cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Respiratory support with a paracorporeal membrane oxygenator.

Abstract The General Electric-Peirce Lung was used in the arteriovenous configuration as a paracorporeal respiratory assist device in dogs rendered cyanotic by left pneumonectomy and creation of a pulmonary arteriovenous shunt. The blood leaving the membrane lung was fully saturated and the extracorporeal oxygen exchange ranged from 5–20 ml/min depending on extra-corporeal flow, hematocrit and inflow saturotion. These experiments demonstrated that a paracorporeal lung can be used effectively with an AV fistula to treat chronic respiratory insufficiency in animals. Some of the experimental difficulties and the approaches to improving the results have been discussed.
Can exchange rate variations or trade policy alter the equilibrium current account

Abstract Paul Krugman has pointed out that much work needs to be done before the intertemporal open economy model can replace the open economy IS/LM model as a guide to policy making. The objective here is to take a step in this direction by examining if an exogenous increase in world demand for home goods (as via trade policy) can improve the equilibrium current account within an open economy intertemporal model. In the process, the paper explores the theoretical issue as to whether a variation in the real exchange rate can alter the difference between saving and investment. The key idea is that uncovered interest parity plus some degree of mean-reversion in the real exchange rate imply that a modern version of the Laursen–Metzler–Harberger effect is operative. The result is that a policy induced increase in the trade balance will alter the real exchange rate, which, in turn, increases the difference between home saving and investment, and, thereby, improves the equilibrium current account.
Relationship Between Mycobacterium tuberculosis Phylogenetic Lineage and Clinical Site of Tuberculosis

Background Genotyping of Mycobacterium tuberculosis has revealed 4 major phylogenetic lineages with differential distribution worldwide. It is not clear whether different lineages are associated with different sites of infection (eg, pulmonary tuberculosis versus extrapulmonary tuberculosis). We sought to determine whether M. tuberculosis lineage is associated with the site of tuberculosis disease. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of all culture-confirmed cases of tuberculosis with routinely determined M. tuberculosis spoligotype-defined lineage reported to the US National Tuberculosis Surveillance System from 2004 through 2008. Odds ratios (ORs) were used to assess the relation between disease site and M. tuberculosis lineage, after adjustment for age, sex, human immunodeficiency virus infection status, region of birth, and race/ethnicity. Results Of 53972 reported culture-positive tuberculosis cases, 32000 (59.3%) were cases of M. tuberculosis that included complete spoligotype-based data on lineage. Of these, 23844 (74.5%) were exclusively pulmonary, 5085 (15.9%) were exclusively extrapulmonary, and 3071 (9.6%) were combined pulmonary and extrapulmonary. The percentages of tuberculosis cases that were exclusively extrapulmonary differed by lineage: East Asian, 13.0%; Euro-American, 13.8%; Indo-Oceanic, 22.6%; and East-African Indian, 34.3%. Compared with East Asian lineage, the odds of exclusively extrapulmonary tuberculosis relative to exclusively pulmonary tuberculosis were greater for Euro-American (adjusted OR, 1.3; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.1-1.4), Indo-Oceanic (adjusted OR, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.5-1.9), and East-African Indian (adjusted OR, 1.6; 95% CI, 1.4-1.9) lineages. Conclusions Phylogenetic lineage of M. tuberculosis is associated with the site of tuberculosis disease.
Green manure and phosphate rock effects on phosphorus availability in a northern Great Plains dryland organic cropping system

Maintaining or improving soil phosphorus (P) fertility is challenging for dryland organic producers in the northern Great Plains (NGP) of North America because of the region’s high pH, calcareous soils combined with limited supplies of P-rich organic materials, such as manure. Certain inorganic P sources, such as phosphate rock (PR), are allowed on organic farms yet are sparingly soluble in neutral to alkaline soils. Green manure (GM) crops may improve availability of PR, yet little is known on their ability to dissolve PR in NGP soils. A 2-year cropping sequence study was conducted on a Montana farm that had been managed organically for 20 year. First-year crop treatments included spring pea (Pisum sativum L.), buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum L.), yellow mustard (Sinapis alba L.), and tilled fallow, fertilized with 0, 3.1, and 7.7 kg available P ha−1 as PR, and terminated at early pod stage with tillage. Following GM incorporation, winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was sown in the fall and harvested at maturity. Aboveground P uptake of winter wheat was not affected by previous GM crop or PR rate, despite differences in GM P uptake amounts among crops and PR rates. Labile P fractions in the surface soil (0–0.15 m) were also not increased over pre-fertilization levels by PR rate or previous crop. The results suggest GMs have a limited ability to increase P availability of PR for a subsequent crop in this region.
Aviation Safety Priorities in Emerging Air Transport Systems

