cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
CLOSED-LOOP IDENTIFICATION OF FLEXIBLE STRUCTURES : AN EXPERIMENTAL EXAMPLE

The application of a closed-loop identie cation procedure to a e exible structure, the Jet Propulsion Laboratory Control Structure Interaction Phase B testbed, is described. The approach is based on an indirect, closed-loop identie cation procedure, recently developed by Van den Hof and Schrama (Van den Hof, P. M., and Schrama, R. J., “ An Indirect Method for Transfer Function Estimation from Closed-Loop Data,” Automatica, Vol. 29, No. 6, 1993,pp.1523 ‐1527),whichgivesaconsistentmodelestimateinthecasewherethesystemnoise/outputdisturbance model is not accurate. The procedure is modie ed and applied, in the frequency domain, to closed-loop data from a e exible structure control experiment. The results of the analysis are compared to a purely open-loop frequencydomain identie cation approach. Enhancements to the experimental cone guration are also discussed. EEDBACK control for active vibration suppression is an area of signie cant importance to large spaceborne structures. The majorityofcontroldesigntechniquesappliedtothisproblemrequire a mathematical model of the system, compatible with the proposed design methodology. The identie cation of such models has been an area of active research interest within the e exible structure control design community. This paper examines a closed-loop approach to this problem, using frequency-domain data. Several identie cation approaches have received widespread attention, and for the most part, these are open-loop techniques. The
Association of lung function with coronary heart disease and cardiovascular disease outcomes in elderly: the Rancho Bernardo study.

Summary Introduction Lung function is inversely associated with coronary heart disease (CHD) and cardiovascular disease (CVD). We evaluated the prospective association of reduced lung function by spirometry and CHD or CVD events in older community-dwelling adults. Methods We studied 1548 participants (mean age 73.6 ± 9.2 years, 42% males) from the Rancho Bernardo Study using age, sex, and risk-factor adjusted Cox regression to assess pulmonary function (FEV 1 , FVC, and FEV 1 /FVC ratio) as a predictor of CHD and CVD events followed for up to 22 years. Results Of CVD risk factors, older age, male sex, current/past smoking, physical exercise ( 1 and FVC were each associated with a decreased risk of CHD [HR 0.80 (0.73–0.88) for both FEV 1 and FVC, per SD, p 1 and FVC, per SD, p 1 and FVC had hazard ratios of 1.68 (1.33–2.13) and 1.55 (1.21–2.00) respectively for CHD and 1.74 (1.34–2.25) and 1.49 (1.13–1.96) respectively for CVD (all p Conclusions FEV 1 and FVC are inversely associated with risk of future CHD and CVD events in older community-dwelling adults and may add to CVD risk stratification in the elderly.
Cryogenic thermal design overview of the 30-K passively cooled integrated science instrument module (ISIM) for NASA's Next Generation Space Telescope

Baseline configurations for NASA's Next Generation Space Telescope (NGST) include a multi-module science instrument package with near-infrared (near-IR) detectors passively cooled to below 30 K. This integrated science instrument model (ISIM) will also house mid-infrared (mid-IR) detectors that are cooled to 6-7 K with a mechanical cooler or stored cryogen. These complex cooling requirements, combined with the NGST concept of a large deployed aperture optical telescope passively cooled to below 40 K, makes NGST one of the most unique and thermally challenging missions flown to date. This paper describes the current status and baseline thermal/cryogenic systems design and analysis approach for the ISIM. The extreme thermal challenges facing the ISIM are presented along with supporting heat maps and analysis results.
Workspace Delineation of Cable-Actuated Parallel Manipulators

While there is extensive literature available on parallel manipulators in general, there has been much less attention given to cable-driven parallel manipulators. In this paper, we address the problem of analyzing the reachable workspace using the tools of semi-definite programming. We build on earlier work [1, 2] done using similar techniques by deriving limiting conditions that allow us to compute analytic expressions for the boundary of the reachable workspace. We illustrate this computation for a planar parallel manipulator with four actuators.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Human settlements as sociotechnical systems

Abstract In recent times, increasing numbers of people in the world have migrated to the cities. There they have become a part of asociotechnical-economic system from which they must obtain goods and services with which to live, and to which they should contribute their skills and efforts. Many of the goods and services require much money and time to be made available and require joint funding and public approval to be initiated.
Translational-mode dynamics of exchange-biased vortices

Recent investigations of magnetic vortices in ferromagnetic (FM)∕antiferromagnetic bilayer circular dots show that a magnetic vortex pattern can be imprinted in the antiferromagnet when the bilayers are cooled through the blocking temperature of the system after setting the magnetic state in the FM. Here we investigate the effects of the patterned pinning profile on the magnetization dynamics of these exchange-biased magnetic vortices. A magnetic vortex in a micron-sized magnetically soft element exhibits a low-frequency translational dynamic mode and, since the frequency of this mode is defined by the shape of the energy profile of a displaced vortex, the addition of a vortex-shaped pinning-field profile should influence its motion. Micromagnetic simulations show that the frequency scales linearly with the magnitude of the local pinning field. In a 500nm permalloy dot, 15nm thick, a more than twofold increase in the frequency is expected for experimentally realizable exchange-bias fields.
Chariots on Fire: Military Dominance in the Old Testament

