cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cognitive Processes Underlying Women's Risk Judgments: Associations With Sexual Victimization History and Rape Myth Acceptance

Objective: This study evaluated the effects of sexual victimization history, rape myth acceptance, implicit attention, and recent learning on the cognitive processes underlying undergraduate women's explicit risk judgments. Method: Participants were 194 undergraduate women between 18 and 24 years of age. The sample was ethnically diverse and composed primarily of freshman, heterosexual, and single women. Stimuli were written vignettes describing social situations that varied on dimensions of sexual victimization risk and potential impact on women's popularity. Participants completed cognitive tasks assessing relative attention to victimization risk versus popularity impact, learning about either risk or popularity impact, and explicit classification of victimization risk. Participants then completed the Sexual Experiences Survey (SES) and the Rape Myth Acceptance Scale; SES responses were used to quantify the severity of victimization experiences. Results: More severe victimization history predicted use of higher thresholds for judging situations as risky, as well as lower sensitivity to risk and greater sensitivity to popularity impact when judging risk. Greater rape myth acceptance also predicted lower sensitivity to risk information. Higher relative attention to victimization risk predicted greater sensitivity to risk information when judging risk. Recent learning about either the risk or the popularity impact aspects of social situations modified sensitivity to risk versus popularity when making risk judgments. Conclusion: The study emphasizes the importance of distinguishing the threshold for judging situations as risky from sensitivity to risk-relevant information in understanding individual differences in women's risk judgments. Both processes may be important to consider when developing interventions to reduce women's risk for sexual victimization. Language: en
Churning out safer microbes for drug delivery.

A strategy for containment of a dairy bacterium shows promise for facilitating the application of live GM organisms to human therapies.
A unified trajectory tiling approach to high quality TTS and cross-lingual voice transformation

In human-machine speech communication, it is technically challenging to make the machine talk as naturally as human so as to facilitate “frictionless” interactions, or make a human user to feel the communication is as natural as human-human. We propose a trajectory tiling approach to high quality speech synthesis, where the speech parameter trajectories, extracted from natural, processed, or synthesized speech, are used to guide the search for the best sequence of waveform segment “tiles” stored in a pre-recorded speech database. We test our approach in both TTS and cross-lingual voice transformation applications. Experimental results show that the proposed trajectory tiling approach can render speech which is both natural and highly intelligible. The perceived high quality speech is also confirmed in objective and subjective tests.
Ion flotation—its potential for hydrometallurgical operations

Abstract Ion flotation is a separation technology for recovering and removing metal ions from dilute aqueous solutions. In this process, an ionic collector is utilized to transport non-surface active colligend ions of the opposite charge from a bulk solution to the solution–vapor interface. If a sufficiently large solution–vapor interfacial area can be provided by sparging gas through the solution, the colligend can be concentrated and removed along with the collector in a foam phase. Ion flotation has a long history for laboratory-scale metal separations, and has been tested at the pilot scale for recovering gold from leach solutions. Although ion flotation has not yet been adopted in commercial hydrometallurgical operations, the process has many attractive features that are promising for treating dilute solutions and effluents. Here, the fundamental characteristics of ion flotation are reviewed in the context of their implications for commercial applications. These characteristics include the kinetics of metal ion removal, the ability to separate target ions selectively from mixed solutions, the ability to manipulate selectivity, the ability to recover metal values from the foam product and a comparison of the performance of ion flotation with widely adopted separation methods such as solvent extraction, ion exchange and precipitation. It is evident from consideration of the kinetics of ion flotation that the equipment traditionally used for ion flotation is far from optimized, and that significant improvements in throughput could be achieved with redesigned equipment.
Electrophysiologic mechanisms of provoked atrial flutter in mitral valve prolapse syndrome

To examine the electrophysiologic determinants of provoked atrial flutter (AF) in patients with mitral valve prolapse (MVP), studies were performed in 4 groups of patients: group 1 (n = 5), patients with MVP and AF; group 2 (n = 6), patients without MVP but with AF; group 3 (n = 6), patients with MVP but without AF; and group 4 (n = 5), patients without MVP and without AF. P-wave duration, intraatrial conduction, interatrial conduction and effective refractory periods for both the high right atrium and the low right atrium were longer in group 2 than in group 1. The effective refractory period of the low right atrium was longer in group 3 than in group 1. The interatrial conduction interval was longer in group 2 than in group 4. Thus, in patients without MVP, atrial conduction delay is the predominant determinant of AF, whereas differences in right atrial refractoriness appear to be most important to the provocation of AF in the patient with MVP. These differences in atrial refractoriness may be a result of abnormal autonomic influences in patients with MVP.
Work–Family Intersections

Research on the intersections of paid labor and family life has expanded in recent decades, driven in large part by the dramatic increase in women's labor force participation and the concurrent rise in dual-earner families. This article first reviews the extant literature on three major sources of conflict between work and family – the demands of home, the demands of work, and cultural prescriptions for ‘good’ workers, childhood, and parenting. Then, I turn to a review of policies and programs designed to address the nexus of employment and personal obligations now confronting the majority of American workers, emphasizing that, in the USA, nearly all of these attempts to address work–family conflict occur at the organizational (rather than governmental) level and are thus differentially distributed resources. I conclude with two suggestions for future research – attention to the diversity of American workers and families and examinations of work–family intersections across the life course.
Gross, histologic, and micro-computed tomographic anatomy of the lacrimal system of snakes.

