cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
New developments in electrochemical infrared spectroscopy: adlayer structures of carbon monoxide on monocrystalline metal electrodes

Abstract Coverage- and electrode potential-dependent infrared spectra for carbon monoxide on low-index platinum- and rhodium-aqueous interfaces are examined alongside related data for the corresponding metal-uhv interfaces in order to compare the CO adlayer structures in these two types of surface environment. Broadly speaking, the electrochemical systems display a greater propensity for bridging versus terminal CO coordination, especially at the lowest electrode potentials and smallest coverages. These findings can be understood largely in terms of the differences in surface potential between the electrochemical and uhv systems together with the influence of water and/or hydrogen coadsorption in the former case. The formation of extensive CO domains (“islands”) during adiayer electrooxidation, which are largely absent during CO adsorption, is deduced from dipole coupling measurements using 12CO/13CO mixtures. The substantial shifts in CO site occupancy in the presence of coadsorbed Bi is also noted. Some implications of the adlayer structures to electrooxidation kinetics are pointed out. The charge-dependent properties of soluble high-nuclearity platinum carbonyl clusters are briefly noted in relation to the behavior of electrosorbed CO.
Analysis of Appropriateness of Outpatient CT and MRI Referred From Primary Care Clinics at an Academic Medical Center: How Critical Is the Need for Improved Decision Support?

Purpose The aim of this study was to retrospectively analyze a large group of CT and MRI examinations for appropriateness using evidence-based guidelines. Methods The authors reviewed medical records from 459 elective outpatient CT and MR examinations from primary care physicians. Evidence-based appropriateness criteria from a radiology benefit management company were used to determine if the examination would have met criteria for approval. Submitted clinical history at the time of interpretation and clinic notes and laboratory results preceding the date of the imaging study were examined to simulate a real-time consultation with the referring provider. The radiology reports and subsequent clinic visits were analyzed for outcomes. Results Of the 459 examinations reviewed, 284 (62%) were CT and 175 (38%) were MRI. Three hundred forty-one (74%) were considered appropriate, and 118 (26%) were not considered appropriate. Examples of inappropriate examinations included brain CT for chronic headache, lumbar spine MR for acute back pain, knee or shoulder MRI in patients with osteoarthritis, and CT for hematuria during a urinary tract infection. Fifty-eight percent of the appropriate studies had positive results and affected subsequent management, whereas only 24% of inappropriate studies had positive results and affected management. Conclusion A high percentage of examinations not meeting appropriateness criteria and subsequently yielding negative results suggests a need for tools to help primary care physicians improve the quality of their imaging decision requests. In the current environment, which stresses cost containment and comparative effectiveness, traditional radiology benefit management tools are being challenged by clinical decision support, with an emphasis on provider education coupled with electronic order entry systems.
The diazotization of 1-aminophenazine

An investigation of why 1-aminophenazine fails to form a diazonium salt which will couple with β-naphthol revealed that the phenazine-1-diazonium cation reacts rapidly with water to give l-diazo-2(lH)phenazinone (1), whose coupling ability has been demonstrated to be very weak. A similar reaction occurred with 2-aminophenazine.
Once-a-week rosuvastatin (2.5 to 20 mg) in patients with a previous statin intolerance.

The purpose of this study was to determine the efficacy of rosuvastatin dosed once a week in patients with a previous statin adverse event. Rosuvastatin once a week was tolerated by 37 (74%) of the 50 study participants, with doses ranging from 2.5 mg to 20 mg a week (mean 10 ± 4 mg). Patients tolerating the once-a-week regimen experienced a 17% reduction in total cholesterol, 23% reduction in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, 12% reduction in triglycerides, and a 5% increase in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (all p
Septal Perforator Artery Angioplasty: The Advantage of Application of an Ultralow-Profile Balloon System— A Case History

Coronary artery disease can affect the septal perforator arteries and cause clinical sequelae, including angina, infarction of the interventricular septum, arrhythmias, and congestive heart failure. However, the size and the course of the septal perforator arteries significantly differ from those of the major epicardial coronary vessels. These anatomic features present certain technical challenges for angioplasty of the septal arteries. This case demonstrates that application of an ultralow-profile balloon-over-the-wire system can meet the specific requirements of septal artery angioplasty and achieve adequate results.
Control of the iridium oxidation state in the hollandite iridate solid solution K(1-x)Ir4O8.