Abstract The Hebrew Bible from Exodus to Zechariah communicates Yahweh’s deep displeasure with military self-reliance, of which the symbol is the chariot. The primary criterion of justified war in the Old Testament is trust in Yahweh’s miracle rather than in the strength of chariots and horses, for which Joshua 11 serves as a paradigm. The exodus, conquest of Canaan, failed monarchic experiment, Psalms, and prophets all emphasize God’s opposition to military technology. Not simply a matter of pride or idolatry, weapons of domination are incompatible with the radical social experiment God intends Israel to be.
The Inclinations of Faint Trans-Neptunian Objects

Bernstein et al. found that the population of faint (R> 26) trans-Neptunian objects (TNOs) known at that time was dominated by "Classical" objects, which have low inclinations (i < 5°) and distances of 40-45 AU. Since those observations, the number of faint TNOs whose orbits are sufficiently well known to be classified as "Classical" or "Excited" has grown from 7 to 39. We analyze the dynamical classifications of faint TNOs known today and find that this population is dominated by Excited objects. We discuss some implications of this result.
Imaging mass spectrometry of proteins and peptides: 3D volume reconstruction

As large genomic and proteomic datasets are generated from homogenates of various tissues, the need for information on the spatial localization of their encoded products has become more pressing. Matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionization (MALDI) imaging mass spectrometry (IMS) offers investigators the means with which to unambiguously study peptides and proteins with molecular specificity, and to determine their distribution in two and three dimensions. In the past few years, several parameters have been optimized for IMS, including sample preparation, matrix application and instrumental acquisition parameters (Box 1). These developments have resulted in a high degree of reproducibility in mass accuracy and peak intensities (Supplementary Fig. 1 online). Recently, we have optimized our protocol to be able to increase the number of molecular species analyzed by collecting two sets of sections, covering one set of sections with sinapinic acid for optimal detection of proteins and adjacent sections with 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHB) matrix for the optimal detection of low-mass species, including peptides. Approximately 1,000 peaks can be observed in each dataset (Fig. 1). Furthermore, the sections are collected at an equal distance, 200 mum instead of 400-500 mum used previously, thus enabling the use of virtual z-stacks and three-dimensional (3D) volume renderings to investigate differential localization patterns in much smaller brain structures such as the substantia nigra and the interpeduncular nucleus. Here we present our optimized step-by-step procedure based on previous work in our laboratory, describing how to make 3D volume reconstructions of MALDI IMS data, as applied to the rat brain.
Alkali promotion of nickel catalysts for carbon monoxide methanation

Differential reactor studies of carbon monoxide hydrogenation have been carried out on a series of 8% NiSiO2Al2O3 catalysts in which the supports have been impregnated with increasing amounts of sodium. Magnetic measurements show that the extent of reduction and the nickel crystallite size are not influenced by the sodium on the support. Hydrogen adsorption measurements reveal that the exposed surfaces are in agreement with the crystallite sizes and are not significantly poisoned by the alkali. The turnover number increases with sodium content and passes through a maximum at 0.3% Na with an enhancement by a factor of 6. Kinetic data best fit the surface reaction mechanism for which rate = kKCOPCOPH12H(1 + KCOPCO)2 For KCO, the pre-exponential factor and heat of adsorption are unchanged by Na, but the parameters of k are not. The pre-exponential factor passes through a maximum and the activation energy decreases as the Na level increases. These results are best explained by an initial decrease in acidity, which keeps the nickel surface clean, followed by a poisoning via direct metal interaction or support modification by the alkali.
Glottic closing force in an anesthetized, awake pig model: biomechanical effects on the laryngeal closure reflex resulting from altered central facilitation.

Reflex sphincteric closure of the larynx, essential to lower airway protection, is most efficiently achieved through strong reflex adduction by both vocal cords. Because the conversion of a bilaterally evoked response to a unilaterally evoked one appears anesthesia-dependent, we hypothesized that central facilitation is an essential component of a bilateral adductor reflex and that its disturbance could result in weakened sphincteric closure. Six adult 50 kg pigs were used in this study. During electrical stimulation of the internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve (iSLN) using bipolar platinum -iridium electrodes, the force of the evoked glottic closure response was measured using a pressure transducer positioned between both vocal cords, while electromyographic evoked response was recorded from both thyroarytenoid muscles under varying levels [0.5-1.0 minimal alveolar concentration (MAC)] of isoflurane anesthesia. The force of glottic closure appeared less under deep anesthesia, even with bilatera...
M1A2 tank commander's independent thermal viewer optics: system engineering perspective

As successful as the M1A1 Abrams tank was in the Gulf War, a program has been under way for several years to improve and modernize the M1A1 to keep pace with new threats and to take advantage of new technology. This program has resulted in the M1A2 upgrade program which significantly improves the survivability and lethality of the tank. First, the point-to-point wiring and analog signal processing was replaced with digital processing and control with a modern, aircraft-style digital data bus. Additional command and control aspects of the upgrade greatly improved the situational awareness of the M1A2 commander. Finally, an additional thermal imaging system was added for the commander. This system, the M1A2 Commander's Independent Thermal Viewer (CITV) is the topic of the following paper, which details the design from a system engineering perspective, and a companion paper that presents the optical design perspective.
Effects of storage and radiation on human neutrophil function in vitro.

