cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Functional elements of DNA upstream from the integrase operon that are conserved in bacteriophages 434 and lambda.

Abstract A 1488-bp restriction fragment of bacteriophage 434 DNA contains the integrase promoter and an adjacent nucleotide sequence ( t ′ I ) resembling a Rho-independent terminator. To identify and quantitate transcription termination, DNA segments were cloned into a plasmid between the galactose promoter and assayable galactokinase gene and tested for termination. Whereas the entire fragment effectively terminated transcription, a 331-bp restriction fragment containing the t ′ I terminator had only weak terminator activity. Random sequential deletions of the 434 DNA segment defined a strong terminator 650-bp upstream from t ′ I . This proposed Rho-independent terminator called t L 4 consists of a 7-bp stem and 6-nt loop followed by a uridine-rich region in the RNA. Phage A contains an even stronger y L 4 terminator that differs in 4 nt from 434 t L4 . Thus, despite some sequence divergence, terminator activity has been conserved in these phages. The 434 DNA segment was also tested for promoter activity. Rightward promoter activity (opposite to P L in the phage) was located about 200 bp to the right of t L 4 and was followed by an open reading frame (ORF) capable of encoding a 91 amino acid protein. Promoter activity in the same approximate location was also found in phage L Thus the rightward promoter, the t ′ L 4 and t ′ I terminators, and ORF-55 all are elements in this segment of the genome that are conserved for function despite sequence divergence.
Conceptualizing Work Self-Expansion and its Effects on the Self-System and Performance

The present paper discusses the process of self-growth at work, by introducing the concept of work self-expansion and discussing its antecedents, process, and ramifications for self-growth and job ...
ZF receive filtering for precoded MIMO systems

MIMO precoding matches the transmission to channel conditions in order to reduce or eliminate interference at the receiver. In this paper, we are interested in the case where the receiver is also equipped with a linear processor, specifically a ZF filter. We analyze the effect of the ZF receive filter on the performance of a variety of MIMO precoders. It is shown that receive-side ZF equalization can remove the error floors that sometimes appear with regularized zero-forcing precoding and matched-filter precoding.
Chlorophyll a synthesis by an animal using transferred algal nuclear genes

Chlorophyll synthesis is an ongoing requirement for photosynthesis and a ubiquitous, diagnostic characteristic of plants and algae amongst eukaryotes. However, we have discovered that chlorophyll a (Chla) is synthesized in the symbiotic chloroplasts of the sea slug, Elysia chlorotica, for at least 6 months after the slugs have been deprived of the algal source of the plastids, Vaucheria litorea. In addition, using transcriptome analysis and PCR with genomic DNA, we found 4 expressed genes for nuclear-encoded enzymes of the Chla synthesis pathway that have been horizontally transferred from the alga to the genomic DNA of the sea slug. These findings demonstrate the first discovery of Chla production in an animal using transferred nuclear genes from its algal food.
A ligand-induced extracellular cleavage regulates γ-secretase-like proteolytic activation of Notch1

Gamma-secretase-like proteolysis at site 3 (S3), within the transmembrane domain, releases the Notch intracellular domain (NICD) and activates CSL-mediated Notch signaling. S3 processing occurs only in response to ligand binding; however, the molecular basis of this regulation is unknown. Here we demonstrate that ligand binding facilitates cleavage at a novel site (S2), within the extracellular juxtamembrane region, which serves to release ectodomain repression of NICD production. Cleavage at S2 generates a transient intermediate peptide termed NEXT (Notch extracellular truncation). NEXT accumulates when NICD production is blocked by point mutations or gamma-secretase inhibitors or by loss of presenilin 1, and inhibition of NEXT eliminates NICD production. Our data demonstrate that S2 cleavage is a ligand-regulated step in the proteolytic cascade leading to Notch activation.
Immunoprevention of cancer: time to reconsider timing of vaccination against cancer.

Expert Rev. Anticancer Ther. 6(12), 1689–1691 (2006) The immune system has the ability to remember an encounter with an antigen for decades or even a lifetime. Exploration of this property and the induction of a longterm, pathogen-specific immune response led to the phenomenal success of vaccination programs against infectious diseases that still represent some of the most impressive triumphs of modern medicine and immunology. The immune system also plays a crucial role in the control of tumor development, as now convincingly documented by studies carried out on immunodeficient mice. Thus there is a hope that similar to the success of vaccination against infections, immune responses could also be harnessed to protect against cancer. This enthusiasm has been further fueled by recent advances in our understanding of the mechanisms controling activation of the immune system, together with the progress in laboratory techniques that allows manipulation of components of the immune system in vitro and the generation of increasingly sophisticated vaccines. Some of the important findings relevant to the development of tumor immunotherapeutic strategies include:
Theoretical comparison of quantum Zeno gates and logic gates based on the cross-Kerr nonlinearity

Quantum logic operations can be implemented using nonlinear phase shifts (the Kerr effect) or the quantum Zeno effect based on strong two-photon absorption. Both approaches utilize three-level atoms, where the upper level is tuned on resonance for the Zeno gates and off-resonance for the nonlinear phase gates. The performance of nonlinear phase gates and Zeno gates are compared under conditions where the parameters of the resonant cavities and three-level atoms are the same in both cases. It is found that the expected performance is comparable for the two approaches despite the fundamental differences between the Zeno and Kerr effects.
A family-school intervention for children with ADHD: results of a randomized clinical trial.

