cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Using Risk Analysis to Identify Cost Effective Improvements to a Semiconductor Fabrication Chemical Distribution Facility

In today’s semiconductor industry, the business loss associated with one full day of lost production can have a significant impact on revenues. Key factors affecting overall profitability are unplanned fabrication downtimes and contamination resulting in defective products. It is critical, therefore, to implement effective risk management strategies for the fabrication process to eliminate yield-limiting defects and to improve the overall production. This paper will discuss a study completed for a semiconductor chemical supplier. Battelle applied a methodology based on the Process Event Tree/Hazard and Operability Study (PET-HAZOP) methodology, identifying numerous ways to avoid unnecessary outages and lost production at a specific client’s semiconductor fabrication facility. This methodology uses a systematic approach to identifying risks in a process, and risks are quantified in terms of expected dollars per year. Within the analysis, the importance of individual equipment items in the process is measured with respect to risk. Two risk measures are used in the analysis: Risk Reduction Worth (RRW) and Risk Achievement Worth (RAW). The RRW identifies opportunities for areas of risk reduction and the RAW identifies critical equipment that must be maintained to prevent the overall risk of the system from increasing significantly. Results were provided in a cost-benefit form for the top items on the RRW and RAW lists. For example, replacing existing chemical distribution pumps with completely non-metallic pumps (cost of about $60,000) would result in savings, due to avoidance of possible chemical contamination, of $430,000 per year. This, and other findings, proved that a systematic approach to evaluating risks for the semiconductor front-end process can identify valuable risk reduction alternatives resulting in significant cost savings.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Chloride accumulation and depletion during GABAA receptor activation in neocortex

The response of neocortical neurons to GABA is strongly influenced by the intracellular chloride concentration. We tested the hypothesis that activation of GABA A receptors can result in either depletion or accumulation of intracellular chloride. The measured reversal potentials of currents evoked by exogenously applied or synaptically released GABA were not significantly different. During GABA responses, voltage steps to the reversal potential revealed prominent tail-like currents. The polarity of these currents was opposite to that of the GABA-evoked currents, consistent with either accumulation or depletion of intracellular chloride. These results demonstrate that currents evoked by exogenously applied and synaptically released GABA share similar ionic dependencies. Current fluxes during GABA A receptor activation can be sufficiently large to change the intracellular chloride concentration.
Dual-band sensor fusion for urban target acquisition

Different systems are optimized for and are capable of addressing issues in the different spectral regions. Each sensor has its own advantages and disadvantages. The research presented in this paper focuses on the fusion of MWIR (0.3-0.5 μm) and LWIR (0.8-12 μm) spectrums on one IR Focal Plane Array (FPA). The information is processed and then displayed in a single image in an effort to analyze possible benefits of combining the two bands. The analysis addresses how the two bands differ by revealing the dominant band in terms of temperature value for different objects in a given scene, specifically the urban environment
Employee performance cues in a hotel service environment: Influence on perceived service quality, value, and word-of-mouth intentions

Abstract Whereas the performance cues of tangible goods have been studied extensively, very little research has examined performance cues within service environments. Performance cues play an important role within the service encounter, because they serve as signs of quality and value to consumers. One particularly important cue is the performance of customer-contact employees as they create and deliver service quality. The study reported here was designed to investigate employee performance cues within a hotel service environment. The results indicate that front desk, housekeeping, and parking employee performance have significant effects on perceived quality, whereas front desk and room service employee performance have significant effects on perceived value. The only performance cue having a direct effect on word-of-mouth intentions is the performance of housekeeping employees. Both quality and value increase word-of-mouth intentions; however, the effect of value is large relative to the effect of quality. The findings are discussed with respect to two conditions that may affect the relative importance of each performance cue: (1) the frequency of employee-customer interaction and (2) the tangibility of each performance cue. The authors also discuss managerial implications and directions for future research.
Long-term Follow-up of Mitral Paraprosthetic Regurgitation by Transesophageal Echocardiography

Paravalvular regurgitation (PVR) is an uncommon complication of mitral valve replacement (MVR). Although severe PVR is almost always repaired immediately when recognized during surgery, there are little data available on the management of patients with mild and moderate PVR. This study includes eight patients with mild ( n = 6) and moderate ( n = 2) PVR identified by transesophageal echocardiography at the time of MVR who were treated conservatively. Clinical and echocardiographic follow-up was obtained at a mean of 16.3 months. Two of six patients with mild PVR at the time of MVR and two of two patients with moderate PVR at the time of MVR deteriorated clinically and echocardiographically over time. We suggest that moderate PVR should be corrected at the time of valve-replacement surgery, if this can be performed without high operative risk. Mild PVR should probably also be repaired, if this can be performed at low risk, because some will progress. Patients left with mild PVR after surgery, or patients in whom PVR is recognized only after surgery, should be followed up carefully with serial clinical and echocardiographic examinations.
A harmonically-terminated two-gram low-power rectenna on a flexible substrate

