cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Entrepreneurial Campuses: Action, Impact, and Lessons Learned from the Kauffman Campuses Initiative

The Ewing Marion Kauffman Foundation launched the Kauffman Campuses Initiative (KCI) in December 2003 to encourage new, interdisciplinary entrepreneurship education programs throughout American colleges and universities.1 The Foundation sought to make entrepreneurship a campus-wide experience, to help schools become more entrepreneurial, and to ensure that thousands of students on diverse campuses would begin to see their own knowledge and resources from a more entrepreneurial perspective. Eight universities were part of KCI1 when it launched in 2003. In 2006, five more universities and five Northeast Ohio liberal arts colleges (in partnership with the Burton D. Morgan Foundation) were selected for the KCI program, for a total of eighteen universities.2 As the grant program reaches its conclusion, we saw an opportunity to examine the work that was done on a diverse set of campuses and learn from the experiences of these schools. To that end, the Foundation convened a group of thought leaders for a day of intensive discussion in September 2012. In addition, campus leaders from KCI schools submitted reflective essays in early 2012, expressing the ways in which the KCI grants transformed their campuses and culture, created opportunities for students, engaged and inspired faculty, and created a foundation for the future of entrepreneurship on their campuses and in their communities. Together, these essays and the conference afford us the opportunity to highlight some of the significant transformations that have taken place at the eighteen KCI campuses, as well as at other entrepreneurial schools around the country.With this collection, we share the essays we received in order to bring these stories and perspectives to light. These pieces reveal the common themes that emerged as schools sought to create a more substantial place for entrepreneurship on their campuses. They illuminate the varied experiences of the participating schools, the similarities and differences in their approaches, and the lessons learned. They synthesize the accomplishments of the KCI and offer observations and models that may be helpful to other campuses and their communities as they endeavor to strengthen existing entrepreneurship programs or to launch new efforts to bring entrepreneurship to campuses. At the Foundation, we see this collection of essays as both an inspiration and a guide for future work. We learned invaluable lessons from our collaboration with the KCI schools and from the observations they shared from their experiences in the initiative. These lessons and insights will inform our continuing efforts in both education and entrepreneurship.
The response of plants to elevated CO2 : IV. Two deciduous-forest tree communities.

Tree saplings, two groups of three species from each of two deciduous tree communities, were grown in competition at three CO2 concentrations and two light levels. After one growing season, biomass was measured to assess the effect of CO2 on community structure, and nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations were measured for leaves, stems, and roots of all trees. Gas-exchange measurements were made on the same species grown under the same CO2 concentrations. Photosynthetic capacity (rate of photosynthesis at saturating CO2 and light) tended to decline as CO2 concentration increased, but differences were not statistically significant. Stomatal conductance declined significantly as CO2 increased. Nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations generally declined as CO2 increased, but there were some unexpected patterns in roots and stems. CO2 concentration did not significantly affect the overall growth of either community after one season, but the relative biomass of each species changed in a complex way, depending on CO2 light level, and community.
Aggregation of multiple judgments for evaluating ordered lists

Many tasks (e.g., search and summarization) result in an ordered list of items. In order to evaluate such an ordered list of items, we need to compare it with an ideal ordered list created by a human expert for the same set of items. To reduce any bias, multiple human experts are often used to create multiple ideal ordered lists. An interesting challenge in such an evaluation method is thus how to aggregate these different ideal lists to compute a single score for an ordered list to be evaluated. In this paper, we propose three new methods for aggregating multiple order judgments to evaluate ordered lists: weighted correlation aggregation, rank-based aggregation, and frequent sequential pattern-based aggregation. Experiment results on ordering sentences for text summarization show that all the three new methods outperform the state of the art average correlation methods in terms of discriminativeness and robustness against noise. Among the three proposed methods, the frequent sequential pattern-based method performs the best due to the flexible modeling of agreements and disagreements among human experts at various levels of granularity.
A Prescription for Gender: How Medical Professionals Can Help Secure Equality for Transgender People

Transgender people have made tremendous legal gains in the last several years. We live in a period of rapid social change, hopefully approaching a time when transgender individuals and our families enjoy the same legal rights and privileges afforded to other members of society. However, we are not there yet. This essay discusses the role medical professionals must play if transgender people are to achieve full humanity in light of legal developments in the areas of employment and family law. Medical professionals are at the heart of directing and implementing policies that have an enormous effect on the lives of transgender individuals. In a world of unpredictability for outcomes in cases involving transgender litigants, medical professionals can be influential in securing advantageous outcomes. Medical and professional skills are critical to the transgender community, not only for the specific medical expertise physicians and others provide to their patients, their patients' families, employers, and communities, but also because of the direct role medical findings and testimony play in the courts. Through a concise review of the pertinent case law, the Author articulates some of the ways in which medical professionals can also facilitate and enrich the lives of transgender patients and clients by formulating and supporting definitions and determinations of gender that can then be applied in a legal context. Part I of this Article reviews cases involving discrimination against transgender people in employment, credit, public accommodations, and housing. Part II addresses the state of family law as it has been applied to transgender people. Part III concludes by suggesting ways medical professionals can play an instrumental role in achieving favorable outcomes for transgender litigants, particularly in the area of family law.
Vortex interactions and coherent structures in turbulence

