cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Threshold limit values, permissible exposure limits, and feasibility: The bases for exposure limits in the United States

The development of exposure limits in the United States has always relied heavily upon the threshold limit values (TLVs) developed by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH). In fact, the TLVs were adopted as official exposure limits by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) in 1972 and 1989. Given the continuing importance of the ACGIH limits, this paper compares the basis of the TLVs with that employed by OSHA de novo in its 12 new permissible exposure limits (PELs). Using benzene as an example, it is shown that OSHA's new PELs have been established following a rigorous assessment of the inherent risks and the feasibility of instituting the limit. The TLVs, on the other hand, have been developed by ad hoc procedures and appear to have traditionally reflected levels thought to be achievable at the time. However, this might be changing. Analysis of the historical reductions of TLVs, for 27 substances on the 1991–1992 list of intended changes, indicates smaller reductions in the past (median reduction of 2.0–2.5-fold between 1946 and 1988) compared to those currently being observed (median reduction of 7.5-fold between 1989 and 1991). Further analysis suggests a more aggressive policy of the ACGIH regarding TLVs for carcinogens but not for substances that produce effects other than cancer. Regardless of whether the basis of the TLVs has changed recently, it would take a relatively long time for the impact of any change to be felt, since the median age of the 1991–1992 TLVs is 16.5 years, and 75% of these limits are more than 10 years old. The implications of OSHA's continued reliance on the TLVs as a means of updating its PELs are discussed, and four alternatives are presented to the ACGIH regarding the future of its activities related to exposure limits. It is concluded that new mechanisms are needed for OSHA to update its PELs in a timely fashion so that the TLVs will not be adopted by default in the future. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Rethinking CS0 with JavaScript

Traditional approaches to CS0 have emphasized either breadth, through an overview of computer science, or depth, through intensive programming. This paper describes an alternative teaching method that strikes a balance between these two approaches through the use of JavaScript and the World Wide Web. By taking advantage of JavaScript's simplicity and natural Web-based interfaces, the CS0 course described here is able to maintain a strong emphasis on programming and problem-solving, integrate programming skills with Web technology, and still provide reasonable breadth on general computer science topics. This balance between depth and breadth makes the course attractive to both non-majors and majors alike, providing a broad perspective of the field as well as a foundation for continuing studies in computer science.
Multichannel quantum-defect approach for two-photon processes

We present a method which allows the efficient calculation of the amplitudes for two-photon processes based on variations of the eigenchannel R-matrix method and of the multichannel quantum-defect theory (MQDT). This method contains the flexibility to describe structure due to intermediate- as well as final-state Rydberg series, autoionizing series, and continua. Because the method is based on MQDT, we would be able to describe easily two-photon processes in negative ions as well as in any of the situations previously described by the generalization of MQDT in one-photon processes. We present calculations for two-photon absorption from the ground state of Mg and Ca.
From Where Will the Leaders Come? Revisited

Abstract Traditional leadership perspectives reflect mechanistic and bureaucratic concepts. This article argues however, that educators should teach people to recognize and act on opportunities to lead without the benefit of managerial position. A recent application of this concept, employing 11 course design criteria, indicates that it is appropriate for undergraduate leadership instruction. However, analysis of student performance suggests that comprehending and experiencing leadership from a nonpositional perspective may not be easy for some individuals.
Investigation of the sound transmission into an advanced grid-stiffened structure

The noise transmission behavior of an advanced grid-stiffened (AGS) composite structure has been investigated by combining numerical and experimental methods. Structural-acoustic coupling was found to be light, permitting separate analysis of the structure and acoustic cavity. Finite element analysis permitted the resonant frequencies of acoustic cavity and structure to be calculated, which play an important role for noise transmission through the structure. Acoustic mode shapes permitted internal coincidence frequencies to be estimated and provided insight into modal pressure distributions, when considering payload location. Experimental structural and acoustic modal analysis permitted the resonant frequencies and damping ratios for the structure and cavity to be determined, which in turn were used to corroborate the FEA model. Finally, direct measurement of the noise transmission was performed based on noise reduction spectrum (NRS), which is calculated front spatial averages of the RMS acoustic pressures inside and outside of the shell. It was found theft the NRS was dominated by acoustic resonances, which were marked by sharp dips in the NRS curve. Internal coincidence of the axial wavenumbers was also found to be a significant mechanism for noise transmission. External coincidence and ring frequencies were found to provide less of an impact on the overall NRS for the structure.
Abstract B68: Targeted theranostics of tumor vasculature by multivalent scFv constructs against TEM1

