cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Evolutionary Algorithm for Designing Feedforward Neural Networks

This paper presents a new approach to evolutionary artificial neural networks, based on the integration of feedforward neural networks, messy genetic algorithms (GAs), and singular value decomposition (SVD). The set of competing hidden nodes with variable number of connections from the input layer represents an evolving neural network. Selection of hidden nodes is based on their estimation via SVD. The resulting singular values are used to determine significance of hidden nodes for the network's output. To represent connectivity of hidden nodes and to process the topology of connections between input and hidden layers, we employ the approach of messy GAs. This establishes a framework for processing strings of variable length which codes this topology and allows one to search for useful combinations of input variables. The proposed approach is tested using sonar data classification.
Potentialities of TEC topping: A simplified view of parametric effects

An examination of the benefits of thermionic-energy-conversion (TEC)-topped power plants and methods of increasing conversion efficiency are discussed. Reductions in the cost of TEC modules yield direct decreases in the cost of electricity (COE) from TEC-topped central station power plants. Simplified COE, overall-efficiency charts presented illustrate this trend. Additional capital-cost diminution results from designing more compact furnaces with considerably increased heat transfer rates allowable and desirable for high temperature TEC and heat pipes. Such improvements can evolve of the protection from hot corrosion and slag as well as the thermal expansion compatibilities offered by silicon-carbide clads on TEC-heating surfaces. Greater efficiencies and far fewer modules are possible with high-temperature, high-power-density TEC: This decreases capital and fuel costs much more and substantially increases electric power outputs for fixed fuel inputs. In addition to more electricity, less pollution, and lower costs, TEC topping used directly in coal-combustion products contributes balance-of-payment gains.
Experiments with auto-parallelizing SPEC2000FP benchmarks

In this paper, we document the experimental work in our attempts to automatically parallelize SPEC2000FP benchmarks for SMP machines. This is not purely a research project. It was implemented within IBM's software laboratory in a commercial compiler infrastructure that implements OpenMP 2.0 specifications in both Fortran and C/C++. From the beginning, our emphasis is on using simple parallelization techniques. We aim to maintain a good trade-off between performance, especially scalability of an application program and its compilation time. Although the parallelization results show relatively low speed up, it is still promising considering the problems associated with explicit parallel programming and the fact that more and more multi-thread and multi-core chips will soon be available even for home computing.
Miscanthus × giganteus plant regeneration: effect of callus types, ages and culture methods on regeneration competence.

The perennial rhizomatous grass, Miscanthus x giganteus is an ideal biomass crop due to its rapid vegetative growth and high biomass yield potential. As a naturally occurring sterile hybrid, M. x giganteus must be propagated vegetatively by mechanically divided rhizomes or from micropropagated plantlets. Plant regeneration through somatic embryogenesis is a viable approach to achieve large-scale production of plantlets in tissue culture. Effect of the callus types, ages and culture methods on the regeneration competence was studied to improve regeneration efficiency and shorten the period of tissue culture in M. x giganteus. Shoot-forming calli having a yellow or white compact callus with light-green shoot-like structures showed the highest regeneration frequency. Percentage of shoot-forming callus induction from immature inflorescence explants was 41% on callus induction medium containing 13.6 μM 2,4- D and 0.44 μM benzyladenine (BA). The use of a regeneration medium containing 1.3 μM NAA and 22 μM BA was effective at shortening the incubation period required for plantlet regeneration, with 69% of total regenerated plantlets obtained within 1 month of incubation on regeneration medium. Embryogenic-like callus morphotype could maintain regeneration competency for up to 1 year as suspension cultures. Field grown regenerated plants showed normal phenotypic development with DNA content and plant heights comparable to rhizome propagated plants. Winter survival rates of the regenerated plants planted in 2006 and 2007 at the University of Illinois South Farm, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, were 78% and 56%, respectively.
Overcoming barriers to implementing patient-reported outcomes in an electronic health record: a case report

In this case report, the authors describe the implementation of a system for collecting patient-reported outcomes and integrating results in an electronic health record. The objective was to identify lessons learned in overcoming barriers to collecting and integrating patient-reported outcomes in an electronic health record. The authors analyzed qualitative data in 42 documents collected from system development meetings, written feedback from users, and clinical observations with practice staff, providers, and patients. Guided by the Unified Theory on the Adoption and Use of Information Technology, 5 emergent themes were identified. Two barriers emerged: (i) uncertain clinical benefit and (ii) time, work flow, and effort constraints. Three facilitators emerged: (iii) process automation, (iv) usable system interfaces, and (v) collecting patient-reported outcomes for the right patient at the right time. For electronic health record-integrated patient-reported outcomes to succeed as useful clinical tools, system designers must ensure the clinical relevance of the information being collected while minimizing provider, staff, and patient burden.
Characterization of Escherichia coli Flagellar Mutants That Are Insensitive to Catabolite Repression

