cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The value of seasonal energy storage technologies for the integration of wind and solar power

Energy storage at all timescales, including the seasonal scale, plays a pivotal role in enabling increased penetration levels of wind and solar photovoltaic energy sources in power systems. Grid-integrated seasonal energy storage can reshape seasonal fluctuations of variable and uncertain power generation by reducing energy curtailment, replacing peak generation capacity, and providing transmission benefits. Most current literature focuses on technology cost assessments and does not characterize the potential grid benefits of seasonal storage to capture the most cost-effective solutions. We propose a model-based approach for comprehensive techno-economic assessments of grid-integrated seasonal storage. The approach has two major advantages compared to those presented in the literature. First, we do not make assumptions about the operation of the storage device, including annual cycles, asset utilization or depth of discharge. Rather, a model is used to calculate optimal storage operation profiles. Second, the model-based approach accounts for avoided power system costs, which allows us to estimate the cost effectiveness of different types of storage devices. We assess the cost competitiveness of three specific storage technologies including pumped hydro, compressed air, and hydrogen seasonal storage and explore the conditions (cost, storage duration, and efficiency) that encourage cost competitiveness for seasonal storage technologies. This study considers the Western U.S. power system with 24% to 61% of variable renewable power sources on an annual energy basis (up to 83.5% of renewable energy including hydro, geothermal, and biomass power sources). Our results indicate that for the Western U.S. power system, pumped hydro and compressed air energy storage with 1 day of discharge duration are expected to be cost-competitive in the near future. In contrast, hydrogen storage with up to 1 week of discharge duration could be cost-effective in the near future if power and energy capacity capital costs are equal to or less than ∼US$1507 kW−1 and ∼US$1.8 kWh−1 by 2025, respectively. However, based on projected power and energy capacity capital costs for 2050, hydrogen storage with up to 2 weeks of discharge duration is expected to be cost-effective in future power systems. Moreover, storage systems with greater discharge duration could be cost-competitive in the near future if greater renewable penetration levels increase arbitrage or capacity value, significant energy capital cost reductions are achieved, or revenues from additional services and new markets—e.g., reliability and resiliency—are monetized.
Bioinformatic analysis of brain-specific miRNAs for identification of candidate traumatic brain injury blood biomarkers

Detection of brain-specific miRNAs in the peripheral blood could serve as a surrogate marker of traumatic brain injury (TBI). Here, we systematically identified brain-enriched miRNAs, and tested th...
Correlation Of Severity Of Metabolic Acidosis At Admission And Outcome In Asphyxiated Neonates.

Background: Blood gases can provide information about the perinatal, natal and postnatal condition of newborn. Severity of metabolic acidosis has deleterious effect on the outcome of babies. When the cord blood gases are not available the arterial blood gases are used for interpreting the status of newborn. The purpose of study was to determine the relationship between severity of metabolic acidosis at admission with the stage of hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy, and its outcome in asphyxiated neonates. Methods: This was descriptive cross-sectional study of 384 neonates born at ≥35 weeks to <42 weeks from June to December 2018, admitted in Neonatology department of the Children’s hospital & the Institute of Child Health, Lahore within first 6 hours of birth. The neonates with history of delayed cry at birth and arterial pH ≤7.30 and base deficit ≥10 were included in the study. The pH and base deficit of babies was analyzed in relation to the stage of HIE, duration of stay and death or discharge of the babies using SPSS-20. The p -value was calculated using chi-square test. Results: Total of 470 neonates were eligible. Eighty-four neonates were excluded. Finally, 384 neonates were included and analyzed for the outcome variables. With severe metabolic acidosis pH <7.01, all the babies developed HIEII/III. Majority (82.1%) of the babies expired and 27.9% had prolonged hospital stay. Conclusion: Increasing severity of metabolic acidosis at admission increases the likelihood of adverse outcome in asphyxiated neonates. Keywords: HIE; Metabolic acidosis; Base deficit; Adverse outcome
Common Urinary and Bowel Disorders in the Geriatric Population

The prevalence of urinary incontinence and other lower urinary tract symptoms increases with older age. These symptoms are more noticeable in men after the seventh decade of life and in women after menopause. Constipation and fecal incontinence are major causes of symptoms in elderly patients and can significantly impair quality of life. This article summarizes the current literature regarding the occurrence and implications of lower urinary tract and bowel symptoms in the geriatric population.
Soluble Salts in Compost and Their Effects on Soil and Plants: A Review

The chemical, physical, and biological conditions of soil and growing media can be substantively improved by the addition of compost. Compost contains many plant essential nutrients (e.g. N, P, and...
A Posthumanist Unsmoothing of Narrative Smoothing

Researchers assert that narratives do political work. Yet, in this article, we trouble the nature of this political work to account for narrative inquiry’s smoothing over of polyvocality for univoc...
Three-Dimensional Navigated Lateral Lumbar Interbody Fusion: 2-Dimensional Operative Video.

