cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fault Diagnosis of Components and Sensors in HVAC Air Handling Systems With New Types of Faults

Air handling systems are the key sub-systems of heating ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) systems. They condition and deliver air to satisfy human thermal comfort requirements and provide acceptable indoor air quality. Faults in their components and sensors may lead to high-energy consumption, poor thermal comfort, and unacceptable indoor air quality. Additionally, new types of faults may falsely be identified as known types. Identifying failure modes and their severities with low false identification rates is thus critical to know what faults occur and how severe they are. However, this is challenging, since 1) classifying both failure modes and fault severities generates many categories of failures, leading to high computational requirements; 2) updating model parameters to adapt to changing environments requires accurate recursive equations that are hard to obtain; and 3) model errors and measurement noise may cause high false identification rates in detecting new types of faults. In this paper, failure modes are identified by hidden Markov models (HMMs) and fault severities are estimated by filtering methods, leading to a decrease in the number of HMM states and low computational requirements. To adapt to changing environments, a new online learning algorithm is developed. In this algorithm, HMM parameters are obtained based on their posterior distributions given new observations, thereby avoiding the need for accurate recurrence equations. To identify new fault types with low false identification rates, a robust statistical method is developed to compare current HMM observations with those expected from existing states to obtain potential new types, and then confirm new types by checking whether observations have a significant change. Physical knowledge is then used to find the reason for the new fault type. Experimental results show that failure modes and fault severities of both known and new types of faults are identified with high accuracy.
Circulating Pigment Epithelium-Derived–Factor Levels—Hyperglycemia vs. Insulin Resistance

Serum pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) levels are correlated with adiposity, dyslipidemia, and renal dysfunction in type 2 diabetes (T2D) men. Major sources of circulating PEDF include the liver and adipose tissue. Cross-sectional studies have reported higher serum PEDF levels in T2D vs. controls. Although studies have suggested PEDF’s role in mediating insulin resistance, its potential role with regard to glycemic control remains unclear. We examined the association of serum PEDF and glycemic control in individuals with T2D (n=50; 21 men/29 women; age=63±10 years; CKD 1.8; n=23; p 1.8 (r=0.30, p=0.037), triglycerides (r=0.53, p 1.8) was not (p=0.70). There was also a significant interaction of AST x creatinine (p=0.02). While some suggest that elevated PEDF levels are associated with insulin resistance, the lack of an association in our data is intriguing. It is possible that gluconeogenesis by the liver and kidney is associated with elevation in circulating PEDF and PEDF may be part of an incomplete self-defensive regulatory mechanism to limit hyperglycemia. The significant interaction suggests that the relationship between creatinine and PEDF depends on AST. Taken together, the association between PEDF and poor glycemic control in persons with T2D may suggest a preferentially protective compensatory response of PEDF against hyperglycemia but not insulin resistance. Disclosure R.E. Maser: None. J. Lenhard: Speaker9s Bureau; Self; Eli Lilly and Company, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Sanofi. R. Pohlig: None. P. Balagopal: None.
A Special Section for Majors: Why the Answer May Not Be Undergraduate Research

AbstractHaving been presented the opportunity to teach a special section of American and Texas Government for new freshman majors, my first goal was to find ways to enhance and enrich the academic and intellectual experience of my students. My thoughts turned right away to undergraduate research and the many benefits it provides, as pointed out by the Association of American Colleges and Universities, the Council on Undergraduate Research, the American Political Science Association, and the National Collegiate Honors Council, among others. Thinking that my students deserved these opportunities, and that research was important to students majoring in political science, I wrote assignments that seemed right for the course. Now, with two years of experience with such sections, I am sharing lessons I have learned, from the need to be mindful of the time demands one places on new freshmen to recognition that the term research is unfamiliar and lacking in meaning to most students. Teaching the class for majors ...
Simultaneous AUV Localization and Lagrangian Particle Tracking

A simultaneous autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) localization and Lagrangian particle (LP) tracking (SLLPT) problem is proposed, and the solution to a simplified case is discussed. An AUV navigates along with the LP swarm to track its ego-position and the position of the LPs by utilizing ocean general circulation models and relative range and bearing measurements. SL-LPT is formulated as a stochastic inference problem where the target probability distribution can be tracked through Bayesian recursion. A Markovian random-flight model is adopted to describe the motion of the LPs. Based on this model, motions of the LPs are assumed to be dominated by large-scale mean flows, and the effect of eddy diffusivity on LPs’ motions is assumed negligible. The AUV predicts LPs’ positions through mean flow estimation with Gaussian noise. An extended Kalman filter (EKF) is applied to correct the dead-reckoning position tracking error by incorporating relative range and bearing measurements between the AUV and LPs. Simulation results in an artificial double-gyre flow field suggest that the tracking errors become correlated as the AUV navigations. It is revealed that the rate of error divergence decreases dramatically as the number of LPs increases.
Population pharmacokinetic analysis of vancomycin in pediatric continuous renal replacement therapy

