cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dietary Flaxseed Supplementation Ameliorates Inflammation and Oxidative Tissue Damage in Experimental Models of Acute Lung Injury in Mice

Flaxseed (FS) is a nutritional supplement with high concentrations of (n-3) fatty acids and lignans that have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. The use of FS in the prevention or treatment of acute lung disease is unknown. In this study, we evaluated diets with high FS content in experimental murine models of acute lung injury and inflammation. The kinetics of lignan accumulation in blood, following 10% FS supplementation, was determined using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Mice were fed isocaloric control and 10% FS-supplemented diets for at least 3 wk and challenged by hyperoxia (80% oxygen), intratracheal instillation of lipopolysaccharide, or acid aspiration. Bronchoalveolar lavage was evaluated for white blood cells, neutrophils, and proteins after a 24 h postintratracheal challenge of hydrochloric acid or lipopolysaccharide, or after 6 d of hyperoxia. Lung lipid peroxidation was assessed by tissue malondialdehyde concentrations. The plasma concentrations of the FS lignans, enterodiol and enterolactone, were stable after mice had eaten the diets for 2 wk. Following hyperoxia and acid aspiration, bronchoalveolar lavage neutrophils decreased in FS-supplemented mice (P = 0.012 and P = 0.027, respectively), whereas overall alveolar white blood cell influx tended to be lower (P = 0.11). In contrast, neither lung injury nor inflammation was ameliorated by FS following lipopolysaccharide instillation. Lung malondialdehyde levels were lower in hyperoxic mice than in unchallenged mice (P = 0.0001), and decreased with FS treatment following acid aspiration (P = 0.011). Dietary FS decreased lung inflammation and lipid peroxidation, suggesting a protective role against pro-oxidant-induced tissue damage in vivo.
Two Outbreaks of Egg-Borne Salmonellosis and Implications for Their Prevention

Two large outbreaks of salmonellosis originating in Spokane, Wash, in 1962 and 1963 were traced to commercially baked meringue pies. The presumptive source was bulk egg whites produced locally. Approximately 15, 000 cans of frozen egg products were seized and examined bacteriologically. Of 1,131 core samples of egg whites, 235 (20.8%) were found contaminated with one or more of seven different salmonella serotypes. The heavy contamination of poultry feeds and bulking of large quantities of cracked and dirty eggs without pasteurization are believed to have been responsible for the outbreaks in Spokane as well as several other serious outbreaks documented since 1960.
A NEW ANALYSIS OF NEUTRON DIFFRACTION IN FERROMAGNETIC METALS

Based on the s-d exchange model we derive a convenient expression for the magnetic elastic diffuse scattering of neutrons in ferromagnetic dilute alloys in terms of the host metal susceptibilities. In evaluating the cross-section we consider the following two points : (1) The spin splitting of the host metal band due to the impurities and its effect on the magnetic susceptibility χmm(q). (2) The spin response to charge potential χme(q) in a spin-split band.
Diurnal drinking of rats with limbic system lesions maintained in an open vivarium.

Abstract The diurnal patterning of drinking of rats maintained in an open colony room was measured immediately following — and four weeks after — surgery. Drinking behavior was measured in operated control rats, or animals who had received lesions of the septum, dorsal hippocampus, habenula or combined destruction of habenula and medial-dorsal hippocampus (including part of the subiculum). Two daily measurements of water intake during weeks one and four postsurgery were made just after the lights came on in the morning and 12 hr later, just before the lights went off. All animals drank most of their water during the dark hours. However, despite the strong entraining cues available in any open colony room, rats with lesions of the dorsal hippocampus in the present experiment drank more in the light than any of the other groups. Rats with septal lesions did not drink more water per 24 hr than control animals during the first postsurgical week, but did so during the fourth week postsurgery. Lesions restricted to either the dorsal hippocampus or habenula did not alter the total amount of fluid consumed, but combined lesions involving both medial-dorsal hippocampus and habenula elevated water intake above that of all other groups both immediately after surgery and four weeks later. These results suggest that further behavioral fractionation of the limbic system may be possible. The importance of environmental isolation in the examination of circadian rhythms is inferred.
Integration of multi-resolution data for crop LAI estimation based on continuous wavelet

Leaf area index (LAI) of crop canopies is important for crop growth monitoring and yield estimation. Considering the practical need of achieving distribution properties of LAI at a special spatial scale, and the difficult acquisition of corresponding observations at the same scale, a method integrating multi-resolution data at larger scales based on continuous wavelet theory is proposed to provide a more effective LAI dataset. For this method, firstly multi-scale wavelet theory is selected for multi-resolution data decomposition, and then decomposed signals and statistics of observations are coupled for wavelet reconstruction. Finally, the new constructed data is used for LAI estimation through multiple linear regression method. Barley is selected as experimental object. The performance of this method is quantitatively analyzed by testing indicators, i.e. Number of effective bands, R2, and MRA. Theory analysis and numerical practices fully confirm the feasibility and validity of the proposed method in crop LAI estimation.
Task partitioning in honey bees: the roles of signals and cues in group-level coordination of action

