cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fine-structure mapping of the three mouse alpha-fetoprotein gene enhancers.

Abstract Multiple cellular enhancers have been identified previously in the 5'-flanking region of the mouse alpha-fetoprotein gene by transient expression assay. In this report the enhancers have been localized to three regions 200 to 300 base pairs in length at 2.5, 5.0, and 6.5 kilobases of DNA upstream of the transcriptional start site. Nucleotide sequence analysis of the three enhancers revealed areas of homology among them, the most significant of which were two regions of 10 and 18 nucleotides in length. Two of the enhancers were analyzed in detail and shown to be composed of multiple nonidentical domains, none of which was sufficient for full enhancer activity; rather, they acted in an additive fashion in generating the full activity of the enhancer. The tissue-specific activity of the enhancer at -2.5 kilobases was assessed by comparing the activities of subdomains in liver- and non-liver-derived cell lines and was found to be the result of both positive elements within the enhancer and at least one negative element to its 5' end. In contrast, the tissue specificity of the enhancer at -5.0 kilobases was maintained when the minimal essential region was tested alone. The nucleotide sequence similarities, as well as the differences among the enhancers, may explain their differing biological activities both in tissue culture and in vivo.
Phenomenological Model for the Normal-State Angle-Resolved Photoemission Spectroscopy Line Shapes of High-Temperature Superconductors

Providing a full theoretical description of the single-particle spectral function observed for high-temperature superconductors in the normal state is an important goal, yet unrealized. Here, we present a phenomenological model approaching towards this goal. The model results from implementing key phenomenological improvement in the so-called extremely correlated Fermi-liquid model. The model successfully describes the dichotomy of the spectral function as functions of momentum and energy and fits data for different materials (${\mathrm{Bi}}_{2}{\mathrm{Sr}}_{2}{\mathrm{CaCu}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{8+\ensuremath{\delta}}$ and ${\mathrm{La}}_{2\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Sr}}_{x}{\mathrm{CuO}}_{4}$), with an identical set of intrinsic parameters. The current analysis goes well beyond the prevalent analysis of the spectral function as a function of momentum alone.
Dysfunctional attitudes and poor problem solving skills predict hopelessness in major depression.

Background: Hopelessness is a significant predictor of suicidality, but not all depressed patients feel hopeless. If clinicians can predict hopelessness, they may be able to identify those patients at risk of suicide and focus interventions on factors associated with hopelessness. In this study, we examined potential predictors of hopelessness in a sample of depressed outpatients. Methods: In this study, we examined potential demographic, diagnostic, and symptom predictors of hopelessness in a sample of 138 medication-free outpatients (73 women and 65 men) with a primary diagnosis of major depression. The significance of predictors was evaluated in both simple and multiple regression analyses. Results: Consistent with previous studies, we found no significant associations between demographic and diagnostic variables and greater hopelessness. Hopelessness was significantly associated with greater depression severity, poor problem solving abilities as assessed by the Problem Solving Inventory, and each of two measures of dysfunctional cognitions (the Dysfunctional Attitudes Scale and the Cognitions Questionnaire). In a stepwise multiple regression equation, however, only dysfunctional cognitions and poor problem solving offered non-redundant prediction of hopelessness scores, and accounted for 20% of the variance in these scores. Limitations: This study is based on depressed patients entering into an outpatient treatment protocol. All analyses were correlational in nature, and no causal links can be concluded. Conclusions: Our findings, identifying clinical correlates of hopelessness, provide clinicians with potential additional targets for assessment and treatment of suicidal risk. In particular, clinical attention to dysfunctional attitudes and problem solving skills may be important for further reduction of hopelessness and perhaps suicidal risk.
Perforation of the gallbladder diagnosed preoperatively.

A 69-year-old white male was admitted to the hospital for right upper quadrant pain, fever, and vomiting. Acute cholecysititis was not thought to be present because of a negative ultrasonogram and oral cholecystogram. A 99mTc-PIPIDA hepatobiliary study showed definite evidence of gallbladder perforation, with pockets of radiolabeled bile in the abdomen. Immediate surgery confirmed the scan diagnosis.
Subliquidus Immiscibility in Binary Alkali Borates

The phase boundaries of subliquidus immiscibility in the lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, and cesium borate systems were determined. Two-phase structures were developed in thermal gradients and examined by direct-transmission electron microscopy. No opalescence was observed. Microstructures were of the order of a few hundred angstroms. The extent of immiscibility in each system was determined by the approximate intersection of the immiscible phase boundary with the glass transition region.
On the strength and strain to failure in particle-reinforced magnesium metal-matrix nanocomposites (Mg MMNCs)