The synthesis and physical properties of the K(1-x)Ir4O8 (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.7) solid solution are reported. The structure of KIr4O8, solved with single-crystal X-ray diffraction at T = 110 K, is found to be tetragonal, space group I4/m, with a = 10.0492(3) A and c = 3.14959(13) A. A highly anisotropic displacement parameter is found for the potassium cation. Density functional theory calculations suggest that this anisotropy is due to a competition between atomic size and bond valence. KIr4O8 has a significant electronic contribution to the specific heat, γ = 13.9 mJ mol-Ir(-1) K(-2), indicating an effective carrier mass of m*/me ≈ 10. Further, there is a magnetic-field-dependent upturn in the specific heat at T < 3 K, suggestive of a magnetically sensitive phase transition below T < 1.8 K. Resistivity and magnetization measurements show that both end-members of the solid solution, KIr4O8 and K(1-x)Ir4O8 (x ≈ 0.7), are metallic, with no significant trends in the temperature-independent contributions to the magnetization. These results are interpreted and discussed in the context of the importance of the variability of the oxidation state of iridium. The differences in physical properties between members of the K(1-x)Ir4O8 (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.7) series are small and appear to be insensitive to the iridium oxidation state.
Surface Roughness in Kinetic Growth with Diffusion

The evolution of surface roughness in kinetic growth with diffusion is studied by computer simulation of ballistic deposition with an activated hopping algorithm, in which the deposited particles diffuse on the surface via random walks. The results demonstrate that the KPZ-type scaling dictates the asympototic statistical properties of surface roughness at elevated temperatures, which are consistent with earlier studies. As surface diffusion is crucially dependent on substrate temperature and deposition rate, we show that they play essential roles in determining the morphology of the film.
Surface-based radar scatterometer study of Kansas rangeland

Abstract Radar backscatter measurements were made of experimental prairie on Campus West of the University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, during the period from July to November 1978. Experiments were performed with a surface-based FM—CW scatterometer that swept from 8.5–17.5 GHz. Natural grass field and mowed grass fields were observed. Results indicate that the plant moisture content has somewhat close correlation with the differential cross-section of σ° of VV polarization, and plant biomass might be able to be estimated from σ° of HH polarization. Also, σ ° dB was found to have an almost linearly decreasing angular response.
Primary Care Considerations of the Pharmacokinetics and Clinical Use of Extended-Release Opioids in Treating Patients with Chronic Noncancer Pain

Extended-release (ER) opioid analgesics are associated with prolonged analgesia and greater stability in pain relief compared with immediate-release formulations. Due to the pharmacokinetic (PK) characteristics of ER opioids and additional clinical advantages, the use of ER opioids for patients with moderate-to-severe chronic noncancer pain has increased. Primary care physicians are the major prescribers of opioids and require an in-depth understanding of the risks and benefits of opioid treatment in pain management. With appropriate knowledge of PK profiles and clinical outcomes of commonly prescribed ER opioids, primary care physicians can safely and effectively manage this patient population. In addition, the development of ER opioids with abuse-deterrent features marks an important milestone in potentially reducing abuse and may be factored into the clinical decision-making process. This article provides a comprehensive review of the PK and clinical effects of ER opioids and discusses novel ER opioid formulations that may limit abuse potential.
The Classroom Dynamics Of Information Gap Activities

British pedagogues developed the concept of the information gap and activities that reproduce it in language classes. The gap refers to the fact that all people possess information unknown to others and that when a need arises to overcome the gap, communication takes place. Activities that exploit this theory are known as jigsaw or information gap activities (IGAs). The author summarizes theories behind peer interaction in language learning and describes the construction of IGAs from authentic documents. He uses a time-based approach to study four elementary French classes to determine the most effective strategies for using IGAs in small-group work. By controlling the information deleted and pinpointing what is to be found, teachers can create efficient, high-language-use activities that teach not only linguistic skills but also essential cultural information.
Temporal pattern of resource use and variation in diets of individual grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Acrididae)

Patterns of resource fidelity, switching, and variation in individual diet were examined in the polyphagous grasshopper Taeniopoda equesforaging in experimental cages over an 11-day period. Ten novel dicots were provided in the cages, but grasshoppers fed primarily on kale (Brassica oleraceavar. acephala),lobelia (Lobelia erinus),pansy (Viola x wittrockiana),and dry bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon).Grasshoppers showed significant fidelity to a single plant within a meal but tended to eat less of the same plant in the next meal and, in the case of pansy, on the next day. Grasshoppers switched nonrandomly, suggesting that compensatory feeding on complementary resources may have occurred. There was no evidence that behavioral interactions among individuals increased switching rate or lowered fidelity. Overall patterns of resource use varied significantly among grasshoppers during the study, despite frequent switching among resources and a significant tendency to aggregate while feeding. All individuals were polyphagous but differed in relative consumption of available plants. The results suggest that individual grasshoppers express different feeding patterns that are consistent over time and that variation in diet among individual observed in the field may be more than simple sampling error.
Markov Model Bank for heterogenous cognitive radio networks with multiple dissimilar users and channels

In this paper, we develop a Markov Model Bank (MMB) to analyze the heterogeneous cognitive radio networks (CRN) with a large number of dissimilar secondary users (SU) coexisting and competing for multiple dissimilar channels. The MMB consists of a separate Markov chain for each SU. The Markov chains are connected implicitly by a few state transitional probabilities that can be derived by analyzing the mutual interference among the SUs. We first develop the expressions of the transitional probabilities and the throughput in the general heterogeneous users setting. Then, by exploiting some special advantages of the MMB in spatial, channel and user de-correlation, we reduce the complexity of evaluating such expressions to a great extent so as to make it feasible to analyze the throughput of large heterogeneous CRNs under various channel access strategies. Simulations are conducted to verify the proposed approaches.
Validation of a three-factor measurement model of dyspnea in hospitalized adults with heart failure

