cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
DETERMINATION OF CHLORITE COMPOSITIONS BY X-RAY SPACINGS AND INTENSITIES

The cell dimensions and compositions of four chlorites whose crystal structures have been determined in detail are used to test existing graphs and regression equations designed to give tetrahedral and octahedral compositions. It is found that the thicknesses of the tetrahedral sheet, the 2:1 octahedral sheet, the interlayer sheet, and the space between the 2:1 layer and the interlayer can vary appreciably from specimen to specimen quite independently of tetrahedral composition. Total octahedral composition, the number of octahedral vacancies, cation ordering, and the distribution of trivalent cations and of charge between the two octahedral sheets must have effects on d(001) that are additional to the effect of tetrahedral composition. Nevertheless, Brindley’s d(001) graph and a regression equation by Kepezhinskas both should give tetrahedral compositions with an average error of 10%, or about 0·;1 AlIV, for most trioctahedral chlorites. They are not valid for dioctahedral or di, trioctahedral species. Equations derived from the data of von Engelhardt and of Shirozu relating the b parameter to octahedral Fe, Mn content give results with an average error of 10%, or 0·;1 Fe, Mn, for the four test chlorites provided Cr is included with the Fe, Mn, as does a regression equation by Kepezhinskas that contains terms for both the b parameter and d(001). Methods using the (00l) intensities or structure amplitudes give less consistent results for heavy atom contents than the spacing methods, but can be used to give approximate values for the asymmetry in distribution of heavy atoms between the 2:1 octahedral sheet and the interlayer.
Teaching a Second Language

What is language? Although many suggest that it is difficult to put together a fixed definition of language, as early as 1921 experts described language as a way for humans to communicate using arbitrary symbols (Hall, 1964; Sapir, 1921; Trager, 1949). Chomsky (1968) argues that language involves the construction of sentences from a fixed set of elements and Halliday (1975) describes language as varied behavior options taking place in a social context and linked to culture. Most experts agree that language in not necessarily instinctual, rather it is passed down from parent to child from birth, with most children succeeding in acquiring their native language. Moreover, language is not uniform, rather it varies according to sociocultural characteristics of groups, e.g., cultural background, geographic location, social class, gender, age, and the influence of the speech community. There are also differences in the way language is used in specific situations, such as home, school, formal and informal settings (Heath, 1983). Language varieties, including dialects, pigeons and creoles, are regional or social variations of language (Hamers & Blanc, 2000, p. 370). Dialects are those language varieties that are used by specific groups of people (Lessow-Hurley, 2005, p. 36). Dialects can vary geographically, yet are often understood by speakers of the same language (Ardila, 2005, p. 66). Pigeons emerge through contact between two language groups that develop an approximation of a communal language based on a need for restricted communication without the intent of developing bilingualism (Hamers & Blanc, 2000, p. 303). When a new generation grows up speaking that language such that it becomes the native language of a specific community, that language is called a creole (Hamers & Blanc, 2000, p. 305). Though it is generally recognized that language varieties are not deficits, a recurring theme in the research addresses the impact of speaking a nonstandard language variety on educational experiences, based on the notion that language varieties are deficient in and of themselves and should be eradicated (Ovando, Combs, & Collier, 2006).
Impacts of elevated atmospheric CO(2) on forest trees and forest ecosystems: knowledge gaps.

Atmospheric CO(2) is rising rapidly, and options for slowing the CO(2) rise are politically charged as they largely require reductions in industrial CO(2) emissions for most developed countries. As forests cover some 43% of the Earth's surface, account for some 70% of terrestrial net primary production (NPP), and are being bartered for carbon mitigation, it is critically important that we continue to reduce the uncertainties about the impacts of elevated atmospheric CO(2) on forest tree growth, productivity, and forest ecosystem function. In this paper, I review knowledge gaps and research needs on the effects of elevated atmospheric CO(2) on forest above- and below-ground growth and productivity, carbon sequestration, nutrient cycling, water relations, wood quality, phenology, community dynamics and biodiversity, antioxidants and stress tolerance, interactions with air pollutants, heterotrophic interactions, and ecosystem functioning. Finally, I discuss research needs regarding modeling of the impacts of elevated atmospheric CO(2) on forests.Even though there has been a tremendous amount of research done with elevated CO(2) and forest trees, it remains difficult to predict future forest growth and productivity under elevated atmospheric CO(2). Likewise, it is not easy to predict how forest ecosystem processes will respond to enriched CO(2). The more we study the impacts of increasing CO(2), the more we realize that tree and forest responses are yet largely uncertain due to differences in responsiveness by species, genotype, and functional group, and the complex interactions of elevated atmospheric CO(2) with soil fertility, drought, pests, and co-occurring atmospheric pollutants such as nitrogen deposition and O(3). Furthermore, it is impossible to predict ecosystem-level responses based on short-term studies of young trees grown without interacting stresses and in small spaces without the element of competition. Long-term studies using free-air CO(2) enrichment (FACE) technologies or forest stands around natural CO(2) vents are needed to increase the knowledge base on forest ecosystem responses to elevated atmospheric CO(2). In addition, new experimental protocols need to continue to be developed that will allow for mature trees to be examined in natural ecosystems. These studies should be closely linked to modeling efforts so that the inference capacity from these expensive and long-term studies can be maximized.
Reporting on Immigration: A Content Analysis of Major U.S. Newspapers’ Coverage of Mexican Immigration

