cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chytrids dominate arctic marine fungal communities.

Summary Climate change is altering Arctic ecosystem structure by changing weather patterns and reducing sea ice coverage. These changes are increasing light penetration into the Arctic Ocean that are forecasted to increase primary production; however, increased light can also induce photoinhibition and cause physiological stress in algae and phytoplankton that can favour disease development. Fungi are voracious parasites in many ecosystems that can modulate the flow of carbon through food webs, yet are poorly characterized in the marine environment. We provide the first data from any marine ecosystem in which fungi in the Chytridiomycota dominate fungal communities and are linked in their occurrence to light intensities and algal stress. Increased light penetration stresses ice algae and elevates disease incidence under reduced snow cover. Our results show that chytrids dominate Arctic marine fungal communities and have the potential to rapidly change primary production patterns with increased light penetration.
Back to Basics: Constitutional Meaning and 'Tradition'

This Article's focus is on the danger of reality being warped by a set of insider assumptions in the world of law and specifically, in the world of constitutional interpretation. Legal scholars' undivided focus on the engine parts of United States Supreme Court decisions and tests ignores the empty gas tank-the fact that those decisions and tests are largely disconnected from the document that they purport to interpret. These legal-insider dangers present a serious problem. Over more than two centuries of interpreting the United States Constitution, the Supreme Court has developed a mass of tests, standards, interpretations, and levels of scrutiny that have completely eclipsed the focus not only of judges but also of lawyers, law professors, and legal commentators. This article considers those concerns with a call back to constitutionalism.
THIN FILM THERMOELECTRIC CHARACTERIZATION TECHNIQUES

The key thin film thermoelectric characterization techniques are described. Due to the small dimensions, a careful examination of electrical and thermal paths in the device is necessary. We describe both in-plane and cross-plane measurement methodologies. Sample requirements for four-probe and van der Pauw methods for in-plane electrical conductivity measurement are discussed. The in-plane Seebeck coefficient is characterized under a temperature gradient which generates a voltage. Precise measurements of temperature and voltage at the same location in the sample are very important. For the cross-plane electrical conductivity, the modified transmission line method is evaluated. To eliminate parasitic contact and substrate resistances, several samples with varying thicknesses are required. Two approaches, a DC method and the 3ω method, are described in detail for the cross-plane Seebeck coefficient characterization. Next, we focus on the transient Harman method to directly measure the cross-plane thermoelectric figure of merit of a thin film. The device requirements for reducing parasitic heat losses and current nonuniformity are presented. Thermoreflectance imaging can be used together with transient Harman in order to extract electrical and thermal conductivities and the Seebeck coefficient simultaneously. Finally, Z-meters are described for directly determining the figure of merit and efficiency of a thermoelectric element or module under a large temperature gradient. Recent developments have significantly reduced thermal and electrical parasitics, as well as radiation heat loss in the system, enabling ZT measurement of legs as thin as one hundred microns.
Databases, models, and algorithms for functional genomics : A bioinformatics perspective

A variety of patterns have been observed on the DNA and protein sequences that serve as control points for gene expression and cellular functions. Owing to the vital role of such patterns discovered on biological sequences, they are generally cataolged and maintained within internationally shared databases. Furthermore, the variability in a family of observed patterns is often represented using computational models in order to facilitate their search within an uncharacterized biological sequence. As the biological data is comprised of a mosaic of sequence-levels motifs, it is significant to unravel the synergies of macromolecular coordination utilized in cellspecific differential synthesis of proteins. This article provides an overview of the various pattern representation methodologies and the surveys the pattern databases available for use to the molecular biologists. Our aim is to describe the principles behind the computational modeling and analysis techniques utilized in bioinformatics research, with the objective of providing insight necessary to better understand and effectively utilize the available databases and analysis tools. We also provide a detailed review of DNA sequence level patterns responsible for structural conformations within the Scaffold or Matrix Attachment Regions (S/MARs).
Racial Inequality Trends and the Intergenerational Persistence of Income and Family Structure

Racial disparity in family incomes remained remarkably stable over the past 40 years in the United States despite major legal and social reforms. Previous scholarship presents two primary explanations for persistent inequality through a period of progressive change. One highlights continuity: because socioeconomic status is transmitted from parents to children, disparities created through histories of discrimination and opportunity denial may dissipate slowly. The second highlights change: because family income results from joining individual earnings in family units, changing family compositions can offset individuals' changing economic chances. I examine whether black-white family income inequality trends are better characterized by the persistence of existing disadvantage (continuity) or shifting forms of disadvantage (change). I combine cross-sectional and panel analysis using Current Population Survey, Panel Study of Income Dynamics, Census, and National Vital Statistics data. Results suggest that African Americans experience relatively extreme intergenerational continuity (low upward mobility) and discontinuity (high downward mobility); both helped maintain racial inequality. Yet, intergenerational discontinuities allow new forms of disadvantage to emerge. On net, racial inequality trends are better characterized by changing forms of disadvantage than by continuity. Economic trends were equalizing but demographic trends were disequalizing; as family structures shifted, family incomes did not fully reflect labor-market gains.
Recovering recyclable materials from shredder residue

