cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Winnick's Case for a Changing Attitude Toward Housing: Comment

Louis Winnick's argument in this Journal,' that there has been a long-run downward shift in consumers' preferences for housing, rests on two basic assumptions: 1. Consumer behavior is appropriately analyzed with reference to capital outlays rather than carrying costs. 2. The demand for housing is much more elastic with respect to income than with respect to price. Both of these assumptions are subject to question. With reference to the first, although Winnick does concede that "the size of the capital outlay a family is willing to make for a house is not independent of the annual level of carrying costs,"2 this is only a parenthetical qualification on his part. However, if qualification and assumption are interchanged, the argument can be reversed; it can be contended that over the years there has been an upward shift in consumers' preferences for housing. Consider the following line of reasoning. Budget studies show that persons with high incomes spend a smaller proportion of their income on annual housing costs than do persons with low incomes. From this we should expect that for the community as a whole the ratio of carrying costs to income would decline as income rose. In fact as Winnick points out, the ratio of carrying costs to income has remained relatively unchanged. If changing relative prices can be assumed to have had a negligible effect (as Winnick argues), we are justified in inferring an upward shift in consumer preferences for housing. Clearly, then, it is a matter of first importance whether consumer behavior is more appropriately analyzed in terms of carrying costs or capital outlays, since the implications drawn with regard to consumer preferences are diametrically opposed. There is no unequivocal answer to this problem; the assumption employed largely depends on which consumers we are talking about. Tenants are concerned only with carrying costs. Home buyers must consider both factors,
Popliteal artery stenosis caused by a Baker's cyst

Abstract Popliteal artery compression may be caused by a Baker's cyst as documented by this case report. Typically this occurs in a relatively young patient without other evidence of atherosclerosis. The ischemic symptoms may be intermittent. Treatment should include resection of the offending cyst and any damaged popliteal artery. (J VASC SURG 1986;4:403-5.)
Fluorometric assay of enzymatic reactions involving acetyl coenzyme A in aldol condensations

Abstract The synthesis and properties (NMR, UV absorption, fluorescence emission spectra, and fluorescence quantum yield) of umbelliferone, 4-isopropylumbelliferone, and 4-carboxymethylumbelliferone are described. The optimal conditions for the formation of these umbelliferones from substituted malic acids and resorcinol have been determined. This forms the basis for a rapid and sensitive fluoremetric assay of enzymes catalyzing aldol condensation reactions involving acetyl coenzyme A.
A new Mecranium (Melastomataceae) from Hispaniola

Mecranium revolutum is described from the Massif de la Hotte of Haiti and compared with three similar species that are also endemic to this interesting region. The lower elevation (1000–1600 m) forests of Parc National Pic Macaya are discussed briefly.
Dynamic Change in Mitral Regurgitant Orifice Area: Comparison of Color Doppler Echocardiographic and Electromagnetic Flowmeter-Based Methods in a Chronic Animal Model

Objectives. The aim of the present study was to investigate dynamic changes in the mitral regurgitant orifice using electromagnetic flow probes and flowmeters and the color Doppler flow convergence method. Background. Methods for determining mitral regurgitant orifice areas have been described using flow convergence imaging with a hemispheric isovelocity surface assumption. However, the shape of flow convergence isovelocity surfaces depends on many factors that change during regurgitation. Methods. In seven sheep with surgically created mitral regurgitation, 18 hemodynamic states were studied. The aliasing distances of flow convergence were measured at 10 sequential points using two ranges of aliasing velocities (0.20 to 0.32 and 0.56 to 0.72 m/s), and instantaneous flow rates were calculated using the hemispheric assumption. Instantaneous regurgitant areas were determined from the regurgitant flow rates obtained from both electromagnetic flowmeters and flow convergence divided by the corresponding continuous wave velocities. Results. The regurgitant orifice sizes obtained using the electromagnetic flow method usually increased to maximal size in early to midsystole and then decreased in late systole. Patterns of dynamic charges in orifice area obtained by flow convergence were not the same as those delineated by the electromagnetic flow method. Time-averaged regurgitant orifice areas obtained by flow convergence using lower aliasing velocities overestimated the areas obtained by the electromagnetic flow method ([mean ± SD] 0.27 ± 0.14 vs. 0.12 ± 0.06 cm2, p < 0.001), whereas flow convergence, using higher aliasing velocities, estimated the reference areas more reliably (0.15 ± 0.06 cm2). Conclusions. The electromagnetic flow method studies uniformly demonstrated dynamic change in mitral regurgitant orifice area and suggested limitations of the flow convergence method.
The irony of host defense.

