cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modeling Driver Behavior at Intersections with Takagi-Sugeno Fuzzy Models

Due to the relatively high density of vehicles and humans at intersections, it is crucial for an Advanced Driver Assistance System (ADAS) to predict human driver behaviors to avoid crashes. Due to the complexity of human's behavior interacting with a vehicle, it is very difficult to find an explicit model to analysis the driver's behavior. In this paper Takagi-Sugeno is used as a data driven technique to model and predict driver's behavior at intersections. In the proposed technique, a Takagi-Sugeno model is trained for each maneuver using a Gath-Geva clustering based algorithm. The proposed models are then evaluated with real time experimental data, and the estimation results are presented.
Cell type–specific translational profiling in the Xenopus laevis retina

Background: Translating Ribosome Affinity Purification (TRAP), a method recently developed to generate cell type–specific translational profiles, relies on creating transgenic lines of animals in which a tagged ribosomal protein is placed under regulatory control of a cell type–specific promoter. An antibody is then used to affinity purify the tagged ribosomes so that cell type–specific mRNAs can be isolated from whole tissue lysates. Results: Here, cell type–specific transgenic lines were generated to enable TRAP studies for retinal ganglion cells and rod photoreceptors in the Xenopus laevis retina. Using real time quantitative PCR for assessing expression levels of cell type–specific mRNAs, the TRAP method was shown to selectively isolate mRNAs expressed in the targeted cell and was efficient at purifying mRNAs expressed at both high and low levels. Statistical measures used to distinguish cell type–specific RNAs from low level background and non-specific RNAs showed TRAP to be highly effective in Xenopus. Conclusions: TRAP can be used to purify mRNAs expressed in rod photoreceptors and retinal ganglion cells in X. laevis. The generated transgenic lines will enable numerous studies into the development, disease, and injury of the X. laevis retina. Developmental Dynamics, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Paucity of Social Workers Prepared to Work With Latino Populations

This article addresses the reasons why too few social workers are prepared for practice with first- and second-generation Latino individuals and families, primarily from Mexico and Central America. To do so, the authors explore the social and contextual reasons for this paucity. Social risks and vulnerabilities of Latinos are assessed and are connected to social work's mission to serve at-risk populations. The authors make suggestions for steps the profession can take to increase the number and quality of social workers who are equipped to practice with this growing population.
On fast filler design and synthesis

The goal of reported here research is to develop various Kalman filter "fast" implementations and to design dedicated computer architectures. Preliminary results of continuing research and a systematic overview are presented.
Fracture problems in composite materials

A series of fracture problems in composite materials are identified, their methods of solution are briefly discussed, and some sample results are presented. The main problem of interest is the determination of the stress state in the neighborhood of localized imperfections such as cracks and inclusions which may exist in the composite. Particular emphasis is placed on the evaluation of quantities such as the stress intensity factors, the power of the stress singularity, and the strain energy release rate, which may be used directly or indirectly in connection with an appropriate fracture criterion for the prediction of fracture initiation and propagation load levels. The topics discussed include a crack in layered composites, a crack terminating at and going through a bi-material interface, a penny-shaped crack in a filament-reinforced elastic matrix, and inclusion problems in bonded materials.
Entropic repulsion between two identical spherical particles coated with a polymeric adsorption layer in a theta solvent

Abstract This note describes a model for the calculation of the entropic repulsion between two identical spherical particles coated with a polymeric adsorption layer in a theta solvent.
A generalized responsiveness (elasticity) function for simulations.

Simulation of behavior requires creating changes in response levels due to changes in stimulus levels. By relating each response change to its own standard or existing level and each stimulus change to its standard or present level, a parametrically controlled function is defined and programmed. This single routine may be used to generate a wide selection of simulated responses from any given change in stimulus.
Enroute to making an IT baccalaureate program

Several major factors have contributed to the birth of the new IT baccalaureate degree program at the University of Cincinnati. Of course the timing of IT emerging as an academic discipline has been a major one. Since CITC II several faculty members from the University of CINCINNATI have participated actively in SITE, later, SIGITE. With the arrival of new and exciting integrated technology, the stipulation to design an IT program meeting the needs of our society has become most important. Although originated by the entire group of Computer Science/Information Engineering Technology faculty, the project to step-by-step develop the IT program based on SIGITE's most current guidelines fell onto three such faculty members. The project also coincides with the University of CINCINNATI Collegiate Restructuring Initiative, mandated by the Provost. During the past 12 months, a comprehensive plan containing specific tasks with time-line for each was developed. This paper is to discuss the entire process including implementation, lessons learned, pitfalls to be avoided, opportunities encountered, inspirations found, enthusiasm subtended, etc.
Pulmonary and coagulation changes in tourniquet shock.