Background: It is direly needed to develop new therapy and diagnosis for ovarian cancer. There are molecular markers on tumor vessels but not normal; thus provide strong rationale to develop early detection and targeting agents for such “signature”. One such protein, Tumor endothelial marker-1 (TEM1), is overexpressed in tumor endothelial cells as a suitable marker for targeting tumor vasculature. Objective: To better assist TEM1-specific theranostics, we sought to 1)develop TEM1-specific affinity agents from scFv-display library by protein engineering, 2)develop immunoPET/optical imaging; and 3)develop TEM1-targeting immunotherapies such as radioimmunotherapy, antibody-drug conjugate and bispecific antibodies. Methods: To determine the expression of TEM1 in tumor vasculature, 53 cases of metastatic serous ovarian cancer (stages IIIC and IV) resected at HUP were studied by immunohistochemistry. We previously isolated TEM1-specific scFv,”scFv78”, binding to extracellular domain (aa.324-390) of TEM1 with Kd ~2 nM. To improve thermal/serum stability and affinity, a series of multivalent variants were engineered, including scFv78 fusion with huIgG1 Fc region, or partial Fc (CH2-, CH3-, or hinge). Protein production was carried out with 293F cells and purified with affinity chromatography. These variants are characterized in vitro for Kd, serum and thermo stability. In vivo PK/PD and biodistribution studies were carried out in naive and TEM1+ tumor bearing animals. Protein with the most favorable affinity, PK/PD and stability was developed into agent for in vivo imaging, such as NIR optical imaging and immunoPET by 124-Iodine labeling. Antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) was designed and tested by conjugation to MMAE. Results: Over 99% of patients have positive staining on either fibroblast or vessel. To develop TEM1 antibody for theranostics, we characterized a panel of multivalent scFv78 variants. All variants exhibit comparable thermo and serum stability. ScFv78-Fc exhibited higher affinity (KD=0.15nM, 15 fold of parental scFv78) to TEM1. In vivo pharmacokinetics study of these variants suggested that scFv78-Fc is suitable for further development as targeted therapeutics and imaging. In pilot optical and PET imaging study, florouphore-labeled and radiolabeled scFv78-Fc showed enrichment in TEM1+ tumor, but not control tumor or normal organs. Pilot experiment showed specific killing of TEM1+ cells by 78Fc-MMAE conjugate. Conclusions: We developed an innovative approach of tumor therapy by targeting tumor vasculature marker such as TEM1, which is common on ovarian cancer and some other solid tumors. Citation Format: Chunsheng Li, Jia Hu, Ann Marie Chacko, Junying Wang, Aizhi Zhao, Xingmei Duan, Vladimir Muzykantov, George Coukos. Targeted theranostics of tumor vasculature by multivalent scFv constructs against TEM1. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Advances in Ovarian Cancer Research: From Concept to Clinic; Sep 18-21, 2013; Miami, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2013;19(19 Suppl):Abstract nr B68.
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND STRIKES: REPLY TO CAMERON

(1985). Economic Development and Strikes: Reply to Cameron. The Sociological Quarterly: Vol. 26, No. 2, pp. 209-212.
Upconversion Nanoparticles for photodynamic therapy

In order to establish a noninvasive cancer therapy with minimal side effects, low cost, and specific in targeting tumor cells. The team engineered novel and biocompatible Upconversion Nanoparticles (UCNPs) with a calcium fluoride shell α-NaYF4:Yb, Er@CaF2 and conjugated with an FDA approved prodrug 5-Aminolevulinic Acid (ALA). In conjunction with photodynamic therapy (PDT), deep tissue penetration was achieved. UCNPs convert near-infrared light into visible light when excited at ~980nm. Emission of the red light from the UCNPs activate the photosensitizer protoporphyrin (PpIX), causing the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) causing the death of targeted tumor.
Effect of clenbuterol on recovery of muscle mass and carcass protein content following experimental hyperthyroidism in old rats.

Abstract The β2-adrenoceptor agonist, clenbuterol, has hastened the recovery of skeletal muscle and carcass weights and carcass protein stores lost during experimental hyperthyroidism in 24-month-old rats. Daily injection of 6.5 μgT3 per 100 g body weight for 2 weeks and 4.0 μg for the third week caused a 17–22% reduction in total body, carcass and combined hindlimb muscle weights, and a 16–21% reduction in carcass protein stores. Feeding diet containing 10 mg clenbuterol per kg during a 3-week recovery period caused complete restoration of these parameters to euthyroid control levels while the feeding control diet did not.
B Production and Decay at DØ

Results on B production and decay at DO using a data sample of integrated luminosity between 115 and 250 pb−1 are presented. These include results on D ∗ ∗ , B ∗ ∗ , B s → μ + μ − , ϒ ( 1 S ) production and the X(3872).
Cyclo-stationary linear parameter time-varying subspace realization method applied for identification of horizontal-axis wind turbines

