cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Magnetic resonance analysis of postsurgical temporal lobectomy.

Background and Purpose. The effect of temporal lobe transection area, volume of postoperative gliosis, and surgical technique on patients' seizure-free outcome is unknown. The authors studied the effects of these variables on patients' seizure-free outcome. Methods. A retrospective review of magnetic resonance imaging examinations acquired 3 to 18 months after temporal lobe resection was carried out for 18 patients with intractable temporal lobe seizures and known postsurgical outcomes for more than 2 years. The total volume of radiologically probable gliosis evident on axial proton-density-weighted images was calculated for each patient using software on an independent console. The total area of temporal lobe surface transected by the scalpel was calculated as well, using sagittal T1-weighted images. The total volume of gliosis, the total area of transected temporal lobe, and the specific type of surgery (sparing vs no sparing of the superior temporal gyrus) were then correlated with the postsurgical outcome of the patients. An examiner with no prior knowledge of the patients' postsurgical outcomes carried out the above calculations and measurements. The patients' postoperative outcome was defined using Engel classifications, and patients were divided into two groups: group A with Engel class 1 (n= 9) and group B with Engel classes 2–4 (n= 9). Results. The mean volumes of postoperative gliosis were not significantly different between group A (3592.3 mm3) and group B (4270 mm3). The mean area of transected temporal lobe was also similar between group A (1865.2 mm2) and group B (1930 mm2). With regard to surgical technique, there were 5 subjects who had the superior temporal gyrus resected and 13 who did not. Eighty percent of patients with the superior temporal gyrus resected were Engel class 1 or 2, whereas only 20% were of Engel class 3 or 4. Conclusion. The authors found no clear association between postoperative outcome and residual temporal lobe gliosis, the surgical technique, or the total area of temporal lobe transected by the scalpel.
Potassium advances circadian activity rhythms: interactions with lithium

Lithium delays the circadian rhythm of wheel-running in Syrian hamsters at plasma concentrations (0.59-0.74 mM) that also cause toxic weight loss. A moderate elevation of dietary potassium (up to 6 times normal intake) prevented lithium-induced weight loss in a dose-dependent manner, but had no effect on the delay of activity rhythms caused by lithium. Without lithium, the highest level of potassium intake advanced activity rhythms by 1 h relative to an entraining light:dark cycle. These results suggest that lithium's toxic, but not behavioral, actions involve an interaction with potassium ion. Furthermore, dietary potassium supplementation might have independent uses as treatment for chronobiological disorders.
Within-mouth correlations for indicators of the host response in gingival crevicular fluid.

Gingival crevicular fluid was collected from multiple sites in patients with chronic adult periodontitis, and analysed for the lysosomal enzymes beta-glucuronidase and arylsulphatase, the cytoplasmic enzyme lactate dehydrogenase, total IgA, IgG and IgM and the protease inhibitor alpha 2-macroglobulin. The within-mouth (intraclass) correlation coefficients were calculated to describe the relationship between samples collected from individual patients. Data collected at baseline and 3 months after root planing and scaling were analysed, as was the change between examinations. Volume of crevicular fluid demonstrated the smallest intraclass correlation coefficient (0.16 at baseline, 0.12 at 3 months; 0.11 change), while probing depth and enzyme activity had moderate intraclass correlations (i.e. 0.36, 0.36, 0.26 for beta-glucuronidase). Immunoglobulin and alpha 2-macroglobulin activity in the fluid had the strongest correlations (i.e. 0.64, 0.57, 0.65 for IgG). The correlations for anatomically related teeth within a quadrant (molar, non-molar) were equivalent to or greater than the correlation for all samples within a mouth. Examined by tooth type, the intraclass correlations for volume of crevicular fluid, probing depth, beta-glucuronidase, arylsulphatase and lactate dehydrogenase were higher for non-molar teeth. In contrast, intraclass correlations for IgA, IgG, IgM and alpha 2-macroglobulin in samples from molar teeth were either equivalent to or greater than the correlations for non-molar samples. Calculation of intraclass correlation coefficients for such data can (1) indicate the degree of variability present in multiple samples of crevicular fluid collected from individual patients, (2) provide information about the source of host mediators in the fluid, and (3) help identify appropriate sampling strategies for the fluid.
ET-53IPILIMUMAB FOR RECURRENT GLIOBLASTOMA (GBM)