Each year, about 11 million tons of metals are recovered in the United States from about 10 million discarded automobiles. The recovered metals account for about 75 percent of the total weight of the discarded vehicles. The balance of the material, known as shredder residue, amounts to about three million tons annually and is currently landfilled. The residue contains a diversity of potentially recyclable materials, including polyurethane foams, iron oxides, and certain thermoplastics. This article discusses a process under development at Argonne National Laboratory to separate and recover the recyclable materials from this waste stream. The process consists essentially of two stages. First, a physical separation is used to recover the foams and the metal oxides, followed by a chemical process to extract certain thermoplastics. The status of the technology and the process economics are reviewed here.
Developmental checkpoints guarded by regulated necrosis

The process of embryonic development is highly regulated through the symbiotic control of differentiation and programmed cell death pathways, which together sculpt tissues and organs. The importance of programmed necrotic (RIPK-dependent necroptosis) cell death during development has recently been recognized as important and has largely been characterized using genetically engineered animals. Suppression of necroptosis appears to be essential for murine development and occurs at three distinct checkpoints, E10.5, E16.5, and P1. These distinct time points have helped delineate the molecular pathways and regulation of necroptosis. The embryonic lethality at E10.5 seen in knockouts of caspase-8, FADD, or FLIP (cflar), components of the extrinsic apoptosis pathway, resulted in pallid embryos that did not exhibit the expected cellular expansions. This was the first suggestion that these factors play an important role in the inhibition of necroptotic cell death. The embryonic lethality at E16.5 highlighted the importance of TNF engaging necroptosis in vivo, since elimination of TNFR1 from casp8 (-/-), fadd (-/-), or cflar (-/-), ripk3 (-/-) embryos delayed embryonic lethality from E10.5 until E16.5. The P1 checkpoint demonstrates the dual role of RIPK1 in both the induction and inhibition of necroptosis, depending on the upstream signal. This review summarizes the role of necroptosis in development and the genetic evidence that helped detail the molecular mechanisms of this novel pathway of programmed cell death.
Relationships between the degree of cross-linking of surface immunoglobulin and the associated inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate and Ca2+ signals in human B cells.

Cross-linking of surface immunoglobulin (Ig) receptors on human B cells leads to the activation of a tyrosine kinase. The activated tyrosine kinase subsequently phosphorylates a number of substrates, including phospholipase C-gamma. This enzyme breaks down phosphoinositol bisphosphate to form two intracellular messengers, diacylglycerol and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate, leading to the activation of protein kinase C and the release of intracellular Ca2+ respectively. We have used h.p.l.c. and flow cytometry to measure accurately the inositol phosphate turnover and Ca2+ release in anti-Ig-stimulated human B cells. In particular, we have examined the effect of dose of the cross-linking antibody on the two responses. The identity of putative messenger inositol phosphates has been verified by structural analysis, and the amounts of both inositol phosphates and Ca2+ present have been quantified. In the Ramos Burkitt lymphoma, which is very sensitive to stimulus through its Ig receptors, both inositol phosphate production and Ca2+ release were found to be related to the dose of anti-Ig antibody applied. This suggests that phospholipase C-mediated signal transduction in human B cells converts the degree of cross-linking of the immunoglobulin receptor quantitatively into intracellular signals.
Expanding the envelope for indirect/direct evaporative data center cooling using thermal energy storage

The current philosophy in the design of data center cooling systems matches installed cooling capacity to peak cooling demand at the most challenging ambient condition. This “design point” typically occurs only briefly during hotter months. Cooling capacity remains under-used most of the time. An indirect/direct evaporative cooler with thermal energy storage allow a reduced installed cooling capacity to meet the same need and extends the upper temperature limit. Stored cooling capacity enables load-leveling, or peak-shaving, of cooling demands. Phase change materials present a potential for thermal energy storage to achieve load-leveling at moderate cost. In addition, during days of moderate temperatures thermal energy storage can extend free-cooling capacity when evaporative cooling would otherwise use water. Indirect/direct evaporative coolers that incorporate thermal energy storage can extend the operational envelope beyond current limits and reduce water consumption.
Fundamental quantitative security in quantum key generation

