cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Demonstration of Research Methodologies Used in Psycholinguistics

In this article, I describe software that presents classic experiments in psycholinguistics. I use this software for my Research in the Psychology of Language course, bur it also has applicability to methods courses or survey courses in psycholinguistics and cognitive psychology.
Effects of Single and Multiple Injections of Synthetic GnRH on Serum LH, FSH and Testosterone in Young and Old Male Rats

The effects of single and multiple injections of synthetic gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GRH) on serum levels of luteinizing hormone (LH) follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and testosterone (T) in 4- and 21-month old male rats were studied. Basal levels of FSH LH and T were significantly (p less than .05) lower in 4-month-old males than 21-month-old rats. A single injection of GRH (450 mg/100 gm body weight) increased serum LH and FSH levels in both groups with equal effectiveness. However when the same total dose was divided into 9 consecutive injections administered once every 26 minutes significantly (p less than .05) smaller increases the serum LH FSH and T were observed in the older animals compared with the younger rats. This effect in the older male rats may be the result of smaller pituitary reserves of releasable gonadotropins.
Family structure variations in patterns and predictors of child victimization.

In a national probability sample of 1,000 children aged 1017, youth from single parent and stepfamilies experienced higher rates of several different kinds of victimization compared with youth living with two biological parents. Youth in stepfamilies had the highest overall rates of victimization and the greatest risk from family perpetrators, including biological parents, siblings, and stepparents. Elevated risk in stepfamilies was fully explained by their higher levels of family problems. Victimization risk in single parent families was more affected by their lower socioeconomic status and residence in more violence neighborhoods and schools.
A proposed standard target for ultrasound doppler gain calibration

Abstract This communication describes a suggested target for the gain calibration of ultrasound Doppler systems used for blood flow measurement. The target consists of a fluid born suspension, treated in such a manner as to have a readily reproducible scattering cross section.
Gender as more than a dummy variable: Feminist approaches to discrimination

To avow that gender is more than an independent--or dummy--variable is to posit the centrality of gender (as well as race and class) in economic analysis. Conventional economic methods tend to neglect the process by which gender interacts with and shapes other social forces and institutions. The basis for a feminist alternative is the assertion that the social construction of gender permeates men's and women's labor market experiences. A feminist definition of discrimination is proposed which emphasizes process as well as outcomes; measurable as well as unquantifiable repercussions. Labor market discrimmation is a multidimensional interaction of economic, social, political, and cultural forces in both the workplace and the family, resulting in differential outcomes involving pay, employment, and status. Several propositions toward developing feminist approaches to labor market discrimination are illustrated with examples of feminist research. These propositions delineate feminist work on: the importance o...
Functional association of the beta 1 subunit with human cardiac (hH1) and rat skeletal muscle (mu 1) sodium channel alpha subunits expressed in Xenopus oocytes

Native cardiac and skeletal muscle Na channels are complexes of alpha and beta 1 subunits. While structural correlates for activation, inactivation, and permeation have been identified in the alpha subunit and the expression of alpha alone produces functional channels, beta 1-deficient rat skeletal muscle (mu 1) and brain Na channels expressed in Xenopus oocytes do not gate normally. In contrast, the requirement of a beta 1 subunit for normal function of Na channels cloned from rat heart or human heart (hH1) has been disputed. Coinjection of rat brain beta 1 subunit cRNA with hH1 (or mu 1) alpha subunit cRNA into oocytes increased peak Na currents recorded 2 d after injection by 240% (225%) without altering the voltage dependence of activation. In mu 1 channels, steady state inactivation was shifted to more negative potentials (by 6 mV, p < 0.01), but the shift of 2 mV was not significant for hH1 channels. Nevertheless, coexpression with beta 1 subunit speeded the decay of macroscopic current of both isoforms. Ensemble average hH1 currents from cell-attached patches revealed that coexpression of beta 1 increases the rate of inactivation (quantified by time to 75% decay of current; p < 0.01 at -30, -40, and -50 mV). Use-dependent decay of hH1 Na current during repeated pulsing to -20 mV (1 s, 0.5 Hz) after a long rest was reduced to 16 +/- 2% of the first pulse current in oocytes coexpressing alpha and beta 1 subunits compared to 35 +/- 8% use-dependent decay for oocytes expressing the alpha subunit alone. Recovery from inactivation of mu 1 and hH1 Na currents after 1-s pulses to -20 mV is multiexponential with three time constants; coexpression of beta 1 subunit decreased all three recovery time constants. We conclude that the beta 1 subunit importantly influences the function of Na channels produced by coexpression with either the hH1 or mu 1 alpha subunits.
Recoding in Bacteriophages

There are two classes of translational recoding, both frameshifts, known in the dsDNA tailed phages. The first is an inefficient frameshift between two overlapping tail genes, and both the shifted and unshifted products have essential roles as chaperones of tail assembly. This class is remarkable for the widespread conservation of a frameshift mechanism in the absence of conservation of the direction or magnitude of the shift. The second class of frameshifts adds an Ig-like domain to the C-terminus of one of the major structural proteins of the virion. In addition to the cases using a frameshift, some major structural proteins have a C-terminal Ig-like domain encoded directly in their gene, and some are missing such a domain. Among the non-tailed phages, some of the ssRNA phages have an essential termination codon readthrough event at the end of their coat protein gene.
Weighted game developer qualifications for consideration in curriculum development

