cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Preventing Pain Requires Translating Biology into Social Change

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a frequent cotraveller with chronic pain [1,2]. Beyond epidemiological studies, however, investigation into mechanistic links between these conditions have been lacking in both number and appropriate design. It is logical to examine the role of a sensitized central nervous system as a biomarker of this putative link. Previous studies, however, have not utilized a model of deep muscle pain, likely necessary to activate both A-delta and C fibers [2] which may be required for an ecologically valid test of central sensitization. The small but elegant psychophysiological study by Moeller-Bertram in this issue of Pain Medicine suggests that veterans who have been exposed to combat and are living with PTSD may have a unique physiology which increases their risk for developing chronic pain [3]. The main observations of the study include: 1) no differences in sensory …
Generating an Estimate of the Capacity of the Near-Tank Treatment System for Processing S/SX Tank Waste

In order to reduce the number of high level waste canisters that will have to be produced by the Hanford Tank Waste Treatment and Immobilization Plant, supplemental waste treatment technologies are being investigated. One such technology is the Near-Tank Treatment System (NTTS), which uses continuous sludge leaching, filtration, and ion exchange to process the waste in a simple, compact system. The NTTS is ideally suited for handling Hanford tanks with large amounts of boehmite, a difficult aluminum phase to dissolve. Processing of boehmite by caustic leaching is the throughput limiter in the NTTS. A model was developed to estimate the capacity of the NTTS based on boehmite kinetics and the contents of the waste tanks considered for processing. Using this model, the lifecycle of the NTTS is estimated to be 11 years. Examples of optimizing NTTS performance are presented using the model. Model results are also compared with recently conducted pilot-scale tests.
A direct method for phase-angle recording in A.C. polarography with a commercial lock-in amplifier

Summary A commercially available lock-in amplifier (PAR Model 121) is utilized in the construction of an instrument suitable for fundamental harmonic a.c. polarography, phase-selective a.c. polarography, anddirect recording of total phase angle. Equations have been derived for calculation of the total phase angle from the magnitudes and phase angles of the capacitive andfaradaic currents. The analytical utility of phase-angle measurements was investigated for the Cd2+/Cd(Hg) system. Phase-angle recording appears to have no analytical advantages over phase-selective a.c. polarography.
Antimicrobial drug susceptibility of respiratory isolates of Hemophilus influenzae from adults.

Hemophilus influenzae isolates from sputum of 111 patients with chronic bronchitis were tested for susceptibility to 8 antimicrobial drugs. A new β-lactam, LY-127935, was the most active agent tested. Ampicillin, cefamandole, tetracycline, and cefuroxime showed good activity against most isolates. Two strains, both nontypable, were resistant to ampicillin and produced β-lactamase. Cefaclor was somewhat less effective, although most strains were susceptible. Erythromycin and cephalexin were of limited utility.
Changes in plasma amino acid concentrations in response to HIV-1 infection.

Plasma concentrations of 21 amino acids were determined for 20 control subjects and 20 subjects infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV). Compared with the control subjects, the HIV-infected group had lower cystine, tryptophan, and methionine (decreased 67%, 52%, and 32%, respectively, P 200 (n = 6) or < 200 (n = 14) CD4+ lymphocytes per microliter, suggesting that the concentrations decrease soon after infection and change little thereafter. Activation of metabolism of cystine to taurine may explain reciprocal changes in these amino acids and known depletion of cystine and glutathione. The selective changes in amino acid profiles observed during HIV infection differ from those recognized for malnutrition or other pathological processes.
Practical problems in the application of the sequence stratigraphic method and key surfaces: integrating observations from ancient fluvial-deltaic wedges with Quaternary and modelling studies

Sequence stratigraphy solved the basic problem that genetically related, but different, lithofacies were routinely assigned to different lithostratigraphic units defined by arbitrary vertical and horizontal cutoffs. Stratigraphically important stratal relationships, and especially stratal terminations (for example, lapout) can be observed in seismic data and can be documented in continuous outcrops, such as in the deserts of the Western Interior of North America and in closely spaced well-log data sets. In sparse data sets, interpolation of lapout patterns introduces uncertainty in correlation and designation of sequences and systems tracts and their associated surfaces. Diachroneity of fluvial terrace deposits is documented using detailed facies architectural studies, and calls into question the assumed chronostratigraphic significance of many so-called sequence boundaries identified in the rocks of the Cretaceous Interior Seaway of North America. Sequence boundaries, formed during prolonged sea-level falls, may be less chronostratigraphically significant than transgressive surfaces formed during rapid rises. As a consequence, flooding surfaces are theoretically more significant, and also have greater utility as allostratigraphic boundaries, although they may also exhibit diachroneity. Tectonic unconformities produce differential lithospheric deformation, which results in angular unconformities, although the angle of discordance may be very small. In the Cretaceous Interior Seaway of North America, such unconformities may be expressed by marine erosion in distal basin settings. Regional isochronous bentonites provide useful marker beds that clearly illustrate angular discordance. In the fluvial realm, such tectonic discontinuities may be indicated by changes in palaeocurrent orientations, as well as by provenance changes. Although sequence stratigraphy provides a powerful methodology and theoretical framework for correlating and understanding the evolution of stratigraphic successions in the context of changing accommodation, allostratigraphy remains the only accepted scheme for the formal naming of stratigraphic units based on bounding discontinuities. Whatever type of sequence stratigraphy or allostratigraphy is preferred, in all cases it is key to recognize that sequence stratigraphy, at its heart, is the re-ordering, correlation, and sometimes renaming of stratigraphic units on the basis of bounding discontinuities and their correlative surfaces, as opposed to the arbitrary lithofacies-oriented approach using broad facies zones (for example, ‘shazam lines’) or arbitrary cutoffs, such as is used in traditional lithostratigraphy.
Consumption of Honey, Sucrose, and High-Fructose Corn Syrup Produces Similar Metabolic Effects in Glucose-Tolerant and -Intolerant Individuals

