cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Work in progress - Tablet PCs as interactive web-based instruction tools in a first year engineering course

This paper presents pedagogical experiments conducted using MessageGrid, a Web-based system that enables instructors to interact electronically with their students, and Tablet PCs. These combined technologies make active learning a reality in the classroom while maintaining the necessary pace of the course. All students, including those who are reluctant to participate in class, are able to share their work and receive feedback from the instructor. The goal of this research is to measurably improve the success of at-risk students in a first-year engineering course, which can ultimately improve retention. We examine the outcomes of using MessageGrid to allow students to ldquogo publicrdquo with their work, demonstrating their mastery of course material. Because this is easily implemented using a Tablet PC, and can be done anonymously through the use of MessageGrid, students overcome their fears associated with making this ldquocommitment.rdquo Grades on assignments related to topics taught with and without Tablet PCs are compared, as well as student responses to questions related to how they understand course materials.
Playing with Neutrino Masses

Most of what is known about neutrino masses and mixings results from studies of oscillation phenomena. We focus on those neutrino properties that are not amenable to such studies: $\Sigma $, the sum of the absolute values of the neutrino masses; $m_\beta $, the effective mass of the electron neutrino; and $m_{\beta\beta} $, the parameter governing neutrinoless double beta decay. Each of these is the subject of ongoing experimental or observational studies. Here we deduce constraints on these observables resulting from any one of six {\it ad hoc\} hypotheses that involve the three complex mass parameters $m_i$: (1) Their product or (2) sum vanishes; (3) Their absolute values, like those of charged leptons or quarks of either charge, do not form a triangle; (4) The $e$-$e$ entry of the neutrino mass matrix vanishes; (5) Both the $\mu$-$\mu$ and $\tau$-$\tau$ entries vanish; (6) All three diagonal entries are equal in magnitude. The title of this note reflects the lack of any theoretical basis for any of these simple assertions.
W H R Rivers: portrait of a great physician in Pat Barker's Regeneration trilogy

1The term shell shock was first used during World War I to describe the physical and mental breakdown of men in the incomparable brutality of trench warfare; standard therapies for their nightmares, sleeplessness, panic attacks, mutism, paralysis, and other symptoms, included electric shocks to affected body parts, hypnosis, and electroconvulsive therapy. 2 Rivers took a more psychological approach, and his insights form the basis for a wider understanding of what we now call posttraumatic stress disorders. Well-versed in Freudian theory, Rivers maintained that war neuroses did not result from the war experiences themselves but were “due to the attempt to banish from the mind distressing memories”. 1 He attributed his own clinical successes mainly to encouraging patients to remember, but he also described more subtle aspects of therapy, which he termed “re-education” and “faith and suggestion”, by which he meant the role of the therapist in reframing painful memories and the power of the therapeutic relationship itself. The Lancet article is one of Pat Barker’s sources for her own three-volume meta-novel about Rivers: Regeneration, 3
Postictal Todd's Paralysis Associated with Focal Cerebral Hypoperfusion on Magnetic Resonance Perfusion Studies.

Background and Purpose: The exact underlying physiology of postictal motor deficits, known as Todd’s paralysis, is not well understood and its vascular perfusion physiology is not well studied. Reversible postictal perfusion abnormalities have been sparsely described in the literature. Methods: We report abnormal brain magnetic resonance perfusion maps in a nine-year old boy who presented with postictal left hemiparesis. This case correlates postictal hemispheric cerebral hypoperfusion with clinical evidence of Todd’s paralysis. Conclusions: Our case provides an insight of the potential pathophysiology mechanism underlying Todd’s paralysis and the practicality of magnetic resonance perfusion studies in localizing an epileptogenic zone in the post-ictal patient.
FAMILIARITY BREEDS CONTEMPT: COMBINING PROXIMITY LOGGERS AND GPS REVEALS FEMALE WHITE-TAILED DEER (ODOCOILEUS VIRGINIANUS) AVOIDING CLOSE CONTACT WITH NEIGHBORS

Abstract Social interactions can influence infectious disease dynamics, particularly for directly transmitted pathogens. Therefore, reliable information on contact frequency within and among groups can better inform disease modeling and management. We compared three methods of assessing contact patterns: (1) space-use overlap (volume of interaction [VI]), (2) direct contact rates measured by simultaneous global positioning system (GPS) locations (<10 m apart), and (3) direct contact rates measured by proximity loggers (PLs; 1-m detection) among female white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). We calculated the PL∶GPS contact ratios to see whether both devices reveal similar contact patterns and thus predict similar pathogen transmission patterns. Contact rates measured by GPS and PLs were similarly high for two within-group dyads (pairs of deer in the same social groups). Dyads representing separate but neighboring groups (high VI) had PL∶GPS contact ratios near zero, whereas dyads further apart (interm...
Evaluation of the cocaine-like discriminative stimulus effects and reinforcing effects of modafinil.

