cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
From Polyvariant flow information to intersection and union types

Many polyvariant program analyses have been studied in the 1990s, including k-CFA, polymorphic splitting, and the cartesian product algorithm. The idea of polyvariance is to analyze functions more than once and thereby obtain better precision for each call site. In this paper we present an equivalence theorem which relates a co-inductively-defined family of polyvariant flow analyses and a standard type system. The proof embodies a way of understanding polyvariant flow information in terms of union and intersection types, and, conversely, a way of understanding union and intersection types in terms of polyvariant flow information. We use the theorem as basis for a new flow-type system in the spirit of the λCIL-calculus of Wells, Dimock, Muller and Turbak, in which types are annotated with flow information. A flow-type system is useful as an interface between a flow-analysis algorithm and a program optimizer. Derived systematically via our equivalence theorem, our flow-type system should be a good interface to the family of polyvariant analyses that we study.
Seminormal Representations of Weyl Groups and Iwahori-Hecke Algebras

The purpose of this paper is to describe a general procedure for computing analogues of Young’s seminormal representations of the symmetric groups . The method is to generalize the Jucys – Murphy elements in the group algebras of the symmetric groups to arbitrary Weyl groups and Iwahori – Hecke algebras . The combinatorics of these elements allow one to compute irreducible representations explicitly and often very easily . In this paper we do these computations for Weyl groups and Iwahori – Hecke algebras of types A n , B n , D n , G 2 . Although these computations are within reach for types F 4 , E 6 , and E 7 , we shall , in view of the length of the current paper , postpone this to another work . In reading this paper , I would suggest that the reader begin with § 3 , the symmetric group case , and go back and pick up the generalities from §§ 1 and 2 as they are needed . This will make the motivation for the material in the earlier sections much more clear and the further examples in the later sections very easy . The realization that the Jucys – Murphy elements for Weyl groups and Iwahori – Hecke algebras come from the very natural central elements in (2 . 1) and Proposition 2 . 4 is one of the main points of this paper . There is a simple concrete connection (Proposition 2 . 8) between Jucys – Murphy type elements in Iwahori – Hecke algebras and Jucys – Murphy elements in group algebras of Weyl groups . I know that the analogues of the Jucys – Murphy elements in Weyl groups of types B and D will be new to some of the experts and known to others . These Jucys – Murphy elements for types B and D are not new ; similar elements appear in the paper of Cherednik [ 7 ] , but I was not able to recognize them there until they were pointed out to me by M . Nazarov . I extend my thanks to him for this . Some people were asking me for Jucys – Murphy elements in type G 2 as late as June 1995 . In July 1995 I was told that it was not known how to quantize the elements of Cherednik , that is , to find analogues of them in the Iwahori – Hecke algebras of types B and D . Of course , this had been done already in 1974 , by Hoefsmit . I have chosen to state my results in terms of the general mechanism of path algebras which I have defined in § 1 . This is a technique which I learned from H . Wenzl during our work on the paper [ 30 ] . It is a well-known method in several fields (with many dif ferent terminologies) . I shall mention here only a few of the
Perceptual Measures of Task Characteristics: The Biasing Effects of Differing Frames of Reference and Job Attitudes

The study reported here examines the extent to which variations in the perceptions of job characteristics may be associated, not with objective task characteristics, but with perceptual biases refl...
Electrostatic point charge fitting as an inverse problem: Revealing the underlying ill-conditioning.

Atom-centered point charge (PC) model of the molecular electrostatics—a major workhorse of the atomistic biomolecular simulations—is usually parameterized by least-squares (LS) fitting of the point charge values to a reference electrostatic potential, a procedure that suffers from numerical instabilities due to the ill-conditioned nature of the LS problem. To reveal the origins of this ill-conditioning, we start with a general treatment of the point charge fitting problem as an inverse problem and construct an analytical model with the point charges spherically arranged according to Lebedev quadrature which is naturally suited for the inverse electrostatic problem. This analytical model is contrasted to the atom-centered point-charge model that can be viewed as an irregular quadrature poorly suited for the problem. This analysis shows that the numerical problems of the point charge fitting are due to the decay of the curvatures corresponding to the eigenvectors of LS sum Hessian matrix. In part, this ill-conditioning is intrinsic to the problem and is related to decreasing electrostatic contribution of the higher multipole moments, that are, in the case of Lebedev grid model, directly associated with the Hessian eigenvectors. For the atom-centered model, this association breaks down beyond the first few eigenvectors related to the high-curvature monopole and dipole terms; this leads to even wider spread-out of the Hessian curvature values. Using these insights, it is possible to alleviate the ill-conditioning of the LS point-charge fitting without introducing external restraints and/or constraints. Also, as the analytical Lebedev grid PC model proposed here can reproduce multipole moments up to a given rank, it may provide a promising alternative to including explicit multipole terms in a force field.
Aggregate price shocks and financial stability: the United Kingdom 1796–1999

