cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Simultaneous three‐dimensional variational assimilation of surface fine particulate matter and MODIS aerosol optical depth

[1] Total 550 nm aerosol optical depth (AOD) retrievals from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) sensors and surface fine particulate matter (PM2.5) observations were assimilated with the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) Gridpoint Statistical Interpolation (GSI) three-dimensional variational (3DVAR) data assimilation (DA) system. Parallel experiments assimilated AOD and surface PM2.5observations both individually and simultaneously. New 3DVAR aerosol analyses were produced every 6 h between 0000 UTC 01 June and 1800 UTC 14 July 2010 over a domain encompassing the continental United States. The analyses initialized Weather Research and Forecasting-Chemistry (WRF-Chem) model forecasts. Assimilating AOD, either alone or in conjunction with PM2.5 observations, produced better AOD forecasts than a control experiment that did not perform DA. Additionally, individual assimilation of both AOD and PM2.5 improved surface PM2.5 forecasts compared to when no DA occurred. However, the best PM2.5 forecasts were produced when both AOD and PM2.5 were assimilated. Considering the goodness of both AOD and PM2.5 forecasts, the results unequivocally show that concurrent DA of PM2.5 and AOD observations produced the best overall forecasts, illustrating how simultaneous DA of different aerosol observations can work synergistically to improve aerosol forecasts.
Coming to America: Abraham Joshua Heschel, 1940–1941

I grew up in an awareness that Jews are running away from Judaism and religion. This was true in Poland, where I was born; in Germany, where I studied; and in America, where I found refuge in 1940. In those years spiritual problems were considered irrelevant, but during the last seven or eight years I have been surprised by an extraordinary change. (Heschel, ‘‘Teaching Religion to American Jews,’’ 1956) Abraham Joshua Heschel arrived in the United States eight months after war was declared in Europe. He was one of a group of eight refugee professors known as the College in Exile who were brought to Hebrew Union College (HUC) in Cincinnati by Julian Morgenstern, president of Hebrew Union College (HUC), as part of an initiative to rescue European Jewish scholars. Hebrew Union was a Reform institution dedicated to modernizing Judaism; as proclaimed in the school’s catalog of 1940–1941, ‘‘a real and positive American Judaism’’ had to ‘‘adapt itself to the life which its children must live as loyal citizens of this American nation and participants in and eager contributors to evolving American culture.’’ Heschel would have preferred to work at the Jewish Theological Seminary (JTS, in those days called simply the Seminary), a Conservative rabbinical school in New York City; but at the time the school refused or
Convex hulls of finite sets of points in two and three dimensions

The convex hulls of sets of n points in two and three dimensions can be determined with O(n log n) operations. The presented algorithms use the “divide and conquer” technique and recursively apply a merge procedure for two nonintersecting convex hulls. Since any convex hull algorithm requires at least O(n log n) operations, the time complexity of the proposed algorithms is optimal within a multiplicative constant.
Optimization of the collimation system for the Spallation Neutron Source accumulator ring

The collimation system for the Spallation Neutron Source accumulator ring is designed for a capture efficiency close to 95% of the proton beam halo, dissipating about 2 kW of beam power. The collimation system consists of a two-stage collimation system (one scraper and two absorbers) cleaning the transverse halo and a beam-in-gap kicker system cleaning the gap residual and longitudinal halo. Preliminary studies indicate that a maximum level of uncontrolled loss of 0.01% of the total beam is achievable. On the other hand, the energy lost in the primary scraper may kick protons outside the rf bucket concentrating uncontrolled losses in areas of maximum dispersion. We use Monte Carlo simulations to clarify some beam dynamic issues that may compromise the high efficiency required. The material interacting with the beam and the shape of the scraper and absorbers have been carefully chosen to maximize the collimation efficiency and to minimize radioactivation. Furthermore, a realistic distribution of losses around the machine is used to identify potential hot areas. Finally, we determine the sensitivity of the collimation efficiency to misalignments and closed orbit errors. This paper describes the latest design of the collimation system and summarizes the results of these numerical studies.
Benefits of permanent traffic lanes in a controlled traffic crop production system

Abstract Controlled Traffic research was initiated to increase crop yields by reducing traffic-induced soil compaction in the crop zone. Crop yields have been increased, and most of the field research has been concerned with the effects of the Controlled Traffic system on the crop zone. The permanent traffic lanes have produced many additional benefits, including: improved tractive efficiency, improved mobility, and timeliness of operations. The basic traction and mobility principles involved in Controlled Traffic on permanent lanes have been verified in soil bin studies and are presented here. However, very little field work has been done on the benefits of permanent traffic lanes. Some of the questions that need answering by field research are expressed here.
The Nitric Acid−Water Complex: Microwave Spectrum, Structure, and Tunneling

