cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Review: Metropolisarchitecture and Selected Essays by Ludwig Hilberseimer

Ludwig Hilberseimer Metropolisarchitecture and Selected Essays , edited by Richard Anderson. New York: GSAPP Sourcebook, 2012, 367 pp., b/w illus. $19.95 ISBN 9781883584757 Ludwig Hilberseimer’s Metropolisarchitecture is a remarkable book. Troubling in some respects, utterly compelling in others, it occupied a particular space in Weimar architecture culture, as a theoretical excursus in which architecture and urban design are given the charge of altering social organization. The book resonates very differently today, and to review a book first published in 1927 is also to consider its appearance in 2012, when the very question of architecture’s agency has resurfaced with some urgency.2 Metropolisarchitecture redefined architecture in its day, subdividing it, targeting one particular subset for research ( metropolitan architecture), and demonstrating the possible ramifications of such research on mass transit, worker relations, and market speculation. In addition to anticipating contemporary debates on activism through architecture, Metropolisarchitecture encourages reflection on the constitution of the profession today, when architects define themselves as experts in material systems, in digital fabrication, in health care architecture, or in curtain wall design. These are not the subdivisions of Hilberseimer’s schema. If Metropolisarchitecture suggested long ago that we parse architecture more finely, the point of doing so was to better connect to things such as work, mobility, and socioeconomic status, not simply to maximize profitability. Translated into English for the first time in 2012, and published by the Columbia University Graduate School of Architecture, Preservation and Planning (GSAPP), the newly released text is laid out systematically. The author first defines terms and then moves through an orderly analysis of big-city building types, from residential to industrial. The text concludes with a chapter titled “Metropolisarchitecture,” pendant to the opening chapter, “The Metropolis,” in which Hilberseimer laid out the challenge he then met in subsequent chapters—conceiving and engineering the organic machine of the modern industrial city, the citta fabbrica , as it would later be called (350). The main text is supplemented by two …
Marginalization in Leisure and Health Resources in a Rural U.S. Town: Social Justice Issues Related to Age, Race, and Class

Leisure researchers have highlighted the underrepresentation of social justice issues in our literature and the potential of this work to enact positive change in our communities (Henderson 2014; Schmalz and Mowatt 2014; Stewart 2014). The intent of the current paper is to describe evidence of marginalization in leisure and health resources in a rural U.S. town. These issues emerged from interviews with 24 community organization representatives, and through focus groups with 44 residents. Evidence emerged of dominant and nondominant discourses, marginalization, and paradoxical oppression in leisure and health provision associated with age, race, social class, and their intersectionality (Henderson 2014). The role of institutional forms of oppression and opportunities for addressing social injustice through community empowerment and partnership are explored as well as the author’s reflections on responsibility and advocacy.
Initiating growth hormone therapy in children

As growth hormone is an expensive drug that is used over a long period of time, the prescriber must take a number of factors into consideration when supporting a patient and their family in their choice of administration device so that adherence is achieved. This article considers the implications of initiating growth hormone therapy in children. The range of devices available and pitfalls of maintaining a patient on treatment are discussed. The benefits and side effects of treatment with growth hormone are also outlined. A case study is included as an example of the issues which have to be addressed.
Some Comments and Reflections

With the failure of the program of local hidden variables theories, it is reasonable to return to the naive view that the pure quantum state of a system gives a complete description of the (non-relational) properties of the system. If so, then this complete description is characterized by objective indefiniteness in certain respects and objective probability of the outcomes in case — somehow — the indefinite properties are actualized. Hence, the state of a physical system is not just a catalogue of actualities, as in classical physics, but is also a network of potentialities (to use Heisenberg’ s word).
ANIONIC CONTROL OF HEMOGLOBIN FUNCTION

Hemoglobin is in a state of dynamic equilibrium between high and low affinity forms. As in the case of many other enzymes, the equilibrium can be shifted by binding effector molecules at sites remote from the protein's active site. We do not yet know the rules by which nature has chosen anionic or cationic effectors as control molecules for specific enzyme forms, but it appears clear that in the case of human hemoglobin the oxygen affinity is primarily modulated by the concentration of anions in the external medium. In many laboratories around the world the question of how this anionic control is achieved is under investigation. This investigation began many years ago and many of the questions that faced early investigators of hemoglobin function are still facing researchers today. Detailed studies of the structural and functional properties of human hemoglobin variants have provided greater insight into the mechanism by which cofactor binding is linked to oxygen binding. Of particular interest in this regard are the substitutions which involve the eight positively charged residues of the 2,3-diphosphoglycerate binding site. The characteristics of these hemoglobin mutants and their response to organic and inorganic anions suggest that the equilibrium between high and low affinity conformations of hemoglobin is strongly affected by the net positive charge in the central cavity. Thus it appears that in normal human hemoglobin the binding of anionic cofactors directly influences the oxygen affinity by neutralizing the charged groups of the diphosphoglycerate binding site and thereby stabilizing the deoxy conformation.
Millimeter-scale lithium ion battery packaging for high-temperature sensing applications

