cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Trauma and Stressor-Related Disorders 2: Adjustment Disorders

“Trauma and stressor-related disorders include disorders in which exposure to a traumatic or stressful event is listed specifically as a diagnostic criterion. These include reactive attachment disorder, disinhibited social engagement disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), acute stress disorder, adjustment disorder, and other stress and trauma related disorders.” (American Psychiatric Association: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5th Edition p. 265) (DSM-5). This chapter focuses on the seminal changes made in the last four of these disorders from the DSM-IV-TR to the recently published DSM-5 (American Psychiatric Association: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders 4th Edition). Furthermore, there is a greater focus on the adjustment disorders (AD) for this handbook.
Visiting a Climate-Influenced National Park: The Stability of Climate Change Perceptions

Understanding perceptions of global environmental issues, such as climate change, can help inform resource management, policy development, and communication with constituents. Although a considerable amount of research documents citizens’ perceptions of climate change, few have investigated how interactions with climate-impacted parks and protected areas influence these perceptions, and consequently elements of environmental management. Using a mixed methods Instrument Development Approach, the researchers examined the stability of park visitors’ (N = 429) climate change perceptions during a daylong interaction with climate-sensitive and influenced resources at Kenai Fjords National Park in Alaska. Results indicate that global-level beliefs about climate change remained relatively stable during a park experience, but perceptions about climate change at the park-level (e.g., impacts) appeared more malleable. Findings also revealed the type of park experience (terrestrial vs. marine) can influence the degree of change in visitors’ perceptions. Implications for communication, outreach, and park management are discussed.
Titanium: Organometallic Chemistry

The majority of titanium organometallic chemistry involves complexes in which the titanium is in its highest oxidation state (+4) with cyclopentadienyl derivatives as ancillary ligands. However, considerable chemistry has also been developed for complexes with titanium in the +3 and +2 oxidation state, with lesser amounts of chemistry developed for titanium in lower oxidation states (+1, 0). Since the early 1980s, chemists have placed considerable emphasis on the fine-tuning of the structure and reactivity of titanium organometallic complexes. Particular emphasis has been devoted to tailoring the structure and reactivity of bis(cyclopentadienyl)titanium derivatives by incorporating electron-donating, electron-withdrawing, sterically demanding, or chiral substituents on the cyclopentadienyl ring. Considerable effort has gone into preparing ansa-metallocenes with a wide variety of bridging groups and substituents to fine-tune the reactivity catalysts prepared from them. In a similar manner, considerable effort has gone into the development of constrained geometry complexes. Several types of chiral substituted cyclopentadienyl, annulated cyclopentadienyl, ansa-metallocenes, and constrained geometry complexes have been prepared and applied to olefin polymerization and organic synthesis. Additional efforts at modifying the structure and reactivity by focusing on varying the oxidation state or coordination geometry at the titanium center have expanded over the past decade. Keywords: ansa-metallocenes; constrained geometry complexes; low oxidation state complexes; chiral complexes
Phage DNA dynamics in cells with different fates.

Bacteriophage λ begins its infection cycle by ejecting its DNA into its host Escherichia coli cell, after which either a lytic or a lysogenic pathway is followed, resulting in different cell fates. In this study, using a new technique to monitor the spatiotemporal dynamics of the phage DNA in vivo, we found that the phage DNA moves via two distinct modes, localized motion and motion spanning the whole cell. One or the other motion is preferred, depending on where the phage DNA is ejected into the cell. By examining the phage DNA trajectories, we found the motion to be subdiffusive. Moreover, phage DNA motion is the same in the early phase of the infection cycle, irrespective of whether the lytic or lysogenic pathway is followed; hence, cell-fate decision-making appears not to be correlated with the phage DNA motion. However, after the cell commits to one pathway or the other, phage DNA movement slows during the late phase of the lytic cycle, whereas it remains the same during the entire lysogenic cycle. Throughout the infection cycle, phage DNA prefers the regions around the quarter positions of the cell.
Spectroscopic investigation of the species involved in the rhodium-catalyzed oxidative carbonylation of toluene to toluic acid.

A spectroscopic investigation of complexes used to catalyze the oxidative carbonylation of toluene to p-toluic acid was conducted. Rhodium complexes were analyzed by 103Rh and 13C NMR, UV-visible spectroscopy, and infrared spectroscopy. In the presence of vanadium and oxygen, the resting state of the Rh-catalyst was found to exist as a Rh(III) complex with carbonyl and trifluoroacetate ligands, consistent with the structure Rh(CO)2(TFA)3. The 13C NMR spectrum of Rh(13CO)2(TFA)3 complex exhibited a carbonyl peak with an unusual degree of shielding, which resulted in the appearance of the carbonyl peak at an unprecedented upfield position in the 13C NMR spectrum. This shielding was caused by interaction of the carbonyl group with the trifluoroacetate ligand. In the absence of oxygen, the Rh(III) complex reduced to Rh(I), and the reduced form exhibited properties resembling the catalyst precursor. Structures and spectroscopic properties calculated using density functional theory agreed closely with the experimental results. The vanadium co-catalyst used to reoxidize Rh(I) to Rh(III) was similarly characterized by 51V NMR and UV-visible spectroscopy. The oxidized species corresponded to [(VO2)(TFA)]2, whereas the reduced species corresponded to (VO)(TFA)2. The spectroscopic results obtained in this study confirm the identity of the species that have been proposed to be involved in the Rh-catalyzed oxidative carbonylation of toluene to toluic acid.
Towards practical control design using neural computation