Eight isotopic derivatives of the complex HNO3−H2O have been observed by microwave spectroscopy. The spectra are consistent with a structure in which the nitric acid forms a near-linear, 1.78 A hydrogen bond to the oxygen of the water. A second, presumably weaker hydrogen bond is formed between a water hydrogen and one of the HNO3 oxygens. The resulting cyclic structure adopts a planar configuration except for the non-hydrogen bonded proton of the H2O. In complexes containing DOH, only the isomer with the deuterium in the plane is observed, confirming the contribution of the secondary O···H interaction to the overall stabilization of the system. Strong evidence for complex internal dynamics involving the water subunit is also presented. The a- and b-type transitions of the H2O and D2O containing species exhibit a doubling which disappears in the DOH complex, providing direct evidence for the existence of a proton interchange motion in the system. Moreover, c-type rotational transitions do not appear at th...
Forms of Understanding and the Future of Educational Research

y address this afternoon is partly the story of a personal odyssey and partly a confessional. It has three parts. The odyssey, the first part, relates to the journey I have taken to try to understand the development of mind and the forms through which its contents are made public. How my ideas about these matters evolved is a story I want to tell. The confessional, the second part, refers to the dilemmas, uncertainties, and conundrums that the ideas that I embrace have caused me. This presidential address is more about quandaries than certitudes. I intend to display my quandaries. My hope is that at least some of what puzzles me will intrigue you. Indeed, I hope it intrigues you enough to want to join me. Finally, in the third part, I want to say what I think the ideas I have explored might mean for the future of educational research, both how it is pursued and how it is presented. As some of you know, when I was in my 20s, I was a teacher of art and, before that, a painter. I moved from painting to teaching because I discovered that the children with whom I worked, economically disenfranchised African Americans living on Chicago's West Side, became more important to me than the crafting of images; for some reason I came to believe then, as I believe now, that the process of image-making could help children discover a part of themselves that mostly resides beneath their consciousness. Art was a way of displaying to the children and adolescents with whom I worked dimensions of themselves that I desperately wanted them to discover. It was my interest in children and my need to clarify my vague convictions about the educational potential of art that led me to the University of Chicago and to an initiation into the social sciences, which were at that time the style of intellectual life that defined doctoral study. The Department of Education at Chicago, while steeped in the social sciences, was also intellectually open, and I was given enough slack not only to sustain, but to pursue, my interest in the arts. While no one on the faculty worked in arts education or knew much about it, my intellectual mentors-John Goodlad, Phil Jackson, Joseph Schwab, Ben Bloom, and Bruno Bettelheim-provided support and encouragement. Later I found additional support in the work of Ernst Cassirer, Susanne Langer, Rudolf Arnheim, Michael Polanyi, John Dewey, and Nelson Goodman. My encounter with the social sciences at Chicago and my long-standing engagement in art, both as a painter and a teacher of art, forced me to confront the tension between my desire to understand and cultivate what is individual and distinctive and my wish to grasp what is patterned and regular.' My effort to resolve this tension and my interest in the cognitive character of the arts have been a career-long journey. This journey has been guided by a variety of beliefs.
Surgical probe design for a coincidence imaging system without a collimator

Surgical probes used in nuclear medicine can be maneuvered close to a suspected tumor site, thereby achieving higher resolution and sensitivity than external gamma cameras. Tomography with handheld probes is not possible, however, so it is difficult to determine whether an increase in the photon count rate is caused by features near the probe or by variations in the distant background radiation. Our group has experimented with several probe designs that address this problem. This paper describes a probe that images nearby objects without a collimator and is insensitive to inhomogeneities in the distant background level. The probe, which is used with a radionuclide that emits multiple photons per decay, such as 111In, consists of a collimatorless array of gamma-ray detectors connected by coincidence circuitry. We used a Monte Carlo routine to simulate data collection from such a system and reconstructed the images using the pseudoinverse obtained by singular value decomposition (SVD). The images show a significant suppression of distant sources when compared to a probe equipped with a conventional parallel-hole collimator.
Anomalous morphologic formation of deciduous and permanent teeth in a 5-year-old 15th century child: A variant of the Ekman-Westborg-Julin syndrome

A gross morphologic anomaly affecting both the primary and secondary teeth of unknown cause is presented. A 5-year-old American Indian child exhibited macrodontia, extreme shovel-shaping, agenesis, three-rooted deciduous molars, dens invaginatus, and other less striking dental features. This case represents the earliest example of a variant of the Ekman-Westborg-Julin syndrome reported in the New World.
Serial Intravascular Ultrasound Predictors of Restenosis at the Margins of Palmaz-Schatz Stents

To evaluate predictors of restenosis at margins of Palmaz-Schatz stents, intravascular ultrasound studies were performed after intervention and at follow-up (5.4 months) in 161 stented lesions. Of 301 stent margins, 77 (26%) were restenotic at follow-up (>50% late lumen loss). Intimal hyperplasia was greater for restenotic than for nonrestenotic stents margins. The dominant periprocedural predictor of stent margin restenosis was the plaque burden of the continuous reference segment.
Hard x-ray Fresnel prisms: properties and applications

