cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Vedic Language and Vaiṣṇava Theology:Madhva’s Use of Nirukta in his Ṛgbhāṣya

This article explores the way in which Madhva (1238–1317), the founder of the Dvaita Vedānta system of Hindu thought, reformulates the traditional exegetic practice of nirukta or “word derivation” to validate his pluralistic, hierarchical, and Vaiṣṇava reading of the Ṛgvedic hymns. Madhva’s Ṛgbhāṣya (RB) is conspicuous for its heavy reliance on and unique deployment of this exegetical tactic to validate several key features of his distinctive theology. These features include his belief in Viṣṇu’s unique possession of all perfect attributes (guṇaparipūrṇatva) and His related conveyability by all Vedic words (sarvaśabdavācyatva). Such an understanding of Vedic language invokes the basic nirukta presupposition that words are eternally affiliated with the meanings they convey. But it is also based onMadhva’s access to a lexicon entitled Vyāsa’s Nirukti with which his critics and perhaps even his commentators seem to be unfamiliar.While the precise status of this text is the subject of ongoing debate, Madhva’s possession of special insight into the sacred canon is established in part by his unique claim to be an avatāra of the wind god Vāyu and a direct disciple of Viṣṇu Himself in the form of Vyāsa1. Thus, Madhva’s use of nirukta invokes his personal charisma to challenge not only conventional understandings of the hymns but traditional exegetic norms. Madhva’s provision of an alternative tradition of nirukta provoked sectarian debate throughout the Vijayanagara period over the extent to which one could innovate in established practices of reading the Veda. Articulating the Veda’s precise authority was a key feature of Brahmin debates during this period and reflects both the empire’s concern with promoting a shared religious ideology and the competition among rival Brahman sects for imperial patronage that this concern elicited. By looking at how two of Madhva’s most important commentators (the 14th-century Jayatīrtha and the 17th-century Rāghavendra) sought to defend his niruktis, this article will explore how notions of normative nirukta were articulated in response to Madhva’s deviations. At the same time, however, examining Madhva’s commentators’ defense of his niruktis also demonstrates the extent to which Madhva actually adhered to selected exegetic norms. This reveals that discomfort with Madhva’s particular methods for deriving words stemmed, in part, from a more general ambivalence towards this exegetical tactic whose inherent open-endedness threatened to undermine the fixity of the canon’s very substance: its language.
The Fist of the Working Class: The Social Movements of Jiu Valley Miners in Post-Socialist Romania

This article analyzes one of the most virulent protests witnessed by post-socialist societies: the social movements of the Jiu Valley miners in Romania. I argue that the key to comprehending the Jiu Valley miners’ extraordinary mobilization can be found in the density of their social networks, which, under a particular political opportunity structure, became a crucial resource for social movement organizations. Dense social networks and a favorable political opportunity created organizational resources that were utilized by movement entrepreneurs to build a unique participant identity. Having abundant organizational resources, influential allies, and sharing a special collective identity rooted in a tradition of militancy, Jiu Valley miners could achieve a high degree of mobilization, use noninstitutionalized confrontational tactics, and be victorious.
Interspecific hybrids of Cucumis metuliferus × C. anguria obtained through embryo culture and somatic embryogenesis

Interspecific crosses between Cucumis metuliferus Naud. and C. anguria L. were obtained through embryo culture. Embryos in the rabbit-ear to advanced fluke-shaped stages were rescued 34–99 days after pollination. Plants were obtained through direct embryo culture, and through somatic embryogenesis from immature embryos. For direct embryo culture, fluke-shaped embryos were stored in sterile water in darkness for three days at 25C prior to transfer on Murashige and Skoog (MS) culture medium plus 1.0 μM 6-benzylamino-purine. Multiple plants were obtained from single embryos through somatic embryogenesis of rabbit-ear stages on MS plus 10 μM indole-3-acetic acid and 5 μM 6-benzylamino-purine. Evidence of hybridization included leaf shape intermediate between the two parents, penduncle shape prior to fertilization which resembled the male parent, low pollen viability and isoelectric focussing of protein bands for acid phosphatase of leaf extracts.
Poly(lactic acid)/titanium dioxide nanocomposite films: Influence of processing procedure on dispersion of titanium dioxide and photocatalytic activity

Poly(lactic acid)/titanium dioxide (TiO2) composite films were prepared by direct melt processing using three different procedures (i.e., compression molding, twin-screw melt extrusion, and melt extrusion and thermoforming). The effect of TiO2 loading and processing procedures on the phase morphology and on the thermal, mechanical, and barrier properties of the obtained nanocomposites were analyzed respectively by field-emission scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectrometry, differential scanning calorimetry, universal testing machine, and water vapor and oxygen permeability measurements. The incorporation of TiO2 nanoparticles into the poly(lactic acid) matrix increased the crystallinity and improved the barrier properties of the composites. The maximum tensile strength was achieved at the 2% content of TiO2 for the films produced by compression molding and twin-screw melt extrusion, whereas the tensile strength for films produced by melt extrusion and thermoforming decreases markedly with an increasing TiO2 content. The photocatalytic activities of the obtained nanocomposites were investigated by analyzing the degradation of methyl orange. Results confirmed that the processing procedures and the distribution of TiO2 in the polymer matrix are the key parameters, which rule the photocatalytic behavior of composite films. POLYM. COMPOS., 2011. © 2011 Society of Plastics Engineers
Stylistic Fronting in spoken Icelandic relatives

