cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Effects of Computer Science Stereotypes and Interest on Middle School Boys’ Career Intentions

Like other STEM fields, computer science (CS) lacks representation of minorities, such as Black and Hispanic individuals, both in the number of bachelor’s degrees obtained and the number of individuals in the CS workforce. Out-of-school CS programs are often designed with the intent to inspire young people to pursue careers in CS. Much of this programming focuses on developing student interest in CS and CS careers. Nevertheless, it is not well understood how the stereotypes that children hold about computer scientists contribute to CS interest and career choice. In this study, we set out to examine the complex relationships between CS interest, held stereotypes, and CS career choice. We surveyed participants in an after-school CS program offered to middle school boys who identified with racial and ethnic minority groups (N = 110). We tested three linear regression models and confirmed that CS interest and socially divergent stereotypes—those that diverged from societal norms—of computer scientists play unique and contrary roles in young boys’ career decision-making process even when controlling for home and school factors. These models suggest educational CS programs should include curriculum to dispel participants’ socially divergent stereotypes about computer scientists rather than targeting CS interest alone, particularly if a goal is to inspire diverse young people to pursue careers in CS.
Project 2: Advanced Statistical Analysis Using R and MouselabWEB

Imagine the following scenario: you’re lying in bed, sick. While you know it’s a bad idea, you wonder if perhaps you should engage in a little at-home diagnosing, and you head over to your search engine of choice. You plug in your symptoms and get taken to a page that has way too many advertisements – all you want is information, yet everywhere you look you see adds for amazing cure-alls and nonsense likely conspiracy theories. It’s almost as if the person laying the page out knew where you would be most likely to look and purposefully put all of the information you needed somewhere else.
Pocket treasures and magical unicorns: The persistence of story in a time of pandemic

What does it mean to be an early childhood teacher in a time of pandemic? Which stories remain constant in our profession and which are lost to the hand of physical distance? This narrative inquiry...
Characterization and within-site variation of environmental metal concentrations around a contaminated site using a community-engaged approach

Abstract Historic industrial activity led to extensive lead and arsenic contamination within residential areas of East Chicago, Indiana, United States. Although remediation is underway, community concerns about this contamination remain. Therefore, the goal for this analysis was to characterize environmental contamination in soil within and around these areas. A total of 228 samples from 32 different sites (addresses) were collected by community members or study staff. These were analyzed for metals using portable x-ray fluorescence or inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy. Concentrations exceeding EPA screening levels were found for 42% of the soil arsenic samples, 35% of the soil lead samples, and 79% of the soil manganese samples; a few samples also contained elevated copper or zinc. Concentrations above EPA screening levels were identified both within and outside of the formally designated contaminated area. Roughly 30% of all sites had at least one sample above and one sample below the screening level for arsenic, lead, and manganese. For sites within the contaminated area, more than 90% (arsenic), 60% (lead) and 60% (manganese) of the samples exceeded EPA screening levels. There was a significant association of proximity to the historic industrial site with elevated soil concentrations of arsenic and lead; a similar association was present for manganese. These results are consistent with existing data for lead and arsenic and we additionally report elevated concentrations of manganese and a high within-site variability of all metal concentrations. These findings should be considered in future remediation efforts.
The role of posttranslational modification in moonlighting glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase structure and function

Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) is a moonlighting protein exhibiting distinct activities apart from its classical role in glycolysis. Regulation of its moonlighting functions and its subcellular localization may be dependent on its posttranslational modification (PTM). The latter include its phosphorylation, which is required for its role in intermembrane trafficking, synaptic transmission and cancer survival; nitrosylation, which is required for its function in apoptosis, heme metabolism and the immune response; acetylation which is necessary for its modulation of apoptotic gene regulation; and N-acetylglucosamine modification which may induce changes in GAPDH oligomeric structure. These findings suggest a structure function relationship between GAPDH posttranslational modification and its diverse moonlighting activities.
Visualizing the United States electricity-water-climate nexus

Abstract The United States power sector uses immense quantities of water and is vulnerable to drought, water mismanagement, and climate change. Integrated management of energy and water systems is therefore critical, yet is hindered by disparate and delayed information. We present the Energy-Water-Emissions Dashboard (EWED) as an integrative modeling approach and exemplary web-based user interface displaying monthly generation, water withdrawal and consumption, and greenhouse gas emissions at nearly 10,000 U.S. power plants from 2003 to the most recent data available. EWED users may view aggregated results at larger spatial scales including watersheds, where they are compared to modeled water availability data. EWED also models projections out to 2050 based on a range of energy and climate scenarios, finding that water resources will continue to play a critical role in energy sector transitions. As such, EWED supports efforts to integrate decision making on immediate and long-term management challenges at energy-water-climate nexus.
Diagnosis and Management of Ruptured Thoracic Aortic Aneurysms

