cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Elastic Constants of Indium Antimonide from 4.2°K to 300°K

The adiabatic elastic constants of a single crystal of indium antimonide have been measured by an ultrasonic pulse technique in which 10-Mc/sec acoustic waves were employed. The elastic constants extrapolated to 0\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K are, in units of ${10}^{12}$ dynes/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$, ${c}_{11}=0.6918$, ${c}_{12}=0.3788$, and ${c}_{44}=0.3132$. A Debye characteristic temperature, $\ensuremath{\theta}$, of 205\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K at 0\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K was calculated from these values of the elastic constants.
Continuous, real-time monitoring of cocaine in undiluted blood serum via a microfluidic, electrochemical aptamer-based sensor.

The development of a biosensor system capable of continuous, real-time measurement of small-molecule analytes directly in complex, unprocessed aqueous samples has been a significant challenge, and successful implementation has been achieved for only a limited number of targets. Toward a general solution to this problem, we report here the Microfluidic Electrochemical Aptamer-based Sensor (MECAS) chip wherein we integrate target-specific DNA aptamers that fold, and thus generate an electrochemical signal, in response to the analyte with a microfluidic detection system. As a model, we demonstrate the continuous, real-time (∼1 min time resolution) detection of the small-molecule drug cocaine at near physiological, low micromolar concentrations directly in undiluted, otherwise unmodified blood serum. We believe our approach of integrating folding-based electrochemical sensors with miniaturized detection systems may lay the groundwork for the real-time, point-of-care detection of a wide variety of molecular ta...
Seeing in Parallel: the Vision Machine

Computer algorithms have been developed for early vision processes that give separate cues to the distance from the viewer of three-dimensional surfaces, their shape, and their material properties. The MIT Vision Machine is a computer system that integrates several early vision modules to achieve high-performance rec ognition and navigation in unstructured environments. It is also an experimental environment for theoretical progress in early vision algorithms, their parallel imple mentation, and their integration. The Vision Machine consists of a movable, two-camera Eye-Head input de vice and an 8K Connection Machine. We have developed and implemented several parallel early vision algorithms that compute edge detection, stereopsis, motion, texture, and surface color in close to real time. The integration stage, based on coupled Markov random field models, leads to a cartoon-like map of the discontinuities in the scene, with partial labeling of the brightness edges in terms of their physical origin.
The effects of adopting the Balanced Scorecard on shareholder returns

Abstract Many firms have adopted the Balanced Scorecard (BSC) as a way to implement strategy and measure firm performance. This paper uses a long-horizon event study methodology to examine the relationship between BSC adoption and shareholder returns. Using a matched pair design, we show that firms who adopt the BSC significantly outperform firms that do not adopt the BSC over a three year period beginning with the year of adoption. Our results are robust for different matching criteria. There is also evidence that firms earn greater excess returns after adoption of the BSC than before. These results provide strong evidence that the BSC is an effective strategic management tool that leads to improved shareholder returns.
Universal bandgap bowing in group III nitride alloys

The energy gaps of MBE-grown wurtzite-structure In{sub 1-x}Al{sub x}N alloys with x {le} 0.25 have been measured by absorption and photoluminescence experiments. The results are consistent with the recent discovery of a narrow bandgap of {approx}0.8 eV for InN. A bowing parameter of 3 eV was determined from the composition dependence of these bandgaps. Combined with previously reported data of InGaN and AlGaN, these results show a universal relationship between the bandgap variations of group III nitride alloys and their compositions.
Kinetic and Thermodynamic Characterization of CoII−Substrate Radical Pair Formation in Coenzyme B12-Dependent Ethanolamine Ammonia-Lyase in a Cryosolvent System by Using Time-Resolved, Full-Spectrum Continuous-Wave Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

The formation of the CoII−substrate radical pair catalytic intermediate in coenzyme B12 (adenosylcobalamin)-dependent ethanolamine ammonia-lyase (EAL) from Salmonella typhimurium has been studied b...
Chemical composition of potatoes. VI. Effect of variety and location on acid concentrations

A study was made of the variation of glutamic, aspartic, pyroglutamic, malic, citric, phosphoric, and oxalic acid concentrations in Cobbler, Katahdin, Kennebec, Red Pontiac, and Russet Burbank potatoes. Each variety was grown in six different locations (Idaho, Maine, Pennsylvania, Wisconsin, Long Island, and the Red River Valley) during the years 1961 through 1963.
OX-40: life beyond the effector T cell stage.

