cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Note on a combinatorial problem

In the first part of this paper we have assembled some properties of the quantitiesR m n , whereR m n denotes the number of distributions ofn different objects intom indifferent parcels, with no empty parcels allowed. We then discuss the following problem (N. Rashevsky, 1954, 1955 a,b, 1956): to find the total number,G n , of graphs that can be obtained from the biotopological transformation (T (1) X) for a given value of the parametern. This is related to the distribution ofn indifferent objects intom different boxes. A formula forG n is given which, however, is not very convenient for practical computations because it involves a summation over certain “admissible partitions” of the numbermn (m is a second parameter of the transformation). Some theorems are derived; with their help we can simplify the calculation ofG n to a small extent. The numbersG n are calculated forn≤9 and estimated forn=10. It is found thatG 7≈5.4×104,G 8≈8.3×105,G 9≈1.4×107, andG 10≈3×108. These values ofn are those which might be used in connection with N. Rashevsky’s work (cf. Rashevsky, 1956).
The Perceptual Reality of Phonemes, Syllables, Words, and Sentences.

Experiments such as Savin and Bever's (1970) , in which listeners detect the presence of phonemes or syllables in lists of syllables, are meaningless for determining the perceptual units of speech. We show that the minimum reaction time in such experiments occurs whenever the linguistic level of the target and the search list is the same. Since this level is determined by the experimental design, it is impossible to use the occurrence of minimum reaction time to identify perceptual units. Theoretical questions raised by monitoring experiments include the strategies used in searching lists for targets and the phenomenon of linguistic “transparency,” presumably the basis for the increases in reaction time when the level of the target and search list are different.
COGNITIVE ENCODING PROCESSES: EVIDENCE FOR A GRAPHEMICALLY BASED SHORT‐TERM MEMORY

Three competing models of word recognition processes currently receive psycholinguistic research support: direct encoding (i.e., word recognition proceeds from graphemes); indirect encoding (i.e., word recognition proceeds from a phonemic translation of graphemes); and dual access (i.e., word recognition can proceed from either graphemes or phonemes). Resolution of the conflict between these models has been hampered by methodological problems common to research techniques in this area. The two experiments reported in this study analyzes the competing models via the SLIP technique, which avoids those methodological problems. Support is yielded for the direct encoding model. Implications are discussed.
Feasibility study of lactate imaging of head and neck tumors

A proton spectroscopic imaging sequence was used to investigate the feasibility of lactate imaging in head and neck tumors. The sequence employs a two-shot lactate editing method with inversion recovery for additional lipid suppression, and a restricted field of view to suppress motion artifacts. Variations in acquisition parameters and two different receive coils were investigated on twelve patients. Elevated lactate was detected in three patients, no lactate was observed in seven patients, and two studies were inconclusive because of severe motion or inhomogeneity artifacts. Best results were obtained with an anterior/posterior neck coil at a 288 ms echo time (TE). © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The perimeter centroid of a convex polygon

Abstract An elementary derivation is given to algebraically compute the perimeter centroid of a convex polygon.
Three-dimensional vector radiative transfer in a semi-infinite, Rayleigh scattering medium exposed to spatially varying polarized radiation: generalized reflection matrix

Abstract Three-dimensional vector radiative transfer in a semi-infinite medium exposed to spatially varying, polarized radiation is studied. The problem is to determine the generalized reflection matrix for a multiple scattering medium characterized by a 4×4 scattering matrix. A double integral transform is used to convert the three-dimensional vector radiative transfer equation to a one-dimensional form, and a modified Ambarzumian's method is then applied to derive a nonlinear integral equation for the generalized reflection matrix. The spatially varying backscattered radiation for an arbitrarily polarized incident beam can be found from the generalized reflection matrix. For Rayleigh scattering and normal incidence and emergence, the generalized reflection matrix is shown to have five non-zero elements. Benchmark results for these five elements are presented and compared to asymptotic results. When the incident radiation is polarized, the vector approach used in this study correctly predicts three-dimensional behavior, while the scalar approach does not. When the incident radiation is unpolarized, both the vector and scalar approaches predict a two-dimensional distribution of the intensity, but the error in the scalar prediction can be as high as 20%.
Application of DNPH Derivatization with LC/MS to the Identification of Polar Carbonyl Disinfection Byproducts in Drinking Water

Abstract A qualitative method using 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH) derivatization followed by analysis with liquid chromatography (LC)/negative ion-electrospray mass spectrometry (MS) was developed for analyzing and identifying highly polar aldehydes and ketones in ozonated drinking water. Using this method, aldehydes could be easily distinguished from ketones by differences in their mass spectra and chromatographic behavior. Results for many polar-substituted aldehyde and ketone standards are presented, as well as the identification of polar disinfection by-products (DBPs) in ozonated drinking water from full-scale plants and laboratory-scale ozonation of humic acid. One polar DBP identified has not been previously reported. This method could also potentially be used as a tool to identify carbonyl-containing DBPs from disinfectants other than ozone. However, the detection limits for the DNPH-LC/MS method are not as low as for the pentafluorobenzylhydroxylamine (PFBHA)-gas chromatography (GC)/MS method...
EVALUATING PLEURAL EFFUSIONS: HOW SHOULD YOU GO ABOUT FINDING THE CAUSE?