Abstract The addition of nanoparticulate (NP) reinforcements to magnesium (Mg)-based materials is considered a promising technique in improving mechanical properties beyond what can be achieved through alloying and grain refinement. In this work, we have comprehensively collected the currently available experimental data for magnesium metal-matrix nanocomposites (Mg MMNCs) and performed analyses to determine the contribution of any Orowan-type strengthening, which is thought to be a primary mechanism in simultaneously improving both strength and ductility. Although studies are numerous, it was found that most of the individual reports in the literature do not provide sufficient data points to make quantitative conclusion on which mechanisms may be active. Of those that do, the analyses show that, in most cases, the enhanced strength can be accounted for by grain refinement and/or dislocation production through mechanical post-processing, such as hot-rolling, with little indication of Orowan strengthening. A comparison with hot-rolled Mg AZ31 alloy specimens demonstrates that the degree of grain refinement in Mg MMNCs is comparable to that achieved by traditional processing routes. In Mg MMNCs with higher yield strength than the AZ31 specimens of comparable grain size, the MMNC typically demonstrated significantly lower ductility indicating that yield strength improvements by mechanical post-processing have resulted in the expected decrease in ductility that accompanies increased dislocation density.
In Vivo Bioluminescent Imaging of Influenza A Virus Infection and Characterization of Novel Cross-Protective Monoclonal Antibodies

Influenza A virus is a major human pathogen responsible for seasonal epidemics as well as pandemic outbreaks. Due to the continuing burden on human health, the need for new tools to study influenza virus pathogenesis as well as to evaluate new therapeutics is paramount. We report the development of a stable, replication-competent luciferase reporter influenza A virus that can be used for in vivo imaging of viral replication. This imaging is noninvasive and allows for the longitudinal monitoring of infection in living animals. We used this tool to characterize novel monoclonal antibodies that bind the conserved stalk domain of the viral hemagglutinin of H1 and H5 subtypes and protect mice from lethal disease. The use of luciferase reporter influenza viruses allows for new mechanistic studies to expand our knowledge of virus-induced disease and provides a new quantitative method to evaluate future antiviral therapies.
Emotional Exhaustion Among Employees Without Social or Client Contact: The Key Role of Nonstandard Work Schedules

The current study examines emotional exhaustion and its predictors among employees without social or client contact on multiple nonstandard shifts. Data were obtained through surveys from U.S. Postal Service employees at three mail processing centers (N = 353). While we hypothesized that the day, evening, and night shift employees would differ significantly on emotional exhaustion, we found that the day and evening shifts differed significantly from the night shift. Hierarchical moderated regressions revealed that shift moderated the relationship between emotional exhaustion and job demands and work–family conflict, but not job resources. Understanding how working on nonstandard shifts relates to emotional exhaustion aids in our theoretical understanding of the process of emotional exhaustion and the effects of nonstandard work schedules. We provide evidence that the negative consequences associated with nonstandard schedules (role conflict, role ambiguity, unfavorable working conditions, less positive perceptions of supervision, and work–family conflict) differentially predict emotional exhaustion. Management can apply this information to help reduce the impact of these consequences on employees, lessening their likelihood of burnout, lowered performance, and turnover. Although research has investigated emotional exhaustion in nonstandard shifts, we extend the literature by investigating multiple, nonstandard shifts, as opposed to standard versus nonstandard. While researchers have recognized that emotional exhaustion need not occur only in human service professions, much of the research continues to focus on professions with high customer or interpersonal contact. Therefore, we extend the literature by examining emotional exhaustion in mail processors, a profession with absolutely no customer contact.
Comparative Study of Task Allocation Strategies in Multirobot Systems

In this paper, we present a comparative study of three distributed strategies for task allocation in a multirobot system. The objective is to determine the course of action for each robot and the targets it needs to service. A theoretical section is provided to support the dynamics of these techniques and some of the results. The first technique is a neural network-based approach, known as self-organizing map (SOM), that assigns targets to the robot on the basis of competition. The second technique is a combinatorial technique, known as the Hungarian method for solving assignment problems. The third technique is an integer linear programming-based optimization approach that tries to minimize the cost of task allocation. By implementing these three techniques, we observed that SOM tends to yield better results in terms of cost of assignment and execution time, but suffers from lack of fairness and workload balancing. In contrast, the other two methods fulfill the two criteria, but at the expense of a relatively higher cost.
Use of gelatin-acacia coacervate containing benzocaine in topical formulations.

The in vitro release of a drug from topical formulations depends on the concentration of the drug in the formulation, the solubility of the drug in the base, the diffusion coefficient of the drug in the vehicle, and the partition coefficient of the drug between the vehicle, and the release medium. Incorporation of both complexing agents and cosolvents into such formulations has been used to enhance the in vitro release of a drug from topical formulations. In this investigation, a novel approach to enhance the in vitro release of benzocaine from different ointment formulations has been introduced. In this study, benzocaine was microencapsulated using gelatin–acacia complex coacervation technique. Various weight fractions of the coacervate, 5, 10, and 20% (w/w), were incorporated into both oleaginous and absorption bases. The in vitro release characteristics of benzocaine from the resulting ointments were studied using a modified USP Dissolution Apparatus 2. A plot of the cumulative amount of drug released (7–8%) per unit surface area versus (time)1/2 was linear. Microscopic studies of the formulations revealed that the coacervates maintained their integrity in the formulation during the preparation and storage of the dosage form. Differential scanning calorimetric (DSC) studies indicated that the drug existed in the crystalline state in all formulations including those at a low drug load (0.5% w/w). DSC was also used to determine the solubility of the drug in the formulation. The rate and extent of drug release was higher in the absorption base as compared to the oleaginous base.
Determining hepatic triglyceride production in mice: comparison of poloxamer 407 with Triton WR-1339

