cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Operating with an Incomplete Checklist

We consider a time-critical operation that is contingent on completing a preliminary set of actions in a checklist. Aerial combat missions, emergency surgeries, launching a new product and rescuing hostages are a few examples of such situations. The operation may be executed before the full checklist is completed but then it may fail. The failure probability depends on the uncompleted actions. The question is when to abort the checklist and initiate the operation. In this paper we study this problem and prove that in certain realistic cases a simple myopic approach is optimal. Supplementary materials are available for this article. Go to the publisher's online edition of IISE Transactions for the proofs of the propositions.
Rare-earth element fractionation in uranium ore and its U(VI) alteration minerals

Abstract A cation exchange chromatography method employing sulfonated polysterene cation resin (DOWEX AG50-X8) was developed in order to separate rare-earth elements (REEs) from uranium-rich materials. The chemical separation scheme is designed to reduce matrix effects and consequently yield enhanced ionization efficiencies for concentration determinations of REEs without significant fractionation using solution mode-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) analysis. The method was applied to determine REE abundances in four uraninite (ideally UO2) samples and their associated U(VI) alteration minerals. In three of the samples analyzed, the concentration of REEs for primary uraninite are higher than those for their corresponding secondary uranium alteration phases. The results for U(VI) alteration minerals of two samples indicate enrichment of the light REEs (LREEs) over the heavy REEs (HREEs). This differential mobilization is attributed to differences in the mineralogical composition of the U(VI) alteration. There is a lack of fractionation of the LREEs in the uraninite alteration rind that is composed of U(VI) minerals containing Ca2+ as the interlayer cation (uranophane and bequerelite); contrarily, U(VI) alteration minerals containing K+ and Pb2+ as interlayer cations (fourmarierite, dumontite) indicate fractionation (enrichment) of the LREEs. Our results have implications for nuclear forensic analyses since a comparison is reported between the REE abundances for the CUP-2 (processed uranium ore) certified reference material and previously determined values for uranium ore concentrate (UOC) produced from the same U deposit (Blind River/Elliott Lake, Canada). UOCs represent the most common form of interdicted nuclear material and consequently is material frequently targeted for forensic analysis. The comparison reveals similar chondrite normalized REE signatures but variable absolute abundances. Based on the results reported here, the latter may be attributed to the differing REE abundances between primary ore and associated alteration phases, and/or is related to varying fabrication processes adopted during production of UOC.
CMBS market efficiency: The crisis and the recovery

Abstract This paper presents a reduced form credit risk model to study CMBS pricing and CMBS market efficiency during and after the credit crisis with a comprehensive loan, bond and deal level data set. Using a model determined fair value, an automated trading strategy based on a newly determined risk ratio buys undervalued and sells overvalued CMBS. These strategies result in substantial trading profits between November 2007 and June 2015. Controlling for CMBS sector risk factors, we reject CMBS market efficiency over the entire sample period. When we split the sample into the Crisis and Recovery periods, we observe persistent abnormal returns over both subperiods, which is consistent with an inefficient CMBS market. Because the CMBS market appears to be inefficient, our results suggest that the approach presented in this paper may facilitate the increased financial stability of the CRE sector through the better pricing and risk management of CMBS.
Creolized Media Theory: An Examination of Local Cable Television in Jamaica as Hybrid Upstarts

Creolized media theory examines local Jamaican cable channels as forms of creolized media that burgeoned from the dialectics of a plural society marked by colonialism, post-colonialism, and globalization. In doing so, creolized media theory offers an opportunity to assess Caribbean media from the point of view of a concept that “has always been the most indicative product of Caribbean interculturation” (Voicu, Procedia: Social and Behavior Sciences, 149, 997–1002, 2014, p. 999). Creolized media theory posits two main arguments, first, that local cable channels embody a de-territorialization of the traditional broadcast media landscape, over time shifting from the margins of the broadcast media ecosystem closer to the center, and second, in doing so, created a new source of creative empowerment. This creolization process, the author argues, occurred along a continuum, similar to Braithwaite’s (1971) conceptualization of how Caribbean societies were creolized. At the beginning of the continuum is what this researcher is referring to as the neophytic stage, or the very nascent beginnings of creolized media. At the other end is the advanced stage, or more defined phase of the process. This discussion is the first to apply the idea of creolization to an investigation of media in the Caribbean and is also the first to focus on any local Caribbean cable channel as contributing to the politics of media and culture in the region.
Effect of the consolute point of isobutyric acid+water on the rate of an SN1 hydrolysis reaction

The rate constant for the S N 1 hydrolysis of 2-chloro-2-methylbutane was measured near the consolute point of the liquid mixture isobutyric acid+water. At temperatures far from the upper critical solution temperature, T c, of this mixture, the rate constant obeyed the Arrhenius equation. In the one-phase region just above T c, however, the rate constant decreased below the Arrhenius background, while in the two-phase region below T c, it increased. This combination of slowing-down with speeding-up appears to be beyond the scope of explanation of the current theories of dynamic critical slowing-down.
Irradiation-enhanced pinning in YBa2Cu3O7−x crystals

