cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The response of Jupiter's magnetosphere to an outburst on Io.

A 6-month-long monitoring campaign of the Io plasma torus and neutral cloud was conducted to determine the characteristics of their interaction. During the observations, a large outburst of material from Io—inferred to be caused by the eruption of a volcanic plume on Io—caused a transient increase in the neutral cloud and plasma torus masses. The response of the plasma torus to this outburst shows that the interaction between Io and Jupiter's magnetosphere is stabilized by a feedback mechanism in which increases in the plasma torus mass cause a nonlinear increase in loss from the plasma torus, limiting plasma buildup.
Finding Gertrude: The Resident's Voice in Minimum Data Set 3.0

Abstract Purpose The new Minimum Data Set 3.0 was designed to improve the assessment process by requiring nursing home (NH) staff to attempt to interview residents with scripted questions to assess subjective states such as pain, mood, and cognitive functioning. Although the case has been made that resident self-report is important, it is unknown whether facilities are doing so in practice. We examined the frequency of attempts to interview residents to elucidate the types of residents able to be interviewed about their clinical conditions and facility characteristics related to the likelihood of attempt. Design and Methods Data come from Minimum Data Set 3.0 annual assessments for 757,044 residents in 15,030 NHs during 2011–2012 and the 2011 Online Survey, Certification, and Reporting database. Hierarchical generalized linear models were conducted to test the association between resident and facility characteristics and the attempt rate of resident interview for 3 clinical domains (cognition, mood, and pain). Results Over 83% of long-stay residents attempted all 3 self-report clinical items. The rates of attempt for mood, cognition, and pain were 88%, 89%, and 92%, respectively. Results from hierarchical generalized linear models suggest that certain resident characteristics are related to the likelihood of participating in interviews, in particular neither having a diagnosis of dementia nor cognitive impairment, not exhibiting signs of delirium, nor a documented prognosis of 6 months or less to live. Residents in smaller, chain-affiliated nursing homes with fewer Medicare residents and fewer assessments per administrative nurse and registered nurse were more likely to attempt the resident interview items. Implications This article documents the high rate of NH residents' participation in interviews about their clinical states. Furthermore, we identify types of residents for whom additional investigation into ways to achieve higher rates of participation is required and facility resources that are related to the likelihood of high rates of attempt.
Altruists since life began: the superorganism view of life

Certain books create a stir and generate a level of interest even before they are read. The importance of the author(s) or the timing of its arrival is often more important that the content. The new book by Bert Holldobler and Ed Wilson is a case in point. Entitled The Superorganism: The Beauty, Elegance and Strangeness of Insect Societies, it is a fascinating, wonderfully referenced account of the lives of large social insect societies and how the major evolutionary transition that lead to such wonderful products of organic evolution has impacted terrestrial ecosystems in multiple ways.
Maternal Separation Anxiety: Relations to Adult Attachment Representations in Mothers of Infants

Guided primarily by attachment theory, this longitudinal study explored how adult mental representations of attachment relationships and memories of childhood experiences with parents contributed to a mother's anxiety about separation from her own infant. The Maternal Separation Anxiety Scale, the Adult Attachment Interview, and the Mother-Father-Peer Scale were administered to a sample of 49 first-time mothers. The mothers with insecure attachment representations, when asked to remember details of their own childhood, reported more negative recollections of early parental caregiving, particularly rejection and discouragement of independence. When their own infants were 2 months old, these mothers experienced heightened levels of maternal separation anxiety. The findings provide theoretical and empirical support for the view that very high levels of maternal separation anxiety may indicate dysfunction.
Diagnosis of process disturbances by statistical distance and angle measures

Disturbance and fault diagnosis techniques that rely on statistical methods traditionally utilize distance based discrimination functions. Complementary information is contained in the angular relations between data clusters representing process operations under various disturbances. A novel disturbance diagnosis approach is presented based on angle discriminants. The diagnosis method is successful in cases where distance based discrimination is not very accurate. The methodology is illustrated by diagnosing various disturbances in the Tennessee Eastman process and compared with the diagnosis utilizing distance based algorithms.
Discrete proteolysis of neuronal calcium sensor-1 (NCS-1) by μ-calpain disrupts calcium binding

Neuronal calcium sensor-1 (NCS-1) is a high-affinity, low-capacity Ca(2+)-binding protein expressed in many cell types. We previously showed that NCS-1 interacts with inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor (InsP(3)R) and modulates Ca(2+)-signaling by enhancing InsP3-dependent InsP(3)R channel activity and intracellular Ca(2+) transients. Recently we reported that the chemotherapeutic agent, paclitaxel (taxol) triggers mu-calpain dependent proteolysis of NCS-1, leading to reduced Ca(2+)-signaling within the cell. Degradation of NCS-1 may be critical in the induction of peripheral neuropathy associated with taxol treatment for breast and ovarian cancer. To begin to design strategies to protect NCS-1, we treated NCS-1 with mu-calpain in vitro and identified the cleavage site by N-terminal sequencing and MALDI mass spectroscopy. mu-Calpain cleavage of NCS-1 occurs within an N-terminal pseudoEF-hand domain, which by sequence analysis appears to be unable to bind Ca(2+). Our results suggest a role for this pseudoEF-hand in stabilizing the three functional EF-hands within NCS-1. Using isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) we found that loss of the pseudoEF-hand markedly decreased NCS-1's affinity for Ca(2+). Physiologically, this significant decrease in Ca(2+) affinity may render NCS-1 incapable of responding to changes in Ca(2+) levels in vivo. The reduced ability of mu-calpain treated NCS-1 to bind Ca(2+) may explain the altered Ca(2+) signaling in the presence of taxol and suggests a strategy for therapeutic intervention of peripheral neuropathy in cancer patients undergoing taxol treatment.
An application of cluster analysis to the construction of a diagnostic classification

