cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Graves' Disease-Induced Coronary Vasospasm.

A 51-year-old woman presented to the emergency department with a 3-week history of intermittent palpitations, dyspnea, and substernal chest pain lasting 5 to 10 min with spontaneous resolution. She remained hemodynamically stable, and an electrocardiogram showed a 1.5-mm ST-segment elevation in lead
Shared Planning Time: A Novel Context for Studying Teachers’ Discourse and Beliefs About Learning and Instruction:

Background/ContextAlthough teachers’ core instructional beliefs are difficult to accurately measure, they provide a framework for understanding the thinking that underlies important curricular and ...
The Glass Universe: How the Ladies of the Harvard Observatory Took the Measure of the Stars, by Dava Sobel

Book review of The Glass Universe: How the Ladies of the Harvard Observatory Took the Measure of the Stars , by Dava Sobel.
Between the standard and non-standard: Accent and identity among transnational Mandarin speakers studying abroad in China

Abstract Focusing on three American 1 students with histories of using non-standard Mandarin, this study uncovers the ways in which bi/multilingual learners may engage in negotiations of accent and identity when they study abroad and encounter different sets of language standards. The promotion of standard Mandarin in mainland China is achieved through a clear set of linguistic standards that prescribe how Mandarin should sound. However, in Chinese diaspora communities in the U.S., multiple norms continue to co-exist. Drawing from the language socialization theory, this study focuses on how these students and their Chinese hosts use or reject one stereotypical nonstandard Mandarin feature, the retroflex/dental merger, in their everyday discourse. The findings illustrate how they become socialized into the concept of standard Mandarin while studying in China. As they responded to the notion of standard in divergent ways, the results highlight study abroad as a potential space for bi/multilingual learners to (re)interpret and (re)negotiate accent and identity.
Mechanical Safety Subcommittee Guideline for Design of Thin Windows Regarding Roark’s Edge Condition Coefficient

An error was found in an edge stress coefficient used to calculate stresses in thin windows. This error is present in “Roark’s Formulas for Stress and Strain” 7th and 8th Edition. The 6th Edition is correct. This guideline specially discusses a major difference in regards to a coefficient used in calculating the edge stress in “Roark’s Formulas for Stress and Strain” 6th Edition compared to the 7th and 8th Editions. In Chapter 10: Flat Plates under “Circular plates under distributed load producing large deflections,” Case 3, which is “Fixed and held. Uniform pressure q over entire plate.” The coefficient for a fixed edge condition in the 6th Edition1 K4 = 0.476 while in the 7th and 8th Edition2, the coefficient is 1.73 which is significant difference.
Crystal structure stability and electronic properties of the layered nickelate La 4 Ni 3 O 10

We investigate the crystal structure and the electronic properties of the trilayer nickelate ${\mathrm{La}}_{4}{\mathrm{Ni}}_{3}{\mathrm{O}}_{10}$ by means of quantum-mechanical calculations in the framework of the density-functional theory. We find that, at low temperature, ${\mathrm{La}}_{4}{\mathrm{Ni}}_{3}{\mathrm{O}}_{10}$ undergoes a hitherto unreported structural phase transition and transforms to a new monoclinic $P{2}_{1}/a$ phase. This phase exhibits electronic properties in agreement with recent angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy data reported in H. Li et al., [Nat. Commun. 8, 704 (2017)] and should be considered in models focused on explaining the observed $\ensuremath{\sim}140$ K metal-to-metal phase transition.
Student Engagement on the Cheap: Small-Scale Active Learning Components in the American Government Course

This paper discusses the incorporation of several short real-world oriented active learning activities – volunteering or attendance at live political events, short online activities and an experimental Congress simulation – in the General Education American Government & Politics course in the Fall 2013 term. The goal of the project was to assess the efficacy of activities that are easily designed and reasonable in implementation, even with heavy course loads and large student populations. Feedback was obtained through a detailed supplemental course evaluation, assessment of student performance on course components relating to the activities, and informal observations (my observations, plus insights by students during debriefing). For the most part the activities proved both manageable and, at least initially, valuable to the course objectives. Activities were created, assigned, completed and graded with only modest increases to instructor workload, and – subject to caveats discussed below – a reasonable increase in demands on students. In subsequent terms similar active learning components will be utilized in the class, and further data will be obtained to more closely assess the impact on learning outcomes.
Restorative Justice: Dangers of the Big Tent

This comment responds to Erik Luna's essay "In Support of Restorative Justice." Luna extolls the capacity of restorative justice practices to accommodate diverse theories of punishment, but such a "big tent" approach may undermine the ability of the restorative justice movement to bring meaningful reform to the American system of mass incarceration. This comment was published along with Luna's essay and additional responses in Criminal Law Conversations (Paul H. Robinson et al. eds., 2009).
Update on Tocolytic Therapy

Objective:To review medications currently being used or investigated for the treatment of preterm labor. Adverse effects, pharmacoeconomic issues, and therapeutic controversies are included.Data Sources:A MEDLINE search, limited to English-language articles and publication years of 1989–1994, was used to identify pertinent literature. Additional references were identified from articles retrieved in the search.Study Selection:Studies were chosen on drugs that are available or whose approval is anticipated in the US: ritodrine, terbutaline, hexoprenaline, and magnesium sulfate. Several studies comparing indomethacin and nifedipine with currently used medications are also included. Oxytocin antagonists, now in Phase II clinical trials, are discussed. Studies focusing on adverse reactions were included because of serious concerns that these reactions raise.Data Extraction:Part of the controversy surrounding tocolytic agents involves the difficulty in comparing data from different trials, particularly because ...
Vascular perfusion pressure gradients in the eye.

