cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Quantitative Sensory Testing and Current Perception Threshold Testing in Patients With Chronic Pain Following Lower Extremity Fracture

Background:Chronic pain is a significant problem for patients with lower extremity injuries. While pain hypersensitivity has been identified in many chronic pain conditions, it is not known whether patients with chronic pain following lower extremity fracture report pain hypersensitivity in the injured leg.Purpose:To quantify and compare peripheral somatosensory function and sensory nerve activation thresholds in persons with chronic pain following lower extremity fractures with a cohort of persons with no history of lower extremity fractures.Method:This was a cross-sectional study where quantitative sensory testing and current perception threshold testing were conducted on the injured and noninjured legs of cases and both legs of controls.Results:A total of 14 cases and 28 controls participated in the study. Mean time since injury at the time of testing for cases was 22.3 (standard deviation = 12.1) months. The warmth detection threshold (p = .024) and nerve activation thresholds at 2,000 Hz (p < .001) a...
Copper interstitial recombination centers in Cu 3 N

We present a comprehensive study of the earth-abundant semiconductor ${\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}\mathrm{N}$ as a potential solar energy conversion material, using density functional theory and experimental methods. Density functional theory indicates that among the dominant intrinsic point defects, copper vacancies ${\mathrm{V}}_{\mathrm{Cu}}$ have shallow defect levels while copper interstitials ${\mathrm{Cu}}_{\mathrm{i}}$ behave as deep potential wells in the conduction band, which mediate Shockley-Read-Hall recombination. The existence of ${\mathrm{Cu}}_{\mathrm{i}}$ defects has been experimentally verified using photothermal deflection spectroscopy. A ${\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}\mathrm{N}$/ZnS heterojunction diode with good current-voltage rectification behavior has been demonstrated experimentally, but no photocurrent is generated under illumination. The absence of photocurrent can be explained by a large concentration of ${\mathrm{Cu}}_{\mathrm{i}}$ recombination centers capturing electrons in $p$-type ${\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}\mathrm{N}$.
Swine nutrition: nutrient usage during pregnancy and early postnatal growth, an introduction

This symposium was organized to review current knowledge of the nutrient requirements of sows during pregnancy and of pigs soon after birth. It consisted of five presentations that focused on energy metabolism, fiber as an energy source, protein requirements, vitamin and mineral requirements, and the special needs of newborn pigs. Additionally, this symposium was organized to honor the immense contributions of Dr. Wilson Pond to this field. The purpose of the introduction to this symposium was to highlight the major areas of research that were discussed within each presentation and the work of Dr. Pond that the present research uses as a foundation.
Variation, Distributivity, and the Illusion of Branching

A well-known observation is that (1) has a reading on whichevery buildingscopes over a fireman, but (2) does not: (1) A fireman checks the safety of every building (2) A fireman imagined that every building was unsafe
Building Healthy Marriages through Early and Extended Outreach with Youth

This article presents a case for faith communities to strengthen efforts to build healthy marriages during teen years through an ecological approach using individual, social network, organizational...
CAUSAL FACTORIZATION, SHIFT OPERATORS AND THE SPECTRAL MULTIPLICITY FUNCTION

Abstract Necessary and sufficient conditions for a spectral measure to admit a group of shift operators are obtained in terms of the spectral multiplicity function of the measure, and a representation theory for such measures is formulated. This theory then is used to formulate an abstract causal factorization theorem for operators on a resolution space which preserves time-invariance and the “qualitative” properties of the space.
Abstract A34: Inhibition of autophagy sensitizes gastrointestinal stromal tumor cells to TKI/Bcl-2 inhibitors-induced apoptosis

Background: Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are the most common mesenchymal tumor of the GI tract. Most GISTs are driven by mutations in KIT or platelet-derived growth factor receptor-α (PDGFRA), which responds well to imatinib, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) that blocks KIT and PDGFR-α signaling. Bcl-2 family plays a critical role in the regulation of cell apoptosis in GISTs. ABT-737 as an inhibitor of Bcl-2/Bcl-xL can result in a time- and dose-dependent activation of apoptosis. Autophagy is a key mechanism to promote tumor cells survival, inhibition of which can induce the cell death in GISTs. Chloroquine, an antimalarial drug, has been also identified as an autophagy inhibitor. In this study, we assessed the combinational effects of imatinib, ABT-737, and chloroquine in GIST cells. Methods: Human GIST cell lines, GIST-T1 and GIST-882, were employed in our study. Cells were treated with imatinib, ABT-737, and chloroquine either separately or in different combinations. Cell viability was tested by means of MTS and synergistic effects were analyzed by isobologram software. The levels of related proteins of apoptosis (PARP, Caspase-3) and autophagy (LC3-II, beclin-1) were measured by Western blot. Cell apoptosis and cell cycle were tested by flow cytometry. Results: Cell viability assay indicated that the cell survival percentage of double- or triple-drug combinations dramatically decreased (less than 5%) compared to that of single-drug treatment (42%, 36%, or 12%) (P Conclusions: The combination of imatinib, ABT-737, and chloroquine has collaborative effects on the treatment of GISTs in vitro. The combined strategy may enhance the clinical efficacy, which provides a rationale for the clinical evaluation of these drug combinations in GISTs treatment. Citation Format: Shuchao Zhang, Guozhi Hu, Ana cristina Paz-mejia, Luyuan Li, Jonathan C. Trent. Inhibition of autophagy sensitizes gastrointestinal stromal tumor cells to TKI/Bcl-2 inhibitors-induced apoptosis [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Conference on Advances in Sarcomas: From Basic Science to Clinical Translation; May 16-19, 2017; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2018;24(2_Suppl):Abstract nr A34.
Understanding the Physics of Optical Deep Turbulence at the Earth’s Boundary Layer—An Update

