cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
THE CONCEPT OF ELITE

This article is an attempt to clarify the concept of elite. Elite is a concept that has been used through different centuries, by different people, in different cultural and intellectual environments. The result of this plurality of uses is that, in political science today, elite is a fuzzy concept. Concepts are not mere words. They stand for meanings and referents. These meanings and referents are what makes a concept useful to describe and explain phenomena. The clarification of the meanings and referents of “elite” is a way to give us better knowledge of the strengths and weaknesses of the concept of elite in explaining the empirical phenomena of elite. First of all the article offers an analysis of the main components of the concept and its sources of confusion. Following the most recent findings of philosophy of language, two main sources of concept confusion are identified: ambiguity and vagueness. In order to remove these sources of confusion the author deals, first, with the problem of apparent synonymy. A close analysis of the terms most commonly used as synonyms of “elite”: “ruling class,”“aristocracy,”“oligarchy” and “political class,” shows that these terms are not synonyms but that every one of them has a specific meaning different from the others. The supposed synonymy or the use of different words for the same meanings is not the only source of confusion of the concept of elite. Using the same words with different meanings seems to be quite common in the literature on the concept of elite. It is, in fact, clear that different people attribute different meanings to the same words. Among that variety of meanings attributed to “elite” seven are examined in the article: those of Pareto, Mosca, Marx, Wright Mills, Michels, Ortega y Gasset, and the Pluralists.
Nucleation of AlN on SiC substrates by seeded sublimation growth

Abstract The nucleation of aluminum nitride (AlN) on silicon carbide (SiC) seed by sublimation growth was investigated. Silicon-face, 8 ∘ off-axis 4H-SiC (0 0 0 1) and on-axis 6H-SiC (0 0 0 1) were employed as seeds. Initial growth for 15 min and extended growth for 2 h suggested that 1850 °C was the optimum temperature of AlN crystal growth: on an 8 ∘ off-axis substrate, AlN grew laterally forming a continuous layer with regular “step” features; on the on-axis substrate, AlN grew vertically as well as laterally, generating an epilayer with hexagonal sub-grains of different sizes. The layer's c -lattice constant was larger than pure AlN, which was caused by the compression of the AlN film and impurities (Si, C) incorporation. Polarity sensitive and defect selective etchings were performed to examine the surface polarity and dislocation density. All the samples had an Al-polar surface and no N-polar inversion domains were observed. Threading dislocations were present regardless of the substrate misorientation. Basal plane dislocations (BPDs) were revealed only on the AlN films on the 8 ∘ off-axis substrates. The total dislocation density was in the order of 10 8 cm - 2 when the film was 20– 30 μ m thick.
Zinc deficiency. A public health problem

Zinc deficiency occurs in individuals and populations whose diets are low in sources of readily bioavailable zinc such as red meat, and high in unrefined cereals that are rich in phytate and dietary fibers. Dietary zinc deficiency was described nearly three decades ago among the poor of the Middle East. It is now known to occur in children and adolescents from widely diverse areas including Egypt, Iran, Turkey, China, Yugoslavia, Canada, and the United States; and among pregnant women from Iran, Turkey, the United Kingdom, Australia, and the United States. Major manifestations include retarded growth and development and an increased incidence of pregnancy complications. Other manifestations may include suppressed immunity, poor healing, dermatitis, and impairments in neuropsychological functions. Precise information as to the numbers of people affected by dietary zinc deficiency is not available. Even so the nature of diets associated with zinc deficiency suggests that mild deficiency is common in some populations.
Cognitive assessment in behavioral medicine

Abstract This article suggests conceptual and procedural limits on a strict operant approach to assessment in behavioral medicine. Several areas of concern to physicians and psychologists are discussed, highlighting the potential role of cognitive assessment methods. These areas include: pain, placebo, and expectancy effects, coping strategies, compliance/noncompliance with medical recommendations, self-regulatory disorders, and the broad domains of prediction and prevention. It is concluded that methods of gauging potentially important perceptual, evaluational, motivational, or stylistic mediators of health, illness, and response to medical treatment should be validated and included among the tools of the clinical assessor in behavioral medicine.
Hannah more and the rhetoric of educational reform

Abstract The Evangelical reformer Hannah More hoped to change the educational practices of the British upper classes. In Strictures on the Modern System of Female Education (1799), Hints Toward Forming the Character of a Princess (1805), and Coelebs in Search of a Wife (1808), More lays out a program devised primarily for girls, but to some extent also applicable to the education of boys. All these works assert that education should focus relentlessly upon the inculcation of Christian principles and such a proposal was implicitly critical of current practices. In order to promote her program effectively, More had to suggest that it was not incompatible with the most influential eighteenth-century pedagogical theories. This rhetorical strategy was a success in practical terms, but prevented her from achieving coherence as an educational theorist
The importance of being unimportant: small firms and small banks in Italy

