cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Brain interstitial fluid TNF-α after subarachnoid hemorrhage

Abstract Objective TNF-α is an inflammatory cytokine that plays a central role in promoting the cascade of events leading to an inflammatory response. Recent studies have suggested that TNF-α may play a key role in the formation and rupture of cerebral aneurysms, and that the underlying cerebral inflammatory response is a major determinate of outcome following subrarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Methods We studied 14 comatose SAH patients who underwent multimodality neuromonitoring with intracranial pressure (ICP) and cerebral microdialysis as part of their clinical care. Continuous physiological variables were time-locked every 8 h and recorded at the same point that brain interstitial fluid TNF-α was measured in brain microdialysis samples. Significant associations were determined using generalized estimation equations. Results Each patient had a mean of 9 brain tissue TNF-α measurements obtained over an average of 72 h of monitoring. TNF-α levels rose progressively over time. Predictors of elevated brain interstitial TNF-α included higher brain interstitial fluid glucose levels (β = 0.066, p 6 mm (β = 0.14, p Interpretation Brain interstitial TNF-α levels are elevated after SAH, and are associated with large aneurysm size, the burden of intraventricular blood, and elevation brain interstitial glucose levels.
Transcription regulation, allergic responses, and asthma☆

Development and maintenance of the asthmatic phenotype involve a complex interplay between genetic factors, which remain to be elucidated or understood, and environmental influences, which can lead to disease in susceptible individuals. Substantial progress has been made in understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms that have a role in asthma. The intensive use of mouse models has allowed great progress involving forms of asthma related to an allergic disease state, which collectively can be referred to as atopic asthma. In general, development of asthma is associated with changes in gene expression. This article focuses on recent findings related to allergic lung disease and the function of key transcription factors.
Determining the static joint torques of a digital human model considering balance

This paper presents a methodology for determining the static joint torques of a digital human model considering balance for both standing and seating tasks. An alternative and efficient formulation of the Zero-Moment Point (ZMP) for static balance and the approximated (ground/seat) support reaction forces/moments are derived from the resultant reaction loads, which includes the gravity and externally applied loads. The proposed method can be used for both standing and seating tasks for assessing the stability/balance of the posture. The proposed formulation can be beneficial to physics-based simulation of humanoids and human models. Also, the calculated joint torques can be considered as an indicator to assess the risks of injuries when human models perform various tasks.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
A comparison of outcomes for early oropharyngeal cancers treated with single-modality surgery versus radiotherapy

Aims: We retrospectively compared results of surgery alone (SX) or radiotherapy alone (RT) for early stage tonsil and base of tongue cancers. Materials & methods: Outcomes for 386 SX and 362 RT patients from Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results database were analyzed using propensity covariate adjusted and inverse probability weighting models. Results: With median follow-up of 71 months, unadjusted overall survival at 5 years was 66.1% for SX versus 50.2% for RT (p < 0.001). Unadjusted cancer-specific survival was 80.9% for SX versus 67.3% for RT (p < 0.001). In multivariate analysis, treatment modality maintained association with overall survival and cancer-specific survival. Inverse probability weighting-adjusted 5-year overall survival was 75.2% for SX versus 67.4% for RT (p = 0.002). Inverse probability weighting-adjusted cancer-specific survival was 86.0% for SX versus 77.4% for RT (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Explanations for higher survival for SX include comorbidities, superiority of surgery and...
Phosphatidylserine: Selective Enhancer of Histamine Release

Phosphatidylserine, in contrast with other phospholipids, markedly enhanced histamine release from rat peritoneal mast cells induced by dextran or protein antigens. This enhancing effect was selective for dextran and protein antigens and did not extend to the action of compound 48/80 or chymotrypsin. These findings suggest a role for phosphatidylserine in the response of mast cells to antigens.
Editorial for Earth, Moon, and Planets

Dear Colleagues, It is my pleasure to introduce myself as the incoming Editor-in-Chief of Earth, Moon, and Planets. I will be sharing this responsibility with continuing Editor-in-Chief Giovanni Valsecchi. I also thank Mark Bailey for his support/contributions to this journal. First, a few words about myself. I am a principal scientist at the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory of the California Institute of Technology. Presently my research is focused around the evolution of ices in the Universe. In my laboratory at JPL, we conduct laboratory simulations on ice-analogs to understand their physical and chemical properties, their spectroscopic properties from vacuum ultraviolet to far-infrared, and apply these data to interpret/guide astrophysical observations. I was born in a remote village in southern India, climbed the trees, and watched the stars and snakes during my early years in these villages. I went to college in Vijayawada, got a Master’s at the University of Hyderabad, a Ph.D. at the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, and Habilitation at the University of Cologne, Germany. I was a post-doctoral fellow at UT Austin, visiting scientist at Fritz-Haber-Institute, Freie Universitaet Berlin, NASA Ames Research Center, and SRI International. I’m also on the faculty of the University of Maryland, at College Park. As my work at JPL and elsewhere can attest, we are living in an era of expanding space sciences—similar to what physics enjoyed towards the beginning of last century. Very successful missions to Mars and the outer planets in the past decade or two (Galileo and Cassini) shifted the space sciences paradigm from remote sensing to in situ robotic explorations. Even after 5 years of a successful mission, rovers Spirit and Opportunity are still speeding around on Mars. The science of the Moon is on the rise again, with a big paradigm shift here, too—international cooperation is the mantra—not competition as it used to be. This is another opportunity for the international science community to come together to achieve a goal that is far higher than the sum. At this point, it is needless to say that the international community of planetary scientists needs a larger platform and an option to choose to publish their science. Most of us
Computing in Bioinformatics and Computational Biology: A Collection [review of Parallel Computing for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology: Models, Enabling Technologies, and Case Studies (Zomaya, A.Y., ed.; 2006]