Dosing of vancomycin in pediatric patients undergoing continuous venous–venous hemodiafiltration (CVVHDF) is challenging. Characterization of vancomycin pharmacokinetics can assist with dosing and attainment of goal serum concentrations. Patients less than 19 years of age who received vancomycin and had post-dose vancomycin concentrations while undergoing CVVHDF were identified. Data collection included the following: patient demographics, vancomycin dosing and serum concentrations, CVVHDF variables, serum creatinine (SCR), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), albumin, hematocrit, and urine output. Fat-free mass was calculated. Data were summarized with descriptive statistical methods, and population pharmacokinetic analysis was performed with NONMEM 7.2 and PDx-Pop 5.2. Simulation was performed to identify dosing regimens with the highest percentage of goal serum concentration < 20 mg/L and AUC0–24:MIC ≥ 400 attainment. A total of 138 patients met study criteria (45.6% male, median age 4.9 years (IQR (1.0, 14.5))). Mean vancomycin dose was 14.3 ± 1.6 mg/kg/dose (19.5 ± 3.0 mg/kg/dose by FFM). Patients had a median of six (IQR 2, 12) vancomycin serum concentrations sampled 13.6 ± 8.4 h after the dose, and the mean vancomycin serum concentration was 11.3 ± 3.4 mg/L. Vancomycin pharmacokinetics were characterized by a two-compartment model with allometric scaling on fat-free mass and significant covariates of SCR, BUN, dialysate flow rate, and ultrafiltration rate on clearance. Simulation identified doses of 40–50 mg/kg/day that divided every 8–12 h had the highest percentage of patients with a serum concentration < 20 mg/L and an AUC0–24:MIC ≥ 400. Vancomycin pharmacokinetics are characterized by fat-free mass, serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, dialysate flow rate, and ultrafiltration rate in the pediatric CVVHDF population. Dosing of 40–50 mg/kg/day on fat-free mass divided every 8–12 h with frequent vancomycin serum sampling is recommended.
Clear and White Plastics for Freeze Protection of Landscape Plants in the Southern to Mid-Atlantic Region

Rapid, wide fluctuations in winter temperatures in Mid-Atlantic and Southern states can result in severe damage to container grown landscape plants. Freezes on Christmas Day, 1983 and January 21, 1...
A Rare Case of Isolated and Idiopathic Spontaneous Renal Artery Dissection in a Female Patient on Multiple Medications

Constituting less than 25% of all renal artery dissections (RAD), isolated spontaneous renal artery dissection (SRAD) is a rare diagnosis that can cause subsequent renal infarction with impairment. The majority of SRAD cases are idiopathic. Management ranges from conservative, medical to endovascular, and surgical repair. We report a case of a young female on multiple medications who presented with SRAD. She presented with acute abdominal pain and was found to have isolated spontaneous renal artery dissection. The etiology of this patient's isolated SRAD could possibly be pinned down to her multiple stimulant medications used after the major known causes were ruled out.
Grassroots Adoption of Cloud-based Storage Solutions

The introduction of innovative technologies by employees into their workplace has been a long-standing practice. This informal introduction of technology within an organization without the organiza...
How to run a programming competition: conference workshop

In addition to the well-known ACM ICPC Programming Competition, many small student programming competitions are held each year at schools and conferences. This workshop teaches participants how to set up and manage a programming competition. Participants will learn how to install and administer the PC2 programming competition management software, and will construct a miniature sample competition on their own computers. Tips will be given on designing test problems, setting up a site, obtaining volunteers and resources, and running a hassle-free competition.
The paradox of cancer genes in non-malignant conditions: implications for precision medicine

Next-generation sequencing has enabled patient selection for targeted drugs, some of which have shown remarkable efficacy in cancers that have the cognate molecular signatures. Intriguingly, rapidly emerging data indicate that altered genes representing oncogenic drivers can also be found in sporadic non-malignant conditions, some of which have negligible and/or low potential for transformation to cancer. For instance, activating KRAS mutations are discerned in endometriosis and in brain arteriovenous malformations, inactivating TP53 tumor suppressor mutations in rheumatoid arthritis synovium, and AKT, MAPK, and AMPK pathway gene alterations in the brains of Alzheimer's disease patients. Furthermore, these types of alterations may also characterize hereditary conditions that result in diverse disabilities and that are associated with a range of lifetime susceptibility to the development of cancer, varying from near universal to no elevated risk. Very recently, the repurposing of targeted cancer drugs for non-malignant conditions that are associated with these genomic alterations has yielded therapeutic successes. For instance, the phenotypic manifestations of CLOVES syndrome, which is characterized by tissue overgrowth and complex vascular anomalies that result from the activation of PIK3CA mutations, can be ameliorated by the PIK3CA inhibitor alpelisib, which was developed and approved for breast cancer. In this review, we discuss the profound implications of finding molecular alterations in non-malignant conditions that are indistinguishable from those driving cancers, with respect to our understanding of the genomic basis of medicine, the potential confounding effects in early cancer detection that relies on sensitive blood tests for oncogenic mutations, and the possibility of reverse repurposing drugs that are used in oncology in order to ameliorate non-malignant illnesses and/or to prevent the emergence of cancer.
CHAPTER 6 – Enzymes, Energetics, and Respiration

