cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Using the iCub simulator to study perceptual development: A case study

In the present study, we assess the iCub simulator as a platform for investigating perceptual development in human infants. In particular, we evaluate the simulator as a virtual environment for conducting object-perception experiments. As a case study, we describe our simulation of the perceptual-completion task, which measures infants' perception of a moving, partially-occluded object. We present here two simulation studies. The first study replicates our previous findings, which demonstrate that increasing spatial competition in our eye-movement model results in increased attention toward the occluded object. We then extend these findings in a second simulation study by demonstrating that reducing the width of the occluder also increases attention toward the occluded object, though unexpectedly, only for low levels of spatial competition. We conclude by highlighting the value of the iCub simulator as a research tool for psychologists, and also by noting how our eye-movement model can be further improved and elaborated.
Angiogenesis in autosomal-dominant polycystic kidney disease

Angiogenesis in autosomal-dominant polycystic kidney disease. Background Autosomal-dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is a genetic disorder that is responsible for approximately 10% of all cases of end-stage renal disease (ESRD). It is characterized by the formation of epithelial cell cysts, an increase in the extracellullar matrix, and vascular alterations believed to be the result of compression by the cysts. Our recent observations demonstrated a rich vascular network on the surface of the cysts, and thus, we postulated that angiogenesis could be a factor in the progression of ADPKD. Methods Kidneys removed from patients with ADPKD were studied using ( 1 ) angiographs, ( 2 ) immunostaining [factor VIII-related antigen, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), VEGF receptors 1 and 2 (VEGFR-1 and VEGFR-2), metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), and integrin α v β 3 ], and ( 3 ) Western blot analysis and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The expression of VEGF 165 in ADPKD cells in culture was determined. Results There was ( 1 ) an extensive capillary network in the cyst wall of ADPKD kidneys, ( 2 ) morphological evidence of vascular malformations, ( 3 ) expression of VEGF 165 in cyst cells of VEGFR-2 in endothelial cells and an absence of VEGFR-1 in endothelial cells, ( 4 ) secretion of VEGF 165 by ADPKD cyst cells in culture, and ( 5 ) coexpression of matrix MMP-2 and integrin α v β 3 in vessels from ADPKD. Conclusions There is angiogenesis in ADPKD. This process may be necessary for cyst cells to grow and may be responsible for increased vascular permeability facilitating fluid secretion into the cysts. Neovascularization may result in the formation of aneurysms responsible for the renal bleeding in this disease.
Brain dopamine response in isolated 10-day-old rats: Assessment using D2 binding and dopamine turnover

Abstract A single 5-min isolation from the nest, dam, and siblings in 10-day-old rat pups was investigated for its effect on brain dopamine systems. The release of dopamine in innervated brain regions was measured in separate studies using in vivo ligand binding of 3 H-raclopride, ex vivo binding using 3 H-raclopride, and neurochemical measurement of the dopamine turnover using levels of DOPAC and dopamine. In addition, in vitro homogenate binding was performed to determine baseline B max and K d values for 3 H-raclopride binding sites across treatments. Isolation for 5 min in a “novel” environment resulted in decreased 3 H-raclopride binding in striatum and septum as determined by both in vivo and ex vivo binding, as well as increased dopamine turnover. There was no difference in B max and K d values for 3 H-raclopride in these brain regions after the 5-min isolation, indicating that the binding decreases were due to an increase of available dopamine, presumably from terminal release. The convergence of results from three different techniques supports the interpretation that dopamine is released during the 5-min isolation in both brain regions.
The influence of oxidation on the creep behavior of aluminum

Abstract Oxidation during high temperature deformation introduces several effects, including the blocking of vacancy condensation at the oxide-metal interface, the injection of vacancies into the metal and the physical restraint of deformation by the oxide. Although vacancy blocking or injection modifies the classic newtonian diffusional creep, the physical strength of the oxide affects deformation regardless of its microstructural mechanism. By examining the creep data for aluminum it is shown that the restraining effect of the oxide can influence not only the transition in behavior from one creep process to another but also the ranges of grain size and stress over which the various processes apply.
Effect of CT contrast on volumetric arc therapy planning (RapidArc and helical tomotherapy) for head and neck cancer

