cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Recognizing one-dimensional Euclidean preference profiles

Abstract A preference profile has a one-dimensional Euclidean representation if it can be derived from an arrangement of individuals and alternatives on a line, with each individual preferring the nearer of each pair of alternatives. We provide a polynomial-time algorithm that determines whether a given preference profile has a one-dimensional Euclidean representation and, if so, constructs one. This result has electoral and mechanism design applications.
Synthesis and NMR-spectroscopic structure determination of novel 7,7'-diphenyl-7,7'-diapocarotenoids

Wittig reaction of crocetindial (1) and benzylidenetripenylphosphorane (2) gave (7E, 7′Z)-7,7′-diphenyl-7-7′-diapocarotene (3), instead of the previously reported (7E, 7′E)-isomer. Similar reaction of 8,9-didehydrocrocetindial (4) with 2 yielded the three acetylenic isomers 5a–c which differ in the configuration of the terminal double bonds. Structures were established by 1D- and 2D-NMR studies. Illustrative spectra and their interpretation are presented. Most chemical shifts of corresponding protons in 3 and 5 and nearly identical, but 13C shifts differ considerably.
Evidence for a stratigraphic record of supernovae in polar ice

Abstract The presence of photon induced ionization from supernovae at detectable levels in the polar ice sheets has been an interesting issue for some time. Evidence for such a signal is reported in 1200-year time sequences from the Antarctic continent at South Pole and Vostok, respectively. The supernova candidate events all appear as nitrate concentration spikes apparently caused by ionization from high energy radiation interacting with the upper atmosphere of the Earth. Further support for this interpretation has been obtained from an ice core drilled in Greenland covering 430 years. These ultrahigh resolution measurements (averaging 18 data points/year) have revealed nitrate anomalies at the times of the Tycho and Kepler Supernovae. In addition, the possibility is being suggested that the supernova Cassiopeia A appears in the record, thus pinpointing its year of occurrence. Other, less understood phenomena such as γ-ray bursts also occasionally may produce anomalies in the nitrate record.
Interstellar Isomers: The Importance of Bonding Energy Differences

We present strong detections of methyl cyanide (CH3CN), vinyl cyanide (CH2CHCN), ethyl cyanide (CH3CH2CN) and cyanodiacetylene (HC4CN) molecules with the Green Bank Telescope (GBT) toward the Sgr B2(N) molecular cloud. Attempts to detect the corresponding isocyanide isomers were only successful in the case of methyl isocyanide (CH3NC) for its J(sub K) = 1(sub 0) - 0(sub 0) transition, which is the first interstellar report of this line. To determine the spatial distribution of CH3NC, we used archival Berkeley-Illinois-Maryland Association (BIMA) array data for the J(sub K) = 1(sub 0) - 0(sub 0) transitions but no emission was detected. From ab initio calculations, the bonding energy difference between the cyanide and isocyanide molecules is greater than 8500 per centimeter (greater than 12,000 K). Thus, cyanides are the more stable isomers and would likely be formed more preferentially over their isocyanide counterparts. That we detect CH3NC emission with a single antenna (Gaussian beamsize(omega(sub B))=1723 arcsec(sup 2)) but not with an interferometer (omega(sub b)=192 arcsec(sup 2)), strongly suggests that CH3NC has a widespread spatial distribution toward the Sgr B2(N) region. Other investigators have shown that CH3CN is present both in the LMH hot core of Sgr B2(N) and in the surrounding medium, while we have shown that CH3NC appears to be deficient in the LMH hot core. Thus, largescale, non-thermal processes in the surrounding medium may account for the conversion of CH3CN to CH3NC while the LMH hot core, which is dominated by thermal processes, does not produce a significant amount of CH3NC. Ice analog experiments by other investigators have shown that radiation bombardment of CH3CN can produce CH3NC, thus supporting our observations. We conclude that isomers separated by such large bonding energy differences are distributed in different interstellar environments, making the evaluation of column density ratios between such isomers irrelevant unless it can be independently shown that these species are co-spatial.
THE FRACTIONAL IONIZATION OF THE WARM NEUTRAL INTERSTELLAR MEDIUM

When the neutral interstellar medium is exposed to extreme-ultraviolet and soft X-ray radiation, the argon atoms in it are far more susceptible to being ionized than the hydrogen atoms. We make use of this fact to determine the level of ionization in the nearby warm neutral medium. By analyzing Far-Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer observations of ultraviolet spectra of 44 hot subdwarf stars a few hundred parsecs away from the Sun, we can compare column densities of Ar I to those of O I, where the relative ionization of oxygen can be used as a proxy for that of hydrogen. The measured deficiency dex below the expectation for a fully neutral medium implies that the electron density n(e) 0.04 cm?3 if n(H) = 0.5 cm?3. This amount of ionization is considerably larger than what we expect from primary photoionizations resulting from cosmic rays, the diffuse X-ray background, and X-ray emitting sources within the medium, along with the additional ionizations caused by energetic secondary photoelectrons, Auger electrons, and photons from helium recombinations. We favor an explanation that bursts of radiation created by previous, nearby supernova remnants that have faded by now may have elevated the ionization, and the gas has not yet recombined to a quiescent level. A different alternative is that the low-energy portion of the soft X-ray background is poorly shielded by the H I because it is frothy and has internal pockets of very hot, X-ray emitting gases.
Computing the strong sphaleron rate