We analyze the fundamental security significance of the quantitative criteria on the final generated key $K$ in quantum key generation including the quantum criterion $d$, the attacker's mutual information on $K$, and the statistical distance between her distribution on $K$ and the uniform distribution. For operational significance a criterion has to produce a guarantee on the attacker's probability of correctly estimating some portions of $K$ from her measurement, in particular her maximum probability of identifying the whole $K$. We distinguish between the raw security of $K$ when the attacker just gets at $K$ before it is used in a cryptographic context and its composition security when the attacker may gain further information during its actual use to help get at $K$. We compare both of these securities of $K$ to those obtainable from conventional key expansion with a symmetric key cipher. It is pointed out that a common belief in the superior security of a quantum generated $K$ is based on an incorrect interpretation of $d$ which cannot be true, and the security significance of $d$ is uncertain. Generally, the quantum key distribution key $K$ has no composition security guarantee and its raw security guarantee from concrete protocols is worse than that of conventional ciphers. Furthermore, for both raw and composition security there is an exponential catch-up problem that would make it difficult to quantitatively improve the security of $K$ in a realistic protocol. Some possible ways to deal with the situation are suggested.
L2 Collaborative E-writing

Abstract Writing as a process has been recognized as an important tenant to integrate in L1 and L2 language courses. Research in this area has shown that collaboration in the form of peer-review exercises can improve writing outcomes. Even though research in this area has identified benefits for conducting peer reviews online, these studies have focused on the analysis of improvements in writing skills from the collaboration process without full consideration of the medium used in the process of collaboration and how the perceptions of students evolve. This mixed-methods longitudinal study was aimed at the examination of the change in perceptions of Spanish intermediate language learners in out-of-class writing tasks. The study considered the interactions of 201 students in peer review exercises using discussion forums and grading rubrics in Blackboard 9. Data was collected using a survey that contained 17 Likert-scale items and two open-ended questions. The survey was administered at the beginning, middle, and end of 16- week semesters for a year. Results of the study have pedagogical implications for the selection of the medium of interaction and the use of digital media in collaborative writing assignments for instructors as well as course and materials developers.
Certified Public Intellectuals

Having outlined in the previous two chapters labels and characteristics associated with public intellectuals as individuals and as groups or classes, this chapter reviews three lists of public intellectuals and the criteria by which they have been assembled. It also includes the results of a questionnaire sent to some of them, with concluding remarks about the status of public intellectuals.
Toward a Minor Michelstaedter

Carlo Michelstaedter (1987–1910) is mostly known for his tragic suicide and for his undefended tesi di laurea, titled La persuasione e la rettorica. He has thus been commonly regarded as a marginal, peripheral thinker, and his work has been often placed on the outskirts of the Italian philosophical and literary canon. In this article I focus precisely on Michelstaedter as a minor author, and on his work as an example of minor writing, but in light of what Deleuze and Guattari have called “minor literature,” a concept they first enunciate in their work on Kafka. A comparison between Deleuze’s and Guattari’s theories and Michelstaedter’s oeuvre does not in fact confirm Michelstaedter’s purportedly marginal position vis a vis canonical Italian culture. Rather, it allows, first, a reassessment of the potential of the attribute minor that overturns the negative connotations attached to Michelstaedter’s peripherality, and, second, a literary and pragmatic interpretation of his work capable of both preserving it...
Ultrapotent vinblastines in which added molecular complexity further disrupts the target tubulin dimer-dimer interface.

Abstract Approaches to improving the biological properties of natural products typically strive to modify their structures to identify the essential pharmacophore, or make functional group changes to improve biological target affinity or functional activity, change physical properties, enhance stability, or introduce conformational constraints. Aside from accessible semisynthetic modifications of existing functional groups, rarely does one consider using chemical synthesis to add molecular complexity to the natural product. In part, this may be attributed to the added challenge intrinsic in the synthesis of an even more complex compound. Herein, we report synthetically derived, structurally more complex vinblastines inaccessible from the natural product itself that are a stunning 100-fold more active (IC50 values, 50–75 pM vs. 7 nM; HCT116), and that are now accessible because of advances in the total synthesis of the natural product. The newly discovered ultrapotent vinblastines, which may look highly unusual upon first inspection, bind tubulin with much higher affinity and likely further disrupt the tubulin head-to-tail α/β dimer–dimer interaction by virtue of the strategic placement of an added conformationally well-defined, rigid, and extended C20′ urea along the adjacent continuing protein–protein interface. In this case, the added molecular complexity was used to markedly enhance target binding and functional biological activity (100-fold), and likely represents a general approach to improving the properties of other natural products targeting a protein–protein interaction.
MALUNION OF FRACTURE OF THE HEAD OF THE METACARPAL BONE (KNUCKLE FRACTURE)