Objective To describe the lacrimal system of snakes using contrast micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) with 3-dimensional reconstruction, fluorescein passage (‘Jones’) testing, histology, and gross dissection. Animals studied One royal python and 19 snake cadavers representing 10 species. Procedures Direct observation following injection of fluorescein into the subspectacular space, micro-CT following injection of three contrast agents into the subspectacular space, gross dissection following injection of latex into the subspectacular space, and histopathology. Results Injection of fluorescein confirmed patency, but not course of the lacrimal duct. Barium enabled clear visualization of the lacrimal duct, whereas two iodinated contrast agents proved inadequate. Collectively, micro-CT, anatomic dissections, and histology suggest tears are produced by a single, large, serous, retrobulbar gland, released into the subspectacular space via several ductules, and drained through a single punctum originating in the ventronasal subspectacular space, and the lacrimal duct, which takes one of three routes of variable tortuosity before opening into the oral cavity in close association with the opening of the duct of the vomeronasal organ. Conclusions The ophidian lacrimal duct has a generally tortuous course, and the details of its anatomy are species-variable. The tortuous course of the duct likely predisposes snakes to duct occlusion and must be considered when planning medical and surgical interventions in snakes with pseudobuphthalmos and subspectacular abscessation.
miR-21-mediated tumor growth

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are ∼22 nucleotide non-coding RNA molecules that regulate gene expression post-transcriptionally. Although aberrant expression of miRNAs in various human cancers suggests a role for miRNAs in tumorigenesis, it remains largely unclear as to whether knockdown of a specific miRNA affects tumor growth. In this study, we profiled miRNA expression in matched normal breast tissue and breast tumor tissues by TaqMan real-time polymerase chain reaction miRNA array methods. Consistent with previous findings, we found that miR-21 was highly overexpressed in breast tumors compared to the matched normal breast tissues among 157 human miRNAs analysed. To better evaluate the role of miR-21 in tumorigenesis, we transfected breast cancer MCF-7 cells with anti-miR-21 oligonucleotides and found that anti-miR-21 suppressed both cell growth in vitro and tumor growth in the xenograft mouse model. Furthermore, this anti-miR-21-mediated cell growth inhibition was associated with increased apoptosis and decreased cell proliferation, which could be in part owing to downregulation of the antiapoptotic Bcl-2 in anti-miR-21-treated tumor cells. Together, these results suggest that miR-21 functions as an oncogene and modulates tumorigenesis through regulation of genes such as bcl-2 and thus, it may serve as a novel therapeutic target.
HSV-1 Glycoprotein I-Reactive TCRγδ Cells Directly Recognize the Peptide Backbone in a Conformationally Dependent Manner

Despite the description of numerous antigenic ligands recognized by TCRgammadelta cells, detailed information concerning the structural nature of these antigenic epitopes is lacking. In addition, the recent descriptions of human TCRgammadelta cells recognizing mycobacterium-derived low m.w. lipid molecules confirms that the spectrum and nature of biologic structures that are capable of being recognized by TCRgammadelta cells are unclear. We have previously described a murine TCRgammadelta cell clone, TgI4.4, that is reactive to herpes simplex virus (HSV)-1 glycoprotein I (gI). Unlike TCRalphabeta-mediated, MHC-restricted Ag recognition but similar to Ig Ag recognition, TgI4.4 recognizes purified gI directly, in the absence of Ag processing or presentation. Since gI is a complex glycoprotein, the nature of the antigenic epitope was investigated. First, gI recognition by TgI4.4 is conformationally dependent, as revealed by denaturation and proteolytic experiments. Secondly, the epitope recognized by TgI4.4 was mapped to the amino terminus by using insertion mutants of gI. Lastly, TgI4.4 recognizes the gI protein directly since completely deglycosylated forms of gI are efficiently recognized. Therefore, TCRgammadelta cells are capable of recognizing a variety of molecular structures, including proteins. The ability of TgI4.4 to recognize a nonglycosylated form of gI suggests that HSV-1 recognition by TCRgammadelta cells in vivo is not limited by cell-specific glycosylation patterns or glycosylation-dependent conformational influences.
Experience-based learning experiments using Go-Moku

Three experience-based learning techniques are explored using the game Go-Moku (Connect-5). The first method, an exception tree, is used to prevent poor lines of play by recording critical moves in a move tree. The second method simply records all games in a large experience tree, backtracking the eventual outcomes in traditional minimax fashion. Both techniques allow a computer player to modify its behavior based on past experience, and, therefore, typically defeat static game programs. The last method explored is the use of a multilayer feedforward artificial neural network for strategy calculation. The network was trained on selected interior nodes of the experience tree using the backpropagation algorithm. The neural network strategy algorithm compares favorably with a fine-tuned hand-crafted strategy algorithm. >
Down-regulation of Betaig-h3 gene is involved in the tumorigenesis in human bronchial epithelial cells induced by heavy-ion radiation.

