cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Deterministic Flow Routing and Oligopolistic Competition in Dynamic Data Networks: Modeling and Numerical Solution Using Multigrid Optimization Techniques

In this paper we study the dynamic telecommunications flow routing problem from two points of view: (1) that of a single firm attempting to operate its network efficiently, and (2) oligopolistic competition among several firms competing for network capacity and market share. The mathematical perspective is that of continuous time optimal control and infinite dimensional variational inequalities.
The effects of acidification and sugar addition on quality attributes of canned tomatoes

Lowering the pH of tomatoes to pH 4.0 and pH 3.5 with citric and formic acids, reducing the processing time in a boiling water bath to 20 and 15 min, respectively, and compensating for tartness of added acids with sucrose and fructose resulted in significant increases in the drained weight, total acidity, soluble solids, sodium hydroxide-soluble pectin, sodium hexametaphosphate-soluble pectin, and palatability. the increases in these attributes were greater as the pH dropped to 3.5. Lesser amounts of formic acid and fructose were required to reduce the pH and balance tartness. When fructose was added instead of sucrose the drained weight improved.
An Experimental Manipulation of Social Comparison in Social Anxiety

Negative self-appraisal is thought to maintain social anxiety particularly when comparing oneself to others. Work on social comparison suggests that gender may moderate the effects of social comparison in social anxiety. Self-appraisals of the desirability of one's personality may be more important to women, whereas self-appraisal of signs of anxiety may be more important to men. Within each gender, those with high social anxiety are expected to report more negative self-appraisal when comparing themselves to someone else described as high achieving. This study is the first we are aware of that examined gender-based interactive effects after a social comparison manipulation. Participants read a bogus profile of a fellow student's adjustment to college. They were randomly assigned to read a profile suggesting that the fellow student was "high achieving" or more normative in his/her achievements. When comparing to a "high achieving" individual, men with high social anxiety reported the most negative self-appraisals of their signs of anxiety. In addition, greater social anxiety was associated with a poorer self-appraisal of personality only among men. The implications of the findings for conceptualizing the role of social comparison in social anxiety are discussed.
Effects of limestone dust accumulation on lateral growth of forest trees

Abstract Four species of trees from two sites in southwestern Virginia were used for annual ring measurements to determine the effects of limestone dust on lateral growth of forest trees. The sites were similar in all respects except dust accumulation. One site, the control, had essentially no dust accumulation, whereas the other had heavy dust accumulation from nearby limestone processing plants. A reduction in lateral growth of at least 18% was shown for Acer rubrum, Quercus prinus and Q. rubra. Lateral growth of Liriodendron tulipifera, however, increased by 76%. Prior to this study, dust accumulation had not been correlated with a significant increase in lateral growth of trees.
Stable spectral methods for conservation laws on triangles with unstructured grids

This paper presents an asymptotically stable scheme for the spectral approximation of linear conservation laws defined on a triangle. Lagrange interpolation on a general two-dimensional nodal set is employed and, by imposing the boundary conditions weakly through a penalty term, the scheme is proven stable in L-2. This result is established for a general unstructured grid in the triangle. A special case, for which the nodes along the edges of the triangle are chosen as the Legendre Gauss-Lobatto quadrature points, is discussed in detail. The eigenvalue spectrum of the approximation to the advective operator is computed and is shown to result in an O(n(-2)) restriction on the time-step when considering explicit time-stepping. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science S.A. All rights reserved.
Design and implementation of a web-based platform to support interactive environmental planning

A web-based platform to support interactive environmental planning in Southern California is currently being developed, as part of the Green Visions Plan project. The main goal is to provide tools for municipalities and community-based groups to identify candidate project sites that can: (1) promote more equitable park and open space access for local residents; (2) protect and restore biodiversity; and (3) protect and enhance watershed health. The Interactive Park Analysis Tool operates at the parcel level and provides estimates of potential park user demographics in a series of customized reports, as illustrated in this article. The Interactive Park Analysis Tool and supporting map viewer platform (like the other tools) utilizes a client/server system architecture that provides users with access to large, detailed geospatial datasets. The system architecture and implementation is described, and a case study illustrates system functionality. Work is now underway to expand the platform to include additional online tools to facilitate the evaluation of biodiversity and watershed health within the study area.
A multiscale decision theory analysis for revenue sharing in three-stage supply chains