Immigration in the U.S. is an issue that has polarizing political implications at the national and local levels. Reports by the press shape how the public perceives immigration and influence public policy regarding immigrants and immigration. This study examines the stories about Mexican immigration published by four major U.S. newspapers by analyzing their patterns, frequency, length, topics, and framing. This research seeks to shed light on the national print news media’s coverage of Mexican immigration to the United States as well as any of its perceived attempts to influence public opinion and public policy.
Mid-Infrared Imaging of Star-forming Regions Containing Methanol Masers

We present a mid-infrared imaging survey of 21 sites of massive star formation associated with methanol masers. Images were obtained from the Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory 4 m Blanco telescope using the University of Florida imager/spectrometer OSCIR. Of the 10 sites where the methanol masers are distributed in a linear fashion, we find three sources that are elongated at the same position angle as their linear methanol maser distributions. It is believed that these elongated mid-infrared objects are indeed circumstellar disks. It was found that the masers may arise inside the mid-infrared emitting regions of these young stellar objects, indicating that the methanol masers may be pumped by mid-infrared photons. Many mid-infrared sources in our survey have no detectable radio continuum emission, and we advance the hypothesis that these sources are lower mass, nonionizing stars.
Respect for the Moral Law: the Emotional Side of Reason

Respect, as Kant describes it, has a duality of nature that seems to embody a contradiction � i.e., it is both a moral motive and a feeling, where these are thought to be mutually exclusive. Most solutions involve eliminating one of the two natures, but unfortunately, this also destroys what is unique about respect. So instead, I question the non-cognitive theory of emotion giving rise to the contradiction. In its place, I develop the cognitive theory implicit in Kant's work, one in which emotions take the form of evaluative judgments that determine the will. I then show that, as a purely rational emotion, respect is perfectly suited to be a moral motive.
Effect of inhibition of lipid peroxidation on myocardial oxidant damage.

Abstract Oxygen-derived free radical-mediated injury occurs frequently following prolonged ischemia and reperfusion. Recently, the nonglucocorticoid steroid U74006F has been shown to exert therapeutic effects presumably secondary to its peroxide inhibitory effect. This experiment investigates the effect of pretreatment with U74006F on H2O2 induced cardiac oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation. Myocardial performance was determined in a modified Langendorf model. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were pretreated with U74006F (3 mg/kg iv) or saline vehicle 30 min prior to cardiac excision. The hearts were then placed into a closed isolation chamber and perfused with oxygenated Krebs-Henseleit solution for a 30-min equilibration period. Oxyradical challenge consisted of the addition of 200 or 400 μM H2O2 to the perfusate for 60 min. Contractile activity was continuously monitored; perfusate glutathione, lactate dehydrogenase, and headspace ethane were collected every 30 min for 90 min. A decrease in lipid peroxidation was seen in animals pretreated with U74006F when exposed to 200 μM H2O2; higher oxyradical loads overwhelmed this protective effect. Glutathione efflux was increased in both groups and not affected by treatment. Late LDH efflux and myocardial contractility were improved by pretreatment with the drug. These results suggest that pretreatment with U74006F significantly decreases oxyradical mediated myocardial lipid peroxidation during moderate oxyradical challenge and may improve cellular function.
THE FATE OF DISPUTED TERRITORIES: AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS

This paper presents a simple model to characterize the outcome of a land dispute between two rival parties using a Stackelberg game. Unlike Gershenson and Grossman (2000), we assume that the opposing parties have access to different technologies for challenging and defending in conflict. We derive the conditions under which territorial conflict between the two parties is less likely to persist indefinitely. Allowing for an exogenous destruction term as in Garfinkel and Skaperdas (2000), we show that, when the nature of conflict becomes more destructive, the likelihood of a peaceful outcome, in which the territory’s initial possessor deters the challenging party, increases if the initial possessor holds more intrinsic value for the disputed land. Following Siqueira (2003), our model has policy implications for peace through third‐party intervention.
Emittance measurements at the Bates linac

An emittance measuring system has been installed at the Bates Linear Accelerator Center. The system consists of three wire scanners used to measure the electron beam profile, and a microcomputer for data acquisition and processing. The scanner measures the horizontal and vertical beam size with a possible resolution of 25 mu m. The horizontal and vertical beam phase spaces can then be determined. Results of measurements are presented. Calculations relating the theoretical accuracy of the emittance measurements to the distance separating the scanners and to the beam waist's location and size are also presented. Another technique for measuring emittance has also been used. This technique involves using a wire scanner to measure the beam size at a fixed location, as a function of the strength of an upstream quadrupole. >
Synthesis of out-of-substrate Au-Ag nanoplates with enhanced stability for catalysis.

