cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Choosing Among Multiple Equally Parsimonious Cladograms

With the realization that multiple equally parsimonious cladograms might exist for a given data set (Mickevich, 1978), construction of classifications in such instances became a problem. Consensus trees (Adams, 1972; Nelson, 1979), originally developed for producing a “compromise classification” (Adams, 1972) between cladograms produced from dzferenl data sets, is one possible solution. The consensus tree, representing the information on grouping shared by all the competing cladograms, might be viewed as a “conservative” classification. Such a viewpoint has been advocated by proponents ofdistance techniques in the case ofmultiple trees ofnear-optimal fit (e.g. Prager and Wilson, 1978). In this case, such a procedure is a misapplication. The consensus tree, being less resolved than any of the cladograms from which it is calculated, has less explanatory power (Farris, 1983) than any of them, and so any of the competing cladograms would br a better choice as a phylogenetic hypothesis/classification. Mickevich and Farris (1981) and Miyamoto (1985) make similar points. The question is then how to choose among the cladograms, if this can be done. Recently, Brooks et al. (1986) have addressed the issue of choice among multiple equally parsimonious cladograms. However, their discussion is deficient. They considered three statistics: the consistency index (Kluge and Farris, 1959), F-ratio (a simple function of Farris’ (1972) f statistic) and the D measure, an application of the Shannon entropy statistic from Gatlin (1972). The consistency index does measure evidential support for phylogenetic hypotheses, but this is not true for the other measures. The f statistic, developed for application to distance analyses, measures the pairwise homoplasies for a given tree, and, to quote Farris (1983:22), “the pairwise homoplasies are not independent”. This measure is thus not closely related to the concept of evidential support underlying phylogenetic analysis (Farris, 1983), and, in fact, a tree optimizing f (hence the F-ratio) may not be most parsimonious for a given data set. Brooks et al. (1986) make that last observation, but do not then provide any rationale for using the F-ratio. Similar comments apply to their use of D, which they characterize as measuring the “ i n z a t i o n content of the constraints” (Brooks et al., 1986:572). They provide an example (their fig. 5) where D is optimal for a nonparsimonious cladogram, which is reason enough to reject this measure. Brooks et al. argue that D can distinguish between autapomorphies and synapomorphies, whereas the consistency index cannot. Their discussion of the consistency index is misled. Whereas this index is inflated by inclusion of invariant and autapomorphic characters, plainly it should be calculated with such features excluded in a proper cladistic analysis-a point pheneticists have made (Colless, 1983). Thus, the example shown in their fig. 6a-c has an identical consistency index for all three cladograms calculated over all the characters. But calculated only on informative characters, their cladogram 6b
A recessive soybean cyst nematode allele for incompatibility with soybean PI 88287.

Summary The objective of this research was to characterise the degree of dominance of a soybean cyst nematode (Heterodera glycines) allele for incompatibility which interacts with a recessive soybean (Glycine max) allele for incompatibility to prevent the formation of cysts. Crosses of inbred nematode populations were made and the F, and F, populations evaluated for the numbers of cysts they could produce on several soybean lines. The nematode gene for avirulence interacts with the one recessive gene for resistance in soybean line PI 88287 and also appears to be recessive. This is the first example of a recessive-recessive gene-for-gene interaction; genes for avirulence and resistance are usually dominant. The difficulties of doing definitive genetic studies with cyst nematodes are discussed.
Sem observations on the interfacial surface of the cement of the adult barnacle, attached to natural and synthetic adherends

The barnacle, Chthamalus fragilis Darwin, is found attached to a variety of natural and man-made substrates in the marine environment. Bases of specimens of this species attached to the leaves and stalks of marsh grass, Spartina alterniflora, and to polyethylene films placed in the high intertidal zone of the marsh were studied by scanning electron microscopy in order to determine the interfacial features of the cement holding these animals in place. When removed carefully, the interfacial surfaces of the barnacle cement appeared as finely detailed replicas of the leaf surfaces and of the polyethylene film surfaces, mimicking the highly contoured surface features and peripheral interdigitations of the adjacent epithelial cells which compose the surfaces of the leaves and 'crow's foot' and linear perturbations in the relatively smooth polyethylene films. These observations indicate that the bioadhesive secretion of this barnacle species loses its liquidity and becomes a hardened adhesive cement. It is probable that this mold-like replication of adherend surface details contributes to barnacle adhesion by mechanical interaction between the barnacle cement and the adherend surfaces.
Quantitative analysis from CT is prognostic for local control of supraglottic carcinoma.