The objectives of the study were to evaluate the effect of intravenous contrast in the dosimetry of helical tomotherapy and RapidArc treatment for head and neck cancer and determine if it is acceptable during the computed tomography (CT) simulation to acquire only CT with contrast for treatment planning of head and neck cancer. Overall, 5 patients with head and neck cancer (4 men and 1 woman) treated on helical tomotherapy were analyzed retrospectively. For each patient, 2 consecutive CT scans were performed. The first CT set was scanned before the contrast injection and secondary study set was scanned 45 seconds after contrast. The 2 CTs were autoregistered using the same Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine coordinates. Tomotherapy and RapidArc plans were generated on 1 CT data set and subsequently copied to the second CT set. Dose calculation was performed, and dose difference was analyzed to evaluate the influence of intravenous contrast media. The dose matrix used for comparison included mean, minimum and maximum doses of planning target volume (PTV), PTV dose coverage, and V45Gy, V30Gy, and V20Gy organ doses. Treatment planning on contrasted images generally showed a lower dose to both organs and target than plans on noncontrasted images. The doses for the points of interest placed in the organs and target rarely changed more than 2% in any patient. In conclusion, treatment planning using a contrasted image had insignificant effect on the dose to the organs and targets. In our opinion, only CT with contrast needs to be acquired during the CT simulation for head and neck cancer. Dose calculations performed on contrasted images can potentially underestimate the delivery dose slightly. However, the errors of planning on a contrasted image should not affect the result in clinically significant way.
A scheme for the teleportation of multiqubit quantum information via the control of many agents in a network

We present a new scheme for teleporting multiqubit quantum information from a sender to a distant receiver via the control of many agents in a network. We show that the receiver can successfully restore the original state of each qubit as long as all the agents cooperate. However, it is remarkable that for certain type of teleported states, the receiver cannot gain any amplitude information even if one agent does not collaborate. In addition, our analysis shows that for general input states of each message qubit, the average fidelity for the output states, when even one agent does not take action, is the same as that for the previous proposals.
In Situ UV‐Visible Spectroscopic Imaging of Laminar Flow in a Channel‐Type Electrochemical Cell

Transmission ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy was employed to image concentration profiles of ferricyanide, generated in a channel-type cell by the oxidation of ferrocyanide on a gold electrode, by monitoring the absorbance as functions of distances either parallel to the flow or transverse to the flow. Steady-state measurements performed under diffusion-limited conditions yielded excellent agreement with an earlier model of convection and diffusion, in the absence of any adjustable parameters. Transient measurements following the application of a current pulse showed that it was possible to detect substantially all of the produced ferricyanide, in agreement with Faraday's law. With further development, spectroscopic methods should be useful for on-line chemical analysis under forced convection
Molecular Size-Based Model To Describe Simple Organic Liquids

A simple, molecular size-based model is presented that allows unified description of solubilities, partition coefficients, vapor pressures, enthalpies of vaporization, and boiling points for a variety of simple organic liquids where no specific interactions are present. A free energy expression obtained from specific, molecular-level assumptions is used. This makes it unnecessary to rely on standard state and activity concepts, and it also leads to relations that cannot be obtained from purely thermodynamic arguments. Molecules in the liquid phase are considered as moving in a fraction of the volume not excluded by their own size and in an average attractive potential of the surrounding molecules that can be described by molecular volume through a simple, linear relationship. These assumptions allow the development of a model that gives unified and reasonably good description of organic liquids that have no hydrogen bonding or strongly polar substituents. In practically all of the individual correlations ...
Anisocoria: A Rare Consequence of Endoscopic Sinus Surgery:

Summary Functional endoscopic sinus surgery is now an accepted method of treating chronic sinus disease. Unusual complications have been described and the prudent endoscopic surgeon must be vigilant if serious problems are to the avoided. Detailed knowledge of the anatomy adjacent to the operative field is essential. Postoperative anisocoria is a rare consequence of functional endoscopic sinus surgery, which may results from injury to the postsynaptic parasympathetic fibers of the oculomotor nerve. This case gives credence to the concept that direct neural pathways exist between the pons and the eye. It is becoming apparent that precise application of paranasal sinus anatomy and physiology is necessary not only to prevent postoperative complications but also to propertly advise a patient who has a postsurgical deficit requiring no therapeutic intervention.
Recent improvements to data envelopment analysis

The original Charnes, Cooper and Rhodes (CCR) formulation of Data Envelopment Analysis is examined briefly. Next, two important shortcomings of the model are addressed and then two new formulations of DEA are presented. Finally, an approach based on extended pivoting in the original CCR formulation is given.
Being Period: An Examination of Bridging Discourse in a Historical Reenactment Group:

An ethnography found that when members of a historical reenactment group behave in ways that seem inconsistent with the group’s ideology, they engage in discourse to demonstrate to other members that their behavior is congruent with the group’s ideology and, in doing so, strengthen connections with other members who have different standards for behavior or different interpretations of the group’s ideology. The term bridging discourse is introduced to refer to this practice. Bridging discourse is useful for members of the historical reenactment group, as authenticity is an important but ambiguous part of the group’s ideology, and it is not always clear what behavior is authentic and what behavior is not. Members use bridging discourse to demonstrate to other members that a wide range of behavior can be considered authentic. Individuals engage in bridging discourse by redefining the group’s ideology, reinterpreting behavior, and making exceptions to the group’s normative standards. Such discourse ultimately...
Compensation of actuator delay and dynamics for real-time hybrid structural simulation