To better understand the process of time-related functional deterioration which occurs in human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs), we examined the effects of in vitro storage on multiple functional parameters of human PMNs. Single-donor, phlebotomy-collected PMNs were stored at both room temperature and 37°C for 24 and 48 h, then compared to fresh cells from the same donor. Similar numbers of cells were recovered from each storage condition. Cell viability decreased after 37°C storage for 48 h. Cells stored at room temperature for 24 h showed significant depression of multiple functions (bactericidal activity, chemotaxis, aggregation, superoxide production, and oxygen consumption) compared to fresh cells. They contained less vitamin B12 binding protein activity than fresh cells, and by fluorescenceactivated cell-sorter analysis, their forward light scatter and membrane depolarization responses were abnormal. For all parameters examined, cells stored at 37°C were more abnormal than cells stored at room temperature. Stored cells from a patient with myeloperoxidase deficiency lost bactericidal and chemotactic activity after storage at 37°C for 24 h, but cells from a patient with chronic granulomatous disease retained their original bactericidal and chemotactic activity after 37°C storage for 24 h. Radiation, in doses used to prevent graft vs. host disease in leukocyte-transfusion recipients (2500–5000 rads) caused a significant decrease in the mean percentage of continuous flow centrifugation leukapheresis (CFCL) collected PMNs capable of reducing nitroblue tetrazolium. Human PMNs show deterioration of multiple in vitro functions when they are stored and are susceptible to damage by radiation when they are collected by CFCL.
ANALYSIS OF THE RADIAL METAPHYSEAL BAND, HEIGHT VELOCITY AND IGF-I LEVELS IN ISOLATED GROWTH HORMONE DEFICIENT PATIENTS

ANALYSIS OF THE RADIAL METAPHYSEAL BAND, HEIGHT VELOCITY AND IGF-I LEVELS IN ISOLATED GROWTH HORMONE DEFICIENT PATIENTS
Computer visualization of left ventricular geometry during the cardiac cycle

Abstract Mathematical expressions regulating ventricular dimensions during the cardiac cycle have been defined. Classical, static images are limited in comparison with ventriculograms, are not intuitive for teaching, and do not effectively convey effects of hypertrophy or dilatation. Accordingly we developed Tachycardia , an interactive menu-driven graphics program. The program allows three-dimensional visualization of the kinetics of the thick-walled, ellipsoidal left ventricle (LV). The user may specify mass, ejection fraction, end-diastolic volume, major to minor axis ratio, and diastole to systole time ratio. Real-time animation of heart rates ranging from 50–150/min is achieved. A library contains animations representing the normal LV, including dilatation and concentric or eccentric hypertrophy. For comparison of differences in LV geometry among ventricles, multiple animations can be viewed simultaneously. We conclude that computerized animation provides an intuitive understanding of the dynamic geometry of the cardiac cycle. User definition of the visualization can provide clinical utility and teaching value.
Nonlinear signal and image processing with polynomial neural nets

Many natural backgrounds, such as radar clutter from the ocean surface, which were previously thought to be random may be chaotic. Because of the finite dimensionality of a chaotic background, a non-linear signal processor can be trained as a global predictor. The results of a continuing study of polynomial neural nets (PNN), used for global prediction, are described. Encouraging results have been obtained with PNNs for both signal processing (time series) and images. Since PNNs can be trained to predict chaotic backgrounds, threshold target images can be detected by subtracting the predicted background from the target plus background. In this paper we summarize the basis for PNN processing and present recent PNN image processing results using as a chaotic background video images of the ocean surface.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A novel DDS using nonlinear ROM addressing with improved compression ratio and quantization noise

This paper presents a novel direct digital frequency synthesis (DDFS) ROM compression technique based on two properties of a sine function: (a) piecewise linear technique to approximate a sinusoid, and (b) variation in the slope of the sinusoid at different phase angles. In the proposed DDFS architecture the ROM stores a few of the sinusoidal values, and the interpolation points between the successive stored values are calculated using linear arid nonlinear addressing schemes. The nonlinear addressing scheme is used to adaptively vary the number of interpolation points as the slope of the sinusoid changes, leading to a greatly reduced ROM size. The proposed architecture achieves a high compression ratio with a spurious response comparable to that of recent ROM compression techniques. To validate the proposed DDS architecture, the linear, nonlinear, and conventional DDS ROM architectures were implemented in a Xilinx Spartan II FPGA and their spurious performances were compared.
Heart Rate Recovery Predictor of Risk Today and Target of Therapy Tomorrow

