cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Integrative Democracy: Mary Parker Follett’s Integration and Deliberative Democracy

In recent years there has been a resurgence of interest in the work of Mary Parker Follett by scholars of management and public administration, but the acute relevance of Follett’s work to deliberative democracy has yet to be fully appreciated. In her 1918 work The New State Follett articulates a normative political theory that I refer to as Integrative democracy, which can be seen as an alternative formulation of deliberative democracy that is based on an activity that Follett refers to as integration rather than deliberation. In this paper I first present two contemporary challenges faced by deliberative democrats: how deliberation itself ought to be defined, and whether or not deliberation produces epistemic benefits in comparison to non-deliberative voting. I then show how Follett’s theory is able to respond to both of these criticisms. Finally, I discuss how Follett’s theory may need to be extended or modified to deal with challenges highlighted by the recent systemic turn in deliberative theory.
Medial branch radiofrequency ablation outcomes in patients with centralized pain

Background and objectives We hypothesized that patients with characteristics of centralized pain (fibromyalgia (FM)-like phenotype) would be less likely to respond to radiofrequency ablation (RFA), which may explain some of the failures of this peripherally directed therapy. Methods We conducted a prospective, observational study of patients undergoing RFA using a number of validated self-report measures of pain, mood and function. The 2011 Fibromyalgia Survey Criteria were used to assess for symptoms of centralized pain and was the primary predictor of interest. We constructed multivariable linear regression models to evaluate covariates independently associated with change in pain 3 months after RFA. Results 141 patients scheduled for medial branch blocks were enrolled in the study; 55 underwent RFA (51 with complete 3 months’ follow-up). Patients with higher FM scores had less improvement in overall body pain; however, this was not statistically significant (adjusted mean change in pain FM+0.41, FM−1.11, p=0.396). In a secondary analysis, the FM score was not associated with change in back pain (p=0.720), with both groups improving equally. This cohort also reported significant improvement in anxiety, physical function, catastrophizing, and sleep disturbance at 3 months after RFA. Conclusions Although patients with high baseline centralized pain exhibited less improvement in overall pain, this trend was not statistically significant, possibly due to insufficient power. The same trend was not seen with change in spine pain with both groups improving equally. Centralized pain patients may have less improvement in overall pain but may have equal improvement in their site-specific pain levels after localized interventions.
Perspectives on the draft ICH-M10 guidance: an interview with John Kadavil

Biography Dr Kadavil received his bachelor's degree in biochemistry from the University of Maryland, Baltimore County. He then received his PhD in molecular pharmacology and experimental therapeuti...
Restructuring Research Universities to Advance Transdisciplinary Collaboration

Whether the context for knowledge production and innovation is the set of major research universities, system of government agencies and federal laboratories, or the research and development efforts of industry, boundary-spanning and transdisciplinary collaborative engagement is essential in addressing the complex scientific and technological challenges that confront society. Effective transdisciplinary collaboration, however, requires an optimally configured institutional framework as well as an academic culture conducive to innovation. Despite broad consensus regarding the imperative for transdisciplinarity, however, disciplinary acculturation continues to shape successive generations of scientists, scholars, and practitioners while the traditional correlation between disciplines and departments persists as the basis for academic organization. This chapter thus examines aspects of the accommodation of transdisciplinarity within the set of American research universities relevant to the advancement of team science and offers a case study of the restructuring of academic organization undertaken to advance transdisciplinary collaboration at Arizona State University.
Developing Age-appropriate Icons and Asthma Action Plans for Children

Asthma is the most common childhood chronic illness. Patients with asthma are recommended to have an asthma action plan (AAP) for long-term control and responding to worsening asthma symptoms. We investigated a mobile icon-based AAP (I-BAAP) to understand whether children comprehend the AAP and the icons which are a part of it. We conducted a 2-part study with 14 participants where we (1) assessed the comprehension via translucency rating of the icons (2) evaluated the comprehensibility and usability of the AAP through a scenario test. We compared our results of children with the results of caregivers in the previous study. Our study shows that there is a difference between children and caregivers in terms of the comprehension of the icons and I-BAAP. Redesign or adjustments of the icons and mobile I-BAAP are needed to accommodate the children's needs. We iterated the design and concluded with recommendations about how to improve mobile I-BAAP for asthmatic children.
A fast, low-memory, and stable algorithm for implementing multicomponent transport in direct numerical simulations