Gold-silver alloy nanoplates with out-of-substrate orientation are synthesized on large-area supports by growth of silver nanoplates on gallium arsenide wafers followed by an overgrowth and alloying process. The surfaces of the nanoplates are highly exposed to the surrounding environment, thus increasing their catalytic efficiency.
Structural Design of a Horizontal-Axis Tidal Current Turbine Composite Blade

This paper describes the structural design of a tidal composite blade. The structural design is preceded by two steps: hydrodynamic design and determination of extreme loads. The hydrodynamic design provides the chord and twist distributions along the blade length that result in optimal performance of the tidal turbine over its lifetime. The extreme loads, i.e. the extreme flap and edgewise loads that the blade would likely encounter over its lifetime, are associated with extreme tidal flow conditions and are obtained using a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software. Given the blade external shape and the extreme loads, we use a laminate-theory-based structural design to determine the optimal layout of composite laminas such that the ultimate-strength and buckling-resistance criteria are satisfied at all points in the blade. The structural design approach allows for arbitrary specification of the chord, twist, and airfoil geometry along the blade and an arbitrary number of shear webs. In addition, certain fabrication criteria are imposed, for example, each composite laminate must be an integral multiple of its constituent ply thickness. In the present effort, the structural design uses only static extreme loads; dynamic-loads-based fatigue design will be addressed in the future. Following the blade design, we compute the distributed structural properties, i.e. flap stiffness, edgewise stiffness, torsion stiffness, mass, moments of inertia, elastic-axis offset, and center-of-mass offset along the blade. Such properties are required by hydro-elastic codes to model the tidal current turbine and to perform modal, stability, loads, and response analyses.
PHAGOCYTOSIS BY THE CELLULAR SLIME MOLD POLYSPHONDYLIUM PALLIDUM DURING GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

The phagocytic ability of amoebae of the cellular slime mold Polysphondylium pallidum , grown in shaken suspension, was examined. An established quantitative assay of the uptake of polystyrene (PS) beads was shown to be valid for this organism. The kinetics of phagocytosis were determined, and estimates of the concentration of PS beads necessary to achieve half-maximal phagocytic velocity ( K p ), as well as the maximal velocity itself ( V p max ), were made. Comparison with previously published data on Acanthamoeba and guinea pig leukocytes suggested that the P. pallidum amoebae had the lowest K p , while the leukocytes had the highest V p max . Beads approximately 1 µm in diameter appeared to be the optimal size for ingestion. Simultaneously with phagocytosis, comparable numbers of beads accumulated at the cell surface; this accumulation did not occur when phagocytosis was inhibited. Phagocytosis was depressed by protein in the medium, by increased osmolarity, and by inhibitors of aerobic metabolism. Starvation-initiated development, leading to encystment, was shown to affect the capacity of the cells to phagocytize, mainly by progressively decreasing the time span over which the cells ingested particles at a constant initial rate.
Nursing before Nightingale, 1815–1899. By Carol Helmstadter and Judith Godden. (Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2011. Pp. xxi, 219. $119.95.)

Florence Nightingale's iconic persona dominates the traditional triumphalist nursing history narrative in which dissolute and disorderly nurses were displaced in the 1860s by competent, refined “Ni...
I/sub DDQ/ test using built-in current sensing of supply line voltage drop

A practical built-in current sensor (BICS) is described that senses the voltage drop on supply lines caused by quiescent current leakage. This noninvasive procedure avoids any performance degradation. The sensor performs analog-to-digital conversion of the input signal using a stochastic process, with scan chain readout. Self-calibration and digital chopping are used to minimize offset and low frequency noise and drift. The measurement results of a 350 nm test chip are described. The sensor achieves a resolution of 182 muA, with the promise of much higher resolution
Myocardial high energy phosphate metabolism in closed chest dog: Creation of an animal model

A chronic closed chest dog model was developed to study myocardial metabolism with NMR spectroscopy. Cardiac windows were surgically created in 10 dogs by removal of two ribs and accompanying skeletal muscle. Marlex mesh was sewn between the two exposed ribs, and fascia and skin were closed. 31P spectra were obtained using a surface coil placed into the surgically created pouch and using routine NMR pulsing techniques.
Recapturing the musical performance data in Seashore’s published performance scores

In the first half of the 20th century, Carl Seashore and colleagues undertook extensive work in performance analysis of a variety of instruments. Their data were embodied in so-called performance scores, which still exist as illustrations of laborious work undertaken by the early pioneers of music performance research and, in their original form, offer today’s researchers the opportunity to only visually examine the experimental data. This article describes the use of image-processing methods to accurately convert the visual data in Seashore’s performance scores into data points. This use of technology offers researchers the opportunity to directly engage with the data collected in Seashore’s laboratory, either for the purposes of validation or performing analyses for which the researchers in Seashore’s time did not have the computational facilities or algorithms to perform. This paper also presents a proof-of-concept study of the vocal performance scores in Harold Seashore’s “An Objective Analysis of Art...
Enhancement of in situ microbial degradation of chlorinated organic waste at the petro processors superfund site

