cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sex- and gender-based differences in healthy and diseased eyes.

Abstract Purpose The aim of this study was to identify sex- and gender-based differences in ocular anatomy, physiology, and disease susceptibility or manifestation. Methods Review of current indexed literature was conducted. Results Sex and sex hormones influence the lacrimal system, eyelids and blinking, corneal anatomy and disease, aqueous humor dynamics and glaucoma, crystalline lens and cataract, uveitis and retinal disease, ocular circulation, and optic nerve anatomy and disease. Systemic conditions, particularly autoimmune disease, and conditions that are unique to women, such as pregnancy and menopause, further illustrate the effects of sex hormones on the eye. Gender-based differences in ocular conditions and disease should be considered within the context of the underlying physical and social environment. Conclusions Many sex- and gender-based differences exist in healthy and diseased eyes.
Generalizations of Groups in which Normality Is Transitive

A group G is called a Hall&#x1d4b3;-group if G possesses a nilpotent normal subgroup N such that G/N′ is an &#x1d4b3;-group. A group G is called an &#x1d4b3;o-group if G/Φ(G) is an &#x1d4b3;-group. The aim of this article is to study finite solvable Hall&#x1d4b3;-groups and &#x1d4b3;o-groups for the classes of groups &#x1d4af;, &#x1d4ab;&#x1d4af;, and &#x1d4ab;&#x1d4ae;&#x1d4af;. Here &#x1d4af;, &#x1d4ab;&#x1d4af;, and &#x1d4ab;&#x1d4ae;&#x1d4af; denote, respectively, the classes of groups in which normality, permutability, and Sylow-permutability are transitive relations. Finite solvable &#x1d4af;-groups, &#x1d4ab;&#x1d4af;-groups, and &#x1d4ab;&#x1d4ae;&#x1d4af;-groups were globally characterized, respectively, in Gaschutz (1957), Zacher (1964), and Agrawal (1975). Here we arrive at similar characterizations for finite solvable Hall&#x1d4b3;-groups and &#x1d4b3;o-groups where &#x1d4b3; ∈ {&#x1d4af;, &#x1d4ab;&#x1d4af;, &#x1d4ab;&#x1d4ae;&#x1d4af;}. A key result aiding in the characterization of these groups is their possession of a nilpotent residual which is a nilpotent Hall subgroup of odd order. The main result arrived at is Hall&#x1d4ab;&#x1d4ae;&#x1d4af; = &#x1d4af;o for finite solvable groups.
Evaluation of a noninvasive index of global ventricular function to predict rejection after pediatric cardiac transplantation.

Acute rejection remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality in pediatric cardiac transplant patients. For years, endomyocardial biopsy has been the standard method for diagnosing rejection. Clinical experience has shown that there are many problems with the “gold standard” of biopsy, including sampling error due to nonuniform distribution of focal lesions and patient distress related to serial invasive procedures.1 Many echocardiographic measurements have been explored as possible harbingers of rejection. Parameters of systolic function, 2‐ 4 diastolic function, 4‐8 myocardial mass, 9 and changes in myocardial acoustic properties10 have been investigated in an effort to predict cardiac rejection. However, none of these studies has provided a definitive indicator of cardiac rejection. Recent studies have suggested that Doppler tissue imaging11 and color M-mode 12 may be useful noninvasive tools to predict cardiac allograft rejection. Tei13 published data using a Doppler-derived myocardial performance index that includes aspects of systolic and diastolic function. The index has been used successfully in adult patients with dilated cardiomyopathy or amyloidosis to evaluate cardiac function and predict clinical outcome.14,15 Because systolic and diastolic dysfunction frequently coexists during episodes of cardiac rejection, we hypothesized that this index of global ventricular function may predict episodes of acute rejection. This study examines if the noninvasive Doppler myocardial performance index predicts rejection in pediatric cardiac transplant recipients.
Constructive graph labeling using double cosets

In this paper we consider the following labeling problem: Given a graph G with n nodes and symmetry group @? and a set @? of n not necessarily distinct labels, construct all distinct, with respect to @?, labelings of the nodes of G with the elements of @?. Two efficient computer implemented algorithms for explicitly constructing such labelings are presented. These algorithms are based on a group theoretic formulation of the graph labeling problem.
Radiative constraints on the energy budget of the tropical atmosphere

Abstract A simple one-dimensional model is presented to describe the energy budget of the tropical atmosphere. Heating of the atmosphere is associated primarily with latent energy released due to precipitation in localized regions of intense cumulonimbus activity. Air transported to upper regions of the troposphere by cumulonimbus systems is returned to the surface over a large region of descent. Heat released by subsidence is balanced primarily by emission of radiation in the infrared. The model accounts for this energy balance, exploring specifically the constraints on permissible fluxes of mass and energy. Results suggest that the strength of the background subsidence field in the tropics may be sensitive to surface temperature and to changes in atmospheric composition, specifically variations in the altitude distribution of H 2 O and changes in the abundance of greenhouse gases such as CO 2 . The mean level of detrainment of deep cumulonimbus clouds is found to increase with increasing surface temperature. This behavior is shown to be sensitive to atmospheric composition. The surface temperature for an atmosphere containing twice the present level of CO 2 is predicted to increase by 1.4K, about 25% less than the change obtained with models in which the lapse rate of temperature is specified at lower altitudes, where assumptions of radiative equilibrium would lead otherwise to a statically unstable condition. Buoyancy considerations suggest that there may be an upper limit to the range of permissible values for surface temperature in the tropics. Models in which the subsidence mass flux is assumed constant with respect to altitude are found to be unable to maintain buoyancy for rising air in the face of heat released by descent when surface temperatures exceed about 312K.
Long-term outcomes of autologous stem cell transplantation for follicular non-Hodgkin lymphoma: effect of histological grade and Follicular International Prognostic Index.

