cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Expeditor: A Pipeline for Designing Primers Using Human Gene Structure and Livestock Animal EST Information

We have developed software, called Expeditor, that can be used to combine known gene structure information from human and coding sequence information from farm animal species for a streamlined primer design in target farm animal species. This software has many utilities, which include PCR-based SNP discovery for identification of genes/markers associated with economically important traits in farm animals, comparative mapping analysis, and evolution studies. The use of this software helps minimize tedious manual operations and reduces the chance of errors by more conventional approaches.
An Articulatory Study of Consonant-Induced Vowel Duration Changes in English

The effects of voicing, manner, and number of consonants on the duration of previous vowels in English can be created in three ways: by planned expansion or contraction of the entire vowel, by changin
Assessing the Importance of Social Factors in Bird Song Learning: A Test Using Computer‐Simulated Tutors

We used a mixed live ⁄synthetic tutoring design to investigate whether the social factors of eavesdropping on adult singing interactions and ⁄or direct interaction with a tutor would influence song learning in song sparrows (Melospiza melodia). Males were brought into the laboratory at 4‐5 d-old, hand-raised and then tutored by two pairs of adult song sparrows in June and July From January through March of the next year, subjects received tutoring from computer simulations of two of the original live tutors. The first, non-interactive, model simulated one of the earlier tutors singing ‘naturalistic’ bouts of song with no interaction with the subject. The second, interactive, model simulated a different early tutor that behaved similarly to the non-interactive model, but synchronized its singing with the subject, and tried to match the subject’s song. Subjects learned relatively more from their interactive late tutor and his early partner, and showed no tendency to learn more from their late than their early-only tutors. These results support the eavesdropping hypothesis, and also suggest that direct interaction with the tutor is a relevant social factor.
The Importance of Virology at a Time of Great Need and Great Jeopardy

The views expressed in this article do not necessarily reflect the views of the journal or of ASM. As we enter 2015, one needs to look no farther than the daily news reports to appreciate the ongoing burden of viral diseases. Last year, Ebola reemerged in West Africa, claiming thousands of lives and affecting many thousands more. Cases of Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) continue to be reported, with the possibility of a severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-like epidemic ever present. Chikungunya virus has spread to the Western Hemisphere, and the infection is now epidemic in the Caribbean and southern United States. We are also living in a world in which hundreds of millions of people are chronically infected with hepatitis B and C viruses (HBV and HCV, respectively). The rate of new HIV infections has declined, but millions remain infected, and it, too, has already cut short far too many lives. Viruses account for up to 20% of all human cancers, and although a large percentage of new human papillomavirus (HPV) and HBV infections can now be prevented by vaccination, many are already infected, and the vaccines are not being used to their full potential. We are in the middle of our annual encounter with influenza virus, never knowing when the next strain to which there is little or no preexisting immunity will arise. In 2014-2015, a mismatch between the …
On Reversing the Generation Process in Optimality Theory

Optimality Theory, a constraint-based phonology and morphology paradigm, has allowed linguists to make elegant analyses of many phenomena, including infixation and reduplication. In this work-in-progress, we build on the work of Ellison (1994) to investigate the possibility of using OT as a parsing tool that derives underlying forms from surface forms.
Substernal thyroid biopsy using Endobronchial Ultrasound-guided Transbronchial Needle Aspiration

Substernal thyroid goiter (STG) represents about 5.8% of all mediastinal lesions1. There is a wide variation in the published incidence rates due to the lack of a standardized definition for STG. Biopsy is often required to differentiate benign from malignant lesions. Unlike cervical thyroid, the overlying sternum precludes ultrasound-guided percutaneous fine needle aspiration of STG. Consequently, surgical mediastinoscopy is performed in the majority of cases, causing significant procedure related morbidity and cost to healthcare. Endobronchial Ultrasound-guided Transbronchial Needle Aspiration (EBUS-TBNA) is a frequently used procedure for diagnosis and staging of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Minimally invasive needle biopsy for lesions adjacent to the airways can be performed under real-time ultrasound guidance using EBUS. Its safety and efficacy is well established with over 90% sensitivity and specificity. The ability to perform EBUS as an outpatient procedure with same-day discharges offers distinct morbidity and financial advantages over surgery. As physicians performing EBUS gained procedural expertise, they have attempted to diversify its role in the diagnosis of non-lymph node thoracic pathologies. We propose here a role for EBUS-TBNA in the diagnosis of substernal thyroid lesions, along with a step-by-step protocol for the procedure.
A comparison of hypolipidemic drugs in the prevention of an orotic acid fatty liver