Abstract Continuously growing and miniaturizing autonomous electronic devices and sensors for large temperature window is mostly depends on stability and performance of power-up systems. The net achievable power and energy densities of such miniatured rechargeable energy storage systems are largely dominated by internal hardware and external packaging materials. Similarly, temperature stability of electrochemically active materials and packaging components is also crucial to realize desired activity at few millimeter scale devices. Herein, we explore energy storage devices at tunable miniatured scale by selecting optimal electroactive materials, thermally stable packaging components, and their fabrication process. Further, an assembled device is subjected to evaluate its energy and power density per foot-print-area along with other key electrochemical parameters such as internal resistance, self-discharge, and thermal stability. Detailed studies reveal that the presently packaged millimeter size rechargeable batteries (2 mm–5 mm) have the ability to work up to 120 °C with minimal load loss and compatible with energy harvesting renewable source of the solar cell.
Xantphos as a Branch-Selective Ligand for the Acyclic sec-Alkyl Negishi Cross-Coupling of Heteroaryl Halides

We present the application of the common bidentate phosphine ligand Xantphos toward the highly selective Negishi cross-coupling of heteroaryl halides and acyclic sec-alkyl organozinc reagents to prepare pharmaceutically relevant motifs. Branched-to-linear ratios of >100:1 can be achieved for several substrates relevant to the pharmaceutical industry, and tolerance of certain acidic protons is exhibited. A high-throughput experimentation approach was taken to rapidly compare Xantphos Pd G3 to other selective Negishi coupling catalysts, leading to separate reactivity profiles for each methodology. The utility of Xantphos Pd G3 was demonstrated through the scale-up and isolation of a complex pyridine building block.
Malgazer: An Automated Malware Classifier With Running Window Entropy And Machine Learning

Malware classification determines what type of behavior, function and family the malware exhibited. As detection efficacy continues to improve in practice, classification efficacy is a more complex, interesting, and richer problem that requires more research. This paper explores automated malware classification using running window entropy (RWE) as the feature set to several machine learning algorithms. An RWE-based malware classifier, Malgazer, is designed and developed in the research. Our final data set includes 60,000 malware samples from six malware classification groups: Backdoor, Worm, Trojan, Virus, PUA, and Ransom. Eight machine learning algorithms were studied during this research. Each machine learning algorithm was evaluated using the RWE and the GIST features. The highest accuracy model using the running window entropy comes from the Adaboost and random forest algorithms with window size 1,024 bytes and 1,024 data points. The testing and evaluation results show that the RWE-based classifier, Malgazer, is approximately 0.76% more accurate than a leading classifier, GIST, from prior literature on the same data sets. This research demonstrates that RWE could be used for malware classification, and if applied appropriately, could increase automated classification accuracy.
Markov Decision Process to Enforce Moving Target Defence Policies.

Moving Target Defense (MTD) is an emerging game-changing defense strategy in cybersecurity with the goal of strengthening defenders and conversely puzzling adversaries in a network environment. The successful deployment of an MTD system can be affected by several factors including 1) the effectiveness of the employed technique, 2) the deployment strategy, 3) the cost of the MTD implementation, and 4) the impact yielded by the enforced security policies. Many research efforts have been spent on introducing a variety of MTD techniques which are often evaluated through simulations. Nevertheless, this line of research needs more attention. In particular, the determination of optimal cost and policy analysis and the selection of those policies in an MTD setting is still an open research question. To advance the state-of-the-art of this line of research, this paper introduces an approach based on control theory to model, analyze and select optimal security policies for Moving Target Defense (MTD) deployment strategies. A Markov Decision Process (MDP) scheme is presented to model states of the system from attacking point of view. The employed value iteration method is based on the Bellman optimality equation for optimal policy selection for each state defined in the system. The model is then utilized to analyze the impact of various costs on the optimal policy. The MDP model is then applied to two case studies to evaluate the performance of the model.
Acute Stress Detection and Analysis Using Resonant Field Imaging (RFI) Technique

Stress is an unavoidable factor in everyday life that triggers the human body’s reaction to an anticipated threat, challenge, or scare. Bodily signs of stress can range anywhere from headaches and muscle tension, to anxiety and shortness of breath. This paper presents a unique method to test and receive a better understanding as to how the body reacts under stress. A method of stress measurement was tested through a technique known as Resonant Field Imaging (RFI) that measures distinguishable levels of Electromagnetic Radiation present in definitive parts of the human body. Acute Stress was induced through a mobile game application called "Not Not". This brain teaser game induces acute stress by challenging a player’s logic reasoning, directional choices, and quick decision making. Individual trials were accomplished to determine if there existed a correlation between the data received from RFI and conventional stress measurement devices, such as Heart Rate Variability and Skin Conductivity sensors. Overall data showed increased frequency readings from RFI correlated with increased measurement readings from conventional measurement devices when stress was experienced.
A multi-dimensional, time-lapse, high content screening platform for the flatworm pathogen causing schistosomiasis