Abstract Zhao, Y., Shao, G., Piao, C. Q., Berenguer, J. and Hei, T. K. Down-regulation of Betaig-h3 Gene is Involved in the Tumorigenesis in Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells Induced by Heavy-Ion Radiation. Radiat. Res. 162, 655–659 (2004). High-energy (HZE) heavy ions, when compared to low-LET radiation, are highly effective in inducing gene mutation, chromosomal aberrations and neoplastic transformation. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms are not clearly understood. We have recently shown that the down-regulation of Betaig-h3 expression is causally linked to the tumorigenic phenotype of papillomavirus-immortalized human bronchial epithelial (BEP2D) cells treated with high-LET α-particle radiation. Using the BEP2D cell culture system, a radiation-induced transformation model has been established by a single 60-cGy dose of 56Fe heavy-ion radiation. To determine whether the Betaig-h3 gene is involved in 56Fe ion-induced tumorigenesis, the expression levels of the Betaig-h3 gene in tumorigenic cell...
Social Welfare Effect Of Ghana Cocoa Price Stabilization: Time Series Projection And Analysis

Wide fluctuations in the price of an agricultural product are often correlated with inelasticity of supply and/or demand for the product. The issue of whether such fluctuations are desirable or undesirable for cocoa producing countries has still to be settled. Among those who believe that price fluctuations are undesirable and should be reduced, there are divergent opinions as to how these fluctuations should be reduced. The objective of this study is to determine the effect of price stabilization on the economic welfare of producers and consumers of Ghana cocoa. Hence this study will estimate supply and demand functions for Ghana cocoa. Parameter estimates will then be used to predict social welfare gains and losses from increased cocoa price stabilization. On the demand side an increase in disposable income influences consumers positively in buying cocoa products. On the producer supply side, independent variable explained 86.5 percent of the variations in supply of cocoa by farmers. Welfare gains measured in this study do not account for additional storage costs that would be incurred by Ghana Marketing Board to make complete prices stabilization operational. Given rather unstable supply and demand functions for Ghana cocoa as indicated by their respective variances, the buffer inventory required by the Ghana Marketing Board to stabilize Ghana cocoa prices would likely be large, so is the resource cost of maintaining that buffer inventory. With respect to welfare implications, this study supports the argument that price stabilization will benefit Ghana cocoa farmers as well as consumers. Society as a whole benefits by the net gain in welfare based on Massel’s model.
Security for Ambient Wireless Services

Service delivery in the wireless world needs to provide a personalized and secure service access. This paper extends the security architecture of the mobile network into the service delivery. Personalized and secure service access is ensured through preferences and certificates, compiled in a personal, corporate and social identity (PID, CID, SID). Specific service examples for doctors and patients in a hospital are used to prove the concept for admittance to areas and access to confidential information.
The Roles of Animated Pedagogical Agents’ Presence and Nonverbal Communication in Multimedia Learning Environments

We examined how the presence and nonverbal communication of an animated pedagogical agent affects students’ perceptions and learning. College students learned about astronomy either without an agen...
X-Ray tomography of asphalt concrete

The applicability of X-ray tomography techniques to image an asphalt concrete core in three dimensions and study the aggregate structure was demonstrated with four examples. It was found that rutting performance of mixes in Wes Track could be qualitatively related to aggregate structure. It was found that various aspects of a 450-mm full-depth core can be analyzed, including the aggregate structure at its interface and the void distribution and structure. Imaging a core at various stages of compaction in a gyratory compactor enabled the study of the process of compaction. The uneven distribution of asphalt in the FHWA accelerated loading facility pavements was illustrated by X-ray microtomography.
Ferrite-Coupled Line Circulator Simulations For Application at X-Band Frequency

We have designed and simulated a circulator circuit in which the magnetization aligns along the plane of an yttrium iron garnet (YIG) film. For an X-band frequency (8-12 GHz) circulator we have utilized a YIG slab (~200 mum thick) with saturation magnetization (4piMS ) and ferrimagnetic resonance (FMR) linewidth (DeltaH) of ~139.26 kA/m and 10 Oe, respectively. Broadband circulator operation was realized for frequencies above FMR, f=5 GHz. The applied FMR field was 79.58 kA/m. The Ansoft HFSS software suite was used to simulate the circulator response. The insertion loss S21 and the isolation S12 were calculated to be ~0.9 dB and ~-52 dB, respectively, with ~15% bandwidth at the center frequency of 10.1 GHz. We believe that this in-plane circulator design may enable high performance with significant volume and weight reduction
"What is sexual addiction?" A response to Stephen Levine.