Abstract This paper considers cluster analysis on measurements (0–1 variables) when each patient (observation) is assumed to belong to one of two groups. A similarity coefficient involving two measurements is defined and various clustering procedures are studied using the similarity coefficient. Emphasis is placed on the application of the cluster analysis procedures to the construction of a diagnostic classification. The results are illustrated with an example using real data.
Fiber Metal Laminates — The Synthesis of Metals and Composites

Abstract Fiber Metal Laminates are a new class of advanced aerospace materials. They consist of thin metallic sheets bonded together with fiber reinforced adhesive matrices. Their most outstanding characteristic is exceptional fatigue resistance, which stems from the crack bridging effect of the fibers in the prepreg layers. Because of the many advantages they offer, such as higher strengths and lower densities than conventional aluminum and better machinability and impact resistance than thermoset composites, fiber metal laminates are being considered for a number of primary aircraft applications, including lower wing and pressurized fuselage skin panels. This paper presents a survey of published literature on the subject of fiber metal laminates, tracing their advancement over the past decade and a half, from bonded aluminum sheets to the commercially manufactured forms of ARALL and GLARE.
Cost-effectiveness of oral phenytoin, intravenous phenytoin, and intravenous fosphenytoin in the emergency department.

Abstract Study objective Oral phenytoin, intravenous phenytoin, and intravenous fosphenytoin are all commonly used for loading phenytoin in the emergency department (ED). The cost-effectiveness of each was compared for patients presenting with seizures and subtherapeutic phenytoin concentrations. Methods A simple decision tree was developed to determine the treatment costs associated with each of 3 loading techniques. We determined effectiveness by comparing adverse event rates and by calculating the time to safe ED discharge. Time to safe ED discharge was defined as the time at which therapeutic concentrations of phenytoin (≥10 mg/L) were achieved with an absence of any adverse events that precluded discharge. The comparative cost-effectiveness of alternatives to oral phenytoin was determined by combining net costs and number of adverse events, expressed as cost per adverse events avoided. Cost-effectiveness was also determined by comparing the net costs of each loading technique required to achieve the time to safe ED discharge, expressed as cost per hour of ED time saved. The outcomes and costs were primarily derived from a prospective, randomized controlled trial, augmented by time-motion studies and alternate-cost sources. Costs included the cost of drugs, supplies, and personnel. Analyses were also performed in scenarios incorporating labor costs and savings from using a lower-urgency area of the ED. Results The mean number of adverse events per patient for oral phenytoin, intravenous phenytoin, and intravenous fosphenytoin was 1.06, 1.93, and 2.13, respectively. Mean time to safe ED discharge in the 3 groups was 6.4 hours, 1.7 hours, and 1.3 hours. Cost per patient was $2.83, $21.16, and $175.19, respectively, and did not differ substantially in the Labor and Triage (lower-urgency area of ED) scenarios. When the measure of effectiveness was adverse events, oral phenytoin dominated intravenous phenytoin and intravenous fosphenytoin, with a lower cost and number of adverse events. With time to safe ED discharge as the outcome measure, the incremental cost-effectiveness ratios were $3.90 and $387.27 per hour of ED time saved for oral phenytoin versus intravenous phenytoin and for intravenous fosphenytoin versus intravenous phenytoin, respectively. Conclusion Oral phenytoin is the most cost-effective loading method in most settings. Intravenous phenytoin is preferred if one is willing to pay an additional $20.65 to $44.25 per patient and willing to have more adverse events for a quicker average time to safe ED discharge. It is unlikely that intravenous fosphenytoin is justifiable in any setting.
The bioactive peptide endothelin causes multiple biologic responses relevant to myocardial and vascular performance after cardiac surgery.