Deliberately introducing defects by particle irradiation is an effective way to increase the flux pinning in high-critical-temperature superconductors, which is a requirement for technological applications of these materials. Proton irradiation generates a random distribution of point defects, which largely enhances the critical current in YBa2Cu3O7−x single crystals; but it is not effective in shifting the irreversibility line to higher magnetic fields. The aligned columnar defects created by high-energy heavy-ion irradiation generate even stronger vortex pinning, resulting in higher critical currents at high temperatures and fields and a large displacement of the irreversibility line to higher fields.
The Laboratory Founded by Van der Waals

During the past century, the Van der Waals Laboratory at the University of Amsterdam has been the principal provider of reliable fluid property data over large ranges of pressure and temperature. This paper describes the history of the laboratory, starting in 1898 when funding for it was obtained. In the early period, under Van der Waals and Kohnstamm, the high-pressure direction was chosen, and the first PVT and phase equilibria data were published. The main focus of this paper is the Michels period, from 1921 to 1960. In this period, the laboratory acquired its own building and assumed a unique position in the world because of its highly accurate thermodynamic, transport, and other property measurements in fluids at high pressures. In the 1950s, a second laboratory was built by Michels at the University of Maryland, per request of the U.S. Navy. Under Trappeniers, 1961–1987, the laboratory incorporated new techniques, such as NMR, undertook a major expansion of the pressure range, and extended its interest to phase transitions in molecular solids. The position of the Van der Waals Laboratory in the world of high-pressure science is highlighted.
Factors Affecting Operative Duration in Isolated Open Carpal Tunnel Release.

Background Open carpal tunnel release (CTR) is one of the most commonly performed operative procedures with operative duration being a primary metric of operating room efficiency. The purpose of this study was to identify factors associated with prolonged operative duration, in performing CTR. Materials and Methods CTR cases performed by a single surgeon from September 2013 to October 2015 were reviewed. Patient age at the time of surgery, sex, location of surgery (specialty orthopaedic hospital versus ambulatory surgery center), body mass index (BMI), American Society of Anesthesiologists classification, total operative duration (TOD), and procedure time (PT) were recorded. Obesity was defined as BMI > 30 and morbid obesity was defined as BMI > 35. Data were analyzed to identify factors associated with prolonged TOD or PT. Results One hundred and nine consecutive patients underwent isolated CTR. Mean age at time of surgery was 62 years (range: 24–92 years). Nonobese patients were found to have significantly shorter TOD than obese patients (22.3 vs. 24.4 minutes). Similarly, patients who were not morbidly obese had significantly shorter TOD than morbidly obese patients (22.6 vs. 26 minutes). No other factors were associated with prolonged TOD. No difference in PT was found between normal weight, obese, and morbidly obese groups. Conclusions TOD, but not procedure time, is significantly affected by obesity. Our findings are relevant when scheduling and preparing obese patients for surgery, which may have a significant impact on health resource utilization. Level of Evidence This is a Level III, economic/decision analysis study.
Effect of body weight and energy intake on body composition analysis of broiler breeder hens

ABSTRACT A study was conducted to determine the effect of different feeding programs and energy intakes on the body composition of broiler breeders (BB) from 22 wk of age to 65 wk of age. Cobb 500 BB that had been reared using three growth curves: (1) the control group followed Cobb 500 guidelines (SBW) for target body weights (BW), (2) the second group target BW was 20% heavier (HBW) than the SBW group, and (3) the third group target BW was 20% lighter (LBW) than the SBW group. At 21 wk of age, pullets from each growth curve were assigned to be fed one of six treatments. Diets were formulated and allocated to provide 330, 360, 390, 420, 450, or 480 kcal ME/hen/d and 24 g protein/hen/d, at peak intake. Body composition (lean mass, fat mass, and mineral content) was measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry throughout the production period. Significantly, greater (P
Information sharing across generations and environments (InfoSAGE): study design and methodology protocol.

Longevity creates increasing care needs for healthcare providers and family caregivers. Increasingly, the burden of care falls to one primary caregiver, increasing stress and reducing health outcomes. Additionally, little has been published on adults’, over the age of 75, preferences in the development of health information sharing with family members using online platforms. This study aims to assess a novel, Internet based, family-centric communication and collaboration platform created to address the information needs of elders and their informal caregivers in a community setting. This study is an internet-based, open prospective cohort study, enrolling dyad pairs of one adult over the age of 75 with one informal caregiver. Dyads will be offered to use the InfoSAGE online platform without prospective assignment. Participants will consent using an online process that enables participation from any location and shares important study and privacy details. The platform will enable the capture of search queries and tracking of functions such as tasks and discussions. Surveys every six months assess health status, health and social needs, and caregiver burden using validated instruments over a two-year period. We will use a mixed methods approach, utilizing qualitative survey data along with website usage analytic data. Analysis of the longitudinal usage and survey data will help to examine the patterns of family communication and health information seeking as the central older adult ages. We will use the study data to inform design recommendations relevant to a complex mixture of users, with special consideration to the needs of older adult users and potential physical limitations.
Policies for Sustainable Food Systems

