cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Distributed development considered harmful

We offer a case study illustrating three rules for reporting research to industrial practitioners. Firstly, report “relevant” results; e.g. this paper explores the effects of distributed development on software products. Second: “recheck” old results if new results call them into question. Many papers say distributed development can be harmful to software quality. Previous work by Bird et al. allayed that concern but a recent paper by Posnett et al. suggests that the Bird result was biased by the kinds of files it explored. Hence, this paper rechecks that result and finds significant differences in Microsoft products (Office 2010) between software built by distributed or collocated teams. At first glance, this recheck calls into question the widespread practice of distributed development. Our third rule is to “reflect” on results to avoid confusing practitioners with an arcane mathematical analysis. For example, on reflection, we found that the effect size of the differences seen in the collocated and distributed software was so small that it need not concern industrial practitioners. Our conclusion is that at least for Microsoft products, distributed development is not considered harmful.
Evaluating performance of the HIPERLAN CAC layer protocol for asynchronous traffic

The growing interest in wireless systems and networks has led to the first wireless LAN (WLAN) protocols. The medium access control (MAC) layer protocols of such protocol suites are of key importance. The Radio Equipment and Systems (RES) Technical Committee of the European Telecommunications Standards Institute has proposed the High PErformance Radio LAN (HIPERLAN) protocol suite. We present study, analyze and evaluate the performance of the MAC layer of the HIPERLAN protocol suite for asynchronous data transfer. Analytical models that take into account the phenomena of hidden nodes and capture are presented during the analysis. Numerical results from both analysis and simulation are presented, so that the issues involved are better understood.
Total Synthesis of the Protein Phosphatase 2A Inhibitor Lactodehydrothyrsiferol

Red algae are a prolific source of squalene-derived poly-ethers[1] that show moderate to high levels of cytotoxicity[2] and very selective protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) inhibition. [3] These unique structures (see Figure 1 for examples) have inspired total syntheses of the family members venus-atriol, [4] thyrsiferol and its esters, [4b,5] pseudodehydrothyrsiferol, [6] and dioxepanedehydrothyrsiferol, [7] in addition to subunit and analogue syntheses. [8] Our interest in this molecule class arose from our work[9] on the construction of cyclic ethers through epoxide-opening cascade reactions. [10] Lactodehydrothyrsiferol (1), isolated from the red seaweed Laurencia viridis found near the Canary Islands, [11] attracted our attention because of its unique butyrolactone group and the challenges associated with applying an epoxide-opening cascade to construct the tetrahydropyran subunits. Herein, we report the first total synthesis of 1. The sequence features an oxidatively initiated cascade reaction, a stereodivergent diene double epoxidation reaction, a diastereoselective fragment coupling through a Nozaki–Hiyama–Kishi reaction, and a selective monodeoxygenation of a triol.
Pharmacogenomics and renal drug disposition in the newborn

Genetic polymorphisms in the genes coding for drug metabolizing enzymes, drug transporters, and drug receptors are major determinants of an individual's response to drugs. The potential interactions of pharmacogenomics of renal drug transporters and drug receptors with renal drug disposition and the immature kidneys are briefly reviewed. Examples of gene polymorphisms seen in the RAAS (renin angiotensin system), beta-adrenergic receptors, dopamine receptors and cytochrome P450 and their potential clinical impact are discussed. The human newborn has deficient hepatic and renal drug metabolism and disposition. This immaturity in drug-handling capacity may potentially be superimposed to genetic polymorphisms determining drug metabolism and transport thereby substantially increasing interpatient variability in drug dose requirements and in drug responses in the newborn. Pharmacogenomics is a tool that can be used to individualize drug therapy in newborns to minimize adverse drug effects and to optimize efficacy.
Luca Pacioli on Business Profits

Double-entry accounting, with its method for the objective calculation of profits and system of capital accounting, is often seen as closely linked with our modern-day system of capitalism. Questions regarding the role of profits are at the center of many debates on "business ethics." Luca Pacioli, a 15th century Franciscan friar, is recognized as the "father of accounting" because he published the first description of the double-entry system. However, Pacioli's "ethical" views have not been as broadly recognized. The main purpose of this paper is to present and discuss Pacioli's views on the conduct of business enterprise and the pursuit of business profits. Two years after Columbus first arrived in the Americas, and almost 50 years before Copernicus' theory that the earth revolves around the sun was first published, a Franciscan friar by the name of Luca Pacioli published his Summa de Arithmetica, Geometrica, Proportioni et Proportionalita. While Pacioli's Summa was pri- marily a treatise on mathematics, it also included a section describing the "Venetian" - or, what is now commonly known as the "double-entry" - method of bookkeeping. The double-entry system, the description of which was first pub- lished by Pacioli, continues to this day to serve as the foundation of modern accounting systems. Based on his articulation of the double-entry method of bookkeeping in his Summa, Pacioli is
Use of In Vivo Expression Technology To Identify Genes Important in Growth and Survival of Pseudomonas fluorescens Pf0-1 in Soil: Discovery of Expressed Sequences with Novel Genetic Organization

