cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Febrile Exanthems of Childhood

Although the vast majority of viral infections are not definitively diagnosed, there are many febrile exanthems of childhood that are identifiable by the association of their prominent features. Early classifications of febrile exanthems of childhood included measles, scarlet fever, rubella, erythema infectiosum, and roseola. Other exanthems include hand, foot, and mouth disease caused by coxsackievirus and chickenpox caused by varicella. Each illness has a distinctive rash and typical febrile course. Although most of these childhood illnesses result in self-limiting and benign outcomes, all can cause significant discomfort and parental concern. More importantly, some infections may lead to significant illness requiring extensive evaluation and hospitalization. Other infections may have sequelae with significant morbidity such as soft tissue infection following varicella infection or congenital rubella infection. Learning the clinical presentations will be valuable in developing differential diagnoses, planning laboratory evaluations, and predicting the clinical course of these childhood febrile exanthems.
Frailty and geriatric conditions in older patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.

Abstract Background Functional status, an important predictor of health outcomes in older patients, has not been studied in an IPF population. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of frailty and geriatric conditions in older patients with IPF. Methods IPF patients age ≥65 years were identified prospectively at the University of Michigan. Frailty was assessed using the Fried frailty phenotype. Questionnaires addressing functional status, geriatric conditions and symptoms were administered. Quantitative measurement of pectoralis muscle area was performed. Patient variables were compared among different frailty groups. Results Of the 50 participants, 48% were found to be frail and 40% had ≥2 geriatric conditions. Frailty was associated with increased age, lower lung function, shorter 6-min walk distance, higher symptom scores and a greater number of comorbidities, geriatric conditions and functional limitations (p Conclusions Frailty and geriatric conditions are common in older patients with IPF. The presence of frailty was associated with objective (diffusion capacity) and subjective (self-reported fatigue score) data. Longitudinal evaluation is necessary to determine impact of frailty on disease-related outcomes in IPF.
Effects of Super Nutritional Hepatic Copper Accumulation on Hepatocyte Health and Oxidative Stress in Dairy Cows

Concerns regarding excessive hepatic copper concentrations in dairy cows have increased. The objective of this study was to determine the association of hepatic copper concentrations with evidence of liver disease. Blood and liver samples were collected at the time of slaughter in cull dairy cows (n=100). Liver samples were analyzed for copper using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and crude fat using liquid-liquid extraction and gravimetry. Serum samples were analyzed for glutamate dehydrogenase, γ-glutamyltransferase, sorbitol dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase activities, and bile acid concentrations. Liver samples were examined histologically for inflammation, fibrosis, and rhodanine staining. Animals were stratified by hepatic copper concentration and samples in the highest and lowest quintiles (Q5 and Q1) were evaluated for oxidative stress. Systemic indices of oxidative stress included serum reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) and total antioxidant potential (AOP). Tissue-level oxidative stress was assessed by immunohistochemistry using 4-hydroxynonenal (4HNE) and 3-nitrotyrosine (3NIT) stains to score the relative abundance and distribution of oxidized lipid and protein products, respectively. Mean hepatic copper concentration was 496.83 μg/g and median 469.72 μg/g and ranged from 70.56 to 1264.27 μg/g dry tissue. No association was found between hepatic copper concentrations and clinicopathological or histological evidence of hepatic damage or dysfunction. There was a significant increase in the amount of IHC staining of 4HNE and 3NIT in Q5 compared with Q1. Moreover, the IHC staining mirrored the distribution of the copper-specific stain rhodanine. These results demonstrate that cows with elevated hepatic copper concentrations had no evidence of active liver disease but had increased hepatic oxidative stress.
An approach to total synthesis of the cylindricine B pyridoquinoline subclass of tricyclic marine ascidian alkaloids

Abstract Employing an intramolecular N -acylketiminium ion/olefin hetero Diels–Alder reaction, and a ring closing metathesis of a vinyl chloride as pivotal steps, it is possible to directly access the pyridoquinoline tricyclic ring system of the marine alkaloids cylindrines B and J.
The Supreme Court's New Vision of Federal Habeas Corpus for State Prisoners

If our nation's bifurcated judicial system is to be retained, as I am sure it will be, it is clear that we should strive to make both the federal and the state systems strong, independent, and viable. State courts will undoubtedly continue in the future to litigate federal constitutional questions. State judges in assuming office take an oath to support the federal as well as the state constitution. State judges do in fact rise to the occasion when given the responsibility and opportunity to do so. It is a step in the right direction to defer to the state courts and give finality to their judgments on federal constitutional questions where a full and fair adjudication has been given in the state court.
Interconnections in Environmental Sustainability: Water and Energy

