cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
BIRDS OF RODRIGUEZ ISLAND (INDIAN OCEAN)

Summary A description is given of Rodriguez, the most remote of the Mascarene Islands, and of its avifauna, with special reference to the two surviving endemic land-birds.
Valid inequalities based on the interpolation procedure

We study the interpolation procedure of Gomory and Johnson (1972), which generates cutting planes for general integer programs from facets of cyclic group polyhedra. This idea has recently been re-considered by Evans (2002) and Gomory, Johnson and Evans (2003). We compare inequalities generated by this procedure with mixed-integer rounding (MIR) based inequalities discussed in Dash and Gunluk (2003). We first analyze and extend the shooting experiment described in Gomory, Johnson and Evans. We show that MIR based inequalities dominate inequalities generated by the interpolation procedure in some important cases. We also show that the Gomory mixed-integer cut is likely to dominate any inequality generated by the interpolation procedure in a certain probabilistic sense. We also generalize a result of Cornuejols, Li and Vandenbussche (2003) on comparing the strength of the Gomory mixed-integer cut with related inequalities.
Symmetry-Forbidden Resonant Raman Scattering in Cu 2 O

We have observed resonant Raman scattering from the two longitudinal branches of the Raman-forbidden ${F}_{1u}$ modes of ${\mathrm{Cu}}_{2}$O. The agreement between our measured scattering cross section as a function of excitation frequency and a calculated cross section which assumes an intraband Fr\"ohlich electron-phonon interaction is good. This represents a quantitative confirmation of the resonant-Raman-scattering theory proposed by Martin.
Should an abnormal serum potassium concentration be considered a correctable cause of cardiac arrest

According to American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology Practice Guidelines, electrolyte abnormalities, including abnormal serum potassium concentrations, are considered a correctable cause of a life-threatening ventricular arrhythmia. Ventricular defibrillator therapy in this situation is a class III indication, and thought to be ineffective and perhaps harmful, although there are minimal data to support this recommendation. The steady-state serum potassium concentration frequently changes during a cardiac arrest. Additionally, the vast majority of cardiac arrest patients have structural heart disease and are commonly treated with a variety of medications that can alter the serum potassium concentration. In the Antiarrhythmics Versus Implantable Defibrillators (AVID) trial, patients with a correctable cause of an electrolyte imbalance were excluded from study participation but were followed in the AVID registry. Similar outcomes were observed among patients in the AVID registry and the main trial. Spironolactone therapy in patients with congestive heart failure decreases all-cause mortality and sudden and nonsudden cardiac death. In a preliminary study of 169 patients with an episode of a sustained ventricular arrhythmia treated with an implantable defibrillator, freedom from appropriate defibrillator therapy was 18% after five years. The probability of appropriate defibrillator therapy was independent of the initial serum potassium concentration. For these reasons, our current clinical practice is to use an implantable defibrillator to treat an initial episode of sustained ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation that occurs in a patient with structural heart disease and an abnormal serum potassium concentration.
Discrete-time loop transfer recovery for systems with nonminimum phase zeros and time delays

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to study what happens when the discrete-time loop transfer recovery (LTR) procedure is applied to plants with nonminimum phase zeros and with uniform time delay in all channels. Explicit expressions are given for the asymptotic behavior of the resulting sensitivity function and loop transfer function. These results yield a better understanding of the mechanism of the discrete-time loop transfer recovery procedure and the design limitations due to nonminimum phase zeros and time delays.
Black and white female adolescents lose vitamin D metabolites into urine.

ABSTRACT Background The black American population has a higher prevalence of salt sensitivity compared with the white American population. Dahl salt-sensitive rats, models of salt-induced hypertension, excrete protein-bound vitamin D metabolites into urine, a process that is accelerated during high salt intake. We tested the hypothesis that urinary vitamin D metabolite content and 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OHD) binding activity of black female adolescents would be greater than that of white female adolescents. Methods Female adolescents (11–15 years old, 11 black and 10 white) were fed low (1.3 g, 56 mmol/24 hours sodium) and high salt (3.86 g, 168 mmol/24 hours sodium) diets for 3 weeks in a randomized order cross-over study design. Results White and black adolescents had similar mean urinary vitamin D metabolite content (low salt, black versus white: 50 ± 10 versus 58 ± 17 pmol/24 hours; high salt, black versus white: 47 ± 7 versus 79 ± 16 pmol/24 hours). Mean urinary 25-OHD binding activities of the black and white adolescents did not significantly differ. Urinary 25-OHD binding activity of 10/11 black adolescents and 7/10 white adolescents was greater at week 3 of high salt intake than at week 3 of low salt intake (r = 0.50, P = 0.002, n = 17). Plasma 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D concentrations of the white female adolescents were significantly higher than that of the black female adolescents ( P Conclusion Urinary loss of vitamin D metabolites may be one cause of low vitamin D status, in addition to low dietary intake and reduced skin synthesis.
Multiple unit price promotions and their effects on quantity purchase intentions

