cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Two Types of Prehospital Systems Interventions that Triage Low-Acuity Patients to Alternative Sites of Care.

Objectives This study retrospectively compared alternatives for navigating low-acuity patients in two emergency medical services systems. System A involved a response to every 9-1-1 request with an "evaluate, treat, and refer" process, in which paramedics decided whether patients could be treated on-scene and referred to a primary care provider or urgent care center. System B used a "telephone triage and referral" process, in which callers of low severity were diverted from 9-1-1 to call centers where nurses provided advice and/or a referral to a primary care provider/urgent care center. We hypothesized that systems A and B would differ in terms of the percentage of patients following referral instructions and the percentage of patients who were satisfied with their care. Methods Independent variables were age, sex, and ZIP code. The two outcome measures were whether the patient followed the instructions given and patient satisfaction. χ(2) tests and multivariate logistic regression were used. Results Controlling for age, sex, income, and race, patients in system A had a lower likelihood of following instructions (odds ratio 0.31; 95% confidence interval 0.14-0.69). Satisfaction rates were high (>93%) but equivalent. Conclusions The odds were lower that callers in system A would follow instructions. Satisfaction rates suggest that people are willing to accept alternatives to transport to the emergency department and high percentages of patients follow the instructions given.
Security through publicity

Current large-scale authentication and non-repudiation systems offer various security measures, but do not meet the needs of today's Internet-scale applications. Though several designs exist, there have been no significant deployments of Internet-scale security infrastructures. In this paper we propose a novel concept called the public-space that makes complete information of digital entities' actions publicly available to every user. It is a structured framework that maintains a large number of entities, their actions, relationships, and histories. Posting such information in public does not endorse the information's correctness, but it does provide users with a quantifiable set of information that enables them to detect faults and make informed security decisions. Combined with traditional cryptographic techniques, the public-space system can support the intrinsic heterogeneity of user security requirements in Internetscale infrastructures and applications.
Following the Accreditation On-Site Evaluation

After the conclusion of on-site evaluation and publication of the official institutional evaluation, accreditation agencies could expect or allow that the college or university leaders write a detailed document to address the concerns raised in the accreditation evaluation report (MSACHE 2001). The accreditation associations might additionally necessitate a second on-site visit to an institution if it is warranted, and this could be done following an analysis of the official institutional follow-up report or at the behest of accreditation members because of the institution’s shifting situation or in the external surroundings. Accreditation associations often call for a college or university to prepare a follow-up document when the association requires additional data on a particular topic that was not sufficiently addressed by the institution’s cyclic self-evaluation report, a first accreditation self-study report, or in answer to a suggestion that was proposed by the on-site visitation committee for the association. The association’s accreditation director or representative may seek to help the college or university by concentrating initial awareness on a singular issue of interest or one that requires additional information.
Developmental regulation of inhibitory synaptic currents in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus in the rat.

In the early postnatal period, DMV neurons receive both GABAergic and glycinergic synaptic inputs. GABAergic currents are slower than glycinergic currents, although both glycine and GABA synaptic c...
Correction of deflection under mask’s own weight by bending mask technology

It is known that the photomask substrate deflects when the mask is set on the frame and the deflection is an obstacle to light exposure. In this study, we introduce “the bending mask” to cancel out the deflection. The surface of the bending mask has the height distribution in advance to cancel out the deflection, owing to Nikon’s accurate polishing technology and Nikon’s accurate measurement machine.
What's on the vibrissa abscissa?

![Graphic][1] The face of a rat is peppered with stiff, conical hairs called vibrissae, more commonly known as whiskers. As nocturnal animals that live in dingy, cramped hovels, rats rely on tactile information from their whiskers to get through the night. Using just their whiskers, they can
The Hierarchy of Victims in Death Penalty Processing in North Carolina

As prison populations have become severely overcrowded in the last several years, the problem of inmate violence is increasingly a matter of public concern. In this paper, I analyze the antecedents of prison violence from an institutional perspective. I argue that the incidence of prison violence is predicated upon the level of resource deprivation, a diffuse punitive political culture, judicial control, and the availability of specific opportunities for rehabilitation. These competing explanations of prison violence are tested using data from the 2005 Census of State and Federal Adult Correctional Facilities. Preliminary examination of the data point to punitive political culture and the lack of rehabilitation programs in prison as the most powerful antecedents of violence in American penal institutions. The implications of these findings for the long-running prison experiment in the United States are discussed.
Estimation of the Multivariate Multiple-Membership Random Effects Model With and Without Missing Data.