Studies were undertaken to determine the genetic needs for the survival of Pseudomonas fluorescens Pf0-1, a gram-negative soil bacterium potentially important for biocontrol and bioremediation, in soil. In vivo expression technology (IVET) identified 22 genes with elevated expression in soil relative to laboratory media. Soil-induced sequences included genes with probable functions of nutrient acquisition and use, and of gene regulation. Ten sequences, lacking similarity to known genes, overlapped divergent known genes, revealing a novel genetic organization at those soil-induced loci. Mutations in three soil-induced genes led to impaired early growth in soil but had no impact on growth in laboratory media. Thus, IVET studies have identified sequences important for soil growth and have revealed a gene organization that was undetected by traditional laboratory approaches.
A Distributed Graph Algorithm: Knot Detection

Abstract : A knot in a directed graph is a useful concept in deadlock detection. This paper presents a distributed algorithm based on the work of Dijkstra and Scholten to identify knot in a graph by using a network of processes. (Author)
Role of ampD homologs in overproduction of AmpC in clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa

AmpD indirectly regulates the production of AmpC beta-lactamase via the cell wall recycling pathway. Recent publications have demonstrated the presence of multiple ampD genes in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli. In the prototype P. aeruginosa strain, PAO1, the three ampD genes (ampD, ampDh2, and ampDh3) contribute to a stepwise regulation of ampC beta-lactamase and help explain the partial versus full derepression of ampC. In the present study, the roles of the three ampD homologs in nine clinical P. aeruginosa isolates with either partial or full derepression of ampC were evaluated. In eight of nine isolates, decreased RNA expression of the ampD genes was not associated with an increase in ampC expression. Sequence analyses revealed that every derepressed isolate carried mutations in ampD, and in two fully derepressed strains, only ampD was mutated. Furthermore, every ampDh2 gene was of the wild type, and in some fully derepressed isolates, ampDh3 was also of the wild type. Mutations in ampD and ampDh3 were tested for their effect on function by using a plasmid model system, and the observed mutations resulted in nonfunctional AmpD proteins. Therefore, although the sequential deletion of the ampD homologs of P. aeruginosa can explain partial and full derepression in PAO1, the same model does not explain the overproduction of AmpC observed in these clinical isolates. Overall, the findings of the present study indicate that there is still an unknown factor(s) that contributes to ampC regulation in P. aeruginosa.
Effects of chlordiazepoxide, buspirone, and serotonin receptor agonists and antagonists on responses of squirrel monkeys maintained under second-order schedules of intramuscular cocaine injection or food presentation

Lever pressing of squirrel monkeys was maintained under second-order schedules of either food presentation or cocaine injection. The first response after 3 min produced a 2 sec change in the color of a visual stimulus; the tenth stimulus presentation was followed by either an i.m. injection of cocaine (0.3, 1.0, or 2.0 mg/kg) or the delivery of food. The benzodiazepine chlordiazepoxide (0.3-5.6 mg/kg) increased responding maintained by food at doses that decreased cocaine-maintained responding. In contrast, buspirone, a novel nonbenzodiazepine anxiolytic (0.001-0.03 mg/kg), its analog gepirone (0.003-0.03 mg/kg), and the N serotonin 1A (5-HT1A) agonist 8-hydroxy-2(di-n-propylamino)tetralin (8-OH-DPAT; 0.0003-0.001 mg/kg) increased cocaine-maintained responding at doses that decreased responding maintained by food. The inverse agonist at benzodiazepine receptors β-carboline-3-carboxylic acid ethyl ester (βCCE) only decreased response rates irrespective of the maintaining event. m-Chlorophenylpiperazine (mCPP), an agonist at 5-HT1b receptors, increased responding maintained by food while only decreasing cocaine maitained responding (0.001-0.03 mg/kg), whereas metergoline (0.1-0.3 mg/kg), a serotonin antagonist with affinity for both 5-HT1 and 5-HT2 receptors, produced large response rate increases in both groups of monkeys. Administration of the 5-HT2 antagonist ketanserin (0.03-3.0 mg/kg), the 5-HT1A compound spiroxatrine (0.0003-0.03 mg/kg), or the nonselective 5-HT agonist quipazine (0.003-1.0 mg/kg) resulted in dose-dependent response rate decreases in both groups. These results further differentiate buspirone and related compounds from typical anxiolytics and suggest a differential involvement of 5-HTIA receptors in behaviors maintained by cocaine or food presentation.
Rehabilitation in the New Machine? Exploring Drug and Alcohol Use and Variables Related to Success among DUI Offenders Under Electronic Monitoring—Some Preliminary Outcome Results:

When the “Western County” (Penn.) Probation Department implemented a house arrest with electronic monitoring (EM) program in the fall of 1992, offenders convicted under the commonwealth’s mandatory driving under the influence (DUI) act were divided into two groups: One group went to jail and the other group served their sentence under house arrest with EM. Using descriptive and inferential statistics, this article examines differences in drug and alcohol consumption between the two groups and variables related to success for those in the EM program. With regard to drug and alcohol consumption, although differences did exist, they were not significant. However, using cross-tabulation tables and chi-squares, it was determined that two variables—successful attendance at treatment and employment—were significantly related to success while on EM. Such findings indicate the importance of both variables in the selection and supervision process.
Novel Radio-Over-Fiber Configurations with Centralized Lightwave for Uplink Connection

Wavelength reuse or centralized lightwave can further simplify the base station of radio-over-fiber network. In this talk, we introduce three novel schemes to realize this function. The first scheme is based on phase modulation along with optical filtering. This scheme has high stability due to no electrical control circuit for DC bias. The second scheme is based on directly modulated DFB laser along with optical filtering. This one removes expensive modulator; therefore it will be a cost-effective solution. The third one is to re-modulate the DPSK downstream data. By using this scheme, the all lightwave power is well utilized.
Micro-Longitudinal Analysis of Web News Updates

News sites on the World Wide Web pose challenges for information retrieval due to their dynamic content and a tendency to produce multiple versions of the same story. In this study, we advance a method we refer to as micro-longitudinal sampling that automates the capture and reduction of news site content at one-minute intervals to a manageable size for qualitative analysis. This method was used to mine text and images from the front pages of three major news sites over a three-week period, and the changes identified were manually analyzed using content analysis and critical linguistics methods. The results reveal multiple motivations for changes, only some of which, it is argued, need to be attended to in searching and archiving online news.
An M/MMGI/1/K queuing model for IEEE 802.11 ad hoc networks

An M/MMGI/1/K queuing model is developed for the analysis of IEEE 802.11 DCF using RTS/CTS. Results are based on arbitrary contention conditions, namely, collision probabilities, transmission probabilities and contention window sizes vary arbitrarily among nodes contending for channel access. This is fundamentally different from earlier work. Results are presented for the fully-connected case and validated via simulation with statistical analysis. The main contributions are the analysis of DCF and the foundation for the analysis of multi-hop scenarios. A key element of the model is that complexity normally encountered is reduced by effectively restoring the independence between service times and packet inter-arrivals.
Endogenous histamine contributes to drinking initiated without postprandial challenges to fluid homeostasis in rats

Abstract A role for endogenous histamine and its receptor subtypes for mediating drinking elicited by eating was examined in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats in two experimental paradigms in which drinking was initiated without accompanying change in systemic fluid balance: (a) nondeprived rats eating a small (0.57 g) salted cracker; (b) nondeprived rats receiving IG infusion (through a chronic gastric catheter) of 2 ml 900 mOsm/kg NaCl. The ability of IP, SC, or ICV (through a surgically implanted chronic cannula in a lateral ventricle) injections of antagonists to H 1 , H 2 , or H 3 receptors for histamine to inhibit drinking was examined. For rats ingesting a small cracker: systemic injection of H 1 antagonists dexbrompheniramine (DXB) or pyrilamine (PYR) delayed the latency to initiate drinking. Systemic injection of H 1 antagonists DXB, PYR, or terfenadine (TER; which fails to penetrate the blood-brain barrier) and ICV injection of DXB or PYR inhibited water intake. The H 2 antagonist cimetidine (C) given IP or ICV failed to affect drinking. The H 3 antagonist thioperamide (Th) given SC or ICV delayed the latency to drink and inhibited water intake. For rats receiving IG NaCl: systemic injection of H 1 antagonists DXB or PYR or the H 3 antagonist Th inhibited water intake, but the H 2 antagonist C failed to inhibit drinking. Our findings extend the evidence for the involvement of endogenous histamine in drinking elicited by eating in rats by suggesting roles for peripheral and brain H 1 and H 3 receptors for drinking initiated by postprandial gastrointestinal osmotic consequences that are subthreshold for changes in systemic fluid balance.
Decentralized Vibration and Shape Control of Structures With Colocated Sensors and Actuators

This paper introduces a decentralized shape and vibration controller for structures with large and potentially unknown system order, model-parameter uncertainty, and unknown disturbances. Controller implementation utilizes distributed, colocated, and independent actuator–sensor pairs. Controller design requires knowledge of the relative degrees of the actuator and sensor dynamics and upper bounds on the diagonal elements of system's high-frequency gain matrix. Closed-loop performance is determined by a parameter gain, which can be viewed as the cutoff frequency of a low-pass filter. For sufficiently large parameter gain, the closed-loop performance is arbitrarily small. Numerical examples are used to demonstrate the application and effectiveness of the decentralized controller, and we present experimental results for a setup consisting of a cantilever beam with piezoelectric actuators and strain-gauge sensors.
Quantization of electromagnetic fields In open cavities

