cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Impact of diverging anaerobic technology on cul-de-sac isolates from patients with endometritis-salpingitis-peritonitis

The probability of obtaining accurate identification of bacteria present in the cul-de-sac in cases of polymicrobial bacterial endometritis-salpingitis-peritonitis (ESP) was analyzed on the basis of a comparison of bacteriologic data derived from the hospital laboratory and those engendered by a research anaerobic laboratory. Two sets of paired cul-de-sac specimens from 20 cases of ESP were analyzed at two different laboratories whose anaerobic technology differed from that of the reference laboratory. At University Hospital (Jacksonville, Florida), 22 of 36 (61%) aerobic bacterial isolates were correctly identified, in contrast to only eight of 52 (15.4%) anaerobic isolates. The clinical facility of the University of Florida College of Medicine (Gainesville, Florida) identified 28 of 32 (86.5%) aerobic and 16 of 34 (47.9%) anaerobic isolates. The probability of accurately delineating the anaerobic bacteria present in polymicrobial peritonitis which may develop in patients with acute salpingitis was directly related to the degree of sophistication in anaerobiology. Since most institutions cannot provide sophisticated anaerobiology, the authors contend that therapy cannot be contingent upon microbiologic data and that the clinician must rely primarily on clinical and biophysical parameters to monitor the effectiveness of therapy.
INTRACAPSULAR CUNEIFORM OSTEOTOMY FOR SEVERE UNSTABLE SLIPPED CAPITAL FEMORAL EPIPHYSIS

Aim Debate remains over the optimal treatment for severe unstable SCFE. AVN is the principle problem; current thinking suggests this can be minimized by emergent reduction and fixation within 24 hours. If emergent treatment is not possible, open osteotomy with a variable delay of 10–21 days has been advocated. We present our experience of delayed intracapsular cuneiform osteotomy (ICO) Methods SCFE cases were identified through ICD-10 coding and theatre records. Unstable slips were identified and reviewed retrospectively. When ICO was performed, the hip was accessed via anterior approach without hip dislocation. A cuneiform shortening osteotomy of the neck with physeal excision was undertaken. The epiphysis was carefully reduced and stabilized with a single screw. Results 46 unstable slips were treated during the study period. 16 hips underwent ICO, while the remaining cases were treated by closed pinning in situ (PIS) without capsulotomy. The rate of AVN following ICO in 16 hips was 25% in comparison to the PIS group, in which 40% developed AVN. AVN was not seen in those cases treated with ICO with a delay of at least 14 days. In contrast, AVN occurred regardless of the timing of PIS, including a rate of 33% in those treated emergently. Sub analysis of the PIS group revealed that AVN occurred more frequently (66.7% vs. 33.3%) when complete epiphyseal reduction occurred during patient positioning. While these results are not statistically significant, they are striking. Patients who developed AVN had a poor outcome in both groups, with 75% requiring further surgical intervention. There were 2 cases of heterotrophic ossification and meralgia paraesthetica respectively. Hardware failure occurred once. Conclusion Timing and method of treatment for unstable SCFE remains controversial. This series suggests delayed intracapsular cuneiform osteotomy may result in a lower rate of AVN than closed reduction and pinning within 24 hours.
Would You Like to Upgrade to a Premium Room? Evaluating the Benefit of Offering Standby Upgrades

An important challenge faced by hotels is how to set their premium room price differential over their standard rooms and how to manage the upsell process. Standby upgrades, where the customer is only charged if the upgrade is available at the time of arrival, is one technique that has become increasingly popular in practice for monetizing the premium room inventory that may otherwise go unused. We develop a model of premium room and standby upgrade pricing under an uncertain market size and examine how and when standby upgrades can provide additional revenue for a hotel. When guests are myopic, we show that standby upgrades can be used as a powerful price discrimination tool, especially for hotel properties with high premium-to-standard room ratios. When guests are strategic, the benefit of standby upgrades is significantly diminished; we show that standby upgrades only increase revenue when the hotel property has a low premium-to-standard room ratio. Our findings thus provide guidance on the hotel types and environments that are most suitable for standby upgrades. The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/msom.2016.0596 .
Predictors of Change in Functional Health Status in Adults with Repaired Tetralogy of Fallot