Dr. Stephen Levine wrote a provocative article recounting his recent “impressionistic” (p. 271) clinical experience with 30 men presenting with problematic sexual behaviors labeled sex addiction. D...
Spin-polarized tunnelling, magnetoresistance and interfacial effects in ferromagnetic junctions

The pioneering studies of spin-polarized tunnelling by Meservey and Tedrow in the early 1970s showed that the conduction electrons in ferromagnetic (FM) metals are spin polarized and that the spin is conserved in the tunnelling process. Only recently (1995) improved material fabrication techniques have permitted realization of the Julliere quantitative model, showing that tunnelling in ferromagnet/insulator/ferromagnet (FM/I/FM) junctions should lead to a large junction magnetoresistance (JMR); JMR values greater than 30% have been achieved at room temperature. This recent success has led to several fundamental questions regarding the phenomenon of spin tunnelling and also the development of JMR devices. In this paper, experimental results, such as the dependence on bias, temperature and barrier characteristics of FM/I/FM tunnelling are reviewed briefly. The influence of inelastic tunnelling processes, metal at the interface and material properties on the JMR is discussed. The future direction from both the physics and the applications viewpoints, is also covered.
Dongfeng Passenger Vehicle Company: Marketing Challenges for the Underprivileged Latecomer

As Mr. Li Chunrong visited the new assembly line for the Dongfeng Passenger Vehicle Company in Wuhan, China, he contemplated the position his business unit found itself in: a latecomer. As a state-owned enterprise Dongfeng had entered into numerous joint ventures to produce automobiles under foreign brands, but its foray into selling vehicles under its own brand had only started recently, and now the unit faced a crowded market filled with fierce competition. As he walked back to the office, he reflected on the time it was taking to establish the Dongfeng brand. Would his business unit grow strong enough in their five province geographic focus before other hungry competitors looking for growth piled into these market areas? Or should they go more aggressively to attack the coastal areas with its new 2000 cc model to be launched in late 2011?Learning Objective: Examine capability development in a Chinese state-owned enterprise.
Diagnostic Utility and Clinical Significance of Naso- and Oropharyngeal Samples Used in a PCR Assay To Diagnose Mycoplasma pneumoniae Infection in Children with Community-Acquired Pneumonia

PCR assays of naso- and oropharyngeal samples among hospitalized children appear equally effective for the diagnosis of serologically confirmed community-acquired mycoplasmal pneumonia. However, the combination of results from both sites yields optimal sensitivity (57%), specificity (98%), and positive (92%) and negative (82%) predictive values when compared with Mycoplasma pneumoniae enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
Minimum mean absolute error nonlinear filtering

A class of sliding window operators called generalized stack filters is developed. This class of filters, which includes all rank order filters, stack filters, and digital morphological filters, is the set of all filters possessing the threshold decomposition architecture and a consistency property, called the stacking property. A linear program is provided which determines a generalized stack filter which minimizes the Mean Absolute Error (MAE) between the output of the filter and a desired input signal, given noisy observations of that signal. These results show that choosing the generalized stack filter which minimizes the MAE is equivalent to massively parallel threshold-crossing decision making when these decisions are consistent with each other. >
Water and methanol crossover in direct methanol fuel cells-Effect of anode diffusion media

Abstract Various anode diffusion media have been experimentally studied to reduce water crossover in a direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC). A two-phase water transport model was also employed to theoretically study their effects on water transport and saturation level in a DMFC anode. It is found that wettability of the anode microporous layer (MPL) has a dramatic effect on water crossover or the water transport coefficient (α) through the membrane. Under different current densities, the MEA with a hydrophobic anode MPL has consistently low α, several times smaller than those with a hydrophilic MPL or without an anode MPL. Methanol transport in the anode is found to be not influenced by a hydrophobic anode MPL but inhibited by a hydrophilic one. Constant-current discharge shows that the MEA with hydrophobic anode MPL displays much smaller voltage fluctuation than that with the hydrophilic one. A modeling study of anode water transport reveals that the liquid saturation in the anode is lowered significantly with the increase of anode MPL contact angle, which is thus identified as a key parameter to minimize water crossover in a DMFC.
Engineered Films for Display Technologies

Flexible displays and flexible electronics is an area generating considerable interest at present. This article will discuss the requirements of a base substrate for flexible displays and contrast the plastic films that are being developed for this application. The review will cover how the surfaces and properties of the films are being engineered to make them suitable for laying down barrier coatings and for laying down thin film transistor arrays. The barrier technologies that are being developed and the issues facing the development of a “flexible glass” will be discussed.
Three‐Dimensional Electron Microscopy