A 900 MHz low-cost flexible omni-directional rectenna with a mass of 2.1 grams is demonstrated. A rectenna as demonstrated here employs only a Schottky diode, a capacitor, and a printed coplanar circuit which presents class-F harmonic terminations to the diode, resulting in approximately 48.6% efficiency at a low 8 μW/cm2 incident power density. The rectenna is printed on 0.13 mm PET with a commercial printing process depositing 1 μm-thick conductive traces.
Increasing resources in times of budgetary constraints

Institutions of higher education are being continually pressed with shrinking financial resources on one side and increasing costs on the other. These pressures can prove insurmountable when the demands of researchers as well as a highly competitive job market are taken into account. One of the costs associated with higher education is software availability for research and instruction. The increasing complexity of instructional and research demands often means that expensive software programs be purchased; software that can easily deplete a department's or campus' budget. This realization may prompt administrators to pursue a one-size-fits-all mind set and acquire software that is used by many than by the few with the result of curtailing or limiting research. Despite the bleak financial situation of the institution, faculty, staff, and students at Indiana University have a choice in selecting from a wide variety of statistical and mathematical programs. Moreover, the University community can purchase or lease these packages at a cost far below that of the standard educational discount offered by many vendors for home and or office use while at the same time receiving installation and computing support. The presenters will share how a truly multi-campus software distribution method was developed and implemented, including the program's success, which saves millions of dollars annually for the University.
Human p53 Binds Holliday Junctions Strongly and Facilitates Their Cleavage

Abstract Holliday junctions in DNA are generated as a product of homologous recombination events. To test the hypothesis that human p53 may bind to Holliday junctions, synthetic junctions with four ∼75-base pair (Hol75) or ∼565-base pair (Hol565) arms were generated. As seen by electron microscopy, under conditions in which 50-61% of the Hol565 DNAs were bound by p53, 80-96% of the p53 was located specifically at the junction with, in the latter case, only 4% of the p53 visualized at the DNA ends or along the arms. Given the large number of potential binding sites, this represents very high specificity for the junctions. Gel retardation assays using the Hol75 DNA confirm these observations, and indicate that the tight junction complexes have a half-life of greater than 4 h. The binding of p53 to three-way junctions is severalfold less than to four-way junctions. Addition of p53 greatly increases the rate of resolution of the Hol75 DNA by T4 endonuclease VII and T7 endonuclease I, two enzymes known to cleave such junctions. This latter finding further confirms the interaction of p53 with Holliday junctions and suggests that p53 binding facilitates their resolution in vivo
Determination of urea in blood and urine with a ureasensitive electrode

Abstract A specific electrode is described for the direct assay of urea in blood and urine. The electrode is prepared by immobilizing a layer of urease in polyacrylamide over the surface of a Beckman cation electrode and is used in an ion-exchange system with an uncoated cation electrode as reference. A precision and accuracy of about 2–3% is obtained.
A Decomposition Approach for a Class of Capacitated Serial Systems

We study a class of two-echelon serial systems with identical ordering/production capacities or limits for both echelons. Demands are assumed to be integer valued. For the case where the lead time to the upstream echelon is one period, the optimality of state-dependent modified echelon base-stock policies is proved using a decomposition approach. For the case where the upstream lead time is two periods, we introduce a new class of policies called “two-tier base-stock policies,” and prove their optimality. Some insight about the inventory control problem in N echelon serial systems with identical capacities at all stages and arbitrary lead times everywhere is also provided. We argue that a generalization of two-tier base-stock policies, which we call “multitier base-stock policies,” are optimal for these systems; we also provide a bound on the number of parameters required to specify the optimal policy.
Using reputation to augment explicit authorization

Online social networks are formed when web applications allow users to contribute to an online community. The explosive growth of these social networks taxes the management capacity of human administrators. The continued health of an online social network depends upon the identification and utilization of users who make positive contributions to the community, but finding these individuals can be difficult. In addition, these contributing users must be explicitly granted authority to help maintain and grow these networks. Automated reputation calculations based on user contributions and behavior can be used as an effective substitute for explicit authorization, giving online social networks greater flexibility and scalability. In this paper, we examine the underlying principles of online reputation, introduce Pythia, a flexible reputation system framework, and demonstrate the use of reputation calculations to augment explicit authorization in a web application.
Delayed neurotoxicity of O-ethyl O-4-nitrophenyl phenylphosphonothioate: Subchronic (90 days) oral administration in hens☆