Spondylolisthesis is a common cause of lower back and leg pain in adults. The initial treatment for patients is typically nonoperative in nature. However, when patients fail conservative management and their back and/or leg pain is recalcitrant, surgical intervention is warranted. Spinal decompression, either directly or indirectly, as well as fusion is often considered at this point. There are numerous approaches to fuse the spine, including anterior, lateral, or posterior, each with their own advantages and disadvantages. This video illustrates a case of symptomatic spondylolisthesis occurring after laminectomy treated by lateral lumbar interbody fusion for indirect decompression and stabilization. The approach utilizes 3-dimensional navigation rather than traditional fluoroscopy, resulting in markedly decreased radiation exposure for the surgeon and staff while maintaining accuracy. Appropriate patient consent was obtained. This video demonstrates the technique for a lateral lumbar interbody fusion using navigation assistance, which is a minimally invasive technique for the treatment of spondylolisthesis.
Comparative Apex Electrostatics of Atom Probe Tomography Specimens

Rigorous electrostatic modeling of the specimen electrode environment is required to better understand the fundamental processes of atom probe tomography (APT) and guide the analysis of APT data. We have developed a simulation tool that self-consistently solves the nonlinear electrostatic Poisson equation along with the mobile charge carrier concentrations and provides a detailed picture of the electrostatic environment of APT specimen tips. We consider cases of metals, semiconductors, and dielectrics. Traditionally in APT, and regardless of specimen composition, the apex electric field $$E_\mathrm{apex}$$ has been approximated by the relation $$E_\mathrm{apex} = SV / (kr)$$ , which was originally derived for sharp, metallic conductors; we refer to this equation as the “K-factor approximation”. Here, SV is tip-electrode bias, r is the radius of curvature of the tip apex, and k is a dimensionless fitting parameter with $$1.5< k < 8.5$$ . As expected, our Poisson solver agrees well with the k-factor approximation for metal tips; it also agrees remarkably well for semiconductor tips-regardless of the semiconductor doping level. We ascribe this finding to the fact that even if a semiconductor tip is fully depleted of majority carriers under the typical SV conditions used in APT, an inversion layer will appear at the apex surface. The inversion forms a thin, conducting layer that screens the interior of the tip, thus mimicking metallic behavior at the apex surface. By contrast, we find that the k-factor approximation yields a very poor representation of the electrostatics of a purely dielectric tip. We put our numerical results into further context with a brief discussion of our own separate work and the results of other publications.
Doubly heavy baryons in Born-Oppenheimer EFT

We report on the recent progress on the computation of the doubly heavy baryon spectrum in effective field theory. The effective field theory is built upon the heavy-quark mass and adiabatic expansions. The potentials can be expressed as NRQCD Wilson loops with operator insertions. These are nonperturbative objects and so far only the one corresponding to the static potential has been computed with lattice QCD. We review the proposal for a parametrization of the potentials based in an interpolation between the short- and long-distance regimes. The long-distance description is obtained with a newly proposed Effective String Theory which coincides with the previous ones for pure gluodynamics but it is extended to contain a fermion field. We show the doubly heavy baryon spectrum with hyperfine contributions obtained using these parametrizations for the hyperfine potentials.
Electron spin resonance study on the nature of titanium in titanosilicate ets-10 molecular sieve

Abstract Electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy is used to study the nature of titanium in titanosilicate ETS-10 molecular sieve. Reducibility of titanium in ETS-10 was studied by various reduction methods which was then compared with TS-1 molecular sieve. Dehydration at elevated temperature under vacuum generates Ti(III) ions in ETS-10, but not in TS-1. The Ti(III) centers, however, can formed both in ETS-10 and TS-1 after 7-irradiation at 77 K of activated samples. ESR parameters of Ti(III) in these two materials are distinctly different from each other and can be explained on the basis of octahedral and tetrahedral coordination of titanium in ETS-10 and TS-1, respectively. This difference is further evident from their interaction towards CO at high temperature. Adsorption of other molecules on ETS-10 does not have any significant influence on Ti(in) ion indicating that such molecules do not coordinate directly with framework titanium.
Neural network control of FES in paraplegics for patient-responsive ambulation

The paper describes an ART-1-based neural network adapted for controlling functional electrical stimulation (FES) to facilitate patient-responsive ambulation by paralyzed patients with spinal cord injuries. The proposed neural network discriminates above-lesion upper-trunk EMG time series to activate standing and walking functions under FES and controls FES stimuli levels using response-EMG signals. For this particular application we introduce several modifications of ART-1 theory for pattern recognition and classification. We show the applicability of a single ART-1-based structure to solving two problems: (a) signal pattern recognition and classification and (b) control. This also facilitates ambulation of paraplegics under FES, with adequate patient interaction in initial system training, retraining the network when needed, and in allowing patient's manual over-ride in the case of error, where any manual over-ride serves as a re-training input to the neural network. >
Selling archaeology and anthropology: early medieval artefacts at the Expositions universelles and the Wiener Weltausstellung, 1867–1900

