cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Harmonizing European Union Bank Resolution: Central Clearing of OTC Derivative Contracts Maintaining the Status Quo of Safe Harbors

The unlimited access to over-the-counter (“OTC”) credit derivatives may have been one of the main reasons for the financial crisis. Prior to the crisis, credit derivatives were mainly used for speculation purposes rather than as true risk-management tools. This speculation in turn resulted in the excessive accumulation of leverage followed by the failure of many financial and non-financial institutions. Institutions such as Lehman Brothers or AIG were unable to post additional collateral and experienced runs by their OTC derivative contract counterparties. The existing safe harbor protection of derivative contracts in bankruptcy prevented reorganization or bankruptcy protection triggering massive public bailouts. In 2009, the G20 addressed this issue and agreed to a broad reform of the global OTC credit derivative markets. This article focuses on one aspect of these reforms, the improvement of market infrastructures and the requirement of central clearing through central counterparties (“CCPs”) in Europe. Soundly run and properly regulated CCPs may indeed reduce systemic risk in financial markets. However, CCPs also concentrate counterparty risk and create an entirely new level of systemic risk for global financial markets. It is argued in this article that the European Union approach to central clearing of OTC derivative contracts is in fact allowing central counterparties to remove themselves from the middle of trades by expanding safe harbor protections and creating a complicated network of exemptions. This may reduce any incentive for CCPs to effectively monitor risk and increase the overall systemic risk associated with credit derivative clearing. The European Union approach to central clearing may thus have the opposite effect of reform by creating an even larger and less controllable risk for global financial markets. This article argues that safe harbors for clearinghouses should not be expanded, but should be repealed instead. The threat of bankruptcy may function as an important incentive for CCPs to properly assess the risk associated with their credit derivative positions.
Design of nonlinear generator exciters using differential geometric control theories

The authors present the design of a nonlinear excitation system for synchronous generators which allows the generators to achieve improved damping performance in voltage dynamics. For illustrative purposes, the proposed control is demonstrated on a simple three-bus system. Designs that use differential geometric control theories, namely, exact and partial feedback linearizing techniques, are considered. The intent is to explore the potentiality of nonlinear exciters; these designs are much different from their linear counterpart. >
Measuring the Effectiveness of Substance Abuse Treatment

Building systematic knowledge about the treatment of alcoholism and substance abuse is constrained by the scarcity of refined measurement instruments that have been developed from a base in theory. A five dimensional index was constructed from a basic set of characteristics of substance abuse problems. Preliminary field testin with 51 clients at three stages of treatment revealed strong reliability estimates as well as evidence of construct and differential validity. Further refinements and uses in program evaluation and knowledge building are discussed.
New minimal immunosuppression strategies for composite tissue allograft transplantation: The cleveland clinic experience

Clinical application of composite tissue allografts requires the introduction of new minimal immunosuppressive or tolerance-inducing protocols. We have established a protocol for tolerance induction under α/β selective blocking antibody T-cell receptor combined with interleukin-2 blocker cyclosporin A therapy. Application of this therapy resulted in induction of tolerance in fully allogenic and semiallogenic limb allograft transplants. Based on this experience we have found that the bone marrow component of the allograft is essential for tolerance induction and have confirmed that injection of bone marrow of donor origin directly into the bone marrow compartment of allograft recipients resulted in higher chimerism levels. In addition, we have developed a system for isolation of chimeric cells, which are specific for both the donor and recipient, by using magnetic activated cell sorting technique and flow cytometry. These new, experimental approaches confirm that introducing minimal suppression to patients undergoing hand or face transplantation will likely be achieved in the near future.
The Attribution of Date Rape: Observer's Attitudes and Sexual Experiences and The Dating Situation

This study investigated the effects of individual experience with sexual aggression/victimization, rape myth score and dating situational factors on rape attributions. A sample of 332 males and 323 females from a freshman-level class read one of three rape scenarios—a planned date with monetary investment, a planned dutch-treat date and an unplanned pick-up date. ANOVAS consisting of a 3 (scenarios) × 2 (above vs. below median on rape myth scale) × 5 (level of sexual aggression/victimization) were performed separately for each sex on four ratings of the rape scenario. Sexually aggressive males and males who agreed more with rape myths were less likely to perceive the scenarios as rape, blamed the victim more, perceived the victim as desiring intercourse and viewed the assailants’ behavior as less violent. The dating situation did not affect their attributions. Females tended to rate a pick-up date scenario as rape more frequently than a date with monetary investment and females who agreed more with rape myths tended to blame the victim and perceive the victim as desiring intercourse. A female's previous experience of sexual victimization did not influence attributions. The results are interpreted within a social-cultural context for males and points to the role of situational factors in understanding date rape from the female/victim perspective.
IV. Formation of (Laevorotatory) Stercobilin from Mesobilirubinogen in Human Feces.