Abstract Coagulation changes and changes in pulmonary extravasation of albumin were measured in 132 rats: (1) with and without severe hindlimb tourniquet shock; and (2) with and without heparinization. The rats were divided into four groups: (1) nonheparinized controls; (2) nonheparinized rats with hindlimb tourniquet shock; (3) heparinized controls; and (4) heparinized rats with hindlimb tourniquet shock. In the nonheparinized rats with hindlimb shock, platelet count, Factor VIII, Factor I, prothrombin and proconvertin and plasminogen decreased, and pulmonary extravasation of albumin increased. In contrast, in the heparinized rats with hindlimb shock, only a decrease in platelets was evident. These findings suggest that severe tourniquet shock leads to intravascular coagulation with microembolization to the lungs. This would cause increased pulmonary capillary permeability or altered pulmonary microvascular forces, which account for the increased pulmonary extravasation of albumin. This extravasation is capable of producing the interstitial pulmonary edema, which is one of the changes which characterize the “shock lung syndrome.”
Experimental and Finite Element Analysis of the Thermal-Electric Process in Monopolar Electrosurgical Thermal Management

This study develops a thermal management system for the most commonly used energy-based surgical instrument: the monopolar electrosurgical device. Monopolar electrosurgery, using the same principle as the electrical discharge machining, is widely used to cut or remove tissue by sparks during surgical operations. This study develops a thermal management system consists of cooling channels placed around the active electrode to reduce the thermal damage to the tissue. Finite element modeling (FEM) was performed to analyze temperature distribution in biological tissue subject to heat generation by a commonly used monopolar electrosurgical device. The mathematical model was verified by comparing FEM predicted temperature distribution with experimental measurements. Exvivo experiments were performed with bovine liver tissue heated by a monopolar pencil electrode. The experimental data for 1 mm distance from the electrode is seen to fit within 1% of the predicted temperature values by the FEM simulation. The accuracy of the model decreases at further distances from the electrode. The inaccuracies are believed to be due to unaccounted temperature-dependent thermal conductivity. The addition of the cooling channels shows a reduction of the radial thermal damage of the tissue in both FEM simulations and ex-vivo experimental procedures.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
The synthesis of P1-2-acetamido-4-O-(2-acetamido-2-deoxy-β-d-glucopyranosyl)-2-deoxy-α-d-glucopyranosyl P2-dolichyl pyrophosphate, (P1-di-N-acetyl-α-chitobiosyl P2-dolichyl pyrophosphate)☆

Abstract 2-Acetamido-4-O-(2-acetamido-2-deoxy-β- d -glucopyranosyl)-2-deoxy-α- d -glucopyranosyl phosphate, pure according to thin-layer and gas—liquid chromatography, optical rotation, and treatment with alkaline phosphatase and 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-β- d -glucosidase, was prepared by treatment of 2-methyl-[4-O-(2-acetamido-3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-2-deoxy-β- d -glucopyranosyl)-3,6-di-O-acetyl-1,2-dideoxy-α- d -glucopyrano]-[2,1-d]-2-oxazoline with dibenzyl phosphate, followed by the removal of the benzyl groups by catalytic hydrogenolysis, and O-deacetylation. In contrast, a sample prepared by the phosphoric acid procedure was shown to consist mainly of the β anomer. 2-Acetamido-4-O-(2-acetamido-3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-2-deoxy-β- d -glucopyranosyl)-3,6-di-O-acetyl-2-deoxy-α- d -glucopyranosyl phosphate was treated wit P1-diphenyl P2-dolichyl pyrophosphate to give a fully acetylated pyrophosphoric diester, which was O-deacetylated to give P1-2-acetamido-4-O-(2-acetamido-2-deoxy-β- d -glucopyranosyl)-2-deoxy-α- d -glucopyranosyl P2-dolichyl pyrophosphate. This compound could be separated from the β anomer by t.l.c., and its behavior under dilute acid and alkaline conditions was investigated.
Bioelectronic silicon nanowire devices using functional membrane proteins

Modern means of communication rely on electric fields and currents to carry the flow of information. In contrast, biological systems follow a different paradigm that uses ion gradients and currents, flows of small molecules, and membrane electric potentials. Living organisms use a sophisticated arsenal of membrane receptors, channels, and pumps to control signal transduction to a degree that is unmatched by manmade devices. Electronic circuits that use such biological components could achieve drastically increased functionality; however, this approach requires nearly seamless integration of biological and manmade structures. We present a versatile hybrid platform for such integration that uses shielded nanowires (NWs) that are coated with a continuous lipid bilayer. We show that when shielded silicon NW transistors incorporate transmembrane peptide pores gramicidin A and alamethicin in the lipid bilayer they can achieve ionic to electronic signal transduction by using voltage-gated or chemically gated ion transport through the membrane pores.
Effect of ring fluorination of epinephrine on its cardiovascular adrenoceptor activities.

