cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ignoring transmission dynamics leads to underestimation of the impact of a novel intervention against mosquito-borne disease

Wolbachia is an intracellular bacterium that many hope could have a major impact on dengue and other mosquito-borne diseases that are notoriously difficult to control. The balance of future investments in Wolbachia versus other public health needs will be informed to a great extent by efficacy estimates from large-scale trials, which can be affected by multiple sources of bias. We used mathematical models to quantify the possible magnitude of these biases, finding that efficacy would have been severely underestimated in a recent trial in Indonesia if the spatial scale of clusters had been smaller than it was. We also identified a previously unrecognized source of bias owing to the coupled nature of transmission dynamics across clusters. This too led to a consistent underestimate of the protection afforded by Wolbachia. Taken together, our findings suggest that this intervention may be even more promising than currently recognized.
Nitrogen Management Research in the President’s Water Quality Initiative

Contamination of our ground and surface-water supplies from normal use of pesticides and fertilizers is a growing national concern. Efforts from both the public and private sectors are required to develop safer pest controls and to adopt environmentally sensitive farm production practices. The President’s Water Quality Initiative is based on three policy objectives (Bush, 1989): First, the federal government is committed to protecting ground-water resources from fertilizer and pesticide contamination without jeopardizing the economic vitality of U.S. agriculture. Second, water-quality programs must be designed to accommodate both the immediate need to halt contamination and the future need to alter fundamental farm production practices that result in contamination. Third, farmers must ultimately be responsible for changing production practices to avoid contaminating ground and surface waters. Federal and state resources can provide valuable information and technical assistance to producers so that environmentally sensitive techniques can be implemented at minimum cost.
Absolute fixed point sets for continuum-valued maps

The notion of an absolute fixed point set in the setting of continuumvalued maps will be defined and characterized.
On-line fault detection in multi-output systems using Kalman filter and neural network

Describes a hybrid scheme for fault detection in multi-output systems. The scheme consists of a Kalman filter and a three-layer neural network. The neural net mimics a team of experts with several 'consultants' and a 'leader'. The idea is tested on a three-phase voltage model, and simulation results are presented.
Locating the "Scruff Guy": Theorizing Body and Space in Gay Geosocial Media

This article offers a critical examination of the smartphone application Scruff, a gay geosocial networking service targeted primarily at bears that boasts a user base of more than five million individuals in more than 180 countries. Using a case study of gay geosocial networking, the article argues for a theoretical reworking of the relationships among embodiment, space, and digital media. Geosocial services such as Scruff, by virtue of their emphasis on bodies and locations that can be accessed offline, complicate notions that online interactions are displaced, disembodied, and ethereal. By layering a virtual, but still spatialized network of users atop existing physical locations, Scruff straddles the online–offline divide and indicates how bodies, places, and identities are discursively constructed through the interplay of virtual and physical experience.
Biological Mechanisms Involved in the Formation of Deoxysugars III. ENZYMATIC CONVERSION OF THYMIDINE DIPHOSPHOGLUCOSE-3T TO THYMIDINE DIPHOSPHO-l-RHAMNOSE

Abstract The biosynthesis of thymidine diphospho-l-rhamnose from thymidine diphosphoglucose specifically labeled with tritium at carbon 3 has been studied with an enzyme preparation from Escherichia coli B. Under conditions in which conversion to the 6-deoxysugar was essentially quantitative, 10% of the initial radioactivity was recovered in the rhamnose; the remainder of the tritium was located in thymidine diphospho-4-keto-6-deoxyglucose. Degradation of the enzymatically synthesized l-rhamnose established the following tritium distribution: carbon 6, 55%; carbon 2, 44%; carbon 3, 1%; and carbon atoms 1, 4, and 5, less than 0.5%. The interpretation of these results is discussed in terms of the mechanisms operative during the biosynthesis of l-rhamnose.
Seeking Human Rights Justice in Latin America: Truth, Extra-Territorial Courts, and the Process of Justice

This book studies how victims of human rights violations in Latin America, their families, and their advocates work to overcome entrenched impunity and seek legal justice. Their struggles show that legal justice is a multifaceted process, the overarching purpose of which is to restore human dignity and prevent further violence. Uncovering, revealing, and proving the truth are essential elements of legal justice, and are also powerful tools to activate the process. When faced with stubborn impunity at home, victims, families, and advocates can carry on their work for legal justice by bringing cases in courts in other countries or in the inter-American human rights system. These extra-territorial courts can jump-start the process of legal justice at home. Seeking Human Rights Justice in Latin America examines the political and legal struggle through the lens of the human story at the heart of these cases.
Inferring time‐varying recharge from inverse analysis of long‐term water levels