Triglyceride (TG), a water-insoluble energy-rich lipid, is secreted by the liver as part of very low density lipoproteins (VLDLs) to supply energy to extrahepatic tissues. Overproduction of VLDL is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular heart disease; this has renewed an interest in factors that affect hepatic TG production. The TG production rate is determined by measuring temporal increases in plasma TG under conditions in which TG hydrolysis by lipoprotein lipase (LPL) is inhibited. The nonionic detergent, Triton WR-1339 (Triton), has commonly been used to inhibit LPL for this purpose. Triton, in addition to inhibition of TG hydrolysis, has properties that have the potential to adversely influence lipoprotein metabolism. Another nonionic detergent, poloxamer 407 (P-407), also inhibits LPL. In these studies, we demonstrate that P-407 is comparable to Triton in the determination of TG production but without the unwanted side effects of Triton.
Variationally consistent force-based finite element method for the geometrically non-linear analysis of Euler-Bernoulli framed structures

The principles of complementary energy in the field of small deformation solid mechanics problems are well known. They only involve stress-like variables and, furthermore, under the subsidiary conditions of equilibrium, they render maximum principles. However, in the geometrically non-linear framework, the existence of pure complementary energy principles has been subject of discussion since the early 1900s. In this work, a pure complementary energy principle, only involving internal forces and bending moments as fundamental variables, is formulated for geometrically non-linear Euler-Bernoulli beams. This principle is derived from the well-known principle of stationary total potential energy by resorting to the Legendre transformation and also to the so-called Lagrangian multiplier method. In addition, a force-based finite element method is derived based on this principle. This method is capable of producing numerical solutions that satisfy in strong form the equilibrium differential equations, as well as the interelement equilibrium and Neumann boundary conditions. To validate and assess the accuracy of the proposed method, some numerical examples are analyzed and their solutions compared with those obtained using a standard displacement-based finite element method. A numerical study of convergence of the proposed method is also carried out.
Age-Related Changes to Spectral Voice Characteristics Affect Judgments of Prosodic, Segmental, and Talker Attributes for Child and Adult Speech

Purpose As children mature, changes in voice spectral characteristics co-vary with changes in speech, language, and behavior. In this study, spectral characteristics were manipulated to alter the perceived ages of talkers' voices while leaving critical acoustic–prosodic correlates intact, to determine whether perceived age differences were associated with differences in judgments of prosodic, segmental, and talker attributes. Method Speech was modified by lowering formants and fundamental frequency, for 5-year-old children’s utterances, or raising them, for adult caregivers' utterances. Next, participants differing in awareness of the manipulation (Experiment 1A) or amount of speech-language training (Experiment 1B) made judgments of prosodic, segmental, and talker attributes. Experiment 2 investigated the effects of spectral modification on intelligibility. Finally, in Experiment 3, trained analysts used formal prosody coding to assess prosodic characteristics of spectrally modified and unmodified speech...
Deaths in an academic medical center.

The number of inpatient deaths in a calendar year in an academic medical center was reviewed from a computerized database. The total number was 1222. The median length of hospital stay for those wh...
Comparison of antiinflammatory and antiallergic drugs in the melittin- and D49 PLA2-induced mouse paw edema models.

Melittin (MLT) (10 μg/paw) and D49 (0.4 μg/paw) were injected into the hind paw of male CD-1 mice and elicited 70–80% of maximal paw edema responses at 60 and 30 min after injection, respectively. D49 paw edema was significantly inhibited by anti-histamine/serotonin agents, a PAF antagonist, a PLA2 inhibitor, and some but not all 5-LO and CO inhibitors, indicating that this edema is produced by several classes of inflammatory mediators with mast cell degranulation apparently playing a major role. In contrast, MLT paw edema was not inhibited effectively using the same pharmacological agents except theophylline, suggesting it was elicited via a different sequence of inflammatory events. In summary, D49 and MLT paw edema models were found to be ineffective models to identify experimental PLA2 compounds in our laboratory.
Estrogen Sulfotransferase Is Expressed in Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue of Obese Humans in Association with TNF-α and SOCS3