technologic, geographic, or regulatory attributes. This paper also discusses the validity of transferring priorities in aviation safety across industry segments (delineated by these same attributes), each of which may have unique hazard and vulnerability exposures. Collectively, this paper discusses the potential for identified aviation safety priorities (which may be biased toward dominant industry segments) to mask unique hazard and vulnerability exposures inherent in emerging aviation markets. This potential biasing of safety priorities becomes a more critical topic when viewed from the perspective of a future commercial aviation industry with a greater reliance on Part 135 commuter- and air-taxi-type operations using nontowered airports under a high-volume operations paradigm. I. Introduction T HIS paper has two purposes. The first is to demonstrate that priorities in aviation safety can be biased toward specific industry segments that may not be fully representative of other subsets of aviation. The second is to demonstrate that establishing safety priorities based on worldwide operations or specific segments of aviation may not be directly applicable to all subsets that cross regional (national or continental), regulatory (Code of Federal Regulations, or CFR, Title 14 Parts 121 and 135), or technological (jet, turboprop, large aircraft, small aircraft, etc.) boundaries. Specifically, this paper demonstrates that safety priorities in domestic commercial aviation operations have been biased to reflect the accident profile of international commercial operations. A metaanalysis of published safety summaries is used to demonstrate the limitations of any assumption that an accident profile of some subset within a global aviation market is correlated to global aviation in the aggregate. The authors consider this review of real vs perceived domestic commercial aviation safety priorities to be a critical factor in forming the perspective that emerging and nascent aircraft operations and aviation markets, such as high-volume operations (HVO) at nontowered airports and the burgeoning air-taxi industry using light and very light jets (VLJ), may have unique hazard and vulnerability exposures relative to more traditional commercial aviation markets. If these emerging industry sectors are not critically analyzed for sector-specific hazards and vulnerabilities, there is a potentialforincreasednumbersandratesofaccidentsasthesesectors grow. Any such increase could lead to subsequent delays in societal acceptance of HVO in the nontowered “community” airport environments and potential delays in the growth of these emerging aviation markets that would directly affect the capacity of the commercial air transport industry in the aggregate as the hub-andspoke infrastructure nears its maximum capacity. This paper first revisits an earlier work by the authors [1] that critically reviewed aviation accident data summaries compiled and released by various governmental, nongovernmental, and quasigovernmentalorganizations[2–6].Inthispreviouswork,theauthors
Rapid maxillary distraction protocol utilizing the halo distraction system and rigid internal fixation.

Abstract Objective: To shorten head frame wear time associated with external halo distraction (HD), we have adapted a protocol for maxillary distraction with the halo system that integrates plate fixation. Participants: All patients had a history of cleft lip and/or palate and maxillary retrusion ≥8 mm. Five patients treated with this protocol and followed for at least 1 year were included in this study. Interventions: The protocol included a 3-day latency period, variable maxillary distraction, and removal of the halo device with simultaneous rigid internal fixation. Two patients had a variable period of maxillomandibular fixation (MMF), which maintained the maxillary advancement and idealized intercuspal position while permitting further callus maturation. Cephalographs were obtained preoperatively, immediately following distractor removal, and 1 year after rigid internal fixation. Results: The mean age at time of surgery was 18.7 years. The maxillary deficiency ranged from 8 to 15 mm (mean = 10.6 mm). ...
Regulation of cGMP synthesis in photoreceptors: role in signal transduction and congenital diseases of the retina

Abstract Calcium feedback in vertebrate photoreceptors regulates synthesis of cGMP, a second messenger in phototransduction. The decrease in the free intracellular Ca2+ concentrations caused by illumination stimulates two isoforms of retinal membrane guanylyl cyclase (RetGC) via Ca2+-sensor proteins and thus contributes to photoreceptor recovery and light adaptation. Unlike other members of the membrane guanylyl cyclase family, retinal guanylyl cyclases do not have identified extracellular peptide ligands. Recoverin-like proteins, GCAP-1 and GCAP-2, interact with the intracellular portion of the cyclases and stimulate its activity through dimerization of the cyclase subunits. Several mutations that affect the function of photoreceptor guanylyl cyclase and the activator protein have been linked to various forms of congenital human retinal diseases, such as Leber congenital amaurosis, cone and cone–rod dystrophy.
Single‐chain precursor of renal γ‐glutamyl transpeptidase

The two subunits of γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (EC 2.3.2.2) are derived from a single-chain glycosylated precursor. A small fraction of the propeptide survives proteolytic processing in the rat kidney and has been purified by an immunoaffinity technique. The propeptide contains determinants for both the subunits and its amino acid composition resembles that of the dimeric enzyme. However, the propeptide exhibits less than 2% of the transpeptidase activity shown by the dimeric enzyme.
Adverse Birth Outcomes in African American Women: The Social Context of Persistent Reproductive Disadvantage

