cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Laser surface melting and alloying of type 304L stainless steel

Laser surface melting (LSM) and alloying (ISA) of type 304L stainless steel with molybdenum and tantalum have been studied for improvement of corrosion and wear-resistance properties. These properties were seen to be affected by the presence of δ-ferrite, produced by the high cooling rate in LSM, as well as by compositional modifications introduced in molybdenum and tantalum-alloyed LSA layers. Passivation and pitting-resistance properties were seen to be enhanced with increase in δ-ferrite content in LSM samples. Excellent corrosion properties were observed for the molybdenum-alloyed layer. The tantalum-alloyed layer had similar corrosion properties to those achieved with LSM of 304L. The improvement of abrasive wear resistance of the laser-processed samples with increase in hardness was found to be very small compared to the untreated alloy.
A New Polypore in Washington

A stipitate polypore was observed and studied by Mr. J. B. Flett in Bremerton, Washington, from 1931 to 1939. It was first noticed because of its stature (up to 17 cm. tall), its exceedingly brittle and hygrophanous tissues and the bluish-green 1 coloration of the pilei. Bremerton, as is well known, is located on a peninsula in sheltered Puget Sound, is well wooded and is subject to the heavy precipitation and dense fogs which prevail in that region. This fungus grew close to Mr. Flett's cabin in a more or less open Pseudotsuga forest, hence he was able to observe it day by day at all stages of development. It always appeared during the rainy seasons, though there were early and late arrivals in the months of September and March respectively. It grew in a thin layer of black humus 3 to 4 inches deep, unattached to living or decaying forest trees. This layer rested upon a deep substratum of sand and gravel, no clay present. Mr. Flett watched an irregular Fairy Ring developing under cover of Gaultheria, Vaccinzium, Berberis and Rhododendron. It advanced slowly where the vegetation was tall and dense, about 2 feet per year, but more rapidly on the open side of the ringuntil a diameter of 75 feet was attained. This fungus prospers best in semi-shade and when supplied with abundant moisture; the pilei become very brittle and snap like the crisp vein of a lettuce leaf ! The following description has been prepared from abundant material, extended correspondence, photo prints and the detailed notes supplied by Mr. Flett.
Minimal vitamin requirements of rabbit fibroblasts, strain RM3-73.

SummaryA strain of rabbit fibroblasts designated strain RM3–73 requires folic acid, nicotinamide, pantothenic acid, pyridoxal, riboflavin, and thiamine for continuous proliferation in a medium containing 2% (v/v) dialyzed horse serum. The concentration of each vitamin which permits optimal proliferation was determined by propagating the cells serially in media containing graded concentrations of the compound. A group of eight amino acids which are not required for serial propagation in the presence of pyridoxal replaced the requirement for this vitamin under experimental conditions employed.
Study on Toxicity of Entecavir

Objective: To investigate the efficacy and ADR of entecavir and evaluate the security of entecavir.Method: Thirty patients with hepatitis B took ETV for 96 weeks.According to the results,the evaluation on the efficacy of in the treatment of patients and the security were carried out.Result: In the CHB group,the rates of HBV DNA negativity at week of 24,48,96 were 73.3%(22/30),86.7%(26/30) and 93.3%(28/30),and it was statistically significant(P0.05).No serious ADR was observed in the patients during the treatment.Conclusion: Entecavir is a kind of effective and safe drug in treatment of patients with CHB.
Modification of the Ilizarov technique

New bone has been known to form with callus distraction for a long time, yet its first therapeutical application was by Ilizarov. For the stepwise distraction of an osteotomy gap, various systems of fixation and transportation have been developed. The Augsburg and Basel systems, basing on the tubular AO external fixator, require only limited supplementing of implants. The most elegant and "physiological" way is certainly continuous callus distraction using an internal electrical motor, as the Munich intramedullary nail. In the long run, all systems will probably be changed to allow continuous distraction.
Imperfections in the Directionally Solidified Structure of NiO-CaO Eutectic

Imperfections in the microstructure of the directionally solidified NiO-CaO lamellar eutectic were examined by optical, scanning electron, and transmission electron microscopy. Lamellar terminations and mismatch boundaries were observed in all eutectic grains on transverse sections. The lamellar interfacial planes between the NiO and CaO phases were found to be approximately (111)NiO parallel to (111)CaO in agreement with previous work. However, the orientation of the lamellar habit plane was determined to vary from an exact {111} plane from electron diffraction studies. Analysis of Kikuchi line patterns in electron diffraction patterns also showed that random variations in orientation up to 2° occurred between adjacent lamellae about the growth direction. In order to accommodate such variations in orientation, sub-boundaries formed within individual lamellae.
CLINICAL STAGE 1 TESTICULAR CANCER : THE ROLE OF MODIFIED RETROPERITONEAL LYMPHADENECTOMY