The intraocular pressures required to terminate blood flow in the retina, choroid, and anterior uvea were compared. The retinal and choroidal circulations were studied by ophthalmodynamometry while the choroidal and anterior uveal circulations were compared by direct cannulation experiments. The results indicated that as intraocular pressure is gradually elevated toward ophthalmic artery pressure, blood flow ceases in a sequential pattern in the anterior uveal, choroidal, and retinal circulations. Systolic and diastolic blood pressures were 14 and 13 mm. Hg lower, respectively, in the choroid than in the retina. Circulation ceased in the anterior uvea at levels of intraocular pressure 5 to 20 mm. Hg lower than that required to terminate blood flow in the choroid. The relationship of these results to vascular perfusion pressure in various segments of the eye is discussed.
Aggressive Maneuvering of Autonomous Aerial Vehicles: A Human-Centered Approach

Unmanned aerial robots such as autonomous helicopters can perform very aggressive maneuvers that will be very useful in challenging operating conditions. In the absence of detailed models for the vehicle’s behavior during those maneuvers, an approach aimed at learning those maneuvers directly from human pilots is proposed. The approach is illustrated for several maneuvers in a simulated environment.
Effects of Rickettsia amblyommatis Infection on the Vector Competence of Amblyomma americanum Ticks for Rickettsia rickettsii.

Although Dermacentor spp. ticks are considered the primary vectors of Rickettsia rickettsii in the United States, other North American tick species are also capable of transmitting the agent, including the lone star tick-Amblyomma americanum. The lone star tick is an aggressive human-biting tick abundant in the South, Central, and Mid-Atlantic United States, which has been shown to be a competent vector of R. rickettsii in laboratory studies. However in nature, A. americanum frequently carry Rickettsia amblyommatis-another member of the spotted fever group-with the prevalence of infection reaching 84% in some populations. It has been postulated that the presence of an endosymbiotic Rickettsia in a significant proportion of a vector population would diminish or even block transmission of pathogenic Rickettsia in ticks from generation to generation due to transovarial interference. We measured the ability of R. amblyommatis-infected A. americanum to acquire R. rickettsii from an infected host with a bloodmeal, and transmit it transstadially, horizontally (to a susceptible host), and vertically to the next generation. Larvae from both the R. amblyommatis-infected and R. amblyommatis-free cohorts acquired R. rickettsii from infected guinea pigs, but the presence of the symbiont diminished the ability of coinfected engorged larvae to transmit R. rickettsii transstadially. Conversely, acquisition of R. rickettsii by cofeeding was unaffected in R. amblyommatis-infected nymphs and adults; prevalence of R. rickettsii in engorged adults reached 97% in both R. amblyommatis-infected and R. amblyommatis-free cohorts. In guinea pigs exposed to dually infected nymphs, R. rickettsii infection was milder than in those fed upon nymphs infected with R. rickettsii only. The frequency of transovarial transmission of R. rickettsii in the R. amblyommatis-infected cohort (31%) appeared lower than that in the R. amblyommatis-free cohort (48%), but the difference was not statistically significant. Larval progenies of dually infected A. americanum females transmitted R. rickettsii to naive guinea pigs confirming viability of the pathogen. Thus, the vector competence of A. americanum for R. rickettsii was not significantly affected by R. amblyommatis.
Lower Respiratory Multiplex Panels for the Detection of Bacterial and Viral Infections

Development of commercial multiplex panels for the detection and diagnosis of lower respiratory tract infections is rapidly progressing, and FDA-cleared assays are currently available. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the current or soon-to-be available commercial assays, focusing on their analytical performance, advantages, and challenges and the potential impact on patient outcomes when laboratories deploy the assays.
Energy Efficiency Issues in Computing Systems

The purpose of this chapter is to introduce energy efficiency issues in computer systems and its importance to the PDC curriculum. This is done mostly at a basic level, i.e., definitions of terms and basic concepts (K and C Bloom levels), so that the students get a broad overview of the entire field as it applies from very low hardware level up to software and service level issues. Energy management in parallel and distributed systems are also covered. The chapter attempts to convey the idea that the energy is ultimately consumed by transistors and wires, and a thorough understanding of the hardware issues is essential to effectively deal with the energy efficiency and adaptation issues. Some of the material can be considered at the A Bloom level as well.
How impersonal does one get

