cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Measurement of an Electronic Resonance in a Ground-State, Gas-Phase Acetophenone Cation via Strong-Field Mass Spectrometry

A one-photon ionic resonance is measured in the strong-field regime in acetophenone by recording the mass spectra as a function of excitation wavelength from 800 to 1500 nm. The ratio of the benzoyl to parent ion signals in the mass spectrum varies significantly with excitation wavelength, where the highest ratio observed upon excitation at 1370 nm (0.90 eV) indicates the presence of a one-photon resonance. At the resonant wavelength, the ratio of the benzoyl to parent ion signals increases linearly with laser intensity over a range from 1.1 × 10(13) to 6.0 × 10(13) W cm(-2). The ratio increases by a factor of 5 at 1370 nm with increasing pulse duration from 60 to 100 fs. Calculations using the equation of motion coupled cluster method support the existence of a one-photon transition from the ground ionic to a dissociative excited ionic state (0.87 eV), where motion of the acetyl group from a planar to nonplanar structure within the pulse duration enables the otherwise forbidden transition.
Increasing Social Smiles of Young Children with Disabilities

3tirnrnary.-Play activities associated with eliciting smiles in typically developing infants were used with three young children with severe disabilities whose srnhg behaviors were substantidy delayed. Two children showed increased social smiles in response to auditory (high pitched human voice) or tactile (gently blowing air at child's face, hands or body) stimuli but none smiled in response to ratcles or pop-up toys. The infant's smile has long interested psychologists in large part because smiling is viewed as a significant developmental milestone. Spitz (1946) hypothesized that the emergence of smhg marks movement to higher neurological organization that leads to advances in cognitive and affective development. The first empirically based observational study of smhg by infants was conducted by Washburn (1929) who observed 15 children every 4 weeks for 52 weeks and reported smiles emerged most typically at the age of four to six weeks and that smiles of older infants can be differentiated from those of younger infants. Washburn also identified eliciting stirnd, including bird whistle, high-pitched voice, blowing on skin, human voice and nodding head, masks and sunglasses, peek-a-boo, rhythmical hand clapping, rattles, and pop-up toys. The affective meaning of smiles and the importance of smiles to caregivers have also been investigated. Bowlby (1969) interpreted the infant's preference for smhg at family members as an indication that a specific bond had been established. Fifty-four first-time mothers, interviewed by Robson and Moss (1970), reported that strong affection for the infant was enhanced when the infant began to make eye contact and smile. Parents of young children with disabilities have also affirmed the importance of smhg. In interviews with 15 parents of young children with disabhties, parents were asked: "When you are with your child, what is pleasant, fun, or rewardrng for you?" The most frequent responses were children's smiling, grinning, and laughing (Calhoun & Rose, 1987). Smhg, then, is a key behavior that enhances relationships. Because smiles emerge in a predictable developmentaI sequence and rate, "teaching" is not necessary for most children and so has not often been investigated. For some children with disabhties, however,
Rules of retinotectal mapmaking.

The selective connections that nerve cells make to each other and to effector and receptor cells outside the nervous system are essential to organized behavior. The retinotectal projection has been used frequently in the experimental investigation of how such patterned sets of connections are formed. This article traces the evolution of some of the dominant experimental paradigms and concepts that have resulted in the currently accepted rules underlying the retinotectal map.
The Professional Socialization of the Athletic Trainer Serving as a Preceptor

Context: The role of the preceptor requires the athletic trainer to be versed in effective instructional techniques, supervisory skills, and communication skills beyond his or her competence as an ...
Scaling-law for the energy dependence of anatomic power spectrum in dedicated breast CT

Purpose To determine the x-ray photon energy dependence of the anatomic power spectrum of the breast when imaged with dedicated breast computed tomography (CT). Methods A theoretical framework for scaling the empirically determined anatomic power spectrum at one x-ray photon energy to that at any given x-ray photon energy when imaged with dedicated breast CT was developed. Theory predicted that when the anatomic power spectrum is fitted with a power curve of the form k f(-β), where k and β are fit coefficients and f is spatial frequency, the exponent β would be independent of x-ray photon energy (E), and the amplitude k scales with the square of the difference in energy-dependent linear attenuation coefficients of fibroglandular and adipose tissues. Twenty mastectomy specimens based numerical phantoms that were previously imaged with a benchtop flat-panel cone-beam CT system were converted to 3D distribution of glandular weight fraction (f(g)) and were used to verify the theoretical findings. The 3D power spectrum was computed in terms of f(g) and after converting to linear attenuation coefficients at monoenergetic x-ray photon energies of 20-80 keV in 5 keV intervals. The 1D power spectra along the axes were extracted and fitted with a power curve of the form k f(-β). The energy dependence of k and β were analyzed. Results For the 20 mastectomy specimen based numerical phantoms used in the study, the exponent β was found to be in the range of 2.34-2.42, depending on the axis of measurement. Numerical simulations agreed with the theoretical predictions that for a power-law anatomic spectrum of the form k f(-β), β was independent of E and k(E) = k(1)[μ(g)(E) - μ(a)(E)](2), where k(1) is a constant, and μ(g)(E) and μ(a)(E) represent the energy-dependent linear attenuation coefficients of fibroglandular and adipose tissues, respectively. Conclusions Numerical simulations confirmed the theoretical predictions that in dedicated breast CT, the spatial frequency dependence of the anatomic power spectrum will be independent of x-ray photon energy, and the amplitude of the anatomic power spectrum scales by the square of difference in linear attenuation coefficients of fibroglandular and adipose tissues.
Reading emotion cues: social communication difficulties in pediatric populations.