Since Maling's (1980) study of embedded verb-second, Icelandic Stylistic Fronting has been an extensively studied aspect of Icelandic syntax. It is widely regarded as an optional fronting operation which moves an ordinarily post-verbal constituent to the pre-verbal domain just in case there is a subject gap. In this study, variationist methodology is employed to study quantitatively the conditioning effects of several syntactic and prosodic factors on Stylistic Fronting in two transcribed corpora of spoken Icelandic. The results show that some grammatical categories favor fronting more than others, and that fronting is affected by the number of syllables in the frontable constituent and the material surrounding the landing site. This lends support to the long-standing intuition that prosodic factors influence the choice to use Stylistic Fronting (which is syntactically optional), while at the same time suggests avenues for further research in addressing certain issues in the syntax of Stylistic Fronting, such as the ‘accessibility hierarchy’.
Perception of calories and regulation of intake in restrained and unrestrained subjects

Abstract Evidence of obese-normal differences in ability to perceive calories and regulate intake has been conflictual. The present study proposed that restrait rather than obesity is the relevant dimension and reexamined these phenomena. Normal weight male subjects were divided on the basis of restraint (dieting), food-deprived, and assigned to one of four preload conditions (high or low calorie, and receiving true or false information about caloric value). Subjects were then allowed to eat sandwich quarters ad libitum in order to assess the effect of the preload on consumption. Restrained subjects who perceived the preload as high calorie ate more sandwiches than those who thought the preload to be low calorie, while unrestrained subjects did the reverse. Restrained subjects who perceived the preload as high calorie also underestimated their sandwich consumption. The place of these findings in eating research and their implications were discussed.
Inhibition of cyclooxygenase as potential novel therapeutic strategy in N141I presenilin-2 familial Alzheimer's disease

The present study was designed to further explore the potential cause/effect relationship between the expression of both the N141I presenilin (PS)2 mutant familial Alzheimer's disease (FAD) gene and cyclooxgenase (COX) in respect to the mechanism associated with programmed cell death in Alzheimer's disease (AD). We found that expression of mutant N141I PS2 resulting in apoptotic cell death in H4 neuronal cells coincided with >4-fold induction in the expression of the inducible form of COX-2, but not the constitutive COX-1. Moreover, we found that the expression of the N141I PS2 FAD gene strongly promoted (>2-fold) glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3beta activity coincidental with a reduction in the level of beta-catenin translocated from the cytoplasmic to the nuclear compartment. Most interestingly, we found that inhibition of COX-2-mediated generation of prostaglandin (PG)-E2 in H4 neuronal cells with the preferential COX-2 inhibitor nimesulide protects against N141I PS2-mediated apoptotic cell death coincidental with an inhibition of GSK-3beta activity and subsequent normalization of beta-catenin cellular distribution. The clinical relevance of this finding was confirmed by the evidence that COX-2 protein and PG-E2 concentrations were selectively increased >2-fold in the cerebral cortex of subjects harboring the N141I PS2 FAD mutation relative to wild-type PS2 AD cases. This study demonstrates for the first time that COX-2 may be a downstream effector of mutant N141I PS2-mediated apoptotic cell death and that inhibition of COX-2 may neuroprotect in AD through modulation of a GSK-3beta-beta-catenin-mediated response. The study provides support for the potential pharmacogenomic identification of N141I PS2 FAD cases that might preferentially benefit from inhibition of COX-2 during the progression of clinical dementia.
Geriatric assessment as an aide to understanding falls in older adults with cancer

Purpose In older adults, falls are a common cause of functional decline, institutionalization, and reduced quality of life. This study (1) investigates the prevalence of falls in a large sample of community-dwelling older adults with a cancer diagnosis and (2) evaluates the association of falls with domains of comprehensive geriatric assessment (CGA) that pertain to falls risk.
Interrogating Integration, Dissenting Dis-integration: Multiplicity as a Positive Metaphor in Therapy and Theology

The term “integration” has long been used as a metaphor for psychological health and wholeness, and a therapeutic goal. It is counterposed to related conceptions of pathology, such as “disintegration,” “fragmentation” and “splitting.” Christian theology has similarly framed salvation as “at-onement” vs. sin as alienation. Contemporary psychologies have begun to contest the hegemony of the “One,” leading to a number of paradigms of health that do not privilege “integration” as the primary model (e.g., feminist, postmodern, and relational-psychoanalytic). The seeds of a positive view of multiplicity already exist in earlier psychoanalytic models. This paper will argue for valuing multiplicity in psychotherapy as a way of conceptualizing both health and a goal of treatment. Re: pastoral psychotherapy in particular, multiplicity will be shown to have fruitful parallels in a constructive Trinitarian theology of multiplicity of God as a framework for interrogating “integration,” and claiming “dis-integration” as psycho-spiritual dissent and creativity.
Decisional opportunity and political controversy: the Quemoy case:

Several purposes can be served by studying the patterns and sequences of protagonist behavior as revealed in the public record of the postwar series of acute international crises. There is, for example, the possibility of suggesting how national controls over the dangerous, brink of war situations that are commonly called crises might be improved. While it may be argued that the communist bloc countries deliberately provoke these conflicts and then covertly retreat when they meet determined opposition, there still remain technique problems of how best to meet and handle such provocations. From a different viewpoint, the acute crises can be considered to be learning situations in which the protagonists finally have to search for successful ways to disengage unless one or more parties intend to intensify and widen the violence of the conflict. Without reference to the underlying causes of such affairs, one may regard the further development of skills in the handling and demobilization of acute crises as an important means of strengthening the prospects for peace. The encouragement of what Thomas Schelling has described as tacit coordination (Schelling, 1960, pp. 83-118) is one of the means for imposing added controls over the international system. Crisis control, in other words, may be thought of as a distinct reform, parallel to disarmament and arms control having, perhaps, more immediate and practical prospects of success than these but with less long-term and far-reaching implications for any future reorganization of the intemational system. Improvements in the techniques for controlling and guiding acute crises may not promise tension reduction or solutions of interational conflicts but, instead, have more bearing on conflict resolution in the meaning of that term that denotes directed change in a dynamic system from one state of affairs to some other state of affairs.
The age of consent: Traditional music, intellectual property and changing attitudes in the People's Republic of China

The 1990s boom in world music sampling by commercially successful popular musicians has brought ethical and legal issues to the ethnomusicological fore. Taking the People's Republic of China as a case‐study, this article emphasizes the need for scholars to keep abreast of the often rapidly changing intellectual property laws and attitudes towards traditional music in countries outside the Western world, and to incorporate into the fieldwork process discussions and documented agreement of future uses of AV materials deemed permissible by originating musicians and communities.
Material damping for monitoring of density and strength of bones

The aim of this work was a preliminary assessment of the feasibility of using in vivo measurements of mechanical properties of bones to detect mineral loss and further to relate them to the tendency of the bone to fracture in the case of loss of minerals, such as in osteoporosis. Previous studies of bone strength in vitro have demonstrated that the decrease in bone strength in both the spine and the femur has strong correlation with the mineral content (BMC) measured with bone densitometry. It was demonstrated that loss of mineral in the bone is accompanied by substantial change of the main mechanical properties, decrease of the Young's modulus, and increase of the damping factor. The change in those properties is one order of magnitude greater than the change in bone density. Moreover, increase of bone density, by was of training, resulted in decrease of the damping factor that also was substantially greater than the change in density. The tests showed clearly that the change in mechanical properties was much greater than the change in bone mass density. This offers an attractive new alternative to the detection of bone mass loss as it appears that the change of the bone mass is well correlated to the change in these mechanical properties. In particular, the change in the damping factor of the material was found to be much more substantial than the bone density change. Therefore, the damping mechanism offers the vehicle for a direct assessment of the bone tendency to fracture due to the loss of mass, as tendency to fracture and mass loss are known to be related. Increasing bone density due to training showed similar results. The decrease in damping, though still much greater than the increase in density, is not as much different as in the case of loss of mass because there is a point when density increases to the extent that the bone becomes compact (no voids) and its damping would not drop further with increasing mass. This method, as compared with the bone density measurement methods, appears to have some definite advantages for monitoring the mineral loss in bones.
Risk-Based Approach for Optimum Maintenance of Bridges under Traffic and Earthquake Loads

Structures deteriorate as a result of material aging, aggressive environmental conditions, and increasing loads. During their lifetime, structures are also possibly exposed to some extreme events. The associated consequences of failure caused by progressive deterioration or extreme events can be devastating. Therefore, risk assessment and risk mitigation are necessary to keep structural performance within tolerable levels. This paper proposes an approach for assessing the time-dependent risks caused by traffic and earthquake loads and establishing the optimal preventive and essential maintenance strategies of bridges. The efficiency of the proposed approach is demonstrated using a highway bridge. Socioeconomic and environmental losses are investigated in a consequence-based framework. The vulnerability analysis under traffic loads is performed using time-dependent deterioration and traffic load models. The time-dependent failure probability for given earthquake loads is computed by comparing displacement ductility capacity and demand obtained via nonlinear dynamic analysis. The risks from 196 earthquake scenarios associated with four magnitudes and 49 earthquake strike locations are compared, and the highest one is selected as representative of the seismic risk. Based on the available maintenance options and the associated costs, the optimal lifetime essential/preventive maintenance strategies for total risk mitigation are developed.
Analysis of air and breath for chlorinated hydrocarbons by infrared and gas chromatographic techniques.

