cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Philosophical systems of weighting clinical performance in nursing

Abstract The purpose of this study was to make a study of the philosophical themes from nursing schools' philosophies in relation to their method of weighting grades for theory and clinical nursing practice to decide on the percentage boundaries that could be used for a reasonable scoring of course grades. Questionnaires were sent to thirty accredited schools of nursing, randomly chosen and of equal ratio, that is, ten questionnaires were sent to diploma schools, ten to associate degree programmes and ten to baccalaureate programmes. Twenty-three schools responded, and twenty of these schools sent their school bulletins together with their answered questionnaires. The returns were 76·66 per cent. As expected different nursing programmes utilized varied philosophical threads as aims in producing the kind of graduates that they respectively desired, hence bringing out differences among the graduates of these different kinds of programmes. This supported the findings of this study wherein three categories of philosophical threads or themes pertaining or involving evaluation and weighting of course grades were identified as follows: (1) skill oriented; (2) transitional from skill-oriented to leadership oriented; and (3) leadership oriented. This also further supported the finding which affirmed that the shift in the conceptual framework defined a boundary of nursing practice. The main conclusion that was drawn from the study was that the technical schools of nursing stated their philosophy in a more concrete form and therefore were able to make a more precise connection between their philosophical statements and the grading system. By contrast the baccalaureate programmes, having greater orientation to theoretical abstraction and intellectualization of concepts, had more tenuous connections between their philosophical statements and the quantification required by their grading system. The three-year programmes, being transitional, fell between the two extremes cited above.
Diurnal variations in inducibility of rat liver tyrosine aminotransferase activity.

Abstract The activity of tyrosine aminotransferase (TAT) was measured in the livers of rats which were entrained to eat for the first 2 hours of a daily 12 hour dark period (‘2+22’ schedule) and were treated with the synthetic glucocorticoid dexamethasone and with glucagon at several times of day. TAT activity in untreated animals varies diurnally with a maximum 4 to 6 hours after the beginning of feeding. In both fed and fasted rats there was a small diurnal variation in inducibility by dexamethasone: in fed rats induction was greatest near the beginning of the dark period, shortly after feeding; in fasted rats induction increased towards the end of the dark period. Glucagon induction showed a marked diurnal variation in fed rats with a decrease coincident with the decline in control TAT activity after its food-induced peak. This variation did not appear to be depemdent on food intake, however, since the decline in inducibility occurred in fasted rats at the same time as in fed rats. Co-treatment with dexamethasone did not affect the decrease in glucagon inducibility. The diurnal variation in TAT induction may reflect a diurnal rhythm in the components of the enzyme synthesizing system (e.g. in the availability of mRNA or in enzyme degradation).
On bounded solutions of differential inclusions in Banach spaces

Abstract Let X be a separable Banach space and t ϵ R+. We prove the existence and an asymptotic property of bounded solutions of the differential inclusion x (t) ϵ A(t)x(t) + F(t, x(t)) . The orientor field F(·,·) satisfies Caratheodory-type conditions and a regularity condition in terms of the Hausdorff measure of noncompactness β(·). In the process of proving our main theorem we also obtain some new results about measurable multifunctions of independent interest.
A survey of physical therapists' clinical practice patterns and adherence to clinical guidelines in the management of patients with whiplash associated disorders (WAD).

AbstractObjectives:To explore the clinical practice of physical therapists and examine adherence to clinical guidelines for treating patients with whiplash associated disorders (WAD).Methods:A cross-sectional electronic survey was sent to 1484 licensed physical therapists from the Orthopedic Section of the American Physical Therapy Association and the American Academy of Orthopedic Manual Physical Therapists. The survey included demographic data and two clinical vignettes describing patients with acute and chronic WAD. The chi-square test was used to analyze responses.Results:There were 291(19·6%) responses to the survey. Of those, 237 (81·4%) provided data for vignette 1 and 204 (70·1%) for vignette 2. One hundred and eighty (76·6%) respondents reported familiarity with evidence-based or clinical practice guidelines for treating patients with WAD. Of those, 71·5% (n = 128) indicated that they followed them more than 50% of the time. Therapists with an advanced certification were more likely to be familia...
An Audit of Lipid Management in Patients with Diabetes in an Academic Internal Medicine Practice

Background:There is increasing pressure from health insurers that clinicians meet nationally accepted standards of care for patients with diabetes. How quality improvement initiatives will be implemented in the ambulatory care setting remains unclear.Objective:To conduct an audit of lipoprotein management in patients with diabetes in a single academic internal medicine practice, using low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) as the primary measurement, and compare results to nationally reported data.Methods:A retrospective, cross-sectional study involving all patients with diabetes seen in an internal medicine faculty practice from January 1, 2004, to December 31, 2004, was performed. Data collected included results of lipid tests performed within the past year, medications to lower cholesterol, and markers of diabetes control.Results:Two hundred eight patients with diabetes were eligible for the study. Forty-two percent were at the LDL-C goal of less than 100 mg/dL. Sixty-five percent were taking a hy...
Molecular functions of the TLE tetramerization domain in Wnt target gene repression

