cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Advising Jay: A Case Study Using a Situational Leadership Approach.

Through a case study, I address the position that academic advising can be viewed as a developmental process. I present my specific experiences in applying Hersey and Blanchard's model of situational leadership (1969) during academic advising sessions. The model demonstrates that effective leadership is based on the appropriate balance of a leader's task and relationship behaviors. The leader's emphasis of either the task or the relationship behavior depends on the maturity or readiness of the follower. Relative Emphasis: theory, practice, research
Post-conflict Police Reform: Is Northern Ireland a Model?

The police in Northern Ireland have undergone extensive—many would say fundamental—reform as recommended by the Patten Commission (Independent Commission on Policing in Northern Ireland (1999) following the Good Friday Agreement of 1998. This essay examines the relevance of the reform experience in Northern Ireland to other countries emerging from conflict where policing is critical to peace and stability. First, it specifies four challenges that Northern Ireland faced that are common to other post-conflict societies. It then reviews the elements in Northern Ireland's reform and the evidence for their achievement. Finally, it suggests four factors that made reform possible in Northern Ireland, factors that may not occur in similar situations elsewhere. It argues in conclusion that Northern Ireland shows that meaningful police reform can occur despite years of bitter conflict, but that certain conditions may be necessary for it.
The C$^{14}$N/C$^{15}$N Ratio in Diffuse Molecular Clouds

We report the first detection of C$^{15}$N in diffuse molecular gas from a detailed examination of CN absorption lines in archival VLT/UVES spectra of stars probing local diffuse clouds. Absorption from the C$^{15}$N isotopologue is confidently detected (at $\gtrsim4\sigma$) in three out of the four directions studied and appears as a very weak feature between the main $^{12}$CN and $^{13}$CN absorption components. Column densities for each CN isotopologue are determined through profile fitting, after accounting for weak additional line-of-sight components of $^{12}$CN, which are seen in the absorption profiles of CH and CH$^+$ as well. The weighted mean value of C$^{14}$N/C$^{15}$N for the three sight lines with detections of C$^{15}$N is $274\pm18$. Since the diffuse molecular clouds toward our target stars have relatively high gas kinetic temperatures and relatively low visual extinctions, their C$^{14}$N/C$^{15}$N ratios should not be affected by chemical fractionation. The mean C$^{14}$N/C$^{15}$N ratio that we obtain should therefore be representative of the ambient $^{14}$N/$^{15}$N ratio in the local interstellar medium. Indeed, our mean value agrees well with that derived from millimeter-wave observations of CN, HCN, and HNC in local molecular clouds.
The Value of Archives

Abstract This paper identifies three recent scientific innovations that contribute to the justification for maintaining archival collections of fish, invertebrates, and associated documents for future use. First, new molecular genetic techniques such as DNA polymerase chain reaction (PCR) allow the use of DNA recovered from archival samples. Some retrospective population results now may be obtained by this technique through analysis of samples from archival collections (e.g., genetics of extinct populations). Second, analytical technologies have recently emerged for ageing fish with incomplete growth histories using the temporal signature technique. This technique makes available information from older, previously “unageable” fish. Other techniques are useful for investigating mixed-stock fisheries, early life histories, food web dynamics, and population trends through time. We also recommend preserving documents such as catch statistics and stocking records. Finally, we suggest proper storage and data re...
Urocortin shares the memory modulating effects of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF): mediation by CRF1 receptors.

Intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) administration of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) biphasically affects performance in tests of learning and memory. In the present study, we used CRF, urocortin (Ucn), a recently cloned CRF homologue, and CRF receptor antagonists, to determine which CRF receptor subtype(s) mediate the memory modulating effects of CRF receptor agonists in male Wistar rats. Under difficult learning conditions (massed trials), i.c.v. pretreatment with CRF or Ucn facilitated the acquisition of spatial navigation in the Morris water maze in a non-dose-dependent fashion (optimal doses of 0.1 and 0.03 μg, respectively). Under less difficult learning conditions (spaced trials), both peptides impaired water maze performance. In addition, with i.c.v. posttraining treatment, the peptides were equipotent (1.0 μg) in facilitating the consolidation of passive avoidance learning. The performance-enhancing effects of Ucn in both water maze and passive avoidance paradigms were reversed by i.c.v. pretreatment with d-Phe CRF12–41 (2.5, 5 μg), a broad CRF1/CRF2 receptor antagonist, or antalarmin (10 μg), a potent, nonpeptide, CRF1 selective receptor antagonist. Thus, Ucn shares CRF’s memory-modulating effects, and these effects appear to be mediated via the CRF1 receptor. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that CRF receptor agonists affect performance in tests of learning and memory by increasing arousal.
U.S. Electric Utilities and Renewable Energy: Drivers for Adoption

