cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reactions of Laser-Ablated Ag and Au Atoms with Carbon Monoxide: Matrix Infrared Spectra and Density Functional Calculations on Ag(CO)n (n = 2, 3), Au(CO)n (n = 1, 2) and M(CO)n+ (n = 1−4; M = Ag, Au)

Laser-ablated Ag and Au atoms have been reacted with CO molecules followed by condensation in excess neon at 4 K. Besides the neutral carbonyls [Ag(CO)n (n = 2, 3), Au(CO)n (n = 1, 2), Au2(CO)2], the metal carbonyl cations [M(CO)n+ (n = 1−4)] have been formed and identified. The CO concentration, isotopic substitution and CCl4 doping experiments confirm the identification of the cationic species. Excellent agreement between observed bands and frequencies and isotopic frequency ratios from the DFT calculations support the vibrational assignments and identification of the metal carbonyl complexes.
WE‐A‐301‐02: Four‐Dimensional Cone Beam CT Reconstruction and Enhancement with a Temporal Non‐Local Means Method

Purpose: Four‐dimensional Cone Beam ComputerTomography (4DCBCT) can provide respiratory phase resolved volumetric images in image guided radiation therapy. However, the undersampling of projections in each phase results in obvious streaking artifacts under the conventional FDK algorithm. In this work, we propose a novel iterative 4DCBCT reconstruction algorithm and an enhancement algorithm utilizing temporal nonlocal mean (TNLM) method. Methods: For reconstruction, we introduce a TNLM term in the optimization model. Such a term favors those 4DCBCT images such that any anatomical features at one spatial point in one phase can be found in a nearby spatial point in neighboring phases. As for the image enhancement, 4DCBCT images obtained from the FDK algorithm are enhancement by minimizing the TNLM function while requiring that the solution is close to the FDK results. A forward‐backward splitting algorithm and a Gauss‐Jacobi iteration method are employed to solve the problems. The algorithms are implemented on GPU to achieve a high computational speed. Our algorithms have been tested on a digital NCAT phantom and a clinical patient case. Results: Our reconstruction algorithm and the enhancement algorithm generate visually similar 4DCBCT images, but both better than FDK results. Quantitative evaluations indicate that, compared to the FDK reconstruction results, our reconstruction method improves contrast‐to‐noise‐ratio (CNR) by a factor of 2.56∼3.13 and our enhancement method increases CNR by 2.75∼3.33 times. The enhancement method also removes over 80% of the streak artifacts from the FDK reconstruction results. The total computation time is ∼460 sec and ∼610 sec on an NVIDIA Tesla C1060 GPU card for the reconstruction and the enhancement algorithm, respectively. Conclusions: Our new reconstruction and enhancement algorithms can effectively reduce the image artifacts in 4DCBCT. Comparing the two algorithms, the resulted image qualities are similar. The shorter computation time makes the enhancement algorithm more attractive.
Application of the trace element and isotope geochemistry of strontium to studies of carbonate diagenesis

Carbonate rocks and natural waters exhibit a wide range in the concentration and isotopic composition of strontium. This wide range and the quantifiable covariation of these parameters can provide diagnostic tools for understanding processes of fluid-rock interaction. Careful consideration of the uncertainties associated with trace element partitioning, sample heterogeneity and fluid-rock interaction mechanisms is required to advance the application of the trace element and isotope geochemistry of strontium to studies of diagenesis, goundwater evolution, ancient seawater chemistry and isotope stratigraphy. A principal uncertainty involved in the application of Sr concentration variations to carbonate systems is the large range of experimental and empirical results for trace element partitioning of Sr between mineral and solution. This variation may be a function of precipitation rate, mineral stoichiometry, crystal growth mechanism, fluid composition and temperature. Calcite and dolomite in ancient limestones commonly have significantly lower Sr concentrations (20–70 p.p.m.) than would be expected from published trace element distribution coefficient values and Sr/Ca ratios of most modern sedimentary pore waters. This discrepancy probably reflects the uncertainties associated with determining distribution coefficient values. As techniques improve for the analytical measurement and theoretical modelling of Sr concentration and isotopic variations, the petrological analysis of carbonate samples becomes increasingly important. The presence of even small percentages of non-carbonate phases with high Rb concentrations and high 87 Sr86 Sr values, such as clay minerals, can have significant effects on the measured 87 Sr/86 Sr values of carbonate rocks, due to the decay of 87Rb to 87 Sr. For example, a Permian marine limestone with 50 p.p.m. Sr and 1 p.p.m. Rb will have a present-day 87 Sr/86 Sr value that is >2 × 10−4 higher than its original value. This difference is an order of magnitude greater than the analytical uncertainty, and illustrates the importance of assessing the need for and accuracy of such corrections. A quantitative evaluation of the effects of water-rock interaction on Sr concentrations and isotope compositions in carbonates strengthens the application of these geochemical tracers. Geochemical modelling that combines the use of trace elements and isotopes can be used to distinguish between different mechanisms of water-rock interaction, including diffusive and advective transport of diagenetic constituents in meteoric pore fluids during the recrystallization of carbonate minerals. Quantitative modelling may also be used to construct diagnostic fluid-rock interaction trends that are independent of distribution coefficient values, and to distinguish between mixing of mineral end-members and fluid-rock interaction.
Infected Aneurysms of the Abdominal Aorta

