cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Northern Ireland Housing Market: Would Unification with the South Be Problematic?

Recent political events such as Brexit, as well as changing demographics have made the unification of Northern Ireland and the Republic likelier than recently thought possible. Unification would require addressing many political and economic issues. One change would be the adoption of the currency of The Republic-the euro. A low level of co-movement between Northern Irish and euro housing markets could be problematic both for the housing market and economy of Northern Ireland. If home prices in Northern Ireland were falling, while those in the rest of the euro zone were sharply rising, the ECB would likely tighten policy. This would be the opposite of what would be optimal for Northern Ireland. We thus study house price co-movement between Northern Ireland and eight eurozone housing markets. When we employ measures that are mainly linear, results indicate that co-movement between euro housing markets and Northern Ireland may be no worse, and perhaps even greater than current co-movement with the UK. However, the use of a metric which accounts for differences in cyclical amplitudes reveals a very low level of co-movement with euro countries compared to that with the UK. Indeed, Northern Ireland exhibits much greater idiosyncrasy with the rest of the euro markets than even Ireland or Spain, both of which had housing booms and busts followed by sharp recessions. Joining the euro would thus entail substantial risk for Northern Irish housing market and, by extension, its macroeconomy.
Euphorbia heterophylla (Euphorbiaceae) in South Carolina, North Carolina, and Virginia, U.S.A.

Euphorbia heterophylla (Euphorbiaceae) is found persistent well north of its current native range. New records are reported and diagnostic characteristics are discussed, including distinction from E. cyathophora, to which the name was previously misapplied.
Fine needle aspiration and the Bethesda system: Correlation with histopathology in 1,228 surgical patients.

Abstract Background Fine-needle aspiration combined with the Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology is indispensable in the diagnostic evaluation of thyroid nodules. Their increased detection over the last few decades mandates the determination of which thyroid nodules require surgical management for malignancy. This study examines the correlation of fine-needle aspiration to final histopathology of dominant thyroid nodules in a large series of surgical patients undergoing thyroidectomy at a single academic institution. Methods A retrospective review of prospectively collected data of 1,228 patients who underwent fine-needle aspiration for a dominant thyroid nodule and thyroidectomy from a single institution between 2010 and 2019 was performed. The cases were stratified into all 6 Bethesda categories. Fine-needle aspiration results were compared to index thyroid nodule malignancy on final histopathology. Results Of 1,228 patients who underwent thyroidectomy, the overall malignancy rate was 53%. When fine-needle aspiration was stratified by the Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology, malignancy rate was 29% for nondiagnostic; 11% for benign; 51% for atypia of undetermined significance/follicular lesion of undetermined significance (AUS/FLUS); 47% for follicular neoplasm/suspicious for follicular neoplasm (FN/SFN); 84% for suspicious for malignancy (SFM); and 98% for malignant results on final histopathology. There was a false positive rate of 1% and false negative rate ranging from 7 to 11%. Conclusion Fine-needle aspiration of a dominant thyroid nodule in patients who underwent thyroidectomy had an overall malignancy rate of 53%. False negative and false positive rates are within the reported range in surgical patient populations. The majority of patients with AUS/FLUS, FN/SFN and SFM results with underlying malignancy received the appropriate surgical resection.
Recent Advances on Modeling Plastic Deformation of Textured Metals with Applications to Metal Forming

Due to the ease in calibration from simple tests and the reliability of the parameter identification, generally von Mises isotropic criterion and Hill orthotropic criterion are used in industry. While more advanced 3-D yield criteria have been developed, generally such criteria are written in terms of eigenvalues of transformed stress tensors, and as such the anisotropy coefficients are not directly related to mechanical properties. Therefore, the quality of the F.E. simulations depends on the experience of the analyst in calibrating these parameters. Very recently, it was shown that all advanced non-quadratic yield criteria are in fact polynomials in terms of stress components (see [1]). Moreover, for the 3-D orthotropic criteria involving one linear transformation (e.g. Yld91), the anisotropy coefficients can be determined using analytical formulas, involving only four yield points or three Lankford coefficients, respectively (see [2, 3]). In this paper, the predictive capabilities of the orthotropic criteria of Hill [4], Yld91 [5], and Cazacu [6] calibrated using both analytical and numerical minimization procedures are discussed. Moreover, simulation results of deep drawing of steel alloy DC06 are presented. The influence of the choice of the criterion, the procedure used for identification (analytical vs. numerical), and the type/extent of the data used for identification are analyzed in detail.
Of Legislative Histories and Librarians

