cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
P-016 Successful Flow Diversion of Cerebral Aneurysms in Plavix Hyporesponders (PRU ≥ 200): An Argument for Antiplatelet Monotherapy?

Introduction Endovascular aneurysm treatment by flow diversion has classically relied on dual anti-platelet therapy with Aspirin and Plavix to reduce thrombotic complications. The heterogenous Plavix response of patients has made P2Y12 testing increasingly popular. Plavix hyporesponders (defined as PRU ≥ 200) are often re-dosed with Plavix or switched to alternate anti-platelet regimens. However, little clinical validation exists for these practices, and they might actually increase risks of hemorrhagic complications. We sought to evaluate periprocedural outcomes following flow diversion in patients maintained on standard Aspirin and Plavix regimens with PRU ≥ 200. Methods A single-center prospectively collected aneurysm database was reviewed for adult patients on standard dual antiplatelet regimens (Aspirin 325 mg + Plavix 75 mg daily) who underwent endovascular embolization of ICA and proximal ACA/Acom aneurysms with the Pipeline Embolization Device (PED). Patients with pre-embolization P2Y12 testing and PRU level ≥200 were included. Results 49 patients (mean age 56, 74% women) met inclusion criteria. Forty-seven (96%) patients had a single aneurysm treated, and 2 (4%) had 2 aneurysms treated; 84% of aneurysms were on the ICA and 16% on the ACA (Acom and A1-2). Aneurysm size ranged from 2–28 mm. PED length ranged from 10–35 mm. Pre-procedure PRU levels ranged from 200 to 361. RePro was administered in 5/49 (10%) cases, with platelet plug visualized in 4/49 cases (8%). Four patients (8%) had transient neurological deficits (resolved completely during hospital stay), with only 1 of these requiring ReoPro during the procedure. No patients had major or minor permanent strokes, and no patients had hemorrhagic complications. Conclusions Hyporesponse to Plavix (PRU ≥ 200) is not a contraindication to aneurysm treatment with the PED in patients on a standard dual antiplatelet regimen of Aspirin 325 mg and Plavix 75 mg daily. These data suggest a diminutive role of Plavix in preventing thrombotic complications during these procedures. Disclosures G. Colby: 1; C; Stryker, Medtronic. 2; C; Microvention. L. Lin: 1; C; Stryker. D. Lubelski: None. M. Bender: None. R. Xu: None. B. Jiang: None. J. Huang: None. R. Tamargo: None. A. Coon: 1; C; Sequent. 2; C; Stryker, Medtronic, Microvention, Sequent.
ProjectLens: Supporting Project-based Collaborative Learning on MOOCs

Team project, which emphasizes collaborative learning in a project-based context, is one of the most commonly-used teaching and learning methods in higher education classrooms, but is not well-supported on existing Massive Open Online Course (MOOC) platforms. In this paper, we present ProjectLens, a MOOC supplement tool that supports team projects building and collaborative learning on MOOC platforms like Coursera and edX. In addition, ProjectLens is a research tool that provides opportunities to conduct large-scale field experiments to study how different factors influence the effectiveness of collaborative learning. We illustrate how ProjectLens can achieve these two goals in a case example.
Dynamical fine structure of proteins and nucleic acids via molecular simulation

We have recently been investigating the dynamical fine structure of DNA oligonucleotides and protein structures based on molecular dynamics simulation. Recent results via d(CGCGAATTCGCG) and HIV-1 protease will be presented with an emphasis on new methods for tire analysis of aspects of structure which originate uniquely in dynamical motions. The results are compared with corresponding crystal structures and NMR data. A dynamical definition of persistence length is proposed for the analysis of oligonucleotide structures, and used to analyze the extent of axis bending in simulations as compared with crystal structures. In the protease, molecular dynamics results provide evidence for domain-domain interactions that are possibly significant in the functional energetics. Analysis of domain correlations via dynamical cross correlation maps will be discussed.
Beyond color-blindness: (Re) theorizing racial ideology.

The study of color-blind racial ideology has made a significant contribution to the understanding of contemporary racism through its elaboration of the dominant racial ideology—a worldview grounded...
Field-emission electron microscope development and cathode emittance

High power, high frequency vacuum electronic devices require high brightness, low emittance electron beams to operate [1]. To meet these demands, thermionic cathodes encounter challenges with rapid turn-on, lifetime, rapid emission gating, and the system inefficiency of the heater power requirement. Field-emission cathodes can provide sufficient current for hundreds of hours but typically produce higher emittance beams than thermionic cathodes. We are constructing an experimental system around a field-emission electron microscope, pepper-pot mask, and phosphor coated microchannel plate in order to understand and mitigate the causes of this higher emittance.
Battling Declining Enrolment in the Upper Midwestern United States: Rural Schools in a Competitive Society