A review of "Parallel Computing for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology: Models, Enabling Technologies, and Case Studies," Albert Y. Zomaya, ed.
Solar flux enhancement on a tilted surface by a vertical south wall

Abstract The enhancement of the solar flux on a south-facing tilted surface provided by a nearby vertical south wall of a building was calculated and measured. Satisfactory agreement was found for most conditions. Sunny day enhancements were about 10% for a tilt angle equal to the 40°N latitude.
Endoleak: Treatment Options

Endoleak, also called leakage, leak, and Perigraft leak, is a major complication and its persistence represents a failure of endovascular aortic aneurysm repair (EVAR). Its detection and treatment is therefore of primary importance since endoleak is associated with pressurization (increases pressure) of the sac, resulting in expansion and rupture of the aneurysm. The aim of this article was to discuss the different options to treat endoleak.
Congestive heart failure readmission

Abstract Multiple hospital readmissions average between 21% and 27% in the United States yearly. Little is understood about what causes this rate and, more importantly, how readmission can be prevented. An integrative review examined 13 research articles in an attempt to identify specific factors that lead to readmission. Risk factors continually researched were dependency, patient age, stage of illness, hospital length of stay (LOS), prior hospitalization, care after discharge, and mobility status. Congestive heart failure (CHF) and chronic obstuctive pulmonary disease (COPD) were the medical conditions responsible for most readmissions. No single factor was found to universally predict readmission but several were statistically significant. Because of the results of this review, a study was conductd to determine whether clients with a primary or secondary diagnosis of CHF who receive home health care and a systematic education program would be less likely to be readmitted to the hospital or have a shorter LOS if readmitted than home health clients ho did not receive the education program.
The Effect of Synchronization on Genetic Parameters of Reproductive Traits in Dairy Cattle

Genetic evaluation and selection is one strategy for improving female reproductive performance. Many producers use synchronization of ovulation or estrus to manage reproduction. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of reproductive synchronization on genetic parameter estimates of days to first breeding (DFB), days open (DO), and pregnancy rate at 120 d postpartum (PR120). Data were collected from 64 producers participating in an artificial insemination progeny testing program and using Dairy Comp 305 herd management software to record reproductive treatments and events. Data included 18,359 records for DFB and 16,379 records for DO and PR120. Synchronization was classified by breeding codes at time of insemination. The traits DFB and DO were analyzed using a linear model with age at calving, herd-year-season, and parity as fixed effects and sire and residual as random effects. For PR120, a threshold sire model was used with fixed effects as in the DFB and DO models. Three models were applied to the complete data sets of all traits; a base model with no synchronization effect, an expanded model with a fixed synchronization effect, and an interaction model with a random sire by herd management interaction. Herd management categories were based on an individual herd's use of synchronization protocols. Also, data subsets were analyzed separately based on cow synchronization treatment and herd management categories. Synchronized records for DFB had on average 40% higher sire variance and 60% lower residual variance than nonsynchronized records. Heritability for DFB ranged from 0.01 to 0.09. Sire variance was 40% lower for DO and 25% lower for PR120 in first synchronized records than either later-synchronized or nonsynchronized records. Residual variances for DO varied by 3% among cow treatment categories and 14% for herd management categories. Heritabilities ranged from 0.03 to 0.07 for DO and 0.10 to 0.26 for PR120. Including a fixed effect for synchronization in the DO model reduced sire variance by 33% and residual variance by 10%. Sire by herd management interactions were less than 2% of the total variance for all traits. Accounting for synchronization, especially for DFB, may improve accuracy of genetic parameter estimates and animal evaluations.
Pursuing Centralization amidst Decentralization: The Politics of Brazil's Innovative Response to HIV/AIDS

