cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Labetalol decreases cerebral perfusion pressure without negatively affecting cerebral blood flow in hypertensive gravidas.

Objective: To research the cerebral hemodynamic effects of labetalol in pregnant women with hypertension. Design: Prospective observational study. Setting: Tertiary Care Medical Center. Population: Pregnant patients with hypertension. Methods: Transcranial Doppler (TCD) ultrasound was used to measure the blood velocity in the middle cerebral arteries (MCA) of eight pregnant patients with hypertension, before and after the administration of a 200 mg oral dose of labetalol. Five patients had severe preeclampsia, and three had chronic hypertension with superimposed preeclampsia. MCA blood velocity and systemic blood pressure were measured simultaneously at the baseline, and at 60 and 180 min after labetalol. Selected cerebral hemodynamic parameters were compared with normative curves. Values outside of the 5th and 95th percentiles were regarded as abnormal. Main outcome measures: Cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP), resistance area product (RAP), and cerebral flow index (CFI). Results: Patient age, gestational...
Temporal and Spatial Variations of Rainfall Near the Centers of Two Tropical Cyclones

Abstract The Hurricane Research Division collected radar reflectivity data with a portable recorder attached to National Weather Service (NWS) WSR-57 radar as Hurricanes Alicia of 1983 and Elena of 1985 approached the coastline of the United States. The reflectivity data were used to estimate rain rates for the eyewall region, including the rain-free eye, and the rainbands in the annular area outside the eyewall, but within 75 km of the center of the eye. The rain rates include reflectivity corrections that were based upon the variation of average returned power with range in four hurricanes This study examines the temporal and spatial variations of rain rates in the cores of Hurricanes Alicia and Elena. In Alicia, variations of area-averaged rain rate (R) in the eyewall region were caused by the growth and decay of mesoscale convective areas. In Elena, the life cycles of individual convective cells also accounted for large changes in the eyewall R. In both hurricanes, the time series of R in the rainband...
The effect of pH on α-methyl-d-glucoside accumulation by rat kidney cortex slices

Abstract The kinetics of α-methyl- d -glucoside accumulation by rat kidney cortex slices under conditions of varying extracellular pH are compared with values obtained at pH 7.4. At pH below 7.4 there is a diminished initial uptake and reduced influx of the sugar which results in a decrease in the steady-state intracellular pool. This was associated with a decrease in the V of the entry process without affecting the apparent K m of transport. At pH 8 there is no change in the rate of glucoside entry. The efflux of the glucoside, however, is impaired and the steady-state concentration gradient becomes greater than that observed at pH 7.4.
The Paradoxes of Community‐based Participation in Dar es Salaam

The current discourse and practice of international development rest on the assumption that community-based participation is an essential component of efforts to facilitate change across the global South. Such participation is thought not only to ensure efficiency and sustainability, but also to accelerate broader structural transformation by empowering individuals to exercise agency in relation to development. This article seeks to contribute to critical participation studies by analysing the broader processes and structures that shape participatory opportunities in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. The author argues that by promoting community-based organizations (CBOs), national and transnational development actors have produced and legitimated a system of popular participation that, in contrast to their claims, disempowers local citizens. Paradoxically, these CBOs have further contributed to the exclusion of the majority of community actors.
Environmental effects on circadian rhythms in photosynthesis and stomatal opening

Persistent circadian rhythms in photosynthesis and stomatal opening occurred in bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) plants transferred from a natural photoperiod to a variety of constant conditions. Photosynthesis, measured as carbon assimilation, and stomatal opening, as conductance to water vapor, oscillated with a freerunning period close to 24 h under constant moderate light, as well as under light-limiting and CO2-limiting conditions. The rhythms damped under constant conditions conducive to high photosynthetic rates, as did rates of carbon assimilation and stomatal conductance, and this damping correlated with the accumulation of carbohydrate. No rhythm in respiration occurred in plants transferred to constant darkness, and the rhythm in stomatal opening damped rapidly in constant darkness. Damping of rhythms also occurred in leaflets exposed to constant light and CO2-free air, demonstrating that active photosynthesis and not simply light was necessary for sustained expression of these rhythms.
Age differences in brain activity during emotion processing: reflections of age-related decline or increased emotion regulation?

Despite the fact that physical health and cognitive abilities decline with aging, the ability to regulate emotion remains stable and in some aspects improves across the adult life span. Older adults also show a positivity effect in their attention and memory, with diminished processing of negative stimuli relative to positive stimuli compared with younger adults. The current paper reviews functional magnetic resonance imaging studies investigating age-related differences in emotional processing and discusses how this evidence relates to two opposing theoretical accounts of older adults’ positivity effect. The aging-brain model [Cacioppo et al. in: Social Neuroscience: Toward Understanding the Underpinnings of the Social Mind. New York, Oxford University Press, 2011] proposes that older adults’ positivity effect is a consequence of age-related decline in the amygdala, whereas the cognitive control hypothesis [Kryla-Lighthall and Mather in: Handbook of Theories of Aging, ed 2. New York, Springer, 2009; Mather and Carstensen: Trends Cogn Sci 2005;9:496–502; Mather and Knight: Psychol Aging 2005;20:554–570] argues that the positivity effect is a result of older adults’ greater focus on regulating emotion. Based on evidence for structural and functional preservation of the amygdala in older adults and findings that older adults show greater prefrontal cortex activity than younger adults while engaging in emotion-processing tasks, we argue that the cognitive control hypothesis is a more likely explanation for older adults’ positivity effect than the aging-brain model.
Synovial fluid fatty acid composition in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, gout and degenerative joint disease.