Summary and Conclusions1. The oral or intraduodenal administration of mesobilirubinogen resulted in an increased excretion of stercobilin in the feces. 2. The incubation of mesobilirubinogen with normal feces, or with acholic feces plus bile resulted in formation of stercobilin. Incubation with acholic feces alone resulted in no change; urobilin IX,a was subsequently isolated. 3. Mesobilirubinogen was not converted to stercobilin in the 3 urine samples studied. It is believed that mesobilirubinogen is the primary chromogen or urobilinogen formed by bacterial reduction of bilirubin. The further elaboration of d-urobilin requires bile, while that of stercobilin requires bile and feces.
Enhanced CO2 trapping in water ice via atmospheric deposition with relevance to Mars

Abstract It has been suggested that inclusions of CO2 or CO2 clathrate hydrates may comprise a portion of the polar deposits on Mars. Here we present results from an experimental study in which CO2 molecules were trapped in water ice deposited from CO2/H2O atmospheres at temperatures relevant for the polar regions of Mars. Fourier-Transform Infrared spectroscopy was used to monitor the phase of the condensed ice, and temperature programmed desorption was used to quantify the ratio of species in the generated ice films. Our results show that when H2O ice is deposited at 140–165 K, CO2 is trapped in large quantities, greater than expected based on lower temperature studies in amorphous ice. The trapping occurs at pressures well below the condensation point for pure CO2 ice, and therefore this mechanism may allow for CO2 deposition at the poles during warmer periods. The amount of trapped CO2 varied from 3% to 16% by mass at 160 K, depending on the substrate studied. Substrates studied were a tetrahydrofuran (C4H8O) base clathrate and Fe–montmorillonite clay, an analog for Mars soil. Experimental evidence indicates that the ice structures are likely CO2 clathrate hydrates. These results have implications for the CO2 content, overall composition, and density of the polar deposits on Mars.
Agonistic behaviour in males of five species of voles Microtus

Abstract Agonistic behaviour of Microtus pennsylvanicus, M. montanus, M. californicus, M. longicaudus, and M. ochrogaster was observed in 160 staged encounters; a natural observation of sympatric species is included. No difference in the character and movements of agonistic behaviour was apparent when arena size was reduced; only a difference in the frequency of postures and movements was observed. In the smaller arena, M. montanus and M. ochrogaster exhibited a significant increase in frequency of agonistic components. The other three species did not show a significant increase. In interspecific pairings, M. montanus won over M. pennsylvanicus, M. californicus and M. longicaudus; M. ochrogaster won over M. montanus and M. pennsylvanicus. Three species used mutual avoidance in maintaining individual distance.
Characterization of the wasting syndrome in rats treated with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin.

Treatment of male rats with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) causes a dose-dependent decrease in body weight, feed intake, resting and total oxygen consumption, and spontaneous motor activity. In animals treated with a nonlethal dose (5 or 15 μg/kg), feed intake and oxygen consumption recover within 3 weeks post-treatment to levels appropriate for the reduced weight of the animals. Rats treated with a lethal dose (50 μg/kg) lose weight continuously after treatment and typically die at a body weight approximately half that of age-matched, control rats. The similar dose and time dependencies for reduction of feed intake and weight suggest that hypophagia is the major factor responsible for weight loss in TCDD-treated rats. To determine if this hypophagia is a primary or secondry effect of TCDD treatment, rats whose body weights were reduced by food restriction prior to treatment (25 μg/kg) were studied. When allowed to feed ad libitum immediately after treatment, these animals exhibited relative hyperphagia and weight gain demonstrating that TCDD did not impair their capacity to feed. This finding suggests that the primary effect of TCDD is not on a system that controls feed intake, but rather on one that regulates body weight. It is proposed, as a heuristic model of the wasting syndrome, that TCDD treatment lowers a “set point” for regulated body weight in the rat in a dose-dependent fashion and that hypophagia serves, as a secondary response, to reduce the animal's weight to the lower regulation level determined by the dose administered.
Flow field characterization of coaxial conical and serrated (chevron) nozzles

PIV measurements were performed to provide insight into the effect of serrated (chevron) nozzles on the flow field of a coaxial circular jet. The serrations were tested on the primary nozzle. Mean flow results showed that the chevron effectively redistributes momentum from the high velocity center stream outward to the lower velocity secondary stream by creating lateral jets. This leads to a more rapid decay of the peak jet velocity and a consequent reduction in the length of the jet potential core. Local increases of up to 65% in the outer stream velocity were measured. The interaction of the secondary jets with the lower velocity outer stream produces increases in turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) near the center nozzle lip. These flow field effects correlate with the jet’s acoustic emissions: Reduction of low-frequency noise due to large scale mixing and potential core shortening, and increased high-frequency noise due to increased near-field turbulence.
‘By farr the most profitable trade’: Slave trading in British colonial North America

(1989). ‘By farr the most profitable trade’: Slave trading in British colonial North America. Slavery & Abolition: Vol. 10, No. 2, pp. 107-125.
Hsp90-mediated cytosolic refolding of exogenous proteins internalized by dendritic cells