Abstract Objective The purpose of this study was to validate a 3-factor measurement model of dyspnea sensory quality (WORK-EFFORT, TIGHTNESS, SMOTHERING-AIR HUNGER) originally derived in patients with exacerbated chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Methods In this validation study, adult patients with heart failure were enrolled after hospital admission (median hospital day 1) and asked to rate the intensity of dyspnea sensory quality descriptors on the day of enrollment (study day 1; N = 119) and in a recall version for the day of admission (study day 0; n = 97). Results Confirmatory factor analysis demonstrated good model fit for both days. Cronbach’s α for each factor was greater than .87 for both study days. Conclusion This is the first study to validate a previously specified measurement model of dyspnea sensory quality in an independent sample. Results indicate that measurement of dyspnea sensory quality in exacerbated cardiopulmonary disease does not necessarily require disease-specific questionnaires.
Medical Students' attitudes toward basic sciences: influence of a primary care curriculum

The emerging popularity of family medicine and primary care among medical students with an attendant pressure for clinical relevance in pre-clinical coursework and early clinical exposure has raised questions in the minds of many academicians about the students' perceived value of basic sciences in such an educational environment. A comparison was made of attitudes toward the basic sciences between students in two, concurrent, pre-clinical medical school curricula at the University of New Mexico School of Medicine. The conventional curriculum offers a teacher-centered, 2-year curriculum of basic sciences taught predominantly by basic scientists in a lecture format. The experimental curriculum entitled the Primary Care Curriculum (PCC), offers a student-centered, 2-year curriculum in which pertinent basic and clinical science learning is derive primarily from common, primary care, patient problems, discussed in small group tutorials. There are no formal lectures. Half the tutors are primary care clinicians, half basic scientists. Attitude scales were administered in two successive classes of students in both curricula at the beginning of the first and second terms of the first year. Increased cynicism toward the curriculum and its relevance to future practice was observed among conventional, but not among PCC students. This findings lends supports to the hypothesis that modification in educational methods in general and relevant, primary care experience in particular can favourably influence students' attitudes toward basic sciences.
Chemical Interdiffusion and Kirkendall Shifts in Silver-Cadmium Alloys

Chemical interdiffusion in α-phase silver-cadmium alloys was investigated in the tem-perature range 1072 to 1179 K with solid-solid, single-crystal couples. Interdiffusion coefficients and Kirkendall shifts were experimentally determined. Kirkendall shifts were measured directly by traveling microscope measurements and were compared to those shifts calculated from Matano analyses and those predicted by the theories of Manning and Darken. The experimentally-measured Kirkendall shifts were found in all cases to be greater than those predicted by Darken and equivalent to or slightly larger than those predicted by Manning. This difference from the results predicted by Darken is attributed to the vacancy wind effect. The experimentally-determined interdiffusion coefficients are in reasonable agreement with those predicted by theory.
Principally Injective Rings

Abstract A ring R is called right principally injective if every R -homomorphism from a principal right ideal to R is left multiplication by an element of R . In this paper various properties of these rings are developed, many extending known results. If, in addition, R is semiperfect and has an essential right socle, it is shown: (1) that the right socle equals the left socle, that this is essential on both sides and is finitely generated on the left; (2) that the two singular ideals coincide; and (3) that R admits a Nakayama permutation of its basic idempotents. These rings are a natural generalization of the pseudo-Frobenius rings, and our work extends results of Bjork and Rutter. We also answer a question of Camillo about commutative principally injective rings in which every ideal contains a uniform ideal. Finally, we show that if the group ring RG is principally injective then R is principally injective and G is locally finite; and that if R is right selfinjective and G is locally finite then RG is principally injective, extending results of Farkas.
A Limited Defense of Epiphenomenalism

After showing that the causal exclusion argument provides substantial support for epiphenomenalism, I argue that this is a more defensible position than commonly assumed in four respects. First, epiphenomenalism can allow for the use of mental states in counterfactual dependency relations. Second, epiphenomenalism can preserve the intuitive observation that we experience our mental states as causal. Third, recent experiments in cognitive psychology challenge our traditional view of mental causation and are compatible with epiphenomenalism. Fourth, epiphenomenalism can offer a psychological account of why we experience our mental states as causal, when in fact they are not.
Constructing Four-Photon States for Quantum Communication and Information Processing

We provide a method for constructing a set of four-photon states suitable for quantum communication applications. Among these states is a set of concatenated quantum code states that span a decoherence-free subspace that is robust under collective-local as well as global dephasing noise. This method requires only the use of spontaneous parametric down-conversion, quantum state post-selection, and linear optics. In particular, we show how this method can be used to produce all sixteen elements of the second-order Bell gem \(\mathcal{G}_{16}\) , which includes these codes states and is an orthonormal basis for the Hilbert space of four qubits composed entirely of states that are fully entangled under the four-tangle measure.
Structure elucidation of the photo‐oxidation product of 1‐(9‐phenanthryl)‐4‐phenylbut‐1‐en‐3‐yne