This paper examines the effects of declining student enrolment and population loss on one rural school district in the United States, as well as the district’s strategies to mitigate these effects. In the state of Wisconsin, the relationship between student enrolment and school funding destabilises rural school districts experiencing population decline and forces them to depend on local property taxes to make up the difference. In order to achieve community financial and political support, the school district in Forest Lake, Wisconsin, emphasises choice, transparency and new managerial practices. Using data from a year-long ethnographic study, the following analysis explores neoliberal educational policies at the state level that shape local educational policies and practices in Forest Lake. The Forest Lake school district is mired in a paradoxical situation in which being competitive in the educational marketplace equates to disrupting established school-community relations. The findings imply that required participation in an educational marketplace shifts the priorities of a rural school district to a focus on competition and financial security over the well-being of the school community.
Perceptual Experience Management

In automatically generated interactive narratives (INs) with strong story structure, there is often a tension between player choice and author constraints. This tension arises when the player contradicts a story the system is in the process of telling. When this happens there are two options available to an IN storyteller that preserve the author's intentions. First, called accommodation , finds a new story that matches the player's action while preserving author constraints. Second, called intervention , removes unwanted effects from the player's action. Neither of these alternatives are ideal. For accommodation, a new story is not always available. For intervention, the player could notice the inconsistent effects of their actions. In this paper, we present a new approach to mediate between player choice and authorial constraints, called perceptual experience management , which mitigates drawbacks of both accommodation and intervention by incorporating a model of player knowledge into the strong story experience management process. This model is used to widen the space of possible accommodations and constrain the space of possible interventions to better balance author control and player choice. These two strategies are implemented in the general mediation engine, an experience manager capable of procedurally generating and revising a game world.
The rise and fall of Khoqand, 1709–1876: Central Asia in the global age

One of the hoariest old tropes of scholarship on Central Asia portrays it as a stagnant backwater, isolated from global developments and waiting to be acted on by more dynamic powers outside the re...
IMMUNOSUBVERSIVE ACTIVITY OF TUMOR CELLS AS AN ESCAPE MECHANISM

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the immunosubversive activity of tumor cells as an escape mechanism. Tumor immunology can be said to have its roots in the intuitive concept, formulated long ago by immunologists such as Ehrlich, that tumor cells might be antigenically foreign to their primary host and, therefore, subject to immunological control. In a study described in the chapter, immunocompetence of animals bearing tumors was determined in terms of their antibody response to sheep red blood cells (SRBC) and their rejection of a viable tumor allograft. Groups of C57BL/6J mice, inoculated with syngeneic MC-16 tumor cells, and normal control mice that were given diluent were tested for antibody responsiveness during the growth of the tumor from early to late phase. There was evidence of immunodepression in both strains, and because the tumors and SRBC are antigenically unrelated, it may be concluded that the immunodepression was generalized rather than specific. Based on the possibility that the kind of immunosuppressive action by tumor cells, reflected in a generalized depression of antibody response, might provide them an avenue of escape and also the fact that specific graft rejection is primarily cell-mediated, the tumor-bearing mice were challenged with a viable tumor allograft to test their cellular immune response.
EVIDENCES OF ARCHEAN LIFE

Eight principle types of data, including both (possible) “chemical evidence” and (possible) “morphological evidence,” have been suggested by various workers as being indicative of the existence of Archean biological activity. Although most such data are consistent with this interpretation, few, if any, are wholly compelling. A brief summary follows.
Wave Phenomena in Neuronal Networks

We study traveling wave solutions of a system of integro-differential equations which describe the activity of large-scale networks of excitatory neurons on spatially extended domains. The independent variables are the activity level, u, of a population of excitatory neurons which have long-range connections and a recovery variable, v. There is a critical value of the parameter β (β* > 0) that appears in the equation for v, at which the eigenvalues of the linearization of the system around the rest state (u,v)=(0,0) change from real to complex. In contrast to previous studies which analyzed properties of traveling waves when the eigenvalues are real, we examine the range β > β*, where the eigenvalues are complex. In this case, our numerical experiments indicate that there is a range of parameters over which families of wave fronts and solitary and multi-bump waves can coexist as stable solutions. In two-space dimensions, we show how single-bump, double-bump and multi-ring waves form in response to a Gaussian-shaped stimulus. We also show how a stable, one-armed rotating spiral wave can form and fill the entire domain. All of these phenomena can be initiated at any point in the medium, as they are not driven by an underlying time-dependent periodic pacemaker, and they do not depend on the presence of a persistent external input.
Computer Based Control of the Superfluid Helium On-Orbit Transfer Space Shuttle Experiment