A ruptured thoracic aortic aneurysm is a lethal entity associated with a high rate of mortality. In the ascending aorta, most ruptures are associated with an aortic dissection and the preferred surgical approach is with open repair. In the descending thoracic aorta, controversy exists regarding whether the optimal approach is endovascular stent grafting or traditional open surgical repair. Both techniques may be used to achieve satisfying results. Thus, the ideal repair technique is the one with which the surgeon has the best chance of success. With open aortic repair, experienced centers achieve results comparable to TEVAR but with excellent long-term durability. With TEVAR, even smaller, less experienced centers can achieve good results but long-term durability may be compromised due to endograft-related complications.
Natural law and moral philosophy: Adam Smith out of context: His theory of rights in Prussian perspective

When, in the winter of 1763, he began his last series of lectures on jurisprudence as Professor of Moral Philosophy at Glasgow University, Adam Smith suggested that there were two alternative ways in which he could arrange his material: ‘The civilians begin with considering government and then treat of property and other rights. Others who have written on this subject begin with the latter and then consider family and civil government. There are several advantages peculiar to each of these methods, tho’ that of the civil law seems upon the whole preferable'. Accordingly Smith adopted what he saw as the method of civil law, that is, first government, then the family, and finally the rights of the individual. The detailed notes from his lectures of the preceding year, 1762–3, and the very brief notes from one of the early years of his professorship, however, disclose that in these two years he followed the method of the ‘others’, leading us to presume that he in fact did so in all of his lectures until 1763. The obvious question then is, Why did Smith change his system? It is also relatively easy to answer. Once we have outlined an answer, we shall see that it is no less obvious to ask, Why did Smith, even as he changed his method, see ‘several advantages peculiar to each of these methods’?
X Number of Possibilities

THEODORE VON GRIFT lives a counterfeit life neither out of habit nor choice but out of self-defense. His tastes have been carefully acquired. Soft-boiled eggs, steak tartare, the smell of peonies, lawn tennis: the list has nothing genuine about it, since appreciation for Theodore von Grift is only an act. He abandoned his authentic self so long ago that he wouldn't recognize him if he met him on a street in downtown Baltimore. That he lives at number fifty-five Penrose Street in Baltimore, Maryland, is as unnatural as any other aspect of his life. His position as a bank officer, his wife and two children, his four bedroom house?all contribute to the elaborate composition. He is not who he is and doesn't try to resolve the paradox. Instead, he fills in the role he originated, each day adds new details and by 1927 has grown so intricate, so complex, that the many people who early on identified the mask of personality for what it was have dwindled to a perceptive few. To one, in fact. Theodore is being revealed, investigated, stripped and examined by a mere child. He doesn't even know the boy's name, nor have they ever spoken. But every morning the boy is sitting on the porch steps of number sixty-three when Theodore walks by on his way to the trolley stop on Fulton Avenue. Sixty-three is the most dilapidated house on the block, the shingles sloughing, the shutters hanging crookedly, and ordinarily The odore would have ignored these neighbors. But there is something about the way the boy looks up from the scab on his knee and stares: a wise, unnerving stare, as though he can see beneath Theodore's clothes. The odore has spent half his lifetime protecting himself from acute observation, has perfected impenetrability and is to acquaintances and family what lead is to the x-ray. And now, in his forty-ninth year, he has met his match in an unkempt little boy. He could easily take a roundabout route and avoid the child. But the challenge is too compelling: he walks by number sixtythree in order to test himself, and though he continues to fail the test, he has not given in to discouragement. If one sheet of lead doesn't shield him from those prying eyes he will try two; if two don't suffice he will try platinum. Eventually he will be to the child what he is to everyone else?only surface?and the boy will forget what he has seen. Young children have short, selective memo
Antitrust and Sales-Below-Cost Laws: The Case of Retail Gasoline

Numerous states have sales-below-cost (SBC) laws, often directed at specific products such as gasoline. Potential violations of state SBC laws occur when prices are less than the seller's cost of doing business, or some proxy thereof. The most commonly stated purpose of these laws is to protect small independent firms from predation by larger firms. This study offers empirical evidence on the impact of SBC laws on the retail gasoline market. The result indicate that SBC laws directed specifically at the retail gasoline market have resulted in higher retail margins.
INFECTIVITY OF HISTONE-POLIOVIRUS RIBONUCLEIC ACID PREPARATIONS.

Ludwig, Ernest H. (The Pennsylvania State University, University Park) and Christine E. Smull. Infectivity of histone-poliovirus ribonucleic acid preparations. J. Bacteriol. 85:1334–1338. 1963.—Some properties of histone-poliovirus ribonucleic acid (RNA) preparations, as relate to infectivity for HeLa cell monolayers, were investigated. The histone-RNA preparations were found to lose their infectivity rapidly at room temperature. They were considerably more stable at ice-bath temperature. Dilution of a histone-RNA preparation in a diluent containing an appropriate amount of histone yielded a plaque count which was proportional to the dilution factor, and which regressed linearly through the point of origin. Dilution of a histone-RNA preparation in a diluent containing no histone resulted in a rapidly decreasing plaque count which was not proportional to the dilution factor. The ability of histone to enhance the infectivity of poliovirus RNA was found to be dependent upon the presence of a low concentration of a monovalent salt in the histone-RNA preparations. Histone-RNA preparations containing approximately isotonic levels of NaCl exhibited a high degree of infectivity. When concentrations of NaCl outside this range were used, a great loss in infectivity of the histone-RNA preparations occurred. The NaCl could be replaced by KCl but not by CaCl2, MgCl2, or MgSO4.
Customized Signaling Circuits