Abstract The prevention of a fatty liver by adding test substances to a 1 per cent orotic acid diet was used to obtain assay curves for various hypolipidemic drugs. The following drugs had approximately the same activity in this test: ethyl p -chlorophenoxyisobutyric acid (PCIB); p -phenoxyphenyl methanesulfonate and N , N -dimethyl- N ′-(4-phenoxy-phenyl) sulfamide (Upjohn U 22105 and U 25030); and 2,2′-[(1-methyl-4,4′-diphenyl- butylidine)-bis-( p -phenyleneoxy)] bis-triethylamine-citrate (Squibb SQ 11071). 1- Methyl-4-piperidyl-bis-( p -chloro-phenoxy) acetate (Sandoz Salt 42348) was two to three times as active, and 2-methyl-2-( p -1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1-napthylphenoxy) propionic acid (Ciba Su 13437) was ten times as active as CPIB. On the same weight basis, choloxon ( D -thyroxine; D-T 4 ) was 80–90 times as active. Dilantin, L -thyropine (L-T 4 ), Dow DH 581, nicotinic acid, and cholestyramine had little or no effect. Adenine, allopurinol [4-hydroxytyrazolo (3,4- d ) pyrimidine] and 5,5′-diphenyl-2-thiohydantoin (DPTH) were as active as most of the drugs in preventing triglyceride deposition. The only substances which increased liver α-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase were : CPIB, Su 13437, SaH 42348, D-T 4 and L-T 4 . The lipotropic effect of these drugs was not mediated through this enzyme. Feeding orotic acid alone practically eliminated the pre-β and β-lipoprotein (βLP) band from the serum gel electrophoresis, but the intensity of the β band was restored by the active drugs in proportion to their dosages; inactive substances did not restore the βLP band. A quick screening procedure was developed for substances which intensify the serum βLP band.
Why does bagging work? a Bayesian account and its implications

The error rate of decision-tree and other classification learners can often be much reduced by bagging: learning multiple models from bootstrap samples of the database, and combining them by uniform voting. In this paper we empirically test two alternative explanations for this, both based on Bayesian learning theory: (1) bagging works because it is an approximation to the optimal procedure of Bayesian model averaging, with an appropriate implicit prior; (2) bagging works because it effectively shifts the prior to a more appropriate region of model space. All the experimental evidence contradicts the first hypothesis, and confirms the second.
Information communities: Characteristics gleaned from studies of three online networks

Digital network infrastructures such as community networks have heralded powerful new ways for enhancing people's quality of life. We argue that the Internet has further facilitated the creation of information communities: constituencies united by a common interest in building and increasing access to sets of dynamic, linked, and varying information resources. Using data from a two-year study of three community networks, we describe five defining characteristics of effective information communities: (1) emphasis on collaboration among diverse information providers, (2) capacity to form around people's needs to access and use information, (3) capacity to exploit the information sharing qualities of emerging technologies, (4) ability to transcend barriers to information-sharing, and (5) capacity to foster social connectedness.
What Constitutes Reasonable Evidence of Efficacy and Effectiveness to Guide Oncology Treatment Decisions

Theneedtopracticeevidence-basedmedicineisthecurrent prevailing paradigm within the medical community. Evidence to guide practice can and should come from a variety of sources, including clinical trials, observational studies, and meta-analyses of both or either. This paper discusses the relative strengths and weaknesses of data that arise from these various sources. The different types of evidence required to demonstrate “efficacy” versus “effectiveness,” a critical and often overlooked distinction, are discussed. In the genomic age, in which targeted therapies with or without specific biomarkers are emerging in cancer care, new approaches are necessary to generate the evidence required for decision making. The Oncologist 2010;15(suppl 1):19–23
Fruit-Eating by an Obligate Insectivore: Palm Fruit Consumption in Wild Northern Tamanduas (Tamandua mexicana) in Panamá

Abstract Anteaters (Myrmecophagidae and Cyclopedidae) are known to be specialist predators of ants and termites. Many types of fruits are included in the diets of captive anteaters, even though fruit-eating in the wild has only rarely been reported. During a 2008–2010 telemetry study of northern tamanduas (Tamandua mexicana) on Barro Colorado Island, Panama, several individuals were witnessed consuming ripe fruits of the palm tree Attalea butyracea. I propose that northern tamanduas regularly seek out fruit as a supplement to their insect diet. Attalea butyracea fruit is seasonally abundant throughout Central America and can provide low-cost enrichment for captive tamanduas.
Seismic Performance of Flexible Retaining Walls Supporting Dry Cohesionless Soils

Le sol n'est pas liquefiable. Lorsqu'un mur de soutenement est soumis a une excitation a la base des forces d'inertie sur le remblai creent des charges additionnelles cycliquement variables ce qui agit sur le mur de soutenement. Des essais en laboratoire revele que en plus des charges cycliques le mur peut etre soumis a d'autres charges additionnelles dues aux contraintes laterales accrues. Pour evaluer les performances sismiques de murs de soutenement flexibles on utilise un modele par elements finis bidimensionnel
Abstract 81: Hypo-Osmolality Pressor Stimulus is Linked to Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) in the Portal Region

