cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Co-Management and Marine Reserves in Fishery Management

Marine protected areas (MPAs), especially marine reserves, where some or all extractive resource uses (eg fishing) are prohibited, have gained currency as a fishery management tool. The growing interest in marine reserves follows from the perception that conventional fishery management has failed to sustain some fisheries, in both ecological and socio-economic terms. In addition, marine reserves are consistent with the concept of ecosystem management, in contrast to other measures which focus on single species or species complexes. As a fishery management tool, marine reserves are of interest because they are expected to protect habitat and marine life within their boundaries, enhance spawning potential, and contribute to fisheries through larval transport and spillover of juveniles and adults. Moreover, reserves fit with changing views that fisheries represent a limited set of values and uses of the ocean, and that management should be more encompassing.
The Causal Theory of Properties and the Causal Theory of Reference, or How to Name Properties and Why It Matters*

The Causal Theory of Properties (CTP) (Shoemaker, 1980a, 1980b, 1998) presents a striking picture: although a property might ultimately be distinct from the causal powers it confers on its instantiations (Shoemaker, 1998, p. 64), those causal powers limn the property’s identity. In the words of CTP’s leading proponent, Sydney Shoemaker, “The formulation of the causal theory of properties I now favor...says that the causal features of a property, both forward-looking and backward-looking, are essential to it. And it says that properties having the same causal features are identical” (1998, p. 64). Thus, as Shoemaker presents it, CTP is the conjunction of two metaphysical theses: an essentialist thesis and an individuation thesis. The former asserts that whatever causal relations a property enters into are essential to that property: if a property enters into a given causal relation in any possible world, the property enters into that causal relation in every possible world in which the property exists. The latter asserts that for any properties P and Q, P is identical to Q if and only if P and Q enter into all of the same causal relations.
Graph Theory and the Passivity of Binary Alloys More Examples

Graph theory has been employed to model the passivity or corrosion behavior in various electrolytes for the following binary alloys: W-Zr, Al-Zr, Al-Ti, Mn-Ti, Al-Mo, Ti-Zr, Cr-Ti, and Ti-Cr. Sixteen sets of binary alloys have now been modeled using this approach, and the correlation coefficient between the predicted critical alloy composition using the graph theory approach and the experimental alloy composition is 0.932. Conditions under which the graph theory approach is tenable and limitations of the method are also discussed.
The CROPGRO model for grain legumes

The CROPGRO model is a generic crop model based on the SOYGRO, PNUTGRO, and BEANGRO models. In these earlier crop models, many species attributes were specified within the FORTRAN code. CROPGRO has one set of FORTRAN code and all species attributes related to soybean, peanut, or drybean are input from external ‘species’ files. As before, there are also cultivar attribute files. The CROPGRO model is a new generation model in several other ways. It computes canopy photosynthesis at hourly time steps using leaf-level photosynthesis parameters and hedge-row light interception calculations. This hedgerow approach gives more realistic response to row spacing and plant density. The hourly leaf-level photosynthesis calculations allow more mechanistic response to climatic factors as well as facilitating model analysis with respect to plant physiological factors. There are several evapotranspiration options including the Priestley-Taylor and FAO-Penman. An important new feature is the inclusion of complete soilplant N balance, with N uptake and N2-fixation, as well as N deficiency effects on photosynthetic, vegetative and seed growth processes. The N2-fixation option also interacts with the modeled carbohydrate dynamics of the plant. CROPGRO has improved phenology prediction based on newly-optimized coefficients, and a more flexible approach that allows crop development during various growth phases to be differentially sensitive to temperature, photoperiod, water deficit, and N stresses. The model has improved graphics and sensitivity analysis options to evaluate management, climate, genotypic, and pest damage factors. Sensitivity of growth processes and seed yield to climatic factors (temperature, CO2, irradiance, and water supply) and cultural management (planting date and row spacing) are illustrated.
Variants of Defective Simian Papovavirus 40 (PARA) Characterized by Cytoplasmic Localization of Simian Papovavirus 40 Tumor Antigen

Three isolates of PARA (particle aiding replication of adenovirus)-adenovirus 7 out of a total of 112 clonal progeny derived by two successive plaque purifications in green monkey kidney cells (GMK) were found to induce the synthesis of simian papovavirus40 (SV 40) tumor (T) antigen in the cytoplasm of infected cells. The variant viruses induced plaque formation in human embryonic kidney cells which followed one-hit kinetics. In GMK cells, plaque formation followed two-hit kinetics which converted to first-order kinetics in the presence of additional helper adenovirus type 7. Analysis of plaque progeny from human cells showed that the progeny could replicate only in human cells, whereas progeny from monkey cells could multiply in both human and monkey cells. Heterologous human adenoviruses were able to enhance plaque formation by the variant viruses in monkey kidney cells. Neutralization tests indicated that both components of the populations had a type 7 adenovirus capsid. All three viruses were capable of inducing SV40 transplantation immunity in weanling hamsters. These results indicate the three variants are PARA-adenovirus 7 populations. Response of the induction of the synthesis of the cytoplasmic antigen to metabolic inhibitors was the same as for the synthesis of the nuclear SV40 T antigen. Different pools of sera which reacted with the intranuclear SV40 T antigen also detected the cytoplasmic antigen induced by the variant viruses. An adsorption experiment with cells containing either nuclear or cytoplasmic T antigen to remove tumor antibody from hamster sera also indicated that it is probably SV40 T antigen which is responsible for the cytoplasmic reaction. The species of the host cell-human, simian, or rabbit-appeared to play no role in the altered localization of this antigen. It is postulated that these PARA variants are further defective in some virus-mediated transport mechanism which shifts the T antigen from the cytoplasm to the nucleus.
Increased CO2 uncouples growth from isoprene emission in an agriforest ecosystem