See related articles on pages 1114 and 1120. O ver one-half million cardiac surgical procedures are performed in the United States and a large number of these procedures require cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) and cardioplegic arrest. However, transient left ventricular (LV) dysfunction can occur with reperfusion and separation from CPB and result in a complex postoperative course. The causes for this LV pump dysfunction are multifactorial and include intrinsic defects in myocardial contractile performance and alterations in hemodynamic loading conditions. Neurohormonal system activation and subsequent release of bioactive peptides occur during and after CPB and cardioplegic arrest. One of the more potent bioactive peptides released into the systemic vasculature under these conditions is endothelin-1 (ET).1-9 Increased synthesis and release of ET has been implicated to exacerbate LV pump dysfunction in a number of cardiovascular diseases.8-12 Thus, elevated ET in patients during and after cardiac surgery may compromise LV function and contribute to a complex postoperative course.13-17 In the two companion studies by Verma and colleagues in this issue of the Journal, of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, the authors demonstrated that ET can contribute to myocardial cell injury and microvascular constriction after an episode of controlled ischemia-reperfusion, which was particularly pronounced in the context of hyperglycemia or diabetes. These findings add to the body of knowledge to suggest that ET contributes to abnormalities in cardiovascular regulation after cardioplegic arrest and CPB and can further exacerbate these processes in pre-existing disease states such as diabetes. Comprehensive reviews and texts on the molecular biology, biosynthesis, and signaling of ET have been published.7-10 However, a brief review with respect to the biology of ET and the different cellular functions within the cardiovascular system would be appropriate to place these recent studies into context with our emerging understanding of the importance of ET in the cardiac surgical setting.
Role of the Land Plume in the Transport of Ozone Over the Ocean During Indoex (1999)

Observations from aircraft, an island station, and tworesearch vessels are used to investigate the development of an elevated mixed layeror land plume over the Arabian sea during the Indian Ocean Experiment Intensive FieldPhase 1999 (INDOEX) through air mass modification. Much of the transport of aerosolsand gases occurs in this plume located above a well-mixed convective marine boundary layerwith a depth of 800–1000 m. The depth of the land plume isapproximately 2000 m with the peak ozone concentrations occurring near the centre of this land plume.Significant latitudinal variations in the concentration of ozone occur in the marineboundary layer and in the plume. Mean ozone concentrations in the land plume decreasedwith distance from the Indian coastline.
TWO-ELECTRON RELATIVISTIC EFFECTS IN MOLECULES

Abstract A computationally efficient method to account for two-electron relativistic effects in a spin-free no-pair Hamiltonian has been investigated. The approach amounts to a modification of integrals familiar from non-relativistic theory and is therefore compatible with a variety of different correlation treatments. In this preliminary study, we have applied the method in Hartree-Fock and MP2 calculations on dimers and hydrides of Ag, Au and Pt.
Filtering in Legendre spectral methods

We discuss the impact of modal filtering in Legendre spectral methods, both on accuracy and stability. For the former, we derive sufficient conditions on the filter to recover high order accuracy away from points of discontinuity. Computational results confirm that less strict necessary conditions appear to be adequate. We proceed to discuss a instability mechanism in polynomial spectral methods and prove that filtering suffices to ensure stability. The results are illustrated by computational experiments.
Disseminated Mycobacterium Avium Serotype 1 Infection in a Seven-Month-Old Cat:

A 7-month-old, neutered, male, domestic shorthair cat was presented for examination to a practicing veterinarian after 2 weeks of anorexia and unspecified treatment for “chronic respiratory disease.” Physical and hematologic examinations revealed generalized lymphadenopathy, fever (39.7 C), and a corrected total blood leukocyte count of 17,329/μ1 with 27 nucleated red blood cells/100 leukocytes. Blood packed cell volume was 17%, and plasma contained 6.5 g/d1 total protein. After the animal had shown nonspecific signs for an additional week, smears made from aspirated bone marrow and a popliteal lymph node collected by biopsy and fixed in formalin were referred to the College of Veterinary Medicine at Iowa State University (ISU) for microscopic evaluation, and the cat was returned to its owner. Following a histologic diagnosis of disseminated mycobacterial disease, the cat was rehospitalized at the referring clinic for further observation and treatment. No cutaneous lesions were found. After consultation with the owner, the cat was euthanatized, necropsy was performed by the referring veterinarian, and tissue specimens were collected and submitted to ISU for further laboratory examination. Samples of lungs, liver, spleen, intestine, and tracheobronchial and mesenteric lymph nodes were received both frozen and in formalin. The remaining popliteal lymph node was received frozen, and bone marrow from a femur was received fixed in formalin. Blood had been collected in serum and anticoagulant (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) tubes prior to euthanasia. This report describes disseminated Mycobacterium avium serotype 1 infection of a young cat in the absence of cutaneous lesions or evidence of antecedent immunosuppressive disease or treatment. At necropsy, mandibular, ileocecal, and tracheobronchial lymph nodes were reportedly “very enlarged,” and the lungs contained nodular densities throughout. The fixed ileocecal and tracheobronchial lymph nodes and lung nodules measured 1.0, 1.5, and 0.5 cm in diameter, respectively. Bone marrow smears revealed adequate megakaryocytes, myeloid hyperplasia, and erythroid hypoplasia. No atypical cells were noted, but fine, elongate, refractile forms, unstained by Wright’s stain and frequently aggregated in clusters, were seen in the cytoplasm of mononuclear cells and large multinucleate cells (Fig. 1). Acid-fast staining by the Ziehl-Neelsen method (ZN) showed abundant, 4-6 μm, slender, acidfast (beaded) organisms in the same cells. Peripheral blood smears and whole blood revealed anemia (hemoglobin 5.6 g/dl packed cell volume 18%, red blood cell count 2,850,000/ μl), leukopenia (total corrected leukocyte count 4,700/μ1), and lymphopenia (1,175/μ1). Serum contained 6.6 g/d1 of total
Additional corrections to a catalog of the Diptera of America north of Mexico.