Dendritic cells efficiently internalize exogenous protein antigens by fluid-phase uptake and receptor-mediated endocytosis. Such antigens contribute to cross-presentation by being translocated into the cytosol for proteasomal degradation, which liberates immunogenic peptides that can bind to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules after being transported into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). MHC class I–peptide complexes are then expressed on the cell surface and presented to CD8+ T cells. Here we show that internalized proteins can have an alternative fate. After internalization, proteins are first unfolded to allow translocation into the cytosol using a pathway related to ER-associated degradation (ERAD). Subsequently the unfolded proteins can undergo cytosolic refolding assisted by the chaperone Hsp90. These observations not only clarify the cellular processes regulating cytosolic access following endocytosis, but also demonstrate that functional proteins can potentially regain their activity in the cytosol of dendritic cells.
Adaptations between ecotypes and along environmental gradients in Panicum virgatum

AbstractDetermining the patterns and mechanisms of natural selection in the wild is of fundamental importance to understanding the differentiation of populations and the evolution of new species. However, it is often unknown the extent to which adaptive genetic variation is distributed among ecotypes between distinct habitats versus along large-scale geographic environmental gradients, such as those that track latitude. Classic studies of selection in the wild in switchgrass, Panicum virgatum, tested for adaptation at both of these levels of natural variation. Here we review what these field experiments and modern agronomic field trials have taught us about natural variation and selection at both the ecotype and environmental gradient levels in P. virgatum. With recent genome sequencing efforts in P. virgatum, it is poised to become an excellent system for understanding the adaptation of grassland species across the eastern half of North America. The identification of genetic loci involved in different ty...
ERROR AND UNCERTAINTY QUANTIFICATION AND SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS IN MECHANICS COMPUTATIONAL MODELS

Multiple sources of errors and uncertainty arise in mechanics computational models and contribute to the uncertainty in the final model prediction. This paper develops a systematic error quantification methodology for computational models. Some types of errors are deterministic, and some are stochastic. Appropriate procedures are developed to either correct the model prediction for deterministic errors or to account for the stochastic errors through sampling. First, input error, discretization error in finite element analysis (FEA), surrogate model error, and output measurement error are considered. Next, uncertainty quantification error, which arises due to the use of sampling-based methods, is also investigated. Model form error is estimated based on the comparison of corrected model prediction against physical observations and after accounting for solution approximation errors, uncertainty quantification errors, and experimental errors (input and output). Both local and global sensitivity measures are investigated to estimate and rank the contribution of each source of error to the uncertainty in the final result. Two numerical examples are used to demonstrate the proposed methodology by considering mechanical stress analysis and fatigue crack growth analysis.
An intelligent model selection and forecasting system

In this paper we present an intelligent decision-support system based on neural network technology for model selection and forecasting. While most of the literature on the application of neural networks in forecasting addresses the use of neural network technology as an alternative forecasting tool, limited research has focused on its use for selection of forecasting methods based on time-series characteristics. In this research, a neural network-based decision support system is presented as a method for forecast model selection. The neural network approach provides a framework for directly incorporating time-series characteristics into the model-selection phase. Using a neural network, a forecasting group is initially selected for a given data set, based on a set of time-series characteristics. Then, using an additional neural network, a specific forecasting method is selected from a pool of three candidate methods. The results of training and testing of the networks are presented along with conclusions. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Approximating the Number of Active Nodes Behind a NAT Device

Network Address Translation (NAT) is used for various reasons on the Internet and hides the IP address and number of nodes behind the NAT device. Although many applications benefit from the knowledge of number of active nodes behind a NAT device, existing schemes are limited. In this paper, we use TCP timestamp option to count the number of active nodes. Timestamp option includes current timestamp of the machine in the TCP packet. We propose an efficient scheme that counts the number of machines approximately using clustering of timestamps. We use least-squares line fit of timestamp values and convex hulls to efficiently maintain the crucial information about existing clusters. Proposed scheme is online and requires minimal resources. We have investigated various aspects of the scheme to improve its performance. Using a developed tool to send packets, we have observed that the proposed scheme approximates the number of machines that send more than threshold number of packets well. Real experiments validate the proposed scheme.
On the [O I] λ6300 Line Emission from the Photoevaporating Circumstellar Disks in the Orion Nebula