Abstract Consumers often encounter multiple unit price promotions whereby a price reduction is presented as a reduced total price for multiple units of the same item (e.g., an item regularly priced at $1.25 each is promoted as “5 for $5”). In a series of experiments, we find that the positive effect of these promotions on quantity purchase intentions is contingent on the magnitude of the quantity specified in the offer and the rate of product consumption. However, offer effectiveness is not influenced by highlighting single unit prices, the unrestricted nature of these promotions, or aggregate savings. As predicted by the selective accessibility explanation, the effect of multiple unit price promotions on quantity purchase intentions is shown to be mediated by accessing anchor-consistent knowledge. An agenda for further research and the implications of our findings for retail practice are discussed.
The Instrumental Variable Method to Study Self‐Selection Mechanism: A Case of Influenza Vaccination

ABSTRACT Objective To assess whether estimates of the effectiveness of influenza vaccination in reducing rates of hospitalizations and all-cause mortality derived from cross-sectional data could be improved by applying the instrumental variable (IV) method to data representing the community-dwelling elderly population in the United States in order to adjust for self-selection bias. Methods Secondary data analysis, using the 1996–97 Medicare Current Beneficiary Survey data. First, using single-equation probit regressions this study analyzed influenza-related hospitalization and death due to all causes predicted by vaccination status, which was measured by claims or survey data. Second, to adjust for potential self-selection of the vaccine receipt, for example, higher vaccination rates among high-risk individuals, bivariate probit (BVP) models and two-stage least squares (2SLS) models were employed. The IV was having either arthritis or gout. Results In single-equation probit models, vaccination appeared to be ineffective or even to increase the probability of adverse outcomes. Based on BVP and 2SLS models, vaccination was demonstrated to be effective in reducing influenza-related hospitalization by at least 31%. The BVP model results implied significant self-selection in the single-equation probit models. Conclusions Adjusting for self-selection, BVP analyses yielded vaccine effectiveness estimates for a nationally representative cross-sectional sample of the community-dwelling elderly population that are consistent with previous estimates based on randomized controlled trials, prospective cohort studies, and meta-analyses. This result suggests that analyses with 2SLS and BVP in particular may be useful for the analysis of observational data regarding prevention in which self-selection is an important potential source of bias.
NMDA-induced response in pyramidal neurons of the rat medial prefrontal cortex slices consists of NMDA and non-NMDA components.

Abstract Using the techniques of intracellular recording, we examined and characterized the membrane response induced by N-methyl- d -aspartate (NMDA) and compared the excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) elicited by NMDA and by electrical stimulation of the forceps minor in presumed pyramidal cells of the rat medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) slice preparation. Bath application of NMDA produced EPSPs, membrane depolarization, and bursts of action potentials. These effects were completely blocked by the NMDA receptor antagonist d -2-amino-phosphonopentanoic acid (d-AP5). The non-NMDA receptor antagonist 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dion (CNQX) markedly decreased NMDA-induced responses and converted the I–V relationship curve of NMDA from a curvi-linear to the characteristic J-shape, thus indicating the existence of a non-NMDA component. Synaptic responses elicited by electrical stimulation of the forceps minor also consisted of NMDA and non-NMDA components. Both NMDA- and electrical stimulation-elicited EPSPs were markedly reduced or completely abolished by using Ca2+-free artificial cerebrospinal fluid (ACSF), ACSF containing either TTX, low Ca2+ plus Cd2+, or a membrane permeable Ca2+ chelator BAPTA-AM (when BAPTA was loaded in the recording electrode, it was without effect). Under these conditions, NMDA-induced depolarization was significantly reduced. Taken together, these results suggest that in addition to a direct action on pyramidal neurons, NMDA causes a release of excitatory amino acids (EAAs), which in turn activate non-NMDA receptors.
Mother teresa meets Genghis Khan: The dialectics of hierarchy-enhancing and hierarchy-attenuating career choices

We replicated and extended earlier work showing the connection between social dominance orientation and the perceived attractiveness of hierarchy-enhancing and hierarchy-attenuating careers using data from two large and independent samples of UCLA students. Consistent with expectations, the data from both studies showed that the greater the students' level of social dominance orientation, the more attractive hierarchy-enhancing careers such as criminal prosecutor, police officer, and FBI agent were perceived to be. Similarly, the greater the students' social dominance orientation, the less attractive they found hierarchy-attenuating careers such as public defender, civil rights lawyer, and human rights advocate. These conclusions held even after controlling for the effects of socioeconomic status and political conservatism. Canonical correlation analysis disclosed that the attractiveness of these career paths within the general domain of law made only one, bipolar and unidimensional projection within social dominance space. The nature of this bipolar dimension reproduced the hypothesized distinction between hierarchy-enhancing and hierarchy-attenuating social roles. Theoretical implications of the results are discussed.
Optimal transformer sizing with the presence of electric vehicle charging

