cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
3D reconstruction and design of porous media from thin sections

Abstract Characterization and design of fluid–thermal transport through random porous sintered beds is critical for improving the performance of two-phase heat transport devices such as heat pipes. Two-dimensional imaging techniques are quite well developed and commonly employed for microstructure and material characterization. In this study, we employ 2D image data (thin sections) for measuring critical microstructural features of commercial wicks for use in correlation-based prediction of transport properties. We employ a stochastic characterization methodology based on the two-point autocorrelation function, and compare the predicted properties such as particle and pore diameters and permeability with those from our previously published studies, in which 3D X-ray microtomography data was employed for reconstruction. Further, we implement a reconstruction technique for reconstructing a three-dimensional stochastic equivalent structure from the thin sections. These reconstructed domains are employed for predicting effective thermal conductivity, permeability and interfacial heat transfer coefficient in single-phase flow. The current computations are found to compare well with models and correlations from the literature, as well as our previous numerical studies. Finally, we propose a new parametrized model for the design of porous materials based on the nature of the two-point autocorrelation functions. Using this model, we reconstruct sample three-dimensional microstructures, and analyze the influence of various parameters on fluid–thermal properties of interest. With advances in additive manufacturing techniques, such an approach may eventually be employed to design intricate porous structures with properties tailored to specific applications.
Surgical repair of the common arterial trunk in a neonate with a downsized valve allograft

In the present report we describe a neonate with the common arterial trunk who underwent reconstruction of the right ventricular outflow tract with a downsized value allograft. Our experience and results suggest that reducing the size of the allograft is a promising surgical option for young infants in whom reconstruction of the nonregurgitant pulmonary circulatory system is absolutely needed for a smooth postoperative recovery.
The position of the CN stretching frequency in organic and inorganic molecules

Abstract The CN stretching frequency of eight inorganic cyanides is given. The position of the CN frequency in organic and inorganic molecules and ions is discussed in terms of resonance with structures containing CN groups. In organic nitriles, the contribution of these structures is discussed in terms of the inductive and/or the mesomeric effects. In simple inorganic cyanides of metals in the same subgroup of the Periodic Table, this contribution is linearly related to the electronegativity of the central atom. In complex cyanides, on the other hand, the contribution depends on other factors such as the co-ordination and oxidation numbers of the central atom and its tendency to be positive, negative or neutral.
Comparison of 1D and 2D NMR Spectroscopy for Metabolic Profiling

High-resolution, liquid state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is a popular platform for metabolic profiling because the technique is nondestructive, quantitative, reproducible, and the spectra contain a wealth of biochemical information. Because of the large dynamic range of metabolite concentrations in biofluids, statistical analyses of one-dimensional (1D) proton NMR data tend to be biased toward selecting changes in more abundant metabolites. Although two-dimensional (2D) proton-proton experiments can alleviate spectral crowding, they have been mainly used for structural determination. In this study, 2D total correlation spectroscopy NMR was used to compare the global metabolic profiles of urine obtained from wild-type and Abcc6-knockout mice. The 2D data were compared to an improved 1D experiment in which signal contributions from macromolecules and the urea peak have been spectroscopically removed for more accurate quantitation of low-abundance metabolites. Although statistical models from both 1D and 2D data could differentiate samples acquired from the two groups of mice, only the 2D spectra allowed the characterization of statistically relevant changes in the low-abundance metabolites. While acquisition of the 2D data require more time, the data obtained resulted in a more meaningful and comprehensive metabolic profile, aided in metabolite identifications, and minimized ambiguities in peak assignments.
Integrated optomechanical analysis and testing software development at MIT Lincoln Laboratory

Advanced analytical software capabilities are being developed to advance the design of prototypical hardware in the Engineering Division at MIT Lincoln Laboratory. The current effort is focused on the integration of analysis tools tailored to the work flow, organizational structure, and current technology demands. These tools are being designed to provide superior insight into the interdisciplinary behavior of optical systems and enable rapid assessment and execution of design trades to optimize the design of optomechanical systems. The custom software architecture is designed to exploit and enhance the functionality of existing industry standard commercial software, provide a framework for centralizing internally developed tools, and deliver greater efficiency, productivity, and accuracy through standardization, automation, and integration. Specific efforts have included the development of a feature-rich software package for Structural-Thermal-Optical Performance (STOP) modeling, advanced Line Of Sight (LOS) jitter simulations, and improved integration of dynamic testing and structural modeling.
Chinese Children Among the Poor: Comparing U.S. Natives with Immigrants from Taiwan, Mainland China, and Hong Kong

Research on Chinese Americans often centers on successful economic incorporation in American society (e.g., “model minority”). Unfortunately, previous research has overlooked the changing economic circumstances of native- and foreign-born Chinese children, despite the fact that Chinese children living in America are diverse in socioeconomic status and geographic origin. In this paper, we use data from the 1990 and 2000 censuses to compare levels and changes in child poverty rates among U.S.-born Chinese and immigrants from Taiwan, Mainland China, and Hong Kong, and to investigate how changes in maternal employment and family structure (including cohabitation) contributed to the decline in poverty rates in the 1990s. Compared to other Asian Americans and non-Asians, Chinese children in the U.S. are less likely to live in poverty, thanks in part to more married-couple families and higher levels of maternal employment. Yet, child poverty rates vary among Chinese American subpopulations—being lowest for children of U.S.-born Chinese and highest for children of mainland-born Chinese. In addition, we find that poverty among U.S.-born and Taiwan-born Chinese would have been even lower had their rates of divorce and cohabitation had been similar to those for mainland-born and Hong Kong-born Chinese.
Self-Consistent-Field Approximations in Disordered Alloys

