cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Patient perception of magnetic resonance arthrography.

Objective. Magnetic resonance (MR) arthrography has been demonstrated to be more accurate than MR imaging alone in the identification of a variety of musculoskeletal pathology. While the complication rate of intra-articular gadolinium: saline injection has been shown to be relatively low, MR arthrography is more invasive, painful, and costly, and less convenient, than MR imaging alone. The purpose of this study was to evaluate patients’ perception of the fear and discomfort, and to assess their overall acceptance of the intra-articular gadolinium injection.
ATP-Dependent Transport of Glutathione-N-Ethylmaleimide Conjugate across Erythrocyte Membrane

Prevailing controversies regarding the identity and nature of S-(2,4-dinitrophenyl) glutathione (Dnp-SG) and GSSG transport system(s) led us to examine xenobiotic-SG transport from human erythrocytes and into inside-out vesicles (IOV) using N-ethylmaleimide-glutathione conjugate (NEM-SG) as substrate. Efflux of NEM-SG from intact erythrocytes was linear over a period of 4 h, occurred against a concentration gradient, and required energy. No transport of NEM-SG was observed when endogenous ATP was exhausted by preincubation of the erythrocytes for 8 h at 37°C in the absence of glucose. When cellular GSH was partially conjugated with NEM to form 1.5 and 1.0 mM NEM-SG, and the remaining GSH was oxidized with t-butylhydroperoxide to generate 0.2 and 0.4 mM GSSG, respectively, the extrusion of NEM-SG from erythrocytes was not inhibited. The kinetics of NEM-SG transport in intact erythrocytes were monophasic; the Km NEM-SG was 0.62 mM ± 0.24. However, in IOV two components of NEM-SG transport with respect to NEM-SG and ATP were discernible. The low Km for NEM-SG was 5.6 ± 1.51 μM with a Vmax of 7.30 ± 0.69 nmol/mg protein/h and the high Km for NEM-SG was 1.35 ± 0.14 mM with a Vmax of 65.1 ± 3.5 nmol/mg protein h. With respect to ATP, the NEM-SG transport had a low Km of 0.12 ± 0.004 mM and a high Km of 0.52 ± 0.052 mM. Both components of NEM-SG transport were inhibited by fluoride, o-vanadate, p-hydroxymercuribenzoate and 5,5′-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid). However, NEM (1 mM) inhibited only the high Km transport. GSH stimulated the low Km transport 1.7-fold. Both low and high Km components of NEM-SG transport significantly declined when ATP was substituted with CTP, UTP, or GTP. GSSG and Dnp-SG competitively inhibited the low Km NEM-SG transport (Ki = 18.5 ± 2.9 and 1.32 ± 0.16 μM, respectively) whereas the high Km transport was inhibited by Dnp-SG but not by GSSG, These findings suggest that glutathione S-conjugates may be transported out of erythrocytes by both the high and the low Km mechanisms, the latter being shared by GSSG.
Dimensional Commensurability and Cue Utilization in Comparative Judgment.

Abstract In a series of five experiments, subjects compared pairs of students with respect to potential college GPA. Both students had scores on one common dimension (e.g., English Skills) and one unique dimension (e.g., Quantitative Aptitude for Student A and Need to Achieve Success for Student B). The results indicated that dimensions were weighted more heavily in the comparison when they were common than when they were unique. Cautioning subjects not to increase the weight of the common dimension did not reduce the effect, nor did “correct answer” feedback with rewards for accuracy. In addition, the effect was substantial whether or not the common and unique dimensions had equal means and standard deviations. The results are congruent with a growing body of research that documents man's limitations as an information processor.
DNA in synovial fluid and the circulation of patients with arthritis.

Despite the refinement of diagnosis and treatment of arthritis, prognosis remains elusive. In an earlier study, we reported that the sera of patients who had rheumatoid arthritis contained detectable amounts of native DNA, in some cases accompanied by low levels of anti-nDNA antibodies (1). The highest levels of nDNA correlated with increasing severity, relatively short duration, and seronegativity. The source of the nDNA remained unknown. It had been hypothesized that antigens locally produced in the synovium, including DNA, would form immune complexes with their respective antibodies and trigger the complement cascade. The results should be chemotaxis, ingestion of complexes, and release of ferments that could worsen the inflammation. While such a sequence may well fit rheumatoid arthritis, there is the possibility that other forms of arthritis also could have an immune mechanism in their causation.
From edgeworth to Vickrey to Mirrlees: The Vickrey Lecture

William Vickrey'sAgenda for Progressive Taxation is perhaps his best-known work. It stands roughly half way between Edgeworth and Mirrlees, both historically and intellectually. Edgeworth argued that the optimal tax (and transfer) system equalized incomes by taxing above-average incomes at 100 percent and transferring the proceeds to those below average. Mirrlees argued optimality in the presence of disincentive effects, which Edgeworth ignored, placing severe limits on high tax rates. Vickrey proposed 21 tax reforms to make a practical system of personal progressive taxation workable. The two most famous were cumulative lifetime averaging and decreasing power succession taxes. This paper reviews the proposals in light of subsequent intellectual and historical developments. Many of the issues Vickrey explored are relevant today whether the tax system is flat or progressive and whether the base is income or consumption.
Influence of computational drop representation in LES of a mixing layer with evaporating drops