African Americans have the highest rates of infant mortality and adverse birth outcomes of all major racial/ethnic groups in the United States. The long-standing nature of this disparity suggests the need to shift epidemiologic focus from individual-level risk factors to the larger social forces that shape disease risk in populations. In this article, the African American reproductive disadvantage is discussed within the context of American race relations. The review of the literature focuses on racism as a social determinant of race-based disparities in adverse birth outcomes with specific attention to the viability of genetic explanations, the role of socioeconomic factors, the multidimensional nature of racism, and the stress-induced physiologic pathways by which racism may negatively affect pregnancy. Implications for social work research and practice also are discussed.
The Geographer's Niche in the Greenhouse Millennium

(2000). The Geographer's Niche in the Greenhouse Millennium. Annals of the Association of American Geographers: Vol. 90, No. 1, pp. 114-122.
Inverse piano technique for studying finger interaction during pressing tasks

When a person moves or presses with an individual finger other fingers also produce a force (Kilbreath and Gandevia 1994; Li et al. 2004; Zatsiorsky et al. 2000). Several factors are known to contribute to this response: (1) peripheral mechanical coupling, (2) multi-digit motor units, and (3) diverging central commands. This phenomenon, known as enslaving, has traditionally been studied in isometric pressing tasks. The purpose of this project was to build a device, an Inverse Piano (IP), to study finger interaction in non-isometric pressing tasks. The IP allows for fingers to be unexpectedly raised or lowered during pressing tasks. Fingers are perturbed by linear motors located directly under uni-dimensional force sensors, which serve as the “piano keys”. Motors are triggered using National Instruments LabVIEW. This allows key position and finger force data to be recorded simultaneously. The IP makes possible the studying of several factors on the finger force outcome and coordination. In particular, the following factors can be explored: (a) Finger combination. There are 15 combinations of the key manipulation: four 1-finger tasks (I, M, R, L, where the letters designate the index, middle, ring, and little finger respectively); six 2-finger tasks (IM, IR, IL, MR, ML, RL); four 3-finger tasks (IMR, IML, IRL, MRL) and one 4-finger task (IMRL). (b) Predictability of the key raising. The options are innumerable but can be roughly classified into three groups: (1) both the sequence and time intervals are unknown to the subjects; (2) the sequence is known but the time intervals are unknown; and (3) both the sequence and time intervals are known in advance. (c) Amplitude of key movement. The IP is capable of displacing fingers up to 2 cm, in increments less than 1 mm. (d) The speed of key movement. The IP can vary key movement rates of between 2 mm/s to 4,687 mm/s. (e) Resistance of the keys to the external force. The resistance can mimic different mechanical properties, e.g. elastic reistance which is proportional to the key displacement, damping resistance proportional to the speed, dry friction, etc. The magnitude of the resistance, e.g. ‘stiffness’, can also be varied. (f) Feedback with various options: (1) visual feedback on the computer screen, the subject can also see his/her hand; (2) no visual feedback on the screen, however the subject can see his/her hand; and (3) no feedback on the screen, the subject cannot see his/her hand. Thus far experimentation using IP has only investigated effects of varying magnitude of displacement.
Training and Evaluating Error Minimization Decision Rules for Statistical Machine Translation

Decision rules that explicitly account for non-probabilistic evaluation metrics in machine translation typically require special training, often to estimate parameters in exponential models that govern the search space and the selection of candidate translations. While the traditional Maximum A Posteriori (MAP) decision rule can be optimized as a piecewise linear function in a greedy search of the parameter space, the Minimum Bayes Risk (MBR) decision rule is not well suited to this technique, a condition that makes past results difficult to compare. We present a novel training approach for non-tractable decision rules, allowing us to compare and evaluate these and other decision rules on a large scale translation task, taking advantage of the high dimensional parameter space available to the phrase based Pharaoh decoder. This comparison is timely, and important, as decoders evolve to represent more complex search space decisions and are evaluated against innovative evaluation metrics of translation quality.
Myopic Policies in Sequential Classification

Several rules for feature selection in myopic policy are examined for solving the sequential finite classification problem with conditionally independent binary features. The main finding is that no rule is consistently superior to the others. Likewise no specific strategy for the alternating of rules seems to be significantly more efficient.
Why even successful teams sometimes fail-self-directed team catalysts

The author points out that by systematically creating an environment in which team catalysts can flourish, organizations can move away from the task force approach toward self-directed teams. These teams can accurately predict future issues and work to resolve them before they adversely affect the business by reaching a crisis state. Focusing on long-term investment in such a catalytic environment allows self-directed teams to mature. This maturity brings stability to the business process, permitting continuous improvement and process renewal. >
The Use of Lufenuron to Treat Fish Lice (Argulus sp) in Koi (Cyprinus carpio)

Abstract Fish lice can cause significant morbidity and death in heavily infested fish. In addition to being a mechanical irritant when sucking blood, Argulus sp have been shown to be the vector for other fish diseases. Koi carp from a pond environment were presented with multiple raised dark spots on their dorsa and sides. The primary differential disease diagnosis was an Argulus sp. Parasites removed from the affected fish were examined under a dissection microscope, and the definitive diagnosis was determined to be Argulus sp infestation. Treatment with lufenuron (Program; Novartis, Greensboro, NC USA) was initiated with one 409.8-mg tablet per 1,000 US gallons (3,785 L) of water for a concentration of approximately 0.1 mg/L. This treatment was repeated once per week for 5 weeks. The fish have been monitored for 13 months after the initial treatment, and thus far, there has been no reappearance of Argulus sp within the aquatic environment.
RHCE*ceMO is frequently in cis to RHD*DAU0 and encodes a hr(S) -, hr(B) -, RH:-61 phenotype in black persons: clinical significance.

