cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Characterization of Microstructures for Heat Transfer Performance in Passive Cooling Devices

The topology and geometry of microstructures play a crucial role in determining heat transfer performance in passive cooling devices such as heat pipes. It is therefore important to characterize microstructures based on their wicking performance, the thermal conduction resistance of the liquid filling the microstructure, and the thin-film characteristics of the liquid meniscus. In the present study, the free-surface shapes of the static liquid meniscus in common microstructures have been modeled using the program, Surface Evolver, for zero Bond number. Four well-defined topologies, viz., surfaces with parallel rectangular ribs, horizontal parallel cylinders, vertically aligned cylinders, and spheres (the latter two in both square and hexagonal packing arrangements), have been modeled. Non-dimensional capillary pressure, average distance of the free liquid surface from solid walls (a measure of the conduction resistance of the liquid), total exposed area and thin-film percentage of surface area of the liquid meniscus have been computed. These parameters are presented as functions of the non-dimensional geometrical parameters of the microstructures, volume of the liquid filling the structure, as well as the contact angle between the liquid and solid. Based on these non-dimensional performance parameters, the microstructure, contact angle and non-dimensional liquid volume for the best performance are identified.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
On The Role Of Optical Disk At Computing Centers

Mass storage plays an increasingly important part in the changing role of the traditional open-shop computing center precipitated by the trend toward decentralization. A large number of mass storage applications are of the write-once type, for which the emerging optical disk technology is well suited. Some of the broad application areas are experiment data capture, shared reference data bases, program and documentation libraries, and medical studies requiring individual patient data. The utility of currently available optical disk products is being investigated for these applications for a variety of computing environments including those of IBM tm, DEC-VAX tm, and UNIX tm products.© (1985) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A quantum chemical mechanism for the water-initiated decomposition of silica

Abstract An ab initio quantum chemical investigation of the interaction of water with amorphous silica is carried out using model systems that contain the Si–O–Si bridging unit. Interaction of the silicon–oxygen bond with a water dimer is found to be most favorable, in contrast to the Michalske–Freiman model, which assumes that the interaction occurs with a single water molecule. Formation of a five-coordinated silicon atom is an essential intermediate in the bond fracture process, which involves proton transfer from the water dimer to the bridging oxygen, proton transfer within the water dimer, and the formation of a new Si–O bond. The activation barrier to rupture the Si–O bond in the Si–O–Si unit in the presence of water dimer is ∼30 kcal/mol.
Measurement and simulation of dendritic growth of ice in cement paste

Abstract We re-examine experiments by Helmuth (1962) from which he concluded that ice grows in the pores of cement paste under heat-flow control, and that the internal temperature rises to the melting point given by the Gibbs–Thomson equation. We find that his conclusions are correct, but the growth rates he reports are misleading. Using experimental and computational methods, we show that the ice grows in the form of dendrites, which allows a constant growth rate under heat-flow control. A modification of the experimental procedure permits accurate measurement of the growth rate of ice in the pores.
Filamentous growth in budding yeast

The recent discovery that some laboratory strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae are capable of limited filamentous growth has stimulated genetic analysis of dimorphism in this microorganism. The puzzle of why most strains are nonfilamentous is now resolved. Remarkably, a single point mutation with broad consequences separates these domesticated yeast from their wild ancestors.
Influence of Procedural Decisions on Divorce Outcomes

The effects of decisions made during the divorce process on the probability of wife's receipt and amount of award of principal residence, cash, alimony, and child support at the time of divorce were estimated. A 10 percent random sample of court records provided data on legal representation, type of proceedings, grounds for divorce, role in proceedings, actions to contest divorce, motions filed during divorce, and asset and income awards. Length of marriage, number of minor children, and presiding judge were controlled in the analysis. The effect of procedural choices on wife's income receipt was greater than on her asset receipt. The most influential procedural decisions were women's decisions to be repre sented by an attorney and to contest the divorce.
Effects of early experience on emotional and social reactivity in CBA mice

Abstract During infancy some mice were handled and others were not handled in conjunction with their being reared in groups or isolation until adulthood. Emotional reactivity was assessed at 120 days of age by their activity in the open field, followed by measurement of plasma corticosterone levels, and social interaction was observed during their 15 weeks in a Reimer-Petras population cage, using a magnetic tagging technique. Handling and socialization produced a significant increase in open field activity, with the handled-socialization animals being the most active. Isolated animals had significantly higher plasma corticosterone levels than socialized animals, but the difference between handled and nonhandled males was not significant. The handled-socialized animals developed the most stable social hierarchy in the population cage, successfully differentiated roles, and had the lowest increase in systolic blood pressure. Isolated males failed to develop normal social behavior and severe fighting was observed throughout the 15 weeks; moreover, these animals had a higher elevation of systolic blood pressure than the socialized animals.
Techniques and methods for the determination of haloacetic acids in potable water