Abstract This paper investigates aggregate price shocks on financial stability in the United Kingdom. We construct an annual index of UK financial conditions for 1790–1999 and use a dynamic probit model to estimate the effect of shocks on the index. We find evidence that price level shocks contributed significantly to financial instability during 1820–1931 and that inflation rate shocks contributed to instability during 1931–1999. While affecting the stability of the financial system, both the nature of aggregate price shocks and their impact depend on the existing monetary and financial regime.
Falx and interhemispheric fissure on axial CT: I. Normal anatomy

To determine the normal appearance of the flax and interhemispheric fissure, 200 consecutive normal CT scans were evaluated prospectively. On unenhanced scans, the normal falx is visualized in 90% of patients and therefore interhemispheric hyperdensity alone should not be considered a sign of subarachnoid hemorrhage. The flax is most often (88%) visualized in the posterior part of the interhemispheric fissure, as a hyperdense, pencil-thin line extending from the calvarium to the splenium of the corpus callosum. In the anterior part of the fissure, the falx is visualized in only 38% of patients, when its appearance differs significantly from that of the fissure. It is seen as a thin, hyperdense line extending posteriorly from the calvarium for a variable distance, but it never reaches the genu of the corpus callosum. The interhemispheric fissure is a hypodense structure broader than the falx with a zigzag configuration due to medial frontal sulci. The difference in configuration between the anterior part of the fissure and the anterior falx is very helpful in differentiating subarachnoid hemorrhage from normal falx visualization.
A Second Look at Canonical Sampling of Biomolecules using Replica Exchange Simulation.

The replica exchange approach, also called parallel tempering, is gaining popularity for biomolecular simulation. We ask whether the approach is likely to be efficient compared to standard simulation methods for fixed-temperature equilibrium sampling. To examine the issue, we make a number of straightforward observations on how "fast" high-temperature molecular simulations can be expected to run, as well as on how to characterize efficiency in replica exchange. Although our conclusions remain to be fully established, on the basis of a range of results in the literature and some of our own work with a 50-atom peptide, we are not optimistic for the efficiency of replica exchange for the canonical sampling of bio- molecules.
AWARENESS OF TIP-APEX DISTANCE REDUCES FAILURE OF FIXATION OF TROCHANTERIC FRACTURES OF THE HIP

We compared the results of the surgical treatment of trochanteric hip fractures before and after surgeons had been introduced to the tip-apex distance (TAD) as a method of evaluating screw position. There were 198 fractures evaluated retrospectively and 118 after instruction. The TAD is the sum of the distance from the tip of the screw to the apex of the femoral head on anteroposterior and lateral views. This decreased from a mean of 25 mm in the control group to 20 mm in the study group (p = 0.0001). The number of mechanical failures by cut-out of the screw from the head decreased from 16 (8%) in the control group at a mean of 13 months to none in the study group at a mean of eight months (p = 0.0015). There were significantly fewer poor reductions in the study group. Our study confirms the importance of good surgical technique in the treatment of trochanteric fractures and supports the concept of the TAD as a clinically useful way of describing the position of the screw.
MicroRNAs and Cancer: Short RNAs Go a Long Way

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) may be important regulators of gene expression. By modulating oncogenic and tumor suppressor pathways they could, in principle, contribute to tumorigenesis. Consistent with this hypothesis, recurrent genetic and epigenetic alterations of individual miRNAs are found in some tumors. Functional studies are now elucidating the mechanism of action of putative oncogenic and tumor suppressor miRNAs.
Safety of Bevacizumab in Advanced Ovarian and Müllerian Cancers: A Review

Abstract Despite the armamentarium of cytotoxic agents available in the treatment of patients with advanced recurrent ovarian, fallopian, and peritoneal disease, enthusiasm for these agents has been tempered by their toxicity profile, poor response rate, and eventually, the emergence of resistance. In recent years, focus has shifted to an understanding of signaling pathways that promote angiogenesis. Tumor angiogenesis is well established as essential for the growth and metastasis of solid tumors. This process involves the recruitment of mature vasculature and circulating endothelial cells and proangiogenic soluble mediators, one of which includes the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). This factor has several known activities, such as mitogenesis, angiogenesis, endothelial survival, enhancement of vascular permeability, and effects on hemodynamic status. Vascular endothelial growth factor is a 45-kDA glycoprotein that is regulated by oxygen tension and also by various growth factors, hormones, and oncogenes. Inhibiting VEGF and its action has been the focus of intense research in several disciplines and has emerged as an attractive focus for the design of targeted therapeutics in the field of ovarian cancer. Numerous agents targeting angiogenesis are currently being explored. These include monoclonal antibodies to the VEGF ligand, small tyrosine kinase inhibitors that target the vascular endothelial receptor, and soluble decoy VEGF receptors. The most studied agent to date has been bevacizumab, a recombinant humanized monoclonal antibody to the VEGF ligand. Although the efficacy of this agent has been well established in multiple disciplines, several concerns have been raised as to the unique adverse effects of this agent.
Olefin metathesis in the design and synthesis of a globally constrained Grb2 SH2 domain inhibitor.