The loss of life of distribution transformers has become a significant concern with the prevalence of charging electric vehicles. One alternative is to increase the transformer rating. Due to no-load losses associated with a higher transformer rating and greater limited loading on a transformer (mainly between 5:00 and 11:00 pm), a method is proposed to optimize the transformer rating. In this work, a secondary-distribution transformer with no-load losses is minimized while limiting the acceleration of the transformer loss of life. An example is shown to illustrate the validity of this model. Both controlled and uncontrolled charging options are considered to analyze the importance of charging diversity on transformer sizing.
Multiplicity and stability phenomena in diffusion flames

Abstract The bifurcation behavior of a mathematical model that describes mass and heat transport and chemical reaction in a one-dimensional diffusion flame is investigated. A numerical scheme based on B-spline interpolation is used to spatially discretize the system, and a Gear-type integrator is employed to study the oscillatory behavior of the solutions. Results are reported on the multiplicity characteristics of the steady-state solutions. Loci of limit points and Hopf bifurcation points are constructed on planes defined by two of the parameters of the problem in order to divide the planes into regions with different multiplicity and stability characteristics. A complete classification of solution loci in terms of the above characteristics—multiplicity, stability, and bifurcation direction at Hopf bifurcation points—is presented for the parameter region investigated. Direct integration in time is used to study the oscillatory behavior of the system for certain parameter values.
Talking taboo: Newspaper advice columns and sexual discourse

If the available venues for public discourse concerning sexuality in America are divided into “formal” curricula including community and school-based sexual education programs, and the “informal” curricula of the mass media, the popular newspaper advice column sits at a critical site of convergence of these two venues. In a culture that is detemined to restrict talk about sex, and particularly those sexual practices such as masturbation that are labeled “taboo,” this paper argues that a widely available and culturally mainstream venue for otherwise limited disourse becomes an important site for talking, learning, and debating issues of sexuality. By using Ann Landers’ discussion of masturbation as a case study, this paper offers an overview of the cultural utility of newspaper advice columns as a safe space for taboo talk about sexuality.
Reconsidering Graduate Students’ Education as Teachers: “It Takes a Department!”.

The article argues that prevailing approaches to educating graduate students as teachers need to be broadened conceptually and in practice. In particular, it suggests that preparing graduate students to teach constitutes only one component of a two-fold responsibility of graduate programs: to educate their students both as researchers and as teachers. To establish this linkage, graduate departments require a comprehensive intellectual-academic center that touches upon all practices of its members, faculty, and graduate students, in research and teaching. The paper suggests that a carefully conceptualized, integrated 4-year, content-oriented and task-based curriculum with a literacy focus provides such an intellectual core. By overcoming the traditional split of language and content, it invites a reconsideration of current practices in teaching and in the relationship of teaching and research. The article elaborates these issues through a case study in one graduate department, focusing on the implications of a reconfigured departmental culture for graduate students’ education as teachers and for their socialization into the profession. It concludes with observations about the nature and conditions of change in higher education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Interstitial producing extended jogs in face-centred cubic lattices

Abstract Hirsch's theory of extended jogs in face-centred cubic lattices has been developed further. The role played by partial dislocations attached to double stacking faults (extrinsic faults) has been included in the analysis. The previous conclusion that jogs in face-centred cubic crystals can produce only vacancies and not interstitials has been modified. Both types of point defects are produced in approximately equal abundance. However, complete symmetry between vacancy and interstitial creation can occur only if the energy of a double stacking fault (extrinsic fault) is identical to that of a single stacking fault (intrinsic fault).
An explicit algebraic heat-flux model for the temperature field

Abstract An explicit algebraic heat-flux (EAHF) model is derived by invoking the assumption of equilibrium turbulence for both the velocity and the thermal fields. Further modifications are achieved by applying an approximation technique to render the implicit heat flux vector relation explicit. Thus derived, the heat flux vector yields two terms. The first term is identical to that given by a simple thermal eddy diffusivity model, while the second term provides a correction to the streamwise heat flux. This second term is non-zero even when the streamwise mean temperature gradient is zero. It allows the modeling of the generation of a streamwise heat flux due to the interaction of the turbulent eddies with the mean temperature gradient normal to the streamwise direction. Previously derived near-wall corrections to the equations of the temperature variance and its dissipation rate are found to be equally valid for the EAHF model. The near-wall EAHF model is validated against direct numerical simulation data and experimental measurements. In addition, the calculations are also compared with those obtained from a second-order model and the simple thermal eddy diffusivity model. Two different near-wall Reynolds-stress models are used to calculate the velocity field and they are found to have little effect on the thermal field predicted by the EAHF model. In general, the results for the temperature field are in good agreement with data and are essentially unaffected by the second term in the EAHF model. On the other hand, the prediction of the streamwise heat flux is in good agreement with that given by a second-order model which correlates well with data.
Spatial variation of the evolution and structure of the urban boundary layer

The spatial variation of the nocturnal urban boundary-layer structure is described and the time variation of the mixing height, and the nocturnal inversion top and strength after sunrise is presented for urban sites located upwind, downwind, and near the center of the heat island, and at an upwind rural site. Observations were derived from high resolution temperature profiles obtained by a helicopter during 35 intensive morning experiments in St. Louis, Missouri.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Identifies the Fibrous Cap in Atherosclerotic Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm

Background— MRI can distinguish components of atherosclerotic plaque. We hypothesized that contrast enhancement with gadolinium-DTPA (Gd-DTPA) could aid in the differentiation of plaque components in abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA). Methods and Results— Twenty-three patients (19 males, age 70±8 years) with AAA underwent MRI on a 1.5-T clinical scanner 3±3 days before surgical grafting. T1- and T2-weighted (W) black blood spin echo imaging was performed in 1 axial slice, and the T1-W imaging was repeated after a Gd-DTPA–enhanced 3D magnetic resonance angiogram. A section of the aorta at the site of imaging was resected at surgery for histopathologic examination of tissue components and inflammatory cells. Signal-to-noise and contrast-to-noise ratios (CNR) were measured in visualized plaque components from multispectral MRI, and percent enhancement after contrast on T1-W imaging was calculated. The κ value for agreement between pathology and MRI for the number of tissue components was 0.785. T2-W imaging id...
Quantum effects on the temperature dependence of surface tension of simple liquids

An equation of general applicability is proposed to describe the surface tension of simple liquids over an extended temperature range. This equation incorporates the quantum effects on the exponent μ, which characterizes the temperature dependence of surface tension. Far from the critical region, μ decreases with increasing de Boer parameter and appears to reach a constant value μ≃1 for 4He and 3He. It is pointed out that for quantum liquids μ crosses over to the nonquantum mechanical value of μ≃1.28 as the critical point is approached. The surface tension and its temperature dependence are predicted for hydrogen isotopes such as T2, DT, D2, HT, and HD.
Enhanced protein recovery after electrotransfer using square wave alternating voltage

Protein identification is becoming a complement to the available fully sequenced genomes. To meet the challenge, newly developed techniques for high throughput protein identification using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) and peptide mass fingerprint are needed. Two years ago, a parallel protein digestion process was proposed. It provided a collecting polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) membrane able to be scanned by MALDI. Acquired data were used to recreate a virtual multidimensional image. Voltage used during this protein electroblotting technique was an unusual square wave alternative voltage (SWAV). The goal of the current study is to evaluate quantitatively the efficiency of the SWAV compared with a classical electroblot process on intact proteins. The effect of the pulsed electric field and the buffer composition were compared to a standard continuous transblotting process defined as the gold standard. Combination of the pulsed asymmetric electric field with 3-(cyclohexylamino)-1-propane-sulfonique acid (CAPS) buffers showed an average 65% increase of protein recovery. Moreover, a strongest effect is observed for high M(r) proteins. In conclusion, the present study highlighted a positive influence of the "shaking" effect of the asymmetric alternative voltage on gel protein extraction.
The prognostic significance of focal adhesion kinase expression in stage I non-small-cell lung cancer.

Introduction Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) plays a significant role in cancer cell survival signaling and is overexpressed in various malignancies, including lung cancer. Previous studies suggest that FAK overexpression is an independent factor predicting poor prognosis in non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The aim of this study is to confirm these findings specifically in stage I NSCLC. Methods A retrospective tissue microarray (TMA) analysis of FAK protein expression by immunohistochemistry was performed in 157 surgically resected stage I NSCLC specimen and in the corresponding matched normal lung tissue. The FAK 4.47 monoclonal antibody was used for FAK immunostaining. The scoring system of triplicate tumor cores included intensity of staining plus extent of staining for a composite score that ranged from 0 to 6. The association between FAK score and survival was evaluated. Results There were 103 stage IA and 54 stage IB patients, with mean follow-up of 5.5 years. Normal lung alveoli and interstitial tissue had mean FAK score of 0 (median score 0, range 0 to 2). Tumor samples had mean FAK score 3.1 (median score 3.5, range 0–6), with 57% of the samples having FAK score ≥ 3. Continuous FAK score was not associated with demographic data, tumor histology, or grade, nor survival in this cohort of stage I NSCLC patients. Conclusions FAK is expressed in more than 50% of stage I NSCLC lung cancer but not in normal lung alveoli and interstitial tissue. FAK expression is not associated with survival outcome in this North American cohort.
Characteristics of densification and distortion of Ni–Cu liquid-phase sintered tungsten heavy alloy

Abstract The characteristics of densification and distortion of a 80W–14Ni–6Cu alloy during liquid-phase sintering (LPS) were investigated in relation to the liquid-phase formation. By means of differential thermal analysis (DTA), the melting process of the Ni–Cu matrix in a die-pressed compact was examined and compared with that in a loose powder mixture. It was revealed that enhanced inter-diffusion and in situ alloying occur between the tightly compacted elemental Cu and Ni powders during heating, leading to an extended temperature range for Ni–Cu liquid formation. Dilatometry and furnace sintering tests showed that the early melting of the Ni–Cu matrix results in an onset of liquid-phase sintering at a lower temperature with die compaction. Full densification of the compact, together with satisfactory microstructure, can be achieved prior to full melting of the Ni–Cu matrix. Distortion is delayed until the end of liquid-phase formation.
Exponential decay in the Stark effect