Left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction (EF) and right ventricular (RV) ejection fraction by cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) are associated with functional health status in patients with repaired tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) in cross-sectional studies, but few longitudinal data are available. This study aimed to determine predictors of subsequent decrease in functional health status in midterm follow-up. Patients with repaired TOF who had previously completed CMR and assessment with the Short Form 36 version 2 (SF-36) were recruited for repeat CMR, SF-36, and exercise test, if they had not had interval pulmonary valve replacement (PVR). Patients from the same cohort who had undergone PVR were recruited for repeat SF-36. A total of 19 patients (median 33.5 years old, interquartile range [IQR] 26–42 years, 53 % male) had not undergone PVR and were enrolled at a median of 5.0 years (IQR 4.8–5.3) since prior CMR and SF-36. LVEF and RVEF did not change from baseline, while RV end-diastolic volume increased (138 ± 34 vs. 126 ± 31 ml/m2, p = 0.02). In the overall cohort, SF-36 scores remained stable. However, higher baseline RV end-systolic volume and pulmonary regurgitant fraction correlated with subsequent decreases in SF-36 scores. In 9 patients post-PVR (median 35.9 years old, IQR 24–43), physical functioning increased compared to those without PVR (change in z-score +0.59 ± 0.59 vs. −0.26 ± 0.72, p = 0.005). In adults with repaired TOF who do not undergo PVR, LVEF, RVEF, and functional health status remain stable in midterm follow-up. However, baseline RV end-systolic volume correlates with subsequent change in functional health status, underscoring its importance in prognostication and timing of intervention in this population.
Why retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy for testicular tumors

AbstractMost patients with seminoma can be managed successfully with irradiation after a high inguinal orchiectomy. Since anaplastic seminoma has a high predilection for dissemination adjuvant chemotherapy with an alkylating agent, such as L-phenylalanine mustard, is advised.There is much more controversy regarding the management of patients with non-seminomatous tumors. Because lymphangiography has an accuracy of about 90 per cent the justification of a retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy for staging purposes is no longer valid. Irradiation of the retroperitoneal and pelvic lymph nodes results in a good survival rate for patients with clinical stages I and II diseases. It is anticipated that with limited resection in selected stage IIB patients and with the judicious use of elective or adjuvant chemotherapy the results in these patients may be improved further. The morbidity associated with retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy is no longer justified since equally effective alternative approaches with lower morbid...
The Value of Crowdsourced Earnings Forecasts

Crowdsourcing—when a task normally performed by employees is outsourced to a large network of people via an open call—is making inroads into the investment research industry. We shed light on this new phenomenon by examining the value of crowdsourced earnings forecasts. Our sample includes 51,012 forecasts provided by Estimize, an open platform that solicits and reports forecasts from over 3,000 contributors. We find that Estimize forecasts are incrementally useful in forecasting earnings and measuring the market's expectations of earnings. Our results are stronger when the number of Estimize contributors is larger, consistent with the benefits of crowdsourcing increasing with the size of the crowd. Finally, Estimize consensus revisions generate significant two-day size-adjusted returns. The combined evidence suggests that crowdsourced forecasts are a useful supplementary source of information in capital markets.
Carbohydrates of human and bovine platelets.

1. Average values for the total carbohydrate content of human and bovine platelets were 8.47 and 8.77 per cent of the dry weight, respectively. On a dry weight basis, human platelets were calculated to be approximately one-third larger than bovine platelets. By chemical and chromatographic analysis, glucose, galactose, mannose, fucose, ribose, glucosamine, galactosamine, glucuronic acid and sialic acid were detected in both human and bovine platelets. 2. Glucose and ribose were found to be the only monomers present in the 5 per cent TCA-soluble fractions of both human and bovine platelets. The TCA-insoluble residue contained glucose, galactose, mannose, fucose, ribose, glucuronic acid, glucosamine, galactosamine and sialic acid. The acid mucopolysaccharide fraction of both human and bovine platelets contained galactosamine and glucuronic acid monomers as well as galactose, glucose, and ribose. 3. Glycogen was found in both human and bovine platelets. Total glycogen was extracted by 5 per cent TCA from sonorated human and bovine p1atelets; however, subsequent ethanol precipitation of tile glycogen was incomplete. In contrast, 30 per cent KOH extraction followed by ethanol precipitation resulted in complete recoveries of the glycogen. 4. Variations ill both total hexose and glycogen contents were found in both human and bovine platelets. These variations were partially dependent on the length of storage of the platelets in whole blood or in 0.85 per cent NaCl after separation from whole blood.
Signal Subspace Projection Methods of Adaptive Sensor Array Processing

Reduced-rank subspace projection methods are used indirectly in frequency and angle-of-arrival estimation algorithms such as MUSIC and its relatives, but they are not commonly used directly in least-squares detection applications. The author has been exploring their use for the processing of underwater acoustic receiver array data for detection and matched-field localization. He describes and illustrates several techniques that have been developed and applied to signals recorded from different types of arrays. >
Acoustic and electromagnetic reverberation chambers: Similarities and differences

Acoustic reverberation chambers predate electromagnetic (EM) reverberation chambers. EM reverberation chamber researchers occasionally make reference to acoustic equivalents when describing test methods and results. However, most EM reverberation chamber users are not familiar with acoustics and may not be aware of similarities and differences. This paper presents a sampling of results for acoustic and EM reverberation chambers, how they relate, and explore whether insights from acoustics can help inform EM reverberation chamber use.
To Stay or Leave: Factors that Impact Undergraduate Women’s Persistence in Science Majors