Revenue sharing is an effective mechanism for coordinating decisions in a supply chain. For a three-stage supply chain, we explore how revenue-based incentives can be used by the stage 1 supply chain agent (retailer) to motivate cooperative behavior from its two upstream partners with conflicting interests. To illustrate our analysis, we provide a food supply chain example, with retailer, processor and farmer. Compared to the frequently studied two-stage problem, a three-stage supply chain leads to a more complex decision and incentive problem. To model and solve this more complex problem, we apply multiscale decision theory (MSDT), a novel approach for multi-level system analysis. MSDT enables us to account for uncertainties at all stages of the supply chain, not just at the final stage, and to derive analytic solutions. Results show and quantify the extent to which contracting and information sharing facilitate chain-wide cooperation. Further, it determines optimal decisions and incentives for agents at each stage. This paper is the first to apply MSDT to supply chains and contributes to its theory by advancing MSDT modeling and analysis capabilities. The modeling and solution approach can be applied to decision and inventive problems in other multi-level enterprise systems.
Improvements to On-Road Emission Modeling of Freeways with High-Occupancy Vehicle Facilities

Because high-occupancy vehicle (HOV) facilities have become an integral part of the freeway systems in many parts of the United States, transportation practitioners must estimate emissions from these facilities accurately. This study examined the differences between HOV and mixed-flow (MF) lanes relative to their traffic dynamics as described by speed and acceleration profiles of the collected driving trajectory data, as well as to their vehicle fleet composition. It was found that the model year distributions of vehicles in the two lane types at selected locations were not significantly different. However, the differences in speed, acceleration, and road load power of their driving data samples were statistically significant at each of the six levels of congestion tested (i.e., Levels of Service A through F). Hence, lane correction factors were developed for adjusting freeway emission factors to result in emission factors specific for an HOV lane. These correction factors have higher impacts on HOV emiss...
11B and 207Pb NMR studies of glasses in the system xFe2O3·yPbO·zB2O3 (0≤ x ≤ 15.3 mol%, z/y≅3)

Abstract Ten glasses in the system x Fe 2 O 3 · y PbO· z B 2 O 3 (0 ≤ x ≤ 15.3 mol%, z / y ≅3) were fabricated and characterized using chemical analysis and X-ray, density, and magnetic susceptibility measurements. The following room temperature NMR measurements were performed: (1) the peak-to-peak width of the 4-coordinated 11 B response was measured as a function of Fe 2 O 3 content and applied field; (2) the 11 B NMR spectrum due to 3-coordinated borons was obtained for each sample; (3) N 4 , the fraction of 4-coordinated borons, was determined using the area method; and (4) the 207 Pb NMR spectrum was obtained for each sample. The linewidth data is interpreted in terms of a Voight broadening lineshape which contains both field-dependent and field-independent components. 11 B NMR lineshape, N 4 , and 207 Pb NMR data are analyzed in terms of changes in the borate structural network. Two-region behavior is exhibited by the N 4 , 207 Pb NMR absorption peak position, and density data. A computer simulation study of the effects of Gaussian and Lorentzian broadening on the determination of N 4 using the area method was performed and indicates that the presence of Lorentzian broadening in the NMR lineshape can adversely affect the N 4 measurement.
Continua with cones homeomorphic to hyperspaces

Abstract We investigate continua with the property that the cone over the continuum is homeomorphic to the hyperspace of subcontinua of the continuum. Among our results are the following theorems: (i)Such a finite-dimensional continuum must be atriodic and one-dimensional; (ii)if such a continuum is hereditarily decomposable, then it must be an arc, an arcwiseconnected circle-like continuum, or a compactification of either (0,1) or R with remainder either a circle or an arc. Examples are given to show that none of these possibilities may be omitted.
The subluxating or wandering femoral head in developmental dislocation of the hip.

The subluxating (wandering) femoral head in developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) has heretofore not been clearly separated from subluxation. The former is passively reducible, whereas the latter is not. The subluxating hip in paralytic and other connective disorders is well established, but the author has encountered several well-documented cases of this problem in DDH, and four have at least a 2-year follow-up. Three important issues are significant in these cases. The physical findings can be very elusive in the subluxating hip, the radiographic manifestations are different from those encountered in the subluxated hip, and effective treatment requires a pelvic osteotomy that alters the shape of the acetabulum (Pemberton or Dega). The redirectional (Salter) osteotomy does not provide adequate coverage in this situation wherein the femoral head/acetabular relations are so unstable. Two examples are presented to illustrate these issues.
Stereo-Based Tree Traversability Analysis for Autonomous Off-Road Navigation