Abstract Effects of fluorine (F) substitution on the 2-and 6-positions of the catechol ring of epinephrine (Epi) on its α-and β-adrenoceptor agonist activities were studied in anesthetized dogs. Increments in heart rate and contractile force were used as measures of β1-adrenoceptor activity, while increases and decreases in blood pressure and decreases and increases in femoral blood flow were used as measures of α- and β2-adrenoceptor activities, respectively. F substitution on the 2- and 6-positions of the catechol ring yielded compounds with opposite receptor selectivities: 2-FEpi was a selective β-adrenoceptor agonist with little agonist activity at α-adrenoceptors, while the 6-F analog was a selective a-adrenoceptor agonist with no significant β-adrenoceptor effects. Of added significance, 2-FEpi was more potent than Epi as a β1-adrenoceptor agonist, while 6-F Epi was more potent than the parent compound as an α-adrenoceptor agonist. The possible mechanisms for the effects of ring fluorination on the adrenoceptor activities of Epi and other sympathomimetic amines are discussed.
Nonspecific Galvanic Skin Response and Respiration

The nonspecific galvanic skin response ( G S R ) , i.e., a change in skin resistance unrelated to any known stimuli, has been attributed (Birch, 1963; Cohen, et al., 1960; Lacey 6: Lacey, 1958) to level of arousal mediated primarily by the reticular system. Though it is well known char changes in respiration ( R ) are relared to changes in heart rare ( H R ) , the relationship of R to the nonspecific GSR has nor been reported. In monitoring the early records in a study concerned with the relationship of EEG and autonomic nervous system ( A N S ) , six channels of EEG, plus H R , GSR, R , and skin temperature were recorded simultaneously. Changes in R were noted not only to be related to changes in H R but also to GSR responses which would be labeled nonspecific. TO determine whether R was a variable to be monitored with respectto changes in GSR, as well as HR, 10 early records from our young adult Navy helicopter pilots were examined. Five had marked nonspecific GSR activity over the 10-min. resting period sampled; 5 had no nonspecific GSR responses. Each S pair was matched with respectto rate of R before comparison was made of the coefficient of variation computed for each S for the time between each R cycle and for the depth of the inspiration, i.e., rate and depth of breathing. Also the percent of the nonspecific GSR responses that coincided with a change in R was computed. A nonspecific GSR was said to be related to a change in R if the cycle just before or during the GSR response was one SD above or below rhe mean R cycle rime or amplitude. The coefficient of variation for R time was larger for each of the five Ss with nonspecific GSR responses than for his matched control. Variability of amplitude was higher in three of the five. The agreement between the total 91 nonspecific GSR responses for the 5 Ss and changes in R was 76%. For Ss the percents were 88, 68, 75, 63, and 91. Thus the nonspecific GSR response is related in part to changes in R. Whether this is a causal relationship or due to a third factor, e.g., level of arousal, is yet to be determined.
Clinically Relevant Patch Test Reactions in Children—A United States Based Study

Allergic contact dermatitis in the pediatric population is more common than previously recognized, with recent prevalence estimates of positive patch test reactions in the range of 14-70% of children patch tested. The aim of this study was to confirm the prevalence of clinically relevant allergic contact dermatitis in children at two referral centers and determine the most common contact allergens. We performed a retrospective case series analysis of 65 symptomatic children (35 girls and 30 boys) aged 1-18 years old who were patch tested over a 5-year period for recalcitrant dermatitis. Positive patch test reactions were noted in 54 of the 65 children (prevalence rate of 83%) to 80 different allergens. Fifty children (77%) had positive reactions which were determined to be of "definite" or "probable" current clinical relevance. We conclude that the diagnosis of allergic contact dermatitis to specific relevant allergens is common in children referred for patch testing and that contact allergy should be considered in all children with recalcitrant dermatitis. With this article, we review the literature and present a US based study regarding the clinical relevance of positive patch test reactions in children.
Glomerular localization of antigen and antibody in rabbits following intravenous administration of serum cryoproteins from homologous animals with acute serum sickness.

SummaryTo study the kidney fixing properties of serum cryoproteins on the renal glomerulus, cryoproteins were isolated from serum of rabbits with acute experimental serum sickness. Redissolved cryoproteins were administered intravenously to untreated rabbits in doses of 8-20 mg total protein. Animals were sacrificed 2-4 days following administration and morphological and immunohistological studies were performed on the kidneys. Localization of antibody, antigen and to a lesser extent B1C was observed. No alterations were noted in control animals. These studies support our hypothesis that cryoproteins in serum sickness contain antigen–antibody complexes which are of immunopathologic significance.Supported by USPHS Grant HD 0933, Grant in Aid from the New York Heart Association, USPHS Training Grant HD 00051 (W. R. G. and W. J. C.) and New York Heart Association Training Grant (M. K.). Work was performed during the tenure of an Established Investigatorship from the American Heart Association (Dr. McIntosh).
Factors that impact the duration of MRI-guided core needle biopsy.