The interconnection between water and energy is among the most important themes of sustainability. Water helps to produce energy through hydroelectric power and wave and tidal energy. In addition, water is integral to the extraction of traditional energy sources such as coal, oil, natural gas, and tar sands. Energy production also impacts water quality. There are many examples of oil spills, such as the Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico, that have negatively impacted aquatic environments or groundwater. Three case studies are presented that demonstrate the linkages: Aswan High Dam in Egypt, the oil and gas industry in Venezuela, and desalination in Tampa Bay, Florida.
Sensitivity of smooth Salmonella cholerae-suis var kunzendorf to killing by porcine polymorphonuclear neutrophils and its relation to mouse virulence

Abstract Twenty-two selected strains of Salmonella cholerae-suis var kunzendorf were evaluated for their in vitro susceptibility to the actions of porcine peripheral blood polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMWs) and/or antibody (Ab). Strains were divided into 2 groups based on their previously reported sensitivity or resistance to antibody-complement (Ab-C) lysis. Strains resistant to Ab-C lysis resisted killing by PMNs to a greater extent than strains susceptible to Ab-C lysis. In the absence of PMNs, dilute Ab alone enhanced the growth of the Ab-C sensitive strains over that of the Ab-C resistant strains. Each of the strains was also injected intraperitoneally into a group of 5 mice. Four strains were totally avirulent for mice and the other 18 strains had a mean time to death of 5.1 ± 1.8 d. PMNs killed bacteria in both the virulent and avirulent groups but no significant differences were observed. Antibody alone had a stimulating effect on the virulent strains but no effect on the avirulent strains. The difference between these groups was highly significant P=.005.
Back to the Future: Richardson’s Multilateral Arms Race Model

Lewis Fry Richardson was a groundbreaking scholar, not only in modern meteorology but also in world affairs. His two major books, both published posthumously in 1960, were harbingers for what was to follow in scholarly international relations. In one, he collected wide-ranging, detailed quantitative information on disaggregated conflict processes in a variety of historical contexts. In the other, he showed two basic innovations for the social sciences: (a) the power of mathematics for understanding complex social systems and (b) the importance of understanding the interdependence of things that are typically studied separately. That latter insight is the focus of this chapter wherein I show that the Richardsonian insight on coupled behaviors leads to a network perspective on social interactions at the global scale. We call these coupled interactions networks. I trace the development of Richardson’s thinking about coupled phenomena to the development of network thinking in the social sciences. I conclude with some recommendations for the arms race research program as applied to the current era.
Sparse Network Modeling

There have been many attempts to identify high-dimensional network features via multivariate approaches. Specifically, when the number of voxels or nodes, denoted as p, are substantially larger than the number of images, denoted as n, it produces an under-determined model with infinitely many possible solutions. The small-n large-p problem is often remedied by regularizing the under-determined system with additional sparse penalties. Popular sparse network models include sparse correlations, LASSO, sparse canonical correlations and graphical-LASSO. These popular sparse models require optimizing L1-norm penalties, which has been the major computational bottleneck for solving large-scale problems. Thus, many existing sparse brain network models in brain imaging have been restricted to a few hundreds nodes or less. 2527 MRI features used in a LASSO model for Alzheimer's disease is probably the largest number of features used in any sparse model in the brain imaging literature.
Predators and rainfall control spatial biogeochemistry in a landscape of fear.

Scientists have long pondered what the world might have been like during the geological epochs immediately predating the late Pleistocene extinction events, when very large, wild mammals occupied almost every ecosystem on Earth (1⇓⇓–4). By piecing together whatever evidence can be gathered from the fossil record, it is speculated that these megasized species (i.e., species with body masses ranging from as small as tens of kilograms to as large as thousands of kilograms) had profound impacts on ecosystems worldwide. It is thought that, through their foraging and trampling, these herbivores determined the relative abundance of different vegetation types (e.g., woody vs. grassland) across landscapes; through selective feeding, they mediated competition among plant species within vegetation types; and through their behavior (habitat selection and migration) and physiology, they spatially redistributed plant-derived nutrients such as nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P), thereby having an important hand in shaping the spatial patterning of biogeochemical properties across landscapes (4⇓–6). It is further speculated that the nature and degree of impact depended on the interplay between herbivore body size and biophysical aspects of ecosystems such as soil fertility and amounts of rainfall (5). If only there was a way to experimentally test some of these speculations. In PNAS, le Roux et al. (7) report on a study that does just that, but with an interesting twist. The study takes advantage of the fact that relic assemblages of large, wild mammalian herbivores, resembling the size range found during the Pleistocene, currently exist within protected areas in African savanna ecosystems (5). Such places offer great testbeds to conduct landscape-scale experiments along soil nutrient and rainfall gradients in order to measure the singular and combined effects of different-sized wild herbivores on the vegetation structure and functioning of ecosystems (5, 8). The … [↵][1]1Email: oswald.schmitz{at}yale.edu. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
Preliminary Computed Tomography Radiomics Model for Predicting Pretreatment CD8+ T-Cell Infiltration Status for Primary Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma.