The anatomy, pathology, and etiology of knuckle fracture have been presented, with a case of malunion successfully treated by a simple operation. The procedure outlined and carried out on the case presented has the advantage of early motion, attacks the seat of the pathology, does away with the bony prominences, diminishes the anteroposterior and transverse diameters of the metacarpal bone, and reestablishes a more normal relationship with the flexor and extensor tendons. The change in the axis of a malunited knuckle fracture is not corrected by this operation, but this distortion may be more than compensated by the motion normally present in the third, fourth, and fifth carpometacarpal joints. In malunited knuckle fracture, the space between the extensor tendon and synovial roof may be obliterated by fibrous tissue which limits flexion of the finger and impairs function of the hand. In such a case osteotomy, usually done above the site of the pathology, is of little avail, and may only raise the metacarpal head. Arthroplasty with resection of the normally aligned and intact articular surfaces seems contra-indicated. Certainly, in the author's experience, the ends do not justify the means.
Chip-scale optical gyros based on integrated ultra low loss waveguide coils and silicon photonic front ends

We describe progress on chip-scale integrated optical gyroscopes and technologies including ultra low-loss polarization selective SiN waveguide gyro coils and hybrid silicon photonic/InP integrated gyro front-ends. The underlying technology, system integration and gyro measurements and the path to reach a detection limit on the order of 19°/hr/VHz in an area smaller than 10 cm will be described.
Modeling, Simulation, and Analysis of Regenerative Chatter in Turning Using the β Domain Formulation

Abstract Turning is an important machining process where material is removed by rotating a workpiece against a moving cutting tool. Regenerative chatter is one of the major constraints that limits productivity of the turning process. It iS a self-excited vibration which is mainly caused by the coupling between the machine-tool/workpiece structure and the cutting process dynamics. The purpose of this paper is to present a systematic methodology to analyze interactions among the machining components and their effects on dynamic stability with improved efficiency and generality. The unique feature of this approach is its capability to simulate and analyze varying-time-delay problems efficiently.
Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation in New York State: Trends, Outcomes, and Implications for Patient Selection.

Background— Utilization of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is expanding despite limited outcome data defining appropriate use. Methods and Results— To quantify determinants of early and 1-year survival after ECMO in adult patients, we conducted a retrospective cohort analysis of 1286 patients aged ≥18 years who underwent ECMO in New York State from 2003 to 2014. Median follow-up time was 4.9 months (range, 0–12 months). ECMO utilization increased from 13 patients in 8 hospitals in 2003 to 330 patients in 30 hospitals in 2014. Compared with patients undergoing ECMO before 2009, later patients were older (54.4 versus 52.3 years; P =0.013) and more likely to have major comorbidity including chronic kidney disease (25.2% versus 13.2%; P =0.02) and liver disease (20.0% versus 10.7%; P =0.001). In the overall cohort, 30-day mortality was 52.2% (95% confidence interval, 49.5–54.9). Mortality at 30 days was 65.2% for patients aged ≥75 years (n=73/112) and 74.6% in patients who required cardiopulmonary resuscitation (n=91/122). Survival at 1 year was 38.4% (95% confidence interval, 35.7–41.0). The 30-day mortality and 1-year survival improved across the study period. In multivariable analysis, earlier year of ECMO, lower hospital volume, indication for ECMO after a cardiac procedure, cardiopulmonary resuscitation before ECMO placement, and age >65 years were independent predictors of worse survival. Conclusions— Outcomes of ECMO have improved despite increasing comorbidity. Extreme mortality after ECMO in elderly patients and patients requiring cardiopulmonary resuscitation indicates that less invasive therapeutic or palliative modalities may be more appropriate in this end-of-life setting.
Modeling and Design of Distributed Information Systems

Advances in communication technology have made the design of sophisticated computer networks feasible. A principal advantage of a computer network is that it permits the sharing and exchange of information and computational resources by a large number of users. An evolutionary extension to the concept of data sharing is now possible: geographically distributed and physically dissimilar databases may be treated as though they comprise a single, logically uniform database.
Physiology of motor function of the sphincter of Oddi

Human and experimental studies of the sphincter of Oddi have established that the sphincter is not a simple and passive smooth muscle portion of the biliary system; rather, it plays an active role in modulating bile flow into the duodenum in both the fasted and the postprandial states. The sphincter of Oddi in the opossum, and likely in man, demonstrates spontaneous phasic and perhaps peristaltic activity that affects bile flow into the duodenum. The sphincter appears to be under the control of a smooth muscle pacemaking-like region in the proximal sphincter that controls the frequency and direction of propagation of the phasic contractions. Immunohistochemical studies have documented the presence of dense concentrations of neuropeptide-containing myenteric nerves in the sphincter of Oddi. Physiologic studies have confirmed that these peptides, in combination with the classic gastrointestinal hormones, exert significant effects on biliary motility. Experimental studies of the motor physiology of the sphincter of Oddi have advanced our understanding of human biliary motility and dysmotility. A subset of patients experiences biliary-like pain after cholecystectomy. This pain may be attributable to either mechanical stenosis of the papilla or dysfunction of the sphincter of Oddi. No definitive test currently exists to establish the diagnosis with adequate sensitivity or specificity. It is hoped that further development of ultrasonographic, scintigraphic, manometric, or electromyographic techniques will allow a clearer definition of patients who truly have sphincter dysfunction and who might benefit from medical, endoscopic, or surgical therapy.
Bayesian spatial prediction