[1] Water levels in aquifers typically vary in response to time-varying rates of recharge, suggesting the possibility of inferring time-varying recharge rates on the basis of long-term water level records. Presumably, in the southwestern United States (Arizona, Nevada, New Mexico, southern California, and southern Utah), rates of mountain front recharge to alluvial aquifers depend on variations in precipitation rates due to known climate cycles such as the El Nino-Southern Oscillation index and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation. This investigation examined the inverse application of a one-dimensional analytical model for periodic flow described by Lloyd R. Townley in 1995 to estimate periodic recharge variations on the basis of variations in long-term water level records using southwest aquifers as the case study. Time-varying water level records at various locations along the flow line were obtained by simulation of forward models of synthetic basins with applied sinusoidal recharge of either a single period or composite of multiple periods of length similar to known climate cycles. Periodic water level components, reconstructed using singular spectrum analysis (SSA), were used to calibrate the analytical model to estimate each recharge component. The results demonstrated that periodic recharge estimates were most accurate in basins with nearly uniform transmissivity and the accuracy of the recharge estimates depends on monitoring well location. A case study of the San Pedro Basin, Arizona, is presented as an example of calibrating the analytical model to real data.
Treatment of Recurrent Hepatitis C Genotype-4 Post-Liver Transplantation with Sofosbuvir plus Simeprevir.

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection remains a leading indication for orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) worldwide. Recurrence of HCV following OLT is universal. There is scarcity of data on the post-OLT treatment of HCV genotype-4—the predominant genotype in North Africa and the Middle East. Herein, we present three patients who have experienced HCV genotype-4 recurrence post-OLT. All three patients were interferon-naive and were treated with simeprivir (SIM) and sofosbuvir (SOF) combination therapy for 12–24 weeks. The data from this case series show that SIM+SOF are well-tolerated and effective for achieving viral clearance in HCV genotype-4 post-OLT patients. Given the limited nature of a case series, further research must be pursued regarding post-OLT HCV genotype-4 responses to direct-acting anti-viral therapy.
Exploring the hexokinase glucose binding site through correlation analysis and molecular modeling of glucosamine inhibitors

AbstractA series of N-substituted glucosamines has been designed, synthesized, and tested as inhibitors of yeast hexokinase. All derivatives exhibited competitive inhibition kinetics with respect to glucose. Quantitative structure-activity relationships were derived from the resulting inhibition data. The most significant equation demonstrated the existence of highly specific steric effects for the seven mew-substituted benzoylglucosamines included in the relationship. Molecular modeling of potential complexes between the inhibitors and the hexokinase substrate binding site strongly suggests that the steric effects arise from potential contacts with two amino acid residues lying in the region occupied by the amide substituents.
Online Accounting Education versus In-Class Delivery: Does Course Level Matter?

ABSTRACT: This study examines whether the effectiveness of online accounting education relative to traditional in-class delivery depends upon the level of the course. Students enrolled in principles and advanced cost/managerial and in advanced financial accounting courses were surveyed regarding their perceptions on several dimensions. The results suggest that the course level is important when assessing whether it is advisable to offer online accounting courses. In advanced courses, the outcomes examined were significantly more favorable for traditional classroom environments than for online, while the delivery mode was not important in principles courses when controlling for other variables. The results also provide further support for the notion that blended learning, i.e., offering a few on-campus class meetings for a predominately online course, may be desirable regardless of course level, but that course level is potentially important when deciding upon the mix of face-to-face versus online instruct...
Crystal structure of a conserved protease that binds DNA: The bleomycin hydrolase, Gal6

Bleomycin hydrolase is a cysteine protease that hydrolyzes the anticancer drug bleomycin. The homolog in yeast, Gal6, has recently been identified and found to bind DNA and to act as a repressor in the Gal4 regulatory system. The crystal structure of Gal6 at 2.2 A resolution reveals a hexameric structure with a prominent central channel. The papain-like active sites are situated within the central channel, in a manner resembling the organization of active sites in the proteasome. The Gal6 channel is lined with 60 lysine residues from the six subunits, suggesting a role in DNA binding. The carboxyl-terminal arm of Gal6 extends into the active site cleft and may serve a regulatory function. Rather than each residing in distinct, separable domains, the protease and DNA-binding activities appear structurally intertwined in the hexamer, implying a coupling of these two activities.
Shock-ignition OMEGA Experiments and Target Design for the NIF

Shock ignition (SI) offers the potential for high gains at low laser energies using a single laser system. SI physics is being validated experimentally on OMEGA. A polar-drive design for the NIF is presented. Article not available.
Chapter 4 Empirical research as solution and problem: Two narratives of knowledge use