Renewable energy can address rising demand for energy, environmental protection, energy security, and job creation. This paper assesses resource, economic, social, and political drivers for the adoption of renewable energy. Analysis of the data collected from over 100 interviews with utility managers reveals that production tax credits significantly influence the percent of renewable energy in a utility's portfolio. The availability of renewable energy resources, economic drivers, social influences, and political drivers such as renewable portfolio standards and government grants are not significant drivers. Understanding these drivers can help electric utilities, governments, and other stakeholders with their efforts to reap the benefits of renewable energy.
Problem of timing mismatch in interleaved ADCs

Time interleaving can relax the speed-power trade-off of analog-to-digital converters but at the cost of sensitivity to interchannel mismatches. This paper addresses the problem of timing mismatch, its detection, and its correction. A new frequency-domain analysis gives insight into the impact of the mismatch on random input signals and quantifies the resulting noise. A number of timing error calibration techniques are reviewed and a new approach is proposed.
Sudden Cardiac Death: Future Approaches Based on Identification and Control of Transient Risk Factors

Sudden Cardiac Death. Future progress in the ability to control the problem of sudden cardiac death will require new approaches in applied epidemiology, methods of accurately evaluating therapeutic outcome, and techniques to identify and control those transient risk factors that are responsible for the initiation of fatal arrhythmias. In regard to the latter, transient risk factors are distinguished from classical risk factors in two ways: (1) they are not present continuously over time, thus confounding sampling techniques among a population; and (2) their dynamic nature suggests a proximate role in the initiation of potentially fatal arrhythmias in contrast to the role of classical risk factors in the genesis of the underlying diseases. Transient risk factors derive from the structure/function model of sudden cardiac death, which places structural abnormalities in a conditioning role, establishing the sensitivity to a transient destabilizing influence. In contrast, functional abnormalities are those conditions immediately responsible for destabilizing the system, establishing vulnerability to potentially fatal arrhythmias. They include four categories of risk: (1) transient ischemia and reperfusion; (2) systemic abnormalities, such as hemodynamic dysfunction and fluid and electrolyte imbalance; (3) autonomic fluctuations, both central and cardiac; and (4) cardiac toxic states, including proarrhythmic effects of antiarrhythmic drugs and arrhythmogenic effects of other substances. Sudden cardiac death is a dynamic problem, and its pathogenesis contains dynamic features. The ability to identify transient risk factors and to control them before they exert their influence on a conditioned electrophysiologic system will provide new inroads into the problem of sudden cardiac death.
Polymerized phosphatidyl choline vesicles. Stabilized and controllable time-release carriers*

Summary Polymerized phosphatidyl choline vesicles (diameters ranging between 350 and 1400 A) have been synthesized from lipids bearing one or two methacrylate groups per monomer. Compared to nonpolymeric analogues, these vesicles exhibited improved stability and controllable time-release properties.
Reconstitution of an ATP-mediated active transport system across black lipid membranes.

IN general, concentration gradients across the membranes of living cells for a number of substances, including ions and essential metabolites such as sugars and amino-acids, are maintained through transport processes driven by an energy supply other than the electrochemical gradient of the transported species. Characteristically, such transport processes involve vectorial transport of the species concerned, a stoichiometric coupling between the energy supply and transport reactions and localization of the transport system in the asymmetric environment which it maintains, usually the membrane phase.
Direct-Sequence Spread-Spectrum Communications in a Multiple-Tone and Repeat-Back Jamming Environment

The performance of coherent reception of direct-sequence spread-spectrum systems which operate in the presence of multiple-tone jamming, repeat-back jamming, and additive white Gaussian noise is investigated. Analytical and numerical results on the evaluation of the average probability of error for the simple correlation receiver are presented.
Teacher reflections on ‘bumpy moments’ in teaching: a self‐study

This study recounts a practicing teacher's attempt to describe reflections during the course of teaching at the primary level. A self‐study was conducted to address teacher thinking during ‘bumpy moments’ in teaching, offering an insight into how we might capture the details of teachers' unseen reflections. Through an analysis of the many ‘bumpy moments’ in teaching, several important findings emerged about the nature of reflection and how reflection actually occurs in the classroom context. Results of this study have implications for future research, teacher education and improvement of the teaching practice.
A study of the ferrocyanide-ferricyanide system with application to the determination of zinc by null-point potentiometry

Abstract The effect of pH and potassium ion concentration on the potential of the ferricyanide-ferrocyanide system and the stability of solutions of ferricyanide and ferrocyanide were studied. An equation relating the potential of the system to pH and potassium ion concentration was derived and agreed well with experimental data. The proper experimental conditions for applying the very rapid, accurate and sensitive precision null-point potentiometric technique to the determination of zinc were then chosen. Zinc in the concentration range of 1–100 p.p.m. was determined with good accuracy within 10 min; as little as 5 μg of zinc can be determined. The stability of solutions, the type of precipitate, the rate of attainment of equilibrium, the accuracy and reproducibility, and the effect of cationic interferences were studied.
Low-Income Parents' Beliefs About their Role in Children's Academic Learning.