This chapter discusses the vortex interactions and coherent structures in turbulence. The study of vortex dynamics is a challenging subject apart from the applications to transition phenomena and turbulent flow. A useful and popular method of analyzing vortex flows, especially for small viscosity and concentrated vorticity, replaces the actual continuous distribution of vorticity by a finite sum over a number of discrete vortices, defined as a volume of rotational fluid surrounded by irrotational fluid. In the atomic representation, the structure of the vortices is supposed given and their motion is described by the Lagrangian evolution equation. In the molecular representation, the deformation and structure of the vortex are at least as important as the motion of the vortex as a whole. The atomic approach is particularly simple for two-dimensional flows when the vortices are usually either points or circles of small radius. The principal method used so far represents the vorticity as a collection of vortex filaments and the velocity is calculated from either the Biot-Savart law of induction with a cut-off proportional to the filament radius to give a finite value to the self-induced velocity, or by redistributing the vorticity on to mesh points of a grid and using a Poisson solver.
Divided We Call: Disparities in Access and Use of Mobile Phones in Rwanda

This article provides quantitative evidence of disparities in mobile phone access and use in Rwanda. Our analysis leverages data collected in 901 field interviews, which were merged with detailed, transaction-level call histories obtained from the mobile telecommunications operator. We present three related results. First, comparing the population of mobile phone owners to the general Rwandan population, we find that phone owners are considerably wealthier, better educated, and predominantly male. Second, based on self-reported data, we observe statistically significant differences between genders in phone access and use; for instance, women are more likely to use shared phones than men. Finally, analyzing the complete call records of each subscriber, we note large disparities in patterns of phone use and in the structure of social networks by socioeconomic status. Taken together, the evidence in this article suggests that phones are disproportionately owned and used by the privileged strata of Rwandan society.
Sustainability: ecological, social, economic, technological, and systems perspectives

Sustainability is generally associated with a definition by the World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987: "... development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs ..." However, there is no mathematical theory embodying these concepts, although one would be immensely valuable in humanity's efforts to manage the environment. The concept of sustainability applies to integrated systems comprising humans and the rest of nature; the structures and operation of the human component (society, economy, law, etc.) must be such that they reinforce the persistence of the structures and operation of the natural component (ecosystem trophic linkages, biodiversity, biogeochemical cycles, etc.). One of the challenges of sustainability research lies in linking measures of ecosystem functioning to the structure and operation of the associated social system. We review the nature of this complex system including its ecological, social, economic, and technological aspects, and propose an approach to assessing sustainability based on Information Theory that bridges the natural and human systems. These principles are then illustrated using a model system with an ecological food web linked to a rudimentary social system. This work is part of the efforts of a larger multidisciplinary group at the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's National Risk Management Research Laboratory.
Musical Ties That Bind: Nostalgia, Affect, and Heritage in Festival Narratives

Affective heritage embracement, a collective narrative of nostalgia, is identified at two popular music festivals. “MusicFest” embraces a tradition of “Red Dirt” country music through performance (music festival), whereas the “Walnut Valley Festival” embraces a bluegrass/folk musical heritage through performance and participation (musicians' festival). The symbolic importance of musical interaction is explored to highlight the experienced emotionality that leads to the affective ties that bind these otherwise temporary communities. This collective narrative reveals the various functions of nostalgia wherein collective sentiment both reflects and creates the perceived authentic experiences of festival attendees.
Temporal bone histopathology: idiopathic sudden hearing loss.

Idiopathic Sudden Hearing Loss (ISHL) is characterized by a sudden, bilateral or unilateral hearing deficit, which develops within a period of 72 hours and still poses a diagnostic and treatment challenge to otolaryngologists. Its cause and pathogenesis are still unknown. Among the theories proposed to explain its pathogenesis, we list cochlear viral infection, vascular occlusion and membrane rupture.
An evaluation of lead-zirconate based ceramics for use in nonvolatile ferroelectric memory devices

This paper will present an initial evaluation of the lead zirconate-lead zinc niobate solid solution for use in nonvolatile ferroelectric memory devices. Previous work has shown that the (x)/spl middot/PbZrO/sub 3/-(1-x)/spl middot/Pb(Zn/sub 1/3/Nb/sub 2/3/)O/sub 3/ [PZZN] system has "square" hysteresis loops accompanied by large remnant polarizations. In particular, compositions near the room temperature antiferroelectric to ferroelectric phase boundary will be investigated.
Growth of a field in policy research: The economics of mental health