Modafinil [(diphenyl-methyl)sulphinyl-2-acetamide] is a novel psychostimulant drug which is effective in the treatment of narcolepsy and idiopathic hypersomnia. It also has neuroprotective effects in animal models of striatal neuropathology. Although the cellular mechanisms of action of modafinil are poorly understood, it has been shown to have a profile of pharmacological effects that differs considerably from that of amphetamine-like stimulants. There is some evidence that modafinil has central α1-adrenergic agonist effects. In the present study modafinil was evaluated for cocaine-like discriminative stimulus effects in rats and for reinforcing effects in rhesus monkeys maintained on intravenous cocaine self-administration. Modafinil,l-ephedrine andd-amphetamine all produced dose dependent increases in cocaine-lever responding, with maximal levels of 67%, 82% and 100%, respectively. Modafinil produced full substitution in four out of the six rats tested while the highest levels of substitution were associated with substantial response rate decreasing effects. Little evidence was obtained that the discriminative stimulus effects of modafinil were produced by α1-adrenergic activation, based upon results of tests performed in combination with prazosin. In the self-administration procedure, modafinil andl-ephedrine functioned as reinforcers in rhesus monkeys. The reinforcing and discriminative stimulus effects of modafinil required very high doses: modafinil was over 200 times less potent thand-amphetamine and was also less potent thanl-ephedrine. These results show that modafinil has some cocaine-like discriminative stimulus effects and, like other abused stimulants, can serve as a reinforcer at high doses.
The coexistence of systemic lupus erythematosus and psoriasis

Systemic and discoid lupus erythernatosus (LE) have both been reported in association with psoriasis. Four additional patients who had systemic LE are reported. All of them had a high titer of antinuclear antibodies (ANAs) and were SS-A(Ro)-negative. Only one patient exhibited photosensitivity. SS-A(Ro) antibodies do not appear to be specific markers for the coexistence of LE and psoriasis, and screening for them in all psoriatics prior to ultraviolet B phototherapy is not recommended. Pitfalls in the management of patients with systemic LE and psoriasis are discussed. (J Am ACAD DERMATOL 10:619–622, 1984.)
DICYEMA SHORTI N. SP. (PHYLUM DICYEMIDA) FROM OCTOPUS BURRYI (MOLLUSCA: CEPHALOPODA: OCTOPODIDAE) IN THE GULF OF MEXICO

Nematogens and vermiform embryos of a new species of Dicyema are described from an octopus collected off Veracruz, Mexico. Dicyema shorti n. sp. is a small dicyemid species that rarely exceeds 500 μm in length. It is further characterized by the presence of 18 peripheral cells in the vermiform stages, a conical-shape calotte, and an axial cell that extends to the base of the propolar cells. Other stages in the life cycle of the parasite are not known. This is the first dicyemid to be described from Octopus burryi Voss, 1950, and also from both the southern Gulf of Mexico and the country of Mexico.
Importance of immunopharmacogenomics in cancer treatment: Patient selection and monitoring for immune checkpoint antibodies.

In the last 5 years, immune checkpoint antibodies have become established as anticancer agents for various types of cancer. These antibody drugs, namely cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen, programmed death-1, and programmed death ligand-1 antibodies, have revealed relatively high response rates, the ability to induce durable responses, and clinical efficacy in malignancies not previously thought to be susceptible to immune-based strategies. However, because of its unique mechanisms of activating the host immune system against cancer as well as expensive cost, immune checkpoint blockade faces novel challenges in selecting appropriate patient populations, monitoring clinical responses, and predicting immune adverse events. The development of objective criteria for selecting patient populations that are likely to have benefit from these therapies has been vigorously investigated but still remains unclear. In this review, we describe immune checkpoint inhibition-specific challenges with patient selection and monitoring, and focus on approaches to remedy these challenges. We also discuss applications of the emerging field of immunopharmacogenomics for guiding selection and monitoring for anti-immune checkpoint treatment.
Successful Treatment of Human Monocytic Ehrlichiosis with Rifampin

Currently recommended treatment regimens for human monocytic ehrlichiosis (HME) include doxycycline or tetracycline. Antibiotic susceptibility studies demonstrate that rifampin has in vitro bactericidal activity against Ehrlichia. Case reports have suggested clinical response with rifampin treatment of human granulocytic anaplasmosis (HGA). We report the first case of HME successfully treated with rifampin.
Regional Training Program of Laparoscopy: Impact on Regional Care

In response to large numbers of requests for laparoscopic sterilization, the University of North Carolina began a training program to provide this service on a regional basis throughout the state. This report reviews the final distribution of centers providing these services: one within 50 miles of every person in the state. The clinical experience of 30 private physicians (excluding experience of residency training programs) was reviewed and found to parallel the national experience in provision of services, in complications, and in pregnancies. The brief but intense training program (2 days at the University of North Carolina and one morning at the physician's hospital) was found to result in rates of complications and failures similar to national levels of performance. Should the demand for laparoscopic sterilization increase in the coming years, the region has sufficient numbers of safely trained physicians to respond.
The earliest Cambrian record of animals and ocean geochemical change