Accumulating evidence highlights the importance of using psychosocial approaches to intervention for children with ADHD that target the family and school, as well as the intersection of family and school. Objective This study was designed to evaluate the effectiveness of a family-school intervention, referred to as Family-School Success (FSS), designed to improve the family and educational functioning of students in grades 2 through 6 who meet criteria for ADHD combined and inattentive types. Key components of FSS were conjoint behavioral consultation, daily report cards, and behavioral homework interventions.
Object-based land cover classification using high-posting-density LiDAR data

This study introduces a method for object-based land cover classification based solely on the analysis of LiDAR-derived information—i.e., without the use of conventional optical imagery such as aerial photography or multispectral imagery. The method focuses on the relative information content from height, intensity, and shape of features found in the scene. Eight object-based metrics were used to classify the terrain into land cover information: mean height, standard deviation (STDEV) of height, height homogeneity, height contrast, height entropy, height correlation, mean intensity, and compactness. Using machine-learning decision trees, these metrics yielded land cover classification accuracies > 90%. A sensitivity analysis found that mean intensity was the key metric for differentiating between the grass and road/parking lot classes. Mean height was also a contributing discriminator for distinguishing features with different height information, such as between the building and grass classes. The shape- ...
Biopharmaceutical evaluation of a tablet dosage form made from ethyl cellulose encapsulated aspirin particles.

AbstractEthyl cellulose encapsulated aspirin particles, suitable for preparation of direct compression tablets were prepared by the solvent evaporation method. Ethyl acetate was used as a solvent for the polymer in combination with a saturated solution of aspirin as the dispersing medium to prevent partitioning and drug loss. This resulted in a high yield of free-flowing, non-aggregated particles. In vitro-in vivo evaluations of the experimental aspirin tablets (made by direct compression of ethyl cellulose encapsulated particles) and three different commercial aspirin products (a conventional tablet, a timed-release tablet, and a timed-release caplet) were undertaken. Comparison of the dissolution in acidic media at pH 1.2 showed different release profiles for these products. While the conventional tablet and the timed-release caplet showed the highest and the lowest rate of release, respectively; the timed-release tablet and the experimentally made tablet revealed an intermediate rate and very similar r...
Risk of lymphatic or haematopoietic cancer mortality with occupational exposure to animals or the public

Background: Occupational exposure to animals or the public could result in exposure to infectious agents, which may play a role in the aetiology of lymphohaematopoietic (LH) cancers. Aims: To conduct a population based, case-control study of death certificate data from 1984 to 1998 in 24 US states in order to evaluate the risk of mortality from LH neoplasms associated with occupational exposure to animals or the public. Methods: Cases were selected as those with an underlying cause of death of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL, n = 72 589), Hodgkin’s disease (HD, n = 5479), multiple myeloma (n = 35 857), or leukaemia (n = 68 598); 912 615 controls were randomly selected from all remaining deaths, frequency matched on age, sex, race, and geographic region. Results: Occupational exposure to animals was associated with modest increased risks of mortality from all four LH cancers; these associations varied by region. Occupational exposure to the public was associated with only negligible increased risk with LH cancer outcomes. Occupations involving animal exposure were predominantly agricultural, and the risks associated with employment in the livestock industry exceeded the corresponding risks associated with the crop industry for all outcomes except HD. Conclusions: Increased risks of NHL, HD, multiple myeloma, and leukaemia were associated with occupations that involved animal exposure. Regional differences in risk imply that the risks may be associated with exposure to specific livestock or farming practices. However, these associations may be confounded by other farming related exposures, such as pesticides. Because the use of death certificates to classify occupation may result in misclassification during aetiologically relevant time periods, these hypotheses should be further explored in studies with detailed information on lifetime occupation.
Using the false memory paradigm to test two key elements of alcohol expectancy theory.