AFRL is developing a model of boundary layer turbulence. A field campaign, correlating meteorological conditions with measured turbulence, is being conducted to anchor the model. We present an update on the campaign.
A 9‐month‐old with wheezing and acute hypoxic respiratory failure

Foreign body aspiration remains a diagnostic challenge, especially in an infant. While acute onset wheezing is highly suggestive of an aspiration, wheezing carries a broad differential diagnosis resulting in frequent misdiagnoses. Many cases present with a range of nonspecific findings and normal imaging, stressing the importance of a high index of suspicion.
Evolution of Tantalum Content During Vacuum Induction Melting and Electroslag Remelting of a Novel Martensitic Steel

The need for materials with superior thermal and mechanical properties while mitigating cost increases interest in new complex alloy compositions which brings challenges to manufacturing processes. In this investigation, vacuum induction melting (VIM) and electroslag remelting (ESR) of a novel tantalum (Ta)-containing martensitic steel was performed using standard industry practices at a laboratory scale. A 25 pct loss of Ta was measured from the VIM electrode to the ESR ingot using X-ray fluorescence. Several tools were used for broad characterization of the ingots, including LECO for chemistry analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and electron probe microanalysis for observation of the precipitate and inclusion phases post-VIM and post-ESR as well as computational modeling of the ESR process for the calculation of macrosegregation and inclusion travel. It was found that a significant amount of Ta2O5 inclusions formed during VIM and were transferred to the slag during ESR. While ESR was particularly successful at decreasing the number density of inclusions by 95 pct, additional efforts are needed with regard to vacuum leak rate and purity of stock material when melting novel advanced steels.
Teaching Self-Questioning Using Systematic Prompt Fading: Effects on Fourth Graders' Reading Comprehension.

AbstractTeaching students to generate questions to monitor their reading comprehension is an evidence-based practice demonstrated to be effective across grade levels for students with and without d...
Ephrin-B2 drives migration and invasion of glioma and predicts short term survival

3940 Eph receptor tyrosine kinases mediate neurodevelopmental processes such as boundary formation, axon guidance, vasculogenesis, and cell migration. Eph ligands, termed ephrins, are also transmembrane proteins that bind to Eph receptors, the mutual activation of which causes repulsive effects in reciprocally contacting cells. We compared global gene expression of invasive versus tumor core cells collected by laser capture microdissection from 19 glioblastoma specimens; by pathway enrichment analysis, we show the Eph/ephrin pathway to be most tightly linked to glioma invasion. Expression profiles of the Eph/ephrin family members in various grades of 195 glial tumors showed high expression of ephrin-B2, especially in glioblastoma (p
TESOL Career Path Development: Creating Professional Success

This book addresses a wide range of issues and obstacles that teachers in native and non-native English-speaking countries face in teaching English language learners of all ages, at all levels of proficiency, and in a variety of program settings. The book introduces a model of milestones for career path development specific to the specialized needs and skills of the TESOL (Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages) community that caters to the many unique challenges faced by teachers at a range of experience levels, from preservice and novice teachers to veteran and semi-retired professionals. Taking an interdisciplinary approach and drawing on the voices and experiences of TESOL scholars, England demonstrates how best to apply one’s education, background, and experiences to individuals who work in the field of TESOL, and offers unique tools, strategies, and training techniques. This book provides a clear and engaging framework for scholars and teachers at any stage in one’s career to grow and develop professionally in fast-changing and increasingly complex professional climates. This book is ideal for scholars, graduate students, and researchers in TESOL and language teaching, as well as scholars and researchers in international teacher development and language.
Detection of Antiphospholipid Antibodies Using a Novel Multiplex Test Method: Correlation with ELISA Methods.