The causes of abnormal accumulation of fluid in the lungs are many and varied. Although analysis of pleural fluid uncovers the underlying problem in most cases, sometimes a definitive explanation i...
Neurotoxicity in murine striatal dopaminergic pathways following long-term application of low doses of permethrin and MPTP

Abstract The long-term effects of permethrin (PM) and its interaction with 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) on striatal dopaminergic pathways were investigated in C57BL/6 mice. In a 3-month exposure, technical PM (1.5 mg/kg) was administered once per week, with MPTP (20 mg/kg) given once on either the 7th week or 11th week. In a 6-month exposure, PM (0.8 mg/kg or 1.5 mg/kg) was administered once per week for 26 weeks, with MPTP (20 mg/kg) given once, on week 24. Alterations in the expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), dopamine transporter (DAT), and α-synuclein proteins were analyzed 1 day after the last PM treatment using western blot assay. PM had no significant effect on striatal dopaminergic pathways by itself, whereas MPTP significantly reduced the expression of TH and DAT proteins. In both exposure paradigms, weekly 1.5 mg/kg PM treatments antagonized the toxic effect of MPTP on TH and DAT expression (p
Interleukin 10 Receptor (IL-10R) in the newborn ♦ 1288

There is increasing evidence that inflammatory mediators, such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and platelet activating factor (PAF), play a role in the pathogenesis of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). IL-10 is an antiinflammatory cytokine which downregulates the production of many proinflammatory mediators. In addition, IL-10 may be an important regulator of the intestinal immune response, as IL-10 deficient knockout mice develop an inflammatory enterocolitis. Previously we have demonstrated that IL-10 protein production is decreased in newborn peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), particularly in response to TNF-α (Lasker, et al, Pediatric Research 39:289A, 1996). Differences in the expression of IL-10R on certain cells of the newborn may contribute to a delayed or defective immunologic response. In the present study, we were interested in studying the expression of IL-10R on newborn vs adult PBMCs. Methods: PBMCs were isolated from umbilical cord blood and adult buffy coat preparations by Ficoll-Hypaque density centrifugation. Cells were cultured overnight under one of the following conditions: control, PMA/anti-CD3, TNF-α, or PAF. Cells were stained with biotinylated IL-10, followed by incubation with avidin- fluoroscein. Cells expressing IL-10R were fluorescently stained and were identified by flow cytometry. Monoclonal antibodies against T cells (CD3), monocytes (CD14), and B cells (CD19) were used as markers to determine the percentage of IL-10R on each cell population. Results: A small percent of CD3+ T cells express IL-10R (range 6-27%) in both adults and newborns under all conditions. Cord CD14+ monocytes express IL-10R on a lower percentage of cells than adults under control (85% vs 98%) and TNF conditions (82% vs 97%). Significant differences were noted in the expression of IL-10R in B cells under all conditions. Whereas almost 100% of adult CD19+cells expressed IL-10R, only 1/3 of newborn cells were positive for IL-10R. Thus it appears that the newborn differs from the adult in the expression of IL-10R, as well as having a decreased ability to produce IL-10 protein. These differences may reflect alterations in the newborn's ability to respond to an inflammatory response and may have important implications in the susceptibility to develop inflammatory diseases such as NEC.
Effects of the fungus Isaria fumosorosea (Hypocreales: Cordycipitaceae) on reduced feeding and mortality of the Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Psyllidae)

Abstract The Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Psyllidae), is an important citrus pest primarily because it transmits bacteria putatively responsible for huanglongbing, a serious disease of citrus. We present a study on the effects of blastospore and conidial formulations of Isaria fumosorosea Wize on feeding rates and mortality of adult psyllids in laboratory bioassays. Information on quantities of honeydew droplets was used to make inferences on feeding rates. Psyllids treated with the blastospore formulation of I. fumosorosea produced fewer honeydew droplets compared to the conidial treatment and control beginning within the first 24 h after treatment. The highest daily mean number of droplets thereafter never exceeded 2.4 drops compared to 4 and 8 for the conidial treatment and control, respectively. The mean number (±SEM) of honeydew droplets produced per psyllid per day over 7 days was significantly higher in the control (5.5±0.5) compared to the blastospore treatment; howe...
A chromatographic method for the separation of acid mucopolysaccharides.