Context and Objective: Estrogen sulfotransferase (EST) catalyzes the inactivation of estrone and estradiol in numerous tissues. Animal studies suggest that EST modulates glucose and lipid metabolism in adipose tissue, but it is unknown whether EST is expressed in human adipose tissue and, if so, how its expression relates to features of the metabolic syndrome. Design and Participants: Cross-sectional data from 16 obese men and women with metabolic dysregulation were collected as part of a larger randomized trial at an academic medical center. Outcome Measures: Participants underwent assessment of body composition, oral glucose tolerance testing, measurement of serum hormones and inflammatory markers, and sc fat biopsy to assess adipose expression of TNF-α, suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3), leptin, adiponectin, and EST. Results: EST expression was detectable in sc adipose tissue from both men and women. Log10 EST mRNA was not significantly associated with age, race, sex or menopausal status, or c...
Eggs and milk: Spinning spheres partially immersed in a liquid bath

When a hard-boiled egg spins through a pool of milk on the kitchen counter, the milk rises up the sides of the egg and droplets are ejected. This phenomenon occurs when any partially submerged object whose radius increases upward from the fluid surface (e.g., spheres, inverted cones, and rings) spins in a liquid bath. The fluid ejects from the surface near the maximum radius in one of three ejection modes: jets, sheets, or sheet breakup. Additionally, a surprisingly large flow rate is induced by the spinning object. In this study, we used spheres to determine the effects of experimental parameters on the induced flow rate. We characterized the modes of ejection and measured the sheet breakup distance using high-speed imaging. The basis of our closed form analytical model utilizes an integral momentum boundary layer analysis both beneath the free surface and in the thin film attached to the sphere. We present criteria defining the transitions between ejection modes and the radius where liquid sheets break up in the sheet ejection regime. Criteria defining the transitions between ejection modes and the radius where liquid sheets break up in the sheet ejection regime shows good agreement with experiments.
Can ultrasound measurement of residual bladder volume be improved with a novel, personalized algorithm?

Can ultrasound measurement of residual bladder volume be improved with a novel, personalized algorithm?
Model of robust induction of glomerulosclerosis in mice: Importance of genetic background

Model of robust induction of glomerulosclerosis in mice: Importance of genetic background. Background Increasing evidence suggests that genetic background plays an important role in the development of progressive glomerulosclerosis. The remnant kidney model (RKM) of progressive renal disease has been used extensively in rats. However, C57BL/6 mice are resistant to glomerulosclerosis with RKM induced by either pole amputation or renal artery ligation. A pole resection protocol, applied in 129/Sv mice, induced only mild glomerulosclerosis. We present here a highly reproducible, modified RKM approach to successfully establish a glomerulosclerosis model in mice. Methods Male C57BL/6 ( N = 17), 129/Sv ( N = 20) and Swiss-Webster ( N = 3) mice underwent RKM as follows: the lower branch of the left renal artery was ligated to produce about one third infarct; the upper pole of the left kidney (about one third kidney size) was removed by cautery and the right kidney was nephrectomized to induce a total 5/6 nephrectomy (Nx). In some C57BL/6 mice, 7/8 nephrectomy was induced by removing additional renal mass from the upper pole of the left kidney by cautery. Systolic blood pressure (BP) was measured in conscious mice using a tail-cuff blood pressure monitor and animals were sacrificed at 9, 12, 18, and 24weeks after nephrectomy. Kidneys were harvested for morphologic analysis. Results BP in C57BL/6 mice increased slightly after 5/6 nephrectomy over time without significant difference compared to baseline blood pressure except at 8weeks (blood pressure at week 0, 98 ± 1mm Hg; week 4, 105 ± 2mm Hg; week 8, 113 ± 4mm Hg; and week 12, 110 ± 3mm Hg). Blood presssure remained normal in C57BL/6 mice at 18weeks after 7/8 nephrectomy (103 ± 2mm Hg). Blood pressure in 129/Sv mice increased significantly after 5/6 nephrectomy from 4 to 12weeks (week 0, 112 ± 3mm Hg; week 4, 161 ± 9mm Hg; week 8, 166 ± 5mm Hg; and week 12, 176 ± 5mm Hg; P P P P Conclusion We conclude that genetic background is one of the important factors determining the susceptibility to the development of glomerulosclerosis in mice. We speculate that the superior effects of renal artery ligation plus cautery to produce glomerulosclerosis may result from higher blood pressure responses due to local ischemia activating the renin-angiotensin system.
New Models for Impact Ionization in Submicrometer Devices

Limitations of different well-known impact ionization models are presented. Monte Carlo (MC) programs for both electrons and holes are used to study the impact ionization spatial-transient effects in silicon. Based on the MC simulations' results, different experimental values of impact ionization coefficients are evaluated. Compact and efficient analytical models are developed to calculate the impact ionization current gain and noise in submicrometer devices. In deep submicrometer devices, whereas any models that involve approximations of dead spaces become less reliable, the models derived in this paper are still valid. These models can significantly reduce computational efforts when implementing in numerical approaches such as MC simulations.
I. Proctorial Representation and Conciliar Management during the Reign of Henry VIII

