cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Use of mixture models in determining laboratory criterion for identification of seropositive individuals: application to parvovirus B19 serology.

Selecting the cut-off value to identify infected individuals requires a trade-off between sensitivity and specificity. The standard technique for selecting a cut-off uses results of a population either known or assumed uninfected. Using mixture models, however, it is not necessary to identify an uninfected population. This technique also provides methods to estimate the probability that an individual will be accurately classified. We illustrate this technique in determining cut-off values for the serological diagnosis of human parvovirus B19 infection
Indeterminacy, empirical evidence, and methodological pluralism

Roth (1987) effectively distinguishes Quinean indeterminacy of translation from the more general underdetermination of theories by showing how indeterminacy follows directly from holism and the role of a shared environment in language learning. However, Roth is mistaken in three further consequences he draws from his interpretation of indeterminacy. Contra Roth, natural science and social science are not differentiated as offering theories about the shared environment and theories about meanings respectively; the role of the environment in language learning does not justify an empiricist sense of “objective evidence”; and his advocacy of methodological pluralism does not appropriately sustain the project of social scientific methodology in response to holism and indeterminacy.
The effect of composition on spinel crystals equilibrium in low-silica high-level waste glasses

The liquidus temperature (TL) and the equilibrium mass fraction of spinel were measured in the regions of low-silica (less than 42 mass% SiO2) high-level waste borosilicate glasses within the spinel primary phase field as functions of glass composition. The components that varied, one at a time, were Al2O3, B2O3, Cr2O3, Fe2O3, Li2O, MnO, Na2O, NiO, SiO2, and ZrO2. The effects of Al2O3, B2O3, Fe2O3, NiO, SiO2, and ZrO2 on the TL in this region and in glasses with 42 to 56 mass% SiO2 were similar. However, in the low-silica region, Cr2O3 increased the TL substantially less, and Li2O and Na2O decreased the TL significantly less than in the region with 42 to 56 mass% SiO2. The effect of MnO on the TL of the higher SiO2 glasses is not yet understood with sufficient accuracy. The temperature at which the equilibrium mass fraction of spinel was 1 mass% was 25C to 64C below the TL.
Developmental expression of BK channels in chick cochlear hair cells.

Background Cochlear hair cells are high-frequency sensory receptors. At the onset of hearing, hair cells acquire fast, calcium-activated potassium (BK) currents, turning immature spiking cells into functional receptors. In non-mammalian vertebrates, the number and kinetics of BK channels are varied systematically along the frequency-axis of the cochlea giving rise to an intrinsic electrical tuning mechanism. The processes that control the appearance and heterogeneity of hair cell BK currents remain unclear.
Single photon detection with sine gated dual InGaAs/InP avalanche diodes

We propose and demonstrate a technique cancel common mode signals of sinusoidally gated single photon avalanche diodes (SPADs). This approach enables the elimination of narrow-band filters that fix the frequency of conventional single photon detection with sine wave gating.
Ontogeny of passive avoidance: Role of task demands and development of species‐typical behaviors

Preweaning rats 10 to 15 days of age were given passive avoidance training in a circular chamber in which the floor comprised one shock electrode and the wall the other. All ages showed acquisition of the response, but both rate of learning and asymptotic performance increased with age. Yoked-shock controls, adaption controls, and naive controls did not demonstrate passive avoidance on subsequent test trials, ruling out alternative interpretations based on sensitization to shock, fatique, familiarity with the apparatus, and handling. From 10 to 15 days of age, improved performance was due in part to the transition from stereotyped shock-elicited behavior in the younger pups to discrete withdrawal from shock in the older pups. A paradoxical deterioration of performance with observed from 20 to 25 days of age, attributable to the development of species-typical defense reactions which were incompatible with the avoidance response. Retention of the avoidance response was found to increase from about 6 hr in the 10-day-old to at least 5 days in the 15-day-old. The data suggest that maturation of storage and/or retrieval mechanisms, rather than perceptual or experiential changes induced by development, is responsible for improved retention during ontogeny.
Issues in mHealth: Findings From Key Informant Interviews

Background: mHealth is enjoying considerable interest and private investment in the United States. A small but growing body of evidence indicates some promise in supporting healthy behavior change and self-management of long-term conditions. The unique benefits mobile phones bring to health initiatives, such as direct access to health information regardless of time or location, may create specific issues for the implementation of such initiatives. Other issues may be shared with general health information technology developments. Objective: To determine the important issues facing the implementation of mHealth from the perspective of those within the US health system and those working in mHealth in the United States. Methods: Semistructured interviews were conducted with 27 key informants from across the health and mHealth sectors in the United States. Interviewees were approached directly following an environmental scan of mHealth in the United States or recommendation by those working in mHealth. Results: The most common issues were privacy and data security, funding, a lack of good examples of the efficacy and cost effectiveness of mHealth in practice, and the need for more high-quality research. The issues are outlined and categorized according to the environment within which they predominantly occur: policy and regulatory environments; the wireless industry; the health system; existing mHealth practice; and research. Conclusions: Many of these issues could be addressed by making the most of the current US health reform environment, developing a strategic and coordinated approach, and seeking to improve mHealth practice. [J Med Internet Res 2012;14(5):e129]
An N-terminal fragment of substance P, substance P(1-7), down-regulates neurokinin-1 binding in the mouse spinal cord.

