cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Laboratory emulation of a photovoltaic module for controllable insolation and realistic dynamic performance

In this paper, a high fidelity, easy-to-implement photovoltaic (PV) module emulator is presented. The proposed emulator can replicate the electrical behavior of a sunlight illuminated PV module in an indoor environment. The construction of this emulator requires only a PV module and basic laboratory equipment, while still providing dynamic performance that closely matches that of an illuminated PV module in an outdoor environment. The output I-V characteristics of the PV module under real sunlight and that of the proposed emulator were experimentally obtained and compared, such that the functionality of the proposed emulator was verified. An in-depth analysis of the PV module output small-signal impedance is also presented to illustrate the dynamic performance of this emulator.
A computational investigation of the critical condition used in the liquid chromatography of polymers

The partitioning of a self-avoiding walk chain into a square channel with different surface interaction ew has been examined using lattice Monte Carlo simulation in order to have a better understanding of the critical condition used in the liquid chromatography. The partition coefficient, K, of the self-avoiding walk chain in a square channel at the critical adsorption point determined earlier was found to vary dramatically with the chain length when the channel width is comparable to or smaller than the chain sizes. As a result, the critical condition point relevant to the experiments cannot be defined as the critical adsorption point. Instead, the critical condition point, which is best defined as the point at which K varies least with the chain length, in the same spirit of experimental studies, can be identified clearly when the standard deviation of ln K, σ(ln K) for the given range of chain length, is plotted against the ew. The critical condition point thus found, ewcc, was more attractive than the...
Risks and Opportunities of Faith and Culture: The Case of Abused Jewish Women

Intimate partner abusers often focus on physical violence, but abuse may also include exploiting a partner’s faith or subculture. Alternatively, faith or subculture may be a source of strength and support for victims. We explored this by analyzing case files from a Jewish domestic violence services agency. Jewish identity conditions women’s experiences with intimate partner abuse through the use of Judaism as a “tool” for abuse, the role of Jewish holidays and observances, and the role of the Jewish community. While partners of abused Jewish women often perverted the laws and traditions of Judaism to control their partners and the reaction of the larger community varied, being part of an integrated cultural and religious community offered support for some women.
Complete thermodynamic and kinetic characterization of the isomer-specific interaction between Pin1-WW domain and the amyloid precursor protein cytoplasmic tail phosphorylated at Thr668.

Peptidyl prolyl cis–trans isomerization acts as an effective molecular timer that plays significant roles in biological and pathological processes. Enzymes such as Pin1 catalyze cis–trans isomerization, accelerating the otherwise slow isomerization rate into time scales relevant for cellular signaling. Here we have combined NMR line shape analysis, fluorescence spectroscopy, and isothermal titration calorimetry to determine the kinetic and thermodynamic parameters describing the trans-specific interaction between the binding domain of Pin1 (WW domain) and a key cis–trans molecular switch in the amyloid precursor protein cytoplasmic tail. A three-state model, in which the cis–trans isomerization equilibrium is coupled to the binding equilibrium through the trans isomer, was found to fit the data well. The trans isomer binds the WW domain with ∼22 μM affinity via very fast association (approaching the diffusion limit) and dissociation rates. The common structural and electrostatic characteristics of Pin1 su...
Amides as ligands—II metallic complexes of ϵ-caprolactam

Abstract The preparation and characterization of metallic complexes of ϵ-caprolactam are reported. The compounds have been characterized by their electrical conductance and electronic spectra in dichloromethane and nitromethane, magnetic moments, infrared spectra and X-ray powder diffraction patterns. Compounds containing the complex cations, [ML] n + (MAl 3+ , Cr 3+ , Mn 2+ , Fe 2+ , Fe 2+ , Co 2+ , Ni 2+ , Cu 2+ , Zn 2+ , Cd 2+ , Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ ) and the compounds [AgL 2 ]ClO 4 , [PbL 4 ](ClO 4 ) 2 , [CoL 6 ][CoCl 4 ], [CoL 6 ][CoBr 4 ], [CoL 6 ][CoI 4 ] and [CoL 6 ][Co(SCN) 4 ] are reported. Infra-red spectra, conductance, and analytical data indicate coordination through oxygen.
Maximum entropy spectra of some rainfall and river flow time series from southern and central India

Maximum Entropy Spectral Analysis (MESA) Method is a powerful alternative to the traditionally used Blackman Tukey (BT) and Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) Methods in hydrologic and climatologic time series analysis. Maximum entropy spectra of annual rainfall time series measured at Mangalore and Waltair and monthly flow time series of Godavari and Krishna Rivers in India are presented and compared with the spectra obtained by using BT and FFT methods. A recently developed Bayesian decision rule is applied to determine the length of filters in MESA. Sensitivity of the maximum entropy spectra to the length of filter used is also discussed.
A comprehensive light scattering study of a liquid composed of symmetric top molecules