Two key aspects of alcohol expectancy theory—(a) that memories about alcohol effects are stored as relatively cohesive templates of information and (b) that these templates are automatically activated in alcohol-related contexts—were tested using the Deese–Roediger– McDermott false memory paradigm. Alcohol expectancy adjectives were studied, and false memory for expectancy target words was tested in neutral and alcohol contexts. Results indicated that in the alcohol context heavier drinkers showed more false memory for alcohol expectancy words than they did in a neutral context. Differences were not found for lighter drinkers. These results were consistent with alcohol expectancy theory, which was then compared with various forms of association theory in explaining these results and larger issues in the addiction field. A database now composed of hundreds of studies supports alcohol expectancies as a construct that may be understood to influence alcohol consumption (Goldman, 2002). Studies based on psychometric instruments show that expectancies correlate with reports of alcohol use, accounting for up to 50% of the variance in drinking outcomes in error attenuated models; are found in children before drinking begins and predict drinking prospectively as children mature into adolescence and adulthood; increase as drinking increases; decrease as drinking decreases in early adulthood; and mediate the influence of other known antecedents of drinking risk. Providing perhaps the most stringent form of evidence, recent experimental studies have shown that expectancies, operationally defined in a more extended fashion, can be manipulated with consequent change in drinking levels (Darkes & Goldman, 1998; Roehrich & Goldman, 1995; Stein, Goldman, & Del Boca, 2000). That the expectancy construct would be useful in organizing information in the alcohol field should not be surprising in that in recent years it has become a platform for generating theories that can explain a wide variety of psy
Topographic power spectral density study of the effect of surface treatment processes on niobium for superconducting radio frequency accelerator cavities

Microroughness is viewed as a critical issue for attaining optimum performance of superconducting radio frequency accelerator cavities. The principal surface smoothing methods are buffered chemical polish (BCP) and electropolish (EP). The resulting topography is characterized by atomic force microscopy (AFM). The power spectral density (PSD) of AFM data provides a more thorough description of the topography than a single-value roughness measurement. In this work, one dimensional average PSD functions derived from topography of BCP and EP with different controlled starting conditions and durations have been fitted with a combination of power law, K correlation, and shifted Gaussian models to extract characteristic parameters at different spatial harmonic scales. While the simplest characterizations of these data are not new, the systematic tracking of scale-specific roughness as a function of processing is new and offers feedback for tighter process prescriptions more knowledgably targeted at beneficial niobium topography for superconducting radio frequency applications.
Bedrock Infiltration and Mountain Block Recharge Accounting Using Chloride Mass Balance

Mountain front catchment net groundwater recharge (NR) represents the upper end of mountain block recharge (MBR) groundwater flow paths. Using environmental chloride in precipitation, streamflow and groundwater, we apply chloride mass balance (CMB) to estimate NR at multiple catchment scales within the 27 km2 Dry Creek Experimental Watershed (DCEW) on the Boise Front, southwestern Idaho. The estimate for average annual precipitation partitioning to NR is approximately 14% for DCEW. In contrast, as much as 44% of annual precipitation routes to NR in ephemeral headwater catchments. NR in headwater catchments is likely routed to downgradient springs, baseflow, and MBR, while downgradient streamflow losses contribute further to MBR. A key assumption in the CMB approach is that the change in stored chloride during the study period is zero. We found that this assumption is violated in some individual years, but that a 5-year integration period is sufficient. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Comparative Study of the Old Tuberculin Tine Test and the PPD-Tine Test

Forty-one children suspected of having tuberculosis were simultaneously given an intermediate strength Mantoux test, an old tuberculin tine test (OT), and a purified protein derivative (PPD) tine test. Each test was read at 48 hours, and the largest diameter of induration was recorded. Twenty-nine patients had a positive reaction to the Mantoux test, 20 patients had a positive reaction to the OT tine test, and 16 patients had a positive reaction to the PPD-tine test. There were seven instances of a doubtful reaction to the OT tine test and nine to the PPD-tine test. Two children with positive Mantoux tests had negative OT tine tests, and four with positive Mantoux tests had negative PPD-tine test reactions. There was a significant difference between the number of positive reactors to the Mantoux test and both tine tests. If all tine test reactions of 2 mm or more were considered positive (doubtful plus positive reactors), there was no significant difference between any of the tuberculin tests. All suggestively positive tine reactors should, therefore, be retested with a Mantoux test to avoid false-negative interpretation of the tines.
Dyna: a declarative language for implementing dynamic programs

We present the first version of a new declarative programming language. Dyna has many uses but was designed especially for rapid development of new statistical NLP systems. A Dyna program is a small set of equations, resembling Prolog inference rules, that specify the abstract structure of a dynamic programming algorithm. It compiles into efficient, portable, C++ classes that can be easily invoked from a larger application. By default, these classes run a generalization of agenda-based parsing, prioritizing the partial parses by some figure of merit. The classes can also perform an exact backward (outside) pass in the service of parameter training. The compiler already knows several implementation tricks, algorithmic transforms, and numerical optimization techniques. It will acquire more over time: we intend for it to generalize and encapsulate best practices, and serve as a testbed for new practices. Dyna is now being used for parsing, machine translation, morphological analysis, grammar induction, and finite-state modeling.
Characterization and recognition of underwater transient signals

Underwater transient signals are caused by mechanically induced or flow-radiated noises. Characterization and recognition study of the under-water transients is fundamentally important in ship silencing and vulnerability assessment. Past work has used mainly speech processing methods to study the transients. In this paper a critical comparison is made between the transients and speech. Emphasis is placed on the use of low order modelling for representation of the transient signal, segmentation or extraction of events, cluster analysis and classification of transient events. For segmentation, an algorithm is presented that employs an entropy distance based on the covariance estimate of the autoregressive model. By narrowing down to event portions of the transients, which has not been done before, it is shown that effective characterization, segmentation and recognition of underwater transients can be achieved with low-order model at very modest computation cost.
Chemical amplification resists: Inception, implementation in device manufacture, and new developments

