cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Application of the Hartmann–Tran profile to precise experimental data sets of 12C2H2

Abstract Self- and nitrogen-broadened line shape data for the P e (11) line of the ν 1 + ν 3 band of acetylene, recorded using a frequency comb-stabilized laser spectrometer, have been analyzed using the Hartmann–Tran profile (HTP) line shape model in a multispectrum fitting. In total, the data included measurements recorded at temperatures between 125 K and 296 K and at pressures between 4 and 760 Torr. New, sub-Doppler, frequency comb-referenced measurements of the positions of multiple underlying hot band lines have also been made. These underlying lines significantly affect the P e (11) line profile at temperatures above 240 K and poorly known frequencies previously introduced errors into the line shape analyses. The behavior of the HTP model was compared to the quadratic speed dependent Voigt profile (QSDVP) expressed in the frequency and time domains. A parameter uncertainty analysis was carried out using a Monte Carlo method based on the estimated pressure, transmittance and frequency measurement errors. From the analyses, the P e (11) line strength was estimated to be 1.2014(50) × 10 − 20 in cm molecule − 1 units at 296 K with the standard deviation in parenthesis. For analyzing these data, we found that a reduced form of the HTP, equivalent to the QSDVP, was most appropriate because the additional parameters included in the full HTP were not well determined. As a supplement to this work, expressions for analytic derivatives and a lineshape fitting code written in Matlab for the HTP are available.
Are you my friend? [Twitter response estimator]

With Twitters growing popularity, privacy has become a major concern for users wary of sensitive information falling in the wrong hands. A typical Twitter user carries hundreds of followers people who have subscribed to users twitter feeds. Our goal is to target followers that a Twitter user deems safe. Therefore, selecting followers with a closer relationship could help decrease the risk of sensitive information being sent to unknown people. We propose a privacy management system that helps a Twitter user restrict information to only certain followers based on the strength of their social tie. This system would incorporate two tools: the Exclusivity meter and the Twitter Response Estimator. The Exclusivity Meter employs user's activity profile to guess similarities between users. Preliminary results have indicated that similarity in time and level of activity between user and follower does suggest a stronger social tie. The Twitter Response Estimator uses a measure of prestige to gauge the probability of response. When applied to a set of followers, the estimator separates real friends from recreational followers.
Drug Policy in Portugal: An Interview With Helen Redmond, LCSW, CADC

In 2001, Portugal, based on the recommendation of a select committee, issued new drug laws consistent with a harm-reduction orientation (van het Loo, van Beusekom, & Kahan, 2002). The laws decrimin...
Verifying asymptotic correctness

A notion of asymptotic correctness for programs involving real number computation is examined. Roughly speaking, a program P asymptotically computes the function f if for every input x the output of P, as a function of the precision of the machine on which P is run, converges to f(x). In particular, if P does not mention reals, then asymptotic correctness is just correctness. Asymptotic correctness says nothing about how precise the machine needs to be to get a particular degree of accuracy, only that for any positive in and any x, if P is run on a precise enough machine, then the output of the program will be within in of f(x). It is this fact that makes the notion interesting for verification. Even though the asymptotic correctness of a program will not specify the behavior of the program on any particular machine, it will filter out certain types of logical errors which can occur when using infinitary data types and programming with them as if they were modeled ideally on the computer. >
Antithrombin III (AT) and recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (R-TPA) used singly and in combination versus supportive care for treatment of endotoxin-induced disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) in the neonatal pig.

Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) is a pathological disturbance of the complex balance between coagulation and anticoagulation that is precipitated by vascular injury, acidosis, endotoxin release and/or sepsis and characterized by severe bleeding and excessive clotting. The innately low levels of coagulation factors found in newborn infants place them at extremely high risk for DIC. Anecdotal reports suggest that either anticoagulant or fibrinolytic therapy may alleviate some of the manifestations of DIC. To test the hypothesis that replacement of both anticoagulants and fibrinolytics may improve survival and outcome better than either single agent or supportive care alone, we utilized a neonatal piglet model of endotoxin-induced DIC. DIC was induced in twenty-seven neonatal pigs (7 to 14 days of age) by intravenous administration of E. coli endotoxin (800 μg/kg over 30 min). The piglets were divided into 4 groups on the basis of treatment protocol [A: supportive care alone; B: Antithrombin III (AT, 50 μg/kg bolus, 25 μg/kg per hr continuous infusion) and supportive care; C: Recombinant Tissue Plasminogen Activator (R-TPA, 25 μg/kg per hr continuous infusion) and supportive care; D: AT, R-TPA and supportive care] and monitored for 3 primary outcome parameters (survival time, macroscopic and microscopic organ involvement) and 4 secondary outcome parameters (hematocrit; platelet count; fibrinogen level; and antithrombin III level). Compared with supportive care alone, combination therapy with AT and R-TPA resulted in a significant improvement of survival time, hematocrit, AT level, macroscopic and microscopic organ involvement, p < 0.05. Compared with supportive care alone, R-TPA alone significantly reduced macroscopic organ involvement and AT alone increased AT levels. The findings suggest that combining AT, R-TPA and supportive care may prove more advantageous in treating the clinical manifestations of DIC in this neonatal pig model than either single modality or supportive care alone.
Abstract IA27: Combination immunotherapy for melanoma