Compensation of delay and dynamic response of servo-hydraulic actuators is critical for stability and accuracy of hybrid experimental and numerical simulations of seismic response of structures. In this study, current procedures for compensation of actuator delay are examined and improved procedures are proposed to minimize experimental errors. The new procedures require little or no a priori information about the behavior of the test specimen or the input excitation. First, a simple approach is introduced for rapid online estimation of system delay and actuator command gain, thus capturing the variability of system response through a simulation. Second, an extrapolation procedure for delay compensation, based on the same kinematics equations used in numerical integration procedures is examined. Simulations using the proposed procedures indicate a reduction in high-frequency noise in force measurements that can minimize the excitation of high-frequency modes. To further verify the effectiveness of the compensation procedures, the artificial energy added to a hybrid simulation as a result of actuator tracking errors is measured and used for demonstrating the improved accuracy in the simulations.
Clinicohistopathological correlations in juvenile localized scleroderma: studies on a subset of children with hypopigmented juvenile localized scleroderma due to loss of epidermal melanocytes.

Background Localized scleroderma or morphea is a connective tissue disorder characterized by fibrosis of the skin and subcutaneous tissue. Excessive accumulation of collagen underlies the fibrosis, yet the pathogenesis is unknown. A subset of localized scleroderma/morphea, juvenile localized scleroderma (JLS), affects children and adolescents. Objectives The clinical and microscopic features of JLS have not been fully characterized. The goal is to better characterize the microscopic features of JLS. Methods We collected a distinctive data set of 35 children with JLS, 19 (54%) of whom presented with hypopigmented lesions, and performed a retrospective chart and pathology review. We had adequate tissue for immunostaining studies on 8 of these individuals. Results We found that: (1) CD34 and factor XIIIa immunostaining, reported previously in adult morphea and scleroderma, when used with clinical information, is valuable for confirming a diagnosis of JLS; and (2) presence of hypopigmented lesions in JLS correlates with immunostaining studies. Decreased numbers of MelanA+ melanocytes were present at the dermoepidermal junction in lesional skin in two of 3 children with hypopigmented JLS and in two of 4 children with nonhypopigmented JLS. Limitations The number of cases is small, a function of the small number of children who have biopsy specimens with material sufficient for multiple immunostaining procedures. Conclusions These results provide a useful immunostaining method for confirmation of the diagnosis of JLS. They suggest a complex autoimmune phenotype in some children with JLS.
Synthetic dimer of indole‐3‐carbinol: Second generation diet derived anti‐cancer agent in hormone sensitive prostate cancer

BACKGROUND Cruciferous vegetables have been found to have anti-prostate cancer effects. The active compounds mediating these effects include indoles such as indole-3-carbinol (I3C) and isothiocyanates. I3C is unstable having tissue tropic effects and clinical utility has been partly addressed by the synthesis of a more stable dimer diindolylmethane (DIM). METHODS Anti-proliferative activity was measured by XTT assay and cytosolic proteins quantitated by Western blot analysis. RESULTS DIM (IC50 50 µM) is a better anti-proliferative agent than I3C (IC50 150 µM) in androgen dependent LNCaP cells, inhibits DNA synthesis, and growth of R1881 stimulated LNCaP cells. Androgen receptor (AR), cyclin D1, and cdk4, induced by R1881, are downregulated by DIM. DIM downregulates phosphorylated Akt and phosphatidyl inositol 3-kinase and downstream inhibition of cyclin D1 and cdk4. CONCLUSION These studies provide evidence that DIM is a second-generation chemopreventive agent with a viable cellular target and has clinical potential as an anti-prostate cancer chemopreventive. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A maximum-margin genetic algorithm for misclassification cost minimizing feature selection problem

We consider a feature selection problem where the decision-making objective is to minimize overall misclassification cost by selecting relevant features from a training dataset. We propose a two-stage solution approach for solving misclassification cost minimizing feature selection (MCMFS) problem. Additionally, we propose a maximum-margin genetic algorithm (MMGA) that maximizes margin of separation between classes by taking into account all examples as opposed to maximizing margin of separation using a few support vectors. Feature selection is carried out by either an exhaustive or a heuristic simulated annealing approach in the first stage and a cost sensitive classification using either MMGA or cost sensitive support vector machines (SVM) in the second stage. Using simulated and real-world data sets and different misclassification cost matrices, we test our two-stage approach for solving the MCMFS problem. Our results indicate that feature selection plays an important role when misclassification cost asymmetries increase and the MMGA shows equal or better performance than the SVM.
Dember and photo-emf currents in Si photoconductive detectors

Dember and photo-emf currents are investigated in silicon photoconductive detectors both theoretically and experimentally. Dember photocurrents were found to dominate the response of high-purity silicon samples to 852 nm light.
Temperament and developmental psychopathology