Available treatments for recurrent glioblastoma (GBM) are inadequate, and median survival is approximately 6 months. Ipilimumab (ipi) is an immune modulator that inhibits CTLA-4 and is active in refractory melanoma, including brain metastases. We retrospectively reviewed records of patients treated with ipi for recurrent GBM, and explored safety, response, and survival using Kaplan-Meier methodology. There were 10 patients (6 men), median age 55 years (range 41-65). All received prior radiotherapy and temozolomide, and 9 received prior bevacizumab. Ipi (3mg/kg/dose) was administered for 1st (1), 2nd (4), 3rd (4), or 6th (1) recurrence. Bevacizumab was administered concurrently to all patients to reduce corticosteroid requirements that can blunt ipi effect. Other concurrent therapies included GM-CSF (8), nitrosoureas (5), carboplatin (1), temozolomide (1), or lapatinib (1). Corticosteroids (dexamethasone, 0.75 - 4.0 mg/day) were administered concurrently in 4. All patients were evaluated for toxicity. One experienced fever, elevated LDH, and transaminitis. One experienced rash and fatigue. There were no other significant toxicities, specifically no endocrinopathies or electrolyte abnormalities. Responses included stable disease (5) and progressive disease (5). Median progression-free survival (PFS) was 2.8 months and overall survival (OS) was 5.1 months, although 5 patients remain alive. Results were the same for those (9) treated for bevacizumab-refractory disease. Historical control suggests results are similar in bevacizumab-failure patients treated with salvage chemotherapy (PFS 1-3 moths, OS 4-6 months), and superior to those in patients who receive no further treatment following progression on bevacizumab. Comparison of immunologic effects in pre-ipi and post-ipi tumor tissue for one case is underway. Ipi can be administered safely to patients with GBM concurrently with GM-CSF, bevacizumab, nitrosoureas, and other therapies. In patients treated for bevacizumab-refractory disease, ipi may prolong PFS and OS as compared to historical controls. Concurrent bevacizumab may reduce corticosteroid requirements. Treatment earlier in the disease course merits investigation.
Isozyme changes in the honeybee, Apis mellifera L., during larval morphogenesis

Abstract Eight enzymes from the haemolymph of honeybee larvae have been shown to exist in multiple molecular forms (isozymes). These enzymes are: malate dehydrogenase, α-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase, alcohol dehydrogenase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, xanthine dehydrogenase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, acid phosphatases and esterases. Separation of the isozymes was obtained by isoelectric focusing. In general, enzyme activity showed a general decline during the later stages of larval life.
Effect of Thioredoxin Deletion and p53 Cysteine Replacement on Human p53 Activity in Wild-Type and Thioredoxin Reductase Null Yeast

Reporter gene transactivation by human p53 is inhibited in budding yeast lacking the TRR1 gene encoding thioredoxin reductase. To investigate the role of thioredoxin in controlling p53 activity, the level of reporter gene transactivation by p53 was determined in yeast lacking the TRX1 and TRX2 genes encoding cytosolic thioredoxin. Surprisingly, p53 activity was unimpaired in yeast lacking thioredoxin. Subsequent analyses showed that thioredoxin deletion suppressed the inhibitory effect of thioredoxin reductase deletion, suggesting that accumulation of oxidized thioredoxin in mutant yeast was necessary for p53 inhibition. Purified human thioredoxin and p53 interacted in vitro (Kd = 0.9 microM thioredoxin). To test the idea that dithio-disulfide exchange reactions between p53 and thioredoxin were responsible for p53 inhibition in mutant yeast, each p53 cysteine was changed to serine, and the effect of the substitution on p53 activity in TRR1 and Deltatrr1 yeast was determined. Substitutions at Zn-coordinating cysteines C176, C238, or C242 resulted in p53 inactivation. Unexpectedly, substitution at cysteine C275 also inactivated p53, which was the first evidence for a non-zinc-coordinating cysteine being essential for p53 function. Cysteine substitutions at six positions (C124, C135, C141, C182, C229, and C277) neither inactivated p53 nor relieved the requirement for thioredoxin reductase. Furthermore, no tested combination of these six cysteine substitutions relieved thioredoxin reductase dependence. The results suggested that p53 dependence on thioredoxin reductase either was indirect, perhaps mediated by an upstream activator of p53, or was due to oxidation of one or more of the four essential cysteines.
Children's knowledge, expectation, and long‐term retention

To examine the influence of prior knowledge on children's immediate and delayed recall of the details of a physical examination, 4- and 6-year-olds received a specially constructed check-up that included some typical, expected medical features (e.g. listening to the heart), while omitting others, and incorporated several atypical, unexpected procedures (e.g. measuring head circumference). Using a combination of open-ended and more specific probes, the children were assessed for their recall of expected and unexpected features that had been included in or omitted from the examination. Expectation based on prior knowledge affected three aspects of performance. First, correct recall of typical features that had been experienced exceeded that of unexpected features. Second, after a 12-week delay, spontaneous incorrect recall of expected-but-omitted features was considerable, with 42% of 4-year-olds and 72% of 6-year-olds making at least one intrusion, and essentially zero for atypical procedures that were unexpected and omitted. Third, when questioned directly about medical procedures not included in the examination, correct denials were high for atypical features, but at chance levels for those that were expected. The positive and negative influences of knowledge raise questions about children's abilities to differentiate clearly between experience and expectation and have implications for understanding their testimony.
Atraumatic bloodless removal of intramedullary hemangioblastomas of the spinal cord