Abstract Delayed neurotoxicity in hens was produced following daily oral administration of 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 2.5, 5.0, and 10.0 mg/kg of technical (85%) O -ethyl O -4-nitrophenyl phenylphosphonothioate (EPN) in gelatin capsules for 90 days. Daily, three groups of hens were given empty gelatin capsules, 10 mg/kg of tri- o -cresyl phosphate (TOCP), or 1 mg/kg of parathion ( O,O -diethyl O -4-nitrophenyl phenylphosphorothioate) and served as gelatin capsule controls, positive controls, and negative controls, respectively. TOCP-Treated hens developed delayed neurotoxicity, and those given parathion showed leg weakness with subsequent recovery when the administration of this agent had stopped. The clinical condition of most ataxic hens deteriorated during the 30-day observation period following the end of the oral administration of EPN. Severity of the clinical condition depended on the size of the daily ingested dose, i.e., while hens given small doses showed only ataxia, those treated with large doses progressed to paralysis and died. Days of administration and “total administered dose” before onset of ataxia depended on the daily dose. Degeneration of myelin and axons in the spinal cord was the most consistent histologic change and was identical to that found in TOCP control hens. Only one hen showed sciatic nerve degeneration. Livers from two hens given the highest dose of EPN manifested a moderate degree of hemosiderosis. Plasma cholin esterase was significantly inhibited in all surviving hens given EPN or TOCP at the end of the observation period. A group of hens treated daily with 0.01 mg/kg of EPN showed no abnormality in gait or behavior, and its plasma cholinesterase activity was not significantly different from that of the control. Hens treated with parathion had plasma cholinesterase activity comparable to that of the control 30 days after the administration of the last dose.
Iron-Mediated Preparation of Vinylcyclopropanecarboxylates: Scope, Mechanism, and Applications†

The addition of stabilized carbon nucleophiles to tricarbonyl(1-methoxycarbonylpentadienyl)iron(1+) cation (1a) proceeds via attack at C2 on the face of the ligand opposite the Fe(CO)3 group to generate tricarbonyl(pentenediyl)iron complexes 2. Oxidation of complexes 2 affords vinylcyclopropanecarboxylates in good yield. In general, the relative stereochemistry about the cyclopropane ring reflects reductive elimination with retention of configuration. In cases where the C2 substituent is bulky (i.e., 2b) the major cyclopropane product 9b represents ring closure with inversion at C3. A mechanism involving π−σ−π rearrangement of the initially oxidized (pentenediyl)iron species is proposed to account for these results. Experiments which probe the stereochemistry of deuterium labeling in the vinyl group of the vinylcyclopropanecarboxylate products were carried out, and these results are consistent with the proposed mechanism. This methodology for the preparation of vinylcyclopropanecarboxylates was applied to...
Canonical correlation of vocational needs and vocational style

Abstract Definitions of vocational needs, values, orientations, and interests have suggested a substantial amount of overlap in these concepts. In the present study the canonical correlation procedure was used to determine the relationships between vocational needs and vocational styles. The vocational needs measure (MIQ) and the vocational style or orientation measure (VPI) were administered to 215 rehabilitation counselors employed in state agencies (DVR) and 118 rehabilitation facility counselors. For DVR counselors a single significant canonical correlation between sets of MIQ and VPI scales resulted. This underlying trait was described as a work attitude which placed importance on both an expressive, self-acceptance orientation and a need for autonomy and advancement opportunities. It was concluded that vocational needs and work style or orientation are probably independent facets of the work personality.
Is HD26676 an unusual radio star

STROM AND HARRIS1 have detected a faint radio source (4 mJy at 6 cm) whose position is coincident, to within an error region of 3×18 arc s, with the 6mag late B star HD26676 (=HR1307). Although a prominent reflection nebula surrounds this star2, they argue convincingly1 that the nonthermal nature of the radio spectrum suggests identification with the star itself. As Strom and Harris stress, this association would be remarkable, as all previously identified radio stars are radio and optical variables and/or binaries. We report here that no such evidence exists for HD26676 or the radio source.
Alphanumerical order and category effects in visual search

Is regular alphanumerical order so overlearned that it can aid visual search? Regular (vs. random) order did not help letter or digit search, whereas reverse order (e.g., 987654, FEDCBA) hurt, perhaps because it evoked a tendency to scan in an unnatural, right-to-left fashion. The same order effects were found on between-category trials as on within-category trials. There was a between-category speed advantage on letters versus digits, as well as on early (A to J) versus late (Q to Z) letters, but not on odd versus even digits. The between-category speed advantage was only slightly larger when the target set size was 2 rather than 1, which indicates that its main locus was at the initial encoding or perceptual analysis.
Removal of degradation products from calf thymus high mobility group non-histone chromatin proteins by chromatography on immobilized double-stranded DNA

The substantial protease activity in calf thymus chromatin inevitably produces some degradation of high mobility group (HMG) non-histone proteins in NaCl extracts of calf thymus chromatin. We have found that proteins considered to be degradation products can be conveniently and cleanly separated from intact high mobility group proteins 1 and 2 by chromatography on double-stranded DNA-cellulose in 0.2 M NaCl/1 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.5). Under those conditions, only the presumptive degradation products are retained by the column.
Binuclear cyclopentadienylmetal nitrosyls of iron, cobalt, and nickel: comparison with related carbonyl derivatives.