The OX-40 receptor (OX-40R) is a transmembrane protein found on the surface of activated CD4(+) T cells. When engaged by an agonist such as anti-OX-40 antibody or the OX-40 ligand (OX-40L) during antigen presentation to T cell lines, the OX-40R generates a costimulatory signal that is as potent as CD28 costimulation. Engagement of OX-40R enhances effector and memory-effector T cell function by up-regulating IL-2 production and increasing the life-span of effector T cells. We hypothesize that the signal generated by the OX-40R inhibits activation-induced T cell death (AICD) and thereby increases the number of cells differentiating from the effector to memory T cell stage. In experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) OX-40R+ T cells are found only within the inflammatory site [central nervous system (CNS)]. Sorting OX-40R+ T cells from the CNS of animals with EAE revealed that they are autoantigen-specific T cells. Therefore, OX-40R-specific therapies were devised to eliminate or inhibit autoreactive T cells, while sparing the remainder of the T cell repertoire. In contrast, in vivo costimulation through the OX-40R in animals with cancer generated enhanced tumor-specific immunity leading to improved tumor-free survival. Thus, manipulation of the OX-40R during inflammatory responses can alter effector CD4(+) T cell function by enhancing or limiting T cell activation and survival.
Roles of endogenous enzymes in surimi gelation

Abstract The gelation of surimi is largely dependent on appropriate interactions between adjacent myosin molecules. The development of myosin gels occurs at two stages during heating: at 30–40°C by unfolding of α-helices in the tail portion of myosin molecules, and above 50°C by interactions between hydrophobic regions, which are rich in the head portions of myosin molecules. Proteinases and transglutaminases can affect the gelation process and, consequently, the gel strength of surimi, by hydrolyzing or crosslinking myosin, respectively. Protein additives have been widely used to inhibit proteinase activity and enhance myosin crosslinking. Fish species with high proteolytic activity can be successfully utilized for surimi with the aid of protein additives.
Functor: A higher-level co-operating program model

Abstract Programs consist of algorithms and data structures. Extending this well-known basic concept, algorithms can be regarded as consisting of algorithms for control-flow and algorithms for data-flow. On the basis of the separation of control and data flow, the functor model is proposed to describe the interaction among co-operating concurrent modules within the given programming system, and the functorfunctor kernel is also proposed to specify the internal control flow of each functor model as a pushdown-automaton.
Effect of Sp‐cAMP on sperm motility in patients with unexplained infertility

Sperm motility is one of the most important semen parameters affecting the fertility of an individual. Sp-cAMP, a thiophosphate analogue of c-AMP, is a phosphodiesterase inhibitor controlling the intracellular c-AMP levels which in turn influences sperm motility. The results in our laboratory on a group of suspected subfertile men and fertile donors showed significant enhancement of sperm motility after incubation of washed sperm with various doses of Sp-cAMP.
Validation of the plug-and-play AC/AC power electronics building block (AC-PEBB) for medium voltage grid control applications

As ac-to-ac power conversion becomes increasingly importantly in applications such as grid power control and motor control, demand for a plug-and-play converter has been increased. Traditional VSI-based ac-to-ac power converters such as the back-to-back converter require bulky dc-link capacitors that limit their reliability. This paper examines a plug-and-play concept for achieving ac-to-ac power conversion via the direct-ac/ac power electronic building block (AC-PEBB). The AC-PEBB is a compact, self-contained cell requiring no energy storage. It can be used in a variety of direct ac/ac converters including matrix converters, controllable network transformers (CNT), etc. This paper details the design of an 800 V, 100 A AC-PEBB prototype to be used in a 13 kV, 1 MVA application. Successful test results using several AC-PEBBs in a variety of configurations are demonstrated at up to 11 kV and 600 kVA.
Genetic Testing Is Different

Our health care system is characterized by solemn affirmations of the importance of evidence-based medicine and the constant proliferation of clinical practice guidelines, which may or may not rest on solid bedrock of rigorously collected data as opposed to expert opinion. When one looks closely, however, one observes that the outcomes thought to be relevant are pretty narrow. Typical questions are does the intervention reduce blood pressure or reduce premature mortality or at best, does the drug improve quality of life?
New stent for laser microanastomosis

We have developed a stent specifically for use in the laser welded anastomosis of small blood vessels (outer diameter 0.8 - 1.2 mm). The stent consists of a core composed of a 50% (v/v) mixture of polyethylene glycol 4000 and polyethylene glycol 20,000. This mixture (PEG 4/20), is covered with a coating of mono/diglyceride. Among the properties of PEG 4/20 is a melting point of 60 - 70 C and a high solubility in water. The glyceride portion of the stent has a melting point of 36.0 - 38.0 C and is insoluble in water. The PEG 4/20 center provides a rigid frame to the stent for easy insertion into the artery, while the glyceride component prevents early dissolution. Upon the application of laser energy, the glyceride coating melts and the PEG 4/20 center remains intact until completion of the anastomosis. Following laser anastomosis, the blood flow through the repaired vessel dissolves the PEG 4/20 center leaving no trace of the stent. We have used these stents successfully in pilot studies utilizing an indocyanine green laser solder with an 810 nm diode laser (gallium-aluminum-arsenide).© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Retinal toxicity in human immunodeficiency virus-infected children treated with 2',3'-dideoxyinosine.