One drawback frequently associated with olefin metathesis-mediated peptide macrocyclization, the loss of side chain functionality at sites of ring closure, may be circumvented by incorporation of side chain functionality within the ring-closing olefin segments. This approach is demonstrated in the preparation of a macrocyclic Grb2 SH2 domain antagonist designed as a conformationally constrained β-bend mimic.
Thermodynamics of black holes in two (and higher) dimensions

A comprehensive treatment of black hole thermodynamics in two-dimensional dilaton gravity is presented. We derive an improved action for these theories and construct the Euclidean path integral. An essentially unique boundary counterterm renders the improved action finite on-shell, and its variational properties guarantee that the path integral has a well-defined semi-classical limit. We give a detailed discussion of the canonical ensemble described by the Euclidean partition function, and examine various issues related to stability. Numerous examples are provided, including black hole backgrounds that appear in two dimensional solutions of string theory. We show that the Exact String Black Hole is one of the rare cases that admits a consistent thermodynamics without the need for an external thermal reservoir. Our approach can also be applied to certain higher-dimensional black holes, such as Schwarzschild-AdS, Reissner-Nordstrom, and BTZ.
The Near-Horn Approach to Disjunctive Logic Programming

This paper presents an overview of the near-Horn Prolog project at Duke University. The basic goal behind this project has been to extend Prolog to disjunctive logic programs (and thus full first-order expressibility) while retaining as much of the clarity and procedural simplicity of Prolog as possible. The approach taken to achieve this goal has been to combine Prolog with case analysis reasoning. The research work within the project can roughly be divided into three areas: procedure design, semantics, and implementation. Three different variants of Near-Horn Prolog have been devised, of which the most recent, Inheritance near-Horn Prolog (InH-Prolog), is the variant currently being favored. The semantics for the near-Horn Prologs, specifically for InH-Prolog, have been investigated, resulting in a case-analysis based fixpoint semantics which mimics the procedural behavior of InH-Prolog. Also, both classical and default negation have been incorporated into the near-Horn Prolog systems. Finally, an interpreter for the original near-Horn Prolog variant has been implemented, and a compiler for the InH-Prolog variant is currently nearing completion.
Generating entanglement between atomic spins with low-noise probing of an optical cavity

Atomic projection noise limits the ultimate precision of all atomic sensors, including clocks, inertial sensors, magnetometers, etc. The independent quantum collapse of N atoms into a definite state (for example spin up or down) leads to an uncertainty Δθ SQL = 1/√N in the estimate of the quantum phase accumulated during a Ramsey sequence or its many generalizations. This phase uncertainty is referred to as the standard quantum limit. Creating quantum entanglement between the N atoms can allow the atoms to partially cancel each other's quantum noise, leading to reduced noise in the phase estimate below the standard quantum limit. Recent experiments have demonstrated up to 10 dB of phase noise reduction relative to the SQL by making collective spin measurements. This is achieved by trapping laser-cooled Rb atoms in an optical cavity and precisely measuring the shift of the cavity resonance frequency by an amount that depends on the number of atoms in spin up. Detecting the probe light with high total efficiency reduces excess classical and quantum back-action of the probe. Here we discuss recent progress and a technique for reducing the relative frequency noise between the probe light and the optical cavity, a key requirement for further advances.
TMD factorization and evolution at large $b_T$

In using transverse-momentum-dependent (TMD) parton densities and fragmentation functions, important non-perturbative information is at large transverse position $b_T$. This concerns both the TMD functions and their evolution. Fits to high energy data tend to predict too rapid evolution when extrapolated to low energies where larger values of $b_T$ dominate. I summarize a new analysis of the issues. It results in a proposal for much weaker $b_T$ dependence at large $b_T$ for the evolution kernel, while preserving the accuracy of the existing fits. The results are particularly important for using transverse-spin-dependent functions like the Sivers function.
Comparison of Bayesian land surface temperature algorithm performance with Terra MODIS observations

The appendix presents a proof of convergence of the iterative contraction mapping algorithm. The expectation values of surface temperature in multiple bands, and jointly in all bands, converge to a fixed point, within a stipulated convergence criterion. Provided the support for the calculation of the expectation value brackets the maximum in the joint posterior probability for LST, the fixed point converges to the MAP LST estimate in the limit .
Developing Regional Financial Markets - The Case of East Asia

The paper explores the extent and benefits of financial integration in East Asia. It presents evidence that the extent of financial integration in East Asia is less extensive than the aggregate data suggests. The paper then addresses why some countries are integrated more than others and discusses the obstacles to regional financial integration. The paper points out that East Asia’s growth strategy has shaped bank centric financial systems. An important thesis presented in the paper is that reliance on bank-based intermediation has hindered financial integration. The prospects for regional financial integration would be improved greatly if governments would step back from the tradition of massive government involvement and allow market forces to play a greater role. The paper finally explores what can be done to improve the process of regional financial integration. A simple first step will be to harmonise the regulatory framework for non bank financial institutions.
Supportive Organizational Climate and Managerial Assessment of MBO Effectiveness