Purpose Immunotherapy has emerged as a treatment option for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), with tumor response being linked to the CD8+ T-cell inflammation. The purpose of this study is to assess whether computed tomography (CT) radiomic analysis can predict CD8+ T-cell enrichment in HNSCC primary tumors. Methods This retrospective study included 71 patients from a head and neck cancer genomics cohort with CD8+ T-cell enrichment status. Pretreatment contrast-enhanced neck CT scans were retrospectively reviewed using 3D Slicer for primary lesion segmentation.The SlicerRadiomics extension was used to extract 107 radiomic features. Ridge regression and lasso regression were applied for feature selection and model construction. Results Lasso regression defined Coarseness as the most important variable, followed by SmallDependenceEmphasis, SmallAreaLowGrayLevelEmphasis, Contrast.1, and Correlation.Ridge regression defined Coarseness as the most important variable, followed by SmallDependenceLowGrayLevelEmphasis, Contrast.1, DependenceNonUniformityNormalized, and Idmn. These variables identified by lasso and ridge regressions were used to create a combined logistic regression model. The area under the curve (AUC) for the lasso-generated model was 0.786 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.532-1.000), and the AUC for the ridge-generated model was 0.786 (95% CI, 0.544-1.000). Combining the radiomic variables identified by lasso and ridge regressions with clinical characteristics including alcohol use, tobacco use, anatomic site, and initial T stage produced a model with an AUC of 0.898 (95% CI, 0.731-1.000). Conclusions T-cell inflammation status of HNSCC primary tumors can be predicted using radiomic analysis of CT imaging and thereby help identify patients who would respond well to immunotherapy.
Female Genital Tract

This chapter reviews ultrasound techniques for evaluating the pediatric female genital tract. The normal appearance of the uterus and ovaries at different ages and stages of maturation is reviewed. Congenital abnormalities are discussed, including mullerian anomalies and disorders of sex development. An overview of adnexal, uterine, cervical, and vaginal pathology is provided with an emphasis on ultrasound features.
Risk Factors for Surgical Site Infections in Knee and Hip Arthroplasty Patients.

We performed a retrospective cohort study to identify risk factors for surgical site infection (SSI) in patients with hip and knee arthroplasty in a high-volume orthopedic center with low overall SSI rates. Active smoking and revision arthroplasty both increased the risk for SSI. Former smokers were seen to have a lower SSI risk, demonstrating a potential benefit in implementing mandated smoking secession programs.
From Macro to Meso and Nano Material Failure. Quantized Cohesive Model for Fractal Cracks

A discretization procedure for the cohesive model of a fractal crack requires that all pertinent entities describing the influence of the cohesive stress that restrains opening of the crack, such as effective stress intensity factor, the modulus of cohesion, extent of the end zone and the opening displacement within the high-strain region adjacent to the crack tip are re-visited and replaced by certain averages over a finite length referred to as either “unit step growth” or “fracture quantum”. Thus, two novel aspects of the model enter the theory: (1) degree of fractality related to the roughness of the newly created surface, and (2) discrete nature of the propagating crack. Both variables are shown to increase the equilibrium length of the cohesive zone. At the point of incipient fracture this length becomes the characteristic material length parameter Lc.
Generating balanced classifier-independent training samples from unlabeled data

We consider the problem of generating balanced training samples from an unlabeled data set with an unknown class distribution. While random sampling works well when the data is balanced, it is very ineffective for unbalanced data. Other approaches, such as active learning and cost-sensitive learning, are also suboptimal as they are classifier-dependent, and require misclassification costs and labeled samples. We propose a new strategy for generating training samples which is independent of the underlying class distribution of the data and the classifier that will be trained using the labeled data. Our methods are iterative and can be seen as variants of active learning, where we use semi-supervised clustering at each iteration to perform biased sampling from the clusters. Several strategies are provided to estimate the underlying class distributions in the clusters and increase the balancedness in the training samples. Experiments with both highly skewed and balanced data from the UCI repository and a private data show that our algorithm produces much more balanced samples than random sampling or uncertainty sampling. Further, our sampling strategy is substantially more efficient than active learning methods. The experiments also validate that, with more balanced training data, classifiers trained with our samples outperform classifiers trained with random sampling or active learning.
Efficiency of asynchronous systems that communicate asynchronously

A parallel composition is introduced that combines nets (regarded as system components) by merging so-called interface places; the novel feature is a flexible typing of these places, which formulates assumptions a component makes about its environment. Based on a testing scenario, a faster-than relation is defined and shown to support modular construction, since it is a precongruence for parallel composition, hiding and renaming. The faster-than relation is characterized without reference to tests, and this characterization is used to compare the temporal effciency of some examples.
Malignant Phonic Tics

Phonic tics are typically associated with motor tics and the combination usually suggests the diagnosis of Tourette syndrome. Although phonic tics are often mild, in some cases they may be severe and disabling. In addition to causing vocal cord and throat irritation, coprolalia can be socially isolating and lead to adversarial and even legal difficulties for the affected individual. When such “malignant phonic tics” fail to improve with anti-dopaminergic drugs, botulinum toxin treatment or even deep brain stimulation may be required.
EEG signatures associated with stopping are sensitive to preparation.