Haloethanoic (haloacetic) acids (HAAs) are formed as disinfection byproducts (DBPs) during the chlorination of natural water to make it fit for consumption. Sundry analytical techniques have been applied in order to determine the concentrations of the HAAs in potable water supplies: gas chromatography (GC-MS, GC-ECD); capillary electrophoresis (CE); liquid chromatography (LC), including ion chromatography (IC); and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). Detection limits required to analyze potable water samples can be regularly achieved only by GC-ECD and ESI-MS. Without improvements in preconcentration or detector sensitivity, CE and LC will not find application to potable water supplies. The predominant GC-ECD methods use either diazomethane or acidified methanol to esterify (methylate) the carboxylic acid moiety. For HAA5 analytes, regulated under the EPA's Stage 1 DBP Rule, diazomethane is satisfactory. For HAA9 data gathered under the Information Collection Rule, acidified methanol outperforms diazomethane, which suffers from photo-promoted side reactions, especially for the brominated trihaloacetic acids. Although ESI-MS can meet sensitivity and selectivity requirements, limited instrumentation availability means this technique will not be widely used for the time being. However, ESI-MS can provide valuable confirmatory information when coupled with GC-ECD in a research setting.
Time-of-flight facility for the absolute measurement of the beam energy of a medium-energy cyclotron

Abstract A method for measuring the energy of a medium-energy cyclotron is presented. It is based on a single detector which simultaneously detects gamma rays from two spatially separated targets. The method is absolute depending upon the cyclotron or local oscillator frequency and distance measurements. It is applicable to the variety of beam energies and particles from a variable energy cyclotron in the medium-energy range.
Normal serum calcium levels in albino mice. III. Diurnal variations

Abstract Diurnal variations in the serum calcium level in 30 male Swiss albino mice were investigated. When blood was sampled four times from each animal during a 24-hour period and analyzed for calcium, the values obtained at 6 P.M., midnight, 6 A.M., and noon were 9.13 ± 0.22, 9.60 ± 0.27, 8.89 ±40, and 9.95 ± 0.34 mg% respectively. These differences were not statistically significant.
A computer system for transformational grammar

A comprehensive system for transformational grammar has been designed and implemented on the IBM 360/67 computer. The system deals with the transformational model of syntax, along the lines of Chomsky's Aspects of the Theory of Syntax. The major innovations include a full, formal description of the syntax of a transformational grammar, a directed random phrase structure generator, a lexical insertion algorithm, an extended definition of analysis, and a simple problem-oriented programming language in which the algorithm for application of transformations can be expressed. In this paper we present the system as a whole, first discussing the general attitudes underlying the development of the system, then outlining the system and discussing its more important special features. References are given to papers which consider some particular aspect of the system in detail.
Contraceptive withdrawal in adolescents: a complex picture of usage.

Study Objective Contraceptive withdrawal, or coitus interruptus, is a widespread method in adolescents, but factors affecting usage have not been longitudinally investigated. Study objectives were to examine usage numbers of withdrawal among a group of sexually active adolescent females and to investigate the influence of personal, partner, and family factors on usage patterns.
Nonadherent: a four-letter word.

Do you have any idea how frustrating you were? You refused to take certain medications; contested every blood draw; limited all your responses to “yes,” “no,” or “I don't know.” Nonadherence was th...
Mapping the exclusive economic zone

The NOAA multibeam surveys of the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) are providing a new data base and map series that are significantly superior to existing bathymetric maps compiled from prior surveys, particularly in areas of complex relief. The new Sea Beam and Bathymetric Swath Survey System (BSSS) surveys are designed to give essentially 100 percent coverage of selected areas on the continental shelf, slope, and upper rise off the west coast of the U.S. These areas were selected through a cooperative agreement between NOAA and the Department of Interior's U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). The first complete map at 1:100,000 has been compiled from surveys between 39\deg 30'N and 40\deg 00'N. It shows the sinuous submarine canyons in remarkable detail. The San Andreas fault does not appear to extend north of Point Delgada. The NOAA multibeam surveys run in tectonically-active areas such as the west coast continental margin are developing detailed data sets that will be of great value to economic development and to a better understanding of the geologic framework of those areas.
Beauty and the beast: mechanisms of sexual selection in humans

