cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Defective bacteriophage PBSH in Bacillus subtilis. II. Intracellular development of the induced prophage.

Abstract Treatment of Bacillus subtilis strain 168 with mitomycin C caused induction of a defective prophage, PBSH. During induction, extensive deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthesis took place. Concurrently, a change in marker frequency of the bacterial DNA was noticed. The frequency of only one marker, ade-16, the marker closest to the origin of the bacterial chromosome, was enhanced manyfold. DNA from whole phage particles transformed all bacterial markers at a frequency equal to that of DNA in the noninduced culture, except ade-16, the frequency of which was enhanced 30 to 100 times. Analysis of a double isotope experiment demonstrated that 14% of the phage DNA was derived from preinduction bacterial DNA. The other 86% of DNA in phage particles was DNA replicated after induction. Density label experiments with 5-bromodeoxyuridine showed that postinduction DNA synthesis took place preferentially at the origin region of the bacterial chromosome. Measurement of the molecular weight of DNA replicated after induction clearly showed that postinduction DNA replication is chromosomal. No evidence for prophage detachment and autonomous phage DNA replication was found. The data indicated that, after mitomycin C action, the bacterial chromosome under-went multiple reinitiation at the origin, while normal sequential DNA replication was stopped. The pool of replicated bacterial DNA was fragmented randomly. This DNA was packaged into PBSH particles which were released after cell lysis.
Le deformità del piede nel mielomeningocele

Riassunto Nel mielomeningocele e frequente riscontrare deformita a carico del piede. Esse possono essere congenite, per esempio piede torto e astragalo verticale, oppure acquisite in seguito a squilibrio muscolare, per esempio piede calcaneare e piede cavo. L’obiettivo finale del trattamento e un piede plantigrado, lasso, riducibile, con possibilita di utilizzare un’ortesi. Le procedure chirurgiche, con le tenotomie e le capsulectomie, sono piu affidabili. Le trasposizioni tendinee sono raramente consigliate. Le deformita ossee vengono corrette mediante osteotomie. L’artrodesi della sottoastragalica e la triplice artrodesi devono essere evitate, se possibile. Un piede flessibile e migliore di un piede rigido. Un trattamento precoce, che neutralizzi le forze deformanti, e imperativo per evitare le deformita ossee strutturate e la necessita di una chirurgia piu invasiva.
Regulation of Thymidine Metabolism in Escherichia coli K-12: Evidence That at Least Two Operons Control the Degradation of Thymidine

In Escherichia coli K-12, the rise in activity of thymidine phosphorylase, phosphodeoxyribomutase, and deoxyribose-5-phosphate aldolase caused by exogenous thymidine is dependent on the synthesis of new enzyme protein. Phosphodeoxyribomutase is induced by the purine ribonucleosides adenosine and guanosine, whereas the other two enzymes are not. The mutase activity induced by thymidine and by the purine ribonucleosides has been shown to be the same enzyme by four different criteria. This independent induction of phosphodeoxyribomutase suggests that the gene for this enzyme is in an operon different from the one that may contain the genes for thymidine phosphorylase and deoxyribose-5-phosphate aldolase.
Plasma etching of semiconductor trenches by two processes

Summary form only given. Two-dimensional plasma etching profiles with analytical etch rates are analyzed for a long semiconductor trench with two processes acting concurrently. The first model assumes a linear superposition (series combination) of etch rates for isotropic etching and etching by shadowed chemically activated neutral molecules or radicals. The etch rates for both processes were found previously as exact analytical expressions. Etch profiles appear to be a weighted composite of our previous profiles. The model approximates the diffusion of directed neutrals along the etched surface. The second model treats etching by neutrals and ions where the synergism of the etching by the radicals and the surface activation of the reactants by the ions is described by Langmuir adsorption kinetics. The net etch rate is a parallel combination of the etch rates. The approximate analytical expressions for etch rates of the ions proportional to the ion energy flux and the uniform isotropic etch rates for the neutral radicals already derived are used. The evolution equation for the etch profiles are calculated numerically on MATLAB by integrating three ordinary differential equations for the trajectories. An equation for the slope of the etch profile is a new feature. The models are compared with earlier models that treated diffusion of neutral radicals as well as a series combination of ion and isotropic neutral etch rates.
HPV9 Vaccine for the Prevention of Human Papillomavirus–Related Cancers

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted infection (STI) in the United States, with approximately 79 million Americans currently infected. Persistent infection with HPV has been identified as the causative factor in the development of invasive cervical cancer as well as other oral and genital cancers in women and men. The quadravalent HPV4 vaccine has been available since 2006. In December 2014, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the HPV9 vaccine that provides coverage for five additional oncogenic strains of HPV that are not included in the first generation vaccine.
A total-body irradiator