Altering cellular behaviors can be achieved through a synthetic approach by refashioning signaling circuitry.
Comparison of two school-based assistive technology outcome instruments

Background: Littleresearch exists on the effectiveness of assistive technology (AT) for children and almost no outcome instruments exist. The Student Performance Profile (SPP) and the School Function Assessment-Assistive Technology (SFA-AT) are instruments specifically designed to measure AT outcomes in special education. Purpose: The present study reports on the measurement properties and compares the time needed to use the SFA-AT and the SPP. Materials and methods: The SFA-AT and the SPP were used to measure the effect of AT for 13 children with intellectual, behavioural, or learning disabilities in a public school, and were compared regarding time acceded for their administration, rating and scoring, and measurement properties. Findings: The SPP required less time to administer, score, and analyse than the SFA-AT. Both were sensitive to change in student performance over a four-month period when the conditions of pretest without AT was compared to posttest with AT. The SFA-AT scores did not correlate with the SPP scores at pretest without AT or at posttest with AT. Conclusions: Both the SFA-ATand the SPPhave advantages, but the SPP appeared most efficient and sensitive for this population of students in special education. Further studies with larger and alternate participant samples are required.
Discordance Between Iothalamate and Iohexol Urinary Clearances

Background Iothalamate and iohexol are contrast agents that have supplanted inulin for the measurement of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in clinical practice. Previous studies have noted possible differences in renal handling of these 2 agents, but clarity about the differences has been lacking. Study design Study of diagnostic test accuracy. Setting & participants 150 participants with a wide range of GFRs were studied in an outpatient clinical laboratory facility. Index tests Simultaneous urinary clearances of iothalamate, iohexol, and creatinine. Reference test None. Outcome Relative differences between the urinary clearances. Iohexol and iothalamate in plasma and urine were assayed concurrently by a novel liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) assay. Results Mean iohexol, iothalamate, and creatinine clearances were 52±28 (SD), 60±34, and 74±40 mL/min/1.73 m(2), respectively. The proportional bias of iohexol to iothalamate urinary clearance was 0.85 (95% CI, 0.83-0.88) and was proportional across the GFR range. The mean proportional bias of iohexol clearance compared with creatinine clearance is 1.27 (95% CI, 1.20-1.34), whereas that of iothalamate clearance compared with creatinine clearance is 1.09 (95% CI, 1.03-1.15). Limitations Lack of reference standard. Conclusions This study reveals a significant and consistent difference between urinary clearances of iothalamate and iohexol. Comparison of studies reporting renal clearance measurements using iohexol versus iothalamate must account for this observed bias.
Stretchable and deformable macroelectronics

In this paper explained about the fabrication and evolution of integrated circuit. Here focusses an electronic skin and its components: the thin film, transistor backplane, the chemical sensor functional frontplane, and the computation and communication network. To date most work has gone into the backplane, some into exploring new functions., and little into circuit and network architectures.
Phage Typing Set for Group C1 and C2Salmonellae

Fifteen common serotypes representative of group C(1) and C(2)Salmonella were characterized using a single set of phages.
Healthcare rationing by proxy: Cost-effectiveness analysis and the misuse of the $50000 threshold in the US

The application of cost-effectiveness analysis in healthcare has become commonplace in the US, but the validity of this approach is in jeopardy unless the proverbial $US50 000 per QALY benchmark for determining value for money is updated for the 21st century. While the initial aim of this article was to review the arguments for abandoning the $US50 000 threshold, it quickly turned to questioning whether we should maintain a fixed threshold at all. Our consideration of the relevance of thresholds was framed by two important historical considerations. First, cost-effectiveness analysis was developed for a resource allocation exercise where a threshold would be determined endogenously by maximizing a fixed budget across all possible interventions and not for piecemeal evaluation where a threshold needs to be set exogenously. Second, the foundations of the $US50 000 threshold are highly dubious, so it would be unacceptable merely to adjust for inflation or current clinical practice. Upon consideration of both sides of the argument, we conclude that the arguments for abandoning the concept for maintaining a fixed threshold outweigh those for keeping one. Furthermore, we document a variety of reasons why a threshold needs to vary in the US, including variations across payer, over time, in the true budget impact of interventions and in the measurement of the effectiveness of interventions. We conclude that while a threshold may be needed to interpret the results of a cost-effectiveness analysis, that threshold must vary across payers, populations and even procedures.
ATAAA repeat upstream of glutathione S-transferase P1 and prostate cancer risk.