Macrophages from flatiron mice, with functional defects in the iron exporter ferroportin, support increased bacterial growth when infected by Chlamydia psittaci , Chlamydia trachomatis , and Legionella pneumophila . The oral iron chelators deferriprone and desferasirox reduced intracellular
A comment on A. Bachellerie's paper “critical attenuation of 1 GHz ultrasonic waves in MnF2”

Abstract The attenuation of 10–100MHz longitudinal ultrasonic waves in MnF 2 exhibits a maximum at (or very close to) the Neel temperature T N . The maximum at T N becomes less sharp as the frequency increases, and it disappears at frequencies above ∼100MHz. An increase in the frequency does not lead merely to a shift of the attenuation maximum to lower temperatures, as one might have inferred from Bachellerie's results.
Evaluation of drying agents for off-line supercritical fluid extraction

Abstract Of 21 potential drying agents investigated, five (anhydrous and monohydrated magnesium sulfate, molecular sieves 3A and 5A and Hydromatrix) were able successfully to prevent restrictor plugging by water during off-line supercritical fluid extraction (e.g., 400 atm CO2 at 60°C) by retaining the majority of the water (but generally not the analytes of interest) in the extraction cell. Increasing the extraction temperature (e.g., to 150°C) or adding a polar modifier [10% (v/v) methanol] to the CO2 extraction fluid greatly reduced the amount of water the drying agents retained. However, when 10% (v/v) toluene was used for the extraction, the drying agents were able to retain the majority of the water (ca. 80% w/w). Polar and non-polar pollutants were quantitatively extracted from the wet drying agents (i.e., water present), but nearly all of the drying agents selectively retained at least one of the polar analytes if used dry (i.e., no water present), thus demonstrating the need for a spike recovery study to determine the potential for analyte loss. The successful drying agents eliminated restrictor plugging when used with moderately wet [ca. 20% (w/w) water at a 1:1 reagent-to-sample ratio] and very wet [ca. 90% (w/w) water at 4:1 reagent-to-sample ratio] samples without the need to heat the restrictor or the collection solvent.
Binding of IFNγ and Its C-Terminal Peptide to a Cytoplasmic Domain of Its Receptor That Is Essential for Function

We have previously shown that murine interferon gamma (IFN gamma) binds to a soluble form of its receptor via both the N-terminus and C-terminus. The IFN gamma N-terminus binds extracellular receptor residues 95-120. Here we report that the C-terminus of IFN gamma binds to the membrane proximal region of the cytoplasmic domain of the receptor, residues 253-287. Peptide binding to fixed/permeabilized cells is specifically blocked by anti-(253-287) antibodies. These data suggest a novel mechanism by which IFN gamma binds to its receptor, involving both the extracellular and the intracellular receptor domains. Such a mechanism could have broader implications for the activation of signal transduction pathways by both IFN gamma and other cytokines whose receptors are members of the cytokine receptor superfamily.
Moduli space metric of supersymmetric SU(N) gauge theory and the enhancon

Abstract We compute the moduli space metric of SU ( N ) Yang–Mills theory with N =2 supersymmetry in the vicinity of the point where the classical moduli vanish. This gauge theory may be realized as a set of N D7-branes wrapping a K 3 surface, near the enhancon locus. The moduli space metric determines the low-energy worldvolume dynamics of the D7-branes near this point, including stringy corrections. Non-abelian gauge symmetry is not restored on the worldvolume at the enhancon point, but rather the gauge group remains U (1) N −1 and light electric and magnetically charged particles coexist. We also study the moduli space metric for a single probe brane in the background of N −1 branes near the enhancon point. We find quantum corrections to the supergravity probe metric that are not suppressed at large separations, but are down by 1/ N factors, due to the response of the N −1 enhancon branes to the probe. A singularity appears before the probe reaches the enhancon point where a dyon becomes massless. We compute the masses of W-bosons and monopoles in a large N limit near this critical point.
Pressure-diameter relations of small blood vessels in isolated dog lung

Abstract The pressure-diameter relations of pulmonary blood vessels 800–3600 μ in diameter were measured in an isolated dog lung preparation from radiographs taken with a fine focus (300 × 280 μ) X-ray tube. Intravascular pressures were varied from 10 to 45 cm H 2 O in relation to alveolar pressure at the bottom of the lung. In general, arteries were more distensible than veins and the relative change in diameter of the smaller vessels was greater than that of the larger vessels over the same pressure range. From 10–30 cm H 2 O the smallest arteries (800–1200 μ) increased their diameter by 65% and the largest arteries (3200–3600 μ) by 20%. Under the same conditions, small veins (800–1200 μ) increased by 25% and large veins (2400–2800 μ) changed by only 10%. All vessels increased their stiffness as intravascular pressure was raised. Between 17 and 22 cm H 2 O the mean Young's modulus for arteries was 632 ± 54 gm wt/cm 2 and veins 1476 ± 158 gm wt/cm 2 .
Thermal and mechanical analysis of high-power GaAs flip-chips on CVD diamond substrates

Abstract Using numerical, analytical and experimental methods, we evaluate the structural and thermal performance of a large, 1 cm×1 cm, GaAs die, flip-chip attached to 2.54 cm×2.54 cm diamond substrates. In agreement with numerical predictions, the GaAs dice's induced stress during the attachment process — 37Pb/63Sn solder reflow and high-temperature underfill cure — is below the fracture strength of GaAs. However, as numerically predicted, the stress in the dice is higher for underfilled chips. This larger stress is measured indirectly through stylus profilometry where we experimentally determine the die deflection. The underfilled chips deflect more, which correlates with higher die stress. Both analytical and numerical results confirm this conclusion. Experimental and numerical thermal studies demonstrate the importance of the case-to-ambient thermal resistance (θca). For our package, diamond offers tremendous thermal advantage only for θca values less than 1°C W−1 and offers little to no advantage for θca values greater than 10°C W−1.
Origin of Martian outflow channels: The Eolian hypothesis