Preparing to stop may “prime” the neural mechanism for stopping and alter brain activity at the time of stopping. Much electroencephalography (EEG) research has studied the N2/P3 complex over frontocentral electrodes during outright stopping. Here, we used differential reward of the stop and go processes in a stop signal task to study the sensitivity of these EEG components to preparation. We found that (a) stopping was faster when it was rewarded; (b) the P3 amplitude was larger for successful versus failed stopping, and this difference was greater when stopping was rewarded over going; (c) the N2 component was observed only on failed stop trials; and (d) there was greater EEG coherence between frontocentral and occipitoparietal electrodes at 12 Hz during the initiation of a go response when stopping was rewarded over going. We propose that frontocentral cortical mechanisms active before and at the time of stopping are sensitive to preparation.
Gisèle d’Estoc: Portraits of a decadent woman

A quarrel in the pages of the literary review Le Decadent in 1888 recalls the often belligerent existence of Gisele d'Estoc, a shadowy figure who stalks the margins of the decadent period and whose life beyond the pages of specialized reviews has long presented something of a mystery. Who was she, and what did she look like? The first question proves the easiest to answer. Tied intimately - by love, by hatred, or by both - to numerous figures of the French decadent movement (Leo Pillard d'Arkai, Laurent Tailhade, Rachilde), d'Estoc's real name was Marie-Paul Alice Courbe Desbarres. In addition to being the lover of Guy de Maupassant, and of being accused of planting a bomb at the Foyot Restaurant, d'Estoc had an independent career as an artist before launching her literary career in the 1880s. It proves more difficult to know what she looked like, even though she was often represented in paintings, drawings, and photographs. This article analyses some of these representations in order to understand why it is sometimes so difficult to see the decadent woman even when she emerges from the shadows of literary history.
Metabolism in rats of selenium from intrinsically and extrinsically labeled isolated soy protein.

Absorption, retention and tissue accumulation by rats of /sup 75/Se from intrinsically labeled isolated soy protein were compared with utilization of /sup 75/Se from the extrinsic sources of (/sup 75/Se)selenite, (/sup 75/Se)selenate or (/sup 75/Se)selenomethionine. Extrinsic sources of selenium were given by gavage or mixed with isolated soy protein. There were no differences in absorption and retention of /sup 75/Se from intrinsically labeled soy diet compared to the three extrinsically labeled soy diets. Of the three extrinsic sources tested, /sup 75/Se from selenate was better absorbed than from selenite or selenomethionine when incorporated into a soy diet. Absorption of /sup 75/Se was significantly lower when given to animals in gavage solution than when mixed with soy diets. After a 14-d test period, retention of /sup 75/Se was the same for all four soy diet groups. In gavaged groups, /sup 75/Se from selenomethionine was retained to a greater extent than /sup 75/Se from selenite. The liver, testes and kidney accumulated more /sup 75/Se from the test meal than did the blood and lungs. In the testes more /sup 75/Se from selenite and selenate was accumulated than from selenomethionine-labeled diets. Selenium absorption from the soy isolate source was very high (86-96%), indicatingmore » that, although soy does not normally contain high levels of selenium, the selenium present is well absorbed from this plant source.« less
Impact of attention biases to threat and effortful control on individual variations in negative affect and social withdrawal in very young children

Early temperamental sensitivity may form the basis for the later development of socioemotional maladjustment. In particular, temperamental negative affect places children at risk for the development of anxiety. However, not all children who show negative affect go on to develop anxiety or extreme social withdrawal. Recent research indicates that reactive control, in the form of attention to threat, may serve as a bridge between early temperament and the development of later social difficulties. In addition, variation in effortful control may also modulate this trajectory. Children (mean age=5.57 years) were assessed for attention bias to threatening and pleasant faces using a dot-probe paradigm. Attention bias to threatening (but not happy) faces moderated the direct positive relation between negative affect and social withdrawal. Children with threat biases showed a significant link between negative affect and social withdrawal, whereas children who avoided threat did not. In contrast, effortful control did not moderate the relation between negative affect and social withdrawal. Rather, there was a direct negative relation between effortful control and social withdrawal. The findings from this short report indicate that the relations among temperament, attention bias, and social withdrawal appears early in life and point to early emerging specificity in reactive and regulatory functioning.
Array Distribution in Data-Parallel Programs

We consider distribution at compile time of the array data in a distributed-memory implementation of a data-parallel program written in a language like Fortran 90. We allow dynamic redistribution of data and define a heuristic algorithmic framework that chooses distribution parameters to minimize an estimate of program completion time. We represent the program as an alignment-distribution graph. We propose a divide-and-conquer algorithm for distribution that initially assigns a common distribution to each node of the graph and successively refines this assignment, taking computation, realignment, and redistribution costs into account. We explain how to estimate the effect of distribution on computation cost and how to choose a candidate set of distributions. We present the results of an implementation of our algorithms on several test problems.
Isolation of TAO1, a Protein Kinase That Activates MEKs in Stress-activated Protein Kinase Cascades *