The chemical amplification concept aimed at dramatically boosting the resist sensitivity was invented at IBM Research in San Jose, CA, in 1980. The sensitivity enhancement is achieved by generating acid by irradiation, which induces a cascade of chemical transformations in a resist film. A chemically amplified resist based on acid-catalyzed deprotection was quickly employed in the mid-80s in manufacture of 1 megabit (Mbit) dynamic random access memory (DRAM) devices by deep ultraviolet (UV) (∼250 nm) lithography in IBM. The unexpectedly high-resolution capability of chemical amplification resists promoted their acceptance in the resist community and the microelectronics industry. All the advanced lithographic technologies (current workhorse 248 nm, maturing 193 nm, and emerging 157 nm, extreme UV, and projection electron beam) depend on chemical amplification resists. This article describes the invention, implementation in device manufacturing, current status, and future perspective of chemical amplification resists. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 41: 3863–3870, 2003
TRPV1, but not TRPA1, in Primary Sensory Neurons Contributes to Cutaneous Incision-Mediated Hypersensitivity:

Mechanisms underlying postoperative pain remain poorly understood. In rodents, skin-only incisions induce mechanical and heat hypersensitivity similar to levels observed with skin plus deep incisions. Therefore, cutaneous injury might drive the majority of postoperative pain. TRPA1 and TRPV1 channels are known to mediate inflammatory and nerve injury pain, making them key targets for pain therapeutics. These channels are also expressed extensively in cutaneous nerve fibers. Therefore, we investigated whether TRPA1 and TRPV1 contribute to mechanical and heat hypersensitivity following skin-only surgical incision. Behavioral responses to mechanical and heat stimulation were compared between skin-incised and uninjured, sham control groups. Elevated mechanical responsiveness occurred 1 day post skin-incision regardless of genetic ablation or pharmacological inhibition of TRPA1. To determine whether functional changes in TRPA1 occur at the level of sensory neuron somata, we evaluated cytoplasmic calcium changes in sensory neurons isolated from ipsilateral lumbar 3–5 DRGs of skin-only incised and sham wild type (WT) mice during stimulation with the TRPA1 agonist cinnamaldehyde. There were no changes in the percentage of neurons responding to cinnamaldehyde or in their response amplitudes. Likewise, the subpopulation of DRG somata retrogradely labeled specifically from the incised region of the plantar hind paw showed no functional up-regulation of TRPA1 after skin-only incision. Next, we conducted behavior tests for heat sensitivity and found that heat hypersensitivity peaked at day 1 post skin-only incision. Skin incision-induced heat hypersensitivity was significantly decreased in TRPV1-deficient mice. In addition, we conducted calcium imaging with the TRPV1 agonist capsaicin. DRG neurons from WT mice exhibited sensitization to TRPV1 activation, as more neurons (66%) from skin-incised mice responded to capsaicin compared to controls (46%), and the sensitization occurred specifically in isolectin B4 (IB4)-positive neurons where 80% of incised neurons responded to capsaicin compared to just 44% of controls. Our data suggest that enhanced TRPA1 function does not mediate the mechanical hypersensitivity that follows skin-only surgical incision. However, the heat hypersensitivity is dependent on TRPV1, and functional up-regulation of TRPV1 in IB4-binding DRG neurons may mediate the heat hypersensitivity after skin incision injury.
An unusual case of endocarditis in a dialysis patient.

A 53-year-old male on haemodialysis presented with 1 month of right-sided pleuritic chest pain, low-grade fever and haemoptysis. He was on haemodialysis via arteriovenous fistula in the right forearm for 3 years. He had recently completed interferon treatment for chronic hepatitis C. He had a 30-pack-year smoking history. Medications at presentation included moxifloxacin for presumed pneumonia. Examination revealed sternal tenderness, decreased breath sounds at the right lung base and pedal oedema. He remained afebrile throughout his stay. Labwork showed microcytic anaemia (Hb 11 gm/dl), leucocytosis with significant neutrophilia
History of Cardiac Rehabilitation

Coronary artery disease is one of the leading causes of death in the United States. The early decades of the nineteenth century witnessed small gains in the diagnosis and treatment of the coronary patient. The most remarkable advances in the management of coronary disease, however, have occurred over the last three decades. This article will review the evolution of cardiac rehabilitation as a formalized method of patient management and the emerging role of the physical therapist in providing a variety of health services to the coronary population.
Gluino condensation in an interacting instanton ensemble