To assess the safety and antiretroviral activity of 2′,3′-dideoxyinosine, we enrolled 43 children with symptomatic (Centers for Disease Control class P-2) human immunodeficiency virus infection in a Phase I-II study and monitored them prospectively for the development of ocular complications secondary to HIV infection or drug toxicity. Follow-up ranged from 12 to 103 weeks with a median follow-up of 71 weeks. Three of 43 children (7.0%) developed peripheral atrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium during treatment with 2′,3′-dideoxyinosine. The two children with the most severe retinal atrophy were enrolled in the study at the highest dosage studied (540 mg/m 2 /day). In contrast to findings in children, no retinal atrophy in HIV-infected adults treated with 2′,3′-dideoxyinosine has been evident to date.
Physical properties of alkali and mixed lithium–cesium vanadate glasses prepared over an extended range of compositions

Abstract We report glass transition temperatures and density measurements of alkali and mixed alkali vanadate glasses. The glass formation of the alkali vanadate glasses (RM2O·V2O5), which required rapid cooling, occurred in the range R=0.00–1.50, where M is the alkali. We also studied the mixed alkali vanadate glasses [((RX)Li2O+R(1−X)Cs2O)·V2O5] with R=0.60 and X in the range 0.00–1.00, where we discovered a narrow region of bulk glass formation centered on X=0.60. We also compared molar volumes of the alkali vanadates to the analogous alkali phosphates [1] , [2] . Predicted molar volumes, determined from densities of the respective oxides, were found to closely agree with experimental values for the glasses. Unlike the alkali borates, silicates, and germanates, lithium phosphates and vanadates exhibited molar volumes indicative of structural expansion.
Illumination Insensitive Model-Based 3D Object Tracking and Texture Refinement

A common approach to model-based tracking is to use a model of the object to predict what will be observed, and then to compare that with real observations. For methods that make use of the object?s photometric properties (appearance) in their measurements, illumination inconsistencies between the modeled and actual scene can cause tracking problems. In this paper we address one case: model-based tracking of Lambertian objects under directional light sources. We present an iterative optimization method that uses a Kalman filter to simultaneously refine estimates of the object motion, the illumination, and the model texture. We model the illumination variance between the real and predicted observation using the intensity ratios of corresponding surface points, which we then use to make model-based image predictions consistent with the real lighting. To demonstrate the effectiveness of our method we present experimental results using both synthetic (controlled) and real image sequences.
RATES OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND RESPIRATION OF THE MOSS BRYUM SANDBERGII AS INFLUENCED BY LIGHT INTENSITY AND TEMPERATURE

Using differential respirometry and air enriched to 3% Co2 (v/v), the rates of photosynthesis and dark respiration of the moss Bryum sandbergii were measured as influenced by temperature and light intensity. The optimal temperature for net (apparent) photosynthesis was between 24 to 30 C; however, the photosynthesis/respiration ratio was about 11 to 27 between 4 to 24 C and dropped to lower values at 34 C, which indicates a wide temperature tolerance for this moss in short-term experiments. The maximum temperature for photosynthesis was about 41 C and the minimum was below -5 C. At 20 C light saturation was approached at 6.2 mw cm-2 (ca. 700 ft-c) but not completely reached at 12 mw cm2; the light compensation point was estimated to be 0.4 mw cm-2 (ca. 40 ft-c). At 4 C light saturation and the compensation point were at lower levels and apparently solarization occurred at 12 mw cm-2. Light intensity had little or no apparent effect on dark respiration. However, respiration increased with temperature over various ranges extending from -5 to 39 C with temperature quotients of about 2.5 to 1.2. The significance of these characteristics is discussed with respect to the ecological relationships of
Interferometric Null Configurations for Measuring ϕ (Phi) -polynomial Surfaces

Interferometric null configurations are presented for measuring the form error of two nonsymmetric, Zernike polynomial based optical surfaces designed for use in an off-axis, reflective imaging system.
The acquisition of spatial knowledge under conditions of temporospatial discontinuity.

Three experiments were conducted to examine the effect of temporospatial discontinuity on route learning. Discontinuity was created by showing subjects in a route-learning task a set of environmental scenes comprising a route in scrambled, rather than logically sequenced, order. Results from Experiments 1 and 2 indicated that discontinuity during learning affected the accuracy and the quantity of the route knowledge acquired, but suggested that the processes underlying acquisition were relatively robust. Results from Experiment 3 suggested that learning routes under conditions of discontinuity leads to a greater exaggeration of distance between route segments than is the case without discontinuity.
Testing primitivity on partial words

Primitive words, or strings over a finite alphabet that cannot be written as a power of another string, play an important role in numerous research areas including formal language theory, coding theory, and combinatorics on words. Testing whether or not a word is primitive can be done in linear time in the length of the word. Indeed, a word is primitive if and only if it is not an inside factor of its square. In this paper, we describe a linear time algorithm to test primitivity on partial words which are strings that may contain a number of ''do not know'' symbols. Our algorithm is based on the combinatorial result that under some condition, a partial word is primitive if and only if it is not compatible with an inside factor of its square. The concept of special, related to commutativity on partial words, is foundational in the design of our algorithm. A World Wide Web server interface at http://www.uncg.edu/mat/primitive/ has been established for automated use of the program.
Dynamic modeling of behavior change

