cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Surface Pressure Perturbations Produced by an Isolated Mesoscale Topographic Barrier. Part II: Influence on Regional Circulations

Abstract This paper describes the detailed pressure and surface wind evolution associated with several important mesoscale phenomena in the region surrounding the Olympic Mountains of Washington state. The data used in this study were collected during the Olympex Experiment, during which eleven high-accuracy microbarographs were placed around the Olympics. The diurnal sea level pressure and surface wind variations of western Washington are described: lower pressure is observed over elevated terrain during the day with the opposite configuration at night. Next, this study documents the closed mesoscale lee lows that form in the lee of the Olympics during strong south-southwesterly synoptic flow regimes. Such lee lows create intense sea level pressure gradients and large ageostrophic accelerations along the eastern slopes of the Olympics. Another important feature examined in this paper is the Puget Sound Convergence Zone; it is shown that troughing in the lee of the Olympics plays an important role in dete...
Preschool Teachers' Sense of Community, Instructional Quality, and Children's Language and Literacy Gains

Research Findings: This study investigated relations among preschool teachers' (n = 75) sense of community, classroom language and literacy instructional quality, and children's (n = 398) gains in vocabulary and print concept knowledge during an academic year. Hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) results indicated that teachers' language and literacy instructional quality significantly predicted children's gains in print concept knowledge. Also, HLM results revealed significant interactions among teachers' sense of community, language and literacy instructional quality, and vocabulary and print concept knowledge gains. Higher levels of teachers' sense of community were associated with greater gains in children's vocabulary and print concept knowledge when children were in classrooms with higher quality language and literacy instruction. Practice or Policy: Findings underscore the importance of evaluating both language and literacy instructional quality and teachers' sense of community when considering high-...
Current and Torque of D-C Machines on Short Circuit

This paper presents formulas, in terms of easily evaluated coefficients, for the armature current, field current, and torque of d-c machines on short circuit. The method of the paper makes it unnecessary to calculate the mutual inductance between the armature and field windings. Heretofore, this mutual inductance (between the two windings which normally are in quadrature with each other) has made it exceedingly difficult to calculate current and torque on short circuit. Under short-circuit conditions, the armature and field windings are not, in effect, in quadrature with one another and are mutually inductive partly because of saturation of the flux path at one side of the poles and partly because of commutation phenomena. These circumstances create difficulties uniquely overcome in the paper. A basic feature of the paper is the expression for the relation between flux, armature amperes, and field amperes. Calculations cannot be made without establishing this relationship (plotted for a specific case in Figure 9) and a simple expression for it has not been presented before to the author's knowledge. Another important feature, also believed to be new, is the development of an expression for the resistance to current flow created by the reactance voltage of the alternating current in the armature winding. A third feature is a formula for estimating the time constant of the armature circuit using an average coefficient of inductance. The results are applied to several machines and the calculated performance compared with test data. In most cases, particularly with large machines having bar windings, approximate calculations can be made without need of manufacturer's data.
Axonal mRNA transport and localized translational regulation of κ-opioid receptor in primary neurons of dorsal root ganglia

κ-opioid receptor (KOR) is detected pre- and postsynaptically, but the subcellular localization, translation, and regulation of kor mRNA in presynaptic compartments of sensory neurons remain elusive. In situ hybridization detected axonal distribution of kor mRNA in primary neurons of dorsal root ganglia (DRG). The MS2-fused GFP tracked kor mRNA transport from DRG neuronal soma to axons, requiring its 5′ and 3′ UTRs. In Campenot chambers, axonal translation of kor mRNA was demonstrated for DRG neurons, which depended on its 5′ UTR and was stimulated by KCl depolarization. KCl depolarization of DRG neurons rendered redistribution of kor mRNA from the postpolysomal fraction to the translationally active polysomal fraction. This study provided evidence for mRNA transport and regulation of presynaptic protein synthesis of nonstructural proteins like KOR in primary sensory neurons and demonstrated a mechanism of KCl depolarization-stimulated axonal mRNA redistribution for localized translational regulation.
Comparison of the Reactions p+d-->H 3 +π + , p+d-->He 3 +π 0 as a Test of Charge Independence

The pair of reactions $p+d\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\mathrm{H}}^{3}+{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}$ and $p+d\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\mathrm{He}}^{3}+{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}$ have been investigated experimentally to see if the predictions of the theory of charge independence are fulfilled. Because of the low cross section (a few microbarns) and large background (heavy particles emitted at \ensuremath{\sim}10\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} lab) the results do not provide as critical a test as might be hoped. We find that there is a 50% chance that the ratio of the reaction cross sections $\frac{(p+d\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}+{\mathrm{H}}^{3})}{(p+d\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}+{\mathrm{He}}^{3})}$ is between 2.0 and 2.6. Charge independence predicts that the ratio should be exactly two. The experimental difficulties would be less at higher proton energies; this method would seem to provide a very stringent test of charge independence if the comparison could be made with sufficient accuracy.
Strategy to Improve the High-Temperature Mechanical Properties of Cr-Alloy Coatings