Object. The goal of this study was to summarize the author's personal experience in the surgical treatment of 19 patients with intramedullary spinal cord hemangioblastomas. Methods. All cases were from the author's private practice and were treated between 1967 and 1990. In all cases the intramedullary hemangioblastomas were totally removed by using a unique microsurgical technique of bipolar coagulation, which is fully described in this paper. A bipolar forceps was used to shrink each tumor and detach it from its feeding and draining vessels. Tumor resection was successfully accomplished in all patients. Blood loss was minimal, averaging less than 100 ml, and what little bleeding occurred did so during laminotomy or laminectomy. No bleeding occurred during tumor removal, and no transfusions were given. All patients were symptomatic preoperatively, and all recovered or improved following surgery. Conclusions. The technique described in this paper makes tumor removal safe, effective, and relatively easy.
Telomere anchoring at the nuclear periphery requires the budding yeast Sad1-UNC-84 domain protein Mps3

Positioning of telomeres at the nuclear periphery can have dramatic effects on gene expression by establishment of heritable, transcriptionally repressive subdomains. However, little is known about the integral membrane proteins that mediate telomere tethering at the nuclear envelope. Here, we find a previously unrecognized function for the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Sad1-UNC-84 domain protein Mps3 in regulating telomere positioning in mitotic cells. Our data demonstrate that the nucleoplasmic N-terminal acidic domain of Mps3 is not essential for viability. However, this acidic domain is necessary and sufficient for telomere tethering during S phase and the silencing of reporter constructs integrated at telomeres. We show that this is caused by the role of the Mps3 acidic domain in binding and localization of the silent information regulator protein Sir4 to the nuclear periphery. Thus, Mps3 functions as an integral membrane anchor for telomeres and is a novel nuclear receptor for the Sir4 pathway of telomere tethering and gene inactivation.
Cultivation, in vitro culture, secondary metabolite production, and phytopharmacognosy of saffron (Crocus sativus L.).

ABSTRACT Saffron, the dried, dark-red stigmata of Crocus sativus L., is the most expensive spice in the world, currently selling for over $2,000/kg. Used for flavoring and coloring food, saffron is also being investigated as an anti-cancer agent, but low productivity (6 kg saffron/hectare) limits availability. New technologies, such as in vitro tissue cultures, are being developed for their utility in increasing the amounts of crocin, crocetin, picrocrocin, and safranal, the main constituents of saffron. Additionally, saffron's pharmacological properties have also been the focus of extensive research. We review the recent advances of the past decade to better understand the growth and physiology of Crocus sativas L. as well as the pharmacological properties of saffron secondary metabolites.
A Spectroscopic Search for λ Bootis and Other Peculiar A-Type Stars in Intermediate-Age Open Clusters

As part of our continuing search for peculiar A-type stars, especiallyBootis stars, in open clusters of all ages, we have obtained classification spectra of 130 late B, A, and early F-type stars in 12 intermediate-age open clusters, including NGC 1039, 2281, 2548, 6633, 7039, 7063, 7092, and 7209, IC 4665, IC 4756, Stock 2, and Praesepe. The spectra were obtained with resolutions of 1.8 and 3.6 Aon the 0.8 m telescope of Appalachian State University and were classified on the MK system. Numerous classical Ap and Am stars were found among the 130, including two new Ap stars in NGC 7092. In addition, three emission-line stars and two candidateBootis stars were found. Neither of theseBootis candidates turned out to be members of their respective clusters. Combined with 184 stars previously classified in 10 other intermediate-age open clusters, also devoid ofBootis stars, a statistically significant null result is obtained. We discuss the implications of this null result for our understanding of theBootis mechanism.
Comparative survey of fungi and potential pathogenic fungi from selected beaches in the Tampa Bay area

Thirty-six species representing 26 genera were isolated from the intertidal area of selected Tampa Bay area beaches. Beaches used frequently and infrequently by bathers were found to differ in thei...
Dynamic holograms with photorefractive polymers

Recent work on dynamic holograms is reviewed. We report photorefractive polymeric hologram with subsecond response time and two-hour decay time which can be applied for rewritable 3D display. The recording method is simple yet efficient.
1.3 µm GaInNAs Bandgap Difference Confinement Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers

A GaInNAs bandgap difference confinement (BDC) semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) utilizing a bandgap difference between an active region and a cladding region for current confinement was developed for the first time. Due to strong current and optical confinements in the lateral direction, this SOA exhibited a 4.3 dB larger chip gain and 2.1 dB smaller fiber coupling loss than the conventional GaInNAs-buried-ridge-stripe (BRS) SOA. In addition, the gain dependence of the GaInNAs-BDC-SOA on temperature was found to be much smaller than that of the conventional InP-based-SOA, and comparable to that of the GaInNAs-BRS-SOA.
Openness, Human Development, and Fiscal Policies: Effects on Economic Growth and Speed of Adjustment