We perform a semi-classical study of chiral symmetry breaking and of the spectrum of the Dirac operator in QCD with adjoint fermions. For this purpose we calculate matrix elements of the adjoint Dirac operator between instanton zero modes and study their symmetry properties. We present simulations of the instanton ensemble for different numbers of Majorana fermions in the adjoint representation. These simulations provide evidence that instantons lead to gluino condensation in supersymmetric gluodynamics.
Where temperate meets tropical: Multi-factorial effects of elevated CO2, nitrogen enrichment, and competition on a mangrove-salt marsh community

Our understanding of how elevated CO 2 and interactions with other factors will affect coastal plant communities is limited. Such information is particularly needed for transitional communities where major vegetation types converge. Tropical mangroves (Avicennia germinans) intergrade with temperate salt marshes (Spartina alterniflora) in the northern Gulf of Mexico, and this transitional community represents an important experimental system to test hypotheses about global change impacts on critical ecosystems. We examined the responses of A. germinans (C 3 ) and S. altemiflora (C 4 ), grown in monoculture and mixture in mesocosms for 18 months, to interactive effects of atmospheric CO 2 and pore water nitrogen (N) concentrations typical of these marshes. A. germinans, grown without competition from S. alterniflora, increased final biomass (35%) under elevated CO 2 treatment and higher N availability. Growth of A. germinans was severely curtailed, however, when grown in mixture with S. altemiflora, and enrichment with CO 2 and N could not reverse this growth suppression. A field experiment using mangrove seedlings produced by CO 2 - and N-enriched trees confirmed that competition from S. altemiflora suppressed growth under natural conditions and further showed that herbivory greatly reduced survival of all seedlings. Thus, mangroves will not supplant marsh vegetation due to elevated CO 2 alone, but instead will require changes in climate, environmental stress, or disturbance to alter the competitive balance between these species. However, where competition and herbivory are low, elevated CO 2 may accelerate mangrove transition from the seedling to sapling stage and also increase above- and belowground production of existing mangrove stands, particularly in combination with higher soil N.
HOLE CONDUCTORS AND SUPERCONDUCTORS

A fundamental asymmetry exists between electrons and holes in solids. Electrons at the Fermi surface give rise to high conductivity and normal metallic behavior, holes at the Fermi surface yield poor conductivity and give rise to superconductivity. We review here the theoretical basis for this assertion and its implications, particularly for the understanding of high temperature superconductivity in oxides.
Effective Project Management: A Knowledge Management And Organizational Citizenship Behavior Approach

In the current complex business environment, projects are viewed as critical building blocks for organizational success. In fact, there seems to be a powerful interaction between the flow of project work and the flow of knowledge in an organization. Such interaction leads to the exploration of the concept of effective Knowledge Management strategies for Project Management based on the guiding principles of Organizational Citizenship Behavior. In the past, Knowledge Management has been thought of as the collection of technological assets and managerial policies that compensate for information failures. Recent studies have uncovered the popularity of Knowledge Management research since most project environments have the potential, but do not promote personal information sharing.
FIV as a Model for HIV: An Overview

Animal models for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection play a key role in understanding the pathogenesis of AIDS and the development of therapeutic agents and vaccines. As the only lentivirus that causes an immunodeficiency resembling that of HIV infection, in its natural host, feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) has been a unique and powerful model for AIDS research. FIV was first described in 1987 by Niels Pedersen and co-workers as the causative agent for a fatal immunodeficiency syndrome observed in cats housed in a cattery in Petaluma, California. Since this landmark observation, multiple studies have shown that natural and experimental infection of cats with biological isolates of FIV produces an AIDS syndrome very similar in pathogenesis to that observed for human AIDS. FIV infection induces an acute viremia associated with Tcell alterations including depressed CD4 :CD8 T-cell ratios and CD4 T-cell depletion, peripheral lymphadenopathy, and neutropenia. In later stages of FIV infection, the host suffers from chronic persistent infections that are typically self-limiting in an immunocompetent host, as well as opportunistic infections, chronic diarrhea and wasting, blood dyscracias, significant CD4 T-cell depletion, neurologic disorders, and B-cell lymphomas. Importantly, chronic FIV infection induces a progressive lymphoid and CD4 T-cell depletion in the infected cat. The primary mode of natural FIV transmission appears to be blood-borne facilitated by fighting and biting. However, experimental infection through transmucosal routes (rectal and vaginal mucosa and perinatal) have been well documented for specific FIV isolates. Accordingly, FIV disease pathogenesis exhibits striking similarities to that described for HIV-1 infection.
Band gap shifting of CdTe/PbTe superlattices on ITO for solar cell

Electrochemical Atomic Layer Deposition (EC-ALD) has been used to fabricate three different superlattice structures of CdTe/PbTe thin films on ITO coated glass: (CdTe20/PbTe20)3, (CdTe10/PbTe20)3 and (CdTe5/PbTe20)3. These are intended to serve as the absorber layer of a solar cell. In our experiments, Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) and current monitoring helped us obtain appropriate deposition potentials. The grain sizes of the superlattices were studied by using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The chemical composition of the films was determined by Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS). Optical absorption measurements were made in order to determine the band gap energy of the deposited films. We successfully shifted the bandgaps of CdTe/PbTe superlattices on ITO from 1.9 eV to 3.2 eV by changing the proportion of CdTe in the CdTe/PbTe pair.
Variations in Neuropathology and Pathophysiology Over Time and Among Areas in a Rat Model of Focal Cerebral Ischemia

