cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparison of empirical correlations and a two-equation predictive model for heat transfer to arbitrary arrays of single-phase impinging jets

Abstract This paper presents a partial review of single-phase experiments & correlations for heat transfer to an array of impinging jets and compares their ability to be predicted by a two-equation numerical model for an arbitrary array of jets. It is found that the two-equation numerical model can predict the average Nusselt number with a mean absolute error of 15.8% over the following ranges: Re
Equivariant RO(G)-graded bordism theories

Abstract Let G be a finite group. The RO( G )-graded bordism theories of Pulikowski [7] and Kosniowski [3] are studied. Representing equivariant Thom spectra are constructed, and the relevant transversality results proved. New methods for splitting away from the order of G are described, and behavior in the presence of a gap hypothesis is examined.
On output feedback stabilization and pole assignment

Abstract The paper establishes the relationship between the coefficients of the closed-loop characteristic polynomial and the output feedback matrix. The conditions under which these coefficients are linear functions of the elements of feedback matrix are given. The results are used to determine the existence of stabilizing and pole assigning output feedback matrices. The maximum number of the arbitrarily assignable poles is also given.
Cooling Rates in Hot-Poured Bituminous Sealants

The performance of bituminous sealants applied to cracks and joints is partly governed by installation. An important installation parameter yet to be investigated is the sealant rate of cooling after it is poured hot. Cooling rates affect sealant microstructure and rheology, adhesion at the sealant-hot-mix asphalt interface, and the time during which traffic must be rerouted. To provide data on sealant cooling rates, the temperature change in three sealants was measured in the field and in the laboratory. Results indicated that sealant bulk temperatures were >50°C lower than the sealant application temperature, typically 180°C, almost immediately after pouring, and that sealant bulk temperatures reached 40°C or less within 15 min. This finding suggests that traffic could be rerouted for less time than the standard 30 min. The instantaneous sealant temperature at the sealant-substrate interface was also measured to be below 100°C immediately after pouring of the sealant. This finding emphasizes the need fo...
Twelve weeks of moderate aerobic exercise without dietary intervention or weight loss does not affect 24-h energy expenditure in lean and obese adolescents

Background: Exercise might have a persistent effect on energy expenditure and fat oxidation, resulting in increased fat loss. However, even without weight loss, exercise results in positive metabolic effects. The effect of an aerobic exercise program on 24-h total energy expenditure (TEE) and its components—basal (BEE), sleep (SEE), and awake sedentary (SEDEE) energy expenditure and substrate oxidation—has not been studied in lean and obese adolescents. Objective: The objective was to test the hypothesis that 24-h energy expenditure and fat oxidation increase in lean and obese adolescents after 12 wk of moderate aerobic exercise without dietary intervention and weight loss. Design: Twenty-eight postpubertal Hispanic adolescents (13 lean [mean ± SE: age, 15.3 ± 0.3 y; body mass index (BMI; in kg/m2), 20.2 ± 0.7; body fat, 18.7 ± 1.6%] and 15 obese [age, 15.6 ± 0.3 y; BMI, 33.1 ± 0.9; body fat, 38.1 ± 1.4%]) completed a 12-wk aerobic exercise program (4 × 30 min/wk at ≥70% of VO2 peak) without weight loss. Energy expenditure and substrate oxidation were quantified by 24-h room calorimetry at baseline and postexercise. Results: This aerobic exercise program did not affect 24-h TEE, BEE, SEE, or SEDEE in lean or obese participants. In obese adolescents, respiratory quotient (RQ) and substrate oxidation also did not change. In lean adolescents, 24-h RQ and RQ during SEE decreased (both P < 0.01) and fat oxidation increased (P < 0.01). Conclusions: A 12-wk aerobic exercise program did not increase TEE, BEE, SEE, or SEDEE in either lean or obese sedentary adolescents. Furthermore, 24-h fat oxidation did not change in the obese adolescents, whereas it increased in the lean adolescents.
Deep brain stimulation for the treatment of addiction: basic and clinical studies and potential mechanisms of action

Rationale Deep brain stimulation (DBS) has achieved substantial success as a treatment for movement disorders such as Parkinson’s disease. The therapeutic efficacy and relative lack of serious side effects resulted in the expansion of DBS into the treatment of many other diseases, including obsessive–compulsive disorder, Tourette’s, and depression, among others. More recently, a limited number of basic and clinical studies indicated that DBS may also be useful in the treatment of various addictions.
The concept of social integration: a policy‐research agenda

This article reviews the concept of “social integration” as it developed through the series of international conferences and summits held over the last decade. Social integration, which was once viewed in a welfarist way that emphasised giving help to vulnerable and disadvantaged groups so that they could integrate better into “normal” society, was redefined to focus on the very nature of society and the relations among all its component groups. Emphasis is shifted from a narrow focus on groups to a broader understanding of social forces that create vulnerability and disadvantage. Implications of this shift for social policy research are suggested. The article also summarises the main activities of the Social Integration Branch of the Division for Social Policy and Development, UNDESA, which has primary responsibilities within the United Nations Secretariat for policies and activities related to the situation of specific social groups, including youth, older persons, persons with disabilities, families and persons in situations of conflict.
Removal of Mercury from Clayey Soils Using Electrokinetics