An effort is made to develop neural-network-based control design techniques which address the issue of performance/control trade-off. Additionally, the control design needs to address the important issue of achieving adequate performance in the presence of actuator nonlinearities such as position and rate limits. These issues are discussed using the example of aircraft flight control. Given a set of pilot input commands, a feedforward net is trained to control the vehicle within the constraints imposed by the actuators. This is achieved by minimizing an objective function which is a weighted sum of the tracking errors, control input rates, and control input deflections. A trade-off between tracking performance and control smoothness is obtained by varying, adaptively, the weights of the objective function. The neurocontroller performance is evaluated in the presence of actuator dynamics using a simulation of the vehicle. Appropriate selection of the different weighs in the objective function results in good tracking of the pilot commands and smooth neurocontrol. >
Neural cache: A low-power online digital spike-sorting architecture

Transmitting large amounts of data sensed by multi-electrode array devices is widely considered to be a challenging problem in designing implantable neural recording systems. Spike sorting is an important step to reducing the data bandwidth before wireless data transmission. The feasibility of spike sorting algorithms in scaled CMOS technologies, which typically operate on low frequency neural spikes, is determined largely by its power consumption, a dominant portion of which is leakage power. Our goal is to explore energy saving architectures for online spike sorting without sacrificing performance. In the face of non-stationary neural data, training is not always a feasible option. We present a low-power architecture for real-time online spike sorting that does not require any training period and has the capability to quickly respond to the changing spike shapes.
AUTONOMIC RESPONSES TO ETHANOL IN ADOLESCENT AND ADULT RATS: A DOSE-RESPONSE ANALYSIS

Athough the exact cause of the increase in ethanol consumption during adolescence is not known, age differences in sensitivity to some of ethanol's effects may play a contributory role. Prior research has shown little difference in the expression of ethanol-induced tachycardia between adolescents and adults following ethanol inhalation. In contrast, there is mounting evidence of ontogenetic differences in ethanol-induced hypothermia, although the nature of the ontogenetic effect observed has been found to vary across studies and even within labs. Relative ontogenetic differences in body temperature (BT) after ethanol administration appear to be driven in part by the amount of experimental perturbation associated with the test protocol, although differing ethanol exposure levels across studies may also have contributed to the variations in ontogenetic patterns that have been observed. To explore the latter possibility, the present study assessed ethanol-induced hypothermia and tachycardia in adolescent and adult male Sprague-Dawley rats examined in their home cages in the presence of their housing partner following intraperitoneal administration of 0.5, 1.5, or 3.0 g/kg ethanol. The results showed that, although adolescents did not show an adult-typical tachycardic effect at any dose, they proved more sensitive than adults to ethanol's hypothermic effects at the two highest doses. These findings suggest that not only the degree of experimental perturbation, but also the amount of ethanol exposure may differentially effect expression of age differences in ethanol-induced hypothermia, with adolescents showing greater hypothermia than adults at higher doses. Together with previous findings, these data contribute to the emerging picture that age differences in autonomic effects of ethanol appear to be particularly sensitive to dosing parameters and experimental protocols, unlike the generally more consistent ontogenetic findings observed across studies when using behavioral measures of ethanol sensitivity.
Pulse Pressure Is an Age-Independent Predictor of Stroke Development After Cardiac Surgery

Chronologic age is a strong predictor of adverse outcomes after cardiac surgery. The variability in age-related cardiovascular changes suggests that age may not be the most accurate predictor of adverse perioperative outcomes. Vascular stiffness has emerged as an important surrogate of vascular aging. In a retrospective review, we investigated the value of vascular stiffness, as assessed by brachial pulse pressure (PP) measurements, in predicting stroke in 703 patients (63.4% men and 36.6% women). Patients were followed for 348+/-215 days after cardiac surgery. We used a multivariable logistic model and unadjusted and adjusted Cox proportional-hazard models to assess the probability of stroke and the hazards of stroke over time. Stroke patients had a significantly higher PP (81.2 mm Hg versus 64.5 mm Hg; P=0.0006). In the logistic regression model, PP was an independent predictor of stroke development (unadjusted odds ratio: 1.35; 95% CI: 1.13 to 1.62, for every 10-mm Hg increase in PP; P=0.001). In the unadjusted and adjusted Cox models, PP again predicted stroke (hazard ratio: 1.32; 95% CI: 1.12 to 1.57; hazard ratio: 2.62; 95% CI: 1.49 to 4.60, respectively; P=0.001 for both) for every 10 mm Hg increase in PP. Age, gender, and diabetes were not independent predictors of stroke. Ejection fraction was inversely related to stroke in the adjusted model. Kaplan-Meier estimates and corresponding log-rank test indicated that the probability of stroke-free survival function was significantly lower (P=0.0067) in patients with PP >72 mm Hg versus <72 mm Hg. This analysis suggests that indices of vascular stiffness could be important predictors of neurologic complications.
The Emergence of a Shared Identity: An Agent-Based Computer Simulation of Idea Diffusion

