cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Geomagnetic field‐line resonant harmonics measured by the Viking and Ampte/CCE magnetic field experiments

The first simultaneous observations of multiple harmonic, azimuthally polarized, ULF pulsations at two points along a geomagnetic flux tube in space are reported. In March 1986, the elliptically orbiting equatorial AMPTE/CCE satellite was oriented with the apogee near 0830 h MLT, and the orbital plane of the polar-orbiting Viking satellite was at 1000 MLT. The satellites were situated within approximately the same flux tube but with an effective separation of approximately 10 R(e) near L = 8 on the inbound pass of the AMPTE/CCE orbit. Structured harmonic pulsations were observed by the magnetic field experiments on both spacecraft, and they appeared to turn off and on simultaneously at both locations. Both the observations and the relative amplitudes along the magnetic field lines support recent ideas of multiple field-line resonances of Alfven waves.
Congenital ocular motor apraxia with autosomal dominant inheritance.

Abstract PURPOSE: To document congenital ocular motor apraxia in five first-degree relatives. METHODS: Case series. Five family members with a history of horizontal head thrusting had neuro-ophthalmologic evaluation. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain was obtained in the proband. RESULTS: Four siblings (one boy and three girls) had congenital ocular motor apraxia. The father had head thrusting as a child and displayed residual signs of the disorder. Magnetic resonance imaging disclosed no central nervous system abnormalities in the father. CONCLUSION: Congenital ocular motor apraxia can be inherited as an autosomal dominant trait.
Edison, Coolidge, and Langmuir: Evolving Approaches to American Industrial Research

This article considers how and why American industry has supported research and development during the last century. It examines the differences in methods and results of Thomas Edison (inventor-entrepreneur), William Coolidge (General Electric engineer-scientist), and Irving Langmuir (General Electric Nobel Prize winner). The article concludes that Edison's effective use of organized research and development paved the way for scientifically trained people to use varied methodologies to advance science, technology, and commercial interests together.
Finite deformation crack-line fields in a thin elasto-plastic sheet

Abstract Finite deformation in the crack-tip zone of plastic deformation is investigated for Mode-I opening of a crack in a thin sheet of elasto-plastic material. The material obeys the von Mises yield criterion in the true stresses, and the stretching tensor satisfies a flow law of the Prandtl-Reuss type. Incompressibility and a state of generalized plane stress are assumed. It is assumed that linearized elasticity applies outside the zone of plastic deformation. On the crack-line between the crack-tip and the elastic—plastic boundary, two distinct regions have been recognized: the near-tip zone and the intermediate region. In the near-tip zone the fields are controlled by the radius of curvature of the blunted crack-tip. Here the stress field has been approximated by classical plane stress results. It has been assumed that the crack-line stresses may be taken as uniform in the intermediate region. In each region, deformation variables have been determined by the use of the constitutive relations, and the results have been matched to the corresponding quantities in the neighboring region(s). In this manner expressions have been constructed for the deformation gradients on the crack-line, in terms of the distance to the crack-tip in the deformed configuration, the yield stress in shear, and the stress intensity factor of linear elastic fracture mechanics.
Do What I Say, Not What I Do: An Instructor Rethinks Her Own Teaching and Research

AbstractThis article focuses on the role of self-reflexivity in challenging traditional academic assumptions about learning, teaching, and “appropriate” ways for students and teachers to interact. In attempting to implement a critical pedagogy in two undergraduate reading classes for preservice teachers, I ended up reinforcing much of what I had attempted to disrupt. Multiple sources of data inform this descriptive study: students’ written assignments, exit cards, two sets of focused class writes, my journal, and my recollections. This article explores the way in which my unacknowledged biases/expectations sabotaged my conscious attempts to change the traditional power structures created in college classrooms. I also aim to further the discussion of unsettling traditional methods of analyses by sharing how I moved through the actual process and fought my own biases about what was “valid.” Similarly, I seek to show how the process of implementing a critical (liberating?) pedagogy can be as much of an inter...
Drug abuse in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder

The incidence and type of drug abuse for 50 male schizophrenic patients and 60 male and female bipolar, manic patients were determined. Fifty percent of schizophrenic patients and 25% of bipolar patients abused one or more drugs. Alcohol, cannabis, and cocaine accounted for 82% of the drug abuse.
Education Research: A case-based bioethics curriculum for neurology residents