Abstract Numerous sites have been polluted with mercury as a result of accidental spills and improper disposal practices, and these mercury-contaminated sites may have adverse effects on human health and the environment. Innovative and cost-effective remediation techniques are urgently needed, and this study was performed to investigate the use of electrokinetics for mercury-contaminated soils. Initially, batch tests were performed on two soils, kaolin and glacial till, spiked with mercury(II) to investigate mercury desorption and complexation under different pH environments (pH range 2–12). The complexing agents included disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate (Na-EDTA), potassium iodide (KI), and sodium chloride (NaCl), and these solutions were used at a concentration of 0.1 M. In addition, deionized water was used for comparison purposes. Based on the batch tests, Na-EDTA and KI were identified as the complexing agents with the greatest potential. The removal efficiency of these complexing agents was then...
The stem cell niche: lessons from the Drosophila testis

In metazoans, tissue maintenance and regeneration depend on adult stem cells, which are characterized by their ability to self-renew and generate differentiating progeny in response to the needs of the tissues in which they reside. In the Drosophila testis, germline and somatic stem cells are housed together in a common niche, where they are regulated by local signals, epigenetic mechanisms and systemic factors. These stem cell populations in the Drosophila testis have the unique advantage of being easy to identify and manipulate, and hence much progress has been made in understanding how this niche operates. Here, we summarize recent work on stem cells in the adult Drosophila testis and discuss the remarkable ability of these stem cells to respond to change within the niche.
Ambulatory surgery centers׳ use of Health Information Technology

Abstract Purpose The use of Health Information Technology is imperative to timely and quality patient care. Despite the projected benefits of information technology and the high frequency of physician office hand-offs to ambulatory surgery centers, it is not clear how, or even if, information technology is used internally by ambulatory surgery centers, or if it is used as patients transition to and from ambulatory surgery settings. Methodology An online survey of Wisconsin׳s ambulatory surgery centers (ASCs) explored the use of Health Information Technology and Electronic Health Records to ascertain the extent of their use within the surgery centers and externally as patients move between outpatient settings. Results Approximately 47% of the participating surgery centers reported no use of Electronic Health Records. Thirty-Seven percent reported no access to, and no use of, any core Electronic Health Record functions. Conclusions The use of Health Information Technology both within and between ambulatory surgery centers in Wisconsin is low. This supports other studies that find the adoption of Electronic Health Records in surgery practices tends to be lower than in other specialties. This low adoption rate might be attributed to on-going problems and concerns with interoperability and with the high cost to practices in terms of financial investment and initial drops in productivity.
A study on trading scams in massively multiplayer online role-playing games and risk mitigation techniques

Scamming in massive multiplayer online role-playing games (MMORPG) has become a significant issue in gameplay today. With the multitude of MMORPG games to choose from and the millions of users playing these games, there are significant opportunites for scammers to take advantage of unsuspecting users. The research first creates a taxonomy of online trading scams for aiding developers to prevent scamming in games. This taxonomy focuses on the targets, objectives, and strategies scammers use in MMORPGs. Secondly, it introduces a scam mitigation method to reduce opportunities for scams within the MMORPG trading environment. The mitigation method implements three services: Barter, Market, and Contract. Using the services can provide a trustworthy venue for trading, prevent common scams, and provide better overall gameplay for current and future users.
True School: Situational Authenticity in Chicago’s Hip-Hop Underground:

How do outsiders negotiate participation within a subculture when they are deemed inauthentic by that subculture’s insiders? To explore this question, I examine the underground hip-hop scene in Chi...
The Cylindric Algebras of Three-Valued Logic