In Escherichia coli, the synthesis of the flagellar organelle is sensitive to catabolite repression. Synthesis requires the presence of the cyclic adenosine monophosphate receptor protein (Crp) and 3′,5′-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP); i.e., mutants that lack Crp or adenylcyclase (Cya) synthesize no flagella. We isolated and characterized a series of mutants (cfs) that restored flagella-forming ability in a Crp strain of E. coli. The mutations in these strains were transferred onto episomes and they were then introduced into a variety of other strains. The presence of the mutation resulted in flagella synthesis in Cya and Crp strains as well as in the wild type grown under conditions of catabolite repression. Deletion analysis and other genetic studies indicated that: (i) the cfs mutations had a dominant effect when they were in the transconfiguration in merodiploids: (ii) they occurred in or very close to the flaI gene: and (iii) their expression required the presence of an intact flaI gene adjacent to the cfs mutation. Biochemical studies showed that the synthesis of at least two flagellar polypeptides, the hook subunit and an amber fragment of flagellin, were absent in strains that carried a cya mutation. Their synthesis was depressed in strains grown under conditions of catabolite repression. The presence of the cfs mutation restored the specific synthesis of these two polypeptides. We suggest that the formation of the flaI gene product is the step in flagellar synthesis that is catabolite sensitive and requires cAMP. We propose a regulatory function for the product of the flaI gene.
Evaluation of transmission of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) between persistently infected and naive cattle by the horn fly (Haematobia irritans)

Identifying reservoirs and transmission routes for bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) are important in developing biosecurity programs. The aim of this study was to evaluate BVDV transmission by the hematophagous horn fly (Haematobia irritans). Flies collected from four persistently infected cattle were placed in fly cages attached to principal (n = 4) and control (n = 4) BVDV-naive calves housed individually in isolation rooms. Flies were able to feed on principal calves, but a barrier prevented fly feeding from control calves. Flies were tested for BVDV by RT-PCR and virus isolation at time of collection from PI cattle and after 48 h of exposure on BVDV-naive calves. Blood samples were collected from calves and tested for BVDV infection. Virus was isolated from fly homogenates at collection from PI animals and at removal from control and principal calves. All calves remained negative for BVDV by virus isolation and serology throughout the study. Bovine viral diarrhea virus may be detected in horn flies collected from PI cattle, but horn flies do not appear to be an important vector for BVDV transmission.
Fan-delta and braid-delta systems in Pennsylvanian Sandia Formation, Taos Trough, northern New Mexico: Depositional and tectonic implications

Fan-delta and braid-delta deposits are distinguished in the Pennsylvanian Sandia Formation, Taos Trough, New Mexico, according to guidelines recently defined by McPherson and others. Subaqueous sedimentation styles and depositional sequences also are used for distinguishing fan-delta and braid-delta deposits in the Taos Trough. Fan deltas were deposited in close proximity to the active western boundary fault of the Taos Trough and occur as coarse-grained aggradational sequences. Alluvial processes in fan-delta complexes were characterized by unrestricted sheetflood and ephemeral streamflow deposition. Subaqueously deposited, fan-delta conglomerates and sandstones arranged in lenticular units encased by basinal mudstones were emplaced by a variety of high-density and dilute gravity-flow processes. Braid-delta complexes were characterized by channelized alluvial deposition in which discharge was variable, but perennial. Perennial discharge in braid deltas was in response to expansion of the drainage area in the Taos Trough hinterland through time. This resulted in increased sediment discharge into the trough and enabled basinward extension of the alluvial plain by braid-delta progradation. This study concludes that fan deltas are associated with steep basin margins in which overall subsidence rates exceed sedimentation rates. Braid deltas are related to low-gradient basin margins along which sedimentation rates are greater than subsidence rates. Distribution of fan-delta and braid-delta complexes in the Sandia Formation is dictated by tectonic load-induced subsidence in the Taos Trough and may be used as a guide for resolving evolutionary history of other types of active sedimentary basins.
SINGLE BOOK REVIEWS

Modes of Comparison: Theory and Practice. Aram A. Yengoyan, ed. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2006. 480 pp.
A Less Cloudy Future: The Role of Subtropical Subsidence in Climate Sensitivity

An observable constraint on climate sensitivity, based on variations in mid-tropospheric relative humidity (RH) and their impact on clouds, is proposed. We show that the tropics and subtropics are linked by teleconnections that induce seasonal RH variations that relate strongly to albedo (via clouds), and that this covariability is mimicked in a warming climate. A present-day analog for future trends is thus identified whereby the intensity of subtropical dry zones in models associated with the boreal monsoon is strongly linked to projected cloud trends, reflected solar radiation, and model sensitivity. Many models, particularly those with low climate sensitivity, fail to adequately resolve these teleconnections and hence are identifiably biased. Improving model fidelity in matching observed variations provides a viable path forward for better predicting future climate.
Volcanoes, the stratosphere, and climate