Background: In 2012, the American Academy of Neurology (AAN) updated and expanded its ethics curriculum into Practical Ethics in Clinical Neurology, a case-based ethics curriculum for neurologists. Methods: We piloted a case-based bioethics curriculum for neurology residents using the framework and topics recommended by the AAN, matched to clinical cases drawn from Columbia9s neurologic services. Our primary outcome was residents9 ability to analyze and manage ethically complex cases as measured on precurriculum and postcurriculum multiple-choice quizzes. Secondary outcomes included precurriculum and postcurriculum self-assessed comfort in discussing and managing ethically complex cases, as well as attendance at ethics discussion sessions as compared to attendance at other didactic sessions. Results: Resident performance on quizzes improved from 75.8% to 86.7% ( p = 0.02). Comfort in discussing ethically complex cases improved from 6.4 to 7.4 on a 10-point scale ( p = 0.03). Comfort in managing such cases trended toward improvement but did not reach statistical significance. Attendance was significantly better at ethics discussions (73.5%) than at other didactic sessions (61.7%, p = 0.04). Conclusion: Our formal case-based ethics curriculum for neurology residents, based on core topics drawn from the AAN9s published curricula, was successfully piloted. Our study showed a statistically significant improvement in residents9 ability to analyze and manage ethically complex cases as measured by multiple-choice tests and self-assessments.
Temperature acquisition as a function of the computer-based biofeedback system utilized: An exploratory analysis

Thermal biofeedback is widely used to treat various clinical disorders. Given its widespread utility, and the variability among the biofeedback systems currently on the market, it is important to investigate which systems are most effective for training various skills. This study compared the performance of normal subjects on two different computer-biofeedback systems. Results indicated a significant difference in subject performance between the two systems. Limitations and implications of these findings are discussed.
Flow near the Margin of the Barnes Ice Cap, and the Development of Ice-Cored Moraines

Fabric studies suggest that an up-glacier thinning wedge of deformed superimposed ice is present beneath glacial ice at the margin of the Barnes Ice Cap. Where the glacial ice contains debris, the contact between the two is approximately marked by a ridge-shaped ice-cored moraine, 100 to 150 m from the margin. Where the glacial ice contains little or no debris, the surface profile is smooth and convex upward. Measurements of surface flow and ablation rates on both types of margins suggest that a general advance of the glacier is necessary to incorporate such superimposed ice into the margin, and hence, to instigate development of this type of ice-cored moraine. However, once a moraine forms, it may continue to grow in height and move outward without further advance of the glacier as a whole. As the moraine moves outward, the depression up-glacier from it becomes deeper, and the moraine is gradually separated from the glacier. Debris that slumps from the moraine onto forelying superimposed ice may become buried by new superimposed ice and be reincorporated into the margin. During a subsequent advance, this debris layer will be deformed, possibly overturned, and finally brought back to the surface where it will melt to form a new ridge. Such recycling of debris may result in very complex structures in an ice-cap margin. Measurements in boreholes and in a 125-m ice tunnel do not support the hypothesis that discrete shear zones occur at or near the contact between the dirt-bearing glacial ice and the superimposed ice.
On the Propagation of Free Topographic Rossby Waves near Continental Margins. Part 2: Numerical Model

Abstract Ou (1980, Part 1) presented analytical solutions of free topographic Rossby waves propagating in an infinite wedge filled with a uniformly stratified fluid. We present here in Part 2 a numerical model incorporating more realistic topography and bottom friction to simulate the propagation of these waves across continental margins. Although the analytical solutions in a wedge can explain many of the wave properties observed in our numerical model, new features are introduced that have practical importance. It is found that the replacement of the apex by a finite nonreflecting shelf introduces at the shelf break an antinode in the pressure field, causing the kinetic energy to drop rapidly across the shelf break onto the shelf. It is also found that the baroclinic fringe waves excited near the slope/rise junction can cause an amphidromic point to form for shorter waves and reverse the direction of phase propagation above it. This changes the sign of the Reynolds stress locally and might have importan...
Memory for spatial location as a function of temporal lag in rats: role of hippocampus and medial prefrontal cortex.

Rats with medial prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, or cortical control lesions were tested on an eight-arm radial maze task, in order to examine memory for the temporal order of spatial locations as a function of temporal lag. During the study phase of each trial, rats were allowed to visit each of eitht arms once in an order that was randomly selected for that trial. The test phase required the rats to choose which of two arms occurred earlier in the sequence of arms visited during the study phase. The arms selected as test arms varied according to temporal lag (0–6) or the number of arms that occurred between the two test arms in the study phase. The control rats performed at chance at a temporal lag of zero, but their performance was above chance for the remaining lags, improving after the temporal lag exceeded zero. The hippocampal-lesioned rats showed a marked deficit, performing at chance for all lags, with some savings for those items occurring at the end of the list. The medial, prefrontal cortex-lesioned rats showed a less severe deficit. The results of these data support the notion that both the hippocampus and the medial prefrontal cortex play significant roles in memory for the temporal order of spatial locations.
The Influence of a State Mandated Induction Assistance Program on the Socialization of a Beginning Physical Education Teacher

Using occupational socialization theory, this investigation describes the socialization of Janet, an induction phase physical education (PE) teacher. Special attention was given to the forms of induction assistance Janet was exposed to during her first two years at Liberty Middle School. Data were collected through seven interviews with Janet and interviews with Janet’s mentor, principal, and assistant superintendent. Analyses were conducted using inductive analysis and the constant comparative method. Results indicate that Janet was exposed to several forms of assistance including a state wide induction assistance initiative called the State Mentoring and Assessment Program (S-MAP). She found the informal assistance provided by her teaching colleague and the community of practice they formed to be among the most important elements of her induction, and she was critical of the formal support she received through the S-MAP.
Electrocardiographic alterations after neurosurgical procedures.