We consider a conceptual and quantitative modeling approach for investigating dynamic behavior change. While the approach is applicable to behavior change in eating disorders, smoking, substance abuse and other behavioral disorders, here we present our novel dynamical systems modeling approach to understand the processes governing an individual’s behavior in the context of problem drinking. Recent advances in technology have resulted in large intensive longitudinal data sets which are particularly well suited for study within such frameworks. However, the lack of previous work in this area (specifically, on the interand intra-personal factors governing drinking behavior of individuals) renders this a daunting and unique challenge. As a result, issues which are typically routine in mathematical modeling require considerable effort such as the determination of key quantities of interest, and the timescale on which to represent them. We discuss the construction of an initial mathematical model for two starkly distinct individuals and make a case for the potential for such efforts to help in understanding the underlying mechanisms responsible for behavior change in problem drinkers. AMS Subject Classification: 91E10, 34K29, 62G10.
THE IMPACT OF MANAGEMENT ON FARM EXPANSION AND SURVIVAL

Commercial agriculture is undergoing a major as well as associated incremental nonland restructural change in the form of decreasing num- sources needed to operate the expanded farm. Rebers and increasing sizes of farm units. This quired equity for expansion can be identified as structural change results in farm firms constantly the minimum equity to expand (MEE), and equity experiencing expansion and survival problems. In for survival as the minimum equity to survive some cases, expansion and survival are related: (MES). If equity in year t is Et, expansion is possigrowth in size is necessary to incorporate cost- ble if Et > MEEt, and survival is guaranteed if reducing technological improvements to maintain Et > MESt. income levels. In others, these problems are sepa- Both MEE and MES are defined by asset rated: expansion is desired to increase income- values and the amount of leverage utilized by the earning capacity, or survival may be a primary firm. The financial concept of leverage refers to objective for the firm when expansion is unlikely. utilization of debt to finance assets. Typically, it This paper develops an analytical framework, in- is measured by the ratio of debt to assets. Since corporating the dynamics of expansion and sur- the ratio of equity to assets is uniquely related vival, and explores their interrelationships. Stoch- to the debt-asset ratio, it is utilized as a measure astic relationships are incorporated for use in con- of leverage in this study to simplify the analyticeptualizing simulation studies of firm growth. Its ca presentation. A high (low) equity-asset ratio empirical relevance is demonstrated with an analy- indicates that the firm has low (high) leverage. sis of the interaction between managerial ability The specific relation between leverage and the and leverage in the process of expansion and sur- minimum equity to expand is given by vival of a representative farm firm in South Cen() (1) MEE t - r e * TA t tral Georgia. where:
GATOR: a 3-D time-dependent simulation code for helix TWTs

Summary form only given. A time-dependent collective nonlinear analysis of a helix traveling wave tube (TWT) including space-charge effects is presented for a configuration where an electron beam propagates through a sheath helix surrounded by a conducting wall. The effects of dielectric- and vane-loading of the helix are included as is efficiency enhancement by tapering the helix pitch and external focusing by means of either a uniform solenoidal magnetic field or a periodic field produced by a periodic permanent magnet (PPM) stack. Dielectric-loading is described under the assumption that the gap between the helix and the wall is uniformly filled by a dielectric material. Vane-loading describes the insertion of an arbitrary number of vanes running the length of the helix. The electromagnetic field is represented as a superposition of azimuthally symmetric waves in a vacuum sheath helix. The propagation of each wave in vacuo as well as the interaction of each wave with the electron beam is included by allowing the amplitudes of the waves to vary in z and t. The dynamical equation for the field is solved in conjunction with the three-dimensional Lorentz force equations for an ensemble of electrons.
The Family Spirit Trial for American Indian Teen Mothers and Their Children: CBPR Rationale, Design, Methods and Baseline Characteristics

The purpose of this paper is to describe the rationale, design, methods and baseline results of the Family Spirit trial. The goal of the trial is to evaluate the impact of the paraprofessional-delivered “Family Spirit” home-visiting intervention to reduce health and behavioral risks for American Indian teen mothers and their children. A community based participatory research (CBPR) process shaped the design of the current randomized controlled trial of the Family Spirit intervention. Between 2006 and 2008, 322 pregnant teens were randomized to receive the Family Spirit intervention plus Optimized Standard Care, or Optimized Standard Care alone. The Family Spirit intervention is a 43-session home-visiting curriculum administered by American Indian paraprofessionals to teen mothers from 28 weeks gestation until the baby’s third birthday. A mixed methods assessment administered at nine intervals measures intervention impact on parental competence, mother’s and children’s social, emotional and behavioral risks for drug use, and maladaptive functioning. Participants are young (mean age = 18.1 years), predominantly primiparous, unmarried, and challenged by poverty, residential instability and low educational attainment. Lifetime and pregnancy drug use were ~2–4 times higher and ~5–6 times higher, respectively, than US All Races. Baseline characteristics were evenly distributed between groups, except for higher lifetime cigarette use and depressive symptoms among intervention mothers. If study aims are achieved, the public health field will have new evidence supporting multi-generational prevention of behavioral health disparities affecting young American Indian families and the utility of indigenous paraprofessional interventionists in under-resourced communities.
A New Multichannel, Coherent Amplitude Modulated, Time-Division Multiplexed, Software-Defined Radio Receiver Architecture, and Field-Programmable-Gate-Array Technology Implementation