The ecological success of the social insects depends on their ability to work with a unity of purpose. Task partitioning, breaking a task into subtasks performed by different individuals, is a key adaptation requiring group-level coordination of action. This study explores the communication processes that underlie task partitioning, focusing on the contrasting roles played by signals and cues. A fundamental problem of task partitioning is maintaining equal work outputs between the groups involved. Honey bees clearly use 2 mechanisms, and possibly a third, to achieve this goal. First, colonies make preemptive changes to their labor allocation by sending signals that are predictive of future work needs. Second, colonies are able to take measures to recalibrate the number of workers assigned to groups after unpredictable changes in work demand. Finally, colonies may be able to fine-tune the number of workers in task groups by modulating the activity rate of workers in time with changes in work demand. Based on this review of task partitioning, it is argued that signals are preferable to cues in some instances because they can be actively targeted to their recipients, as opposed to cues, which are passive sources of information. Furthermore, a recipient's behavioral state (active or inactive) does not affect their ability to receive signals, whereas it can for many cues. The results of this study should be broadly applicable, as wasp, bee, ant, and termite societies face similar problems and because data suggest that other social insects use similar communication mechanisms to bees. Copyright 2010, Oxford University Press.
Quantum electrodynamics and renormalization theory in the infinite momentum frame

Abstract Old fashioned (time-ordered) perturbation theory evaluated in the infinite momentum frame is shown to provide a viable calculational alternative to the usual Feynman procedure for quantum electrodynamics. The renormalization procedure can be implemented in a straightforward manner. We also introduce a convenient method for automatically including Z-graph (backward-moving fermion) contributions. We have calculated the electron anomalous moment through fourth order in perturbation theory in agreement with the Sommerfield-Petermann results, and have calculated representative contributions to the sixth order moment. Our results agree with those of Levine and Wright. The validity of the infinite momentum method as a renormalizable calculational procedure in quantum electrodynamics gives field-theoretic parton calculations for composite particles a rigorous basis, provided that a covariant regularization procedure is used. These new techniques also show how to renormalize field theory quantized on the light cone and how to implement the Feynman gauge.
Financial viability of reforesting reclaimed surface mined lands, the burden of site conversion costs, and carbon payments as reforestation incentives

Abstract US Federal law mandates that mined land be returned by mine operators to a condition capable of supporting its pre-mining use or a higher use. Previously forested lands have commonly been reclaimed to hayland/pasture or wildlife habitat, and most of these lands have been abandoned from management and rendered non-productive. This situation has left landowners in the position of converting these reclaimed mined lands to forests at a later date, if they choose to make them economically productive. Such land-use conversion, however, comes with a substantial up-front cost to the landowner, which makes the financial viability of such a conversion questionable. We examine the financial viability of reforestation of these previously reclaimed mine lands by calculating land expectation value (LEV) under a range of conditions that include forest type, site quality, and reforestation intensity. We find that conversion to white pine is viable on higher quality sites under low to moderate interest rates with low or high timber prices, but conversion to mixed hardwoods is only profitable under the high price scenario with low interest rates, and only on higher quality sites. We also consider the implications of a shift in reforestation burden from the landowner to the mine operator, and results suggest that including costs of reforestation as part of the mining operation creates a financially viable forest enterprise for landowners under all scenarios for both white pine and mixed hardwoods. Two forms of carbon payments that could encourage reforestation of previously reclaimed mined lands also are examined: an annual payment based upon the total accumulated carbon found on-site in a given year, and an annual payment based on only the increment of carbon storage each year. Our carbon payment results indicate that annual values of up to $5.17 per ton of carbon stored in hardwoods and $9.39 per ton of carbon stored in pines would be required to make reforestation profitable under the poorest conditions (high interest rates, low prices, and poor quality site) when the payment is based on accumulated on-site carbon, although lower values are required under more favorable scenarios. Payments that are based upon the annual increment of carbon must fall in the range of $8.66–$71.88 per ton of carbon stored in hardwoods and $0–$83.29 per ton of carbon stored in pines to make reforestation financially viable.
Effects of estradiol-17β on cholesterol metabolism in the rat: A study using a deuterium label and mass spectrometry

The effect of estradiol-17beta (E2) on several important aspects of cholesterol metabolism were examined in the rat. Ovariectomized rats were implanted subcutaneously with 1 or 4 cm. of silastic tubing packed with E2, and were also given 2% D2O in their drinking water. The E2 diffused slowly out of the implants and the two different lengths of tubing resulted in constant E2 blood concentrations of either high (4.0 cm) or physiological (1.0 cm) levels. By measuring the rate of incorporation of deuterium into plasma cholesterol by mass spectrometry over a period of 42 days, we determined the rate constant of cholesterol synthesis and cholesterol turnover time and rate under two E2 dosage conditions. E2 treatment did not affect the rate constant of cholesterol turnover rate (mg synthesized/day) showed a dose dependent reduction with increasing doses of E2. This may be secondarily caused by E2's suppression of both food intake and subsequent weight gain; E2 treated animals are smaller and, therefore, synthesize less cholesterol per day. Additionally, E2 treated animals showed a rise in plasma cholesterol levels and in the fraction of labeled cholesterol appearing in the plasma.
High field charge carrier transport in silver halides at low temperatures