Game development programs are being added to computer science departments as either a track, minor, or major in post-secondary institutions across the United States. These programs are being developed with little published quantitative or qualitative research on what such programs should entail. The quantitative research in this pilot study defines qualifications sought when hiring game developers for positions in industry. Using cross-sectional data, qualifications from job advertisements were coded, categorized, and then subcategorized and weighted totals were calculated based on skills being either required or desired. Weighted totals in each subcategory were compared and ranked. The top 10 qualifications are provided, along with a breakdown of rankings of all subcategories within each category. Subcategories of Languages and Tools/Environments are also discussed briefly to highlight key qualifications in each.
Insights for Behavioral Ecology from Behavioral Syndromes

Publisher Summary This chapter provides insights for behavioral ecology from behavioral syndromes. A behavioral syndrome involves behavioral consistency, both within and between individuals. Within-individual consistency occurs when individuals behave in a consistent way through time or across situations, that is, individuals have a behavioral type. Between-individual consistency occurs when individuals differ in their behavioral type, which would be reflected statistically as a behavioral correlation among individuals. The chapter also deals with understanding variation in behavioral syndromes. Simply examining changes in the distribution of behaviors is a useful first step to understand the causes of variable correlations. Morphological mechanisms (like organ size or brain structures) that can only change slowly are good candidates for explaining the stable behavioral types and a stable behavioral syndrome. One proximate source that could anchor a behavioral type involves physiological mechanisms associated with variation in growth rate. The quantitative methods used for examining multiple behavioral tendencies are also presented.
Investment Company Reporting: Earnings Management Implications of Closed-End Fund Restricted Security Investments

This study investigates whether valuation of restricted securities by closed-end fund managers is driven by incentives to (1) maximize current period compensation; (2) minimize the long-run probability that the fund manager does not achieve benchmark returns; or (3) smooth fund returns. Valuation discretion arises due to the absence of exogenously determined market prices for these securities. Empirical examination of 363 annual reports and supplementary portfolio information indicates that closed- end fund managers use accounting discretion to decrease fund returns more when fund performance relative to benchmark returns is extreme. The evidence is not consistent with fund managers using accounting discretion to maximize current period compensation or to smooth fund returns. This study has implications for policy discussions relating to fund managers' discretion in valuing securities in their portfolios, contract design issues, and the possibility of additional and separate disclosures of restricted and non- restricted components of fund assets and earnings.
Troponin I phosphorylation in spontaneously hypertensive rat heart: effect of beta-adrenergic stimulation

We compared baseline and protein kinase A (PKA)-dependent troponin I (TnI) phosphorylation in 32Pi-labeled left ventricular myocytes from hearts of 26-wk spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and W...
Introduction to the Special Issue: New Methods in Exposure Therapy

Exposure-based interventions have been shown to significantly reduce anxiety and avoidance. The efficacy of the approach is robust, and recent efforts have been made to expand the use of exposure as well as identify more effective ways to implement the procedure. This article introduces the special issue devoted to recent novel approaches to the dissemination and implementation of exposure.
Tuning Temperature Dependence of Dopant Luminescence via Local Lattice Strain in Core/Shell Nanocrystal Structure

We report the tunable temperature dependence of Mn luminescence spectral characteristics (peak position and bandwidth) in Mn-doped CdS/ZnS core/shell nanocrystals via controlled local lattice strai...
Past explosion and future threat: Exacerbation of red water disease (Schistosomiasis haematobium) in the Upper Region of Ghana

An historical reconstruction is offered which suggests that the hyperendemicity of “red water” or Schistosomiasis haematobium in Ghana's Upper Region may have been, in part, an inadvertent by-product of agricultural development, through the construction of a large number of agricultural dams in an endemic area some 20 years ago. No disease prevention measures were undertaken in conjunction with the building of the dams, and S. haematobium prevalence may have been tripled in consequence. Certainly river blindness and probably other water-related diseases were also affected. Cyclical labor migration disseminates schistosomiasis southwards from the hyperendemic zone to those transmission sites where suitable snail hosts are to be found. History may be about to repeat itself in 1981 – 1985 in that a new wave of construction of dams will commence in the region; again without the concurrent introduction of any measures for disease control. Integrated planning is needed to prevent disease exacerbation by agriculture.
On recursive refinement of convex polygons