How quickly the heart rate recovers after treadmill exercise testing has been the subject of much interest over the last several years. The observations of Imai et al1 first prompted the clinical evaluation of heart rate recovery. In healthy subjects, athletes, and patients with heart failure, they demonstrated that early (within 1 minute) heart rate recovery was principally the result of vagal reactivation. The phenomenon was abolished by atropine, unaffected by β-blockers, independent of workload or age, blunted with heart failure, and accelerated in athletes. The hypothesis joining heart rate recovery and mortality arose from work that associated the autonomic nervous system with sudden cardiac death in the postinfarction setting.2 This hypothesis has developed to the point at which autonomic tone is considered a cardiovascular risk factor.3 Particular interest has focused on the ability of heart rate recovery to predict all-cause mortality.4–13 See p 2851 Michael Lauer’s group from The Cleveland Clinic has been the driving force behind this field of investigation. In this issue of Circulation , these investigators present a further, provocative analysis of data from their center that explores the question of whether heart rate recovery can predict who will survive after coronary revascularization. In their study, Chen et al14 address an issue that is typically dealt with via randomized controlled studies. In lieu of such a trial, they compiled observational data and applied a modified case-control study design. From a group of 8861 patients who underwent treadmill exercise tests with imaging, they found 552 patients who underwent early (ie, within 3 months of the exercise study) coronary revascularization. Using propensity matching, Chen and colleagues were able to match 508 patients from this group with 508 patients from the >8000 patients who did not undergo early revascularization. The final study group of …
Monarch: A High-Assurance Java-to-Java (J2j) Source-Code Migrator

JVM-based processors used in embedded systems are often scaled back versions of the standard JVM which do not support the full set of Java byte codes and native methods assumed by a JVM. As a result, code bases such as Java libraries must be migrated in order make them suitable for execution on the embedded JVM-based processor. This paper describes Monarch, a high-assurance Java-to-java (J2j) source code migrator that we are developing to assist such code migrations.
EXPERIMENTAL POPULATION GENETICS OF MEIOTIC DRIVE SYSTEMS II. ACCUMULATION OF GENETIC MODIFIERS OF SEGREGATION DISTORTER (SD) IN LABORATORY POPULATIONS

The accumulation of modifiers of the meiotic-drive locus Segregation Distorter (SD) in Drosophila melanogaster was monitored by measuring the changes in the mean and variance of drive strength (in terms of "make" value) that occur in laboratory populations when SD and SD+ chromosomes are in direct competition. The particular SD lines used are T(Y;2),SD translocations showing pseudo-Y drive. Four sets of population cages were analyzed. Two sets were monitored for changes in SD fitness and drive strength (presumed to be positively correlated) and analyzed for the presence of autosomal dominant or X-linked modifiers after long periods of time. The remaining two sets were made up of cages either made isogenic or variable for background genetic material, and these were used to test whether the rate of accumulation of modifiers was dependent on initial genetic variability.—Contrary to previous studies in which most suppression of SD action could apparently be attributed to a few dominantly acting modifiers of large effect, the conclusion here is that laboratory populations that are initially free of such major dominant loci evolve to suppress SD action by accumulating polygenic, recessive modifiers, each of small effect, and that much of the required genetic variability can be generated de novo by mutation. Possible explanations for these seemingly incompatible results and the evolutionary implications for SD are considered.
DNA hypomethylation in cancer cells.

DNA hypomethylation was the initial epigenetic abnormality recognized in human tumors. However, for several decades after its independent discovery by two laboratories in 1983, it was often ignored as an unwelcome complication, with almost all of the attention on the hypermethylation of promoters of genes that are silenced in cancers (e.g., tumor-suppressor genes). Because it was subsequently shown that global hypomethylation of DNA in cancer was most closely associated with repeated DNA elements, cancer linked-DNA hypomethylation continued to receive rather little attention. DNA hypomethylation in cancer can no longer be considered an oddity, because recent high-resolution genome-wide studies confirm that DNA hypomethylation is the almost constant companion to hypermethylation of the genome in cancer, just usually (but not always) in different sequences. Methylation changes at individual CpG dyads in cancer can have a high degree of dependence not only on the regional context, but also on neighboring sit...
Purification and chemical characterization of the heat-stable enterotoxin produced by porcine strains of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli.

Abstract Heat-stable enterotoxin (ST) produced by porcine strains of enterotoxigenic (ENT+) Escherichia coli has been purified to apparent homogeneity by sequential ultrafiltration, acetone fractionation, preparative gel electrophoresis, diethylaminoethyl Bio-Gel A ion-exchange chromatography, and Bio-Gel P-10 gel filtration. The enterotoxin, purified more than 1,500-fold, exhibited a molecular weight of 4,400, as determined by both sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis and gel filtration. A molecular weight of 5,100, representing 47 residues, was calculated from amino acid analysis data. The amino acid content was distinctive, with an unusually high proportion of cystines and few hydrophobic amino acids. A single amino-terminal residue, glycine, was observed. Purified ST was stable to heating (100°C, 30 min) and did not lose biological activity after treatment with Pronase, trypsin, proteinase K, deoxyribonuclease, ribonuclease, and phospholipase C. Periodic acid oxidation and several organic solvents (acetone, phenol, chloroform, and methanol) had no effect on the biological activity of ST. Further, purified ST was stable to acid treatment at pH 1.0 but lost biological activity at pH values greater than 9.0. Neither lipopolysaccharide nor lipid contamination was evident in purified preparations. A characteristic absorption spectrum was observed during the course of the purification, which shifted from a maximum at 260 nm in crude preparations to 270 nm for the purified toxin. Antiserum obtained from rabbits immunized with ST or ST coupled to bovine serum albumin neutralized the action of the enterotoxin in suckling mice; however, passive hemagglutination and hemolysis titer assays suggested that ST is a poor antigen.
Emotion, Presidential Communication, and Traumatic News Processing the World Trade Center Attacks