In recent years, Brazil has been highly revered for its response to HIV/AIDS. Despite the government’s delayed response, why and how did the national AIDS program eventually become so successful? This is even further puzzling when one considers the challenges associated with Brazil’s decentralized response to healthcare needs, lack of subnational resources and political will to effectively implement AIDS policy. This article maintains that Brazil’s successful response eventually required the strategic centralization of national AIDS bureaucratic and policy authority, entailing policies designed to aid local governments while creating fiscal policies incentivizing sub-national compliance with the national bureaucracy and more effective policy implementation. Taking advantage of renewed political support, kindled by international pressures and the president’s reputation-building pursuits, the sources of AIDS officials’ success, however, resided not in their technical and financial prowess, but in their ability to forge historically-based partnerships with civic AIDS NGOs and social movements sharing like-minded ideational beliefs in policy centralization. This article also discusses how these findings contribute new insights into theories addressing the reasons for centralization, as well as the ideational sources of gradual institutional change.
Raman-mediated pulsed amplification in silicon wires

We present the first full theoretical study of pulsed stimulated Raman scattering in silicon wires. Free carrier and two-photon absorption effects are included. Raman amplification and pulse interaction are also discussed
Power, Interaction, Position, and the Generation of Cultural Agreement in Organizations

Cultural agreement in organizations can be considered from integration, differentiation, or fragmentation perspectives (Martin, 1992). Underlying these perspectives are differing assumptions about the effects of power, interaction, and position on cultural viewpoints in organizations. This study examines these assumptions by content analyzing the stories organizational members tell about their organization. Differences in formal power, informal influence, and organizational position all led to differences in stories that signified different cultural viewpoints. At the group level, informal interaction between groups did not lead to cultural agreement. However, groups that occupied similar positions or roles created through interaction in the network of influence did share similar cultural viewpoints. The results suggest that the effects predicted from the integration, differentiation, and fragmentation perspectives are likely to be jointly present in organizations. They also suggest that an understanding ...
Structural Analysis of a Fiber-Pseudotyped Adenovirus with Ocular Tropism Suggests Differential Modes of Cell Receptor Interactions

Adenovirus (Ad) entry into cells is initiated by the binding of the fiber knob to a cell surface receptor. The coxsackie- and adenovirus receptor (CAR) functions as the attachment receptor for many, but not all, Ad serotypes. Ad type 37 (Ad37), a subgroup D virus that causes keratoconjunctivitis in humans, does not infect cells via CAR despite demonstrated binding of the Ad37 knob to CAR. We have pseudotyped a fiber deletion Ad5 vector with the Ad37 fiber (Ad37f), and this vector retains the ocular tropism of Ad37. Here we present a cryo-electron microscopy reconstruction of Ad37f that shows the entire Ad37 fiber, including the shaft and knob domains. We have previously proposed that Ad37 may not utilize CAR for cell entry because of the geometric constraints imposed by a rigid fiber (E. Wu, J. Fernandez, S. K. Fleck, D. Von Seggern, S. Huang, and G. R. Nemerow, Virology 279:78-89, 2001). Consistent with this hypothesis, our structural results show that the Ad37 fiber is straight and rigid. Modeling of the interaction between Ad37f and host cell receptors indicates that fiber flexibility or rigidity, as well as length, can affect receptor usage and cellular tropism.
BETWEEN “BELOVED OTTOMANIA” AND “THE LAND OF ISRAEL”: THE STRUGGLE OVER OTTOMANISM AND ZIONISM AMONG PALESTINE'S SEPHARDI JEWS, 1908–13

In the winter of 1910, the Salonikan Judeo-Spanish newspaper La Tribuna Libera published a plebiscite in which it asked its readers to decide where the future of Ottoman Jewry lay: nationalism, assimilation, or Zionism. The paper's appeal was an effort to settle the battle that had raged in the Judeo-Spanish press of the empire in the preceding eighteen months over the growing clash between Ottomanism and Zionism. According to the paper, the situation was “bordering on fratricide,” threatening to engulf Ottoman Jewry entirely.
Toward a Resolution of the Paradox of Aggressive Displays: II. Behavioral Efference and the Communication of Intentions

An inference from game-theory models of animal conflict is that adversaries should not inform one another about their level of aggressive motivation. This poses a paradox for the traditional ethological account of graded aggressive displays because it is usually assumed that the adaptive significance of these behavior patterns lies in their making such information available. To resolve the paradox, I propose that communication is only an incidental effect of displays, and that their primary adaptive function is regulation of the intensity of aggressive encounters through positive feedback on aggressive motivation, a process termed "behavioral efference." Evidence in support of this hypothesis is drawn from studies of human facial expression, aggressive catharsis, and operant conditioning of aggressive behavior. Implications of the hypothesis and suggestions for further work are discussed.
Comparative Genomic Analysis of Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citrumelo F1, Which Causes Citrus Bacterial Spot Disease, and Related Strains Provides Insights into Virulence and Host Specificity