Abstract The electrocardiographic alterations are reported in 37 patients who underwent various neurosurgical procedures. Striking changes were observed, the chief of which consisted of alterations in the T wave, prolongation of the Q-T interval, and increase in the amplitude of the U wave. Various considerations are discussed in an attempt to elucidate the mechanism of these findings. No significant alteration was noted in the serum electrolytes during the postoperative period. It is difficult to conceive that the electrocardiographic changes represent primary myocardial changes, because the great majority of patients were without clinical evidence of cardiovascular disease and had an aver-age age of 38.7 years. The electrocardiographic changes are most readily explained as being secondary to alterations in cerebral function after the various neurosurgical procedures.
A title oscillation: Journal of Comparative Neurology and Psychology, 1904-1910.

Abstract From 1904 through 1910, the Journal of Comparative Neurology became the Journal of Comparative Neurology and Psychology. This article attempts a reconstruction of the events behind this title oscillation from archival sources.
Constrained Scheduling in Hybrid Wireless Sensor Networks with Transmit-Only Nodes

Low cost and low power consumption are two major design criteria in wireless sensor networks (WSN). To meet the increasing demand for localized fine-grained sensing with densely deployed WSNs, this paper proposes the use of a hybrid WSN that consists of nodes with standard transceivers and nodes with only transmitters. A two-phase Constrained-Scheduling based MAC protocol is proposed, which employs the "Automatic Resource Estimation (ARE)" method. Through analysis and extensive simulations, the proposed protocol is shown to achieve a significant performance improvement in terms of data delivery probability, QoS differentiation and energy minimization over existing MAC protocols for such networks. To the best of our knowledge, this work is the first effort to bring scheduling to WSNs that contains asynchronous and uncoordinated transmit-only nodes.
Folate deficiency in rats induces DNA strand breaks and hypomethylation within the p53 tumor suppressor gene

Folate is essential for the de novo biosynthesis of purines and thymidylate, and is an important mediator in the transfer of methyl groups for DNA methylation. Folate deficiency, therefore, could contribute to abnormal DNA integrity and methylation patterns. We investigated the effect of isolated folate deficiency in rats on DNA methylation and DNA strand breaks both at the genomic level and within specific sequences of the p53 tumor suppressor gene. Our data indicate that folate deficiency induces DNA strand breaks and hypomethylation within the p53 gene. Such alterations either did not occur or were chronologically delayed when examined on a genome-wide basis, indicating some selectivity for the exons examined within the p53 gene. Folate insufficiency has been implicated in the development of several human and experimental cancers, and aberrations within these regions of the p53 gene that were examined in this study are thought to play an integral role in carcinogenesis. The aforementioned molecular alterations may therefore be a means by which dietary folate deficiency enhances carcinogenesis.
Altered Proteins with Triosephosphate Isomerase Activity in Suppressor-containing Strains of Bacillus subtilis

Suppressor mutations in Bacillus subtilis cause the synthesis of a new protein with the enzymatic activity of l-leucine dehydrogenase and two groups of new proteins with the activity of triosephosphate isomerase. The new isoenzymes of triosephosphate isomerase are separable by zone electrophoresis and differ among themselves in elution behavior upon gel permeation chromatography. One group has an apparent average molecular weight of 120,000 to 135,000, which is more than twice that of the wild-type enzyme. Another group appears to be even higher in molecular weight. These data are consistent with the working hypothesis that the new isoenzymes are produced by extension of growing polypeptide chains through one or more chain-terminating triplets, although other mechanisms resulting in alteration of shapes, charges, or associations of the enzymes are not excluded. Images
The role of estrogen receptor subtypes in ameliorating hepatic injury following trauma-hemorrhage