We have studied the VH, HH, and VV quasielastic light scattering spectra of the near‐symmetric top triphenylphosphite at several scattering angles and over a wide range of temperatures, such that (k 2η/ρmΓ) varied from 0.085 to 3600, where k is the scattering vector, η the shear viscosity, ρm the mass density, and Γ the ’’reorientation’’ frequency. The data have been analyzed in a consistent manner in terms of a generalized hydrodynamic theory in which, in addition to the observed dielectric fluctuations (e) and the conserved hydrodynamic collective variables (n,pe,), unspecified ’’slow’’ variables (Fs, Ft) are included, where, at k→0, Fs is a symmetric and Fa an antisymmetric second rank tensor. Since the theory interrelates the relaxation processes, giving rise to the scattering at different polarizations, the spectra provide enough information to evaluate the considerable number of adjustable temperature‐dependent, but ω‐ and k‐independent, transport coefficients involved in the analysis. Of par...
Hepatic and pancreatic resection in patients with end-stage renal disease: a propensity analysis.

Background Hepatic and pancreatic surgery is rarely performed in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). The present authors used a national clinical database to characterize outcomes and perioperative risk in ESRD patients who require hepatic or pancreatic resection.
Faith in doubt in the end

At one time or another, most Contemporary Continental philosophers of religion make reference to Nietzsche’s announcement that “God is dead.” However, their interpretation and treatment of that announcement owes nothing to Nietzsche. Instead, they see the death of God as Hegel did, as a moment in a transition to a new way of talking and thinking about God or the Absolute. Their faith in God or the Absolute is not in doubt in the end. We argue that if one hears and thinks Nietzsche’s word “God is dead”—along with Heidegger’s critique of onto-theo-logy-then faith in the end is in doubt. Any affirmation or profession of faith is questionable; there is no promise that all conflicts will be resolved and that all will be saved and forgiven. Nietzsche’s saying that “God is dead” calls for thinking and questioning; it calls not for faith, but faith in doubt.
Environmental science: Climate for conflict

The idea that climate influences the onset of wars is enticing, but controversial. A study now finds a convincing correlation between global climate and civil conflict in countries affected by the El Nino/Southern Oscillation. See Letter p.438 Historians and scientists have long theorized that the global climate and global patterns of violence might be connected, but this idea has never been directly tested with data. Now a new analysis examines whether civil conflicts might be linked to the El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), the dominant mode of interannual variability in the modern global climate. Using data on tropical countries collected between 1950 and 2004, the study finds that the probability of new civil conflicts breaking out in El Nino years is double that seen in cooler La Nina years. Overall, these findings suggest that the ENSO may have played a part in initiating 21% of all civil conflicts since 1950. This study represents the first demonstration that the stability of modern societies is associated with the global climate.
Incidence of recurrent bladder cancer in patients requiring admission for abdominal pain long after cystectomy.

Background : Malignant disease is often considered in the workup of the acute abdomen, especially when there is a history of intra-abdominal, neoplastic disease. The treatment of bladder cancer frequently involves intra-abdominal procedures, but the incidence of recurrent bladder cancer as the cause of an acute abdomen is unknown. Methods : In a retrospective, 13-year study, the cause of abdominal pain in 29 patients with a history of surgery for bladder cancer was reviewed. Evaluations included analysis of all clinical, laboratory, radiologic, and pathologic data prior to and during hospitalization, where available. Results : Fourteen of 18 patients 38.9 ± 10.8 months after cystectomy and 10 of 11 patients 18.9 ± 10.8 months after noncystectomy procedures had recurrent bladder cancer. Computed tomography, when used, identified all cases of recurrent cancer prior to exploratory surgery. Conclusion : Abdominal pain requiring admission in patients with a remote history of cystectomy for bladder cancer is likely due to recurrent disease.
A Componential Analysis of Cognitive Effort in Choice

Abstract We examine the effort required to execute decision strategies and propose a set of elementary information processes (EIPs) (e.g., reads, additions, comparisons) as a common language for describing these strategies. Based upon these component processes, a model for measuring the effort required to execute a decision strategy is proposed which suggests that effort is a weighted sum of EIPs. We test several variants of this model by attempting to predict decision latencies and subjective reports of effort. The proposed weighted EIP model provides good predictions for response time and subjective effort, and estimates of the time and effort associated with each EIP seem plausible and consistent with those found in other cognitive tasks. The time and effort required by each EIP do not vary substantially across rules; however, there are significant individual differences. On balance, the EIP approach to conceptualizing and measuring the effort of executing a choice strategy receives strong support.
More Judicious Use of Fish Oil in Cobia Feeds: I. Assessing the Relative Merits of Alternative Lipids