This study examined factors that influenced undergraduates’ decision to enter, leave, or stay within science majors. In addition, we sought to understand if such decisions differed by gender and type of science major. Using Beginning Postsecondary Students (BPS) longitudinal survey data, we found that women were less likely to select a science major in the first year of college and were less likely to select and persist in science majors after the third year of college compared to males. Women who left science majors after the third year of college selected non-science majors, despite the number of science courses taken within the first two years. One of the most interesting findings was that many students who entered science majors by Year 3 were previously undecided upon entering college. The article concludes with implications for attracting and retaining women in science majors.
Effectiveness of oral antibiotics for definitive therapy of Gram-negative bloodstream infections

There is paucity of data evaluating intravenous-to-oral antibiotic switch options for Gram-negative bloodstream infections (BSIs). This retrospective cohort study examined the effectiveness of oral antibiotics for definitive treatment of Gram-negative BSI. Patients with Gram-negative BSI hospitalised for <14 days at Palmetto Health Hospitals in Columbia, SC, from 1 January 2010 through 31 December 2013 and discharged on oral antibiotics were included in this study. The cohort was stratified into three groups based on bioavailability of oral antibiotics prescribed (high, ≥95%; moderate, 75-94%; and low, <75%). Kaplan-Meier analysis and multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression were used to examine treatment failure. Among the 362 patients, high, moderate and low bioavailability oral antibiotics were prescribed to 106, 179 and 77 patients, respectively, for definitive therapy of Gram-negative BSI. Mean patient age was 63 years, 217 (59.9%) were women and 254 (70.2%) had a urinary source of infection. Treatment failure rates were 2%, 12% and 14% in patients receiving oral antibiotics with high, moderate and low bioavailability, respectively (P = 0.02). Risk of treatment failure in the multivariate Cox model was higher in patients receiving antibiotics with moderate [adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) = 5.9, 95% CI 1.6-38.5; P = 0.005] and low bioavailability (aHR = 7.7, 95% CI 1.9-51.5; P = 0.003) compared with those receiving oral antimicrobial agents with high bioavailability. These data demonstrate the effectiveness of oral antibiotics with high bioavailability for definitive therapy of Gram-negative BSI. Risk of treatment failure increases as bioavailability of the oral regimen declines.
Measuring Regional Ethnolinguistic Diversity in Sub-Saharan Africa: Surveys vs. GIS

This paper compares two approaches to measuring subnational ethnolinguistic diversity in Sub-Saharan Africa, one based on censuses and large-scale population surveys and the other relying on the us...
The Marginal Propensity to Consume Over the Business Cycle

We estimate how the marginal propensity to consume (MPC) out of liquidity varies over the business cycle. Ten years after a Chapter 7 bankruptcy, the bankruptcy flag is removed from the filer's credit report, generating an increase in credit score. In the year following flag removal, credit card limits increase by $778 and credit card balances increase by $290, implying an MPC of 0.37. Using cohorts of flag removals, we find that the MPC was 20 to 30 percent higher during the Great Recession, increased during the 2001 recession, and is positively correlated with the local unemployment rate.
Discussion of “Is the risk of product market predation a cost of disclosure?”☆

Abstract Bernard (2016) proposes that financially constrained firms susceptible to “product market predation” are more likely to avoid complying with a mandatory requirement to publicly disclose financial statements. Bernard tests and finds that financially constrained private firms in Germany are less likely to disclose their financial statements despite being subject to a law requiring them to do so and interprets this evidence as consistent with predation risk affecting firms’ disclosure decisions. I discuss how Bernard׳s findings advance our understanding of the incentives and disincentives for disclosure. I evaluate the theoretical rationale – i.e., product market predation – as the motive for non-disclosure as well as the strengths and weaknesses of his empirical analyses. My discussion highlights the implications of these findings for disclosure regulation, especially as it relates to small private firms. I end my discussion with suggestions for future research, including ideas to use the empirical setting identified by Bernard for answering other research questions.
RIB TO SPINE VS. SPINE TO SPINE CONSTRUCTS IN GROWING ROD SYSTEMS: A NEW SURGICAL TECHNIQUE