• Infected aneurysms of the abdominal aorta are relatively uncommon, but potentially lethal if improperly managed. Two case reports emphasize the importance of the preoperative aortogram for accurate diagnosis. We stress the principles of total excision of infected tissue and revascularization in uninfected tissue planes. A useful vascular reconstructive technique consisting of unilateral axillofemoral bypass and an ilioiliac anastomosis was used in both patients. (Arch Surg115:975-978, 1980)
A global view of bio-physical coupling from SeaWiFS and TOPEX satellite data, 1997-2001

[1] Vertical fluxes of nutrient-rich water from below the nutricline to the ocean surface can be a limiting factor affecting surface chlorophyll, and the depth of the nutricline plays an important role in the regulation of surface productivity. Because subsurface nutrient data is less available than physical oceanographic data, satellite chlorophyll (SC) data has been compared to satellite sea-level anomalies (SLA), because SLA largely reflects changes in the thermocline depth, and the thermocline and nutricline are often colocated. Here global correlations between 46 months of TOPEX SLA and SeaWiFS SC are examined. These two measurements are predominately negatively correlated as smaller SLA implies a shallower thermocline/nutricline, which will increase the surface nutrient flux and increase phytoplankton concentrations. However, there are large areas in all ocean basins where the correlations suggest that SC are affected by processes other than thermocline depth changes.
Nuclear data sheets update for A = 178

Abstract Spectroscopic data for all nuclei with mass number A=178 have been evaluated, and the corresponding level schemes from radioactive decay and reaction studies are presented. A new value of 120 keV 3 for the energy of the 178 Lu (23 min, 9−) isomer from 179 Hf(t, α) 178 Lu (93Bu02) places this isomer below both the Kπ=7− and Kπ=8+ bandheads. This placement has resolved the previous conflict (88Br21) regarding the character and excitation energy of this isomer.
Evaluation of airborne thermal infrared imagery for locating mine drainage sites in the Lower Youghiogheny River Basin, Pennsylvania, USA

Nighttime high-resolution airborne thermal infrared imagery (TIR) data were collected in the predawn hours during Feb 5-8 and March 11-12, 1999, from a helicopter platform for 72.4 km of the Youghiogheny River, from Connellsville to McKeesport, in southwestern Pennsylvania. The TIR data were used to identify sources of mine drainage from abandoned mines that discharge directly into the Youghiogheny River. Image-processing and geographic information systems (GIS) techniques were used to identify 70 sites within the study area as possible mine drainage sources. The combination of GIS datasets and the airborne TIR data provided a fast and accurate method to target the possible sources. After field reconnaissance, it was determined that 24 of the 70 sites were mine drainage. This paper summarizes: the procedures used to process the TIR data and extract potential mine-drainage sites; methods used for verification of the TIR data; a discussion of factors affecting the TIR data; and a brief summary of water quality.
Onset of charge-density-wave conduction: Switching and hysteresis in Nb Se 3

We report the observation of a switching phenomenon associated with the development of the current-carrying charge-density-wave (CDW) state of Nb${\mathrm{Se}}_{3}$. We suggest that this effect is associated with the coupling of CDW regions and with the establishment of a coherent sliding CDW state in the material.
Corpses do not have rights: A response to Baglow

Abstract John Sutton Baglow has recently argued that corpses “have limited human rights.” Baglow believes that socially imposed obligations generate rights, and so because people are socially obliged to treat corpses with respect, corpses have the right to be so treated. Against this claim we note that obligations are generally derived from rights but may not always generate them. Yet even if any obligations we may have regarding the treatment of corpses do generate certain rights, this does not show that it is the corpses that hold those rights. For corpses to possess rights on the basis of owed obligations, those obligations would have to be owed to the corpses themselves. With these points in hand we then argue that corpses do not have rights—only the living do. This is because rights function to protect persons' interests (such as freedom and possessions) and corpses have no interests to protect. Thus, the beneficiaries of obligations regarding the handling of corpses, who are also the holders of corr...
A comparison of meal replacements and medication in weight maintenance after weight loss.

Objective: To compare the use of meal replacements or medication during weight maintenance subsequent to weight loss using a very low-energy diet (VLED) in overweight or obese adults.Design: Participants followed a liquid VLED of 2177 kJ for 12 weeks followed by 4 weeks of re-orientation to solid foods. Participants were randomized at week 16 to receive either meal replacements or Orlistat both combined with a structured meal plan containing an energy value calculated to maintain weight loss.Subjects: Sixty-four women (age = 49.9 ± 10 y, weight = 101.6 ± 17.1 kg, height = 164.9 ± 6.0 cm, BMI = 36.7 ± 5.4 kg/m2) and 28 men (age = 53.7 ± 9.6 y, weight = 121.8 ± 16.0 kg, height = 178.7 ± 5.6 cm, BMI = 37.8 ± 4.9 kg/m2) completed a 1 year weight management program. Behavioral weight management clinics included topics on lifestyle, physical activity (PA), and nutrition. Participants met for 90 min weekly for 26 weeks, and then biweekly for the remaining 26 weeks.Outcomes: Minutes of PA, fruits and vegetables (...
A Half-Century Perspective on APSA Annual Meetings