AbstractLimited availability and high prices underscore the need to use fish oil more judiciously in aquafeeds. Most alternative lipids contain little to no n-3 long-chain (LC) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). If alternative lipids are fed exclusively, growth performance may be impaired and tissue fatty acid composition may be altered in fish such as the Cobia Rachycentron canadum. Alternative lipids that are rich in saturated fatty acids (SFAs) and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) may increase the efficiency of LC-PUFA metabolism and may limit or attenuate the tissue LC-PUFA loss associated with fish oil sparing. Cobias (weight [mean ± SE] = 77.4 ± 0.2 g) were fed diets containing either fish oil (control) or a 50/50 blend of fish oil and standard soybean oil, partially hydrogenated soybean oil, fully hydrogenated soybean oil, pork lard, or beef tallow. After 8 weeks, the feed conversion ratio (mean ± SE = 1.56 ± 0.04), weight gain (180 ± 6%), and specific growth rate (1.83 ± 0.04% of body weight/...
The Runge-Kutta Discontinuous Galerkin Method for Conservation Laws V

This is the fifth paper in a series in which we construct and study the so-called Runge?Kutta discontinuous Galerkin method for numerically solving hyperbolic conservation laws. In this paper, we extend the method to multidimensional nonlinear systems of conservation laws. The algorithms are described and discussed, including algorithm formulation and practical implementation issues such as the numerical fluxes, quadrature rules, degrees of freedom, and the slope limiters, both in the triangular and the rectangular element cases. Numerical experiments for two-dimensional Euler equations of compressible gas dynamics are presented that show the effect of the (formal) order of accuracy and the use of triangles or rectangles on the quality of the approximation.
THE CHANGING NATURE OF PROGRESSIVE REFORM COALITIONS IN THE UNITED STATES: AN ANALYSIS OF THE SEVENTEENTH AND EIGHTEENTH AMENDMENTS IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES

Scholarship attempting to explain the success of progressive reformism in the United States is divided into three approaches. “Great man” scholars regard it as the result of a genuine desire for good government; revisionists as an attempt by elites to eliminate immigrants from the power structure; and pragmatists as a means for urban political machines to increase their influence. The proposition made here is that it was the type of reform—electoral versus moral—that significantly determined the make-up and motivations of the supporting coalitions. The hypothesis is supported through a roll call analysis of House votes on the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Amendments. While the electoral reform was backed by the groups who would reap the greatest tangible rewards, the coalition that formed around the moral reform reflected a regionally based ideological split.
Evaluation of gene promoters for liver expression by hydrodynamic gene transfer.

Objective Gene therapy represents a promising treatment for hepatic disease. Most approaches today use viral methods to target tissues. While nonviral gene therapy is less prominent, hydrodynamic gene delivery represents a promising approach to direct gene expression to the liver. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate promoters for efficient gene expression in hepatocytes in vivo by hydrodynamic delivery and to test the findings in a model of hemophilia A. Materials and methods Human cytomegalovirus (hCMV), chicken β-actin/CMV enhancer (CAG), elongation factor-1 alpha (EF1α), and phosphoglycerokinase (PGK) promoters were subcloned into plasmids with a luciferase reporter gene. In vitro calcium phosphate-mediated transfection of 2 × 105 HEK 293 cells was followed by in vivo whole animal bioluminescence and luminometry after hydrodynamic tail vein injection of plasmid DNA. Six-month-old FVB factor VIII (FVIII)-deficient mice were similarly injected with CBA- or EF1α-promoted constructs containing the FVIII heavy and light chains and expression was examined. Results In vitro transfection demonstrated a hierarchy of expression: hCMV-intron>CAG>EF1α>hCMV≫PGK. In vivo luminometry demonstrated that the CAG construct produced 2.6x, 3.0x, 3.4x, and >1000x the expression of the hCMV-intron, EF1α, hCMV, and PGK constructs respectively. FVIII plasmid injected hemophilic mice demonstrated higher levels of FVIII expression with CAG versus EF1α, confirming the reporter gene studies. All FVIII-deficient mice injected with EF1α-FVIII or CAG-FVIII plasmids survived after tail clipping. Conclusions The CAG promoter/enhancer combination is an excellent alternative to the human CMV promoter for hydrodynamic gene delivery to the liver.
Amino acid composition of suspended particles, sediment-trap material, and benthic sediment in the Potomac Estuary

Sediment trap deployments in estuaries provide a method for estimating the amount of organic material transported to the sediments from the euphotic zone. The amino acid composition of suspended particles, benthic sediment, and sediment-trap material collected at 2.4 m, 5.8 m, and 7.9 m depths in the Potomac Estuary was determined in stratified summer waters, and in well-mixed oxygenated waters (DO) in late fall. The total vertical flow, or flux, of material into the top traps ranged from 3 g m−2 d−1 in August to 4.9 g m−2 d−1 in October. The carbon and nitrogen fluxes increased in the deepest traps relative to the surface traps during both sampling periods, along with that of the total material flux (up to 47.3 g m−2 d−1 in the deepest trap), although the actual weight percent of organic carbon and organic nitrogen decreased with depth. Amino acid concentrations ranged from 129 mg g−1 in surface water particulate material to 22 mg g−1 in particulate material in 9-m-deep waters and in the benthic sediment. Amino acid concentrations from 2.4-mg-depth sediment traps averaged 104±29 mg g−1 in stratified waters and 164±81 mg g−1 in well-mixed waters. The deep trap samples averaed, 77.3±4.8 mg g−1 amino acids in summer waters and 37±16 mg g−1 in oxygenated fall waters. Amino acids comprised 13% to 39% of the organic carbon and 12% to 89% of the orgnaic nitrogen in these samples. Analysis of the flux results suggest that resuspension combined with lateral advection from adjacent slopes can account for up to 27% of the material in the deep traps when the estuary was well-mixed and unstratified. When the estuary was stratified in late summer, the amino acid carbon produced by primary productivity in the euphotic zone decreased by 85% (86% for total organic carbon) at the pycnocline at 6 m depth, leaving up to 15% of the vertical organic flux available for benthic sediment deposition.
In-situ swinging arm calibration for hot-film anemometers

