cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Federal law protecting your right to privacy

Privacy, like security, is something everyone wants. Asked to define privacy, people usually settle for "the right to be left alone." However, a little reflection reveals that it is nearly impossible to be left alone in a highly organized, complex society that offers security. If people want Social Security they must be willing to reveal personal data such as age, sex, marital status and income. If people wish life insurance they must reveal medical data as well as their credit rating. If people wish to legally operate a motor vehicle they must reveal identifying information and mailing address. In these, as in almost all cases, an individual gives up some personal information, some piece of personal privacy, in order to obtain some benefit from "the system."
Combating Insider Attacks in IEEE 802.11 Wireless Networks with Broadcast Encryption

The IEEE 802.11 protocols are used by millions of smartphone and tablet devices to access the Internet via Wi-Fi wireless networks or communicate with one another directly in a peer-to-peer mode. Insider attacks are those originating from a trusted node that had initially passed all the authentication steps to access the network and then got compromised. A trusted node that has turned rogue can easily perform Denial-of-Service (DoS) attacks on the Media Access Control (MAC) layer by illegally capturing the channel and preventing other legitimate nodes from communicating with one another. Insider attackers can alter the implementation of the IEEE 802.11 Distributed Coordination Function (DCF) protocol residing in the Network Interface Card (NIC) to illegally increase the probability of successful packet transmissions into the channel at the expenses of nodes that follow the protocol standards. The attacker fools the NIC to upgrade its firmware and forces in a version containing the malicious code. In this paper, we present a distributed solution to detect and isolate the attacker in order to minimize the impact of the DoS attacks on the network. Our detection algorithm enhances the DCF firmware to enable honest nodes to monitor each other's traffic and compare their observations against honest communication patterns derived from a two-dimensional Markov chain. A channel hopping scheme is then used on the physical layer (PHY) to evade the attacker. To facilitate communication among the honest member stations and minimize network downtime, we introduce two isolation algorithms, one based on identity-based encryption and another based on broadcast encryption. Our simulation results show that the latter enjoys quicker recovery time and faster network convergence.
Animal locomotion: how to walk on water.

How the short legs of juvenile water striders propel the insects across water has perplexed researchers. It now appears that walking on water shares features with the locomotion of birds, insects and fish.
Theorizing communication and health 1

Communication in health and illness constitutes one of the most vital of human experiences. Because of this, the relatively new area of health communication studies has much promise to further our understanding of basic human communication processes. Three theoretical statements published in this issue and authored by Klingle, Geist and Gates, and Witte et al., provide a starting point for analyzing the potential of communication and health studies. Using a framework suggested by our own models of the problematic integration of probability and value judgments and the management of uncertainty, we offer a brief assessment of these theories. Each of the perspectives offers distinctive and potentially valuable contributions to the development of health communication theory.
IS faculty research productivity: Influential factors and implications

Why are some faculty members more productive than others in academic research? We constructed a number of hypotheses about faculty research productivity based on the life-cycle model of academic research and previous studies. Tests were conducted using data collected via a national survey of information systems IS faculty. The results show that while there are only two significant factors contributing positively to the research productivity-the time allocated to research activity and the existence of IS doctoral programs-many other factors appear to have significant adverse effect on research productivity, such as the number of years on faculty, the teaching load when exceeding 11 hours weekly, and non-IS, non-academic employment experience. The results also suggest that some of the commonly proposed influential factors, such as tenure status, academic rank, school type, as well as IS-related employment experience, have no significant effect at all. The implications of these findings and the limitations of the study are also discussed.
Limit of Strong Ion Coupling due to Electron Shielding

We show that strong coupling between ions in an ultracold neutral plasma is limited by electron screening. While electron screening reduces the quasiequilibrium ion temperature, it also reduces the ion-ion electrical potential energy. The net result is that the ratio of nearest-neighbor potential energy to kinetic energy in quasiequilibrium is constant and limited to approximately 1 unless the electrons are heated by some external source. We support these conclusions by reporting measurements of the ion velocity distribution in an ultracold neutral calcium plasma. These results match previously reported simulations of Yukawa systems. Theoretical considerations are used to determine the screened nearest-neighbor potential energy in the plasma.
Effect of treefall gaps on the patchiness and species richness of Neotropical ant assemblages

Natural formation of treefall gaps plays an integral role in the ecological and evolutionary dynamics of many tropical forests, affecting the spatiotemporal distribution of plants and the animals that interact with them. This study examines the impact of treefall gaps on the spatial and temporal patchiness of ant assemblages in a moist lowland forest in Panama. Using pitfall traps and honey baits, we compared ant assemblages in five 1 to 2-year-old treefall gaps (ca 100 m2) and five adjacent plots (ca 100 m2) in undisturbed forest understory at three different times of year (late wet season, late dry season, and early wet season). We found little evidence that ant assemblages respond dramatically to the formation of treefall gaps and the differences in habitat qualities they produce. Ant abundance, species richness, species composition, and rates of resource discovery did not differ between gaps and forest understory. However, we did find significant differences in numerical abundance related to forest stratum (ground vs vegetation) and resource type in pitfall traps (oil-cockroach vs honey), and significant differences in ant species richness and rates of resource discovery across seasons. While habitat effects by themselves were never statistically significant, habitat and seasonal differences in species richness interacted significantly to produce complex, season-dependent differences among gap and forest habitats. These results suggest that the formation of natural treefall gaps has less of an effect on Neotropical ant assemblages compared to other groups of organisms (e.g., plants, birds) or other causes of patchiness (e.g., ant mosaics, moisture availability, army ant predation). The results of our study also have important implications for the underlying causes of habitat differences in the distribution of ant-defended plants.
The suburban question: Notes for a research program