Several components of the budding yeast pheromone-response pathway are conserved in mammalian mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase pathways. Thus, we used degenerate oligonucleotides derived from the sequence of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae protein kinase Ste20p to amplify related sequences from the rat. One of these sequences was used to clone a rat Ste20p homolog, which we called TAO1 for its one thousand and one amino acids. Northern analysis shows TAO1 is highly expressed in brain, as is a homolog TAO2. Recombinant TAO1 was expressed and purified from Sf9 cells. In vitro, it activated MAP/extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK) kinases (MEKs) 3, 4, and 6 of the stress-responsive MAP kinase pathways, but not MEK1 or 2 of the classical MAP kinase pathway. TAO1 activated MEK3 but not MEK4 or MEK6 in transfected cells. MEK3 coimmunoprecipitated with TAO1 when they were expressed in 293 cells. In addition, immunoreactive MEK3 endogenous to Sf9 cells copurified with TAO1 produced from a recombinant baculovirus. The activation of and binding to MEK3 by TAO1 implicates TAO1 in the regulation of the p38-containing stress-responsive MAP kinase pathway.
Liquid Desiccant Solvent Extraction of Alumina-Filled Thermoreversible Gels

A liquid desiccant solvent extraction technique is introduced to significantly reduce the amount of warping during drying in thermoreversibly gelcast alumina samples by eliminating capillary stresses during the initial solvent removal stage. This process is combined with a secondary drying step in a vacuum oven with an in-line solvent trap, allowing for the complete recovery of the alcohol solvent used in producing gels. Optimal concentrations and immersion times for poly(tert-butyl acrylate)-based and water-based liquid desiccants are determined, along with the osmotic stresses and equilibrium solvent concentrations of gels immersed in these desiccants. Solvent loss during the liquid desiccant solvent extraction step, volumetric shrinkage during drying and sintering, and sintered porosity are measured. It is determined that a ~10 wt% poly(tert-butyl acrylate)/90 wt% isopropyl alcohol liquid desiccant is optimal.
Insurance and education predict long-term survival after orthotopic heart transplantation in the United States

Background Insurance status and education are known to affect health outcomes. However, their importance in orthotopic heart transplantation (OHT) is unknown. The United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) database provides a large cohort of OHT recipients in which to evaluate the effect of insurance and education on survival. Methods UNOS data were retrospectively reviewed to identify adult primary OHT recipients (1997 to 2008). Patients were stratified by insurance at the time of transplantation (private/self-pay, Medicare, Medicaid, and other) and college education. All-cause mortality was examined using multivariable Cox proportional hazard regression incorporating 15 variables. Survival was modeled using the Kaplan-Meier method. Results Insurance for 20,676 patients was distributed as follows: private insurance/self-pay, 12,298 (59.5%); Medicare, 5,227 (25.3%); Medicaid, 2,320 (11.2%); and "other" insurance, 831 (4.0%). Educational levels were recorded for 15,735 patients (76.1% of cohort): 7,738 (49.2%) had a college degree. During 53 ± 41 months of follow-up, 6,125 patients (29.6%) died (6.7 deaths/100 patient-years). Survival differed by insurance and education. Medicare and Medicaid patients had 8.6% and 10.0% lower 10-year survival, respectively, than private/self-pay patients. College-educated patients had 7.0% higher 10-year survival. On multivariable analysis, college education decreased mortality risk by 11%. Medicare and Medicaid increased mortality risk by 18% and 33%, respectively (p ≤ 0.001). Conclusions Our study examining insurance and education in a large cohort of OHT patients found that long-term mortality after OHT is higher in Medicare/Medicaid patients and in those without a college education. This study points to potential differences in the care of OHT patients based on education and insurance status.
Visualizing Rectangular Solids Made of Small Cubes: Analyzing and Effecting Students' Performance.

This study presents evidence which suggests that students in grades 5 through 8 have difficulty relating isometric type drawings to the rectangular solids they represent. Items of the sort “How many cubes does it take to build a given (pictorially presented) rectangular solid” were used. The errors made by students were analyzed and the effect of instruction in spatial visualization activities on the performance of middle school students was assessed. The findings were examined relative to their practical teaching implications.
Non-functional conserved residues in globins and their possible role as a folding nucleus.