Several of the young stellar objects observed with the Hubble Space Telescope in the Orion Nebula near θ1C Ori show disklike structures with sizes r~100 AU, similar to our own planetary system. These disklike shapes appear as dark silhouettes in [O III], [S II], [N II], Hα, and the continuum but are seen in emission in the [O I] λ6300 line. We propose in this Letter that the [O I] emission is emerging from a H/H2 photodissociation front that lies close to the disk surface. The H/H2 front lies inside a photodissociation region between the disk surface and an ionization front that typically has a standoff distance of several disk radii from the disk surface. OH is produced efficiently at the warm H/H2 front by the endothermic chemical reaction O+H2→OH+H. However, OH is also efficiently destroyed by photodissociation caused by FUV photons. Approximately 50% of the photodissociated OH produces electronically excited atomic oxygen in the upper level of the 6300 A transition, which radiatively decays as intense [O I] λ6300 emission. Essentially, broadband FUV photons are absorbed by OH and efficiently converted to λ6300 line photons. The theoretically predicted [O I] λ6300 emission agrees well with that observed in 182-413 (HST -10), the best-studied object with a clearly resolved disk. The H/H2 photodissociation front is close to the disk surface of 182-413, and the [O I] line, which peaks at the photodissociation front, thus traces the disk surface. The [O I] emission provides additional evidence in a number of proplyds for the existence of an extended PDR between the disk surface and the ionization front, and the penetration of OH-dissociating FUV photons from the ionization front to the disk surface.
Interdecadal Variation of the North Pacific Wintertime Blocking

Abstract Using the NCEP–NCAR reanalysis data for the past four decades (1954–97), the interdecadal variation of the North Pacific winter blocking is examined. A noticeable impact on this blocking activity exerted by the Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO: deepening of the Aleutian low and amplification of the Pacific Northwest ridge) was observed. This effect included an interdecadal increasing trend of blocking days [6.5 days (40 yr)−1] and an eastward shift of blocking activity [8.7° longitude (40 yr)−1]. The possible PDO effect on the North Pacific blocking is inferred dynamically from a streamfunction budget analysis.
Effect of oral clonidine premedication on anesthetic requirement, hormonal response, hemodynamics, and recovery in coronary artery bypass graft surgery patients.

Abstract Study Objective: To examine how premedication with clonidine affects opioid use, hemodynamic effects, hormonal responses, and recovery effects. Design: Double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Setting: Operating room and surgical intensive care unit of a university medical center. Patients: 54 patients undergoing elective coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery. Interventions: Patients received approximately 5 μg/kg of oral clonidine or a placebo together with 40 μg/kg lorazepam 90 minutes prior to titrated sufentanil induction of anesthesia. Thirty minutes prior to cardiopulmonary bypass, a second dose of either approximately 5 μg/kg clonidine or placebo was given as a slurry via a nasogastric tube. Measurements and Main Results: Opioid use, hemodynamic effects, hormonal responses, and recovery effects were recorded. Values for ten hemodynamic variables were compiled on the evening prior to surgery, prior to induction, and during seven additional events and compared. Catecholamines and β-endorphins were measured prior to induction, after intubation, and after sternotomy. The amount of sufentanil used for induction, maintenance, and total opioid were compared. The times to awakening and response to verbal commands were compared. The two groups exhibited similar patient demographics, cardiopulmonary bypass time, and duration of surgery. Patients receiving clonidine required significantly (p vs . placebo: 11. 7 ± 4.6 μg/kg). Patients receiving clonidine required significantly (p vs . 19.7 ± 9.9 MAC min) to maintain heart rate (HR) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) to within 15% of baseline without significant differences in other vasoactive drugs. Catecholamine concentrations were significantly (p Conclusion: Clonidine decreases opioid use and lowers hormonal response while maintaining stable hemodynamics in patients undergoing CABG with sufentanil anesthesia.
Party Polarization and Mass Partisanship: A Comparative Perspective

Scholars view polarization with trepidation. But polarization may clarify voters’ choices and generate stronger party attachments. The link between party polarization and mass partisanship remains unclear. I look to theories of partisanship to derive implications about the relationships among polarization, citizens’ perceptions of polarization, and mass partisanship. I test those implications using cross-national and longitudinal survey data. My results confirm that polarization correlates with individual partisanship across space and time. Citizens in polarized systems also perceive their parties to be more polarized. And perceiving party polarization makes people more likely to be partisan. That relationship appears to be causal: using a long-term panel survey from the United States, I find that citizens become more partisan as they perceive polarization increasing.
Bioluminescence estimation using explicit and implicit algorithms

Preliminary results are reported for estimating the spatial profile of bioluminescence in seawater from in situ measurements of the downward and upward irradiance and scalar irradiance. The explicit estimation method is based on the two stream approximation to radiative transfer and enables an estimation of the bioluminescence with two fitted parameters that require a previous estimation of the angular shape of the volume scattering function. The implicit estimation method is an iterative approach that utilizes the conjugate gradient method. Both methods enable one to estimate the bioluminescence when the absorption coefficient is not known. A comparison of numerical results from the two methods is given.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Simulation of L-band and HH microwave backscattering from coniferous forest stands: a comparison with SIR-B data