It has been recognized for many years that wind injects dust into the atmosphere on Mars and moves around thin layers of surface material. An investigation is conducted regarding the rates of eolian transport on Mars in the context of eolian channel formation. A model is developed for the formation of an erosional channel by sandblasting with materials transported by wind out of chaotic terrains. This model is applied to the interpretation of topographic measurements made in the chaotic terrain source area and channel of Aromatum Vallis, a small well-preserved channel system southwest of the Chryse basin, and constraints are developed on the eolian mechanism.
Diffusion of gases in porous solids: Monte Carlo simulations in the Knudsen and ordinary diffusion regimes

Porous solids have been simulated in the computer as assemblages of spheres. When such assemblages contain spheres distributed in size and randomly arranged in space, the structure of the resulting solid resembles that of a real porous solid. Monte Carlo calculations of gas molecule trajectories through the assemblages were carried out for both the Knudsen and ordinary diffusion regimes. Tortuosities calculated from the simulated diffusion “data” fell in the range obtained experimentally by other investigators. Correlations were obtained that enable the prediction of diffusion rates from measurement of the porosity, mean pore size, and standard deviation of the pore size.
Evaluation of muscle mass measurement by 14C-creatine dilution in the dog

Dogs were given a tracer dose of 14C-creatine. A substantial fraction of the administered radioactivity is excreted in urine (27.5% in 5 days, 67% in 17 days); residual activity is concentrated in skeletal and smooth muscle (3–6% in other major viscera). However, tissue radioactivity of muscle tissue, when referred to weight, potassium, or nitrogen is not uniform, and no reasonable estimate of muscle mass can be made from a single biopsy specimen in this species.
*Forced Oscillations of a Self-Oscillating Bimolecular Surface Reaction Model

The effects of forced oscillations in the partial pressure of a reactant is studied in a simple isothermal, bimolecular surface reaction model in which two vacant sites are required for reaction. The forced oscillations are conducted in a region of parameter space where an autonomous limit cycle is observed, and the response of the system is characterized with the aid of the stroboscopic map where a two-parameter bifurcation diagram for the map is constructed by using the amplitude and frequency of the forcing as bifurcation parameters. The various responses include subharmonic, quasi-periodic, and chaotic solutions. In addition, bistability between one or more of these responses has been observed. Bifurcation features of the stroboscopic map for this system include folds in the sides of some resonance horns, period doubling, Hopf bifurcations including hard resonances, homoclinic tangles, and several different codimension-two bifurcations.
YY1 Tethers Xist RNA to the Inactive X Nucleation Center

Summary The long noncoding Xist RNA inactivates one X chromosome in the female mammal. Current models posit that Xist induces silencing as it spreads along X and recruits Polycomb complexes. However, the mechanisms for Xist loading and spreading are currently unknown. Here, we define the nucleation center for Xist RNA and show that YY1 docks Xist particles onto the X chromosome. YY1 is a "bivalent" protein, capable of binding both RNA and DNA through different sequence motifs. Xist's exclusive attachment to the inactive X is determined by an epigenetically regulated trio of YY1 sites as well as allelic origin. Specific YY1-to-RNA and YY1-to-DNA contacts are required to load Xist particles onto X. YY1 interacts with Xist RNA through Repeat C. We propose that YY1 acts as adaptor between regulatory RNA and chromatin targets.
The Relationship Between Sinoatrial Conduction Time and Sinus Cycle Length During Spontaneous Sinus Arrhythmia in Adults

It is well known that atrioventricular conduction varies as a function of atrial rate. However, rate related changes in sinoatrial conduction time (SACT) have not been examined. To determine the relationship between SACT and sinoatrial cycle length (SCL) in man, atrial and His bundle electrograms were recorded during atrial premature stimulation in each of nineteen patients with sinus arrhythmia. Ten of nineteen had asymptomatic, intermittent sinus bradycardia; 3/19 had persistent sinus bradycardia with nonspecific symptoms; 6/19 were felt to represent the sick sinus syndrome. In 18/19 individuals, there was a clearcut, inverse, linear relationship between SACT and SCL, i.e., as SCL increased, SACT decreased. Although this resembles the increase in PR interval that occurs with a decrease in atrial cycle length during atrial pacing, it contrasts sharply with the unchanged or increased PR interval that accompanies spontaneous increases in SCL. Although the range of patients' SACTs at any given SCL was large...
Differential facilitation of memories by strychnine at different times of day.