SummaryTotal fatty acid analyses of synovial fluids from patients with rheumatoid arthritis, gout, and degenerative joint disease and matching sera were carried out by gas chromatography. The relative fatty acid composition of synovial fluid was similar to that in serum. Palmitic, oleic and linoleic acids constituted the major components and myris-tic, palmitoleic, stearic and arachidonic acids were the minor components. The synovial fluid fatty acid concentration was roughly one-half to one-third of that of the matching serum. However, correlation between the synovial fluid fatty acid concentration and its white cell count was poor and total fatty acid analyses were not helpful in differentiating an inflammatory synovial fluid from a non-inflammatory fluid.
Thermal Effects during Pressurization of Vehicle Gas Tanks from Reservoir Tanks

Two theoretical methods of analyzing the process of filling vehicle-borne, high pressure gas tanks from gas reservoirs are presented. The first method assumes that a given weight of gas at ambient temperature and a specified pressure is required in the vehicle tank and selects a tank volume to exactly accommodate these conditions. The second method assumes the vehicle tank has a given volume and then predicts the temperature overshoot that results from loading a fixed weight of gas to a predetermined pressure and, thereafter, the final gas pressure after the vehicle tank and its contents have returned to ambient temperature. In addition, a means is presented for predicting to what pressure the vehicle tank must be loaded such that, after returning to ambient temperature, it will contain at least the desired weight of gas at the desired pressure.
Varieties of consciousness: comparison of some cognitive characteristics.

The present study was an attempt to describe and contrast a variety of states of consciousness. The results indicate that dreams, hypnagogic and hypnopompic experiences, depersonalization, deja vu,...
CMPARISON OF THE ACTION SPECTRA AND QUANTUM REQUIREMENTS FOR PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND PHOTOREDUCTION OF SCENEDESMUS

-The action spectrum and the quantum requirement of photoreduction (P.R) by hydrogen-adapted Scenedesmus have been determined under conditions where photosystem II is inoperative. The action spectrum of P.R., when compared to that of photosynthesis, shows approximately a 20 nm shift in the long wavelength maxima and an apparent decreased utilization of light in the wavelength region 600–650 nm. The quantum requirement for P.R. is high at wavelengths below 650 nm and decreases to a minimum between 705–720 nm; the best value obtained was 10. These observations indicate that this process is exclusively a photosystem I reaction and furthermore offer additional evidence for a lack of appreciable transfer of excitation energy between the pigments of photosystems I and II. The relatively high requirement photophosphorylation or to the inadequacy of H2-hydrogenase system as the electron donor mechanism for photosystem I.
Approaches to local connectivity in autism using resting state functional connectivity MRI

While the literature on aberrant long-distance connectivity in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has grown fast over the past decade, little is know about local connectivity. We used regional homogeneity (ReHo) and local density approaches at different spatial scales to examine local connectivity in 29 children and adolescents with ASD and 29 matched typically developing participants, using resting state functional MRI data. Across a total of 12 analysis pipelines, the gross pattern of between-group findings was overall stable, with local overconnectivity in the ASD group in occipital and posterior temporal regions and underconnectivity in middle/posterior cingulate and medial prefrontal regions. This general pattern was confirmed in secondary analyses for low-motion subsamples (n=20 per group), in which time series segments with >0.25mm head motion were censored, as well as in an analysis including global signal regression. Local overconnectivity in visual regions appears consistent with preference for local over global visual processing previously reported in ASD, whereas cingulate and medial frontal underconnectivity may relate to aberrant function within the default mode network.
Vegetative phase change is mediated by a leaf-derived signal that represses the transcription of miR156

Vegetative phase change in Arabidopsis is regulated by miR156, a microRNA that promotes the expression of the juvenile phase and represses the expression of the adult phase. miR156 is expressed at a very high level early in shoot development and then decreases, leading to the onset of the adult phase. To determine the source of the factors that regulate vegetative phase change, we examined the effect of root and leaf ablation on the timing of this transition. Ablation of the root system or cotyledons had no effect on the timing of vegetative phase change, but ablation of leaf primordia delayed this transition in a miR156-dependent fashion. This treatment produced an increase in the overall abundance of miR156, which was attributable to an increase in the transcription of some, but not all, of the miR156 genes in Arabidopsis, and decreased the expression of SPL genes regulated by miR156. miR156 levels were also elevated by leaf ablation in Nicotiana benthamiana and in rejuvenating shoot apices of maize cultured in vitro. We conclude that vegetative phase change is initiated by a signal(s) produced by leaf primordia, which acts by repressing the transcription of specific members of the miR156 gene family.
Early detection of cancer in the elderly: problems and solutions

