cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Theory of Individual Differences in Reflection and the Intuitionist Model of Political Reasoning

Before citizens can hold elected officials accountable for their decisions, they must make sense of those decisions. Are they consistent with citizens’ values? Did they generate outcomes citizens liked or disliked? In order to understand how citizens answer these questions and arrive at opinions about politics, we need a model of how people process political information. The rational choice and social psychological models introduced in the previous chapter offered scholars a useful place to start. The rational choice framework provides a normative benchmark, while the social psychological framework provides an explanation for the gap between democracy in its ideal form and democracy in practice. But like all starting points, theoretical parsimony can become an obstacle to achieving a more complete explanation for how the world works. The purpose of this chapter is to present an updated model of how people process political information that is more descriptively accurate than extant models. Fortunately for us, the behavioral revolution in the decision sciences, which lies at the intersection of economics and psychology, challenges the simplistic assumptions about human decision making that have been central to many rational choice and social psychological models of political behavior. Other scholars have drawn on behavioral insights to study how citizens form attitudes about politics and hold their elected representatives accountable (e.g., Dickson, 2006; Woon, 2012), and we extend their work by incorporating individual differences in psychological motivations into our updated model of political reasoning. Doing so is important because people do not process information in the same way. Some individuals critically evaluate information and behave in ways that approach idealized models of rationality while others do not. Building on this approach, we offer a theoretically grounded framework for capturing individual differences in reflection and apply this general framework to accomplish the specific aim of this book: understanding how people's partisan identities shape their political attitudes. OPENING THE BLACK BOX When people express an opinion – be it about politics, sports, food, fashion, or anything else – we observe the outcome of some internal process that occurs within the brain. That process involves making sense of the information received externally and deciding how it should influence one's attitudes, choices, and behavior (Lau and Redlawsk, 2006). For instance, let's say someone is trying to decide which candidate she should vote for in the upcoming presidential election.
Vital exhaustion and sudden cardiac death in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study

Objective Vital exhaustion (VE), a construct defined as lack of energy, increased fatigue and irritability, and feelings of demoralisation, has been associated with cardiovascular events. We sought to examine the relation between VE and sudden cardiac death (SCD) in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study. Methods The ARIC Study is a predominately biracial cohort of men and women, aged 45–64 at baseline, initiated in 1987 through random sampling in four US communities. VE was measured using the Maastricht questionnaire between 1990 and 1992 among 13 923 individuals. Cox proportional hazards models were used to examine the hazard of out-of-hospital SCD across tertiles of VE scores. Results Through 2012, 457 SCD cases, defined as a sudden pulseless condition presumed due to a ventricular tachyarrhythmia in a previously stable individual, were identified in ARIC by physician record review. Adjusting for age, sex and race/centre, participants in the highest VE tertile had an increased risk of SCD (HR 1.48, 95% CI 1.17 to 1.87), but these findings did not remain significant after adjustment for established cardiovascular disease risk factors (HR 0.94, 95% CI 0.73 to 1.20). Conclusions Among participants of the ARIC study, VE was not associated with an increased risk for SCD after adjustment for cardiovascular risk factors.
DNA2FACE: An approach to correlating 3D facial structure and DNA

In this paper we introduce the concept of correlating genetic variations in an individual's specific genetic code (DNA) and facial morphology. This is the first step in the research effort to estimate facial appearance from DNA samples, which is gaining momentum within intelligence, law enforcement and national security communities. The dataset for the study consisting of genetic data and 3D facial scans (phenotype) data was obtained through the FaceBase Consortium. The proposed approach has three main steps: phenotype feature extraction from 3D face images, genotype feature extraction from a DNA sample, and genome-wide association analysis to determine genetic variations that contribute to facial structure and appearance. Results indicate that there exist significant correlations between genetic information and facial structure. We have identified 30 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), i.e. genetic variations, that significantly contribute to facial structure and appearance. We conclude with a preliminary attempt at facial reconstruction from the genetic data and emphasize on the complexity of the problem and the challenges encountered.
Frequency, serotype distribution, and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of Salmonella in small poultry flocks in California.

Backyard poultry operations are increasingly popular and commonplace in both rural and suburban locations. Although Salmonella surveillance programs are well established for large commercial poultr...
America's Sporting Heritage: 1850–1950. By John R. Betts, Sport and Leisure in Contemporary Society. Stanley Parker, Nikki Ventris, John Haworth, and Michael Smith, eds., A Geography of American Sport. By John F. Rooney, Jr., America through Baseball. By David Q. Voigt

(1977). America's Sporting Heritage: 1850–1950. By John R. Betts, Sport and Leisure in Contemporary Society. Stanley Parker, Nikki Ventris, John Haworth, and Michael Smith, eds., A Geography of American Sport. By John F. Rooney, Jr., America through Baseball. By David Q. Voigt. Journal of Leisure Research: Vol. 9, No. 2, pp. 157-160.
Mouse hepatitis virus infection activates the Ire1/XBP1 pathway of the unfolded protein response.