Background/Aims The aim of this study was to determine which of the estrogen receptor (ER) subtypes plays a predominant role in ameliorating hepatic damage following trauma-hemorrhage. Methods Adult male rats were subjected to hemorrhagic shock (40mmHg for 90min) and resuscitation. ER-α agonist (PPT) or ER-β agonist (DPN) was administered during resuscitation; rats were sacrificed 24h thereafter. Results PPT or DPN decreased elevated plasma α-glutathione S -transferase levels; however, PPT was more effective. PPT or DPN increased hepatic heat shock protein 32 (Hsp32) mRNA/protein expressions above levels observed after trauma-hemorrhage. PPT reduced hepatic NF-κB and AP-1 activity and iNOS expression. Although DPN reduced hepatic NF-κB activity, AP-1 activity remained higher than in shams; hepatic iNOS induction remained elevated. PPT/DPN reduced nitrate/nitrite production and iNOS mRNA in Kupffer cells following trauma-hemorrhage; however, these levels in DPN-treated animals remained higher than sham. Conclusions Although both PPT and DPN decreased hepatic injury following trauma-hemorrhage, ER-α agonist PPT appears to be more effective in downregulating NF-κB and AP-1 activity, and iNOS induction. Thus, ER-α appears to play a predominant role in mediating the salutary effects of E2 in ameliorating hepatic damage following trauma-hemorrhage.
Appropriateness Criteria Are an Imprecise Measure for Repeat Echocardiograms

Background: Previous studies have reported that most transthoracic echocardiograms meet current ACC/ASE appropriateness criteria, but efficacy of appropriateness criteria for repeat echocardiograms has not been investigated. We sought to prospectively determine whether current appropriateness criteria accurately assess the need for repeat echocardiograms in a consecutive series of inpatients in a tertiary care community teaching hospital. Methods and Results: Appropriateness criteria were assessed for consecutive echocardiograms ordered over 30 days. Ordering clinician specialty and level of training were recorded. For repeat echocardiograms, change in clinical status between first and second echocardiogram and any change in echocardiographic findings were documented. Out of 574 echocardiograms analyzed, 143 repeat studies were performed in 104 patients. Level of appropriateness for first time studies was estimated at 84.6% and for repeat studies at 73.4% (x2= 7.71, P = 0.005). Of those patients receiving at least 1 repeat echocardiogram 42 patients (40%) experienced no detectable change in clinical status or other reason that would justify a repeat study. New echocardiographic findings were found in slightly more than half (52%) of patients receiving repeat studies. Conclusions: Inappropriate repeat echocardiograms are ordered more frequently than first time studies. A significant proportion of repeat echocardiograms do not appear to be justified, and often yield no new echocardiographic findings. Our data suggest that current appropriateness criteria might benefit from further revision with particular regard to justification for repeat studies. (Echocardiography 2011;28:131-135)
Decoupled Package-On-Package thermal characterization

Thermal characterization of a Package-On-Package (PoP) presents a challenge due to the variation in stacking configurations. Currently available characterization methods as outlined in the JESD51 standard cannot predict die temperatures for packages with more than one die, let alone multiple stacked packages. A model is presented to predict die temperatures for PoP by combining individual resistor networks using a Delphi network modeling approach. Data from experimental tests were used to confirm the accuracy of a Finite element analysis (FEA) based conduction model for an assembled PoP under varying power combinations. Separate FEA models for top and bottom packages were used to extract resistance values for two different resistor networks. These network models were combined to predicted die temperatures with a difference less than 7% when compared to the FEA model of the PoP.
Poliovirus protein: source of amino acids and time course of synthesis.

The techniques previously available for the study of purified animal viruses have not permitted the production under controlled conditions of sufficient virus for experiments involving degradative chemical analysis. The utilization of suspension cell cultures (1) and the development of a simple, convenient virus purification procedure (2) have now made possible an investigation of the questions of the origin and time of synthesis of virus protein. Type 1 poliovirus was propagated in HeLa 53 cells (3) differentially labeled with L-valine-Cl”, and the isotope content of the valine of the isolated virus protein was determined. The results indicate that the virus protein is assembled from the large intracellular amino acid pool of the cells, and that the synthesis of the virus protein begins almost at the same time as the appearance of mature virus, but proceeds thereafter at a more rapid rate than maturation.
Comparison of conversion and deposit formation of ethanol and butane under SOFC conditions

This paper explores the gas-phase kinetics of butane and ethanol conversion as well as the propensity for molecular-weight growth and deposit formation in the non-catalytic regions of a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC). Experiments are done where the fuel flows through a quartz reactor heated by a furnace. The primary observables are the extent of fuel conversion and the amount of deposit formed on a YSZ disk placed at the end of the furnace. Experiments are performed at 700, 750 and 800 ◦ C. The residence times in the hot zone varied from 2 to 4 s. Ethanol is more reactive than butane, and almost all the ethanol is reacted at 750 ◦ C whereas butane is completely reacted at 800 ◦ C. Deposit formation is much larger for butane. These results are compared to predictions of a detailed kinetic model. Model predictions for the extent of fuel conversion and molecular-weight growth are in good agreement with the data for both fuels. Butane is predicted to be converted to the lighter hydrocarbons methane, ethylene, propylene and ethane. Hydrogen is also a significant product, especially at higher temperatures. For ethanol, the product distribution is different with lower amounts of hydrocarbons while substantial quantities of water, ethylene, CO and H2 are predicted. In ethanol pyrolysis there is no significant production of species with more than two carbon atoms, whereas propylene production is significant in butane pyrolysis. Modeling results suggest this is a major reason for increased deposit formation with butane. Equilibrium calculations demonstrate that both the butane and ethanol systems are far removed from equilibrium. © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Orthodontically Assisted Vertical Augmentation in the Esthetic Zone

