cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mouse embryo attachment to substratum and interaction of trophoblast with cultured cells.

Hatching, attachment, and trophoblast outgrowth of mouse embryos in vitro were examined as a model for implantation. Mouse embryos attached and grew out on glass cover slips that were partially covered with cultured mouse cells (L cells, liver cells, transformed JLS-V11 cells, and teratocarcinoma cells). Scanning electron microscopy showed that processes of these cells made contact with trophoblast, but there was no evidence of cell lysis or of phagocytosis of the cells by trophoblast. Time-lapse cinematography showed that after contact the cultured mouse cells retracted from the trophoblast, which then spread into the areas vacated by those cells. This suggests a means by which the trophoblast gains entry into the endometrium without destruction of maternal cells. Neuraminidase (100 or 250 units/ml) had no effect on attachment of mouse embryos to glass. However, attachment was inhibited by trypsin at concentrations of 0.25%, 0.025%, and 0.0025%. Treatment of early blastocysts with diazooxo-norleucine, an inhibitor of glycoprotein synthesis, decreased the number of embryos hatching from the zona pellucida; treatment at the late blastocyst stage decreased hatching to a lesser extent. Among the late blastocysts that did hatch, the number forming trophoblast outgrowths was lower than in controls. These results suggest that glycoproteins maymore » be of importance for embryo hatching, attachment, and outgrowth.« less
Antigenicity of nitrate reductase-deficient mutants in Hordeum vulgare L.

Ten nitrate reductase (NR)-deficient mutants have been characterized for their cross-reactivity against specific barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) nitrate reductase antibodies. The rabbit antibodies raised against the purified barley wild type (cv. Steptoe) enzyme quantitatively inactivate nitrate reductase in crude extracts. All nitrate-grown (induced) mutants show positive precipitin reaction against the antiserum by Ouchterlony double diffusion test and all have the ability to neutralize antisera in a NR protection assay. Under induced growth conditions, mutants Az 12, Az 23, Az 29 and Az 30 which have low NR associated catalytic activities also have the lowest level of antigenicity; mutants Az 13, Az 31, Az 33 and Az 34 have intermediate level of both NR associated catalytic activities and antigenicity, while mutants Az 28 and Az 32 have the highest level of both NR associated catalytic activities and antigenicity. Under noninduced growth conditions, all mutants except Az 12 contain detectable but very low levels of NR antigenicity. These results support the concept that these NR-deficient mutants with various levels of NR associated catalytic activities represent different mutation events at the loci coding the NR structural components.
Incongruity adaptation capability and risk preference in turbulent decision-making environments

Abstract Recent research has stressed the increasing turbulence in organizational environments and the needs for decision makers who can effectively cope with high levels of risk, ambiguity, novelty, and conflict. The present study indicates that the General Incongruity Adaptation Level (GIAL) theory is useful in predicting variations in risk preference under different degrees of environmental incongruity. Individuals scoring high on the GIAL Self-Description Test were found to perceive incongruent decision environments as less risky, incorporate more risk in the decisions they made, and respond to changes in environmental turbulence in more rational ways, than did lower scoring individuals. These findings confirmed the basic hypotheses of GIAL theory and established its relationship to risk perception and risk preference in turbulent decision-making environments. Application of the GIAL Self-Description Test as a screening criterion and training methods for increasing incongruity adaptation capability, creativity, risk preference, and flexibility are discussed as alternatives for preparing decision makers for the demands of turbulent-field environments.
Longitudinal fluctuations of the fireball density in heavy-ion collisions

We show that fluctuations of the fireball shape in the longitudinal direction generate nontrivial rapidity correlations that depend not only on the rapidity difference, ${y}_{1}\ensuremath{-}{y}_{2}$, but also on the rapidity sum, ${y}_{1}+{y}_{2}$. This is explicitly demonstrated in a simple wounded nucleon model, and the general case is also discussed. It is argued that rapidity fluctuations are large compared to normal statistical fluctuations. We show how to extract different components of the fluctuating fireball shape from the measured two-particle rapidity correlation function. The experimental possibility of studying the longitudinal initial conditions in heavy-ion and proton-proton collisions is emphasized.
Processing of single phase Mo5Si3 by microwave activated combustion synthesis