The emission of isoprene from the leaves of forest trees is a fundamental component of biosphere-atmosphere interactions, controlling many aspects of photochemistry in the lower atmosphere. As almost all commercial agriforest species emit high levels of isoprene, proliferation of agriforest plantations has significant potential to increase regional ozone pollution and enhance the lifetime of methane, an important determinant of global climate. Here we show that growth of an intact Populus deltoides plantation under increased CO2 (800 micromol x mol(-1) and 1,200 micromol x mol(-1)) reduced ecosystem isoprene production by 21% and 41%, while above-ground biomass accumulation was enhanced by 60% and 82%, respectively. Exposure to increased CO2 significantly reduced the cellular content of dimethylallyl diphosphate, the substrate for isoprene synthesis, in both leaves and leaf protoplasts. We identify intracellular metabolic competition for phosphoenolpyruvate as a possible control point in explaining the suppression of isoprene emission under increased CO2. Our results highlight the potential for uncoupling isoprene emission from biomass accumulation in an agriforest species, and show that negative air-quality effects of proliferating agriforests may be offset by increases in CO2.
Hemolysis-associated pulmonary hypertension in thalassemia.

Accumulating evidence supports the existence of a condition involving hemolysis-associated pulmonary hypertension. We reported in sickle cell disease hemolysis induced release of cell-free hemoglobin, and red blood cell arginase resulting in impaired nitric oxide bioavailability, endothelial dysfunction, and pulmonary hypertension. Since thalassemia is also a condition of chronic hemolysis, these patients are at risk. Our data demonstrates that hemolysis-induced dysregulation of arginine metabolism and pulmonary hypertension also occurs in thalassemia. Erythrocyte release of arginase during hemolysis contributes to the development of pulmonary hypertension. Therapies that maximize arginine and nitric oxide bioavailability may benefit patients with thalassemia.
Mistaking randomness for free will

Abstract Belief in free will is widespread. The present research considered one reason why people may believe that actions are freely chosen rather than determined: they attribute randomness in behavior to free will. Experiment 1 found that participants who were prompted to perform a random sequence of actions experienced their behavior as more freely chosen than those who were prompted to perform a deterministic sequence. Likewise, Experiment 2 found that, all else equal, the behavior of animated agents was perceived to be more freely chosen if it consisted of a random sequence of actions than if it consisted of a deterministic sequence; this was true even when the degree of randomness in agents’ behavior was largely a product of their environments. Together, these findings suggest that randomness in behavior—one’s own or another’s—can be mistaken for free will.
Phase behaviour of blends of nylon 6 and lightly sulfonated polystyrene ionomers

Abstract Mixtures of nylon 6 and lightly sulfonated polystyrene ionomers (M-SPS, where MLi, Mg, Zn or Mn) exhibit lower critical solution temperature (LCST) phase behaviour. Miscibility was a consequence of specific complex formation between the metal sulfonate and amide groups. The interactions were strongest when the cation was Zn2+ or a transition metal such as Mn2+. The LCST increased as the sulfonation level increased and as the cation was changed in the order of Mg2+ + Li+ > Zn2+.
Egg Taints: Association with Trimethylamine

MILLER1 has described brown-shelled eggs with a characteristic taint produced in various parts of the United Kingdom during autumn 1971 and early 1972; this problem has occurred extensively in the UK over the same period in earlier years but it was much more apparent in 1971–1972.
COMBINED ECMO AND PARTIAL LIQUID VENTILATION (PLV) IN HUMAN NEONATES: LIQUIVENT® PERFLUOROCHEMICAL (PFC) ELIMINATION. † 1368

COMBINED ECMO AND PARTIAL LIQUID VENTILATION (PLV) IN HUMAN NEONATES: LIQUIVENT® PERFLUOROCHEMICAL (PFC) ELIMINATION. † 1368
Liberation Health and the Role of the Public Health Leader

The following short report lays the groundwork for rethinking the practice and implications of public health leadership in the context of liberation health. Liberation health reduces to a universal idea:health is freedom. In short, everyone holds a subjective notion of health and, within certain bounds, has the right to promote and maintain that health. This report briefly describes liberation health, discusses the implications of liberation health for public health leadership, and outlines two needed transformations in moving towards a liberation health model of leadership. The report details areas for future research on this topic among public health leaders and within public health curricula.
On the Free-Rider Problem in Cooperative Learning