In this study, we introduce the multivariate multiple-membership random effects model (MV-MMREM) for handling dependence resulting from analyzing multiple, related outcomes per individual when indi...
Horizontal competition and interorganizational exchange partner selection: An analysis of Major League Baseball player trades:

This study examines the influence of horizontal competition on interorganizational exchange. Interorganizational competition is a multidimensional construct that can influence exchange in multiple,...
My Purse and My Person: “The Complaint of Chaucer to His Purse” and the Gender of Money

This chapter explores the ways that fiscal, gendered, and sexual anxieties merge in “Chaucer’s Complaint to his Purse.” Chaucer imagines his purse with two bodies: a female lover who is spending with others what she should keep for Chaucer alone, and as his own body, the masculine integrity of which is threatened by his current fiscal situation. The first section of this chapter seeks to explain why a poem on monetary need is framed in somatic terms, and what this idiom tells us about medieval fears and fantasies regarding money and its intersections with gender ideology. The second section examines how the history of critical inquiry on this poem focuses on Chaucer’s fiscal health and his political allegiances in ways that replicate the investments in value and masculine integrity that I outline in this chapter.
Epistemic Foundation for Teaching Critical Thinking in Group Discussion

I argue for a view of critical thinking and learning as a fallibilistic epistemic process of inquiry and evaluation, which is grounded in human fallibility. I show how this plausible view is different from other views, in that it is predicated not only on individual thinking alone but also on group thinking as it affects the individual in the context of a group discussion. The individualistic rational view of critical thinking only specifies the process or method that one may individually use to evaluate beliefs or the evidence that one brings to bear on one's doxastic attitude or judgment. This view does not specify the nature and scope of evidence that one may need to evaluate. I argue that evaluating a belief in the context of having a substantial amount of available evidence in a social group is important for determining whether one thinks critically. There is epistemic advantage in evaluating a broad scope of available evidence in a group discussion, which does not exist otherwise. I assume that group discussion is a pedagogical tool, which under the right social conditions, is likely to bring about learning and the acquisition of critical thinking abilities. The right social conditions for group discussion can optimize reasonableness by a process which involves cognitive division of labor and epistemic prudence. An individual can evaluate on his or her own only a limited amount of evidence; sometimes we may need to rely on the evidence that others have already evaluated which they may reasonably accept, given their cognitive comparative advantage. I distinguish among three plausible learning outcomes of the process of critical thinking, which indicate cognitive division of labor and comparative epistemic advantage in a group discussion.
Environmental flows: a definitive guide

It is no secret that rivers have become one of our most important and imperiled resources around the globe. Guidance on how to manage rivers is urgently needed. Thankfully, a new book written by Dr. Angela Arthington: “Environmental Flows: Saving Rivers in the Third Millenium” takes a detailed look at rivers and how we can understand, manage, and restore them. This book is a very broad and comprehensive overview, organized into a series of 22 relatively concise chapters, beginning with an overview of the value of rivers and their current state of imperilment. This chapter sets the stage for understanding the range and magnitude of the challenges we face in saving rivers. For the purposes of this review, I partitioned my discussion of the book into several sections comprising a series of chapters that I felt addressed major themes related to environmental flows. From the introductory chapter, Arthington proceeds in a series of chapters (2–4) to provide a basic introduction to how rivers function, including basic overviews of major physical processes that contribute to river flows and a review of the evolving series of concepts and models that shape our thinking about how these processes translate into ecosystem functioning. Throughout these chapters, and the book in general, Arthington is careful to return to the axes of space, place, and time in rivers, as these provide a proper frame of reference for understanding processes at play, and how different perspectives can emerge along these axes. As just described these issues may seem rather vague to the uninitiated reader, but in the book, Arthington does a good job of providing many examples so the reader is given a firm idea of what they mean and specifically how they are manifested in how we perceive environmental flows. In this section (up to chapter 4), and again throughout the book there are also numerous graphical and tabular summaries of major points extracted from the text narrative that serve as a quick references and to reinforce the reader’s ability to track the major concepts, principles, or findings. The first section of the book leads up to a theme or paradigm that resonates throughout the book: the natural flow regime and its relevance for environmental flows. In the final chapter in this section (chapter 4), Arthington is careful to explore how flows translate into a variety of functions in rivers, focusing on both ecological and evolutionary influences ranging from nutrient flux to instream biota and riparian zones. At this point, the reader now has a foundation of information that can be applied to developing useful objectives for considering environmental flows. From chapter 4, the book turns to consider how past and present human activities have altered rivers and Environ Biol Fish (2014) 97:223–224 DOI 10.1007/s10641-013-0134-6
Learning Parities with Structured Noise.