The one-dimensional open cavity is a system for which the canonical quantization of electromagnetic fields can be performed explicitly. The normal modes for the complete system—the cavity and outside world—are a continuum, and their wave functions are characterized by a succession of resonances in the relative amplitude of the wave functions inside and outside of the cavity. The resonances in the amplitude of the fields inside the cavity can be identified with the open-cavity modes. With the introduction of complex propagation vectors for the modes, we can effectively quantize these modes and use them to describe the field inside the cavity.
Effect of Timing of Application on Effectiveness of Isofenphos, Isazophos, and Diazinon on Japanese Beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) Grubs in Turf

Diazinon 5G (6.72 kg [AI]/ha), isofenphos 5G and 2F (2.24 kg [AI]/ha), and isazophos IG and IE (2.24 kg [AI]/ha) were applied on 11 dates to golf-course turf in Bolton, Mass., to determine the effect of timing of application on effectiveness against Popillia Japonica Newman grubs. Plots were sampled 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, and 10 weeks after application. Level of control generally was isazophos IE > isofenphos 2F = isazophos IG > isofenphos 5G > diazinon 5G. For many sampling dates, treatments did not differ significantly; isazophos IE, however, consistently resulted in the highest level of grub mortality. Weather conditions during the study suggest that a thorough application of water or heavy spring rainfall at the time of chemical application are important factors enhancing insecticidal activity.
T lymphocyte proliferation in lymphomatoid granulomatosis.

Four cases of lymphomatoid granulomatosis (LYG) were studied by light microscopy, electron microscopy, and paraffin-section immunohistochemistry for immunoglobulin light chains and muramidase. In two of the four cases, frozen-section immunohistochemistry was performed to demonstrate immunoglobulin light chains, heavy chains, and complement. These two cases were also studied by frozen-section immunohistochemistry using monoclonal antibodies to evaluate the expression of lymphocyte differentiation antigens by the proliferating cells. The pulmonary lesions demonstrated polyclonal light chain immunostaining. However, only a few cells were positive for surface or cytoplasmic immunoglobulin. Cytologically atypical large lymphoid cells invariably contained cytoplasmic immunoglobulin of one light chain type and did not express T lymphocyte differentiation antigens. Most of the infiltrate was composed of T lymphocytes (as demonstrated using monoclonal hybridoma antibodies) and muramidase positive tissue macrophages. No extracellular immune complexes were demonstrated. Based upon these observations, the authors postulate that the early lesions of LYG represent a form of cell-mediated vasculitis which can and usually does progress to a malignant lymphoproliferative disorder which in some cases demonstrate T cell differentiation.
Detection of Nonthermal Microwave-Induced Photoacoustic Signals in Water

We have observed a nonvanishing acoustic signal induced by 2450 MHz microwave pulses in water at 4°C. This nonthermal signal has a waveform similar to the derivative of the signal waveform detected at room temperature. Comparison of our results with a nonequilibrium relaxation model5 yields a value of 0. 2 ns for the relaxation time.
Developing the Next Generation of Civic-Minded Neuroscience Scholars: Incorporating Service Learning and Advocacy Throughout a Neuroscience Program.

The Neuroscience Program of Moravian College aspires to produce well-informed, morally responsible and civically engaged individuals who will become the next generation of community leaders. Through the integration of service learning and advocacy into a Neuroscience curriculum, undergraduates are consistently involved in meaningful community service with instruction and reflection that enriches their learning experience, teaches civic responsibility and strengthens their college and local communities. As a result of our brain awareness outreach programming, formation of a local Society for Neuroscience chapter and advocacy for scientific funding initiatives, we have created a model of student engagement that has connected the academic to the practical in life altering ways for our undergraduates. Our service experiences have become an educational awakening as critical reflective thought creates new meaning and leads to growth and the ability to take informed actions. As expressed in our students’ portfolio writings, our service learning endeavors have lead to personal growth, contributed to humane conditions and engaged these citizens in purposeful association with one another.
Personal Selling and Communication Style: An Exploratory Test of the Communication Style Model

The Communication Style Model has captured the attention of a number of authors of textbooks on personal selling. However, there has been no published empirical studies testing the reliability and validity of the two multi-item scales. This exploratory study examines this important issue and finds that the two scales are reliable, both in terms of internal consistency and test-retest stability. The validity of the scales is only partially supported.
C–H Activation Reactions of a Nucleophilic Palladium Carbene

The reactivity of a nucleophilic palladium carbene, [PC(sp2)P]Pd(PMe3) (1; [PC(sp2)P] = bis[2-(diisopropylphosphino)phenyl]methylene), toward the C–H bonds of CH3COCH3, CH3CN, Ph–CCH, fluorene, and 9,10-dihydroanthracene was investigated. All surveyed substrates reacted with 1. However, there was no detectable reaction of 1 with Ph2CH2. It is proposed that the pKa values of the studied C–H bonds govern their reactivity toward 1: our results show that substrates with a pKa higher than 29, such as Ph2CH2 (pKa = 32.2), do not react even with prolonged heating.
The Differential Correction Algorithm