Abstract Injected intrathecally, substance P (SP) down-regulates neurokinin-1 (NK-1) binding in the spinal cord and desensitizes rats to the behavioral effect of SP. N-terminal fragments of SP, such as SP(1–7), induce antinociception and play a role in desensitization to SP in mice. The goal of this study was to assess the abilities of N- and C-terminal fragments of SP to down-regulate NK-1 binding. Binding of [3H]SP to mouse spinal cord membranes was inhibited by SP, CP-96,345, and to a lesser extent by SP(5–11), but not SP(1–7), consistent with these binding sites being NK-1 receptors. Injection of SP(5–11) intrathecally did not affect the affinity (Kd) or concentration (Bmax) of [3H]SP binding. However, injection of 1 nmol of SP(1–7) decreased the Bmax of [3H]SP binding in the spinal cord at 6 h after its injection just as this dose of SP decreased the Bmax at 24 h. These data suggest that the N-terminus of SP is responsible for down-regulation of NK-1 binding. As SP(5–11) did not down-regulate NK-1 binding, activation of NK-1 sites does not appear necessary or sufficient for down-regulation of SP binding. In contrast, SP(1–7), in spite of its inability to interact with NK-1 sites, did down-regulate SP binding, suggesting an indirect mechanism dissociated from NK-1 receptors.
Life on, in, and under ice

In the coming austral summer, three different research groups from three different nations plan to sample the subglacial environment of Antarctica in order to observe the biology and biogeochemistry of this heretofore unexplored region. This makes the recent publication of The Ecology of Snow and Ice Environments an especially timely addition to the ecosystem literature. As the authors correctly point out in the preface of this rather short, but dense volume, the fields of cryospheric sciences, especially those focused on ice sheets and glaciers, have not been the domain of biologists.
Mechanical properties of irradiated ODS-EUROFER and nanocluster strengthened 14YWT

abstract Irradiations to 1.5 dpa at 300–750 C were conducted to investigate the changes in mechanical propertiesof an advanced nanocluster strengthened ferritic alloy, designated 14YWT, and an oxide dispersionstrengthened ferritic alloy ODS-EUROFER. Two non-dispersion strengthened variants, 14WT and EURO-FER 97, were also irradiated and tested. Tensile results show 14YWT has very high tensile strengthsand experienced some radiation-induced hardening, with an increase in room temperature yield strengthof 125 MPa after irradiation, while results for ODS-EUROFER show a 275 MPa increase following irradia-tion. Master curve fracture toughness analysis show 14YWT has a cryogenic T o reference temperaturesbefore and after irradiation of about 188 and 176 C, respectively, and upper-shelf K J Ic values between175 and 225 MPapm. The favorable fracture toughness properties and resistance to radiation-inducedchanges in mechanical properties observed for 14YWT are attributed to a ﬁne grain structure and highnumber density of Y–Ti–O nanoclusters. 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
The Relevance of Conservation Biology to Natural Resource Management

More than 50 years have passed since Aldo Leopold (1933) captured the essence of the conservation movement in his essay "The Conservation Ethic" in the Journal of Forestry. In this essay, Leopold identified a consciousness that "the destruction of land, and the living things upon it, is wrong" and called upon those concerned to "prevent the deterioration of environment." In so doing, Leopold recognized that proper management of natural resources requires knowledge of ecological systems beyond timber, game, and forage. He criticized the status quo and exhorted ecological researchers to "apply [their] findings to land, and to encourage [their] neighbor[s] to do likewise." "Given, then, the knowledge and the desire," he said, "this idea of controlled wild culture or 'management' can be applied not only to quail and trout, but to any living thing from bloodroots to Bell's vireos." In 1933, Leopold clearly recognized the critical link between ecological research and responsible natural resource management. In 1980, the publication of Conservation Biology (Soule & Wilcox 1980) marked a formal reaffirmation of
Bulk density of ordinary chondrite meteorites and implications for asteroidal internal structure

Abstract— The bulk densities of 82 samples of 72 ordinary chondrites (OCs) were measured to an accuracy of ∼1% using a modified Archimedian method. We found the average bulk density to be 3.44 ± 0.19 g/cm3 for the H group, 3.40 ± 0.15 g/cm3 for the L group, and 3.29 ± 0.17 g/cm3 for the LL group (± represent 1σ). Bulk density measurements of 11 pieces of one fall, Pultusk (H group), were also found to vary considerably (3.31 to 3.63 g/cm3). To investigate controls on bulk density within the OCs, we compared density with bulk chemical composition (the ratio of Fe metal to total Fe; the ratio of total Fe to SiO2; the ratio of FeO to total Fe and MgO). Within each OC group, bulk chemical composition is nearly invariant whereas bulk density varies from about 3.0 to 3.8 g/cm3. Slight but systematic differences in average density between the H, L, and LL groups presumably relate to differences in metallic Fe abundance. However, considerable overlap between OC groups and the wide range of bulk densities within each group suggest differences in porosity dominantly control variations of density within the OC subgroups.
Imatinib Resistance and Progression of CML to Blast Crisis: Somatic Hypermutation AIDing the Way