ABSTRACT Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citrumelo is a citrus pathogen causing citrus bacterial spot disease that is geographically restricted within the state of Florida. Illumina, 454 sequencing, and optical mapping were used to obtain a complete genome sequence of X. axonopodis pv. citrumelo strain F1, 4.9 Mb in size. The strain lacks plasmids, in contrast to other citrus Xanthomonas pathogens. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that this pathogen is very close to the tomato bacterial spot pathogen X. campestris pv. vesicatoria 85-10, with a completely different host range. We also compared X. axonopodis pv. citrumelo to the genome of citrus canker pathogen X. axonopodis pv. citri 306. Comparative genomic analysis showed differences in several gene clusters, like those for type III effectors, the type IV secretion system, lipopolysaccharide synthesis, and others. In addition to pthA, effectors such as xopE3, xopAI, and hrpW were absent from X. axonopodis pv. citrumelo while present in X. axonopodis pv. citri. These effectors might be responsible for survival and the low virulence of this pathogen on citrus compared to that of X. axonopodis pv. citri. We also identified unique effectors in X. axonopodis pv. citrumelo that may be related to the different host range as compared to that of X. axonopodis pv. citri. X. axonopodis pv. citrumelo also lacks various genes, such as syrE1, syrE2, and RTX toxin family genes, which were present in X. axonopodis pv. citri. These may be associated with the distinct virulences of X. axonopodis pv. citrumelo and X. axonopodis pv. citri. Comparison of the complete genome sequence of X. axonopodis pv. citrumelo to those of X. axonopodis pv. citri and X. campestris pv. vesicatoria provides valuable insights into the mechanism of bacterial virulence and host specificity.
Simulations of solvent effects on confined electrolytes

Monte Carlo simulations are reported for the solvent primitive model (SPM) of the electrical double layer at electrically charged and neutral surfaces. Both solvent and ions are modeled as hard spheres with interactions governed by hard sphere and Coulomb interactions. Density profiles of solvent and ions and electrostatic potential profiles are presented for 1:1 electrolyte concentrations of 1 and 2 M at 300 K. Comparison of results at charged and neutral walls indicates that the density distribution of a dense solvent near a wall induces significant layering of ions and decrease of potentials in the double layer. This layering effect cannot be captured in simulations of the conventional primitive model (PM) of the double layer. The solvent induced steric ordering of electrolyte ions at a neutral wall can create a space charge layer.
Noise Immunity Enhanced 625V High-Side Driver

A high-side driver has a common-mode dv/dt noise cancellation circuit with V/I and I/V conversion technique to achieve the stable operation up to dv/dt=60V/ns and ?10V of allowable negative output voltage at 15V supply. To prevent the malfunction due to the pulsating noise on driver's supply voltage, the RiCMOS based logic circuit is incorporated. This circuit guarantees malfunction-free operation up to +68Vp and ?50Vp of the pulse noises. The chip is implemented by using 625V BCDMOS process based on new junction termination technology.
Wireless power transfer in human tissue via Conformal Strongly Coupled Magnetic Resonance

Conformal Strongly Coupled Magnetic Resonance (CSCMR) for wireless power transfer (WPT) in human tissue is studied in this paper. Specifically, the performance CSCMR systems from a TX in air to an RX that is either on the surface of human tissue or that is embedded in several types of human tissues with various thickness is analyzed. The design procedure of CSCMR systems for air-to-tissue transmission is presented. Finally, two optimal conformal SCMR WPT designs are provided: one on the surface of human chest and one implanted in human heart or muscle.
The functional standing test; development and standardization of a clinical evaluation of standing function

The functional standing test, which quantifies standing performance based on the ability to free the upper extremities from support and balance tasks in order to manipulate the environment, is described. The development of the test was motivated by the need for a new assessment that reflects the clinical usefulness of standing and allows the comparison of functional neuromuscular stimulation (FNS) or any other rehabilitation technology to normal standing function. The test apparatus, functional tasks chosen to simulate everyday activities, and administration of the test are discussed. Results of applying the test to able-bodied norms and case studies with FNS and braces are presented. >
Monte Carlo-Based Approach for Simulating Nanostructured Catalytic and Electrocatalytic Systems

This geometry-generation method within a Monte Carlo-based approach enables the simulation of kinetics on nanostructured catalytic and electrocatalytic systems relevant for industrial applications. The method is applicable to realistic catalyst geometries, and an industrially relevant system-fuel cell is studied as an example.
A positive feedback loop controls transcription of the spo0F gene, a component of the sporulation phosphorelay In Bacillus subtilis

The spo0F gene of Bacillus subtilis encodes a protein that functions as a secondary messenger in a phosphorelay system controlling the initiation of sporulation. Transcription of the spo0F gene was known to be dependent on an intact gene for the transcription regulator Spo0A. In vitro footprint analysis revealed that Spo0A protein bound to two locations in the spo0F promoter region. Deletion of a 40 bp region upstream of one of the promoters (P2) abolished the activation of spo0F expression that occurs at the onset of stationary phase and sporulation. This 40 bp region contains a Spo0A-binding site. These observations are consistent with a hypothesis that Spo0A binding to this region is responsible for activating spo0F transcription. Additionally, Spo0A binding at a downstream site could modulate the level of this activation. Since Spo0F protein is required for the formation of Spo0A-P (the form needed for transcriptional activation) a positive feedback loop controls transcription of spo0F.
Design and performance evaluation considerations of a multimedia medical database