AbstractA total of 85 patients underwent modified retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy for clinical stage I nonseminomatous germ cell tumor of the testis from 1982 to 1989. The technique was a modified bilateral dissection via a thoracoabdominal approach. A full bilateral dissection was done above the level of the inferior mesenteric artery but unilateral dissection was performed below the inferior mesenteric artery using a template method. Of the 85 patients 64 had pathological stage A and 21 had stage B1 disease. Relapses have occurred in 4 of 64 stage A cancer patients (6%) and 3 of 21 stage B1 cancer patients (15%). Antegrade ejaculation was preserved without pharmacological therapy in 75 of 85 patients (88%) and 5 others were converted to antegrade ejaculation with imipramine. Therefore, 80 of 85 patients (94%) have recovered antegrade ejaculation. With a median followup of 38 months 7 relapses have been noted. We conclude that modified retroperitoneal lymph node dissection allows for preservation of ejac...
Space Elliptic Curves

In Chapter 3, we found a group structure on the plane cubic C(M, N) by a geometric construction (the cord-and-tangent method), which depends on properties peculiar to plane cubics. Since the space curve E(M, N), the solution space of equations of the Fibonacci-Fermat type, is biregularly equivalent to C(M, N), it carries a group structure, too. It certainly is nice to recognize a group structure on the set of solutions of a system of Diophantine equations. However, we soon find that it is extremely impractical to try to copy the group structure of C(M, N) on E(M, N) via the biregular equivalence.
Effect of Condensation on Conventionally Insulated Cryogenic Tanks

This paper discusses the effect of air condensation upon the thermal conductivity of conventional insulation. The difference between the published values of thermal conductivity and those experimentally determined on simulated liquid-hydrogen rocket propellant tanks are presented.
A Parametric Study on the Influence of Internal Speckle Patterning for Digital Volume Correlation in X-Ray Tomography Applications

Use of the Digital Volume Correlation (DVC) technique has grown steadily in the mechanics community as a way of quantifying internal mechanical response of complex microstructures under loading. The DVC technique has been combined with internal imaging methodologies such as X-ray microcomputed tomography (X-ray microCT), confocal microscopy, and photoelasticity enabling many full field studies of bone, foam, rock, polymers, and metals. Despite all these efforts, many DVC limitations remain unknown such as those of “optimal” subset size, step size, and the quality of an internal speckle pattern. Here we investigate in detail the effects of internal speckle patterning on DVC. To help determine the optimum setup for DVC, we develop internal speckle patterns using markers ranging from 5 to 50 μm particles and study these over different resolution length scales. A correlation of pattern size and quality was determined using baseline (i.e., no deformation) and rigid body motion experiments, resulting in a recommended pattern quality parameter. We then performed a uniaxial compression experiment using the optimal pattern determined from the parametric study where we compare accuracy using DVC calculated strains and displacements with theoretical values. An in situ uniaxial compression test demonstrated DVC capabilities resulting in a 2 % error in strain computations.
Pump Beam Engineering for Vortex Beam in a Ho:YAG Rod Amplifier

Different pump beam profiles are utilized for pumping optical vortex beams in a Ho:YAG amplifier. Pump beam profile engineering is discussed for the optimized amplification results.
WHAT THE SANITARIAN SHOULD KNOW ABOUT CLOSTRIDIUM PERFRINGENS FOODBORNE ILLNESS

This paper is a follow-up of two articles, which were previously published in this Journal, concerned with what the sanitarian should know about staphylococci and salmonellae. The nature of Clostridium perfringens, including factors that support or limit its growth, is discussed. This organism is widely distributed in the intestinal contents of man and animals, in sewage, and in soil. From these sources foods frequently become contaminated with this organism. Meats and meat products prepared in food-service establishments are frequently involved in outbreaks. To prove that C. perfringens is responsible for outbreaks, this organism should be recovered in large numbers from both the patients' stools and the incriminated food, and isolates from both should be correlated serologically. Of the various methods of controlling foodborne diseases–only inhibition of growth is practical for controlling outbreaks of C. perfringens foodborne illness. Appropriate control features are delineated.
A bioenergetics assay for studying the effects of environmental stressors on mitochondrial function in vivo in zebrafish larvae.

Abstract Mitochondria, an integral component of cellular energy metabolism and other key functions, are extremely vulnerable to damage by environmental stressors. Although methods to measure mitochondrial function in vitro exist, sensitive, medium- to high-throughput assays that assess respiration within physiologically-relevant whole organisms are needed to identify drugs and/or chemicals that disrupt mitochondrial function, particularly at sensitive early developmental stages. Consequently, we have developed and optimized an assay to measure mitochondrial bioenergetics in zebrafish larvae using the XF e 24 Extracellular Flux Analyzer. To prevent larval movement from confounding oxygen consumption measurements, we relied on MS-222-based anesthetization. We obtained stable measurement values in the absence of effects on average oxygen consumption rate and subsequently optimized the use of pharmacological agents for metabolic partitioning. To confirm assay reproducibility we demonstrated that triclosan, a positive control, significantly decreased spare respiratory capacity. We then exposed zebrafish from 5 hours post-fertilization (hpf) to 6 days post-fertilization (dpf) to three polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) – benzo( a )pyrene (BaP), phenanthrene (Phe), and fluoranthene (FL) – and measured various fundamental parameters of mitochondrial respiratory chain function, including maximal respiration, spare respiratory capacity, mitochondrial and non-mitochondrial respiration. Exposure to all three PAHs decreased spare respiratory capacity and maximal respiration. Additionally, Phe exposure increased non-mitochondrial respiration and FL exposure decreased mitochondrial respiration and increased non-mitochondrial respiration. Overall, this whole organism-based assay provides a platform for examining mitochondrial dysfunction in vivo at critical developmental stages. It has important implications in biomedical sciences, toxicology and ecophysiology, particularly to examine the effects of environmental chemicals and/or drugs on mitochondrial bioenergetics.
Affective Grounding in Human-Robot Interaction