Abstract A ‘microwave activated combustion synthesis (MACS)’ process was utilized in synthesizing Mo 5 Si 3 , an important silicide material. This paper reports the following results. First, it independently confirms that metallic powders can be heated by microwave irradiation. Second, it shows that propagating combustion reactions can be sustained in sluggish reactions by means of microwave activation. Third, this paper demonstrates synthesis of pure Mo 5 Si 3 using microwave activation. The formation of secondary phases during processing was minimized by using off-stoichiometric starting mixtures. These were prepared and processed to produce close to single phase product. A mixture of 16 wt.% Si and 84 wt.% Mo produced the best result.
Topographic context of glaciers and perennial snowfields, Glacier National Park, Montana

Abstract Equilibrium-line altitudes (ELAs) of modem glaciers in the northern Rocky Mountains are known to correspond with regional climate, but strong subregional gradients such as across the Continental Divide in Glacier National Park, Montana, also exert topoclimatic influences on the ELA. This study analyzed the relationships between glacier and snowfield morphology, ELA, and surrounding topography. Glaciers and perennial snowfields were mapped using multitemporal satellite data from the Landsat Thematic Mapper and aerial photography within an integrated Geographic Information System (GIS). Relationships between glacier morphology and ELA were investigated using discriminant analysis. Four morphological categories of perennial snow and ice patches were identified: cirque glacier, niche glacier, ice cap, and snowfield. ELA was derived from overlaid glacier boundaries and Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) within the GIs. DEMs provided topographic variables and models of solar radiation and wind exposure/shelteredness. Regression analysis showed the effects of exposure; on snow accumulation, the strong influence of local topography through upslope zone morphology such as cirque backwalls, and the tendency for glaciers with high ELAs to exhibit compactness in morphology. Results highlight the relatively compact shape and larger area of glaciers adjacent to the Continental Divide. Discriminant analysis correctly predicted the type of glacier morphology in more than half the observations using factored variables of glacier shape, elevation range, and upslope area.
Mixing of nano-particles by rapid expansion of high-pressure suspensions

The mixing of two different species of nano-particles using an environmentally benign technique called rapid expansion of high-pressure suspensions (REHPS) has been studied experimentally. Comparative experiments were also performed by mixing the nano-particles in an organic solvent under ultrasonic agitation and in a dry mechanical mixing process called magnetically assisted impaction mixing. Various characterization methods for evaluating the degree of mixing at length scales of about 1 μm and lower based on electron microscopy are also described. An analysis of the experimental results indicates that the REHPS mixing, which also includes supercritical conditions, provides results that are significantly better than those of the other two mixing methods considered. It appears that the sudden decrease in pressure in the REHPS process breaks up the nano-particle agglomerates and results in good mixing, especially when the two constituents do not vary significantly in density. The characterization results show that field emission scanning electron microscopy can be used for distinguishing mixtures at the nano-scale if a significant difference in size or shape exists. However, in general, electron energy loss spectrography is the most powerful method to characterize nano-particles mixtures as it maps elemental distribution at nanometer resolution. Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy can also be used as a cheap and simple semi-quantitative method to measure the degree of mixing.
The Slac Injector

The injector for the Stanford Two-Mile Linear Accelerator has been designed to achieve optimum bunching, optimum beam optics and flexible operational control of beam parameters. A test injector has achieved 5-degree bunching and 10-2 mc-cm area in the X-PX plane.
Compatibility of potential reinforcing ceramics with Ni and Fe aluminides

The compatibility of candidate ceramic reinforcement materials with intermetallic matrices for high temperature composite systems has been evaluated. Powders of FeAl and NiAl were mixed with ceramic powders and consolidated by hot isostatic pressing and subsequent heat treatment. The microstructures of these composites and the nature of the ceramic/matrix interfaces were assessed using a wide variety of electron-beam techniques. The system FeAl/TiB2 was found to be particularly promising. The matrix appears to be bonded to the ceramic particles, which may be the result of diffusion of Fe into the ceramic. The particles stabilized in a previously unreported monoclinic crystal structure, rather than the equilibrium hexagonal form exhibited by the binary compound.
Bile salts: in vitro studies with fibre components.

