cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
AUSTRALIAN BIOMETRY AND MULTIPLE COMPARISONS1

summary My main recollections of Biometry in Australia prior lo 1951 are of the beginning of perhaps the first course in Biometry in the Sydney Faculty of Agriculture in 1935, of good consulting and computing services growing within the CSIR and the NSW Department of Agriculture, of aircrew-selection work in the Empire Air Training Program, and of the beginnings in 1950 of the Statistical Society of NSW. My memories of work in multiple comparisons are of Mr Sawkins' ideas for a new rule, and my own in the early development of a decision-theoretic approach which plays an integral role, together with subsequent Bayesian work, in solving the critical dilemma between using an experiment wise or comparison wise approach.
Isols and maximal intersecting classes

In transfinite arithmetic 2n is defined as the cardinality of the family of all subsets of some set v with cardinality n. However, in the arithmetic of recursive equivalence types (RETs) 2N is defined as the RET of the family of all finite subsets of some set v of nonnegative integers with RET N. Suppose v is a nonempty set. S is a class over v, if S consists of finite subsets of v and has v as its union. Such a class is an intersecting class (IC) over v, if every two members of S have a nonempty intersection. An IC over v is called a maximal IC (MIC), if it is not properly included in any IC over v. It is known and readily proved that every MIC over a finite set v of cardinality n ≥ 1 has cardinality 2n-1. In order to generalize this result we introduce the notion of an ω-MIC over v. This is an effective analogue ot the notion of an MIC over v such that a class over a finite set v is an ω-MIC iff it is an MIC. We then prove that every ω-MIC over an isolated set v of RET N ≥ 1 has RET 2N-1. This is a generalization, for while there only are χ0 finite sets, there are ϰ isolated sets, where c denotes the cardinality of the continuum, namely all the finite sets and the c immune sets. MSC: 03D50.
Plant Friendly Input Design: Convex Relaxation and Quality

A common practice in a system identification exercise is to perturb the system of interest and use the resulting data to build a model. The problem of interest in this contribution is to synthesize an input signal that is maximally informative for generating good quality models while being “plant friendly,” i.e., least hostile to plant operation. In this contribution, limits on input move sizes are the plant friendly specifications. The resulting optimization problem is nonlinear and nonconvex. Hence, the original plant friendly input design problem is relaxed which results in a convex optimization problem. We formulate a SemiDefinite Programme using the theory of generalized Tchebysheff inequalities to derive tight bounds on the quality of relaxation. Simulations show that the relaxation results in more plant friendly input signals.
Codeword distribution for frequency sensitive competitive learning with one-dimensional input data

We study the codeword distribution for a conscience-type competitive learning algorithm, frequency sensitive competitive learning (FSCL), using one-dimensional input data. We prove that the asymptotic codeword density in the limit of large number of codewords is given by a power law of the form Q(x)=C/spl middot/P(x)/sup /spl alpha//, where P(x) is the input data density and /spl alpha/ depends on the algorithm and the form of the distortion measure to be minimized. We further show that the algorithm can be adjusted to minimize any L/sub p/ distortion measure with p ranging in (0,2].
Vertebrate homologues of Frodo are dynamically expressed during embryonic development in tissues undergoing extensive morphogenetic movements.

Frodo has been identified as a protein interacting with Dishevelled, an essential mediator of the Wnt signaling pathway, critical for the determination of cell fate and polarity in embryonic development. In this study, we use specific gene probes to characterize stage- and tissue-specific expression patterns of the mouse Frodo homologue and compare them with Frodo expression patterns in Xenopus embryos. In situ hybridization analysis of mouse Frodo transcripts demonstrates that, similar to Xenopus Frodo, mouse Frodo is expressed in primitive streak mesoderm, neuroectoderm, neural crest, presomitic mesoderm, and somites. In many cases, Frodo expression is confined to tissues undergoing extensive morphogenesis, suggesting that Frodo may be involved in the regulation of cell shape and motility. Highly conserved dynamic expression patterns of Frodo homologues indicate a similar function for these proteins in different vertebrates. Developmental Dynamics 235:279–284, 2006. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
An Ethical and Legal Framework for Physicians as Surrogate Decision-Makers for Their Patients:

In Western industrialized countries, it is well established that legally competent individuals may choose a surrogate healthcare decision-maker to represent their interests should they lose the capacity to do so themselves. There are few limitations on who they may select to fulfill this function. However, many jurisdictions place restrictions on or prohibit the patient's attending physician or other provider involved with an individual's care to serve in this role. Several authors have previously suggested that respect for the autonomy of patients requires that there be few (if any) constraints on whomever they may appoint as a proxy. In this essay we revisit this topic by first providing a survey of current state laws governing this activity. We then analyze the clinical and ethical circumstances in which potential difficulties could arise. We take a more nuanced and circumspect view of prior suggestions that patients should have virtually unfettered liberty to choose their healthcare proxies. We suggest a strategy to balance the freedom of patients' right to choose their surrogates with fiduciary duty of the state as regulator of medical practice. We identify six domains of possible concern with such relationships and suggest straightforward methods of mitigating their potential negative effects that could be plausibly be incorporated into physician practice.
In the shadow of Lucretius: The epicurean foundations of Machiavelli's political thought