In individual telephone interviews, 234 low-income African-American, Caucasian, and Latino parents rated the importance of helping their second- and third-grade children in reading, math, and homework and of knowing what their children are learning. Parents reported whether they had taught their child in math and reading and read with their child in the past week. They also answered open-ended questions about the type of help they deemed appropriate. On questionnaires, teachers rated each student's reading and math skills and noted whether they had given a child's parent suggestions for helping with either subject. Findings showed that parents rated the importance of helping their child with academic work very high. Parents of second graders tended to rate the importance of helping higher than did parents of third graders. Similar to past research, ratings varied systematically as a function of parents' perceptions of children's academic performance and as a function of whether teachers had offered sugges...
An experimental study on the injection molding of thermosetting polyester resin

An experimental study was conducted on the injection molding of a thermosetting polyester resin. For the study, a general-purpose unsaturated polyester resin was used, with benzoyl peroxide as initiator. A differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) was used for studying the curing kinetics, under isothermal curing conditions. A plunger-type injection-molding apparatus was constructed, and a rectangular mold cavity with glass windows on both sides was constructed, which permitted us to record on a film the changes in stress birefringence patterns in the mold cavity during the molding operation (i.e., during the isothermal cure, post cure, and subsequent cooling), using a crossed circular polariscope. The injection-molded specimens were used to determine the distribution of the degree of cure at various positions in the flow direction, and to relate the degree of cure to the dynamic mechanical properties.
Are Women Happier than Men? Evidence from the Gallup World Poll

Women in nearly all countries of the world have lower incomes, are less educated, are more likely to be widowed or divorced, and report worse health than men. Based on the happiness literature, these inequalities should cause women to be less happy than men. This study investigates this hypothesis using the Gallup World Poll to estimate differences in happiness between men and women in 73 countries through country-specific ordinary least squares regressions. It then examines whether the magnitude of the female–male happiness gap can be explained by country characteristics, such as economic development, religion, or women’s rights. This paper provides evidence that women are either happier than men or that there is no significant difference between women and men in nearly all of the 73 countries examined; when comparing men and women with the same life circumstances, women are happier than men in nearly a quarter of the countries. The magnitude of the female–male happiness gap is not associated with economic development or women’s rights and there are no systematic patterns by geography or primary religion.
Thermal and electrical properties of transition metal complexes and coordination polymers of pyrazine-2,5-dicarboxylic acid

Abstract Complexes of copper, nickel, cobalt, palladium, and platinum with pyrazine-2,5-dicarboxylic acid have been prepared and characterized as potential semiconductors. All. however, showed power resisti- titles >10 12 ohm.
Patterns of therapeutic alliance: rupture-repair episodes in prolonged exposure for posttraumatic stress disorder.

Objective To better understand the role of therapeutic alliance in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) treatment, we examined patterns of and shifts in alliance. First, we identified individuals with repaired ruptures, unrepaired ruptures, and no ruptures in alliance. Then, we explored group differences in these alliance events for clients with common clinical correlates (i.e., co-occurring depression and childhood abuse history) and whether or not the presence of these events influenced treatment outcome. Method At pretreatment, clients (N = 116)-76.1% female, 66% Caucasian, age M = 36.7 years (SD = 11.3)--completed measures assessing PTSD diagnosis and severity (PTSD Symptom Scale Interview and Self-Report), depression diagnosis and severity (Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV and Beck Depression Inventory), and trauma history. During 10 weeks of prolonged exposure therapy, alliance (California Psychotherapy Alliance Scale) measures were completed. At posttreatment, PTSD and depression were reassessed. Results Ruptures in alliance were quite common (46%). No significant differences emerged in the frequency of repaired ruptures, unrepaired ruptures, or no ruptures between those with and without co-occurring major depressive disorder, χ²(2, N = 82) = 2.69, p = .26, or those with and without a history of childhood abuse, χ²(2, N = 81) = 0.57, p = .75. Unrepaired ruptures predicted worse treatment outcome (β = .44, p = .001). Conclusions The current study underscores the importance of attending to discontinuities in alliance throughout treatment.
Three cholinergic neuroblastoma hybrid cell lines that form few synapses on myotubes are deficient in acetylcholine receptor aggregation molecules and large dense core vesicles

Three neuroblastoma X glioma hybrid cell lines that synthesize and release acetylcholine but that form few or no synapses with cultured skeletal muscle cells lack two characteristics of neuroblastoma or hybrid cell lines that do form many synapses with myotubes: large dense core vesicles and the ability to increase the number of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor clusters on co-cultured myotube membranes. Functional synapse formation on myotubes was increased by co-culturing myotubes and cells from one of the defective lines with neuroblastoma cells that induce myotube acetylcholine receptor aggregation but which synthesize little or no acetylcholine.
Mitochondrial dysfunction in the striatum of aged chronic mouse model of Parkinson's disease.