The connection between Taylor's recent self-consistent calculations of phonon frequency spectra in disordered alloys and those of Davies and Langer in the usual self-consistent-field approximation is established. It is found that Taylor's results are equivalent to summing the same diagrams summed by Davies and Langer, but with proper compensation against multiple occupancy of sites by defects. The recently developed technique of Elliot, Aiyer, and Leath, which self-consistently adjusts the diagram rules to obtain proper compensation, is used. This method is quite general and clearly can be used for other self-consistent calculations is disordered alloys.
The role of immunomodulatory drugs in multiple myeloma

Thalidomide has shown promise in the treatment of newly diagnosed multiple myeloma and relapsed/refractory disease, but side effects such as somnolence, constipation, and neuropathy limit its use. CC-5013, an immunomodulatory drug (IMiD), is more potent than thalidomide. CC-5013 has various immunomodulatory effects, including growth arrest or apoptosis of drug-resistant myeloma cell lines and inhibition of binding of myeloma cells to bone marrow stromal cells. Clinically, 17 of 24 patients (71%) with relapsed/refractory disease experienced a reduction of paraprotein of > or = 25% following treatment with CC-5013, including 11 who had a history of treatment with thalidomide. Another two experienced stable disease. Median time to best response was 2 months (range, 1 to 11) and median duration was 6 months (range, 2 to 18). Grade 3 thrombocytopenia was seen in 20% of patients; grade 3 neutropenia was seen in 60%; and grade 4 neutropenia was seen in 16%. CC-5013 use was not associated with somnolence, constipation, or neuropathy. This article reviews thalidomide in multiple myeloma, the effects of thalidomide analogues IMiDs, and the preclinical and clinical data on CC-5013 in relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma.
Threatening the Patriarchy: Testing an Explanatory Paradigm of Anti-lesbian Attitudes

There has been relatively little research on heterosexuals’ attitudes toward lesbians that has utilized the considerable amount of feminist scholarship on the topic. The present study examined an explanatory paradigm derived from Pharr (Homophobia: A weapon of sexism, Chardon, Inverness, CA, USA, 1988) that considers defined norm, sexism, economic beliefs, and attitudes toward institutional violence to be associated with anti-lesbian attitudes. Using data from 365 heterosexual undergraduates from the Midwestern USA, the results of a structural equation modeling analysis found support for Pharr’s paradigm and suggest several directions for future research on anti-lesbian attitudes.
Selected properties of dental composites.

The traditional parameters used to evaluate dental composites in the laboratory have been working time, polymerization contraction, compressive, tensile, shear, and bond strength, resistance to indentation, water sorption and solubility, leakage, color stability by the 24-hour ultraviolet lamp test, and thermal coefficient of expansion. Other less well documented properties of composites are their modulus of elasticity, abrasive wear, wetting by water or saliva, and staining. It is the purpose of this paper to review the present state of knowledge of this latter set of properties and to attempt to interpret them with respect to the application of dental composite filling materials.
Intoxication with Angel's Trumpet: Anticholinergic Delirium and Hallucinosis

(1978). Intoxication with Angel's Trumpet: Anticholinergic Delirium and Hallucinosis. Journal of Psychedelic Drugs: Vol. 10, No. 3, pp. 251-253.
Intrinsic autotrophic biomass yield and productivity in algae: modeling spectral and mixing-rate dependence.

For non-inhibitory irradiances, the rate of algal biomass synthesis was modeled as the product of the algal autotrophic yield ΦDW and the flux of photons absorbed by the culture, as described using Beer-Lambert law. As a contrast to earlier attempts, the use of scatter-corrected extinction coefficients enabled the validation of such approach, which bypasses determination of photosynthesis-irradiance (PI) kinetic parameters. The broad misconception that PI curves, or the equivalent use of specific growth rate expressions independent of the biomass concentration, can be extended to adequately model biomass production under light-limitation is addressed. For inhibitory irradiances, a proposed mechanistic model, based on the photosynthetic units (PSU) concept, allows one to estimate a target speed νT across the photic zone in order to limit the flux of photons per cell to levels averting significant reductions in ΦDW. These modeled target speeds, on the order of 5–20 m s(1 for high outdoor irradiances, call for fundamental changes in reactor design to optimize biomass productivity. The presented analysis enables a straightforward bioreactor parameterization, which, in-turn, guides the establishment of conditions ensuring maximum productivity and complete nutrients consumption. Additionally, solar and fluorescent lighting spectra were used to calculate energy to photon-counts conversion factors.
Lesion morphology and coronary angioplasty: Current experience and analysis