Electroplated Cr-C alloy coatings exhibit significant increases in hardness and strength when exposed to elevated temperatures up to about 600 °C, owing to the evolution of their nanostructure. In this article, we describe a strategy by which this evolution can be shifted to even higher temperatures (approaching 850 °C), through a ternary addition of phosphorus. The resulting Cr-C-P coatings may be suitable for applications at higher service temperatures, where more conventional Cr-based coatings soften rapidly.
TrackBack spam: abuse and prevention

Contemporary blogs receive comments and TrackBacks, which result in cross-references between blogs. We conducted a longitudinal study of TrackBack spam, collecting and analyzing almost 10 million samples from a massive spam campaign over a one-year period. Unlike common delivery of email spam, the spammers did not use bots, but took advantage of an official Chinese site as a relay. Based on our analysis of TrackBack misuse found in the wild, we propose an authenticated TrackBack mechanism that defends against TrackBack spam even if attackers use a very large number of different source addresses and generate unique URLs for each TrackBack blog.
Food quality, spatial deployment, and the intensity of feeding interference in yellow baboons (Papio cynocephalus)

Optimization models lead one to predict that the energy invested in competitive interference with feeding should increase as the quality of the contested food increases. This prediction was tested in a study of feeding interruptions involving juvenile yellow baboons (Papio cynocephalus) in Amboseli National Park, Kenya. For each of the 50 foods eaten by these young primates, 6 measures of food quality (energy content, protein content, yield, yield rate, processing value, and dispersion) and one measure of the spatial deployment of baboons (number of neighbors) were examined for correlations with 4 measures of the frequency and intensity of interruptions (interruption rate, probability of unsuccessful attempts, probability of appropriation, and probability of agonistic behavior). Disperson of food and the proximity of neighboring baboons had little or no effect on the frequency or intensity of interruptions. Food quality had negligible effects on the probabilities of appropriation and agonistic behavior. Yield characteristics were the best predictors of the success of attempted interruptions: attempts were least likely to be successful when processing the food was time-consuming. These results suggest that (1) the interrupter decides whether to interrupt on the basis of increasing its probability of winning the contest and decreasing its cost, and (2) the victim decides whether to resist on the basis of the time that has been and must be invested in harvesting the contested food item.
Application of the induced-transport test to the mechanism of pig-kidney phosphoglyceromutase.

The induced transport test has been used to study the mechanism of pig-kidney phosphoglyceromutase (2,3-bisphospho-d-glycerate: 2-phospho-d-glycerate phosphotransferase). At intermediate substrate concentration (0.5 mM) there was cotransport of 32P-labelled substrates and no induced transport of 14C-labelled substrates. These findings, excluded an intramolecular transfer of phosphate or an exchange of phosphate between two or more molecules of substrate, but were quantitatively in accord with a phosphoenzyme (ping pong) mechanism with a rapid isomerisation of the “phosphoenzyme”; or with an intermolecular transfer of phosphate from 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate to the substrates (the sequential mechanism) if there were a slow isomerisation of the enzyme · bisphosphoglycerate complex. Similar results at low substrate concentrations (9.5 μM) however excluded the latter possibility since it would have required a Km for 3-phosphoglycerate of less than 1.9 μM compared with a measured value of about 270 μM. The enzyme therefore has a phosphoenzyme mechanism. A lack of induced transport with 14C-labelled substrates at high substrate concentrations indicated a rate constant for isomerisation of the “phosphoenzyme” in excess of ∼ 106s−1 and the absence of induced transport with 14C-labelled substrates over a wide concentration range excluded certain types of interaction between active centres. To explain the extremely rapid isomerisation of the phosphoenzyme a modified mechanism is proposed in which there is no formal isomerisation of the phosphoenzyme. The nature of the “phosphoenzyme” is discussed and it is suggested that it is probably a true phosphoenzyme with the phosphate covalently bound to the protein. The possible evolutionary relationship of this mechanism to that of a 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate phosphatase is discussed.
Aliphatic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Black Sea sediments

Abstract Concentrations of aliphatic hydrocarbons (AHC) in sediments of the Black Sea ranged from 153,000 ng g −1 dw near the mouth of the Danube River to about 10,000 ng g −1 dw in abyssal plain sediments. Compound distributions were dominated by long-chain n -alkanes except at the Danube station where a significant petrogenic component with an unresolved complex mixture was also present. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) concentrations ranged from 1,250 ng g −1 dw to about 200 ng g −1 dw at the same locations and compound distributions were dominated by PAH of pyrolytic origin. The flux of hydrocarbons to the central Black Sea sediments over the past 25 years is estimated to be ~ 580 μg AHC m −2 yr −1 and ~ 80 μg PAH m −2 yr −1 . Long-range aeolian transport is invoked as the primary mechanism for delivering terrigenous higher plant AHC and pyrogenic PAH in abyssal Black Sea sediments although petrogenic hydrocarbons and retene appear to be delivered via fluvial transport and as a result are preferentially deposited in sediments along the continental margin. Analysis of a sediment core showed a rapid decrease in AHC and PAH concentrations with increasing depth in the sediment, reaching background levels of about 1000 ng g −1 dw and 10 ng g −1 dw, respectively, by about 4 cm depth or about 150 years BP. AHC fluxes in these sediments deposited before the industrial revolution were ~ 50 μg m −2 yr −1 , PAH fluxes were ~ 0.5 μg m −2 yr −1 . Differences between the distributions of AHC and PAH in surface sediments and the core sediments indicate an uncoupling of the source and transport processes affecting various components of the two hydrocarbon classes.
High resolution low threshold detector telescopes for multifragmentation studies