The use of bioremediation for hazardous waste sites is a promising technology, particularly when the clean-up is in situ and therefore, does not require removal of the waste material. This study was initiated to investigate the application of this technology to the Petro Processors, Inc. (PPI) Superfund site. Primary contaminants at the PPI site are chlorinated organics such as hexachlorobenzene and hexachlorobutadiene, among others. The objectives of the experiments conducted in this study were to determine if PPI target organics would degrade if proper environmental conditions are provided and secondly, to determine the nature of organisms present. A third component is design of a field pilot of the technology, both ex situ and in situ, to further define operating parameters and limits of the degradation system before full-scale implementation. As work proceeds to the field, which is described along with the characteristics of the site and the field pilot, it appears that application of this technology will provide an effective site-specific remediation process for certain sections of the PPI site, reducing the time required for overall remediation and promoting degradation of lower levels of contamination in an adjacent bayou-swamp area. 20 refs., 2 figs., 2 tabs.
Trapping, corralling and spectral bonding of optical resonances through optically induced potentials

Optical forces resulting from interacting modes and cavities can scale to remarkably large values as the optical modes shrink to nanometre dimensions. Such forces can be harnessed in fundamentally new ways when optical elements can freely adapt to them. Here, we propose the use of optomechanically coupled resonators as a general means of tailoring optomechanical potentials through the action of optical forces. We show that significant attractive and repulsive forces arising from optomechanically coupled cavity resonances can give rise to strong and highly localized optomechanical potential wells whose widths can approach picometre scales. These potentials enable unique all-optical self-adaptive behaviours, such as the trapping and corralling (or dynamic capture) of microcavity resonances with light. It is shown, for example, that a resonator can be designed to dynamically self-align (or spectrally bond) its resonance to an incident laser line. Although these concepts are illustrated through dual-microring cavity designs, broad extension to other photonic topologies can be made.
Semi discrete discontinuous Galerkin methods and stage-exceeding-order, strong-stability-preserving Runge-Kutta time discretizations

This paper investigates the use of a special class of strong-stability-preserving (SSP) Runge–Kutta time discretization methods in conjunction with discontinuous Galerkin (DG) finite element spatial discretizatons. The class of SSP methods investigated here is defined by the property that the number of stages s is greater than the order k of the method. From analysis, CFL conditions for the linear (L 2 ) stability of the methods defined using the s > k SSP schemes are obtained that are less restrictive than those of the ‘‘standard’’ so-called RKDG methods that use s = k SSP Runge–Kutta schemes. The improvement in the CFL conditions for linear stability of the methods more than offsets the additional work introduced by the increased number of stages. Given that the CFL conditions for linear stability are what must be respected in practice in order to maintain high-order accuracy, the use of the s > k SSP schemes results in RKDG methods that are more efficient than those previously defined. Furthermore, with the application of a slope limiter, the nonlinear stability properties of the forward Euler method and the DG spatial discretization, which have been previously proven, are preserved with these methods under less restrictive CFL conditions than those required for linear stability. Thus, more efficient RKDG methods that possess the same favorable accuracy and stability properties of the ‘‘standard’’ RKDG methods are obtained. Numerical results verify the CFL conditions for stability obtained from analysis and demonstrate the efficiency advantages of these new RKDG methods.
In Mediis Rebus

For Quine all talk is in mediis rebus, is itself a physical phenomenon. To grasp what a sentence is, its relation to a language, and what it is for a sentence to be true is to be invited to see that notions of shared meaning across languages, of truth, even of knowledge, are far from what they are ordinarily taken to be. To read Quine reflectively is to plunge with him into the midst of things, shunning the vain support of purported transcendental certainties or Archimedean points, and spurning claims of the intuitive clarity of meaning, thought, and belief, for in the midst of things they themselves are what are most lacking in clarity.
Designing Channels of Distribution

This note addresses the issues that arise and the complexities that must be addressed when designing a channel of distribution. Content includes the definition of a distribution channel, the steps in its design, functional discounting and margin allocation, the role channels play in branding, and recent trends.
Light adaptation alters inner retinal inhibition to shape OFF retinal pathway signaling

The retina adjusts its signaling gain over a wide range of light levels. A functional result of this is increased visual acuity at brighter luminance levels (light adaptation) due to shifts in the excitatory center-inhibitory surround receptive field parameters of ganglion cells that increases their sensitivity to smaller light stimuli. Recent work supports the idea that changes in ganglion cell spatial sensitivity with background luminance are due in part to inner retinal mechanisms, possibly including modulation of inhibition onto bipolar cells. To determine how the receptive fields of OFF cone bipolar cells may contribute to changes in ganglion cell resolution, the spatial extent and magnitude of inhibitory and excitatory inputs were measured from OFF bipolar cells under dark- and light-adapted conditions. There was no change in the OFF bipolar cell excitatory input with light adaptation; however, the spatial distributions of inhibitory inputs, including both glycinergic and GABAergic sources, became significantly narrower, smaller, and more transient. The magnitude and size of the OFF bipolar cell center-surround receptive fields as well as light-adapted changes in resting membrane potential were incorporated into a spatial model of OFF bipolar cell output to the downstream ganglion cells, which predicted an increase in signal output strength with light adaptation. We show a prominent role for inner retinal spatial signals in modulating the modeled strength of bipolar cell output to potentially play a role in ganglion cell visual sensitivity and acuity.
Potential Bias in Mature Body Weight Estimation Due to the Presence of an Egg in the Oviduct