A retrospective review of patients with spinal growing rods in a single institution. Demographic data including age at first surgery, diagnosis, pre- and post-operative cobb angles from erect standardised radiographs were collected. The type of construct used i.e. spine to rib or spine to spine was noted along with the type of growing mechanism used (magnetic or cassette). Any complications were collated for each technique. Our results include 26 patients who had growing rod insertion, 12 in the spine - spine group and 14 in rib - spine group. Pre-operative cobb angles of 71 and 78 degrees respectively with a correction to 36 and 35 degrees. Mean age at surgery was 63 months in spine to spine group and 67 months in rib to spine group. Spine to spine group had 2 proximal pull out of hooks and the rib spine group had one pull out of hook. The correction achieved by the new technique is comparable to the spine – spine constructs. Complications are seen in both groups. The perceived benefit of the new technique is the proximal spine is not violated so there is a reduced risk of mass fusion. The canal and pedicles are not included proximally, so there will be no effect on the growing diameter of the canal. Biomechanically the construct is more robust and should allow greater control of the curve. Further follow up and analysis of this new technique is warranted.
Inverse Diffusion Curves Using Shape Optimization

The inverse diffusion curve problem focuses on automatic creation of diffusion curve images that resemble user provided color fields. This problem is challenging since the 1D curves have a nonlinear and global impact on resulting color fields via a partial differential equation (PDE). We introduce a new approach complementary to previous methods by optimizing curve geometry. In particular, we propose a novel iterative algorithm based on the theory of shape derivatives. The resulting diffusion curves are clean and well-shaped, and the final image closely approximates the input. Our method provides a user-controlled parameter to regularize curve complexity, and generalizes to handle input color fields represented in a variety of formats.
Benefits of Using Pairwise Trajectory Management in the Central East Pacific

Pairwise Trajectory Management (PTM) is a concept that utilizes airborne and ground-based capabilities to enable airborne spacing operations in oceanic regions. The goal of PTM is to use enhanced surveillance, along with airborne tools, to manage the spacing between aircraft. Due to the enhanced airborne surveillance of Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B) information and reduced communication, the PTM minimum spacing distance will be less than distances currently required of an air traffic controller. Reduced minimum distance will increase the capacity of aircraft operations at a given altitude or volume of airspace, thereby increasing time on desired trajectory and overall flight efficiency. PTM is designed to allow a flight crew to resolve a specific traffic conflict (or conflicts), identified by the air traffic controller, while maintaining the flight crew's desired altitude. The air traffic controller issues a PTM clearance to a flight crew authorized to conduct PTM operations in order to resolve a conflict for the pair (or pairs) of aircraft (i.e., the PTM aircraft and a designated target aircraft). This clearance requires the flight crew of the PTM aircraft to use their ADS-B-enabled onboard equipment to manage their spacing relative to the designated target aircraft to ensure spacing distances that are no closer than the PTM minimum distance. When the air traffic controller determines that PTM is no longer required, the controller issues a clearance to cancel the PTM operation.
A Unilateral-to-Mutual Authentication Compiler for Key Exchange (with Applications to Client Authentication in TLS 1.3)

We study the question of how to build "compilers" that transform a unilaterally authenticated (UA) key-exchange protocol into a mutually-authenticated (MA) one. We present a simple and efficient compiler and characterize the UA protocols that the compiler upgrades to the MA model, showing this to include a large and important class of UA protocols. The question, while natural, has not been studied widely. Our work is motivated in part by the ongoing work on the design of TLS 1.3, specifically the design of the client authentication mechanisms including the challenging case of post-handshake authentication. Our approach supports the analysis of these mechanisms in a general and modular way, in particular aided by the notion of "functional security" that we introduce as a generalization of key exchange models and which may be of independent interest.
Maternal exposure to ozone and PM2.5 and the prevalence of orofacial clefts in four U.S. states

Abstract Background While there is some evidence that maternal exposure to ambient air pollution is associated with orofacial clefts in offspring, the epidemiologic studies have been largely equivocal. We evaluated whether maternal exposure to elevated county-level ambient fine particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter ≤2.5 µm (PM2.5) and ozone during early gestation was associated with a higher prevalence of orofacial clefts. Methods Birth data consisting of 4.7 million births from 2001 to 2007 were obtained from National Birth Defects Prevention Network for four states — Arizona, Florida, New York (excluding New York City), and Texas. The air pollution exposure assessment for gestational weeks 5–10 was based on county-level average concentrations of PM2.5 and ozone data generated using a Bayesian fusion model available through CDC's Environmental Public Health Tracking Network. Two outcomes were analyzed separately: cleft lip with or without cleft palate, cleft palate alone. In logistic regression analyses, we adjusted for factors that were suspected confounders or modifiers of the association between the prevalence of orofacial clefts and air pollution, i.e., infant sex, race-ethnicity, maternal education, smoking status during pregnancy, whether this was mother's first baby, maternal age. Results Each 10 µg/m3 increase in PM2.5 concentration was significantly associated with cleft palate alone (OR =1.43, 95% CI: 1.11–1.86). There was no significant association between PM2.5 concentration and cleft lip with or without cleft palate. No associations were observed between ozone exposure and the two outcomes of orofacial clefts. Conclusions Our study suggests that PM2.5 significantly increased the risk of cleft palate alone, but did not change the incidence of cleft lip with or without palate. Ozone levels did not correlate with incidence of orofacial clefts.
Towards Enabling Next Generation Mobile Mashups