Abstract Wnt signaling activates target genes by promoting association of the co‐activator β‐catenin with TCF/LEF transcription factors. In the absence of β‐catenin, target genes are silenced by TCF‐mediated recruitment of TLE/Groucho proteins, but the molecular basis for TLE/TCF‐dependent repression is unclear. We describe the unusual three‐dimensional structure of the N‐terminal Q domain of TLE1 that mediates tetramerization and binds to TCFs. We find that differences in repression potential of TCF/LEFs correlates with their affinities for TLE‐Q, rather than direct competition between β‐catenin and TLE for TCFs as part of an activation–repression switch. Structure‐based mutation of the TLE tetramer interface shows that dimers cannot mediate repression, even though they bind to TCFs with the same affinity as tetramers. Furthermore, the TLE Q tetramer, not the dimer, binds to chromatin, specifically to K20 methylated histone H4 tails, suggesting that the TCF/TLE tetramer complex promotes structural transitions of chromatin to mediate repression.
Status spongiosus of rat central nervous system induced by Actinomycin D

The effect on central myelin of Actinomycin D, an RNA — and, secondarily, a protein-synthesis inhibitor, has been studied by light and electron microscopy. The intracranial injection of this drug produced an extensivestatus spongiosus of the white matter in the cerebrum, cerebellum, brain stem and optic nerve within 48 h.
Performance of a polarized-hydrogen storage cell target

Abstract A storage cell has been constructed for use as an internal polarized gas target in the storage ring at the Indiana University Cyclotron Facility. The storage cell has thin teflon walls which allow for detection of low energy recoil particles. We report on nuclear polarization measurements of hydrogen atoms, produced by an atomic beam source, in this storage cell. The results indicate that a target polarization in excess of 0.70 is achieved. We discuss the design and construction details of a storage cell target and the polarization results which are based on low-energy pp spin correlation measurements using the University of Wisconsin tandem accelerator.
Hormonal and body size correlates of electrocommunication behavior during dyadic interactions in a weakly electric fish, Apteronotus leptorhynchus

Brown ghost knife fish, Apteronotus leptorhynchus, produce sexually dimorphic, androgen-sensitive electrocommunication signals termed chirps. The androgen regulation of chirping has been studied previously by administering exogenous androgens to females and measuring the chirping response to artificial electrical signals. The present study examined the production of chirps during dyadic interactions of fish and correlated chirp rate with endogenous levels of one particular androgen, 11-ketotestosterone (11KT). Eight males and four females were exposed to short-term (5-min) interactions in both same-sex and opposite-sex dyads. Twenty-four hours after all behavioral tests, fish were bled for determination of plasma 11KT levels. Males and females differed in both their production of chirps and their ability to elicit chirps from other fish: males chirped about 20-30 times more often than females and elicited 2-4 times as many chirps as females. Among males, chirp rate was correlated positively with plasma 11KT, electric organ discharge frequency, and body size. Combined with results from experimental manipulation of androgen levels, these results support the hypothesis that endogenous 11KT levels influence electrocommunication behavior during interactions between two male fish.
Thomas Vincent McEvilly (1934–2002)

On 22 February 2002, the seismological community lost one of its most engaging and distinguished members, Thomas McEvilly (or Tom as he was known to all), professor emeritus of geophysics at the University of California, Berkeley He was undergoing treatment at St. Anthony's Medical Center in St. Louis, the city of his birth. McEvilly was an AGU Fellow, and a member of the Seismology Section (1957). His contributions to geophysics ranged widely particularly in seismology. His many publications investigated, among other topics, seismic crustal profiling, earthquake source properties, test-ban treaty verification methods, earthquake prediction, and seismographic instrumentation. He was also a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and an honorary member of the Seismological Society of America. McEvilly served on many scientific advisory committees for government, university and professional organizations, including UNESCO, the National Science Foundation, the U.S. Geological Survey and the Department of Energy he also held the notable position of chairman of the Committee of Seismology of the National Academy of Science/National Research Council from 1981 to 1983.
Strategies for implementing unmanned labs

In 1999, Computing & Communications had one full-time lab supervisor on the main Pocatello campus and over 70 student employees to staff ALL of its 14 facilities on 4 campuses. Plans were also underway to (1) expand the size and number of stations in the existing labs, (2) add a new drop-in lab, (3) increase the number of Kiosks and (4) provide support to the increasing number of departmental computer labs.Academic Computing was faced with needing to allocate more resources to faculty research while the Help Desk, a separate entity at the time, was planning an expansion to handle the growing demand for telephone, walk-in and desktop support.Increasing fees was not an option nor was there a budget to add full-time or student staff. So we reviewed options that would utilize existing staffing resources more effectively without adversely impacting customer service.The end result was selecting computer labs that could move from a manned environment to an unmanned environment, allocating the student hours freed from doing so to other growth areas within Computing & Communications.The end result was selecting computer labs that could move from a manned environment to an unmanned environment, allocating the student hours freed from doing so to other growth areas within Computing & Communications.
Valued life activity disability played a significant role in self-rated health among adults with chronic health conditions.