Objectives. Expression of glutathione S-transferase pi (GSTP1), a detoxification enzyme that also binds steroid hormones, is diminished or absent in human prostate tumors possibly because of promoter hypermethylation. Upstream of its promoter is a polymorphic ATAAA repeat of unknown functional significance. We evaluated whether this polymorphism is associated with prostate cancer. Methods. Incident prostate cancer cases (n = 186) and controls (n = 398) were identified among participants in the Physicians’ Health Study. DNA was extracted from peripheral whole blood, and the region encompassing the repeat was amplified using fluorescent-labeled primers. The fragments were run on polyacrylamide gels and sized by Genescan software. Alleles were designated by polymerase chain reaction fragment size. We estimated the relative risk of prostate cancer for the GSTP1 gene ATAAA alleles and genotype from logistic regression models controlling for age and cigarette smoking status. Results. Fifteen GSTP1 ATAAA alleles were observed; C (19 repeats), G (21 repeats), and I (22 repeats) accounted for 80% among the controls. Compared with C, the relative risks for prostate cancer were 1.1 (95% confidence interval 0.7 to 1.7) for G and 0.8 (95% confidence interval 0.6 to 1.2) for I. The relative risks were also not statistically significantly elevated for the less common alleles. Compared with CC, the most common genotype, none of the other genotypes appeared to be associated with an increased risk of prostate cancer. Conclusions. The results of this study do not support an important role of the ATAAA repeat polymorphism upstream from the GSTP1 promoter in prostate cancer incidence.
Receptive prosody in adolescents and adults with Williams syndrome

People with Williams syndrome (WS) are known to use prosodic devices extensively in conversation and narratives, but their ability to interpret prosody to comprehend speakers' communicative intentions and emotional states has not been investigated systematically. We present findings from three experiments probing sensitivity to lexical stress and to affective prosodic cues considered at several processing levels. Adolescents and adults with WS were compared with age, IQ and receptive vocabulary-matched participants with learning or intellectual disabilities (LID), and with age-matched normal controls (NC). The WS group performed significantly better than the LID group only in recognising emotional tone of voice in filtered speech. Results reflect a relative sensitivity in the WS group to affective prosody, while the ability to use linguistic prosodic cues for semantic interpretation remains constrained by perceptual and cognitive limitations, suggesting a possible dissociation in sensitivity to different types of prosody in this population.
Current Density and Temperature Distributions in Multilevel Interconnection with Studs and Vwas

Studs and vias are two basic structures in multilevel interconnection. For higher device density and better speed performance inl VLSI technology, the stud or via aspect ratio has to be increased from the present value of 0.5 to about 2.0. The high aspect ratio would raise a reliability concern of current crowding and local heating. In this study, finite element method has been used to calculate the distributions of current density and temperature in multilevel interconnection with studs and vias. The results show that current density peaks in the stud increase with decreasing stud width and thus with increasing aspect ratio. The rate of increase is faster for submicron lines than for wider lines. Current crowding in the via is found to increase with increasing step angle due to the thining down of the step cross-section. The results also indicate that current crowding in the 60° via step region gives rise to a hot spot due to Joule heating. Results of these calculations provide a general approach to optimize the aspect ratio and geometries of stud and via structures for minimal current crowding and local heating in multilevel interconnection.
Application of the improved renormalization group to e + e − → hadrons

Using the technique of the improved renormalization group, we calculate the mass-insertion correction to the scale invariance of $R({q}^{2})\ensuremath{\equiv}\frac{\ensuremath{\sigma}({e}^{+}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}X)}{\ensuremath{\sigma}({e}^{+}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\mu}}^{+}{\ensuremath{\mu}}^{\ensuremath{-}})}$. Under certain simplified assumptions, we find that $R({q}^{2})$ takes the form $\ensuremath{\Sigma}{i}^{}{Q}_{i}^{2}[a\ensuremath{-}{b}_{i}{({q}^{2})}^{\ensuremath{-}1\ensuremath{-}c}]$, where a, ${b}_{i}$ are positive constants or slowly varying functions of ${q}^{2}$, and $c=0$ for asymptotically free gauge theory, $cg0$ for gauge theory with an ultraviolet-stable fixed point near the origin. Adopting a delayed-scaling hypothesis for products of hadron currents in the vacuum, this form of $R({q}^{2})$ explains the rising $R({q}^{2})$ observed in CEA and SPEAR I, and provides a clean distinction between these two classes of theories.
Genuine-2-dimensional magnetism and interlayer magnetic coupling in Fe(110)/Ag(111) multilayers

Abstract We report the observation of genuine two-dimensional ferromagnetism in MBE-grown Fe(110)/Ag(111) multilayers of fixed 3 monolayer (ML) thick Fe components. A linear temperature dependence of the magnetic hyperfine field was observed with transmission Mossbauer spectroscopy in the film whose Ag spacer layer is 20 ML thick. Comparative Mossbauer studies with and without the application of an external magnetic field ruled out the possibility of magnetic relaxation effects as the cause of the observed linear temperature dependence, and thus firmly established that this linear temperature dependence truly represents two-dimensional ferromagnetism. By reducing the thickness of the Ag spacer layer, a weak interlayer magnetic coupling between the Fe layers can be induced. As a result of this weak coupling, the multilayer system behaves three-dimensionally at temperatures sufficiently below a characteristic temperature determined by the strength of the interlayer coupling.
The Determination of pH of Microscopic Bodies

NEUTRAL red has the almost unique property of being both an intra-vitam stain and a fairly good indicator. It has also low salt and protein errors, as Homer has shown (1917, Biochem. Journ. 11, p. 283).
Fetal death and maldevelopment resulting from maternal vitamin A deficiency in the rat.