Severe periodontal disease leading to tooth loss causes multiple challenges when treatment planning replacement of these teeth with implant-supported restorations. Provisionalization and transitioning the patient from natural dentition to implant-supported restorations without use of removable prostheses can be difficult to achieve. A detailed evaluation and comprehensive treatment plan should precede extraction of the affected teeth. Forced eruption as a method of modifying the osseous and gingival topography has been established. This clinical report illustrates the use of nonmaintainable teeth to simultaneously develop the site for future implant placement, as well as support a fixed interim restoration during treatment. Patient was classified as an American College of Prosthodontists Prosthodontic Diagnostic Index (ACP PDI) class IV patient.
Institutionalizing the Culture of Control Modeling the Changing Dynamics of U.S. Supreme Court Death Penalty Decisions

The turn away from “penal welfarism” and toward a more punitive approach to crime control policy that began in the late 1960s has been the product of a deeply rooted social and political transforma...
Ultraminiaturized Milliwatt-Scale Permanent Magnet Generators

This paper reports the design, fabrication and experimental characterization of ultraminiaturized, axial-flux, permanent-magnet (PM) generators intended for milliwatt range systems. The miniaturization of PM machines is attractive because scaling laws are favorable, but integration of ultra-small permanent magnets is challenging. The generators are 2-pole, multi-turn, 2-mm diameter machines. A single-phase, open-circuit voltage of 51 mVrms has been measured at 392 krpm, which approximately corresponds to 3.6 mW of DC power to a load resistance at the point of maximum power transfer, indicating that this approach shows great promises for milliwatt-scale power devices.
Mechanical injury of explants from the articulating surface of the inner meniscus.

Knee osteoarthritis is accelerated by damage to the meniscus, a fibrocartilage tissue that assists in load transmission. However, little is known about the mechanical or cellular response of the meniscus to injurious overloading. Here, in vitro studies explored injury to meniscal explants using a compressive overloading protocol that has been well characterized for articular cartilage. Cartilage samples were processed in parallel as a reference to the extensive literature on cartilage injury. Injured meniscal explants showed extensive cell death at the articulating surface but no gross tissue damage, while similar conditions of peak stress and strain resulted in cartilage surface fissures and cell death consistent with moderate overloading. Post-injury gene expression in meniscal explants indicated a decrease in seven of the nine catabolic and pro-inflammatory molecules surveyed, while cartilage experienced a downregulation in ADAMTS-5 and TNF-α only. These data demonstrated a resiliency of the meniscus to injury, and that an acute increase in catabolic activities is not necessarily a consequence of mechanical overloading.
Closed-Chest Cardiac Massage: The Emergence of a Discovery Trajectory:

This article applies a theoretical framework developed by the late American sociologist Anselm Strauss to the discovery of a new resuscitation technique, cloed-chest cardiac massage. The discovery, which took place in the laboratories of John Hopkins University between 1956 and 1960, is analyzed as the collective management of a trajectory over time. The article follows the discovery trajectory from its origins in defibrillator reserach to the establisment of closed-chest cardiac massage and cardiopulmonary resuscitation as a universal life-saving method. The analytical focus on the experimental, clinical, and promotional activities performed by the different actors interacting with the emerging technology allows one to critically question the value of concepts such as closure, stabilization, and black boxing in sociology of science and technology. Instead of prematuraly freezing the analysis of technoscience, a trajectory conceptual framework emphasizes the ongoing dynamic between actors and medical technology to define the scope, effectiveness and multiple interpretations of the technology-actor interaction.
APPROACHES TO THE USE AND CONTROL OF FORCE THE ART OF POSING STRATEGIC PROBLEMS

There is a risk that the threat of nuclear war will be exaggerated in ways injurious to arms control and will deliver to the Soviet leadership the political returns it may be seeking. This undesirable outcome is the result of logical tricks we play on ourselves in trying to be very precise about factors like the accuracy of missiles. It is also the result of the peculiar assymmetry of the discussion of strategic matters, as all of the publicity work for Soviet weapons accomplishments is done by the press and governments of the West. Proposals for remedy would be to watch our own habits of logic, so that we do not persuade ourselves that our weapons capability or our political resolve are weak, and to force the Soviets to produce more information about their strategic capabilities.
Numerical characterization of material elastic properties for random fiber composites