Literature in evolutionary psychology suggests that mate choice has been the primary mechanism of sexual selection in humans, but this conclusion conforms neither to theoretical predictions nor available evidence. Contests override other mechanisms of sexual selection; that is, when individuals can exclude their competitors by force or threat of force, mate choice, sperm competition, and other mechanisms are impossible. Mates are easier to monopolize in two dimensional mating environments, such as land, than in three-dimensional environments, such as air, water, and trees. Thus, two-dimensional mating environments may tend to favor the evolution of contests. The twodimensionality of the human mating environment, along with phylogeny, the spatial and temporal clustering of mates and competitors, and anatomical considerations, predict that contest competition should have been the primary mechanism of sexual selection in men. A functional analysis supports this prediction. Men's traits are better designed for contest competition than for other sexual selection mechanisms; size, muscularity, strength, aggression, and the manufacture and use of weapons probably helped ancestral males win contests directly, and deep voices and facial hair signal dominance more effectively than they increase attractiveness. However, male monopolization of females was imperfect, and female mate choice, sperm competition, and sexual coercion also likely shaped men's traits. In contrast, male mate choice was probably central in women's mating competition because ancestral females could not constrain the choices of larger and more aggressive males through force, and attractive women could obtain greater male investment. Neotenous female features and body fat deposition on the breasts and hips appear to have been shaped by male mate choice.
Analysis of the Extreme-Ultraviolet Quiet Solar Spectrum

The solar EUV spectrum provides a suitable approach for the study of the solar atmosphere because the emission lines and continua are formed at temperatures ranging from about 10,000 K, representative of the low chromosphere, to temperatures in excess of 3 million degrees K, originating predominantly in active regions. The OSO-4 experiment obtained spectra originating from a region at the center of the quiet solar disk. The spectrum is used to derive the emission measures and the chemical abundances for a number of elements. A one-dimensional temperature and density model is constructed from this analysis.
The primate appendix: a reassessment.

The presence of a vermiform appendix is often cited as a shared, derived character uniting the Hominoidea (apes and humans). However, appendix-like structures have been reported for many other primate taxa. A review of the literature reveals that the confusion arises because several different, and sometimes contradictory, criteria are enlisted to distinguish an appendix. The measures most frequently used to define this structure are gross shape and certain aspects of histology (e.g., lymphoid concentration). Unfortunately, descriptions of shape lack quantification, and histological thin-sections have not been studied for many primate taxa. In addition, although lymphoid concentration in the human appendix is known to vary considerably with age, this information is rarely reported in the primate literature. Given these complications, additional studies on the morphology and ontogeny of this region are warranted. This research will lead to a more accurate definition of the vermiform appendix. Most authors currently describe this feature as a narrow diverticulum of the cecum with thick walls and concentrated lymphoid tissue. However, the presence of thick mucosal layers and appreciable lymphoid tissue in taxa lacking appendices (e. g., Saguinus, Cercocebus) suggests that these features may be primitive primate traits. If so, wall thickness and lymphoid concentration cannot be used to define the vermiform appendix. These results suggest that a more rigorous definition of the appendix is requisite for this feature to be used in primate systematics.
Critical Properties of the Void Percolation Problem for Spheres

The method outlined by Kerstein has been used to simulate percolation of the void region between overlapping, randomly located spheres. The computed threshold is in agreement with the previous result of Kert\'esz. In addition, three critical exponents are computed and are found to be in agreement with the universality hypothesis. This constitutes the first such evaluation for a three-dimensional nonlattice problem and the first test of universality for a percolation problem with no underlying network defined a priori.
Adenylate cyclase in the corpus luteum of the rhesus monkey. iii. changes in basal and gonadotropin-sensitive activities during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle

The activity of adenylate cyclase was examined in corpora lutea (CL) obtained from rhesus monkeys at specific stages in the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle [3–5, 6–8, 9–12, 13–15, and 16 days (menses) after the midcycle LH surge]. The conversion of [α-32P]ATP to [32P]cAMP was used to monitor adenylate cyclase activity. cAMP production in luteal homogenates was assessed in the absence (basal activity) and presence of maximum stimulatory doses of forskolin (100 μM), 5′-guanylylimidodiphosphate [GMP-P(NH)P; 50 μM], GTP (50 μM), and GTP plus increasing doses of hLH and hCG. Basal activity was low in the early luteal phase (days 3–5; mean ± SE, 1.2 ± 0.2 pmol cAMP/mg protein min), increased (P < 0.05) by the midluteal phase (days 6–8 and 9–12, 2.1 ± 0.4 and 2.0 ± 0.3 pmol/mg-min, respectively), and then declined (P < 0.05) during the late luteal phase (days 13–15 and 16-menses, 1.6 ± 0.3 and 1.2 ± 0.5 pmol/mg-min, respectively). Activity stimulated by GTP and GMP-P(NH)P [e.g. GMP-P(NH)P ∼12 times basal lev...
The Internet's Effect on Women's Coauthoring Rates and Academic Job Market Decisions: The Case of Political Science.