In the learning parities with noise problem —well-studied in learning theory and cryptography— we have access to an oracle that, each time we press a button, returns a random vector a ∈ GF(2) together with a bit b ∈ GF(2) that was computed as a ·u+η, where u ∈ GF(2) is a secret vector, and η ∈ GF(2) is a noise bit that is 1 with some probability p. Say p = 1/3. The goal is to recover u. This task is conjectured to be intractable. Here we introduce a slight (?) variation of the model: upon pressing a button, we receive (say) 10 random vectors a1, a2, . . . , a10 ∈ GF(2), and corresponding bits b1, b2, . . . , b10, of which at most 3 are noisy. The oracle may arbitrarily decide which of the 10 bits to make noisy. We exhibit a polynomial-time algorithm to recover the secret vector u given such an oracle. We discuss generalizations of our result, including learning with more general noise patterns. We can also learn low-depth decision trees in the above structured noise model. We also consider the learning with errors problem over GF(q) and give (a) a 2 √ n) algorithm in our structured noise setting (b) a slightly subexponential algorithm when the gaussian noise is small.
Encoding of muscle movement on two time scales by a sensory neuron that switches between spiking and bursting modes.

The gastropyloric receptor (GPR) neurons of the stomatogastric nervous system of the crab Cancer borealis are muscle stretch receptors that can fire in either a spiking or a bursting mode of operat...
Principles for Problem Solving in the Organizational Hologram

All too often the essential management task of problem solving is reduced to the subproblem of rationally selecting a preferred alternative from among a set of alternatives. The subproblem of choosing an alternative, known as decision making in the decision theory literature, has one major drawback: it tends to ignore the raison d’etre for problem solving which is to make something happen and to get the desired results. After all, as Peter Drucker emphasizes in The Effective Executive, the job of the executive is to be effective and not just clever. The purpose of problem solving is to improve effectiveness. If following a rational problem solving procedure helps accomplish it, that is all for the best. But whenever the procedures of problem solving take precedence over the need for effective action, then they are likely to be counterproductive.
Modeling the Sediment Load of the Doce River after the Fundão Tailings Dam Collapse, Brazil

AbstractThe collapse of the Fundao tailings dam in Brazil spilled 32 million cubic meters of mine waste, causing a severe socioeconomic and environmental impact in the Doce River. Approximately 90%...
The Analysis and Research of the Stress Cone Dislocation of 110kv Prefabricated Cable Terminal

Based on the a breakdown of 110kV type flexible prefabricated cable terminal, Fault cable terminal inspection and accident cause analysis are carried out, the discharge traces and the stress cone dislocation found during the disintegration of the cable terminal are analyzed in detail, using the finite element method of cable terminal of high voltage electrostatic field distribution and values of stress cone dislocation the simulation results obtained, When the cable terminal stress cone is dislocated, the electric field distortion is serious, and there is a severe partial discharge in the power frequency, and through analysis, it is concluded that the fabrication and installation of cable terminals is the fundamental cause of the stress cone dislocation.
Left Ventricular Rupture After Impella® Placement During High-Risk Percutaneous Coronary Intervention

Ventricular perforation is a rare complication during a high-risk percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) when supported by Impella® (Abiomed). However, instrumentation of the left ventricle several days after transmural infarct potentially increases susceptibility for perforation. While a patient is on Impella support, physicians should review ventriculograms carefully to detect perforation and should consider the presence of a decompressed ventricle, the absence of normal systolic pressure and the movement of contrast from the ventricle into the aorta bypassing the left ventricular ejection. Immediate removal of the Impella if a perforation occurs must be avoided. Retrieving the device would risk a catastrophic bleed, while alternative repair techniques are available. Here, we describe a patient with a left ventricle perforation that occurred during a high-risk PCI supported by an Impella device. ANNOTATED SUMMARY: The repair of a left ventricle perforation during high-risk PCI in a patient who had an unrecognized left ventricular perforation is described. Physicians are encouraged to carefully review ventriculograms to identify the subtle changes that can indicate a perforation. Further, immediate removal of the temporary LVAD should be avoided to minimize the risk of catastrophic bleeds.
Evaluation of total keratometry and its accuracy for intraocular lens power calculation in eyes after corneal refractive surgery

Purpose To compare the accuracy of total keratometry (TK) and standard keratometry (K) from a swept-source optical coherence tomography biometer for intraocular lens (IOL) power calculation in eyes with previous corneal refractive surgery. Setting Cullen Eye Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA. Design Retrospective case series. Methods The differences between the TK and K and their association with K were assessed. For IOL power calculation, combinations of 1) K with Haigis, Haigis-L, and Barrett True-K, and 2) TK with Haigis (Haigis-TK) were used. The mean absolute error (MAE) and the percentages of eyes within prediction errors of ± 0.50 diopters (D), ± 1.00 D, and ± 2.00 D were calculated. Results The study comprised 129 eyes. For Haigis, Haigis-L, Barrett True-K, and Haigis-TK, respectively, the MAEs were 0.72 D, 0.61 D, 0.54 D, and 0.50 D in the myopic laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK)/photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) group, and 0.74 D, 0.68 D, 0.71 D, and 0.70 D in hyperopic LASIK/PRK group. For the radial keratotomy (RK) eyes, the MAEs were 0.66 D, 0.71 D, and 0.72 D for the Haigis, Barrett True-K, and Haigis-TK formulas, respectively. In the myopic LASIK/PRK group, the Barrett True-K and Haigis-TK produced significantly lower MAEs than did Haigis (P Conclusions The performance of the combination of Haigis and TK in refractive prediction was comparable with Haigis-L and Barrett True-K in eyes with previous corneal refractive surgery.
Ancestry Estimation Using Cranial and Postcranial Macromorphoscopic Traits