Abstract Human beings make sense of experiences by telling stories. Stories tell us what things mean, what things matter and how we should live our lives. Particularly important stories are those which explain the phenomenon of research utilization. In the United States, stories on this topic have generally employed one of two storylines. The oldest and still the most common storyline about research use portrays researchers as heroes and research as the source of solutions to our problems. In the second type of story, heroes become villains and the traditional storyteller's source of solutions becomes a part of the problem. This chapter reviews these two antithetical storylines and then outlines a third tale of knowledge use which attempts to creatively synthesize elements of each.
Laser-induced damage in DKDP crystals under simultaneous exposure to laser harmonics

While KDP and DKDP crystals remain the only viable solution for frequency conversion in large aperture laser systems in the foreseeable future, our understanding of damage behavior in the presence of multiple colors is very limited. Such conditions exist during normal operation where, for third harmonic generation, 1{omega}, 2{omega} and 3{omega} components are present with different energy ratios as they propagate inside the crystal. The objective of this work is to shed light into the damage behavior of frequency conversion crystals during operational conditions as well as probe the fundamental mechanisms of damage initiation. We have performed a series of experiments to quantify the damage performance of pristine (unconditioned) DKDP material under simultaneous exposure to 2{omega} and 3{omega} laser pulses from a 3-ns Nd:YAG laser system as a function of the laser influences at each frequency. Results show that simultaneous dual wavelength exposure leads to a much larger damage density as compared to the total damage resulting from separate exposure at each wavelength. Furthermore, under such excitation conditions, the damage performance is directly related to and can be predicted from the damage behavior of the crystal at each wavelength separately while the mechanism and type of defects responsible for damage initiation are shown to be the same at both 2{omega} and 3{omega} excitation.
The effect of hyperthermia on memory in rats

Three experiments were performed using rats to determine if hyperthermia, when given after training on a one-trial passive avoidance task, could serve as an amnesic agent. In comparison to controls frequently used in the amnesia paradigm, the results of Experiment 1 indicated that hyperthermia produced severe amnesia. Results from Experiments 2a and 2b indicated that there was a direct relationship between severity of hyperthermia and degree of amnesia. Furthermore, it appeared that hyperthermia produced amnesia without the concomitant decrease in temperature that has been seen with other amnesic agents such as electroconvulsive shock and hypothermia. The results of Experiment 3 indicated that the effectiveness of hyperthermia as an amnesic agent diminished as the temporal interval between the learned event and the induction of hyperthermia increased. These results indicated that, on empirical grounds, the memory loss produced by hyperthermia resembled that produced by such other amnesic agents as ECS and hypothermia.
Propensity to Drift Downstream among Various Species of Fish

ABSTRACT Seasonal and diel drift of fish were studied in the fifth order of the Illinois River, Arkansas during 1980–1982 to assess the inclination of the various species (ca. 60) in the community (and size groups within species) to drift and to determine their diel and seasonal periodicities of drift. Eighteen taxa were identified from the drift. Channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) and flathead catfish (Pylodictus olivaris) alevins represented 57% and 12% of the drift respectively. Slender madtom catfish (Noturus exilis) were abundant in the riffle studied but none were collected in the drift. Larval fish drifted from late April through late August with a peak on 23–24 June when an estimated 37,203 drifted through the study area. A distinct diel pattern was observed with peaks at 2300 and 0300 hours. Drifting larvae were more abundant near the surface and margins with catfish alevins on the deep side and cyprinids, sunfishes, and all prolarvae on the shallow side of the stream. Post-larval development ...
Enhanced auditory processing for land mine detection using EMI sensors

Although the ability of EMI sensor to detect landmines has improved significantly, false alarm rate reduction remains a challenging problem. Improvements have been achieved through development of optimal algorithms that exploit models of the underlying physics along with knowledge of clutter statistics. Moreover, experienced operators can often discriminate mines from clutter with the aid of an audio transducer, the method most commonly used to alert the sensor operator that a target is presented. Assuming the basic information needed for discriminating landmines from clutter is largely available from existing sensors, the goal of this work is to optimize the presentation of information to the operator. Traditionally, an energy calculation is provided to the sensor operator via a signal whose loudness or frequency is proportional to the energy of the calculation is provided to the sensor operator via a signal whose loudness or frequency is proportional to the energy of the received signal. Our preliminary work has shown that when the statistic used to make a decision is not simply the signal energy the performance of mine detection systems can be improved dramatically. This finding suggests that the operator could make better use of a signal that is a function of this more accurate test statistic, and that there may be information in the unprocessed sensor signal that the operator could use to effect discrimination. In this paper, we investigate and quantify, through listening experiments, the perceptual dimensions that most effectively convey the information in a sensor response more appropriately to the listener, discrimination, as opposed to simple detection, can be achieved.
A Three-Way Model for Interpolating for Monthly Precipitation Values

