cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modeling a dynamic environment using a Bayesian multiple hypothesis approach

Abstract Dynamic world modeling requires the integration of multiple sensor observations obtained from multiple vehicle locations at different times. A crucial problem in this interpretation task is the presence of uncertainty in the origins of measurements (data association or correspondence uncertainty) as well as in the values of measurements (noise uncertainty). Almost all previous work in robotics has not distinguished between these two very different forms of uncertainty. In this paper we propose to model the uncertainty due to noise, e.g. the error in an object's position, by conventional covariance matrices. To represent the data association uncertainty, an hypothesis tree is constructed, the branches at any node representing different possible assignments of measurements to features. A rigorous Bayesian data association framework is then introduced that allows the probability of each hypothesis to be calculated. These probabilities can be used to guide an intelligent pruning strategy. The multiple hypothesis tree allows decisions concerning the assignment of measurements to be postponed. Instead, many different hypotheses are considered. Expected observations are predicted for each hypothesis and these are compared with actual measurements. Hypotheses that have their predictions supported by measurements increase in probability compared with hypotheses whose predictions are unsupported. By “looking ahead” two or three time steps and examining the probabilities at the leaves of the tree, very accurate assignment decisions can be made. For dynamic world modeling, the approach results in multiple world models at a given time step, each one representing a possible interpretation of all past and current measurements and each having an associated probability. In addition, each geometric feature has an associated covariance that models the uncertainty due to noise. This framework is independent of the sensing modality, being applicable to most temporal data association problems. It is therefore appropriate for the broad class of vision, acoustic and range sensors currently used on existing mobile robots. Preliminary results using ultrasonic range data demonstrate the feasibility of the approach.
Episodic Secretion of Renin

Renin is secreted episodically in the absence of overt stimulation in the pentobarbitalanesthetized, saline-loaded cat. Ninety min postlaparotomy, arterial and renal venous plasma renin concentrations (PRC) were determined at 15-min intervals for a 2-hr period. The pattern of renin secretion consisted of significant secretory peaks and periods in which little or no renin was secreted. In only a few instances could renin secretion be attributedto a preceding arterial blood pressure drop. The secretory episodes were also dissociated from flow. (Endocrinology 96:129, 1974)
Measuring Change in Social Interaction Skills of Young Children with Autism

Designing effective treatments for improving early social behaviors in autism has been identified as a critical research need. One barrier to drawing conclusions about optimal treatments for children with autism is the use of highly varied dependent measures in the treatment literature. Contributing to this is the absence of “gold standard” assessment batteries. This is particularly true for assessing changes in social interaction impairments in very young children with autism. This paper addresses this issue by reviewing variables important in the development and evaluation of assessment measures, discussing previous studies’ choices of socially-related dependent measures, and the strengths, limitations, and research questions pertaining to them. It concludes with recommendations for measurement selection and future directions for research.
Gene regulation in Giardia lambia involves a putative microRNA derived from a small nucleolar RNA.

Two core microRNA (miRNA) pathway proteins, Dicer and Argonaute, are found in Giardia lamblia, a deeply branching parasitic protozoan. There are, however, no apparent homologues of Drosha or Exportin5 in the genome. Here, we report a 26 nucleotide (nt) RNA derived from a 106 nt Box C/D snoRNA, GlsR2. This small RNA, designated miR5, localizes to the 3′ end of GlsR2 and has a 75 nt hairpin precursor. GlsR2 is processed by the Dicer from Giardia (GlDcr) and generated miR5. Immunoprecipitation of the Argonaute from Giardia (GlAgo) brought down miR5. When a Renilla Luciferase transcript with a 26 nt miR5 antisense sequence at the 3′-untranslated region (3′ UTR) was introduced into Giardia trophozoites, Luciferase expression was reduced ∼25% when synthetic miR5 was also introduced. The Luciferase mRNA level remained, however, unchanged, suggesting translation repression by miR5. This inhibition was fully reversed by introducing also a 2′-O-methylated antisense inhibitor of miR5, suggesting that miR5 acts by interacting specifically with the antisense sequence in the mRNA. A partial antisense knock down of GlDcr or GlAgo in Giardia indicated that the former is needed for miR5 biogenesis whereas the latter is required for miR5-mediated translational repression. Potential targets for miR5 with canonical seed sequences were predicted bioinformatically near the stop codon of Giardia mRNAs. Four out of the 21 most likely targets were tested in the Luciferase reporter assay. miR5 was found to inhibit Luciferase expression (∼20%) of transcripts carrying these potential target sites, indicating that snoRNA-derived miRNA can regulate the expression of multiple genes in Giardia.
Simple, High-Yield Synthesis of Polyhedral Carborane Amino Acids

Boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) is a form of binary cancer therapy that offers the potential of delivering spatially selective, high linear energy transfer radiation to the target cells while sparing surrounding normal tissue. We have demonstarted a versatile, general method for the conversion of o- ,m-, and p-carborane to their corresponding Boc-protected amino acids. Heterobifunctional polyhedral carboranes are exceedingly rare in the literature, and the amino acids prepared by this general method may prove to be valuable synthons for use in the synthesis of tumor-seeking compounds for BNCT or PDT. Morever, these conformationally constrained amino acids should be particularly interesting for use in peptide synthesis. The dihedral angle between the carbon atoms of these polyhedra increases in the order 60{degree} (ortho), 110{degree} (meta), and 180{degree} (para), allowing the peptide chemist to select a desired conformation. 11 refs.
Atemporality and the mode of divine knowledge

Dans cet article, l'A. affirme que lorsqu'on parle de la connaissance de Dieu, il est necessaire de le concevoir comme atemporel. Dans une premiere partie, il esquisse la conception de W. Alston selon laquelle Dieu n'a pas de croyances. Dans une seconde partie, il discute les objections de W. Hasker a cette conception et celle d'Alston etablissant Dieu comme un etre temporel. Enfin, contrairement a l'opinion d'Hasker, la connaissance de Dieu dans la pensee de Alston n'admet pas autre chose que son atemporalite
Postpartum Symptoms After Antepartum Bed Rest

Objective To determine the type and frequency of postpartum symptoms during recovery from antepartum bed rest treatment across 6 weeks postpartum. Design Longitudinal repeated measures study. Setting Three perinatal tertiary care hospitals in two cities in the Midwest. Participants One hundred six postpartum women who had a singleton high - risk pregnancy and were treated with antepartum bed rest . Main Outcome Measures A Postpartum Symptom Checklist assessed physiologic and psychological symptoms. Results Women reported 12.5 symptoms at 2 days postpartum, but symptoms rapidly declined at 1 week. Ninety-three percent reported a mean of 6.6 symptoms at 6 weeks postpartum. Symptoms that continued to be reported at 6 weeks by at least 40% of women were fatigue, mood changes, tenseness, difficulty concentrating, back muscle soreness, dry skin, and headache. Women who had a cesarean delivery reported significantly more symptoms than those who had a vaginal delivery ( p = . 006 ). Length of maternal bed rest was significantly correlated with the number of symptoms at postpartum weeks 1 , 2 , 4 , 5 , and 6 . Conclusion Postpartum symptoms decreased across time but reveal an underlying morbidity that is not resolved by 6 weeks postpartum.
Pathways of glucose utilization in kidney homogenates of tuberculous and isoniazid-treated tuberculous guinea pigs

Abstract Male albino guinea pigs were infected by injection 0.1 ml of 7-day-old culture of Mycobacterium tuberculosis , strain H 37 Rv. The animals were divided into two groups: tuberculous and tuberculous-given-isoniazid. The latter group received isoniazid solution in lieu of drinking water from the 8th to the 30th day postinfection. The animals of both groups were sacrificed 30 days after infection. Kidney homogenates were studied for the utilization of glucose-1-C14 and glucose-6-C14. Some data have also been obtained on levels of succinic, isocitric and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenases and glucose-6-phosphatase. The utilization of both glucose-1-C14 and glucose-6-C14 and activities of succinic and isocitric dehydrogenases were markedly lowered in tuberculous homogenates as compared to controls. The levels of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and glucose-6-phosphatase were enhanced in infected homogenates. The ratios of C14O2 from glucose-1-C14 to that from glucose-6-C14 in tuberculous homogenates were approximately two and one-half times those of controls. This was apparently due to marked reduction in utilization of glucose-6-C14 in comparison with that of glucose-1-C14. Administration of isoniazid to tuberculous animals from the 8th to the 30th day postinfection revealed a normal utilization of both glucose-1-C14 and glucose-6-C14 by kidney homogenates. The levels of succinic and isocitric dehydrogenases were restored to control levels and those of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and glucose-6-phosphatase tended to lower to base levels. It is concluded that changes in levels of enzymes reported in this investigation are probably responsible for subnormal utilization of glucose by various pathways.
Think simulation - think experiment: the virtual cell paradigm

The Virtual Cell modeling and simulation framework is the product of interdisciplinary research in biology that applies the diverse strengths and experiences of individuals from engineering, the physical sciences, the biological sciences, and mathematics. A key feature is the separation of layers (core technologies and abstractions) representing biological models, physical mechanisms, geometry, mathematical models and numerical methods. This reduces software complexity, allowing independent development and verification, but most importantly it clarifies the impact of modeling decisions, assumptions, and approximations. The result is a physically consistent, mathematically rigorous, spatial modeling and simulation framework for cell biology. The Virtual Cell has a rich, interactive user interface which connects to remote services providing scalable access to a modeling database and a large dedicated cluster for shared computation and storage. In addition to new modeling capabilities, future developments will emphasize data and tool interoperability, extensibility, and experimentally oriented model analysis tools.
Lower extremity walking mechanics of young individuals with asymptomatic varus knee alignment