It is known that one can improve the accuracy of the finite element solution of partial differential equations (PDE) by uniformly refining a triangulation. Similarly, one can uniformly refine a quadrangulation. Recently polygonal meshes have been used for numerical solution of partial differential equations based on virtual element methods, weak Galerkin methods, and polygonal spline methods. A refinement scheme of pentagonal partition was introduced in Floater and Lai (2016). It is natural to ask if one can create a hexagonal refinement or general polygonal refinement schemes. In this short article, we show that one cannot refine a convex hexagon using convex hexagons of smaller size. In general, we show that one can only refine a convex n-gon by convex n-gons of smaller size if n ź 5 . Triangulation and quadrilateral refinements are well-known.A pentagonal refinement was introduced for solution of PDE by Floater and Lai.We show that one is not able to refine recursively a convex polygon with n-side if n ź 6 .In addition, we introduce a refinement scheme to subdivide n-gons by pentagons for n ź 6 .
Determination of Allura Red in Meat Products by High Performance Liquid Chromatography

[Objective]To establish the method for dectecting Allura Red in meat products by High Performance Liquid Chromatography(HPLC).[Methods]Allura Red was adsorbed by polyamide powder after extraction under acidic conditions,desorption in alkaline conditions,methanol-0.02 mol/L ammonium acetate as the mobile phase gradient elution for gradient elution,C18 column for separation and UV detector for detection,with wavelength 254 nm,the relative retention time was qualitative,chromatographic peak area quantification.[Results]The linear relationship was good r=0.999 5,recovery of 90.0% to 93.7%,relative standard deviation between 1.25%～1.82%,the lowest detectable concentration was 0.001 g/kg.[Conclusion]The method is simple,sensitive and accurate for simultaneous detection of Allura Red,lemon yellow,carmine,sunset yellow and other pigments.
Predicting advanced neoplasia at colonoscopy in a diverse population with the National Cancer Institute colorectal cancer risk‐assessment tool

Background Tailoring screening to colorectal cancer (CRC) risk could improve screening effectiveness. Most CRCs arise from advanced neoplasia (AN) that dwells for years. To date, no available colorectal neoplasia risk score has been validated externally in a diverse population. The authors explored whether the National Cancer Institute (NCI) CRC risk-assessment tool, which was developed to predict future CRC risk, could predict current AN prevalence in a diverse population, thereby allowing its use in risk stratification for screening. Methods This was a prospective examination of the relation between predicted 10-year CRC risk and the prevalence of AN, defined as advanced or multiple (≥3 adenomatous, ≥5 serrated) adenomatous or sessile serrated polyps, in individuals undergoing screening colonoscopy. Results Among 509 screenees (50% women; median age, 58 years; 61% white, 5% black, 10% Hispanic, and 24% Asian), 58 (11%) had AN. The prevalence of AN increased progressively from 6% in the lowest risk-score quintile to 17% in the highest risk-score quintile (P = .002). Risk-score distributions in individuals with versus without AN differed significantly (median, 1.38 [0.90-1.87] vs 1.02 [0.62-1.57], respectively; P = .003), with substantial overlap. The discriminatory accuracy of the tool was modest, with areas under the curve of 0.61 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.54-0.69) overall, 0.59 (95% CI, 0.49-0.70) for women, and 0.63 (95% CI, 0.53-0.73) for men. The results did not change substantively when the analysis was restricted to adenomatous lesions or to screening procedures without any additional incidental indication. Conclusions The NCI CRC risk-assessment tool displays modest discriminatory accuracy in predicting AN at screening colonoscopy in a diverse population. This tool may aid shared decision-making in clinical practice. Cancer 2016. © 2016 American Cancer Society. Cancer 2016;122:2663-2670. © 2016 American Cancer Society.
Stress Leak Point Pressure: A Diagnostic Tool for Incontinent Children

AbstractThe stress leak point pressure is the lowest bladder pressure at which leakage occurs during prompted increases in intra-abdominal pressure. The stress leak point pressure is distinct from the simple bladder leak point pressure and can be determined using simple urodynamic equipment without fluoroscopy. In 15 incontinent girls and boys 2.5 to 15 years old the mean stress leak point pressure was 54.7cm. water (range 11 to 100), whereas the mean leak point pressure was 19.9cm. water (range 5 to 50, paired t test p <0.0001) The stress leak point pressure is a useful diagnostic tool that provides specific data on bladder neck and proximal urethral function.
Deformities of the external ear associated with middle ear, inner ear, or distant malformations.

Pinna malformations are common problems that often require surgical correction. Associated anomalies of the middle or inner ear, other organ systems, or both are described. Awareness of the possibility of a hearing loss occurring in association with a pinna malformation is emphasized.
CONNEGTIONISM AND PSYCHOANALYSIS

A currently interesting set of models of perception, learning, and cognition---known as connectionist or neural net systems---have contributed to changes in the way cognitive scientists view brain function. A fruitful interaction between brain models and computer models leads us to think that the brain may be less dependent on a central processor, that there may be much brain work that is self-organizing, and that mind-brain dualism may be unnecessary. This article explores the implications for psychoanalytic theory that emerge from these new models."All current evidence suggests that knowledge in the brain is not represented by a program---a set of instructions for manipulating signs---if anything, it is more likely to be represented by a network of connections."---Heinz R. Pagels The Dreams of Reason
The chromatography of poly(phenylene ether) on a porous graphitic carbon sorbent.