Abstract Three different interpolation methods are compared for a network of 111 long-term precipitation stations in Arizona and New Mexico. The methods studied are 1) multiple discriminant analysis (MDA), which is based on empirical orthogonal functions (E0Fs), 2) multiple linear regression (MLR), which is similar to Gandin's optimal interpolation, and 3) the normal ratio method. The MDA method is described in detail since it represents a novel use of EOF. The ability of the different methods to interpolate for known monthly precipitation totals is assessed by season and for the 19th- and 20th-century data separately. The MDA method is found to provide the most skillful interpolation for the sparse 19th-century network of stations and for the summer (June–July–August) season, which is characterized by mesoscale convection. A median model based on the three individual models is analyzed and found to be superior to the individual methods for the 20th-century network except for the summer season.
Anti-obesity and anti-tumor pro-apoptotic peptides are sufficient to cause release of cytochrome c from vesicles

Peptides that target tissue for an apoptotic death have potential as therapeutics in a variety of disease conditions. The class of peptides described herein enters the cell through a specific receptor-mediated interaction. Once inside the cell, the peptide migrates toward the mitochondria, where the membrane barrier is disrupted. These experiments demonstrate that upon treatment with these short peptides large unilamellar vesicles are not lysed, a graded mode of leakage is observed and the transient pores formed by these peptides are large enough to release entrapped cytochrome c from the vesicles.
1990-1991 Survey of Pharmacotherapies Used in the Treatment of Cocaine Abuse

In order to assess the usefulness of pharmacotherapeutic agents in cocaine treatment, all 3,631 physician members of the American Society of Addiction Medicine (ASAM) were surveyed. Five hundred and two physicians indicated use of pharmacotherapies, involving treatment experiences with approximately 79,760 patients for cocaine detoxification, and with 37,166 patients for cocaine abstinence maintenance. For both detoxification and abstinence maintenance, the four most commonly prescribed medications were amantadine, bromocriptine, desipramine, and l-tryptophan. As expected, these four medications were also the preferred treatment by a majority of physicians expressing any preference. Some relatively new medications are also being tried for the treatment of cocaine abuse, specifically carbamazepine, fluoxetine, and Tropamine.
Route 128: The development of a regional high technology economy

Abstract A corner of Massachusetts not far from Boston's Route 128 has become a world center of high technology. Hundreds of enterprises, mainly in electronics-based industries, employ over 250,000 people, 75,000 of whom were added between 1975 and 1980. Enterprises founded after World War II have spearheaded growth in the state, with a rapid rate of new firm formation continuing through the 1970s. This paper examines the state's high tech growth to determine what caused it to happen where it did and assess the special role of new enterprises in promoting it. The development is found to have been largely indigenous and spontaneous, rather than the result of a concerted effort to attract industry. Massachusetts' distinguished universities and their research laboratories, an inherited technological infrastructure, the importance of agglomeration externalities and the good fortune of having a home-grown firm become the world's leading manufacturer of minicomputers were major contributors to the state's success. But the enormous opportunities for new enterprises which the electronics revolution generated and the tendency for such firms to start up mainly as spin-offs from other high tech firms or from university laboratories and to remain close to their sources fueled the tendency towards spatial concentration.
Ductile–brittle transitions in the fracture of plastically-deforming, adhesively-bonded structures. Part I: Experimental studies

Rate effects for adhesively-bonded joints in steel sheets failing by mode-I fracture and plastic deformation were examined. Three types of test geometries were used to provide a range of crack velocities between 0.1 and 5000 mm/s: a DCB geometry under displacement control, a wedge geometry under displacement control, and a wedge geometry loaded under impact conditions. Two fracture modes were observed: quasi-static crack growth and dynamic crack growth. The quasi-static crack growth was associated with a toughened mode of failure; the dynamic crack growth was associated with a more brittle mode of failure. The experiments indicated that the fracture parameters for the quasi-static crack growth were rate independent, and that quasi-static crack growth could occur even at the highest crack velocities. Effects of rate appeared to be limited to the ease with which a transition to dynamic fracture could be triggered. This transition appeared to be stochastic in nature, it did not appear to be associated with the attainment of any critical value for crack velocity or loading rate. While the mode-I quasi-static fracture behavior appeared to be rate independent, an increase in the tendency for dynamic fracture to be triggered as the crack velocity increased did have the effect of decreasing the average energy dissipated during fracture at higher loading rates.
Computing the observed information in the hidden Markov model using the EM algorithm

Abstract A method of computing the observed information for the hidden Markov model using the EM algorithm and the results of Louis (1982) is described. Generating the “exact” information may be computationally intensive for large datasets but an approximation is given which significantly reduces the computational effort in most cases.
Electronic health record use, intensity of hospital care, and patient outcomes.