Adult male albino rats were used to assess the facilitory effects of strychnine sulfate on retention performance at different times of day. In Experiment I, groups given passive avoidance training followed directly by a strychnine injection exhibited facilitated retention test performance. This effect was seen at 1600 hr, but not at 2200 hr. In Experiment II, animals were trained on the same task and were treated with strychnine or saline 0.25 min following training or with strychnine at one of three intervals following training (15, 30, or 60 min). The 1600-hr groups showed a smooth curve of retrograde facilitation, with facilitation decreasing as the interval between training and testing lengthened. At 2200 hr, no retrograde facilitation gradient was found. These data suggest that there is differential facilitation of retention test performance at different times of day.
A 20b Clockless DAC With Sub-ppm INL, 7.5 nV/√Hz Noise and 0.05 ppm/°C Stability

This paper presents a 20b clockless DAC designed for precision calibrated systems. The architecture is a 6b parallel resistor voltage divider with a 14b R-2R subDAC. This architecture is inherently good for noise and temperature stability. Major causes of nonlinearity are discussed. A single current-output calibration DAC corrects for both random resistor mismatch and systematic resistor nonlinearity. A force and sense switch topology overcomes INL from CMOS switch resistance. The DAC is implemented in a 0.6 μm 30 V BiCMOS process with 5 V CMOS devices and Si-Cr thin-film resistors. It achieves 0.33 ppm INL and 7.5 nV/√Hz noise with a ±10 V output span. It has 0.05 ppm/°C temperature stability and settles in 1 μs. Current consumption is 4.2 mA from 30 V supplies, excluding power required for external reference buffers.
Estimating the position and variability of buried bedrock surfaces in the St. Louis metro area

Abstract The precise position of bedrock surface is the most important variable for evaluating seismic site response. The subsurface data suggest that the bedrock elevations in the St. Louis area are proportional to ground surface elevation, and bedrock depths tend to thin in dissected, loess-covered uplands. Automated contour maps of the estimated bedrock depth or elevation are commonly constructed using geographical information systems (GIS) that employ various interpolation algorithms. In deeply incised terrain interpolation techniques often make erroneous predictions because they tend to under- or overestimate surfaces influenced by paleolandscapes, such as incised channels that are subsequently filled, or by employing single contour models across areas of differing geomorphic settings. This paper compares two different models for estimating dissected and/or eroded bedrock surfaces beneath the greater St. Louis area, which varies with the geomorphic setting. These models include: 1) the depth-to-bedrock derived from ordinary kriging, and, 2) bedrock elevations derived from cokriging. Cross-sections derived from the GIS programs suggest that the estimated depth-to-bedrock tend to simplify the actual situations because they assume near-constant thickness between data points, ignoring natural undulations caused by previous erosion. These simplified surfaces of depth-to-bedrock were adjusted by considering data, which does not pierce the bedrock interface. The estimated bedrock elevation does not conform to local topographic variations in rugged, hilly terrain, and tends to over-smooth the natural undulations caused by stream incision. In rugged, deeply incised terrain the interpolation of bedrock depths yields more realistic estimates of the buried bedrock surface than those derived from bedrock elevations. In the major Holocene floodplains, we developed a technique employing complex curve-fitting of channel cross-sections to produce more realistic estimations of the spatial variability of depth-to-bedrock within the deeply-incised channels.
Ginsenosides protect pulmonary vascular endothelium against free radical-induced injury.

Abstract We studied the actions of saponin (ginsenosides) from Panax ginseng on free radical-induced pulmonary endothelial injury which is manifest as reversal of the normal vasodilator response to acetylcholine in perfused, vasoconstricted lungs. 50 or 200 μg/ml ginsenosides prevented this injury response and also reduced the pulmonary edema which follows free radical injury but did not alter the normal ACh — induced vasodilation in intact lungs. In control perfused lungs preconstricted with U46619, the ginsenoside mixture or purified ginsenosides Rb1 and Rg1 caused vasodilatation. This effect was eliminated by 100 μM nitro-L-arginine, an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase. In cultured bovine aortic endothelial cells, ginsenosides (10 μg/ml) stimulated the conversion of [14C]-L-arginine to [14C]-L-citrulline. These data indicate that GS may cause vasorelaxation and prevent manifestations of oxygen free radical injury by promoting release of nitric oxide.
On the behavior of O+5 in coronal holes : Importance of sunward propagating waves

[1] The high thermal anisotropy of O +5 in coronal holes, as observed by the Ultraviolet Coronagraph Spectrometer (UVCS) on the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO), suggests that these ions are being heated by the cyclotron resonance. The observations indicate that the O +5 temperature steadily increases from r ≈1.5 r s (where the ions become almost collisionless) out to r ≈ 3.5 r s (the outer limit of the observations). Previous models have not been able to reproduce even the qualitative result of a steady temperature rise. We suggest that the problem has been that previous models have considered O +5 resonating only with outward propagating waves. Once the ions are heated perpendicularly to the background magnetic field, they are accelerated to high outward flow speeds by the mirror force. As a result, they resonate with outgoing waves having higher (normalized) wave numbers, where there is presumably less power; they may even drop out of resonance altogether. We suggest here that resonances with inward (i.e., sunward) propagating waves may be the key to explaining the observed O +5 temperature rise. In that case, as the ions are accelerated by the mirror force, they never drop out of resonance, and they resonate with ingoing waves having lower (normalized) wave numbers where there is presumably more power. We offer a very simple strawman model to illustrate the differences between oxygen resonances with ingoing and outgoing waves and to show that the UVCS/SOHO results can be approximately reproduced if the ingoing wave power spectrum in the resonant range varies as k -γ , with γ ≈ 5/3. We point out that it is really necessary to take into account the fact that O +5 (and other heavy ions) can resonate with ingoing and outgoing waves simultaneously, which can only be studied via full kinetic solutions for the ion distribution functions; however, it is possible that once the ions are accelerated by the mirror force, the resonances with sunward propagating waves will be dominant.
The effect of salinity and temperature on intracellular osmoregulation and muscle free amino acids in Fundulus diaphanus