Abstract A list of volcanic eruption plumes observed to ascend into or near the stratosphere since 1883 shows that the volcanoes divide readily into two groups, one at low and one at higher latitudes. A model for the rise of a buoyant volcanic plume rise as applied to volcanic eruptions is corrected for realistic temperature profiles and for the finite vertical extent of the resultant debris clouds. The utility of the model can be questioned, however, owing to the highly uncertain and variable nature of the efficiency of use of heat energy of buoyant rise. The observed correlation of stratospheric plumes with climatic effects indicates that those plumes nearer the equator have the largest impact on surface temperatures. Analysis of the observations also suggests that injection of debris into the stratosphere is more important in determining the effect on climate than either the total volcanic explosivity of the eruption or the actual height reached within the stratosphere.
Fertility comparison between breeding at 24 hours or at 24 and 48 hours after collection with cooled equine semen

It has become a common practice in the equine breeding industry to send 2 insemination doses for breeding with transported cooled semen, one to be used for the initial insemination upon arrival, and the other to be held a second insemination the next day. One fertile stallion and 36 fertile mares were used to determine if breeding once with 1 dose of semen cooled for 24 h would improve fertility compared with breeding twice, 1 d apart, with half the dose of semen cooled for 24 h on the first day of breeding and half cooled for 48 h on the second day of breeding. Mares were given two intramuscular injections of 10 mg PGF2 alpha 14 d apart. Following the second injection, mares were teased with a stallion and their ovaries were scanned by transrectal ultrasonography daily. When a dominant follicle (> 35 mm diameter) was detected, 1500 units hCG were injected intravenously, and the mares were inseminated. Semen was collected in advance of anticipated breeding, mixed in nonfat dry milk solids-glucose extender to a concentration of 25 million sperm/mL, and placed in 2 commercial cooling containers for 24 or 48 h of storage prior to breeding. Mares were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 insemination treatment groups: 1) Group T1 (n = 18), in which mares were inseminated on the day of hCG injection with 500 million spermatozoa cooled for 24 h, or 2) Group T2 (n = 18), in which mares were inseminated on the day of hCG injection with 250 million spermatozoa cooled for 24 h, and again on the following day with 250 million spermatozoa cooled for 48 h. Pregnancy status was confirmed by transrectal ultrasonographic examination at 14 and 16 d after ovulation. Pregnancy rates were the same for both insemination treatment groups (12/18; 67%). There was no advantage to holding half of the insemination dose for rebreeding on the following day.
Protist classification and the kingdoms of organisms

Traditional classification imposed a division into plant-like and animal-like forms on the unicellular eukaryotes, or protists; in a current view the protists are a diverse assemblage of plant-, animal- and fungus-like groups. Classification of these into phyla is difficult because of their relatively simple structure and limited geological record, but study of ultrastructure and other characteristics is providing new insight on protist classification. Possible classifications are discussed, and a summary classification of the living world into kingdoms (Monera, Protista, Fungi, Animalia, Plantae) and phyla is suggested. This classification also suggests groupings of phyla into superphyla and form-superphyla, and a broadened kingdom Protista (including green algae, oomycotes and slime molds but excluding red and brown algae). The classification thus seeks to offer a compromise between the protist and protoctist kingdoms of Whittaker and Margulis and to combine a full listing of phyla with grouping of these for synoptic treatment.
Cardiology patient simulator and computer-assisted instruction technologies in bedside teaching.

Summary. The design and uses of an innovative technology-based approach which addresses critical problems with bedside teaching during ward rounds in the current health care situation are described. A cardiology patient simulator (HARVEY) and an accompanying computer-based interactive laserdisk system provide medical students, house officers and other health professionals with the opportunity to encounter a wide variety of clinical problems for learning and assessment. A group of cardiologists and medical educators from a consortium of US medical schools has guided the development and formal assessment of the entire system over the past 10 years. The system and simulator can be configured and programmed to provide appropriate heart sounds, laboratory data, and test results upon request; hands-on experience to practise examination skills is also available. The system, whole or in part, can be used in a variety of instructional modes from self-instruction to demonstration teaching, and from self-assessment to the final clinical examination. The system's effectiveness for teaching medical clerks is summarized, as is its use in providing continuing education for primary care doctors in rural practice.
Intertemporal and intratemporal substitution, and the speed of convergence in the neoclassical growth model

Abstract This paper re-examines the speed of convergence in a one-sector growth model under fairly general conditions with respect to both production and preferences. We investigate the response of the rate of convergence to the intratemporal elasticity of substitution in production, and to the intertemporal and intratemporal elasticities of substitution in consumption. The speed of convergence is highly sensitive to the first two elasticities, but not to the third, which is reflected primarily in the agent's labor-leisure choice. Small deviations in the elasticities from standard benchmark parameters can lead to significant variations in the rate of convergence, encompassing the range of typical empirical estimates.
The neuroendocrinal system of the heart after construction of a Glenn anastomosis or the Fontan circulation.