Abstract Cooperative learning (CL) is a process by which students work together in groups to master material initially presented by the instructor (Slavin, 1990). Even with structuring the process, exercises, and groups, there is the potential for a free-rider problem when students do not participate to the best of their abilities. Thus, the outcomes of student CL groups can be disappointing for the instructor and frustrating for students. Group-member rotation is used as a means to overcome the free-rider problem. Final exam scores of students learning through cooperative and traditional strategies did differ significantly across two academic institutions, when group members were forced to rotate twice during the term.
Complete and incomplete wetting by adsorbed solids

We carry out two calculations which show that a substrate which attracts a solid adsorbate too strongly prevents that adsorbate from wetting it. In the first, the adsorbed film is modeled microscopically as a set of layers in registry with one another. The appropriate thermodynamic potential is minimized at zero temperature with respect to the common lateral spacing and the individual layer heights for systems of up to 20 layers. For Xe, Kr, and Ar adsorbed on graphite, we find that the film thickness should exceed 20 layers, in agreement with experiment. A similar result is found for Ne, in disagreement with experiment. For atoms attracted very strongly, we find a thickness less than 20 layers, and therefore incomplete wetting behavior. In the second calculation, the film is modeled as an elastic continuum. We show that strain caused by the substrate potential induces a long-range force which, in general, prevents complete wetting of a solid film.
Local anchor scheme for reducing location tracking costs in PCNs

A Personal Communication Network (PCN) location tracking scheme called “local anchoring” is introduced which reduces the signaling cost as compared to the location strategy proposed in the IS-41 standard. Local anchoring minimizes the number of location registration messages between the home location register (HLR) and the visitor location registeras (VLRs) in a way that location change is reported to a nearby VLR called the local anchor (LA) instead of to the HLR. This method successfully reduces the cost for location tracking when the call arrival rate is low relative to the mobility rate and the cost for location registration is high. A dynamic local anchoring mechanism is then introduced which dynamically selects the LA such that the expected cost for location registration and call delivery is minilnized. Experimental results demonstrated that the cost of dynamic local anchoring is always lower than OF equal to that of the IS-41 scheme.
Context and message content during organizational socialization: A research note

This study examined the socialization experiences of 85 newly hired managers over a 4-month period. Results indicated partial support for a model proposing a mediating relationship among structured and unstructured socialization contexts, socialization message content, and newcomer adjustment. Performance proficiency message content mediated the impact of fixed and serial tactics on role ambiguity while sequential tactics and trial by fire experiences had a direct effect. Investiture tactics were negatively related to new manager role innovation.
Effects of meclofenamate and acetaminophen on abdominal pain following tubal occlusion.

Abstract To test the hypothesis that the postoperative abdominal pain of tubal occlusion is mediated by prostaglandins, the effects of meclofenamate, a potent inhibitor of cyclooxygenase, on postoperative analgesia and incidence of abdominal pain were compared with those of acetaminophen, a weak inhibitor of prostaglandin activity. One hundred patients undergoing tubal occlusion under local anesthesia were studied. The patients were randomly divided into four equal groups: (1) control; (2) acetaminophen, 1300 mg; (3) meclofenamate, 100 mg; (4) meclofenamate, 200 mg. The fallopian tubes were occluded by electrocautery in 47 patients and by application of Falope rings in 53 patients. Both acetaminophen and meclofenamate provided substantial analgesia for 4 hours after the operation (p
Afterglow from the photodissociation OCS in an argon matrix at 4K

Abstract Vacuum ultraviolet photolysis of OCS isolated in Ar matrices at 4 K gives direct luminescence evidence for the photodissociative production of S( 1 S). Following photolysis, a blue afterglow in the 395–490 nm region is observed. The after-glow is assigned to S 2 (B 3 Σ − u → X 3 Σ − g ) and OCS ( 3 Σ + → X 1 Σ + ) emission resulting from recombination of the photoproducts in the Ar matrix.
Real-time Imaging of Heterotypic Platelet-neutrophil Interactions on the Activated Endothelium During Vascular Inflammation and Thrombus Formation in Live Mice

Interaction of activated platelets and leukocytes (mainly neutrophils) on the activated endothelium mediates thrombosis and vascular inflammation.1,2 During thrombus formation at the site of arteriolar injury, platelets adherent to the activated endothelium and subendothelial matrix proteins support neutrophil rolling and adhesion.3 Conversely, under venular inflammatory conditions, neutrophils adherent to the activated endothelium can support adhesion and accumulation of circulating platelets. Heterotypic platelet-neutrophil aggregation requires sequential processes by the specific receptor-counter receptor interactions between cells.4 It is known that activated endothelial cells release adhesion molecules such as von Willebrand factor, thereby initiating platelet adhesion and accumulation under high shear conditions.5 Also, activated endothelial cells support neutrophil rolling and adhesion by expressing selectins and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), respectively, under low shear conditions.4 Platelet P-selectin interacts with neutrophils through P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1), thereby inducing activation of neutrophil β2 integrins and firm adhesion between two cell types. Despite the advances in in vitro experiments in which heterotypic platelet-neutrophil interactions are determined in whole blood or isolated cells,6,7 those studies cannot manipulate oxidant stress conditions during vascular disease. In this report, using fluorescently-labeled, specific antibodies against a mouse platelet and neutrophil marker, we describe a detailed intravital microscopic protocol to monitor heterotypic interactions of platelets and neutrophils on the activated endothelium during TNF-α-induced inflammation or following laser-induced injury in cremaster muscle microvessels of live mice.
Adsorption of molecular nitrogen by the W(110) plane

