cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Frequent sugar intake – then and now: interpretation of the main results

The Vipeholm Study is a unique diet-caries interventional study that has earned its place as a citation classic. One of the findings, that quantity of sugar consumed at meals in a non-sticky form had little influence on caries rate, has often been misinterpreted, as it is based on an institutional population under supervised dietary control. The other main finding, that sugary foods consumed in a sticky form at high frequency between meals are highly cariogenic, is generally accepted. Although the Vipeholm Study has been criticized on ethical grounds, relatively fewer teeth were extracted for caries than are currently extracted in an adult population. The results of two modern studies in Northumberland, UK, and Michigan, USA, on the relationship between dietary habits and caries increments in children have been compared with the Vipeholm findings. Currently the correlations between dietary habits and caries increments are low because of the low caries increments and relatively small differences in dietary patterns in non-interventional conditions. High frequency of snacking is uncommon and use of topical fluoride agents (dentifrices, rinses) is widespread. However, for the caries-susceptible person, between-meal consumption of sugary foods is still a risk factor.
Pediatric cardiac resynchronization pacing therapy.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW Advances in pacemaker lead designs, permitting precise lead implantation at sites other than the ventricular apex, have provoked interest in the utilization of ventricular pacing beyond maintenance of heart rate. Select older adult patients with various cardiomyopathies may improve clinically following alternative site, biventricular and cardiac resynchronization pacing. This report reviews recent applications and directions of these pacing technologies to younger patients with congenital heart defects. RECENT FINDINGS Acutely, following congenital heart surgery or chronically, studies now indicate that select younger patients may demonstrate physiologic benefits from pacing preselected single ventricular or combined right and left ventricular sites. This may prevent eventual paced myocardial deterioration as well as support and even reverse existing myocardial dysfunction, deferring the need for heart transplantation. SUMMARY There are limited worldwide pediatric experiences, and, to date, no randomized multicenter studies. It is becoming more evident, however, that as these pacing techniques are used in younger patients, clinical improvements, comparable to older adult patients, even delaying heart transplant, may be anticipated. Since these newer techniques are more complicated and costly than simple pacemaker implantation, future directions will be for multi-institutional pediatric studies with clear definition of which pre-implant variables will define physiologic improvement.
The traumatic bone cyst

Abstract The traumatic bone cyst has aroused a great deal of controversy. The term itself and the presence of a cystic membrane have been questioned. Yet, in the five cases out of my series which I have discussed, each presented a fine connective tissue membrane which, although it could not be enucleated, was able to be removed in shreds. Thus, the lesion is not simply a cavity in the bone, but fulfills the definition of a cyst. The traumatic bone cyst is a great imitator, radiographically, as was evidenced by the various preoperative diagnoses in the five selected cases discussed. The presence of vital teeth, absence of objective and subjective symptoms, and an ill-defined, circumferential area of sclerotic bone, at times with scalloping, radiographically, should raise the question of the possibility of traumatic bone cyst.
No Child Left Behind: A Legislative Catalyst for Superintendent Action to Eliminate Test-Score Gaps?

Proponents of No Child Left Behind (NCLB) hail it as vital legislation that supports a civil rights agenda because of explicit recognition that achievement gaps are unacceptable. One way to make sense of NCLB's impact on school divisions and to understand whether NCLB recognizes the complexity of why minority and low-socioeconomic-background students often struggle in schools is to look through the lens of superintendents. District leaders, as moral agents, are tone setters for change in schools and negotiators and enactors of state and federal policies. This study explores how NCLB has affected achievement gaps in Virginia and not only investigates how superintendents have made sense of the federal legislation but also seeks out strategies employed by district leaders that target minority groups and the elimination of the achievement gap. Critical race theory allows consideration of superintendent perspectives across issues such as race, racism, poverty, class, power, test scores, and dominant assumptions.
Bathymetry of the Gibbs Hill area, Bermuda

Abstract Precision depth recordings were made South of Gibbs Hill, Bermuda, along a number of closely spaced sounding tracks. The accuracy of transit navigation and the sounding coverage were considered sufficient to justify correcting the soundings for both sound velocity and slope. The corrected soundings show that a steep sided submarine spur extends south-south-east from the shelf break off Gibbs Hill. The spur has a topographic relief of 300 fm and is about 3 miles long and 1 2 mile wide. At the 1000 fm curve, the feature broadens into a platform that extends another 12 miles seaward to the 2000 fm curve. True slopes along the steep portion of the spur are as high as 50° and the bottom echoes appear to be from a number of highlights causing “crescent” on the record. Where a definite break in slope occurs, the apparent bottom shown on the bathygram is that of a diffraction pattern from an edge and all points on this crescent migrate to a point, which is the true position of the break in slope.
Release of heavy metals from European and Asian porcelain dinnerware.