The archaeological and anthropological exhibits included in the four Expositions universelles held in Paris between 1867 and 1900 and the Wiener Weltausstellung in the Austro-Hungarian capital in 1873, contributed to the commercialization of antiquarianism and granted international attention to the amateur practitioners of these emerging disciplines. Displays of archaeological artefacts and human remains from the migration period and the early Middle Ages, juxtaposed with more exotic ‘primitive’ art, permitted organizers to broaden the aesthetic sensibilities of fairgoers and promote the acquisition of native antiquities. Exhibiting private collections of early medieval objects likewise justified nineteenth-century concepts of French and ‘pan-Germanic’ identity by linking them to iconic artefacts and romanticizing the barbarity of this distant epoch.
Thermal study of the DIII-D machine heat removal capacity

With each plasma shot, the DIII-D tokamak dissipates 0.5 to 1.0 GJ of energy. Plasma shots may occur as frequently as every ten minutes, and the energy is removed in the form of heat by a cooling water system. To remove heat from the machine, cooling water circulates through each major heat source. These sources include the power supplies, motor/generator, rf current drives, neutral beam power supplies, magnetic field coils, and vacuum vessel. The cooling water system consists of isolated primary and secondary cooling loops separated by intermediate heat exchangers. As future DIII-D plans include operation during summer months and longer pulse duration, the cooling system's overall heat removal capacity and performance efficiency must be assessed. Temperature and flow data from around the DIII-D facility are collected by a programmable logic controller (PLC); the data are used to analyze the heat generating sources, the heat transfer rate to intermediate heat exchangers, and the ultimate heat rejection to the environment via the cooling towers. A comparison of the original DIII-D machine design versus the actual performance determines the margin of heat removal capacity. Projections of the heat removal rate for various longer plasma shots are made. Improvements in design and/or operational procedure will be necessary to attain the desired pulse duration.
Linear Circuit Analysis: Time Domain, Phasor, and Laplace Transform Approaches

Volume 1: Kirchoff's current and voltages laws and series-parallel resistive circuits dependent sources and the operational amplifer node and loop analysis network theorems the diode and simple resistive diode circuits inductors, capacitors and duality first order RL and RC circuits the second order linear circuits sinusoidal steady state power calculations elementary analysis of piecewise linear resistive networks. Volume 2: Lapice transfrom analysis- basics Laplace transfrom analysis - circuit applications Laplace transform analysis - transfer function applications time domain circuit response computations the convolution method resonant and bandpass circuits magnetically coupled circuits and transformers two-ports analysis of interconnected two-ports principles of basic filtering Fourier series with applications to electronic circuits. Appendices: introduction to magnetic circuit analysis SPICE for basic circuits.
Intra-amniotic urea and prostaglandin F2α for midtrimester abortion: Clinical and laboratory evaluation

The clinical management of the elective midtrimester abortion continues to be unsatisfactory as judged by either national mortality or morbidity rates. This report documents the results of a randomized series of 19 midtrimester abortions induced by either intra-amniotic hyperosmolar urea and 5 mg. of prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha) or intra-amniotic hyperosmolar urea alone. Pertinent clinical characteristics and biochemical determinations were compared between these two groups. A series of 150 patients were then treated with urea and 5 mg. of PGF2alpha. The clinical results of this series of patients are presented and compared with a previous group who had urea and 10 mg. of PGF2alpha. These studies demonstrate that 5 mg. of PGF2alpha with 80 Gm. of urea achieves injection-abortion intervals that are less than 24 hours.
Effect of conjugated estrogens on vaginal blood flow in surgically menopausal women.

Abstract The effect of an intravenous bolus of 25 mg of conjugated estrogen (Premarin) on vaginal blood flow in seven surgically menopausal women was measured by a thermal conductance probe. Electrical power (0.8 W) was supplied to a resistance wire incorporated in the surface of the probe, and its surface temperature was monitored continuously for 30 minutes six times daily for 3 days. The mean temperature difference (ΔT) between the heated probe surface and the vagina remained unchanged during a preinjection control day. While there were individual differences in response, analysis of mean ΔT during the first day following the injection of the estrogen revealed a significant linear downward trend at ΔT, indicating a rise in vaginal blood flow. ΔT plateaued on day 2 and showed a slight rise in the morning of day 3. It may be concluded that estrogen administered in this dose and form markedly increases vaginal blood flow.
Cloning of a fibrillar collagen gene expressed in the mesenchymal cells of the developing sea urchin embryo.