A method of calibration for hot-film anemometers is presented. A swinging arm that moves under the influence of gravity serves as both a calibration mechanism and a probe support. The velocity of the probe is found by differentiating the angular position history of the arm and multiplying it with the arm length. Limitations on the quality of calibration data while the arm is accelerating are discussed. The hot film voltage output is then matched to the velocity to find the two constants in King's law. The calibration was tested by taking velocity profile measurements in a laminar boundary layer. The results of these compared well to the Blasius profile.
Clivus Chordoma with Unusual Bone Sclerosis and Brainstem Invasion.

SUMMARY A case of clivus chordoma with brainstem invasion in a 12-year-old girl is reported, together with a review of the radiology of cranial chordomas. The role of tomography, angiography and pneumoencephalography is discussed and their importance in diagnostic evaluation emphasised. The unusual findings of reactive bone sclerosis of the clivus in chordoma and of brainstem invasion at the time of presentation are reported.
The future of DSM in a restructured US electricity industry

During the past several years, more and more electric utilities have been running demand-side management (DSM) programmes. These programmes improve the efficiency with which customers use electricity and affect the timing of that use (eg to shift it away from high-cost times). Utilities run such programmes for two primary reasons. One is to improve customer service. The second is to acquire resources that, just like power plants, can meet customer energy service needs. DSM programmes often are less expensive and environmentally cleaner than power plants. By 1994, US utility DSM programmes had cut potential summer peak demand by 7% and annual electricity use by 2%. We examine the economics of DSM in the late 1990s, reviewing current estimates of avoided supply costs and the cost of conserved electricity for DSM programmes. We review the environmental effects of electricity production and the environmental benefits of DSM programmes. Finally, we consider alternative electric industry structures and how DSM can operate within these alternatives.
Impact of breastfeeding on anthropometric changes in peri-urban Toba women (Argentina).

We present an analysis of the effect of lactation on average maternal anthropo- metric and body composition measures in a population of Toba women in Formosa, Argentina. This indigenous population is undergoing a continuing transition from a seminomadic hunter- gatherer lifestyle to a sedentary, peri-urban one. Using a mixed-longitudinal design, we measured monthly maternal body mass index (BMI), body fat percentage, and triceps and subscapular skinfold thickness between birth and the 18th month postpartum in 113 breastfeeding women. The pattern of change in postpartum body composition varied with maternal age. Adult women (20 years old and older) did not show significant changes in any of the anthropometric measures during the entire study. Older adult women (30 years old and older) consistently had the highest values in measures of BMI and percentage fat, and tended to retain weight postpartum. Adolescent subjects (19 years old and younger) tended to lose weight during the first 6 months postpartum but regain their prepregnancy weight by 12 months postpartum. The same patterns were observed for changes in body fat percentage and in skinfold thickness. We conclude that in this population the energetic stress of lactation does not pose a serious challenge to the main- tenance of long-term maternal energy balance or to short-term energy balance in women over 20 years of age. From a public health perspective, postpartum weight retention in older women may represent a more serious health threat. The low level of energetic stress associated with lactation may also contribute to the relatively short duration of lactational amenorrhea in this population despite a cultural pattern of intensive breastfeeding. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 15:717-724, 2003. # 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Frequency and natural history of rhinovirus infections in adults during autumn.

Human rhinovirus (HRV) accounts for a significant portion of common-cold illness, with the peak incidence being in the early fall. Three hundred forty-six adults who had self-diagnosed colds of 48 h or less were enrolled in a study during September and October 1994 to determine the frequency and clinical course of HRV infections. Nasal wash specimens for viral culture and reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) for HRV RNA and human coronavirus OC43 and 229E RNA detection were collected on enrollment, and participants recorded their symptoms twice daily for 14 days. Middle ear pressure (MEP) was measured with a digital tympanometer on days 1 and 7. Picornaviruses (224 HRV and 7 enterovirus isolates) were detected by culture in 67% (231 of 346) of the subjects. Among 114 samples negative by culture, HRV was detected by RT-PCR in 52 (46%) for an overall picornavirus infection rate of 82% (283 of 346 subjects). Among the remaining 62 negative samples, human coronavirus RNA was detected by RT-PCR in 5 patients, so that 288 (83%) of patients had documented viral infection. The first symptom noticed most often was sore throat (40%) in HRV culture- or PCR-positive patients and stuffy nose in HRV-negative patients (27%). No differences in symptom scores over time or in the presence of individual symptoms were noted between groups. The median duration of the cold episodes was 11 days in HRV culture-positive patients, 9.5 days in HRV RT-PCR-positive patients, and 11.5 days in HRV-negative patients. On enrollment, abnormal MEPs ( or = +100 mm of H2O) were found for 21% of HRV culture-positive patients, 14% of HRV RT-PCR-positive patients, and 10% of HRV-negative patients. No important differences in the clinical course of HRV culture-positive, HRV culture-negative and RT-PCR-positive, or HRV-negative colds were found. These results represent the highest frequency of virologically confirmed natural colds to date and document the importance of rhinoviruses as the cause of colds during fall months.
The Assessment of Motor and Process Skills of Persons With Psychiatric Disorders

