cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Near-field plasmonics of gold nanoparticles in dielectric media

Abstract Metal nanoparticles have attracted intense attention due to their unique optical and thermal properties for applications such as micro-nano electronics and photonics. Relative orientation, interparticle spacing, and particle size strongly impact the optical behavior of the nanoparticle assemblies. The near-field confinement of electromagnetic fields between closely packed metal nanoparticles, which is enhanced due to their plasmonic behavior, creates high thermal energy densities under visible to near-infrared wavelength laser irradiation. As metal nanoparticles tend to be oxidized or change shape under laser illumination, resulting in non-linear optical and thermal behavior, surrounding each metal nanoparticle with a dielectric shell could be a potential way to mitigate these effects as well as to engineer their plasmonic behavior. In this study, we use numerical simulations to analyze the plasmonic behavior of gold (Au) nanoparticles surrounded with dielectric shell by investigating nanoparticle's various configurations to each other as well as their relative orientation to incoming light source under laser irradiation in dielectric media. Such geometries are of particular interest for applications such as photonic integrated circuits, photonic sintering and nanophotonic cooling.
Early use of continuous glucose monitoring in children and adolescents after total pancreatectomy with islet autotransplantation.

Background Children undergoing total pancreatectomy with islet autotransplantation (TPIAT) for chronic pancreatitis require intensive insulin therapy early after TPIAT with narrow glycemic targets, which can a present significant care burden. Outpatient use of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) systems by children and caregivers early after TPIAT is inadequately studied. Methods In this open-label study, we randomized 14 children and adolescents (mean age 15.4 years) after hospital discharge for TPIAT to Dexcom G6 CGM (n = 7) or standard care with a glucometer (n = 7) to assess acceptability and glycemic control with use of CGM versus usual care (glucometer). Participants in the control arm also wore a blinded CGM for 1 week. Result Children randomized to real-time CGM had lower mean sensor glucose values compared with controls (p = 0.002), and high overall satisfaction with CGM. Conclusions Our data indicate that CGM is a useful adjunct to diabetes management for children who have recently undergone TPIAT.
Ring‐tailed lemurs (Lemur catta) use olfaction to locate distant fruit

Objectives As many primates live in forests where visibility is limited, the ability to detect the aroma of distant fruit and navigate odor plumes would be highly adaptive. Our study is the first to investigate this ability with strepsirrhine primates. Materials and methods We tested the ability of a group of ring-tailed lemurs to detect hidden fruit from afar using scent alone. We hid containers in the underbrush of a semi-natural forest, some baited with real cantaloupe and some with sham cantaloupe, 4-17 m from a path routinely used by the lemurs. Crucially, the containers were not visible from the path. Therefore, the lemurs had to use olfactory cues, but did not have to prioritize them to locate the bait. Results The lemurs found the real cantaloupe on days that the wind blew the scent of the fruit toward the trail. They did not find the sham cantaloupe. Upon detecting the odor of the bait, the lemurs sniffed the air at one or more locations as they moved toward the bait, a process of navigation known as klinotaxis. Discussion The traditional belief is that primates are unable to track odor plumes. The untrained lemurs in this study were able to detect the odor of the cantaloupe among the complex odors of the forest and navigate the odor plume to the fruit. The results indicate that olfaction may be used to respond to cues from distant sources. The ability to track odor plumes may be a critical foraging skill for strepsirrhines.
Identification of CYP 2A6 inhibitors in an effort to mitigate the harmful effects of the phytochemical nicotine.

Aim In this study, our goal was to study the inhibition of nicotine metabolism by P450 2A6, as a means for reduction in tobacco use and consequently the prevention of smoking-related cancers. Nicotine, a phytochemical, is an addictive stimulant, responsible for the tobacco-dependence in smokers. Many of the other phytochemicals in tobacco, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, N-nitrosamines, and aromatic amines, are potent systemic carcinogens. Tobacco smoking causes about one of every five deaths in the United States annually. Nicotine plasma concentration is maintained by the smokers' smoking behavior within a small range. Nicotine is metabolized by cytochrome P450s 2A6 and 2A13 to cotinine. This metabolism causes a decrease in nicotine plasma levels, which in turn leads to increased tobacco smoking, and increased exposure to the tobacco carcinogens. Methods Using the phytochemical nicotine as a lead structure, and taking its interactions with the P450 2A6 binding pocket into consideration, new pyridine derivatives were designed and synthesized as potential selective mechanism-based inhibitors for this enzyme. Results The design and synthesis of two series of novel pyridine-based compounds, with varying substituents and substitution locations on the pyridine ring, as well as their inhibitory activities on cytochrome P450 2A6 and their interactions with its active site are discussed here. Substitutions at position 3 of the pyridine ring with an imidazole or propargyl ether containing group showed the most optimal interactions with the P4502A6 active site. Conclusion The pyridine compounds with an imidazole or propargyl ether containing substituent on position 3 were found to be promising lead compounds for further development. Hydrogen-bonding interactions were determined to be crucial for effective binding of these molecules within the P450 2A6 active site.
Rapid Progression After 177Lu-DOTATATE in Patients With Neuroendocrine Tumors.