The photo-oxidation product of 1-(9-phenanthryl)-4-phenylbut-1-en-3-yne has been elucidated by chemical and spectroscopic methods (IR, UV, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR) and independently by X-ray analysis. The structure 6-phenyl-8,9-10,11-dibenzotricyclo[5.4.0.01,6]-4-oxaundeca-2,8,10-trien-5-one has a cyclopropapyrone unit which decomposes on thermolysis or by catalytic hydrogenation.
An Energy-Based Experimental-Analytical Torsional Fatigue Life-Prediction Method

An energy-based fatigue life prediction framework for calculation of torsional fatigue life and remaining life has been developed. The framework for this fatigue prediction method is developed in accordance with our previously developed energy-based axial and bending fatigue life prediction approaches, which state: the total strain energy dissipated during a monotonic fracture and cyclic processes is the same material property, where each can be determined by measuring the area underneath the monotonic true stress-strain curve and the area within a hysteresis loop, respectively. The energy-based fatigue life prediction framework is composed of the following entities: (1) development of a shear fatigue testing procedure capable of assessing strain energy density per cycle in a pure shear stress state and (2) incorporation of an energy-based fatigue life calculation scheme to determine the remaining fatigue life of in-service gas turbine materials subjected to pure shear fatigue.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Editorial and Policy Changes for 2015

The Journal of Bacteriology was the first journal published by the ASM nearly 100 years ago. It remains the second most highly cited journal in the field of microbiology, despite the appearance of many new competitors. In order to stay ahead of the competition, the Editors and I have implemented a
377 THE MEASUREMENT OF FREE ERYTHROCYTE PORPHYRIN (FEP) AS AN INDEX OF THE BODY LEAD BURDEN

The measurement of FEP is now widely used as a means of screening for lead poisoning. Very little data is available to demonstrate its utility as an index of the body lead burden. To assess this relationship 156 patients were studied with FEP, blood lead, hemoglobin, serum iron, and an 8-hour EDTA mobilization test. There was a significant correlation between FEP, blood lead and the urinary excretion of lead following EDTA administration. Only 2% of patients with blood lead values of less than 40 μg/dl excreted more than 0.54 μg of lead/mg of EDTA administered; 32% of those with blood leads of more than 40 μg/dl had abnormal lead excretions. With the use of the FEP it was found that 7% of patients with FEP of less than 60 μg/dl of whole blood had abnormal lead mobilization tests while 23% of those with FEP greater than 60 μg/dl had excessive amounts of lead in their urine following the administration of EDTA. The FEP was less reliable as an index of body lead burden in children more than 5 years of age. Results indicate that patients with an FEP of less than 30 μg/dl were at almost no risk of an increased body lead burden. Patients with an FEP value that is greater than 30 μg/dl may have an excessive body lead burden and should have blood lead levels measured to determine if an EDTA mobilization test is required in the diagnostic evaluation.
Weakly coordinating anions HA2-generated from oxoanions A- and their conjugate acids. Coordination equilibria, ionic conductivities, and the structures of [Cu2(H(CH3SO3)2)4]n and [Cu(CO)(H(CF3CO2)2)]2.

The coordination or ion pairing of the hydrogen-bonded anions H(CF3CO2)2- and H(CH3SO3)2- to NEt4+, Li+, Cu+, and/or Cu2+ was investigated. The structure of {Cu2(H(CH3SO3)2)4}n consists of centrosymmetric dimeric moieties that contain two homoconjugated (CH3SO2O−H···OSO2CH3)- anions per Cu2+ ion, forming typical Jahn−Teller tetragonally elongated CuO6 coordination spheres. The oxygen atoms involved in the nearly linear O−H···O hydrogen bonds (O···O ∼ 2.62 A) are not coordinated to the Cu2+ ions. The structure of Cu2(CO)2(H(CF3CO2)2)2 consists of pseudo-C2-symmetric dimers that contain one homoconjugated (CF3COO−H···OCOCF3)- anion per Cu+ ion, forming highly distorted tetrahedral Cu(CO)O3 coordination spheres. Three of the four oxygen atoms in each hydrogen-bonded H(CF3CO2)2- anion are coordinated to the Cu+ ions, including one of the oxygen atoms in each O−H···O hydrogen bond (O···O ∼ 2.62 A). Infrared spectra (ν(CO) values) of Cu(CO)(CF3CO2) or Cu(CO)(CH3SO3) dissolved in acetonitrile or benzene, with an...
Fatty Acid Metabolism in Human Keratinocytes Cultivated at an Air-Medium Interface