-Background: Laboratory criteria for the antiphospholipid antibody syndrome (APS) include detection of the lupus anticoagulant (LA) by coagulation based tests, or detection of either anti-cardiolipin (aCL), or anti-B 2 -glycoprotein I (aB2GPI) antibodies by enzyme-linked immunoabsorbant assay (ELISA). Multiplex testing enables simultaneous measurement of multiple serum antibodies with small beads coated with target antigens and small sample volumes (5 μL). We compared the concordance of a prototype multiplex method to standard ELISA methods for measuring IgG and IgM antibodies directed against CL or B 2 GPI. Methods: Samples from patients with suspected APS were tested for IgG and IgM aCL and aB 2 GPI antibodies using standard ELISA methods (ELISA, Bio-Rad Laboratories, Hercules, CA) and by a prototype multiplex bead set analyzed on the BioPlex 2200 (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Hercules, CA). The multiplex method used beads coated with either CL alone, B 2 GPI alone, or CL-B 2 GPI complex. Results were normalized using ratios (obtained result/upper limit of normal). A positive result was defined as a ratio of > 1. For CL, the multiplex test is considered positive if positive results are present using beads with either the CL alone or the CL-B 2 GPI complex. Results: Conclusions: The overall concordance of multiplex results with ELISA results was good (81–89%). Negative multiplex results showed excellent correlation with ELISA (85–93%). Positive multiplex results had variable correlation with ELISA (51–76%). Evaluation of clinically significant positive results and clinical outcome measures is needed to determine clinical sensitivity and specificity of the multiplex test. Further refinement of the multiplex platform may provide an efficient and cost-effective assay for antibodies associated with the antiphospholipid syndrome.
Forensic Assessment of PTSD Via DSM-5 Versus ICD-11 Criteria: Implications for Current Practice and Future Research

Recognition of the high prevalence of trauma exposure and posttraumatic stress symptoms among adult and youth offenders has inspired calls for justice systems to engage in trauma-informed practices, particularly with regard to the assessment of trauma histories and posttraumatic reactions in legal contexts. Accordingly, skills in trauma assessment have become essential professional competencies for those conducting psychological evaluations in the justice system. However, there are a number of challenges to effective practice, including the existence of two distinctly different sets of diagnostic criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in the DSM-5 versus ICD-11; controversies over whether separate diagnostic entities comprising complex PTSD and developmental trauma disorder are valid; limitations of the existing measures for assessing and diagnosing the disorder(s); difficulties with differential diagnosis of overlapping disorders and detection of malingering; and limited attention to cultural, ethnic, and racial diversity in the idioms and expressions of posttraumatic stress reactions. The present article reviews these challenges and offers recommendations for future research and clinical practice.
Characterization of cellular response to extracellular vesicles using two-photon FLIM of NAD(P)H

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are plasma-membrane formed particles released by cells, and range in diameter from 50 to 2000 nm. Interest in EVs is growing, and recent work has aimed to employ nonlinear optical microscopy techniques to better characterize the size, function, and biochemical makeup of EVs. Previous studies have shown that EVs can modulate gene expression and metabolism of cells that uptake them. Here, we use fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAD(P)H) to monitor the metabolic response of macrophages and other cells to native and foreign EVs and other known cellular activators.
Machine learning architecture to predict drug response based on cancer cell FLIM images

With different states of two intrinsic fluorophores, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (phosphate) (NAD(P)H) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), we developed a single-layer autoencoder (AE) for feature extraction, which outputs condensed features representing the full metabolic FLIM information with lower dimensionality. We also described distributions of AE features and fluorescence lifetime redox ratio (FLIRR) from single cells by Gaussian mixture models (GMM), and predicted the values of FLIRR based on feature data from each time point for the HeLa cell lines and Caucasian-American (LNCaP) prostate cancer cell lines by the polynomial regression model and the random forest regression model.
Teaching Tragedy: Media History Courses and 9/11

Since the early 2000s, media historians have grappled with how to teach the memory and continuing legacy of 9/11 through the journalism produced on that tragic day. Not unlike previous generations ...
Citizen Demand and Legislative Responsiveness Under Kenya’s Constituency Development Fund

What determines how politicians signal responsiveness or fulfill their campaign promises? Existing works assume that politicians choose the most successful means of winning votes – either through targeted patronage/clientelism or programmatic policies. However, the empirical record shows high levels of persistence of the nature of the relationship between voters and politicians. Both politicians and voters are not al- ways able to unilaterally change what campaign promises are achievable, and therefore deemed credible. Using evidence from the Constituency Development Fund in Kenya, this paper shows that the nature of the relationship between voters and politicians is historically constructed and governed by a combination of state capacity and established expectations about what a “good” politician does. In doing so, it increases our understanding of the origins and persistence of clientelism in low-income states.
Does lumbar paraspinal muscle fatty degeneration correlate with aerobic index and Oswestry disability index