Samples of porcelain dinnerware manufactured in five European and three Asian countries before the mid-1970s and subsequently brought into the US were subjected to acid leaching tests to investigate the release of heavy metals. Forty-six dishes decorated with decals or hand painted designs applied over the glaze were examined. Included in the selection were dishes from major manufacturers of fine dinnerware (Haviland Limoges, Rosenthal, Noritake) as well as samples from lesser-known or unidentified factories. During 24-h tests with 4% acetic acid, half of the samples (23 dishes) released lead in concentrations exceeding the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) allowable maximum of 3.0 μg/ml and another 17 dishes released lead in concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 2.9 μg/ml. Five dishes released cadmium, but only one value exceeded the FDA limit of 0.5 μg/ml. Zinc, cobalt, copper and chromium were also released by some of the dishes. None of the acetic acid solutions contained measurable concentrations of nickel although this metal, as well as those named above, could be extracted from some samples with 6 M nitric acid. The FDA has not established dinnerware extraction limits for any metals except lead and cadmium. All overglaze-decorated dishes imported into the US before the mid-1970s should be tested for lead release before they are used in the preparation, serving, or storage of food.
Fenofibrate abrogates postprandial blood viscosity among hypertriglyceridemia subjects with the metabolic syndrome

Abstract Background Elevations in blood viscosity have been implicated in the pathogenesis of microvascular disease in patients with diabetes. Recently, fenofibrate has been shown to reduce microvascular complications of diabetes. This study investigates whether fenofibrate lowers fasting and postprandial blood viscosity in patients at high risk for future onset of diabetes. Methods Thirty-eight subjects were randomized to fenofibrate (160 mg/d) or placebo in a double-blind controlled clinical trial. A standardized oral fat load was given after a 12 h fast before administration of study medication and after 3 months following the start of therapy. Blood specimens were obtained at fasting, 3.5 h, and 8 h after the test meal. Blood viscosity was measured at 37 °C on fasting and postprandial specimens using a coaxial cylinder microviscometer. Results Postprandial blood viscosity was reduced in fenofibrate-treated patients at low and high shear rates. In multivariate models that included conventional risk factors, absolute changes in hematocrit and fibrinogen, there were significant reductions in 8-h postprandial blood viscosity at 100 s −1 × 0.13 mPas (95% CI: −0.23, −0.03; p = 0.0415), 10 s −1 × 0.31 mPas (95% CI: −0.60, −0.01; p = 0.022) and at 1 s −1 × 1.24 mPas (95% CI: −2.52, 0.05; p = 0.0083). Postprandial reductions in blood viscosity were most highly correlated with reductions in VLDL particles (range = 0.305–0.444, p = 0.066–0.018). Conclusions Fenofibrate lowers postprandial blood viscosity at low and high shear rates, and this hemorheological effect may contribute to the observed improvement in microvascular disease in patients treated with fenofibrate.
A WALK WITH TECHNICOLOR

Abstract We propose an ETC model based on SO(10) 2 which naturally accomodates a complete family of technifermions in the 7 of SO(7) TC plus three generations of quarks and leptons. The technicolor sector corresponds to one of the examples recently shown by Appelquist et al. to avoid the flavor-changing neutral-current problem. In order to obtain an interesting fermion mass spectrum we propose a composite version of the ETC model based on SO(10) 3 .
Finitely presented partially ordered abelian groups

We study the partially ordered abelian group, F(P,R), generated by a set of generators, P, and inequality relations, R, and its representations in Euclidean space. First F(P, R) is defined by a universal property and then existence is shown proof-theoretically. We then characterize the order structure of F(P,R). The first main result of the paper utilizes the Marriage Theorem to prove that if the set of relations, R, is derived from a finite partially ordered set then F(P, R) is isomorphically embeddable in Rn for n sufficiently large. The second main result utilizes the Compactness Theorem to prove that for finite R, F(P, R) is pseudo-Archimedean.
Extracellular matrix proteoglycans and cell-substratum adhesion of human endothelial cells: the effect of methyl β-d-xylopyranoside

The influence of methyl beta-D-xylopyranoside on human endothelial cell proteoglycans isolated from the medium and extracellular matrix was investigated. Confluent cultures of human endothelial cells incorporate significant amounts of heparan sulfate (78%), chondroitin sulfate (10%), and dermatan sulfate (12%) into the extracellular matrix. Chondroitin sulfate (35%) and dermatan sulfate (37%) were the major glycosaminoglycans present in the medium. In the presence of methyl beta-D-xylopyranoside, incorporation of labeled proteoglycans into extracellular matrix was diminished by approximately 70%. Heparan sulfate comprised the major proteoglycan present in extracellular matrix (89%) in cells grown in the presence of methyl beta-D-xylopyranoside. In contrast to the incorporation of proteoglycan into extracellular matrix, methyl beta-D-xylopyranoside stimulated the secretion of labeled glycosaminoglycan chains into the medium 2.5-fold. In the presence of methyl beta-D-xylopyranoside, secretion of chondroitin sulfate into the medium was markedly stimulated, with a slight increase in secretion of heparan sulfate. Chondroitin sulfate (62%) and heparan sulfate (34%) were the major labeled glycosaminoglycans present in medium from methyl beta-D-xylopyranoside-treated cultures. The effect of methyl beta-D-xylopyranoside on cell adhesion and detachment was investigated. Cell detachment from extracellular matrix depleted of proteoglycan was significantly faster than detachment from normal matrix. Conversely, human endothelial cells adhered faster to normal matrix than to matrix depleted of proteoglycan.
Measurement of Bone Mineral Content of Preterm Neonates: Reliability of the Norland Densitometer