The past decade has been a period of significant progress in the area of cancer immunotherapy enabled by significant advances in basic science allowing for a better understanding of molecular mechanisms of immune regulation and immune cell dynamics, stressing the importance of close collaboration between basic and translational and clinical scientists. Blockade of CTLA-4 was suggested to be an impactful means to augment tumor immunity based on the pioneering studies of Jim Allison, who hypothesized that impairment of this critical molecular brake would overcome tumor-induced immune suppression and allow for more robust immune response to tumors. In 2011, the US FDA approved ipilimumab for the treatment of metastatic melanoma with two randomized phase 3 trials demonstrating prolongation of overall survival, the first intervention ever to demonstrate this important endpoint in this challenging clinical situation. Investigation of blockade of the PD-1 (programmed death-1) pathway followed very shortly after the efficacy of ipilimumab was observed. PD-1 is a marker on T cells which, while being up-regulated after activation, serves to mark T cells as being exhausted and, when engaging one of its ligands (PD-L1 or -L2), can lower the threshold for apoptosis in T cells. An ever-expanding list of antibodies that block either PD-1 or PD-L1 has entered clinical trials with some currently in phase 3 investigation. It was therefore not completely surprising that PD-1 blockade showed clinical efficacy in melanoma. Given the activity noted with both CTLA-4 and PD-1 blockade and the complementary mechanism of action as well as supportive pre-clinical data, clinical trials are now investigating combination checkpoint blockade. The most mature data has come from a combination of ipilimumab + nivolumab in patients with melanoma and showed an overall response rate of 40% across dose cohorts with over 50% of patients in some cohorts showing rapid and deep (>80% reduction) tumor regressions in the context of manageable toxicity. Responses are generally rapidly apparent and durable. Two-year overall survival rates have been estimated at 79% across all cohorts. Phase 2 and 3 trials of this combination are ongoing. Citation Format: Jedd D. Wolchok. Combination immunotherapy for melanoma. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Advances in Melanoma: From Biology to Therapy; Sep 20-23, 2014; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(14 Suppl):Abstract nr IA27.
Predictors of colorectal screening in rural Colorado: testing to prevent colon cancer in the high plains research network.

Context Colorectal cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death in the United States, yet screening rates are well below target levels. Rural communities may face common and unique barriers to health care, particularly preventive health care. Purpose To establish baseline attitudinal, knowledge, belief, and behavior measures on colorectal cancer screening and to identify barriers to or predictors of colorectal cancer screening. Methods As part of a controlled trial using a quasi-experimental, pretest, post-test design, we conducted a baseline telephone survey of 1,050 rural eastern Colorado residents aged 50 years and older. Smaller counties were over-sampled to ensure a minimum of 30 completed interviews per county. Findings Seventy-seven percent reported they ever had a colorectal cancer screening test and 59% were up-to-date on at least 1 test. The most important independent predictors of being up-to-date were having visited a doctor or other health care practitioner for a checkup in the past year, having personal or family history of colon polyps or cancer, and having asked for a colorectal cancer screening test. Financial concerns were reported reasons for not obtaining fecal occult blood testing by 18% and colonoscopy by 21%. Conclusions This study suggests that health care providers should be vigilant in counseling their patients 50 and older to have a colorectal cancer test. Community programs designed to promote colon cancer screening should encourage residents to have regular contact with their primary care physician and ask their doctor for a screening test. Additionally, programs should provide financial assistance for testing for low-income and uninsured patients.
A comparison of stochastic and deterministic models for cell membrane transport

Abstract This paper describes several models for enzyme mediated transport across a cell membrane. A standard Michaelis-Menten model (based on empirical descriptions) is compared to a deterministic model (based on the idealization of the plasma membrane as a tri-lamellar structure) and to a stochastic model (having the additional assumption of compartmentation of the tri-lamellar membrane). Lineweaver-Burke plots for each model are compared using two different sets of parameter values. These plots suggest, and analytic investigations of the models show, that the deterministic formulations yield different transport kinetics than does the stochastic formulation. The effect of the application of the concept of compartmentation to some stochastic models of in vivo systems is briefly discussed.
Increased aggregation and arachidonic acid transformation by psoriatic platelets: evidence that platelet-derived 12-hydroxy-eicosatetraenoic acid increases keratinocyte DNA synthesis in vitro.