Abstract Objective Because self-rated health (SRH) is strongly associated with health outcomes, it is important to identify factors that individuals take into account when they assess their health. We examined the role of valued life activities (VLAs), the wide range of activities deemed to be important to individuals, in SRH assessments. Study Design and Setting Data were from three cohort studies of individuals with different chronic conditions—rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Each cohort's data were collected through structured telephone interviews. Logistic regression analyses identified factors associated with ratings of fair/poor SRH. All analyses included sociodemographic characteristics, general and disease-specific health-related factors, and general measures of physical functioning. Results Substantial portions of each group rated their health as fair/poor (RA 37%, SLE 47%, COPD 40%). In each group, VLA disability was strongly associated with fair/poor health (RA: OR = 4.44 [1.86,10.62]; SLE: OR = 3.60 [2.10,6.16]; COPD: OR = 2.76 [1.30,5.85]), even after accounting for covariates. Conclusion VLA disability appears to play a substantial role in individual perceptions of health, over and above other measures of health status, disease symptoms, and general physical functioning.
The 1963–65 eruption of Irazú volcano, Costa Rica (the period of March 1963 to October 1964)

The 1963–65 eruption of Irazu, like all others of this volcano during the historic period, produced only ash and other fragmental ejecta without lava. The initial outbreak on March 13, 1963 started with a series of great explosions that hurled out much ash, blocks, and bombs, but the activity soon settled down to alternating periods of explosive cruptions and quiet emission of steam.
Sequence and organization of genes encoding enzymes involved in pyruvate metabolism in Mycoplasma capricolum.

The region of the genome of Mycoplasma capricolum upstream of the portion encompassing the genes for Enzymes I and IIAglc of the phosphoenolpyruvate:sugar phosphotransferase system (PTS) was cloned and sequenced. Examination of the sequence revealed open reading frames corresponding to numerous genes involved with the oxidation of pyruvate. The deduced gene organization is naox (encoding NADH oxidase)-lplA (encoding lipoate-protein ligase)-odpA (encoding pyruvate dehydrogenase EI alpha)-odpB (encoding pyruvate dehydrogenase EI beta)-odp2(encoding pyruvate dehydrogenase EII)-dldH (encoding dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase)-pta (encoding phosphotransacetylase)-ack (encoding acetate kinase)-orfA (an unknown open reading frame)-kdtB-ptsI-crr. Analysis of the DNA sequence suggests that the naox and lplA genes are part of a single operon, odpA and odpB constitute an additional operon, odp2 and dldH a third operon, and pta and ack an additional transcription unit. Phylogenetic analyses of the protein products of the odpA and odpB genes indicate that they are most similar to the corresponding proteins from Mycoplasma genitalium, Acholeplasma laidlawii, and Gram-positive organisms. The product of the odp2 gene contains a single lipoyl domain, as is the case with the corresponding proteins from M. genitalium and numerous other organisms. An evolutionary tree places the M. capricolum odp2 gene product in close relationship to the corresponding proteins from A. laidlawii and M.genitalium. The dldH gene encodes an unusual form of dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase that contains an aminoterminal extension corresponding to a lipoyl domain, a property shared by the corresponding proteins from Alcaligenes eutrophus and Clostridium magnum. Aside from that feature, the protein is related phylogenetically to the corresponding proteins from A. laidlawii and M. genitalium. The phosphotransacetylase from M. capricolum is related most closely to the corresponding protein from M. genitalium and is distinguished easily from the enzymes from Escherichia coli and Haemophilus influenzae by the absence of the characteristic amino-terminal extension. The acetate kinase from M. capricolum is related evolutionarily to the homologous enzyme from M. genitalium. Map position comparisons of genes encoding proteins involved with pyruvate metabolism show that, whereas all the genes are clustered in M. capricolum, they are scattered in M. genitalium.
The new critique of anti-consequentialist moral theory

Partisan des principes rigoureux de la theorie morale Kantienne, l'A. essaie de repondre aux arguments d'utilitarisme et d'anti-consequentalisme (Sh.Kagan, T.M.Scanlon, Fr.Howard-Snyder et autres) affirmant que les contraintes morales ne sont pas rationnellement justifiees.
Partitioning of Polymers into Pores near the Critical Adsorption Point

We have examined the critical adsorption transition for a nonreversible random walk chain (NRRW) and a self-avoiding walk chain (SAW) at the surface and have identified the critical adsorption point. We then examine the partition coefficient of a NRRW chain and a SAW chain confined in a slit with two adsorbing walls near the critical adsorption point. For a NRRW chain, the partition coefficient at the critical adsorption point is equal to one and is independent of the chain length. This property has been utilized in the liquid chromatography operated at the critical adsorption point (LCCAP). For a SAW chain, however, the partition coefficient at the critical adsorption point K er is greater than one and is dependent on the chain length and slit width. This confirms the experimental observation of a weak chain length dependence of the partition coefficient at the critical point. Moreover, the study found that K er for a SAW scales with (R g0 /D 2 ) to a first-order approximation where R g0 is the radius of the gyration of the unconfined chain in the dilute solution and D is the slit width.
Dietrich Bonhoeffer’s Relevance for Post-Holocaust Christian Theology