Varus knee alignment is associated with an increased risk for developing medial knee osteoarthritis (OA). Medial knee OA is commonly associated with altered walking mechanics in the frontal and sagittal planes, as well as altered ground reaction forces. It is unknown whether these mechanics are present in young, asymptomatic individuals with varus knees. We expected that varus-aligned individuals would generally present with frontal plane mechanics that were similar to those reported for individuals with medial knee OA. The gait mechanics of 17 asymptomatic individuals with varus knees and 17 healthy, normally aligned controls were recorded. Gait parameters associated with medial knee OA were compared between groups. The individuals with varus knees exhibited greater knee external adduction moments, knee adduction, eversion, and lateral ground reaction force than the normally aligned individuals. In addition, those with varus knees also demonstrated increased knee flexion and external knee flexor moments during midstance. These results suggest that individuals with varus knees exhibit some, but not all, of the altered mechanics seen in medial knee OA.
Gateway Cities: The Metropolitan Sources of US Producer Service Exports

The US's exports of producer services increased threefold in the 1980s. Those exports plus the repatriation of income from foreign affiliates of US producer service firms now equal US agricultural exports. This paper documents the growth and composition of those producer service exports and then attempts to identify their metropolitan sources. Four metropolitan areas, and particularly their central cities, stand out as having both high concentrations and specialisations in producer service industries and as being the location of the head offices of the largest producer service firms. Ordinary least-squares equations are presented for one of the cities, New York, which links the city's producer services sector to US exports of producer services. For the total private gross city product of New York City, the elasticity with respect to US exports of producer services ranges from +0.19 to +0.25.
Relation of Right Ventricular Peak Systolic Pressure to Major Adverse Events in Patients Undergoing Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy

The degree to which increased right-sided heart pressures influence outcome in cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) is unclear. High right ventricular (RV) pressures may contribute to septal malpositioning, thus hindering effective resynchronization. We hypothesized that patients with high RV systolic pressures before CRT implantation would have poorer outcome. We evaluated echocardiograms, electrocardiograms, and clinical records from 75 consecutive patients with CRT. RV systolic pressure was calculated from the peak tricuspid regurgitant, time–velocity profile. The primary end point was a composite of mortality, cardiac transplantation, or need for a left ventricular assist device. Events were evaluated by Kaplan-Meier curves and Cox proportional hazard ratios. Patients grouped by RV systolic pressure divided at the median of 35 mm Hg were similar except for more renal insufficiency and RV dysfunction when RV systolic pressure was >35 mm Hg. Univariate analysis identified RV systolic pressure >35 mm Hg (hazard ratio [HR] 3.32), diabetes (HR 2.45), renal insufficiency (HR 3.52), atrial fibrillation (HR 3.07), use of nonamiodarone antiarrhythmic medications (HR 2.86), atrial pacing (HR 2.57), and prolonged PR interval (HR 1.009) as associated with poorer outcome. Normal sinus rhythm at implantation (HR 0.34), baseline left bundle branch block (HR 0.44), and β-blocker use (HR 0.47) were associated with improved outcome. In a multivariable model, high RV systolic pressure (HR 3.71, 95% confidence interval 1.31 to 10.4), renal insufficiency (HR 3.18, 95% confidence interval 1.29 to 7.86), and atrial fibrillation (HR 4.22, 95% confidence interval 1.54 to 11.6) remained significant. In conclusion, despite resynchronization, patients with high RV pressures have significantly decreased survival after adjusting for significant contributing influences.
An Experimental Study of Voltage, Current, and Charge Controlled Stimulation Front-End Circuitry

We have developed an experimental 4-channel stimulator prototype capable of performing voltage controlled stimulation (VCS), current controlled stimulation (CCS), and switched capacitor based stimulation (SCS) all on the same platform for neurological experiments. The stimulator allows changing main stimulation parameters such as amplitude, pulse width, pulse frequency, and output channels in real-time either wirelessly or hardwired. The stimulator was used to objectively evaluate the power efficiencies of each stimulation strategy using platinum epilepsy electrodes with 2.3 mm2 exposed area in saline solution. We measured 92%, 65%, and 77% efficiencies for VCS, CCS, and SCS, respectively, on a 962 Omega - 810 nF resistive-capacitive load. The motivation behind this research is to find the most power efficient stimulation front-end (SFE) circuitry for implantable neurological stimulators (INS).
Does Sex Trade with Violence among Genotypes in Drosophila melanogaster

The evolutionary forces shaping the ability to win competitive interactions, such as aggressive encounters, are still poorly understood. Given a fitness advantage for competitive success, variance in aggressive and sexual display traits should be depleted, but a great deal of variation in these traits is consistently found. While life history tradeoffs have been commonly cited as a mechanism for the maintenance of variation, the variability of competing strategies of conspecifics may mean there is no single optimum strategy. We measured the genetically determined outcomes of aggressive interactions, and the resulting effects on mating success, in a panel of diverse inbred lines representing both natural variation and artificially selected genotypes. Males of one genotype which consistently lost territorial encounters with other genotypes were nonetheless successful against males that were artificially selected for supernormal aggression and dominated all other lines. Intransitive patterns of territorial success could maintain variation in aggressive strategies if there is a preference for territorial males. Territorial success was not always associated with male mating success however and females preferred ‘winners’ among some male genotypes, and ‘losers’ among other male genotypes. This suggests that studying behaviour from the perspective of population means may provide limited evolutionary and genetic insight. Overall patterns of competitive success among males and mating transactions between the sexes are consistent with mechanisms proposed for the maintenance of genetic variation due to nonlinear outcomes of competitive interactions.
Scalable Information-Driven Sensor Querying and Routing for Ad Hoc Heterogeneous Sensor Networks