Certain archidonic metabolites may play a pathogenic role in psoriasis. Platelets are rich sources of 12-hydroxy-eicosatetraenoic acid (12-HETE) and thromboxane A2, mediators of skin inflammation and platelet aggregation, respectively. We have studied untreated psoriatic patients without a history of diabetes mellitus and smoking. In psoriatics, platelet aggregation elicited by thrombin, ADP, and ristocetin was significantly enhanced as compared with healthy adult volunteers. Enhancement of platelet aggregation was detected in patients with both minimal and widespread disease. The formation of 12-hydroxy-5,8,10-heptadecatrienoic acid (HHT), a cyclooxygenase product, and 12-HETE, a 12-lipoxygenase product, was increased in psoriatics with widespread disease but not in those with minimal disease. Formation of 12-HETE was stimulated to a higher degree (125%) than HHT (98%) in psoriasis (P<0.05). Addition of platelet-derived 12-HETE to cultured human epidermal keratinocytes resulted in a stimulation of the DNA synthesis (68% at 10-7 M). These data suggest that platelet activation occurs in psoriasis, and that release of inflammatory and mitogenic compounds by activated platelets may play a role in the pathophysiology of psoriasis. Whether enhanced platelet aggregation in psoriasis is associated with occlusive vascular disease needs further investigation.
Bridging multi-scale method for localization problems

Abstract A bridging multi-scale method is proposed for the analysis of a class of localization problems in which the micropolar-continuum model is used to describe the localized deformation and the dynamic failure occurs only in a small number of localized regions. It starts with a concurrent discretization of the entire domain with both coarse- and fine-scale finite-element meshes. The coarse-scale mesh is employed to capture the nonlinear response with long wavelength outside the localized regions, whereas the fine-scale mesh captures the detailed physics of the localized deformation. For both the coarse and fine-scale meshes to coexist, a bridging scale term is constructed so that the information common to both scales is correctly subtracted. To achieve computational efficiency, the localized regions are first identified by a preliminary calculation and the fine-scale degrees of freedom (DOFs) outside the localized regions are mathematically represented by the construction of dynamic interface conditions applied to the edges of these regions. Hence, a large portion of the fine-scale DOFs are eliminated and the fine-scale equations are reduced to a much smaller set with the added dynamic interface conditions. The two-way coupled coarse-scale and reduced fine-scale equations are then solved by a mixed time integration procedure. Applications to one-dimensional and two-dimensional dynamic shear localization problems are presented.
The kinetic temperature and CH3CCH column density profiles in SGR B2,Orion and DR 21

Kinetic temperatures, T(kin), are presently estimated by means of a technique employing the intensities of the adjacent rotational transitions of symmetric top molecules, under the assumptions that the metastable levels are thermalized, and that the excitation temperature connecting the upper level of the observed transition to the lowest level in the K ladder is the same for the both adjacent transitions. The method is applied to observations of the J = 5-4 and J = 6-5 transitions of CH3CCH obtained at 1-arcmin intervals along a NS-EW cross that centered on Orion KL, Sgr B2, and Dr 21. The technique's application to CH3CN lines from the central positions of Sgr B2 and Orion produces T(kin) values that are in good agreement with other determinations. The fact that these lines are broader than those of CH3CCH is interpreted in terms of a model in which CH3CN emission is confined to small and warm core region while CH3CCH emission is dominated by a more extensive, almost isothermal and cooler halo region in Orion KL and Sgr B2.
Utility of positron emission tomography in the mediastinum: moving beyond lung and esophageal cancer staging

Functional imaging using positron emission tomography (PET) has been a major advance in tumor imaging over the last decade. Its role is established in breast cancer, colorectal cancer, nonsmall cell lung cancer, and lymphoma. This article discusses the indications and applications of PET to evaluate mediastinal pathology.
Comparative net biosynthesis of indoleacetic acid from tryptophan in cell-free extracts of different parts of Pisum sativum plants

Abstract Some optimum conditions for assaying the enzymic conversion of tryptophan to indoleacetic acid (IAA) in crude cell-free extracts of pea ( Pisum sativum L.) seedlings are described. The assay is based upon the use of tryptophan- 14 C and the isolation of IAA- 14 C by TLC. Degradation of the enzymic product, measured by the rate of decarboxylation of IAA-1- 14 C which was added to enzyme extracts, accounted for the absence of absolute direct proportionality between yield of IAA and either enzyme concentration or reaction time. A comparison was made of the capacities for net biosynthesis of IAA from tryptophan in extracts of various parts of light-grown pea seedlings and immature pea seeds. The greatest net auxin production occurred in extracts of terminal buds, young stems and young leaves of seedlings. Lesser amounts of net auxin production occurred in extracts from older stems and leaves and from root tips. Extracts from developing pea seeds exhibited an auxin-synthesizing capacity comparable to that of terminal buds of seedlings. Several experiments employing various antibiotics, sterile filtration and aseptic culture of seedlings in vitro indicated that microbial contamination was not a significant problem in the assay procedure.
Monopoly and the choice of product characteristics

Abstract Monopoly firms producing large, indivisible goods may be able to effect perfect price discrimination by charging an all-or-none implicit price for each product characteristic. In that case, a monopolist will provide the same vector of product characteristics (i.e., the same product ‘quality’) as will a competitive industry; and, perhaps more surprisingly, produce the same quantity of the good. With all-or-none pricing, monopoly power leads to a higher product price, but no change in product quality or output.
Slope-Based Multipath Flow Update Algorithm for Static User Equilibrium Traffic Assignment Problem