on the host cell exocytic pathway because of the extensive use of intracellular membranes for assembly of replication complexes and viral particles. MHV utilizes the ER to generate membrane-associated replication complexes, termed double membrane vesicles, and to assemble progeny virus particles. We hypothesized that this extensive use of the ER induces the unfolded protein response. The UPR is a multifaceted signaling pathway that is triggered by perturbations in the normal ER environment (reviewed in Ref.2). The UPR emanates from the ER membrane and has the capacity to increase expression of ER resident chaperones and folding enzymes, to facilitate disposal of misfolded protein, to downregulate protein synthesis, to regulate production of membrane components necessary for expansion of the secretory pathway, and to regulate both cell cycle progression and cell death. Recently, investigators have reported that hepatitis C virus 5
Disturbances of Motoneurone Discharge in Muscles of Subjects with Hemiparetic Stroke

Following injury to the cerebrum or spinal cord, human subjects experience a cluster of clinical signs widely described as the “upper motoneurone syndrome”. This syndrome consists of “spasticity”, (which is an increase in muscle tone), muscular weakness, and disturbances in movement coordination. The mechanisms of muscular weakness have received relatively limited scrutiny. Hughlings Jackson (see Lassek, 1970) proposed that they resulted from a loss of net descending excitatory drive from cortical centres, and (in our view), this is quite likely to be a factor. However, it is also possible that changes in the pattern of motoneurone activation may occur following lesions to cortex or descending pathways, and that these changes may contribute to the disturbances in voluntary force generation, which include muscle weakness, increased effort and an exaggerated sense of fatigue.
Monitoring tensile fatigue crack growth and fiber failure around a notch in laminate SIC/SIC composites utilizing acoustic emission, electrical resistance, and digital image correlation

Abstract Acoustic emission, electrical resistance, and surface optical techniques were used to monitor matrix cracking and fiber-breakage during fatigue in tension for [0/90]2s SiC-based laminate composite single-notch specimens. Acoustic emission sensors were positioned in several locations including on the edge of the specimen which enabled location of events through the width and the location of internal tunnel-type cracks. Surface optical techniques, including digital image correlation, enabled the extent of surface crack growth. From these two sets of data a simple circuit could be constructed of the different damaged and undamaged regions in the region of the notch that was in good agreement with the change in electrical resistance, thus establishing a correlation with change in ER and damage development. The unique placement of AE sensors on the edge of the specimen also enabled the capture and location of what are believed to be fiber failure events prior to ultimate failure.
Feasibility of Synchronous Online Focus Groups of Rural Breast Cancer Survivors on Web-Based Distress Self-Management.

Purpose To obtain rural breast cancer survivors' perceptions of CaringGuidance™ After Breast Cancer Diagnosis, a web-based, psychoeducational, distress self-management program, and explore the feasibility of gathering survivors' perceptions about CaringGuidance using online focus groups (OFGs). Participants & setting 23 survivors of early-stage breast cancer, a mean of 2.5 years postdiagnosis, living in rural Nebraska. Methodologic approach Participants reviewed the CaringGuidance program independently for an average of 12 days prior to their designated OFG. The extent of participants' pre-OFG review was verified electronically. Four synchronous, moderated OFGs were conducted. Demographic and OFG participation data were used to assess feasibility. Transcripts of OFGs were analyzed using directed content analysis. Findings All enrolled women participated in their designated OFG. Five themes of the quality and usability of CaringGuidance were identified. Recommendations were used to modify CaringGuidance prior to the pilot efficacy trial. Implications for nursing The findings contribute to nurses' knowledge and guide assessment and interventions pertaining to psychosocial needs of rural women with breast cancer, OFGs, and qualities rural women seek in web-based psychological interventions.
Gray and white matter differences in adolescents and young adults with prior suicide attempts across bipolar and major depressive disorders.

Abstract Background Findings regarding brain circuitry abnormalities in suicide attempters (SAs) converge across bipolar disorder (BD) and major depressive disorder (MDD), the most common disorders observed in suicides. These abnormalities appear to be present during adolescence/young adulthood when suicide rates increase steeply, and suicide is a leading cause of death in this age group. Identification of brain circuitry common to adolescent/young adult SAs with BD and MDD is important for generating widely effective early prevention strategies. We examined brain circuitry in SAs in adolescents/young adults across these two disorders. Methods Eighty-three participants (ages 14–25 years), 46 with BD (21 SAs) and 37 with MDD (19 SAs), underwent structural and diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance scanning. Whole-brain analyses compared gray matter (GM) volume and white matter (WM) fractional anisotropy (FA) between SAs and non-suicide attempters (NSAs) across and within BD and MDD (p Results Across and within BD and MDD, SAs showed differences compared to NSAs in ventral prefrontal cortex (PFC) GM volume and fronto-limbic (including uncinate fasciculus (UF)) WM FA. Exploratory analyses showed additional within-disorder differences for BD SAs in dorsolateral PFC (dlPFC) and hippocampus GM volume and UF FA, and for MDD SAs dorsomedial and dlPFC GM and dorsal frontal WM. However, there was no significant interaction between suicide attempt status and diagnosis. Limitations Modest sample size. Conclusions Common fronto-limbic gray and white matter alterations in adolescent/young adult SAs are potential targets for suicide prevention strategies across mood disorders. Preliminary findings of disorder-specific regional findings could suggest diagnostic-specific optimal targets may exist.
Advancements in magnetic resonance imaging‐based biomarkers for muscular dystrophy

