cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Women and the 2005 election in Liberia

In 2005, Ellen Johnson Sirleaf defeated George Weah to become President of Liberia and the first woman elected to head an African country. Women voters were widely credited with her victory. This paper quantifies this claim by analysing newspaper content during the election period to gauge civil society group activity. It finds that consistency in their activities may have allowed women's groups to surpass other civil society groups in impacting the election. Activity levels of women's groups remained stable between the election and run-off periods, unlike other major group types whose activity level dropped by between 37% and 70%. It concludes that the environment surrounding the 2005 election was conducive to participation by women because of their existing, latent power in many spheres; their long experience as peacebuilders; the decimation of conventional social and political structures; Liberian women's experience in leadership positions; the failure of multiple male-dominated efforts; and the presence of a well-qualified female candidate.
A Solution to the Generalized Cevian Problem Using Forest Polynomials

In this paper, we examine the effect of dissecting an n-dimensional simplex using cevians (cross-sections passing through n?1 of the vertices of the simplex). We describe a formula for the number of pieces the simplex is dissected into using a polynomial involving only the number of each type of cevian. The polynomial in question involves terms involving the edges of the simplex, but discarding those terms involving cycles of the underlying graph. Thus, we call such a polynomial a “forest polynomial.”
Haemodynamic effects of low-dose isoproterenol and aminophylline after coronary embolization in dogs.

Left coronary embolization with mercury (0·2 ml.) produced severe, progressive left ventricular failure in closed-chest, anaesthetized dogs. The administration of isoproterenol in low doses (0·03 (μg/kg/min) resulted in a significantly increased cardiac output and peak left ventricular dP/dt and a markedly decreased left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, without any change in the heart rate or the production of ventricular dysrhythmias. The addition of aminophylline (50 mg plus 150 (μg/kg/min) produced a further increase in peak dP/dt but did not improve the cardiac output or decrease the left ventricular end-diastolic pressure. It is suggested that isoproterenol given in low doses with aminophylline which will not affect heart rate or cause ventricular dysrhythmias may be of haemodynamic benefit during acute left ventricular failure caused by myocardial ischaemia.
Sexuality and Suffering, Or the Eew! Factor

The ubiquitous Eew! Factor–an excited disgust–is layered. Its tangled experiential and constitutive dimensions unfold when the Eew! Factor is examined through the lens of sexual countertransference; sexual countertransference through affect, abjection, and intersubjectivity; and sex itself through all of them. Taking the perspective that sex is neither psychic bedrock nor diagnostic sign, this essay examines three expired, not entirely successful, cases in which this sexual disturbance, which all clinicians, like as not have experienced at one time or another, appeared. Receiving particular attention are matters of transference-countertransference lust and erotic unknowing; racism in the clinical setting; and shame, embarrassment, and humiliation in relation to gender and sexuality.
Noninvasive assessment of cardiovascular disease in the young: A clinical overview

The potential need for this Bethesda Conference was first suggested by the 1980 Task Force on Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, This Task Force suggested that a workshop be convened to evaluate the development of noninvasive instrumentation for anatomic diagnosis and physiologic assessment in pediatric catdiology. In their subsequent review of that recommendation, a subcommittee of the Cardiovascular Advisory Committee of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute discussed this topic further witH Julian Hoffman, MD, Samuel Kaplan, MD, Madison Spach, MD and Aldo Castaneda, MD. These advisors agreed that the subject was timely and suggested that the workshop be implemented. Zena McCallum of the Cardiac Diseases Branch of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and David Field of the Americ~n College of Cardiology did most of the work to make this meeting possible. Through Zena McCallum's efforts, the Pediatric Cardiology Committee of the American College of Cardiology became involved and recommended to the College that this would be an itnportant subject for a Bethesda Conference. A Steering Committee was appointed and experts in the field were invited. There was an enthusiastic response to invitations and it was hoped that a fruitful conference would ensue. The objective of the conference was to evaluate the development of noninvasive instrumentation for anatomic diagnosis and physiologic assessment in pediatric cardiology and promote the utilization of new modalities in caring for pediatric patients. The participants were encouraged to consider possible future applications particularly useful for studying children with various cardiovascular problems. In addition, the financial aspects, including the cost-benefit ratio of the various modalities, were to be considered in this deliberation. My role at the beginning of the conference was to attempt
Aggressive behavioral characteristics, hormones, and sexual orientation in men and women

Aggressive behavioral characteristics were assessed in groups of men and women by a self-report instrument, the Aggression Inventory, in which adult males reported more physical and verbal aggression than did females. Furthermore, males had higher scores on measures of impulsiveness and lack of frustration tolerance than did females, while women were more likely to avoid confrontation. In a second study, groups of male and female homosexuals and heterosexuals completed this Aggression Inventory after having blood samples taken to assay resting levels of testosterone (T) and estradiol (E). Groups of subjects within each gender were closely matched in terms of age, education, and vocational interests. Women were matched for the same time in their menstrual cycle (early follicular phase). Among men, homosexuals were indistinguishable from heterosexuals on all measures of aggression. Lesbians did not differ from heterosexual women on any aggression subscale except physical aggression, in which the homosexual women had lower scores. T and E were positively correlated with several indices of aggressive behavioral characteristics in men but were negatively correlated with those same measures in women.
Selecting cost-effective survey methods: Foot-in-door and prepaid monetary incentives