Abstract The results of extraction of chondroitin sulfuric acid in a water solution by various amines in butanol and the effects of certain conditions on the extraction are briefly presented. A method of column chromatography was developed for fractionating hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfuric acid and for separating mixtures of these substances. The materials isolated from the columns showed no differences in composition from purified preparations, but showed differences in reduced viscosity.
Focal cortical seizures cause distant thalamic lesions

Topical application of convulsants to the rat sensorimotor cortex in concentrations sufficient to cause repetitive focal motor seizures resulted in acute neuropathology (dark cell neuronal degeneration and spongiform neurophil changes) involving both the cortical seizure focus and certain thalamic nuclei within seizure pathways. Changes in the cortex were localized primarily in layer IV and those in the thalamus in nuclei having reciprocal connections with the cortical focus. The spongiform neuropil changes consisted of massively dilated presynaptic axon terminals in the cortex and postsynaptic dendrites in the thalamus. The dendritic and dark cell changes resemble the excitotoxic damage caused by glutamate and aspartate. Since these putative transmitters may be released locally from recurrent collaterals and remotely from corticothalamic axons, excessive release of glutamate or aspartate may account for the changes in both sites. The abnormal axons in sensory cortex appear to be terminals of thalamocortical neurons. Swelling of these axons may be caused by excessive anti- and orthodromic firing in the course of focal motor seizures.
Direct Numerical Simulations of Flow Past Random Distributed Roughness

Nomenclature U∞ = free-stream velocity U, V, W = streamwise, wall-normal, and spanwise velocities F = forcing function used in immersed boundary technique Udes = desired velocity α, β = constants used in immersed boundary technique k = maximum roughness height Rek = roughness based Reynolds number, (U(k)k/ν) Rex = Reynolds number Re’ = unit Reynolds number, U∞/ν ν = kinematic viscosity x, y, z = streamwise, wall-normal, and spanwise coordinates λk = spanwise roughness element spacing (32 mm) δ = boundary layer thickness, (x/Re’) 1/2
Work in progress - the biometric signal processing laboratory at the U.S. Naval Academy

A biometric is a distinct, robust, and measurable physiological characteristic of a person which can be used to identify, or verify their identity. Additionally, the term biometrics refers to the automated recognition of an individual using one or more of these characteristics. The more commonly used biometrics includes fingerprints, face, and iris. Biometrics has proven to be a solution to a number of security-related applications where accurate identification or verification of individuals is required. The technology continues to evolve at a rapid pace, and efforts have been made to incorporate the study of this field into our undergraduate curriculum. To support the education of our undergraduates in biometric theories and technologies, we have developed a biometric signal processing laboratory in the Electrical Engineering Department at the United States Naval Academy. This paper summarizes the equipment and activities associated with this lab
Recent Livermore estimates on the energy gain of cryogenic single-shell ion beam targets

Our recent estimates are that the energy-gains for cryogenic single-shell targets are close to those of similar double-shelled targets. However, the peak-power requirements for single-shell targets are still about a factor of two higher.
The Infotainment Quotient in Routine Television News: A Director's Perspective

To what extent does routine television news supply citizens with essential political information? To what extent are routine stories sensationalized so that their informational content is diluted or obscured? How do television news directors frame routine news stories and rationalize the mix of factual reporting and dramatization that they present? To answer these questions, television news producers were presented with hypothetical routine news events and asked to construct news presentations and explain their framing rationales. The content of actual routine news stories was also analyzed for comparisons with the hypothetical accounts. The data indicate that both actual and hypothetical routine television news stories are designed and executed to answer the who, what, where and when questions that provide essential information to citizens. But they slight the why and how questions that would assist viewers in placing the facts into a more meaningful perspective. Framing is deliberately dramatic so that ...
A Mutation within the β Subunit of Escherichia coli RNA Polymerase Impairs Transcription from Bacteriophage T4 Middle Promoters

During infection of Escherichia coli, bacteriophage T4 usurps the host transcriptional machinery, redirecting it to the expression of early, middle, and late phage genes. Middle genes, whose expression begins about 1 min postinfection, are transcribed both from the extension of early RNA into middle genes and by the activation of T4 middle promoters. Middle-promoter activation requires the T4 transcriptional activator MotA and coactivator AsiA, which are known to interact with σ70, the specificity subunit of RNA polymerase. T4 motA amber [motA(Am)] or asiA(Am) phage grows poorly in wild-type E. coli. However, previous work has found that T4 motA(Am)does not grow in the E. coli mutant strain TabG. We show here that the RNA polymerase in TabG contains two mutations within its β-subunit gene: rpoB(E835K) and rpoB(G1249D). We find that the G1249D mutation is responsible for restricting the growth of either T4 motA(Am)or asiA(Am) and for impairing transcription from MotA/AsiA-activated middle promoters in vivo. With one exception, transcription from tested T4 early promoters is either unaffected or, in some cases, even increases, and there is no significant growth phenotype for the rpoB(E835K G1249D) strain in the absence of T4 infection. In reported structures of thermophilic RNA polymerase, the G1249 residue is located immediately adjacent to a hydrophobic pocket, called the switch 3 loop. This loop is thought to aid in the separation of the RNA from the DNA-RNA hybrid as RNA enters the RNA exit channel. Our results suggest that the presence of MotA and AsiA may impair the function of this loop or that this portion of the β subunit may influence interactions among MotA, AsiA, and RNA polymerase.
Effects of fire frequency on oak litter decomposition and nitrogen dynamics