Abstract A total-body irradiation room has been built with eight cesium-137 sources. One 500 c source is near each corner of an 8 ft cubical room. An open maze, closed only with a gate, allows the patient and nurse to appear, through mirrors, to be in the same room. The patient is supported in the center of the 2 × 2 × 6 ft irradiation volume on a rigid aluminum bed. The exposure rate to the patient can be changed from 280 to 1·8 r/hr. The exposure rate outside the room is classical, chemical and phaton studies. less than 0·01 mr/hr. Clinical dosimetry is defined in terms of minutes. Physical dosimetry includes
Intelligent simulation for flexible manufacturing systems: an integrated approach

Abstract The use of simulation in the design and control of manufacturing systems has become increasingly popular in the last few years. Although simulation has proven to be superior to traditional mathematical modeling in capturing the scope, complexity and dynamics of manufacturing systems, it remains merely a descriptive modeling tool. This leaves the user with the difficult tasks of generating, testing, and selecting design and operation alternatives. In this paper, a methodology that describes the supplementation of simulation systems with these more intelligent and prescriptive functions is proposed. A new architecture, based on a structured object representation (SOR) paradigm, is suggested. It is shown that the adoption of an SOR paradigm results in easier and more effective low level integration of the modeling, simulation and reasoning functions. The design of an experimental prototype system that allows automatic model generation and simulation as well as model evaluation is also presented.
Far ultraviolet emission spectrum of xenon induced by electron impact at 100 eV

Abstract The FUV emission spectrum of xenon, which contains five emission lines at 117.04, 119.2, 125.1, 129.56 and 146.96 nm over the wavelength range 110–160 nm, produced by electron impact at 100 eV is presented. The measurements were obtained under near-optically-thin conditions at a spectral resolution of 1.0 nm FWHM. In addition, the absolute emission cross sections at 100 eV electron impact energy were obtained for these emission lines. Most prominent features of the FUV spectrum are the Xe I lines at 146.9 and 119.2 nm with the emission cross sections of 58.5 × 10−18 cm2 and 45.0 × 10−18 cm2, respectively, with an uncertainty of 27%.
Learning leadership: students’ experiences of a midwifery mentoring practicum

A leadership mentoring practicum is described wherein nurse-midwifery students are placed with leader/mentors at the state, regional, and national levels of organizations. Logs are kept by the students and discussions at student-faculty seminars focus on linking leadership theory to observations of leadership qualities and behaviours in the mentors. A profile of a "composite leader" derived from the students' experience experiences is presented.
Biogeochemistry of Mono Lake, California

Modern sediments of Mono Lake show marked variation in lipid composition with depositional environment. Constituents derived from the drainage basin, characterized by high molecular weight alkane hydrocarbons (C25–C31), and the steroids β-sitosterol and brassicasterol, predominate in near-shore environments. In the deepest part of the lake, sediments exhibit a combination of externally-derived constituents, and lipids derived from the lake biota; the latter characterized by low molecular-weight alkanes and alkenes (C15–C17), phytane, and the steroids ergost-7-en-3β-ol and 24-ethylcholest-7-en-3-β-ol. Steranes, 4-methylsteranes, and the C18 and C19 isoprenoids appear to be forming in the intensely reducing bottom sediments at the present time. The compositions of samples from the Pleistocene succession of Mono Basin suggest that sample-to-sample variation within the same stratum is negligible so long as unweathered samples from the same depositional environment are compared. Sediments having equivalent lithologies may or may not have similar compositions, but sediments having similar fossil contents do show similar lipid compositions. Subaerial weathering of sediments causes a marked decrease in the amount of extractable organic material, as well as distinct changes in its hydrocarbon composition. Specifically, weathered sediments exhibit a decrease in relative content of low molecular weight hydrocarbons and a relative increase in nC22. Organic composition of sediments from the Pleistocene stratigraphie column cannot be correlated with depth of burial. Compositional changes with stratigraphie position are probably related to paleo-ecological factors such as population or productivity rather than depth of burial. Lithology and organic composition provide mutually-corroborating evidence regarding glacial advances in the adjacent Sierra Nevada Mountains. During glaciations, the lake sediments are rich in sandstones, and the organic composition shows a predominance of externally-derived debris, with no evidence for contributions from the lake biota.
Gauge invariant unified field structures, quantizable dynamical systems, charge, and spin structures

Abstract Gauge invariant unified field structures on a manifold B are introduced. Necessary and sufficient conditions for their existence are studied. The connection with charge is studied; it is shown that such gauge invariant structures, e.g. quantizable dynamical systems, over simply connected manifolds B are completely classified by charge. Complex analytic gauge invariant unified field structures are studied. These structures over a complex analytic manifold B whose square is the canonical line bundle are in bijective correspondence with the spin structures on B . Finally, a class of homogeneous quantizable dynamical systems are shown not to carry spin structure.
Sensitivity and uncertainty analyses for performance assessment modeling

Abstract Sensitivity and uncertainty analyses methods for computer models are being applied in performance assessment modeling in the geologic high-level radioactive-waste repository program. The models used in performance assessment tend to be complex physical/chemical models with large numbers of input variables. There are two basic approaches to sensitivity and uncertainty analyses: deterministic and statistical. The deterministic approach to sensitivity analysis involves numerical calculation or employs the adjoint form of a partial differential equation to compute partial derivatives; the uncertainty analysis is based on Taylor series expansions of the input variables propagated through the model to compute means and variances of the output variable. The statistical approach to sensitivity analysis involves a response surface approximation to the model with the sensitivity coefficients calculated from the response surface parameters; the uncertainty analysis is based on simulation. The methods each have strengths and weaknesses.
MYOELECTRIC ACTIVITY OF THE CECUM IN FED AND FASTED DOMESTIC FOWL (GALLUS SP.)