Questionnaire data from 111 managers in a large utility firm showed significant positive relationships between supportiveness of the organizational climate in managers' immediate work groups and th...
Uncertainty and Delay in Bargaining

This paper investigates the relationship between uncertainty and delay of agreement in the one-sided offer bargaining model with two-sided uncertainty where the seller makes offers. We construct a weak stationary equilibrium in which different types of the seller charge different prices in every period. We completely characterize the separating equilibrium by three regularity conditions, and show that the time interval between offers converges to zero, the seller's initial price offer in a separating equilibrium converges with probability 1 to the lowest valuation of the buyer if and only if the gain from trading is common knowledge. We have witnessed a proliferation of sequential bargaining models that, with a few remarkable exceptions (Fudenberg and Tirole (1983), Cramton (1984) and Chatterjee and Samuelson (1987)), are based on models with one-sided uncertainty. The importance of studying bargaining models with one-sided uncertainty is that despite their highly special informational structure, we can derive valuable insights into the role of uncertainty in the delay in reaching an agreement, while keeping the computational exercise tractable. However, the assumption of one-sided uncertainty essentially excludes the situation where the buyer's actual reservation value is lower than the seller's actual reservation value, though they are still engaged in the bargaining process. The primary objective of this paper is to investigate the role of uncertainty about the gain from trading in a sequential bargaining model with two-sided incomplete information. In the models with one-sided incomplete information, important studies (Fudenberg, Levine and Tirole (1985), and Gul, Sonnenschein and Wilson (1986)) are often based on weak stationary equilibria where the equilibrium strategy of each player only depends upon the posterior conjecture about the other player and the previous period's offer. Although the importance of two-sided uncertainty and the weak stationary equilibrium is well recognized, previous research on sequential bargaining models has not combined the two features within the same framework. Studies on the models under two-sided uncertainty have not focused on weak stationary equilibria. For example, Cramton (1984) computes a specific sequential equilibrium with interesting properties, in which the equilibrium strategies of both players depend upon histories in a rather complex fashion. On the other hand, it is only in models under one-sided uncertainty that the weak stationary equilibrium has been extensively studied. This paper computes and analyzes the weak stationary equilibria in a model under two-sided uncertainty in order to investigate the effect of uncertainty on the delay in agreement. We will extend the results from previous studies of one-sided uncertainty models. The computation of the equilibrium in models with two-sided uncertainty is generally very complicated. Furthermore, we must identify a sensible outcome if more than one equilibrium exists in the model. To simplify the analysis, we choose a standard bargaining
Synthesis and enantioseparation of atropisomers of serotonin dimer

A preparative scale synthesis of a dimer of serotonin (5-HT) is described. DHBT or 5,5′-dihydroxy-4,4′-bitryptamine was prepared in good yields using methanol in the presence of copper(II) chloride and air at room temperature. Exclusion of air resulted in no DHBT. Neither 5-HT hydrochloride nor N-BOC-protected 5-HT yielded DHBT under identical reaction conditions, evidence that the primary amino group of 5-HT plays a critical role in the dimerization reaction. The atropisomers of DHBT can be resolved by chiral capillary electrophoresis.
Anatomic region-based dynamic range compression for chest radiographs using warping transformation of correlated distribution

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effectiveness of the authors' novel dynamic range compression (DRC) for chest radiographs. The purpose of DRC is to compress the gray scale range of the image when using narrow dynamic range viewing systems such as monitors. First, an automated segmentation method was used to detect the lung region. The combined region of mediastinum, heart, and subdiaphragm was defined based on the lung region. The correlated distributions, between a pixel value and its neighboring averaged pixel value, for the lung region and the combined region were calculated. According to the appearance of overlapping of two distributions, the warping function was decided. After pixel values were warped, the pixel value range of the lung region was compressed while preserving the detail information, because the warping function compressed the range of the averaged pixel values while preserving the pixel value range for the pixels which had had the same averaged pixel value. The performance was evaluated with the authors' criterion function which was the contrast divided by the moment, where the contrast and the moment represent the sum of the differences between the pixel values and the averaged values of eight pixels surrounding that pixel, and the sum of the differences between the pixel values and the averaged value of all pixels in the region-of-interest, respectively. For 71 screening chest images from Johns Hopkins University Hospital (Baltimore, MD), this method improved our criterion function at 11.7% on average. The warping transformation algorithm based on the correlated distribution was effective in compressing the dynamic range while simultaneously preserving the detail information.
Absorption of high-energy cosmic photons through double pair production in photon-photon collisions