Background The purpose of this study was to determine whether pretreatment imaging with CT was prognostic for control of the primary site in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the supraglottic larynx. Methods Pretreatment CT studies were obtained on 28 patients treated definitively with radiation therapy for supraglottic larynx cancer between 1991 and 1997. Follow-up ranged from 20–58 months. Results Local control was achieved in 61% of patients. Tumor volumes ranged from 0–68.6 cm3, with a median of 3.1 cm3. Local control rates for tumors with volumes greater than or less than 8 cm3 were 20% and 70%, respectively (p = .0077). Mean tumor volumes for patients with and without recurrences were 10 cm3 and 3.4 cm3, respectively. Conclusions This study demonstrates that quantitative analysis from CT imaging is prognostic for control of the primary site when radiation therapy is given for treatment of supraglottic cancer. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Head Neck 23: 1031– 1036, 2001.
Antioxidants and gadolinium chloride attenuate hepatic parenchymal and endothelial cell injury induced by low flow ischemia and reperfusion in perfused rat livers.

The objective of this study was to determine whether Kupffer cells contribute to parenchymal and endothelial cell damage induced by ischemia-reperfusion in perfused rat livers. Parenchymal and endothelial cell injury were determined by measuring activities of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP), respectively, in the effluent perfusate of livers subjected to 60 min of low flow ischemia followed by 30 min of reperfusion. Upon reperfusion, LDH and PNP activities increased significantly within the first 10 min of reperfusion and remained elevated over control values throughout the duration of reperfusion. Pretreatment with gadolinium chloride, an inhibitor of Kupffer cell function, significantly decreased LDH and PNP efflux during reperfusion by approximately 60% and 50%, respectively. When Kupffer cells were stimulated by vitamin A pretreatment, PNP efflux was doubled during reperfusion. Vitamin E pretreatment attenuated LDH and PNP release by approximately 70% during reperf...
CP-61,405, a novel polycyclic pyrrolether antibiotic produced by Streptomyces routienii Huang sp. nov.

CP-61,405 (C26H29N2O7Na) is a novel polycyclic pyrrolether antibiotic produced by a new species,Streptomyces routienii Huang sp. nov. (ATCC 39446). Recovery, fractionation and purification were achieved using standard procedures. The crystalline form includes the CP-61,405 sodium salt, m.p. 334–335°C, [α] D 25°C +315°C (c=1, chloroform). The structure is shown below. CP-61,405 was co-produced with the polycyclic ether antibiotics salinomycin and epi-17-deoxy-(0–8)-salinomycin. It exhibited activity in vitro against gram-positive and anaerobic bacteria, efficacy against poultry coccidia and stimulation in vitro of propionic acid production.
Synthesis Of Reflexive Behavior For A Mobile Robot Based Upon A Stimulus-Response Paradigm

An approach based upon the use of multiple primitive reflexive behaviors is presented in which the control of behavior is separated from the computational devices which affect behavior. Each primitive reflexive behavior is completely uncoupled and is based upon a stimulus/response paradigm which does not incorporate heuristics, path planning, or memory. We present experimental results for a simulated mobile robot operating in an unknown environment. The approach has also been verified using a real robot with onboard parallel processing, operating in an unknown and limited dynamic environment.
Role of Rainfall Intensity and Hydrology in Nutrient Transport via Surface Runoff

Loss of soil nutrients in runoff accelerates eutrophication of surface waters. This study evaluated P and N in surface runoff in relation to rainfall intensity and hydrology for two soils along a single hillslope. Experiments were initiated on 1- by 2-m plots at foot-slope (6%) and mid-slope (30%) positions within an alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.)-orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) field. Rain simulations (2.9 and 7.0 cm h(-1)) were conducted under wet (spring) and dry (late-summer) conditions. Elevated, antecedent soil moisture at the foot-slope during the spring resulted in less rain required to generate runoff and greater runoff volumes, compared with runoff from the well-drained mid-slope in spring and at both landscape positions in late summer. Phosphorus in runoff was primarily in dissolved reactive form (DRP averaged 71% of total P), with DRP concentrations from the two soils corresponding with soil test P levels. Nitrogen in runoff was mainly nitrate (NO3-N averaged 77% of total N). Site hydrology, not chemistry, was primarily responsible for variations in mass N and P losses with landscape position. Larger runoff volumes from the foot-slope produced higher losses of total P (0.08 kg ha(-1)) and N (1.35 kg ha(-1)) than did runoff from the mid-slope (0.05 total P kg ha(-1); 0.48 kg N ha(-1)), particularly under wet, spring-time conditions. Nutrient losses were significantly greater under the high intensity rainfall due to larger runoff volumes. Results affirm the critical source area concept for both N and P: both nutrient availability and hydrology in combination control nutrient loss.
Quenched chiral perturbation theory for vector mesons

We develop quenched chiral perturbation theory for vector mesons made of light quarks, in the limit where the vector meson masses are much larger than the pion mass. We use this theory to extract the leading nonanalytic dependence of the vector meson masses on the masses of the light quarks. By comparing with analogous quantities computed in ordinary chiral perturbation theory, we estimate the size of quenching effects, observing that in general they can be quite large. This estimate is relevant to lattice simulations, where the {rho} mass is often used to set the lattice spacing. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}
Complex Systems and Human Performance Modeling