Abstract The late 1990s saw the introduction and spread of the Internet and email. For social scientists, these technologies lowered communication costs and made inter-department collaboration much easier. Using women in political science as a case study, we show that this change has disproportionately affected women in two ways. First, women have increased the rate at which they co-author journal articles faster than their male counterparts. Second, the lowered communication costs have made women more willing to take jobs at smaller departments because it is now easier to work with colleagues at other universities.
Engineering optically triggered droplets for photoacoustic imaging and therapy

Liquid perfluorocarbon (PFC) droplets incorporating optical absorbers can be vaporized through photothermal heating using a pulsed laser source. Here, we report on the effect of droplet core material on the optical fluence required to produce droplet vaporization. We fabricate gold nanoparticle templated microbubbles filled with various PFC gases (C3F8, C4F10, and C5F12) and apply pressure to condense them into droplets. The core material is found to have a strong effect on the threshold optical fluence, with lower boiling point droplets allowing for vaporization at lower laser fluence. The impact of droplet size on vaporization threshold is discussed, as well as a proposed mechanism for the relatively broad distribution of vaporization thresholds observed within a droplet population with the same core material. We propose that the control of optical vaporization threshold enabled by engineering the droplet core may find application in contrast enhanced photoacoustic imaging and therapy.
Fault diagnosis of reconfigurable multipipelines using boundary scans

Abstract In this paper, we present an efficient fault diagnosis algorithm for reconfigurable multipipelines in the presence of faulty switching elements. Boundary scan concept is employed to access and control all the input and output registers of the processing elements in the architectures from outside. Faults in switching elements, typically assumed to be fault-free, are identified by loading the output registers in a stage with test patterns, applying them through the switching elements, and observing the responses through the input registers of the next stage. Both bit-serial and bit parallel transfers are considered in the diagnosis. Faults in switching elements are located down to a transistor or a data link to partially utilize the faulty switching elements in pipeline configuration.
Automatic priming for translation- and scale-invariant representations of object shape

Attended objects visually prime both themselves and their left-right reflections, whereas ignored objects prime themselves but not their left-right reflections (Stankiewicz, Hummel, & Cooper, 1998). Two experiments extended this research by investigating the role of attention in priming across changes in size and location in the visual field. Experiment 1 showed that visual priming for both attended and ignored images is invariant with translation across the visual field. Experiment 2 showed that visual priming for both attended and ignored images is invariant with scale. In combination with the findings of Stankiewicz et al., these findings support the hypothesis that object recognition is based on a hybrid representation of shape.
On Some Psychometric Properties of Fiedler's Contingency Model of Leadership:

Afactor analysis of Fiedler's Least Preferred Co- Worker (LPC) Scale and measure of situational control produced eight factors: (1) emotional stability, (2) dependability and surgency in the LPC, (...
Degradation of parathion in the rat.

Abstract Examination of urinary metabolites of 32 P- and 35 S-parathion orally administered to rats confirmed that initial metabolism of parathion involved activation to paraoxon and degradation to diethyl phosphorothioic acid. Sulfur detached in the activation reaction was excreted as inorganic sulfate. Experiments in vitro with 35 S-parathion indicated that the aryl-phosphate cleavage of parathion was mostly effected by liver microsomal oxidases; a minor portion was catalyzed by nonoxidative soluble enzymes requiring reduced glutathione.
Characterization of secophalloidin-induced force loss in cardiac myofibrils.

Secophalloidin (SPH) is known to cause in cardiac myofibrils force without Ca2+ (half-maximal effect ~2 mM) followed by irreversible loss of Ca2+-activated force. At maximal Ca2+ activation, SPH increases force (half-maximal effect < 0.1 mM). We found that SPH at low concentration (0.5 mM) did not cause either force activation or force loss at pCa 8.7, but both of these effects did occur when force was activated by Ca2+. The force loss was prevented when SPH was applied during rigor or in the presence of 2,3-butanedione monoxime (85 mM). Furthermore, studying muscle in which the force was previously reduced by SPH (up to 50%) did not reveal significant changes in Ca2+ sensitivity and cooperativity of Ca2+ activation or qualitative alterations in SPH-induced changes in Ca2+-activated contraction. Data suggest that the force loss is mediated by cycling cross-bridges, and might reflect a reduction in force generated by individual cross-bridges.
Selenium in Kesterson Reservoir Ephemeral Pools Formed by Groundwater Rise: I. A Field Study

One of the principal initial plans for managing Se contamination at Kesterson Reservoir (Merced County, California) entailed excavation to a depth of at least 0.15 m in order to remove soils with Se concentrations higher than 4 mg kg -1 . Prior to implementing this plan, surface waters were collected from numerous shallow ephemeral pools that formed during the winters of 1986 to 1988. Elevated concentrations of Se were measured in all od these pools. Pools dormed during this period from a combination of overland flow from adjacent nonseleniferous pond waters, rainfall ponding, and emergence of the fluctuating shallow water table above the soil surface.
TOXOPLASMOSIS AND PARVOVIRUS B19

Pregnant women might well improve their chances for a successful pregnancy outcome by following the advice of W. C. Fields: avoid contact with small children and animals whenever possible. Failing widespread acceptance of this philosophy, management of T. gondii and parvovirus B19 infections continues to be a challenge for the foreseeable future.
Spanish diphthongizing stems productivity, processing, and the shaping of the lexicon

