cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Study Of The White Heart‐Rot Of Locust, Caused By Trametes Robiniophila

The actual distribution of the active mycelium during the process of decay in living trunks of various timber trees, and the process of such decay in the production of "heart-rots," is still poorly understood. If one examines the literature on the subject, it soon becomes evident, however, that sufficient data are at hand to conclude that the relation of any specific heart-rotting fungus to a specific tree is either specific itself or belongs to one of a group of type reactions. We are far enough in the study to realize that generalizations on these reactions are impossible. In the study of a rot caused by Trametes robiniophila Murr., we paid little attention to the number of trees affected or to the question of the value of locust timber. The inroads of the locust borer, and, in the more southern distribution of the locust tree, the abundant heart-rot due to Fomes rimosus, both loom as so much more important enemies to be controlled before the locust tree can find its rightful place in lumber economy, that it seems futile to attempt to make an important case of the rot in question. Our attention was therefore directed to an analysis of one case: the macroscopic and microscopic characteristics of the rot; its mode of advance; the distribution of the mycelium in the various portions of the affected trunk; and its effect on the various elements of the wood. That the white heart-rot of Robinia Pseudo-Acacia L. is quite frequent in southern Michigan there is no doubt. Its presence is not to be reckoned by the number of sporophores observed, since it appears to fruit sparsely, and when it does the sporophore rarely lasts more than one season or is soon attacked by insect enemies or disintegrated by wind and weather. The black-locust tree is found scattered along some of the Ann Arbor streets, and not a few show symptoms of heart-rot. From year to year sporophores may be noticed on some of them, and the tree selected for study had had a large yellowish sporophore on it the year before, and at the time of cutting had produced another from an old frost crack that had almost healed over; in addition, signs of several old scars left by former sporophores were still distinguishable on the trunk. Although the tree was suffering from both borer attacks and the heart-rot, as shown by a number of large dead branches and the straggly condition of the crown,
a±-particles and chimeron W-mesons in high-energy processes

We review here (i) the present status of the a±-particle model of Lee in terms of current data on CP non-conservation and (ii) a chimeron model proposed by Okun in which the W±-meson of weak interactions is identified with the a±-particle. Properties of the a±-particles and chimarons are delineated and their relevance to the CP problem, especially in high-energy processes where real production occurs, are discussed. In particular, it is shown that for the chimeron model (ii), ‘gross’ CP violating effects are possible in neutrino induced W-production processes.
Impact of AMD on water quality in critical watershed in the Hudson River drainage basin: Phillips Mine, Hudson Highlands, New York

A sulfur and trace element enriched U–Th-laced tailings pile at the abandoned Phillips Mine in Garrison, New York, releases acid mine drainage (AMD, generally pH < 3, minimum pH 1.78) into the first-order Copper Mine Brook (CMB) that drains into the Hudson River. The pyrrhotite-rich Phillips Mine is located in the Highlands region, a critical water source for the New York metro area. A conceptual model for derivation/dissolution, sequestration, transport and dilution of contaminants is proposed. The acidic water interacts with the tailings, leaching and dissolving the trace metals. AMD evaporation during dry periods concentrates solid phase trace metals and sulfate, forming melanterite (FeSO4·7H2O) on sulfide-rich tailings surfaces. Wet periods dissolve these concentrates/precipitates, releasing stored acidity and trace metals into the CMB. Sediments along CMB are enriched in iron hydroxides which act as sinks for metals, indicating progressive sequestration that correlates with dilution and sharp rise in pH when mine water mixes with tributaries. Seasonal variations in metal concentrations were partly attributable to dissolution of the efflorescent salts with their sorbed metals and additional metals from surging acidic seepage induced by precipitation.
Population genetic implications from sequence variation in four Y chromosome genes.

Some insight into human evolution has been gained from the sequencing of four Y chromosome genes. Primary genomic sequencing determined gene SMCY to be composed of 27 exons that comprise 4,620 bp of coding sequence. The unfinished sequencing of the 5′ portion of gene UTY1 was completed by primer walking, and a total of 20 exons were found. By using denaturing HPLC, these two genes, as well as DBY and DFFRY, were screened for polymorphic sites in 53–72 representatives of the five continents. A total of 98 variants were found, yielding nucleotide diversity estimates of 2.45 × 10−5, 5.07 × 10−5, and 8.54 × 10−5 for the coding regions of SMCY, DFFRY, and UTY1, respectively, with no variant having been observed in DBY. In agreement with most autosomal genes, diversity estimates for the noncoding regions were about 2- to 3-fold higher and ranged from 9.16 × 10−5 to 14.2 × 10−5 for the four genes. Analysis of the frequencies of derived alleles for all four genes showed that they more closely fit the expectation of a Luria–Delbruck distribution than a distribution expected under a constant population size model, providing evidence for exponential population growth. Pairwise nucleotide mismatch distributions date the occurrence of population expansion to ≈28,000 years ago. This estimate is in accord with the spread of Aurignacian technology and the disappearance of the Neanderthals.
Theoretical Risk and Prevention Model for Secondary Health Conditions and Mortality After SCI: 15 Years of Research.