Some wireless communication systems must be able to receive and process signals from multiple source stations simultaneously. A common practice is to use multiple duplicated hardware resources; a different set of resources for each received station. A new coherent amplitude modulated (AM), time-division multiplexed (TDM), receiver system architecture and design, based on the software-defined radio (SDR) standard, is proposed, developed and validated via simulation and experimental hardware prototype testing. The new receiver system architecture and approach enables reception and processing of signals from multiple stations using the hardware resources normally needed for reception and processing of only one station. Production models of the proposed receiver/processing system architecture and design would be implemented in programmable-logic-device (PLD) technology [field-programmable-gate-array (FPGA) in our case] to accommodate rapidly changing communication protocols and standards and to enhance processing performance.
Echocardiographic and clinical signs of canine dilated cardiomyopathy

The clinical signs, electrocardiograms and echocardiograms of 12 dogs with dilated cardiomyopathy of large breeds and congestive heart failure were reviewed. There was a high prevalence of males (11 dogs) and of the Doberman breed (7 dogs). Seven dogs had atrial fibrillation. The echocardiograms revealed significant increases in left ventricular and left atrial dimensions. The shortening fraction (%ΔD), aortic root excursion and left ventricular wall excursion were all significantly decreased, documenting a decrease in contractile function of the left ventricle that, together with the cardiac enlargement characterize this disease. The advantages of obtaining these functional parameters non-invasively are emphasized.
Working through the pain: Working memory capacity and differences in processing and storage under pain

It has been suggested that pain perception and attention are closely linked at both a neural and a behavioural level. If pain and attention are so linked, it is reasonable to speculate that those who vary in working memory capacity (WMC) should be affected by pain differently. This study compares the performance of individuals who differ in WMC as they perform processing and memory span tasks while under mild pain and not. While processing performance under mild pain does not interact with WMC, the ability to store information for later recall does. This suggests that pain operates much like an additional processing burden, and that the ability to overcome this physical sensation is related to differences in WMC.
Automating the design of informative sequences of sensory stimuli

Adaptive stimulus design methods can potentially improve the efficiency of sensory neurophysiology experiments significantly; however, designing optimal stimulus sequences in real time remains a serious technical challenge. Here we describe two approximate methods for generating informative stimulus sequences: the first approach provides a fast method for scoring the informativeness of a batch of specific potential stimulus sequences, while the second method attempts to compute an optimal stimulus distribution from which the experimenter may easily sample. We apply these methods to single-neuron spike train data recorded from the auditory midbrain of zebra finches, and demonstrate that the resulting stimulus sequences do in fact provide more information about neuronal tuning in a shorter amount of time than do more standard experimental designs.
Optimizing biofuels production in an uncertain decision environment: Conventional vs. advanced technologies

Abstract The question of increasing biofuels production and the development of different biofuels production technologies has become controversial. On the one hand, production of corn-based biofuels creates a ‘food/feed vs. fuel’ tradeoff condition, along with subsequent uncertainties for both consumers and producers (farmers). On the other, advanced biofuels (from, e.g., switchgrass, miscanthus, algae), although acknowledged as environmentally friendly, are not available on a large commercial scale yet. In addition, the limited resource availability for the production of biofuels feedstocks and the question of a sustainable biofuels production are major issues impacting decision making. Most recently, climatic conditions and the 2011–2012 drought in the US have imposed new uncertainties that need to be considered in policy- making processes. By using a multi-objective optimization model, the paper presents an approach of modeling sustainable biofuels production from conventional and advanced biofuels feedstocks, under the condition of limited resources and uncertainty resulting from incomplete information or missing knowledge about the consequences of possible policy actions.
What Do We Owe the Global Poor