Abstract What we aim to do in this concluding discussion of the Special Issue is to present a broad overview of how suburban research might evolve. We offer a couple of foundational questions. The first of these is related to the many critiques of the suburbs—we ask if they now inhibit our understanding of suburban realities. The second is the way in which suburbs reflect fundamental responses to negative aspects of 19th and 20th century urban life, and whether these utopian instincts can be revived.
Steady-state properties of traffic flows

The role of the passing mechanism in traffic flows is examined. Specifically, we consider passing rates that are proportional to the difference between the velocities of the passing car and the passed car. From a Boltzmann equation approach, steady-state properties of the flow such as the flux, average cluster size, and velocity distributions are found analytically. We show that a single dimensionless parameter determines the nature of the flow and helps distinguish between dilute and dense flows. For dilute flows, perturbation expressions are obtained, while for dense flows a boundary layer analysis is carried out. In the latter case, extremal properties of the initial velocity distribution underly the leading scaling asymptotic behaviour. For dense flows, the stationary velocity distribution exhibits a rich 'triple-deck ' boundary layer structure. Furthermore, in this regime fluctuations in the flux may become extremely large.
Preconsultation Exchange for Ambulatory Hepatology Consultations

Abstract Background Preconsultation exchange is an emerging model of specialty care proposed by the American College of Physicians that seeks to answer a clinical question without a formal patient visit to the specialty clinic. This form of specialty care has been little studied. We sought to determine the appropriateness of preconsultation exchange for ambulatory hepatology consultations within our urban health care system. Methods Retrospective study of referrals for ambulatory hepatology consultation in the safety net health care system of San Francisco, Calif from January 2007 through April 2010. Results Of the 500 referrals reviewed, 87 were excluded as repeat requests. The most common reasons for referral were hepatitis B (34.9%) and hepatitis C (32.0%). Fifty-six referrals (13.6%) were appropriate for preconsultation exchange, and 190 (46.0%) were inappropriate for preconsultation exchange. One hundred sixty-seven (40.4%) referrals did not include enough information to determine appropriateness for preconsultation exchange. Most of these (83.8%) were made for hepatitis B or hepatitis C, despite the presence of explicit referral guidelines. Midlevel providers were more likely than physicians to provide enough information to determine appropriateness for preconsultation exchange. Conclusion In our urban health care system, preconsultation exchange appears to be an appropriate form of specialty care for some ambulatory hepatology consultations. Communication between primary care provider and specialist appears to be an important barrier to broader implementation of preconsultation exchange. Optimizing the preconsultation exchange is critical to improve the primary-specialty care interface, and to build a true Patient-Centered Medical Home Neighborhood.
Measures on Graphs and Groupoid Measures

The main purpose of this paper is to introduce several measures determined by a given finite directed graph. To construct σ-algebras for those measures, we consider several algebraic structures induced by G; (i) the free semigroupoid $${\mathbb{F}}^{+}(G{\hat{}})$$ of the shadowed graph $$G{\hat{}} = G \cup G^{-1}$$ (ii) the graph groupoid $${\mathbb{G}}$$ of G, (iii) the disgram set $$D(G{\hat{}})$$ and (iv) the reduced diagram set $$D_{r}(G{\hat{}})$$ . The graph measures $$\mu_{{G}{\hat{}}}$$ determined by (i) is the energy measure measuing how much energy we spent when we have some movements on G. The graph measures $$\mu_{\delta}$$ determined by (iii) is the diagram measure measuring how long we moved consequently from the starting positions (which are vertices) of some movements on G. The graph measures $$\mu_{{\mathbb{G}}}$$ and $$\mu_{{\delta}^{r}}$$ determined by (ii) and (iv) are the (graph) groupoid measure and the (quotient-)groupoid measure, respectively. We show that above graph measurings are invariants on shadowed graphs of finite directed graphs. Also, we will consider the reduced diagram measure theory on graphs. In the final chapter, we will show that if two finite directed graphs G 1 and G 2 are graph-isomorphic, then the von Neumann algebras L ∞(μ 1) and L ∞(μ 2) are *-isomorphic, where μ 1 and μ 2 are the same kind of our graph measures of G 1 and G 2, respectively.
Theory of Acoustic Paramagnetic Resonance in Dense Magnetic Insulators