The Protestant theologian and resistance figure Dietrich Bonhoeffer is often portrayed as a hero of the Holocaust, particularly in popular films and literature. Much of the academic literature also assumes a clear relationship between his concern for the Jewish victims of Nazism, his theology, and his participation in the German resistance. A counter-narrative exists, however, which focuses on the anti-Judaism in his writings and contends that a heroic portrait of Bonhoeffer is simplistic and that Bonhoeffer’s significance for post-Holocaust thought is tenuous at best. A key problem here is the volume and complexity of the relevant historical and theological material. The thesis of this essay is that only an in-depth understanding of his theology as a dialogue with the historical complexities of his times can offer insights into his potential contribution to post-Holocaust thought. This essay will review the most salient theological and historical points, focusing on two often overlooked topics: 1) his actual role not only in the German resistance but in the larger ecumenical resistance network that helped Jews across Europe and 2) his own very concrete reflections on guilt, leading to his conviction of the necessity for a different self-understanding among Christians â and a different kind of Christianity â in a post-Nazi world. His experience under Nazism and in the resistance led to a radical reformulation of Christian identity that may be relevant for post-Holocaust theology.
Gastric emptying of ingested 0.15 M NaCl solution by rats with thirst and/or salt appetite.

Recent studies have indicated that salt appetite elicited by daily systemic treatment with deoxycorticosterone (DOCA) in rats is inhibited by two variables, one related to the concentration of the ingested saline solution and the other related to its volume. In the present experiments, the concentration of NaCl solution was held constant at 0.15 M NaCl but the basis for fluid consumption was varied. Specifically, rats were allowed to drink isotonic saline after receiving one of several treatments: DOCA, bilateral adrenalectomy, overnight water deprivation (WD), WD in DOCA-treated rats, and WD in rats maintained on sodium-deficient diet for 9 days. Each group of rats drank saline at a similar rate (∼1.8 ml/min), and the different amounts consumed in an initial bout reflected differences in bout duration. Gastric emptying of the ingested saline was similar across the five groups, too; despite intakes of up to 20 ml, only 3–6 ml of saline were retained in the stomach while the rest emptied into the small intestine. Fluid movement in the intestine, intestinal distension, and fluid absorption each increased similarly as a function of intestinal fluid volume. In addition, the linear relation between gastrointestinal (GI) fill and intake was identical across groups. These results indicate that the fate of ingested saline in the GI tract is not noticeably influenced by the current water or Na + needs of the animal. In other words, need influences ingestive behavior but not the physiological consequences of fluid ingestion in the GI tract. Supported by NIH Grant MH-25140.
CONTINUANCE COMMITMENT IN LOW-STATUS OCCUPATIONS: THE COCKTAIL WAITRESS

A description and analysis of the work of the cocktail waitress as an example of low-status occupations are reported using an interactionist framework. A processual view of continuance commitment i...
PROBING SINGLE CHARGES BY SCANNING FORCE MICROSCOPY

The scanning force microscopy is used to charge insulating films locally and to monitor the decay thereafter. On Si3N4 films the charge decay shows up as a discontinuous staircase, demonstrating single charge carrier resolution. The decay is controlled by thermionic emission. The smallest charge amount transferred into a PMMA film was only one or two electrons. The imaged charge area showed no broadening with time, indicating that the excess carriers are immobile.
Isoprenoid Precursor Biosynthesis Is the Essential Metabolic Role of the Apicoplast during Gametocytogenesis in Plasmodium falciparum

The malaria parasite harbors a relict plastid called the apicoplast and its discovery opened a new avenue for drug discovery and development due to its unusual, nonmammalian metabolism. The apicoplast is essential during the asexual intraerythrocytic and hepatic stages of the parasite, and there is strong evidence supporting its essential metabolic role during the mosquito stages of the parasite. Supply of the isoprenoid building blocks isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) and dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP) is the essential metabolic function of the apicoplast during the asexual intraerythrocytic stages. However, the metabolic role of the apicoplast during gametocyte development, the malaria stages transmitted to the mosquito, remains unknown. In this study, we showed that production of IPP for isoprenoid biosynthesis is the essential metabolic function of the apicoplast during gametocytogenesis, by obtaining normal gametocytes lacking the apicoplast when supplemented with IPP. When IPP supplementation was removed early in gametocytogenesis, developmental defects were observed, supporting the essential role of isoprenoids for normal gametocytogenesis. Furthermore, mosquitoes infected with gametocytes lacking the apicoplast developed fewer and smaller oocysts that failed to produce sporozoites. This finding further supports the essential role of the apicoplast in establishing a successful infection in the mosquito vector. Our study supports isoprenoid biosynthesis as a valid drug target for development of malaria transmission-blocking inhibitors.
An Estimate of Systematic Error and Uncertainty in Surface Cyclone Analysis over the North Pacific Ocean: Some Forecasting Implications