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses enzymes, energy transfer, and the biochemistry of respiration. Respiration rates in whole trees, various organs, tissues, and the factors that influence respiration rates are also addressed. The course of assimilation and the kinds of substances produced in woody plants are regulated by many enzymes, which are classified on the basis of the reactions they catalyze. Most chemical reactions require the addition of enzymes that lower the energy of activation sufficiently for chemical reactions to occur at room temperatures. Isozymes, enzymes that exist in several molecular forms and act on the same substrate, are important in forest genetics and tree improvement research. Enzyme activity is influenced by temperature, pH, concentration of enzyme and substrate, as well as end products, tissue hydration, and hormonal growth regulators. Growth and development of woody plants depend on respiration for a continuous supply of carbon skeletons, energy for use in synthesis of new protoplasm, and maintenance of the structure of organelles during the dormant season and in seedlings kept in cold storage. Oxidation of glucose occurs in several steps, which fall into three general groups: glycolysis, by which glucose is converted to pyruvic acid, followed by the Krebs (tricarboxylic acid) cycle in which large amounts of ATP are formed, and the pentose shunt. Additionally, plants possess membrane-bound dehydrogenase activity that does not lead to proton pumping, and an alternative oxidase that reduces oxygen to water but does not cause ATP formation from proton extrusion. The possible functions of these alternative pathways in the plant's highly branched respiratory system are not known.
3.301 – Surface Analysis and Biointerfaces: Vacuum and Ambient In Situ Techniques

Biomaterial surfaces are a critical interface with biological fluids, samples, living tissue and host response systems. An understanding of the surface properties of biomaterials in contact with biological and biomedical systems is required to appreciate their performance and problems in an applications context, and offer new designs. Many techniques have been developed to provide chemical, physical, and topological information about biomaterial surfaces. Knowing which surface analytical methods to use under specific measurement conditions, what information they provide, and how to produce reliable analytical data is critical for any biomaterials development or experimental process. Only a few surface analytical methods are available for ambient or aqueous use. These techniques need to be used in tandem with other ultrasensitive surface analytical techniques operating under nonbiological conditions (i.e., desiccated in ultrahigh vacuum) to provide a complete compositional description of the surface. Each method has advantages, disadvantages, and limitations; using only one method biases the description of the surface to information reported only from that method. A reliable description of a biomaterial's surface must therefore compile information from several complementary techniques, providing a full spectrum of chemical, physical, topological, and reactivity data. During these measurements, the sample must be kept stable and clean.
Zero-based serials review: An objective, comprehensive method of selecting full-text journal resources in response to local needs

Abstract Most serials reviews have focused on the cancellation of currently held resources with high cost per use. In contrast, the latest serials review at Manhattan College employed a more fundamental indicator of cost-effectiveness and did not use the library's initial holdings as a starting point. After compiling a list of 2717 wanted journals—those identified by departmental faculty—we evaluated several thousand full-text journal resources (online databases and single-journal subscriptions) to identify those that provide the most cost-effective access to the wanted journals. Our iterative process led to a 50% increase in the percentage of wanted journals held, a 35% reduction in cost per wanted journal, a 3% reduction in total expenditures on full-text journal resources, and a substantial reduction in inequality of holdings across academic departments. Because costs are low in the initial rounds of the process, the same general method can be used to reduce expenditures. Two-thirds of the selected journals could have been acquired for just one-third of the total expenditure, and 80% could have been acquired for just 53%. Our results demonstrate that objective methods based on cost per wanted journal can achieve good results, and that commercial publishers' databases can be central to a cost-effective journal collection.
Promotion of lettuce growth under an increasing daily light integral depends on the combination of the photosynthetic photon flux density and photoperiod

Abstract In indoor farms, electric lighting controls pla growth and quality attributes, but incurs high capital and operating costs. The photon spectrum, photoperiod, and photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) can be optimized with other environmental variables to maximize harvestable yield considering production time and lighting costs. Previous studies have determined that increasing the photoperiod or PPFD can increase lettuce (Lactuca sativa) yield. However, it is unclear how, at multiple daily light integrals (DLI), combinations of a wide range of PPFDs and photoperiods affect growth and quality attributes of green- and red-leaf lettuce. We investigated the interaction between these factors on lettuce growth and quality attributes by growing lettuce ‘Rex’ and ‘Rouxai’ under DLIs from 6.9–15.6 mol m−2 d−1 using PPFDs of 120–270 μmol m–2 s–1 and photoperiods of 16–24 h d–1. Increasing the DLI increased shoot fresh and dry mass, leaf width and number, and chlorophyll concentration of both cultivars, regardless of the combination of the PPFD and photoperiod. Furthermore, increasing the DLI increased the red pigmentation of the red-leaf cultivar, ‘Rouxai’. Additionally, at a DLI of 15.6 mol m−2 d−1, lettuce grown under a lower PPFD and a longer photoperiod had greater fresh and dry mass than lettuce grown under a higher PPFD and a shorter photoperiod, while at a lower DLI of 10.4 mol m−2 d−1, this did not occur. We conclude that although increasing the DLI increased lettuce growth and improved quality attributes, the specific PPFD and photoperiod combination can have different effects on plant growth.
Understanding and Mapping Sensitivity in MoS2 Field-Effect-Transistor-Based Sensors