Background: To successfully prevent secondary health conditions (SHCs) and promote longevity after spinal cord injury (SCI), we must first understand the risk factors precipitating their occurrence and develop strategies to address these risk factors. Conceptual models may aid in identifying the nature of SHCs and guide research, clinical practice, and the development of prevention strategies. Objective: Our purpose is to review and refine an existing theoretical risk and prevention model (TRPM) as a means of classifying risk and protective factors for SHCs and mortality after SCI and for identifying points of intervention. Methods: We describe conceptual work within the field of SCI research and SHCs, including a description of the TRPM, a review of research using the TRPM, and conceptual enhancements to the TRPM based on previous research. Conclusions: The enhanced TRPM directs research to the timing and chronicity of the SHCs and their relationship with overall health and physiologic decline. Future research should identify differences in the nature of SHCs, the extent to which they relate to risk and protective
Triggered earthquakes and deep well activities

Earthquakes can be triggered by any significant perturbation of the hydrologic regime. In areas where potentially active faults are already close to failure, the increased pore pressure resulting from fluid injection, or, alternatively, the massive extraction of fluid or gas, can induce sufficient stress and/or strain changes that, with time, can lead to sudden catastrophic failure in a major earthquake. Injection-induced earthquakes typically result from the reduction in frictional strength along preexisting, nearby faults caused by the increased formation fluid pressure. Earthquakes associated with production appear to respond to more complex mechanisms of subsidence, crustal unloading, and poroelastic changes in response to applied strains induced by the massive withdrawal of subsurface material. As each of these different types of triggered events can occur up to several years after well activities have begun (or even several years after all well activities have stopped), this suggests that the actual triggering process may be a very complex combination of effects, particularly if both fluid extraction and injection have taken place locally. To date, more than thirty cases of earthquakes triggered by well activities can be documented throughout the United States and Canada. Based on these case histories, it is evident that, owing to preexisting stress conditions in the upper crust, certain areas tend to have higher probabilities of exhibiting such induced seismicity.
Use of Evidence-Based Practice Among Athletic Training Educators, Clinicians, and Students, Part 2: Attitudes, Beliefs, Accessibility, and Barriers

Context: Successful implementation of evidence-based practice (EBP) within athletic training is contingent upon understanding the attitudes and beliefs and perceived barriers toward EBP as well as ...
Comparing welfare states in Australia and Canada: A party competition theory of welfare state development

Abstract Using a ‘most-similar-systems’ design, several major theories of welfare state development are shown to have some weaknesses in comparing the Australian and Canadian welfare states during the Golden Age. I offer instead a party competition theory, with the degree of party system polarisation as a key variable. Located in a highly polarised party system, the Australian Liberals adopted a directional social policy strategy and further shifted the Australian welfare state in favour of the middle class. Located in a less polarised party system, the Canadian Liberals adopted a more proximity-based brokerage strategy of social policy and co-opted the left's popular social policies.
The Hematology of Goldfish, Carassius auratus

1. The peripheral blood of the normal goldfish, Carassius auratus, contains erythrocytes, thrombocytes, lymphocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. Immature stages of these elements are frequently encountered in the blood. Detailed descriptions and illustrations of these cells have been presented.2. The mean erythrocyte count of 100 goldfish was 2, 025, 000±118, 671/mm3, and the mean thrombocyte count was 51, 550±3, 323/mm3.3. Erythrocytes in an apparent state of amitotic division were observed to be numerous in the blood of certain animals which also had large numbers of erythroblasts.4. The total leukocyte count was 21, 987±1, 519/mm3. A differential analysis of the leukocytes revealed that lymphocytes totaled 20, 323±1, 073/mm3 (92.5/); neutrophils, 1, 132±143/mm3 (5.1%); eosinophils 488±61/mm3 (2.2%); and basophils, 44±25/mm3 (0.2%).5. No blood cells corresponding to the monocyte of higher vertebrates were observed in C. auratus.
Visual response of Coccinella septempunctata (L.), Hippodamia parenthesis (Say), (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), and Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens), (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) to colors.

Abstract The response of the seven-spotted lady beetle, Coccinella septempunctata (L.) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), the parenthesis lady beetle, Hippodamia parenthesis (Say), (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), and the green lacewing, Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens), (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) to seven colors was evaluated in the field using sticky panels. C. septempunctata exhibited a strong positive response to yellow. C. carnea showed a preference for yellow, green, and red. H. parenthesis did not exhibit strong visual orientation to any color. Programs aimed at monitoring these predators should consider their visual responses to colors in designing monitoring systems.
Good, Bad, and Extraordinary Mothers Infant Feeding and Mothering in African American Mothers’ Breastfeeding Narratives

Dominant discourses promote breastfeeding as essential to “good mothering,” shown in research to set a difficult standard that many white mothers internalize. Little is known about African American mothers’ perceptions of the connection between breastfeeding and mothering ideals. We analyzed perceptions of the relationship between breastfeeding and formula feeding and mothering through in-depth semistructured interviews with 22 predominantly middle-class African American mothers in the southeastern United States who breastfeed. One-third of participants upheld the dominant ideology that breastfeeding is required for good mothering, constructing formula feeding as lazy and selfish. Two-thirds associated breastfeeding with “extraordinary mothering,” exceeding good mothering through additional hard work, self-sacrifice, and dedication. These participants were divided, with half (one-third of total) stating that mothers who formula feed are also good mothers and half (one-third of total sample) expressing amb...
Comparative study of nanoparticle-mediated transfection in different GI epithelium co-culture models.