The binuclear cyclopentadienylmetal nitrosyls and carbonyls Cp 2 M 2 (AO) n (A = N, M = Fe, Co, Ni; A = C, M = Ni; n = 2, 1) are studied by density functional theory using the B3LYP and BP86 functionals. In general, structures with bridging AO ligands are energetically preferred over those with terminal AO ligands. Thus, the global minima for Cp 2 M 2 (AO) 2 are all found to have closely related axial dimetallocene structures with two symmetrically bridging AO ligands but variable planarity of the central M(μ-AO) 2 M units. Similarly, the single AO ligands in the global minima for Cp 2 M 2 (AO) are found to bridge symmetrically the pair of metal atoms. However, structures with terminal AO groups and a single bridging Cp ligand are also found at accessible energies for CpM 2 (NO)(μ-Cp) (M = Fe and Co) and CpNi 2 (CO)(μ-Cp). The metal-metal bond distances in Cp 2 M 2 (AO) n derivatives correlate reasonably well with the requirements of the 18-electron rule. In this connection, the unusual dimer Cp 2 Ni 2 (μ-NO) 2 has a Ni-Ni bond distance suggestive of a single bond and geometry suggesting one one-electron donor bridging NO group and one three-electron donor bridging NO group. However, dissociation of Cp 2 Ni 2 (μ-NO) 2 into the well-known stable monomer CpNiNO is highly favored energetically.
Vaccinia Virus E3L Interferon Resistance Protein Inhibits the Interferon-Induced Adenosine Deaminase A-to-I Editing Activity

The RNA-specific adenosine deaminase (ADAR1) is an interferon-inducible editing enzyme that converts adenosine to inosine. ADAR1 contains three distinct domains: a N-terminal Z-DNA binding domain that includes two Z-DNA binding motifs; a central double-stranded RNA binding domain that includes three dsRNA binding motifs (dsRBM); and a C-terminal catalytic domain responsible for A-to-I enzymatic activity. The E3L protein of vaccinia virus mediates interferon resistance. E3L, similar to ADAR1, also contains Z-DNA binding and dsRNA binding motifs. To assess the possible role of E3L in modulating RNA editing by ADAR1, we examined the effect of E3L on ADAR1 deaminase activity. Wild-type E3L protein was a potent inhibitor of ADAR1 deaminase enzymatic activity. Analysis of mutant E3L proteins indicated that the carboxy-proximal dsRBM of E3L was essential for antagonism of ADAR1. Surprisingly, disruption of the Z-DNA binding domain of E3L by double substitutions of two highly conserved residues also abolished its antagonistic activity, whereas deletion of the entire Z domain had little effect on the inhibition. With natural neurotransmitter pre-mRNA substrates, E3L weakly inhibited the site-selective editing activity by ADAR1 at the R/G site of the glutamate receptor B subunit (GluR-B) pre-mRNA and the A site of serotonin 2C receptor (5-HT2CR) pre-mRNA; editing of the intronic hotspot (+)60 site of GluR-B was not affected by E3L. These results demonstrate that the A-to-I RNA editing activity of the IFN-inducible adenosine deaminase is impaired by the product of the vaccinia virus E3L interferon resistance gene.
Age-dependent T cell tolerance and autoimmunity to myelin basic protein.

Abstract Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model for multiple sclerosis, is induced by activating a subset of myelin basic protein (MBP)-specific T cells that have escaped tolerance induction. Here, we define the tolerance mechanisms that eliminate the majority of MBP-specific T cells from the periphery. We show that MBP-specific T cells undergo central tolerance mediated by bone marrow–derived antigen-presenting cells presenting exogenously derived MBP epitopes. The efficiency of tolerance is age dependent, reflecting the developmentally regulated expression of MBP. Dependence of tolerance on the amount of MBP expressed in vivo results in an age window of susceptibility to EAE in mice that peaks during puberty. These results suggest that factors regulating expression of self-antigens in vivo can influence susceptibility to autoimmunity.
Removal of Inclusions from Aluminum Through Filtration

Filtration experiments were carried out using both an AlF3 slurry-coated and an uncoated Al2O3 ceramic foam filter to study the removal of nonmetallic inclusions and impurity elements. The results showed that the 30-ppi ceramic foam filter removed up to 85 pct inclusions from aluminum. Several pictures of two- and three-dimensional morphologies of both nonmetallic and intermetallics inclusions also have been presented. The following contributing mechanisms for the removal of nonmetallic inclusions in the deep-bed filtration mode are proposed: (1) collision with walls and interception effect and (2) the formation of both intermetallic and nonmetallic inclusion bridges during filtration. Fluid dynamics modeling of inclusion attachment to the filter walls showed that most inclusions, especially those with larger sizes, are entrapped at the upper part of the filter, whereas smaller inclusions are dispersed well throughout the filter. The calculated inclusions removal fractions for the 30-ppi filter showed that almost all inclusions >125 μm are removed, and inclusions ~5 μm in size are removed up to 85 pct. The interfacial energy between two collided same-size inclusions was calculated, indicating that a strong clustering of inclusions may result within the filter window. Magnesium impurities were removed up to 86 pct by the AlF3 slurry-coated filter. The filter acted in active filtration mode in addition to the contribution of the air oxidation of dissolved [Mg], which was calculated to be 13 pct. The total mass transfer coefficient of dissolved [Mg] to the reaction interface was calculated to be 1.15 × 10−6 m/s.
NAD(P)H oxidase, superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase and nitric oxide synthase expression in subacute spinal cord injury