According to the literature on the credit channel, changes in monetary policy affect small firms by changing the costs of external financing. The literature, however, has not yet explored the relationship between the cost of available credit to different groups of borrowers and the competitiveness of the banking industry. I suggest the existence of a relationship between the cost of loans to small borrowers and the degree of concentration in the banking industry. The intuition is that if many banks compete to finance small firms, small firms have the option to switch lender. This, in turn, forces competing banks to absorb, at least in part, the shock introduced by the change in monetary policy thereby sheltering small firms from the negative asymmetric effect of monetary policy.
Gauge symmetries of electroweak interactions

By considering the symmetries associated with baryon number and lepton number conservation as gauge symmetries, the underlying gauge symmetry of weak electromagnetic interactions is shown to beSU(2) L ×U(1)×U(1)Baryon×U(1)Lepton. If right-handed currents exist on a par with the observed left-handed ones, then the full symmetry of electroweak interactions that emerges isSU(2)L×SU(2)R×U(1)Baryon×U(1)Lepton. These symmetries offer a rich spectrum of massive neutral gauge bosons, one of which is the massive neutral boson of the standardSU(2) L ×U(1) Y model.
Involvement of non-exocytotic mechanisms in ethanol-induced in vivo dopamine release: comparisons with cocaine.

Abstract In order to determine whether a non-exocytotic mechanism was involved in ethanol-induced in vivo dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens, extracellular dopamine concentrations were measured via intracerebral microdialysis in freely moving Sprague–Dawley rats. Effects of ethanol on dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens were compared with those by cocaine, a drug that increases synaptic dopamine by a mechanism, which depends on neuronal activity and involves an exocytotic process. Administration of ethanol (80 mM) or cocaine (10 μM) via a dialysis probe increased extracellular dopamine concentrations in the nucleus accumbens. Pretreatments with tetrodotoxin (2 μM) or Ca 2+ withdrawal did not block the ability of ethanol to increase nucleus accumbens dopamine. The blockade of dopamine autoreceptors by local infusion of sulpiride did not significantly alter the effect of ethanol on nucleus accumbens dopamine either. As opposed to ethanol, however, cocaine-induced increases in nucleus accumbens dopamine were sensitive to tetrodotoxin or Ca 2+ omission. In addition, pretreatments with sulpiride significantly potentiated the effect of cocaine on extracellular dopamine concentrations. These differences in responses to tetrodotoxin, Ca 2+ withdrawal and inhibition of dopamine autoreceptors suggest that a non-exocytotic mechanism may be involved in dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens evoked by focally applied ethanol.
Variability in EBSD statistics for textured zirconium

Abstract Zirconium is an important structural material, and, as with other hexagonal close-packed (HCP) metals, the mechanical properties depend on both slip and twinning. Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) from two-dimensional (2D) metallographic sections has previously been used to identify and quantify deformation twinning to support development of physically based plasticity models for HCP metals. However, the stereological assumptions used to generate twin statistics from a single 2D section have not been fully validated against potential sources of measurement artifacts or biases potentially arising from the strong initial material textures and crystallographic nature of twinning. This work addresses these concerns by comparing results from three orthogonal directions in a deformed sample. Few differences are observed in the twin statistics based on viewing direction. Statistical variability of microstructures is a bigger factor in the comparison of twin statistics than viewing direction. { 10 1 ¯ 2 } twinning does not occur homogeneously throughout the microstructure during a compression test. However, useful twin statistics can be successfully extracted from a single metallographic section.
Cost Efficiency of Anycast-Based Forwarding in Duty-Cycled WSNs with Lossy Channel

Anycasting has been proposed recently as an efficient communication method for asynchronous duty-cycled wireless sensor networks. However, the interdependencies between end-to-end communication cost and the anycasting design parameters have not been systematically studied. In this paper, a statistical end-to-end cost model is presented to capture the end-to-end latency and energy consumption of anycasting operation under a realistic wireless channel model. By exploring the relationship between the end-to-end cost efficiency and the forwarding decision dependent anycasting design parameters, two anycasting forwarding metrics are proposed for fully distributed forwarding decision. By exploring the relationship among the preamble length, the size of the forwarding set and the achievable end-to-end cost efficiency, a series of preamble length control guidelines are proposed for low and extremely low duty-cycled WSNs. According to our analytical results and simulation validation, the proposed forwarding metrics help reduce the end-to-end latency and energy consumption by about $55\%$ for anycasting with moderate preamble length, compared with the existing heuristic forwarding metrics. The proposed preamble length control guidelines help reduce, by more than half, the end-to-end energy and latency costs in low and extremely-low duty-cycled WSNs.
Effect of phenobarbital on diethylnitrosamine and dimethylnitrosamine induced hepatocellular tumors in male B6C3F1 mice