(1987). Bile salts: In vitro studies with fibre components. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology: Vol. 22, No. sup129, pp. 174-180.
On a new species of centipede (Chilopoda, Geophilomorpha) from the Isles of Scilly

Several specimens of a small geophilomorph centipede were collected by the author from the Isles of Scilly between 1984 and 1987. The last legs bear a tuberculate pretarsus which is a diagnostic character of the North American genus Arenophilus but this species is not among those listed in Crabill's (1969) review of that genus.
727 Paediatric Morbidity From Cyclone Nargis

Introduction: Cyclone Nargis struck on 2nd May 2008 and was the worst natural disaster in the recorded history of Myanmar. More than 2 million people were affected by the cyclone which left 146, 000 people dead. Children made up a significant proportion of those affected by the cyclone and they formed a significant patient load during Team Singapore's medical relief mission. It was our aim to study the paediatric morbidity to help in planning for future disaster relief missions. Methods: Demographic and medical data from the medical records of the 4489 patients seen by our doctors was collected and analysed. Results: 1402 paediatric patients aged 16 years and below were seen in 9 operational days from our visits to a hospital, 8 camps/villages and an orphanage. They formed more than 30% of our total clinical workload. Most of them suffered from respiratory (36%) and gastrointestinal infections (29%). Injuries and wounds made up 12% of the attendances and 2.8% of the children presented with psychological manifestations/ post traumatic stress disorder. Conclusions: Children are more susceptible to infection and vulnerable to the effects of vomiting and diarrhea and often form a large population of victims in a disaster. Their psychological needs have to be addressed. The needs of children are unique and medical aid should be rendered by paediatric specialists trained to render medical assistance to children in extreme situations. The special requirements of children must be taken into account in the planning of any disaster relief mission.
Should Off-Pump Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting Be Abandoned?

One of the most controversial areas of cardiac surgery has been whether off-pump coronary artery bypass graft (OPCAB) surgery is superior to traditional on-pump coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery. On-pump CABG surgery has been an effective, safe, and time-proven technique and is the gold standard with which all other surgical revascularization methods have been compared. However, performing coronary revascularization on cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) can result in myocardial ischemic injury, neurocognitive deficits, and strokes and activate inflammatory pathways that contribute to pulmonary, renal, and hematologic complications. OPCAB offered a promising alternative strategy that had the potential to decrease perioperative morbidity, mortality, and cost by eliminating CPB. In fact, throughout Asia and particularly in India, 95% of CABG surgery is performed off-pump. In North America, OPCAB procedures peaked at 25% in 2004 and have declined steadily since that time.1 It is a more technically demanding procedure and results in less complete revascularization. There is growing concern that OPCAB is associated with reduced long-term graft patency and increased need for revascularization procedures and results in inferior long-term survival compared with traditional on-pump CABG surgery. In view of these concerns, should OPCAB be abandoned? The purpose of this review is to examine clinical data that most accurately compare the advantages and disadvantages of OPCAB to determine what, if any, role it should have in the practice of surgical coronary artery revascularization. To reach these conclusions, retrospective nonrandomized, prospective randomized, and meta-analyses trials will be reviewed. The effect of incomplete revascularization and conversion to conventional CABG will be examined. The relationship between OPCAB and the inflammatory response, neurological and cognitive changes, and quality of life will be studied, and the impact of OPCAB on sex, renal transplant recipients, and elderly patients will be determined. Retrospective studies were largely single center and lacked randomization. …
Assessing Accuracy of Genotype Imputation in American Indians