A first instalment of “Corrections to a Catalog of the Diptera of America North of Mexico” (1965) was published in the BULLETIN OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETYOF AMERICA 13: 115–125, June 1967. Additional notes have since accumulated, and are here placed on record in the interest of accuracy in that reference work. As before, this list contains only corrections or overlooked items for the period covered by the Catalog, except in 2 instances (p. 283, 915) where later information seemed desirable. Entries are arranged by CATALOG page number, with family and generic names as center headings to assist the searcher. For brevity, subgeneric and author names are usually omitted. Entries that alter valid scientific names or their authorship are starred (*) for quick reference. Sincere thanks are extended to fellow dipterists who have called attention to errors, and especially to Paul H. Arnaud, Jr., Raymond J. Gagne, and George C. Steyskal for significant assistance. I also acknowledge with appreciation the generous help from abroad given by R. W. Crosskey, H. Oldroyd, and Adrian C. Pont in London, G. Morge in Eberswalde bei Berlin, and Abraham Willink in Tucuman, Argentina.
THIRTY-FIVE YEARS OF CAPILLARY ELECTROPHORESIS: ADVANCES AND PERSPECTIVES

ABSTRACT Since the publication by Hjerten of his study on free zone electrophoresis thirty-five years ago and the publication by Jorgenson and Lukacs of their study in 1981, CE instrumentation and applications have become widespread. CE today includes capillary zone electrophoresis, micellar electrokinetic chromatography, capillary gel electrophoresis, capillary isoelectric focusing, isotacophoresis, and capillary electrochromatography. Array capillary electrophoresis and array microchip separations are also important aspects of modern CE instrumentation. CE has become a versatile analytical technique, which is successfully used for the separation of small ions, neutral molecules, and large biomolecules and for the study of physicochemical parameters. It is being utilized in widely different fields, such as analytical, forensic, clinical, and organic chemistry, in addition to natural products, the pharmaceutical industry, chiral separations, molecular biology, and other fields. This project has been funde...
Scleral Buckling Without Thermal Adhesion

One hundred seventy-five consecutive and unselected patients with retinal detachment were treated with a scleral buckling procedure without inducing a thermal adhesion. In 143 (82%) of these patients reattachment was successful after one operation. In 32 patients (18%) reattachment was not initially successful. These failures resulted from buckle malposition, periretinal proliferation, new or missed breaks, and the inability to close giant tears. Fifteen of the 32 reattached after subsequent scleral buckling without thermal adhesion. Final success was achieved, therefore, in 158 (90%) of the original group of 175 cases. We concluded that a chorioretinal scar might have prevented initial failure only in those cases of buckle malposition. The high incidence (17, [10%]) of periretinal proliferation, accounting for all of our final failures, did not concur with or support previous impressions indicating a causal relationship between thermal treatment and proliferative complications.
Quantum fields can provide enough energy density to close the universe

Abstract Models of the universe are exhibited for which the vacuum energy density of the quantum fields can be large enough to close the universe. This vacuum density is nonzero because of the spacetime curbature. It is shown that the relationship between the matter density, Hubble's constant and the deceleration parameter is different from that predicted by classical general relativity. For many models this difference is on the verge of being observable.
Automated Generation of Air Traffic Encounters for Testing Conflict Resolution Software

A method was developed to automatically generate simulated air traffic encounters for testing conflict-resolution software. A trajectory scripting language was developed to generate simulated trajectories that result in conflicts with a specified geometry. A script was then written to automatically generate a set of scripts written in the trajectory language, each of which generates a conflict with a specified geometry involving two flights. A set of level-flight conflicts was generated by taking permutations of three basic encounter parameters: the path crossing angle, the minimum separation, and the aircraft speeds. A set of nonlevel-flight conflicts was also generated by varying the altitude difference and the vertical velocity difference at minimum separation. The resulting conflicts were then run with conflict resolution in a fast-time, batch-mode simulation of the resulting maneuvers. Plots of the resulting resolution maneuvers allow the algorithm developer to quickly visualize and verify the reason...
In vitro effects of estradiol-17β on myoid and fibroblastic cell proliferation in the immature rainbow trout testis

This study sought to determine whether estradiol-17β (E2) could induce proliferation of interstitial cells (fibroblasts and myoid cells) in the immature rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) testis. To investigate this, a floating organ culture system was utilized. The results showed that a dose of 18.3n M E2 added to the medium significantly increased interstitial cell proliferation. Pretreatment of the tissue with the estrogen receptor antagonist ICI 182,780 nullifies this proliferative effect. These results show that E2 can enhance interstitial cell proliferation in the immature rainbow trout testis before spermatogenesis begins.
Learning sparse discriminative representations for land cover classification in the Arctic