Several mechanisms which describe the interaction between spins and phonons in a dense paramagnetic insulator are theoretically explored in order to estimate their resonant contribution to the ultrasonic attenuation at high temperatures. In particular, one mechanism provides a quasiresonant contribution to the attenuation which is roughly proportional to the square root of the difference of the frequency and certain multiples of the Larmor frequency. Other mechanisms may lead to the same type of line shape.
PINK1 Protects against Oxidative Stress by Phosphorylating Mitochondrial Chaperone TRAP1

Mutations in the PTEN induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1) gene cause an autosomal recessive form of Parkinson disease (PD). So far, no substrates of PINK1 have been reported, and the mechanism by which PINK1 mutations lead to neurodegeneration is unknown. Here we report the identification of TNF receptor-associated protein 1 (TRAP1), a mitochondrial molecular chaperone also known as heat shock protein 75 (Hsp75), as a cellular substrate for PINK1 kinase. PINK1 binds and colocalizes with TRAP1 in the mitochondria and phosphorylates TRAP1 both in vitro and in vivo. We show that PINK1 protects against oxidative-stress-induced cell death by suppressing cytochrome c release from mitochondria, and this protective action of PINK1 depends on its kinase activity to phosphorylate TRAP1. Moreover, we find that the ability of PINK1 to promote TRAP1 phosphorylation and cell survival is impaired by PD-linked PINK1 G309D, L347P, and W437X mutations. Our findings suggest a novel pathway by which PINK1 phosphorylates downstream effector TRAP1 to prevent oxidative-stress-induced apoptosis and implicate the dysregulation of this mitochondrial pathway in PD pathogenesis.
Textural properties of agarose gels. II. Relationships between rheological properties and sensory texture

Abstract Descriptive analysis was used to quantify the perceived hand texture characteristics of agarose gels, and results were compared with previously developed fundamental rheological profiles to determine if relationships could be established. Four texture attributes were used to describe the gels, including ‘hand small-strain force’, ‘hand springiness’, ‘hand fracture force’, and ‘hand fracture deformation’. Gels were differentiated similarly by sensory analysis and fracture properties ( p ≤0.05). Hand small-strain force and ‘hand-fracture force’ terms were capable of differentiating the gels equally as well, indicating that relative gel strength was perceived similarly with non-destructive and fracture causing deformations. Surprisingly, the hand force terms correlated more highly with fracture modulus (fractures stress/fracture strain) values ( r ≥0.98, p ≤0.001) than fracture stress values ( r =0.76–0.82, p ≤0.05), suggesting sensory perception of force includes a coupling of stress and strain. The definition of the term hand fracture deformation was very similar to the commonly used sensory term ‘cohesiveness’, and was highly correlated with fracture strain values ( r =0.98, p ≤0.001). Linear viscoelastic properties could not distinguish gels as sensitively as fracture properties. These findings clearly demonstrate fracture properties are capable of predicting sensory texture properties.
Low-frequency ultrawideband synthetic aperture radar: frequency subbanding for targets obscured by the ground

The Army Research Laboratory (ARL) has been investigating the potential of ultra-wideband synthetic aperture radar (UWB SAR) technology to detect and classify targets concealed by subsurface targets and foliage. Our investigative approach is to collect high-quality precision data to support phenomenological investigations of electromagnetic wave propagation through dielectric media. These investigations, in turn, support the development of algorithms for automatic target recognition. In order to achieve these goals, ARL designed and built an impulse (very short pulse) radar to collect data at a variety of test sites to measure and analyze the responses from targets, clutter, and targets embedded in clutter. The UWB BoomSAR, mounted on a 150-foot-high mobile boom lift, collects the high-quality, precision data sets needed for understanding UWB SAR system requirements and foliage penetration and ground penetration phenomenology. The BoomSAR operates with over 1 gigahertz of bandwidth covering a spectrum from 40 MHz to 1 GHz and is fully polarimetric. This bandwidth contains low frequencies needed for ground penetration while also maintaining higher frequency coverage for high resolution imagery. This paper shows a GPEN target area from data collected at Yuma Proving Grounds, AZ in low- and high- frequency subbands.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Modification of cardiac and respiratory rhythms in crayfish following carbohydrate chemoreception.