ABSTRACT Peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT) is a treatment option for somatostatin receptor-positive, unresectable or metastatic neuroendocrine tumors (NETs). Despite high disease control rates seen with PRRT, a subset of the NET population seems to have a short progression-free interval. We hypothesize that patients with NETs with rapid progression post-PRRT may have mixed low- and high-grade cell populations, and PRRT treats the lower-grade component, allowing the more aggressive high-grade component to progress.We report 7 patients with biopsy-proven NET who received PRRT with 177Lu-DOTATATE at the Stanford Cancer Center who had evidence of progressive disease (PD) on or within 6 months of therapy.All patients had primary pancreatic, metastatic, well-differentiated NET on diagnosis and were heavily pretreated before receiving PRRT. Two patients had PD while on PRRT; 5 had PD within 6 months of completing PRRT. The median time from the last cycle to PD was 3.2 months (range, 1.1-4.6 months). The median progression-free survival was 7.7 months (95% confidence interval, 5.7-9.8 months). Three patients had a repeat biopsy post-PRRT, 2 of which demonstrated higher disease grade compared with their initial pathology. Further evaluation in larger patient cohorts is warranted to elucidate predictive factors of PRRT response/nonresponse to enable better patient selection.
We're here, we're queer, we're framed: Navigating ethical tensions in a photovoice project with LGBTQ+ refugees and asylum seekers living in Athens, Greece.

Informed by our personal stories of diaspora as first-generation Greek-Americans and as queer artists-activists, we intimately connect to social justice issues surrounding the intersections of migr...
The Mind of Jihad

This book examines contemporary jihad as a cult of violence and power. All jihadi groups, whether Shiite or Sunni, Arab or not, are characterized by a similar bloodlust. Murawiec characterizes this belief structure as identical to that of Europe's medieval millenarians and apocalyptics, arguing that both jihadis and their European cousins shared in a Gnostic ideology: a God-given mission endowed the Elect with supernatural powers and placed them above the common law of mankind. Although the ideology of jihad is essentially Islamic, Murawiec traces the political technologies used by modern jihad to the Bolsheviks. Their doctrines of terror as a system of rule were appropriated by radical Islam through multiple lines of communication. This book brings history, anthropology, and theology to bear to understand the mind of jihad that has declared war on the West and the world.
A quantitative method for identifying specific educational needs among CD plus Medline searchers: a pilot study.

The Eskind Biomedical Library of Vanderbilt University recently provided remote access to MEDLINE using CD Plus' OVID software. Remote users had previous experience searching MEDLINE with other systems (in particular, Grateful Med, SilverPlatter, and Notis,) but not with the CD Plus interface. Our concern was that prior experience with a system would inhibit searchers from using CD Plus' system features correctly.
apGA: AN ADAPTIVE PARALLEL GENETIC ALGORITHM

ABSTRACT We review the concept of deceptive functions, suggest that practical problems often have deceptive subproblems, and use this to motivate the need for robust genetic algorithms that can solve deceptive problems as well as straightforward ones. We develop apGA, an adaptive parallel Genetic Algorithm, that combines aggressive search with perpetual novelty, yet is able to preserve enough genetic structure to optimally solve variably scaled, non-uniform block deceptive and hierarchical deceptive problems. apGA combines elitism, adaptive mutation, adaptive exponential scaling, and temporal memory. We present empirical results for six classes of problems, including the DeJong test suite. Although we have not investigated hybrids, we note that apGA could be incorporated into other recent GA variants such as GENITOR, CHC, and the recombination stage of mGA.
Study of the R meson produced in 13 GeV/cπ+p interactions☆

Abstract The missing mass spectrum opposite the proton in a 750 000 picture exposure, 13 GeV/ c π + p bubble chamber experiment, is investigated in two and four pion channels for structures observed or denied by boson spectrometers at the same energy in the reaction π − p→X − p. In the four pion final state the R + enhancement is observed clearly and the possibility of multi-component mass structure is considered. Treating the phenomenon as one object, cross sections and branching ratios are derived for intermediate quasi two and three body decay modes ( ωπ , ϱϱ , A 2 π , ϱππ ). The signals in the two pion state and for the neutral state produced opposite Δ ++ (1231) are also presented and an elasticity is calculated.
The vagina and human reproduction.

Abstract This review is an evaluation of the basic and clinical parameters of the human vagina in healthy and diseased states.
Viable but not Culturable (VBNC) Microorganisms

The Concept of the Viable but non Culturable (VBNC) Cell The Reality of the VBNC Phenomenon Other Cases of Organisms ‘Choosing’ not to Grow Maximally Still Other Kinds of Lethal Processes The Different kinds of Bacterial Death Keywords: viable but not culturable (VBNC) microorganisms
Phase-space functions: can they give a different view of quantum mechanics?