Neuroscience-inspired machine vision algorithms are of current interest in the areas of detection and monitoring of climate change impacts, and general Land Use/Land Cover classification using satellite image data. We describe an approach for automatic classification of land cover in multispectral satellite imagery of the Arctic using sparse representations over learned dictionaries. We demonstrate our method using DigitalGlobe Worldview-2 8-band visible/near infrared high spatial resolution imagery of the MacKenzie River basin. We use an on-line batch Hebbian learning rule to build spectral-textural dictionaries that are adapted to this multispectral data. We learn our dictionaries from millions of overlapping image patches and then use a pursuit search to generate sparse classification features. We explore unsupervised clustering in the sparse representation space to produce land-cover category labels. This approach combines spectral and spatial textural characteristics to detect geologic, vegetative, and hydrologic features. We compare our technique to standard remote sensing algorithms. Our results suggest that neuroscience-based models are a promising approach to practical pattern recognition problems in remote sensing, even for datasets using spectral bands not found in natural visual systems.
Investigation of minute solar radiation data

Simulation studies of solar energy systems have traditionally been performed using hourly data because data for shorter time periods are generally unavailable for extended periods. If simulations using hourly data are to provide accurate results, the variation of radiation within an hour must have a negligible effect on a system's performance. This paper examines minute radiation data from three locations. The distribution of minute data within the hour is found to differ from previously presented distributions of daily radiation in a month. Comparisons of calculated and measured minute radiation on a tilted surface show significant differences which are attributable to inaccurate estimates of the magnitude and distribution of diffuse radiation on a minute basis. Even with the same tilted surface radiation, significant differences in simulated performance using hourly and minute-by-minute data are found to exist for a simple photovoltaic system.
Pretreatment for Cellulose Hydrolysis by Carbon Dioxide Explosion

Cellulosic materials were treated with supercritical carbon dioxide to increase the reactivity of cellulose, thereby to enhance the rate and the extent of cellulose hydrolysis. In this pretreatment process, the cellulosic materials such as Avicel, recycled paper mix, sugarcane bagasse and the repulping waste of recycled paper are placed in a reactor under pressurized carbon dioxide at 35 °C for a controlled time period. Upon an explosive release of the carbon dioxide pressure, the disruption of the cellulosic structure increases the accessible surface area of the cellulosic substrate to enzymatic hydrolysis. Results indicate that supercritical carbon dioxide is effective for pretreatment of cellulose. An increase in pressure facilitates the faster penetration of carbon dioxide molecules into the crystalline structures, thus more glucose is produced from cellulosic materials after the explosion as compared to those without the pretreatment. This explosion pretreatment enhances the rate of cellulosic material hydrolysis as well as increases glucose yield by as much as 50%. Results from the simultaneous saccharification and fermentation tests also show the increase in the available carbon source from the cellulosic materials for fermentation to produce ethanol. As an alternative method, this supercritical carbon dioxide explosion has a possibility to reduce expense compared with ammonia explosion, and since it is operated at the low temperature, it will not cause degradation of sugars such as those treated with steam explosion due to the high-temperature involved.
Biorthogonal raised-cosine wavelets

A class of biorthogonal wavelets are constructed from raised-cosine filters in the Letter. It is shown that simple explicit expressions for biorthogonal raised-cosine wavelets can be found. Their relationship to the orthonormal wavelet of Meyer is also briefly discussed. These wavelets can be used for pulse shaping in communications systems.
Self-reports of forgetting and remembering childhood sexual abuse in a nationally representative sample of US women.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this article is to describe patterns of forgetting and remembering childhood sexual abuse (CSA) in a nationally representative sample of US adult women. METHOD: The respondents were a national probability sample of 711 women, aged 26 years to 54 years, residing in noninstitutional settings in the contiguous 48 states. In a 1996 face-to-face interview survey, trained female interviewers asked each respondent whether she had experienced any sexual coercion by family members or nonfamily members while growing up; whether she believed that she had been sexually abused (by family members or others); and whether she had ever forgotten the CSA experiences and, if so, how she had subsequently remembered them. RESULTS: Twenty-one and six-tenths percent of respondents reported having sexually coercive experiences while growing up; of these, 69.0% indicated that they felt they had been sexually abused. More than one-fourth of respondents who felt sexually abused reported that they had forgotten the abuse for some period of time but later remembered it on their own. Only 1.8% of women self-described as sexually abused reported remembering the abuse with the help of a therapist or other professional person. CONCLUSIONS: The findings indicate that, among women who report CSA, forgetting and subsequently remembering abuse experiences is not uncommon. According to the women surveyed, however, very few (1.8%) of those who felt abused recovered memories of CSA with help from therapists or other professionals. As one of the few studies of CSA memories in a nationally representative sample, this study suggests that therapist-assisted recall is not a major source of CSA memories among women in the US general population. Language: en
Heterogeneous combustion of benzene on Rh(111) : Kinetics and dynamics of CO and CO2 production