This paper describes two novel techniques, information-driven sensor querying IDSQ and constrained anisotropic diffusion routing CADR, for energy-efficient data querying and routing in ad hoc sensor networks for a range of collaborative signal processing tasks. The key idea is to introduce an information utility measure to select which sensors to query and to dynamically guide data routing. This allows us to maximize information gain while minimizing detection latency and bandwidth consumption for tasks such as localization and tracking. Our simulation results have demonstrated that the information-driven querying and routing techniques are more energy efficient, have lower detection latency, and provide anytime algorithms to mitigate risks of link/node failures.
Teaching Anthropology through Folklore.

The author describes three uses of folklore in teaching anthropology: collecting folklore through interviewing; analyzing folklore themes; and using folklore in puppetry and plays.
Kat and its use: an historical perspective.

Abstract Of the many Old World plants or plant products which have potential for abuse, kat has probably been the least publicized in so-called more economically developed countries. Because kat has rather localized use and because, unlike opium and hashish it has no documented history or well-developed tradition dating from remote antiquity, few outside the confined areas of use even know about it. While kat has been, and still is, used in traditional medicine, it cannot boast of any great potential for development as a drug for use in Western societies. In short, the incentives for detailed, serious investigation until recently have been lacking. Even so, there is a considerable, albeit scattered, body of literature which might help provide renewed insights in approaching what is seen by some as an increasingly serious kat problem. A multidisciplinary historical overview of the use, abuse and sociology of this important plant is presented. Special emphasis is given to European early knowledge of, and evolution of attitudes towards kat use. Alleged past use and development of contemporary use patterns, effects, legal aspects, and chemical composition is covered from an historical perspective as well.
A Comparison of Broilers Grown in Environmentally Modified and Conventional Housing at Different Population Densities 1. Production Performance and Economic Analysis

Abstract A study was conducted to evaluate the economic feasibility of rearing broilers in environmentally modified versus conventional houses. Three broiler production trials involved over 27,000 broilers were conducted using densities of .07 sq. meter and .06 sq. meter per bird. There were two replicates of each density in each of the two houses in three separate trials. The control house in this study was a conventional, uninsulated, drop-curtain sided house with a dirt floor. The environmentally modified house was enclosed with metal siding insulated in the side walls and ceiling, and ventilated with thermostatically controlled fixed and variable speed fans. Body weight and feed conversion were significantly improved in the environmentally modified house. Mortality was significantly decreased in the environmentally modified house. Bird density did not influence performance in this study. An economic analysis indicated that the added initial cost of environmentally modified housing should be recovered in three and one-half years.
Microglia enhance dorsal root ganglion outgrowth in Schwann cell cultures

Transplantation of cellular populations to facilitate regrowth of damaged axons is a common experimental therapy for spinal cord injury. Schwann cells (SC) or microglia grafted into injury sites can promote axonal regrowth of central projections of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) sensory neurons. We sought to determine whether the addition of microglia or microglia-derived secretory products alters DRG axon regrowth upon cultures of SC. Rat DRG explants were grown on monolayers consisting of either SC, microglia, SC exposed to microglia-conditioned medium (MCM), or co-cultures with different relative concentrations of microglia. Image analysis revealed that, compared to SC alone, the extent of neurite outgrowth was significantly greater on SC-microglia co-cultures. Immunocytochemistry for extracellular matrix molecules showed that microglial cells stained positively for growth-promoting thrombospondin, whereas laminin and the inhibitory chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) were localized primarily to SC. Notably, immunoreactivity for CSPGs appeared reduced in areas associated with DRG outgrowth in co-cultures and SC exposed to MCM. These results show that microglia or their secreted products can augment SC-mediated DRG regrowth in vitro, indicating that co-grafting SC with microglia provides a novel approach to augment sensory fiber regeneration after spinal cord injury.
Microreactors for synthetic diesel production to optimize nanostructured cobalt catalyst

This paper reports on a new borosilicate microreactor, utilizing a high-efficiency Fischer-Tropsch synthesis catalyst for the production of synthetic diesel samples. The microreactor has a novel on chip heater in a gas mixing region, and several independent channels where nanocatalysts of differing structures can be deposited for parallel testing. One new nanostructured catalyst is fabricated under a specialized electrodeposition environment that results in high aspect ratio cobalt nanowires which have a very high surface area and attrition resistance due to high crystallinity. The samples are collected and are analyzed for their specific diesel fractions.
Self-referenced spectral phase retrieval of dissimilar optical frequency combs via multiheterodyne detection