This paper focuses on overt impersonal pronouns such as English one and Dutch men in eight Germanic languages (English, Frisian, Icelandic, Danish, Dutch, German, Norwegian and Swedish). Cinque (Linguist Inq 19:521–581, 1988), Egerland (Work Pap Scand Syntax 71:75–102, 2003), a.o., argued that there are two types of impersonal pronouns: one type that can occur in multiple syntactic positions but can only have a generic reading and another type that can have generic and existential readings but can only occur as an external argument. I show, based on novel data from ECM constructions, passives and unaccusatives, that it is not the syntactic position which restricts the distribution of men-type pronouns, but that it is case. English-type pronouns can occur with multiple cases, but can only have a generic inclusive reading. All Dutch-type pronouns can only occur with nominative case and can have multiple impersonal readings. Moreover, I show that Dutch and Swedish allow an existential reading when the pronoun is a derived subject (contra Cinque 1988; Egerland 2003). I propose a direction for this correlation between the different readings and case by assuming different feature make-ups for the pronouns, following Egerland (2003), Hoekstra (J Comp Ger Linguist 13:31–59, 2010), Ackema and Neeleman (A grammar of person. Linguistic inquiry monographs, MIT Press, Cambridge, 2018): one has $$\phi $$ -features and, therefore, always needs to be obligatorily inclusive; men lacks this functional layer and, therefore, has no restriction on its readings. Furthermore, I propose that since men lacks a phi-layer, it is too deficient to project a KP, and thus can only occur with unmarked nominative case.
Using Machine Learning to Identify Change in Surgical Decision Making in Current Use of Damage Control Laparotomy

Background In an earlier study, we reported the successful reduction in the use of damage control laparotomy (DCL); however, no change in the relative frequencies of specific indications was observed. In this study, we aimed to use machine learning to help identify the changes in surgical decision making that occurred. Study Design Adult patients undergoing emergent trauma laparotomy were included: pre-quality improvement (QI): January 1, 2011 to October 31, 2013 and post-QI: November 1, 2013 to June 30, 2016. Using 72 variables before or during emergent laparotomy, random forest algorithms predicting DCL before and after a QI intervention were created. The main end point of the algorithms was the strength of individual factor significance in predicting the use of DCL, calculated by determining the mean decrease in accuracy (MDA) in the model if that variable was removed. Results In the pre-QI group, 24 of 72 factors significantly predicted DCL, the strongest being bowel resection (mean MDA 16) and operating room RBC transfusions (mean MDA 15). The remaining variables were spread along the continuum of care from injury to emergent laparotomy end. In the post-QI group, 12 of 72 factors significantly predicted DCL, the strongest being last operating room lactate (mean MDA 12) and operating room RBC transfusions (mean MDA 14). In addition to having 12 fewer significant factors predictive of DCL, the predictive factors in the post-QI group were mainly intraoperative factors. Conclusions A machine learning analysis provided novel insights into the changes in decision making achieved by a successful QI intervention and should be considered an adjunct to understanding successful pre- and post-intervention QI studies. The analysis suggested a shift toward using mostly intraoperative factors to determine the use of DCL.
An economic feasibility assessment of autonomous field machinery in grain crop production

A multi-faceted whole farm planning model is developed to compare conventional and autonomous machinery for grain crop production under various benefit, farm size, suitable field day risk aversion, and grain price scenarios. Results suggest that autonomous machinery can be an economically viable alternative to conventional manned machinery if the establishment of intelligent controls is cost effective. An increase in net returns of 24% over operating with conventional machinery is found when including both input savings and a yield increase due to reduced compaction. This study also identifies the break-even investment price for intelligent controls for the safe and reliable commercialization of autonomous machinery. Results indicate that the break-even investment price is highly variable depending on the financial benefits resulting from the deployment of autonomous machinery, farm size, suitable field day risk aversion, and grain prices. The maximum break-even investment price for intelligent, autonomous controls is nearly US$500 000 for the median days suitable for fieldwork when including both input savings and a yield increase due to reduced compaction.
Seltene Ursache einer gastrointestinalen Blutung

Anamnese und klinischer Befund Wir berichten uber einen 66-jahrigen Patienten mit Plasmozytom, der sich mit seit 3 Tagen bestehendem Teerstuhl, Schwindel und Belastungsdyspnoe vorstellte. Untersuchung und Diagnose Klinisch und laborchemisch wurde die Verdachtsdiagnose einer kreislaufwirksamen, aktiven gastrointestinalen Blutung gestellt. In der Gastroduodenoskopie und Sigmoidoskopie war keine aktive Blutungsquelle aufzufinden, sodass eine Computertomografie durchgefuhrt wurde, in der eine auffallende Ballonierung des proximalen Jejunums sowie eine abnormale, pathologische Kontrastmittelanreicherung zu sehen waren. In der anschliesend zielgerichteten Jejunoskopie fiel ein aktiv blutender Tumor auf. Therapie und Verlauf Aufgrund des bekannten Plasmozytomleidens des Patienten wurde die Verdachtsdiagnose einer aktiv blutenden extramedullaren Plasmozytommetastase gestellt. Da in der Jejunoskopie nur eine temporare Blutstillung moglich war, erfolgte eine Segmentresektion des Dunndarms. Die histologische Untersuchung bestatigte die Verdachtsdiagnose. Folgerung Die Differenzialdiagnose der gastrointestinalen Blutung umfasst auch tumorose Veranderungen des Dunndarms. Die CT-Diagnostik kann wichtige Hinweise auf Lokalisation und Ursache einer gastrointestinalen Blutung liefern.
Carrion increases pollination service across an urban gradient