Participating in interaction requires not only coordination on content and process, as previously proposed, but also on affect. The term affective grounding is introduced to refer to the coordination of affect in interaction with the purpose of building shared understanding about what behavior can be exhibited, and how behavior is interpreted emotionally and responded to. Affective Ground is achieved when interactants have reached shared understanding about how behavior should be interpreted emotionally. The paper contributes a review and critique of current perspectives on emotion in HRI. Further it outlines how research on emotion in HRI can benefit from taking an affective grounding perspective and outlines implications for the design of robots capable of participating in the coordination on affect in interaction.
Avoiding pitfalls in overseas medical educational experiences

In the United States, there is a growing number of medical students participating in international health electives. These experiences have the potential to be mutually beneficial to both the host country and the student. However, there is a significant risk of unethical and damaging practices during these trips including concerns for sending trainees without appropriate pre-travel preparation with inadequate accountability to local health care providers at a stage in their education which imposes an undue burden on the local health facilities. This article describes one first year medical student’s experience in navigating common challenges faced on international health electives and offers practical advice enlightened by the literature on how to overcome them. We emphasize the need for students to ensure adequate pretrip preparation, communicate their level of training clearly, practice cultural humility, ensure personal safety, and engage in projects needed by the host community.
Focal Laser Ablation of Prostate Cancer: Feasibility of Magnetic Resonance Imaging-Ultrasound Fusion for Guidance

Purpose: Focal laser ablation is a potential treatment in some men with prostate cancer. Currently focal laser ablation is performed by radiologists in a magnetic resonance imaging unit (in bore). We evaluated the safety and feasibility of performing focal laser ablation in a urology clinic (out of bore) using magnetic resonance imaging-ultrasound fusion for guidance.Materials and Methods: A total of 11 men with intermediate risk prostate cancer were enrolled in this prospective, institutional review board approved pilot study. Magnetic resonance imaging-ultrasound fusion was used to guide laser fibers transrectally into regions of interest harboring intermediate risk prostate cancer. Thermal probes were inserted for real-time monitoring of intraprostatic temperatures during laser activation. Multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (3 Tesla) was done immediately after treatment and at 6 months along with comprehensive fusion biopsy.Results: Ten of 11 patients were successfully treated while under local...
Complete Genome Sequence of Edwardsiella ictaluri Isolate RUSVM-1 Recovered from Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in the Western Hemisphere.

ABSTRACT Edwardsiella ictaluri is a Gram-negative bacillus that has recently been implicated in disease outbreaks in tilapia and zebrafish. We report here the complete and annotated genome sequence of an isolate from a Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), which contains a chromosome of 3,630,639 bp and two plasmids.
3D NoC-Enabled Heterogeneous Manycore Architectures for Accelerating CNN Training: Performance and Thermal Trade-offs

As deep learning technology is increasingly employed in diverse applications domains, the demand for computational power to enable these algorithms also increases. In this respect, high-performance three-dimensional (3D) heterogeneous manycore systems present a promising direction. However, deep learning on these systems pose several design challenges. First, the network-on-chip (NoC) must handle the traffic requirements of both CPU and GPU communications. Second, 3D system designs must address thermal issues resulting from high-power density. In this work, we propose a design methodology for a heterogeneous 3D NoC architecture that not only satisfies the traffic requirements of both CPUs and GPUs, but also reduces thermal hotspots. To this end, we target the training of two widely employed convolutional neural networks (CNN), namely, LeNet and CIFAR. By using our joint performance-thermal optimization methodology to create a 3D NoC for training CNNs, we reduce the maximum temperature by 22% while incurring only 5% full-system energy-delay-product degradation over a solely performance optimized 3D NoC. This demonstrates that, our design methodology achieves considerable temperature reduction with negligible loss in performance.
The substrate-binding cap of the UDP-diacylglucosamine pyrophosphatase LpxH is highly flexible, enabling facile substrate binding and product release.