Fire can alter a multitude of ecosystem properties that have the potential to affect rates of litter decomposition and nitrogen dynamics. In this study, we examined the effect of long-term variation in fire frequency in Minnesota oak savanna on rates of litter mass loss of a common tree species (Quercus ellipsoidalis) to determine how site and intraspecific litter characteristics impacted by variation in fire frequency affect rates of decomposition, litter N dynamics, and litter microbial biomass. Although an increase in fire frequency resulted in higher litter temperatures, lower litter moisture, and decreased soil N and P availability, site characteristics had no net effect on rates of mass loss. Rather, litter C:N ratio, which increased with increased fire frequency, was the dominant predictor of rates of decomposition and litter N dynamics. Increased litter C:N led to decreased rates of decomposition and N immobilization, regardless of the characteristics of the site of decomposition. Therefore, it is the indirect effects of long-term variation in fire frequency on litter characteristics rather than fire’s direct effects on site characteristics that determine fire effects on decomposition and N dynamics in this system. Slower rates of decomposition and increased N immobilization of litter produced in frequently burned sites may enhance fire-induced N losses, further decelerating rates of N cycling in frequently burned sites.
The application of the ring infiltrometer to diagnosis of irrigation problems in Southern California

A study was made of the merits of one-square-foot ring infiltrometers as a diagnostic tool in evaluating furrow irrigation in citrus orchards of Southern California. The results indicate that this device is not suited to quantitative evaluation of irrigation-furrow performance but does provide qualitative values, which have use in the study of diversified soil conditions that influence irrigation-furrow performance. The forces involved in the movement of water into the soilfrom furrows include both gravity and suction head. These forces are difficult to evaluate and impossible to duplicate with a conventional ring infiltrometer. Ring infiltrometers, alone do not provide sufficient information concerning the character of the soil profile to evaluate adequately irrigation problems in citrus orchards.
Comparison of 12-Hour and 24-Hour Sustained-Release Theophylline in Outpatient Management of Asthma

A once-daily sustained-release preparation of theophylline (Theo-24) was compared to a twice-daily (bid) preparation (Theo-Dur). Fourteen subjects with asthma requiring daily therapy with theophylline were evaluated in a 30-day prospective study. Pulmonary function and serum levels of theophylline were measured. With the twice-daily preparation the mean variation over 12 hours between the maximum concentration (Cmax) and minimum concentration (Cmin) for theophylline was 3.0 micrograms/ml +/- 0.3 microgram/ml, and there was no significant change in tests of pulmonary function. With the once-daily preparation the mean variation over twenty four hours between Cmax and Cmin was 7.4 micrograms/ml +/- 1.1 micrograms/ml, with a small but significant associated change in the forced expiratory volume in one second (84.1 vs 79.6 percent of predicted). Several of the subjects had large differences between Cmax and Cmin with the once-daily preparation. For some, Cmin was quite low while at the same time Cmax was high enough so that further increases in the dose of the once-daily preparation would not have been possible. Thus, consideration of the variation from Cmax to Cmin is necessary in adjusting a patient's dose of the once-daily preparation and may present problems in changeover from the twice-daily preparation if the mean blood level of theophylline is already high.
Glycoprotein differences among cells of the 14-day embryonic chick neural retina.

In order to test the hypothesis that the progressive layering and differentiation of cell types during the development of the neural retina are associated with cell surface alterations we have separated distinct cell populations from the 14-day embryonic chick retina. Cells of these populations have been shown to differ in associative behavior and intramembrane particle content. We now report that these cells differ in cell surface glycoproteins. Proteins were labeled with two different extrinsic labels and one metabolic label. We used enzymatic transfer of galactose from UDP-gal to cellular acceptors, and borotritide reduction after galactose oxidation as extrinsic labels. Glucosamine incorporation was used as the metabolic label. In all these cases, we were able to identify bands on electrophoretic gels which were unique to individual populations.
WLC05-3: Medium Access Control for Multi-Channel Parallel Transmission in Cognitive Radio Networks

A multi-channel parallel transmission protocol is proposed for the medium access control in cognitive radio networks (CRNs). This protocol contains two key elements: multi-channel assignment and multi-channel contention. For an incoming flow-based connection request, the minimum number of parallel channels are assigned to satisfy the rate and interference mask constraints. For the contention of the assigned channels, our protocol provides an extension of the single-channel RTS- CTS-DATA-ACK handshaking of the IEEE 802.11 scheme. The proposed MAC coherently integrates optimization results into a practical implementation. Through numerical examples, we verify that our protocol provides lower connection blocking probability and higher system throughput for CRNs than its single-channel counterpart.
Maternal BMI, glucose tolerance, and adverse pregnancy outcomes