The world is increasingly urban, and urbanization alters the abundance and distribution of resources important to mutualist pollinators. Pollinators require distinct and diverse resources throughout their life cycle, including larval habitat and adult food resources. However, the relationship among urbanization, pollinator resource distribution, pollinator abundance, and pollination service provision are uncertain. Here, we test whether the presence of rat carrion facilitates pollination service to a non-native plant, Ammi majus L. (Apiaceae), by bolstering the pollinator community across an urban gradient. We show that carrion increased pollinator abundance and service provision to focal plants, especially in densely urban landscapes. Specifically, a paired experimental design revealed that in the presence of rat carrion, pollinator abundance increased by more than two-fold and plants received 11.2% greater pollination service across landscapes. Those plants situated in highly urban contexts received the greatest benefits from carrion with the largest abundance of pollinators and highest proportion of viable seed set. We demonstrate how human development facilitates the reproduction of a non-native plant by altering the pollinator community and pollination service provided across an urban gradient. Our findings have both basic and applied implications. First, we show that mutualistic species with complex life histories can provide conduits between various levels of ecosystem processes. Second, we suggest that the removal or reduction of larval habitat may serve as a tool in the management of non-native Apiaceae plants in the upper Midwest.
Cell invasion, RAGE expression, and inflammation in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cells exposed to e-cigarette flavoring.

Objective Electronic cigarettes have given rise to a new, largely unregulated market within the smoking industry. While generally supposed to be less harmful than traditional tobacco smoke, awareness of the biological effects of electronic cigarette liquid is still scarce. Our objective was to determine the impact of electronic cigarette flavoring and nicotine on gingival squamous cell carcinoma invasion, RAGE expression, and the elaboration of pro-inflammatory molecules. Methods and materials Gingival and tongue squamous cell carcinoma cells were exposed to Red Hot or Green Apple flavored electronic cigarette flavoring with or without nicotine. Immunofluorescence determined RAGE expression. Real-time cellular invasion was assessed using a RTCA DP instrument. Culture medium was assayed for cytokine secretion. Results Compared to controls we observed: increased cell invasion in gingival cells with Red Hot electronic cigarette flavoring and decreased cell invasion with Green Apple; decreased cell invasion in tongue cells treated with Red Hot electronic cigarette flavoring and no differences in invasion with Green Apple; flavor and nicotine dependent increases in RAGE expression; and differential expression of IL-1α, IL-8, and MMP-13. Conclusion We conclude that electronic cigarette flavoring and nicotine orchestrate differential regulation of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cell invasion and inflammatory effects. This study provides an important initial step in dissecting RAGE-mediated mechanisms of cancerous invasion and molecular avenues employed by OSCC.
Southward shift of westerlies intensifies the East Asian early summer rainband following El Niño

Author(s): Kong, W; Chiang, JCH | Abstract: An intensification of East Asian rainfall usually occurs in summers following El Nino. We propose that this teleconnection is mediated via the westerlies impinging on the Tibetan Plateau, through El Nino's control on tropical tropospheric temperature. This is distinct from previous studies that attribute the El Nino's influence to changes in the western Pacific subtropical anticyclone. The warming in the eastern equatorial Pacific leads to uniform warming of the entire tropical troposphere, which sharpens the temperature gradient between the tropics and the subtropics and shifts the westerlies southward. The westerlies impinge over the Tibetan Plateau for longer and, through interaction with the topography, induce intense and persistent extratropical northerlies downstream of the plateau that in turn intensifies the East Asian rainband. The rainband has previously been shown to intensify in a similar manner in a warming climate, suggesting that the El Nino response provides an analog for future changes.
Procedural justice and incarcerated people's obligation to obey institutional rules: An examination of current, former, and never-gang members.

Abstract Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between procedural justice perceptions and obligation to obey institutional rules among incarcerated populations with an emphasis on the impact of gang membership on this relationship. Methods Using a cross-sectional research design, we collected data from self-reported surveys of incarcerated individuals from three male and two female correctional facilities (N = 3411). To answer our proposed research questions, we perform group-based structural equation modeling. Results Findings indicate that procedural justice perceptions and obligation to obey are positively associated. Results also reveal that procedural justice was positively associated with obligation to obey across all groups of gang membership—current, former, and never-gang. However, we found no support for significant differences across gang membership. Conclusions This study provides empirical evidence supporting the positive relationship between perceptions of procedural justice and obligation to obey among a sample of incarcerated men and women. However, results found no statistically significant difference across groups suggesting that the relationship between procedural justice and obligation to obey is important regardless of gang status.
High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein is a Prognostic Biomarker of Six-Month Disability after Traumatic Brain Injury: Results from the TRACK-TBI Study