The effect of the type of carcinogen initiator on the ability of phenobarbital (PB) to promote hepatic tumor formation in 15-day-old initiated male B6C3F1 mice was evaluated. Fifteen-day-old male B6C3F1 mice were divided into 6 groups of 10 mice each. Groups 1 and 2 received a single intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of diethylnitrosamine (DENA) (5 micrograms/body wt). Groups 3 and 4 received a single i.p. injection of diethylnitrosamine (DENA) (5 micrograms/g body wt). Groups 3 and 4 received a single i.p. injection of dimethylnitrosamine (DMNA) (5 micrograms/g body wt). Groups 5 and 6 received a single i.p. injection of saline. At weaning (28 days of age), mice in groups 2, 4 and 6 received PB (500 mg/ml) in their drinking water. Mice in groups 1, 3 and 5 received deionized drinking water. Drinking water treatment continued for 24 weeks at which time mice were sampled. At sampling, mice were examined for hepatic tumors by histology. Mice in groups 5 (no treatment) and 6 (PB only) did not exhibit hepatic tumors. Groups 2 (DENA + PB) displayed a decrease in hepatic adenomas from that of group 1 (DENA only), confirming previous observations. Treatment with DMNA and PB (group 4), however, resulted in a significant increase in both hepatic adenoma incidence and number over that of DMNA only (group 3) treated mice. The promoted adenomas appeared to be predominantly eosinophilic in appearance. The type of initiator therefore appears important in determining if 15-day-old initiated male B6C3F1 mice respond to the promotion effects of PB.
Characteristics of a neurohormone that controls sex pheromone production in Heliothis zea

Abstract A neuropeptide hormone that controls production of the sex pheromone in Heliothis zea females, originates in the sub-oesophageal ganglion. Because of the difficulty in separating brain from sub-oesophageal ganglion, the entire complex was used in all the experiments unless otherwise stated. Pheromonotropic activity was maximal in brain + sub-oesophageal ganglion extracts from 1–2-day old adults. This age corresponds to normal peak pheromone production in the females. The hormone caused significant pheromonotropic activity within 15 min after injection of the brain + sub-oesophageal ganglion homogenate into ligated females, and reached the peak in 4 h. Activity was detected with a crude preparation of the hormone at 1 8th brain + sub-oesophageal ganglion equivalent. High-performance size-exclusion chromatography of the extracts of brain + sub-oesophageal ganglion indicated that the pheromone-biosynthesis activating neuropeptide may occur in more than one active form. The hormonal activity was destroyed by carboxypeptidase Y and TPCK trypsin, but activity was not destroyed by treatment with aminopeptidase M. These results indicate that the hormonal substance is proteinaceous and may have a blocked NH2-terminus. Occurrence of pheromonotropic activity in brain + sub-oesophageal ganglion homogenates from other moth species and a species of cockroach indicates the wide distribution of hormones with similar activity.
Basic fibroblast growth factor expression in Peyronie's disease.

Purpose: Peyronie's disease is a fibromatosis resulting in scarring of the tunica albuginea. While the inciting event is believed to be trauma to the erect penis, little is understood about the cascade of cellular events that leads to the formation of the plaque. Dysregulated wound healing serves as a paradigm for the study of this condition. Previous work has demonstrated a role for fibrogenic cytokines in wound healing, fibromatoses, including Peyronie's disease. We analyze the expression of the fibrogenic cytokine, basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF), by fibroblasts derived from Peyronie's disease tissue.Materials and Methods: Patients with Peyronie's disease undergoing either penile prosthesis insertion or Nesbit penile plication surgery had biopsy specimens removed from the plaque and from normal tunical tissue remote from the plaque. Cell cultures were derived from these specimens. Cultured cells were characterized using immunofluorescence staining and immunasurbent digital imaging. The cell cultur...
Antagonism between two species of echinostomes (Paryphostomum segregatum and Echinostoma lindoense) in the snail Biomphalaria glabrata.

The snail Biomphalaria glabrata (Say) was infected with two species of echinostomes of Brazilian origin: Paryphostomum segregatumDietz and Echinostoma lindoenseSandground and Bonne. Snails harboring E. lindoense were easily superinfected with P. segregatum. Developing P. segregatum rediae consumed E. lindoense larvae and eventually cleared the snails of this species except for metacercarial cysts. E. lindoense rediae were unable to consume P. segregatum larvae, but they exerted indirect antagonism resulting in delayed development of P. segregatum. Snails simultaneously exposed to the two species of miracidia developed double infections, but E. lindoense larvae were ultimately destroyed in the snails. Snails infected with P. segregatum were difficult to superinfect with E. lindoense. Double infections developed only when the exposure interval was 10 days or less. P. segregatum rediae consumed E. lindoense larvae in these double infections.
Biochemical characterization of an avian spermatozoan acrosin and comparison of its properties to those of bovine trypsin and mammalian acrosins.