We examine a classic problem in Spanish morphophonology as a way of shedding new light on the relationship between grammar and processing. Spanish derivations with diphthongizing stems may contain either the diphthong or the monophthong stem allomorph, but the likelihood of the (phonotactically marked) diphthong appearing is related to the productivity of the suffix. Prior data also indicate that this bias constrains the formal properties of possible, but as yet unattested derivations. Interestingly, the documented relevance of suffix productivity and stem phonotactics for lexical processing suggests a relationship between the processing characteristics of neologisms and their favored formal properties. Spanish diphthongization provides an ideal window on this relationship because the availability of either allomorph for any neologism allows us to compare the processing characteristics of the grammatically preferred and the dispreferred form. We present visual lexical decision results that confirm the systematic biases concerning Spanish diphthongization and shed light on their possible roots in processing. The results illuminate this long-standing conundrum in Spanish and point to a more general picture in which the impact of distributional properties of morphemes on processing can account for the current shape and dynamic evolution of the lexicon.
Amino acid uptake by the cultured human placental trophoblast: Exogenous regulation

Summary Amino acid uptake by the human placenta is known to occur via several transport mechanisms. However, regulation by extracellular factors has received relatively little attention. A recent report by this laboratory had demonstrated that α-(methylamino)isobutyric acid (MeAIB)-sensitive, α-aminoisobutyric acid (AIB) uptake by the cultured human placental trophoblast cells is stimulated by insulin. This study evaluated insulin like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) stimulation of AIB uptake in cultured human placental trophoblast cells. Na + -dependent AIB uptake was significantly stimulated by IGF-I in a time dependent manner, as early as 30 minutes. The maximum effect was at 2–4 hours of continuous exposure to IGF-I. Stimulation was dependent upon IGF-1 concentration. AIB uptake was inhibited by increasing concentrations of MeAIB. Approximately 75% of basal (unstimulated) AIB uptake was inhibited by MeAIB. The IGF-1 stimulated increment above basal AIB uptake was completely inhibited by MeAIB. At 200 ng/ml, stimulation was greater than IGF-1 than with IGF-1. The IGF-1 effect was inhibited by anti-IGF-1 receptor antibody, confirming mediation via IGF-1 receptor. In addition to the IGFs, treating the cultured trophoblast cells with 8-br-cAMP or PMA temporally stimulated AIB uptake. Therefore, Na + -dependent AIB uptake appears to be stimulated by factors which function via receptor tyrosine kinase and/or serine/threonine protein kinases (protein kinases A and C).
New Continuous-Time MILP Model for the Short-Term Scheduling of Multistage Batch Plants

This paper presents a new multiple-time-grid, continuous-time mixed-integer linear program (MILP) model for the short-term scheduling of multistage, multiproduct plants. It can handle both release and due dates and different objective functions efficiently, such as the minimization of total cost, total earliness, or makespan. This formulation is compared to other existing mixed-integer linear programming approaches and to a constraint-programming model. The results show that the proposed formulation is much more efficient than its uniform-time-grid counterpart and is comparable to a continuous-time formulation that uses global precedence sequencing variables. Discrete-time formulations are preferred for larger scheduling problems where a reasonable number of time points are sufficient for the exact problem data. The results also show that the constraint-programming model is the best approach for makespan minimization.
Maintenance and regulation of extracellular volume and the ion environment in Drosophila larval nerves

In mammals and insects, paracellular blood barriers isolate the nervous system from the rest of the animal. Glia and accessory cells of the nervous system use pumps, channels, cotransporters, and exchangers collectively to maintain the extracellular ion environment and osmotic balance in the nervous system. At present, the molecular mechanisms that regulate this process remain unclear. In humans, loss of extracellular ion and volume regulation in the nervous system poses serious health threats. Drosophila is a model genetic organism with a proven track record for uncovering molecular mechanisms relevant to human health and disease. Here, we review what is known about extracellular ion and volume regulation in larval abdominal nerves, present some new data about the impact of neural activity on the extracellular environment, and relate the findings to mammalian systems. Homologies have been found at the level of morphology, physiology, molecular mechanisms, and mutant phenotypes. The Fray-Ncc69 module regulates extracellular volume in larval nerves. Genetic rescue experiments with the mammalian orthologs prove this module has a direct correlate in humans. This and other molecular homologies, together with the similar physiological needs, suggest that uncovering the molecular mechanisms of ion and volume regulation in larval nerves will likely provide significant insights into this process in mammalian systems. © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Computerized segmentation of ureters in CT urography (CTU) using COMPASS