Recent years have seen steady progress in the identification of genetic muscle diseases as well as efforts to develop treatment for these diseases. Consequently, sensitive and objective new methods are required to identify and monitor muscle pathology. Magnetic resonance imaging offers multiple potential biomarkers of disease severity in the muscular dystrophies. This Review uses a pathology-based approach to examine the ways in which MRI and spectroscopy have been used to study muscular dystrophies. Methods that have been used to quantitate intramuscular fat, edema, fiber orientation, metabolism, fibrosis, and vascular perfusion are examined, and this Review describes how MRI can help diagnose these conditions and improve upon existing muscle biomarkers by detecting small increments of disease-related change. Important challenges in the implementation of imaging biomarkers, such as standardization of protocols and validating imaging measurements with respect to clinical outcomes, are also described.
Adaptation of Phytophthora sojae to Rps Resistance Genes over the Past Two Decades in North Dakota

Phytophthora root rot, caused by Phytophthora sojae, is a major disease of soybean in North Dakota, especially in the Red River Valley (RRV). Planting resistant cultivars is the primary management....
Mariana Islands Forest

Abstract We present a status assessment of the Mariana Islands archipelago (Marianas) forests, including the current status, stressors, and future viability. Forests in the Marianas generally receive moderate to high rainfall during distinct wet and dry seasons and are associated with limestone or volcanic substrates. Prior to the arrival of humans in the Marianas approximately four centuries ago, native forest was the dominant forest type. As a result of natural and anthropogenic disturbance, a proportion of native forest was converted to three additional forest sub-types: secondary, monoculture, and Leucaena forests. Forests were defined and characterized using the classification of landcover types for the Mariana archipelago developed by Amidon et al. (2017) . Currently, forests occur on all islands in the archipelago, except for Farallon de Medinilla due to extensive bombing during military operations and continuing volcanic activity on Uracas. The main stressors to forests are invasive species, development, volcanic eruptions, typhoons, and fire. Ongoing conservation efforts include biosecurity measures, protected area and species management, invasive species control, and existing laws and regulations. Forest viability, defined as the likelihood of persistence over the long term, is described based on the concepts of representation, redundancy, and resiliency. We developed four plausible future scenarios, each differing in levels of natural resource management, to evaluate the status of forests into the foreseeable future. Two of the scenarios, which are based on no change in conservation actions (Scenario One; status quo) and a slight increase in conservation actions (Scenario Two) have the highest likelihood of occurring in the foreseeable future while the other two, which are based on a slight to moderate decrease in conservation actions (Scenario Three) and a moderate to large increase in conservation actions (Scenario Four) do not. Scenario One would continue to degrade and fragment native forests and result in reduced resiliency, redundancy, and representation. In Scenario Two, the slight improvements in conservation actions would result in a moderate increases in resiliency, redundancy, and representation.
"It's hard to plan your day when you have no money": Discouraged workers' occupational possibilities and the need to reconceptualize routine

OBJECTIVE: This paper presents daily routine as a justice-related concern for unemployed people, based on an ethnographic study of discouraged workers. PARTICIPANTS:Four women and one man who wanted to work but had ceased searching for jobs, and 25 community members whose jobs served the unemployed community, participated in the study. METHODS: Ethnographic methodology – including participant observation, semi-structured and unstructured interviews, and document reviews – and the Occupational Questionnaire were used to gather data for 10 months in a rural North Carolina town. Data analysis included open and focused coding via the Atlas.ti software as well as participant review of findings and writings. RESULTS: Routines need to be seen as negotiated, resource-driven products of experience rather than automatic structures for daily living. Scholars and practitioners must acknowledge that the presence or absence of routine not only relates to resource use but also influences unemployed people’s occupational possibilities. CONCLUSIONS: To address unjust expectations about unemployed people’s occupational possibilities, scholars must examine the uncertain, negotiated nature of daily routine and its function as a foundation for occupational engagement. Thus, it may be helpful to view routine as both a prerequisite of occupation and a way that existing occupations are organized.
Spiritual trial in Kierkegaard: religious anxiety and Levinas’s other

Spiritual trial is indeed ‘spiritual’ – it is possible only in someone who is not utterly spiritless as Kierkegaard means the word – but it is not true, as Kierkegaard’s pseudonyms occasionally mai...
The relationship of breast density in mammography and magnetic resonance imaging in women with triple negative breast cancer.