Background RHCE*ceMO has nucleotide changes 48G>C and 667G>T, which encode, respectively, 16Cys and 223Phe associated with altered expression of e antigen. RHD*DAU0 has nt1136C>T, which encodes 379Met associated with normal levels of D. We compiled serologic and DNA testing data on samples with RHCE*ceMO to determine the RBC antigen expression, antibody specificity, RHD association, and the prevalence in African-Americans.
Dispositional Affect and Job Satisfaction: A Review and Theoretical Extension

Over the past 15 years, researchers have paid increasing attention to the dispositional source of job satisfaction. This research, though not without its controversies, has provided strong evidence that job satisfaction is, in part, dispositionally based. In this article we review past research on dispositional influences on job satisfaction. The two areas most in need of future research attention are (a) which trait(s) should be included in investigations of the dispositional source of job satisfaction and (b) elucidating the theoretical processes underlying the effect of dispositions on job satisfaction. In attempting to facilitate future research in these two areas, we first provide an integrative review of the personality and affective traits relevant to the dispositional source of job satisfaction. Second, we discuss a number of theoretical processes and mechanisms, drawn largely from personality psychology, which may further illuminate the dispositional source of job satisfaction. We pay particular attention to a model that seeks to unify the literature on affect and personality and discuss how applications of this model may lead to greater understanding of the personological basis of job satisfaction.
Understanding Racial-ethnic Disparities in Health Sociological Contributions

This article provides an overview of the contribution of sociologists to the study of racial and ethnic inequalities in health in the United States. It argues that sociologists have made four principal contributions. First, they have challenged and problematized the biological understanding of race. Second, they have emphasized the primacy of social structure and context as determinants of racial differences in disease. Third, they have contributed to our understanding of the multiple ways in which racism affects health. Finally, sociologists have enhanced our understanding of the ways in which migration history and status can affect health. Sociological insights on racial disparities in health have important implications for the development of effective approaches to improve health and reduce health inequities.
Direct, nondestructive observation of a Bose condensate

The spatial observation of a Bose condensate is reported. Dispersive light scattering was used to observe the separation between the condensed and normal components of the Bose gas inside a magnetic trap. This technique is nondestructive, and about a hundred images of the same condensate can be taken. The width of the angular distribution of scattered light increased suddenly at the phase transition.
Psychometric Properties of the Questions About Behavioral Function Scale in a Child Sample

The Questions About Behavioral Function (QABF) scale is a caregiver report form designed to identify behavioral functions important in maintaining aberrant behavior. In the present investigation, we evaluated the psychometric properties of the QABF with an outpatient sample of 91 children with developmental delays and significant aberrant behavior (e.g., physical aggression, self-injury, and property destruction). One caregiver completed the QABF and Motivation Assessment Scale on aberrant behavior identified in a preappointment interview for each child. Results indicate that the QABF exhibited fair to good internal consistency, strong corrected item-total correlations, acceptable intersubscale correlations, and convergent validity with the Motivation Assessment Scale. Implications of the results, potential utility of caregiver report instruments, study limitations, and future directions are discussed.
Color quantization of images based on human vision perception

In many color-imaging applications, it is desirable to represent the image with as few different colors as possible without loss of visual quality. In this paper, we address the problem of color quantization of images for display on an 8-bit color monitor. We have developed a subjective distortion measure which accounts for the higher sensitivity of the human visual system to errors in low activity areas compared to errors in high activity areas. We propose a color quantization algorithm based on this distortion measure applied to a cubic prequantizer and to a weighted tree structured vector quantizer (TSVQ) to obtain the final 8-bit color palette. The resulting images displayed with our 8-bit color quantization algorithm show higher visual quality than the images displayed using dithering, error-diffusion and other existing color image display software. >
The moment of truth: stress, lying and the GI tract

It used to be said that the way to a man’sheart (i.e., emotions) is through his stom-ach. Science is now providing us with theevidence that the stomach does provide agateway to the brain, the so-calledgut–brain axis. This two-way channel ofcommunication relies on both hardwiredneural connections, as well as circulatingchemical mediators and hormones. Thesepathways are increasingly being invokedto explain not only day-to-day curiosities,such as ‘butterflies’ in the stomach, butalso pathological states that include irrita-ble bowel syndromes, other functionalbowel disorders and even obesity.
Dobutamine increases alveolar liquid clearance in ventilated rats by beta-2 receptor stimulation.