Approximately ten percent of the world9s population is at risk of schistosomiasis, a neglected, parasitic disease of poverty caused by the Schistosoma flatworm. To facilitate drug discovery for this complex organism, we developed an automated, time-lapsed high-content (HC) screen to quantify the multi-dimensional responses of Schistosoma mansoni post-infective larvae (somules) to chemical insult. We describe an integrated platform to dispense and process worms at scale, collect time-lapsed, bright-field images, segment highly variable and touching worms, and then store, visualize, and interrogate complex and dynamic phenotypes. To demonstrate the method9s power, we treat somules with seven drugs that generate diverse responses and evaluate forty-five static and kinetic response descriptors as a function of concentration and time. For compound screening, we use the Mahalanobis distance (dM) to compare multidimensional phenotypic effects induced by a library of 1,323 approved drugs. We characterize both known anti-schistosomals as well as identify new bioactives. In addition to facilitating drug discovery, the multidimensional quantification provided by this platform will allow mapping of chemistry to phenotype.
Physical activity and GPA: Results from a national sample of Black students

Physical Activity is an important contributor to health, both physical and cognitive. The relationship between physical activity and educational outcomes has been explored in a variety of venues. L...
Salla, Thiago Mio. Graciliano Ramos e a Cultura Política: mediação editorial e construção do sentido. U de São Paulo, 2016

Em seu estudo, Thiago Mio Salla passa a limpo a historia de “Quadros e costumes do Nordeste,” conjunto de narrativas que Graciliano Ramos publicou na revista estadonovista Cultura Politica entre 1941 e 1943. Nessa empreitada, Salla revisou a fortuna critica do escritor, revirou arquivos e trouxe a luz fontes ate entao ignoradas. Acabou por corrigir equivocos, completar lacunas e propor novas hipoteses interpretativas.
A New Link Between Stress and Infection

We have known for a long time that stress increases the risk of bacterial infections by weakening the immune system. However, that is only one side of the story. Could bacteria be actively sensing ...
A phenomenological constitutive model for semicrystalline two-way shape memory polymers

Abstract Recently, two-way shape memory effect (2W-SME) has been demonstrated in several types of shape memory polymers (SMPs). Unlike classical one-way shape memory effect (1W-SME), these polymers can switch back and forth repeatedly between two different shapes without subsequent programming procedure. The reversible actuation can be realized either under a constant external tensile load, which is referred to as quasi 2W-SME, or under zero load, which is referred to as true 2W-SME. Most recently, actuation under an external compressive load, which is referred to as advanced 2W-SME, has also been discovered. Test results have shown that semicrystalline 2W-SMPs exhibit 2W-SME in two distinct regions due to two different mechanisms: one is due to entropic elasticity above the crystallization temperature, and the other is due to melt/crystallization transition below the crystallization temperature. While several constitutive models have been developed over the years for semicrystalline 2W-SMPs, there is currently a lack of effort towards modeling the true and advanced 2W-SME within the two-mechanism framework. In this study, we developed a thermomechanical constitutive model which captured both the entropic elasticity and melt/crystallization events. The modeling results and test results show reasonable agreement. It is found that the model captured the three types of 2W-SMEs: quasi 2W-SME, true 2W-SME, and advanced 2W-SME. It is also found that proper tensile programming before the first thermomechanical cycle can make a semicrystalline SMP exhibit all the three types of 2W-SMEs. This study may serve as a design tool to enhance applications of semicrystalline 2W-SMPs in engineering structures and devices.
Selection of Patients for the Initial Clinical Trials of Cardiac Xenotransplantation

Here, we offer our opinion regarding patient characteristics that should be considered to identify potential candidates for “first-in-man” heart xenotransplantation trials. For an initial attempt at cardiac xenotransplantation to be ethically justified, the risks a potential candidate faces in association with all other currently available options must outweigh the anticipated risks of a pioneering xenotransplant procedure.
Cheaters claim they knew the answers all along.

Cheating has become commonplace in academia and beyond. Yet, almost everyone views themselves favorably, believing that they are honest, trustworthy, and of high integrity. We investigate one possible explanation for this apparent discrepancy between people’s actions and their favorable self-concepts: People who cheat on tests believe that they knew the answers all along. We found consistent correlational evidence across three studies that, for those particular cases in which participants likely cheated, they were more likely to report that they knew the answers all along. Experimentally, we then found that participants were more likely to later claim that they knew the answers all along after having the opportunity to cheat to find the correct answers – relative to exposure to the correct answers without the opportunity to cheat. These findings provide new insights into relationships between memory, metacognition, and the self-concept.
Collateral Consequences of Criminal Convictions

Anyone who has been convicted of a criminal offense (misdemeanor or felony) may be subject to profound penalties after completion of their initial sentence. These penalties are known as "civil sanctions" or "collateral consequences" or "invisible punishments."Reprinted with permission, NLADA Cornerstone.
High levels of anxiety and psychological well-being in college students: A dual factor model of mental health approach