• Although photon absorptiometry is increasingly used to evaluate bone mineral content of neonates, its reliability in this age group is unclear. The midradius or middistal radius of 12 growing preterm infants was scanned, using a Norland 278 Densitometer. Proper examiner technique and densitometer calibration were first verified. In three infants, the bone edges were not consistently discernible from soft tissue. In the remaining nine infants, apparatus variability (the percent change in bone mineral content of scans repeated without repositioning the infant) was comparable to intraexaminer and interexaminer variability (determined after the same or a different examiner repositioned the infant and repeated the scan). The variability for successive scans ranged from −73% to + 60% (SD, 5% to 36%). Adequate reliability for preterm infants remains to be documented for commercially available photon absorptiometers by in vivo studies. ( Am J Dis Child 1983;137:735-737)
Modeling and Forecasting the Southern Oscillation: A Time-Domain Approach

Abstract An index consisting of the difference of normalized sea level pressure departures between Tahiti and Darwin is used to represent the Southern Oscillation (SO) fluctuations. Using a time-domain approach, autoregressive-moving average (ARMA) progress are applied to model and predict this Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) on a monthly and seasonal basis. The ARMA process which is chosen to fit the monthly SOI expresses the index for the current month as a function of both the SOI one month and seven (or nine) mouths ago, as well as the current and previous month's random error. A purely automotive (AR) process is identified as representative of the seasonal SO fluctuations, with the SOI for the current season being derived from the index for the immediate past three seasons and a single random disturbance term for the current season. To allow for the phase locking of the SOI with the annual cycle, ARMA processes with seasonally varying coefficients are also considered. As one example of how these mod...
Childhood lead poisoning in Africa: a growing public health problem

Gasoline sold in most African countries contain 0.5-0.8 g/l lead. In urban and rural areas and near mining centers, average lead concentrations reach 0.5-3.0 mu g/m3 in the atmosphere and > 1000 mu g/g in dust and soils. In addition to automotive and industrial sources, cottage industries and the burning of paper products, discarded rubber, battery casings and painted woods for cooking and heating represent additional hazards to individual households. Lead paint, lead solder and lead cosmetics are unregulated in some countries. Although African children are particularly predisposed to environmental lead exposure, because of their lifestyle and socioecological factors, a true picture of childhood lead poisoning in the continent remains undefined. Recent prevalence studies show that over 90% of the children in urban and rural communities of the Cape Province, South Africa have blood lead levels > or = 10 mu g/dl. Studies in other countries likewise suggest that childhood lead poisoning is a widespread urban health problem throughout the continent.
The electric organ discharges of the gymnotiform fishes: I. Apteronotus leptorhynchus

We present high temporal and spatial resolution maps in 3-dimensions of the electric field vector generated by the weakly electric fish, Apteronotus leptorhynchus. The waveforms and harmonic composition of the electric organ discharge (EOD) are variable around the fish but highly stable over long times at any position. We examine the role of harmonics on the temporal and spatial characteristics of the EOD, such as the slew rate and rostral-to-caudal propagation. We also explore the radial symmetry of the fish's field. There are major differences in the direction of the electric field vector at the head and caudal body. In the caudal part of the fish, the electric field vector rotates during the EOD cycle. However, rostral of the pectoral fin, the field magnitude and sign oscillate while maintaining relatively constant orientation. We discuss possible functional ramifications of these electric field patterns to electrolocation, communication, and electrogenesis.
Role of kinetics in laser processing

Abstract A computational model has been developed in order to simulate any laser-induced surface modification process with or without the kinetics condition. Front-fixing method with Landau transformation has been used to represent the geometric domain. Spectral collocation method has been utilized for spatial discretization in this model, while backwards differentiation has been used for temporal discretization. The computational model has been applied to the problem of laser-induced melting of an iron sheet with a medium power laser. In order to understand the importance of kinetics of phase transformation, the problem has been solved with and without the kinetics condition at the interface, and the results have been compared. It is observed from the test case that if kinetics condition is not used, the interface location is over-predicted and the free surface temperature is under-predicted. Both of these factors may have important consequences in several material processing techniques such as laser machining, laser annealing and pulsed laser ablation.
On product formulas for exponential functions

A direct and inverse theorem on the generalized Chernoff formula in Banach algebras is proved by using only elementary properties of exponential and logarithm functions.
Remote consultation and diagnosis in medical imaging using a global PACS backbone network