Abstract One of the commonly measured traits of chickens is mature body weight. A pertinent question is; how serious is the bias which is associated with body weight measurement when the presence or absence of a hard shelled egg in the oviduct is ignored? Further, what is the effect of this bias on the comparison of body weights of two or more strains which have been weighed at different times of the day? In January 1967 individual 32-week body weights were obtained from 522 caged females of the Regional Cornell Control population. The body weights were taken to the nearest 10 grams between 8:00 a.m. and 11:00 a.m. Each bird was palpated and the presence or absence of a hard shelled egg was noted. In addition, the presence of an egg in the egg tray of the cage during the weighing period, indicating that the bird had very recently laid, was . . .
Development of S-N Curves for Some Pressure Vessel Steels

In this paper the stress range versus the number of cycles to failure (S-N) curves has been developed for steels used in the pressure vessel and construction industries. These include SA 533 Grade B and C36 Steel. The method used to obtain the S-N curves involves a material parameter based on fatigue crack threshold stress intensity factor range and the endurance limit. This parameter has been used to study fatigue crack growth of short cracks as a means to study fatigue crack initiation in steels and is based on the concept that initiation occurs only when the material ahead of the crack tip is damaged enough by cyclic straining. A separate model has been explored that incorporates a microstructural variable, namely the grain size. For the two materials studied, the initiation and growth of small cracks have been investigated with consideration for crack closure. Using the material parameters, the number of cycles to initiate a fatigue crack has been determined.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Improving Health Care for Veterans — A Watershed Moment for the VA

After revelations of falsification of records, inappropriate scheduling practices, and substantial delays in access to care at VA health care centers, an intense political and media spotlight remains focused on the VA. Will it engender improvements in care for veterans?
Management Aims and Development Needs in Latin America

As Latin American businessmen assess their historical experience, how do they characterize their progress and future?
Adaptive Liquid Lens Actuated by Electromagnetic Solenoid

Adaptive lens has wide applications in industry and medicine. A compact, low-cost adaptive liquid lens actuated by electromagnetic solenoids is presented. The lens shows large tunable power and high performance.
Reduced non-oxidative glucose utilization in cancer patients is associated with a low triiodothyronine concentration.

Approximately 70% of all cancer patients have elevations in hepatic glucose production and/or reductions in glucose utilization. To identify an explanation for insulin resistance, we measured fasting hepatic glucose production (HGP), leucine appearance (Leu Ra), leucine oxidation (LO), glucose oxidation (GO) and non-oxidative glucose utilization at baseline and after identical insulin infusion rates (2 pmol/kg/minute, 7 pmol/kg/minute, and 70 pmol/kg/minute) in eight head and neck cancer patients and eight weight-matched disease-free volunteers.A step increase in insulin administration during a euglycemic clamp protocol was used to measure insulin effects on glucose and leucine metabolism. HGP and Leu Ra were determined by performing a primed, continuous 10-hour intravenous infusion of 6-3H glucose and 1-14C leucine. Baseline insulin, thyroid, TNF, and counter-regulatory hormonal measurements, HGP, GO and Leu Ra were obtained between hours 3 and 4. An insulin infusion was started at hour 4 and increased e...
Isolated T-Wave Abnormalities and Evaluation of Left Ventricular Wall Motion After Nifedipine for Severe Hypertension

Rapid reduction of blood pressure by vasodilators in severe hypertensives has been associated with T-wave inversion. The significance of these changes in the absence of chest pain or other manifestations of ischemia is not known. To determine if these T-wave inversions are due to myocardial ischemia, we obtained electrocardiograms and left ventricular wall motion studies (2-D echocardiography) before and 1 h after rapid blood pressure reduction with nifedipine in 23 severe hypertensives. One hour after 10 mg nifedipine blood pressure was markedly reduced from 189 +/- 6/117 +/- 3 (mean +/- SE) to 151 +/- 5/91 +/- 3 mm Hg (P less than .001). New T-wave inversions developed in 6 of 23 (26%) subjects, but blinded evaluation of 2-D echocardiograms revealed no new wall motion abnormalities. Wall motion score, which at pretreatment was abnormal in 11 of 23 patients, improved significantly after nifedipine from 1.4 +/- 0.1 to 1.2 +/- 0.1 (P less than .05). Therefore, rapid and marked reduction of blood pressure with nifedipine is accompanied by a high incidence of asymptomatic T-wave inversions which are not accompanied by left ventricular wall motion abnormalities, suggesting that significant myocardial ischemia did not occur.
O atom sites in natural kaolinite and muscovite: 17O MAS and 3QMAS NMR study