Abstract The cost-effectiveness of foot-in-door (FID) and prepaid monetary incentives (PMI) are investigated. We show conceptually that, there is a trade-off between maximizing response rate and maximizing respondents per dollar. Empirical results show response rate is maximized if a FID is used in combination with a $1.00 PMI (response rate= .43, respondents/dollar= .154). Respondents per dollar is maximized with a FID combined with a $.25 PMI (response rate= .42, respondents/ dollar= .206). Also, FID and PMI do not seem to affect response, response speed, or item omission. Finally, there is evidence that FID and PMI interact negatively on response rate.
Performance Analysis of a Simplified Model of Cooling Load for a Typical Office Building

Buildings are responsible for at least 40% of energy use in most countries of the world, and for up to 21% of greenhouse gas emissions globally. As this trend continues, real-time building load measurements are essential for dynamic load response control, understanding and improvement of load distributions and profiles, and for climate-responsive design, particularly in commercial buildings. The focus in this paper is the cooling load, which is the rate at which heat must be removed from the controlled zone to maintain the desired temperature. Estimation of maximum cooling load is necessary for sizing of cooling equipments. However, details needed for whole-building simulation are often unreliable or unavailable. As such, simplified models with reasonable accuracy and computational requirements are often used. A cyber-physical system, integration of physical sensors and mathematical model, is proposed in this paper for cooling load estimation. The physical sensor measurements are limited to outside air temperature, solar radiation, room air temperature, and building plug load. Meanwhile, resistance-capacitance (RC) concept was adopted to describe the physics and dynamics of the building envelope for its simplicity and reasonable computational requirements. The cyber-physical system was tested using a typical office having two thermal zones and compared with simulation results from EnergyPlus, a whole building simulation program. Phenomenon such as infiltration, inter-zone air mixing, and air moisture control were not taken into account for the model. Results are presented to determine the accuracy of the simplified model for cooling load estimation.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Two functional heads are required for full activation of smooth muscle myosin.

The motor activity of smooth muscle myosin II is regulated by the regulatory light chain phosphorylation, but it is not understood how phosphorylation activates motor activity. To address this question, we produced asymmetric heavy meromyosin (HMM), which is composed of a wild-type (WT) heavy chain and a mutant heavy chain having no motor activity (i.e. S236T or G457A). The actin-activated ATPase activities (V max) of asymmetric HMMs were only 21.8 and 8.4% of the wild-type HMM for S236A/WT HMM and G456A/WT HMM, respectively. If the two heads of HMM are independent for their ATPase activities, asymmetric HMM should show 50% of the activity of wild-type HMM; however, the activity of asymmetric HMM was much lower than the expected value. The results suggest that the activity of the wild-type head is attenuated by the presence of inactive head. Consistently, the actin-gliding velocity of the asymmetric HMM (i.e. S236T/WT or G457A/WT) was less than one-fifth of the wild-type HMM. The present study supports an idea that the two heads of smooth muscle myosin II interact with each other and the presence of two active heads is required for full activation.
Isolation and characterization of proteolipids from sarcoplasmic reticulum.

(1) A proteolipid fraction was isolated from the membranes of fragmented sarcoplasmic reticulum from rabbit skeletal muscle by extraction with acidified chloroform/methanol 2∶1. This material was further resolved on Sephadex LH-20 in acetone/methanol 2∶1. Four fractions were collected and converted into partly delipidated water-soluble form. Although the separation of the four fractions was not sharp, it was clear from SDS-urea polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and amino acid composition that there are at least two different species of proteolipids in sarcoplasmic reticulum. (2) Some of these fractions had ionophoric activity, catalyzing the transloction of Ca2+, Mn2+, Na+ into egg phosphatidylcholine vesicles after they were incorporated into the membrane by sonication. Under these conditions cardiolipin had no ionophoric activity. (3) A Ca2+-ATPase was isolated from sarcoplasmic reticulum by the method developed for delipidation of the enzyme [Green, N.M. (1975),In: Calcium Transport in Contraction and Secretion, E. Carafoli et al., editor. pp. 339–348 North Holland, Amsterdam.] This preparation which was depleted in proteolipids, catalyzed an ATP-dependent Ca2+ transport after incorporation into phospholipid vesicles demonstrating that a single component, Ca2+-ATPase, can function in reconstituted vesicles. However, the efficiency of pumping in these vesicles was low (Ca2+/ATP<1). We propose that the proteolipid may increase the efficiency of pumping by contributing to the formation of the transmembranous channel either by aiding in its assembly or by participating as a functional subunit.
(Anti)reconstruction Effects in Free Relatives: A New Argument against the Comp Account