The Wigner function has been studied for more than eight decades, in the quest to develop a phase-space formulation of quantum mechanics. But, it is not the only phase-space formulation. Here, we discuss the properties of some of the various phase-space approaches and how they can give new insights into many quantum properties such as entanglement, which is not normally observable.
Power flow management of a grid tied PV-battery powered fast electric vehicle charging station

The prospective spread of Electric vehicles (EV) and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles arises the need for fast charging rates. High required charging rates lead to high power demands, which may not be supported by the grid. In this paper, an optimal power flow technique of a PV-battery powered fast EV charging station is presented to minimize the operation cost. The objective is to help the penetration of PV-battery systems into the grid to support the growing need for fast charging of EVs. An optimization problem is formulated along with the required constraints and the operating cost function is chosen as a combination of electricity grid prices and the battery degradation cost. In the first stage of the proposed optimization procedure, an offline particle swarm optimization (PSO) is performed as a prediction layer. In the second stage, dynamic programming (DP) is performed as an online reactive management layer. Forecasted system data is utilized in both stages to find the optimal solution for the power management. In the reactive management layer, the outputs of the PSO are used to limit the available state trajectories used in the DP and, accordingly, improve the system computation time and efficiency. Online error compensation is implemented into the DP and fed back to the prediction layer for necessary prediction adjustments. Simulation and experimental results are successfully implemented to validate the effectiveness of the proposed management system.
A Two-State Eukaryotic Cell Migration Model

Cells are dynamic and motile objects and the way they make decisions about migratory directions has been an area of intensive research. To explain the intricate effects of genetic mutations and environmental changes on cell migration, we have devised a discrete stochastic trajectory decision model from simple mechanochemical principles. In the current model, the cells have been treated as mobile machines with two states of migration: persistent and random. The state transitions are assumed to obey Markovian dynamics. We used molecular diffusion and polymer analogies to estimate likelihoods of the trajectories. The model has been tested on human fibrosarcoma and fibroblast wild type cells, various knockdowns, and cells performing chemotaxis and galvanotaxis. The results demonstrate the adequacy of the model in fitting the experimental cell speed distribution, velocity autocorrelation, mean squared displacement and angles between consecutive velocity steps. The model has the potential to better explain more complex trajectory dynamics of cells including cancer invasion, wound healing, and cellular development.
Chemical reaction accelerated transport of molecules through membranes

Abstract A unified treatment is given for the enhanced rates of net oxygen transport and O 18 -exchange through a liquid or solid membrane containing hemoglobin. Although this phenomenon is less complex than “active transport”, the present treatment is applicable to the transport of molecules through other analogous membranes accelerated by chemical reactions.
Improving Wound Healing with Topical Gene Therapy

Background: Impaired wound healing remains a major clinical problem with many etiologies. Altering gene expression to enhance healing is an innovative therapeutic approach. In recent years, we have developed a means to topically silence genes at the post-transcriptional level to locally alter wounds and improve the healing process. The Problem: Many types of chronic wounds have been associated with alterations in the expression of genes that mediate healing. Targeting the expression of these genes in a way that can improve healing while limiting systemic side effects has been very challenging. Basic/Clinical Science Advances: Our laboratory's recent work has focused on the use of topically applied small interfering ribonucleic acid (siRNA) to inhibit messenger RNA expression of certain mediators involved in healing in two different types of cutaneous injury—radiation-induced cutaneous injury and the diabetic excisional wound. By successfully inhibiting specific gene mediators with topical siRNA, we revers...
Synthesis and characterization of dioxoosmium(VI) complexes of hydroxycarboxylic acids

Abstract The synthesis and characterization of stable well-defined osmium(VI)-hydroxycarboxylic acid complexes is reported for the first time. The reaction of dipotassium tetramethylosmate(VI) with hydroxycarboxylic acids [glycolic, 2-hydroxyisobutyric, (S)-(+)-mandelic and o-salicylic] in the presence of pyridine led to the formation of trans-dioxo(oxoacidato)dipyridineosmium(VI) complexes. Elemental analysis, and IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and mass spectrometer were used to characterize the new complexes. A structure in which OOsO group is perpendicular to the plane produced by the two nitrogen atoms of the pyridine ligands and the two oxygen atoms of the oxoacidato group is proposed for the complexes. In the structure, oxoacidato groups form five- or six-membered rings with the osmium atom.
Turbulent Spot Observations within a Hypervelocity Boundary Layer on a 5-degree Half-Angle Cone