Although repeated attempts have been made over the last half-century to make sense of Machiavelli's Discourses on Livy as an exposition of classical republicanism, such endeavours are bound to fail. After all, Machiavelli rejected the teleology underpinning the discursive republicanism of the ancients, and his understanding of the ends pursued by republics was profoundly at odds with the understanding predominant in ancient Greece and Rome. If he had a classical mentor, it cannot, then, have been Aristotle or Cicero or one of the ancient historians. If he had such a mentor, it was surely Lucretius, the leading Roman critic of ancient political idealism--a figure so important to the Florentine that in the late 1490s he copied by hand in its entirety De rerum natura and that he drew on it throughout his subsequent career. Machiavelli's republicanism is best understood as an appropriation, critique and reworking of ancient Epicureanism.
Brain Race

This paper investigates the role and impact of Brain Race (BR), a customized mobile game-based learning tool, on the learning and teaching experiences of teachers and learners in a community adult English literacy program in Qatar. Relying on observations, formal interviews, and surveys with teachers and learners, this paper examines the implementation process of introducing BR in a classroom, the interaction of teachers and learners with BR and their opinions on BR, and BRâs perceived impact on learner motivation, engagement, and learning outcomes. Results indicate that although BR motivates learners and allows them to practice English concepts, certain issues, such as equipment used, scheduling, and content relevance, must be addressed in order to make the experience more efficient and valuable to both teachers and learners. The paper argues that learners and teachers have a variety of preferences, and thus it is important that they are able to decide for themselves how they want to include game-based learning tools, such as BR, into their classrooms. We conclude with recommendations to improve the implementation process so that learners can benefit more from BR and similar games.
The effect of soil moisture upon the atmospheric and soil temperature near the air-soil interface

The soil and atmospheric boundary layers, considered as a coupled, non-steady state, heat-moisture transfer system, is analyzed to examine the effects of soil moisture variations upon the temperature distributions of the air layer near the ground and the underlying soil. The exchange coefficient for the air is approximated by the Keyps formula; the soil diffusion equations follow the theory of Philip [8]; a method described by Moller [7] is used to treat the long wave radiation; and global radiation is obtained using a procedure first outlined by Philipps [10].
Studies on the nature of the synalbumin insulin antagonist.

Summary“Albumin” extracted from human plasma by the method of Debro and dialyzed through boiled dialysis membranes for 7 days has been shown to antagonize the effect of insulin on the isolated rat hemidiaphragm. The antagonist has been separated from “albumin” by ion-exchange chromatography. This nonantagonistic albumin did not become antagonistic when redialyzed through boiled or unboiled dialysis membranes. Nonantagonistic “albumin” did become antagonistic when reextracted from an aqueous solution by the Debro procedure and dialyzed through either boiled or unboiled dialysis membranes. An aqueous extract from the dialysis membranes did not exhibit significant insulin antagonism at concentrations as high as 1000 μg/ml.
PLAQUE ANALYSIS WITH CARDIAC MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING FOR CHRONIC TOTAL OCCLUSION AND STRATEGY OF INTERVENTION

Recent studies demonstrated that magnetic resonance image (MRI) can characterize the components of the carotid atherosclerotic plaque, such as fibrous tissue, lipid, hemorrhage and thrombus. Characterization of coronary plaque with MRI has not yet been systematically evaluated. The purpose of this
When death is the sanction—United States and worldwide perspectives

Gross and Mauro are probably correct in concluding that in the United States “McCleskey ... certainly seems to represent a final decision to give up any pretense that the death penalty can be tamed.”8 Current attempts at judicial oversight in the United States have proved as ineffective in bridling the discretion of capital case decision makers as were prior attempts at legislative and gubernatorial oversight. The historical lesson appears to be unmistakable: the nation must either abolish the death penalty or suffer its improper application and imposition. The worldwide pattern documented by Hood reinforces this conclusion; when the death penalty is on a country's statute books, it will be used—but, sooner or later, improperly so. No attempts at judicial or other forms of vigilance have proved this prediction to be incorrect—no matter how few cases have been permitted to flow through the system and no matter how principled have been the system and its officials.
Dynamical X-ray Diffraction from In x Ga 1− x As Heterostructures with Dislocations

High-resolution x-ray diffraction is an important nondestructive tool for structural characterization of semiconductor heterostructures, and the diffraction intensity profiles contain information on the depth profiles of strain, composition, and defect densities in device heterostructures. Much of this information remains inaccessible because the lack of phase information prevents direct inversion of the rocking curves. The current practice is to use dynamical simulations in conjunction with a curve-fitting procedure to indirectly extract the profiles of strain and composition, but such dynamical simulations have been based on perfect, dislocation-free laminar crystals, which renders the analysis inapplicable to highly mismatched structures containing dislocation densities greater than about 106 cm−2. In this work we present a dynamical model for Bragg x-ray diffraction in semiconductor device structures with nonuniform composition, strain, and dislocation density, which is based on the Takagi–Taupin equation for distorted crystals and accounts for the diffuse scattering arising from the strain mosaicity and angular mosaicity associated with dislocations. We show theoretically that the x-ray diffraction profiles from InxGa1−xAs/GaAs (001) heterostructures are strongly affected by the depth distribution of the dislocation density as well as the composition and strain, so that in principle all three distributions may be obtained by the analysis of the measured diffraction profiles.
Robust keyword spotting with rapidly adapting point process models.