To study cecal motility and its relation to the fed and fasted condition in domestic fowl, we sutured 7 miniature electrodes onto the ceca and ileum of 4 roosters. After recovery from the surgery, the birds received recordings of myoelectric activity for a total of 169 h while fasted and for 28 h while in the fed state. We found that single or brief clusters of action potentials (APs) occurred in the cecal smooth muscle at mean frequencies of 10.8 to 25.0/h, with the fewest when the lumen contained little food (after fasting >24 h). Virtually all APs propagated, whether orad (toward the ileocecocolic junction) or retrograde (toward the cecal tip), with retrograde activity significantly more frequent (P < 0.001). Propagation velocity was rapid, varying from 8 to 750 cm/min (mean = 106 cm/min), being slower when birds were in the fed state. Thus, fasting resulted in fewer and more rapid APs and more that propagated toward the cecal tip. Motor activity was well coordinated between ceca, both organs showing essentially simultaneous spike activity; 72% of APs occurred within 8.1 s of each other. No relationship between ileal and cecal activity was apparent. Prominent slow waves were recorded in the ceca (5 to 5.5/min), the same slow-wave frequency as in the ileum (small intestine). From the results obtained here and from earlier studies, we conclude that the single or brief clusters of APs represent contractions that produce mixing of the luminal contents; occasional periods of protracted APs represent evacuation of cecal contents.
Nonlinear Kinetic Parameter Identification through Map Inversion

A nonlinear method for parameter identification in kinetic systems is presented. Parameter identification is achieved through the use of HDMR (high-dimensional model representation), which can reduce greatly the computational cost of high-dimensional function inversion. The technique is demonstrated in simulations to extract rate constants from concentration data in a linear kinetic system, the reaction of H2 with Br2, and the oxidation of formaldehyde. The results of inversion for the latter case are compared with a previously published linear inversion procedure. The new algorithm shows excellent performance in identifying the full distribution of rate constants consitent with the data. The speed and accuracy of the HDMR permits full inversion of all relevant model parameters without the introduction of hidden biases from prior assumptions on the quality of the model parameters.
The optical activity of plasma membranes and its modification by lysolecithin, phospholipase A and phospholipase C.

Abstract 1. 1. The circular dichoroism and optical rotatory dispersion of the plasma membranes of human erythrocytes and of Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells for the spectral range 190–250 mμ are reported. 2. 2. The spectra indicate the presence of some peptide in an α-helical conformation but also suggest that the helical π °- π − transitions of membrane proteins are of a lower rotational strength and are located at a longer wavelength than the corresponding bands in synthetic polypeptides. This view is supported by the analysis of the spectra by curve-fitting using the Gauss nonlinear least-squares method. 3. 3. The helical n - π − transitions of these membranes have the same spectral position as those of synthetic α-helical polypeptides but are of low intensity and of a arge bandwidth, of which the latter accounts for the red displacement of the optical rotatory dispersion through observed in many membranes. 4. 4. Except for the width of the n - α − bands, the optical activity parameters of these membranes differ from those of synthetic polyptide standards in the same manner, although more so, as do certain globular proteins of which the structure is known from X-ray analysis. These deviations are attributed to the presence of short helices, distorted helices and location of some helical peptide chromophores in a highly polarizable apolar environment. 5. 5. We present the effects upon the membrane optical activity of phospholipase A. phospholipase C, lysolecithin and digitonin and conclude that the protein architecture of these membranes depends upon lipid-protein interactions and/or protein-protein interactions which are sensitive to lipid.
Vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy

Vitamin D requirements have become one of the most highly debated and controversial topics in nutrition. Recommendations for vitamin D intake during pregnancy are a central part of this discussion. The publication of a controlled trial of vitamin D supplementation in pregnant women by Hollis and coworkers in this issue of JBMR provides important data about the effects of different doses of vitamin D3 supplementation on serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] levels. (1) Hollis and coworkers report that providing daily supplements of 2000 or 4000 IU of vitamin D3 during the second and third trimesters of pregnancy led to higher serum 25(OH)D concentrations in women during pregnancy and in their newborn infants than supplements of 400 IU/d. (1) As suggested by a footnote, further results from this controlled trial may be provided in the future in the peer-reviewed literature. For now, an evaluation of these results and how they might guide vitamin D recommendations during pregnancy is appropriate. In this report, (1) increases in both vitamin D supplementation and serum 25(OH)D level were associated with higher serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3] levels. This outcome was the primary one for which this study was designed and sample size determined. However, there was no evidence of any clinical outcome differences based on supplement dose, and such outcomes were not part of the original study design. Specifically, there were no significant differences based on supplement dose in the 350 subjects who completed the study in C-section rate, gestational age, birth weight, or neonatal intensive-care unit (NICU) admission rate. Rates of preeclampsia and preterm birth based on supplement dose were not provided. Although NICU admission is not a complete assessment measure for neonatal outcome, these findings provide evidence that different levels of vitamin D supplementation had no significant positive or negative effect on the need for advanced neonatal care. Of note is that although an intention-to-treat analysis was indicated in the methods, outcome data are not available for the over 100 subjects who discontinued the study or were withdrawn from it without a known pregnancy loss. Outcomes such as neonatal or maternal bone mineral content, postneonatal infant health outcomes, and long-term bone outcomes for mother and infant are not provided in this report. (1) There is conflicting scientific evidence regarding the long-term effects of maternal vitamin D supplementation on childhood health outcomes (2,3) and no evidence about long- or short-term outcomes for maternal bone health from supplementation at doses of 4000 IU/d during pregnancy.
Photochemistry of high molecular weight phytochrome in vitro.

— –Photochemical properties of phytochrome have been reexamined with preparations of high molecular weight chromoproteins from etiolated oat (Avena sativa L., cv. Garry), rye (Secale cereale L., cv. Balbo) and pea (Pisum sativum L., cv. Alaska) shoots. The proportion of the total phytochrome pool in such preparations present as the far-red-absorbing form (Pfr) at photoequilibrium in red light is 0–75. The ratio of the quantum yields for the phototransformation of the red-absorbing form (Pr) to Pfr and of Pfr to Pr is 1-0. The absolute quantum yield for these two photoreactions is 017.
Passive Reduction of Human Exposure to Indoor Ozone

Abstract Reactive building materials offer an opportunity to provide indoor air cleaning with minimal energy use. Laboratory and test house experiments provide evidence that indoor ozone concentrations can be diminished by activated carbon (AC) and unpainted gypsum wallboard (GWB) panels. These two materials are highly reactive with ozone and produce few byproducts. When measured in a 14.2 m 3 stainless-steel chamber, the mean deposition velocities to the materials were 5.3 m h -1 for AC and 2.4 m h −1 for GWB for a variety of airflow and relative humidity conditions. The ozone decay rates for both the materials were also measured in an unoccupied 34.5 m 3 bedroom under various mixing conditions. In this case, ozone removal increased relative to background by 27–100% with a 4.4 m 2 panel of a reactive material placed on one wall of the bedroom. The ozone decay rate for the bedroom increased over background by approximately 2–3 h −1 for GWB and 2–7 h −1 for AC. Application of a mass balance model for a typical home demonstrates that effectiveness for ozone removal depends weakly on the air exchange rate and strongly on the panel material, panel area, and mixing conditions. An ozone removal effectiveness of over 80% is possible with sufficient panel area and positioning that provides elevated air speeds near the panels.
Classical treatment of nuclear reactions induced by fast nucleons

Abstract The direct process in nuclear reactions is studied using a simplified classical model. The process of the usual inelastic scattering type is found to give a contribution of 10 to 25% to the total cross section. The more complicated processes, in which two or more collisions take place, seem to contribute 10% to the absorption cross section.
Recent EEG and ERP Findings in Substance Abusers

Research on electroencephalographic (EEG) correlates of substance use has a long history. The present paper provides a review of recent studies--2001 to the present--with a focus on EEG findings in human participants characterized by a history of chronic substance use, abuse or dependence. In some areas (e.g., alcohol and cocaine dependence), the field has attempted to build upon earlier work by incorporating different methodologies or pursuing research questions of a transdisciplinary nature. New areas of inquiry, such as the investigation of EEG differences among users of ecstasy (MDMA) and methamphetamine, have emerged, primarily as a result of an alarming rise in popularity of these drugs.
Morbidity of subtotal colectomy in patients with severe ulcerative colitis unresponsive to cyclosporin

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to document the morbidity of urgent subtotal colectomy and ileostomy in patients with severe ulcerative colitis who failed cyclosporin treatment. METHODS: We reviewed the charts of patients with severe ulcerative colitis who did not respond to cyclosporin treatment and underwent urgent subtotal colectomy and Brooke ileostomy at two inflammatory bowel disease centers over the 12-month period ending April 1994. RESULTS: Fourteen patients (6 males; mean age, 34 years) required an urgent subtotal colectomy and Brooke ileostomy after failing treatment with cyclosporin. There were no deaths. Eight patients (57 percent) developed postoperative complications, which included ileus (3), deep vein thrombosis (2), wound infection (2), and partial dehiscence of rectal stump (1). Mean length of postoperative hospital stay was 8.8 days. CONCLUSIONS: These initial data suggest that cyclosporin treatment may not influence the safety of urgent surgical treatment in severe ulcerative colitis.
Depression Literacy Among American Indian Older Adults