Autonomous off-road navigation through forested areas is particularly challenging when there exists a mixture of densely distributed thin and thick trees. To make progress through a dense forest, the robot must decide which trees it can push over and which trees it must circumvent. This paper describes a stereo-based tree traversability algorithm implemented and tested on a robotic vehicle under the DARPA PerceptOR program. Edge detection is applied to the left view of the stereo pair to extract long and vertical edge contours. A search step matches anti-parallel line pairs that correspond to the boundaries of individual trees. Stereo ranging is performed and the range data within trunk fragments are averaged. The diameters of each tree is then estimated, based on the average range to the tree, the focal length of the camera, and the distance in pixels between matched contour lines. We use the estimated tree diameters to construct a tree traversability image used in generating a terrain map. In stationary experiments, the average error in estimating the diameter of thirty mature tree trunks (having diameters ranging from 10-65 cm and a distance from the cameras ranging from 2.5-30 meters) was less than 5 cm. Tree traversability results from the daytime for short baseline (9 cm) and wide baseline (30 cm) stereo are presented. Results from nighttime using wide baseline (33.5 cm) thermal infrared stereo are also presented.
Superconductivity of Dilute Indium-Mercury Alloys

Measurements were made of the critical magnetic field for the transition from the superconducting to the normal state in polycrystalline rods of the substitutional solid solution In-Hg, containing 0-7 atomic percent Hg. The treatment given these alloys was designed to assure homogeneity in composition in which case the transitions to the normal state were found to be similar to those for pure elemental superconductors. It was, moreover, possible to distinguish between properties that are characteristic of the ideal alloy system and properties which arise from structure within the specimen. ${T}_{c}$, the transition temperature at zero field, was measured as a function of composition and was found initially to decrease (up to a concentration of 1.75 atomic percent Hg) after which it began to increase with added Hg concentration. The width of the transition to the normal state, as measured by the variation of specimen resistance in a longitudinal magnetic field, was found to show a regular dependence upon composition, and also reached a minimum value at 1.75 atomic percent Hg. The superconducting properties of pure indium were measured and used as a standard. For indium it was found that: ${T}_{c}=3.407\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.002\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}\mathrm{K}; {H}_{0}=293\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2% \mathrm{oersted};$ and $(\frac{d{H}_{c}}{\mathrm{dT}})|{T}_{c}=\ensuremath{-}155.5\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}3%$ oersted/\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K.
What comes after Homo Sapiens

All species are fated either to die out or to evolve into something else. All except humans, that is
An explicit scheme for tracking the filling front during polymer mold filling

Abstract Tracking the filling front during polymer mold filling can be achieved by solving the so-called “volume of fluid” (VOF) equation. In this paper, a method that unifies many of the existing VOF-based schemes is introduced. Each variant of this unified method requires, at each time step, the solution of a system of equations which can be nonlinear. The introduction of pseudo compressibility transforms the basic VOF equation into an equation that matches the well-known enthalpy formulation for solid/liquid phase change. This leads to a fully explicit scheme of the governing filling equations that does not require the solution of a system of equations. If the pseudo compressibility is small enough, the explicit solution is close to the solution obtained with a direct solution of the incompressible VOF equation. Further, in some cases, the explicit scheme is computationally efficient in terms of CPU time and accuracy.
Beam-based modeling and control of storage rings

Analysis of the measured orbit response matrix is a powerful technique for debugging the linear optics of storage rings. The orbit response matrix is the change in orbit at the beam position monitors (BPMs) with changes in steering magnet excitation. Results will be presented from a computer code called LOCO (Linear Optics from Closed Orbits) that has been used to analyze the response matrices from several synchrotron light sources including the ALS, NSLS VUV, NSLS X-ray, and SRRC storage rings. The analysis accurately determines the individual quadrupole magnet gradients as well as the gains of BPMs and the calibrations of the steering magnets. The coupling terms of the response matrix such as the shift in vertical orbit from horizontal steering magnets can be included in the analysis to give the role of the quadrupoles, BPMs and steering magnets. The LOCO code can also be used to find the changes in quadrupole gradient that best compensate for gradient errors from insertion devices and sextupoles. In this way the design periodicity of the linear optics can be restored.
Highly Cited Articles in Library and Information Science: An Analysis of Content and Authorship Trends

Thirty-two highly cited articles that were influential to scholarly communication in library and information science (LIS) in the latter part of the twentieth century are identified and examined. Journal distributions, major subject themes, and authorship characteristics of these articles are discussed and compared to the majority of scholarly articles published in LIS during the same time period.
Modeling biological disturbances in LANDIS: a module description and demonstration using spruce budworm