Abstract We measure the diffusion constant for Chern-Simons number for classical, lattice SU(3) Yang-Mills theory, using a generalization of the topological definition of Chern-Simons number developed recently by Moore and Turok. The diffusion constant is much larger than that for SU(2), even before the ratio of coupling constants has been accounted for, which implies that chiral quark number is efficiently destroyed by strong processes during the electroweak phase transition. For the physical value of αs we estimate the decay time for chiral quark number to be about 80 T , although various systematics make this number uncertain by about a factor of 2.
Synthesis, characterization and catecholase activity of a series of novel mononuclear Cu(II) complexes derived from a tripodal ligand

Abstract A new tripodal ligand, N , N -bis(3,5-dimethylpyrazol -1-ylmethyl)-1-hydroxy-2-aminoethane (bpmhe), has been synthesized. Using this ligand, Cu(II) complexes of the type [Cu(bpmhe)X]Y where X = H 2 O, NO 3 , Br, Cl, or N 3 and Y = BF 4 , NO 3 , Br, or Cl have been prepared. This has resulted in the formation of mononuclear five-coordinate complexes as shown by UV-Vis spectroscopy and Fast Atom Bombardment Mass Spectrometry. The complexes were tested for their reactivity towards the oxidation of catechol to quinone by following the appearance of quinone spectrophotometrically. The complexes show differing rates of reaction depending on the nature of the exogenous fifth ligand with the azido complex showing the fastest rate of oxidation.
Circumcision in the United States: Prevalence, Prophylactic Effects, and Sexual Practice

Objective. —To assess the prevalence of circumcision across various social groups and examine the health and sexual outcomes of circumcision. Design. —An analysis of data from the National Health and Social Life Survey. Participants. —A national probability sample of 1410 American men aged 18 to 59 years at the time of the survey. In addition, an oversample of black and Hispanic minority groups is included in comparative analyses. Main Outcome Measures. —The contraction of sexually transmitted diseases, the experience of sexual dysfunction, and experience with a series of sexual practices. Results. —We find no significant differences between circumcised and uncircumcised men in their likelihood of contracting sexually transmitted diseases. However, uncircumcised men appear slightly more likely to experience sexual dysfunctions, especially later in life. Finally, we find that circumcised men engage in a more elaborated set of sexual practices. This pattern differs across ethnic groups, suggesting the influence of social factors. Conclusions. —The National Health and Social Life Survey evidence indicates a slight benefit of circumcision but a negligible association with most outcomes. These findings inform existing debates on the utility of circumcision. The considerable impact of circumcision status on sexual practice represents a new finding that should further enrich such discussion. Our results support the view that physicians and parents be informed of the potential benefits and risks before circumcising newborns.
Investment bank market share, contingent fee payments, and the performance of acquiring firms

Abstract This paper investigates the determinants of the market share of investment banks acting as advisors in mergers and tender offers. In both mergers and tender offers, bank market share is positively related to the contingent fee payments charged by the bank and to the percentage of deals completed in the past by the bank. It is unrelated to the performance of the acquirors advised by the bank in the past. In tender offers, the post-acquisition performance of the acquiror is negatively related to the contingent fee payments charged by the bank, suggesting that the contingent fee structure in tender offers ensures that investment banks focus on completing the deal.
Vibrational analysis of 1-iodopropane, 1-iodobutane and 1,3-diiodopropane

Abstract Normal coordinate calculations were made for the trans and gauche conformations of n-propyl and n-butyl iodides and for the tt, tg and gg conformations of 1,3-diiodopropane. Nineteen force constants of a 48-parameter modified valence force field were adjusted to provide the best fit for 114 frequencies (excluding C-H) of all these conformations except for gg, 1,3-di-iodopropane. The average difference between observed and calculated wavenumbers was 6.6 cm−. Previous vibrational assignments were revised.
Opiates and pain pathways: demonstration of enkephalin synapses on dorsal horn projection neurons

The participation of the opiate peptide enkephalin in the neural circuitry of the dorsal horn was examined at the light and ultrastructural level through the use of the combined techniques of immunocytochemistry and retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase. Enkephalin immunoreactive axonal endings made direct synaptic contact with the soma and proximal dendrites of dorsal horn thalamic projection neurons. This observation demonstrates that one major synaptic site of enkephalin modulation of the transfer of nociceptive information in the dorsla horn is on the projection neurons themselves.U
Reionization, Sloan, and WMAP: Is the Picture Consistent?