Abstract Purpose To evaluate the relationship between mammographic density, background parenchymal enhancement and fibroglandular tissue on MRI in women with triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) compared to women with non-triple negative breast cancer (non-TNBC). Methods The institutional Breast Cancer Database was queried to identify the clinicopathologic and imaging characteristics among women who underwent mammography and breast MRI between 2010-2018. Statistical analyses included Pearson’s Chi Square, Wilcoxon Rank-Sum and logistic regression. Results Of 2995 women, 225 (7.5 %) had TNBC with a median age of 60 years (23–96) and median follow-up of 5.69 years. Compared to women with non-TNBC, TNBC was associated with African-American race 36/225 (16 %), BRCA1,2 positivity 34/225 (15.1 %), previous history of breast cancer 35/225 (15.6 %), presenting on breast exam 126/225 (56 %) or MRI 13/225 (5.8 %), palpability 133/225 (59.1 %), more invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) 208/225 (92.4 %), higher stage (stage III) 37/225 (16.5 %), higher grade (grade 3) 186/225 (82.7 %) (all p Conclusions The higher proportion of women with lower MBD, FGT and BPE in women with TNBC suggests that MBD, amount of FGT and degree of BPE may be associated with breast cancer risk in women with TNBC.
Multi-category fairness in sponsored search auctions

Fairness in advertising is a topic of particular concern motivated by theoretical and empirical observations in both the computer science and economics literature. We examine the problem of fairness in advertising for general purpose platforms that service advertisers from many different categories. First, we propose inter-category and intra-category fairness desiderata that take inspiration from individual fairness and envy-freeness. Second, we investigate the "platform utility" (a proxy for the quality of allocation) achievable by mechanisms satisfying these desiderata. More specifically, we compare the utility of fair mechanisms against the unfair optimum, and show by construction that our fairness desiderata are compatible with utility. Our mechanisms also enjoy nice implementation properties including metric-obliviousness, which allows the platform to produce fair allocations without needing to know the specifics of the fairness requirements.
Special Session: Yes, And … Re-Imagining a Future of an Inclusive Engineering Education System with Improv

In this special session, participants will explore what asset-based futures of engineering education might look like. Using techniques from storytelling and improv, voice will be given to the experiences of a non-traditional engineering student on her journey to pursuing an engineering degree, starting in a community college and transitioning into a four-year university. As many universities look for ways to increase diversity in their engineering programs, this special session will help participants see “The System” from a different perspective and discuss how we might imagine the future of asset-based engineering education.
Enhanced Deep Learning Architectures for Face Liveness Detection for Static and Video Sequences

Face liveness detection is a critical preprocessing step in face recognition for avoiding face spoofing attacks, where an impostor can impersonate a valid user for authentication. While considerable research has been recently done in improving the accuracy of face liveness detection, the best current approaches use a two-step process of first applying non-linear anisotropic diffusion to the incoming image and then using a deep network for final liveness decision. Such an approach is not viable for real-time face liveness detection. We develop two end-to-end real-time solutions where nonlinear anisotropic diffusion based on an additive operator splitting scheme is first applied to an incoming static image, which enhances the edges and surface texture, and preserves the boundary locations in the real image. The diffused image is then forwarded to a pre-trained Specialized Convolutional Neural Network (SCNN) and the Inception network version 4, which identify the complex and deep features for face liveness classification. We evaluate the performance of our integrated approach using the SCNN and Inception v4 on the Replay-Attack dataset and Replay-Mobile dataset. The entire architecture is created in such a manner that, once trained, the face liveness detection can be accomplished in real-time. We achieve promising results of 96.03% and 96.21% face liveness detection accuracy with the SCNN, and 94.77% and 95.53% accuracy with the Inception v4, on the Replay-Attack, and Replay-Mobile datasets, respectively. We also develop a novel deep architecture for face liveness detection on video frames that uses the diffusion of images followed by a deep Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) and a Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) to classify the video sequence as real or fake. Even though the use of CNN followed by LSTM is not new, combining it with diffusion (that has proven to be the best approach for single image liveness detection) is novel. Performance evaluation of our architecture on the REPLAY-ATTACK dataset gave 98.71% test accuracy and 2.77% Half Total Error Rate (HTER), and on the REPLAY-MOBILE dataset gave 95.41% accuracy and 5.28% HTER.
ACT: Asymptotic Conditional Transport