It is the purpose of this essay to explain the background and nature of proctorial representation and plural voting in the early Tudor period; to deter-mine the extent of absenteeism and proctorial representation in the House of Lords during the reign of Henry VIII; to single out and briefly discuss the principal procurators in the upper house; and to demonstrate how the Crown utilized and perfected the proxy system to manage the House of Lords. Just as an earlier essay dealt with the origin and evolution of proctorial representation in pre-Tudor times, so subsequent articles covering the late Tudor and Stuart periods will follow in due time.
Does interoceptive awareness affect the ability to regulate unfair treatment by others

In this study we aimed to investigate how awareness of bodily responses, referred to as interoceptive awareness, influences decision-making in a social interactive context. Interoceptive awareness is thought to be crucial for adequate regulation of one’s emotions. However, there is a dearth of studies that examine the association between interoceptive awareness and the ability to regulate emotions during interpersonal decision-making. Here, we quantified interoceptive awareness with a heartbeat detection task in which we measured the difference between subjective self-reports and an objective psychophysiological measurement of participant heart rates. Social decision-making was quantified using a two-round Ultimatum Game. Participants were asked to first reject or accept an unfair division of money proposed by a partner. In turn, participants could then make an offer on how to divide an amount of money with the same partner. Participants performed 20 rounds of the two-round Ultimatum Game twice, once during baseline condition and once while asked to reappraise emotional reactions when confronted with unfair offers from partners. Results showed that after reappraisal participants 1) accepted more unfair offers and 2) offered higher return divisions, as compared to baseline. With respect to interoceptive awareness, participants with better heartbeat detection scores tended to report less emotional involvement when they applied reappraisal while playing the Ultimatum Game. However, there was no reliably significant relationship between heartbeat detection and the acceptance of unfair offers. Similarly, heartbeat detection accuracy was not related to return offers made in the second round of the Ultimatum Game or the habitual use of emotion regulation. These preliminary findings suggest that the relationship between interoceptive awareness and behavioral changes due to emotion regulation in a social decision-making context appears to be complex.
Assessment of anxiety using heart rate nonlinear dynamics

Various anxiety states have been linked with disorders of the autonomic nervous system. These autonomic disorders may be revealed by analysis of physiological time series such as the heart rate interbeat interval series. The present paper reports a general model of biological system functioning and related assessment indices based on recent nonlinear dynamical systems approaches. In particular, two experimental studies are reported which suggest the utility of heart rate nonlinear dynamics in the assessment of anxiety.
Potential applications of thermoelectric waste heat recovery in the automotive industry

Several proposed applications of thermoelectric (TE) waste heat recovery devices in the automotive industry are reviewed. To assess the feasibility of these applications at a vehicle level, the effect of electrical load and weight on fuel economy for a series of cars and trucks was investigated. These results will help us to identify the appropriate vehicle platforms for TE waste heat recovery, and to establish a set of requirements for an automotive TE waste heat recovery subsystem. The key to the realization of this technology is still the continued development of new materials with increased TE efficiency.
“Insurmountable barriers to our union”: Homosocial male bonding, homosexual panic, and death on the ice in Frankenstein

(2000). “Insurmountable barriers to our union”: Homosocial male bonding, homosexual panic, and death on the ice in Frankenstein. European Romantic Review: Vol. 11, No. 1, pp. 46-67.
Collage as a Therapeutic Modality for Reminiscence in Patients With Dementia

Traditional therapy, with its emphasis on verbal communication between therapist and client, may not be appropriate for patients with dementia due to impaired cognitive and verbal abilities. This brief report presents a qualitative study on the use of collage in art therapy to aid in the process of reminiscence in individuals with dementia. Data were collected and analyzed using a modified Magazine Photo Collage assessment (Landgarten, 1993) with three participants. Findings support the hypothesis that collage allows older adults with dementia an opportunity to convey information that they might not be fully capable of verbalizing. Participants' interactions with collage as a therapeutic modality also were examined, as well as their interactions with the art therapist researcher.
Escitalopram for comorbid depression and anxiety in elderly patients: A 12-week, open-label, flexible-dose, pilot trial.

Background: Comorbid depression and anxiety may result in greater symptom severity and poorer treatment response than either condition alone. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors have been found to be effective in treating both depression and anxiety; however, pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic changes associated with aging warrant special attention in medication trials in older patients.
Coupled channels optical theorem and non-elastic cross section sum rule

Abstract Within a coupled channels framework a theorem, similar to the optical theorem, is proved which provides a new formula for total non-elastic (inelastic, rearrangement and absorption) cross sections. An approximate cross section energy sum rule is also developed in terms of the trace of the imaginary part of an energy independent, but non-local optical potential. Corrections to sum rule are found small indicating that the result is a good approximation. The theorem and sum rule are applied to the Lane model describing charge exchange reactions.
Comparison of broadcasting techniques for mobile ad hoc networks