Objective The purpose of this study was to estimate the association of pregravid body mass index (BMI), independent of 3-hour oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) results, with pregnancy outcome. Study Design In this secondary analysis of a cohort of women with untreated mild gestational glucose intolerance, which was defined as a 50-g glucose loading test between 135 and 199 mg/dL and fasting glucose level of Results Among 1250 participants, both pregravid BMI and glucose at hour 3 of the OGTT were associated with increased risk of gestational hypertension. Maternal pregravid BMI also was associated positively with large-for-gestational-age infants; both maternal BMI and fasting glucose were associated with birthweight z-score and neonatal fat mass. Conclusion Among women with untreated mild gestational glucose intolerance, pregravid BMI is associated with increased gestational hypertension, birthweight, and neonatal fat mass, independent of OGTT values.
The group covariance effect and fitness trade-offs during evolutionary transitions in individuality

Transforming our understanding of life is the realization that evolution occurs not only among individuals within populations but also through the integration of groups of preexisting individuals into a new higher-level individual, that is, through evolutionary transitions in individuality. During evolutionary transitions (such as during the origin of gene networks, bacteria-like cells, eukaryotic cells, multicellular organisms, and societies), fitness must be reorganized; specifically, it must be transferred from the lower- to the higher-level units and partitioned among the lower-level units that specialize in the fitness components of the new higher-level individual. This paper studies the role of fitness trade-offs in fitness reorganization, the evolution of cooperation, and the conversion of a group into a new individual during the origin of multicellular life. Specifically, this study shows that the fitness of the group is augmented over the average fitness of its members according to a covariance effect. This covariance effect appears to be one of the first emergent properties of the group and a general aspect of groups with multiplicative properties that are themselves averages of properties of lower-level units. The covariance effect allows groups to break through the constraints that govern their members, and this effect likely applies to group dynamics in other fields.
High School Teachers with Significant Teaching Experience Support the Effectiveness of Direct Instructional Strategies.

This research study was conducted to examine the effectiveness of direct instructional strategies regarding the achievement of students with ED. High school teachers with significant years of teaching experience in an urban setting support the effectiveness of direct instructional strategies. Teachers with 11-20 and 21-30 years of teaching experience documented their perceptions with increased support for direct instructional strategies compared to teachers with 1-10 years of experience. A quantitative research design model was the ideal method for data analyses. This study’s data analyses were comprised of descriptive statistics, Levene’s statistic, and analysis of variances (ANOVA). Results indicated a strong statistical difference between years of teaching experience and high school teachers’ perceptions of the effectiveness of direct instructional strategies regarding the achievement of students with emotional disabilities. The researcher concluded further examination into progressive instructional implementation and school preference of effective instructional methods for the achievement of students with emotional disabilities is needed.
The Educational Value of Online Mastery Quizzes in a Human Anatomy Course for First-Year Dental Students

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of online mastery quizzes in enhancing dental students’ learning and preparedness for anatomy examinations. First-year dental students taking an integrated anatomy course at The Ohio State University were administered online mastery quizzes, made available for five days before each examination. The mastery quizzes were comprised of ten multiple-choice questions representative of the upcoming examination in content and difficulty. The students were allowed to access this resource as many times as they desired during the five-day window before each examination; the highest score for each student was added to his or her final course grade. The results indicate that almost all the students took advantage of this resource to reinforce content, clarify concepts, and prepare for the examinations. Statistical analyses of the students’ exam performance showed that the mastery quizzes neither improved nor reduced their exam scores, but multiple regression analyses showed that the initial mastery quiz scores had a predictive value for their examination performance, suggesting a potential for mastery quizzes as an intervention tool for such a course. Online mastery quizzes, when used effectively, may be an effective resource to further engage dental and other students in educational endeavors and examination preparation and as a predictor of success.
Educating for Change: Reflecting on the Teaching Scholar Construct

Life is about change. As a professional in this field for over 25 years, it is clear that our profession is truly about change. We have experienced tremendous change in the past 3 decades, and through these changes we have experienced amazing growth. One major area of growth and change has been in athletic training education. The recent landmark decision to transition the athletic training degree to the entry-level master’s has elevated our profession as we march forward into the changing health care environment. Through the careful deliberations prior to the decisions, much discussion revolved around salary, employability, and health care reform; little discussion evolved around how this changemight impact our teaching. As a scholar of educational research, it is important that we think about our teaching and how it too may be impacted by this change.
Synthesis, Characterization, and In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluations of 4-(N)-Docosahexaenoyl 2′, 2′-Difluorodeoxycytidine with Potent and Broad-Spectrum Antitumor Activity