We propose conditional transport (CT) as a new divergence to measure the difference between two probability distributions. The CT divergence consists of the expected cost of a forward CT, which constructs a navigator to stochastically transport a data point of one distribution to the other distribution, and that of a backward CT which reverses the transport direction. To apply it to the distributions whose probability density functions are unknown but random samples are accessible, we further introduce asymptotic CT (ACT), whose estimation only requires access to mini-batch based discrete empirical distributions. Equipped with two navigators that amortize the computation of conditional transport plans, the ACT divergence comes with unbiased sample gradients that are straightforward to compute, making it amenable to mini-batch stochastic gradient descent based optimization. When applied to train a generative model, the ACT divergence is shown to strike a good balance between mode covering and seeking behaviors and strongly resist mode collapse. To model high-dimensional data, we show that it is sufficient to modify the adversarial game of an existing generative adversarial network (GAN) to a game played by a generator, a forward navigator, and a backward navigator, which try to minimize a distribution-to-distribution transport cost by optimizing both the distribution of the generator and conditional transport plans specified by the navigators, versus a critic that does the opposite by inflating the point-to-point transport cost. On a wide variety of benchmark datasets for generative modeling, substituting the default statistical distance of an existing GAN with the ACT divergence is shown to consistently improve the performance.
Hürthle Cell Carcinoma

The Hurthle cell variant of follicular carcinoma is composed of large acidophilic, Askanazy, or oncocytic cells that are considered altered follicular cells (1,2). For instance, Hurthle cells bind thyrotropin (TSH) and have TSH receptors, like other types of follicular thyroid cells (3,4). Similar to other follicular neoplasms, Hurthle cell carcinoma is more common in women than men, but the patients tend to be older than those with typical follicular thyroid carcinoma (FTC; see Chapter 55). Hurthle cells contain many mitochondria (which are the basis for the abundant, eosinophilic, and granular cytoplasm), frequently eccentric nuclei, and visible nucleoli. The Hurthle cell carcinoma variant of follicular carcinoma discussed here is to be distinguished from the variant of papillary thyroid cancer, “Hurthle cell papillary thyroid carcinoma,”which also contains an abundance of oxyphilic cells (4a). The central genetic or environmental factors that allow a thyrocyte to differentiate into a Hurthle cell are unknown, and Hurthle cells may occur in a variety of thyroid disorders. Solitary thyroid nodules may have a predominance of Hurthle cells, to the exclusion of more typical thyrocytes, and these lesions are often highly cellular with minimal colloid.
Investigating Student Reflection during Game-Based Learning in Middle Grades Science

Reflection plays a critical role in learning by encouraging students to contemplate their knowledge and previous learning experiences to inform their future actions and higher-order thinking, such as reasoning and problem solving. Reflection is particularly important in inquiry-driven learning scenarios where students have the freedom to set goals and regulate their own learning. However, despite the importance of reflection in learning, there are significant theoretical, methodological, and analytical challenges posed by measuring, modeling, and supporting reflection. This paper presents results from a classroom study to investigate middle-school students’ reflection during inquiry-driven learning with Crystal Island, a game-based learning environment for middle-school microbiology. To collect evidence of reflection during game-based learning, we used embedded reflection prompts to elicit written reflections during students’ interactions with Crystal Island. Results from analysis of data from 105 students highlight relationships between features of students’ reflections and learning outcomes related to both science content knowledge and problem solving. We consider implications for building adaptive support in game-based learning environments to foster deep reflection and enhance learning, and we identify key features in students’ problem-solving actions and reflections that are predictive of reflection depth. These findings present a foundation for providing adaptive support for reflection during game-based learning.
Factors associated with work ability in adults with diabetes.

Abstract Aims The aims of this study were to explore associations between clinical and diabetes-related factors with work ability in a sample of working adults with diabetes. Background Adults with diabetes may face challenges in the workplace, including managing their diabetes and overall physical and mental health. Methods This was a cross-sectional design with a sample of 101 working adults. Subjects completed valid and reliable surveys assessing depressive symptoms, diabetes self-care, fear of hypoglycemia, diabetes distress, cardiovascular health using American Heart Association's Life's Simple 7 (range 0–7) and work ability. Factors significantly associated with work ability at bivariate level were included in linear and logistic regression. Results The majority of the sample was female (65%) (mean age 54.1 ± 10.5), White (74%), non-Hispanic (93%), worked full-time (65%) and had type 2 diabetes (87%) (mean duration 12.4 ± 9.5 years). The majority (55%) had low diabetes distress, but 24% had high distress and 28% had depressive symptoms. The sample achieved 2.5 ± 1.4 ideal AHA heart health indices and 33% rated their work ability as excellent. In linear regression higher depressive scores were associated with lower work ability scores (b = −0.45, p = .002). In logistic regression, scores on heart health (OR = 1.4; 95%CI:1.0–1.9, p = .03) and diabetes distress (OR = 0.6, 95%CI:0.4–0.9, p = .048) were significantly associated with work ability at its best. Conclusion Both cardiovascular and psychological health may impact work ability in adults with diabetes. Routinely screening for diabetes distress and depression while also promoting ideal cardiovascular health may improve overall health and work ability in this population.
Hyperuniformity of expected equilibrium density distributions of Brownian particles via designer external potentials