Sensors based on two-dimensional (2D) field-effect transistors (FETs) are extremely sensitive and can detect charged analytes with attomolar limits of detection (LOD). Despite some impressive LODs, the operating mechanisms and factors that determine the signal-to-noise ratio in 2D FET-based sensors remain poorly understood. These uncertainties, coupled with an expansive design space for sensor layout and analyte positioning, result in a field with many reported highlights but limited collective progress. Here, we provide insight into sensing mechanisms of 2D molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) FETs by realizing precise control over the position and charge of an analyte using a customized atomic force microscope (AFM), with the AFM tip acting as an analyte. The sensitivity of the MoS2 FET channel is revealed to be nonuniform, manifesting sensitive hotspots with locations that are stable over time. When the charge of the analyte is varied, an asymmetry is observed in the device drain-current response, with analytes acting to turn the device off leading to a 2.5× increase in the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). We developed a numerical model, applicable to all FET-based charge-detection sensors, that confirms our experimental observation and suggests an underlying mechanism. Further, extensive characterization of a set of different MoS2 FETs under various analyte conditions, coupled with the numerical model, led to the identification of three distinct SNRs that peak with dependence on the layout and operating conditions used for a sensor. These findings reveal the important role of analyte position and coverage in determining the optimal operating bias conditions for maximal sensitivity in 2D FET-based sensors, which provides key insights for future sensor design and control.
A thorough analysis and categorization of bacterial interrupted adenylation domains, including previously unidentified families

Interrupted adenylation (A) domains are key to the immense structural diversity seen in the nonribosomal peptide (NRP) class of natural products (NPs). Interrupted A domains are A domains that contain within them the catalytic portion of another domain, most commonly a methylation (M) domain. It has been well documented that methylation events occur with extreme specificity on either the backbone (N-) or side chain (O- or S-) of the amino acid (or amino acid-like) building blocks of NRPs. Here, through taxonomic and phylogenetic analyses as well as multiple sequence alignments, we evaluated the similarities and differences between interrupted A domains. We probed their taxonomic distribution amongst bacterial organisms, their evolutionary relatedness, and described conserved motifs of each type of M domain found to be embedded in interrupted A domains. Additionally, we categorized interrupted A domains and the M domains within them into a total of seven distinct families and six different types, respectively. The families of interrupted A domains include two new families, 6 and 7, that possess new architectures. Rather than being interrupted between the previously described a2–a3 or a8–a9 of the ten conserved A domain sequence motifs (a1–a10), family 6 contains an M domain between a6–a7, a previously unknown interruption site. Family 7 demonstrates that di-interrupted A domains exist in Nature, containing an M domain between a2–a3 as well as one between a6–a7, displaying a novel arrangement. These in-depth investigations of amino acid sequences deposited in the NCBI database highlighted the prevalence of interrupted A domains in bacterial organisms, with each family of interrupted A domains having a different taxonomic distribution. They also emphasized the importance of utilizing a broad range of bacteria for NP discovery. Categorization of the families of interrupted A domains and types of M domains allowed for a better understanding of the trends of naturally occurring interrupted A domains, which illuminated patterns and insights on how to harness them for future engineering studies.
Novel roles of immunometabolism and nonmyocyte metabolism in cardiac remodeling and injury

Changes in cardiomyocyte metabolism have been heavily implicated in cardiac injury and heart failure (HF). However, there is emerging evidence that metabolism in nonmyocyte populations, including cardiac fibroblasts, immune cells, and endothelial cells, plays an important role in cardiac remodeling and adaptation to injury. Here, we discuss recent advances and insights into nonmyocyte metabolism in the healthy and injured heart. Metabolic switching from mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation to glycolysis is critical for immune cell (macrophage and T lymphocyte) and fibroblast phenotypic switching in the inflamed and fibrotic heart. On the other hand, cardiac endothelial cells are heavily reliant on glycolytic metabolism, and thus impairments in glycolytic metabolism underlie endothelial cell dysfunction. Finally, we review current and ongoing metabolic therapies for HF and the potential implications for nonmyocyte metabolism.
Infantile Esotropia: A Continuing Riddle

Esotropia with an onset during infancy comprises a number of nosologically distinct clinical entities. These include essential infantile esotropia without and with nystagmus of the abducting eye (C...
Natriuretic Peptides and MicroRNAs 155 And 425 in Human Heart Failure: Biomarker Roles and Pathophysiologic Regulation