SIR-B images of the Mt. Shasta region of northern California are used to evaluate a composite L-band HH backscattering model of coniferous forest stands. It is found that both SIR-B and simulated backscattering coefficients for eight stands studied have similar trends and relations to average tree height and average number of trees per pixel. Also, the dispersion and distribution of simulated backscattering coefficients from each stand broadly match SIR-B data from the same stand. Although the limited quality and quantity of experimental data makes it difficult to draw any strong conclusions, the comparisons indicate that a stand-based L-band HH composite model seems promising for explaining backscattering features.
Sorption from the gaseous phase in stripping voltammetry of halogens

Volatilisation des halogenures puis sorption a partir de la phase gazeuse sur une plaque d'argent puis voltammetrie a redissolution cathodique
Comparative rainfall data analysis from two vertically pointing radars, an optical disdrometer, and a rain gauge

Abstract. The authors present results of a comparative analysis of rainfall data from several ground-based instruments. The instruments include two vertically pointing Doppler radars, S-band and X-band, an optical disdrometer, and a tipping-bucket rain gauge. All instruments were collocated at the Iowa City Municipal Airport in Iowa City, Iowa, for a period of several months. The authors used the rainfall data derived from the four instruments to first study the temporal variability and scaling characteristics of rainfall and subsequently assess the instrumental effects on these derived properties. The results revealed obvious correspondence between the ground and remote sensors, which indicates the significance of the instrumental effect on the derived properties.
Cumulus cell function during bovine oocyte maturation, fertilization, and embryo development in vitro

Several contemporary micromanipulation techniques, such as sperm microinjection, nuclear transfer, and gene transfer by pronuclear injection, require removal of cumulus cells from oocytes or zygotes at various stages. In humans, the cumulus cells are often removed after 15–18 hr of sperm-oocyte coincubation to assist the identification of the fertilization status. This study was designed to evaluate the function of cumulus cells during oocyte maturation, fertilization, and in vitro development in cattle. Cumulus cells were removed before and after maturation and after fertilization for 0,7,20, and 48 hr. The cumulus-free oocytes or embryos were cultured either alone or on cumulus cell monolayers prepared on the day of maturation culture. Percentages of oocyte maturation, fertilization, and development to cleavage, morula, and blastocyst stages and to expanding or hatched blastocysts were recorded for statistical analysis by categorical data modeling (CATMOD) procedures. Cumulus cells removed before maturation significantly reduced the rate of oocyte maturation (4–26% vs. 93–96%), fertilization (0–9% vs. 91–92%), and in vitro development at all stages evaluated. Cumulus cells removed immediately prior to in vitro fertilization (IVF) or 7 hr after IVF reduced the rates of fertilization (58–60% and 71%, respectively, vs. 91–92% for controls), cleavage development (40–47% and 53–54% vs. 74–78% for controls), and morula plus blastocyst development (15% and 24% vs. 45%, P 0.05) at all stages tested in this study. The intact state of surrounding cumulus cells of oocytes or embryos appears to be beneficial before or shortly after insemination (at or before 7 hr of IVF) but not essential at 20 hr after IVF. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Primal-Dual Nonlinear Rescaling Method for Convex Optimization

In this paper, we consider a general primal-dual nonlinear rescaling (PDNR) method for convex optimization with inequality constraints. We prove the global convergence of the PDNR method and estimate the error bounds for the primal and dual sequences. In particular, we prove that, under the standard second-order optimality conditions, the error bounds for the primal and dual sequences converge to zero with linear rate. Moreover, for any given ratio 0 > γ > 1, there is a fixed scaling parameter kγ > 0 such that each PDNR step shrinks the primal-dual error bound by at least a factor 0 > γ > 1, for any k ≥ kγ. The PDNR solver was tested on a variety of NLP problems including the constrained optimization problems (COPS) set. The results obtained show that the PDNR solver is numerically stable and produces results with high accuracy. Moreover, for most of the problems solved, the number of Newton steps is practically independent of the problem size.
Excitons in silicon nanocrystallites

Recombination and binding energies of excitons in nanocrystalline silicon quantum dots are calculated within the effective mass approximation including the effects of the induced electrostatic polarization. The calculated exciton recombination energies compare well with other calculations and with the results from photoluminescence measurements in porous silicon. The calculated exciton binding energies are far larger than the bulk exciton binding energy and show substantial dependence on the matrix that surrounds the nanocrystallites. A model is proposed that explains the main orange-red, blue and infrared luminescence peaks of porous silicon within a simple unified framework.
Role of the continuous glucose monitoring system in pediatric patients.