Liberal theorists and, more recently, constructivists have argued that a shared sense of identity will decrease threat perception and increase international cooperation. But what processes lead to ...
Binding of Deoxyribonucleic Acid by Cell Walls of Transformable and Nontransformable Streptococci

Cell walls isolated from competent streptococci (group H strain Challis) were shown to bind more homologous and heterologous deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) than noncompetent walls. Heat- and alkali-denatured DNA was not bound by either wall preparation. Pretreatment of cell walls with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide sharply increased the binding of DNA but did not increase transformation of whole cells. Pretreatment of the walls with either sodium dodecylsulfate, deoxyribonuclease and ribonuclease, or with crude competence-provoking factor did not affect the binding of DNA. Antiserum prepared against whole competent cells completely blocked transformation and also inhibited DNA binding to competent cell walls. Adsorption of this antiserum with competent Challis cells removed its blocking action for both binding and transformation. Pretreatment of walls with trypsin and Pronase destroyed their ability to bind DNA. Trypsin treatment also blocked transformation in whole cells. The transforming activity of DNA bound to cell walls was found to be protected from deoxyribonuclease action. Significant differences were observed in the arginine, proline, and phenylalanine content of competent and noncompetent walls. With few exceptions, the amino acids released from competent cell walls by trypsin were several-fold greater than from noncompetent walls. The results indicate that (i) two binding sites exist, one in competent cells only and essential for subsequent transformation, and a second, present in all cells, which is not involved in transformation; (ii) both sites are protein in nature; (iii) the transformation site is blocked by antibody; and (iv) the competent cell wall possesses tryptic-sensitive protein not present in the noncompetent wall.
GENETIC METHODS IMPROVE ACCURACY OF GENDER DETERMINATION IN BEAVERS

Gender identification of sexually monomorphic mammals can be difficult. We used analysis of zinc-finger protein (Zfx and Zfy) DNA regions to determine gender of 96 beavers (Castor canadensis) from 3 areas and used these results to verify gender determined in the field. Gender was correctly determined for 86 (89.6%) beavers. Incorrect assignments were not attributed to errors in any one age or sex class. Although methods that can be used in the field (such as morphological methods) can provide reasonably accurate gender assignments in beavers, the genetic method might be preferred in certain situations.
Specification and Expression of Mitochondrial Cytochrome b

Recent studies on the structure, organization, and expression of the mitochondrial gene for (apo)cytochrome b in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and related species have provided answers to some old questions and revealed some hitherto unexpected complexities of regulatory and, possibly, evolutionary significance.* To the first set belong, most importantly, the primary structure of the protein, a problem that had defied solution by protein sequencing techniques, but was solved by Nobrega and Tzagoloff (1980) by DNA sequencing: the polypeptide chain consists of 385 amino acids, corresponding to a molecular weight of 44,000. Another question that has been resolved without ambiguity concerns the type and number of polypeptides responsible for the multiplicity of cytochrome b species implicated in the b c 1 segment (Complex III, coenzyme QH2: cytochrome b oxidoreductase) of the mitochondrial respiratory (electron transfer) chain (reviewed by von Jagow and Sebald, 1980). Because single, defined, revertible mutational lesions in the coding segments of a unique and discrete gene, known as cob, are now known to result in the complete elimination or alteration of all forms of the cytochrome in question (Claisse et al., 1978; Mahler et al., 1978; Alexander et al., 1979; Haid et al., 1979; Kreike et al., 1979), all such cytochromes must have been synthesized with the same primary sequence. The different species observed may therefore be the consequence of placing the same polypeptide in different environments, of posttranslational modification, or a combination of these two effects. Related to this problem, and equally accessible by a combination of genetic and biochemical techniques, is the localization of sites of interaction between the polypeptide on the one hand, and heme or various characteristic inhibitors of Complex III (such as antimycin A, diuron, funiculosin and mucidin) on the other.
Heat Shock Protein Fractal Binding and Dissociation Kinetics