Abstract Over the past 50 years, agricultural growth has contributed to jumpstarting overall economic growth and poverty reduction in many countries, but the progress has not been uniform and has often been accompanied by significant environmental costs. To adequately and sustainably feed the ever-growing population, the sector faces new and greater challenges, for example, declining quantity and quality of the natural resource base that underpins agricultural productivity, evolving food preferences due to rising incomes and growing urbanization, and the impact of climate change. The sector can meet these challenges with both increased and targeted investments in research and development and policies, especially aimed at sustainable intensification of smallholder production systems, increasing climate-change resilience of rural producers, improving input and output market access, reducing food loss and waste, bridging the gender inequality gap, broadening and diversifying the food source base, and promoting conservation and sustainable use of natural resources (e.g., soils, water, and biodiversity).
Fundamental limits of measuring single-molecule rotational mobility

Various methods exist for measuring molecular orientation, thereby providing insight into biochemical activities at nanoscale. Since fluorescence intensity and not electric field is detected, these methods are limited to measuring even-order moments of molecular orientation. However, any measurement noise, for example photon shot noise, will result in nonzero measurements of any of these even-order moments, thereby causing rotationally-free molecules to appear to be partially constrained. Here, we build a model to quantify measurement errors in rotational mobility. Our theoretical framework enables scientists to choose the optimal single-molecule orientation measurement technique for any desired measurement accuracy and photon budget.
Twenty Years Of School-Based Health Care Growth And Expansion.

Youth in underserved communities lack access to consistent sources of high-quality health care. School-based health centers (SBHCs) address this challenge through the provision of primary care, men...
The Kinetics of 5-Hydroxyindoleacetic Acid Excretion from Rat Brain and CSF: Preliminary Studies and Multicompartment Analysis

Clarification of the relationship between brain serotonin metabolism and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) levels is of crucial importance in advancing our understanding of the physiology of these compounds and in providing information about possible metabolic changes in the brains of patients with neurologic and psychiatric disorders. There are two main views regarding this relationship: (i) that most 5-HIAA is excreted directly from the brain into the bloodstream, or (ii) that 5-HIAA first enters the CSF and is then excreted into the blood by bulk flow and via the active transport system of the choroid plexus. Resolution of this problem is of importance to biomedical research because the study of the concentration of 5-HIAA in the CSF is one of the few potential strategies available for gaining information about the metabolism of serotonin (5-HT) in the human brain.
Context-Specific Transcription Factor Functions Regulate Epigenomic and Transcriptional Dynamics during Cardiac Reprogramming

Ectopic expression of combinations of transcription factors (TFs) can drive direct lineage conversion, thereby reprogramming a somatic cell's identity. To determine the molecular mechanisms by which Gata4, Mef2c, and Tbx5 (GMT) induce conversion from a cardiac fibroblast toward an induced cardiomyocyte, we performed comprehensive transcriptomic, DNA-occupancy, and epigenomic interrogation throughout the reprogramming process. Integration of these datasets identified new TFs involved in cardiac reprogramming and revealed context-specific roles for GMT, including the ability of Mef2c and Tbx5 to independently promote chromatin remodeling at previously inaccessible sites. We also find evidence for cooperative facilitation and refinement of each TF's binding profile in a combinatorial setting. A reporter assay employing newly defined regulatory elements confirmed that binding of a single TF can be sufficient for gene activation, suggesting that co-binding events do not necessarily reflect synergy. These results shed light on fundamental mechanisms by which combinations of TFs direct lineage conversion.
Computational Studies of Catalytic Loop Dynamics in Yersinia Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase Using Pathway Optimization Methods

Yersinia Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase (YopH) is the most efficient enzyme among all known PTPases and relies on its catalytic loop movements for substrate binding and catalysis. Fluorescence, NMR, and UV resonance Raman (UVRR) techniques have been used to study the thermodynamic and dynamic properties of the loop motions. In this study, a computational approach based on the pathway refinement methods nudged elastic band (NEB) and harmonic Fourier beads (HFB) has been developed to provide structural interpretations for the experimentally observed kinetic processes. In this approach, the minimum potential energy pathways for the loop open/closure conformational changes were determined by NEB using a one-dimensional global coordinate. Two dimensional data analyses of the NEB results were performed as an efficient method to qualitatively evaluate the energetics of transitions along several specific physical coordinates. The free energy barriers for these transitions were then determined more precisely using the HFB method. Kinetic parameters were estimated from the energy barriers using transition state theory and compared against experimentally determined kinetic parameters. When the calculated energy barriers are calibrated by a simple "scaling factor", as have been done in our previous vibrational frequency calculations to explain the ligand frequency shift upon its binding to protein, it is possible to make structural interpretations of several observed enzyme dynamic rates. For example, the nanosecond kinetics observed by fluorescence anisotropy may be assigned to the translational motion of the catalytic loop and microsecond kinetics observed in fluorescence T-jump can be assigned to the loop backbone dihedral angle flipping. Furthermore, we can predict that a Trp354 conformational conversion associated with the loop movements would occur on the tens of nanoseconds time scale, to be verified by future UVRR T-jump studies.
Predictive, Agent-Based, and Causal Machine Learning Models of U.S. Congressional Elections