Reflex inhibitions of cardiac and ventilation rates of the crayfish, Procambarus simulans, have been used as indices of chemical sensitivity in an assay of configurational specificity among 30 carbohydrates and related compounds. Cardiac activity was determined from electrocardiograms and the bilateral ventilation frequencies were recorded with low-level pressure transducers. The responses were followed simultaneously on a commercial polygraph. Test solutions were introduced into the region of the branchial chamber with the ventilation stream. Positive responses consisted of inhibition or cessation of activity in both systems. Analysis of results from sugars with various configurations involving carbons 2, 4, and 5 of the pyranose ring indicated these positions were not critical in evoking the responses. Sugars lacking carbon 6, e.g., D-xylose and D-arabinose, were also effective stimuli. Blocking of the -OH at the C1, as found in glycosides, converts a stimulating configuration into a non-stimulating one, except where the substituent contains a free -OH group at the terminal carbon, e.g., maltose or cellobiose. Stimulating disaccharides were all 1–4 glycosides and possessed a free -OH at C1. The disaccharides with linkages other than 1–4 were non-stimulatory, e.g., gentiobiose, trehalose, and melibiose, as were the trisaccharides, raffinose and melizitose. Linear and cyclic polyhydroxy alcohols, e.g., erythritol and inositol, and short chain aldoses, e.g., erythrose, were also ineffective. Stimulation of the receptors seems to require the pyranose ring and access to a free hydroxyl group on C1. Isolation of the receptor and measurement of single unit activity are required before incontrovertible statements of specificity can be made. A basis for such investigations has been made.
Factor-analytic study of the Yale Global Tic Severity Scale.

Abstract We report on the factor structure of the Yale Global Tic Severity Scale. Participants were 76 children and adolescents diagnosed with tic disorders. Overall, the model proposed by Leckman et al. [Leckman, J.F., Riddle, M.A., Hardin, M.T., Ort, S.I., Swartz, K.L., Stevenson, J., Cohen, D.J., 1989. The Yale Global Tic Severity Scale: initial testing of a clinician-rated scale of tic severity. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 28, 566–573.] represented an adequate fit. The internal consistency of the factors was acceptable and the convergent and divergent validity was supported vis-a-vis correlations with parent ratings of Tourette's Disorder symptoms. These findings support the use of the original scoring structure in assessing pediatric tic severity.
Toward the use of set-membership identification in efficient training of feedforward neural networks

The application of the theory of set-membership identification to the development of efficient learning algorithms for neural networks is discussed. Some results relevant to the application of the method to nonlinear feedforward networks are presented. The techniques discussed have the potential to significantly improve the efficiency of teaching neural networks by employing novel data selection criteria based on set-theoretic constraints. >
The influence of growth conditions on odor-compound production by two chrysophytes and two cyanobacteria

The influence of several environmental factors (e.g., light intensity, temperature, nitrogen, and phosphorus) on population density and odor-compound production of two chrysophytes, Synura petersenii and Dinobryon cylindricum ; and two cyanobacteria, Anabaena laxa and Phormidium calcicola was investigated. The odors associated with each alga were evaluated by flavor profile analysis (FPA) at several intervals during their initial culturing in defined media. Algal cell and media extracts were analyzed individually by capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Both cyanobacteria produced geosmin (“earthy” and “corn” odors); however, the P. calcicola also produced relatively large amounts of MIB (“musty-earthy” odors). Both chrysophyte cultures contained 2t,4c,7c-decatrienal (“fishy” odor); and in addition, 2t,6c-nonadienal (“cucumber” odor) was isolated from the S. petersenii . Young cultures of Anabaena laxa (e.g., P. calcicola was detected in the media rather than in the cells. Synura petersenii ,produced more 2t,4c,7c-decatrienal than 2t,6c-nonadienal and retained nearly 90 percent of both compounds throughout the algal population growth. Dinobryon cylindricum produced 2t,4c,7c-decatrienal, and, like the S. petersenii , retained most of the compound. Greater production of the compounds by the two chrysophytes was apparently associated with log-phase growth rather than specific environmental conditions; extended log-phase growth (and prolonged production of compounds) was observed in the S. petersenii culture during the low-temperature treatment.
Winter Survival Adaptations of the Short-Tailed Shrew (Blarina brevicauda) in an Appalachian Montane Forest

The short-tailed shrew ( Blarina brevicauda ) is a very common small mammal in eastern deciduous forests of North America. Survivorship of this winter-active soricid during the winter is good. This study examined seasonal changes in body mass, resting metabolic rate (RMR), and non-shivering thermogenesis (NST) of live-trapped B. brevicauda as important adaptations which enhance over-winter survival. Body mass of shrews captured in April increased 39% over average body mass of September-captured shrews. RMR in January represented a 38% increase in metabolic rate relative to August, and NST increased by 54% in January as compared to August. Monthly RMR and NST values showed an inverse relationship to minimum environmental temperature of the capture site. A general “adaptive winter profile” for B. brevicauda incorporates many behavioral, physiological and anatomical adaptations including: utilization of elaborate nests, food hoarding, reliance on abundant, energy-rich prey, winter foraging confined to a stable thermal regime, reduced activity during periods of cold, and increased thermogenic capacity in winter due to NST with resultant hypertrophy of interscapular brown adipose tissue.
Polylogarithmic Inapproximability of the Radio Broadcast Problem

We prove that there exists a universal constant c > 0 such that the Radio Broadcast problem admits no additivec · log2 n-approximation, unless NP ⊆ BPTIME(n O(loglog n)). For graphs of at most logarithmic radius, an O(log2 n) additive approximation algorithm is known, hence our lower bound is tight. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first tight additive polylogarithmic approximation result.
Immunodetection of DNA with biotinylated RNA probes: A study of reactivity of a monoclonal antibody to DNA-RNA hybrids