Primary trauma to the spinal cord triggers a cascade of cellular and molecular events that promote continued tissue damage and expansion of the lesion for extended periods following the initial injury. Oxidative and nitrosative stresses play an important role in progression of spinal cord injury (SCI). In an attempt to explore the biochemical origin of oxidative/nitrosative stress associated with secondary SCI, we studied expression of the superoxide (O2*-)-generating enzyme, NAD(P)H oxidase, antioxidant enzymes [superoxide dismutase (CuZn SOD, Mn SOD), catalase, glutathione peroxidase (GPX)], nitric oxide synthases (NOS) and a byproduct of NO-O2*- interaction (nitrotyrosine) in the spinal cord tissues of rats 16 h and 14 days after surgical resections of a 5-mm segment of the cord below T8 or sham-operation. Immunodetectable NAD(P)H oxidase subunits (gp91phox and P67phox), Mn SOD, inducible NOS (iNOS), endothelial NOS (eNOS), and nitrotyrosine were elevated in the transected cords on day 1 and day 14. Neuronal NOS (nNOS) was unchanged on day 1 and significantly depressed on day 14. GPX was unchanged on day 1 and significantly elevated on day 14. Catalase was unchanged in the cord tissue surrounding the transection site at both points. Thus, concurrent upregulations of NAD(P)H oxidase, eNOS and iNOS (but not nNOS), work in concert to maintain oxidative and nitrosative stress in the injured cord tissue.
Structure–function relationships of integral membrane proteins: Membrane transporters vs channels

Escherichia coli lactose permease, a paradigm for membrane transport proteins, and Streptomyces lividans KcsA, a paradigm for K+ channels, are compared on the level of structure, dynamics, and function. The homotetrameric channel, which allows the downhill movement of K+ with an electrochemical gradient, is relatively rigid and inflexible, as observed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Lactose permease catalyzes transduction of free energy stored in an electrochemical H+ gradient into work in the form of a concentration gradient. In marked contrast to KcsA, the permease exhibits a high degree of H/D exchange, in addition to enhanced sensitivity to lateral lipid packing pressure, thereby indicating that this symport protein is extremely flexible and conformationally active. Finally, the differences between lactose permease and KcsA are discussed in the context of their specific functions with particular emphasis on differences between coupling in symport proteins and gating in channels. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 55: 297–307, 2000
Participants in the Medicaid Buy-In Program, 2000–2004 Characteristics, Earnings, and Medical Expenditures

The Medicaid Buy-In program, a state Medicaid option since the late 1990s, is designed to encourage adults with disabilities to work by allowing them to buy into Medicaid when their earnings are above the standard Medicaid eligibility limits. This study provides a descriptive profile of enrollment, expenditures, and earnings for Buy-In participants in 27 states between 2000 and 2004. Analyses indicate that younger participants receiving no federal income support when they enroll in the Buy-In program have higher earnings compared with older participants receiving Social Security Disability Insurance payments. The innovative process used in this study to link data from multiple agencies could be adapted for exploring other policy issues related to the employment of individuals with disabilities.
Digital beamforming techniques and processors based on quadratic residue number system techniques

A very-high-performance digital beamforming processor has been implemented using ASICs (application-specific integrated circuits) fabricated in readily available commercial CMOS process technology by using QRNS (quadratic residue number system) techniques. The chips have been designed and tested to operate at 50 MHz. The brassboard processor is capable of providing either four simultaneous beams, each with a bandwidth of 20 MHz, or 32 simultaneous beams, each with a bandwidth of 2 MHz. The brassboard system is capable of supporting 64 channels of 9-b I and 9-b Q digitized data and weights, but the architecture can support up to 512 channels of 14-b I and 14-b Q digitized data and weights. This demonstrates the feasibility of digital beamforming using silicon technology. >
Pursuit-evasion using beam detection

We present an algorithm for searching a 2D environment for unpredictable moving targets using only beam-based detection. One or more pursuers move along the environment boundary, and carry a rotating beam that detects evaders. The beam could correspond in practice to a laser or a camera. The task is to compute motions for pursuers and their beams that ensure that all evaders will be detected. For a 2D polygonal environment, we solve a long-standing open problem by presenting a complete O(n/sup 3/)-time algorithm that is guaranteed to find a successful motion strategy for a single pursuer and its beam, if a solution exists. This algorithm is extended to the case of coordinating multiple pursuers, but the number of pursuers used in a solution is not necessarily optimal. An implementation is presented, and several computed examples are shown.
Chunking Differences Associated with Reading Skill

Two 10-person groups of third grade children, matched by scores on a number of cognitive variables, were asked to remember groups of sequentially presented words. Recall was higher when the words formed sentences, and, contrary to a previous report, this effect was significantly greater for the children who were previously judged to be more skillful readers.
Attitudes of overweight and normal weight adults regarding exercise at a health club.