Abstract A Porous Graphitic Carbon (PGC) column was evaluated for the analysis of poly(phenylene ether) (PPE). This column appears particularly well-suited for the separation of this polymer. Conditions for the elution of PPE either in adsorption mode with chloroform or size exclusion with 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene (TCB) as eluent were established. Elution of homologous species is obtained in chloroform that follows Martin’s rule. A separation based on a gradient consisting of a sequence of non-solvent (acetonitrile), solvent/adsorli (chloroform) provided the highest peak capacity. In TCB, it is possible to obtain rapid size-based separation: with a flow rate of 0.7 ml/min, the run time is less than two minutes for a series of polystyrene standards. The PGC column performs remarkably well in this mode and may be a viable solution when a short analysis time is critical such as in a combinatorial laboratory or in a two-dimensional chromatograph. In addition to its value as a sorbent for polymer separation, this column also deserves the attention of the materials engineer. Indeed, the PGC sorbent can be used as a model to probe the interaction between polymers and graphitic fillers such as carbon nanotubes or graphite nanosheets.
Technotes: Delivering Knowledge for Practice: A World Wide Web-Based Example

TechNotes is designed to bring to readers’ attention new developments in technology of relevance to social work education. In this column the author discusses the World Wide Web Resources for Socia...
The hypothalamic–hypophyseal–gonadal regulation of hepatic glutathione S-transferases in the rat

Hepatic glutathione S-transferase activities were determined with the substrates 1,2-dichloro-4-nitrobenzene and 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene. Sexual differentiation of glutathione S-transferase activities is not evident during the prepubertal period, but glutathione conjugation with 1,2-dichloro-4-nitrobenzene is 2-3-fold greater in adult males than in females. Glutathione conjugation with 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene is slightly higher in adult males than adult females. No change in activity was observed after postpubertal gonadectomy of males or females. Neonatal castration of males results in a significant decrease in glutathione conjugation with 1,2-dichloro-4-nitrobenzene. Hypophysectomy, or hypophysectomy followed by gonadectomy did result in significantly higher glutathione S-transferase activities in both sexes. These increases can be reversed by implanting an adult male or female pituitary or four prepubertal pituitaries under the kidney capsule. Postpubertal sexual differentiation of glutathione S-transferase activities is neither dependent on pituitary sexual differentiation nor pituitary maturation. Prolactin concentrations are inversely related to glutathione S-transferase activities in hypophysectomized rats with or without ectopic pituitaries. Somatotropin exogenously administered to hypophysectomized rats results in decreased glutathione S-transferase activities, whereas prolactin has no effect. Adult male rats treated neonatally with monosodium l-glutamate to induce arcuate nucleus lesions of the hypothalamus have decreased glutathione S-transferase activities towards 1,2-dichloro-4-nitrobenzene and decreased somatotropin concentrations. Our experiments suggests that sexual differentiation of hepatic glutathione S-transferase is a result of a hypothalamic inhibiting factor in the male (absent in the female). This postpubertally expressed inhibiting factor acts on the pituitary to prevent secretion of a pituitary inhibiting factor (autonomously secreted by the female), resulting in higher glutathione S-transferase activities in the adult male than the adult female.
Why Peer Crowds Matter: Incorporating Youth Subcultures and Values in Health Education Campaigns

Grounded on research showing that peer crowds vary in risk behavior, several recent health behavior interventions, including the US Food and Drug Administration's Fresh Empire campaign, have targeted high-risk peer crowds. We establish the scientific foundations for using this approach. We introduce peer crowd targeting as a strategy for culturally targeting health behavior interventions to youths. We use social identity and social norms theory to explicate the theoretical underpinnings of this approach. We describe Fresh Empire to demonstrate how peer crowd targeting functions in a campaign and critically evaluate the benefits and limitations of this approach. By replacing unhealthy behavioral norms with desirable, healthy lifestyles, peer crowd-targeted interventions can create a lasting impact that resonates in the target audience's culture.
Modeling linear and intimate mixtures of materials in hyperspectral imagery with single-scattering albedo and kernel approaches

Linear mixtures of materials in a scene often occur because the resolution of a sensor is relatively coarse, resulting in pixels containing patches of different materials within them. This phenomenon causes nonoverlapping areal mixing and can be modeled by a linear mixture model. More complex phenomena, such as the multiple scattering in mixtures of vegetation, soils, granular, and microscopic materials within pixels can result in intimate mixing with varying degrees of nonlinear behavior. In such cases, a linear model is not sufficient. This study considers two approaches for unmixing pixels in a scene that may contain linear or intimate (nonlinear) mixtures. The first method is based on earlier studies that indicate nonlinear mixtures in reflectance space are approximately linear in albedo space. The method converts reflectance to single-scattering albedo according to Hapke theory and uses a constrained linear model on the computed albedo values. The second method is motivated by the same idea, but uses a kernel that seeks to capture the linear behavior of albedo in nonlinear mixtures of materials. This study compares the two approaches and pays particular attention to these dependencies. Both laboratory and airborne collections of hyperspectral imagery are used to validate the methods.
Effectiveness and Tolerability of Conivaptan and Tolvaptan for the Treatment of Hyponatremia in Neurocritically Ill Patients