Abstract Although results of autologous stem cell transplantation (SCT) for recurrent follicular non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) have been previously reported, the long-term results and evaluation of prognostic factors in a large patient population receiving this therapy are difficult to find in the literature. To address these issues, we evaluated 248 patients with recurrent follicular NHL treated with high-dose chemotherapy and autologous SCT between 7/87 and 6/03. According to the World Health Organization (WHO) classification system, 64 patients (26%) had follicular NHL grade 1 (FL 1), 98 (40%) had FL 2, and 86 (35%) had FL 3. At the time of transplantation, 88 of the patients (35%) had a Follicular Lymphoma International Prognostic Index (FLIPI) score of low risk, 87 (35%) had an intermediate-risk FLIPI score, 37 (15%) had a high-risk FLIPI score, and 36 (15%) had at least 1 missing value, preventing calculation of the FLIPI score. The 5-year overall survival (OS) for all patients was 63%, and the 5-year progression-free survival (PFS) was 44%. In a multivariate analysis, a histological grade of FL 3, a high-risk FLIPI score at the time of transplantation, and having received 3 or more previous chemotherapy regimens were significant factors for predicting a worse OS. In addition, the use of a transplantation regimen including a monoclonal antibody decreased the relative risk of progressive lymphoma. These data suggest that transplantation earlier in the course of the disease for patients with follicular lymphoma with use of a monoclonal antibody–based regimen may lead to improved outcomes.
Somatizing distress: Hospital treatment of psychiatric co-morbidity and the limitations of biomedicine

Analysis reveals that treatment of psychiatric co-morbidity in hospitals has a somatizing effect. The patients typically have long, costly hospital stays marked by numerous nonpsychiatric consultations. When consulted, psychiatrists are constrained by their role within the hospital social system and tend to employ somatopsychic approaches which are compatible with the orientation of their physician consultees. Case studies illustrate the inadequacy of these treatment modes and highlight the significance of social and economic problems as etiologic factors in psychiatric co-morbidity. Applying a critical approach from the field of medical anthropology, we argue that the ultimate solution to many patients' problems lies outside of the realm of biomedicine and depends on changes in social policies. Thus, the limitations of biomedicine are seen as due both to its predisposition toward somatic treatment and to larger social forces which cause its practitioners to be part of the problem rather than part of the solution.
Generation of inductive and capacitive accretive operators

The paper deals with an important classification of linear reciprocal passive systems. Inductive and capacitive accretive operators are defined. They represent the most natural generalisation of the familiar RL and RC networks. A central theorem suggests how to generate inductive or capacitive operators from familiar RL and RC networks.
The Effects of Extensions on the Family Brand Name: An Accessibility‐Diagnosticity Perspective

Previous research has led to mixed findings regarding the effect of extensions on the family brand name. This research identifies “accessibility of extension information” as a factor that moderates the effects of the valence of extension information and extension category on brand evaluations. Under higher accessibility, negative information about the extension led to dilution and positive information led to enhancement of the family brand regardless of extension category. Under lower accessibility, extension information affected evaluations based on category diagnosticity. Negative information about a close (vs. far) extension led to dilution and positive information about a far (vs. close) extension led to enhancement.
Using a pseudo-random binary sequence as a mother wavelet in the wavelet-correlation system identification method

The wavelet-correlation (W-C) method is a method of system identification that has been derived as a generalization of the correlation method which uses wavelets rather than correlation functions to determine the system transfer function estimate. The input signal for this identification method is the mother wavelet which must also meet the system identification requirement of persistent excitation. A pseudo-random binary sequence is selected as the mother wavelet and is shown to be a better input signal than wavelets.
Elder Care as Family Labor The Influence of Gender and Family Position

This research indicates that gender differences in the performance of specific caregiving tasks and the amount of time spent providing care by family caregivers of frail elders should be considered in the context of family position-related norms and expectations. Using a nationally representative sample of noninstitutionalized impaired elderly people in the United States (N = 813), the results show that husbands (when compared to wives) and daughters (when compared to sons) report spending more time and performing a greater number of caregiving tasks. The authors suggest that family position may confound interpretations regarding the association between gender and family caregiving.
Plasmid-encoded lysostaphin endopeptidase gene of Staphylococcus simulans biovar staphylolyticus

A 12.2-kilobase (kb) BclI fragment containing the lysostaphin endopeptidase gene was cloned from Staphylococcus simulans biovar staphylolyticus into Escherichia coli. The gene was expressed in E. coli and the gene product apparently was secreted into the periplasmic space. The gene was localized to a 3.3-kb region of the cloned fragment and this region was shown to contain a staphylococcal promoter for the endopeptidase gene. By hybridization analysis, the endopeptidase gene was shown to reside on the largest of five plasmids in S. simulans biovar staphylolyticus. No additional copies of this gene were detected in the genome.
Mixing effects during polymerization by the adiabatic temperature rise technique

Polyaddition lineaire et avec reticulation du polyurethanne; effet de la localisation du catalyseur
Spreading and infiltration of inkjet-printed polymer solution droplets on a porous substrate.