Abstract Structure-based sequence alignment of 728 sequences of different globin subfamilies shows that in each subfamily there are two clusters of consensually conserved residues. The first is the well-known “functional” cluster which includes six heme-binding conserved residues (Phe CD1, His F8; aliphatic E11, FG5; hydrophobic F4, G5) and seven other conserved residues (Pro C2; aliphatic H19; hydrophobic B10, B13, B14, CD4, E4) that do not bind the heme but belong to its immediate neighborhood. The second cluster revealed here (aliphatic A8, G16, G12; aromatic A12; hydrophobic H8 and possibly H12) is distant from the heme. It is entirely non-polar and includes one turn ( i , i + 4 positions) from each of helices A, G, and H. It is known that A, G, and H helices formed at the earliest stage of apomyoglobin folding remain relatively stable in the equilibrium molten globule state, and are likely to be tightly packed with each other in this state. We have shown the existence of two similar conserved clusters in c -type cytochromes, heme-binding and distal from the heme. The second cluster in c -cytochromes includes one turn from each of the N and C-terminal α-helices. These N and C-terminal helices in cytochrome c are formed at the earliest stage of protein folding, remain relatively stable in the molten globule state, and are tightly packed with each other in this state, similar to the observed behavior of the globins. At least these two large protein families ( c -type cytochromes and globins) have a close similarity in the existence and mutual positions of non-functional conserved residues. We assume that non-functional conserved residues are requisite for the fast and correct folding of both of these protein families into their stable 3D structures.
Lower bounds for commutative radical Banach algebras

Abstract One says a commutative radical Banach algebra A has a lower bound if there is a lower growth condition on ∥x n ∥ 1 n for all nonzero elements x in A . If A is a separable algebra we give necessary and sufficient conditions for A to possess a lower bound.
Computers and the occupational therapy administrator - 1985

Administrators have a unique and two-dimensional role in regard to the use of computers in occupational therapy. First, they must understand and advocate for appropriate purchase, accessibility, and application of computers for their overall occupational therapy program. Secondly, they must be adept in using the organizational computer data base and microcomputers in their administrative duties. To assist in the decision-making process for the occupational therapy administrator who feels foreign to computer systems and their functions, this paper identifies the administrative requirements of "computerizing" an occupational therapy program. Additionally, this paper describes the computer's contribution to specific administrative functions in occupational therapy.
Electron-Spin Resonances in Gamma-Ray-Irradiated Aluminum Oxide

Single crystals of $\ensuremath{\alpha}$-aluminum oxide were subjected to gamma-ray irradiation at 77\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. A single, asymmetric, paramagnetic-resonance absorption was produced with ${g}_{\mathrm{II}}=2.012\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.002$ and ${g}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}=2.008\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.002$, where \ensuremath{\parallel} and \ensuremath{\perp} are with respect to the $c$ axis. The line width is about 50 G at 300 and 77\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. The absorption line has been analyzed as a superposition of three Gaussian lines with the isotropic $g$ values: ${g}_{1}=2.020\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.003$, ${g}_{2}=2.006\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.003$, ${g}_{3}=2.006\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.003$. The component lines are tentatively attributed to two types of centers: a trapped hole localized on an anion adjacent to a cation site which is deficient in positive charge, and an electron trapped at an anion vacancy. The cation site may be vacant, or may contain a monovalent or divalent substitutional impurity.
Are You Listening? The Practical Components of Listening Comprehension.

Language has three dimensions: (1) linear, (2) structural, and (3) experiential. Listening also involves the following components, which evolve out of the realization of the three dimensions: (1) the sonic realization, (2) the segmental/suprasegmental form, (3) the musical pitch and rhythm, (4) the lexical phrasing, (5) the purpose of the message intended by the speaker, and (6) the actualization of the message in the listener. The author discusses the practical aspects of listening comprehension exercises, focusing on sources such as (1) the teacher, (2) other speakers of the target language, (3) recordings of radio broadcasts, music, speeches, etc., (4) films and television programs, and (5) commercially produced language laboratory films.
The International Monetary Fund, Structural Adjustment, and Infant Mortality: A Cross-National Analysis of Sub-Saharan Africa

The authors conduct a cross-national analysis that tests the hypothesis that International Monetary Fund structural adjustment adversely affects health in Sub-Saharan Africa. In doing so, the authors use two-way fixed effects regression models for 30 nations from 1990 to 2005 to analyze infant mortality. The authors find substantial support for this line of reasoning. Specifically, the authors find that higher levels of International Monetary Fund structural adjustment correspond with higher levels of infant mortality within Sub-Saharan African nations. The results indicate that structural adjustment affects infant mortality indirectly via human immunodeficiency virus prevalence, access to an improved water and sanitation source, female educational attainment, debt service, foreign investment, international trade, and gross national product per capita. The authors conclude by discussing the findings, methodological implications, policy suggestions, and possible directions for future research.
Chloroethylnorapomorphine, a proposed long-acting dopamine antagonist: Interactions with dopamine receptors of mammalian forebrain in vitro☆

Abstract N-Chloroethylnorapomorphine (NCA) interacts with homogenates of rat corpus striatum to block subsequent stimulation of cyclic AMP synthesis by 50 μM dopamine (DA) (IC 50 30 μM). The 10-O-methylated (12-monophenolic) analog of NCA is weaker; an O,O′-diester of NCA is inactive. The NCA-induced inhibition is counteracted by coincubation with DA or apomorphine, but not norepinephrine. Blockade by NCA is non-competitive vs. DA and not readily reversed by washing. NCA also competes for binding of 3 H-apomorphine to subsynaptosomal calf caudate membranes (IC 50 285 nM) with greater potency than the monophenolic or diester analogs. NCA may represent a unique long-acting antagonist of DA receptors.
Restless romantic plants: Goethe meets Hegel