This paper presents a new algorithm for solving the static traffic assignment problem that operates in the space of path flows. The algorithm uses a sequential equilibration technique by which origin-destination (O-D) pairs are equilibrated one at a time iteratively. This slope-based multipath algorithm (SMPA) inherits some insights from the gradient projection (GP) algorithm of Jayakrishnan et al., Dial's Algorithm B, and the recent GP method of Florian et al. However, the flow update mechanism of the SMPA is new, with different search directions for paths with higher and lower costs than the average cost for an O-D pair. It uses the slopes of cost functions in such a way as to bring the costs of different paths closer and enable faster convergence. Further, it does not require a line search for finding the move size. Computational experiments using the Sioux Falls, South Dakota, and Borman Corridor, Indiana, networks provide insights into the SMPA and compare its performance relative to the GP algorithm...
HERRO: A Science-Oriented Strategy for Crewed Missions Beyond LEO

This paper presents an exploration strategy for human missions beyond Low Earth Orbit (LEO) and the Moon that combines the best features of human and robotic spaceflight. This "Human Exploration using Real-time Robotic Operations" (HERRO) strategy refrains from placing humans on the surfaces of the Moon and Mars in the near-term. Rather, it focuses on sending piloted spacecraft and crews into orbit around exploration targets of interest, such as Mars, and conducting astronaut exploration of the surfaces using telerobots and remotely controlled systems. By eliminating the significant communications delay with Earth due to the speed of light limit, teleoperation provides scientists real-time control of rovers and other sophisticated instruments, in effect giving them a "virtual presence" on planetary surfaces, and thus expanding the scientific return at these destinations. It also eliminates development of the numerous man-rated landers, ascent vehicles and surface systems that are required to land humans on planetary surfaces. The propulsive requirements to travel from LEO to many destinations with shallow gravity-wells in the inner solar system are quite similar. Thus, a single spacecraft design could perform a variety of missions, including orbit-based surface exploration of the Moon, Mars and Venus, and rendezvous with Near Earth Asteroids (NEAs), as well as Phobos and Deimos. Although HERRO bypasses many of the initial steps that have been historically associated with human space exploration, it opens the door to many new destinations that are candidates for future resource utilization and settlement. HERRO is a first step that takes humans to exciting destinations beyond LEO, while expanding the ability to conduct science within the inner solar system.
Hair and nail growth: an investigation of the role of left- and right-handedness

Summary The rates of scalp hair and finger-nail growth were measured simultaneously on the two sides of the body. Whilst handedness of the individual influenced the side on which the finger-nails grew most rapidly, no such influence was found for scalp hair. This finding favours the theory of local trauma to the nail plate as the stimulus to rapid growth rather than cerebral dominance.
Subplinian eruption mechanisms inferred from volatile and clast dispersal data

Abstract Subplinian tephras erupted during the North Mono eruption of 1350 A.D. contain abundant obsidian clasts. The weight percent of water in the clasts from each tephra bed can be used to infer the depths from which the clasts originated within the magmatic system. A comparison of the depths of origin with inferred eruption dynamics and local bedrock stratigraphy suggests that the clasts were eroded from conduit walls during repeated withdrawal of magma from a replenished shallow magmatic system. Furthermore, the obsidian was preferentially formed at and eroded from sections in the conduit where increased cooling and magma fragmentation took place due to proximity to groundwater or to the surface. Finally, the data are compatible with magma withdrawal during separate explosive phases resulting from the movement of a disruption surface downward into magma columns that became larger in cross-sectional area with each explosive phase.
Parenteral nutrition and neonatal cholestasis.

Birth weight (gm) 1,315 _+ 340 2,187 _+ 950 Gestation (wk) 30.7 _+ 2 33.7 +_ 4 Sex ratio (M:F) 9:6 14:12 Permatal stress 9 (60%) 9 (36%) Hyaline membrane disease 7 (47%) 5 (20%) Respiratory distress-assisted 13 (87%) 8 (32%) ventilation Umbilical catheters 13 (87%) 14 (56%) Duration of umbilical catheter175 _-!85.8 118 + 78.6 ization (hr) Diagnosis NEC suspected (days) 11.8 _+ 8.2 8.2 _+ 6.9 Surgery for NEC 4 (27%) 8 (32%) NEC cause of death 3 (20%) 3 (12%) Died (of all causes) 7 (47%) 5 (20%)
Effects of Prereading Activities on Junior High Students' Recall

Abstract This study examined the use of story impressions as a prereading writing activity for seventh and eighth-grade students. Subjects in the experimental group were given a set of story impressions (clue words and telegraphic phrases extracted from the author's story) before reading a story, and they were asked to write a story of their own (called a story guess) based on the provided set of clues. Students in a second treatment condition were given the same set of story impressions and asked to list their predictions about the story without composing a story of their own. A third group (the control group) read the story without any preview activity. The story impressions, when paired with composing a story guess, produced the highest level of story recall for both above and below-average readers. The pattern of results supported the composing aspect of the story impressions technique as important to its overall effectiveness.
Single particle characterization of ultrafine and accumulation mode particles from heavy duty diesel vehicles using aerosol time-of-flight mass spectrometry.