This paper uses district-level data to highlight similarities and differences of a variety of U.S. congressional election models ranging from predictive statistical learning models to causal structural models and new causal statistical models. First, several statistical learning models are produced with high out-of-sample accuracy. Second, the causal impacts of candidate spending, incumbency, and voter registration are estimated using a structural agent-based model as in Kretschman and Mastronardi (2010). Finally, a new environment for election modeling – machine learning for causal inference – is introduced. A demonstration is provided in the form of a “causal forest,” which uses machine learning to produce accurate predictions and estimate heterogeneous treatment effects. The causal impact estimates from the agent-based and causal forest models are used to develop counterfactual arguments describing the efficiency of allocated candidate spending across districts. The results from this research are valuable to many stakeholders, including candidates, party committees, and voters.
A C++ Class Library for Mathematical Programming

We present a library of C++ classes for writing mathematical optimization models in C++. The library defines classes to represent the variables and constraints of models, and also defines overloaded operators on these classes which results in a natural syntax for model definition.
Suppression of FVIII-Specific Memory B Cells by Chimeric BAR Receptor-Engineered Natural Regulatory T Cells.

Anti-drug antibody formation poses tremendous obstacles for optimal treatment of hemophilia A (HA). In this study, we sought to utilize chimeric receptor-modified natural regulatory T cells (Tregs) to target FVIII-specific memory B cells, which are responsible for persistent anti-FVIII neutralizing antibodies (inhibitors) in HA patients. Thus, CD4+CD25 hi CD304+ natural Tregs were FACS sorted from naive C57BL/6 mice and retrovirally transduced to express a chimeric B-cell antibody receptor (BAR) containing the immunodominant A2 domain of FVIII. Plasmablast-depleted (CD138 neg ) splenocytes from FVIII immunized FVIII-knockout HA mice served as the source for FVIII-specific memory B cells, which were specifically stimulated in vitro with FVIII and enumerated in a B-cell ELISPOT assays. Adding A2-BAR Tregs (1 per 150 splenocytes), but not conventional T cells, to the CD138- splenocytes significantly suppressed the formation of anti-FVIII antibody secreting cells (ASC), compared to the non-relevant OVA-BAR Tregs control group. The observation that A2-BAR Tregs can suppress the response to FVIII suggests that bystander suppression can occur in the local milieu in this system. Transwell experiments confirmed that the suppression was contact-dependent. Moreover, even in the presence of antibodies to FVIII (so-called inhibitors), similarly prepared CD4+CD25 hi CD127 low A2-BAR human natural Tregs completely suppressed polyclonal anti-FVIII ASC formation. In conclusion, we demonstrated in vitro that FVIII domain-expressing BAR Tregs could efficiently target and suppress FVIII-specific memory B cells.
Antimatter Gravity: Second Quantization and Lagrangian Formalism

The application of the CPT (charge-conjugation, parity, and time reversal) theorem to an apple falling on Earth leads to the description of an anti-apple falling on anti–Earth (not on Earth). On the microscopic level, the Dirac equation in curved space-time simultaneously describes spin-1/2 particles and their antiparticles coupled to the same curved space-time metric (e.g., the metric describing the gravitational field of the Earth). On the macroscopic level, the electromagnetically and gravitationally coupled Dirac equation therefore describes apples and anti-apples, falling on Earth, simultaneously. A particle-to-antiparticle transformation of the gravitationally coupled Dirac equation therefore yields information on the behavior of “anti-apples on Earth”. However, the problem is exacerbated by the fact that the operation of charge conjugation is much more complicated in curved, as opposed to flat, space-time. Our treatment is based on second-quantized field operators and uses the Lagrangian formalism. As an additional helpful result, prerequisite to our calculations, we establish the general form of the Dirac adjoint in curved space-time. On the basis of a theorem, we refute the existence of tiny, but potentially important, particle-antiparticle symmetry breaking terms in which possible existence has been investigated in the literature. Consequences for antimatter gravity experiments are discussed.
The Experiences of Couple/Marriage and Family Therapists of color: A Survey Analysis.