This article is an overview of the growth of the field of mental health economics during the past decade. Research in this field has contributed to an understanding of such issues as the economic effects of state regulation on mental health insurance, comparative costs of treatment alternatives, and the effect of prospective payment on the supply of care. The National Institute of Mental Health has played an important role in promoting the growth of mental health economics by supporting research and education in this field, the results of which are shaping mental health policy.
Antral gastrin regulation

Abstract Experiments have been carried out in humans and animal subjects in an effort to further delineate antral mechanisms of gastrin release. Protein meals and variation of antral pH with buffered saline has been employed. Results show that: 1. 1. Fasting gastrin levels in duodenal ulcer patients and normals are the same. 2. 2. Antral G-cells of duodenal ulcer subjects respond more readily than normals to a protein meal stimulus. 3. 3. Variation in antral pH over the total range of clinical values does not significantly stimulate basal gastrin levels. Significant acid inhibition occurred in normal patients only. 4. 4. G-cell degranulation seems to occur in an alkaline milieu or be blocked by acidity, i.e., more G-cells are seen at an acid pH. 5. 5. The negative feedblock control over antral gastrin release appears to be less efficient in ulcer patients.
ϱ0ϱ0π− formation in the reaction pn → 3π−2π+ near 2190 MeV c.m. energy

The s-channel behavior of intermediate states in the reaction pn → 3π−2π+ is examined for a possible resonant structure at a center of mass energy of 2190 MeV, the existence of which has been suggested in previous experiments. Within errors, no significant structure is observed in pn → ϱ0ϱ0π−. It is argued by comparison that a real structure in pp → ϱ0ϱ0π0 appears unlikely, although this cannot be viewed as being a conclusive result of this experiment.
Additional applications for transnasal endoscopic surgery

The application of functional transnasal endoscopic surgery for the treatment of chronic sinus disease has become widely accepted. The diagnostic and therapeutic potential provided by the transnasal endoscopic approach has allowed management of a variety of disorders other than inflammatory disease of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses. Use of the endoscopic technique has allowed us to diagnose and treat such conditions as parasellar and sphenoid sinus masses, traumatic paranasal sinus cerebrospinal fluid leaks, and anterior cranial fossa bone and dural defects. Our techniques and indications for the endoscopic surgical approach in these cases will be discussed, and a comparison to previously reported methods made.
Thermodynamic evaluation of refrigerants in the vapour compression cycle using reduced properties

Abstract The effects of fluid thermodynamic properties on the performance of the theoretical vapour compression cycle are analysed. By investigating in reduced co-ordinates a characteristic refrigerant and deviations from it, virtually all possible fluids are considered. The most important factor in determining performance is critical temperature. Most properties involbe a trade-off between high COP and high heating or cooling capacity, however there is an optimum heat capacity and a high critical pressure increases system capacity with no penalty on COP. The analysis would be useful in finding new fluids for high temperature applications, but reveals that fluids superior to present refrigerants are not likely for lower temperatures.
Realisation of magnetic conducting surface using novel photonic bandgap structure

The realisation of a magnetic conducting surface using a novel two-dimensional uniplanar photonic bandgap structure is described. This novel idea is verified by measured results and the results obtained using the finite-difference time-domain method.
Prediction of unobserved single nucleotide polymorphism genotypes of Jersey cattle using reference panels and population-based imputation algorithms

The availability of dense single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotypes for dairy cattle has created exciting research opportunities and revolutionized practical breeding programs. Broader application of this technology will lead to situations in which genotypes from different low-, medium-, or high-density platforms must be combined. In this case, missing SNP genotypes can be imputed using family- or population-based algorithms. Our objective was to evaluate the accuracy of imputation in Jersey cattle, using reference panels comprising 2,542 animals with 43,385 SNP genotypes and study samples of 604 animals for which genotypes were available for 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 40, or 80% of loci. Two population-based algorithms, fastPHASE 1.2 (P. Scheet and M. Stevens; University of Washington TechTransfer Digital Ventures Program, Seattle, WA) and IMPUTE 2.0 (B. Howie and J. Marchini; Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, UK), were used to impute genotypes on Bos taurus autosomes 1, 15, and 28. The mean proportion of genotypes imputed correctly ranged from 0.659 to 0.801 when 1 to 2% of genotypes were available in the study samples, from 0.733 to 0.964 when 5 to 20% of genotypes were available, and from 0.896 to 0.995 when 40 to 80% of genotypes were available. In the absence of pedigrees or genotypes of close relatives, the accuracy of imputation may be modest (generally 40,000 SNP) from a reference population. Accurate imputation of high-density genotypes from inexpensive low- or medium-density platforms could greatly enhance the efficiency of whole-genome selection programs in dairy cattle.
Pinning Down Randomness