Patients with baroreflex impairment have a robust and sustained increase in blood pressure (BP) after water consumption. Using a sino-aortic denervated mouse model (SAD), we identified hypo-osmolality as the stimulus for this osmopressor response (OPR). However, the afferent mechanism of how changes in osmolality are relayed from the gut area to the central nervous system is still unknown. We tested the hypothesis that decreased osmolality is sensed in the portal area after water consumption and that TRPV4 channels in this region are essential for the response. We infused 0.45% or 0.9% saline directly into the portal vein of SAD wild type (WT) and TRPV4-/- mice. An immediate pressor response occurred in WT mice after 0.45% saline but not after 0.9% saline infusion (0.45%: 16 ± 6 vs. 0.9%: -6 ± 2 mmHg, p=0.03). On the other hand, infusion of 0.45% saline into TRPV4-/- mice failed to stimulate a pressor response (-5 ±2 mmHg, p=0.03 for comparison with WT). There are two known nerves that convey afferent signals from the gut to the brain: the vagal and splanchnic nerves. We explored the possible contribution of the splanchnic nerve to OPR by using celiac ganglionectomized (CGX) and sham WT mice. Both CGX and sham mice had a robust increase in BP after water infusion into the duodenum (CGX: 10 ± 2 vs. SHAM: 12 ± 1 mmHg, p=0.5). However, the response was shortened by ganglionectomy. Ten minutes after water, BP had returned to normal in CGX, while it remaining elevated in sham mice (ΔMAP for CGX: 0.3 ± 2 vs. 9 ± 1.7 mmHg, p=0.01). In mice that underwent both CGX and vagotomy, we observed full OPR (ΔMAP for CGX+Vagotomy: 17 ± 6mmHg vs. Sham: 30 ± 8mmHg, p=0.26). Therefore, we conclude that TRPV4 channels in the portal region are essential for the OPR, and the celiac ganglia play an important role in maintaining BP elevation, while the vagus nerve is unlikely to contribute to the water response.
A Few Good (and Angry) Men (and Woman)

I discuss the privilege of lawyers to display anger and to evoke anger in others. For example, in this film's dramatic climax, an angry lawyer angers a witness during cross-examination, who angrily confesses. I consider the uses of anger in acting like a lawyer as well as the emotional lives of lawyers. I also discuss the normalizing of the angry lawyer. In A Few Good Men, anger is accepted as necessary to motivate lawyers to perform at their best. As with some athletes, there are unfortunate spillover effects. But, A Few Good Men instantiates cultural norms that reinforce angry lawyers. These norms both help foster the incivility crisis in the legal profession and inhibit efforts to mitigate it. I argue that recognizing and attacking these norms must be part of the legal profession's response to the incivility crisis.
Precipitation and Concentration of Influenza Virus With Alum.

SummaryThe virus of influenza grown in allantoic fluid of chick embryos can be pre-cipitated in a stable form with alum and the precipitate redissolved in sodium citrate. This procedure does not alter the infective, anti-genic, or hemagglutinating properties of the virus. Adsorption on sterile chicken cells was also used to concentrate the virus before inactivation and precipitation with alum.The immunizing power of formalinized and alum-precipitated virus in mice was slightlv less than that of active fluid. Inactive con-centrated alum precipitates inoculated sub-cutaneously produced a satisfactory antibodv response in human beings. The suspensions of alum precipitates freed of formaldehyde and acid retain their antigenicity when stored at 4°C for at least three months.
Coupled CFD/CSD Simulations of Helicopter Rotors with a Free Wake Model

A Computational Fluid Dynamics/Computational Structural Dynamics (CFD/CSD) coupling technique is used to analyze the four-bladed UH-60A and Bell 427 main rotors, and the results are compared to flight test data. The unstructured Reynolds-Averaged Navier Stokes (RANS) solver UNCLE was coupled to DYMORE 2 by means of an automated script. A single blade was rendered in the CFD model for each case, and the wake of a four-bladed system was represented by a free wake model. The UH-60A loose coupling flight conditions considered were the forward flight high speed and moderate speed cases corresponding to flight counters c8534 and c8513, respectively. The Bell 427 flight case simulated was a high speed forward flight case. After convergence of the coupling procedure airload prediction was improved, and some flow features missed by the low fidelity aerodynamics of the CSD code were resolved by the high-fidelity flow solver. Aerodynamic loads associated with reverse flow and Blade-Vortex Interaction (BVI) showed the most improvement. Blade structural loads predicted by DYMORE 2 showed signs of moderate improvement as a result of the increased accuracy of the CFD-based airloads for one flight condition.
Topologically Distinct Lamellar Block Copolymer Morphologies Formed by Solvent and Thermal Annealing

Solvent annealing produces ordered assemblies in thin films of block copolymers and, in contrast to uniform thermal annealing, can be used to tune the self-assembled morphology, control the domain orientation with respect to the substrate, and, as demonstrated here, reduce the defect density. The two-dimensional network topology of lamellae self-assembled by polystyrene-block-poly(methyl methacrylate) block copolymers in thin films was compared when processed by solvent and thermal annealing techniques. The mixed solvent annealing method described here reduced the overall defect density (e.g., dislocations with PMMA or PS cores) and thus the connectivity of the lamellar domains compared to thermal annealing; however, the long-range continuity of the networks was maintained and depended primarily on the copolymer composition. In addition, the persistence length of the lamellar domains for solvent annealed films was found to be 2–3 times that of the corresponding thermally annealed systems.
Republican Treason and National Identity in the 1790s