The growth of the geriatric population is becoming the major health issue of developed, industrialized nations. There was a seven-fold increase in the aged population from 1900 to 1970, while the general population increased only 2.5 times. By the year 2030, the elderly will represent 18.3% of the general population (the figure is approximately 11% at present). The fastest growing segment of the elderly population is composed of those individuals over 75 years of age; this group now makes up about one-third of the elderly population (Libow, Schecter and Margolis, 1981). Generally, age 65 is used as the transition to old age, with terms such as young-old, old, and old-old, or elite-old used to define the age parameters after age 65. The importance of these statistics lies in the fact that cancer is predominantly a disease of middle and old age. The most frequent age for the occurrence of cancer is between 60 and 65 years (Kent, 1977). However, the incidence rate for the majority of cancers continually increases after the first decade of life; the older a person becomes, the more likely he or she is to develop cancer (Wright, Mersheimer, Miller and Rotman, 1976). The upward shape of the incidence of cancer shown in Fig. 1 is consistent with general theories on the etiology of cancers and the way age can promote the development of neoplasia. These theories are that with age there is: (1) an accumulation of somatic mutations; (2) an increased sensitivity to oncogenic mutations; (3) an increased sensitivity to external carcinogens; (4) a decreased immunologic resistance against neoplastic cells; (5) an increased tendency to hormone imbalance; (6) intrinsic age-related cell alterations which could influence cellular susceptibility to neoplastic transformation (Kent, 1977; Porter, 1977). There are wide differences with regard to the types of cancers seen in aging men and women compared to younger individuals. The three leading cancer sites for aging men are lung, prostate, and colon-rectum, while for aging women they are breast, lung, and colon-rectum (Levin, Devesa, Godwin and Silverman, 1978).
Improved delivery through biological membranes. XII. The effect of the incorporation of biphasic solubilizing groups into prodrugs of steroids

Abstract The functional groups contained in two penetration enhancers (dimethylsulfoxide and dimethylformamide) have been incorporated into the prodrug derivatives of steroids. These derivatives have the potential for increasing the biphasic solubility of the steroid and hence its rate of diffusion through skin. Most of the prodrugs synthesized were succinamate derivatives of hydrocortisone or hydrocortisone-17α-esters. Hydrocortisone-21-diethylsuccinamate (XVI) and hydrocortisone-21-diethyl-succinamate 17α-valerate (XXVI) were the most interesting prodrugs developed. The former derivative (XVI) almost doubled the rate of delivery of hydrocortisone through hairless mouse skin while at the same time it caused significantly less local toxicity than hydrocortisone. The latter derivatives (XXVI), on the other hand, caused significantly less systemic toxicity than either hydrocortisone or its parent 17α-ester. Both derivatives were more active than hydrocortisone-21-acetate.
Mixed chimerism in SCT : conflict or peaceful coexistence?

Stem cell transplants that follow both myeloablative and non-myeloablative conditioning regimens can result in states of mixed chimerism, which can be stable over time. With widespread availability of Y chromosome FISH in sex-mismatched transplantation and DNA-based methodologies for analysis of chimerism in other donor-recipient pairs, further insights have been gained regarding the implications of the mixed chimeric state. In transplants performed for inherited and acquired marrow failure disorders, disease status can be improved with only 10-20% donor cells, and it appears that stable mixed chimerism at that level is an acceptable outcome often leading to a state of tolerance, but an increasing level of recipient cells often precedes graft rejection. In transplants performed for malignant conditions, increasing levels of mixed chimerism may indicate disease relapse, but some cases with stable levels of mixed chimerism have been compatible with prolonged remission states. Understanding when mixed chimerism is an indication of secondary graft failure or impending graft rejection vs a state of tolerance and ongoing propensity for the establishment of a graft-vs-tumor effect is often difficult with currently available technologies and immunologic assays. The ability to understand the implication of mixed chimerism of multiple cell lineages and of varied lymphocyte subsets will remain important areas for future research to best harness the immunologic and other therapeutic benefits of allogeneic transplantation.
Development of Ophiolepis elegans (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea) and its implications in the estuarine environment

Spawning was induced between April and July, 1972, in the West Indian ophiuroid Ophiolepis elegans (Lutken) by a combined temperature and light-shock method. The large (0.25 mm) yolky eggs develop into vitellaria larvae with 4 ciliated bands. The larvae complete metamorphosis within 3 days. Up to 75% of the ophiuroid and echinoid species found in the euryhaline estuary at Cedar Key, Florida (USA), may have some developmental modification which reduces larval exposure to the pelagic environment. Such a high percentage of species with modified development in a subtropical area suggests a selective advantage to these species in areas of salinity variability. Egg counts of two species with vitellaria larvae indicate that egg numbers vary with disk size and are roughly intermediate to counts for species with direct or planktotrophic development.
Medical Treatment of Diabetic Foot Infections