While some behavioral responses to a stimulus are invariant in animals, most are more likely to be variable or stochastic. In this issue, Gordus et al. illuminate a set of combinatorial neuronal activities that control the variability of a chemotactic behavior in response to an odor, providing a tractable system for understanding how stochastic circuit dynamics affect behavior.
Binding of the two-valence-electron metal ions Sc+, Ti2+, and v3+ to the second-row hydrides BeH2, BH3, NH3, OH2, and FH: A computational study

We report results from a computational study of the binding in complexes formed from one of the transition-metal ions Sc(+), Ti(2+), or V(3+), each of which has two valence electrons outside an argon core, and one of the second-row hydrides FH, OH(2), NH(3), BH(3), or BeH(2). The complexes that involve the electron-rich ligands FH, OH(2), and NH(3) have strong ion-dipole components to their binding. There are large stabilization energies for sigma-interactions that transfer charge from occupied lone-pair natural bond orbitals on the F, O, or N atom of the (idealized) Lewis structure into empty non-Lewis orbitals on the metal ions; these interactions effectively increase electron density in the bonding region between the metal ion and liganded atom, and the metal ions in these complexes act in the capacity of Lewis acids. The complexes formed from the electron-poor hydrides BH(3) and BeH(2) consistently incorporate bridging hydrogen atoms to support binding, and there are large stabilization energies for interactions that transfer charge from the Be-H or B-H bonds into the region between the metal ion and liganded atom. The metal ions in Sc(+)-BeH(2), Ti(2+)-BeH(2), Ti(2+)-BH(3), and V(3+)-BH(3) act in the capacity of Lewis acids, whereas the scandium ion in Sc(+)-BH(3) acts as a Lewis base.
Age and Chemistry of Mesozoic and Tertiary Plutonic Rocks in South-Central Alaska

On the basis of potassium-argon mineral ages, plutonic rocks in an area of approximately 22,000 square miles in the southern Alaska Range and the Aleutian Range can be assigned to age groups that show differences in chemical characteristics and geographic distribution. The plutonic groups are Early and Middle Jurassic, Late Cretaceous and early Tertiary, and middle Tertiary in age. Most of the plutonic rocks in the Aleutian Range south of Iliamna Lake appear to be Jurassic, but north of Iliamna Lake, Jurassic plutonic rocks seem to be restricted to a belt on the southeast side of the Chigmit Mountains—Alaska Range. In the western or northwestern part of the Alaska Range north of Iliamna Lake, only Cretaceous and Tertiary plutonic rocks have been found. Rocks rich in K-feldspar are predominant in the Cretaceous and Tertiary plutons, but subordinate in the Jurassic plutons. Most of the mineralization in the region is associated with the Cretaceous and Tertiary plutons.
Endoscopic Relief of Malignant Airway Obstruction

The ability to manage acute airway obstruction can be life-saving. Airway relief should be expeditious and immediate, with low morbidity and mortality. It should not interfere with future definitive therapy. In patients with terminal malignancy, it should be economical in cost and should minimize hospitalization. We used biopsy forceps and the rigid bronchoscope to "core out" 56 patients with obstructing airway neoplasms. The location of the obstruction was trachea in 16 patients, carina in 24, main bronchi in 8, and distal airway in 8. Improvement in the airway was accomplished in 90% of patients. A single bronchoscopy was sufficient in 96%. Nineteen complications occurred in 11 patients: pneumonia in 5, bleeding in 3, pneumothorax in 2, hypoxia/hypercarbia in 2, arhythmias in 6, and laryngeal edema in 1. There were four deaths within 2 weeks of core-out related to respiratory failure. Further therapy consisted of resection in 28.6% (tracheal in 9, carinal in 3, pulmonary in 4), irradiation alone or in combination with chemotherapy in 60.7%, and no therapy in 10.7%. Palliation of symptoms and establishment of an airway in acute obstruction is the goal. Survival depends on the effectiveness of the proposed treatment. We find this time-honored method superior to use of the laser.
ATOMIC-FORCE-MICROSCOPY STUDIES OF PHASE SEPARATIONS IN MACROMOLECULAR SYSTEMS

Atomic force microscopy (AFM) has been used to visualize events arising from the formation of intervening metastable phases at the surfaces of macromolecular crystals growing from solution. Crystals investigated were of the proteins canavalin, thaumatin, lipase, xylanase, and catalase, crystals of transfer RNA, and crystals of satellite tobacco mosaic virus. Two types of aggregates were observed. The first were small, linear and branched aggregates, perhaps fractile in structure. These were incorporated into growing crystals as impurities, and they produced defects of various kinds. The second aggregate form we infer to be liquid-protein droplets which were particularly evident in freshly mixed protein-precipitant solutions. Droplets, upon sedimentation, have two possible fates. In some cases they immediately restructured as crystalline multilayer stacks whose development was guided by and contiguous with the underlying lattice. These contributed to the ordered growth of the crystal by serving as sources of growth steps. In other cases, liquid-protein droplets formed distinct microcrystals, somehow discontinuous with the underlying lattice, and these were subsequently incorporated into the growing substrate crystal with the formation of defects. Scarring experiments with the AFM tip indicated that liquid-protein droplets with the potential to rapidly crystallize were a consequence of concentration instabilities near the crystal's surfaces. The AFM study suggests that phase separation and the appearance of aggregates having limited order is a common occurrence in supersaturated macromolecular solutions such as the protein-precipitant solutions used for crystallization.
Robots could assist scientists working in Greenland