From July 1, 1990 to February 28, 1991, 533 consecutive patients with 764 target vessels and 1,000 lesions underwent coronary angioplasty. Procedural success was achieved in 92.3%, untoward (major cardiac) events occurred in 3% (0.8% myocardial infarction, 1.3% emergency coronary bypass grafting and 0.9% both; there were no deaths). An unsuccessful uncomplicated outcome occurred in 4.7%. Lesion analysis using a modified American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association classification system showed that 8% were type A, 47.5% were type B and 44.5% were type C (36% of type B and 11% of type C were occlusions). Angioplasty success was achieved in 99% of type A, 92% of type B and 90% of type C lesions (A vs. B, p less than 0.05; B vs. C, p = NS; A vs. C, p less than 0.01). Untoward events occurred in 1.2% of type A, 1.9% of type B and 2% of type C lesions (p = NS). An unsuccessful uncomplicated outcome occurred in 0% of type A, 6% of type B and 7% of type C lesions (A vs. B, p less than 0.05; B vs. C, p = NS; A vs. C, p less than 0.05). Among the unsuccessful uncomplicated outcome group, occlusion occurred in 49%: 38% of type B and 59% of type C lesions. With B1 and B2 subtypes, success was obtained in 95% and 89.5% and untoward events occurred in 1.5% and 2.3% and an unsuccessful uncomplicated outcome in 3.7% and 8%, respectively. C1 and C2 subtyping showed success in 91% and 86%, untoward events in 1.3% and 6% and an unsuccessful uncomplicated outcome in 7.5% and 8.5%, respectively. Among the 764 vessels, success was obtained in 89.5% and untoward events occurred in 2.5% and an unsuccessful uncomplicated outcome in 8%. Assessment of lesion-vessel combinations showed a less favorable outcome with type C lesions and combinations of A-B, B-C and multiple (more than three lesions) type B and C vessels. Statistical analysis of morphologic factors associated with angioplasty success included absence of (old) occlusion (p less than 0.0001) and unprotected bifurcation lesion (p less than 0.001), decreasing lesion length (p less than 0.003) and no thrombus (p less than 0.03). The only significant factor associated with untoward events was the presence of thrombus (p less than 0.003). Predictors of an unsuccessful uncomplicated outcome included old occlusion (p less than 0.0001) and increasing lesion length (greater than 20 mm) (p less than 0.001), unprotected bifurcation lesion (p less than 0.05) and thrombus (p less than 0.03).
Is there any use for nontraditional or alternative therapies in patients with chronic liver disease

There has been a substantial increase in the use of so-called complementary and alternative therapies by patients with liver disease. Although many such modalities are available, herbal therapies are the most popular, and of these remedies, silymarin extracted from the milk thistle is most widely subscribed to as a remedy for liver diseases. Available evidence points to a potential, but unproven, benefit for this as well as other therapies based on free radical scavenger or antioxidant principles in treating patients with liver disease. These therapies deserve further investigation through experimental studies and well-controlled clinical trials. Benefits to patients from these therapies, especially to patients with established cirrhosis, are most likely to be modest and insignificant. Conversely, the hepatotoxic potential of some alternative treatments is well recognized. As practitioners educating and treating patients with liver disease, we are obliged to be informed about popular alternative therapies, understanding of our patients‘ need to be partners in their care, and open-minded to the possibility that some benefit may come from some therapies currently regarded as alternative. We need to be effective and tolerant in learning about which alternative treatments our patients are taking, so that we can monitor their effects if any and counsel appropriately against those that may cause harm.
Community–University Food Projects, Race, and Health Promotion

Diet-related conditions such as obesity, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, and hypertension disproportionately impact minority and low-income populations compared to their White and more affluent counterparts. In 2010, an estimated 18.7% of African Americans ages 20 and older suffered from diabetes verses 10.2% of the Whites (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2011). Community-based participatory research has been increasingly viewed as an effective approach to address disparities and improve nutrition outcomes in communities of color. To better understand the successes and challenges of such initiatives, this special issue highlights studies that critically analyze community–university projects related to nutrition education and food access that attempt to promote health in communities of color.
Neurodegeneration and Inflammation

Recent studies have demonstrated a strong link between neurodegeneration and chronic inflammation. The central nervous system (CNS) has very limited regenerative capacity. Neural cell death occurs by apoptosis and necrosis. Necrosis in the CNS usually follows ischemic or traumatic brain injury. Apoptosis is known as programmed cell death and often demonstrates histologic features of acute and chronic neurologic diseases. The innate immune response is protective to the CNS to defend against pathogens. Temporary up-regulation of inflammatory events is natural and does not lead to cell death. If this inflammatory process is up-regulated, neurodegenerative changes may occur. There has been a proven link between the inflammatory response, increased cytokine formation, and neurodegeneration. Both pharmaceutic and nutrition interventions for treating chronic neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease or multiple sclerosis, will be focused on reducing or terminating the chronic inflammatory response.
Complexities of Crisis Renewal Over Time: Learning from the Tainted Odwalla Apple Juice Case