With the advent of high-speed digital computers came an interest in methods of computing algebraic rational uniform approximations. A major incentive for this interest was the need of computer subroutines for the evaluation of the elementary functions [2, 3, 17, 27, 46]. These approximations continue to have significant applications in the approximation of data sets and complicated mathematical functions. In fact, for one-dimensional data sets, the general concensus is that one should use either a piecewise polynomial fit or a rational fit. In view of this and because of interest in the problem itself many researchers have studied the problem of computation of rational fits. At present two algorithms are generally viewed as being the most effective. They are the Remes algorithm [26, 47, 48, 50] and the differential correction algorithm [4, 14, 15].
The Semantic Web and Its Entanglements

The web of linked data, otherwise known as the semantic web, is a system in which information is structured and interlinked to provide meaningful content to artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms. As the complex interactions between digital personae and these algorithms mediate access to information, it becomes necessary to understand how these classification and knowledge systems are developed. What are the processes by which those systems come to represent the world, and how are the controversies that arise in their creation, overcome? As a global form, the semantic web is an assemblage of many interlinked classification and knowledge systems, which are themselves assemblages. Through the perspectives of global assemblage theory, critical code studies and practice theory, I analyse netnographic data of one such assemblage. Schema.org is but one component of the larger global assemblage of the semantic web, and as such is an emergent articulation of different knowledges, interests and networks of actors...
OLDER AND YOUNGER ADULTS’ STRATEGIC CONTROL OF METACOGNITIVE MONITORING: THE ROLE OF CONSEQUENCES, TASK EXPERIENCE, AND PRIOR KNOWLEDGE

Background/Study Context: Although explicit memory abilities decline during older adulthood, there is evidence that suggests that metacognitive capabilities are relatively well preserved. However, it is unclear what effect aging, consequences of forgetting, prior knowledge, and task experience have on the strategic control and use of one’s metacognitive capabilities.Methods: In the current study, older and younger adults were presented with six unique lists of words (Experiment 1), related and unrelated word pairs (Experiment 2), or items within specific scenarios (e.g., items to bring on a picnic; Experiment 3). For each item, participants assigned it a point value (from 0 to 10) that was akin to “betting” on the likelihood the item would be remembered. If the item was recalled (free recall in Experiments 1 and 3, cued recall in Experiment 2), participants received the points they had assigned to it, but if the item was forgotten they lost those points. Participants were told to maximize their point scor...
A method for the rapid cultivation of Desulfovibrio aestuarii on filter membranes.

The cultivation of sulfate-reducing bacteria on agar plates is a somewhat involved and time-consuming process. This is partly due to the requirement for fairly strict anaerobic conditions but mainly because of the length of the incubation period which may vary from 6 days to weeks with the resulting delay of the required information. The work reported herein was undertaken in an attempt to apply the advantageous features of the membrane filter method to the detection of anaerobic organisms. As originally developed, the membrane filter (Goetz and Tsuneishi, 1951; Clark et al., 1951) permits the recovery of small numbers of organisms from large volumes of water and the rapid cultivation of many aerobic bacteria. The ultimate purpose was to develop a method which would not require more complex manipulation than the membrane procedure according to Standard Methods for the Examination of Water, Sewage, and Industrial Wastes (A.P.H.A. 1955) and to reduce the incubation period for anaerobic bacteria.
Parental Rights for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transsexual Persons: A Comparison Between the European and Inter-American Systems of Human Rights

This article addresses the question of parental rights for lesbian, gay, bisexual and transsexual persons (LGBT). Through an analysis of the relevant jurisprudence of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights and the European Court of Human Rights, it will look at the right to a family, the right to privacy and the right to non-discrimination, since these rights are the ones that are always invoked by the petitioners. More precisely, this article will look at the question of adoption for homosexual individuals and same-sex couples, as well as the issue of children custody rights.
An OPA Measurement Program

As discussed in Section 2 the OPA and SQI concepts are coupled to provide a structured approach to building an effective software measurement program. Such a program is sufficiently flexible to accommodate the diverse particulars of many prominent development methodologies and the attendant process activities. In this section we examine that “theoretical” guidance in the context of organizational capabilities, limitations and constraints.
Government Technology Policy, Social Value, and National Competitiveness

This study seeks to better understand the impact that government technology procurement regulations have on social value and national competitiveness. To do this, it examines the impact of a change in France’s technology procurement policy that required government agencies to favor open source software (OSS) over proprietary software in an attempt to reduce costs creating an unexpected demand shock for OSS. Analysis using the rest of the EU as controls via difference-in-differences and synthetic control frameworks shows that this policy change led to an increase of nearly 600,000 OSS contributions per year from France, creating social value by increasing the availability and quality of free and open source software. Estimates indicate this would have cost paid software developers roughly $20 million per year to replicate. However, the open nature of such goods means that any country can reap the benefits of these efforts. Therefore, additional economic outcomes that enhance France’s competitiveness are also considered. The results show that within France, the regulation led to a 0.6% - 5.4% yearly increase in companies that use OSS, a 9% - 18% yearly increase in the number of IT-related startups, a 6.6% - 14% yearly increase in the number of individuals employed in IT related jobs, and a 5% - 16% yearly decrease in software related patents. All of these outcomes help to increase productivity and competitiveness at the national level. In aggregate, these results show that changes in government technology policy that favor OSS can have a positive impact on both global social value and domestic national competitiveness.
Aging women and their endothelium: probing the relative role of estrogen on vasodilator function.