SummaryThis report constitutes a confirmation of the original experiments of Warkany and co-workers in which congenital malformations were induced in fetal and newborn rats by maintaining the mothe...
The role of STAT-3 in the mediation of smooth muscle cell response to cyclic strain.

Abstract Hemodynamic forces, including shear stress and cyclic strain, have been recognised as important modulators of vascular cell morphology and function. However, the mechanism by which vascular cells sense and transduce the extracellular mechanical signals into the cell nucleus has not yet been clarified. The purpose of our study was to assess the involvement of the signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (STAT-3) in the signaling pathway mediating the response of vascular smooth muscle cells (SMC) to cyclic strain. Embryonic A7r5 SMC derived from thoracic aortas of DB1X rats were seeded on flexible collagen I-coated plates. Cells were subjected to 10% average strain at 60 cycles/min for various time periods. Activation of STAT-3, p38, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 and Src was assessed by immunoblotting using phosphospecific antibodies. The interactions between STAT-3 phosphorylation and p38, ERK1/2, phosphatidylinositol-3 (PI3K), mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), Janus kinase (JAK) 2 and Src were evaluated by pretreating the cells with specific inhibitors including SB202190, PD98059, LY294002, wortmannin, rapamycin, AG490 and PP1. Serine phosphorylation of STAT-3 was increased by 2-fold after 15 min of cyclic strain, while tyrosine phosphorylation was increased by 2.3-fold after 60 min. Inhibition of ERK1/2 by PD98059 prevented serine phosphorylation of STAT-3, whereas inhibition of Src by PP1 prevented STAT-3 tyrosine phosphorylation. Pretreating the cells with SB202190, a specific inhibitor of p38, resulted in an increase in basal phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and a subsequent increase in basal serine phosphorylation of STAT-3. In conclusion, both serine and tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT-3 are involved in the signaling pathway mediating the effects of cyclic strain on vascular SMC. Serine phosphorylation of STAT-3 is mediated by ERK1/2, while tyrosine phosphorylation is mediated by Src. A negative feedback loop was also found between p38 and ERK1/2.
NASA Integrated Space Communications Network

The NASA Integrated Network for Space Communications and Navigation (SCaN) has been in the definition phase since 2010. It is intended to integrate NASA s three existing network elements, i.e., the Space Network, Near Earth Network, and Deep Space Network, into a single network. In addition to the technical merits, the primary purpose of the Integrated Network is to achieve a level of operating cost efficiency significantly higher than it is today. Salient features of the Integrated Network include (a) a central system element that performs service management functions and user mission interfaces for service requests; (b) a set of common service execution equipment deployed at the all stations that provides return, forward, and radiometric data processing and delivery capabilities; (c) the network monitor and control operations for the entire integrated network are conducted remotely and centrally at a prime-shift site and rotating among three sites globally (a follow-the-sun approach); (d) the common network monitor and control software deployed at all three network elements that supports the follow-the-sun operations.
Developmental pathways linking externalizing symptoms, internalizing symptoms, and academic competence to adolescent substance use.

Abstract This study extends previous research investigating the developmental pathways predicting adolescent alcohol and marijuana use by examining the cascading effects of externalizing and internalizing symptoms and academic competence in the prediction of use and level of use of these substances in adolescence. Participants (N = 191) were drawn from a longitudinal study of first-born children of low-income mothers. Using data from ages 7, 9, 12, and 16 years, a series of nested two-part (semi-continuous) path models from a developmental cascade modeling framework were compared. Controlling for gender, SES, mother’s age at child’s birth, and minority status, we found (a) within-domain rank-order stability across time, (b) significant cross-domain effects over time, (c) higher externalizing symptoms significantly predicted use of alcohol and marijuana as well as higher levels of use in adolescence, and (d) higher levels of academic competence significantly added to the prediction of use of alcohol.
Immunologic features of genitourinary cancer

The collaboration between immunology and urology has been developed in the field of histocompatibility in relation to renal transplantation, certain renal diseases, male infertility, immunologic response to vasectomy, and cancer immunology. The future of immunotherapy as an adjuvant to surgery of urologic cancer has attracted considerable attention in the past few years. The role of immunology in detecting the host immunity against human and laboratory animal cancer has been extensively studied in the past decade.’ At the 1973 Annual Meeting of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology, approximately 11 per cent of the scientific reports on experimental pathology and immunology were related to tumor immunology and immunotherapy. The first milestone in identification of tumor antigen was shown by Gross in 1943.2 He reported that mice immunized against tumors from syngenic animals would not accept tumor transplants from these groups. Although this discovery was made thirty years ago, tumor immunology and immunotherapy is in its infancy. In the long and checkered history of searching for cause and eradication of cancer, it is only in the past few years that the surgical oncologist, immunologist, immunochemist, and molecular biologist have actively been involved in uncovering the mystery of cancer at the molecular level.
Minimum-power retiming for dual-supply CMOS circuits