This study examines the postcrisis experience of Odwalla, an organic juice and natural products company, following a 1996 E. coli outbreak. Specifically, the four consistent characteristics of renewal were observed in Odwalla's extended recovery process. These characteristics include: provisional as opposed to strategic, prospective rather than retrospective, capitalizing on the opportunities embedded in the crisis, and renewal as a leader-based communication form. The study identified Odwalla's initial success and the complexity-fraught extended recovery period that followed. Odwalla overcame these complexities with a consistent focus on renewal and an emphasis on the characteristics appropriate to meeting the extended recovery process' shifting demands.
Common mechanism for oncogenic activation of MLL by forkhead family proteins

The mixed lineage leukemia (MLL) gene undergoes fusions with a diverse set of genes as a consequence of chromosomal translocations in acute leukemias. Two of these partner genes code for members of the forkhead subfamily of transcription factors designated FKHRL1 and AFX. We demonstrate here that MLL-FKHRL1 enhances the self-renewal of murine myeloid progenitors in vitro and induces acute myeloid leukemias in syngeneic mice. The long latency (mean = 157 days), reduced penetrance, and hematologic features of the leukemias were very similar to those observed for the forkhead fusion protein MLL-AFX and contrasted with the more aggressive features of leukemias induced by MLL-AF10. Transformation mediated by MLL-forkhead fusion proteins required 2 conserved transcriptional effector domains (CR2 and CR3), each of which alone was not sufficient to activate MLL. A synthetic fusion of MLL with FKHR, a third mammalian forkhead family member that contains both effector domains, was also capable of transforming hematopoietic progenitors in vitro. A comparable requirement for 2 distinct transcriptional effector domains was also displayed by VP16, which required its proximal minimal transactivation domain (MTD/H1) and distal H2 domain to activate the oncogenic potential of MLL. The functional importance of CR2 was further demonstrated by its ability to substitute for H2 of VP16 in domain-swapping experiments to confer oncogenic activity on MLL. Our results, based on bona fide transcription factors as partners for MLL, unequivocally establish a transcriptional effector mechanism to activate its oncogenic potential and further support a role for fusion partners in determining pathologic features of the leukemia phenotype.
Metric compactifications of locally symmetric spaces

We introduce hyperbolic and asymptotic compactifications of metric spaces and apply them to locally symmetric spaces Γ\X. We show that the reductive Borel–Serre compactification is hyperbolic and, as a corollary, get a result of Borel, and Kobayashi–Ochiai that the Baily–Borel compactification is hyperbolic. We prove that the hyperbolic reduction of the toroidal compactifications is equal to and use it to derive a result of Kiernan–Kobayashi on extensions of holomorphic maps from Γ\ X to the compactification . We also show that the Tits compactification is an asymptotic compactification while the asymptotic reduction of both and is equal to the end compactification Γ\ X, and prove a conjecture of Siegel on some metric properties of Siegel sets.
Hydrodynamic theory of magnetoplasmons in a modulated two-dimensional electron gas

The dielectric response properties and the collective charge-density oscillations of a two-dimensional electron gas subject to both a perpendicular magnetic field and an in-plane superlattice potential are studied with use of a hydrodynamic theory of linear response. It is demonstrated that in addition to the usual principal magnetoplasmon, an additional branch in the collective spectrum develops as a result of the resonance drift of the cyclotron-orbit center in the crossed-field configuration, which leads to regular oscillations in 1/B of this mode frequency. Both one-dimensional and two-dimensional superlattice potentials are considered, and the respective dielectric tensors and magnetoplasma spectra are examined.
Assessment of newly synthesized mitochondrial DNA using BrdU labeling in primary neurons from Alzheimer's disease mice: Implications for impaired mitochondrial biogenesis and synaptic damage

The purpose of our study was to assess mitochondrial biogenesis and distribution in murine primary neurons. Using 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation and primary neurons, we studied the mitochondrial biogenesis and mitochondrial distribution in hippocampal neurons from amyloid beta precursor protein (AβPP) transgenic mice and wild-type (WT) neurons treated with oxidative stressors, rotenone and H(2)O(2). We found that after 20h of labeling, BrdU incorporation was specific to porin-positive mitochondria. The proportion of mitochondrial area labeled with BrdU was 40.3±6.3% at 20h. The number of mitochondria with newly synthesized DNA was higher in AβPP neuronal cell bodies than in the cell bodies of WT neurons (AβPP, 45.23±2.67 BrdU-positive/cell body; WT, 32.92±2.49 BrdU-positive/cell body; p=0.005). In neurites, the number of BrdU-positive mitochondria decreased in AβPP cultures compared to WT neurons (AβPP, 0.105±0.008 BrdU-positive/μm neurite; WT, 0.220±0.036 BrdU-positive/μm neurite; p=0.010). Further, BrdU in the cell body increased when neurons were treated with low doses of H(2)O(2) (49.6±2.7 BrdU-positive/cell body, p=0.0002 compared to untreated cells), while the neurites showed decreased BrdU staining (0.122±0.010 BrdU-positive/μm neurite, p=0.005 compared to the untreated). BrdU labeling was increased in the cell body under rotenone treatment. Additionally, under rotenone treatment, the content of BrdU labeling decreased in neurites. These findings suggest that Aβ and mitochondrial toxins enhance mitochondrial fragmentation in the cell body, and may cause impaired axonal transport of mitochondria leading to synaptic degeneration.
Effects of Monocrotaline Pyrrole on Cultured Rat Pulmonary Endothelium