This paper presents a complete Bayesian methodology for analyzing spatial data, one which employs proper priors and features diagnostic methods in the Bayesian spatial setting. The spatial covariance structure is modeled using a rich class of covariance functions for Gaussian random fields. A general class of priors for trend, scale, and structural covariance parameters is considered. In particular, we obtain analytic results that allow easy computation of the predictive distribution for an arbitrary prior on the parameters of the covariance function using importance sampling. The computations, as well as model diagnostics and sensitivity analysis, are illustrated with a set of precipitation data.
Revealing your hand: caveats in implementing digital business strategy

Digital business strategies (DBS) offer significant opportunities for firms to enhance competitiveness. Unlike the large proprietary systems of the 1980s, today's "micro-applications" allow firms to create and reconfigure digital capabilities to appropriate short-term competitive advantage. In the quest to provide value to customers through digitization, such applications can be efficiently deployed. However, we propose that in the long-term not all digitization is desirable. Indiscriminate digital initiatives through the use of micro-applications by a firm could "reveal its hand" to competitors and erode competitiveness. We propose that a firm's DBS must balance its system--software, process, and information--visibility with the ability to appropriate value from such systems. Through a visibility-value framework, and examples drawn from practice, this article illustrates the tradeoffs involved in making these choices as the firm traverses a dynamic business environment. In doing so, it raises sensitivity to an important caveat in digital environments epitomized by hyper-competition and transparency.
Stuck Between a Rock and a Hard Place: Quality of Work Life

Traditionally, while industrial and organizational (I/O) psychology develops, researches, and implements interventions that improve both the efficiency of organizations and the well-being of their employees, relatively few I/O psychologists directly study the ethical implications of their efforts in terms of quality of work life (QWL). Several ethical principles related to how I/O psychology pertains to QWL are offered. These include balance, respect, responsibility, autonomy, participation, voice, and justice. Facets of QWL are considered along with real-world examples of incidents that adversely affect employee well-being at each of the individual, organizational, and cultural levels of analysis. The reasons why these issues present ethical dilemmas are discussed in terms of the rights and responsibilities of both employers and employees. The resolution of ethical dilemmas may lie within organization development interventions rooted in best practices from I/O psychology.
Rabbit lacrimal acinar cells in primary culture: morphology and acute responses to cholinergic stimulation.

Functional and ultrastructural characteristics of rabbit lacrimal acinar cells in short-term culture
In vitro systems for the study and propagation of human papillomaviruses.

Papillomaviruses were first shown to be pathogenic agents by Shope and Hurst (1933) who identified them as the causative agent of infectious papillomatosis of cottontail rabbits. Later, Rous and Beard (1935) observed that benign papillomas of rabbits induced by this virus could progress to carcinomas. Attempts to develop systems for the propagation of papillomaviruses in vitro were unsuccessful and resulted in a dormancy of papillomavirus research until the 1970s. The late 1970s brought the beginning of molecular biology technology and the cloning of papillomavirus genomes. This allowed for the isolation of sufficient quantities of material to begin a systematic study of papillomaviruses. In the 1980s a correlation between papillomaviruses and human neoplastic lesions of the anogenital area led to a significant increase in interest in the study of these viruses.
Relations Between Igneous and Metamorphic Rock Fracture Patterns and Groundwater Yield from the Variography of Water–Well Yields—Pinardville Quadrangle, New Hampshire

Exploratory variography was used to examine the spatial continuity of water–well yields in the Pinardville 7 $$\frac{1}{2}$$ Minute Quadrangle in southern New Hampshire and to link the variography to the characteristics of the fractured igneous and metamorphic rocks within the aquifer system. In addition to the analyses of variograms computed by using data from 939 wells, analyses were performed on subsets of the data that were stratified according to the level of yield and to five rock types. The stratification according to yield was defined by using the industry standard of a high-yield well that produces 40 gallons per minute or more. The stratification of the low-yield wells by rock type was defined by using the classification on the bedrock map for the State of New Hampshire. Although the variability is high in the low-yield wells, as indicated by the large nugget value, overall continuity ranges to 6000 feet in the fracture zones in which these wells have been drilled. This continuity is dominant in the northwesterly direction, as indicated by the directional variography. This result is consistent with the general trend in the larger tectonic configuration of the region. A lack of spatial correlation for 81 high-yield wells is consistent with the geologic interpretation that these wells occur in locally determined configurations of sheeting and steeply dipping fractures. Yield data in only three of the five rock types were sufficient for variography. Within these three, the dominant direction of the correlation structure ranged from northwesterly for the Massabesic Gneiss Complex to northeasterly for the Rangeley Formation to northerly for the Spaulding Granite, where the signature of the continuity in the low-yield wells is predominately attributed to the fracture system.
Increased length of stay and cost of hospitalization in patients receiving inpatient radiation therapy.