Abstract Implementing multicomponent diffusion models in reacting-flow simulations is computationally expensive due to the challenges involved in calculating diffusion coefficients. Instead, mixture-averaged diffusion treatments are typically used to avoid these costs. However, to our knowledge, the accuracy and appropriateness of the mixture-averaged diffusion models has not been verified for three-dimensional turbulent premixed flames. In this study we propose a fast, efficient, low-memory algorithm and use that to evaluate the role of multicomponent mass diffusion in reacting-flow simulations. Direct numerical simulation of these flames is performed by implementing the Stefan–Maxwell equations in NGA. A semi-implicit algorithm decreases the computational expense of inverting the full multicomponent ordinary diffusion array while maintaining accuracy and fidelity. We first verify the method by performing one-dimensional simulations of premixed hydrogen flames and compare with matching cases in Cantera. We demonstrate the algorithm to be stable, and its performance scales approximately with the number of species squared. Then, as an initial study of multicomponent diffusion, we simulate premixed, three-dimensional turbulent hydrogen flames, neglecting secondary Soret and Dufour effects. Simulation conditions are carefully selected to match previously published results and ensure valid comparison. Our results show that using the mixture-averaged diffusion assumption leads to a 15% under-prediction of the normalized turbulent flame speed for a premixed hydrogen-air flame. This difference in the turbulent flame speed motivates further study into using the mixture-averaged diffusion assumption for DNS of moderate-to-high Karlovitz number flames.
Effects of Leading-Edge Tubercles on Dynamically Pitching Airfoils

The hydrodynamic effects of leading-edge (LE) tubercles, inspired by the flipper of humpback whales, has become a subject of interest for the control of flow over lifting surfaces. The primary focus of these efforts has centered on static cases where the angle-of-attack (AoA) of the flow is held constant. However, given the dynamic nature of the use of these flippers by humpback whales, there may also be benefit in dynamic scenarios as well. The investigation of flow control of dynamically actuated airfoils with LE tubercles is much more limited compared with the static studies. The results to date show that these bio-inspired airfoils expand the operating envelope for dynamic stall by enhancing lift and delaying stall to higher angles. These results indicate that applications such as on helicopter rotors and wind turbines may be able to avoid the detrimental effects of dynamic stall leading to more efficient devices, or to even better utilize its effects.
The effects of practitioner‑delivered school‑based mental health on aggression and violence victimization in middle schoolers

The negative consequences for victims and perpetrators of school violence are significant, multifaceted and, if left unchecked, can have personal costs that may last well into their adult lives. Universal violence preventive interventions may not be sufficiently effective in mitigating problems among middle school youth who exhibit risk of violent behavior. School-based mental health (SBMH) approaches show promise for reducing problems among the minority of youth responsible for violence perpetration, although the impact of teacher-delivered SBMH has been somewhat limited. The present study examines the impact of practitioner-delivered SBMH in middle school settings, with (a) a three-armed randomized controlled trial (RCT) comparing Expanded SBMH and Enhanced SBMH to Standard SBMH and (b) a separate quasi-experiment comparing the three SBMH arms in the RCT to a separate set of non-randomized, non-SBMH schools. SBMH schools who expanded their services saw decreases in aggressive behavior and victimization, across both study structures, that were either statistically significant, meaningful based on Cohen effect size conventions or both. These results suggest that the expansion of practitioner-delivered mental health services to youth who are at risk of violence perpetration, but would otherwise be ineligible for, or unable to afford, services achieves a significant impact on the larger school environment.
Partial Packet Duplication: Control of Fade and Non-Fade Duration Outages Using Matrix Exponential Distributions

We propose partial packet duplication; when cellular dual connectivity is available we propose to duplicate only during some portion of the time as needed. This satisfies reliability constraints defined as (1) the probability of fades staying shorter than a certain duration and (2) the probability of non-fades (i.e., time back above the SINR threshold) lasting longer than a certain duration. Fade durations and non-fade durations have been estimated in the literature to fit exponential distributions. We also choose exponential random variables to control duplication processes, which allows Markov chain modeling of the entire process. Using matrix exponential distribution formulations of the Markov chain in the context of partial packet duplication, we fully describe the partial packet duplication behavior, examine asymptotic performance, and define ranges of duplication parameters that meet both fade and non-fade duration constraints. Then we choose the best parameters that minimize resources used on the secondary link for packet duplication.
Thoracoscopic repair of congenital esophageal atresia in neonates: a report of 69 cases