Stratum corneum lipids, which provide the mammalian permeability barrier, display a distinctive fatty acid profile with a predominance of long chain, saturated fatty acids. In addition, linoleic acid (18:2) is present in substantial quantities, implying that it is an important structural component. To investigate selectivity of fatty acid incorporation into epidermal lipids, we examined the metabolism of exogenous fatty acids in cultured human keratinocytes, grown at the air-medium interface to enhance differentiation. Keratinocytes were pulsed with [3H] oleic, [14C] stearic, [14C] palmitic, or [14C] linoleic acids; lipids were extracted and fractionated by thin layer chromatography. All fatty acids were taken up and incorporated into complex lipids in a dose-dependent manner that was linear over the first 60 min. These fatty acids were incorporated predominantly into phospholipids and triacylglycerols; their incorporation could be rank ordered: linoleic greater than oleic greater than or equal to palmitic greater than stearic acid. Less than 2% of each fatty acid taken up by keratinocytes was oxidized to CO2; therefore, these differences in utilization cannot be ascribed to differences in rates of beta-oxidation. In pulse-chase studies fatty acids incorporated initially into triacylglycerols, subsequently chased into phospholipids. [14C]Palmitic acid and [14C] acetate were incorporated into sphingolipids more efficiently than the other fatty acids studied. These studies demonstrate that 1) keratinocytes have the ability to incorporate exogenous fatty acids preferentially into complex lipids; 2) triacylglycerols provide a pool of fatty acids for phospholipid synthesis; and 3) palmitate and de novo synthesized fatty acid are preferably utilized for sphingolipid synthesis.
Dab389IL2 diphtheria fusion toxin produces clinical responses in tumor stage cutaneous T cell lymphoma

Four patients with late stage cutaneous T cell lymphoma (IB-IVA) who had failed at least two previous therapies were treated with DAB389IL2 at 9 or 18 microg/kg as 15-min intravenous infusions daily for 5 days every 3 weeks for eight cycles. Mild vascular leak syndrome (VLS) with transient edema, hypoalbuminemia, weight gain, and myalgias was observed in two of the patients lasting 7-10 days and only occurring on the first cycle. One stage IB patient had a pathologic complete remission (CR) lasting 11+ months from treatment initiation, one stage IIB patient had a complete clinical remission (CCR) lasting >6 months with complete clearing of a large tumor lasting >18 months, and one stage IIB and the one stage IVA patient had partial remissions (80-99% reduction in tumor masses) lasting 5 months. While IL2 receptor (IL2R) was expressed on 20-50% of tumor cells prior to therapy, recurrent tumor was IL2R negative in three of the patients. DAB389IL2 at tolerable doses decreased tumor burden in each of these four standard treatment refractory CTCL patients and may offer an important alternative to standard palliative chemotherapy regimens.
Invasion of renal sinus fat is not an independent predictor of survival in pT3a renal cell carcinoma

OBJECTIVE To clarify the significance of the location of extrarenal tumour extension of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) as in the 2002 Tumour-Nodes-Metastasis classification. Renal cortical tumours with perirenal fat invasion (PFI) or sinus fat invasion (SFI) are consolidated within the pT3a grouping; tumours with SFI are close to the renal veins, lymphatics and the collecting system. This might carry a worse prognosis for disease-specific survival (DSS), but reports are limited and contradictory. PATIENTS AND METHODS We retrospectively reviewed 1244 patients treated with nephrectomy from 1988 to 2007, to identify patients with pT3a renal tumours. They were classified as having PFI or SFI. Kaplan-Meier analysis and Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to assess predictors of survival. RESULTS The 230 patients who met the inclusion criteria had a median follow-up of 24 months. SFI was found in 63 (27.4%) patients and was associated with a worse 5-year DSS than the 167 (72.6%) with PFI (62.5% vs 75.0%; log rank P = 0.022). On univariate analysis, diameter (hazard ratio, HR 1.1), nuclear grade (HR 4.5), margin status (HR 5.8), lymph node metastases (HR 6.4), and systemic metastases (HR 15.4) were significant for DSS. In a multivariate model, only nuclear grade (HR 3.1), margin status (HR 8.9) and systemic metastases (HR 9.8) were independent predictors. CONCLUSION Patients with renal tumours with SFI are more likely to die from RCC than those with PFI. However, in the present patients the presence of SFI was not an independent predictor of DSS.
New Trends in Russian Intellectual Anti-Americanism: The Strange Case of Viktor Pelevin’s Novel S.N.U.F.F.

Victor Pelevin’s 2011 novel S.N.U.F.F. is discussed in terms of being a dystopia and a Menippean satire, as well as an anatomy of today’s cultural interactions between Russia and the West. Pelvin’s consistent approach in constructing an elaborate critique of U.S. cultural imperialism is examined in relation to the expansion of popular culture, and also through a Eurocentric epistemological hegemony in the context of which U.S. leftist–liberal academics teach the non-Western ‘rest of the world’ what such things as gender, race, homo- and heterosexuality, femininity, masculinity, sexism, hate speech, etc., should mean in one’s respective culture. The vast, panoramic satirical canvas of intellectual attitudes and cultural beliefs that Pelvin has drawn is described as an attempted worldwide ‘colonization of the mind’, which has today become an avatar of cultural Americanization.
Ring opening of aromatic heterocycles by uranium complexes