tudy Objective To describe the effectiveness and tolerability of conivaptan and tolvaptan for the correction of hyponatremia in neurocritically ill patients. Design Retrospective cohort study. Setting Neurointensive care units at two academic medical centers. Patients Thirty-six adults admitted to the neurocritical care unit who received at least one dose of conivaptan (5 patients) or tolvaptan (31 patients) between June 2012 and May 2013. Measurements and Main Results A single oral dose or intravenous bolus was administered to 23 (74%) patients who received tolvaptan and 2 (40%) patients who received conivaptan, respectively. The mean maximal increase in serum sodium level at 24 hours following the last dose compared with baseline was 5.2 mEq/L for conivaptan (p=0.05) and 7.9 mEq/L for tolvaptan (p<0.001). The mean ± SD maximal increases in serum sodium level at 48, 72, and 96 hours following the last dose of vaptan therapy compared with baseline were 5.5 ± 2.2 mEq/L (p=0.01), 5.6 ± 2.0 mEq/L (p=0.005), and 4.8 ± 2.2 mEq/L (p=0.03), respectively. Sodium overcorrection occurred in six patients (19%) receiving tolvaptan and none of the patients receiving conivaptan. Hypotension occurred in 20% of patients receiving conivaptan and 52% of patients receiving tolvaptan, whereas hypokalemia was observed in 40% of patients receiving conivaptan. Conclusion Use of vaptans in neurocritically ill patients led to a significant increase in serum sodium level at 24 hours after the last dose, which was sustained for 96 hours, with the majority of patients receiving a single dose. Risk of sodium overcorrection was high and necessitates appropriate patient selection and frequent monitoring.
Peripheral neuropathy in prediabetes and the metabolic syndrome

Peripheral neuropathy is a major cause of disability worldwide. Diabetes is the most common cause of neuropathy, accounting for 50% of cases. Over half of people with diabetes develop neuropathy, and diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) is a major cause of reduced quality of life due to pain, sensory loss, gait instability, fall-related injury, and foot ulceration and amputation. Most patients with non-diabetic neuropathy have cryptogenic sensory peripheral neuropathy (CSPN). A growing body of literature links prediabetes, obesity and metabolic syndrome to the risk of both DPN and CSPN. This association might be particularly strong in type 2 diabetes patients. There are no effective medical treatments for CSPN or DPN, and aggressive glycemic control is an effective approach to neuropathy risk reduction only in type 1 diabetes. Several studies suggest lifestyle-based treatments that integrate dietary counseling with exercise might be a promising therapeutic approach to early DPN in type 2 diabetes and CSPN associated with prediabetes, obesity and metabolic syndrome.
Limitations of low–rank fuel utilization efficiency

An approach for multicriteria evaluation of the perspectives for resources utilization (particularly low–rank coal) in energy technologies is presented. Attention is paid to the problem of limitations of fuel utilization efficiency, interpreted in the global multidimensional sense.
Atomic Potentials and Scattering Factors

This appendix gives a detailed listing of the atomic scattering factors of all atoms in the periodic chart. This data is used extensively to calculate electron microscope images.
School choice or the politics of desperation? Black and Latinx parents of students with dis/abilities selecting charter schools in Chicago

In this paper, we focus on the city of Chicago to examine how Black and Latinx parents of students with dis/abilities engage with school choice. Using analytical tools from grounded theory (Strauss & Corbin, 1990) and a theoretical lens informed by critical notions of space, race and dis/ability, we analyze interviews with parents of students with dis/abilities, field notes, and various artifacts from charter schools (e.g., student handbooks and websites). We found that parents engaged with the politics of desperation (Stovall, 2013): an assemblage of thoughts and rationales to make school decisions amid poor and ableist educational options for Black and Latinx students with dis/abilities. We found that the neoliberal restructuring of urban education space was a driving force shaping parents’ engagement with the politics of desperation. Thus, our study sheds light on the relationship between race, dis/ability, and urban spatial restructuring.
Inefficient Ribosomal Skipping Enables Simultaneous Secretion and Display of Proteins in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

The need for recombinant expression of soluble protein slows the validation of engineered proteins isolated from combinatorial libraries and limits the number of protein variants evaluated. To overcome this bottleneck, we describe a system for simultaneous cell surface display and soluble secretion of proteins in Saccharomyces cerevisiae based on inefficient ribosomal skipping. Ribosomal skipping mediated by “self-cleaving” 2A peptides produces two proteins from a single open reading frame. Incorporation of the F2A peptide sequence—with ∼50% efficiency of ribosomal skipping—between the protein of interest and the yeast cell wall protein Aga2 results in simultaneous expression of both the solubly secreted protein and the protein–Aga2 fusion that is tethered to the yeast cell surface. We show that binding proteins derived from the Sso7d scaffold and the homodimeric enzyme glucose oxidase can be simultaneously secreted solubly and expressed as yeast cell surface fusions using the F2A-based system. Furthermor...
Bone Loss in Women with BRCA1 and BRCA2 Mutations