The model developed here postulates that learning through experience raises labor productivity with three major consequences. First, the steady-state growth rate of output becomes endogenous and is influenced by government policies. Second, the speed of adjustment to steady-state growth increases, and enhanced learning further reduces adjustment time. Third, both steady-state growth and the optimal net rate of return to capital are higher than the sum of the exogenous rates of technical change and population growth. Simulation results confirm the model's faster speed of adjustment, and regression analysis finds that a large part of the divergent growth patterns across countries is related to the extent of economic openness, the depth of human development, and the quality of fiscal policies.
Contrasting population trends of piscivorous seabirds in the Pribilof Islands: A 30-year perspective

The Pribilof Islands provide nesting habitat for one of the largest concentrations of piscivorous seabirds in the North Pacific region. Pribilof breeding populations of black-legged and red-legged kittiwakes (Rissa tridactyla and Rissa brevirostris), and common and thick-billed murres (Uria aalge and Uria lomvia) are supported by a highly productive marine food web. Productivity and temperature in this area are influenced by winter sea ice that frequently reaches its maximum extent near the Pribilofs. Although St. George and St. Paul islands, the two largest of the Pribilof group, are situated only 60 km apart, St. George is within 25 km of the shelf break, but St. Paul is approximately 90 km away. In contrast, the local contribution of sea ice-edge productivity in the spring is frequently closer to St. Paul than to St. George. Central place foraging piscivorous seabirds nesting at St. Paul and St. George are likely differentially affected by the relative contributions of the shelf break and ice-edge environments based on juxtaposition. Within the past decade or so, sea ice in the Bering Sea has failed to reach the vicinity of the Pribilofs in some years, and predictions of warming in the future suggest the possibility that direct effects of the ice on the immediate Pribilof environment will be reduced. To evaluate the response of kittiwakes and murres on the two islands to conditions in their foraging environments, we examined population trends over the past 30 years based on data from the seabird monitoring program conducted by the Alaska Maritime National Wildlife Refuge and others. Spatial differences in trends have been more consistent than differences among species, with populations at St. Paul having more enduring declines than those at St. George. At St. George, black-legged kittiwakes and common murres have remained stable. Red-legged kittiwakes and thick-billed murres both declined, but began to rebound in the late 1980s, such that in 2005 population numbers for all four species at St. George were approximately equivalent to those observed in 1976. In contrast, at St. Paul Island, all four species have declined for most of this 30-year time series, with only black-legged kittiwakes showing increases in the past decade but still remaining far below 1976 numbers. Interestingly, rates of productivity for kittiwakes and for murres were similar between the two islands, suggesting similar responses to summer conditions and implicating differential mortality of post-fledging juveniles or adults from the two islands (i.e., if summer food stress was insufficient to cause differences in productivity, but sufficient to cause physiological consequences that reduced survival. Another possibility is immigration from St. Paul to St. George, probably by juveniles.
INFLUENCE OF TUITION AND STUDENT AID ON WITHIN‐YEAR PERSISTENCE BY ADULTS IN 2‐YEAR COLLEGES

This article uses the 1987 National Postsecondary Student Aid Study to examine the influence of student subsidies on within‐year persistence by nontraditional college‐age students enrolled in 2‐year colleges. The findings include the following: (a) tuition charges were negatively associated with within‐year persistence of adult students in 2‐year colleges and (b) student aid subsidies were insufficient to mitigate the negative effects of tuition.
Vertebral scale system to measure heart size in radiographs.

This article describes a method for measuring heart size relative to vertebral length in radiographs. The lengths of the long and short axes of the heart are scaled against the length of vertebrae dorsal to the heart beginning with the fourth thoracic vertebra (v). The sum of the long and short axes of the heart is the vertebral heart size (VHS). In 100 normal dogs, VHS was 9.7v ± 0.5 SD. The differences between wide- and deep-chested dogs, males and females, and right or left lateral recumbency were not significant. In 100 normal cats, the average VHS was 7.5v ± 0.3. The short-axis dimension of the heart in ventrodorsal radiographs of cats was 3.4v ± 0.25.
ESTIMATION OF THE PARAMETERS OF A NORMAL DISTRIBUTION WHEN THE MEAN IS RESTRICTED TO AN INTERVAL1

Summary Suppose it is known that the mean of a normal distribution is non-negative. Naturally one will use the sample mean truncated at zero as an estimator of the distribution mean. In this paper the properties of such an estimator are investigated.
Particle decay branching ratios for states of astrophysical importance in 19 Ne

We have measured proton and $\ensuremath{\alpha}$-particle branching ratios of states formed using the $^{19}\mathrm{F}(^{3}\mathrm{He},t)^{19}\mathrm{Ne}^{*}$ reaction at a beam energy of $25\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\text{MeV}$. These ratios have a large impact on the astrophysical reaction rates of $^{15}\mathrm{O}(\ensuremath{\alpha},\ensuremath{\gamma})^{19}\mathrm{Ne}$, $^{18}\mathrm{F}(p,\ensuremath{\gamma})^{19}\mathrm{Ne}$, and $^{18}\mathrm{F}(p,\ensuremath{\alpha})^{15}\mathrm{O}$, which are of interest in understanding energy generation in x-ray bursts and in interpreting anticipated $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray observations of novae. We detected decay protons and $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ particles using a silicon detector array in coincidence with tritons measured in the focal plane detector of our Enge split-pole spectrograph. The silicon array consists of five strip detectors of the type used in the Louvain-Edinburgh Detector Array, subtending angles from $130\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$ to $165\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$ with $\ensuremath{\approx}14%$ lab efficiency. The correlation angular distributions give additional confidence in some prior spin-parity assignments that were based on $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ branchings. We measure ${\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{p}∕\ensuremath{\Gamma}=0.387\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.016$ for the $665\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\text{keV}$ proton resonance, which agrees well with the direct measurement of Bardayan et al.
3473 Depth of endoscopically placed sutures.