NASA’s Superfluid Helium On-Orbit Transfer (SHOOT) project is a Shuttle-based cryogenic experiment designed to acquire data on the properties of superfluid helium in micro-gravity with a 1992 manifested flight date. Two software development projects are ongoing at Ames Research Center to support the goals of the SHOOT experiment. These are the SHOOT Command and Monitoring System (CMS) and the SHOOT Aft Flight Deck Operating System (AFDos). The SHOOT Command and Monitoring System software will provide a real time highly interactive interface for the SHOOT principal investigator to control the experiment and to analyze and display its telemetry. Important features of the CMS include: redundancy to guarantee archiving of telemetry; real time calibration of raw data; display of data in a graphical format including real time plotting; and full commanding capabilities. Aft Flight Deck software (AFDos) for the SHOOT experiment is comprised of several monitoring programs that give an astronaut Mission Specialist on-orbit visibility into SHOOT systems and an intelligent rule based system (AFDEX) that will control a helium transfer without ground intervention. This expert system will provide intelligent process control, diagnosis, and error recovery capabilities for the transfer of superfluid helium between two dewars in the Shuttle’s cargo bay. In addition payload simulation software is being developed to aid in software testing and shuttle flight crew training.
Why Aren’t More Philosophers Interested in Freud? Re-Evaluating Philosophical Arguments against Psychoanalysis

Despite its profound influence on modern thought, psychoanalysis remains peripheral to the concerns of most analytic philosophers. I suggest that one of the main reasons for this is intellectual reservation, and explore some philosophical arguments against psychoanalysis that may be contributing to such reservation. Specifically, I address the objections that psychoanalytic theories are unfalsifiable, that the purported findings of psychoanalysis are readily explained as due to suggestion, that there is a troubling lack of consensus in psychoanalytic interpretation, and that there is a lack of support for psychoanalysis within mainstream science. I also consider a major obstacle to the acceptance of contemporary defenses of psychoanalysis: the “bad lot” argument against Inference to the Best Explanation. My conclusion is that, though these objections have some merit, they are not sufficient reasons for not taking psychoanalytic ideas seriously.
Mathematical thinking in children with developmental language disorder: The roles of pattern skills and verbal working memory.

Abstract Previous research suggests that children with language disorders often have difficulties in mathematical tasks. In the current study, we investigated two relevant factors – working memory and pattern skills – that may underlie children’s poor mathematics performance. Children with developmental language disorder (DLD, n = 18, ages 6–13) and age-matched typically-developing children (n = 18) completed three math tasks that tapped calculation skill and knowledge of concepts. Children also completed a visual pattern extension task and a verbal working memory task. There were four key findings: (1) children with DLD exhibited poorer mathematical knowledge than typically-developing children, both in calculation and on key math concepts, (2) children with DLD performed similarly to typically-developing children on the visual pattern extension task, (3) children with DLD had lower verbal working memory scores than typically-developing children, and these differences in working memory accounted in part for their poorer calculation performance, and (4) children’s pattern extension scores predicted their arithmetic calculation scores, but not their concept scores.
Stored platelet number and viscoelastic maximum amplitude are not altered by warming or rapid infusion.

Background Platelet transfusion is an important aspect of hemostatic resuscitation. Leading textbooks recommend never infusing platelets through warmers or rapid infusers, but there is no evidence to justify this position. Materials and methods We obtained units of apheresis platelets in plasma from our hospital blood bank and drew a baseline sample from every unit. In the warmer arm, an aliquot from each unit was injected into a fluid warmer heated to 41°C (Ranger, 3M Corporation). After 5 minutes' incubation, the aliquot was withdrawn and sampled. In the infuser arm, we ran the remainder of the unit through a rapid infuser (RI-2, Belmont Instrument Corporation) at 500 mL/min while warmed, and obtained a sample from the outflow line. A platelet count and viscoelastic maximum amplitude (Haemonetics) was measured from every sample. Results We observed no clotting or device malfunctions. Average postwarmer temperature was 41.8°C (range, 41.0-43.0). There was no significant difference in postwarmer platelet count or viscoelastic maximum amplitude. Average postinfuser temperature was 37.4°C (range, 36.1-39.0). All units reached the goal infusion rate of 500 mL/min. There was a small increase in postinfuser platelet count. There was no significant change in postinfuser viscoelastic maximum amplitude. Conclusion We were unable to detect any effect of warming or rapid infusion on the number or viscoelastic maximum amplitude of stored apheresis platelets. Contrary to common teaching, these results suggest that rapid infusion and warming does not meaningfully harm apheresis platelets.
Covenants, Constitutions, and Distinct Law Types: Investigating Governments’ Restrictions on CSOs Using an Institutional Approach

A growing number of researchers study the laws that regulate the third sector and caution the legal expansion is a global crackdown on civil society. This article asks two questions of a thoroughly researched form of legal repression: restrictions on foreign aid to CSOs. First, do institutional differences affect the adoption of these laws? Second, do laws that appear different in content also have different causes? A two-stage analysis addresses these questions using data from 138 countries from 1993 to 2012. The first analysis studies the ratification of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) and constitution-level differences regarding international treaties’ status. The study then uses competing risk models to assess whether the factors that predict adoption vary across law types. The study finds that given ICCPR ratification, constitutions that privilege treaties above ordinary legislation create an institutional context that makes adoption less likely. Competing risk models suggest different laws have different risk factors, which implies these laws are more conceptually distinct than equivalent. Incorporating these findings in future work will strengthen the theory, methods, and concepts used to understand the legal approaches that regulate civil society.
Medicare Reimbursement for Balloon Catheter Dilations Among Surgeons Performing High Volumes of the Procedures to Treat Chronic Rhinosinusitis