Diabetic foot infections frequently cause morbidity, hospitalization, and amputations. Gram-positive cocci, especially staphylococci and also streptococci, are the predominant pathogens. Chronic or previously treated wounds often yield several microbes on culture, including gram-negative bacilli and anaerobes. Optimal culture specimens are wound tissue taken after debridement. Infection of a wound is defined clinically by the presence of purulent discharge or inflammation; systemic signs and symptoms are often lacking. Only infected wounds require antibiotic therapy, and the agents, route, and duration are predicated on the severity of infection. Mild to moderate infections can usually be treated in the outpatient setting with oral agents; severe infections require hospitalization and parenteral therapy. Empirical therapy must cover gram-positive cocci and should be broad spectrum for severe infections. Definitive therapy depends on culture results and the clinical response. Bone infection is particularly difficult to treat and often requires surgery. Several adjuvant agents may be beneficial in some cases.
Differences between men and women undergoing major orthopedic surgery for degenerative arthritis.

Objective. To determine whether women have worse functional status than men at the time of laminectomy for degenerative spinal stenosis or total joint arthroplasty for degenerative arthritis of the hip and knee. Methods. Consecutive patients undergoing laminectomy for degenerative lumbar spinal stenosis or unilateral, primary hip or knee arthroplasty for advanced degenerative arthritis were recruited. Functional status was measured with self-administered questionnaires. We compared preoperative functional status scores of men and women, using linear regression models that adjusted for age, comorbid conditions, work status, education, living arrangement, and body mass index. We also compared the rates of in-hospital complications and 6-month followup functional status scores for men and women. Results. Women had much worse functional status than men prior to laminectomy for spinal stenosis (P < 0.01) and prior to total hip arthroplasty (P < 0.001) and total knee arthroplasty (P < 0.0001). These differences persisted after statistical adjustment for demographic and clinical characteristics. Women had comparable or greater functional improvement following surgery and experienced a similar number of complications compared with men. Conclusions. The observed gender differences in functional status prior to major orthopedic surgery indicate that women are operated on at a more advanced stage in the course of their disease. These results are not due to gender differences in demographic or clinical characteristics of the patients, and cannot be justified by differences between men and women in the outcome of surgery. The role of patient preferences and differential access to these procedures should be explored in future studies.
Deferred Legacy! The Continued Marginalization of the Atlanta Sociological Laboratory

Between 1895 and 1917 the Atlanta Sociological Laboratory made substantial contributions to the discipline of sociology, including the establishment of the first American school of sociology, institutionalization of method triangulation, institutionalization of the insider researcher, and institutionalization of the public acknowledgment of one's research. Despite these contributions that predate the Chicago School, the W. E. B. Du Bois led laboratory remains in the margins of American sociological discourse. This paper examines the contributions of the Atlanta Sociological Laboratory, offers explanations for the school's more than 100-year marginalization and examines its legacy in the discipline.
News from NIH: effective behavioral treatments for patients with multiple chronic conditions

While about half of US adults have at least one chronic health condition, 28 % or 141 million Americans have two or more chronic conditions [1]. A person’s risk of having multiple chronic conditions (MCC) increases with age, with73 % of Americans over 65 having MCC [1]. With the aging of the population, the number of Americans with MCC is projected to increase further. Patients with MCC are often seen by a range of specialists within a fragmented health care system [6]. Many factors confound the care of patients with MCC, including an uncertain evidence base for treating multi-morbidity, added care complexity (resulting from multiple guidelines and registries, and difficult comorbidities such as psychiatric disorders and substance abuse), polypharmacy, and a poor care coordination culture. In fact, a study by Ostbye and colleagues [4] examining the time required for physicians to appropriately manage chronic conditions indicated that almost half of every day (3.6 h) would be spent on disease management with patients whose diseases were considered well-controlled, including working with patients on enhancing health behaviors (e.g., proper diet, activity, and adherence). When the study looked at poorly controlled health conditions, the number of hours required would result in an average work day of 10.6 h.
Clustering on image boundary regions for deformable model segmentation

We present a novel approach, clustering on local image profiles, for statistically characterizing image intensity in object boundary regions. In deformable model segmentation, a driving consideration is the geometry to image match, the degree to which the target image conforms to some template within the object boundary regions. The template should account for variation over a training set and yet be specific enough to drive an optimization to a desirable result. Using clustering, a template can be built that is optimal over the training data in the metric used, such as normalized correlation. We present a method that first determines local cross-boundary image profile types in the space of training data and then builds a template of optimal types. Also presented are the results of a study using this approach on the human kidney in the context of medial representation deformable model segmentation. The results show an improvement in the automatic segmentations using the cluster template, over a previously built template.
High efficiency InAlN-based solar cells

