cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Light-matter interactions in engineered optical media(Conference Presentation)

The emergence of metamaterials also has a strong potential to enable a plethora of novel nonlinear light-matter interactions and even new nonlinear materials. In particular, nonlinear focusing and defocusing effects are of paramount importance for manipulation of the minimum focusing spot size of structured light beams necessary for nanoscale trapping, manipulation, and fundamental spectroscopic studies. Colloidal suspensions offer as a promising platform for engineering polarizibilities and realization of large and tunable nonlinearities. We will present our recent studies of the phenomenon of spatial modulational instability leading to laser beam filamentation in an engineered soft-matter nonlinear media as well as in negative index metamaterials. We will also discuss the possibilities of guiding, manipulating, and processing radio-and microwave-frequency radiation using photonic structures built of filaments in air. In particular, we introduce so-called virtual hyperbolic metamaterials formed by an array of plasma channels in air as a result of self-focusing of an intense laser pulse, and show that such structure can be used to manipulate microwave beams in a free space. Generation of virtual hyperbolic metamaterials requires a regular and spatially invariant distribution of plasma channels. Therefore, we discuss the generation of such large regular arrays of filaments and consider the interactions between multiple filaments, multiple filament formation, and phase-controlled structured filaments.
RNA interference in the treatment of renal stone disease: Current status and future potentials

Recent advances in RNA interference (RNAi) delivery and chemistry have resulted in the development of more than 20 RNAi-based therapeutics, several of which are now in Phase III trials. The most advanced clinical trials have utilized modifications such as lipid nanoparticles and conjugation to N-acetyl galactosamine to treat liver specific diseases. Recent reports have suggested that reducing endogenous oxalate synthesis by RNAi may be a safe and effective therapy for patients with the rare disease, Primary Hyperoxaluria (PH). Our current understanding of endogenous oxalate synthesis indicates that two enzymes, hydroxyproline dehydrogenase and glycolate oxidase (GO), are suitable targets for oxalate reduction therapy. Our studies in a mouse model of PH type 1 have demonstrated that reducing the expression of either of these enzymes in the liver with RNAi significantly reduces urinary oxalate excretion. Early human phase clinical trials are now under way in PH1 patients with RNAi targeting GO. Future elaboration of other contributors of stone disease and improvement in tissue specific targeting with RNAi may lead to further therapies that target idiopathic stone disease.
Courseware for Introductory Foundations of Computer Science

Mathematics is one of the primary tools computer science students should learn to use for thinking and problem solving. This should be stressed earlier in the computer science curriculum. The first course at Stony Brook, Foundations of Computer Science integrates critical thinking, problem solving, modern discrete mathematics concepts and mathematical foundations of computer science before teaching computer programming. This approach has been used successfully at both the high school and college levels. These courses provide students with the mathematical tools they need for thinking and problem solving, especially in computer science. One key to achieving this goal is a laboratory experience which reinforces the basic course concepts and demonstrates their use in computer science. Using a network of Apple Macintoshs students are exposed to a wide range of ideas and applications of discrete mathematics. These include declarative vs imperative thinking, automatic theorem proving, logic programming, fundamental structures of computer science, functional programming, and algorithmic problem solving. This paper presents the motivation and objectives of these courses, the underlying philosophy of the laboratory courseware, and detailed descriptions of each courseware component. Readers primarily interested in this courseware may begin by reading Section 5.
[2,2′-Bis(diphenyl­phosphan­yl)-1,1′-binaphthyl-κ2P,P′]chlorido(4-methyl­phenyl­sulfon­yl-κS)palladium(II) dichloro­methane tris­olvate monohydrate

In the title compound, [Pd(C7H7O2S)Cl(C44H32P2)]·3CH2Cl2·H2O, the geometry around the metal atom is distorted square planar, with a twist angle between the P—Pd—P and S—Pd—Cl planes of 28.11 (2)°. The two Pd—P bond lengths differ by about 0.04 A and the biphosphane bite angle is slightly obtuse [92.92 (2)°]. There are three dichloro­methane and one water mol­ecule co-crystallized with the palladium mol­ecule, all with atoms in general positions. Alternating water and palladium mol­ecules form four-membered cyclic units through O—H⋯Cl and O—H⋯O hydrogen bonding. One of the dichloromethane solvent molecules is disordered over two positions in a 0.55:0.45 ratio.
Genome-Nuclear Lamina Interactions Regulate Cardiac Stem Cell Lineage Restriction