The Cambrian diversification of animals was long thought to have begun with an explosive phase at the start of the Tommotian Age. Recent stratigraphic discoveries, however, suggest that many taxa appeared in the older Nemakit-Daldynian Age, and that the diversification was more gradual. We map lowest Cambrian (Nemakit-Daldynian through Tommotian) records of δ 13 C CaCO 3 variability from Siberia, Mongolia, and China onto a Moroccan U/Pb–δ 13 C CaCO 3 age model constrained by five U/Pb ages from interbedded volcanic ashes. The δ 13 C CaCO 3 correlations ignore fossil tie points, so we assume synchroneity in δ 13 C trends rather than synchroneity in first appearances of animal taxa. We present new δ 13 C org , 87 Sr/ 86 Sr, uranium, and vanadium data from the same carbonate samples that define the Moroccan δ 13 C CaCO 3 curve. The result is a new absolute time line for first appearances of skeletal animals and for changes in the carbon, strontium, and redox chemistry of the ocean during the Nemakit-Daldynian and Tommotian ages at the beginning of the Cambrian. The time line suggests that the diversification of skeletal animals began early in the Nemakit-Daldynian, with much of the diversity appearing by the middle of the age. Fossil first appearances occurred in three pulses, with a small pulse in the earliest Nemakit-Daldynian (ca. 540–538 Ma), a larger pulse in the mid- to late Nemakit-Daldynian (ca. 534–530 Ma), and a moderate pulse in the Tommotian (ca. 524–522 Ma). These pulses are associated with rapid reorganizations of the carbon cycle, and are superimposed on long-term increases in sea level and the hydrothermal flux of Sr.
Objective Image Quality Metrics for DCT-Based Video Compression

In this paper, three objective image quality metrics are introduced. These metrics are designed to quantify the severity of the three major types of artifacts associated with block-DCT-based image/video compression schemes, in a manner compatible with HVS. Experimental results from some commercially available encoding applications are reported in a vendor transparent manner, to illustrate the practical usefulness of the proposed metrics to assess compressed image quality aside from their theoretical significance.
Cushing’s Disease: The Role of Adrenalectomy and Autotransplantation

Although the authors reaffirm the place of bilateral adrenalectomy as the cornerstone of treatment for Cushing’s disease, they deplore the permanent adrenal insufficiency it engenders. In this article they describe the new technique of autotransplant of adrenal cortical tissue, which they have used successfully to alleviate adrenal insufficiency.
Cardiac Sympathetic Disturbance in Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy: Primary Etiology or a Compensatory Response to Heart Failure?∗

The clinical and ventricular wall motion abnormality features of takotsubo cardiomyopathy are well defined. However, the underlying pathophysiology of this disorder is not completely understood. It has been suggested that takotsubo is a clinical syndrome with a multitude of predisposing factors,
Abstract 16: Society of Chest Pain Centers accreditation is associated with improved cardiac service line outcomes in Virginia hospitals

Introduction: Hospitals in Virginia publicly report mortality outcomes on cardiac patients voluntarily. The Society of Chest Pain Centers (SCPC) is a process improvement organization that uses a standardized system of accreditation to recognize hospitals meeting specific process and organizational standards in acute cardiac care. Hypothesis: An association may exist between a hospital’s SCPC accreditation status and the reported mortality index for cardiology patients who do not undergo percutaneous or surgical coronary intervention. Methods: Self-reported data on non-interventional cardiac service line mortality for acute care hospitals in Virginia for calendar year 2009 were obtained from the Virginia Health Information website ([www.VHI.org][1]). Expected mortality rates were calculated by quality personnel at each hospital using standardized methodologies. Actual to expected (A:E) mortality ratios were compared between SCPC accredited an d non-accredited hospitals. Two-tailed t tests were used for comparisons. Results: Data were available from 77 acute care hospitals representing a total of 57,976 non-interventional cardiology patient cases in Virginia for 2009. 17 SCPC-accredited hospitals accounted for 19,246 cases and 60 non-accredited hospitals accounted for 38,730 cases. Using volume-weighted averages, the mean A:E mortality ratio was 0.91 at SCPC-accredited hospitals vs. 1.14 at non-accredited hospitals. (p 500 cases/yr), there was a significantly decreased A:E mortality ratio in accredited centers (n=13) vs. non-accredited ones (n=29) (0.86 vs. 1.11, p <0.0001; 95% CI for difference in means: -0.26 to -0.24). In low-volume centers (<500 cases/yr), there were higher than expected A:E mortality ratios in both the accredited (n=4) and non-accredited groups (n=31) (1.54 and 1.24, respectively). Conclusions: SCPC accreditation was associated with a lower A:E mortality ratio in Virginia hospitals. This lower mortality ratio was more prominent in hospitals having higher volumes of non-interventional cardiac cases. Smaller volume centers had higher than expected mortality ratios regardless of accreditation status. [1]: http://www.VHI.org
Dengue Protease Substrate Recognition: Binding of the Prime Side