Despite significant decreases in cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality in the past three decades, it still remains the leading cause of death in women. Following menopause and the accompanying los...
Convergence between the Penn Alcohol Craving Scale and diagnostic interview for the assessment of alcohol craving.

Abstract Introduction The Penn Alcohol Craving Scale (PACS) is one of the most widely used instruments to measure craving for alcohol. Recent research has suggested that scores on the PACS can be used as a “stand in” for the diagnostic criterion of alcohol craving with a proposed cutoff of >20 on the PACS indicating a “positive” alcohol craving symptom. The present study examined the convergence between the PACS and face-to-face diagnostic interview for the assessment of alcohol craving. Method A sample of non-treatment seeking heavy drinkers (N = 338) enrolled in experimental studies of AUD completed the PACS as well as a face-to-face diagnostic interview for AUD, which included the craving item from the Semi-Structured Assessment for the Genetics of Alcoholism (SSAGA). Results Using the PACS cut-off score of >20, 12.9% (N = 43) of the sample met criteria for alcohol craving compared to 21% (N = 74) of the sample meeting criteria based on the diagnostic interview. Using the PACS cutoff of >20, sensitivity (i.e., true positive rate) was 41% and specificity (i.e., true negative rate) was 95%. Exploratory analyses suggested that a cut-off score of ≥15 achieved the optimal balance of sensitivity (67%) and specificity (81%) in our sample. Conclusions Advancing the assessment of alcohol craving and the conversion from DSM-IV to DSM-5 diagnostic criteria represents an important research direction. The present study recommends that a PACS score cut off of ≥15 should be used as an indicator of clinically significant alcohol craving in community samples of non-treatment seekers.
Human trafficking in the commercial fishing industry: A multiple case study analysis

Abstract The focus on maritime security research is generally on port and commercial ship activities. One overlooked maritime activity with security concerns is commercial fishing. Commercial fishing has grown as an industry dramatically in the past decade as a result the growing global demand for seafood. Further, commercial fishing is labor intensive and that labor is generally low skilled and from vulnerable populations. The security concern is the inadequacies of vetting this labor. One of the overlooked issues is the forced use of this labor by the vessel owners. In particular, this industry has experienced an uptick in human trafficking where this labor is forced to work. This paper reviews the international laws and policies to deter forced labor and human trafficking at sea. Further, we compare the level of trafficking among countries with various institutional frameworks to deal with maritime human trafficking. To evaluate this comparison, we apply case study methodology on international law and country policy interaction for seven countries including the United States, Ireland, Taiwan, Philippines, United Arab Emirate, Thailand and Sudan. We conclude with six recommendations to combat human trafficking or forced labor in the commercial fishing industry addressing issues of gender, poor reporting mechanisms including reliance on self-reporting, cooperation among countries and sharing of data, prevention and enforcement, and awareness of the problem of human trafficking in the commercial fishing industry.
A multi-modal sweat sensing patch for cross-verification of sweat rate, total ionic charge, and Na+ concentration

Sweat sensors introduced in recent years have targeted a variety of sweat features and biomarkers for non-invasive health monitoring. Amongst these targets, reliable monitoring of sweat rate is crucial due to its modulation of sweat analyte concentrations and its intrinsic significance to numerous medical and physiological health conditions. Here we present a sweat rate sensor structure comprising of electrodes with interdigitated fingers in a microfluidic channel. Each time the accumulating sweat impinges on an electrode finger, the sensor reports a jump in admittance that can be simply and efficiently counted to estimate sweat rate, overcoming selectivity limitations of previously reported sweat rate sensors. We further integrate an impedimetric sensor for measuring total ionic charge concentration and an electrochemical Na+ sensor, together creating a multi-modal system for analyzing fluid and electrolyte secretion. We demonstrate how low analyte diffusion rates through this microfluidic device allow for multi-purpose sensor function, including utilizing the sweat rate sensor signal to corroborate total ionic sensor measurements. This cross-verification capability ensures data integrity in real time, satisfying a vital consideration for personalized healthcare technologies. We use the presented patch for continuous analysis of sweat rate, total ionic charge concentration, and Na+ concentration during exercise, while demonstrating how multi-modal cross-verification brings new trust to sensor readings.
Attenuated pulmonary fibrosis in sialidase-3 knockout (Neu3-/-) mice.