Of Legislative Histories and Librarians: The Early Years briefly chronicles the interest of legal librarians in legislative history research during the period from the 1930s through the 1980s. It describes the materials that are included in a legislative history of a Congressional enactment, and how law firms and agencies created library services to systematically collect bills, resolutions, reports, hearings and the all-important Congressional debate. The piece highlights the special contributions to legislative history research by the Law Librarians' Society of Washington, D.C., whose members identified local law firms and agencies that had bound legislative histories for loan (Union List of Legislative Histories), as well as several local law librarians who made significant contributions to the art of tracking Congressional bills and building impressive collections of bound legislative histories. The author notes that federal agency libraries also played an important role in legislative history research, as did private publishers who were instrumental in distributing early collections in hard copy and micro format. Of particular note was the work of the Library of Congress, whose Bill Status system was one of the first automated bill tracking systems, and Congressional Information Service, a company that developed an abstracting and indexing system for Congressional hearings and reports and a practical microfiche distribution service.
Determination of Aluminum, Barium, Calcium, Lead, Magnesium, and Silver in Ferrous Alloys by Atomic Emission and Absorption Spectrometry

Methods have been developed for the determination of aluminum, barium, calcium, lead, magnesium and silver in ferrous alloys and steels by flame emission and atomic absorption spectrometry. The samples are dissolved in a mixture of nitric, hydrochloric, hydrofluoric, and perchloric acids. Flame emission spectrometry with repetitive optical scanning was found to be the method of choice for the determination of aluminum, barium, and calcium at the trace or subtrace levels. Atomic absorption spectrometry was used for lead, magnesium, and silver. For subtraces of lead in ferrous alloys and steels, it was necessary to use atomic absorption spectrometry with electrothermal atomization. To overcome interferences of lead in a ferrous matrix, ammonium orthophosphate was used as matrix modifier. The precision and accuracy of electrothermal atomization was improved with the L'vov platform. The techniques developed were used to characterize trace elements in NBS Standard Reference Materials of ferrous alloys and steels.
Extending Problem Solver Capabilities Through Case-Based Inference

Abstract In case-based reasoning, the problem solver makes its inferences based directly on previous cases rather than by the more traditional approach of using general knowledge. Case-based reasoning results in several enhancements to problem solving behavior over time. First, recall of previous failures warns the problem solver of potential for failure and allows the problem solver to avoid making mistakes made previously. Second, previous decisions that have been made previously are suggested to the problem solver so that its decisions do not have to all be made from scratch. This lessens the search space and also is a way of shortcutting the constraint satisfaction process. Third, if abstract schemata can be derived from cases that have been seen previously, generalized knowledge can be augmented. This allows real shortcuts in problem solving. Decisions that previously took several reasoning steps to make may be possible through application of a generalized schema.
Incentive Awards to Class Action Plaintiffs: An Empirical Study

Incentive awards to representative plaintiffs in class action cases have been the focus of recent law reform efforts and generated inconsistent case law. But little is known about such awards. This study of 374 opinions from 1993 to 2002 finds that awards were granted in about 28% of settled class actions. Rate of awards varied by case category as follows: consumer credit actions 59%, employment discrimination cases 46%, antitrust cases 35%, securities cases 24% (before the PSLRA limited awards), corporate and mass tort actions, less than 10%. The decision to grant an incentive award was associated with increased awards of attorney costs and expenses (our proxy for representative plaintiff costs) in relation to median class member recoveries and with the case being in federal court. When given, incentive awards constituted, on average, 0.16% of the class recovery, with a median of 0.02%. Award levels varied by case category. Employment discrimination cases had large incentive awards compared to other categories. Award size was associated with the case's costs and expenses, the class recovery amount, the median recovery per class member, the case's risk, and the presence of objection to the settlement. Awards exhibited a scaling effect; their percentage of the class recovery decreased as the class recovery increased. We examine the data in light of four hypotheses about the function of incentive awards: (1) reimbursing class representatives for non-pecuniary litigation costs; (2) rewarding class representatives for superior service; (3) facilitating self-interested behavior by class counsel; and (4) achieving proportionality between awards and other outcomes in the case. We find support for the reimbursement and proportionality hypotheses and weaker support for the attorney self-interest and reward-for-service hypotheses. We find little evidence of systematic abuse in incentive awards. Given the modest frequency and size of awards, and their possible benefits, case-by-case adjudication may be more appropriate than fixed legislative or judicial rules banning awards.
Preparation of magnetic alloy particles from metal and phthalate ions in dimethyl sulfoxide

Magnetic particles suitable for recording media are prepared by dissolving a metal salt (nickel, cobalt, iron, or their mixtures) in dimethyl sulfoxide to form a metal complex which is reacted with the phthalate ion (also dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide) to produce the metal phthalate which precipitates with addition of water. The supernatant liquid is decanted, leaving the precipitate, which is washed with an aqueous solution to remove residual dimethyl sulfoxide. Reduction of the dried precipitate in the presence of hydrogen forms magnetic particles, cubic in structure, and of a particle size averaging between 0.03 and 1.5 microns.
Precipitation Properties Observed during Tropical Cyclone Intensity Change