Anxiety disorders are prevalent among college students and contribute to problems in social and academic functioning. The primary focus in the anxiety literature has been on symptoms and deficits in functioning rather than psychological well-being. The present study investigated the extent to which high levels of anxiety co-occurred with self-reported psychological well-being using a dual-factor model of mental health approach. Participants (n = 100) were categorized into two groups (high anxiety crossed with low and high life satisfaction), and groups were compared on several psychological well-being indicators. Supporting a dual-factor approach, students reporting high levels of anxiety and life satisfaction reported higher levels of hope, grit, gratitude, self-focused positive rumination, and savoring of positive emotions than students reporting high levels of anxiety and low levels of life satisfaction. Groups did not differ in emotion-focused positive rumination or in dampening of positive emotion. These results highlight well-being heterogeneity within individuals reporting high levels of anxiety, with implications for treatment and prevention efforts.
Detecting child sexual abuse images: Traits of child sexual exploitation hosting and displaying websites.

Abstract Background Automated detection of child sexual abuse images (CSAI) often relies on image attributes, such as hash values. However, electronic service providers and others without access to hash value databases are limited in their ability to detect CSAI. Additionally, the increasing amount of CSA content being distributed means that a large percentage of images are not yet cataloged in hash value databases. Therefore, additional detection criteria need to be determined to improve identification of non-hashed CSAI. Objective We aim to identify patterns in the locations and folder/file naming practices of websites hosting and displaying CSAI, to use as additional detection criteria for non-hashed CSAI. Methods Using a custom-designed web crawler and snowball sampling, we analyzed the locations and naming practices of 103 Surface Web websites hosting and/or displaying 8108 known CSAI hash values. Results Websites specialize in either hosting or displaying CSAI with only 20% doing both. Neither hosting nor displaying websites fear repercussions. Over 27% of CSAI were displayed in the home directory (i.e., main page) with only 6% located in at least 4th-level sub-folder. Websites focused more on organizing images than hiding them with 68% of hosted and 54% of displayed CSAI being found in folders formatted year/month. Qualitatively, hosting websites were likely to use alphanumeric or disguised folder and file names to conceal images, while displaying websites were more explicit. Conclusion File and folder naming patterns can be combined with existing criteria to improve automated detection of websites and website locations likely hosting and/or displaying CSAI.
School Social Work Information Systems (SSWIS): A Relational Database for School Social Workers

SUMMARY After a review of their information management system, the Winston-Salem/Forsyth County School Social Work Office began a process to improve data collection and information management. The result was the creation of the School Social Work Information System, a relational database designed and developed by the school social workers themselves. This article reviews the process of evaluating existing systems, developing and implementing the new system, evaluation and continued development of the new system, and implications for further social work practice. This article is intended to provide the school social worker with the necessary information to develop similar systems.
Angiogenic factors and inflammation in steroid-refractory acute graft-vs-host disease

Steroid-refractory acute graft-vs-host disease (aGVHD) remains a frequent and often fatal complication of allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation. Recent evidence suggests that angiogenic factors—growth factors that contribute to blood vessel development—may be involved in tissue healing and restitution after inflammatory insults such as aGVHD. However, some angiogenic factors may also be involved in inflammation and worsen clinical outcomes. In this review, we summarize the data relevant to angiogenic factors that may contribute to healing after aGVHD (epidermal growth factor and vascular endothelial growth factor A) and angiogenic factors that may promote inflammation after aGVHD (placental growth factor and follistatin). It is currently unknown whether changes in these factors are a cause or a consequence of aGVHD. Mechanistic studies in the coming years will clarify their roles and identify new pathways for improving outcomes in steroid-refractory aGVHD.
Partisan Polarization, Rules and Legislative Productivity

I focus on the impact of the House and Senate's different rules on legislative productivity and, specifically, on how heightened partisan polarization has conditioned that impact. To summarize my findings briefly: Bicameralism does tend to decrease legislative output in the U.S. case, but this result is based on a very crude test. To the extent it does, it is not because problems arise at the inter-chamber resolution stage; the House and Senate reach agreement in the vast majority of the cases when both have passed a bill. Intra-chamber rules do make a substantial difference. The Senate, the chamber that grants the minority greater rights to hinder the legislative process, is more likely to produce legislation that incorporates the minority's preferences. Senate minorities do win more often than House minorities. And because the Senate grants minorities more power, the Senate also has more difficulty passing legislation than does the House. Heightened partisan polarization has significantly affected legislative productivity. It has decrease output in the Senate and increased it in the House. Partisan polarization depresses legislative productivity in the Senate mostly through the increased use by the minority party of extended debate.
Effects of feeding endophyte-infected (Acremonium coenophialum ) KY-31 fescue hay on the reproductive development of Holstein bulls.