Background: Genotype imputation is commonly used in genetic association studies to test untyped variants using information on linkage disequilibrium (LD) with typed markers. Imputing genotypes requires a suitable reference population in which the LD pattern is known, most often one selected from HapMap. However, some populations, such as American Indians, are not represented in HapMap. In the present study, we assessed accuracy of imputation using HapMap reference populations in a genome-wide association study in Pima Indians. Results: Data from six randomly selected chromosomes were used. Genotypes in the study population were masked (either 1% or 20% of SNPs available for a given chromosome). The masked genotypes were then imputed using the software Markov Chain Haplotyping Algorithm. Using four HapMap reference populations, average genotype error rates ranged from 7.86% for Mexican Americans to 22.30% for Yoruba. In contrast, use of the original Pima Indian data as a reference resulted in an average error rate of 1.73%. Conclusions: Our results suggest that the use of HapMap reference populations results in substantial inaccuracy in the imputation of genotypes in American Indians. A possible solution would be to densely genotype or sequence a reference American Indian population.
Optical pair interactions in the four-wave mixing spectrum of Nd 3+ -doped β''-Na-alumina

We report the first observation of the nearly degenerate four-wave\char21{}mixing spectrum of ${\mathrm{Nd}}^{3+}$-doped \ensuremath{\beta}''-Na-alumina. In a new application of continuous-wave high-resolution nearly degenerate four-wave mixing, a linewidth analysis of \ensuremath{\sim}1-kHz-wide optical resonances in heavily doped samples has been used to explain concentration-dependent, nonradiative decay of Nd ions which is obscured in conventional fluorescence-decay studies. Quantitative four-wave\char21{}mixing saturation studies also reveal a transition between a ``closed'' and an ``open'' quantum system due to pair interactions at a Nd density of \ensuremath{\sim}6\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{20}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}3}$.
Effect of load modeling on steady state voltage stability

ABSTRACT This paper discusses the importance of load modeling in power systems for voltage stability studies. The steady-state voltage stability analysis is carried out using the available continuation power flow. Different types of load models - constant power; constant current; constant impedance; and composite load, which is a combination of the first three models, are considered. The composite load model is obtained using the LOADSYN software, where the load dependency on voltage is considered. The concept of load connectivity is defined and the confusion about the critical point with respect to PV curves is clarified. It is shown that for nonlinear loads, the critical point is not at the tip of the PV curve.
Ion-molecule rate coefficients from collision-dominated ion cyclotron resonance

Abstract The equations customarily used to treat collision-dominated ion cyclotron resonance are discussed in the light of a recent development in kinetic theory. It is shown that the area method proposed by van der Hart for the determination of near-thermal ion-molecule rate coefficients has a stronger theoretical basis than the usual peak-height-line-width method. It is also shown how collision-dominated ion cyclotron resonance can be used for the quantitative determination of rate coefficients and momentum-transfer collision frequencies at high kinetic energies.
Crystalline structure of AlGaN epitaxy on sapphire using AlN buffer layers

The crystalline structure near the substrate interface has been studied for AlGaN films grown on (0001) sapphire substrates by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition, using AlN buffer layers. Transmission electron lattice images show that the sapphire/AlN interface is coherent, with misfit dislocations separated by 2.0 nm, corresponding to relaxed bulk lattice parameters. The interface between the buffer layer and the AlGaN film is discussed. The defect structure of the epilayer near the substrate interface consists mostly of dislocations and stacking faults lying on basal planes.
Simulation of synthetic ground motions for specified earthquake and site characteristics