Simultaneous spreading and infiltration of inkjet-printed droplets has been studied. Small (54- and 63-µm diameter) droplets of an aqueous polymer solution (2.4 vol% polyacrylic acid, PAA, MW 60,000) were deposited on high green density porous ceramic beds, and the wetting-induced spreading and infiltration of the droplets were characterized. The time scales for spreading and infiltration were comparable (∼milliseconds), resulting in interruption of the spreading prior to completion by infiltration of the liquid into the powder bed, a situation that has received little treatment in the literature. The infiltration time was varied by changing the pore size (via particle size) in the powder bed, and it was confirmed that slower infiltration resulted in greater spreading of the liquid. The spreading and infiltration of the droplet were modeled to examine the coupling between the two processes and allow prediction of the maximum extension of the droplet as a function of the powder bed particle size. The liquid spreading was found to follow r(t) = a(b + t) n behavior, and the effect of particle size on infiltration time was used to predict the point at which spreading ceases due to infiltration for various particle sizes. C � 2002 Elsevier Science (USA)
Perceptions of Investment Risk Associated with Material Control Weakness Pervasiveness and Disclosure Detail

ABSTRACT: This research examines whether investors adjust their assessments of investment risk in response to material control weakness disclosures, the pervasiveness of material control weaknesses, and the detail of explanation provided regarding the pervasiveness of material control weaknesses. Findings from a laboratory experiment with 97 nonprofessional investors, a second experiment with 53 nonprofessional investors, and surveys of 47 investors and 28 Fortune 500 directors confirm prior archival findings that investors adjust their investment risk assessments in response to material weakness disclosures. More importantly, we find evidence of an interactive effect of material control weakness pervasiveness and disclosure detail that is counter to the expected benefits of expanded disclosure desired by corporate directors. When material weakness disclosures include specific and detailed discussion of the pervasiveness of control weaknesses, investors increase assessments of investment risk for less per...
Source class identification for DSLR and compact cameras

The identification of image acquisition source is an important problem in digital image forensics. In this work, we focus on building a classifier to effectively distinguish between digital images taken from digital single lens reflex (DSLR) and compact cameras. Based on the architecture and the imaging features of DSLR and compact cameras, the images taken from different sources may have different statistical properties in both spatial and transform domains. In this work, we utilized wavelet coefficients and pixel noise statistics to model these two different source classes over 20 different digital cameras. The efficacy of the digital source class identifier, introduced in the paper, has been tested over 1000 high quality camera outputs and post-processed images (resized, re-compressed). Experimental analysis shows that the proposed method has good potential to distinguish DSLR and compact source classes.
A tribute to William N. “MAC” McFarland (1926–2004)

On August 31, 2004 William N. “MAC” McFarland died in Mt. Vernon, Washington just 11 days shy of his 79th birthday. He was into his second post-retirement professorship (from Cornell and USC) at the Friday Harbor Labs of the University of Washington. Rather than the usual CV with a list of awards and accomplishments, of which Mac had many, I would like to posit the following question, “Why should Mac be honored in this issue?” To those of us who knew and worked with him, the fact that he was “Mac” says it all. However, to those who did not know him, more justification is needed.
Research on the Monolithic Process of Making A15 Superconducting Materials

The A15 superconducting materials are intrinsically brittle, and special processing techniques must be used to form them into wires or tapes. A number of manufacturing techniques have been suggested for laboratory use or commercial application. These include bronze process [1,2], in situ process [3–6], infiltration method [7], chemical vapor deposition [8], powder metallurgical (P/M) process [9,10], and others [11,12]. Although considerable success has been obtained with these various manufacturing methods, they have the common drawback of being metallurgically elaborate and difficult to accomplish in practice.
Comparisons of Conduct and Affective Disordered Youth: A Psychometric Investigation of Responses to the Children's Depression Inventory

Scores on the Children's Depression Inventory (CDI) for 103 affective and 125 conduct disordered psychiatric inpatients aged 6-17 were subjected to cluster analysis of variables using average linkage (with arccosine transformation) as a means of investigating differences in CDI response patterns between the two groups. Both vertical (hierarchical) and horizontal (nested) clusters were examined. The investigation indicated hierarchical clusters for the affective disordered group dealing with sadness and isolation, a negative self-image, and self-loathing. For the conduct disordered group, clusters centered hierarchically around a defeated attitude, being upset, not having fun anymore and not wanting to be with other people, and difficulty with academic performance.
VOCAL DISTINCTIVENESS AND RESPONSE TO CONSPECIFIC PLAYBACK IN THE SPOTTED ANTBIRD, A NEOTROPICAL SUBOSCINE