Oral nonviral gene delivery is the most attractive and arguably the most challenging route of administration. To identify a suitable carrier, we studied the transport of different classes (natural polymer, synthetic polymer and synthetic lipid–polymer) of DNA nanoparticles through three well-characterized cellular models of intestinal epithelium (Caco2, Caco2-HT29MTX and Caco2-Raji). Poly(phosphoramidate-dipropylamine) (PPA) and Lipid-Protamine-DNA (LPD) nanoparticles consistently showed the highest level of human insulin mRNA expression and luciferase protein expression in these models, typically at least three orders of magnitude above background. All of the nanoparticles increased tight junction permeability, with PPA and PEI having the most dramatic transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) decreases of (35.3 ± 8.5%) and (37.5 ± 1.5%) respectively in the first hour. The magnitude of TEER decrease correlated with nanoparticle surface charge, implicating electrostatic interactions with the tight junction proteins. However, confocal microscopy revealed that the nanoparticles were mostly uptaken by the enterocytes. Quantitative uptake and transport experiments showed that the endocytosed, quantum dot (QD)-labeled PPA–DNA nanoparticles remained in the intestinal cells even after 24 h. Negligible amount of quantum dot labeled DNA was detected in the basolateral chamber, with the exception of the Caco2-Raji co-cultures, which internalized nanoparticles 2 to 3 times more readily compared to Caco2 and Caco2-HT29MTX cultures. PEGylation decreased the transfection efficacy by at least an order of magnitude, lowered the magnitude of TEER decrease and halved the uptake of PPA–DNA nanoparticles. A key finding was insulin mRNA being detected in the underlying HepG2 cells, signifying that some of the plasmid was transported across the intestinal epithelial layer while retaining at least partial bioactivity. However, the inefficient transport suggests that transcytosis alone would not engender a significant therapeutic effect, and this transport modality must be augmented by other means in vivo to render nonviral oral gene delivery practical.
Isothermal phase change model for freezing and thawing soils I: Development

Abstract A model of phase change in freezing and thawing soils is developed for cold regions engineering problems which require two-dimensional analysis of the thermal regime of soils. Such problems include complex boundary conditions such as atmosphere-ground surface thermal interaction and snowpack-insulation. Other concerns include complex soil conditions such as the presence of a peaty muskeg or tundra-like soil which may provide thermal insulation for underlying ice-rich mineral soil. Although several models have been developed to predict temperatures in freezing and thawing soils, oftentimes the key question is simply whether or not the soil is frozen since soil structural properties are significantly influenced by the soil-water state of phase. In this paper, a simple two-dimensional model is developed for use in cold regions engineering studies.
Are burn patients really at risk for thrombotic events

There continues to be debate about the routine use of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) prophylaxis in burn patients. The concern is that routine prophylaxis may lead to adverse events. The debate hinges on the incidence of DVT and its relation to the risk-benefit ratio. This study seeks to estimate the true rate of DVT in burn patients, and to evaluate possible risk factors to its development. The Nationwide Inpatient Sample was queried for all patients with age ≥18 years with ICD-9 codes for burn injuries. Demographic data, comorbidities, burn data, length of stay, total charges, procedures, presence of central venous catheter, and mortality were recorded. Patients were classified based on the presence of DVT. Student's t-test, χ test, and logistic regression were performed. 36,638 burn patients were identified. DVT rate was 0.8%. Patients with DVT were older, had longer hospitalizations, more procedures, and higher charges. On logistic regression, black race, TBSA ≥20%, history of previous venous thrombotic events, blood transfusion, and mechanical ventilation were the significant factors associated with DVT. Patients with DVT were almost twice as likely to die during the admission (P = .011). This is the largest series to date examining the risk factors for DVT in burn patients. DVT developed in approximately 0.8% of burn patients. Black race, TBSA ≥20%, blood transfusions, and mechanical ventilation were associated with approximately 2-fold odds of developing DVT. Identification of these additional risk factors may allow targeted patient prophylaxis. Additionally, patients with DVT incurred higher total charges and longer hospitalization.
CESAREAN SECTION BIRTH AS A FETAL STRESS