Pulmonary fibrosis involves the formation of inappropriate scar tissue in the lungs, but what drives fibrosis is unclear. Sialidases (also called neuraminidases) cleave terminal sialic acids from g...
Effect of alloying elements on stress corrosion cracking of stainless alloys

Long-time stress corrosion cracking tests were made in boiling, 45% magnesium chloride (MgCl{sub 2}) solution at 155 C and in an autoclave, 26% sodium chloride (NaCl) solution at 200 C on 15 commercial stainless steel and Ni-based alloys and four laboratory Fe-Cr-Ni heats. The results were compared with the original Copson curve derived from tests in the MgCl{sub 2} solution on wires made from Fe-20% Cr alloys with a range of Ni contents. Additional alloying elements in commercial alloys (Mo, Cu, Ti, Cb) do not have a significant effect on the Copson curve. In contrast, in the less severe NaCl tests, times to failure were greatly increased and the range of Ni concentration in which alloys are susceptible to cracking was narrowed, even in 100-day tests. The significant of this information on the effect of Ni in cases of exceedingly long service times, such as for containers for high-level nuclear waste, is discussed.
Micromachining of coarse-grained aluminum including crystallographic effects

Abstract This paper presents an experimental analysis of the effects of crystallographic anisotropy of the workpiece material when machining coarse-grained pure aluminum under varying cutting conditions. Orthogonal cutting experiments were conducted on an instrumented planning setup, and cutting forces and surface roughnesses were measured in a full-factorial experimental design. Cutting speed, uncut chip thickness (feed), and tool rake angle were varied at multiple levels. To determine the effect of subsurface deformation left by the previous tool passes, experiments were conducted both with and without cleanup cuts that reduce the surface deformation. The effect of crystallographic orientations and their interaction with cutting conditions on the specific cutting energy, the effective coefficient of friction, and the resulting surface roughness were analyzed through an analysis of variance approach. It was concluded that the crystallographic anisotropy has a strong effect in specific cutting energies, with up to 360% variation across different grains. Similarly, the roughness of the machined surface was seen to vary significantly (up to 831%) with the crystallographic orientations. On the other hand, the effective coefficient of friction was observed to be insensitive to the changes in crystallographic orientations. Lastly, a significant (up to 45%) difference in specific cutting energies was observed between the cases with and without cleanup cuts, indicating the strong presence and the influence of sub-surface deformation.
Just 1€ to Unlock This Guide! How and Why to Study Free-To-Play Game Cultures

Free-to-play games provide a novel experience compared to their pay-to-play or subscription counterparts, allowing players to make real-world currency transactions in the game world. The following chapter provides an overview of studies focusing on the research of free-to-play games, their players, communities, types of play, and ethical implications. It discusses a multidisciplinary approach that utilizes cultural studies and media and communication science in the investigation and study of free-to-play game cultures to better understand their intricate characteristics, habits and routines.
The Dark Years

The dark years are the last years of Austrian independence in the shadow of Nazi Germany. Haas himself was under steady attack by Nazi sympathizers, in both Austria and Germany, who wanted him as a Jew to be removed from his post at the Vienna Academy. Haas responded by writing books for the public, describing the benefits of the scientific approach versus the pseudo-scientific claims made by Nazi representatives and followers. These years were further darkened by the murder of Dollfuẞ. Afraid of traveling to Germany, Haas sent his wife to negotiate with German publishers about his publishing income. In a number of rather entertaining reports, she describes the political changes that were taking place in Germany and the German publishing world. At last, Haas has the long-awaited position in America, albeit a temporary post.
Kinetics of Nonisothermal Phase Change with Arbitrary Temperature-Time History and Initial Transformed Phase Distributions

This paper describes the extension of the classic Avrami equation to nonisothermal systems with arbitrary temperature time history and arbitrary initial distributions of transformed phase. We start by showing that though examination of phase change in Fourier space, we can decouple nucleation rate, growth rate, and transformed fraction, leading to the derivation of a nonlinear differential equation relating these three properties. We then consider the population balance PDE on the phase size distribution and solve it analytically. Then by relating this PDE solution to the transformed fraction of phase we are able to derive initial conditions to the differential equation relating nucleation rate, growth rate, and transformed fraction.
Chapter 48 Assessment of a patient with stroke: neurological examination and clinical rating scales

Publisher Summary The neurological examination is a time-honored physician skill that is honed by neurologists. It is a key component of the clinical assessment of a patient with suspected stroke. The emphasis of the neurological examination may vary among patients and differences in evaluation are influenced by the patient's history or other findings detected prior to the physical examination. Besides defining the neurological deficits, clinical issues that are addressed by the examination are also influenced by the time since the stroke. The initial examination helps localize the lesion and provides clinical–anatomical correlations. Because of its many attributes and clinical utility, the neurological examination remains the clinical standard to which other components of the evaluation of the patient are compared. Specific sections of the neurological examination are used to construct the various clinical rating instruments to assess patients with stroke. The components of the neurological examination are outlined in the chapter. This chapter focuses on the importance of the types of neurological impairments in predicting the location of an infarction. This localization is important for management, including decisions about evaluation, acute care, and long-term treatment.
A set of computer programs to facilitate the ACR accreditation process