In this study, a new compound, 4-(N)-docosahexaenoyl 2', 2'-difluorodeoxycytidine (DHA-dFdC), was synthesized and characterized. Its antitumor activity was evaluated in cell culture and in mouse models of pancreatic cancer. DHA-dFdC is a poorly soluble, pale yellow waxy solid, with a molecular mass of 573.3Da and a melting point of about 96°C. The activation energy for the degradation of DHA-dFdC in an aqueous Tween 80-based solution is 12.86kcal/mol, whereas its stability is significantly higher in the presence of vitamin E. NCI-60 DTP Human Tumor Cell Line Screening revealed that DHA-dFdC has potent and broad-spectrum antitumor activity, especially in leukemia, renal, and central nervous system cancer cell lines. In human and murine pancreatic cancer cell lines, the IC50 value of DHA-dFdC was up to 10(5)-fold lower than that of dFdC. The elimination of DHA-dFdC in mouse plasma appeared to follow a biexponential model, with a terminal phase t1/2 of about 58minutes. DHA-dFdC significantly extended the survival of genetically engineered mice that spontaneously develop pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. In nude mice with subcutaneously implanted human Panc-1 pancreatic tumors, the antitumor activity of DHA-dFdC was significantly stronger than the molar equivalent of dFdC alone, DHA alone, or the physical mixture of them (1:1, molar ratio). DHA-dFdC also significantly inhibited the growth of Panc-1 tumors orthotopically implanted in the pancreas of nude mice, whereas the molar equivalent dose of dFdC alone did not show any significant activity. DHA-dFdC is a promising compound for the potential treatment of cancers in organs such as the pancreas.
Institutionalizing Public Service in Law School: Results on the Impact of Mandatory Pro Bono Programs

The legal profession's commitment to the expansion of pro bono has achieved significant gains in recent years. In practice, law schools seem relatively flexible in what constitutes pro bono work, accepting assignments that are more closely related to public service such as teaching or legal work for non-profit civic organizations not specifically associated with poor or indigent populations. While attorneys who participated in a mandatory pro bono program in law school report slightly higher levels of pro bono work with individuals who were poor or indigent compared to those who did not participate in such programs, the difference is not statistically significant. Despite these differences, there are no significant variations between lawyers who participated in mandatory pro bono during law school and those lawyers who were not required to perform pro bono in order to graduate. While these findings seem to reflect differences in the hierarchy of the legal profession, the greater role of faith-based organizations in the South and the tendency for lawyers in smaller and less prestigious work settings to emphasize informal methods of acquiring pro bono work, there does not appear to be any distinct variations across those lawyers who were required to participate in mandatory pro bono during law school and those who were not.
Neurofibromatosis: A Review of NF1, NF2, and Schwannomatosis

The neurofibromatoses are a heterogeneous group of hereditary cancer syndromes that lead to tumors of the central and peripheral nervous systems, as well as other organ systems. By far the most common form is neurofibromatosis 1 (96%), followed by neurofibromatosis 2 (3%), and a more recently recognized, lesser known form, schwannomatosis. The diagnostic criteria, pathogenesis, molecular considerations, and clinical manifestations are discussed in this review article.
Stability and change in self: a structural symbolic interactionist explanation

Utilisant une perspective empruntee a la theorie des interactions symboliques, la question du changement et de la stabilite dans la structure du soi est examinee dans le cadre d'une theorie de l'identite. La relation entre l'engagement interactionnel, l'engagement effectif et le caractere tranche de l'identite, est etudie en utilisant cinq aspects de l'identite associes a la vie universitaire; identite etudiante, athletique/loisirs, extra-cursus, engagements et liaisons personnelles
Derivative-Free Model Reference Adaptive Control of a Generic Transport Model

In this paper, we present both simulated and flight test results of a derivative-free model reference adaptive controller applied to a generic transport model, a high-fidelity transport aircraft model developed by NASA Langley Research Center. The derivative free form of adaptive control is expected to provide faster adaptation and smoother error transients, particularly for situations where aircraft dynamics undergo a sudden change. Moreover, it does not assume the existence of constant ideal weights, and does not require modification terms like �- or e- modification, or a projection operator to guarantee that the error signals are uniformly ultimately bounded. Direct model reference adaptive controllers require less modeling information than robust controllers and can address system uncertainties and system failures. These controllers adapt feedback gains in response to system variations without requiring a parameter estimation algorithm. This property distinguishes them from adaptive controllers which employ an estimation algorithm to estimate the unknown system parameters and adapt the controller gains. This paper presents an adaptive control law that is particularly well suited for adaptation in the presence of sudden change in uncertain system dynamics, and that does require a parametrization for uncertainty that might occur in such situations. We present both simulated and flight test results of this adaptive control law applied to a generic transport model (GTM), which is a high-fidelity scaled transport aircraft model developed at NASA Langley Research Center 1 .
0.5 GHz scanning rate optical delay line

A programmable, ultrafast optical delay line with a robust all-fiber configuration is demonstrated. A record scanning rate of 0.5 GHz with a delay range of 19 ps is achieved without any mechanical motion. In addition, we will discuss the challenges and future improvements.
Effect of Pretreatment with Aggregate Albumin on Reticuloendothelial System Activity and Survival After Experimental Shock.