Mitochondrial oxidative stress and dysfunction has been implicated as a possible mechanism for the onset and progression of Parkinson-like neurodegeneration. However, long-term mitochondrial defects in chronic animal neurodegenerative models have not been demonstrated. In this study, we investigated the function of striatal mitochondria 6 weeks after the induction of a chronic 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) mouse model of Parkinson’s disease (MPD). Although severe depression of mitochondrial respiration was observed immediately after acute administrations of MPTP, we failed to detect a significant mitochondrial inhibition in presence of striatal dopamine deficit 6 weeks after the chronic MPD induction in young adult mice. In contrast, when aged mice were chronically treated with MPTP and at 6 weeks post-treatment, these animals suffered an inhibition of the basal (state 4) and ADP-stimulated (state 3) respiration and a fall in ATP level in the striatal mitochondria. The aged chronic MPD also brought about a sustained diminution of striatal anti-oxidant enzyme levels including that of superoxide dismutases and cytochrome c. The mitochondrial deficits in the striatum of aged chronic MPD 6 weeks after treatment were further correlated with significant losses of striatal dopamine, tyrosine hydroxylase, dopamine uptake transporter, and with impaired movement when tested on a challenging beam. Our findings suggest that MPTP may trigger the neurodegenerative process by obstructing the mitochondrial function; however, striatal mitochondria in young animals may potentially rejuvenate, whereas mitochondrial dysfunction is sustained in the aged chronic MPD. Therefore, the aged chronic MPD may serve as a suitable investigative model for further elucidating the integral relationship between mitochondrial dysfunction and neurodegenerative disorder, and for assessing the therapeutic efficacy of mitochondrial protective agents as potential neuroprotective drugs
Naturally occurring anti-Salmonella agents.

Polygodial and (2E)-hexenal were found to possess antibacterial activity against Salmonella choleraesuis with the minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC) of 50 μg/mL (0.17 mM) and 100 μg/mL (0.98 mM), respectively. The time kill curve study showed that these two α,β-unsaturated aldehydes were bactericidal against this food-borne bacterium at any stage of growth. However, they showed different effects on the growth of S. choleraesuis. The combination of polygodial and anethole exhibited strong synergism on their bacteriostatic action but only marginal synergism on their bactericidal action. Keywords: Salmonella choleraesuis; bactericidal activity; polygodial; (2E)-hexenal; anethole; surfactant
INCLUSIVE JET CROSS SECTIONS AT DØ

The DO Collaboration has measured the inclusive jet cross section in collisions in several pseudorapidity ranges and at two center-of-mass energies. This article and its associated talk present three measurements. First, I present the inclusive jet cross section in 5 pseudorapidity bins. Second, the central jet cross section at is combined with the cross section at 1800 GeV to form a ratio where many uncertainties cancel. Third, the cross section for two or more jets is compared to the cross section for three or more jets (at ).
Picomolar concentrations of lead stimulate brain protein kinase C

Recent growth studies in children suggest that there is no threshold for adverse effects from the universal exposure to inorganic lead. The biochemical mechanisms mediating low-level toxicity are unclear, but in several biological systems, lead alters calcium-mediated cellular processes and may mimic calcium in binding to regulatory proteins. Here we present evidence that lead stimulates diacylglycerol-activated calcium and phospholipid-dependent protein kinase, protein kinase C, partially purified from rat brain. Picomolar concentrations of lead are equivalent to micromolar calcium in kinase activation, so this regulatory enzyme is sensitive to the lead levels expected from current environmental exposure.
The evaluation of therapy for ovarian cancer.

Abstract Seventy-two women with ovarian cancer had multiple peritoneal fluid cytologic examinations. Culdocentesis was a simple, safe, and inexpensive method of obtaining cytologic specimens of peritoneal fluid from women following operation for ovarian cancer Peritoneal fluid was more easily obtained in those women whose ovarian cancers were of epithelial histogenetic category. The morphological cellular changes in peritoneal fluid associated with external irradiation therapy or a single chemotherapeutic agent are described. The presence of malignant cells in the peritoneal fluid of women in their last week of radiation therapy and during the following month was associated with the death of all patients. In women undergoing chemotherapy or being followed after therapy, the finding of malignant cells in three consecutive monthly cytologic specimens was also associated with the death of the patient, usually within 24 months. Malignant cells in the peritoneal fluid, particularly in the earlier stages of ovarian cancer, were commonly seen 6 to 23 months before other evidence of recurrent disease appeared. Peritoneal fluid study, especially in those women having the more common types of ovarian cancer, seems to be one of the more practical aids in determining persistent or recurrent disease following the operation, to monitor therapy, and for cytoprognosis.
Low-temperature exothermic reactions in fully dense Al–CuO nanocomposite powders

Abstract A hypothesis stating that the Cabrera–Mott kinetics describes low temperature redox reactions in fully dense nanocomposite thermite powders is explored. Earlier experiments involving differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and new isothermal microcalorimetry measurements were interpreted using a reaction model employing the Cabrera–Mott mechanism. Following earlier work, the effect of Mott potential on the mass transport rate is considered to be temperature dependent. Simultaneous processing of both experimental data sets enabled us to determine parameters for the Cabrera–Mott mechanism describing the redox reaction in a nanocomposite Al–CuO thermite prepared by arrested reactive milling. The reaction model developed enables one to describe the initial portions of the DSC curves (up to 600 K) measured at different heating rates as well as microcalorimetry traces recorded in the temperature range of 303–413 K. The model is expected to be useful for describing both aging and ignition of fully dense, nanocomposite reactive materials.
Kinetic mechanism and ATP‐binding site reactivity of p38γ MAP kinase