A Global PACS is a national network which interconnects several PACS networks at medical and hospital complexes using a national backbone network. A Global PACS environment enables new and beneficial operations between radiologists and physicians, when they are located in different geographical locations. One operation allows the radiologist to view the same image folder at both Local and Remote sites so that a diagnosis can be performed. The paper describes the user interface, database management, and network communication software which has been developed in the Computer Engineering Research Laboratory and Radiology Research Laboratory. Specifically, a design for a file management system in a distributed environment is presented. In the remote consultation and diagnosis operation, a set of images is requested from the database archive system and sent to the Local and Remote workstation sites on the Global PACS network. Viewing the same images, the radiologists use pointing overlay commands, or frames to point out features on the images. Each workstation transfers these frames, to the other workstation, so that an interactive session for diagnosis takes place. In this phase, we use fixed frames and variable size frames, used to outline an object. The data pockets for these frames traverses the national backbone in real-time. We accomplish this feature by using TCP/IP protocol sockets for communications. The remote consultation and diagnosis operation has been tested in real-time between the University Medical Center and the Bowman Gray School of Medicine at Wake Forest University, over the Internet. In this paper, we show the feasibility of the operation in a Global PACS environment. Future improvements to the system will include real-time voice and interactive compressed video scenarios.
Management of periprosthetic fractures: the shoulder.

The incidence of periprosthetic fracture during or after shoulder arthroplasty is 1% to 3% of all shoulder arthroplasties. The frequency with which this injury occurs may be increasing, however. Contemporary implants have been designed specifically for uncemented use and often have larger proximal bodies. During insertion, attempts are made to achieve a tight, line-line fit. Consequently the risk for periprosthetic fracture may be higher than estimated.
An online real-time DICOM web-based computer-aided diagnosis system for bone age assessment of children in a PACS environment

Bone age assessment is a radiological procedure to evaluate a child's bone age based on his or her left-hand x-ray image. The current standard is to match patient's hand with Greulich & Pyle hand atlas, which is outdated by 50 years and only uses subjects from one region and one ethnicity. To improve bone age assessment accuracy for today's children, an automated race- and gender-specific bone age assessment (BAA) system has been developed in IPILab. 1390 normal left-hand x-ray images have been collected at Children's Hospital of Los Angeles (CHLA) to form the digital hand atlas (DHA). DHA includes both male and female children of ages one to eighteen and of four ethnic groups: African American, Asian American, Caucasian, and Hispanic. In order to apply DHA and BAA CAD into a clinical environment, a web-based BAA CAD system and graphical user interface (GUI) has been implemented in Women and Children's Hospital at Los Angeles County (WCH-LAC). A CAD server has been integrated in WCH's PACS environment, and a clinical validation workflow has been designed for radiologists, who compare CAD readings with G&P readings and determine which reading is more suited for a certain case. Readings are logged in database and analyzed to assess BAA CAD performance in a clinical setting. The result is a successful installation of web-based BAA CAD system in a clinical setting.
Momentary atrial electrical axes

Abstract Curves derived from patients with normal hearts show, in general, a shift of the consecutive atrial electrical axes down, forward, and to the left. The variations in this typical pathway are illustrated in Fig. 4, as well as one exception to this rule, in which there was a shift toward the right before the curve turned to the left. Patients with myocardial disease may show a similar, smooth curve, or, more often, will yield curves which are complex, with multiple changes in direction and contour. Acute myocardial disease, as well as chronic myocarditis, may cause conduction defects which markedly alter the curve. Patients with enlargement of other chambers of the heart which has pushed the right atrium toward the right, or, presumably, with enlargement of the right atrium itself, show curves which point to the right before turning to the left. Dextroposition caused by disease in the lung or pleural space, or congenital dextrocardia, will produce curves which point entirely down and to the right. Correlation of curves obtained by this method from persons with normal and diseased hearts with roentgenologic and necroscopic data is being undertaken. They are described at this time primarily for the purpose of setting up a standard for comparison with curves obtained from patients with atrial flutter, atrial fibrillation, and paroxysmal tachycardia, which are discussed in the second paper of this series.
Assessment of the validity of the reasons for smoking scale

To assess the convergent validity of the Reasons for Smoking scale (RFS) 30 male and 24 female smokers completed the RFS and then self-monitored their smoking motives over seven days. Significant validity coefficients, ranging from .39 to .51, were obtained for the stimulation, pleasure, habit, and psychological addiction motive scales. The stimulation, habit, and psychological addiction scales also demonstrated sound discriminant validity. Validity coefficients for the sensorimotor manipulation and negative affect reduction motive scales were nonsignificant. These results contrast sharply with the less positive findings of previous research. Sample and methodological differences between the studies may explain the dissimilarity in results.
Safety of varenicline among smokers enrolled in the lung HIV study.