In three-dimensional electron microscopy (3DEM), nanoscale objects (eg, biological macromolecules) are reconstructed from data recorded with a transmission electron microscope that produces electron micrographs. These provide us with estimated 2D projections in which the grayness at each point is indicative of a line integral of a physical property of the object being imaged. From multiple-electron micrographs, one can recover the structure of the biological object that is being imaged. In this article, two basic modes of data collection for 3DEM (namely, single particle and tomography) are discussed. This is followed by a presentation of computer algorithms for the reconstruction of a 3D object from its 2D projections; both transform methods (eg, filtered backprojection (FBP)) and series expansion methods (eg, the algebraic reconstruction techniques (ARTs)) are discussed. These are illustrated on one application, namely, 3DEM of influenza virus. Keywords: algorithms; 3DEM; electron microscopy; reconstruction from projections; tomography
Identification of smoking using Medicare data--a validation study of claims-based algorithms.

Purpose This study examined the accuracy of claims-based algorithms to identify smoking against self-reported smoking data. Methods Medicare patients enrolled in the Brigham and Women's Hospital Rheumatoid Arthritis Sequential Study were identified. For each patient, self-reported smoking status was extracted from Women's Hospital Rheumatoid Arthritis Sequential Study and the date of this measurement was defined as the index-date. Two algorithms identified smoking in Medicare claims: (i) only using diagnoses and procedure codes and (ii) using anti-smoking prescriptions in addition to diagnoses and procedure codes. Both algorithms were implemented: first, only using 365-days pre-index claims and then using all available pre-index claims. Considering self-reported smoking status as the gold standard, we calculated specificity, sensitivity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value (NPV), and area under the curve (AUC). Results A total of 128 patients were included in this study, of which 48% reported smoking. The algorithm only using diagnosis and procedure codes had the lowest sensitivity (9.8%, 95%CI 2.4%–17.3%), NPV (54.9%, 95%CI 46.1%–63.9%), and AUC (0.55, 95%CI 0.51–0.59) when applied in the period of 365 days pre-index. Incorporating pharmacy claims and using all available pre-index information improved the sensitivity (27.9%, 95%CI 16.6%–39.1%), NPV (60.4%, 95%CI 51.3%–69.5%), and AUC (0.64, 95%CI 0.58–0.70). The specificity and positive predictive value was 100% for all the algorithms tested. Conclusion Claims-based algorithms can identify smokers with limited sensitivity but very high specificity. In the absence of other reliable means, use of a claims-based algorithm to identify smoking could be cautiously considered in observational studies. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Energy Landscape for the Self-Assembly of a Two-Dimensional DNA Origami Complex

While the self-assembly of different types of DNA origami into well-defined complexes could produce nanostructures on which thousands of locations can be independently functionalized with nanometer-scale precision, current assembly processes have low yields. Biomolecular complex formation requires relatively strong interactions and reversible assembly pathways that prevent kinetic trapping. To characterize how these issues control origami complex yields, the equilibrium constants for each possible reaction for the assembly of a heterotetrameric ring, the unit cell of a rectangular lattice, were measured using fluorescence colocalization microscopy. We found that origami interface structure controlled reaction free energies. Cooperativity, measured for the first time for a DNA nanostructure assembly reaction, was weak. Simulations of assembly kinetics suggest assembly occurs via parallel pathways with the primary mechanism of assembly being hierarchical: two dimers form that then bind to one another to complete the ring.
Electrosynthesis of Magnetostrictive Nanosensor Array

Magnetostrictive nanobars as sensor platform were induced. Based on the resonance behavior of strips made from thin films, it is identified that the amorphous Fe-B alloy is a good candidate for fabricating high performance sensor platform. The fabrication process of amorphous Fe-B nanobars using electrochemical deposition is reported. The magnetization hysteresis loop of Fe-B nanobars with the diameters of 50, 100 and 200 nm, respectively, was characterized. It is found that, for all nanobars, the coercive field measured along length direction is smaller than the coercive field measured perpendicular to length direction. The physics behind the phenomena is discussed.
Empowering Victims of Organized Crime: On the Concurrence of the Palermo Convention with the Un Declaration on Basic Principles of Justice for Victims:

In the year 2003 the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organised Crime and its protocol against Trafficking in Persons will come into force and create new obligations for State Partie...
Textual Metaphor in English Narrative Text

On the basis of the analysis of one famous narrative text,The Last Leaf by O·Henry,this paper gives an account of the common feature of textual metaphor of narrative text.Textual metaphor is a way of thinking and a figure of the mind,which is imbedded in the text.Textual metaphor contains conceptual mapping and image mapping,which observe the invariance principle.In the narrative text,textual metaphor contains a matrix and its analogue,which helps to construct coherent text with cohesive syntax and can be used to activate students'metaphorical schema,enabling them to study western culture through the text focus and certain thread.
352 LONG-TERM OUTCOMES FOR PHARMACOLOGICAL AND BEHAVIORAL TREATMENTS FOR METHAMPHETAMINE ABUSE.