Immediately after occluding a cerebral artery, blood flow drops in the tissue perfused by that vessel. If perfusion is not restored shortly thereafter by collateral flow or opening the occluded artery, then brain cells become irreversibly injured and die. During and after middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion, the pattern of neuronal, glial, and microvascular damage and death appears to vary over time and among brain areas. Blood flow and blood-brain barrier (BBB) function may change with time and differ among brain areas and somehow be related to the ischemia-induced structural alterations, either driving the latter or resulting from them or both. In the present study, it is hypothesized and tested that there are significant differences both over time and in manifestation of ischemic damage among affected brain areas. If these possible variations prove to be real and significant, then stroke treatment may require combination therapy.
Computer Use and Cognitive Style

AbstractAttempts to identify variables that predict attitudes toward computers and probable computer use have included some attention to the cognitive style construct. Because measures of cognitive style are often already available in educational settings, the construct would seem particularly relevant if the relationship between style and computer valence is evident. Using the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) to assess cognitive style, this study found a relationship between style preferences and selected computer use and attitude variables in a population of university students. These results suggest that attention should be given to both the direction of cognitive style preference and the strength of that preference.
Survival analysis: lessons from quantitative genetics.

Symposia such as this provide a unique opportunity to evolve interdisciplinary strategies for solving scientific problems. Quantitative and behavioral genetics illustrate the wealth of natural experimental material to be obtained from the study of individual differences and the correlations between relatives. The study of natural variation and familial resemblances can help us understand the genetic and environmental regulation of any process and there are areas of theory and knowledge which suggest models, methods and paradigms which would be valuable in analysing the processes underlying aging. It has become increasingly clear that the timing of onset of disease is correlated in families (Farrer and Conneally, 1985), but that there are important individual differences in age-dependent processes, the elucidation of which may help us understand more about the genetic and environmental control of aging. In my brief discussion I want to summarize the basic issues of genetic analysis of individual differences and then suggest how some of the mathematical models geneticists have devised might be used to study aging.
A CASE OF FOURNIER'S SYNDROME DUE TO PERFORATED APPENDICITIS

Fournier's syndrome is a specific type of necrotic fasciitis. It is a fulminating infection characterized by a rapid progress of necrosis of subcutaneous tissue covering from the lower abdomen to scrotum. An 11-year-old boy was transferred to our clinic because of remarcable swelling and redness of the lower abdominal and scrotal skin with pair. Since physical findings and a ultrasonography were suggestive of panperitonitis due to perforation of acute appendicitis, an appendectomy and peritoneal drainage were carried out. After the surgery, necrosis of the skin and the fascia of the lower abdominal wall and scrotum developed rapidly and the patient became septic. Extensive debridement and drainage were needed to control the infection and to save the patient's life. Fournier's syndrome is a rare entity but it has to be recognized as a life-threatening complication of acute appendicitis. Both early diagnosis and extensive surgical excision of the involved tissue with drainage are essential to save the patient.
LIMIT-CYCLE SHAPE -OPTIMIZATION USING TIME-DEPENDE.NT TRANSONIC EQUATION

The problem of shape optimization for unsteady loads is considered. To demonstrate the present formulation, a periodic motion is assigned to an airfoil immersed in a transonic flowlield. During the optimization process, the loads on the body are determined efficiently by solving the time-dependent, transonic small disturbance equation in two- dimensions. A novel contitiuous adjoint approach is then developed to obtain the sensitivities of a sample objective functional with respect to the boundary shape. The paper includes the complete derivation of the adjoint equation, its boundary conditions, and the sensitivity .equation. It is shown that the adjoint equation exists if and only if the time peridd of interest spans one or more periods of the flow oscillations after the limit cycle has been attained Finally, the shape of a sinusoidally pitching airfoil is optimized in transonic flow for the unsteady loads.
Memory and Historiography of the Ethiopian Revolution

The Ethiopian Revolution (1974-75) represents one of the most defining milestones in the countrys modern history. It was exceptional in Africa and comparable to similar and contemporary landmarks beyond the continent such that in Iran. The lineage of the revolution is rooted in the formative developments of the past, especially the Ethiopian student movement of the 1960s. Its derivative - the radical changes it introduced - beginning in the mid-1970s, forever changed the face of Ethiopia. Understandably, there is a remarkable level of interest and scholarship on the revolution, which is an expression of its outsize significance. Nevertheless, memories and historiographies of this Ethiopian experiment - of rupture and restructure - are varied, fractured, multi-layered, and often oppositional. This invites two levels of intervention. The first - specific to the revolution - is for a shift of focus from recollections, largely simplistic and selective, to reflections that are deeper but embracing. The second, broader and historiographical, is for an interrogation of Ethiopias past, the contestation of which is highlighted by discussions of the revolution. In the final analysis, the aim of this exercise is not to construct a homogenizing narrative, which is hegemonic, but to account for the politics of memorizing and writing about the past.
The QUEST for Quality: What Are Medical Groups Doing About It?