Very little is known about how acquired oncogenic mutations arise. In this issue of Cancer Cell, Klemm and colleagues present evidence supporting a role for the antibody diversification enzyme activation-induced deaminase (AID) in the generation of mutations associated with disease progression and drug resistance in chronic myeloid leukemia.
A strategic approach to the evaluation of axillary lymph nodes in breast cancer patients: analysis of 168 patients at a single institution

Abstract Background Preoperative evaluation of the axilla using fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) and/or intraoperative evaluation of the sentinel lymph nodes (SLNs) may significantly decrease the number of operative procedures required for staging or local control of the axilla in breast cancer patients. The purpose of this study was to examine and determine the number of operative procedures that could be excluded using both approaches. Methods A retrospective review of data was performed on 168 patients presenting with invasive clinical stage 1 to 3 breast cancer from March 2004 to March 2007. Results Of the 168 patients, 57 (34%) underwent ultrasound-guided FNAB for suspicious-appearing nodes. Of these 57 patients, 40 (70%) had a positive FNAB, and 16 (28%) had a negative FNAB. The FNAB was suspicious in 1 (2%) patient. One hundred twenty patients (71%) with a normal axillary ultrasound or with a negative or suspicious FNAB underwent SLN mapping, of which 29 (24%) had an intraoperative diagnosis of metastatic tumor. Conclusions Preoperative evaluation of the axilla using ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy spared 24% of patients the cost and morbidity of undergoing SLN biopsy. SLN mapping, along with intraoperative evaluation of nodes, spared an additional 17% of patients from having to undergo a second operative procedure.
Stability and fine structure of eukaryotic DNA rings in formamide

Abstract Folded rings formed from Drosophila and Necturus DNA fragments were examined by electron microscopy in increasing concentrations of formamide, in an effort to identify regions of non-homology within the closure region. Unusual closure regions of this type were not found, in spite of an extensive search. If such regions exist, they must be too short to be detectable ( 2 to 3%) mismatching is not possible. At higher formamide concentrations, some rings will partly denature, yet remain circular because the closure region remains intact.
Multidimensional many-body theory: Diagrammatic implementation of a canonical van Vleck formalism

A size‐extensive multidimensional many‐body theory is developed from an order‐expanded van Vleck transformation. This provides an effective Hamiltonian in a model space consisting of a set of determinants whose zeroth‐order energies may be nondegenerate. Expressions for the effective Hamiltonian in terms of the perturbation and a set of resolvents generalized from the Rayleigh–Schrodinger form are given. Perturbative evaluation of the resultant formulas via diagrammatic expansion is illustrated and discussed. The diagrams required through second order for a model space consisting of a Hartree–Fock solution plus selected singly and doubly excited determinants are presented, and their relation to those employed in the method of Hose and Kaldor is discussed.
Mechanisms underlying the detection of increments in parafoveal retina.

Abstract It is well established that the spectral sensitivity under photopic conditions varies across the human retina. We investigate the mechanisms underlying these spectral changes. Through the use of color appearance, flicker sensitivity, additivity, discrimination at threshold and modeling, we show that the changes in spectral sensitivity on a photopic white background across parafoveal retina are consistent with shifts in cone weightings to (L M) and (M L) chromatic channels. This two channel model, developed to account for foveal spectral sensitivity curves (Sperling & Harwerth, 1971 Science, 172, 180–184), provides a better description of parafoveal data than both a single color channel upper envelope model (comprised of a single red-green opponent channel and an achromatic mechanism) and a vector model (combining a red-green opponent channel with an achromatic component). Thus while the two channel model ([L M] and [M L]) of foveal color vision is generalizable to the parafovea, simple models with a unitary red/green process are not. Although the two channel model can accurately fit parafoveal spectral sensitivity curves without it, a small contribution from a luminance mechanism might improve the ability of the two channel model to account for threshold discrimination and additivity data.
Unisex: A unix‐based symbolic executor for pascal

UNISEX is a UNIX-based symbolic executor for Pascal. The UNISEX system provides an environment for both testing and formally verifying Pascal programs. The system supports a large subset of Pascal, runs on UNIX and provides the user with a variety of debugging features to help in the difficult task of program validation. This paper contains a brief introduction to symbolic execution, followed by an overview of the features of UNISEX, a discussion of the UNISEX Pascal language, and some of the implementation details for the UNISEX system. Finally, some of the problems encountered when designing and implementing the system are discussed as well as future directions.
Gradient formation in membrane unit for differential precipitation of proteins