A quantitative, nonisotopic hybridization assay which measures specific DNA-RNA hybrids is described. A biotinylated RNA probe is reacted in solution with a DNA target and the labeled hybrids are immobilized onto a solid phase surface with an antibiotin antibody. Bound hybrids are detected with a beta-galactosidase-labeled monoclonal antibody against DNA-RNA hybrids and are quantitated with the addition of a fluorogenic substrate. In a model system using pSP65 or pGEM4 plasmids and transcripts, biotinylated RNA probes allowed detection of 5 pg of DNA in 10(6) pg of exogenous nucleic acids in 1000 min. Signals generated in the system depended on input target length. A nucleic acid target of 25 bases was still detectable in the assay. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) DNA was amplified in the polymerase chain reaction with Taq polymerase and a set of primers for the pol gene, one of which contained T7 RNA polymerase promoter sequences. A HIV-RNA probe of 326 bases was transcribed with T7 RNA polymerase using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplified DNA as a template. The RNA probe of 326 bases performed as well as a RNA probe of 2588 bases for detection of a DNA segment of 355 bp. For detection of dilutions of HIV-1 with PCR, a set of primers (outer set) was used for amplification of HIV-1 DNA. In a separate reaction a set of primers nested between the first set generated through PCR an amplified DNA fragment with the T7 promoter. This fragment was transcribed for the synthesis of a biotinylated RNA probe. This probe could then be reacted with material amplified with the outer set of primers. Ten copies of HIV-DNA could be detected with this procedure.
EVALUATION OF TOLL PLAZA PERFORMANCE AFTER ADDITION OF EXPRESS TOLL LANES AT MAINLINE TOLL PLAZA

Conversion of a conventional toll plaza to an open-road tolling design with express electronic toll collection (ETC) lanes improved operating conditions for cash and ETC customers during the peak a.m. and p.m. periods. Data were analyzed before and after the plaza's renovation to evaluate its performance. Vehicle delay was not excessive at the plaza during the before-study analysis except for heavy demand during the p.m. peak southbound partly because of a reduction in available service lanes. The typical average delay per cash-paying vehicle was 14 s. After the redesign, the analysis showed a reduction in the average delay per vehicle of 7 s for the automatic coin machine (ACM) lanes and 8 s for the manual cash payment lanes. The average delay per lane per hour was reduced by over 4,560 s for the ACM lanes and 3,360 s for the manual payment lanes. Reduction in total plaza delay for cash customers averaged more than 20 s/veh in the after study. ETC use in the cash payment lanes previously averaged over 10...
Analysis of structural members under point loadings

Abstract Several problems of long, uniform-thickness, channel, rectangular tube, and I-beam sections subjected to concentrated loads are investigated by means of thin-plate elastic analysis. The loads are applied symmetrically on the edges of opposite flanges for the channel and I-beam, and symmetrically at the centers of opposite sides of the rectangular tube. Solutions are obtained using a Fourier integral approach and by considering the members as sets of plates joined together along adjacent edges. The coefficients in the Fourier integrals are determined from the individual plate boundary conditions, and using conditions of slope and moment continuity along the adjacent plate edges. Cramer's Rule is used to compute the integrals on the digital computer. Deflections, strains and stresses can be determined. Experiments were performed on a channel section to test the validity of the assumptions made theoretically in all three problems. The theoretical channel solution agrees well with the experimental results.
Beyond the Right-Left Divide: Searching for Reform from the History of Practice

Does a history-of-practice-based research approach lack prospective vision—as the commentators suggest? Seen in terms of practice, local governments working under a decentralized system allowing fo...
Relationships among Soil Nitrate, Leaf Nitrate, and Leaf Yield of Burley Tobacco

Burley tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum I.,) requires large amounts of fertilizer N to produce high yields of cured leaf with the quality traits demanded by buyers. However, excessive N use produces air-cured leaves with undesirable levels of NO 3 , is uneconomical, and is environmentally unsound if substantial levels of residual soil NO 3 remain following harvest. Effects of N fertilizer on relationships among leaf yield, NO 3 concentrations of air-cured leaves, and soil NO 3 levels were investigated in 1991 and 1992 at two locations near Lexington, KY. Fertilizer N was broadcast at 0 to 448 kg ha ' (56-kg increments ) before transplanting or banded at 168 kg ha 1 about 5 wk after transplanting. Soils were a well-drained Maury silt loam (fine, mixed, mesic Typic Paleudalf) and a moderately well-drained Captina silt loam (fine, silty, siliceous, mesic Typic Fragiudult). Cured leaf yield and lamina NO 3 increased with increasing amounts of broadcast fertilizer N. Yield increased 3.7% with banded N. compared with an equivalent amount of broadcast N. Banding N also increased the NO 3 level of cured leaf lamina by 37% for bottom leaves and 17% for middle leaves; top leaves were unaffected. Soil mineral N (NH 4 + + NO 3 ) was proportional to the amount of broadcast N applied, and NO 3 levels in the upper 30 cm of soil declined during the growing season. For predicted maximum leaf yields of 90%, critical soil mineral N values of 46 and 88 mg kg 1 (for Captina and Maury soils, respectively) were estimated from average mineral N concentrations in the upper 30 cm at 3 and 5 wk after transplanting. Early-season soil NO 3 testing to predict the NO 3 level of cured leaf lamina was not useful; a nearly twofold difference in lamina NO 3 was observed among years when soil NO 3 levels were equivalent. At 280 kg N ha 1 , a rate commonly recommended for burley tobacco, as much as 37 mg NO 3 -N kg ' soil was found in the upper 30 cm of soil following harvest. Decreasing the amount of fertilizer N broadcast just before transplanting to 168 kg N ha ' caused a 10% reduction in yield, a 37 to 65% decrease in lamina NO 3 , and about a 60% decrease in residual soil NO 3 at harvest. Better N management can reduce both the NO 3 level of cured leaves and the amount of residual NO 3 following harvest.
Synergy Between Normative and Descriptive Design Theory and Methodology