A major application of biosensor is in the biomedical area, and more recently, there is an increasing application of biosensors to detect chemical and biological threats to civilian and military personnel. The theory is only mentioned briefly in this chapter and accordingly, single-fractal analysis and dual-fractal analysis are done based on the data available. The results of the fractal analysis are applied to the binding of chaperone DnaK in recombinant E.coli to anti-DnaK immobilized on a surface Plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensor chip surface. In conclusion, the analysis provides values of the binding rate coefficient and the degree of heterogeneity on the biosensor surface. Different binding mechanisms are apparently prevalent at different E.coli lysate DnaK concentrations due to the fact that different (higher) degrees of fractal analysis are required to adequately model the binding kinetics (especially at the lower end of the DnaK concentrations). The analysis provides fresh physical insights into the binding of E.coli chaperone DnaK to anti-DnaK under unstressed and heat-stressed conditions.
Outsourcing management under various demand Information Sharing scenarios

Outsourcing has been praised as a cost effective solution for many companies. One of the major potential issues of outsourcing is the poor quality of outsourcing work. In this research, Stackelberg game is used to design an outsourcing contract for a supplier and a buyer to decide the optimal outsourcing price, retail price, and outsourcing quality with demand uncertainty. The supplier and buyer’s demand forecasting are private information to each part and cause asymmetric information in the outsourcing contract design. Three different forecast scenarios are studied, including Non-Information Sharing, Information Sharing, and Buyer Forecasting case. Optimal values of outsourcing price, retail price, and outsourcing quality level are derived. We then compare the optimal policies of three cases and derive several managerial insights. Results of extensive numerical experimentation are also presented.
K + regulates Ca 2+ to drive inflammasome signaling: dynamic visualization of ion flux in live cells

P2X7 purinergic receptor engagement with extracellular ATP induces transmembrane potassium and calcium flux resulting in assembly of the NLRP3 inflammasome in LPS-primed macrophages. The role of potassium and calcium in inflammasome regulation is not well understood, largely due to limitations in existing methods for interrogating potassium in real time. The use of KS6, a novel sensor for selective and sensitive dynamic visualization of intracellular potassium flux in live cells, multiplexed with the intracellular calcium sensor Fluo-4, revealed a coordinated relationship between potassium and calcium. Interestingly, the mitochondrial potassium pool was mobilized in a P2X7 signaling, and ATP dose-dependent manner, suggesting a role for mitochondrial sensing of cytosolic ion perturbation. Through treatment with extracellular potassium we found that potassium efflux was necessary to permit sustained calcium entry, but not transient calcium flux from intracellular stores. Further, intracellular calcium chelation with BAPTA-AM indicated that P2X7-induced potassium depletion was independent of calcium mobilization. This evidence suggests that both potassium efflux and calcium influx are necessary for mitochondrial reactive oxygen generation upstream of NLRP3 inflammasome assembly and pyroptotic cell death. We propose a model wherein potassium efflux is necessary for calcium influx, resulting in mitochondrial reactive oxygen generation to trigger the NLRP3 inflammasome.
Carbohydrate Antigen 19-9 Elevation in Anatomically Resectable, Early Stage Pancreatic Cancer Is Independently Associated with Decreased Overall Survival and an Indication for Neoadjuvant Therapy: A National Cancer Database Study

Background Patient triage in anatomically resectable, early stage pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) with elevated carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA 19-9) remains unclear. We hypothesized that any CA 19-9 elevation indicates biologically borderline resectability. Study Design The National Cancer Data Base (NCDB 2010 to 2012) was reviewed for PDAC patients with reported CA 19-9. Nonsecretors were analyzed separately. Early stage (I/II) patients were stratified by CA 19-9 above or below normal (37 U/mL). Unadjusted Kaplan-Meier and adjusted Cox proportional hazards survival modeling were performed. Results Of 113,145 patients, only 28,074 (24.8%) had CA 19-9 measured and reported, and this proportion was stage independent. Among early stage patients (n = 10,806), there were 957 (8.8%) nonsecretors, 2,708 (25.1%) with normal levels, and 7,141 (66.1%) with elevated levels. Demographics and perioperative outcomes were similar between these groups. Survival was worse in all stages in patients with CA 19-9 elevation. Nonsecretors had survival similar to that of patients with normal levels. Early stage patients with elevated CA 19-9 had decreased survival at 1, 2, and 3 years (56% vs 68%, 30% vs 42%, 15% vs 25%, all p Conclusions The minority of PDAC patients have CA 19-9 measured and reported in NCDB. The CA 19-9 nonsecretors and normal-level patients achieve equivalent survival. Elevation of CA 19-9 is associated with decreased stage-specific survival, with the greatest difference in early stages. Neoadjuvant systemic therapy followed by curative intent surgery best mitigates the increased mortality hazard. Patients with PDAC who have elevated CA 19-9 levels at diagnosis are biologically borderline resectable regardless of anatomic resectability, and neoadjuvant systemic therapy is suggested.
CCD-based diagnostics for pulsed MeV photon beams

Narrow bandwidth, MeV-level photon beams can be generated by Thomson scattering of laser light from fast electrons. Intense photon sources (> 1 MeV, 108 photons/shot) from laser plasma accelerated GeV electrons present the possibility for compact active interrogation devices. However, the characterization of such intense photon beams is inherently challenging due to mm-scale focusing and fs-scale pulse duration. A solution to the characterization of both spatial and energy distributions of each shot is to employ a low mass scattering material and track the scattered Compton electron's direction and energy. Following previous work at UC Berkeley with electron track Compton imaging in fully-depleted silicon CCDs, we present a measurement scheme for the shot-by-shot measurement of MeV photon beam position and energy.
Aqua MODIS L1B radiometric accuracy update for TIR bands: Tahoe 2006 field data from the NASA ER-2