Abstract Characteristics of the adsorption of nitrogen on the (110) plane of tungsten were determined by thermal desorption and work function measurements. The low temperature γ-N 2 state desorbs with first order kinetics and an activation energy of 6 kcal mole −1 . The absence of isotope mixing between 14 N 2 and 15 N 2 demonstrates γ-N 2 is adsorbed molecularly. Monolayer coverage shows a decrease of 0.19 eV in work function. A Topping model plot indicates the layer is immobile at 123 K.
The New Public Relations: Integrating Marketing and Public Relations Strategies for Student Recruitment and Institutional Image Building–A Case Study of the University of Texas at San Antonio

(2000). The New Public Relations: Integrating Marketing and Public Relations Strategies for Student Recruitment and Institutional Image Building–A Case Study of the University of Texas at San Antonio. Journal of Nonprofit & Public Sector Marketing: Vol. 7, No. 4, pp. 17-31.
The clinical approach to steatorrhea

A practical approach to the detection of steatorrhea and its division into preabsorptive and postabsorptive disease has been presented. Emphasis has been placed upon study of the stool for microscopic fat, the oral glucose tolerance test, the gastrointestinal series, and the response to therapy in the differentiation of most diseases associated with steatorrhea. The necessity for considering steatorrhea in every patient with diarrhea has been underlined.
Characteristics of Oklahoma Hailfalls and Hailstorms

Abstract Data on point and areal (100–8100 km2) surface hailfall characteristics are presented for Oklahoma. Data analysis shows Oklahoma experiences a larger mean hailstone per occurrence than South Africa and a larger mean hailfall area than South Africa or Illinois. Further investigations were made into the parent hailstorms. They were first subdivided using the ordinary/supercell classification system suggested by Browning (1977). The classification system was found to have general utility for central Oklahoma when applied to all observed hailstorms that occurred within an 8100 km2 area over a four-year period. Supercells comprised ∼25% of the storms and had a larger mean observed hailstone diameter (4.4 cm) and a larger mean maximum swath width (18.1 km) than the ordinary cell storms (mean value of 1.4 cm and 8.1 km, respectively). These differences in hail production are significant at the 1% level.
SOCS5 mRNA levels in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC): a potential bio-marker for monitoring response of uveitis patients to Daclizumab therapy

Uveitis is an intraocular inflammatory disease mediated by Th1 lymphocytes. Therapy for severe uveitis is frequently long-term immunosuppression using systemic corticosteroids and cytotoxic agents, but side effects make long-term therapy difficult. Long-term humanized anti-interleukin-2 (IL-2) receptor alpha (Daclizumab) therapy has few side effects and is as effective as standard immunosuppression for treating severe uveitis. However, it is necessary to carefully monitor levels of activated T cells in the eye to allow prompt re-institution of standard immunosuppressive therapy to non-responders to Daclizumab therapy. Suppressors of cytokine signaling (SOCS) are feedback regulators of Th1/Th2 cytokines. SOCS5 and SOCS3 are preferentially expressed in Th1 and Th2 cells, respectively, and are thought to be lineage markers for T-helper cells. In this study, we have investigated whether SOCS3 or SOCS5 expression can serve as surrogate markers of T-cell levels in the eye. Compared to healthy volunteers, SOCS5 mRNA is significantly elevated in PBMC of uveitis patients while SOCS3 is decreased. However, after Daclizumab therapy SOCS5 mRNA level is significantly decreased, suggesting that SOCS5 mRNA can be used as diagnostic tool to monitor therapeutic response of uveitis patients. Our data also suggest that SOCS5 may serve as a new therapeutic target for uveitis and other autoimmune diseases.
Modal Analysis of a Biglide parallel NC Grinder for Helical Drill Point Machines System Based on ANSYS

The parallel kinematic machines have broad application prospects in the manufacturing industry. Good dynamic characteristics are needed for the structure, which has direct influence on working efficiency, stability and reliability. ANSYS software analysis of their dynamic characteristics is accurate and easy, and can quickly modify the design fault and reduce design cost. In this paper Pro/Engineer is used to draw the solid model of PKM and assembly each part to constitute a system. At last the whole system is imported into ANSYS. The finite element model is established with the simplified model and element equivalent simulation, and modal analysis is conducted using model vibration theory and finite element theory. After the vibration deformation analysis of whole system, the weak parts, i.e. each bearing joint and the power transmission chains, are identified. The weak parts can then be enforced to improve the dynamic characteristics of the whole system.
Sampling tubing effects on groundwater samples

Etude experimentale de la sorption de composes sur des tubes en teflon, polyethylene, polypropylene, PVC et caoutchouc de silicone
The effect of aging on the mechanical behaviors of U-0.75 wt.% Ti and U-2.0 wt.%Mo