Umbilical artery (UA) blood gas values were analyzed for 31 infants born by cesarean section. The mean values for pH, PCO2, PO2 and BD were 7.23, 56mm Hg, 18mm Hg. and 9.2mEq/l. Values were similar for infants with and without labor or fetal distress. For 10 Infants born by elective repeat cesarean section (ERCS) under spinal anesthesia (Sp An) the mean values were similar to those in 5 infants born by ERCS under general anesthesia. For those born under Sp An, the interval from Sp An to birth varied from 13 to 32 minutes. There was a very strong relationship between length of this interval and severity of the fetal metabolic acidosis. This interval was 24 minutes or longer for 5 of 6 infants with a BD of more than 9.0mEq/l. Fetal metabolic acidosis was unrelated to maternal blood gas values. A transient drop in blood pressure occurred for 7 or 10 mothers following Sp An. The drop was quickly reversed by intravenous ephedrine. Comparison of the present data with known values obtained in early labor by the Saling technique, and with data for in utero values in the fetal monkey suggest that cesarean section birth constitutes a metabolic stress similar to that caused by labor and vaginal birth. Metabolic acidosis probably occurs during normal labor as a result of decreased uterine blood flow. It is plausible that circulatory adjustments due to Sp An, even when hypotension is pharmacologically reversed, may cause a reduction in flow similar to that caused by labor.
Analytic and Numerical Solutions of an N Duplicate-Server System

We consider an N duplicate-server system, where each server consists of two reconfigurable duplicated units which are subject to breakdowns. This system is studied analytically using generating-functions, and also numerically using the matrix-geometric procedure. Using the generating-function approach we obtain a recursive expression of the queue-length probability distribution for N = 1. This expression is difficult to generalize to N ⩾ 2. The numerical method is applicable for any value of N. For any N, we also obtain the condition for stability and the availability of the system.
The meaning of work and job

This article proposes that the concepts of work and job derive meaning from different dimensions. Work is viewed as having meaning that relates to a social framework and goes beyond organizational boundaries. Here two dimensions of work meaning are termed acceptability and instrumentality. Job meaning on the other hand, is viewed to be the result of an interplay between situational characteristics and organizational dimensions, and the value and relevance of those to an individual. These dimensions are here referred to as situational and personal relevance job meaning. It is suggested that making a distinction between work and job meaning will facilitate comparisons between groups that are of different employment status.
The effect of temper on the first breakdown in AA7075

Abstract The first breakdown mechanism of AA7075 was studied by an in situ observation system in which a combination of a magnified image of the surface with the instantaneous polarization curve allowed determination of the corrosion process as a function of potential. In particular, the effect of alloy temper was examined. Underaged samples behaved in a similar fashion as the peak aged samples described previously; they exhibited surface layer dissolution associated with a transient current peak at lower potentials than required for initiation of stable localized corrosion and Zn rich bands were found in the near surface region. Surface layer dissolution and the transient current peak were not observed for samples in the solutionized + quenched condition because no comparable Zn enriched bands were present and the composition of the surface layer was not substantially different than the bulk matrix. Overaged samples also exhibited no layer attack and only one breakdown potential. Zn-rich bands were observed at the nano-grain boundaries for the overaged temper, but the localized attack propagated into the bulk matrix rather than laterally as layer attack.
Cold metal crucible system for synthesis, zone refining, and Czochralski crystal growth of refractory metals and semiconductors

Abstract A cold metal crucible apparatus with induction heating has been used for synthesis, purification and growth of single crystals of refractory semiconductors and metals. The system is generally applicable without having to meet conditions of chemical compatibility between melt and crucible and it can be used with an ambient at a pressure of a few atmospheres. The apparatus enables one to control highly exothermic synthesis reactions and to conduct simple phase diagram studies.
A microscopical study of glochidial immunity

Glochidial cysts on the gills of immune fishes form in the same manner as normal ones, but they tend to grow larger and become more irregular. The increased thickness is due to additional cellular connective tissue in the wall. The gill tissue indicates the existing biological incompatibility only by the presence of eosinophiles, extruded chromatin spherules, and eosinophilic plastids. In natural, or racial immunity many glochidia are promptly destroyed by cytolysis, accompanied by an invasion of host cells. These disintegrating glochidia may occur in close proximity to unaffected glochidia and apparently are merely less resistant individuals that succumb to a critically adjusted reaction. In both natural and acquired immunity the normal retention of glochidia and the accompanying metamorphosis are replaced by premature shedding. After the first day, the cyst thins by the removal of stroma cells back into the filament until the wall is reduced to a thin envelope. Both intact and destroyed glochidia, and apparently their cyst coverings, are sloughed at about the second day. Repair of the resulting notched filament is prompt.
Structure and stability of hcp bulk and nano-precipitated Ag2Al

Abstract We study the short- and long- range chemical ordering in hcp bulk Ag2Al using the Monte Carlo method based on a Hamiltonian constructed via structural formation energies from ab initio electronic-structure calculations. We find that the ground-state structure of bulk Ag2Al is that proposed from X-ray data, but there are several competing metastable hcp structures. Our results provide the structural and thermodynamic properties of Ag2Al, with good agreement to experimental short-range order data (after reprocessing our data according to experimental procedure). We also discuss the influence of the Al:Ag2Al interface, coherency strain, and off-stoichiometric disorder on the structure of metastable Ag2Al γ′ nano-precipitates in an fcc Al matrix. We show that γ′ precipitates are off-stoichiometric and we provide a new structure that reproduces the observed transmission electron microscopy image while allowing for a distribution of Ag concentrations amongst the precipitates.
Films of rare earth oxides formed by electron beam evaporation