INTRODUCTION The prevalence of smoking is high among the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected population, yet there are few studies of tobacco dependence treatment in this population. This paper reports the safety of varenicline versus nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) and describes preliminary results about the effectiveness of varenicline versus NRT in HIV-infected smokers. METHODS Participants completed 12 weeks of telephone counseling and either varenicline or NRT. Varenicline was encouraged as the preferred intervention; NRT was used for those unable/unwilling to take varenicline. Adverse events (AEs), related to pharmacotherapy, were monitored. Biochemically confirmed abstinence at 3 months was examined. Inverse probability of treatment weighted logistic regression models was fit to compare participants on varenicline to those on NRT. RESULTS Among participants on varenicline (n = 118), the most common AEs were nausea, sleep problems, and mood disturbances. One person reported suicidal ideation; there were no cardiovascular complications. There were no differences in the varenicline AE profile between participants on combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) and those not on ART. The percentages of confirmed abstainers were 11.8% in the NRT group and 25.6% in the varenicline group. The odds of being abstinent were 2.54 times as great in the varenicline group compared with the NRT group in the propensity weighted model (95% CI 1.43-4.49). CONCLUSIONS In this preliminary study, the safety profile of varenicline among HIV-infected smokers resembles findings among smokers without HIV. In addition, varenicline may be more effective at promoting abstinence in this population. Future randomized clinical trials are warranted.
The Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R, Axis II and the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory: A Concurrent Validity Study of Personality Disorders Among Anxious Outpatients

The purpose of this study was to examine the concurrent validity of personality disorder diagnoses and the interrater reliability of a relatively new instrument for assessment of personality disorders, the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R, Axis II (SCID-II). Diagnoses of agoraphobic outpatients yielded by a standardized interview (SCID-II) and by a self-report questionnaire (Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory, MCMI-II) were compared
Use of single determinant wave functions constructed from localized orbitals in the mapping analysis of concerted reactions

Wave functions expressed as a single determinant of completely localized orbitals make possible considerable simplification in the mapping analysis of concerted reactions. The formal basis for and several examples of such simplification are presented.
Female Collegiate Basketball Players' Perceptions About Their Bodies, Garment Fit and Uniform Design Preferences:

Designing basketball uniforms for female athletes is a challenge for soft goods manufacturers. Data were collected from 503 female collegiate basketball players concerning body cathexis, body form, garment fit satisfaction, uniform design preferences and demographic characteristics. Of the three areas of the body (upper, lower and total), players indicated they were most dissatisfied with parts of the lower body. Being in uniform did improve their perception of their bodies. Satisfaction with garment fit parallels satisfactionldissatisfaction with the body; the lower body area creates the greatest garment fit problems. The type of body form had a significant effect on both uniform fit satisfaction and uniform body cathexis. Fit satisfaction is the highest with the ectomorph body form. The differences were inverse: as the body increased in size, the lower the degree of satisfaction with garment fit and the body. Uniform preferences for the jersey were a deep V-neckline, sleeveless, and hip length with stra...
Radiation in Particle Simulations

Abstract Hot dense radiative (HDR) plasmas common to Inertial Confinement Fusion (ICF) and stellar interiors have high temperature (a few hundred eV to tens of keV), high density (tens to hundreds of g/cc) and high pressure (hundreds of megabars to thousands of gigabars). Typically, such plasmas undergo collisional, radiative, atomic and possibly thermonuclear processes. In order to describe HDR plasmas, computational physicists in ICF and astrophysics use atomic-scale microphysical models implemented in various simulation codes. Experimental validation of the models used to describe HDR plasmas are difficult to perform. Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS) of the many-body interactions of plasmas is a promising approach to model validation but, previous work either relies on the collisionless approximation or ignores radiation. We present four methods that attempt a new numerical simulation technique to address a currently unsolved problem: the extension of molecular dynamics to collisional plasmas including emission and absorption of radiation. The first method applies the Lienard–Weichert solution of Maxwell's equations for a classical particle whose motion is assumed to be known. The second method expands the electromagnetic field in normal modes (plane-waves in a box with periodic boundary conditions) and solves the equation for wave amplitudes coupled to the particle motion. The third method is a hybrid molecular dynamics/Monte Carlo (MD/MC) method which calculates radiation emitted or absorbed by electron–ion pairs during close collisions. The fourth method is a generalization of the third method to include small clusters of particles emitting radiation during close encounters: one electron simultaneously hitting two ions, two electrons simultaneously hitting one ion, etc. This approach is inspired by the virial expansion method of equilibrium statistical mechanics. Using a combination of these methods we believe it is possible to do atomic-scale particle simulations of fusion ignition plasmas including the important effects of radiation emission and absorption.
Stress, Anxiety, and Cognitive Buffering

Abstract Cognitive theories of psychopathology and therapy maintain that attitudes and beliefs mediate one's affective responses to life events. Anxiety and depression are thus consequences, not of an individual's circumstances, but of the distorted, irrational perspective from which these are viewed. Similarly, although less often considered, adaptive cognitions should serve as buffers against stressful life events. This proposition has received little attention, and the single study that attempted to address it directly failed to do so. The present investigation sought to reassess the buffering hypothesis. Ninety-seven subjects were evaluated as to (1) the levels of stress they had experienced in the recent past; (2) their current feelings of anxiety and depression; and (3) the extent to which they endorsed illogical, unrealistic attitudes. Dysfunctional attitudes demonstrated strong direct relations with psychological distress. Two of the several indices of life stress, total and negative scores on the...
The role of prominence in pronoun resolution: Active versus passive representations