Systemic inflammation impacts outcome after traumatic brain injury (TBI), but most TBI biomarker studies have focused on brain-specific proteins. C-reactive protein (CRP) is a widely used biomarker...
Human rights in the age of platforms: edited by Rikke Frank Jørgensen, Cambridge & London, The MIT Press, 2019, 392 pp., U$ 30.00 (paperback), open-access available, ISBN: 9780262039055

‘The Social Dilemma’, a documentary available to you in the most-popular algorithm-oriented streaming service, is an audience favorite. Hearings with CEOs of technology companies are becoming commo...
Diffusion quantum Monte Carlo calculations of SrFeO 3 and LaFeO 3 .

The equations of state, formation energy, and migration energy barrier of the oxygen vacancy in SrFeO3 and LaFeO3 were calculated with the diffusion quantum Monte Carlo (DMC) method. Calculations were also performed with various Density Functional Theory (DFT) approximations for comparison. DMC reproduces the measured cohesive energies of these materials with errors below 0.23(5) eV and the structural properties within 1% of the experimental values. The DMC formation energies of the oxygen vacancy in SrFeO3 and LaFeO3 under oxygen-rich conditions are 1.3(1) and 6.24(7) eV, respectively. Similar calculations with semi-local DFT approximations for LaFeO3 yielded vacancy formation energies 1.5 eV lower. Comparison of charge density evaluated with DMC and DFT approximations shows that DFT tends to overdelocalize the electrons in defected SrFeO3 and LaFeO3. Calculations with DMC and local density approximation yield similar vacancy migration energy barriers, indicating that steric/electrostatic effects mainly determine migration barriers in these materials.
Integration of a Community Radiology Division into a Subspecialty-Focused Academic Radiology Department.

Abstract Introduction Assimilate a general radiology division into a subspecialty-focused radiology department at an academic medical center. Methods This Institutional Review Board-approved quality improvement initiative was performed at an academic medical centers’ subspecialty-focused academic radiology department, aiming to assimilate a general radiology division providing interpretive services for a distributed set of community ambulatory practices. An Oversight Committee charged by the department chair created a charter with unambiguous goal, timelines, clear decision-making, and conflict resolution processes. The Committee assessed the resources and clinical capabilities of the general radiologists, and the anticipated shift in exam volume from the community into subspecialty divisions. Primary outcome, percentage of targeted organ systems-specific interpretations by general radiologists based on assigned subspecialty division, and secondary outcome of report turnaround time (TAT) for all ambulatory exams, were compared before and after sub-specialization. Results Among 10 general radiologists, 4.5 were assigned to subspecialty divisions; 5.5 continued to cover an independent general radiology practice in a for-profit delivery network. In the 5 months’ post-transition, a total 86.6% (11,668/13,477) of reports by the integrated general radiologists were within designated subspecialty divisions vs 23.9% (2,586/10,829) pre-transition (P Discussion A quality improvement initiative with unambiguous decision-making and conflict resolution processes incorporated a general radiology practice (radiologists and exams) into a subspecialty-focused academic radiology practice without negatively impacting TAT metrics. Future studies would be needed to assess impact on quality of interpretations.
Purification of micronuclei from cultured cells by flow cytometry.

Summary Micronuclei are aberrant nuclear compartments that form when chromosomes or chromosome fragments fail to incorporate into a primary nucleus during mitotic exit. Ruptures at the micronuclear envelope are associated with DNA damage and activation of immune sensing pathways. To gain insights into these processes, we have developed a method to purify ruptured micronuclei. This method paves the way toward understanding the consequences of micronuclear envelope rupture. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Mohr et al. (2021) .
Joint Calibrationless Reconstruction and Segmentation of Parallel MRI.

The volume estimation of brain regions from MRI data is a key problem in many clinical applications, where the acquisition of data at high spatial resolution is desirable. While parallel MRI and constrained image reconstruction algorithms can accelerate the scans, image reconstruction artifacts are inevitable, especially at high acceleration factors. We introduce a novel image domain deep-learning framework for calibrationless parallel MRI reconstruction, coupled with a segmentation network to improve image quality and to reduce the vulnerability of current segmentation algorithms to image artifacts resulting from acceleration. The combination of the proposed image domain deep calibrationless approach with the segmentation algorithm offers improved image quality, while increasing the accuracy of the segmentations. The novel architecture with an encoder shared between the reconstruction and segmentation tasks is seen to reduce the need for segmented training datasets. In particular, the proposed few-shot training strategy requires only 10% of segmented datasets to offer good performance.
Differential gain of chromosomal regions 20q or 13q with loss of 8p and 18q differentiates disease-free survival in colorectal cancer.