The objective of this work is to quantify the influence of the number of computational drops and grid spacing on the accuracy of predicted flow statistics and to possibly identify the minimum number, or, if not possible, the optimal number of computational drops that provides minimal error in flow prediction. For this purpose, Large Eddy Simulation (LES) of a mixing layer with evaporating drops has been performed using the dynamic Smagorinsky model and employing various numbers of computational drops. The LES were performed by reducing the number of physical drops by a factor varying from 8 to 128 to obtain the ensemble of computational drops, and by utilizing either a coarse or a fine grid. A set of first order and second order gas-phase statistics as well as drop statistics are extracted from LES predictions and are compared to results obtained by filtering a Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS) database. First order statistics such as Favre averaged streamwise velocity, Favre averaged vapor mass fraction, and the drop streamwise velocity are predicted accurately independent of the number of computational drops and grid spacing. Second order flow statistics depend both on the number of computational drops and on grid spacing. The scalar variance and turbulent vapor flux are predicted accurately by the fine mesh LES only when the computational drop field is reduced by a factor of no more than 32, and by the coarse mesh LES reasonably accurately for all computational drop field values. This is attributed to the fact that when the grid spacing is coarsened, the number of drops in a computational cell must not be significantly lower than that in the DNS.
Ethnic and racial disparities in cardiac resynchronization therapy

Background Racial/ethnic differences in the use of cardiac resynchronization therapy with defibrillator (CRT-D) may result from underprovision or overprovision relative to published guidelines. Objective The purpose of this study was to examine the National Cardiovascular Data Registry (NCDR) ICD Registry for ethnic/racial differences in use of CRT-D. Methods We studied white, black, and Hispanic patients who received either an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) or CRT-D between January 2005 and April 2007. Two multivariate logistic regression models were fit with the following outcome variables: (1) receipt of either ICD or CRT-D and (2) receipt of CRT-D outside of published guidelines. Results Of 108,341 registry participants, 22,205 met inclusion criteria for the first analysis and 27,165 met criteria for the second analysis. Multivariate analysis indicated CRT-eligible black (odds ratio [OR] 0.84; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.75–0.95; P P P = .001) and Hispanic (OR 1.17; 95% CI, 1.02–1.36; P = .03) patients were more likely to meet all three eligibility criteria. Conclusion Black and Hispanic patients who were eligible for CRT-D were less likely to receive therapy compared with white patients. Conversely, in the context of widespread out-of-guideline use of CRT-D, black and Hispanic patients were more likely to meet established criteria. Our findings suggest systematic racial/ethnic differences in the treatment of patients with advanced heart failure.
Pyrimidine dimers in ultraviolet-irradiated DNA's.

DNA's of various compositions, labeled with radioactive cytosine or thymine, were irradiated with monochromatic ultraviolet light and analyzed by photochemical and chromatographic techniques for photoproducts. The dimers T T ⌢ ,† C T ⌢ and C C ⌢ were identified as primary photochemical products, and U T ⌢ and U U ⌢ as secondary products that result from the deamination of cytosine-containing dimers. All the dimers have similar but not identical photochemical properties. The relative efficiency of forming dimers per dinucleotide is in the order T T ⌢ > C T ⌢ > C C ⌢ and the relative cross-sections for splitting them by short wavelengths are C C ⌢ ≃ C T ⌢ > T T ⌢ = U T ⌢ = U U ⌢ . All the pyrimidine dimers have similar biochemical properties. They are monomerized by photoreactivating enzyme plus visible light, and they interfere with nuclease action and inhibit DNA synthesis in vitro. The number of cytosine-containing dimers is comparable to T T ⌢ . For example, in Escherichia coli DNA irradiated with low doses, only 60% of the dimers are T T ⌢ , and in Micrococcus lysodeikticus DNA only 20% are T T ⌢ . At high doses the proportion of T T ⌢ is greater than at low doses. The amounts of uracil that are observed as a result of irradiation of [3H]cytosine-labeled DNA are much less than the amounts of cytosine-containing dimers.
Decreasing the incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia using the FAST-HUG evaluation

Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in critically ill patients. We implemented a performance improvement project over 2 years to reduce VAP incidence in the medical ICU (MICU) and surgical ICU (SICU).
Exsolution in terrestrial and lunar plagioclases revealed by chemical etching

A new chemical etching technique reveals fine scale exsolution structures on polished surfaces of plagioclases in the bytownite and labradorite range. A very obvious blue and locally brown stain is produced (by the action of citric acid) in growth zones of a restricted range of compositions on etched surfaces. The blue-stained zones contain very fine grooves, corresponding to the traces of thin exsolution lamellae. Exsolution features have been revealed in this way in plagioclases in a terrestrial diabase, lunar basalts and an amphibolite. Compositions of the exsolved areas found by microprobe analysis represent averages of the matrix and exsolution lamellae. Analytical methods with higher spatial resolution are required to determine the composition of the lamellae. This etching method permits easy optical identification of compositional zoning and of fine scale exsolution over relatively large areas and is therefore complementary to other techniques.
Heat budget for a shallow, sinuous salt marsh estuary