Background: Transoral endoscopic suturing is now being evaluated in the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease. This novel procedure involves the placement of sutures into the proximal cardia, with extra-corporeal knot tying and creation of a gastric plication using a knot pusher and cutter. This endoscopic valvuloplasty has been shown to be safe and efficacious in early human clinical trials. A study of the depth of suture placement would further contribute to the understanding of this new technique. Methods: An investigation into the placement and depth of endoscopically placed gastric sutures was conducted in the stomachs of 4 farm pigs. Two of these studies were conducted in live anesthetized farm pigs (50-60lbs) and two in stomachs obtained at slaughter from farm pigs (about 200 lbs). The tissue into which the suture is placed is suctioned into the sewing capsule mounted at the distal end of a standard upper endoscope. After creating endoscopic knots, tissue samples containing a suture were frozen till firm, then trimmed to allow visualization of the deepest part of the suture. Measurements were obtained using a dissecting microscope. Photos were obtained of each suture in place within the tissue. Results: In the first stomach on a live animal, suture depth was compared using 10 seconds (2.5 mm +/-0.72, 8 sutures ) and 30 seconds (3.0 mm +/- 0.93, 8 sutures) of vaccum time. This minor difference was not significant (p=0.44). Stomach thickness associated with these sutures averaged 8.62+/- 2.8 mm). In the second live animal suture depth averaged 3.3 +/- 1.1 mm (6 sutures) with a tissue depth of 6.8+/-3.76 mm. Ten sutures were then placed in each of the two ex vivo stomachs. Suture depth averaged 3.31+/- 1.24 mm and 2.81+/- 0.43 mm respectively. Corresponding tissue thickness was 10.25 +/- 3.81 mm and 7.03+/- 1.19 mm. Overall, endoscopically placed sutures averaged a depth of 2.86+/- 0.91mm with a tissue depth of 8.11+/- 3.07mm. Most of the sutures were placed in the submucosal layer of the stomach. Some sutures entered the muscular wall. On three occasions, all of which were associated with gastric tissue thickness of
Localizations of torsion-free abelian groups II

Abstract A homomorphism α : A → B between abelian groups A , B is called a localization of A if for each φ ∈ Hom ( A , B ) there is a unique ψ ∈ End ( B ) such that φ = ψ ○ α . It is well known that if A = Z , then B is an E-ring and α ( 1 ) is the identity of B. We investigate localizations of rank-1 groups A = L ⊂ Q of type τ. It turns out that localizations of L can be surprisingly complicated. If α : L → M is a localization and L is a subring of Q , then M is simply an E-ring that is also an L-module. If L is not a subring, things get more complicated. If M = M ( τ ) , then tensor products of L and E-rings come into play. It is possible that M ≠ M ( τ ) , and we can say very little in this case. Another topic under consideration are localizations of E-rings. Frequently, localizations of E-rings are E-rings again, but we find examples where this is not the case.
Assumptions in Historical-Jesus Research: Using Ancient Biographies and Disciples' Traditioning as a Control

Presuppositions of one sort or another are inevitable, but one way to control our assumptions in the interest of common dialogue is to consider how we would read the Gospels if they were not texts used by a current world religion. The majority of Gospels scholars see the Gospels as ancient biographies. Although ancient biographies varied in their historiographic practice, in the early Empire biographies about figures who lived in the generation or two before the biographer included substantial historical information about the figure. This observation may be particularly relevant for biographies about sages. Schools often preserved considerable information about their founders' teachings; ancient memory practices exceeded what is typical today, and disciples often preserved and passed on considerable information. Researchers should neither treat the Gospels more skeptically nor demand from them greater precision than we would from comparable works of their era.
How well are color components of samples of the Natural Color System estimated

The aim of this study was to determine how accurately color-normal subjects that have received basic information about, but do not have practical experience with, the Natural Color System (NCS) can estimate the Heringian components of a representative selection of samples. Twenty-five color-normal subjects, taking part in two trials with at least a 24 h gap between assessments, selected four samples representing individual unique hues (uHs) from a set of 40 highly chromatic NCS samples on a rotatable tray. The samples selected for assessment of components were displayed to the subjects who estimated the hue components of 16 high-chroma samples, hue and white/black components of 16 tonal color samples, and three achromatic samples with different blackness values. Variability in selection of samples representing uHs as well as the relationship between the subjects’ estimates of unique hue components and the defined values of the system was obtained. It was found that hues alone are easier to correctly estimate than hues together with white and black and that the components of colors of higher chroma are easier to estimate accurately than those of lower chroma. It was also found that, for R and G, the mean uH choices of subjects differed very little from the NCS’s R and G, whereas selections for yellow and blue deviated, the former by 1.22 hue steps (slightly greener than G90Y), and the latter by 1.36 hue steps (represented approximately by R85B). This may impact the accuracy of color models that employ NCS unique hues.
Potential of Wheat-Based Breakfast Cereals as a Source of Dietary Antioxidants