From 1775 to 1803 the British constitution endured many attacks. The Americans’ quest to establish local parliaments and protect their traditional English rights guaranteed in the Revolution Settlement received sympathy from the ‘Real’ Whigs and inspired both the Irish and English to contemplate internal parliamentary and church reforms. By the end of the 1780s the situation in France was galvanizing the reform movement. At first England rejoiced that 1789 had brought the principles of the Glorious Revolution to France, but Edmund Burke’s worst fear materialized as the Revolution turned bloody. William Pitt the younger, once an enthusiast for the French Revolution, now led a governmental crackdown. He saw treachery unleashed in England, and the possibility of a French invasion added to his unease. Jacobin sympathizers were gathered up, deposited in jail and charged with high treason.
Laparoscopic resection of a pelvic schwannoma

Schwannomas are rare retroperitoneal and pelvic tumors that often present as an enlarging mass. Preoperative imaging by computerized tomography and magnetic resonance imaging can be suggestive of the diagnosis. Traditionally, these benign tumors have been treated at laparotomy. Presented herein is a case of a pelvic retroperitoneal schwannoma that was successfully resected using laparoscopic surgical techniques. The prognosis for these tumors is favorable, but long-term follow-up is necessary.
Compression Neuropathies in the Anterior Forearm

In nerve entrapment syndromes in the upper extremity, the surgeon must first become a diagnostician. When the symptoms of entrapment are bilateral, diabetes mellitus and cervical arthritis are found in a significant statistical number over the general population. These diseases can result in incomplete relief of symptoms, even after decompression of the entrapment. In Upton's double crush theory, proximal nerve impingement can cause increasing symptoms distally and this can account for some failures following carpal tunnel surgery. Bilateral carpal tunnel patients are often predisposed by anatomically small carpal tunnel canals, cervical arthritis, or diabetes mellitus. Usually, with a precise diagnosis and a careful treatment plan, excellent results can be achieved with removal of the anatomic constriction or mechanical block.
[Molecular subtyping of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from a severe food-poisoning].

Objective To study the molecular types of Staphylococcus auregs isolated from a severe food-poisoning and to trace the possible strains.Methods Real-time PCR was applied to detect nuc gene as a specific marker for S.aureus,mecA gene encoding methicillin resistance and 5 other genes encoding staphylococcal enterotoxins(sea,seb,sec,sed,see).Isolates were also performed with 16S rRNA oligonuchotide sequence analyzing by DNAStar MegAlign 5.0 software and pulse-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE)by BioNumerics Version 4.0 software.Results The nuc gene was detected from the 10 isolated strains,sea and seb genes were detected from 7 strains.There were 4 16 S rRNA types and 5 PFGE types found from all the strains.Conclusions Throe relative S.aureus strains were involved in the severe food-poisoning at least.Molecular subtyping might give a molecular epidemiological evidence and support the source tracing of an outbreak. Key words: Staphylococcal food poisoning; Entemtoxins; Electrophoresis,gel,pulsed-field
Observations on definitive cobalt 60 radiation for cure in bladder carcinoma: 15-year followup.

Abstract Radiation therapy will result in tumor disappearance in a select number of patients. However, it does not prevent local recurrence and, therefore, the patient continues at risk. Tumor recurrence was noted in more than half the patients in our series and more than 50 per cent of these patients experienced multiple recurrences. A functional bladder was maintained in nearly 60 per cent of the patients. There was a significantly increased morbidity associated with an open operation in the treatment of recurrence in the irradiated patient. We would advocate preoperative irradiation followed by cystectomy in the patients with high grade and high stage disease. The value of single versus adjuvant forms of therapy for patients with diffuse, rapidly recurring low grade and low stage disease would be determined best by a randomized prospective study. Evidence from this series suggests that irradiation improved over-all survival in this category.
Predicting aortic valve prosthesis size. A step toward better matching of patient and prosthesis.

We have developed a simple method of predicting aortic valve prosthesis size from supravalvular aortic cineangiograms, taken in the 30 degree right anterior oblique projection, during routine diagnostic cardiac catheterization. Measurements made on the aortogram were corrected to true size by means of a 1 cm2 grid reference plate filmed at the conclusion of the catheterization. This method was utilized prospectively to predict the anulus size in 26 patients undergoing aortic valve replacement alone or as part of a more extensive cardiac procedure. The catheterization prediction of anulus size was perfectly predictive of the prosthesis size used in eight of 26 (31%) cases, within 1 mm of the prosthesis size used in 20 of 26 (77%), and within one prosthesis size in all 26 (100%) cases. Comparing the measured anulus diameter to the actual prosthesis diameter yielded r = 0.93. When both systolic and diastolic frames were available for analysis, the diastolic frame was more accurately predictive than the systolic frame (diastolic r = 0.93; systolic r = 0.88), although both yielded acceptable results. Utilization of this method has significantly altered operative plans in four patients with a small anulus. Such preoperative assessment should allow improved matching of patient and valve prosthesis and thereby yield improved long-term results in aortic valve replacement.
Endolichenic fungi: a new source of rich bioactive secondary metabolites on the horizon