Many complex cardiac defects produce a functionally single ventricle, in which there is mixing of the systemic and pulmonary circulations. The output from the functionally single ventricle is divided between the two circulations: the proportion going to the systemic and pulmonary vascular beds being determined by the relative resistance to flows within the respective circulations.
Survey of Culturable Airborne Bacteria at Four Diverse Locations in Oregon: Urban, Rural, Forest, and Coastal

To determine the risks of microbial air pollution from microorganisms used for pesticides and bioremediation, or emanating from composting, fermentation tanks, or other agricultural and urban sources, airborne microbial levels must be evaluated. This study surveyed the atmospheric load of culturable bacteria at four locations in Oregon: a city street, a rye grass field, a Douglas fir forest, and a bluff on the Pacific coast. Samples (20–60 min each) were taken using slit and six-stage cascade samplers. Samples were taken over two 10- or 24-h periods, depending on the site. Meteorological measurements were made at each location. The quantity and type of bacteria found varied by location and time. The highest average number of bacteria during daylight hours was exhibited at the urban site (609 cfu/m3), followed by the forest site (522 cfu/m3), then the rural site (242 cfu/m3), with the lowest concentration found at the coastal site (103 cfu/m3). During the 24-h sampling periods at the rural site, bacterial concentration, in general, tended to increase at sunrise, decrease during the solar noon hours, gradually increase until sunset, then decrease into the evening, with the lowest concentrations occurring between 2100 and 0500 hours. Pigmented bacteria represented between 21 and 62% of the total bacteria sampled; the highest percentage of pigmented bacteria was found at the rural site, and the lowest percentage at the forest site. Bacillus was found to be the most abundant single genus represented at all locations (12–45%). The majority of bacteria found were associated with particles greater than 3 μm aerodynamic diameter. Information gathered from this survey combined with data from the literature and future surveys will contribute to the detection and description of microbial air pollution.
Effective elastic moduli and characterization of a particulate metal-matrix composite with damaged particles

A brief derivation of the expression is given for the effective bulk modulus of discontinuously reinforced metal matrix composites (DMMCs) with damaged particles (either complete voids as shattered particles or debonded particles). The analytical results are then compared with elastic moduli determined from nondestructive ultrasonic wave speed measurements of SiC particle-reinforced titanium matrix composites produced via shock wave consolidation. For the shock consolidated Ti-SiC metal matrix composites compacts, the overall particle damage mode is found to be similar to debonded particles and the effective volume fraction of damaged particles is determined to be 39% based on the data of both Young's and bulk moduli. Ultrasonic wave speed measurements combining with analytical and/or numerical results on overall elastic properties (Young's, bulk, and shear moduli, and Poisson's ratio) could be a useful tool in assessing the damage of particles in DMMCs.
Identification of an immunodominant CD4+ T cell epitope in the VP6 protein of rotavirus following intranasal immunization of BALB/c mice

Abstract The only lymphocytes required for protection against fecal rotavirus shedding after intranasal immunization of BALB/c (H-2 d ) mice with a chimeric rotavirus VP6 protein (MBP∷VP6) and the mucosal adjuvant LT(R192G) are CD4 + T cells. The purpose of this study was to identify CD4 + T cell epitopes within VP6 that might be responsible for this protection. To make this determination, spleen cells obtained from BALB/c mice following intranasal immunization with MBP∷VP6/LT(R192G) were stimulated in vitro with either MBP∷VP6 or overlapping VP6 peptides containing ≤ 30 amino acids (AA). The numbers of memory (CD44 high ) CD4 + T cells stimulated to produce T H 1 and T H 17 cytokines (IFNγ and IL-17), as well as the quantities of these cytokines released into the cell supernatants, were then measured relative to those produced in mock-stimulated cells from the same animals. One epitope expected to be found was the VP6 14-mer AA 289–302 , previously identified as a CD4 + T cell epitope in H-2 d mice. This was not observed but instead the only VP6 epitope identified was AA 242–259 , the dominant CD4 + T cell epitope previously reported after oral, live rotavirus immunization.
High-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry of enterostatins in biological samples

Abstract The three forms of enterostatin (Ala–Pro–Gly–Pro–Arg, Val–Pro–Gly–Pro–Arg, and Val–Pro–Asp–Pro–Arg), pentapeptides known to inhibit fat-intake, were resolved on a C18 reversed-phase column using a ternary mobile phase consisting of methanol, acetonitrile, and water. Coupled with MS/MS detection, the method has been applied to identify enterostatin sequences in human cerebrospinal fluid and rat brain tissue. Ala–Pro–Gly–Pro–Arg (APGPR) was found to be the predominant enterostatin sequence in both cases. The levels of APGPR were 98.3±16.3 ng/ml in human cerebrospinal fluid and 30.1±12.6 ng/g wet tissue in rat brain, respectively.
Poliovirus cre(2C)-Dependent Synthesis of VPgpUpU Is Required for Positive- but Not Negative-Strand RNA Synthesis