Abstract The reactivity of a uranium dibenzyl complex supported by a ferrocene-diamide ligand toward aromatic N-heterocycles was investigated. Although ring opening occurred, a complicated behavior was observed with 1-methylbenzimidazole and benzoxazole. On the other hand, when a uranium benzyl η 2 -N,C-benzimidazole complex reacted with quinoline, alkyl transfer to the pyridine ring was observed.
UCP-3 expression in skeletal muscle: effects of exercise, hypoxia, and AMP-activated protein kinase

Uncoupling protein 3 (UCP-3), a member of the mitochondrial transporter superfamily, is expressed primarily in skeletal muscle where it may play a role in altering metabolic function under conditions of fuel depletion caused, for example, by fasting and exercise. Here, we show that treadmill running by rats rapidly (30 min) induces skeletal muscle UCP-3 mRNA expression (sevenfold after 200 min), as do hypoxia and swimming in a comparably rapid and substantial fashion. The expression of the mitochondrial transporters, carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 and the tricarboxylate carrier, is unaffected under these conditions. Hypoxia and exercise-mediated induction of UCP-3 mRNA result in a corresponding four- to sixfold increase in rat UCP-3 protein. We treated extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscle with 5'-amino-4-imidazolecarboxamide ribonucleoside (AICAR), a compound that activates AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), an enzyme known to be stimulated during exercise and hypoxia. Incubation of rat EDL muscle in vitro for 30 min with 2 mM AICAR causes a threefold increase in UCP-3 mRNA and a 1.5-fold increase of UCP-3 protein compared with untreated muscle. These data are consistent with the notion that activation of AMPK, presumably as a result of fuel depletion, rapidly regulates UCP-3 gene expression.
Probabilistic Error Model for Unreliable Nano-logic Gates

We propose a novel formalism, based on probabilistic Bayesian networks, to capture, analyze, and model dynamic errors at nano logic for probabilistic reliability analysis. It will be important for circuit designers to be able to compare and rank designs based on the expected output error, which is a measure of reliability. We propose an error model to estimate this expected output error probability, given the probability of these errors in each device. We estimate the overall output error probability by comparing the outputs of an ideal logic model with a dynamic error-encoded model. We use of Bayesian inference schemes for propagation of probabilities. Since exact inference is worst case NP-hard, we use two approximate inference schemes based on importance sampling, namely EPIS(Evidence Prepropagated Importance Sampling) and PLS (Probabilistic Logic Sampling), for handling mid-size benchmarks having up to 3500 gates. We demonstrate the efficiency and accuracy of these approximate inference schemes by comparing estimated results with logic simulation results.
Multidimensional femtosecond spectroscopies of molecular aggregates and semiconductor nanostructures: The nonlinear exciton equations

A unified description of nonlinear optical spectroscopies of molecular aggregates (starting with the Frenkel-Heitler-London Hamiltonian) and semiconductors (starting with the two-band model) is developed using the nonlinear exciton equations (NEE). The equations follow explicitly the complete set of one-, two-, and three-point dynamical exciton variables relevant for the third-order response. Effects of nuclear motions are incorporated through relaxation superoperators calculated perturbatively in exciton-phonon coupling. A Green's function expression for the third-order response is derived by solving the NEE using a new truncation scheme based on factorizing the three-point relaxation kernels. These results set the stage for designing multidimensional spectroscopies of excitons and analyzing them using coherence-transfer pathways.
The effect of dam closure on downstream rapids

The force of flowing water and the resistance of the largest boulder provide a means of evaluation of the stability of rapids in canyon rivers. Field measurements and calculations show that the closure of Flaming Gorge Dam, Utah, has had a significant effect on the stability of rapids in the canyons of the Green River in Dinosaur National Monument 68 km (42 mi) downstream from the dam. The reduction in peak flows by the dam has limited the competence of the river to move boulders deposited in the main channel by tributary processes, landslides, and prehistoric floods. Before the dam was closed, 62% of the rapids were stable, as indicated by the immobility of the largest boulder in each rapid. After the dam was closed, 93% of the rapids were stable as geomorphic/hydraulic features, though small boulders continue to move. A continuing buildup of boulders in the rapids will result from tributary contributions which are not affected by the dam.
Neuronal Activity–Regulated Gene Transcription in Synapse Development and Cognitive Function

Activity-dependentplasticityofvertebrateneuronsallowsthe braintorespondtoitsenvironment. During brain development, both spontaneous and sensory-driven neural activity are essential for instructively guiding the process of synapse development. These effects of neuronal activity are transduced in part through the concerted regulation of a set of activitydependent transcription factors that coordinate a program of gene expression required for the formation and maturation of synapses. Here we review the cellular signaling networks that regulate the activity of transcription factors during brain development and discuss the functional roles of specific activity-regulated transcription factors in specific stages of synapseformation,refinement,andmaturation.Interestingly,anumberofneurodevelopmental disordershave beenlinkedtoabnormalities in activity-regulated transcriptionalpathways, indicating that these signaling networks are critical for cognitive development and function.
Mechanisms and kinetics of self-assembled monolayer formation.