Abstract 1. 1. Fundulus diaphanus tolerates both freshwater and 30‰ sea water at 15°C. At 0.5°C only freshwater was tolerated well, and only 50% of the sample population survived in 30‰ sea water after 2 weeks. 2. 2. At 15°C tissue inorganic ions and free amino acids increased with an increase in ambient salinity. In freshwater adapted fish, tissue K + increased while free amino acids decreased with a decrease in water temperature. 3. 3. The primary amino acids involved with salinity change were alanine, glycine, serine, proline, and aspartic acid. Taurine did not change with salinity and apparently does not function in intracellular osmoregulation.
Solvent dependent mechanistic pathways for η-O2CCH3 substitution from the [Mo3(μ3-O)2(μ-O2CCH3)6(η-O2CCH3)3]− anion

Abstract Rate coefficients for terminal acetate (η-O 2 CCH 3 ) substitution from the [Mo 3 (μ 3 -O) 2 (μ-O 2 CCH 3 ) 6 (η-O 2 CCH 3 ) 3 ] − anion were examined in polar protic (D 2 O and methanol-d 4 ), polar aprotic (DMSO-d 6 and DMF-d 7 ) and acidic solvents (acetic acid-d 4 ). Reaction rates were determined using variable-temperature 1 H NMR and found to span orders of magnitude depending on the solvent ( k 298 K (s −1 ) = 7.2 × 10 −6 for D 2 O, 2.6 × 10 −5 for methanol-d 4 , 3.7 × 10 −4 for acetic acid-d 4 ; no reaction for DMSO-d 6 and DMF-d 7 ). Unlike D 2 O and methanol-d 4 , little to no reaction occurs in DMSO-d 6 and DMF-d 7 most likely because the aprotic solvent is not able to solvate the leaving acetate ligand through hydrogen bonding. Activation parameters show that acetate substitution in polar protic solvents follows a dissociative pathway (D 2 O: Δ H ‡ = 126 (±6) kJ mol −1 and Δ S ‡ = 80 (±18) J mol −1 K −1 ; methanol-d 4 : Δ H ‡ = 115 (±3) kJ mol −1 and Δ S ‡ = 52 (±9) J mol −1 K −1 ) while parameters for acetate exchange in acetic acid-d 4 are markedly different and suggest a mechanism more complex than a simple ligand exchange reaction (Δ H ‡ obs = 63 (±12) kJ mol −1 and Δ S ‡ obs = −97 (±40) J mol −1 K −1 ).
Nuclear convergence of the TGFβ and cAMP signal transduction pathways in murine embryonic palate mesenchymal cells

Transforming growth factors beta (TGFbeta) and cyclic AMP (cAMP) both participate in growth and differentiation of the developing mammalian secondary palate and elicit similar biological responses. Cross-talk between these two signal transduction pathways in cells derived from the embryonic palate has been demonstrated previously. In the present study, we have examined nuclear convergence of these signalling pathways at the level of transcriptional complex formation. Biotinylated oligonucleotides encoding a consensus Smad binding element (SBE), or a cyclic AMP response element (CRE), were mixed with cell extracts from murine embryonic palate mesenchymal (MEPM) cells that were treated with either TGFbeta or forskolin. Protein-oligonucleotide complexes were precipitated with streptavidin-agarose, and analysed by Western blotting to identify proteins in the complex bound to each consensus oligonucleotide. TGFbeta treatment of MEPM cells increased the levels of phosphorylated Smad2, phosphorylated cAMP response element binding protein (CREB), and the coactivator, CREB binding protein (CBP), that were part of a complex bound to the SBE. Treatment of cells with forskolin, a stimulator of adenylate cyclase, increased the amount of phosphorylated CREB and CBP, but not the amount of phosphorylated Smad2 bound in a complex to the SBE. Additionally, the presence of the co-repressors, c-Ski and SnoN, was demonstrated as part of a complex bound to the SBE (but not the CRE). Amounts of c-Ski and SnoN found in the SBE-containing complex increased in response to either TGFbeta or forskolin. These results demonstrate that phosphorylated CREB forms a complex with the co-activator CBP, phosphorylated Smad2 and the co-repressors c-Ski and SnoN on a consensus SBE. This suggests cooperative regulation of genes with SBE-containing promoters by the cAMP and TGFbeta signalling pathways in the developing palate.
Plane-wave propagation in attenuative transversely isotropic media

Directionally dependent attenuation in transversely isotropic (TI) media can influence significantly the body-wave amplitudes and distort the results of the AVO (amplitude variation with offset) analysis. Here, we develop a consistent analytic treatment of plane-wave properties for TI media with attenuation anisotropy. We use the concept of homogeneous wave propagation, assuming that in weakly attenuative media the real and imaginary parts of the wave vector are parallel to one another. The anisotropic quality factor can be described by matrix elements Qij , defined as the ratios of the real and imaginary parts of the corresponding stiffness coefficients. To characterize TI attenuation, we follow the idea of the Thomsen notation for velocity anisotropy and replace the components Qij by two reference isotropic quantities and
Expression, Purification, and Characterization of Recombinant Human Factor X☆