Abstract A set of compact ionization chamber-Si(IP)CsI(Tl) telescopes for multifragmentation studies are described. These ion chamber telescopes can be used either individually, or to augment the MSU Miniball 4π array. The characteristics of the large-area passivated, ion implanted Si detectors are investigated. Statistics on the overall planarity of these detectors as well as, the thickness of dead layers present at the surface of this type of detectors are examined.
Automatic evaluation of segregation streaks in material samples

This paper presents an automatic method for segmentation of segregation streaks in images of low alloy steel. A short run length algorithm is developed for extraction of streak patterns, whose density can be readily measured for evaluation of forging quality.
Critical current density in iron-doped Y-Ba-Cu-O single crystals.

Critical current densities calculated from magnetization measurements are investigated in YBa{sub 2}Cu{sub 3{minus}{ital x}}Fe{sub {ital x}}O{sub 7} single crystals with {ital x}=0 to 0.24. The measurements are done over a wide temperature range, 5 K to {ital T}{sub {ital c}}, and in magnetic fields up to 5.5 T. The results indicate that the critical current density in low-iron-composition samples has a small field dependence but a strong temperature dependence. The critical current density decreases as the Fe content increases. The model of twin boundaries acting as effective pinning centers in YBa{sub 2}Cu{sub 3{minus}{ital x}}Fe{sub {ital x}}O{sub 7} systems is not supported by these results, at least for {ital T}{gt}10 K.
Studies on the perception of taste: Do primaries exist?

The idea that there are four primary tastes is basic to almost all research in gustation. Although this concept guides the formulation and interpretation of studies of taste psychophysics, as well as studies of taste stimuli, receptors, and neural organization, there is a surprising absence of studies designed to determine if this quadripartite view of taste is correct. The present group of three studies is designed to ask this question on a psychophysical level, comparing the taste data with combinations of tones, which appear to remain separate; subjects are asked: (a) whether tastes and tones--including mixtures--are perceived as singular or more-than-one, (b) whether increasing the number of components in a mixture (tastes or tones) results in increases in the perceived complexity, and (c) whether stimuli (tastes or tones) remain identifiable in mixtures with other stimuli. In all three experiments, it appears that the individual tones remained distinct and unaltered in combinations. Taste stimuli combined very differently from tones, in ways that suggested that the original components lost their identity, and sensations other than those in the original components (e.g., "primary tastes") were synthesized. From this it follows that taste is composed of many sensations, not just the "primary four."
Religious Affiliation, Socioeconomic Status, and Creativity

MANY EDUCATORS have been greatly interested by recent findings of a relationship between meas ures of creative ability1 and academic achievement (1, 2, 3, 4, 5), but have been puzzled by the fact that the correlations reported range from as high as . 64 (4) to practically zero (2). Any attempt to account for the variation in these results must consider the dimensions of creativity being measured as well as the interaction of crea tive ability with other factors affecting achievement. However, an important factor not to be overlooked is that the various groups of subjects used m ay have had quite different amounts of creative ability. Un fortunately the studies have not always used the same creativity tests or reported creative ability relative to norms, so that it would be difficult if not impossible to make any direct comparison of the range of creative ability represented in each of the studies. However, several of the studies suggest that cer tain sociological variables m ay be related to the dif ferences in correlation between creativity and achievement. If these sociological variables were also related to differing amounts of creative ability, it would imply that differences in creative ability in groups previously studied may well have existed and could account for the differences in the corre lations. In the studies reporting the strongest relation ship between creativity and achievement (3, 4, 5), the subjects were enrolled in laboratory schools with a highly selected student body with unique cul tural opportunities and family background. Mostel ler's group (4), for instance, consisted largely of children of university professors. Certainly these subjects may be characterized as coming from a relatively high socioeconomic status level. From a different frame of reference, Torrance (5) found a weak relationship between creativity and achievement with parochial school students, and hypothesized that perhaps the authoritarian struc ture of this school did not allow the creative abili ties of the students to operate sufficiently. This sug gests that religious affiliation may be related to the amount of creative ability that is presently functional.
Adaptation of Flow-Induced Dilation of Arterioles to Daily Exercise