Abstract The heterogeneous combustion of benzene on Rh(111) has been examined using molecular beams in an ultrahigh vacuum environment. For the reaction conditions studied, CO is the dominant carbon-containing product. CO2 is a minor component, accounting for a maximum of 10% of the carbon species at 650 K and dropping to 2% when the temperature is raised to 1000 K. The relative yields of CO and CO2, as well as the reaction rate for CO production, are strongly influenced by surface oxygen concentration, controlled through the relative ratio of oxygen and benzene fluxes, with the fastest rate of CO production and the greatest proportion of CO2 occurring under the most oxidizing conditions. Because the catalytic decomposition of benzene is rapid on the rhodium surface, the kinetics of CO and CO2 evolution are dominated by the reaction of atomic carbon and oxygen species on the surface. We calculate an activation energy for the reaction C(a)+O(a) → CO(a) of 130 kJ/mol. CO2 is produced by the further reaction of CO with adsorbed O, with the extent of reaction being substantially influenced by reaction at defect sites. CO is evolved with a thermal kinetic energy distribution, while CO2 desorbs hyperthermally.
Mite-Transmitted Dermatoses and Infectious Diseases in Returning Travelers

Mites are among the smallest arthropods with most barely visible without magnification. 1 Mites are closely related to ticks, but they are tissue‐juice feeders, not blood‐feeders, and do not transmit as broad a variety of infectious microbial diseases. 1 In fact, the only infectious diseases transmitted by mites are rickettsialpox and scrub typhus. 1 The most common ectoparasitic dermatoses caused by mites are chiggers and scabies. 1 Travelers are uniquely predisposed to contracting several mite‐transmitted dermatoses and infectious diseases including: (1) scabies mites from close personal contacts; (2) zoonotic scabies from domestic or wild animals and pets; (3) rickettsialpox from sleeping in or visiting mice‐infested dwellings; and (4) chiggers and scrub typhus after stumbling onto trombiculid larvae‐infested “mite islands” in endemic regions worldwide. This review will describe the epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and management of the most common mite‐transmitted dermatoses and infectious diseases in returning travelers. A MEDLINE search, 1966 to 2008, of the world's scientific literature of case reports, case series, original articles, reviews, and observational and longitudinal studies was conducted to determine the epidemiology, outcomes, clinical manifestations, preferred diagnostic interventions, and management for mite‐transmitted dermatoses and infectious diseases in returning travelers. In addition, a clinical classification of mite‐transmitted infestations and infections was developed to assist clinicians in assessing potential mite‐transmitted skin and systemic infectious diseases in travelers. ### Classification of Mites and Disease Ecology of Mite‐Transmitted Dermatoses and Infectious Diseases Mite infestations and infections were classified into the following distinct clinical and etiological categories: (1) the mite‐transmitted dermatoses caused by human mites: scabies and follicle mite infestations (also known as demodecidosis or demodicosis); (2) the mite‐transmitted dermatoses caused by non‐human mites: chiggers, zoonotic scabies, animal and plant and plant insect mite infestations, and dust mite allergies; and (3) the mite‐transmitted systemic infectious diseases: scrub typhus and rickettsialpox (Table 1). Only two non‐human, animal mites may transmit infectious diseases: (1) chiggers or trombiculid … Corresponding Author: James H. Diaz, MD, MPH&TM, Dr PH, Schools of Medicine and Public Health, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center (LSUHSC), 1615 Poydras Street, Suite 1400, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.E‐mail: jdiaz{at}lsuhsc.edu
Descriptive studies of occlusion and reopening of the spinal canal of the early chick embryo

Occlusion and reopening of the lumen of the spinal cord, two processes believed to be involved in early brain enlargement, were examined in chick embryos to determine what morphological features characterize these events. Occlusion begins at a particular craniocaudal level near the time that the neural folds become apposed in the dorsal midline and blocklike somites form from the segmental plates. During occlusion, the apical sides of the lateral walls of the neural tube are in close apposition. Interdigitating apical surface protrusions, cross-luminal intercellular junctions, and abundant cell-surface materials are lacking. Reopening has occurred by about stage 20 throughout most of the craniocaudal extent of the spinal cord. A lumen suddenly appears during this process, but correlated structural changes that might account for such a dramatic change in morphology were undetectable. Reopening involves the release of the forces that previously maintained occlusion, or the generation of new forces that overcome those causing occlusion, but what these forces are remains to be determined. Observations suggest that forces generated outside of the neural tube might be largely responsible for occlusion, and experiments are in progress to test this possibility.
SU‐E‐T‐453: PET Image‐Guided Dose Escalation Study for Cervical Cancer Patients Receiving HDR Brachytherapy