Abstract This study was designed to assess the effect of endophyte-infected ( Acremonium coenophialum ) tall fescue (KY-31) on reproductive development in bulls. Eighteen Holstein bull calves (2 mo old) were randomly allocated to one of two dietary treatments consisting of 1) noninfected KY-31 fescue hay (NON) supplemented with grain (n=9) and 2) infected (67% infected by Acremonium coenophialum ) KY-31 fescue hay (INF) supplemented with grain (n=9). Both dietary treatments consisted of equal amounts of hay and grain. Data were collected every 14 d. Body weight, hip height and scrotal circumference did not differ (P>0.05) in the two treatments. Mean rectal temperatures also were not different in bulls (P = 0.12); however the infected bulls experienced higher rectal temperatures in all but four collection periods. Animals were sacrificed at 13 mo of age. Testicular weight and dimensions, epididymal weight and length as well as seminal vesicle weight were not different (P>0.05). Maturity of spermatozoa taken from each cauda epididymides was assessed by the incidence of cytoplasmic droplets and was not different (P>0.05) between treatments. Daily sperm production potential was not different (P>0.05) between treatments; however, large variations were noted among the infected bulls. Blood testosterone levels were not different (P=0.29) between the two dietary treatments, but were different over time (P
The Slepian zero set, and Brownian bridge embedded in Brownian motion by a spacetime shift

This paper is concerned with various aspects of the Slepian process (Bt+1 Bt;t 0) derived from one-dimensional standard Brownian motion (Bt;t 0). In particular, we offer an analysis of the local structure of the Slepian zero setft : Bt+1 = Btg, including a path decomposition of the Slepian process for 0 t 1. We also establish the existence of a random time T 0 such that the process (BT+u BT;0 u 1) is standard Brownian bridge.
University/industry collaboration from the university point of view

The author describes how university/industry collaboration in education and research has been handled at Rensselaer. Rensselaer provides several educational forums outside of normal classroom activities that bring industry representatives to campus. As examples, the author describes the Technical Writers Institute, the Technical Writer's Education Symposium, the Industrial Affiliates Program, and classroom education. The model considered emphasizes benefits in education and research for both parties. It is concluded that universities can play a large and valuable role in providing skills for industry and for the field of technical communication by going beyond the normal bounds of their campuses. >
In Vivo and In Vitro Analysis of Baculovirus ie-2 Mutants

Upon transient expression in cell culture, the ie-2 gene of Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (AcMNPV) displays three functions: trans activation of viral promoters, direct or indirect stimulation of virus origin-specific DNA replication, and arrest of the cell cycle. The ability of IE2 to trans stimulate DNA replication and coupled late gene expression is observed in a cell line derived from Spodoptera frugiperda but not in a cell line derived from Trichoplusia ni. This finding suggested that IE-2 may exert cell line-specific or host-specific effects. To examine the role of ie-2 in the context of infection and its possible influence on the host range, we constructed recombinants of AcMNPV containing deletions of different functional regions within ie-2 and characterized them in cell lines and larvae of S. frugiperda and T. ni. The ie-2 mutant viruses exhibited delays in viral DNA synthesis, late gene expression, budded virus production, and occlusion body formation in SF-21 cells but not in TN-5B1-4 cells. In TN-5B1-4 cells, the ie-2 mutants produced more budded virus and fewer occlusion bodies but the infection proceeded without delay. Examination of the effects of ie-2 and the respective mutants on immediate-early viral promoters in transient expression assays revealed striking differences in the relative levels of expression and differences in responses to ie-2 and its mutant forms in different cell lines. In T. ni and S. frugiperda larvae, the infectivities of the occluded form of ie-2 mutant viruses by the normal oral route of infection was 100- and 1,000-fold lower, respectively, than that of wild-type AcMNPV. The reduction in oral infectivity was traced to the absence of virions within the occlusion bodies. The infectivity of the budded form of ie-2 mutants by hemocoelic injection was similar to that of wild-type virus in both species. Thus, ie-2 mutants are viable but exhibit cell line-specific effects on temporal regulation of the infection process. Due to its effect on virion occlusion, mutants of IE-2 were essentially noninfectious by the normal route of infection in both species tested. However, since budded viruses exhibited normal infectivity upon hemocoelic injection, we conclude that ie-2 does not affect host range per se. The possibility that IE-2 exerts tissue-specific effects has not been ruled out.
Functional nano-dispensers (FNDs) for delivery of insecticides against phytopathogen vectors

Imidacloprid is a widely used insecticide against a variety of insect vectors. Imidacloprid may have a negative environmental impact, as well as toxic effects to animals and humans. In this work, we describe Functional Nano-Dispensers (FNDs), based on polymeric encapsulation of imidacloprid, into poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) particles 5–10 μm in size, using the solvent-evaporation method. Our goal was to develop a formulation that may decrease the negative environmental impact of this widely used insecticide. In vivo experiments were conducted comparing the efficacy of FNDs against Asian citrus psyllids (Diaphorina citri) with a commercial formulation of imidacloprid. FNDs releasing imidacloprid caused equivalent mortality of insects as compared with the current commercial formulation, yet at a dosage 200 times lower.
Association between biochemical and behavioral actions of tricyclic antidepressants