Iattended my first American Political Science Association meeting in 1949. It was an exciting experience for me as a first-year graduate student. I already venerated several established scholars in the profession. Herman Finer and Carl Friedrich were the towering figures on my intellectual landscape in comparative politics, my major field. In American politics, in which I was a teaching assistant, Edward S. Corwin and Carl B. Swisher were giants. And here they were, conspicuous in the halls of the hotel, standing for hours, as I recall, each in his own place, talking with groups of awe-struck students. The greats of the profession were suddenly real people rather than simply names on books. The APSA membership included a significant cadre of political leaders, public figures, and well-known journalists. I was astonished to see Senators Hubert Humphrey and Paul Douglas, Congressman Jacob Javits, Ralph Bunche, who had just served as acting UN Mediator on Palestine, and Max Lerner, a noted editorial writer and political theorist.
"There is no help out there and if there is, it's really hard to find": a qualitative study of the health concerns and health care access of Latino "DREAMers".

Purpose: Young immigrants without documentation who qualify for the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) program are eligible for temporary legal status but excluded from the Affordable Care Act’s Medicaid expansion and Health Care Exchanges. Little is known about this population’s health or access to care. Methods: Sixty-one DACA-eligible Latinos aged 18e31 years were recruited from community and Internet settings to participate in nine focus groups in California. An advisory board of immigration and health advocates assisted in the project’s design and validation of results. Results: Participants reported avoiding the health care system whenever possible, first turning to family members and unlicensed community healers, then seeking safety net providers if necessary. Barriers to care included cost, limited intergenerational knowledge about the health care system, lack of a driver’s license, and mistrust of providers due to fear of discrimination and deportation. Mental health care was the greatest unmet health need. They wanted more information about their health care options and access to primary care, dental, and vision benefits. Participants reported refraining from high-risk behaviors to avoid associated financial and legal burdens that might threaten their immigration status. Conclusions: As the first study to describe DACA-eligible young adults’ health needs, these data demonstrate their profound mental health challenges and numerous barriers to health care access. Many barriers were attributed to their undocumented status and persisted even when they gained
Detecting floating black holes as they traverse the gas disc of the Milky Way

A population of intermediate-mass black holes (BHs) is predicted to be freely floating in the Milky Way (MW) halo, due to gravitational wave recoil, ejection from triple BH systems, or tidal stripping in the dwarf galaxies that merged to make the MW. As these BHs traverse the gaseous MW disk, a bow shock forms, producing detectable radio and mm/sub-mm synchrotron emission from accelerated electrons. We calculate the synchrotron flux to be $\sim \rm 0.01-10\, mJy$ at GHz frequency, detectable by Jansky Very Large Array, and $\sim 10-100\,\mu\rm Jy$ at $\sim10^{10}-10^{12} \,\rm Hz$ frequencies, detectable by Atacama Large Millimeter/sub-millimter Array. The discovery of the floating BH population will provide insights on the formation and merger history of the MW as well as on the evolution of massive BHs in the early Universe.
Critical parameters influencing the EUV-induced damage of Ru-capped multilayer mirrors

Endurance testing of Ru-capped multilayer mirrors (MLMs) at the NIST synchrotron facility has revealed that the damage resulting from EUV irradiation in a water-dominated environment is nonlinear and may be influenced by competing oxidation and carbon-deposition processes. Concurrent results from two different environmental chambers reveal non-intuitive relationships between reflectivity loss and the admitted water-vapor partial pressure, the ambient background-gas composition, the presence or absence of hot filaments in the chamber, the EUV intensity and the irradiation dose. We discuss possible mechanisms and propose further experiments to test them. Determining the MLM lifetime from accelerated tests is a very difficult task. It is crucial that any lifetime testing procedure involves duplicate exposures for consistency, and, if possible, testing in multiple facilities.
Thromboxane augmentation of alloreactive T cell function.

Thromboxane (Tx) plays a vital role in the dysfunction and ultimate rejection of MHC-disparate renal allografts. In addition to its potent vasoconstrictory properties, in vivo studies have implied that Tx is capable of promoting immune cytotoxic T cell function within transplants. In this study, we have examined the in vitro effect of Tx inhibition on alloreactive immune cells using MHC-disparate mouse strain combinations. Coculture of either Tx-synthetase or Tx-receptor inhibitors modified the response of unprimed mouse lymphoid populations in a primary MLR, implying that Tx inhibition and not endoperoxide shunting was responsible for the modulatory effects seen. For example, B10.S lymphoid cells displayed decreased proliferation to H-2 disparate B10.A cells with Tx inhibitors present during the MLR, at pharmacologically active drug concentrations. Moreover, in vitro addition of TxA2 had an augmentory effect on the response in the primary and secondary MLR. Interleukin 2 production and percentages of T cell populations in the primary MLR were not affected by the presence of these compounds, although CD4 and CD8 expression was often increased in the treated populations. Finally, alloreactive primed effector cells also displayed reduced proliferation to specific alloantigen in a secondary MLR when Tx inhibitors were also present, although responses to IL-2 by T cells were not influenced by thromboxane inhibition. These data imply that thromboxane is an important immunoregulatory mediator capable of potentiating the function of naive and primed alloreactive immune T cell populations crucial to the rejection of the transplant.
Forms of bluffs degraded for different lengths of time in emmet county, Michigan, U.S.A.