The family therapy literature documenting the experiences of couple/marriage and family therapists (C/MFTs) of color as a group is limited. The purpose of this study was to assess the status of C/MFTs of color in their clinical training programs, clinical work, and related areas of professional challenges and opportunities. Participants (N = 113) completed a one-time, anonymous electronic survey on SurveyMonkey consisting of demographic questions, closed- and open-ended questions about their experiences. Key findings are reported related to C/MFTs of color experiences in training programs, areas of professional need, and working with racial and/or ethnic minority clients. These findings shed light on how social justice principles and practices upheld in our field are experienced from the emic perspectives of C/MFTs of color. These voices help to broaden our understanding of how we might move forward in advocating for and advancing a more culturally responsive agenda within our profession.
Nine SARS-CoV-2 Positive Pregnant Women and Their Infant Delivery Outcomes

There are scientific reports from around the world describing the cases of COVID-19. This is a case series reporting outcomes of deliveries from nine mothers with positive SARS-CoV-2 testing at Healthcare Corporation of America hospitals in the United States from January to April 2020. Thirty-three percent of the women had cesarean sections. There was only one preterm birth and that infant did have low birth weight and low Apgar scores at one and five minutes. Seven of the nine infants were tested for SARS-CoV-2 and all results were negative. As the COVID-19 pandemic continues across the globe and at a high rate in the United States, more research will be needed to determine the outcomes for pregnant women and their offspring, both at birth and in the future.
Scaling-up up-flow microbial electrolysis cells with a compact electrode configuration for continuous hydrogen production

Abstract Maintaining high current densities is a key challenge in scaling-up microbial electrolysis cell (MEC) reactors. In this study, a novel 10 L MEC reactor with a total electrode surface area greater than 1 m2 was designed and evaluated to maximize the current density and H2 recovery. Performances of the reactor suggest that the longitudinal structure with parallel vertical orientation of the electrodes encouraged high fluid mixing and the sheet metal electrode frames provided distributed electrical connection. Results also demonstrated that the electrode pairs located next to reactor walls decreased current density, as did separating the electrodes with separators. High volumetric H2 production rate of 5.9 L/L/d was achieved at a volumetric current density of 970 A/m3 (34 A/m2). Moreover, the observed current densities of the large reactor were accurately predicted based on the internal resistance analysis of small scale MECs (0.15 L), demonstrating the scalability of the single chamber MEC design.
HLA-DR Mismatch and Black Race Are Associated With Recurrent Autoimmune Hepatitis After Liver Transplantation.

The predictors of recurrent autoimmune hepatitis (R-AIH) after liver transplantation (LT) are heterogeneous with limited data to guide immunosuppression, with little data on impact of race. Aims To describe the incidence, predictors, and outcomes of R-AIH. Methods We studied patients undergoing LT for AIH during 2000-2017 at our center. Liver biopsies were performed for clinical indications. R-AIH was defined using clinical and histologic criteria. Results Among 75 patients undergoing LT for AIH (mean age 45 ± 16, 65% female individuals, 19% Black), 71 (95%) received antithymocyte globulin induction with tacrolimus-based immunosuppression. R-AIH developed in 20 (27%) patients at a median interval of 313 d (interquartile range, 155-1205). R-AIH was associated with level 2 HLA-DR mismatch (hazard ratio, 3.6; (95% confidence interval, 1.3-9.9; P = 0.01) and Black race (hazard ratio, 4.5; 95% confidence interval, 1.8-11.8; P = 0.002)] in the multivariable analysis. R-AIH developed in 62% of patients with level 2 HLA-DR mismatch on single-agent immunosuppression but in <20% of patients with no or 1 HLA-DR mismatch regardless of maintenance immunosuppression. R-AIH developed in 8 (57%) of 14 Black patients (71% on single-agent and 43% on dual-agent maintenance immunosuppression). Patient and graft survival were not impacted by R-AIH over a median follow-up of 8.3 y (interquartile range, 3-12). Conclusions High-level HLA-DR mismatch and Black recipient race are associated with an increased risk of R-AIH. Immunosuppression did not predict R-AIH, but higher rates of disease recurrence with single-agent maintenance immunosuppression with these risk factors were observed and may guide maintenance immunosuppression in LT for AIH.
Naltrexone-Precipitated Opioid Withdrawal and Morphine-Tolerance in Buprenorphine- or Methadone-Treated Mice

Receptor internalization by mu-opioid agonists has been negatively correlated to opioid tolerance and dependence. Buprenorphine does not promote mu-opioid receptor phosphorylation yet previous repo...
Expanding the ‘geography’ of resilience in fisheries by bringing focus to seafood distribution systems

Abstract Seafood distribution systems are often viewed as exogenous from fisheries and marine resource management. However, these systems are closely coupled. The transportation and transformation of fish out of water (i.e., distribution and processing) is affected by and affects the resource and those that exploit and manage it. Despite this linkage, the feedback between harvesting and post-harvesting activities has been largely unstudied, reinforcing an artificial disconnect. This paper brings focus to this gap by examining the interplay between seafood distribution and social-ecological resilience - arguably an important objective of fisheries management. Drawing on the notion of “portfolio” fishing, this paper seeks to extend the concept beyond the material boundaries of the resource itself and the individual strategies of those who harvest marine resources, using the Atlantic herring and Spiny dogfish in New England as case studies. The broader interpretation of portfolio fishing allows us to understand seafood distribution as a new axis of diversification that has direct implications for the social-ecological resilience of fisheries. Expanding the geography of resilience in fisheries inland, beyond the existing regulatory 'wrack line,' brings to focus the interrelatedness of fisheries and distribution, and raises challenging questions about how to deal with social-ecological systems that extend beyond the borders of regulatory control.
Resolving Conflicts of Constitution: Inside the Dominican Republic's Constitutional Ban on Abortion