Whole wheat- and wheat bran-based ready-to-eat breakfast cereals could be important sources of dietary antioxidants. Of the antioxidants in wheat, free and esterified phenolic acids seem to have the greatest potential to be beneficial to health. Phenolic acids from breakfast cereals possess strong antioxidant activity in vitro at concentrations that would be obtained from a normal serving of whole wheat cereal. In addition, acid conditions and enzymic hydrolysis increase the solubility and activity of wheat phenolics suggesting that the digestive process could be important in altering the antioxidant potential of wheat-based foods. Current research on the antioxidant activity of wheat phenolics suggests that further research is warranted to determine the potential benefits of these dietary antioxidants. In addition, identification of both biological (e.g. digestion) and food processing conditions that impact the distribution, stability and activity of wheat antioxidants is needed in order to be able to pr...
Dilated Fractional Stable Motions

Dilated fractional stable motions are stable, self-similar, stationary increments random processes which are associated with dissipative flows. Self-similarity implies that their finite-dimensional distributions are invariant under scaling. In the Gaussian case, when the stability exponent equals 2, dilated fractional stable motions reduce to fractional Brownian motion. We suppose here that the stability exponent is less than 2. This implies that the dilated fractional stable motions have infinite variance and hence they cannot be characterised by a covariance function. These dilated fractional stable motions are defined through an integral representation involving a nonrandom kernel. This kernel plays a fundamental role. In this work, we study the space of kernels for which the dilated processes are well-defined, indicate connections to Sobolev spaces, discuss uniqueness questions and relate dilated fractional stable motions to other self-similar processes. We show that a number of processes that have been obtained in the literature, are in fact dilated fractional stable motions, for example, the telecom process obtained as limit of renewal reward processes, the Takenaka processes and the so-called “random wavelet expansion” processes.
Descriptive discourse abilities of traumatic brain-injured adults

Background: Studies examining the discourse abilities of adults who have suffered traumatic brain injuries (TBI) have revealed that although these individuals display relatively normal language skills on traditional aphasia tests, they demonstrate varying levels of impairment in the coherence, cohesion, and informational content of their extended verbal output. Discourse studies with the TBI population have varied relative to the type of discourse task as well as the level or approach of analysis. One approach to discourse analysis has involved examination of the cognitive functions distinguishing macrostructural and microstructural discourse processing. Macrostructural analyses are global analyses focused at the level of the entire text, dealing with large supra-sentential discourse units. Microstructural analyses are concerned with smaller structural elements in a text and the relations between these elements; the focus is at the local level of the word or sentence. Aims: In the current investigation, t...
The integrated cluster bus for the IBM S/390 parallel Sysplex

IBM has developed a new S/390® Parallel Sysplex® coupling interface for the G5 server called the Integrated Cluster Bus (ICB). This interface improves the coupling efficiency by greatly reducing message-passing latency. Using the transport layer of the S/390 self-timed interface (STI) introduced in the G3 server, ICB adds channel function to the hub chip to allow a more direct interconnection between S/390 servers. This new channel has the same function as the present intersystem channel (ISC), but because it is integrated into the hub chip and therefore requires no additional components, its reliability is much better than that of the ISC. Since the ISC transmits data at a peak rate of 106 MB/s over distances exceeding ten kilometers and the ICB transmits data at a peak rate of 333 MB/s at distances of ten meters, the ISC is still required for the more geographically dispersed Parallel Sysplexes, whereas the ICB is well suited to the machine room, where multiple servers can be interconnected by ten-meter cables. This paper describes the design approach for the ICB. It describes the fundamental message-passing requirements of the Parallel Sysplex and how they are implemented in very complex yet compact hardware in the server's hub chip.
Coherent optical phonons with very large quality factors: the E/sub 2/-low mode in ZnO

Pump-probe experiments reveal that the lifetime of the low-energy E2 phonon in ZnO is tau ~ 210 ps at 5 K giving a quality factor Q = 1870. The decay rate is dominated by isotopic disorder
Hydraulic Roughness of Breakup Ice Jams

Lack of field data on the thickness and roughness of river ice jams inhibits reliable calibration of ice jam models and can result in erroneous evaluation of important physical parameters. Detailed thickness data that have been obtained on several ice jams by means of a remote profiling technique reveal a highly irregular underside. Statistical analysis points to a normal probability distribution of the irregularities and allows direct assessment of the absolute roughness of each jam. The latter varies linearly with the average jam thickness, at least to a thickness value of 3 m, and is shown to be consistent with previously reported roughness values deduced from purely hydraulic considerations. Using the present findings in conjunction with past data and modelling experience, simple equations are developed to compute composite-flow resistance characteristics in terms of jam thickness and flow depth.
Expression of STAT1 and STAT2 in malignant melanoma does not correlate with response to interferon-alpha adjuvant therapy