e18936Background: Determining length of stay (LOS) and the attributable costs for hospital admissions are of critical importance for patients (Pts), providers, payers, and hospital management. Incr...
Application of Dynamic Features of the Pupil for Iris Presentation Attack Detection

This chapter presents a comprehensive study on the application of stimulated pupillary light reflex to presentation attack detection (PAD) that can be used in iris recognition systems. A pupil, when stimulated by visible light in a predefined manner, may offer sophisticated dynamic liveness features that cannot be acquired from dead eyes or other static objects such as printed contact lenses, paper printouts, or prosthetic eyes. Modeling of pupil dynamics requires a few seconds of observation under varying light conditions that can be supplied by a visible light source in addition to the existing near-infrared illuminants used in iris image acquisition. The central element of the presented approach is an accurate modeling and classification of pupil dynamics that makes mimicking an actual eye reaction difficult. This chapter discusses new data-driven models of pupil dynamics based on recurrent neural networks and compares their PAD performance to solutions based on the parametric Clynes–Kohn model and various classification techniques. Experiments with 166 distinct eyes of 84 subjects show that the best data-driven solution, one based on long short-term memory, was able to correctly recognize 99.97% of attack presentations and 98.62% of normal pupil reactions. In the approach using the Clynes–Kohn parametric model of pupil dynamics, we were able to perfectly recognize abnormalities and correctly recognize 99.97% of normal pupil reactions on the same dataset with the same evaluation protocol as the data-driven approach. This means that the data-driven solutions favorably compare to the parametric approaches, which require model identification in exchange for a slightly better performance. We also show that observation times may be as short as 3 s when using the parametric model, and as short as 2 s when applying the recurrent neural network without substantial loss in accuracy. Along with this chapter we also offer: (a) all time series representing pupil dynamics for 166 distinct eyes used in this study, (b) weights of the trained recurrent neural network offering the best performance, (c) source codes of the reference PAD implementation based on Clynes–Kohn parametric model, and (d) all PAD scores that allow the reproduction of the plots presented in this chapter. To our best knowledge, this chapter proposes the first database of pupil measurements dedicated to presentation attack detection and the first evaluation of recurrent neural network-based modeling of pupil dynamics and PAD.
Chemical Liquid Deposition Modified 4A Zeolite as a Size-Selective Adsorbent for Methane Upgrading, CO2 Capture and Air Separation

Chemical liquid deposition (CLD) modified 4A zeolite is developed as a size selective sorbent at 0.01 nm resolution for gas separation. The silica layer formed by CLD modification is located on the...
Transient phenomena in the magnetotail and their relation to substorms

Recent observations of magnetic field, plasma flow and energetic electron anisotropies in the magnetotail plasma sheet during substorms have provided strong support for the idea that a magnetospheric substorm involves the formation of a magnetic neutral line (the substorm neutral line) within the plasma sheet at X SM ≈ — 10R E to -25R E. An initial effect, in the tail, of the neutral line's formation is the severance of plasma sheet field lines to form a plasmoid, i.e., a closed magnetic loop structure, that is quickly (within 5–10 min) ejected from the tail into the downstream solar wind. The plasmoid's escape leaves a thin downstream plasma sheet through which plasma and energetic particles stream continuously into the solar wind, often throughout the duration of the substorm's expansive phase. Southward oriented magnetic field threads this tailward-flowing plasma but its detection, as an identifier of the occurrence of magnetic reconnection, is made difficult by the thinness and turbulence of the downstream plasma sheet. The thinning of the plasma sheet downstream of the neutral line is observed, by satellites located anywhere but very close to the tail's midplane, as a plasma dropout. Multiple satellite observations of plasma droputs suggest that the substorm neutral line often extends across a large fraction (> $$\frac{1}{2}$$ ) of the tail's breadth. Near the time of substorm recovery the substorm neutral line moves quickly tailward to a more distant location, progressively inflating the closed field lines earthward of it, to reform the plasma sheet.
(250) The Relationship between Beta-Endorphin and Experimental Pain Sensitivity in Older Adults with Knee Osteoarthritis Pain

Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common arthritic condition and a leading cause of pain and disability in people 45 years and older. As the biopsychosocial model of pain hypothesizes that pain is dynamically affected by multidimensional factors, there is a growing interest to understand the biological factors that influence pain among older adults. Beta-endorphin is suggested to be involved in pain sensitivity, but few studies have examined the relationship between beta-endorphin and experimental pain sensitivity in older adults. Thus, we sought to investigate the relationship between beta-endorphin and experimental pain sensitivity in 40 adults with knee OA pain. Pressure pain thresholds were measured by a handheld Medoc digital pressure algometer. Also, a calibrated nylon monofilament delivering a target force of 300 grams was applied and verbal ratings of the pain intensity on a scale of 0 to 100 following 10 contacts were obtained to assess their sensitivity to punctate mechanical stimuli. The mean age was 59 years (SD = 9 years), and 53% were female. Results showed that beta-endorphin is negatively related to pressure pain threshold (beta = -0.35, t = -2.40, p = 0.02) and positively related to punctate mechanical pain (beta = 0.34, t = 2.14, p = 0.04), after controlling for age, gender, and OA severity. These results suggest that higher circulating beta-endorphin at rest is associated with increased sensitivity to mechanical pain in older adults with knee OA. Further studies are needed to explore these paradoxical associations and to identify variables mediating the relationship between endorphin and pain sensitivity.
Concept of Wisdom in the Qur’ān

This chapter examines those verses of the Qur’ān which talk about ḥik’mat or wisdom. It is argued that elements of wisdom for the Qur’ān are knowledge, understanding, and best possible ways to argue, as they combine to lead us to overall righteousness. For the Qur’ān wisdom is some form of knowledge and understanding that produce comprehensive righteousness in one’s life. It is a virtuous state that the Qur’ān takes to be a product of knowledge and understanding but also involves best possible argument or reasoning. Wisdom looks like an epistemic or cognitive state, but a state that produces overall righteousness or virtue; hence it might be taken as both a cognitive state and an acquired disposition or virtue. It is noted that understanding as it reflects upon itself to sharpen our taqwā (or epistemic and moral conscience) produces wisdom in us. It strengthens our conscience for living well. This position is elaborated through noting some linkages between episteme and wisdom in Plato and Aristotle as well as through the views of contemporary writers like Sharon Ryan and Jason Baehr.
Spotting Dalmatians: Children's ability to discover subordinate-level word meanings cross-situationally.

Abstract Even when children encounter a novel word in the situation of a clear and unique referent, they are nevertheless faced with the problem of semantic uncertainty: when “puziv” refers to a co-present spotted dog, does the word mean Fido, Dalmatian, dog, animal, or entity? Here we explored the extent to which children (3–5 years of age) can reason about a novel word’s meaning from information they have gathered cross-situationally, from a series of simple ostensive labeling events (“I see a puziv!”). Of particular interest were the conditions under which children arrive at a subordinate level meaning (e.g., Dalmatian) rather than a basic level meaning (e.g., dog). Experiment 1 showed that children (N = 32) were capable of using lexical contrast and/or mutual exclusivity cross-situationally, such that they arrived at subordinate level meanings only when the words being learned contrasted at the subordinate level, otherwise they strongly preferred basic level meanings (e.g., dog) even when the word had previously referred to subordinate level exemplars (always Dalmatians). Experiment 2 showed that some children in this same age range (N = 20) can also arrive at subordinate level meanings cross-situationally when offered relatively minimal linguistic support (“It’s a kind of dog.”). The findings are interpreted with respect to current theories of cross-situational word learning, and suggest that word meanings rather than sets of referential exemplars are tracked and used for cross-situational comparison.
Trapping and Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Characterization of the 5'dAdo • Radical in a Radical S-Adenosyl Methionine Enzyme Reaction with a Non-Native Substrate

S-Adenosyl methionine (SAM) is employed as a [4Fe-4S]-bound cofactor in the superfamily of radical SAM (rSAM) enzymes, in which one-electron reduction of the [4Fe-4S]-SAM moiety leads to homolytic cleavage of the S-adenosyl methionine to generate the 5'-deoxyadenosyl radical (5'dAdo•), a potent H-atom abstractor. HydG, a member of this rSAM family, uses the 5'dAdo• radical to lyse its substrate, tyrosine, producing CO and CN that bind to a unique Fe site of a second HydG Fe-S cluster, ultimately producing a mononuclear organometallic Fe-l-cysteine-(CO)2CN complex as an intermediate in the bioassembly of the catalytic H-cluster of [Fe-Fe] hydrogenase. Here we report the use of non-native tyrosine substrate analogues to further probe the initial radical chemistry of HydG. One such non-native substrate is 4-hydroxy phenyl propanoic acid (HPPA) which lacks the amino group of tyrosine, replacing the CαH-NH2 with a CH2 at the C2 position. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) studies show the generation of a strong and relatively stable radical in the HydG reaction with natural abundance and 13C2-HPPA, with appreciable spin density localized at C2. These results led us to try parallel experiments with the more oxidized non-native substrate coumaric acid, which has a C2=C3 alkene substitution relative to HPPA's single bond. Interestingly, the HydG reaction with the cis-p-coumaric acid isomer led to the trapping of a new radical EPR signal, and EPR studies using cis-p-coumaric acid along with isotopically labeled SAM reveal that we have for the first time trapped and characterized the 5'dAdo• radical in an actual rSAM enzyme reaction, here by using this specific non-native substrate cis-p-coumaric acid. Density functional theory energetics calculations show that the cis-p-coumaric acid has approximately the same C-H bond dissociation free energy as 5'dAdo•, providing a possible explanation for our ability to trap an appreciable fraction of 5'dAdo• in this specific rSAM reaction. The radical's EPR line shape and its changes with SAM isotopic substitution are nearly identical to those of a 5'dAdo• radical recently generated by cryophotolysis of a prereduced [4Fe-4S]-SAM center in another rSAM enzyme, pyruvate formate-lyase activating enzyme, further supporting our assignment that we have indeed trapped and characterized the 5'dAdo• radical in a radical SAM enzymatic reaction by appropriate tuning of the relative radical free energies via the judicious selection of a non-native substrate.
Study protocol for a multisite randomised controlled trial of a rehabilitation intervention to reduce participation restrictions among female breast cancer survivors.