In October 2009, the Dominican Republic’s Constitutional Assembly passed the thirty-eighth version of its Constitution, including more than forty amended articles that took effect on January 26, 2010. Among these amended articles are Article 39, guaranteeing equal treatment for women, and Article 37, enshrining a right to life that cannot be violated “from conception until death.” Another adapted article, which appeared (using slightly different language) in the Dominican Republic’s 2002 constitution, is Article 26, which states that all international agreements to which the Dominican Republic is a signatory will be enforced domestically. The Dominican Republic is a signatory to the Convention for the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW), which protects women’s reproductive choice. Thus, in the Dominican Republic’s new constitution, the country is both required to protect a right to life beginning at conception and to protect women’s reproductive choices. This conflict is an example of an important but often-overlooked problem in constitutional law. What happens when constitutional provisions conflict? Must one provision be favored over another, or might the conflicting provisions be somehow reconciled? To date, few countries have dealt specifically with a conflict-
New Big Men: Refugee Emasculation as a Human Security Issue

Academics and policymakers have conducted a significant amount of research on the physical security and integrity of refugee populations, especially of refugee women and children. That on refugee women has focused on gender-based violence. This study expands on previous research by employing a human security approach to analyse not only the physical security and integrity of refugees, but also their socio-psychological well-being. Specifically, I argue that poor socio-psychological well-being actually explains the manifestations of violence against women in refugee camps. To make this argument, I document and explain the emasculation of Burundian refugee men living in Kanembwa camp in western Tanzania.
Large signal modeling of switchable ferroelectric FBARs

The large signal modeling procedure for intrinsically switchable film bulk acoustic resonators (FBARs) based on thin film barium strontium titanate (BST) is presented. Thin film BST exhibits electric field dependent permittivity and electric field induced piezoelectricity. In this paper, a large signal model which accurately describes the DC bias voltage as well as RF power dependent performance of BST FBARs is presented. Large signal simulation results obtained from this model at different bias voltages and RF power levels show good agreement with the measurement results.
Codification of General Disallowance of Artificial Losses

This proposal would codify the long-standing regulatory rule that the tax law allows deductions only for bona fide losses. The proposal would, however, allow Treasury to write regulations to allow artificial losses where it is clear that Congress intended to allow such losses.This proposal is made as a part of the Shelf Project, a collaboration by tax professionals to develop and perfect proposals to help Congress when it needs to raise revenue.
Germinal Center Helper T Cells Are Dual Functional Regulatory Cells with Suppressive Activity to Conventional CD4+ T Cells

Germinal center (GC) reaction is a T cell-dependent process in which activated B cells mature to produce high-affinity Abs and differentiate into memory B cells. The GC microenvironment is almost exclusively reserved for the optimal Ag-specific B cell clonal expansion, selection, and maturation, but lack significant conventional CD4 + T cell responses. The mechanisms that ensure such a focused B cell response in the GC are not known. In this study, we report that human CD4 + CD57 + T cells, which are the major helper T cells in GCs, actively suppress the activation of conventional CD4 + T cells, particularly Th1 cells, via a direct contact-dependent mechanism and soluble mediators. Our findings demonstrate that GC T cells are unique regulatory cells that provide critical help signals for B cell response but suppress conventional effector T cells in the same local environment.
In Vitro Repair of UV-Irradiated Micrococcus luteus Bacteriophage N1 Transfecting DNA

Calcium-treated UV-sensitive, host cell reactivation(-) strains of Micrococcus luteus are infected with UV-irradiated N1 DNA. In strains lacking UV endonuclease, in vitro treatment of the irradiated DNA results in transfection enhancement.
Are video‐based preference assessments without access to selected stimuli effective?

This study extended the findings of Snyder, Higbee, and Dayton (2012) by presenting items via video during a paired-stimulus preference assessment but without providing access contingent on selection. Subsequently, items identified as highly, moderately, and less preferred were assessed in a concurrent reinforcer assessment, which suggested that these items did indeed function as reinforcers.
Palladium, Bis(benzo[h]quinolin‐10‐yl‐κC,κN)di‐μ‐chlorodi‐