Evolution of Web browser functionality on mobile devices is the driving force for ‘mobile mashups’, where content rendered on a device is amalgamated from multiple Web sources. From richness perspective, such mashups can be enhanced to incorporate features that are unique to the mobile setting - (1) native Device features, such as location and calendar information, camera, Bluetooth, etc. available on a smart mobile platform, and (2) core Telecom network functionality, such as SMS and Third Party Call Control, exposed as services in a converged IP/Web network setup. Although various techniques exist for creating desktop-based mashups, these are insufficient to utilize a three-dimensional setting present in the mobile domain - comprising of the Web, native Device features and Telecom services. In this paper, we describe middleware support for this purpose, both on the server side dealing with processing and integration of content, as well as on the device side dealing with rendering, device integration, Web service invocation, and execution. Moreover, we characterize how various components in this middleware ensure portability and adaptation of mashups across different devices and Telecom protocols. Based on our approach, we provide an implementation of mashup framework on three popular mobile platforms - iPhone, Android and Nokia S60, and discuss it’s utility.
Time-Inconsistent Charitable Giving

Abstract We usually assume purchasers of commodities experience utility at the point of transacting a purchase, when money and ownership are exchanged. With charitable giving, the social rewards from giving can begin being enjoyed the moment a decision to give has been made. Later, when the gift is transacted, the donor can again experience utility from giving and seeing their donations at work. We show both theoretically and experimentally that these early flows of social utility can generate time inconsistent charitable giving. A fundraiser can get more donations (50 percent more in our Experiment 1) by allowing a donor to decide now to give later. We develop a theoretical model of social utility gained through social image concerns, and in two additional experiments examine its implications for commitment demand and test the model predictions for how charities can manipulate information to influence time inconsistent charitable giving.
The out-of-source error in multi-source cross validation-type procedures

A scientific phenomenon under study may often be manifested by data arising from processes, i.e. sources, that may describe this phenomenon. In this context of multi-source data, we define the “out-of-source” error, that is the error committed when a new observation of unknown source origin is allocated to one of the sources using a rule that is trained on the known labeled data. We present an unbiased estimator of this error, and discuss its variance. We derive natural and easily verifiable assumptions under which the consistency of our estimator is guaranteed for a broad class of loss functions and data distributions. Finally, we evaluate our theoretical results via a simulation study.
An efficient grid-based clustering method by finding density peaks

Clustering or categorizing an unprocessed data set is essential and critical in many areas. Much success has been published, which first needs to calculate the mutual distances between data points. It suffers from considerable computational costs, preventing the state-of-the-art methods such as the clustering method by fast search and find of density peaks (FSFDP, published in Science, 2014) from applying into real life (e.g., with thousands of data points). In this paper, an efficient grid-based clustering (GBC) method by finding density peaks is described. It keeps the advantage of the friendly interactive interface in the FSFDP, at the mean time, decreases enormously the computation complexity. The time complexity of the FSFDP is o(np(np − l)/2) while our method decreases it to o(np * sizeof (grid)), where np is the number of data points and the size of grid is always much smaller than np so that the time complexity of our approach is almost linearly proportional to np. The presented GBC method by finding density peaks was able to calculate the densities and categorize datasets within much less time, which makes the density-peak-based algorithm practical. By using the presented algorithm, it was possible to cluster high-dimensional data sets as well. The GBC method by finding density peaks was successfully verified in clustering several datasets, which are commonly used to test clustering algorithms in published articles. It turned out that the presented method is much faster and efficient in clustering datasets into different categories than the conventional density-based ones, which makes the proposed method more preferable.
International strategies of non-dominant firms

There has been a growing interest in how follower firms can compete with industry leaders. This article documents the use of international strategies by some non-dominant firms to avoid direct competition with industry leaders. Twenty-five cases of international strategies used by non-dominant firms in a variety of industries were cluster analyzed to identify common strategies. Seven different strategies were identified together with their attendant firm characteristics, stage of industry internationalization, and underlying competitive logic.
Improving riverine constituent concentration and flux estimation by accounting for antecedent discharge conditions