Wind energy is becoming increasingly important worldwide as an alternative renewable energy source. Economical, maintenance and operation are critical issues for large slender dynamic structures, especially for remote offshore wind farms. Health monitoring systems are very promising instruments to assure reliability and good performance of the structure. These sensing and control technologies are typically informed by models based on mechanics or data-driven identification techniques in the time and/or frequency domain. Frequency response functions are popular but are difficult to realize autonomously for structures of higher order and having overlapping frequency content. Instead, time-domain techniques have shown powerful advantages from a practical point of view (e.g. embedded algorithms in wireless-sensor networks), being more suitable to differentiate closely-related modes. Customarily, time-varying effects are often neglected or dismissed to simplify the analysis, but such is not the case for wind loaded structures with spinning multibodies. A more complex scenario is constituted when dealing with both periodic mechanisms responsible for the vibration shaft of the rotor-blade system, and the wind tower substructure interaction. Transformations of the cyclic effects on the vibration data can be applied to isolate inertia quantities different from rotating-generated forces that are typically non-stationary in nature. After applying these transformations, structural identification can be carried out by stationary techniques via data-correlated Eigensystem realizations. In this paper an exploration of a periodic stationary or cyclo-stationary subspace identification technique is presented here by means of a modified Eigensystem Realization Algorithm (ERA) via Stochastic Subspace Identification (SSI) and Linear Parameter Time-Varying (LPTV) techniques. Structural response is assumed under stationary ambient excitation produced by a Gaussian (white) noise assembled in the operative range bandwidth of horizontal-axis wind turbines. ERA-OKID analysis is driven by correlation-function matrices from the stationary ambient response aiming to reduce noise effects. Singular value decomposition (SVD) and eigenvalue analysis are computed in a last stage to get frequencies and mode shapes. Proposed assumptions are carefully weighted to account for the uncertainty of the environment the wind turbines are subjected to. A numerical example is presented based on data acquisition carried out in a BWC XL.1 low power wind turbine device installed in University of California at Davis. Finally, comments and observations are provided on how this subspace realization technique can be extended for modal-parameter identification using exclusively ambient vibration data.
CARBOXYLATE-SHIFT-LIKE DYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM IN BROMOMAGNESIUM DIETHYLCARBAMATE

The dimagnesium complex [Mg(Et2NCO2)(THF)2Br]2 (Et2NCO2- = diethylcarbamate, THF = tetrahydrofuran) contains two Mg2+ ions bridged by two diethylcarbamate ligands and exists as two related isomers,...
A comparison between immunochemical and physical chemical analyses of the molecular size of urinary proteins

Abstract In 17 out of 29 patients with nephrotic syndrome α 2 -macroglobulin was found in the urine and in 6 out of 11 patients from the same group immunoglobulin-G appeared to be excreted, according to immunochemical tests. In reality, physical-chemical tests showed that only fragments of both these proteins, of molecular weights varying between 50,000 and 100,000 actually existed in these urines. It must be supposed that these proteins had undergone enzymatic degradation.
Shadow-casting based edge detection: using rebroadcasting material

Optical shadow-casting based edge detection is hardware implemented using the spatial light rebroadcasting (SLR) materials. The digitized input image is encoded in accordance to the polarization-encoded optical shadow-casting design algorithm. An edge-detection operation of the coded image is performed using the SLR material both asspatial light modulator and logical device.© (1990) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
EFFECT OF SET FOR ASSOCIATED WORDS ON DURATION THRESHOLD

One of the variables that has consistently been believed to influence the speed or accuracy of perception is that of "set," i.e., an individual recognizes more easily and quickly stimuli that are congruent with his expectations than those that are not. The influence of such expectations has been demonstrated experimentally in studies of visual duration threshold, set most usually being defined in terms of instmctions informing S of the specific material or caregory of the word (e.g., food names) to be identified (2, 3, 4, 5, 7). The present study represents a further attempt to explore the influence of instruction-induced set on visual duration thresholds, utilizing daerent types of materials than have been investigated previously. Specifically, it was hypothesized that threshold facilitation might be demonstrated not merely for words or objects that belong to a conceptual category but also for words that have by virtue of previous contiguity in experience come to be associated with a given 'key' stimulus. Furthermore, it might be expected that the amount of sensitization accomplished by instructions to expect materials related in this manner would vary directly with degree of association, the threshold for words highly associated with the key stimulus being lowered more than for words with lesser
Thermophylaxis in Bean Rust

THERMOPHYLAXIS is here defined as sensitivity to heat resulting from a previous exposure to heat. The phenomenon has been demonstrated clearly only with bean (Phaseolus vulgaris)1 and the uredinial stage of the bean rust fungus (Uromyces phaseoli) in bean, but preliminary results with cowpea and with the powdery mildew, Sphaerotheca fuliginea, indicate that thermophylaxis may be demonstrable in many species. This report deals only with Uromyces, with which the phenomenon seems better expressed than with the other plants indicated.
On selection of primary modes for generation of strong internally resonant second harmonics in plate

Abstract The selection of primary shear-horizontal (SH) and Rayleigh–Lamb (RL) ultrasonic wave modes that generate cumulative second harmonics in homogeneous isotropic plates is analyzed by theoretical modeling. Selection criteria include: internal resonance (synchronism and nonzero power flux), group velocity matching, and excitability/receivability. The power flux, group velocity matching, and excitability are tabulated for the SH and RL internal resonance points. The analysis indicates that SH waves can generate cumulative symmetric RL secondary wave fields. Laboratory experiments on aluminum plates demonstrate that excitation of the SH3 primary mode generates the s4 secondary RL mode and that the secondary wave field amplitude increases linearly with propagation distance. Simple magnetostrictive transducers were used to excite the primary SH wave and to receive the SH and RL wave signals. Reception of these wave modes having orthogonal polarizations was achieved by simply reorienting the electrical coil. The experiment was complicated by the presence of a nonplanar primary wavefront, however finite element simulations were able to clarify the experimental results.
The behaviour of the dispersed phase in liquid-liquid cocurrent flow through a packed bed