Abstract An experimental study of temperature cycles and the heat budget in the Duplin River, a tidal creek bordered by extensive intertidal salt marshes, was carried out in late summer of 2003 and spring of 2004 near Sapelo Island on the central Georgia coast in the southeastern US. Three water masses are identified with differing temperature and salinity regimes, the characteristics of which are dictated by channel morphology, tidal communication with the neighboring sound, ground water hydrology, the extent of local intertidal salt marshes and side channels and the spring–neap tidal cycle (which controls both energetic mixing and, presumably, ground water input). For the first experiment, heat budgets are constructed for the upper (warmer) and lower (cooler) areas of the Duplin River showing the diminishing importance of tidal advection away from the mouth of the creek along with the concomitant increase in the importance of both direct atmospheric fluxes and of interactions with the marsh and side creeks. The second experiment, in the spring of 2004, reexamines the heat budget on seasonal and daily averaged scales revealing the decreased importance of advective fluxes relative to direct atmospheric fluxes on this scale but the constant importance of marsh/creek interactions regardless of time scale or season. Short period temperature fluctuations which affect larval development are examined and analogies are drawn to use heat to understand the marsh as a source of sediment, carbon and other nutrients.
Making the Economic Concept of Scarcity Oh-So-Sweet: An Activity for the K-12 Classroom

The authors outline an innovative activity that helps teachers make the abstract concepts of scarcity and allocation concrete in the K-12 classroom. Students evaluate the scarcity of chocolate and often determine, incorrectly, that the candy is not scarce because there is enough for each student to have one piece. After students reveal their preferences for the candy, they compare the total number of candies desired with the number of candies available. Because it is almost always the case that preferences cannot be met, students can easily see that candy is scarce. As with any scare resource, an allocation method is required. Students explore different alternatives for allocating the scarce good among competing consumers. The authors share results from three implementations of this activity.
Cost of Contralateral Prophylactic Mastectomy

To compare the healthcare costs of women with unilateral breast cancer who underwent contralateral prophylactic mastectomy (CPM) with those of women who did not. We conducted a retrospective study of 904 women treated for stage I–III breast cancer with or without CPM. Women were matched according to age, year at diagnosis, stage, and receipt of chemotherapy. We included healthcare costs starting from the date of surgery to 24 months. We identified whether care was immediate or delayed (CPM within 6 months or 6–24 months after initial surgery, respectively). Costs were converted to approximate Medicare reimbursement values and adjusted for inflation. Multivariable regression analysis was performed to evaluate the effect of CPM on total breast cancer care costs adjusting for patient characteristics and accounting for matched pairs. The mean difference between the CPM and no-CPM matched groups was $3,573 (standard error [SE] $455) for professional costs, $4,176 (SE $1,724) for technical costs, and $7,749 (SE $2,069) for total costs. For immediate and delayed CPM, the mean difference for total costs was $6,528 (SE $2,243) and $16,744 (SE $5,017), respectively. In multivariable analysis, the CPM group had a statistically significant increase of 16.9 % in mean total costs compared with the no-CPM group (p < 0.0001). Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2/neu-positive status, receipt of radiation, and reconstruction were associated with increases in total costs. CPM significantly increases short-term healthcare costs for women with unilateral breast cancer. These patient-level cost results can be used for future studies that evaluate the influence of costs of CPM on decision making.
Predicted carbon-cluster field evaporation from graphite by pulsed-field STM

Abstract Field evaporation of carbon as positive and negative ions from the clean graphite (001) plane surface under STM pulsed-field conditions has been investigated. We use the charge-exchange model, taking the potential from a simple empirical atomic potential model. The removed carbon atom considered here initially resides in the perfect graphite surface, rather than being an adsorbed atom. Assuming a clean tungsten tip as counterelectrode, threshold electric fields for C − , C + , and C 2+ have been obtained. We further consider the possibility of field evaporation of C clusters. Our calculations indicate that C atoms can field-evaporate as members of ionic clusters at much lower threshold fields than a single carbon atom can. We conclude that ionic carbon clusters are favored in field evaporation from graphite, based on lower threshold fields obtained in the charge-exchange model.
Decomposition of Hessenberg DAE systems to state space form

Abstract An algorithm is given for symbolically decoupling the solutions to a linear, time dependent differential-algebraic equation Ez′ = A(t)z + ⨍(t), z(t)ϵR s , in Hessenberg form into state and algebraic components. The state variables are the solutions to an ordinary differential equation with initial conditions restricted to a subspace of Rs, while the algebraic components are linear functions of the state variables involving derivatives of the coefficients and input functions up to order r − 1, where r is the index of the system. This decomposition provides closed form solutions to linear Hessenberg DAEs in terms of the fundamental solutions of the state variable system. The implications of the algorithm for computing consistent initial conditions, for certain singular optimal control problems, and for numerical solutions are briefly discussed.
Sleep-disordered breathing in children: survey of current practice.