Abstract 1. 1. Domestic fowl ( Gallus Domesticus ) spermatozoan acrosin was partially purified by Sephadex G-100 column chromatography and eluted as a single symmetrical peak of activity with an apparent molecular weight of about 26,000. 2. 2. The following kinetic properties of the cock acrosin were compared experimentally to those of bovine trypsin: Michaelis-Menten constants, ratios of maximum velocities for several trypsin substrates, and inhibitor dissociation constants for several trypsin inhibitors. 3. 3. Despite the phylogenetic and cellular source differences of these enzymes, many of the properties of cock acrosin resembled those of bovine trypsin and also those previously reported for mammalian acrosin.
Fetal loss frequency in ten Holstein dairy herds

To establish fetal loss frequency during the interval between pregnancy diagnosis and 260 days of gestation, 10 Holstein dairy herds in the northwestern United States were studied for one year. The herds were enrolled in the Dairy Herd Improvement Association (DHIA) testing program; individual reproduction records were maintained by veterinarians, and pregnancy was routinely diagnosed by palpation per rectum. Gestational age data were analyzed using life table procedures with 8 intervals between 31 and 260 days of gestation. The cumulative incidence of fetal loss between 31 and 260 days of gestation was 10.8% overall and ranged from 7.6% to 13.0% among the 10 herds. During the study year, 255 previously diagnosed pregnancies were lost during 543,505 cow-days at-risk. The interval of greatest risk of loss was between 31 and 55 days of gestation with a hazard of 8.8 losses per 10,000 pregnant cow-days at-risk. The risk declined monotonically to 1.9 losses per 10,000 pregnant cow-days at risk between 201 and 230 days of gestation and rose to 2.4 losses per 10,000 cow-days between 231 and 260 days of gestation. Only 20% of the fetal losses were detected by observation of an expelled fetus or fetal membranes and the proportion detected increased with increasing gestational age at time of fetal loss.
ACNP Task Force Report on SSRIs and Suicidal Behavior in Youth

This Task Force report by the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology evaluates the safety and efficacy of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRIs) antidepressants for depressed youth under 18 years. The report was undertaken after regulatory agencies in the United States and United Kingdom raised concerns in 2003 about the possibility that treatment of depression in children and adolescents with SSRIs may increase the risk of suicidal thinking or suicide attempts.
Serum soluble Fas in the syndrome of hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelets

Objective: To assess whether serum levels of soluble Fas and soluble Fas ligand are altered in the syndrome of hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelets (HELLP). Methods: Serum samples from 22 pregnant women diagnosed with HELLP syndrome were compared with sera from 37 healthy women with noncomplicated singleton pregnancies. Serum levels of soluble Fas and soluble Fas ligands were determined by enzyme immunoassay. Student t, χ2, Pearson’s correlation coefficient, and multiple regression tests were used for statistical analyses. Results: Both soluble Fas and soluble Fas ligand were detected in the sera of normal pregnancies as well as in those with HELLP syndrome. The mean serum level of soluble Fas was significantly higher in women with HELLP syndrome than in healthy gravidas (10.75 ± 0.93 versus 5.81 ± 0.37 U/mL, P < .001). However, there was no significant difference in mean serum soluble Fas ligand levels of the two groups (0.60 ± 0.06 compared with 0.50 ± 0.22 ng/mL, P = .23). In women with HELLP syndrome, there were no significant correlations between serum levels of soluble Fas or soluble Fas ligand with liver transaminases (aspartate and alanine aminotransferase) and platelet count. Conclusion: Serum levels of soluble Fas, but not soluble Fas ligand, are significantly higher in women with HELLP syndrome than healthy gravidas. The source of elevated serum levels of soluble Fas in HELLP syndrome remains to be determined.
Molecular orbital calculations for parabens: A possible mechanism of action

Abstract Molecular orbital calculations were carried out on the series benzoic acid, p -hydroxybenzoic acid, methylparaben, and ethylparaben. The characteristic trends of this entire series of preservatives are demonstrated by these members. The computer program used was Iterated Extended Huckel Theory. These systems were characterized in terms of atomic charge distributions, effect of hydroxyl and ester groups (both sterically and electronically), preferred molecular conformations, and distinguishing features of molecular orbitals. Through this approach, it was hoped that a common mode of action for all members of this series could be detected and that the trend(s) in this feature would correlate with known trends in activity of members of this series.
Joint X-Ray and NMR Refinement of the Yeast L30e-mRNA Complex

L30e, a Saccharomyces cervisiae ribosomal protein, regulates its own expression by binding to a purine-rich asymmetric internal loop located in both its pre-mRNA and mature mRNA. A crystal structure of an MBP-L30e fusion protein in complex with an RNA containing the pre-mRNA regulatory site was solved at 3.24 A. Interestingly, the structure of the RNA differed from that observed in a previously determined NMR structure of the complex. Analysis of the NMR data led to the identification of a single imino proton resonance in the internal loop that had been incorrectly assigned and was principally responsible for the erroneous RNA structure. A structure refinement was performed using both the X-ray diffraction data and the NMR-derived distance and angle restraints. The joint NMR and X-ray refinement resulted in improved stereochemistry and lower crystallographic R factors. The RNA internal loop of the MBP-L30e-mRNA complex adopts the canonical K-turn fold.
Validity of the Aalen–Johansen estimators of stage occupation probabilities and Nelson–Aalen estimators of integrated transition hazards for non-Markov models