Background: Public health recommendations call for a reduction in added sugars; however, controversy exits over whether all nutritive sweeteners produce similar metabolic effects. Objective: The aim was to compare the effects of the chronic consumption of 3 nutritive sweeteners [honey, sucrose, and highfructose corn syrup containing 55% fructose (HFCS55)] on circulating glucose, insulin, lipids, and inflammatory markers; body weight; and blood pressure in individuals with normal glucose tolerance (GT) and those with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT). Methods: In a crossover design, participants consumed daily, in random order, 50 g carbohydrate from assigned sweeteners for 2 wk with a 2- to 4-wk washout period between treatments. Participants included 28 GT and 27 IGT volunteers with a mean age of 38.9 6 3.6 y and 52.1 6 2.7 y, respectively, and a body mass index (in kg/m 2 )o f 266 0.8 and 31.5 6 1.0, respectively. Body weight, blood pressure (BP), serum inflammatory markers, lipids, fasting glucose and insulin, and oral-glucose-tolerance tests (OGTTs) were completed pre- and post-treatment. The OGTT incremental areas under the curve (iAUCs) for glucose and insulin were determined and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) scores were calculated. Results: Body weight and serum glucose, insulin, inflammatory markers, and total and LDL-cholesterol concentrations were significantly higher in the IGT group than in the GT group at baseline. Glucose, insulin, HOMA-IR, and the OGTT iAUC for glucose or insulin did not differ by treatment, but all responses were significantly higher in the IGT group compared with the GT group. Body weight was unchanged by treatment. Systolic BP was unchanged, whereas diastolic BP was significantly lower in response to sugar intake across all treatments. An increase in high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) was observed in the IGT group in response to all sugars. No treatment effect was observed for interleukin 6. HDL cholesterol did not differ as a result of status or treatment. Triglyceride (TG) concentrations increased significantly from pre- to post-treatment in response to all sugars tested. Conclusions: Daily intake of 50 gc arbohydrate from honey, sucrose, or HFCS55 for 14 dr esulted in similar effects on measures of glycemia, lipid metabolism, and inflammation. All 3 incr eased TG concentrations in both GT and IGT individuals and elevated glycemic and inflammatory responses in the latter. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01371266. JN utrdoi: 10.3945/jn.115.218016.
Fusion ARTMAP: an adaptive fuzzy network for multi-channel classification

Fusion ARTMAP is a self-organizing neural network architecture for multi-channel, or multi-sensor, data fusion. Fusion ARTMAP generalizes the fuzzy ARTMAP architecture in order to adaptively classify multi-channel data. The network has a symmetric organization such that each channel can be dynamically configured to serve as either a data input or a teaching input to the system. An ART module forms a compressed recognition code within each channel. These codes, in turn, become inputs to a single ART system that organizes the global recognition code. When a predictive error occurs, a process called parallel match tracking simultaneously raises vigilances in multiple ART modules until reset is triggered in one of them. Parallel match tracking hereby resets only that portion of the recognition code with the poorest match, or minimum predictive confidence. This internally-controlled selective reset process is a type of credit assignment that creates a parsimoniously connected learned network. >
Partial Reform and the Chinese Bureaucracy in the Post-Mao Era

Using 1987 survey data of 988 bureaucrats in eight large cities, I examine the effect of the recent economic reform on the Chinese bureaucracy—the distribution of bureaucrats in different types of organizations, jobs, hierarchical positions, and bureaucratic compensation. The results show mixed characteristics of the Chinese bureaucracy in the partial reform where market and planning, competence and political loyalty, coexist. There is evidence of the continuing dominance of the party state on bureaucratic personnel management. On the other hand, significant changes took place in the selection criteria and, to a lesser extent, in the institutional structure, as evidenced in the promotion patterns and bureaucratic compensation. These results point to the evolving organizational basis of state socialism in the transition process.
Hypoxic-ischemic injury induces monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 expression in neonatal rat brain

Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) regulates monocyte accumulation in several macrophage-dependent experimental disease models. In the neonatal brain, activated microglia accumulate rapidly after hypoxic-ischemic injury. These cells produce potentially neurotoxic factors that may contribute to the progression of injury. To determine whether MCP-1 could be one of the molecular signals that influences the microglial response to hypoxic-ischemic injury in the neonatal brain, we examined the impact of acute hypoxic-ischemic injury on MCP-1 mRNA and protein expression. Seven-day-old rats underwent right carotid artery ligation, followed by 3 hours of 8% oxygen exposure, to elicit ipsilateral forebrain hypoxic-ischemic injury. To detect MCP-1 mRNA in situ hybridization assays were performed using 35S-labeled antisense riboprobes generated from rat MCP-1 cDNA. Animals were evaluated 0, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 24, 48, and 120 hours after hypoxic exposure (N > or = 3/group). Immunocytochemistry (with a polyclonal rabbit antirat MCP-1 antibody) was used to determine the anatomic and temporal distribution of MCP-1, in samples obtained 10 minutes to 5 days after hypoxic exposure (N > or = 3/group). Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 mRNA was first detected in periventricular regions of the lesioned hemisphere 1 hour after hypoxia-ischemia; periependymal and intraparenchymal MCP-1 mRNA expression were detected at 4 hours; hybridization signal peaked at 8 to 24 hours; and no MCP-1 mRNA was detected at 48 and 120 hours. In lesioned forebrain, MCP-1 protein expression were consistently detected at 2.5 to 48 hours after hypoxia-ischemia. Many immunoreactive cells appeared to be neurons. These results suggest that in the developing brain, MCP-1 could represent a functionally important molecular signal for the microglial response to hypoxic-ischemic injury.
Diffractive optical element for multiresolution preprocessing for computer vision

A proposed optical multiresolution preprocessor allows faster reading and processing of video data than a conventional camera when only a small part of an image is of interest. The processor allows an image to be mapped at low resolution to a sensor array to determine the region of interest. An optical mask is set to select only the region of interest. This region is now read to another sensor array. A diffractive optical element, DOE, is designed that maps both the full image and the region to the sensor arrays. The DOE is constructed from overlapping and translated zone plates that focus light off axis to the appropriate sensor elements. The equations are derived for the zone plates and for the field intensities at the output. In one configuration for handling white light, an optically addressable liquid crystal light valve converts the input image to a single wavelength for the DOE. A second configuration is discussed briefly in which the DOE structure is converted to a three color 3D one. The limitations of the approaches are discussed.
Identification of a transformation-specific antigen induced by an avian sarcoma virus.

GENETIC analyses of avian sarcoma viruses (ASV) have led to the identification of a gene, designated src, which encodes a product required for the initiation and maintenance of neoplastic transformation in infected fibroblasts1–5. Because the src gene product has not been identified biochemically, this study was initiated to detect a transformation-specific protein, using serum from rabbits bearing ASV-induced tumours. We describe here the identification of a 60,000-MW transformation-specific antigen detectable in ASV-transformed chicken cells and ASV-induced hamster tumour cells by immunoprecipitation of radiolabelled cell extracts with serum from tumour-bearing rabbits. Moreover, the expression of this antigen is temperature dependent in chicken cells transformed by an ASV temperature-sensitive mutant in the src gene. The use of this antiserum may lead to the unequivocal identification and characterisation of the ASV src gene product and this, in turn, may lead to the elucidation of the mechanism of ASV-induced oncogenesis.
VERTEX: manganese transport through oxygen minima

Abstract Manganese transport through a well-developed oxygen minimum was studied off central Mexico (18°N, 108°W) in October–November 1981 as part of the VERTEX (Vertical Transport and Exchange) research program. Refractory, leachable and dissolved Mn fractions associated with particulates caught in traps set at eight depths (120–1950 m) were analyzed. Particles entering the oxygen minimum had relatively large Mn loads; however, as the particulates sank further into the minimum, total Mn fluxes steadily decreased from 190 nmol m −2 day −1 at 120 m to 36 nmol m −2 day −1 at 400 m. Manganese fluxes then steadily increased in the remaining 800–1950 m, reaching rates of up to 230 nmol m −2 day −1 at 1950 m. Manganese concentrations were also measured in the water column. Dissolved Mn levels −1 were consistently observed within the 150–600 m depth interval. In contrast, suspended particulate leachable Mn amounts were especially low at those depths, and never exceeded 0.04 nmol kg −1 . The combined water column and particle trap data clearly indicate that Mn is released from particles as they sink through the oxygen minimum. Rate-of-change estimates based on trap flux data yield regeneration rates of up to 0.44 nmol kg −1 yr −1 in the upper oxygen minimum (120–200 m). However, only 30% of the dissolved Mn in the oxygen minimum appears to be from sinking particulate regeneration; the other 70% probably results from continental-slope-release-horizontal-transport processes. Dissolved Mn scavenges back onto particles as oxygen levels begin to increase with depth. Scavenging rates ranging from −0.03 to −0.09 nmol kg −1 yr −1 were observed at depths from 700 to 1950 m. These scavenging rates result in Mn residence times of 16–19 years, and scavenging rate constants on the order of 0.057 yr −1 . Manganese removal via scavenging on sinking particles below the oxygen minimum is balanced by Mn released along continental boundaries and transported horizontally via advective-diffusive processes. Manganese appears to be very weakly associated with particulates. Nevertheless, the amounts of Mn involved with sinking biogenic particles are large, and the resulting fluxes are on the same order of magnitude as those necessary to explain the excess Mn accumulating on the sea floor. The overall behavior of Mn observed in this, and other, studies strongly suggests some type of equilibrium occurring between dissolved and particulate phases. This equilibrium appears to shift in direct or indirect response to dissolved oxygen levels.
Integrating Population, Health, and Environment Programs with Contraceptive Distribution in Rural Ethiopia: A Qualitative Case Study