Progenitor cells differentiate into specialized cell types through coordinated expression of lineage-specific genes and modification of complex chromatin configurations. We demonstrate that a histone deacetylase (Hdac3) organizes heterochromatin at the nuclear lamina during cardiac progenitor lineage restriction. Specification of cardiomyocytes is associated with reorganization of peripheral heterochromatin, and independent of deacetylase activity, Hdac3 tethers peripheral heterochromatin containing lineage-relevant genes to the nuclear lamina. Deletion of Hdac3 in cardiac progenitor cells releases genomic regions from the nuclear periphery, leading to precocious cardiac gene expression and differentiation into cardiomyocytes; in contrast, restricting Hdac3 to the nuclear periphery rescues myogenesis in progenitors otherwise lacking Hdac3. Our results suggest that availability of genomic regions for activation by lineage-specific factors is regulated in part through dynamic chromatin-nuclear lamina interactions and that competence of a progenitor cell to respond to differentiation signals may depend upon coordinated movement of responding gene loci away from the nuclear periphery.
Screening and evaluation of candidate trees for terrestrial carbon storage in regions with high air pollution and water stress

ABSTRACTTerrestrial carbon storage is one of many different ways to tackle the problem of greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions resulting from non-point sources. However, the development of large-scale urban forest acreage is not an easy undertaking, and will require significant resources. The systematic screening of candidate tree species and preliminary estimations of their atmospheric carbon removal potential can help stakeholders and policymakers devise site-specific strategies for developing and maintaining sustainable urban forest acreage.This study is focused on finding native candidate trees that are drought-resistant, and could continue to store (sequester) atmospheric carbon in significant quantities over an extended period (> 100 years). In the study, seven urban tree species were identified as the top candidates for terrestrial carbon storage in water-stressed Californian regions, which are also the regions with the worst air quality in the nation.Although the present study is focused on particular...
An I2C based architecture for monitoring legacy manufacturing equipment

Abstract The Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) has the potential to improve manufacturing through increased productivity and decreased costs by collecting, processing, and acting upon process data. Recent manufacturing equipment can provide the necessary data needed by IIoT, but most legacy machines cannot. This severely limits IIoT implementation since most production machines are legacy equipment. To overcome this limitation, this paper describes a low-cost architecture based upon the Inter-Integrated Circuit (I2C) communication protocol that can support IIoT systems by collecting data from sensors placed on legacy equipment. The proposed system is designed, fabricated, and validated on a horizontal band saw.
Do We Really Want to Fix Immigration

Of the global annual flow of around 15 million migrants, most fit into one of four categories: economic (6 million), student (4 million), family (2 million), and refugee/asylum (3 million). There are about 20 million officially recognized refugees worldwide, with 86% of them hosted by neighboring countries, up from 70% 10 years ago. Some key factors that need to be addressed include: • People will do whatever it takes to survive and just like drugs, they will keep coming regardless of military and physical barriers. • Fear sells and having people fear each other is a good way to get their attention and support. The result is the rise of populist demagogues. • The money spent on border security could be much better spent on alleviating the reasons why people are migrating. However, special interests such as for-profit prisons and defense industries want you to think their way works better. • The war on drugs has not worked and creates and environment of lawlessness and corruption. • Poverty and economic migration are a major result of international trade policies. • Political instability and wars are exploited and exacerbated by special interests. • Not addressing these issues comprehensively will result in more suffering, deaths, corruption, poverty and violence in a never-ending vicious cycle.
Biological Membrane Concepts

This chapter provides an introduction to the composition, structure and transport mechanisms of biological cellular and epithelial membranes. The type of lipids found in cell membranes, their chemical properties and their arrangement into a lipid bilayer are discussed as are the classes of membrane associated proteins and their characteristics. The third major component of biological membranes, carbohydrate, is also discussed as is its apparent functional role.
Effect of Maternal Dietary Protein on Anthropometric and Behavioral Development of the Offspring

Anthropology is a science that treats of the growth of human beings, among other topics. Growth of human beings deals with not only physical measurements such as height, weight, head circumference, fatfold thickness, fat content, etc., but should include weights and functions of organs. Above all, the metabolism of the whole human being should be included. In our laboratory, we have recognized since 1942 that individuals with equivalent height and weight may have organs of different size, function and metabolism. Further, we have demonstrated that the composition of tissues, such as blood and organs, can be altered through the diet, and, more recently, we have demonstrated that the metabolic function of animals and humans can be altered in utero, particularly through the diet of the mother. With this in mind, we present herewith the three parts of our paper.
A practical guide for the safe implementation of early phase drug development and immunotherapy program in gynecologic oncology practice

Abstract The success of targeted and immune therapies in other malignancies has led to an exponential increase in the number of active and pending clinical trials using these therapeutic approaches in patients with gynecologic cancers. These novel investigational agents are associated with unique and potentially life-threatening toxicities and many require special multidisciplinary logistical considerations. The objective of this review is to describe a practical approach for the safe implementation of targeted and immune therapies in academic gynecologic oncology practices based on our experience at M.D. Anderson Cancer Center.
Pathological mucus and impaired mucus clearance in cystic fibrosis patients result from increased concentration, not altered pH