Speech-language pathologists frequently address social communication difficulties in children with diverse linguistic profiles. Of consequence to effective management of social communication skills is that some children with language disorders may also have difficulty understanding emotional cues. The ability to recognize and comprehend the emotional meaning of messages is accomplished through integration of linguistic cues (e.g., what the speaker says), nonlinguistic cues (e.g., the speaker's facial expressions), and situational cues (e.g., predicting how the speaker is likely to feel about the particular topic). This article explores children's comprehension of emotion as expressed through facial expressions and situational cues. First, development of emotion comprehension in children with normal development is summarized. This is followed by a brief review of studies investigating emotion comprehension in clinical populations. Suggestions for assessment and intervention of children's emotion comprehension skills are presented.
A comparison of neonatal and adult multiorgan failure in a rat model.

Abstract Background/Purpose: To establish a neonatal animal model of multiorgan failure (MOF) for the histological study of the sequence and severity of neonatal MOF in comparison to a model of adult MOF. Methods: Neonatal and adult Sprague-Dawley rats received a single intraperitoneal injection of the inflammatory agent Zymosan. Rats were weighed; randomly killed on days 1 through 6; and heart, lung, liver, kidney, spleen, and ileocecum harvested for histological examination. Results: Neonatal animals receiving Zymosan showed a significant increase in total body weight not seen in adults. The sequence and severity of MOF-induced organ damage were strikingly different in adult and neonatal animals. Mild lung damage was seen as early as day 1 in adult rats receiving Zymosan. This progressed to moderate damage by day 2 and severe damage by day 6. Lungs of neonatal rats receiving Zymosan showed only mild damage by day 4, which had progressed no further by day 6. Mortality rate was not significantly different between adult and neonatal animals receiving Zymosan. Conclusions: Zymosan can be used in a neonatal animal model to incite MOF. In the neonatal animal model of MOF there is (1) substantial early capillary leak as shown by increased body weight; (2) a unique progression of organ involvement—liver, kidney, lung compared with adult animals with MOF—lung, liver, kidney; and (3) relative sparing of the lung from injury. These findings are consistent with previous clinical observations of a difference in neonatal and adult MOF. J Pediatr Surg 35:428-431. Copyright © 2000 by W.B. Saunders Company.
The canary of the Constitution: same‐sex equality in the public sphere

Nowhere is the paradox between the ideals of the South African Constitution and lived reality more apparent than in public contestations around gender and sexuality. Gay and lesbian equality has come to occupy a symbolic place as a litmus test of the success of constitutional democracy in South Africa. And yet, because gay and lesbian equality is not widely supported, it is also one of the key moral barometers testing the gap between the Constitution and public opinion. This article looks at a series of public hearings held under the auspices of the National House of Traditional Leaders to gauge public opinion on same‐sex marriages. This is used as a case study to explore how sexuality becomes pivotal in debates about nationhood and belonging.
Birth Order and Managerial Achievement: Another Look:

A study was conducted to determine whether there was a statistically significant difference in the probability of successful managerial achievement in the petro-chemical manufacturing industry between only-born, early-born and later-born managers. Respondents included 440 male managers. Of the subjects, 181 were classified as first-line managers, 156 as middle managers, and 103 were in top management.Only-born top managers were found to be significantly over-represented when compared to other ordinal positions. Only-born first-line managers were under-represented. Only-born middle managers at all levels of management were found to be as statistically expected. No predicted birth-order effects were found in any family ordinal position other than only-borns. The findings suggested that the only born has a proportionally better chance of reaching top management in the petro-chemical manufacturing industry than any other birth order. The results also seem to indicate that while many similarities appear to exi...
A wireless interstitial pressure sensor with a Guyton chamber

In this paper, we present a wireless interstitial fluid pressure sensor incorporating a perforated chamber first introduced by A. C. Guyton. The Guyton chamber allows for an accurate measurement of IFP without the interference from various cellular components by permitting the interstitial fluid to penetrate the chamber after implantation. The sensor consists of a coil, an air chamber, a silicone membrane embedded with a nickel plate, and a Guyton chamber. The fabricated device is 6 mm in diameter and 1 mm in thickness. The measured sensitivity is 20 kHz/mmHg from -5 to 15 mmHg.
Comparative photoactivity of tin and zinc porphyrin inhibitors of heme oxygenase: pronounced photolability of the zinc compounds.