Abstract : The development of a human performance model is an exercise in complexity. Despite this, techniques that are commonplace in the study of complex dynamical systems have yet to find their way into human performance modeler s toolbox. In this report, we describe our efforts to develop new generative and analytical methods within a task network modeling environment. Specifically, we present task network modeling techniques for generating inter-event times series typical of a complex system. We focus on communication patterns. In addition, we describe the associated analytical techniques needed to verify the time series. Again, while these analytical techniques will be familiar to the complexity scientist, they have significant and largely unrecognized methodological implications for the human performance modeler.
Evidence of declining empathy in third year osteopathic medical students

Abstract Background Recent research in allopathic medical schools has indicated a decline in empathy amongst medical students during their first year of clinical rotations. Further studies have also found that this decline in empathy continues throughout residency training. Objective To determine if the declining empathy present in allopathic medical schools is occurring in our osteopathic institution and to establish the most effective way of collecting information regarding empathy from our medical student population. Design A questionnaire regarding empathy was completed by third year medical students following lecture and group-format sessions focused on improving awareness and willingness to use motivational interviewing for health promotion and prevention, in the context of cultural sensitivity and sensibility. Participants Seventy third year medical students at our osteopathic teaching institution. Results Questionnaire responses indicated that a larger percentage of students in the third year class at our institution were found not to be exhibiting empathy compared to those who were empathetic. Conclusions Third year osteopathic medical students exhibited decreased empathy in their questionnaire responses. Although preliminary, this finding lays the groundwork for further studies that will lead to the implementation of educational methods to promote empathy and aid students in developing an empathetic way with their patients, early on in their education.
Mitochondrial dysfunction and cancer metastasis

Mitochondria have an essential role in powering cells by generating ATP following the metabolism of pyruvate derived from glycolysis. They are also the major source of generating reactive oxygen species (ROS), which have regulatory roles in cell death and proliferation. Mutations in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and dysregulation of mitochondrial metabolism have been frequently described in human tumors. Although the role of oxidative stress as the consequence of mtDNA mutations and/or altered mitochondrial functions has been demonstrated in carciongenesis, a causative role of mitochondria in tumor progression has only been demonstrated recently. Specifically, the subject of this mini-review focuses on the role of mitochondria in promoting cancer metastasis. Cancer relapse and the subsequent spreading of cancer cells to distal sites are leading causes of morbidity and mortality in cancer patients. Despite its clinical importance, the underlying mechanisms of metastasis remain to be elucidated. Recently, it was demonstrated that mitochondrial oxidative stress could actively promote tumor progression and increase the metastatic potential of cancer cells. The purpose of this mini-review is to summarize current investigations of the roles of mitochondria in cancer metastasis. Future development of diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for patients with advanced cancer will benefit from the new knowledge of mitochondrial metabolism in epithelial cancer cells and the tumor stroma.
A sticky situation helps colitis

Inflammatory bowel disease—in particular, ulcerative colitis—is often treated with topical, rectally administered therapies—which deliver a high concentration of active drug to injured tissue. But such topical therapies can be difficult for patients, who may be actively experiencing diarrhea and urgency and for whom enema retention can therefore be particularly challenging. Now, Sinha and colleagues described a new drug delivery system that allows for better retention of active drugs in the colon. Sinha et al. have created a liquid that phase-transitions to a gel at body temperature. They used polypropylene and polyethylene block copolymers to find optimal formulations with a liquid-gel transition at near body temperature. By loading barium sulfate into their formulations and using micro-CT and serial volumetric evaluations, the authors demonstrated that this temperature-sensitive drug delivery system improved colonic retention time and retrograde propagation distance in both healthy mice and a mouse model of colitis. Both budesonide and mesalamine improved histological disease scores and other markers of disease. In a second colitis mouse model, positive outcomes were observed with budesonide. The rectal administration of a formulation that transitions to a semisolid could raise concern about gastrointestinal obstruction, but mice that develop intestinal strictures reassuringly showed no increase in tendency toward bowel block. This innovative formulation allows the drug to linger longer in the colon and could broaden the number of therapeutics that can be delivered through the gastrointestinal tract and enhance the diffusion of drugs into inflamed mucosa. As the authors point out, adapting this technology to facilitate the delivery of biologics through the gut could be of substantial benefit to patients. S. R. Sinha et al ., A thermo-sensitive delivery platform for topical administration of inflammatory bowel disease therapies. Gastroenterology 10.1053/j.gastro.2015.04.002 (2015). [[Abstract]][1] [1]: http://www.gastrojournal.org/article/S0016-5085%2815%2900452-7/abstract
Advice To Pentecostal Philosophers

In this paper, James K.A. Smith offers a program for the development of a distinctly Pentecostal/Charismatic philosophy, following the lead of Alvin Plantinga's seminal manifesto, 'Advice for Christian Philosophers'. The paper explains why philosophy is a vital area of inquiry for Pentecostal scholars, defends a robust notion of a distinctly Pentecostal philosophy rooted in a Pentecostal/Charismatic worldview, and lays out a program for further research in the field.
An integrative account of memory and reasoning phenomena