The drop size distributions produced by the cocurrent flow of kerosene dispersed in water through a vertical column packed with spheres have been measured at different levels of flow rate, volume fraction dispersed phase, packing diameter and height of packed bed. The drop size measurements were made by isolating and photographing a portion of the dispersion as it emerged from the packing. The Sauter mean diameter is predicted by: where C is a constant, f(ϕ) is the phase fraction effect, ∈ is the power input per unit volume, τ is the residence time and dp is the packing diameter. On a mesure les distributions des dimensions des gouttes produites par l'ecoulement concourant de kerosene disperse dans l'eau dans une colonne verticale garnie de spheres; on a fait les mesures a differents niveaux de debit, de fraction en volume de la phase dispersee, de diametre de la garniture et de hauteur du lit garni. On a effectue les mesures des dimensions des gouttes en isolant et photographiant une partie de la dispersion au moment ou elle surgissait de la garniture. On prevoit le diametre de Sauter au moyen de l'equation suivante: ou C est un constante, f(ϕ) est de l'effet de la fraction de phrase, • est la puissance d'entree en unite de volume, τ est le temps de sejour et dp le diametre de la garniture.
Recent advances in technologies required for a "Salad Machine".

Abstract Future long duration, manned space flight missions will require life support systems that minimize resupply requirements and ultimately approach self-sufficiency in space. Bioregenerative life support systems are a promising approach, but they are far from mature. Early in the development of the NASA Controlled Ecological Life Support System Program, the idea of onboard cultivation of salad-type vegetables for crew consumption was proposed as a first step away from the total reliance on resupply for food in space. Since that time, significant advances in space-based plant growth hardware have occurred, and considerable flight experience has been gained. This paper revisits the “Salad Machine” concept and describes recent developments in subsystem technologies for both plant root and shoot environments that are directly relevant to the development of such a facility.
Synthetic Routes to a Series of Proximal and Distal 2'-Deoxy Fleximers.

Two series of innovative 2′-deoxy nucleoside analogues have been designed where the nucleobase has been split into its imidazole and pyrimidine subunits. This structural modification serves to introduce flexibility into the nucleobase scaffold while still retaining the elements required for recognition. The synthetic efforts to realize these analogues are described within.
Motor gasoline and diesel fuel demands by agriculture in the United States

Abstract This study sets out to determine how responsive the agricultural consumers of motor gasoline and diesel fuel are to changes in the relative prices of different types of energy. A demand model is specified and estimated. The conclusions suggest strongly not only that the unit price of motor gasoline demanded by agriculture, but that other types of energy are substitutes for motor gasoline and diesel fuel and that income and weather (measured by cooling degreedays and heating degree days) likewise affect motor gasoline and diesel fuel demands.
Band alignment in visible-light photo-active CoO/SrTiO3 (001) heterostructures

Epitaxial oxide heterostructures are of fundamental interest in a number of problems ranging from oxide electronics to model catalysts. The epitaxial CoO/SrTiO3 (001) heterostructure on Si(001) has been recently studied as a model oxide catalyst for water splitting under visible light irradiation (Ngo et al., J. Appl. Phys. 114, 084901 (2013)). We use density functional theory to investigate the valence band offset at the CoO/SrTiO3 (001) interface. We examine the mechanism of charge transfer and dielectric screening at the interface and demonstrate that charge transfer is mediated by the metal-induced gap states in SrTiO3, while the dielectric screening at the interface is largely governed by the ionic polarization of under-coordinated oxygen. Based on this finding, we argue that strain relaxation in CoO plays a critical role in determining the band offset. We find that the offsets of 1.36–1.10 eV, calculated in the Schottky-limit are in excellent agreement with the experimental value of 1.20 eV. In addition, we investigate the effect of the Hubbard correction, applied on the Co 3d states, on the dipole layer and potential shift at the interface.
Experimental design for the determination of coefficients in coupled non‐symmetric first order systems: The multicomponent diaphragm cell

The diaphragm cell method for experimentally determining multicomponent liquid diffusivities is optimized. An exact matrix solution of the coupled, non-symmetric, first order, linear, differential equations which presents a slightly different viewpoint is given. Optimum experimental conditions are defined for ternary systems for both single determinations and multiples of a single determination. The methods used can be applied to any number of components On optimise la methode de cellule a diaphragme pour determiner experimentalement les diffusivites de liquides a composants multiples. On decrit une solution a matrice exacte pour les equations differentielles lineaires, de premier ordre, asymetriques et assemblees; la dite solution presente un point de vue legerement different. On indique les conditions experimentales optimales pour les systemes ternaires pour des determinations simples et multiples. On peut appliquer la methode a n'importe quel nombre de composants.
Removing backward go-to statements from Ada programs: possibilities and problems