Older American Indians experience high rates of depression and other psychological disorders, yet little research exist on the depression literacy of this group. Depression literacy is fundamental for individuals seeking help for depression in a timely and appropriate manner. In the present study the authors examine levels and predictors of knowledge of depression symptoms in a sample of rural older American Indians (N = 227) living in the Midwestern United States. Data from self-administered questionnaires indicate limited knowledge of depression and negative attitudes toward seeking help for mental health problems. Additional findings and implications for social work practice and policy are discussed.
Application of a Perrin-like Kinetics Model to the Photochemical Degradation of Polymers

The photochemical degradation rates of two solid-state polymer systems, a cross-linked poly(vinyl chloride) and a segmented polyurethane, that contain metal−metal bonds in the backbone were found to exhibit biphasic behavior. The polymers initially degraded quickly but then degraded slower at longer irradiation times. To investigate the origin of this biphasic rate phenomenon, the data were fit to four kinetic models: first- and second-order rate equations, a simple-diffusion model, and a diffusion-controlled model. None of the models adequately described the data. A new kinetic model was developed to describe a biphasic photodegradation rate that was inspired by Perrin’s model of fluorescence decay rates. Using this new Perrin-like model, the derived rate equation fit the data very accurately. The resulting fitting parameters obtained as a function of reaction temperature were also consistent with the model. To investigate the versatility of this Perrin-like model, literature data for the irradiation of ...
A signaling pathway leading to metastasis is controlled by N-cadherin and the FGF receptor

The intracellular signaling events causing tumor cells to become metastatic are not well understood. N-cadherin and FGF-2 synergistically increase migration, invasion, and secretion of extracellular proteases in breast tumor cells. Here, we define a metastatic signaling cascade activated by N-cadherin and FGF-2. In the presence of N-cadherin, FGF-2 caused sustained activation of the MAPK-ERK pathway, leading to MMP-9 gene transcription and cellular invasion. N-cadherin prevented the FGF receptor (FGFR) from undergoing ligand-induced internalization, resulting in increased FGFR-1 stability. Association of FGFR-1 with N-cadherin was mediated by the first two Ig-like domains of FGFR-1. These results suggest that protection of the FGFR-1 from ligand-induced downregulation by N-cadherin enhances receptor signaling and provides a mechanism by which tumor cells can acquire metastatic properties.
Specificity of the nick-closing activity of bacteriophage T4 DNA ligase

Bacteriophage T4 DNA ligase effectively joins two adjacent, short synthetic oligodeoxyribonucleotides (oligos), as guided by complementary oligo, plasmid and genomic DNA templates. When a single bp mismatch exists at either side of the ligation junction, the efficiency of the enzyme to ligate the two oligos decreases. Mismatch ligation is approximately five-fold greater if the mismatch occurs at the 3' side rather than at the 5' side of the junction. During mismatch ligation the 5' adenylate of the 3' oligo accumulates in the reaction. The level of the adenylate formation correlates closely with the level of the mismatch ligation. Both mismatch ligation and adenylate formation are suppressed at elevated temperatures and in the presence of 200 mM NaCl or 2-5 mM spermidine. The apparent Km for the oligo template in the absence of salt is 0.05 microM, whereas the Km increases to 0.2 microM in the presence of 200 mM of NaCl. In this report, we demonstrate these properties of T4 DNA ligase for oligo pairs complementary to the beta-globin gene at the sequence surrounding the single bp mutation responsible for sickle-cell anemia. Because of the highly specific nature of the nick-closing reaction, ligation of short oligos with DNA ligase can be used to distinguish two DNA templates differing by a single nucleotide.
VSim: Scholarly Annotations in Real-Time 3D Environments

This paper describes the annotation system developed for VSim, an NEH-funded run-time software prototype for interacting with three-dimensional computer models in both formal and informal educational settings. Specifically divorced from the model creation process, the VSim annotation system provides users -- be they content creators, project collaborators, peer reviewers, independent scholars, editors, in-service educators, or students -- the ability to embed spatially aware commentary, information, paradata, and paratext within a 3D environment. In de-coupling the modeling and annotation processes, VSim facilitates the general distribution and secondary use of academically generated 3D content by providing opportunities for scholarship within virtual environments without requiring proficiency with the specialized software packages used to build the computer models themselves.
The DSM Criteria of Sexual Dysfunction: Need for a Change

This article discusses the flaws of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) criteria of sexual dysfunctions. It focuses on issues such as what constitutes sexual dysfunction, whether the diagnostic criteria should include duration, intensity, and frequency, and whether distress should be used as a diagnostic criterion. Other controversial issues such as normalcy of sexual functioning and validity of some diagnostic entities are also discussed. The upcoming revision of the DSM diagnostic criteria should consider all these possible changes. Field trials to examine various criteria and their validity and reliability will probably be necessary.
Teosinte crossing barrier1, a locus governing hybridization of teosinte with maize