Abstract Administration of monocrotaline pyrrole (MCTP), a putative toxic metabolite of the pyrrolizidine alkaloid, monocrotaline (MCT), results in delayed and progressive pneumotoxicity in the rat. It has been suggested that the lung injury caused by this compound may be initiated by an interaction between MCTP and cells of the pulmonary vasculature. A likely site for initial binding of this reactive electrophile is the pulmonary endothelium. MCTP causes direct toxicity to cultured bovine and porcine pulmonary artery endothelial cells (BECs and PECs, respectively), but there exist species differences both in whole-animal response to the parent alkaloid and in cellular response to direct application of MCTP. In this study, the changes in cultured rat pulmonary vascular endothelial cells (RECs) after a single administration of MCTP were characterized in order to compare these with changes previously identified in this species in vivo. Studies with RECs have also provided an additional model for examination of species-related differences in response to this toxicant. MCTP caused a delayed and progressive release of lactate dehydrogenase from REC monolayers. Progressive cell detachment was evident and remaining cells became enlarged, with morphologic changes comparable to those reported previously in BECs, including cytoplasmic vacuolization and nuclear enlargement. MCTP inhibited cell proliferation at concentrations of 0.05 μg MCTP/ml or greater, and DNA crosslinking was evident at 24 and 48 hr post-treatment. These results suggest that MCTP is directly toxic to cultured RECs, and the development of changes is reminiscent of that seen in the rat in vivo. The cytostatic nature of the compound, in combination with its cytolytic effect on RECs, could contribute to the development of pulmonary edema and other lung vascular changes seen in rats treated with MCT or MCTP.
A Robust Low Power Carbon Nanotube Sensor Interface Circuit in 180 nm CMOS Technology

The design and performance of a low-cost, energy-efficient carbon nanotube sensor interface circuit (SIC) is presented that is aimed at deployable/expendable applications with the sensor operating at ambient temperatures. The submicrometer SIC is designed and fabricated in CMOS 180-nm technology and consumes a maximum of 122 μW, including a decoder and voltage follower. The SIC achieves a measurement accuracy of 1.4% over a 2.5 kΩ to 25 MΩ dynamic range of sensor resistance. A critical issue associated with a submicrometer integrated circuit implementation is satisfactory performance of the SIC for fabrication process variations that range from the slow, to typical, to fast process corners and simultaneously meeting the requirement for the very large dynamic range for sensor resistances. A robust design considering the full range of potential process variations becomes more critical as feature size is reduced. The SIC design includes an added degree for freedom for counteracting process variations during post fabrication calibration. In addition, a new design procedure is outlined and implemented to permit an accurate and efficient first order design to ensure satisfactory performance for typical, fast, and slow model parameters. The first order design is verified by complete model simulation performance, and finally selected measured results are included for a fabricated circuit.
On the Dimensionality of Jones' (1986) Measures of Organizational Socialization Tactics

One of the most theoretically developed models of organizational socialization is Van Maanen and Schein's (1979) typology of six tactics. Jones' (1986) operationalization of these tactics has been used in most survey studies of the Van Maanen and Schein model. However, questions remain concerning the dimensionality of the operationalization. Self-report data from business school graduates after 4 months (n = 295) and 10 months (n = 222) on the job indicate that: (1) a 6-factor model better approximates the covariance matrix of the socialization items than do competing 1- and 3-factor models, (2) the 6-factor model better predicts certain work adjustment variables than the 3-factor model, and the 3-factor model better predicts certain variables than the 1-factor model, and (3) the collective, formal, sequential, fixed, serial, and investiture tactics are positively interrelated, suggesting a structured program of early work experience.
Evolution of a nervous system specific lactate dehydrogenase isozyme in fish

L-lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) exists as tetrameric isozymes in all vertebrates. The polypeptide subunits are encoded in at least two genetic loci, A and B. A third LDH locus, the E locus, is present only in fish. The distinctive E4 isozyme encoded by this locus is synthesized in the cells of the teleost nervous tissue, particularly in the photoreceptor cells. Electrophoretic and immunochemical procedures were employed to determine which orders of fish have representatives which contain this nervous system specific LDH isozyme. In addition to the 50 species of teleostean and non-teleostean fish examined, a compilation was made of other species reported to contain this enzyme. The LDH E gene function was not detected in Agnathans, Chondrichthyes, Dipnoans, Chondrosteans, and Holosteans. The LDH E gene appears to be restricted to the teleosts. However, some orders of teleosts, e.g., the Cypriniformes, contain many families which lack the E4 isozyme. The LDH E gene appears to have arisen from a duplication of the LDH B gene near the time of the adaptive radiation of the teleosts. The immunochemical analyses of the LDH isozymes from these fish indicate that the LDH A and B loci of non-teleostean fish have not diverged to the extent as these same loci in teleosts.
Short communication: Urban hydrology in a computer game?