Ancestry estimation methods using macromorphoscopic (MMS) traits commonly focus exclusively on cranial morphology. The objective of this study was to demonstrate the value of postcranial MMS traits, highlighting a combined cranial/postcranial trait approach to ancestry estimation using quadratic discriminant function and a variety of machine learning classification models including artificial neural networks (aNN), random forest models, and support vector machine. Eight cranial and eleven postcranial MMS traits were collected from the Terry and Bass Skeletal Collections (American Black = 81; American White = 173). Our classification models using cranial and postcranial traits correctly classified 88-92% of the sample, improving classification accuracies by nearly fifteen percent over models relying exclusively on cranial data. These same results demonstrate the importance of a multivariate statistical framework incorporating cranial and postcranial data and the nearly unlimited potential of machine learning models to improve the accuracy of ancestry estimates over traditional methods of analysis. To facilitate implementation in casework, one of the more robust models (aNN) is incorporated into a web-based application, ComboMaMD Analytical, to facilitate cranial and postcranial MMS traits analysis for ancestry estimation.
Assessing MyPlate Familiarity and Typical Meal Composition using Food Models in Children Aged 7-13

The Dietary Guidelines for Americans serve as a basis for developing federal nutrition education materials for the public, such as MyPlate. MyPlate is a visual cue that uses food groups as a guide to building healthy plates at mealtime. The objective of this study was to determine factors associated with child familiarity with MyPlate guidelines and to determine if typical meals met MyPlate guidelines using food models. A convenience sample of 250 children (aged 7-13 years) and their parent/guardian were recruited at a local science and history museum. Children viewed a picture of the MyPlate icon and were asked to identify the picture. Next, participants used a nine-inch plate to build a typical meal (meals that they would regularly consume) from a buffet of food and beverages models (>65 items to choose from). Research team members took photographs of the plates. A Registered Dietitian Nutritionist determined the percentage of plates that met MyPlate guidelines. Eighty-six percent of children recognized the MyPlate icon upon viewing the image; 7.6% could accurately identify the icon by name. When participants were asked to build a typical meal, however, only 3.43% met MyPlate guidelines. The results of this study suggest that despite being familiar with MyPlate, children built typical meals that did not meet MyPlate guidelines.
Situational Victimization Cues Strengthen Implicit and Explicit Self-Victim Associations: An Experiment With College-Aged Adults

Contextually salient social identities are those that individuals may not think of often but that may be temporarily activated by relevant situational cues. We hypothesized that victim, one of many...
Splashing on Soft Elastic Substrates.

Drop impact onto soft substrates is important in applications such as bioprinting, spray coating, and aerosol drug delivery. Experiments are conducted to determine the effect of elasticity on the s...
From Individual to Collective Responsibility: There and Back Again

We ascribe collective backwards looking moral responsibility to a group, in the first instance, for something that has been done when (a) all (or perhaps in institutional cases some) members of the group, and no one else, made contributions (of a relevant sort) to bringing it about, (b) it was a moral harm, (c) its having been done by a single individual, knowingly or under conditions under which she should have known what she was doing, would ground the claim that she was morally responsible for it, AND (d) (i) they intended to do it OR (ii) they foresaw (or should have foreseen) it as a side effect of something they intended to do OR (iii) it was non-aggregative and they foresaw (or should have foreseen) it as a side effect of something they were doing nonintentionally. Responsibility distributes to members of the group on the basis of degree of culpability. In the case of collective backwards looking moral responsibility for a harm, each member of the group is culpable to degree he would be if acting alone regardless of the size of the causal contribution and regardless of whether it was overdetermined.
Cooking, Shopping, and Eating Behaviors of African American and Hispanic Families: Implications for a Culturally Appropriate Meal Kit Intervention