Activated p38gamma MAP kinase exhibited significant basal ATPase activity in the absence of a kinase substrate, and addition of a phosphoacceptor substrate increased k(cat)/K(m)20-fold. AMP-PCP was competitive with ATP binding and non-competitive with phosphoacceptor substrate binding. The nucleotide binding site affinity label 5'-(p-fluorosulfonylbenzoyl)adenosine (FSBA) bound stoichiometrically at Lys-56 in the ATP site of both unphosphorylated and activated p38gamma. AMP-PCP only protected the activated enzyme from FSBA inactivation, implying that AMP-PCP does not bind unphosphorylated p38gamma. Basal ATPase activities were also observed for activated p38alpha, ERK2 and JNK3 suggesting that the enzymatic mechanism may be similar for all classes of MAP kinases.
Insulin-like growth factors mediate heterotrimeric G protein-dependent ERK1/2 activation by transactivating sphingosine 1-phosphate receptors.

Although several studies have shown that a subset of insulin-like growth factor (IGF) signals require the activation of heterotrimeric G proteins, the molecular mechanisms underlying IGF-stimulated G protein signaling remain poorly understood. Here, we have studied the mechanism by which endogenous IGF receptors activate the ERK1/2 mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade in HEK293 cells. In these cells, treatment with pertussis toxin and expression of a Gαq/11-(305–359) peptide that inhibits Gq/11 signaling additively inhibited IGF-stimulated ERK1/2 activation, indicating that the signal was almost completely G protein-dependent. Treatment with IGF-1 or IGF-2 promoted translocation of green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged sphingosine kinase (SK) 1 from the cytosol to the plasma membrane, increased endogenous SK activity within 30 s of stimulation, and caused a statistically significant increase in intracellular and extracellular sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) concentration. Using a GFP-tagged S1P1 receptor as a biological sensor for the generation of physiologically relevant S1P levels, we found that IGF-1 and IGF-2 induced GFP-S1P receptor internalization and that the effect was blocked by pretreatment with the SK inhibitor, dimethylsphingosine. Treating cells with dimethylsphingosine, silencing SK1 expression by RNA interference, and blocking endogenous S1P receptors with the competitive antagonist VPC23019 all significantly inhibited IGF-stimulated ERK1/2 activation, suggesting that IGFs elicit G protein-dependent ERK1/2 activation by stimulating SK1-dependent transactivation of S1P receptors. Given the ubiquity of SK and S1P receptor expression, S1P receptor transactivation may represent a general mechanism for G protein-dependent signaling by non-G protein-coupled receptors.
Reward Tracking and Memory Decay in the Monarch Butterfly, Danaus plexippus L. (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)

Due to their long-distance migration routes and high longevity, monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus) are likely to benefit from learning how to discriminate and remember suitable feeding resources. In this study, we assessed monarchs’ abilities to track changing nectar sources over time and to retain learned information presented in two conditioning schedules. Non-preferred (blue and red) and preferred (yellow) artificial flowers were concomitantly offered to monarchs in a three-phase experiment. In each phase, flowers of only one color contained sucrose solution, while the others contained water. The rewarding color was changed in each phase. Instantaneous observations were made to assess butterfly visits to each color during each phase; continuous observations over the first 90 min of a new phase allowed us to look in more detail at the transition process. Overall, monarchs tracked sucrose availability, visiting the rewarding flowers more often than the unrewarding ones, regardless of innate preferences. However, butterflies reverted to innate color preferences when the newly rewarding color was different from the initial trained color. In a second experiment, memory decay was compared for butterflies trained according to two schedules: ‘single training’ (sucrose solution in red vs. water in blue artificial flowers in one 15-min session per day) or ‘intermittent training’ (as above, but in two 7.5-min sessions per day). Afterwards, butterflies were tested on alternate days for a week in arrays containing unrewarding models of both colors. Following either training schedule, memory persisted for at least 3 d after reinforcement ceased. Our findings reveal that monarchs are able to change their feeding responses according to the flowers’ reward status despite innate preferences, as well as to retain flower information for about half a week regardless of the conditioning dynamics.
EFFECT OF BLOCK SIZE AND JOINT GEOMETRY ON JOINTED ROCK HYDRAULICS AND REV