Abstract The effects of aging on the tensile properties and fracture behaviors of U-0.75%Ti † and U-0.2%Mo are discussed. Both alloys can be quenched from the γ-phase field to produce supersaturated martensitic variants of the a-phase. Subsequent aging at temperatures below approximately 425°C causes substantial increases in strength. Overaging occurs at temperatures above approximately 425°C. In U-0.75%Ti desirable combinations of strength and ductility are obtained only in underaged conditions. The decrease in ductility and toughness which occurs during aging is due to a transition from fracture across the martensite plates to fracture along the martensite plate boundaries. The martensitic structure in U-2.0%Mo exhibits inherently poor ductility and toughness. Substantial ductility is obtained in this alloy only after the equilibrium phases are restored by severe overaging.
Comparison of disinfection byproduct formation from chlorine and alternative disinfectants

Seven diverse natural waters were collected and treated in the laboratory under five oxidation scenarios (chlorine, chloramine, both with and without preozonation, and chlorine dioxide). The impact of these disinfectants on the formation of disinfection byproducts was investigated. Results showed that preozonation decreased the formation of trihalomethanes (THMs), haloacetic acids (HAAs) and total organic halogen (TOX) for most waters during postchlorination. A net increase in THMs, HAAs and TOX was observed for a water of low humic content. Either decreases or increases were observed in dihaloacetic acids and unknown TOX (UTOX) as a result of preozonation when used with chloramination. Chloramines and chlorine dioxide produced a higher percentage of UTOX than free chlorine. They also formed more iodoform and total organic iodine (TOI) than free chlorine in the presence of iodide. Free chlorine produced a much higher level of total organic chlorine (TOCl) and bromine (TOBr) than chloramines and chlorine dioxide in the presence of bromide.
mRNA and Protein Levels of FUS, EWSR1 and TAF15 are Upregulated in Liposarcoma

Translocations or mutations of FUS, EWSR1, and TAF15 (FET) result in distinct genetic diseases. N-terminal translocations of any FET protein to a series of transcription factors yields chimeric proteins that contribute to sarcomagenesis, whereas mutations in the conserved COOH-terminal domain of wild-type FUS were recently shown to cause familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. We thus investigated whether the loss of one FUS allele by translocation in liposarcoma may be followed by mutations in either the remaining FUS allele or the paralogous EWSR1. Furthermore, we investigated the strength of the FET promoters and their contributions to sarcomagenesis given the proteins' frequent involvement in oncogenic translocations. We sequenced the respective genomic regions of both FUS and EWSR1 in 96 liposarcoma samples. Additionally, we determined FET transcript and protein levels in several liposarcoma cell lines. We did not observe sequence variations in either FUS or EWSR1. However, protein copy numbers reached an impressive 0.9 and 5.5 Mio of FUS and EWSR1 per tumor cell, respectively. Compared with adipose-derived stem cells, FUS and EWSR1 protein expression levels were elevated on average 28.6-fold and 7.3-fold, respectively. TAF15 mRNA levels were elevated on average 3.9-fold, although with a larger variation between samples. Interestingly, elevated TAF15 mRNA levels did not translate to strongly elevated protein levels, consistent with its infrequent occurrence as translocation partner in tumors. These results suggest that the powerful promoters of FET genes are predominantly responsible for the oncogenic effect of transcription factor translocations in sarcomas. © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Chemistry of exciplexes. Photocycloadditions of anthracenes to conjugated polyenes

Abstract The addition of polyenes to excited anthracenes may yield several novel adducts derivable from both concerted and stepwise pathways according to the Woodward-Hoffmann Rules. The role of exciplex intermediates in these photocycloadditions is discussed. The concerted pathway in these excited state reactions is found to be favored relative to stepwise pathway(s) by polar solvents. It is suggested that the key step responsible for the observed polar solvent effect is a potential surface crossing from the exciplex derived from the 1B2u (S1) state of anthracene to a low lying doubly excited state.
Mineralogical and chemical changes of soil and stream sediment formed by intense weathering of the Danburg granite, Georgia, U.S.A.

Abstract A series of soil and stream sediments developed during intense weathering on the metaluminous Danburg granite, northeastern Georgia, U.S.A., have been analyzed mineralogically and chemically. The concentrations of Ba, Na, Rb and Cs in the silt and coarser fractions are controlled mainly by feldspars and biotite. Hf is controlled by zircon, and the REE (rare-earth elements) and Th are largely controlled by sphene. Variations in feldspar, sphene and zircon may produce small variations in Eu/Sm and La/Lu ratios. Ferromagnesian minerals control Ta, Fe, Co, Sc and Cr concentrations. The mineralogical and chemical composition of the Danburg granite is more closely reflected in the silt than in the sand or gravel fractions of stream sediments. In the silt, the contents of Rb, REE, Th, Ta, Fe, Co and Sc and the ratios of La/Sc, Th/Sc, La/Co, Th/Co, Eu/Sm and La/Lu are similar to those in the unweathered granite. In contrast, these element contents or ratios in the sands and gravels are 0.05−3× the concentration in the unweathered granite. Ta and Ba contents are an exception to the above. The Ta and Ba contents of the sands and gravels are similar to those of the granite. In the kaolinite-halloysite clays, the content of Na is depleted relative to the source. Rb, Cs, Ba, Hf and Ta are depleted or enriched in the clays relative to the source, while the REE, Th, Fe, Co, Sc and Cr are enriched. The Eu/Sm (Eu anomaly size) and La/Lu ratios, and the REE patterns of the clays are similar to those of the source. Thus, the mineralogy and element contents of a siltstone developed from metaluminous, granitic sources during intense weathering would be expected to be more similar to the source rock than the sandstones and conglomerates. Claystones should contain similar REE patterns and Eu/Sm ratios as the source rock, but such fine-grained sediments might represent much larger areas of source rocks than the more locally derived sandstones or conglomerates.
Local-spin-density calculations for iron: Effect of spin interpolation on ground-state properties