Importance Chronic rhinosinusitis is among the most common and costly conditions treated by physicians. After failure of medical treatment, surgical intervention in the form of endoscopic sinus surgery is traditionally offered. Balloon catheter dilation (BCD) has become a less-invasive alternative with increasing popularity among otolaryngologists. Objective To evaluate the most recent BCD data in the Medicare population, with a specific focus on the percentage of procedures performed by surgeons who perform high volumes of this procedure, their reimbursements, and their national geographic distributions. Design, Setting, and Participants This retrospective review included data from 2011 through 2017 from Medicare Part B National Summary Data Files and Medicare Provider Utilization and Payment Data. Patients with procedures includingCurrent Procedural Terminologycodes 31295 (maxillary sinus dilation), 31296 (frontal sinus dilation), and 31297 (sphenoid sinus dilation) were included. Exposures Balloon catheter dilation of the paranasal sinuses. Main Outcomes and Measures Total and mean reimbursements over time to physicians for BCDs, as well as the percentage of BCDs performed by and reimbursed to ear, nose, and throat (ENT) surgeons who perform high volumes of BCDs (>10 procedures) in a given year. Results The total number of BCDs rose from 7496 in 2011 to 43 936 in 2017 (a 486% increase). The overall reimbursement increased from $11 773 049 in 2011 to $63 927 591 in 2017 (a 433% increase). From 2012 to 2016, ENT surgeons who performed high volumes of the procedures rose from 101 to 382 surgeons (a 270% increase). In 2016, 25 214 of 41 960 BCDs (60.1%) were performed by ENT surgeons performing high volumes of the procedure, compared with 5603 of 13 109 procedures (42.7%) in 2012. In a line of best fit, at the 75th percentile of procedure volume, there was an increase of 4.2 BCDs in the median number of procedures done per physician per year, compared with an increase of 1.5 BCD procedures per physician per year in the line of best fit for the 50th percentile. Conclusions and Relevance Balloon catheter dilation continues to increase in popularity among otolaryngologists treating chronic rhinosinusitis. Most BCDs are performed by ENT surgeons who perform high volumes of the procedure.
Modeling Real-Time Cycle-Level Crash Risk at Signalized Intersections Based on High-Resolution Event-Based Data

In the context of pro-active traffic management, real-time crash risk evaluation is one of the most critical components. Signalized intersections are well-known high-risk locations because of the variety of traffic movements, modes, and their interactions. Unlike access-controlled freeways, the traffic flow at signalized intersections presents cyclical characteristics, which are temporally separated by traffic signals. Therefore, the data preparation for real-time crash risk prediction at signalized intersections should be based on the signal cycle rather than a predefined fixed time interval (e.g., 5 minutes). In this research, the corresponding signal cycles where crashes occurred were verified based on high-resolution event-based data (i.e., Automated Traffic Signal Performance Measures (ATSPM)). Six types of real-time cycle-level factors were considered, including traffic volume, signal timing, headway and occupancy, traffic variation between upstream and downstream detectors, shockwave characteristics, and weather. Two undersampling strategies, matched case-control and random undersampling, were utilized to develop conditional logistic and binary logistic models, respectively. Model results indicate that the random undersampling performs better than the matched case-control method. It was found that higher cycle volume, overall average flow ratio across lanes, arrivals on yellow ratio, traffic volatility across approach sections, as well as longer cycle length and lower green ratio could significantly increase the odds of crash occurrence at signalized intersections. Moreover, longer maximum queue length, bigger shockwave, and higher absolute queuing shockwave speed tend to increase the odds of crash occurrence.
You grabbed me as though you owned my body, but I’m here to say you’re wrong: toward a letter to the Zamora sexual assailant

Developing an idiom derived from deep southern female politeness, this article calls out one of the sexual assailants whose assaults undermined the author’s career path as a historian of the Mexica...
Patients with failed femoropopliteal covered stents are more likely to present with acute limb ischemia than those with failed femoropopliteal bare metal stents.

Abstract Objective Covered stents (CS) to treat superficial femoral artery (SFA) occlusive disease have become more common. However, concerns about patients presenting with acute limb ischemia (ALI) after failure due to coverage of important collaterals have been raised. Herein, we determine if CS are associated with ALI after failure. Methods Vascular Quality Initiative peripheral vascular intervention and infrainguinal bypass datasets were queried from 2010 to 2020 for patients who underwent SFA stenting with a bare metal stent (BMS) or CS and who also had a subsequent ipsilateral SFA endovascular reintervention or bypass recorded in the Vascular Quality Initiative. The initial SFA stenting procedure will be referred to as the index procedure and the subsequent procedure will be referred to as the reintervention. Patients with aneurysmal pathology, prior infrainguinal bypass, and ALI at the index procedure were excluded. Patients with pre-index inflow/outflow procedures were not excluded. The primary outcome was ALI at reintervention. Other outcomes included higher degree of ischemia (claudication vs rest pain vs tissue loss vs ALI) and reoperative factors. Predictors of the primary outcome were determined with multivariable logistic regression. The index treatment length and pre-index ankle-brachial index were forced into the model. Results There were 3721 patients: 3338 with index BMS, 383 with index CS. The mean patients age was 66.3 ± 11.0 years and 59.2% were male. Baseline covariates were similar between the groups; during the index procedure, more patients with BMS underwent plain balloon angioplasty (68.7% vs 62.1%; P = .001) and had shorter total index treatment length (median, 15.0 cm [interquartile range, 10.0-25.0 cm] vs 20.0 cm [interquartile range, 12.0-30.0 cm]; P Conclusions In patients undergoing reintervention for failed SFA stents, CS are more likely to present with ALI than those with failed SFA BMS.
Bidirectional perisomatic inhibitory plasticity of a Fos neuronal network