Objectives: The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends objective testing with polysomnography (PSG) before adenotonsillectomy for sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) in children. Several studies have also shown that a clinical diagnosis correlates poorly with the presence or severity of SDB as confirmed by PSG. The purpose of this study was to examine surgical practice patterns among members of the American Society of Pediatric Otolaryngologists (ASPO). Methods: A questionnaire was sent electronically to all members of ASPO asking about demographics, PSG facilities, and pre- and postoperative management of children with SDB. Results: A total of 245 questionnaires were sent, and 105 (43%) were completed. The results of the survey show that up to 50% of pediatric visits in individual practices were for SDB. Only 10% of children who underwent adenotonsillectomy had PSG, and the most common reason to request it was doubt about diagnosis. The average wait for PSG was 3 to 6 weeks. Preoperative PSG was routinely requested in children under 1 year of age and children with morbid obesity, craniofacial abnormalities, or neuromuscular disease. The majority of pediatric otolaryngologists proceeded with an adenotonsillectomy in symptomatic children with normal PSG findings. Postoperative PSG was requested in less than 5% of children. Approximately 20% of children who underwent adenotonsillectomy for suspected SDB were observed overnight in hospital. Conclusions: A majority of respondents from this survey rely on a clinical diagnosis rather than PSG to recommend an adenotonsillectomy for SDB in children. PSG was generally used when the diagnosis was in doubt.
Ensuring court admissibility of computer-generated records

An informal methodology is described for optimizing the likelihood of computer-generated records being admissible in a U.S. court of law. This methodology is intended for individuals who are converting to automated office procedures, as well as for those whose businesses are already highly computerized. However, this paper does not purport to be a formal legal guide; rather, it is intended as an overview of this issue.
Collective preferences in presidential elections

Abstract Although the literature on cyclical majorities is extensive, there is a paucity of empirical examinations of real world elections with mass electorates. This brief article attempts such an analysis. Using CPS data, I address the issue of intransitivities in social preferences for candidates in US presidential elections from 1972 to 1984. It is argued that (a) there were clear Condorcet winners in each of the four elections in question, and (b) that in each case collective preferences were ideologically constrained.
Neuro-ophthalmology: Five new things.

Summary The field of neuro-ophthalmology is broad and interacts with other disciplines in neurology and ophthalmology along with neurosurgery, neuroradiology, rheumatology, and infectious disease. A number of interesting advances in diagnostic criteria, monitoring ability, and disease etiology have occurred in the last year that will improve our ability to take care of patients.
ELECTRON IRRADIATION OF COPPER NEAR 10 K

The resistivity change induced by electron irradiation of zone-retined Cu maintained at ~ l0 deg K h:ds been measured over the range of bombarding electron energies from 0.70 to l.37 Mev. The cross section for damage production is shown to be insensitive to the choice ot the shape of the displacement probability function for this energy range. An average'' threshold energy for displacment of 22 plus or minus 3 ev is deduced, from which the resistivity of Frenkel pairs, ABSTRACTS
Efficiency Considerations in Online Auction Markets

The main contention of this article is that online auction markets are amenable to efficiency considerations akin to traditional financial markets. While the underlying assets traded are dissimilar between the financial and online auction markets, the fundamental principles that drive these markets are consanguineous in that similar efficiency notions are applicable. Based on the principles of arbitrage, we develop a set of efficiency criteria to evaluate the auction activity of new and identically described items. Two arbitrage principles, seller arbitrage and buyer arbitrage, are developed. These principles can be employed to evaluate the price behavior of temporally proximate auctions and to generate a useful benchmark to make efficiency evaluations. We find evidence of inefficiency for each of the items we empirically tested based on the data from eBay, currently the largest online auction house.
Inclusion of people with disabilities.

The brief note “nas elects recorD number of women” by Jeffrey Mervis (ScienceScope, 2 May, p. 717) reports on a very important advancement for U.S. science policy. The push to elect more women to the U.S. National Academies is most important, and we congratulate the 17 women in the incoming class of 72 members. It is noteworthy that NAS Home Secretary Stephen Berry indicated that the academy has made little progress in electing African Americans and Hispanic members and that some sort of “special mechanism” may be needed to address this. We would like to encourage the NAS to broaden its policy to include people with disabilities among those individuals for whom a “special mechanism” and/or push may be made. Federal law identifies people with disabilities as an underrepresented group in most of its programs and policies. People with disabilities are among the lowest represented groups in science, engineering, and medicine. NAS should recognize this gap and take action to promote greater participation of people with disabilities in science and engineering, as well as in related public policy.
Ice-Sheet Response to Oceanic Forcing