Dengue virus (DENV), transmitted predominantly in tropical and subtropical regions by the mosquito Aedes aegypti, infects millions of people and leads to dengue fever and thousands of deaths each year. There are no direct-acting antivirals to combat DENV, and molecular and structural knowledge is required to develop such compounds. The dengue NS2B/NS3 protease is a promising target for direct-acting antivirals, as viral polyprotein cleavage during replication is required for the maturation of the viral particle. The NS2B/NS3 protease processes 8 of the 13 viral polyprotein cleavage sites to allow viral maturation. Although these sites share little sequence homology beyond the P1 and P2 positions, most are well conserved among the serotypes. How the other substrate residues, especially at the P′ side, affect substrate recognition remains unclear. We exploited the tight-binding general serine protease inhibitor aprotinin to investigate protease–substrate interactions at the molecular level. We engineered ap...
From Ancient Performance to New Historicism

One might reasonably begin by asking what the need for such a conference as this might be.1 What ought a conference centered on performancebased approaches to Greek comedy try to achieve?
Effects of a college outdoor orientation program on trait emotional intelligence.

In this research, we investigated the effects of participation in a college outdoor orientation program (OOP) on participants’ trait emotional intelligence (TEI). Three hundred seventeen outdoor orientation participants completed the Trait Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire – Short Form (TEIQue-SF) before and after participation in an OOP. Four unique OOP models were examined. Analysis of the data revealed statistically significant increases in TEI scores across three of the four types of OOP. Reduced levels of TEI were observed among participants of a fourth program type. First-generation college students were most likely to report lower levels of TEI at pretest. Participants with the lowest TEI scores at pretest reported the greatest increases in TEI compared to those with higher pretest scores. This research provides evidence that participation in an outdoor orientation program can significantly affect a student’s development of trait emotional intelligence. Practical implications and suggestions for future research are discussed.
Robust pilot spectrum estimation for the quality control of digital seismic data

Abstract For monitoring the quality of seismic data, it is desirable to have an estimate of the noise spectrum that can be made without having to remove earthquake signals. A suitable low-resolution spectrum can be made by filtering the original time series into separate frequency bands and finding the variance in each, using a statistical estimator that is robust in the presence of large outliers. For bandwidths spaced logarithmically in frequency, this estimate will be most resistant to outliers at high frequencies.
High resolution solid-state NMR spectroscopy of the Yersinia pestis outer membrane protein Ail in lipid membranes

The outer membrane protein Ail (Adhesion invasion locus) is one of the most abundant proteins on the cell surface of Yersinia pestis during human infection. Its functions are expressed through interactions with a variety of human host proteins, and are essential for microbial virulence. Structures of Ail have been determined by X-ray diffraction and solution NMR spectroscopy, but those samples contained detergents that interfere with functionality, thus, precluding analysis of the structural basis for Ail’s biological activity. Here, we demonstrate that high-resolution solid-state NMR spectra can be obtained from samples of Ail in detergent-free phospholipid liposomes, prepared with a lipid to protein molar ratio of 100. The spectra, obtained with 13C or 1H detection, have very narrow line widths (0.40–0.60 ppm for 13C, 0.11–0.15 ppm for 1H, and 0.46–0.64 ppm for 15N) that are consistent with a high level of sample homogeneity. The spectra enable resonance assignments to be obtained for N, CO, CA and CB atomic sites from 75 out of 156 residues in the sequence of Ail, including 80% of the transmembrane region. The 1H-detected solid-state NMR 1H/15N correlation spectra obtained for Ail in liposomes compare very favorably with the solution NMR 1H/15N TROSY spectra obtained for Ail in nanodiscs prepared with a similar lipid to protein molar ratio. These results set the stage for studies of the molecular basis of the functional interactions of Ail with its protein partners from human host cells, as well as the development of drugs targeting Ail.
Immune analysis of fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma.

324Background: Fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma (FLHCC) is a rare variant of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with about 200 annual cases reported globally. Surgical resection is the main treatment. Although FLHCC develops in the absence of cirrhosis surrounding hepatic parenchyma may have mononuclear cell and lymphocyte infiltrates. Immunotherapy by targeting programmed death 1 (PD-1) has emerged as a potential therapy for HCC and multiple clinical trials are being conducted, however little is known about immunological features of FLHCC. We aimed to analyze tumor microenvironment by immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry. Methods: Surgical samples of two FLHCC cases, 23 year old woman (case 1) and 25 year old man (case 2) who underwent neoadjuvant chemotherapy with 5 Fluorouracil + Interferon followed by surgical resection were analyzed. Expression of CD4, CD8, PD-1, programmed death ligand 1(PD-L1), CD45RO, CD 57, CD68, OX 40, inducible costimulator (ICOS), FoxP3, Gr-B was evaluated by immunohistoc...
Social sensing of urban land use based on analysis of Twitter users' mobility patterns.