Metalloporphyrin inhibitors of heme oxygenase may also have photosensitizing properties in vivo. To assess photoactivity in serum, the relative ability to mediate photooxidation of tryptophan or other oxidizable targets, presumably by singlet oxygen production, was measured for tin mesopor-phyrin, zinc mesoporphyrin, and zinc deuteroporphyrin bisglycol in aqueous solution and when bound to human serum albumin. While tin mesoporphyrin sensitized at the greatest initial rate in aqueous solution, the zinc compounds sensitized at a greater initial rate in detergent micelles or when bound to albumin. There was minimal alteration of the tin mesoporphyrin during the time course of illumination in the Soret or visible absorption regions. The zinc compounds, however, proved to be extremely photolabile and were extensively destroyed by light; the photooxidized forms were found to be ineffective as inhibitors of heme oxygenase.
The combustion of a linear droplet array in a convective, coaxial potential flow

Abstract An efficient numerical scheme is introduced to describe the effects of forced convection and droplet-droplet interactions on the burning rate of a one-dimensional droplet array. The flow field is described by point sources (or sinks) superimposed on a uniform, coaxial potential flow. The strengths of the sources (or sinks) are found from the mass and heat conservation boundary conditions at the droplet surface. The resulting flow field is then used to solve the energy and species conservation equations, which are first transformed to a generalized coordinate system so that the computations can be carried out in any grid system. In this study, an improved, composite, body-fitted grid was used to solve the equations by an iterative, finite difference method to obtain the temperature (or concentration) field. Droplet pairs of equal sizes with spacings from 4 to 16 radii have been investigated for Peclet numbers from 10 to 120. The temperature distribution around the droplet array, as well as the local Nusselt number around the droplet surfaces, has been calculated. The results show qualitative agreement with analogous heat and mass transfer analyses that have appeared in the literature. Two droplets of unequal sizes and an array of up to six equal sized droplets have also been studied. This simple approach for treating the flow field allows the computation to be extended to a linear array with a large number of droplets. The numerical scheme has excellent convergence behavior, and the composite grid introduced here can also be used for more accurate, viscous flow calculations.
PSYCHOMETRIC STUDIES ON A GIRL WITH 47,XX,+21 DOWN'S SYNDROME AND NEAR-NORMAL INTELLIGENCE

Observations have been made on a 6 1/2 year old girl with 47, XX,+21 Down's syndrome on whom the following IQ scores have been obtained: 104 (Goodenough Scale), 80 (Stanford-Binet) and 77 (Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children). Performance IQ on the Wechsler was 90. She was tested between kindergarten and first grade (public school) with the Wide Range Achievement Test and scored within the first grade level in spelling and reading. Concentration and short term memory were in the superior range. Performance subtest scores on the WISC ranged from 7 to 12 (12 on Coding). Her remarkable achievement on the WISC Coding A test was primarily the result of her memorizing quickly the five double symbol associations. She regularly defeats her mother in the card game “Concentration”. Twenty-five cells were analyzed from a leucocyte culture and all showed an extra chromosome in the G group. No euploid cells were seen. G-banding identified the extra chromosome to be a no. 21. A skin culture was unsuccessful. Appearance was quite typical of Down's syndrome with bilateral epicanthal folds, severe clinodactyly and hypoplastic ears. More detailed psychometric studies seem indicated on those trisomy-21 children in the highest range of performance in order to define their areas of strength, as well as to aid in sorting out familial factors vs. environment in terms of the etiology of the “gifted" trisomy-21 child.
Dysfunctional behavior and management control: An empirical study of marketing managers

Abstract This paper reports the results of a study that developed and tested a causal model of dysfunctional behavior among a large sample of marketing managers. The results indicate that three contextual variables (goal congruence, perceived peer dysfunctional behavior and information asymmetry between superiors and subordinates) predict, in varying degrees, the extent of persson-role conflict and job tension experienced by the manager. In turn, role conflict increases job tension and job tension increases the extent of dysfunctional behavior. However, no effects for the person-role conflict/dysfunctional behavior link were found.
A multimodal Matching Pursuits Dissimilarity Measure applied to landmine/clutter discrimination

The Matching Pursuits Dissimilarity Measure (MPDM) is an effective way to to compare signals that are sparsely approximated using a Matching Pursuits method. The CAMP algorithm uses an MPDM distance measure in Competitive Agglomeration clustering to model and classify signals. The MPDM approach can only compare signals originating from a single source. Many landmine detection systems use multiple sensors to make simultaneous measurements of the same region of interest. In this paper we propose a Multimodal MPDM that can be used with CAMP to fuse signals from multiple sensors. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the Multimodal MPDM over the single sensor MPDM in improving discrimination of landmines from clutter objects.
Outcomes of endovascular lower extremity interventions depend more on indication than physician specialty