The aerodynamic size and chemical composition of individual ultrafine and accumulation mode particle emissions (Da = 50−300 nm) were characterized to determine mass spectral signatures for heavy duty diesel vehicle (HDDV) emissions that can be used for atmospheric source apportionment. As part of this study, six in-use HDDVs were operated on a chassis dynamometer using the heavy heavy-duty diesel truck (HHDDT) five-cycle driving schedule under different simulated weight loads. The exhaust emissions were passed through a dilution/residence system to simulate atmospheric dilution conditions, after which an ultrafine aerosol time-of-flight mass spectrometer (UF-ATOFMS) was used to sample and characterize the HDDV exhaust particles in real-time. This represents the first study where refractory species including elemental carbon and metals are characterized directly in HDDV emissions using on-line mass spectrometry. The top three particle classes observed with the UF-ATOFMS comprise 91% of the total particles ...
Non-bladder cancer mortality in patients with urothelial cancer of the bladder.

Abstract Objectives Because bladder cancer (BC) patients often have comorbidities that adversely affect their health, we wanted to determine whether grade and stage of BC at diagnosis are associated with the hazard of death from causes other than BC. Materials and methods Cancer records for 93,033 patients diagnosed with urothelial BC during 1988–2002 were obtained from the Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) database. The grade-stage categories were defined as follows: (1) low grade, stage 0/I (Ta/T1, N0/Nx), (2) high grade, stage 0/I (Ta/Tis/T1, N0/Nx), (3) any grade, stage II (T2, N0/Nx), (4) any grade, stage III (T3-T4a, N0/Nx), (5) any grade, stage IV (T4b and/or N+). Patients with known distant metastases at presentation were excluded. Other covariates were age, gender, and race. The outcome measures were defined as the hazard of death from all causes, from BC, and from non-BC causes. Cox regression model was used to estimate the effect of grade-stage categories on over-all and cause-specific hazards with adjustment for covariates. Results The 5-year mortality proportions by grade-stage category were as follows: low grade, stage 0/I: all-causes 25%, BC 3%, non-BC 22%; high grade stage 0/I: all-causes 38%, BC 13%, non-BC 25%; stage II: all-causes 63%, BC 36%, non-BC 27%; stage III: all-causes 69%, BC 45%, non-BC 24%; stage IV: all-causes 83%, BC 68%, non-BC 15%. Using low grade, stage 0/I as a reference category, the hazard ratios for increasing grade-stage categories (high grade 0/I, II, III, IV) were as follows: all-cause mortality 1.30, 2.37, 3.07, 6.14; BC-related hazard 3.31, 10.02, 14.65, 32.04; non-BC-related hazard: 1.05, 1.37, 1.49, 1.65 (all P Conclusion Grade-stage categories were associated with the hazard of death from non-BC causes. However, their influence on BC-related hazard was much greater in magnitude. Because BC (rather than co-morbidities) is the main cause of death in patients with muscle-invasive disease, aggressive BC-directed therapies in these patients, when feasible, are justified.
Nanomechanical heterogeneity in the gap and overlap regions of type I collagen fibrils with implications for bone heterogeneity.

The microstructure of type I collagen, consisting of alternating gap and overlap regions with a characteristic D period of ∼67 nm, enables multifunctionalities of collagen fibrils in different tissues. Implementing near-surface dynamic and static nanoindentation techniques with atomic force microscope, we reveal mechanical heterogeneity along the axial direction of a single isolated collagen fibril from tendon and show that, within the D period, the gap and overlap regions have significantly different elastic and energy dissipation properties, correlating the significantly different molecular structures in these two regions. We further show that such subfibrillar heterogeneity holds in collagen fibrils inside bone and might be intrinsically related to the excellent energy dissipation performance of bone.
Experience with Teaching Electronic Commerce

CS453, Electronic Commerce Technologies, is an elective course taken primarily by computer science and computer engineering students in their senior year. The course was originally offered using a traditional lecture plus homework approach, but with support from NSF DUE CCLI we added a hands-on programming laboratory that met three hours per week and provided mentored learning for HTML, CSS, JavaScript, Perl, CGI, SQL, and PHP. Students liked the material but objected to the inflexible weekly format. With additional university support we transitioned to virtual labs that better aligned the students' experience with the 24/7 nature of the Internet. In fall 2005 we will compare one group using these virtual labs with another group using Tablet PCs, Conference XP, and OneNote
“Smart clothing”: wearable multimedia computing and “personal imaging” to restore the technological balance between people and their environments

Current portable computers and PDAs fail to truly become part of our daily lives in the sense that we need to stop what we are doing and expend conscious effort to use them. They also do not have the situational awareness that they should have: while they are not being explicitly used, they are unable to remain attentive to possible ways to help the user. Environmental technology in the form of ubiquitous computing, ubiquitous surveillance, and smart spaces, has attempted to bring multimedia computing seamlessly into our daily lives, promising a future world with cameras and microphones everywhere, connected to invisible computing, always attentive to our every movement or conversation. This raises some serious privacy issues. Even if we ignore these issues, there is still a problem of user-control, customization, and reliance on an infrastructure that will not (and probably should not) become totally ubiquitous. In response to these problems, a personal, wearable, multimedia computer, with head-mounted camera(s)/display, sensors, etc. is proposed for use in day-to-day living within the surrounding social fabric of the individual. Examples of practical uses include: face identification (memory aid for names), way-finding via sequences of freeze-frames, shared visual memory/environment maps, and other personal notetaking together with visual images. Anecdotal personal experiences, over several years of use, are reported, and privacy issues are addressed, in particular, with a discussion of how personal ‘smart clothing’ has counteracted or at least reached a healthy balance with environmental surveillance.
Discrimination of Enantiofaces and Stereoselective Electrophilic Addition Reactions for η2-Pyrrole Complexes