Behavioural experiences activate the FOS transcription factor in sparse populations of neurons that are critical for encoding and recalling specific events1–3. However, there is limited understanding of the mechanisms by which experience drives circuit reorganization to establish a network of Fos-activated cells. It is also not known whether FOS is required in this process beyond serving as a marker of recent neural activity and, if so, which of its many gene targets underlie circuit reorganization. Here we demonstrate that when mice engage in spatial exploration of novel environments, perisomatic inhibition of Fos-activated hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons by parvalbumin-expressing interneurons is enhanced, whereas perisomatic inhibition by cholecystokinin-expressing interneurons is weakened. This bidirectional modulation of inhibition is abolished when the function of the FOS transcription factor complex is disrupted. Single-cell RNA-sequencing, ribosome-associated mRNA profiling and chromatin analyses, combined with electrophysiology, reveal that FOS activates the transcription of Scg2, a gene that encodes multiple distinct neuropeptides, to coordinate these changes in inhibition. As parvalbumin- and cholecystokinin-expressing interneurons mediate distinct features of pyramidal cell activity4–6, the SCG2-dependent reorganization of inhibitory synaptic input might be predicted to affect network function in vivo. Consistent with this prediction, hippocampal gamma rhythms and pyramidal cell coupling to theta phase are significantly altered in the absence of Scg2. These findings reveal an instructive role for FOS and SCG2 in establishing a network of Fos-activated neurons via the rewiring of local inhibition to form a selectively modulated state. The opposing plasticity mechanisms acting on distinct inhibitory pathways may support the consolidation of memories over time. Novel experiences in mice lead to opposing effects on inhibition of Fos-activated hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons by parvalbumin- and cholecystokinin-expressing interneurons, revealing the roles of FOS and SCG2 in neural plasticity and consolidation of memories.
Lower Extremity Injury While Undergoing Urology Procedures in the Trendelenburg with Lithotomy Position: Three Case Reports.

Abstract Purpose To report and discuss the incidence of severe lower extremity injuries associated with robotic procedures in Trendelenburg with lithotomy position. Design and Methods A case study method was used to describe three cases of patients who underwent robotically assisted urological procedures in Trendelenburg with lithotomy position and developed serious lower extremities injuries resulting in fasciotomies. Furthermore, a literature review was conducted to evaluate risk factors and possible interventions for the prevention of similar injuries. Findings Case analysis revealed multifactorial causes, including patient comorbidities, long surgical procedures, and blood pressure decreases below the baseline for more than 30 minutes. The severity of lower extremity injury associated with lithotomy position may be underestimated. The etiology of peripheral nerve injury can be attributed to patient comorbidities, positioning, and surgical conditions. Injury prevention should include careful patient and procedural risk assessment, staff education, and communication strategies. Conclusions Extreme Trendelenburg with lithotomy position for longer periods can lead to serious lower extremities injuries. Preanesthetic screening and multidisciplinary team discussions for additional precautions for high-risk patients are crucial interventions to decrease incidence and severity of lower extremities injuries.
Modeling of Degradation and Failure of Earthen Structural Units

Soil is one of the oldest materials humans have used to build their dwellings and other structures. Almost universally available, easily shaped, highly sustainable, possessing high thermal mass, and easily recyclable, earthen materials are highly sustainable and often a natural choice. Improperly designed, however, earthen structures are subject to erosion, earthquakes, and other types of extreme loading. They may fail in a sudden and brittle manner as well if not properly detailed. We examine the behavior of modern earthen structural elements under shear loading. Cement-stabilized soil block, or compressed earth block, and stabilized rammed earth are used in the number of locations worldwide. In addition to their sustainability, they are cost-effective in many locations. These materials are often stabilized with a small amount of cement for strength and durability. We analyze wall units using a finite element model with embedded strong discontinuities. The bulk material model is a plasticity model that includes both tension and compression caps, a pressure-dependent shear yield surface, differences in triaxial extension and compression strength, isotropic cap hardening, and kinematic shear hardening/softening. The tensile and shear cohesion degradation under large deformation can be modeled. In addition, on detection of localization, an interface may be inserted or activated at the critical orientation. The elements have been extended to include preexisting weak interfaces, such as those between layers of rammed earth, or brick and mortar joints. However, interfaces can also be extended through the bulk material if that path is more critical for a given stress state.
Exploring Store Visit Changes During the COVID-19 Pandemic Using Mobile Phone Location Data