Abstract This paper is a report of an investigation establishing the sensitivity of gas chromatography and infrared techniques for the chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons listed in the booklet “Threshold Limit Values for 1963.” The gas chromatographic measurements include those made with the following detection methods: thermal conductivity, flame ionization, argon ionization, and electron capture. The infrared work was done with the aid of scale expansion techniques and multipass cells up to 40 meters in length. The analytical technique used and the sensitivities attained in the analysis of air and exhaled breath are presented.
Analysis of the diffusion of Ras2 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae using fluorescence recovery after photobleaching

Binding, lateral diffusion and exchange are fundamental dynamic processes involved in protein association with cellular membranes. In this study, we developed numerical simulations of lateral diffusion and exchange of fluorophores in membranes with arbitrary bleach geometry and exchange of the membrane-localized fluorophore with the cytosol during fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) experiments. The model simulations were used to design FRAP experiments with varying bleach region sizes on plasma membrane-localized wild-type GFP-Ras2 with a dual lipid anchor and mutant GFP-Ras2C318S with a single lipid anchor in live yeast cells to investigate diffusional mobility and the presence of any exchange processes operating in the time scale of our experiments. Model parameters estimated using data from FRAP experiments with a 1 microm x 1 microm bleach region-of-interest (ROI) and a 0.5 microm x 0.5 microm bleach ROI showed that GFP-Ras2, single or dual lipid modified, diffuses as single species with no evidence of exchange with a cytoplasmic pool. This is the first report of Ras2 mobility in the yeast plasma membrane. The methods developed in this study are generally applicable for studying diffusion and exchange of membrane-associated fluorophores using FRAP on commercial confocal laser scanning microscopes.
Ritz Model of a Lead-Acid Battery With Application to Electric Locomotives

Pb-Acid batteries are excellent candidates for hybrid and electric locomotive, primarily due to their low cost. Model-based design, estimation, and control of a Pb-Acid energy storage system for a locomotive requires the development of efficient and accurate models. This paper presents a first principles model based on the fundamental governing equations of species and charge conservation for a Pb-Acid cell. The governing equations are discretized using a Ritz method to produce a low order and numerically efficient model that simulates over 20 times faster than CFD. The Ritz model outputs variables of interest such as voltage and internal potential, current, and concentration distributions in response to the current input. The Ritz model can be cast in state variable form, making it amenable to systems analysis using Matlab and model-based estimator and controller design. The accuracy of the Ritz model decreases with increasing charge/discharge rate, low or high State of Charge, and increasing charge/discharge time due to linearization of the Butler-Volmer equation, linearization of the open circuit voltage, and constant porosity assumptions, respectively. Finally, the time constant during charge is significantly different than that during discharge due to different specific areas, motivating the use of a time-varying model.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Mental rotation and orientation-dependence in shape recognition

How do we recognize objects despite differences in their retinal projections when they are seen at different orientations? Marr and Nishihara (1978) proposed that shapes are represented in memory as structural descriptions in objectcentered coordinate systems, so that an object is represented identically regardless of its orientation. An alternative hypothesis is that an object is represented in memory in a single representation corresponding to a canonical orientation, and a mental rotation operation transforms an input shape into that orientation before input and memory are compared. A third possibility is that shapes are stored in a set of representations, each corresponding to a different orientation. In four experiments, subjects studied several objects each at a single orientation, and were given extensive practice at naming them quickly, or at classifying them as normal or mirror-reversed, at several orientations. At first, response times increased with departure from the study orientation, with a slope similar to those obtained in classic mental rotation experiments. This suggests that subjects made both judgments by mentally transforming the orientation of the input shape to the one they had initially studied. With practice, subjects recognized the objects almost equally quickly at all the familiar orientations. At that point they were probed with the same objects appearing at novel orientations. Response times for these probes increased with increasing disparity from the previously trained orientations. This indicates that subjects had stored representations of the shapes at each of the practice orientations and recognized shapes at the new orientations by rotating them to one of the stored orientations. The results are consistent with a hybrid of the second (mental transformation) and third (multiple view) hypotheses of shape recognition: input shapes are transformed to a stored view, either the one at the nearest orientation or one at a canonical orientation. Interestingly, when mirrorimages of trained shapes were presented for naming, subjects took the same time at all orientations. This suggests that mental transformations of orientation can take the shortest path of rotation that will align an input shape and its memorized counterpart, in this case a rotation in depth about an axis in the picture
Proliferative state of the urothelium with benign and atypical changes. Correlation with transferrin and epidermal growth factor receptors and blood group antigens