During traumatic national events, attention to the news and scrutiny of leader communication becomes particularly acute. The terrorist actions of September 11, 2001, and ensuing U.S. response focused public attention on the president to an extent unknown before the attacks. This article reports on an experimental study of audience responses to televised news coverage of the World Trade Center attacks. As the coverage of the attacks and compelling images featured on television illustrate, news can be regarded as a type of survival-relevant information with immediate consequences for viewers. Within this framework, the study examines how, in the after-math and ongoing processing of this traumatic event, a political leader's televised behavior evokes emotional and evaluative responses in viewers. For the experiment, adult and student participants were shown a series of news reports featuring negative compelling images of the attacks followed by close-up reactions and statements by President Bush. The news im...
Mycoplasma pneumoniae Infection Presenting as Bullous Papular Purpuric Gloves and Socks Syndrome Novel Association and Review of the Literature

Papular purpuric gloves and socks syndrome (PPGSS) is a self-limited, often febrile illness with symmetric edema and erythema of the hands and feet; papular, petechial, and purpuric acral dermatosis; and mucosal lesions in children and young adults. Most of the cases of PPGSS have been reported to be caused by parvovirus B19 and other viruses. This study describes a case resulting from Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection in an adolescent male and reviews the literature.
Diabetes, minor depression and health care utilization and expenditures: a retrospective database study

Background To estimate the prevalence of minor depression among US adults with diabetes, health care resource utilization, and expenditures by people with diabetes with and without minor depression.
Smart: Everything in one package

Smart is a wonderful start‐up package for the novice and a powerful tool for the experienced personal computer user. The individual modules: database, word‐processor, spreadsheet, communications and time manager, are each comparable to the best single‐purpose packages available.
Wie entsteht der Strahlstrom

Aus den in vorangehenden Kapiteln beschriebenen Beobachtungstatsachen lernten wir, das der Jet-Stream und die Winde in der freien Atmosphare im allgemeinen nicht geradewegs von einem Hochdruckgebiet zum nachsten Tiefdruckgebiet fliesen. Sie stromen also nicht entlang der Fallinie einer Flache konstanten Druckes „talabwarts“, so wie ein Bach unter dem Einflus der Schwerkraft am Abhang eines Berges hinunterrinnen wurde. Der Wind zeigt vielmehr eine Tendenz, parallel zu den Konturlinien zu wehen, wobei er die „Berge“ hohen Druckes im Uhrzeigersinn umstromt, „Taler“ tiefen Druckes dagegen im Gegenuhrzeigersinn. Diese Verhaltnisse gelten in der Nordhemisphare (siehe z. B. Abb. 32 und 33). In der Sudhemisphare gilt der umgekehrte Umlaufsinn.
Open-Domain Fine-Grained Class Extraction from Web Search Queries

This paper introduces a method for extracting fine-grained class labels ( “countries with double taxation agreements with india” ) from Web search queries. The class labels are more numerous and more diverse than those produced by current extraction methods. Also extracted are representative sets of instances (singapore, united kingdom) for the class labels.
The ISSAS Model: Understanding the Information Needs of Sexual Assault Survivors on College Campuses.

Sexual assault is a prevalent, yet underreported and stigmatizing crime that disproportionately affects college-age students. The literature of Library & Information Studies does not currently address the ways in which survivors may seek information after an assault. Blending findings from Psychology and LIS, this study proposes the Information Seeking of Sexual Assault Survivors (ISSAS) model, which examines the seeking process through various stages of healing. The article concludes with directions for future research as well as insights on serving survivors within the academic library while being mindful of one’s appropriate professional role.
Skeletal inflammation and attenuation of Wnt signaling, Wnt ligand expression, and bone formation in atherosclerotic ApoE-null mice

ApoE-null (ApoE-KO) mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD) develop atherosclerosis, due in part to activation of vascular inflammation by oxidized low-density lipoprotein. Since bone loss also occurs in these mice, we used them to investigate the impact of oxidized lipids on bone homeostasis and to search for underlying pathogenic pathways. Four-month-old female ApoE-KO mice fed a HFD for three months exhibited increased levels of oxidized lipids in bone, as well as decreased femoral and vertebral trabecular and cortical bone mass, compared with ApoE-KO mice on normal diet. Despite HFD-induced increase in expression of Alox15, a lipoxygenase that oxidizes LDL and promotes atherogenesis, global deletion of this gene failed to ameliorate the skeletal impact of HFD. Osteoblast number and function were dramatically reduced in trabecular and cortical bone of HFD-fed mice, whereas osteoclast number was modestly reduced only in trabecular bone, indicating that an imbalance in favor of osteoclasts was responsible for HFD-induced bone loss. These changes were associated with decreased osteoblast progenitors and increased monocyte/macrophages in the bone marrow as well as increased expression of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF. HFD also attenuated Wnt signaling as evidenced by reduced expression of Wnt target genes, and it decreased expression of pro-osteoblastogenic Wnt ligands. These results suggest that oxidized lipids decrease bone mass by increasing anti-osteoblastogenic inflammatory cytokines and decreasing pro-osteoblastogenic Wnt ligands.
Prognostic importance of the axillary lymph node ratio in autologous transplantation for high-risk stage II/III breast cancer