Abstract We consider estimation of integrated transition hazard and stage occupation probabilities using right censored i.i.d. data that come from a general multistage model which is not Markov. We show that the Nelson–Aalen estimator for the integrated transition hazard of a Markov process consistently estimates a population quantity even when the underlying process is not Markov. Further, the Aalen–Johansen estimators of the stage occupation probabilities constructed from these integrated hazards via product integration are valid (i.e., consistent) for a general multistage model that is not Markov. These observations appear to have been unnoticed in the literature, where validity of the Aalen–Johansen estimators is only claimed for Markov models.
Migrating software testing to the cloud

Regression testing is often performed as part of the software maintenance process. The amount of tests cases for a large-scale system can range from several hundred to many thousands, requiring significant computing resources and lengthy execution times, often precluding their use in an interactive setting. Traditional approaches to reduce the execution time for regression testing typically focus on excluding selected tests from the suite that need to be run after a change is made to the system.
The effects of behavioral, cognitive, and decisional control in co-production service experiences

Companies are encouraging customers to participate in the process of creating and delivering their offering(s). In this strategy, not only do providers select a level of customer co-production, but also the level of customer control. This study examines the effects of control types (cognitive, behavioral, and decisional) and their interaction on customers’ affective responses in service operations with varying levels of co-production. An extensive two-study design, across two service contexts, tests the interaction of different levels of co-production and control types on customers’ affective responses. Results show when decisional control is low, one additional control type (behavioral or cognitive) in the operational process can compensate for low decisional control. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
The structure and stability of manganese gallium sulfide

Abstract The structure and stability of manganese gallium sulfide was investigated in the ranges 800–1030° and 0–1 atm. Several new phases including a spinel, a tetragonal one, and a hexagonal one were identified. Lattice parameters, densities, melting point, and chemical analyses are reported.
Security in a Fully Functioning Academic Library During Renovation

The University of Wyoming Libraries are currently experiencing a major expansion and renovation of the William Robertson Coe Library, the flagship library. From the standpoint of security, the challenges of creating a new addition adjacent to the existing structure are minor in comparison to the difficulties of renovating the existing building in several phases while providing a safe working environment for the library employees, providing patrons with access to the collections and technological infrastructure of a research library, and enabling construction personnel to work safely in various parts of the building at all hours. Communication is key to coordinating security activities and ensuring a safe workplace.
When Is Naturalistic Evaluation Appropriate

Asking a few simple questions about the context of an evaluation can help you decide if a naturalistic approach is appropriate.
Social Anxiety and Peer Relations in Early Adolescence: Behavioral and Cognitive Factors

This study investigated factors associated with social anxiety during early adolescence using multiple informants, including self and peer perspectives, teacher ratings, and direct observations. Negative social performance expectations, maladaptive coping strategies, and social skill deficits were examined as correlates of social anxiety and mediators linking social anxiety with poor peer relations. Participants were 84 middle school students (47 girls, 37 boys) over-sampled for elevated social anxiety. Analyses revealed correlations linking social anxiety with decreased peer acceptance and increased peer victimization. Path analysis indicated that negative social performance expectations and social withdrawal-disengagement accounted for the association between social anxiety and decreased peer acceptance. Social anxiety, self-directed coping strategies, and social withdrawal-disengagement were each directly linked with increased peer victimization for boys. The results replicate findings based on clinical samples, extend understanding of cognitive, social, and behavioral factors associated with social anxiety in middle school, and provide new information regarding gender differences in the correlates of social anxiety.
Atomic-Scale Friction on Diamond: A Comparison of Different Sliding Directions on (001) and (111) Surfaces Using MD and AFM

Atomic force microscopy (AFM) experiments and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were conducted to examine single-asperity friction as a function of load, surface orientation, and sliding direction on individual crystalline grains of diamond in the wearless regime. Experimental and simulation conditions were designed to correspond as closely as state-of-the-art techniques allow. Both hydrogen-terminated diamond (111)(1 x 1)-H and the dimer row-reconstructed diamond (001)(2 x 1)-H surfaces were examined. The MD simulations used H-terminated diamond tips with both flat- and curved-end geometries, and the AFM experiments used two spherical, hydrogenated amorphous carbon tips. The AFM measurements showed higher adhesion and friction forces for (001) vs (111) surfaces. However, the increased friction forces can be entirely attributed to increased contact area induced by higher adhesion. Thus, no difference in the intrinsic resistance to friction (i.e., in the interfacial shear strength) is observed. Similarly, the MD results show no significant difference in friction between the two diamond surfaces, except for the specific case of sliding at high pressures along the dimer row direction on the (001) surface. The origin of this effect is discussed. The experimentally observed dependence of friction on load fits closely with the continuum Maugis-Dugdale model for contact area, consistent with the occurrence of single-asperity interfacial friction (friction proportional to contact area with a constant shear strength). In contrast, the simulations showed a nearly linear dependence of the friction on load. This difference may arise from the limits of applicability of continuum mechanics at small scales, because the contact areas in the MD simulations are significantly smaller than the AFM experiments. Regardless of scale, both the AFM and MD results show that nanoscale tribological behavior deviates dramatically from the established macroscopic behavior of diamond, which is highly dependent on orientation.
PACS database architecture and design