Abstract We studied individual variation in song characteristics of the Spotted Antbird (Hylophylax naevioides), a Neotropical suboscine, and tested for song discrimination using playback of male neighbors and strangers. Discriminant analysis of four frequency and temporal characteristics of the songs of 25 male and five female Spotted Antbirds revealed significant differences among individuals. Each song was assigned correctly to the individual that produced it with over 70% accuracy. However, during field playback, male Spotted Antbirds did not discriminate between neighbor and stranger song. Our results suggest that selection has not favored the evolution of neighbor-stranger discrimination, perhaps because all conspecific intruders pose a threat. The temporal characteristics of Spotted Antbird songs differed significantly between the sexes, but frequency characteristics did not. Females responded significantly less strongly to male playback than males, suggesting that each sex plays a distinct role in...
Prophylactic Antifungal Agents Used After Lung Transplantation

Objective:To review the data supporting available antifungal agents and compare regimens utilized to prevent fungal infection in lung transplant recipients.Data Sources:Literature retrieval was accessed through MEDLINE (1950 through October 2009) and United Network for Organ Sharing online database (available data through October 2009), using the terms lung transplantation, prophylaxis, and fungal infection. In addition, reference citations from publications identified were reviewed.Study Selection And Data Extraction:All articles or related abstracts in English identified from the data sources above were evaluated. Literature including adult lung transplant recipients who received systemic antifungal prophylaxis to prevent invasive fungal infections (IFIs) was included in the review.Data Synthesis:IFIs after lung transplantation remain a common postoperative problem and are associated with high mortality. The lung is the most vulnerable solid organ to be transplanted, as it is the main organ responsible ...
Tubulin transport by IFT is upregulated during ciliary growth by a cilium-autonomous mechanism

The assembly of the axoneme, the structural scaffold of cilia and flagella, requires translocation of a vast quantity of tubulin into the growing cilium, but the mechanisms that regulate the targeting, quantity, and timing of tubulin transport are largely unknown. In Chlamydomonas, GFP-tagged α-tubulin enters cilia as an intraflagellar transport (IFT) cargo and by diffusion. IFT-based transport of GFP-tubulin is elevated in growing cilia and IFT trains carry more tubulin. Cells possessing both nongrowing and growing cilia selectively target GFP-tubulin into the latter. The preferential delivery of tubulin boosts the concentration of soluble tubulin in the matrix of growing versus steady-state cilia. Cilia length mutants show abnormal kinetics of tubulin transport. We propose that cells regulate the extent of occupancy of IFT trains by tubulin cargoes. During ciliary growth, IFT concentrates soluble tubulin in cilia and thereby promotes elongation of the axonemal microtubules.
An investigation of nonequilibrium kinetic isotope effects in chemically activated vinyl radicals

New experimental data have been obtained for H + C2H2, D + C2H2, H + C2D2, and D + C2D2 at room temperature. Two previously described apparatus were used in order to measure the pressure dependence of the reactions. The absolute rate constants are compared to results from other laboratories. The present results and those of Payne and Stief are used to obtain the high-pressure limiting rate constant at room temperature. When the activation energy from the work of Payne and Stief is considered, it is shown that the A factor for H + C2H2 is too low by a factor of ∼20. If a transmission coefficient is introduced which is constant for all isotopic variations, the pressure dependence can be explained in terms of the randomly energized radicals. RRKM theory is then invoked to explain the observed statistical nonequilibrium kinetic isotope effects.
The role of the CaCl2–guluronic acid interaction on alginate encapsulated βTC3 cells

Previously we demonstrated that alginate composition has a significant effect on the growth of encapsulated betaTC3 cells and consequently on the overall metabolic and secretory activities of the encapsulated cultures. Based on these results we postulated that the mechanical properties of alginate were not responsible for the observed effects but rather, changes in the strength of the alginate gel network caused by changes in the number of alginate strands held together in the "egg-box" model are responsible for the observed effects. In this study we address this hypothesis with a series of experiments in which the strength of this interaction is manipulated by varying the calcium concentration either at the time of gelation or during culture maintenance. Our data show that increasing the concentration of the CaCl2 solution used at the time of gelation, thus increasing the strength of the alginate gel network, impedes the growth characteristics of betaTC3 cells encapsulated in a high guluronic acid content alginate. This effect is amplified by maintaining a constant supply of calcium ions during culture thus sustaining the interaction between guluronic acid residues and calcium ions. However, preparations of betaTC3 cells encapsulated in an alginate with high mannuronic acid content are not affected by changes in CaCl2 concentration due to the low percentage of consecutive guluronic acid residues. Therefore, the present data show that the strength of the alginate gel network is an important factor that influences the growth characteristics of encapsulated cell preparations.
Temporal regulation of CD81 following retinal injury in the rat.