Objective To evaluate our experiences in thoracoscopic repair of congenital esophageal atresia with tracheoesophageal fistula (EATEF) in neonates.Methods The 3-trocar thoracoscopic procedures of esophageal anastomosis and fistula ligation were performed for 69 neonates from January 2010 to January 2014.There were 42 males and 27 females with an age range of 1-48 days and a body weight of 1.4-3.5 kg.In all cases,the diagnosis was made based on esophageal radiological contrast plus echocardiography and abdominal ultrasonography.At the end of procedure,a chest tube was implanted.Results A total of 69 patients underwent thoracoscopic repair.And 63 had one-stage repair successfully.Two operations were converted into open thoracotomy and 4 cases had to be staged due to a long gap between 2 esophageal segments.The average operative duration was 123-± 39 (73-205)min.The amount of bleeding was ＜10 ml except for 40 ml in one case.The mean length of mechani cal ventilation was (2.7 ± 2.3) days.Nine cases had anastomotic leak.The follow-up period was 2-45 months.And 25 neonates developed anastomotic stricture and required esophageal dilatation 1 to 18 times.Recurrent fistula between esophagus and trachea developed in 4 cases.Later one case required laparoscopic fundoplication.And six cases died.Conclusions The thoracoscopic procedure is both safe and effective in the treatment of EATEF.Initial attempts result in a higher incidence of such complications as stricture and leak.Better outcomes may be achieved with technique refinements. Key words: Thoracoscopy; Esophageal atresia; Tracheoesophageal fistula
A communal perspective of occupation: Community change in a senior center welcoming Spanish-speaking immigrants

Occupational scientists across the globe are increasingly attending to social change and its connection to occupation and communities. The discipline is actively studying the role of communal every...
Reactive Oxygen Species as Mediators of Gametophyte Development and Double Fertilization in Flowering Plants.

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are toxic by-products of aerobic metabolism. In plants, they also function as important signaling molecules that regulate biotic and abiotic stress responses as well as plant growth and development. Recent studies have implicated ROS in various aspects of plant reproduction. In male gametophytes, ROS are associated with germline development as well as the developmentally associated programmed cell death of tapetal cells necessary for microspore development. ROS have a role in regulation of female gametophyte patterning and maintenance of embryo sac polarity. During pollination, ROS play roles in the generation of self-incompatibility response during pollen-pistil interaction, pollen tube growth, pollen tube burst for sperm release and fertilization. In this mini review, we provide an overview of ROS production and signaling in the context of plant reproductive development, from female and male gametophyte development to fertilization.
Race, inequality, and social capital in the U.S. counties

This study examines how the interplay between racial diversity and economic inequality affects variations of social capital in the U.S. counties. In general, racial and economic heterogeneity is as...
Curb appeal: how temporary weather patterns affect house prices

For decades, economists have examined the myriad variables that affect real estate value, from individual house characteristics to neighborhood amenities. Yet one variable, weather, has attracted little attention thus far. This is true despite widespread agreement that much of a home’s value rests on curb appeal, or how a home looks from the street, which could significantly change based on weather. Given that housing stock is the main store of wealth for many households, it is important to understand what impact climate can have on asset value. I utilize a large data set that comprises 185,000 sales of 96,000 single-family homes to ascertain the effect of various weather conditions on house prices. By using a fixed effects framework that isolates intra-property price changes, time-invariant omitted variable bias is accounted for, and the causal effect of weather on home prices can plausibly be determined. In the winter, the results indicate cold weather is associated with an increase in price. In the summer, precipitation affects price, but the sign and magnitude of the impact depend on the temperature. The magnitudes are small but highly statistically significant. These results show that home buyers and sellers are affected by temporary weather conditions.
Image-based biophysical modeling predicts cortical potentials evoked with subthalamic deep brain stimulation.

Abstract Background Subthalamic deep brain stimulation (DBS) is an effective surgical treatment for Parkinson’s disease and continues to advance technologically with an enormous parameter space. As such, in-silico DBS modeling systems have become common tools for research and development, but their underlying methods have yet to be standardized and validated. Objective Evaluate the accuracy of patient-specific estimates of neural pathway activations in the subthalamic region against intracranial, cortical evoked potential (EP) recordings. Methods Pathway activations were modeled in eleven patients using the latest advances in connectomic modeling of subthalamic DBS, focusing on the hyperdirect pathway (HDP) and corticospinal/bulbar tract (CSBT) for their relevance in human research studies. Correlations between pathway activations and respective EP amplitudes were quantified. Results Good model performance required accurate lead localization and image fusions, as well as appropriate selection of fiber diameter in the biophysical model. While optimal model parameters varied across patients, good performance could be achieved using a global set of parameters that explained 60% and 73% of electrophysiologic activations of CSBT and HDP, respectively. Moreover, restricted models fit to only EP amplitudes of eight standard (monopolar and bipolar) electrode configurations were able to extrapolate variation in EP amplitudes across other directional electrode configurations and stimulation parameters, with no significant reduction in model performance across the cohort. Conclusions Our findings demonstrate that connectomic models of DBS with sufficient anatomical and electrical details can predict recruitment dynamics of white matter. These results will help to define connectomic modeling standards for preoperative surgical targeting and postoperative patient programming applications.
Melodie: A Design Inquiry into Accessible Crafting through Audio-enhanced Weaving