651 Learning Objectives: To understand how satisfying ACR accreditation requirements can be simplified for the applicant. Abstract (summary): Many nuclear medicine departments are applying for Nuclear Medicine accreditation from the ACR. We have developed software that facilitates this process. The programs run in the environment of the nuclear medicine processing systems currently in use at our facilities (GE Entegra and Xeleris computer systems). The language used is a version of Visual-Basic (“Aladdin,” GE Medical Systems). Using the manufacturer’s operating system is advantageous because the technologists are familiar with the techniques common to the routinely used analysis programs. This facilitates learning use of our new algorithms. The programs for processing the ACR data have been used for various Phillips and GE cameras. The data are sent to the processing computer via the DICOM (NEMA) transfer protocol. Programs have been developed for filming images with labels (e.g., orientation, hospital name, etc.), calculating parameters for required phantom studies, and quality assurance tests needed to maintain accreditation. Programs also have been developed to display uniformity, contrast and resolution images, and compute sphere contrast, of SPECT phantoms. Other programs label uniformity and planar resolution images, and compute flood field uniformity and misregistration parameters of multi-energy window 67Ga point sources. The software automatically reads available header information, but due to potential DICOM problems, allowances are made for the technologist to manually input information. While these programs have not been submitted to the ACR for their approval, per se, they have been used for successful accreditation of several facilities by the ACR.
Cellular response to adenovirus and adeno- associated virus coinfection.

37 Introduction 38 Results 41 Discussion 53 Methods 59 Acknowledgements 69 References 70 Chapter 2 8
Toward an intutive and interesting theory course: the first step of a road map

This paper presents the first step of an attempt in designing intuitive and interesting materials for a theory course. The materials developed cover the AL5 Basic Computability unit of the ACM/IEEE Computing Curricula 2001, and can be used in a stand-alone theory course. This paper describes a "programming approach" to basic computability. Topics include a proof of the Halting Problem and the use of a simple reduction technique to prove other interesting problems. Details of the chosen computation model, the construction of a universal program, and the Isomorphism Theorem are also discussed. Future topics for this course include advanced computability, computability with real numbers, and the connection between theory and programming languages.
Data Mining for Security Applications and Its Privacy Implications

In this paper we first examine data mining applications in security and their implications for privacy. We then examine the notion of privacy and provide an overview of the developments especially those on privacy preserving data mining. We then provide an agenda for research on privacy and data mining.
Do distribution volumes and clearances relate to tissue volumes and blood flows? A computer simulation

Kinetics of inhaled agents are often described by physiological models. However, many pharmacokinetic concepts, such as context-sensitive half-times, have been developed for drugs described by classical compartmental models. We derived classical compartmental models that describe the course of the alveolar concentrations (FA) generated by the physiological uptake and distribution models used by the Gas Man® program, and describe how distribution volumes and clearances relate to tissue volumes and blood flows. Gas Man® was used to generate FA vs. time curves during the wash-in and wash-out period of 115 min each with a high fresh gas flow (8 L.min-1), a constant alveolar minute ventilation (4 L.min-1), and a constant inspired concentration (FI) of halothane (0.75%), isoflurane (1.15%), sevoflurane (2%), or desflurane (6%). With each of these FI, simulations were ran for a 70 kg patient with 5 different cardiac outputs (CO) (2, 3, 5, 8 and 10 L.min-1) and for 5 patients with different weights (40, 55, 70, 85, and 100 kg) but the same CO (5 L.min-1). Two and three compartmental models were fitted to FA of the individual 9 runs using NONMEM. After testing for parsimony, goodness of fit was evaluated using median prediction error (MDPE) and median absolute prediction error (MDAPE). The model was tested prospectively for a virtual 62 kg patient with a cardiac output of 4.5 L.min-1 for three different durations (wash-in and wash-out period of 10, 60, and 180 min each) with an FI of 1.5% halothane, 1.5% isoflurane, sevoflurane 4%, or desflurane 12%. A three-compartment model fitted the data best (MDPE = 0% and MDAPE ≤ 0.074%) and performed equally well when tested prospectively (MDPE ≤ 0.51% and MDAPE ≤ 1.51%). The relationship between CO and body weight and the distribution volumes and clearances is complex. The kinetics of anesthetic gases can be adequately described e by a mammilary compartmental model. Therefore, concepts that are traditionally thought of as being applicable to the kinetics of intravenous agents can be equally well applied to anesthetic gases. Distribution volumes and clearances cannot be equated to tissue volumes and blood flows respectively.
How employment affects women's gender attitudes. The workplace as a locus of contextual effects

Abstract This paper explores how women's employment context affects their attitudes towards the women's movement. Previous research finds a relationship between employment and gender attitudes. We examine three mechanisms which might account for this relationship: the social status of some occupations provides specific benefits which cause women to adopt more non-traditional attitudes; employment experiences such as entering the workforce and working in a non-traditional occupation increase feminist attitudes; and, the social networks and context acquired through employment alter traditional sex-role attitudes. A regression analysis of survey data from South Bend, Indiana, finds that experiences in male-dominated jobs and social networks with employed women significantly increase support for the women's movement.