A teosinte gene or gene cluster, Teosinte crossing barrier1 (Tcb1), that restricts crossability with maize mapped 6 centiMorgans distal to sugary-1 on chromosome 4. Tcb1 is loosely linked with the gametophyte-1 locus whose Ga1-s allele, present in many popcorns, confers nonreceptivity to the pollen of other maize varieties (ga1). Full-strength Tcb1 (positive modifiers present) was nonreceptive to Ga1-s as well as to ga1 pollen. Attenuated Tcb1 (positive modifiers absent) was detectably more receptive to Ga1-s than to ga1, suggesting cross recognition between the two systems of incompatibility. Reciprocally, homozygous Ga1-s was unreceptive both to Tcb1 and tcb1 pollen, but heterozygous Ga1-s/ga1 plants were somewhat more receptive to Tcb1 than to tcb1. Discrimination by Tcb1/− females against tcb1 pollen is prezygotic, accomplished without the loss of viable ovules. When introduced into maize, Tcb1 incompatibility may be useful for isolating one category of commercial varieties from another.
Factors associated with adherence to medication regimens in older primary care patients: the Steel Valley Seniors Survey.

Abstract Objective: The aim of this study was to explore associations between 2 specific cognitive domains and aspects of medication management among older primary care patients. Methods: A sample of patients aged ≥65 years drawn from several small-town primary care practices was carefully characterized by cognitive testing and use of prescription medications. Two primary outcome variables were examined: (1) self-reports of setting up schedules to manage their own medications and (2) overall research assessment of adherence to prescribed medications. Predictor variables included scores on tests of verbal memory (Hopkins Verbal Learning Test) and executive function (Part B of the Trail Making Test); prescription insurance status; number of medications; and dosing frequency, adjusting for age, sex, and level of education. Multiple logistic regression and generalized estimating equation models were used for multivariable analyses. Results: The analytic sample included 343 patients (238 women, 105 men; mean [SD] age, 77.52 [6.71] years). Higher scores on the verbal memory test were independently associated with successfully setting up a medication schedule, after adjusting for covariates (compared with scores in the 50th percentile: 6.52 [95% CI, 2.76–15.42; P 50th percentile: 4.32 [95% CI, 2.76–15.68; P = 0.02]). Compared with using ≤4 prescription drugs, using ≥5 drugs was also associated with poor adherence (OR: 0.45 [95% CI, 0.21–0.95; P = 0.04]) as measured by research nurses' assessment of adherence. Conclusions: In this sample of older patients assessed for medication management, independent cognitive processes were associated with the ability to set up a medication schedule and overall adherence to prescriptions. Better verbal memory functioning was strongly and independently associated with setting up a medication schedule, while better executive functioning was strongly and independently associated with being fully adherent to prescription instructions. Deficits in either cognitive ability could result in medication errors due to nonadherence.
Dissolved oxygen dynamics in the Whippany river, New Jersey: deterministic/stochastic time-variable model

Abstract Water quality criteria for dissolved oxygen (DO) in natural streams generally involves two values: One reflecting the steady-state DO concentration thus defining an average and the second reflecting the dynamic conditions within the system thus defining a minimum. Determination of the dynamic conditions requires a rational consideration of the dynamic effects of net photosynthesis, and oxygen demand (CBOD and NBOD) variability on DO within the system. Therefore, in determining the wasteload allocation for a given system it may be important to include an effluent variability parameter which will assure compliance with the receiving stream's dynamic DO criteria and standards. The modeling methodlogy presented in this paper allows for simulation of DO variability within a stream due to time-variable components of CBOD, NBOD and net photosynthesis. The model was tested by simulating DO variability for the lower Whippany River. In-stream DO deficit concentrations measured over time at Station 15 (4.8 miles down-stream (7.7 km) of the Morristown STP input) averaged 3.6 mg/l with a standard deviation of 0.8 mg/l. Using the actual upper boundary station data and Morristown STP effluent data the model predicted a mean DO deficit of 3.2 mg/l with a standard deviation of 0.8 mg/l at Station 15. The model was able to show that the effluent from the Morristown STP alone created an average dissolved oxygen deficit of 3.3 mg/l with a standard deviation of 0.5 mg/l at Station 15. Deficit variability due to the one-day CBOD and NBOD harmonics were more significant than deficit variability due to the respective seven-day harmonics.
Mechanism of the distance‐dependent scaling of Schaffer collateral synapses in rat CA1 pyramidal neurons

Schaffer collateral axons form excitatory synapses that are distributed across much of the dendritic arborization of hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons. Remarkably, AMPA-receptor-mediated miniature EPSP amplitudes at the soma are relatively independent of synapse location, despite widely different degrees of dendritic filtering. A progressive increase with distance in synaptic conductance is thought to produce this amplitude normalization. In this study we examined the mechanism(s) responsible for spatial scaling by making whole-cell recordings from the apical dendrites of CA1 pyramidal neurons. We found no evidence to suggest that there is any location dependence to the range of cleft glutamate concentrations found at Schaffer collateral synapses. Furthermore, we observed that release probability (Pr), paired-pulse facilitation and the size of the readily releasable vesicular pool are not dependent on synapse location. Thus, there do not appear to be any changes in the fundamental presynaptic properties of Schaffer collateral synapses that could account for distance-dependent scaling. On the other hand, two-photon uncaging of 4-methoxy-7-nitroindolinyl-caged l-glutamate onto isolated dendritic spines shows that the number of postsynaptic AMPA receptors per spine increases with distance from the soma. We conclude, therefore, that the main synaptic mechanism involved in the production of distance-dependent scaling of Schaffer collateral synapses is an elevated postsynaptic AMPA receptor density.
DISTRIBUTIONS AND FAMILIAL STUDIES OF BLOOD PRESSURE AND SERUM CHOLESTEROL LEVELS IN A TOTAL COMMUNITY--TECUMSEH, MICHIGAN.