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of our study was to determine which patient-related, target lesion–related, or procedure-related variables impact the duration of MRI-guided core needle breast biopsy.MATERIALS AND METHODS. Between July 11, 2006, and September 26, 2007, data were collected for 75 single-target MRI-guided 9-gauge vacuum-assisted core needle biopsy procedures using a grid-guidance technique and performed at a single institution. The following variables were studied: MRI suite occupation time, number of operators, patient age and breast size, target morphology and location, approach to target, equipment used, number of image acquisitions and times the patient was moved in and out of the closed magnet, and occurrence of complications. Statistical analysis was performed using the Student's t test, analysis of variance, and Pearson's correlation, with p values < 0.05 considered significant.RESULTS. The mean duration was 57.9 minutes (SD, 17.2 minutes; range, 30–109 minutes). None of the patient- or target...
TRANSIENT NATURAL CONVECTION IN A CYLINDRICAL ENCLOSURE NONUNIFORMLY HEATED AT THE TOP WALL

Transient natural convection in a cylindrical enclosure heated nonumformly at the top wall is studied numerically. The primitive forms of the time-dependent governing equations are solved by a semi-implicit finite difference method. Grid-independent results are obtained by using uniform as well as nonuniform grids. The range of Rayleigh numbers considered is 70 to 7 × I07, which includes both conduction-dominated and convection-dominated regimes. The effect of thermal boundary conditions is examined in detail. An extensive flow visualization study is conducted that employs a novel heat flow visualization technique based on the “ heatline” concept in addition to velocity vector, streamline, and isotherm plots. The flow visualization indicates that, in the convection-dominated regime, the unicellular motion degenerates into a multicellular motion, resulting in the stratification of the temperature field in the axial direction. The number of cells formed depends strongly on the Rayleigh number and the therma...
Temperature and compositional variations of the longitudinal and transverse elastic wave velocities in silicate glasses

Abstract Shear and longitudinal wave velocities of seven (7) commercial silicate glasses were measured sonically in the transmit-receive mode as a function of temperature through the range of O°C to 55°C. The general trend was found that for low expansion glasses, the elastic moduli increase with increasing temperature and for high expansion glasses, the elastic moduli decrease. Glasses with a linear expansion coefficient of about 50 × 10 −7 /°C appear to have nearly constant elastic properties in this temperature range. The data is discussed in regard to both thermodynamic arguments and to a structural model involving the transverse oxygen vibrations.
Optical absorption and emission spectra of Tb3+ in hexagonal crystals of Na3[Tb(pyridine-2,6-dicarboxylate)3] · NaClO4 · 10H2O

We have measured and analyzed the polarized orthoaxial luminescence and absorption spectra of Tb3+ and Eu3+ in single crystals of trigonal Na3[Ln(dpa)3]·NaClO4·10H2O (dpa = 2,6-pyridinedicarboxylate, the dianion of dipicolinic acid). Differential linear polarization (σvs. π) is measured in the orthoaxial luminescence and absorption spectra. A semiempirically derived energy level scheme is developed for the crystal field components of the Tb3+ (7Fj (J = 0–6), 6D4, 6D3, 5G8, 6L10, 6D2) 6G5) and the Eu3+ (7Fj (J = 0–6), 6Dj (J = 0–3) multiplets.
Dimensional analysis and equation for axial heat flow of Gorter-Mellink convection (He II)

Abstract Dimensional analysis of the heat transport through He II-filled ducts is carried out on the basis of Landau's two fluid equations for the limit of normal fluid depletion. Resulting functional relations between relevant groups of variables for Newtonian fluid behavior are extended up to the lambda point (Tλ) using the temperature dependence of the effective “turbulent” viscosity. The resulting convection equation is in good agreement with data of many authors and our own results from about 1.2 K to Tλ and for diameters of the order 10−2 to 1 cm.
Spinal Cord Mechanisms in Amitriptyline Responsive Restless Legs Syndrome in Parkinson's Disease

We discuss a case of a patient with restless legs syndrome that was responsive to administration of amitriptyline. The possible mode of action of amitriptyline in ameliorating this patient's symptoms is discussed.
Sex difference in pathology and memory decline in rTg4510 mouse model of tauopathy

Abnormal phosphorylation of tau protein is a common event in many neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's disease and other tauopathies. We investigated the relationship between hyperphosphorylated tau in brain extracts and mnemonic functions in rTg4510 mouse model of tauopathy. We report that rTg4510 mice showed rapid deterioration in spatial learning and memory, which paralleled a significant increase of hyperphosphorylated tau in the brain between 3 and 5.5 months of age. At 5.5 months, rTg4510 females showed significantly higher levels of hyperphosphorylated tau than males, with no evidence of differential tau transgene expression between the sexes. The increased levels of hyperphosphorylated tau in females were associated with more severe impairment in spatial learning and memory as compared to transgenic males. We also showed that within studied age range, the decrease in memory performance was accompanied by other behavioral disturbances in the water maze related to search strategy, like thigmotaxic swim and cue response. These findings suggest that the onset of abnormal tau biochemistry and coincident cognitive deficits in the rTg4510 mouse model is sex-dependent with females being affected earlier and more aggressively than males.
Importance of Fretting in Vibration Failures of Stranded Conductors

Surface fretting between conductor strands and support hardware plays an important part in the occurrence of conductor fatigue failures resulting from aeloian vibration. Examination of conductor strand failures from lines in service and from laboratory spans showed that fatigue cracks originated at fret marks in all cases. Laboratory fatigue tests indicate that fretting causes a reduction in the fatigue strength of conductor strands, below that of unfretted wires, by a factor of about 1.6.
Not so fast: adaptive suppression of innate immunity.