' yields 2e/sup +/ + 2e/sup -/ dominates that from the lower- order process gamma + gg yields e/sup +/ + e/sup -/ for high-energy photons traversing a 2.8 K blackbody photon gas. Existence of the 2e/sup +/, 2e/sup -/ process and the cosmic blackbody radiation thus guarantees that the universe is opaque for all photon energies above 10/sup 14/ eV. The question of single-pair production in collisions with cosmic radio-wave photons is discussed, and the uncertainty in the knowledge of the important low-frequency end of the radio spectrum is emphasized. Other processes ( gamma + gamma -- muons, hadrons, etc.) are discussed briefly, and it is concluded that they are of minor importance. (auth)
Future therapies for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

No currently available treatments reduce the progression of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or suppress the inflammation in the small airways and lung parenchyma. However, several new treatments now in development for COPD are targeted at the inflammatory process. Antagonists of mediators, such as leukotriene B4, interleukin-8, tumour necrosis factor-α, transforming growth factor-β and inhibitors of oxidative and nitrative stress, are in clinical development. Broader-spectrum anti-inflammatory drugs now in development for COPD include phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitors and inhibitors of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, nuclear factor-κB and phosphoinositide-3 kinase-γ. There is also a search for elastase inhibitors to prevent the development of emphysema and for drugs that may even reverse the lung destruction. It will be important to identify suitable surrogate markers to predict clinical efficacy in COPD so that new anti-inflammatory approaches can be assessed. Effective delivery of drugs ...
Preparation of pentafluorophenyl esters of FMOC protected amino acids with pentafluorophenyl trifluoroacetate

Abstract A high yield procedure for the preparation of pentafluorophenyl esters of Nα-9-fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl protected amino acids is described. The procedure utilizes pentafluophenyl trifluoroacetate.
Predicting Individual Fuel Economy

To make informed decisions about travel and vehicle purchase, consumers need unbiased and accurate information of the fuel economy they will actually obtain. In the past, the EPA fuel economy estimates based on its 1984 rules have been widely criticized for overestimating on-road fuel economy. In 2008, EPA adopted a new estimation rule. This study compares the usefulness of the EPA's 1984 and 2008 estimates based on their prediction bias and accuracy and attempts to improve the prediction of on-road fuel economies based on consumer and vehicle attributes. We examine the usefulness of the EPA fuel economy estimates using a large sample of self-reported on-road fuel economy data and develop an Individualized Model for more accurately predicting an individual driver's on-road fuel economy based on easily determined vehicle and driver attributes. Accuracy rather than bias appears to have limited the usefulness of the EPA 1984 estimates in predicting on-road MPG. The EPA 2008 estimates appear to be equally inaccurate and substantially more biased relative to the self-reported data. Furthermore, the 2008 estimates exhibit an underestimation bias that increases with increasing fuel economy, suggesting that the new numbers will tend to underestimate the real-world benefits of fuel economy and emissions standards.more » By including several simple driver and vehicle attributes, the Individualized Model reduces the unexplained variance by over 55% and the standard error by 33% based on an independent test sample. The additional explanatory variables can be easily provided by the individuals.« less
Compute and storage clouds using wide area high performance networks

We describe a cloud-based infrastructure that we have developed that is optimized for wide area, high performance networks and designed to support data mining applications. The infrastructure consists of a storage cloud called Sector and a compute cloud called Sphere. We describe two applications that we have built using the cloud and some experimental studies.
Relative Sentiment and Stock Returns

The sentiment of retail investors relative to that of institutional investors was measured by comparing their respective portfolio allocations to equity versus cash and fixed-income securities. The results suggest that fluctuations in retail sentiment are a primary driver of equity valuations for reasons unrelated to fundamentals. entiment in an investment context may refer to fluctuations in risk tolerance or to overly optimistic or pessimistic cash flow forecasts. In either case, sentiment should have an impact on asset pricing that is distinct from the impact of fundamentals (changes in the investment opportunity set, “rational” cash flow forecasts, interest rates, etc.). When sentiment rises, investors seek to increase their investment allocations to risky assets, thereby bidding up valuations and, in the process, lowering the expected future return (given fundamentals) on those assets. Erosion in sentiment has the opposite effect, which leads to an increase in the expected return associated with any given set of fundamentals.
Free flow electrophoresis separation and AMS quantitation of 14C-naphthalene-protein adducts