Background To date, there are no approved pharmacotherapies for treating methamphetamine abuse; evidence-based treatments for methamphetamine abuse include cognitive behavioral therapy and contingency management. Objective The purpose was to evaluate long-term outcomes for methamphetamine-abusing individuals assigned to different treatment protocols. Methods Participants were randomly assigned to one of four 12-week treatment conditions (sertraline only, placebo only, sertaline with contingency management, and placebo with contingency management). All subjects in this study ( N = 180) received a drug counseling platform that involved thrice weekly (Monday, Wednesday, and Friday) 90-minute group sessions of manual-driven cognitive behavioral therapy and provided self-report and urine samples. Results Subjects reported a clinically relevant reduction in number of days of methamphetamine use from baseline (M = 12.23, SD = 9.00) to termination (M = 4.66, SD = 8.49), at 6-month (M = 4.44, SD = 8.19) and 12-month (M = 5.89, SD = 9.33) follow-up. The percent of subjects providing methamphetamine-free urine at baseline was 49%, which compared to 71%, 68%, and 71% at termination, 6- and 12-month follow-up evaluations. Depression scores also showed significant reductions from baseline (M = 13.96, SD = 8.66) to termination (M = 5.08, SD = 6.56), 6- month (M = 5.26, SD = 5.48) and 12-month (M = 6.17, SD = 7.20) evaluations. Longitudinal analysis of post intervention outcomes indicated no group or time differences. Conclusions Previous analyses demonstrated that, during treatment, participants in the sertraline condition had significantly poorer abstinence and retention outcomes compared to those in the placebo condition. Furthermore, subjects that received contingency management were significantly less likely to use methamphetamine compared to those not assigned to receive this therapy. The current study adds to previous findings by demonstrating that there were no measurable differences between conditions at the long-term evaluation. Hence, there is no evidence to support further evaluation of sertraline as a putative pharmacotherapy for methamphetamine abuse. The authors gratefully acknowledge support from the following NIH grants: 1P50 DA 18185; MIDARP 1R24 DA017298.
A New Tool to Measure Biophysical Properties of Ribosome Nascent Chains

Protein folding is an essential process in all cells. In order to perform its function, a protein must navigate its folding landscape toward its native structure. While many proteins’ folding landscapes have been well characterized using purified protein, in the cell it is possible that proteins begin to fold during translation. However, it is currently unknown how the ribosome effects the folding landscape of the nascent chain. Here we present a new technique for measuring the stability and unfolding kinetics of ribosome nascent chains. We show that the ribosome destabilizes the nascent chain and alters its folding and unfolding rates. This represents one of the first quantitative biophysical measurements of the effect of the ribosome on the folding landscape of a protein. Importantly, our methods are widely and easily applicable to a range of proteins. Understanding the principles that govern folding during translation may enable further progress in heterologous protein expression as well as new constraints that may improve computational protein folding simulations.
Chapter 2 – Fundamentals of Homogeneous Catalysis

Homogeneous catalysis using soluble metal complexes or metal salts as catalysts are known for the synthesis of chemical products with different functional groups with high activity and selectivity at milder reaction conditions. Some notable examples are carbonylation, hydroformylation, liquid phase hydrocarbon oxidation, C-C coupling reactions (Heck and Suzuki), oligomerization, and metathesis and polymerization reactions. Advances in coordination chemistry have facilitated the fundamental understanding of the mechanism of these reactions on a molecular level. Homogeneous catalysts are unique due to their distinguishing features of high activity and selectivity as evidenced by the major discoveries in asymmetric catalysis for chiral molecules and emerging applications in carbonylation, hydroformylation, and epoxidation reactions for commodity as well as specialty products. This chapter presents recent advances in fundamentals of homogeneous catalysis in which elementary reactions, catalytic cycle, deactivation, and kinetics and mechanism are discussed with examples.
Human papillomavirus oncoprotein E6 upregulates c-Met through p53 downregulation.

Abstract Purpose Human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) carries a distinct clinical behaviour. c-Met oncogene is an important driver for tumour progression and its relationship with HPV in OPSCC was explored in the present study. Experimental design Knockdown of HPV oncogene E6 or p53 alone and in combination was performed to examine their effects on c-Met expression by Western blot and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. The effects of c-Met inhibition on cell proliferation, migration, and colony formation were examined in HPV-positive head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) cells. Retrospectively collected OPSCC patient specimens (N = 78) were stained for c-Met by immunohistochemistry and the staining levels were correlated with HPV status and patient outcomes. Results E6 knockdown decreased c-Met protein and mRNA expression in HPV-positive HNSCC cells, which was partially abolished by the elimination of p53. Reducing c-Met decreased cell proliferation, migration, and colony formation in HPV-positive HNSCC cells. In OPSCC patient samples, high c-Met expression was associated with HPV-positive status (OR = 4.11, 95%CI: 1.16–14.55, P = 0.028) and tumour stage (OR = 0.27, 95%CI: 0.08–0.93, P = 0.039) by multivariable analysis. In T3/T4 stage patients, high c-Met expression was associated with HPV positivity and low p53 levels, supporting an axis of E6-p53-c-Met regulation. Furthermore, high c-Met expression was marginally associated with poor disease-free survival in HPV-positive patients. Conclusions Our results suggest that c-Met may serve as a novel target for treating HPV-associated OPSCC. The data also demonstrate that HPV E6 upregulates c-Met expression partially through p53 downregulation.
Near‐axis crustal structure and thickness of the Endeavour Segment, Juan de Fuca Ridge