The innate and adaptive immune systems act in concert to effectively combat infection while minimizing collater al damage caused by the host immune response. T cells of the adaptive immune system have now been shown to suppress overzealous early innate responses to infection that can lead to 'cytokine storm'–mediated death (pages 1248–1252).
Physicians' attitudes and practices regarding the long-term prescribing of opioids for non-cancer pain

Abstract Prescribing long-term opioids for patients with chronic pain is controversial. The primary purpose of this study was to examine physicians' beliefs about and prescribing of the long-term use of opioids in the treatment of chronic pain patients. Concerns about regulatory pressure and appropriateness of education regarding opioids were also examined. The design was a stratified random sample. In the United States, 6962 physicians were randomly selected from two states in each of five regions of the country (Northeast, Midwest, Southeast, Southwest, and Pacific). Physicians from seven medical specialties (Family Practice, Internal Medicine, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Rheumatology, Orthopedic Surgery, Neurosurgery, and Neurology) were surveyed and 1912 (27.46%) responded. A survey consisting of questions regarding years of practice, number of chronic pain patients treated, frequency of prescribing long-term opioids, concerns about opioids, goals of treatment, beliefs about education regarding opioids, and concerns about regulatory pressures was used. Based on the physicians who responded, it appears that prescription of long-term opioids is relatively wide-spread. Differences were noted by region, specialty, and the requirement for the use of multiple prescriptions for schedule II drugs. Physicians in the Midwestern United States were the least likely to prescribe the long-term use of opioids. Rheumatologists and general practitioners were significantly more likely to prescribe long-term opioids than were surgeons, neurologists, or physiatrists and were more likely to emphasize the importance of symptom improvement as an appropriate goal even in the absence of functional improvements. The majority of the respondents expressed relatively little concern about tolerance, dependence, and addiction as impediments to prescribing opioids. Physicians from states requiring multiple prescriptions reported that this legal requirement had little impact on their practices.
Adaptive sequential compressive detection

Sparsity is at the heart of numerous applications dealing with multidimensional phenomena with low-information content. The primary question that this work investigates is whether, and how much, further compressive gains could be achieved if the goal of the inference task does not require exact reconstruction of the underlying signal. In particular, if the goal is to detect the existence of a sparse signal in noise, it is shown that the number of measurements can be reduced. In contrast to prior work, which considered non-adaptive strategies, a sequential adaptive approach for compressed signal detection is proposed. The key insight is that the decision can be made as soon as a stopping criterion is met during sequential reconstructions. Two sources of performance gains are studied, namely, compressive gains due to adaptation, and computational gains via recursive sparse reconstruction algorithms that fuse newly acquired measurements and previous signal estimates.
Interrill erodibility of highly weathered soils

Abstract In this study topsoil samples of fifteen Georgia Ultisols and Alfisols were used to assess the relative importance of total and water‐disperslble particle size distribution, and aggregation by wet sieving on interrill erodibility. A measure of aggregate stability to raindrop impact and amounts of soil splash were also determined on the soils. Water‐dispersibility was hypothesized to more accurately reflect availability of particles for transport and crusting under rainfall conditions than total (chemically dispersed) particle size. Correlation analysis showed that total silt and clay were not related to soil loss measured on small pans (interrill processes), nor were meaures of soil splash or stability under rainfall. Dispersible clay content and percentage of aggregates > 1 mm diameter were correlated with soil loss. Regression of dispersible clay vs. soil loss gave significant linear and exponential predictive relationships. The effect of clay dispersion on both detachment and transport of sedi...
Molecular recognition and indicator-displacement assays for phosphoesters

Abstract The binding affinities of host 1 towards different phosphoesters were studied. An indicator-displacement assay was also performed, which was able to detect the host–guest interactions with a small visual color change. The degree of substitutions of the phosphate, the functionality of the substituents, and the steric bulk of the substituents, all affect the phosphoester affinities with the host molecule.
Non-invasive measurement of instantaneous forces during aquatic locomotion: a case study of the bluegill sunfish pectoral fin.

Swimming and flying animals generate unsteady locomotive forces by delivering net momentum into the fluid wake. Hence, swimming and flying forces can be quantified by measuring the momentum of animal wakes. A recently developed model provides an approach to empirically deduce swimming and flying forces based on the measurement of velocity and vortex added-mass in the animal wake. The model is contingent on the identification of the vortex boundary in the wake. This paper demonstrates the application of that method to a case study quantifying the instantaneous locomotive forces generated by the pectoral fins of the bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus Rafinesque), measured using digital particle image velocimetry (DPIV). The finite-time Lyapunov exponent (FTLE) field calculated from the DPIV data was used to determine the wake vortex boundary, according to recently developed fluid dynamics theory. Momentum of the vortex wake and its added-mass were determined and the corresponding instantaneous locomotive forces were quantified at discrete time points during the fin stroke. The instantaneous forces estimated in this study agree in magnitude with the time-averaged forces quantified for the pectoral fin of the same species swimming in similar conditions and are consistent with the observed global motion of the animals. A key result of this study is its suggestion that the dynamical effect of the vortex wake on locomotion is to replace the real animal fin with an `effective appendage', whose geometry is dictated by the FTLE field and whose interaction with the surrounding fluid is wholly dictated by inviscid concepts from potential flow theory. Benefits and limitations of this new framework for non-invasive instantaneous force measurement are discussed, and its application to comparative biomechanics and engineering studies is suggested.
An open technique of bilateral pulvinarectomy in the monkey