Abstract Naphthalene is a volatile aromatic hydrocarbon to which humans are exposed from a variety of sources including mobile air sources and cigarette smoke. Naphthalene produces dose-(concentration)dependent injury to airway epithelial cells of murine lung which is observed at concentrations well below the current occupational exposure standard. Toxicity is dependent upon the cytochrome P450 mediated metabolic activation of the parent substrate to unstable metabolites which become bound covalently to tissue proteins. Nearly 70 proteins have been identified as forming adducts with reactive naphthalene metabolites using in vitro systems but very little work has been conducted in vivo because reasonably large amounts (100 μCi) of 14 C labeled parent compound must be administered to generate detectable adduct levels on storage phosphor screens following separation of labeled proteins by 2D gel electrophoresis. The work described here was done to provide proof of concept that protein separation by free flow electrophoresis followed by AMS detection of protein fractions containing protein bound reactive metabolites would provide adducted protein profiles in animals dosed with trace quantities of labeled naphthalene. Mice were administered 200 mg/kg naphthalene intraperitoneally at a calculated specific activity of 2 DPM/nmol (1 pCi/nmol) and respiratory epithelial tissue was obtained by lysis lavage 4 h post injection. Free flow electrophoresis (FFE) separates proteins in the liquid phase over a large pH range (2.5–11.5) using low molecular weight acids and bases to modify the pH. The apparatus separates fractions into standard 96-well plates that can be used in other protein analysis techniques. The buffers of the fractions have very high carbon content, however, and need to be dialyzed to yield buffers compatible with 14 C-AMS. We describe the processing techniques required to couple FFE to AMS for quantitation of protein adducts.
Compacting cuts: A new linear formulation for minimum cut

For a graph (V,E), existing compact linear formulations for the minimum cut problem require Θ(vVvvEv) variables and constraints and can be interpreted as a composition of vVv − 1 polyhedra for minimum s-t cuts in much the same way as early approaches to finding globally minimum cuts relied on vVv − 1 calls to a minimum s-t cut algorithm. We present the first formulation to beat this bound, one that uses O(vVv2) variables and O(vVv3) constraints. An immediate consequence of our result is a compact linear relaxation with O(vVv2) constraints and O(vVv3) variables for enforcing global connectivity constraints. This relaxation is as strong as standard cut-based relaxations and has applications in solving traveling salesman problems by integer programming as well as finding approximate solutions for survivable network design problems using Jain's iterative rounding method. Another application is a polynomial-time verifiable certificate of size n for for the NP-complete problem of l1-embeddability of a rational metric on an n-set (as opposed to a certificate of size n2 known previously).
A new technique for fully autonomous and efficient 3D robotics hand/eye calibration

The authors describe a novel technique for computing position and orientation of a camera relative to the last joint of a robot manipulator in an eye-on-hand configuration. It takes only about 100+64N arithmetic operations to compute the hand/eye relationship after the robot finishes the movement, and incurs only additional 64 arithmetic operations for each additional station. The robot makes a series of automatically planned movements with a camera rigidly mounted at the gripper. At the end of each move, it takes a total of 90 ms to grab an image, extract image feature coordinates, and perform camera extrinsic calibration. After the robot finishes all the movements, it takes only a few milliseconds to do the calibration. A series of generic geometric properties or lemmas are presented, leading to the derivation of the final algorithms, which are aimed at simplicity, efficiency, and accuracy while giving ample geometric and algebraic insights. Critical factors influencing the accuracy are analyzed, and procedures for improving accuracy are introduced. Test results of both simulation and real experiments on an IBM Cartesian robot are reported and analyzed. >
Aziridine-Allylsilane-Mediated Total Synthesis of (-)-Yohimbane.

A total asymmetric synthesis of (−)-yohimbane and ent-alloyohimbane is reported. The synthesis utilizes a novel aziridine−allylsilane cyclization reaction as a key step in the synthesis. Treatment of optically pure aziridine−allylsilane 16 with BF3·OEt2 provided a mixture of aminomethyl substituted carbocycles trans-20a and cis-20b in excellent yield and modest diastereoselectivity (trans/cis 3:1). Alkylation of the tosylamide followed by oxidation of the olefin in 20 provided the lactam 38, which was converted to (−)-yohimbane and ent-alloyohimbane by a Bischler−Napieralski reaction. The synthesis provided (−)-yohimbane in eight steps and 24% overall yield (from 16).
The Yellow Dog Contract

Definition of the yellow dog contract, 348. — Reasons for its importance, 349. — The development of the contract, 350. — The Hitchman decision and its effect, 351. — The Red Jacket case, 353. — Uses of the contract, 355. — Provisions in the contract, 356. — The Hitchman provisions, 357. — Promises of employers, 358. — The future of the contract, 360.
ECONOMICALLY OPTIMAL NITROGEN FERTILIZATION FOR YIELD AND PROTEIN IN HARD RED SPRING WHEAT

This analysis determines profit-maximizing N fertilization levels of hard red spring wheat (HRSW) (Triticum aestivum L.) for various wheat prices, N prices, and protein-based HRSW price premium/ discount (P/D) structures for southeastern Washington data. Fertilizer response data consisting of rates of N fertilization (kg ha -1 ), grain yield (kg ha -1 ), and grain protein (g kg -1 ) were used to statistically estimate regression relationships that predicted yield and protein in response to N. Experiments were located near Pullman, WA (550 mm average annual precipitation). All predicted net return maximizing N, protein, and yield levels were within the data range. Increasing P/D incentives for protein increased optimal N, the expected economic result. At the high P/D structures, the P/D structure dominated N and wheat prices in determining optimal N application levels. Overall, net return-maximizing yields varied only modestly with changes in both N and wheat price in this data set. However, in all scenarios, as P/D incentives increased, net return-maximizing N levels were beyond the level that resulted in maximum yield. At the two lowest P/D structures, which provided the lowest reward for protein, it was most profitable to fertilize for slightly less than 140 g kg -1 expected protein. These results indicate that it is not always profitable to use 14% protein as an N fertilization goal.
Monetary policy and the term structure of nominal interest rates: Evidence and theory☆