We have cloned and characterized several overlapping cDNAs that specify a large portion of a Paracentrotus lividus fibrillar collagen molecule. Our conclusions are based on sequencing data, which showed that the clones code for a 786-amino acid collagenous domain composed of an uninterrupted series of Gly-X-Y repeats and for a 265-amino acid carboxyl-terminal globular extension. The latter domain exhibits features highly reminiscent of those of the vertebrate counterparts, notably a putative carboxyl-peptidase cleavage site, a series of similarly arranged cysteinyl residues, and an N-linked glycosylation attachment site. In situ and Northern blot hybridizations have established the size, time of appearance, and tissue localization of the collagen mRNA during sea urchin development. The collagen transcript, 9 kilobases in length, is first detected in the primary and, more predominantly, in the secondary mesenchyme cells of late gastrulae where it progressively accumulates thereafter. This and other work (D'Alessio, M., Ramirez, F., Suzuki, H.R., Solursh, M., and Gambino, R. (1989) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 86, 9303-9307) provide evidence of a genetic heterogeneity of fibrillar collagens in the sea urchin embryo and suggest that the two genes are activated in the same cell lineages at distinct developmental stages.
Searching for the Best: The Chapter 1 Experience in the U.S. Department of Education.

Abstract The Department of Education (ED) has a vested interest in ensuring that schools employ the most promising practices for educating children. In the Chapter 1 program, the largest federally supported elementary and secondary program, the Department conducts research activities and uses nominations from a variety of sources to identify promising practices and to document their success. The Department disseminates this information through its Technical Assistance Centers and through its award process in the Chapter 1 School Recognition Program.
Physical properties of oxides containing metal precipitates

Abstract The optical and mechanical properties of MgO single crystals containing coherent metal precipitates or colloids have been investigated. The optical absorption spectra of these materials were characterized by broad optical bands centred near 2·2 and 5·0eV. By changing the size distribution of the precipitates, it was possible to obtain optical spectra of these materials suitable for solar selective absorber applications. Dislocations and sub-boundaries were found to provide nucleation sites for the formation of precipitates. The presence of these extended defects decreased the minimum temperature at which precipitates can be formed. The precipitates increased yield stress by a factor of about 4, and resulted in an increase in the room-temperature ductility of about 50°. Microstructures of deformed specimens revealed anchoring or pinning of mobile dislocations by precipitates as the probable cause for the increase in yield stress. The precipitates also enhanced ductility by providing dislocation so...
Ubiquitous Learning and the Future of Teaching

This essay examines the implications of anywhere/anytime, or “ubiquitous” learning for rethinking teaching as an activity. The essay touches on the following themes: (1) changes that promote learning as a more continuous process integrated into the flow of human activities; (2) changes that promote learning as a more situated and contextual process; (3) changes that promote more reflective learning; (4) changes that promote more collaborative learning; (5) changes that promote teaching in more of a partnership model with learners; (6) changes that integrate formal learning, informal learning, and situated, experiential learning; (7) changes that promote new relations with other partners in the learning process – parents, workplaces, and so on; and (8) changes that promote ubiquitous learning opportunities for teachers themselves. Each of these changes constitutes a set of opportunities, and challenges, for teaching and learning in new ways. The essay concludes with some brief observations about the implications of these changes for the professional training and development of teachers.
Surface hopping, transition state theory and decoherence. I. Scattering theory and time-reversibility

We provide an in-depth investigation of transmission coefficients as computed using the augmented-fewest switches surface hopping algorithm in the low energy regime. Empirically, microscopic reversibility is shown to hold approximately. Furthermore, we show that, in some circumstances, including decoherence on top of surface hopping calculations can help recover (as opposed to destroy) oscillations in the transmission coefficient as a function of energy; these oscillations can be studied analytically with semiclassical scattering theory. Finally, in the spirit of transition state theory, we also show that transmission coefficients can be calculated rather accurately starting from the curve crossing point and running trajectories forwards and backwards.
Psychological Functioning of Partners of Australian Combat Veterans: Contribution of Veterans' PTSD Symptoms and Partners' Caregiving Distress

Previous research has found posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms in combat veterans to be associated with impaired psychological functioning in their partners. However, little is known abo...
Rheumatologist and Primary Care Management of Cardiovascular Disease Risk in Rheumatoid Arthritis: Patient and Provider Perspectives

Objective Despite increased cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk, rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients often lack CVD preventive care. We examined CVD preventive care processes from RA patient and provider perspectives to develop a process map for identifying targets for future interventions to improve CVD preventive care. Methods Thirty-one participants (15 patients, 7 rheumatologists, and 9 primary care physicians [PCPs]) participated in interviews that were coded using NVivo software and analyzed using grounded theory techniques. Results Patients and providers reported that receipt of preventive care depends upon identifying and acting on risk factors, although most noted that both processes rarely occurred. Engagement in these processes was influenced by various provider-, system-, visit-, and patient-related conditions, such as patient activation or patients’ knowledge about their risk. While nearly half of patients and PCPs were unaware of RA-CVD risk, all rheumatologists were aware of risk. Rheumatologists reported not systematically identifying risk factors, or, if identified, they described communicating about CVD risk factors via clinic notes to PCPs instead of acting directly due to perceived role boundaries. PCPs suggested that scheduling PCP visits could improve CVD risk management, and all participants viewed comanagement positively. Conclusion Findings from this study illustrate important gaps and opportunities to support identifying and acting on CVD risk factors in RA patients from the provider, system, visit, and patient levels. Future work should investigate professional role support through improved guidelines, patient activation, and system-based RA-CVD preventive care strategies.
A new Vaccinium (Ericaceae) from Guyanan Brazil

Recent collections from Serra do Araca in northern Brazil include range extensions for several Guayanan Ericaceae and the newVaccinium pipolyi Luteyn which is herein described and illustrated.
Risk of late toxicity in men receiving dose-escalated hypofractionated intensity modulated prostate radiation therapy: results from a randomized trial.