Laminar to turbulent transition is a critically important process in hypersonic vehicle design. Higher thermal loads, by half an order of magnitude or more, result from the increased heat transfer due to turbulent flow. Drag, skin friction, and other flow properties are also significantly impacted. Transition to turbulence in initially laminar boundary layers can occur along many paths. In low-speed flow under ideal conditions (quiet freestream, nominally smooth surfaces with favorable or zero pressure gradient and minimal crossflow) transition occurs over a finite distance and is associated with the creation and growth of propagating patches of turbulent flow, known as turbulent spots. Spots may be due to the breakdown of linear instabilities or induced by “bypass mechanisms” associated with nonideal effects in the flow or model. H.W. Emmons (1951) was the first to propose that laminar boundary layers break down through the convergence of spots, after observations of a water-table analogy to air flow. Spot formation has been studied extensively in subsonic flows, a recent review of past and current work on spots in incompressible flows is given by Strand and Goldstein (2011).
Sequence of general transcription factor TFIIB and relationships to other initiation factors.

Abstract Transcription factor TFIIB is a ubiquitous factor required for transcription initiation by RNA polymerase II. Previous studies have suggested that TFIIB serves as a bridge between the "TATA"-binding factor (TFIID) and RNA polymerase II during preinitiation complex assembly and, more recently, that TFIIB can be a target of acidic activators. We have purified TFIIB to homogeneity, shown that activity resides in a 33-kDa polypeptide, and obtained cDNAs encoding functional TFIIB. TFIIB contains a region with amino acid sequence similarity to a highly conserved region of prokaryotic sigma factors. This is consistent with analogous functions for these factors in promoter recognition by RNA polymerases and with similar findings for TFIID, TFIIE, and TFIIF/RAP30. Like TFIID, TFIIB contains both a large imperfect repeat that could contribute an element of symmetry to the folded protein and clusters of basic residues that could interact with acidic activator domains. These findings argue for a common origin of TFIIB, TFIID, and other general transcription factors and for the evolutionary segregation of complementary functions.
Molecular cloning and characterization of anther-preferential cDNA encoding a putative actin-depolymerizing factor.

A cDNA clone, LMP131A, which is preferentially expressed in mature anther was isolated from a lily cDNA library. Northern blot analysis and plaque hybridization expriments showed that the LMP131A mRNA is present at ca. 0.3% of the mRNA in mature pollen and is not detectable in carpel, petal, floral bud, leaf, or root. The clone contains an open reading frame of 139 amino acid residues which shows greater than 40% sequence identity in a 91 amino acid overlap to animal actin-depolymerizing factors (ADF), cofilin and destrin. The sequences at and near the actin-binding site are most conserved. Using the lily clone as a probe, a cDNA clone, BMP1, was isolated from a mature anther library of Brassica napus. The expression pattern of the BMP1 clone was the same as that of the lily clone. The Brassica anther-preferential clone contains an open reading frame which is 79% identical to the lily LMP131A protein. Southern blot analysis showed that there are one or a few copies of the putative ADF genes in B. napus and Arabidopsis thaliana.
Intraseasonal Teleconnection between North American and Western North Pacific Monsoons with 20-Day Time Scale

Abstract Based on a recently released, high-resolution reanalysis dataset for the North American region, the intraseasonal variability (ISV; with a time scale of about 20 days) of the North American monsoon (NAM) is examined. The rainfall signals associated with this phenomenon first emerge near the Gulf of Mexico and eastern Pacific at about 20°N. They subsequently migrate to the southwestern United States along the slope of the Sierra Madre Occidental. The rainfall quickly dissipates upon arrival at the desert region of Arizona and New Mexico (AZNM). The enhanced rainfall over AZNM is accompanied by strong southeasterly low-level flow along the Gulf of California. This pattern bears strong resemblance to the circulation related to “gulf surge” events, as documented by many studies. The southeasterly flow is associated with an anomalous low vortex over the subtropical eastern Pacific Ocean off California, and a midlatitude anticyclone over the central United States in the lower troposphere. This flow pat...
Nitrate loss in subsurface drainage and corn yield as affected by timing of sidedress nitrogen