§0. Introduction. In this paper we consider the three-valued logic used by Kleene [6] in the theory of partial recursive functions. This logic has three truth values: true (T), false (F), and undefined (U). One interpretation of U is as follows: Suppose we have two partially recursive predicates P(x) and Q(x) and we want to know the truth value of P(x) A Q(x) for a particular x0. If x0 is in the domain of definition of both P and Q, then P(x0) A Q(xo) is true if both P(x0) and Q(xo) are true, and false otherwise. But what if x0 is not in the domain of definition of P, but is in the domain of definition of Q? There are several choices, but the one chosen by Kleene is that if Q(xo) is false, then P(x0) A Q(xo) is also false and if Q(xo) is true, then P(x0) A Q(xo) is undefined. What arises is the question about knowledge of whether or not x0 is in the domain of definition of P. Is there an eSective procedure to determine this? If not, then we can interpret U as being unknown. If there is an eSective procedure, then our decision for the truth value for P(x) A Q(x) is based onSthe knowledge that is not in the domain of definition of P. In this case, U can be interpreted as undefined. In either case, we base our truth value of P(x) A Q(x) on the truth value of Q(xo) In [6], Kleene gives truth tables for the propositional connectives of a three-valued logic. In this paper, we extend this to three-valued first order predicate logic. For a formula S° and a structure A, in classical two-valued logic, S° is the set of all assignments of elements of A to variables that make y7 true in A. In our logic, y7 is an ordered pair of sets of assignments, the first of which is the set of all assignments that make 9 true in A, and the second of which is the set of all assignments that make f false in Vl. The assignments which are neither in the first set nor the second set are those for which y7 is undefined in A. In this presentation we give a proof structure for the true formulas and also for the non-false formulas of this three-valued logic and prove two forms of the completeness theorem for each of them. One form asserts that every consistent set of formulas has a model. We prove this, as can be done in the two-valued case [5], by using a representation theorem in 3-cylindric algebras, an analogue of cylindric algebras, for our three valued-logic. 3-cylindric algebras include the usual Boolean operations, cylindrification, and diagonal elements that are found in cylindric algebras. Our algebras also have an additional element u for undefined and a unary operation os for the defined part of an
Technical note – operational statistics: Properties and the risk-averse case

Consider a repeated newsvendor problem for managing the inventory of perishable products. When the parameter of the demand distribution is unknown, it has been shown that the traditional separated estimation and optimization (SEO) approach could lead to suboptimality. To address this issue, an integrated approach called operational statistics (OS) was developed by Chu et al., Oper Res Lett 36 (2008) 110–116. In this note, we first study the properties of this approach and compare its performance with that of the traditional SEO approach. It is shown that OS is consistent and superior to SEO. The benefit of using OS is larger when the demand variability is higher. We then generalize OS to the risk-averse case under the conditional value-at-risk (CVaR) criterion. To model risk from both demand sampling and future demand uncertainty, we introduce a new criterion, called the total CVaR, and find the optimal OS under this new criterion. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics 62: 206–214, 2015
Science in Dachau's shadow: HEBB, Beecher, and the development of CIA psychological torture and modern medical ethics

In August 2006, the U.S. Army’s surgeon general, General Kevin Kiley, appeared before the national convention of the American Psychological Association (APA) dressed in full combat uniform to defend the participation of psychologists in interrogation. “Psychology,” he declared, invoking a military maxim that many present may have found unsettling, “is an important weapons system” (Levine, 2007; Lewis, 2004). For over half a century, from the Cold War to the War on Terror, psychology has served the U.S. intelligence community as a secret weapon in wars against its ideological enemies, first communism and now Islamic fundamentalism. From the start of the Cold War, the U.S. intelligence community has lavished rewards on the psychology profession, both generous funding for experimental researchers and employment for clinical specialists, producing a variant of what psychiatrist Robert Lifton has called a “Faustian bargain.” In this case, the price paid has been the APA’s collective silence, ethical “numbing,” and over time, historical amnesia (Lifton, 1986, pp. 418–419). Illustrative of this latter phenomenon, only months after General Kiley’s extraordinary address to the APA, the Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences published a discussion by two psychologists that, instead of debating these ethical issues or probing this troubled past, engaged in a collective attack on a study that tried to break this silence over the CIA’s patronage of cognitive science—my recent book, A Question of Torture. In a disjointed 15-page critique, the psychologist Richard Brown accused me, incorrectly, of fabricating text to lend credibility to his catalogue of my supposed scholarly derelictions.1 Moreover, in defending Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences, Vol. 43(4), 401–417 Fall 2007 Published online in Wiley Interscience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/jhbs.20271 © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Abandonment, Entrapment, and Neoclassical Realism in Asia: The United States, Japan, and Korea

For decades, area specialists have argued that international relations (IR) theory cannot adequately explain security dynamics in East Asia as a result of cultures, histories, and traditions distinct from the West. A shining anomaly put forth in this regard is the relationship between Japan and the Republic of Korea (ROK). Why have these two powers had such volatile relations, despite their elite ties, economic complementarities, and shared security adversaries throughout the Cold War and Post-Cold War eras? Area scholars point to historical antagonism as the primary explanatory variable; however, this at best explains only part of the picture (i.e., the friction but not the cooperation). Balance of threat theorists might explain Japan-Korea volatility as a function of changes in the level of external threat; however, variations in threats posed to the two powers do not correlate well with outcomes in bilateral interaction. Developing the concept of quasi-alliances (two states that remain non-allied but share a third power as a common ally), this article argues that Japanese and Korean perceptions of their common great power patron's security commitment (the United States) directly affects the level of political-military cooperation between the two quasi-allied states. Fears of U.S. abandonment determine when and under what conditions historical anger most affects the tenor of relations. The level of patron commitment is also a better determinant of alliance behavior than the level of external threat. Framing the relationship in this manner, I attempt to acknowledge area scholars' concerns about the critical role of history and culture, but consider history's salience in the context of equally critical but acultural security ties that underlie the two states' triangular relations with the United States. For alliance theory, this East Asian case shows how alignment choices are not a direct function of external threat but threats as refracted through perceptions of patron commitment. In security relationships with high degrees of asymmetrical dependence, patron promises matter more than adversarial threats because promises can mitigate threats, leading to behavior not predicted by balance of threat theory. Moreover, in extreme cases, promises (or lack thereof) can affect alliance behavior irrespective of variations in the objective level of external threat.
Recent Developments in FDTD Modeling of Dispersive and Dispersion-Engineered Materials