Abstract An open technique of bilateral pulvinarectomy is described in detail. The necessity to produce large yet well circumscribed lesions for reliable behavioral-anatomical correlation is stressed. We believe this open technique may well accomplish this goal.
Characterization of Si-N films prepared by reactive ion beam sputtering

Application of silicon-nitride (Si-N) as a passivant in com-pound semiconductor technology requires a low-temperature deposition process to prevent dissociation of the volatile constituents of the semiconductor. With this in mind, an exploratory study of Si-N films prepared at room temperature using low-energy, reactive ion-beam sputtering has been carried out. The electrical and optical characteristics of the films have been studied, and an annealing step is found necessary to reduce the conductivity of the nitride and im-prove the interfacial properties.
Serotonergic stimulation of prolactin release in the young turkey (Meleagris gallopavo)

Serum prolactin (PRL) levels were determined by homologous radioimmunoassay in 6- to 10-week-old domestic white turkeys treated by intraperitoneal injection of agents that alter serotonergic activity. Quipazine (0.1-10.0 mg/kg), a serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) agonist, induced a dose-dependent rise in serum PRL level 1 hr after injection. The 5-HT precursor, 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP), at doses of 80 and 150 mg/kg produced over a twofold elevation in PRL level 1 hr after administration, though the 50 mg/kg dose failed to produce any change. Administration of fluoxetine (10 mg/kg), a 5-HT reuptake blocker, induced an elevation in PRL level persisting 3 hr. When fluoxetine injection preceded administration of a weakly stimulatory dose of 5-HTP, a prolonged elevation in PRL level was observed. methysergide (MES), a 5-HT antagonist, administered in a 10 mg/kg dose produced no change in PRL level, while the 25 mg/kg dose initially produced a spike in PRL level which subsequently dropped slightly below the control level. Prior injection of 20 mg/kg MES completely blocked the serum PRL rises induced by quipazine and 5-HTP. These results suggest that serotonergic mechanisms are involved in the regulation of pituitary PRL release beyond basal levels in young domestic turkeys.
Delayed Catastrophic Intracerebral Hemorrhage Preceded by Progressive Recovery after Carotid Stenting for Acute Ischemic Stroke

Background Hemorrhagic transformation (HT) is a feared complication of reperfusion therapy for treatment of acute ischemic stroke. Generally, HT occurs within 24-36 hours after thrombolysis. Summary of Case We present a case of a fatal symptomatic HT of an infarction that occurred 7 days after acute ischemic stroke which was preceded by a remarkable recovery following a combination of acute revascularization therapies. Conclusion Fatal symptomatic HT is a rare potential complication that can occur after several days of treatment of acute ischemic stroke.
Role of inorganic chlorine in the formation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans from residual carbon on incinerator fly ash

NaCl was added to a solid waste incinerator fly ash to study its role in the formation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDD) and dibenzofurans (PCDF). Parameters that varied were as follows: chloride concentration, oxygen concentration, temperature, and time. None of these reaction conditions resulted in an increase in PCDD/F formation, compared to undoped ash. An essentially zero-order behavior was observed for NaCl. When added to aqueous extracted ash, from which the soluble inorganic chloride had been removed before the addition, formation rates increased, with an optimum for [Cl-] = 0.4 mmol/g (1.5 wt %). These results suggested that NaCl acted only as a chlorinating reagent on fly ash when no other chlorine sources were available. Surprisingly, only PCDF was formed on the aqueous extracted ash after addition of NaCl. Apparently, the PCDD formation catalyst had been removed by the water.
To code or not to code

Progress has been made toward the definition of “master-plan elements,” genes that encode spatiotemporal patterns of expression during development.
Tithing and religious charitable giving in America

The concept of religious tithing – giving 10% or more of one's income to religious organizations – permeates ancient and contemporary religious literature. Yet, the degree to which households apply this construct in their charitable giving practices remains unclear. This study examines the practice of tithing using data from a national expenditures survey including 56 663 households. Despite the pervasiveness of the tithing concept, religious donors did not appear to be targeting a specific 10% giving level. This may have resulted from varied definitions of income for tithing purposes or the presence of small charitable gifts made without reference to income. While the likelihood of religious giving increased with income, the likelihood of tithing fell dramatically. As a group, tithers had less income, but were wealthier, more educated, older and gave more to nonreligious charity than did other households. Religious tithers who also gave to nonreligious charities were wealthier, older and more highly educ...
Response of grassland birds in sand shinnery oak communities restored using tebuthiuron and grazing in Eastern New Mexico.