Abstract We aimed to test the hypothesis that daily exercise elicits an adaptation of blood flow/shear stress-induced dilation of arterioles. To this end we investigated the responses of isolated, pressurized arterioles of mesentery (MES) and plantaris (PL) skeletal muscle of sedentary (SED) and exercised (EX) rats to increases in perfusate flow (PF, range 0–30 μl/min). Rats were run on a treadmill, once daily for 3 to 4 weeks (with gradually increasing intensity up to 40 min at 28 m/min; a total of 15–19 sessions on the treadmill). The passive diameters of arterioles (obtained in Ca2+-free solution) were similar (∼140 μm) but the pressure-induced active diameter (at 80 mmHg) of skeletal muscle arterioles was significantly smaller than that of mesenteric arterioles. The basal diameter of MES arterioles of SED and EX rats was: 83.5 ± 3.6 and 83.9 ± 2.9 μm, respectively; increases in PF increased the diameter of SED and EX arterioles to a similar degree by 33.2 ± 4.7 and 31.9 ± 6.1 μm, respectively). The diameters of PL muscle arterioles of SED and EX rats were 62.1 ± 6.2 and 68.0 ± 5.5 μm. In contrast to arterioles of MES, the highest PF increased the diameters of arterioles of PL muscle from EX rats to a significantly greater extent than those from SED rats (52.4 ± 7.8 vs 30.3 ± 3.9 μm). Thus, there is a functional adaptation to exercise activity in arterioles of skeletal muscle but not in those of arterioles of mesentery. We speculate that the intermittent increase in blood flow/shear stress in arterioles of skeletal muscle during the periods of exercise activity may be the underlying mechanism responsible for this adaptation.
TFIIIC Boxes in the Genome

In this issue of Cell, Noma et al. (2006) show that B-boxes and TFIIIC limit the spread of heterochromatin at the silent mat region in the fission yeast genome. Global analysis of TFIIIC distribution revealed dispersed sites of association that coalesce at the nuclear periphery, suggesting that TFIIIC may act as a barrier throughout the genome.
LYMPHOCYTE POPULATION AND FUNCTION IN PERTUSSIS

Lymphocytosis is frequently associated with clinical pertussis. Lymphocyte population in 10 children with bacteriologically proven pertussis was studied. The total number of lymphocytes, T and B cells, mitogen response to common lectins - PHA, Con-A, PWM, - immunoglobulins - IgG, IgM, IgA - as well as subgroup of T cells - OKT3, OKT4, OKT8, OKT11 - were determined and compared to the normal population. No statistically significant difference between the two groups were found.
Calculating and Describing Uncertainty in Risk Assessment: The Bayesian Approach

Quantification of uncertainty associated with risk estimates is an important part of risk assessment. In recent years, use of second-order distributions, and two-dimensional simulations have been suggested for quantifying both variability and uncertainty. These approaches are better interpreted within the Bayesian framework. To help practitioners better use such methods and interpret the results, in this article, we describe propagation and interpretation of uncertainty in the Bayesian paradigm. We consider both the estimation problem where some summary measures of the risk distribution (e.g., mean, variance, or selected percentiles) are to be estimated, and the prediction problem, where the risk values for some specific individuals are to be predicted. We discuss some connections and differences between uncertainties in estimation and prediction problems, and present an interpretation of a decomposition of total variability/uncertainty into variability and uncertainty in terms of expected squared error o...
The synthesis of lin-benzoreumycin, lin-benzo-1-methylxanthine, and lin-benzo-1,9-dimethylxanthine

Commencing with 7-chloro-3-methylquinazoline-2,4(1H,3H)-dione (9a), a five step synthesis of 7-methylpyrimido[5,4-g]-1,2,4-benzotriazine-6,8(7H,9H)-dione (lin-benzoreumycin, 6) has been accomplished. A synthesis of 1,7-dimethylpyrimido[5,4-g]-1,2,4-benzotriazine-6,8(1H,7H)-dione (lin-benzotoxoflavin, 5) employing an intermediate from the preparation of 6 (i.e., 7-chloro-3-methyl-6-nitroquinazoline-2,4(1H,3H)-dione, 9b) was attempted but could not be accomplished beyond the dihydro precursor of 5 (i.e., 12). Compound 9b did lead to successful preparations of 7-methylimidazo[4,5-g]quinazoline-6,8(5H,7H)-dione (lin-benzo-1-methylxanthine, 7) and 3,7-dimethylimidazo[4,5-g]quinazoline-6,8(5H,7H)-dione (lin-benzo-1,9-dimethylxanthine, 8) by first reacting 9b with ammonia (for 7) or methylamine (for 8) followed by reductive cyclization in formic acid.
Studies of Chemi-Ionization and Chemiluminescence in Supersonic Flows of Combustion Products

A stable ethylene/oxygen/argon flame is sustained and nearly complete combustion is achieved in the combustion chamber of an M = 3 supersonic nozzle, at a stagnation pressure of P 0 =1 atm. Ultraviolet and visible emission is detected both from the combustion chamber and from the M = 3 flow of combustion products. Temperature in the combustor, inferred from the visible emission spectra, is To = 2000 ± 200 K. Electron density in M = 3 flow of combustion products has been measured using Thomson discharge n, = 1.4 ± 0.2·10 8 cm -3 , at an ionization fraction of n e /N = (0.65 ± 0.15) · 10 -9 . This corresponds to an electron density of n e0 = 2.2 ·10 9 cm -3 in the combustor. The chemi-ionization current measured in the M = 3 flow is found to be proportional to the equivalence ratio in the combustor. The time-resolved chemi-ionization current is in very good correlation with the visible emission from ethylene-air and propane-oxygen-argon flames in the combustor at unstable combustion conditions. The results show that nearly all electrons can be removed from the supersonic flow of combustion products by applying a moderate transverse electric field. No effect of electron removal on visible emission has been detected. A similar result was obtained for nitric oxide β bands and cyanogen violet band emission, when nitric oxide was injected into the combustion product flow.
Epicardial Pacing to Control Arrhythmias Following Cardiac Surgery