Les relatives libres peuvent etre analysees de deux manieres differentes. Selon l'approche Comp, le syntagme Wh est en Spec,CP et la tete de la relative libre est occupee par un element pronominal vide. Selon l'approche Tete, le syntagme Wh est en position tete et le Spec,CP est soit non projete, soit vide. L'A. examine ici le comportement des relatives libres par rapport aux effets du Principe C. Il souligne que l'approche Comp pose des problemes parce qu'elle implique un contraste entre les questions Wh et les relatives libres, tandis que l'approche Tete donne une explication structurale de ce contraste et capture ainsi le parallelisme entre relative libre et relative avec tete en ce qui concerne les effets de reconstruction
A comparison of the bonding in organoiron clusters

The Mossbauer effect hyperfine parameters and the results of the Fenske-Hall molecular orbit (mo) calculations have been used to study the electronic properties of trinuclear iron, tetranuclear iron butterfly, Fe-Co, and Fe-Cu carbonyl clusters. The more negative Fe charge and the larger Fe 4s population in an Fe(CO)4 fragment as compared with that in an Fe(CO)3 or an Fe(CO)2 fragment is a result of the CO ligands rather than the near-neighbor metals. The clusters which contain heterometals have more negative isomer shifts. The isomer shift correlated well with the sum of the Fe 4s orbital population and the Zeff these electrons experience. The mo wave functions and the atomic charges generally give a larger calculated ΔE Q than is observed, indicating the need to include Sternheimer factors in the calculation. The valence contribution dominates the EFG.
Reflectance of surfactant-templated mesoporous silica thin films: Simulations versus experiments

In this study, cubic and hexagonal mesoporous amorphous silica thin films were synthesized using evaporation-induced self-assembly process followed by calcination leaving highly ordered spherical or cylindrical pores in a silica matrix. The films featured pores with diameter between 4 and 11 nm, lattice parameter from 7.8 to 24 nm, and porosity between 22% and 45%. All films were dehydrated prior to reflectance measurements except for one film which was fully hydrated. The present study compares the spectral reflectance measured experimentally between 400 and 900 nm with that computed numerically by solving three-dimensional Maxwell's equations in mesoporous silica thin films with the same morphology as those synthesized. The matrix was assumed to have the same optical properties as bulk fused silica. The pore optical properties were either those of air or liquid water whether the film was dehydrated or hydrated, respectively. Excellent agreement was found between experimental and numerical reflectance for both cubic and hexagonal mesoporous silica films. This study experimentally validates our simulation tool and offers the prospect of ab-initio design of nanocomposite materials with arbitrary optical properties without using effective medium approximation or mixing rules.
Heterodimerization of Propylene and Vinylarenes: Functional Group Compatibility in a Highly Efficient Ni-Catalyzed Carbon-Carbon Bond-Forming Reaction

Unlike heterodimerization reactions of ethylene and vinylarenes, no such synthetically useful reactions using propylene are known. We find that propylene reacts with various vinylarenes in the presence of catalytic amounts of ((allyl)NiBr)2, triphenylphosphine and AgOTf giving excellent yields of the dimerization products. The reaction proceeds at 1 atm of propylene at temperatures between 215 and 108C. These conditions are compatible with a number of common organic functional groups such as halides, ethers, esters, ketones and sulfonamides. As expected, a mixture of regioisomeric products (with propene-C1 addition to the benzylic position as the major one) is obtained. The product distribution appears to be significantly different when a hemilabile ligand (2-diphenylphosphino-2 0 -alkoxy-1,1 0 - binaphthyl) is employed. q 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
A Motion Compensated Fiber Optic Confocal Microscope based on Common-path Optical Coherent Tomography Distance Sensor

A motion compensated fiber optic confocal microscope system is demonstrated using a combination of a Fourier domain common-path optical coherence tomography (CP-OCT) distance sensor and a high-speed linear motor. The confocal microscope is based on 460 micron diameter fiber bundle terminated with a gradient index (GRIN) lens. Using the peak detection of a 1-D A-scan data of CP-OCT, the distance deviation from the focal plane could be monitored in real-time. When the distance deviation surpasses a certain threshold, the linear motor drives the confocal microscope probe at a speed related to the change in the deviation to maintain the deviation within a predetermined limit. The motion compensation was achieved for a confocal microscope imaging rate of 1Hz with an average distance error of 4 microns.
Pediatric HIV-1 infection.

Although the number of pediatric AIDS cases in the United States continues to rise, the availability of therapies to interrupt mother-to-child transmission suggests that with appropriate testing and treatment of pregnant women, the number of children infected with HIV-1 should decrease. The advent of PCR technology has resulted in the ability to diagnose HIV-1 infection in exposed infants within the first few months of life, which allows for the provision of appropriate prophylaxis to prevent disease in infancy as well as for the potential for early therapy. HIV-1 infected children have very high HIV-1 RNA levels in plasma early in the course of the infection, which persist significantly longer than in adults. Viral load has been predictive of clinical outcome in children similar to adults; however, some studies suggest that control of viral replication in infants may be more difficult.
An analysis of cultural diversity and recurring themes in preservice teachers’ online discussions of Epstein’s six types of parent involvement