Abstract Objective Estimate the prevalence and identify risk factors for bone loss in women with BRCA mutations. Methods Women, age 40 and older, with BRCA mutations identified from the Breast Cancer Surveillance database at Kaiser Permanente Northern California were invited to participate and undergo a dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry scan to assess for bone loss (osteopenia or osteoporosis). Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to assess clinical factors associated with bone loss. Results Of the 238 women in the final cohort, 20 women had intact ovaries (median age 54.5years) and 218 had undergone risk reducing salpingo-oophorectomy (RRSO) (median age 57). The prevalence of bone loss was 55% in the no RRSO group and 72.5% in the RRSO group (P=0.10). In multivariable analysis, only higher body mass index (OR 0.6 per 5kg/m 2 , 95% CI: 0.4–0.7) and nonwhite race compared to white (OR 0.5, 95% CI: 0.2–0.9) were protective for bone loss while older age (OR 1.5 per 10years, 95% CI: 1.1–2.1) and selective estrogen receptor modulator use (3.1, 95% CI: 1.2–10.1) were associated with increased odds of bone loss. Among women with RRSO, bone loss was more frequent in women who had postmenopausal (n=106) compared to women who had premenopausal RRSO (n=112), (82.1% and 63.4% respectively, P=0.002). In multivariable analysis, only BMI was protective of bone loss (OR 0.5, 95%, CI: 0.4–0.7) but neither age nor menopausal status at RRSO were associated with bone loss. Conclusion Bone loss is common in women with BRCA mutations who undergo RRSO.
Projectile Points of Bone, Antler, and Stone

Raw materials and manufacturing strategies are the result of careful choices made within the wider context of the tool-using behavior, which in turn is a solution to particular problems (Torrence 1989:64).
GENETIC CONTROL OF NC ACTIVITY IN THE MOUSE: THREE GENES LOCATED IN CHROMOSOME 17

Publisher Summary This chapter describes some studies on the genetic control of natural cytotoxic (NC) reactivity of different mouse strains and congenie partners against Meth 113 targets, which are a fibrosarcoma of BALB/c origin. Some mouse strains had normal high NC activity and low natural killer (NK) activity, including mice carrying the beige mutation. Although some variation of high–low reactivity within a strain has been observed with different targets for NC and NK, the screening of different mouse strains, especially congenie pairs, against a single prototype target has proven informative, both in NK and in NC studies. The results strongly suggest that at least three genes, probably all located in chromosome 17, distally from the D-end of the H2 region, determine the levels of NC reactivity in spleen against the Meth 113 target. None of the putative NC genes appear to affect NK activity. The genetic control of NC activity is different from that of NK activity. The genetic control of natural cell-mediated cytotoxicity is complex.
Angiogenesis in human coronary atherosclerotic plaques

Neovascularization in the walls of coronary arteries is associated with the presence of atherosclerotic plaque. The mechanisms responsible for the formation of these intraplaque microvessels are not understood. The purpose of this study is to examine the prevalence of endothelial cell replication in plaque microvessels. Two hundred and one primary and restenotic coronary atherectomy specimens were analyzed for the presence of microvessels and proliferation as reflected by positive immunolabeling for Ulex agglutinin and the proliferating cell nuclear antigen, respectively. In primary but not restenotic specimens, proliferation of any cell type was associated with the detection of microvessels on the same slide. However, intraplaque microvessels were more commonly found in restenotic compared to primary specimens (P = 0.004). Twelve highly vascularized specimens with evidence of replication were subjected to detailed histomorphological and quantitative image analyses. At 200 x, the most vascular optical field of each slide was identified and consistently included plaque macrophages. Total slide endothelial cell replication indices for these specimens varied, but in some instances were remarkably elevated (eg, 43.5%). The role of intraplaque angiogenesis may be analogous to that of tumor or wound angiogenesis and be important in development and progression of coronary artery lesions and restenosis.
Confronting the challenges of HIV/AIDS information dissemination: report of the one-day HIV/AIDS Information Summit.

The Pacific Southwest Regional Medical Library (PSRML), one of eight regional offices of the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM), in cooperation with the California AIDS Clearinghouse (CAC), sponsored a one-day HIV/AIDS Information Summit, which was held at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), on March 19, 2003. The idea for the summit developed from the natural partnership formed and the mutual interest shared between CAC and PSRML to address information needs of the AIDS community. The summit was initially conceived as a forum for various groups involved in HIV/AIDS information delivery to share concerns and develop action plans to address unmet information needs. Details about the summit, including online registration procedures, were posted to the event's Website,* as they became available. The summit's Website also includes links to Webcasts of most portions of the program, as well as links to all electronic slide presentations, meeting notes, handouts, photographs, and graphic recordings of the event.
Elisabeth Kübler-Ross and the "Five Stages" Model in a Sampling of Recent American Textbooks.