A method for generating a suite of synthetic ground motion time-histories for specified earthquake and site characteristics defining a design scenario is presented. The method employs a parameterized stochastic model that is based on a modulated, filtered white-noise process. The model parameters characterize the evolving intensity, predominant frequency, and bandwidth of the acceleration time-history, and can be identified by matching the statistics of the model to the statistics of a target-recorded accelerogram. Sample ‘observations’ of the parameters are obtained by fitting the model to a subset of the NGA database for far-field strong ground motion records on firm ground. Using this sample, predictive equations are developed for the model parameters in terms of the faulting mechanism, earthquake magnitude, source-to-site distance, and the site shear-wave velocity. For any specified set of these earthquake and site characteristics, sets of the model parameters are generated, which are in turn used in the stochastic model to generate the ensemble of synthetic ground motions. The resulting synthetic acceleration as well as corresponding velocity and displacement time-histories capture the main features of real earthquake ground motions, including the intensity, duration, spectral content, and peak values. Furthermore, the statistics of their resulting elastic response spectra closely agree with both the median and the variability of response spectra of recorded ground motions, as reflected in the existing prediction equations based on the NGA database. The proposed method can be used in seismic design and analysis in conjunction with or instead of recorded ground motions. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
PROPERTIES OF RESTRUCTURED PORK AS AFFECTED BY FLAKE SIZE, FLAKE TEMPERATURE AND BLEND COMBINATIONS

Three flaking head sizes (3.0, 6.9, and 12.7 mm) were used to comminute −5.6 and 2.2°C pork trimmings. Eighteen size-temperature blends were formulated to study their influence on the chemical, physical and organoleptic properties of restructured pork. Meat temperature did not affect water-holding capacity; however, the 2.2°C products had less cooking loss than −5.6°C products. Samples containing 2.2°C meat, flaked through the 3.0 mm head, had less cooking loss than those flaked with the 6.9 or 12.7 mm heads. Juiciness, tenderness and acceptability scores were higher for blended samples than for unblended samples. A higher quality product can be produced by blending small and large flakes of different temperatures in a 50:50 ratio.
In vitro studies on the photosensitized oxidation of lens proteins by porphyrins.

Porphyrins, which may be introduced into the eye as a result of abnormal porphyrin metabolism (uroporphyrin–Uro) or when used in the diagnosis or photodynamic therapy of certain tumors, including intraocular tumors (hematoporphyrin–Hp and‘hematoporphyrin derivative’–Hpd and mesotetra(P-sulfonatophenyl)porphyrin–TPPS) are efficient photosensitizers in biological systems. We have been studying the potential phototoxic side effects of these drugs in the lens of the eye. Encapsulated in the human lens is a mixture of soluble protein crystallins. With little turnover of protein in the lens, any photosensitized modifications will accumulate and may result in an opacification of the lens. To evaluate the potential of different porphyrins to induce such damage, a series of porphyrins were photolyzed (transmission above 295 nm) in the presence of calf lens protein (2 mg m−1). Marked photopolymerization and histidine destruction were observed for the lens protein photolyzed in the presence of all of the drugs. We have found that the relative effectiveness of the following porphyrins to induce that damage is: Uro = TPPS Hpd = Hp. Both the singlet oxygen quencher, azide, and the free radical scavenger, penicillamine, decrease this photosensitized oxidative damage to lens protein. TPPS binds significantly to lens protein and this binding leads to conformational changes in that protein.
Application of denaturing gradient gel blots to detect p53 mutations in X-ray-transformed mouse C3H 10T1/2 clones.

The denaturing-gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) blot technique is a highly sensitive method developed to detect sequence differences (e.g., single base changes and small deletions) in genomic DNA. We used this method to screen for mutations within the p53 locus of independent X-ray-transformed C3H 10T1/2 cell clones. Genomic DNA from 29 transformed clones was digested with Haell and Hinfl endonucleases, electrophoresed on denaturing gradient gels, electroblotted onto nylon membranes, and hybridized to a radioactive p53 cDNA probe. Changes in the melting pattern of p53 were observed in DNAs from 9 of 29 X-ray-transformed clones examined. No changes were found in untransformed, wild-type 10T1/2 cell clones. These results indicate that X-ray-induced p53 mutations may contribute to cell transformation.
Microstructural Effects on the Mechanical Properties of SiC-15 vol% TiB2 Particulate-Reinforced Ceramic Composites