Objectives The purpose of this study was to examine the discriminant validity of the Assessment of Motor and Process Skills (AMPS) when used to evaluate a heterogeneous sample of subjects with psychiatric disorders. Method Sixty subjects, ranging in age from 16 to 72 years, participated in this study; 30 were persons without disorders living in the community; 30 had diagnosed psychiatric disorders. Two univariate F tests were used to test the hypothesis that mean AMPS measures would differ significantly between the group with and the group without psychiatric disorders. Results The hypothesis was supported for both AMPS motor and process scale measures. As would be expected among a sample that includes many higher functioning persons, many subjects with psychiatric disorders did just as well as subjects in the group without psychiatric disorders. Conclusions Motor as well as process skill abilities of persons with psychiatric disorders should be evaluated. Because the AMPS provides more specific features than other global functional instruments, it can help clinicians plan treatment and intervention more effectively. Further examination of the motor and process skill deficits within and among diagnostic subgroups and of the effect of medication and prolonged hospitalization on AMPS motor and process abilities is indicated.
Does Foreign Aid Promote Privatization? Empirical Evidence from Developing Countries

Abstract International assistance organizations use foreign aid to encourage governments in developing countries to enact market reform and privatization policies aimed at accelerating economic growth. Recent research findings, however, question the assumption that foreign aid has a positive impact on governments’ decisions to adopt economic reforms or that it accelerates economic growth. What is foreign aid’s impact, then, on the decisions of governments in developing countries to privatize state-owned enterprises? In an analysis of factors influencing the decision to privatize with respect to pace, timing and intensity of the process in 35 developing countries, we find that foreign aid has no systematic impact on the privatization process. Aid, especially technical assistance, can positively affect the pace and intensity of privatization and the findings point toward increasing the technical assistance component in aid. We find strong evidence of foreign aid being a facilitating factor in privatization in the presence of complementary institutional capacity. Ultimately, privatization is driven by domestic political and economic factors, and foreign aid can facilitate implementation only when developing countries have, or are able to create, market-supporting institutions.
NaturalJava: a natural language interface for programming in Java

NaturalJava is a prototype for an intelligent natural-language-based user interface for creating, modifying, and examining Java programs. The interface exploits three subsystems. The Sundance natural language processing system accepts English sentences as input and uses information extraction techniques to generate case frames representing program construction and editing directives. A knowledge-based case frame interpreter, PRISM, uses a decision tree to infer program modification operations from the case frames. A Java abstract syntax tree manager, TreeFace, provides the interface that PRISM uses to build and navigate the tree representation of an evolving Java program. In this paper, we describe the technical details of each component, explain the capabilities of the user interface, and present examples of NaturalJava in use.
Prevention and Management of Complications in Maxillary Sinus Surgery

This article is divided into six sections that are related to six commonly used operations for surgery on the maxillary sinus. The authors discuss maxillary sinoscopy, the Caldwell-Luc procedure, extended middle meatus antrostomy, endoscopic maxillary sinus antrostomy, minimally invasive sinus technique, and balloon sinus procedures. In each of these procedures, the authors discuss potential complications and address prevention and management strategies. Maxillary sinus surgery can greatly improve patients' symptoms and disease process. The authors encourage the surgeon to take great care in ensuring sound surgical principles. Understanding the potential areas in which surgery can fail will help tremendously in preventing complications.
Exonerations in the United States, 1989-2012