This study used a qualitative, grounded theoretical framework to examine integration of Joyce Epstein’s six typologies of family involvement in responses to discussion questions for an online parent involvement course. Fifty-two undergraduate students’ responses were axially coded. Overarching themes were then determined with the constant comparative method. Participant responses demonstrated varying degrees of effective integration of each of Epstein’s six types of involvement. Participants demonstrated comprehensive understanding of communication methods and barriers and benefits of community involvement, but failed to recognize relationships between involvement types or effectively integrate personal knowledge and anecdotes. Responses reflected limited knowledge of how educators can engage culturally diverse families. The participants integrated knowledge of cultural diversity in responses addressing family-friendly schools, communication, and volunteering but not parenting, decision-making and advocac...
Reversal of the lattice structure in SrCoO(x) epitaxial thin films studied by real-time optical spectroscopy and first-principles calculations.

Using real-time spectroscopic ellipsometry, we directly observed a reversible lattice and electronic structure evolution in ${\mathrm{SrCoO}}_{x}$ ($x=2.5--3$) epitaxial thin films. Drastically different electronic ground states, which are extremely susceptible to the oxygen content $x$, are found in the two topotactic phases: i.e., the brownmillerite ${\mathrm{SrCoO}}_{2.5}$ and the perovskite ${\mathrm{SrCoO}}_{3}$. First-principles calculations confirmed substantial differences in the electronic structure, including a metal-insulator transition, which originate from the modification in the Co valence states and crystallographic structures. More interestingly, the two phases can be reversibly controlled by changing the ambient pressure at greatly reduced temperatures. Our finding provides an important pathway to understanding the novel oxygen-content-dependent phase transition uniquely found in multivalent transition metal oxides.
Wound debridement: lessons learned of when and how to remove "wild" maggots.

Abstract Background Wounds, particularly chronic wounds, are a common presentation to the Emergency Department (ED), and in severe cases can contain maggots. Maggot debridement therapy is a popular technique for wound debridement, but is limited to the use of sterilized larvae due to concerns of contamination and invasion of “wild” maggots into healthy tissue. Wild maggots in chronic wounds, therefore, should be removed, yet there is no reported literature that describes a technique for their removal. Objective This article presents a step-by-step approach for the safe removal of “wild” larvae in a wound using Yankauer suction. Case Report We present a case of a homeless man presenting to the ED with a foot wound found to have “wild” maggots that required removal. Conclusion The technique described in this article is a simple, safe, and efficient way for the Emergency Physician to remove “wild” larvae from wounds.
Preserving Our Digital Heritage

All three present technologies for storing single copies of digital data (magnetic, optical, and solid state) are characterized by relatively short lifetimes, ranging from 5 to 30 years. There presently exists no inexpensive way to preserve one's digital data for posterity. This paper describes a research effort which is targeting 1,000 years (a millennium) for a new type of recordable optical storage.
Gender differences in incidental learning and visual recognition memory : support for a sex difference in unconscious environmental awareness

Abstract Visual recognition memory is better for familiar objects in adult women compared with men. The present experiments examined whether this gender difference is related to either the greater verbal ability in the female population or greater compliance by females with the task instructions. The role of verbal mediation was studied in 246 undergraduates using recognition memory tasks for both abstract and nameable objects. Females recognized significantly more abstract shapes and nameable objects than males, indicating that the greater recognition memory in females is not dependent upon linguistic mediation. The role of compliance was addressed by examining the performance of 105 undergraduates on an incidental learning task which tested recognition memory for nameable objects. For 60 s, subjects located a star on a computer screen that appeared in different locations against a background of common objects. Immediately following, the subjects were shown a screen on which all of the original objects appeared as well as additional objects. Females identified significantly more objects than males. Together data from these studies suggest that the gender difference in recognition memory reflects a greater unconscious processing of environmental stimuli in females. Results are discussed with respect to the possible role of evolutionary selection with respect to the environmental awareness necessary for care of altricial offspring.
Enhancement of Poles in Spectral Analysis

This paper presents a new technique for detecting a small pole in the presence of a nearby strong pole. By simultaneously applying the chirp z-transform (CZT) and a recently developed window, the new technique is shown to be able to detect and resolve a small pole. The CZT is efficient since it employs the fast Fourier transform (FFT) to evaluate a convolution. But unlike the FFT which is limited to the evaluation of the spectrum on the jw-axis, the CZT can evaluate the z-transform on the whole complex plane. And with the use of the new window, which is designed to have a near-sidelobe level of any specified value, the CZT is shown to be able to resolve two closely spaced poles with a large difference in amplitudes. Unlike the Prony's method, the new technique does not require predetermining the system order. No matrix inversion or solution of polynomial roots is required. Further, the new technique is a linear operation. Thus even under noisy environments it yields accurate, stable results for extraction of poles from transient response data.
Diode-laser absorption technique for simultaneous measurements of multiple gasdynamic parameters in high-speed flows containing water vapor