The microstructures and mechanical properties were studied for two different SiC ceramics containing 15 vol% of TiB2 particulates. The first was prepared from commercially available spray-dried granules and the second by blending individual SiC and TiB2 powders. The average TiB2 particle sizes were 2.7 μm for the ceramic prepared from blended powders, which had a uniform distribution of TiB2, and 2.3 μm for the ceramic prepared from spray-dried granules, which had a nonuniform distribution of TiB2 agglomerates. Although the two ceramics had hardness values of 26 GPa, the other properties were different. For example, the fracture toughness was 4.3 MPa·m1/2 for the ceramic prepared from blended powders compared to 3.1 MPa·m1/2 for the ceramic prepared from spray-dried granules. In contrast, the Weibull modulus for the ceramic prepared from spray-dried granules was 21 compared to 12 for the other. Calculations predicted spontaneous microcracking in the ceramic prepared from spray-dried granules, which was confirmed by analysis of the microstructure. The presence of microcracks accounted for the higher Weibull modulus, but lower flexural strength, Young's modulus and fracture toughness for the ceramic prepared from spray-dried granules.
Implant survival rates for oral and maxillofacial surgery residents: a retrospective clinical review with analysis of resident level of training on implant survival.

Purpose This study evaluates dental implant survival rates in cases where surgery was performed by oral and maxillofacial residents and determines whether the level of resident training influenced the outcome of dental implant treatment. Patients and Methods Retrospective review of all 2-stage implants placed between July 1, 2002 and June 30, 2004 by oral and maxillofacial surgery residents-in-training at the Washington Hospital Center was carried out. Patients were seen for follow-up at 1-week, 1-month, and 6-month intervals after implant surgery. The criteria for implant success in this study were based on clinical and radiographic evidence of implant osseointegration during the follow-up period. We evaluated implant survival rates and used Cox proportional hazards modeling to analyze whether level of resident training or location of implant placement influenced implant survival. Results This study included 175 implants placed in 54 patients. The overall survival rate of implants placed by oral and maxillofacial surgery residents at all levels of training was 91%. No statistically significant difference in implant survival rates was observed as a function of the level of training of the resident surgeon ( P = .89) or location of implant placement ( P = .93). Conclusion Survival rates for implants placed by surgeons in training are comparable to rates reported in the literature. There was no statistically significant difference in survival rates when a comparison of level of training was taken into consideration. To our knowledge, this study is the first to examine implant survival rates as a function of surgeon experience in the setting of an oral and maxillofacial residency program and suggests that predictable outcomes in implant treatment are attainable by surgeons in training.
Glycyrrhetinic acid attenuates vascular smooth muscle vasodilatory function in healthy humans

Abnormal glucocorticoid metabolism contributes to vascular dysfunction and cardiovascular disease. Cortisol activation of vascular mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid receptors is regulated by two types of 11β-HSD (11-β hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase), namely 11β-HSD2 and 11βHSD1 (type 2 and type 1 11β-HSD respectively). We hypothesized that inhibition of 11β-HSD would attenuate vascular function in healthy humans. A total of 15 healthy subjects were treated with the selective 11β-HSD inhibitor GA (glycyrrhetinic acid) or matching placebo in a randomized double-blinded cross-over trial. 11β-HSD activity was assessed by the urinary cortisol/cortisone ratio, and vascular function was measured using strain-gauge plethysmography. Endothelial function was measured through incremental brachial artery administration of methacholine (0.3–10 μg/min) and vascular smooth muscle function with incremental verapamil (10–300 μg/min). GA increased the 24-h urinary cortisol/cortisone ratio compared with placebo (P = 0.008). GA tended to reduce the FBF (forearm blood flow) response to methacholine (P = 0.09) and significantly reduced the FBF response to verapamil compared with placebo (P = 0.04). MAP (mean arterial pressure) did not differ between the study conditions. 11β-HSD inhibition attenuated vascular smooth muscle vasodilatory function in healthy humans. Disturbances in cortisol activity resulting from 11β-HSD inactivation is therefore a second plausible mechanism for mineralocorticoid-mediated hypertension in humans.
Resources, Family Ties, and Well-Being of Never-Married Men and Women