A series of asymmetric N-substituted pyrroles (1−7) has been synthesized from amino acid derivatives and complexed to the pentaammineosmium(II) fragment. Many of these pyrrole complexes (8−14) show a thermodynamic preference for one coordination diastereomer according to their NMR spectra (−5 to −20 °C). This stereoselective coordination results in stereoselective electrophilic addition at the uncoordinated β carbon (C3) when the complexes are treated with trifluoromethanesulfonic acid (HOTf), methyl triflate, or dimethoxymethane. These stereoselective reactions at C3 are a direct result of differentiation of the pyrrole enantiofaces.
Indicators of contraceptive policy for nations at three levels of development

The study is concerned with examining variations in contraceptive policies among 74 nations of the world. Employing quantitative data collected by the United Nations, the national policies for three types of contraceptive devices (birth control pills, condoms and IUDs) were examined for nations at three levels of development. The policies for the three items were found to be highly intercorrelated. Given this fact, a restrictiveness index related to the commercial sale of the three types of contraceptive was constructed. A set of independent variables was then related to this restrictive index employing multivariate analysis. The results differed appreciably for the developed and non-developed nations. For the developed nations restrictiveness was significantly related to the fertility rate and the number of physicians in the society, whereas for the developing nations it was significantly related to the infant mortality rate in the society.
Monte Carlo evaluation of the continuum limit of (φ4)4 and (φ4)3

Abstract A Monte Carlo algorithm is used to evaluate time-ordered vacuum expectation values for a euclidean scalar field theory with fourth-order interaction on four- and three-dimensional lattices. As the lattice spacing approaches zero in the four-dimensional theory, the renormalized coupling constant appears to approach zero uniformly in the bare coupling constant over the entire range of non-negative bare coupling. In the three-dimensional theory the limiting renormalized coupling constant appears to be strictly positive for strictly positive bare coupling.
Short wavelength FELs on large storage rings

Abstract The use of a large-circumference, high-energy, electron-positron collider such as PEP, TRISTAN or PETRA to drive a free-electron laser (FEL), producing high levels of coherent power at short wavelengths around 40 A is explored. We consider self-amplified spontaneous emission (SASE), in which electron bunches with low emittance, high peak current and small energy spread radiate coherently in a single pass through a long undulator. As the electron beam passes down the undulator, its interaction with the increasingly intense spontaneous radiation causes a bunch density modulation at the optical wavelength, resulting in stimulated emission and exponential growth of coherent power in a single pass. The need for optical-cavity mirrors, which place a lower limit on the wavelength of a conventional FEL oscillator, is avoided. Various combinations of electron-beam and undulator parameters, as well as special undulator designs, are discussed. Saturation and high peak, in-band, coherent power (460 MW) are possible with a 67 m, hybrid permanent-magnet undulator in a ring bypass. A 100 m, cusp-field undulator can achieve high average, in-band, coherent power (0.25 W) in the main ring. The existing, 25.6 m. Paladin undulator at LLNL, with the addition of optical-klystron dispersive sections, is considered for both peak and average power.
Archival description and finding aids

Archival arrangement and description establish physical and intellectual control over archives and manuscripts, enabling users to find the records they need. Description is the process of analyzing and recording information about these materials. The descriptive tools used to convey this information are called finding aids. In order to find manuscripts and archives when we need them, we must shift our orientation from single documents to groups of materials that can be described collectively. The principle of provenance likewise changes our focus from subject matter to the organic origins of documents, based on the purposes for which they were initially created and used. Archives and manuscripts are unique materials, but they can be organized and described using standards that permit data exchange and access by means of national networks, such as OCLC and RLIN, and through Web sites, using encoded archival description for archival finding aids. Descriptive practices continue to evolve, and improved systems are likely to be developed within the next decade.
Dearomatization of Benzene, Deamidization of N,N-Dimethylformamide, and a Versatile New Tungsten π Base

The first group VI η2-coordinated benzene complex, TpW(NO)(PMe3)(η2-benzene), is reported. The bound arene is activated toward Diels−Alder cycloaddition, and substitution of the arene with DMF yields a rare example of a η2-coordinated amide.
Design of high efficiency polymeric cation exchange fibers