PACS (Picture Archiving and Communication Systems) database design requires careful understanding of the data and processing needs of radiologists, referring physicians, radiology staff, administrators, and researchers. Due to access requirements, the physical implementation for the management of small text data sets differs from the implementation strategy for large image data sets (centralized vs. distributed storage strategies). In this paper we discuss the database structure, storage architecture, file placement strategies, and administration considerations of the UCLA PACS.
Sensitivity and moment analyses of head in variably saturated regimes

A numerical approach for approximating statistical moments of hydraulic heads of variably saturated flows in multi-dimensional porous media is developed. The approximation relies on a first-order Taylor series expansion of a finite element flow model and an adjoint state numerical method for variably saturated flows to evaluate sensitivities. This approach can be employed to analyze uncertainties associated with predictions of head of steady-state or transient flows in variably saturated porous media, with any type of boundary and initial conditions. Limitations of stochastic analytical methods such as spectral/perturbation approaches and the time-consuming Monte Carlo simulation technique are thus alleviated. An example is given to demonstrate the utility of the approach and to investigate the temporal evolution of head variances in a variably saturated flow regime. Results show that the fluctuation of the water table can have significant impacts on the propagation of the head variance.
Enhancement of thermal emission from porous radiant burners

Abstract A theoretical study on using coatings to enhance the emittance of porous radiant burners is presented. Burners made of coated silica fibers are considered along with coating materials of silicon carbide, graphite, and platinum. The radiative properties of the fibers with and without coatings are computed using a radiative scattering theory and are used in a P-3 solution of the radiative transfer equation to predict the emittance of the burners. Graphite and platinum coatings are shown to enhance the emittance by a factor of three for a burner temperature of 1000 K, and by a factor of six for a temperature of 1500 K. It is also shown that it is possible to protect the graphite and platinum coatings from oxidation by applying a silica coating over them.
Reading chimpanzee faces: Evidence for the role of verbal labels in categorical perception of emotion.

Categorical perception (CP) occurs when continuously varying stimuli are perceived as belonging to discrete categories. Thereby, perceivers are more accurate at discriminating between stimuli of different categories than between stimuli within the same category (Harnad, 1987; Goldstone, 1994). The current experiments investigated whether the structural information in the face is sufficient for CP to occur. Alternatively, a perceiver's conceptual knowledge, by virtue of expertise or verbal labeling, might contribute. In two experiments, people who differed in their conceptual knowledge (in the form of expertise, Experiment 1; or verbal label learning, Experiment 2) categorized chimpanzee facial expressions. Expertise alone did not facilitate CP. Only when perceivers first explicitly learned facial expression categories with a label were they more likely to show CP. Overall, the results suggest that the structural information in the face alone is often insufficient for CP; CP is facilitated by verbal labeling.
Adsorption of Metanil Yellow on a positively charge-modified nylon 66 membrane

Abstract The adsorption of Metanil Yellow (3-{[4-(phenylamino) phenyl] azo}benzenesulfonate) on a commercially available, positively charged modified nylon 66 membrane (N66 Posidyne) with an isoelectric point of 7.6 was investigated. The experiments were carried out in a specially designed streaming potential cell to follow changes in the streaming potential of the membrane during adsorption. The extent of adsorption was determined from the breakthrough behavior of the dye which was characterized by analyzing the concentration of the dye in the effluent stream using a spectrophotometric technique. At a pH of 5.1, the adsorption of Metanil Yellow was found to increase with its solution concentration and reached a saturation value of 2.2 × 1014 ions cm−2 at a solution concentration of 1.49 × 10−5 M. The reversal of the streaming potential of the membrane occurred at solution concentrations greater than 4.7 × 10−7 M, indicating that the dye adsorption was controlled by electrostatic as well as specific adsorption forces. Using the Stern—Grahame equation, a specific adsorption potential of about −7.5 kcal mol−1 was calculated from the experimental data.
Enlarged Peccei-Quinn symmetry and limits from the supernova

Abstract We construct a model generalizing the invisible axion model of Dine, Fischler and Srednicki to three scalar doublets and two scalar singlets. By imposing two U(1) symmetries rather than the single Peccei-Quinn symmetry of the DFS model, we arrive at a physical particle spectrum containing both a light axion and a massless Goldstone boson. The axion couplings are as usual suppressed by a large VEV, which is bounded below by SN1987a emission limits and above by cosmological arguments. The VEV in the Goldstone boson couplings is bounded below by SN1987a emission and subsequent conversion into gamma rays via the galactic magnetic field, but the cosmological upper bound cannot be applied to this massless boson.
Crossed molecular beam study of excited atom reactions: Hg(6 3P20) with Cl2 and chlorinated methane molecules☆

Abstract Collisions of metastable Hg atoms with halogen, hydrogen and halogenated hydrocarbon molecules produce chemiluminescent and Hg(I) photon emission: Photon production cross sections and chemiluminescent energy disposal are discussed for the reaction of Hg(6 3P20) with Cl2 and the chlorinated methane molecules.
PBPK modeling of the metabolic interactions of carbon tetrachloride and tetrachloroethylene in B6C3F1 mice