Scalar-relativistic self-consistent linear muffin-tin orbital (LMTO) calculations for bcc and fcc Fe have been performed with several different local approximations to the exchange and correlation energy density and potential. Overall, in contrast to the conclusions of previous studies, we find that the local-spin-density approximation to exchange and correlation can provide an adequate description of bulk Fe provided that a proper parametrization of the correlation energy density and potential of the homogeneous electron gas over both spin and density is used. Lattice constants, found from the position of the minimum of the total energy as a function of Wigner-Seitz radius, agree to within 1% (for s,p,d LMTO's only) and within 1--2% (for s,p,d,f LMTO's) of the experimental lattice constants for all forms used for the local correlation. The best agreement, however, was obtained using a local correlation potential derived from the Vosko-Wilk-Nusair form for the spin dependence of the correlation energy density. The calculation performed with this correlation potential was also the only calculation to correctly predict a bcc ferromagnetic ground state.
Assimilation theory, attentive fields, and the Müller-Lyer illusion.

The assimilation theory of geometric illusions was employed to predict changes in the outgoing and ingoing forms of the Muller-Lyer illusions as a function of attentive field size. It was found that the theory predicted correctly the form of the function relating amount of illusion and size of attentive field only for the outgoing Muller-Lyer. For the ingoing illusion the prediction was opposite to the empirically obtained results. The findings are seen as additional evidence for the untenability of a unitary theory, such as assimilation theory, for both versions of the Muller-Lyer illusion as they fail to account for substantial difference between them.
Measurement of the piezoelectric properties of a zinc oxide single crystal microtube

A zinc oxide (ZnO) single crystal microtube fabricated by using an encapsulated microwave-heating growth method has been reported. This microtube has a highly symmetrical hexagonal tubular structure, and exhibits strong near-band-edge emission, highly selective UV light response, and excellent electron field emission. In this paper, we study the converse piezoelectric properties of the microtube by using a sensitive modified Michelson laser interferometer. The experimental results demonstrate that this hexagonal hollow structure has very interesting piezoelectric properties compared with bulk ZnO crystals.
3D optical printing of piezoelectric nanoparticle-polymer composite materials.

Here we demonstrate that efficient piezoelectric nanoparticle–polymer composite materials can be optically printed into three-dimensional (3D) microstructures using digital projection printing. Piezoelectric polymers were fabricated by incorporating barium titanate (BaTiO3, BTO) nanoparticles into photoliable polymer solutions such as polyethylene glycol diacrylate and exposing to digital optical masks that could be dynamically altered to generate user-defined 3D microstructures. To enhance the mechanical-to-electrical conversion efficiency of the composites, the BTO nanoparticles were chemically modified with acrylate surface groups, which formed direct covalent linkages with the polymer matrix under light exposure. The composites with a 10% mass loading of the chemically modified BTO nanoparticles showed piezoelectric coefficients (d33) of ∼40 pC/N, which were over 10 times larger than composites synthesized with unmodified BTO nanoparticles and over 2 times larger than composites containing unmodified ...
Application of Mössbauer Spectroscopy to the Study of Adsorption and Catalysis

Abstract Heterogeneous catalysis is inherently a complex subject, and progress toward making it a science rather than an art has required knowledge and techniques in many fields. In recent times physical tools such as electron microscopy and optical and magnetic resonance spectroscopy have seen increasing use and have yielded many interesting new results. This paper is a discussion of Mossbauer spectroscopy, a tool capable of giving new information concerning catalysis. In the first half we review the physical parameters which play a role in the Mossbauer effect and discuss briefly the techniques used in its measurement (the general references for this section are [1] and [2]). In the last half we discuss applications of the effect to studies of adsorption and catalysis with examples from the literature and our own exploratory work.
Effect of alloying elements on the elastic properties of Mg from first-principles calculations

Abstract The influence of different alloying elements on the lattice parameters and elastic properties of Mg solid solution has been studied using first-principles calculations within the generalized gradient approximation. The solute atoms employed herein are Al, Ba, Ca, Cu, Ge, K, Li, Ni, Pb, Si, Y and Zn. A supercell consisting of 35 atoms of Mg and one solute atom is used in the current calculations. A good agreement between calculated and available experimental data is obtained. Lattice parameters of Mg–X alloys are found to be dependent on the atomic radii of the solute atoms. A correlation between the bulk modulus of Mg–X alloys and the nearest-neighbor distance between Mg and X is shown. Addition of solute atoms belonging to the s -block and p -block of the periodic table results in a lower bulk moduli than d-block elements. A strong dependence of the elastic modulus of Mg–X alloys on the elastic properties of the solute atoms is also observed. Using the bulk modulus/shear modulus ratio ( B / G ), the change in the ductility of Mg due to the addition of the solute atom is briefly described. Linear regression coefficients for the elastic constants of each of the alloys are obtained as a tool for predicting the trend in the elastic properties of Mg as a function of concentration of the solute atoms.
Effects of microwave radiation on two strongly coupled indium microbridges