An increased interest in coupled natural and human systems motivates the simulation of dynamic interactions between humans and their environment. Simulation games often include this capability suggesting their use as research and/or educational tools, but this requires a somewhat realistic representation of environmental processes. This paper reviews the hydrology in the simulation game SimCity 4. The components of the hydrologic cycle included in the game relate mainly to drinking water supply, treatment and distribution. Groundwater, the sole source of drinking water, is present in unlimited quantity, but becomes polluted as a result of agricultural and industrial land uses. Water treatment plants are included, but in a somewhat unrealistic manner, in that they rapidly clean up aquifers in situ. The drinking water distribution infrastructure consists of water towers, pumps and pipes, but again, they are included in a somewhat unrealistic manner. Water towers and pumps both extract groundwater and are differentiated solely by their capacity, power usage and cost (rather than function). Besides for entertainment, the game should be valuable for educational purposes in lower level undergraduate courses to illustrate that/how water supply affects a city and vice versa. The general game architecture is capable of a more realistic representation and inclusion of additional components of the urban hydrologic cycle, which are discussed.
Part‐of‐speech tagging

Presented here is a brief state-of-the-art account on part-of-speech (POS) tagging. POS tagging is an essential preprocessing task for many natural language processing goals and applications. Some POS tagging approaches make use of annotated corpora to train computational models to perform the task with minimal human intervention. Rule-based and stochastic methods have been successful, attaining accuracies of 96–97%. Representative approaches of these two methodologies are discussed. WIREs Comp Stat 2012, 4:107–113. doi: 10.1002/wics.195 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
The CD14 receptor does not mediate entry of Mycobacterium tuberculosis into human mononuclear phagocytes.

Prior reports have suggested that CD14 mediates uptake of Mycobacterium tuberculosis into porcine alveolar macrophages and human fetal microglia, but the contribution of CD14 to cell entry in human macrophages has not been studied. To address this question, we used flow cytometry to quantify uptake by human monocytes and alveolar macrophages of M. tuberculosis expressing green fluorescent protein. Neutralizing anti-CD14 antibodies did not affect bacillary uptake and the efficiency of bacillary entry was similar in THP-1 cells expressing low and high levels of CD14. However, most internalized bacteria were found in CD14+ but not in CD143 monocytes because M. tuberculosis infection upregulated CD14 expression. We conclude that: (1) CD14 does not mediate cellular entry by M. tuberculosis ; (2) M. tuberculosis infection upregulates CD14 expression on mononuclear phagocytes, and this may facilitate the pathogen’s capacity to modulate the immune response. > 2003 Federation of European Microbiological Societies. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Conjugated Linoleic Acid Reduces Lipid Oxidation in Aerobically Stored, Cooked Ground Beef Patties

: The effect of direct addition of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on lipid oxidation was studied. CLA and/or fat trim (4% by weight) were added to the lean trim (96%). Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) were determined on days 0, 3, and 7 for cooked or raw patties stored aerobically at 4 °C. Addition of CLA during the grinding process increased CLA isomers in both raw and cooked ground beef and decreased TBARS production (P 0.60).
Optimal synthesis of linear pulse-width-modulated computer-controlled systems

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to present a technique for optimal synthesis of linear control systems with pulse-width modulation. The criterion of system performance is a quadratic index, which is taken in an illustrative example to be the sum of the squares of the error at sampling instants for the case in which the input to the system is a step function. The technique, which is based on the state-variable concept and on dynamic programming, leads to the determination of a computer program for calculating the optimum sequence of signals to be applied to the input of the pulse-width modulator.
Flap outcomes when training residents in microvascular anastomosis in the head and neck.

Abstract Objective Microvascular anastomosis is generally performed by attending surgeons or fellows, with published success rates > 95%. Since otolaryngology residents do not typically perform microvascular anastomosis, it is unknown if they achieve similar results. The objective of this study is to determine the success rate and complication rate during free flap reconstruction when microvascular anastomosis is performed in part by otolaryngology chief residents. Study Design Multi-institutional retrospective review. Setting Academic, tertiary-care referral centers. Subjects and Methods Consecutive patients who underwent microvascular reconstruction by the Department of Otolaryngology from 2004 through 2011. All patients had > 50% of the arterial and venous anastomoses performed by the chief resident. Results The study included 93 consecutive free flaps in 88 patients: 43 radial forearm, 14 anterolateral thigh, and 36 fibula. There were 71 males and 22 females with mean age of 53. The pre-operative diagnosis was squamous cell carcinoma in 78%, with 27% of patients having previously received radiotherapy and 13% of patients having had previous neck surgery. There were no instances when resident-placed sutures required revision, nor was there a perceived need to revise such an anastomosis intraoperatively. Overall flap success rate was 97%. The anastomotic complication rate was 4.3%, with venous thrombosis in three cases and arterial hemorrhage in one case. Conclusion Overall free flap success rate and anastomosis-related complications with residents performing portions of the microvascular anastomosis are comparable to published studies. Otolaryngology chief residents can safely participate in microsuturing, which is a single facet in the broader skill set of a microvascular surgeon.
Distribution, survival and biological effects in mice of a behaviorally active, enzymatically stable peptide: pharmacokinetics of cyclo(Leu-Gly) and puromycin-induced amnesia.