A new protein fractionation technique presented transfers ammonium sulfate to create a gradient of ammonium sulfate inside a membrane unit for differential precipitation of proteins called “centrifugal precipitation chromatography.” Because it does not require any solid support, it should provide a better alternative to the conventional chromatography with solid stationary phase. To understand the phenomena and achieve a better separation, a mathematical model explaining the ammonium sulfate gradient formation inside the stationary membrane unit is investigated. The model is extended with empirical correlation to the centrifugal membrane unit—a new approach for protein purification. The model agreed well with the experiments for both stationary and centrifugal units. Upon using the model to calculate the ammonium sulfate gradient formation in a membrane unit, this new technique can be useful in separating a mixture of proteins whose solubility in ammonium sulfate solution differs. To demonstrate the technique experimentally, mixtures of proteins are loaded into the column; the partial resolution between proteins is achieved with the step concentration switch of the inlet ammonium sulfate solution.
Pricing policy in nature-based tourism

Abstract Visitors to publicly owned national parks, wildlife reserves and other natural areas pay entrance fees and other charges for their access and use. What principles and criteria contribute to an appropriate pricing policy? The answers to this are complex because of multiple pricing objectives, visitor categories, visitor activities, fee instruments and philosophical positions. In this review paper, these issues are examined from the perspective of public agencies that are working to improve their pricing practices. Pricing is a potentially powerful tool to move towards greater efficiency, fairness and environmentally sustainable management. To date, this tool is underutilized.
Prenatal diagnosis of isolated femoral bent bone skeletal dysplasia: Problems in differential diagnosis and genetic counseling

Severe localized and symmetric bowing of the femora, in the absence of other significant skeletal or nonskeletal abnormalities, is a rare prenatal ultrasound finding. A 38-year-old woman was referred at 19 weeks gestation and ultrasound of the fetus showed severe shortening, and marked symmetric bowing of the femora. A provisional diagnosis of kyphomelic dysplasia (KD) was made. The patient elected termination of pregnancy and post mortem assessments were most consistent with kyphomelic dysplasia. KD is bent-bone skeletal dysplasia that, in contrast to campomelic dysplasia, involves principally the femora with relative sparing of the remainder of the skeleton. KD can be difficult to distinguish, particularly from symmetric cases of femoral hypoplasia unusual facies syndrome (FH-UFS), and few prenatal diagnoses have been reported. Because KD is thought to an be autosomal recessive disorder, the possibility that definitive diagnosis may not be possible prenatally, and even by postmortem assessment in cases choosing to abort, is an important counseling consideration.
In Vivo Half-Life of a Protein is a Function of its Amino-Terminal Residue

When a chimeric gene encoding a ubiquitin-beta-galactosidase fusion protein is expressed in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, ubiquitin is cleaved off the nascent fusion protein, yielding a deubiquitinated beta-galactosidase (beta gal). With one exception, this cleavage takes place regardless of the nature of the amino acid residue of beta gal at the ubiquitin-beta gal junction, thereby making it possible to expose different residues at the amino-termini of the otherwise identical beta gal proteins. The beta gal proteins thus designed have strikingly different half-lives in vivo, from more than 20 hours to less than 3 minutes, depending on the nature of the amino acid at the amino-terminus of beta gal. The set of individual amino acids can thus be ordered with respect to the half-lives that they confer on beta gal when present at its amino-terminus (the "N-end rule"). The currently known amino-terminal residues in long-lived, noncompartmentalized intracellular proteins from both prokaryotes and eukaryotes belong exclusively to the stabilizing class as predicted by the N-end rule. The function of the previously described posttranslational addition of single amino acids to protein amino-termini may also be accounted for by the N-end rule. Thus the recognition of an amino-terminal residue in a protein may mediate both the metabolic stability of the protein and the potential for regulation of its stability.
Modeling indoor odor–odorant concentrations and the relative humidity effect on odor perception at a water reclamation plant

Abstract Models formulated to associate odors and odorants in many industrial and agricultural fields ignore the potential effect of relative humidity on odor perception, and are not validated. This study addresses literature limitations by formulating a model that includes relative humidity and by validating the model. The model employs measured paired values, n = 102, of indoor odors and odorants from freshly dewatered biosolids in a post-digestion dewatering building of a Water Reclamation Plant (WRP). A random sub-sample of n = 32 is used to validate the model by associating predicted vs. measured values (R2 = 0.90). The model is validated again with a smaller independent database from a second WRP (R2 = 0.85). Moreover this study asserts that reduction of hydrogen sulfide concentrations, conventionally used as a surrogate of sewage odors, to acceptable levels does not assure acceptable odor levels. It is concluded that: (1) The addition of relative humidity results in a stronger association between odors and odorants than the use of H2S alone; (2) the two step model validation indicates that the model is not simply site-specific but can be applied to similar facilities; and (3) the model is a promising tool for designing odor and odorant control strategies, the ultimate goal of engineering studies.
Examination of the interplay of reliability and security using System Modeling Language