[1] GREENLAND—Tom Lane and Suk Joon Lee, recent graduates of Dartmouth University's Thayer School of Engineering, in Hanover, N. H., are standing outside in the frigid cold testing an autonomous robot that could help with scientific research and logistics in harsh polar environments. This summer, Lane, Lee, and others are at Summit Station, a U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF)–sponsored scientific research station in Greenland, fine-tuning a battery-powered Yeti robot as part of a team working on the NSF-funded Cool Robot project. The station, also known as Summit Camp, is located on the highest point of the Greenland Ice Sheet (72°N, 38°W, 3200 meters above sea level) near the middle of the island. It is a proving ground this season for putting the approximately 68-kilogram, 1-cubic-meter robot through its paces, including improving Yeti's mobility capabilities and field-testing the robot. (See the electronic supplement to this Eos issue for a video of Yeti in action (http://www.agu.org/eos_elec/).) During field-testing, plans call for the robot to collect data on elevation and snow surface characteristics, including accumulation. In addition, the robot will collect black carbon and elemental carbon particulate matter air samples around Summit Camp's power generator to help study carbon dispersion over snow.
A Retro-Diels Alder route to Tetramethyldisilene Me2Si=SiMe2 revisited: Flow Pyrolysis of 1,1,2,2-Tetramethyl-1,2-disilacyclohex-4-ene

Reinvestigation of the flow pyrolysis of 1,1,2,2-tetramethyl-1,2-disilacyclohex-4-ene did not identify conditions under which the retro-Diels Alder reaction was the exclusive process. Extrusion of Me2Si=SiMe2was confirmed, but dimerization of directly extruded Me2Si: contributes significantly to its formation. Rearrangement of 1,1,2,2-tetramethyl-1,2-disilacyclohex-4-ene to 1,1,3,3-tetramethyl-1,3-disilacyclohex-4-ene is a major process under a variety of conditions. Computational studies reduced the number of viable pathways. Both experimental and computational results point to stepwise extrusion of Me2Si=SiMe2 via a diradical intermediate and to linkage by one or more common intermediates of the extrusion pathway and the pathway leading to rearranged disilacyclohexene. Such a mechanism receives support from the formation of 1,2- and 1,3-disilacyclohex-4-enes, that is both the Diels-Alder product and the rearrangement product, in the addition of Me2Si=SiMe2 to butadiene.
Quantum phase transitions in one-dimensional long Josephson junction stacks in parallel magnetic fields

We report the effect of quantum and thermal fluctuations on stability of mutual phase locking in one-dimensional long Josephson junction devices, involving layered superconductors. Accounting for both the induction coupling and the charging effect, we determined the zero-temperature $(T=0)$ phase diagram, using renormalization-group analysis, and found that the in-phase mode is stable, but some out-of-phase modes are unstable against quantum fluctuations. At finite T, all stable phase-locking modes (at $T=0)$ are unstable, but stability is still maintained within a finite length, which decreases inversely with T. In ${\mathrm{Bi}}_{2}{\mathrm{Sr}}_{2}{\mathrm{CaCu}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{8+y},$ this length for the in-phase mode is roughly 1000 \ensuremath{\mu}m at 1 K.
Frequency recognition in temporal interference tasks: A comparison among four psychophysical procedures

The frequency discrimination of a 20-msec test tone was measured for the same subjects in four psychophysical paradigms: a single-interval procedure, a two-alternative forced-choice procedure, a same-different procedure, and a method-of-adjustment procedure. In each paradigm, the 20-msec test tone was preceded or followed by a 500-msec, 800-Hz interfering tone. The interfering tone occurred 50 or 5 msec before the onset of the test tone (forward interference) or 100 or 5 msec after the offset of the test tone (backward interference). In each of the four paradigms and for each of the interference conditions the value of Δf for the test tone was varied symetrically around 800 Hz to obtain an estimate of the frequency discrimination thresholds. In all psychophysical paradigms except for the single-interval procedure, there were small or no significant differences in observers’ frequency discrimination behavior among the interference conditions. The thresholds for Δf from these conditions were approximately the same as those obtained without an interfering tone. In the single-interval task, when the test tone preceded the interfering tone (backward interference) by 5 msec, an increase in the value of Δf required for discrimination over that required in the other conditions was measured. These results suggest that the effect of backward interference on a target tone does depend on psychophysical procedure.
Worker Appropriation as Responsibility and Right