Insects and diseases are common disturbance agents in forested ecosystems. Severe outbreaks can cause significant changes in tree species composition, age structure, and fuel conditions over broad areas. To investigate the role of biological disturbances in shaping forest landscapes over time, we constructed a new “biological disturbance agent” (BDA) module for a landscape-level forest succession and disturbance simulator, LANDIS. The BDA module is designed to simulate tree mortality following major outbreaks of insects and/or disease. Major outbreaks are defined as those significant enough to influence forest succession, fire disturbance, or harvest disturbance at landscape scales. Module design is flexible to accommodate a diversity of life history traits characterizing destructive insects and diseases, and more than one BDA can be simulated to examine their interactions. Five main elements control the probability of biological disturbance within the module: (1) local host dominance on a given site; (2) host value modifiers that reflect environmental conditions and recent disturbance history; (3) host dominance within a user-specified neighborhood; (4) the temporal outbreak pattern characteristic of the BDA, and (5) BDA dispersal in cases where the annual dispersal range of the BDA is small relative to the study area. In this paper, we describe the first four elements of the BDA module, and present the initial testing of the module on a variety of neutral landscape patterns, using Eastern spruce budworm as a test case. Our results are consistent with published successional patterns of spruce-fir and mixed forests affected by spruce budworm, but also highlight areas of uncertainty in the spatio-temporal patterns of budworm-caused tree mortality and biological disturbances in general. We suggest that the behavior of the module is consistent with the design and intended purpose of LANDIS as a probabilistic landscape-level simulator of forest disturbance and succession. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Use of Peptide Nucleic Acid-Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization for Definitive, Rapid Identification of Five Common Candida Species

We investigated a 2.5-h peptide nucleic acid-fluorescence in situ hybridization (PNA-FISH) assay with five Candida species-specific probes to identify Candida colonies and compared it to standard 2-h to 5-day phenotypic identification methods. Suspensions were made and slides were prepared and read for fluorescence per the manufacturer's instructions. Sensitivity was 99% (109/110), and specificity was 99% (129/130). PNA-FISH can rapidly identify those Candida species isolated most frequently.
Communication and culture: opportunities for safer surgery

The Institute of Medicine’s report in 1999 To Err is Human estimated that 44 000 to 98 000 deaths occur due to preventable medical errors every year in the USA. These startling numbers thrust patient safety and medical error into the spotlight of public discourse and professional debate.1 The field of surgery has responded by positioning to lead process and outcomes improvement in the operating theatre and critical care settings. In the US, the adoption of the National Surgery Quality Improvement Project from the Veterans Administration by the American College of Surgeons (ACS) has led to a reduction in 30-day mortality by nearly one-third and 30-day morbidity by nearly two-fifths in the initial cohort of participating hospitals.2 The Surgical Care Improvement Project, a collaboration between the US Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, the ACS, the American Hospital Association and others, has set its goal to reduce surgical complications by one-quarter by the year 2010.3 In spite of these initiatives, there remains a gap in safe and effective communication in the operating room and in the surgical intensive care unit. Communication failures frequently are engendered by status asymmetry and high-tension situations.45 In the face of communication failure, many staff members turn to process work-arounds, which may solve the immediate problem but fail to improve the system.6 Quick fixes should no longer be acceptable to staff …
Near infrared photoacoustic detection of sentinel lymph nodes with gold nanobeacons.

Detection of sentinel lymph node (SLN) using photoacoustic imaging is an emerging technique for noninvasive axillary staging of breast cancer. Due to the absence of intrinsic contrast inside the lymph nodes, exogenous contrast agents are used for photoacoustic detection. In this work, we have demonstrated near infrared detection of SLN with gold nanobeacons (GNBs) providing the photoacoustic contrast in a rodent model. We found that size dictates the in vivo characteristics of these nanoparticles in SLN imaging. Larger nanobeacons with high payloads of gold were not as efficient as smaller size nanobeacons with lower payloads for this purpose. Colloidal GNBs were designed as a nanomedicine platform with “soft” nature that is amenable to bio-elimination, an essential feature for in vivo efficacy and safety. The GNBs were synthesized as lipid- or polymer-encapsulated colloidal particles incorporating tiny gold nanoparticles (2–4 nm) in three tunable sizes (90 nm, 150 nm and 290 nm). Smaller GNBs were noted trafficking through the lymphatic system and accumulating more efficiently in the lymph nodes in comparison to the bigger nanoagents. At 20 min, the GNBs reached the SLN and were no longer observed within the draining lymphatic vessel. Within 1 h post-injection, the contrast ratio of the lymph nodes with the surrounding blood vessels was 9:1. These findings were also supported by analytical measurements of the ex vivo tissue samples. Results indicate that cumulative nanoparticle deposition in lymph nodes is size dependent and that high payloads of gold, although offering greater contrast in vitro, may yield nanoagents with poor intradermal migration and lymphatic transport characteristics.
Extrapair paternity, song, and genetic quality in song sparrows