A distributed-feedback InGaAsP diode laser, emitting near 1.38 μm, was used to acquire spectrally resolved absorption profiles of H2O lines in the ν1 + ν3 band at a repetition rate of 10 kHz. The profiles were used for simultaneous measurements of flow parameters in high-speed, one-dimensional (1-D) transient flows generated in a shock tube. Velocity was determined from the Doppler shift, which was measured with a pair of profiles simultaneously acquired at different angles with respect to the flow direction. Temperature was determined from the intensity ratio of two adjacent lines. Pressure and density were found from the fractional absorption. From these primary gasdynamic variables, the mass and momentum fluxes were determined. Experiments were conducted with three different gas mixtures in the shock tube: pure H2O at initial pressures lower than 3 Torr, up to 6% of H2O in O2 at initial pressures below 120 Torr, and up to 8% of H2 in O2 at initial pressures below 35 Torr. In the third case, pyrolysis of H2/O2 behind incident shocks produced known yields of H2O. With all three mixtures, results compare well with 1-D shock calculations. This H2O diagnostic strategy shows promise for applications in both ground and flight testing.
Cell Biology of Ca2+-Triggered Exocytosis

Ca 2+ triggers many forms of exocytosis in different types of eukaryotic cells, for example synaptic vesicle exocytosis in neurons, granule exocytosis in mast cells, and hormone exocytosis in endocrine cells. Work over the past two decades has shown that synaptotagmins function as the primary Ca 2+ -sensors for most of these forms of exocytosis, and that synaptotagmins act via Ca 2+ -dependent interactions with both the fusing phospholipid membranes and the membrane fusion machinery. However, some forms of Ca 2+ -induced exocytosis may utilize other, as yet unidentified Ca 2+ -sensors, for example, slow synaptic exocytosis mediating asynchronous neurotransmitter release. In the following overview, we will discuss the synaptotagmin-based mechanism of Ca 2+ -triggered exocytosis in neurons and neuroendocrine cells, and its potential extension to other types of Ca 2+ -stimulated exocytosis for which no synaptotagmin Ca 2+ -sensor has been identified.
Comparing the Effects of Housing Vouchers and Low-Income Housing Tax Credits on Neighborhood Integration and School Quality

This study compares the effects of housing vouchers and low-income housing tax credits (LIHTC) on neighborhood integration and school quality in six metropolitan areas. The study shows that program...
Elevated atrial natriuretic peptides and early renal failure in type 2 diabetic Goto-Kakizaki rats

The present investigation was designed to determine if atrial natriuretic peptides (ANPs) are increased in a spontaneous model of non-obese type 2 diabetes, the Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rat. Four peptide hormones originating from the ANP prohormone were increased twofold (P < .05) to sixfold (P < .01) in the circulation of GK rats compared with nondiabetic Wistar rats from which the GK colony was originally derived. Thus, ANP, long-acting natriuretic peptide (LANP), vessel dilator, and kaliuretic peptide were (mean +/- SE) 497 +/- 78, 1,285 +/- 105, 457 +/- 45, and 385 +/- 87 pg/mL in GK rats, versus 78 +/- 23, 542 +/- 77, 137 +/- 26, and 134 +/- 33 pg/mL, respectively, in Wistar rats. In evaluating the cause of the increased ANPs, the blood volume of GK rats (16.2 +/- 0.4 mL) was significantly (P < .01) increased compared with Wistar rats (9.5 +/- 0.3 mL). The ventricles of GK rats were not dilated when examined by transthoracic echocardiography, but the venous system was markedly distended. GK rats had a 48% to 79% decrease in renal function (ie, increased serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen [BUN]) compared with Wistar rats. These results indicate that circulating ANPs are increased in the GK spontaneously diabetic rat secondary to (1) increased blood volume, which leads to increased synthesis and release of ANPs, and (2) renal failure, which results in a delayed metabolic processing of these peptides. The early combined increases of the four atrial peptides collectively may contribute to the hyperfiltration that occurs in early diabetes mellitus.
Dynamic behavior of delamination and transverse cracks in fiber reinforced laminated composites

Abstract In this paper a numerical method is developed to study the dynamic behavior of delamination and transverse cracks in lamianted fiber-reinforced composite plates of finite dimension. The plate is subjected to time dependent antiplane shear stress field which is acting on the plate surfaces. The interaction of waves diffracted at the crack tip with those reflected at the plate boundaries and transmitted at the material interface makes the problem very complicated, so analytical study of this problem cannot be carried out with our present state of knowledge. Hence the problem is solved numerically. A versatile functional is developed which can handle delamination and transverse cracks with any orientation in multilayered composite laminates. The variational principle is adopted in frequency domain to obtain the finite element equations. The numerical difficulty associated with the singular behavior of the stress field near the crack tip has been avoided by using quarter point elements.
Declining American Leadership in the World Economy

(1991). Declining American leadership in the world economy. The International Spectator: Vol. 26, International Political Economy in a Tripolar World, pp. 49-74.
Cecal volvulus: a report of two cases occurring after the antegrade colonic enema procedure