To image weakly absorbing materials (e.g. biological specimens, thin films, etc.) with hard x-ray photons, phase-contrast methods have to be applied to enhance the image contrast. Micro-fabricated Fresnel prisms in silicon have been manufactured to enable wavefront division of the incoming x-ray beam for phase-contrast applications. To maximize the efficiency and aperture of these optics, multiples of 2π phase-shifting regions in a conventional prism structure have been deleted, leading to structures that are arrays of micro-prisms. We show preliminary results of x-ray beam deflection using a variety of micro-prism arrays at the NSLS X13B undulator beamline at 11.3 keV.
Changes in mitogen‐activated protein kinase activity occur in the maize pulvinus in response to gravistimulation and are important for the bending response

The maize (Zea mays L.) pulvinus was used as a model system to study the signalling events that lead to differential growth in response to gravistimulation in plants. The pulvinus functions to return tipped plants to vertical via differential elongation of the cells on its lower side. By performing immunokinase assays using total soluble protein extracts and an antibody against mammalian ERK1, a mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-like activity was assayed in pulvini halves harvested at various time points after tipping. We detected a reproducible alternation of higher levels of activity occurring between the upper and lower halves of the pulvinus between 75 and 180 min after tipping, with a sustained increase in the upper half occurring at the end of the time-course. This timing roughly corresponds to the presentation time for maize (i.e. the amount of time that the plant needs to be tipped before it is committed to bend), which occurs between 2 and 4 h. Treatment of maize stem explants with an inhibitor of MAPK activation, U0126, led to a reduction in the activity of this kinase, as well as an almost 65% reduction in bending as measured at 20 h. Rinsing out of the inhibitor resulted in recovery of both bending and kinase activity. It is possible that changes in MAPK activity in the gravistimulated pulvinus are part of a signalling cascade that may help to distinguish between minor perturbations in plant orientation and more significant and long-term changes, and may also help to determine the direction of bending.
Revision of Elementary School Lunch Menus and Creation of a Supportive Social Environment to Improve Children's Eating Habits

Abstract The USDA is revising criteria for the school lunch program (SLP) to better meet the Dietary Guidelines for Americans. Healthy People 2000 nutrition objectives for school-age children also include increasing to at least 90% the proportion of (SLP) menus that are consistent with the Dietary Guidelines, and reducing dietary fat intake to an average of 30% of calories or less. Programs to change students' eating behavior have been shown to be most effective when the social environment is supportive. This project began with a nutrition needs assessment of Burlington Area School District (BASD) school-age children, including a survey of elementary school teachers (66% response rate) and nutrient analysis of 3 consecutive weeks of SLP menus. A Nutrition Education and Training program grant was then obtained, with a goal of improving the diets of BASD children through SLP menu revision and creating a supportive social environment. Grant components included: nutrition education inservice programs for teachers, foodservice (FS) employee training/follow-up to reduce fat content of menus, involving children in planning SLP menus, nutrition messages to parents in monthly school newsletters, parent-child homework activities, and purchasing nutrition education resources. By the end of the 5 month grant period, the fat content of SLP menus had dropped from 36.4% to 31.8% of total calories. Additional evaluation tools included inservice program attendance and questionnaires, the number of classrooms that planned SLP menus, the number of teachers who utilized the parent-child homework activities, informal feedback from teachers and FS employees, and pre- and post-participation rates in the SLP. Gaining support from school administration and staff were key to the success of the program
Characterization of a panel of six β2-adrenergic receptor antibodies by indirect immunofluorescence microscopy

The β2-adrenergic receptor (β2AR) is a primary target for medications used to treat asthma. Due to the low abundance of β2AR, very few studies have reported its localization in tissues. However, the intracellular location of β2AR in lung tissue, especially in airway smooth muscle cells, is very likely to have a significant impact on how the airways respond to β-agonist medications. Thus, a method for visualizing β2AR in tissues would be of utility. The purpose of this study was to develop an immunofluorescent labeling technique for localizing native and recombinant β2AR in primary cell cultures. A panel of six different antibodies were evaluated in indirect immunofluorescence assays for their ability to recognize human and rat β2AR expressed in HEK 293 cells. Antibodies capable of recognizing rat β2AR were identified and used to localize native β2AR in primary cultures of rat airway smooth muscle and epithelial cells. β2AR expression was confirmed by performing ligand binding assays using the β-adrenergic antagonist [3H] dihydroalprenolol ([3H]DHA). Among the six antibodies tested, we identified three of interest. An antibody developed against the C-terminal 15 amino acids of the human β2AR (Ab-Bethyl) specifically recognized human but not rat β2AR. An antibody developed against the C-terminal domain of the mouse β2AR (Ab-sc570) specifically recognized rat but not human β2AR. An antibody developed against 78 amino acids of the C-terminus of the human β2AR (Ab-13989) was capable of recognizing both rat and human β2ARs. In HEK 293 cells, the receptors were predominantly localized to the cell surface. By contrast, about half of the native rat β2AR that we visualized in primary cultures of rat airway epithelial and smooth muscle cells using Ab-sc570 and Ab-13989 was found inside cells rather than on their surface. Antibodies have been identified that recognize human β2AR, rat β2AR or both rat and human β2AR. Interestingly, the pattern of expression in transfected cells expressing millions of receptors was dramatically different from that in primary cell cultures expressing only a few thousand native receptors. We anticipate that these antibodies will provide a valuable tool for evaluating the expression and trafficking of β2AR in tissues.
Effect of temperature and lunar phase on the phototactic responses of larvae of the wax moth, Galleria mellonella (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae).