System modeling language (OMG SysMLTM) is a graphical modeling language that has been developed to describe complex systems. It provides semantics and notations to describe complex systems independent of engineering tools and methodologies. The study summarized in this paper applied the SysML semantics and notation to provide a common reference for examining the interplay of reliability and security in complex systems. This paper briefly outlines elements of the articulation of reliability and security in SysML and presents general findings from the study of their interplay in the context of a hypothetical communication system. This review begins with a demonstration of defining desired system functionality using the SysML use case diagram. Additional use case diagrams are then created to model a malicious agent's desire to either disrupt or gain illegal access to a system. Because the use case can be used to define both legitimate and illegitimate functional applications of the system, reliability and security are identified as coherent concepts. Being coherent, the correlation of reliability and security will depend on their contextual separation. Contextual separation is built through associations from the use case diagram through other SysML constructs. These associations point to operating environment and operational periods linked to a particular use case and provides context for element-level reliability modeling. Functional expectations, operating conditions, and operational periods are linked to parametric diagrams that model individual facets of reliability and security. This contextually embeds reliability and security directly into the system model. The interplay between reliability and security occurs when associations to their embedded facets cross paths in the system model. It is found that the interaction is dependent on the form of the attack selected by a malicious agent. Systems that are highly reliable in the functional sense are typically secure against attacks aimed at simply halting functionality. In contrast, the security of that same system against forms of attack that exploit some system characteristic will depend on the attacker's knowledge of and access to the system.
Feedback Queueing Models for Time-Shared Systems

Time-shared processing systems (e.g. communication or computer systems) are studied by considering priority disciplines operating in a stochastic queueing environment. Results are obtained for the average time spent in the system, conditioned on the length of required service (e.g. message lenght or number of computations). No chage is made for swap time, and the results hold only for Markov assumptions for the arrival and service processes. Two distinct feedback models with a single quantum-controlled service are considered. The first is a round-robin (RR) system in which the service facility processes each customer for a maximum of q sec. If the customer's service is completed during this quantum, he leaves the system; otherwise he returns to the end of the queue to await another quantum of service. The second is a feedback (FBN) system with N queues in which a new arrival joins the tail of the first queue. The server gives service to a customer from the nth queue only if all lower numbered queues are empty. When taken from the nth queue, a customer is given q sec of service. If this completes his processing requirement he leaves the system; otherwise he joins the tail of the (n + 1)-st queue (n = 1, 2, · · ·, N - 1). The limiting case of N → ∞ is also treated. Both models are therefore quantum-controlled, and involve feedback to the tail of some queue, thus providing rapid service for customers with short service-time requirements. The interesting limiting case in which q → 0 (a “processor-shared” model) is also examined. Comparison is made with the first-come-first-served system and also the shortest-job-first discipline. Finally the FB∞ system is generalized to include (priority) inputs at each of the queues in the system.
Increasing Hatchability of Turkey Eggs with Biotin Egg Injections

At 25 days of incubation, eggs from Large White turkey hens in two field trials were injected with 87 micrograms of exogenous d-biotin per egg. Hatchability of fertile biotin-injected eggs was significantly higher than that of control (noninjected) eggs. Hatchability values of fertile eggs were 4 and 5% higher for exogenous d-biotin-injected eggs than for control eggs for December 1985 and May 1986 trials, respectively.
A higher-order scheme for quasilinear boundary value problems with two small parameters

A class of singularly perturbed quasilinear boundary value problems with two small parameters is solved numerically by finite differences on a Shishkin-type mesh. The discretization combines a four-point third-order scheme inside the boundary layers with the standard central scheme outside the layers. This results in an almost third-order accuracy which is uniform with respect to the perturbation parameters. The paper also shows that the Shishkin meshes are more suitable for higher-order schemes than the Bakhvalov meshes, since complicated nonequidistant schemes can be avoided.
Automatic and attentional processes in the effects of sentence contexts on word recognition

An incomplete sentence context facilitated a subsequent lexical decision only when the test word was a highly likely completion of the sentence. Context had no effect on congruent but unlikely words, while it inhibited responses to anomalous words. The inhibition was eliminated in a control condition in which none of the test words meaningfully completed the context. In contrast, subjects could not eliminate the inhibition or the facilitation when they were instructed to ignore the implication of each context. It was concluded that contextual information in reading is typically used to focus attention on a class of responses which conserve the meaningfulness of the sentence, but that the deployment of attention will vary with the predictability of the material.
Enzymatic synthesis of formic acid from H2 and CO2 and production of hydrogen from formic acid