Abstract Regression-based approaches are often employed to estimate riverine constituent concentrations and fluxes based on typically sparse concentration observations. One such approach is the recently developed WRTDS (“Weighted Regressions on Time, Discharge, and Season”) method, which has been shown to provide more accurate estimates than prior approaches in a wide range of applications. Centered on WRTDS, this work was aimed at developing improved models for constituent concentration and flux estimation by accounting for antecedent discharge conditions. Twelve modified models were developed and tested, each of which contains one additional flow variable to represent antecedent conditions and which can be directly derived from the daily discharge record. High-resolution (∼daily) data at nine diverse monitoring sites were used to evaluate the relative merits of the models for estimation of six constituents – chloride (Cl), nitrate-plus-nitrite (NO x ), total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), total phosphorus (TP), soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP), and suspended sediment (SS). For each site-constituent combination, 30 concentration subsets were generated from the original data through Monte Carlo subsampling and then used to evaluate model performance. For the subsampling, three sampling strategies were adopted: (A) 1 random sample each month (12/year), (B) 12 random monthly samples plus additional 8 random samples per year (20/year), and (C) flow-stratified sampling with 12 regular (non-storm) and 8 storm samples per year (20/year). Results reveal that estimation performance varies with both model choice and sampling strategy. In terms of model choice, the modified models show general improvement over the original model under all three sampling strategies. Major improvements were achieved for NO x by the long-term flow-anomaly model and for Cl by the ADF (average discounted flow) model and the short-term flow-anomaly model. Moderate improvements were achieved for SS, TP, and TKN by the ADF model. By contrast, no such achievement was achieved for SRP by any proposed model. In terms of sampling strategy, performance of all models (including the original) was generally best using strategy C and worst using strategy A, and especially so for SS, TP, and SRP, confirming the value of routinely collecting stormflow samples. Overall, this work provides a comprehensive set of statistical evidence for supporting the incorporation of antecedent discharge conditions into the WRTDS model for estimation of constituent concentration and flux, thereby combining the advantages of two recent developments in water quality modeling.
Do foreign entrepreneurs benefit their firms as managers

Research summary: The entrepreneurship literature has extensively studied an individual's decision to found a new venture, but it has little to say about the individual's choice to operate this venture personally or hire an agent. This decision is particularly challenging for foreign entrepreneurs, who, in addition to traditional factors, such as agency costs and personal preferences, need to take into consideration the benefits and liabilities of foreignness. Using novel data on foreign entrepreneurial firms and instrumenting for the owner-manager choice with a visa policy change, we find that managing foreign entrepreneurs significantly improve firm performance. Our results further suggest that foreign owner-managers reduce operating costs but have no effect on the firm's productivity and growth. Managerial summary: Immigrants represent a significant part of the population in the United States and Europe and are often more entrepreneurial than local nationals. However, a person starting a firm in a foreign country faces unique challenges. One important choice that a foreign entrepreneur has to make is whether to operate the firm personally or hire a local agent. Foreign entrepreneurs are often believed to be worse managers because they have limited local knowledge and skills. However, our results point to the contrary: We find that managing foreign entrepreneurs significantly improve firm performance by decreasing firms' operating costs. This happens because foreign owner-managers often have access to unique resources, higher work incentives, and superior management skills acquired at home. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A charge density wave-like instability in a doped spin-orbit-assisted weak Mott insulator.

Layered perovskite iridates realize a rare class of Mott insulators that are predicted to be strongly spin–orbit coupled analogues of the parent state of cuprate high-temperature superconductors. Recent discoveries of pseudogap, magnetic multipolar ordered6 and possible d-wave superconducting phases in doped Sr_2IrO_4 have reinforced this analogy among the single layer variants. However, unlike the bilayer cuprates, no electronic instabilities have been reported in the doped bilayer iridate Sr_3Ir_2O_7. Here we show that Sr_3Ir_2O_7 realizes a weak Mott state with no cuprate analogue by using ultrafast time-resolved optical reflectivity to uncover an intimate connection between its insulating gap and antiferromagnetism. However, we detect a subtle charge density wave-like Fermi surface instability in metallic electron doped Sr_3Ir_2O_7 at temperatures (T_(DW)) close to 200 K via the coherent oscillations of its collective modes, which is reminiscent of that observed in cuprates. The absence of any signatures of a new spatial periodicity below T_(DW) from diffraction, scanning tunnelling and photoemission based probes suggests an unconventional and possibly short-ranged nature of this density wave order.
A universal thin film model for Ginzburg–Landau energy with dipolar interaction

We present an analytical treatment of a three-dimensional variational model of a system that exhibits a second-order phase transition in the presence of dipolar interactions. Within the framework of Ginzburg–Landau theory, we concentrate on the case in which the domain occupied by the sample has the shape of a flat thin film and obtain a reduced two-dimensional, non-local variational model that describes the energetics of the system in terms of the order parameter averages across the film thickness. Namely, we show that the reduced two-dimensional model is in a certain sense asymptotically equivalent to the original three-dimensional model for small film thicknesses. Using this asymptotic equivalence, we analyze two different thin film limits for the full three-dimensional model via the methods of $$\Gamma $$ -convergence applied to the reduced two-dimensional model. In the first regime, in which the film thickness vanishes while all other parameters remain fixed, we recover the local two-dimensional Ginzburg–Landau model. On the other hand, when the film thickness vanishes while the sample’s lateral dimensions diverge at the right rate, we show that the system exhibits a transition from homogeneous to spatially modulated global energy minimizers. We identify a sharp threshold for this transition.
Decadal predictability without ocean dynamics.