Epicardial electrodes were chronically implanted on the surface of atria and ventricles in 60 patients at the time of open-heart surgery. Eighteen patients developed bigeminy or multiple premature ventricular contractions associated with slow heart rates in the immediate postoperative period. The ectopic ventricular activity was abolished by pacing the atria or ventricles faster than the spontaneous cardiac rate. In seven patients, low cardiac output associated with low heart rates was improved by pacing at more optimal rates. When feasible, atrial pacing is preferred to ventricular pacing to utilize atrial systole to improve ventricular filling and increase cardiac output. The safety and ease of implantation of these electrodes enable them to be used routinely for diagnostic and therapeutic application in all patients undergoing open-heart surgery.
The Elephants in the Room: An Excavation/ The Polar Bear in the Zoo: A Speculation

(2015). The Elephants in the Room: An Excavation/ The Polar Bear in the Zoo: A Speculation. Anthrozoos: Vol. 28, No. 1, pp. 169-171.
Naltrexone Treatment Increases the Aversiveness of Alcohol for Outbred Rats

Acute naltrexone treatments (0.0, 0.5, 1.0, or 3.0 mg/kg body weight) were administered to separate groups of rats and alcohol taste reactivity and consumption were measured. Rats were given daily naltrexone injections and then tested for taste reactivity to 10% alcohol 30 and 60 min after injection. Each reactivity trial (total of 4) was 60 sec during which 1 ml of fluid was infused. The rats' orofacial and body movements were videotaped and scored later. In the final measure, rats were placed on a restricted fluid access schedule and given naltrexone treatments 10 min before being presented with the 10% alcohol solution in the home cage (60–min drinking period). After 4 days of consumption tests under the drug condition, the rats were given 4 more daily tests without the drug. Results indicated that the two highest naltrexone doses significantly decreased ingestive responding and increased aversive responding, particularly at the 30–min test. Both the 1.0 and 3.0 mg/kg body weight doses also significantly decreased alcohol consumption as measured during the free access tests. Alcohol consumption returned to control levels immediately after the drug treatments were stopped. The data show that dosages of naltrexone 1.0 mg or higher significantly alter both alcohol taste reactivity (increased aversiveness and decreased palatabil-ity) and alcohol consumption (decreased intake) in outbred rats. These results are discussed in relation to naltrexone treatment as a means for decreasing alcohol use and abuse.
Video Collaboratories for Research and Education: An Analysis of Collaboration Design Patterns

Web-based video collaboration environments have transformative potential for video-enhanced education and for video-based research studies. We first describe DIVER, a platform designed to solve a set of core challenges we have identified in supporting video collaboratories. We then characterize five collaboration design patterns (CDPs) that emerged from numerous collaborative groups who appropriated DIVER for their video-based practices. Collaboration design patterns (CDPs) are ways of characterizing interaction patterns in the uses of collaboration technology. Finally we propose a three-dimensional design matrix for incorporating these observed patterns. This representation can serve heuristically in making design suggestions for supporting a broader constellation of user groups than those spanned by our observed CDPs.
Risk factors for male-to-female partner psychological abuse

We review the risk and protective factors for male-to-female partner psychological abuse. The conclusions that can be drawn from this review were limited by the small body of research. However, it does appear that partner psychological aggression/abuse may be more difficult to predict than partner physical aggression/abuse. In general, socio-economic status (SES) variables do not appear to significantly increase risk. Certain relationship variables, including communication patterns, marital adjustment, and attachment were significantly associated with psychological aggression, with moderate to strong effect sizes. However, these associations are difficult to interpret, because these relationship variables exhibit a high degree of conceptual and operational overlap with the psychological aggression. Two main directions can be derived from this review. First and foremost, definitional issues must be resolved. Given that partner emotional abuse, unlike physical or sexual abuse, is typically conceptualized as requiring a pervasive pattern rather than a single salient action, reliable and valid assessment is exceedingly challenging. Second, once definitional issues are resolved, etiological and intervention models can be developed and tested. This review indicates that men's personality and couple factors would be the most fruitful areas from which to start.
Role of salivary mucins in the protection of the oral cavity

Mucins are the principal organic constituents of mucus, the slimy visco-elastic material that coats all mucosal surfaces. Compelling evidence suggests that they play an integral role in non-immune protection of the oral cavity. Specific protective functions include: 1) protection against desiccation and environmental insult, 2) lubrication, and 3) antimicrobial effects against potential pathogens. Biosynthesis of mucin is regulated by both intrinsic ("cooperative sequential specificity") and extrinsic ("structural modulation") controls. These controls form the basis by which mucin's structure can be modified to meet a dynamically changing biological need.
Induction of neuropilins-1 and -2 and their ligands, Sema3A, Sema3F, and VEGF, during Wallerian degeneration in the peripheral nervous system