The cre(2C) hairpin is a cis-acting replication element in poliovirus RNA and serves as a template for the synthesis of VPgpUpU. We investigated the role of the cre(2C) hairpin on VPgpUpU synthesis and viral RNA replication in preinitiation RNA replication complexes isolated from HeLa S10 translation-RNA replication reactions. cre(2C) hairpin mutations that block VPgpUpU synthesis in reconstituted assays with purified VPg and poliovirus polymerase were also found to completely inhibit VPgpUpU synthesis in preinitiation replication complexes. Surprisingly, blocking VPgpUpU synthesis by mutating the cre(2C) hairpin had no significant effect on negative-strand synthesis but completely inhibited positive-strand synthesis. Negative-strand RNA synthesized in these reactions immunoprecipitated with anti-VPg antibody and demonstrated that it was covalently linked to VPg. This indicated that VPg was used to initiate negative-strand RNA synthesis, although the cre(2C)-dependent synthesis of VPgpUpU was inhibited. Based on these results, we concluded that the cre(2C)-dependent synthesis of VPgpUpU was required for positive- but not negative-strand RNA synthesis. These findings suggest a replication model in which negative-strand synthesis initiates with VPg uridylylated in the 3' poly(A) tail in virion RNA and positive-strand synthesis initiates with VPgpUpU synthesized on the cre(2C) hairpin. The pool of excess VPgpUpU synthesized on the cre(2C) hairpin should support high levels of positive-strand synthesis and thereby promote the asymmetric replication of poliovirus RNA.
Thermographic Nondestructive Evaluation: Data Inversion Procedures Part I: 1-D Analysis

Abstract A data inversion procedure is presented, for the one-dimensional case, to retrieve the subsurface defect depth and thermal resistance from the time evolution of the surface temperature distribution as recorded by a thermographic camera (thermal “defectometry”). The inversion algorithm is based on the global minimization of a specific functional (nonlinear least squares problem) through an iterational routine taking into account simultaneously all of the defect variables and their effects on the values of the observable parameters. Surface losses are included as an unknown Biot number in the inversion routine. This paper deals with one-dimensional thermal flow. Part II, in this same issue, covers the two-dimensional theory and the experimental results.
Mandatory Disclaimers On Dietary Supplements Do Not Reliably Communicate The Intended Issues

Some efforts by the government to regulate the promotional statements of pharmaceutical manufacturers have recently been found unconstitutional under the First Amendment, which has been interpreted to protect commercial as well as personal speech. As an alternative means of protecting patients from unreliable marketing claims, courts have proposed that the Food and Drug Administration could add disclaimers to promotional messages that discuss off-label, or unapproved, uses. We conducted a systematic review of studies of the disclaimers currently required for dietary supplements, to assess how well disclaimers inform consumers’ health choices. A few small studies reported a modest impact of disclaimers on consumers’ attitudes about dietary supplements, but larger and more rigorous studies generally revealed that many consumers were unaware of a disclaimer or reported that it did not affect their perceptions of a product. The available evidence indicates that replacing government restrictions on pharmaceuti...
α-Tocopherol, total vitamin A and total fat in margarines and margarine-like products

Abstract Consumers' interest in dietary guidelines advising them to reduce their intake of fat has contributed to the development of new low- and fat-free margarine-like products. We measured vitamin E (α-tocopherol) and vitamin A (retinol and /gb-carotene) in margarines and margarine-like products labeled as containing 0–80% fat. Test portions were saponified, extracted with petroleum ether, and analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography. Margarines of approximately 80% fat content contained 4–30 IU /ga-tocopherol/100 g. Reduced-fat margarines (fat content 14–53%) contained 4–15 IU α-tocopherol/100 g, while fat-free margarines (
Pleiotropic effects resulting from mutations in genes for ribosomal proteins: analysis of revertants from streptomycin dependence.

Abstract In order to study the functions of the individual ribosomal proteins and their interaction, a group of revertants from streptomycin dependence to independence was analyzed. Reversion from dependence resulted from a number of different mutational events, all resulting in altered ribosome function. The mutants selected for study exhibited extensive pleiotropy—in addition to the elimination of the requirement for streptomycin for growth, the strains differed from the dependent parent and each other in growth rate, level of streptomycin resistance, effect of antibiotics on viability, rate of subunit assembly in vivo , affinity of isolated ribosomes for streptomycin and functionality of ribosomes in various cell-free assays. There appear to be strong correlations between the level of resistance to streptomycin in growing cells and the ability of the isolated ribosomes to bind streptomycin, the effect of antibiotic on cell-free protein synthesis programmed with natural message (but not poly(U)) and the degree of translational fidelity. There seems to be no relation between level of antibiotic resistance and the overall growth rate, the presence of a defect in ribosome assembly or the ribosomal protein altered by the mutation. Mutations in genes for 30 S proteins S4 and S5 can result in the same phenotype, while different changes in S4 in otherwise isogenic strains result in widely varying phenotypes. The wide variety of effects resulting from single mutational events suggests that each of these changes in a ribosomal protein changes the conformation of the ribosome or its ability to undergo configurational changes.
Aerosol growth by condensation: A generalization of mason's formula

Abstract A simple model generalizing Mason's formula for condensation rate under nonisothermal conditions is constructed. Analytical results are then obtained for growth of an aerosol as predicted by Mason's model and the new model. For the situation considered, the new model predicts slower growth.
Deviance and Social Control in an Alternative Community: The Unique Case of the Rainbow Family of Living Light