I show that advanced simulations of cosmological reionization are able to fit the observed data on the mean transmitted flux in the hydrogen Lyα line at z ~ 6. At the same time, a posteriori models can be constructed that also produce a large value (20%) for the Thompson scattering optical depth, consistent with the WMAP measurements. Thus, it appears that a consistent picture emerges in which early reionization (as suggested by WMAP) is complete by z ~ 6, in accord with the Sloan data.
Optimal mechanisms for selling information

The buying and selling of information is taking place at a scale unprecedented in the history of commerce, thanks to the formation of online marketplaces for user data. Data providing agencies sell user information to advertisers to allow them to match ads to viewers more effectively. In this paper we study the design of optimal mechanisms for a monopolistic data provider to sell information to a buyer, in a model where both parties have (possibly correlated) private signals about a state of the world, and the buyer uses information learned from the seller, along with his own signal, to choose an action (e.g., displaying an ad) whose payoff depends on the state of the world.We provide sufficient conditions under which there is a simple one-round protocol (i.e. a protocol where the buyer and seller each sends a single message, and there is a single money transfer) achieving optimal revenue. In these cases we present a polynomial-time algorithm that computes the optimal mechanism. Intriguingly, we show that multiple rounds of partial information disclosure (interleaved by payment to the seller) are sometimes necessary to achieve optimal revenue if the buyer is allowed to abort his interaction with the seller prematurely. We also prove some negative results about the inability of simple mechanisms for selling information to approximate more complicated ones in the worst case.
Console price and software availability in the home video game industry

Using hedonic results from a unique data set covering the U.S. home video game industry (1976–2003) the interaction between software provision and console price is analyzed. Increased software provision negatively effects console price. This is contrary to many empirical pricing studies in the network effects literature greater software provision makes hardware more valuable and this should be reflected by increased hardware price. However, the main result from the paper is consistent with the recent theoretical literature on two-sided markets. Also, findings suggest the two-sided pricing strategy employed by hardware firms is dynamic. The percent of price decrease accredited to game provision decreases over time.
Autonomous and distributed recruitment and data collection framework for opportunistic sensing

People-centric sensing is a novel approach that exploits the sensing capabilities offered by smartphones and the mobility of users to sense large scale areas without requiring the deployment of sensors in-situ. Given the ubiquitous nature of smartphones, people-centric sensing is a viable and efficient solution for crowdsourcing data. In this work, we propose a fully distributed, opportunistic sensing framework that involves two main components which both work in an ad hoc fashion: Recruitment and Data Collection. We analyzed the feasibility of our distributed approach for both components through preliminary simulations. The results show that our recruitment method is able to select 66% of the nodes that are appropriate for the sensing activity and 88% of the messages sent by these selected nodes reach the sink by using our data collection method.
Suzuki–Miyaura Coupling of Aryl Carbamates, Carbonates, and Sulfamates

The first Suzuki−Miyaura cross-couplings of carbamates, carbonates, and sulfamates is described. The method provides a powerful means of using simple derivatives of phenol as precursors to polysubstituted aromatic compounds, as exemplified by a concise synthesis of the anti-inflammatory drug flurbiprofen.
The cosmological constant is possibly zero, but the proof is probably wrong

Abstract Substituting a field configuration into an action and varying that action is not equivalent to substituting the configuration into the field equations. Consequently the cosmological constant measured experimentally is not in general given by the coefficient of √−g in some effective action but rather by the coefficient of gμν in the effective Einstein equations. In the case of a rank-three antisymmetric tensor potential, for example, these two quantities differ by a sign. This invalidates Hawking's proof that the cosmological constant is probably zero, and casts doubt on similar attempts based on maximizing the exponential of minus the euclidean action.
String center of mass operator and its effect on BRST cohomology

We consider the theory of bosonic closed strings on the flat background ℝ25,1. We show how the BRST complex can be extended to a complex where the string center of mass operator,x 0 μ is well defined. We investigate the cohomology of the extended complex. We demonstrate that this cohomology has a number of interesting features. Unlike in the standard BRST cohomology, there is no doubling of physical states in the extended complex. The cohomology of the extended complex is more physical in a number of aspects related to the zero-momentum states. In particular, we show that the ghost number one zero-momentum cohomology states are in one to one correspondence with the generators of the global symmetries of the backgroundi.e., the Poincare algebra.
Stochastic models of chaotic systems

Nonlinear dynamical systems, although strictly deterministic, often exhibit chaotic behavior which appears to be random. The determination of the probabilistic properties of such systems is, in general, an open problem. Closure approximations for moment expansion methods have been unsatisfactory. More successful has been approximation on the dynamics level by the use of linear stochastic models that attempt to generate the probabilistic properties of the original nonlinear chaotic system as closely as possible. Examples are reviewed of this approach to simple nonlinear systems, to turbulence, and to large-eddy simulation. A stochastic model that simulates the transient energy spectrum of the global atmosphere is developed.
LENSING BIAS IN COSMIC SHEAR

Only galaxies bright enough and large enough to be unambiguously identified and measured are included in galaxy surveys used to estimate cosmic shear. We demonstrate that because gravitational lensing can scatter galaxies across the brightness and size thresholds, cosmic shear experiments suffer from lensing bias. We calculate the effect on the shear power spectrum and show that—unless corrected for—it will lead analysts to cosmological parameters estimates that are biased at the 2-3σ level in DETF Stage III experiments, such as the Dark Energy Survey.
Local dynamical instabilities in magnetized, radiation pressure supported accretion disks