The layer silicates are among the most common minerals in the Earth’s surface environment, play important roles in many geological processes, and have diverse technological applications. While it has been suggested that O isotope exchange and dissolution kinetics in aqueous solutions are controlled by chemical bonding and local atomic structures, the effect of atomic environment around O atom sites in clay minerals on their site-specific reactivities with H2O are not well known, mainly because direct experimental evidence is lacking. Here, we present for the first time detailed high-resolution 17O NMR data for 17O-exchanged natural kaolinite [Al2Si2O5(OH)4] and muscovite [KAl2(AlSi3)O10(OH)2] using 17O triple quantum magic angle spinning (3QMAS) and MAS NMR at high fields. At least two basal O atom sites in kaolinite are resolved: O4, and (O3 + O5). Apical O atoms ([4]Si-O-2[6]Al) and hydroxyl groups are also shown in these spectra. The 17O 3QMAS spectrum for muscovite shows improved resolution over the 17O MAS NMR spectrum, allowing us to resolve several basal O atoms, including ([4]Si-O-[4]Al), as well as hydroxyl groups. The fraction of each O atom appears to deviate somewhat from the stoichiometric value, suggesting that each crystallographically distinct site may have a different rate of exchange with the O atom in H2O.
A Evaluation of Effect on Trend of HIV-1 Epidemics which be Used Four Methods Among Intravenous Drug Users in Yuxi,2007- 2012

Objective In order to prevent the limitation of evaluation which one method evaluated the trend of HIV-1 epidemics and the four methods were used among Intravenous Drug Users( IDUs) in Yuxi,2007-2012. Methods There were four methods which were used which evaluated trend of HIV-1 epidemics what are BED-CEIA,Surveillance,Cohort study,ML-PA among IDUs in Yuxi from 2007 to 2012. Results In 2007- 2012 among IDUs,the HIV-1 infection rate were 10. 28%,15. 38%,15. 03%,13. 04%,11. 96%,12. 31% respectively in surveillance. The HIV-1 incidence rate were 0. 33,0. 98,1. 47,1. 33,0. 00,0. 36 per 100 person years respectively in BED-CEIA,and were 0. 00,0. 54,1. 21,1. 01,1. 04,0. 75 per 100 person years in cohort study of negative groups. From 2007 to 2011,the HIV-1 incidence rate were 0. 83,0. 00,0. 42,0. 00,and 0. 87 per 100 person years respectively. Conclusion The level of HIV-1 infection was low among IDUS in Yuxi in recent years.
Effect of an Analgesia and Sedation Protocol in Neurocritical Care Patients (P3.221)

Objective: To assess the effect of a neurocritical care unit (NCCU) analgesia and sedation protocol on the amount of fentanyl, propofol and midazolam dispensed. Background: Guidelines for the management of pain and agitation that are specific to neurocritically ill patients do not currently exist. Pain is frequently undertreated in patients who cannot self-report their pain. Pain and anxiety are a frequent cause of agitation in critically ill patients. We developed an analgesia and sedation protocol in our NCCU to optimize management of pain and agitation. Methods: We studied a retrospective cohort of patients admitted to our NCCU from 2/1/2011 to 1/31/2013 before the protocol was begun and from 2/1/2013 to 1/31/2015 after the protocol was implemented. All intubated patients were included except for those with a diagnosis of status epilepticus. Pain was assessed using the Critical-Care Pain Observation Tool and treated with fentanyl. Agitation was assessed using the Richmond Agitation and Sedation Scale and treated with propofol (first-line) or midazolam (second-line). Results: A total of 1185 patients were studied: 574 prior to the protocol and 611 after protocol implementation. NCCU lengths of stay and ventilator days were similar between the two groups. Implementation of the protocol was associated with 2.4 times more fentanyl dispensed per 30 day period (95[percnt] CI 2.30-2.51, p<0.001) and 20[percnt] less propofol and 7[percnt] less midazolam dispensed per 30 day period (IRR 0.80, 95[percnt] CI 0.77-0.83, p<0.001 and IRR 0.93, 95[percnt] CI 0.88-0.99, p=0.028, respectively) at a savings of over $700 per month. In addition, in-hospital mortality decreased from 33[percnt] to 26[percnt] (p=0.011). Conclusions: Pain appears to have been more aggressively addressed in our patients on protocol. Since pain is a frequent driver of agitation, targeting pain control in neurocritically ill patients may lead to overall less need for sedatives and improved mortality rates. Disclosure: Dr. Mahmoud has nothing to disclose. Dr. Zullo has nothing to disclose. Dr. Fehnel has nothing to disclose. Dr. Potter has nothing to disclose. Dr. Thompson has nothing to disclose. Dr. Wendell has nothing to disclose.
Ultrasonic Assessment of Damage in Concrete under Cyclic Compression

The main objective of the present study is to evaluate progressive damage in concrete using ultrasonic wave transmission1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6. The paper presents results of ultrasonic experiments on concrete prisms that were cyclically loaded in uniaxial compression while recording longitudinal and shear wave velocities during loading. Furthermore, after each load cycle, wave velocities in at least five different directions were recorded and used to determine progressive damage within the format of transverse isotropy. Even though concrete exhibits anisotropic behavior right from the beginning of loading, the degree of anisotropy is much greater in the post-peak softening region when the axial strength deteriorates progressively. The results show good correlation between mechanical and ultrasonic measurements of degradation in terms of transversely isotropic elastic stiffness properties. The investigation extends previous ultrasonic studies by the authors7, 8 in steel and concrete from isotropic to anisotropic damage assessments.
Full Disclosure: What Makes Transparency Work?