Article-at-a-Glance Background It is important to know whether medical groups have quality improvement (QI) priorities, approaches, activities, and congruence that will allow them to achieve major improvements in quality of care. Methods Simultaneous surveys were sent to medical and administrative leaders of 18 medical groups, 84 of their constituent clinics, and their primary care physicians providing the majority of the primary care in the Minneapolis/St. Paul metropolitan area. Results Of the 18 medical groups, 17 have an overall physician leader for QI and 11 have the same at each of their constituent clinics. Nearly 100% of clinic leaders report their group leaders see QI as important and expect clinics to improve care, while 69%–84% of their physicians report the clinic leaders are committed to QI for diabetes and heart disease. Diabetes and coronary heart disease are the priorities for improvement by 14 and 12 medical groups respectively. Only seven groups report adequate QI resources and only three report that incentives are aligned with quality. Intermediate groups generally appear to be just as active and supportive of QI as large ones. Discussion These medical groups and their constituent clinics and physicians appear ready to work on the issues raised by the Institute of Medicine (IOM). However, they believe that limited resources and financial incentives that are not aligned with quality constrain their ability to help America cross the quality chasm.
Assessing the impact of common bile duct resection in the surgical management of gallbladder cancer

Although radical re-resection for gallbladder cancer (GBC) has been advocated, the optimal extent of re-resection remains unknown. The current study aimed to assess the impact of common bile duct (CBD) resection on survival among patients undergoing surgery for GBC.Patients undergoing curative-intent surgery for GBC were identified using a multi-institutional cohort of patients. Multivariable Cox-proportional hazards regression was performed to identify risk factors for a poor overall survival (OS).Among the 449 patients identified, 26.9% underwent a concomitant CBD resection. The median number of lymph nodes harvested did not differ based on CBD resection (CBD, 4 [IQR: 2-9] vs. no CBD, 3 [IQR: 1-7], P = 0.108). While patients who underwent a CBD resection had a worse OS, after adjusting for potential confounders, CBD resection did not impact OS (HR = 1.40, 95%CI 0.87-2.27, P = 0.170). Rather, the presence of advanced disease (T3: HR = 3.11, 95%CI 1.22-7.96, P = 0.018; T4: HR = 7.24, 95%CI 1.70-30.85, P = 0.007) and the presence of disease at the surgical margin (HR = 2.58, 95%CI 1.26-5.31, P = 0.010) were predictive of a worse OS.CBD resection did not yield a higher lymph node count and was not associated with an improved survival. Routine CBD excision in the re-resection of GBC is unwarranted and should only be performed selectively. J. Surg. Oncol. 2016;114:176-180. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Supraorbital Nerve Entrapment: Face

Supraorbital neuralgia is an uncommon cause of face pain that presents with symptoms of unilateral or bilateral intermittent forehead with tenderness over the distribution of the supraorbital nerve. Occasionally, patients may present with other symptoms such as blurred vision, nausea, and photophobia, thus confusing the diagnosis with other syndromes such as migraine-type headaches, cluster headaches, or sinusitis. However, the most common causes are trauma to the forehead and fluid retention, leading to entrapment of the supraorbital nerve. Treatment varies and should be directed to the cause itself. Treatment involves removing the irritating stimulus, medications, local anesthetic blockade, neurolysis of the nerve, neuromodulation, and surgical decompression.
Existence of Positive Solutions to a Family of Fractional Two-Point Boundary Value Problems

In this paper we will consider an nth order fractional boundary value problem with boundary conditions that include a fractional derivative at 1. We will develop properties of the Green’s Function for this boundary value problem and use these properties along with the Contraction Mapping Principle, and the Schuader’s, Krasnozel’skii’s, and Legget-Williams fixed point theorems to prove the existence of positive solutions under different conditions.
What’s good for the soil is good for the soul: scientific farming, environmental subjectivities, and the ethics of stewardship in southwestern Oklahoma

Based on 10 months of mixed ethnographic and archival research, this study is concerned with ways in which contemporary agro-environmental subjectivities and practices in a southwestern Oklahoma farming community are rooted in the massive state-level interventions of the New Deal era and their successors. We are likewise concerned with how those interventions have become interdigitated with moral discourses and community ethics, as simultaneous expressions of both farmers’ identities and the systems of power in which they practice farming. Through historic and ethnographic evidence, we demonstrate the ways in which the localization of American agricultural conservation and the attendant, edificatory role of resource bureaucracies have shaped contemporary practices and ideologies of natural resource stewardship among conventional farmers and ranchers.
Severe Pneumonia Caused by Legionella pneumophila: Differential Diagnosis and Therapeutic Considerations

Severe legionella pneumonia poses a diagnostic challenge and requires early intervention. Legionnaire's disease can have several presenting signs, symptoms, and laboratory abnormalities that suggest that Legionella pneumophila is the pathogen, but none of these are sufficient to distinguish L pneumophila pneumonia from other respiratory pathogens. L pneumophila is primarily an intracellular pathogen and needs treatment with antibiotics that efficiently enter the intracellular space.
Chemical thinning of grape clusters (Vitis vinifera L.)