Objective Outcomes of endovascular lower extremity interventions (eLEIs) have been recently linked to provider specialty; however, the indication for intervention was not examined. We sought to compare outcomes between specialties performing eLEI for different indications, in a recent statewide inpatient discharge dataset. Methods The Florida hospital discharge data from 2005 to 2009 were reviewed for patients with LEI during hospitalization. We assigned provider specialty as interventional radiology (IR), interventional cardiology (IC), or vascular surgery (VS) based on provider-associated procedures. Clinical indication was claudication or critical limb ischemia (CLI). We limited our analysis to patients without concomitant open surgery during hospitalization. We compared mortality, length of stay (LOS), major use of intensive care unit (ICU), discharge disposition, and total charges between specialties with regression models, both unadjusted and adjusted for demographic and clinical characteristics. Results A total of 15,398 patients (47% with CLI) had an eLEI. Clinical indication was significantly associated with provider type ( P P P P P = NS for both). However, compared with VS, IR-treated patients were less likely to be discharged home (OR, 0.74; P P P P = .001). CLI predicted poorer results for all outcomes: death (OR, 4.19; P P P P P Conclusions The majority of eLEI done by VS are for CLI, whereas the majority of patients treated by IC are claudicants. Although provider specialty does correlate with several clinical results, the clinical indication for eLEI is a stronger predictor of adverse outcomes. Future analyses of eLEI should adjust for clinical indication.
Daily torpor in a brazilian murine opossum (marmosa)

1. 1. Energy metabolism (oxygen consumption) and body temperature were studied in a single 13 g specimen of the mouse opossum, Marmosa, from Sao Paulo, Brazil. Ten day-long metabolic experiments (104 hr) were carried out. 2. 2. The animal could be characterized by a basal level of 1·80 cm3 O2/g-hr, a thermal conductance of 0·258 cm3 O2/g-hr-°C, and a critical temperature of 28°. 3. 3. Metabolic reductions from the basal or a maintenance level were observed in half of the experimental periods at ambient temperatures from 11 to 33°. The lowest value was 0·25 cm3 O2/g-hr at 16°, representing a Q10 of 2·6. At a lower ambient temperature this body-temperature level (16°) was maintained by increased metabolism. 4. 4. Some seventy body temperatures were determined. The mean level (excluding torpor) was 34·7°, and ranged from a nightlevel of 35·7±0·9° (200–0800 hr) and a day level of 33·2±1·7° (1000–1600 hr). The extreme range of values (excluding torpor) was 32·2 (sleep) to 37·1 (forced activity). With one exception torpor was only observed between 0900 and 1800 hr. 5. 5. The genus Marmosa may be definitely included on the roster of animals capable of dormancy. Its physiological behavior in reducing its metabolic level at high ambient temperatures, and in maintaining a body temperature of about 16° at lower ambient temperatures, seems to place it with the estivators as opposed to the hibernators, although the observed dormancy occurred in winter and in response to cold. This behavior is appropriate for a small animal which depends on an uncertain food supply of fruit and insects even though it is subtropical in distribution.
Limited capability buoy: An automatically moored or free drifting ocean data platform

Four ocean data buoy platforms are presently undergoing sea trial tests in the Gulf of Mexico. These buoys, at intervals, take limited and selected meteorological and oceanographic sensor data measurement, and automatically transmit these data at preprogrammed intervals (or upon request) to a landbased receiving, processing and distribution center. One basic platform design plus add-ons provide a small and versatile platform that is capable of meeting both moored (depths from 800 to 24,000 feet) or free drifting ocean data platform requirements. The buoys are presently equipped with an HF radio link; however, the system has been designed so that it may be readily converted for use with a satellite relay UHF communication link. Sufficient space is provided on-board the buoy for a primary power source that will maintain a moored platform at sea for a period of six months, and a drifter at sea for a period of three months.
Floodplain Planning with Risk-Based Optimization

Economical integration of permanent and emergency flood control options is a long-standing problem in water resources planning and management. A two-stage linear programming formulation of this problem is proposed and demonstrated, which provides an explicit economic basis for developing integrated floodplain management plans. The approach minimizes the expected value of flood damages and costs, given a flow or stage frequency distribution. A variety of permanent and emergency floodplain management options can be examined in the method, and interactive effects of options on flood damage reduction can be represented. The approach is demonstrated and discussed for a hypothetical example. Limitations of the method in terms of forecast uncertainty and concave additive damage function forms are discussed also, along with extensions for addressing these more difficult situations.
Antioxidant Therapy for Atrial Fibrillation: What Is the Next Step?