Multimedia information management and communications systems for medical applications have been undergoing design and development. The aim of these activities has been the development of distributed computer systems providing storage, processing, and communication services required by the medical community. One of the main critical issues of such systems is the handling of multimedia information (i.e., text, images, graphics, and voice) in a uniform way and the fast access to images through the network. We present the design architecture and concepts used in our multimedia database system, along with its performance evaluation. The evaluation focuses on the response times of a multimedia medical database server, as seen by remote workstations for various retrieval and image transfer requests. For this purpose, a queueing network model was developed and simulated. Communications between the workstations and the database server are governed by the client-server model using TCP/IP and appropriate application protocols on a 10 Mb/s Ethernet LAN. >
An SQP method for the optimal control of large-scale dynamical systems

We propose a sequential quadratic programming (SQP) method for the optimal control of large-scale dynamical systems. The method uses modified multiple shooting to discretize the dynamical constraints. When these systems have relatively few parameters, the computational complexity of the modified method is much less than that of standard multiple shooting. Moreover, the proposed method is demonstrably more robust than single shooting. In the context of the SQP method, the use of modified multiple shooting involves a transformation of the constraint Jacobian. The affected rows are those associated with the continuity constraints and any path constraints applied within the shooting intervals. Path constraints enforced at the shooting points (and other constraints involving only discretized states) are not transformed. The transformation is cast almost entirely at the user level and requires minimal changes to the optimization software. We show that the modified quadratic subproblem yields a descent direction for the l1 penalty function. Numerical experiments verify the efficiency of the modified method.
Variation in Prey Capture Mechanics in the Swordtail, Xiphophorus helleri in Response to Food Type

Most fish use suction to capture prey, which is effective on a wide variety of items. However, it is ineffective on attached prey, which require a biting or scraping mode of food acquisition. Members of the Cyprinodontiformes, however, are unusual in that they use a biting mode of prey capture on water column prey. The swordtail, Xiphophorus helleri, is a member of this clade that feeds both in the water column and grazes on the benthos. We sought to determine if swordtails would modulate prey capture mechanics in response to varying food types and presentations. “Blood worms” (chironomid larvae) and brine shrimp served as prey of differing sizes that could be caught in the water column, presumably via differing levels of inertial suction. These were compared with commercial algae tabs that served as a benthic prey item, which should elicit biting or scraping. Prey capture was recorded using high-speed video at 250 frames per second. Sequences were analyzed frame by frame to track movement of the jaws during the feeding event. We found that when feeding in that water column, both maximum gape distance and maximum premaxillary protrusion were smaller than during bottom feeding. Bottom-feeding events were slower and more exaggerated, characteristic of scraping food capture.
Coherent pulse breakup in femtosecond pulse propagation in semiconductors

Coherent pulse breakup is observed for below-exciton resonance femtosecond excitation in a room-temperature GaAs/AlGaAs multiple quantum well waveguide using the cross-correlation technique. This pulse breakup is present only for large area pulses with durations less than the dephasing time of the closest exciton. For pulses longer than the exciton dephasing times, but with the same and even larger areas, the pulse breakup is not observed. The breakup is due to neither self-induced transparency nor temperoral soliton. Instead, calculations based on the coupled semiconductor Maxwell-Bloch equations show that coherent self-phase modulation during propragation drives the system out of the initial adiabatic following regime into oscillatory excitation density, and eventually, pulse shape modulations
Double smoothing of images using median and Wiener filters

The authors propose double smoothers, consisting of the median and Wiener filters, which they call the median and Wiener (MW) double smoothers. It is shown that the MW double smoother is suitable for smoothing a covariance stationary process which is a useful model of images. The statistical analysis and experimental results indicate that the MW double smoother is an efficient edge-preserving smoother that can outperform the individual median and Wiener filters. >
The Acontiinae and Eustrotiinae (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) of Great Smoky Mountains National Park

Five species of Acontiinae and nine species of Eustrotiinae are known to occur in Great Smoky Mountains National Park. Each species is documented with an adult image, description/diagnosis, flight period, park distribution, abundance, elevational range, general distribution, and larval hosts. Species accumulation curves using the abundance-based estimators Chao 1 and ACE, and the incidence-based estimators Chao 2 and ICE are presented for each subfamily. The results from these estimators indicate that the number of species observed is equal to or very close to the number of estimated species and, therefore, it is unlikely that additional species will be added to the fauna of GSMNP in these subfamilies.
Inflammatory bowel disease in children