Most songbirds are socially monogamous, yet molecular studies have found that in most species, some offspring in the nest are sired by males other than the social mate of the female. The functional significance of extrapair paternity (EPP) in social monogamy is poorly understood, despite numerous theoretical and empirical studies in the last decades. We have examined EPP in the song sparrow (Melospiza melodia) using microsatellites and tested whether females choose as extrapair mates males that 1) had larger song repertoires, 2) shared more songs with their neighbors, 3) were more heterozygous, or 4) were less related to the females than the social mate of these. We found that 24% of offspring were sired by extrapair males and that the extrapair sires were invariably neighbors. However, neither song repertoire size nor song sharing with neighbors predicted a male’s EPP success. Furthermore, neither heterozygosity of a male nor his relatedness to the female predicted EPP success. At the same time, males that did not lose paternity in their own nest or gain paternity in other nests tended to be younger. These results indicate that females are not using song repertoire size or song sharing as a basis for extrapair mate choice and are not likely to accrue significant genetic benefits from EPP. Instead, the occurrence and level of EPP in this population might be primarily governed by behavioral trade-offs between mate guarding and pursuing extrapair copulations. We suggest that detailed behavioral studies are needed to understand extrapair mating in this species. Key words: bird song, compatible genes, extrapair paternity, good genes, song sparrow. [Behav Ecol]
The definition of cross polarization

There are at least three different definitions of cross polarization used in the literature. The alternative definitions are discussed with respect to several applications, and the definition which corresponds to one standard measurement practice is proposed as the best choice.
Correlation between fetal scalp blood samples and intravascular blood pH, pO2 and oxygen saturation measurements.

Objective: This study was designed to compare the values of blood gases in local scalp blood, obtained by scalp blood sampling, with direct measurements of fetal preductal arterial blood in fetal sheep. Methods: Six fetal lambs were catheterized in the brachial artery and vein. Maternal oxygenation was reduced in steps from a fractional inspired oxygen concentration (FiO2) of 20 to 5% by addition of nitrogen to the inhaled gas mixture. Fetal scalp and arterial blood were sampled simultaneously at maternal FiO2 step intervals after maternal FiO2 and oxygen were stable for > 5 min. Blood pH, pO2 and oxygen saturation were measured and linear regression was performed to determine the correlation between these values. Results:Scalp pH correlated well with arterial pH, whereas scalp pO2, pCO2 and oxygen saturation did not. However, when a secondary analysis was performed taking into account the effects of aerobic contamination, scalp pCO2, pO2 and oxygen saturation became highly correlated with arterial values...
Global increases in both common and rare copy number load associated with autism

Children with autism have an elevated frequency of large, rare copy number variants (CNVs). However, the global load of deletions or duplications, per se, and their size, location and relationship to clinical manifestations of autism have not been documented. We examined CNV data from 516 individuals with autism or typical development from the population-based Childhood Autism Risks from Genetics and Environment (CHARGE) study. We interrogated 120 regions flanked by segmental duplications (genomic hotspots) for events >50 kbp and the entire genomic backbone for variants >300 kbp using a custom targeted DNA microarray. This analysis was complemented by a separate study of five highly dynamic hotspots associated with autism or developmental delay syndromes, using a finely tiled array platform (>1 kbp) in 142 children matched for gender and ethnicity. In both studies, a significant increase in the number of base pairs of duplication, but not deletion, was associated with autism. Significantly elevated levels of CNV load remained after the removal of rare and likely pathogenic events. Further, the entire CNV load detected with the finely tiled array was contributed by common variants. The impact of this variation was assessed by examining the correlation of clinical outcomes with CNV load. The level of personal and social skills, measured by Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales, negatively correlated (Spearman's r = -0.13, P = 0.034) with the duplication CNV load for the affected children; the strongest association was found for communication (P = 0.048) and socialization (P = 0.022) scores. We propose that CNV load, predominantly increased genomic base pairs of duplication, predisposes to autism.
Long-term outcome of patients with unexplained syncope treated with an electrophysiologic-guided approach in the implantable cardioverter-defibrillator era

Abstract OBJECTIVES We evaluated the long-term outcome of patients with coronary artery disease and unexplained syncope who were treated with an electrophysiologic (EP)-guided approach. BACKGROUND Electrophysiologic studies are frequently performed to evaluate unexplained syncope in patients with coronary artery disease. Patients with this profile who have inducible ventricular tachycardia are considered at high risk for sudden death and increased overall mortality, and therefore are often treated with an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD). The impact of this EP-guided strategy is unknown because there are no data comparing the long-term outcome of ICD recipients with that of noninducible patients. METHODS We evaluated 67 consecutive patients with coronary artery disease and unexplained syncope. All patients were treated with an EP-guided approach that included ICD implantation in patients with inducible ventricular tachycardia. RESULTS Electrophysiologic testing suggested a plausible diagnosis in 32 (48%) of these patients. Inducible monomorphic ventricular tachycardia was the most common abnormality. Despite frequent appropriate therapy with ICDs, the total mortality for patients with inducible monomorphic ventricular tachycardia was significantly higher than for noninducible patients. The respective one- and two-year survival rates were 94% and 84% in noninducible patients and 77% and 45% in inducible patients (p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS Electrophysiologic testing suggests an etiology for unexplained syncope in approximately 50% of patients and risk stratifies these patients with regard to long-term outcome. Patients who receive an ICD for the management of inducible ventricular tachycardia have a high incidence of spontaneous ventricular arrhythmias requiring ICD therapy. However, despite ICD implantation and frequent appropriate delivery of ICD therapies, patients with inducible ventricular tachycardia have a significantly worse prognosis than do those who are noninducible.
Origins of food reinforcement in infants