Abstract The systematic error and uncertainty of surface analyses produced by the National Meteorological Center (NMC) over the North Pacific Ocean is estimated. Differences in cyclone position, central pressure, and 12-h deepening rate between an operational manual analysis for the Northern Hemisphere (NH) and the automated initial analysis for the aviation run (AVN) of NMC's Global Forecast Model are compared, and their statistical significance is judged. The AVN central pressures are, on average, 2.2 mb higher than the NH values. The AVN initial maps underestimate cyclone intensity at all central pressures values, but the error is biggest (3.9 mb) for deep systems (central pressures ≤980 mb). The absolute displacement error averages 210 km with standard deviation of 200 km. Position errors are largest for weak systems (central pressures ≥1000 mb), averaging 300 km and being more than double the 140 km value for deep lows. The aggregate mean vector displacement of 10 km is negligible. Cyclone positions ...
Analytic approximation to p-nucleus hadron production

A heuristic Glauber model of semi-inclusive p-nucleus hadron production (pA..-->..hX) is analytically approximated and an expression for the Cronin et al. ..cap alpha..(p/sub perpendicular/) parameter derived. The p/sub perpendicular/ dependence of ..cap alpha..(p/sub perpendicular/) is shown to follow explicitly from the p/sub perpendicular/ dependence of the corresponding two-body cross section. In particular the qualitative behavior of ..cap alpha.. measured by Cronin et al. is seen to be a consequence of the power-law behavior of the two-body cross section.
Measurement of air cell distributions in dairy foams

Abstract Air cell size distributions in two foamed dairy products, whipped cream and ice cream, were measured by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and an optical light microscopy technique. Air cells in whipped cream were studied at 4°C, whereas air cells in ice cream were measured at draw temperature (−6°C). Both methods gave similar results for these aerated products. The mean air cell size for whipped cream was 29.3 μm as measured by optical microscopy, whereas SEM gave a mean size of 26.7 μm. For ice cream, mean air cell size from optical microscopy was 20.2 μm, and 19.6 μm for SEM. In ice cream, mean size increased to 40.0 μm after hardening and storage at −15°C. Measured overruns were within 5% of the overruns calculated from the air cell size distributions, indicating that the majority of air cells were counted with these techniques.
Current perspectives on Kawasaki disease

The etiology of Kawasaki disease (KD) remains unknown despite several years of dedicated research in this direction. Recently coronavirus infection and genetic polymorphisms have been implicated. Since first description of the disease there have been few changes in the diagnostic criteria except for newer recommendations of fever of at least 4 instead of 5 days duration. Recently, Echocardiography Criteria and Laboratory Criteria have been added to aid in the diagnosis of incomplete KD where all the historical diagnostic criteria are not present; this is now called the “incomplete form of KD” as opposed to “atypical form of KD”. The word “atypical” is reserved for unusual presentations of KD such as those with hemophagocytic syndrome or nerve palsy. The treatment of KD includes infusion of high dose immunoglobulin. Patients nonresponsive to immunoglobulin therapy are labeled as having “immunoglobulin resistant KD”. The treatment of immunoglobulin resistant KD can be challenging and new therapies that have tried with some success. Late outcomes after 4 decades of treating these patients have recently been published. There has been some concern about increased risk for premature atherosclerosis in patients with childhood KD who had coronary artery abnormalities.
Cognitive and behavioral self-control strategies: Applications for the clinical management of adult stutterers

Abstract A model of therapy for adult stutterers which emphasizes the role of cognition in mediating the conditions for behavioral change is described. The philosophy of the program along with the specific forms and effects of several self-control strategies are discussed in relation to: (1) expectancy formation and the attainment of goals; (2) speech modification procedures; (3) transference of clinical gains; and (4) assessment of results. The use of cognitive restructuring procedures, self-instructional strategies, imagery and other coping skills for the management of speech-related stress is outlined. The importance of developing self-management and self-monitoring programs that clients may use in ongoing confrontations with real-life problems is emphasized in defining responsible behavior and the responsibility for change.
Uncertainty analysis of chamber-derived incremental reactivity estimates for n-butyl acetate and 2-butoxy ethanol