Distinct differences in morphology are found among bluffs cut and abandoned by Glacial Lake Algonquin and by the Nipissing Great Lakes in Emmet County, Michigan and modern, active bluffs presently being eroded by Lake Michigan in Mason and Manistee Counties, Michigan. The Algonquin, Nipissing, and modern bluffs are all composed of a sandy, morainic material. Because the composition and mode of formation of the three sets of bluffs are similar, it is assumed that the abandoned bluffs had the same initial configuration as the modern bluff. The morphologic differences are likely a function of the different periods of time each bluff has degraded. With time, the angle of the bluff midsection decreased, the extent of the convex crest and the concave base increased, and the angle of the crest increased. This course of hillslope degradation is believed similar to that occurring elsewhere on heavily vegetated hillslopes underlain by cohesionless material and situated in temperate, humid climates. The morphologic changes may be understood in terms of an analytical model which assumes that the rate of change in elevation at a point on a hillslope profile is proportional to the profile curvature at that point.
Factors producing a nine-year decline in ground-water levels in Scott County, Kansas

In the south-central part of Scott County, Kansas, there is an area of shallow water-table in which the ground-water levels have declined steadily since 1932 (Fig. 1). In this area water has been withdrawn from wells for irrigation in increasing amounts during the last decade and the precipitation has been considerably below normal for the last seven years. Thus, the problem of interpreting the downward trend of the water-table has been complicated by the presence of two competent causes. Figure 1 shows that Well 1 had a net decline in water-level during the period of record (October 1931 through December 1940) of 4.43 feet, which represents an average annual decline of 0.55 foot. The graphs in Figure 1 appear to show a direct correlation between fluctuations of water-level in Well 1 and the cumulative departure from normal precipitation, and suggest that the subnormal precipitation might be entirely responsible for the lowering of the water-level is the well and in other wells in the area. The Figure also shows, however, that from, year to year the irrigated acreage in the shallow-water area has increased steadily, culminating with a total of approximately 17,200 acres in 1940. Based upon a compilation of the estimated pumpage at each of the irrigation-wells in the area, a total of approximately 17,700 acre-feet of water mat pumped from irrigation-wells in the shallow-water area in 1940. The present paper discusses the relative importance of drought and pumping in producing the decline of water-levels. Additional data will be given in a report on the geology and ground-water resources of Scott County, which is now in preparation.
A computer program for regression analysis of repeated measures using generalized estimating equations

RMGEE is an easy-to-use FORTRAN program for the analysis of repeated binary, count, and normally-distributed response variables using the generalized estimating equations approach of Liang and Zeger [1]. The program can be used when measurements are obtained at multiple time points from each subject or experimental unit, and also when the basic sampling unit is a group or cluster of subjects, and the response variable of interest is obtained from each subject within the cluster. It is not necessary for the number of repeated measurements to be the same for every experimental unit and missing data are easily accommodated. Both time-independent (cluster-specific) and time-dependent (occasion- or subject-specific) covariates are permitted. The program can be run on microcomputers, workstations, and mainframe computers. Three examples illustrating the usage and features of RMGEE are provided.
Design of a tunnel-entrance hood with multiple windows and variable cross-section

Abstract A theory is proposed for the design of a uniform tunnel-entrance hood whose cross-sectional area A h exceeds the tunnel area A . A train entering the tunnel produces a low-frequency compression wave that can be subject to nonlinear steepening in a long tunnel. An optimized hood of length lh increases the initial thickness of the compression wave front from ∼R/M to lh/M, where R⪡lh is the nominal radius of the tunnel and M is the train Mach number. In addition, the pressure rise should be linear across the wave front to obtain an overall minimum value of the subjectively important pressure gradient. This is achieved in a uniform hood by distributing windows along the hood wall to vent away high-pressure air displaced by the train. We consider the problem of determining the distribution and sizes of these windows and the magnitude of the area ratio A h / A to ensure that the hood behaves optimally at low-train Mach numbers (M
Understanding the changes in accounting thought

Abstract Financial accounting and reporting are in the midst of one of the most significant revolutionary changes in modern history. The purpose of this paper is to provide a framework that will contribute to the dialogue surrounding these developments. We use Kuhn’s [Kuhn, T. S. (1970). The structure of scientific revolutions. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press] framework on the theory of scientific revolution to describe how changes in the need for information, coupled with the lack of relevant accounting information, led to reporting anomalies that have spurred a revolutionary shift in accounting paradigms. We are moving from an accounting paradigm that existed in the age of an industrial economy to an accounting paradigm that fits the economy in an information age. This redirection has resulted in the following: a change in the conceptualization and application of relevance and reliability, an increased use of fair value versus historical cost measurements, a renewed emphasis on principles versus rules, and an evaluation of the composition of the basic financial statements.
THE CALM BEFORE THE STORM: THE LINK BETWEEN QUIESCENT CAVITIES AND CORONAL MASS EJECTIONS