Although it is well known that beta-adrenergic agonist stimulation increases alveolar epithelial sodium and fluid transport, it is not known whether the beta-1 or the beta-2 receptor mediates this effect. Two clinically relevant beta-adrenergic agonists, dopamine (beta-1 agonist) and dobutamine (beta-1 and beta-2 agonist) were used to define the contribution of these two beta-receptors to beta-adrenergic stimulated fluid clearance from the air spaces of the lungs. Alveolar fluid clearance was measured in anesthetized, ventilated rats over one hour after instilling an isosmolar 5% albumin solution in Ringer's lactate with 3 μ Ci 125I-albumin. The concentrations of the labeled and unlabeled albumin were used to quantify alveolar liquid clearance. Dopamine, whether given intra-alveolar (10− 4 M) or intravenously (5–10 μ g/kg/min), had no effect. However, both intra-alveolar (10− 4 M) and intravenous (5 μ g/kg/min) dobutamine increased alveolar liquid clearance by approximately 50% over one hour compared to c...
Short Rayleigh length free electron lasers

Conventional free electron laser (FEL) oscillators minimize the optical mode volume around the electron beam in the undulator by making the resonator Rayleigh length about one third of the undulator length. This maximizes gain and beam-mode coupling. In compact configurations of high-power infrared FELs or moderate power UV FELs, the resulting optical intensity can damage the resonator mirrors. To increase the spot size and thereby reduce the optical intensity at the mirrors below the damage threshold, a shorter Rayleigh length can be used, but the FEL interaction is significantly altered. A new FEL interaction is described and analyzed with a Rayleigh length that is only one tenth of the undulator length, or less.
Parasitic Corner Leakage Reduction in Gas Turbine Nozzle-Shroud Inter-Segment Locations

Multi-segment nozzle and shroud construction is commonly used in large industrial gas turbines. Such a breakdown into subsystems is essential for ease of assembly and to accommodate misalignments and thermal growth. The gaps between nozzle and shroud segments constitute a parasitic leakage path. Due to the complex interface geometry involved, most of these junctions require multiple seal segments. This work describes efforts to minimize corner leakage occurring at the gaps between the seal segments. Use of flexible cloth seals eliminates the need to segment seals at some corners. To achieve the best leakage performance, optimum turn radius has been investigated. To compare sealing performance at various curvature levels a high pressure static seal test setup has been developed. Backto-back leakage tests were performed using both segmented rigid seals and curved cloth seals. Variation in leakage with changing direction of pressure application has also been investigated. Flow rates for each test configuration were normalized with baseline leakage of rigid seal strips. Leakage test results indicated that corner leakage flow decreases with increased turn radius. Overall, cloth seals provided up to 75% corner leakage flow reduction over segmented rigid seals.
Visual aesthetics and human preference

Human aesthetic preference in the visual domain is reviewed from definitional, methodological, empirical, and theoretical perspectives. Aesthetic science is distinguished from the perception of art and from philosophical treatments of aesthetics. The strengths and weaknesses of important behavioral techniques are presented and discussed, including two-alternative forced-choice, rank order, subjective rating, production/adjustment, indirect, and other tasks. Major findings are reviewed about preferences for colors (single colors, color combinations, and color harmony), spatial structure (low-level spatial properties, shape properties, and spatial composition within a frame), and individual differences in both color and spatial structure. Major theoretical accounts of aesthetic response are outlined and evaluated, including explanations in terms of mere exposure effects, arousal dynamics, categorical prototypes, ecological factors, perceptual and conceptual fluency, and the interaction of multiple components. The results of the review support the conclusion that aesthetic response can be studied rigorously and meaningfully within the framework of scientific psychology.
Virtual reality simulation modeling for a haptic glove

The recent addition of force and touch feedback to virtual reality simulations has enhanced their realism. Research on haptics interfaces is now extended to physical modeling of contact surfaces, object hardness, surface deformation, etc. This is especially needed when dextrous manipulation of virtual objects is concerned. The paper describes a VR system using a haptic glove (Rutgels Master II) connected to a PC workstation, and a new method for modeling virtual hand haptic interactions. An application example presented here is an orthopedic rehabilitation library. The exercises in this library involve interactions with dynamic objects and physical modeling of plasticity.
Macro Analysis of the Electro-Adsorption Process in Low Concentration NaCl Solutions for Water Desalination Applications