Abstract This paper explores how exogenous impulses to monetary policy affect the yield curve for nominally risk-free bonds. Three distinct identification strategies imply similar patterns: a contractionary policy shock induces a pronounced positive but short-lived response of short-term interest rates. The response declines monotonically with maturity; long-term rates are virtually unaffected. These responses are unambiguously liquidity effects rather than expected inflation effects. Monetary-policy shocks account for a relatively small fraction of the long-run variance of interest rates. We find that a limited participation model of monetary nonneutrality is broadly consistent with these empirical patterns.
Allylic Substitution versus Suzuki Cross‐Coupling: Capitalizing on Chemoselectivity with Bifunctional Substrates

One catalyst, two reactions; a tale of chemoselectivity: Given the choice between an allylic acetate and a vinylboronate ester, palladium preferentially reacts with the allylic acetate giving the allylic substitution product. In the presence of an aryl bromide and base, Suzuki cross-coupling subsequently ensues to afford allylic amines.
Green subsidies and the WTO

This paper provides a detailed explanation how the law of the World Trade Organization regulates environmental subsidies with a focus on renewable energy subsidies. The paper begins by discussing the economic justifications for such subsidies and the criticisms of them and then gives examples of categories of subsidies. The paper provides an overview of the relevant World Trade Organization rules and case law, including the recent Canada-Renewable Energy case. The paper also makes specific recommendations for how World Trade Organization law can be improved and discusses the literature on reform proposals. The study finds that because of a lack of clarity in World Trade Organizaion rules, for some clean energy subsidies, a government will not know in advance whether the subsidy is World Trade Organization-legal.
The management and organization of large scale software development projects

Two consecutive papers on the subject, "Managing the Economics of Computer Programming" presented at the 1968 National Conference of the Association of Computing Machinery conclude respectively:•First, one must understand computer programming well enough to know what is possible, what is probable, and what is impossible or unlikely.•Second, one must make commitments based on the technology used, not on the needs of the world---and not on the unreasonable hopes of the starry-eyed experts.•Third, one must insist upon schedules based on physical events, and on numerical descriptions of the products that are being produced, to the greatest extent that ingenuity will permit.•Fourth, one must objectively assess the status of the project against a well-developed plan.•Finally, of course, one must do something about the trouble one finds.
Relative Gromov-Witten invariants

We define relative Gromov-Witten invariants of a symplectic manifold relative to a codimension-two symplectic submanifold. These invariants are the key ingredients in the symplectic sum formula of [IP4]. The main step is the construction of a compact space of ‘V -stable’ maps. Simple special cases include the Hurwitz numbers for algebraic curves and the enumerative invariants of Caporaso and Harris.
The effects of EGF-receptor density on multiscale tumor growth patterns.

Abstract We studied the effects of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) density on tumor growth dynamics, both on the sub- and the multi-cellular level using our previously developed model. This algorithm simulates the growth of a brain tumor using a multi-scale two-dimensional agent-based approach with an integrated transforming growth factor α (TGF α ) induced EGFR-gene–protein interaction network. The results confirm that increasing cell receptor density correlates with an acceleration of the tumor system's spatio-temporal expansion dynamics. This multicellular behavior cannot be explained solely on the basis of spatial sub-cellular dynamics, which remain qualitatively similar amongst the three glioma cell lines investigated here in silico. Rather, we find that cells with higher EGFR density show an early increase in the phenotypic switching activity between proliferative and migratory traits, linked to a higher level of initial auto-stimulation by the PLC γ -mediated TGF α -EGFR autocrine network. This indicates a more active protein level interaction in these chemotactically acting tumor systems and supports the role of post-translational regulation for the implemented EGFR pathway. Implications of these results for experimental cancer research are discussed.
Thermally-driven atmospheric escape: Transition from hydrodynamic to Jeans escape