During the Tahoe 2006 field effort, the NASA ER-2 aircraft flew 2 nighttime science missions (September 29 and October 13, 2006) over California and the nearby Pacific Ocean. Because of its high cruising altitude (above ~95% of the atmosphere), the ER-2 platform closely simulates satellite-based observations of the earth-atmosphere system. Each Tahoe 2006 mission included overpasses of the Lake Tahoe Validation Network and an underflight of the Aqua satellite. An 8+ minute ER-2 flight segment of clear sky data over the Pacific Ocean on the October 13 flight has been used to assess the MODIS thermal band (bands 20-36) radiometric performance. For the assessment MODIS radiances are simulated using the MAS high spatial resolution and SHIS high spectral resolution radiances (the calibration backbone of the MODIS assessment), and compared to the co-located MODIS observations. The assessment (286 matchups) shows that Aqua MODIS thermal bands continue to perform within or very nearly within their 1% radiometric specification (0.5% for window bands 31, 32; 0.75% for window band 20) with the exception of band 30 (ozone) and band 36 (CO 2 ). There is low confidence in the ozone band 30 assessment due to lack of information on the ozone profile above the ER-2 flight level; band 36 however, appears to be consistently about 0.7 K warmer than expected. These results are consistent with a previous Aqua MODIS comparison to SHIS and MAS in 2002 and with previously reported1 comparisons of Aqua AIRS and MODIS observations.
Gonadal hormones and cognitive performance

The relation of gonadal hormones to cognitive performance was studied in females with ovulatory menstrual cycles, females on oral contraceptives, and males. For the females with the ovulatory menstrual cycles, the highest performance on simple repetitive tasks and the lowest performance on tasks requiring inhibition occurred in the ovulatory phase. Serum estradiol was found to be related to test performance.
Key to third-instar Chrysomyinae (Diptera : Calliphoridae) from carrion in the continental United States

The introduction of 4 Chrysomya Robineau-Desvoidy spp. to the Americas has made obsolete previously published keys to Nearctic calliphorid larvae, particularly those covering the subfamily Chrysomyinae. To assist forensic entomologists, ecologists, and public health workers, we provide a key to 3rd instars of 8 chrysomyine species reported from or likely to occur in carrion within the continental United States. The rare (in the United States) species Cochliomyia aldrichi Del Ponte, C. minima Shannon, and Chloroprocta idioidea (Robineau-Desvoidy) are not included because specimens and suitable descriptions were unavailable.
A vectorized out-of-core Lanczos eigen-solver for structural vibration problems

A vectorized out-of-core Lanczos eigensolver is developed for large structural vibration analysis. Several numerical examples are solved on the Cray-C90 in an interactive environment. The results presented in this paper show the efficiency and reliability of this out-of-core eigen-solver. I. LANCZOS EIGEN-SOLUTION ALGORITHM Lanczos algorithms for the solution of generalized eigenvalue problems have been receiving a lot of attention in recent years [ I 71 due to its computational efficiency. To solve the following eigen-equation:
Hybridization and Urban Governance: Malleability, Modality, or Mind-Set?:

Editor’s Note:A two-part podcast featuring a discussion by the authors of the Mini-symposium on Urban Governance can be found at http://journals.sagepub.com/page/uar/podcastsStudies of urban govern...
Structural Changes in Bengali–English Bilingual Verbs through the Exploration of Bengali Films

This paper investigates structural changes in the use of Bengali–English bilingual verbs through the exploration of Bengali film scripts from three decades: the 1970s, 1990s and post-2010. Previous research has shown that the increase in use of bilingual verbs, especially involving embedded language lexical verbs with matrix language helping verbs possibly results from increased bilingual proficiency. Over the past years, the use of English, including code-switching between Indian languages and English has increased dramatically in Indian society. Given this development, this paper explores film data to ascertain the extent to which the use of bilingual verbs, closely connected to code-switching and bilingual speech, has also changed diachronically in Bengali–English speech and if these changes occur from increased levels of bilingual proficiency. In connection with structural change, this paper also discusses the sociolinguistic factors that may be related to bilingual verb use. Results show a massive increase in bilingual verbs in the films post-2010, especially the ones involving English lexical verbs. Increased use of code-switching may have played a role in these changes and sociolinguistic factors related to the use of bilingual verbs seem to be less relevant now as compared to the earlier decades.
Low Estate Ecology and Order Construction:Based on the Positive Studies in the Peasant-worker Issues