Objective To report late toxicity outcomes from a randomized trial comparing conventional and hypofractionated prostate radiation therapy and to identify dosimetric and clinical parameters associated with late toxicity after hypofractionated treatment. Methods and Materials Men with localized prostate cancer were enrolled in a trial that randomized men to either conventionally fractionated intensity modulated radiation therapy (CIMRT, 75.6 Gy in 1.8-Gy fractions) or to dose-escalated hypofractionated IMRT (HIMRT, 72 Gy in 2.4-Gy fractions). Late (≥90 days after completion of radiation therapy) genitourinary (GU) and gastrointestinal (GI) toxicity were prospectively evaluated and scored according to modified Radiation Therapy Oncology Group criteria. Results 101 men received CIMRT and 102 men received HIMRT. The median age was 68, and the median follow-up time was 6.0 years. Twenty-eight percent had low-risk, 71% had intermediate-risk, and 1% had high-risk disease. There was no difference in late GU toxicity in men treated with CIMRT and HIMRT. The actuarial 5-year grade ≥2 GU toxicity was 16.5% after CIMRT and 15.8% after HIMRT ( P =.97). There was a nonsignificant numeric increase in late GI toxicity in men treated with HIMRT compared with men treated with CIMRT. The actuarial 5-year grade ≥2 GI toxicity was 5.1% after CIMRT and 10.0% after HIMRT ( P =.11). In men receiving HIMRT, the proportion of rectum receiving 36.9 Gy, 46.2 Gy, 64.6 Gy, and 73.9 Gy was associated with the development of late GI toxicity ( P P =.016). Conclusions Dose-escalated IMRT using a moderate hypofractionation regimen (72 Gy in 2.4-Gy fractions) can be delivered safely with limited grade 2 or 3 late toxicity. Minimizing the proportion of rectum that receives moderate and high dose decreases the risk of late rectal toxicity after this hypofractionation regimen.
Comparative Evaluation of Equalization Methods for Holographic Data Storage Channels

We compare the performance of different equalizers for data pages stored and retrieved holographically as well as for simulated data. The results show that the MMSE equalizer works well even at low SNR.
A measure of design readiness: using patterns to facilitate teaching introductory object-oriented design

Introductory computer science courses often focus on language specifics as opposed to general concepts applicable in multiple languages. Often design issues are raised and discussed during the last week of a semester long course, or emphasized in tidbits interwoven with discussions of implementation issues. In many cases, students are exposed to design concepts before they are ready to learn design.We propose a measure of assessing "design readiness"- an assessment of the cognitive state where one is able to understand design abstractly. We will then use programming and design patterns to assist in teaching critical design concepts. This research is an attempt to address the question, can we improve a student's chance of success in learning design concepts by adjusting instruction to his/her level of design readiness? In an attempt to answer this question, we will concentrate on the following challenges (1) are programming and design patterns an effective approach to teaching object-oriented design (OOD)? If so, will an expert-defined ordering of exposure to patterns enhance learning impacts? (2) Are there characteristics of a student's background or cognitive state that makes him/her "ready" to learn design concepts and skills of OOD? If so, can these measures be used to adjust a student's design instruction to increase its effectiveness?
Thermsstructural and Material Considerations in the Design of the F-14 Aircraft Transparencies

The evolution of the design is traced, along with in-service-dictated modifications, under the constraints of cost, weight, and schedule without sacrificing vital performance. Design requirements are given, along with the systems that affect the load and thermal environments. Tradeoffs between monolithic and multilaminate configurations are shown. Windshield and canopy temperature, thermal stress distributions, and distortions are presented. Transparency material ranking criteria are given. Predicted and in-flight measured canopy tem- perature correlations are shown. It is shown how various factors influenced the decision processes in arriving at a successful design. HE problem was to design, develop, and test a trans- parent cockpit enclosure for the F-14 aircraft that would combine high strength, light weight, maximum visibility, and minimum distortion within the entire flight envelope under all operating conditions. This paper presents the ther- mostructural and material aspects of the solution to that problem. The evolution of the transparency final design is traced, along with in-service-dictated modifications, through the various stages from the proposal through fleet deployment. Design concepts are described, and results of thermostructural analyses and tests are presented. Extremes in the operational and environmental conditions of the high-performance F-14 fighter have posed a host of problems to the transparency engineering and design teams. The problem faced on the F-14 was how best to meet tomorrow's challenge with yesterday's experience and today's capabilities. One of the more challenging tasks was to strike a proper balance between the functions to be performed by the transparencies and the constraints imposed by extraneous boundary conditions. Vital transparency performance was to be maximized under the constraints of mission severity, cost, weight, desired reliability, and schedule. Crucial decisions affecting overall design concepts had to be made early in the program because of abbreviated schedules. A decision that contributed significantly to the eventual success of the program was one concerning material selection. A decision had to be made whether to proceed with a conservative but highly reliable design, using an acrylic canopy and a flat glass windshield; or to proceed with a contoured windshield and a class of glamour materials whose claimed performance was not established experimentally. The decision was made to go conservative.
Ponderomotive force of a uniform electromagnetic wave in a time varying dielectric medium