This paper discusses the recent developments on the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method in highly dispersive regimes. Focus is given on two examples of interest: EM energy propagation via plasmon resonances in metal nanoparticles (MNPs) chains, and frozen modes in nonreciprocal MPCs. In the former case, J-E-H FDTD formulations with Drude dispersion model are employed to analyze nanoscale chains comprising of gold nanospheres. In the latter case, D-H and B-E FDTD formulations associated with general constitutive relations are extended to verify the striking properties of nonreciprocal MPCs
Potentials from fluxes

We discuss the compactification of type IIB supergravity with fluxes to generate a potential for the moduli. In particular we resolve an apparent conflict with the no-go theorem for de Sitter space. It is shown that a positive potential for certain moduli is possible in situations where the volume modulus has no critical point. We also point out that the derivation of the potential is strictly valid only for a trivial warp factor. To go beyond that seems to require the inclusion of all the Kaluza-Klein excitations. We end with a discussion of the stabilization of the volume modulus.
Dialysate sodium and the milieu intérieur.

The life-sustaining technology of maintenance hemodialysis attempts to accomplish in a dozen or so hours a week what the kidneys labor to do 24 hours per day: maintain the optimal composition and volume of body fluids. Claude Bernard's insight in the 1800s about the milieu interieur (“all of the
Percutaneous Augmentation of Vertebral Compression Fractures

More than 700,000 osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures occur annually and can have an impact on the health and life of a patient similar to that of a hip fracture. Percutaneous vertebral augmentation with vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty can be performed to treat painful compression fractures refractory to nonoperative care. Both procedures have been reported to result in pain reduction and functional improvement for patients with compression fractures. Cement extrusion with neurologic compromise and subsequent fracture can complicate treatment. Although evidence is currently mixed, vertebral augmentation should be considered for patients with severe pain and functional impairment caused by a compression fracture.
Experiments with initial transient deletion for parallel, replicated steady-state simulations

A simple and effective way to exploit parallel processors in discrete event simulations is to run multiple independent replications, in parallel, on multiple processors and to average the results at the end of the runs. We call this the method of parallel replications. This paper is concerned with using the method of parallel replications for estimating steady-state performance measures. We report on the results of queueing network simulation experiments that compare the statistical properties of several possible estimators that can be formed using this method. The theoretical asymptotic properties of these estimators were determined in Glynn and Heidelberger 1989a, b. Both the theory and the experimental results reported here strongly indicate that a nonstandard in the context of steady-state simulation, yet easy to apply, estimation procedure is required on highly parallel machines. This nonstandard estimator is a ratio estimator. The experiments also show that use of the ratio estimator is advantageous even on machines with only a moderate degree of parallelism.
Free-hand interaction with leap motion controller for stroke rehabilitation

In recent years, the field of Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) has been advanced with many technologies, however, most are limited to healthy users. In this paper, we leveraged the technology of free-hand interaction to rehabilitate patients with stroke. We modified the game of Fruit Ninja to use Leap Motion controller's hand tracking data for stroke patients with arm and hand weakness to practice their finger individuation. In a pilot study, we recruited 14 patients with chronic stroke to play the game using natural interaction. Their Fruit Ninja (FN) scores show high correlation with the standard clinical assessment scores such as Fugl-Meyer (FMA) and Box-and-Blocks Test (BBT) scores. This finding suggests that our free-hand Fruit Ninja's score is a good indicator of the patient's hand function and therefore will be informative if used in their rehabilitation.
Properties of reticulum cell sarcomas in SJL/J mice. V. Nature of reticulum cell sarcoma surface antigen which induces proliferation of normal SJL/J T cells.

The results of studies on the reticulum cell sarcoma (RCS) tumors of SJL/J mice presented here, indicate that spontaneous tumors, which arise in older mice, also possess the capacity to induce the vigorous proliferative response in syngenetic T lymphocytes that are characteristic of the transplantable RCS lines. Analysis of cell surface antigens revealed the presence of Ia determinats on gradient-purified transplantable RCS tumor cells; however, these cells did not express Thy 1.2, nIg, or, any of the viral proteins that were tested for by specific antisera. Pretreatment of RCS cells with anti-Ia sera and complement-deleted cells that were stimulatory for syngenetic T lymphocytes, and addition of anti-Ia sera directly to cultures blocked the proliferative response at the stimulator (RCS) cell level. Lymph node cells from H-2(8) strains other than SJL/J, including A.SW and B10.S also gave proliferative responses to RCS cells, although lower in magnitude. A requirement on the part of responding cells for identity with RCS cells at the Ir region was indicated by the finding that A.TH but not A.TL lymph node cells responded to RCS. It is concluded that RCS cells stimulate Ir-region identical T cells (without evidence of presensitization) through a modification in the expression of Ia antigens on the surface of the tumor cells.
Total lipids and phospholipids in turkey tissues.