Whole cells of Alcaligenes eutrophus (as well as isolated P. oxalaticus formate dehydrogenase and A. eutrophus hydrogenase coupled via NAD(+) or methyl viologen) have been shown to produce H(2) from formic acid. Immobilization of the cells in kappa-carrageenan gel greatly enhances their stability at room temperature. The rate of hydrogen production catalyzed by immobilized A. eutrophus has been studied as a function of the concentrations of the cells and formate and also pH. An inhibition by high concentrations of formate has been found. Immobilized cells were also capable of synthesizing formate from H(2) and bicarbonate. Yields of formate up to 30% have been obtained. The catalytic efficiency of immobilized A. eutrophus cells was compared with that of palladium adsorbed on activated carbon.
The life cycle of New York’s creative districts: Reflections on the unanticipated consequences of unplanned cultural zones

Abstract The history of New York’s creative districts from Greenwich Village in the early 1900s to Bushwick today shows that the unanticipated consequences of unplanned or naturally occurring areas where artists work and live are higher housing prices, more intensive capital investment, and eventual displacement and gentrification. Despite predominant motifs of grittiness and transgression, the esthetic representation of “difference” in creative districts attracts non-creative cultural consumers who develop a taste for an authentic, bohemian lifestyle. Cultural entrepreneurs, some of whom are creative producers themselves, enable knowledgeable consumers’ entry into the creative district, followed eventually by the media, more consumers, and real estate developers. The little state regulation of artists’ housing that exists does not serve the stated goal, for the building of a district’s reputation as “creative” results in group out-migration to other places.
Three-dimensional vortex structure on a rotating wing

The three-dimensional structure of the leading-edge vortex on a rotating wing is addressed using a technique of particle image velocimetry. Organized patterns of chordwise-oriented vorticity, which exist within the vortex, arise from the spanwise flow along the surface of the wing, which can attain a velocity the same order as the velocity of the wing at its radius of gyration. These patterns are related to the strength (circulation) and coherence of the tip and root vortices. The associated distributions of spanwise-oriented vorticity along the leading-edge vortex are characterized in relation to the vorticity flux and downwash along the wing.
B7-1 or B7-2 Is Required to Produce the Lymphoproliferative Phenotype in Mice Lacking Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte–associated Antigen 4 (CTLA-4)

The costimulatory molecules B7-1 and B7-2 regulate T lymphocyte activation by delivering activating signals through CD28 and inhibitory signals through cytotoxic T lymphocyte–associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4). The importance of CTLA-4–mediated inhibition was demonstrated by the uncontrolled T cell activation and lymphoproliferative disease that develops in CTLA-4–deficient (−/−) mice. To examine the role of B7 signaling in the activation of CTLA-4–deficient T cells, we bred CTLA-4−/− mice with mice lacking B7-1, B7-2, or both B7 molecules. The CTLA-4/B7-1−/− and the CTLA-4/B7-2−/− mice develop lymphoproliferation and enhanced T cell activation. Mice lacking CTLA-4, B7-1, and B7-2 have a normal life-span, and do not have lymphocytic infiltrates in any organs, or increased T cell activation. Therefore, the two B7 molecules have overlapping functions, since either B7-1 or B7-2 alone can cause the CTLA-4−/− phenotype. Elimination of both B7-1 and B7-2 from the CTLA-4– deficient mouse abrogates the lymphocyte activation and disease, and does not reveal evidence for additional stimulatory CD28 ligands. The CTLA-4−/− phenotype can be reproduced with anti-CD28 antibody in mice lacking CTLA-4, B7-1, and B7-2, but wild-type mice are unaffected by the same treatment. This suggests that the inhibitory function of CTLA-4 can overcome strong CD28-mediated signaling in vivo.
Molecular cytogenetic characterization and physical mapping of 12q13-15 amplification in human cancers.

Amplification of sequences derived from 12q13-15 is frequent in human sarcomas and brain tumors. Detailed mapping studies of the amplified region are necessary for definition of the impact of these amplification events on the tumor cell phenotype. By using the genes in this region and genomic fragments isolated by chromosome microdissection, we have established a series of ordered probes from 12q13-15 for fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and Southern blot analysis. These probes have been used for physical mapping of two portions of the interval from GLI to D12S8. The centromeric region extends 1.8 Mb from GLI to microclone M79 and contains at least five genes, including the cyclin-dependent kinase gene CDK4. The more telomeric region includes the p53 regulator MDM2 and covers 1.1 Mb. We used the same group of probes to determine the pattern of amplification in three cell lines and three tumor specimens carrying amplified sequences from 12q13-15. In addition, we used a yeast artificial chromosome (YAC) contig of several megabases covering the entire region from SAS to D12S8 for FISH to determine the pattern of amplification in the neuroblastoma cell line NGP-127. The results suggest that the MDM2 and CDK4 regions may be either coamplified or amplified independently, and they illustrate how the map positions of genes and their functions may interact to determine the pattern of DNA amplification in human malignancies. Genes Chromosom Cancer 17:205–214 (1996). © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.1
Critical extent of reaction of a polydimethylsiloxane polymer network

Abstract A direct rheological technique was used to measure the critical time for gelation, tc, of a well characterized polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) polymer network. This technique is based on the observation that the gel point of crosslinking systems occurs at the instant at which the viscoelastic behaviour reduces to power-law relaxation (critical state described by the gel equation). The extent of reaction, p(t), was measured by a Fourier-transform infra-red method. The measured value of the critical extent of reaction, pc = p(tc) = 0.57 ± 0.01, agrees extremely well with the value predicted by mean-field theory. This agreement is an independent confirmation of the observation that power-law relaxation is a property of the polymer at the gel point.
ORAL LANGUAGE BEHAVIOR OF OLDER CEREBRAL PALSIED CHILDREN.