A ponderomotive force associated with a uniform electromagnetic wave propagating in a medium with time varying dielectric properties [e.g., \ensuremath{\epsilon}=\ensuremath{\epsilon}(x-${\mathit{v}}_{0}$t)] is identified. In particular, when a laser ionizes a gas through which it propagates, a force is exerted on the medium at the ionization front that is proportional to (\ensuremath{\nabla}\ensuremath{\epsilon})${\mathit{E}}^{2}$ rather than the usual (\ensuremath{\epsilon}-1)\ensuremath{\nabla}${\mathit{E}}^{2}$. This force excites a wake in the plasma medium behind the ionization front. The ponderomotive force and wake amplitude are derived and tested with 1D particle-in-cell simulations.
Modulation of pig kidney Na+/K+-ATPase activity by cholesterol: role of hydration.

Cholesterol is known to affect the activity of membrane-bound enzymes, including Na+/K+-ATPase. To gain insight into the mechanism of cholesterol's effect, we have used various hydrophobic fluorescent probes which insert into different regions of the membrane bilayer and report on the degree of hydration of their environment. Specifially, we have measured the generalized polarization of Laurdan and the lifetime of DPH and derivatives of DPH inserted into membranes from pig kidneys enriched in Na+/K+-ATPase. Spectral measurements were also carried out on these membranes after modification of their cholesterol content. The generalized polarization of Laurdan increased with increasing cholesterol, showing an abrupt modification at the native cholesterol content. The fluorescence lifetimes of DPH and the DPH derivatives were analyzed using a distribution model. The center value of these lifetime distributions and their widths also changed with increasing cholesterol. One DPH derivative, DPH-PC, showed a minim...
Low Vitamin C Intakes Among American Adults

Abstract Poor consumption of vitamin C-rich foods has led to a rise in subclinical vitamin C deficiency in the United States. We used the 1994-96 Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals to assess vitamin C intake in a sample of 25- to 90-year-olds (n=5290). After stratifying by age and sex, we divided the sample into three groups based upon mean vitamin C intake: low (0-30mg), marginal (30.1-60mg), and desirable (>60.1 mg). ANOVA with post hoc Scheffe's analyses was used for comparisons. Across all age groups, leading sources of vitamin C were vitamin C-rich fruit juices, low-vitamin C vegetables, vitamin C-rich fruits, and vitamin C-fortified fruit drinks. On average, 17% of adults had low vitamin C intakes. Among males, the highest percentage with low vitamin C intake was the elderly (21% of 75- to 90-year-olds), whereas among females it was younger women (23% of 25- to 44-year-olds). Across age categories and sexes, we found consistent dietary differences. Adults with desirable vitamin C intake consumed significantly more vitamin C-rich fruit juice, low-vitamin C vegetables, beef and ground beef dishes, low-fiber breads/rolls, condiments, and french fries. Those with low vitamin C intake consumed significantly more soft drinks, table sweeteners, coffee/tea, and alcohol. Regarding nutrients, adults with desirable vitamin C intake consumed significantly more energy-adjusted fiber, iron, magnesium, folate, and vitamin B 6 , A, and C; those with low vitamin C intakes consumed significantly more energy-adjusted cholesterol, saturated fat, and total fat. Our data indicate that a considerable proportion of American adults are drastically under-consuming vitamin C and have an increased risk for atherosclerosis due to low antioxidant intakes and high intakes of saturated fat. Adults who did consume desirable vitamin C relied upon juice and a variety of low vitamin C-containing foods. Further education with the Food Guide Pyramid—emphasizing vegetables and fruits rich in vitamin C—is warranted.
Stereospecific generation and quenching of acyclic dienyliron tricarbonyl cations