Interferon-alpha (IFN-α) is used as an adjuvant therapy in patients with malignant melanoma and who have undergone surgical resection of high-risk lesions. Defective expression or activation of STAT1 or STAT2 has been shown to correlate with IFN-α or resistance in vitro; however, recent data from our laboratory suggest that the anti-tumor effects of IFN-α are dependent on STAT1 signaling within host immune cells. We measured STAT1 and STAT2 expression in 28 melanoma biopsies (8 cutaneous lesions; 1 lung metastasis; 19 nodal metastases) obtained from patients prior to the initiation of adjuvant IFN-α therapy. Disease recurrence following IFN-α treatment did not correlate with the staining intensity of either STAT1 (P=0.61) or STAT2 (P=0.52). Tumors with minimal STAT1 or STAT2 expression ( 44 months) following adjuvant therapy. Conversely, high levels of STAT1 were present in a patient who recurred during the course of IFN-α therapy. A case study of one patient who experienced recurrent disease during IFN-α treatment revealed that STAT1 levels were greater in the recurrent tumor when compared to the original lesion. These studies provide direct evidence to suggest that levels of STAT1 and STAT2 within the tumor do not influence a patient’s response to adjuvant IFN-α.
Cation Exchange Between Mixtures of Clay Minerals and Between a Zeolite and a Clay Mineral

The electron microprobe has been used to analyse mixtures of fine-grained silicates such as clay minerals in order to determine directly how cations distribute themselves between mixtures of two fine-grained ion-exchanging materials in pure water and in dilute solutions.
Bonding of highly oriented polypropylene sheets by epitaxial crystallization of polyethylene

The bonding of highly oriented polypropylene (PP) by means of a thin epitaxial polyethylene (PE) interlayer, was investigated. Epitaxy occurred in HDPE over a range of molecular weight, including ultra-high molecular weights. It was also observed for LDPE, although the epitaxy was less well-developed than for HDPE. Laminates of highly oriented PP thinly coated with PE and treated to induce cross-hatchng of PE showed much improved adhesion, compared with uncoated PP treated in a similar fashion. The PE epitaxy is believed to be responsible for this behaviour. The adhesive performance was also shown to be a function of the molecular weight and its distribution of PE, as well as of the annealing treatment of the PE coat.
Diabetes and Drug-Associated Hyperkalemia: Effect of Potassium Monitoring

BACKGROUND Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) inhibitors are associated with hyperkalemia, but there is little evidence demonstrating patients who receive potassium monitoring have a lower rate of hyperkalemia.
Attenuation of the discriminative stimulus strength of morphine by haloperidol.

Abstract Rats were trained to lever press on an FR 10 schedule of food reinforcement, and to respond differentially on two levers while discriminating the effects of morphine (10 mg/kg) from those of saline (1 ml/kg) injection. In these rats, the discriminability of morphine was reduced by pretreatment with haloperidol (0.32 mg/kg).
The roles of epistemology and ideology in teachers’ pedagogy with historical ‘media’

Within the field of social studies education, disciplinary models of teaching, such as approximating a historian in asking students to ‘think historically,’ have been the emphasis of countless professional development and teacher education programs. This movement, however, has focused largely on the use of traditional primary documents and generally does not include training for teachers or students on how other forms of media construct history. This collective case study examines how two US history teachers’ epistemological beliefs about historical media and ideology and overall goals for students as citizens impacts their pedagogy with different historical media, particularly film. Data were collected on a daily basis over the course of six months, and included observations, teacher interviews, and the media used as historical sources. Findings show that teachers’ beliefs about how sources represent history affect their pedagogy with the particular media, and that epistemic development and current notio...
Jumbo squid beaks: inspiration for design of robust organic composites.

Abstract The hard tissues found in some invertebrate marine organisms represent intriguing paradigms for robust, lightweight materials. The present study focuses on one such tissue: that comprising the beak of the jumbo squid (Dosidicus gigas). Its main constituents are chitin fibers (15–20 wt.%) and histidine- and glycine-rich proteins (40–45%). Notably absent are mineral phases, metals and halogens. Despite being fully organic, beak hardness and stiffness are at least twice those of the most competitive synthetic organic materials (notably engineering polymers) and comparable to those of Glycera and Nereis jaws. Furthermore, the combination of hardness and stiffness makes the beaks more resistant to plastic deformation when in contact with blunt abrasives than virtually all metals and polymers. The 3,4-dihydroxy- l -phenylalanine and abundant histidine content in the beak proteins as well as the pigmented hydrolysis-resistant residue are suggestive of aromatic cross-linking. A high cross-linking density between the proteins and chitin may be the single most important determinant of hardness and stiffness in the beak. Beak microstructure is characterized by a lamellar arrangement of the constituents, with a weak interface that promotes crack deflection and endows the structure with high fracture toughness. The susceptibility of this microstructure to cracking along these interfaces from contact stresses at the external surface is mitigated by the presence of a protective coating.
Detecting Ultra Low Carbon and Sulfur Contents in Steel by Using Infrared Absorption Method