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a recessive genetic disease that is characterised by airway mucus plugging and reduced mucus clearance. There are currently alternative hypotheses that attempt to describe the abnormally viscous and elastic mucus that is a hallmark of CF airways disease, including: 1) loss of CF transmembrane regulator (CFTR)-dependent airway surface volume (water) secretion, producing mucus hyperconcentration-dependent increased viscosity, and 2) impaired bicarbonate secretion by CFTR, producing acidification of airway surfaces and increased mucus viscosity.A series of experiments was conducted to determine the contributions of mucus concentration versus pH to the rheological properties of airway mucus across length scales from the nanoscopic to macroscopic.For length scales greater than the nanoscopic, i.e. those relevant to mucociliary clearance, the effect of mucus concentration dominated over the effect of airway acidification.Mucus hydration and chemical reduction of disulfide bonds that connect mucin monomers are more promising therapeutic approaches than alkalisation.
A novel layered double hydroxide coupled with zero valent iron system for selenate removal under anaerobic condition: Batch and continuous studies

Abstract Batch and continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) tests were conducted to evaluate Se (VI) removal in a hybridized Fe(II)-Al(III)-Cl− layered double hydroxide/zero valent iron system (Fe-Al-Cl-LDH/ZVI) under anaerobic condition. This novel system was created by employing a nitrate-AlCl3 pretreatment method to coat the ZVI grains with an LDH surface and produce discrete LDH suspended solids (SS) with diameter of 475.3 nm through a rapid ZVI-AlCl3-nitrate reaction. In batch test, Se (VI) was quickly removed by Fe-Al-Cl-LDH/ZVI grains through adsorption via electrostatic attraction, anion exchange by releasing 1.7 mM Cl−/mM Se (VI) and Se (VI) reduction to Se (IV), Se (0) and Se (-II) by ZVI. In CSTR test, the anaerobic Fe-Al-Cl-LDH/ZVI system created a self-sustaining highly-reactive mixture that steadily reduced 2 ppm Se (VI) to below EPA discharge limit (50 ppb) in a single-stage reactor, where 200–300 ppm Cl− and 6.5–20 ppm SO42− coexisted. Externally-supplied FeCl2 and AlCl3 were essential to maintain LDH as the iron corrosion product and thus the high reactivity of ZVI. This study suggests that the Fe-Al-Cl-LDH/ZVI system could overcome ZVI passivation and thus provide an effective platform for Se (VI) and potentially other water contaminants removal.
An ERK Phosphoproteome Expands Chemotactic Signaling in Dictyostelium.

In this issue of Developmental Cell, Nichols et al. (2019) establish the MAP kinase ErkB as a critical component for chemotaxis signaling in Dictyostelium. Using phosphoproteomics, they identify a chemoattractant-dependent ErkB targeted core set of signal transduction proteins, which collectively suggest an added mechanistic pathway for chemotactic regulation.
The LOOP Hierarchy

Chapters 12 and 13 concern succinctness results for certain clocked programming systems for members of two subrecursive hierarchies, the LOOP hierarchy (Definition 5.1), and the Poly-Degree hierarchy (Definition 3.3(c)). This chapter establishes some basic facts about the members of the LOOP hierarchy and certain clocked programming systems for the members of that hierarchy. The next chapter similarly treats the Poly-Degree hierarchy.
Is a Stormwater Fee a Rain Tax

AbstractActivists who oppose local government spending can defeat creative stormwater programs, often by using the slogan “rain tax” to convince the public that the financing plan is a tax increase...
INHIBITION OF M1 $gamma$ TRANSITIONS WITH $delta$T = 0 IN SELF-CONJUGATE NUCLEI

It is shown that the strengths of $M1$ $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ transitions with no change of isotopic spin in self-conjugate nuclei may be expected to be smaller by a factor 100 than the normal $M1$ strengths; the reason is that the matrix element for the particular $M1$ transitions mentioned above is considerably reduced owing to an almost complete cancellation of the protonic, neutronic, and orbital magnetic moments.A number of experimental confirmations of the above rule are discussed in Sec. 2
Multistep Ahead Forecasting of Vector Time Series

This article develops the theory of multistep ahead forecasting for vector time series that exhibit temporal nonstationarity and co-integration. We treat the case of a semi-infinite past by developing the forecast filters and the forecast error filters explicitly. We also provide formulas for forecasting from a finite data sample. This latter application can be accomplished by using large matrices, which remains practicable when the total sample size is moderate. Expressions for the mean square error of forecasts are also derived and can be implemented readily. The flexibility and generality of these formulas are illustrated by four diverse applications: forecasting euro area macroeconomic aggregates; backcasting fertility rates by racial category; forecasting long memory inflation data; and forecasting regional housing starts using a seasonally co-integrated model.
Unmasking of Addison’s disease in COVID-19

This case report highlights the initial presentation of Addison’s disease in a 19-year-old individual with coronavirus disease. Coronavirus disease is an infectious disease, which often presents with fever and respiratory and gastrointestinal symptoms. Here, we describe a challenging case of a patient with coronavirus disease, who initially presented with altered mental status, hyponatremia, and cerebral edema, with subsequent workup leading to the diagnosis of Addison’s disease. © The Author(s) 2021.
Electrochemical response in physiological environments and mechanical properties of Ti51Si24Ni14Nb11 and Fe40Ti30Al18Si12 thin film metallic glasses