The neuropilins, NP-1 and NP-2, are coreceptors for Sema3A and Sema3F, respectively, both of which are repulsive axonal guidance molecules. NP-1 and NP-2 are also coreceptors for vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). The neuropilins and their ligands are known to play prominent roles in axonal pathfinding, fasciculation, and blood vessel formation during peripheral nervous system (PNS) development. We confirmed a prior report (Exp. Neurol. 172 (2001) 398) that VEGF mRNA levels rise during Wallerian degeneration in the PNS and herein demonstrate that NP-1, NP-2, Sema3A, and Sema3F mRNA levels increase in peripheral nerves distal to a transection or crush injury. In a sciatic nerve crush model, in which axonal regeneration is robust, the highest levels of Sema3F mRNA below the injury site are in the epi- and perineurium. Our results suggest the possibility that the neuropilins and their semaphorin ligands serve to guide, rather than to impede, regenerating axons in the adult PNS.
Validity of Grip Strength Dynamometry in Acute Rehabilitation.

The purpose of this study was to examine the discriminant and predictive validity of grip strength measurements obtained dynamometrically from patients in acute rehabilitation. Retrospective chart reviews were performed to retrieve information on admission grip strength. That strength was compared to published norms to establish discriminant construct validity. Predictive validity was investigated by analyzing the relationship of grip strength with rehabilitation length of stay (LOS) and discharge self-care function (Functional Independence Measure scores). Wilcoxon signed ranks tests showed that the patients' grip strength was significantly less than normal on both their left (Z=-9.205, p<.001) and right (Z=-10.729, p<.001) sides. Grip strength was a significant but weak predictor of both LOS (Spearman rho=-0.277 to -0.352) and discharge function (Spearman rho=0.360 to 0.382) Multiple regression revealed that grip strength added nothing further to the prediction of LOS or discharge self-care function once admission self-care function was taken into account. This study provides strong support for the discriminant validity of grip strength measurements but only weak support for their predictive validity in acute rehabilitation.
A factor‐analytic examination of messages advocating social change

This study employed factor‐analytic techniques in two separate experiments to determine the dimensions of message interpretation when different opinions on black‐white relationships were expressed. People in five cities responded to messages varying in perceived racial militancy. The results yielded a factor structure with three strong and pure dimensions accounting for 68 percent of the variance. Suggestions for the use of these scales in a variety of situations were offered.
Development of 256x256 GaN ultraviolet imaging arrays

We have successfully developed a prototype 256 X 256 photoconductive GaN ultraviolet (UV) imaging array. The array, with its pixels (30 X 30 micrometer2) indium bump bonded to a Lockheed Martin Fairchild Systems LT9601 readout integrated circuit, is highly sensitive to ultraviolet light below 365 nm with a sharp reduction in response to visible and infrared light. The array was installed into a custom designed UV camera utilizing a Nikon UV lens with all the off-chip electronics interfaced to an automatic computer controlled system. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported UV array camera based on the nitride materials.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
LEFT ATRIAL EMPTYING FRACTION AS A PREDICTOR OF POSTOPERATIVE ATRIAL FIBRILLATION IN PATIENTS UNDERGOING MINIMALLY INVASIVE VALVE SURGERY

Increased left atrial volumes have been associated with a higher incidence of post-operative atrial fibrillation (POAF). We investigated whether left atrial emptying fraction (LAEF) is predictor of POAF. We screened 689 patients undergoing minimally invasive valve surgery between September 2010 and
A Biopsychosocial Perspective on Men's Depression

The present article presents a biopsychosocial description of men's depression. The majority of the discussion focuses on the social context of the proposed biopsychosocial framework, and emphasizes research on social norms as a framework for understanding the effect of men's depression as nonnormative. The author suggests that any comprehensive discussion of men's depression must attend to the biopsychosocial nature of men's depression particularly as these components interact with each other.
An electron probe as a stored beam diagnostic

Abstract A device is described which employs a weak electron probe beam to measure moments of the distribution of a coasting charged particle beam in a storage ring through the beam-beam electromagnetic interaction. The electron beam is confined by a longitudinal magnetic field in a solenoid and guided by electrostatic steering elements. Displacement of the probe beam is observed with a position-sensing collector. The results of initial tests are reported. The stored beam intensity can be monitored with a sensitivity of a few μA, approaching that of commercial dc transformers, or the position can be determined to a precision of better than 0.3 mm. By placement in a ring region having large dispersion, the device also serves as a useful beam momentum monitor. With a further reduction of probe beam diameter, this device may become useful as a monitor of changes in cooled beam emittance.
Vesicoureteric Reflux and Renal Injury