When the World Health Organization (WHO) announced the pandemic of COVID-19, people around the globe scattered to stores for groceries, supplies, and other miscellaneous items in preparation for quarantine. The dynamics of retail visits changed dramatically due to the pandemic outbreak. The study intends to analyze how the store visit patterns have changed due to the lockdown policies during the COVID-19 pandemic. Using mobile phone location data, we build a time-aware Huff model to estimate and compare the visiting probability of different brands of stores over different time periods. We are able to identify certain retail and grocery stores that have more or fewer visits due to the pandemic outbreak, and we detect whether there are any trends in visiting certain retail establishments (e.g., department stores, grocery stores, fast-food restaurants, and cafes) and how the visiting patterns have adjusted with lockdowns. We also make comparisons among brands across three highly populated U.S. cities to identify potential regional variability. It has been found that people in large metropolitan areas with a well-developed transit system tend to show less sensitivity to long-distance visits. In addition, Target, which is a department store, is found to be more negatively affected by longer-distance trips than other grocery stores after the lockdown. The findings can be further applied to support policymaking related to public health, urban planning, transportation, and business in post-pandemic cities.
Transformational learning experiences of female UAE college students

Purpose – To begin understanding how best to develop and train Emirati women so they can become more influential in business, government, and the community, research was conducted that explores the backgrounds and experiences of these women in learning environments. The purpose of this paper is to explore how college students are transformed through their learning experiences, and this paper reports on two categories: backgrounds (i.e. confidence, learning environment, lack of previous opportunities, and family support) and personal and professional development (i.e. confidence, personal responsibility for learning, and skills and competency development).Design/methodology/approach – In‐depth qualitative interviews (using the phenomenological methodology) were conducted with Emirati students at a women's college in Abu Dhabi.Findings – This paper presents findings related to four of the ten stages in Mezirow's perspective transformation process: disorienting dilemma, critical assessment of assumptions, ac...
Sleep-Wake Disturbances: Common Side Effect.

For sleep-wake disturbances, standards of care are based on established evidence-based practice. Sleep-wake disturbances are defined as ongoing issues with sleep or daytime sleepiness (e.g., circadian rhythm disorder, hypersomnia, insomnia, narcolepsy, sleep apnea). Sleep-wake disturbances are estimated to occur in 35%-75% of patients with cancer.
Idiosyncratic Biogenesis of Intracellular Pathogens-Containing Vacuoles.

While most bacterial species taken up by macrophages are degraded through processing of the bacteria-containing vacuole through the endosomal-lysosomal degradation pathway, intravacuolar pathogens have evolved to evade degradation through the endosomal-lysosomal pathway. All intra-vacuolar pathogens possess specialized secretion systems (T3SS-T7SS) that inject effector proteins into the host cell cytosol to modulate myriad of host cell processes, and remodel their vacuoles into proliferative niches. Although intravacuolar pathogens utilize similar secretion systems to interfere with their vacuole biogenesis, each pathogen has evolved with a unique toolbox of protein effectors injected into the host cell to interact with, and modulate, distinct host cell targets. Thus, intravacuolar pathogens have evolved with clear idiosyncrasies in their interference with their vacuole biogenesis to generate a unique intravacuolar niche suitable for their own proliferation. While there has been a quantum leap in our knowledge of modulation of phagosome biogenesis by intravacuolar pathogens, the detailed biochemical and cellular processes affected remain to be deciphered. Here we discuss how the intravacuolar bacterial pathogens Salmonella, Chlamydia, Mycobacteria, Legionella, Brucella, Coxiella, and Anaplasma utilize their unique set of effectors injected into the host cell to interfere with endocytic, exocytic, and ER-to-Golgi vesicle traffic. However, Coxiella is the main exception for a bacterial pathogen that proliferates within the hydrolytic lysosomal compartment, but its T4SS is essential for adaptation and proliferation within the lysosomal-like vacuole.
Orienting to face expression during encoding improves men's recognition of own gender faces

It is unclear why women have superior episodic memory of faces, but the benefit may be partially the result of women engaging in superior processing of facial expressions. Therefore, we hypothesized that orienting instructions to attend to facial expression at encoding would significantly improve men's memory of faces and possibly reduce gender differences. We directed 203 college students (122 women) to study 120 faces under instructions to orient to either the person's gender or their emotional expression. They later took a recognition test of these faces by either judging whether they had previously studied the same person or that person with the exact same expression; the latter test evaluated recollection of specific facial details. Orienting to facial expressions during encoding significantly improved men's recognition of own-gender faces and eliminated the advantage that women had for male faces under gender orienting instructions. Although gender differences in spontaneous strategy use when orienting to faces cannot fully account for gender differences in face recognition, orienting men to facial expression during encoding is one way to significantly improve their episodic memory for male faces.
The Impact of Automation Assisted Aircraft Separation on Situation Awareness