Effects of incident microwave radiation on two closely spaced indium micro-bridges are investigated by measuring the current-voltage(I–V) characteristics of the weak links, using microprobes prepared by an electron beam lithography technique. Pronounced distortions as well as negative dynamic resistance are found in theI–V curves where the sum of the two Josephson frequencies is equal to the incident microwave frequency or its harmonics. These results are interpreted in terms of interactions of the weak links with the microwave radiation and with each other via exchange of quasiparticles.
Bitter-Sweet Solution in Taste Transduction

A contentious issue in taste research might have come to a close. Zhang et al., in this issue of Cell, provide broad support for the notion that the recognition of sweet, umami, and bitter tastes use the same signaling molecules. Moreover, they show that individual taste cells are dedicated to the transduction of only one of these three taste qualities.
Anatomy of a flame: conflict and community building on the Internet

Although some social theorists have predicted that widespread computer-mediated communication produce utopian communities in cyberspace, the presence of "flames" and other activities often perceived as hostile to communal standards raises questions about whether and how such communities might come to exist. We examine the anatomy and progress of a particular "flame" that occurred in a listserv (unmoderated mailing list group) devoted specifically to the development of online communities ("Free-nets"). Contrary to existing literature that treats "flames" as undesirable, we suggest that a "flame" can help communities identify common values. >
Application of a H{ 2 / + }-like model to helium atom. Solution of the wave equation at the ground state

The wave equation of helium atom is solved based on a “H2+-like” model. A good agreement between the theoretical and experimental ionization energies is obtained.
Monolithic Integration of Superconducting YBCO and Dielectric SrTiO 3 Films on Polycrystalline Ferrites

Monolithic integration of high-temperature superconducting YBCO and nonlinear dielectric SrTiO 3 films on polycrystalline yttrium-iron-garnet (YIG) substrates represents an advance of great technical significance for dual-tuning (both electrically and magnetically) microwave components. We have solved the problems of crystallographic incompatibility among these materials and the lack of a template for epitaxial growth of SrTiO 3 and YBCO films on polycrystalline substrate. Using a template of biaxially oriented MgO, deposited by an ion-beam-assisted-deposition technique, we have produced device quality SrTiO 3 and YBCO films on polycrystalline YIG substrates. Both SrTiO 3 and YBCO films were c-axis oriented with an in-plane mosaic spread of 7° full width at half-maximum (FWHM) for SrTiO 3 and less than 7° FWHM for YBCO. The YBCO films had transition temperatures above 87 K.
Transgenic sexing system for genetic control of the Australian sheep blow fly Lucilia cuprina.

Abstract The New World screwworm and the Australian sheep blowfly Lucilia cuprina are devastating pests of livestock. The larvae of these species feed on the tissue of the living animal and can cause death if untreated. The sterile insect technique or SIT was used to eradicate screwworm from North and Central America. This inspired efforts to develop strains containing complex chromosomal rearrangements for genetic control of L. cuprina in Australia. Although one field trial was promising, the approach was abandoned due to costs and difficulties in mass rearing the strain. As the efficiency of SIT can be significantly increased if only sterile males are released, we have developed transgenic strains of L. cuprina that carry a dominant tetracycline repressible female lethal genetic system. Lethality is due to overexpression of an auto-regulated tetracycline repressible transactivator (tTA) gene and occurs mostly at the pupal stage. Dominant female lethality was achieved by replacing the Drosophila hsp70 core promoter with a Lucilia hsp70 core promoter-5′UTR for tTA overexpression. The strains carry a dominant strongly expressed marker that will facilitate identification in the field. Interestingly, the sexes could be reliably sorted by fluorescence or color from the early first instar larval stage as females that overexpress tTA also overexpress the linked marker gene. Male-only strains of L. cuprina developed in this study could form the basis for a future genetic control program. Moreover, the system developed for L. cuprina should be readily transferrable to other major calliphorid livestock pests including the New and Old World screwworm.
Microwave and terahertz detection in bundles of single-wall carbon nanotubes

We present new data on microwave detection in bundles of carbon nanotubes (CNTs). In particular, we derive a circuit model based on ANA measurements. We also demonstrate the first terahertz detection (up to 2.54 THz) in bundles of CNTs that were deposited through dielectrophoresis across the smallest gap in log-periodic antennas. Data are given that support the hypothesis that the detection process is bolometric at THz frequencies. Future extensions are planned that will employ suspended CNTs and explore heterodyne detection. Finally, we have performed unique ab initio simulations of CNTs with the aim of comparing these with the experimental data.
A biophysical model for buzz pollination in angiosperms