Capacitive deionization (CDI) has become a very attractive desalination technology due to its capability of returning a fraction of the input energy during the regeneration of its adsorbent electrodes. As in any separation technique, analysis of the mass transfer phenomena occurring in this water treatment method is vital to evaluate and extend the performance of a desalination system. This publication proposes a novel method to estimate the net electro-adsorption rate of a CDI cell from a series of low concentration desalinationexperimentscoupledwithaone-dimensionalelectro-adsorptionmodel.Intheproposedmethodology,aone-dimensional model is presented and two regimes are identified based on the presence or absence of a convection-diffusion layer within the bulk solution, as dictated by the electro-diffusion based Peclet number. For each of these regimes, the net adsorption flux is calculated based on the velocity at which ions are transported toward the electrodes. The proposed model is then solved, first under the assumption of an infinite electrode adsorption capacitance before relaxing this condition, and correlated against the experimental data to assess the global electro-adsorption rate. The analysis in this paper also provides unique physical insight into the macro-scale mass transfer processes that control desalination in CDI. The extraction of dissolved charged particles from relatively low concentration solutions by electro-adsorption methods has gained interest in recent years. In the 1960s, the removal of ions from a solution stream by applying an electric potential to electrodes with large surface areas was initially proposed as a water desalination technique. 1‐3 However, three decades passed before the development of carbon materials with a suitable high surface area allowed ionic sorption methods to become competitive with traditional techniques such as reverse osmosisandflash water desalination. 3‐6 Utilizing this technology, capacitive deionization (CDI) has been proposed as a less energy intensive desalination method due to the recovery of a fraction of the input energy during a regeneration stage. Figure 1 shows a schematic of a CDI system. During system operation, a stream of ionic solution flows between two high surface area carbon electrodes while an applied electric potential draws the ions out of the bulk solution. Adsorption of ions on the electrodes’ surfaces decreases the salt concentration of the outlet solution until the saturation of the electrodes necessitates the regeneration of the system. This may be performed by either applying a second electric potential of inverse polarity or by short-circuiting the electrodes. 7 In this regeneration stage, the previously adsorbed ions are expelled into the effluent stream enabling the recovery of a fraction of the input energy. This paper focuses on the analysis of the ion extraction process
Astrocytic Gap Junctions Remain Open during Ischemic Conditions

Gap junctions are highly conductive channels that allow the direct transfer of intracellular messengers such as Ca2+ and inositol triphosphate (IP3) between interconnected cells. In brain, astrocytes are coupled extensively by gap junctions. We found here that gap junctions among astrocytes in acutely prepared brain slices as well as in culture remained open during ischemic conditions. Uncoupling first occurred after the terminal loss of plasma membrane integrity. Gap junctions therefore may link ischemic astrocytes in an evolving infarct with the surroundings. The free exchange of intracellular messengers between dying and potentially viable astrocytes might contribute to secondary expansion of ischemic lesions.
Open Instability Repair: The Anterior-Inferior Capsular Shift

Shoulder dislocations in the young patient have been shown to have a high risk of recurrent dislocation or symptomatic subluxation. Repeated episodes of instability can be disabling in the short term and lead to long term degenerative changes of the glenohumeral joint. The associated injuries involve an avulsion of the anterior-inferior glenoid labrum as well as deformation of the capsule. There is a higher rate of failure if these injuries are not addressed at the time of surgery. This article describes our technique of surgical management of recurrent anterior instability: the anterior-inferior capsular shift. This approach includes both capsular shift as well as reattachment of the displaced labrum. This technique allows for titration of the capsular plication for the individual patient.
Quantifying Aerial Concentrations of Maize Pollen in the Atmospheric Surface Layer Using Remote-Piloted Airplanes and Lagrangian Stochastic Modeling

Abstract The extensive adoption of genetically modified crops has led to a need to understand better the dispersal of pollen in the atmosphere because of the potential for unwanted movement of genetic traits via pollen flow in the environment. The aerial dispersal of maize pollen was studied by comparing the results of a Lagrangian stochastic (LS) model with pollen concentration measurements made over cornfields using a combination of tower-based rotorod samplers and airborne radio-controlled remote-piloted vehicles (RPVs) outfitted with remotely operated pollen samplers. The comparison between model and measurements was conducted in two steps. In the first step, the LS model was used in combination with the rotorod samplers to estimate the pollen release rate Q for each sampling period. In the second step, a modeled value for the concentration Cmodel, corresponding to each RPV measured value Cmeasure, was calculated by simulating the RPV flight path through the LS model pollen plume corresponding to the ...
Integrating Nonpharmacological, Adjunctive Interventions Into Critical Care Practice: A Means To Humanize Care?