Introduction MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have recently emerged as important molecular entities in heart failure (HF) pathophysiology and diagnosis. To date, miR-155 and miR-425 have been implicated in the inhibition of the cardiac natriuretic peptide (NP) ANP gene with their role on BNP undefined. In HF, adrenergic and neurohormonal pathways are dysregulated. Our goal was to advance our understanding of the regulation of these two miRNAs and their predictive value in human HF. Hypothesis We hypothesized that miR-155 and -425 levels are reduced in HF compared to normal subjects. We also investigated the molecular mechanisms of NPs expression regulated by the miR-425 and -155. Methods Normal (healthy, NM, n=100) and Acute HF (AHF, n=74) cohorts were studied. Two confirmatory cohorts were also recruited: NM (n=20) and AHF (n=28). Plasma NT-proBNP was measured. Plasma miR-155 and -425 expression were quantified with RT-PCR. In left ventricular myocardium (LV) from NM or HF (n=5 each), Nppa (ANP gene), Nppb (BNP gene), miR-155, and -425 expressions were measured. In vitro, human cardiomyocytes (HCM) were treated with vehicle (Veh), 10-4 M catecholamine isoproterenol (ISO) and 10-6 M cytokine endothelin (ET) which are known to be activated in HF, mimics of miR-155 or -425, followed by gene expression assessment. Data expressed as means±SEM. * p Results MiR-155 and miR-425 were significantly lower in AHF patients (miR-155: NM: 1.8±0.29, HF: 0.13±0.02*), (miR-425: NM: 0.15±0.03, HF: 0.01±0.003*) than NM. The area under the curve (AUC) of the two miRNAs are 0.86 and 0.87 in AHF cohorts respectively (vs NT-proBNP 0.98). MiR-425 negatively correlates with NT-proBNP in AHF cohorts (r=-0.33*). Downregulation of both miRNAs were validated in a second AHF cohort. Similarly, in HF LV tissues, HF displayed lower miR-155 and miR-425 levels than NM group, while NP gene and protein expression were increased. In vitro, treatment with ISO or ET in HCM reduced miR-155, miR-425 levels and significantly elevated Nppa and Nppb levels. Furthermore in HCM, treatment with mimic of miR-425 reduced Nppa (Veh: 1.0±0.03, miR-425 mimic: 0.7±0.02*) and Nppb levels (Veh: 1.0±0.03, miR-425 mimic: 0.5±0.01*). We also demonstrated that apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1) and Cofilin 2, which have been reported to enhance Nppa and Nppb expression, was also reduced by miR-425. Conclusion MiR-155 and miR-425 are reduced in HF, which may be one of the mechanisms contributing to an increase in circulating ANP and BNP. MiR-425 also displays a negative correlation with NT-proBNP. In vitro, cardiac stress hormones known to be activated in HF downregulate these 2 miRNAs and increase NP gene expression which provides further insight into mechanisms of NP activation in HF. The findings for the first time implicate the pathway of stress hormones/miR-425/NP production in human HF simulated in vitro and further our understanding of NP activation in HF. These studies also support biomarker value for miR-155 and miR-425 and the compensatory nature of this decline in HF.
An Intervention to Promote Adherence to Glasses Wearing Among Urban Public Elementary School Students: Associations With Classroom Behavior:

Glasses wearing at school remains low even when glasses are provided. This study investigated whether a classroom intervention to promote glasses wearing was associated with increased glasses weari...
Consistent coupling algorithms for coupled core-edge simulations of plasma turbulence

Two schemes for coupling gyrokinetic simulations of microturbulence in tokamaks are proposed. The first scheme is based on an additive Schwarz domain decomposition. We show that, because the goal of turbulence is long-time averages of the dynamics rather than temporal accuracy, the iteration to self-consistency across domains, which is typically required by Schwarz schemes, can be avoided, thereby accelerating the computation. Second, we propose a coupling scheme that relies entirely on the addition of source terms, leaving the boundary conditions arbitrary. The practical motivations for such a scheme are discussed, and forms of the source terms that ensure consistency and stability are derived. The schemes are tested on a nonlinear, one-dimensional model problem, and the first scheme is further tested on the Hasegawa–Wakatani model.
A conserved trans regulatory loop involving an odorant binding protein controls male mating behavior in flies

A major goal in evolutionary biology is to understand how natural variation is maintained in sexually selected and sexually dimorphic traits. Hypotheses to explain genetic variation in sexually selected traits include context-dependent fitness effects, epistatic interactions, and pleiotropic constraints. The house fly, Musca domestica, is a promising system to investigate how these factors affect polymorphism in sexually selected traits. Two common Y chromosomes (YM and IIIM) segregate as stable polymorphisms in natural house fly populations, appear to be locally adapted to different thermal habitats, and differentially affect male mating success. Here, we perform a meta-analysis of RNA-seq data which identifies genes encoding odorant binding proteins (in the Obp56h family) as differentially expressed between the heads of males carrying YM and IIIM. Differential expression of Obp56h has been associated with variation in male mating behavior in Drosophila melanogaster. We find differences in male mating behavior between house flies carrying the Y chromosomes that are consistent with the relationship between male mating behavior and expression of Obp56h in D. melanogaster. We also find that male mating behaviors in house fly are affected by temperature, and the same temperature differentials further affect the expression of Obp56h genes. However, we show that temperature-dependent effects cannot explain the maintenance of genetic variation for male mating behavior in house fly. Using a network analysis and allele-specific expression measurements, we find evidence that the house fly IIIM chromosome is a trans regulator of Obp56h gene expression. Moreover, we find that Obp56h disproportionately affects the expression of genes on the D. melanogaster chromosome that is homologous to the house fly IIIM chromosome. This provides evidence for a conserved trans regulatory loop involving Obp56h expression that affects male mating behavior in flies. The complex regulatory architecture controlling Obp56h expression suggests that variation in male mating behavior could be maintained by epistasis or pleiotropic constraints.
Adverbialism and objects