The band gap energies of the In 1−x Al x N alloys are continuously tunable across the solar spectrum, making them good candidates for high efficiency solar cells. In particular, multijunction solar cells could be fabricated entirely from different compositions of this one alloy system. From modeling experimental measurements of the optical absorption coefficient in alloys with 0 ≤ × ≤ 0.6, a band gap bowing parameter of 4.8 ± 0.5 eV is found for the alloy system. With this number, the alloy compositions for two and three junction tandem cells with maximum theoretical power conversion efficiencies can be determined. Two junction InAlN / Si solar cells are also promising structures for high efficiency solar cells, due to the properties of the interface between n-type InAlN and p-type Si, as well as the band gaps of the respective materials. The theoretical efficiency (detailed balance) for the In 0.60 Al 0.40 N / Si tandem cell is 41%.
Proline Over-Production Enhances Nitrogenase Activity Under Osmotic Stress in Klebsiella Pneumoniae

In 1955, J. H. B. Christian made the interesting observation that proline, added exogenously at low concentrations, specifically stimulated the growth rate (Christian, dy1955a,b) and respiration rate (Christian and Waltho, 1966) of some bacteria in media of inhibitory osmolarity. In order to test whether, in general, the accumulation of proline at high intracellular concentrations would directly result in enhanced osmotolerance, we isolated mutants of Salmonella typhimurium which over-produce proline (L. N. Csonka, manuscript in preparation). Some of the proline over-producing strains were indeed found to grow faster than the wild type organism in media of elevated osmolarity. These mutants were obtained as strains which were resistant to the toxic proline analogue: L-azetidine-2-carboxylic acid. The mutations in these strains were shown to be closely linked to proB + A + , the genes for the enzymes that catalyze the first two reactions of proline biosynthesis. The strain used for the isolation of the mutants was one in which the proB + A + region (of E. coli K12) was carried on an autonomously replicating, self-transmissible plasmid F’128. Therefore, the mutations conferring enhanced osmotolerance could be transferred easily to other strains of Salmonella typhimurium and related bacteria.
Fusion Proteins Consisting of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Integrase and the Designed Polydactyl Zinc Finger Protein E2C Direct Integration of Viral DNA into Specific Sites

In order to establish a productive infection, a retrovirus must integrate the cDNA of its RNA genome into the host cell chromosome. While this critical process makes retroviruses an attractive vector for gene delivery, the nonspecific nature of integration presents inherent hazards and variations in gene expression. One approach to alleviating the problem involves fusing retroviral integrase to a sequence-specific DNA-binding protein that targets a defined chromosomal site. We prepared proteins consisting of wild-type or truncated human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) integrase fused to the synthetic polydactyl zinc finger protein E2C. The purified fusion proteins bound specifically to the 18-bp E2C recognition sequence as analyzed by DNase I footprinting. The fusion proteins were catalytically active and biased integration of retroviral DNA near the E2C-binding site in vitro. The distribution was asymmetric, and the major integration hot spots were localized within a 20-bp region upstream of the C-rich strand of the E2C recognition sequence. Integration bias was not observed with target plasmids bearing a mutated E2C-binding site or when HIV-1 integrase and E2C were added to the reaction as separate proteins. The results demonstrate that the integrase-E2C fusion proteins offer an efficient approach and a versatile framework for directing the integration of retroviral DNA into a predetermined DNA site.
Dynamics of picophytoplankton, ultraphytoplankton and bacteria in the central equatorial Pacific

Abstract Pico- and ultraplankton are known to contribute significantly to overall biomass and primary productivity in the “high nutrient-low chlorophyll” waters of the equatorial Pacific. In order to understand the dynamics of this community on ecologically relevant time-scales, we examined the abundance, distribution and cellular characteristics of Prochlorococcus, Synechococcus , eukaryotic ultraphytoplankton and heterotrophic bacteria during two 20-day time-series at 0°N, 140°W in the spring and fall of 1992 (JGOFS time-series cruises, TS-I and TS-II). Prochlorococcus was numerically dominant among the autotrophic groups considered, with mean cell concentrations in surface waters on the order of 1.4 × 10 5 cells ml −1 . Synechococcus and ultraphytoplankton abundances were 17–30-fold lower than those of Prochlorococcus , and heterotrophic bacterial abundances were 5–7-fold higher (during TS-I and TS-II, respectively). Daily cell abundances for all groups varied by factors of 1.5-2 within each time-series. Depth-integrated Prochlorococcus abundance averaged over each time-series was 25% lower during TS-II relative to TS-I; ultraphytoplankton abundance was 42% higher during the same period. Prochlorococcus and ultraphytoplankton both contributed significantly to the estimated total autotrophic biomass; Synechococcus contributed relatively little. Estimated total photosynthetic pico- plus ultraplankton biomass was on average 30% higher than heterotrophic bacterial biomass. Changes in the fluorescence and light scatter properties of individual Prochlorococcus cells were observed during the passage of a tropical instability wave during TS-II, and are hypothesized to reflect a physiological response among these cells to that event. Examination of bulk properties alone (e.g. cell numbers or total red fluorescence) would not have revealed these physiological changes. Lower bounds for Prochlorococcus -specific growth rates were calculated based on the DNA distributions of these populations at dusk. These rates were maximal at 15 or 30 m depth, where they approached one doubling per day. Changes in Prochlorococcus forward angle light scatter (FALS) from dawn to dusk were well correlated with these estimates of specific growth rate, an observation that allowed us to relate measurements of FALS to cell volume for Prochlorococcus .
Carbon disulfide binding at dinuclear and mononuclear nickel complexes ligated by a redox-active ligand: iminopyridine serving as an accumulator of redox equivalents for the activation of heteroallenes