Concerning about difference group existence ecology began to become a new tendency of re-recognition and concern of the disadvantaged group in academic circle.Peasant-worker spatial ecology means a low estate ecology:A spatial entity concluded and separated,a stigma spatial ecology landscape,a differential spatial Recognition System,a place Sense of Locality collapsed.Peasant-worker order construction means a process of voluntarily separation and self-close,a process of social moral separation and moral keynote re-cognition,a process of reconstruction of social order in low estate and in the urban.Peasant-worker low estate ecology puts them into the development dilemma.
Prevention and treatment of common HIV-associated opportunistic complications

This article reviews the importance of preventing illness in HIV-infected patients. The indications and medication regimens for preventing several common opportunistic complications are discussed. Infections addressed include pneumocystis pneumonia, Mycobacterium avium complex, toxoplasmosis encephalitis, and tuberculosis, among others. Other preventive interventions such as routine immunizations are addressed briefly as well. Diagnosis and treatment of five of the most common HIV-associated opportunistic infections are reviewed.
An evaluation of asymmetric interfaces for bimanual virtual assembly with haptics

Immersive computing technology provides a human---computer interface to support natural human interaction with digital data and models. One application for this technology is product assembly methods planning and validation. This paper presents the results of a user study which explores the effectiveness of various bimanual interaction device configurations for virtual assembly tasks. Participants completed two assembly tasks with two device configurations in five randomized bimanual treatment conditions (within subjects). A Phantom Omni® with and without haptics enabled and a 5DT Data Glove were used. Participant performance, as measured by time to assemble, was the evaluation metric. The results revealed that there was no significant difference in performance between the five treatment conditions. However, half of the participants chose the 5DT Data Glove and the haptic-enabled Phantom Omni® as their preferred device configuration. In addition, qualitative comments support both the preference of haptics during the assembly process and comments confirming Guiard's kinematic chain model.
Exciton and Free Charge Dynamics of Methylammonium Lead Iodide Perovskites Are Different in the Tetragonal and Orthorhombic Phases

The small exciton binding energy of perovskite suggests that the long-lived photoluminescence and slow recovery of the ground state bleaching of the tetragonal phase at room temperature results primarily from the decay of free charges rather than the decay of the initially created excitons. Here we demonstrate the ground state bleaching recovery of the orthorhombic phase of methylammonium lead iodide (CH3NH3PbI3) is much faster than that of the tetragonal phase using temperature dependent transient absorption spectroscopy. The distribution in orientation of the methylammonium group which is disordered in the tetragonal phase and ordered in the orthorhombic phase results in smaller dielectric constant and larger exciton binding energy in the latter phase. We observe the recovery of the ground state bleaching in the orthorhombic phase to be comprised of decays of both excitons and free charges. Our findings suggest CH3NH3PbI3 behaves like a nonexcitonic semiconductor in the tetragonal phase and an excitonic...
Mediterranean Dietary Pattern Is Associated With Improved Cardiac Autonomic Function Among Middle-Aged Men A Twin Study

Background—Reduced heart rate variability (HRV), a measure of cardiac autonomic dysfunction, is a risk factor for coronary artery disease. Diet can influence HRV, but this association may be confounded by genetic and environmental factors. Methods and Results—We administered the Willett Food Frequency Questionnaire to 276 middle-aged male twins. We derived a score measuring the extent to which an individual's diet conformed to the Mediterranean diet following a published algorithm. The higher the score, the greater the similarity to the Mediterranean diet. All twins underwent 24-hour ambulatory ECG recording. Time and frequency domain measures of HRV were calculated. Mixed-effects regression was used to partition the association into between- and within-twin pair differences. After adjusting for energy intake, other nutritional factors, shared genes, and common environment, a 1-unit higher score was significantly associated with 3.9% to 13% higher time and frequency domain HRV parameters. Further controll...
Japanese Adolescents and the Wartime Labor Service, 1941–45: Service or Exploitation?

During the Pacific War, Japanese boys and girls were increasingly pulled out of secondary school to help the war effort as factory and farm workers. Their labor-service hours kept increasing until,...
Insights into electrochemical CO2 reduction on tin oxides from first-principles calculations

Density functional theory calculations were used to unravel the mechanism of CO2 electroreduction on SnOx surfaces. Under highly reducing conditions (< −0.6 V vs. RHE), the SnO(101) surface with oxygen vacancies is likely the active phase for CO2 reduction. We showed that the proton-electron transfer to adsorbed *CO2 forming *OCHO, a key intermediate for producing HCOOH, is energetically more favorable than the formation of *COOH, justifying the selectivity trends observed on Sn-based electrocatalysts. With linear scaling relations, we propose the free formation energy of *CO2 at the oxygen vacancy as the reactivity descriptor. By engineering the strain of the SnO(101) surface, the selectivity towards HCOOH can be further optimized at reduced overpotentials.
Concept network design for a young Mars science station and Trans-planetary communication