Action spectra for negative phototaxis of the larvae of the wax moth, Galleria mellonella (L.), were established. Maximum spectral responsiveness was obtained at wavelength bands centered at approximately 300, 500 and 600 nm. With decreasing temperatures (32°–21°) the energy required for initiating negative phototactic responses increased and at longer wavelengths (600 nm+) larvae became photopositive. In addition, under constant laboratory conditions there was a superimposed lunar rhythm in the threshold energies and action spectra. RESUME EFFETS DE LA TEMPERATURE ET DES PHASES LUNAIRES SUR LE COMPORTEMENT PHOTOTACTIQUE DES CHENILLES DE GALLERIA MELLONELLA Pour les chenilles de Galleria mellonella, les spectres d'action (energie minimale necessaire pour obtenir 95% de reponses) au phototactisme negatif sont les plus intenses aux longueurs d'onde de 300, 500 et 600 nm. Quand la temperature baisse de 32° a 21° l'energie minimale pour obtenir une reponse augmente et aux longueurs d'onde les plus elevees, superieures a 600 nm, les chenilles deviennent photopositives. Meme au laboratoire, en conditions constantes, les energies minimales et les spectres d'action presentent un rythme lunaire.
Sphincteric Urinary Incontinence: Relationship of Vesical Leak Point Pressure, Urethral Mobility and Severity of Incontinence

ABSTRACTPurpose: We examined the relationships among urethral hypermobility, intrinsic sphincter deficiency and incontinence in women.Materials and Methods: A total of 65 consecutive women with stress urinary incontinence and 28 with lower urinary tract symptoms not associated with stress urinary incontinence were evaluated with videourodynamics, 24-hour voiding diaries and pad tests, vesical leak point pressure measurement and the cotton swab test.Results: A total of 93 patients with a mean age ± SD of 63 ± 13 years were studied, including 65 who presented with stress urinary incontinence and 28 who presented with lower urinary tract symptoms without stress urinary incontinence. The incidence of urethral hypermobility was 32% in the stress urinary incontinence group and 36% in the lower urinary tract symptoms group (p = 0.46). When stress urinary incontinence cases were stratified according to a vesical leak point pressure of 0 to 60, 60 to 90 and greater than 90 cm. H2O, urethral hypermobility was noted...
Issues in Education: Children and TV Commercials “Wave after Wave of Exploitation”

(1989). Issues in Education: Children and TV Commercials “Wave after Wave of Exploitation”. Childhood Education: Vol. 66, No. 2, pp. 66-67.
The AATS Academy: Development of a unique concept in medical education

At its December 2007 meeting, the Council of The American Association for Thoracic Surgery (AATS) voted to develop an AATS Academy for aspiring division chiefs as a part of its mission of ‘‘promoting scholarship in thoracic and cardiovascular surgery.’’ This measurewas taken in recognition of the lack of any formal educational process to prepare individuals for the administrative role of a division chief. A committee was appointed, consisting of Bartley Griffith, Irving Kron, Thoralf Sundt, and Fred Crawford as chairman. After a series of conference calls and faceto-face meetings, a tentative program was developed. Letters were sent to current division chiefs and department chairs requesting nominations of individuals who should be considered as participants in this program. Forty-five cardiothoracic surgeons were nominated, and ultimately 19 were selected. Candidates were selected on the basis of accomplishments documented in their curricula vitae, letters of recommendation, and personal knowledge by the Academy committee. Faculty members were selected on the basis of expertise in particular areas, experience as a division chief or department chair, and service in national organizations and on various regulatory bodies, such as the American Board of Thoracic Surgery and the Thoracic Surgery Residency Review Committee. A secondary but important goal of the Academy was to promote extensive interaction between faculty members and participants so that personal relationships could be developed to foster future mentoring. To that end, the faculty member to student ratio was approximately 1:1, and the faculty members were required to agree that they would be present for all aspects of the entire program. In otherwords, brief guest appearances to give a talk and leavewere strongly discouraged. Themeeting room was set up in an informal classroom style, with assigned seating so that 2 faculty members and 2 participants were at each table, again to promote interaction. The initial Academy took place just before the 2009 AATS meeting in Boston and began with a brief introduc-
The business school curriculum and the study of automotive history

While it has long been the case that business/economic history has rarely been taught as a stand-alone course in business schools, in contemporary times it is frequently given no opportunity to contribute to the curriculum. Using the history of the automobile industry as an example, the authors make the case that its history provides rich illustration of modern business concepts.
Numerical calculation of shadow prices for investment project analysis: The case of Chile