In Los Angeles County, as in other localities, public health inspectors visit restaurants to make sure they comply with local hygiene codes. In most communities, however, the information they collect is locked away in government files. In a few, inspection results are posted in searchable electronic databases that foresighted and tech-savvy restaurant-goers may learn to access. But Los Angeles County goes much further. Since 1998, restaurant managers there have been required to post in their windows a letter grade ranging from A to C that reflects the results of their most recent hygiene inspection. Would-be patrons needn't call the public health office or visit a Web site. A glance at the restaurant's storefront tells them how clean it is and lets them incorporate that information into one of the most common of daily decisions – figuring out where to eat. These restaurant hygiene reports have created powerful incentives for restaurateurs to clean up their premises. Early research has found significant revenue increases for restaurants with high grades and revenue decreases for C-graded restaurants (a powerful effect ). More important, research results suggest that the policy has caused a measurable increase in restaurant hygiene and a significant drop in hospitalizations from food-related illnesses (a clear sign of effectiveness ). Thus, more-informed choices by consumers appear to be improving restaurant cleanliness, rewarding restaurateurs who practice good hygiene, and stimulating a new dimension of beneficial competition among restaurants.
Ensuring system reliability: From FET characterization to performance prediction

Summary form only given. Transistor level temporal degradation is becoming a big reliability concern for systems in the field. These vulnerable systems range from ASICs in mobile devices to high-performance enterprise servers. To ensure reliable operation of these systems, we need to characterize device aging, predict its impact on system performance and build smart systems to adapt their functionality to device aging. In this presentation, we'll discuss the key ingredients of device models and tools for aging prediction due to BTI, HCI and TDDB. We'll also discuss the recent approaches for in-field adaptation of a system to its aging devices.
Complex optimization for big computational and experimental neutron datasets

We present a framework to use high performance computing to determine accurate solutions to the inverse optimization problem of big experimental data against computational models. We demonstrate how image processing, mathematical regularization, and hierarchical modeling can be used to solve complex optimization problems on big data. We also demonstrate how both model and data information can be used to further increase solution accuracy of optimization by providing confidence regions for the processing and regularization algorithms. We use the framework in conjunction with the software package SIMPHONIES to analyze results from neutron scattering experiments on silicon single crystals, and refine first principles calculations to better describe the experimental data.
Association of [32P] with Clostridium botulinum 52A Vegetative Cells Following Growth in a Medium Containing Sodium Dihydrogen [32P]-Pyrophosphate.

The association of [32P] with Clostridium botulinum 52A vegetative cells following growth in a medium containing either sodium dihydrogen [32P]-pyrophosphate ([32P]-SAPP) or sodium dihydrogen [32P]-orthophosphate ([32P]-orthophosphate) was studied. Absorbency measurements at 630 nm were used in addition to [32P] recovery in determining [32P] association with cellular growth and metabolism. Radiolabeling experiments showed [32P]-orthophosphate was associated with vegetative cells during logarithmic growth, yet was released once stationary phase was attained or upon lysis. [3P]-SAPP was also associated with cells during growth, but was not released once stationary phase was attained. Results suggested [32P]-SAPP continued to bind cells or other metabolic materials following attainment of the stationary phase of cells. Fractionation of 24 and 48 h-old cultures grown in the presence of [32P]-SAPP showed a higher percentage of [32P] associated with the RNA fraction (3.91 and 2.48%, respectively) compared to the DNA fraction (0.09 and 0.07%, respectively).
Make better, safer biomaterials.

Design and test new polymers with clinical uses in mind, urge Nicholas A. Peppas and Ali Khademhosseini.
Effects of pressure- or volume-overload hypertrophy on passive stiffness in isolated adult cardiac muscle cells

It has been hypothesized that the changes in myocardial stiffness induced by chronic hemodynamic overloading are dependent on changes in the passive stiffness of the cardiac muscle cell (cardiocyte). However, no previous studies have examined the passive constitutive properties of cardiocytes isolated from animals with myocardial hypertrophy. Accordingly, changes in relative passive stiffness of cardiocytes isolated from animals with chronic pressure- or volume-overload hypertrophy were determined by examining the effects of anisosmotic stress on cardiocyte size. Anisosmotic stress was produced by altering superfusate osmolarity. Hypertrophied cardiocytes were enzymatically isolated from 16 adult cats with right ventricular (RV) pressure-overload hypertrophy induced by pulmonary artery banding (PAB) and from 6 adult cats with RV volume-overload hypertrophy induced by creating an atrial septal defect (ASD). Left ventricular (LV) cardiocytes from each cat served as nonhypertrophied, normally loaded, same-animal controls. Superfusate osmolarity was decreased from 305 +/- 3 to 135 +/- 5 mosM and increased to 645 +/- 4 mosM. During anisosmotic stress, there were no significant differences between hypertrophied RV and normal LV cardiocytes in pressure overload PAB cats with respect to percent change in cardiocyte area (47 +/- 2% in RV vs. 48 +/- 2% in LV), diameter (46 +/- 3% in RV vs. 48 +/- 2% in LV), or length (2.4 +/- 0.2% in RV vs. 2.0 +/- 0.3% in LV), or sarcomere length (1.5 +/- 0.1% in RV vs. 1.3 +/- 0.3% in LV). Likewise, there were no significant differences in cardiocyte strain between hypertrophied RV and normal LV cardiocytes from ASD cats. In conclusion, chronic pressure-overload hypertrophy and chronic volume-overload hypertrophy did not alter the cardiocyte response to anisosmotic stress. Thus chronic overload hypertrophy did not alter relative passive cardiocyte stiffness.
Reproducing (and Disrupting) Heteronormativity: Gendered Sexual Socialization in Preschool Classrooms.