I read with interest the timely article by Rasoli and colleagues, who reviewed the literature on the efficacy of antioxidant vitamins in the management of atrial fibrillation (AF) [1]. Those authors emphasized an important clinical issue: despite considerable evidence of the role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of AF, antioxidant vitamins have not been shown to exert an impressive antiarrhythmic effect in clinical trials. In addition to the authors' explanations for that finding, it may also be possible that treatment with a general reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenger is ineffective, regardless of the type or potency of the scavenger. This may occur because ROS are a wide range of (usually) highly active molecules that, when they are formed, react with proteins and lipids in their immediate vicinity. Therefore, ROS scavengers cannot prevent the effects of already formed ROS molecules. In addition, those scavengers may not neutralize all forms of ROS molecules, some of which may remain to exert a downstream arrhythmic effect. Inhibiting the major source of excess ROS is a different therapeutic approach that may prove effective in the management of various types of arrhythmia. The major sources of cardiac ROS are nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase, the mitochondria electron transport chain, and uncoupled endothelial nitric oxide synthase. Those sources of ROS are interrelated, and the activation of one may result in the increased production of ROS by other sources, particularly by mitochondria (ROS-induced-ROS release) [2]. Under different conditions and for each type of AF, one or some of the main sources of ROS may play the central role in the genesis of arrhythmia. It has been shown that NADPH oxidase is upregulated in initial stages of AF [3], and therefore, NADPH oxidase inhibitors may be effective in the management of new onset AF and postoperative AF [4]. However, the upregulation of NADPH oxidase was found to be transient and only in initial stages of AF, and therefore, its inhibition may not be an effective therapeutic strategy for the management of chronic AF [3]. Because a considerable portion of a cardiomyocyte is occupied by mitochondria [5] and because mitochondria plays a central role in ROS-induced-ROS release, mitochondria-targeted antioxidant therapy may prove to be the most effective antioxidant therapy for management of chronic AF. We have recently observed the impressive antiarrhythmic effect of Mito-TEMPO, a mitochondria-targeted antioxidant, in the prevention of ventricular arrhythmias in a mouse model of angiotensin-II activation [6]. Thus, it could be hypothesized that mitochondria-targeted antioxidants can effectively prevent chronic AF.
Testing IFE materials on Z

Abstract On a single-pulse basis, the tungsten armor for the chamber walls in a laser inertial fusion energy power plant must withstand X-ray fluences of 0.4–1.2 J/cm2 with almost no mass loss, and preferably no surface changes. We have exposed preheated tungsten samples to 0.27 and 0.9 J/cm2 X-ray fluence from the Z accelerator at Sandia National Laboratories to determine the single-shot X-ray damage threshold. Earlier focused ion beam analysis has shown that rolled powdered metal formed tungsten and tungsten alloys, will melt when exposed to 2.3 J/cm2 on Z, but not at 1.3 J/cm2. Three forms of tungsten – single-crystal (SING), chemical-vapor-deposited (CVD), and rolled powdered metal (PWM) – were exposed to fluence levels of 0.9 J/cm2 without any apparent melting. However, the CVD and PWM sample surfaces were rougher after exposure than the SING sample, which was not roughened. BUCKY (1D) calculations show a threshold of 0.5 J/cm2 for melting on Z. The present experiments indicate no melting but limited surface changes occur with polycrystalline samples (PWM and CVD) at 0.9 J/cm2 and no surface changes other than debris for samples at 0.27 J/cm2.
Controlling the orientation of bone osteopontin via its specific binding with collagen I to modulate osteoblast adhesion

Osteopontin (OPN) is an important matricellular protein that modulates cell functions. It is potentially an excellent surface-coating component for engineered biomaterials. It is believed that in its preferred orientation and conformation on a surface, the functional domains of OPN such as the arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD) motif will be presented to cells to the greatest extent. Previously, the authors demonstrated that OPN orientation could be modulated by surface charge. In this work, the authors attempt to control the orientation/conformation of bone OPN via its specific interactions with type I collagen. Surface plasmon resonance was used to confirm the specific binding between bone OPN and collagen I. A radiolabeled OPN adsorption assay was used to determine the amount of adsorbed OPN on tissue culture polystyrene (TCPS) surfaces with or without collagen I as an interlayer. An in vitro cell adhesion assay using osteoblast MC3T3-E1 was performed to compare the functionality of collagen-bound OPN and adsorbed OPN on TCPS. With the same amount of OPN on the surfaces, the number of cells adhered to collagen-bound OPN is significantly higher than to OPN alone on TCPS. A cell inhibition assay using soluble GRGDSP peptides showed that a higher GRGDSP concentration was needed to completely block osteoblast adhesion to collagen-bound OPN than to OPN directly on TCPS. Enhanced cell adhesion and higher blocking peptide concentration suggest that collagen-bound bone OPN has a preferable orientation/conformation for cell adhesion compared with OPN alone on TCPS. Thus, the specific binding of OPN to collagen I may naturally orient OPN, thus influencing osteoblast adhesion.
Adrenal imaging: a primer for oncosurgeons

Differentiation of an incidental adrenal lesion into benign and malignant etiologies is an endeavor with significant and obvious clinical benefit. Advances in imaging now enable this differentiation in high proportion of patients in a non-invasive manner. The ACR guidelines elaborated in this review seek to promote clinically meaningful, evidence-based approach to an IAL. Knowledge of the potential as well the limitations of individual modalities is essential so as to streamline investigations in a cost-effective manner.
Tone acquisition in Cantonese: a longitudinal case study

There have been relatively few studies on tone acquisition, as compared to studies on the acquisition of segmentals, morphology, and syntax. Still fewer are the studies on Chinese language acquisition. The present paper reports on a longitudinal case study of a Cantonese-speaking child aged 2; 8 and considers the implications of tone acquisition for tone studies in general, and Cantonese tonology in particular.
Recent innovations in sheet material forming