We present a method to independently measure the spectral phase of an optical frequency comb by heterodyning it with a second comb of arbitrarily detuned repetition rate and appropriately processing the resulting electrical frequency comb.
Complications of a Retrograde Intubation in a Trauma Patient

The authors report the case of an elder woman involved in a motor vehicle collision (MVC) requiring emergent intubation using the technique of retrograde intubation (RI). Since RI is a blind tech- nique, potential complications arising from its use are numerous and may result in increased morbidity and mortality. Such was the case of this RI that involved incorrect placement of the endotracheal tube (ETT), resulting in suboptimal ventilation and increased morbidity. Additionally, this case illustrates how the failure to detect this error in multiple settings (am- bulance, helicopter, emergency department) led to un- necessary and potentially deleterious procedures and significant delay in providing the basics of trauma care, oxygenation and ventilation. Although theoret- ical complications of RI have been addressed in the past, there have been very few published reports of actual complications. The emergency physician must be aware of difficult airways, options available to es- tablish alternative airways, and methods to confirm appropriate placement of the ETT. The authors also discuss the indications, procedures, and complica- tions involved in performing an RI. Key words: en- dotracheal intubation; retrograde intubation; airway. ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2000; 7: 1267-1271
Role of Lean Tissue on the Formation of N‐Nitrosothiazolidine in Raw Bacon

Lean tissue, separated from whole bacon, was found to contain the precursors for N-nitrosothiazolidine (NTHZ), a nitrosamine formed when cured meats are smoked during processing. Of the various treatments investigated, cure incorporation of sodium ascorbate and liquid smoke yielded the lowest NTHZ values.
Factors Affecting the Ability of a Fly Ash to Contribute to the Sulfate Resistance of Fly Ash Concrete

The objective of this summary is to report on work in progress that is examining parameters, measurable through chemical and XRD analyses, that could indicate whether a fly ash will enhance, degrade or have no effect on the sulfate resistance of fly ash concrete. Mehta [1–4] has discussed the factors that contribute to attack of sulfates on fly ash concrete. As noted in his review paper on this subject in the preceding volume in this series [1], the agents responsible for concrete expansion and cracking are alumina-bearing hydrates, such as calcium monosulfoaluminate and calcium aluminate hydrate, that are attacked by the sulfate ion to form ettringite, calcium trisulfoaluminate. Acidic type interactions between sulfate ions and calcium hydroxide also lead to strength and mass loss.
Robust Tracking and Stereo Matching under Variable Illumination

Illumination inconsistencies cause serious problems for classical computer vision applications such as tracking and stereo matching. We present a new approach to model illumination variations using an Illumination Ratio Map (IRM). An IRM computes the intensity ratio of corresponding points in an image pair. We formulate IRM recovery as a Markov network, which assumes spatially varying illumination changes can be modeled as a locally smooth function with boundaries. We show that the IRM Markov network can be easily incorporated into low-level vision problems, such as tracking and stereo matching, by integrating IRM estimation with the optical flow field/disparity map solution process. This leads to a unified Markov network. We develop an iterative optimization algorithm based on Belief Propagation to efficiently recover the illumination ratio map and the optical field/disparity map at the same time. Experiments demonstrate that our methods are robust and reliable.
Population decline in a Philippine Negrito hunter‐gatherer society

The Casiguran Agta constitute a Negrito hunter-gatherer society in northeastern Luzon. The hypothesis presented is that this population has suffered serious decline over the last half -century. Demographic data collected over a 24-year period are used to substantiate this hypothesis. Agta figures on crude death rate, rate of natural decrease, infant mortality, life expectancy at birth, and homicide are among the most extreme known for any human population. Reasons for this decline are described, with emphasis on the factor of homicide.
A Radical Proposition: The Brief but Exceptional History of the Seattle School Clinic, 1914–21

This article examines the history of the Seattle school clinic (1914-21) and the efforts of public school administrators to institutionalize a full-service medical program for poor and working class children. At its height, thirty-six volunteer physicians and thirteen partially paid dentists organized within nine departments performed a range of diagnostic and "corrective" surgical procedures, including tonsillectomies, circumcisions, and eye surgeries. These practices were not funded by other public school systems across the United States, almost all of which delineated between prevention and treatment services. This article explains the exceptional nature of the clinic, examines the institutional tensions instigated by the expression of medical authority within the schools, and considers how clinic technologies influenced state-school-child relations.
Quasi-periodic functions and femtosecond pulses

Summary from only given. This talk describes a practical method for accomplishing coherent collinear sideband comb generation. Two Raman generators are placed in series. As an example, the first might be an H/sub 2/ cell with a rotational Raman transition of 587 cm/sup -1/ and the second could be a D/sub 2/ cell with a rotational transition of 179 cm/sup -1/. The cells are driven by three single-mode pulsed lasers.
Human TATA binding protein inhibits human papillomavirus type 11 DNA replication by antagonizing E1-E2 protein complex formation on the viral origin of replication.