Despite the promise of the maker movement as empowering individuals and democratizing design, people with disabilities still face many barriers to participation. Recent work has highlighted the inaccessible nature of making and introduced more accessible maker technologies, practices, and workspaces. One less explored area of accessible making involves supporting more traditional forms of craftwork, such as weaving and fiber arts. The present study reports an analysis of existing practices at a weaving studio within a residential community for people with vision impairments and explores the creation of an audio-enhanced loom to support this practice. Our iterative design process began with 60 hours of field observations at the weaving studio, complemented by 15 interviews with residents and instructors at the community. These insights informed the design of Melodie, an interactive floor loom that senses and provides audio feedback during weaving. Our design exploration of Melodie revealed four scenarios of use among this community: promoting learning among novice weavers, raising awareness of system state, enhancing the aesthetics of weaving, and supporting artistic performance. We identify recommendations for designing audio-enhanced technologies that promote accessible crafting and reflect on the role of technology in predominantly manual craftwork.
Severity of Myocardial Nuclear Perfusion Imaging Defects is Associated with Late Gadolinium Uptake on Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging

1624 Introduction: Myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) with single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) is a widely used diagnostic tool in the evaluation for obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD). Patients with CAD or myocardial infarction may harbor varying degrees of myocardial scar, so called “fixed” defects, which portends increased mortality risk. Despite this, there are a paucity of studies that have investigated the correlation between SPECT assessment of fixed (scar) defects with scar identification on cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). We hypothesize that increasing SPECT perfusion segment defects correlates with greater scar burden by cardiac MRI. Methods: We performed a retrospective study (2010‑2019) in patients referred for both cardiac MPI and MRI, and were within 180 days apart. MPI fixed defect grading followed standardized guidelines: 1=mild, 2=moderate, 3= severe, 4=absent. MRI late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) was categorized in accordance with universally established protocols and served as the reference. We excluded patients with any cardiovascular events between MPI and cMRI, and patients with nonischemic cardiomyopathy. We used Spearman’s Rank Correlation and Fisher’s z‑transformation to obtain correlations Coefficients. Results: A total 185 patients and 3,145 segments (185 patients x 17 myocardial segments) were analyzed. The patient mean age of the studied population was 65 ± 11 and majority were males (71%). The most severe (grade 4 MPI) defects demonstrated a specificity 91% to predict >50% scar tissue thickness on MRI (likelihood ratio: 6.3). In addition, on a per segment basis, SPECT myocardial segments relating to left anterior descending (LAD) and left circumflex (LCx) territories demonstrated a moderate and significant correlation with MRI LGE scar as compared to the right coronary artery (RCA) myocardial segments (Figure 1). This relationship was strongest in males over age 65 with known CAD (p Conclusions: Increasing severity of SPECT perfusion defects correlates with increased scar on MRI. This relationship is strongest for the most severe perfusion defects, LAD/LCx distribution (compared to RCA territory), male gender, and age over 65 with CAD. These findings underscore the clinical relevance of SPECT assessed fixed defects. The use of prone imaging to resolve inferior wall SPECT perfusion defects may improve the accuracy and interpretation of myocardial segments along the RCA territory, and the correlation with MRI detected scar. These findings warrant further investigation in large prospective studies.
3D Privacy Framework: The Citizen Value Driven Privacy Framework

The promises of smart cities continue to overwhelm many people eager to live in them. Simultaneously, many people are still concerned about the increasing privacy risks associated with the core of the promises. The core of smart cities’ promises lies in generating and using data to enable urban technologies that provide, to some degree, value-added services and opportunities for both cities and their citizens. The promises of smart cities highlight three interdependent dimensions, namely the information type, purpose, and value that provide the basis of studying and addressing privacy concerns to enable successful smart cities. This paper presents a 3D privacy framework based on three interdependent dimensions that build on existing citizens’ privacy models [1] and framework [2] to hypothesize when citizens are likely to accept smart city technologies with privacy concerns, when citizens are more likely to accept trading their privacy for the provided valued services under defined regulations, and when citizens are likely to protest and disregard smart cities technologies altogether. The 3D privacy framework highlights new ways of evaluating how technologies impact citizens’ privacy and encourages adopting new ways to lessen citizens’ privacy concerns by implementing technology-specific agile regulation based on the metrics of security. Some specific examples of smart city technologies are discussed to illustrate the practicality and usefulness of the proposed 3D privacy framework in the smart cities’ space.
On the origin of internal obstacles to dislocation glide in single-phase NiFe random alloys