This study compared situation awareness across three flight deck decision aiding modes. Pilots resolved air traffic conflicts using a click and drag software tool. In the automated aiding condition, pilots executed all resolutions generated by the automation. In the interactive condition, automation suggested a maneuver, but pilots had the choice of accepting or modifying the provided resolution. In the manual condition pilots generated resolutions independently. A technique that combines both Situation Global Assessment Technique and Situation Present Awareness Method was used to assess situation awareness. Results showed that situation awareness was better in the Manual and Interactive conditions when compared to the Automated condition. The finding suggests that pilots are able to maintain greater situation awareness when they are actively engaged in the conflict resolution process.
Delay Compensation in Integrated Communication and Control Systems: Part II -- Implementation and Verification

Integrated Communication and Control Systems (ICCS) introduce distributed and randomly varying delays within individual control and decision loops. With the objective of mitigating the detrimental effects of these network-induced delays, a predictor-controller algorithm has been formulated in the first part [1] of this-two-part paper. This second part addresses the implementation and verification of the delay-compensation algorithm. The delay compensator has been experimentally verified at an IEEE 802.4 network testbed for velocity control of a DC servomotor. Performance of the delay compensation algorithm was also examined by combined discrete-event and continuous-time simulation of the flight control system of an advanced aircraft, that uses the SAE linear token passing bus for data communications.
Serotonin 1A Receptor Agonists Reverse Respiratory Abnormalities in Spinal Cord-Injured Rats

Contusion spinal cord injury (SCI) at T8 produces respiratory abnormalities in conscious rats breathing room air and challenged with CO2. In seeking ways to improve respiration after SCI, we tested drugs that stimulate serotonin 1A (5-HT1A) receptors, based on our previous findings that these agents can counteract respiratory depression produced by morphine overdose. Respiratory function was measured with a head-out plethysmograph system in conscious rats. T8 SCI rats (n = 5) showed decreased tidal volume (Vt; 0.90 +/- 0.02-0.66 +/- 0.03 ml; p < 0.05) and increased respiratory rate (f;91 +/- 3.7-132 +/- 5.7 breaths/min; p < 0.05) with room air ventilation at 24 hr after injury. They also exhibited a diminished response to the respiratory stimulating effect of 7% CO2; minute ventilation increased to 250 +/- 17 ml/min before, but only to 162 +/- 15 ml/min at 24 hr after SCI (p < 0.05). Respiratory deficits during room air ventilation were also observed at 7 d after injury (n = 3). Treatment with the 5-HT1A receptor agonist 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylmino)tetralin (8-OH-DPAT; 250 microg/kg, i.p.) at 24 hr (n = 5) or 7 d (n = 3) after injury normalized Vt, f, and the respiratory response to 7% CO2. Identical results were obtained with another 5-HT1A receptor agonist, buspirone (1.5 mg/kg, i.p.; n = 3). In contrast, intraperitoneal saline vehicle administration (n = 5) showed no beneficial effects on SCI-impaired respiration. Finally, pretreatment with a specific antagonist of 5-HT1A receptors, 4-iodo-N-[2-[4-(methoxyphenyl)-1-piperazinyl]ethyl]-N-2-pyridinyl-benzamide (3 mg/kg, i.p.; n = 3) given 20 min before 8-OH-DPAT, prevented 8-OH-DPAT from restoring respiration to normal. Our results demonstrate that drugs that stimulate 5-HT1A receptors counteract respiratory abnormalities in conscious rats after SCI.
The effect of swirl on combustion in a pancake chamber spark ignition engine: the case of constant inducted kinetic energy

This experimental investigation is an initial step in separating the influences of swirl and inducted kinetic energy on combustion in a homogeneous charge engine. By rotation of the intake port about the axis of the intake valve, the swirl ratio was varied from zero to 2.8 while maintaining constant intake port flow, and hence constant inducted kinetic energy
[Neuroprotection in perinatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. Effective treatment and future perspectives].

UNLABELLED The aim of this paper is to review the results of recent clinical studies of some therapies that have demonstrated a neuroprotective effect in perinatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) and to present the future perspectives of other clinical and basic research investigations. THERAPIES WITH DEMONSTRATED CLINICAL EFFICACY: ALLOPURINOL: It blocks the production of free radicals following hypoxia-ischemia. In a recent study, infants with hypoplastic left heart syndrome treated with allopurinol, but not those with other congenital cardiopathies, had significantly less number of complications than controls, including death, seizures, coma or cardiac events. OPIOIDS In another recent study, newborns with HIE treated with morphine or phentanyl, had less severe brain damage on MRI and a better neurological outcome. HYPOTHERMIA: Both local (head cooling) or systemic (whole body) hypothermia have a neuroprotective effect in selected newborns with HIE. FUTURE PERSPECTIVES ANTIEPILEPTIC DRUGS: They have multiple mechanisms of action that can block the biochemical cascade of neuronal damage in HIE. OTHER THERAPEUTIC MODALITIES: Among them the following should be emphasized: combined neuroprotective treatments, growth factors, genetic therapies, stem cell transplant, and neuroprotective immunization. In conclusion, a better knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of HIE pathogenesis and better clinical studies of neuroprotective therapies will open new possibilities aplicable to clinical practice. These advances will undoubtedly improve the prognosis of newborns with HIE.
Fumonisin B1 Consumption by Rats Causes Reversible, Dose-Dependent Increases in Urinary Sphinganine and Sphingosine