Abstract This work investigates electrochemical response and mechanical properties of quaternary Ti51Si24Ni14Nb11 and Fe40Ti30Al18Si12 (at.%) thin film metallic glasses (TFMGs) developed using magnetron co-sputtering. Both TFMGs demonstrate superior corrosion resistance registering ∼7 to 10 times smaller corrosion current density, ∼200 to 800 mV higher break-down potential, and ∼4 to 6 times higher charge transfer resistance in phosphate buffer saline (PBS) and 0.9% sodium chloride (NaCl) compared to conventional Ti- and Fe-based biomaterials, e.g., commercially pure Ti (cp-Ti) and 316L stainless steel (SS). The enhanced anti-corrosive behavior of the quaternary films is attributed to their amorphous structures and relatively more protective passive oxide films. In addition, nano-indentation experiment reveals more than 2 times higher hardness and ∼10 to 40 GPa lower elastic modulus of the TFMGs compared to conventional biomaterials. The combination of obtained anti-corrosive behavior and mechanical properties promotes the fabricated films as potential candidates for future bio-implant applications.
Practical Raman Spectroscopy: An Introduction

This handbook focuses entirely on providing a lucid introduction to the technique of Raman Spectroscopy. The author of this book feels that the technique of Raman spectroscopy is a very versatile m...
Locus Control Regions (LCRs)

Locus control regions (LCRs) are defined as deoxyribonucleic acid sequence elements that confer high-level, tissue-specific expression to stably integrated transgenes in a position-independent manner. As such, LCRs mediate gene activation and render a high proportion of genomic integration sites permissive for such expression, and are distinguished from transcriptional enhancers, which like LCRs are capable of mediating gene activation over large genomic distances. The mechanistic basis for the functional distinction between LCRs and enhancers is unclear. LCRs appear to subsume the separate functions of both transcriptional enhancers and chromatin insulators, but may be qualitatively different from either of these classes of regulatory elements. At their native loci, however, LCRs may only be required for a subset of the activities that they display in transgenic contexts. Key Concepts: LCRs are cis-acting DNA regulatory elements that have been identified at a number of tissue-specific gene loci in vertebrates. LCRs are defined by their activity in transgenic assays, where in addition to activating transcription of linked transgenes, they are capable of rendering most integration sites permissive for expression. The mechanistic basis for LCR function in transgenes is unknown, and there is evidence both for LCRs representing simply a very strong enhancer and for LCRs harbouring an activity entirely distinct from that of enhancers, involving the long-range propagation of an ‘open’ chromatin structure. At the endogenous loci from which LCRs have been derived, they appear to be required for a variety of different functions, not all of which correspond to their activity in transgenes. LCR function has been correlated with the regulation of nuclear localisation of linked genes. Keywords: transcription; chromatin; enhancer; promoter; gene regulation
The DISCO System

DISCO, short for Datalog with Integer Set COnstraints, is a constraint database system that implements Datalog with Boolean constraints (see Chapter 7) on set variables that range over finite and infinite sets of integers. In this chapter we provide a short introduction to the DISCO system.
Cognitive function and living situation in COPD: is there a relationship with self-management and quality of life?

Background Cognitive impairment is increasingly being found to be a common comorbidity in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). This study sought to understand the relationship of comprehensively measured cognitive function with COPD severity, quality of life, living situation, health care utilization, and self-management abilities. Methods Subjects with COPD were recruited from the outpatient pulmonary clinic. Cognitive function was assessed using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MOCA). Self-management abilities were measured using the Self Management Ability Score 30. Quality of life was measured using the Chronic Respiratory Disease Questionnaire. Pearson correlation was used to assess the bivariate association of the MOCA with other study measures. Multivariate analysis was completed to understand the interaction of the MOCA and living situation on COPD outcomes of hospitalization, quality of life, and self-management ability. Results This study included 100 participants of mean age 70±9.4 years (63% male, 37% female) with COPD (mean FEV1 [forced expiratory volume in 1 second] percentage predicted 40.4±16.7). Mean MOCA score was 23.8±3.9 with 63% of patients having mild cognitive impairment. The MOCA was negatively correlated with age (r=-0.28, P=0.005) and positively correlated with education (r=+0.24, P=0.012). There was no significant correlation between cognitive function and exacerbations, emergency room (ER) visits, or hospitalizations. There was no association between the MOCA score and self-management abilities or quality of life. We tested the interaction of living situation and the MOCA with self-management abilities and found statistical significance (P=0.017), indicating that individuals living alone with higher cognitive function report lower self-management abilities. Conclusion Cognitive impairment in COPD does not appear to be meaningfully associated with COPD severity, health outcomes, or self-management abilities. The routine screening for cognitive impairment due to a diagnosis of COPD may not be indicated. Living alone significantly affects the interaction between self-management abilities and cognitive function.
Hvmar1, a mariner‐like element from the tobacco budworm Heliothis virescens, can transpose in Drosophila melanogaster