Network wide broadcasting in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks provides important control and route establishment functionality for a number of unicast and multicast protocols. Considering its wide use as a building block for other network layer protocols, the MANET community needs to standardize a single methodology that efficiently delivers a packet from one node to all other network nodes. Despite a considerable number of proposed broadcasting schemes, no comprehensive comparative analysis has been previously done. This paper provides such analysis by classifying existing broadcasting schemes into categories and simulating a subset of each, thus supplying a condensed but comprehensive side by side comparison.The simulations are designed to pinpoint, in each, specific failures to network conditions that are relevant to MANETs, e.g., bandwidth congestion and dynamic topologies. In addition, protocol extensions using adaptive responses to network conditions are proposed, implemented and analyzed for one broadcasting scheme that performs well in the comparative study.
A Wet and Volatile Mercury

One of the more startling discoveries in planetary science was that the poles of Mercury feature deposits that are extremely bright at radar wavelengths ( 1 ), interpreted to be due to the presence of thick water ice. Because Mercury's rotation axis is almost normal to the plane of its orbit, the temperature of polar craters largely or completely shaded from the Sun should be very low. On the Moon, for example, where the rotation axis tilt is similarly small, the polar temperatures in permanently shadowed regions have been measured by infrared radiometry to be as low as 25 K ( 2 ). These topographic depressions might be expected to contain cold-trapped volatile material that might be introduced by comets, water-bearing asteroids, or other sources. On pages 292, 300, and 296 of this issue, Lawrence et al. ( 3 ), Paige et al. ( 4 ), and Neumann et al. ( 5 ) report on the latest results from the MESSENGER (MErcury Surface, Space ENvironment, GEochemistry, and Ranging) mission confirming the expectations that the atmosphere of Mercury is indeed a wet volatile one, as well as providing the odd surprise.
Protoporphyrin IX fluorescence photobleaching increases with the use of fractionated irradiation in the esophagus

Fluorescence measurements have been used to track the dosimetry of photodynamic therapy (PDT) for many years, and this approach can be especially important for treatments with aminolevulinic-acid-induced protoporphyrin IX (ALA-PpIX). PpIX photobleaches rapidly, and the bleaching is known to be oxygen dependent, and at the same time, fractionation or reduced irradiance treatments have been shown to significantly increase efficacy. Thus, in vivo measurement of either the bleaching rate and/or the total bleaching yield could be used to track the deposited dose in tissue and determine the optimal treatment plans. Fluorescence in rat esophagus and human Barrett's esophagus are measured during PDT in both continuous and fractionated light delivery treatment, and the bleaching is quantified. Reducing the optical irradiance from 50 to 25 mW/cm did not significantly alter photobleaching in rat esophagus, but fractionation of the light at 1-min on and off intervals did increase photobleaching up to 10% more (p value=0.02) and up to 25% more in the human Barrett's tissue (p value<0.001). While two different tissues and two different dosimetry systems are used, the data support the overall hypothesis that light fractionation in ALA-PpIX PDT esophageal treatments should have a beneficial effect on the total treatment effect.
Lumped Parameter Modeling of a Magnetorheological Fluid Clutch

A lumped-parameter mathematical model of an automotive magnetorheological (MR) fluid fan clutch was developed. This model is able to describe the average fluid temperature, average clutch temperature, and output fan speed as a function of time, input current, and fluid composition. The model also reproduces numerous features of fan operation observed experimentally and revealed a mechanism for some observed cases of hysteresis. However, it fails to capture certain other features which lead us to conclude that phenomena which are not included in the model, e.g., sedimentation and re-suspension, are important to the clutch behavior. In addition, the results indicate that certain physical properties need to be measured over a larger temperature range in order for the model to better predict the clutch behavior.Copyright © 2006 by General Motors Corporation
Comparison of the effects of acute and chronic administration of ketamine on hippocampal oscillations. Relevance for the NMDA receptor hypofunction model of schizophrenia

The proper organization and function of GABAergic interneuron networks is essential for many cognitive processes and abnormalities in these systems have been documented in schizophrenic patients. The memory function of the hippocampus depends on two major patterns of oscillations in the theta and gamma ranges, both requiring the intact functioning of the network of fast-firing interneurons expressing parvalbumin. We examined the ability of acute and chronic administration of NMDA receptor (NMDA-R) antagonists to recapitulate the oscillatory dysfunctions observed in schizophrenia. In freely moving rats, acute injection of MK801 or ketamine increased gamma power in both CA1 and dentate gyrus of the hippocampus. Theta peak shifted to higher frequencies whereas the average 5-10 Hz theta power decreased by 24% in CA1 and remained high in the dentate gyrus. Strong increase in CA1 gamma and decrease in theta power triggered by brainstem stimulation were found under urethane anesthesia. In contrast to acute experiments, chronic administration of ketamine caused a steady decline in both gamma and theta oscillations, 2-4 weeks after treatment. A further important difference between the two models was that the effects of acute injection were more robust than the changes after chronic treatment. Chronic administration of ketamine also leads to decrease in the number of detectable parvalbumin interneurons. Histological examination of interindividual differences indicated, however, that within the ketamine treated group a further decrease in parvalbumin neurons correlated with strengthening of oscillations. The findings are consistent with abnormalities of oscillations in human schizophrenia and further validate the NMDA-R hypofunction hypothesis.
Behavior of Benzene in Na-X and Na-Y Zeolites: Comparative Study by 2H NMR and Molecular Mechanics