LetH=−Δ+V+Fx1 withV(x1,x⊥) analytic in the first variable andV(x1+ia, x⊥) bounded and decreasing to zero asx → ∞ for eacha ∈ ℝ. Let ψ be an eigenvector of −Δ+V with negative eigenvalue. Among our results we show that forF≠0, (ψ,e−Hψ) decays exponentially at a rate governed by the positions of the resonances ofH. This exponential decay is in marked contrast to “conventional” atomic resonances for which power law decay is the rule.
CD-SEM edge width applications and analysis

As groundrules shrink, the need for improved metrology and characterization is essential in maintaining process control. Keeping the process in control relies heavily on the CD SEM providing consistent high quality measurements. Typically the bottom CD is extracted from the signal acquired and this result is then used to determine litho quality for lot dispositioning and stepper feedback. It is also used for determining etch quality in terms of uniformity and bias. But does the bottom CD provide enough information to make intelligent processed decisions. The answer is, in many cases, no. The bottom CD, used in most every fab for determining process latitudes, does not carry with it any information about the profile. It will be shown how a process or tool might be considered 'in control' when in fact there are problems. The key concept is being able to extract more information from the SEM. This has been suggested previously and must be further incorporated in to CD SEM technology in the future. By using edge width measurements in addition to bottom CD measurements, it will be shown that there is more to CD metrology than bottom CDs. Data is presented on how edge width measurements improved the yield in one of our process lines. Combining the additional edge width information derived from the CD SEM signal with the traditional bottom CD will prove to be a valuable addition to the metrology sector, better enabling the sector to provide more accurate and detailed feedback in its role to improve tools and control processes.
A simple rapid method of sample preparation for LC analysis of retinoyl β-glucuronide and retinoic acid in water-based creams

Abstract A simple method of sample preparation for LC analysis of retinoic acid (RA) and retinoyl β-glucuronide (RAG) in creams has been developed. Water-based cream of all trans -RAG, devoid of side effects but efficacious in the treatment of acne vulgaris, was found to be hydrolyzed to RA in a temperature dependant manner. The potential benefits of water-based RAG cream stored at room temperature for the treatment of acne and wrinkle is discussed.
On narcissism and post-narcissism: Psychology and theology in context

A contextual approach to narcissism is developed in which theology is seen to articulate simultaneously with psychological needs and cultural values. Some implications of the psychology of the self for theology and culture are discussed in this framework.
Evidence for glucocorticoid transport into AtT-20 cells selective effect of a sulfhydryl inhibitor on uptake

Abstract The purpose of these experiments was to determine if membrane-mediated glucocorticoid uptake by the AtT-20 cell was sensitive to the sulfhydryl group inhibitor, p -chloromercuri-phenylsulfonate (PCMPS). This agent was chosen because of its reported limited entry into the cell interior. Our experiments showed that cells could be incubated with 1 mM PCMPS for 1 h before intracellular concentrations of the inhibitor were sufficient to affect the intracellular cytosol receptor. In contrast less than 15 min of treatment inhibited intact cell steroid uptake. The inhibition was completely reversed by dithiothreitol. These studies show inhibition of glucocorticoid uptake under conditions which do not affect the intracellular receptor and infer that the AtT-20 cell membrane-mediated uptake mechanism for glucocorticoids contains sensitive sulfhydryl groups.
Aminostratigraphic results from Cape Lookout, N.C., and their relation to the preserved Quaternary marine record of SE North Carolina

Abstract Aminostratigraphic data were obtained for Mulinia lateralis samples from closely spaced drillholes on the Cape Lookout, North Carolina barrier islands. Two major aminozones are recognized in the subsurface section based upon D-alloisoleucine/L-isoleucine (A/I) values. These major aminozones can each be subdivided into two additional aminozones based upon direct comparisons with Mulinia A/I data from other North Carolina localities. Correlation of the Cape Lookout Mulinia aminostratigraphy with U-series calibrated A/I data in N.C. indicates that the sampled units represent deposition during the middle to late Pleistocene. The four Cape Lookout aminozones may be assigned to late and early stage 5 (or possibly stages 5 and 7), a portion of the interval during stages 17–19, and at least one interglacial in stages 25–31 of the oxygen isotope record based on correlation to calibrated sites and kinetic model extrapolation. The aminostratigraphic data obtained from the Cape Lookout barrier islands and nearby areas indicate that there are significant differences in the extent of preservation of the Pleistocene sedimentary record to the southwest of Cape Lookout compared with that to the north-northeast. All four of the recognized Cape Lookout aminozones are present in the subsurface section to the north-northeast of Cape Lookout. In contrast, the two late Pleistocene aminozones are almost completely absent in the subsurface of the barrier islands, and in Onslow Bay, to the southwest of Cape Lookout. These aminostratigraphic interpretations are consistent with the incomplete stratigraphic record recognized by previous investigators for the Cape Lookout-Onslow Bay area. The calibrated kinetic model age estimates for the Cape Lookout aminostratigraphic data now permit quantification of these stratigraphic gaps. The detailed aminostratigraphic results from Cape Lookout also have significant consequences for regional aminostratigraphic correlations on the Atlantic Coastal Plain, and provide valuable information with which to test contrasting models proposed for regional correlation within the context of the preserved stratigraphic record.
Revisiting outcomes of right congenital diaphragmatic hernia