[25794-30-3] C26H16Cl2N2Pd2 (MW 640.165) InChI = 1S/2C13H8N.2ClH.2Pd/c2*1-2-6-12-10(4-1)7-8-11-5-3-9-14-13(11)12;;;;/h2*1-5,7-9H;2*1H;;/q;;;;2*+1/p-2 InChIKey = RMZFRYWILIJSRO-UHFFFAOYSA-L (precursor to stable high-oxidation state Pd complexes, reagent for generating benzoquinoline–arene coupled products) Physical Data: pale yellow powder, mp 405 °C (decomposition). Solubility: nearly insoluble in water or common organic solvents including MeOH, acetone, ethanol, diethyl ether, chloroform, THF, and methylene chloride. Analysis of Reagent Purity: the chloride dimer is not sufficiently soluble to characterize by NMR. However, addition of pyridine to a suspension of the dimer in CDCl3 results in rapid conversion to the soluble (bhq)Pd(pyridyl)Cl monomer (CAS 31117-70-1, bhq = benzo[h]quinolinyl), for which NMR data are available.1 Preparative Methods: stirring Na2PdCl4 with benzo[h]quinoline in MeOH at room temperature affords [(bhq)PdCl]2 as a yellow precipitate that is collected from the reaction mixture by filtration.2 Alternatively, the complex can be prepared by treatment of the corresponding acetate dimer [(bhq)Pd(OAc)]2 with excess LiCl in water and acetone or ethanol.3, 4 Handling, Storage, and Precautions: air stable, not hygroscopic.
Evaluating Innovation Projects

Established enterprises have highly developed and broadly implemented practices for evaluation of projects that support ongoing operations. In contrast, managerial practices for evaluation of innovation projects that embody high uncertainty are often limited and less mature. This article illuminates and discusses the difference in evaluation processes/systems for two different categories of innovation projects: those that support or extend ongoing operations and that are marked by relatively low uncertainty (product/brand support, and derivative or incremental innovation); and those involving more than incremental change with respect to ongoing operations and that are marked by relatively high uncertainty on multiple dimensions (platform, radical, break through, discontinuous, or game-changing innovation). The questions about project evaluation that are addressed include the following. (i) Why is project evaluation important? (ii) How should project evaluation be conducted? (iii) When should project evaluation occur? (iv) What criteria should be used for project evaluation? (v) Who should engage in project evaluation? Keywords: innovation; project evaluation; evaluation criteria; evaluation process; evaluators
The battle lines of sexual politics and medical morality.

One of two commentaries on “Normalizing Atypical Genitalia: How a Heated Debate Went Astray,” by Josephine Johnston, from the November-December 2012 issue.
The End and the Beginning: The Nicaraguan Revolution

For a brief period, revolution in Nicaragua dominated the news. But what has happened since the 1979 insurrection that toppled the government of Anastasio Somoza Debayle? And what does this mean for Nicaragua's future? This book provides an up-to-date view of the radical social and political changes that are occurring in these first few years of go
Image Data Processing By Hybrid Sampling

Transmission of images over a digital channel in the transform domain can lead to reduced bandwidth requirements. This is a consequence of redundancy reduction as the linear transformation compacts the image energy into a small region. By transmitting the transform components that have the most energy/information, images can be reconstructed at the receiver with negligible degradation in the subjective picture quality and with reduced bit requirements. The criterion for selecting these components is generally based on geometrical zone or magnitude or variance all in the transform domain. Magnitude sampling although adaptive, requires additional bits as their location needs to be specified. Variance criterion, on the other hand, is in general adapted to the average picture statistics, and hence may not be an optimal selection for the specific image being processed. As a compromise between these two, hybrid sampling which considers both magnitude and variance is proposed. This technique is applied to GIRL and MOONSCAPE images which are quantized uniformly to 256 gray levels. Processing is carried out on (16 x16) pixel subimages using discrete transforms such as Haar, Walsh-Hadamard, Hadamard-Haar and discrete cosine. Mean square error (mse) for various data compression ratios utilizing hybrid selection between the original and reconstructed images is computed and is compared with those for the magnitude and for the variance selections. The mse for the hybrid approaches that for the magnitude which shows that the former is an attractive scheme for data compression with significant bit reduction and negligible increase in mse. Various ratios for magnitude-variance selection are being adopted. This may lead to an optimal ratio in terms of bit rate, mse and image quality.© (1977) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Periodic limb movements and disrupted sleep in children with sickle cell disease.

STUDY OBJECTIVES To describe the rate, distribution and correlates of periodic limb movements in sleep (PLMS) in children with sickle cell disease (SCD). DESIGN Prospective, cross-sectional. SETTING Hospital-based sleep laboratory. PARTICIPANTS Sixty-four children aged 2-18 years with SCD, hemoglobin SS-type who had an overnight polysomnogram and a parent-completed Pediatric Sleep Questionnaire. Mean age was 8.4 years (SD 4.8); 50% were male. INTERVENTIONS N/A. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS The mean PLMS index was 3.7 (6.6) and ranged from 0 to 31.8, with 23.4% of the sample having PLMS ≥ 5/h. Sleep efficiency was decreased (P = 0.03), and the total arousal index (P = 0.003) and PLMS arousal index (P < 0.001) were increased in children with PLMS ≥ 5/h compared to those with PLMS < 5/h. PLMS were most frequent in NREM stage 2 sleep and during the fourth hour of sleep. Inter-movement interval duration peaked at 25-30 s. "Growing pains worst in bed" or "restlessness of the legs", suggesting restless legs syndrome (RLS), were reported in 12.5% of the total sample and were more common in children with elevated PLMS. A PLMS score for identifying elevated PLMS in children, based on items from the Pediatric Sleep Questionnaire, did not significantly predict PLMS ≥ 5/h. CONCLUSIONS Elevated PLMS are common in children with SCD and are associated with sleep disruption and symptoms of RLS. Future research into the time structure of PLMS, their causes and consequences, and development of a disease-specific sleep disorders screening questionnaire, is needed in children with SCD.
INDUCTION, PURIFICATION, AND PROPERTIES OF 2′5′ OLIGOADENYLATE SYNTHETASE