Abstract Adrenergic neurones of rats were labelled with metaraminol, an amine which is not a substrate of monoamine oxidase or catechol-o-methyl transferase. Injection of tetrabenazine or any of four tricyclic antidepressant drugs had no significant effect on metaraminol levels, but injection of tetrabenazine in the presence of certain antidepressants markedly lowered heart or brain metaraminol levels. The range of activity of the antidepressants in this system correlates with antidepressant action as measured in a behavioral test, suggesting an association between these effects. The pharmacologic effects of the antidepressants are discussed in terms of their blockade of an amine uptake mechanism in the adrenergic neurone.
Stokes’s pile of plates revisited

It is shown that the radiant flux within Stokes’s pile of plates obeys a simple difference equation. By solving this equation it is possible to obtain, for the first time to my knowledge, the flux distribution within finite and infinite piles consisting of either absorbing or nonabsorbing plates. Given these flux equations, which are mainly of theoretical interest and are needed in continuing work, one can immediately obtain the practically useful reflectances, some that were not previously given by Stokes, and the transmittance. The physical significance of an important parameter (Stokes’s b; bs in this paper) was left obscure in Stokes’s treatment but becomes fully transparent in this treatment. In addition, the method described here is capable of solving problems more difficult than those considered by Stokes. For example, the radiant power absorbed per unit area of plate surface can be obtained for any plate in finite or infinite piles. Finally, a new invariant of the pile of plates is found, in addition to that discovered by Stokes. The treatment presented is much simpler and more straightforward than that of Stokes and is offered as a new approach to the pile of plates.
The pig in pediatric surgical research.

Abstract The pig was found to be a most useful animal for experimental pediatric surgery. Advantages of using the pig, include a size physiologic-maturation relationship similar between weaned pigs and human infants, exceptional hardiness, and easy postoperative maintenance of intravenous lines. The disadvantages include a lack of superficial veins, difficulty in tracheal intubation, and large fluid losses during laparotomy. These can be managed as described in this paper. Intravenous sodium pentobarbital is a satisfactory anesthetic agent for pigs weighing from 5 to 50 lb.
Learning Effects While Passively Viewing the Necker Cube

Over a 2-wk. period 15 high school students passively viewed a Necker cube for 5 trials (90 sec. per trial). The number of reversals per trial indicates there were practice effects. Measures of tolerance of ambiguity (Tolerance of Ambiguity), anxiety (General Anxiety Scale and Test Anxiety Scale), and rigidity (Breskin's Rigidity) were administered. Pearson correlations indicate that tolerance of ambiguity was not associated with viewing an ambiguous figure, the Necker cube. Analysis also suggests the more rigid the person's outlook, the fewer reversals were reported, and exposure to viewing the figure lowers anxiety.
Continuous exposure to l -arginine induces oxidative stress and physiological tolerance in cultured human endothelial cells

The therapeutic benefits of L-arginine (ARG) supplementation in humans, often clearly observed in short-term studies, are not evident after long-term use. The mechanisms for the development of ARG tolerance are not known and cannot be readily examined in humans. We have developed a sensitive in vitro model using a low glucose/low arginine culture medium to study the mechanisms of ARG action and tolerance using two different human endothelial cells, i.e., Ea.hy926 and human umbilical venous endothelial cells. Cultured cells were incubated with different concentrations of ARG and other agents to monitor their effects on endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) expression and function, as well as glucose and superoxide (O2(·-) ) accumulation. Short-term (2 h) exposure to at least 50 μM ARG moderately increased eNOS activity and intracellular glucose (p < 0.05), with no change in eNOS mRNA or protein expression. In contrast, 7-day continuous ARG exposure suppressed eNOS expression and activity. This was accompanied by increase in glucose and O2(·-) accumulation. Co-incubation with 100 μM ascorbic acid, 300 U/ml polyethylene glycol-superoxide dismutase (PEG-SOD), 100 μM L-lysine or 30 μM 5-chloro-2-(N-2,5-dichlorobenenesulfonamido)-benzoxazole (a fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase inhibitor) prevented the occurrence of cellular ARG tolerance. Short-term co-incubation of ARG with PEG-SOD improved cellular nitrite accumulation without altering cellular ARG uptake. These studies suggest that ARG-induced oxidative stress may be a primary causative factor for the development of cellular ARG tolerance.
Application of a generalized minimal residual method to 2D unsteady flows

A generalized minimum residual scheme (GMRES), previously developed for solving nonlinear and linear systems of equations, has been applied to the numerical solution of 2D unsteady compressible flows. It is found that the use of GMRES significantly increases the time step that may be used, compared to noniterative implicit schemes. The feasibility of reducing the memory requirements of the GMRES scheme using a multigrid strategy has also been explored. Several sample steady and unsteady viscous flow applications are presented.
Upward Pressure on Price (UPP) Analysis: Issues and Implications For Merger Policy