Discussion of worker rights often focuses on the right to associate freely and bargain collectively. Such rights may not be achievable in globalized labor markets when workers do not appropriate the value they add. Relationships in which workers either participate in the management of the enterprise or directly appropriate their own surplus are more common than is generally understood. Recent work in economic philosophy provides an inalienable right for workers to collectively appropriate the fruits of their labor. Given the general failure of existing corporate governance systems, the case for worker appropriation as both responsibility and right is both practical and strong.
A software product line life cycle cost estimation model

Most software product line cost estimation models are calibrated only to local product line data rather than to a broad range of product lines. They also underestimate the return on investment for product lines by focusing only on development vs. life-cycle savings, and by applying writing-for-reuse surcharges to the entire product rather that to the portions of the product being reused. This paper offers some insights based on the exploratory development and collaborative refinement of a software product line life cycle economics model, the Constructive Product Line Investment Model (COPLIMO) that addresses these shortfalls. COPLIMO consists of two components: a product line development cost model and an annualized post-development life cycle extension. It focuses on modeling the portions of the software that involve product-specific newly-built software, fully reused black-box product line components, and product line components that are reused with adaptation. This model is an extension built upon USC-CSE's well-calibrated, multi-parameter Constructive Cost Model (COCOMO) II, tailored down to cover the essentials of strategic software product line decision issues and available supporting data from industries.
DNA topology of the ordered chromatin domain 5′ to the human c-myc gene

DNA restriction fragments located 5' to the human c-myc gene display anomalous electrophoretic mobility on polyacrylamide gels. Computer modeling of the c-myc flanking DNA suggests that the slow-moving DNA fragments spanning nucleotides -1690 to -1054 (relative to c-myc promoter P1) and -718 to -452 form large left handed superhelices or curved structures while the fast-moving DNA fragment spanning nucleotides -407 to +78 has an unusually straight structure. These analyses also predict a periodic array of localized regions of bending through the superhelical domains. Micrococcal nuclease digestion of isolated nuclei reveals that the slow-moving DNA fragments exist in an ordered chromatin structure stable to nuclease, whereas the digestion pattern of the fast-moving DNA fragment suggests a less ordered array of nucleosomes or a non-nucleosomal chromatin structure.
How responsible are “responsible” drinking campaigns for preventing alcohol abuse?

Purpose – The purpose of this article is to question the misplaced efforts to curb alcohol abuse through “responsible” drinking messages from the alcohol industry, asking how responsible this strategy really is.Design/methodology/approach – This article cites published research that calls into question the effectiveness of “responsible” messages, particularly those that situate the problem of alcohol abuse within drunk driving and underage drinking without addressing heavy consumption. Examples of “responsible” messages are drawn from websites of three major beer companies.Findings – Problems with “responsible” drinking are identified, including the fact that such messages place the problem within the user rather than the product. “Responsible” messages also give permission to drink heavily as long as underage and driving is not involved. “Responsible” drinking messages enable drinkers to shift responsibility to others, which gives carte blanche to binge drinking.Practical implications – There is little d...
High-Tc Superconducting Electronics: Implications of Reduced Dimensionality

First, we present experimental evidence that Bi-Sr-Ca-Cu-O superconductors are effectively quasi-two dimensional, in both the normal and the superconducting state. Next, we analyze how this unusual property of the material influences the quest for active electronic components based on high-Tc superconductors, with focus on trilayer Josephson junctions and ferroelectric/superconductor field-effect devices.
Electroencephalogram-based pharmacodynamic measures: a review

Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics can provide a useful modeling framework for predicting drug activity and can serve as a basis for dose optimization. Determining a suitable biomarker or surrogate measure of drug effect for pharmacodynamic models can be challenging. The electroencephalograph is a widely-available and non-invasive tool for recording brain-wave activity simultaneously from multiple brain regions. Certain drug classes (such as drugs that act on the central nervous system) also generate a reproducible electroencephalogram (EEG) effect. Characterization of such a drug-induced EEG effect can produce pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic models useful for titrating drug levels and expediting development of chemically-similar drug analogs. This paper reviews the relevant concepts involved in pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic modeling using EEG-based pharmacodynamic measures. In addition, examples of such models for various drugs are organized by drug activity as well as chemical structure and presented.
Cellular Stress Induces a Protective Sleep-like State in C. elegans