Abstract Disordered hyperuniformity (DHU) is a recently discovered novel state of many-body systems that is characterized by vanishing normalized infinite-wavelength density fluctuations similar to a perfect crystal, yet possesses an amorphous structure like a liquid or glass. Due to their unique structural characteristics, DHU materials are typically endowed with unusual physical properties, such as large isotropic photonic band gaps, optimal transport properties and superior mechanical properties, enabling a wide spectrum of novel applications. Here we investigate hyperuniformity of expected equilibrium distributions of Brownian particles induced by external potentials. In particular, we analytically derive sufficient conditions on the external potentials in order to achieve distinct classes of DHU density distributions of Brownian particles in thermal equilibrium, based on the stationary-state solutions of the corresponding Smoluchowski equation. We show for a wide spectrum of tight-binding potentials, the desirable DHU distributions of Brownian particles can be controlled and achieved by imposing proper hyperuniformity conditions on the potentials. We also analyze the evolution dynamics of an initial density distribution (hyperuniform or non-hyperuniform) to the desirable equilibrium DHU distribution determined by the prescribed external potentials, which is shown to be coupled with the full spectra of the force fields associated with the imposed potentials. We find that although the transient density distribution can rapidly develop local patterns reminiscent of those in the equilibrium distribution, which is governed by the fast dynamics induced by the external potential, the overall distribution is still modulated by the initial density fluctuations which are relaxed through slow diffusive dynamics. Our study has implications for the fabrication of designer DHU materials.
Basic Economics of the Export-Import Bank of the United States

Authorization for the Export-Import Bank of the United States recently lapsed for the first time in more than 80 years, though it may be reestablished at any time. We present an economic efficiency analysis of bank's activities in a simple open-economy model. This analysis brings clarity to the ongoing political debate regarding this institution. We discuss key arguments in support of and against the bank's continued activities. We highlight the special privileges that the bank offers to a few domestic businesses, negatively distorting the private market opportunities in the markets in which these favored businesses operate and widely distributing the economic costs across nonfavored constituencies.
Conjoint Developmental Trajectories of Adolescent E-cigarette and Combustible Cigarette Use

OBJECTIVES In this study, we sought to identify which adolescents progress to regular electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) use (without cigarette smoking), which adolescents become dual users of both types of cigarettes, and how dual use develops across time. METHODS Adolescents (N = 1808) from public high schools outside Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, completed in-classroom surveys at wave 1 (fall 2016, beginning of ninth grade) and at 6-month intervals for the following 36 months (fall 2019, beginning of 12th grade). RESULTS A sequential processes growth mixture model identified 4 conjoint latent classes: later, rapid e-cigarette uptake (class 1: n = 230); no use of e-cigarettes or combustible cigarettes (class 2: n = 1141); earlier, steady e-cigarette uptake (class 3: n = 265); and dual use of e-cigarettes and combustible cigarettes (class 4: n = 204). Using a rich set of potential risk factors, multinomial logistic regression assessed the likelihood of belonging to each conjoint class compared with the comparison class (dual use). Adolescents in the dual use class were characterized by a greater number and severity of e-cigarette and combustible cigarette risk factors. Adolescents in the 2 e-cigarettes–only classes were characterized by either e-cigarette–specific risk factors (earlier onset) or no risk factors (later onset). The no use class had an absence of risk factors for e-cigarette and cigarette use. CONCLUSIONS This study provides new prospective evidence for distinct patterns and profiles of adolescents who progress to current e-cigarette use, including adolescents who were initially cigarette smokers. The findings have implications for prevention intervention timing, tobacco product focus, content, and the adolescent subgroups to target.
Choosing the Right Evaluation for Machine Translation: an Examination of Annotator and Automatic Metric Performance on Human Judgment Tasks

This paper examines the motivation, design, and practical results of several types of human evaluation tasks for machine translation. In addition to considering annotator performance and task informativeness over multiple evaluations, we explore the practicality of tuning automatic evaluation metrics to each judgment type in a comprehensive experiment using the METEOR-NEXT metric. We present results showing clear advantages of tuning to certain types of judgments and discuss causes of inconsistency when tuning to various judgment data, as well as sources of difficulty in the human evaluation tasks themselves.
Activation of methionine synthetase by a reduced triphosphopyridine nucleotide-dependent flavoprotein system.

Two flavoproteins, both of which are required for the TPNH- and adenosylmethionine-dependent activation of the B12-containing methionine synthetase, have been purified to homogeneity from Escherichia coli K-12. The larger flavoprotein (mol wt 27,000) contains 1 mole of noncovalently bound FAD per mole of protein and has an atypical spectrum (λmax at 400 and 456 nm). The smaller flavoprotein (mol wt 19,400) is acidic, contains 1 mole of noncovalently bound FMN per mole of protein, and has absorbance maxima at 369 and 465 nm. The methionine synthetase, which was also purified to homogeneity from E. coli K-12, contains 1 mole of B12 per mole of protein (mol wt 186,000) and has an absorbance maximum at 474 nm. In the presence of TPNH, both flavoproteins, and adenosylmethionine, the synthetase has a specific activity at 37° of 3.8 µmoles per min per mg of protein with respect to formation of methionine from 5-methyltetrahydrofolate and homocysteine.
Simple round ulcers of the vagina

Abstract The term “ulcus rotundum simplex vaginae” was first used by Zahn in 1884 to describe an ulcerative lesion of the vaginal wall which he noted as an accidental finding during an autopsy. The condition has since been observed a few times on living patients, but it is unusual in occurrence and seems to have attracted but little attention. A search of the literature fails to reveal any case reported in this country, and the only detailed account that has been published since 1904 is that of Schroeder and Kuhlmann, which appeared in 1922. The object of the present study is to give a review of the subject and to report two additional cases.
Therapeutically accessible clinical cardiac states.