This article employs ethnographic fieldwork and interviews to examine social control and redefined deviance in a utopian countercultural group, The Rainbow Family of Living Light, to answer the question of how socially marginalized groups create and maintain collective identity. Working within a symbolic interactionist paradigm, and drawing on theoretical perspectives on reintegrative shaming, the authors examine the experiences of Rainbow Gatherers during a national gathering in the summer of 2010. Through interviews and observations, we illustrate how Rainbow Gatherers redefine deviance, use covert informal social control, create new definitions of proscribed behavior, and construct an internal hierarchical structure. We note a key paradox, in that although the very existence of a hierarchy and rules runs counter to their stated ideology, participants nonetheless acknowledge, observe, and culturally transmit rules and social norms. To navigate this paradox, Gatherers frame control within a familial rein...
Nonlinear Vibration of Parametrically Excited, Viscoelastic, Axially Moving Strings

The dynamic response of parametrically excited, axially moving viscoelastic belts is investigated in this paper. Results are compared to previous work in which the partial, not material, time derivative was used in the viscoelastic constitutive relation. It is found that this added steady state dissipation greatly affects both the existence and amplitudes of nontrivial limit cycles. The discrepancy increases with increasing translation speed. To limit the comparison to the additional physics included in the model, the solution procedure of Zhang and Zu [1,2], who applied the method of multiple scales to the governing equations prior to discretization, is retained. The excitation here is provided by physically stretching the belt. In this case, viscoelastic behavior and excitation frequency also affects the amplitude of the tension fluctuations.
Enhanced secondary ion yield from high charge state ions incident on a metal surface

Abstract The relative yields of ions released from a solid copper target by incident xenon ions (Xe10+…Xe33+) of kinetic energy 1.4 keV/Q were measured. The yields show a significant increase with increasing projectile charge state Q: for Xe33+, the yield is almost 10 times that due to Xe10+. There is the suggestion of a threshold in the yield versus charge state. The deposition of the projectiles' kinetic energy alone cannot account for this enhanced yield. These results seem to indicate the operation of a sputtering mechanism in which the Coulomb potential energy of the ion is released near the solid surface, producing a region of relatively high energy density and enhancing the yield of ions.
Advances in fiber access systems design and application

The future widescale deployment of broadband multiservice networks is dependent on an acceptable commercial relationship being achieved between new service revenues, operating cost savings and the network capital investment required. A new generation of broadband access networks is envisaged which is capable of both broadband and narrowband transmission, and can provide both broadcast and interactive services over a much larger coverage area than copper pair yet makes good use of existing copper pair infrastructure. To ensure that such networks emerge practically and are economically viable, requirements must be agreed and a wide market established. The aims of this paper are to draw attention to the benefits of networks with broadband and narrowband capability, to discuss the benefits of co- operation on requirements and to describe what has so far been achieved in the standards bodies.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Enhancing Germination of Eastern Gamagrass Seed with Stratification and Gibberellic Acid

Eastern gamagrass (Tripsacum dactyloides, L.), a warm season, perennial grass with great potential for forage and conservation uses, has a high level of seed dormancy, making establishment difficult. Stratification at 4°C for 6 wk is a standard method for providing germinable gamagrass seed. Earlier research showed that gibberellic acid (GA 3 ) increased germinability of gamagrass caryopses removed from the cupule, but was less effective when the caryopses remained in the cupule. We hypothesized that gibberellic add together with stratification may increase germination of seed above levels obtained by stratification or gibberellic add alone. This study assessed the germination of three seed lots of eastern gamagrass to 1 mM GA 3 and exposure to 4°C for 0 to 7 wk. Seed soaked in GA 3 solution averaged 43% germination during the first 3 wk of stratification and was significantly higher than the germination of water soaked seed averaging 35% germination. Seed reached peak germinability after 4 wk of stratification and remained at this level during the final weeks. After 4 wk of stratification, germination levels of GA 3 and water treated seed were similar at 64 to 70%. The most pronounced effect of GA 3 was more rapid germination of seed in all of the stratification durations tested.
Strategic ambiguity and the ethic of significant choice in the tobacco industry's crisis communication

The complexity of organizational crises allows for multiple interpretations of evidence, intentions, and responsibility surrounding the crises. Through the use of strategic ambiguity, organizations typically emphasize an interpretation where the organization is viewed most favorably. We offer the criteria of significant choice as a means for evaluating the ethical implications of strategic ambiguity in organizational crisis communication. These criteria are applied to the tobacco industry as a case study. We conclude that the tobacco industry leaders’ crisis response was ethically questionable because the ambiguity it produced was based on incomplete and biased information. This strategic use of ambiguity diminished the deliberative ability of the tobacco industry's stakeholders.
Surface diffusion of potassium on Ru(001)