Abstract Rare earth oxides can effectively be deposited by electron beam evaporation. The films thus formed are dense and non-porous and adhere to various metal substrates. The strength of the bond between the films and the substrates is greatly affected by the treatment of the substrate prior to deposition (the substrate needs to be roughened). The structure of the films is affected to a small degree by the substrate condition and deposition parameters. The orientation of the films is dependent on the substrate temperature. The characteristics of erbium oxide and yttrium oxide films are presented.
Repolarization of the plasma membrane shapes NMDA-induced cytosolic [Ca2+ ] transients.

After inactivation of NMDA receptors, restoration of basal cytosolic [Ca 2+ ] ([Ca 2+ ] c ) is delayed. This may be caused by Ca 2 influx via reverse Na/Ca exchange or voltage-gated Ca 2 channels, and/or by Ca 2+ efflux from internal stores. Monitoring of [Na + ] c , [Ca 2+ ] c , and plasma membrane potential in cultured cerebellar granule cells showed that repolarization of the plasma membrane and inactivation of voltage-gated Ca channels plays the most critical role in restoration of low [Ca 2+ ] c following NMDA receptor inactivation. During NMDA receptor activation, however, an Na-dependent mechanism enhanced NMDA-induced elevation in [Ca 2+ ] c . This mechanism did not involve Na,K-ATPase activation by Na + , because it operated even when Na,K-ATPase was inhibited.
Estimating goodwill: An application of Pine’s procedures for hospices

Hospice care is a philosophy as well as a business. As a business, especially in the current healthcare environment, it is subject to many of the same forces that affect other businesses, such as acquisitions, sales, and mergers. Yet, estimating the value of a hospice is problematic, since its most valued asset (the reputation and goodwill that it has generated within the communities it serves) is intangible. This article explores the problem of assessing the value of a hospice, applying Pine's model for estimating goodwill in funeral service as a useful approach for hospices. The article offers assumptions for assessment and examples of suggested approaches.
A Process Analysis Model of the U.S. Steel Industry

In this paper a process analysis model of production in the U.S. Steel Industry is developed and tested. A technology matrix, which represents recent industry input-output structure, is estimated using engineering and metallurgical information. This matrix together with detailed cost, sales and resource capacity data is then used in a linear programming model of short-run resource allocation for the industry as a whole. Linear programming solutions are obtained and compared with available industry statistics for each year in the period 1955--1968. Theil's U statistic is computed to indicate how well the model performs. We conclude that it performs “fairly well” and that it should prove useful in various economic applications.
From Insult to Injury: Explaining the Impact of Incivility

Previous research has demonstrated that violence, harassment, and discrimination have negative consequences for individual well-being. However, this literature has focused less on subtle forms of mistreatment, such as incivility. The current study addresses this gap by developing and testing a conceptual model of incivility, as experienced in institutions of higher education. A survey of 1,043 university students revealed that over 75% had experienced uncivil behavior from other members of their institution in the prior year. Structural equation analyses suggest that these incivility targets endured psychological distress, dissatisfaction with and disengagement from their institution, and performance decline. We also identified perceptions of injustice and ostracism as key mediators in this process, which operated somewhat differently depending on the formal institutional status of the incivility instigator. Implications for theory and research are discussed.
Newly Admitted Psychiatric Patient Prescriptions and Pharmaceutical Sales Visits

There is much literature regarding the interaction of pharmaceutical sales representatives and physicians. However, there is little information available regarding their interactions with psychiatric residents. This paper attempts to quantify the impact of pharmaceutical sales visits upon prescriptions written for newly admitted patients in a psychiatric residency training clinic. A retrospective chart review of 47 consecutive patients was conducted. At the time of review all included patients had been admitted to the clinic for less than 3 months. Their psychiatric medication regimens were followed for 3 months. Initiation of new psychotropics was recorded. Data was also collected regarding the number of sales visits which typically occur at resident luncheons. Statistical analysis compared the number of new medication starts to the number of sales visits. Twelve pharmaceutical companies made sales visits. Eleven out of 12 companies' visits were statistically associated with an increase in new medication starts (p < 0.05). As the number of sales visits increased, a greater statistical significance was noted. This study is one of the first to quantify pharmaceutical industry's impact on psychiatric residents' prescribing practices. It appears that psychiatric residents preferentially start companies' medications shortly after sales visits. Furthermore, as sales visits increase in frequency, more of their medications may be started in newly admitted psychiatric outpatients.
Two-Zone PIV Analysis of Wavy and Wavy-Annular Two-Phase Flow