The effect of joint geometry parameters and the size of jointed rock block on the hydraulic properties of jointed rock, including the equivalent continuum behavior, was investigated through numerical experimentation. The chance to reach equivalent continuum behavior for a rock mass having a certain joint configuration increases with the increase of block size. The REV (representative elementary volume) size to show hydraulic equivalent continuum behavior for a jointed rock system was found to depend on the orientation of the joint sets; the REV size seems to decrease with increasing joint density and joint size. The REV does not seem to exist for some rock masses having joint systems with low relative orientation angles (systems with two joint sets) and low densities. The average block permeability (\iK\d0) value at the REV size for a joint system increases with increase in joint size and joint density. The equivalent continuum behavior of a joint system can be expressed with respect to a cut-off value for the first invariant of fracture tensor (\iF\d0). The block size corresponding to the aforementioned cut-off \iF\d0 (between 10 and 30 for the joint systems investigated in this study) can be considered to provide the REV size for a given joint configuration. A threshold value for \iF\d0 (a joint network having two perpendicular joint sets produced 2.75) can be used to find the chance for a given joint network to have nonzero block permeability. A strong power functional relation seems to exist between the directional permeability and the fracture tensor component for the connected joint configuration when rock blocks contain minor discontinuities.
Where in the world are my field plots? Using GPS effectively in environmental field studies

Global positioning system (GPS) technology is rapidly replacing tape, compass, and traditional surveying instruments as the preferred tool for estimating the positions of environmental research sites. One important problem, however, is that it can be difficult to estimate the uncertainty of GPS-derived positions. Sources of error include various satellite- and site-related factors, such as forest canopy and topographic obstructions. In a case study from the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest in New Hampshire, hand-held, mapping-grade GPS receivers generally estimated positions with 1–5 m precision in open, unobstructed settings, and 20–30 m precision under forest canopy. Surveying-grade receivers achieved precisions of 10 cm or less, even in challenging terrain. Users can maximize the quality of their GPS measurements by “mission planning” to take advantage of high-quality satellite conditions. Repeated measurements and simultaneous data collection at multiple points can be used to assess accuracy and prec...
Validity issues in self-statement measures of social phobia and social anxiety

Measures to assess internal dialogue or self-statements in socially phobic or anxious clients are now frequently used in clinical and research settings. Such cognitive assessment techniques are rarely considered, however, with regard to psychometric criteria. This article reviews the literature on self-statement assessment of social phobia and social anxiety from the perspective of content, criterion, convergent and discriminant validity. In general, most measures have shown good evidence of validity. Different scoring systems in addition to thought valence appear worthwhile, and multiple measures and assessment occasions should be considered.
Optical design capabilities at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory

Optical design capabilities continue to play the same strong role at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) that they have played in the past. From defense applications to the solid-state laser programs to the Atomic Vapor Laser Isotope Separation (AVLIS), members of the optical design group played critical roles in producing effective system designs and are actively continuing this tradition. This talk will explain the role optical design plays at LLNL, outline current capabilities and summarize a few activities in which the optical design team has been recently participating.
Controlled surface crystallization of fused silica by Li+-Ion implantation

Abstract A new method of producing a glass-ceramic surface layer on fused silica has been demonstrated using Li+-ion implantation and relatively low-temperature annealing. Infrared reflection spectroscopy (IRS) was used to study the effects of ion implantation on structural changes. Isochronal annealing of samples implanted with 250 keV Li+/cm2 brings about a dramatic change in the IRS spectra at 800°C in that it becomes identical with that of α-quartz. The dependence of the degree of crystallization on temperature, Li+-ion fluence, and silica type was studied.
Ice flow sensitivity to geothermal heat flux of Pine Island Glacier, Antarctica

Model projections of ice flow in a changing climate are dependent on model inputs such as surface elevation, bedrock position or surface temperatures, among others. Of all these inputs, geothermal heat flux is the one for which uncertainty is greatest. In the area of Pine Island Glacier, Antarctica, available data sets differ by up to a factor of 2.5. Here, we evaluate the impact of such uncertainty on ice flow, using sampling analyses based on the Latin-Hypercube method. First, we quantify the impact of geothermal heat flux errors on ice hardness, a thermal parameter that critically controls the magnitude of ice flow. Second, we quantify the impact of the same errors on mass balance, specifically on the mass flux advecting through thirteen fluxgates distributed across Pine Island Glacier. We contrast our Results with similar uncertainties generated by errors in the specification of ice thickness. Model outputs indicate that geothermal heat flux errors yield uncertainties on ice hardness on the order of 5-7%, with maximum uncertainty reaching 15%. Resulting uncertainties in mass balance remain however below 1%. We discuss the uncertainty distribution and its relationship to the amount of heat available at the base of the ice sheet from friction, viscous and geothermal heating. We also show that comparatively, errors in ice thickness contribute more to model uncertainty than errors in geothermal heat flux, especially for fast-flowing ice streams. © 2012. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved.
ADVENTITIOUS BUD FORMATION AND REGENERATION IN TISSUE CULTURES OF BRACHYCOME IBERIDIFOLIA BENTH