Abstract INTRODUCTION THE distribution of lipids in animal tissues is variable in both quantity and type. Although the variation is due largely to changes in the triglyceride (TG) content, a less variable fraction is composed of cholesterol (C), phospholipids (PL), and glycolipids (GL); collectively, these are referred to as “essential” lipids. Of the essential lipids, PL constitute the bulk of those present in muscle, as they do in organs. Aside from the structural and metabolic functions of phospholipids (Green and Fleischer, 1963; Papahadjopoulos and Hanahan, 1964; Hokin and Hokin, 1964; and Vignais et al., 1964), evidence indicates that they are actively involved in oxidation during the processing and storage of meat, which results in the development of “rancid” flavors. The relatively rapid rate of oxygen absorption by individual PL (Mattsson and Swartling, 1963) is explained in part by the extent of saturation of their substituent fatty acids. Lea (1957), who studied …
Investing in Reduced Setups in the EOQ Model

This paper is motivated by the observation that the Japanese have devoted much time and energy to decreasing setup costs in their manufacturing processes and that there has been little in the way of a formal framework available to use to think about such efforts. The object of this paper is to begin to provide such a framework. The framework developed identifies only one aspect of the advantages of reducing setups, namely reduced inventory related operating costs. The other advantages, such as improved quality control, flexibility, and increased effective capacity, are not accounted for in this paper. Nevertheless, substantial reductions in setups may be warranted based solely on the benefits identified in this paper. The approach taken here introduces an investment cost associated with changing the current setup level and adds a per unit time amortization of this cost to the other costs identified in the standard EOQ model. The general problem becomes that of minimizing the sum of a convex and a concave function. In two special cases, the minimization can be carried out explicitly. In one of these cases, numerous interpretations of the results are made, including comparisons of Japanese and American practices. For example, holding other parameters constant, there is a critical sales level such that investment is made in reducing setups if and only if the sales rate is above that level. When such investment is made, the optimal lot size is independent of the sales rate. The paper also addresses the joint selection of the setup cost and the sales rate. Selection of the sales rate is seen as incorporating explicit production and holding costs into the classical monopolist's pricing problem. An explicit solution is obtained for the model postulated.
Fabrication of Precise Die Edges for Micro-Optical and MEMS Applications

A method for fabricating precise silicon die edges aligned to a precision of 0.5 mum to the features on the front side of the die without damaging these features is described in this paper. A two step die edge fabrication process with die edge defined by silicon DRIE on the front side of the die and edge grinding on the backside of the die was developed. The features on the front-side of the die close to the edge are not mechanically damaged by this technique. Test structure design and fabrication to measure the precision of die edge with respect to the features on the front side is discussed. Die cleaning process using a protective coating deposited prior to the sawing and grinding processes is also presented.
Marriage Equality: The 'States' of the Law Post-Windsor and Perry

On June 26, 2013, the United States Supreme Court issued two historic rulings that simultaneously gave gay rights activists their most influential win, while it provided opponents of same-sex marriage with a welcomed delay in finding a constitutional right to same-sex marriage. In this article, amid growing acceptance of same-sex marriage, we will consider whether the Supreme Court will nationalize same-sex marriage in the near term. To do so, we will conduct a comprehensive analysis of each case decided since the twin landmark decisions. After briefly discussing what the Court said (and did not say) in Hollingsworth v. Perry and United States v. Windsor, we will outline the arguments surrounding federalism, liberty, due process, and equal protection, and apply them to the similar but different questions of marriage celebration as opposed to marriage recognition. We will then consider every post-Windsor court decision overturning state marriage bans, drawing similarities and distinctions when available. We will conclude by discussing the three circuit court decisions to address the issue as well as the pending case in Louisiana. Finally, we will present our prediction (for better or worse) of the outcome of these important issues.
Integral membrane protein fragment recombination after transfer from nanolipoprotein particles to bicelles.