This review discusses conceptual issues in relating temperament to psychopathology, including the disputed relation of temperament to personality in children. A potential integrative framework is discussed that links trait and biological markers of temperament (reactive, incentive-response tendencies) with regulatory processes. This framework is utilized to highlight potential temperamental pathways to specific forms of psychopathology, noting that in some instances their relations may reflect a spectrum model (with psychopathology closely related as an extreme of a temperament-based trait), but in many instances it likely reflects a vulnerability-transaction set of processes. Conduct disorder involves at least two temperamental paths, one emanating from low fear response and one from either high incentive approach or high anger reactivity. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder also involves at least two temperament pathways, one involving extremely low effortful control and the other likely involving strong approach. Anxiety disorders appear to result from the confluence of high negative emotionality and low effortful control. Hypotheses for future research are presented and limitations discussed.
Corporate culture and the bottom line

Abstract The paper deals with the effects of corporate culture on financial performance. Previous authors have suggested that culture has an impact on financial performance. Unlike previous studies which have only examined the effects of culture on financial performance using cross sectional data, this study was done in a single organization. The company had twenty relatively comparable divisions, and provides a somewhat rare, if not unique, opportunity to assess the effects of corporate culture on financial performance. The results, using a regression analysis, suggest that there is a statistically significant relationship (at 0.05 level) between culture and financial performance (measured by ‘EBIT,’ or earnings before interest and taxes). Thus these results provide support for the previously hypothesized relationship between culture and financial performance with significant implications for management theory and practice
DECIDING IF AN AUTOMORPHISM OF AN INFINITE SOLUBLE GROUP IS INNER

). This allows the formulation of algorithmic problemsabout endomorphisms and automorphisms. For example, can one decide if a givenn-tuple of words represents an endomorphism, and if so, an automorphism? Some resultson these questions may be found in [2] and [12]. Here we shall be concerned with asimilar problem: given that an n-tuple of words represents an automorphism of the groupG, does there exist an algorithm which decides if the automorphism is inner?As one would expect at this level of generality, the answer is negative. IndeedBaumslag, Gildenhuys and Strebel, as a by-product of their work on the insolubility ofthe word problem for finitely presented soluble groups [6], exhibited a finitely presentedsoluble group of derived length 3 for which there is no algorithm to decide if anautomorphism is inner.On the other hand, there are classes of finitely generated soluble groups which areknown to behave well algorithmically, in the sense that the word problem at least issoluble. Here we have two classes in mind. The first class consists of finitely generatedsoluble groups of finite (Priifer) rank with a recursive presentation; such groups wereshown in [7] to have soluble word problem; in fact they also have soluble generalizedword problem and soluble conjugacy problem, although in a weaker sense [11]. Thesecond class is that of all nilpotent-by-polycyclic groups satisfying max-n, the maximalcondition on normal subgroups. As is well-known, groups of this type are finitelygenerated, and it was shown in [3] that they have soluble word problem. Also thesubclasses of finitely generated abelian-by-nilpotent groups and finitely generatedmetabelian groups have respectively soluble generalized word problem and solubleconjugacy problem [13, 9].Our purpose here is to prove that for both of the above classes of groups algorithmsexist to decide if automorphisms are inner.
Mutations in rpoBC Suppress the Defects of a Sinorhizobium meliloti relA Mutant

The nitrogen-fixing symbiosis between Sinorhizobium meliloti and Medicago sativa requires complex physiological adaptation by both partners. One method by which bacteria coordinately control physiological adaptation is the stringent response, which is triggered by the presence of the nucleotide guanosine tetraphosphate (ppGpp). ppGpp, produced by the RelA enzyme, is thought to bind to and alter the ability of RNA polymerase (RNAP) to initiate and elongate transcription and affect the affinity of the core enzyme for various sigma factors. An S. meliloti relA mutant which cannot produce ppGpp was previously shown to be defective in the ability to form nodules. This mutant also overproduces a symbiotically necessary exopolysaccharide called succinoglycan. The work presented here encompasses the analysis of suppressor mutants, isolated from host plants, that suppress the symbiotic defects of the relA mutant. All suppressor mutations are extragenic and map to either rpoB or rpoC, which encode the beta and beta' subunits of RNAP. Phenotypic, structural, and gene expression analyses reveal that suppressor mutants can be divided into two classes; one is specific in its effect on stringent response-regulated genes and shares striking similarity with suppressor mutants of Escherichia coli strains that lack ppGpp, and another reduces transcription of all genes tested in comparison to that in the relA parent strain. Our findings indicate that the ability to successfully establish symbiosis is tightly coupled with the bacteria's ability to undergo global physiological adjustment via the stringent response.
Gender on the Agenda: How the Paucity of Women Judges Became an Issue

Analyzing how the virtual absence of women in high judicial office in the United Kingdom came to concern policy makers expands our understanding of agenda setting. By identifying the idiosyncratic barriers that impeded diffusion of innovation, this case suggests that an issue may get on the governmental agenda and policy change occur without a threshold groundswell of support or consensus that one sees in more typical cases. Policy change may help more to produce a consensus after the fact than reflect it. This case also seems exceptional for both feminist policy change and change driven by legal mobilization in that a very few uncoordinated actors made the difference. The agents of change in this case linked their cause to other governmental priorities as key personnel changed. Litigation provided one vehicle for this discursive work.
Joint calibration of multiple sensors