A model of crustal thickness and lower crustal velocities is obtained for crustal ages of 0.1–1.2 Ma on the Endeavour Segment of the Juan de Fuca Ridge by inverting travel times of crustal paths and non-ridge-crossing wide-angle Moho reflections obtained from a three-dimensional tomographic experiment. The crust is thicker by 0.5–1 km beneath a 200 m high plateau that extends across the segment center. This feature is consistent with the influence of the proposed Heckle melt anomaly on the spreading center. The history of ridge propagation on the Cobb overlapping spreading center may also have influenced the formation of the plateau. The sharp boundaries of the plateau and crustal thickness anomaly suggest that melt transport is predominantly upward in the crust. Lower crustal velocities are lower at the ends of the segment, likely due to increased hydrothermal alteration in regions influenced by overlapping spreading centers, and possibly increased magmatic differentiation.
Proceedings of the thirty-sixth annual ACM symposium on Theory of computing

The papers in this volume were presented at the Thirty-Sixth Annual ACM Symposium on Theory of Computing (STOC 2004), held in Chicago, Illinois, June 13-15, 2004. The Symposium was sponsored by the ACM Special Interest Group on Algorithms and Computation Theory (SIGACT).In response to a Call For Papers, posted at a University of Chicago website, 271 submissions were received by the submission deadline of November 5, 4:59pm EST. All were submitted electronically on the Microsoft Conference Management Toolkit (CMT) website.The Program Committee began its deliberations electronically on December 10, and continued in that medium until its meeting in New Orleans, Louisiana, on January 9 and 10. Electronic discussion of unresolved issues continued for some weeks after the meeting.The CMT website was used for paper submission and initial posting of reviews and comments; most of the discussion was conducted and coordinated on a University of Chicago website using software produced by Daniel Tefankovic and tailored to the needs of the PC.The Program Committee selected 71 papers for presentation; one was later withdrawn.The submissions were not refereed, and many of these papers represented reports of continuing research. It is expected that most of them will appear in a more polished and complete form in scientific journals.The papers encompass a wide variety of areas of theoretical computer science, ranging from classical problems in algorithms and complexity theory (including lower bounds, graph algorithms, network flows, cryptography, random structures, inapproximabilty/PCPs), to heavily represented emerging areas and models such as quantum computing and algorithmic game theory. A number of additional areas of traditional or more recent interest to the SIGACT community are represented by one or two papers each; these include: distributed computing, computational geometry/topology, mathematical algorithms, metric spaces/embeddings, data mining, analysis of data streams, property testing.In addition to the contributed talks, the program included three invited plenary talks, represented by brief abstracts in this volume: Quantum Algorithms a Decade After Shor, by Andris Ambainis (see page 111); Network Games, by Eva Tardos (see page 341); and Depth Through Breadth, or Why Should We Attend Talks In Other Areas?, by Avi Wigderson (see page 579).The Program Committee would like to thank all authors who submitted papers for consideration. The PC also wishes to thank the large number of members of the community who assisted the PC in assessing the merits of the submissions (see "Reviewers," page xii).The PC is grateful to Microsoft Research and to the CMT Web Support staff for providing the web-site and assisting with its use.
Examining the factors influencing organizational creativity in professional sport organizations

Abstract Increasingly, globalization and the adoption of a market economy have made innovation fundamental for the success of professional sport organizations. Yet oligarchical league structures, isomorphic and hyper-traditional cultures, and hierarchical organizational structures can enhance or hinder organizational creativity, the beginning stage of the innovation process. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to determine the antecedents of organizational creativity in professional sport organizations. Perception of organizational creativity is theorized to be influenced by employee creativity, work environment, and the social interactions of employees. The results, based on a survey of three professional sport organizations’ front offices, indicated perceptions of a work environment with a clear vision and better work processes were associated with greater perceptions of organizational creativity. The lack of relationships between many of the factors theorized to influence organizational creativity, such as an employee’s advice network, could indicate the sport industry is unique in creativity management. This study is the beginning in understanding the first step of innovation, and the processes that influence employees’ perceptions regarding the ways in which their work environment relate to organizational creativity.
Next-generation sequencing-based molecular characterization of primary urinary bladder adenocarcinoma