Abstract There is growing consensus that human memory is mediated by multiple qualitatively different systems co-evolved to function in a complementary way. As a result, memory should be studied not only using direct tests of memory but also using other tasks that naturally require memory access. This article presents an attempt at using the declarative memory systems in CLARION (termed the Non-Action-Centered Subsystem or NACS) to account for a wide range of psychological phenomena involving both the direct and indirect use of declarative memory. We advocate an architectural approach, which is broad-based (rather than depth-based). As such, the explanations presented herein, from psychological domains as diverse as human memory, deductive reasoning, inductive reasoning, and heuristic reasoning, were based on architectural properties of CLARION and most of them did not require the adjustment of any numerical parameter. This article concludes with a comparison of CLARION with alternative views of memory systems.
Adaptive predictive control of nonlinear time-varying systems using neural networks

Predictive control of nonlinear dynamical systems in which the prediction is made using feedforward neural network is a plant model is discussed. The basic form of optimal predictive control is not tied with linear system parameters. Hence, it is a viable candidate for control of nonlinear objects. The control is based on a minimization of the sum of predicted squared errors over a prescribed range of prediction. A neural network, trained by backpropagation to mimic the behavior of a plant, is used to compute the squared error cost function for various candidates of controlling inputs. An optimal controlling input, by which the cost function will be minimized, is then numerically selected by, for instance, the simplex method. According to simulation tests on various nonlinear plants, the neural network adapts to time-varying plant dynamics as well as load upsets if the learning process is kept active through the control operation. >
Fourier transform phase coding of images

The importance of phase has been demonstrated in previous research [1], [2] which indicates that an image constructed from only the phase of the discrete Fourier transform (DFT) of the original image is typically very intelligible. This correspondence presents a coding algorithm which codes phase and magnitude separately, and emphasizes the phase coding. Good results have been obtained with 1 bit/pixel.
A joint inference of deep case analysis and zero subject generation for Japanese-to-English statistical machine translation

We present a simple joint inference of deep case analysis and zero subject generation for the pre-ordering in Japanese-toEnglish machine translation. The detection of subjects and objects from Japanese sentences is more difficult than that from English, while it is the key process to generate correct English word orders. In addition, subjects are often omitted in Japanese when they are inferable from the context. We propose a new Japanese deep syntactic parser that consists of pointwise probabilistic models and a global inference with linguistic constraints. We applied our new deep parser to pre-ordering in Japanese-toEnglish SMT system and show substantial improvements in automatic evaluations.
A Role for AMP-Activated Protein Kinase in Contraction- and Hypoxia-Regulated Glucose Transport in Skeletal Muscle

Eukaryotic cells possess systems for sensing nutritional stress and inducing compensatory mechanisms that minimize the consumption of ATP while utilizing alternative energy sources. Such stress can also be imposed by increased energy needs, such as in skeletal muscle of exercising animals. In these studies, we consider the role of the metabolic sensor, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), in the regulation of glucose transport in skeletal muscle. Expression in mouse muscle of a dominant inhibitory mutant of AMPK completely blocked the ability of hypoxia or AICAR to activate hexose uptake, while only partially reducing contraction-stimulated hexose uptake. These data indicate that AMPK transmits a portion of the signal by which muscle contraction increases glucose uptake, but other AMPK-independent pathways also contribute to the response.
The Sun is the climate pacemaker II. Global ocean temperatures

Abstract In part I, equatorial Pacific Ocean temperature index SST3.4 was found to have segments during 1990–2014 showing a phase-locked annual signal and phase-locked signals of 2- or 3-year periods. Phase locking is to an inferred solar forcing of 1.0 cycle/yr. Here the study extends to the global ocean, from surface to 700 and 2000 m. The same phase-locking phenomena are found. The El Nino/La Nina effect diffuses into the world oceans with a delay of about two months.
Stress-induced change of mitochondria membrane potential regulated by genomic and non-genomic GR signaling: A possible mechanism for hippocampus atrophy in PTSD

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a common psychiatric disorder often accompanied by morphologic changes in the hippocampus. Brain imaging studies have demonstrated a strong relationship between PTSD and a reduction in the volume of the hippocampus; however, the mechanisms that cause such atrophy are not well understood. In an attempt to expand our knowledge of these mechanisms, our theory has focused on the role of mitochondria in cell death, which may be associated with atrophy of the hippocampus. In addition to their function in respiration, mitochondria play an important role in the regulation of cytochrome c, an apoptotic signaling element. Normally, cytochrome c resides in the intermembrane space of mitochondria, where membrane potential exists-negative inside of about 180-200mV. In response to a variety of apoptotic stimuli, mitochondria membrane potential can be changed by genomic and non-genomic cortisol action. For the non-genomic action, stress increases cortisol levels, which activates the glucocorticoid receptor (GR). Stress-activated GR directly binds to mitochondrial membranes to regulate membrane potential. The GR will also produce a genomic action, in which GR, in interacting with several other molecules (such as heat shock proteins 90/70/40, etc.), translocates into the nucleus of the cell, where it binds to DNA and exerts transcriptional action. As one of the downstream modulaters of GR activation, Bax can be up regulated and translocated to the mitochondria, where it binds to modulator of apoptosis-1 (MAP-1), a mitochondrial effector of BAX to cause change Deltapsi. These non-genomic and genomic cortisol-induced changes of the mitochondrial membrane potential can result in the release of cytochrome c from the mitochondria to the cytoplasm where the cytochrome c promotes of the action of caspases which leads to apoptosis. Therefore, we hypothesis that stress-induced changes of mitochondrial membrane potential are regulated by non-genomic and genomic actions of cortisol in hippocampal neurons. Understanding the molecular mechanism for stress-induced cell death in the hippocampus may shed a new light on developing a mitochondrial membrane potential related therapeutic drug and/or diagnostic tool for PTSD.
Local Flaps of The Hand