Sand shinnery oak (Quercus havardii) communities are a unique component of grassland bird habitat in eastern New Mexico and have been impacted by human activities for decades. These communities are frequently managed with livestock grazing and herbicide application for shrub control, strategies that potentially can be used to restore the historical shrub–grass composition of this plant community. During spring migration and the breeding seasons of 2004 and 2005, we compared density and community structure of grassland bird species among four combinations of tebuthiuron application and grazing treatments that were being evaluated for restoration of shinnery oak communities. We performed biweekly point transects on sixteen 65-ha study plots in these communities. Density of all avian species combined did not differ between grazed and ungrazed plots. Tebuthiuron-treated plots had a 40% higher average density for combined species than untreated plots. There was a 41% higher average density of all species during spring 2005 than 2004, but density was similar during the breeding season of both years. These trends were predominantly influenced by densities of migratory Cassin’s Sparrow (Aimophila cassinii), which were greater in tebuthiuron-treated plots in both years. Densities of resident Meadowlarks (Sturnella spp.) exhibited little response to tebuthiuron or grazing treatments. Avian species richness, evenness, and diversity were only minimally affected by the tebuthiuron and grazing treatments. This study occurred over a period of highly variable precipitation, so future assessments, spanning longer wet–dry cycles and maturing plant communities, may be necessary to completely determine avian response to these restoration efforts.
The role of recycling in conservation of metals and energy

The US metal industry recycles over 45 million tons of metal each year. About 41% of the total supply of lead, copper, and silver and about a third of raw steel comes from recycled scrap. A recent study estimates that recycle of most new scrap produced during fabrication is a case where current economics and technology have combined to achieve a near to ideal conservation mechanism. It is the recycle of obsolete or old scrap that offers substantial new opportunities for conservation of material and energy resources. Comparisons of the energy requirements for secondary versus primary metal illustrate the savings potential. The author examines the economic, social, and technical obstacles to increasing scrap recycle, and suggests that attitude is a major factor. 8 tables.
Solubility of Organic Solutes in Ethanol/Water Mixtures

The log–linear solubilization model was applied to the experimental solubility data of 109 organic compounds in ethanol/water mixtures. It is found that the extent of solubilization strongly depends on the solute hydrphobicity and the ethanol concentration in the solvent mixture. Patterns of deviation from the log–linear model are related to the structure and hydrophobicity of the solutes. Predictive equations were obtained by regression of the experimental data with solute octanol/water partition coefficient (log Kow). The logarithms of the solubilization and the solute log Kow range over 11 orders of magnitude. The solubilities of chrysene, perylene, benzo[a]pyrene, pentachlorobenzene, and hexachlorobenzene in ethanol/water mixtures were experimentally determined, and the results fit well into the model.
Infantile behavioural reactivity to oestrous chemostimuli in Norway rats

Abstract Probing, a pre-attachment component of rat suckling behaviour, is normally elicited by odours found on the dam's nipples. These odours are structurally similar to odours implicated as adult sexual signals. We investigated the origins of behavioural reactivity to female sexual chemosignals, as expressed by the probing of infant Norway rats ( Rattus norvegicus ) to various non-maternal stimuli, including sexually-receptive and non-receptive females. The ontogeny and plasticity of differential reactivity were examined in four experiments. Experiment 1 demonstrated that pups at 3, 7 and 10 days of age were more likely to probe into oestrous females than into either dioestrous or ovariectomized females, males, or a clean towel. Furthermore, this bias became extreme by day 10 when pups limited their probing almost exclusively to oestrous females. In addition, whereas 3- and 7-day-old rats probed relatively indiscriminately, 10-day-olds focused their probing into the oestrous female's nipple and vaginal regions. We found responsiveness to oestrous females to be under chemosensory control, as ineffective stimuli often came to elicit probing after contact with effective stimuli (experiment 2). The bias toward oestrous chemostimuli is not initially dependent on postnatal experience with the dam, as newborns delivered by Caesarean section probed only into oestrous females (experiment 3). Finally, by day 10, selective reactivity is dependent on suckling experience; pups reared with dams whose nipples and vaginas were scented daily with citral only rarely probed into oestrous females at day 10, but probed readily if the oestrous females were citralscented (experiment 4).
A nervous system-specific isotype of the beta subunit of Na+,K(+)-ATPase expressed during early development of Xenopus laevis.

Abstract We have previously described the isolation of several genes expressed exclusively in the nervous system of adult Xenopus laevis and activated in the embryo shortly after neural induction. The sequence of one of these cDNAs, 24-15, identifies the corresponding protein as an isotype of the beta subunit of Na+,K(+)-ATPase [ATP phosphohydrolase (Na+/K(+)-transporting); EC 3.6.1.37]. This form is distinct from the previously described beta 1 subunit of Xenopus, and the protein sequence comparison suggests that it is not the frog homolog of the mammalian beta 2 subunit; therefore, we refer to the 24-15 protein as the beta 3 subunit of Na+,K(+)-ATPase of Xenopus. Antisera directed against beta 3-subunit fusion protein detected a protein in adult brain extracts with the size and properties expected for a Na+,K(+)-ATPase beta subunit. In Xenopus the beta 1 and beta 3 subunits are expressed as maternal mRNAs at similar levels; during embryogenesis rapid accumulation of beta 3 mRNA begins at stage 14 (early neurula), and the rapid accumulation of beta 1 mRNA begins at stage 23/24. In situ hybridization of antisense RNA probes to tadpole brain sections indicates that beta 3 subunit is expressed throughout the developing brain. We suggest that beta 3 is a major Na+,K(+)-ATPase beta subunit present during early nervous system development in the frog.
Validating the Cave Art-Archeofaunal Relationship in Cantabrian Spain