Families with low incomes face barriers to preparing healthy meals, including decreased food access and limited time, and may turn to fast, low-quality, and inexpensive foods. Affordable and accessible meal kits may reduce these barriers. The objective of this study was to explore the cooking, eating, and shopping behaviors of African American (AA) and Hispanic participants living in the United States with low incomes and determine the knowledge of and preferences for a culturally appropriate meal kit intervention. Trained researchers conducted focus groups using a semi-structured questionnaire with AA and Hispanic food preparers with low incomes. Participant cooking, eating, and shopping behaviors and knowledge of and preferences for a culturally appropriate meal kit intervention were evaluated using thematic analysis. AA participants (n = 16) reported cooking on average 2 to 3 days per week and more often on weekends. Hispanic participants (n = 15) reported cooking 5 days per week and more often during the week. Both groups identified cost as the number one consideration when shopping. Most were unfamiliar with meal kits but indicated they would try an affordable meal kit. AA and Hispanic participants differed in their cooking, eating, and shopping behaviors but were equally interested in trying meal kits if affordable and culturally appropriate.
Caregiving Arrangements and Caregiver Well-being when Infants are Born to Mothers in Prison

Each year in the United States, over 1000 women give birth while in prison. Little is known about who cares for the infants after they are separated from their biological mothers. Additionally, little is known about the household characteristics of the caregivers, or the transitions infants may experience in their first year of life. In this study, we retrospectively reviewed administrative records of all the births (N = 114) to women incarcerated at one large Midwestern women’s prison between May 2013 and December 2018. We then conducted telephone interviews with caregivers (n = 30) who had provided care for 38 infants to better understand the context of caregiving for infants born to mothers in prison. We found that infants were most often discharged from the hospital to a grandparent. Caregivers reported a variety of challenges while caring for the infants, including maintaining employment, increased stressors, and the difficulty of transitioning the infant to another caregiver. By the age of one year, just under half of the infants remained under the primary care of the person who brought the infant home from the hospital; about one-quarter had transitioned to their biological mother’s care following their mothers’ release from prison. Results have implications for policies and programs aimed at supporting infants, caregivers, and mothers in prison.
Motion artifacts in kidney stone imaging using dual-energy CT. A phantom study comparing single-source and dual-source scanners

Computed tomography (CT) has been established as the method of choice for imaging kidney stones with high sensitivity and accuracy. Further, dual-energy CT (DECT) showed the capability of differentiating uric-acid (UA) from non-UA stones with 90–100% accuracy. DECT depends on acquiring two images at different energy levels, from which a material-specific color-coded image is generated. With the invention of dual-source (DS) scanners, both low- and high-energy images are acquired simultaneously. However, DECT can also be performed by sequential acquisition of both images on single-source (SS) scanners. Although motion artifacts generally result in distorted anatomy and blurring, in stone imaging they may lead to stone misclassification. In this study, we investigate the effects of motion artifacts on stone classification using both SS and DS DECT. The results show that stone misclassification may be significantly higher in SS DECT, especially when multiple stones with different types lie in close proximity.
AGAINST METAETHICAL IMPERIALISM: Several Arguments for Equal Partnerships between the Deontic and Aretaic

Virtue and deontological ethics are now commonly contrasted as rival approaches to moral inquiry. However, I argue that neither metaethical party should seek complete, solitary domination of the ethical domain. Reductive treatments of the right or the virtuous, as well as projects that abandon the former or latter, are bound to leave us with a sadly diminished map of the moral territories crucial to our lives. Thus, it is better for the two parties to seek a more cordial and equal relationship, one that permits metaethical pluralism, and acknowledges mutual dependence. I do not seek to prescribe how that relationship should look: this essay offers less a positive metaethical position than a prolegomenon to such a position, one that attempts to head off harmful attempts to reduce the territory of the aretaic to that of the deontic, or that of the deontic to the aretaic.
Digitalizing Crime Prevention Theories: How Technology Affects Victim and Offender Behavior

In the last thirty years, two main theoretical traditions in crime prevention literature have emerged: 1) the victimization perspective, which considers the victim, offender, and environment, and 2) the social control perspective, an alternative view that considers the role that community and family members play in informally influencing the moral values of potential offenders. Both of these theories have been used to inform crime prevention techniques by focusing on modifying the behavior of potential victims and the motivations of potential offenders. While both the social control and victimization perspectives have been used to discuss criminal behavior and crime prevention, neither acknowledge the role that technology plays in the lives of those that may commit crimes or be victimized. In this paper, we attempt to “digitalize” theories of crime prevention. By digitalize, we mean to understand how technology use influences the lives of both potential offenders and victims. We explore the theoretical foundations of both the victimization and social control perspectives and discuss their limitations as a result of not considering how technology influences information-seeking practices and communication routines. We argue that examining technology use is essential to crime theories that are used to help understand and predict criminal behavior, and we propose modifications to each framework to increase their effectiveness in predicting criminal behavior and practical application.
Adipose Tissue-Derived Progenitor Cells and Cancer