Abstract Background Studies comparing outcomes of right- and left-sided congenital diaphragmatic hernia (R-CDH and L-CDH) have yielded conflicting results. We hypothesized that R-CDH is associated with higher short-term pulmonary morbidity than L-CDH. Methods We reviewed all CDH patients at a tertiary children's hospital over 10 y. In prenatally diagnosed CDH, the observed-to-expected total fetal lung volume and percentage liver herniation (%LH) were calculated using fetal magnetic resonance imaging-based measurements. Outcomes were compared in patients with isolated CDH. Patients were subsequently matched by %LH to compare outcomes. Results Of 189 CDH patients, 37 (20.1 %) were R-CDH and 147 (79.9%) were L-CDH. Those with R-CDH were prenatally diagnosed at a significantly lower rate (40.5% versus 73.5%; P versus 22.6 ± 5.65 wk; P = 0.062). There was no difference in observed-to-expected total fetal lung volume between those with R-CDH and L-CDH (30.2 ± 11.1% versus 33.1 ± 14.2%; P = 0.471). Fetuses with R-CDH had a higher %LH than those with L-CDH (37.5 ± 14.1% versus 18.6 ± 12.2%; P versus 27%; P = 0.055). There was no difference in duration of tracheal intubation, hospital stay, need for supplemental oxygen at 30-d of life or 6-mo mortality between groups. There was no difference in mortality and pulmonary morbidity when patients were matched by %LH. Conclusions Compared to those with L-CDH, fetuses with R-CDH are less likely to be diagnosed prenatally and have a higher need for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. The sidedness of the hernia defect was not associated with differences in short-term pulmonary morbidity in this large, contemporary single-institution experience of neonates with CDH.
Proteolytic Processes Underlying Molt-Induced Claw Muscle Atrophy in Decapod Crustaceans

The claw muscles of large-clawed decapod crustaceans undergo a programmed atrophy in preparation for molting, or ecdysis. This is mediated by five cytosolic proteinases organized into two proteolytic pathways: calcium-dependent and ubiquitin/proteasome-dependent. The calcium-dependent system consists of four calcium-dependent cysteine proteinases (CDPs I, IIa, IIb, and III; native masses 310, 125, 195, and 59 kDa, respectively) that completely degrade myofibrillar proteins and are activated in atrophic muscles. Immunological analysis shows that the active-site sequence in CDP IIa (60-kDa subunit mass) is similar to that in mammalian CDPs (calpains), and that CDP IIb is homologous to a calpain-like gene isolated from Drosophila cDNA libraries. Increased intracellullar Ca2+ stimulates proteolysis in situ , indicating CDPs play an important role in muscle protein catabolism. The ubiquitin/proteasome-dependent system involves the ATP-dependent conjugation of multi-ubiquitin chains to protein by ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes. This acts as a signal for substrate degradation by the 26S proteasome, a multi-subunit complex consisting of a 20S proteasome catalytic “core” and two PA700 (19S) regulatory complexes. Polyubiquitin mRNA, ubiquitin-protein conjugates, and 20S proteasome are elevated about 5-, 8-, and 2-fold, respectively, during atrophy. A heat-induced form of the 20S proteasome hydrolyzes myosin, troponin, and tropomyosin to large fragments in vitro . Biochemical studies identified the branched-chain amino acid-preferring (BrAAP) activity, one of six distinct catalytic components in the complex, as the activity that carries out these initial cleavages. These results indicate that the ubiquitin/proteasome pathway is involved, but its precise role remains to be resolved.
Impact of new multimedia representations on hardware and software systems

The generation of video and audio coding methods to follow the present, pioneering generation have not yet been standardized, but it is possible to predict many of their characteristics. I discuss these, with particular reference to their impact on the design of software and hardware systems for multimedia.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Sexual segregation by Masai giraffes at two spatial scales