Purpose: To study the feasibility and benefit of boosting dose to active regions of cervical cancer identified by positron emission tomography (PET) imaging during brachytherapy. Methods: 5 patients imaged with MRI and PET/CT were retrospectively studied. An experienced physician contoured the GTV and HR‐CTV using the MRI scan alone, and then contoured the region of PET‐hot activity using a PET/CT image. The MRI and PET/CT images where then fused, and a PET‐HR‐CTV volume was constructed from the union of the HR‐CTV and PET‐GTV.Each patient had been treated using a Syed applicator with 4–20 needles. Two new plans were optimized using Oncentra's IPSA package with the following objectives: 1) a “PET‐blindA plan in which the HR‐CTV‐D90 received the prescription dose (Rx), and 2) a plan where the PET‐HR‐CTV D90 received Rx and the PET‐GTV D90 was boosted to 1.5 times Rx. In both cases the EQD2 D2cc dose to the bladder and rectum were kept below the GEC‐ESTRO guidelines of 90 and 75 Gy, including the contribution from external beam therapy. Dose‐volume parameters and TCP biological predictors were calculated for the PET‐target volumes in both plans. Results: Significant differences were seen between the non‐PET and PET‐GTV (average size difference 21.8cc, average overlap 50%). In the unboosted plans, the average percent D90 to the PET‐GTV was 171%, whereas in the boosted plans it increased to 223%. Average TCP, calculated using risk‐scaled parameters for IR‐, HR‐CTV and GTV, increased from 76% to 84% with the boost to the PET positive region. Conclusion: PET imaging modality has the potential to identify residual cervical cancer otherwise not visible on MRI and CT studies. This work has found that MRI target contouring regularly does not include regions of PET activity, and PET‐based planning can lead to improved outcome predictions over plans using MRI alone. Funding support partly provided by a Varian research grant.
CEREBELLAR STROKES: MORTALITY, SURGICAL INDICATIONS, AND RESULTS OF VENTRICULAR DRAINAGE

A series of 15 patients with cerebellar haemorrhages and 55 with cerebellar infarcts diagnosed by computerised tomography were studied. 9 haemorrhage patients and 49 infarct patients did not have hydrocephalus; 7 and 44, respectively, survived. All 12 patients with hydrocephalus deteriorated and were subjected to ventricular drainage, 4 of the 6 haemorrhage patients with hydrocephalus survived, 2 in a functional neurological state. All 6 infarct patients with hydrocephalus survived in good condition after ventricular drainage. Hydrocephalus developed in patients with cerebellar haemorrhage more frequently and sooner after the stroke than in patients with cerebellar infarct. Once hydrocephalus had developed, deterioration was more rapid in haemorrhage patients. The most important determining factor in the survival of patients with cerebellar stroke is whether hydrocephalus develops. Consequently, the indication for surgical intervention is the presence of hydrocephalus. Ventricular drainage was effective in the treatment of patients with hydrocephalus accompanying cerebellar stroke, and it is likely that direct surgical attack is unnecessary.
Structure and Ionic Interactions of Organic–Inorganic Composite Polymer Electrolytes Studied by Solid-State NMR and Raman Spectroscopy

Solid-state NMR studies of composite polymer electrolytes are reported. The materials consist of polyethylene oxide and an organic inorganic composite, together with a lithium salt, and are candidates for electrolytes in solid-state lithium ion batteries. Silicon and aluminum MAS and multiple quantum MAS are used to characterize the network character of the organic-inorganic composite, and spin diffusion measurements are used to determine the nanostructure of the polymer/composite blending. Multiple quantum spin counting is used to measure the ion aggregation. The NMR results are supported by Raman spectra, calorimetry, and impedance spectroscopy. From these experiments it is concluded that the composite suppresses polymer crystallization without suppressing its local mobility, and also suppresses the tendency for the ions to aggregate. This polymer composite thus appears very promising for application in lithium ion batteries.
Sulfur isotopic composition of individual organic compounds from Cariaco Basin sediments

Reactions between reduced inorganic sulfur and organic compounds are thought to be important for the preservation of organic matter (OM) in sediments, but the sulfurization process is poorly understood. Sulfur isotopes are potentially useful tracers of sulfurization reactions, which often occur in the presence of a strong porewater isotopic gradient driven by microbial sulfate reduction. Prior studies of bulk sedimentary OM indicate that sulfurized products are ^(34)S-enriched relative to coexisting sulfide, and experiments have produced ^(34)S-enriched organosulfur compounds. However, analytical limitations have prevented the relationship from being tested at the molecular level in natural environments. Here we apply a new method, coupled gas chromatography – inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, to measure the compound-specific sulfur isotopic compositions of volatile organosulfur compounds over a 6 m core of anoxic Cariaco Basin sediments. In contrast to current conceptual models, nearly all extractable organosulfur compounds were substantially depleted in ^(34)S relative to coexisting kerogen and porewater sulfide. We hypothesize that this ^(34)S depletion is due to a normal kinetic isotope effect during the initial formation of a carbon-sulfur bond and that the source of sulfur in this relatively irreversible reaction is most likely the bisulfide anion in sedimentary pore water. The ^(34)S-depleted products of irreversible bisulfide addition alone cannot explain the isotopic composition of total extractable or residual OM. Therefore, at least two different sulfurization pathways must operate in the Cariaco Basin, generating isotopically distinct products. Compound-specific sulfur isotope analysis thus provides new insights into the timescales and mechanisms of OM sulfurization.
Survey of Certified Pharmacy Technicians in the United States: A Quality-of-Worklife Study