Endolichenic fungi are diverse groups of predominantly filamentous fungi that reside asymptomatically in the interior of lichen thalli. Natural products from endolichenic fungi, isolated from a variety of different lichen species, have been attracting increased attention for their potential to produce bioactive metabolites possessing new structures and representing different structural classes. This is evident from the steady increase of publications devoted to endolichenic fungal metabolites over the past decade, since the first report of endolichenic secondary metabolites. The bioactive metabolites produced by endolichenic fungi originate from multiple biosynthetic pathways and occupy different chemical structure classes, including steroids, quinones, terpenoids, peptides, xanthones, sulfur-containing chromenones, etc. Endolichenic fungal metabolites possess a diverse array of bioactivities, such as anticancer, antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal, and anti-Alzheimer’s disease. This review provides the first thorough assessment of endolichenic fungi, their biodiversity, secondary metabolites, and associated bioactivity. This review will highlight the bioactive metabolites reported in recent years from endolichenic fungi, as well as discussing the potential of these symbiotic fungi as sources of new, diverse natural products with varying bioactivities.
Phosphate-binding pocket in Dicer-2 PAZ domain for high-fidelity siRNA production

The enzyme Dicer produces small silencing RNAs such as micro-RNAs (miRNAs) and small interfering RNAs (siRNAs). In Drosophila, Dicer-1 produces ∼22–24-nt miRNAs from pre-miRNAs, whereas Dicer-2 makes 21-nt siRNAs from long double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs). How Dicer-2 precisely makes 21-nt siRNAs with a remarkably high fidelity is unknown. Here we report that recognition of the 5′-monophosphate of a long dsRNA substrate by a phosphate-binding pocket in the Dicer-2 PAZ (Piwi, Argonaute, and Zwille/Pinhead) domain is crucial for the length fidelity, but not the efficiency, in 21-nt siRNA production. Loss of the length fidelity, meaning increased length heterogeneity of siRNAs, caused by point mutations in the phosphate-binding pocket of the Dicer-2 PAZ domain decreased RNA silencing activity in vivo, showing the importance of the high fidelity to make 21-nt siRNAs. We propose that the 5′-monophosphate of a long dsRNA substrate is anchored by the phosphate-binding pocket in the Dicer-2 PAZ domain and the distance between the pocket and the RNA cleavage active site in the RNaseIII domain corresponds to the 21-nt pitch in the A-form duplex of a long dsRNA substrate, resulting in high-fidelity 21-nt siRNA production. This study sheds light on the molecular mechanism by which Dicer-2 produces 21-nt siRNAs with a remarkably high fidelity for efficient RNA silencing.
Conceptualizing Groups in un Multilateralism: The Diplomatic Practice of Group Politics

Political groups permeate the diplomatic process across the United Nations (UN) system, from conference diplomacy to annual sessions of the deliberative bodies, yet they remain poorly understood and under-appreciated. This article approaches groups from a conceptual and theoretical perspective, providing a typology to differentiate clearly the various groups that are active in UN processes, from electoral groups to regional organizations and single-issue coalitions. The article also examines how theories of multilateralism, global governance and international negotiation largely exclude group and inter-group dynamics. Theories of global governance and multilateralism operate at the systemic level of analysis, while theories of negotiation and coalitions reflect assumptions of individual agency; both levels of analysis obscure the operation of political groups and group politics in UN multilateralism. The emerging theories of diplomatic practice provide a meso-level approach that reveals the pervasive practice of group politics and politicized diplomacy in UN multilateralism.
Using business models in designing market-based solutions: the case of fluoride treatment systems

This paper addresses how businesses models inform viability of different fluoride treatment technologies for developing countries as well as the pursuit of financial and operational sustainability. Excess fluoride concentrations in drinking water supplies negatively impact the health of communities living in fluoride affected regions of the world by causing dental and skeletal fluorosis and other severe socio-economic problems. Given that fluoride mitigation solutions have proven elusive, we apply business model logic to compare fluoride removal technologies to examine the financial sustainability of water service provisions. We analyze the investment cost of producing fluoride safe water, the annual revenues generated, and the net benefits obtained from different technologies. Furthermore, the reduced medical costs and productivity losses averted due to access to fluoride safe water can lead to an average annual cost saving of $67 per person. Our results validate the use of business models to help evaluate different technologies as a means of pursuing sustainable applications for safe drinking water.
Assessing climate change education on a Midwestern college campus

Multiple disciplines address climate change; however, despite statements of consensus from professional societies, it is unclear whether the correct information is being conveyed to students. The p...
Basic Mechanisms in Chemical Carcinogenesis