Transposable elements of the mariner family are widespread and have been found in the genome of plants, animals and insects. However, most of these elements contain multiple inactivating mutations and so far, only three naturally occurring mariner elements are known to be functional. In a previous study, a mariner-like element called Hvmar1 was discovered in the genome of the tobacco budworm Heliothis virescens. Further analysis of the Hvmar1 nucleotide sequence revealed the presence of 30-bp imperfect inverted terminal repeats and an intact open reading frame, which is considered to encode a functional transposase. In the present study, we show that the Hvmar1 element is active using interplasmid transposition assays in Drosophila melanogaster embryos. When injected into Drosophila embryos, the helper plasmid produced a transposase that was able to mediate transposition of the Hvmar1 element from a donor to a target plasmid. The transposition efficiency of Hvmar1 in D. melanogaster is approximately 11-fold lower than that of the well-known Mos1 mariner transposon. However, this efficiency is comparable to those observed previously with Mos1 in non-Drosophila insects. We identified 10 independent interplasmid transposition events, albeit the recovery of these events was rare. In each case the Hvmar1 element transposed in a precise manner, with the characteristic TA dinucleotides being duplicated on insertion. Furthermore, two of the target sites identified have been used previously by Mos1 for insertion. The active transposition of Hvmar1 in D. melanogaster provides a basis for examining the mobility of this element in its natural host as well as a starting point for comparative studies with Mos1 and other functional mariner transposons.
1-D and 2-D switching strategies achieving near optimal INL for thermometer-coded current steering DACs

It is known that thermometer coded current steering DACs have very small DNLs but much larger INLs, even with the best switching strategies available in the literature. In this paper, we present algorithms for generating near optimal 1-D switching strategies for any types of gradient errors and 2-D switching strategies for linear gradient errors. In both cases, the new switching strategies result in total INL that is less than the DNL. This is far less than what was achievable by existing switching strategies and is very close to the absolute lower limit of 1/2 DNL.
Public support for the devolution of power in Ukraine: Regional patterns

THE ISSUE OF JURISDICTIONAL DIVISION of decision-making authority between central and regional governments is one of the basic constitutional questions facing new states. In Ukraine the constitutional debate over the appropriate division of authority is being complicated by strained relations with Russia. The areas of tension between Russia and Ukraine that have a direct impact on the unitary versus federal state debate include Russia's desire to maintain the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) in the face of Ukrainian resistance to inter-republic non-economic coordination, the Russian parliament's claim to the territory of Crimea and the Ukrainian parliament's rejection of this claim, and unresolved issues of military security, including the questions of nuclear disarmament and the division of the Black Sea fleet. As long as Russia is unwilling to accept Ukraine's fully independent status', constitutional questions will continue to be considered in an atmosphere saturated with Russian influences. For some Ukrainians this Russian pressure for reunification is perceived as highly intimidating and the pressure produces an atmosphere of being in a constant state of siege. Just as Stalin brought forth the notion of 'capitalist encirclement' to justify state of emergency policies, some Ukrainian leaders have put forward a discourse that implies a kind of 'Russian encirclement'.2 Other Ukrainian leaders, in contrast, sympathise with the Russian presence and believe that Ukraine could be stronger (as it was before) through renewed cooperation with Russia. Support for greater integration within the CIS can be contrasted with concerns that Russia's hegemonic actions threaten the sovereignty and territorial integrity of Ukraine. In such a politically charged environment, individual perceptions of Russian-Ukrainian relations will have an impact on decisions made about the territorial distribution of political authority. In this article we evaluate the degree to which perceptions of Russian-Ukrainian relations vary significantly by region within Ukraine. Our assumption is that one's cost-benefit calculus associated with closer versus more distant cooperation between Russia and Ukraine depends directly upon where in Ukraine one resides. We hypothesise that territorial divisions characteristic of Ukraine serve to structure not only attitudes toward the degree of independence that is best for Ukraine (and thus the form that relations with Russia should take), but also attitudes toward the division
Neural Correlates of Facial Affect Processing in Children and Adolescents With Autism Spectrum Disorder

ABSTRACT Objective To examine the neural basis of impairments in interpreting facial emotions in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Method Twelve children and adolescents with ASD and 12 typically developing (TD) controls matched faces by emotion and assigned a label to facial expressions while undergoing functional magnetic resonance imaging. Results Both groups engaged similar neural networks during facial emotion processing, including activity in the fusiform gyrus (FG) and prefrontal cortex. However, between-group analyses in regions of interest revealed that when matching facial expressions, the ASD group showed significantly less activity than the TD group in the FG, but reliably greater activity in the precuneus. During the labeling of facial emotions, no between-group differences were observed at the behavioral or neural level. Furthermore, activity in the amygdala was moderated by task demands in the TD group but not in the ASD group. Conclusions These findings suggest that children and adolescents with ASD in part recruit different neural networks and rely on different strategies when processing facial emotions. High-functioning individuals with ASD may be relatively unimpaired in the cognitive assessment of basic emotions, yet still show differences in the automatic processing of facial expressions.
Molecular flow velocity using Doppler shifted Raman spectroscopy