A number of recent studies showed that digital footprints around built environments, such as geo-located tweets, are promising data sources for characterizing urban land use. However, challenges for achieving this purpose exist due to the volume and unstructured nature of geo-located social media. Previous studies focused on analyzing Twitter data collectively resulting in coarse resolution maps of urban land use. We argue that the complex spatial structure of a large collection of tweets, when viewed through the lens of individual-level human mobility patterns, can be simplified to a series of key locations for each user, which could be used to characterize urban land use at a higher spatial resolution. Contingent issues that could affect our approach, such as Twitter users’ biases and tendencies at locations where they tweet the most, were systematically investigated using 39 million geo-located Tweets and two independent datasets of the City of Chicago: 1) travel survey and 2) parcel-level land use map. Our results support that the majority of Twitter users show a preferential return, where their digital traces are clustered around a few key locations. However, we did not find a general relation among users between the ranks of locations for an individual—based on the density of tweets—and their land use types. On the contrary, temporal patterns of tweeting at key locations were found to be coherent among the majority of users and significantly associated with land use types of these locations. Furthermore, we used these temporal patterns to classify key locations into generic land use types with an overall classification accuracy of 0.78. The contribution of our research is twofold: a novel approach to resolving land use types at a higher resolution, and in-depth understanding of Twitter users’ location-related and temporal biases, promising to benefit human mobility and urban studies in general.
Modeling of bone failure by cohesive zone models

Cohesive zone models are a powerful tool for investigations of non-linear deformation and failure processes. For the nanoscale, the use of cohesive zone models is particularly attractive as the ratio of interface to volume is high, and because locally acting bonds between material components can become relevant. The present paper demonstrates the relevance of cohesive zone modelling approaches to the development of a nano-mechanical composite model of the mineralized collagen fibril, a fundamental building block of bone. As difficulties exist in determining the independent biomechanical effects of collagen cross-linking using in vitro and in vivo experiments, computational modeling can provide insight into the nanoscale processes. Stress-strain curves for mineralized collagen fibrils were obtained under tensile loading for various collagen cross-linking conditions. Our model predicts that the elastic deformation mode, the yield response and the final failure of the mineralized collagen fibril may depend significantly on the state of collagen cross-linking.
Radiopaque Resists for Two-Photon Lithography To Enable Submicron 3D Imaging of Polymer Parts via X-ray Computed Tomography.

Two-photon lithography (TPL) is a high-resolution additive manufacturing (AM) technique capable of producing arbitrarily complex three-dimensional (3D) microstructures with features 2–3 orders of magnitude finer than human hair. This process finds numerous applications as a direct route toward the fabrication of novel optical and mechanical metamaterials, miniaturized optics, microfluidics, biological scaffolds, and various other intricate 3D parts. As TPL matures, metrology and inspection become a crucial step in the manufacturing process to ensure that the geometric form of the end product meets design specifications. X-ray-based computed tomography (CT) is a nondestructive technique that can provide this inspection capability for the evaluation of complex internal 3D structure. However, polymeric photoresists commonly used for TPL, as well as other forms of stereolithography, poorly attenuate X-rays due to the low atomic number (Z) of their constituent elements and therefore appear relatively transpare...
Predictive ability of functional tests for postural instability and gait difficulty in Parkinson's disease.

The objective of this study is to identify clinical determinants for postural instability and gait difficulty in persons with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Ninety-one persons (68 males; 74.7%) with PD were studied. Their mean age was 68.73 ± 8.74 years. The average time since diagnosis was 7.69 ± 5.23 years. The average Hoehn and Yahr stage was 2.43 ± 0.44. Age, gender, disease duration, disease severity and motor impairment were recorded. Participants were asked to perform timed clinical mobility tests that included a 5-step test, turns, forward walk, backward walk, and a sideways walk. The mobility tests were investigated for their contribution to predict the postural instability and gait difficulty (PIGD) score (falling, freezing, walking, gait and postural stability) of the Unified Parkinson Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS). PIGD score was significantly correlated with age, disease duration, Hoehn and Yahr score, comorbidity, UPDRS motor score, gait speed of forward, backward and sideways walks, and time to turn. PIGD score was marginally significantly correlated with timed 5-step test. After controlling for age, disease duration, disease severity, comorbidity, and motor impairment, sideway gait speed (β = − 0.335; p = 0.024), timed 5-step test (β = − 0.397; p = 0.003) and time to turn (β = 0.289; p = 0.028) significantly predicted postural instability and gait difficulty. Walking sideways, 5-step test, and turning are significant predictors of PIGD score. These simple mobility tests can be quickly applied in clinical practice to determine postural instability and gait problems in persons with PD.
Embodied life cycle assessment comparison of single family residential houses considering the 1970s transition in construction industry: Atlanta case study

Abstract 20% of US energy consumption and their consequential environmental impacts are associated with building sector. Previous studies show that approximately 30% of a building's life cycle energy is attributed to its embodied energy. This study focuses on the residential buildings in the City of Atlanta and describes the trend of embodied energy and emissions of residential buildings in the city considering the 1970s transition in construction industry. The major objective of this research is to create a process-based Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) model to compare the embodied impacts of residential buildings constructed by two separate pre-1970s and post-1970s construction trends. For this purpose, the residential buildings have been categorized into two groups of buildings built before 1970s and built after 1970s. The 1-story and 2-story buildings have also been analyzed separately. The results indicated that residential buildings built before 1970s have lower embodied energy and impacts per square meter than residential buildings built after 1970s. This difference is in its highest for GWP which is 3.75–4.04 times higher for buildings built after 1970s. AP, ODP and SP come next with approximately 72%, 45% and 22% increase respectively for their 1-story models built after 1970s and with approximately 75%, 75% and 15% increase respectively for their 2-story models built after 1970s. Additionally, 2-story residential buildings have lower embodied energy and environmental impacts per square meter in comparison to 1-story residential buildings for all building scenarios and impacts.
Geovisualization of land use and land cover using bivariate maps and Sankey flow diagrams