Abstract Objective Previous studies have suggested that weekend hospital care is inferior to weekday care and that this difference may be related to diminished care intensity. The purpose of this study was to determine whether a metric for measuring intensity of hospital care based on use of the electronic health record was associated with patient-level outcomes. Methods We performed a cohort study of hospitalizations at an academic medical center. Intensity of care was defined as the hourly number of provider accessions of the electronic health record, termed "electronic health record interactions." Hospitalizations were categorized on the basis of the mean difference in electronic health record interactions between the first Friday and the first Saturday of hospitalization. We used regression models to determine the association of these categories with patient outcomes after adjusting for covariates. Results Electronic health record interactions decreased from Friday to Saturday in 77% of the 9051 hospitalizations included in the study. Compared with hospitalizations with no change in Friday to Saturday electronic health record interactions, the relative lengths of stay for hospitalizations with a small, moderate, and large decrease in electronic health record interactions were 1.05 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.00-1.10), 1.11 (95% CI, 1.05-1.17), and 1.25 (95% CI, 1.15-1.35), respectively. Although a large decrease in electronic health record interactions was associated with in-hospital mortality, these findings were not significant after risk adjustment (odds ratio 1.74, 95% CI, 0.93-3.25). Conclusions Intensity of inpatient care, measured by electronic health record interactions, significantly diminished from Friday to Saturday, and this decrease was associated with length of stay. Hospitals should consider monitoring and correcting temporal fluctuations in care intensity.
Progress towards the integration of pharmacogenomics in practice

Understanding the role genes and genetic variants play in clinical treatment response continues to be an active area of research with the goal of common clinical use. This goal has developed into today's industry of pharmacogenomics, where new drug-gene relationships are discovered and further characterized, published and then curated into national and international resources for use by researchers and clinicians. These efforts have given us insight into what a pharmacogenomic variant is, and how it differs from human disease variants and common polymorphisms. While publications continue to reveal pharmacogenomic relationships between genes and specific classes of drugs, many challenges remain toward the goal of widespread use clinically. First, the clinical guidelines for pharmacogenomic testing are still in their infancy. Second, sequencing technologies are changing rapidly making it somewhat unclear what genetic data will be available to the clinician at the time of care. Finally, what and when to return data to a patient is an area under constant debate. New innovations such as PheWAS approaches and whole genome sequencing studies are enabling a tsunami of new findings. In this review, pharmacogenomic variants, pharmacogenomic resources, interpretation clinical guidelines and challenges, such as WGS approaches, and the impact of pharmacogenomics on drug development and regulatory approval are reviewed.
Surface fine structure of supraependymal elements and ependyma of hypothalamic third ventricle of mouse.

The ependymal surface of the hypothalamic third ventricle of the adult female and male mouse was examined with the scanning electron microscope. The material was dried with the critical point method. Supraependymal cells, exhibiting a variety of forms, lie among the cilia of the rostrodorsal two-thirds of the ventricle. The cell bodies are usually between 8 and 10 μ in diameter and have dividing pseudopodial processes which may be broad or narrow, flat or stout, smooth or varicosed. The textured surfaces of the cells seen in this material appear to have no cilia, microvilli or membraneous folds though they may have small bleb-like protrusions. Some cells and adjacent cilia bear clusters of friable-looking material that may be secretory. In several female mice, mounds of debris, that could be degenerating cells or secretory material, were seen in intimate association with clusters of cells. The cells' processes extend over and through the surface of the mound. While some supraependymal cells may be neurons or glia, it is suggested that many of the cells seen may be morphological variants of one cell line, mononuclear phagocytes. Sausage-shaped structures at the end of long cilia-like stalks are described and their possible identity discussed.
Comparative analysis of lipid composition in axenic strains of Blastocystis hominis

Abstract 1. 1. Six axenic strains of Blastocystis hominis varied in content of lipids from 12 to 43 pg total lipid/cell. With all strains, phospholipid content was about 39% of total lipids. 2. 2. Neutral lipid fractions of B. hominis were resolved into nine constituents, of which seven were identified tentatively. Sterol esters, principally esters of cholesterol, were the major neutral lipid constituent, accounting for 49–63% of the neutral lipids, and at least 30% of the lipids. 3. 3. Polar lipids were resolved into eleven constituents, of which nine were identified tentatively. Phosphatidylcholine was the major polar lipid constituent of all strains, accounting for 53–63% of the polar lipids, and about 22% of the total lipids.
The effects of delay and interference: A speed-accuracy study