We present a general linear dispersion relation that describes the coupled behavior of magnetorotational, photon bubble, and convective instabilities in weakly magnetized, differentially rotating accretion disks. We presume the accretion disks to be geometrically thin and supported vertically by radiation pressure. We fully incorporate the effects of a nonzero radiative diffusion length on the linear modes. In an equilibrium with a purely vertical magnetic field, the vertical magnetorotational modes are completely unaffected by compressibility, stratification, and radiative diffusion. However, in the presence of azimuthal fields, which are expected in differentially rotating flows, the growth rate of all magnetorotational modes can be reduced substantially below the orbital frequency. This occurs if diffusion destroys radiation sound waves on the length scale of the instability and the magnetic energy density of the azimuthal component exceeds the nonradiative thermal energy density. While sluggish in this case, the magnetorotational instability still persists and will still tap the free energy of the differential rotation. Photon bubble instabilities are generically present in radiation pressure-dominated flows where diffusion is present. We show that their growth rates are limited to a maximum value that is reached at short wavelengths where the modes may be viewed as unstable slow magnetosonic waves. We also find that vertical radiation pressure destabilizes upward-propagating fast waves, and that Alfven waves can be unstable. These instabilities typically have smaller growth rates than the photon bubble/slow modes. We discuss how all these modes behave in various regimes of interest and speculate how they may affect the dynamics of real accretion disk flows.
Coercive tender and exchange offers in distressed high-yield debt restructurings An empirical analysis

Abstract This paper examines a recent sample of public workouts for distressed high-yield debt. The nature of holdouts and the effectiveness of coercive tactics in alleviating the holdout problem is analyzed. Tender offers are in relatively less financial distress, exhibit more severe holdouts, and are more coercive than exchange offers. Tender offers also have higher completion rates and fewer Chapter 11 filings. Security prices react positively to announcements of tender offers, negatively to exchange offers. Evidence suggests that coercion is not detrimental to bondholders, and may benefit security holders by increasing the likelihood of a less costly, out-of-court restructuring.
Rate-Adaptive Video Compression (RAVC) Universal Video Stick (UVS)

The H.264 video compression standard, aka MPEG 4 Part 10 aka Advanced Video Coding (AVC) allows new flexibility in the use of video in the battlefield. This standard necessitates encoder chips to effectively utilize the increased capabilities. Such chips are designed to cover the full range of the standard with designers of individual products given the capability of selecting the parameters that differentiate a broadcast system from a video conferencing system. The SmartCapture commercial product and the Universal Video Stick (UVS) military versions are about the size of a thumb drive with analog video input and USB (Universal Serial Bus) output and allow the user to select the parameters of imaging to the. Thereby, allowing the user to select video bandwidth (and video quality) using four dimensions of quality, on the fly, without stopping video transmission. The four dimensions are: 1) spatial, change from 720 pixel x 480 pixel to 320 pixel x 360 pixel to 160 pixel x 180 pixel, 2) temporal, change from 30 frames/ sec to 5 frames/sec, 3) transform quality with a 5 to 1 range, 4) and Group of Pictures (GOP) that affects noise immunity. The host processor simply wraps the H.264 network abstraction layer packets into the appropriate network packets. We also discuss the recently adopted scalable amendment to H.264 that will allow limit RAVC at any point in the communication chain by throwing away preselected packets.
Reactivity of ruthenium carbonyls on metal oxide surfaces: effects of the surface acid-base chemistry

Abstract The reactivity of tetraruthenium carbonyl clusters supported on metal oxides (SiO 2 , TiO 2 , γ-Al 2 O 3 , and MgO) under various atmospheres has been investigated by infrared and ultraviolet-visible spectroscopies and electron microscopy. [H 4 Ru 4 (CO) 12 ] physisorbed on SiO 2 easily decomposes and aggregates to form metal particles. The tetraruthenium clusters supported on TiO 2 are oxidized by surface hydroxyl groups, giving mononuclear complexes; virtually the same chemistry occurs, but less readily, on γ-Al 2 O 3 . The tetramthenium clusters supported on MgO, in contrast, are highly resistant to oxidation. The strong basicity of this support leads to an increased stability of small polynuclear complexes, hindering the formation of oxidized complexes and aggregated metallic structures. The unique character of the basic support appears to be related to the tendency of the support to form and stabilize cluster anions.
Anomalous reparametrizations and butterfly states in string field theory

Abstract The reparametrization symmetries of Witten's vertex in ordinary or vacuum string field theories can be used to extract useful information about classical solutions of the equations of motion corresponding to D-branes. It follows, that the vacuum string field theory in general has to be regularized. For the regularization recently considered by Gaiotto et al., we show that the identities we derive, are so constraining, that among all surface states they uniquely select the simplest butterfly projector discovered numerically by these authors. The reparametrization symmetries are also used to give a simple proof that the butterfly states and their generalizations are indeed projectors.
Yield and angular distribution of cesium sputtered copper using a radioactive tracer technique.