Recruitment of stem cells and partially differentiated progenitor cells is a process which accompanies and facilitates the progression of cancer. One of the factors complicating the clinical course of cancer is obesity, a progressively widespread medical condition resulting from overgrowth of white adipose tissue (WAT), commonly known as white fat. The mechanisms by which obesity influences cancer risk and progression are not completely understood. Cells of WAT secret soluble molecules (adipokines) that could stimulate tumor growth, although there is no consensus on which cell populations and which adipokines are important. Recent reports suggest that WAT-derived mesenchymal stem (stromal) cells, termed adipose stem cells (ASC), may represent a cell population linking obesity and cancer. Studies in animal models demonstrate that adipokines secreted by ASC can promote tumor growth by assisting in formation of new blood vessels, a process necessary for expansion of tumor mass. Importantly, migration of ASC from WAT to tumors has been demonstrated, indicating that the tumor microenvironment in cancer may be modulated by ASC-derived trophic factors in a paracrine rather than in an endocrine manner. Here, we review possible positive and adverse implications of progenitor cell recruitment into the diseased sites with a particular emphasis on the role in cancer progression of progenitors that are expanded in obesity.
Establishing the Content Validity of a Basic Computer Literacy Course

AbstractThis study sought to determine which specific skills should be taught in a high school computer literacy course. Thirteen textbooks and two Department of Education documents were analyzed to ascertain common word processing, database, and spreadsheet software skills. Each of these software tools was analyzed to find the specific skills needed to become proficient in that tool. A basic computer literacy course was created from the analysis of the sources. It was piloted successfully with both regular and special needs students. Aspects of this course are described.
Transformational leadership, psychological empowerment, and the moderating role of mechanistic–organic contexts

Summary The current study examines the empowering effects of transformational leaders and the extent to which these effects differ across mechanistic–organic organizational contexts. Psychological empowerment is hypothesized to provide a comprehensive motivational mechanism explaining the relationships between transformational leadership and employee job-related behaviors. In addition, the relationships between transformational leadership, employee psychological empowerment, and job-related behaviors are hypothesized to be stronger in organizations with more organic as opposed to mechanistic structures. Results based on a cross-organizational sample of employees and their immediate supervisors provide support for the hypothesized relationships. Psychological empowerment mediated relationships between transformational leadership and employee task performance and organizational citizenship behaviors. The mediating role of psychological empowerment was then found to be conditional upon mechanistic–organic contexts. More specifically, organic structures enhanced, whereas mechanistic structures constrained, the empowering influence of transformational leaders. In highly mechanistic contexts, the indirect effects were no longer statistically significant. Implications for theory, research, and organizational management are discussed. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Kinetic attractor phase diagrams of active nematic suspensions: the dilute regime

Large-scale simulations by the authors of the kinetic-hydrodynamic equations for active polar nematics revealed a variety of spatio-temporal attractors, including steady and unsteady, banded (1d) and cellular (2d) spatial patterns. These particle scale activation-induced attractors arise at dilute nanorod volume fractions where the passive equilibrium phase is isotropic, whereas all previous model simulations have focused on the semi-dilute, nematic equilibrium regime and mostly on low-moment orientation tensor and polarity vector models. Here we extend our previous results to complete attractor phase diagrams for active nematics, with and without an explicit polar potential, to map out novel spatial and dynamic transitions, and to identify some new attractors, over the parameter space of dilute nanorod volume fraction and nanorod activation strength. The particle-scale activation parameter corresponds experimentally to a tunable force dipole strength (so-called pushers with propulsion from the rod tail) generated by active rod macromolecules, e.g., catalysis with the solvent phase, ATP-induced propulsion, or light-activated propulsion. The simulations allow 2d spatial variations in all flow and orientational variables and full spherical orientational degrees of freedom; the attractors correspond to numerical integration of a coupled system of 125 nonlinear PDEs in 2d plus time. The phase diagrams with and without the polar interaction potential are remarkably similar, implying that polar interactions among the rodlike particles are not essential to long-range spatial and temporal correlations in flow, polarity, and nematic order. As a general rule, above a threshold, low volume fractions induce 1d banded patterns, whereas higher yet still dilute volume fractions yield 2d patterns. Again as a general rule, varying activation strength at fixed volume fraction induces novel dynamic transitions. First, stationary patterns saturate the instability of the isotropic state, consisting of discrete 1d banded or 2d cellular patterns depending on nanorod volume fraction. Increasing activation strength further induces a sequence of attractor bifurcations, including oscillations superimposed on the 1d and 2d stationary patterns, a uniform translational motion of 1d and 2d oscillating patterns, and periodic switching between 1d and 2d patterns. These results imply that active macromolecular suspensions are capable of long-range spatial and dynamic organization at isotropic equilibrium concentrations, provided particle-scale activation is sufficiently strong.
Automated quantitation of non-steady flow and lumen area using temporal correlation [MRI]