Primary bladder adenocarcinoma is a rare and aggressive tumor with poor clinical outcomes and no standard of care therapy. Molecular biology of this tumor is unknown due to the lack of comprehensive molecular profiling studies. The study aimed to identify genomic alterations of clinical and therapeutic significance using next-generation sequencing and compare genomic profile of primary bladder adenocarcinoma with that of high-grade urothelial carcinoma and colorectal adenocarcinoma. A cohort of 15 well-characterized primary bladder adenocarcinoma was subjected to targeted next-generation sequencing for the identification of mutations and copy-number changes in 51 cancer-related genes. Genomic profiles of 25 HGUCs and 25 colorectal adenocarcinomas using next-generation sequencing of 50 genes were compared with primary bladder adenocarcinoma. Genomic profiles were visualized using JavaScript library D3.js. A striking finding was the distinct lack of genomic alterations across the 51 genes assessed in mucinous subtype of primary bladder adenocarcinoma. Eleven of 15 primary bladder adenocarcinoma harbored at least one genomic alteration in TP53, KRAS, PIK3CA, CTNNB1, APC, TERT, FBXW7, IDH2 and RB1, many of which are novel findings and of potential therapeutic significance. CTNNB1 and APC mutations were restricted to enteric subtype only. While genomic alterations of primary bladder adenocarcinoma showed substantial overlap with colorectal adenocarcinoma, FGFR3 and HRAS mutations and APC, CTNNB1 and IDH2 alterations were mutually exclusive between primary bladder adenocarcinoma and high-grade urothelial carcinoma. These alterations affecting the MAP kinase, PI3K/Akt, Wnt, IDH (metabolic) and Tp53/Rb1 signaling pathways may provide the opportunity for defining targeted therapeutic approaches.
Two-Sample Tests for Survival Data from Observational Studies

When observational data are used to compare treatment-specific survivals, regular two-sample tests, such as the log-rank test, need to be adjusted for the imbalance between treatments with respect to baseline covariate distributions. Besides, the standard assumption that survival time and censoring time are conditionally independent given the treatment, required for the regular two-sample tests, may not be realistic in observational studies. Moreover, treatment-specific hazards are often non-proportional, resulting in small power for the log-rank test. In this paper, we propose a set of adjusted weighted log-rank tests and their supremum versions by inverse probability of treatment and censoring weighting to compare treatment-specific survivals based on data from observational studies. These tests are proven to be asymptotically correct. Simulation studies show that with realistic sample sizes and censoring rates, the proposed tests have the desired Type I error probabilities and are more powerful than the adjusted log-rank test when the treatment-specific hazards differ in non-proportional ways. A real data example illustrates the practical utility of the new methods.
Absolute Time: The Limit of Kant's Idealism

I examine here if Kant can explain our knowledge of duration by showing that time has metric structure. To do so, I spell out two possible solutions: time's metric could be intrinsic or extrinsic. I argue that Kant's resources are too weak to secure any intrinsic, transcendentally-based temporal metrics; but he can supply an extrinsic metric, based in a metaphysical fact about matter. I conclude that Transcendental Idealism is incomplete: it cannot account for the durative aspects of experience—or it can do so only with help from a non-trivial metaphysics of material substance.
Rape, storytelling and social media: how Twitter interrupted the news media’s ability to construct collective memory

AbstractThis study, using the Mary Kay LeTourneau interview on ABC’s 20/20 television program, investigates how social media coupled with citizens’ voices interact with mainstream media in the telling of a story and the construction of collective memory. Grounded in discourse analysis, this research examines the 20/20 story and accompanying Twitter conversations to understand how dominant and feminist ideologies about gender, rape, sexual violence, sexuality, and love are presented and (re)articulated in these texts. In doing so, this study considers how a newly opened public sphere via social media may have the capabilities to influence our collective memories and remove some of this long-held power away from traditional mainstream media.
Rare earth elements: Development, sustainability and policy issues

Abstract Rare earth elements are essential to modern life as we know it. With their exceptional magnetic and conductive properties, they enable the hardware of contemporary life to be faster, lighter, and stronger. Since the 2010 crisis precipitated in part by China’s then de facto monopoly over rare earth production, diverse actors across the globe have pursued multiple and sometimes conflicting measures to transform the industry. These include efforts to open new mines, lower prices, mitigate social and environmental harms, curtail black market activity, identify substitutable elements, and achieve national-level supply security. These diverse efforts intersect with broader geopolitical, historical, and cultural struggles around the world. The outcomes of these efforts vary, though arguably few have generated intended results. Several years after the global (re)awakening to the importance of rare earth elements and the hazards associated with their production, the relationship between its industries and society, broadly defined, remains troubled in practice, poorly-conceived in policy, and under-examined in the social science literature. This special issue convenes emergent social science research into some of the development, sustainability, and historical issues surrounding rare earth elements in different times, places and sectors across the globe.