A descriptive physiologic state assumes clinical relevance when its mechanism(s) are determined to be therapeutically accessible. During the past several decades, a spectrum of clinical cardiac functional descriptors have gained common use. Healthy, preconditioned, stunned, hibernating, reversibly ischemic, apoptotic, and necrotic are all adjectives used to identify clinically relevant myocardial status. The purposes of this review are: 1) to examine our current terminology of functional cardiac status; 2) to explore the bioenergetic complexion of the cardiomyocyte in these various states; and 3) to identify instances in which the knowledgeable surgeon can influence a patient’s cardiomyocyte function. We postulate that the energy status of the cell determines its clinical condition and that a clinical appreciation of this bioenergetic status can translate into applicable therapeutic strategies. Clinically, perturbations of healthy myocardial energy state are described as preconditioned, stunned, hibernating, apoptotic, and necrotic. Ischemia is a frequent, clinically relevant event resulting from coronary vascular dysfunction. In this review, rigorously delineated clinical definitions will serve as a basis on which to relate mitochondrial bioenergetic function. HEALTHY MYOCARDIUM Mitochondria produce virtually all the energy required for normal cardiac function, constitute onethird of a cardiomyocyte’s volume, and consume
Factors accounting for the 4-year change in acuity in patients between 50 and 80 years.

The need for optical quality metrics that are correlated with visual performance (e.g., visual acuity) continues to grow in the face of existing and developing methods of applying wavefront error (WFE) correction, such as refractive surgery, custom contact and intra-ocular lenses, adaptive optics correction, and the general need to better understand how age-related optical change impacts visual performance as measured by visual acuity.1,2 For abrupt changes in aberrations, good progress has been made demonstrating that change in acuity is well correlated with change in image quality.3-6 More specifically, research reveals the visual Strehl (the optical Strehl ratio weighted by the neural contrast sensitivity function for interference fringes)5 is a particularly good metric, accounting for about 80% of variance in the resulting induced change in high contrast logMAR acuity.4,7 Despite these gains, it is not known if the naturally occurring change in optical quality over years8-14 within an individual is as well correlated with change in acuity and the extent such measures can help identify individuals on a fast track to an acuity loss. Several factors and conditions are expected to impact the correlation between longitudinal change in optical quality and longitudinal change in acuity, including: 1) adaptation15-18 to one’s slowly changing retinal image quality; 2) the repeatability of both wavefront error19-21 and acuity measurements22 is not perfect; and 3) changes in acuity may be related to other factors, such as neurological changes (e.g., neural cell loss or functional decline not measured by optical quality metrics calculated from WFE alone), that may subsequently be accounted for when age is included as a metric.23-26 Several studies, including the Beaver Dam,27 and Blue Mountain Eye Studies28 and the Smith-Kettlewell Eye Research Institute29 study, have reported on the longitudinal change in acuity and its relationship to age. However, age is a catch-all factor that does not identify the cause of acuity loss. As optical quality factors are expected to be related to visual performance and on average get worse with age,8-14 we seek here to determine to what extent change in acuity over time can be accounted for by change in any given optical quality metric or a combination of optical quality metrics and age for a population between 50 and 80 years of age over a 4 year time period.
An Application of Numerical Integration Techniques to Statistical Tolerancing, III—General Distributions

Suppose one wants numerical estimates for the moments of the distribution of a response X which is a function of the statistically independent random variables yk , k = 1, 2, …, n, when the yk are from known distributions. The functional relationship between X and the yk is assumed to be known in the generalized sense that for given values of the yk the response X may be obtained somehow, e.g., by experiment., by engineering calculations, by analog. The same problem was considered in the first paper in this series (Evans, 1967) for the special case in which the yk were all from normal distributions; here the distributions for the yk are general. A quadrature formula is developed for approximating the moments of X within an error O(σ5) where σ2 is a representative variance for the yk . It uses the values for X obtained for 2n 2 + 1 selected arguments, (y 1, y 2, …, yn ). Efficient quadrature formulas are given for the case in which multiple distributions of the yk are of interest. A numerical example is in...
Gait changes with walking devices in persons with Parkinson’s disease