A system is described for producing recombinant factor X with properties very similar to human plasma factor X. Optimization of the expression system for factor X resulted in the finding that human kidney cells (293 cells) are superior to the widely utilized baby hamster kidney cells (BHK cells) for the expression of functional factor X. It was also determined that production of factor X by 293 cells requires the substitution of the -2 residue (Thr-->Arg) which affords the removal of the factor X propeptide. Purification of recombinant and plasma factor X is accomplished using a calcium-dependent monoclonal antibody directed against the gla domain. The proteins are comparable by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The rate and extent of activation by the factor X coagulant protein from Russell's viper venom and by factors IXa and VIIIa are similar; activation of the recombinant protein by VIIa and tissue factor is mildly faster. The activated enzymes have the same activity toward a chromogenic substrate and the biologic substrate, prothrombin. Both enzymes have the same apparent affinity for the activated platelet surface as judged by their ability to activate prothrombin. Finally, inhibition by antithrombin, with or without heparin, and inhibition by the tissue factor pathway inhibitor are equivalent. Recombinant factor X produced by this method is therefore well suited for probing structure-function relationships by mutational analysis.
Understanding high-risk behavior among non-dominant minorities: A social resistance framework

Across different societies, non-dominant minority groups, compared to the dominant group, often exhibit higher rates of involvement in high-risk behaviors, such as smoking, drug and alcohol use, sexual risk behaviors, overeating, and unsafe driving habits. In turn, these behaviors have a well-documented impact on chronic disease, morbidity, and mortality. Previous studies have emphasized macro-structural or micro-agentic explanations for this phenomenon. Such explanations suffer from mirror-image shortcomings, such as, by emphasizing structural barriers, macro-level explanations leave out individual agency ("the over-socialized conception of the individual"), while micro-level theories give short shrift to structural constraints that prevent individuals from engaging in health-promoting behaviors ("the under-socialized conception of the individual"). Moreover, most current theories regard individuals as passive players who are influenced by the social environment or by psychological problems, or who make "bad" choices. The current paper develops an integrated theoretical framework that incorporates structural inequalities while leaving intact the role of individual agency. According to the social resistance framework, power relations in society encourage members of non-dominant minority groups to actively engage in everyday resistance practices that include various unhealthy behaviors. The paper develops propositions from which testable hypotheses can be generated, and discusses the implications and contributions of the social resistance framework.
Photosensitive Triethoxysilane Derivatives for Alignment of Liquid Crystals

Synthesis of a new class of triethoxysilane materials for photoinduced orientation of liquid crystals is reported. A feature of these silanes is the incorporation of a photosensitive chromophore in the chemical structure. This leads to the formation of a complete monolayer with smooth surface morphology. The effect of varying the chemical structure on the kinetics of monolayer formation as well as on the alignment of liquid crystals is discussed. Short hydrocarbon chains at the far end of the silane molecule lead to a uniform planar alignment while longer chains induce a perpendicular alignment of liquid crystal molecules.
Impact of Race and Age on the Effects of Regionalization of Cardiac Procedures in the Department of Veterans Affairs Health Care System

Abstract Previous studies have demonstrated that regionalization of resources for cardiac catheterization, percutaneous coronary artery angioplasty (PTCA), and coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG) reduces the rate of procedure use. It was hypothesized that the impact of regionalization would be greater for the elderly and for African-Americans than for other populations. Discharge medical records of 30,901 patients admitted to a Veterans Affairs (VA) medical center between October 1, 1993, and September 30, 1994, with a diagnosis of coronary artery disease were analyzed. The presence of a cardiac catheterization laboratory in the patients’ local VA facility significantly increased the likelihood of undergoing catheterization, PTCA, and CABG, as determined by odds ratios and associated confidence limits estimated by logistic regression techniques. The presence of a cardiac surgical facility also significantly increased the likelihood of having the procedures. The odds ratios estimating the effects of resource availability were significantly greater for the subgroup of patients aged ≥70 years than for the younger subgroup for catheterization, PTCA, and CABG and for African-Americans than for white patients for PTCA and CABG. Thus, within the VA health care system, regionalization of cardiac procedures has a significant impact on utilization rates of tertiary cardiac procedures. These differences are significantly greater for the elderly and for African-Americans than for the general population.
Beyond Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome: The Spectrum of Congenital Heart Disease Associated with Left Ventricular Hypoplasia

Left ventricular hypoplasia complicates other forms of congenital heart disease in addition to the classic “hypoplastic left heart syndrome.” Within this heterogeneous group, subtle anatomic differences determine surgical management and ultimate prognosis. Thus, an individualized approach is necessary to optimize outcomes in this complex population.
Microbiological Diffusion Assay II: Design and Applications