The human papillomavirus (HPV) protein E2 possesses dual roles in the viral life cycle. By interacting directly with host transcription factors in basal keratinocytes, E2 promotes viral transcription. As keratinocyte differentiation progresses, E2 associates with the viral helicase, E1, to activate vegetative viral DNA replication. How E2's major role switches from transcription to replication during keratinocyte differentiation is not understood, but the presence of a TATA site near the viral origin of replication led us to hypothesize that TATA-binding protein (TBP) could affect HPV replication. Here we show that the C-terminal domain of TBP (TBPc) is a potent inhibitor of E2-stimulated HPV DNA replication in vitro (50% inhibitory concentration = 0.56 nM). Increasing the E1 concentration could not overcome TBPc inhibition in replication assays, indicating that TBPc is a noncompetitive inhibitor of E1 binding. While direct E2-TBPc association could be demonstrated, this interaction could not fully account for the mechanism of TBPc-mediated inhibition of viral replication. Because E2 supports sequence-specific binding of E1 to the viral ori, we proposed that TBPc antagonizes E1-ori association indirectly through inhibition of E2-DNA binding. Indeed, TBPc potently antagonized E2 binding to DNA in the absence (Ki = 0.5 ± 0.1 nM) and presence (Ki = 0.6 ± 0.3 nM) of E1. Since E2 and TBPc cannot be coadjacent on viral sequences, direct DNA-binding competition between TBPc and E2 was responsible for replication inhibition. Given the ability of TBPc to inhibit HPV DNA replication in vitro and data indicating that TBPc antagonized E2-ori association, we propose that transcription factors regulate HPV DNA replication as well as viral transcription.
Template Recognition and Formation of Initiation Complexes by the Replicase of a Segmented Double-stranded RNA Virus

Replication of the segmented double-stranded (ds) RNA genome of viruses belonging to the Reoviridae family requires the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP) to use 10-12 different mRNAs as templates for (-) strand synthesis. Rotavirus serves as a model system for study of this process, since its RdRP (VP1) is catalytically active and can specifically recognize template mRNAs in vitro. Here, we have analyzed the requirements for template recognition by the rotavirus RdRP and compared those to the requirements for formation of (-) strand initiation complexes. The results show that multiple functionally independent recognition signals are present at the 3'-end of viral mRNAs, some positioned in nonconserved regions upstream of the highly conserved 3'-terminal consensus sequence. We also found that RdRP recognition signals are distinct from cis-acting signals that promote (-) strand synthesis, because deletions of portions of the 3'-consensus sequence that caused viral mRNAs to be poorly replicated in vitro did not necessarily prevent efficient recognition of the RNA by the RdRP. Although the RdRP alone can specifically bind to viral mRNAs, our analysis reveals that this interaction is not sufficient to generate initiation complexes, even in the presence of nucleotides and divalent cations. Rather, the formation of initiation complexes also requires the core lattice protein (VP2), a virion component that forms a T = 1 icosahedral shell that encapsidates the segmented dsRNA genome. The essential role that the core lattice protein has in (-) strand initiation provides a mechanism for the coordination of genome replication and virion assembly.
Free cortisol levels should not be used to determine adrenal responsiveness

Patients and Measurements: Baseline serum total cortisol, cosyntropin-stimulated serum total cortisol, aldosterone, and free cortisol concentrations were measured in 66 critically ill patients with an APACHE score of 15 or higher, 33 healthy volunteers, and 7 patients with adrenal insufficiency secondary to hypopituitarism. Patients were further divided into two groups based on their serum albumin concentrations of ≤ 2.5 g/dL (low albumin group, n=36) or >2.5 g/dL (normal albumin group, n=30).
Photofragment Helicity Caused by Matter-Wave Interference from Multiple Dissociative States

Isolated diatomic molecules of iodine monochloride (ICl) were photodissociated by a beam of linearly polarized light, and the resulting ground-state Cl atom photofragments were detected by a method that is sensitive to the handedness (helicity) of the electronic angular momentum. It was found that this helicity oscillates between “topspin” and “backspin” as a function of the wavelength of the dissociating light. The helicity originates solely from the (de Broglie) matter-wave interference of multiple dissociating pathways of the electronic excited states of ICl. These measurements can be related to the identity and to the detailed shapes of the dissociating pathways, thus demonstrating that it is possible to probe repulsive states by spectroscopic means.
Cognitive Mediation of Relapse Prevention Following Treatment for Depression: Implications of Differential Risk