Abstract The surface diffusion of potassium on Ru(001) was studied using laser-induced thermal desorption (LITD) techniques. The potassium surface mobility was very dependent on the potassium surface coverage. The coverage dependent surface diffusion coefficients were obtained from an iterative analysis based on surface diffusion measurements performed at different initial coverages. At 220 K, the surface diffusion coefficient increased dramatically as the potassium coverage increased from θ K = 0.08 to 0.33 ML. The surface diffusion coefficients also displayed Arrhenius behavior at various temperatures and potassium coverages. As the potassium coverage increased from θ K = 0.15 to 0.33 ML, the surface diffusion activation energy decreased slightly and the diffusion pre-exponential increased by a factor of 35. The diffusion activation energies were E dif = 9.0 ± 0.4, 8.5 ± 0.3 and 8.1 ± 0.4 kcal/mol and the corresponding pre-exponentials were D 0 = 0.40 ± 0.06, 4.4 ± 0.3 and 14.0 ± 0.5 cm 2 s at θ K = 0.15, 0.25 and 0.33 ML, respectively. The coverage dependence of the potassium surface diffusion on Ru(001) was attributed to strong repulsive interactions between potassium adatoms. These interactions most likely originate from repulsions between dipoles formed by partially ionized potassium adatoms and their surface image charges.
Split GFP complementation assay: a novel approach to quantitatively measure aggregation of tau in situ: effects of GSK3β activation and caspase 3 cleavage

To quantitatively measure tau aggregation in situ, we established a cell model system using a split green fluorescence protein (GFP) complementation assay. In this assay the more aggregated the protein of interest the lower the GFP fluorescence. Tau microtubule-binding domain constructs, whose aggregation characteristics have been described previously (Khlistunova et al. 2006), were used to validate the assay. The aggregation-prone construct exhibited the lowest GFP intensity whereas the aggregation-resistant construct showed the highest GFP intensity. To examine the role of glycogen synthase kinase 3beta (GSK3beta) activity and caspase 3 cleavage on tau aggregation, GFP complementation of full length (T4), caspase-cleaved (T4C3), and pseudophosphorylated at S396/S404 (T4-2EC) tau was examined in the presence of an active or a kinase-dead GSK3beta. Extensive phosphorylation of T4 by GSK3beta resulted in increased GFP intensity. T4C3 showed neither efficient phosphorylation nor a significant GFP intensity change by GSK3beta. The GFP intensity of T4-2EC was significantly reduced by GSK3beta accompanying its presence in the sarkosyl-insoluble fraction, thus demonstrating that T4-2EC was partitioning into aggregates. This indicates that if the majority of tau is phosphorylated at S396/S404, in combination with increased GSK3beta activity, tau aggregation is favored. These data demonstrate that split GFP complementation may be a valuable approach to determine the aggregation process in living cells.
The Efficacy and Timing of Operative Intervention for Spontaneous Pneumothorax

To reassess the role and timing of operative intervention for spontaneous pneumothorax, 119 patients were retrospectively reviewed to compare recurrences, complications, and hospital stay between a nonoperative group (Group 1) and an operative group (Group 2). Total hospital days were greater in Group 2, but excluding the length of preoperative stay, the number of hospital days were similar in both groups. Group 1 patients more than 40 years old had a longer postoperative hospitalization, but not a higher rate of complication. Overall, morbidity was not different between the two groups, and there were no immediate or perioperative deaths in either group. There were no recurrences in Group 2. At least 11 of the 49 patients in Group 1 had a recurrence (p = .012). Considering the excellent results achieved with operative pleurodesis and the total hospital days accrued with nonoperative therapy, operative pleurodesis should be considered if an active leak persists more than three days after the initial episode of spontaneous pneumothorax or at the time of the first recurrence in the hospitalized patient.
Hotbed of Radicalization or Something Else?: An Ethnographic Exploration of a Muslim Neighborhood in Ceuta

A series of police raids in Principe Alfonso, a Muslim neighborhood located in the Spanish enclave of Ceuta, “confirmed” law enforcement officers' worst fears: the barrio, long considered a hotbed of Islamist radicalization, had succumbed to the influence of extremists, making Spain more vulnerable to terrorist attacks. However, the meager results of the raids, as well as delays in the ensuing criminal investigation, raised troubling questions about the alleged terrorist plot and outsiders' perceptions of the Muslim community. Seeking answers to these questions, I conducted ethnographic field work in Principe shortly after the raids, interviewing residents, activists, and officials and observing the community at length. The community I experienced did not match the neighborhood I had read about. This article, the first ethnographic study of Ceuta to focus on radicalization, challenges conventional understandings of Principe Alfonso and highlights the value of ethnographic field work in terrorism studies.
Stability of the laryngeal mask airway during marked extension of the head

Summary The position of the laryngeal mask airway (LMA) was ascertained in a two-year-old child by computerized tomographic images during slight flexion and marked extension of the head. No change of the quality of the airway was noted and there was no evidence of obstruction or dislocation of the LMA on the scans.
LY379268, a potent and selective Group II metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist, is neuroprotective in gerbil global, but not focal, cerebral ischaemia