The problem this paper addresses is the tension between descriptive and normative approaches to design theory and methodology. Descriptive approaches typically seek to document, formalize and/or automate existing ad hoc design methods, towards the goal of making current best practices available to all. In contrast, normative approaches attempt to improve upon existing design practices, towards a new method for how design should be done. Both approaches have strengths and weaknesses. This paper seeks to resolve some of the tension between the two approaches. It presents a new method for designing a design system that synergistically exploits the strengths while remedying the weaknesses of both normative and descriptive methods. An illustration that employs immersive computing technology (ICT) to remedy some of the cognitive biases that might occur in a normative mathematical model for disassembly planning is presented.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Surface reconstruction by multiaxial triangulation

Outlines for reconstructing object surfaces are traditionally drawn from sequential images in parallel planes. The method presented here instead supports complex object topologies by drawing contours from multiaxial image planes. Multiaxial triangulation of an object in a given data volume involves four steps. First, the user generates contours interactively by selecting sample planes inside the data volume, then drawing object contours from the image corresponding to this sample plane. Our algorithm for multiaxial triangulation then processes these contours to verify consistency within and between sample planes. Second, it uses the sample planes containing the contours to partition the data volume into a divided volume. The contours are partitioned against the plane boundaries, and the contour parts (chains) are associated with faces, edges, and vertices in the divided volume. Third, these chains are joined into closed loops in the divided volume. Fourth, the loops are triangulated patchwise to create the surface model. >
Frozen Section Analysis of The Lacerated Globe

Prolapsed tissues from seven traumatized globes were examined by frozen section prior to primary enucleation or surgical repair. The findings suggest that if retina is identified on such sections, primary enucleation may be justified. If iris, ciliary body, or choroid is found, the decision regarding management must be based on other factors.
Silent Flight: The Exciting Life of "Nellie" Zabel Willhite

†Eleanor “Nellie” Zabel Willhite was South Dakota’s first woman pilot. She is also believed to be the first American deaf woman to earn a pilot’s license. This paper presents Nellie’s life, from her 1892 birth on the Black Hills frontier to a successful career as a commercial pilot, in the context of South Dakota and US aviation history. Her beloved Pard, an Alexander Eaglerock OX-5 biplane, is also discussed. This research forms the basis of a future children’s book on how Nellie’s indomitable spirit overcame physical and societal challenges to lead an inspiring life in aviation. I. Heritage of the Black Hills he long-time home of the Lakota and Dakota Sioux American Indian tribes, the region known as the Dakota Territory is a mixture of great planes and prairies in the eastern two-thirds, transitioning west of the Missouri River into rolling hills, ravines, and flat-topped buttes, and bordered by the rugged Black Hills and Badlands to the southwest. One of the many folk legends of Paul Bunyan claims that his giant blue ox, Babe, died in this area after gulping down large quantities of bacon and a red hot griddle. The grief-stricken lumberjack covered his beloved pet with a giant mound of dirt. Years of rain gradually eroded this mound into the gullies and gulches of the Black Hills. 1
The engineer as rational man: the problem of imminent danger in a non-rational environment

US government and industry attitudes toward mine safety and health, articulated in the instruction manuals and training guides published by the Mine Safety and Health Administration, are seen to reflect an engineering perspective based on the concept of a rational man, a perspective that undermines the ability of miners to take responsibility for their own education and ultimately obstructs effective risk management and assessment in the nation's mines. It is argued that to improve miner training and education, technical communicators must understand how underlying gendered assumptions about male rationality influence the construction of knowledge in a large government agency. >
Performance Modeling of Hybrid MPI/OpenMP Scientific Applications on Large-scale Multicore Cluster Systems