Measurements of molecular flow velocity, static pressure, and translational temperature in the free-stream of a supersonic wind tunnel and behind the shock of a simple model are reviewed. Based on the free-stream demonstration using inverse Raman spectroscopy, an experiment is outlined to investigate the lee-side flow field above a swept delta wing and simulated spectra expected for the leading-edge vortex are included. The extension of the technique to hypersonic wind tunnels is also explored through the use of simulated spectra.
Challenging Cases in Allergy and Immunology

Type and Scope of Book: A multiauthored, comprehensive collection of case-study format-based chapters that cover a variety of aspects of allergy and immunology.
Influence of Metal Temperature on Base Material and Coating Degradation of GTD-111 Buckets

The surface metal temperature on the first row cooled buckets varies along the height of a bucket and among the buckets in a row. Two first-row GT 29+ coated buckets, from the same turbine, have been investigated for in-service material and coating degradation variation. The results showed that the γ′ particles were coarser and the width of the interdiffusion zone below the CoCrAlY coating was wider in one bucket than the other, indicating that the former bucket had seen higher metal temperature than the latter. Fewer uncertainties are associated with interdiffusion zone width measurements, and the change in zone width can be used to develop a time-temperature correlation for the subject bucket material and coating system. The uncertainties associated with γ′ particle measurements for time temperature correlation are discussed.Copyright © 1998 by ASME
Polarographic determination of mixtures of aluminum and gallium

Abstract Methods have been described for determining mixtures of aluminum and gallium when the ions are present in approximately the same concentration and when the concentration of aluminum exceeds the concentration of gallium by at least a factor of five. The average error of the determination of aluminum is ±4 to 8% and that of gallium is ± 6 to 8%.
Task-dependent reorganization of functional connectivity networks during visual semantic decision making

Introduction Functional MRI is widely used to study task-related changes in neuronal activity as well as resting-state functional connectivity. In this study, we explore task-related changes in functional connectivity networks using fMRI. Dynamic connectivity may represent a new measure of neural network robustness that would impact both clinical and research efforts. However, prior studies of task-related changes in functional connectivity have shown apparently conflicting results, leading to several competing hypotheses regarding the relationship between task-related and resting-state brain networks. Methods We used a graph theory-based network approach to compare functional connectivity in healthy subjects between the resting state and when performing a clinically used semantic decision task. We analyzed fMRI data from 21 healthy, right-handed subjects. Results While three nonoverlapping, highly intraconnected functional modules were observed in the resting state, an additional language-related module emerged during the semantic decision task. Both overall and within-module connectivity were greater in default mode network (DMN) and classical language areas during semantic decision making compared to rest, while between-module connectivity was diffusely greater at rest, revealing a more widely distributed pattern of functional connectivity at rest. Conclusions The results of this study suggest that there are differences in network topology between resting and task states. Specifically, semantic decision making is associated with a reduction in distributed connectivity through hub areas of the DMN as well as an increase in connectivity within both default and language networks.
Polymer Nomenclature and Structure: A Comparison of Systems Used by CAS, IUPAC, MDL, and DuPont. 3. Comb/Graft, Cross-Linked, and Dendritic/Hyperconnected/Star Polymers

Polymer nomenclature styles and structure representation systems described, recommended, or used by Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS), the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC), MDL Information Systems, Inc. (MDL), and DuPont are compared and contrasted. Structure-based versus source-based nomenclature and structural representations are discussed. Irregular single-strand organic polymers comprise a very large group that includes aftertreated (post-treated); alternating and other periodic; block; comb and graft; cross-linked; and dendritic, hyperconnected, and star polymers. The types covered in this paper (part 3 of 4) are comb and graft; cross-linked; and dendritic, hyperconnected (i.e., hyperbranched and/or hypercross-linked), and star polymers.
Reappearance of acute myeloid leukemia after almost 23 years of continuous complete remission.

Despite major advances in the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in adults over the last 3 decades, most patients with other than acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) still succumb to the disease. For young adults (<60 years of age), death during initial treatment has become the exception rather than the rule it once was, primarily due to major improvements in supportive care, and approximately 70% will achieve a complete remission (CR) with appropriate treatment. However, even among young adults with non-APL AML, only about 25% are cured with present-day therapy, and most relapse and die well within several years of obtaining a first CR. Relapse is usually assumed to be the result of subclinical disease that persisted throughout initial treatment. However, occasional reports of very late relapses of AML suggest that other mechanisms, such as the development of a secondary leukemia may be operative in at least some patients. We report here an extremely late reappearance of AML and discuss the implications of this observation.
Electron-beam addressed liquid-crystal light valve

A new light valve is described. The device is a cathode-ray tube (CRT) that incorporates a liquid-crystal cell as the electron-beam target. This light valve uses simple "slide projector" optics and has demonstrated initial (nonoptimized) performance of 512 × 512 line resolution and > 50:1 contrast ratio.
Why do these quite different best-choice problems have the same solutions?