We here apply a recent mathematical result to the design of a process for removing backward go-to statements from Ada programs. Such statements are often used by programmers whose only reasons to use Ada are contractual. The mathematical result involves directed graphs, such as the flow graphs of programs, and the first step in our algorithm involves constructing the flow graph of an Ada program. In the second step, this flow graph is rearranged according to our mathematical result, which specifies a linear order for every flow graph, together with a structure for it, of loops within loops, in which no loops overlap. In the third step, a new Ada program is produced from the rearranged flow graph. A problem arises here, within the syntax of Ada, which does not allow branching into a sequence of statements. We show how this problem must be addressed, even though addressing it can involve removing existing structure from the Ada program which we are processing.
The Role of Past Experience in Visual Perception

(1950). The Role of Past Experience in Visual Perception. The Journal of Psychology: Vol. 30, No. 1, pp. 85-107.
Power, Control, and Validity in Research

L'auteur discute des problemes de pouvoir et de controle dans la recherche scientifique; cette discussion l'amene tout naturellement a considerer des problemes de validite (interne, externe, statistique et validite de construit). Le cas de la recherche sur les lentilles de IRLEN evoque dans ce numero special du journal est plus particulierement discute
New return difference matrix

In this paper, a new return difference matrix is defined. The partial loop difference and the signal-flow graph determinant are extended to the partial loop difference matrix and to the matrix signal-flow graph determinant. It is shown that the matrix signal-flow graph determinant is invariant for any order of node numbering. Using this property, a general relation for system function is derived. Finally, it is shown that, the return difference matrix, the null return difference matrix and complementary return difference matrix are special values of the new return difference matrix.
Temporal variability of stemflow volume in a beech-yellow poplar forest in relation to tree species and size

Summary Stemflow has distinguishable effects on the hydrology and biogeochemistry of wooded ecosystems. Nonetheless, it is a relatively poorly understood hydrologic process. No known studies have investigated the temporal variability of stemflow volume at 5-min intervals in a beech-yellow poplar forest of eastern North America. The aim of this research is to compare the temporal variability of stemflow generation by Fagus grandifolia Ehrh. (American beech) and Liriodendron tulipifera L. (yellow poplar) in relation to tree species and size. Employing a dense network of tipping-bucket stemflow gages interfaced with a datalogger, a 5 min stemflow yield database was assembled and analyzed to better discern how stemflow production varies (temporally) with tree species and size. Results indicate that both tree species and size have detectable effects on the temporal variability of stemflow yield. Observational data, scientific analysis, and correspondence analysis reveals that stemflow yield: (1) is more similar within than between the two tree species with differences likely being attributable to differences in bark texture and water storage capacity; (2) tree size affects stemflow yield within species; (3) rain event characteristics affect stemflow yield; and (4) stemflow yield for particular trees and rain events is the result of a complex set of interactions among tree species, tree size, and meteorological conditions. These results suggest that the temporal variation in stemflow yield from co-occurring forest trees may play a significant role in subsurface drainage of wooded ecosystems during rain events.
The Effects of Chronic Cigarette Smoking on Cerebrovascular Responsiveness to 5 Per Cent CO2 and 100 Per Cent O2 Inhalation

Effects of chronic cigarette smoking on cerebrovascular responsiveness of volunteers at risk for stroke and not at risk for stroke were evaluated by serial measurements of cerebral blood flow using the 133Xe inhalation method. Resting gray matter blood flow values (Fg) measured while breathing room air were compared with Fg values measured during inhalation of either 5 per cent CO2 in air or 100 per cent O2. Changes in Fg values during inhalation of 5 per cent CO2 were used to estimate cerebral vasodilator capacitance, and those during inhalation of 100 per cent O2 were used to estimate cerebral vasoconstrictor capacitance. Results indicated that chronic cigarette smokers have both reduced vasodilator (P less than 0.01) and reduced vasoconstrictor (P less than 0.02) capacitance when compared with nonsmokers of the same ages regardless of whether or not other risk factors for stroke were present. Vasodilator capacitance to 5 per cent CO2 inhalation was reduced among smokers compared with nonsmokers of the same age by 48 per cent in non-risk subjects and 56 per cent in risk-factored subjects, while vasoconstrictor capacitance to 100 per cent O2 inhalation among smokers was decreased by 24 per cent in non-risk subjects and 34 per cent in risk-factored subjects. In risk-factored subjects, combined effects of smoking and other risks appeared to be additive.
Detection of fluorescent and light-absorbing optical heterogeneity in tissue-mimicking phantoms using frequency-domain techniques