Over the past decade our society has shown a growing awareness of the increasing incidence of human cancer due to urbanization, industrialization, and prolonged life expectancy. On the other hand, cancer is a unique category of diseases concerned both with development and differentiation, therefore providing great challenge to and opportunity for biological research today. From the viewpoint of basic mechanisms of chemical/physical carcinogenesis, the problem can be divided into two sections: (i) the effect of host on carcinogen; (ii) the effect of carcinogen on the host.
Overview: Special Issue on Leisure Sciences, Dominant Paradigms and Philosophy

(1990). Overview: Special Issue on Leisure Sciences, Dominant Paradigms and Philosophy. Journal of Leisure Research: Vol. 22, No. 4, pp. 281-282.
Effect of Processing on Nix-Gao Bilinear Indentation Results Obtained for High Purity Iron

Instrumented indentation of a high purity Fe surface with unresolved surface deformation due to mechanical polishing is compared to the same grain surface annealed at increasing time and temperature. The differences in indentation size effect behavior with annealing are correlated with hardness and electron backscatter diffraction measurements as independent measures of surface layer deformation. It is found that the Nix Gao plot evolves from non-linear (bilinear) towards the predicted linear relationship as the surface deformation is removed. The experimental observations are rationalized by inclusion of a depth dependent, polishing induced forest dislocation density within the Nix-Gao model.
Application of Gene Probes to Virus Detection in Water

Gene probes offer a rapid and sensitive method for the detection of viruses in water and other environmental samples. Gene probes are small strands of nucleic acid labeled with radioactive or nonradioactive compounds for their detection. The target organism is identified by the hybridization of the probe to the organism9s nucleic acid. Nucleic acid probes are at least 1000-fold more sensitive than serological tests such as enzyme-linked-immunoassay and do not first require cultivation of the virus for detection. Gene probes have been developed for organisms that do not grow in cell culture, and probes have been constructed for most of the major groups of enteric viruses. Gene probes have been applied to the detection of enteric viruses in water, marine sediment and shellfish. Radioactively labeled probes can detect as little as 1-10 infectious units of virus within 48 hours. A current disadvantage of probes is that they cannot determine the infectivity of the viruses; however, they can be used to quickly determine the growth of viruses in cell culture. Further development of nonradioactive probes should place virus detection capabilities into the hands of most water quality laboratories.
Comparative Susceptibility of Plants Native to the Appalachian Range of the United States to Inoculation with Phytophthora ramorum

Phytophthora ramorum, cause of sudden oak death of trees or ramorum blight of other plant species, has an ever-increasing host range. Some geographic regions are considered to be at high risk of becoming infested with the pathogen, possibly causing plant mortality such as seen in native habitats of California and Oregon. One such region is the Appalachian range of the eastern United States, where known susceptible plants occur and climatic characteristics appear favorable for infections by this pathogen. We collected foliage of a range of plant species native to Appalachia in Kentucky during two summer seasons, and the foliage was shipped to Oregon for inoculation with P. ramorum to determine relative susceptibility. Leaves were needle-wounded and inoculated with either mycelium agar plugs or sporangia of a North American (A2 mating type) or European (A1 mating type) isolate. After 14 days incubation at 20°C in moist boxes, lesions caused by either inoculum type or isolate generally were comparable using digital photos and ASSESS software. Some genera, species, and cultivars within species were highly susceptible, while others were moderately susceptible or not susceptible. These results provide a basis for regional surveyors to select target hosts and to generate survey and management practices for nursery and forest areas.
Atherosclerosis and Viral Gene in Japanese Quail

Two lines of Japanese quail were genetically selected. One is highly susceptible (SUS) to atherosclerosis, developing severe aortic atherosclerosis in 9 weeks by feeding 0.5% cholesterol in the diet. The other is highly resistant (RES), developing little disease under the same conditions. The pathology of quail atherosclerosis, characterized by intimal thickening, the presence of foam cells, the proliferation of myofibroblast cells, and the formation of scar with collagen deposition, is similar to the human disease. Because of its small size, low feed consumption, and short life cycle, these quail are an excellent model for the study for prevention and pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. A study has shown that the quail respond to treatment with nicotinic acid, gemfibrozil, clofibrate, and aspirin with reduction of atherosclerosis. More recently these birds were tested for the presence of a herpes virus, Marek disease virus (MDV), as a possible etiologic agent. Initial diagnosis by isolation of MDV and agar precipitin test was negative. However, when a gene library of MDV was used to prepare a battery of radioactive DNA probes, high-stringency DNA hybridization has demonstrated the presence of viral genes in quail aorta, heart, nucleated RBC, and embryo. The intensity of hybridization increased with the increased severity of atherosclerosis in aortas. In embryos, all SUS quail were positive, but only a part of RES quail were positive. These results indicated that these quail were latently infected by a putative herpes virus closely related to MDV. Since DNA homology was detected in the embryo, it is possible that the viral genes are integrated in the host DNA, and they are the heritable elements for the susceptibility to atherosclerosis.
Single Vaginal Ectopic Ureter and Gartner’s Duct Cyst with Ipsilateral Renal Hypoplasia and Dysplasia (Or Agenesis)