This paper presents a numerical investigation of the material elastic properties for short-length mostly in-plane random fiber composites, based on microscale geometrical modeling. The particular case considered is that of materials in which the majority of fibers’ orientations are contained or slightly deviate from a dominant plane. Representative volume elements for two types of random fiber composite material geometries with different fiber aspect ratios and volume fractions are generated using a novel technique. The elastic properties of the equivalent homogeneous material are determined using direct three-dimensional finite element analysis. A windowing-type analysis is employed to investigate the influence of the fiber distribution homogeneity on the homogenized elastic properties. The results are compared and validated using two alternative approaches — first, by orientation averaging of the stiffness tensor of the equivalent unidirectional composite determined by direct FEM analysis and, second, by employing the laminated random strand method.
Effect of Particle Characteristics on Trajectories and Blade Impact Patterns

Influence des caracteristiques des particules solides sur leur trajectoire et la forme des impacts sur des aubages
Applications of one-dimensional cellular automata and linear feedback shift registers for pseudo-exhaustive testing

Recent studies have shown that cellular automata (CA) can be used in place of linear feedback shift registers (LFSRs). Due to their regular structure and local feedback connections, VLSI layout of CA is easy and results in saving silicon area. Some properties of CAs derived using Rules 90 and 150 in terms of characteristic polynomials are presented. In particular, (a) computation of characteristic polynomials in CA, (b) computation of sequence lengths generated by various CA/LFSRs, and (c) pseudo-exhaustive testing by sequences generated by CA/LFSRs are accomplished. >
Progress and challenges in studies of the evolution of development

Plant evolutionary developmental genetics (EDG) has made considerable progress over the last decade. This is in part due to the accumulation of large amounts of sequence data that have provided robust organismal phylogenies and, increasingly, broad assessments of molecular evolution. Attempts to use primary sequence data to identify genes that have changed function in evolutionary time have not been as successful as initially hoped. The coding sequences of most genes, which are more amenable to statistical analysis than are regulatory sequences, are generally under purifying selection, as would be expected if much evolutionary change is the result of changes in cis-regulatory sequences. Sequence-based analysis of the regulatory sequences themselves remains difficult. Comparative studies of gene expression have been useful to identify genes whose developmental role may have changed in evolutionary time and will be critical to the future development of EDG. Such studies can be used to test hypotheses of gene function. Transformation experiments are often illuminating, but can be hard to interpret, particularly if genes from multiple species are all placed into a single heterologous system such as Arabidopsis. The ideal experiment would be a gene swap or promoter swap between two species, but this awaits development of good transformation systems. The immediate need for EDG is studies of gene expression on a massive scale, far broader than any studies undertaken to date.
Leveraging Glass Properties for Advanced Packaging

Glass provides many opportunities for advanced packaging. The most obvious advantage is given by the material properties. As an insulator, glass has low electrical loss, particularly at high frequencies. The relatively high stiffness and ability to adjust the coefficient of thermal expansion gives advantages to manage warp in glass core substrates and bonded stacks for both through glass vias (TGV) and carrier applications. Glass also gives advantages for developing cost effective solutions. Glass forming processes allow the potential to form both in panel format as well as at thicknesses as low as 100 um, giving opportunities to optimize or eliminate current manufacturing methods. As the industry adopts glass solutions, significant advancements have been made in downstream processes such as glass handling and via/surface metallization. Of particular interest is the ability to leverage tool sets and processes for panel fabrication to enable cost structures desired by the industry. By utilizing the stiffne...
It’s the principle of the thing

Principles of Neural Design, written by Peter Sterling and Simon Laughlin, is what I believe to be the first book whose goal is to identify neurobiological design principles and to use them to understand brain structure and function. Although the principles identified are brain-specific, they are usually motivated and explained by considering analogous principles used by engineers. And one of the great joys of the book is seeing how various aspects of neurobiology are illuminated by a detailed application of these principles.
Sketch theory as a framework for knowledge management

In this paper, we give an overview of sketch theory as a knowledge management framework and discuss its strengths relative to logic, the semantic web and relational algebra. Sketch theory, for example, supports modularity among meta-data, instance data and uncertainty. It also provides a notion of constraint-preserving map. We explore Q-trees as a technique for inference with sketches and compare it to logical deduction. Ideas can be formulated in distinct ways even within a fixed formalism. We illustrate solution of this alignment problem using sketches and the notion of Morita equivalence of logical theories. Sketch theory provides rich notions of contextual view with which we compute illustrative examples. Finally, we outline a program for advancing sketch theory as a complement to other knowledge management technologies and discuss transformations between sketches and other models.
Plasmonic NanoLenses: Size Based Sorting of Bacteria Like Bio-Particles

We demonstrate that plasmonic metasurfaces enables size based sorting of single bacteria like bio-particles within a wide dynamic range of 0.1 μm to 1 μm, by merely modulating the light intensity.
Combined quantum mechanics (TDDFT) and classical electrodynamics (Mie theory) methods for calculating surface enhanced Raman and hyper-Raman spectra.