Cyclo(Leu-Gly), the enzymatically resistant diketopiperazine formally derived from the C-terminal dipeptide sequence of oxytocin, exhibits activity in several behavioral systems. The distribution of cyclo(Leu-14C(U)Gly) in brain, and the time course of the disappearance of this labeled peptide from brain and plasma after subcutaneous injection into mice have been studied. The intact peptide was distributed equally in the five cerebral areas studied, for up to 96 hours after injection. Two exponential components were determined for peptide disappearance rates in plasma and brain; peptide half-lives in plasma up to 10 hr and from 24–96 hr after injection were, respectively, 0.8 and 33 hr; in brain, 1.0 and 42 hr. The peptide was found to accumulate in brain intracellular space to some degree. The time course of distribution of labeled cyclo(Leu-Gly) in subcellular fractions of mouse brain was also examined, and the concentration of peptide in the synaptosomal fraction was significantly correlated with the degree of protection against puromycin-induced amnesia of a maze-learning test. The results obtained not only confirm that cyclo(Leu-Gly) penetrates brain tissue intact and remains intact after peripheral administration in order to exert its behavioral effects, but, moreover, suggest an intriguing dynamic relationship between peptide concentration in the synaptosomal fraction and behavioral activity.
65Cu(p,pn)64Cu excitation function in the energy range 13–25 MeV☆

Abstract The excitation function for the 65Cu(p,pn)64Cu reaction from 13 to 25-MeV has been determined. Absolute cross sections were obtained by assaying the 1345·8-keV γ-ray of the 64Cu (12·7 hr) with calibrated Ge (Li)-spectrometers and by measuring beam intensities with a Faraday cup. The present results which have energy uncertainties of only ≈0·1 MeV extend the excitation function for this frequently used beam monitor reaction to energies where it was not well determined previously. The experimental excitation function is also compared with calculations based on a Monte Carlo intranuclear cascade-statistical evaporation model.
Syntheses of carbene and alkenyl derivatives of palladium. Solid-state structures of {(Me2NCS2) Pd(PEt3) [η1−C(N(CH3) C(CH3)3) CH3]}BPh4 and {(Me2NCS2)Pd(PEt3)[η1−C(NHC(CH3)3)CH3]}PF6 · Et2O

Abstract The reaction of tBuNC and (Me2NCS2)Pd(PEt3)CH3 yields Mc2NCS2)Pd(PEt3)[η1-C(NC(CH3)3)CH3]. Reaction of this amino acyl complex with [(CH3)3O]BF4 yields, after anion exchange, {(Me2NCS2)Pd(PEt3)[η1-C(N(CH3)C(CH3)C(CH3)3]}BPh4. An analogous reaction with NH4PF6 yields 2)Pd(PEt3)[η1-C(NHC(CH3)3)CGG3]}PF6. Both of these carbene complexes have been characterized crystallographically. Crystal data: Pd(PEt3)[η1C(N(CH3C(CH3]}BPH4 triclinic, P 1 a = 12.253(12) A b = 14.422(5) A c = 11.564(5) A, α = 97.38(3)°, β = 93.04(6)°, γ = 85.21(5)°, V= 2018 A 3 , Z = 2, T = 298 K , R(F) = 7.6%; {(Me 2 NCS 2 )Pd(PEt 3 )[η 1 C(NHC(CH 3 ) 3 · Et 2 O triclinic , P 1 , a = 12.844(2) A b = 15.247(2) A , c = 8.312(2) A , α = 105.60(1)°, β = 101.67(2)°, γ = 90.20(1)°, V = 1533 A 3 , Z = 2, T = 298 K, R(F) = 5.4% . In both complexes the overall coordination geometry is approximately planar about both the palladium atom and carbene carbon atom, and these two planes are perpendicular. Reaction of Pd(PEt3[η1C(N(N(CH3)C(CH3) with LiCH3 results in deprotonation at the β-carbon yielding Pd(PEt3)[η1-C(N(CH3)C(CH and this reaction is reversed with HBF4 · Et2O. The reaction of LiC(OCH2CH3-CH2 with (Me2NCS2)Pd(PEt3)Cl yields (Me2NCS2)Pd(PEt3)[η1C(OCH2CH3)CH2]. This alkenyl complex reacts with BH3 in ethanol to yield S2)Pd(PEt3)[η1CH(OCH2CH CS2)Pd(PEt3)[η1-C(OCH2CH also forms in the reaction of (Me2NCS2)Pd(PEt3)H and HCq along with both geometric isomers of S2)Pd(PEt3[η1CHCH(OCGH2CH3,Reaction of phenylacetylene and (Me2NCS2)Pd (PEt3)H yields mainly dNCS2)Pd(PEt3{η1C(PH)C with small amounts of one of the other regioisomers present.
Categories and resemblance

Many theories of concepts link categorizing to similarity. If a new instance is sufficiently similar to category members, then the instance is likely to be a member itself. However, judged similarity are judged category likelihood sometimes diverge. In these studies, we describe frequency distributions for categories that vary along a single dimension, and ask Ss to rate the similarity, typicality, or category likelihood of instances along this continuum. The average ratings exhibit distinct patterns, with category likelihood depending on the instance's frequency and with similarity depending on distance from the instance to the center of the distribution. Typicality ratings show effects of both frequency and distance. These differences occur for bimodal distributions (Experiments 1 and 2) and for unimodal ones (Experiment 3). They appear both when we present the distributions as histograms and when we imply them in descriptions. We argue that similarity-based models of categorizing are incomplete and may apply mainly to situations in which more definitive information is unavailable.
Correlates of sexual dimorphism in primates: Ecological and size variables