In this paper, we investigate the noise robustness properties of frame-based and sparse point process-based models for spotting keywords in continuous speech. We introduce a new strategy to improve point process model (PPM) robustness by adapting low-level feature detector thresholds to preserve background firing rates in the presence of noise. We find that this unsupervised approach can significantly outperform fully supervised maximum likelihood linear regression (MLLR) adaptation of an equivalent keyword-filler HMM system in the presence of additive white and pink noise. Moreover, we find that the sparsity of PPMs introduces an inherent resilience to non-stationary babble noise not exhibited by the frame-based HMM system. Finally, we demonstrate that our approach requires less adaptation data than MLLR, permitting rapid online adaptation.
Active metasurfaces for space-time photonic control(Conference Presentation)

The emergence of photonic metasurfaces has enabled a new paradigm of light control through the introduction of surface discontinuities. Space-gradient metasurfaces consist of planar arrays of nano-structured antennas which induce spatially varying phase and/or polarization to propagating light. As a consequence, photons propagating through space-gradient metasurfaces can be engineered to undergo a change to their momentum, angular momentum and/or spin state. This has led to a relaxation of Snell’s law, a pivotal relation in optical engineering, and has enabled a whole new family of flat optical devices. We have utilized the engineered control over photonic spin and momentum to develop a set of ultra-compact metasurface based devices including a chiroptical spectrometer that can be used for biochemical sensing, a polarization rotator with possible applications for secure quantum communication, and nano-cavities to enhance photonic spontaneous emission using the Purcell effect. It has been recently demonstrated that the field of flat photonics is further empowered by utilizing time-gradient metasurfaces with dynamic responses to propagating light. A new genus of optical devices and physical effects can be realized provided one can overcome some fundamental limitations of metasurfaces with space-gradient alone. Photons experience inelastic interactions with time-varying metasurfaces resulting in a Doppler-like wavelength shift. Furthermore, Snell’s relations are modified to a more universal form not limited by Lorentz reciprocity, hence meeting all the requirements to build magnetic-free optical isolators. Consequently, metasurfaces with both space- and time-gradients can have a strong impact on a plethora of photonic applications and provide versatile control over the physical properties of light.
Hyperpolarized Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Spectroscopy of the Brain

The emergence of hyperpolarization, a method that can transiently increase magnetic resonance (MR) sensitivity of the 13C and 15N nuclei by up to 50- to 250,000-fold, in biomedical MR research is a little more than 10 years old. Due to the short lifetime of hyperpolarized precursors much of the initial focus has been on single reactions, particularly conversion of pyruvate to lactate in cancer. As a result very few hyperpolarized MR studies have involved the brain (the topic of this chapter). Here we describe the first generation of in vivo brain imaging and spectroscopy studies utilizing such methods with an emphasis on new neuroscience thereby illuminated. After more than a decade of effort it may be that hyperpolarization research is entering a “second generation” and new investigators have an opportunity to refocus on new goals. Knowing a little more about the strengths and weaknesses of hyperpolarization per se, and with the successful resolution of many of the problems inherent in ultrafast signal decay, recasting conventionally proton-only imaging to encompass the heteronuclei, four broad areas of potential application suggest themselves. First, can “hyperpolarization” inject new life into clinical neurospectroscopy, by its speed or its increased chemical specificity, thereby avoiding radioactivity and becoming the “poor man’s PET”? Might hyperpolarization of 13C designer reagents for molecular and receptor imaging in the brain supplant PET? The answer in part depends upon an unresolved question: Does hyperpolarization of 13C within a small-molecule imaging reagent survive tight binding with a protein receptor? Third, can we make a “virtue of necessity”’ given the (generally) very brief survival time of all hyperpolarized nuclei? These questions are addressed in this chapter including examples of promising initial work along these directions.
Bringing attention to residual risk: Psychology of Warnings, Administrative Controls and PPE

In the context of the Hierarchy of Risk Controls, Warnings, Administrative Controls and Personal Protective Equipment are sometimes referred to as Lower Order Controls. In practice, the effectiveness of Lower Order Controls can be overestimated due to a misunderstanding of the human factors that affect error likelihood in implementation of Lower Order Controls. This paper will explore one human factor limitation of Lower Order Controls in assessing residual risks in preventing injuries from electrical energy. We will specifically focus on the limitation of attention, which has implications for: • identifying hazards, • assessing risks, • taking appropriate actions based on warnings, • executing safe work practices, and • proper selection and use of personal protective equipment Raising awareness and improved understanding of these topics can enable more effective risk assessment, quantification of residual risks, and more effective selection and combination of risk controls to achieve risk as low as reasonably practicable (ALARP).
Abstract 250: Elucidating the Role of Platelet Derived Growth Factor Receptor Alpha Signaling in Cardiac Fibroblasts