Following retinal injury, glial cells within the retina undergo a response that is characterized by the proliferation of astrocytes, Muller cells, and retinal pigment epithelial cells. CD81, a small membrane protein known to be involved in cell proliferation, is up-regulated after injury. This study focuses on the temporal regulation of CD81, relating the expression of this protein to glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), the classic marker of gliosis. CD81 levels were elevated at 7 days after injury and remained elevated at 30 days after injury; GFAP was increased at 7 days and continued to increase until 30 days post injury. This association of CD81 with glial reactivity may provide a clue to the regulation of the proliferative response following retinal injury.
The Role of Health Education and Behavior in Public Health Genetics

This article highlights the important role of health behavior and health education (HBHE) research in public health genetics. Broadly defined, public health genetics is the integration of genetic advancements and technologies in the study and practice of public health. The potential role of HBHE within this area is presented across two intersecting continua—namely, the continuum between research and practice and the continuum between individual/personalized medicine and population health. The authors begin this article with an overview of current issues arising from the use of genetic information to improve the public’s health and provide a framework for understanding the multidimensional role of HBHE research in translating genetic research into medical and public health practice. An introduction to the nine articles and two practice notes included in this special issue is also provided to draw attention to the crosscutting themes and issues presented.
Synthesis and Application of Modular Phosphine–Phosphoramidite Ligands in Asymmetric Hydroformylation: Structure–Selectivity Relationship

A series of hybrid phosphine-phosphoramidite ligands has been designed and synthesized in moderate yields from chiral BINOL (1,1'-bi-2-naphthol) or NOBIN (2-amino-2'-hydroxy-1,1'-binaphthyl). They have achieved highly regio- and enantioselectivities in Rh-catalyzed asymmetric hydroformylations of styrene derivatives (branched/linear ratio up to 56.6, ee up to 99 %), vinyl acetate derivatives (up to 98 % ee), and allyl cyanide (up to 96 % ee). Systematic variation of ligand structure showed that the steric factor on the phsophoramidite moiety determined the performance of the ligand. With the increased hindrance, the branched/linear ratio rose, while the ee value dropped in the hydroformylation of styrene. However, the N-substituents did not influence the selectivities much.
Coarctation of the aorta: A call for early detection.

BACKGROUND:Early repair of coarctation of the aorta (COA) is associated with few perioperative complications and better long-term outcome. Therefore, early detection and treatment of COA patients i...
Medication injection safety knowledge and practices among anesthesiologists: New York State, 2011

Abstract Study Objective To survey anesthesiologists to assess medication injection safety knowledge and practices, and to improve infection control programs of the New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene and the New York State Society of Anesthesiologists (NYSSA). Design Survey instrument. Setting Scientific Educational and Professional Development Program Office, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA. Measurements A confidential, 23-question survey was emailed to a total of 2,310 NYSSA members. Data from the survey were culled from the responses of NYSSA members who practiced in New York State only. Main Results Of the 607 survey respondents, 595 met inclusion criteria (response rate 26%). Of these, 94% to 99% correctly answered 4 categories of questions about injection-contamination mechanisms. Respondents reported unacceptable practices (eg, not using a new needle and syringe for each new patient [3%]; not using a new needle and syringe to access medication vials [28%]; and combining vial content leftovers [11%]). Resident physicians reported these unacceptable practices more often than attending physicians. Use of medication vials for multiple patients (permitted for multi-dose vials but a potentially high-risk practice) was reported by 49% of respondents and was more common among those who worked in outpatient settings. Reported barriers to using a new medication vial for each new patient were medication shortages (44%), reduction of waste (44%), and cost (27%). Unacceptable or potentially high-risk practices were more common among respondents who reported ≥ one barrier. Conclusions Although they were not necessarily representative of all anesthesiologists in New York State, unacceptable or high-risk injection practices were common among respondents despite widespread knowledge regarding injection-contamination mechanisms. System barriers contribute to the use of medication vials for multiple patients.
Analysis of the Merging Procedure for the MSU Daily Temperature Time Series

Abstract The merging procedure utilized to generate homogeneous time series of three deep-layer atmospheric temperature products from the nine microwave sounding units (MSUs) is described. A critically important aspect in the process is determining and removing the bias each instrument possesses relative to a common base (here being NOAA-6). Special attention is given to the lower-tropospheric layer and the calculation of the bias of the NOAA-9 MSU and its rather considerable impact on the trend of the overall time series. We show that the bias is best calculated by a direct comparison between NOAA-6 and NOAA-9, though there other possible methods available, and is determined to be +0.50°C. Spurious variations of individual MSUs due to orbital drift and/or cyclic variations tied to the annual cycle are also identified and eliminated. In general, intersatellite biases for the three instruments that form the backbone of the time series (MSUs on NOAA-6, -10 and -12) are known to within 0.01°C. After slight m...
On the nondifferential misclassification of a binary confounder.