Application of new equipment and new techniques was made to antibiotic diffusion assays. Accumulation of data and computation of potencies were made by an on-line computer. The system was tested by assaying cephalexin with the aid of Bacillus subtilis in an FDA single-dose design modified by reducing the number of standards to two. The influence of the thickness of the base layer and the form of the dose-response line were tested. Zone diameter was measured with a resolution of 0.01 mm. The potency of samples was measured with an error usually less than 3%. An error of 0.1 mm in measuring zone size would cause an error of 3% of potency. The usual calibration line was inadequate for extrapolation beyond a twofold range. A dose-response line derived from the Cooper equation was better for standard curves spanning more than a twofold range of concentrations. Precision was better on the plates with the 20-ml base layer. The two-dose method of assaying gave larger errors than the single-dose method. Large variances in measuring zone diameters are a reason for the low precision of diffusion assays and set an inherent limit on precision.
Evaluation and Management of the Patient Who Has Cocaine-associated Chest Pain

Erythroxylon coca, the shrub from which co-caine is naturally derived, grows indigenously inSouth America. Cocaine was ﬁrst identiﬁed asthe active alkaloid in the coca leaf in 1857. Asfar back as the twelfth century, Incas used co-caine-ﬁlled saliva as local anesthesia for ritualtrephinations [1]. In 1884, it was recognized med-ically as a local anesthetic [2]. In the early twenti-eth century, cocaine was used brieﬂy as aningredient in Coca-Cola. In 1906, the UnitedStates began to control cocaine use, and in 1914the Harrison Narcotic Act labeled cocaine asa narcotic. It became a schedule II drug in the1970s. During the last several decades, recreation-al cocaine use has increased, and reports of sideeﬀects have grown exponentially. As of 2003,34.9 million citizens of the United States(14.7%) have used cocaine at least once, with2.3 million citizens using cocaine within the pastmonth [3].PharmacologyCocaine is absorbed through application to themucosa, ingestion, inhalation, and direct intrave-nous injection. Eﬀects from nasal insuﬄationbegin rapidly with peak concentrations typicallyreached within 30 to 60 minutes. Intravenousand inhalational routes of cocaine use producenear-immediate distribution throughout the cir-culation. ‘‘Crack’’ is the direct precipitate offree-base cocaine that results from alkalinizationof aqueous cocaine hydrochloride.The relative contributions of cocaine and itsmetabolites to the clinical eﬀects remain some-what unclear. Cocaine is hydrolyzed rapidly byliver and plasma esterases to ecgonine methylester(EME), which accounts for 30% to 50% of theparent product. Nonenzymatic hydrolysis resultsin the formation of the other major metabolite,benzoylecgonine (approximately 40% of the par-ent product). The biologic half-life of cocaine is0.5 to 1.5 hours; Benzoylecgonine and EME, themajor metabolites of cocaine, have half-lives of 5to 8 hours and 3.5 to 6 hours, respectively [4].Minor metabolites, norcocaine and ecgonine,account for the majority of the other degradationproducts. Early studies suggested that cocaine andnorcocaine accounted for majority of the vasculareﬀects of cocaine [5]. Recent studies, however,demonstrate an active role for many of the metab-olites. Most studies suggest that cocaine and nor-cocaine are the most potent vasoconstrictors;benzoylecgonine and ecgonine have less of an ef-fect. Some studies suggest that EME may resultin mild cerebral vasodilation [6,7]. Sodium-chan-nel antagonist eﬀects occur with cocaine and nor-cocaine [8]. Sodium-channel antagonist eﬀects donot occur with benzoylecgonine or EME [8].Cocaethyleneisauniquemetabolitethatresultsfrom the combined use of alcohol and cocaine [9].In clinical studies, cocaethylene produces hemody-namic eﬀects comparable to those of cocaine. Co-caethylene has a direct myocardial depressanteﬀect [10] that is independent of any coronary
Helical Tomotherapy Versus Single-Arc Intensity-Modulated Arc Therapy: A Collaborative Dosimetric Comparison Between Two Institutions

Purpose Both helical tomotherapy (HT) and single-arc intensity-modulated arc therapy (IMAT) deliver radiation using rotational beams with multileaf collimators. We report a dual-institution study comparing dosimetric aspects of these two modalities. Methods and Materials Eight patients each were selected from the University of Maryland (UMM) and the University of Wisconsin Cancer Center Riverview (UWR), for a total of 16 cases. Four cancer sites including brain, head and neck (HN), lung, and prostate were selected. Single-arc IMAT plans were generated at UMM using Varian RapidArc (RA), and HT plans were generated at UWR using Hi-Art II TomoTherapy. All 16 cases were planned based on the identical anatomic contours, prescriptions, and planning objectives. All plans were swapped for analysis at the same time after final approval. Dose indices for targets and critical organs were compared based on dose–volume histograms, the beam-on time, monitor units, and estimated leakage dose. After the disclosure of comparison results, replanning was done for both techniques to minimize diversity in optimization focus from different operators. Results For the 16 cases compared, the average beam-on time was 1.4 minutes for RA and 4.8 minutes for HT plans. HT provided better target dose homogeneity (7.6% for RA and 4.2% for HT) with a lower maximum dose (110% for RA and 105% for HT). Dose conformation numbers were comparable, with RA being superior to HT (0.67 vs. 0.60). The doses to normal tissues using these two techniques were comparable, with HT showing lower doses for more critical structures. After planning comparison results were exchanged, both techniques demonstrated improvements in dose distributions or treatment delivery times. Conclusions Both techniques created highly conformal plans that met or exceeded the planning goals. The delivery time and total monitor units were lower in RA than in HT plans, whereas HT provided higher target dose uniformity.
Work-family conflict, part I: Antecedents of work-family conflict in national collegiate athletic association division I-A certified athletic trainers.