This essay investigates the problem that Goethe's 1790 Versuch die Metamorphose der Pflanzen presents to Hegel's representations of plant nature. Goethe's essay argues for a view of plant vitality and inner direction operating in and on mechanisms of plant development. Precisely because Goethe's essay revises and critiques the Naturphilosophie account of spirit in nature, he is in one sense Hegel's potential ally. But because Goethe also argues that an inner directed, apparently spiritual dimension of plant development is at work in its mechanical processes, he is also Hegel's necessary antagonist. As Hegel constructs an intricate, vexed account of plant unrest that rejects contemporary claims for plant life and inner‐directedness in successive versions of his Philosophy of Nature, his consideration of Goethe's analysis of plant metamorphosis shifts between critique and admiration. Hegel's remarkable claim that the plant sacrifices itself for others (a curious, if brief, moment of plant agency) is directe...
Modeling flow and heat transfer in vortex burners

A powerful approach is developed to predict and optimize flow pattern and to improve heat and mass transfer in vortex burners. New analytical solutions of the Navier-Stokes, heat, and diffusion equations are obtained, and the technique of matching asymptotic expansions is developed. This allows us to describe complex swirling flows with recirculation zones and three-dimensional fields of temperature and concentration. This approach helps in deducing the appropriate flow pattern, shape and position of a flame front, heat transfer, and geometry of the vortex burner. Optimal parameters are found for flame stabilization and flame-surface expansion, prolonging the residence time of the reactants favorable for complete combustion. This approach greatly facilitates finding the optimum because it is much less laborious than computational fluid dynamics methods and allows a wider parametric search.
Antenna-Initiated Photochemistry in Polyfunctional Steroids. Intramolecular Singlet and Triplet Energy Transfer between Aryl, Ketone, and Alkene Groups in 6β-(Dimethylphenylsiloxy)-5β-androstanes1

Steroids have been prepared that bear a dimethylphenylsiloxy (DPSO) group and additional C3 and/or C17 ketone functionalities. The DPSO group has been used to harvest 266 nm photons and then activa...
Overview of endonasal corridors to intracranial targets

Intracranial targets for lesions or disease processes of the skull base are increasingly approached through endoscopic endonasal surgical approaches. The endonasal approach to the skull base can be divided into the nasal or sinus corridor traversed to reach an intracranial target. The transnasal, transethmoid, transphenoid, and transpterygoid approaches are discussed to provide a framework on how to approach various intracranial targets and diseases of the skull base. While endoscopic skull base surgery is minimal access surgery it is maximally invasive. The most common complication is a cerebrospinal fluid leak.
Chest wall rhabdomyosarcoma

BACKGROUND Rhabdomyosarcoma is the most common soft tissue sarcoma in the pediatric age group. The primary tumor site is an important prognostic determinant. Axial lesions are associated with decreased survival and provide a clinical challenge. METHODS A retrospective analysis of the authors' institutional experience between 1972 and 1996 was performed. Patients were from a data base of 302 consecutive cases. RESULTS Fifteen consecutive patients with chest wall rhabdomyosarcoma were identified. The median age was 16 years (range, 6 months-25 years). Median follow-up was 6.6 years (range, 10 months-18.5 years). Nine patients presented with a mass, six with pain, two with respiratory distress, and one with ulnar neuropathy. The median lesion size was 7 cm (range, 3-16 cm). A surgical procedure was the initial therapy for 13 of 15 patients. Fourteen patients received radiation therapy with a median dose of 4400 cGy. All but one were included in institutional-based trials using multiagent chemotherapy. At last follow-up, 10 patients were alive and disease free, with a median survival of 123 months (range, 51-221 months). Seven of ten survivors underwent a complete resection as their initial therapy. There was no surgical mortality, and only two patients had treatment-related complications. Of the five patients who died, two underwent complete resection as their initial therapy. All five patients had invasive tumors. Four were >10 cm, 3 were of alveolar subtype, and 2 were embryonal. CONCLUSIONS Complete resection of chest wall rhabdomyosarcoma is recommended. However, survival is possible for patients with microscopically positive surgical margins with the addition of chemotherapy and radiation. Cancer 1997; 80:1513-7. © 1997 American Cancer Society.
THE DEMAND FOR IRRIGATION WATER IN AN INTENSIVE IRRIGATION AREA

Linear programming procedures offer a useful means of estimating irrigation water demand functions at the farm level. If such estimates are to be aggregated to form regional demand schedules, care must be taken in the selection of representative farms if aggregation error is to be minimized. Both seasonal and intra-seasonal demand schedules are presented since both are important when irrigation demand estimates are being developed.
A Noninvasive Acoustic Method Using Frequency Perturbations and Computer-Generated Vocal-Tract Shapes