We are developing a computerized system for automated segmentation of ureters on CTU, as a critical component for computer-aided diagnosis of ureter cancer. A challenge for ureter segmentation is the presence of regions not well opacified with intravenous (IV) contrast. We propose a COmbined Model-guided Path-finding Analysis and Segmentation System (COMPASS) to track the ureters in CTU. COMPASS consists of three stages: (1) adaptive thresholding and region growing, (2) edge profile extraction and feature analysis, and (3) path-finding and propagation. 114 ureters, filled with IV contrast material, on 74 CTU scans from 74 patients were segmented. On average the ureter occupied 286 CT slices (range:164 to 399, median:301). More than half of the ureters contained malignant or benign lesions and some had ureter wall thickening due to malignancy. A starting point for each of the 114 ureters was selected manually, which served as an input to the COMPASS, to initialize the tracking. The path-finding and segmentation are guided by anatomical knowledge of the ureters in CTU. The segmentation performance was quantitatively assessed by estimating the percentage of the length that was successfully tracked and segmented for each ureter. Of the 114 ureters, 75 (66%) were segmented completely (100%), 99 (87%) were segmented through at least 70% of its length, and 104 (91%) were segmented at least 50%. Previously, without the model-guided approach, 61 (54%) ureters were segmented completely (100%), 80 (70%) were segmented through at least 70% of its length, and 96 (84%) were segmented at least 50%. COMPASS improved the ureter tracking, including regions across ureter lesions, wall thickening and the narrowing of the lumen.
The wavelength sensitivity of back-scattering

Abstract The effect of wavelength variations on the backscattering of laser light from contoured or shaped objects is analyzed. In order to consider remote sensing by frequency-scan means, equations are derived for the transforms of the signal field and its intensity and for the correlation functions appropriate in the study of rough objects. In these expressions, interesting dependences upon object shape, roughness, and orientation are found. In experiments using roughened plates and spheres illuminated by a tunable dye laser, good agreement with theory is observed.
Predicting the biodistribution of radiolabeled cMORF effector in MORF-pretargeted mice

Purpose Pretargeting with phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomers (MORFs) involves administration of a MORF-conjugated anti-tumor antibody such as MN14 as a pretargeting agent before that of the radiolabeled complementary MORF (cMORF) as the effector. The dosages of the pretargeting agent and effector, the pretargeting interval, and the detection time are the four pretargeting variables. The goal of this study was to develop a semiempirical description capable of predicting the biodistribution of the radiolabeled effector in pretargeted mice and then to compare predictions with experimental results from pretargeting studies in tumored animals in which the pretargeting interval and the detection time were both fixed but the dosages of both the effector and the pretargeting agent were separately varied.
Fort Huachuca decision raises the bar for Fort Irwin expansion

A recent Ninth U.S. District Court decision on a biological opinion for Fort Huachuca in Arizona reinforces the requirement that federal agencies are ultimately responsible for their obligations to conserve endangered and threatened species under the Endangered Species Act. This decision has direct implications for the Army's attempt to gain a favorable biological opinion for training activities on the recently acquired expansion lands at Fort Irwin, California. Irrespective of whether or not the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service issues a favorable biological opinion, the Army must independently demonstrate that it is undertaking specific, measurable mitigation activities that will assure the recovery of the desert tortoise and other endangered or threatened species affected by its expansion activities. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Thermal Processing Retortable Plastic Containers with Metal Lids in Steam and Water with Comparisons to Metal Cans

Comparative heating studies were conducted for three products in 211 × 214 retortable plastic containers with double-seamed metal lids and in similar sized 211 × 300 metal cans. Plastic cans heated slower than metal cans in both steam and water. Orientation of the metal lid (up or down) influenced heating and the location of the slowest-heating zone. For corn in brine heated in steam, Fo values for the heating portion of the process were 6.5, 4.2, and 5.0 using the metal can, and the plastic cans oriented with lid up and lid down, respectively. Similar differences were obtained for cans of water and a conduction-heating product. The heating medium and headspace in the container only slightly influenced the Fo value delivered by the thermal process.
On accuracy of simple FDTD models for the simulation of human body path loss

This paper compares a basic, MATLAB coded, time-domain FDTD formulation for the path loss around the human body with accurate FEM modeling in Ansoft HFSS (ANSYS). We show that the time domain FDTD analysis yields comparable results even though it uses a homogeneous body model and simple boundary conditions. Reasons for this important observation are investigated. The present study only considers the exterior TX and RX antennas, which are located close to the body. A more detailed FDTD simulation of on-body antennas [1] is currently underway.
Could God's purpose be the source of life's meaning?