A local flap consists of skin and subcutaneous tissue that is harvested from a site near a given defect while maintaining its intrinsic blood supply. Local skin flaps can be a used as a reliable source of soft tissue replacement that replaces like with like. Flaps are categorized based on composition, method of transfer, flap design, and blood supply, but flap circulation is considered the most critical factor for the flap survival. This article reviews the classification of local skin flaps of the hand and offers a practical reconstructive approach for several soft tissue defects of the hand and digits.
Affordable terahertz electronics

Complementary metal oxide silicon (CMOS) technology improvements in its high-frequency capability, have made it possible to consider CMOS as a low-cost alternative for realizing systems that can expand the use of the terahertz spectral range. This article gives an overview of the progress and status of emerging CMOS technology that is needed for the widespread use of the terahertz region. The future and viability of CMOS terahertz electronics are also described and highlighted.
A reliable, scalable general-purpose certificate store

Although there have been various proposals to build large-scale PKIs, there appears to be no research publicly available on the underlying certificate store which will be required to support such a PKI. This paper analyses the requirements for, and presents the design of a general-purpose certificate store which places few constraints on the underlying computer hardware or operating system used, provides a high degree of scalability (from single end users up to the corporate/CA level), and provides the level of reliability, availability and error recovery required of such an application and stipulated in a number of standards which cover CA operation.
Extrapleural Pneumonectomy for Diffuse, Malignant Mesothelioma

Abstract Extrapleural pneumonectomy for malignant mesothelioma is a radical procedure that entails en bloc removal of the parietal pleura, lung, pericardium, and diaphragm. Minimal tumor remains after this procedure; palliation and occasional long-term survival may be achieved in properly selected patients. Extrapleural pneumonectomy for diffuse, malignant mesothelioma was done in 33 patients (27 male and 6 female) with 18 procedures on the left side and 15 on the right. There was a history of exposure to asbestos in 16 (48%) of the patients. Histological classification revealed that 20 tumors were epithelial, 10 were mixed, and 3 were sarcomatous. Good palliation, defined as survival for 24 months with a return to fairly normal activities, was obtained in 8 patients (24%) and survival for 36 months was achieved in 5 patients. Three patients died of the disease at 59 months, 60 months, and 82 months. There were 3 operative deaths (9.1%), and serious postoperative complications occurred in 8 patients (24%). Postoperative adjunctive therapy consisting of chemotherapy or irradiation or both was given to approximately one-half of the patients. These findings indicate that extrapleural pneumonectomy for malignant mesothelioma can be done with an acceptable morbidity and mortality. Palliation is achieved in 24% of patients, and there may be an occasional long-term survivor.
Rapid Evaluation of Prediction Methods with DIPPR’s Automated Property Prediction Package

An automated property prediction package has been developed that permits rapid evaluation of group-contribution, corresponding states, empirical, and theoretical property estimation methods. The property prediction package, which is part of the DIPPR® Information And Data Evaluation Manager (DIADEM) software, is used in conjunction with the DIPPR® 801 database to develop and test new prediction methods. The software is freely available to all DIPPR sponsor companies, but is also commercially available. The estimation engine is based on an automated SMILES (Simplified Molecular Input Line Entry Specification) formula parser to provide required molecular structural information, retrieval of required secondary properties from the DIPPR® database, and defined rules for the method. Automatic comparisons of predicted values to experimental data in the DIPPR® database can be made for properties at specified accuracy levels, by chemical family or type, or over the entire database. This allows evaluation of the relative effectiveness of methods for specific chemical families and tailoring of the selected method to specific chemical classes. New methods can readily be added by input using a simple input form. Nearly 200 thermophysical property prediction methods are currently available in DIADEM.
Maintenance of permeable habitable subsurface environments by earthquakes and tidal stresses