We attempted to investigate how the proliferative state of the urothelium correlates with the reactivity for transferrin (Tf) and epidermal grown factor (EGF) receptors and the blood group (BG) antigen. We examined morphologically normal urothelium (34 cases), benign inflammatory and reactive conditions (24 cases), and atypical changes (20 cases) without exophytic or invasive neoplasia. The Ki67 nuclear antigen was used as the proliferation index and was complemented with the in vitro BrdU incorporation assay in 32 cases. The immunohistochemical reactions for Tf and EGF receptors and for the appropriate BG antigen were scored semi-quantitatively on frozen sections. We found that normal urothelium has very low Ki67 and BrdU indices as well as low reactivity for the two receptors and is almost invariably positive for the BG antigen. Benign conditions such as inflammation and metaplasia significantly augment the proliferation indices and the Tf receptor with little change in the EGF receptor and no significant effect on the BG antigen. Moderate atypia includes biologically heterogeneous cases which vary widely in proliferation and receptor expression. Severe atypia-carcinoma in situ is consistently associated with markedly elevated proliferation indices, strong Tf receptor reactivity, and depressed BG antigen. The reactivity for EGF receptor is less consistently increased. Cases with a combination of strong EGF receptor reactions and absence of the expected BG antigen have a poor prognosis with progression to invasive cancer.
EFFECT OF PROPRANOLOL ON β‐ADRENOCEPTORS IN RAT HEARTS

Abstract The question of whether the chronic administration of propranolol modifies the numbers or properties of cardiac beta-adrenoceptors was examined because of many reports suggestive of cardiac hypersensitivity following the withdrawal of beta-antagonists. In three studies, rats were given (+/-)-propranolol, 30 mg/day, orally or intraperitoneally, for 1 to 7 weeks. The numbers and affinities of specific binding sites for radioactive dihydroalprenolol in whole hearts from 60 control and 75 test animals were found to be the same. Thus catecholamine deprivation does not exert an important regulatory effect on most beta-receptors in the heart, as it does in the brain.
Molecular basis for the recognition of methylated adenines in RNA by the eukaryotic YTH domain.

Methylation of the N6 position of selected internal adenines (m 6 A) in mRNAs and noncoding RNAs is widespread in eukaryotes, and the YTH domain in a collection of proteins recognizes this modification. We report the crystal structure of the splicing factor YT521-B homology (YTH) domain of Zygosaccharomyces rouxii MRB1 in complex with a heptaribonucleotide with an m 6 A residue in the center. The m 6 A modification is recognized by an aromatic cage, being sandwiched between a Trp and Tyr residue and with the methyl group pointed toward another Trp residue. Mutations of YTH domain residues in the RNA binding site can abolish the formation of the complex, confirming the structural observations. These residues are conserved in the human YTH proteins that also bind m 6 A RNA, suggesting a conserved mode of recognition. Overall, our structural and biochemical studies have defined the molecular basis for how the YTH domain functions as a reader of methylated adenines.
Astrocytoma resection using an interactive frameless stereotactic wand: an early experience.

Abstract 18 patients with varying grades of astrocytoma had tumour resection using a new frameless, interactive sterotactic localizing wand. The system enables localizing information to be presented to the operator in multiple two-dimensional or three-dimensional displays in real time. In all cases the wand was used to help outline tumour boundaries in an attempt to resect solid tumour completely. Other uses included placing a minimal craniotomy or modifying an existing craniotomy in 17 (94%) patients, for intraoperative physiologic mapping in 2 (11%) and electrode placement in 1 (6%). All patients had a complete (98–100%) resection by postoperative MRI, and in 8 (44%) the tumour was removed from eloquent areas. Evaluation at approximately 6 weeks after surgery showed that 3 (16%) were improved, 14 (78%) were the same, and 1 (6%) was worse. On the second postoperative day no patient was better than their preoperative status, 10 (56%) were the same, and 8 (44%) patients were clinically worse. At 3 months the figures were 2 (11%), 11 (61%), and 4 (22%) respectively, and 1 patient had expired. The extent of resection has been shown to be an important prognostic factor in both low and high grade astrocytomas. This system allows accurate volumetric near en bloc resection and this was achieved in 17 (94%) cases. In one case of hippocampal tumour the tumour was removed in a piecemeal fashion. This system is an effective low cost alternative to frame volumetric systems and is associated with minimal morbidity at 6 weeks.
Reply to Robert L. Glick's Comment: Physicality of Core Flow Models in Rocket Motors