Twelve thinning compounds were tested at 0.1 to 4,000 ppm on 'Carignane' and 'Thompson Seedless' clusters at 4 developmental stages (prebloom, bloom, fruit-set, and 2 weeks after fruit-set). Clusters were usually least sensitive to the compounds ut post fruit-set and, in general, 'Thompson Seedless' was more sensitive than 'Carignane'. On 'Thompson Seedless' the morphactin IT 5733 had a wider activity range than IT 5732 or IT 4433. Potassium iodide reduced set when applied at prebloom or bloom. Ethephon was usually effective at some concentration at all growth stages. Ascorbic acid, iso-ascorbic acid, and Pennthin usually were not significantly effective in thinning either cultivar. The 3-CPA had a wide range of activity on both cultivars at most stages of growth, and this compound at 10 ppm reduced number of berries at bloom and fruit set for 'Carignane' and 'Thompson Seedless', respectively. Iodoacetic acid at 1,000 ppm was effective in reducing number of berries in both cultivars at all growth stages. The 4-CPA at 100 ppm was effective at prebloom stage en 'Carignane', and .'.lt bloom on 'Thompson Seedless'. Salicylic acid at 1,000 ppm effectively reduced number of berries of each cultivar when applied at fruit-set stage.
Risk of Pancreatic Cancer in Patients With Pancreatic Cysts and Family History of Pancreatic Cancer

Background & Aims A diagnosis of pancreatic cancer in a first-degree relative increases an individuals' risk of this cancer. However, it is not clear whether this cancer risk increases in individuals with pancreatic cystic lesions who have a first-degree relative with pancreatic cancer. The Fukuoka criteria are used to estimate risk of pancreatic cancer for patients with pancreatic cystic lesions: individuals with cysts with high risk or worrisome features (Fukuoka positive) have a higher risk of pancreatic cancer than individuals without these features (Fukuoka negative). We aimed to compare the risk of pancreatic cancer and surgery based on presence or absence of pancreatic cystic lesions and a first-degree relative with pancreatic cancer. Methods We performed a retrospective study of patients seen at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota, from January 1, 2000, through December 31, 2012. We identified individuals with: pancreatic cystic lesions and first-degree relative with pancreatic cancer (group 1, n = 269), individuals with pancreatic cystic lesions but no first-degree relative with pancreatic cancer (group 2, n = 1195), and individuals without pancreatic cystic lesions but with a first-degree relative with pancreatic cancer (group 3, n = 720). We compared, among groups, as well among patients with cysts classified according to Fukuoka criteria, proportions of individuals who developed pancreatic cancer or underwent pancreatic surgery within a 5-year period. Results A significantly higher proportion of individuals in group 1 developed pancreatic cancer during the 5-year period than in group 3 (6.64% vs 1.69%; P = .03); there was no significant difference between the percentage of individuals in group 1 vs group 2 who developed pancreatic cancer (6.64% vs 4.05%; P = .41). There was no significant difference in pancreatic cancer development among individuals with Fukuoka-positive cysts with vs without a family history of pancreatic cancer ( P = .39). There was no significant difference in the proportion of patients in group 1 vs group 2 who underwent pancreatic surgery for their pancreatic cyst over the 5-year period (14.37% vs 11.80%; P = .59). Among patients with Fukuoka-negative cysts, a significantly higher proportion underwent surgery in group 1 than in group 2 (10.90% vs 5.90%; P = .03). However, among patients with Fukuoka-positive cysts, there was no difference in proportions of patients who underwent surgery between groups 1 and 2 ( P = .66). Conclusions In a retrospective study of patients with pancreatic cysts and/or cancer, we found that a family history of pancreatic cancer does not affect 5-year risk of pancreatic cancer in patients with pancreatic cystic lesions. Despite this, among patients with Fukuoka-negative cysts, a higher proportion of those with a family history of pancreatic cancer undergo surgery than patients without family history of pancreatic cancer.
A New Plantation World: Sporting Estates in the South Carolina Lowcountry, 1900–1940

In the era between the world wars, wealthy sportsmen and sportswomen created more than seventy large estates in the coastal region of South Carolina. By retaining select features from earlier periods and adding new buildings and landscapes, wealthy sporting enthusiasts created a new type of plantation. In the process, they changed the meaning of the word 'plantation', with profound implications for historical memory of slavery and contemporary views of the South. A New Plantation World is the first critical investigation of these 'sporting plantations'. By examining the process that remade former sites of slave labor into places of leisure, Daniel J. Vivian explores the changing symbolism of plantations in Jim Crow-era America.