Abstract It is suggested that a number of experimental data on charge carrier transport in AgCl and AgBr at low temperatures (T = 2°K, 6.5°K), in electric fields (0 ⩽ ∄ ≲ 800 V/cm) can be explained by departures from Ohm's law which easily take place at only a few volts/cm. As ∄ increases, momentum scattering by impurities is gradually replaced by acoustic scattering. The presence in these experiments of magnetic fields (0 ⩽ H ≲ 10 kG) has the opposite effect, as these tend to restore Ohm's law. The results are very good for AgCl and strongly suggest scattering by dipole (rather than single ionized) impurities. The case of AgBr is not so clear and the existing evidence is tentatively interpreted in favour of ionized impurity scattering. The possible role of optical modes in the energy loss mechanism is briefly discussed.
Tumor Suppressor Gene-Derived Peptide Antigens

Abstract Foreign and self endogenous proteins can be processed and presented as peptides bound to class I and II MHC to CD8 or CD4-positive T cells. In the case of mutant tumor suppressor proteins, proteosomal processing of the mutant protein could occur either in the tumor cell or in an antigen-presenting cell to generate a variety of peptides that can be transported into the endoplasmic reticulum and loaded on the MHC. These peptides may induce tumor suppressor specific T cells in the presence of sufficient T help and costimulation. In human cancer, p53 is frequently found to be both somatically mutant and overexpressed. We and others are currently investigating the potential of peptide-induced cellular immunotherapy to induce cytotoxic T cells to peptides containing point mutant p53, or other oncogene products, thus potentially inducing tumor-specific cellular immunity. There are many potential prerequisites for successful immunotherapeutic targeting of intracellular antigens such as p53, including: (1) the protein must have a sufficient expression level; (2) it should be a candidate for proteolytic degradation and transport into the ER; (3) the tumor-specific epitope must have adequate affinity to the corresponding MHC restriction element; (4) the MHC complex must be expressed at sufficient levels on the cell surface to make the tumor-specific epitope accessible to T cells; and (5) the method of therapeutic immunization must effectively induce oncopeptide-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes.
Phosphor: illuminating dynamic data flow in commodity jvms

Dynamic taint analysis is a well-known information flow analysis problem with many possible applications. Taint tracking allows for analysis of application data flow by assigning labels to data, and then propagating those labels through data flow. Taint tracking systems traditionally compromise among performance, precision, soundness, and portability. Performance can be critical, as these systems are often intended to be deployed to production environments, and hence must have low overhead. To be deployed in security-conscious settings, taint tracking must also be sound and precise. Dynamic taint tracking must be portable in order to be easily deployed and adopted for real world purposes, without requiring recompilation of the operating system or language interpreter, and without requiring access to application source code. We present Phosphor, a dynamic taint tracking system for the Java Virtual Machine (JVM) that simultaneously achieves our goals of performance, soundness, precision, and portability. Moreover, to our knowledge, it is the first portable general purpose taint tracking system for the JVM. We evaluated Phosphor's performance on two commonly used JVM languages (Java and Scala), on two successive revisions of two commonly used JVMs (Oracle's HotSpot and OpenJDK's IcedTea) and on Android's Dalvik Virtual Machine, finding its performance to be impressive: as low as 3% (53% on average; 220% at worst) using the DaCapo macro benchmark suite. This paper describes our approach toward achieving portable taint tracking in the JVM.
Parametric empirical Bayes estimates of disease prevalence using stratifed samples from community populations

Studies of chronic diseases in a community setting often employ stratified sample designs to enable the study to attain multiple research goals at a reasonable cost. One important goal is estimation of disease prevalence in the whole community and in important subgroups. Some adjustment for the sample design is necessary; if the design has many strata with very disparate sampling fractions, simply upweighting observed stratum prevalences may lead to unstable estimators. We propose a parametric empirical Bayes estimator in the spirit of the work of Efron and Morris, and we compare it to the direct upweighted estimator and a regression-smoothed estimator. Simulation studies in realistic settings suggest that the new estimator performs best, giving estimates with low bias and good precision under a variety of models.
Computationally efficient method for the solution of a singular integro-differential equation

Abstract A computationally efficient method is presented for the solution of a singular integro-differential equation which is the governing equation for a non-Hertzian contact problem in plane elasticity. The efficiency of this solution method is realized by formulating the elasticity problem in the complex domain and selecting an approximating function which is sectionally holomorphic and expandable by a series of Legendre polynomials.
Uniform selection in global games