The ice sheets of Greenland and Antarctica are losing ice at accelerating rates, much of which is a response to oceanic forcing, especially of the floating ice shelves. Recent observations establish a clear correspondence between the increased delivery of oceanic heat to the ice-sheet margin and increased ice loss. In Antarctica, most of these processes are reasonably well understood but have not been rigorously quantified. In Greenland, an understanding of the processes by which warmer ocean temperatures drive the observed retreat remains elusive. Experiments designed to identify the relevant processes are confounded by the logistical difficulties of instrumenting ice-choked fjords with actively calving glaciers. For both ice sheets, multiple challenges remain before the fully coupled ice-ocean-atmosphere models needed for rigorous sea-level projection are available.
A Large-Eddy Simulation Study of Moist Convection Initiation over Heterogeneous Surface Fluxes

This study uses large-eddy simulations to investigate processes of moist convection initiation (CI) over heterogeneous surface fluxes. Surface energy balance is imposed via a 1808 phase lag of the surface moisture flux(relativetothesensibleheatflux),suchthattherelativelywarmsurfaceisrelativelydry(andtherelatively coolsurfaceisrelativelywet).As shownin previoussimulations, amesoscalecirculationformsin thepresence of surface-flux heterogeneity, which coexists with turbulent fluctuations. The mesoscale convergence zone of this circulation develops over the relatively warm surface, and this is where clouds first form. Convection initiation occurs sooner as the amplitude of the heterogeneity increases, and as the surface moisture increases (i.e., Bowen ratio decreases). Shallow clouds initiate when boundary layer heights (zi) become greater than the lifting condensation level (LCL). Deep precipitating clouds initiate when the LCL and level of free convection (LFC) are roughly the same when averaged over the relatively warm surface, which is equivalent tothemeanconvectiveinhibition(CIN)becomingnearlyzero.Fromtheperspectiveoftheentire(mesoscale) domain, cases with strongly heterogeneous surfaces have a wider distribution of both zi and LCL. Thus, a comparison of zi with LCL over a mesoscale area (i.e., within one mesoscale model grid box) may lead to misleading conclusions about CI and cloud-base height. It is also shown that as the amplitude of the surfaceflux heterogeneity increases the mesoscale convergence zone becomes narrower and stronger. Furthermore, CI occurs earlier over relatively wet surfaces partly because turbulent eddies are more vigorous owing to slightly greater buoyancy.
Improved free surface boundary conditions for numerical incompressible-flow calculations

Complete free surface stress conditions have been incorporated into a numerical technique for computing transient, incompressible fluid flows. An easy to apply scheme, based on a new surface pressure interpolation, permits the normal stress to be applied at the correct free surface location. Tangential stresses are applied through the assignment of appropriate velocities near the surface. To illustrate the influence of the complete stress conditions, a variety of examples are presented, including some with highly contorting and colliding surfaces. Several of the examples are compared with experimental and analytical results. The influence of these boundary conditions on numerical stability is discussed from a simple qualitative point of view.
Mesenchymal stem cells distribute to a wide range of tissues following systemic infusion into nonhuman primates

Ex vivo–expanded mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were transduced with a green fluorescent protein (GFP) retroviral construct and subsequently infused into 3 adult baboons following lethal total body irradiation and hematopoietic support or without any prior conditioning. To study the long-term fate of these MSCs, necropsies were performed between 9 and 21 months following MSC infusion, and an average of 16 distinct tissues were recovered from each recipient and evaluated for the presence of the GFP transgene in purified genomic DNA by sensitive real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Two baboons received autologous and one allogeneic GFP-transduced MSCs. Both allogeneic and autologous MSCs appeared to distribute in a similar manner. Gastrointestinal tissues harbored high concentrations of transgene per microgram of DNA. Additional tissues including kidney, lung, liver, thymus, and skin were also found to contain relatively high amounts of DNA equivalents. Estimated levels of engraftment in these tissues ranged from 0.1% to 2.7%. The nonconditioned recipient appeared to have less abundant engraftment. These data suggest that MSCs initially distribute broadly following systemic infusion and later may participate in ongoing cellular turnover and replacement in a wide variety of tissues.
High-performance regular expression scanning on the Cell/B.E. processor

Matching regular expressions (regexps) is a very common work-load. For example, tokenization, which consists of recognizing words or keywords in a character stream, appears in every search engine indexer. Tokenization also consumes 30% or more of most XML processors' execution time and represents the first stage of any programming language compiler.Despite the multi-core revolution, regexp scanner generators like flex haven't changed much in 20 years, and they do not exploit the power of recent multi-core architectures (e.g., multiple threads and wide SIMD units). This is unfortunate, especially given the pervasive importance of search engines and the fast growth of our digital universe. Indexing such data volumes demands precisely the processing power that multi-cores are designed to offer.We present an algorithm and a set of techniques for using multi-core features such as multiple threads and SIMD instructions to perform parallel regexp-based tokenization.As a proof of concept, we present a family of optimized kernels that implement our algorithm, providing the features of flex on the Cell/B.E. processor at top performance. Our kernels achieve almost-ideal resource utilization (99.2% of the clock cycles are non-NOP issues). They deliver a peak throughput of 14.30 Gbps per Cell chip, and 9.76 Gbps on Wikipedia input: a remarkable performance, comparable to dedicated hardware solutions. Also, our kernels show speedups of 57-81× over flex on the Cell.Our approach is valuable because it is easily portable to other SIMD-enabled processors, and there is a general trend toward more and wider SIMD instructions in architecture design.
Single-Doppler Velocity Retrievals with Phoenix II Data: Clear Air and Microburst Wind Retrievals in the Planetary Boundary Layer