Objective To compare attitudes of overweight (OW) and normal weight (NW) adults regarding health club exercise. Design A 46-item survey (23 pairs of attitude/value statements) measured attitudes toward exercising at a health club 30 minutes, twice a week, for a month. Setting Survey posted on surveymonkey.com. Respondents (men = 730, women = 822). Main Outcome Measures Attitudes toward exercise, exercise intent. Analysis t tests, Mann-Whitney rank sum, 2-way analysis of variance, Pearson rank correlations. Significance set at P < .05. Results More than NW, OW believe exercise improves appearance (P < .001) and self image (P < .03). OW feel more embarrassed and intimidated about exercising, exercising around young people, exercising around fit people, and about health club salespeople than NW (P < .001). OW and NW feel the same about exercising with the opposite sex, complicated exercise equipment, exercise boredom, and intention to exercise. Age rather than weight affects exercise intent. OW Caucasians (C) have less exercise intent than OW non-C. OW women are more embarrassed about exercising than NW women and OW men. The heavier the subject's weight, the lower his or her perception of health (r = -0.53, P < .001). Conclusions and Implications Increasing the OW person's positive beliefs while decreasing negative beliefs about health club exercise will improve his or her intent to exercise at a health club.
Sputtering of silicon and its compounds in the electronic stopping region

We have sputtered silicon, silicon dioxide, and silicon nitride with chlorine ions at 5 MeV and 20 MeV. While the yield from the silicon target was immeasurably low, the insulating compounds exhibited the enhanced yields observed in other insulating targets. The yield follows the electronic stopping power and seems to be independent of the target's thermal properties. Some of the data suggest that the enhanced sputtering mechanism may be active in extremely thin films (≥3 monolayers).
Fluphenazine decanoate Its steady-state pharmacologic profile and relationship to tardive dyskinesia

A sensitive radioimmunoassay was developed to determine the steady-state, fixed-dose pharmacokinetic profile of fluphenazine decanoate in nine outpatients. To see if neuroleptic blood levels measured by this assay correlated with a clinical event, we performed a cross-sectional study of fluphenazine blood levels in 11 patients with and 17 patients without tardive dyskinesia. The results do not support the hypothesis that fluphenazine decanoate serum levels correlate with TD occurrence.
Averaging spheres without target.

The design of averaging spheres without internal target is described. The performance of such spheres is analyzed theoretically and tested experimentally. In a final design, an efficiency of 40% is achieved for visible and near-uv wavelengths. The averaging effectiveness is characterized by signal variations of the order of 1 part in 104 for beam displacements of several 0.1 mm.
Predicting Solubility of Military, Homemade, and Green Explosives in Pure and Saline Water using COSMO‐RS

The conductor-like screening model for real solvents (COSMO-RS) has previously been shown to give accurate aqueous solubilities for a range of organic compounds using only quantum chemical simulation data. Application of this method for solid organic explosives, however, faces two difficulties; it requires correction for the free energy of fusion (a generally unknown quantity for these compounds) and it shows considerable error for common explosive classes such as nitramines. Herein we introduce a correction factor for COSMO-RS that is applicable to a wide range of explosives, and requires no data beyond a quantum chemistry calculation. This modification allows COSMO-RS to be used as a predictive tool for new proposed explosives or for systems lacking experimental data. We use this method to predict the temperature-dependent solubility of solid explosives in pure and saline water to an average accuracy of approximately 0.25 log units at ambient temperature. Setschenow (salting-out) coefficients predicted by this method show considerable improvement over previous COSMO-RS results, but are still slightly overestimated compared to the limited experimental data available. We apply this method to a range of military, homemade, and “green” explosives that lack experimental seawater solubility data, an important property for environmental fate and transport modeling.
Somatotype and Type A Behavior in College-Age Adults

To study the relation between body build and the Type A behavior pattern, 194 college students were given the Jenkins Activity Survey as a measure of Type A behavior, Factor S (speed and impatience), and Factor H (hard driving and competitive) and the Heath-Carter somatotype method to measure body build. Subjects were grouped as endomorphs, mesomorphs, ectomorphs, or balanced. Two-way analyses of variance showed that, on raw and percentile Type A scores for Factor S, mesomorphs rated significantly higher than the other body builds and nonsignificantly on Type A and Factor H scores.
Identification of a novel hemotropic mycoplasma in a splenectomized dog with hemic neoplasia

A 3-year-old sexually intact male Bull Mastiff underwent splenectomy for splenic thrombosis; prior to and after splenectomy, multiple blood transfusions were administered. Two weeks after the procedure, T-cell lymphoproliferative disease was diagnosed. Treatment with prednisone and chlorambucil was initiated, and 2 weeks later, cytologic examination of a blood smear revealed small (0.3 microm), coccoid basophilic bodies on the surface of approximately 70% of the RBCs. Morphologically, these resembled "Candidatus Mycoplasma haemominutum." A polymerase chain reaction assay was used to amplify a partial 16S rRNA sequence in blood obtained from the dog; the product was sequenced and compared with 16S rRNA gene sequences of other hemotropic mycoplasmas. The sequence was 98% homologous to that of "Candidatus M haemominutum", but only 77% homologous to that of M haemocanis and M haemofelis.
The Dynamics of Thrombin Formation