IBD is one of the most significant chronic diseases afflicting children and adolescents. As in adults, UC and CD constitute the two major disease entities, with many of the characteristics of these two diseases being similar in adults and children. With technical advances, a complete endoscopic examination of the colon and terminal ileum can be performed in most children without difficulty. There are, however, a number of aspects of the presentation, course, and management of these diseases that are unique to the pediatric population. Because the impact of inadequate nutrition is much greater in the growing child than in adults, growth failure is a common, serious complication of malnutrition in this population. The psychological impact of a chronic illness on both the developing child and the family can also be significant. The management of this population is further complicated by the lack of adequate studies that assess not only the effect of a medical or surgical therapy on disease activity, but also address the issues of growth and pubertal development. It has been a challenge to extrapolate data from adult studies to the pediatric population. The management of children and adolescents requires a critical understanding of the differences between pediatric and adult patients to maximize growth potential and minimize longterm sequelae of treatment. After a long period of limited controlled studies, however, collaborative efforts are underway to investigate most aspects of pediatric IBD, and we look forward to exciting advances toward the optimal management of children and adolescents with IBD.
Keeping Arrows in the Quiver: Mapping the Contours of Prosecutorial Discretion

52 Washburn L.J. 59 (2012). The prosecutor, by most accounts, is the most powerful person in the courthouse, often making, or at least guiding, all of the important decisions in major criminal cases--what crimes to charge, when to bring the charges, the amount of bail sought, the release conditions proposed, dispositions and sentencing, lenience or its absence, and the extent to which any lenience may be appropriate. In that sense, prosecutors have more “arrows in their quiver” than most attorneys. This power is emboldened by numerous practices that protect prosecutors from paying personal consequences for unethical behavior in carrying out prosecutorial duties, including (1) qualified discretionary immunity from § 1983 suits, (2) near-absolute immunity from suits against prosecutors' personal assets, (3) flexible ethical rules that sweep a good deal of marginally ethical behavior within the bounds of permissible prosecutorial conduct, and (4) attorney discipline schemes that largely seem to avoid sanctions against prosecutors.In addition to these protections, most of the decision making is a solitary and private venture, only coming to the attention of the public intermittently, usually in high-profile cases. But even then, when decisions in high-profile cases become public, most of the prosecutor's decision-making process is, like an iceberg beneath the surface, far from peering eyes and inquiring minds.This Article explores decision-making theories in general and then turns to explore the legal, moral, and ethical constraints on prosecutorial decision making. This Article also examines an assortment of internal and external schemes purporting to somehow regulate the exercise of prosecutorial discretion. Finally, this Article assesses, state by state, how prosecutors fare within the current attorney discipline system through the Model Rules, the Model Code, and the extant professional responsibility systems nationwide.On balance, it appears that extreme cases of unethical prosecutorial behavior are rare, and when those extreme cases are identified, the states' attorney discipline systems act swiftly and harshly. This Article presents a fifty-state snapshot of prosecutorial sanctions for unethical conduct, exploring the most recent sanctions and the most severe for every state, as well as the District of Columbia. This snapshot indicates that nearly half of all states have disbarred at least one prosecutor for ethical misdeeds in carrying out prosecutorial duties. On the lower end of unethical prosecutorial behavior, the penalties appear to be somewhat rare and usually minimal when the line between unethical behavior and mere prosecutorial error is blurred. Perhaps that is as it should be. In a very real sense, society needs to rely on prosecutors to perform their duties ethically and responsibly. Stated another way, we ought not demand perfection, or at least we ought not punish mere imperfection too severely.
Prevalence of acetabular labral tears in asymptomatic children

Purpose Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a sensitive, non-invasive modality to diagnose acetabular labral pathology, and the normal variants of the acetabular labrum have been characterized in adults. However, the prevalence of labral pathology in the asymptomatic pediatric population is unknown.
A HEMATOXYLIN STAINING PROCEDURE FOR MAIZE POLLEN GRAIN CHROMOSOMES

Studies of postmeiotic chromosome behavior have been impeded by the thick exine and abundant starch grains of maize pollen. Staining pollen grain chromosomes with acetocarmine is tedious and gives inconsistent, often unsatisfactory results. A hematoxylin stain, used in conjunction with the clearing agent chloral hydrate, has been successfully used by the authors to stain chromosomes, nuclei and sperm cells of the maize pollen grain. An ethanol-formaldehyde fixing fluid is used to fix and preserve the pollen samples. The procedure, which is rapid and simple, gives excellent preparations with both fresh and fixed material. Stained preparations do not get darker with time, as is typical of other hematoxylin stained materials.
Using Twitter in an Undergraduate Setting: Five recommendations from a foreign language class

Research has suggested Twitter can be a powerful learning tool when thoughtfully added as a support to course content. Before you choose to add or implement Twitter into an undergraduate course, we share five tips to get there.
Algorithmic and game-theoretic approaches to group scheduling