Justin D’Ambrosio and I have recently and independently defended perceptual adverbialism from Frank Jackson’s well-known Many-Properties Problem. Both of us make use of a similar strategy: characterizing ways of perceiving by using the language of objects, and not just of properties. But while D’Ambrosio’s view does indeed validate the inferences that Jackson’s challenge highlights, it does so at the price of validating additional, invalid inferences, such as the inference from the claim that a small child hallucinates a bottle of aspirin to the claim that the child hallucinates a bottle of acetylsalicylic acid. My view avoids this. The crucial difference is that D’Ambrosio appeals to success conditions, which are extensional, while I appeal to informational content, which is not.
Molecular Genetic Applications to the Diagnosis of Lymphoma

One of the earliest descriptions of primary tumors of lymph nodes was by Thomas Hodgkin in 1832. His publication entitled “On Some Morbid Appearances of the Absorbent Glands and Spleen” reported the clinical characteristics and post mortem findings from seven patients with an unusual disease of lymph nodes (1). Some 30 yr later, the term “Hodgkin’s disease” was introduced by Sir Samuel Wilks in honor of the work of Thomas Hodgkin (2).
Umbrellas for Rainy Wear & Parasols for Fair

She shrugs: No one asked you to. Scuse me: says the little drunk, trying to weave past them, on his way to the door. He is holding the half-empty bottle by its jagged neck. The thin girl catches the dangling end of the belt & pulls him toward her. He falls against her, spilling a hiccough of wine. You didn't tell me you had company: he says reproachfully. You mean him! she laughs, pointing her chin at the poet: He's a poet; he's no company. She snatches the bottle from the man's hand. & cuts her thumb. Which is
Physician perceptions of primary prevention: qualitative base for the conceptual shaping of a practice intervention tool

Background A practice intervention must have its basis in an understanding of the physician and practice to secure its benefit and relevancy. We used a formative process to characterize primary care physician attitudes, needs, and practice obstacles regarding primary prevention. The characterization will provide the conceptual framework for the development of a practice tool to facilitate routine delivery of primary preventive care.
Comparison of two techniques for the solution of the 3-D nonlinear transient eddy current problem

A comparison of two numerical methods, Crank-Nicolson and the state-space, is presented. These methods are associated with the solution of 3-D nonlinear eddy current problems using finite elements. Details of their formulations are outlined and compared. Both algorithms were applied to a sample problem which comprises thin steel plates with a narrow gap. This magnetic circuit was placed over a coil excited by a time-varying source. Comparisons of the results obtained from these methods with the values from laboratory measurements show that the presented methods are accurate. The computation time, however, is an advantage for the state-space method, with only 25% of that for the Crank-Nicolson algorithm. >
Phase I study of cisdiamminedichloroplatinum in combination with azidothymidine in the treatment of patients with advanced malignancies

Purpose Azidothymidine (AZT, zidovudine) has been shown to reverse cisplatin resistance in cell culture. This phase I study was performed to determine the maximally tolerated dose (MTD) and dose-limiting toxicities of AZT when administered by continuous intravenous infusion in combination with cisplatin (CDDP), and to evaluate the pharmacokinetics of AZT in this setting.
The Microfoundations of Clientelism: Lessons from the Argentine Case

This paper challenges the assumption that parties and candidates with access to material benefits will distribute goods to low-income voters in exchange for electoral support. I claim that a candidate’s capacity to turn to clientelistic strategies of mobilization is a necessary, but insufficient condition to explain his or her decision to use clientelism. Besides having access to material resources and a network of party activist to distribute goods to potential voters, candidates have to prefer to use clientelism to mobilize voters. In studying candidates’ capacities and preferences to use clientelism, this paper provides an account of the microfoundations of political clientelism in Argentina. By combining quantitative and qualitative data at the municipal level, I find that an almost equal number of pragmatist candidates, who are capable of using clientelism prefer to turn to these strategies, and idealist candidates who, although capable, prefer not to use clientelism.
Deep and Broad are the Laws of Emergence

Bruce Weber, evolutionary biologist and Susan Sgorbati, choreographer have been in a dialogue for the last several years asking the question of whether there are deep structuring principles that cross disciplines. While both professors at Bennington College, they developed a series of courses that explored these structuring principles in complex systems. Ideas such as self-organization, emergence, improvisation, and complexity were investigated through the lens of different disciplines and modes of perception. The inquiry was both intellectually driven and experientially driven. Students were asked to research and write papers, as well as move in the dance studio. Experiments in the studio led Susan Sgorbati to develop research that subsequently resulted in a national tour with professional dancers and musicians who are participating in a performance as part of this conference.
La0.8Sr0.2Cr0.98V0.02O3 − δ Ce0.9Gd0.1O1.95 – Ni Anodes for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells Effect of Microstructure and Ni Content

Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) were fabricated with thick Ce0.9Gd0.1O1.95 (GDC) electrolytes, composite anodes containing La0.8Sr0.2Cr0.98V0.02O3-delta (LSCV), GDC, and NiO, and Au current collector grids. SOFCs with varying anode firing temperatures, GDC contents, and NiO contents were structurally evaluated and characterized by current-voltage measurements and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy in humidified hydrogen and air. With increasing anode firing temperature, particle sizes in the porous anodes increased and the area specific resistance (R-AS) increased (power density decreased). For lower firing temperatures, e.g., 1100 degrees C, R-AS decreased sharply with increasing NiO content from 0 to 5 wt %, but showed little further decrease from 5 to 20 wt % NiO. R-AS values were generally higher for higher firing temperatures, e.g., 1400 degrees C, decreasing gradually with increasing NiO content from 0 to 20 wt %. These trends were explained by an increase in Ni particle sizes with increasing firing temperature, making the Ni catalyst less effective. The anode polarization resistance at 750 degrees C was similar to 0.8 Omega cm(2) at 450 mV cell voltage (0.1 Omega cm(2) at open circuit), for a composition of 47.5 wt % LSCV, 47.5 wt % GDC, and 5 wt % NiO. (c) 2007 The Electrochemical Society.
Low-dose bafilomycin attenuates neuronal cell death associated with autophagy-lysosome pathway dysfunction.

We have shown previously that the plecomacrolide antibiotics bafilomycin A1 and B1 significantly attenuate cerebellar granule neuron death resulting from agents that disrupt lysosome function. To further characterize bafilomycin-mediated cytoprotection, we examined its ability to attenuate the death of naive and differentiated neuronal SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells from agents that induce lysosome dysfunction in vitro, and from in vivo dopaminergic neuron death in C. elegans. Low-dose bafilomycin significantly attenuated SH-SY5Y cell death resulting from treatment with chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine amodiaquine and staurosporine. Bafilomycin also attenuated the chloroquine-induced reduction in processing of cathepsin D, the principal lysosomal aspartic acid protease, to its mature 'active' form. Chloroquine induced autophagic vacuole accumulation and inhibited autophagic flux, effects that were attenuated upon treatment with bafilomycin and were associated with a significant decrease in chloroquine-induced accumulation of detergent-insoluble alpha-synuclein oligomers. In addition, bafilomycin significantly and dose-dependently attenuated dopaminergic neuron death in C. elegans resulting from in vivo over-expression of human wild-type alpha-synuclein. Together, our findings suggest that low-dose bafilomycin is cytoprotective in part through its maintenance of the autophagy-lysosome pathway, and underscores its therapeutic potential for treating Parkinson's disease and other neurodegenerative diseases that exhibit disruption of protein degradation pathways and accumulation of toxic protein species.
Perspective on geographical education in the 21st century

The 2012 Congress of the International Geographical Union and Symposium of the Commission on Geography Education (IGU-CGE) attracted geographical educators from many countries. For the past five decades the IGU-CGE has served as a main international venue for geography education. The current paper uses the frequency of scientific presentations as empirical evidence to categorize major topics at the 2012 IGU-CGE. The assumption is that the major directions in geography education internationally are reflected in the topics represented by participants to the congress and symposia. The evidence suggests that traditional interests of geography educators continue to prevail in the categories such as pedagogy and teacher preparation. Interest in the use of geospatial technologies is on the increase, as are the topics of spatial thinking and sustainable development. The United Nation’s attention to sustainable development and the general engagement of geographers in the topic is reflected in the increased attention to sustainability. Geography as a discipline and geography education in practice display deep roots in its human-environment traditions, which include sustainability.
Quantum well structures with almost-degenerate valence bands

A novel technique for bringing the light- and heavy-hole valence bands in a quantum well, (QW), into approximate degeneracy is described and demonstrated. It utilizes pseudomorphic tensile strain in the barriers generated by lattice mismatch between the barrier and the substrate material. An important consequence of this strain is that the splitting of the light- and heavy-hole valence band energies at the Brillouin zone center, due to the quantum confinement effect, is approximately cancelled. Unlike a similar result in systems with tensily strained wells, this degeneracy is not sensitive to the exact QW width (for QW widths greater than 5 nm) or the precise strain present in the layer. It is thus more amenable to the growth and fabrication of devices which should simultaneously exhibit the polarization isotropy of bulk structures and the enhanced performance of QWs. The technique is demonstrated by an optical investigation of GaAs/GaAs1 - yPy quantum wells grown on GaAs substrates by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Theory unmasked: The uses and guises of theory in qualitative research

The role of theory in qualitative research is variable and not always well understood. In this article, the uses and varied manifestations of theory at the substantive and paradigmatic levels of research, and as they pertain to different qualitative approaches, are described. Specific consideration is given to the varied sources, centrality, temporal placement, and functions of theory in qualitative research.
Telomeres Thrown for a Loop