We have performed solid state 2H NMR spin−lattice relaxation measurements on perdeuterated benzene in the zeolites Na-X and Na-Y over the temperature range 155−350 K. The resulting NMR correlation times exhibit Arrhenius temperature dependence, with the following Arrhenius parameters: = (9.6 ± 0.4) × 10-13 s, = 23.5 ± 0.9 kJ mol-1, = (8.8 ± 2.3) × 10-12 s, and = 14.0 ± 0.6 kJ mol-1. This significant enhancement of benzene mobility from Na-Y to Na-X is reproduced with atomistic molecular mechanics simulations, yielding = 35 kJ mol-1 and = 15 kJ mol-1, in quite reasonable agreement with the NMR measurements. We propose a simple length scale model which accounts for both the mobility enhancement and its order of magnitude. We find that the enhancement from Na-Y to Na-X is due to attractive interactions from SIII sites influencing adjacent SII sites, making mobility more energetically favorable in Na-X. The relative magnitudes of our calculated hopping activation energies suggest that, while intracage and in...
Systematic Selection and Siting of Vehicle Fueling Infrastructure to Synergistically Meet Future Demands for Alternative Fuels

In order to meet the increasing demand for low carbon and renewable transportation fuels, a methodology for systematically establishing build-out scenarios is desirable. In an effort to minimize initial investment costs associated with the development of fueling infrastructure, the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) has been developed and applied, as an illustration, to the case of hydrogen fueling infrastructure deployment in the State of California. In this study, five parameters are selected in order to rank hydrogen transportation fuel generation locations within the State. In order to utilize meaningful weighting factors within the AHP, expert inputs were gathered and employed in the exercising of the models suite of weighting parameters. The analysis uses statewide geographic information and identifies both key energy infrastructure expansion locations and critical criteria that make the largest impact in the location of selected sites.
Persistence of Hepatitis A Virus and Other Viruses in Depurated Eastern Oysters

Laboratory studies were done to determine the the persistence of hepatitis A virus (HAV) and poliovirus type 1 in experimentally contaminated Eastern oysters under depuration conditions. The effects of temperature (12, 17 and 23\deg C), salinity (8, 18 and 28 PPT ), and food supply in the form of the alga Isochrysis galbana, on virus depuration were studied. Under all test conditions, oysters reduced poliovirus by >98% in 2 to 3 days, but under most test conditions, HAV was generally reduced by no more than 90% in up to 5 days. However, HAV was reduced extensively (>95%) in oysters depurated at 23\deg C and 28 PPT salinity. The results of these studies indicate that HAV in contaminated oysters may not be reduced efficiently using some currently accepted depuration conditions.
Statistical proof vs. statistical motivation

Ralph Shapiro (EOS, 61, January 1, 1980) reviews the book, Sun, Weather and Climate by J. R. Herman and R. A. Goldberg. In part he does this well, providing positive as well as negative comments about the book. For example, he states ‘the book is useful in supplying some of the background physics for the interacting disciplines…’ He also says it suffers from a ‘lack of critical assessment.’ Nevertheless, much of his review is influenced by his own judgment of the field and may have been written as a platform to criticize this field of research. Scattered throughout the review are bold statements, such as ‘This notion [improved weather and climate prediction via the use of solar variability] is simplistic and indefensible.’ Shapiro, as an expert meteorologist and statistician, certainly has a right to critique the field, but his statements often go beyond those desired in a book review.
Marx, formal subsumption and the law

Recent work rethinking the place of the law in Marxian analysis of capitalist society provides us with a foundation for a renewed look at the labor process. Drawing on this literature, which emphasizes the materiality of institutions through which labor is exploited, and returning to Marx’s discussion of formal subsumption in Capital, I argue that the law was central for subordinating labor. I then present three case studies from industries in Victorian England to demonstrate the diverse ways in which law was implicated in formal subsumption. The case studies focus on the ways in which capitalists used master and servant law, the key law governing the workplace, to subordinate labor. I conclude by considering how these cases provoke us to consider the materiality of the law in labor relations more broadly, and such questions might be pursued in developing capitalist economies such as China.
Induction of Fos expression by acute immobilization stress is reduced in locus coeruleus and medial amygdala of Wistar-Kyoto rats compared to Sprague-Dawley rats