Gram-negative bacteria are surrounded by a secondary membrane of which the outer leaflet is composed of the glycolipid lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which guards against hydrophobic toxins, including many antibiotics. Therefore, LPS synthesis in bacteria is an attractive target for antibiotic development. LpxH is a pyrophosphatase involved in LPS synthesis, and previous structures revealed that LpxH has a helical cap that binds its lipid substrates. Here, crystallography and hydrogen–deuterium exchange MS provided evidence for a highly flexible substrate-binding cap in LpxH. Furthermore, molecular dynamics simulations disclosed how the helices of the cap may open to allow substrate entry. The predicted opening mechanism was supported by activity assays of LpxH variants. Finally, we confirmed biochemically that LpxH is inhibited by a previously identified antibacterial compound, determined the potency of this inhibitor, and modeled its binding mode in the LpxH active site. In summary, our work provides evidence that the substrate-binding cap of LpxH is highly dynamic, thus allowing for facile substrate binding and product release between the capping helices. Our results also pave the way for the rational design of more potent LpxH inhibitors.
The Regulation of Cutaneous Gas Exchange in Vertebrates

Vertebrates that breathe with lungs or gills can use a variety of mechanisms to regulate the magnitude of respiratory gas exchange. These mechanisms include variation in blood flow to the respiratory organs, variation in ventilation, acclimatory and evolutionary changes in respiratory surface area or the diffusion barrier, and changes in the properties of the blood itself. In concert, these mechanisms maintain relatively constant partial pressures of gases in the blood yet enable overall gas transport to or from the tissues to increase or decrease
On the Estimation of alpha-Divergences

We propose new nonparametric, consistent Renyi-α and Tsallis-α divergence estimators for continuous distributions. Given two independent and identically distributed samples, a “naive” approach would be to simply estimate the underlying densities and plug the estimated densities into the corresponding formulas. Our proposed estimators, in contrast, avoid density estimation completely, estimating the divergences directly using only simple k-nearest-neighbor statistics. We are nonetheless able to prove that the estimators are consistent under certain conditions. We also describe how to apply these estimators to mutual information and demonstrate their efficiency via numerical experiments.
Solutions to Problems of Rectangular Plates

The governing equation for a rectangular plate subjected to lateral distributed loads is given by $$ {\nabla ^4}w = \frac{{{\partial ^4}w}}{{\partial {x^4}}} + \frac{{2{\partial ^4}w}}{{\partial {x^2}\partial {y^2}}} + \frac{{{\partial ^4}w}}{{\partial {y^4}}} = \frac{{p\left( {x,y} \right)}}{D}. $$ (4.1) First, the homogeneous equation, ∇4 w = 0 is investigated. It is interesting to do this in order to identify the functions that are characteristic of the biharmonic equation.
A Closed-Loop Multi-Channel Asynchronous Neurostimulator to Mimic Neural Code for Cognitive Prosthesis

We describe a novel hardware and embedded system design of a closed loop neurostimulator for generating precise neural code-like, multi-channel, asynchronous electrical stimulation pulses. Such stimulator will be used as the output unit of the cortical prosthesis that aims to restore cognitive functions by reinstating the neural signal transmission.
Spatiotemporal Complexity of the Aortic Sinus Vortex as a Function of Leaflet Calcification

Several studies have shown the variation of aortic sinus structures’ hemodynamics with different flow and geometric characteristics. They have also correlated aortic sinus hemodynamics with the progression and evolution of calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD). This study aims at visualizing aortic sinus fluid structure variations as functions of different leaflet calcification degrees and assessing their potential relationship with CAVD. A degenerated 23 mm Carpentier-Edwards Perimount Magna valve extracted from a redo-surgery patient was implanted in an aortic root model and tested in a pulse duplicator left heart simulator. The valve has 3 leaflets with 3 different levels of calcium distribution: mild, moderate and severe. High-speed imaging and particle image velocimetry were performed to assess sinus vortices, leaflet tip position and velocity along with shear stress. Results have shown that (a) aortic sinus vortices initiation, entrapment and evolution varied with different calcified leaflet exposure; (b) higher velocities in the sinus were calculated with the mildly calcified leaflet compared to the moderately and severely calcified ones; (c) during systole, the mildly calcified leaflet sinus case shows the most spread-out and higher ranges of shear stress probabilities and highest magnitudes going from (− 1.5 to + 1.8 Pa) compared with (− 1.0 to + 1.0 Pa) for moderately and severely calcified leaflets. The higher the calcification degree the lower the shear stress range and likelihoods of having higher shear stress. This holds in diastole as well. This study shows the impact of calcification on the aortic sinus flow structures.
The Effectiveness of Autologous Platelet-Rich Plasma for Osteoarthritis of the Hip: A Retrospective Analysis.

BACKGROUND Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is a minimally invasive treatment option to reduce pain and promote tissue healing. At the time this study was performed, there was limited published literature analyzing outcomes for patients treated with PRP for hip osteoarthritis. METHODS Thirty-six patients aged 49-85 (66.0 ± 12.1) years with chronic hip pain who met inclusion criteria underwent image-guided intra-articular hip PRP injection. Outcomes were measured at baseline, two weeks, three months, and up to six months using the visual analog scale (VAS) for pain and the Hip Disability and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (HOOS). The proportion of responders, as defined by a ≥50% reduction in VAS pain score, was assessed at three and six months. RESULTS At two weeks, there was a significant improvement (P < 0.05) of function in two HOOS subscales: Symptoms and Activities of Daily Living. There was a significant improvement in all HOOS categories at six months. A significant improvement in VAS was observed at six months (baseline VAS = 6.9 ± 0.7 &→ 4.3 ± 1.8, 95% confidence interval = 2.0 to 3.2, P < 0.05). Sixty-seven percent (24/36) of the patients reported a ≥50% improvement in pain at three months; 58% (21/36) reported a ≥50% improvement in pain at six months. Stratification by Kellgren-Lawrence grades revealed that 86% and 82% of the KL grades 1 and 2 were responders at six months, respectively. CONCLUSIONS In patients with mild/moderate hip osteoarthritis, PRP may provide pain relief and functional improvement for up to six months.
Reprogramming of cellular metabolic pathways by human oncogenic viruses