In his provocative book World Poverty and Human Rights, Thomas Pogge employs two distinct argumentative strategies. The first is ecumenical: Pogge makes powerful arguments for redressing world poverty that aim to appeal to persons with divergent views regarding its causes, and also for the nature and extent of our obligations to the global poor. This is an extremely important part of his book: World Poverty and Human Rights argues that on any reasonable moral theory and across a wide range of views of the ultimate causes of world poverty, we will be seen to have obligations to the world's poor. Pogge's ecumenical argument shows that one does not have to accept a principle of global equality of resources in order to conclude that we have a general obligation to aid other human beings in severe need. I will discuss this strategy of argument at the end of my essay.In his second and main argumentative strategy, Pogge defends a distinctive normative and empirical perspective. For, at the heart of the book is the thesis that we in the developed countries have special obligations to end world poverty because we have significantly contributed to its existence. Pogge argues for a causal contribution principle, which holds that we are morally responsible for world poverty because and to the extent that we have caused it.Pogge also argues that our obligations not to harm others apply universally and are stronger than the obligations we have to provide aid. In fact, on Pogge's view global justice involves solely this negative duty—a duty not to inflict harm on others. The central innovation of the book is to defend a normative premise typically associated with libertarianism—that we have strong duties not to harm but only weak duties to benefit people we have not harmed—and conjoin it with an empirical claim to generate an argument for radical global redistribution.Although there is much else of interest in World Poverty and Human Rights, particularly Pogge's specific policy proposals to diminish global poverty, the causal contribution thesis and the identification of a duty not to harm as the fundamental principle of justice arguably form its intellectual core and central innovations. In this comment, I will critique both Pogge's use of the causal contribution principle as well as his attempt to derive all of our obligations to the global poor from the need to refrain from harming others.
Peroxidase-mediated glutathione conjugation of benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-dihydrodiol is enhanced by benzo[a]pyrene phenols in vitro

We reported previously that glutathione (GSH) is oxidized by peroxidases to a thiyl radical that can react with a number of chemicals, including the penultimate carcinogenic metabolite benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-dihydrodiol (7,8-B[a]PD), to give GSH conjugates. Here, we report that phenolic metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) enhance the peroxidase-mediated formation of glutathione conjugates of 7,8-B[a]PD. The GSH conjugation of 7,8-B[a]PD in a horseradish peroxidase/peroxide system was increased over control values as follows: 9-OH-B[a]P by 4-fold, 7-OH-B[a]P by 3-fold, 1-OH-B[a]P by 2-fold. In contrast 3-OH-B[a]P was ineffective. A phenolic derivative of another polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH), benz[a]anthracene, also enhanced GSH conjugation of 7,8-B[a]PD. The enhancement was dependent upon the presence of the phenol, horseradish peroxidase and peroxide. The phenolic compounds, including 3-OH-B[a]P, were also efficient reducing cofactors for the peroxidase. With the exception of 3-OH-B[a]P, the phenolic metabolites of PAH enhanced peroxidase-mediated formation of thiyl radical as detected by electron spin resonance spectrometry. Since both phenols and dihydrodiols are metabolites of B[a]P catalyzed by the cytochromes P450 system, enhancement of peroxidase-dependent 7,8-B[a]PD-GSH conjugation by phenols suggests a possible interaction between peroxidases and cytochromes P450 systems. This interaction may contribute to the detoxication of the penultimate carcinogenic PAH-dihydrodiols and other chemicals.
What? the earth is sick? Undergraduate student awareness of environmental problems: A qualitative study

Abstract A great deal of information about potential catastrophic global change has emerged through multiple media sources in the past several years, yet little change has been forthcoming from the populace at large. To assess penetration and effect of this information, an inductive qualitative study was performed. Nineteen college-aged men and women from a medium-sized Midwestern university participated in three interviews which asked questions relating to their awareness of global climate problems, population size, and personal resource usage. Nine themes emerged from the data, each suggesting that the individuals interviewed were somewhat aware of current and potential problems, yet showed little concern, and were, overall, not invested in changing their behaviors to address the perceived environmental problems. Further research may include a wider demographic sample and questions designed to assess the psychodynamics of participant responses.
Predicting Rape Victim Empathy Based on Rape Victimization and Acknowledgment Labeling

Two studies examined rape victim empathy based on personal rape victimization and acknowledgment labeling. Female undergraduates (Study 1, n = 267; Study 2, n = 381) from a Northeast U.S. midsize public university completed the Rape-Victim Empathy Scale and Sexual Experiences Survey. As predicted, both studies found that acknowledged “rape” victims reported greater empathy than unacknowledged victims and nonvictims. Unexpectedly, these latter two groups did not differ. Study 1 also found that acknowledged “rape” victims reported greater empathy than victims who acknowledged being “sexually victimized.” Findings suggest that being raped and acknowledging “rape” together may facilitate rape victim empathy.
SLA : Smart log analytics

Enterprise Applications represent the major legacy workloads in the contemporary, corporate Data Centers. They will stay for several years in the future and will represent the principal headache of the always diminishing support operation staff. In this poster we present an innovative approach aiming to automate routine operations chores, support analyst's investigation and enable timely business insights into overall application landscape status and trends.
Encapsulating Ion-Solid Interactions in Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor (MOS) Devices