Both theory and experimental results show the capacity to locate the presence of a fluorescent volume incurred within a scattering medium from frequency-domain measurements of photon migration. Frequency-domain measurements consisted of monitoring the phase-shift and amplitude demodulation of fluorescent and excitation light reemitted from a tissue phantom in response to a sinusoidally modulated excitation source located 2.8 cm away from a detecting fiber positioned on the phantom periphery. Measurements of modulation phase- shift and amplitude were conducted as a 9 mm diameter cylindrical heterogeneity containing micromolar concentrations of IR-125 and DTTCI in 0.5%. Intralipid was moved within a 20 cm diameter vessel filled with 0.5 Intralipid. These measurements were investigated to evaluate the contrast offered by lifetime, fluorescent yield, and the fluorophore concentration difference between the heterogeneity and its surroundings. Our results show that the degree of contrast offered by fluorescence is always superior to that afforded by light absorption, enabling better detection of a diseased tissue with preferential fluorescent dye uptake. Contrast is also enhanced by the lifetime of the fluorescent dye, its uptake into simulated diseased volume, and the volume into which preferential uptake occurs relative to the surrounding tissues.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Basal cell carcinoma of the vulva with groin node metastasis

There have been five previous well-documented cases of metastatic vulvar basal cell cancer in the literature. We now present the sixth case-an 86-year-old patient with vulvar basal cell cancer metastatic to an ipsilateral groin node. She was treated with radical vulvectomy and bilateral inguinofemoral lymphadenectomy and remains free of disease 1 year later.
Mitochondrial DNA Variation in the Ozark Highland Members of the Banded Sculpin Cottus carolinae Complex

Abstract The goal of this study was to determine whether variation in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequence data is concordant with morphological divergence in the five Ozark Highlands members of the complex of banded sculpin Cottus carolinae: Eyelash sculpin, fringehead sculpin, Black River race, grotto sculpin, and midlands race. We generated a phylogenetic hypothesis for the banded sculpin complex based on a data set composed of 841 base pairs of mtDNA (ATPase-8 and ATPase-6) for 58 individuals representing all banded sculpin complex members that occur in the Ozark Highlands and comparative material collected outside of the highlands. Divergence in mtDNA was found to be generally concordant with morphological distinctiveness in the fringehead sculpin, eyelash sculpin, Black River race, and grotto sculpin; however, genetic divergence of these taxa was generally low (sequence divergence maximum = 0.2-1.4%) relative to the marked morphological distinctness exhibited by these taxa. In contrast, the midlands r...
Power Majorization and Majorization of Sequences

Let \(\bar x\), \(\bar y\ \in\ R_n\) be vectors which satisfy x1≥ x2≥ … ≥ xn and y1≥ y2 >- … ≥ yn and Σxi = Σyi. We say that \(\bar x\) is power majorized by \(\bar y\) if Σxip≤ Σyip for all real p ∉ [0, 1] and Σxip≥ Σyip for p ∈ [0, 1]. In this paper we give a classification of functions ϕ (which includes all possible positive polynomials) for which \(\bar\phi(\bar x) \leq \bar\phi(\bar y)\) (see definition below) when \(\bar x\) is power majorized \(\bar y\). We also answer a question posed by Clausing by showing that there are vectors \(\bar x\), \(\bar y\ \in\ R^n\) of any dimension n ≥ 4 for which there is a convex function ϕ such that \(\bar x\) is power majorized by \(\bar y\) and \(\bar\phi(\bar x)\ >\ \bar\phi(\bar y)\).
TH‐A‐217A‐01: Image Gently and Image Wisely in Nuclear Medicine

There has been recent interest in the radiation dose delivered to the public as a result of medical imaging in both children and adults. Reports in the public press as well as hearings held by our public servants have concerned themselves with the need to be judicious about the use of medial imaging that involves ionizing radiation and to consider ways to reduce the radiation dose to the public without compromising the quality of the diagnostic information provided to our clinical collaborators. For these reasons, it is imperative that health professionals understand the nature of the health risks associated with ionizing radiation, the dosimetry in the context on medical imaging and ways that may be considered for the reduction of radiation dose. This presentation will cover these topics in the context nuclear medicine imaging performed in both children and adults. The basis for radiation risk estimation will be discussed as well as estimates of risk in the dose range associated with clinical nuclear medicine. Ways to communicate this risk to our patients and their families will also be described. The dosimetric models used in nuclear medicine, factors that affect dose and methods that may be used to reduce dose will be presented. The dosimetry of computed tomography in the context of hybrid imaging will also be described. Lastly, efforts and plans of both the Image Gently (in children) and Image Wisely (in adults) campaigns with respect to nuclear medicine will be discussed including the recently published North American Consensus Guidelines for Children and Adolescents developed by the Image Gently Group. Learning Objectives: 1. List 2 factors that affect radiation dose in nuclear medicine 2. Discuss 3 approaches that may lead to dose reduction in nuclear medicine 3. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of 3 ways of conversing about the radiation from nuclear medicine with their patients
Evaluation of land use-transportation systems with the Analytic Network Process