Abstract This paper examines the effect of (1) delay between learning and test and (2) associative interference on memory retrieval speed. The speed-accuracy tradeoff methodology, which interrupts the retrieval process at various times (0.3, 0.7, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, and 3.0 sec) after presentation of the test item, provides a means of separating retrieval speed effects from effects on overall memory strength. Performance at short processing times is an index of retrieval speed. Performance given ample processing time is a measure of asymptotic accuracy, or memory strength. Increasing the delay between learning and test or introduction of interference relations lowered memory trace strength, as reflected in asymptotic accuracy. Items tested shortly (about 3 sec) after learning showed a significant speedup in retrieval relative to items tested at a longer (several minute) delay. Further analysis suggested that the delay effect on retrieval was primarily the result of immediate repetition, or testing of the last-learned item. The interference manipulation showed a slight and nonsignificant tendency toward slowing of memory retrieval. The implications of these results for various models of retrieval are explored via simulations. The results of all the simulations suggested a direct-access retrieval process where associations are processed largely in parallel. Contradiction or mismatch information in recognizing new items was important because it provided an explanation for a slight slowing in retrieval due to interference even with a parallel-processing assumption. Faster retrieval for the last-learned item may be the result of residual activation following active processing.
The effect of thermal denaturation on the tryptic hydrolysis of glycinin

Glycinin, which represents the major protein of soya beans was subjected to heat denaturation at 87.5°C for 30 min. Using the pH-stat procedure to measure the rate and gel filtration analysis to measure the extent of hydrolysis by trypsin at pH 8.0, it was found that there was a decrease in the initial rate of hydrolysis of the heat-denatured glycinin by a factor of eight compared to the native or unheated glycinin. Molecular weight distribution analysis of the glycinin peptides provided evidence that the glycinin both before and after thermal denaturation produces peptide fragments in three well defined peaks, which can be broadly categorised as those above 30 000, those around 6000 and those below 5000 daltons. Chromatographic analysis of the soluble components of the tryptic hydrolysis showed no differences in molecular weight distribution between samples which had been heated and those which had not.
A humble hexose monophosphate pathway metabolite regulates short- and long-term control of lipogenesis

Most modern biologists and contemporary textbooks of biochemistry present the glycolytic pathway and the synthesis of fats as history where all of the relevant facts are known. An article in a recent issue of PNAS by Kosaku Uyeda and his group (1) combines new insights into the regulation of lipogenesis with heroic protein chemistry and an elegant combination of enzymology and molecular biology. This paper describes how a small and ignored metabolite of the hexose monophosphate pathway, xylulose 5-phosphate (Xu-5-P), activates protein phosphatase 2A to mediate the acute effects of carbohydrate feeding on the glycolytic pathway, as well as the coordinate long-term control of the enzymes required for fatty acid and triglyceride synthesis. Biochemistry textbooks present glycolysis and fat synthesis as history, with all of the facts known.
Reinventing teacher professional norms and identities: the role of lesson study and learning communities

The present article addresses how lesson study can facilitate changing traditional norms of individualism, conservatism and presentism that constrain American teachers from learning from one another. The article investigates how lesson study can serve as a vehicle for developing teacher learning communities by developing or redeveloping teachers’ professional identity to include continual improvement. While participating in a learning community, the norm becomes to innovate and inquire in order to learn how to better serve students. In a case‐study mathematics department, teachers involved in lesson study embraced uncertainty; accepting that by researching lessons they did not know what would happen when the lesson was taught, and the process would better inform their future practice. Lesson study put student learning in the centre of the analysis and provided a structure for basing changes on teachers’ professional intent to support students.
Underground imaging by frequency‐domain electromagnetic migration

A new method of the resistivity imaging based on frequency-domain electromagnetic migration is developed. Electromagnetic (EM) migration involves downward diffusion of observed EM fields whose time flow has been reversed. Unlike downward analytical continuation, migration is a stable procedure that accurately restores the phase of the upgoing field inside the Earth. This method is indented for the processing and interpretation of EM data collected for both TE and TM modes of plane-wave excitation. Until recently, the method could be applied only for determining the position of anomalous structures and for finding interfaces between layers of different conductivity. There were no well developed approaches to the resistivity imaging, which is the key problem in the inversion of EM data. We provide a novel approach to determining not only the position of anomalous structures but their resistivity as well. The main difficulty in the practical realization of this approach is determining the background resistivity distribution for migration. We discuss the method of the solution of this problem based on differential transformation of apparent resistivity curves. The final goal of migration is to provide a first order interpretation using a computational effort equivalent to a forward modeling calculation.
Spectrographic Studies of Cancer and Normal Blood Plasma: III. Ultraviolet Absorption Spectra of Fractionated Immune and Normal Rat Blood Plasma