This paper shows that the most predictable components of internal variability in coupled atmosphere–ocean models are remarkably similar to the most predictable components of climate models without interactive ocean dynamics (i.e., models whose ocean is represented by a 50-m-deep slab ocean mixed layer with no interactive currents). Furthermore, a linear regression model derived solely from dynamical model output can skillfully predict observed anomalies in these components at least a year or two in advance, indicating that these model-derived components and associated linear dynamics are realistic. These results suggest that interactive ocean circulation is not essential for the existence of multiyear predictability previously identified in coupled models and observations.
The transition from preschool to first grade: A transactional model of development ☆

Abstract Transactional relations between children's positive social interaction skills, school engagement, and academic achievement were examined using a longitudinal panel model across the transition from preschool to first grade. Participants were Head Start children ( N = 241; 49% girls, M age = 53 months, range 45–60); 78% were Mexican/Mexican-American; 82% of families were of low socioeconomic status. Head Start children's positive social interaction skills and academic achievement in preschool were positively related to kindergarten school engagement, positive social interaction skills and school engagement influenced one another over time, and academic achievement was positively related to positive social interaction skills from preschool to kindergarten. A small, but significant, transactional effect of preschool academic achievement on first-grade school engagement through kindergarten positive social interaction skills was found. Findings from the current study provide support for previously undocumented longitudinal relations between positive social interaction skills, school engagement, and academic achievement for Head Start children.
EXISTENCE OF COHERENT SYSTEMS

A coherent system of type (r, d, k) on a curve consists of a vector bundle of rank r and degree d together with a vector space of dimension k of the sections of this vector bundle. There is a stability condition depending on a positive real parameter α that allows to construct moduli spaces for these objects. This paper shows non-emptiness of these moduli spaces when k > r for any α under some mild conditions on the degree and genus.
Recent CLEO Results on Tau Hadronic Decays

I outline recent results using CLEO3 data involving the decay of the τ to three charged hadrons and a neutrino, as well as an investigation of the structure of the decay τ → KK π ν and the Wess-Zumino term in this decay.
Flow-pattern switching in a motored spark ignition engine:

Cycle-to-cycle variability of intake-jet flow in an optical engine was measured using particle image velocimetry, revealing the possibility of two different flow patterns. A phase-dependent proper ...
Over-time measurement of triadic closure in coauthorship networks

Applying the concept of triadic closure to coauthorship networks means that scholars are likely to publish a joint paper if they have previously coauthored with the same people. Prior research has identified moderate to high (20 to 40%) closure rates; suggesting this mechanism is a reasonable explanation for tie formation between future coauthors. We show how calculating triadic closure based on prior operationalizations of closure, namely Newman’s measure for one-mode networks (NCC) and Opsahl’s measure for two-mode networks (OCC) may lead to higher amounts of closure compared to measuring closure over time via a metric that we introduce and test in this paper. Based on empirical experiments using four large-scale, longitudinal datasets, we find a lower bound of 1–3% closure rates and an upper bound of 4–7%. These results motivate research on new explanatory factors for the formation of coauthorship links.
The Advent of Accounting in Business Governance: From Ancient Scribes to Modern Practitioners

General social theory provides a framework within which accounting and its role in advancing business and society can be examined, including historical development and functions. This study examines the advent of accounting in business governance, from ancient origins to present day, from the scribes of ancient Mesopotamia to the internal control concepts described by the Apostle Paul in the Bible, from the Friar Luca Pacioli's landmark book published in Renaissance Italy to the work of modern-day accountants employing the latest technology, to the expanding role of women in the profession. Throughout history, while standards and technologies have changed, a fundamental purpose of accounting in business governance remains constant: to provide a test of stewardship or accountability for those trusted with financial resources. Findings of this paper will be of interest to business stakeholders and academic researchers, who will be able more clearly to see the role that accounting played in the progress and development of business over millennia.
Gas Detectors for Neutrons

Abstract The principles involved in gas detectors for neutrons and the techniques for position encoding in such detectors are reviewed. This forms the basis for a discussion of the limitations on gas detector position resolution and maximum data rates, and of the aging effects in such detectors. Current capabilities and possible areas for improvement are noted.
An elliptic theory of indicial weights and applications to non-linear geometry problems

Abstract Given an elliptic operator P on a non-compact manifold (with proper asymptotic conditions), there is a discrete set of numbers called indicial roots. It's known that P is Fredholm between weighted Sobolev spaces if and only if the weight is not indicial. We show that an elliptic theory exists even when the weight is indicial. We also discuss some simple applications to Yang–Mills theory and minimal surfaces.
Shock Timing and Yield Sensitivity Studies for NIF Ignition Capsules