This paper describes experimental calculations of shadow prices for evaluation of investment projects in the Chilean economy. These are based on a growth model emphasizing the dependence of Chile on foreign trade, especially imports of capital goods. For this reason two state variables are used-one standing for plant-type capital produced by a non-traded sector and the other representing equipment-type capital which must be imported. These imports are paid for by exogenous traditional exports, and exports from a traded goods sector. The model thus determines allocation of imported and domestic factors between the two sectors, and the corresponding pricing policy. Numerical results show (i) a rate of discount consistent with the results of other rate-of-return studies in Chile; (ii) an almost flat transformation surface between the traded and nontraded sectors, with a correspondingly inflexible relative price ratio; (iii) inverse proportionality between tariffs and the exchange rate, which follows essentially from the flat transformation surface. This last result is inconsistent with partial equilibrium estimates of the shadow exchange rate, and some doubt is raised as to what is the "true" value of this shadow price.
Oxalate Adsorption at a Plagioclase (An47) Surface and Models for Ligand-Promoted Dissolution

Previous work on adsorption of oxalate at aluminosilicate surfaces suggests that maximum adsorption occurs through a bidentate attachment of the organic ligand, at near-neutral pH. Rates of ligand-promoted dissolution are expected to be greatest at this pH as well. We tested this model by measuring oxalate adsorption on the surface of andesine (An47), in solutions of pH 3−5 and total oxalate concentrations of 0−8 mM. Contrary to expectation, the greatest adsorption density of 24 μmol m-2 total oxalate was observed at pH 3 and 8 mM total oxalate. Adsorption is dependent upon the activities of both oxalate (C2O42-) and bioxalate (HC2O4-) in solution and can be modeled with either a two-term Langmuir or a two-term Freundlich isotherm. A Freundlich adsorption model provided the best fit to rate data because it was not constrained to a finite number of adsorption sites, as was the Langmuir model. The two-term ligand adsorption model was incorporated into a rate model: Rtot = kH+[ ]L + kHOx−[HO ] + kOx2−[O ] w...
The dimensionality of genetic variation for wing shape in Drosophila melanogaster

Absolute constraints are limitations on genetic variation that preclude evolutionary change in some aspect of the phenotype. Absolute constraints may reflect complete absence of variation, lack of genetic variation that extends the range of phenotypes beyond some limit, or lack of additive genetic variation. This last type of absolute constraint is bidirectional, because the mean cannot evolve to be larger or smaller. Most traits do possess genetic variation, so bidirectional absolute constraints are most likely to be detected in a multivariate context, where they would reflect combinations of traits, or dimensions in phenotype space that cannot evolve. A bidirectional absolute constraint will cause the additive genetic covariance matrix (G) to have a rank less than the number of traits studied. In this study, we estimate the rank of the G-matrix for 20 aspects of wing shape in Drosophila melanogaster. Our best estimates of matrix rank are 20 in both sexes. Lower 95% confidence intervals of rank are 17 for females and 18 for males. We therefore find little evidence of bidirectional absolute constraints. We discuss the importance of this result for resolving the relative roles of selection and drift processes versus constraints in the evolution of wing shape in Drosophila.
232. Effects of acute and chronic social stress on levels of CSF corticotropin-releasing hormone

Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) is an evolutionary primitive neuropeptide. In addition to driving the HPA axis, brain levels of CRF mediate both behavioral and autonomic responses to stress. Dysregulation of the CRH system has been implicated in the pathophysiology of depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder, alcoholism, and drug withdrawal. Moreover, exposure to stress, early in life has been linked to adulthood psychopathology. Here, we sought to evaluate the effects of acute social stress (Experiment 1) and chronic social stress (Experiment 2) on cerebrospinal fluid levels of CRH on monkeys reared in socially normative and socially impoverished environments. For Experiment 1, we exposed adult male monkeys to acute stress by introducing pairs of unfamiliar subjects in adjacent cages and allowing visual access to each other for a period of 30 minutes (n 5 25 Pairs). During introduction sessions, anxiety-like behavioral measures were recorded. Immediately following each session, subjects CSF samples were collected. Anxiety-like behavioral scores were found to positively correlate with CSF levels of CRH (Pearson r 5 0.3611, P 5 0.0108). For Experiment 2, we separated infant rhesus monkeys from their social attachment figures [mothers, if mother-reared (n 5 9) or peers, if peer-reared (n 5 8)], for a period of four weeks at the age of 6 months. CSF samples from seventeen animals were obtained before and weekly after separating them from their mothers. We found that CSF levels of CRH significantly increased as a function of time following separation and (Pearson r 5 0.4814, P , 0.0001). The results yielded from Experiment 1 and Experiment 2 suggest that both acute social stress and chronic social stress can act to affect CSF levels of CRH.
Determination of the γG/γA ratio in homozygous β-thalassemic patients among a Lebanese population