Abstract The medical examination of the population of a complete natural community, Tecumseh, Michigan, has provided a basis for investigation of factors possibly relating to predisposition to chronic disease. The following are reported: 1. 1. Parameters for distributions of blood pressure and cholesterol values for the entire population, including young children. 2. 2. Correlations between parents and children within specific age groups and by age-sex adjusted scores; these are relatively low, but consistently positive, being considerably greater for cholesterol than for blood pressure. Thus, there was a distinct resemblance in values between parents and children but the force of similarity was essentially equal over the entire range of distributions of blood pressure and cholesterol. Children resembled mothers and fathers equally in regard to blood pressure, but had some tendency to be more like their mothers in their cholesterol values. 3. 3. Correlations between siblings, while somewhat greater, were found to be within the same general range of magnitude as the parent-child comparisons. 4. 4. Spouse comparisons, as noted by most other investigators, showed a lack of significant correlations for either variable when all couples are viewed in the aggregate. No gradient of increasing conformity between spouses was demonstrable for either blood pressure or cholesterol when viewed by length of marriage, a rough index of the number of years of a shared environment. 5. 5. Comparisons with other studies were presented and types of possible genetic control and environmental interaction was discussed. The present findings are compatible with the concept of a multifactorial genetic and environmental interplay for both blood pressure and cholesterol.
Group size but not dominance rank predicts the probability of conception in a frugivorous primate

In social mammals, within-group competition for food can drive variation in female fitness. Frugivores may face particularly strong competition because they use patchily distributed usurpable resources. Dominance rank and group size influence how a female experiences within-group competition. Both are predicted to affect access to food and, thus, reproductive success. We used 15 years of behavioral, demographic, and reproductive data from wild frugivorous blue monkeys to examine effects of rank and group size on the probability that a female conceived. We used generalized linear mixed models, controlling for potentially confounding maternal and environmental factors. Blue monkey females compete aggressively and disproportionately for fruits and exhibit linear dominance hierarchies, but neither rank index we tested significantly predicted the probability of conception. Although earlier studies found that group size effects on activity budgets were minimal, we found that group size had a quadratic relationship with the probability of conception, which peaked at around 31 members. The lack of a rank effect may reflect behavioral strategies (e.g., switching resources, spreading out during feeding, using cheek pouches) that minimize the strength of within-group competition, thus facilitating group-level cooperation in between-group contests. The significant quadratic effect of group size on reproduction may occur if individuals in small groups do not obtain the full benefits of group living (e.g., predator avoidance, increased foraging success, communal care for offspring) and those in large groups experience a lower quality diet or constrained feeding time. Ultimately, measures of reproduction are preferable to behavioral proxies for accurately assessing within-group competition.
Dual control of lysogeny by bacteriophage P22: an antirepressor locus and its controlling elements.

Two distantly linked clusters of genes on the Salmonella typhimurium phage P22 chromosome are involved in the control of lysogeny and superinfection immunity. One cluster consists of genes cl, ~2, and ~3, which are primarily responsible for the establishment and maintenance of lysogeny. It has been proposed that the second cluster consists of three loci which are responsible for the synthesis and control of an antirepressor substance which overcomes the repression mediated by the c2 gene product. This paper reports the isolation of mutants in a locus designated “ant” having characteristics expected of antirepressor mutants. Evidence is presented that the other loci in this second immunity region, mnt and &rA, control the expression of the ant gene as repressor and promoter/operator, respectively. The interactions of these three loci with each other and with the other immunity region are discussed.
Regulation of hepatic peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor α expression but not adiponectin by dietary protein in finishing pigs