The use of dual-supply voltages at the gate level is an effective technique to limit dynamic power consumption while preserving performance. However, its use in commercial circuit designs is limited primarily due to lack of CAD tool support. Very little work has been carried out to leverage multiple supply voltages for timing, area, and power trade-offs during logic synthesis. This paper describes an extension to the retiming framework which is leveraged to synthesize low-power CMOS circuits using dual-supply voltages. A mathematical formulation of the problem is presented with the central objective to minimize dynamic power while maintaining the target clock period.
Research Note: Effects of Perfluorochemical Diluent Additives on Fertilizing Capacity of Turkey Semen

Abstract The perfluorochemicals (PFC) have a high capacity for dissolving oxygen and carbon dioxide. Two experiments were conducted using PFC as diluent components to assess their effect on the fertilizing capacity of, and the hatchability of eggs from hens inseminated with, turkey semen stored for 30 min or 3 h. Two PFC were tested for the 30-min experiment: perfluorohexane (FC-72) and perfluorobutyltetrahydrofurane (FC-80). For the 3-h experiment, these PFC plus bis-1, 2-(F-butyl)-ethene (F-44E) were studied. The PFC were emulsified with an equal volume of a standard aqueous salt diluent, Beltsville Poultry Semen Extender (BPSE). The BPSE alone was used as a control in both experiments. Semen was diluted 1:2 with oxygen-saturated extender and stored in closed tubes at 20 to 30 C prior to insemination. For the 30-min study, PFC diluents resulted in fertility rates comparable to (FC-72) or significantly greater than (FC-80) BPSE alone (P ≤ .05). There was no significant difference in hatchability due to any semen treatment. When semen was stored for 3 h, PFC diluents resulted in comparable (FC-80) or significantly higher (F-44E and FC-72) fertility and hatchability rates. Significantly lower embryonic deaths at Day 10 of incubation were noted for all PFC diluents. These findings provide evidence that PFC emulsions are not toxic and prolong fertilizing capacity of turkey sperm during short-term storage, and suggest that providing oxygen carriers such as PFC in semen diluents may be beneficial.
Acute CdMT injection is not a good model to study chronic Cd nephropathy: comparison of chronic CdCl2 and CdMT exposure with acute CdMT injection in rats.

Kidney is the main target organ of Cd toxicity in humans. Cd-induced nephrotoxicity is thought to be caused by the Cd-metallothionein complex (CdMT) that “leaks” out of the liver and is taken up by the kidney. A single injection of CdMT has therefore been used as a model to study Cd nephropathy for the last 20 years. However, our recent studies reveal discrepancies between renal Cd concentration and nephrotoxic potencies of CdCl2and CdMT. This study was further designed to critically evaluate whether a single injection of CdMT is an appropriate model to study the mechanism of chronic CdCl2nephropathy. Age-matched rats were given multiple sc injections of either CdCl2(0.8 and 1.2 mg Cd/kg) or CdMT (0.05 mg Cd/kg) daily, 6 days/week for 6 weeks, or a single injection of CdMT (0.2–0.6 mg Cd/kg ip for 24 h), and the nephrotoxicity was compared. Histologically, chronic CdCl2or CdMT administration produced damage to the whole kidney, including tubular cell degeneration, apoptosis, and atrophy; interstitial inflammation; glomerular swelling; and sclerosis. In contrast, acute CdMT injection produced severe proximal tubule necrosis as the major feature of its toxicity. Biochemically, chronic exposure to Cd produced polyuria and calciuria, while proteinuria, glucosuria, and enzymuria were mild (2–5×). In contrast, acute CdMT nephrotoxicity was characterized by marked increases in urinary protein (13×), glucose (25×),N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase (28×), lactate dehydrogenase (100×), and gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (160×). Serum levels of creatinine and blood urea nitrogen were unchanged following chronic Cd exposure but were markedly elevated (5×) after acute injection of CdMT. Chronic exposure to either CdCl2or CdMT produced nephrotoxicity at renal Cd concentration of 85 to 110 μg/g kidney, while acute CdMT injection produced nephrotoxicity at only 5 to 7 μg/g kidney. In conclusion, the present study indicates that the features and mechanisms of renal injury from chronic Cd exposure are quite different from those produced by a single injection of CdMT. Therefore, it is proposed that acute CdMT injection is not an appropriate model for the study of chronic Cd-induced nephrotoxicity.
A BASIC computer program for calculation of CH50 values by probit analysis

An interactive BASIC computer program for calculating CH50 values from either absorbance or % hemolysis entries is presented. The program runs on simple, self-explanatory data entries and makes calculations at a 95% confidence level.
Synthesis of 3-mercapto-2(5H)-furanones via reaction of dilithio-2,4-thiazolidinedione with α-halo ketones.

Abstract A novel synthesis of 3-mercapto-2(5 H )-furanones is reported based upon the reaction of dilithio-2,4-thiazolidinedione with α-halo ketones. Substitution at the furanone 4- and 5-positions may be controlled by the choice of α-halo ketone.
Genome-wide association study for regions of systemic sclerosis susceptibility in a Choctaw Indian population with high disease prevalence.