AbstractFive girls are described with a single (nonduplicated) vaginal ectopic ureter via a dilated or cystic Gartner’s duct, associated with hypoplasia and dysplasia (or agenesis) of the ipsilateral kidney. Abnormalities on the vaginogram or at vaginoscopy were demonstrated in all cases. The anomaly is probably analogous to ureteral ectopia of the seminal vesicle in male subjects and may be caused by a maldeveloprnent of the wolffian duct in early fetal life.
COMPETITION BETWEEN TWO WEEDS

Every gardener knows that plants compete with ach other?e pecial? ly if one of the plants is a weed. Al? though gardeners help their plants win competitive interactions by removing or poisoning weeds, plants in nature must fight on their own?finding ways to de? feat rival plants. The question is: What causes competing plants to win or lose? Competition between plants repre? sents one of the best-documented inter? actions between biological species. Hundreds of examples show that plant species affect one another through the use of shared resources, including light, nutrients and water. A tomato seedling in your garden, for instance, may grow poorly in the shade cast by a mature oak tree. Another tomato plant may sur? vive better in the shade, because some individual plants have different com? petitive abilities. The outcome of com? petition between plants may also de? pend on the composition of the local community and debris or chemicals left by plants from earlier generations. Although botanists have assembled a virtual catalogue of examples of com? petition, we know very little about the mechanisms that govern differences in competitive ability. I shall describe a se? ries of experiments that reveal an intri? cate^?and somewhat surprising?web
Efficiency of Carnot and Conventional Capacitive Deionization Cycles

Brackish water treatment characteristically suffers from low efficiency. Overcoming this challenge requires a fundamental understanding regarding the energetics of both the ion-removal process and the trajectory of the complete deionization cycle. Evaluating the processes and cycles in tandem can elucidate potential sources of inefficiency (entropy production) and may promote new operational schemes leading to higher efficiency low-saline separations. Here, using a Gouy–Chapman–Stern model we elucidate the efficiency of two capacitive deionization cycles. In the first cycle, electroadsorption occurs as the cell voltage increases, which resembles processes employed experimentally. In the second cycle, a theoretical Carnot-like electroadsorption process occurs while maintaining a constant number of ions (N = constant). We show that the projected thermodynamic efficiency of both cycles exhibited similar efficiency, which range from 2–4.5%, while operating with a low-saline feed (Cfeed = 20 mM) stream. Howeve...
The Ethics of Choice in Single-Player Video Games

Video games are a specific kind of virtual world which many engage with on a daily basis; as such, we cannot ignore the values they embody. In this paper I argue that it is possible to cause moral harm or benefit within a video game, specifically by drawing attention to the nature of the choices both players and designers make. I discuss ways in which games attempt to represent morality, arguing that while flawed, even games with seemingly superficial devices such as morality meters can attempt to promote moral reflection. Ultimately, I argue that the moral status of the actions depends on the effects of those actions on the player herself; if those actions make us less ethical then the actions are wrong. Unfortunately, it is not clear to me that players are always in a position to tell whether this is the case.
The effect of group counseling on educable mentally retarded boys' self concepts.

The effects of group counseling on the self concepts of young educable mentally handicapped boys were studied, along with the variables of anxiety, deportment and achievement in reading and arithme...
Cluster Headache and Other Trigeminal Autonomic Cephalalgias

Trigeminal autonomic cephalalgias (TACs) are a group of primary headache disorders characterized by severe unilateral pain accompanied by autonomic signs and symptoms. Cluster headache is the most common TAC. Presented are clinical features and treatment options.
Does Ownership Structure Influence Regulatory Behavior? The Impact of Franchising on Labor Standards Compliance

This paper examines the effect of franchising on compliance with labor standards regulations in the US. Franchisees who typically own and manage their own outlets seek to maximize profit of only their units whereas the franchiser benefits from increases in sales of all outlets in the chain, whether franchised or company-owned. Franchisers are therefore more concerned about the deterioration of brand reputation. This leads us to hypothesize that differences in sensitivity to brand reputation make compliance worse at franchisee-owned outlets than at comparable company-owned outlets. By using a unique pooled cross-section of the Top 20 fast food restaurants in the US, we find that total back-wages (wage repayment equal to the difference between those received and those owed to workers by statute) per investigation at a given franchised outlet are $4,265 larger than at a comparable company-owned outlet, which is roughly four times average back-wages. This franchise effect grows further in magnitude with the use of relevant instruments for franchising status. We argue that the empirical results are more consistent with differences in concern about brand reputation between franchisees and franchisers than other explanations of firm behavior.
Using artwork to understand and address the psychosocial challenges facing children and adolescents with epilepsy