Abstract A new three-dimensional single-Doppler velocity retrieval is introduced and tested with reflectivity and radial velocity data gathered during the Phoenix II field program near Boulder, Colorado. This retrieval is based on reflectivity conservation (with provision for raindrop fall speed), the incompressibility condition, and a temporal constraint on the velocity field. Two temporal constraints are considered: velocity stationarity and Taylor's frozen turbulence approximation (velocity stationarity in a moving reference frame). It is demonstrated that either of these temporal constraints can be used to derive a second conserved scalar from the original conserved scalar (reflectivity). This two-scalar system is, in general, overdetermined, but a least-squares formulation reduces the problem to a Poisson equation for a pseudostreamfunction. The requisite boundary conditions arise naturally from the least-squares formulation and require only single-Doppler measurements for their evaluation. The new r...
Excision of the burn wound in patients with large burns.

• The known major determinants of survival for patients with burn injury are age, burn size, inhalation injury, and infection. The clinical courses of 210 patients with burns of 30% of the body surface or greater treated from Jan 1, 1983, through Dec 31, 1985, were reviewed to determine whether excision of the burn wound could be identified as a factor in survival after massive burn injury. The predominant site of infection changed from the burn wound to the lung, with pneumonia being the most common bacterial infection in patients whose wounds were treated as described. Effective topical control of bacterial proliferation and excision of the burn wound have resulted in replacement of invasive bacterial wound infection by nonbacterial burn wound infection. The apparent advantages of excision, particularly in large burns, may reflect only patient selection, since only those patients who are considered to be physiologically stable and able to tolerate the physiologic stress of excision are considered for operation. ( Arch Surg 1989;124:718-720)
Sorption of organics by Selenastrum capricornutum

Abstract The sorption of eight organic compounds by a representative green alga, Selenastrum capricornutum , was determined by gas-liquid chromatography using a series of linear model experiments. The log 10 bioconcentration factors (BCF), defined as the ratio of the concentration on in the algae to the concentration in the aqueous medium, are as follows: benzene, 3.32; toluene, 3.18; chlorobenzene, 3.69; 1,2-dichlorobenzene, 4.17; naphthalene, 4.10; phenanthrene, 4.38; di- n -butylphthalate, 4.36 and pyrene, 4.56. The relation of log 10 BCF correlation with log 10 octanol-water partition coefficient was determined as log 10 BCF = 0.46 log 10 P + 2.36.
A set based approach to detection and isolation of faults in multivariable systems

Abstract In this paper, we propose a set based approach for detecting faults in input/output channels of a closed-loop multivariable system. This approach works with deterministic bounds on measurement noises, disturbances, and fault signals, which may be attractive in some applications. The fault detection problem is formulated as an optimization problem in the state space framework. The dimensionality of the optimization problem increases with time. In order to allow the problem dimension to be fixed at a pre-specified value, a moving horizon based approach is proposed. When the horizon is moved, a parallelotope covering the feasible region of the initial state is propagated by using the ‘Recursive Optimal Bounding Parallelotope’ methodology. Diagnosis of the location of a fault is carried out by using a series of detection tests. The usefulness of the algorithm for detection and diagnosis is demonstrated by using a heat exchanger example.
A Qualitative Analysis to Determine the Domains and Skills Necessary to Lead in Public Health

Leadership programs in public health have been declining in numbers since 2012. The decline in training programs could be due to the lack of outcome-based results and the lack of a manageable set of standardized skills needed for public health leadership. A comprehensive study was completed in two phases to determine if the current model of public health leadership institutes is effective at generating outcome-based results. The following paper will focus on the first phase of the study. The first phase included a qualitative analysis to determine the domains, definitions, and skills needed to lead. An analysis of the skills, domains, definitions, and traits included in five established and commonly used leadership models/theories in public health leadership development (Transformational, Servant, Appreciative, Collaborative, and Emotional Intelligence leadership) plus the National Public Health Leadership Development Network (NLN) Leadership for Community Health, Safety & Resilience Competency Framework was completed. Of the 161 different skills, definitions, traits, and/or competencies from the five leadership models and the NLN competency framework, 123 were determined to be related to one of six domains needed for leadership and were defined into 21 skills. The findings could lead to more uniformity in public health leadership development and evaluation.
Hirudo medicinalis Unplugged

In August 1994, Ken Muller, chair of the neuroscience program at the University of Miami Medical School, asked if I would compose a musical tribute ([1][1]) to neuroscientist John G. Nicholls ([2][2], [3][3]) for his 65th birthday, as I am a scientist ([4][4]), a composer, and a former student of
Comparison of contraceptive use between the Contraceptive CHOICE Project and state and national data