The dinuclear complex Ni2L1(η2-CS2)2 (2), featuring iminopyridine ligation, is prepared by COD substitution from Ni2L1(COD)2 (1). Spectroscopic, structural, and theoretical data reveals significant activation of the metal-bound C–S bonds, as well as the different oxidation states of the iminopyridine in 1 (1−) and 2 (0).
A pressure management system for the neurogenic bladder after spinal cord injury

One hundred eighteen patients consecutively admitted to a University Rehabilitation Program entered a protocol study of urologic management. Bladder pressures were kept below 30 cms/H,O by urologic treatment. Serial urodynamic, radiographic, bacteriologic, and endoscopic studies were performed at regular intervals. Eighteen patients have been lost to follow-up; 100 patients were followed for a mean 25.4 months with a range of 6 months to 56 months. There were 105 patients with lesions superior to thc sacral segments and 13 patients with low lesions. At discharge 11 patients were voiding normally, 105 were continent on an intermittent catheterization (1C) protocol, and 2 patients used condom catheter drainage following sphincterotomy. Bacterial cultures and urinalysis data showed little or no relationship to clinical outcome, and treatment for 387 weeks by antimicrobial agents was not associated with discernible benefit as opposed to no treatment. Five patients developed bladder calculi, and five developed unilateral epididymitis. Bladder pressure was rrlatively easy to control following spinal cord injury, a result which suggests that high bladder pressure is not a direct result of the neural injury, but rather an evolutionary change as a result of bladder and urethral interactive dysfunction.
Effectiveness of a standardized education process for tracheostomy care.

Objectives/Hypothesis Evaluate the effectiveness of an educational curriculum on general tracheostomy care principles and determine the effect of this educational curriculum on the level of provider comfort with tracheostomy care. Study Design Cross-sectional questionnaire in an academic medical center. Materials and Methods A 25-question multiple choice and true/false quiz was given to nonotolaryngology health care providers (nurses and physicians) who routinely provide tracheostomy care. This was followed by an education module, and the quiz was repeated. Participants were also asked to rate their level of comfort (0–100 point scale) managing a tracheostomy before and after the module. A 6-month follow-up assessment was also obtained. Results A total of 94 health care providers participated in the education module (50 physicians, 37 nurses, 7 fourth-year medical students). The average number of correct answers increased by 3.1 (P < 0.001). The level of confidence in tracheostomy care improved by 18.8 points (P < 0.001). At the 6-month assessment, there was still a significant improvement in the number of correct questions and level of confidence when compared to preeducation values (P < 0.02 for both). There was no significant change in the 6-month values when compared to the posteducation values. Conclusions A standardized education module for tracheostomy care teaching resulted in significant increases in provider knowledge and confidence. Standardization of tracheostomy education and care is essential in academic hospital medical centers where multiple specialties may be performing tracheostomies and health care providers frequently change. Level of Evidence N/A. Laryngoscope, 125:342–347, 2015
Control of Renal Na+ Excretion by Heme Oxygenase

In the current issue of Hypertension , Li et al provide evidence that supports acute and chronic roles for renal medullary heme oxygenase (HO) in the regulation of salt and water excretion by the kidney.1 Their findings may be summarized as follows: HO activity and expression rises with medullary axis; inner medulla >outer medulla >cortex. Acute elevation of renal perfusion pressure (RPP) induces a rise in the medullary tissue carbon monoxide (CO) and NO concentrations accompanied by natriuresis. Chromium mesoporphyrin (CrMP) inhibits the HO activity of medullary homogenates and, when infused into the renal interstitium, reduces both basal- and RPP-stimulated CO, NO levels, and salt and water excretion. Li and colleagues carried their investigation an important step further by examining chronic interstitial infusion of CrMP in rats maintained on either a 1% or 8% NaCl diet. Those on a 1% NaCl diet experienced a transient, 1-week elevation of mean arterial pressure of 5 to 10 mm Hg. By comparison, on an 8% NaCl diet, CrMP induced a sustained and impressive rise of 25 to 30 mm Hg. Finally, expression and activity of inducible HO-1 but not HO-2 was increased by the high salt diet. The effectiveness of basal HO blockade shows a tonic effect of the products of heme degradation on epithelial Na+ reabsorption. Moreover, HO inhibition by CrMP blunts the diuresis and natriuresis associated with an acute increase in RPP; it blocks “pressure natriuresis” (Figure …
A conceptual study of immigrant born globals and their multinationalization process