126Background: In microsatellite stable (MSS) colorectal cancer (CRC) cases, frequent amplifications in 13q and 20q regions have been reported with limited understanding of their potential role for...
Buddhist Fictionalism

Questions regarding what exists are central to various forms of Buddhist philosophy, as they are to many traditions of philosophy. Interestingly, there is perhaps a clearer consensus in Buddhist thought regarding what does not exist than there may be regarding precisely what does exist, at least insofar as the doctrine of anātman (no self, absence of self) is taken to be a fundamental Buddhist doctrine. It may be noted that many forms of Mahāyāna Buddhist philosophy in particular are considered to offer a quite austere ontology—a rather ‘empty’ account of what exists. Continuing in this vein of ontological austerity, here I will attempt to lay out a relatively novel approach to Buddhist ontology, viz. Buddhist fictionalism.
Will States Take Back Control of Housing from Local Governments

This paper chronicles the actions taken by the Oregon Legislature, the Oregon Department of Housing and Community Services and the Oregon Department of Land Conservation and Development to meet housing shortages in that state. These efforts include a Regional Housing Needs Analysis that will use a uniform methodology for tracking housing needs and shortfalls and will provide a basis for state and local efforts to meet those needs, as well as a mandate to end the exclusive single-family dominance as a type of housing in single-family zones in cities over 10,000. The latter involves requirements for middle-housing in those zones and an emphasis on ending economic and racial segregation.
Feedback Strategies for Hypersonic Pursuit of a Ground Evader.

In this paper, we present a game-theoretic feedback terminal guidance law for an autonomous, unpowered hypersonic pursuit vehicle that seeks to intercept an evading ground target whose motion is constrained along an axis. We formulate this problem as a pursuit-evasion game whose saddle point solution is in general difficult to compute onboard the hypersonic vehicle due to its highly nonlinear dynamics. To overcome this difficulty, we linearize the nonlinear hypersonic dynamics around a reference trajectory and subsequently utilize feedback control design techniques from Linear Quadratic Differential Games (LQDGs). In our proposed guidance algorithm, the hypersonic vehicle computes its open-loop optimal state and input trajectories off-line and prior to the commencement of the game. These trajectories are then used to linearize the nonlinear equations of hypersonic motion. Subsequently, using this linearized system model, we formulate an auxiliary two-player zero-sum LQDG which is effective in the neighborhood of the given reference trajectory and derive its feedback saddle point strategy that allows the hypersonic vehicle to modify its trajectory online in accordance with the changes/dispersion to the target's position due to its evasive maneuvers. We provide numerical simulations to verify the performance of our proposed guidance law.
Traumatic Injury to the Bowel and Mesentery

Traumatic injury to the bowel and mesentery is relatively uncommon but can be life-threatening if diagnosis and repair are delayed. Penetrating injuries of the peritoneal cavity from stab wounds or high-velocity gunshot are usually not a diagnostic problem for radiologists as these patients almost invariably have open surgical exploration. Low-velocity shotgun wounds may not penetrate the abdominal wall, and computed tomography (CT) may be requested to confirm evidence of penetration into the peritoneal cavity or retroperitoneal organs. Stab wounds of the back or flank place the colon at risk and will be discussed below. Penetrating injuries of the rectosigmoid colon result from foreign body insertion. Water-soluble contrast enema examination can provide evidence of transmural laceration and/ or intraperitoneal colonic involvement that requires surgical repair.
Hippocampal kindling epileptogenesis upregulates neuronal cyclooxygenase-2 expression in neocortex.

Recurrent and spontaneous seizures in epilepsy result from poorly defined cell signaling aberrations thought to include synaptic and extracellular matrix remodeling. Here we have used a rat hippocampal kindling model to study cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) gene expression in epileptogenesis. COX-2, encoded in an early-response gene, increases in a synaptic activity-dependent fashion and also during kainic acid-induced hippocampal damage. We found that during kindling, COX-2 induction occurred initially only in hippocampal neurons, and then spread to neocortical neurons. When rats were rekindled 34 days later, this spreading of COX-2 expression persisted. Induction of hippocampal and neocortical cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2), an enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of COX-2 substrate arachidonic acid (AA), occurred after 4 days of stimulation during kindling and rekindling. Moreover the COX-2 selective inhibitor nimesulide attenuated kindling development. We conclude that neuronal COX-2 gene induction and cPLA2 activation are key signaling events in epileptogenesis.
Animal Cognition and the New Anthropomorphism

Animal behavior studies of the 19th century were characterized by an appeal to anthropomorphic attitudes, which were resolutely challenged beginning with the start of the 20th century, particularly by the forerunners of what became the behaviorist school. The ethological school founded by Tinbergen and Lorenz also rejected appeals to human-like cognitive abilities. In the l970s, under the leadership of the physiologist, Donald Griffin, animal cognition was again admitted into “respectable” ethological company, leading to a strong critique by another eminent physiologist, John Kennedy. (The influence of Tolman had previously made many comparative psychologists receptive to this possibility). Recent studies based upon developments on direct recordings of brain activity now suggest that Tolman and Griffin’s prescience will carry the day.
Events surrounding the early development of Euglena chloroplasts: 17. Light-induced changes in a proplastid remnant in mutant W3BUL