Observational studies of any design require accurate measurement of and adjustment for confounders in order to estimate causal effects without bias. However, misclassification of confounders is a pervasive—indeed some would say ubiquitous—problem that has been written about extensively.1–12 While misclassification and measurement error continue to be the subject of much research, the problem of describing and bounding bias due to misclassification is considered solved, at least in some simple settings. In 1980, Greenland13 argued that adjustment for a binary nondifferentially mismeasured confounder reduces the bias due to the confounder and therefore produces a partially adjusted effect measure that falls between the crude (i.e. unadjusted) and true (i.e. adjusted by the true confounder) measures. We hereafter refer to this as the “partial-control” result. Savitz and Baron14 presented a framework for quantifying the percent of the bias of the crude effect measure that remains after partial adjustment for a nondifferentially mismeasured confounder. They found, via simulations, that this “residual confounding” decreases with increasing sensitivity and specificity. Fung and Howe15 presented evidence from simulations showing that adjustment for a nondifferentially mismeasured polytomous confounder similarly accomplishes partial control for confounding, but Brenner16 corrected the record by showing that adjustment for a non-differential misclassified polytomous confounder may induce greater bias than failing to adjust for the confounder at all, or it may change the direction of the bias. He argued that appeal should be made to the partial-control result only for a binary confounder. Though this result has never been proven, it has been cited without qualification in methodological and applied work from 1980 onward.11,12,17–20 We prove that the partial-control result holds for binary confounders under the additional assumption that the effect of the confounder on the outcome is in the same direction among the treated and the untreated (i.e., there is no qualitative interaction between the treatment and the confounder). We demonstrate via counterexample that the result does not necessarily hold when this assumption is violated. We also prove that the partial-control result holds for the effect of treatment on the treated, i.e. when estimates are standardized by the distribution of the confounder among the exposed rather than in the entire population. Our remarks and results apply equally to effects on the risk difference, risk ratio, and odds ratio scales. The assumption of no qualitative interaction between treatment and confounder will likely hold in most applications in epidemiology, and therefore adjusting for a nondifferentially misclassified binary confounder will usually reduce the bias of the effect estimate relative to the crude, unadjusted estimate. If there is reason to believe, however, that qualitative interaction may exist between treatment and a mismeasured confounder, then adjusting for the mismeasured confounder may not reduce bias.
Fuzzy learning systems for aircraft control law reconfiguration

Aircraft subsystem failures (e.g., actuator or sensor failures) or battle damage can cause catastrophic failures that can lead to loss of the aircraft. While experienced pilots can often compensate for failures, in certain emergency situations there is the need for computer-assisted or fully computer-automated reconfiguration of the aircraft control laws to save the aircraft. In this paper we show that the fuzzy model reference learning controller (FMRLC) can be used to reconfigure the nominal controller in an aircraft to compensate for various actuator failures without using explicit failure information (e.g., the time of the occurrence of the failure or its magnitude). After establishing a failure simulation testbed for the F-16 aircraft we introduce a new design procedure for the FMRLC that involves initializing the fuzzy controller so that it emulates the nominal control laws and viewing the "fuzzy inverse model" in the FMRLC as a fuzzy controller in the adaptation loop. Finally, we investigate the performance of the FMRLC for various failure conditions on an F-16 aircraft. >
Plant NBS-LRR proteins in pathogen sensing and host defense

Plant proteins belonging to the nucleotide-binding site–leucine-rich repeat (NBS-LRR) family are used for pathogen detection. Like the mammalian Nod-LRR protein 'sensors' that detect intracellular conserved pathogen-associated molecular patterns, plant NBS-LRR proteins detect pathogen-associated proteins, most often the effector molecules of pathogens responsible for virulence. Many virulence proteins are detected indirectly by plant NBS-LRR proteins from modifications the virulence proteins inflict on host target proteins. However, some NBS-LRR proteins directly bind pathogen proteins. Association with either a modified host protein or a pathogen protein leads to conformational changes in the amino-terminal and LRR domains of plant NBS-LRR proteins. Such conformational alterations are thought to promote the exchange of ADP for ATP by the NBS domain, which activates 'downstream' signaling, by an unknown mechanism, leading to pathogen resistance.
Determinants of bribery in international business

Levels of perceived bribe taking in 54 countries in two time periods were analyzed with respect to two independent variables—their level of human development measuring education, wealth, and health (Human Development Index) and the level of economic freedom measuring the extent to which a nation's economy is open to market forces. The results indicate that lower levels of bribe taking are associated with high human development and greater economic freedom. Developed countries that have shown improvements on the two variables over a five-year period also show a reduction in their perceived levels of bribe taking. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
WATER-QUALITY IMPACTS OF WETLAND MANAGEMENT IN THE LOWER KLAMATH NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGE, OREGON AND CALIFORNIA, USA