In this paper, we present a performance modeling framework based on memory bandwidth contention time and a parameterized communication model to predict the performance of OpenMP, MPI and hybrid applications with weak scaling on three large-scale multicore clusters: IBM POWER4, POWER5+ and Blue Gene/P, and analyze the performance of these MPI, OpenMP and hybrid applications. We use STREAM memory benchmarks to provide initial performance analysis and model validation of MPI and OpenMP applications on these multicore clusters because the measured sustained memory bandwidth can provide insight into the memory bandwidth that a system should sustain on scientific applications with the same amount of workload per core. In addition to using these benchmarks, we also use a weak-scaling hybrid MPI/OpenMP large-scale scientific application: Gyro kinetic Toroidal Code in magnetic fusion to validate our performance model of the hybrid application on these multicore clusters. The validation results for our performance modeling method show less than 7.77% error rate in predicting the performance of hybrid MPI/OpenMP GTC on up to 512 cores on these multicore clusters.
En bloc sacrectomy and reconstruction: technique modification for pelvic fixation.

Abstract Background When the management of sacral tumors requires partial or complete sacrectomy, the spinopelvic apparatus must be reconstructed. This is a challenging and infrequently performed operation, and as such, many spine surgeons are unfamiliar with techniques available to carry out these procedures. Case Description A 34-year-old man presented with severe low back pain, mild left ankle dorsiflexion weakness, and left S1 paresthesias. Imaging revealed a large sacral mass extending into the L5/S1 and S1/S2 neural foramina as well as the presacral visceral and vascular structures. Needle biopsy of this mass demonstrated a low-grade chondrosarcoma. A 2-stage anterior/posterior en bloc sacrectomy with a novel modification of the Galveston L-rod pelvic ring reconstruction was carried out. Our modification takes advantage of new materials and implant technology to offer another alternative in reconstruction of the spinopelvic junction. Conclusion Understanding the anatomy and biomechanics of the spinopelvic apparatus and the lumbosacral junction, as well as having a familiarity with the various techniques available for carrying out sacrectomy and pelvic ring reconstruction, will enable the spine surgeon to effectively manage sacral tumors.
A Rational Approach for Discovering and Validating Cancer Markers in Very Small Samples Using Mass Spectrometry and ELISA Microarrays

Identifying useful markers of cancer can be problematic due to limited amounts of sample. Some samples such as nipple aspirate fluid (NAF) or early-stage tumors are inherently small. Other samples such as serum are collected in larger volumes but archives of these samples are very valuable and only small amounts of each sample may be available for a single study. Also, given the diverse nature of cancer and the inherent variability in individual protein levels, it seems likely that the best approach to screen for cancer will be to determine the profile of a battery of proteins. As a result, a major challenge in identifying protein markers of disease is the ability to screen many proteins using very small amounts of sample. In this review, we outline some technological advances in proteomics that greatly advance this capability. Specifically, we propose a strategy for identifying markers of breast cancer in NAF that utilizes mass spectrometry (MS) to simultaneously screen hundreds or thousands of proteins in each sample. The best potential markers identified by the MS analysis can then be extensively characterized using an ELISA microarray assay. Because the microarray analysis is quantitative and large numbers of samples can be efficiently analyzed, this approach offers the ability to rapidly assess a battery of selected proteins in a manner that is directly relevant to traditional clinical assays.
Somebody Out There Doesn't Like Us: A Study of the Position and Respect of Business Ethics at Schools of Business Administration

This article is the result of a survey taken to determine the respect and position of Business Ethics as a field of study within Schools of Business Administration. 379 questionnaires were delivered to individual, not institutional, subscribers to Business Ethics Quarterly. 158 were filled out and returned, for a response rate of 41.6%. The general finding from an analysis of those responses is that many persons active in the teaching and research of Business Ethics at large (over 10000 students) and very large (over 30000 students) universities, both public and private, believe that neither their teaching nor their research "count" for merit salary increases and promotion/tenure decisions at their institutions, and that few enjoy high levels of support from deans, faculty, or students.
The Determination of Total Nitrite and N-Nitroso Compounds in Atmospheric Samples

Abstract A group-selective method for the determination of total N-nitroso compounds in air samples was developed. N-nitroso compounds in collected samples are selectively decomposed to yield nitric oxide, which is chemiluminescently detected using a thermal energy analyzer (TEA). The detection system is rapid, reproducible and sensitive, with a detection limit of 0.8 pmol. The method requires only 1–3 microliters of sample extract solution and can be used to analyze aqueous solutions. Nitrites interfere with the determination. However, by analyzing samples before and after treatment with sulfamic acid, total nitrite concentration can be measured from the difference in the two determinations. The analytical technique was applied to the analysis of three collocated samples with a quartz filter followed by an XAD-II trap. The average concentration of total N-nitroso compounds collected on the quartz filters was 12.7 ± 2.4 pmol/m3. The concentration of N-nitroso compounds collected by XAD-II was 19.1 ± 3.3 p...
Neuroimaging in Dementia with Lewy Bodies: Metabolism, Neurochemistry, and Morphology

Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) is recognized as one of the most common forms of neurodegenerative dementia. Neuroimaging contributes to a better understanding of the pathophysiology of DLB by examining alterations in brain metabolism, neurochemisty, and morphology in living patients. Neuroimaging can provide objective and quantifiable antemortem markers for the presence of and the progression of DLB and permits differentiation from other dementias. This article reviews current neuroimaging findings in DLB with particular attention to occipital hypometabolism, dopaminergic and cholinergic deficits, and medial temporal lobe atrophy as measured by positron emission tomography, single-photon emission computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging.
Detection and Behavior of Pan Wakes in Saturn's A Ring

Six previously unseen Pan wakes are found interior and exterior to the Encke gap in Saturn's A ring, one in the Voyager 2 photopolarimeter (PPS) stellar occultation data and five in the Voyager 1 radio science (RSS) Earth occultation data. Pan orbits at the center of the Encke gap and maintains it...The detection of Pan wakes at longitudes greater than 360(deg) demonstrates that wakes persist for much longer than originally hypothesized and may interact with one another.
Familial transmission of alcohol use: I. Parent and adult offspring alcohol use over 17 years--Tecumseh, Michigan.

A sample of 420 three-member sets of father, mother and adult offspring was drawn from a list of respondents from two rounds of a longitudinal health study in Tecumseh, Michigan. Parents' self-reported drinking practices in 1960 were compared with those of their adult offspring 17 years later in 1977. A positive association between the drinking level of parents and their adult offspring was evident; however, this association varied according to: (1) the drinking level of the parent, (2) the gender of the offspring and (3) the gender of the parent. There is a tendency for offspring to drink abstemiously (i.e., abstain or drink low volume) when their parents were life-long abstainers. High-volume drinking by adult offspring was associated with the parents' same drinking pattern, especially among daughters. Throughout the spectrum of drinking, sons' drinking was more similar to fathers' drinking level than to mothers'. The relationship between one parent's drinking and his/her offspring's was dependent upon ...
Validating the distribution of specific ventilation in healthy humans measured using proton MR imaging.

Specific ventilation imaging (SVI) uses proton MRI to quantitatively map the distribution of specific ventilation (SV) in the human lung, using inhaled oxygen as a contrast agent. To validate this ...
Isolation and characterization of microsatellite loci for the study of Mexican howler monkeys, their natural hybrids, and other Neotropical primates

Here we present 26 microsatellite markers that can be used for the study of Alouatta palliata, A. pigra and their natural hybrids. Sixteen of these markers were isolated for other species of primates and some of these have been previously tested in A. palliata and/or A. pigra individuals. The other 10 loci were isolated from either A. palliata or A. pigra through enriched genomic libraries. Sixteen loci were polymorphic for A. palliata and 24 for A. pigra. To explore the potential use of these primers in other primate species, we attempted cross-amplification in six other Neotropical primate taxa. Twenty-five loci amplified for at least one other species of Neotropical primate.
Mortality Due to All Causes and to Cardiovascular Diseases among Seven Race-Ethnic Populations in Los Angeles County, 1980

Mortality rates during 1980 in Los Angeles County are presented for Whites Blacks Hispanics and Americans of Japanese Chinese Philippine and Korean descent seven groups with varying patterns of migration during the prior decade. For all causes of death age- and sex-adjusted rates were highest among Blacks intermediate among Whites and Hispanics and substantially lower among Asians and Pacific Islanders. A similar observation was made for the major cardiovascular diseases and for diseases of the heart. The mortality rates for cerebrovascular diseases exhibited a slightly different pattern with Blacks again highest Whites and Japanese being intermediate and Hispanics Filipinos Chinese and Koreans being lowest. (EXCERPT)
Minimal brain dysfunction in children: Failure to find evidence for a behavioral syndrome.

In order to examine covariation among some of the behavioral deviations included in Clements' (1966) monograph on “minimal brain dysfunction syndrome,” 16 measures and ratings were obtained for a sample of 89 children attending a child development clinic. The measures included most of the variables mentioned among the 10 most frequently hypothesized symptoms of the disorder. Few instances of significant relationships were found, especially when age and IQ were statistically controlled. The findings were discussed in relation to criteria needed to establish a syndrome, and suggestions for future research were made.
Tornado Probability of Detection and Lead Time as a Function of Convective Mode and Environmental Parameters

AbstractThe ability to provide advanced warning on tornadoes can be impacted by variations in storm mode. This research evaluates 2 yr of National Weather Service (NWS) tornado warnings, verification reports, and radar-derived convective modes to appraise the ability of the NWS to warn across a variety of convective modes and environmental conditions. Several specific hypotheses are considered: (i) supercell morphologies are the easiest convective modes to warn for tornadoes and yield the greatest lead times, while tornadoes from more linear, nonsupercell convective modes, such as quasi-linear convective systems, are more difficult to warn for; (ii) parameters such as tornado distance from radar, population density, and tornado intensity (F scale) introduce significant and complex variability into warning statistics as a function of storm mode; and (iii) tornadoes from stronger storms, as measured by their mesocyclone strength (when present), convective available potential energy (CAPE), vertical wind she...