Abstract Context: Work-family conflict (WFC) involves discord that arises when the demands of work interfere with the demands of family or home life. Long work hours, minimal control over work sche...
Classification of images of biomolecular assemblies: a study of ribosomes and ribosomal subunits of Escherichia coli.

SUMMARY Images of macromolecules obtained in the electron microscope are subjected to correspondence analysis. The structure inherent in the data in the resulting low-dimensional factor space is characterized by a mixed classification method which combines the dynamic clouds clustering technique with hierarchical ascendant classification (HAC). For our data, the rejection of marginal clusters obtained by dynamic clouds clustering appears as a crucial prerequisite for a stable performance of HAC. The method is applied to two sets of 204 and 177 images that show the 70S ribosome of Escherichia coli, in the range of overlap views as defined by A. Verschoor and co-workers, and to two sets of 480 and 496 images of the 50S subunit of E.coli depleted of L7/L12 proteins in the well-defined crown view. Reproducible classes are obtained, which are characterized by images reconstituted from factorial coordinates. These classes appear to be related to different orientations on the specimen grid (in the case of the 70S particle) and to different conformational states (50S subunit).
Contemporary Trends in Nephrectomy for Renal Cell Carcinoma in the United States: Results From a Population Based Cohort

Purpose: Despite benefits in functional renal outcome and the similar oncological efficacy of partial nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma, previous studies show marked underuse of partial nephrectomy. We describe national trends in partial and radical nephrectomy using a contemporary, population based cohort.Materials and Methods: Using the 2003 to 2008 Nationwide Inpatient Sample we identified 188,702 patients treated with partial or radical nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma at a total of 1,755 hospitals. Multivariate logistic regression was used to assess the independent associations of patient and hospital characteristics with partial nephrectomy. Post-estimations from multivariate logistic regression were done to ascertain the annual predicted probability of partial nephrectomy by hospital feature.Results: Overall 149,636 (79.3%) and 39,066 patients (20.7%) underwent radical and partial nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma, respectively. Partial nephrectomy use increased each year from 16.8% in 20...
Role of Type II Pneumocyte Senescence in Radiation-Induced Lung Fibrosis

Background Radiation is a commonly delivered therapeutic modality for cancer. The causes underlying the chronic, progressive nature of radiation injury in the lung are poorly understood.
INTERRELIGIOUS ENCOUNTER GROUP: A PSYCHOSPIRITUAL EXPERIENCE FOR FAITH DEVELOPMENT

The therapeutic potential of using the traditional group psychotherapy format for the specific purpose of helping religious and faith development in spiritually troubled clients is examined. Included is a review of the concept's historical, philosophical, and theoretical foundation. The dynamics of the group process are also explored.
Conduct Disorder and Psychosocial Outcomes at Age 30: Early Adult Psychopathology as a Potential Mediator

Conduct disorder (CD) is associated with a number of adverse psychosocial outcomes in adulthood. There is consistent evidence that CD is predictive of antisocial behavior, but mixed evidence that CD is predictive of other externalizing and internalizing disorders. Further, externalizing and internalizing disorders are often associated with similar psychosocial outcomes as CD. However, relatively little work has examined whether forms of psychopathology (e.g., externalizing and/or internalizing disorders) mediates the relationship between youth CD and adult psychosocial outcomes. The present study examined associations between youth CD and adult psychosocial outcomes and sought to identify forms of psychopathology that may potentially mediate this relationship. Participants completed self-report measures of psychosocial functioning and semi-structured diagnostic interviews during adolescence and young adulthood. Analyses found that most domains of adult psychosocial functioning were associated with youth CD. Adult antisocial behavior was the only form of psychopathology predicted by CD. Adult antisocial behavior appeared to mediate the relationship between CD and marital status, life satisfaction, and being in jail and partially mediated the relationship between CD and family support and global functioning. These data suggest that reducing the progression to adult antisocial behavior may improve multiple psychosocial outcomes among those with a history of CD.
Software Trends in Improving Local Tourism Product Marketing in Indonesia: a Systematic Review

Software is believed to be increasingly the prima donna of today's computerized era. This is because the world is getting easier to reach with digital assistance, which is becoming more and more trendy. Tech is lagging in travel business activities. Many tourism business people are now increasingly interested in conducting their tour promos online to quickly increase local tourism products' marketing to the International market. So to ensure correctness, we have undertaken a practical study with literature reviews and travel publications. We prioritize the latest literature between 2015 and 2021, considering that the digital world is changing rapidly. To get valid and convincing results, we choose a coding analysis system, in-depth evaluation so that the conclusions we get an answer to this study's problems. Because this study relies on current data from searches from Google doc data, ERIC publications, Google scholarships, and other data sources is the main source. With the consideration of the existing literature, we conclude that now tourism actors in many countries are increasingly using digital applications in marketing tourism products in the world market share. Hopefully, this finding will provide meaningful input for all parties engaged in the tourism sector.