Cardiac fibrosis is a major component of heart disease and is a hallmark of decreased cardiac function. Currently, there are no treatments that attenuate fibrosis directly. This major hurdle can be...
Adaptation of the HIV/AIDS Self-Management Education Program for Men Who Have Sex With Men in Thailand: An Application of the ADAPT-ITT Framework

This formative research aimed to describe the use of the ADAPT-ITT framework to modify the HASMEP for use with HIV-positive Thai men who have sex with men (MSM). We selected, adapted, and tested the acceptability and feasibility of the HASMEP intervention for delivery in an HIV clinic in Thailand. We chose to base our adaptation on the HASMEP that was initially developed in South Africa. The ADAPT-ITT framework was used to guide the study. Our adaptation was informed by qualitative data collected during focus groups from 48 participants (40 HIV-positive Thai MSM and 8 health care providers) and online surveys of Thai MSM. Findings of focus groups indicate that the HASMEP is feasible and acceptable when administered to the participants. The result of this work is an adapted HASMEP intervention and training materials. This study provides a strong foundation for further research on HIV/AIDS self-management in HIV-positive MSM.
An Overview of Organic Solids: The Relation Between their Electronic, Optical, Magnetic and Structural Properties

Most of the effort and interest in organic solids has focussed on the study of as many detailed physical properties as possible of a very few materials, e.g., TTF-TCNQ and TMTSF2 ClO4. While a tremendous amount has been learned1 about each of these material systems, we still have a very poor understanding of what are the important differences between them that are responsible for such large differences in their properties. A complimentary approach to understanding these materials is to study a few basic properties of as many different organic solids as possible and attempt to understand what they have in common and what is the origin of their differences. In this chapter we shall attempt to describe what we can learn from this latter approach. It is important to have the proper expectation level for what we can hope to learn from a comparison of a wide variety of materials having very different structures and very different properties. As with other solids, we cannot expect to be able to predict which structure or stoichiometry two molecules will adapt when forming a solid, although we might hope to rationalize some aspects of this in hindsight. Similarly, only the most basic properties can be understood, i.e., only those properties common to many materials that are determined by the largest energies in these solids, for example, the Madelung energy, the ionization potential, the bandwidth, the intra-molecular Coulomb repulsion, the energy of the lowest intra-molecular exciton, and the electron-phonon coupling.
1030-LBP: Hepatitis C virus induced changes in microRNA-107 and microRNA-449a modulate the inflammatory chemokine CCL2 by targeting IL6 receptor complex in patients with hepatic fibrosis

Aim Hepatitis C virus (HCV) mediated liver diseases are one of the major health issues in United States and worldwide. This study is to identify the role of HCV induced changes in microRNAs (miRNA) that controls various cell surface receptors and gene regulatory complexes involved in patients with HCV mediated inflammation and fibrosis. Methods Computational sequence analyses and reporter assays using the CCL2 promoter region were carried out to analyze transcription factors. Gene expression analyses were done using q-PCR. Gene overexpression and knockdowns in human hepatocytes were carried out using cDNA plasmids and siRNAs. Chromatin (ChIP) and protein (CoIP) immunoprecipitations were done to establish interactions between transcription factors and DNA. Results We report here that down-regulation of miRNA-107 and miRNA-449a following HCV infection in patients modulate expression of the CCL2, an inflammatory chemokine up-regulated in patients with chronic liver diseases, by targeting components of the IL6R complex. Computational analysis for DNA bound transcription factors in the CCL2 promoter identified adjacent binding sites for CCAAT/CEBP α , spleen focus forming virus, proviral integration oncogene (SPI1/PU.1), and STAT3. We demonstrate that CEBP α , PU.1 and STAT3 interacted with each other physically to co-operatively bind to the promoter and activate CCL2 expression. Analysis of IL6R and JAK1 expression in HCV patients showed significant up regulation when there is impaired miRNA-107 and miRNA-449a expression along with up regulation of PU.1 and STAT3 but not CEBP α . miRNA-449a and miRNA-107 target IL6R and JAK1 respectively, inhibit IL6 signaling and impair STAT3 activation. Conclusions Our results demonstrate a novel gene regulatory mechanism wherein HCV induced changes in miRNAs (miRNA-449a and miRNA-107) regulate CCL2 expression by activation of the IL6 mediated signaling cascade in HCV patients which we propose will result in HCV mediated induction of inflammatory responses and fibrosis.
The GOP Approach : Distributed Implementation

In this chapter, we discuss the parallel implementation of the GOP algorithm, as studied by Androulakis et al. (1996), and we present distributed computing results for indefinite quadratic programming problems and for large-scale pooling problems that arise in chemical refineries. Section 7.1 focuses on the critical components of the distributed implementation of the GOP approach. Section 7.2 presents the computational results for large-scale indefinite quadratic problems. Finally, section 7.3 discusses the computational performance of the parallel GOP approach for large-scale blending and pooling problems.
Gender, economic context, perceptions of safety, and quality of life: a case study of Lowell, Massachusetts (U.S.A.), 1982-96.