Abstract This study examines uncertainties in the calculated ozone-forming potentials of two oxygenated organic compounds for which environmental chamber data are available to test the chemical mechanisms used. For 2-butoxy ethanol, kinetic and product data are available for most reaction pathways, while for n-butyl acetate, only kinetic and environmental chamber data are available. The analysis accounts for uncertainties in the parameters of the compounds’ mechanisms that are adjusted to fit environmental chamber data, as well as in the parameters of the base SAPRC-97 chemical mechanism used to calculate the incremental reactivities. Uncertainties in the conditions of the chamber experiments are taken into account when deriving the uncertainty contributions of the parameters adjusted to fit chamber data. The results indicate that uncertainties in the reactivity estimates for 2-butoxy ethanol are lower than those estimated previously for many other emitted organic compounds, while those for n-butyl acetate are comparatively high. The parameters of the two compounds’ mechanisms that are derived from chamber experiments contribute at most about 7% of the uncertainty in their incremental reactivities. The availability of OH radical rate constant data is estimated to reduce the uncertainty in the relative maximum incremental reactivities (MIRs) for these compounds by 20–30%. Mechanistic and chamber data are estimated to reduce the uncertainty in the relative MIR of 2-butoxy ethanol by an additional ∼16%, but the available chamber data are estimated to reduce the uncertainty in the relative MIR of n-butyl acetate by only ∼3%. These results are based on subjective estimates of uncertainties in our ability to estimate mechanistic parameters and rate constants when no data are available.
Naturalistic study designs in samples with refractory pain: advantages and limitations.

Chronic headaches are amongst the most disabling of medical conditions. Whilst the disability associated with the majority of persons with headache disorders can be modified effectively with a combination of prophylactic medications (e.g., anti-depressants, beta blockers, and anti-convulsants), pre-emptive medications (e.g., triptans) and acute treatments (e.g., NSAIDs, neuroleptics, short-acting opioids, etc.), a significant minority of patients continue to be disabled by severe headaches despite access to good medical care. These patients frequently suffer from psychiatric co-morbidity and psychosocial dysfunction, both caused by pain and its life consequences and also contributing to functional morbidity and costs of care. When conventional treatments fail, often these refractory cases are referred to a pain clinic. They deserve our attention. Refractory, complicated patients are seldom studied for their response to non-medical, psychological treatments. The lack of such studies in this population is understandable and related to the notion that a single treatment will be more likely to demonstrate efficacy if potential confounders are eliminated. Investigators prefer uncomplicated, biomedically homogeneous samples to test the efficacy of a behavioral intervention against placebo treatment and/or against a specific medication treatment. Thus, studies thus far have yielded little information about the effects of cognitive behavioral interventions for more problematic cases of headache that have failed standard medication treatment. In the trenches of daily clinical care, these are the cases that cause the most distress (and expense!). Nash and colleagues in this issue of Pain Medicine [1] describe a prospective cohort study of the impact of a cognitive behavioral group intervention on a sample of refractory patients. Their data suggest that even refractory patients may benefit. They are to be …
The Unemployment Effects of Proposed Changes in Social Security's “Normal Retirement Age”

This paper identifies and analyzes an inherent conflict between some proposed U. S. Social Security reform measures, which would encourage delayed retirement decisions, and the objective of minimizing the economy's unemployment rate. Using recent demographic trends in the age composition of the U.S. labor force, the study suggests that such proposed U.S. Social Security reform measures may actually increase the economy's unemployment rate. It concludes that measures to encourage older workers would relieve labor market pressures (while also helping the Social Security system) if and only if unemployment was persistently near the non-accelerating inflation rate of unemployment (NAIRU). However, in an economy with above NAIRU unemployment, which has been the case most often in recent years, the opposite Social Security policy logic would apply.
Interferon Production by Nonviral Stimuli of Microbial Origin

An increasing number of nonviral materials of microbial origin has been reported to stimulate the production of interferon in cell cultures and (or) in animals. These materials include (a) gram-negative bacteria or the endotoxins prepared from their cell walls, (b) other microorganisms such as Rickettsiae, Bedsoniae, Protozoa, and (c) fungal products such as a mannan from Candida and various antibiotics which act as protein synthesis inhibitors, e.g., glutarimide antibiotics and tenuazonic acid. A summary is presented of the current state of knowledge about interferon production in animals by the most thoroughly studied nonviral substance of microbial origin, bacterial endotoxin. Further evidence is presented which clearly distinguishes the "endotoxin-type" of interferon response in animals from the response seen after the injection of virus. The data suggest that the release of preformed interferon from the tissues occurs in animals injected with endotoxin. On the other hand, interferon produced in response to the injection of virus is newly synthesized protein. While the exact chemical structure of the component of bacterial endotoxin responsible for interferon release has not yet been elucidated, it is clear that the lipid portion of the lipopolysaccharide, rather than the O-specific polysaccharide side chains or the core polysaccharide, is the active moiety.
Solar flair: An open-road challenge

Imagine that you've been working on a student project team for two years. You've made many friends and together you are about to finish an 11-day, 2,500-mile trek from Austin, Texas, USA, to Calgary, Alberta, Canada, on photons alone. Over those two years your team has sacrificed much to design, build, develop, and now race a solar electric-drive vehicle. The race has been grueling, but now you see people lining the road and cheering you on those final few miles. This is a student project--are these just friends and families? The deeper you get into Calgary, the bigger the crowds. Flags are hoisted and banners wave. Someone says the crowd estimate is 35,000 strong. Finally, you near Olympic Park, cross the finish line, and the massive celebration begins. You are the North American Solar Car (NASC) champions! Sound like fantasy? No, this is reality. This is open-road solar car racing.
Is there a role for gastric accommodation and satiety in asymptomatic obese people