The role of autologous peripheral blood progenitor cell (PBPC) transplantation for high-risk stage II/III breast cancer remains controversial. New prognostic indicators defining subsets of patients who may benefit from autologous PBPC transplantation would be clinically useful. The axillary lymph node ratio, defined by the total number of axillary nodes involved with cancer divided by the number of axillary nodes surgically sampled, has been reported to be of potential prognostic importance in transplantation for high-risk, stage II/III breast cancer. We therefore retrospectively reviewed 111 women with high-risk, stage II/III breast cancer with at least four positive axillary lymph nodes undergoing autologous PBPC transplantation from 1991 to June 1999. None of the patients had received prior radiotherapy and all had completed one, and only one, course of at least three cycles of adjuvant chemotherapy. The median number of axillary nodes sampled was 20 (range 6-40) and the median number of positive axillary nodes was 12 (range 4-35). The median node ratio, dividing the number of positive nodes by the number of sampled nodes, was 0.68. Event-free survival was strongly influenced by node ratio. Patients having a node ratio of or = 0.7 with a 5-year event-free survival of 46% (P = 0.03). Forty percent of patients with a high node ratio have relapsed vs 20% with a low node ratio (P = 0.02). Multivariate analysis revealed that positive estrogen receptor status and a node ratio of or = 0.7.
Effects of peripheral and axial substitutions on electronic transitions of tin naphthalocyanines.

Tin naphthalocyanine molecules display strong absorption in the infrared region (IR), making them ideal as components of organic photodiodes and solar cells. We use density functional theory and time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) at the B3LYP level to study the influence of axial and peripheral ligands on the absorption wavelength of tin naphthalocyanines. We find that TD-DFT is successful at reproducing the experimental absorption spectra of free base naphthalocyanine and tin naphthalocyanine molecules and can be used as a reliable tool to predict absorption spectra of substituted naphthalocyanines. Functional groups attached axially to tin (-F, -Cl, -Br, -I) and peripherally to the inner ring (-F, -Cl, -Br, -Ph, -OH, -COCH3, -O(CH2)3CH3) of the tin naphthalocyanine molecule tune the excitation wavelength in the near-infrared region between 770 and 940 nm. While substituents to the outer naphthalocyanine ring (-Cl, -Br) affect the intensity of the absorption peaks in the NIR region, they d...
Dominant lethal effects of thiotepa in male Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae).

The chemosterilizing effects of low concentrations of thiotepa on Aedes aegypti were tested. Three-day-old males were treated with 0.001, 0.0025, and 0.005% thiotepa by allowing them to feed freely for 5 days on sugar cubes containing the chemical mutagen. Egg production, percent hatchability, and productivity (average number of adult progeny surviving over 1 week) were used to assess mutagenic effects. Although egg production was higher in thiotepa-treated groups, the effects were not statistically significant when compared to untreated populations. By contrast, hatchability and the mean number of F1 progeny were reduced at concentrations of 0.001 and 0.0025%. Male sterility was induced with 0.005% thiotepa.
A nonlinear relaxation/quasi-Newton algorithm for the compressible Navier-Stokes equations

A highly efficient implicit method for the computation of steady, two-dimensional compressible Navier-Stokes flowfields is presented. The discretization of the governing equations is hybrid in nature, with flux-vector splitting utilized in the streamwise direction and central differences with flux-limited artificial dissipation used for the transverse fluxes. Line Jacobi relaxation is used to provide a suitable initial guess for a new nonlinear iteration strategy based on line Gauss-Seidel sweeps. The applicability of quasi-Newton methods as convergence accelerators for this and other line relaxation algorithms is discussed, and efficient implementations of such techniques are presented. Convergence histories and comparisons with experimental data are presented for supersonic flow over a flat plate and for several high-speed compression corner interactions. Results indicate a marked improvement in computational efficiency over more conventional upwind relaxation strategies, particularly for flowfields containing large pockets of streamwise subsonic flow.
Evidence for a free troposphere source of mercury in wet deposition in the Western United States.