Determining the state of the corona prior to CMEs is crucial to understanding and ultimately predicting solar eruptions. A common and compelling feature of CMEs is their three-part morphology, as seen in white-light observations of a bright expanding loop, followed by a relatively dark cavity, and finally a bright core associated with an erupting prominence/filament. This morphology is an important constraint on CME models. It is also quite common for a three-part structure of loop, cavity, and prominence core to exist quiescently in the corona, and this is equivalently an important constraint on models of CME-precursor magnetic structure. These quiescent structures exist in the low corona, primarily below approximately 1.6R� , and so are currently observable in white light duringsolar eclipses, or else by the Mauna Loa Solar Observatory Mk4 coronameter. We present the first comprehensive, quantitative analysis of white-light quiescent cavities as observed by the Mk4 coronameter. We find that such cavities are ubiquitous, as they are the coronal limb counterparts to filament channels observed on the solar disk. We consider examples that range from extremely long-lived, longitudinally extended polar-crown-filament-related cavities to smallercavitiesassociated withfilamentsnearorwithinactiveregions.Theformerareoftenvisiblefordaysandeven weeks at a time and can be identified as long-lived cavities that survive for months. We quantify cavity morphology and intensity contrast properties and consider correlations between these properties. We find multiple cases in which quiescentcavitiesdirectlyeruptintoCMEsandconsiderhowmorphologicalandintensitycontrastpropertiesofthese cases differ from the general population of cavities. Finally, we discuss the implications that these observations may have for the state of the corona just prior to a CME, and more generally for the nature of coronal MHD equilibria.
Active Surveillance for Larger (cT1bN0M0 and cT2N0M0) Renal Cortical Neoplasms

Objectives To report our experience with patients undergoing active surveillance (AS) with Stage T1bN0M0 and T2N0M0 tumors. AS is a reasonable option for selected patients with renal cortical neoplasms (RCNs). Most patients undergoing AS are high-risk surgical candidates with Stage T1a lesions. The natural history of larger (Stage cT1bN0M0 and cT2N0M0) RCNs remains undefined. Methods Our institution's institutional review board-approved urologic oncology database was reviewed and identified 229 patients undergoing AS for RCNs. Of this cohort, 36 patients with 42 RCNs ≥4 cm were monitored at regular intervals with imaging. Patients with metastatic disease were excluded. The patient demographics, presentation, comorbidity level (Charlson comorbidity index), tumor size, tumor growth rate, and survival data were recorded. A failure of AS was defined as a progression to metastasis or a change from AS to a delayed surgical intervention. Results The mean Charlson comorbidity index was 2.83, with 52.8% of patients having an index of ≥3, indicating a high surgical risk. The mean tumor size on the initial computed tomography scan was 7.13 cm (range 4-13.7), and the mean growth rate was 0.57 cm/y (range 0-5.9). With a mean follow-up of 36 months (range 6-96), 5 patients (13.8%) had failure. Three lesions were treated with laparoscopic radical nephrectomy and found to be pT2N0M0 on final pathologic examination. Two patients (5.6%) in this cohort developed metastatic disease, and no cancer-specific deaths occurred. Conclusions Patients with Stage T1bN0M0 and T2N0M0 RCNs, monitored for a mean follow-up of 3 years, demonstrated a growth rate of 0.57 cm/y, with only 5.6% of patients progressing to metastatic disease.
On Checking the Box Marked “Other”: The Meaning and Political Horizon of the Body as a Multicultural Other

Straus's (1966/1980) seminal essay “The Upright Posture” offers a rich description for how becoming physically upright as a species has opened new mobile, free, and variable ways of being-in-the-world. However, the absence of color in Straus's account highlights the unreflective invisibility of whiteness. Using Fanon's (1952/2001) “The Lived Experience of the Black” as a point of departure, it is argued that the lived body is overdetermined by one's skin color within interpersonal interactions. An anthropology without some articulation of political culture is blind to essential differences in multicultural society, and being deemed “Other” carries a historical and political burden that dramatically influences the person's phenomenological orientation and being-in-the-world. The differences of these lived experiences will provide new horizons for understanding Straus's “The Upright Posture.”
Catalytic fast pyrolysis of aspen lignin via Py-GC/MS