Abstract Using chlorophyll meters, crop sensors, or aerial photography to fine-tune sidedress N application rates have been proposed for optimizing and perhaps reducing overall N fertilizer use on corn ( Zea mays L.) and thereby improving water quality by reducing NO 3 losses to surface and ground waters. However, numerous studies have shown that a range of sensors are unable to detect nitrogen deficiencies until at least the middle of and often late in the growing season. Sidedressing N early in the growing season has proven to be a sound strategy for optimizing yields and minimizing nitrate losses in tile drains. However, delaying sidedressing until mid-season (just before reproductive growth) has been shown to negate much of the yield and nitrate leaching loss benefits. For four years in an Iowa production field (2006–2009), we measured the crop yield and nitrate leaching losses to subsurface drain pipes in a corn–soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.] rotation when N fertilizer was sidedressed to corn at three different crop development stages. The first treatment had all of the N fertilizer applied when the corn was at the 2 leaf stage (V2). The other two treatments split the N fertilizer application equally between the V2 stage and when six corn leaves were fully extended (V6) or when 12 corn leaves were fully extended (V12). Waiting until the V12 stage to sidedress the remaining N is a compromise between when plant sensors may be sensitive to N deficiencies and when sidedressing may still provide a water quality benefit without a detrimental impact on corn yield. We found no consistent yield differences for corn among the three treatments with significantly decreasing corn yields in the order of V12 > V2 > V6 in 2008 but no differences in 2006 or when averaged over both years. Similarly, none of the N treatments affected soybean yields grown the following year. When averaged over all years, there were no significant differences in nitrate concentration or leaching losses in subsurface drains among the treatments. Thus, if crop sensors can provide N rate information for sidedressing by the V12 growth stage, optimization of N fertilizer rates for crop yield and minimization of nitrate leaching may be possible.
Tissue autofluorescence spectroscopy: in-vivo alterations may reflect cellular proliferation

We report on the in vivo fluorescence spectroscopy of ten oral tongue cancers in previously untreated patients. Spectral profiles of the tongue tumor in each patient were compared to those of the corresponding normal contralateral oral tongue mucosa. Spectral characteristics were generated using a xenon lamp as a light source and the results described herein were restricted to one excitation scan obtained using a Mediscience-CD Scanner. The ratio of the main peak at 320-350 nm to the secondary peak at 373-376 nm and the area under the curve between 300 and 400 nm in the excitation scan were used as measurements to calculate differences between the normal versus oral tongue cancer. Significance was determined using the paired t-st. The ratio of the main peak to the secondary peak was higher in the tumor scans when compared to the corresponding contralateral mucosa. When the area under the curves was analyzed, the tumor tissue had reproducible lower values as compared to the contralateral normal sites.
Design Optimization of "Straight Groove" Toroidal Grating Monochromators for Synchrotron Radiation

Abstract The use of approximate focussing to achieve a moderate resolution monochromator was pioneerd by the workers at the National Bureau of Standards. More recently the advantages of high flux, mechanical simplicity and low cost have been exploited by other groups, and monochromators of this class have been built employing aberration correction. We consider briefly the theory of the straight groove (uncorrected) case and advance some ideas aimed at achieving optimal designs for various purposes. Some particular solutions proposed for use at the National Synchrotron Light Source are discussed, and detailed ray traces are shown indicating the expected performance.
A modification of Pedersen's model for saturated crude oil viscosities using standard black oil PVT data

Abstract This paper presents a modification of Pedersen’s corresponding states compositional viscosity model that enables viscosity prediction for black oil systems when there are no compositional data available. This model can be easily implemented in any reservoir simulation software, it can be easily tuned, and it provides better estimates of oil viscosity than the existing correlations. Viscosity from 324 sets of differential liberation data consisting of 2343 observations covering a wide range of pressure, temperature, and oil density were used to develop the correlation which retains most of the functional form of Pedersen’s model. These modifications include (1) use of n-decane as the reference fluid; (2) consider the oil mixture as a single pseudocomponent with molecular weight and critical properties correlated to its density; and (3) add a functional dependence to solution gas/oil ratio and gas-specific gravity. The average error over 2343 viscosity observations was 0.9%. The model was tested against a second data set consisting of 150 observations and the average error was 0.7%. The predictions were compared with those predicted from the correlations of Khan et al. [SPE 15720 (1987)] and of Petrosky [SPE 29468 (1995)] that are applicable to the experimental conditions of our data sets. These average errors for these correlations were −28 and 4.9%, respectively, for the first data set; and −60.8 and −1.4% for the second data set.
Quantum Monte Carlo for molecules: Green’s function and nodal release

A random walk algorithm is presented which exactly calculates the properties of a many‐electron system. For that purpose both the Green’s function Monte Carlo method and nodal relaxation have been employed and both are described in detail. The scheme is applied to several small molecules, (H3, LiH, Li2, H20) and with modest computational effort and simple importance functions, ground state energies are obtained which agree with experimental energies within statistical error bars. The small energy decrease due to nodal release is accurately evaluated by a difference method.
SnapShot: Mitochondrial Quality Control

Environmental insults Injury/high Ca++ ROS DNA damage H E A LT H Y Cayman Chemical is helping make bioenergetics research possible. For more than three decades, Cayman Chemical has been responding to the needs of researchers by producing assay kits, proteins, biochemicals, antibodies, and research services for a diverse range of research areas. With an established catalog of more than 8,000 products and a variety of custom services, our community of scientists applies their deep knowledge of life sciences to assemble focused product lines for the analysis of vital biological systems. Our bioenergetics reagents and contract services deliver accurate, reproducible, and reliable data on cellular metabolism, allowing researchers to create a full mitochondrial function and toxicity profile. All of our products are backed by in-house scientists—the same scientists develop the products, answer your questions, and analyze your samples through Cayman’s contract research services.
Thoughts on the progression of type 2 diabetes drug discovery