NASA is planning to send a satellite with some people on it to Mars in 2019. They are calling it manned mission to Mars. This paper presents a high-level networking design to provide high bandwidth for a young and growing Mars settlement and science station. A physical network topology is described consisting of a high power ground station to communicate with orbiters. Different parts and devices of the station are connected with network infrastructure. Some examples are given for various non-obvious use cases of the network. Additionally, an upper level networking protocol is described to handle reliable communication between planets. This trans-planetary Data Mailing Protocol (TDMP) operates three processes working together: a database of retrievable files and user inbox files; a ‘parcel’ structure for data to be contained; and parcel piece fragmenting for asynchronous pipelined transmission and loss handling. Together, these systems allow ease of connection between people, scientists, and experiments.
The ESWT (extracorporeal shock wave therapy) for musculoskeletal disorders

Shock waves are three-dimensional pressure pules of microsecond duration with a peak pressure of 35–120 MPa. Technological advancements of medical shockwaves made over recent years have broadened the spectrum of its clinical application from being just purely a destructive force, into a treatment modality that engenders a myriad of genesis effects associated with tissue regeneration. Currently used focused shock wave systems differ in their design and depend on whether the shock waves are generated by electrohydraulic, electromagnetic or piezoelectric mechanisms. Observation of its biochemical and biocellular responses have noted progenesis effects such as angiogenesis, osteogenesis, and tendogenesis. ESWT has been successfully applied to the treatment of tendinopathy of the shoulder, ellow, patella, Achilles, and the calcaneus, and also union of the long bone. Recently, ESWT utility was expanded to the cardiology, andrology, diabetiec neuropathy, uterine fibrosis, etc. to improve the life quality while reducing the burden of healthcare.
Case 3: Persistent Respiratory Distress in a Teenager Treated for Severe Asthma Exacerbation

1. Andrew Shieh, MD* 2. Roopa Siddaiah, MD* 1. *Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA A 15-year-old girl with severe persistent asthma presents to the emergency department with acute respiratory distress. Her common triggers are environmental allergens, predominantly dogs and cats. Her asthma had been fairly controlled with her current home regimen, which included daily fluticasone/salmeterol 230/21 μg 2 puffs twice daily, montelukast 5 mg once daily, loratadine, and as-needed albuterol until she was recently exposed to dogs. She experiences a cough, becomes dyspneic, and uses her rescue inhalers, which fail to provide relief. On presentation, her vital signs are significant for a heart rate of 124 beats/min and a respiratory rate of 28 breaths/min. She requires oxygen therapy to achieve oxygen saturation of 98%. The physical examination reveals that she is leaning forward in the tripod position and using accessory muscles to breathe. She is unable to speak full sentences without feeling short of breath. Her lungs have significantly decreased breath sounds, with occasional wheezing heard throughout her lung fields. No stridor is present. There is no cyanosis in her extremities. A portable chest radiograph reveals hyperexpansion with prominent central lung markings and peribronchial cuffing consistent with reactive airway disease. She is immediately treated with subcutaneous epinephrine, nebulized albuterol, nebulized ipratropium, and intravenous methylprednisolone. Because of poor response, she receives intravenous magnesium sulfate and intravenous aminophylline. Results of polymerase chain reaction testing for nine …
Transdermal, but not oral mucosa exposure, causes sublethal leptospirosis in mice

ABSTRACT The goal of this study was to determine the timing of Leptospira dissemination after infection using natural physiologic routes and its correlation with signs and symptoms of leptospirosis. Groups of C3H-HeJ mice were sub-lethally infected through exposure of a dermis wound and the oral mucosa to L. interrogans serovar Copenhageni, and compared to mice infected via standard laboratory practice of intraperitoneal inoculation. We found that transdermal infection leads to delayed bacterial dissemination in blood and urine when compared to intraperitoneal infection using the same infectious dose, and that the overlapping presence of L. interrogans in both fluids was twice as long as the standard intraperitoneal infection. Furthermore, dissemination of L. interrogans and disease did not occur in mice infected with the same dose of L. interrogans via the oral mucosa. Over the course of these studies we also observed that the timing of exit of Leptospira from blood and establishment of colonization of the kidney in the second week of infection correlated well with weight loss, but not with hypothermia. Thus, a non-invasive sign of leptospirosis such as weigh loss can be used to monitor bacterial dissemination and disease stage in mice. Our findings underline the importance of precise determination of windows of pathogen dissemination in biological fluids and how the route of infection affects the progression of disease. These studies could help focus the development of better treatment strategies and new technologies for diagnostic use.
A general analytical method for finding the quantum capacitance of graphene

The quantum capacitance of graphene has been modeled in numerous articles using approximate analytical expressions and numerical methods. However, no article shows how to analytically find the quantum capacitance of graphene for the full temperature range and for any Fermi level. This, of course, would require a complete analytical evaluation of Fermi–Dirac-type integrals valid for any temperature. This article will illustrate a method for finding the quantum capacitance of monolayer graphene in the presence of electron–hole puddles for any Fermi level and for any temperature. The method employed is easily generalized to find the quantum capacitance of bilayer graphene as well as any other material when the density of states is a known function of energy.
Behavioral Treatments for Pain Experienced by Older Adults

In the first part of this chapter, we delineate the characteristics of a behavioral approach to the treatment of pain and then describe four different theoretical perspectives on pain which have been derived from a behavioral model. These perspectives are respondent conditioning, operant conditioning, social learning theory, and cognitive behavior therapy. Examples of treatment methods derived from each perspective are presented, along with available research evidence pertinent to that method or perspective. In the second part of the chapter, we present the research evidence comparing different behavioral treatment modalities with the pain problems of older adult patients.
Glucose-induced time-dependent potentiation and "run down" of insulin secretion in islets of young rats.