Oncogenic viruses, like all viruses, relies on host metabolism to provide the metabolites and energy needed for virus replication. Many DNA tumor viruses and retroviruses will reprogram metabolism during infection. Additionally, some viral oncogenes may alter metabolism independent of virus replication. Virus infection and cancer development share many similarities regarding metabolic reprogramming as both processes demand increased metabolic activity to produce biomass: cell proliferation in the case of cancer and virion production in the case of infection. This review discusses the parallels in metabolic reprogramming between human oncogenic viruses and oncogenesis.
Influence of closure technique on leakage pressures in an ex vivo canine typhlectomy model.

OBJECTIVE To determine the influence of three closure techniques on leakage pressures of canine typhlectomies. STUDY DESIGN Experimental, ex vivo. SAMPLE POPULATION Grossly normal cecal segments from 24 adult canine cadavers. METHODS Typhlectomies were assigned to one of three closure techniques: simple continuous closure with a Parker-Kerr pattern with 4-0 polydioxanone (group 1), closure with a 60-mm gastrointestinal stapler loaded with a 3.8-mm staple cartridge (group 2), and placement of a Cushing suture to augment the stapled closure (group 3). The median (range) of initial leakage pressure (ILP) and maximum leakage pressure (MLP) was compared between groups along with leakage location. RESULTS Typhlectomies in group 3 leaked at higher ILP (310 mm Hg; 188-310) than those in groups 1 (43 mm Hg; 31-80) and 2 (109.5 mm Hg; 68-173; P < .0001). Maximum leakage pressure were greater in group 3 than in other groups (P < .0001). Leakage was detected in 20 of 24 (83%) typhlectomies, located at the incisional line in 13 of 24 (54%) specimens and from suture holes in seven of 24 (29%) specimens. CONCLUSION Placement of a Cushing suture pattern to augment stapled incisions improved the ability of typhlectomies to sustain pressure compared with sutured or stapled cadaveric specimens alone. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE These results provide evidence to support placement of a Cushing suture pattern to augment the staple line for typhlectomies in dogs, although in vivo studies are required to determine the clinical significance of these findings.
Therapeutic and prognostic value of initial chromosomal findings at the blastic phase of Ph1-positive chronic myeloid leukemia.

To assess parameters of therapeutic response and of survival after the onset of the blastic phase (BP) in 64 patients with Ph1-positive chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), a number of clinical, hematologic, and cytogenetic data at the BP were evaluated. Among 10 parameters checked, only the chromosomal findings correlated with the therapeutic response and survival after the onset of the BP. The patients were divided into three groups on the basis of the chromosome findings in the bone marrow, blood, and spleen: (1) those with only a Ph1 (PP), (2) those having two types of clones, i.e., one clone with only a Ph1 and another with additional karyotypic changes (AP), and (3) those with only abnormal clones in addition to the Ph1 (AA). The number of patients in each group was 29 in PP, 15 in AP, and 20 in AA. The results were as follows. (1) The percentage of patients with a good therapeutic response was 79% (23/29) in PP, 53% (8/15) in AP, and 30% (6/20) in AA. (2) The median survival after the onset of the BP was 171 days (5.7 mo) in PP, 146 days (4.9 mo) in AP, and 74 days (2.5 mo) in AA. Statistically, there was a significant difference between the AA and the other two groups (p less than 0.05). For further study, the AA and AP patients were divided into 4 subgroups each: those with 48 or more chromosomes, those with 47 chromosomes, those with pseudodiploidy, and those with hypodiploidy. A subgroup with 48 or more chromosomes in the AA patients had a very short survival (median, 25 days; 0.8 mo) and a poor therapeutic response (1/9, 11%). Our observations suggest that the lack of a clone with only a Ph1 (AA), particularly with more than 48 chromosomes, at the acute crisis or shortly after the onset of the BP indicates an unfavorable therapeutic response and a poor prognosis after the onset of the BP.
Implementation of Puskesmas Accreditation and Protection of Patient Rights in Health Services at Puskesmas Rembang Regency