This study presents and analyzes data on the first 873 exonerations reported by the National Registry of Exonerations, exonerationsregistry.org, a new project of the University of Michigan Law School and the Center on Wrongful Convictions at Northwestern University School of Law. The Registry assembles and posts information on exonerations of people who were convicted of serious crimes in the United States. The database, which includes exonerations from January 1989 through February 2012, is larger and more diverse than any comparable collection. Over 60% of the cases did not involve DNA evidence. Earlier datasets were limited almost entirely to rape and murder cases, but more than 150 of these exonerations were for convictions that did not involve homicide or sexual assault, and more than 100 of the sexual assault exonerations were from child sex abuse convictions. The study also describes over 1100 additional 'group exonerations' that occurred in the aftermath of 12 scandals around the country in which police officers systematically planted or fabricated evidence to frame defendants for non-existent crimes, usually drug crimes. The major findings of the study include: (1) The composition and distribution of the exonerations we know about lead to the inescapable conclusion that they are a small fraction of all false convictions for serious felonies. (Exonerations for lesser felonies and misdemeanors are almost entirely absent from the data.) The known cases also strongly suggest that most exonerations escape notice as well. (2) The causes of false convictions vary greatly by crime. For homicides, which account for nearly half of all exonerations in the study, the leading cause of error was perjury and other false accusations usually deliberate false identification of the defendant as the criminal. Homicide exonerations also include a high rate of official misconduct and three-quarters of all false confessions in the study. For adult sexual assault cases, and for the much smaller number of robbery exonerations, the leading cause of error was mistaken witness identifications. Sexual assault exonerations also include a large number of cases with false or misleading forensic evidence. Most child sex abuse exonerations, by contrast, were based on fabricated crimes: the defendants were accused and convicted of crimes that never occurred. Judging from these data, the conviction of innocent defendants is not a single problem but several distinct problems, depending on the nature of the underlying crime.
Inhibition of Shiga Toxin 2 (Stx2) in Apple Juices and its Resistance to Pasteurization

In the present study, we evaluated Shiga toxin (Stx2) activity in apple juices by measuring a decrease in dehydrogenase activity of Vero cells with the microculture tetrazolium (MTT) assay. Freshly prepared juice from Red Delicious apples and Golden Delicious apples inhibited the biological activity of the bacterial toxin Stx2 produced by E. coli O157:H7 strains. Studies with immunomagnetic beads bearing specific antibodies against the toxin revealed that Stx2 activity was restored when removed from the apple juice. SDS gel electrophoresis revealed no difference (P < 0.05) in the densities or molecular weights between Stx2 in either PBS or apple juices. These results suggest that Stx2 may be reversibly bound to small molecular weight constituents in the juice. The Stx2 toxin was not inactivated on exposure to heat programs (63 degrees C for 30 min, 72 degrees C for 15 s, 89 degrees C for 1 s) commonly used to pasteurize apple juice, but lost all activity when exposed to 100 degrees C for 5 min. The results suggest that pasteurization of apple juice used to inactivate E. coli O157:H7 has no effect on Stx2, and that food-compatible and safe antitoxin compounds can be used to inhibit the biological activity of the Shiga toxin.
Beyond the ballot box: computer science education and social responsibility

On 2 November 2004, millions of Americans went to the polls and cast their vote for the person they felt would best determine the future of America. Young people constituted a crucial part of the deciding vote and many organizations from MTV to the presidential campaigns made considerable efforts to increase the political awareness and involvement of this demographic category, typically characterized as the 18--24 year-old voter. This attentiveness to youth participation in national politics, albeit commendable, should not begin and end on Election Day. All citizens have a responsibility to remain informed of government actions and to express their approval or disapproval though public elections, communication with their elected representatives, or participation in any number of public forums or community organizations. However, readers of this magazine have a particualr responsibility as educators of the future generation of computer and technologically literate citizens.
Distal Sequences, but Not ori-β/OBR-1, Are Essential for Initiation of DNA Replication in the Chinese Hamster DHFR Origin

Abstract In the Chinese hamster dihydrofolate reductase replication initiation zone, the ori-β locus is preferred over other start sites. To test the hypothesis that ori-β contains a genetic replicator, we restored a deletion in the 3′ end of the DHFR gene with a cosmid that provides the missing sequence and simultaneously knocks out the downstream ori-β locus. Replication initiates normally in ori-β knockout cell lines, and the DHFR domain is still synthesized in early S phase. However, initiation is completely suppressed in the starting deletion variant lacking the 3′ end of the gene. We conclude that ori-β does not contain an essential replicator, but that distant sequence elements have profound effects on origin activity in this locus.
Reality monitoring vs. discriminating between external sources of memories

Subjects participated in small groups. Two subjects engaged in a “conversation” in which they alternated generating single words, and other subjects listened to the conversation. Later, speakers were better than other subjects at correctly identifying the origin of words. This held both for a situation in which the subjects had considerable freedom in what they generated (Experiment 1) and for a situation in which what they generated was constrained by specific cues (Experiment 2). The fact that discriminating between externally and internally derived memories was easier than discriminating between two external sources of memories is consistent with the idea that the classes of internally and externally derived memories differ in characteristic ways.
The Experimental Detection of an Emotional Response to the Idea of Evolution

Abstract Evolution is widely regarded as biology's unifying theme, yet rates of rejection of evolutionary science remain high. Anecdotal evidence suggests that cognitive dissonance leading to an emotional response is a barrier to learning about and accepting evolution. We explored the hypothesis that students whose worldviews may be inconsistent with the acceptance of evolution generate detectable emotional responses in the form of physiological changes when exposed to evolutionary themes. Physiological data (respiratory rate, galvanic skin response, and heart rate) were collected from participants while they were asked “yes/no” questions, some of which referenced evolution. Questions were of three categories: relevant, irrelevant, and control. Authenticity of response rates to relevant questions such as “Do you believe in evolution?” were verified using visual inspection to compare degree of response rates with control questions, such as “Have you ever cheated on a test?” Our results support our hypothes...
Construct validity of the Conflict Tactics Scales: a mixed-method investigation of women's intimate partner violence