Abstract The stamens of most of the world's flowering plants are longitudinally dehiscent, releasing their pollen passively, whereupon floral visitors may collect it. In nearly 400 genera in 65 plant families, the anthers dehisce by means of short apical slits or true pores. In these forms, the small light pollen can only be efficiently released by native bees capable of vibrating these stamens. This intrafloral behavior propels pollen out of the pores striking the bees on their venters. It is then collected for use in larval cell provisions. Aspects of the historical development of this novel pollination syndrome, known as “buzz” or vibratile (equals vibrational) pollination, are presented including a discussion and figures of a poricidal anther, a buzzing bee and the model system. A biophysical model for the pollen/locule wall interactions resulting in pollen expulsion upon bee or artificial vibration is developed. The model was created with the morphology of anthers of Solanum (Solanaceae) in mind, but the results obtained are generally applicable to any apically dehiscent flower which is vibrated by bees to release pollen. The anthers were modeled as a tall rectangular box with an apical pore and containing numerous small particles. As the box vibrates, particles striking the walls rebound elastically. If a pollen grain strikes a receding wall, it loses energy. If a grain strikes an advancing wall, it gains energy in the collision. In each oscillation, there is a net gain in the energy of the particles. As the anther (box) is shaken, vibrational energy is transmitted from the pterothorax of the bees to the flower, the pollen grains gaining significant energy. As the energy increases and the particles begin to move about more and more vigorously, they will begin to escape through the hole in the box (or stamina] pore). The rate at which particles leave the box and time required to empty the box are calculated as functions of the geometry of the model system and the frequency of vibration. In order to test the influence of air currents, Bernolli effects and viscous drag, the flowers were mecahnically vibrated in vacuum. The pollen cloud thus produced was virtually unchanged ans so it seems unlikely that air plays any significant role in the phenomenon of vibrational pollen release. Finally, variables such as: inelastic interactions, electrostatic forces, slightly sticky pollen due to presence of “pollenkitt”, duration and types of bee buzzes are discussed in relation to the mathematical model presented.
Body Composition and Resting Energy Expenditure in Short Stature Adults: A Field Study

Results: 12 males and 30 females participated (6 and 23 achondroplasia). BIA failed in 4 (9.5%):foot malformation , weight/height below Tanita algorithm (31kg, 120 cm), inability to stand. Mean female BF% (29.1%; 5.6-45.7%) was greater than males (27.8%; 19-40.7%) with 42% of females in the obese category and 64% of males. In females, Tanita BMR (1307 89) and the ReeVue REE (1314 97) were comparable, and neither was different than gold standard indirect calorimetry (1266 102; p 0.38, p 0.32) in 9 comparable achondroplasia females. Similarly, Tanita BMR (1138 109) was similar to the ReeVue REE (1408 185) in 6 achondroplasia males and no different than gold standard indirect calorimetry (1256 172; n 11 males).
Reducing the Size of Some IP Formulations by Substitution

Simple substitution operations are proposed that reduce the size of some common IP formulations without altering the LP solution set.
Doubly-Selective Channel Estimation Using Exponential Basis Models and Subblock Tracking

We present a novel approach to doubly-selective channel estimation exploiting the complex exponential basis expansion model (CE-BEM) for the overall time-variant channel and an autoregressive (AR) model for the BEM coefficients. Since the time-varying nature of the channel is well captured in CE-BEM by the known exponential basis functions, the time variation of the (unknown) BEM coefficients is likely much slower than that of the channel. We propose a novel "subblock- wise" BEM coefficient tracking scheme based on Kalman filtering and time-multiplexed periodically transmitted training symbols. Simulation examples demonstrate its superior performance over several existing doubly-selective channel estimators.
Models for pancreatic cancer: Giant steps forward, miles to go

Pancreatic cancer is the fourth leading cause of cancer death in the United States. The five-year survival rate is 4%, the lowest among common malignancies. The development of models that faithfully recapitulate aspects of pancreatic cancer biology is crucial to achieve progress in prevention, diagnosis and therapy. This review summarizes the available models for the study of pancreatic cancer, describing their strengths and areas of continued need for improvement.
Significance of cyclic AMP in the regulation of exocrine pancreas secretion.

Nachweis, dass die Zufuhr von dibutyryl-zyklischem AMP (DcAMP) in vitro die Enzymproduktion erhoht und zwar mit nur geringer Gewichtsveranderung des Kaninchenpankreas. Die Enzymproduktion wird ebenso durch Theophyllin vermehrt und es wird vermutet, das DcAMP der Vermittler der pankreozymen Wirkung im Kaninchen ist.
Detecting covert channels within VoIP

VoIP (Voice Over IP) was ranked third among the top 11 technologies of the decade in 2011. It is one of the most popular networking services. As it is readily adopted, the VoIP traffic is increasing steadily. The large amount of data transported by VoIP makes it ideal for creating covert channels. Attacks based on covert channels becomes a new challenge for network security. In this paper, possible covert channels via VoIP are analyzed, and an effective countermeasure to detect hidden messages in both SEQ (Sequence Number) and SSRC (Source Identifier) fields in the RTP protocol during conversation phase is proposed. This proposed method creates a new processing space, in which, normal traffic is analyzed and characterized by a proposed statistical model. This model is used in detecting hidden information in SSRCs and SEQs. Simulation results show that 100% detection rate can be realized. As the proposed model requires only a small amount of training data and no illegal traffic is used in the training, the computational complexity is small and can be used for on-line covert channel detection.