Life inhabits the subsurface of the Earth down to depths where temperature precludes it. Similar conditions are likely to exist within the traditional habitable zone for objects between 0.1 Earth mass (Mars) and 10 Earth masses (superearth). Long-term cooling and internal radioactivity maintain surface heat flow on the Earth. These heat sources are comparable and likely to be comparable in general within old rocky planets. Surface heat flow scales with mass divided by surface area and hence with surface gravity. The average absolute habitable subsurface thickness scales inversely with heat flow and gravity. Surface gravity varies by only 0.4 g for Mars to 3.15 g for a superearth. This range is less than the regional variation of heat flow on the Earth. Still ocean-boiling asteroid impacts (if they occur) are more likely to sterilize the thin habitable subsurface of large objects than thick habitable subsurface of small ones. Tectonics self-organizes to maintain subsurface permeability and habitability within both stable and active regions on the Earth. Small earthquakes within stable regions allow sudden mixing of water masses. Large earthquakes at plate boundaries allow surface water to descend to great habitable depths. Seismic shaking near major faults cracks shallow rock forming permeable regolith. Strong tidal strains form a similar porous regolith on small bodiessuchasEnceladuswithweakstellarheating.Thisregolith maybewater-saturatedwithinrockybodies and thus habitable. Received 8 February 2012, accepted 14 March 2012, first published online 16 April 2012
Upper extremity cumulative trauma disorder and return to work assessment

Evaluation of the patient with upper limb cumulative trauma disorder (CTD) requires use of both qualitative and quantitative measures. The clinical evaluations are reviewed, which include tests for range of motion, strength, limb size, sensation, and dexterity. Essential observations for identifying and describing the presentation of posture, symptoms, and painful events are illustrated for qualitative descriptions related to work activities and activities of daily living (ADL). Therapeutic intervention is described in two sequential stages: calming of symptoms and then control of symptoms.
Spatial and Temporal Varying Thresholds for Cloud Detection in GOES Imagery

A new cloud detection technique has been developed and applied to GOES-12 Imager data. The bispectral composite threshold (BCT) technique uses only the 11- and 3.9- channels, and composite imagery generated from these channels, in a four-step cloud detection procedure to produce a binary cloud mask at single-pixel resolution. An innovative aspect of this algorithm is the use of 20-day composites of the 11- and the 11-3.9- channel difference imagery to represent spatially and temporally varying clear-sky thresholds for the bispectral cloud tests. The BCT cloud detection technique has been validated against a ldquotruthrdquo data set generated by the manual determination of the sky conditions from available satellite imagery for four seasons during 2003-2004. The day-and-night algorithm has been shown to determine the correct sky conditions 87.6% of the time (on average) over the eastern two-thirds of the U.S. and surroundings oceans. The incorrectly determined conditions arose from missing clouds 8.9% of the time or from overdetermining clouds 3.5% of the time. Nearly 82% of the misses came in the presence of low clouds. Only small variations in algorithm performance occurred between day-night, land-ocean, and between seasons. The algorithm performed best in the warmer seasons (90.9% correct during the summer versus 81.8% correct in the winter season) and during the day, when the solar illumination provides enhanced surface atmospheric cloud contrast in the infrared channels, and least well during the winter season. The algorithm was found to slightly underdetermine clouds at night and during times of low sun angle and tends to be cloud conservative during the day, particularly in the summertime.
INDUCED RESISTANCE OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM TO EXPERIMENTAL INFECTION WITH EQUINE ENCEPHALOMYELITIS VIRUS I. NEUTRALIZING ANTIBODY IN THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM IN RELATION TO CEREBRAL RESISTANCE

1. Neutralizing antibody to equine encephalomyelitis virus was found in the spinal fluid of rabbits sufficiently vaccinated with active or formalin-inactivated virus. Antibody was specific for the Western or for the Eastern virus. 2. Neutralizing capacity of spinal fluid was equivalent to that of a 1/300 dilution of serum of the same animal, and was of the same order of magnitude as that of perfused brain of a vaccinated animal. 3. Vaccinated rabbits which showed antibody in the spinal fluid resisted intracerebral or intracisternal injection of active virus. This immunity was specific, i.e., there was no cross-reaction between the Eastern and Western virus after vaccination with formalin-inactivated virus. On the other hand, lack of antibody in the spinal fluid, even when antibody was demonstrable in the undiluted serum, was associated with lack of cerebral resistance.
Hygroscopic properties of magnetic recording tape

Relative humidity has been recognized as an important environmental factor in many head-tape interface phenomena such as headwear, friction, staining, and tape shed. Accordingly, the relative humidity is usually specified in many applications of tape use, especially when tape recorders are enclosed in hermetically sealed cases. Normally, the relative humidity is believed regulated by humidification of the fill gas to the specification relative humidity. However, this study demonstrates that the internal relative humidity in a sealed case is completely controlled by the time-dependence of the hygroscopic properties of the pack of magnetic recording tape. Procedures for the humidity conditioning of sealed cases must be established on the basis of the tapes' hygroscopic properties, and not on humidification of the fill gas. Without taking the tape into account, the final, stabilized, relative humidity can be significantly different from the specification requirement. Additionally, this same study finds differences in the hygroscopic properties of the same brand of tape, which apparently results from aging, and which may have significance on the long-term humidity-regulating behavior in a sealed case, and on the occurrence of head-tape interface phenomena from the long-term use of the tape. This article presents results on the basic hygroscopic properties of tape, its humidity-regulating behavior in a sealed case, and includes a theoretical commentary on the relative humidity dependence of head-wear by tape.
The outer segment serves as a default destination for the trafficking of membrane proteins in photoreceptors