The proplastid remnant found in Euglena gracilis var. bacillaris mutant W 3 BUL is probably composed of nuclear-coded materials. This remnant, in dark-grown resting cells, takes the form of a thin, irregular, circular leaflet of narrow stroma with large intrusions of cytoplasm into the interior, as reconstructed from electron microscopy of serial sections. Microbody-like bodies (0.5–1 μ m in diameter) in the cytoplasm are closely appressed to the plastid membrane. No plastid ribosomes are seen. On illumination for 30 min the stroma expands and the microbodies intrude into it. Numerous small vacuoles appear in the stroma to be replaced by one large one by 48 hr of illumination. By 48 to 72 hr prolamellar bodies are seen in the stroma close to the vacuole. These are of two types (only one type is found in any one cell): one is a loose cluster of tubules and vesicles, the other has the typical lattice structure of higher plants. Both have rudiments of thylakoids radiating from the periphery. The prolamellar bodies are globular, about 1–2 μ m in diameter. It appears that in this mutant of Euglena the lack of plastid DNA-coded materials prevents further development of normal thylakoids and proplastids.
Arachidonate remodeling and PAF synthesis in human neutrophils

Both AA-derived eicosanoids and platelet activating factor (PAF) serve important physiological functions, but also participate in pathological developments [1, 2, 3, 4]. The metabolism and actions of PAF, arachidonic acid (AA), and AA-derived eicosanoids are closely linked in neutrophils, indeed they can be derived from the same phospholipid precursor, 1-O-alkyl-2-AA-GPC (sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine). Neutrophils play a major role in host defense and inflammation and many studies have focused on neutrophil signaling systems and pharmacological intervention in these systems. Since neutrophils are terminally differentiated cells and can be maintained for only short periods of time after their isolation, molecular approaches for their study have been limited. In addition, many of the enzymes that are responsible for PAF and AA metabolism, except for cPLA2 (85 kDa cytosolic phospholipase A2) and 5-lipoxygenase, are membrane proteins and have not been isolated. Thus much of our knowledge of the lipid metabolism and lipid-mediated signaling has been obtained through the study of crude systems and intact cells. This review attempts to summarize the work of my colleagues and me in this area and closely related work of others. Our understanding of neutrophil signaling draws on numerous studies of other cells and tissues largely beyond the scope of this review but generally acknowledged in the primary literature cited.
A high-quality video denoising algorithm based on reliable motion estimation

Although the recent advances in the sparse representations of images have achieved outstanding denosing results, removing real, structured noise in digital videos remains a challenging problem. We show the utility of reliable motion estimation to establish temporal correspondence across frames in order to achieve high-quality video denoising. In this paper, we propose an adaptive video denosing framework that integrates robust optical flow into a nonlocal means (NLM) framework with noise level estimation. The spatial regularization in optical flow is the key to ensure temporal coherence in removing structured noise. Furthermore, we introduce approximate K-nearest neighbor matching to significantly reduce the complexity of classical NLM methods. Experimental results show that our system is comparable with the state of the art in removing AWGN, and significantly outperforms the state of the art in removing real, structured noise.
Detection of Sulfa Drugs and Antibiotics in Milk

A disc assay method for testing sulfa drugs and antibiotics in milk was developed wherein Bacillus megaterium ATCC 9855 was used as the test organism and Mueller-Hinton agar was used as the test substrate. Incubation was at 37 C for 4 to 5 hr. The test procedure is an improvement over the Bacillus subtilis-Antibiotic Medium No. 1 method, as described in Standard Methods for the Examination of Dairy Products, in that it is sensitive to eight sulfa drugs and to bacitracin without a significant change in sensitivity to eight other antibiotics commonly used for mastitis therapy.
Now you see it: frontal eye field responses to invisible targets.

Neurons in the frontal eye field respond even when a visual target is perceptually masked, but small variations in their activity predicts whether a monkey will respond to the stimulus.
Depression in Alzheimer's Patients: Investigation of Symptom Patterns and Frequency

Although it is becoming well accepted that depression and dementia can coexist, little information is available to clarify the phenomenology of thcse coexistent diseases. The current study compared 61 patients with diagnosed Alzheimer's Disease: 28 who met criteria for Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) and 33 who did not. Depression symptoms were present in patients in both groups, however, as was hypothesized, significantly more depression symptoms were present in those with coexistent disease. Although no one symptom or constellation of symptoms differentiated the two groups, it was striking that 100% of those with MDD had dysphoria while only 6% of those without did. These findings are discussed as they pertain to more accurate diagnosis of these coexistent disorders.
Chiral anilines: development of C2-symmetric, late-transition metal catalysts for isoselective 2-butene polymerization

Chiral nickel catalysts were synthesized and used for the isoselective polymerization of trans-2-butene.
Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes by Chemical Vapor Deposition Using Multilayered Metal Catalysts

Multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) have been grown on various substrates by thermal chemical vapor deposition using multilayered metal catalysts. Ion beam sputtering is used to deposit various metal layers sequentially. Underlayers of Al (2−20 nm) are shown to influence the growth characteristics with Fe or Ni used as active catalysts. The as-sputtered catalyst surface, characterized using atomic force and scanning tunneling microscopies, consists of nanometer scale (<10 nm) catalyst particles. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy and Raman analysis are used to characterize the MWCNTs. Optimization of the two layers allows growth of MWCNT towers on patterned and unpatterned substrates.
Prosthodontic rehabilitation of midfacial defects

A definition and classification of midfacial defects has been presented with a systematic approach to the prosthetic restoration of these defects. Patient factors, prognostic and diagnostic considerations, clinical procedures, fabrication, materials, and retention have been discussed. Patients with complex orofacial defects can be provided with prosthodontic treatment that results in an acceptable appearance and function consistent with the deficits encountered (Figs. 14 and 15).
Stress bounds for twisted bars of strip cross section

Abstract Bounds are established for the maximum resultant shear stress, and used to investigate the approximation involved in the value predicted for thin sections on the basis of the membrane analogy.
Variation of the average rotation angle of the DNA helix and the superhelical turns of covalently closed cyclic λ DNA

Abstract Studies on cyclic bacteriophage λb2b5c DNA covalently closed in vitro by Escherichia coli polynucleotide joining enzyme reveal the following. (1) The DNA helix unwinds slightly as the temperature is increased at temperatures 60 to 100 deg. C below the melting temperature. In neutral 3 m -Cs + , 2 m -Na + , or 0.001 m -Mg 2+ , the average rotation of the helix, θ 0 , decreases at a rate 4 to 5 × 10 −3 degree per base pair per degree Centigrade increment in temperature. For a covalently closed cyclic DNA of the size of λ, this corresponds to a change of ~0.5 superhelical turn per deg. C. (2) The differences in θ 0 when [M + ] replaces 3 m -Cs + as the counterions, θ 0 3 m - Cs + − θ 0 [ m + ], are 0.07 ° for [M + ] = 2M −K + K + or Na + , 0.03 ° for [M + ] = 2 M-Li + , 0 for [M + ] = 2 m -Cs + , 0.14 ° for [M + ] = 0.1 m -Cs + , and 0.17 ° for [M + ] = 0.001 m -Mg 2+ . These changes in θ 0 are no more than 1% of the value 36 ° for the B configuration of DNA, suggesting that there is no gross difference in the configuration of DNA in these media. The variation in θ 0 , however, does not provide information with regard to structural variations such as the tilting of the bases in the helix. (3) The sedimentation coefficient of covalently closed cyclic λb2b5c DNA in 3 m -CsCl at 20 °C has been measured as a function of the number of superhelical turns in the molecule. The results do not agree with the theoretical calculations of Bloomfield (1966) and of Kurata (1966).
Temporal patterns of disruptive vocalization in elderly nursing home residents.

This study used computer-assisted real-time data collection procedures to study temporal patterns of disruptive vocalization (DV) in demented nursing home residents. Residents (N = 68) were observed from 8 a.m. to 8 p.m. and total mean duration of DV within hourly blocks was calculated. Analysis of the temporal distribution of DV exhibited by the group of 68 residents indicated a significant cubic trend. Exploratory cluster analysis uncovered three distinct temporal patterns of DV; although two of the patterns are generally supportive of sundowning. Cluster 1 showed a relatively constant pattern of low rate DV. Clusters 2 and 3 showed cyclic trends. Peaks in DV were observed during noontime and in the evening for Cluster 2. Cluster 3 showed peaks in DV in the early morning hours and late afternoon. MANOVA was employed to examine any differences among clusters in age, cognitive status, and ADL status. Univariate analyses indicated that cognitive status was the only factor that differed significantly among clusters, with members of Cluster 1 (constant low rate DV) manifesting higher cognitive status scores than Clusters 2 and 3. A step-wise discriminant function analysis also showed cognitive status to be the only statistically significant predictor of cluster membership. The authors' note that the scientific literature on agitation is fraught with contradictory findings and assert that inconsistencies may be due to differences across studies in problem definition, method of measurement, and sample size. The results are discussed in relation to these methodological issues and clinical implications of the findings.
Heat transfer from a horizontal tube immersed in a liquid-solid fluidized bed

Abstract Experimental data were obtained for the average heat-transfer coefficient for an electrically heated horizontal tube immersed in a liquid—solid fluidized bed. Silica sand was used as the bed material and water as the fluid. The effect of particle size (dp = 0.859 – 2.524 mm), tube diameter (dt = 15.75, 26.25 mm), and fluidizing velocity (G = 10.1 – 87.6 kg/(m2.s)) was investigated. The coefficient was found to increase with superficial fluid velocity to a maximum and then decreased with further increase in fluid velocity. The coefficient also increased with increasing particle size, although it decreased for any particular particle size from the smaller to the larger tube. Experimental values of the heat-transfer coefficient were compared with those predicted from the existing correlations for vertical surfaces. These correlations were found to be inadequate to reproduce the present data. Therefore, a correlation was proposed which predicted all the present heat-transfer data within ± 10%.