Abstract Over the past decade, a new class of unconventional alloys, where several constitutive elements are presented in close to equal concentrations, is considered as promising structural materials in many applications. Properties and behavior of many concentrated solid solution alloys (CSSAs) under different conditions, including mechanical loading, differs from that of conventional alloys and has been the subject of intensive studies by different techniques. A key feature of these materials is that there is no clear distinction between solute and solvent species of atoms, which is the conventional approach to considering dislocation motion in alloys. To understand this regime, we have recently reported on the glide of a screw dislocation glide in a simple equiatomic NiFe alloy and reported the two-mode character. At low applied stress, the dislocation motion is similar to a glide through a field of obstacles. In this paper, we report the results of a detailed study on the nature of these internal obstacles. We demonstrate that these are not conventional localized “obstacles” but is the result of significantly different energies of instantaneous dislocation configurations over the alloy bulk. The strong pinning positions are associated with composition changes in the partial dislocation cores, while observing no significant composition changes along the stacking faults . Local energies can vary significantly, as demonstrated using simulations of short-periodicity dislocation lines. Therefore, the critical stress to move a dislocation under such conditions is not a constant Peierls stress but represents a wide spectrum of barriers between different non-straight valleys that the dislocation line accommodates in the bulk at particular stress/strain conditions.
The Natural History of Alcoholism Revisited

* The Problem * Part I: What Is Alcoholism? *1. Is Alcoholism a Unitary Disorder? *2. The Etiology of Alcoholism *3. The Natural History of Alcoholism * Part II: Patterns of Recovery *4. Paths into Abstinence *5. Return to Asymptomatic Drinking * Part III: Methodology *6. The Simple *7. The Measures * Part IV: Lessons for Treatment *8. The Doctor's Dilemma *9. Suggestions for Would-Be Helpers * A Summing Up * Appendix: Measurement Scales * Index
America's Wasted Talent: A Karplus Lecture

Millions of young people who could achieve in mathematics and science are being discouraged or prevented from studying these subjects. Access to jobs, status and power in a high-tech, information economy depends upon mastery of these fields, but erroneous beliefs about aptitude are limiting the options for young women, students of color and students from poverty. Curriculum reform efforts are exciting, much-needed improvements, but the single most important change we need is a national consciousness raising. We should hold high expectations for all students and expect virtually all of them to achieve. Outdated and false notions about which groups possess the aptitude for technical subjects should not be used as barriers to access.
Sovereignty and its Discontents: On the Primacy of Conflict and the Structure of the Political

Part 1 - Politics as Conflict: Conflict as a Vocation: Schmitt, Lyotard, Luhmann A Just War? Or Just a War? Schmitt vs Habermas So You Say You Want a Revolution: Brecht vs Brecht.Part 2 - Sovereignty and Original Sin: Guilt as Religion: Benjamin From Sovereign Ban to Banning Sovereignty: Agamben Persistent Sovereignty: Hardt and Negri. Part 3 - Even Unto the End of the World: 'For There is no Difference Between the Jew and the Greek': The Legacy of St Paul Human Rights as Geopolitics: from Vitoria to Rawls.
Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Modulates Cerebellar Plasticity and Synaptic Ultrastructure

Neurotrophins are key regulators of neuronal survival and function. Here we show that TrkB, the receptor for brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), is located at parallel fiber to Purkinje cell (PF/PC) synapses of the cerebellum. To determine the effects of TrkB receptor activation on synapse formation and function, we examined the parallel fiber to Purkinje cell synapses of mice with a targeted deletion of the BDNF gene. Although Purkinje cell dendrites are abnormal in BDNF −/− mice, PF/PC synapses are still able to form. Immunohistochemical analysis of mutant animals revealed the formation of numerous PF/PC synapses with the appropriate apposition of presynaptic and postsynaptic proteins. These synapses are functional, and no differences were detected in the waveform of evoked EPSCs, the amplitude of spontaneous mini-EPSCs, or the response to prolonged 10 Hz stimulus trains. However, paired-pulse facilitation, a form of short-term plasticity, is significantly decreased in BDNF −/− mice. Detailed ultrastructural analysis of the presynaptic terminals demonstrated that this change in synaptic function is accompanied by an increase in the total number of synaptic vesicles in mutant mice and a decrease in the proportion of vesicles that are docked. These data suggest that BDNF regulates both the mechanisms that underlie short-term synaptic plasticity and the steady-state relationship between different vesicle pools within the terminal.
Survey of Residential and Intermediate Photovoltaic Applications

The United States Department of Energy (DOE) Pnotovoltaics Program, as a part of its Tests and Applications activity, pursues construction and operation of residential and intermediate size photovoltaic power systems in a user environment. Systems currently operational or in construction range in size from 5 kWp to 225 kWp. This paper surveys these projects and their applications.
After the GAO Report: What Do We Know About Public Election Funding?