Many calibration methods calibrate a pair of sensors at a time. For robotic systems with many sensors, they are often time-consuming to use, and can also lead to inaccurate results. In this paper, we combine a number of ideas in the literature to derive a unified framework that jointly calibrates many sensors a large system. Key to our approach are (i) grouping sensors to produce 3D data, thereby providing a unifying formalism that allows us to jointly calibrate all of the groups at the same, (ii) using a variety of geometric constraints to perform the calibration, and (iii) sharing sensors between groups to increase robustness. We show that this gives a simple method that is easily applicable to calibrating large systems. Our experiments show that this method not only reduces calibration error, but also requires less human time.
Current status of additive solutions for platelets

The storage of platelets in additive solution (PAS) had lagged behind red cell concentrates, especially in North America. The partial or complete removal of anticoagulated plasma and storage of platelet concentrates in AS presents many advantages. The PAS can be formulated to optimize aerobic metabolism or decrease platelet activation, thus abrogating the platelet storage lesion and potentially improving in vivo viability. Plasma removal has been shown to reduce allergic reactions and the plasma harvested could contribute to the available plasma pool for transfusion or fractionation. PAS coupled to pathogen reduction technology results in a platelet product of equivalent hemostatic efficacy to conventionally stored platelets. Given the above, the likely future direction of platelet storage will be in new generation designer PAS with an extended shelf life and a superior safety profile to plasma stored platelets. J. Clin. Apheresis, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Victorian Nights’ Entertainments: Elizabeth Gaskell and Wilkie Collins Develop the British Story Sequence

By considering the multiple frames in and around My Lady Ludlow by Elizabeth Gaskell and “The Yellow Mask” by Wilkie Collins, this paper examines the tradition of British short stories that were structurally, but not thematically, modeled on the folktales known in England as the Arabian Nights’ Entertainments. Use of the Nights makes Victorian short fiction coherent by providing an alternative to the linear structure of the novel. This common structure is notable for the following characteristics: a deferral of knowledge and endings, repeated thematic elements across frames and stories, and embedded metafictional narratives that gesture towards oral traditions.
A Portable Fiber Optic Local Area Network

A portable fiber optic local area network has been implemented for emergency command center communications. This network operates under a carrier sense multiple-access (CSMA) protocol and employs an architecture based on a unique active star node. The node consists of a transmissive optical star coupler and active electro-optical transceivers. Terminal-to-node or node-to-node links may be as long as 1 km. An architecture developed around this node design is capable of modular expansion to accommodate a large number (several hundread) of data subscribers. In addition to data services, this network can support broadcast video and integrated technical control.
Results of a marine radar sea clutter experiment for non-equilibrium seas

Results are presented for an upwind-illumination, low-grazing-angle marine radar sea scatter experiment conducted in the Pacific Ocean. A wide range of wind speeds and directions resulted in nonequilibrium sea conditions, in contrast to a previous Atlantic Ocean experiment in which ocean waves were fully developed. Statistical properties of the radar echoes are parameterized by a dual-Weibull model versus wind speed and are compared with the North Atlantic data. It is concluded that the Pacific results can be regarded as a lower limit case, appropriate to random seas, whereas the North Atlantic results can be regarded as an upper limit for well-developed seas. >
Chronotropic effect of alkali metals on spontaneously beating right atria.

Abstract The alkali metal ions lithium, potassium, ribidium and cesium depress the rate of spontaneous beating of isolated rabbit right atria. At low concentrations (2 to 4 mM) the negative chronotropic effect was in the order: Cs > Rb > K or Li; at a higher concentration (12 mM) it was Rb or K > Cs or Li. Force of contraction was also depressed by potassium and cesium at all levels, but was stimulated by lithium and by low levels of rubidium (2 mM). Lithium had little chronotropic effect up to relatively high concentrations, decreasing spontaneous beating rate to 80% of control at 100 mM LiCl. The significant positive inotropic effect at 2 mM LiCl (to 120% of control) increased (to 180% of control) at 40 mM LiCl. Rate of beating was significantly depressed by 0.2 mM CsCl. The chronotropic effect of cesium was biphasic; the decrease in SBR at 2 and 4 mM cesium was greater than the negative chronotropic effect at 10 mM CsCl. The effect of rubidium (above 4 mM) closely resembled that of increased potassium in decreasing spontaneous beating rate and contractile force.
Numerical modeling and design of inflatable structures—application to open-ocean-aquaculture cages