AbstractUsing a 15-yr (1998–2012) multiplatform dataset of passive microwave satellite data [tropical cyclone–passive microwave (TC-PMW)] for Atlantic and east Pacific storms, this study examines the relative importance of various precipitation properties, specifically convective intensity, symmetry, and area, to the spectrum of intensity changes observed in tropical cyclones. Analyses are presented not only spatially in shear-relative quadrants around the center, but also every 6 h during a 42-h period encompassing 18 h prior to onset of intensification to 24 h after. Compared to those with slower intensification rates, storms with higher intensification rates (including rapid intensification) have more symmetric distributions of precipitation prior to onset of intensification, as well as a greater overall areal coverage of precipitation. The rate of symmetrization prior to, and during, intensification increases with increasing intensity change as rapidly intensifying storms are more symmetric than slowl...
Differing effects of substrate and non-substrate transport inhibitors on glutamate uptake reversal.

Na 1 -dependent excitatory amino acid transporters (EAATs) normally function to remove extracellular glutamate from brain extracellular space, but EAATs can also increase extracellular glutamate by reversal of uptake. Effects of inhibitors on EAATs can be complex, depending on cell type, whether conditions favor glutamate uptake or uptake reversal and whether the inhibitor itself is a substrate for the transporters. The present study assessed EAAT inhibitors for their ability to inhibit glutamate uptake, act as transporter substrates and block uptake reversal in astrocyte and neuron cultures. L-threo-bhydroxyaspartate (L-TBHA), DL-threo-b-benzyloxyaspartate (DL-TBOA), L-trans-pyrrolidine-2,4-dicarboxylic acid (L-trans2,4-PDC) (1/‐)-cis-4-methy-trans-pyrrolidine-2,4-dicarboxylic acid (cis-4-methy-trans-2,4-PDC) and L-antiendo-3,4-methanopyrrolidine-2,4-dicarboxylic acid (L-antiendo-3,4-MPDC) inhibited L-[ 14 C]glutamate uptake in astrocytes with equilibrium binding constants ranging from 17 mM (DL-TBOA and L-TBHA) ‐4 3mM (cis-4-methy-trans-2,4-PDC). Transportability of inhibitors was assessed in astrocytes and neurons. While L-TBHA, L-trans-2,4-PDC, cis-4-methy-trans-2,4-PDC and L-antiendo3,4-MPDC displayed significant transporter substrate activities in neurons and astrocytes, DL-TBOA was a substrate only in astrocytes. This effect of DL-TBOA was concentrationdependent, leading to complex effects on glutamate uptake reversal. At concentrations low enough to produce minimal DL-TBOA uptake velocity (# 10 mM), DL-TBOA blocked uptake reversal in ATP-depleted astrocytes; this blockade was negated at concentrations that drove substantial DL-TBOA uptake (. 10 mM). These findings indicate that the net effects of EAAT inhibitors can vary with cell type and exposure
The Risk of Setting a Fixed-Offer Price and Underpricing from the Perspective of Book-Building Underwriters and Best-Efforts Issuers

Initial uncertainty about the value of IPOs combined with costs of over and underpricing make it risky to set fixed-offer prices. Assuming issuers seek to maximize proceeds net of the spread, we show it is optimal for book-building underwriters and best-efforts issuers to set the fixed-offer price below the expected value of the new shares, yielding underpricing consistent with observed levels. The results provide a more comprehensive view of underpricing, reflecting the perspectives of underwriters and best-efforts issuers, along with straightforward explanations for why underpricing persists when investors expect price support and the observed correlation between IPO uncertainty and underpricing.
Tissue Thermal Properties and Perfusion

The transport of thermal energy in living tissue is a complex process involving multiple phenomenological mechanisms including conduction, convection, radiation, metabolism, evaporation, and phase change. There are three objectives of this chapter. First, the basic definitions of thermal properties and perfusion are presented. Second, experimental techniques to measure thermal properties and perfusion are developed in enough detail that the reader can perform their own measurements. Lastly, equilibrium thermal property and perfusion data are presented in graphical and tabular forms.
Research in Progress: Cost Impact of Trusted Code

(1989). Research in Progress: Cost Impact of Trusted Code. Journal of Parametrics: Vol. 9, No. 2, pp. 6-6.
The Great Strike at Nushagak Station, 1951: Institutional Gridlock

In the summer of 1951 the Bering Sea fishermen's union strike against the Bristol Bay salmon packers signaled the end of old-time industrial labor relations there. The issues of the strike and its conduct offer a case study of deteriorating symbiosis in industrial relations, which is not untypical elsewhere in American industry. This paper concentrates on events in 1951 and 1952 at a remote cannery site on the Nushagak River as a partial microcosm of larger evolutionary consequences in American industry.
Inhibition of long chain fatty acyl-CoA synthetase (ACSL) and ischemia reperfusion injury.