Abstract This paper brings together results which are required in order to extend the global games approach to settings where the game structure is endogenous. More precisely, it shows that the selection argument of Carlsson and van Damme [Global games and equilibrium selection, Econometrica 61(5) (1993) 989–1018] holds uniformly over appropriately controlled families of games. Those results also give proper justification for the inversion of limits which is often implicit in applied work taking comparative statics on the selected risk-dominant equilibrium.
Selective staining of actin in live human dermal fibroblast cells using quantum dots

Semiconductor quantum dots (QD) are nanometer size fluorophores with improved brightness, resistance against photobleaching and narrow emission bands. These properties make QDs ideal for ultrasensitive imaging of biomolecules in living cells, in multiplexed format. By conjugating QDs with a delivery agent such as TAT peptide and a target-recognition element such as an antibody, we have delivered and imaged target-specific fluorescent probes in living cells. In this work, we demonstrate staining of actin filaments in living Human Dermal Fibroblast (HDF) cells using QD probes functionalized with monoclonal actin antibody. Actin probes were developed by coupling streptavidin coated QDs (λ em = 605 nm, QDC Corp.) to biotinylated monoclonal β-actin antibody. Antibody molecules on QDs were conjugated with the TAT peptide. Finally, HDF cells were incubated with the QD-actin antibody-TAT construct. As expected, the characteristic fine streaks of actin filaments were observed in the cells and on the periphery of the cells, similar to phalloidin staining of actin filaments in fixed cells. Using a similar approach, one may image cellular components, proteins or nucleic acids, in a living cell, in real time.
Controlled growth of ZnSeTe superlattices with sinusoidal compositional modulation

We have fabricated ZnSeTe sinusoidal superlattices, i.e., periodic structures in which the concentration of Se and Te varies sinusoidally along the direction of growth. This was accomplished by means of a novel molecular-beam epitaxy growth technique in which the periodic modulation is achieved by substrate rotation in the presence of nonuniform flux distributions of Se and Te, rather than by shutter openings and closings. Superlattices fabricated by this technique indeed result in remarkably regular sinusoidal (or very nearly sinusoidal) compositional profiles, as inferred from the presence of only the first superlattice harmonics in the x-ray spectra observed on these novel structures. In addition to the structural analysis, we present extensive photoluminescence data which also provide clear evidence for the formation of a superlattice by this method of growth. Finally, we discuss the special advantages of such a shutterless method of superlattice fabrication, and the consequences of commensurability o...
Isotopic effects in fracture-dominated reactive fluid–rock systems

Abstract A mathematical model is presented that describes the effects of pore fluid aqueous diffusion and reaction rate on the isotopic exchange between fluids and rocks in reactive geo-hydrological systems where flow is primarily through fractures. The model describes a simple system with parallel equidistant fractures, and chemical transport in the matrix slabs between fractures by aqueous diffusion through a stagnant pore fluid. The solid matrix exchanges isotopes with pore fluid by solution–precipitation at a rate characterized by a time constant, R (yr −1 ), which is an adjustable parameter. The effects of reaction on the isotopes of a particular element in the fracture fluid are shown to depend on the ratio of the diffusive reaction length for that element ( L ) to the fracture spacing ( b ). The reaction length depends on the solid–fluid exchange rate within the matrix, the partitioning of the element between the matrix pore fluid and the matrix solid phase, the porosity and density of the matrix, and the aqueous diffusivity. For L / b L / b relative to a standard porous flow (single porosity) model. For L / b > 1, the parallel fracture model is no different from a porous flow model. If isotopic data are available for two or more elements with different L values, it may be possible to use the model with appropriate isotopic measurements to estimate the spacing of the primary fluid-carrying fractures in natural fluid–rock systems. Examples are given using Sr and O isotopic data from mid-ocean ridge (MOR) hydrothermal vent fluids and Sr isotopes in groundwater aquifers hosted by fractured basalt. The available data for MOR systems are consistent with average fracture spacing of 1–4 m. The groundwater data suggest larger effective fracture spacing, in the range 50–500 m. In general, for fractured rock systems, the effects of fracture–matrix diffusive exchange must be considered when comparing isotopic exchange effects for different elements, as well as for estimating water age using radioactive and cosmogenic isotopes.
Complementarity of ultrasound and fluorescence imaging in an orthotopic mouse model of pancreatic cancer