BACKGROUND We sought to analyze whether the amount of paraspinal fatty degeneration correlates with a patient's physical fitness, and to determine if these findings on lumbar magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans can help predict functional outcomes. METHODS A retrospective review was performed on 172 patients. Inclusion criteria involved being seen by a spine surgeon for low back pain, having aerobic index (AI), body mass index (BMI), Oswestry disability index (ODI), and body fat percentage measured recently, and having had a recent lumbar MRI scan. The percentage of fatty muscle degeneration was graded by three reviewers using T2-weighted axial images at L3 and L5 using a newly proposed system that was validated independently. The system is graded as follows: Grade 1: 0-24%, Grade 2: 25-49%, Grade 3: 50-74%, and Grade 4: 75-100%. An independent t-test was used for comparisons. RESULTS The average AI was 34.87, and the cohort was divided into two groups: above-average AI (89 patients) and below-average AI (83 patients). For all paraspinal fat measurements and body fat percentage, the difference between the above- and below-average AI groups was statistically significant (P < 0.05), with the least amount of paraspinal fatty degeneration and body fat in the greater AI group. Weight alone and BMI were not found to be significantly different between those with above-average AI when compared to those with below-average AI (P = 0.491 and P = 0.122, respectively). There was a trend for lower ODI scores in the above-average AI group (41.9 vs 46.1), but this did not reach statistical significance between the two groups (P = 0.075). For all patients it was shown that there was significantly less paraspinal fat at the L3 level as compared to L5 (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS We were able to show that patients with a higher AI have lower body fat percentages and lower amounts of fatty degeneration in their lumbar paraspinal musculature. The amount of paraspinal fatty degeneration, therefore, correlates with physical fitness. Patients with higher AI also showed a trend toward having a lower ODI score.
The contributions of leisure and active recreation to health and well-being

The connection between health and physical activity is widely discussed. Along with poor nutrition and smoking, insufficient physical activity is among the top three modifiable risk factors for chronic disease and premature death according to the World Health Organization. Statistics show that almost one-third of the world’s population is insufficiently active. Many people today are physically active as part of their recreation or leisure. Therefore, the purpose of this paper was to present an overview of literature that has explored the relationships that leisure and active recreation have to health and well-being. Research, both qualitative and quantitative, has been conducted in the past decade to examine the benefits that leisure and recreation can contribute to healthy and active living. Much of the previous research has focused on individual behavior. However, research conducted in the past two decades has used the core assumption of social ecology, which addresses the multiple facets of the physical and social environments that influence the well-being of people. In this paper, the aspects discussed were framed by the social ecological model of intrapersonal, interpersonal, community and environment, and policy opportunities and influences. The relationship between the social and physical environments is linked to both physical and mental health. Further, the potential for leisure and recreation to facilitate active living and health exists regardless of age, gender, income, or ethnic background. Keywords : Recreation, leisure, health, social ecology, environments.
CHARM2010: Theory Summary

This invited summary gives some concluding remarks regarding theoretical aspects of the research presented at Charm2010. I will specialize to the role of theory and the relative reach of theory and experiment in three of the major areas of charm physics address at this conference, specifically 1) charm production, 2) charm weak decays, and 3) charm hadron spectroscopy. After a discussion of the status of progress on representative topics in each of these areas I will conclude with a previously unrelated Feynman story from a conference in the early days of charm.
Poverty, Parental Ill Health and Children’s Access to Schooling in Rural Gansu, China

As reforms to China's health care system have raised costs to users in recent decades, studies suggest that ill health has become intimately tied to social stratification as both a precipitant and a consequence of poverty. The problem may be particularly pronounced in China’s poorest rural populations. Focusing on Gansu Province, one of China’s poorest, this paper investigates the possibility that the ill health of adults also carries cross-generational consequences, through interfering with the education of children. Analyzing a survey of children in 100 rural villages, we find that parental illness is experienced disproportionately by the most economically vulnerable children. Moreover, parental illness can be linked to children’s educational access and experience in several ways. Children with an ill father are less likely to be enrolled than others; prior parental ill health is associated with lower household educational spending; and ill parents are more likely to report borrowing for their children’s education. Children with ill mothers are more likely to be absent and to work longer in the household. Children with ill mothers perform more poorly in math, and those with ill mothers and ill fathers are more likely to work for wages, on average, but these effects are accounted for by the deeper impoverishment of households with ill parents, compared to other households. Results suggest that ill health may have a ‘spillover’ effect on the long-term educational (and thus economic) prospects of the next generation. A change in this situation depends heavily on the success of new government initiatives to reduce health care and education cost burdens on the poor.
Initial-temperature profiles on the PDX inner toroidal limiter

The temperature profiles resulting from plasma operation on the PDX vertical, large area, inner toroidal limiter have been measured during both ohmic and neutral-beam-heated discharges using a scanning infrared camera. An asymmetric double-peaked temperature profile is seen after neutral-beam-heated discharges. Disruptions in ohmically heated discharges are found to be preceded by a single-peaked deposition and succeeded by an initially symmetric double-peaked deposition. The results were compared with the Schmidt model for scrape-off at a toroidal limiter and it was found that the measured double-peaked temperature profiles yielded scrape-off lengths consistent with previous measurements.
The probability of bankruptcy: A comparison of empirical predictions and theoretical models