Abstract Three recent developments made at Rensselaer in sheet material forming processes are briefly reviewed in this paper. These innovations represent three broad disciplines of Process Simulation, Forming Processes, and Computer-Aided Measurement Methods . The first development deals with simple and quick computer simulation of 2D sheet forming process without depending on popular finite element analysis methods. An analytical method based on a thin shell theory accounts for bending and unbending effects, and is capable of simulating practical sheet metal forming processes under the plane strain condition. The second area is concerned with innovative methods to improve formability of sheet materials by temperature gradient forming. The drawing limit is increased by such an improved temperature gradient forming process. The third and final area deals with a totally new experimental technique to capture 3D geometry data and measure strain distributions of sheet metal parts using a digital 35 mm SLR camera.
Endogenous Regulation of the Pulmonary Response to Isoproterenol

Pulmonary function was evaluated before and after isoproterenol administration in eight asthmatic patients who had been taking daily suppressive doses of glucocorticosteroids prior to study. Results were compared when the patients were not on glucocorticosteroid therapy, after glucocorticosteroid therapy, and after ACTH stimulation. Before isoproterenol administration, values were significantly closer to normal after ACTH than on no therapy or glucocorticosteroid therapy. Isoproterenol response was of great magnitude when no therapy was given and minimal after glucocorticosteroids or ACTH. Following isoproterenol, values were significantly closer to normal following ACTH compared to glucocorticosteroid therapy, and values on no therapy were intermediate not separating significantly from glucocorticosteroid therapy or ACTH stimulation. ACTH stimulates an increase in adrenal adenyl cyclase, cyclic AMP, and phenylethanolamine-N-methyl transferase with a resultant increase in the conversion of norepinephrine to epinephrine, a potent beta stimulator. The inability of these suppressed patients to release ACTH following discontinuation of glucocorticosteroids led to diminished epinephrine production, diminished endogenous beta stimulation, and maximal response to isoproterenol.
The “Fairy Ring”: A New Radiographic Finding in Sarcoidosis

A patient who had the "fairy ring" finding shows another new radiographic presentation of pulmonary sarcoidosis that clinicians can add to the list of signs of the disease.
Physiologic intereye differences in monkey optic nerve head architecture and their relation to changes in early experimental glaucoma.

In the monkey model of unilateral experimental glaucoma (EG), chronic intraocular pressure (IOP) elevation is induced in one eye of an animal, while the contralateral eye is maintained as a normal control1-10. In our laboratory, animals are sacrificed at clinically defined endpoints of early, moderate or severe glaucomatous damage on the basis of longitudinal Confocal Scanning Laser Tomographic (CSLT) imaging of the study eye, and then in a subset of experiments perfusion fixed with both eyes set to 10 mm Hg by anterior chamber manometer11-13. In these experiments, post-mortem histomorphometric11-13 analyses are then carried out in which the differences between the treated and control eyes are assumed to be due to the pathophysiology of glaucomatous damage. We recently introduced our method for three dimensional (3-D) delineation of 13 optic nerve head (ONH) and peripapillary sclera landmarks, and used it to quantify enlargement and elongation of the neural canal at the onset of CSLT-detected ONH surface change in three monkeys with early experimental glaucoma (EEG) that occurred following moderate levels of IOP elevation in one eye11. In a second report12, we described our method for continuously mapping position and thickness of the lamina cribrosa, scleral flange and peripapillary sclera and used it to report significant posterior deformation and thickening of the lamina cribrosa accompanied by mild posterior deformation of the scleral flange and peripapillary sclera in the same EEG eyes. In a third report13, we introduced our concept of prelaminar and laminar cupping, and used four new, post-mortem 3-D histomorphometric parameters to report that clinical cupping in early glaucoma is primarily due to fixed permanent posterior deformation of the ONH connective tissues and occurs in the setting of prelaminar tissues that are thickened. The purpose of the current study was to characterize the upper range of physiologic, inter-eye differences (PIDs) and percent differences (PIPDs) in ONH neural and connective tissue architecture within 6 normal monkeys and compare them to inter-eye differences within the three previously-reported monkeys with EEG in one eye11-13 so as to clarify the most important optic nerve head changes in early experimental glaucoma. Once clarified by region and character, and confirmed in a larger number of EEG eyes, (reports in preparation), these changes should become important imaging targets for human patients with moderate levels of ocular hypertension.
Role of lysine‐195 in the KMSKS sequence of E. coli tryptophanyl‐tRNA synthetase

Lysine 195 in the K195 MSKS sequence of E. coli tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase (TrpRS) was replaced with alanine. The resulting K195A mutant TrpRS had essentially unchanged Km values for ATP and Trp, but a 1500-fold decreased kcat in a pyrophosphate-ATP exchange reaction. This large decrease in kcat reduces the rate of aminoacyladenylate formation (step 1) to a rate comparable to the rate of aminoacylation of tRNA(Trp) (step 2) by the K195A mutant enzyme. Both the TIGN and KMSKS sequences are important for step 1 of class I aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase reactions.
Global Search for Idealized Free-Return Earth-Mars Cyclers