The effects of a series of ecological and size factors on the degree of sexual dimorphism in body weight and canine size were studied among subsets of 70 primate species. Variation in body-weight dimorphism can be almost entirely attributed to body weight (83% of variance R2 of weight dimorphism). Much smaller amounts of the variation can be attributed to mating system (R2 =6.8%,polygynous species being more dimorphic than monogamous ones) and diet (R2 = 2.5%,frugivorous species being more dimorphic than folivorous ones). Habitat (arboreal vs. terrestrial) and activity rhythm (nocturnal vs. diurnal) have only an indirect effect on weight dimorphism. Variation in canine-size dimorphism can be explained in terms of canine size (R2 =49%),activity rhythm (R2 = 20%,diurnal species being more dimorphic than nocturnal ones), and mating system (R2 = 10%).Habitat and diet do not play a significant role in canine-size dimorphism. The unexpectedly high contribution of size to sexual dimorphism coupled with the observation of increased sexual dimorphism with increased size leads us to formulate a new selection model for the evolution of sexual dimorphism. We suggest that if there is selection for size increase, whatever its cause, directional selection in both males and females will lead to an increase in sexual dimorphism based on differences in genetic variance between the sexes. Sexual selection, resource division between the sexes, or lopsided reproductive selection need not play a role in such a model.
COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF PATTERN RECOGNITION TECHNIQUES FOR DETECTION OF MICROCALCIFICATIONS IN MAMMOGRAPHY

Computer-assisted detection of microcalcifications in mammographic images will likely require a multistage algorithm that includes segmentation of possible microcalcifications, pattern recognition techniques to classify the segmented objects, a method to determine if a cluster of calcifications exists, and possibly a method to determine the probability of malignancy. This paper focuses on the first three of these stages, and especially on the classification of segmented local bright spots as either calcification or noncalcification. Seven classifiers (linear and quadratic classifiers, binary decision trees, a standard backpropagation network, 2 dynamic neural networks, and a K-nearest neighbor) are compared. In addition, a postprocessing step is performed on objects identified as calcifications by the classifiers to determine if any clusters of microcalcifications exist. A database of digitized film mammograms is used for training and testing. Detection accuracy of individual and clustered microcalcificat...
Mutational Studies on Conserved Histidine Residues in the Chlorophyll‐Binding Protein CP43 of Photosystem II

Two chlorophyll-binding antenna proteins in the photosystem II core, CP43 and CP47, are structurally similar and are thought to have evolved from a common ancestor. Several conserved histidine residues in hydrophobic regions of CP47 have been shown to be important for photosystem II structure, function, and energy transfer. The purpose of this study was to determine whether similarly located histidine residues in CP43 function in a similar way. Three conserved histidine residues in presumed membrane-spanning regions of CP43, His40, His105, and His119, were mutated to glutamine (Q) and tyrosine (Y). The strains H105Q, H119Q, and H119Y were photoautotrophs whereas H40Q, H40Y, and H105Y were obligate photoheterotrophs. The H40Y and H105Y strains lacked detectable amounts of photosystem II reaction centers and hence could not evolve oxygen whereas H40Q retained a significant amount of photosystem II and oxygen evolution capacity. The observation that mutation of histidine residues to tyrosine has more drastic effects than mutation of these residues to glutamine is in agreement with results obtained for CP47 and suggests the involvement of these residues in chlorophyll binding. The drastic functional changes observed upon mutating His40 and His105 of CP43 are similar to those observed when mutating the corresponding histidine residues in CP47, thus suggesting that the similarity between CP43 and CP47 extends to the relative importance of functionally relevant residues. Interestingly, the His40-->Gln mutation in CP43 had significant effects on photosystem II electron transfer in that it affected the thermodynamics of Q(A)- oxidation by Q(B) and increased the charge recombination rate between Q(A)- and donor side components. This indicates that relatively minor changes in CP43 can significantly impact the properties of the photosystem II reaction center. The implications of this finding are discussed.
Finitely based theories

A stable theory is finitely based if every set of indiscernibles is based on a finite subset. This is a common generalization of superstability and 1-basedness. We show that if such theories have more than one model they must have infinitely many, and prove some other conjectures.
Nicotine Addiction in Young People

Although the epidemic of disease and death from smoking is played out in adulthood, it begins in childhood. Every day another 3000 young people become regular smokers.1 A person who has not started...
Novel drugs for Parkinson's disease.

Therapeutic interventions can be divided into four broad classes: symptomatic treatments, which simply reduce or mask signs and symptoms; protective therapies, which retard or halt the underlying pathologic processes; curative strategies, in which normal tissue function is restored; and preventive interventions, in which causative risk factors are identified and eliminated. These four types of interventions are intentionally listed in this order, starting with the most fundamental to the most advanced. Symptomatic remedies represent the minimum in therapeutic success, whereas disease prevention is the therapeutic ideal. The article reviews ongoing efforts to perfect or develop new treatment strategies for Parkinson's disease (PD) within each class.