Radioactive tracer technique to measure yield and angular distribution of copper sputtered from monocrystalline target subject to cesium ion bombardment
Application of an artificial neural network in canopy scattering inversion

Abstract Owing to their recent success in other inversion tasks, application of an artificial neural network to the development of an inversion algorithm for radar scattering from vegetation canopies is considered. Because canopy scattering models are complicated functions of the desired biophysical parameters (vegetation biomass, leaf area index, soil moisture content, etc.), the development of an effective inversion algorithm is not a straightforward task. The Michigan Microwave Canopy Scattering (MIMICS) model, which has shown remarkable success in predicting the radar response to vegetation canopies, was used, as were measured polarimetric backscatter values. Hence, the radiative transfer simulation code, MIMICS, was used to produce some of the training data. The inputs to the neural network were the expected polarimetric backscatter values from specific canopies, while the outputs were the desired parameters, such as tree heights, crown thickness, leaf density, etc. Two special cases were examined: (...
Magnetocentrifugally Driven Flows from Young Stars and Disks. VI. Accretion with a Multipole Stellar Field

Previous analyses of magnetospheric accretion and outflow in classical T Tauri stars (CTTSs), within the context of both the X-wind model and other theoretical scenarios, have assumed a dipolar geometry for the stellar magnetic field if it were not perturbed by the presence of an accreting, electrically conducting disk. However, CTTS surveys reveal that accretion hot spots cover a small fraction of the stellar surface and that the net field polarization on the stellar surface is small. Both facts imply that the magnetic field generated by the star has a complex nondipolar structure. To address this discrepancy between theory and observations, we reexamine X-wind theory without the dipole constraint. Using simple physical arguments based on the concept of trapped flux, we show that a dipole configuration is in fact not essential. Independent of the precise geometry of the stellar magnetosphere, the requirement for a certain level of trapped flux predicts a definite relationship among various CTTS observables. Moreover, superposition of multipole stellar fields naturally yield small observed hot spot covering fractions and small net surface polarizations. The generalized X-wind picture remains viable under these conditions, with the outflow from a small annulus near the inner disk edge little affected by the modified geometry, but with inflow highly dependent on the details of how the emergent stellar flux is linked and trapped by the inner disk regions. Our model is consistent with data, including recent spectropolarimetric measurements of the hot spot sizes and field strengths in V2129 Oph and BP Tau.
Search and Liquidity in Single-Family Housing

A two-stage least squares model of housing prices is estimated with data collected from 3358 single-family home transactions. The results provide evidence for an optimal marketing period and indicate that a liquidity premium is priced in single-family home sales. Consistent with the hypothesis derived from economic search models, the model shows higher selling prices for houses having longer expected marketing periods. The model also shows a price premium for houses that sell faster than expectations. This effect supports the concept that liquidity is a value-enhancing characteristic.
Cytotoxic, antifouling bromotyramines: a synthetic study on simple marine natural products and Their analogues.

Abstract Synthesis and biological evaluation of two naturally-occurring bromotyramines, moloka'iamine 1 and 3,5-dibromo-4-methoxy-β-phenethylamine 2, together with several analogues, have been completed. Bromotyramine 2 is cytotoxic, and was found to be a potent antifoulant. Analogues 15 and 16 also displayed significant cytotoxic and antifouling activities.
Oxide Networks, Graph Theory, and the Passivity of Fe – Cr – Ni Ternary Alloys

The passivity of Fe-Cr-Ni ternary alloys is considered in terms of a continuous network of -Cr-O-Cr- bridges in the oxide film (which also contains and Ni 2+ ions) or in terms of a continuous network of -Ni-O-Ni- bridges in the oxide film (which also contains Fe 3+ and Cr 3+ ions). The structure of the oxide is represented by a mathematical graph, and graph theory is used to calculate the connectivity of the oxide. This approach shows that a continuous network of -Cr-O-Cr- bridges occurs when the cation fraction of Cr 3+ ions in the oxide is 0.30 or greater. A continuous network of -Ni-O-Ni- bridges occurs when the cation fraction of N1 2+ ions in the oxide is 0.55 or greater. Experimental results taken from the literature support the -Cr-O-Cr- model.
PRODUCTION OF OVULATION BY GONADOTROPHIC EXTRACTS

The luteinizing and follicular-stimulating fractions of anterior pituitary extracts have rarely been utilized in the ovulation studies which have been made. Furthermore, few studies have been made on immature female animals in which the normal gonadotrophic activity of the animal’s own pituitary is thought to be at a minimum. It was pointed out by Hertz and Hisaw (1934) that ovulation occurred in 45 per cent of the juvenile rabbits to which they administered subcutaneously, first follicular-stimulating and then luteinizing extract, each over a three-day period. Ovulation did not occur in young rabbits treated with unfractionated pituitary extracts, purified follicular-stimulating extracts, or luteinizing extracts alone. In working with beef pituitaries Evans and associates (1933) reported the failure to produce ovulation in immature female rats by injections of crude extracts, but when their preparations were subjected to further purification ovulation was produced by their administration. It has seemed n...
Confinement of Supernova Explosions in a Collapsing Cloud