Renal injury associated with the intrarenal reflux (IRR) of urine that is either infected, under high pressure, or both, is a major cause of severe hypertension during childhood and adolescence and of chronic renal insufficiency in patients less than 30 years of age. Many, but not all, adolescent and adult patients with reflux nephropathy (RN) give a history of urinary tract infection (UTI) or unexplained fevers in infancy or early childhood, when the kidney is thought to be at greatest risk of injury. Although vesicoureteric reflux (VUR) is observed more commonly in infants than children with UTI, it is rare in uninfected patients at any age and should never be considered a normal finding during human development. Renal scarring may not be obvious in radiographic or radionuclear studies for many years after the discovery of VUR. When surgical correction of VUR was compared in several studies to medical management alone, no definite benefit of one over the other was observed, regardless of the grade of VUR. Moreover, progressive renal injury in scarred kidneys has been noted even after VUR had been corrected, when infection had been prevented, and while hypertension had been controlled satisfactorily. Focal glomerular sclerosis, a lesion found in patients with proteinuria and RN, has been identified not only in scarred kidneys, but also may be seen in contralateral, unscarred kidneys without VUR, which might suggest a humoral factor or, perhaps, a hyperfiltration phenomenon. RN is one of the most frequent causes of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in children, adolescents, and young adults, which is potentially preventable. However, prevention will depend on early identification of patients at risk—infants and young children after the first UTI and siblings of patients with VUR—aggressive and effective treatment of UTI, minimizing intravesical pressure, and education of patients, parents, and physicians.
Blood flow-dependent uptake of indium-111 monoclonal antimyosin antibody in canine acute myocardial infarction

Abstract Objectives. The relation of myocardial blood flow and indium-111 (111In) antimyosin antibody uptake was studied by inducing myocardial infarction in 18 dogs, 8 with closed chest left anterior descending artery balloon occlusion for 3 h followed by reperfusion (group A) and 10 dogs with open chest left anterior descending artery ligation (without reperfusion, group B). Background. The relation of antimyosin uptake to myocardial injury has been documented. However, its relation to tracer delivery by myocardial blood flow has not been studied and has been assumed to be independent. Methods. Indium-111 antimyosin antibody, 2 mCi, was injected 20 min after reperfusion and 3 h after coronary artery ligation in groups A and B, respectively. Regional blood flows were determined by radiolabeled microspheres during occlusion and 24 h later in both groups. On day 2, dogs were killed after risk zone delineation with gentian violet. The heart was excised and stained with triphenyltetrazolium chloride solution and graded for increasing severity of tissue injury based on extent of staining. Microsphere activity and 111In antimyosin activity were measured in control tissue (grade 1), noninfarct tissue at risk (grade 2), mixed tissue (grade 3), infarct tissue (grade 4) and hemorrhagic infarct tissue (grade 5, present only in group A dogs). count activity was normalized to that of the mean value in control tissue (grade 1) and expressed as a ratio of activity. Results. Indium-111 astimyosin activity was high in triphenyltetrazolium chloride grade 4 tissue in both groups but was attenuated in grade 4 tissue in group B dogs (10.6 ± 5.1 vs. 5.0 ± 4.5; p Conclusions. Thus, 111In antimyosin uptake is a specific marker of necrotic tissue with a high signal ratio in reperfused tissue. However, its uptake is dependent on residual blood flow in the infarct territory. Indium-111 antimyosin could potentially serve as a suitable tracer for infarct sizing if myocardial blood flow in the same region were factored simultaneously.
Lifting transformational models of product lines: a case study

Model driven engineering (MDE) of software product lines (SPLs) merges two increasing important paradigms that synthesize programs by transformation. MDE creates programs by transforming models, and SPLs elaborate programs by applying transformations called features. In this paper, we present the design and implementation of a transformational model of a product line of scalar vector graphics and JavaScript applications. We explain how we simplified our implementation by lifting selected features and their compositions from our original product line (whose implementations were complex) to features and their compositions of another product line (whose specifications were simple). We used operators to map higher-level features and their compositions to their lower-level counterparts. Doing so exposed commuting relationships among feature compositions in both product lines that helped validate our model and implementation.
Single crystal EPR study of Cu2+-doped strontium acetate hemihydrate [Sr(CH3COO)2 · 12H2O]

Abstract Detailed X-band EPR study of a Cu2+-doped single crystal of strontium acetate hemihydrate from room temperature to liquid-helium temperature has been made. The spectra exhibit well-resolved hyperfine lines of 63Cu2+ along with those of the 65Cu2+ ion. Presence of only one type of copper complex has been observed. The data indicate that Cu2+ ions get incorporated at a site, characterized by a three-fold or higher symmetry. The principal values of the g and A matrices at room, liquid-nitrogen, and liquid-helium temperatures have been rigorously estimated by the least-square fitting method. No occurrence of any phase transition has been found over the range from room temperature to 2.5 K.
Exact renormalization group and higher-spin holography

In this paper, we revisit scalar field theories in $d$ space-time dimensions possessing $U(N)$ global symmetry. Following our recent work [1], we consider the generating function of correlation functions of all $U(N)$-invariant, single-trace operators at the free-fixed point. The exact renormalization group equations are cast as Hamilton equations of radial evolution in a model space-time of one higher dimension, in this case ${\mathrm{AdS}}_{d+1}$. The geometry associated with the renormalization group equations is seen to emerge naturally out of the infinite jet bundle corresponding to the field theory and suggests their interpretation as higher-spin equations of motion. While the higher-spin equations we obtain are remarkably simple, they are nonlocal in an essential way. Nevertheless, solving these bulk equations of motion in terms of a boundary source, we derive the on-shell action and demonstrate that it correctly encodes all of the correlation functions of the field theory, written as ``Witten diagrams.'' Since the model space-time has the isometries of the fixed point, it is possible to construct new higher-spin theories defined in terms of geometric structures over other model space-times. We illustrate this by explicitly constructing the higher-spin renormalization group equations corresponding to the $z=2$ nonrelativistic free field theory in $D$ spatial dimensions. In this case, the model space-time is the Schr\"odinger space-time, ${\text{Schr}}_{D+3}$.
Who Chooses to Carpool and Why? Examination of Texas Carpoolers