In this study, we have been exploring a new ion exchange material in the form of a fiber that could yield a number of important advantages over conventional ion exchange beads. In this approach, ion exchange fibers are prepared by 1) coating low-cost glass fiber substrates with a polystyrene/divinylbenzene oligomer, 2) curing, and 3) sulfonating. The sulfonation process and effects of varying degrees of crosslinking were characterized through diffuse reflectance infrared spectroscopy and acid-base neutralization titrations. Capacities of 4.7 meq/g (on a per resin basis) were easily obtained. Kinetics experiments showed the contact efficiencies of the new systems were greatly improved over the traditional beads due to greater surface associated with the film morphology and shorter diffusion lengths. This translated into an order of magnitude increase in ion exchange rate. As a result of the thin coatings, the use of solvents prior to functionalization, and preswelling of the finished product prior to end-use were eliminated. Scanning electron microscopy was used to image the fibers and track­their mechanical integrity through various stages of­the process. Finally, repetitive regenerations proved­the long-term stability of the spent fibers. Copyright­© 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fouling of floating plastic debris under Biscayne Bay exposure conditions

Abstract Six plastic/rubber materials commonly encountered in marine debris and beach litter were studied under Biscayne Bay (Florida, USA) exposure conditions to determine the effect of fouling on buoyancy. Studies under restricted floating, and restricted submerged exposure conditions suggest that most plastic samples undergo fouling to an extent to cause the sample to be negatively buoyant in sea water. Rapid defouling of the submerged fouled samples was observed. The findings suggest that free-floating plastics at sea may, under certain conditions, undergo fouling-induced sinking followed by resurfacing as floating debris.
Automatic model-based 3D lesion segmentation for evaluation of MR-guided thermal ablation therapy

We are investigating magnetic resosance imaging-guided radiofrequency ablation of pathologic tissue. For many tissues, resulting lesions have a characteristic two-boundary appearance featuring an inner region and an outer hyper-intense margin in both contrast enchanced (CE) T 1 and T 2 weighted MR images. We created a twelve-parameter, three-dimensional, globally deformable model with two quadratic surfaces that describe both lesion zones. We present an energy minimization approach to automatically fit the model to a grayscale MR image volume. We applied the automatic model to in vivo lesions (n = 5) in a rabbit thigh model, using CE T 1 and T 2 weighted MR images, and compared the results to multi-operator manually segmented boundaries. For all lesions, the median error was <1.0mm for both the inner and outer regions, values that favorably compare to a voxel width of 0.7 mm. These results suggest that our method provides a precise, automatic approximation of lesion shape. We believe that the method has applications in lesion visualization, volume estimation, image quantification, and volume registration.
Imaging diagnosis of acute pulmonary embolism

Pulmonary embolism represents a major public healthcare problem and it also imposes frequent clinical diagnostic issues. Despite the availability of the D-dimer tests, imaging remains the mainstay for its diagnosis. Computed tomography pulmonary angiography (CTPA) is now the most widely used diagnostic test and its utility has been well validated in a large number of trials. Nuclear medicine techniques, which are also well established, are now used significantly less frequently. Magnetic resonance pulmonary angiography is developing as an alternative to CTPA in patients who have contraindications to iodinated contrast media. Catheter pulmonary angiography remains the gold standard, although it is being used increasingly less frequently. In this article, we review the current knowledge on the imaging diagnosis of acute pulmonary embolism with special emphasis on the noninvasive techniques.
The Optical Admittance Spectroscopy of the Vanadium Donor and Acceptor Levels in Semi-Insulating 4H-SiC and 6H-SiC

The purpose of this study is to determine the vanadium defect levels in semi-insulating 4H-SiC and 6H-SiC using optical admittance spectroscopy (OAS). OAS data show several distinct peaks for the vanadium-doped SI 4H-SiC and 6H-SiC. Comparison of the data for the two polytypes suggests that peaks at 0.67 ± 0.02 eV and 0.70 ± 0.02 eV in 6H substrates and 0.75 ± 0.02 eV in 4H substrates are related to V3+/4+ levels at the cubic sites. A peak at 0.87 ± 0.02 eV in the 6H sample is assigned to the same defect level at the hexagonal site and the associated transition in 4H was observed at 0.94 ± 0.02 eV in our spectra. The donor levels are thought to be related to peaks at 1.94 ± 0.05 eV and 1.87 ± 0.05 eV in 4H and 6H samples, respectively. The differences between the values obtained from the optical admittance measurements and those reported in the literature are attributed to thermal relaxation and/or contributions from defect complexes.
Prevention of Poor Psychosocial Outcomes in Living Organ Donors: From Description to Theory-Driven Intervention Development and Initial Feasibility Testing

Context—Although some living donors experience psychological, somatic, and interpersonal difficulties after donation, interventions to prevent such outcomes have not been developed or evaluated.Objective—To (1) summarize empirical evidence on psychosocial outcomes after donation, (2) describe a theoretical framework to guide development of an intervention to prevent poor outcomes, and (3) describe development and initial evaluation of feasibility and acceptability of the intervention.Methods—Based on a narrative literature review suggesting that individuals ambivalent about donation are at risk for poor psychosocial outcomes after donation, the intervention targeted this risk factor. Intervention structure and content drew on motivational interviewing principles in order to assist prospective donors to resolve ambivalence. Data were collected on donors' characteristics at our institution to determine whether they constituted a representative population in which to evaluate the intervention. Study particip...
Invited Review: Plasticity in the control of breathing following sensory denervation