Abstract Background We compared contraceptive prevalence reported in the Contraceptive CHOICE Project (CHOICE) at time of enrollment with estimates from representative surveys, the 2006–2008 National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG) and 2006 Missouri Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS). Study design We calculated survey weights for CHOICE participants and compared selected demographic characteristics and prevalence estimates of current contraceptive methods being used at the time of enrollment. Results Compared with the NSFG, CHOICE participants at the time of enrollment were less likely to be contraceptive pill users (16.1% vs. 24.0%) and more likely to use condoms (23.8% vs. 13.8%). Compared with the BRFSS, CHOICE participants were more likely to use condoms (20.4% vs. 12.9%) and withdrawal (6.6% vs. 0.4%). Conclusion Despite differences in sampling strategies between CHOICE and state and national surveys, the contraceptive prevalence estimates were largely similar. This information combined with the high rates of long-acting reversible contraception (LARC) use after enrollment by CHOICE particiants that have been previously reported by study participants may imply that cost and restricted access to LARC could be essential factors in the low rates of LARC use in the United States.
Phase behaviour of polyampholyte chains from grand canonical Monte Carlo simulations

The phase behaviour of polyampholyte chains has been investigated by grand canonical Monte Carlo simulations. First, the effects of chain length and charge sequence on the critical parameters and phase diagrams of fully-charged but overall neutral polyampholytes up to a chain length of 16 beads were determined. As the chain length increases, the critical temperature increases while the critical volume fraction decreases. The critical temperatures of the diblock polyampholytes are much higher and increase more quickly with increasing chain length than the critical temperatures of random polyampholytes, consistent with current experimental observations and theoretical predictions. This difference is attributed to the localization of like charges in a diblock chain which leads to stronger attraction and aggregation between chains. Cluster size distributions also reveal a stronger tendency of diblock polyampholytes to form larger aggregates than random chains for the same conditions. The phase behaviour of en...
Mid-wave infrared interband cascade photodetectors and focal plane arrays

The Interband Cascade (IC) detector with InAs/Ga(In)Sb type-II superlattice (T2-SL) absorbers is a new type of high-performance infrared photodetector that has many unique features. In this IC detector design, the T2-SL absorber is sliced into multiple thinner segments that are sandwiched between electron and hole barriers, forming one stage. Multiple stages are electrically connected in series. The asymmetric energy-band alignment and ultra-fast carrier transport channel have enabled IC detectors to operate under/near zero-bias. The large lifetime contrast and the great design flexibility make IC detectors very suitable for high temperature operations. Our effort has led to the demonstration of mid-IR single pixel devices operating up to 450 K under zero-bias. These devices achieved superior electrical performance compared to HgCdTe technology at higher operation temperatures. In this presentation, we will discuss the new developments of low-noise mid-IR IC photodetectors and their focal plane arrays. Device studies on the influence of design on their optical and electrical performance will be discussed, and the most recent technical progress is also reported.
Role of temporary intestinal brush border dysfunction in Campylobacter jejuni diarrhea.

The pathophysiologic effects ofCampylobacterjejuni on weanling ferrets were investigated by assessing jejunal disaccharidase activities, glucose and theophylline stimulation of jejunal mucosal ion transport, fecal levels of reducing sugars, and histologic appearance of the gut. Compared with uninoculated controls, ferrets at the peak ofCampylobacter-induced watery diarrhea exhibited two- to threefold reductions in sucrase, maltase, and lactase activity, a sixfold lower short-circuit current response to glucose stimulation, and a twofold higher response to theophylline stimulation, plus a striking increase in fecal levels of reducing sugars. These physiologic alterations rapidly returned to normal as diarrhea subsided. Jejunal epithelial cells of all diarrheic animals appeared morphologically normal by light microscopy. Passively immunized kits, heavily colonized but not diarrheic, were indistinguishable from controls in every assessment. These observations suggest that (i)Campylobacterjejuni exerts its pathophysiologic effect primarily by inducing a transient depression of intestinal brush border function and (ii) such effects can be prevented by humoral antibodies.
Scrotal ultrasonography as adjunct to testis biopsy in leukemia

Testicular involvement in acute lymphocytic leukemia is considered an indicator of extramedullary relapse following chemotherapy. Biopsy of the testes prior to the cessation of chemotherapy has yielded early diagnosis and treatment of relapse, with an improved prognosis. Scrotal ultrasonography successfully guided the biopsy of palpably normal testes in a boy with acute lymphocytic leukemia. This success suggests that ultrasound may be a useful adjunct in localizing occult testicular leukemia prior to biopsy.
Median statistics cosmological parameter values

Abstract We present median statistics central values and ranges for 12 cosmological parameters, using 582 measurements (published during 1990–2010) collected by [9] . On comparing to the recent Planck Collaboration [1] estimates of 11 of these parameters, we find good consistency in ten cases.
Photoionization spectra of B‐DNA and Z‐DNA