Soy protein regulates adiponectin and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha) in some species, but the effect of dietary soy protein on adiponectin and PPARalpha in the pig has not been studied. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine whether soya bean meal reduction or replacement influences serum adiponectin, adiponectin mRNA, serum metabolites and the expression of PPARalpha and other genes involved in lipid deposition. Thirty-three pigs (11 pigs per treatment) were subjected to one of three dietary treatments: (i) reduced crude protein (CP) diet containing soya bean meal (RCP-Soy), (ii) high CP diet containing soya bean meal (HCP-Soy) or (iii) high CP diet with corn gluten meal replacing soya bean meal (HCP-CGM) for 35 days. Dietary treatment had no effect on overall growth performance, feed intake or measures of body composition. There was no effect of dietary treatment on serum adiponectin or leptin. Dietary treatment did not affect the abundance of the mRNAs for adiponectin, PPARalpha, PPARgamma2, lipoprotein lipase or fatty acid synthase in adipose tissue. The mRNA expression of PPARalpha, PPARgamma2, lipoprotein lipase or fatty acid synthetase in loin muscle was not affected by dietary treatment. In liver tissue, the relative abundance of PPARalpha mRNA was greater (p < 0.05) in pigs fed the HCP-Soy diets when compared to pigs fed RCP-Soy or HCP-CGM diets. Hepatic mRNA expression of acyl-CoA oxidase or fatty acid synthase was not affected by dietary treatment. Western blot analysis indicated that hepatic PPARalpha protein levels were decreased (p < 0.05) in pigs fed the RCP-Soy diets when compared to pigs fed the HCP-Soy diets. These data suggest that increasing the soy protein content of swine diets increases hepatic expression of PPARalpha without associated changes in body composition.
Active acetyl CoA carboxylase from livers of rats fed carbohydrate.

Abstract Enzymatically active and soluble acetyl CoA carboxylase was prepared from livers of rats fed carbohydrate by homogenizing at ca. 38°. The molecular weight of the enzyme prepared from fed rats is several times larger than that of the inactive enzyme present in liver homogenates of rats fasted 16 hours.
Percutaneous permeation of enantiomers and racemates of chiral drugs and prediction of their flux ratios using thermal data: A pharmaceutical perspective

Albeit pharmacological, pharmacokinetic, and toxicological differences between enantiomeric pairs or between the pure enantiomers and racemate of chiral drugs are known to exist for decades, we are just beginning to realize that there are apparent differences between these species with respect to their percutaneous permeation as well. Such differences in permeation are likely to be enhanced when chiral drugs are formulated with chiral excipients, necessitating a careful assessment of the effect of formulation excipients on the permeation as well as the overall therapeutic outcomes. The in vitro transport data from the preclinical investigations, using laboratory animal models and/or in vitro cell culture systems, must be carefully validated in vivo as there are differences between these models and the human skin. Mathematical models such as MTMT that utilize the interdependence of certain physicochemical characteristics and percutaneous permeability have a predictive value in assessing the flux behavior of enantiomers and racemates.
Myocardial infarction as a complication of new interventional devices.

Abstract Percutaneous transluminal coronary balloon angioplasty has been associated with acute myocardial infarction (MI) as a complication of the procedure. Abrupt closure, distal coronary embolization, intimal dissection, coronary spasm, and acute thrombosis are the principal etiologies. New interventional devices (stent, laser, and atherectomy catheters) have been introduced as alternatives or adjuncts to balloon angioplasty. With use of the New Approaches to Coronary Intervention Registry, the incidence, predictors, and outcome of MI as a complication of using these devices as the primary mode of intervention were studied. There were 3,265 patients from 39 participating centers in the cohort treated with new devices. MI was reported as an in-hospital complication of using new devices in 154 patients (4.7%), including Q-wave MI in 36 patients (1.1%), and non-Q-wave MI in 119 patients (3.6%). MI rates were not significantly different among all patients with devices in the cohort treated with atherectomy (directional, extractional, rotational), laser (AIS, Spectranetics) or the Palmaz-Schatz stent. Multivariate logistic regression showed that post-procedure MI was associated with multivessel disease, high surgical risk, postinfarction angina, and presence of a thrombus prior to the procedure. Prior percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty was inversely related to the incidence of MI. When a specific cause of MI could be detected, the main etiologies were: coronary embolus 16.9%, and abrupt closure 27.3%. Other major in-hospital complications were higher in the MI group than the non-MI group: death 7.8% versus 0.8% (p
Detection and Quantification of a Wide Range of fMRI Temporal Responses Using a Physiologically-Motivated Basis Set

The temporal dynamics of fMRI responses can span a broad range, indicating a rich underlying physiology, but also posing a significant challenge for detection. For instance, in human auditory cortex, prolonged sound stimuli (∼30 sec) can evoke responses ranging from sustained to highly phasic (i.e., characterized by prominent peaks just after sound onset and offset). In the present study, we developed a method capable of detecting a wide variety of responses, while simultaneously extracting information about individual response components, which may have different neurophysiological underpinnings. Specifically, we implemented the general linear model using a novel set of basis functions chosen to reflect temporal features of cortical fMRI responses. This physiologically-motivated basis set (the “OSORU” basis set) was tested against (1) the commonly employed “sustained-only” basis “set” (i.e., a single smoothed “boxcar” function), and (2) a sinusoidal basis set, which is capable of detecting a broad range of responses, but lacks a direct relationship to individual response components. On data that included many different temporal responses, the OSORU basis set performed far better overall than the sustained-only set, and as well or better than the sinusoidal basis set. The OSORU basis set also proved effective in exploring brain physiology. As an example, we demonstrate that the OSORU basis functions can be used to spatially map the relative amount of transient vs. sustained activity within auditory cortex. The OSORU basis set provides a powerful means for response detection and quantification that should be broadly applicable to any brain system and to both human and non-human species.