The art and bone data were analyzed not in terms of art or bone counts, but in terms of proportions of each species portrayed and excavated in a given region.2 While the relative proportions of art and bone were found to be significantly correlated overall (r = .40), this correlation is misleading as the bone-art relationship was highly variable among different species. The smaller species (red deer and reindeer) were portrayed in rough relation to their prevalence in the archeofaunal record, and art and bone proportions were therefore highly correlated; the larger species (bovines, horse, and mammoth) were overportrayed relative to bone prevalence resulting in lower, nonsignificant art-bone correlations. (Ibex did not fit either pattern, being small but slightly overportrayed.) This unusual species pattern led to using both species' size3 and species' prevalence as independent variables in a regression equation to predict the relative proportions of a species' art. (Mammoths and one region were eliminated in the statistical analysis because scarcity of data made analysis with proportions inappropriate.) Unexpectedly, the size variable alone was found to account for over 50%
Atomistic investigation of segmental mobility in atactic poly(propylene)

Abstract An atomistic model previously developed for atactic poly(propylene) has been analyzed through molecular dynamics simulation to study the variation of static and dynamical properties across a temperature range centered around the experimental glass transition temperature. Although few effects are seen in structural measures such as chain conformation, shape, and packing, characteristic features associated with the onset of segmental motions are revealed in the simulation results on local dynamics. The mechanism by which the vinyl polymer chain undergoes thermally activated motion is found to involve a series of spatial displacement events (SDE) occurring topologically, spatially, and temporally in a discrete fashion. An attempt was made to correlate the motions of the active chain segments with structural and mechanical properties such as local volume and rotational stiffness. The results indicate that the ability of the segmental mobility to diffuse in space and time, in a dynamically percolative manner, is a significant feature of atomic motions in glassy polymers.
Encapsulated chloride coordinating with two in–in protons of bridgehead amines in an octaprotonated azacryptand

An encapsulated chloride in a thiophene-based cryptand is bridged by two in–in protons of tertiary amines with an N⋯Cl− distance of 3.048(3) A, similar to that observed in Park and Simmons’ katapinand chloride complex.
Isolation of purified insoluble aortic collagen

The chemistry of collagen from major blood vessels, such as the aorta, is poorly defined because of problems encountered in solubilization techniques. Normal extraction of calf aorta with acetic acid and/or pepsin does not yield significant quantities of collagen. However, treatment of the aorta with purified pancreatic elastase results in a residue containing a significant portion of the collagen. The amino acid analysis, the acrylamide gel electrophoretic patterns and the electron micrographs of this residue display characteristics consistent with relatively pure collagen. Using this purified collagen preparation approximately 90% of the collagenous material present can be solubilized by pepsin treatment.
Information needs for marine pollution studies

Information needed for the resolution of environmental problems is a commodity with an economic value. The minimum necessary information implies minimal costs. The formulation of the information is considered for the case of biocides that can disrupt marine ecosystems.
Expression of Xenopus suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (xSOCS3) is induced by epithelial wounding.

The suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) family of proteins are intracellular mediators of cytokine signaling. These proteins are induced rapidly by cytokine stimulation and act in a classic negative-feedback loop to attenuate the cellular response to the cytokine signal. In this study, we present the cloning and initial characterization of the Xenopus SOCS3 gene. We show that xSOCS3 is rapidly induced in response to epithelial wounding in the tadpole. The induction of xSOCS3 in response to trauma is transient with maximal expression being reached 1 hr after the injury and diminishing after that. Unlike other genes known to be responsive to wound-induced activation of the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase pathway, such as Egr1, SOCS3 expression in response to trauma is unaffected by blockade of the MAP kinase pathway by chemical inhibitors. Developmental Dynamics 233:1123–1130, 2005. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The Team online: entertainment-education, social media, and cocreated messages.

This article examines an entertainment-education program, The Team, which began airing in Kenya after the 2007–2008 postelection violence. The show promotes cooperation and national unity among Kenyans through the metaphor of Kenya as a football (soccer) team. The focus of this article is twofold: viewers’ identification with and reaction to certain morally ambiguous characters and audience members’ interaction with the program through the online social networking site Facebook. We argue that the producers’ attempt to create less didactic storylines and more complex characters resulted in unanticipated audience opposition to the death of a character the producers understood to be negative but audience members viewed as sympathetic. Second, the adoption of social media resulted in less controlled discussions in which Facebook users occasionally questioned, challenged, and sought to reshape the producers’ goals and strategies.