For the majority of individuals suffering from depression, any given episode is likely to remit without intervention, but subsequent episodes are apt to occur in the future (Zis & Goodwin, 1979). Given this high rate of renewed subsequent symptomaticity, increased attention has been paid in recent years to the distinction between blocking relapse, the return of symptoms associated with a prior episode, versus the prevention of recurrence, the onset of a wholly new episode (Post, 1959; Prien, 1984; Prien & Caffey, 1977; Prien & Kupfer, 1986; Quitkin, Rifkin, & Klein, 1976). In this chapter we focus on the issue of the long-term stability of treatment gains. We do so with particular reference to a recently completed comparative trial contrasting cognitive therapy and imipramine tricyclic pharmacotherapy, each alone and in combination, in the treatment of depressed outpatients (Hollon, DeRubeis, Evans, Wierner, Garvey, Grove, & Tuason, 1990). In addition to contrasting the efficacy of each intervention with respect to the reduction of acute symptomatology, we also evaluated the long-term efficacy of each over a two-year posttreatment follow-up period (Evans, Holton, DeRubeis, Piasecki, Grove, Garvey, & Tuason, 1990). As we shall see, our initial goal was to evaluate the impact of the different interventions on the prevention of subsequent episodes (recurrence). While differential effects were found (Evans et al., 1990), it is not clear that these findings were so much informative about recurrence as about clinical relapse.
Lentiviral-mediated RNAi knockdown yields a novel mouse model for studying Cyp2b function.

There are few in vivo knockout models available to study the function of Cyp2 members involved in the metabolism of endogenous and exogenous chemicals. These models may help provide insight into the cytochrome P450s (CYPs) responsible for the detoxification and activation of drugs, environmental toxicants, and endobiotics. The aim of this work is to produce a potent Cyp2b-knockdown (KD) mouse for subsequent study of Cyp2b function. We made a quintuple Cyp2b-KD mouse using lentiviralpromoted short hairpin RNA (shRNA) homologous to all five murine Cyp2b subfamily members (Cyp2b9, 2b10, 2b13, 2b19, and 2b23). The Cyp2b-KD mice are viable, fertile, and without obvious gross abnormalities except for an increase in liver weight. Expression of the three hepatic Cyp2b members, 2b9, 2b10, and 2b13, is significantly repressed as demonstrated by quantitative real-time PCR and Western blotting. The constitutive androstane receptor activator, 1,4-Bis[2-(3,5-dichloropyridyloxy)] benzene (TCPOBOP), was used to determine if shRNA-mediated Cyp2b10 repression could be outcompeted by Cyp2b10 induction. TCPOBOP-treated Cyp2b-KD mice show 80‐90% less Cyp2b protein expression than TCPOBOP-treated wild-type (WT) mice, demonstrating that Cyp induction does not outcompete the repressive function of the shRNA. Untreated and TCPOBOP-treated Cyp2bKD mice are poor metabolizers of parathion compared with WT mice. Furthermore, Cyp2b-KD mice are sensitive to parathion, an organophosphate insecticide primarily metabolized by Cyp2b enzymes, when compared with WT mice. In summary, we designed an shRNA construct that repressed the expression and activity of multiple Cyp2b enzymes. We foresee that this novel Cyp2b-KD mouse model will significantly improve our understanding of the role of Cyp2b enzymes in chemical sensitivity and drug metabolism.
Mitochondrial Phylogeography of the Vegetable Pest Liriomyza trifolii (Diptera: Agromyzidae): Diverged Clades and Invasive Populations

The leafmining fly Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess) (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest of vegetable and cut-flower crops. In recent decades, this species has become invasive, spreading from the Americas to the rest of the world. Despite substantial losses caused by Liriomyza leafminers, the systematics of these flies has remained poorly understood because of their small size and morphological homogeneity. Previous molecular research on other polyphagous Liriomyza pests has suggested that cryptic species may be present. Here, we use mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I sequence variation to investigate phylogeographic structure within L. trifolii. Our results indicate that L. trifolii harbors distinct phylogenetic clades, suggesting the presence of cryptic species. There is also evidence of a recently derived, highly specialized pepper (Capsicum spp., Solanaceae)-feeding population within L. trifolii that may represent a host race or even a distinct species. Introduced populations from various locations contained a highly restricted subset of the mitochondrial variation present within L. trifolii, suggesting one or more bottlenecks during colonization.
A multi-modal analytical non-stationary spectral model for characterization and stochastic simulation of earthquake ground motions

Abstract A novel stochastic earthquake ground motion model is formulated in association with physically interpretable parameters that are capable of effectively characterizing the complex evolutionary nature of the phenomenon. A multi-modal, analytical, fully non-stationary spectral version of the Kanai–Tajimi model is introduced achieving a realistic description of the time-varying spectral energy distribution. The functional forms describing the temporal evolution of the model parameters can efficiently model highly non-stationary power spectral characteristics. The analysis space, where the analytical forms describing the evolution of the model parameters are established, is the energy domain instead of the typical use of the time domain. This space is used in conjunction with a newly defined energy-associated amplitude modulating function. The Spectral Representation Method can easily support the simulation of sample model realizations. A subset of the NGA database is selected in order to test the efficiency and versatility of the stochastic model. The complete selected database is thoroughly analyzed and sample observations of the model parameters are obtained by fitting the evolutionary model to its records. The natural variability of the entire set of seismic ground motions is depicted through the model parameters, and their resulting marginal probability distributions together with their estimated covariance structure effectively describe the evolutionary ground motion characteristics of the database and facilitate the characterization of the pertinent seismic risk. For illustration purposes, the developed evolutionary model is presented in detail for two example NGA seismic records together with their respective deterministic model parameter values.
Literacies: Critical literacies pedagogy