S-49 CURRENTLY, in the United States, over 13,000 new cases of type 1 diabetes mellitus are diagnosed each year in children 19 years or younger.1 The prevalence of this disease in that same age group is estimated to be 1.7/1,000, or about 123,000 individuals, making type 1 diabetes one of the most common chronic diseases in children.1 Potential lifelong complications associated with poorly controlled type 1 diabetes include cardiovascular disease, diabetic retinopathy, nephropathy, and diabetic ketoacidosis. Thus, the primary goal of diabetes treatment for pediatric patients is to maintain blood glucose and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1C) levels within an appropriate target range as much as possible. Maintaining blood glucose levels within the target range can be an elusive goal in the pediatric population. Varying and unpredictable physical activity and eating habits, combined with some young patients’ reluctance to undergo or perform glucose testing, lead to a high risk of hypoglycemia for this group. Data from over 1,000 patients at our diabetes center at Childrens Hospital Los Angeles (1998–1999) showed that patients’ mean HbA1C level was 8.2% and that they had difficulty maintaining a majority of blood glucose levels within their individualized target range, which is dependent on age, developmental stage, and ability to recognize hypoglycemia (Table 1).2 The diabetes treatment regimen followed by our patients consists of taking multiple insulin injections per day or using continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII).3 At least four fingerstick glucose measurements per day are recommended, to allow for necessary adjustments to the insulin regimen, food intake, and activity level to keep glycemia within the target range. Unfortunately, though, blood glucose meters can provide only intermittent measurements and may be less than accurate due to improper technique or device error.4,5 Recently, the MiniMed Continuous Glucose Monitoring System (CGMS) was developed to overcome some of these limitations. CGMS is minimally invasive and entails placement of a small, subcutaneous catheter that can be easily worn by adults. The initial studies of this system on adult subjects showed that the system provides information that allows the patient and healthcare team to adjust the insulin regimen and the nutrition plan to improve glycemic control.6,7 However, in these studies, data was not obtained in children or teens. Although the technology of the MiniMed system was theoretically applicable to pediatric patients, it was important to validate that young subjects could both tolerate the sensor and benefit from its use. We designed a study to determine if CGMS could be used by pediatric patients with type 1 diabetes. Children and youth were recruited to use CGMS to see if patterns of glycemia could be identified that would allow for appropriate adjustments to the diabetes regimens. The initial subjects chosen for this study were those with poorly controlled diabetes as determined by HbA1C or blood glucose levels. At the time of sensor placement, patients and parents
Amplify-and-compute: Function computation over layered networks

We study layered wireless networks in which destinations decode linear combinations of transmitted messages over a finite field. We propose amplify-and-compute, a simple but effective scheme in which sources encode their messages with lattice codes, relays employ amplify-and-forward relaying, and destinations decode incoming signals to integer combinations of lattice codewords. We focus on the two-user setting and show that, by carefully choosing relay amplification weights, it is possible to align the equivalent end-to-end channel to an arbitrary matrix of non-zero integers (up to a set of channel matrices of zero measure). Such a choice achieves a computation rate to within a gap to capacity that is independent of the SNR. Amplify-and-compute therefore achieves the maximum degrees of freedom while providing good performance at moderate SNR. Finally, we show that amplify-and-compute offers similar performance when applied to layered two-user interference networks.
All-magnetic magnetoresistive random access memory based on four terminal mCell device

Magnetoresistive random access memory (MRAM) is a promising candidate to enable fast, non-volatile storage on chip. In this paper, we present an MRAM design where each bitcell is comprised entirely of four-terminal magnetic devices (“mCells”) with no CMOS access transistors. We show that this design can achieve significant energy and area savings compared to the standard one transistor-one magnetic tunnel junction (1T1MTJ) bitcell based design. We estimate a write energy of ≈5 fJ/bit based on bitline and wordline voltages that operate at less than 100 mV with projected area smaller than that possible with aggressively scaled 10 nm node FinFETs in the 1T1MTJ design.
Potential Roles for Regulatory Oxygenases in Rickettsial Pathogenesis

Clinical and experimental evidence suggests an important role for oxidative stress and associated cellular defense mechanisms in the pathogenesis of vasculopathic rickettsioses. Our laboratory has reported that R. rickettsii infection of endothelial cells in vitro induces the expression of HO-1, the inducible isoform of the antioxidant defense enzyme heme oxygenase. HO-1 plays a critical role in maintaining the integrity of the vasculature and controls the functioning of the cyclooxygenase (COX) system. This study was undertaken to investigate the expression of COX and HO isozymes during in vitro infection of EC with two major representatives of spotted fever group Rickettsia species. The mRNA expression of COX-2 was significantly increased in endothelial cells infected with R. rickettsii and R. conorii, while that of COX-1 remained unaffected. Western blot analysis using total protein lysates from infected endothelial cells and corresponding uninfected controls further confirmed specific induction of COX-2 in response to infection. ELISA measurements on culture supernatants also suggested enhanced secretion of 6-keto PGF(1alpha) (stable hydrolysis product of PGI(2) and PGE(2). As a functional consequence of HO-1 upregulation, increased expression of the iron storage protein ferritin following R. rickettsii and R. conorii infection was also evident. Since products of HO-1 and COX-2 reactions govern a variety of physiologically important functions in the vasculature, further studies to define their regulation in the host cell should provide useful insights into the pathogenesis of rickettsial diseases.
Golgi, histochemical, and immunocytochemical analyses of the neurons of auditory-related cortices of the rhesus monkey.