Abstract The last decade has witnessed the development of many empirical models to predict corporate bankruptcy and of several bankruptcy theories. This paper reviews and integrates these two strands of research and finds a substantial amount of overlap. However, the overlap is not perfect. The paper presents a new theory of bankruptcy that appears to fit the data better. The paper also suggests directions for future empirical and theoretical research.
Domain-specific temporal discounting and temptation

In this investigation, we test whether temporal discounting is domain-specific (i.e., compared to other people, can an individual have a relatively high discount rate for one type of reward but a relatively low discount rate for another?), and we examine whether individual differences in the types of rewards one finds tempting explain domain-specificity in discount rates. Adults discounted delayed rewards they found particularly tempting (defined as the visceral attraction to and enjoyment of a reward) more steeply than did adults who did not find the rewards as tempting, contrary to what might be expected from the magnitude effect. Furthermore, we found significant group by domain interactions (e.g., chip lovers who do not like beer have relatively high discount rates for chips and relatively low discount rates for beer, whereas beer lovers who do not like chips showed the opposite pattern). These results suggest that domain-specificity in temptation partially accounts for corresponding domain-specificity in temporal discounting.
Ascovirus and its evolution

Ascoviruses, iridoviruses, asfarviruses and poxviruses are all cytoplasmic DNA viruses. The evolutionary origins of cytoplasmic DNA viruses have never been fully addressed. Morphological, genetic and molecular data were used to test if all four cytoplasmic virus families (Ascoviridae, Iridoviridae, Asfarviridae, and Poxvirirdae) evolved from nuclear replicating baculoviruses and how the four virus groups are related. Molecular phylogenetic analyses using DNA polymerase predicted that cytoplasmic DNA viruses might have evolved from nuclear replicating baculoviruses, and that poxviruses and asfarviruses share a common ancestor with iridoviruses. These three cytoplasmic viruses again shared a common ancestor with ascoviruses. Morphological and genetic data predicted the same evolutionary trend as molecular data predicted. A genome sequence comparison showed that ascoviruses have more baculovirus protein homologues than do iridoviruses, which suggested that ascoviruses have evolved from baculoviruses and iridoviruses evolved from ascoviruses. Poxviruses showed genetic and morphological similarity to other cytoplamic viruses, such as ascoviruses, suggesting it has undergone reticulate evolution via hybridization, recombination and lateral gene transfer with other viruses. Within the ascovirus family, we tested if molecular phylogenetic analyses agree with biological inference; that is, ascovirus had an evolutionary trend of increasing genome size, expanding host range and widening tissue tropism for these viruses. Both molecular and biological data predicted this evolutionary trend. The phylogenetic relationship among the four species of ascovirus was predicted to be that TnAV-2 and HvAV-3 shared a common ancestor with SfAV-1 and the three virus species again shared a common ancestor with DpAV-4.
Are put-call ratios a substitute for short sales?

Prior research argues that pessimistic traders can use options as substitutes for short sales particularly when stocks are expensive to short. Motivated by this contention, we examine the relation between put-call ratios, short-selling activity, and constraints to short selling. Results show that (1) put-call ratios are inversely related, instead of directly related, to proxies for short-sale constraints and (2) the significant negative relation between current put-call ratios and future returns (Pan and Poteshman in Rev Financ Stud 19:871–908, 2006) is orthogonal to proxies for short-sale constraints. These results indicate that short-sale constraints do not influence bearish option activity. While prior studies show that short sellers are generally contrarian in contemporaneous and past returns, we find that put-call ratios follow periods of negative returns. However, any observed return predictability contained in put-call ratios is driven by ratios that follow periods of positive returns.
P450 interaction with farnesyl-protein transferase inhibitors metabolic stability, inhibitory potency, and P450 binding spectra in human liver microsomes.

Abstract Methyl substitution at the 2-position of the imidazole ring greatly improved drug metabolism profiles, in human liver microsomes, of ras farnesyl-protein transferase inhibitor (FTI) candidates for drug development. Methyl substitution markedly reduced the P450 inhibitory potency of non-substituted FTIs for CYP3A4 (by a factor of 12-403) and 2C9 (by a factor of 4.2-28), while it had little effect on the CYP2D6 enzyme. An immunochemical inhibition study demonstrated that CYP3A4 plays a predominant role in the metabolism of both non-substituted and 2-methyl-substituted imidazole-containing FTI candidates. Very strong type II binding spectra with human liver microsomes were observed for all non-substituted FTIs, while methyl substitution markedly weakened type II spectra or shifted the type of spectra from II to I. This indicated that methyl substitution on the imidazole moiety interfered with the substrate-P450 heme interaction, likely due to a steric effect caused by the methyl group. A kinetics study revealed that the methyl substitution increased V max and K m values to the same extent. These studies suggested that the 2-methyl substitution on the imidazole ring improved its drug metabolism profile by reducing the potential to inhibit CYP3A4-mediated metabolism without affecting intrinsic metabolic clearance ( V max / K m ).
Phosphorylation of β-amyloid precursor protein (APP) cytoplasmic tail facilitates amyloidogenic processing during apoptosis