A new technique is developed to globally identify and optimize all useful idealized Earth–Mars cyclers constructed with Earth–Earth free returns patched by gravity-assisted flybys. Previous techniques that use solutions of the multiple-revolution Lambert problem are expanded. Using combinatorics, the entire solution space is investigated for combinations of generic, half-revolution, and full-revolution free-return transfers for cyclers with periods up to three synodic periods. All three types of free returns are generalized to include the possibility for multiple revolutions. Multiple options for the short Earth–Mars and Mars–Earth legs that characterize the cyclers are included. The generalized technique requires the solutions to hundreds of thousands of minimax optimization problems and results in 142 previously undocumented ballistic cyclers. In addition, the global search verifies and encompasses results from several earlier studies that looked at a variety of subsets of the current solution space. The final list is exhaustive for the defined class of cyclers and is an excellent resource for future researchers that seek cyclers in a more realistic solar system.
Voluntarism and Conventionalism in Hobbes and Kant

Kant’s relation to Hobbesian voluntarism has recently become a source of controversy for the interpretation of Kant’s practical philosophy. Realist interpreters, most prominently Karl Ameriks, have attacked the genealogies of Kantian autonomy suggested by J. B. Schneewind and Christine Korsgaard as misleadingly voluntarist and unacceptably anti-realist. In this debate, however, there has been no real discussion of Kant’s own views about Hobbes. By examining the relation of Hobbes’ voluntarism to a kind of conventionalism, and through a reading of Kant’s most explicit discussion of Hobbes, in “Theory and Practice,” 1 I argue that Kant’s criticism of Hobbes is much more limited than it might first appear. Rather than rejecting Hobbes’ voluntarism and conventionalism entirely, Kant ends up criticizing only Hobbes’ understanding of the relation between these doctrines. The essay thus defends Schneewind’s and Korsgaard’s histories of modern moral philosophy, and raises doubts about realist readings of Kant’s practical philosophy.
A kinetic study of the reaction of chlorine and fluorine atoms with CF3CHO at 295 ± 2 K

Using a relative rate technique the reactions of chlorine and fluorine atoms with CF3CHO have been determined to proceed with rate constants of (1.8 ± 0.4) × 10−12 and (2.7 ± 0.1)×10−11 cm3 molecule−1 s−1, respectively. Experiments were performed at 295 ± 2 K and 700 torr total pressure of nitrogen. The results are discussed with respect to the design and interpretation of laboratory studies of the atmospheric chemistry of CFC replacements. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Interference-free wind tunnel testing of jet propelled missiles

Abstract Wind tunnel evaluation of the aerodynamic interaction effects between plume and the external flow past the missile body including the wake boundary (“slipstream”) over powered flight envelopes of rocket propelled vehicles can be greatly facilitated — or even made possible — by a methodology replacing the hot propellant by cold, inert gases. Model nozzle design is based on the second order matching of plume geometry and first order modeling of plume stiffness. Since modeled nozzles will have larger throat radii than the prototypes, one can use sting-supported, sting-fed model installations thus eliminating aerodynamic interference effects due to struts. The concepts of simulated altitude and simulated full-scale Reynolds Number greatly reduce wind tunnel occupancy time. Computer programs, covering all steps of evaluating prototype nozzle performance, model sting nozzle design, model test evaluation and interpretation have been developed. The modeling methodology is supported by experimental results obtained in an induction wind tunnel at the FFA, Bromma, Sweden and in the 16 T and VKF-A altitude tunnels at AEDC, Tullahoma, Tenn.
Stability and oscillations in single-species processes with past memory†

In this work, by employing very elementary mathematical analysis, sufficient conditions for oscillations, non-oscillations and stability of single-species hereditary processes in biological, medical, physical and social sciences are given. The obtained conditions are expressed in terms of rate functions and time-delays. Moreover, they are algebraically simple and easy to compute. It is shown that certain classes of time-delays are both stabilizing and oscillizing agents, and that some other classes of delays are only stabilizing agents. Finally, the usefulness of the oscillatory and stability analysis of single-species processes has been demonstrated by exhibiting several well known examples of single-species processes in biological, medical, physical and social sciences in a coherent way.
Diagnostic yield of colonoscopy to evaluate melena after a nondiagnostic EGD

Background Melena can be caused by bleeding from lower GI sources. Colonoscopy is frequently used to investigate melena after a nondiagnostic EGD. Objective To determine the diagnostic yield and rate of therapeutic intervention during colonoscopy in patients with melena and a nondiagnostic EGD. Design Retrospective case-control study. Setting Community and academic centers over a diverse geographic area in the United States. Patients This study involved patients in the Clinical Outcomes Research Initiative database with a colonoscopy performed to investigate melena within 30 days of a nondiagnostic EGD for the same indication. A control group had colonoscopies performed for average-risk screening. Main Outcome Measurements The endoscopic finding of a suspected bleeding source defined as right-sided arteriovenous malformation, colitis, polyp ≥ 20 mm, tumor, or ulcer. Rate of therapeutic intervention during colonoscopy. Results Colonoscopy found a suspected bleeding source in 4.8% of patients with melena, more frequently than in the control group (odds ratio [OR] 2.17; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.65-2.86; P P Limitations Retrospective design, conclusions being dependent on the accuracy of database input, and lack of pertinent clinical data (eg, hemoglobin). Conclusion The diagnostic yield of colonoscopy to investigate melena after nondiagnostic EGD is low. The need for therapeutic intervention during colonoscopy for this indication is very low. This population should undergo colonoscopy because they are at increased risk of colorectal cancer. Colonoscopy can potentially be performed electively in stable patients without continued bleeding.
An Investigation of the Synoptic Situations Associated with Major Wildland Fires