Abstract Background Many children with chronic constipation and fecal incontinence have benefited from the antegrade colonic enema (ACE) procedure. Routine antegrade colonic lavage often allows such children to avoid daytime soiling. This report describes 2 children in whom the ACE procedure was complicated by a cecal volvulus. Methods A retrospective review of 164 children with an ACE procedure was conducted. Two instances of cecal volvulus were identified. Results The first child presented with abdominal pain and difficulty intubating the ACE site. Over the subsequent day, his pain worsened, and radiographs depicted a colonic obstruction. At laparotomy, a cecal volvulus resulting in bowel necrosis was observed, and resection of the affected bowel and appendix (in the right lower quadrant) and end ileostomy was required. He subsequently had the stoma closed and a new ACE constructed with a colon flap. The second child presented with shock and evidence of an acute abdomen. At laparotomy, a cecal volvulus was noted, and ileocolic resection including the ACE stoma (located at the umbilicus) and an ileostomy and Hartmann pouch was performed. He had a protracted hospital course requiring ventilator and inotropic support. He currently is well and still has an ileostomy stoma. Conclusions A high index of suspicion for a potentially life-threatening cecal volvulus should be maintained in children undergoing an ACE procedure who present with abdominal pain, evidence of bowel obstruction, or difficulty in advancing the ACE irrigation catheter.
Development and evolution of the migratory neural crest: a gene regulatory perspective

The neural crest, a uniquely vertebrate characteristic, gives rise to pigment cells, much of the peripheral nervous system, the craniofacial skeleton, and a plethora of other cell types. Classical embryological studies have revealed important details about the migratory pathways followed by these cells, and their subsequent differentiation into diverse derivatives. More recently, many aspects of the molecular cascade of events involved in neural crest induction and generation of these migratory cells have been revealed. Formation of the neural crest appears to involve a network of interactions whereby signaling molecules initiate the induction and, subsequently, the establishment of the neural plate border, which is marked by expression of a characteristic set of transcription factors designated as neural plate border-specifiers. These in turn regulate other transcription factors termed neural crest-specifiers, which control genes involved in neural crest delamination, the generation of migratory cells and ultimately the acquisition of appropriate fates.
Transformation of carbon tetrachloride by bisulfide treated goethite, hematite, magnetite, and kaolinite.

Abstract This study investigated the transformation of carbon tetrachloride (CT) by goethite, hematite, magnetite, and kaolinite treated with bisulfide to form coatings of iron monosulfide (FeS) and other Fe(II) species. These coatings contribute to abiotic natural attenuation in anaerobic environments. Batch kinetic experiments were performed under anoxic conditions at pH 8.0. Surface-area-normalized pseudo-first-order rate constants for CT transformation did not differ significantly for the three HS− treated iron oxides, but the rate of CT transformation by bisulfide-treated kaolinite was significantly lower, most likely due to kaolinite’s lower iron content. The yield of chloroform (CF) from CT transformation was typically ∼1%. There was negligible or only slight adsorption of several natural organic matter (NOM) model compounds to the surface of HS− treated goethite, and these compounds had no influence on CT transformation rate constants or CF yields. Juglone, on the other hand, adsorbed to a greater extent, and also significantly influenced the CF yield, increasing it by a factor of approximately 20 for HS− treated hematite. We speculate that juglone or its HS− addition product adsorbed to the mineral surface and acted as a hydrogen atom donor that reacted with the trichloromethyl radical intermediate, increasing the CF yield.
Plk1-dependent phosphorylation of FoxM1 regulates a transcriptional programme required for mitotic progression

Proper control of entry into and progression through mitosis is essential for normal cell proliferation and the maintenance of genome stability. The mammalian mitotic kinase Polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1) is involved in multiple stages of mitosis5. Here we report that Forkhead Box M1 (FoxM1), a substrate of Plk1, controls a transcriptional programme that mediates Plk1-dependent regulation of cell-cycle progression. The carboxy-terminal domain of FoxM1 binds Plk1, and phosphorylation of two key residues in this domain by Cdk1 is essential for Plk1-FoxM1 interaction. Formation of the Plk1-FoxM1 complex allows for direct phosphorylation of FoxM1 by Plk1 at G2/M and the subsequent activation of FoxM1 activity, which is required for expression of key mitotic regulators, including Plk1 itself. Thus, Plk1-dependent regulation of FoxM1 activity provides a positive-feedback loop ensuring tight regulation of transcriptional networks essential for orderly mitotic progression.
Union Officer Perspectives on Quality of Worklife

Analysis of the responses of 131 local union officers to a questionnaire found that a number of variables are related to the attitudes of union leaders toward quality of worklife (QWL). Unions are morelikely to participate in a QWL program if local officers feel that unions can influence government policy, their members expect them to make progress on QWL issues, and if it is important to have good local‐member relations. Unions are less likely to participate in a QWL program if officers believe that unions are strong, feel employers favor severe tactics, and place a priority on traditional bargaining issues. For unions involved in a QWL program, union strength and perceived influence over government policy were related to positive attitudes regarding the long‐term future of QWL. For unions without QWL experience,severe management policies toward unions, and higher member expectations for local performance on QWL issues were related to more favorable attitudes toward QWL, while the officer’s tenure in position was related to a less favorable view of QWL. For locals involved in a QWL program, satisfaction with QWL increases if officers feel the labor movement needs to change its attitude and approach to problems, the labor relations climate is favorable, the local has sufficient bargaining power, and the overall performance of the local is satisfactory. The results suggest that “get tough” management policies toward unions will negatively affect union participation in and satisfaction with QWL efforts.
Connecting with The Biggest Loser: an extended model of parasocial interaction and identification in health-related reality TV shows.