OBJECTIVE: The Conflict Tactics Scales 2 (CTS; Straus, Hamby, Boney-McCoy, & Sugarman, 1996) is the most widely used measure of intimate partner violence (IPV), and it consistently indicates high rates of IPV by young women in dating relationships. However, the CTS has been criticized for not assessing the context of the acts it measures. This study undertook a mixed-method investigation of women's IPV, incorporating both the CTS and in-depth interviews, to contextualize women's CTS reports of their use of violence against dating partners. METHOD: Four hundred seventy-six female undergraduates who had been in a heterosexual dating relationship in the past year completed the CTS. Women were then purposively recruited for follow-up interviews in a balanced design across 4 groups defined by self-reports of IPV perpetration on the CTS, ranging from none to severe and/or frequent violence. Thirty-four women completed interviews. RESULTS: Although women's CTS reports were consistent with rates reported in the literature, there were discrepancies with the interview data. FINDINGS indicate that women report endorsing acts of playful wrestling/fighting (i.e., "roughhousing") and mock violence on the CTS, and that such behavior is common among undergraduate women. The directionality of IPV identified by the CTS was also inconsistent with interview data. CONCLUSIONS: The CTS may potentially miscategorize acts and individuals and inflate estimates of the frequency and severity of women's IPV in young, dating, nonclinical samples. Research and clinical implications include the need for clearer definitions of the construct of IPV and the development of alternative or complementary assessment measures. Language: en
BILOW-simulation of low-temperature bipolar device behavior

The BILOW simulation program for investigating bipolar transistor behavior in the temperature range 77-300 K is discussed. Differences between the numerical approaches required for simulation of low-temperature behavior compared to room-temperature simulation are presented. Efficient numerical models for the physical parameters in the carrier transport equations and Poisson's equation for the temperature range of 77-300 K, including a new highly accurate numerical model for the temperature and doping concentration dependence of carrier mobility, are discussed. A temperature- and doping-concentration-dependent model for apparent bandgap narrowing is also discussed. The internal characteristics of a typical bipolar transistor are simulated over the 300-77 K range. The behavior of current gain beta and the unity gain frequency f/sub T/ versus collector current density for different temperatures are calculated and discussed. >
Genetic and environmental influences on socio-emotional behavior in toddlers: an initial twin study of the infant-toddler social and emotional assessment.

Background: Relatively little is known about the genetic architecture of childhood behavioral disorders in very young children. Method: In this study, parents completed the Infant–Toddler Social and Emotional Assessment, a questionnaire that assesses symptoms of childhood disorders, as well as socio-emotional competencies, for 822 twin pairs (49.3% female; age 17–48 months) participating in the Wisconsin Twin Project. Psychometric, rater bias, and sex-limitation models explored the role of genetic and environmental influences on (1) externalizing and internalizing behavior; (2) less commonly assessed behaviors pertaining to physical and emotional dysregulation, general competencies, social relatedness; and (3) infrequent behaviors such as those associated with pervasive developmental delays. Results: Heritable influences accounted for the majority (56% or more) of variation in behavior that was commonly observed by both parents. The remaining variance was associated with non-shared environmental factors, with the exception of competency and atypical behavior, which were also influenced by shared environmental factors. In contrast, for most behaviors, the variation unique to mother and father ratings was split between variation due to shared environment or rater biases and to measurement error. Little evidence emerged for sex differences in the underlying causes of variation.
Characterization of Heterogeneous Microstructure Evolution in ZrO2–3 mol%Y2O3 during Isothermal Sintering

Pore boundary tessellation and quantitative stereology were used to characterize microstructure evolution in ZrO 2 -3 mol%Y 2 O 3 (3YSZ) that had been pressed to a green density of 46% and isothermally sintered at 1275°C for 0.1-10 h. Scanning electron micrographs showed that, relative to classical sintering models, the sintered 3YSZ microstructure was spatially heterogeneous, and that this heterogeneity affected the way in which the microstructure evolved during sintering. Pore boundary tessellation cell maps revealed the presence of dense regions within the microstructure that grew by the preferential elimination of smaller pores and resulted in larger more widely spaced porosity at longer sintering times. In consequence, the average pore separation distance increased much faster than the average grain size. This would call into question the use of the grain size as a measure of microstructural scale for the prediction of densification kinetics for this material.
Software-managed address translation

In this paper we explore software-managed address translation. The purpose of the study is to specify the memory management design for a high clock-rate PowerPC implementation in which a simple design is a prerequisite for a fast clock and a short design cycle. We show that software-managed address translation is just as efficient as hardware-managed address translation and it is much more flexible. Operating systems such as OSF/1 and Mach charge between 0.10 and 0.28 cycles per instruction (CPI) for address translation using dedicated memory-management hardware. Software-managed translation requires 0.05 CPI. Mechanisms to support such features as shared memory, superpages, sub-page protection, and sparse address spaces can be defined completely in software, allowing much more flexibility than in hardware-defined mechanisms.
Radiology Jobs: Uncovering Hidden and Not-So-Hidden Opportunities From the ACR Jobs Board.