Abstract Fifty-two major wildland fires in the eastern half of the United States were analyzed to determine the synoptic situations involved. Three-fourths of the fires were found near surface frontal areas. The vast majority of fires were associated with the eastern portion of small-amplitude but intense short-wave troughs at 500 mb. A lack of moisture advection at 850 mb inhibits precipitation which normally accompanies these systems. This lack of precipitation in association with strong low-level winds found in these regions produces dangerous fire conditions at the surface. Such situations are shown to occur rarely.
A Beautiful Mind Black Male Intellectual Identity and Hip-Hop Culture

In a field like hip-hop, where written and verbal communication are the two primary forms of work production, the mind or intellect of the artist should be viewed as the very thing responsible for ...
The Problem of Low Birth Weight

Low birth weight is a major public health problem in the United States, contributing substantially both to infant mortality and to childhood handicap. The principal determinant of low birth weight in the United States is preterm delivery, a phenomenon of largely unknown etiology. Preterm delivery is more common in the United States than in many other industrialized nations, and is the factor most responsible for the relatively high infant mortality rate in the United States. Within the United States, Asian populations experience the lowest preterm delivery rates, while Hispanic and Native American populations experience slightly higher preterm delivery rates than the white population. African Americans, however, have much higher rates of preterm delivery than any of the other major ethnic groups. Poverty is strongly and consistently associated with low birth weight, but the precise social and environmental conditions that produce preterm delivery have not been elucidated. Although it is popular to link illicit drug use to low birth weight, a high low birth weight rate was characteristic of the United States for decades before the cocaine epidemic of the 1980s. Neither the low birth rate nor the preterm delivery rate has improved in the United States in the past quarter century. Most efforts to prevent prematurity or low birth weight, when carefully evaluated, have not proven effective. A major goal of biomedical research ought to be better understanding of the causes of this important public health problem.
Perhexiline promotes HER3 ablation through receptor internalization and inhibits tumor growth

Human epidermal growth factor receptor HER3 has been implicated in promoting the aggressiveness and metastatic potential of breast cancer. Upregulation of HER3 has been found to be a major mechanism underlying drug resistance to EGFR and HER2 tyrosine kinase inhibitors and to endocrine therapy in the treatment of breast cancer. Thus, agents that reduce HER3 expression at the plasma membrane may synergize with current therapies and offer a novel therapeutic strategy to improve treatment. We devised an image-based screening platform using membrane localized HER3-YFP to identify small molecules that promote HER3 internalization and degradation. In vitro and in vivo tumor models were used to characterize the signaling effects of perhexiline, an anti-anginal drug, identified by the screening platform. We found perhexiline, an anti-anginal drug, selectively internalized HER3, decreased HER3 expression, and subsequently inhibited signaling downstream of HER3. Consistent with these results, perhexiline inhibited breast cancer cell proliferation in vitro and tumor growth in vivo. This is the first demonstration that HER3 can be targeted with small molecules by eliminating it from the cell membrane. The novel approach used here led to the discovery that perhexiline ablates HER3 expression, and offers an opportunity to identify HER3 ablation modulators as innovative therapeutics to improve survival in breast cancer patients.
Relative Value Health Insurance: A Behavioral Law and Economics Solution to the Medical Care Cost Crises

Now that the Supreme Court has upheld the constitutionality of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (“PPACA”), access to medical care will sharply increase. But the new law will do little to reign in the rapidly increasing cost of medical care in the United States. Regulatory controls on prices or benefits, favored by some on the left, are political non-starters in today’s environment. Consumer directed health care (“CDHC”) proposals, which seek to provide patients with financial incentives to equate marginal costs and benefits at the point of treatment and is favored by many on the right, is infeasible because of the skewed distribution of health care expenses and patient bounded rationality. New approaches are desperately needed. This article proposes a government-facilitated but market-based approach to improvingefficiency in the market for medical care that I call “relative value health insurance.” The approach would enable even boundedly-rational patients to contract for the efficientlevel of health care services ex ante through their health insurance purchase decisions.The key to facilitating efficient contracting by boundedly-rational consumers is thecreative use of comparative effectiveness research (“CER”), which the PPACA funds at a significant level for the first time. CER should be used to create public ratings ofmedical treatments on a scale of 1-10 based on their relative value, taking into accountcosts and expected benefits. These relative value ratings would enable consumers tocontract with insurers for different levels of medical care at different prices, reflecting different cost-quality tradeoffs. After situating the concept of relative value health insurance within the context of ahealth insurance system that encourages overuse of resources and CDHC proposals that cannot mitigate the problem, the article describes the considerable benefits of relativevalue health insurance and considers some of the formidable obstacles to making it areality.