▪ Abstract Recent applications of various in situ techniques have dramatically improved our understanding of the self-organization process of adsorbed molecular monolayers on solid surfaces. The process involves several steps, starting with bulk solution transport and surface adsorption and continuing with the two-dimensional organization on the substrate of interest. This later process can involve passage through one or more intermediate surface phases and can often be described using two-dimensional nucleation and growth models. A rich picture has emerged that combines elements of surfactant adsorption at interfaces and epitaxial growth with the additional complication of long-chain molecules with many degrees of freedom.
Evolution of Hormone-Receptor Complexity by Molecular Exploitation

According to Darwinian theory, complexity evolves by a stepwise process of elaboration and optimization under natural selection. Biological systems composed of tightly integrated parts seem to challenge this view, because it is not obvious how any element's function can be selected for unless the partners with which it interacts are already present. Here we demonstrate how an integrated molecular system-the specific functional interaction between the steroid hormone aldosterone and its partner the mineralocorticoid receptor-evolved by a stepwise Darwinian process. Using ancestral gene resurrection, we show that, long before the hormone evolved, the receptor's affinity for aldosterone was present as a structural by-product of its partnership with chemically similar, more ancient ligands. Introducing two amino acid changes into the ancestral sequence recapitulates the evolution of present-day receptor specificity. Our results indicate that tight interactions can evolve by molecular exploitation-recruitment of an older molecule, previously constrained for a different role, into a new functional complex.
Supportive Ties: A Political Ecomony Perspective

The growing body of evidence linking social support and health has important implications for health promotion, disease prevention and treatment. But serious unsolved problems remain in the areas of research, practice and policy. Key among these are the ethical issues which arise when the reality of the importance of social support is translated simplistically into a policy emphasis stressing individual and interpersonal responsibility for health and justifying major cutbacks in health and social programs. This article examines the interdependencies between supportive ties on the individual and community levels and the larger social and political environments within which social networks operate. The effectiveness of families and other micro level support systems is seen as heavily dependent upon the adequacy of programs and policies on the local state and national levels which provide help with income maintenance, housing, transportation and other basic necessities. The cutting back of these more basic p...
Whites' opposition to busing: Symbolic racism or realistic group conflict?

The theory of symbolic racism contends that whites' opposition to busing springs from a basic underlying prejudiced or intolerant attitudinal predisposition toward blacks, not self-interest or realistic-gro up conflict motives. The present research argues that realistic group conflict motives do help explain whites' opposition to busing. Two major criticisms of the symbolic racism approach are made: (a) that the tests of symbolic racism versus group conflict explanations of opposition to busing have not been fair because of a narrow definition of group interests that ignores the role of subjectively appreciated threat and challenges to group status; and (b) that by forcing racial attitudes onto a single continuum running from prejudice to tolerance, the symbolic racism researchers overlook the importance of the perception that the civil rights movement is a threatening force. By reanalyzing the Michigan National Election Study data used by Sears, Hensler, and Speer (1979) and Sears, Lau, Tyler, and Allen (1980), the present research broadens the notion of self-interest and operates with a multidimensional conceptualization of racial attitudes and in so doing demonstrates that whites' opposition to busing reflects group conflict motives, not simply a new manifestation of prejudice.
Genetic host specificity of hepatitis E virus.

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) causes epidemic and sporadic cases of hepatitis worldwide. HEV genotypes 3 (HEV3) and 4 (HEV4) infect humans and animals, with swine being the primary reservoir. The relevance of HEV genetic diversity to host adaptation is poorly understood. We employed a Bayesian network (BN) analysis of HEV3 and HEV4 to detect epistatic connectivity among protein sites and its association with the host specificity in each genotype. The data imply coevolution among ∼70% of polymorphic sites from all HEV proteins and association of numerous coevolving sites with adaptation to swine or humans. BN models for individual proteins and domains of the nonstructural polyprotein detected the host origin of HEV strains with accuracy of 74–93% and 63–87%, respectively. These findings, taken together with lack of phylogenetic association to host, suggest that the HEV host specificity is a heritable and convergent phenotypic trait achievable through variety of genetic pathways (abundance), and explain a broad host range for HEV3 and HEV4.
Developmental neuroimaging of children using magnetic resonance techniques

Cognitive and motor development in children remain fascinating processes that are uniquely human. Progress has been made in recent years in elucidating the prenatal process of human brain development. In addition, much information exists regarding the behavioral aspects of postnatal human development. However, little is known about the relationship between anatomic postnatal central nervous system development and the accretion of functional milestones observed in children from the neonatal period through adolescence. Recently, powerful qualitative and quantitative magnetic resonance techniques have been developed that will permit detailed inquiry into the connection between the developing brain and the developing mind. In this review, first, the steps of prenatal and postnatal brain development are reviewed briefly. Subsequently, recent magnetic resonance imaging data related to human brain development during the fetal, neonatal, and later childhood periods are presented. Finally, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is discussed. Specific examples of its usefulness are provided. Magnetic resonance imaging techniques such as quantitative MRI, volumetric MRI, diffusion tensor imaging, and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) when combined with neurologic and neuropsychologic evaluation, will provide new insights into the cognitive development of children. MRDD Research Reviews 6:68-80, 2000.
Fertility preservation in young women undergoing breast cancer therapy.