Activation of the brain noradrenergic system during acute stress is thought to play an important integrative function in coping and stress adaptation by facilitating transmission in many brain regions involved in regulating behavioral and physiologic components of the stress response. Compared with outbred control Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats, inbred Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats exhibit an exaggerated hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) response as well as increased susceptibility to certain forms of stress-related pathology. However, we have also shown previously that WKY rats exhibit reduced anxiety-like behavioral reactivity to acute stress, associated with reduced activation of the brain noradrenergic system. Thus, to understand better the possible neurobiological mechanisms underlying dysregulation of the stress response in WKY rats, we investigated potential strain differences in stress-induced neuronal activation in brain regions that are both involved in regulating behavioral and neuroendocrine stress responses, and are related to the noradrenergic system, either as targets of noradrenergic modulation or as sources of afferent innervation of noradrenergic neurons. This was accomplished by visualizing stress-induced expression of Fos immunoreactivity in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, lateral bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, central nucleus of the amygdala, and medial nucleus of the amygdala (MeA), as well as the noradrenergic nucleus locus coeruleus (LC). Stress-induced Fos expression was found to be decreased in the LC and MeA of WKY rats compared with similarly stressed SD rats, whereas no strain differences were observed in any of the other brain regions. This suggests that strain-related differences in activation of the MeA may be involved in the abnormal neuroendocrine and behavioral stress responses exhibited by WKY rats. Moreover, as the MeA is both an afferent as well as an efferent target of the brainstem noradrenergic system, reduced MeA activation may either be a source of reduced noradrenergic reactivity seen in WKY rats, or possibly a consequence. Nonetheless, understanding the mechanisms underlying altered stress reactivity in models such as the WKY rat may contribute to a better understanding of stress-related psychopathologies such as depression, post-traumatic stress disorder or other anxiety disorders.
Abstract 1120: Identification and characterization of a novel androgen-regulated long non-coding RNA in prostate cancer.

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have recently been associated with the development and progression of a variety of cancers, including prostate cancer. However, to date very few prostate cancer lncRNAs have been characterized by functional studies as bona fide oncogenes and tumor suppressors. Previously, transcriptome sequencing (RNA-Seq) of prostate tumors and benign adjacency tissues revealed a set of putative lncRNAs termed Prostate Cancer Associated Transcripts (PCATs) with significantly altered expression levels in cancer. Intriguingly, a subset of these PCATs were strikingly upregulated in treatment-resistant metastatic prostate cancer samples, suggesting that they may play a role in the development of castrate resistant disease. To explore this possibility we stimulated prostate cancer cell lines with synthetic androgen and monitored the responsiveness of several PCATs. We found that PCAT29, a six-exon nuclear transcript located in a gene desert on chromosome 15, was suppressed by androgen in a time-dependent fashion. Furthermore, androgen receptor (AR) ChIP-Seq data revealed a strong binding site upstream of the PCAT29 promoter suggesting that PCAT29 may be a direct androgen receptor target. Supporting this notion, physical castration of a mouse Xenograft model led to profound upregulation of PCAT29 suggesting that AR signaling suppresses its transcription. Knockdown of PCAT29 using two independent shRNA leads to significant increase in the proliferation of LNCaP cells. Consistently, overexpression of PCAT29 in DU145 cells suppresses proliferation. Finally, we show that in prostate cancer patients, high PCAT29 expression correlates with better overall survival. Taken together our study suggests that PCAT29 may have a tumor suppressor like function in prostate cancer. Ongoing studies are focused on understanding the potential mechanism of PCAT29 function and its relationship with androgen signaling. Citation Format: Rohit Malik, Matthew K. Iyer, John R. Prensner, Lalit Patel, Sumin Han, Wei Chen, Felix Feng, Arul M. Chinnaiyan. Identification and characterization of a novel androgen-regulated long non-coding RNA in prostate cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1120. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-1120
Communication, Relationships, and the Choices We Make

This article is based on the president's speech given at the business meeting of the 83rd Annual Convention of the Southern States Communication Association, New Orleans, Louisiana, April 4, 2014. The choices we make, in our lives as well as in our study of communication, relate to the key structures of time, money, and spirituality. As communication scholars and teachers, we should seek to promote genuine dialogue, face-to-face if possible, in the face of multiple communication channels and distractions.
Influence of Fatty Acids on Levels of Serum Cholesterol

As Kritchevsky has indicated, the influence of fatty acids on levels of serum cholesterol is important to many physicians, because they have used the sermn cholesterol level as an aid h~ diagnosing heart disease. They believe that a reduction of the serum cholesterol level by regulating the dietary intake of the kind and the amount of fat may lower the risk of developing heart disease (2). On the other hand, a study of the statistics on death rates in specific age groups iu the United States indicates that diabetes and heal~ disease follow the same pattern in that, unlike cancer, their rate of incidence increases with age. In diabetes, the dearrangement in carbohydrate metabolism has been traced to a deficiency in secretion of insulin. In heart disease, the dearrangement in lipid metabolism has not, to date, been traced to any hormone or enzyme deficiency.