Abstract Artwork is a valuable and underutilized technique for exploring the self-esteem and psychological challenges facing children and adolescents with epilepsy and other chronic diseases. Having children with epilepsy draw a picture of their seizure correlates reliably with seizure type, provides insight into the child's developmental level, and allows expression of inner feelings such as helplessness, vulnerability, and self-concept. Art therapy focus groups are beneficial in helping children with epilepsy express their feelings nonverbally and get to know peers facing similar challenges. On the occasion of Epilepsy and Behavior's 20th anniversary, this article reviews the usefulness of art for exploring the self-concept of patients with epilepsy and acknowledges the journal's support of this informative, inexpensive, and empowering adjunctive technique. "Special Issue: Epilepsy & Behavior's 20th Anniversary"
After Vatican II and Veritatis splendor: Five Moral Theology Textbooks:

Pedagogy in moral theology follows some of the particular concerns Catholic theologians have had since the Second Vatican Council as well as the aftermath of John Paul II’s encyclical on moral theo...
Demystifying simultaneous triliteracy development: One child’s emergent writing practices across three scripts focusing on letter recognition, directionality and name writing:

It has long been acknowledged that immigrant children who are originally exposed to home languages become rapidly socialized into using only English. Although many children ultimately develop recep...
Synthesis and Spectroscopy of Emissive, Surface-Modified, Copper-Doped Indium Phosphide Nanocrystals

Aminophosphine precursors were used to synthesize copper-doped indium phosphide nanocrystals (InP NCs) via direct doping in a slow-injection bottom-up method and postsynthetic cation exchange. By b...
Whole-Body PET/MRI Applications in Pediatric Oncology

OBJECTIVE. Fluorine-18-labeled FDG PET/CT and MRI are current imaging standards for staging and assessing tumor response and recurrence of pediatric extracranial solid tumors. PET/MRI combines anatomic and physiologic imaging in a single session with reduced radiation compared with CT. Pediatric protocols are primarily whole-body protocols because of the behavior and type of cancers unique to children. This article will focus on the practice and utility of whole-body PET/MRI for pediatric oncologic imaging. CONCLUSION. The strengths of PET/MRI over PET/CT are compelling and include decreased radiation exposure, decreased number of sedation and general anesthesia events, single-day one-stop visits, and simultaneous imaging with two stand-alone advanced imaging techniques essential to staging and assessing treatment response in pediatric oncology.
Enhancing Ultra-low Impedance Measurement Techniques for High-performance Power Delivery Networks

Voltage regulator impedance characterization is a straightforward concept but the challenges in making high-fidelity measurements are numerous as the impedance becomes progressively smaller. This paper evaluates techniques used for low impedance buck converters requiring large-signal current perturbations to properly characterize the impedance. Additionally, the paper addresses how high-performance time-domain characterization equipment can be utilized to generate frequency-domain impedance plots. A number of parameters that can affect the impedance plots were studied and tuned. Some of the measurement challenges when collecting this data are examined.
Impact of Frailty on Clinical and Financial Outcomes Following Minor Lower Extremity Amputation: A Nationwide Analysis.

Frailty has been shown to portend worse outcomes in surgical patients. Our goal was to identify the impact of frailty on outcomes and resource utilization among patients undergoing minor lower extr...
Diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP) volatizes and cross-contaminates wells in a common 96-well plate zebrafish larvae exposure method

Diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP) is an organophosphate (OP) that is commonly used to study the neurotoxic effects of acutely intoxicating OP exposure. In preliminary studies, we discovered abnormal deaths in DMSO-only exposed larvae housed in the same plate as DFP-exposed larvae, and hypothesized that DFP volatilizes and cross-contaminates wells when using a 96-well plate exposure method for exposing zebrafish larvae. Survivability and acetylcholinesterase activity assays confirmed DFP presence in the tissues of zebrafish ostensibly exposed to DMSO only. These findings indicate DFP cross-contamination, which raises concerns for the experimental design of studies evaluating the toxicity of volatile and semi-volatile substances.
Interpersonal Victimization, Substance Use, and Mental Health Among Sexual and Gender Minority Youth: The Role of Self-concept Factors

Reducing substance use and negative mental health outcomes of interpersonal victimization among sexual and gender minority youth (SGMY) represents a critical public health priority. Victimized indi...
Occupational Therapy Interventions for Clients with Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome (EDS) in the Presence of Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome (POTS)

Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS) is often seen in clients with Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS), primarily hypermobile EDS. Research has shown clients with EDS and POTS may experience limitations affecting not only their physical function, but also their social, emotional, and mental well-being. Using a client-centered approach, occupational therapy practitioners assess health, well-being, symptomatology (fatigue, muscle pain, dizziness, etc.), participation and engagement in occupation, and provide interventions to improve quality of life. This paper will address occupational therapy interventions to treat common symptomatology for clients with EDS in the presence of POTS, including environmental modifications, use of adaptive equipment and orthoses, exercise and fall prevention, energy conservation and pacing, sleep hygiene, and routine and habit development to promote optimal engagement in meaningful occupations.
Pioneers of Representation Theory: Frobenius, Burnside, Schur, and Brauer

Some 19th-century algebra and number theory. Frobenius and the invention of character theory. Burnside: Representations and structure of finite groups. Schur: A new beginning. Polynomial representations of GL_n(\Bbb{C}). Richard Brauer and Emmy Noether: 1926-1933. Modular representation theory. Bibliography. Index