A Puskesmas or Health Center is one of the health service facilities having a duty of implementing health policies to achieve health development goals in its working area. Puskesmas is required to have accreditation every three years to ensure that quality and performance improvement and risk management implementation are continuously done. The accreditation is expected to guarantee the protection of the rights of the patients as service users of Puskesmas . There are 17 Puskesmas at Rembang District in which 94.1% of them have been accredited to see the degree of compliance with the Puskesmas accreditation standards. This study used a socio-legal approach having a descriptive-analytics specification. It used primary and secondary data meanwhile the data-gathering technique was conducted through field and literature studies. The data were then qualitatively analyzed. The results of the study showed that the accreditation to the Puskesmas of Rembang District was carried out according to the legislations of the Health Minister’s Regulation Nr. 75 of 2014 and the Health Minister’s Regulation Nr. 46 of 2015. One of the regulations on patient’s rights protection at Puskesmas was the Decree of Puskesmas Head regarding the patients’ rights to get services. The Puskesmas accreditation had been guaranteed the patients’ rights protection, but not optimally. Some factors were influencing the Puskesmas accreditation and the patients' rights protection to get health services at Puskesmas , namely juridical factors, technical factors, and other social factors.
Cytopathology of extra-renal perivascular epithelioid cell tumor (PEComa): a series of 7 cases and review of the literature.

Introduction Perivascular epithelioid cell tumor (PEComa) is a family of rare mesenchymal tumors consisting of histologically and immunohistochemically distinctive perivascular epithelioid cells. Relatively little is known about the cytopathology of extra-renal PEComas. Because of a considerable range of morphology and their rarity, accurate cytologic classification can be challenging. We evaluated cytologic characteristics and diagnostic pitfalls of extra-renal PEComas on fine-needle aspiration (FNA). Materials and methods We performed a retrospective search in our cytopathology and surgical pathology database for cases diagnosed as PEComa that had corresponding cytology specimens from 3 medical institutions. All available cytopathology specimens were reviewed. We evaluated cytologic characteristics and recorded histologic diagnoses and immunohistochemical stains. Results Seven FNA specimens from 6 patients were identified, and cytologic diagnoses were made in all cases as follows: PEComa (4 cases), most consistent with PEComa (1 case), malignant neoplasm (1 case), and hepatocellular carcinoma (1 case). Most specimens were moderately to highly cellular. Cell distribution occurred as tissue fragments with background proliferating capillaries. Most smears were composed of epithelioid cells showing mild to moderate anisonucleosis, abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm, well-defined borders, intranuclear pseudoinclusions, and prominent nucleoli. A combination of myoid and melanocytic markers was expressed in 6 cases except 1 case, which was called hepatocellular carcinoma. Conclusions This was the largest FNA series for extra-renal PEComas to date. Our study highlights some common cytomorphologic characteristics of PEComa with which cytopathologists should be familiar. In the right clinical and radiologic context, and with the aid of immunohistochemistry, a definitive diagnosis can be achieved.
Radiation shielding analysis of the small-angle X-ray scattering flight tube end station of APS upgrade project

Abstract The CSSI beamline of the APSU will have a 20.5 m long, 2.75 m diameter SS end station designed to accept pink beam. The radiation shielding analysis of this end station is analyzed here using STAC8 and FLUKA codes. Effect of mirror properties such as reflectivity, coating, inclination and roughness as well as variation in the steel composition are also studied. 8 mm thick SS is found to be adequate if the source is defined by a pinhole and the white beam is reflected with two mirrors inclined at 3.0 mradian or more. The dose rates from monochromatic beams are found to be below the desired levels when the XOP calculated bandwidth (BW) are used while the use of a flat 0.1% BW requires the mirror inclinations to be above 2.5 mradian or more. STAC8 results are consistently higher than the FLUKA results by about 1.5–2.0 times.
Patient-Generated Health Data in Pediatric Asthma: Exploratory Study of Providers' Information Needs.

Background: Adolescents are using mobile health apps as a form of self-management to collect data on symptoms, medication adherence, and activity. Adding functionality to an electronic health record (EHR) to accommodate disease-specific patient-generated health data (PGHD) may support clinical care. However, little is known on how to incorporate PGHD in a way that informs care for patients. Pediatric asthma, a prevalent health issue in the United States with 6 million children diagnosed, serves as an exemplar condition to examine information needs related to PGHD. Objective: In this study we aimed to identify and prioritize asthma care tasks and decisions based on pediatric asthma guidelines and identify types of PGHD that might support the activities associated with the decisions. The purpose of this work is to provide guidance to mobile health app developers and EHR integration. Methods: We searched the literature for exemplar asthma mobile apps and examined the types of PGHD collected. We identified the information needs associated with each decision in accordance with consensus-based guidelines, assessed the suitability of PGHD to meet those needs, and validated our findings with expert asthma providers. Results: We mapped guideline-derived information needs to potential PGHD types and found PGHD that may be useful in meeting information needs. Information needs included types of symptoms, symptom triggers, medication adherence, and inhaler technique. Examples of suitable types of PGHD were Asthma Control Test calculations, exposures, and inhaler use. Providers suggested uncontrolled asthma as a place to focus PGHD efforts, indicating that they preferred to review PGHD at the time of the visit. Conclusions: We identified a manageable list of information requirements derived from clinical guidelines that can be used to guide the design and integration of PGHD into EHRs to support pediatric asthma management and advance mobile health app development. Mobile health app developers should examine PGHD information needs to inform EHR integration efforts.
State Capture or Institutional Resilience: Is There a Crisis of Constitutional Democracy in South Africa?