Abstract Aspen lignin extracted by an organosolv process was pyrolyzed in the presence of catalysts and analyzed using Py-GC/MS. The pyrolysis products detected are mostly aromatic hydrocarbons and phenolic compounds. The lignin and catalysts were either mixed or arranged in layers. Two different micro-porous zeolite catalysts, HZSM-5 and HY, were compared in the study. The effects of the catalysts on the production of aromatic hydrocarbons and phenolic compounds were assessed quantitatively. The HZSM-5 catalyst was found to produce from 2.5 to 40 times more aromatic hydrocarbons than the HY catalyst, by converting phenolic compounds into aromatic hydrocarbons. For the HZSM-5 catalyst, the effects of placement of catalyst were not as pronounced as were for HY. The data suggest that for any catalyst type and placement there exists an optimum catalyst-to-lignin ratio that maximizes the total production of aromatic hydrocarbons and phenolic compounds. For HZSM-5 in the mixture arrangement, a catalyst-to-lignin ratio of 3:1 was found to maximize both the aromatic hydrocarbons and the aggregate sum of aromatic hydrocarbons and phenolic compounds. At this ratio, 23% yield of aromatic hydrocarbons and 28% yield of the aggregate sum were obtained. Also at these conditions, the products detected are estimated to have a total oxygen content of about 4% and higher heating value of 46 MJ/kg, roughly the same as gasoline and diesel. Toluene and p-xylene were the two most abundant hydrocarbons formed in the presence of catalysts. Up to 6.6% and 6.3% of the original lignin were converted into toluene and p-xylene, respectively. We estimate that if all the lignin produced in pulp and paper mills was catalytically pyrolyzed, the amount of toluene produced would be more than 30% of the current annual production of toluene from fossil sources worldwide.
Scale-Up Correlation for the Flow of Surfactant-Based Fluids in Circular Coiled Pipes

This study involves experimental investigation on the flow properties of aqueous surfactant-based (SB) fluids in small and large-scale coiled tubing. It aims at understanding the viscoelastic properties and its effect on the flow behavior of SB fluids in coiled tubing. In spite of SB fluids wide use as friction reducer and/or fracturing fluid in the oil and gas industry, the flow data in large pipe sizes as well as coiled tubing are very scarce. Majority of the available flow data are gathered in straight pipes with small sizes. The scale-up of small-scale flow data is questionable due to the pronounced diameter effect. Furthermore, previous studies have correlated flow behavior of these fluids only through simple power-law model parameters. Limited work with polymeric fluids has been reported that includes fluid elasticity in scale-up procedure and it is nonexistent for highly elastic SB fluids. In this study, the properties of widely used Aromox APA-T, a highly active surfactant used as gelling agent in aqueous and brine base fluids, are thoroughly investigated. Rheological measurements are conducted using Bohlin rheometer for SB fluid concentration of 1.5 vol %, 2 vol %, 3 vol %, and 4 vol %. Flow data are gathered using 1.27 cm, 3.81 cm, 6.03 cm, and 7.30 cm OD coiled tubing with various curvature ratios. This study presents the first attempt to investigate the flow behavior SB fluids in large-scale coiled tubing. The results show that SB fluids exhibit non-Newtonian pseudoplastic behavior. Elastic and viscous properties of SB fluids are very sensitive to surfactant concentration. Friction losses in coiled tubing are significantly higher than those in straight pipes due to secondary flow effect. Increasing curvature ratio yields higher friction pressure loss. Also, small-scale data correlations using only simple power-law model fluid rheological parameters lead to erroneous results when scaled-up to large pipe sizes. New technique, based on the modified Deborah number, which includes fluid elasticity and pipe shear effect, has been developed to correlate data from the small laboratory-scale tubing and large field-scale pipes. Correlation to predict Fanning friction factor of SB fluids in coiled tubing as a function of Deborah number and fluid flow behavior index is presented. Correlation is validated by comparing predictions with the experimental data. It is shown that the new correlation accurately predicts friction factor of SB fluids and thus alleviates the scale-up issue.
Medical students' attitudes towards ageing and death: a cross-sequential study.

Summary. This study presents an analysis of possible changes in attitudes towards older persons and in attitudes towards personal death anxiety that might occur over the course of undergraduate medical education. Three entering classes of medical students at a university in the Mid-western United States completed an attitudes towards old people scale, a death anxiety scale, and a standard personality inventory. As graduating seniors, they again completed the attitudes towards old people scale and the death anxiety scale. Significant changes did not occur. In comparison with baseline data from a group of 212 university graduate students in the USA, these 234 medical undergraduates had significantly more positive attitudes towards the aged; in another comparison, their death anxiety was significantly lower than a group of 599 from the general population. Implications are discussed.
Effect of lattice vibrations on magnetic phase transition in BCC Iron

A Heisenberg model of exchange is built from first-principle calculations, with the pair-exchange parameters fitted as a function of both the interatomic distance and local environment parameters (i.e., the shell number, the atomic volume, and the local displacement). Monte Carlo simulations are performed to study the effect of lattice vibrations on the magnetic phase transition in BCC iron. It is shown that our model provides a transition temperature and specific heat coinciding with the measurements, and critical exponents consistent with those of 3D Heisenberg Universality.
Effect of channel size on solute residence time distributions in rivers

Abstract The effect of channel size on residence time distributions (RTDs) of solute in rivers is investigated in this paper using tracer test data and the variable residence time (VART) model. Specifically, the investigation focuses on the influence of shear dispersion and hyporheic exchange on the shape of solute RTD, and how these two transport processes prevail in larger and smaller streams, respectively, leading to distinct tails of RTD. Simulation results show that (1) RTDs are dispersion-dependent and thereby channel-size (scale) dependent. RTDs increasing longitudinal dispersion coefficient. Small streams with negligible dispersion coefficient may display various types of RTD from upward curving patterns to a straight line (power-law distributions) and further to downward curving lognormal distributions when plotted in log–log coordinates. Moderate-sized rivers are transitional in terms of RTDs and commonly exhibit lognormal and power-law RTDs; (2) the incorporation of water and solute losses/gains in the VART model can improve simulation results and make parameter values more reasonable; (3) the ratio of time to peak concentration to the minimum mean residence time is equal to the recovery ratio of tracer. The relation provides a simple method for determining the minimum mean residence time; and (4) the VART model is able to reproduce various RTDs observed in rivers with 3–4 fitting parameters while no user-specified RTD functions are needed.
Reflections on 10 years of sponsored senior design projects: Students win-clients win!