The full-information best-choice problem, as posed by Gilbert and Mosteller in 1966, asks us to find a stopping rule which maximizes the probability of selecting the largest of a sequence of n i.i.d. standard uniform random variables. Porosinski, in 1987, replaced a fixed n by a random N , uniform on {1,2,…, n } and independent of the observations. A partial-information problem, imbedded in a 1980 paper of Petruccelli, keeps n fixed but allows us to observe only the sequence of ranges (max - min), as well as whether or not the current observation is largest so far. Recently, Porosinski compared the solutions to his and Petruccelli's problems and found that the two problems have identical optimal rules as well as risks that are asymptotically equal. His discovery prompts the question: why? This paper gives a good explanation of the equivalence of the optimal rules. But even under the lens of a planar Poisson process model, it leaves the equivalence of the asymptotic risks as somewhat of a mystery. Meanwhile, two other problems have been shown to have the same limiting risks: the full-information problem with the (suboptimal) Porosinski-Petruccelli stopping rule, and the full-information ‘duration of holding the best’ problem of Ferguson, Hardwick and Tamaki, which turns out to be nothing but the Porosinski problem in disguise.
The preservation of likelihood ratio ordering under convolution

Abstract Unlike stochastic ordering (⩾ st ), which is preserved under convolution (i.e., summation of independent random variables), so far it is only known that likelihood ratio ordering (⩾ lr ) is preserved under convolution of log-concave ( PF 2 ) random variables. In this paper we define a stronger version of likelihood ratio ordering, termed shifted likelihood ratio ordering (⩾ lr ↑ ) and show that it is preserved, under convolution. An application of this closure property to closed queueing network is given. Other properties of shifted likelihood ratio ordering are also discussed.
Effect of time and storage conditions on the rheological properties of masa for corn tortillas

The effect of storage conditions prior to handling (resting time and use of packaging) on the rheological behavior of corn masa for tortillas was evaluated. Lubricated squeezing flow methods were used at compression rates (crosshead speeds) of 0.1, 0.3 and 1.0 mm.s−1. The squeezing flow technique successfully assessed the increase in biaxial extensional viscosity, ηB, as a function of resting time, that is, masa becomes slightly tougher with time. The biaxial extensional viscosity of unpackaged corn masa increased significantly (P<0.05) with resting time (0 to 5 h) while changes for packaged masa were not significant. The squeezing flow method demonstrates that the biaxial extensional viscosity of corn masa, for all resting times and storage conditions, shows extensional-thinning characteristics. Hence, this property was modeled using the power-law analogy asηB =KB(eB)n−1, for a biaxial strain rate of 0.003 to 0.05 s−1. The relationship between biaxial extensional viscosity and biaxial strain rate, eB, for packaged and unpackaged masa was described asηB =22.8 e−0.86BandηB =[26.6 e0·064t]e−0·85B, respectively. Results encourage the use of a packaging material (such as commercially available low density polyethylene) to maintain the masa as fresh as possible prior to forming and sheeting into tortillas.
Use of frequency discrimination in the automatic electroencephalographic control of anesthesia (servo-anesthesia).

Abstract 1. 1. Frequency analyses of electro-encephalograms of the cat indicate a progressive slowing combined with a fall in amplitude of all frequencies with deepening anesthesia with Pentothal sodium. 2. 2. Integration of a narrow band of frequencies centering on 8 cycles per second provides a method of automatic control of anesthesia with barbiturates which is almost entirely free from disturbance by artifacts. 3. 3. A similar method has been applied successfully to the automatic control of anesthesia with barbiturates in man.
Ensemble Probabilistic Forecasts of a Tornadic Mesoscale Convective System from Ensemble Kalman Filter Analyses using WSR-88D and CASA Radar Data

AbstractThis study examines the ability of a storm-scale numerical weather prediction (NWP) model to predict precipitation and mesovortices within a tornadic mesoscale convective system that occurred over Oklahoma on 8–9 May 2007, when the model is initialized from ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) analyses including data from four Engineering Research Center for Collaborative Adaptive Sensing of the Atmosphere (CASA) X-band and five Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Doppler (WSR-88D) S-band radars. Ensemble forecasts are performed and probabilistic forecast products generated, focusing on prediction of radar reflectivity (a proxy of quantitative precipitation) and mesovortices (an indication of tornado potential).Assimilating data from both the CASA and WSR-88D radars for the ensemble and using a mixed-microphysics ensemble during data assimilation produces the best probabilistic mesovortex forecast. The use of multiple microphysics schemes within the ensemble aims to address at least partially the model physi...
Tissue‐equivalent phantoms for high frequencies