Purpose: To study immediate gait changes in persons with PD when walking with different assistive walking devices. Methods: Ten individuals with idiopathic PD participated in the study. Gait parameters were recorded while walking with a cane and a wheeled walker, and were compared to a free walk without a walking device. Results: Persons with PD walked with slower gait speed when using a cane and a wheeled walker compared to walking without any device (p = 0.007, p = 0.002, respectively). Stride length reduced significantly when walking with a wheeled walker (p = 0.001). Walking with the assistive devices did not affect cadence, double support phase, heel to heel base of support, stride time, and stance period. Conclusion: Persons with PD immediately walked with slower gait speed when using either a cane or a wheeled walker, and with shorter stride length when walking with a wheeled walker. The results may lead to more cautious clinical practice in gait rehabilitation using ambulatory assisted devices.Imp...
Proposed mechanism for retinal tears after LASIK: an experimental model.

Abstract Objective To demonstrate axial length changes associated with anterior shift of the lens/iris diaphragm and anterior vitreous base in human cadaver eyes during suction ring application preceding Moria LASIK, and to propose that these changes may be associated with anterior retinal tears. Design Human eye study. Materials Eight human eye bank eyes ranging in age from 65 to 73 years. Two eyes had a history of intraocular surgery involving cataract extraction and intraocular lens implantation. Intervention Measurements of intraocular pressure via internal manometer and Tono-Pen, anterior chamber depth, and axial length before and after application of a Moria LASIK suction ring. Main outcome measures Change in anterior chamber depth and axial length after Moria LASIK suction ring application. Results Axial length increases (mean change=1.125 mm, P = 0.02) after application of the suction ring, whereas anterior chamber depth shows no significant difference (mean change=−0.01 mm, P = 0.98), suggesting anterior movement of the vitreous base resulting in traction on the anterior retina. Conclusion Axial length increase with anterior displacement of the vitreous base during suction ring placement might predispose susceptible eyes to anterior retinal tears during and after LASIK.
Life in a dual system revisited: Urban-rural ties in Enugu, Nigeria, 1961–87

Abstract Urban-rural ties in what then Eastern Nigeria were remarkably strong in 1961–1962, suggesting that urban dwellers lived in a dual system: fully committed to urban life and, at the same time, belonging to the rural community from which they had come. The 1987 replication of a survey carried out in 1961 in Enugu, the largest city in southeastern Nigeria, allows an assessment of changes in urban-rural ties over a generation. The findings of this and other studies indicate the need to distinguish patterns of rural-urban migration and to assess their consequences for the rapidly growing cities of the Third World and their hinterland.
Spatial localization in rotating convection and magnetoconvection

Stationary spatially localized states are present in both rotating convection and magnetoconvection. In two-dimensional convection with stress-free boundary conditions, the formation of such states is due to the interaction between convection and a large scale mode: zonal velocity in rotating convection and magnetic potential in magnetoconvection. We develop a higher order theory, a nonlocal fifth order Ginzburg-Landau equation, to describe the effects of spatial modulation near a codimension-two point. Two different bifurcation scenarios are identified. Our results shed light on numerical studies of two-dimensional convective systems with stress-free boundary conditions. This paper is dedicated to Professor Helmut Brand on the occasion of his 60th birthday.
GlcNAc-6P Levels Modulate the Expression of Curli Fibers by Escherichia coli

Curli are extracellular surface fibers that are produced by many members of the Enterobacteriaceae and contribute to biofilm formation. The environmental cues that promote biofilm formation are poorly understood. We found that deletion of the N-acetylglucosamine-6-phosphate (GlcNAc-6P) deacetylase gene, nagA, resulted in decreased transcription from the curli-specific promoters csgBA and csgDEFG and a corresponding decrease in curli production in Escherichia coli. nagA is in an operon that contains nagB, nagC, nagD, and nagE, whose products are required for utilization of GlcNAc as a carbon source. NagC is a repressor of the nagBACD and nagE genes in the absence of intracellular GlcNAc-6P. We found that nagC mutants were also defective in curli production. Growth of a wild-type strain on media containing additional GlcNAc reduced curli gene transcription to a level similar to the level observed when nagA was deleted. The defect in curli production in nagA or nagC mutants was alleviated by deletion of the GlcNAc transporter gene, nagE. Curli-producing DeltanagA suppressor mutants whose cells were unable to take up GlcNAc were isolated. These results suggest that elevated levels of intracellular GlcNAc-6P signal cells to down-regulate curli gene expression.
Introduction to some basic astronomical concepts

In modern celestial mechanics, the goal is to construct a coordinate system in the heavens, and then to develop theories that will allow us to calculate the coordinates of the Sun, Moon and planets as functions of time. The goal of astronomy among ancient peoples was probably quite different; it was probably to develop methods of dealing with certain appearances in a coordinate system based upon the observer’s horizon. These appearances include eclipses, the positions at which celestial objects rise and set, and methods of telling both the time of day and the time of the year by observations of risings and settings. This paper is concerned with discussions of these appearances. It deals with theories of motion only to the extent needed in discussing the appearances.