Cross-sectional thin film micro-particle image velocimetry (cTFMPIV) analysis has been performed for air-water two-phase flow in a 19.05 mm horizontal duct. Images were captured by introducing a light sheet from a Nd:YAG laser into the flow, with the fluorescent emissions from three micron particles captured by a CCD camera behind a microscope objective and red filter. These images were grouped into pairs and digitally enhanced to isolate particle traces using commercial image processing software. Image pairs were collected for five air flow rates at each of four water flow rates and separated into base film and wave zones for PIV analysis. Using DaVis 7.1 (LaVision GmbH), vector maps were obtained for each pair. Less than 2% of the image pairs were removed due to clearly spurious vectors, while the appropriate zone for less than 8% of the image pairs could not be determined These pairs were grouped into a third batch. The vector maps were analyzed to calculate velocity profiles and turbulence (fluctuation) statistics in terms of wall coordinates. These statistics included intensities and Reynolds stresses. The base film shows laminar behavior beyond what would be expected from the universal velocity profile. The wave zone displays significantly different behavior and appears to reach an asymptote rapidly. Calculation of fluctuation intensities indicates a maximum within the wave zone along the gas-liquid interface, while the distribution of radial fluctuations in the base film and axial turbulence in all zones is approximately uniform. Calculation of the u′ v′ shear Reynolds stress suggests that it has a negative value.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
High-temperature deformation of Al2O3/Y-TZP particulate laminates

Abstract Al2O3/Y-TZP particulate laminates with varying compositions and ratios of layer thickness were fabricated by tapecasting, lamination, and sintering. The resulting particulate laminates were tested in compression at a temperature of 1350 °C over strain rates from 1.00 × 10−5 to 3.16 × 10−4 s−1. Microstructural changes during testing were observed to be minor. Stress exponents were measured to be approximately two and are consistent with previous data for particulate composites. Using parameters determined from particulate composites, the behaviors of the particulate laminate composites are accurately predicted using a constrained isostrain model without additional fitting parameters.
Consistency of a rank test against general alternatives of change points (surfaces) and continuous trend

Considered are modifications of a rank test of randomness for the one- and multi-dimensional regular design cases as well as for the one- and multi-dimensional random design cases. The null hypothesis is that all observations are independent and identically distributed. The main result is the proof of consistency of the test in each of the above cases against two general alternatives.Alternative 1: there exists a pairwise disjoint partion U i =1 m D i =D, where D ⊂ ℝd≥1, is a bounded domain inside which one makes observations, such that (1) if an observation point falls insideD i , then the corresponding observed value is the realization of a random variable ξii = l,...,m; (2) there exists an ordering % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqefm0B1jxALjhiov2D% aebbfv3ySLgzGueE0jxyaibaiGc9yrFr0xXdbba91rFfpec8Eeeu0x% Xdbba9frFj0-OqFfea0dXdd9vqaq-JfrVkFHe9pgea0dXdar-Jb9hs% 0dXdbPYxe9vr0-vr0-vqpWqaaeaabiGaciaacaqabeaadaqaaqGaaO% qaamXvP5wqonvsaeHbfv3ySLgzaGqbaiab-Tha7jabe67a4Hqbdiab% +LgaPnaaBaaaleaacaWGRbaabeaakiab-1ha9naaDaaaleaacaWGRb% Gaeyypa0JaaGymaaqaaiaad2gaaaaaaa!4C2D!\[\{ \xi i_k \} _{k = 1}^m \], where % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqefm0B1jxALjhiov2D% aebbfv3ySLgzGueE0jxyaibaiGc9yrFr0xXdbba91rFfpec8Eeeu0x% Xdbba9frFj0-OqFfea0dXdd9vqaq-JfrVkFHe9pgea0dXdar-Jb9hs% 0dXdbPYxe9vr0-vr0-vqpWqaaeaabiGaciaacaqabeaadaqaaqGaaO% qaaiabe67a4nXvP5wqonvsaeHbfv3ySLgzaGqbdiab-LgaPnaaBaaa% leaacaWGRbaabeaaaaa!454D!\[\xi i_k \] is stochastically smaller than % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqefm0B1jxALjhiov2D% aebbfv3ySLgzGueE0jxyaibaiGc9yrFr0xXdbba91rFfpec8Eeeu0x% Xdbba9frFj0-OqFfea0dXdd9vqaq-JfrVkFHe9pgea0dXdar-Jb9hs% 0dXdbPYxe9vr0-vr0-vqpWqaaeaabiGaciaacaqabeaadaqaaqGaaO% qaaiabe67a4nXvP5wqonvsaeHbfv3ySLgzaGqbdiab-LgaPnaaBaaa% leaacaWGRbaabeaakmaaBaaaleaacqGHRaWkcaaIXaaabeaakiaacY% cacaWGRbGaeyypa0JaaGymaiaacYcacaGGUaGaaiOlaiaac6cacaGG% SaGaamyBaiabgkHiTiaaigdaaaa!509B!\[\xi i_k _{ + 1} ,k = 1,...,m - 1\], (3) the partition is independent of the number of observation points. Note thatm, this ordering, and the sets D i are not known a priori: one tests only for the existence of such a partition. Note also that in the one-dimensional case the initial sequence need not be stochastically monotone under the alternative.Alternative 2: there exists an arbitrary ‘asymptotically continuous’ trend in location. ‘Asymptotically continuous’ means that the trend converges to some continuous, not identically constant function as the number of data points goes to infinity. This function need not be monotone.
When should abdominal magnetic resonance imaging be used