Introduction Many breast cancer survivors report an inability to fully participate in activities of daily living after completing cancer treatment. Reduced activity participation is linked to negative consequences for individuals (eg, depression, reduced quality of life) and society (reduced workforce participation). There is currently a lack of evidence-based interventions that directly foster cancer survivors’ optimal participation in life roles and activities. Pilot study data suggest rehabilitation interventions based on behavioural activation (BA) and problem-solving treatment (PST) can facilitate post-treatment role resumption among breast cancer survivors. Methods and analysis This protocol describes a multisite randomised controlled trial comparing a 4-month long, nine-session BA and PST-informed rehabilitation intervention (BA/PS) against a time-matched, attention control condition. The overall objective is to assess the efficacy of BA/PS for enhancing breast cancer survivors’ activity participation and quality of life over time. A total of 300 breast cancer survivors reporting participation restrictions after completing curative treatment for stage 1–3 breast cancer within the past year will be recruited across two sites (Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center and University of Alabama at Birmingham). Assessments are collected on enrolment (T1) and 8 (T2), 20 (T3) and 44 (T4) weeks later. Ethics and dissemination Study procedures are approved by the Committee for the Protection of Human Subjects at Dartmouth College, acting as the single Institutional Review Board of record for both study sites (STUDY 00031380). Results of the study will be presented at national meetings and submitted for publication in peer-reviewed journals. Trial registration number NCT03915548; Pre-results.
Upping my game as a parent: Attributed gains in participating in a cancer parenting program for child-rearing parents with advanced cancer.

Objectives The objective of this study was to describe in the words of child-rearing parents with incurable cancer, what they had gained or thought about as a result of participating in a five-session, scripted, telephone-delivered psycho-educational parenting intervention, the Enhancing Connections Program in Palliative Care. Methods A total of 26 parents completed the program. Parents' responses were audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim and verified for accuracy. The analysis proceeded through four steps: unitizing, coding into categories, defining categories, and formation of a core construct that explained parents' attributed gains. Trustworthiness of study results was protected by coding to consensus, formal peer debriefing, and maintaining an audit trail. Results Although 50% reached or exceeded clinical cutoff scores on anxiety and 42% reached or exceeded clinical cutoff scores on depressed mood, parents extensively elaborated what they gained. Results revealed six categories of competencies they attributed to their participation in the program: (1) being ready for a conversation about my cancer, (2) bringing things out in the open, (3) listening better to my child, (4) getting my child to open up, (5) not getting in my child's way, and (6) changing my parenting. Conclusions Despite an extensive symptom burden, parents with incurable cancer attributed major gains from a brief, fully scripted, cancer parenting communication intervention. A manualized telephone-delivered educational counseling program for symptomatic parents with incurable cancer has the potential to augment competencies for parents as they assist their children manage the cancer experience.
Endogenous Retroviral Envelope Syncytin Induces HIV-1 Spreading and Establishes HIV Reservoirs in Placenta.

Summary Radical cure of HIV-1 (HIV) is hampered by the establishment of HIV reservoirs and persistent infection in deep tissues despite suppressive antiretroviral therapy (ART). Here, we show that among HIV-positive women receiving suppressive ART, cells from placental tissues including trophoblasts contain HIV RNA and DNA. These viruses can be reactivated by latency reversal agents. We find that syncytin, the envelope glycoprotein of human endogenous retrovirus family W1 expressed on placental trophoblasts, triggers cell fusion with HIV-infected T cells. This results in cell-to-cell spread of HIV to placental trophoblasts. Such cell-to-cell spread of HIV is less sensitive to ART than free virus. Replication in syncytin-expressing cells can also produce syncytin-pseudotyped HIV, further expanding its ability to infect non-CD4 cells. These previously unrecognized mechanisms of HIV entry enable the virus to bypass receptor restriction to infect host barrier cells, thereby facilitating viral transmission and persistent infection in deep tissues.