Summary In this paper alternative explanations for observed patterns of sexual segregation by giraffes are examined at two spatial scales: within-habitats and within-landscape. Habitats are defined as recognizable plant associations and the landscape as the collection of all available habitat types. The study was conducted in Mikumi National Park, Tanzania. At the within-landscape level, all sex and age classes of giraffes exhibited high degrees of preference for riverine habitats. Sex differences in habitat selection were mostly due to females with young, who tended to select open floodplain habitats in which their vigilance time was lowest. Males, and females without young, preferred more heavily-wooded habitat. Habitat preferences were not related to observed habitat-specific forage intake rates for either males or females. Within habitats, male and female giraffes selected different feeding heights, males feeding higher in the canopy than females. Females showed a strong tendency to generalize with respect to feeding height. It is suggested that a sexual dimorphism–body size hypothesis provides a parsimonious explanation for the observed feeding height selection patterns, whereas a reproductive strategy hypothesis can explain sex-differences in habitat selection patterns within the landscape. Resume Dans cet article, on examine deux explications de schemas de segregation sexuelle observes chez des girafes a deux niveaux spatiaux: celui de l’habitat et celui du paysage. On definit les habitats comme des associations vegetales reconnaissables et les paysages comme l’ensemble de tous les types d’habitat possible. Cette etude a ete realisee au Parc National de Mikumi, en Tanzanie. Au niveau du paysage, toutes les classes de sexe et d’âge de girafes manifestaient une preference marquee pour les habitats riverains. Les differences par sexe dans la selection de l’habitat etaient surtout le fait des femelles avec jeunes, qui tendaient a choisir des habitats de plaine alluviale ouverts ou? leur temps de surveillance etait le plus reduit. Les mâles et les femelles sans jeune preferaient un habitat plus boise. Les preferences d’habitat n’etaient liees au taux de nourrissage specifique de l’habitat ni pour les mâles ni pour les femelles. A l’interieur d’un meme habitat, les mâles et les femelles se nourrissaient a des hauteurs differentes, les mâles plus haut que les femelles. Les femelles montraient une forte tendance a se nourrir toutes a la meme hauteur. On suggere que le dimorphisme sexuel quant a la taille peut apporter une explication relative des schemas du choix de la hauteur a laquelle les animaux se nourrissent, tandis qu’une autre hypothese, liee a la strategie de reproduction, pourrait expliquer les differences liees au sexe dans le choix de l’habitat a l’interieur d’un paysage.
Noble Gases in Ocean Waters and Sediments

Noble gases are widely used in studies of the basic properties and dynamics of natural systems including the ocean. This chapter describes some of the more extensive applications of noble gases (mainly helium isotopes) to studies of oceanographic problems. They include the modern oceanic circulation, paleo-oceanography, hydrothermal and cold brine systems in the deep ocean, and ocean/atmosphere gas exchange. Originally, oceanic noble gas studies were focused on geochemical problems such as the question of the existence of excess helium in seawater derived from radioactive decay of the elements of the uranium and thorium series in ocean sediments (Suess and Wanke 1965; Bieri et al. 1966). After the discovery of mantle (primordial) helium during the 1960s (Clarke et al. 1969; Craig and Weiss 1971; Craig et al. 1975) and 3He derived from decay of tritium in the near-surface waters of the ocean (Jenkins and Clarke 1976), large programs were developed to exploit helium isotopes, frequently in combination with tritium, for studies of water mass formation, circulation and variability (e.g., Jenkins 1987; Schlosser et al. 1991). More recent studies started to explore the use of helium isotopes to paleoceanographic objectives. These studies build upon the discovery of extraterrestrial helium in deep-sea sediments in the early 1960s (Merrihue 1964). This signal is now being systematically examined for its potential as a tool for investigations of sediment accumulation rates on very long time scales (millions of years) and their correlation with changes in paleoceanography (e.g., Farley 1995; Farley and Patterson 1995; Marcantonio et al. 1995, 1996, 2001). Soon after the discovery of mantle helium in seawater, noble gases were applied to studies of hydrothermal systems. Originally, these studies were focused on the source of the fluids emanating from hydrothermal vents as well as …
Boundary Conditions for Limited-Area Ensemble Kalman Filters

Abstract One aspect of implementing a limited-area ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) involves the specification of a suitable ensemble of lateral boundary conditions. Two classes of methods to populate a boundary condition ensemble are proposed. In the first class, the ensemble of boundary conditions is provided by an EnKF on a larger domain and is approximately a random draw from the probability distribution function for the forecast (or analysis) on the limited-area domain boundary. The second class perturbs around a deterministic estimate of the state using assumed spatial and temporal covariance relationships. Methods in the second class are relatively flexible and easy to implement. Experiments that test the utility of these methods are performed for both an idealized low-dimensional model and limited-area simulations using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model; all experiments employ simulated observations under the perfect model assumption. The performance of the ensemble boundary condition ...
Central sites involved in the hypotensive effects of muscimol

Abstract Areas within the brain mediating the hypotensive effects of muscimol, a GABA receptor agonist, were localized in chloralose anesthetized cats. Infusion of muscimol (0.003-0.03 μg/kg/min) into the lateral ventricle for 30 min resulted in a dose-related fall in blood pressure, heart rate and renal sympathetic nerve discharge when the perfusate was collected at the cisterna magna (ICV). Under these conditions the largest dose produced decreases in blood pressure, heart rate and renal nerve discharge of 40%, 30% and 80% respectively. When bicuculline methiodide (0.5 μg/kg/min), a GABA receptor antagonist, was administered via the cerebral aqueduct simultaneously with the ICV infusion of muscimol, the cardiovascular effects of muscimol were antagonized. Infusion of bicuculline methiodide alone failed to alter blood pressure or heart rate. When muscimol was prevented from reaching the fourth ventricle by collecting the perfusate at the caudal end of the cerebral aqueduct, the largest dose produced a reduction in blood pressure and heart of
Child and Family Variables Associated with Behavior Problems in Preschoolers: The Role of Child Gender