A new method for the measurement of membrane protein oligomer association is described. Two engineered fragments of bacteriorhodopsin, which are known to spontaneously associate in bicelles, were expressed in nanolipoprotein particles (NLPs or nanodiscs) using an Escherichia coli S30 cell-free synthesis system. When separately prepared NLPs containing the fragments were mixed, fragment association did not occur, indicating that the apolipoprotein edge blocks transfer between NLPs. However, when bicelles were added to this mixture, fragment association was detected by disulfide cross-linking. The rate of cross-linking was consistent with previously published equilibrium and kinetic parameters. Characterization of the NLP/bicelle mixture by dynamic light scattering and fluorescence spectroscopy indicates that the NLP bilayer transfers to bicelles in a simple reversal of the synthesis of NLPs from bicelles. These experiments validate using cell-free synthesis of membrane proteins in NLPs, followed by treatme...
We've got a treatment, but what's the disease? or a brief history of hypofractionation and its relationship to stereotactic radiosurgery

Hypofractionation has been a recurring issue during the near century-long history of radiation oncology. Coutard first introduced protracted dose-fraction regimens that uniquely allowed for the control of "deep" tumors. Subsequent studies have consistently shown that hypofractionation leads to an increase in complication rates and a paradoxical decrease in cure rates. There have, nonetheless, been several resurgences of interest in hypofractionation, based on titration of treatment for acute isoeffects and for the accommodation of an adjuvant treatment relating to presumed hypoxia-induced resistance, and more recently, stereotactic radiosurgery. In final analysis of the earlier studies, the same effects on cure and complication were noted and there was a return to multi-fractionation. Stereotactic radiosurgery is now being evaluated. Stereotactic radiosurgery takes hypofractionation to an extreme by use of a single, large fraction of radiation therapy. In doing so, the late effects radiation oncologists ordinarily strive to avoid are brought about intentionally, minimizing or even eliminating any therapeutic index within the treatment volume. Stereotactic radiosurgery has been used successfully for treatment of benign lesions such as arteriovenous malformations in which total volume necrosis of small dimensions appears to be efficacious therapy. Stereotactic radiosurgery has also recently been extrapolated to malignant tumors in the brain which require larger treatment volumes, but the data on outcome following such treatment remain sparse. Therapeutic index must be preserved to obviate an intolerable volume of necrosis and other late effects. The single fraction approach to stereotactic radiosurgery for cancer is vulnerable to the same radiobiological criticisms that have been a recurrent theme with hypofractionation. Fractionated stereotactic radiosurgery is far more consistent with the principles of conventional radiobiology and oncology and represents the quintessential application of three-dimensional treatment planning. Stereotactic radiosurgery is really stereotactic radiotherapy, and when applied in single fraction to the treatment of cancer, it is suboptimal radiation oncology. Its utilization is virtually predicated on the ability to perform another craniotomy to remove focal necrosis.
A Combined Experimental and Theoretical Study on the Formation of the 2-Methyl-1-silacycloprop-2-enylidene Molecule via the Crossed Beam Reactions of the Silylidyne Radical (SiH; X2Π) with Methylacetylene (CH3CCH; X1A1) and D4-Methylacetylene (CD3CCD; X1A1)

The bimolecular gas-phase reactions of the ground-state silylidyne radical (SiH; X2Π) with methylacetylene (CH3CCH; X1A1) and D4-methylacetylene (CD3CCD; X1A1) were explored at collision energies of 30 kJ mol–1 under single-collision conditions exploiting the crossed molecular beam technique and complemented by electronic structure calculations. These studies reveal that the reactions follow indirect scattering dynamics, have no entrance barriers, and are initiated by the addition of the silylidyne radical to the carbon–carbon triple bond of the methylacetylene molecule either to one carbon atom (C1; [i1]/[i2]) or to both carbon atoms concurrently (C1–C2; [i3]). The collision complexes [i1]/[i2] eventually isomerize via ring-closure to the c-SiC3H5 doublet radical intermediate [i3], which is identified as the decomposing reaction intermediate. The hydrogen atom is emitted almost perpendicularly to the rotational plane of the fragmenting complex resulting in a sideways scattering dynamics with the reaction...
257 CORRELATES OF VASCULAR STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION MEASURES IN ASYMPTOMATIC YOUNG ADULTS: THE BOGALUSA HEART STUDY.

Background Adverse changes in arterial structure and function, independent predictors of cardiovascular (CV) disease morbidity and mortality, are known to be associated with CV risk factors, especially in middle-aged and older adults. Although noninvasive studies in this regard are beginning to emerge in a younger age population, information is lacking on the correlates of measures of vascular structure and function obtained simultaneously by different noninvasive methods. Methods In 518 black and white subjects (72% white, 44% male) aged 27 to 43 years, vascular structure and function were measured in terms of (1) carotid artery intima-media thickness (IMT), (2) aorta-femoral pulse wave velocity (af-PWV), and (3) pulsatile arterial function in terms of large (C1) and small (C2) artery compliances. Results Blacks vs whites and males vs females had higher carotid IMT; blacks vs whites higher af-PWV; and blacks vs whites and females vs males lower C1 and C2. In a multivariate regression model, significant predictors in the order of entry into the model were systolic blood pressure, male gender, age, cigarette smoking, and LDL cholesterol for carotid IMT (R 2 = .189); systolic blood pressure, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), cigarette smoking, and age for af-PWV (R 2 = .200); systolic blood pressure, female gender and HOMA-IR for C1 (R 2 = .258); and systolic blood pressure, female gender, age, diastolic blood pressure, cigarette smoking, triglycerides, and black race for C2 (R 2 = .394). Conclusion In asymptomatic young adults, CV risk factors influence adversely measures of both structure and function of the vasculature to varying degrees, with small artery compliance showing maximum variance. As part of preventive cardiology, assessment of structure/function measures of the vasculature by simple noninvasive methods may be helpful in identifying early vascular damage in a high-risk young population group.
REFLECTION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES FROM INHOMOGENEOUS MEDIA WITH SPECIAL PROFILES