Various triacsin C analogs, containing different alkenyl chains and carboxylic acid bioisoteres including 4-aminobenzoic acid, isothiazolidine dioxide, hydroxylamine, hydroxytriazene, and oxadiazolidine dione, were synthesized and their inhibitions of long chain fatty acyl-CoA synthetase (ACSL) were examined. Two methods, a cell-based assay of ACSL activity and an in situ [14C]-palmitate incorporation into extractable lipids were used to study the inhibition. Using an in vivo leukocyte recruitment inhibition protocol, the translocation of one or more cell adhesion molecules from the cytoplasm to the plasma membrane on either the endothelium or leukocyte or both was inhibited by inhibitors 1, 9, and triacsin C. The results suggest that inhibition of ACSL may attenuate the vascular inflammatory component associated with ischemia reperfusion injury and lead to a decrease of infarct expansion.
Effects of calcitonin gene-related peptide on somatostatin and gastrin gene expression in rat antrum

Abstract The ability of exogenous calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) to regulate gastric somatostatin and gastrin messenger RNA was studied in vitro in rat antral mucosal/submucosal tissues. Somatostatin and gastrin mRNA were quantified by Northern and dot blot hybridization and regulatory peptides were measured by radioimmunoassay. Incubation of antral tissues in the presence of CGRP (1×10−7 M) for 60 min resulted in a reciprocal increase in somatostatin and a decrease in gastrin release: 214.7±28.5 vs. control of 81.7±5.9 pg somatostatin per gram of tissue and 2.2±0.3 vs. control of 5.5±0.7 ng gastrin per gram of tissue (P
Absolute measurement of high voltages by oscillating electrode systems

The general theory of absolute high-voltage r.m.s. electrostatic voltmeters which depend on the change of frequency of an oscillating electrode is discussed.The scope and limitations of such instruments are considered in relation to three selected types.Preliminary experimental results are given for two types.
Cardiopulmonary Effects of Terbutaline and a Bronchodilator Combination in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Because the therapeutic and toxic effects of oral therapy with bronchodilator drugs are poorly documented in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), we investigated the effects of administration of terbutaline (5 mg) and of a combination drug (Marax) containing ephedrine (25 mg), theophylline (130 mg), and hydroxyzine (10 mg) on pulmonary function, seven-hour taped electrocardiograms, blood pressure, and symptoms in a controlled double-blind study in 16 such patients. Therapy with terbutaline increased the forced expiratory volume in one second more than the combination drag (Marax) at 30 minutes and one hour (P
Molecular typing of isolates of the fish pathogen, Flavobacterium columnare, by single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis

Flavobacterium columnare intraspecies diversity was revealed by analyzing the 16S rRNA gene and the 16S-23S internal spacer region (ISR). Standard restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) of these sequences was compared with single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP). Diversity indexes showed that both 16S-SSCP and ISR-SSCP improved resolution (D≥0.9) when compared with standard RFLP. ISR-SSCP offered a simpler banding pattern than 16S-SSCP while providing high discrimination between isolates. SSCP analysis of rRNA genes proved to be a simple, rapid, and cost-effective method for routine fingerprinting of F. columnare.
APL approximations for common statistical tables

Statistical workmakes frequent useof common statistical tables-the normal distribution, the F and t distributions, thechi-square distribution, andthebinomial. In usinga computer for statistical work, it is oftenconvenient to haveapproximations to these tables available for immediate resultsor for useby otherprograms. ManyAPL librarieson large computers include functions to supply these approximations. Usersof APLon microcomputers alsoneedthem. In this report, we presentAPL functions to meet that need. The functions are presented in Figure 1. Theyare written and tested in APL*PLUS/PC, a version marketed by STSC, Inc., for the IBM PC and compatible machines. The functions, however, use no special features except the diamond, and they should run on any complete version of APL. For IBM APL or other versions that may not accept thediamond, eachexpression setoff by diamonds canbe enteredas a separate line. Take the expressions in order from the left. Theexecution timesgivenhere wereobtained froman IBM PC with the 8087 floating point coprocessor. The Normal Distribution. The function ZTABaccepts a list of one or more variates in its right argument and returnsa list carryingthe approximate probability of obtaining a value less than or equal to each given variate, assuming a normal distribution. The sign of the variate is used. Thus the result for -1.96, 0, 1.96 is .025, .5, .975. ZTAB uses the approximation given by Zelen and Severo (1965) in Expression 26.2.17. A recent assessmentof this and other approximations to the normal distribution (Brophy, 1983) suggests that it is a goodchoice. Execution time for 100 variates is about 4 sec. The F and t Tables. FTAB accepts degrees of freedom in its left argument and the corresponding F ratios in its right argument. It returns the approximate probability of obtaining a valueas great as or greater than the givenvalue. Unlike ZTAB, FTAB returns the probability associated with the upper tail of the distribution because that is the only probability of interest. Degrees of freedom canbe given as a two-element vector or as an Nx2 array if N values are supplied in the right argument. Degrees of freedom for the numerator are givenas the first element or first column. Theorder-
Total synthesis and expression of a gene for the α-subunit of bovine rod outer segment guanine nucleotide-binding protein (transducin)