Secretion and progressive cerebral accumulation of beta-amyloid peptides (Abeta) derived by endoproteolytic ("amyloidogenic") processing of beta-amyloid precursor protein (APP) represent collectively an early and necessary event in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. We previously demonstrated that secretion of the neurotoxic species Abeta42 increases during staurosporine-induced apoptosis in undifferentiated PC12 cells, in an endocytosis-dependent manner. In the present study, we tested whether phosphorylation of the APP cytoplasmic-tail is contributory to this apoptosis-related increased Abeta-secretory response. We demonstrate that cytoplasmic-tail phosphorylation specifically at amino-acid residue T668 (APP-695 numbering) increases during staurosporine-induced apoptosis, in parallel with activation of the mitogen-activated, proline-directed serine/threonine protein kinase ERK1. We demonstrate additionally that specific ERK inhibition during staurosporine induction, with serum-free conditions, results in down-regulation of APP phosphorylation at T668, together with attenuation of the increased Abeta-secretory response. These results are consistent with APP cytoplasmic-tail phosphorylation at T668 during apoptosis as contributory to increased Abeta42 secretion originating from the endocytotic pathway, likely with cell-line restriction.
OPTIMIZING ACID-HYDROLYSIS: A CRITICAL STEP FOR PRODUCTION OF ETHANOL FROM MIXED WOOD CHIPS

Abstract Ethanol can be produced from renewable lignocellulosic materials such as various types of natural woods. The cellulose contents of wood can be converted to ethanol in a two-step process where acid-hydrolysis converts cellulose to glucose sugars by hydrolysis (saccharification) and the resulting sugars can be converted to ethanol by fermentation. The main challenge of producing fuel ethanol from renewable lignocellulosic biomass through acid-hydrolysis and fermentation is overcoming the cost-limiting factors associated with various stages of this technology. In this study, sugar recovery rates from a mixture of wood chips were investigated through three sets of acid-hydrolysis experiments. Wood chips were sorted to include equal ratios (by weight) of softwood and hardwood. Acid concentration and the heating period were the two main factors affecting dextrose yields. It was found that with the use of 26% by weight sulfuric acid, highest dextrose yields could be reached within 2 h of heating time. This corresponds to overall conversion efficiency of mixed wood chip cellulose to dextrose in the range of 78–82% based on theoretical values.
Penetration of surface-inoculated bacteria as a result of electrically generated hydrodynamic shock wave treatment of boneless skinless chicken breasts

The top surface of boneless skinless chicken breasts was inoculated with either green fluorescent protein (GFP)-labeled Escherichia coli (E. coli-GFP) or rifampicin-resistant E. coli (E. coli-Rif) and subjected to electrically generated hydrodynamic shock wave treatment (HVADH). Cryostat sampling in concert with laser scanning confocal microscopy or plating onto antibiotic selective agar was used to determine if HVADH treatment resulted in the movement of the inoculated bacteria from the outer inoculated surface to the interior of intact boneless skinless chicken breasts. In HVADH-treated boneless skinless chicken breasts, marker bacteria were detected within the first 200 microm below the inoculated surface, 50 to 100 microm beyond the depth of untreated surface inoculated boneless skinless chicken breasts. The exact depth at which the marker bacteria were found was dependent on the cryostat sampling distance used. These results suggest that HVADH treatments affect the movement of surface bacteria.
Permanent Holographic Waveguide Arrays

Permanent two-dimensional optical waveguide arrays are demonstrated by exposing diffusion-mediated photopolymer with a multiple-beam interference pattern. A fiber-based phase control system ensures a stable interference pattern during exposure.
Regulation of glucose transport in chick fibroblasts: bicarbonate, lactate and ascorbic acid.

The rate at which chick embryo fibroblasts in primary or secondary culture transport glucose or 3-O-methyl glucose is strongly influenced by the presence of bicarbonate ion in the culture medium. Cells growing or maintained on glucose at physiologic concentration (5.5mM) have an 8 to 10-fold higher rate of glucose uptake than their counterparts cultivated without bicarbonate. These cells also produce more lactate as a consequence of their more rapid intake of glucose. The hydrogen acceptors, methylene blue and dehydroascorbate added to the culture medium reduce the cell capacity to transport glucose and 3-O-methyl glucose to levels obtaining in the bicarbonate-free medium. There is a concomitant reduction in glucose utilized by cells during 24 hours and a further reduction in lactate formed per molecule of glucose metabolized.
PUBLIC SCIENCE IN THE ENLIGHTENMENT