The results presented above relate to several aspects of the 2-5A system. A simple but insensitive radiochemical assay fro 2-5A and its synthetase is described. Progress towards the molecular characterization of the synthetase suggested that it is composed of a single 56,000 dalton polypeptide chain that is synthesized in response to IF treatment. Degradation of 2-5A occurs at the same rapid rate in extracts of IF-treated and untreated chick cells. However, this breakdown can be inhibited by its end-product, 5'AMP, or by the activated synthetase which can further elongate 2-5A and thereby protect it from degradation. The direction of elongation is from the 5' to the 2' terminus. Molecules other than 2-5A can act as substrates fro 2'-adenylation by the activated synthetase. These include some dinucleoside monophosphates, ADP-ribose and NAD+, and methylene-bridged analogues of ATP. The methylene-bridged analogues of 2-5A that are synthesized in the latter case retain some of the biological activity of authentic 2-5A, indicating that cleavage of the 5'-terminal phosphate group(s) is not involved in the mechanism of nuclease activation by 2-5A.
Future subsonic transport engine technology improvements and resultant propulsion alternatives

The major contenders for engines to power future subsonic transports include the conventional high bypass turbofan, the geared turbofan of somewhat higher bypass ratio, and the high disk loading turboprop. Typical designs involving projected advancements in technology are described and compared to a current turbofan. The key technology features for each of the advanced engines are identified and their relative importance in achieving improvements in fuel usage and aircraft economics is indicated.
WIGGLE: A new constrained molecular dynamics algorithm in Cartesian coordinates

The theory of conventional constrained molecular dynamics (MD) simulations is reexamined based on a projection operator approach. A new algorithm, named WIGGLE, is presented for MD simulations with internal constraints. At each time step, the algorithm utilizes the constrained accelerations derived from velocity adjustments to satisfy the hidden constraints, and provides both initial and final constrained values that are almost an order of magnitude closer to the desired values than does RATTLE. Its performance is compared with those of RATTLE and SHAKE for an octane molecule. Also presented are a formalism to additionally constrain the angular momentum about the center of mass and an expression for the local energy drift during each integration time step.
Inside Multisystemic Therapy Therapist, Supervisory, and Program Practices

In this article, we highlight key features of Multisystemic Therapy (MST) and of the supervisory, consultation, and program practices that support therapist implementation of MST in community-based settings.The article begins with a summary of the theoretical and empirical foundations of MST and of evidence supporting the effectiveness of the model. The remaining sections of the manuscript focus on therapist implementation of the model, supervisory practices, the use of consultation, and program (e.g., organizational, interorganizational) practices.
Sources of intramammary infections from Staphylococcus aureus in dairy heifers at first parturition

The study objective was to identify probable sources and modes of transmission of 91 Staphylococcus aureus isolates obtained from the colostrum of 76 heifers at parturition. Sources cultured were milk (including colostrum), heifer body sites (teats, muzzle, rectum, vagina, and lacteal secretions), and environmental sites (bedding, insects, housing, water, feedstuffs, humans, nonbovine animals, air, and equipment). Staphylococcus aureus isolates were characterized by 63 phenotypic traits. A similarity coefficient was calculated by herd to identify the S. aureus that most closely resembled the S. aureus obtained from heifer colostrum. Staphylococcus aureus from a heifer's colostrum was compared with all preexisting S. aureus isolates from that heifer's herd. Isolates that were > or = 90% similar were considered to be identical. Because 30 (of the 91) S. aureus isolates from heifer colostrum were collected prior to environmental sampling, only 61 S. aureus isolates from heifer colostrum were available for comparison among all three sources. Possible sources of S. aureus from heifer colostrum at parturition were milk (70%, 43 of 61 isolates), heifer body sites (39%, 24 of 61), environmental sites (28%, 17 of 61), or no identified source (16%, 10 of 61). Three heifers with intramammary infection (IMI) from S. aureus at parturition had the same S. aureus on their teats prior to parturition. Milk was the only source identified for 41% (25 of 61) of isolates from heifer colostrum. Isolates from heifer body sites were the only source identified for 5% (3 of 61) of heifer colostrum isolates. Staphylococcus aureus from the environment was never the sole possible source for S. aureus from heifer colostrum. Data suggest that the major sources of S. aureus IMI in heifers at parturition are milk and heifer body sites. Contact among heifers may be an important mode of transmission of S. aureus leading to IMI in heifers at parturition.