Pancreatic cancer is a devastating disease characterized by dismal 5-year survival rates and limited treatment options. In an effort to provide useful models for preclinical evaluation of new experimental therapeutics, we and others have developed orthotopic mouse models of pancreatic cancer. The utility of these models for pre-clinical testing is dependent upon quantitative, noninvasive methods for monitoring in vivo tumor progression in real time. Toward this goal, we performed whole-body fluorescence imaging and ultrasound imaging to evaluate and to compare these noninvasive imaging modalities for assessing tumor burden and tumor progression in an orthotopic mouse model of pancreatic cancer. The human pancreatic cancer cell line XPA-1, engineered for stable, high-level expression of red fluorescent protein (RFP), was implanted into the pancreas of nude mice using orthotopic implantation. The tumors were allowed to grow over a period of one to several weeks during which time the mice were imaged using both fluorescence imaging and ultrasound imaging to measure tumor burden and to monitor tumor growth. Whole-body fluorescence imaging and ultrasound imaging both allowed for the visualization and measurement of orthotopic pancreatic tumor implants in vivo. The imaging sessions were well-tolerated by the mice and yielded data which correlated well in the quantitative assessment of tumor burden. Whole-body fluorescence and two-dimensional ultrasound imaging showed a strong correlation for measurement of tumor size over a range of tumor sizes (R2 = 0.6627, P = 0.003 for an exposure time of 67 msec and R2 = 0.6553, P = 0.003 for an exposure time of 120 msec). Our findings suggest a complementary role for fluorescence imaging and ultrasound imaging in assessing tumor burden and tumor progression in orthotopic mouse models of human cancer.
Cross-modal covariance as a key for the maturation of multisensory integration

The ability to integrate information derived from different senses matures over a protracted period of postnatal development. In the superior colliculus (SC), a midbrain structure responsible detecting and orienting to sensory events, this maturational profile is characterized by the gradual appearance of neurons sensitive to more than one modality, and later, by the ability of these neurons to integrate the modality-specific information they receive. It is likely that associative learning principles are at play in guiding multisensory development as the organism gains experience with cross-modal cues. To gain insight into the critical experiential requirements, cats were reared in omnidirectional sound (i.e., noise), a sensory landscape designed to provide co-activation of visual (normal, and discrete) and auditory (ambient, and diffuse) inputs to SC neurons, but to obviate a key requirement of Hebbian-based learning rules via the imposition of uncorrelated noise on one sensory-specific channel (i.e., auditory). The present findings establish that co-activation of sensory-specific SC input channels is not sufficient for SC neurons to develop the ability to integrate cross-modal information. By decoupling cross-modal co-activation and cross-modal co-variance, the noise rearing paradigm provides a key insight lacking from prior studies using dark-rearing or random exposure to visual and auditory stimuli. Thus, the data provide strong evidence that the maturation of SC multisensory integration capabilities requires the encoding of statistical regularities between the cross-modal cues that characterize the rearing environment.
Control of intraocular pressure with apraclonidine hydrochloride after cataract extraction.

We conducted a randomly assigned, double-masked, controlled clinical trial to assess the efficacy of 1% apraclonidine hydrochloride in controlling postoperative intraocular pressure increases in patients undergoing extracapsular cataract extraction. Apraclonidine hydrochloride was given either one hour preoperatively or immediately after uncomplicated, extracapsular cataract extraction with posterior chamber intraocular lens implantation and compared with artificial tears given immediately postoperatively. Those who received apraclonidine hydrochloride preoperatively had significantly lower mean intraocular pressure at the first postoperative reading (P = .0005). After preoperative and postoperative apraclonidine hydrochloride, the mean early postoperative intraocular pressure was 19.8 mm Hg and 32.0 mm Hg, respectively, and 27.6 mm Hg after artificial tears. No patient who received preoperative apraclonidine hydrochloride had an intraocular pressure increase to 30 mm Hg or higher postoperatively. Nine of 20 patients (45%) who received postoperative apraclonidine hydrochloride and eight of 18 patients (44%) who received postoperative artificial tears had an increase of intraocular pressure to 30 mm Hg or higher in the early postoperative period. These differences were also highly significant (P = .0005).
Cardiovascular Disease and Fiber: Is Insulin Resistance the Missing Link?

Multiple mechanisms are likely for any effect of fiber on cardiovascular disease risk. One component that is described is the hypocholesterolemic activity of soluble fibers as they bind bile acids. New epidemiologic evidence indicates that fiber's modulation of insulin secretion and resistance deserves additional attention.
Kapitza resistance: Axiomatic acoustic mismatch theory with loss

We examine the anatomy of the quantitative properties of thermal transport across a solid-liquid boundary as it is described by acoustic mismatch theory. The single parameter, the Kapitza resistance, is a function of four loss parameters and one thermal transport parameter, the thermal diffusivity of the fluid. The loss parameters are to be determined from the dispersion relations for phonons at the peak of the thermal excitation in the material. The temperature dependence of the Kapitza resistance depends on the variation of the phonon excitation in the material with temperature, the familiar temperature-cubed factor, and the variation of the loss factors with temperature and frequency for phonons at the thermal peak, and the variation of the diffusivity with temperature. Since these parameters are undetermined and experimentally rather inaccessible, we conclude that for the present the Kapitza resistance must be viewed as a technological heat transport parameter. Some discussion is given of the part played by second sound in helium II in the surface heat transport process.
GRADUATE STUDENT COHORTS: HOW WELL DO THEY FUNCTION?