Insufficient water supply and poor water quality are major problems in the Klamath Basin of southern Oregon and northern California, USA. Various land-management practices and competing demands for water in much of the basin have led to degraded environmental conditions and poor water quality (excessive nutrients, warn temperatures, high pH, low dissolved oxygen). Of particular interest are the water quality impacts of wetland management at Lower Klamath National Wildlife Refuge. Wetlands in the refuge are intensely managed through a system of canals, drains, and water-control structures, but the impacts of this management are not known. Data for inflows, outflows, field water-quality parameters, and nutrient concentrations were collected and analyzed in 1999 and 2000. Water budgets and nutrient loads were developed for the refuge. Water-quality impacts from wetland management include higher conductivity and water temperatures but lower turbidity. Outflow nutrient concentrations of N and P are generally increased relative to inflow concentrations, but nutrient loads are reduced. From 55 to 77% of the mass of N and 19 to 51% of the mass of P entering the refuge wetlands is retained. Seasonal wetlands retain less P than permanent wetlands or farmed units, possibly because of the annual drying cycle, the later drainage dates, and predominance of annual vegetation. For all refuge wetlands, dissolved inorganic N is retained more efficiently than particulate N, and particulate P is retained more efficiently than soluble reactive P. The ultimate effect of refuge wetland management is to decrease net N and P loads but increase the ratio of bioavailable P to bioavailable N in the refuge outflow.
Connection-level Models

In this chapter, we study simple models of the dynamics of a network at the connection level, i.e., at the level of file arrivals and departures. In all the previous chapters, we assumed that the number of controlled flows in the network is a constant and studied the congestion control and resource allocation problem for a fixed number of flows. In reality, connections or files or flows arrive and depart from the network. We assume that the amount of time that it takes for the congestion control algorithms to drive the source rates close to their equilibrium is much smaller than the inter-arrival and inter-departure times of files. In fact, we assume that compared to the time-scale of connection dynamics, the congestion control algorithm operates instantaneously, providing a resource allocation dictated by the utility functions of the users of the network. In the following sections of this chapter, we will study the impact of flow-level resource allocation on connection-level stochastic stability for this time-scale separated model.
Factors Influencing Academic Research Productivity: A Survey of Management Scientists

Some researchers are more prolific than others. What do you think explains the differences between those who publish a great deal and those who publish less? Hancock, Lane, Ray, and Glennon surveyed researchers who published in Management Science and Operations Research. They compared those with high rates of publication to those with lower rates. They asked how these researchers spent their time, whether they enjoyed research, where they obtained support, what things interfered with their research, and how they selected research topics.
Oxidation behavior of arc melted AlCoCrFeNi multi-component high-entropy alloys

Abstract Multi-component, high-entropy alloys (HEAs) are being investigated as potential alternatives for high temperature structural materials due to their reported high symmetry crystal structures, favorable mechanical properties, high temperature phase stabilities, and resistances to degradation in oxidizing/corrosive environments. However, their high temperature oxidation behaviors are poorly understood. In this work, the as-cast microstructures and 1050 °C oxidation behaviors of a series of arc-melted Al x (NiCoCrFe) 100-x HEAs where x = 8, 10, 12, 15, 20, and 30 (at.%) were investigated. The dominant structure of the low Al concentration HEAs was determined to be FCC, while the high Al concentration HEAs were BCC dominant. A structural transition point at ∼15 at. % Al exists where a large fraction of both FCC and BCC are present. Each HEA exhibited initial transient oxidation followed by various degrees of parabolic oxide growth. All of the HEAs formed a combination of Al 2 O 3 and AlN beneath an external Cr 2 O 3 scale. Increased Al content improved the continuity and internal position of the Al 2 O 3 scale, resulting in enhanced oxidation resistances. These results are discussed relative to chemically similar conventional alloys and existing Ni–Cr–Al oxide formation models. The resulting phase equilibria has been compared to thermodynamic predictions made using the CALPHAD method.
Rapid recipe formulation for plasma etching of new materials

ABSTRACT A fast and inexpensive scheme for etch rate prediction using flexible continuum models and Bayesian statistics is demonstrated. Bulk etch rates of MgO are predicted using a steady -state model with volume -averaged plasma parameters and classical Langmuir surface kinetics. Plasma particle and surface kinetics are modeled within a global plasma framework using Bayesian analysis and limited data. The accuracy of these predictions is evaluated with synthetic and expe rimental etch rate data for magnesium oxide in an ICP -RIE system. This approach is compared and superior to factorial models generated from JMP, a software package frequently employed for recipe creation and optimization. Keywords: experimental design, et ching, recipe creation and optimization, Bayesian *Roger T. Bonnecaze, E -mail: rtb@che.utexas.edu 1. INTRODUCTION In nanomanufacturing the creation and optimization of tool recipes is one of the largest contributors to time and expenses during a product development cycle. These costs are especially significant in dry etching processes, where very little is well understood about plasma conditions and the produced feature profiles. Dry etching is one of the most challenging fabrication steps to optimize due to its large number of process variables and the complexity of the gas chemistry and surface kinetics taking place in the reactor where hundreds of physical and chemical reactions occur in parallel. Curre nt optimization schemes for etching therefore often rely on a trial and error approach. Qualitative UHODWLRQVKLSVEDVHGRQH[SHULHQFHDUHXVHGWR³WXQH´HWFKSDUDPHWHUVIRUH[LVWLQJUHFLSHV7KLVDSSURDFKGRHVQRWSURYLGHfor extrapolation to new processes . Other schemes include design of experiment (DOE) methods like full or fractional factorial design to determine relationships between process inputs, but these approaches do not take into account prior knowledge about the system physics or past process r ecipes. Many feature and reactor scale plasma etch models and software exist for dry etching.
Hydrogen Bonding between Water and Tetrahydrofuran Relevant to Clathrate Formation.