Numerical simulation and design of an inflatable open-ocean-aquaculture cage is presented using nonlinear finite element analysis of membrane structures. Numerical instability caused by the tension-only membrane has been removed by adding an artificial shell with small stiffness. The material properties of a fabric material are obtained from tensile tests in both hoop and longitudinal directions, assuming the material is anisotropic. Wrinkling, defined as an onset of compressive stress, is monitored as design criteria. The finite element model is validated using a modified beam theory for the inflatable structure by comparing the maximum deflection and stress. Good agreement is observed between the numerical and theoretical results. A full-scale cage model is created using membrane, shell, and string elements to test the stiffness and integrity of the system. The feasibility study indicates that the inflated structure has sufficient stiffness to be used as the structural support within a fish cage. Based on the parameter study, several designs are suggested.
An investigation of the rank transformation in multiple regression

Real world data often fail to meet the underlying assumptions of normal statistical theory. The rank transformation (RT) procedure is recommended and used in the context of multiple regression analysis when the assumption of normality is violated. There is no general supporting theory of the RT. In view of this, the current study examined the Type I error and power properties of the RT in terms of multiple regression. The investigation included both additive and nonadditive models. Results indicated that there were severely in/ated Type I error rates associated with the RT procedure under both normal and nonnormal distributions (e.g., 0.772 with nominal alpha = 0:05). The RT also exhibited a substantial power loss relative to the usual ordinary least squares regression procedure. It is recommended that the RT be avoided in the context of multiple regression despite its encouragement from SAS and other well respected sources. c � 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Design cosiderations in a wideband microwave mixer and I.F. preamplifiers

When the task of designing a wideband mixer and IF Preamplifier was undertaken, it was realized that there were a great many problems to solve before a satisfactory head end could be constructed. For this reason a study program was started. This report is intended only to summarize the results of this program and to pave the way for the actual design and construction of the above units.
Moving target detection via airborne HRR phased array radar

We study moving target detection in the presence of temporally and spatially correlated ground clutter for airborne high range resolution (HRR) phased array radar. We divide the HRR range profiles into large range segments to avoid the range migration problems that occur in the HRR radar data. Since each range segment contains a sequence of HRR range bins, no information is lost due to the division and hence no loss of resolution occurs. We show how to use a vector autoregressive (VAR) filtering technique to suppress the ground clutter. Then a moving target detector based on a generalized likelihood ratio test (GLRT) detection strategy is derived. The detection threshold is determined according to the desired false alarm rate, which is made possible via an asymptotic statistical analysis. After the target Doppler frequency and spatial signature vectors are estimated from the VAR-filtered data as if a target were present, a simple detection variable is computed and compared with the detection threshold to render a decision on the presence of a target. Numerical results are provided to demonstrate the performance of the proposed moving target detection algorithm.
A multi-subject evaluation of uncertainty in anatomical landmark location on shoulder kinematic description.

An accurate assessment of shoulder kinematics is useful for understanding healthy normal and pathological mechanics. Small variability in identifying and locating anatomical landmarks (ALs) has potential to affect reported shoulder kinematics. The objectives of this study were to quantify the effect of landmark location variability on scapular and humeral kinematic descriptions for multiple subjects using probabilistic analysis methods, and to evaluate the consistency in results across multiple subjects. Data from 11 healthy subjects performing humeral elevation in the scapular plane were used to calculate Euler angles describing humeral and scapular kinematics. Probabilistic analyses were performed for each subject to simulate uncertainty in the locations of 13 upper-extremity ALs. For standard deviations of 4 mm in landmark location, the analysis predicted Euler angle envelopes between the 1 and 99 percentile bounds of up to 16.6°. While absolute kinematics varied with the subject, the average 1–99% kin...
Does the brain possess an independent immune compartment

An immunoregulatory feedback circuit exists between the CNS and the immune system comparable to other feedback systems that maintain homeostasis in mammals. Moreover, the brain “enjoys” certain privileges and autonomies. The privileges include a redistribution of blood flow, which provides additional blood to the brain under conditions of anoxia, and a redistribution of nutrients so that the brain preferentially receives an additional supply under conditions of starvation. The so-called immunologic privilege of the brain serves to shield it from systemic immune reactions that may be damaging to neural structures. An example of an autonomy is the independent endocrine capacity of the CNS; but does it also possess an independent immune capacity? Studies on neuron-binding immunoglobulins (lgs) have revealed that some of these lgs are directed against antigens shared between neural structures and tissues outside the CNS, such as the Thy-1 antigen of thymic lymphocytes. Other lgs appear to be specific for neural antigens. This suggests that the blood-brain-barrier (BBB) may protect neural structures from cross-reacting with extraneural antibodies. But the BBB would also provide a barrier to the systemic immune system when aberrant antigens are generated within the CNS. Observations such as these have given rise to the hypothesis that antibodies to neural antigens might be generated within the CNS. Evidence is provided here from studies on monkeys, as well as a review of relevant literature, that the CNS contains structures that can provide an independent immune capacity. These include perivascular and glial cells and elements of the choroid plexus. Some of these structures also display markers similar to those displayed by immunocytes. It is proposed here that neuronophagia and the resultant loss of neurons with age may be due to immune reactions confined to the CNS. It is also proposed that certain CNS phenomena associated with Alzheimerapos;s disease may be due to parallel age-related autoimmune reactions not causally related to AD.
Microstructural Development in MgO-Partially Stabilized Zirconia (Mg-PSZ)