T HE followingexpositionis intended to clarify the fundamental issues raised in Glick’s commentary. Despite the commentary’s focus on one individual study,2 the multiple questions that were raised apply just as easily to most theoretical, numerical, and experimental simulations of idealized motors based on simpli ed geometric con gurations and smooth porous walls. In fact, all reported core  ow studies have so far relied, to some extent, on idealistic conditions. The main concern by Glick1 is that mathematicalmodels may be inadequate as vehicles for physical understanding, especially that burning surfaces in production rocket motors are rough, heterogeneous, and pliable. From this perspective, a core  ow that does not account for all conceivable features, including surface vibrations and complex boundary conditions, may be deemed impractical or uncertain. Unfortunately,Glick’s commentary does not explore the physical bene ts of mathematical models nor does it recognize the role, scope, objectives, and recent successes of core  ow idealizations. These have been motivated by important technologicalapplications that will now be overviewed. As a problem of real concern in rocket motors and large gas turbines, aeroacoustic instabilities have received much scrutiny in the propulsion community. Models of these instabilities have invariably pointed to the importance of providing judicious assessments of correspondingcore  ow details.3i8 The desire for explicit  ow models has also been motivated by the need to understand physically the intricate coupling between unsteady pressure waves and gas motions.9i12 As ultimately suggestedby repeated tests, not only does this inevitable pairing provoke unsteady burning, but it also generates intense sound-pressure levels and boundary-driven vortices. This delicateinterplayof underpinningcore  owmechanismshas inspiredover the years severalcapable theoreticiansto seekphysical idealizations.The goal has been generallyset to isolatecarefully the intricate mechanisms by parametric linearization or vector decomposition. In the midst of this unusually complex problem, the quest for basic answers has often become a central focus. Pioneeredby Culick13i19 andFlandro,3i8 theoreticalstudiessimilar to the one under consideration2 have elucidated a number of physical features in rocket motors. Among them were the multidimensional spatial and temporal velocity, vorticity, and stress distributions along the length of simulated motors. Points exhibiting maximum and minimum stress disturbances were identi ed, and the acoustic character in the chamber was being disclosed.21i27 These analyses have been accomplished by  rst unraveling the problem’s principal convection–diffusion equations and their un-
The effects of damage accumulation on the tensile strength and toughness of compact bovine bone

Abstract Damage accumulation in compact bovine femur subjected to uniaxial tensile loading was examined by strong light illumination effects of microcracking. Imaging was done using a high-speed camera capturing image at 200 to 1500 FPS. The tensile tests were performed in a multipurpose tensile testing system with cross-head speeds ranging from 0.5 to 10 mm/min which leads to strain rates of 0.0001 to 0.0012 s−1 (physiologically relevant to walking and running Hansen et al., 2008 ). The post-failure images were then examined in a scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and effects of microstructure, strain rate, and orientation were evaluated. Correlation of the high-speed images with stress–strain curves indicated that optically visible microcracks were most likely initiated at yielding, and the specimens with dispersed microcracks exhibited a higher energy-absorption capacity compared to the specimens with coalesced local cracks. It was found that damage accumulation negatively correlates to strain rate and that transverse specimens exhibited a different failure pattern compared to the longitudinal specimens. Strain hardening and softening were found in the longitudinal and transverse specimens respectively. The microcracking in the transverse specimens instantly increased to peak after yielding compared to the gradual growth until failure in the longitudinal specimens. The average Young's modulus (21.5 GPa) and ultimate stress (93.5 MPa) of the specimens loaded in the longitudinal direction were more than twice that of the specimens (10.9 GPa and 36.2 MPa respectively) loaded in the transverse direction. The current technique has shown potential in relating damage accumulation real time in bone samples subjected to tensile loading condition. This information will be helpful in relating the role of micro damage accumulation in initiating failure and/or remodeling in bone.
Uridine insertion/deletion RNA editing in Trypanosomatids: specific stimulation in vitro of Leishmania tarentolae REL1 RNA ligase activity by the MP63 zinc finger protein.

U-insertion/deletion RNA editing of mitochondrial mRNAs in trypanosome mitochondria is mediated by a core complex (RECC) containing around 16-20 proteins which is linked to several other multiprotein complexes by RNA. There are two known subcomplexes in the RECC: the REL1 subcomplex which contains the REL1 RNA ligase, the MP63 zinc finger-containing protein and the REX2 U-specific 3’-5’ exonuclease; and the REL2 subcomplex which contains the REL2 RNA ligase, the RET2 3’ TUTase and the MP81 zinc finger-containing protein. In this study we have affinity isolated recombinant TAP-tagged Leishmania major RET2 and Leishmania tarentolae MP63, REL1 and REL2 proteins after expression in baculovirus-infected insect cells. Recombinant MP63 protein was found to stimulate several in vitro activities of recombinant REL1; these activities include autoadenylation, bridged ligation and even pre-cleaved gRNA-mediated U-insertion editing with RET2 which is in the REL2 subcomplex. There was no effect of recombinant MP63 on similar REL2 ligation activities. The specificity for REL1 is consistent with MP63 being a component of the REL1 subcomplex. These results suggest that in vivo the interaction of MP63 with REL1 may play a role in regulating the overall activity of RNA editing. & 2010 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.
Clarification of Citrus Juice is Influenced by Specific Activity of Thermolabile Pectinmethylesterase and Inactive PME‐Pectin Complexes

ABSTRACT: Thermolabile pectinmethylesterase (PME) from Valencia orange pulp was extracted, partially purified by cation exchange chromatography (IEX), and added to reconstituted orange juice at 2 units/ml. Of the juices that clarified, %T increased, cloud particle size increased and % degree of esterification (DE) decreased in the 15 d storage study. The rate of clarification was most rapid for juices with added PME extracts that never bound Hi-Trap SP and contained 36 and 27 kDa peptide, intermediate for crude extracts of PME not applied to IEX, and lowest for PME extracts that bound Hi-Trap SP and contained 36 and 13 kDa peptide. These results suggest that PME-pectin complexes and low peptides moderate PME activity and juice clarification.
Naturally occurring hepatitis B virus mutants with deletions in the core promoter region

A novel class of hepatitis B virus mutants in patients with chronic hepatitis B is described. The predicted effect of the mutations is to disrupt the X open reading frame. The location of the genetic alterations within the putative precore promoter also suggests that they may ameliorate precore transcription, which would provide an alternate mechanism for HBeAg(−) escape variation. Definitive conclusions regarding the effects of these mutations must await additional in vitro and in vivo studies.
Implications of comorbidity and ascertainment bias for identifying disease genes.