Background: Rapid weight gain in infancy is associated with a higher risk of obesity in children and adults. A high relative reinforcing value of food is cross-sectionally related to obesity; lean children find nonfood alternatives more reinforcing than do overweight/obese children. However, to our knowledge, there is no research on how and when food reinforcement develops. Objective: This study was designed to assess whether the reinforcing value of food and nonfood alternatives could be tested in 9- to 18-mo-old infants and whether the reinforcing value of food and nonfood alternatives is differentially related to infant weight status. Design: Reinforcing values were assessed by using absolute progressive ratio schedules of reinforcement, with presentation of food and nonfood alternatives counterbalanced in 2 separate studies. Two nonfood reinforcers [Baby Einstein–Baby MacDonald shows (study 1, n = 27) or bubbles (study 2, n = 30)] were tested against the baby’s favorite food. Food reinforcing ratio (FRR) was quantified by measuring the reinforcing value of food (Food Pmax) in proportion to the total reinforcing value of food and a nonfood alternative (DVD Pmax or BUB Pmax). Results: Greater weight-for-length z score was associated with a greater FRR of a favorite food in study 1 (FRR-DVD) (r = 0.60, P < 0.001) and FRR of a favorite food in study 2 (FRR-BUB) (r = 0.49, P = 0.006), primarily because of the strong association between greater weight-for-length z score and lower DVD Pmax (r = −0.71, P < 0.0001) and BUB Pmax (r = −0.53, P = 0.003). Infant monthly weight gain was positively associated with FRR-DVD (r = 0.57, P = 0.009) and FRR-BUB (r = 0.37, P = 0.047). Conclusions: Our newly developed paradigm, which tested 2 different nonfood alternatives, demonstrated that lean infants find nonfood alternatives more reinforcing than do overweight/obese infants. This observation suggests that strengthening the alternative reinforcers may have a protective effect against childhood obesity. This research was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as {"type":"clinical-trial","attrs":{"text":"NCT02229552","term_id":"NCT02229552"}}NCT02229552.
Pacific Equatorial Subsurface Countercurrent Velocity, Transport, and Potential Vorticity

Concurrent shipboard ADCP and CTD sections are used to calculate the mean velocity, transport, and potential vorticity fields associated with the Pacific equatorial subsurface countercurrents (SCCs). Averaged in stream coordinates, the core eastward velocity of the SCCs is a factor of 2 higher than previously reported means, but the estimated transports are unchanged. The meridional profile of zonal velocity along isopycnals is sharply peaked, and nearly linear on each flank of the current. The sharp and strong reversal of relative vorticity over a distance of 20 km at the jet core sharpens the coincident potential vorticity front. This front separates a region of very low homogeneous potential vorticity on the equatorward side from a homogeneous high potential vorticity region on the poleward side. Each potential vorticity pool extends well beyond the edges of the SCC into regions of westward flow. On the equatorward sides of the SCCs this westward flow is the Equatorial Intermediate Current in the western Pacific, but in the central and eastern parts of the basin it is off the equator in deep extensions of the South Equatorial Current. In the central and eastern regions the net westward transport in an isopycnal layer between the SCCs exceeds the combined eastward SCC transport in that layer. The net zonal transport between the SCC cores is highly divergent in the east and convergent in the west. This pattern, together with downstream changes in SCC density, indicates that neither they nor the westward return flows are simple inertial recirculations; strong diapycnal processes must be involved.
View planning for automated site modeling

We present a systematic method for constructing 3-D models of large outdoor sites. The method is designed for a mobile robot platform and incorporates automated acquisition of scanned data as well as automated view planning and model construction. In our modeling process, we first use a preliminary view or set of preplanned views to yield an initial, approximate, 3-D model of the target structure. Then, we update this model by using a voxel-based procedure to plan and acquire the next best view. This updating is repeated sequentially until an accurate and complete 3-D model is finally obtained. The method was successfully tested on a portion of the Columbia University campus
Postural Tachycardia Syndrome: Clinical Features and Follow-up Study