In rural Ethiopia, environmental degradation and a shortage of arable land impose a major toll on the population. Population, health, and environment (PHE) programs, such as that of the Ethio-Wetlands and Natural Resources Association (EWNRA), have evolved to address these issues. This article examines the community-based distribution (CBD) of family planning commodities in rural Ethiopia through EWNRA's large, multisectoral PHE program. Participants indicated that the integrated program encouraged acceptance of family planning and reduced geographic barriers to access. Through peer education and collaboration across government ministries, EWNRA leveraged integrated population-environment messages to garner support for its network of CBD providers. These integration strategies are a model for PHE programs worldwide, especially amid the global response to climate change. Because of the complex nature of PHE organizations, researchers often find it difficult to effectively document and evaluate their programs. With this in mind, we propose a framework to assess PHE integration.
Atmospheric cosmic rays at aircraft altitudes

Abstract Galactic cosmic rays produced by some as yet unknown mechanism in the Milky Way galaxy interact with the solar wind, the earth's magnetic field, and its atmosphere to produce hadron, lepton, and photon fields at aircraft altitudes that are quite unlike anything produced in the laboratory. The energy spectra of these secondary particles extend from the lowest possible energy to energies over an EeV. The authors have calculated atmospheric cosmic-ray angular fluxes, spectra, scalar fluxes, and ionization and have compared them with experimental data. Agreement with these data was seen to be good. The authors also calculated doses equivalent in a simplified human phantom at aircraft altitudes and estimated health risks to aircraft crews.
Thinking Ethically About Needle and Syringe Programs

Accepting-for the sake of argument-our current legal policies concerning heroin use and its users, what ethical questions are raised for needle and syringe program (NSPs)? Do they weaken drug laws, send the wrong message or obscure the right message, do little to eliminate the harm of drugs, detract from alternatives, and/or constitute a counsel of despair? I suggest that in the absence of established better alternatives, NSPs constitute a morally acceptable and in some cases even desirable option despite the continued criminalization of injecting drug use. Yet they must be conceived and administered in ways that do not reinforce prevailing social prejudices.
The Latent Values of the Discipline-Centered Curriculum

(1977). The Latent Values of the Discipline-Centered Curriculum. Theory & Research in Social Education: Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 41-60.
Does current chemotherapy improve survival of patients with invasive bladder cancer

R adical cystectomy is currently the standard of care for muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Contemporary series totalling 1636 cases show that cystectomy alone achieves 5-year survival rates of 63% (range 53% to 75%) for P2, 57% (range 39% to 74%) for P3a, 31% (range 15% to 48%) for P3b, and 18% (range 0% to 29%) for P4 neop1asms.l Surgery cures the majority (up to 75%) of patients with tumors confined to the bladder (P2, P3a), whereas it controls less than one third (31%) of those whose tumors have spread beyond the bladder (P3b, P4, N+). The majority of deaths result from distant metastases, but equally important and often not acknowledged is the fact that local recurrences are common (range 43% to 51%) after cystectomy for pelvic’ or nodal3 disease and are significant causes of morbidity and mortality. Both the threat of metastases and uncontrolled pelvic disease provide compelling reasons for integrating systemic chemotherapy with surgery in the management of invasive bladder cancer. Chemotherapy can be given before (neoadjuvant) or after (adjuvant) definitive surgery. The question is whether current platinum-based regimens (methotrexate, vincristine, doxorubicin, cisplatin [MVAC] , cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, vincristine [CMV] , or cisplatin, cyclophosphamide, adriamycin [ CISCAI) can improve tumorfree survival over surgery alone when they appear to “cure” only 5% to 10% of patients with established metastatic disease.4l5 In one cooperative study of 126 patients receiving MVAC, only 4 (3.2%) were alive and free of disease at 5 years, but tumors localized to the pelvis or limited to regional nodes were favorable prognostic variables for survival.6
Barium elicits reversal of low-concentration etorphine-induced decrease of potassium conductance in cultures of dissociated dorsal root ganglion neurons.