Undergraduate computer science degree programs often provide an opportunity for students to experience real software projects as a part of their programs of study. These experiences frequently reside in a course in which students form software development teams, are assigned to a project offered by a corporate sponsor and devote one or two semesters to the task of making progress on the project. In an ideal model, faculty mentor student teams who, in turn, behave as subcontractors or consultants to the sponsor. Students work for a grade, not directly for the sponsor as a true subcontractor would. In the ideal model, students demonstrate what they have learned about software engineering process, as well as their ability to implement programmed solutions. Student teams provide progress reports, both oral and written, and directly experience many of the challenges and successes of true software engineering professionals. This paper reports on one such program after 10 years of operation. The technologies and software development processes of student projects are summarized and presented as an informal survey. Student response is discussed in terms of software systems they produced and how they went about producing them. The maturation of these students as software engineering professionals is also discussed.
CONSTRUCT VALIDITY OF RAW SCORE AND STANDARD SCORE REPORTS OF VOCATIONAL INTERESTS

In a recent article in this journal, Prediger and Hanson (1977) noted that raw score reports of vocational interests are becoming increasingly popular. Several widely used measures of basic interests are scored by simply tallying likes and dislikes for various activities; the resulting raw scores for each interest area (e.g., mechanical, artistic, enterprising) are treated as if they register amount of interest on a common score scale. Thus, equivalent raw scores for two interest areas are treated as if they indicate equivalent amounts of interest. Comparisons of a person's raw scores across interest areas are used to identify the person's strongest interests and to recommend occupational fields or specific occupations for consderation. In addition to the obvious psychometric questions raised by this use of raw scores, the social consequences also warrant consideration.
On some geometric parameters in Banach spaces

Abstract Let X be a normed linear space and S ( X ) = { x ∈ X : ‖ x ‖ = 1 } be the unit sphere of X. Let δ ( ϵ ) : [ 0 , 2 ] → [ 0 , 1 ] , ρ X ( ϵ ) : [ 0 , + ∞ ) → [ 0 , + ∞ ) , and J ( X ) = sup { ‖ x + y ‖ ∧ ‖ x − y ‖ } , x and y ∈ S ( X ) be the modulus of convexity, the modulus of smoothness, and the modulus of squareness of X, respectively. Let E ( X ) = sup { ‖ x + y ‖ 2 + ‖ x − y ‖ 2 : x , y ∈ S ( X ) } . In this paper we proved some sufficient conditions on δ ( ϵ ) , ρ X ( ϵ ) , J ( X ) , E ( X ) , and w ( X ) = sup { λ > 0 : λ ⋅ lim inf n → ∞ ‖ x n + x ‖ ⩽ lim inf n → ∞ ‖ x n − x ‖ } , where the supremum is taken over all the weakly null sequence x n in X and all the elements x of X for the uniform normal structure.
Tufa Precipitation and its Effect on Drainage of Interstate Highways in Northeastern Ohio

Calcareous tufa has been observed occluding drain outlets and catch basins as well as covering slopes at 124 localities in Cuyahoga, Portage, Summit, and Medina counties in northeastern Ohio. Regional geologic studies, hydrogeologic studies, and geochemical analyses have been employed to identify the source and mode of origin of the material which prevents highway drainage systems from functioning properly. No correlation was found between regional geologic and hydrogeologic conditions analyzed. Geochemical analysis of water collected from subbase drain outlets and of an array of construction materials leads to the conclusion that slag, when used as a subbase material, is sufficiently soluble to affect the pH of drainage water and to provide the calcium deposited as tufa. Solution of calcium hydroxide in slag in the subbase elevates the pH of drainage water above 10.3 and produces an environment in which CaCO3 can be precipitated. The problem of tufa deposition will continue in northeast Ohio as long as slag is used as a subbase material. However, careful maintenance of the highway surface to reduce the amount of water entering the drainage system through edge joints and cracks in the pavement will significantly reduce the magnitude of the problem. (Author)
Engagement of the TcR/CD3 complex stimulates p59fyn(T) activity: detection of associated proteins at 72 and 120-130 kD.