A prominent antecedent facilitates anaphor resolution. Speed-accuracy tradeoff modeling in Experiments 1 and 3 indicated that clefting did not affect the speed of accessing an antecedent representation, which is inconsistent with claims that discourse-focused information is actively maintained in focal attention [e.g., Gundel, J. K. (1999). On different kinds of focus. In P. Bosch & R. van der Sandt, (Eds.), Focus: Linguistic, cognitive, and computational perspectives. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press]. Rather, clefting simply increased the likelihood of retrieving the antecedent representation, suggesting that clefting only increases the strength of a representation in memory. Eye fixation measures in Experiment 2 showed that clefting did not affect early bonding of the pronoun and antecedent, but did ease later integration. Collectively, the results indicate that clefting made antecedent representations more distinctive in working memory, hence more available for subsequent discourse operations. Pronoun type also affected resolution processes. Gendered pronouns (he or she) were interpreted more accurately than an ungendered pronoun (it), and in one case, earlier in time-course. We argue that both effects are due to the greater ambiguity of it, as a cue to retrieve the correct antecedent representation.
Gap junction-mediated intercellular communication in a long-term primary mouse hepatocyte culture system*

Gap junction-mediated intercellular communication (GJIC) is critical for maintaining integral cellular processes including differentiation and growth control. The disruption of GJIC has been correlated with aberrant function in many cell types, including hepatocytes in vivo; therefore it is imperative that cellular model systems support intercellular communication to simulate normal cellular functions. Functional GJIC has been shown in long-term primary rat hepatocyte cultures, which have been implemented widely to study various aspects of hepatocellular function; however, the onset of transgenic technology in murine species has necessitated the development of a primary mouse hepatocyte system. In this report, we analyze GJIC in a dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO)-containing long-term primary mouse hepatocyte culture system. The cells retain morphologic and biochemical characteristics of differentiated hepatocytes through day 30 post plating, including liver-specific gene expression. We further show that connexin32 and connexin26 expression and gap junction plaque formation increase over time in culture concomitant with an increase in GJIC between adjoining primary mouse hepatocytes. In conclusion, the findings described in this study make it possible to maintain differentiated primary mouse hepatocytes that also show GJIC in long-term culture for 30 days. In addition, this system has the potential to be extended to study primary mouse hepatocytes isolated from genetically engineered mice.
An ant's-eye view of an ant-plant protection mutualism

Ant protection of extrafloral nectar (EFN)-secreting plants is a common form of mutualism found in most habitats around the world. However, very few studies have considered these mutualisms from the ant, rather than the plant, perspective. In particular, a whole-colony perspective that takes into account the spatial structure and nest arrangement of the ant colonies that visit these plants has been lacking, obscuring when and how colony-level foraging decisions might affect tending rates on individual plants. Here, we experimentally demonstrate that recruitment of Crematogaster opuntiae (Buren) ant workers to the EFN-secreting cactus Ferocactus wislizeni (Englem) is not independent between plants up to 5 m apart. Colony territories of C. opuntiae are large, covering areas of up to 5,000 m2, and workers visit between five and 34 EFN-secreting barrel cacti within the territories. These ants are highly polydomous, with up to 20 nest entrances dispersed throughout the territory and interconnected by trail networks. Our study demonstrates that worker recruitment is not independent within large polydomous ant colonies, highlighting the importance of considering colonies rather than individual workers as the relevant study unit within ant/plant protection mutualisms.
A continuous recorder for condensation nuclei

A continuous recorder of condensation nuclei with multiple ranges that are substantially linear over the range of 500 to 50,000 nuclei per ml full scale is described. The range can be extended but the scale law becomes proportional to the cube root of the nuclei concentration. The sampling rate is 100 ml/sec and the response time is less than 2 seconds. The unit works on fog-scattered light with dark-field illumination. The expansion ratio is adjustable (at the expense of recalibration) and can be made high enough to respond to a radium source. The electronics are simple and sturdy; the unit has been used on a truck in motion.
Optic Nerve Hypoplasia: Identification by Magnetic Resonance Imaging