This article examines some aspects of the enduring influence of the work of Dr. Elisabeth Kubler-Ross and especially of her "five stages" model through a sampling of recent textbooks published in the United States in selected academic disciplines and professional fields. The following are the questions to be asked:1. Does the "five stages" model appear without significant change in the textbooks described here?2. Is the "five stages" model applied in these textbooks to issues involving loss, grief, and bereavement, as well as to those involving terminal illness and dying?3. Is the "five stages" model criticized in some or all of these textbooks?4. If so, is the criticism sufficient to argue that, while the "five stages" model might be presented as an important historical framework, it should no longer be regarded as a sound theory to guide contemporary education and practice?
Nostalgia and well-being in daily life: An ecological validity perspective.

Nostalgia is a mixed emotion. Recent empirical research, however, has highlighted positive effects of nostalgia, suggesting it is a predominantly positive emotion. When measured as an individual difference, nostalgia-prone individuals report greater meaning in life and approach temperament. When manipulated in an experimental paradigm, nostalgia increases meaning in life, self-esteem, optimism, and positive affect. These positive effects may result from the specific experimental procedures used and little is known about daily experiences that covary with nostalgia. To address this gap, we aimed to measure nostalgia in ecologically valid contexts. We created and validated the Personal Inventory of Nostalgic Experiences (PINE) scale (Studies 1a–1d) to assess both trait and state-based nostalgic experiences. When measured as an individual difference, the nomological net was generally negative (Study 2). When measured in daily life (Studies 3 and 4), nostalgia as a state variable was negatively related to well-being. Lagged analyses showed that state nostalgia had mixed effects on well-being at a later moment that day and negative effects on well-being on the following day. To reconcile the discrepancies between these studies and the positive effects of nostalgia from previous research, we showed that experimentally induced nostalgic recollections were rated more positively and less negatively than daily experiences of nostalgia (Study 5). These studies show that nostalgia is a mixed emotion; although it may be predominantly positive when nostalgic memories are generated on request, it seems predominantly negative when nostalgia is experienced in the course of everyday life. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)
Killer whales redistribute white shark foraging pressure on seals

Predatory behavior and top-down effects in marine ecosystems are well-described, however, intraguild interactions among co-occurring marine top predators remain less understood, but can have far reaching ecological implications. Killer whales and white sharks are prominent upper trophic level predators with highly-overlapping niches, yet their ecological interactions and subsequent effects have remained obscure. Using long-term electronic tagging and survey data we reveal rare and cryptic interactions between these predators at a shared foraging site, Southeast Farallon Island (SEFI). In multiple instances, brief visits from killer whales displaced white sharks from SEFI, disrupting shark feeding behavior for extended periods at this aggregation site. As a result, annual predations of pinnipeds by white sharks at SEFI were negatively correlated with close encounters with killer whales. Tagged white sharks relocated to other aggregation sites, creating detectable increases in white shark density at Ano Nuevo Island. This work highlights the importance of risk effects and intraguild relationships among top ocean predators and the value of long-term data sets revealing these consequential, albeit infrequent, ecological interactions.
An evaluation into the efficiency and effectiveness of machine learning algorithms in realistic traffic pattern prediction using field data

Accurate and timely knowledge is critical in intelligent transportation system (ITS) as it leads to improved traffic flow management. The knowledge of the past can be useful for the future as traffic patterns normally follow a predictable pattern with respect to time of day, and day of week. In this paper, we systematically evaluated the prediction accuracy and speed of several supervised machine learning algorithms towards congestion identification based on six weeks real-world traffic data from August 1st, 2012 to September 12th, 2012 in the Maryland (MD)/Washington DC, and Virginia (VA) area. Our dataset consists of six months traffic data pattern from July 1, 2012 to December 31, 2012, of which 6 weeks was used as a representative sample for the purposes of this study on our reference roadway – I-270. Our experimental data shows that with respect to classification, classification tree (Ctree) could provide the best prediction accuracy with an accuracy rate of 100% and prediction speed of 0.34 seconds. It is pertinent to note that variations exist respecting prediction accuracy and prediction speed; hence, a tradeoff is often necessary respecting the priority of the applications in question. It is also imperative to note from the outset that, algorithm design and calibration are important factors in determining their effectiveness.
Assessment of Process Skills in Analytical Chemistry Student Responses to Open-Ended Exam Questions

Assessment, including course exams, clearly indicates to students what learning goals they are expected to master in a certain course. However, most of these assessments tend to focus on generating a correct answer rather than on the type of reasoning or skills used to arrive at the answer. If educators value skills in addition to the correctness of an answer, it is important that they assess them. As part of the ANA-POGIL (analytical process oriented guided inquiry learning) project, the ANA-POGIL team developed a set of process-rich or guided-inquiry-type assessment questions to be used on exams. These questions were designed to mirror the structure of the POGIL activities, where students were provided data in the form of a table, graph, or set of information with the intention of eliciting evidence of process skills such as information processing, problem solving, and critical thinking in the students’ written responses. This study presents an analysis of student responses gathered from multiple institutions over several semesters to determine characteristics of questions that are likely to elicit evidence of process skills. Results of this project can provide some insight and recommendations to instructors about how to construct questions to elicit evidence of desired skills.
Pavian: interactive analysis of metagenomics data for microbiome studies and pathogen identification.