Scheduling an event for a group of people is a notoriously frustrating task; it tends to be tedious, time consuming, and often leads to suboptimal schedules. One reason the problem has resisted a solution is that it has many dimensions, some of them easy to put one’s finger on, but others more subtle such as game-theoretic manipulability of the procedure. The first part of this work seeks algorithmic solutions to group scheduling problem. Assuming prompt and truthtelling agents, we can aim to design an efficient algorithm that finds the optimal scheduling process with respect to a given cost function. In Section 3 we formally define this as an optimization problem, and investigate the difficulty of the problem. We propose an efficient algorithm for finding the optimal solution, and then use the proposed algorithm in simulations to show that the result substantially outperforms the baseline approach in many realistic settings. The second part of this work puts more weight on the strategic behavior of agents. Imagine that agents have preferences over both the time and the number of attendees at the event. Given a set of invitees, the set is said to be stable if all invitees prefer attending to not attending, and if no uninvited person wishes she had been invited. Stability is obviously desirable, but in general a stable schedule may not exist; therefore it is interesting to know how hard it is to determine whether it exists (and to find the one that maximizes attendance). These questions take an extra meaning if agents can strategically misreport their preferences, and we answer these questions in Section 4.
Clinical medical students' self-assessed comfort with technical skills.

OBJECTIVES : Medical students spend significant time in the operating room during clinical training. Many technical skill domains are learned through trial and error, which can affect student confidence and patient safety. This project assessed the technical knowledge and comfort of third-year medical students to identify their needs for technical skills training before surgical exposure. METHODS : One hundred nine students provided data in an anonymous survey on the first day of their core obstetrics/gynecology clerkship. The survey used a 4-point Likert scale to query self-assessed competence, comfort, and knowledge of technical skill domains for the operating room. RESULTS : Students who rated introductory skill domains positively rated themselves higher on complex skill domains (2.47 vs 3.75, P < 0.001). Most students (91%) who positively assessed complex domains also rated introductory domains positively. There was good correlation with comfort in the operating room and the introductory skill domains of surgical scrub (0.782) and gowning and gloving (0.784) (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS : Students who rate complex domains highly overwhelmingly rate introductory skills highly, providing an opportunity to triage technical skill knowledge. A focus on introductory skill domains may be beneficial for preparing preclinical students for the operating room.
A NEUROSPORA MUTANT WITH ABNORMAL CROZIERS, GIANT ASCOSPORES, AND ASCI HAVING MULTIPLE APICAL PORES

A dominant mutant of Neurospora crassa named Perforated (Prf) resembles giant spore (gsp) in making giant ascospores, and resembles Banana (Ban) in making giant ascospores and abnormal croziers. In...
Driving forces maps: case studies of a tool for implementing change strategies.

Abstract In this article, driving forces mapping, a technique derived from business strategy, is applied to five different client situations: an AIDS support organization, a men's bereavement group, an individual managing grief after abortion following diagnosis of a fetal anomaly, an individual dealing with an HIV diagnosis, and a couple who wanted to increase marital satisfaction. The technique was found to be helpful in goal definition, contracting and developing mutuality, and it was less helpful in introspective work. The article describes the work in ways that allow the reader to understand the process and apply the technique.
Measurement of cell-mediated immune response in woodchucks.

Infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a major health problem, with 350 million people chronically infected worldwide. Chronic HBV infection is characterized by severe hepatic disease sequelae, including chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis of the liver, and hepatocellular carcinoma (1). The immunologic mechanisms that predispose to the development of chronic HBV infection are not completely understood. However, the cell-mediated immunity (CMI) to HBV is believed to play a crucial role in protection against viral infection, and development of efficient antiviral CMI is probably needed to avoid viral persistence and progression to chronic hepatitis (1). The woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) and its natural host, the Eastern woodchuck (Marmota monax), have been used extensively as an animal model for HBV infection, disease, and prevention (e.g., 2). This model is being applied further to study the immunopathogenesis, antiviral therapy, and immunotherapy of chronic WHV infection (3–8). Such studies have demonstrated the need for more detailed investigation of the immune response of woodchucks, and to develop new molecular and cellular immunologic assays for measuring this response (Table 1). For example, in vitro proliferation assays for measuring the responses of woodchuck peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) to viral antigens are a prerequisite for studying the CMI of woodchucks during WHV infection and therapy (3,4–7). The use of a universal anti-CD3 antibody reagent indicated that woodchuck PBMCs that did not adhere to nylon wool and that proliferated after stimulation with WHV recombinant core antigen (rWHcAg) were CD3+ lymphocytes (4). However, antibodies to woodchuck CD4 and CD8 positive lymphocytes are needed to enable more detailed lymphocyte phenotyping in PBMC cultures, and for applications of separation and depletion of such lymphocytes. Functionally active woodchuck cytokines and anti-cytokine antibodies are also needed to develop enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) methods for determining the responding cell type in PBMC cultures, for example, for differenti-
Data Privacy Issues with RFID in Healthcare