The purpose of this manuscript is to review the results of studies on the recovery or plasticity following a denervation- or lesion-induced change in breathing. Carotid body denervation (CBD), lung...
Gas Chromatographic Trace Analysis of β‐Propiolactone in Sterilized Serum Proteins

A method for detecting traces of beta-propiolactone, which was previously described by Schmitz-Masse, has been modified and adapted to the analysis of protein solutions. Using this method, the rate of hydrolysis of beta-propiolactone (beta-P1) was examined and beta-P1 sterilized commercial products were analyzed for possible residual nonhydrolyzed beta-P1.
Gene Regulation: Enhancers Stepping Out of the Shadow

Summary The expression of many animal genes has been shown to be controlled by two — rather than one — enhancers with similar regulatory content. Such enhancer redundancy ensures robustness of gene expression under adverse environmental or genetic conditions.
A review of some aspects of the treatment of severe generalized eczematous dermatoses in children

Accepting the brief of generalized or widespread eczematous dermatoses in childhood, I shall be considering atopic dermatitis, contact dermatitis, irritant napkin dermatitis, infantile seborrhoeic dermatitis and Leiner's disease.
Primary Amebic Meningoencephalitis Diagnosed in the Emergency Department

Reported is a case of primary amebic meningoencephalitis diagnosed in the emergency department. The patient, a previously healthy teenager, developed Naegleria meningoencephalitis after swimming in a freshwater public pool. The Naegleria caused acute fulminating infection culminating in the death of the patient 36 hours after admission. Results of a spinal tap, together with the history of swimming in warm fresh water, led to the emergency department diagnosis.
Stratified flow around an axisymmetric body at small angle of attack

References ^radshaw, P., Cebeci, T., and Whitelaw, J. H., Engineering Calculation Methods for Turbulent Flows, Academic, New York, 1981. Klineberg, J. M., and Steger, J. L., "On Laminar Boundary-Layer Separation," AIAA Paper 74-94, 1974. Keller, H. B., "The Bordering Algorithm and Path Following Near Singular Points of Higher Nullity," SI AM Journal on Scientific and Statistical Computing, Vol. 4, No. 4, 1983, pp. 573-582. Keller, H. B., "A New Difference Scheme for Parabolic Problems," Numerical Solution of Partial-Differential Equations, Vol. II, edited by J. Bramble, Academic, New York, 1970. Veldman, A. E. P., "New Quasi-Simultaneous Method to Calculate Interacting Boundary Layers," AIAA Journal, Vol. 19, 1981, p. 769. Carter, J. E., and Wornum, S. F., "Solutions for Incompressible Separated Boundary Layers Including Viscous-Inviscid Interaction," NASA SP-347, 1975.
Significance tests and their interpretation: An example utilizing published research and ω2

The issue of the interpretation of significance tests is addressed. An arugment is presented that some measure of association such as ω2 should be provided as an interpretation/decision-making aid for scientific consumers and journal editors. Published research articles were examined regarding use of measures of association and the relationship between sample size and the amount of variance shared by the independent and the dependent variable. The results indicated that no articles reported measures of association and that many published studies are based upon small degrees of relationship between the independent and dependent variables. A change in report-writing and journal-editing practices is suggested.
Extending the extenders. Compromise for the geriatric specialization-manpower debate.

This pilot study reports on issues germane to the geriatric specialization-manpower debate. The study found that a large amount of the functional responsibility required by older adults in an urban clinic setting could be delegated to physician extenders. Other findings included shorter hospitalizations, increased feelings of well-being, and high patient satisfaction with physician extended care. The implications are that rather than develop a new physician specialty, more geriatric manpower needs could be met by delegating responsibility to appropriately trained and supervised physician extenders. J Am Geriatr Soc 33:559, 1985
Acetabular Cage Survival and Analysis of Factors Related to Failure

The reported results of acetabular cage reconstruction for pelvic deficiency are widely variable. Our primary question was: what is the survivorship of cage reconstruction with a primary end point of cage revision and secondary end points of radiographic loosening and any reoperation? Secondary questions were: which factors predict cage failure, and what is the functional outcome (SF-36, WOMAC, Harris hip score) of this reconstructive method? We reviewed 72 cage reconstructions in 68 patients. Minimum followup was 1.2 years (mean, 5.1 years; range, 1.2–10.7 years). Five-year cage revision-free survivorship was 87.8%. Five-year loosening-free and acetabular reoperation-free survivorships were 80.7% and 81.3%, respectively. No single preoperative factor (age, gender, severity of pelvic defect, degree of heterotopic ossification, difference in limb lengths and centers of rotation) or intraoperative factor (type of bone graft, type of cage, changes in limb length and center of rotation) predicted cage failure. Functional outcomes were 28.9 (SF-36 Physical Component), 52.4 (SF-36 Mental Component), 33.7 (WOMAC), and 44.2 (Harris). We judged these outcomes acceptable for this sometimes challenging problem. Future techniques for treating pelvic deficiency will need to be compared with these and other outcomes in the literature. Level of Evidence: Level IV, therapeutic study. See the Guidelines for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.