Abstract Etorphine is an non-selective opioid receptor agonist with very potent analgesic effect. Low concentrations ( nM) not only increased gK but, in addition, appreciably increased a delayed-onset inward Ca2+ current during pulsed depolarization regardless of the presence of Ba2+.
Nanoridge domains in α-phase W films

Two types of nanoridge domains oriented with each other with an angle ranging between 109° and 124° were measured by scanning tunneling microscopy on the α-W film sputter deposited on an oxidized Si surface. Each domain contains nanoridges with a period of 7.5 ± 1.0 nm. No such domains were observed on the β-W film surface. We argued that due to the anisotropy of the W(1 1 0) surface, the impinging W atoms diffuse faster along the 〈111〉 directions on the surface to form the nanoridge structure. There are two equivalent 〈111〉 directions, which give rise to two orientational domains with an angle of ∼110°. An isotropic β-W(1 0 0) phase has no preferred diffusion direction for the impinging W atoms and therefore, no nanoridge domain structure was observed.
Effect of Additives and Refrigeration on Reducing Activity, Metmyoglobin and Malonaldehyde Of Raw Ground Beef

SUMMARY— The effect of chlortetracycline (CTC), oxytetracycline (OTC), papain, and refrigerator storage temperatures on metmyoglobin (MetMb) reducing activity (MRA) and oxygen utilizing capacity of ground raw beef was investigated. CTC did not affect either MRA or oxygen utilization. OTC showed variable effects on MRA but did not affect oxygen utilization. Papain increased MRA over that of controls, and papain treated samples maintained higher MRA longer than controls. Reduction of MetMb took place in the refrigerator at both 0° and 9°C; the rate of MetMb reduction decreased with decreasing temperature. Significant positive correlations were found between MetMb and malonaldehyde in stored refrigerated meats. MRA and MetMb were negatively correlated.
Marine origin of pyritic sulfur in the Lower Bakerstown coal bed, Castleman coal field, Maryland (U.S.A.)

Abstract The amount, kind, distribution, and genesis of pyrite in the Lower Bakerstown coal bed in a 150 × 15 m area of the Bettinger mine, Castleman coal field, Maryland, were studied by various analytical techniques. The mined coal, which had a nonmarine roof rock, contained 1.4–2.8 wt.% total sulfur, generally much lower than the high-sulfur coal (> 3.0 wt.% total S) to the north, which is associated with marine roof rocks. Small-scale systematic and nonsystematic variations in total sulfur and pyrite distribution were found in the mined area. In the column sample, most of the pyrite was found in the upper 9 cm of the 69-cm-thick mined coal and occurred mainly as a pyrite lens containing cell fillings in seed-fern tissue (coal ball). As-bearing pyrite was detected by laser microprobe techniques in the cell walls of this tissue but not elsewhere in the column sample. This may indicate that the As was derived from decomposition of organic matter in the cell walls. The sulfur isotopic composition and distribution of pyrite in the coal are consistent with introduction of marine sulfate shortly after peat deposition, followed by bacterial reduction and pyrite precipitation. Epigenetic cleat pyrite in the coal is isotopically heavy, implying that later aqueous sulfate was 34S-enriched.
Solar wind polytropic index in the vicinity of stream interactions

In an ideal, 3-D, closed system that experiences compression and expansion, the temperature (T) and density (n) of a monatomic gas are related adiabatically through the polytropic law; i.e., T ∝ nα−1, where α is the polytropic index and equals 5/3. This relationship has been examined over a variety of scale sizes in the solar wind, and empirical measurements of α vary a great deal. As shown in this paper, blanket applications of the polytropic law to ambient solar wind can return misleading measurements of α, due to inhomogeneities in the solar wind originating at coronal source regions. However, on a smaller and more localized scale, adiabatic compression and expansion is observed. In this paper, we measure α by examining parcels of originally homogeneous material that have become compressed at stream interactions. A superposed epoch analysis of 73 isolated stream interactions observed by PVO illustrates this adiabatic behavior. Observations of individual stream interactions show clear intervals where α ∼ 5/3 and also a few cases where α ∼ 2, suggesting that the number of degrees of freedom may occasionally be restricted.
The Politics of Learning Disabilities

At the outset, we would like to thank Lee Swanson for his commitment to this special issue. We realize that the initial paper grew to unexpected proportions and, with the four commentaries and this rejoinder, consumes quite a bit of journal space.We appreciate his willingness to publish the piece in total. We would also like to thank the friends and colleagues who were willing to comment on the politics of learning disabilities. Although we know some of them more intimately than others, we appreciate all the efforts to expand, clarify and, yes, criticize some of the ideas presented. The issues discussed now appear more fully developed (and insightful) because of their efforts.
Role of pp60c-src andp44/42 MAPK in ANG II-induced contraction of rat tonic gastrointestinal smooth muscles

We examined the role of mitogen-activated protein kinase (p44/42 MAPK) in ANG II-induced contraction of lower esophageal sphincter (LES) and internal anal sphincter (IAS) smooth muscles. Studies we...
The glial sling is a migratory population of developing neurons

For two decades the glial sling has been hypothesized to act as a guidance substratum for developing callosal axons. However, neither the cellular nature of the sling nor its guidance properties have ever been clearly identified. Although originally thought to be glioblasts, we show here that the subventricular zone cells forming the sling are in fact neurons. Sling cells label with a number of neuronal markers and display electrophysiological properties characteristic of neurons and not glia. Furthermore, sling cells are continuously generated until early postnatal stages and do not appear to undergo widespread cell death. These data indicate that the sling may be a source of, or migratory pathway for, developing neurons in the rostral forebrain, suggesting additional functions for the sling independent of callosal axon guidance.
Effects of Actuation Frequency on Flow Control Applied to a Wall-Mounted Hump