We analyze the confining effect of cloud collapse on an expanding supernova shock front. We solve the differential equation for the forces on the shock front due to ram pressure, supernova energy, and gravity. We find that the expansion of the shock front is slowed and in fact reversed by the collapsing cloud. Including radiative losses and a potential time lag between supernova explosion and cloud collapse shows that the expansion is reversed at smaller distances, compared to the nonradiative case. We also consider the case of multiple supernova explosions at the center of a collapsing cloud. For instance, if we scale our self-similar solution to a single supernova of energy 1051 ergs occurring when a cloud of initial density 102 H cm-3 has collapsed by 50%, we find that the shock front is confined to ~15 pc in ~1 Myr. Our calculations are pertinent to the observed unusually compact nonthermal radio emission in blue compact dwarf galaxies (BCDs). More generally, we demonstrate the potential of a collapsing cloud to confine supernovae, thereby explaining how dwarf galaxies would exist beyond their first generation of star formation.
Elimination of Gibbs' phenomena from error analysis of finite element results

A change of variables is presented that improves the accuracy of Fourier half-range sine series used in numerical harmonic analysis. The change in variables, a simple but effective extension of the period of the series, results in an interpolation formula that passes through the endpoints of tabulated data. In two dimensions, the change in variables produces an *'extended grid" for use in computing coefficients in double sine series. The improved double sine series was developed for modifying a postprocessor code for error analysis of results from a general-purpos e finite element code. Without going into the details of the error analysis, the paper illustrates the improved numerical harmonic analysis by applying it to the problem of a simply supported plate under uniform load. The elimination of Gibbs' phenomenon from the truncated series for the uniform load and from a discrete set of boundary conditions suggests that the extended grid transformation can be applied readily in a postprocessor for error analysis of discrete results for postbuckled stiffened panels.
Design and synthesis of modular oxazoline ligands for the enantioselective chromium-catalyzed addition of allyl bromide to ketones

By systematically evaluating ligand diastereomers using a modular oxazoline template, a new ligand has been identified leading to the discovery of the first example of a chromium-catalyzed enantioselective allylation of ketones using allylic bromides.
Anti-Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia activity of dicationic carbazoles

Summary A series of 2,7- and 3,6-bis cationic carbazoles was synthesized and evaluated for activity against a rat model of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP). The compounds were also tested for inhibition of topoisomerase II and binding to DNA. Several of the compounds proved to be more potent and less toxic than a standard anti-PCP drug (pentamidine). While no quantitative correlation was seen between anti-PCP activity, topoisomerase inhibition and DNA binding, a minimal level of DNA binding was found to be necessary for antimicrobial activity.
The effect of electron scattering on curves of growth

A new exact solution of the macroscopic line transfer equation including electron scattering terms has been obtained for a Milne-Eddington Model atmosphere, and curves of growth based on this solution have been calculated. The results indicate that for lines formed by scattering there is a systematic change in the appropriate theoretical curve of growth as electron scattering becomes an increasingly important source of continuous opacity. In a case where electron scattering is the dominant opacity source, the abundance necessary to produce a given line strength may be decreased by a factor of 2–5 and the derived velocity parameter decreased by 20–30% due to the shifts in the theoretical curves.
A new synthesis of 3-fluoro- and 3-chlorocyclobutenes from dihalocyclobutanes. The five isomers of chlorofluorocyclobutane

Abstract 3-Fluorocyclobutene (1) and 3-chlorocyclobutene (2) have been obtained by simpler syntheses and in higher yield than previously reported. One of the synthetic steps involves a three-phase-transfer-catalysis technique that could be of wider utility. New examples are cited of applying AgF2, an underutilized reagent, as a fluorinating agent near room temperature. Compounds 1 and 2 have been characterized by mass, NMR and vibrational spectroscopies. The NMR spectra have been fully analyzed. Useful group frequencies in the vibrational spectra of halocyclobutenes have been identified. The five monochloro- monofluorocyclobutane precursors of fluorocyclobutenes have also been separated and characterized. From NMR coupling constants, conformer mixtures have been identified for three of the isomers.
DUST PROPERTIES OF LOCAL DUST-OBSCURED GALAXIES WITH THE SUBMILLIMETER ARRAY

We report Submillimeter Array observations of the 880 μm dust continuum emission for four dust-obscured galaxies (DOGs) in the local universe. Two DOGs are clearly detected with S ν(880 μm) =10-13 mJy and S/N > 5, but the other two are not detected with 3σ upper limits of S ν(880 μm) =5-9 mJy. Including an additional two local DOGs with submillimeter data from the literature, we determine the dust masses and temperatures for six local DOGs. The infrared luminosities and dust masses for these DOGs are in the ranges of 1.2-4.9 × 1011(L ☉) and 4-14 × 107(M ☉), respectively. The dust temperatures derived from a two-component modified blackbody function are 23-26 K and 60-124 K for the cold and warm dust components, respectively. Comparison of local DOGs with other infrared luminous galaxies with submillimeter detections shows that the dust temperatures and masses do not differ significantly among these objects. Thus, as argued previously, local DOGs are not a distinctive population among dusty galaxies, but simply represent the high-end tail of the dust obscuration distribution.
Shelling-Type Orderings of Regular CW-Complexes and Acyclic Matchings of the Salvetti Complex