ABSTRACT The role of gender in preschoolers with behavior problems was examined. Recent research has overlooked significant child and family variables that may interact with child gender in the onset of early childhood problem conduct behaviors. A sample of 39 preschool boys and 15 girls with a diagnosis of Oppositional Defiant Disorder and their parents underwent comprehensive assessment. Child characteristics (e.g., age, onset of problems, comorbid conditions), parent characteristics (e.g., family variables, parental and familial psychiatric history, parenting behaviors) and independent assessment of mother-child interactions were conducted. Few differences between the sexes were observed for any variables. For the current sample it appeared that girls and boys shared more similarities than differences in terms oforigins and developmental processes of their conduct problems.
The first word and the last word in the budgetary process: A comparative institutional analysis of proposal and veto authorities*

This study examines the role of proposal authority and executive veto in the budgetary process. A five stage sequential model of the budgetary process with three institutional actors - a legislature, an appropriations committee, and an executive - is presented. We examine: (i) the factors that affect the executive's power in shaping the final budget when the executive is granted proposal authority; (ii) how increased veto authority, in combination with executive proposal authority, affects the executive's power in forming the final budget; and (iii) the effects of different types of proposal authority and veto rules on the efficiency of the budgetary process.
Unglazed collector/regenerator performance for a solar assisted open cycle absorption cooling system

Abstract This study includes the results of an investigation on a prototype solar assisted absorption cooling system. The liquid absorbents, for example, lithium chloride or lithium bromide used in this type of system absorb water, the refrigerant, in the absorber and require energy input for a subsequent desorption process. An ordinary black shingled roof was used as a collector/regenerator for the evaporation of water to obtain a strong solution of absorbent for use in the absorber. The rate of evaporation from the collector/regenerator determines the overall cooling capacity of the system. Experiments were conducted on a 11 m × 11 m (36 ft × 36 ft) collector/regenerator to measure solution flow rates and concentrations at inlet and outlet, and temperatures at several locations of the collector. Altogether, there were 100 sets of data taken under various environmental and flow conditions. An iterative solution of the equations describing the conservation of mass and energy led to the prediction of local concentrations of the absorbent solution, and local heat and mass transfer coefficients. Correlations for nondimensional heat and mass transfer parameters were developed in terms of local Reynolds number, Grashof number, Prandtl number, Schmidt number, and N , the ratio of buoyancy force due to mass transfer to buoyancy force due to heat transfer. These heat and mass transfer correlations were used for the simulation of performance of the collector/regenerator. A parametric study of the collector/regenerator performance enabled the identification of important variables. A good agreement between these results and those from a warm, humid climate indicates that the simulation model can be used as a tool for the design of systems operating under similar conditions. The experimental results also show a regeneration efficiency varying between 38 and 67%, and the corresponding cooling capacities ranged from 31 to 72 kW (8.8 to 20 tons).
Temperamental attention and activity, classroom emotional support, and academic achievement in third grade.

The purpose of this study is to examine the interplay of children’s temperamental attention and activity (assessed when children were 4-and-a-half years old) and classroom emotional support as they relate to children’s academic achievement in third grade. Particular focus is placed on the moderating role of classroom emotional support on the relationship between temperament (attention and activity level) and academic achievement. Regression analyses indicated that children’s attention and activity level were associated with children’s third grade reading and mathematics achievement, and classroom emotional support was associated with children’s third grade reading and mathematics achievement. In addition, classroom emotional support moderated the relation between children’s attention and reading and mathematics achievement, such that attention mattered most for reading and mathematics achievement for children in classrooms with lower emotional support. Findings point to the importance of understanding how children’s temperament and classroom emotional support may work together to promote or inhibit children’s academic achievement.
An ecological consideration of the significance of cation-exchange capacity of roots of some Utah range plants

Root cation-exchange capacities (CEC) are related to tissue nutrient content of several native Utah range plants. The root CEC values for dicotyledonous species were found to be significantly larger than for monocotyledonous species (grasses). The relative amounts of monovalent and divalent cations taken up are strongly correlated with root CEC. Dicot species tend to take up divalent ions more efficiently than monocots, but monocots take up relatively more monovalent cations than dicots. The relationship of root CEC to cation uptake helps explain differential distribution of grass lands and shrublands in common climatic zones and has important implications for range revegetation programs.
An experimental-analytical method to study steady spray combustion.

Description of a method for determining the local parameters of the gas mixture resulting from the combustion of sprayed fuel in a gaseous oxidizer. The method is based on the measurement of local static pressures in the gas mixture and does not require the knowledge of the droplet distribution function, drag, and vaporization characteristics. A set of equations with substituted local pressure values is used for calculations. Application of the method is demonstrated on a liquid oxygen-ethanol rocket fuel.