1appeared in a medical journal a few years ago describing the grotesque and inhumane scenarios in critical care units. Patients receiving mechanical ventilation were lying deeply sedated and paralyzed, overmedicated with various pharmacological agents. Sedative and paralytic agents are staples in critical care units and, when used appropriately, can be helpful in reducing airway pressure and promoting adequate gas exchange in patients receiving mechanical ventilation. These agents must be used judiciously, however, to avoid complications. Sedative agents can cause numerous adverse effects such as hypotension, muscle weakness, delayed weaning from mechanical ventilation, and increased risk for ventilator-associated nosocomial pneumonia. 2-6 Sedation does not have to be the first choice in attempts to allay a patient’s anxiety and distress associated with mechanical ventilatory support. Routine, automatic sedation of patients receiving mechanical ventilation is inappropriate; overuse of sedation can be detrimental to patients, 7 and heavy dosages of medications do not necessarily improve outcomes and may even cause longterm harm, such as depression and paranoid delusions. 8
Reverse genetics in zebrafish

Lekven, Arne C., Kathryn Ann Helde, Christopher J. Thorpe, Rebecca Rooke, and Randall T. Moon. Reverse genetics in zebrafish. Physiol Genomics 2: 37–48, 2000.—The zebrafish has become a popular mod...
Birth weight predicted baseline muscular efficiency, but not response of energy expenditure to calorie restriction: An empirical test of the predictive adaptive response hypothesis.

OBJECTIVES Aiming to test the evolutionary significance of relationships linking prenatal growth conditions to adult phenotypes, this study examined whether birth size predicts energetic savings during fasting. We specifically tested a Predictive Adaptive Response (PAR) model that predicts greater energetic saving among adults who were born small. METHODS Data were collected from a convenience sample of young adults living in Albuquerque, NM (n = 34). Indirect calorimetry quantified changes in resting energy expenditure (REE) and active muscular efficiency that occurred in response to a 29-h fast. Multiple regression analyses linked birth weight to baseline and postfast metabolic values while controlling for appropriate confounders (e.g., sex, body mass). RESULTS Birth weight did not moderate the relationship between body size and energy expenditure, nor did it predict the magnitude change in REE or muscular efficiency observed from baseline to after fasting. Alternative indicators of birth size were also examined (e.g., low v. normal birth weight, comparison of tertiles), with no effects found. However, baseline muscular efficiency improved by 1.1% per 725 g (S.D.) increase in birth weight (P = 0.037). CONCLUSIONS Birth size did not influence the sensitivity of metabolic demands to fasting-neither at rest nor during activity. Moreover, small birth size predicted a reduction in the efficiency with which muscles convert energy expended into work accomplished. These results do not support the ascription of adaptive function to phenotypes associated with small birth size. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 28:484-492, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Weakly Bound Clusters in Astrochemistry? Millimeter and Submillimeter Spectroscopy of trans-HO3 and Comparison to Astronomical Observations.

The emergence of chemical complexity during star and planet formation is largely guided by the chemistry of unstable molecules that are reaction intermediates in terrestrial chemistry. Our knowledge of these intermediates is limited by both the lack of laboratory studies and the difficulty in their astronomical detection. In this work, we focus on the weakly bound cluster HO3 as an example of the connection between laboratory spectroscopic study and astronomical observations. Here, we present a fast-sweep spectroscopic technique in the millimeter and submillimeter range to facilitate the laboratory search for trans-HO3 and DO3 transitions in a discharge supersonic jet and report their rotational spectra from 70 to 450 GHz. These new measurements enable full determination of the molecular constants of HO3 and DO3. We also present a preliminary search for trans-HO3 in 32 star-forming regions using this new spectroscopic information. HO3 is not detected, and column density upper limits are reported. This wor...
Mary Shelley's Malthusian Objections in The Last Man

This essay considers Mary Shelley9s The Last Man (1826) as intervening in the ongoing debate between Thomas Malthus and William Godwin. Malthus published An Essay on the Principle of Population (1798) in large part as a response to Godwin9s Enquiry Concerning Political Justice (1793) and “Of Avarice and Profusion” (1797); Godwin later wrote an extended refutation of Malthus in Of Population (1820). Mary Shelley uses The Last Man , a story of the end of the human species, in part as a meditation on the merits of Malthus9s philosophical positions in the Essay on the Principle of Population , but she seems to disagree with a number of the mechanisms he identifies: in contrast to Malthus, Shelley identifies a blind and random nature rather than any divine plan as controlling population change, and disease rather than food scarcity as the primary cause of population reduction, but insists upon the importance of individuating and empathizing with the suffering.
Establishing New Careers Programs: Organizational Barriers and Strategies

The elimination of poverty has been one of our nobler societal ambitions, but to do so has always been more of an ideologi cally stimulating notion than a serious pro gram objective. And, of course, many would doubt that the situation has changed, in spite of our enormous wealth, the bur geoning variety of antipoverty programs, and the most favorable political and social climate in our history. But it is important not to lose sight of the fact that there is no serious doubt today of the moral neces sity or economic feasibility of eliminating poverty. Most recently, respected economic ana lysts of various ideological persuasions have put forth a number of proposals through which massive poverty in the United States could be eradicated. All these can be con sidered conservative, at least in the sense that they require no major reconstruction of the economic order. Indeed, the argu ments rest not on humanitarian or moral
Biomimetic approach to designing adhesive hydrogels: from chemistry to application