This study investigated improved processing of acoustic data with two adult Down's syndrome subjects. Sustained vowel samples were processed through a fast-Fourier-transform spectrum analyzer, and ...
Decomposing the space of protein quaternary structures with the interface fragment pair library

The physical interactions between proteins constitute the basis of protein quaternary structures. They dominate many biological processes in living cells. Deciphering the structural features of interacting proteins is essential to understand their cellular functions. Similar to the space of protein tertiary structures in which discrete patterns are clearly observed on fold or sub-fold motif levels, it has been found that the space of protein quaternary structures is highly degenerate due to the packing of compact secondary structure elements at interfaces. Therefore, it is necessary to further decompose the protein quaternary structural space into a more local representation. Here we constructed an interface fragment pair library from the current structure database of protein complexes. After structural-based clustering, we found that more than 90% of these interface fragment pairs can be represented by a limited number of highly abundant motifs. These motifs were further used to guide complex assembly. A large-scale benchmark test shows that the native-like binding is highly likely in the structural ensemble of modeled protein complexes that were built through the library. Our study therefore presents supportive evidences that the space of protein quaternary structures can be represented by the combination of a small set of secondary-structure-based packing at binding interfaces. Finally, after future improvements such as adding sequence profiles, we expect this new library will be useful to predict structures of unknown protein-protein interactions.
Deformable Image Registration of Mouse Brain MRI Data Using Hyperelastic Warping

Quantification of time-dependent changes in three-dimensional morphology of brain structures and neural pathways is a fundamental requirement in studies of neurodevelopment, remodeling and progression of neurological diseases [1]. However, local measures of this kind are extremely difficult due to a lack of clear fiducials. Our motivation to develop a reliable technique to quantify time-dependent changes in neuroanatomy originated with the problem of tracking progression of Niemann-Pick disease type C (NP-C), a heritable disease that causes alterations in brain development [2].Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Mesoscale Modeling and Validation of Texture Evolution during Asymmetric Rolling and Static Recrystallization of Magnesium Alloy AZ31B

The focus of the present research is to develop an integrated deformation and recrystallization model for magnesium alloys at the microstructural length scale. It is known that in magnesium alloys nucleation of recrystallized grains occurs at various microstructural inhomogeneities such as twins and localized deformation bands. However, models need to be developed that can predict the evolution of the grain structure and texture developed during recrystallization and grain growth, especially when the deformation process follows a complicated deformation path such as in asymmetric rolling. The deformation model is based on a crystal plasticity approach implemented at the length scale of the microstructure that includes deformation mechanisms based on dislocation slip and twinning. The recrystallization simulation is based on a Monte Carlo technique that operates on the output of the deformation simulations. The nucleation criterion during recrystallization is based on the local stored energy, and the Monte Carlo technique is used to simulate the growth of the nuclei resulting from local stored energy differences and curvature. The model predictions are compared with experimental data obtained through electron backscatter analysis and neutron diffraction.
DLA-DRB1 histocompatibility genotyping using RT-nested PCR and cycle sequencing.

Abstract Class-II histocompatibility genes are associated with predisposition to autoimmune diseases in many mammal species. We have developed a technique using reverse transcriptase and nested-PCR for amplification from blood samples of expressed sequences encoded by canine DLA-DRB1 loci. In the first polymerase chain reaction (PCR), we utilize primers DR-SP and DR-STOP as developed by Sarmiento et al. (1990) . In the nested PCR, we utilize two additional primers, namely primer 57 [5′-TCTTGGAGGCTCCTGGATGACAGC-3′] and primer 367 [5′-CACAACTACGGGGTGATTGAGAGC-3′] to produce a 334 bp amplified product. After digestion with restriction endonucleases, some of the alleles can be identified by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). The increasing information on new DLA-DRB1 alleles over the last two years renders the DLA-DRB1 too diverse for convenient use of RFLP. However, the expressed sequences amplified by our protocol can be conveniently identified by cycle sequencing. This RT n-PCR protocol will suffice for the genotyping of individual dogs at the DLA-DRB1 locus.
The endolymphatic sac in the Mondini disorder.

The endolymphatic sacs are described in temporal bone specimens from a 31-year-old man with bilateral Mondini disorder. The ducts and sacs are thin-walled, cyst-like structures with complete absence of loose vascular perisac tissue, and are directly apposed to the bone of the vestibular aqueduct. Histological evidence of severe bone erosion is present in these specimens and is most marked in the intermediate and distal portions of the vestibular aqueduct. It is also present in the foveal region of the posterior temporal bone surface underlying the sac. Erosion of the bony wall of the paravestibular canaliculus (PVC) is demonstrable, with incorporation of the vein of the PVC inside the margin of the widened vestibular aqueduct. These findings suggest a causal relationship between pressure within the endolymphatic duct and sac and erosion of the surrounding bone. The absence of endolymphatic hydrops of the cochlea and vestibular organs in the Mondini disorder constrast significantly with the endolymphatic hydrops seen in Meniere's disease.