Objective To define the clinical features and outcome of postural tachycardia syndrome (POTS). Materials and Methods In this cross-sectional study of the autonomic symptom profile, inclusion criteria were orthostatic heart rate increment of 30 beats/min or greater, orthostatic symptoms, completion of a standardized autonomic test battery, and follow-up of 18 months or longer. We used 2 instruments. The first part was a structured and validated autonomic symptom profile (108 patients). The second part was a structured questionnaire focused on autonomic status on prospective follow-up (40 patients) (mean ± SD follow-up, 67±52 months). Results Most patients had frequent, persistent, and at least moderately severe symptoms for less than 5 years. The following orthostatic symptoms occurred in more than 75% of subjects: light-headedness or dizziness, lower extremity or diffuse weakness, disequilibrium, tachycardia, and shakiness. Nonorthostatic symptoms included dry eyes or mouth, gastrointestinal complaints of bloating, early satiety, nausea, pain, and alternating diarrhea and constipation. Half of the patients reported an antecedent illness presumed to be of viral origin. On follow-up, 80 % of patients were improved, 60% were functionally normal, and 90% were able to return to work. Patients who had an antecedent event appeared to do better than those with spontaneous POTS. Salt supplementation and β-blockers were the most efficacious therapies. Conclusion In the majority of patients, POTS is self-resolving, especially in those with a triggering event.
Jean Louis Schefer: screen memories from L'Homme ordinaire du cinéma

Jean Louis Schefer is one of the less well-known French philosophers of cinema, and yet his seminal work from 1980, L'Homme ordinaire du cinema, which has gone largely unnoticed in Anglo-American criticism, has been very influential on French film thinking. This paper sets out to frame Schefer's work in a manner that makes more accessible his unconventional manner and analysis of cinema history. Schefer's philosophy of cinema offers a very personal understanding of how the ‘ordinary person’ experiences cinema and, in particular, how individual films have the ability to shape personal interactions with history and culture, forming an ‘inner history’ that has been a part and continues to be a part of twentieth-century existential being, often confronting us with the more difficult moments and events in recent human history.
Behavioral impacts of disentanglement of a right whale under sedation and the energetic cost of entanglement

Protracted entanglement in fishing gear often leads to emaciation through reduced mobility and foraging ability, and energy budget depletion from the added drag of towing gear for months or years. We examined changes in kinematics of a tagged entangled North Atlantic right whale (Eg 3911), before, during, and after disentanglement on 15 January 2011. To calculate the additional drag forces and energetic demand associated with various gear configurations, we towed three sets of gear attached to a load-cell tensiometer at multiple speeds. Tag analyses revealed significant increases in dive depth and duration; ascent, descent and fluke stroke rates; and decreases in root mean square fluke amplitude (a proxy for thrust) following disentanglement. Conservative drag coefficients while entangled in all gear configurations (mean ± SD Cd,e,go = 3.4 × 10−3 ± 0.0003, Cd,e,gb = 3.7 × 10−3 ± 0.0003, Cd,e,sl = 3.8 × 10−3 ± 0.0004) were significantly greater than in the nonentangled case (Cd,n = 3.2 × 10−3 ± 0.0003; P = 0.0156, 0.0312, 0.0078, respectively). Increases in total power input (including standard metabolism) over the nonentangled condition ranged from 1.6% to 120.9% for all gear configurations tested; locomotory power requirements increased 60.0%–164.6%. These results highlight significant alteration to swimming patterns, and the magnitude of energy depletion in a chronically entangled whale.
Male modulation of female reproductive physiology in Norway rats: effects of mating during postpartum estrus.

Like the majority of other male mammals, male rats typically complete several ejaculatory series during mating. Despite earlier evidence to the contrary, it now appears that these multiple series may be crucial for successful reproduction. Thus, in Long-Evans females mated during postpartum estrus, multiple series increased the proportion of females that became pregnant, decreased the proportion with stillborn pups, and decreased the number of stillborn pups per litter.
3DRobot: automated generation of diverse and well-packed protein structure decoys

Motivation Computationally generated non-native protein structure conformations (or decoys) are often used for designing protein folding simulation methods and force fields. However, almost all the decoy sets currently used in literature suffer from uneven root mean square deviation (RMSD) distribution with bias to non-protein like hydrogen-bonding and compactness patterns. Meanwhile, most protein decoy sets are pre-calculated and there is a lack of methods for automated generation of high-quality decoys for any target proteins. Results We developed a new algorithm, 3DRobot, to create protein structure decoys by free fragment assembly with enhanced hydrogen-bonding and compactness interactions. The method was benchmarked with three widely used decoy sets from ab initio folding and comparative modeling simulations. The decoys generated by 3DRobot are shown to have significantly enhanced diversity and evenness with a continuous distribution in the RMSD space. The new energy terms introduced in 3DRobot improve the hydrogen-bonding network and compactness of decoys, which eliminates the possibility of native structure recognition by trivial potentials. Algorithms that can automatically create such diverse and well-packed non-native conformations from any protein structure should have a broad impact on the development of advanced protein force field and folding simulation methods. AVAILIABLITY AND IMPLEMENTATION: http://zhanglab.ccmb.med.umich.edu/3DRobot/ Contact jiay@phy.ccnu.edu.cn; zhng@umich.edu Supplementary information Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Do Trade Restrictions or Openness AffectEconomic Growth Differently in the Presence of Export Credits