In certain experiments on the ultraviolet absorption of normal and cancer rat plasma, fractionated with zinc hydroxide powder, described in a previous paper, 1 it was found that the absorption curves of various samples of normal rat plasma treated with zinc hydroxide were practically identical between wavelengths of 2900 and 3400 A, while those of cancer rat plasma similarly treated deviated from the normal. The deviation was roughly proportional to the size of the tumor growth. It seemed desirable to investigate the plasma of rats which were known to be immune to cancer in order to determine whether a similar difference between normal and immune rats existed. The present study was therefore undertaken, using the same technic, but no significant difference was detected. Procedure The rats used in these experiments were standardized Germantown albino rats, some of which exhibited a natural immunity to cancer. According to the procedure regularly used in this laboratory, implants of a transplantable rat tumor, Walker carcinoma 256, were made into the flanks of the animals. Normally such tumors grow, increasing in size, until the death of the animal. In the case of an immune rat, however, the tumor reaches its maximum growth of about 3 or 4 grams in weight in about two weeks, and then regresses, finally disappearing about ten days thereafter. Subsequent attempts to inoculate these rats with cancer, either sarcoma, Philadelphia No. 1, or with carcinoma, Walker 256, are unsuccessful. In some cases such immunity has been known to last six or seven months. The rats used in these experiments had been originally inoculated six or eight weeks prior to the time of the experiment. In the hope that the immunizing agent might be increased, rat R-11 was injected with a suspension of carcinoma 256, six days before the experiment.
The Boehm Test of Basic Concepts as a Predictor of Academic Achievement in Grades 2 and 3.

Ninety-four second- and third-graders from a suburban New Jersey school who had taken the Boehm Test of Basic Concepts as kindergarteners were given the Stanford Achievement Test, Form W. The obtained grade scores in each subject area as tested by the Stanford were then correlated with the Boehm Test scores. The resulting coefficients indicated a strong association between deficiencies in early concept mastery as measured by the Boehm Test of Basic Concepts and academic achievement in the second and third grades. These results therefore support the use of the Boehm Test of Basic Concepts as an early predictor of school achievement.
Interpolated band-structure models and integration schemes

A method of calculating Brillouin-zone integrals is proposed, which is based on the use of model-Hamiltonian interpolation schemes to generate energy bands and the Hellman-Feynman theorem to generate energy gradients. Since the method does not make use of quadratic interpolation, a direct comparison can be made between the results of electronic density of states calculations done with and without the use of quadratic interpolation. An illustrative comparison between the two types of calculations is presented for the case of niobium. (auth)
Observed data-based assessment of relationships among soil moisture at various depths, precipitation, and temperature

Abstract Soil moisture varies notably over different spatio-temporal scales and affects land-surface atmospheric interactions. However, globally, there is nearly a total absence in long-term observed soil moisture (SM) data. This study has used SM data from Nebraska and investigated relationships and potential predictability of SM at depths of 10, 25, 50, and 100 cm. It will show: 1) association between SM of 10 cm and 25, 50, and 100 cm, 2) relationship between maximum air temperature and SM at 10 and 25 cm depths, and 3) relationship between SM at various depths and precipitation. This investigation is completed for warm season (May–September) due to relatively active boundary layer. As expected, SM content is generally higher compared to the western locations following east-to-west decreasing precipitation gradient. Cross-correlations suggests that SM at 10 cm depths could be useful in estimating SM of 25 cm depths. The results show that positive and higher cross-correlation between 10 and 50 cm and 10 and 100 cm soils generally occurs earlier in wetter hydroclimatic conditions. Similarly, association between precipitation and SM at 10 and 25 cm is somewhat promising. A strong association is also found between SM at 10 and 25 cm and maximum temperatures. Comparatively, cross-correlation between SM and maximum temperatures were higher compared to SM and precipitation. Overall, results are promising and agree with previous studies.
The Role of Quantization Effects on the Operation of 50 nm MOSFET and 250 nm FIBMOS Devices

We investigate quantum mechanical space quantization effects in conventional MOSFET devices and asymmetric device structure fabricated via focused ion beam technique (FIBMOS device). We find that the inclusion of the quantum mechanical space-quantization effects along the growth direction gives rise to larger average displacement of the carriers from the semiconductor-oxide interface and reduced sheet electron density. This, in turn, leads to threshold voltage shift on the order of 150 to 200 mV, which affects the magnitude of the on-state current and gives rise to transconductance degradation.
Facilitating word-fragment completion with hidden primes

Two experiments tested the effectiveness of priming on word-fragment completion when the priming operation consisted of the presentation of target words in the instructions for the fragment-completion task. Reliable priming effects were obtained in both experiments. The second experiment also examined the influence of case change of printed materials on the extent of priming effects. No simple outcome occurred, as the effects of case change or constancy were not symmetrical with respect to upper- and lowercase.
Teaching prevention in internal medicine clerkships.