Introduction: Type 2 diabetes is a growing epidemic in need of effective treatments. There has been research in recent years involving numerous drug therapies and targets. This article is a review of the progress thus far in type 2 diabetes drug discovery.Areas covered: This editorial reviews type 2 diabetes drug discovery mainly over the past decade through a literature search of PubMed. Furthermore, the author reviews several avenues of research, including the expansion of knowledge for possible drug therapies involving the β-cell, such as targeting its proliferation, function and apoptosis. This knowledge has led to possible drug therapies in clinical trials, particularly insulin secretagogues that are glucose-dependent. Other areas of research in type 2 diabetes drug discovery discussed by the author relate to the new frontier of genome-wide association studies (GWAS), the challenges of oral insulin development and drug targets of inflammation. The author also reviews sirtuin activators and resveratro...
Synopsis and Review of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association 2013 ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction Guideline

The "2013 ACCF/AHA Guideline for the Management of ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction: A Report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines" is a major revision of the 2004 guideline. This article provides a synopsis and review of the guideline focusing on changes in patient care and implementing processes to ensure quality care. The implementation of this guideline provides nursing with a unique opportunity to affect patients and families primarily by recognition of the event and education about lifestyle modification and disease management. Regionalization of emergency systems provides a novel situation for nursing to develop interdepartmental and system protocols.
Hadoop distributed file system for the Grid

Data distribution, storage and access are essential to CPU-intensive and data-intensive high performance Grid computing. A newly emerged file system, Hadoop distributed file system (HDFS), is deployed and tested within the Open Science Grid (OSG) middleware stack. Efforts have been taken to integrate HDFS with other Grid tools to build a complete service framework for the Storage Element (SE). Scalability tests show that sustained high inter-DataNode data transfer can be achieved for the cluster fully loaded with data-processing jobs. The WAN transfer to HDFS supported by BeStMan and tuned GridFTP servers shows large scalability and robustness of the system. The hadoop client can be deployed at interactive machines to support remote data access. The ability to automatically replicate precious data is especially important for computing sites, which is demonstrated at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) computing centers. The simplicity of operations of HDFS-based SE significantly reduces the cost of ownership of Petabyte scale data storage over alternative solutions.
Improved near-earth object detection using dynamic logic

Current efforts aimed at detecting and identifying Near Earth Objects (NEOs) that pose potential risks to Earth use moderately sized telescopes combined with image processing algorithms to detect the motion of these objects. The search strategies of such systems involve multiple revisits at given intervals between observations to the same area of the sky so that objects that appear to move between the observations can be identified against the static star field. Dynamic Logic algorithm, derived from Modeling Field Theory, has made significant improvements in detection, tracking, and fusion of ground radar images. As an extension to this, the research in this paper will examine Dynamic Logic's ability to detect NEOs with minimal human-in-the-loop intervention. Although the research in this paper uses asteroids for the automation detection, the ultimate extension to this study is for detecting orbital debris. Many asteroid orbits are well defined, so they will serve as excellent test cases for our new algorithm application.
Dual substrate oxidations by Azotobacter vinelandii membranes

Abstract Azotobacter vinelandii membranes oxidized H 2 and malate simultaneously. However, the O 2 uptake rate of A. vinelandii membranes with both H 2 and malate provided was about the same as with malate alone. In contrast, during dual substrate oxidation of H 2 and succinate, the O 2 uptake activity was approximately the same rate as the summation of the individual H 2 -dependent and succinate-dependent O 2 uptake rates. During dual substrate oxidation of H 2 and succinate, each substrate contributed about equal amounts of reductant as electrons. The above results can be explained on the basis of the oxidases utilized for the various substrates. Cyanide inhibition studies demonstrated that during dual substrate oxidation of H 2 and succinate, the terminal oxidases used (cytochrome o and d ) are the combination of the principal oxidases used by each substrate alone. Cyanide inhibition curves of respiration indicated that the reason for the competition between H 2 and malate for oxidase activity is most likely due to the use of cytochrome d by both of these substrates. Use of chlorpromazine, which inhibits the cytochromes c to cytochrome o branch of electron flow, also indicated that the terminal oxidases used for succinate plus H 2 are the combination of the separate principal oxidases (cytochromes o and d ) used by each substrate alone. Succinate-dependent O 2 uptake was highly sensitive to chlorpromazine, and this was attributed to inhibition of the cytochrome o branch. Chlorpromazine inhibition phases of malate oxidase and the dual substrate condition malate plus H 2 were similar. The chlorpromazine inhibition experiments indicated that cytochromes d and o are utilized under both malate alone and malate plus H 2 conditions. In all cases cytochrome d appeared to be the oxidase responsible for electron flow from H 2 .
Ability Metric Transformations Involved in Vertical Equating Under Item Response Theory