The photoionization spectra of B-DNA and Z-DNA are predicted and interpreted from ab initio computations of B-DNA and Z-DNA fragments. Each peak of the spectra of the two conformers is assigned in terms of unambiguous atomic components not only for the well-separated inner shell electron peaks but also for the more complex valence electrons region.
My Ardinghello: Heinse and the Importance of Being Epistolary

Wilhelm Heinse's 1787 painter-novel Ardinghello und die gluckseligen Inseln is an unruly and precarious literary-historical artifact, balancing on the thresholds between text and paratext, archive and translation, excess and omission, Renaissance and Sturm und Drang. This article brings recent work on the queer materiality of epistolary exchange (Garlinger 2005) to bear on long-inherited interpretations of Ardinghello, seeing in it an endeavor to imagine a rhetorical space for protogay literature in late eighteenth century German humanism. Since the 1990s, much effort has gone into studying queer structures and traces in Lenz and Goethe, and Simon Richter (2006) has suggested that Heinse's “revolutionary fictions” are perhaps best understood in this light as well. What remains undertheorized, however, is the structural relationship between epistolary disclosure and proscribed desire in Ardinghello, and a century of Heinse research has seen fit to minimize this particular aspect of his work. With its sidel...
Hemoglobin synthesis during rabbit reticulocyte maturation in vitro.

Abstract A defined medium for the study of rabbit reticulocyte maturation in vitro is described; the use of this medium led to the following observations. 1. 1. During maturation, hemoglobin synthesis itself had no effect on the rate of decay of the reticulocyte's ability to synthesize hemoglobin. 2. 2. Iron deprivation during maturation led to an irreversible loss in the reticulocyte's ability to utilize exogenous iron for hemoglobin synthesis. 3. 3. Addition of hemin to the maturation medium resulted in inhibition of globin synthesis in fresh cells, but stimulation in cells which had been incubated for 20 h. 4. 4. Comparison of whole cell and cell-free protein synthesizing rates of fresh cells and cells incubated for 20 h showed a much greater decline in activity of the whole cells than the cell-free systems derived from them. The conclusion drawn from these observations is that heme synthetic capacity declines more rapidly than globin synthetic capacity during maturation in vitro . This suggests that the duration of heme synthetic capacity may be a quantitatively controlling feature in the development of erythroid cells.
Tragweite und Grenzen der evolutionären Erkenntnistheorie

The essay analyses the importance and the limits of Evolutionary Epistemology (EE). Firstly, the history of EE is shortly described — especially its history in the last century. Secondly, its main arguments are reproduced. Thirdly, the points are treated in which EE really signifies a progress in comparison with traditional epistemology. Fourthly, however, it is shown that it does not solve at all the central problem of epistemology — the validity claim of knowledge. Only a broader philosophical framework — that of objective idealism — could reconcile the validity dimension with the genetic insights of EE.
Compiler optimization of scalar value communication between speculative threads

While there have been many recent proposals for hardware that supports Thread-Level Speculation (TLS), there has been relatively little work on compiler optimizations to fully exploit this potential for parallelizing programs optimistically. In this paper, we focus on one important limitation of program performance under TLS, which is stalls due to forwarding scalar values between threads that would otherwise cause frequent data dependences. We present and evaluate dataflow algorithms for three increasingly-aggressive instruction scheduling techniques that reduce the critical forwarding path introduced by the synchronization associated with this data forwarding. In addition, we contrast our compiler techniques with related hardware-only approaches. With our most aggressive compiler and hardware techniques, we improve performance under TLS by 6.2-28.5% for 6 of 14 applications, and by at least 2.7% for half of the other applications.
Performance and dependability of gracefully-degradable multiprocessor systems

The author presents an analytical model for dependability and performance evaluation of a multiprocessor system containing P processors, M memories, and B buses. The system is gracefully degradable and the main memory is M-way interleaved. In case of a fault the reconfiguration scheme will arrange the nonfaulty modules into groups, and the bus assignment to each group is made according to the increase in the number of modules per group. An expression for the mean amount of bandwidth available on the system at a certain time considering the online maintenance is obtained. Online system availability is also discussed, and a relation is developed. Expressions for the offline maintenance policies are obtained by considering the situations where the system has failed due to the exhaustion of the processors or memory modules or due to buses. >
Nonuniform Array Design for Robust Millimeter-Wave MIMO Links

Spatial multiplexing for millimeter (mm) wave line of sight (LOS) links potentially enables data rates of the order of 10-100 Gbps. Most prior work in this area has focused on uniform transmit and receive arrays, for which it is known that the spatial responses seen by different transmitters can be made orthogonal by choosing the antenna spacing appropriately as a function of range and wavelength. In this paper, we show that variations in range can cause significant degradation in performance for such uniformly spaced arrays optimized for a given range, due to the appearance of high correlations between the spatial responses for different transmitters (and hence rank deficiency in the MIMO channel matrix) as a function of range. We then demonstrate that optimized nonuniform arrays alleviate this problem by keeping correlations between spatial responses small over a significantly larger set of ranges than is possible with uniform spacing.