This study investigates audience responses to health-related reality TV shows in the setting of The Biggest Loser. It conceptualizes a model for audience members’ parasocial interaction and identification with cast members and explores antecedents and outcomes of parasocial interaction and identification. Data analysis suggests the following direct relationships: (1) audience members’ exposure to the show is positively associated with parasocial interaction, which in turn is positively associated with identification, (2) parasocial interaction is positively associated with exercise self-efficacy, whereas identification is negatively associated with exercise self-efficacy, and (3) exercise self-efficacy is positively associated with exercise behavior. Indirect effects of parasocial interaction and identification on exercise self-efficacy and exercise behavior are also significant. We discuss the theoretical and practical implications of these findings.
Comparative toxicity of Pfiesteria spp., prolonging toxicity of P. piscicida in culture and evaluation of toxin(s) stability

Abstract Toxicity of Pfiesteria piscicida (strain CAAE #2200) in the presence of fish (juvenile hybrid tilapia, Oreochromis sp., total length 3–6 cm) has been maintained in the laboratory for 19 months by serial transfer of toxic cells using a modified maintenance protocol. Toxicity was re-induced when toxin-producing P. piscicida cells were separated from fish and cultured on algal prey for 50 days and then re-introduced to new tanks containing fish. We confirmed toxicity in a strain of P. shumwayae (strain CAAE #101272). Toxicity to fish was demonstrated in culture filtrates (0.2 μm) derived from cultures of both Pfiesteria spp., however, it was markedly reduced in comparison to unfiltered water. Filtrates retained toxic activity when stored at −20 °C for up to 6 months. Toxicity to fish was retained when filtrates were held at room temperature for 48 h, at 70 °C for 30 min or at 88–92 °C for 2 h. P. piscicida killed all finfish species tested. Grass shrimp ( Paleomonetes pugio ; adult 2–3 cm), blue crab ( Callinectes sapidus ; juvenile 4–7 cm) and brine shrimp ( Artemia sp.; 18–24 h post-hatch) were unaffected by concentrations of toxin(s) that killed juvenile tilapia in 4–24 h. Ichthyotoxic activity of filtrates from fish-killing cultures and stability of the toxic activity were similar among P. piscicida and P. shumwayae . These results confirm previously reported observations on toxicity of P. piscicida and P. shumwayae to finfish . We have maintained toxicity in the laboratory for longer periods than have previously been routinely achieved, and we have demonstrated that the toxic activity is heat stable. In contrast to previous studies with other toxic P. piscicida strains, we did not observe toxic activity to blue crabs or other crustaceans.
LESIONS CAUSED IN SUCKLING MICE BY CERTAIN VIRUSES ISOLATED FROM CASES OF SO CALLED NON-PARALYTIC POLIOMYELITIS AND OF PLEURODYNIA

A STUDY HAS BEEN MADE OF THE LESIONS PRODUCED IN SUCKLING MICE BY THE FOLLOWING VIRUSES: Powers, Matulaitis, DeMole, Kine, McCarthy, Conn. 5, Ohio R, High Point, WS No. 4, EMC, and Col. SK. Pathologic alterations have been found in myocardium, lungs, liver, pancreas, thymus, brain and spinal cord, adipose tissue, and skeletal muscles. A comparison of the lesions produced by the individual strains has disclosed certain differential features which are discussed in detail. Within the group of so called Coxsackie viruses, myositis has not proved to be a constant finding, and it may occur in suckling mice infected with other types of virus.
Satisfaction with obstetric care: relation to neonatal intensive care.

Objective: To examine the relationship between admitting children to a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) and mothers’ satisfaction with obstetric care. Methods: Mothers of live-born infants who are now normal were interviewed about their perceptions of the interpersonal, organizational, and technical care they and their babies received during pregnancy, delivery, and the neonatal period, and their and their infants’ health. Comparisons between the responses of mothers whose babies were admitted to the normal nursery (n = 595) and those whose babies were sent to an NICU (n = 72) were made by χ2 analysis (1 df) and Wilcoxon rank sum tests. Results: Mothers whose babies were admitted to an NICU were more likely to complain that their obstetricians did not explain things in terms they could understand (P < .05); did not give them the right amount of information about what to expect during pregnancy (P < .05); hid something from them before delivery (P < .001); did not explain the reasons for tests performed during delivery (P < .05); misled them about their child’s prognosis (P < .001); failed to treat properly a problem during delivery (P < .05); and did not know the latest medical developments (P < .05). Conclusion: Even when children do well, admission of newborns to an NICU is associated with greater maternal dissatisfaction with obstetric care.
A mandatory second opinion policy reduces caesarean section rates in hospitals in Latin America