The central event of the hemostatic process is the generation of thrombin through the tissue factor pathway. This is a highly regulated, dynamic process in which thrombin itself plays many roles, positively and negatively its production and destruction. The hemostatic process is essential to normal physiology and is also the Achilles heel of our aging population. The inappropriate generation of thrombin may lead to vascular occlusion with the consequence of myocardial infarction, stroke, pulmonary embolism, or venous thrombosis. In this review, we summarize our present views regarding the tissue factor pathway by which thrombin is generated and the roles played by extrinsic and intrinsic factor Xa generating complexes in hemostasis and the roles of the stoichiometric and dynamic inhibitors that regulate thrombin generation.
Aeolian flux of biotic and abiotic material in Taylor Valley, Antarctica

Abstract We studied patterns and mechanisms controlling wind-driven flux of soils and associated organic matter in Taylor Valley, Antarctica over a 10-year period using passive aeolian traps and dynamic mass erosion particle counters. Deployment of the particle counters near meteorological stations allowed us to compare the magnitude of soil flux with data on prevailing wind. Particulate organic C, N and P measurements on transported sediment allowed us to examine connectivity of wind dispersed organic matter among landscape units. Most sediment entrainment occurred within 20 cm of the soil surface during “saltation bursts” that occupied − 1 . Sediment movement was highest in the up-valley reaches of Taylor Valley and transport was down-valley towards McMurdo Sound. The general paucity of biological organic matter production throughout the McMurdo Dry Valleys, in concert with low fluvial transport, makes aeolian distribution or organic C, N and P an important factor in the distribution of organic matter throughout this polar desert ecosystem and increases connectivity among the ecosystem components.
Emissivity of silicon: a mystery to some but not to all!

The variation of emissivity and absorption between different parts of a production wafer results in nonuniform wafer temperature. The formula for the reflection and emissivity of electromagnetic radiation of a semitransparent semiconductor wafer is presented. It is shown that changes in the absorption coefficient due to different levels of semiconductor doping result in different reflectivity, and consequently, in different emissivity. It is also shown that undoped regions of the wafer must be considered as a semitransparent material where absorption of incident radiation is a volumetric process and the blackbody radiant energy flux within an absorbing medium and reflectivity depends on the complex index of refraction.
LINKING ACTIONS TO OUTCOMES IN WETLAND MANAGEMENT: AN OVERVIEW OF U.S. STATE WETLAND MANAGEMENT

Despite a national focus on saving wetland systems in the U.S., evaluations of wetland resources and management outcomes have been limited. A fifty-state survey of wetland managers was conducted in order to collect information on (1) wetland resources, (2) management actions taken, and (3) management impact on the resources (wetlands). An overview of the general status of state knowledge of the quantity and quality of their wetland resources is presented. Results indicate that most states have a rough estimate of the resources and most have wetland conservation plans and intend to develop better databases of wetland resources. However, few states track management actions relevant to wetlands and fewer have any idea of the success or impact of past management actions. The ability to assess program effectiveness is key to implementing adaptive management frameworks. A number of lessons learned suggest a basic framework for future wetland management that includes state planning, better quantification (mapping) of wetlands, development of methods to measure wetland quality, and tracking of wetland management actions and outcomes. This framework could also be used as an outline for the development of a more adaptive approach to wetland management.
Do electoral handouts affect voting behavior

Abstract The literature on vote-buying often assumes a complete transaction of cash for votes. While there is ample evidence that candidates target certain voters with cash handouts, it is unclear whether these actually result in higher turnout and vote-shares for the distributing party. Empirically, we find that cash handouts have a small to no effect on either turnout or vote-shares when using different matching techniques and accounting for district-level factors during the 2011 Beninese presidential election. We cross-validate these results with additional surveys from four other African countries (Kenya, Mali, Botswana, and Uganda). Results suggest that, at least in these contexts, vote-buying can be best understood as an incomplete transaction between candidates and voters, and that handouts from multiple parties as well as district-level traits (e.g. clientelism, public goods) partly account for the small effects observed.
Mullerian Inhibiting Substance Activity in the Development of the Reproductive Tract and Lung in the Fetus and Control of Oocyte Meiosis in the Adult

The development of the normal reproductive tract in male embryos is the result of a series of carefully orchestrated anabolic and catabolic events that for the purposes of this discussion, center about the differentiation of the primitive gonad to a testis. This critical process, presumably directed by the testis-determining factor gene(s) (1–2) results, ultimately, in the ability of the gonad to produce two major testicular hormones: testosterone and mullerian inhibiting substance (MIS). It is the activity of these two factors, acting in concert, to direct the maturation of the male reproductive tract from the wolffian duct system and to cause the regression of the female reproductive tract anlage, the mullerian duct. A variety of studies have shown that once the genetic sex of the gonad is established as testicular, MIS, synthesized and secreted by the Sertoli cells, is responsible for mullerian duct regression (3–4). Testosterone can facilitate this activity of MIS, but cannot, on its own, direct this important event in the development of the male phenotype. Although the fetal ovary does not produce MIS, it has recently been shown that the granulosa cells of the young and adult ovary synthesize and secrete bioactive MIS (5–8). The role of MIS in the female is, obviously, quite different from the major role played by MIS in the male, namely, the regression of the mullerian duct. Our evidence points to MIS as an inhibitor of oocyte meiosis, thus contributing to the proper development of mature germ cells (9).
Dynamics of Passive Mode-locking Instability Caused by Inhomogeneous Gain Saturation