Abstract ψ- exo - trans -Dienoliron tricarbonyl complexes yield syn , syn -dienyliron tricarbonyl cations and ψ- endo - trans -dienoliron tricarbonyl complexes yield syn , anti -dienyliron tricarbonyl cations with ⩾ 97% stereospecificity in fluorosulfonic acid at −60°C and with lower stereospecificity of 0°C. Aqueous or methanol quenching of these cations at 0°C or below proceeds in the above sense with ⩾97% stereospecificity. However, aqueous quenching of syn , anti cations at 23°C produces up to ca. 30% ψ- exo alcohol which is not the result of acid catalyzed isomerization of ψ- endo alcohol subsequent to quenching. Sodium borohydride reduction of tricarbonyl( cis , trans -4-methyl-3,5-heptadienone)iron(V) gives a single cis -dienol complex which ionizes non-stereospecifically under all conditions. syn , anti -Tricarbonyl(4-methyl-3,5-heptadien-2-yl)iron cation (IV) is configurationally stable in FSO 3 H and H 2 SO 4 for hours at room temperature. The rate of slow isomerization of IV to its syn , syn -isomer is independent of bisulfate ion concentration and is unaccompanied by deuterium incorporation in D 2 SO 4 .
Molecular genetics of head and neck cancer

Head and neck cancers arise and progress through specific genetic alterations. Elucidation of these genetic changes has led to the development of a preliminary molecular progression model. Critical oncogenes and areas of chromosomal loss have been identified in a high proportion of squamous cell car
Supply and demand of new oil tankers

This paper examines the world-wide supply and demand for new oil tankers. A simultaneous supply and demand model is developed and estimated using two-stage least squares techniques and empirical data from 1972 to 1983. The relationships between tanker newbuilding orders and prices, and other relevant market factors are analysed. Major factors affecting the tanker new building market are identified. The results indicate that: oil price and second-hand tanker price are predominant factors influencing future newbuilding demand; a moderate decrease in laid-up tonnage would not induce a significant increase in newbuilding orders; shipbuilding capacity is a more influential factor for the short-run supply of new tankers than shipbuilding cost. Technological change has also played an important role in the market.
Mutually Aposyndetic Decomposition of Homogeneous Continua

A new decomposition, the mutually aposyndetic decomposition of homogeneous continua into closed, homogeneous sets is introduced. This decomposition is respected by homeomorphisms and topologically unique. Its quotient is a mutually aposyndetic homogeneous continuum, and in all known examples, as well as in some general cases, the members of the decomposition are semi- indecomposable continua. As applications, we show that hereditarily decomposable homogeneous continua and path connected homogeneous continua are mutually aposyndetic. A class of new exam- ples of homogeneous continua is defined. The mutually aposyndetic decomposition of each of these continua is non-trivial and different from Jones' aposyndetic decomposition.
Connecting Children to Kindness: Encouraging a Culture of Empathy

Ongoing research indicates the foundational role empathy plays in developing a moral sense among human beings. Referring to the random acts of kindness triggered by the shooting tragedy at Sandy Hook Elementary School in Newtown, Connecticut (in the USA), this article highlights the value of empathy in eliminating the social causes that result in human unhappiness. The authors discuss the goals of developing empathy among young children and the strategies that may be used to inculcate empathy-generating skills, citing relevant literature in the field. Empathy has a crucial role to play in a global world that is becoming increasingly interconnected and interdependent, while also facing the ravages brought about by senseless violence and injustice against humanity. It is a quality best developed if promoted early in the process of child/individual development.
Computations of fully nonlinear three-dimensional wave–wave and wave–body interactions. Part 2. Nonlinear waves and forces on a body

The mixed-Eulerian–Lagrangian method using high-order boundary elements, described in Xue et al. (2001) for the simulation of fully nonlinear three-dimensional wave–wave and wave–body interactions, is here extended and applied to the study of two nonlinear three-dimensional wave–body problems: (a) the development of bow waves on an advancing ship; and (b) the steep wave diffraction and nonlinear high-harmonic loads on a surface-piercing vertical cylinder. For (a), we obtain convergent steady-state bow wave profiles for a flared wedge, and the Wigley and Series 60 hulls. We compare our predictions with experimental measurements and find good agreement. It is shown that upstream influence, typically not accounted for in quasi-two-dimensional theory, plays an important role in bow wave prediction even for fine bows. For (b), the primary interest is in the higher-harmonic ‘ringing’ excitations observed and quantified in experiments. From simulations, we obtain fully nonlinear steady-state force histories on the cylinder in incident Stokes waves. Fourier analysis of such histories provides accurate predictions of harmonic loads for which excellent comparisons to experiments are obtained even at third order. This confirms that ‘ringing’ excitations are directly a result of nonlinear wave diffraction.
Replicated Association Between an IL28B Gene Variant and a Sustained Response to Pegylated Interferon and Ribavirin