The reflection of electromagnetic waves from planar stratified media is discussed in a relatively concise manner. Attention is confined to special forms of conductivity (or dielectric constant) profiles which lead to solutions in terms of Bessel functions. Most of the results, in equivalent forms, have already appeared in the literature. The present note is essentially a consolidation of known solutions and their (sometimes novel) applications to the determination of reflection coefficients.
Wie wir gemeint sind: Neurowissenschaftliche und evolutionstheoretische Aspekte des Bewusstseins auf der Grundlage eines pragmatischen Monismus

Menschen und Einzeller sind gar nicht so unterschiedlich, wie man zunachst meinen mag. Sie beide vereint das Prinzip des Lebens: sich dorthin zu bewegen, wo die Lebensbedingungen besser sind. Um den Vergleich zwischen »hier« und »dort« herzustellen, brauchen Menschen und Einzeller Organe, um die Welt wahrzunehmen. Sie brauchen Bewertungssysteme und Kategorien. Aus diesem uralten Erbe, das seit Anbeginn des Lebens per Erbgut weitergegeben wird, resultiert unsere heutige Anbindung des Bewusstseins an die Welt. Sie ermoglicht, dass wir nie den Bezug zu den Anforderungen und Umstanden der auseren Welt verlieren. Da die Anbindung an die Welt automatisch und prasemantisch verlauft, ist die Voraussetzung dafur geschaff en, uns konzentriert einer Sache hinzugeben, zum Beispiel im spirituellen Staunen, im konzentrierten Forschen oder in der zeitlosen Meditation.
INVENTORIES AND THE GENERALIZED ACCELERATOR

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses inventories and the generalized accelerator. Metzler's seminal article of 1941 stimulated further research on inventory behavior and the acceleration principle. Among the best known extensions and applications of the inventory accelerator are the work of Darling and Lovell. In the early 1960s, Eisner and Strotz derived the flexible input accelerator hypothesis from a—present value of—profit maximization specification; Holt et al. derived a generalized flexible inventory accelerator decision rule for buffer stocks by minimizing the—present value of—costs of adjusting to demand fluctuations. Theoretically and empirically, the input accelerator has been utilized to explain the economic behavior and impact of fixed capital investment. Yet, the generalized input accelerator is applicable to any input stock, provided that when changing the stock level, the firm encounters costs that are independent of input flow costs—factor payments. Inventories of materials satisfy this condition but have seldom if ever been empirically subjected to the input accelerator model. The chapter presents an empirical test of the hypothesis that the firm does not absorb a fixed proportion of forecast errors with buffer stocks. Metzler, by a priori model restrictions, assumed that buffer stocks absorb all such errors. In the 1941 model, he (1) ruled out price changes, (2) implicitly assumed production to stock, and (3) assumed that production plans are unchanged after being initially set to satisfy expected demand and inventory deficiencies, the latter arising from forecast errors of the preceding period.
The Heine–Borel and Baire Category Theorems

This chapter starts with the Heine–Borel theorem and its characterization of complete orders, and then uses Borel’s theorem to give a measure-theoretic proof that \(\mathbf{R}\) is uncountable. Other topics focus on measure and category: Lebesgue measurable sets, Baire category, the perfect set property for \(\mathcal{G}_{\delta }\) sets, the Banach–Mazur game and Baire property, and the Vitali and Bernstein constructions.
The biopolitics of disability: neoliberalism, ablenationalism, and peripheral embodiments

As the title suggests, The Biopolitics of Disability is a dense theoretical book. It is not flashy and is sometimes difficult to follow, but the work this book does is necessary because few disabil...
Oxidative and Inflammatory Pathways in Age-Related Chronic Disease Processes

A common feature of aging is an increase in both oxidative and inflammatory events. While these events may be a result of natural aging, many reports indicate that both processes may contribute to the pathology of age-related chronic disorders. In this chapter, the relationship between enhanced oxidative stress and inflammatory pathways will be reviewed. We will discuss how changes in mitochondrial dynamics over time may contribute to free radical production. We will then discuss the likelihood that these events are a consequence of the natural aging process or are direct contributors to chronic disorders such as neurodegenerative and cardiovascular diseases.
Adapting to the effects of climate change on natural resources in the Blue Mountains, USA