Comorbidity, the co-occurrence of disorders, is frequently observed to occur at higher rates in clinically ascertained samples than in population-based samples. An explanation for this finding is that subjects suffering from multiple illnesses are more likely to seek medical care and receive a diagnostic evaluation. We refer to the component of the comorbidity between illnesses due to such ascertainment bias as “spurious comorbidity.” When spurious comorbidity is present, an apparent association between a candidate locus and the phenotype of interest may actually be attributable to an association between the locus and a comorbid phenotype. This phenomenon, which we call “spurious comorbidity bias,” could thus produce misleading association findings. In this article, we describe this phenomenon and demonstrate that it may produce marked bias in the conclusions of familybased association studies. Because of the extremely high rates of comorbidity among psychiatric disorders in clinical samples, this problem may be particularly salient for genetic studies of neuropsychiatric disorders. We conclude that ascertainment bias may contribute to the frequent difficulty in replicating candidate gene study findings in psychiatry. Am. J. Med. Genet. (Neuropsychiatr. Genet.) 96:817‐822, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Mathematical principles of reinforcement

Effective conditioning requires a correlation between the experimenter's definition of a response and an organism's, but an animal's perception of its behavior differs from ours. These experiments explore various definitions of the response, using the slopes of learning curves to infer which comes closest to the organism's definition. The resulting exponentially weighted moving average provides a model of memory that is used to ground a quantitative theory of reinforcement. The theory assumes that: incentives excite behavior and focus the excitement on responses that are contemporaneous in memory. The correlation between the organism's memory and the behavior measured by the experimenter is given by coupling coefficients, which are derived for various schedules of reinforcement. The coupling coefficients for simple schedules may be concatenated to predict the effects of complex schedules. The coefficients are inserted into a generic model of arousal and temporal constraint to predict response rates under any scheduling arrangement. The theory posits a response-indexed decay of memory, not a time-indexed one. It requires that incentives displace memory for the responses that occur before them, and may truncate the representation of the response that brings them about. As a contiguity-weighted correlation model, it bridges opposing views of the reinforcement process. By placing the short-term memory of behavior in so central a role, it provides a behavioral account of a key cognitive process.
Work in Progress: A Study of Graphical vs. Textual Programming for DSP

This work-in-progress paper describes the preliminary developments of comparing the use of Lab VIEW (a graphical programming language) to Matlab (a text-based language) in teaching digital signal processing (DSP). This paper presents the results of using both methods in a junior-level Introduction to DSP class. The class uses the text "Signal Processing First", McClellan, Schafer, Yoder, Prentice Hall, to introduce the discrete-time signal processing. In the past, a series of Matlab based mini-projects were used in addition to homework to reinforce the DSP concepts. The new version of the class uses the same mini-projects except they are based on Lab VIEW. Several quarters of concept inventory data have been collected of the Matlab version of the class. The same inventory was used with the Lab VIEW version of the class and the result compared. On the average the students using Lab VIEW had a gain of 5 points more; however there isn't enough data to know if this trend will continue. Also, student surveys were done asking students their ideas about the two languages
Stress-Biased Anisotropic Microcracking in Zirconia Polycrystals

Anisotropic elastic response of microcracked bodies has been studied using transformation-toughened Mg-PSZ and Ce-TZP as model materials. These zirconias have been previously deformed in triaxial compression to effect various extents of phase transformation. Microcracks were found to align with the compression axis and their normalized density increases linearly with the extent of transformation plasticity. The measured elastic constants are anisotropic and well described by an elasticity theory. An additional anomalous elastic anisotropy was also found in Ce-TZP due to a transformation texture of both the remaining tetragonal phase and the newly formed monoclinic phase. The terminal crack density w = Nu3, where N is the number of cracks per unit volume and a is the crack radius, reaches 0.05 in Mg-PSZ and 0.1 in Ce-TZP at the completion of transformation plasticity. [Key words: microcracking, partially stabilized zirconia, elastic constants, plasticity, phase transformations.]
Frühere Versuche zur unmittelbaren Bestimmung von e