Multiscale models that combine quantum mechanics and classical electrodynamics are presented, which allow for the evaluation of surface-enhanced Raman (SERS) and hyper-Raman scattering spectra (SEHRS) for both chemical (CHEM) and electrodynamic (EM) enhancement mechanisms. In these models, time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) for a system consisting of the adsorbed molecule and a metal cluster fragment of the metal particle is coupled to Mie theory for the metal particle, with the surface of the cluster being overlaid with the surface of the metal particle. In model A, the electromagnetic enhancement from plasmon-excitation of the metal particle is combined with the chemical enhancement associated with a static treatment of the molecule–metal structure to determine overall spectra. In model B, the frequency dependence of the Raman spectrum of the isolated molecule is combined with the enhancements determined in model A to refine the enhancement estimate. An equivalent theory at the level of mo...
Studying Human Design Teams via Computational Teams of Simulated Annealing Agents

Novel design methodologies are often evaluated through empirical studies involving human designers. However, such empirical studies can incur a high personnel cost. Further, it can be difficult to isolate the effects of specific team or individual characteristics. These limitations could be bypassed by employing a computational model of design teams. This work introduces the Cognitively-Inspired Simulated Annealing Teams (CISAT) modeling framework, an agent-based platform that provides a means for efficiently simulating human design teams. A number of empirically demonstrated cognitive phenomena are modeled within the platform, striking a balance between model simplicity and direct applicability to engineering design problems. This paper discusses the composition of the CISAT modeling framework and demonstrates how it can be used to simulate the performance of human design teams in a cognitive study. Results simulated with CISAT are compared directly to the results derived from human designers. Finally, the CISAT model is also used to investigate the characteristics that were most and least helpful to teams during the cognitive study.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
The structure of Holocene climate change in mid-latitude North America

Abstract A sequence of long-term and rapid changes during the Holocene appears in a network of 40 well-resolved paleoclimate datasets from mid-latitude North America, including records of pollen-inferred temperatures, alkenone-derived sea-surface temperatures (SSTs), lake-level changes, dust accumulation, and lake isotopes from Idaho to Maine. Statistical analyses reveal that changes in insolation and the Laurentide Ice Sheet explain 51.7% of the variance in the records, especially multi-millennial trends, but peak rates of change indicate additional rapid changes at ca. 10.8, 9.4, 8.3, 7.0, 5.5–5.2, 4.7, 2.1, and 0.9 ka. Step changes between 9.4 and 8.3 ka relate to ice sheet dynamics that warmed much of the region, and changes at 5.5 ka were the largest since the demise of the ice sheet. The shift at 5.5 ka initiated widespread cooling and increases in effective moisture, which culminated in the coolest, wettest millennia in most areas after 2.1 ka. Replicated evidence from multiple records also shows a spatially-varied set of multi-century fluctuations including 1) low temperatures and high effective moisture at 5.5–4.8 ka in the mid-continent and 2) repeated phases of low SSTs, cool summers, and drought superimposed upon long cooling, moistening trends in eastern North American since 5.5 ka.
Analysis on epidemic situation of malaria in recent 3 years of Anhui Province

Objective To understand epidemic tendency and features of malaria in Anhui Province and to provide evidence of preventing and controlling measures made by us.Methods To analyze the surveillance data on malaria in our province among 2003~2005 with Epi info3.3.2 and Excel software.Results There were obviously raising in the incidence rates of malaria in anhui province among 2003~2005(χ2=3167.6687,P0.01).The morbidity in 2004 was 13.84 per one hundred thousand,it was 11.26 per hundred higher than that(12.43/100 000)in 2003;the incidence rates were 24.19/100 000 in 2005,and 74.89% and 94.60% higher than them in 2004 and 2003 respectively.There was the status of centralizing morbidity in the minority villages.Conclusion The epidemics of malaria had been risen,and there was a challenge in the epidemic situation in anhui province.
The New Characteristics of the Structure Design of Minibus Body

Under the background of the volume-produce in the automobile,the artich explores the plan of improving the minibus body structure,which can not only meets the needs of automobile multitudinous production,but also has more reliability. Meanwhile,the article explains the forming process of the characteristics of automobile body structure,based on one-year invention process of automobile body structure.
Characterizing Local Optima for Maximum Parsimony

Finding the best phylogenetic tree under the maximum parsimony optimality criterion is computationally difficult. We quantify the occurrence of such optima for well-behaved sets of data. When nearest neighbor interchange operations are used, multiple local optima can occur even for "perfect" sequence data, which results in hill-climbing searches that never reach a global optimum. In contrast, we show that when neighbors are defined via the subtree prune and regraft metric, there is a single local optimum for perfect sequence data, and thus, every such search finds a global optimum quickly. We further characterize conditions for which sequences simulated under the Cavender-Farris-Neyman and Jukes-Cantor models of evolution yield well-behaved search spaces.
High-Resolution Analysis of Antibodies to Post-Translational Modifications Using Peptide Nanosensor Microarrays.