• High-resolution magnetic resonance images of the intracranial optic nerves and chiasm were obtained in 15 patients with severe optic nerve hypoplasia. These were compared, in a double-blind manner, with similar images from 30 agematched controls. On both coronal and sagittal images, hypoplastic optic nerves were thin and demonstrated signal attenuation when compared with normal optic nerves. All patients with severe bilateral optic nerve hypoplasia also had diffuse chiasmal hypoplasia, which was seen best on coronal images. Patients with unilateral or asymmetrical optic nerve hypoplasia had variable chiasmal abnormalities. The degree to which the magnetic resonance diagnosis of optic nerve hypoplasia matched the clinical diagnosis was highly significant ( P
Antagonism by propidium of petite induction by ethidium and ethidium azide in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Propidium, a phenanthridinium dye similar to ethidium, did not induce petite mutations in non-growing yeast cells in contrast to ethidium. Combined exposure to ethidium and an excess of propidium for periods up to 2 h resulted in the expected petite induction expressed after subsequent plating on growth medium. As incubation was continued with propidium, the numbers of petites declined on subsequent plating whether the drug had been added before, during, or after the mutagenic treatment by ethidium. Propidium decreased petite induction by the monoazide analog of ethidium when applied before but not after photolytic attachment of the drug.
Effect of solvent molecules on negative charge development on α-carbon of Li–enolate from acetaldehyde: A computational study

Abstract Tetrameric Li–enolate (TLE) molecules from acetaldehyde are studied by attaching solvent (guest) molecules like benzene, trimethylamine (TMA), tetrahydrofuran (THF), dimethyl ether (DME), ethanol and water to one of the Li atoms in order to examine the development of negative charge on the α-carbon of the enolate and stabilization of the TLE–guest complex. The density functional calculations at the B3LYP/6-311++G** level suggest that the charge on the α-carbon (−0.5 a.u.) is almost the same for most solvents that form σ-bonded TLE–guest complex, and is larger for a π-bonded TLE–benzene complex (−0.7 a.u.). Interestingly, each enolate unit in the TLE-complex has primarily a CC double bond and a CO single bond, and contradicts what one expects from a valence bond resonance structure that has a negative charge on the α-carbon.
Myelopoietic abnormalities in patients with metastatic carcinoma

Myelopoiesis was assessed in 41 untreated patients with widespread cancer without evidence of infection. None of these patients had neutropenia, although leukopenia due to decreased concentrations of blood lymphocytes was observed in two. Sixteen patients (39%) had neutrophilia and 12 patients (29%), 5 of them with neutrophilia, had decreased marrow granulocyte reserve. Neither the blood neutrophil counts nor the marrow granulocyte reserve correlated significantly with the marrow myeloid mitotic indices, myeloid to erythroid ratio or the number of marrow colony-forming cells. There was no difference in the duration of the disease, the extent of systemic metastasis and the degree of malnutrition between patients with or without myelopoietic abnormalities. Our findings suggest that decreased marrow granulocyte reserve and neutrophilia are common in untreated patients with disseminated carcinoma.
Permeability of illite-bearing shale: 2. Influence of fluid chemistry on flow and functionally connected pores

[1] Bedding-parallel permeability of illite-rich shale of the Wilcox formation has been investigated using distilled water and 1 M solutions of NaCl, KCl, and CaCl2 as pore fluids. Despite low modal concentrations of swelling clays, specimens expand upon fluid saturation and permeabilities depend on fluid composition. Permeabilities to flow of 1 M CaCl2 are 3–5 times greater than values measured for the other pore fluids, suggesting sensitivity to exchange of divalent cations for monovalent cations at clay mineral surfaces. Permeabilities of individual samples exhibit nonrecoverable changes with sequential changes in composition of incoming fluid. Permeabilities k at varying effective pressure Pe fit a cubic law k = k0 [1 � (Pe/P1) m ] 3 , where m and P1 are independent of fluid composition, and k0 is greater for transport of 1 M CaCl2 than that for transport of the other pore fluids. Assuming that fluid conduits have crack-like dimensions, the lack of sensitivity of m and P1 to fluid composition suggests that surface roughness and asperity stiffness of conduits are unaffected by cation exchange, while changes in k0 reflect changes in the clay-fluid interfaces of the connected pore space. INDEX TERMS: 5114 Physical Properties of Rocks: Permeability and porosity; 5139 Physical Properties of Rocks: Transport properties; 1832 Hydrology: Groundwater transport; 3947 Mineral Physics: Surfaces and interfaces; 1045 Geochemistry: Low-temperature geochemistry; KEYWORDS: permeability, shale, fluid chemistry Citation: Kwon, O., B. E. Herbert, and A. K. Kronenberg (2004), Permeability of illite-bearing shale: 2. Influence of fluid chemistry on flow and functionally connected pores, J. Geophys. Res., 109, B10206, doi:10.1029/2004JB003055.
Saccade-vergence interactions in humans

1. We recorded eye movements in four normal human subjects during refixations between targets calling for various combinations of saccades and vergence. We confirmed and extended prior observations...
Immunofluorescent localization of soluble dental plaque components in human gingiva affected by periodontitis.