Microstructural development during aging of supersaturated solid solutions of cubic ZrO, stabilized with MgO was studied, principally using transmission electron microscopy. The starting materials were commercial Mg-PSZ, solution-annealed at 1850°C for 4 h. Optimum mechanical properties are obtained at aging temperatures of 1400° to 1500°C, where homogeneous intragranular precipitates of tetragonal ZrO2 form. The best materials are those in which the precipitation reaction is about two-thirds complete and the precipitates have not lost coherency. Under these conditions, the particles do not transform to monoclinic symmetry when cooled to room temperature, except near propagating cracks, where the stress-induced transformation contributes to the high fracture toughness and strengths observed. Aging at lower temperatures causes eutectoid decomposition, as expected from phase-equilibria considerations. Nucleation of the eutectoid reaction product invariably occurs at grain boundaries.
Abstract 627: Regulation of Nuclear Factor of Activated T Cells by BMP-Binding Endothelial Regulator Signaling

Dysfunction of the vascular endothelium results in various cardiovascular, circulatory and blood diseases and exemplifies the importance of endothelial integrity. BMP-binding endothelial regulator (BMPER), a well recognized extracellular modulator of Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling, has been identified as a vital component in the vascular response to stress. Microarray analysis revealed nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) as one of the genes found to be most highly upregulated by BMPER treatment in mouse endothelial cells (MECs), as well as many genes with NFAT consensus binding sites. Therefore we hypothesize that BMPER is an important regulator of NFAT transcriptional activity. Initially we have investigated the effect of BMPER on NFATc1 activation with MECs and human primary endothelial cells. Our data show that the translocation of NFATc1 from the cytoplasm to the nucleus following BMPER treatment, determined by immunofluorescent analysis. By using the nuclear fractionation assays, we observed the similar result that the translocation of NFATc1 to the nucleus of HUVECs took place after 30 minutes of BMPER treatment. Next, we wanted to determine whether the increased NFATc1 protein level in nucleus results in the enhanced transcriptional activity. Indeed, when HUVECs are treated with BMPER and then analyzed with luciferase reporter assay, a 1.5-fold significant increase in NFAT activity over baseline was observed. Our previous data demonstrate that LDL receptor related protein (LRP1) interacts with BMPER and regulates BMPER’s activity through endocytosis in endothelial cells. Interesting, we observe that LRP1 also interacts with NF45, the 45-kDa subunit of NFAT protein. It strongly suggests that BMPER positively regulates NFAT activity through LRP1. This novel signaling pathway indicates that BMPER may acts as a new ligand and exhibits BMP-independent activity in endothelial cells and therefore contribute to the regulation of vascular homeostasis.
The Impact Of Economic And Social Orientation On Trust Within Teams

In this paper, we develop a model to examine the impact of an individual’s economic and social orientation and the congruence of such orientations across the trustor-trusted dyad on the level of dyadic trust within a team. The model explicitly accounts for higher order dependencies in trust among team members and the potential reciprocity in trust between members of a dyad. The results from our model estimation provide evidence that congruence in economic and social orientation is an important antecedent of dyadic trust. We also find that dyadic trust is characterized by higher order dependencies among team members; however, we do not find that trust is characterized by reciprocity. We also find a wide variation in the polarization in teams based on the levels of trust among their members. Taken together, these findings highlight the need to account for higher order dependencies in the study of trust in teams.
Evolution and function of genomic imprinting in plants

Genomic imprinting, an inherently epigenetic phenomenon defined by parent of origin-dependent gene expression, is observed in mammals and flowering plants. Genome-scale surveys of imprinted expression and the underlying differential epigenetic marks have led to the discovery of hundreds of imprinted plant genes and confirmed DNA and histone methylation as key regulators of plant imprinting. However, the biological roles of the vast majority of imprinted plant genes are unknown, and the evolutionary forces shaping plant imprinting remain rather opaque. Here, we review the mechanisms of plant genomic imprinting and discuss theories of imprinting evolution and biological significance in light of recent findings.
A treatment planning comparison between modulated tri-cobalt-60 teletherapy and linear accelerator-based stereotactic body radiotherapy for central early-stage non-small cell lung cancer