Abstract Purpose The radiology job market remains daunting. Trainees choosing fellowships benefit from understanding employers' likely future needs. Radiology practices may similarly refine recruiting practices. This study quantitatively analyzes the current radiology job landscape. Methods Job postings on the ACR Career Center online portal between June 2014 and June 2015 were reviewed. As entries are frequently added and removed, posts were manually collected weekly. Postings were recorded in a database and included date, practice, location, specialty/subspecialty, job type, years of experience, salary, and job description. The database was analyzed to characterize employer needs, salary, partnership track availability, and job availability by geography. Results A total of 1,778 jobs were posted during the study period. Of these, 1,529 (86.0%) were diagnostic; 240 (13.5%) were interventional; and 9 (0.5%) were administrative. Most jobs were in private practice (75.7%), compared with academic (16.3%) and other (7.9%). Although many did not require a specific specialty (46%), the most-frequent needs were breast (17%), neuroradiology (11%), musculoskeletal (8%), and body (7%). Of non-breast-imaging jobs, roughly 30% indicated an interest in breast-imaging skills. A minority (13%) requested prior experience of greater than 1 year, with some seeking 7-10 years of experience. Although most (87%) were full-time positions, part-time, temporary, and contractor roles were described in the remaining 13%. Salary data were rarely reported (7%), with a range of $98,967-$1,000,000. The most jobs were based in California (11%); New York (7%); Pennsylvania (7%); and Illinois (6%). However, when indexed per million population, the highest job rates were in Nevada (14.1); Washington DC (13.7); Hawaii (13.4); Montana (9.8); and Pennsylvania (9.1). Roughly 31% of postings described partnership tracks, with the highest rates in New England (58%), the Pacific Northwest (56%), the Midwest (40%), and Southern (40%) regions; the lowest were in the Mountain (26%), Mid-Atlantic (25%), and Southwest (21%) regions. Conclusions Most radiology jobs remain in private practice general radiology. Breast, neuroradiology, and musculoskeletal radiology were most frequently desired among areas of subspecialty training. Advertised partnership tracks were less common and varied widely geographically.
The MovieLens Datasets: History and Context

The MovieLens datasets are widely used in education, research, and industry. They are downloaded hundreds of thousands of times each year, reflecting their use in popular press programming books, traditional and online courses, and software. These datasets are a product of member activity in the MovieLens movie recommendation system, an active research platform that has hosted many experiments since its launch in 1997. This article documents the history of MovieLens and the MovieLens datasets. We include a discussion of lessons learned from running a long-standing, live research platform from the perspective of a research organization. We document best practices and limitations of using the MovieLens datasets in new research.
Betweenness-Based Method to Identify Critical Transmission Sectors for Supply Chain Environmental Pressure Mitigation

To develop industry-specific policies for mitigating environmental pressures, previous studies primarily focus on identifying sectors that directly generate large amounts of environmental pressures (a.k.a. production-based method) or indirectly drive large amounts of environmental pressures through supply chains (e.g., consumption-based method). In addition to those sectors as important environmental pressure producers or drivers, there exist sectors that are also important to environmental pressure mitigation as transmission centers. Economy-wide environmental pressure mitigation might be achieved by improving production efficiency of these key transmission sectors, that is, using less upstream inputs to produce unitary output. We develop a betweenness-based method to measure the importance of transmission sectors, borrowing the betweenness concept from network analysis. We quantify the betweenness of sectors by examining supply chain paths extracted from structural path analysis that pass through a part...
Human Herpesvirus-6 in Mesial Temporal Lobe Epilepsy

Brain samples obtained from surgical resections in 8 patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE) and 7 patients with neocortical epilepsy (NE) were quantitatively analyzed for HHV-6 in a study at the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD.
The ultrastructural development of sporangiospores in multispored sporangia of Zygorhynchus heterogamus with a hypothesis for sporangial wall dissolution

The ultrastructural development of multispored sporangia in Zygorhynchus heterogamus was found to be similar to the established general model for sporangiosporogenesis in multispored sporangia. Sho...
Electron microscope studies of intact epithelial and fibroblast cell surfaces.

SummaryAn improved method for the electron microscopic study of intact tissue culture cells is based on the use of carbon-collodion coated stainless steel grids upon which the cells are grown. Cell preparations are fixed with buffered osmium and metal shadowed. This technic has been applied to the study of 5 cell lines including mouse fibroblasts strain “L” (Earle), HeLa (Gey), liver epithelial (Chang), chicken fibroblasts and chicken monocytes. Distinctive surface features of these cell lines are described.