Abstract National forests in the Blue Mountains (USA) region have developed adaptation options that address effects identified in a recent climate change vulnerability assessment. Adaptation strategies (general, overarching) and adaptation tactics (specific, on-the-ground) were elicited from resource specialists and stakeholders through a workshop process. For water supply and infrastructure, primary adaptation strategies restore hydrologic function of watersheds, connect floodplains, support groundwater-dependent ecosystems, maximize valley storage, and reduce fire hazard. For fisheries, strategies maintain or restore natural flow regimes and thermal conditions, improve water conservation, decrease fragmentation of stream networks, and develop geospatial data on stream temperature and geologic hazards. For upland vegetation, disturbance-focused strategies reduce severity and patch size of disturbances, protect refugia, increase resilience of native vegetation by reducing non-climate stressors, protect genotypic and phenotypic diversity, and focus on functional systems (not just species). For special habitats (riparian areas, wetlands, groundwater-dependent ecosystems), strategies restore or maintain natural flow regimes, maintain appropriate plant densities, improve soil health and streambank stability, and reduce non-climate stressors. Prominent interactions of resource effects makes coordination critical for implementation and effectiveness of adaptation tactics and restoration projects in the Blue Mountains.
Civic seeds: new institutions for seed systems and communities—a 2016 survey of California seed libraries

Seed libraries (SLs) are institutions that support the creation of semi-formal seed systems, but are often intended to address larger issues that are part of the “food movement” in the global north. Over 100 SLs are reported present in California. I describe a functional framework for studying and comparing seed systems, and use that to investigate the social and biological characteristics of California SLs in 2016 and how they are contributing to alternative seed systems based on interviews with 45 SL managers. At a minimum, SLs function as new seed distribution institutions founded and overseen by dedicated, values-driven individuals and groups with goals including education, seed access, local adaptation, biodiversity conservation, community-building, and human health. Annually about 4776 people borrow seeds from, and 238 people return seeds to the SLs in this study, that operate through over 17,000 hours of work/year. These SLs distribute approximately 6456 packets of seed annually, mostly of commercial seeds from small seed companies, but some SLs emphasize local and culturally meaningful seeds. The significance of a 6% seed return rate depends on SL goals and can be investigated once appropriate indicators for those goals are identified and documented. Beyond distribution, the seed system functions accomplished by SLs differ, and all can have consequences for the processes shaping the diversity and adaptation of their crops. The SLs engaged in seed system functions beyond distribution are new forms of socially-motivated community science, poised to develop biological and social innovations reflecting their values and interests.
A Rate-Theory–Phase-Field Model of Irradiation-Induced Recrystallization in UMo Nuclear Fuels

In this work, we developed a recrystallization model to study the effect of microstructures and radiation conditions on recrystallization kinetics in UMo fuels. The model integrates the rate theory of intragranular gas bubble and interstitial loop evolutions and a phase-field model of recrystallization zone evolution. A first passage method is employed to describe one-dimensional diffusion of interstitials with a diffusivity value several orders of magnitude larger than that of fission gas xenons. With the model, the effect of grain sizes on recrystallization kinetics is simulated. The results show that (1) recrystallization in large grains starts earlier than that in small grains, (2) the recrystallization kinetics (recrystallization volume fraction) decrease as the grain size increases, (3) the predicted recrystallization kinetics are consistent with the experimental results, and (4) the recrystallization kinetics can be described by the modified Avrami equation, but the parameters of the Avrami equation strongly depend on the grain size.
Catheter-Related Bloodstream Infection

Intravascular catheters are a major source of infection in the ICU. Catheter-related bloodstream infection (CRBI) may be caused by the following:
A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Intravenous Acetaminophen on Hospital Length of Stay in Obese Individuals Undergoing Sleeve Gastrectomy.

Retrospective studies indicate that acetaminophen iv administration reduces hospital length of stay (LoS) and opiate consumption in patients undergoing bariatric surgery. This study sought to determine whether using acetaminophen iv in morbidly obese subjects undergoing sleeve gastrectomy decreased LoS and total hospital charges as compared to patients receiving saline placebo. Single-center university hospital Using a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled design, subjects were assigned to receive either acetaminophen iv (group A) or saline placebo iv (group P). Data were collected between Jan 1 and Dec 31, 2016. Group A received acetaminophen every 6 h for a total of four doses. The first dose was administered following the induction of general anesthesia; group P received saline iv on the same schedule. Anesthetic management and prophylactic antiemetic regimen were standardized in all subjects. Postoperative pain management consisted of hydromorphone via patient-controlled infusion pump. Primary outcomes include hospital LoS and associated hospital costs. Secondary outcomes include patient satisfaction and postoperative nausea and pain scores. Subject demographics (n = 127) and intraoperative management were similar in the two groups. Across all subjects, median hospital LoS in group A (n = 63) was 1.87 vs. 1.97 days in group P (n = 64) (p = 0.03, Wilcoxon rank-sum test). Postoperatively, daily quality-of-recovery (QoR-15) scores, narcotic consumption, and the use of rescue antiemetics were not significantly different between groups. Median hospital costs were as follows: group A, $12,885 vs. group P, $12,977 (n = 64). Acetaminophen iv may reduce hospital LoS in subjects undergoing sleeve gastrectomy.