Autoantibodies are a hallmark of autoimmune diseases such as lupus and have the potential to be used as biomarkers for diverse diseases, including immunodeficiency, infectious disease, and cancer. More precise detection of antibodies to specific targets is needed to improve diagnosis of such diseases. Here, we report the development of reusable peptide microarrays, based on giant magnetoresistive (GMR) nanosensors optimized for sensitively detecting magnetic nanoparticle labels, for the detection of antibodies with a resolution of a single post-translationally modified amino acid. We have also developed a chemical regeneration scheme to perform multiplex assays with a high level of reproducibility, resulting in greatly reduced experimental costs. In addition, we show that peptides synthesized directly on the nanosensors are approximately two times more sensitive than directly spotted peptides. Reusable peptide nanosensor microarrays enable precise detection of autoantibodies with high resolution and sensi...
Contribution of Pentose Catabolism to Molecular Hydrogen Formation by Targeted Disruption of Arabinose Isomerase (araA) in the Hyperthermophilic Bacterium Thermotoga maritima.

Thermotoga maritima ferments a broad range of sugars to form acetate, carbon dioxide, traces of lactate, and near theoretic yields of molecular hydrogen (H2). In this organism, the catabolism of pentose sugars such as arabinose depends on the interaction of the pentose phosphate pathway with the Embden-Myerhoff and Entner-Doudoroff pathways. Although the values for H2 yield have been determined using pentose-supplemented complex medium and predicted by metabolic pathway reconstruction, the actual effect of pathway elimination on hydrogen production has not been reported due to the lack of a genetic method for the creation of targeted mutations. Here, a spontaneous and genetically stable pyrE deletion mutant was isolated and used as a recipient to refine transformation methods for its repair by homologous recombination. To verify the occurrence of recombination and to assess the frequency of crossover events flanking the deleted region, a synthetic pyrE allele, encoding synonymous nucleotide substitutions, was used. Targeted inactivation of araA (encoding arabinose isomerase) in the pyrE mutant was accomplished using a divergent, codon-optimized Thermosipho africanus pyrE allele fused to the T. maritima groES promoter as a genetic marker. Mutants lacking araA were unable to catabolize arabinose in a defined medium. The araA mutation was then repaired using targeted recombination. Levels of synthesis of H2 using arabinose-supplemented complex medium by wild-type and araA mutant cell lines were compared. The difference between strains provided a direct measurement of H2 production that was dependent on arabinose consumption. Development of a targeted recombination system for genetic manipulation of T. maritima provides a new strategy to explore H2 formation and life at an extremely high temperature in the bacterial domain. IMPORTANCE We describe here the development of a genetic system for manipulation of Thermotoga maritima. T. maritima is a hyperthermophilic anaerobic bacterium that is well known for its efficient synthesis of molecular hydrogen (H2) from the fermentation of sugars. Despite considerable efforts to advance compatible genetic methods, chromosome manipulation has remained elusive and hindered use of T. maritima or its close relatives as model hyperthermophiles. Lack of a genetic method also prevented efforts to manipulate specific metabolic pathways to measure their contributions to H2 yield. To overcome this barrier, a homologous chromosomal recombination method was developed and used to characterize the contribution of arabinose catabolism to H2 formation. We report here a stable genetic method for a hyperthermophilic bacterium that will advance studies on the basic and synthetic biology of Thermotogales.
“Una copita amigo”: Ethnic Mexicans, consumer culture, and the American marketplace

In this article, I trace the introduction and evolution of tequila in the American marketplace as a means of exploring how race and ethnicity, commodities, and consumption operate in the organization of everyday life. Analyzing the content of English and Spanish documents from the mid-nineteenth through the early twentieth centuries, I argue that divergent meanings were ascribed to tequila in ways that both solidified notions of racial difference and allowed for the positive affirmation of identity. Anglos focused on its medicinal and, later, toxic properties, while ethnic Mexicans steadily incorporated it into their ritual practices and affirmatively expressed their identity through its consumption. Despite, or perhaps because of, tequila’s freighted meaning as an emblem of Mexican deviance in Anglo society, ethnic Mexicans valued and used tequila as a culturally significant symbol of mexicanidad. By focusing on tequila’s commercial history, I illustrate how ethnic Mexicans nourished traditions, both long-standing and newly formulated. Tequila, and the codes of its consumption, provided a platform for resistance and the creative expression of solidarity.
Take it as a compliment

Take it as a Compliment, is the first full length graphic novel by Maria Stoian, its aim; to give a voice to all people who have been subject to sexual abuse, violence and harassment helping them s...