Fumonisin B1 (FB1) is a frequently encountered mycotoxin that inhibits ceramide synthase, the enzyme that acylates sphinganine, sphingosine and other "sphingoid" bases. Exposure of rats, rabbits, pigs and nonhuman primates to fumonisin-contaminated feed elevates sphingoid base amounts in urine; therefore, this study examined the time course and reversibility of these changes. When an AIN-76 diet supplemented with >/=5 microg FB1/g was fed to male Sprague-Dawley rats, there was a significant increase in sphinganine (ca. 50-fold in urine from rats fed 50 microg FB1/g diet) and smaller changes in sphingosine within 5 to 7 d, compared to rats fed the same diet without FB1. No change occurred in sphingoid bases upon feeding 1 microg FB1/g for up to 60 d. When rats were fed FB1 (10 microg FB1/g diet for 10 d), then changed to the same diet minus FB1, urinary sphingoid bases returned to normal within 10 d. However, if the rats were fed 10 microg FB1/g for 10 d, then changed to 1 microg FB1/g, the amounts of sphingoid bases in urine were the same as for rats that were continuously fed 10 microg FB1/g. These results establish that consumption of FB1 causes dose-dependent and reversible elevations in the amounts of urinary sphingoid bases. The finding that 1 microg FB1/g (which does not, alone, alter urinary sphingoid bases) will sustain the elevation caused by previous exposure to 10 microg FB1/g raises the possibility that even low levels of fumonisins could be deleterious when an animal is occasionally exposed to higher amounts.
T.H. Green and the Dissidence of Dissent: On Religion and National Character in Nineteenth-Century England

Thomas Hill Green (1836�82) has been widely recognized for his contributions to Liberal political-social theory and for his Liberal partisanship. Historians and political theorists continue to emphasize his advocacy of limited state interference and democratic localism, as well as his anti-imperialist statements. Recent scholars of English nationalism, national identity and patriotism, including Peter Mandler, Julia Stapleton, Krishan Kumar, H.S. Jones, Roberto Romani and Georgios Varouxakis, acknowledge Green as an acolyte of Giuseppe Mazzini, a Cobdenite and a Little Englander. While they place Green's ideas within a continuum of Victorian Liberal nationalist ideas (blending into Conservatism and socialism during the 20th century), their investigations foster the view that Green placed little value in the nation as a focus of individual and collective identification. In their readings of Green, the abstract �community�, free of national peculiarities, was to him the antidote to both individual and national narrowness. However, examination of Green's statements about community, the moral ideal and religion reveals that his theorising was informed by a view of national character different from that of most contemporary liberal intellectuals. Green rejected the �Liberal anglican� view that a national church or clerisy was necessary to guide the development of the English nation. He identified ideas and practices of protestant dissenters as progressive forces in English history and endorsed them as means of national development. Religious pluralism and forms of ecclesiastical organisation promoting democratic localism were to Green among the essential characteristics of Englishness.
The United Nations and intra‐state conflict

The biggest challenge facing the UN in the post‐Cold War period is intra‐state conflict. The three problems posed by intra‐state conflict are the willingness of UN members, particularly the strongest member, to intervene; the structural ability of the UN to respond; and whether the traditional principles of peacekeeping should be applied to intra‐state conflict. It is argued that after the passage of PDD‐25 the US has little enthusiasm for involvement in intra‐state conflict and that the UN still has serious structural problems addressing this type of conflict. Specific suggestions for reforming the UN, such as creating standing forces or adding permanent members to the Security Council, are seen as unlikely in the near future. Lastly, two of the traditional principles of peacekeeping need to be reviewed: namely, those of the consensual basis of intervention and the need for strict impartiality. In some cases consent should not be a condition for intervention and the insistence upon impartiality has prove...
Similarity metrics based on nonadditive entropies for 2D-3D multimodal biomedical image registration

Information theoretic similarity metrics, including mutual information, have been widely and successfully employed in multimodal biomedical image registration. These metrics are generally based on the Shannon-Boltzmann-Gibbs definition of entropy. However, other entropy definitions exist, including generalized entropies, which are parameterized by a real number. New similarity metrics can be derived by exploiting the additivity and pseudoadditivity properties of these entropies. In many cases, use of these measures results in an increased percentage of correct registrations. Results suggest that generalized information theoretic similarity metrics, used in conjunction with other measures, including Shannon entropy metrics, can improve registration performance.