Active flow control, and particularly unsteady mass injection (synthetic jets), promotes reattachment of naturally separated flows and can increase lift and decrease drag on airfoils at high angles of attack. Synthetic-jet actuators are typically characterized by the unsteady momentum coefficient =(ρ_s h_s)/(0.5ρ_(∞)U^2_(∞)c) and the actuation frequency F^(+)= fX_sep/U_∞, where ρ_s and u_s are the density and velocity of the injected fluid, respectively; h_s is the slot velocity; f is the actuation frequency; and X_sep is the separation distance or chord length, depending on the author or application. Actuation frequencies are often chosen to be on the order of the natural large-scale shedding frequency, or F^(+) ~ O(1). At this frequency, large-scale vortex shedding is induced, which increases the entrainment rate and promotes deflection of the separated shear layer toward the surface. Recent investigations have looked at a second regime of actuation frequencies, which are typically an order of magnitude higher than the most dominant natural frequency in the separated flow and are designed to excite Kelvin–Helmholtz instabilities in the boundary layer. In the airfoil experiments of Amitay and Glezer and Glezer et al., high-frequency excitation was found to be more effective in improving the aerodynamic performance than actuation at lower frequencies by increasing the suction force immediately after the leading edge actuation location. Simulations performed by Visbal and Visbal et al. have shown that plasma-based actuation pulsed at frequencies in the range of F^(+) = 4–8 are effective in promoting laminar-turbulent transition and suppressing separation. However, when applied to a fully turbulent boundary layer, the plasma actuation required significantly more power to achieve a reduction in separation bubble size. Other airfoil simulations at low or transitional Reynolds number have found that actuation close to the fundamental shear-layer frequency is ineffective, and forcing closest to the natural shedding frequency is more optimal; however, such two-dimensional simulations may not be accurately capturing the three-dimensional flow physics. Similar results are seen in the numerical experiments by Dandois et al. on a backward-facing step, in which the separation bubble length increased with high-frequency forcing. Here, we briefly report results for a compressible, large-eddy simulation (LES) of flow past a wall-mounted hump at high Reynolds number where oscillatory control is applied at F^(+) ~ O(10). The LES with F^(+) ~ O(1) was previously validated and found to compare favorably with extensive experimental results of this geometry. Many other computational results in the low-frequency regime were reported in the NASA Langley Computational Fluid Dynamics Validation workshop. We simulate the flow at Re_c = 500,000 and Mach numbers of 0.25 and 0.6, the latter of which is significantly higher than previous simulations of high-frequency actuation.
High-resolution YAC-cosmid-STS map of human chromosome 13

We have assembled a high-resolution physical map of human chromosome 13 DNA (approximately 114 Mb) from hybridization, PCR, and FISH mapping data using a specifically designed set of computer programs. Although the mapping of 13p is limited, 13q (approximately 98 Mb) is covered by an almost continuous contig of 736 YACs aligned to 597 contigs of cosmids. Of a total of 10,789 cosmids initially selected from a chromosome 13-specific cosmid library (16,896 colonies) using inter-Alu PCR probes from the YACs and probes for markers mapped to chromosome 13, 511 were assembled in contigs that were established from cross-hybridization relationships between the cosmids. The 13q YAC-cosmid map was annotated with 655 sequence tagged sites (STSs) with an average spacing of 1 STS per 150 kb. This set of STSs, each identified by a D number and cytogenetic location, includes database markers (198), expressed sequence tags (93), and STSs generated by sequencing of the ends of cosmid inserts (364). Additional annotation has been provided by positioning 197 cosmids mapped by FISH on 13q. The final (comprehensive) map, a list of STS primers, and raw data used in map assembly are available at our Web site (genome1.ccc.columbia.edu/ approximately genome/) and can serve as a resource to facilitate accurate localization of additional markers, provide substrates for sequencing, and assist in the discovery of chromosome 13 genes associated with hereditary diseases.
High-pT π0 production with respect to the reaction plane using the PHENIX detector at RHIC

The origin of the azimuthal anisotropy in particle yields at high pT (pT>5 GeV/c) in RHIC collisions remains an intriguing puzzle. Traditional flow and parton energy loss models have failed to completely explain the large v2 observed at high pT. Measurement of this parameter at high pT will help to gain an understanding of the interplay between flow, recombination and energy loss, and the role they play in the transition from soft to hard physics. Neutral mesons measured in the PHENIX experiment provide an ideal observable for such studies. We present recent measurements of π0 yields with respect to the reaction plane, and discuss the impact current models have on our understanding of these mechanisms.
Video microscopy of dynamically aggregated paramagnetic particle chains in an applied rotating magnetic field

A rotating unidirectional magnetic field generated by a motor-mounted permanent magnet was used to dynamically aggregate paramagnetic particles from suspension to form chains. Video microscopy and image processing were used to analyze the data. Good synchronicity was observed between the chains and the field up to 8 Hz frequency. Chain growth is facilitated at very low rotational frequencies initially after starting from static conditions, after which the mean chain length decreases in response to increasing viscous drag forces. As the frequency is increased from low values, the mean chain length decreases initially rapidly and later more slowly at higher frequencies, thus resulting in two regimes: the fast and the slow decrease regimes. Typical structures such as linear chains and S-shaped chains are observed as well as unusual U-shaped structures. The formation of dynamic S-shaped structures can be predicted based on the flexibility of the chains and the principle of conservation of angular momentum. F...
Isolation and Pure Culture Study of Marine Phycomycetes