Abstract. The terms ‘land use’ and ‘land cover’ typically describe categories that convey information about the landscape. Despite the major difference of land use implying some degree of anthropogenic disturbance, the two terms are commonly used interchangeably, especially when anthropogenic disturbance is ambiguous, say managed forestland or abandoned agricultural fields. Cartographically, land use and land cover are also sometimes represented interchangeably within common legends, giving with the impression that the landscape is a seamless continuum of land use parcels spatially adjacent to land cover tracts. We believe this is misleading, and feel we need to reiterate the well-established symbiosis of land uses as amalgams of land covers; in other words land covers are subsets of land use. Our paper addresses this spatially complex, and frequently ambiguous relationship, and posits that bivariate cartographic techniques are an ideal vehicle for representing both land use and land cover simultaneously. In more specific terms, we explore the use of nested symbology as ways to represent graphically land use and land cover, where land cover are circles nested with land use squares. We also investigate bivariate legends for representing statistical covariance as a means for visualizing the combinations of land use and cover. Lastly, we apply Sankey flow diagrams to further illustrate the complex, multifaceted relationships between land use and land cover. Our work is demonstrated on data representing land use and cover data for the US state of Florida.
Nonlinear Evolution of an Upward Propagating Gravity Wave: A Numerical Case Study

A numerical simulation of the nonlinear evolution of an upward propagating gravity wave shows that overturning is responsible for limiting the growth of the wave via cellular convection in the moving unstable phase of the wave. Convection provides a rapid stabilization of the stratification. Wave kinetic energy reaches a level of slow growth during the nonlinear growth of the wave, while wave available potential energy increases monotonically until convection begins, at which time it exceeds wave kinetic energy by a large amount. Wave transience is responsible for generating a substantial mean wind that persists in the region of wave breakdown. Because wave breakdown occurs during the transient buildup of the wave, wave amplitude varies with height approximately as if the wave had reached saturation, even prior to breakdown. Therefore, observations of limited wave growth with height may reflect the natural and gradual nonlinear evolution of upward propagating gravity waves before breakdown.
Effect of Antioxidants on Experimental Cold-Induced Cerebral Edema

Cerebral edema was produced by local cortical freezing in untreated and treated animals. Treated animals received p-Ethoxyphenol (pEOP) and N,N′-diphenyl-p-phenylenediamine (DPPD). A daily dose of 100 mg/kg in pre-treated animals and 500 mg/kg of DPPD in post-injured animals showed a significant reduction in cerebral edema as demonstrated in gross and coronal specimens, histologic study and differences in white matter weights. A similar dose of 100 mg/kg of DPPD given 1 h after injury was ineffective, while a large dose of 1000 mg/kg was lethal in this experimental model. The effect of pEOP was not significant. The beneficial effect of DPPD, an antioxidant, is postulated to be in the prevention or inhibition of free radical peroxidative mechanisms. It is postulated that membrane lipids may be the principle molecules undergoing free radical damage. The hypothesis is advanced that steroids, by intercalating into membranes in a specific configuration may prevent the radical initiation and chain reactions that damage the fatty acids of membrane phospholipids. The molecular mechanism of cerebral edema is harmonious with other mechanisms that are at the cellular and subcellular level.
A mechanistic modeling and experimental study of solution gas drive

Solution gas drive in reservoirs containing heavy and viscous oil is not well understood. This paper develops a mechanistic bubble population balance model for describing the process of bubble nucleation and growth. The model is applied to both light and viscous oils. Appropriate rate equations are derived for two theories of bubble nucleation described in the literature – instantaneous nucleation (IN) and progressive nucleation (PN). The results of simulations for the IN and PN models are compared to experimental data reported elsewhere for light oil and to new data for viscous oils. Model parameters are all physically based. Within the IN model, the number density of bubbles must be specified while the PN model requires the cavity-size distribution of the porous medium as input. The PN model matches the experiments somewhat better, but is more demanding computationally. Interestingly, the population balance description of the IN model does not require a critical supersaturation to be exceeded before the onset of bubble nucleation and growth. Supersaturation is the difference between the equilibrium and dynamic pressure of a system. Liberation of gas from solution at the thermodynamic bubble point and the bubble growth equations presented here well describe the kinetics of the gas phase and pressure response of the systems examined.
Use of indirect tension test and viscoelastic continuum damage theory for fatigue characterization of asphalt mixtures