Photoreceptors are compartmentalized neurons in which all proteins responsible for evoking visual signals are confined to the outer segment. Yet, the mechanisms responsible for establishing and maintaining photoreceptor compartmentalization are poorly understood. Here we investigated the targeting of two related membrane proteins, R9AP and syntaxin 3, one residing within and the other excluded from the outer segment. Surprisingly, we have found that only syntaxin 3 has targeting information encoded in its sequence and its removal redirects this protein to the outer segment. Furthermore, proteins residing in the endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria were similarly redirected to the outer segment after removing their targeting signals. This reveals a pattern where membrane proteins lacking specific targeting information are delivered to the outer segment, which is likely to reflect the enormous appetite of this organelle for new material necessitated by its constant renewal. This also implies that every protein residing outside the outer segment must have a means to avoid this “default” trafficking flow.
Free Fatty Acid Impairment of Nitric Oxide Production in Endothelial Cells Is Mediated by IKKβ

Objective— Free fatty acids (FFA) are commonly elevated in diabetes and obesity and have been shown to impair nitric oxide (NO) production by endothelial cells. However, the signaling pathways responsible for FFA impairment of NO production in endothelial cells have not been characterized. Insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) regulation is critical for activation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) in response to stimulation by insulin or fluid shear stress. Methods and Results— We demonstrate that insulin-mediated tyrosine phosphorylation of IRS-1 and serine phosphorylation of Akt, eNOS, and NO production are significantly inhibited by treatment of bovine aortic endothelial cells with 100 μmol/L FFA composed of palmitic acid for 3 hours before stimulation with 100 nM insulin. This FFA preparation also increases, in a dose-dependent manner, IKKβ activity, which regulates activation of NF- κB, a transcriptional factor associated with inflammation. Similarly, elevation of other common FFA such as oleic and linoleic acid also induce IKKβ activation and inhibit insulin-mediated eNOS activation. Overexpression of a kinase inactive form of IKKβ blocks the ability of FFA to inhibit insulin-dependent NO production, whereas overexpression of wild-type IKKβ recapitulates the effect of FFA on insulin-dependent NO production. Conclusions— Elevated levels of common FFA found in human serum activate IKKβ in endothelial cells leading to reduced NO production, and thus may serve to link pathways involved in inflammation and endothelial dysfunction.
Combustion Characteristics of a Spray-Guided Direct-Injection Stratified-Charge Engine with a High-Squish Piston

This work describes an experimental investigation on the stratified combustion and engine-out emissions characteristics of a single-cylinder, spark-ignition, direct-injection, spray-guided engine employing an outward-opening injector, an optimized high-squish, bowled piston, and a variable swirl valve control. Experiments were performed using two different outward-opening injectors with 80° and 90° spray angles, each having a variable injector pintle-lift control allowing different rates of injection. The fuel consumption of the engine was found to improve with decreasing air-swirl motion, increasing spark-plug length, increasing spark energy, and decreasing effective rate of injection, but to be relatively insensitive to fuel-rail pressure in the range of 10-20 MPa. At optimal injection and ignition timings, no misfires were observed in 30,000 consecutive cycles. Multiple pulsing of the injector did not improve upon the single injection-pulse results either by changing the timing of the injection process or by changing the dwell time between injection events.
Steady as She Goes-Estimating Potential Output During Financial 'Booms and Busts'

Potential output-in the sense of the GDP level or path an economy can sustain over the medium term-is a crucial benchmark for policymakers. However, it is difficult to estimate when financial 'booms and busts' are driving the real economy. This paper uses a simple multivariate filtering approach to illustrate the role financial variables play in driving potential or sustainable output. The results suggest that it moves more steadily during financial 'boom and bust' periods than implied by conventional HP filter estimates, which tend to more closely follow actual GDP. A two-region, multisector New Keynesian DSGE model with financial frictions sheds light on the economic forces that could be behind the results obtained from the filter. This has important implications for policymakers.
An Initial Report on the Publishing Activities of the Italian Minority Communities in Croatia and the Istrian and Dalmatian Diasporic Communities in Italy

The report focuses on the publishing activities of the Italian minority communities in Croatia and the Istrian and Dalmatian diasporic communities in Italy. These publications take a variety of forms and include monographs, belle-lettres, reference works, Italian-language textbooks, contemporary literature, and academic journals. Some are published by local organizations, others by university and commercial presses, while others are privately funded. The report is a preliminary effort to document scholarly resources that are important to both Slavic and Italian studies.
Role of Localized States in Amorphous Silicon Tunnel Barriers

Results of an experimental study of the role of localized states in amorphous silicon tunneling barriers are reported. Composite barriers formed of multilayers of SiOx and a-Si, the latter containing a known density of localized states, have been developed in which the dominant tunneling mechanism can be made to be either direct or resonant tunneling. The effect of these localized states on the behavior of the conductance with barrier thickness, and on the superconducting tunneling current-voltage characteristics, is described.
Sex ratio and gamete size across eastern North America in Dictyostelium discoideum, a social amoeba with three sexes.