Radio frequency identification (RFID) provides a means to implement the “last-mile” connection in a connected world, often referred to as the Internet of Things (IoT). RFID has been widely used in the retail and construction sectors for supply-chain management, and has provided significant benefits to those sectors. RFID has also been employed by healthcare to improve supply-chain management and monitor the locations of patients and providers to improve service offerings. The wireless and low-cost aspects of RFID introduce privacy concerns. However, there are some privacy issues related to the use of RFID, including tracking and the ability of an attacker to obtain sensitive data that is stored in the RFID tag. This chapter will explore the use of RFID in healthcare and identify issues relating to privacy that need to be addressed in these use-cases. An overview of RFID technology is presented followed by an overview of applications of RFID in healthcare. The privacy issues are then identified and potential solutions described. The privacy issues identified can be addressed using proven and standard security practices, many of which are already implemented by healthcare providers. A discussion of how to extend these practices to include RFID technology is provided.
Response of liver glycogen synthase and phosphorylase to in vivo glucose and glucose analogues

Glucose causes a rapid increase in the proportion (%) of glycogen synthase in the active (I) form and a rapid decrease in the proportion of phosphorylase in the active (a) form in both fed and fasted rats. The changes in synthase I and phosphorylase a are more rapid in fasted animals. With graded doses of glucose, the maximal decrease in phosphorylase a occurred at a dose that was considerably smaller than that required to maximally stimulate an increase in % synthase I. Thus, in the intact animal a dissociation between the effects of glucose on the synthase and phosphorylase systems was observed. Sorbitol, mannose, galactose, and arabinose all stimulated an increase in synthase I but did not significantly affect the proportion of phosphorylase in the a form. The % synthase I was not significantly affected by a number of other glucose homologues, pentoses, or three-carbon gluconeogenic substrates. The ketoses fructose and mannoheptulose both caused a striking increase in % phosphorylase a and a decrease in % synthase I, i.e., results opposite to those of glucose. The mechanism by which fructose induces these changes is not known, but the mannoheptulose effects may be accounted for by a rise in liver cAMP concentration.
Outburst floods of the Maly Yenisei. Part II – new age constraints from Darhad basin

ABSTRACTSome of the largest cataclysmic floods of the Quaternary followed multiple breaches of glaciers damming the headwaters of the Maly Yenisei river in southern Siberia. The shorelines of the impounded lake in Darhad basin suggest at least four depths of 290, 175, 145, and 65 m. Fossil evidence, together with previous 14C and luminescence dating, indicates the existence of a deep lake during MIS 3; the eroded character of the highest shoreline suggests that the deepest lake was older. 10Be dating of moraines in the surrounding mountains has documented major glacial advances during MIS 2, although no published direct dating has confirmed a highstand of the lake then. To address this problem, we extracted lake sediments from a 92.6 m deep borehole, sampled beach sands from the nearby basin edge, and dated them both using luminescence methods. We also dated, with 10Be, the eroded remnants of the end moraine deposited by the last glacier that dammed Darhad basin, as well as other moraines in the mountains...
Novel large scale simulation process to support dot’s cafe modeling system

This paper demonstrates a new process that has been specifically designed for the support of the U.S. Department of Transportation’s (DOT’s) Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) standards. In developing the standards, DOT’s National Highway Traffic Safety Administration made use of the CAFE Compliance and Effects Modeling System (the “Volpe model” or the “CAFE model”), which was developed by DOT’s Volpe National Transportation Systems Center for the 2005–2007 CAFE rulemaking and has been continuously updated since. The model is the primary tool used by the agency to evaluate potential CAFE stringency levels by applying technologies incrementally to each manufacturer’s fleet until the requirements under consideration are met. The Volpe model relies on numerous technology-related and economic inputs, such as market forecasts, technology costs, and effectiveness estimates; these inputs are categorized by vehicle classification, technology synergies, phase-in rates, cost learning curve adjustments, and technology “decision trees”. Part of the model’s function is to estimate CAFE improvements that a given manufacturer could achieve by applying additional technology to specific vehicles in its product line. A significant number of inputs to the Volpe decision-tree model are related to the effectiveness (fuel consumption reduction) of each fuel-saving technology. Argonne National Laboratory has developed a fullvehicle simulation tool named Autonomie, which has become one of the industry’s standard tools for analyzing vehicle energy consumption and technology effectiveness. Full-vehicle simulation tools use physics-based mathematical equations, engineering characteristics (e.g., engine maps, transmission shift points, and hybrid vehicle control strategies), and explicit drive cycles to predict the effectiveness of individual and combined fuel-saving technologies. The Large-Scale Simulation Process accelerates and facilitates the assessment of individual technological impacts on vehicle fuel economy. This paper will show how Argonne efficiently simulates hundreds of thousands of vehicles to model anticipated future vehicle technologies.
Video Inspired the Radio Star: Interdisciplinary Projects for Media Arts and Music

Interdisciplinary arts education in music has often included connective lines toward drama, dance, and visual arts. This article will suggest five different projects that could be used to link musi...