A simple method for the isolation of pure cultures of marine Phycomycetes is described. Methods for laboratory study of the growth and development of such fungi are also described, particularly wit...
On the choice of expansion and weighting functions in the numerical solution of operator equations

One of the objectives of this paper is to discuss the mathematical requirements that the expansion functions must satisfy in the method of moments (MM) solution of an operator equation. A simple differential equation is solved to demonstrate these requirements. The second objective is to study the numerical stability of point matching method, Galerkin's method, and the method of least squares. Pocklington's integral equation is considered and numerical results are presented to illustrate the effect of various choices of weighting functions on the rate of convergence. Finally, it is shown that certain choices of expansion and weighting functions yield numerically acceptable results even though they are not admissible from a strictly mathematical point of view. The reason for this paradox is outlined.
Autogenous regulatory site on the bacteriophage T4 gene 32 messenger RNA.

Abstract We have identified the binding site on the bacteriophage T4 gene 32 mRNA responsible for autogenous translational regulation. We demonstrate that this site is largely unstructured and overlaps the initiation codon of gene 32 as previously predicted. Co-operative binding of gene 32 protein to this site specifically blocks the formation of 30 S-tRNA m etf-gene 32 mRNA ternary complexes and initiation of translation. The translational operator is bound co-operatively by gene 32 protein and this binding is facilitated by a nucleation site far upstream from the initiation codon. A similar unstructured mRNA lacking this nucleation site is also bound co-operatively, but only at concentrations of gene 32 protein higher than those needed to repress binding of ribosomes to the gene 32 mRNA. Some sequence-specific interactions may also influence this binding. Comparison of the bacteriophage T2, T4 and T6 gene 32 operator sequences leads us to propose that the nucleation site is a pseudoknot.
Managing smart phone security risks

Smart phones, their operating systems and security characteristics have rapidly evolved as has the reliance upon them by organizations to conduct business. The unusual mix of personal and business use for smart phones as well as their unique combination of capabilities creates a number of challenges to managing their risk. This paper explores the types and nature of threats to the organization from the use of smart phones along with controls, available security software and tools. The current state of corporate smart phone security programs and policies is examined. Smart phone security policy considerations are discussed and recommendations are made for building a smart phone security program.
Distribution of neuropeptides, histamine content, and inflammatory cells in the ureter.

Abstract Objectives. To determine the anatomic distribution of select neuropeptides (neurokinin A [NKA], substance P [SP], and bradykinin [BK]), of inflammatory cells (leukocytes and mast cells), and the histamine content in the normal swine ureter and compare the findings with regions of increased ureteral contractility. Methods. Ureters from 10 pigs were obtained and cut into eight segments, proximally to distally. A portion of each ureteral segment was suspended in Krebs buffer (37°C) and attached to force displacement transducers, and spontaneous contractility was measured for 30 minutes. A second portion was assayed for histamine, NKA, SP, and BK using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. A third portion was fixed in 10% buffered formalin, stained with hematoxylin-eosin, and evaluated histologically. Results. Ureteral contractility was found to be highest in the most proximal and most distal regions of the ureter. Similarly, SP content was three times greater in the proximal ureter and two times greater in the distal ureter than in the midureter ( P Conclusions. The anatomic distribution of NKA, SP, and BK in the ureter corresponded to regions of increased spontaneous ureteral contractility, more specifically the proximal and distal ureter. Neuropeptides may play a significant role in ureteral contractility and may be a target for pharmacologic mediation during obstruction and stone passage.
Three linked chicken Ul RNA genes have limited flanking DNA sequence homologies that reveal potential regulatory signals

We have isolated and characterized a cluster of three closely linked chicken U1 RNA genes from a lambda genomic library. These genes, which are completely collinear and homologous in sequence to chicken U1 RNA, are spaced about 1.8 kilobase pairs (kb) apart in the chicken genome. However, they are not tandemly repeated in that one of the genes has an inverse transcriptional orientation relative to the other two genes which are adjacent in the cluster. A comparison of sequences flanking the 5' ends of these genes reveals that homology is generally limited to a region around position -200 and to the region from -59 to -1. None of the genes possess a "TATA" box near the -25 position. The chicken sequences were compared to various mammalian snRNA genes and significant homology was observed around positions -200, -55 and -20. These data suggest that U1 RNA genes utilize an unusual RNA polymerase II promoter signal and that potential regulatory sequences are located as far as 200 bp upstream from the mature U1 RNA cap site.
Effect of insulin on glycogen synthesis in fetal rat liver in organ culture.

Explants of fetal rat liver were maintained in organ culture. After 40 hr of incubation in control medium, insulin causes a net synthesis of glycogen. The action of insulin is augmented by a high glucose concentration (50 mm) and is partially blocked by cycloheximide but not by actinomycin D. The addition of epinephrine causes glycogenolysis. The isolated explant of fetal rat liver appears to be an excellent in vitro model system for studying hormonal regulation of hepatic glycogen metabolism.(Endocrinology 92: 584, 1973)
BLEOMYCIN ASSOCIATED PULMONARY TOXICITY: IS PERIOPERATIVE OXYGEN RESTRICTION NECESSARY?