Objective Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a complex, multisystem connective tissue disease in which genetic factors contribute to disease susceptibility. The aim of this study was to localize chromosome regions associated with susceptibility to SSc in a relatively isolated and homogenous population of Choctaw Indians with a high prevalence of SSc. Methods A genome-wide microsatellite screen at 10 cM resolution (400 markers) was performed in 20 Choctaw patients with SSc and 76 ethnically matched controls. Based on the results of the initial screen, fine-scale microsatellite mapping at ≤1 cM resolution was performed in 10 selected chromosome regions. Allele and marker haplotype frequencies were compared between SSc patients and controls. Results From the genome-wide screen, 12 markers showed evidence of highly significant associations with SSc in this population (P < 0.01), while 5 other markers showed significant associations (0.01 < P < 0.05). Among these markers, loci D5S410, D6S422, D15S978, and D20S107 are near the SPARC, MHC, FBN1, and TOPOI genes, respectively, confirming the results of our previous studies, which used different markers. D1S2800 and D14S63 have been reported to show linkage to systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in family-based studies, and D1S206, D6S422, and D6S264 are loci on 1p21.2, 6p22.3, and 6q23-27, respectively, which are in regions reported as showing linkage to SLE and other autoimmune diseases. Other markers showing unique associations with SSc were D7S510 (7p12-11), D7S661 (7q35), D8S514 (8q24.12), D19S221 (19p13.2), D19S220 (19q13.2), D22S423 (22q13.1), DXS1068 (Xp11.4), and DXS8055 (Xq21-23). Further analysis with fine-scale microsatellite mapping revealed at least 14 potential haplotypes associated with SSc. Conclusion Our findings indicate that a number of genetic loci may contribute to the high prevalence of SSc in the Choctaw and are consistent with the paradigm that some autoimmune rheumatic diseases are likely to share genetic determinants.
Glucose Ingestion Selectively Amplifies ACTH and Cortisol Secretory-Burst Mass and Enhances Their Joint Synchrony in Healthy Men

Context Glucose intake is associated with a variable increase in adrenal glucocorticoid secretion. Hypothesis Glucose ingestion elevates cortisol secretion by 1) augmenting pulsatile ACTH release; and/or 2) enhancing ACTH-cortisol synchrony or dose-responsiveness. Subjects Fifty-eight healthy men ages 19-78 yr with computed tomography-estimated abdominal visceral fat participated in the study. Location The study was conducted at the Clinical Translational-Research Center and Veterans Affairs Medical Center. Methods We conducted frequent sampling of plasma ACTH and cortisol concentrations after glucose vs. water ingestion in the fasting state, as well as deconvolution, approximate entropy, linear-regression, and dose-response analysis. Outcomes After water ingestion, age was a negative correlate of the mass of ACTH (P = 0.009; R(2) = 0.119) and of cortisol (P Conclusion Conjoint augmentation of the mass of ACTH and cortisol secreted per burst and enhancement of ACTH-cortisol synchrony underlie glucose-induced glucocorticoid secretion in healthy men. Visceral adiposity is a predictor of the glucose-stimulated increment in burst-like cortisol output, suggesting an additional possible mechanism for increased cardiovascular risk in abdominal obesity.
SMS Text Messaging and Science Students: New Opportunities for Librarian Outreach

This study provides a quantitative and qualitative analysis from an organic chemistry laboratory class of student's communication preferences for scheduling an appointment with a science librarian. The communication channels investigated include office hours, phone, e-mail, walk-in, and short message service (SMS). The data show that science students primarily use walk-ins, SMS, and e-mail as a means of communication. Students tend to use communication technology and walk-ins at their own time of need rather than the librarian's time of availability. As SMS technology becomes more convenient, unobtrusive, and inexpensive, students are increasingly likely to use this technology for asking questions or scheduling appointments.
Using Multiple Contexts to Detect and Form Opportunistic Groups

We present a new technique that allows mobile devices to opportunistically group with one another, thus improving their ability to facilitate one-time or spontaneous exchanges of information. In our approach, devices share context with each other, and form groups when these readings are found to be similar to one another. Through a formative study, we examine the limitations of using a single type of context to form groups, and show how leveraging multiple contexts improves our ability to detect and form relevant groupings. We then present DIDJA, a robust software toolkit that automatically collects and analyzes contextual information in order to find and form groups. Through two prototypes, we demonstrate how DIDJA enhances existing user experiences, and show how developers can use our toolkit to easily facilitate frictionless collaborations between users and their environment. We then perform an extended experiment and show how DIDJA is able to accurately form groups under realistic conditions.
Effects of He-Ne regional irradiation on 53 cases in the field of pediatric surgery