Abstract In June of 2010, the United States Government Accountability Office (GAO) released a report that evaluates the effects of full public funding in Arizona and Maine. The report seeks to evaluate the policy effects of public funding in the states with regard to several stated goals of its supporters, including slower campaign spending growth, diminished interest group influence, enhanced political participation, and heightened electoral competitiveness. The GAO's paper is timely considering that full funding programs are becoming both more common and more visible to the public at large. The GAO's analysis contains several interesting findings, and its publication marks a good opportunity for political scientists and policy analysts to compare notes. Combining the contributions from each provides a more complete picture of what is known and unknown in the study of publicly funded elections. This article reviews the findings of the GAO report as well as those of a growing number of scholars who have e...
Display and interpretation of a time-spread underwater acoustic channel's bandlimited impulse response

A useful technique for displaying the complex envelope of the band limited impulse response of a time-varying channel is presented. This impulse response measurement is also the approximate delay spread function of the channel. This is an illustration of a display of a complex-valued function of two independent variables (e.g. time and time-delay). The utility of the display is emphasized by propagation examples from the MIMI experiment [5] in the Straits of Florida. Channel characteristics readily observed from a twelve hour display are delay spread, multipath structure, individual path propagation time, and correlation of channel structure with scalar measurements of the channel.
Joint Polar Satellite System: The United States next generation civilian polar‐orbiting environmental satellite system

[1] NOAA's next generation polar-orbiting environmental satellite system, designated as the Joint Polar Satellite System (JPSS), was proposed in February 2010, as part of the President's Fiscal Year 2011 budget request, to be the Civilian successor to the restructured National Polar-Orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite System (NPOESS). Beginning 1 October 2013, the JPSS baseline consists of a suite of five instruments: advanced microwave and infrared sounders critical for short- and medium-range weather forecasting; an advanced visible and infrared imager needed for environmental assessments such as snow/ice cover, droughts, volcanic ash, forest fires and surface temperature; ozone sensor primarily used for global monitoring of ozone and input to weather and climate models; and an Earth radiation budget sensor for monitoring the Earth's energy budget. NASA will fund the Earth radiation budget sensor and the ozone limb sensor for the second JPSS operational satellite—JPSS-2. JPSS is implemented through a partnership between NOAA and the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). NOAA is responsible for overall funding; maintaining the high-level requirements; establishing international and interagency partnerships; developing the science and algorithms, and user engagement; NOAA also provides product data distribution and archiving of JPSS data. NASA's role is to serve as acquisition Center of Excellence, providing acquisition of instruments, spacecraft and the multimission ground system, and early mission implementation through turnover to NOAA for operations.
Molecular dynamics based study and characterization of deformation mechanisms near a crack in a crystalline material

Abstract Modeling crack propagation in crystalline materials is a challenging enterprise due to complexities induced by the interaction of the crack with various deformation mechanisms such as dislocation, micro twin, stacking faults etc.. As a first step toward the development of physics-based models of deformation in the presence of a crack, this paper proposes a comprehensive approach based on molecular dynamics simulations of a crystalline material with an embedded crack. The MD-based framework invokes a sequence of four tasks to accomplish the overall goal, viz. (i) MD simulation, (ii) characterization of atomic-level crack and deformation mechanisms, (iii) quantification of atomic-level deformation mechanisms and crack, and (iv) response analysis. Effective characterization methods like CNA, DXA and deformation gradient analysis followed by quantification are able to delineate the crack length/opening, dislocation structure and microtwins at a high resolution. Interactions of the crack with the dislocation networks and microtwins under mode I loading conditions are investigated for different lattice orientations. Crystal orientation has significant effect on the mechanisms activation and evolution. An important study is made through partitioning of the total energy into recoverable elastic energy, defect energy and inelastic dissipation, and correlating them with deformation characteristics such as dislocation density and twin volume fraction. Finally, a simple mechanistic model of deformation is developed, which associates dislocation density evolution with the stress–strain response in a crystalline material in the presence of a crack. Results show good quantitative agreement of material softening and hardening behavior with direct MD simulation results. The model can be further used to estimate the range of strain-rates that may be applied for physically meaningful MD simulations.
Potential Dangers of Simplifying Combined Sewer Hydrologic/Hydraulic Models

In large combined- and storm-sewer systems it is impractical to model every pipe, manhole, and component of the system. Time and budget constraints, combined with a lack of relevant input data, compel modelers to make assumptions in a quest to create a simplified model that adequately represents the hydrologic and hydraulic behavior of the system. Two of the most commonly applied simplification techniques are conduit skeletonization and subcatchment aggregation. This paper aims to highlight the potential dangers of making such simplifications, allowing modelers to make qualified simplifying assumptions. A base model and four simplified models were tested for a small (5.2 ha) catchment in Chicago using the simulation packages ILLUDAS, HEC-HMS, and InfoSWMM. In addition, a base model and five simplified models were compared for a 341 ha catchment using InfoSWMM. The effects of conduit skeletonization and subcatchment aggregation were found to be dependent on the simulation package being used and sensitive t...
Animal models of oxidative stress, aging, and therapeutic antioxidant interventions