Summary Sleep is recognized to be ancient in origin, with vertebrates and invertebrates experiencing behaviorally quiescent states that are regulated by conserved genetic mechanisms [1, 2]. Despite its conservation throughout phylogeny, the function of sleep remains debated. Hypotheses for the purpose of sleep include nervous-system-specific functions such as modulation of synaptic strength and clearance of metabolites from the brain [3, 4], as well as more generalized cellular functions such as energy conservation and macromolecule biosynthesis [5]. These models are supported by the identification of synaptic and metabolic processes that are perturbed during prolonged wakefulness. It remains to be seen whether perturbations of cellular homeostasis in turn drive sleep. Here we show that under conditions of cellular stress, including noxious heat, cold, hypertonicity, and tissue damage, the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans engages a behavioral quiescence program. The stress-induced quiescent state displays properties of sleep and is dependent on the ALA neuron, which mediates the conserved soporific effect of epidermal growth factor (EGF) ligand overexpression. We characterize heat-induced quiescence in detail and show that it is indeed dependent on components of EGF signaling, providing physiological relevance to the behavioral effects of EGF family ligands. We find that after noxious heat exposure, quiescence-defective animals show elevated expression of cellular stress reporter genes and are impaired for survival, demonstrating the benefit of stress-induced behavioral quiescence. These data provide evidence that cellular stress can induce a protective sleep-like state in C. elegans and suggest that a deeply conserved function of sleep is to mitigate disruptions of cellular homeostasis.
The social organization of achievement: a case‐study of a music theory class

(1993). The social organization of achievement: a case‐study of a music theory class. The Curriculum Journal: Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 37-58.
Profile of an Abused Burned Child

It is well recognized that child abuse is a common mechanism of injury to burned children. A profile of an abused burn child was constructed by analyzing 321 consecutive pediatric admissions to our burn center during a 24-month period starting in April 1993. Variables collected for analysis were age, race, insurance status, family structure, burn size, type, whether child abuse reports were filed, and the results of those reports. Of the 321 admissions, 93 were reported for abuse or neglect. From the 93 reported cases, 26 were taken into temporary custody, 56 were indicated for abuse, but returned to the home, and 14 were "unfounded" cases. Our analysis indicated burned children aged 3 years and under, from single-parent, impoverished homes, admitted with a scald or thermal-contact burn are at highest risk for abuse or neglect and warrant careful assessment. Language: en
Goodness-of-fit tests for the two parameter Weibull distribution

The Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Cramer-von Mises, and Anderson-Darling statistics are considered for testing the goodness of fit of the two-parameter Weibull distribution. The statistics for testing the goodness of fit of a completely specified distribution are modified by replacing the Weibull parameters by their maximum likelihood estimates. Also considered are two tests due to Mann, Scheuer, and Fertig (1973), and to Smith and Bain (1976). Tables of critical values are presented for the Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Cramer-von Mises, and Anderson-Darling statistics. The results of a power study are presented comparing all five tests.
Minimal Input-Memory and Output-Memory Finite-State Machines

A finite-state machine (FSM) is said to have finite input-memory, ? i (finite output-memory ? o ) if ? i (? o ) is the least integer such that y k = f(X k , X k-1 ,..., X k-?i ), (y k = f(X k , y k-1 ,..., y k-?o )). If no such integer ? i (? o ) exists then by convention ? i = ? (? = ?). It is well known that for a nondegenerate binary-input binary-output FSM M, ? i ? [log2 n] (?o ? [log2 n]), where n is the number of non-equivalent states in M. In this note we show that the above bound cannot be improved upon by giving a procedure to construct, for any n ≫ 0, a binary-input binary-output FSM with n nonequivalent states and minimal input-memory ? i = [log 2 n] (minimal output-memory ? o = [ log2 n]). In the process of proving the tightness of the lower bound on ? i (? o ), we enumerate the number of distinct minimal binary r-stage feed-forward (output feedback) shift registers.
Broadcast multicast capacity of network coding for random wireless networks

The single-source multicast network coding (NC) capacity of random wireless networks was derived recently without incorporating broadcast property of the wireless medium. Here, capacity implications of the broadcast property are studied. It is shown that source cut (the cut that separates the source from all other nodes) still dominates the multicast NC capacity of random wireless networks incorporating broadcast property. It is also shown that, by capturing broadcast, the single-source multicast NC capacity result is increased inversely proportional to the connection probability among the nodes. Simulation results that verify the analysis are also presented.
Cimetidine therapy of herpes simplex virus infections in immunocompromised patients.

Summary Five severely immunocompromised patients with progressive mucocutaneous manifestations of culture-proven herpes simplex virus infection were treated with cimetidine—1200 mg per day by mouth (four patients) or by i.v. infusion (one patient). Treatment resulted in rapid improvement as evidenced by decreased local pain and crusting of lesions within 24–48 h. Complete resolution was observed within 3–13 days. These encouraging, albeit preliminary, findings suggest that cimetidine warrants further, large-scale trials in patients with herpes virus infections.
Extracellular dopamine dynamics in rat caudate–putamen during experimenter-delivered and intracranial self-stimulation