Potential exists for widespread human exposure to low levels of carbon tetrachloride (CT) and tetrachloroethylene (TET). These halocarbons are metabolized by the cytochrome P450 system. CT is known to inhibit its own metabolism (suicide inhibition) and to cause liver injury by generation of metabolically derived free radicals. The objective of this research was to use develop a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model to forcast the metabolic interactions between orally administered CT and TET in male B6C3F1 mice. Trichloroacetic acid (TCA), a stable metabolite of TET, was used as a biomarker to assess inhibition of the cytochrome P450 system by CT. Metabolic constants utilized for CT were 1.0mg/kg/h for Vmaxc_CT and 0.3 for Km_CT (mg/l). Values for TET (based in TCA production), were 6.0mg/kg/h for Vmaxc_TET was 3.0mg/l for Km_TET. The rate of loss of metabolic capacity for CT (suicide inhibition) was describe as: Vmaxloss ( mg / h )=- Kd ( RAM × RAM ) , where Kd (h/kg) is a second-order rate constant, and RAM (mg/h) is the Michaelis-Menten description of the rate of metabolism of CT. For model simplicity, CT was assumed to damage the primary enzymes responsible for metabolism of CT (CYP2E1) and TET (CYP2B2) in an equal fashion. Thus, the calculated fractional loss of TET metabolic capacity was assumed to be equivalent to the calculated loss in metabolic capacity of CT. Use of a Kd value of 400h/kg successfully described serum TCA levels in mice dosed orally with 5-100mg/kg of CT. We report, for the first time, suicide inhibition at a very low dose of CT (1mg/kg). The PBPK model under-predicted the degree of metabolic inhibition in mice administered 1mg/kg of CT. This PBPK model is one of only a few physiological models available to predict the metabolic interactions of chemical mixtures involving suicide inhibition. The success of this PBPK model demonstrates that PBPK models are useful tools for examining the nature of metabolic interactions of chemical mixtures, including suicide inhibition. Further research is required to compare the inhibitory effects of inhaled CT vapors with CT administered by oral bolus dosing and determine the interaction threshold for CT-induced metabolic inhibition.
Immune therapy of AML.

BMT is a potentially curative treatment for patients with most forms of myeloid leukemia, such as AML and CML. Cure rates are 50‐80% for patients with leukemia given an allogeneic BMT from a related donor, such as a brother or sister. The pre-transplant conditioning regimen reduces the number of leukemia cells in the recipient, however, it is the donor’s lymphocytes, which recognize the leukemia cells as foreign, that exert a powerful GvL effect which contributes to long-term cure. But in 50% of patients the donor’s lymphocytes also recognize other recipient tissue as foreign and produce an unwanted GvHD, which is debilitating and may contribute to death in 20‐30% of patients. These two reactions don’t always occur together, and it is thought that T cells — the immune cells that produce both GvL and GvHD — recognize different target proteins or Ags on the patient’s cells. If these target Ags were known, then therapeutic strategies could be designed that would favor GvL over GvHD. We hypothesized that self-Ags can be the targets of allogeneic anti-leukemia immunity if they are derived from aberrantly expressed hematopoietic tissue-restricted proteins that break immune tolerance. In our ongoing studies of anti-leukemia immunity and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) Ags, we have investigated myeloid-restricted normal proteins that are highly expressed in leukemia. Myeloid leukemias express a number of differentiation Ags associated with granule formation. We chose to study proteinase 3, a 26 000 Da neutral serine protease that is stored in primary azurophil granules and is maximally expressed at the promyelocyte stage of myeloid differentiation. The human gene for proteinase 3 contains five exons, is localized on chromosome 19p and has been cloned recently [1]. Proteinase 3 is over-expressed in a variety of myeloid leukemias, including 75% of CML patients, approximately 50% of AML patients, and approximately 30% of myelodysplastic syndrome patients [2].
Chronic intestinal inflammation: inflammatory bowel disease and colitis-associated colon cancer

The inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), including Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), are chronic inflammatory disorders of the intestine. The prevalence in the United States is greater than 200 cases per 100,000, with the total number of IBD patients between 1 and 1.5 million. CD may affect all parts of the gastrointestinal tract, from mouth to anus, but most commonly involves the distal part of the small intestine or ileum, and colon. UC results in colonic inflammation that can affect the rectum only, or can progress proximally to involve part of or the entire colon. Clinical symptoms include diarrhea, abdominal pain, gastrointestinal bleeding, and weight loss. A serious long-term complication of chronic inflammation is the development of colorectal cancer. A genetic basis for IBD had long been recognized based on the increased familial risk. However, significant discordance for CD in twins, and a much less robust phenotypic concordance for UC, suggested additional factors play a role in disease pathogenesis, including environmental factors. In the past several years, progress in understanding the molecular basis of IBD has accelerated, beginning with the generation of animal models of colitis and progressing to the identification of specific genetic markers from candidate gene, gene linkage, and genome-wide association analyses. Genetic studies have also resulted in the recognition of the importance of environmental factors, particularly the crucial role of the gut microbiota in CD and UC. Altered immune responses to the normal intestinal flora are key factors in IBD pathogenesis. In this research topic, the genetic basis of IBD, the genetic and cellular alterations associated with colitis-associated colon cancer, and the emerging role of the intestinal microbiota and other environmental factors will be reviewed.
Evaluation of a novel food composition database that includes glutamine and other amino acids derived from gene sequencing data.