Mercury (Hg) in wet deposition in the United States is measured as part of the National Atmospheric Deposition Program—Hg Deposition Network (MDN). This study focused on compiling and assessing data collected since 2003 at two sites in Nevada, and at one in Nevada and three in Idaho where data were collected over shorter time intervals. At all locations the highest volume weighted concentrations and deposition were observed in the summer, a time of low precipitation, but high gaseous oxidized Hg (GOM) concentrations. Detailed assessment of high Hg wet deposition events showed variability across the region and higher deposition at the higher elevation sites. Potential Source Contribution Function analyses showed no specific point sources associated with the high Hg wet deposition events, but air masses derived predominantly from the southwest. Although this region has potential local and regional sources of GOM, detailed back trajectory analyses, the environmental setting of Nevada, results from other stud...
The Sense-scapes of Neo-Assyrian Capital Cities: Royal Authority and Bodily Experience

This study approaches the material world of the Neo-Assyrian period in Mesopotamia from the theoretical and methodological standpoint of the field of sensory archaeology. Analysis of relevant royal inscriptions, administrative tablets, bas-reliefs and artefacts excavated from the palaces in the Assyrian capital cities of Nimrud, Khorsabad and Nineveh demonstrates that the Assyrian kings and their courtly advisors participated in activities of biopolitics. The study identifies several phenomena and features of the Assyrian world, including palaces that served as sensorial envelopes, commensal feasts, travelling processions, water-control projects and libation rituals that the Neo-Assyrian royal authority deployed in attempts to control sensory experiences. At the same time, the study reconstructs the sensory experiences of Assyrian bodies as they passed through royally curated structures and landscapes.
Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drug-Induced Renal Dysfunction Related to Inhibition of Renal Prostaglandins

This article reviews the role of prostaglandins (PG) in maintaining renal function in the face of vasoconstrictive substances and decreased renal blood flow. Inhibition of the synthesis of renal PG by nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAID) may lead to the development of hemodynamically induced renal dysfunction in patients with a decreased effective plasma volume or chronic renal insufficiency. The importance of stimulation of renal PG activity to the action of diuretics and a pharmacodynamic mechanism for NSAID-induced diuretic resistance are presented. Evidence for the relative selectivity of sulindac in inhibiting systemic PG without inhibiting renal PG is also reviewed.Inhibition of renal PG synthesis has been postulated to be a contributing factor for other forms of NSAID-induced renal dysfunction (interstitial nephritis, analgesic-associated nephropathy). The relationship between renal PG inhibition by NSAID and these syndromes is briefly discussed.Considering the frequent use of NSAID, it is i...
The Modularity of Large-sized Enterprises : Content, Significance and Method

The author thinks that the modularity of businesses, capability factors and organizational structure is the way to change for large-sized enterprises. The paper studies the evolutionary history of organizational structure in large-sized enterprises, analyzes the contents of modularity of large-sized enterprises and explores the importance of modular organization and modular cluster, which can be used for development and change of large-sized enterprises.
The effect of exercise training with an additional inspiratory load on inspiratory muscle fatigue and time-trial performance.

The purpose was to determine the effect of moderate-intensity exercise training (ET) on inspiratory muscle fatigue (IMF) and if an additional inspiratory load during ET (ET+IL) would further improve inspiratory muscle strength, IMF, and time-trial performance. 15 subjects were randomly divided to ET (n=8) and ET+IL groups (n=7). All subjects completed six weeks of exercise training three days/week at ∼70%VO2peak for 30min. The ET+IL group breathed through an inspiratory muscle trainer (15% PImax) during exercise. 5-mile, and 30-min time-trials were performed pre-training, weeks three and six. Inspiratory muscle strength increased (p 0.05) extent. ET and ET+IL groups improved (p<0.05) 5-mile time-trial performance (∼10% and ∼18%) and the ET+IL group was significantly faster than ET at week 6. ET and ET+IL groups experienced less (p<0.05) IMF compared to pre-training following the 5-mile time-trial. In conclusion, these data suggest ET leads to less IMF, ET+IL improves inspiratory muscle strength and IMF, but not different than ET alone.
Failure Detection and Dynamic Extensions for Behavior-Based Subsumption

Behavior-based and reactive control methods are popular choices for building fast and lightweight intelligent controllers for resource-constrained systems. Reactive methods are extremely useful in highly resource-constrained applications, but at a cost: they tend to be even more susceptible to certain types of failures than deliberative techniques. Without a planner to adapt to changes, even a small failure can result in incorrect behavior from the entire controller. In this paper, we propose extensions to behavior-based subsumption that can detect four types of failures.
Security Implications of Third-Party Accelerators

Third-party accelerators offer system designers high performance and low energy without the market delay of in-house development. However, complex third-party accelerators may include vulnerabilities due to design flaws or malicious intent that are hard to expose during verification. Rather than react to each new vulnerability, it is better to proactively build defenses for classes of attacks. To inspire future work on defenses, this paper develops a taxonomy of accelerator vulnerabilities. We consider the cross product of threat types (confidentiality, integrity, and availability) with risk categories (configuration, computation, termination, accelerator memory accesses, system memory accesses, microarchitecture/coherence, exceptions/interrupts, and power), as well as whether processes can be vulnerable only if they use the offending accelerator (accelerator-scope threat) or even when running in the same system (system-scope threat). Our taxonomy draws attention to a grave problem that needs immediate attention from computer architects.
SEEING BLUE: POLICE REFORM, OCCUPATIONAL CULTURE, AND COGNITIVE BURN-IN