SummaryRats pretreated with human serum albumin aggregate (10-20 mμ) develop significant stimulation of total RES phago-cytic capacity without appreciable increase in RES organ masses. Such pretreated animals show significantly increased survival after traumatic, intestinal ischemia and endotoxin shock but not after hemorrhage. Since RES mediated mechanisms have been implicated in both the pathogenesis of and adaptive resistance to shock, experimental manipulation of the RES by other than the frankly toxic materials used heretofore suggests a potentially compatible approach to prophylactic shock therapy.
Implantation Following Mating in Hypophysectomized Rats Injected with Lactogenic Hormone.

SummaryFourteen rats, hypophysectomized 1 to 5 days after mating, were injected with lactogenic hormone (1 or 3 mg daily). In 4 animals implantation failed to occur. Of the remaining 10 animals 2 carried to term or beyond, while pregnancy was interrupted after 6-17 days in 8 rats. It would seem that lactogenic hormone was capable of stimulating corpus luteum function sufficiently to induce implantation and to maintain pregnancy for periods ranging from 6 days to term or beyond.
Comparative Proteomic Analysis of Two Uveitis Models in Lewis Rats.

Purpose Inflammation generates changes in the protein constituents of the aqueous humor. Proteins that change in multiple models of uveitis may be good biomarkers of disease or targets for therapeutic intervention. The present study was conducted to identify differentially-expressed proteins in the inflamed aqueous humor.
Strengthening MT6D Defenses with LXC-Based Honeypot Capabilities

Moving Target IPv6 Defense MT6D imparts radio-frequency hopping behavior to IPv6 networks by having participating nodes periodically hop onto new addresses while giving up old addresses. Our previous research efforts implemented a solution to identify and acquire these old addresses that are being discarded by MT6D hosts on a local network besides being able to monitor and visualize the incoming traffic on these addresses. This was essentially equivalent to forming a darknet out of the discarded MT6D addresses, but the solution presented in the previous research effort did not include database integration for it to scale and be extended. This paper presents a solution with a new architecture that not only extends the previous solution in terms of automation and database integration but also demonstrates the ability to deploy a honeypot on a virtual LXC Linux Container on-demand based on any interesting traffic pattern observed on a discarded address. The proposed architecture also allows an MT6D host to query the solution database for network activity on its relinquished addresses as a JavaScript Object Notation JSON object. This allows an MT6D host to identify suspicious activity on its discarded addresses and strengthen the MT6D scheme parameters accordingly. We have built a proof-of-concept for the proposed solution and analyzed the solution’s feasibility and scalability.
Identification of disease genes: recent successes.

As we continue to localize, sequence, and characterize more and more genes and as we increase our understanding of the biologic function of the gene products—and the nature of the disruptions that mutations can cause—we will come closer to the goals of diagnosis, prevention, and therapy. Progress in the field is proceeding at a pace that no one could have envisioned a decade ago.
Potential Role of Heme Oxygenase-1 in Arsenic Trioxide and Hemin-Mediated Differentiation of Human Promyelocytic Leukemia Cells

Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) is a myeloid-derived leukemia characterized by a block of differentiation at the promyelocytic stage of development. APL is associated with a reciprocal translocation of chromosomes 15 and 17 involving the retinoic acid receptor-alpha (RARα) locus and the promyelocytic leukemia locus (PML) forming a new fusion gene, PML/RARα. The fusion protein prevents the cells from differentiating by repressing transcription of target genes necessary for differentiation. Therapy with all- trans retinoic acid (ATRA) and arsenic trioxide (ATO) have improved the clinical outcomes in APL. ATRA differentiates APL cells by promoting degradation of PML/RARα and relieving transcriptional repression. ATO induces apoptosis and differentiation of APL cells through separate pathways involving activation of apoptotic pathways and degradation of the PML/RARα protein. The heme-catabolizing protein heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) which produces carbon monoxide, biliverdin/bilirubin and releases Fe/ferritin can be cytoprotective and anti-apoptotic. HO-1 message and protein are markedly upregulated in response to hemin. ATO also can induce HO-1 expression and has been shown to induce differentiation of leukemic cells. We hypothesize that induction of HO-1 mediates APL differentiation in response to ATO and hemin. We utilized a human APL cell line, NB4, to test our hypothesis in vitro using NBT reduction to assess cell differentiation. ATRA (p < 0.005 at both 72 and 96 hours), ATO (p < 0.005 at 72 hours, and p < 0.05 at 96 hours), and hemin (p < 0.05 at both 72 and 96 hours, n=3) were shown to differentiate NB4 cells compared to untreated groups. RT-PCR indicated HO-1 expression increased in response to ATRA, ATO, and hemin, while biliverdin reductase (BVR), a signaling protein that degrades biliverdin to bilirubin, was only induced by hemin. Inhibition of HO-1 activity with tin-protoporphyrin significantly (p<0.05, n=2) blocked differentiation induced by ATO but had no effect on ATRA–treated cells. We speculate that HO-1 and its downstream metabolic products play critical roles in ATO-induced differentiation of APL cells.
Physician-Industry Interactions and Anti-Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Use Among US Ophthalmologists.