Oxidative stress is a ubiquitous phenomena in all cell types, and it is primarily produced in mitochondria which are essential for multicellular life. Oxidative stress targets can be wide ranging and include nucleic acids and a variety of macromolecules. This review discusses the role of oxidative stress in the context of animal models, focusing in particular on animal models of aging, as well as the development of a new class of therapeutic small molecular weight antioxidants that have proven effective in extending the lifespan of a simple invertebrate nematode.
9,000 Years of Settlement in the Carrington Point Area of Santa Rosa Island, Alta California

Systematic radiocarbon dating of coastal shell middens is a useful method for obtaining basic chronological information about archaeological sites that are threatened by coastal erosion, or for conducting reconnaissance in an area where little is known about the settlement history. This study focuses on radiocarbon dating of archaeological sites across the marine terrace adjacent to Carrington Point, Santa Rosa Island, California. This area has seen limited archaeological research compared to other portions of the island. Results suggest that settlement of this area was not constrained by known environmental or cultural patterns. When compared to other areas where similar systematic radiocarbon dating has been performed, no single factor can explain settlement decisions throughout the Northern Channel Islands. Although resource use at a single site may be heavily determined by environmental factors and regional settlement patterns are influenced by broad cultural trends, mid-scale patterns may also be con...
Mechanisms and reversibility of the effects of hybrid cattail on a Great Lakes marsh

Abstract Invasive plants compete with natives, and their litter can suppress natives and alter ecosystem function. Understanding the mechanisms of effect of invasive plants and testing whether invader removal reverses these effects is important to guide restoration and management. We addressed these questions in a Great Lakes marsh invaded by Typha x glauca (hybrid cattail), which produces monodominant stands with considerable litter accumulation. We teased apart effects of live T. x glauca versus its litter on the marsh ecosystem with a live/litter transplant experiment, and tested whether effects were reversible by a live/litter removal experiment in a Typha stand. Over two to four years, in both native marsh and Typha stand, the presence of litter decreased light and increased inorganic nitrogen. Live T. x glauca addition to the native marsh increased inorganic nitrogen and soil organic matter, but removal did not reverse these effects. Litter addition decreased native richness and abundance, and litter removal reversed these effects; however, characteristic native marsh sedges and rushes were not restored, but rather terrestrial grasses and forbs recruited. This suggests that litter removal is essential in cattail restoration projects to increase diversity, but that further active management will likely be necessary to restore marsh communities per se. Because many wetland invaders share similar traits with T. x glauca, including litter accumulation, conclusions are broadly applicable to a variety of wetland invasions.
Generalized method of predicting optimal performance of active noise controllers

In this investigation, the formulation for studying the performance of an optimal active noise controller for harmonic, enclosed sound fields is derived using an indirect boundary-element method. The optimal active noise controller is defined as the volume velocity secondary source strengths that minimize the sound pressure level at a number of discrete interior locations. In addition, the formulation for studying the performance of an optimal active noise controller that minimizes the free-field power radiated from a generalized, distributed noise source is presented. Representative results are provided for each formulation. For the enclosure problem, results are given for global control and local control schemes using a rectangular enclosure. For the free-field radiation problem, the effects of secondary source location and quantity on active noise controller performance are investigated. The relative merits of each formulation are discussed.
Recognition and management of pediatric fractures by pediatric residents.

Background. Competence in basic orthopedic assessment and interpretation of radiographs is important for pediatricians because appropriate initial management of fractures can expedite therapy and minimize morbidity. However, requirements for training in orthopedics and radiology are poorly defined in pediatric residency programs. Objective. To assess the ability of pediatric residents to recognize and to manage appropriately pediatric fractures. Methods. This study involved administration of a case-based questionnaire with radiographs to volunteer categorical pediatric residents in 3 geographically diverse training programs. The diagnosis and management of 8 orthopedic complaints were evaluated. Responses were scored according to the number of features identified accurately, including the presence or absence of a fracture. Residents who were able to identify a fracture were assessed with respect to their ability to classify the fracture and to provide initial management. The study was pretested with a group of pediatric emergency medicine attending physicians, to establish the suitability of the cases. Results. Among the 3 residency sites, 102 of 190 eligible pediatric residents (53.7%) participated, yielding 95 completed questionnaires. The mean number of cases in which a resident correctly answered the question, “Is a fracture present?” and correctly identified the fractured bone (if a fracture was present) was 6.5 ± 1.2 of 8 cases (81.6%; 95% confidence interval: 78.5–84.7%). The diagnostic accuracy of Salter-Harris classification in cases in which such fractures were present was 40.9%. The mean score of correctly identified features for the resident group was 38.5 ± 9.4, of a possible 64 points (proportion correct: 60.1%; 95% confidence interval: 57.2-63%). There was a small but significant difference in mean correct responses between first-year residents (proportion correct: 55.4%; 95% confidence interval: 50.8- 60.3%) and third-year residents (proportion correct: 65.1%; 95% confidence interval: 60.7-69.5%). There was no association between the proportion of correct responses and whether or not residents had taken radiology or orthopedics elective courses in medical school. Overall, 43% of cases were both identified and managed correctly by the pediatric residents. Conclusions. For residents from the participating training programs, skills in recognizing and managing pediatric fractures were suboptimal. Additional review of training requirements is necessary to identify more clearly areas of improvement for current curricula.
Agreement between urinalysis and self-reported drug use.