For over half a century, police reform in the United States has been guided by a broadly shared set of assumptions about the nature of the police subculture and its central importance in shaping the behavior of the police. Those assumptions - that police officers think alike; that they are paranoid, insular, and intolerant; that they intransigently oppose change; that they must be rigidly controlled from the outside, or at least from the top - made a good deal of sense in the 1950s, 1960s, and early 1970s, but make less sense today. Nonetheless lawyers, scholars, and reformers still tend to think of the police rank-and-file as sharing a monolithic occupational mindset, and still tend to treat this mindset as the chief impediment to law enforcement that is fairer, more effective, and more humane. This view of the police makes it hard to see differences between officers, new complexities of police identity, and dynamic processes within the police workforce. It has led us to neglect some important avenues of reform, by diverting attention from the internal design of police departments, the differences between officers, and the possibility of giving rank-and-file officers a larger, collective role in the shaping of their work. It has diverted attention, too, from certain emerging challenges in policing, including the possibility that the recent, dramatic diversification of police workforces may be stalling, and the dangers posed the expansion of private policing and its characteristic culture of managerialism.
Stability of stratified downslope flows with an overlying stagnant isolating layer

We investigate the dynamic stability of stratified flow configurations characteristic of hydraulically controlled downslope flow over topography. Extraction of the correct ‘base state’ for stability analysis from spatially and temporally evolving flows that exhibit instability is not easy since the observed flow in most cases has already been modified by nonlinear interactions between the instability modes and the mean flow. Analytical studies, however, can yield steady solutions under idealized conditions which can then be analysed for stability. Following the latter approach, we study flow profiles whose essential character is determined by recently obtained solutions of Winters & Armi (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 753, 2014, pp. 80–103) for topographically controlled stratified flows. Their condition of optimal control necessitates a streamline bifurcation which then naturally produces a stagnant isolating layer overlying an accelerating stratified jet in the lee of the topography. We show that the inclusion of the isolating layer is an essential component of the stability analysis and further clarify the nature and mechanism of the instability in light of the wave-interaction theory. The spatial stability problem is also briefly examined in order to estimate the downstream location where finite-amplitude features might be manifested in streamwise slowly varying flows over topography.
Cholangiocarcinoma: Current Knowledge and New Developments

Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is the second most common primary malignancy. Although it is more common in Asia, its incidence in Europe and North America has significantly increased in recent decades. The prognosis of CCA is dismal. Surgery is the only potentially curative treatment, but the majority of patients present with advanced stage disease, and recurrence after resection is common. Over the last two decades, our understanding of the molecular biology of this malignancy has increased tremendously, diagnostic techniques have evolved, and novel therapeutic approaches have been established. This review discusses the changing epidemiologic trends and provides an overview of newly identified etiologic risk factors for CCA. Furthermore, the molecular pathogenesis is discussed as well as the influence of etiology and biliary location on the mutational landscape of CCA. This review provides an overview of the diagnostic evaluation of CCA and its staging systems. Finally, new therapeutic options are critically reviewed, and future therapeutic strategies discussed.
Enoxaparin dose reduction for thrombocytopenia in patients with cancer: a quality assessment study.

The development of thrombocytopenia in the setting of therapeutic anticoagulation for venous thromboembolic disease (VTE) is common in cancer patients, but guidelines for management are based on limited past data and have not been validated. In 2011, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) implemented the following guidelines in this setting: administer full dose enoxaparin for a platelet count > 50,000/mcL, half-dose enoxaparin for a platelet count of 25,000–50,000/mcL, and hold anticoagulation for a platelet count < 25,000/mcL. We now report validation of safety and efficacy of these guidelines. As a Quality Assessment Initiative, we evaluated our guidelines for adult cancer patients at MSKCC who were on therapeutic-dose enoxaparin for VTE during the years 2011 through 2013 and experienced at least one 7-day period of thrombocytopenia (platelet count ≤ 50,000/mcL). We assessed adherence to the enoxaparin dose modification guidelines, major bleeding, clinically relevant non-major bleeding, recurrent VTE, and mortality during the thrombocytopenic episodes. We identified 99 patients with 140 episodes of thrombocytopenia of 7 or more days. The median duration of these thrombocytopenic episodes was 12 days. The enoxaparin dose was modified in 133 of the 140 episodes (95%), reflecting satisfactory adherence to our institutional guidelines. There were no recurrent VTE events or major bleeding episodes when the anticoagulant dose was reduced or held. In this cohort, there was only one major bleeding episode, a trauma-associated retroperitoneal hemorrhage that occurred on the third day of a thrombocytopenic episode, prior to enoxaparin dose modification. There were 13 clinically relevant non-major bleeding episodes. Lastly, 10 patients died of cancer-related causes during an episode of thrombocytopenia. This Quality Assessment Initiative supports the safety and efficacy of our guidelines for therapeutic enoxaparin dose modification.
rG-CSF reduces endotoxemia and improves survival duringE. coli pneumonia

Freeman, Bradley D., Zenaide Quezado, Fabrice Zeni, Charles Natanson, Robert L. Danner, Steven Banks, Marcello Quezado, Yvonne Fitz, John Bacher, and Peter Q. Eichacker. rG-CSF reduces endotoxemia ...