Mit den bisher beschriebenen Methoden konnte zwar gezeigt werden, das die Ladungen , welche die-Gas -Ionen tragen , den gleichen oder nahezu den gleichen Mittelwert besitzen wie jene Ladungen, welche einwertige Ionen in Losungen mit sich fuhren: aber es war uns in keinem Falle moglich gewesen , diesen Mittelwert der Ladung seiner absoluten Grose nach zu bestimmen: und ebensowenig batten wir irgend einen Beweis dafur, das alle Ionen von bestimmter Art, z. B. alle Silber-Ionen oder alle WasserstoffIonen die gleiche Ladung tragen. Der absolute Wert von e konnte naturlich aus dem gemessenen Wert von n e sofort ermittelt werden , wenn wir wissen , wie viele Molekeln n unter normalen Bedingungen in 1 ccm Gas sind. Diese Zahl aber konnte nur roh geschatzt werden und die Werte hierfur schwankten in weiten Grenzen , etwa im Verhaltnis 1 :10; keiner von ihnen grundete sich auf Betrachtungen, deren Genauigkeit oder Gultigkeit allgemein anerkannt gewesen ware.
Clinical significance of Y chromosome loss in hematologic disease.

We have studied 215 male patients (aged 45-97 years) whose sole cytogenetic abnormality was clonal loss of the Y chromosome in metaphase cells from unstimulated cultures. The patients comprised a control group with no evidence of hematologic disease and four disease case groups: 1) myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), refractory anemia, refractory anemia with excess blasts (RAEB), RAEB in transformation, and chronic myelomonocytic leukemia; 2) acute myelogenous leukemia; 3) myeloproliferative disorder (MPD), chronic granulocytic leukemia, and polycythemia vera; and 4) B-cell lymphoma/leukemia. The frequency of cells with Y loss increased with age and was significantly greater in cases than in controls, but it was not correlated with survival or with prior therapy. The frequency of cases with a -Y clone was 6.3% of male karyotypes and represented 16.4% of all abnormal male cytogenetic reports. Much of the difference between cases and controls appears to be accounted for by a greater frequency of cases with > 75% Y loss. A value of 81% chromosome Y loss maximized the combined sensitivity (28%) and specificity (100%) for predicting disease status, but a 75% cutoff provided the best estimate of disease risk. Even in older males, if > 75% of metaphase cells are 45,X,-Y, they probably represent a disease-associated clonal population, and it is possible that the critical genetic change is not visible through the microscope. This observation is true for MDS, MPD, B-cell disease, and especially acute myelogenous leukemia. The prognostic association of Y chromosome loss for survival appears to be neutral or favorable. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 27:11-16, 2000.
Rosemary Kennedy: the Importance of a Historical Footnote:

In most accounts of the Kennedy family, Rosemary, John F. Kennedy’s eldest sister, has been discussed only in passing. In fact, there is much in Rosemary’s story that is instructive in regard to the effort families take to cope with disability, the impact of the social environment on such efforts, and the impact of a disabled member on the family as a whole. Rosemary’s presence within the Kennedy home may have been a much more important component of the family’ rise to prominence than most scholars appear to believe. This article describes Rosemary’s place within the family, attempts by her parents and siblings to cope with and obfuscate her condition, and her possible impact on family dynamics.
Evidence for two cyclic photophosphorylation reactions concurrent with ferredoxin-catalyzed non-cyclic electron transport

Abstract Addition of ferredoxin to isolated spinach chloroplast thylakoid membranes reconstitutes phosphorylating electron transfer characterized by elevated P/O ratios (1.6). When oxygen is the terminal electron acceptor for reduced ferredoxin, the P/O value is lowered by antimycin A or low concentrations (10 μM) of heparin (an anionic macromolecule), but not by inhibition of the activity of membrane-bound ferredoxin-NADP reductase. When NADP is present as the terminal electron acceptor for reduced ferredoxin, the elevated P O value (again 1.6) is unaffected either by antimycin A or low concentrations (10 μM) of heparin. When ferredoxin-catalyzed cyclic or Q-loop activity is sensitive to antimycin A, the ferredoxin pool and P-700 are both present in a largely reduced state. The opposite result is obtained for antimycin-A-insensitive activity in the presence of NADP. Our results show that conditions exist whereby ferredoxin-catalyzed cyclic electron transport is insensitive to a classical inhibitor of the cytochrome b function. We suggest that the antimycin-A-insensitive pathway of ferredoxin-catalyzed cyclic electron transport may involve the activity of ferredoxin-NADP reductase.
Postwar Trends, Land-Cover Changes, and Patterns of Suburban Development: The Case of Greater Seattle

A primary objective of this research is to enhance our understanding of the dynamic and complex patterns of suburban growth and to explore the spatial characteristics of land-use distribution during the last few decades of metropolitan expansion. Traditionally, studies of distribution of activities within metropolitan regions have been carried out on vastly aggregated spatial units of analysis based on census geography. Recent innovations in computer technology and software developoment in the field of geographic information systems have allowed much more comprehensive, high-level resolution studies to be undertaken. The study, presented in this paper, is an attempt to develop a fine-grained inspection of the evolution of suburban growth patterns through a detailed documentation of land-use-cover changes in the suburban periphery of Seattle.