The γG/γA ratio was determined on 50 cord blood samples from normal newborns and in 28 β-thalassemia homozygotes among the Lebanese population, using electrophoresis on acrylamide-bisacrylamide gels containing Triton X-100, urea, and 2-mercapto-ethanol. 2-Mercapto-ethanol was found to be the most effective reducer, giving good resolution and a clean background. As the concentration of Triton X-100 was critical in this study, a concentration of 500 μl of Triton X-case10025 ml of reaction mixture was found to be optimal. In our 50 cord blood samples, the mean total Hb was 20 g/dl, with a range of 12–26. The mean fetal Hb (HbF) level was 64%, and the range 50–90%. The mean value for γG/γG+γA was 0.75. All β-homozygotes had an elevated HbF, ranging from 7.7–99.3%, and their mean γG/γG+γA was 0.64. Only two out of 28 had γG/γG+γA ratio of 0.5; in the rest it was 0.60 or greater. This may be due to the greater resistance of erythrocytes with higher HbF and higher γG/γA destruction.
Factors Affecting Sex Education in the School System

Abstract Study Objective To describe the current status of school based sex education and to determine predictors of providing a comprehensive sex education curriculum. Design Cross-sectional mailed survey Setting Hawaii Participants Seventh and eighth grade health teachers Interventions Participants were surveyed regarding the content, quality, and influences on sex education for the 2007 to 2008 academic year. Main Outcome Measures Measures of association (chi-square, ANOVA) and multiple logistic regression were used to determine predictors for teaching comprehensive sex education topics including sexually transmitted infections and pregnancy prevention. Results Approximately 80% of teachers incorporated some form of sex education into their curriculum and 54.4% of teachers incorporated a comprehensive education. Teachers indicated that personal values and the availability of curriculum had the greatest influence on the content of the curriculum. Specific factors which were associated with an increased likelihood of providing a comprehensive curriculum included teaching in a public school (public 66.7% versus private 34.6%, P = 0.01), receiving formal training in sex education (received training 77.8% versus did not receive training 50.0%, P = 0.03) and having contact with a student who became pregnant (contact 72.7% versus no contact 46.7%, P = 0.04). Conclusion Although most teachers incorporate some form of sex education, only half incorporate a comprehensive curriculum. Personal values as well as teacher resources play an important role in the content of the curriculum.
The Effects Of Domestic Violence Batterer Treatment On DomesticVIOLENCE RECIDIVISM: The Chesterfield County Experience

This study determines the influence of domestic violence batterer treatment on the recidivism rate of domestic violence offenders and certain demographic characteristics associated with recidivism. The study population (N = 248) consisted of male domestic violence offenders sentenced to Community Corrections Services in Chesterfield County, Virginia, between January and December 1999. This analysis revealed treatment does not affect recidivism; however, the number of treatment sessions attended was an important factor in predicting domestic violence recidivism in the treatment group, and successful completion of all treatment sessions reduces the likelihood of domestic violence rearrest and reconviction among those who received treatment. The treatment provider in this sample did not affect recidivism.
Expectancy Learning from Probabilistic Input by Infants

Across the first few years of life, infants readily extract many kinds of regularities from their environment, and this ability is thought to be central to development in a number of domains. Numerous studies have documented infants’ ability to recognize deterministic sequential patterns. However, little is known about the processes infants use to build and update representations of structure in time, and how infants represent patterns that are not completely predictable. The present study investigated how infants’ expectations for a simple structure develop over time, and how infants update their representations with new information. We measured 12-month-old infants’ anticipatory eye movements to targets that appeared in one of two possible locations. During the initial phase of the experiment, infants either saw targets that appeared consistently in the same location (Deterministic condition) or probabilistically in either location, with one side more frequent than the other (Probabilistic condition). After this initial divergent experience, both groups saw the same sequence of trials for the rest of the experiment. The results show that infants readily learn from both deterministic and probabilistic input, with infants in both conditions reliably predicting the most likely target location by the end of the experiment. Local context had a large influence on behavior: infants adjusted their predictions to reflect changes in the target location on the previous trial. This flexibility was particularly evident in infants with more variable prior experience (the Probabilistic condition). The results provide some of the first data showing how infants learn in real time.
Movements of the Retinae of Jumping Spiders (Salticidae: Dendryphantinae) in Response to Visual Stimuli