The metric transformations of the ability scales in volved in three equating techniques—external anchor test, internal anchor test, and a pooled groups proce dure—were investigated. Simulated item ...
Properties of Inconel 625 mesh structures grown by electron beam additive manufacturing

Abstract Relationships between electron beam parameters (beam current, beam speed, and beam focus) and physical properties (mass, diameter, elastic modulus, and yield strength) have been investigated for Inconel 625 mesh cubes fabricated using an additive manufacturing technology based on electron beam melting. The elastic modulus and yield strength of the mesh cubes have been systematically varied by approximately a factor of ten by changing the electron beam parameters. Simple models have been used to understand these relationships. Structural anisotropies of the mesh associated with the layered build architecture have been observed and may contribute, along with microstructural anisotropies, to the anisotropic mechanical properties of the mesh. Knowledge of this kind is likely applicable to other metal and alloy systems and is essential to rapidly realize the full potential of this burgeoning technology.
Leptin and the regulation of body weight

Leptin has received considerable attention as a newly recognized metabolic hormone and for its potential for therapeutic use in the treatment of human obesity. Furthermore, defects in the leptin signal pathway that result in obesity in animal models have raised the possibility of a similar etiology for obesity in humans. This review will summarize the current findings on leptin in both humans and rodents. These findings will be discussed with respect to our view of the physiology and potential for pathophysiology in leptin-mediated regulation of body weight and composition.
Early Breast Feeding with Alternate Massage

Resume La premiere phase de l'allaitement presente trop souvent helas certaines difficultes telles que des mamelons douloureux ou des seins gonfles de sang, difficultes qui menent rapidement a une insuffisance de lait. Ces perturbations s'accompagnent d'un fonctionnement inefficace du "reflexe de detente". Ce reflexe ne devient effectif qu'en suite du remplissage et de l'epuisement repetes du sein. C'est jusqu'a ce que ceci se produise que les problemes dont il est ici question se posent. Le message alternatif presente une solution. C'est une methode simple qui permet au Bebe, malgre le reflexe de detente ineffectif, de vider le sein de sa mere tandis qu'il se remplit. Ainsi la pression negative continue, qui cause cette douleur aux mamelons, se trouve eliminee. Le penible gonflement des seins est aussi evite et la poitrine recoit le stimulent naturel pour donner un debit satisfaisant de lait. Une etude entreprise pour determiner l'efficacite du procede a donne des resultats remarquables. Les bebes des meres ayant recours au massage alternatifi prenaient, en moyenne, quatre onces et demie (128cm 3 ) de lait de plus le quatrieme jour de vie que ceux dont les meres n'utilisaient pas cette methode. Cent meres furent examinees concernant les douleurs des seins et des mamelons. Quatre-vingt dix-sept de celles-ci n'en avaient aucune et jouissaient de l'allaitement de leurs enfants. Les trois autres en avaient, mais ces peines purent dans chaque cas etre attribuees a une autre cause.
Evidence for movement of ore materials during high-grade metamorphism

Abstract The effects of regional metamorphism on mineral deposits, the massive ores in particular, have been the subject of renewed research in the last 25 years. Documentation of movement of ore materials and identification of the mechanisms of transport have proven easier for deposits metamorphosed at low and intermediate grades than for those metamorphosed at high grades. This paper focusses mainly on evidence for mobilization at high grades of metamorphism; genetic conclusions regarding the mechanisms of transport are offered somewhat more tentatively. Synmetamorphic brecciation, a consistent relationship of metal ratios to position in folds in deformed ores, and the occurrence of mineralization in tension gash veins and pressure shadows, indicate that ore materials can be redistributed within ore-masses. Mechanisms which may explain these observations are brittle behaviour in response to stress, ductile flow of sulfide minerals and pressure solution. Movement of material into or out of ore-masses is indicated by the gradients in fO2 and fS2 between ore and country rock which have been documented at a number of localities. Uranium can also be mobilized and transported over significant distances during high-grade metamorphism. The supporting evidence is, however, indirect in that high-grade rocks are consistently depleted in U relative to similar rocks metamorphosed to lower grades. The development and migration of a sulfide melt during metamorphism is a possible mechanism for moving materials into or out of ore-masses; however, there is no good evidence that this process occurs in nature. Finally, some ore-masses may have been displaced physically during high-grade metamorphism. There is some suggestion that massive sulfide and oxide ores in high-grade terranes occur preferentially in synformal structures. If this is the case, it may be due to a sinking process initiated by the large density contrast between massive ores and country rocks. A simple dynamic model for the Sterling Hill deposit, New Jersey is consistent with this hypothesis and gives a sinking rate of 102–104 cm Ma−.
Effects of neurotoxicants on synaptic transmission: Lessons learned from electrophysiological studies