Theory indicates that numbers of mating types should tend towards infinity or remain at two. The social amoeba, Dictyostelium discoideum, however, has three mating types. It is therefore a mystery how this species has broken the threshold of two mating types, but has not increased towards a much higher number. Frequency-dependent selection on rare types in combination with isogamy, a form of reproduction involving gametes similar in size, could explain the evolution of multiple mating types in this system. Other factors, such as drift, may be preventing the evolution of more than three. We first looked for evidence of isogamy by measuring gamete size associated with each type. We found no evidence of size dissimilarities between gametes. We then looked for evidence of balancing selection, by examining mating type distributions in natural populations and comparing genetic differentiation at the mating type locus to that at more neutral loci. We found that mating type frequency varied among the three populations we examined, with only one of the three showing an even sex ratio, which does not support balancing selection. However, we found more population structure at neutral loci than the mating type locus, suggesting that the three mating types are indeed maintained at intermediate frequencies by balancing selection. Overall, the data are consistent with balancing selection acting on D. discoideum mating types, but with a sufficiently weak rare sex advantage to allow for drift, a potential explanation for why these amoebae have only three mating types.
500°C Silicon Carbide MOSFET-Based Integrated Circuits

In this work silicon carbide MOSFET based integrated circuits such as operational amplifier. 27-stage ring oscillator and CMOS-based inverter have been designed, fabricated and successfully tested at high temperatures. Silicon carbide MOSFETs remained fully operational from room temperature to 500°C with stable I-V characteristics. Also 27-stage ring oscillator, operational amplifier and CMOS inverter tested and shown to be functional up to 500°C, with relatively small performance change between 300°C and 500°C. High temperature reliability evaluation of these circuits demonstrate stable operation and both the ring oscillator and OpAmp survived more than 100 hours at 500°C.
Women in Management: Trends, Issues, and Challenges in Managerial Diversity/Competitive Frontiers: Women Managers in a Global Economy

The article reviews the books “Women in Management: Trends, Issues, and Challenges in Managerial Diversity,” edited by Ellen A. Fagenson and “Competitive Frontiers: Women Managers in a Global Economy,” edited by Nancy J. Adler and Dafna Izraeli.
Total shoulder arthroplasty in patients with HIV infection: complications, comorbidities, and trends

Background Patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection were previously at substantial risk for immunosuppression-related complications. As a result of highly active antiretroviral therapy, HIV-infected patients are living longer and are presenting for elective surgery. Outcomes in HIV-infected patients are well described for hip and knee arthroplasty but not for total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA). The purpose of this study was to examine postoperative complications of TSA in HIV-positive patients. Methods We queried the entire 2005 to 2012 Medicare database. Current Procedural Terminology and International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification codes were used to identify the procedure, demographics, comorbidities, and postoperative complications. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. Results The query returned 2528 HIV-positive patients who underwent TSA or reverse TSA (RTSA). There was increased utilization of TSA and RTSA in this population from 2005 to 2012; 1353 patients had 2-year follow-up. These patients were slightly older and had higher prevalence of comorbidities, suggesting a sicker cohort. HIV-positive patients had alarmingly higher rates of 90-day cerebrovascular accident (OR, 35.98; CI, 30.34-42.67). HIV-positive patients had higher overall rates of broken prosthetic joints (OR, 1.72; CI, 1.20-2.47), periprosthetic infection (OR, 1.36; CI, 1.01-1.82), and TSA revision or repair (OR, 2.44; CI, 1.81-3.28). Conclusions To our knowledge, this is the first study that directly examines the postoperative outcomes of HIV-positive patients after TSA or RTSA. As more of these patients present for surgery, surgeons should be aware that these patients might be at increased risk for certain postoperative surgical and medical complications.
Hier zählt die individuelle Therapie

Bei der Pharmakotherapie des Morbus Parkinson hat sich im letzten Jahrzehnt Einiges getan, zum einen was die Einschatzung von L-Dopa und Dopaminagonisten angeht, und zum anderen wurden neue medikamentose Optionen eingefuhrt. Mit dem folgenden Update bleiben Sie auf dem Laufenden.
SEQUENTIAL CONVERGENCE IN C_p(X) AND A COVERING PROPERTY.

Let X be a perfectly1 normal Lindel¨of space. It is proved in Theorem 3 that the space has property S1(Γ,Γ) (as deﬁned in [11]) if, and only if, it has property S1(Γ,Γ)∗ (as deﬁned in [9]). This result is then used to answer Problem 8 of [9] negatively. Theorem 3 also supports a partial solution of Problem 5 of [9].
A Widening Gyre

This case discusses the pharmacodynamic interactions of epinephrine, insulin, and phosphorus in the post-cardiopulmonary bypass patient.