Abstract Morphological characteristics of the neurons of the auditory cortical areas of the rhesus monkey were investigated using Golgi and horseradish peroxidase methods. Neurons of the auditory cortices can be segregated into two categories, spinous and nonspinous, which can be further subclassified according to their dendritic arrays. The spinous neurons include pyramidal, “star pyramid,” multipolar, and bipolar cells. As in other cortices, pyramidal cells are found in layers II–VI and appear to be the most numerous of all cortical neurons. The “star pyramids” have radially oriented dendrites with a less prominent apical shaft and are found mainly in the middle cortical layers. The spinous multipolar neurons are also found in the middle cortical layers and have their dendrites radially arrayed but have no apical dendrite. The spinous bipolar cells, found in the infragranular layers, occur most frequently in the lateral auditory association cortex. The nonspinous neurons include neurogliaform, multipolar, bitufted, and bipolar cells and are found in all cortical layers. The neurogliaform cells are the smallest of all neurons and have radially arrayed, recurving dendrites. The nonspinous multipolar cells also have radially arrayed dendrites but vary in size from being confined to one cortical layer to extending across four laminae. The bitufted neurons are subclassified into three groups: neurons whose primary dendrites arise radially from their somata, those whose dendrites arise from two poles of their somata, and those that have a single primary dendrite arising from one pole and multiple dendrites from another pole of their somata. The nonspinous bipolar cells also have several variants but usually have dendrites arising from two poles of the somata. The chemical characteristics of the auditory neurons were investigated using histochemical and immunocytochemical methods. Peptidergic neurons, i.e., cholecytokinin-, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-, somatostatin-, and substance P-reactive neurons are found in the various subregions of the auditory cortices and are distributed differentially in the cortical laminae. These neurons are of the nonpyramidal type. Gamma aminobutyric acid-reactive neurons are also nonpyramidal cells and they are found in all cortical layers. Their numbers varied among the cortical laminae in the different auditory regions. The nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase labeled neurons are quite numerous and are strictly of the nonpyramidal type. They are also found in all cortical laminae. Cytochrome oxidase-labeled cells are of both pyramidal and nonpyramidal types. They are distributed in the central cortical laminae and are found mainly in the auditory association areas.
Mechanical modeling of a three-phase nanocomposite polymeric material

The presented model to predict the elastic modulus of a polymer/ellipsoidal filler/oblate platelet system is based on Eshelby's equivalent inclusion method and Mori-Tanaka's back-stress analysis. We considered wood flour and intercalated clay particles in three-phase polymer nanocomposites as ellipsoidal and oblate platelet shapes, respectively. The intercalated clay particles along with the polymer chains in the clay galleries are treated as equivalent oblate fillers (EOFs). Via controlling wood flour and EOF aspect ratios (α and β) and the silicate layer number (n) in an EOF, the model prediction was compared with experimental data. The model predicted α and β values are within a range of 2.4–5 and 44–75, respectively, which are in good agreement with experimental observations. Quantitative agreement between model prediction and experimental data is achieved for α = 3.7 and β = 75 when n = 2. The proposed model recovers the two-phase results for polymer/ellipsoidal filler systems or polymer/oblate platelet systems. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Assigning meaningful stoichiometric ratios for pulverized coal flames

Complete distributions of all major products are reported for the oxidative pyrolysis and combustion of premixed suspensions of subbituminous, Pittsburgh #8 hvA bituminous, and low-volatile bituminous coals after 150 ms. As inlet O 2 levels were progressively increased from 0 to 15% in successive tests, the process chemistry moved through oxidative volatiles pyrolysis, volatile combustion, soot combustion, and char oxidation. However, the different fuel components were consumed sequentially only with the low-volatility coal. Char, soot, and noncondensible fuels burned simultaneously with the subbituminous coal and, to a lesser degree, with the Pittsburgh #8. Consequently, hydrocarbon gases from these coals were present while most of the soot and char was converted into gases. Major portions of the volatiles from all three coals were transformed into soot, which can become the slowest burning component in this system, and major portions of the subbituminous and Pittsburgh #8 chars burned away before even the gaseous hydrocarbons were consumed. Consequently, stoichiometric ratios based on the whole coal, gaseous fuels, or all volatiles cannot represent the oxidizing potential of these coal suspensions. Our proposed definition corrects the stoichiometric ratio for the O 2 consumed by combustion of soot and char.
Effects of gamma radiation on the dynamic mechanical and swelling behavior of styrene butadiene block and random copolymers

The physical structure of a number of styrene-butadiene copolymers were investigated via dynamic mechanical and swelling studies on uncrosslinked and gamma-radiation cross-linked films that had initially been solvent cast from toluene or methyl ethyl ketone. The mechanical behavior of these films before and after crosslinking was found to depend on the material history as well as the chemical structure of the copolymer, in agreement with observations made by other experimental techniques. A simple morphological interpretation was given to the dynamic mechanical spectra as a function of radiation dosage and a limited discussion of the swelling behavior is included.
Are institutions or economic rents responsible for interindustry wage differentials