A new type of instability occurs in passively mode-locked inhomogeneously broadened lasers when the group velocity dispersion becomes large and pulse bandwidth becomes narrow. The gain-loss balance in the frequency domain determines detailed dynamics.
SCALE LAWS FOR BED FORMS IN LABORATORY WAVE MODELS

An experimental study of the variables governing the development of bed forms under wave action has been conducted. A wide range of conditions was covered by the use of a wave flume and an oscillating water tunnel. Scale laws for modelling bed forms are developed using the results of these experiments. It is recommended that the model sediment used should be the same density as in the prototype and its size should be scaled geometrically. If this is not practical, it is shown how the scale laws can be used to minimise the distortion of the bed forms produced in the model.
High Pressure Helium Gas Technique for Low Temperature Applications

A high pressure helium gas apparatus for low temperature applications is described. The gas apparatus consists of a high pressure generator, an experimental cell and a cryostat. The high pressure cell is connected to the generator with stainless tubings of 1.6 or 3.1 mm outer diameters, so heat transfer into the cryostat is low enough. A calibrated manganin gauge, situated in a separate temperature stabilized cell, is used to measure pressure with accuracy about 0.01 GPa while helium was still in the fluid phase. Upon crystallization of helium, pressure is calculated on the basis of the measured helium-crystallization temperatures and data on EOS of helium. The apparatus can be used to create high helium pressure up to 1.5 GPa and temperature less than 2 K and to carry out electrical, magnetic and thermodynamic measurements. The technique is illustrated by the results of measurements of AC magnetic susceptibility of a single crystal of MnSi along the ferromagnetic phase-transition line up to a pressure of...
Si/TiSi2 Heteronanostructures as High-Capacity Anode Material for Li Ion Batteries

We synthesized a unique heteronanostructure consisting of two-dimensional TiSi2 nanonets and particulate Si coating. The high conductivity and the structural integrity of the TiSi2 nanonet core were proven as great merits to permit reproducible Li+ insertion and extraction into and from the Si coating. This heteronanostructure was tested as the anode material for Li+ storage. At a charge/discharge rate of 8400 mA/g, we measured specific capacities >1000 mAh/g. Only an average of 0.1% capacity fade per cycle was observed between the 20th and the 100th cycles. The combined high capacity, long capacity life, and fast charge/discharge rate represent one of the best anode materials that have been reported. The remarkable performance was enabled by the capability to preserve the crystalline TiSi2 core during the charge/discharge process. This achievement demonstrates the potency of this novel heteronanostructure design as an electrode material for energy storage.
“Blind” Placement of Plastic Left Double-Lumen Tubes:

A prospective analysis of placement of left-sided plastic double-lumen tubes in 100 patients is presented. Intubation of the left bronchus was successfully accomplished using only auscultation and clinical signs ("blind" placement) in 91 patients. Double-lumen tubes were positioned in less than five minutes in 84 patients. The most common problem encountered (30%) was initial intubation of the right main bronchus. Seven of these patients required bronchoscopic assistance to guide the tube into the left bronchus. There were four minor intraoperative complications due to DLT malposition that were recognized and corrected by withdrawing the tube slightly back in the bronchus. The plastic double-lumen tubes functioned properly during the procedure in all 100 patients.
Modeling lane-change-related crashes with lane-specific real-time traffic and weather data

This study investigates the relationship between lane-change-related crashes and lane-specific, real-time traffic factors. It is anticipated that the real-time traffic data for the two lanes—the ve...
Discerning predictors for gender differences in survival outcomes for patients treated for bladder cancer.

360Background: Radical cystectomy is an underutilized option for those with refractory non-muscle invasive and muscle-invasive bladder cancer, however, use of radical cystectomy may differ according to gender. We wanted to discern receipt and timing of radical cystectomy as well as survival outcomes according to gender. Methods: A total of 49,974 patients aged 66 years or older diagnosed with clinical stage I-IV bladder cancer from January 1, 2002 to December 31, 2011 using Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER)-Medicare linked data. We used univariate and multivariable regression analyses to identify factors predicting the use of radical cystectomy. Cox proportional hazards models were used to analyze survival outcomes. Generalized linear models were performed to determine association between gender and delayed radical cystectomy. Results: A total of 49,974 patients were diagnosed with stage I to IV bladder cancer. 36,959 (74%) were male patients. Women were older, non-Caucasian race/ethnicit...