Developments in models and methods of urban systems have increasingly drawn attention to the joint effect of land use and transportation on behavioral and policy relevance, with multicriteria evaluation of and attention to the site-level analysis of spatial impacts. In this paper, we use Saaty’s Analytic Network Process (ANP), a systems-oriented method, to contribute to the emerging methodological developments in land use and transportation systems evaluation, planning, and forecasting. The ANP is applied to the problem of light rail route selection with station area land use and property value among multiple criteria. The application shows how the analysis of land use and transportation as elements of an urban system with feedback is facilitated by the ANP with data parsimony in the ex ante estimation of site-specific, spatial-economic impacts.
Use of the Neisserial Lipoprotein (Lip) for Subtyping Neisseria gonorrhoeae

The pathogenic Neisseria species N. meningitidis and N. gonorrhoeae possess an outer membrane lipoprotein, designated Lip, which is present in all strains tested. The predicted protein sequence of Lip consists of a consensus AAEAP amino acid repeat. The objective of this study was to determine the feasibility of using the Lip repeat number and sequence for subtyping of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. The lip genes of each isolate were amplified by PCR and sequenced to determine the repeat number and sequence. Among the 46 strains we examined, eight different Lip repeat numbers were identified, with lengths of 11 (1 strain), 12 (14 strains), 13 (2 strains), 14 (10 strains), 15 (5 strains), 16 (10 strains), 17 (3 strains), and 20 (1 strain) repeats. Analysis indicated differences in the sequences within the repeats that resulted in amino acid alterations in repeat classes that contained multiple strains. Among the 46 isolates examined, we were able to identify 17 unique Lip subtyping patterns.
Uncertainty in territory quality affects the benefits of usurpation in a Mediterranean wrasse

Individuals should defend sites when the expected benefits of the territory exceed the cost of defense. However, if territory qulaity is unpredictable or difficult to assess, the expected pattern of territorial behavior is less clear. In a Mediterranean wrasse, Symphodus ocellatus, mating success is skewed with 2% of nesting males getting more than 20% of the spawning success. Yet, variation in mating success is not explained by any known physical characteristic of males or their territories. Instead, females prefer nests with a recent history of mating success because males are less likely to desert the offspring she leaves behind. Thus, territory quality is transient and determined by interactions between the sexes. I measured the frequency of territorial takeovers and the uncertainty in mating success among days at a nest. Observations indicated that S. ocellatus males usurped their neighbor’s successful nests when males were unsuccessful and larger than their successful neighbor. Sites that achieved mating success had a significantly higher probability (0.84) of remaining sucessful between consecutive days than unsuccessful territories had of becoming successful (0.30). Unsuccessful males obtained higher and more certain fitness returns if they usurped a successful neighbor’s territory. Interactions within and between the sexes drive uncertainty in success, which influences territorial behavior in this species. Key words: territoriality, stochasticity, labridae, sexual conflict, assessment. [Behav Ecol 15:278–285 (2004)]
Fluid substitution effects on seismic anisotropy

We derive equations for HTI and orthorhombic symmetries to analyze fluid substitution effects in porous fractured media. The derivations are based on the anisotropic Gassmann equation and linear slip theory. We assess the influence of fluid substitution (gas, brine, and oil) on elastic moduli, velocities, anisotropy, and azimuthal amplitude variations. We find that in the direction normal to fractures, P-wave moduli increase as much as 56% and P-wave velocity increases up to 19% for gas-to-brine substitution. For the direction parallel to fractures, P-wave velocity remains almost constant when porosity is low (5%) but can increase up to 4% if porosity is high (25%). Since P-waves in two different directions have different sensitivities to fluids and fractures, the Thomsen's parameters (defined for HTI and orthorhombic symmetries), ϵ and δ, are sensitive to fluid types and fractures. We also found that δ is sensitive to porosity for liquid saturation but insensitive to porosity for the case of gas saturation. Gassmann assumes (and as has been observed) that shear modulus does not depend on fluids. And we observe no changes in shear-wave splitting (γ) for different fluids. The azimuthal amplitude variation is dependent on fluid types, fractures, and porosity. We observe up to 12% increase in azimuthal amplitude variation for low porosity gas sands after brine saturation and 6% decrease for high porosity gas sands. We find that the percentage changes in gas-to-oil substitution are about half that of the gas-to-brine case. The equations we have derived provide a useful tool to quantitatively evaluate the effects of fluid substitution on seismic anisotropy.
The correlation between surface temperature and subsurface velocity during evaporative convection

The cross-correlation between surface temperature and subsurface velocity is presented for water undergoing evaporative convection. The surface temperature measurements were obtained via quantitative infrared imaging, and the velocity measurements were obtained using a two-component laser Doppler velocimetry (LDV) system. The water surface was covered with a surfactant monolayer, which did not impede evaporation. The largest measured correlation coefficient was 0.375. Correlation coefficients obtained after shifting the velocity and temperature time traces with respect to each other revealed a peak in the correlation coefficient very close to a zero time shift. The significance of these results and their implications for the remote sensing of underwater objects via infrared imaging are discussed.
Corrections to the Target and Critical Values for the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Validation Tests