Tetrahydrofuran (THF) is well-known as a clathrate former as well as a promoter for gas hydrate formation. This work examines interactions between water and tetrahydrofuran via the effect on water’s vibrational spectrum. Due to water’s large oscillator strength in the hydrogen-bonded region, interactions are diagnosed by isolating small clusters in a transparent medium (carbon tetrachloride in this study). A weak THF/water hydrogen bond is reflected by a 3450 cm–1 OH-donor vibration (blue shifted from the water/water hydrogen bond) and a 3685 cm–1 nonbonded OH stretch (blue shifted 22 cm–1 from the decoupled OH stretch in this medium). Increasing the THF concentration results in another 20 cm–1 blue shift of the OH-donor stretch. Additional THF does not complex with free water but rather joins with existing THF/water structures to form a cluster enriched in THF. These results complement previous work examining THF vibrations in clathrate hydrates. Together, they generate a picture in which water mediates ...
Thermochemical Properties Enthalpy, Entropy, and Heat Capacity of C1-C4 Fluorinated Hydrocarbons: Fluorocarbon Group Additivity

Enthalpies of formation for 14 C2–C4 fluorinated hydrocarbons were calculated with nine popular ab initio and density functional theory methods: B3LYP, CBS-QB3, CBS-APNO, M06, M06-2X, ωB97X, G4, G4(MP2)-6X, and W1U via several series of isodesmic reactions. The recommended ideal gas phase ΔHf298° (kcal mol–1) values calculated in this study are the following: −65.4 for CH3CH2F; −70.2 for CH3CH2CH2F; −75.3 for CH3CHFCH3; −75.2 for CH3CH2CH2CH2F; −80.3 for CH3CHFCH2CH3; −108.1 for CH2F2; −120.9 for CH3CHF2; −125.8 for CH3CH2CHF2; −133.3 for CH3CF2CH3; −166.7 for CHF3; −180.5 for CH3CF3; −185.5 for CH3CH2CF3; −223.2 for CF4; and −85.8 for (CH3)3CF. Entropies (S298° in cal mol–1 K–1) were estimated using B3LYP/6-31+G(d,p) computed frequencies and geometries. Rotational barriers were determined and hindered internal rotational contributions for S298°, and Cp(T) were calculated using the rigid rotor harmonic oscillator approximation, with direct integration over energy levels of the intramolecular rotation pote...
Erratum: Single-Cell Protein Secretomic Signatures as Potential Correlates to Tumor Cell Lineage Evolution and Cell–Cell Interaction

We noticed an error that the name of a key contributor, Dr. Yu Wu, was left out from the author list. The corrected author list and the affiliations are the following. Minsuk Kwak1, Luye Mu2, Yao Lu1, Jonathan J. Chen1, Yu Wu1, Kara Brower1,3 and Rong Fan1,4* 1Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA 2Department of Electrical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA 3Isoplexis Inc., New Haven, CT, USA 4Yale Comprehensive Cancer Center, New Haven, CT, USA
Factors Associated with College Students’ Intentions to Vaccinate Their Daughters Against HPV: Protecting the Next Generation

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a contemporary public health concern because of its association with cervical cancer. Despite evidence about HPV vaccination benefits, debate surrounds whether or not to vaccinate American youth. While no nationwide mandate exists, understanding the behaviors and intentions of future parents may provide insight about our ability to protect the next generation of school-aged youth. The purposes of this study were to examine factors associated with unmarried college students’ intentions to: (1) vaccinate their daughters against HPV and (2) give their daughters the choice about whether or not to be vaccinated. Data were analyzed from 1606 college students aged 18–26 using an internet-delivered questionnaire. Two binary logistic regression analyses were performed identifying predictor variables associated with participants’ intentions when having daughters in the future to vaccinate them against HPV and whether or not they would let their daughters decide to get the vaccination. Relative to those who did not intend to vaccinate their daughters against HPV, participants who were female (OR 1.55, P = 0.018), sexually active (OR 1.62, P = 0.001), diagnosed with HPV (OR 2.64, P < 0.001), received a flu shot in the past 12 months (OR 1.63, P = 0.002), perceived the HPV vaccine to be safe (OR 1.19, P < 0.001), and supported HPV vaccination mandates for school-aged youth (OR 2.58, P < 0.001) were more likely to report intentions of vaccinating their daughters against HPV. Participants who were sexually active (OR 1.45, P = 0.002) and perceived the HPV vaccine to be safe (OR 1.05, P = 0.012) were more likely to report they would allow their daughters to choose whether to be vaccinated against HPV. Until HPV vaccination mandates are enacted, parental support of vaccines are among the most effective way of increasing vaccine uptake. Identifying HPV vaccination support among future parents has potential to inform parent vaccination education programs related and advocacy for HPV vaccination policies.