From 1982 through 1996, 840 structured interviews about urban quality of life (QOL) were conducted with residents of Lowell, Massachusetts, by graduate students in a seminar about the city. Perceptions of safety and general QOL were analyzed by social status (gender) and social contexts (economic and historic) using multivariate and univariate ANOVAS. Main effects were obtained for gender, area income, and time. Subsequent analyses revealed that men felt safer than did women at night in neighborhoods and downtown, and that residents of lower income areas perceived both neighborhood QOL and safety more negatively than residents of higher income areas did. Small effects were found for downtown safety by area income in the opposite direction. Differences over time for downtown safety and city QOL (but not for neighborhood) suggest that the early and mid-1980s were viewed somewhat more favorably than the 1990s, with some improvement in the most recent period. Results suggest that economic context and time were related to perceived safety and QOL, though in different ways, whereas gender was related to perceived safety but not to QOL. Respondents' comments and community psychology principles are used to elaborate on and suggest interpretations for quantitative results.
Effect of Class 2 Ceramic Capacitance Variations on Switched Capacitor and Resonant Switched Capacitor Converters

This paper presents the impact of Class 2 ceramic capacitance (such as X7R) variations on switched capacitor (SC) and resonant switched capacitor (ReSC) converters. Capacitance changes due to aging, temperature, and electric field are studied and modeled in LTSpice simulations. The measured X7R capacitance drop is 1–2% per decade hour due to aging, 18% due to a temperature change from 25°C to 125°C, and 75% due to an applied voltage that is 80% of the rated voltage. Converter performance degradation is quantified in simulation and demonstrated by implementing a 1 MHz 25 W 1:4 Dickson ReSC converter. The converter efficiency decreases from 93.1% to 90.7% due to capacitance variations.
Ketosis-Prone Diabetes (Flatbush Diabetes): an Emerging Worldwide Clinically Important Entity

Ketosis-prone diabetes or Flatbush diabetes has been widely recognized as a clinical entity since 1984. Most of the early clinical studies focused on African American or Afro-Caribbean individuals. It is now being recognized as an important clinical entity in sub-Saharan Africans, Asian and Indian populations, and Hispanic populations. Major questions remain as to its pathogenesis and whether it is a unique type of diabetes or a subset of more severe type 2 diabetes with greater loss of insulin action in target tissues. This review summarizes the main clinical and mechanistic studies to improve the understanding of ketosis-prone (Flatbush) diabetes. Little data are available on the magnitude of KPD in the different susceptible populations. It is relatively common in black populations. KPD is defined as a syndrome in which diabetes commences with ketoacidosis in individuals who are GAD and anti-islet cell antibody negative and have no known precipitating causes. The patients present during middle age, are overweight or mildly obese, and in many reports are more likely to be male. After intensive initial insulin therapy, many patients become insulin independent and can be well controlled on diet alone or diet plus oral medications. The clinical course of KPD is like that of patients with type 2 diabetes rather than that of type 1 diabetes. Little differences are found in the clinical characteristics and clinical outcomes between patients presenting with KPD and those presenting with severe hyperglycemia with no ketoacidosis. The mechanisms responsible for the development of ketosis-prone diabetes as well its remission remain unknown.
Para construir la verdad: La lógica como nexo entre la tradición judeo-árabe y la "Visión Deleytable"

Un glosario de terminos hebreos y sus equivalentes en romance, recopilados de un tratado sobre la logica y la filosofia compuesto por Maimonides ( al-Maqālah fi-ṣināʻat al-manṭiq ), circulaba en hebreo aljamiado entre judios y/o conversos empapados en el humanismo castellano del siglo XV. Este glosario se incluye en una coleccion de textos que tambien contiene varias obras literarias de autores conversos, entre ellas, la Vision deleytable de Alfonso de la Torre, extractos de la traduccion de las sentenciae de Seneca realizada por Alfonso de Cartagena, y otros tres glosarios de terminos de indole aristotelica. La existencia de esta coleccion en el MS Parma 2666 en la Biblioteca Palatina, Parma, Italia, es testimonio de que lectores judios y/o conversos del siglo XV (los que podian leer el hebreo aljamiado) leian e interpretaban la Vision deleytable en el contexto de la tradicion filosofica arabehebrea que se conocia en la Espana del siglo XV en traducciones hebreas y latinas. En este articulo examino como el vocabulario filosofico elaborado en al-Manṭiq y asequible en romance en el glosario en MS Parma 2666 refleja la epistemologia maimonidiana, tal como sobrevivia en un circulo intelectual de conversos/judios –lectores de la Vision – participes de la traduccion de las obras de Maimonides y de sus fuentes en el siglo XV.
Corrosion of Ti6Al4V orthopaedic alloy under stress