Breast cancer accounts for one third of all neoplasms seen in reproductive-age women and affects tens of thousands of women each year in that age group. The adjuvant chemotherapy regimens used for the treatment commonly affect fertility and cause premature ovarian failure. There have been recent advances in the field of fertility preservation, which can allow many of these breast cancer survivors to have children in the future. The most established option is embryo cryopreservation; oocyte cryopreservation can be considered in single women. Both of these approaches require approximately 2 weeks of ovarian stimulation beginning with the onset of the patient’s menstrual cycle. Thus, it is crucial that these patients are referred to appropriate assisted reproduction centers as soon as they are diagnosed with breast cancer. Recently developed ovarian stimulation protocols using tamoxifen and letrozole can be used to increase the margin of safety in these patients. When and if a breast cancer patient does not have time to undergo ovarian stimulation prior to chemotherapy, ovarian cryopreservation for future autotransplantation can be offered as the last resort. The benefit of ovarian protection by gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogues is unproven and unlikely, and thus this treatment shoube offered as the sole method of fertility pre ervation. The Oncologist 2006;11:422–434
The Economic Determinants of the Number of Minority Farmers in the Southeast Region of the United States, 1969-1997

The primary purpose of this research was to identify and quantify the determinants of the number of minority farmers in the Southeast region of the United States during the time period, 1969 to 1997. A second objective was to determine the potential impacts of globalization and international trade agreements on the number of minority farmers in the Southeast region of the United States. Regression results indicated that the number of minority farm owners was responsive to the returns to agricultural labor relative to nonfarm labor returns, as well as to cotton and rice prices. An increase in the cotton price was associated with a smaller rate of minority migration out of agriculture in the Southeast region of the United States. To the extent that globalization is likely to result in higher cotton export prices, international agricultural trade agreements are likely to result in decreased movement of minority farmers out of agriculture in the Southeast region of the United States. A third objective was to compare occupational migration rates out of agriculture of minorities with farmers of all races in the Southeast region. The data demonstrate that minority farm owners exhibited distinctly different migration patterns relative to all farm owners during 1969–1997.
Heterosexual Transmission of Hepatitis Delta Virus in the General Population of an Area Endemic for Hepatitis B Virus Infection: A Prospective Study

A prospective study was conducted in 268 consecutive patients with overt hepatitis to examine the transmission of hepatitis delta virus (HDV) in the general population of an area hyperendemic for hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. The patients were interviewed extensively for potential risk factors associated with transmission. Of the 203 patients with type B hepatitis, 34 (30 men, 4 women) showed serologic evidence of acute HDV infection (HDV+ group), while the other 169 did not (HDV- group). Of the 30 HDV+ men, 27 (90%) had had sexual intercourse with prostitutes within 3 months of admission, while only 31 (22.7%) of the 136 HDV- men, 8 (17.4%) of the 46 men with non-A, non-B hepatitis and 5 (8.3%) of the 60 control men had done so (P less than .001). Of the 4 HDV+ women, 1 was a prostitute and another was the wife of a patient with active HDV infection. There was no significant difference in exposure to other risk factors among these groups of patients. The results suggest that heterosexual exposure, particularly prostitute contact, is the most important route of HDV transmission in the general population of this area endemic for HBV infection.
Versatile publishing for privacy preservation

Motivated by the insufficiency of the existing quasi-identifier/sensitive-attribute (QI-SA) framework on modeling real-world privacy requirements for data publishing, we propose a novel versatile publishing scheme with which privacy requirements can be specified as an arbitrary set of privacy rules over attributes in the microdata table. To enable versatile publishing, we introduce the Guardian Normal Form (GNF), a novel method of publishing multiple sub-tables such that each sub-table is anonymized by an existing QI-SA publishing algorithm, while the combination of all published tables guarantees all privacy rules. We devise two algorithms, Guardian Decomposition (GD) and Utility-aware Decomposition (UAD), for decomposing a microdata table into GNF, and present extensive experiments over real-world datasets to demonstrate the effectiveness of both algorithms.
Relationships among remotely sensed soil moisture, precipitation and landslide events

Landslides are triggered by earthquakes, volcanoes, floods, and heavy continuous rainfall. For most types of slope failure, soil moisture plays a critical role because increased pore water pressure reduces the soil strength and increases stress. However, in-situ soil moisture profiles are rarely measured. To establish the soil moisture and landslide relationship, a qualitative comparison among soil moisture derived from AMSR-E, precipitation from TRMM and major landslide events was conducted. This study shows that it is possible to estimate antecedent soil moisture conditions using AMSR-E and TRMM satellite data in landslide prone areas. AMSR-E data show distinct annual patterns of soil moisture that reflect observed rainfall patterns from TRMM. Results also show enhanced AMSR-E soil moisture and TRMM rainfall prior to major landslide events in landslide prone regions of California, U.S.; Leyte, Philippines; and Dhading, Nepal.