Advocates for educational reform have focused on revising the instructional delivery system, arguing for more personalized, student-centered programs designed with the adult learner in mind. This article discusses the cohort approach tq graduate studies, defined as progams of study wherein groups of individuals work collaboratively and individually toward common personal and professional goals, and outlines components of successful cohort development. In addition, the article reviews a functioning doctoral cohort in Early Childhood Education and discusses its advantages and disadvantages from the perspective of both student and faculty. Finally, directions for future research are presented.
Piscivorous fishes diet dominated by the Asian cyprinid invader, topmouth gudgeon (Pseudorasbora parva)

Predation on the non-native cyprinid, Pseudorasbora parva, was reported during an annual study in a small connecting canal about 40 km south of Brno, Czech Republic. Two cyprinid fish species (Pseudorasbora parva, Rutilus rutilus) were identified in the diet of 23 piscivores belonging to three native fishes (Perca fluviatilis, Sander lucioperca, Esox lucius). The relative abundance of prey fishes changed seasonally and was dominated by the topmouth gudgeon in spring. Thereafter roach incidence continuously increased. In contrast, topmouth gudgeon was found to be a more sized-available prey and was the most dominant prey species in the diet of all piscivorous fishes during the whole season. Strong piscivory towards this alien might be beneficial for its eradication or control to support ecological integrity in natural and modified seminatural habitats.
Leader Creativity as a Predictor of Leading Change in Organizations1

This investigation examined leader creativity, broadly conceptualized as a confluence of personal attributes, as a predictor of leading change in organizations. Because organizational change occurs primarily in the social system in support of the technical system, the role of social-emotional competency was also examined. Two correlational studies were conducted in samples of U.S. Army officers. As predicted, leader creativity was a significant predictor of leading change. Creativity measures explained 42% of the variance in leading change performance measures in novice officers and 71% of the variance in early- to mid-career officers. Social-emotional competency was also a significant predictor of leading change, but less than creativity. “The art of the creative leader is the art of institution-building, the reworking of human and technological materials to fashion an organization that embodies new and enduring values” (Selznick, 1957, pp. 152–153).
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist use in men without a cancer registry diagnosis of prostate cancer

Use of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonists has become popular for virtually all stages of prostate cancer. We hypothesized that some men receive these agents after only a limited work-up for their cancer. Such cases may be missed by tumor registries, leading to underestimates of the total extent of GnRH agonist use. We used linked Surveillance, Epidemiology and End-Results (SEER)-Medicare data from 1993 through 2001 to identify GnRH agonist use in men with either a diagnosis of prostate cancer registered in SEER, or with a diagnosis of prostate cancer based only on Medicare claims (from the 5% control sample of Medicare beneficiaries residing in SEER areas without a registered diagnosis of cancer). The proportion of incident GnRH agonist users without a registry diagnosis of prostate cancer was calculated. Factors associated with lack of a registry diagnosis were examined in multivariable analyses. Of incident GnRH agonist users, 8.9% had no diagnosis of prostate cancer registered in SEER. In a multivariable logistic regression model, lack of a registry diagnosis of prostate cancer in GnRH agonist users was significantly more likely with increasing comorbidity, whereas it was less likely in men who had undergone either inpatient admission or procedures such as radical prostatectomy, prostate biopsy, or transurethral resection of the prostate. Reliance solely on tumor registry data may underestimate the rate of GnRH agonist use in men with prostate cancer.
Cell Scaffolds with Three-Dimensional Order: The Role of Modelling in Establishing Design Guidelines

The architectural uniformity of highly ordered cell scaffolds with inverted colloidal crystal geometry is exploited by modelling the movement of cells and nutrients in the scaffold using Brownian dynamics simulations. The extent of cell–scaffold interaction and the diffusion of the cells in the scaffold are explicitly examined. A procedure to identify a suitable region in the available design space is suggested and evaluated against earlier experimental observations.
CMOS-MEMS resonator as a signal generator for fully-adiabatic logic circuits

Fully-adiabatic (thermodynamically reversible) logic is one of the few promising approaches to low-power logic design. To maximize the system power-performance of an adiabatic circuit requires an ultra low-loss on-chip clock source, which can generate an output signal with a quasi-trapezoidal (flat-topped) voltage waveform. In this paper, we propose to use high- Q MEMS resonators to generate the custom waveform. The big challenge in the MEMS resonator design is that a non-sinusoidal (quasi-trapezoidal) waveform needs to be generated even though the resonator oscillates sinusoidally. Our solution is to customize the shape of the sens ing comb fingers of the resonator, with the result that the sensing capacitance varies quasi-trapezoidally. The effective quality factor and the area-effic iency of the microstructure have been optimized so as to minimize the whole systems power dissipation and cost at a given frequency. A resonator design with a 100 kHz resonant frequency based on a standard TSMC 0.35µm CMOS process has been fabricated. The resonator has an area of 300 µm by 160 µm with a thickness of 30 µm. Three-dimensional field simulation shows that the resonator generates a quasi-trapezoidal waveform when it operates at its resonance. An on-chip buffer is also designed for monitoring the waveform generated by the MEMS resonator. The post-CMOS fabrication process is compatible with standard CMOS processes. Thus the custom clock generator can be integrated with logic circuits on the same CMOS chip. The size of the MEMS resonator can be further reduced by design optimization and advances in micro/nano-fabrication technology. Keyword: Fully adiabatic logic circuits, quasi-trapezoidal signal, MEMS resonator, custom comb fingers, CMOS-MEMS, High- Q
Clinical outcomes in extracranial tumor sites and unusual toxicities with concurrent whole brain radiation (WBRT) and Erlotinib treatment in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with brain metastasis.