A cryogenic, {beta}-layered NIF ignition capsule with a beryllium ablator that employs a BeO dopant (2% O) for opacity control is described. The design has an optimized yield of 12 MJ and uses a reduced drive hohlraum temperature pulse shape that peaks at {approx} 250 eV. Shock timing sensitivity calculations have been performed for this capsule design. Individual uncertainties of: (1) {approx}200 ps in the timing of the foot pulse; (2) {approx}5% in the x-ray flux of the foot pulse and first step; (3) {approx}10% in the ablator EOS; or (4) {approx} 5 {micro}m in the DT ice layer thickness each have a significant impact on thermonuclear yield. Combined uncertainties have greater impact than isolated, individual issues. For example, a combination of uncertainties of 200 ps in the foot + 2 eV in the foot + 5 {micro}m in the DT thickness results in a calculation that produces only {approx} 1% of the original design yield. A second, more speculative, capsule concept utilizing a liquid DT ablator is also discussed. This design produces a 5 MJ yield in a 250 eV peak drive calculation.
Transfer Learning for Sequence Tagging with Hierarchical Recurrent Networks

Recent papers have shown that neural networks obtain state-of-the-art performance on several different sequence tagging tasks. One appealing property of such systems is their generality, as excellent performance can be achieved with a unified architecture and without task-specific feature engineering. However, it is unclear if such systems can be used for tasks without large amounts of training data. In this paper we explore the problem of transfer learning for neural sequence taggers, where a source task with plentiful annotations (e.g., POS tagging on Penn Treebank) is used to improve performance on a target task with fewer available annotations (e.g., POS tagging for microblogs). We examine the effects of transfer learning for deep hierarchical recurrent networks across domains, applications, and languages, and show that significant improvement can often be obtained. These improvements lead to improvements over the current state-of-the-art on several well-studied tasks.
Does oil revenue crowd out other tax revenues ? policy lessons for Uganda

This paper examines the relationship between hydrocarbon and non-hydrocarbon revenues using a probabilistic panel model with data covering 30 resource-rich countries over 1992-2012. It also discusses policy implications for Uganda, a country with recently discovered oil reserves. The findings show that although an increase in hydrocarbon revenues is likely to crowd out non-resource revenues, improved institutional quality could dampen or reverse this effect. In general, regulatory quality, rule of law, government effectiveness, and political stability are critically important governance indicators. In light of Uganda's forthcoming exploitation of its oil, the odds of avoiding the crowding out of non-resource revenues are high with a substantial improvement of institutional quality in terms of political stability, regulatory quality, and government effectiveness. Currently, these indicators stand very low for Uganda as compared with Botswana
Embracing Law's Categories: Anti-Discrimination Laws and Transgenderism

The attempt to reduce all persons to the unity of a common measure constructs as deviant those whose attributes differ from the group specific attributes implicitly resumed in the norm. The drive to unify the particularly and multiplicity of practices, cultural symbols and ways of relating in clear and distinct categories turns difference into exclusion.
Extinction phase transitions in a model of ecological and evolutionary dynamics

We study the non-equilibrium phase transition between survival and extinction of spatially extended biological populations using an agent-based model. We especially focus on the effects of global temporal fluctuations of the environmental conditions, i.e., temporal disorder. Using large-scale Monte-Carlo simulations of up to 3 × 107 organisms and 105 generations, we find the extinction transition in time-independent environments to be in the well-known directed percolation universality class. In contrast, temporal disorder leads to a highly unusual extinction transition characterized by logarithmically slow population decay and enormous fluctuations even for large populations. The simulations provide strong evidence for this transition to be of exotic infinite-noise type, as recently predicted by a renormalization group theory. The transition is accompanied by temporal Griffiths phases featuring a power-law dependence of the life time on the population size.
This Article Makes You Smarter! (Or, Regulating Health and Wellness Claims):

Information has power - to inspire, to transform, and to harm. Recent technological advancements have enabled the creation of products that offer consumers direct access to a level of personal health information unprecedented in history. But how are we to balance the promise of health and wellness information with its risks? Two agencies are tasked with protecting consumers from false claims of health products: the FDA and the FTC. This Article investigates if they are up to the task. In part a study of agency policymaking choices, and in part a prescription for more thoughtful and focused regulation, this Article compares both intra-agency and inter-agency regulation of informational health and wellness products. Certain procedural and substantive characteristics of FDA regulation are unsuited to informational health and wellness products, rendering comprehensive regulation by the FDA unrealistic. This gap creates an opportunity for the FTC to use its distinct and well-tailored enforcement tools to police harmful product claims that escape the FDA's purview. I posit that by tailoring the FDA's responsibility and sustaining the FTC's engagement with health claims, the agencies can dovetail into a cohesive and comprehensive regulatory regime.