A battery of six tests assessing various aspects of receptive and expressive oral language was administered to 27 cerebral palsied children and controls matched on the variables of age, intelligenc...
A View of Systemic Therapy in Greece: An Interview With Charis Katakis:

Charis Katakis, PhD, is the director of the Laboratory for the Study of Human Relations in Athens, Greece, which she founded in 1983. The Laboratory is systemically oriented in its approach to ther...
A theologian's typology for science and religion

: A 1991 article by psychologist John D. Carter offers an underdeveloped insight that typologies for relating science and religion might be fruitfully formulated in discipline-specific perspectives. This essay thus covers a specifically theological perspective only briefly outlined in Carter, and it expands four models that theologians have used to relate religion and science. This essay renames these models and expands their implications, especially for addressing the behavioral sciences. (1) The contrarian model generally opposes science, (2) the apologetic makes theology congenial to science, (3) the correlational holds both disciplines in tension, and (4) the synthetic attempts a grand unification of them. Arguing from the theologian's perspective, this essay is intended to demonstrate that different models/methods for relating science and religion are really reflections of deeper religious attitudes and argues that the task for which a method is employed ultimately determines its adequacy within that attitude's constraints.
The Rise and Decline of the Redneck Riviera: An Insider's History of the Florida-Alabama Coast. Harvey H. Jackson III. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, 2012. 352 pp., maps, photos, endnotes, bibliog., index. $28.95 cloth (ISBN 978-0-8203-3400-4); $19.95 paper (ISBN 978-0-8203-4531-4); $28.95 e-book (ISBN 978-0-8203-4378-5).

When Hurricane Ivan nearly leveled the Flora-Bama Lounge in 2004, predictions were that the venerable roadhouse on the Florida–Alabama state line would be gone forever. Once an icon of the Redneck ...
Compatibility and aggregation in fuzzy evidential reasoning

Seven compatibility measures are paired with two fuzzy set aggregation operators to generate support measures for fuzzy evidential reasoning applied to an identification problem. The effectiveness of the combinations was empirically tested by varying the imprecision in the domain information and the evidence. The results are analyzed using the level-n ranking and the U-uncertainty of the support assignment. >
Hypertension in an Anthropological and Evolutionary Paradigm

The contingent, stochastic nature of genetic evolution [provides a]. . .historical trail [to help us] to identify genes affecting a trait, understand their origins, and to refine our ability to do genetic screening.”1 A renaissance is occurring in the field of molecular evolution. The reframing of questions about pathophysiology and disease in an evolutionary perspective is providing new insights and approaches to treatment. Evolutionary theory has recently been applied to such challenges as neonatal jaundice, otitis media, childhood asthma, allergies, infections such as HIV and sexually transmitted diseases, and cancer (for a review, see Trevathan et al2). During the past several decades, blood pressure has been considered in an evolutionary paradigm. In the present discussion, the current state of this work is summarized. The first portion addresses the question of how blood pressure, in general, and hypertension, in particular, fit into the concept of darwinian selection. The latter portion provides insights into understanding and studying hypertension in the context of evolutionary genetics. Natural selection reflects the observation made by Charles Darwin that individuals within a breeding population vary in their morphology and behavior and that these features are heritable. Not all members of a population contribute equal numbers of offspring to subsequent generations. There is an increase in the frequency of those traits that promote survival and reproduction from generation to generation.3 Today, it is understood that the passage of such “traits” is based on the interaction of genes and genotypes with the environment to produce specific phenotypes. Evolution can be observed as change “through time in gene frequencies.”4 There are 4 primary forces that alter gene frequencies through time. The most important is natural selection; the others are mutation, gene shift (flow), and gene drift (for reviews, see Endler5,6). For natural selection to …
Transient permeation of organic vapors through elastomeric membranes

The permeation of benzene and acetone vapors through sulfur-cured natural rubber was studied by the time-lag method. The experimental results were analyzed by a method suggested by Meares. The zero concentration diffusion coefficient D0 was obtained by the early-time method. The Frisch time-lag equation was utilized to estimate both the solubility coefficient s and the additional parameter b required to define the concentration dependence of the diffusion coefficient: D(c) = D0 exp {bc}. This form of concentration dependence was manifested by the corresponding permeability coefficient values. At low entering penetrant pressure, where the transport coefficients are constant, indirect evidence was obtained that D0 is the mechanistically correct diffusion coefficient. The solubility coefficient values calculated for benzene vapor in natural rubber are in reasonable agreement with published equilibrium sorption data for a similar rubber compound. At higher entering penetrant pressures, average diffusion coefficients obtained at steady state tended to be larger than the corresponding average diffusion coefficients derived from the time lags. This same effect has been detected by other experimental approaches. Permeation experiments designed for this rapid method of analysis appear capable of yielding information consistent with that obtained by more time-consuming traditional methods.
The Imprudence of the Vulnerable