We build on the growing interest in born globals by examining the multinational growth pattern of immigrant new ventures, as opposed to that of native entrepreneurial new ventures. The multinational growth pattern of native new ventures, especially those originating from small home markets and/or lacking international market experience or networks, has been explained in the international business (IB) research using the Uppsala stage model. The Uppsala model postulates that the new ventures build their international absorptive capacity for discovering and accessing external knowledge by focusing on the psychically proximate nations and using low committed entry and growth modes, and then taking calculated risks to escalate their distance and commitment in a linear mode to reap positive rewards. We draw on the immigrant entrepreneur, social network, and related literatures to postulate that new immigrant ventures are more likely to be able to enter host markets that are psychically distant from their home markets and using higher committed entry and growth modes. Moreover, their founders are more likely to be cognitively and emotionally comfortable in pursuing non-linear approaches to sequential market entry and commitment mode choices. We discuss the implications of the varying balance of home vs. host market forces on the multinationalization process of alternative types of firms discussed in the literature.
Rotavirus Vaccines: an Overview

Rotavirus infection is the most common cause of severe diarrhea disease in infants and young children worldwide and continues to have a major global impact on childhood morbidity and mortality. Vaccination is the only control measure likely to have a significant impact on the incidence of severe dehydrating rotavirus disease. In 1999, a highly efficacious rotavirus vaccine licensed in the United States, RotaShield, was withdrawn from the market after 14 months because of its association with intussusception. Two new live, oral, attenuated rotavirus vaccines were licensed in 2006: the pentavalent bovine-human reassortant vaccine (RotaTeq) and the monovalent human rotavirus vaccine (Rotarix). Both vaccines have demonstrated very good safety and efficacy profiles in large clinical trials in western industrialized countries and in Latin America. Careful surveillance has not revealed any increased risk of intussusception in the vaccinated groups with either vaccine. The new rotavirus vaccines are now introduced for routine use in a number of industrialized and developing countries. These new safe and effective rotavirus vaccines offer the best hope of reducing the toll of acute rotavirus gastroenteritis in both developed and developing countries.
Publications from Industry. Personal and Corporate Incentives

Industry scientists are often asked by their colleagues from academia why they do not publish more. The caricature, it seems, is of an active and productive industry generating lots of data that could be of benefit to the scientific community and yet keeping them all under wraps for various purposes
Evaluation Process for the Selection of Bioremediation Technologies for Exxon Valdez Oil Spill

On March 24, 1989, approximately 11 million gallons of Prudhoe Bay crude oil were spilled into Prince William Sound, Alaska, as a result of the grounding of the Exxon Valdez tanker. The Prince William Sound area is a harsh and diverse environment with poor accessibility. According to the Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation, the shoreline is geologically young, composed largely of metamorphic rock, and ranges from vertical cliffs to boulder and pebble beaches. High-energy beaches are common and tides in these areas vary from +4 to −1 meters. In some areas, glacial and snow melt introduce large amounts of fresh water to the nearshore water of the Sound. Prince William Sound has a large population of seals and sea otters, extensive herring spawning areas, and significant numbers of sea and shorebirds. In addition, the area supports a substantial population of migratory birds that feed at beaches and inter-tidal areas.
Thoracic endovascular repair first for extensive aortic disease: the staged hybrid approach†.

Objectives Repair of extensive aortic disease carries a significant risk of death and morbidity, the most feared complication being spinal cord ischaemia. Objectives of this study are to characterize patients, describe repair methods and assess feasibility and safety of hybrid staged repair for treatment of extensive aortic disease. Methods From to 2001 to 2013, 22 patients underwent extensive aortic repair that included a thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR) first followed by an open completion repair extending through the visceral and infrarenal aorta for degenerative aneurysm and dissection. At the time of initial repair, all patients were deemed to be at a high risk for conventional open repair and had extensive disease. Indications for open completion included emergency failure of TEVAR (n = 3), early two-stage approach (n = 6) and delayed disease progression after TEVAR (n = 13). The median interval between stages was 6.5 months. The mean age was 56 ± 14 years, 5 patients had connective tissue disorder and the mean maximum aortic diameter was 58 ± 16 mm preoperatively. Results There was no death or major complication after initial TEVAR, but the operative mortality rate was 9% (n = 2) after the open procedure. One of these patients died from intraoperative myocardial infarction during emergency repair, and the other had disseminated intravascular coagulation during delayed repair for disease progression after TEVAR. Other complications included paralysis in 1 (4.5%), tracheostomy in 2 (9%) and dialysis in 1 (4.5%), and there was 1 reoperation for bleeding (4.5%). The median follow-up was 37 (range 3.3-93) months and there were no late deaths. There were four late reoperations for proximal disease progression leading to Type 1 endoleak (n = 2), Type A dissection (n = 1) and root aneurysm (n = 1). Conclusions Use of a TEVAR-first approach in combination with a staged open repair is a safe and feasible treatment strategy for repair of extensive aortic disease. A staged hybrid approach to aortic repair in patients at high risk for total aortic replacement may limit morbidity.
Electromagnetic Field Strength and Magnetic Charge in Gauge Theories