This version is a pre-publication draft of the chapter that appeared in "Constitutional Democracy in Crisis?" in 2018.
CRISPR/Cas9-Induced fad2 and rod1 Mutations Stacked With fae1 Confer High Oleic Acid Seed Oil in Pennycress (Thlaspi arvense L.)

Pennycress (Thlaspi arvense L.) is being domesticated as an oilseed cash cover crop to be grown in the off-season throughout temperate regions of the world. With its diploid genome and ease of directed mutagenesis using molecular approaches, pennycress seed oil composition can be rapidly tailored for a plethora of food, feed, oleochemical and fuel uses. Here, we utilized Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9 technology to produce knockout mutations in the FATTY ACID DESATURASE2 (FAD2) and REDUCED OLEATE DESATURATION1 (ROD1) genes to increase oleic acid content. High oleic acid (18:1) oil is valued for its oxidative stability that is superior to the polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) linoleic (18:2) and linolenic (18:3), and better cold flow properties than the very long chain fatty acid (VLCFA) erucic (22:1). When combined with a FATTY ACID ELONGATION1 (fae1) knockout mutation, fad2 fae1 and rod1 fae1 double mutants produced ∼90% and ∼60% oleic acid in seed oil, respectively, with PUFAs in fad2 fae1 as well as fad2 single mutants reduced to less than 5%. MALDI-MS spatial imaging analyses of phosphatidylcholine (PC) and triacylglycerol (TAG) molecular species in wild-type pennycress embryo sections from mature seeds revealed that erucic acid is highly enriched in cotyledons which serve as storage organs, suggestive of a role in providing energy for the germinating seedling. In contrast, PUFA-containing TAGs are enriched in the embryonic axis, which may be utilized for cellular membrane expansion during seed germination and seedling emergence. Under standard growth chamber conditions, rod1 fae1 plants grew like wild type whereas fad2 single and fad2 fae1 double mutant plants exhibited delayed growth and overall reduced heights and seed yields, suggesting that reducing PUFAs below a threshold in pennycress had negative physiological effects. Taken together, our results suggest that combinatorial knockout of ROD1 and FAE1 may be a viable route to commercially increase oleic acid content in pennycress seed oil whereas mutations in FAD2 will likely require at least partial function to avoid fitness trade-offs.
The FDA-approved drug apremilast suppresses alcohol intake: clinical and pre-clinical validation

Abstract Treatment options for Alcohol Use Disorders (AUD) have minimally advanced since 2004, while the annual deaths and economic toll have become alarmingly high. Bringing potential therapeutics beyond the bench and into the clinic for AUD requires rigorous pharmacological screening across molecular, behavioral, pre-clinical, and clinical studies in neuroscience. The repurposing of FDA-approved compounds is an effective and expedited means of screening pharmacotherapies for AUD. Here, we demonstrate that apremilast, a phosphodiesterase type 4 inhibitor that is FDA approved for psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis, reduces binge-like alcohol intake and behavioral measures of motivation in unique, preclinical genetic risk models for drinking to intoxication and reduces excessive alcohol drinking in models of stress-facilitated drinking and alcohol dependence. In a double blind, placebo-controlled human laboratory study in non-treatment seeking individuals with AUD, apremilast significantly reduced the number of drinks per day. Lastly, using site-directed drug infusions and electrophysiology we determined that apremilast may act by increasing neural activity in the nucleus accumbens, an important alcohol-related brain region, to reduce alcohol intake in mice. These results demonstrate that apremilast reduces excessive alcohol drinking across a spectrum of AUD severity and support its importance as a potential therapeutic for AUD.
Practices and Attitudes toward Returning Genomic Research Results to Low-Resource Research Participants.

Introduction: Many research programs are challenged to accommodate low-resource research participants’ (LRRP) ancillary care needs when returning genomic research results. We define LRRP as those who are low income, uninsured, underinsured, or facing barriers to act upon the results returned. This study evaluates current policies and practices surrounding return of results (RoR) to LRRP, as well as the attitudes of investigators toward providing ancillary care to LRRP. Methods: A semi-structured interview study was conducted with representatives of 35 genomic research programs nationwide. Eligible programs were returning, or planning to return, medically actionable genomic results to participants. Results: Three content categories emerged from this study, including: (1) RoR structures, (2) barriers to RoR to LRRP, and (3) solutions to meet community and LRRP needs. Three major structures of RoR emerged: (1) RoR Embedded in Clinical Care, (2) RoR Independent of Clinical Care, and (3) Reliance on Clinical Partnerships to Facilitate RoR. Inadequacy of program resources to address the needs of LRRP was commonly considered a significant obstacle. The attitudes and views of informants regarding responsibility to provide ancillary care for LRRP receiving genomic results were highly varied. Some informants believed that genomic sequencing and testing was not a priority for LRRP because of other pressing issues in their lives, such as housing and food insecurity. Research programs differ regarding whether clinical and social support for LRRP is considered within the purview of the research team. Some programs instituted accommodations for LRRP, including social work referral and insurance enrollment assistance. Conclusion: Support to access downstream treatment is not readily available for LRRP in many genomic research programs. Development of best practices and policies for managing RoR to LRRP is needed.
Economic Evaluation of Fungal Meningitis Outbreak Response in New River Valley: Local Health Department Perspective