A robust method for automated quantitation of nonsteady flow and lumen area is presented. The method utilizes temporal information to differentiate between pixels within the lumen and a background region. Cross correlation (CC) is applied to identify the pixels with temporal information similar to a reference obtained from a pixel within the lumen region. The new method incorporates a computation of an optimal threshold; therefore, it provides an unbiased observer-independent quantitation. We have conducted in vitro and in vivo experiments to evaluate the reproducibility and accuracy of the method.
How job-level HRM effectiveness influences employee intent to turnover and workarounds in hospitals

Abstract The present study examines the multilevel relationship between job-level HRM effectiveness, employee intent to turnover, and employee mindfulness behaviors (measured as workarounds) in a hospital system. Integrating the resource-based view of the firm and conservation of resources theories, we hypothesize that job-level HRM effectiveness negatively relates to employee turnover intentions, which mediates the negative relationship between job-level HRM effectiveness and employee workarounds. Using multilevel modeling on data collected from employees working across six locations within a hospital system, we confirm the hypothesized relationships. Strategically aligned and integrated HRM systems designed to enhance or inhibit mindful employee behaviors will do so through the intervening mechanism of employee turnover intentions. The article discusses practical implications, future research directions, and limitations of the study.
Catecholamine infusion in the unanesthetized goat lymph fistula model

Abstract This study has demonstrated in an awake goat the differential effects of infusing low dose epinephrine and norepinephrine. Epinephrine increases pulmonary fluid exchange, possibly as a result of β stimulation to the heart; whereas norepinephrine results in little change in pulmonary fluid balance, primarily affecting vascular vasoreactivity. This study underscores the importance of testing drug responses in awake animal models.
Framing responsibility in climate change discourse: Ethnocentric attribution bias, perceived causes, and policy attitudes

Abstract Although the public's perception that climate change is caused primarily by humans rather than nature is a key predictor of public engagement with the issue, little research has examined the way in which climate change communication can influence public perception. Drawing on attribution theory, this study found that American participants who were exposed to information about their in-group's excessive energy use were more likely to attribute climate change to uncontrollable (natural) rather than controllable (human) causes than were those who were exposed to information about an out-group's (China) excessive energy use and those in the control group. In addition, this attribution of climate change to nature was negatively associated with climate change concern for climate change and policy support for climate change mitigation. These causal relationships were reflected in the mediation path model.
DNA damage and oxygen radical toxicity

A major portion of the toxicity of hydrogen peroxide in Escherichia coli is attributed to DNA damage mediated by a Fenton reaction that generates active forms of hydroxyl radicals from hydrogen peroxide, DNA-bound iron, and a constant source of reducing equivalents. Kinetic peculiarities of DNA damage production by hydrogen peroxide in vivo can be reproduced by including DNA in an in vitro Fenton reaction system in which iron catalyzes the univalent reduction of hydrogen peroxide by the reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH). To minimize the toxicity of oxygen radicals, the cell utilizes scavengers of these radicals and DNA repair enzymes. On the basis of observations with the model system, it is proposed that the cell may also decrease such toxicity by diminishing available NAD(P)H and by utilizing oxygen itself to scavenge active free radicals into superoxide, which is then destroyed by superoxide dismutase.
General considerations prior to relining of complete dentures

eneral considerations necessary to determine whether a complete denture reline should be attempted or a new denture constructed have been presented. Specific evaluation procedures, including the examination and diagnosis of the patient and the complete denture(s) along with a checklist of complicating factors, have been discussed. Hickey and Zarb have said: "The complicated [nature] of the conditions to be corrected makes [reline] procedures not the simple operations many patients and dentists think they are." The authors emphatically agree.
HIV/AIDS and immigrant Cape Verdean women: contextualized perspectives of Cape Verdean community advocates.

This research explored Cape Verdean community advocates’ understandings of the structural and social realities that contribute to the increased HIV/AIDS risk of Northeastern U.S.-based immigrant Cape Verdean women. A community perspective informed the analysis of the multi-layered contextual barriers that these advocates identified as limiting the effectiveness of individual-level HIV/AIDS prevention and intervention models. Qualitative content analysis of interviews with nine community advocates revealed several thematic clusters including challenges to (1) perceived institutional and community realities; (2) traditional gender relations; and, (3) traditional ways of thinking. These findings challenge universalist cognitive-behavioral change models of HIV/AIDS prevention and intervention and are critically discussed to better understand the complex realities faced by Cape Verdean immigrant women. A liberatory community psychology perspective framed the research process and contributed to reconceptualizing HIV/AIDS risk as a community problem that requires interventions not simply at the individual and relational levels, but also at the structural level.
Testing the sequential model of pain processing in irritable bowel syndrome: a structural equation modeling analysis.