One hundred fifty-eight drug users received an interview that included self-reported drug use. Opiate/cocaine use in the prior 48 hours was assessed by urinalysis. Fifty-five subjects received a urine test after the interview and 103 were tested before. Chi-square tests were performed to determine if agreement between self-reported drug use and urine test results was associated with timing of urine testing. The rate of agreement was 58% when the urine test was performed after the interview and 93% when performed before the interview (&#x1d4b3;2 =28.6, p<.001). Conducting urine tests before an interview can increase the accuracy of self-reports.
Serum Growth Hormone and Prolactin Response to Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone in Patients with Acromegaly Before and After Surgery

ABSTRACT The immunoreactive serum human growth hormone (hGH), prolactin (PRL), and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) concentrations were measured after administration of 500 μg of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) intravenously (iv) in 8 patients with acromegaly before and after transnasal transsphenoidal microdissection hypophysectomy and 3 patients after transfrontal hypophysectomy. Other pituitary function tests were also assessed. The hGH, PRL, and TSH responses to TRH administration in these patients were compared to those found in 12 normal subjects of the same age range and sex. The hGH response to TRH in these patients was compared to that found after intravenous insulin tolerance (ITT), arginine infusion and oral glucose tolerance (GTT) tests. The serum hGH concentration rose significantly in all the acromegalic patients after TRH administration before therapy, while no rise was seen in normals. In the majority of patients studied, the rise of hGH level after ITT, iv arginine and oral GTT was n...
Perceived health competence and personality factors differentially predict health behaviors in older adults.

Objectives:Previous studies have shown relationships among personality, perceived efficacy, and proactive health behaviors. Although health behaviors are particularly important among seniors, littl...
Motivations and Satisfactions of Lake Ontario Boating Salmonid Anglers

Abstract Declines in populations of forage fish are leading fisheries management agencies to predict declining growth and survivorship of some Lake Ontario salmonids in coming years. These expectations have stimulated additional interest in research that can help managers predict how changes in fish populations or other fishing conditions may influence participation in the open lake fishery. Managers need additional understanding of angler motivations and satisfactions to effectively predict rates of fishing participation. We utilized a study of Lake Ontario salmonid anglers to test hypotheses about the relative importance of catch-related motivations and satisfactions within two angler subgroups (fishing tournament and salmon snagging participants) and among anglers at two levels of personal investment (i.e., high and low). Anglers were identified through a randomized sample of boat registrants in five New York State counties bordering Lake Ontario. Data on motivations and satisfactions were gathered through a self-administered mail-back questionnaire. Tournament anglers, salmon snaggers, and highly invested anglers were found to hold a range of motivations and satisfactions. Nevertheless, results also led to acceptance of our hypotheses that tournament anglers, salmon snaggers, and highly invested anglers all place high personal importance on catch-related motivations and satisfactions. Based on these results it is reasonable to expect some decrease in fishing participation by these angler subgroups if fish size or abundance decreases. Findings related to highly invested anglers are particularly noteworthy, given the fact that this group accounts for the majority of angler days and angler expenditures on Lake Ontario.
Memory impairment in Korsakoff's psychosis: a correlation with brain noradrenergic activity

The concentration of the primary brain metabolite of norepinephrine is diminished in the lumbar spinal fluid of patients with Korsakoff's syndrome. The extent of its reduction is significantly correlated with measures of memory impairment for individual patients. These data suggest that the memory disorder of Korsakoff's syndrome may result from damage to ascending noradrenergic pathways by the diencephalic and brainstem lesions associated with this disease.
“What makes you shy?”: Understanding situational elicitors of shyness in Chinese children

This paper reports on two exploratory studies of situations that elicit shyness in Mainland Chinese children. In Study 1 (N = 100; M age = 10.42) interviews with Chinese children identified three kinds of shyness-eliciting situations: social novelty; negative social evaluation; and public attention. In Study 2 (N = 162, M age = 10.19), children's self-reported shyness in various social situations was found to be differentially associated with three forms of shyness common to Chinese culture: shyness toward strangers; anxious shyness; and regulated shyness. The findings revealed both similarities and differences in the eliciting situations for various forms of shyness in Chinese children.