SUMMARY Leaf, stem and cotyledon explants of Swan River daisy (Brachycome iberidifolia Benth.) exhibit organogenic capacity when placed on nutrient media containing auxin and cytokinin. Maximum production of adventitious shoots occurred when leaf material was cultured on a medium containing 10 μM benzylaminopurine (BAP) and 5 nM napthaleneacetic acid (NAA). Elongated adventitious shoots were readily rooted on a medium containing 5 nM indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) alone.
The effects of cholinergic agents on morphine-induced circling behavior in the intact mouse☆

The effects of morphine on locomotor activity in mice was studied. It was shown that morphine in this species induces circling, a dose-dependent, stereotyped behavior. At high doses of morphine, mice engaged virtually exclusively in circling uninterrupted by other activities. The effect was modified by muscarinic agents. Blockade of muscarinic receptors with atropine potentiated circling while the muscarinic agonist, oxotremorine, attenuated it. The mixed muscarinic/nicotinic cholinergic agonist, physostigmine, had no effect on this behavior.
Short-term Jovian rotation profiles, 1970–1972

Results of a study of the motions of features in Jupiter's atmosphere noted on blue-light photographs from three 25-day periods centered on opposition in 1970, 1971, and 1972. Short-term rotation profiles for these years are obtained which, at certain latitudes, differ significantly from a mean multiple-year profile and from each other. In particular, it is found that in 1970 and 1971 the rotational period was slightly shorter near the edges of the equatorial jet than at its center, while in 1972 it was not. This center-to-edge shear of 1970 and 1971 amounted to about 10 m/sec. In addition, a feature observed in 1972 at 37 N was found to exhibit an abrupt change in period amounting to an increase of 95.1 sec.
A Communication Efficient Framework for Finding Outliers in Wireless Sensor Networks

Outlier detection is a well studied problem in various fields. The unique challenges of wireless sensor networks make this problem especially challenging. Sensors can detect outliers for a plethora of reasons and these reasons need to be inferred in real time. Here, we present a new communication technique to find outliers in a wireless sensor network. Communication is minimized through controlling sensor when sensors are allowed to communicate. At the same time, minimal assumptions are made about the nature of the data set as to minimize the loss of generality in the architecture.
Deepithelialization prior to onlay grafting using the UltraPulse carbon dioxide laser.

When used in a defocused mode, the UltraPulse carbon dioxide laser causes skin vaporization at a subepidermal level with minimal surrounding thermal destruction, allowing early reepithelialization from retained skin appendages. This attribute is of paramount importance if only skin resurfacing is desired. However, because the effect essentially is total removal of the epidermis, such a sequela can also be used advantageously to prepare a vascularized dermal bed prior to onlay of composite grafts or secondary overgrafting. This skin deepithelialization can be achieved in a bloodless field, permitting constant visualization of the depth of penetration, and an integrated computerized pattern generator scanner allows rapid, precise, and consistent desurfacing to the desired level. This preliminary investigation demonstrates that successful overgrafting is possible on a viable dermal plane exposed by the UltraPulse carbon dioxide laser, as another example of its role in skin deepithelialization.
Bounds on Shear Moduli for Orthotropic Elastic Composites

Composite and porous materials often appear in nature. Many composites may be considered orthotropic such as wood or bone. The elastic behavior of these composites under shear stresses is characterized by three independent shear moduli. We consider the totality of orthotropic composites made from two isotropic linearly elastic components in fixed proportion. For a prescribed triple of shear stresses we find optimal bounds on the strongest and weakest orthotropic composites. Mathematically this problem is one of constrained optimization. The set of constraints are related to the convex hull of a surface in three dimensions. For given values of the component elasticities the bounds are computed numerically.
Effect of pH‐Shift Processing and Surimi Processing on Atlantic Croaker (Micropogonias undulates) Muscle Proteins

: Extraction and recovery of fish muscle proteins with the pH-shift process was investigated for Atlantic croaker and compared to a laboratory scale surimi process. The acid-aided process led to higher recoveries (P < 0.05) than the alkali-aided process, which in turn led to higher recoveries (P < 0.05) than surimi processing. Lipid reductions were highest (P < 0.05) for the alkali-aided process, followed by the acid-aided process, with surimi giving the least reduction. No major differences in recovered proteins could be seen for the three processes, except both pH-shift processes had a protein band (∼150 KDa) possibly representing partial hydrolysis of myosin. Oscillatory rheology on protein pastes during heating and cooling showed the highest storage moduli for the alkali-aided isolate, followed by the acid aided isolates and surimi. Torsion testing on protein gels demonstrated significantly higher strain and stress values for gels made from frozen isolates with added cryoprotectants compared to fresh gels without added cryoprotectants. Gel stress was significantly higher (P < 0.05) for the frozen gels with added cryoprotectants made from the isolates, compared to surimi. Although isolate pastes had higher (P < 0.05) lightness values than surimi pastes, surimi gels had higher (P < 0.05) lightness than isolate gels. The acid-aided gels had higher levels of yellowness than the other treatments. Both surimi and alkali-aided isolates had significantly (P < 0.05) lower oxidation levels compared to the ground raw material. The acid isolate had poor oxidative stability and gave higher oxidation values than the raw material. Surimi and alkali-aided pastes and gels also had higher oxidative stability than acid-aided gels.
Transfer RNA genes between 16S and 23S rRNA genes in rRNA transcription units of E. Coli