Abstract During in vivo function, implant surfaces are exposed to a corrosive environment as well as a wide range of tensile and compressive stresses. The objective of this study was to study the corrosion behavior of the Ti 6Al 4V orthopaedic alloy under different levels (ranging from plastic to elastic) of tensile stress, compressive stress, and combined tensile and compressive stresses in phosphate buffered saline 1X solution. The introduction of stress was found to alter the corrosion behavior of the Ti 6Al 4V alloy. The corrosion behavior was slightly improved under compressive stress while specimens under tensile stress showed weaker corrosion resistance compared to the specimens under zero stress. Nonetheless, the synergistic action of the tensile and compressive stresses considerably increased the corrosion activity of the specimens, more than that when they were just under tensile stress. The worst corrosion behavior was observed for the specimens under coupled elastic stress.
Overdose Risk Associated with Opioid Use upon Hospital Discharge in Veterans Health Administration Surgical Patients

Objective To determine an association between opioid use upon hospital discharge (ongoing and newly started) in surgical patients and risks of opioid overdose and delirium for the first year. Design Retrospective, cohort study. Setting Population-level study of Veterans Health Administration patients. Subjects All Veterans Health Administration patients (N = 64,391) who underwent surgery in 2011, discharged after one or more days, and without a diagnosis of opioid overdose or delirium from 90 days before admission through 30 days postdischarge (to account for additional opioid dosing in the context of chronic use). Methods Patients' opioid use was categorized as 1) no opioids, 2) tramadol only, 3) short-acting only, 4) long-acting only, 5) short- and long-acting. We calculated unadjusted incidence rates and the incidence rate ratio (IRR) for opioid overdose and drug delirium for two time intervals: postdischarge days 0-30 and days 31-365. We then modeled outcomes of opioid overdose and delirium for postdischarge days 31-365 using a multivariable extended Cox regression model. Sensitivity analysis examined risk factors for overdose for postdischarge days 0-30. Results Incidence of overdose was 11-fold greater from postdischarge days 0-30 than days 31-365: 26.3 events/person-year (N = 68) vs 2.4 events/person-year (N = 476; IRR = 10.80, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 8.37-13.92). Higher-intensity opioid use was associated with increasing risk of overdose for the year after surgery, with the highest risk for the short- and long-acting group (hazard ratio = 4.84, 95% CI = 3.28-7.14). Delirium (IRR = 10.66, 95% CI = 7.96-14.29) was also associated with higher opioid intensity. Conclusions Surgical patients should be treated with the lowest effective intensity of opioids and be monitored to prevent opioid-related adverse events.
Automatic Real-time Anomaly Detection for Autonomous Aerial Vehicles

The recent increase in the use of aerial vehicles raises concerns about the safety and reliability of autonomous operations. There is a growing need for methods to monitor the status of these aircraft and report any faults and anomalies to the safety pilot or to the autopilot to deal with the emergency situation. In this paper, we present a real-time approach using the Recursive Least Squares method to detect anomalies in the behavior of an aircraft. The method models the relationship between correlated input-output pairs online and uses the model to detect the anomalies. The result is an easy-to-deploy anomaly detection method that does not assume a specific aircraft model and can detect many types of faults and anomalies in a wide range of autonomous aircraft. The experiments on this method show a precision of 88.23%, recall of 88. 23% and 86. 36% accuracy for over 22 flight tests. The other contribution is providing a new fault detection open dataset for autonomous aircraft, which contains complete data and the ground truth for 22 fixed-wing flights with eight different types of mid-flight actuator failures to help future fault detection research for aircraft.
Geometry optimization for structural reliability and performance of a thermoelectric generator

The opposing requirements for the performance and reliability of a thermoelectric generator (TEG) are investigated with numerical finite element analysis simulations. The parameters that significantly influence the operational performance and structural reliability of a TEG are considered for simultaneous optimization. The design of experiments based response surface optimization methodology in conjunction with results from finite element analysis was employed to identify optimal parameters from the structural reliability and performance (power output and efficiency) perspectives. A high temperature bismuth telluride based TEG couple was used in the studies to demonstrate the general applicability of the methodology. The response surface methodology is found to be a robust technique that can expedite the process of geometry optimization of a TE device during the research and development phase of TEG devices fabricated from novel thermoelectric materials.
Science Forecasts: Modeling and Communicating Developments in Science, Technology, and Innovation

In a knowledge-based economy, science and technology are omnipresent, and their importance is undisputed. Equally evident is the need to allocate resources, both monetary and human, in an effective way to foster innovation [6.1, 6.2]. In the preceding decades, science policy has embraced data mining and metrics to gain insights into the structure and evolution of science and to devise metrics and indicators [6.3], but it has not invested significant efforts into mathematical, statistical, and computational models that can predict future developments in science, technology, and innovation ( ) in support of data-driven decision making.
One in Four - The Importance of Comprehensive Fertility Benefits for the Medical Workforce.