Abstract Background Thirty percent of newly diagnosed NSCLC patients present with synchronous brain metastases, most of whom are treated with whole brain radiation. Systemic chemotherapy is usually avoided during WBRT due to concerns regarding toxicity. However, concurrent administration of targeted agents, such as Erlotinib, during WBRT may address systemic disease without causing toxicity. We report our institutional data on outcomes and toxicities with this treatment approach. Materials and methods Medical records of patients with newly diagnosed NSCLC and brain metastases receiving concurrent WBRT and Erlotinib treatment were reviewed. Radiographic response to therapy and toxicities were analyzed. Result Eight patients were identified and 7 were evaluable for response. All patients had intracranial disease control. In the extracranial sites, 3 (37.5%, intent-to-treat) showed partial response (PR), 2 (25%) had stable disease (SD), 1 (12.5%) had progression (PD) and 1 (12.5%) had new air space disease obscuring tumor response assessment. Among the three responders, two were female never smokers, while one was a female current smoker. Unanticipated grade 3 hepatotoxitity, hyponatremia, mental status changes, grade 3 and 4 thrombocytopenia, and grade 4 neutropenia with sepsis were observed. Three deaths occurred without clear signs of disease progression: one from neutropenic sepsis, one from wide spread air space disease, and one from neurologic deterioration. Conclusion Our data demonstrates a high percentage of extracranial tumor response rates with first line Erlotinib in selected NSCLC patients. We observed unexpected serious complications and postulate possible mechanisms. We recommend caution to be exercised when considering Erlotinib treatment during WBRT, particularly in regard to drug–drug interactions and infection control. Data from prospective trials are needed to determine the benefits and toxicities of Erlotinib during WBRT.
DocBase: Design, Implementation and Evaluation of a Document Database for XML

This article introduces a complete storage and retrieval architecture for a database environment for XML documents. DocBase, a prototype system based on this architecture, uses a flexible storage and indexing technique to allow highly expressive queries without the necessity of mapping documents to other database formats. DocBase is an integration of several techniques that include i a formal model called Heterogeneous Nested Relations HNR, ii a conceptual model XER Extensible Entity Relationship, ii formal query languages Document Algebra and Calculus, iii a practical query language Document SQL or DSQL, iv a visual query formulation method with QBT Query By Templates, and v the DocBase query processing architecture. This paper focuses on the overall architecture of DocBase including implementation details, describes the details of the query-processing framework, and presents results from various performance tests. The paper summarizes experimental and usability analyses to demonstrate its feasibility as a general architecture for native as well as embedded document manipulation methods.
What we are learning from correlation measurements

Abstract The progress and status of correlation measurements and their interpretations is assessed. Particular attention is paid to recent results regarding the extraction of pion phase space densities, and signals of collective flow. Future directions are discussed.
Leaf folding in a sensitive plant: A defensive thorn-exposure mechanism?

Abstract Quantitative photographic evidence is presented indicating that in the sensitive plant Schrankia microphylla the leaf-folding response that accompanies the sensitive reaction results in a pronounced increase in thorn exposure. It is argued that in sensitive plants that are thorny, including other species of Schrankia, as well as Mimosa pudica, the plant in which the sensitive reaction is traditionally demonstrated, leaf folding may be a defensive adaptation.
Aspects of Green's function methods versus self-consistent field theory

The basic methods of solving fully symmetric, nonlinear theories are stated. These are discussed in terms of Green's function methods and self-consistent field theory methods. The equivalence of many-body theory based on Green's functions with quantum field theory, on which the self-consistent field theory is based, is reviewed. A number of similarities, differences, and cautions involved with these methods are determined. In particular, since very often both methods are based upon use of the adiabatic theorem, which is typicallynot applicable to the models under consideration, a deviation in the self-consistent theory is discussed that avoids this problem. A similar idea is used for solution of models with the functional integral method. Ferromagnetic models are used at various places in illustrating some of the ideas. By contrasting these methods further insight may be gained into solving nonlinear, physical theories.
Infrequent confirmation of visual field progression.