We report on a measurement of low energy ion irradiation effects on as-grown films of ${\rm SiO}_2$ on a Si substrate. Beams of normally incident ${\rm Na}^ + $ ions with kinetic energies of 2 keV to 5 keV were focused onto $ \sim 1900 \ {\rm \AA}$ ${\rm SiO}_2$ films. Aluminum top metal contacts were subsequently deposited onto these targets such that irradiated regions and unexposed (pristine) regions of the target could be compared using capacitance–voltage (C–V) measurements of individual metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) devices. The C–V data reveal an energy-dependent shift in the flatband voltage ( ${V_{\rm FB}}$ ) that can be returned to its near-pristine value by a low temperature anneal. An increase in the density of interface states ( ${D_{\rm it}}$ ) inferred from the C–V curves is found to have a superlinear dependence on the incident kinetic energy. These data are consistent with previously observed UV radiation effects on MOS oxides, where transferred energy leads to electron-hole pair production and the diffusion and trapping of holes throughout the oxide. Our measured trapped hole densities are compared with calculated densities, which are based on the incident ion dose and the predicted ion implantation range, to arrive at a fractional yield for hole survival and measurement within an encapsulated MOS device.
Conformance testing of boolean programs with multiple faults

Conformance testing is the problem of constructing a complete test suite of inputs based on a specification S such that any implementation I (of size less than a given bound) that is not equivalent to S gives a different output on the test suite than S. Typically I and S are assumed to be some type of finite automata. In this paper we consider the problem of constructing test suites for boolean programs (or more precisely modular visibly pushdown automata) that are guaranteed to catch all erroneous implementations that have at least R faults, and pass all correct implementations; if the incorrect implementation has fewer than R faults then the test suite may or may not detect it. We present a randomized algorithm for the construction of such test suites, and prove the near optimality of our test suites by proving lower bounds on the size of test suites.
Unilateral angular deformity of the distal end of the femur secondary to a focal fibrous tether. A report of four cases.

Difference de pronostic, au niveau des membres inferieurs entre les deformations angulaires bilaterales qui disparaissent avec la croissance et les deformations unilaterales plus severes et en relation avec des conditions pathologiques. A propos de 4 cas de deformation en varus ou valgus de l'extremite distale du femur. Premiere description dans la litterature
Metastable Structural Surface Excitations and Concerted ad Atom Motions: A Stm Study of Atomic Motions Within a Semiconductor Surface

Knowledge about atomic scale motions is essential to the understanding of dynamical phenomena on surfaces, such as diffusion, phase transitions, and epitaxial growth. We demonstrate that the addition of a very small number of Pb atoms to a Ge(111) surface reduces the energy barrier for activated processes, thus allowing one to observe concerted atomic motions and metastable structures on this surface near room temperature using a tunneling microscope. The activation energy for surface diffusion of isolated substitutional Pb atoms in Ge(111)-c(2×8) was measured by observing individual atomic interchanges from 24°C to 79°C. We also observed the formation and annihilation of metastable structural surface excitations, which are associated with large numbers of germanium surface atoms in one row of the c(2×8) reconstruction shifting along that row like beads on an abacus. The effect provides a new mechanism for atomic transport on semiconductor surfaces and can explain a number of other observed phenomena associated with Ge(111) surfaces, including the surface diffusion of Pb atoms.
Abstract 1938: Raf/MEK/ERK-mediated differential regulation of androgen receptor levels in prostate cancer cells

Androgen receptor (AR), a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily, controls the growth regulatory and differentiation pathways in prostate epithelial cells, and its altered signaling is a pivotal event in the carcinogenesis of prostate epithelium. Previous studies show that basal Raf/MEK/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activity is required for androgen-induced AR expression or for maintaining its levels in cells. However, loss of AR expression is correlated with upregulated Raf/MEK/ERK activity in certain contexts of PCa biology, including androgen withdrawal-induced PCa differentiation. Indeed, we found a strong correlation between AR downregulation and ERK1/2 phosphorylation in LNCaP cells cultured under a hormone-depleted condition and in the neuroendocrine derivates of LNCaP that were generated by prolonged culture under such condition. In this in vitro model, we investigated the role of Raf/MEK/ERK pathway in regulating AR expression. Sustained activation of the Raf/MEK/ERK pathway, mediated by an inducible Raf, was sufficient to induce AR downregulation at mRNA and protein levels in LNCaP. Interestingly, when the intensity of Raf induction was serially decreased to levels under a certain threshold, activation of the Raf/MEK/ERK pathway no longer downregulated but rather upregulated AR levels in cells. Our study therefore suggests that the Raf/MEK/ERK pathway can regulate AR levels in PCa cells in opposing contexts depending upon its different signaling intensity. We also found that sustained Raf/MEK/ERK activation can induce downregulation of full length AR as well as hormone binding domain-deficient AR isoforms in CWR22Rv1 cells, which are known to more potently stimulate PCa cell growth. Further investigation of the mechanisms underlying Raf/MEK/ERK-mediated AR downregulation may lead to a novel means to control AR levels in PCa cells. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1938. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-1938
Analysis on dynamic responses of transmission tower-line system under ice shedding