A “run down” phenomenon in isolated islets from young rats has been detected, in which the amount of insulin released in response to glucose decreases with time. This has been studied in conjunction with glucose-induced time-dependent potentiation (TDP) to see if the two are related. Islets, isolated from 7-day-old rats, exposed to 16.7 mM glucose for the first time after 30, 75 and 120 minutes of perifusion in Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate buffer (KRB) and 2.8 mM glucose, showed a progressive loss of responsiveness, and less insulin was released at the later times. This run down of the responses was prevented by successive challenges with 16.7 mM glucose and marked TDP was observed. The earlier the islets were exposed to glucose the more effectively was the run down prevented. Also, and perhaps causally related to the prevention of run down, the earlier the exposure to glucose the greater the TDP of a subsequent response. The results could possibly be explained in terms of a shift in metabolism in the isolated 7-day islets, with resultant diminution of the signals for the stimulation of insulin release and TDP. Early, and repeated exposure to high glucose would appear to minimize and delay the metabolic shift.
The Influence of Temperature and Season on Mitogen-Induced Proliferation of Ground Squirrel Lymphocytes

Lymphocyte proliferation is a prerequisite for most aspects of the mammalian acquired immune response. Splenic lymphocytes from golden-mantled ground squirrels collected at different phases of hibernation were stimulated in vitro with several mitogens to measure proliferative ability at several temperatures. No differences were seen in lymphocyte proliferation at any of the temperatures tested between animals at different stages of hibernation. No proliferation was detected at 5°C. T cell mitogens induced significantly higher proliferation at 37°C than at 27°C in lymphocytes from both summer and hibenrating animals. A B cell mitogen induced similar proliferation at both 27° and 37°C in cells from summer and hibernating animals. Lymphoocyte proliferation appears to be highly temperature-dependent in both summer and hibernating animals. Therefore, interbout arousals are essential for the production of a successful acquired immune response during hibernation.
TCP over Geo-routing for High Mobility: Vehicle Grids and Airborne Swarms

Ad hoc wireless networks have become the architecture of choice for peer to peer communications in areas where the telecommunications infrastructure is inadequate or has failed, A major challenge is the reliable delivery of data when nodes move. The reliable Internet protocol is TCP. However, TCP performs poorly in mobile ad hoc networks, mainly because of route breakage. To overcome this problem, a robust routing protocol must be used. To this effect, Geo-routing has recently received attention in large scale, mobile systems as it does not require end-to-end path establishment and pre-computed packet forwarding routing structure at nodes. These properties make Geo-routing robust to highly dynamic route changes. For best performance, however, several parameters must be carefully tuned.
A constructive critique of educational technology

THE COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGIST Let us begin by accepting the view that those psychologists who study systematically and investigate objectively the personal, rational, and intellectual factors of the individual and the characteristics of learning and personal development are correctly classified as cognitive psychologists. These psychologists are disciplined professionals who consider, for example, the following behavioral processes as still being significant to human cultural adaptations and deserving of attention and analysis: perceiving and its sensory basis; understanding and its neurological, semantic, and language conditions; conceptualizing, self-recognition, and comparative perceptions of others. All of these conditions are considered by the cognitive psychologist in close relation to the processes of motivation and to learning. Cognitive psychologists, therefore, are not special species of a professional genus. They recognize and accept among other things the importance of central, covert processes that are sometimes termed neurological processes. Among these would be the intellectual maturation of individuals, schedules of ability developments, and appropriateness of training in relation to these socio-organic schedules. These are considered as phenomena
Morton's Neuroma Excision: What Are We Really Doing? Which Retractor Is Superior?

Background: When using a dorsal approach for Morton’s neuroma excision, the most common complication is recurrent Morton’s neuroma. The present cadaveric study demonstrates how far proximally the n...
Cellular reagents for diagnostics and synthetic biology

We have found that the overproduction of enzymes in bacteria followed by their lyophilization leads to 'cellular reagents' that can be directly used to carry out numerous molecular biology reactions. We demonstrate the use of cellular reagents in a variety of molecular diagnostics, such as TaqMan qPCR with no diminution in sensitivity, and in synthetic biology cornerstones such as the Gibson assembly of DNA fragments, where new plasmids can be constructed solely based on adding cellular reagents. Cellular reagents have significantly reduced complexity and cost of production, storage and implementation, features that should facilitate accessibility and use in resource-poor conditions.