The debate over high-occupancy vehicle (HOV) and high-occupancy toll lane efficiency has raised questions about whether HOVs should be given preferential treatment on managed lanes and the potential impacts of different preferential treatments. This research questions why people choose their mode of travel by examining characteristics of carpoolers and single-occupancy vehicles, reasons for their travel mode choice, and carpool formation, on the basis of a survey of travelers in Dallas-Fort Worth and Houston in Texas. Carpool users rated the ability to use HOV lanes as the most important factor in their decision to form a carpool. Enjoying traveling with others ranked second, followed by reasons such as saving time, helping the environment and society, and sharing vehicle costs. Carpool partner matching programs, employer carpool incentives, and preferred parking at work were generally the least important factors in travelers' consideration of carpooling. The importance of various factors changed signific...
Nucleic Acid-Independent Retrovirus Assembly Can Be Driven by Dimerization

The Gag protein of retroviruses alone can polymerize into regular virus-like particles (VLPs) both in vitro and in vivo. In most circumstances the capsid (CA) and nucleocapsid (NC) domains of Gag as well as some form of nucleic acid are required for this process. The mechanism by which NC-nucleic acid interaction promotes assembly has remained obscure. We show here that while deletion of the NC domain of Rous sarcoma virus Gag abolishes formation and budding of VLPs at the plasma membranes of baculovirus-infected insect cells, replacement of NC with a dimer-forming leucine zipper domain restores budding of spherical particles morphologically similar to wild-type VLPs. The positioning of the dimerization domain appears to be critical for proper assembly, as the insertion of a 5-amino-acid flexible linker upstream of the zipper domain leads to budding of tubular rather than spherical particles. Similar tubular particles are formed when the same linker is inserted upstream of NC. The tubes are morphologically distinct from tubes formed when the p10 domain upstream of CA is deleted. The fact that a foreign dimerization domain can functionally mimic NC suggests that the role of nucleic acid in retroviral assembly is not to serve as a scaffold but rather to promote the formation of Gag dimers, which are critical intermediates in the polymerization of the Gag shell.
Role of protein kinase C in the regulation of rat liver glycogen synthase.

Abstract Rat liver glycogen synthase was phosphorylated by purified protein kinase C in a Ca 2+ - and phospholipid-dependent fashion to 1–1.4 mol PO 4 /subunit. Analysis of the 32 P-labeled tryptic peptides derived from the phosphorylated synthase by isoelectric focusing and two-dimensional peptide mapping revealed the presence of a major radioactive peptide. The sites in liver synthase phosphorylated by protein kinase C appears to be different from those phosphorylated by other kinases. Prior phosphorylation of the synthase by protein kinase C has no significant effect on the subsequent phosphorylation by glycogen synthase (casein) kinase-1 or kinase Fa, but prevents the synthase from further phosphorylation by cAMP-dependent protein kinase, Ca 2+ /calmodulin-dependent protein kinase, phosphorylase kinase, or casein kinase-2. Additive phosphorylation of liver glycogen synthase can be observed by the combination of protein kinase C with the former set of kinases but not with the latter. Phosphorylation of liver synthase by protein kinase C alone did not cause an inactivation nor did the combination of this kinase with glycogen synthase (casein) kinase-1 or kinase Fa produce a synergistic effect on the inactivation of the synthase. Based on these findings we conclude that the phorbol ester-induced inactivation of glycogen synthase previously observed in hepatocytes cannot be accounted for entirely by the activation of protein kinase C.
Meningiomas involving the sinus.

The article in this issue by Drs. Sindou and Alvernia is an important contribution to the neurosurgical literature. They summarize Dr. Sindou’s personal experience with a remarkable 100 cases of meningiomas involving a major dural sinus—the superior sagittal sinus in 92 cases, the transverse sinus in five, and the confluence of sinuses in three—and treated with radical excision over a 20-year period. The article reveals the senior author’s well-known bias and extensive experience with reconstruction of the sinus in these cases. It is important to note that the authors have carefully avoided dilution of this patient series by excluding cases in which the surgical removal was relatively straightforward, such as in patients with meningiomas involving the most anterior aspect of the superior sagittal sinus in front of the precentral veins as well as in cases in which the tumor was adjacent to the sinus but could easily be separated from it (for example, cases of meningiomas arising from the falx that were adjacent to, but not involving, the sinus). The authors classify the tumors according to the degree of sinus involvement by using a classification scheme that they have previously described; the scheme can be used to classify tumors ranging from those removed simply by peeling the outer layer of the lateral wall of the sinus (Type I) to those that completely occlude the sinus and involve all three walls (Type VI).