Formula (14.5) gives the electromagnetic field strength F μv (x), as |X| → ∞, for a field of finite energy, so long as the stabilizer H is one-dimensional. This formula leads to the expression (14.8) for the magnetic charge of such a field. However, to obtain an explicit expression for the magnetic charge m Γ (φ, A) of the field in the region bounded by a surface Γ, we need a way to compute the electromagnetic field strength of (φ, A μ ) directly, without using the gauge (13.1). To this end it suffices to find a gauge-invariant expression that coincides with (14.1) in gauge (13.1). It is natural to look for an expression of the form $${F_{\mu v}}\left( x \right) = \left\langle {{F_{\mu v}}\left( x \right),h\left( {\sigma \alpha \left( x \right)} \right)} \right\rangle + {\omega _{ab}}\left( {\alpha \left( x \right)} \right){\left( {{\nabla _\mu }\alpha } \right)^a}{\left( {{\nabla _v}\alpha } \right)^b}$$ (15.1) where ω ab (φ) = −ω ab (φ). The first term in this expression coincides with (14.5), and the second generalizes the corresponding term in the expression for the field strength in the Georgi-Glashow model (Chapter 11).
The Wiki Quality Instrument: Adaptation Guidelines for Educators and Researchers

This is the third in a series of three white papers introducing the Wiki Quality Instrument (WQI), an instrument for measuring opportunities to develop 21st Century Skills in Wiki Learning environments. The WQI is a coding instrument used by trained researchers that measures the presence or absence of 24 behaviors that provide opportunities for students to develop skills in expert thinking, complex communication, and new media literacy. It has been used to evaluate excellence and equity in the use of wikis in K-12 settings.In Part V, I suggest adaptation guidelines for educators interested in using the WQI in their own practice. I describe how school leaders might use the WQI to evaluate the use of wikis in a school or district, and I suggest how teachers might adapt the WQI into their own rubrics for wiki projects. In Part VI, I suggest adaptation guidelines for other scholarly researchers interested in using the WQI in their own work. I suggest ideas for adapting the WQI for other wiki studies and how the WQI could be a template for studying other online environments. In Paper Number 1 of this white paper series, I present the coding manual of the WQI and describe the training guidelines and instrument protocols. In Paper Number 2 of this series, I describe the research behind the development of the WQI and its associated protocols.
The upthrow of objects in earthquakes

abstract Occurrences of vertical seismic ground accelerations greater than gravity have been inferred over the years, based mainly on reports of objects separating vertically from each other during earthquakes. Only one instrumentally recorded such acceleration has been measured. A survey is made of these reports and the observations are divided into three dynamical categories: rigid body rocking and internal accelerations of systems of particles with and without elasticity. Mathematical solutions obtained for two dynamical systems resting on the ground demonstrate that upthrow does not necessarily entail vertical ground acceleration greater than gravity. The results are in agreement with an argument of N. M. Newmark but extend it to systems of purely rigid bodies. The implications in assessing intensity are discussed.
The predictive validity of parent and teacher reports of ADHD symptoms.

The objectives were to evaluate the ability of the Inattention and Hyperactivity–Impulsivity factors of the ADHD Rating Scale-IV to differentiate children with ADHD from a control group and to discriminate children with different subtypes of ADHD. Also, we sought to determine optimal cutoff scores on the teacher and parent versions of this scale for making diagnostic decisions about ADHD. In a sample of 92 boys and girls 6 to 14 years of age referred to a regional ADHD program, we assessed ADHD diagnostic status using categorical and dimensional approaches as well as parent- and teacher-report measures. Logistic regression analyses showed that the Inattention and Hyperactivity–Impulsivity factors of the ADHD Rating Scale-IV were effective in discriminating children with ADHD from a control group and differentiating children with ADHD, Combined Type from ADHD, Inattentive Type. Although both teacher and parent ratings were significantly predictive of diagnostic status, teacher ratings made a stronger contribution to the prediction of subtype membership. Using symptom utility estimates, optimal cutoff scores on the Inattention and Hyperactivity–Impulsivity scales for predicting subtypes of ADHD were determined.
Quality measures 101: What every rheumatologist should know

In this paper, we review the essentials of quality measurement for rheuma- tologists. We will focus on four spe- cifi c issues: why should rheumatology focus on quality measures now? how can rheumatology construct and assess quality measures? what can rheuma- tologists expect to achieve with qual- ity measures? will quality measures be used for reimbursement?