Intracranial self-stimulation is an operant behavior whereby animals are conditioned to press a lever in order to receive an electrical stimulation of their dopamine neurons. This paradigm is thought to stimulate brain reward pathways and, as such, has been used to clarify the role of dopamine in reward. Striatal extracellular dopamine concentrations were monitored during the acquisition and maintenance of self-stimulation and compared to dopamine release generated by experimenter-delivered and yoked stimulation. Fast-scan cyclic voltammetry in conjunction with carbon-fiber microelectrodes was used to monitor evoked dopamine release in the caudate-putamen during electrical stimulation of the substantia nigra/ventral tegmental area. The sub-second temporal resolution of fast-scan cyclic voltammetry coupled with the micron spatial resolution of the microelectrodes allowed for the measurement of dopamine neurotransmission in real-time. Single experimenter-delivered stimulations, identical to those used during self-stimulation, evoked dopamine release in the caudate-putamen both before and after the self-stimulation sessions. Likewise, yoked stimulations of the substantia nigra/ventral tegmental area delivered to animals untrained to perform self-stimulation resulted in an increase in extracellular dopamine levels. During training sessions, experimenter-delivered stimulations evoked dopamine release. However, as the animals began lever-pressing, extracellular dopamine levels subsequently declined. Taken together, these results suggest that dopamine functions as an alerting device, wherein increases in extracellular dopamine are obtained by unpredicted or novel rewarding stimuli, but not by those which can be anticipated.
Factors Affecting the Durability of Ti-6Al-4V/Epoxy Bonds

Abstract Factors influencing the durability of Ti-6Al-4V/epoxy interphases were studied by determining chemical and physical properties of Ti-6Al-4V adherend surfaces and by characterizing the strength and durability of Ti-6Al-4V/epoxy bonds. Ti-6Al-4V adherend surfaces were oxidized either by chemical etch or anodization. Four principal pretreatments were studied: chromic acid anodization (CAA), sodium hydroxide anodization (SHA), phosphate fluoride acid etch (P/F) and TURCO basic etch (TURCO). The oxides were characterized by SEM, STEM, profilometry, contact angles and XPS. All adhesive bonding was carried out using a structural epoxy, FM-300U. Both lap shear and wedge test samples were tested in hot, wet environments. The results lead to the conclusion that the interfacial area between the adhesive and adherend is the primary factor affecting bond durability.
Is there a Role for Islamic International Law in the History of International Law

Overcoming Eurocentrism is one of the self-proclaimed aims of the editors of The Oxford Handbook of the History of International Law. 1 In the following, I shall offer a critique of the Handbook from a largely Islamic international law perspective as (but) one example of a supranational non-European legal system. The depth of the volume covering a variety of times, spaces, and themes provides us with a much awaited tool against the ‘gaps’ and the ‘forgetfulness’ 2 of how today’s doctrines and practices of international law came about, not shying away from the voices that question the narrative of international law serving peace and justice. The Handbook is therefore laudable for a number of things.
A novel way of formatting to accommodate variations in heads and media

A novel way is presented for formatting servo code so that one can use a head manufacturer's complete process distribution for track width, without any compensation circuitry, in a high-tack-density disk drive. It is shown how this approach to servo writing has been used with minimonolithic heads to reduce the servo gain variations on an 8-in drive and in a 5-1/4-in product with thin-film heads. Future work needed for the next generation of drives is discussed. >
Phase Behavior and Microdomain Structure in Perfluorosulfonated Ionomers via Self-Consistent Mean Field Theory

This paper describes the use of lattice-based self-consistent mean field (SCMF) theory to predict the equilibrium microstructure in perfluorinated ionomers used as separators in polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cells. The SCMF model predicts segregation of ionomer−water mixtures into ionomer-rich and water-rich microdomains as the water content or the fluorocarbon−water interaction parameter (χFW) increases. Phase diagrams and domain structures are reported for water-swollen Nafion, Dow Short Side Chain, a new perfluorosulfonimide, and two other hypothetical ionomers. In general, the phase boundary for melting of the microdomain structure moves to lower values of χFW as the branch density decreases or the branch hydrophilicity increases. For ionomers having the same branch density and branch hydrophilicity, the position of the phase boundary depends on the details of the internal arrangement of chemical groups within the branches. Various phase transitions occur due to segregation of particular ion...
Look, Ma! No Frans!

This paper criticizes the pragma-dialectical conception of a fallacy, according to which a fallacy is an argumentative speech act which violates one or more of the rules of 'rational discussion'. That conception is found to be neither a necessary nor a sufficient condition for committing a fallacy. It is also found wanting in several other respects.
A hypertext writing environment and its cognitive basis (panel session)

WE is a hypertext writing environment that can be used to create both electronic and printed documents. It is intended for professionals who work within a computer network of professional workstations. Since writing is a complex mental activity that uses many different kinds of thinking, WE was designed in accord with an explicit cognitive model for writing. That model raises several important questions for both electronic and printed documents. The paper includes a discussion of the underlying cognitive model, a description of WE as it currently exists and as it will be extended in the near future, as well as a brief outline of experiments being conducted to evaluate both the model and the system. It concludes by re-examining some of the issues raised by the cognitive model in light of WE, especially the rote of constraints in hypertext systems.