In this paper, I explore the traditional religious account of what can make a life meaningful, namely, the view that one's life acquires significance insofar as one fulfils a purpose God has assigned. Call this view ‘purpose theory’. In the literature, there are objections purporting to show that purpose theory entails the logical absurdities that God is not moral, omnipotent, or eternal. I show that there are versions of purpose theory which are not vulnerable to these reductio arguments. However, I then contend that there is a problem facing purpose theory which no version can avoid. I argue that the best reason for holding a God-centred theory of life's meaning logically precludes the possibility of purpose theory being the correct version of it. More specifically, I argue that if a relationship with God is necessary for one's life to acquire meaning, this must be because God would have properties such as atemporality and simplicity, perfections which are incompatible with purposiveness. I conclude that religious thinkers have good reason to develop other theories of the way God could confer meaning on our lives.
A non-uniform modulation transform for audio coding with increased time resolution

Perceptual audio coders exploit two properties to achieve coding gain: perceptual irrelevancy and source redundancy. Recently, a two-dimensional modulation transform was introduced which efficiently extracts perceptual irrelevancy and source redundancy not accessible in a one-dimensional transform. In this paper, we propose an alternative modulation transform design with an octave-band non-uniform modulation dimension. This non-uniform modulation dimension approximately mimics the spacing of modulation filter subbands of the human auditory system, while simultaneously increasing the time resolution of the modulation transform providing improved temporal control of coding noise.
Analytical modeling and experimental evaluation of interconnect parasitic inductance on MOSFET switching characteristics

The impact of interconnection parasitic inductance on MOSFET switching characteristics is modeled analytically and evaluated experimentally. Closed-form analytical equations are derived to evaluate switching characteristics due to common source inductance and switching loop inductance. Assuming an identical total parasitic inductance, a MOSFET with higher common source inductance has higher switching energy loss but lower overshoot voltage than a MOSFET with higher switching loop inductance. The tradeoffs between switching loss and signal overshoot and oscillation are included in design criteria for optimizing switching performance of packaged power electronics. The experimental results are in good agreement with the analytical modeling.
Identification of a pheromone blend attractive to Manduca sexta (L.) males in a wind tunnel

Analyses of solvent rinses of the external surfaces of pheromone glands excised from calling female tobacco hornworm moths, Manduca sexta (L.), revealed the presence of the following compounds: (Z)-9-hexadecenal, (Z)-11-hexadecenal, (E)-11-hexadecenal, hexadecanal, (E,Z)-10,12-hexadecadienal, (E,E)-10,12-hexadecadienal, (E,E,Z)-10,12,14-hexadecatrienal, (E,E,E,)-10,12,14-hexadecatrienal, (Z)-11-octadecenal, (Z)-13-octadecenal, octadecanal, and (Z,Z)-11,13-octadecadienal. The two trienals were identified by mass and PMR spectral analyses and by ozonolyses, and their structures were confirmed by synthesis. In a wind tunnel male tobacco hornworm moths exhibit the same behaviors in response to a synthetic blend of all of the components, the gland rinse, or a calling female. Both (E,Z)-10,12-hexadecadienal and (E,E,Z)-10,12,14-hexadecatrienal are required to stimulate males to complete the characteristic behavioral sequence: anemotaxis, approaching and touching the pheromone source, and bending their abdomens in apparent copulatory attempts. The other components of the blend may play more subtle roles.
Transport of maternal LDL and HDL to the fetal membranes and placenta of the Golden Syrian hamster is mediated by receptor-dependent and receptor-independent processes

Maternal lipoproteins provide nutrients to the fetus via the placenta, yolk sac, and uterine membrane plus decidua. To determine the transport processes that are responsible for the removal of lipoproteins from the maternal circulation, we measured the clearance rates of maternal LDL and HDL in vivo, as well as the tissue distribution of expression of the LDL receptor, glycoprotein 330 (gp330) and the newly described HDL receptor, SR-BI, in the placenta, yolk sac, and uterine membrane plus decidua at mid- and late-gestation of the hamster. In mid-gestation (day 10.5), LDL clearance rates of the placenta and yolk sac were similar to those in the liver (approximately 100 microl/h per g) and higher than those in the decidua (18 +/- 3 microl/h per g). Clearance rates for HDL-apoA-I and HDL-cholesteryl ether were similar to those of LDL in the placenta and decidua whereas rates in the yolk sac were dramatically higher (>1700 microl/h per g). Additionally, albumin was cleared in the placenta and decidua at approximately 16 microl/h per g whereas the yolk sac cleared the protein at much higher rates (196 +/- 22 microl/h per g). Low levels of LDL receptor were detected by immunoblot analysis in the placenta with trace amounts in the yolk sac. Gp330 and SR-BI were both barely detectable in the placenta but were expressed at high levels in the yolk sac. As gestation progressed to day 14.5, LDL and HDL clearance rates decreased in all three tissues; immunodetectable LDL receptor decreased in the placenta whereas the expression of gp330 and SR-BI in the placenta and yolk sac remained relatively constant. These data suggest that the clearance of maternal lipoproteins by the placenta, yolk sac, and decidua are mediated by receptor-mediated as well as receptor-independent processes.
Reactions of polycyclic alkylaromatics: Structure and reactivity