Abstract To facilitate structure-function studies by site-specific mutagenesis, we have synthesized a gene for the alpha-subunit of the bovine rod outer segment (ROS) guanine nucleotide-binding protein (transducin). The gene codes for the native amino acid sequence and contains, by design, 38 unique restriction sites which are uniformly spaced. This enables mutagenesis in any part of the gene by restriction fragment replacement. The gene is 1076 base pairs in length. It was constructed from 44 synthetic oligonucleotides which were joined enzymatically in vitro into four fragments which were cloned. The synthetic transducin gene and cDNA encoding transducin were expressed to similar levels in monkey kidney cells (COS-1) using a vector in which transcription was under the control of the adenovirus major late promoter.
An extended model of blood pressure variability: Incorporating the respiratory modulation of vascular resistance

Short-term blood pressure variability is generally attributed to the baroreflex feedback control on heart rate and systemic vascular resistance (SVR), and the mechanical effect of respiration on stroke volume. Although it is known that respiration affects sympathetic outflow and deep breaths can lead to peripheral vasoconstriction, the respiratory modulation of SVR has been little studied. In the present study, we investigated the dynamics resulting from the respiratory modulation of SVR and its effect on blood pressure variability by employing structured and minimal modeling approaches. Using peripheral arterial tonometry as a noninvasive measure of SVR, we were able to estimate the respiratory-vascular conductance coupling mechanism. We found that the dynamics of the sigh-vasoconstriction reflex could be reproduced only when the respiratory modulation of SVR was incorporated into the closed-loop model. Lastly, we demonstrated that taking this respiratory modulation effect into account is essential for accurately estimating the dynamics of the SVR baroreflex.
On artificial viscosity

Abstract It is shown that the usual analysis for the implicit artificial viscosity of finite difference analogs of the linear advection equation is ambiguous, with different results obtained for transient and steady-state problems. The ambiguity is easily resolved for the inviscid equation, but for the advection-diffusion equation, the steady-state analysis is shown to be applicable to steady-state problems. It is demonstrated that the currently most popular methods, touted as having no artificial viscosity, actually do have such when applied to steady-state problems.
A Model for Primary Care Psychology With General Thoracic Surgical Patients

This study examined a model for brief psychological assessment for providing primary psychological care to patients within a surgical, specialty outpatient clinic to provide early and accurate detection of psychological distress in patients to increase compassionate care. Questionnaires were completed by 351 outpatients and 227 of these outpatients were provided a model of primary care (brief psychological intervention). Patients were assessed and provided coping strategies, patient education, and a brief evaluation of anxiety and depressive symptoms. Psychologists, in a brief interview (mean = 12 min) identified individuals experiencing significant psychological distress. The ratings of emotional status also predicted health quality of life and anxiety. Younger individuals presenting for medical care appear to be more vulnerable to psychological distress. Brief psychological interventions provide accurate, efficient assessment of psychological distress and can be an effective way of increasing compassionate care. The results support the use of primary care psychology and brief psychological interventions in the management of medical patient care.
Calcite: Degree of Saturation, Rate of Dissolution, and the Compensation Depth in the Deep Oceans

The hydrographic features that appear to control the distribution of calcite in deep-sea sediments are the level at which the water passes from super- to undersaturation, and the level at which the rate of dissolution increases abruptly (the lysocline). The compensation depth results from a roughly linear increase in the rate of solution of calcite with depth below the lysocline. It does not correspond to a unique physico-chemical change within the water column.
Rational Engineering of a DNA Glycosylase Specific for an Unnatural Cytosine:Pyrene Base Pair

A novel site-specific cytosine DNA glycosylase has been rationally engineered from the active site scaffold of the DNA repair enzyme uracil DNA glycosylase (UDG). UDG, which operates by a nucleotide flipping mechanism, was first converted into a sequence nonspecific cytosine DNA glycosylase (CDG) by altering the base-specific hydrogen bond donor-acceptor groups in the active site. A second mutation that renders UDG defective in nucleotide flipping was then introduced, and the double mutant was rescued using a substrate with a "preflipped" cytosine base. Substrate-assisted flipping was engineered by incorporation of an unnatural pyrene nucleotide wedge (Y) into the DNA strand opposite to the target cytosine. This new enzyme, CYDG, can be used to target cleavage of specific cytosine residues in the context of a C/Y base pair in any DNA fragment.
De Haas-van Alphen effect and the band structure of URh3