Abstract The indirect tension (IDT) test has been adopted as an evaluation tool to ascertain fatigue crack resistance of asphalt mixtures using the dissipated creep strain energy (DCSE) concept. This study was aimed to develop a new systematic analysis framework that is tailored for this test based on the viscoelastic continuum damage theory. The damage characteristic relationship and the Material Fatigue Sensitivity (MFS) parameter were determined to assess the fatigue properties of ten asphalt mixtures with different compositions. It was found that MFS was able to discriminate the mixtures as per material composition factors. Moreover, MFS in general yielded consistent ranking observations regarding fatigue resistance with DCSE.
Poly(A) polymerase is required for RyhB sRNA stability and function in Escherichia coli

Small regulatory RNAs (sRNAs) are an important class of bacterial post-transcriptional regulators that control numerous physiological processes, including stress responses. In Gram-negative bacteria including Escherichia coli, the RNA chaperone Hfq binds many sRNAs and facilitates pairing to target transcripts, resulting in changes in mRNA transcription, translation, or stability. Here, we report that poly(A) polymerase (PAP I), which promotes RNA degradation by exoribonucleases through the addition of poly(A) tails, has a crucial role in the regulation of gene expression by Hfq-dependent sRNAs. Specifically, we show that deletion of pcnB, encoding PAP I, paradoxically resulted in an increased turnover of certain Hfq-dependent sRNAs, including RyhB. RyhB instability in the pcnB deletion strain was suppressed by mutations in hfq or ryhB that disrupt pairing of RyhB with target RNAs, by mutations in the 3' external transcribed spacer of the glyW-cysT-leuZ transcript (3'ETSLeuZ) involved in pairing with RyhB, or an internal deletion in rne, which encodes the endoribonuclease RNase E. Finally, the reduced stability of RyhB in the pcnB deletion strain resulted in impaired regulation of some of its target mRNAs, specifically sodB and sdhCDAB. Altogether our data support a model where PAP I plays a critical role in ensuring the efficient decay of the 3'ETSLeuZ In the absence of PAP I, the 3'ETSLeuZ transcripts accumulate, bind Hfq, and pair with RyhB, resulting in its depletion via RNase E-mediated decay. This ultimately leads to a defect in RyhB function in a PAP I deficient strain.
Optimal Transport Based Tracking of Space Objects in Cylindrical Manifolds

In this paper, we examine the performance of satellite state estimation algorithms in the modified equinoctial coordinate system, defined on the cylindrical manifold of $\mathbb {R}^{5}\times \mathbb {S}$, where $\mathbb {R}$ is the space of reals and $\mathbb {S}$ denotes circular space. A comparison is made between an optimal transport based filter and ensemble Kalman filter algorithm in the context of satellite state estimation. The initial state joint probability density function is modeled in $\mathbb {R}^{5}\times \mathbb {S}$ using the Gauss von Mises distribution. The sensor noise for optimal transport filtering is modeled in the same manifold. The ensemble Kalman filter, by definition, requires the sensor noise to be Gaussian and is modeled in $\mathbb {R}^{6}$ for this problem. We observe that there is a clear advantage in using an optimal transport based filtering algorithm where we represent the initial condition uncertainty and sensor noise, in the cylindrical manifold. These two filtering algorithms are implemented on a simulated International Space Station orbit, with measurement at equal intervals. We compare two distinct scenarios in this simulation based study. In the first one, sensor noise characteristics are assumed to be known. For the second one, we present a new algorithm within the optimal transport framework with unknown sensor noise characteristics, a practical and relevant issue in the space-tracking problems. The optimal transport based algorithm provides more consistent and robust estimates compared to that of ensemble Kalman filter, in each of these scenarios.
Syntheses and crystal structures of 2-methyl-1,1,2,3,3-penta­phenyl-2-sila­propane and 2-methyl-1,1,3,3-tetra­phenyl-2-silapropan-2-ol

The sterically hindered silicon compound 2-methyl-1,1,2,3,3-penta­phenyl-2-sila­propane, C33H30Si (I), was prepared via the reaction of two equivalents of di­phenyl­methyl­lithium (benzhydryllithium) and di­chloro­methyl­phenyl­silane. This bis­benzhydryl-substituted silicon compound was then reacted with tri­fluoro­methane­sulfonic acid, followed by hydrolysis with water to give the silanol 2-methyl-1,1,3,3-tetra­phenyl-2-silapropan-2-ol, C27H26OSi (II). Key geometric features for I are the Si—C bond lengths that range from 1.867 (2) to 1.914 (2) A and a τ4 descriptor for fourfold coordination around the Si atom of 0.97 (indicating a nearly perfect tetra­hedron). Key geometric features for compound II include Si—C bond lengths that range from 1.835 (4) to 1.905 (3) A, a Si—O bond length of 1.665 (3) A, and a τ4 descriptor for fourfold coordination around the Si atom of 0.96. In compound II, there is an intra­molecular C—H⋯O hydrogen bond present. In the crystal of I, mol­ecules are linked by two pairs of C—H⋯π inter­actions, forming dimers that are linked into ribbons propagating along the b-axis direction. In the crystal of II, mol­ecules are linked by C—H⋯π and O—H⋯π inter­actions that result in the formation of ribbons that run along the a-axis direction.
Punish or Protect? How Close Relationships Shape Responses to Moral Violations:

People have fundamental tendencies to punish immoral actors and treat close others altruistically. What happens when these tendencies collide-do people punish or protect close others who behave immorally? Across 10 studies (N = 2,847), we show that people consistently anticipate protecting close others who commit moral infractions, particularly highly severe acts of theft and sexual harassment. This tendency emerged regardless of gender, political orientation, moral foundations, and disgust sensitivity and was driven by concerns about self-interest, loyalty, and harm. We further find that people justify this tendency by planning to discipline close others on their own. We also identify a psychological mechanism that mitigates the tendency to protect close others who have committed severe (but not mild) moral infractions: self-distancing. These findings highlight the role that relational closeness plays in shaping people's responses to moral violations, underscoring the need to consider relational closeness in future moral psychology work.
On Graphs with Bounded and Unbounded Convergence Times in Social Hegselmann-Krause Dynamics

We address the problem of identifying physical connectivity graphs that guarantee a finite upper bound on the time required for the associated social Hegselmann-Krause dynamics to ϵ-converge to the steady state. We handle the cases of consensus as well as non-consensus steady states, and for each case, we provide sufficient conditions for a physical connectivity graph to have unbounded ϵ-convergence time. We then show that every complete r-partite graph on n vertices has a finite maximum ϵ-convergence time, regardless of the values of r and n. Finally, we show that enhancing the connectivity of agents may not always speed up convergence to the steady state, even when the steady state is a consensus.
Assessment of Training in Health Disparities in US Internal Medicine Residency Programs.

Importance Health disparities continue to exist despite the call to increase education of health care practitioners. An assessment of health disparities education has not been previously studied in a national cohort. Objective To describe and compare the curriculum on health disparities from the perspective of program directors and perceptions of training among internal medicine residents. Design, Setting, and Participants This cross-sectional survey study used a survey of US internal medicine program directors, the 2015 Association of Program Directors in Internal Medicine annual survey, which included questions about health disparities curriculum, and a 1-time survey of US internal medicine residents that asked questions related to their training in health disparities on the American College of Physicians 2015 Internal Medicine In-Training Examination. All internal medicine program directors who were members of Association of Program Directors in Internal Medicine (368 of 396 accredited programs), and internal medicine residents who took the Internal Medicine In-Training Examination were eligible. Final analysis of the merged data set was completed in 2018. Exposures Questions were included on the annual Association of Program Directors in Internal Medicine survey and the Internal Medicine In-Training Examination. Main Outcomes and Measures Program directors reported on presence of health disparities curriculum, educational methods, quality, barriers and challenges to curriculum, and Clinical Learning Environment Review. Residents reported whether they received training and quality of the training in health disparities. Results A total of 227 program directors (response rate, 61.7%) and 22 723 residents (response rate, 87.2%) responded to the surveys. A total of 90 program directors (39.6%) reported a curriculum in health disparities, but among these, only 16 program directors (17.8%) felt quality of their education was very good or excellent. In more than half of the programs (52 programs [55.9%]), outcomes of the curriculum were not measured. After merging, the combined data set included 18 883 residents from 366 APDIM member programs with 225 program director responses. Among these, 13 251 residents (70.2%) reported some training in caring for patients at risk for health disparities. Of residents who reported receiving training, 10 494 (79.2%) rated the quality as very good or excellent. Conclusions and Relevance These findings suggest that that despite the Clinical Learning Environment Review mandate and Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education required competencies for training in health disparities, relatively few internal medicine programs in the US provided educational curriculum. Additionally, the existence of health disparities curricula in internal medicine training programs was not associated with resident’s perception of training or its quality.
Neighborhood socioeconomic status is associated with differences in operative management and long-term survival after coronary artery bypass grafting.

Abstract Objective We sought to characterize differences in operative management and surgical outcomes after coronary artery bypass grafting associated with the socioeconomic context in which a patient lives. Methods We used a validated index of 17 variables derived from the US Census Bureau to assign socioeconomic status at the block group level to patients who underwent isolated coronary artery bypass grafting at a single institution over a 16-year period. Operative mortality, stroke, renal failure, prolonged ventilation, sternal wound infection, reoperation, composite morbidity or mortality, long-term survival, and use of arterial conduits were the outcomes assessed. Results This study was composed of 6751 patients. Lower socioeconomic status was significantly associated with increased rates of stroke, renal failure, prolonged ventilation, and composite morbidity or mortality in a multivariable analysis. Low socioeconomic status was significantly associated with poorer long-term adjusted survival (hazard ratio, 1.26; 95% confidence interval, 1.03-1.55). Finally, lower socioeconomic status was significantly associated with decreased use of more than 1 arterial conduits in a multivariable analysis. Conclusions The socioeconomic context in which a patient lives is significantly associated with short- and long-term outcomes after coronary artery bypass grafting. There may also be variation in operative management, demonstrated by decreased use of arterial conduits. Lower rates of arterial revascularization among socioeconomically disadvantaged patients who undergo coronary artery revascularization may provide a target for intervention.