ABSTRACT Objective To describe a nationwide random sample of Certified Pharmacy Technicians (CPhTs) by various demographic and work-related characteristics, identify various worklife attitudes, and determine whether these attitudes differed by practice setting and personal characteristics of the respondents. Design Cross-sectional descriptive design. Setting A random sample of 3,200 CPhTs provided by the Pharmacy Technician Certification Board. Interventions Survey mailed in January 2004. Main Outcome Measures Responses to previously validated instruments measuring quality-of-worklife attitudes, rankings of factors as probable causes of medication preparation errors, and topics for continuing education (CE) programming. Results The typical respondent was a white woman, 39 years of age, who was earning $12.87 per hour. CPhTs exhibited modest levels of job satisfaction and career commitment and relatively low career turnover intention. They perceived modestly high levels of support from supervisors and coworkers, but less support from their employers. Quality-of-worklife attitudes were associated significantly with practice setting, rate of pay, and age, but not with gender and racial/ethnic background. Conclusion In view of CPhTs’ continuingly important role in the delivery of pharmacy care, employers of CPhTs may want to consider rewarding experienced CPhTs who have demonstrated competency and loyalty to the organization. Career ladders for CPhTs may be a viable option.
Photon background in DIRC fused silica bars

The DIRC (acronym for Detection of Internally Reflected Cherenkov radiation) is the ring imaging Cherenkov detector of the BABAR detector at the Pep-II ring of SLAC. The Cherenkov radiators consist of 4.9 m long rectangular fused silica bars each glued together from four equal pieces. The photon detector is a water tank equipped with an array of 10,752 conventional photomultipliers. The current study attempts to identify sources of photonic background generated in the DIRC bars. A conclusion of this work is that there are two major sources: one such component consists of photons created by the delta-ray electrons in the fused silica, which in turn can produce Cherenkov light. The second component comes from the reflections of photons from the EPOTEK-301-2 glue-fused silica interface while they are traveling in the bars. The reflection occurs because of a slight mismatch of the refraction indices.
Investigating a relationship among CPU and system temperatures, thermal power, and CPU tasking levels

This paper focuses on experiments investigating the quantity and quality of heat that can be captured from a liquid-cooled CPU on a computer server blade from a data center. This work also evaluates how effectively that waste heat energy dissipated from the CPUs residing on a server blade can be captured with a liquid-cooled thermal-extraction system. The ultimate goal behind this investigation is to determine the feasibility of using the thermal energy from a CPU to drive a cooling process. The unique application of this would be to capture the dissipated heat from many processors on many server blades within a data center and utilize that energy to drive a single-effect lithium bromide (Li-Br) refrigeration system. Another unique aspect of the investigation is the establishment of an interesting and useful relationship among CPU and system temperatures, thermal power, and CPU tasking levels. In response to the incoming system data, we explore the heat, temperature and power effects of adding insulation, varying water flow, tasking the CPU, and varying the cold plate-to-CPU clamping pressure. The aim is to provide an optimal and steady range of temperatures necessary for the chiller to operate. Results shown are for an IBM eServer xSeries 336 1U standalone server blade with dual Intel Xeon 3.6 GHz CPUs. Results are also shown for a simulation setup with an innovative cold plate that provides liquid cooling.
GSTM4 is a microsatellite-containing EWS/FLI target involved in Ewing's sarcoma oncogenesis and therapeutic resistance

Ewing's sarcoma is a malignant bone-associated tumor of children and young adults. Most cases of Ewing's sarcoma express the EWS/FLI fusion protein. EWS/FLI functions as an aberrant ETS-type transcription factor and serves as the master regulator of Ewing's sarcoma-transformed phenotype. We recently showed that EWS/FLI regulates one of its key targets, NR0B1, through a GGAA-microsatellite in its promoter. Whether other critical EWS/FLI targets are also regulated by GGAA-microsatellites was unknown. In this study, we combined transcriptional analysis, whole genome localization data, and RNA interference knockdown to identify glutathione S-transferase M4 (GSTM4) as a critical EWS/FLI target gene in Ewing's sarcoma. We found that EWS/FLI directly binds the GSTM4 promoter, and regulates GSTM4 expression through a GGAA-microsatellite in its promoter. Reduction of GSTM4 levels caused a loss of oncogenic transformation. Furthermore, reduction of GSTM4 resulted in an increased sensitivity of Ewing's sarcoma cells to chemotherapeutic agents, suggesting a role for this protein in drug resistance. Consistent with this hypothesis, patients with Ewing's sarcoma whose tumors had higher levels of GSTM4 expression had worse outcomes than those with lower expression levels. These data show that GSTM4 contributes to the cancerous behavior of Ewing's sarcoma and define a wider role for GGAA-microsatellites in EWS/FLI function than previously appreciated. These data also suggest a novel therapeutic resistance mechanism, in which the central oncogenic abnormality directly regulates a resistance gene.
Initiation of dialysis at higher levels of estimated GFR and subsequent withdrawal.

Over the last 10–15 years, there has been a pervasive trend toward initiation of chronic dialysis at higher levels of estimated GFR (eGFR) across a range of different patient groups and practice settings ([1][1]–[5][2]). This finding seems to suggest that on average patients are now initiating
METRONIDAZOLE AND ALCOHOL--POTENTIAL FOR COMBINATIVE ABUSE

The metronidazole/alcohol combination is presented as a possible new drug of abuse. Five patients are discussed. All were white middle-class women living in the Great Lakes area who had abused mari...