We have performed measurements of the de Haas-van Alphen (dHvA) effect in the intermetallic compound U${\mathrm{Rh}}_{3}$, a material with a partially filled $5f$ shell. Complex dHvA spectra containing several frequencies were observed and Fourier analyzed with an on-line computer. Effective-mass measurements were made for several orbits and values as large as 5.3 were observed. Much of the data are consistent with amultiply connected surface whose shape is discussed. In addition to the dHvA experiments, a detailed band-structure calculation was performed using the nonflat relativistic-augmented-plane-wave formalism. The Fermi surface deduced from these calculations is in qualitative agreement with the experimental observation.
Evaluation of first 10-kv optical ETO thyristor operating without any low-voltage control bias

In this paper a new single-biased all-optically triggered ETO configuration is proposed. For this purpose, an optically triggered power transistor with vertical structure is used as a power switch to help the main thyristor achieving a unity gain turn-off. In order to handle all-optical control, two different laser sources with a wavelength of 808 nm for the high power optical switch and a wavelength of 250 nm for the integrated thyristor are used to trigger them. Our simulation results show a good transition between on and off states with a rise and fall times of 26 ns and 362 ns. The total on-state voltage across the ETO is 4.4 V which is about 0.04% of the total supply voltage. The effect of parasitic inductances and the temperature on the output characteristics of the ETO is investigated separately.
A study of dust-induced lymphocyte blastogenesis

The in vitro measurement of dust allergen-stimulated lymphocyte blastogenesis by the incorporation of H3-thymidine can be a useful measurement for the evaluation of the cellular immune function in dust allergy patients. Dust allergy patients receiving immunotherapy had lower lymphocyte responses than those not receiving immunotherapy. Additionally, dust allergy patients as a whole showed higher lymphocyte stimulation indices than normal control.
Impeding Forgers at Photo Inception

We describe a new concept for making photo tampering more difficult and time consuming, and for a given amount of time and effort, more amenable to detection. We record the camera preview and camera motion in the moments just prior to image capture. This information is packaged along with the full resolution image. To avoid detection, any subsequent manipulation of the image would have to be propagated to be consistent with this data - a decidedly difficult undertaking.
Some remarks on the U A ( 1 ) problem in gauge theories of the strong interaction

Previously proposed solutions to the ${U}_{A}(1)$ problem, or ninth axial-vector current problem, are reviewed and a new solution proposed. We point out that in the presence of magnetic gauge charges the anomalous term ${F}_{\ensuremath{\alpha}\ensuremath{\beta}}^{a}^{*}F_{\ensuremath{\alpha}\ensuremath{\beta}}^{a}$ is not a total divergence. This implies that the ${U}_{A}(1)$ symmetry is explicitly broken.
Endoscopic laser application in 56 children with hemangiomas of the larynx and trachea

Abstract Background: Hemangiomas of the larynx and trachea are life-threatening diseases in infants often requiring urgent surgical intervention. The typical sign is a stridor during the first trimester of infancy. Method: Retrospective analysis of all children with angiomas of the airways admitted to our department from 1983 to 2003. Localization: In 46 children the most involved segments were the larynx and the subglottic area. In six cases the thoracic trachea and in further four children the bronchi were involved. The extension of growth is similar to the cutaneous hemangiomas: limited to mucosa (27 cases), infiltrating the submucosa with tumorous endoluminal bulging (21 cases) and transmural spreading into the neighboring tissue (eight cases). Technique and laserparameter : All patients were treated by Nd:YAG Laser Medilas fibertom 5100. For capillary angiomas we preferred the non-contact technique, 15–20 W, 0.1–0.2 s, interrupted. Submucous and intramural located cavernomas were treated by interstitial laser therapy (LITT), 2–3 W, cw. Results: Endoscopic endoluminal laser treatment has been used successfully in all children we have seen. All children are alive. One therapeutic session was sufficient in 50 children. In six children two to four sessions were necessary. In 16 children temporary tracheostomy had to be performed, followed by decannulation within 2 weeks to 1 year. Conclusion: With Nd:YAG Laser it is possible to reach all parts of the larynx, trachea and bronchi and to successfully treat angiomas of the airways. Through this it was possible to avoid tracheostomy in 40 of our 56 children.
A tunable carbon nanotube electromechanical oscillator

Nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS) hold promise for a number of scientific and technological applications. In particular, NEMS oscillators have been proposed for use in ultrasensitive mass detection, radio-frequency signal processing, and as a model system for exploring quantum phenomena in macroscopic systems. Perhaps the ultimate material for these applications is a carbon nanotube. They are the stiffest material known, have low density, ultrasmall cross-sections and can be defect-free. Equally important, a nanotube can act as a transistor and thus may be able to sense its own motion. In spite of this great promise, a room-temperature, self-detecting nanotube oscillator has not been realized, although some progress has been made. Here we report the electrical actuation and detection of the guitar-string-like oscillation modes of doubly clamped nanotube oscillators. We show that the resonance frequency can be widely tuned and that the devices can be used to transduce very small forces.
Development Reconsidered: The African Challenge