Using ethnographic data from 10 months of observations in nine preschool classrooms, I examine gendered sexual socialization children receive from teachers’ practices and reproduce through peer int...
Blending Arendtian Exemplarity with Weberian Ideal-Typic Analysis: Arendt’s ‘Socrates’ as a Vehicle for Social Critique

Arendt uses the exemplary validity of Socrates to think and value the possibilities of joint philosophical and political orientations in our present juncture. In this way Arendt’s ‘Socrates’ is not a mythic, historic, or dramatic individual, but offers an example of the best of the human condition. Unfortunately, because Arendt held the social conditioning and constraining of Socrates’ possibilities at arm’s length, his status as an exemplar is problematic and he ends up referring to a historical rather than contemporary possibilities. While Arendt had resources in her notion of the ‘world’ to better ground her simultaneously analytic and normative construction of ‘Socrates’, the lack of a social grounding makes ‘Socrates’ a significantly unmoored and shifting signifier. After showing the vacillations of ‘Socrates’ in Arendt, I supplement her normatively laden account with a Weberian grounding. With this firmer social grounding, ‘Socrates’ can refer to the possibilities of joint philosophical and political orientations in ancient Athens and thereby highlight how our world makes a contemporary version unlikely or impossible. Yet, this Weberian grounding comes at a cost. The normative dimension essential in Arendt’s ‘Socrates’ is lost due to Weberian value-neutrality. ‘Socrates’ can name a contemporary unlikelihood or impossibility, but if the enveloping social order does not value what it renders impossible, Weberian ideal-types on their own are incapable of offering normative resources for critique. I conclude by blending a Weberian social mooring with Arendt’s value-laden framework for social analysis and thereby recuperate the missing normative dimension. In short, by accepting the relational, necessarily plural, and dynamic root of human action we can, much like Arendt’s intended use of ‘Socrates’, value orientations that best express these norms, and criticize contemporary conditions that constrain their realization.
Klossowski and His Simulacra

Pierre Klossowski's (1905–2001) career in philosophy is a brief but significant intervention into the manner in which the connections between desire, identity, and meaning are thought. Although Klossowski's influence on much of what is called French “post-structuralism” or “post-modernism” is frequently noted, Klossowski's development of the motif of the simulacrum is rarely traced in its proper context. Through readings of the texts of the Marquis de Sade, Georges Bataille, and Friedrich Nietzsche, as well as his own ruminations on the polytheism of the ancient Roman cult of Diana, Klossowski constructs a critique not only of the identity of the self but also of the supposed unity of reason and rational signs. Klossowski's critique demonstrates how meaningful discourse is produced from the basis of incommunicable affects, which project images in consciousness that, only then, are able to take the form of iterable simulacra. Our “gregarious” discourse in language is, thus, formed only indirectly from the affects and acquires its supposed unity only as it fails to express those affects.
Investigating Moderators of Compassion Meditation Training in a Community Sample

There is increasing interest in third-wave interventions that incorporate contemplative practices. Mindfulness and compassion meditation training programs have shown great promise. In the spirit of precision health, a refined understanding of participant features that identify who will and will not benefit from specific types of contemplative training is an important endeavor. Here, we examined three domains of baseline moderators (demographic, affect, and well-being variables) of the effect of compassion cultivation training (CCT) on improvements in three forms of fear of compassion (for self, for others, and being the recipient of compassion from others) and also on self-compassion. Results indicate that, at baseline, greater frequency of suppression of emotion expression and perceived stress, as well as lesser cognitive reappraisal self-efficacy and mindfulness skills, significantly moderated the effect of CCT (vs. a wait list control group) on reducing fear of compassion for self. We did not identify significant moderators of CCT effects on fear of compassion for others and being the recipient of compassion from others, or self-compassion. Pinpointing individual participant features that predict CCT-related increases in compassion will help optimize treatment matching and sequencing of treatment programs.
SCN5A MUTATION INCREASES THE RISK OF MAJOR ARRHYTHMIC EVENTS IN BRUGADA SYNDROME: SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND META-ANALYSIS

Brugada syndrome (BrS) is an autosomal dominant inherited arrhythmic disease associated with the SCN5A mutation. Recent studies suggest that SCN5A mutation is associated with major arrhythmic events (MAE) in BrS which is controversial in previous studies. However, a systematic review and meta-