Thermally driven escape from planetary atmospheres changes in nature from an organized outflow (hydrodynamic escape) to escape on a molecule-by-molecule basis (Jeans escape) with increasing Jeans parameter, λ, the ratio of the gravitational to thermal energy of the atmospheric molecules. This change is described here for the first time using the direct simulation Monte Carlo method. When heating is predominantly below the lower boundary of the simulation region, R 0, and well below the exobase of a single-component atmosphere, the nature of the escape process changes over a surprisingly narrow range of Jeans parameters, λ0, evaluated at R 0. For an atomic gas, the transition occurs over λ0 ~ 2-3, where the lower bound, λ0 ~ 2.1, corresponds to the upper limit for isentropic, supersonic outflow. For λ0 > 3 escape occurs on a molecule-by-molecule basis and we show that, contrary to earlier suggestions, for λ0 > ~6 the escape rate does not deviate significantly from the familiar Jeans rate. In a gas composed of diatomic molecules, the transition shifts to λ0 ~ 2.4-3.6 and at λ0 > ~4 the escape rate increases a few tens of percent over that for the monatomic gas. Scaling by the Jeans parameter and the Knudsen number, these results can be applied to thermally induced escape of the major species from solar and extrasolar planets.
Hard tissue as a composite material—I. Bounds on the elastic behavior

Recent determination of the elastic moduli of hydroxyapatite by ultrasonic methods permits a re-examination of the Voigt or parallel model of the elastic behavior of bone, as a two phase composite material. It is shown that such a model alone cannot be used to describe the behavior of bone. Correlative data on the elastic moduli of dentin, enamel and various bone samples indicate the existence of a nonlinear dependence of elastic moduli on composition of hard tissue. Several composite models are used to calculate the bounds on the elastic behavior of these tissues. The limitations of these models are described, and experiments to obtain additional critical data are discussed.
A descriptive model of preventability in maternal morbidity and mortality

To develop a descriptive model of preventability for maternal morbidity and mortality that can be used in quality assurance and morbidity and mortality review processes. This descriptive study was part of a larger case–control study conducted at the University of Illinois at Chicago in which maternal deaths were cases and women with severe maternal morbidity served as controls. Morbidities and mortalities were classified by a team of clinicians as preventable or not preventable. Qualitative analysis of data was conducted to identify and categorize different types of preventable events. Of 237 women, there were 79 women with preventable events attributable to provider or system factors. The most common types of preventable events were inadequate diagnosis/recognition of high-risk (54.4%), treatment (38.0%), and documentation (30.7%). A descriptive model was illustrated that can be used to categorize preventable events in maternal morbidity and mortality and can be incorporated into quality assurance and clinical case review to enhance the monitoring of hospital-based obstetric care and to decrease medical error.
The history of the decline and fall of the American accounting profession

There have been many articles and books published on the development of accounting and the accounting profession in the USA, both historically and sociologically. Some have critically examined actions taken by the AICPA, and others that have studied the effects of legislation on the accounting profession such as the 16th amendment or the creation of the PCAOB. Still others have observed the decline in the American accounting profession’s status and image as a result of various failures such as Enron. This is the first to combine systematically a sociological analysis of the accounting profession in the USA with the historical development of the profession’s power and status, and the subsequent loss of its power and status. A sociological analysis of the American accounting profession strongly suggests that it is no longer a profession as conceived by sociologists.
Organizing for Innovation in the Digitized World

Our era is one of increasingly pervasive digital technologies, which penetrate deeply into the very core of the products, services, and operations of many organizations and radically change the nature of product and service innovations. The fundamental properties of digital technology are reprogrammability and data homogenization. Together, they provide an environment of open and flexible affordances that are used in creating innovations characterized by convergence and generativity. An analysis of convergence and generativity observed in innovations with pervasive digital technologies reveals three traits: (1) the importance of digital technology platforms, (2) the emergence of distributed innovations, and (3) the prevalence of combinatorial innovation. Each of the six articles in this special issue relates to one or more of these three traits. In this essay, we explore the organizational research implications of these three digital innovation traits and identify research opportunities for organization science scholars. Examples from the articles in this special issue on organizing for innovation in the digitized world are used to demonstrate the kind of organizational scholarship that can faithfully reflect and inform innovation in a world of pervasive digital technologies.
Quantifying the influence of climate on human conflict

A rapidly growing body of research examines whether human conflict can be affected by climatic changes. Drawing from archeology, criminology, economics, geography, history, political science, and psychology, we assemble and analyze the 60 most rigorous quantitative studies and document, for the first time, a remarkable convergence of results. We find strong causal evidence linking climatic events to human conflict across a range of spatial and temporal scales and across all major regions of the world. The magnitude of climate's influence is substantial: for each 1 standard deviation (1σ) change in climate toward warmer temperatures or more extreme rainfall, median estimates indicate that the frequency of interpersonal violence rises 4% and the frequency of intergroup conflict rises 14%. Because locations throughout the inhabited world are expected to warm 2-4σ by 2050, amplified rates of human conflict could represent a large and critical impact of anthropogenic climate change.
Nanotechnology-Enabled Energy Harvesting for Self-Powered Micro-/Nanosystems

Health, infrastructure, and environmental monitoring as well as networking and defense technologies are only some of the potential areas of application of micro-/nanosystems (MNSs). It is highly desirable that these MNSs operate without an external electricity source and instead draw the energy they require from the environment in which they are used. This Review covers various approaches for energy harvesting to meet the future demand for self-powered MNSs.