Abstract The theory of economic development, when applied to much of sub-Saharan Africa, is found to be mis-specified both empirically and teleologically. The prevailing theory of economic development, fashioned out of the experience of economic transition towards industrialisation in the temperate climates, is alleged to fail to be empirically relevant to conditions in sub-Saharan Africa. Of equal importance, the normative precepts of the prevailing theory of economic development render it of dubious pertinence to societies in which the superiority of an urbanised and industrialised existence remains an open question. The more agrarian nations of Africa offer their own economic and physical reality that challenges the applicability of the conventional theory of economic development. External development assistance to these nations must be reconsidered in light of the conditions and purposes inherent in these agrarian states.
CISTI'S Activities in Support of Scientific Data Management in Canada 2008-2010

In the Canadian research environment, it is difficult for researchers to effectively discover, access, and use data sets, except for those that are the most well known. Several recent reports have discussed the issues around "lost" data sets: those which are intended to be shared but cannot be identified and utilized effectively because of insufficient associated metadata. Both problems are approaching critical levels in Canada and internationally, a situation that is unacceptable because these data sets are often generated as a result of public funding. Solutions may involve providing support and training for researchers on how they can best collect and manage their data sets or developing gateways to scientific data sets. NRC-CISTI is the largest comprehensive source of scientific, technical, and medical information in North America, with a mandate to serve as Canada's national science library. Through its publishing arm, NRC Research Press, it is also Canada's foremost scientific publisher. NRC-CISTI is an organization with demonstrated expertise in metadata management, which, until recently, focused primarily on library and publishing contexts. However in November 2007, it formally committed to expand its agenda to address the management of scientific research data and the related critical needs of the research community. This paper presents NRC-CISTI's activities in this area. NRC-CISTI has begun by hosting forums in which the critical players (including the granting agencies) mapped out targets and approaches. It has strengthened its own internal expertise regarding metadata and management of scientific data sets. Finally, NRC-CISTI is developing a gateway Web site which will provide access to Canadian scientific data sets and related metadata, tools, educational resources, and other informative and collaborative tools urgently needed by Canadian and international researchers. NRC-CISTI is the sponsoring body for the Canadian National Committee for CODATA and is committed to promoting and supporting CNC/CODATA's initiatives.
How Skilled Were Agricultural Labourers in the Early Nineteenth Century

Using the wage accounts of two different farms in the 1830s and 1840s, matched with census records to determine the age of the workers, this article estimates age-wage profiles for male and female agricultural labourers. Females earned less than males, and had less wage growth over their life cycles. Male wage profiles peaked at age 30–5, earlier than the wage profiles of workers today. Before the age of 30 wage growth was more rapid than increases in strength, but less rapid than wage growth among factory workers. If wage increases after the age of 20 indicate skill acquisition, then male agricultural labourers acquired a significant amount of skill, but less skill than contemporaneous factory workers.
MSL: a microprocessors systems language

MSL is a new high level language that was designed specifically to write systems programs for small computers. It is a structured language, providing a simple description of and operations on data structures for managing lists and resources. Basic functions are contained within the language for controlling cooperating processes. Higher level functions can be incorporated by extending the language through a simple macro capability. These features in conjunction with a clear and flexible language design makes for ease of programming and provides a conceptually clear framework to the systems programmer.
Contemporary speaking in the house of commons

This article, based upon the writer's research in London during the summer of 1962, presents an introduction to contemporary speaking in the British House of Commons. Attention is focused upon two aspects of this speaking. First, consideration is given to the unusual nature of the setting in which the speaking takes place. Second, the article points to the specific rules of procedure that govern speakers in the House of Commons today.
REACTIONS OF PEROXYNITRITE WITH URIC ACID: FORMATION OF REACTIVE INTERMEDIATES, ALKYLATED PRODUCTS AND TRIURET, AND IN VIVO PRODUCTION OF TRIURET UNDER CONDITIONS OF OXIDATIVE STRESS

Hyperuricemia is associated with hypertension, metabolic syndrome, preeclampsia, cardio-vascular disease and renal disease, all conditions associated with oxidative stress. We hypothesized that uric acid, a known antioxidant, might become prooxidative following its reaction with oxidants; and, thereby contribute to the pathogenesis of these diseases. Uric acid and 1,3-(15)N(2)-uric acid were reacted with peroxynitrite in different buffers and in the presence of alcohols, antioxidants and in human plasma. The reaction products were identified using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analyses. The reactions generate reactive intermediates that yielded triuret as their final product. We also found that the antioxidant, ascorbate, could partially prevent this reaction. Whereas triuret was preferentially generated by the reactions in aqueous buffers, when uric acid or 1,3-(15)N(2)-uric acid was reacted with peroxynitrite in the presence of alcohols, it yielded alkylated alcohols as the final product. By extension, this reaction can alkylate other biomolecules containing OH groups and others containing labile hydrogens. Triuret was also found to be elevated in the urine of subjects with preeclampsia, a pregnancy-specific hypertensive syndrome that is associated with oxidative stress, whereas very little triuret is produced in normal healthy volunteers. We conclude that under conditions of oxidative stress, uric acid can form reactive intermediates, including potential alkylating species, by reacting with peroxynitrite. These reactive intermediates could possibly explain how uric acid contributes to the pathogenesis of diseases such as the metabolic syndrome and hypertension.
Induction of Intestinal Brush Border Alkaline Phosphatase by Vitamin D and Identity with Ca-ATPase