One in Four Despite recognition that infertility disproportionately affects women in medicine, and despite the precedent for successful subsidization of medical therapies, few medical professionals...
Merger of Whole Cell Biocatalysis with Organocatalysis Upgrades Alcohol Feedstocks in a Mild, Aqueous, One-Pot Process

Biosynthetic methods have the potential to deliver value-added chemicals from renewable feedstocks. However, despite major advances in metabolic engineering and synthetic biology, the rapid engineering of microbes to deliver high yields and titers of target compounds remains as a challenge. Here, we disclose a new chemical catalysis-based strategy for expanding the types of products available from unmodified microorganisms. By combining Gluconobacter oxidans as a whole cell biocatalyst in a single pot with a lysine organocatalyst, we demonstrate that aqueous solutions of Cₙ n-aliphatic alcohols are converted to C₂ₙ α,β-unsaturated aldehydes in a single pot in mild conditions. This carbon-doubling reaction works with a range of C₂–C₆ alcohol substrates. In the absence of the lysine organocatalyst, only n-aliphatic carboxylic acids are observed, indicating that the organocatalyst intercepts metabolic intermediates and redirects flux toward target chemicals. Taken together, our work reveals a new strategy of flux redirection to expand the scope of products from biosynthetic processes.
Cosmological constraints on late-Universe decaying dark matter as a solution to the H 0 tension

It has been suggested that late-Universe dark matter decays can alleviate the tension between measurements of ${H}_{0}$ in the local Universe and its value inferred from cosmic microwave background fluctuations. It has been suggested that decaying dark matter can potentially account for this discrepancy as it reshuffles the energy density between matter and radiation and as a result allows dark energy to become dominant at earlier times. In this work, we show that the low multipole amplitude of the cosmic microwave background anisotropy power spectrum severely constrains the feasibility of late-time decays as a solution to the ${H}_{0}$ tension.
Extensão diatônica e compressão cromática como princípio básico unificador na Música para Cordas, Percussão e Celesta de Bartók

Este artigo de Elliott Antokoletz (1942-2017) foi apresentado em um ciclo de cinco conferencias que pronunciou, em outubro de 2009, como professor visitante na Universidade de Sao Paulo, em um curso de pos-graduacao sobre a musica de Bela Bartok. Apos a visita, Antokoletz autorizou a publicacao das conferencias em traducao para o portugues. Entretanto isso so foi possivel ser feito em etapas, em funcao da dificuldade de producao, tanto das traducoes como dos complexos exemplos musicais. Este artigo e o ultimo artigo do ciclo a ser publicado. A versao revisada e traduzida baseia-se no trabalho apresentado no Bartok International Congress , em marco de 2000, do qual Antokoletz foi Chair , e cuja versao original foi publicada em ingles no International Journal of Musicology , Vol. 9 (2000), p. 303–328. A traducao foi feita por Cinthia Rangel de Freitas, com revisao e producao dos editores de Musica Theorica .
The Real Space Power Spectrum of the PSCz Survey from 0.01 to 300 h/Mpc

We report a measurement of the real space (not redshift space) power spectrum of galaxies over four and a half decades of wavenumber, 0.01 to 300 h/Mpc, from the IRAS Point Source Catalog Redshift Survey (PSCz). Since estimates of power are highly correlated in the nonlinear regime, we also report results for the prewhitened power spectrum, which is less correlated. The inferred bias between optically-selected APM and IRAS-selected PSCz galaxies is about 1.15 at linear scales 1 h/Mpc. The nonlinear power spectrum of PSCz shows a near power-law behaviour to the smallest scales measured, with mild upward curvature in the broad vicinity of 1.5 h/Mpc. Contrary to the prediction of unbiased Dark Matter models, there is no prominent inflection at the linear-nonlinear transition scale, and no turnover at the transition to the stable clustering regime. The nonlinear power spectrum of PSCz requires scale-dependent bias: all Dark Matter models without scale-dependent bias are ruled out with high confidence.
Educating Anesthesiologists During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic and Beyond.