Motivated by the work of Salvetti and Settepanella [24, Combinatorial Morse theory and minimality of hyperplane arrangements, Remark 4.5], we give a purely combinatorial description of a class of discrete Morse functions having a minimal number of critical cells for the Salvetti complex of any linear arrangement. We start by studying certain total orderings of the cells of shellable regular CW-complexes, and use them to construct maximum acyclic matchings of the given complex. We apply this technique to the classical zonotope shellings. A new combinatorial stratification of the Salvetti complex allows us to paste such matchings and describe a class of maximum acyclic matchings of the whole complex. The construction can be done, so that the critical cells can be constructed from the chambers via the nbc sets. The results hold for abstract oriented matroids.
Is the Diabetic Bladder a Neurogenic Bladder? Evidence from the Literature

Diabetes can often cause lower urinary tract symptom (LUTS). This has been called diabetic cystopathy by many authors, but no concise grouping of symptoms for this condition has been agreed upon. The etiology of diabetic cystopathy remains unknown, but evidence from the literature strongly suggests a neurologic etiology as the primary factor, with other factors such as polyuria, damage to muscle from oxidative stress, and urothelial factors possibly contributing. Once a standard definition for diabetic cystopathy can be agreed upon, prospective, longitudinal studies will play a key role in the generation of hypotheses for the causes of diabetic cystopathy. Animal models will help test these hypotheses and possibly provide strategies for prevention.
Euphemisms and Ethics: A Language-Centered Analysis of Penn State’s Sexual Abuse Scandal

For 15 years, former assistant football coach Jerry Sandusky used his Penn State University perquisites to lure young and fatherless boys by offering them special access to one of the most revered football programs in the country. He repeatedly used the football locker room as a space to groom, molest, and rape his victims. In February 2001, an eye-witness alerted Penn State’s top leaders that Sandusky was caught sexually assaulting a young boy in the showers. Instead of taking swift action against Sandusky, leaders began a cover-up that is considered one of the worst scandals in sports history. While public outcry has focused on the leaders’ silence, we focus on the talk that occurred within the organization by key personnel. Drawing from court documents and internal investigative reports, we examine two euphemism clusters that unfolded in the scandal. The first cluster comprises reporting euphemisms, in which personnel used coded language to report the assault up the chain of command. The second cluster comprises responding euphemisms, in which Penn State’s top leaders relied on an innocuous, but patently false, interpretation of earlier euphemisms as a decision-making framework to chart their course of (in)action. We use this case to demonstrate how euphemistic language impairs ethical decision-making, particularly by framing meaning and visibility of acts, encouraging mindless processing of moral considerations, and providing a shield against psychological and material consequences. Further, we argue that euphemism may serve as a disguised retort to critical upward communication in organizations.
Progesterone therapy in uterine fibromyoma.

IN A STUDY on experimental fibromyomas and their prevention, Lipschiitz and Inglesias (6) showed that subserous uterine fibromyomas and extragenital subserous fibromyomas in the abdominal cavity can be produced in guinea pigs subjected to prolonged treatment with estrogens. All estrogens, natural and artificial, free and esterified, were shown to be tumorigenic. Under certain conditions of treatment with estrogens a female guinea pig only rarely escaped the development of abdominal fibromyomas. Continuous action of the hormone was an essential factor. When a period of one week of injections was followed by a period of two weeks without injections no fibromyomas were produced even after a year of such treatment. On the other hand, minute quantities of free estradiol, insufficient to produce fibromyoma when given three times weekly by subcutaneous injection, proved highly active when absorbed from a subcutaneously implanted pellet. It was suggested that the tumorigenic action of estrogens in the normal orga...
Vulvar cancer in young women: demographic features and outcome evaluation.

Objective The objective of the study was to identify prognostic and environmental factors associated with vulvar carcinoma in young women. Study Design This study was a review of patients younger than 45 years who were diagnosed with vulvar squamous cell carcinoma between 1994 and 2006. Results Fifty-six patients were identified. Median age was 38 years and median follow-up was 25.3 months. Fifty-eight percent of patients presented with stage I disease; 77% smoked tobacco. Of patients with advanced disease, 53.3% were smokers, 40% had human papillomavirus (HPV) exposure, 46.7% had a history of vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN), and 6.7% were immunocompromised. Symptoms were present for more than 12 months in 47%, but symptom duration did not correlate with stage ( P = .42) or positive lymph nodes ( P = .28). Disease recurred in 10.7% and 5.4% died of disease. Conclusion Young women with vulvar cancer tend to have early-stage disease, smoke, have a history of HPV, and have VIN. Many of the factors that place these patients at continuous risk are modifiable.
Contractual Structure and Wealth Accumulation