The detection of carbon with the contents ranging from 0. 000 5 % to 0.010%, and of sulfur with the contents ranging from 0.000 2% to 0.010%, has become an inevitable requirement for steelmaking process control. Due to the extreme low carbon and sulfur contents, using infrared carbon sulfur technical analysis has lower peak value than the background value of the instrument, and it is difficult to control the best analysis conditions of obtained valid signal; in addition, the small errors brought by crucible blank, sample weight, and uniformity of the samples may have great impact on the detection results. To solve this technical problem, this study gives up the single point calibration applied by infrared absorption method, but uses linear calibration method to detect ultra low carbon and sulfur contents in steel, which effectively meets the demand of manufacturers on the development of high-value-added products, and provides reliable data for production.
Cross-national estimates of the effects of family background on student achievement: A sensitivity analysis

This article uses the data from the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) 2000 to examine whether the influence of family background on educational achievement is sensitive to different measures of the family’s socio-economic status (SES). The study finds that, when a multidimensional measure of SES is used, the family background has a stronger influence on achievement across countries than if the simpler measure of SES is used. The new measure, which incorporated aspects of parental occupation, education and cultural resources, was not biased towards more wealthy nations, Western nations, or urban population. However, when a proxy of wealth was included in the measure of SES, this reduced the other measured effects of family background on achievement in many countries.
Serotoninergic medullary raphespinal projection to the lumbar spinal cord in the rat: A retrograde immunohistochemical study

Classically the raphespinal system has been regarded as a serotoninergic system; inhibition of spinal nociceptive transmission produced by stimulation of the medullary raphe nuclei is mediated partially by spinal serotoninergic receptors. However, recent evidence suggests that the raphe nuclei are not homogeneous populations of serotoninergic cells. The objective of the present study was to re-examine, in the rat, the serotoninergic raphespinal projection to the lumbar spinal cord, and to determine the relative contribution of serotoninergic raphespinal neurons to the total population of raphespinal neurons. Microinjections of wheat-germ agglutinin horseradish peroxidase conjugate coupled to colloidal gold into the lumbar spinal cord resulted in the retrograde labeling of 53% and 59% of the serotoninergic neurons in the raphe nuclei and in the para-raphe zone, respectively. Conversely, 47% and 28% of the retrogradely labeled neurons in the raphe and para-raphe zone, respectively, demonstrated serotonin-like immunoreactivity. Thus, contrary to previous reports, the present results suggest 1) that only about half of the serotoninergic neurons in the raphe nuclei and in the surrounding para-raphe zone project to the lumbar spinal cord, and 2) that a large proportion of the neurons in the raphe nuclei (53%) and in the surrounding para-raphe zone (72%) that project to the lumbar spinal cord are not serotoninergic.
Interspecific odors as cues for runway behavior

Seven male albino rats and seven male Mongolian gerbils served as Ss in a cross-species test of the odor hypothesis. In both phases of a two-phase experiment, rats followed gerbils on all trials in a straight runway. During the first phase, the relationship between the goal event received by the gerbils and that received by the rats was perfect (i.e., odor-maximizing conditions). During the second phase a 50% contingency was introduced (i.e., odor-minimizing conditions). The results indicated that the rats learned to respond appropriately (fast to reward, slow to nonreward) during the first phase. Responding during the second phase was nondifferential. These results are seen as supporting and extending the odor hypothesis.
Cognitive biases in blaming the victim

Abstract Past research on cognitive biases has demonstrated the existence of a hindsight effect, whereby the receipt of outcome knowledge increases the perceived likelihood of the reported event. Three experiments were conducted that tested and supported the hindsight effect as a cause of victim blaming. Subjects read detailed accounts that were identical except for the concluding sentence, which provided outcome information. Half the subjects in each experiment were informed that the woman narrating the account was raped; the other half read a neutral outcome. Experiment 1 demonstrated that subjects were unable to ignore the influence of outcome knowledge, leading to an exaggerated perception of how likely the outcome appeared. In Experiment 2, the woman was blamed more by subjects who read the rape outcome than by those who read the neutral outcome, despite the presentation of identical behaviors and personality traits prior to outcome information. The increased blame attributed by rape outcome subjects was behavioral, and not characterological, in nature. Experiment 3 found a direct association between the hindsight effect and victim blaming and also demonstrated that an attempt to reduce the negative impact of the hindsight effect on victim blaming was ineffective due to the salience of the rape outcome. Explaining how a neutral outcome was possible given the same account did not reduce victim blaming by subjects who received a rape outcome. Rather, those who received a neutral outcome increased their victim blaming when asked to explain a rape outcome. The implications for victims are discussed.