KIM, DOE-YOUNG, MICHAEL CAMILLERI, JOSEPH A. MURRAY, DEBRA A. STEPHENS, JAMES A. LEVINE, AND DUANE D. BURTON. Is there a role for gastric accommodation and satiety in asymptomatic obese people? Obes Res. 2001;9:655-661. Objective: The relationships of gastric accommodation and satiety in moderately obese individuals are unclear. We hypothesized that obese people had increased gastric accommodation and reduced postprandial satiety. The objective of this study was to compare gastric accommodation and satiety between obese and non-obese asymptomatic subjects. Research Methods and Procedures: In 13 obese (body mass index [BMI] $ 30 kg/m 2 ; mean BMI, 37.0 6 4.9 kg/m 2 ) and 19 non-obese control subjects (BMI , 30 kg/ m 2 ; mean BMI, 26.2 6 2.9 kg/m 2 ), we used single photon emission computed tomography to measure fasting and postprandial gastric volumes and expressed the accommodation response as the ratio of postprandial/fasting volumes. The satiety test measured maximum tolerable volume of ingestion of liquid nutrient meal (Ensure) and symptoms 30 minutes after cessation of ingestion. Results: Total fasting and postprandial gastric volumes and the ratio of postprandial/fasting gastric volume were not different between asymptomatic obese and control subjects. However, the fasting volume of the distal stomach was greater in obese than in control subjects. Maximum tolerable volume of ingested Ensure and aggregate symptom score 30 minutes later were also not different between obese and control subjects. Discussion: Asymptomatic obese individuals (within the BMI range of 32.6 to 48 kg/m 2 ) did not show either increased postprandial gastric accommodation or reduced satiety. These data suggest that gastric accommodation is unlikely to provide an important contribution to development of moderate obesity.
Bubble Motion in Aqueous Surfactant Solutions.

This paper presents the results of numerical simulations of the unsteady motion of a single bubble that is released or injected into water. The governing equations are solved with a finite difference method using an adaptive boundary-fitted coordinate system. Results are shown for bubbles in the size range 0.72 to 1.5 mm. The effects of surfactants on the motion and shape of the bubble are investigated. When the surfactant concentration is sufficiently small, the bubble attains a maximum velocity before slowing down to its steady-state velocity. Although the steady-state velocity is nearly independent of surfactant concentration, the maximum velocity can be comparable to steady-state velocity in pure water. This behavior is observed even when the bubble is allowed to equilibrate prior to releasing it. The formation of an immobilized surfactant cap is observed soon after the bubble is released. The effect of the injection velocity on the bubble velocity profile is investigated. The effects of the sorption rate constants and the bulk surfactant concentration on the behavior of the bubble are investigated. The feasibility of using experimental measurements and simulations of unsteady bubble velocities to estimate sorption rate constants is discussed.
Models of elemental assimilation by invertebrates

Abstract Several mathematical models of elemental assimilation by invertebrates are suggested as alternatives to the standard two-compartment approach. These models eliminate the assumptions of instantaneous assimilation and instantaneous gut transit, but with the consequent loss of mathematical simplicity and ease of parameter estimation.
Prevalence and Risk Factors for Insomnia in Breast Cancer Survivors Receiving Aromatase Inhibitors.

Purpose: Insomnia is increasingly recognized as a major symptom outcome in oncology; however, its prevalence and risk factors have not been previously defined in women receiving aromatase inhibitors (AI) for breast cancer.Patients and Methods: We performed a cross-sectional analysis of a cohort of postmenopausal women with stage 0-III breast cancer receiving adjuvant AI therapy at an outpatient breast oncology clinic at a large university hospital. The validated Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) was the primary outcome (Cronbach9s alpha of 0.91 in this population). According to ISI, Insomnia was categorized as: no clinically significant insomnia, 0-7; sub-threshold insomnia 8-14; clinical insomnia (moderate severity), 15-12; clinical insomnia (severe), 22-28. We defined anyone who had clinical insomnia with a score of 15 or above. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to assess risk factor(s).Results: 367 patients have been analyzed, with a mean age of 61.6 +/- 10 years. 83.6% were White and 12.9% Black. While 124 (34.1%) had sub-threshold insomnia, 67 (18.4%) met criteria for clinical insomnia based on ISI: 58 (15.9%) for clinically moderate insomnia and 9 (2.5%) clinically severe insomnia. Of the entire sample, 31% considered seeking treatment for insomnia over the previous month. In a multivariate logistic regression model, clinical insomnia was independently associated with current joint pain (odds ratio [OR], 4.41, 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.17-8.96, p Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(24 Suppl):Abstract nr 1062.
Adolescent Dating Violence: Supports and Barriers in Accessing Services