Can historical wealth distributions affect long-run output and inequality despite "rational" saving, convex technology and no externalities? We consider a model of equilibrium short-period financial contracts, where poor agents face credit constraints owing to moral hazard and limited liability. If agents have no bargaining power, poor agents have no incentive to save: poverty traps emerge and agents are polarized into two classes, with no interclass mobility. If instead agents have all the bargaining power, strong saving incentives are generated: the wealth of poor and rich agents alike drift upward indefinitely and "history" does not matter eventually. (D31, D91, I32, O17, Q15)
Many-body states and operator algebra for exclusion statistics

Abstract Discuss many-body states and the algebra of creation and annihilation operators for particles obeying exclusion statistics.
Phosphine Oxides as Stabilizing Ligands for the Palladium-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling of Potassium Aryldimethylsilanolates.

Abstract The palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction of potassium (4-methoxyphenyl)dimethylsilanolate (K+1−) with aryl bromides has been demonstrated using triphenylphosphine oxide as a stabilizing ligand. Unsymmetrical biaryls can be prepared from a variety of aryl bromides in good yield with short reaction times. Qualitative kinetic studies compared effects of different phosphine oxides on the rate of cross-coupling and established the beneficial effect of these ligands in the reaction of electron-rich arylsilanolates. The improved yield and reproducibility of the cross-coupling of several bromides was demonstrated by direct comparison of reactions performed with and without triphenylphosphine oxide under non-rigorous exclusion of oxygen.
The photometric period and variability of the cataclysmic variable V849 Herculis (PG 1633+115)

Abstract We report time-resolved photometry of the cataclysmic variable V849 Her, and measure a period of 0.1414 ± 0.0030 days (3.394 ± 0.072 h). We also present photometry taken over several weeks in 2010 and 2011, as well as light curves from 1995 to 2011 by the American Association of Variable Star Observers. The spectra, absolute magnitude derived from infrared magnitudes, and variability all suggest that V849 Her is a nova-like variable. The shallow (0.5-magnitude) low states we observe resemble the erratic low states of the VY Sculptoris stars, although they may recur quasi-periodically over an average cycle of 12.462 ± 0.074 days.
High-definition Video Coding with Super-macroblocks

A high definition video coding technique using super-macroblocks is investigated in this work. Our research is motivated by the observation that the macroblock-based partition in H.264/AVC may not be efficient for high definition video since the maximum macroblock size of 16 x 16 is relatively small against the whole image size. In the proposed super-macboblock based video coding scheme, the original block size MxN in H.264 is scaled to 2Mx2N. Along with the super-macroblock prediction framework, a low-complexity 16 x 16 discrete cosine transform (DCT) is proposed. As compared with the 1D 8 x 8 DCT, only 16 additions are added for a 1D 16 points 16 x 16 DCT. Furthermore, an adaptive scheme is proposed for the selection the best coding mode and best transform size. It is shown by experimental results that the super-macroblock coding scheme can achieve a higher coding gain.
Injectivity of the Petri map for twisted Brill–Noether loci

Let C be a generic curve, E a generic vector bundle on C. Then, for every line bundle on C the twisted Petri map $$P_{E}:H^0(C,L\otimes E)\otimes H^0(C, K\otimes L^*\otimes E^{*})\rightarrow H^0(C, K)$$ is injective.
An exact algorithm for kinodynamic planning in the plane

Planning time-optimal motions has been a major focus of research in robotics. In this paper we consider the following problem: given an object in two-dimensional physical space, an initial point, and a final point, plan a time-optimal obstacle-avoiding motion for this object subject to bounds on the velocity and acceleration of the object. We give the first algorithm which solves the problem exactly in the case where the velocity and acceleration bounds are given in theL? norm. We further prove the following important results: a tracking lemma and a loop-elimination theorem, both of which are applicable to the case of arbitrary norms. The latter result implies that, with or without obstacles, a path which intersects itself can be replaced by one which does not do so and which takes time less than or equal to that taken by the original path.
Laminar Flow in the Entrance Region of Elliptical Ducts

L'analyse est basee sur la methode integrale de Karman-Pohlhausen et entraine la resolution de la forme integree des equations de bilan de masse et de quantite de mouvement. Calcul de la longueur d'entree hydrodynamique en fonction du rapport d'aspect
Does Multitasking Improve Performance? Evidence from the Emergency Department

This paper examines the effect of multitasking on overall worker performance, as measured by processing time, throughput rate, and output quality using microlevel operational data from the field. Specifically, we study the multitasking behavior of physicians in a busy hospital emergency department (ED). By drawing on recent findings in the experimental psychology literature and the nascent work in cognitive neuroscience, we develop several hypotheses for the effect of multitasking on worker performance. We first examine how multitasking affects a physician's processing time. We find that the total time taken to discharge a given number of patients has a U-shaped response to the level of physician multitasking; that is, multitasking initially helps to reduce the time taken, but only up to a certain threshold level, after which it increases in the level of multitasking. In addition, multitasking significantly impacts quality of care. Although lower levels of multitasking are associated with improved quality...