Farrell and Shapiro’s Upward Pressure on Price (UPP) framework is an innovative and elegant technique designed to evaluate mergers in differentiated product markets. The authors advance their approach primarily as a screen for unilateral effects cases, although others suggest that UPP might be implemented to create a presumption of anticompetitive effect. Whether used as a screen or to establish a presumption, the fundamental workings are the same and the same two issues are present. First, there is no empirical evidence confirming that the method can reliably predict whether a merger is likely to increase price and second, UPP analysis screens or presumes as anticompetitive a very large universe of mergers. We develop simple simulations illustrating that a UPP- based approach would identify mergers as potentially problematic at levels that have not attracted serious scrutiny from any major antitrust authority in decades. Farrell and Shapiro’s UPP methodology also has potential as an alternative to merger simulation. Here, we are cautiously optimistic that UPP analysis can replace the complex simulation models introduced by economists over the last 20 years. While the UPP analysis does sacrifice some detail, it offers greater transparency, and thus everyone (economists, lawyers, judges, and even business executives) can easily understand the effects of the parameters on the predictions of the model. However, we advocate caution because UPP simulation analysis, although holding numerous advantages over traditional simulation, has not been shown to reliably predict the price effects of mergers and should not be used in any particular case without such evidence.
A Survey of Infall Motions toward Starless Cores. I. CS (2-1) and N2H+ (1-0) Observations

We present the first results of a survey of 220 starless cores selected primarily by their optical obscuration and observed in CS (2-1), N2H+ (1-0), and C18O (1-0) using the Northeast Radio Observatory Corporation (NEROC) Haystack 37 m telescope. We have detected 163 out of 196 sources observed in CS, 72 out of 142 in N2H+, and 30 out of 30 in C18O. In total, 69 sources were detected in both CS and N2H+. The isolated component of the N2H+ (1-0) spectrum (F1F = 0,1-1,2) usually shows a weak symmetric profile that is optically thin. In contrast, a significant fraction of the CS spectra show non-Gaussian shapes, which we interpret as arising from a combination of self-absorption due to lower excitation gas in the core front and kinematics in the core. The distribution of the normalized velocity difference (δVCS) between the CS and N2H+ peaks appears significantly skewed to the blue (δVCS < 0), as was found in a similar study of dense cores with embedded young stellar objects (YSOs). The incidence of sources with blue asymmetry tends to increase as the total optical depth or the integrated intensity of the N2H+ line increases. This overabundance of "blue" over "red" sources suggests that inward motions are a significant feature of starless cores. We identify seven strong infall candidates and 10 probable infall candidates. Their typical inward speeds are subsonic, approximately 0.04-0.1 km s-1, so they contain "thermal" infall motions, unlike the faster inward speeds associated with most YSOs. We discuss the importance of the choice of a consistent set of line frequencies when using the velocity shift between an optically thick and a thin line as a tracer of infall, and show how the results of the survey depend on that frequency choice.
Population analysis of single units in the cuneate nucleus of the cat.

Abstract Population analysis has been used to investigate the properties of cells in the cuneate nucleus of the chloralose-anesthetized cat. Postsynaptic units were grouped on the basis of the maximum frequency following to ipsilateral superficial radial nerve stimulation, the degree of convergence onto cells from central and peripheral sources, and the response to natural stimulation of the ipsilateral forelimb. The groups were analyzed further on the basis of depth in the brainstem, initial spike latency, and variability in the initial spike latency in response to stimulation of the ipsilateral forelimb. Maximum order to the data resulted when the cells were grouped on the basis of maximum frequency following ability. The possible role of the defined cell groups in production of primary afferent depolarization (PAD) was examined by constructing simulated PAD time course curves. Both a rapidly rising time course curve, typical of ipsilateral forelimb activation, and a slowly rising curve, typical of “off-focus” activation, could be obtained by linearly summing unit depolarizations in a temporal pattern defined by measured spike latencies to the appropriate input. This, and other evidence, suggest that the observed properties of cuneate inhibition can be accounted for by the activity of cells within the cuneate nucleus. A wiring diagram for cuneate inhibition circuitry is presented.
Cardiac Responses to Sympathetic and Vagal Stimulation in the Newborn Lamb During Acidosis and Hypoxia

Heart rate (HR) and left ventricular co ntractility (VC) responses to sympathetic and vagal nerve stimulation were assessed in 15 lambs from < 1 to 3 days of during lactic acidemia, hypercapnia and hypoxemia. These were compared with responses under control conditions. In all experiments supramaximal electrical stimulation of the left inferior cardiac sympathetic nerve produced large increases of VC as measured by the dP/dt max from a given end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) when HR, mean aortic pressure and cardiac output (Medicon) were held constant. With a pH of 7.39 the dp/dt max increased from 3,000 (±155 SE) to 4,244 (±147 SE) mm Hg/sec during stimulation, while the LVEDP fell from 7.3 (±0.73 SE) to 5.8 (±0.79). During acidemia the increase (1,310±159 SE) was unchanged. With hypercapnia (PCO2 69 mm Hg) the responses were less (840 mm Hg/sec) than with low PCO2 (1,300 mm Hg/sec, p<0.01). Responses during hypoxemia (PO2 33 mm Hg) were indentical to those with normal PO2. Cardiac slowing in response to stimulation of the right distal vagus N was measured at several frequencies (F) from 1-15/sec, duration 5msec, and 10-15 V. slowing was a function of F, but was unaltered by changes of PO2, PCO2 of pH up to an F of 10/sec. At F 15 the bradycardia was often enhanced by hypercapnia. It is co ncluded that hypoxemia and lactic acidemia do not alter adrenergic (A) or cholinergic (C) transmission, but that hypercapnic acidosis may reduce A, and enhance C during maximal stimulation. This suggests a mechanism whereby autonomic control of the heart may be altered in neonatal asphyxia.
Design Space of III-N Hot Electron Transistors Using AlGaN and InGaN Polarization-Dipole Barriers