The neuroprotective effects of a selective Group II metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) agonist, LY379268, have been evaluated against global and focal cerebral ischaemia. Loss of CA1 hippocampal neurones following 5 min bilateral occlusion of the carotid artery (BCAO) in the gerbil was almost completely prevented by LY379268 (10 mg/kg, i.p.) given 30 min post-occlusion (P < 0.001); 10 mg/kg 1 h after and 20 mg/kg 2 h after BCAO also produced significant neuroprotection (P < 0.05). Similarly the BCAO-induced increase in TUNEL positive cells at 5 days post-occlusion was reduced by LY379268. By contrast the size of the infarct following middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) induced by endothelin-1 infusion in the rat was unaffected by either 10 or 20 mg/kg i.p. of LY379268. This contrast between the results from these two animal models with LY379268, agrees with previous data on a less potent but similarly selective mGluR2/3 agonist, LY354740. It further suggests that mGluR Group II agonists are likely to have more utility in global, than in focal, cerebral ischaemia.
The Necdin-Wnt Pathway Causes Epigenetic Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor γ Repression in Hepatic Stellate Cells

Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), vitamin A-storing liver pericytes, undergo myofibroblastic trans-differentiation or "activation" to participate in liver wound healing. This cellular process involves loss of regulation by adipogenic transcription factors such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ). Necdin, a melanoma antigen family protein, promotes neuronal and myogenic differentiation while inhibiting adipogenesis. The present study demonstrates that necdin is selectively expressed in HSCs among different liver cell types and induced during their activation in vitro and in vivo. Silencing of necdin with adenovirally expressed shRNA, reverses activated HSCs to quiescent cells in a manner dependent on PPARγ and suppressed canonical Wnt signaling. Promoter analysis, site-directed mutagenesis, and chromatin immunoprecipitation demonstrate that Wnt10b, a canonical Wnt induced in activated HSCs, is a direct target of necdin. Necdin silencing abrogates three epigenetic signatures implicated in repression of PPARγ: increased MeCP2 (methyl CpG binding protein 2) and HP-1α co-repressor recruitments to Pparγ promoter and enhanced H3K27 dimethylation at the exon 5 locus, again in a manner dependent on suppressed canonical Wnt. These epigenetic effects are reproduced by antagonism of canonical Wnt signaling with Dikkopf-1. Our results demonstrate a novel necdin-Wnt pathway, which serves to mediate antiadipogenic HSC trans-differentiation via epigenetic repression of PPARγ.
Plastic deformation in electrical conductors subjected to short-duration current pulses

Abstract In this paper, we consider the viscoplastic response of Al 6061-T6 and Cu-102 when subjected to a combination of mechanical load and high-intensity electric current. The specimens are subjected to mechanical loading under fixed-grip and dead-load conditions; in addition, the specimen is subjected to a nearly sinusoidal current pulse (frequency 4 kHz, duration ∼1 ms, and intensity ∼10 9 A/m 2 ). The resulting temperature increase causes the yield stress to drop and enables accumulation of plastic strain. A viscoplastic model is used to simulate the process; comparisons of the simulation results to time resolved measurements of strain and temperature are used to calibrate the viscoplastic model.
Short-interval absorption and metabolism of some amino acids in Trypanosoma gambiense *

During 2 min incubations of Trypanosoma gambiense (bloodstream form) with [U- 14 C]glucose (1 mM) over 60% of absorbed label was detected in free alanine. In the presence of 12·5 mM unlabelled alanine, the amount of alanine synthesized from glucose was reduced by less than 10%. These data support previous observations on the high level of transaminase activity in African human trypanosomes. Alanine, aspartate and glutamate were metabolized to various other free amino acids whereas a significant amount of label derived from [ 14 C]arginine could not be accounted for by amino acid assay. The sulphur containing amino acids, cysteic acid and taurine, were apparently synthesized from alanine, glutamate and arginine. The significance of these syntheses is poorly understood. Following incubations of trypanosomes for 2 min in exogenous amino acids the internal free pool became imbalanced due to accumulation and metabolism of the substrate amino acid. Evidence obtained indicated that the level of free endogenous glutamate may be rate limiting for the glutamate-pyruvate transaminase system.
Effects of arginine deprivation, ultraviolet radiation, and x-radiation on cultured KB cells. A cytochemical and ultrastructural study.

Cultured KB cells (derived from a human oral carcinoma) grown in monolayers were injured by one of three agents: starvation by arginine deprivation or treatment with high doses of either ultraviolet radiation or x-radiation. The different agents produced changes in nucleolar structure and varying accumulations of triglyceride and glycogen. All three agents produced an increase in number and size of lysosomes. These were studied in acid phosphatase preparations, viewed by both light and electron microscopy, and, occasionally, in vital dye, esterase, and aryl sulfatase preparations. Ultrastructurally, alterations in lysosomes suggested that "residual bodies" developed in a variety of ways, i.e., from the endoplasmic reticulum, multivesicular bodies, or autophagic vacuoles. Following all three agents the endoplasmic reticulum assumed the form of "rough" or "smooth" whorls, and, after two of the agents, arginine deprivation or ultraviolet radiation, it acquired cytochemically demonstrable acid phosphatase activity. Near connections between the endoplasmic reticulum and lysosomes raise the possibility that in KB cells, at least when injured, the endoplasmic reticulum is involved in the formation of lysosomes and the transport of acid phosphatase to them.