ABSTRACT The teaching of prevention to students in internal medicine has come into much sharper focus in the past decade or so, and the ongoing development of a strong scientific base for clinical preventive services has led to broad acceptance of the principles and practice of prevention in internal medicine. This article reviews the rationale for including prevention in the clinical medicine clerkship, summarizes current guidelines, presents examples of curricula in several medical schools, and proposes a future direction for more fully integrating prevention teaching in the internal medicine clerkship into the rest of the medical school curriculum. Internal medicine clerkships present many opportunities for teaching and learning about the broad scope of prevention, from individual preventive services to improving the health of groups of patients. But individual clinical clerkships cannot do the job in isolation from each other. More attention should be directed to coordinating the teaching of prevention among the clinical disciplines and across the entire four-year medical school curriculum, so that students graduating from medical school will leave with the thorough understanding they need to contribute to the health of the public in the health care system of the future.
SEM Electron Channeling Contrast Imaging of Dislocation Structures in Fatigued [017] Cu Single Crystals Oriented for Critical Double Slip

Dislocation structures in fatigued (017) critical double-slip-oriented Cu single crystals were studied using the electron channeling contrast technique in scanning electron microscopy. It was found that the dislocation structures are strongly dependent upon the applied plastic strain amplitudepl .A spl falls into the quasi-plateau region in the cyclic stress-strain curve of the (017) crystal, a special ''two-phase'' dislocation structure, i.e., persistent slip band ladder-like structures and matrix labyrinth structures, was observed. Whenpl � 3:0 � 10 � 3 , which is beyond the quasi-plateau region, two types of deformation bands denoted DBI and DBII were observed. The dislocation microstructures in DBI and DBII consist mainly of well-developed regular labyrinth structures and densely-aligned dislocation walls, respectively, and the microstructures at the intersection region of DBI and DBII comprise dislocation walls together with a number of dislocation cells. The orientation dependence of microstructures in DBI and DBII is further summarized and discussed. (doi:10.2320/matertrans.M2009439)
Effect of Hydrophobic Residues on Interfacial Fibrillization Kinetics

The presence of amyloid fibril plaques in the brain is strongly associated with several neurological disorders. Prediction of fibril formation is a daunting challenge because of the large number of routes to formation, the sensitivity of protein structures to various stresses, differences in fibrillization propensities between proteins, and the vast number of possible amyloid structures. Bovine insulin differs from human by replacement of just three amino acids, yet this difference is sufficient to result in vastly altered fibrillization kinetics. One possibility for this large deviation may be the hydrophobicity of the three substituted residues. Quantification of these differences can provide clues into how and why fluid flows and interfaces influence protein stability and induce aggregation. The exact roles of shear flow, mixing, and interfacial phenomena on fibrillization are difficult to distinguish because these effects have been coupled in previous experiments. In this work, precision flow devices are used to decouple such effects. Mixing and shear flow have been separated using a combination of a rotating Couette flow and solid body rotation. Interfacial effects are determined by kinetic differences between flows with and without the air-water interface and by using a knife-edge viscometer to investigate the effects of interfacial shear. Together, these flow geometries and boundary conditions can be used to distinguish the individual effects of different fluid phenomena. Comparing flow and interfacial effects on fibrillization time between human and bovine insulin facilitates determination of the roles amino residues play in destabilization and aggregation. These findings have important implications for protein stability at interfaces and within biophysically relevant flow fields.
Nonradiographic axial spondyloarthritis background and confounding factors of this new terminology: an appraisal

The advent of biologic therapy in the treatment of rheumatic diseases has intensified the need to further define and characterize spondyloarthritis (SpA). There has been a long debate over nomenclature of the SpA subtypes. There are those who are considered “lumpers,” favoring the notion that different entities of the SpA groups are manifestations of the same disease, and “splitters,” those who believe the different SpA groups represent separate diseases with shared clinical features. The influential work by Moll et al. has led to separation of entities and recognition of etiological processes of SpA subtypes. Among these subtypes has emerged nonradiographic axial spondyloarthritis (nr-axSpA), which is believed to be either an early form of ankylosing spondylitis (AS) or perhaps a different disease entity altogether. Recently attention has shifted to the characterization of early SpA, with special emphasis on nonradiographic axial SpA. The Assessment of Spondyloarthritis International Society (ASAS) has developed new criteria for the classification of this disease entity. Along with the advent of these criteria have come several unanswered questions. Although data suggests that nr-axSpA will evolve into AS over time, the natural evolution of disease is still undetermined since a proportion of cases do not progress. A number of questions also remain regarding features of patients with AS compared to those with nonradiographic disease. This appraisal highlights the differences in disease characteristics between men and women in regards to measures of disease activity, inflammatory markers, and radiologic findings. Recent studies also suggest fibromyalgia as a potential confounding factor in assessing disease activity and establishing a diagnosis of axSpA in the female population. Nonradiographic axial SpA is a relevant disease subgroup of axial SpA, and several questions have been left unanswered with more research needed regarding diagnosis (particularly in women), treatment, and long-term disease course.