A three dimensional finite element model of tower-conductor-ground wire-insulator system was established in ANSYS,and the dynamic responses of ice shedding under different cases were analyzed for transmission tower-line system.Many factors were considered in the ice shedding simulating analysis,which includes tower-line coupled effect,the quantity and location of conductor phases,thickness of the accreted ice,length of span as well as elevation difference.Influences of all the factors on the dynamic responses of jumping heights,loads at the end of insulator and the forces of transmission tower were mainly studied.Ice shedding simulating analysis of an actual 500 kV transmission line section which happened ice disaster in 2008 was completed,and the results show that stress ratios of the members at tower head under design ice thickness will exceed the limited values when the amount of ice shedding is much larger.For the ice shedding at the top phase conductors,the jumping height and unbalanced tension at the end of insulator can be reduced obviously by applying triangular phase to phase spacers,and the tower is in safe state under design ice thickness.As to prevent ice shedding accidents,phase to phase spacers should be used,and the weak members at tower head should be strengthened according to the calculated load values at the end of insulators.
Phenyl carbamate end-capped oligoesters: a model for hydrolytic stability of ester-based urethanes

A series of hydroxyl-terminated oligoesters were synthesized to determine the structural effects on the relative rates of hydrolysis in both acidic and alkaline media. Model compounds consisting of one diol and one dibasic acid were used because the simplicity of the chemical structure allowed for the analysis of individual effects. Linear, cycloaliphatic, and aromatic dibasic acids were used. The diacids were reacted with a series of linear and bulky diols. All hydroxyl-terminated oligoesters were end-capped with phenyl isocyanate. Three different stages were distinguished in the case of aliphatic oligoesters, while more bulky structures (cycloaliphatic and aromatics) only presented one or two stages. Hydrolysis rates showed a complex behavior where steric and anchimeric effects play a mutual role on initial hydrolysis rates.
Chemical Agents, the Environment, and the History of Carcinogenesis

It is evident from the studies reported in other chapters that the examination of the interactions of chemical carcinogens (as modified by numerous factors) with target macromolecules of target cells has achieved a remarkable degree of sophistication and has resulted in an enormous increase in knowledge. Despite this, there is no aspect of this process, from the early macromolecular alterations within the exposed cells to the demise of the host, that is fully understood. Further, knowledge of these promising advances and the gaps that still exist, as well as the threat of the process of chemical carcinogenesis, has intruded into the awareness of the public and with it fear, misinformation, political intervention, and often conflicts between scientists in the public arena. The key to the impact of this area on scientists and the public has been the revelation of the intimate relationship between man and the world milieu that we term generically the environment. However, examination of the use of this term reveals a diversity of definition among differing interests, and the failure to hold a common meaning has led to further confusion. In the field of carcinogenesis, the term “environment” has often been equated with “pollution” (an equally ill-defined term); from there the extrapolation to “chemical agents” is but a word away, and the concept “occupation” is just around the semantic corner.
Critical Analysis of the Quality, Readability, and Technical Aspects of Online Information Provided for Neck-Lifts

Importance The number of patients using the internet to obtain health information is growing. This material is unregulated and heterogeneous and can influence patient decisions. Objective To compar...
From Having an Idea to Doing Something With it: Self-Regulation for Creativity

Abstract Decades of research provide rich knowledge about the nature of creative potential (e.g., personality, motivation, and cognitive abilities predicting creativity) and creative products. However, the process between generating creative ideas and actualizing these ideas in creative products is less well understood. In this chapter, we argue that the success of transforming creative ideas into accomplishments substantially depends on effective self-regulation processes. We adapt and extend personality and social psychological research on self-regulation and define two broad groups of self-regulation processes in creativity: (1) revising and restrategizing (including regulating process expectations, adjusting approach, and managing ambitious goals/embracing risk); and (2) sustaining and maintaining effort (including planning and organization strategies, persistence in the face of obstacles, and managing emotions). We conclude the chapter by discussing future directions in the study of self-regulation in the creative process.
The Treatment of Arteriovenous Malformations of the Brain with the Neodymium: YAG Laser

The introduction of the Neodymium: yttrium-aluminum-garnet (Nd: YAG) laser is the most recent technological adjunct advocated for the treatment of arteriovenous malformations (AVMs). Beck reported that Nd: YAG laser is effective for coagulation of brain tissue [1, 2]. Subsequent preliminary reports concerning the clinical effectiveness of the Nd: YAG laser for coagulation and induction of hemostasis associated with vascular tumors [9, 29], aneurysms [8], and AVMs [7, 8, 31, 34] have varied from enthusiastic to disappointing in content. Blood selectively absorbs the energy emitted by this laser wavelength and thrombosis of vessels can be effectively induced without imparting substantive damage to adjacent brain tissue [32]. Because the operative removal of AVMs of the brain and particularly those arising from the central core remain one of neurosurgery’s major unresolved technical challenges, we have directed our efforts toward technical developments of the Nd: YAG laser as a mode of therapy. We agree with Wharen and colleagues that refinements are necessary [34]. However, our experience in a substantial number of cases of complex AVMs confirms the safety of the device and indicates that it can be of inestimable benefit in the surgical extirpation of some malformations.