Abstract Much research on wage gaps in less-developed countries (LDCs) has used the segmented labor market paradigm, but the causes of segmentation often are not clearly identified. This paper uses an alternative approach — that of interindustry wage differentials — to guage whether interindustry wage gaps are caused by the existence of rents in certain industries or by key institutions such as minimum wage laws and social security legislation. Evidence from Ecuador suggests that institutions are more important than rents in explaning the existence of high wage industries.
Simulated Pivot-Shift Testing with Single and Double-Bundle Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstructions

Background: One of the principal rationales for performing a double-bundle reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament is the suggestion that it may be superior to a single-bundle reconstruction in restoring a normal pivot-shift sign. The purpose of this study was to measure the abilities of single-bundle and anatomic double-bundle reconstructions to restore normal knee kinematics and graft forces during a simulated pivot-shift test. Methods: Graft force and knee kinematics were recorded during a simulated pivot-shift event with and without the anterior cruciate ligament and after graft reconstructions. With a single bundle, the graft was tensioned to restore anterior-posterior laxity at 30° of flexion. With double-bundle reconstructions, the anteromedial graft was first tensioned as above and then the posterolateral graft tension was set with use of one of four protocols: posterolateral tension = anteromedial tension at 10° of flexion (DB1); posterolateral tension = anteromedial tension at 30° (DB2); posterolateral tension = (anteromedial tension + 30 N) at 10° (DB3); and posterolateral tension = (anteromedial tension + 30 N) at 30° (DB4). Results: A single-bundle reconstruction restored all displacements and rotations during the pivot shift to the intact knee levels. The mean tibial rotations and lateral plateau displacements during the pivot shift with DB2, DB3, and DB4 reconstructions were less than those in the intact knee and also less than those in a single-bundle reconstruction. Before the pivot shift, the mean graft forces with all reconstructions were greater than that of the intact knee; the mean graft forces with the DB3 and DB4 reconstructions were also greater than that of a single-bundle reconstruction. After the pivot shift, the mean graft forces for all reconstructions were less than the levels before the pivot shift with single-bundle forces lower than intact knee levels and DB4 forces higher than intact knee levels. Conclusions: Reduction or elimination of the pivot-shift sign is an important goal for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. In our model, the results show that a single-bundle reconstruction was sufficient to restore intact knee kinematics during a simulated pivot-shift event. The higher graft forces with some double-bundle graft-tensioning protocols reduced the coupled rotations and displacements from an applied valgus moment to less than the intact levels. This overcorrection should theoretically make the knee less likely to pivot but could have unknown clinical consequences. Clinical Relevance: A double-bundle reconstruction is more technically complex and time-consuming than a single-bundle procedure. The need for a double-bundle reconstruction to restore a normal pivot-shift sign is questioned.
Inactivation of hepatic cytochrome P-450 by allenic substrates.

Abstract Hepatic microsomal cytochrome P-450 from phenobarbital-pretreated rats is destroyed by 17-α-propadienyl-19-nortestosterone, 1-propadienylcyclohexanol, and 1,1-dimethylallene. Substantial activity is also exhibited by 1-propadienylcyclohexanol against the enzymes in microsomes from 3-methylcholanthrene pretreated rats. The destructive process requires NADPH, is not inhibited by glutathione, and is paralleled by equimolar loss of hepatic heme but not by in vivo accumulation of identifiable “green” pigments. Attempted metabolism of allenes can thus result in destruction of cytochrome P-450.
EHD-enhanced drying with multiple needle electrode

Abstract The enhancement of drying rate by corona discharge from a multiple-needle electrode has been experimentally evaluated in this study. Corona wind produced by an assembly of three needle electrodes impinges and removes moisture from the surface of uniform glass beads (with a diameter of 3 mm or 6 mm) completely wetted with water. Corona discharges with positive and negative polarities have been considered. Two sets of experiments have been conducted (one with the cross-flow of air and the other without), at 1 kV increments from the corona threshold voltage to a maximum voltage of 25 kV. To evaluate the drying enhancement, a companion experiment was carried out simultaneously for each case under the same ambient conditions but without the application of the electric field. Each experiment lasted for at least 5 h. The weight loss of water as well as the ambient temperature and humidity were measured. The results are compared with those obtained using a single needle electrode to evaluate the effectiveness of a multiple-electrode system.
Dynamic Programming and Partial Differential Equations

In this chapter, we wish to show that dynamic programming applied to the calculus of variations leads to various classes of partial differential equations. In the following chapter we will discuss this further.
Excited states in 196Os and the structure of the PtOs transition region

Abstract The 198 Pt( 14 C, 16 O) 196 Os reaction has been used to obtain the first evidence for excited states in 196 Os, in groups at excitation energies of 300 and 760 keV. The implications of these results for the structural evolution of the OsPt transition region are discussed. In addition, the first direct determination of the 196 Os ground-state mass is reported.