A family of alkyl-substituted polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons was pyrolyzed in microbatch reactors at temperatures between 350°C and 425°C. A general pyrolysis network was deduced for these compounds, and it comprised two major and one minor parallel pathways. The first major pathway resulted in products analogous to the major products observed from alkylbenzene pyrolysis. The second major pathway led to products via the cleavage of the strong aryl-alkyl CC bond. The third pathway led to small amounts of products, presumably through cyclization and condensation reactions. The relative importance of the two major pathways varied for the different compounds. The rates of aryl-alkyl bond cleavage differed for the different compounds, and these rates were quantitatively related to the compounds' localization energies through Dewar reactivity numbers.
Modulation of the ovarian cancer humoral response by tumor-derived exosomes.

vii-viii LIST OF FIGURES xi CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION (IMMUNOPHYSIOLOGY OF EPITHELIAL OVARIAN CANCER AND THE TUMOR MICROENVIRONMENT) ......... 1-9 Epithelial Ovarian Cancer 1 The Tumor Microenvironment and Humoral Immune Responses .... 5 Tumor-Derived Exosomes and their Role in Modulation of the ....... 7 Tumor Microenvironment Hypothesis and Goals 9 CHAPTER 2: IDENTIFICATION OF IMMUNOREACTIVE TUMOR ANTIGEN USING CIRCULATING FREE HUMORAL RESPONSES 11-33 Introduction 11 Materials and Methods 14 Results 22 Recognition of Ovarian Tumor Antigens by Patient Sera Antibodies 22 Confirmation of Ovarian Tumor Antigens by Patient Antibodies 23 Validation of Sera Antibody Detection using Recombinant Proteins 23 Analysis of Ovarian Tumor-Reactive Antigens in in vivo and in vitroderived Ovarian TDE 24 Discussion 25
Discrete events, hybrid systems and control

Summary form only given as follows. The area of discrete event systems has received considerable attention in the control theory community for several years. This research has broadened to hybrid systems, that is, systems with both discrete and continuous state variables. The practical motivation for this research comes from the observation that control computers typically perform many logical functions, making discrete changes in the system operating conditions, even when the underlying process dynamics are inherently continuous. In this talk we consider some representative control applications in which discrete events and hybrid dynamics are paramount, and we survey the various mathematical formalisms being considered to develop a fundamental theory and computational tools for the design and verification of discrete and hybrid control systems. Following this overview, we evaluate the current "theory versus practice gap" and assess the prospects for future developments.
Action functionals for relativistic perfect fluids

Action functionals describing relativistic perfect fluids are presented. Two of these actions apply to fluids whose equations of state are specified by giving the fluid energy density as a function of particle number density and entropy per particle. Other actions apply to fluids whose equations of state are specified in terms of other choices of dependent and independent fluid variables. Particular cases include actions for isentropic fluids and pressureless dust. The canonical Hamiltonian forms of these actions are derived, symmetries and conserved charges are identified, and the boundary value and initial value problems are discussed. As in previous works on perfect fluid actions, the action functionals considered depend on certain Lagrange multipliers and Lagrangian coordinate fields. Particular attention is paid to the interpretations of these variables and to their relationships to the physical properties of the fluid.
Three-dimensional quasi-geostrophic convection in the rotating cylindrical annulus with steeply sloping endwalls

The rotating cylindrical annulus geometry was first developed by Busse (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 44, 1970, pp. 441–460) as a simplified analogue for studying convection in rapidly rotating spherical geometries. Although it has provided a more tractable two-dimensional model than the sphere, it is formally limited to asymptotically small slopes and thus weak velocities in the direction parallel to the rotation axis. We present an asymptotically reduced three-dimensional equation set to model quasi-geostrophic convection in the annulus geometry where order-one slopes are permissible; this model provides a closer analogue to quasi-geostrophic convection in spheres and spherical shells where steeply sloping boundaries are present. A linear stability analysis of the reduced equations shows that a new class of three-dimensional, convectively driven Rossby waves is present in this system. The gravest modes exhibit strong axial variations as the slope of the boundaries becomes large. In addition, higher-order eigenmodes showing increasingly complex axial dependence are found that possess critical Rayleigh numbers close to that of the gravest mode.
Noninvasive monitoring of local drug release using X-ray computed tomography: optimization and in vitro/in vivo validation.

In vivo release profiles of drug-loaded biodegradable implants were noninvasively monitored and characterized using X-ray computed tomography (CT). The imaging method was adapted and optimized to quantitatively examine the release of an active agent from a model cylindrical PLGA device (the millirod) into rabbit livers over 48 h. Iohexol, a CT contrast agent, served as a model drug; optimization of CT acquisition parameters yielded a sensitivity of 0.21 mg/mL (or 95 μg iodine/mL) for this agent. In vitro validation of the method was carried out by tracking release of iohexol in gelatin gel phantoms. In vivo release in rabbit livers was characterized through quantitative analysis of CT images and compared with UV-Vis analysis of the explanted devices at three implantation times. After correction for respiratory motion, CT analysis correlates well with the extracted iohexol data at all time points. The percent error between the actual and experimental image data was below 10%. This study demonstrates the potential of using computed tomography to noninvasively quantify the rate of agent release from controlled delivery devices in vivo.