Mi Gyung Kim, Affinity, That Elusive Dream: A Genealogy of the Chemical Revolution (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2003) Guiliano Pancaldi, Volta: Science and Culture in the Age of Enlightenment (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2003) To challenge the presumed isolation of the scientific method from social concerns and forces, to question the inevitability of progress, to explore the ideological and polemical aspects of science—all these are by now goals commonly stated in historical studies of science. In the quest for these desiderata over the past twenty years or so, historians of science have in many cases distanced themselves from intellectual history in its idealist, disembodied form. However, in spite of salutary moves to analyze instruments, laboratory practices, visual representations, instituions and politics, a great deal of the raw material for the history of science remains textual, very often in the form of print. And, as the existence of this journal attests, intellectual history has retooled to take seriously the contexts for ideas and intellectual movements. At the present moment, when intellectual historians and historians of science are allied in the game of contextualizing our subjects, it is worth considering how current scholarship is working to define multi-layered contexts for scientific ideas and the texts in which they appear.
Internal charge of the gauge field

Abstract The internal charges of the non-Abelian gauge field are investigated on the classical level. Restrictions which insure that the definition of the internal charges is geometrically meaningful and relativistically invariant are employed to determine their physical nature. The possibility for the geometric breaking of the global conservation laws of the covariant divergence free currents is shown not to exist: their charges if defined and comparable at in and out states are also conserved. It is found that for localized external sources and gauge fields only one of the currents, the Yang-Mills current, leads to a nonvanishing total charge. A gauge-invariant definition is given for the internal charge carried by the gauge field itself. It is shown that the components of the gauge field giving rise to the internal charge satisfy Maxwell's equations either everywhere or at large distances from the source region. This indicates that the gauge field can account only for electric charge.
Global inequality and injustice

In this paper I shall argue that much of the existing global inequality is unjust, and that this injustice is not only because reducing inequality could serve the important goal of poverty reduction. I reject arguments of John Rawls and Thomas Nagel that limit the importance of distributive egalitarianism to states. I argue in contrast that a commitment to respect for human dignity has egalitarian distributive implications for the global economy. Injustice in the existing institutional order provides reasons for reforming the global institutional structure to reduce inequality. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Understanding Hoarding in Older Adults

Compulsive hoarding is a debilitating disorder that is only recently becoming understood. Hoarding has been studied primarily in the general population, with only a few researchers focusing on hoarding in older adults, even though the prevalence and severity of the disorder appears to increase with aging. Hoarding seriously affects the quality of one's life and can also cause safety and health problems for individuals and the community. Established treatments for hoarding are relatively new and often need to be extended over a long period of time. Nurses can play an important role in helping identify the problem of hoarding in older adults, determining the types of safety and health hazards that need to be addressed, and contacting the appropriate community agencies.
Treatment with Immunosuppressive Therapy May Improve Depressive Symptoms in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Introduction Recent research suggests a relationship of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and depression. Our objective was to evaluate for improvement of depressive symptoms with treatment of IBD using immunosuppressive medications.
Measurement of RF peak pulse power

This paper is a survey of the principal methods developed during the past twenty years for the measurement of RF peak pulse power. The basic principles involved for each method are described together with accuracies attainable under normal operating conditions. General techniques for pulse power measurement and precautions to be observed are also given.
Credibility Perceptions of News Coverage of Ethnic Groups: The Predictive Roles of Race and News Use

ABSTRACT The authors examined the roles that race and news use play in predicting perceived credibility of news coverage of ethnic groups. With data from a 2000 telephone survey of the Minneapolis-St. Paul area, analyses were conducted specific to news use and news perceptions of three media outlets: the Minneapolis Star-Tribune, the St. Paul Pioneer Press, and WCCO-TV news. Race played an important role in predicting credibility perceptions, but news use did not. Specifically, being Black (or not) played a stronger role than being White (or not) in predicting credibility perceptions of news coverage of Blacks and credibility perceptions of news coverage of Whites. In addition, Blacks viewed news coverage of Blacks as being less credible than did non-Blacks, and Blacks viewed news coverage of Whites as being more credible than did non-Blacks.
Feedback, feedforward, and feedwithin: Strategic information in systems

Feedback, feedforward, and feedwithin are three types of strategic information in systems. Feedback enables all levels of living systems and some nonliving systems to map the environment, to gain a more realistic self-image, and to adjust performance on the basis of information about past results. Feedforward enables systems to scan environmental situations, to forecast trends, and to adjust performance in anticipation of changing environmental circumstances. Feedwithin enables systems to monitor internal situations and processes, to identify internal system needs, and to coordinate system parts in concerted action of the whole. There are heuristic and applied biases associated with each type of strategic information.
A framework for the study of due date management in job shops

This paper presents a conceptual model of due date management in job shops. The model describes, in general terms, some of the important variables in the due date management problem and some of their interrelationships. The model is used as a framework within which to discuss the treatment of the due date management problem in the literature, and some ideas for directions for further research are presented.
Relative Motion of Hot Spots in the Mantle

Reconstruction of the major lithospheric plates 21 and 38 m.y. ago implies that linear island chains and aseismic ridges were not generated by localised sources of volcanism (hot spots) that have been fixed with respect to one another. If the linear volcanic chains are formed over mantle hot spots, the spots move at rates of 0.8 to 2 cm yr−1 with respect to one another.
Trees of the historic Burnley Gardens, Melbourne, Australia.