This paper looks at the impact of trade barriers and trade openness on economic growth in the presence of export credits. A panel data analysis of 90 non-Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries, which are recipients of export credit is conducted and the impact of trade restrictions and trade openness on economic growth over three decades is investigated. The results show no evidence of any change in the impact of trade restriction on economic growth but a positive and significant impact of trade openness on economic growth in the presence of export credits.
Economic Epidemiology of Malaria and Income Growth

This paper models the equilibrium dynamics of Malaria disease and aggregate income. It incorporates utility maximizing private human-host behaviors regarding malaria related health care investments. The paper contrasts how economic and biological epidemiology models differ in their predictions of dynamics of the disease and their effects on economic growth and in their prescriptions of public policies. The paper examines various public policies such as malaria awareness education program, provision of preventive cares to the poor through markets, and the timing of public malaria control programs, and the effects of such public policies on the dynamics of the disease and aggregate income.
Foraging habitat and home-range characteristics of California spotted owls in the Sierra Nevada

We examined habitat use patterns at two spatial scales among six radio-tagged California Spotted Owls (Strix occidentalis occidentalis) in the Sierra Nevada. Foraging owls selected macrohabitats composed of larger trees (> 52 cm dbh) with canopy closures of 40% and greater. Owls used forests composed of medium trees (28-52 cm dbh) and habitats with less than 40% canopy closure, which is less frequently than expected. Fewer than 2% of telemetry locations occurred in clearcut/shrub/plantation habitat which represented 30% of available habitat. Foraging owls used microhabitats that were characterized by multiple vegetative strata, large tree size classes, high tree basal areas and woody debris. The median 100% minimum convex polygon home-range was 1,439 ha (n = 5, June to December, 1987). Telemetry locations were statistically independent when separated by five days. Estimates of minimum convex polygon and modified minimum convex polygon size based on statistically independent telemetry data were significantly smaller than estimates based on continuous and single-observation monitoring.
A23 Organising and Managing an Efficient Enroll-HD Clinic – how to get all the Work Done and Manage a Busy Clinic

Enroll-HD is a longitudinal observational study of Huntington’s disease that functions as a registry of potential participants for clinical trials. Investigators are encouraged to recruit as many of their HD patients and pre-symptomatic gene expansion carriers as possible into Enroll-HD allowing visibility to participant clinical data that can be used to determine potential eligibility for clinical trial inclusion. Managing the workflow for hundreds of participants in Enroll-HD at sites can be challenging. This educational session will explore a variety of strategies that work at existing sites to organise and manage research staff responsibilities and participant through-put in a busy Enroll-HD clinic. The session will be interactive and through sharing of ideas and practical strategies participants will develop plans that can be implemented at their site.
CORONARY ARTERY CALCIUM SCORE AS A PREDICTOR FOR INCIDENT ISCHEMIC STROKE: SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND META-ANALYSIS

The objective of this study was to investigate the predictive value of CACS obtained by noncontrast electrocardiogram-gated CT for incident ischemic stroke. We search Pubmed, Embase, Cochrane databases for prospective longitudinal studies of CACS which reported the incidence of ischemic stroke.
Research and Design of Sanatorium Information System Integration Based on Cloud Computing Technology

Objective: according to the information system of sanatorium, database type and version is not uniform, the actual situation the server efficiency, improve the efficiency of solving resource integration problem, need; Methods: the application of cloud computing technology, to build a virtual server, desktop, server and application server, system integration, military medical records of a number system, physical examination system, system of guest room, dining system; Results: from the underlying hardware, service layer, application layer accounting floor to the top floor, systematically design the overall scheme, the integration of all resources sanatorium; Conclusion: through integration, so it has strong expansibility, wide application, cost saving features, can greatly improve the resource utilization efficiency, provide powerful support for the informatization construction in sanatorium.
Adhering to the Reform and Opening-up Policy Firmly

Reform and opening up to the outside world is the key choice to determine the fate of China at the present age,and is also the main theme of socialist modernization in the new era.Persisting in reform and opening-up policy means that we should hold the banner highly,stick to this road and adhere to the theoretical system firmly.To ensure that the reform and opening-up has always been marching to the right orientation,we should further confirm our determination and confidence in promoting the reform and opening-up and constantly remove errors and interferences to ensure the reform and opening-up to go forward in its right path.