We evaluated the feasibility of planning stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) for large central early-stage non-small cell lung cancer with a tri-cobalt-60 (tri-(60)Co) system equipped with real-time magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) guidance, as compared to linear accelerator (LINAC)-based SBRT. In all, 20 patients with large central early-stage non-small cell lung cancer who were treated between 2010 and 2015 with LINAC-based SBRT were replanned using a tri-(60)Co system for a prescription dose of 50Gy in 4 fractions. Doses to organs at risk were evaluated based on established MD Anderson constraints for central lung SBRT. R100 values were calculated as the total tissue volume receiving 100% of the dose (V100) divided by the planning target volume and compared to assess dose conformity. Dosimetric comparisons between LINAC-based and tri-(60)Co SBRT plans were performed using Student׳s t-test and Wilcoxon Ranks test. Blinded reviews by radiation oncologists were performed to assess the suitability of both plans for clinical delivery. The mean planning target volume was 48.3cc (range: 12.1 to 139.4cc). Of the tri-(60)Co SBRT plans, a mean 97.4% of dosimetric parameters per patient met MD Anderson dose constraints, whereas a mean 98.8% of dosimetric parameters per patient were met with LINAC-based SBRT planning (p = 0.056). R100 values were similar between both plans (1.20 vs 1.21, p = 0.79). Upon blinded review by 4 radiation oncologists, an average of 90% of the tri-(60)Co SBRT plans were considered acceptable for clinical delivery compared with 100% of the corresponding LINAC-based SBRT plans (p = 0.17). SBRT planning using the tri-(60)Co system with built-in MRI is feasible and achieves clinically acceptable plans for most central lung patients, with similar target dose conformity and organ at risk dosimetry. The added benefit of real-time MRI-guided therapy may further optimize tumor targeting while improving normal tissue sparing, which warrants further investigation in a prospective feasibility clinical trial.
Multifaceted Translational Approach to Major Mental Illness

This is a short summary of my presentation in the Uehara Memorial Foundation Symposium 2014. Classification of mental illness in current diagnostic systems [such as the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)] is built on clinical reliability and utility, but not on etiological validity. Thus, the DSM has not provided an ideal classification of mental disorders. To overcome the dilemma, the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) recently proposed the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) framework. This new framework emphasizes a dimensional approach on the basis of neurocircuitry mechanism. There were three aims in my presentation. First, I summarized the concept of research strategies on the basis of dimensional approach, with a link to the trajectory from early development to adolescence in the disease pathology. Second, I introduced an example of a research infrastructure that could support translational and clinical study for mental illness. Third, I showed two studies that were utilizing the infrastructure.
A Prebiotic Role for 8-Oxoguanosine as a Flavin Mimic in Pyrimidine Dimer Photorepair

Redox-active enzyme cofactors derived from ribonucleotides have been called "fossils of the RNA world," suggesting that early catalysts employed modified nucleobases to facilitate redox chemistry in primitive metabolism. Here, we show that the common oxidative damage product 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine (OG), when incorporated into a DNA or RNA strand in proximity to a cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer, can mimic the function of a flavin in photorepair. The OG nucleotide acts catalytically in a mechanism consistent with that of photolyase in which the photoexcited state of the purine donates an electron to a pyrimidine dimer to initiate bond cleavage; subsequent back electron transfer regenerates OG. This unusual example of one form of DNA damage, oxidation, functioning to repair another, photodimerization, may provide insight into the origins of prebiotic redox processes.
Growth and Life-History Changes in Gunnison's Prairie Dogs after a Plague Epizootic

I measured rates of growth of individual Gunnison's prairie dogs ( Cynomys gunnisoni ) at three towns in the Moreno Valley, New Mexico; at an established prairie dog town (site 1) prior to a plague ( Yersinia pestis ) epizootic and at two towns reestablished after the epizootic (sites 2 and 3). Populations declined by >99% during the epizootic. After the epizootic, adults had greater mass, and juveniles grew faster than before. At sites 2 and 3, juveniles had high interyear survival (39%), whereas at site 1, prior to plague, survival of juveniles was 17%. At sites 2 and 3, yearlings bred, whereas they did not at site 1. Mean litter size near the end of lactation was 1.5 at site 1 and 5.0 at sites 2 and 3. Application of observed demographic parameters to Leslie-matrix analysis indicated that projected size of population was declining (λ = 0.829) at site 1 and was tripling annually (λ = 2.905) at sites 2 and 3. The difference in λ was mostly due to increased survivorship of juveniles and reproduction at an earlier age in the new towns.
Driving force dependent, photoinduced electron transfer at degenerately doped, optically transparent semiconductor nanoparticle interfaces.

Photoinduced, interfacial electron injection and back electron transfer between surface-bound [RuII(bpy)2(4,4′-(PO3H2)2-bpy)]2+ and degenerately doped In2O3:Sn nanoparticles, present in mesoporous thin films (nanoITO), have been studied as a function of applied external bias. Due to the metallic behavior of the nanoITO films, application of an external bias was used to vary the Fermi level in the oxide and, with it, the driving force for electron transfer (ΔGo′). By controlling the external bias, ΔGo′ was varied from 0 to −1.8 eV for electron injection and from −0.3 to −1.3 eV for back electron transfer. Analysis of the back electron-transfer data, obtained from transient absorption measurements, using Marcus–Gerischer theory gave an experimental estimate of λ = 0.56 eV for the reorganization energy of the surface-bound RuIII/II couple in acetonitrile with 0.1 M LiClO4 electrolyte.