The COVID-19 pandemic has altered approaches to anesthesiology education by shifting educational paradigms. This vision paper discusses pre-COVID-19 educational methodologies and best evidence, adaptations required under COVID-19 and evidence for these modifications and suggests future directions for anesthesiology education.Learning management systems provide structure to online learning. They have been increasingly utilized to improve access to didactic materials asynchronously. Despite some historic reservations, the pandemic has necessitated a rapid uptake across programs. Commercially available systems offer a wide range of peer-reviewed curricular options.The flipped classroom promotes learning foundational knowledge prior to teaching sessions with a focus on application during structured didactics. There is growing evidence that this approach is preferred by learners and may increase knowledge gain. The flipped classroom works well with learning management systems to disseminate focused pre-class work. Care must be taken to keep virtual sessions interactive.Simulation, already used in anesthesiology, has been critical in preparation for the care of COVID-19 patients. Multidisciplinary, in-situ simulations allow for rapid dissemination of new team workflows. Physical distancing and reduced availability of providers have required more sessions. Early pandemic decreases in operating volumes have allowed for this; future planning will have to incorporate smaller groups, sanitizing of equipment, and attention to use of personal protective equipment.Effective technical skills training requires instruction to mastery levels, use of deliberate practice, and high-quality feedback. Reduced sizes of skills training workshops and approaches for feedback that are not in-person will be required.Mock oral and OSCE examinations allow for training and assessment of competencies often not addressed otherwise. They provide formative and summative data and objective measurements of ACGME Milestones. They also allow for preparation for the ABA APPLIED examination. Adaptations to teleconferencing or videoconferencing can allow for continued use.Benefits of teaching in this new era include enhanced availability of asynchronous learning and opportunities to apply universal, expert-driven curricula. Burdens include decreased social interactions and potential need for an increased amount of smaller, live sessions.Acquiring learning management systems and holding more frequent simulation and skills sessions with fewer learners may increase cost. With the increasing dependency on multimedia and technology support for teaching and learning, one important focus of educational research is on the development and evaluation of strategies that reduce extraneous processing and manage essential and generative processing in virtual learning environments. Collaboration to identify and implement best practices has the potential to improve education for all learners.
The Young Lords: a radical history: by Johanna Fernández, Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina Press, 2020, 480 pp., US$30.00 (cloth), ISBN 9781469653440

The Young Lords: A Radical History chronicles the “rise and fall” of the New York Young Lords. Drawing from a wealth of oral history and archival resources – including personal interviews with form...
Embracing a “Compound” Exposome Approach to Better Understand Environment and DNA Methylation Age Relationships

BACKGROUND AND AIM: DNA methylation-based measures of aging remain a promising focus of research because they offer the possibility of detecting adverse changes in human physiology before the onset...
Use of Exposure Data for Risk assessment

Publisher Summary Pesticides are toxic chemicals that are deliberately introduced into some portion of the environment for a specific purpose. As specified by the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA), a pesticide may be registered if its use will not result in unreasonable risks to humans or the environment. The risks in this case are some combination of the inherent toxicity of the pesticide and the extent to which people are exposed to it. Thus, the purpose of exposure assessment is to present an accurate and realistic picture of human contact with the pesticide on which to base the risk assessment. Two important documents were published by EPA that elevated exposure assessment to a necessary and integral part of pesticide regulatory decisions. The first of these was the RPAR regulations (40 CFR 162.11) by Marcia Williams. The second document was the Interim Guidelines for Cancer Risk Assessment, which specifically required exposure data as a part of the risk analysis procedure. These two documents describe the basic risk assessment procedure that EPA has used since that time. Because these risk assessments are quantitative in nature, the exposure assessment itself must be quantitative or, in other words, provide a numerical measure of the dose that people may receive from the use of a pesticide.
T cell antiviral effector function is not dependent on CXCL10 following murine coronavirus infection.

The chemokine CXCL10 is expressed within the CNS in response to intracerebral infection with mouse hepatitis virus (MHV). Blocking CXCL10 signaling results in increased mortality accompanied by reduced T cell infiltration and increased viral titers within the brain suggesting that CXCL10 functions in host defense by attracting T cells into the CNS. The present study was undertaken to extend our understanding of the functional role of CXCL10 in response to MHV infection given that CXCL10 signaling has been implicated in coordinating both effector T cell generation and trafficking. We show that MHV infection of CXCL10+/+ or CXCL10−/− mice results in comparable levels of T cell activation and similar numbers of virus-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Subsequent analysis revealed no differences in T cell proliferation, IFN-γ secretion by virus-specific T cells, or CD8+ T cell cytolytic activity. Analysis of chemokine receptor expression on CD4+ and CD8+ T cells obtained from MHV-immunized CXCL10+/+ and CXCL10−/− mice revealed comparable levels of CXCR3 and CCR5, which are capable of responding to ligands CXCL10 and CCL5, respectively. Adoptive transfer of splenocytes acquired from MHV-immunized CXCL10−/− mice into MHV-infected RAG1−/− mice resulted in T cell infiltration into the CNS, reduced viral burden, and demyelination comparable to RAG1−/− recipients of immune CXCL10+/+ splenocytes. Collectively, these data imply that CXCL10 functions primarily as a T cell chemoattractant and does not significantly influence T cell effector response following MHV infection.
Model-Driven Prototyping Based Requirements Elicitation

This paper presents a requirements elicitation approach that is based on model-driven prototyping. Model-driven development fits naturally in evolutionary prototyping because modeling and design are not treated merely as documents but as key parts of the development process. A novel rapid program synthesis approach is applied to speed up the prototype development. MDA, AI planning, and component-based software development techniques are seamlessly integrated together in the approach to achieve rapid prototyping. More importantly, the rapid program synthesis approach can ensure the correctness of the generated code, which is another favorable factor in enabling the development of a production quality prototype in a timely manner.
Parity violating neutral current interactions and 2S12→2S′12 transitions in hydrogenic ions

Abstract Measurement of parity nonconservation in magnetic dipole transitions between Zeeman split 2 S 1 2 states in hydrogenic ions is considered as a probe of the weak neutral current interaction between electrons and nucleons.