In 1974 the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration joined to complete exposure standards promulgated by federal regulations. In that effort NIOSH scientists developed an accuracy criterion (AC) and a statistical protocol for evaluating its fulfillment. That AC and those procedures have been widely used ever since. This article presents corrections to the target and critical coefficients of variation published as part of the statistical protocol.
Towards simple, high-performance schedulers for high-aggregate bandwidth switches

High-aggregate bandwidth switches are those whose port count multiplied by the operating line rate is very high; for example, a 30 port switch operating at 40 Gbps or a 1000 port switch operating at 1 Gbps. Designing high-performance schedulers for such switches is challenging for the following reasons: (i) high performance requires finding good matchings; (ii) good matchings take time to find; (iii) in high-aggregate bandwidth switches there is either too little time (due to high line rates) or there is too much work to do (due to a high port count). We exploit the following features of the switching problem to devise simple-to-implement, high-performance schedulers: (a) the state of the switch (carried in the lengths of its queues) changes slowly with time, implying that heavy matchings will likely stay heavy over a period of time; (b) observing arriving packets conveys useful information about the state of the switch. These features are exploited using hardware parallelism and randomization to yield three scheduling algorithms for IQ (input-queued) switches - APSARA, LAURA and SERENA. These algorithms are shown to achieve 100% throughput and simulations show that their delay performance is quite competitive with respect to the maximum weight matching. The stability proof involves a derandomization procedure and uses methods which may have wider applicability.
The Shape of Space: Applying Geometric Morphometrics to Geographic Data

Another means is proposed for displaying epistatic change in spatially structured ecologies. The approach uses techniques developed in geometric morphometrics, a relatively new discipline centered on mapping change in bone and other morphologies through evolutionary time across taxa. Warps analysis is introduced and its terms and protocols explained. An example of warps analysis as applied to geographic data is presented. The example focuses on the AIDS epidemic in two boroughs of New York City. Female adult AIDS incidence and percentage newborns exposed to HIV, by zip code for the years 1991 – 98, are used to generate annual configurations within an ecological parameter space. A warps analysis of those configurations indicates a clear shift in the relative positions of Manhattan zip codes during the 1990s. The analysis shows the relative positions of two subareas comprised of Harlem and Lower Manhattan zip codes were displaced in contrary directions in the parameter space with the introduction of antiret...
AIRPORT PRIVATIZATION: ISSUES FOR THE UNITED STATES

The worldwide trend to privatize airports has led Congress to direct the Federal Aviation Administration to experiment with privatization. Because there always is a public interest in the operation of major commercial airports, which are both vital assets to the community and potential monopolies, it is generally impractical to transform airports into wholly private businesses. Most privatization projects involve substantial regulation of the private investors, detailing the design of airport services, the prices charged, and their openness to users. Worldwide experience provides three lessons: (a) U.S. airports are among the most privatized in the world, and there is little scope for privatization in the United States compared to elsewhere; (b) Major aspects of airport direction must remain under government control because of the public interest in these facilities; and (c) Privatization takes a long time because the process requires considerable negotiation between the stakeholders in the airport busine...
Fair bandwidth allocation for multi-class of adaptive multimedia services in wireless/mobile networks

Adaptive multimedia services are very attractive in wireless/mobile networks since they can mitigate the fluctuation of resources. We consider some quality of service (QoS) aspects for multiple classes of adaptive multimedia services in wireless/mobile networks. They are QoS parameters for the bandwidth degradation, a call admission control scheme and a bandwidth allocation algorithm to satisfy QoS, and to utilize resources efficiently. Moreover, they are for multiple classes of users with fairness among classes and fairness within one class. The fairness among classes is achieved by partitioning the bandwidth resource according to arrival rates. The fairness within one class is achieved by fairly distributing the degree of bandwidth degradation among users. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme achieves good fairness for bandwidth and degree of degradation.
An energy-efficient CMOS line driver using adiabatic switching

Describes a custom CMOS line driver chip and a resonant power supply that can switch eight 100 pF loads at 1 MHz six times more efficiently than a conventional (CV/sup 2/) CMOS solution. The authors describe the adiabatic charging principle used, which allows a digital circuit designer to directly trade off switching time for increased energy efficiency. Emphasis is placed on evaluating the dissipation overhead for the whole system including the power supply. Measurements confirm the predicted dissipation decrease. >
Health Promotion for Successful Aging

The rising costs of health and social support systems for an aging population will become unsustainable without proactive steps to create individual and environmental changes that promote successful aging. Unfortunately, many older adults do not currently have a healthy lifestyle and are at risk for poor health outcomes, including chronic illnesses and mortality. The authors review the behavioral and psychosocial correlates of health and well-being, which include resilience, self-efficacy, smoking, physical activity, diet, good sleep, and having a strong social network, and linked them to the concept of successful aging. They discuss the unique challenges of maintaining health behaviors among older adults over time and review 3 of the most common approaches to lifestyle intervention in older adults (ie, social cognitive theory, the transtheoretical model, and social ecological models). They conclude that initiation and maintenance of behaviors require perceptions of control (self-efficacy), a belief in th...