Transistor operation by common emitter (CE) current modulation is shown for the first time in III-N hot electron transistors (HETs). The emitter and collector barriers ( $\phi _{\mathrm {\mathbf {BE}}}$ and $\phi _{\mathrm {\mathbf {BC}}}$ ) are implemented using Al0.45 Ga0.55N and In0.1Ga0.9N layers as polarization dipoles, respectively. CE modulation is achieved by increasing the E-B barrier height beyond the B-C barrier height by increasing the Al0.45Ga0.55N thickness ( $t$ ). Similar CE performance is seen in the identical HET structures grown on both bulk GaN and sapphire. A maximum $\alpha $ of $\sim 0.3$ is achieved using a GaN base thickness of 10 nm. The InGaN dipole used as the collector barrier is shown to be instrumental in enabling ohmic base contacts, low base sheet resistance, and low collector leakage, simultaneously.
Reducing the risk for stroke in patients with myocardial infarction: a Myocardial Ischemia Reduction with Aggressive Cholesterol Lowering (MIRACL) substudy.

Morbidity and mortality from cerebrovascular disease remain a major public health problem in the United States. Despite an encouraging decline in case fatality rates between 1989 and 1999, the actual number of stroke-related deaths increased during this period.1 Approximately 600 000 people in the United States suffer an initial or recurrent stroke each year. Beyond the risk of death, the complications arising from cerebrovascular disease present a major personal and economic burden. Further therapies are needed both to reduce the incidence of initial stroke and to improve clinical outcomes after a cerebrovascular accident. See p 1690 Risk factors for the development of symptomatic cerebrovascular disease are multifactorial and at least partially related to age. They include the classical risk factors for coronary atherosclerosis.2 The role of dyslipidemia as a risk factor for stroke, however, has been controversial. The Prospective Studies Collaboration evaluated the association of both circulating cholesterol and diastolic blood pressure with the incidence of cerebrovascular disease.3 This meta-analysis of 45 prospective observational cohorts included 450 000 individuals who were followed over a 5- to 30-year period (mean duration of 16 years). Although stroke occurred in 13 397 participants, a definite statistical association between baseline cholesterol and stroke could not be determined after multivariate adjustment for sex, documented coronary atherosclerosis, ethnicity (Asian or non-Asian), and diastolic blood pressure. However, information on the pathogenesis of stroke was not available. This may compromise the statistical analysis because the lack of an overall correlation does not mean that there is no correlation between cholesterol levels and specific types of stroke. Evidence about the potentially adverse relationship between low serum cholesterol and increased risk for intracranial hemorrhage has been conflicting. The Honolulu Heart Program (HHP), which evaluated 7850 male subjects of Japanese-American descent over a period of 18 years, found …
"A La Recherche Du" Quality of Life

This essay examines the stages of inquiry when we seek to formulate quality of life in an era before our own. There arises the question of the extent to which today’s formulation of quality of life can be applied to an era far removed from our own. Implicitly, there is the nature of the time interval, T1···Tn, and the causal significance of intervening events. Data of a numerical sort can be hard to retrieve due to fires, wars, and mishandling. Quantitative data can be found in censuses and military records. Information in its raw form is referred to here as protodata. Figure 1 provides a schematic overview of the search for quality of life by subjective and objective modes of inquiry.
A GROUP OF MICROORGANISMS TRANSMITTED HEREDITARILY IN TICKS AND APPARENTLY UNASSOCIATED WITH DISEASE

1. Pleomorphic, bacterium-like, Gram-negative, intracellular microorganisms, which stained much less intensely with ordinary dyes than most bacteria were found in sixteen species of ticks comprising examples of the Argasidae and the Ixodidae. 2. In six of these species studied intensively slight differences in the microorganisms were detected, sufficient to permit identification of the vectors by microscopic examination of the microorganism alone. 3. No evidence was seen of injury to the tissues of the arachnid hosts of the microorganisms other than that incident to mechanical distention of the cells containing them. 4. The detection of the microorganisms in the eggs of ten species, in the unfed larvae of eight species, and at nearly related stages throughout the life cycle of three others leads to the conclusion that they are transmitted hereditarily.