In order to determine if soluble plaque antigens are found in the gingiva in the course of periodontal disease, plaque was collected from 16 subjects with periodontitis, an extarct of the plaque was prepared, and antisera to the extarct were induced in rabbits; the sera were conjugated with fluorescein isothiocyanate and used in direct immunofluorescent staining of gingival biopsies from the same subjects. Fluorescent staining suggestive of soluble plaque substances were found in all biopsies, most commonly intracellularly in mononuclear cells of the connective tissue. The most common locations of the cells were subjacent to sulcular epithelium, deeper in the connective tissue in chronic inflammatory infiltrates or near vessels, or close to the oral epithelium. Occasionally a fluorescent cell could be seen within a vessel lumen. These localizations possibly represent engulfed materials within macrophages. Other morphologic appearances of fluorescence were seen that might represent immune complexes. The number of fluorescent sites varied among the subjects and seem to be related to the degree of clinical inflammation. Similar results were found using biopsies from subjects who did not contribute plaque for preparing antisera, indicating that the plaque constituents were not specific to an individual.
Slow potentials of the cerebral cortex and behavior.

This review concentrates on scalp-recorded direct current potentials that appear as event-related potentials (ERPs)
Morphoproteomic Demonstration of Constitutive Nuclear Factor-kappaB Activation in Glioblastoma Multiforme with Genomic Correlates and Therapeutic Implications

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) presents a major challenge to neurosurgeons, neuro-oncologists, and radiation therapists by virtue of its location with a blood-brain barrier, chemoradioresistance, highly malignant phenotype, and angiogenic potential. Because nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) can transcrip- tionally activate genes leading to the synthesis of anti-apoptotic, chemoresistant, growth promoting, and angiogenic proteins; we assessed the state of activation of NF-κB in 6 GBM cases at diagnosis. Morphoproteomic analysis confirmed the constitutive activation of NF- κB by demonstrating the phosphorylation (p) and nuclear translocation of p-NF-κBp65 (Ser 536) in these cases. This observation coincides with (a) previous immunohistochemical findings showing nuclear translocation of total p65, (b) demonstration of NF-κB DNA binding activity, (c) the results of electrophoretic mobility shift assays, and (d) existing genomic data in GBM. Furthermore, such constitutive activation of the NF-κB pathway helps to explain some of the tumor biology and supports the incorporation of NF-κB pathway inhibitors into the treatment of GBM.
Response to Diethylstilbestrol Injections of Growing Chicks Fed Various Protein Levels

Abstract LORENZ (1943) demonstrated that diethylstilbestrol could be used for fattening cockerels when it was implanted subcutaneously. Thayer et al. (1944) reported that feeding estrogens in fattening rations produced high quality, fully fattened market chickens. Thayer et al. (1945) found 3, 4 dianisylhexene-3 to be more efficient for fattening poultry than diethylstilbestrol when fed orally. Levels of 40 to 50 mgs. of dianisylhexene per pound of feed, fed for a 3 to 4 week fattening period, did not appear to affect growth rate but body fat was increased. Improvement in the market quality of birds was noted by Sykes et al. (1945) when the birds were fed diethylstilbestrol up to 12 weeks of age. No consistent difference in feed consumption or feed utilization of the lots was reported by these workers. Glazener and Jull (1946) have shown that diethylstilbestrol fed for a three-week period improved dressing appearance and rate of gain …
Heat and mass transfer processes in two phase He II/vapor

Modeling heat and mass transfer characteristics of two phase He II is discussed. The case considered assumes that the channel flow is one-dimensional and stratified, with mass exchange between the two phases. Two specific examples are considered in some detail. The first is the heat and mass transfer characteristics for small liquid flow rate. Use of several simplifying assumptions allows the problem to be reduced to solution of a one-dimensional ordinary differential equation. The result is a non-dimensional expression for the liquid level or void fraction along the channel. A set of dimensionless parameters are defined that establish the relative contributions of vapor mass transport and counterflow in the He II. The model also predicts the temperature profile and vapor mass flow rate. The second case concerns the flow of liquid under nearly isothermal conditions with relatively small vapor mass flow rate. Under these conditions, the flow may be modeled using classical hydrodynamics taking into consideration the unique characteristics of the He II. Results of these models are compared to experimental data for heat and mass transfer in a two phase He II/vapor flow.
Positive and oscillatory radial solutions of semilinear elliptic equations

We prove that the nonlinear partial differential equation Δ u + f ( u ) + g ( | x | , u ) = 0 , in ℝ n , n ≥ 3 , with 0$" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> u ( 0 ) > 0 , where f and g are continuous, 0$" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> f ( u ) > 0 and 0$" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> g ( | x | , u ) > 0 for 0$" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> u > 0 , and 0,{\mathrm{ for }}1 lim u → 0 + f ( u ) u q = B > 0 , for 1 q n / ( n − 2 ) , has no positive or eventually positive radial solutions. For g ( | x | , u ) ≡ 0 , when n / ( n − 2 ) ≤ q ( n + 2 ) / ( n − 2 ) the same conclusion holds provided 2 F ( u ) ≥ ( 1 − 2 / n ) u f ( u ) , where F ( u ) = ∫ 0 u f ( s ) d s . We also discuss the behavior of the radial solutions for f ( u ) = u 3 + u 5 and f ( u ) = u 4 + u 5 in ℝ 3 when g ( | x | , u ) ≡ 0 .