The purpose of this literature review is to describe the state of the science on teen dating violence (TDV) research identifying support and barriers in accessing services. This review will help identify gaps in dating violence (DV) research and inform secondary and tertiary prevention services, as well as ways that these could be integrated into comprehensive primary prevention efforts. This review was conducted via electronic search through CINAHL, PubMed, and PsychINFO. Results show a serious lack of research in the content area and the importance of increasing research efforts in discovering supports for accessing DV services is emphasized.
Liquid chromatographic evaluation of purine production in the donor human heart during transplantation

A reversed phase high performance liquid chromatographic technique is presented allowing purine catabolite determination in a whole blood extract without a prior purification step. The method was applied to determine the timing and the profile of myocardial nucleotide catabolite release during reperfusion of the transplanted human heart. Samples of arterial and coronary sinus blood collected at various times within 1 h after aortic declamping during heart or heart-lung transplantations were used for nucleotide catabolite determination. Massive release of inosine and hypoxanthine from the heart was demonstrated. Production of adenosine was also shown but there was no liberation of xanthine or uric acid. Nucleotide catabolite release was greatest in the first 5 min (coronary sinus-arterial difference = 15-20 microM), but was still significant after 30 min of reperfusion. The determination of inosine and hypoxanthine--major catabolites released--was found to be reproducible in coronary sinus blood (coefficient of variation < 10%). However, immediate protein precipitation afer blood sample collection was necessary, as rapid metabolism of both exogenous and endogenous adenosine and inosine was demonstrated.
Reducing the Costs of Bounded-Exhaustive Testing

Bounded-exhaustive testing is an automated testing methodology that checks the code under test for all inputs within given bounds: first the user describes a set of test inputs and provides test oracles that check test outputs; then the tool generates all the inputs, executes them on the code under test, and checks the outputs; and finally the user inspects failing tests to submit bug reports. The costs of bounded-exhaustive testing include machine time for test generation and execution (which translates into human time waiting for these results) and human time for inspection of results. This paper proposes three techniques that reduce these costs. Sparse Test Generation skips some tests to reduce the time to the first failing test. Structural Test Merging generates a smaller number of larger test inputs (rather than a larger number of smaller test inputs) to reduce test generation and execution time. Oracle-based Test Clustering groups failing tests to reduce the inspection time. Results obtained from the bounded-exhaustive testing of the Eclipse refactoring engine show that these three techniques can substantially reduce the costs while mostly preserving fault-detection capability.
Targeted base substitutions and small deletions induced by neocarzinostatin at the APRT locus in plateau-phase CHO cells

Treatment of confluence-arrested CHO-D422 cells for 48 h with low concentrations (0.5-3 nM) of the radiomimetic antibiotic neocarzinostatin resulted in an increase in up to 11-fold in the frequency of mutations at the hemizygous APRT locus. Analysis by PCR and DNA sequencing revealed that the mutations were a mixture of base substitutions, small deletions, and large-scale rearrangements. base substitutions occurred preferentially at sequence positions where the drug is known to produce abasic sites with closely opposed strand breaks, e.g., AGT, TGT and AGC, where the abasic site occurs at the underlined base and the strand break occurs opposite the first base in each triplet. These results suggest that the substitutions were produced by replicative bypass of the abasic sites, perhaps during attempted repair of the accompanying strand break. Single-base deletions, which comprised nearly half of all deletions, were targeted to these same sequence positions, suggesting that they may have been generated either by replicative bypass of the abasic sites, or by end-joining repair of double-strand breaks, which are induced the same sites. Quantitative analysis of neocarzinostatin-induced damage to APRT DNA in vitro confirmed the association between lesions involving concommitant damage to both DNA strands, and mutations. The results are consistent the hypothesis that agents which induce such bistranded DNA damage can produce biologically significant levels of mutagenesis even in nondividing cells.
The redundant aminotransferases in lysine and arginine synthesis and the extent of aminotransferase redundancy in Escherichia coli.

Summary Aminotransferases can be redundant or promiscuous, but the extent and significance of these properties is not known in any organism, even in Escherichia coli. To determine the extent of redundancy, it was first necessary to identify the redundant aminotrans- ferases in arginine and lysine synthesis, and then complement all aminotransferase-deficient mutants with genes for all aminotransferases. The enzymes with N-acetylornithine aminotransferase (ACOAT) activity in arginine synthesis were ArgD, AstC, GabT and PuuE; the major anaerobic ACOAT was ArgD. The major enzymes with N-succinyl-L,L-diaminopimelate aminotransferase (SDAP-AT) activity in lysine synthe- sis were ArgD, AstC, and SerC. Seven other ami- notransferases, when overproduced, complemented the defect in a triple mutant. Lysine availability did not regulate synthesis of the major SDAP-ATs. Comple- mentation analysis of mutants lacking aminotrans- ferases showed that the SDAP-ATs and alanine aminotransferases were exceptionally redundant, and it is proposed that this redundancy may ensure peptidoglycan synthesis. An overview of all ami- notransferase reactions indicates that redundancy and broad specificity are common properties of aminotransferases.