Significant numbers of people believe that victims of violent crime are blameworthy in so far as they imprudently place themselves in dangerous situations. This belief is maintained and fuelled by ongoing social commentary. In this paper I describe a recent violent criminal case, as a foil against which I attempt to extract and refine the argument based on prudence that seems to support this belief. I then offer a moral critique of what goes wrong when this argument, continually repeated as social commentary, is left unchallenged. The effect of failing to challenge this repeated argument is the view, held by many, that the vulnerable are imprudent; indeed, they are believed negatively responsible (partly or wholly) for the violence wrought upon their person. My central claim is that public declarations of blame are morally problematic partly because they focus responsibility away from perpetrators, and partly because they harm vulnerable citizens who, as a result of internalising such public blame, suffer unnecessary constraints on their liberty.
A new plankton trap for use in the collection of rocky intertidal zooplankton

Intertidal energy levels historicallylight and nocturnal tidal cycles. Diurnal differences in taxon abundances suggest diurnal vertical migration. have precluded the use of conventional plankton sampling methods in rocky inshore habitats. A new sampling device (intertidal plankton trap) that exploits wave surge was used to determine the composition, distribution, and abundance patterns of zooplankton from the surf zone of a rocky shore habitat. On three separate dates, replicate traps were used to sample consecutive tides, concurrently at two locations, to assess diurnal differences in inshore zooplankton during daylight and nocturnal tidal cycles. Diurnal differences in taxon abundances suggest diurnal vertical migration.
Axis I Comorbidity in Body Dysmorphic Disorder

Although research on body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) has increased in recent years, this disorder's comorbidity has received little empirical attention. Further work in this area is needed, as it appears that most patients with BDD have at least one comorbid disorder. This study examined axis I comorbidity and clinical correlates of comorbidity in 293 patients with DSM-IV BDD, 175 of whom participated in a phenomenology study and 118 of whom participated in treatment studies of BDD. Subjects were evaluated with the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R (SCID-P) and a semistructured instrument to obtain information on clinical correlates. Comorbidity was common, with a mean of more than two lifetime comorbid axis I disorders in both the phenomenology and treatment groups. In both groups, the most common lifetime comorbid axis I disorders were major depression, social phobia, obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), and substance use disorders. Social phobia usually began before onset of BDD, whereas depression and substance use disorders typically developed after onset of BDD. A greater number of comorbid disorders was associated with greater functional impairment and morbidity in a number of domains. Thus, axis I comorbidity is common in BDD patients and associated with significant functional impairment.
Policy: The Inconspicuous Barrier to Expanding E-Learning in Community Colleges.

Based on regional and national perspectives developed by the Southern Regional Education Board (SREB), this chapter examines policy barriers to e-learning and related challenges community colleges must face if they are to create an open marketplace for e-learning.
Affective Aspects of Clinical Reasoning: Their Importance in Assessment of Behavioral Diagnoses in Medical Patients

Physicians' expectations of patients' behavior are de facto aspects of clinical reasoning. Yet, for the most part, these aspects are not included in the modern paradigm of clinical decision making, which presumes that physicians should decide only on a normative probabilistic logic. If diagnostic cues are equivocal, physicians are more likely to be affected by the doctor-patient encounter from which they derive their expectations about patients' compliance. Affective aspects of clinical reasoning are particularly important in evaluation of behavioral diagnoses which are often equivocal. Physicians' reasoning about patients' compliance with diagnostic testing and medical treatment was studied by questionnaires completed at the end of the office visits. The physicians' expectations of testing compliance were associated with a high percent of significant medical problems, more severe illness, younger patients, and junior resident staff. The expectation of non-compliance with treatment was associated with a l...
Motor impairment in sibling pairs concordant and discordant for autism spectrum disorders

Aim:Although motor impairment is frequently observed in children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD), the manner in which these impairments aggregate in families affected by autism is unknown. We used a standardized measure of motor proficiency to objectively examine quantitative variation in motor proficiency in sibling pairs concordant and discordant for ASD.Methods:Motor impairment of sibling pairs from 67 ASD-affected families comprising 29 concordant pairings and 48 discordant pairings were assessed using the Bruininks Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency, 2nd Edition, a standardized measure of motor proficiency.Results:Motor skills were substantially impaired among ASD-affected children and highly correlated with autistic severity and IQ, whereas motor skills in unaffected siblings were essentially normal. Total motor composite scores of at least one standard deviation below the general population mean were seen in 83% of the affected group compared with 6% in the unaffected siblings.Interpretation:...