ABSTRACT We report the clinical observation of the effect on 53 surgical cases with Helium-Neon laser local irradiation therapy. Of those cases 15 were suffered from chronic and acuteinfection, 5 were traumatic, 15 of hernangioma had been treated by solid CO freezing therapy and scierosing injection previously. 18 cases were received incisional irradiation postoperatively. All showed remarkable results. There were no infection, and the healingprocess was shortened by Helium-Neon laser local irradiation for 2-3 days. The results showed that the curative rate was 88 . 68 % , the marked effective rate was 9.43 % , and the fair was 1.89%. We emphasize that because of the characteristics of anatomical physiology and histology in children. So the result in children is better than in adults. Thus, we stronglyrecommend using Helium-Laser local irradiation in surgical pediatric field. It is reliable,safe, painless, convenient, economic, and no side effects at all. CLINICAL MATERIALS Since 1989 we have use Helium-Neon laser local irradiation as one of the method on53 surgical cases. Among them 18 were treated postoperatively; 15 were infectious diseases;5 were traumatic cases; 15 were hemangioma. 6 of them had been treated solid CO2freezing therapy and 7 had been treated by sclerosing injection previously; the another 2
Playing By the Rules in Korea: Lessons Learned in the North-South Economic Engagement

This paper identifies common problems and solutions South Korean firms experience in engaging with North Korean entities. Korean government and commercial entities on both sides of the 38th parallel are guilty of engaging in economic policies and exchange that do not promote North Korea9s productive and responsible introduction into world trade circles. U.S. and South Korean investment now that encourages North Korea to play by the rules of capitalist market exchange will pay off in inexpensive security guarantees much later down the road.
Establishing Factor Validity Using Variable Reduction in Confirmatory Factor Analysis.

Using a 21-statement attitude-type instrument, an iterative procedure for improving confirmatory model fit is demonstrated within the context of Bentler's EQS and maximum likelihood factor analysis. Each iteration systematically eliminates the poorest fitting statement as identified by a variable fit index. The statements were hypothesized to define a three-factor independent cluster solution, one factor being associated with each of three a priori scales. Initially, the statements did not define the subscales as hypothesized. Through a series of 11 iterations, 11 variables were eliminated. The resulting three-factor independent cluster model fit the data extremely well.
A Methodology for Cost/Benefit Safety Analysis for Fusion Reactors

AbstractA methodology is presented that can be used to determine if a proposed fusion power plant design modification, directed at improving plant safety, is cost-effective. Both normal and accident conditions can be handled. An approach for evaluating the maximum justified spending on safety is outlined. The incremental costs involved with a dose reduction measure are identified, and models for their assessment are given. By comparing the spending on the design modification to the justified expenditure ceiling, the cost-effectiveness of the design can be assessed.The utility of this approach is illustrated through two examples. For normal plant conditions, the cost-effectiveness of replacing the steel alloy PCA by low-activation silicon carbide (SiC) in the STARFIRE design is assessed. Based on a specified set of assumptions, it was determined that if the installed cost of SiC components is less than $110/kg, then the low-activation design is cost-effective.The second example illustrates the applicabilit...
The Transaortic Approach for Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement: Initial Clinical Experience in the United States

Objectives This study sought to investigate the technical feasibility and safety of the transaortic (TAO) transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) approach in patients not eligible for transfemoral (TF) access by using a device commercially available in the United States. Background A large proportion of candidates for TAVR have inadequate iliofemoral vessels for TF access. The transapical route (TAP) is the current alternative but is associated with less favorable outcomes. Other access options need to be explored. Methods Forty-four consecutive patients with inoperable, severe aortic stenosis underwent TAO TAVR in our institution. Procedural and 30-day clinical outcomes data were compared with data from 76 consecutive patients who underwent TAP TAVR at our site. Technical learning curves were assessed by comparing outcomes of the first 20 cases with the subsequent patients who underwent each procedure. Results The TAO and TAP TAVR groups were similar in terms of device success according to Valve Academic Research Consortium criteria (89% vs. 84%; p = 0.59) and rates of the 30-day combined safety endpoint of all-cause mortality, myocardial infarction, major stroke, disabling bleeding, severe acute kidney injury, and valve reintervention (20% vs. 33%; p = 0.21). The TAO approach, compared with TAP TAVR, was associated with lower combined bleeding and vascular event rate (27% vs. 46%; p = 0.05), shorter median intensive care unit length of stay (3 vs. 6 days; p = 0.01), and a favorable learning curve. Conclusions TAVR via the TAO approach is technically feasible, seems to be associated with favorable outcomes, and expands the current alternative options for access sites in patients with inoperable aortic stenosis who are ineligible for TF TAVR.
Historical Trends in Intergenerational Contacts.

Summary This paper presents a sobering historical perspective in which the author presents a picture of the pre-industrial and industrial periods in Western societies in which a positive intergenerational model was not in evidence. Contemporary events, however, in an advanced society such as the United States may provide the basis for a balance between the young and old in which each can find from each other needed strengths and important functions.
A Spectropho Tome Trie Assay for Terpin Hydrate

Abstract A spectrophoto metric method of assay involving the treatment of terpin hydrate with phosphomolybdic acid under controlled conditions has been developed. By use of this procedure, the terpin hydrate content of pharmaceutical products may be determined by comparison with a suitable reference standard.