Overview Critical approaches generally acknowledge that literacies are in the plural. They recognise the many voices learners bring to the classroom, the many sites of popular culture and the new media, and the differing perspectives that exist in real-world texts. They support learners as meaning-makers, as agents, as participants and as active citizens. They use the learning of literacies as a tool to enable students to take more control over the ways that meaning is made in their lives, rather than allow them to be alienated, swamped or excluded by unfamiliar texts – or simply to be confused or grudgingly compliant. More recently, critical literacies have become sites for the interrogation and creation of media and new media texts.
Comparison of Diesel Fuel Oxygenate Additives to the Composition-Explicit Distillation Curve Method. Part 4: Alcohols, Aldehydes, Hydroxy Ethers, and Esters of Butanoic Acid

There is a great deal of interest in formulating oxygenated diesel fuels that produce low-particulate emissions. In this paper, the fourth in a series of papers on the properties of mixtures of die...
PYRETHROID-IMPREGNATED TRUNK BANDS COMPARED WITH ARSENIC BAIT FOR EXCLUDING ARGENTINE ANTS FROM OLIVE INFESTED WITH BLACK SCALE, 2001-2002

Selective methods for excluding ants from trees where they disrupt the biological control of black scale, Saissetia oleae (Olivier) was investigated. The test site consisted of 16 fruitless 'Swan Hill' olive in a landscape bordering a blacktop walkway and adjacent parking lot in the University Arboretum, Davis, CA, from Mar 2001 through Oct 2002. Prior to treatments, black scale densities on foliage (four 1-foot terminals per tree), and ant density on trunks, were sampled. Ants were sampled by counting how many in a column passed a fixed point on the trunk within 30 seconds. Four trees were placed in each of four groups so that pretreatment insect means were not significantly different among groups. Groups were then randomly assigned to a treatment. Materials tested were 0.46% arsenic trioxide in containers with 0.33 oz sweet bait per bait station (Grants Kills Ants), 1.5-inch-wide plastic bands impregnated with 10.3% permethrin and 13% piperonyl butoxide (AntGuard), and no ant control. These 12 trees had received a foliar spray (2% superior oil plus 1% potassium salts of fatty acids applied to drench with a hydraulic sprayer) for black scale control during Jun 2000, which was nine months prior to the beginning of the study reported here. The fourth treatment was no ant control and no previous foliar spray.
Cations and Hypertension: Sodium, Potassium, Calcium, and Magnesium

The association between sodium intake and hypertension has been studied for almost a century. More recently, it has been suggested that abnormalities in dietary intake of potassium, calcium, and magnesium may play a major role in the pathogenesis of hypertension. A critical analysis of selected data from animal and human studies is discussed.
Deposition of Copper Films with Surface-Activating Agents

The low-temperature deposition of clean, conformal copper film by a vapor phase process using Cu(I) β-diketimine complex 1 is described. The process is similar to the digital CVD process described earlier with the related Cu(I) complex 2 in requiring pulse-and-purge cycles of reagents. However, here a surface-activating agent is used to capture the Cu precursor on the substrate surface through an acid–base reaction, rather than relying on a thermal decomposition of the Cu precursor from the vapor phase. The substrate temperature for the acid–base reaction is significantly lower than that for the thermal reaction, avoiding thermal degradation of the precursor during the deposition reaction, and is just high enough to volatilize the copper complex. The deposition process involves pule-and-purge cycles of pyrazole, copper precursor, and reducing agent. Thin, clean, conformal copper films on Au–Si and Ru–Si substrates are generated.
Toward a Behavioral Science Theory of Wages

Discusses the behavioral science theory of wages. Gaps in economic wage theory; Wage level of the firm; Internal wage structure of the firm; Relationship between earnings and occupational status; S...
Fuzzy Logic Control of Tensegrity Control Base of a Flight Simulator (Invited Paper).

This paper is a continuation of work performed at the University of Cincinnati which investigated an alternative to the Stewart platform. Many industries, including the military and NASA, rely on this design for the preliminary stages of pilot training and the testing of new aircraft, its subsystems and sensors. These state of the art simulators are large, and expensive to maintain and repair. In this effort we propose a Tensegrity based structural concept, utilizing fuzzy logic to command the structure, as the basis for a unique and effective flight simulator. Tensegrity structures are systems of tensile cables and compressive members. This structure has a high precision of control, is lightweight, and deployable. A fuzzy inference system was used to find an optimal configuration of the structure without the need to derive the equations of motion. Preliminary Tensegrity models have been constructed to test our understanding of a dynamic nature of the system and to provide physical models to work with. Some of these models were constructed as static models in order to gain an understanding of construction methods. Another model was constructed as a dynamic model, consisting of small pulleys and cables, to simulate the basic operations of a flight simulator.