Summary The Burnley Gardens are situated in a large bend of the River Yarra, at a distance of approximately 7 kilometres south-east from Melbourne, Victoria's capital. The Gardens have been in existence for some 130 years, the site originally chosen by Victoria's first Governor His Excellency Charles Joseph LaTrobe for use by the Horticultural Society of Victoria. The area of 15 hectares, initially reserved as a Horticultural and Experimental Garden, was later remodelled in accordance with a plan designed by C. Boque Luffman, the Gardens first Principal on English landscape principles. The Burnley Gardens contain many notable and significant trees which are situated amongst the site of Australia's first and only Horticultural College as well as the Victorian governments premier Plant Research Institute.
Potential Difference Learning And Its Optical Architecture

A learning algorithm based on temporal difference of membrane potential of the neuron is proposed for self-organizing neural networks. It is independent of the neuron nonlinearity, so it can be applied to analog or binary neurons. Two simulations for learning of weights are presented; a single layer fully-connected network and a 3-layer network with hidden units for a distributed semantic network. The results demonstrate that this potential difference learning (PDL) can be used with neural architectures for various applications. Unlearning based on PDL for the single layer network is also discussed. Finally, an optical implementation- of PDL is proposed.
Myocardial lysosomes in pressure-overload hypertrophy*

Combined electron microscopic and cytochemical studies were used to investigate the effects of chronic-pressure overload hypertrophy on myocardial lysosomes, mitochondria, and myofibrils in the left ventricle of the cat. Myocardial hypertrophy was induced by an 84% banding constriction of the ascending aorta. After one month of aortic constriction the experimental animals demonstrated a 51% increase in left ventricular mass. No qualitative ultrastructural differences were noted between the myocardial tissues of the hypertrophy and normal group. However, the cytochemical reaction product to acid phosphatase appeared more frequently in the myocardium of the hypertrophy group compared to that of the normal group. By use of quantitative morphometry the percentage of mitochondria, myofibrils and lysosomes per myocardial cell was determined in both hypertrophy and normal groups of animals. Despite significant increases in the left ventricular mass of hypertrophy animals, a normal balance of mitochondria and myofibrils was maintained within the myocardium. Further analysis indicated an enhanced lysosomal population in the hypertrophy group compared to the normal group.
Correlates between number of mates, shelter availability and reproductive behavior in the Tautog Tautoga onitis

Earlier studies on reproductive behavior of the tautog Tautoga onitis under laboratory conditions indicated that differences in courtship and spawning behavior were apparently related to the number of males attempting to spawn with a female. It had also been conjectured that certain ecological factors such as availability and distribution of food and shelter would play a role in the establishment of territoriality and defense of a female, indirectly influencing courtship activities and the resultant spawning mode. In the present work we have examined this question more closely by varying the number of males, females and amount of shelter available. Regardless of the social situation, in every instance single males, through aggression, attempted to limit access to a female and pair spawn. The degree to which this succeeded depended on the male's place in the dominance hierarchy, the number of males in proximity which were actively attempting to spawn and the availability of shelter. Courtship activity of the female was influenced by the amount of male attention. When attention was high, the nuptial shading of the female never developed maximally. On the other hand, when male attention was low, the female showed progressive and maximal shading development to attract males. The significance of the findings is discussed.
A GENERALIZED FORMULATION OF THE DISCRETE ELEMENT METHOD

A generalized weighted residual method is used to formulate the discrete element method (DEM) for rigid or deformable bodies. It is shown that this approach provides a unified methodology for deriving many of the different discrete element techniques in current use today. This procedure is used to develop a number of different element formulations for use in problems in which the distinct bodies exhibit complex deformation behaviour such as beam or plate flexure, membrane action, and additional reinforcement of a jointed discontinuum. A covergence proof for the two‐dimensional beam element is given for mathematical validation. A number of examples are also presented which illustrate the usefulness of different discrete element types in engineering analyses of discontinuum problems.
Determining Rates of Bruising in Commercial Broilers

Abstract Hamdy et al. (1961) reported that approximately 90 percent of the bruises found on broilers in processing plants occur within 13 hours before slaughtering. Bruising has usually been attributed to rough handling of birds during the live handling operations. However, recent studies by Shackelford et al. (1969) to determine bruising rates indicate that up to 58 percent of the broilers are bruised before the live handling operation begins. The technique of Shackelford et al. (1969) involved making a sample of live birds from the house to the plant with the possibility of bruising during the experiment. A field study was conducted in cooperation with a commercial processing plant to establish a procedure for determining the percentage of birds being bruised in the poultry house prior to handling by the catching crews. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE To determine the bruising rate, the poultry house was entered before the catching crews arrived at the…