VITAMIN D may increase the rate of intestinal transport of calcium through a primary action on nucleic acid and protein synthesis1,2. Wasserman and Taylor have detected a calcium binding protein in chick intestine which is induced by vitamin D3. Harmeyer and DeLuca, however, reported a discrepancy between the time course of change in calcium transport and of the increase in calcium binding protein4. In addition, calcium binding protein appears in the soluble portion of the cell3, whereas the major site of vitamin D action may be at the level of microvillar membrane5,6. Thus, a comparison of isolated intestinal microvilli from vitamin D deficient and repleted animals might reveal other specific alterations which could be related to the action of vitamin D.
Cropping Systems and Soil Quality

SUMMARY Cropping system refers to temporal and spatial arrangements of crops, and management of soil, water and vegetation in order to optimize the biomass/agronomic production per unit area, per unit time and per unit input. Soil quality refers to its intrinsic attributes that govern biomass productivity and environment moderating capacity. It is the ability of soil to perform specific functions of interest to humans. Three components of soil quality (e.g., physical, chemical and biological) are determined by inherent soil characteristics, some of which can be altered by management. Soil quality and soil resilience are inter-related but dissimilar attributes. Resilient soils, which have the ability to restore their quality following a perturbation, have high soil quality and vice versa. Decline in soil quality sets-in-motion degradative processes, which are also of three types, namely physical (e.g., compaction, erosion), chemical (e.g., acidification, salinization) and biological (e.g., depletion of soi...
Exchange-Induced Autoionization in Eu-Rich EuO

Below the Curie temperature, with increasing magnetic order, Eu-rich EuO shows both a change of 0.15 mm/sec in the ${\mathrm{Eu}}^{151}$ isomer shift and an insulator-metal transition with a resistivity change of more than 13 orders of magnitude. These effects are interpreted on the basis of an exchange-induced configurational change (autoionization) of two electrons trapped at an oxygen vacancy.
Parameter optimization for producing an elliptical surface from a spherical surface by differential deposition

At present, manufacturing an elliptical surface is much more difficult than producing a spherical surface. Differential deposition seems to be a promising technique for producing elliptical focusing mirrors for synchrotron x-ray beams. Here we describe a way to generate deposition profiles that turn spherical surfaces into elliptical surfaces. All parameters of the elliptical surface, the spherical surface, and thus, the deposition profile are optimized with the parameters of the optical system, i.e., the source-image distance, the magnification factor, the critical angle for x-ray total reflection, and the acceptance angle of the mirror. It was found that most deposition profiles generated for synchrotron radiation can be implemented with currently existing deposition techniques.
Singularities, Stable Surfaces, and the Repeatable Behavior of Kinematically Redundant Manipulators:

There has been significant interest in the periodic behavior, generally referred to as repeatability, exhibited by a kinematically redundant manipulator while performing a cyclic end-effector motion. Much of the early work in this area has been restricted to planar manipulators whose configuration is described in terms of absolute joint angles to simplify the problem. Unfortunately, this has resulted in the observation of certain phenomena that are unique to this special case and that do not describe the behavior of more complicated manipulators. The goal of this work is to clarify some possible misconceptions concerning the limiting behavior of a redundant manipulator under nonconservative control strategies, with particular emphasis on pseudoinverse control. In particular, stable surfaces are shown to be extremely rare, and a weaker property, referred to us repeatable trajectories, is responsible for the repeatable behavior observed in previous work. It is also shown that the Lie bracket condition need not be satisfied for this type of repeatable behavior to occur and that such trajectories need not have zero torsion, as has been previously suggested. 16 refs., 6 figs.
An experimental and theoretical investigation of the formation of C7H7 isomers in the bimolecular reaction of dicarbon molecules with 1,3-pentadiene

Abstract We report on the crossed molecular beam reaction of dicarbon, C 2 (X 1 Σ g + , a 3 Π u ), with 1,3-pentadiene (C 5 H 8 ; X 1 A′) conducted at a collision energy of 43 kJ mol −1 under single collision conditions and studied by ab initio and statistical calculations. The reactions involve indirect scattering dynamics initiated by the barrierless addition of dicarbon to the carbon–carbon double bond of 1,3-pentadiene followed by successive rearrangements leading eventually through hydrogen atom elimination to distinct C 7 H 7 radical species. The experimental reaction exoergicity of 412 ± 52 kJ mol −1 is consistent with the formation of cycloheptatrienyl, m-tolyl, and/or benzyl radicals predicted as the major products by theory.