When assessing the use of an imaging study, historically 2 criteria were used, diagnostic accuracy and cost of the study. However, as the awareness of risk for radiation-induced cancer in the general population increases as a direct result of more computed tomography (CT) studies being performed, reevaluation of the approach to imaging studies is necessary. The new imaging paradigm considers patient safety as an important aspect of assessing the role of an imaging modality. The primary goals of the new imaging paradigm should be diagnostic accuracy and patient safety, with the secondary goal being more affordable cost of study. In formulating a plan for when to use body magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), one has to consider all of these criteria and should also consider the question of when CT has unmatched diagnostic accuracy. The advantages of the spatial resolution of CT are mainly realized when there is great contrast between what is being looked for and background tissue; examples include small lung nodules and renal calculi. The greater intrinsic soft tissue contrast resolution and greater sensitivity for the presence or absence of intravenous contrast are appreciated in MRI studies, circumstances in which lesions occur within an organ without altering its exterior contour. This is well-shown for liver lesions. Adding patient safety into the equation, MRI should be indicated in exams in which there is no greater difference in diagnostic accuracy between CT and MRI, in patients with greater concern for radiation safety such as pediatric patients, and in cases of multiple or serial exams.
Magnetic losses in remanent state ferrites

Abstract Magnetic loss in remanent state ferrites∗ has generally been described through the artifice of a magnetic loss tangent (tan δm = μ″⧸μ′). This characterization is not directly relatable to intrinsic material parameters. The results presented in this paper indicate that magnetic loss in the remanent state can be related to intrinsic material parameters by describing the ferrite mathematically by a complex “average” permeability tensor. The “average” permeability includes the effects of magnetocrystalline anistropy, remanent magnetization, linewidth and an average demagnetizing field appropriate to the distribution of magnetic domains. Experimental examples are given showing that excellent agreement is obtained between theoretically predicted and measured losses.
Habitat Restoration for Lupine and Specialist Butterflies

The decline of the Frosted elfin butterfly (Callophrys irus (Godart)) population in the Rome Sand Plains (RSP) of central New York is directly related to loss of its host plant, Wild blue lupine (Lupinus perennis L.), as Eastern white pine (Pinus strobus L.) invades the open sandy habitats where lupine grows. A Frosted elfin (New York threatened) population remains where lupine is the densest. We tested the hypotheses that tree canopy hinders lupine performance and restricts elfin behavior. Removal of white pines in experimental plots resulted in dramatic increases in canopy openness. Lupine flowering stems and lupine cover increased significantly in the tree removal plots and remained constant or declined in the control plots. The total number of lupine stems decreased, however, in both control and cleared plots. Observations of butterflies in the experimental plots increased significantly after tree removal, and male elfins, which form mating territories in sandy areas at the edges of lupine patches, established new territories in open patches where trees had been removed. Several new territories have been used each year since tree removal. This rapid response by the butterflies reflects their behavioral preferences for open areas near lupine patches. Selective tree removal at the RSP has benefited individual lupine plants and increased habitat for Frosted elfin butterflies, but more extensive habitat manipulation may be necessary to increase lupine population numbers.
Is akathisia associated with poor clinical response to antipsychotics during acute hospital treatment

Previous studies have suggested that akathisia is associated with poor acute clinical response to antipsychotics and that low serum iron levels are associated with emergence of akathisia. To examine these relationships during routine clinical treatment, we studied patients with DSM-IV schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder undergoing hospital treatment for acute psychotic exacerbations with doctor's choice medications. There were 34 subjects observed for at least 2 weeks. They were assessed at baseline and weekly by one rater with the Anchored Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale and by another rater with the Barnes Rating Scale for akathisia, with the two raters blind to each other's ratings. Serum ferritin and transferrin levels were obtained at baseline. Seventeen subjects developed akathisia. Subjects with and without akathisia did not differ in change in thinking disturbance or anxiety-depression scores over 2 weeks, or in serum ferritin or transferrin levels. We conclude that mild akathisia by itself is not strongly associated with initial response to low to moderate doses of antipsychotics in the acute clinical setting. Limitations of the study are discussed.
Dissociative ionization of an aligned molecular sample

We investigate dissociative ionization of aligned N2 molecules using intense ultrafast laser pulses. We find surprising differences in the yields of N2++, N+(1, 0) and N+(1, 1) as a function of molecular axis-laser polarization angle.
Dynamic data driven application simulation of surface transportation systems