To determine the content of glutamine in major food proteins. We used a validated 131-food item food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) to identify the foods that contributed the most to protein intake among 70 356 women in the Nurses’ Health Study (NHS, 1984). The content of glutamine and other amino acids in foods was calculated based on protein fractions generated from gene sequencing methods (Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics) and compared with data from conventional (USDA) and modified biochemical (Khun) methods. Pearson correlation coefficients were used to compare the participants’ dietary intakes of amino acids by sequencing and USDA methods. The glutamine content varied from 0.01 to to 9.49 g/100 g of food and contributed from 1 to to 33% of total protein for all FFQ foods with protein. When comparing the sequencing and Kuhn's methods, the proportion of glutamine in meat was 4.8 vs 4.4%. Among NHS participants, mean glutamine intake was 6.84 (s.d.=2.19) g/day and correlation coefficients for amino acid between intakes assessed by sequencing and USDA methods ranged from 0.94 to 0.99 for absolute intake, −0.08 to 0.90 after adjusting for 100 g of protein, and 0.88 to 0.99 after adjusting for 1000 kcal. The between-person coefficient of variation of energy-adjusted intake of glutamine was 16%. These data suggest that (1) glutamine content can be estimated from gene sequencing methods and (2) there is a reasonably wide variation in energy-adjusted glutamine intake, allowing for exploration of glutamine consumption and disease.
Democracy through Mexican lenses

Mexico's path to democracy, and its embrace of democratic values is the topic of ample discussion in this country, and around the world. Veteran Latin America hand Roderic Camp surveys the Mexican public, using results from Costa Rica and Chile as backdrops, to quantify democracy in Mexico.
Interferon-induced psychosis as a "psychiatric contraindication" to hepatitis C treatment: a review and case-based discussion.

Background Hepatitis C (HCV) infection is a major cause of liver disease, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Interferon-based treatments have the potential to decrease the burden of disease, but are complicated by side effects, including neuropsychiatric symptoms. Objective The authors described a case of interferon-induced psychosis as a framework to review the literature and discuss the decision to pursue antiviral treatment in psychiatrically ill patients with hepatitis C. Method The authors followed a patient with chronic HCV who received interferon and ribavirin and who developed hallucinations ultimately requiring psychiatric hospitalization. Results Despite treatment with various neuroleptics, the psychosis resolved only when the interferon/ribavirin were discontinued. Conclusion Psychiatric illness should not rule out the possibility of interferon-based therapy, but it calls for close integration of psychiatric and medical care and individualized decision-making based on the biological and psychosocial circumstances of each case.
Light-scattering characterization of polyblends in the presence of multiple-scattering conditions

A novel approach is described for the noncontact evaluation of structural morphology in polyblends by light scattering. Optical methods are attractive for the on-line characterization of translucent materials because they are noninvasive, rapid, and applicable to high temperature materials. One limitation of conventional light-scattering techniques is their requirement for relatively thin samples in order to avoid multiple-scattering effects that smear out the details of the light diffraction pattern. The approach described in this paper is meant to circumvent this limitation by resorting to turbidimetric measurements, which provide useful information on the average size, shape, concentration, and orientation of the dispersed phase particles even in the presence of multiple scattering. The sample thickness is no longer restricted, and methods are described by which the near-surface volume of infinitely thick parts may be inspected with access to a single side of the material. Results are presented for polypropylene-polycarbonate (PP/PC) samples of different thicknesses and microstructural morphology, including fibrillar-type oriented structures.
The ultraviolet flux envelopes of main-sequence B stars

Flux envelopes on an absolute energy scale from 1100 to 6000 A prepared from OAO-2 scans and from published ground-based material are presented for gamma Leporis, B0.5 5 eta Ursae Majoris, B3 5, gamma Ursae Majoris, A0 5, and alpha Lyrae, A0 5, and for alpha Canis Majoris Al 5 from rocket scans. These, with already published flux envelopes for Zeta Draconis, B6 3, and alpha Leonis, B7 5 (Underhill 1972) are intercompared and compared with reference flux envelopes predicted by LTE theory from lightly line-blanketed model atmospheres. A considerable line blocking occurs at wavelengths shortward of 3000 A with respect to the theoretical continuous spectra. The line blocking may be as much as 50 per cent at 1500 A and between 1500 A and 2500 A it is comparable to that which exists in the sun between 3000 A and 4000 A. Although gamma Urase Majoris, alpha Lyrae and alpha Canis Majoris have very similar visible spectra when viewed at low resolution, their ultraviolet spectra are significantly different, in particular alpha Lyrae shows an ultraviolet excess.