A remarkable paper from the de Lange lab (Wang et al., 2004) in a recent issue of Cell reveals that homologous recombination can result in the abrupt shortening of telomeres in a process that appears to involve reciprocal crossing over within the t-loop structure that protects chromosome ends.
Problem solving in schools and beyond: Transitions from the naive to the neophyte to the master

The naive learner's knowledge may be characterized in terms of rules and higher‐order rules that are not adequate individually for solving desired problems, but which by proper combination can be made so. The neophyte's knowledge is likened to knowing explicit rules for solving particular classes of problems. The master's, by way of contrast, corresponds to knowing rules consisting of more efficient procedures which operate on relatively complex structures. Processes of transition from naive to neophyte and from neophyte to master are shown to be explicable in terms of interactions among appropriate higher and lower‐order rules governed by a single universal control mechanism. Incidental comparisions arc made to other cognitive theories.
Hepatic carnitine palmitoyltransferase-I has two independent inhibitory binding sites for regulation of fatty acid oxidation

Abstract Partial proteolysis of carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT-I) in intact mitochondria results in greatly diminished sensitivity to inhibition by its physiological inhibitor, malonyl-CoA, but inhibition by succinyl-CoA and methylmalonyl-CoA was affected to a lesser extent, whereas inhibition by coenzyme A, acetyl-CoA, and propionyl-CoA was not affected at all by proteinase treatment. These data suggested that inhibitors that are coenzyme A esters of short-chain dicarboxylic acids bind to a regulatory malonyl-CoA binding site located on the cytoplasmic face of the mitochondrial outer membrane while coenzyme A esters of monocarboxylic acids and free coenzyme A act at the active site in the mitochondrial intermembrane space. All inhibitors whose potency was altered by proteinase action provided protection against proteinases, whereas other inhibitors did not. Preincubation with the substrates carnitine, palmitoyl-CoA, or coenzyme A prior to proteolysis showed no protective effects against the loss of inhibition or loss of activity; however, preincubation with these substrates enhanced proteinase effects to more seriously diminish activity and inhibition by malonyl-CoA. Proteinases were also found to act on purified mitochondrial outer membranes to reduce inhibition by malonyl-CoA with little effect on activity. Using these outer membrane preparations it was found that the very potent inhibition of CPT-I by the active-site-directed substrate analog (+)-hemipalmitoylcarnitinium was not altered by proteinase treatment; however, inhibition by the malonyl-CoA analog Ro 25–0187, which is a more potent inhibitor than malonyl-CoA, was drastically reduced by proteinase treatment of mitochondrial outer membranes, confirming the different locations for the malonyl-CoA site and the active site. Coenzyme A and malonyl-CoA both act as competitive inhibitors with respect to the acyl-CoA substrate, but coenzyme A lacks cooperative effects seen with malonyl-CoA. For ligand binding to the malonyl-CoA regulatory site, there appears to be a requirement for two carbonyl groups in close juxtaposition, but there is apparently no requirement for the coenzyme A moiety per se. Current evidence, including the recently deduced primary structure for CPT-I, favors the hypothesis that (a) inhibitors of CPT-I may act at two distinct sites, (b) malonyl-CoA binds primarily to a regulatory site that is distinct from the active site of carnitine palmitoyltransferase-I, and (c) the two inhibitory sites are located on opposite sides of the mitochondrial outer membrane.
Degenerate Bernoulli polynomials, generalized factorial sums, and their applications

Abstract We prove a general symmetric identity involving the degenerate Bernoulli polynomials and sums of generalized falling factorials, which unifies several known identities for Bernoulli and degenerate Bernoulli numbers and polynomials. We use this identity to describe some combinatorial relations between these polynomials and generalized factorial sums. As further applications we derive several identities, recurrences, and congruences involving the Bernoulli numbers, degenerate Bernoulli numbers, generalized factorial sums, Stirling numbers of the first kind, Bernoulli numbers of higher order, and Bernoulli numbers of the second kind.
Dialogue Macrogame Theory

This paper introduces Dialogue Macrogame Theory, a method for describing the organization of certain kinds of dialogues. Dialogue Macrogame Theory (DMT) is a successor to a theory sometimes called Dialogue Game Theory, developed in the 1970s and 1980s at USC-Information Sciences Institute (ISI). DMT is able to describe substantially more dialogues than its predecessor, and it identifies kinds of mechanisms not included in the predecessor. DMT is a step toward accounting for the coherence of entire dialogues.The major structures in DMT are based on intentions which are imputed to dialogue participants. The focus of this paper is on mechanisms. Dialogue Macrogames are defined. Another class of mechanisms, called Unilaterals, is also described.A DMT analysis is presented. The analyzed dialogue is an excerpt (41 turns) of actual dialogue from the Apollo 13 mission, from the emergency period after the explosion.DMT is then related to another dialogue analysis method (Carletta, Isard et al. 1997).DMT is an exercised framework, meaning that it has been applied to dialogues from a diversity of situations. These include various emergency communications, tutoring, administrative interactions, online human computer help, medical interviews, laboratory conversational tasks, courtroom questioning of witnesses and hostage negotiation. The paper reports work in progress, and also indicates likely courses of further development.