Saline phantoms have been used traditionally as biological mimics to load radio frequency (RF) coils during development and testing. However, the relative permittivity of biological tissues diverges from that of water as frequencies increase, resulting in saline phantoms loading coils much differently than the real biological systems. We have developed tissue-equivalent phantoms with compartments containing gels that approach the relative permittivities and conductivities of a rat at 470 MHz. The gel characteristics are measured with a coaxial probe and the coil-loading characteristics of the assembled phantoms are compared with real animals. It is shown that the tissue-equivalent phantoms load coils similarly to live rats, unlike the saline phantoms. Using these tissue-equivalent phantoms, the coil designer can be confident that when the coil leaves the laboratory to be used in the magnet, it will be optimized for the biological system of interest. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Concepts Magn Reson Part B (Magn Reson Engineering) 20B: 30–33, 2004.
Probing Forces on Newly Generated Spindle Microtubule Minus-Ends

The mitotic spindle is a dynamic self-organizing machine that coordinates cell division and preserves genomic stability. The ability to focus microtubule minus-ends into poles is crucial to spindle structure and function. However, our understanding of pole-focusing forces has been limited by the challenges of labeling and imaging microtubule minus-ends in established spindles. Here, we used laser ablation to sever kinetochore-fiber microtubules in mammalian cells and probe how the cell detects and organizes newly generated microtubule minus-ends. Within a few seconds of ablation, the cell recognizes new minus-ends and begins pulling them poleward. These pole-focusing forces exist throughout metaphase and anaphase and can move chromosomes rapidly, dominating other spindle forces. Opposing forces on chromosomes from the other half-spindle are able to slow, though not stop, the pole-focusing response, as indicated by faster pole-focusing speeds in monopolar spindles and during anaphase than in metaphase bipolar spindles. Together, our data indicate that microtubule minus-end focusing forces operate broadly and rapidly and are of similar magnitude to other spindle forces. These pole-focusing forces are thus well-suited to robustly maintain spindle structural integrity despite rapid turnover of spindle components and mechanical challenges.
Sarpi, A Solution For Artificial Intelligence In Image Processing At Intermediate Level

Our reflection, on the elements of existing Image Processing systems (currently Image Processing, Symbol interpretation level, control mode, level of extracted features) and corresponding use of Artificial Intelligence, leads us to the definition of the SARPI system. This system performs the extraction of features of intermediate level. In the present first step of implementation, we limit ourself to line segments. They are associated to a descriptor including several parameters: position, angle, length, cross contrast, ... and precision on all of these parameters. SARPI applies to single or multiple features detection, it finds the requested feature(s) and produces its (their) total or partial (as requested) description. SARPI takes as input the set of requested parameters and available values of some feature parameters (typically: qualitative measure of contrast). Its main part is a control module automatically generating an Image Processing sequence to solve the problem (extraction of requested feature parameters). Rules allow to divide the problem in elementary ones with respect to the kind of input parameters. They allow the selection of an elementary function set according to the requested feature parameters and the known parameters; in this way, if the known information is insufficient, the control module selects and executes elementary functions that look for the missing information. Each of these elementary functions is pre-associated to Image Procedures and heuristics that select the appropriate procedures according to thc values of the input parameters. The parameters of the image processes are controlled automatically by the precision on the requested feature parameters. Particularly, the sampling steps of the parameters ρ and θ of the 'lough transform are calculated from the requested precision of the feature parameters. The selected Image Processings are applied on a region of the image that is calculated from the approximated position of the features, if given, or on the entire image, if not. The system has been tested on images of industrial objects with different conditions of illumination and contrast.
New accessibility model for Microsoft Windows and cross platform development

Microsoft® Windows® User Interface (UI) Automation is the new accessibility framework for Microsoft Windows, which will ultimately replace MSAA, and is intended to address the needs of assistive technology products and automated testing frameworks by providing programmatic access to information about the user interface. UI Automation will be fully supported on Microsoft Windows XP and the next version of the Windows desktop operating system code-named "Longhorn". Support will continue for MSAA in the Longhorn timeframe as well. UI Automation will also be made available for cross platform development via a royalty-free license.
A study on hybrid organic/silicon heterojunction solar cells

In this study, work is presented towards Sili-con/Polyaniline (PAni) hybrid solar cell development. An external quantum efficiency (EQE) integrated short-circuit current density (Jsc) of up to 22.96 mA/cm2 was measured, while AM1.5G IV measured Jsc peaked at 6.31 mA/cm2, an open circuit voltage (Voc) of 469.4 mV was measured, and an overall AM1.5G device efficiency of 0.725% despite high grid shadowing of > 50% and highly resistive contacts. Rectifying behavior was also seen in Silicon/Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiopene)-poly(styrenesulfonate) devices, achieving VOC values of up to 411 mV.