1. Movements made by the principal eyes of jumping spiders ( Phidippus and Metaphidippus spp.) have been investigated using an ophthalmoscopic technique which permits simultaneous observation and stimulation of the retinal surface. 2. The eye-movements are produced by six muscles. Four are attached to the carapace, and displace each retina latero-medially and dorso-ventrally. The remaining pair are thin bands of muscle which encircle the eye-tube. These twist the eye-tube, rotating the retina about the visual axis (torsion). 3. The nerve supplying these muscles contains only six axons. Each axon terminates in one of the six muscles. 4. Four types of eye-movements are observed. These are spontaneous activity, saccades, tracking and scanning. All movements are usually conjugate. 5. Spontaneous activity consists of a very variable, periodic side-to-side motion of the retinae. It is associated with states of high excitability, and occurs whether or not there is any structure in the field of view. 6. Saccades occur when a small stimulus (e.g. a dark dot) is presented to, or moved upon, the retinae of either the principal eyes or the antero-lateral eyes. In a saccade the retinae move towards the image of the target so that they come to rest with their central regions fixated on the target. 7. If the target moves the retinae track it, maintaining central fixation. 8. Scanning normally follows a saccade. It consists of an oscillatory, side-to-side movement of the retinae across the stimulus, with a period of 1-2 sec., and a simultaneous torsional movement in which the retinae partially rotate about the visual axes, through an angle of approximately 50° and with a period of 5-15 sec. 9. Jumping spiders distinguish other jumping spiders from potential prey by the geometry of their legs. It is suggested that scanning is a pattern-recognition procedure in which the torsional movements are concerned with the spatial alignment of line or edge detectors, and the horizontal component with providing relative motion between these detectors and the stationary stimulus.
Nondirective counseling for managers: a triadic role-play preceded by cognitive structuring

Nondirective counseling is a seldom used but potentially effective tool for managers to use when helping subordinates and others in making everyday decisions. In management training seminars, the authors experimented with a triadic role-play experience in which each participant alternately took the role of counselor, counselee, and observer. The goals were to have participants learn some nondirective counseling skills and gain an appreciation of the efficacy of such an approach to helping others make decisions. The exercise proved to be largely unsuccessful. Participation was half-hearted and people remained convinced that a manager can be most helpful by giving advice. They simply would not or could not accept the idea that nondirective counseling was even a viable alternative. The authors decided that if the experience could not sell itself they would have to sell the experience. To sell the experience, a model was developed-A Continuum of Responsibility for Decision Making. The model provides cognitive...
The Valuation of Compound Options: A Correction and an Extension

A few years after Black and Scholes developed their model in 1973, Geske published a valuation model for an option on an option, known as a compound option. Quite unfortunately, the published version of the article contained typos in some equations. In this article, Chen and He derive the correct versions and show them alongside the originally published equations. They also extend the model to provide derivations of the Greek letter risks, including four that were not in the original article.
The singleton core in the college admissions problem and its application to the National Resident Matching Program (NRMP)

Abstract We show that in the marriage problem the student-optimal algorithm may in fact generate an equilibrium outcome that is college-optimal and student-pessimal in terms of the true preferences even though it is student-optimal and college-pessimal in terms of the submitted preferences. In the college admissions problem, the student-optimal algorithm generates either a matching that is not stable for the true preferences or a matching that is college-optimal and student-pessimal in terms of the true preferences. Thus, our results show that, in the absence of certain match variations, the newly designed student-optimal algorithm adopted by the NRMP since 1998 either may be bias in favor of hospitals in terms of the true preferences or fails to produce a true stable matching. We also discuss when the core is large and when the core is a singleton at a Nash equilibrium.
Phorbol dibutyrate-specific protein phosphorylation in brush border membranes of chicken enterocytes

We have demonstrated that phorbol esters such as phorbol dibutyrate (PhE) transiently inhibit Na/H exchange both in intact avian enterocytes and in brush border membrane (BBM) vesicles prepared from enterocytes treated with PhE (Chang et al., 1991, Am. J. Physiol. 260: C1264-C1272). Maximal inhibition occurs at 90 sec and values return to baseline by 15 min. In this study we examined if PhE causes changes in BBM protein phosphorylation by two methods: 1) in situ phosphorylation in which intact cells prelabeled with 32Pi were treated with PhE; 2) in vitro phosphorylation in which BBM, isolated from untreated and PhE-treated enterocytes, were exposed to gamma 32P-ATP. In situ phosphorylation studies showed that, at 90 sec, PhE increases the phosphorylation of BBM proteins of M(r) (pI): 150 (6.5), 89 (approximately 6.2), and 48 (approximately 6.1) kDa which declined to control values at 15 min, suggesting that these may be transport-related substrates. These labeled substrates were recovered in the detergent-insoluble fraction after extraction with 0.1% Triton X-100 overnight. Transient phosphorylation of a number of proteins was also observed when BBM prepared from control or PhE-treated cells were incubated with gamma 32P-ATP +/- 10 nM PhE, phosphatidyl serine, Ca2+, and/or exogenous protein kinase C (PKC). The in vitro phosphoproteins included both Triton-soluble and Triton-insoluble proteins. However, none of these proteins labeled in vitro coincided with those labeled in situ. The decline in phosphorylation with time can be accounted for by phosphatase action as these BBM possess a Ca-dependent phosphatase. In summary, we have demonstrated that the BBM possess PKC-specific substrates which can be visualized by in situ and in vitro phosphorylation. Treatment of intact enterocytes with PhE results in the phosphorylation of three detergent-insoluble proteins with a time course similar to that of PhE inhibition of Na/H transport.
The digital culture degree: A competency-based interdisciplinary program spanning engineering and the arts