Marine mussels secrete remarkable underwater adhesives that allow these organisms to anchor to surfaces in turbulent, intertidal zones. A unique amino acid, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA), is found in large abundance in these adhesive proteins and DOPA is responsible for both rapid curing of the adhesive and interfacial binding. Chemically linking DOPA and other catechol derivatives onto inert, synthetic polymers has imparted these materials with strong, water-resistant adhesive properties to various biological, metallic, and polymeric substrates. In this chapter, we review the mechanisms behind the unique interfacial binding and intermolecular cross-linking chemistries of DOPA and the use of DOPA in designing adhesive hydrogels with elevated adhesive strength and tunable physical and mechanical properties. The application of these bioadhesives as sealants and adhesives in wound healing, soft tissue reconstruction, immobilization of therapeutic cells, and drug delivery is described.
Analysis for Total Serum Thyroxine by Equilibrium Competitive Protein Binding on Small, Re-usable Sephadex Columns

We describe a modified method of analysis for total thyroxine in 50 µl of serum by equilibrium competitive protein binding with thyroxine-binding globulin. Columns (9 x 23 mm) are used containing Sephadex G-25, which are regenerated after each cycle by removing residual thyroxine adsorbed to the gel with excess thyroxine-binding globulin (dilute plasma). As little as 1 ng of hormone can be detected, and recoveries of added thyroxine from sera range from 98-102%. For either between-assay or within-assay determinations, the coefficients of variation are about 4%. Results of this method as compared with those for the uncorrected Murphy-Pattee procedure [ J. Lab. Clin. Med. 66, 161 (1965)] gave a correlation coefficient of 0.944, but results with the present procedure are 11% higher because of incomplete and variable recovery with the uncorrected Murphy-Pattee method. Our procedure offers the advantage that, on a single column, thyroxine is quantitatively extracted from serum, rapidly brought to equilibrium binding with thyroxine binding globulin, and the free and bound thyroxine are separated. Cumbersome and lengthy procedures of extraction, centrifugation, and evaporation are thus obviated.
Enhancement of Systematic Design Processing by Diagrams

Diagrams play a significant role in most knowledge presentation areas. This is especially the case in disciplines concerned with conceptual design where data visualization, processing, documentation and presentation require graphic illustration to express their underlying tacit aspects. Despite their significance, the visual tools available in the toolbox of designers to help them apply generative processes are extremely limited. This paper introduces some conceptual and operative diagrams that aim to aid in the visualization of various stages of the design derivation and development processes. The structure underlying the proposed diagrams represents a basis for a diagrammatic framework for architectural designing that may help systematically induce form development, organize design sequence and externalize concept generative forces. The purpose of this framework is not to dictate a specific sequence of design, but rather to help designers process their designs in ways more structured than trial/error-based ones. The scope of the proposed framework includes all phases of designing that include the input, output, presentation and assessment activities, with a focus on the core design processing and form-making activities. To test the applicability of this framework, it was implemented to solve a real design problem in an architectural design studio. The feedback of the diagrammatic framework users was analyzed by a survey about its implementation in comparison to conventional design approaches. The results of this empirical study are reported and discussed. The results appear to support the role of diagrams in the enhancement of designing and learning processes. However, this contribution of diagrams to designing and learning needs further applications in various design settings to assess its limitations and strengths.
Substitution of η2-Dihydrogen by Toluene and Alkanes in IrXH2(H2)(PPri3)2 Complexes

We have found that the equilibrium position is highly solvent dependent. It has also been observed that hydrogen is liberated with vigorous effervescence when solid samples of IrXH{sub 2}(H{sub 2})(PPr{sup i}{sub 3}){sub 2}, X = Cl (1), Br (2), I (3), are dissolved in hydrocarbons. These observations suggest that the five-coordinate complexes establish a rapid equilibrium with solvent coordinated complexes in conjunction with the relatively slow equilibrium with the dihydrogen complex. In order to explore this possibility, we have carried out variable temperature {sup 1}H NMR spectroscopic studies of equilibrated solutions of 1, 2, and 3 and the corresponding five-coordinate complexes, IrXH{sub 2}(PPr{sup i}{sub 3}){sub 2}, X = Cl (4), Br (5), I (6), in toluene-d{sub 8}, methylcyclohexane-d{sub 14}, and n-hexane-d{sub 14}. Our studies demonstrate that the energetics of the reversible loss of H{sub 2} from IrXH{sub 2}(H{sub 2})(PR{sub 3}){sub 2} complexes are highly solvent dependent. Apparently toluene and, in the case of the iodo complex, alkanes can compete with H{sub 2} for binding to the five-coordinate IrXH{sub 2}(PR{sub 3}){sub 2} complexes. The competitive interaction of hydrocarbon solvents has been overlooked in earlier analyses of the factors which influence the stabilization of dihydrogen IrXH{sub 2}(H{sub 2})(PR{sub 3}){sub 2} complexes. Thismore » work illustrates that toluene and alkane complexes can be of major thermodynamic significance. 10 refs., 1 fig., 1 tab.« less