A project concerned with applying Dynamic Data Driven Application Simulations (DDDAS) to monitor and manage surface transportation systems is described. Building upon activities such as the Vehicle-Infrastructure Integration initiative, a hierarchical DDDAS architecture is presented that includes coupled in-vehicle, roadside, and traffic management center simulations. The overall architecture is described as well as current work to implement and evaluate the effectiveness of this approach for a portion the Atlanta metropolitan area in the context of a hypothesized emergency evacuation scenario.
OPTO-ELECTROMECHANICAL ACTUATOR PATCHES FOR ACTIVE VIBRATION CONTROL OF THIN PLATES

The behavior of photostrictiv e actuator patches bonded to the surface of two-dimension al elastic structures for active vibration control is analytically investigated. Photostrictive-type optoelectromechanical actuator driven by high-energy light can introduce remote actuation and control effects without hard-wired connections. This optically driven actuator is relatively immune from electromagnetic noises. In this paper, a mathematical model for simulating behavior of an activated optoelectromechanical actuator patch is presented. The governing system equation is then derived. This is followed by a case study to evaluate influences of the placement of actuators on control effectiveness. The results demonstrate that the use of an array of strategically positioned actuator patches can effectively control the fundamental modes that dominate the structural vibration.
Understanding Cognitive Performance During Robot-Assisted Surgery

Objective To understand cognitive function of an expert surgeon in various surgical scenarios while performing robot-assisted surgery. Materials and Methods In an Internal Review Board approved study, National Aeronautics and Space Administration-Task Load Index (NASA-TLX) questionnaire with surgical field notes were simultaneously completed. A wireless electroencephalography (EEG) headset was used to monitor brain activity during all procedures. Three key portions were evaluated: lysis of adhesions, extended lymph node dissection, and urethro-vesical anastomosis (UVA). Cognitive metrics extracted were distraction, mental workload, and mental state. Results In evaluating lysis of adhesions, mental state (EEG) was associated with better performance (NASA-TLX). Utilizing more mental resources resulted in better performance as self-reported. Outcomes of lysis were highly dependent on cognitive function and decision-making skills. In evaluating extended lymph node dissection, there was a negative correlation between distraction level (EEG) and mental demand, physical demand and effort (NASA-TLX). Similar to lysis of adhesion, utilizing more mental resources resulted in better performance (NASA-TLX). Lastly, with UVA, workload (EEG) negatively correlated with mental and temporal demand and was associated with better performance (NASA-TLX). The EEG recorded workload as seen here was a combination of both cognitive performance (finding solution) and motor workload (execution). Majority of workload was contributed by motor workload of an expert surgeon. During UVA, muscle memory and motor skills of expert are keys to completing the UVA. Conclusion Cognitive analysis shows that expert surgeons utilized different mental resources based on their need.
Special problems in the estimation of power-law spectra as applied to topographical modeling

An increasing number of topographical studies find that natural surfaces possess power-law roughness spectra. Power-law spectra introduce unique difficulties in the spectral estimation process. The authors describe how an improper window choice allows leakage that yields a spectral estimate that is insensitive to the spectral slope. In addition, the commonly used Fourier-based spectral estimates have higher variances than other available estimators. Higher variance is particularly problematic when data records are short, as is often the case in remote sensing studies. The authors show that Capon's spectral estimator has less variance than Fourier-based estimators and measures the spectral slope more accurately. The authors also show how estimates of a 2D roughness spectrum can be obtained from estimates of the 1D spectrum for the isotropic power-law case. >
Quantitative assessment of strain and strain rate by velocity vector imaging during dobutamine stress echocardiography to predict outcome in patients with left bundle branch block.

Background Abnormal septal motion in left bundle branch block (LBBB) may compromise the interpretation of regional wall motion. Velocity vector imaging (VVI) has been proposed as an objective method to quantify regional myocardial deformation. The aim of this study was to determine whether VVI during dobutamine stress echocardiography (DSE) has prognostic value in patients with LBBB. Methods In 84 patients with (mean age, 75 ± 9 years) undergoing DSE, longitudinal peak systolic strain (e sys ) and strain rate (SR sys ) were measured in 16 segments using VVI. Results were expressed as average SR sys and e sys per patient. Follow-up was obtained for the combined endpoint of mortality, myocardial infarction, and coronary revascularization. Contributions of clinical, conventional dobutamine stress echocardiographic, and e sys and SR sys variables to outcome were assessed using Cox models. Results During a mean follow-up period of 18.3 ± 13.8 months, 23 patients had endpoints. Wall motion score index at rest was the only independent predictor in a model combining clinical and conventional dobutamine stress echocardiographic variables. However, when e sys and SR sys variables were considered, average SR sys at peak stress (hazard ratio, 2.38 per 0.2/s increment; 95% confidence interval, 1.53-3.88; P sys at peak of −0.5/s as the cut point maximized the model χ 2 value for the prediction of outcomes (model χ 2 = 18.71, P = .002). The annualized event-free survival in patients with average SR sys at peak stress lower and higher than −0.5/s were 89.9% and 45.9%, respectively ( P Conclusion Average SR sys at peak stress during DSE offers prognostic information incremental to wall motion analysis in patients with LBBB.