AbstractPurpose: We delineate predictive factors of pulmonary morbidity in patients who receive combination chemotherapy with bleomycin and undergo surgical resection of residual disease, and establish updated guidelines for perioperative management.Materials and Methods: A total of 77 patients with high volume stage II to IV nonseminomatous germ cell tumors underwent 97 major surgical procedures a mean of 6.4 months following high dose combination chemotherapy, including bleomycin (mean 437.5 units per 8.2 courses), between 1988 and 1995 at the University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center. The importance of preoperative pulmonary status, anesthesia time, fraction of inspired oxygen, fluid balance, bleomycin dose, number of acute toxicity episodes, oxygen saturation problems and pulmonary symptoms was examined. Cases were divided into groups according to whether there were postoperative oxygen saturation problems (19) or not (58).Results: There were no significant differences in age, weight, bleomycin...
Ultra-thin dielectric breakdown in devices and circuits: A brief review

Abstract Time-dependent dielectric breakdown (TDDB), in which the traps in oxide bulk form a conducting path under application of stress voltage for long period of time, has emerged as one of the important sources of performance degradation in advanced devices. In this paper, we give an overview of the recent progress in the understanding of ultra-thin dielectric breakdown in devices and consider its impact at the circuit-level. From the device point of view, the breakdown (BD) phenomenon, including the BD statistics, trap generation models, and BD evolution in ultra-thin dielectric are presented followed by the recent studies on TDDB in high-k metal gate (HKMG) devices and magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ) memories. On the circuit side, we explore methodologies for circuit lifetime assessment, the impact of TDDB on circuit performance degradation, and design techniques to improve circuit reliability.
Regulated mucin secretion from airway epithelial cells

Secretory epithelial cells of the proximal airways synthesize and secrete gel-forming polymeric mucins. The secreted mucins adsorb water to form mucus that is propelled by neighboring ciliated cells, providing a mobile barrier which removes inhaled particles and pathogens from the lungs. Several features of the intracellular trafficking of mucins make the airway secretory cell an interesting comparator for the cell biology of regulated exocytosis. Polymeric mucins are exceedingly large molecules (up to 3x10^6 D per monomer) whose folding and initial polymerization in the ER requires the protein disulfide isomerase Agr2. In the Golgi, mucins further polymerize to form chains and possibly branched networks comprising more than 20 monomers. The large size of mucin polymers imposes constraints on their packaging into transport vesicles along the secretory pathway. Sugar side chains account for >70% of the mass of mucins, and their attachment to the protein core by O-glycosylation occurs in the Golgi. Mature polymeric mucins are stored in large secretory granules ~1 um in diameter. These are translocated to the apical membrane to be positioned for exocytosis by cooperative interactions among MARCKS, cysteine string protein (CSP), HSP70 and the cytoskeleton. Mucin granules undergo exocytic fusion with the plasma membrane at a low basal rate and a high stimulated rate. Both rates are mediated by a regulated exocytic mechanism as indicated by phenotypes in both basal and stimulated secretion in mice lacking Munc13-2, a sensor of the second messengers calcium and diacylglycerol (DAG). Basal secretion is induced by low levels of activation of P2Y2 purinergic and A3 adenosine receptors by extracellular ATP released in paracrine fashion and its metabolite adenosine. Stimulated secretion is induced by high levels of the same ligands, and possibly by inflammatory mediators as well. Activated receptors are coupled to phospholipase C by Gq, resulting in the generation of DAG and of
Photoelectron diffraction at low energies: the applicability of single scattering calculations

The energy dependence of the 4f core level photoemission intensity from Ta(100) has been modeled at low electron kinetic energies using the single scattering cluster (SSC) approximation. The results show a strikingly similar shape to that of a full multiple scattering calculation, particular at electron kinetic energies less than 75 eV. A comparison with the experimentally measured surface/bulk core level intensity oscillations indicates that the first interlayer spacing of the Ta(100) surface is contracted by 11 ± 3%, consistent with previous determinations. These results suggest that SSC calculations can model low energy photoelectron diffraction data from surface shifted core levels with sufficient accuracy to enable a quantitative structural determination of clean, unreconstructed surfaces.
Barrier layer effects and the use of Ti:W capping layers on the electromigration performance of Al-Si(1%)-Cu(0.5%) alloy

Electromigration performance is investigated for Al-Si(1%)-Cu(0.5%) alloy on a CVD-W or Ti:W barrier layer, and the effectiveness of a Ti:W capping layer to suppress electromigration is explored. Compared to a Ti:W barrier layer, the surface roughness of the CVD-W barrier layer degrades electromigration performance, however, a capping layer of Ti:W sequentially sputtered on top of the aluminum-alloy will substantively improve the electromigration performance when either barrier layer system is used. The improvement is observed to increase with the thickness of the Ti:W capping layer. Investigations of the failure kinetics and material properties indicate the EM performance improvement is primarily due to changes in the Al-alloy micro-structure.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.