This paper describes the Digital Culture BA degree: an engineering-arts undergraduate curriculum that combines competency-based education (CBE) and knowledge-oriented education (KOE) structures and related Pull-Push approaches. The degree has been offered for three years at Arizona State University, has 200 enrolled students and is continuing to grow. The degree embeds nine knowledge-oriented concentrations, each offered by a relevant participating department, within an interdisciplinary CBE context. The CBE part of the degree provides customized access to 40 interdisciplinary digital culture courses from 12 different academic units by connecting these courses through a set of core competencies. Access to courses is not determined by fixed prerequisites but rather by having one of several possible combinations of lower level competencies. This flexible curriculum is attractive to students, promotes integrative collaborative learning that inspires innovation, and prepares the type of engineering-arts experts and complex problem solvers that are currently needed in creative industries. This type of degree also presents several important challenges for educators and administrators. To address these challenges we developed project based assessment approaches, custom web-based software for advising a very diverse student body, as well as online tools for facilitating peer critique and feedback in large creative classrooms.
Simulation of beam-electron cloud interactions in circular accelerators using plasma models

In this paper we study the effect of low-density electron clouds on intense positively charged beams in circular accelerators. We apply one of the simulation tools we have been developing for the study of plasma-based accelerators to the problem of wake production and beam propagation in electron clouds. Particularly, we apply it to the electron cloud wakefields in the SPS proton synchrotron at CERN. We explore physics of beam-electron cloud interactions, particularly we present results on electron cloud effects on the long term beam dynamics. We present simulation results on the effects of bending magnets on the beam centroid oscillation, spot size and compare them to the case where bending magnets are not present
Medium noise and grain size analysis of CoCrPt/Ti perpendicular media with NiAl seed layer

Perpendicular medium with an average grain size of 8.2 nm have been produced by using a-CoCrPt/Ti/NiAl tri-layer structure. The signal-to-noise ratio for the tri-layer medium is 2-7 dB higher than CoCrPt/Ti bi-layer medium at low deposition temperatures. The medium noise is dominated by dc noise and exhibits little transition noise for densities less than 500 kFCI. The ultra-small grain size will improve the performance of perpendicular media for future high-density recording applications.
Microfabricated silicon nanopore membranes provide continuous delivery of biopharmaceuticals

Continuous delivery of bio-pharmaceuticals can provide important patient benefits including improved safety, better compliance, and improved efficacy. Drugs released from devices implanted under the skin, including mechanical pumps, are able to reach a steady state level in plasma .In practice, however, mechanical pumps face two key limitations: small volume/drug carrying capacity and formulation instability. In general, for proper pumping action, the drug must be in solution within the device reservoir, either in an aqueous medium or in a biocompatible, water-miscible solvent such as ethanol or DMSO.The mechanism of delivery relies on the unexpected finding that diffusion from a reservoir containing a high concentration of a solute to a reservoir of lower concentration through microfabricated nanochannels.The small implantable device applicable to the delivery of a wide range of drugs, including biopharmaceuticals. Zero-order release of several molecules has been documented in vitro.The drug loaded into the NanoGATE reservoir need not be in solution with the diffusion release mechanism, it is possible to fill the reservoir with a suspension of the drug, significantly increasing the carrying capacity of the system. Moreover, this approach provides formulation options to improve the long term stability of the loaded drug not possible with existing mechanical systems.
The development of an Education Grand Rounds program at an academic health center

Objectives: Faculty in the health professions need to demonstrate teaching effectiveness and faculty development of teaching can help them achieve this expectation. While there are several development options, the utility of an Education Grand Rounds was explored. The objectives were to coordinate eight yearly sessions focused on six topic priorities, involve our main and distant campus and national presenters, deliver live sessions to the main and distant campus and video-capture sessions, and dedicate session time to active learning. Methods: Education Grand Rounds was developed by faculty and administrative representatives from all six colleges on our two campuses and made available to all faculty at our academic health sciences center. Six sessions topics were prioritized: didactic and clinical teaching, education research, assessment/evaluation, education administration, and instructional technology. Results: Over five years, eight active learning sessions a year were delivered to the main and distant campuses emphasizing six prioritized teaching areas, included local and national presenters, with sixteen sessions videocaptured. On average monthly attendance was nineteen from the main and three from the distant campuses, representing five of six disciplines. The majority of attendees reported above/significantly above average satisfaction with the sessions. Conclusions: Education Grand Rounds is a sustainable form of faculty development for health sciences center faculty located on two campuses. Future directions should assess the impact of topic sequencing presented in multiple modalities, synchronous versus asynchronous participation, and the types of active learning used on participants’ teaching improvement and change as a result of the ses
Prognostic significance of impairment of heart rate response to exercise: Impact of left ventricular function and myocardial ischemia

AbstractObjectives: The goal of this research was to study the association between heart rate (HR) response to exercise and the risk of death and myocardial infarction (MI) after adjustment for lef...