Abstract Objective To evaluate the effects of the repeatability criteria on the detection of change in visual fields by six progression algorithms used in standard automated perimetry. Design Retrospective, observational case series Participants Fifty-one glaucoma patients, each with multiple visual fields performed between May 1990 and December 1998, were included. Methods Each patient's set of visual fields were analyzed using the glaucoma change probability, the Early Manifest Glaucoma Trial (EMGT) algorithm, a modified glaucoma change probability score, a modified EMGT score, the Advanced Glaucoma Intervention Study algorithm, and the Collaborative Initial Glaucoma Treatment Study algorithm. Main outcome measures The effects of repeatability on the detection of field change, the level of agreement among algorithms, as well as the number of eyes identified as changed with each algorithm, were assessed. Results Mean follow-up was 34 months (range, 12–87 months). The average percentage of eyes with change based on three consecutive follow-up fields was 8.2% (4.0%–12.5%). However, of those showing change on the initial follow-up, this change from baseline was observed in subsequent examinations on average in 23% (18%–33%), depending on the algorithm. When change was based on just one field, four of the six algorithms noted a significantly greater number of eyes with change. The algorithms, however, did not differ significantly when confirmation of field change required two versus three consecutive follow-up visual fields. Conclusions Although current algorithms may help identify change, there are inconsistencies among them. We found that requiring repeatable change from baseline significantly reduces the number of changed eyes identified with each subsequent follow-up field. Identification and confirmation of change in visual fields plays an important role in helping to identify true glaucoma progression; however, the specific methods to do so have yet to be determined.
Proposed Space Telecasting Standards

Of the various modes of broadcasting which are possible, it appears that telecasting has the greatest potential. Because of the nature of the signals, it is also the most difficult. In space telecasting two lines of approach are open. One method is to design a system around the special capabilities and limitations imposed by space satellite operation and technique. The second method is to adjust the space system until it meets the requirements of conventional terrestrial telecasting. For this study it is assumed that the space system will be operated as an adjunct to the conventional system, that it must provide the same quality of service as is now available, and that conventional receivers are used. The remainder of this paper is devoted to examination of the effects of these assumptions, and to the establishment of proposed standards which are consistent with them.
Nonseparable radial frame multiresolution analysis in multidimensions and isotropic fast wavelet algorithms

In this paper we present a non-separable multiresolution structure based on frames which is defined by radial scaling functions of the form of the Shannon scaling function. We also construct the resulting frame multiwavelets, which can be isotropic as well. Our construction can be carried out in any number of dimensions and for a great variety of dilation matrices.
RHEED As A Tool For Examining Kinetic Processes At MBE Grown Surfaces

Reflection high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED) intensity dynamics has been widely accepted as a sensitive, in-situ, real time monitor of the surface morphology during the molecular beam epitaxial (MBE) growth. In this paper we focus on the behavior of the specular beam intensity as a function of the growth conditions (substrate temperature, arsenic pressure and growth rate) as well as diffraction conditions (incident angle of the electron beam, azimuthal angle) for both static (i.e., no growth) and dynamic (i.e., during growth) AlxGa1-xAs (100) (0 < x <1) surfaces. The kinetic processes underlying these observations are discussed.
A Logic of Appropriation: Practical Relationships between Law and Literature in the Middle Ages

By the end of the Middle Ages, judicial notions had pervaded culture as well as political life. Law was playing an increasingly important role. Even if a political literature did not exist as such in the Middle Ages, the influence of law on literature is unquestionable. There are numerous instances of convergence between law and literature, one of the most famous and best studied examples being amorous casuistry, which used the language of law to debate questions pertaining to love. One may refer to Arr ts d'amour (Love Decrees) by Martial d'Auvergne or Droits nouveaux (New Rights) by Guillaume Coquillart: the judicial form of these debates date back to an ancient literary tradition; fictitious debates on the theory and practice of courtly love borrowed their language and logic from law. This convergence did exist in fields other than poetry - in epic texts, for instance. Our point here is to widen the study to other instances which, concerning the relationships between law and literature, raise the issue of the specific genre and status of certain texts, as they were renewed by the 'migration' of the legal discourse into literature. The process of appropriation will be the theme of this reflection.
Crystallographic orientation dependence of dopant and impurity incorporation in GaN films grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition

Abstract In this study we investigated the incorporation of the dopants Si, Mg, and Fe and the unintentional impurities O and C in GaN films grown on m -plane ( 1 0 1 ¯ 0 ) , a -plane ( 1 1 2 ¯ 0 ) as well as semi-polar ( 1 0 1 ¯ 1 ) , ( 1 0 1 ¯ 1 ¯ ) , ( 1 1 2 ¯ 2 ) , and ( 1 1 2 ¯ 2 ¯ ) bulk GaN substrates by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. GaN layer stacks were grown under various growth conditions and analyzed by secondary ion mass spectroscopy. Whereas the dopant incorporation was little affected by the crystallographic orientation, differences were observed in the doping profiles, in particular for Mg and Fe doping. Significant variations were observed in the impurity incorporation. While N-rich surfaces exhibited a high affinity towards O incorporation in general, C incorporation trends were strongly dependent on the specific growth conditions.