Abstract Engagement of the T cell antigen-receptor complex (TcR/CD3) induces the rapid tyrosine phosphorylation of a spectrum of substrates whose modification is crucial to the activation process. Although CD4-associated p56 lck and TcR/CD3-associated p59 fyn(T) could account for this cascade, TcR/CD3 driven stimulation of p59 fyn(T) activity has not been demonstrated. In this study, we confirm in Brij 96 based buffers that p59 fyn(T) can be co-purified in association with the TcR/CD3 complex, and further demonstrate that antibody-induced cross-linking of TcR/CD3 on the cell surface results in a dramatic increase in the detection of receptor associated kinase activity. This results in an increased phosphorylation and detection of TcR/CD3-p59 fyn(T) associated ζ (16–21 kD), p72 (72 kD) and p120/130 (120–130 kD) chains. A distinction between increased recruitment and/or activity of p59 fyn(T) was not possible due to the fact that receptor associated p59 fyn(T) could not be detected by immunoblotting. However, an alternative approach using membrane vesicles demonstrated an anti-CD3 mediated induced increase (2–5-fold) in the phosphorylation of the fyn kinase. Augmented catalytic activity was accompanied by p59 fyn(T) labelling at the autophosphorylation site Tyr420, consistent with stimulated fyn catalytic activity, as well as the phosphorylation of polypeptides at 18–20 (TcRζ), 31, 90 and 130 kD. Stimulation of fyn activity implicates this kinase as a mediator of the tyrosine phosphorylation events originating from the TcR/CD3 complex.
Enhancing police legitimacy by integrating Compstat and community policing

Purpose – The purpose of this article is to examine how Compstat and community policing, two of the most highly‐touted police reforms to have emerged in the US over the last 25 years, might be integrated to help enhance police organizational legitimacy.Design/methodology/approach – The article provides a conceptual framework to illuminate the different ways that each of these reforms, at least in theory, tries to promote legitimacy. In doing so, it proposes that Compstat's focus on outcomes might be more tightly linked to community policing's emphasis on the processes through which police interact with community members.Findings – The article suggests three possible ways for police organizations to develop public trust and support: systematic reporting of community problems at Compstat meetings; involving the community in problem‐solving efforts; and using Compstat maps and statistics to help mitigate perceptions of unfairness.Research limitations/implications – The article highlights the value of alterna...
SPHINGOSINE KINASE TYPE 1 INHIBITION REVEALS RAPID TURNOVER OF CIRCULATING SPHINGOSINE 1-PHOSPHATE

S1P (sphingosine 1-phosphate) is a signalling molecule involved in a host of cellular and physiological functions, most notably cell survival and migration. S1P, which signals via a set of five G-protein-coupled receptors (S1P1-S1P5), is formed by the action of two SphKs (sphingosine kinases) from Sph (sphingosine). Interfering RNA strategies and SphK1 (sphingosine kinase type 1)-null (Sphk1-/-) mouse studies implicate SphK1 in multiple signalling cascades, yet there is a paucity of potent and selective SphK1 inhibitors necessary to evaluate the effects of rapid onset inhibition of this enzyme. We have identified a set of submicromolar amidine-based SphK1 inhibitors and report using a pair of these compounds to probe the cellular and physiological functions of SphK1. In so doing, we demonstrate that our inhibitors effectively lower S1P levels in cell-based assays, but we have been unable to correlate SphK1 inhibition with changes in cell survival. However, SphK1 inhibition did diminish EGF (epidermal growth factor)-driven increases in S1P levels and Akt (also known as protein kinase B)/ERK (extracellular-signal-regulated kinase) phosphorylation. Finally, administration of the SphK1 inhibitor to wild-type, but not Sphk1-/-, mice resulted in a rapid decrease in blood S1P levels indicating that circulating S1P is rapidly turned over.
Effect of vitamin D on T-helper type 9 polarized human memory cells in chronic persistent asthma.

Abstract Background Vitamin D suppresses inflammation and vitamin D deficiency is linked to the severity of asthma symptoms. T-helper type 9 (T H 9) cells are important in the pathogenesis, yet the effects of vitamin D on this subset of inflammatory T-helper cells from patients with chronic asthma is unknown. Objective To determine the effects of vitamin D and dexamethasone on T H 9 memory cells from adults with chronic persistent asthma and on a recall response to dust mite allergen. Methods T-helper memory cells were cultured with cytokines that drive T H 9 polarization with vitamin D and/or dexamethasone. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from patients with radioallergosorbent test results for house dust mite were stimulated with allergen in the presence or absence of vitamin D. Intracellular cytokines, transcription factors, and identification of cell surface phenotypic markers were determined by flow cytometry. Results Vitamin D decreased interleukin (IL)-9, IL-5, and IL-8 but increased IL-13 + cells in T H 9 cultures. Transcription factors PU.1 and interferon regulatory factor 4 were downregulated by vitamin D but not GATA3 and c-MAF. When PBMCs from patients with positive radioallergosorbent test results were stimulated with dust mite allergen, vitamin D decreased IL-9, IL-5, and IL-13 in T-helper cells (CD4 + ). T H 9 cells present in a recall response were classically T H 2 (CD294 + ), and polarization by transforming growth factor-β and IL-4 altered that phenotype. Conclusion Vitamin D decreased inflammatory cytokine profiles in T H 9 memory cells and CD4 + cells stimulated with dust mite allergen. Vitamin D is additive with dexamethasone in decreasing inflammatory cytokine production from T-cell subsets implicated in asthma.