Summary Pavian is a web application for exploring classification results from metagenomics experiments. With Pavian, researchers can analyze, visualize and transform results from various classifiers-such as Kraken, Centrifuge and MethaPhlAn-using interactive data tables, heatmaps and Sankey flow diagrams. An interactive alignment coverage viewer can help in the validation of matches to a particular genome, which can be crucial when using metagenomics experiments for pathogen detection. Availability and implementation Pavian is implemented in the R language as a modular Shiny web app and is freely available under GPL-3 from http://github.com/fbreitwieser/pavian.
Corrosion of commercial alloys in FLiNaK molten salt containing EuF3 and simulant fission product additives

Abstract In liquid–fueled molten salt reactor designs, materials will be exposed to a molten salt containing a multitude of fission products and other corrosive species. Little work has been done to understand the unique corrosion characteristics of materials in fission product-laden liquid–fuel systems. In this study, we conducted corrosion experiments up to 150 h in duration which exposed four commercial alloys (Hastelloy N, Incoloy 800H, 316L stainless steel, and Ni–201) to three molten salt compositions in order to better understand corrosion in liquid–fuel systems and inform reactor design. It was found that the presence of simulant fission product species, at predicted concentrations, in a highly corrosive FLiNaK + EuF3 molten salt does not lead to any detectable increase in corrosion at reactor–relevant conditions. No penetration of simulant fission product species into the samples was detected. The unique corrosion morphology of each of the alloys tested in this work is discussed. In particular, Ni–201 was found to be an ideal salt–facing material in molten fluoride systems, and is essentially immune to corrosion.
Good Fences Make Good Neighbors: Crumbs Regulates Rho-Kinase Dynamics to Assemble a Tissue Boundary.

Boundary formation between nascent tissues prevents cell mixing, powering morphogenesis. In this issue of Developmental Cell, Sidor et al. (2020) describe a novel mechanism whereby the homophilic adhesion protein Crumbs regulates planar-polarized assembly of actomyosin cables at tissue boundaries by affecting dynamics of membrane recruitment of the myosin regulator Rho-kinase.
‘Running’ up the score?: the application of the anti-blowout thesis in footraces

To date, scholars have side-stepped examining the applicability of the Anti-Blowout thesis in parallel sports. This essay is an attempt to test this construct in the context of endurance footraces....
Microstructural and Mechanical Properties of the Anterolateral Ligament of the Knee

Background:The variable anatomy and controversy of the anterolateral ligament (ALL) reflect the complex relationship among the anterolateral knee structures.Purpose/Hypothesis:The purpose was to qu...
Talking the Talk and Walking the Walk: Students’ Experiences in Two Programs to Prepare Leaders for Predominantly Latino Schools

This chapter focuses on two programs that prepare school leaders to serve in predominantly Latino schools. The Urban School Leaders Collaborative (USLC) is a Master’s degree cohort program initiated in 2003, now in its tenth cohort. Winter Garden (WG) is an off-campus doctoral program in its fourth cohort that serves a rural region lacking quality graduate programs. Since both programs are committed to preparing school leaders as social justice advocates in linguistically and culturally diverse school contexts, it is important to understand the extent to which graduates are able to maintain a focus on the social justice principles emphasized in these programs. To accomplish this, we draw upon multiple sources of data produced by the 175 USLC and 22 WG graduates (two of whom are co-authors of this chapter) that depict students’ personal and professional transformations in these programs. Data includes: reflective journals, auto-ethnographies, digital stories and culminating documentary film. Using qualitative methods of data analysis and interpretation, we obtain a deeper understanding of the ways in which participation in these programs helped students become social justice advocates, commensurate with the program’s intent. In doing so, our findings contribute significantly to the study of socially just school leadership preparation.
Diction in Context: Singing in English, Italian, German, and French, First Edition

The last thing a young singer wants to tackle is diction; it is a dismal, draining chore when compared with the thrill of singing. This disconnect shows up in real-world applications; the ability t...
Age Cutoffs for Hospitalization at Hospitals Without Pediatric Inpatient Capability.

OBJECTIVES: To determine age cutoffs that hospitals without pediatric inpatient beds apply when hospitalizing children. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study of patients 0 pediatric beds). Referral rates were calculated for each year of life as transfers divided by transfers plus hospitalizations. Two age cutoffs were determined for defining pediatric patients: a specific cutoff (the age at which referral rates were significantly lower than those for younger patients) and an inclusive cutoff (the age at which referral rates differed most from those for younger patients). RESULTS: Among 389 581 transfers and hospitalizations, 91 967 (23.6%) occurred in adult hospitals. Referral rates at adult hospitals were 86.0% at age 15, 80.6% at age 16, 72.0% at age 17, and 30.5% at age 18. The specific age cutoff was 16 because referral rates were lower than those for ages 0 to 15 (P CONCLUSIONS: Children aged