Abstract We have identified genes for tRNA 2 Glu on the transducing phages φ80d3 ilvsu7 + (see Ohtsubo et al., 1974) and λ rif d 18 (Kirschbaum and Konrad, 1973), and a gene for tRNA 1 Ile on the transducing phage φ80 rif r (Konrad, Kirschbaum, and Austin, 1973). All these phages have previously been shown to carry genes for rRNA (Ohtsubo et al., 1974; Lindahl et al., 1975; Jaskunas et al., 1975a). We have analyzed the position of these tRNA genes by hybridizing purified RNAs to restriction fragments of the phage DNA. The tRNA genes are located inside the rRNA transcription unit in the spacer region between the 16S and 23S rRNA genes.
Aspergillotic cerebral arterial aneurysm formation complicating hemodialysis

Abstract Formation of an intracranial aneurysm as a result of aspergillus infection, a rare occurrence, typically develops in patients who have not received immunosuppressive therapy but on whom an operation has been performed in the recent past. This report describes the first instance of formation of an aspergillotic cerebral arterial aneurysm in a patient on chronic hemodialysis, which occurred in the absence of a prior operation or immunosuppressive therapy.
Liver morphology and function tests in obesity and during total starvation.

Five markedly obese patients were subjected to complete starvation of several weeks, for the purpose of weight reduction, for periods of 10–28 days. Studies of liver function and structure were conducted prior to, during, and after the period of starvation.
Grain-scale creep processes in Mg-Al-Ca base alloys: Implications for alloy design

Abstract Grain-scale creep straining processes in die-cast and permanent-mold-cast Mg–Al–Ca alloys have been studied. High-temperature strain mapping with electron backscattered diffraction analysis reveals favorably oriented grains deforming preferentially during creep. Displacements of microstructural-scale markers applied along grain boundaries and within grain interiors demonstrate no significant contribution of grain boundary sliding to creep. Creep rates at 175 °C display an inverse dependence on grain size, with fine-grained die-cast material possessing the highest creep resistance. Implications for the design of future alloys are discussed.
Hall Effect in the Polaron-Band Regime

A Hall effect is calculated for the band motion of the small polaron. The basic approach is to construct classical, Bloch-type wave packets from plane-wave combinations of localized polaron states. In this connection, it is shown that the effects of the "magnetic phase factors," which multiply the electronic overlap integrals in the basic Hamiltonian, are contained entirely in the conventional magnetic part, $(\frac{e}{c})[{\mathrm{v}}_{\ensuremath{\sigma}}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}\mathrm{H}]$, of the total Lorentz force. The solutions of the steady-state Boltzmann equation for representative lattice structures indicate that the Hall coefficient is larger than or comparable to the "normal" value ($R=\ensuremath{-}1/\mathrm{nec}$) according to whether or not three sites of the lattice are mutually nearest neighbors. Such a result was previously obtained in the alternate regime in which small polaron motion is due to hopping between local sites.
Water-soluble carotenoid proteins of cyanobacteria

In photosynthetic organisms, carotenoids function in light harvesting and in photoprotection. In cyanobacteria, there have been numerous reports of proteins that bind exclusively carotenoids. Perhaps the best characterized of these proteins are the 35 kDa water-soluble orange carotenoid proteins (OCPs). Structural, biochemical, and genomic data on the OCP and its paralogs are gradually revealing how these proteins function in photoprotection.
Irreversible Electroporation: Ready for Prime Time?

Image-guided ablation has evolved rapidly in the past decade into a competitive technique for treating focal solid malignancies. However, as they rely mainly on thermal energy, such as radiofrequency or microwave, many tumors close to sensitive organs, such as ducts, bowel, and nerves, still remain nonablatable owing to the risk of thermal injury. Irreversible electroporation is a novel ablation modality that relies largely on a nonthermal mechanism to induce cell death, and therefore may overcome many of the shortcomings of thermal ablation. Emerging preclinical data as well as early clinical experience is showing promise for this technique in treating a variety of tumors including periportal liver masses, pancreatic cancer, perihilar renal tumors, prostate cancer, and other soft tissue tumors. However, practical limitations remain for irreversible electroporation, and its complete cancer and location-specific safety and efficacy profiles are still largely unknown. We therefore review what is known for this new ablation modality based on preclinical and preliminary clinical data, and discuss its emerging indications as well as technical challenges.
Countertransference and Other Mutually Interactive Aspects of Psychotherapy With Substance Abusers

The author reviews countertransference in relation to the psychodynamics of substance abusers. The contemporary view of countertransference acknowledges the importance of reciprocal cycles of interaction between patients and therapists. These cycles can now be viewed as a pathway for change for the substance-abusing patient. The six phenomena that are fused with countertransference (i.e., parallel process, codependence, denial, enabling, burnout, and family of origin) are discussed in detail.