The multi-state fungal meningitis outbreak started in September 2012 in Tennessee. The cause of the outbreak was injection of contaminated lots of methylprednisolone acetate used in epidural spinal injections. Roanoke and New River Valley were the epicenter of this outbreak in Virginia, with two clinical centers having administered the contaminated injections to their patients. New River Health District, in coordination with hospitals, and state and federal agencies, deployed its resources to control the local impact of the outbreak.The objective of this study was to conduct an economic evaluation of the fungal meningitis outbreak response in New River Valley of Virginia, from the local public health department perspective.The health department conducted the outbreak investigation from October 2012 until March 2013 to ascertain that all possible cases were identified and treated. Data were collected on the costs associated with the local health department in the outbreak response, and the epidemiologic effectiveness estimated, using the metric of disability adjusted life years (DALYs).The cost incurred by the local health department was estimated to be $30,493; the epidemiologic effectiveness was estimated to be 138 DALYs averted among the patients, for an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of $221 per DALY averted.The incremental cost effectiveness ratio of the fungal meningitis outbreak response in New River Valley assists the local health department to analyze the costs and epidemiologic effectiveness of the outbreak response.
Infertility due to endometriosis: Conservative surgical therapy

Abstract One hundred and one patients with endometriosis were treated with conservative operation because of infertility. Fifty-two patients followed at least one year subsequently conceived. Fifty-eight per cent of the 73 patients followed for 3 or more years achieved a pregnancy. A total of 87 conceptions occurred. The age of the patient at the time of operation, the duration of preoperative infertility, the patient's previous parity, and the location of the disease did not appear to be significant factors in the results. Sixty per cent of the patients who conceived did so in the first year following operation. All but one of the patients who conceived did so within 3 years of the operation. Thirteen women required subsequent operation for symptomatic endometriosis; however, 5 of them had conceived.
Influence of Natural Environments in Spacecraft Design, Development, and Operation

Spacecraft are growing in complexity and sensitivity to environmental effects. The spacecraft engineer must understand and take these effects into account in building reliable, survivable, and affordable spacecraft. Too much protections, however, means unnecessary expense while too little will potentially lead to early mission loss. The ability to balance cost and risk necessitates an understanding of how the environment impacts the spacecraft and is a critical factor in its design. This presentation is intended to address both the space environment and its effects with the intent of introducing the influence of the environment on spacecraft performance.
Is the United States Really Not a Safe Third Country?: A Contextual Critique of the Federal Court of Canada's Decision in Canadian Council for Refugees, et. al. v. Her Majesty the Queen

This article is a critique of a November decision of the Federal Court of Canada striking the Safe Third Country Agreement that exists between the United States and Canada for the orderly and efficient adjudication of asylum claims regarding aliens who reach one or the other country from the other. The Canadian decision, in essence, finds that the United States is not a safe third country for refugees, and so the agreement is not in accord with the relevant international law (including the Refugee Convention and the Convention Against Torture) or domestic (i.e., Canadian) law. My critique focuses on the distinct U.S. interpretation of its obligations under international law, and the permissible domestic implementation of those obligations via the Immigration and Nationality Act and implementing regulations. Although the U.S. interpretation does differ from the UNHCR's interpretation, as well as the implementation other countries have pursued, the U.S. interpretation is legally valid and sufficient to meet our international law obligations. Accordingly, the Canadian Court erred in finding to the contrary.
A new technique to determine organic and inorganic acid contamination

A new acid indicator pad was developed for the detection of acid breakthrough of gloves and chemical protective clothing. The pad carries a reagent which responds to acid contaminant by producing a color change. The pad was used to detect both organic and inorganic acids permeating through glove materials using the modified ASTM F-739 and direct permeability testing procedures. Breakthrough times for each type of glove were determined, and found to range from 4 min to >4 h for propionic acid, from 3 min to >4 h for acrylic acid, and from 26 min to >4 h for HCl. A quantification was performed for propionic and acrylic acids following solvent desorption and gas chromatography. Both acids exhibited >99% adsorption {the acid and its reactivity (the acid reacted with an indicator to contribute the color change)} on the pads at a spiking level of 1.8 μL for each acid. Acid recovery during quantification was calculated for each acid, ranging from 52–72% (RSD ⩽ 4.0%) for both acids over the spiking range 0.2–1.8 μL. The quantitative mass of the acids on the pads at the time of breakthrough detection ranged from 260–282 and 270–296 μg cm−2 for propionic acid and acrylic acid, respectively. The new colorimetric indicator pad should be useful in detecting and collecting acid permeation samples through gloves and chemical protective clothing in both laboratory and field studies, for quantitative analysis.