Question Does a policy of mandatory second opinion before caesarean section reduce the caesarean section rate in hospitals in Latin America? Study Design Cluster randomised controlled trial. Main results The mandatory second opinion policy significantly reduced the caesarean section rate compared with no intervention in hospitals in Latin America (mean difference in caesarean section rate change: −1.9%; 95% CI −3.8 to −0.1; p=0.044; relative rate reduction: 7.3%; 95% CI 0.2 to 14.5). Authors’ conclusions The caesarean section rate is significantly reduced in Latin American hospitals that implement a policy of mandatory second opinion before caesarean section.
On Fiscal Policy and Macroeconomic Stability

Fiscal policy is examined in the context of a variable price IS-LM model with a full-employment constraint. Debt-financed fiscal actions are shown to be destabilizing, regardless of the impact of debt finance on aggregate demand. The difficulty arises because growth of the capital stock is required to increase aggregate supply sufficiently to match the increase in demand necessary to balance the budget. However, debt financing raises the interest rate and reduces investment. As the deficit persists, further debt issued and higher interest rates will further dampen investment. Since the necessary increase in investment is not forthcoming, balanced budget equilibrium is never attained.
Tidally heated moons: from icy worlds to temperate habitats

Moons of giant planets may represent an alternative to the classical picture of habitable worlds. Within our own solar system Europa has long served as an intriguing candidate for a subsurface liquid water ocean. Sustained by tidal heating, such an ocean can exist well beyond the range at which stellar heating could raise surface temperatures to similar levels. For exoplanets, with their extraordinarily diverse orbital architectures, the same situation may arise, along with a host of other possibilities - including those where a combination of tidal and stellar heating results in water rich moons experiencing temperate surface conditions. The next generation of space-based planet finders and ground based large telescopes should begin to probe the population of moons around exoplanets - thereby opening up a new avenue in the search for life. We discuss some of these possibilities by investigating the dynamical constraints on moon systems of giant planets and by studying the characteristics of a set of 74 known extrasolar giant planets located beyond 0.6 AU from their parent stars - where moons should be long-lived with respect to removal by stellar tides. By estimating the stellar insolation that moons would experience for these exoplanet systems, and the implications for sublimation loss of volatiles, we find that between 15 and 27% of all known exoplanets may be capable of harboring small, icy, moons. In addition, by applying a simplified energy balance model, we find that some 22-28% of all known exoplanets could potentially harbor moons which, if large, could experience temperate surface conditions due to a combination of tidal and stellar heating. Large moons (0.1M ⊕ ), at orbital radii commensurate with those of the Galilean satellites, could maintain temperate, or habitable, surface conditions during episodes of tidal heat dissipation ranging from that seen on Europa to 10-100 times greater. We discuss the implications of these findings in the context of habitability.
Partial purification and characterization of B cell growth factor constitutively secreted by human T-cell hybridoma.

Abstract Human T cell hybridomas were established by fusion of PHA-activated PBL with the 8-azaguanine resistant human T-leukemic cell line CEM-CM3. High levels of B cell growth factor (BCGF) activity were detected in the supernatants of hybridoma C8-2B2 and its subclones. Hybridoma C8-2B2, in addition to the Leu 3a, also expressed the OKT11 surface marker which was not detectable on the parent CEM-CM3 cells. BCGF from the culture supernatant was purified by combined use of salt fractionation and gel filtration to 36.6 fold with 23.9% recovery of activity. The BCGF produced by hybridoma C8-2B2 has a molecular weight range of 16,000–20,000 in two major electrophoretically different forms with p I values of 6.4 and 7.4.
Evaluation of a thyroid nodule

Solitary thyroid nodules are common entities and the majority of these are benign. The main goal in evaluating these nodules is to identify the [figure: see text] nodules with malignant potentials. A multitude of diagnostic tests is available to the clinician. FNA biopsy is now considered the gold standard diagnostic test in the evaluation of a thyroid nodule. Ultrasound and nuclear scans are also useful tests, but are best used in conjunction with FNA. Clinical decisions are often based on the results of the FNA. A diagram of the clinical decision process based on FNA findings is presented in Fig. 1. Despite the clinical advantages that are provided by the FNA results, the clinician should not dismiss the importance of other clinical prognostic indicators to optimize timely treatment.
Assessment and Treatment of Cervical Deformity

Cervical deformity is disruption of normal cervical alignment. This article focuses on the varying etiology of cervical deformity, normative data, and evaluation and examination of deformity, and presents various treatment options for the proper management of these debilitating conditions. Surgical treatment may be indicated in patients with severe mechanical neck pain, neurologic compromise, and progressive deformity causing significant disability, such as dysphagia or loss of horizontal gaze.
Integral containment electromagnetic gun

The integral containment electromagnetic (ICE) gun constitutes a structural containment design method that has been proposed to achieve desirable prestressing of railguns. The principal purpose of this method is to minimize the maximum strain excursion of the rail containment structure during firing stresses to maximize the fatigue life of lightweight armament. The ICE gun may be considered a means to achieve an "autofrettage" effect from a laminated steel disk railgun construction where the disks are strained upon assembly to achieve the desired prestress of the containment structure.