Background & Aims Patients with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections are treated with pegylated interferon and ribavirin (PEG-IFN/RBV), which is effective in less than 50% of those infected with HCV genotype 1. Genome-wide association studies have linked response to PEG-IFN/RBV with common single nucleotide polymorphisms in the vicinity of interferon (IFN)-λ genes on chromosome 19. We investigated the association between the polymorphism rs12979860 and treatment response in a diverse cohort of chronic HCV patients. Methods A cross-sectional study of 1021 consecutive patients enrolled in the Duke Hepatology Clinic Research Database and Biorepository. We analyzed DNA, clinical and demographic data, along with validated data of the response of 231 subjects to PEG-IFN/RBV. The study included Caucasians (n = 178), African Americans (n = 53), and HCV genotypes 1 (n = 186) and 2/3 (n = 45). The rs12979860 genotype was tested for an association with sustained virologic response, defined as undetectable levels of HCV RNA 24 weeks after treatment ended. Results The rs12979860 CC genotype (found in ∼40% of Caucasians) predicted a sustained virologic response to therapy among Caucasians (odds ratio, 5.79; 95% confidence interval, 2.67–12.57; P = 9.0 × 10−6), independent of HCV genotype and other covariates. Rs12979860 CC predicted a sustained response with 78% specificity and 65% sensitivity in patients infected with HCV genotype 1). Conclusions rs12979860 genotype is a significant independent predictor of response to PEG-IFN/RBV in patients with chronic HCV infection; tests for this genotype might be used to determine the best course of treatment for patients considering antiviral therapy.
A detailed model for segmental inversions of chromatids

Abstract This paper reviews matters related to the inversion of a chromatid segment. While the main conclusions are congruent with those of a preceding note (1), preservation of the physical and functional integrity of the chromosome is dependent upon the way the inverted segment changes the ‘intrinsic’ coordination order along the chromatid stack.
Five year (2004–2009) observations of upper tropospheric water vapor and cloud ice from MLS and comparisons with GEOS-5 analyses

This paper gives an overview of August 2004 through July 2009 upper tropospheric (UT) water vapor (H2O) and ice water content (IWC) from the Aura Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) and comparisons with outputs from the NASA Goddard Earth Observing System Version 5 (GEOS-5) data assimilation system. Both MLS and GEOS-5 show that high values of H2O and IWC at 215 to 147 hPa are associated with areas of deep convection. They exhibit good (within approximately 15%) agreement in IWC at these altitudes, but GEOS-5 H2O is approximately 50% (215 hPa) to approximately 30% (147 hPa) larger than MLS, possibility due to its higher temperatures at these altitudes. GOES-5 produces a weaker intertropical convergence zone than MLS, while a seasonally-migrating band of tropical deep convection is clearly evident in both the MLS and GEOS-5 UT H2O and IWC. MLS and GEOS-5 both show spatial anti-correlation between IWC and H2O at 100 hPa, where less H2O is associated with low temperatures in regions of tropical convection. At 100 hPa, GEOS-5 produces 50% less IWC and 15% less H2O in the tropics, and approximately 20% more H2O in the extra-tropics, than does MLS. Behavior of the 100 hPa H2O, which exhibits a quasi-biennial oscillation, appears consistent with it being controlled by temperature. The seasonal cycle in the vertical transport of tropical mean H2O from approximately 147 hPa to approximately 10 hPa appears much stronger in MLS than in GEOS-5. The UT IWC and H2O interannual variations, from both MLS and GEOS-5, show clear imprints of the El Nino-Southern Oscillation.
A comparative DFT-MP2 study of the Creutz–Taube ion and related systems

Abstract We report the first full geometry optimizations of the Creutz–Taube ion at the MP2 and gradient-corrected DFT levels of theory (B3LYP). The MP2-optimized geometry matches the experimentally observed structures much more closely than that obtained at the DFT level. DFT Ru–N bond distances are uniformly 0.04–0.18 A too long, while MP2 calculations yield Ru–N distances within 0.01–0.05 A. We attribute this difference to the enhanced ionic character of the Ru–N bond in the MP2 calculations. For [Ru(NH 3 ) 6 ] 2+ , we have shown that charge distributions calculated at higher levels of theory (MP3, MP4 and QCISD) are consistent with the MP2 results but are significantly different than those obtained at the DFT level (B3LYP, BLYP, BPW91, G96LYP and G96PW91).
Human mate choice is a complex system

From a psychological perspective, human mate choice has been viewed as a problem of identifying the individual cognitive preferences and decisions that explain empirical results such as similarity in attractiveness between mates and the right-skewed unimodal marriage hazard curves for marriage rates. Agent-based models provide a powerful theoretical tool for investigating this relationship, but until now have not considered the effects of local neighborhoods or mobility on emergent population dynamics. In failing to do so, they have effectively ruled out the population-level complexity inherent in human mate choice. Real people live in physical space, and their interactions are constrained by their location in and mobility among physical neighborhoods and social networks. We developed a general model of human mate choice in which agents are localized in space, interact with close neighbors, and tend to range either near or far. At the individual level, our model uses two oft-used but incompletely understood decision rules: one based on preferences for similar partners, the other for maximally attractive partners. We show that space and mobility can interact nonlinearly with these individual decision rules and nonspatial aspects of the population structure. In particular, local interactions and limited mobility decrease interpair matching and increase mate search time. We also show that it is too easy to fit various model configurations to the scant available data. More data and more specific predictions are required. Human mate choice is a complex system with properties that emerge from space, mobility, and other factors that structure social dynamics. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Complexity, 2011. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.