Importance The publication of the US Physician Payments Sunshine Act provides insight into the financial relationship between physicians and the pharmaceutical industry. This added transparency creates new opportunities of using objective data to better understand prior research that implicates pharmaceutical promotions as an important factor in a physician’s decision-making process. Objective To assess the association between reported industry payments and physician-prescribing habits by comparing the use of anti–vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) intravitreal injections by US ophthalmologists to the industry payments these same physicians received. Design, Setting, Participants This study reviews data from the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) 2013 Medicare Provider Utilization and Payment Data: Physician and Other Supplier Public Use File and the CMS-sponsored August through December 2013 Open Payments program (Physician Payments Sunshine Act). Ophthalmologists who prescribe anti-VEGF injections for all indications were analyzed. Main Outcomes and Measures Association between industry payments reportedly received and the number and type of anti-VEGF injections administered. Results A total of 3011 US ophthalmologists were reimbursed by CMS for 2.2 million anti-VEGF injections in 2013. Of these physicians, 38.0% reportedly received $1.3 million in industry payments for ranibizumab and aflibercept. Analysis revealed positive associations between increasing numbers of reported industry payments and total injection use ( r = 0.24; 95% CI, 0.22-0.26; P r = 0.32; 95% CI, 0.29-0.34; P r = 0.27; 95% CI, 0.25-0.29; P r = 0.07; 95% CI, 0.04-0.09; P Conclusions and Relevance Among ophthalmologists who prescribe anti-VEGF medications, there is a positive association between reported pharmaceutical payments and increased use of aflibercept and ranibizumab injections. As is inherent to the design of correlation studies, this analysis cannot determine whether the payments reported caused the increased use, are a result of the increased use, or are merely associated with some other factor that causes the increased use.
Commissioning of the ATLAS reconstruction software with first data

Looking towards first LHC collisions, the ATLAS detector is being commissioned using all types of physics data available: cosmic rays and events produced during a few days of LHC single beam operations. In addition to putting in place the trigger and data acquisition chains, commissioning of the full software chain is a main goal. This is interesting not only to ensure that the reconstruction, and monitoring chains are ready to deal with LHC physics data, but also to understand the detector performance in view of achieving the physics requirements. The recorded data have allowed us to study the ATLAS detector in terms of efficiencies, resolutions, channel integrity, alignment and calibrations. They have also allowed us to test and optimize the sub-systems reconstruction as well as some combined algorithms, such as combined tracking tools and different muon identification algorithms. The status of the integration of the complete software chain will be presented as well as the data analysis results.
Active Defence Using an Operational Technology Honeypot

This paper presents research to examine the benefits of deploying a high interaction hardware Operational Technology (OT) or Industrial Control System (ICS) honeypot, as opposed to a virtualised system. The Honeypot Project successfully developed and demonstrated an innovative approach to implementing a situational awareness capability in an operational industrial control system environment. The approach also contributes to an organisation's potential forensics capability for ICS systems. Furthermore, this has been achieved via a remote access platform without disrupting operations, whilst preserving vital evidence. The Honeypot project has demonstrated new techniques to enhance monitoring of ICS systems, indicated further benefits and illustrated where such approaches would be suitable.
Adaptive memory systems for remembering the salient and the seemingly mundane

In an adaptive memory system, events should be prioritized in memory based on their own significance, as well as the significance of preceding or following events. Here we argue that tag-and-capture models complement the GANE (glutamate amplifies noradrenergic effects) model by describing a mechanism that supports the transfer of memory benefits from one event to the next.
Follow Me, What’s the Harm? Considerations of Catfishing and Utilizing Fake Online Personas on Social Media

This essay centers on the concepts of catfishing and online impersonation. Utilizing the Manti Te’o catfishing hoax and the Texas Tech football coaching staff’s admittance of using fake profiles on social media to follow their players as a basis, this piece will examine past instances of athletes and catfishing and the connection between collegiate athletics and catfishing. Past legal incidents that focus specifically on catfishing, as well as specific laws that could have ramifications on catfishing and fake online personas will be discussed. Finally, the legal considerations that may have a potential effect on the various communication elements within social media platforms will be explored. Recommendations for future research will also be presented.
“Abracadabra!” the magic of poetic healing

ABSTRACTThe author explores the connection between magic and poetry therapy, examining the two key principles of magic, the isoprinciple, and the principle of opposites. Other components include imagery, condensation, and displacement. Examples are given to demonstrate the magic of metaphor. “Abracadabra” is an age-old incantation, the roots of which may hold significance for magicians as well as poetry therapists.