Abstract Pain, the cardinal feature of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), is a multidimensional phenomenon with sensory and affective dimensions. Price's [Psychological Mechanisms of Pain and Analgesia, 1999] pain processing model was used to delineate four a priori sequentially related stages (pain sensation intensity, immediate pain unpleasantness, long-term suffering, and pain-related behavior). Although prior research with both healthy individuals and somatic pain patients supports the model in general, its applicability to IBS is unclear. Our goal was to extend the scope of the sequential model and test its fundamental tenets using structural equation modeling (SEM) with data obtained from 168 Rome II diagnosed IBS patients (19% male, 81% female). A secondary goal was to assess the relationship between a set of contextual factors associated with IBS (age, gender, trait anxiety) and the four pain stages. Results were consistent with a successive order of pain processing such that the pain sensation directly impacts pain unpleasantness, which, in turn, leads to suffering and illness behaviors. However, contrary to a model with strictly successive stages, pain sensation had independent effects on illness behaviors over and above pain affect. The effect of anxiety on illness behavior was mediated by suffering, while psychopathology directly influenced pain sensation and pain unpleasantness but not later stages. Age was related to pain sensation and illness behaviors but not pain affect. Gender tended to be more strongly associated with more distal pain stages (e.g., pain affect) vis-a-vis its effects on pain sensation. These data are generally supportive of a four-stage pain processing model.
A spectral study of tautomerism in 4-arylamino-1,2-naphthoquinones

Abstract The tautomerism of 4-arylamino-1,2-naphthoquinones in aqueous solutions has been investigated by UV-visible absorption spectroscopy. It has been demonstrated that in strongly acidic solutions (Ph ⩽ 0·8), protonation of the 2-keto group leads to 2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone-4-arylimine as the more stable tautomer. However, weakly acidic or alkaline solutions (Ph 4–13) contain 4-arylamino-1,2-naphthoquinone as the more stable tautomer.
Global Ocean Meridional Overturning

Abstract A decade-mean global ocean circulation is estimated using inverse techniques, incorporating air–sea fluxes of heat and freshwater, recent hydrographic sections, and direct current measurements. This information is used to determine mass, heat, freshwater, and other chemical transports, and to constrain boundary currents and dense overflows. The 18 boxes defined by these sections are divided into 45 isopycnal (neutral density) layers. Diapycnal transfers within the boxes are allowed, representing advective fluxes and mixing processes. Air–sea fluxes at the surface produce transfers between outcropping layers. The model obtains a global overturning circulation consistent with the various observations, revealing two global-scale meridional circulation cells: an upper cell, with sinking in the Arctic and subarctic regions and upwelling in the Southern Ocean, and a lower cell, with sinking around the Antarctic continent and abyssal upwelling mainly below the crests of the major bathymetric ridges.
A dynamic logic of multiprocessing with incomplete information

A crucial property of distributed multiprocessing systems is the lack of complete information by any given process about the states of other processes. The contribution of this paper is a fundamental modal logic, MPL, for multiprocessing with incomplete information. (Section 1.5 gives an informal introduction to MPL; the formal definitions are in Section 2.)By way of this logic, we develop a solid (practical and theoretical) correspondence between distributed multiprocessing and multiplayer games of incomplete information.Fischer and Ladner, [1979] have shown a logspace reduction from the outcome problem for two person games of perfect information to satisfiability of formulas in their propositional dynamic logic (PDL). We provide in Section 3 a log-space reduction from the outcome problem for multiplayer games of incomplete information to satisfiability of formulas in our logic MPL. Although in general satisfiability in out logic is undecidable, the satisfiability problem of formulae with hierarchical visibility structure is shown decidable (using the methods for solving hierarchical games developed in Reif [1979] and Peterson and Reif [1979], and also the model theoretic techniques of Fischer and Ladner [1979] and Pratt [1979b]).At a more practical level, we argue that the game-like semantics of our logic provides a robust paradigm in which to view distributed multiprocessing problems. We apply our logic to describe total correctness properties of multi-process programs with shared variables as well as communicating processes with "handshake"-type message passing.
Interference with McCollough effects via pre- and postinduction exposure to achromatic gratings: time course and magnitude of aftereffect decrement.

The strength of McCollough effects (MEs) may be reduced by having subjects view achromatic gratings either before or after ME induction. Both types of interference effects were investigated in a series of experiments designed to describe and compare their properties. Among the results were the following major findings: (1) Recovery of ME strength following postinduction interference manifests itself as a convergence of the interference decay curve and a control curve; it occurs within 30–60 min, and may or may not involve an increase in ME strength in the interference curve. (2) Preinduction interference does not occur if more than a few minutes separate the achromatic and chromatic inspections; interference effects that occur when the interinspection interval is zero are evident throughout the decay of the subsequent ME. These results are discussed in terms of several explanations of interference effects.