A number of environmentally-important neurotoxicants affect chemical synaptic transmission in the peripheral and central nervous system. These include heavy metals such as lead, mercury, cadmium and tin; organophosphates; pyrethroid insecticides, and 2,5-hexanedione. Electrophysiological techniques including intracellular microelectrode recording of nerve-evoked and spontaneously occurring synaptic potentials, iontophoresis of neurotransmitter, and voltage clamp of presynaptic and postsynaptic membrane ionic current have proven to be especially useful in analyzing the cellular mechanisms by which these toxicants affect neurotransmission. The process of synaptic transmission can be broadly subdivided into those processes associated with transmitter synthesis, storage and release and sometimes termination of transmitter action (presynaptic processes), and those processes associated with binding of transmitter to its receptors on the receiving cell, activation of the receptor-associated ionic channel and degradation of chemical transmitter (postsynaptic processes). The processes associated with release of neurotransmitter are the target of a number of naturally-occurring toxins and environmentally important toxicants. General mechanisms by which these agents disrupt presynaptic processes associated with transmission include: prevention or disruption of axonal excitability (pyrethroid insecticides); disruption of calcium-dependent neurotransmitter release (heavy metals, antibiotics, certain snake and spider venom toxins, botulinum toxin); and disruption of intracellular buffering of calcium (heavy metals), Mechanisms by which these agents may disrupt postsynaptic processes include effects on transmitter degradation (organophosphates) or effects on the postsynaptic membrane receptors or associated ionic channels (organophosphates, antibiotics, and perhaps pyrethroids). Microelectrode studies have shown that cadmium, lead and mercury (organic and inorganic forms) suppress release of neurotransmitter by presynaptic mechanisms and increase spontaneous discharge of transmitter quanta from the presynaptic nerve terminal. This has led to the suggestion that a component of synaptic toxicity of these agents entails block of Ca entry into and buffering by the presynaptic nerve terminals. Conventional and patch voltage clamp studies have been used to measure effects of neurotoxicants on ionic currents carried through voltage-sensitive and receptor-operated ionic channels.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Survival of the Colorado potato beetle on virus‐infected tomato in relation to plant nitrogen and alkaloid content

Infection by tobacco mosaic virus improved the suitability of tomato, Lycopersicon esculentum Mill, for survival of Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), larvae. This improvement was due, at least in part, to the increase in total nitrogen content of virus-infected plants. The simultaneous increase in tomatine content had no discernable effect on L. decemlineata survival. Our results are consistent with the suggestions that virus infection may improve the suitability of partially resistant or non-preferred hosts, and that virus infection may facilitate the adaption of phytophagous insects to such ‘marginal’ host plant species. RESUME Influence de la teneur en azote et en alcaloides de tomates virosees sur la survie de Leptinotarsa decemlineata Pour verifier l'hypothese selon laquelle une contamination par un virus vegetal peut accroitre la consommation de plantes delaissees ou partiellement resistantes nous avons examine les interactions entre Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say, Lycopersicon esculentum Mill., et le virus de la mosaique du tabac (TMV). La survie des larves de L. decemlineata a augmente avec la contamination par TMV; les teneurs en azote et en tomatine etaient toutes deux plus elevees dans les plantes contaminees par le virus. La survie a augmente lineairement avec la teneur en azote, mais sans dependre de la teneur en tomatine. L'influence positive pour L. decemlineata de la contamination par le virus peut etre attribuee au moins en partie a la teneur en azote plus elevee. Nos resultats correspondent a l'hypothese selon laquelle la consummation de plantes delaissees ou partiellement resistantes peut etre augmentee par la contamination virale, et que cette contamination peut faciliter l'adaptation d'insectes phytophages sur des plantes marginalement consommables.
Stability and Time-Delay Modeling of Negative Feedback Loops

Negative feedback loops are a common cellular motif underlying many important gene regulation pathways, and therefore a clear understanding of their dynamics is important for the study of gene regulation. Here we analyze the linear stability of negative feedback loops with and without explicit time delays. When the degradation rates of each loop component are identical, we derive the analytical solution of the condition of marginal stability. In the most general case, when the degradation rates of each component differ, we derive a novel expansion of the condition of marginal stability in terms of the geometric mean and variance of the degradation rates. We use these results to demonstrate how the mathematical representation of a negative feedback loop can be simplified such that the stability characteristics are maintained. Finally we apply these results to study the stability structure of the p53-Mdm2 feedback loop. By simplifying a model involving nuclear and cytoplasmatic molecular species of mdm2 mRNA and Mdm2 protein to a model involving only nuclear components and a time delay (which summarizes transcriptional, nuclear import and export, and translational time scales), we demonstrate how our methods allow for an elucidation of the dynamic instabilities recently observed experimentally in the p53-Mdm2 system as the transcription of p53 changes from low to middle to high rates.