Abstract The lifelong singleness remains a somewhat deviant choice. In lieu of an intimate marital relationship and its potential for caring and support, what are the characteristics and consequences of family ties established by middle aged and older never-married people? Using data from a national survey, three resources-mastery, commitment to singleness, and exchanges with family-were investigated in relation to self acceptance, satisfaction with family life, and depressive symptoms of 270 never-married men and women. Gender differences are noted. Mastery was consistently important to well-being. For many, exchange of support from parents and siblings were benign. Those in the poorest health did not receive disproportionately greater assistance from family. Decisions of the never married to seek formal assistance and care beyond the family remain largely unexplored.
Electrokinetic Coupling in Hydraulic Fracture Propagation

Electrokinetic coupling is the most popular mechanism proposed to explain observed electromagnetic (EM) signals associated with the hydraulic fracturing of rocks. Measurements in both, laboratory and in situ conditions show evidence of the phenomenon, however, as far as the authors know, there have been no reports on the description of the source mechanism, its relationship to a propagating crack, nor the electromagnetic field distribution due to such a source advancing through a conductive medium. In this paper it is shown that an electric streaming current density arising on the walls of a fluid driven crack gives rise to the EM fields observed in measurements of streaming potential in hydraulic fracturing experiments. A source function for the current density is established from the fluid pressure profile inside the propagating. Expressions for the EM fields due to such a source are derived for a crack propagating with a constant velocity, in a homogeneous isotropic conducting medium. The spatial and temporal behavior of the fields reasonably agree with measurements performed in laboratory experiments. In situ measurements are qualitatively described only, however it is shown that the magnitude of the fields and their temporal behavior can be well reproduced in a realistic hydraulic fracturing setting.
Parametrizing Quantum States and Channels

This work describes one parametrization of quantum states and channels and several of its possible applications. This parametrization works in any dimension and there is an explicit algorithm which produces it. Included in the list of applications are a simple characterization of pure states, an explicit formula for one additive entropic quantity which does not require knowledge of eigenvalues, and an algorithm which finds one Kraus operator representation for a quantum operation without recourse to eigenvalue and eigenvector calculations. PACS: 03.67a, 03.67-Hk, 03.67-Lx
Fetal lung development: Airway pressure enhances the expression of developmental genes

Abstract Background/Purpose: The mechanisms by which static airway pressures in the developing lung affect development are unknown. The in vitro murine fetal lung model with airway ligation reproduces the phenomenon of intraluminal airway pressure in developing lungs. We have applied the technique of differential display of mRNAs to fetal murine lungs that were maintained in organ culture with and without tracheal ligation. The goal of this investigation was to identify genes that are induced or enhanced by airway pressure during lung development. Methods: Fetuses were harvested from CD-1 mice on gestational day (Gd) 14. The lungs were removed and trachea either transected or ligated and organ cultured for 7 days. Total RNA was extracted from cultured unligated controls and ligated lungs. Reverse transcription (RT) of the purified total RNA from each pooled sample was performed with anchor primer H-T 11 G or C and one of 24 arbitrary primers followed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of the RT mixtures. PCR products were electrophoresed on a DNA sequencing gel. Differentially expressed cDNA bands of interest were cut from the dried gel. Each cDNA was then reamplified. Reamplified cDNAs were extracted, PCR amplified, cloned, and sequenced for homology to existing sequences in the GenBank database. Results: Sequencing identified 4 differentially expressed genes enhanced by tracheal ligation: hepatoma-derived growth factor (HDGF), ribosomal protein S24, stathmin, and parathyroid hormone (PTH). Conclusions: Genes enhanced by airway pressure or tracheal ligation are mitogenic for fibroblasts, correlate with cell proliferation, regulate cell proliferation and differentiation, and may play a role in growth in distal lung and type II cell differentiation. Further work is necessary to identify the mechanisms by which these genes influence lung maturational processes. J Pediatr Surg 35:113-119. Copyright © 2000 by W.B. Saunders Company.
Is Market Society Intrinsically Repugnant

In Why Not Socialism?, G. A. Cohen argues that market society and capitalism are intrinsically repugnant. He asks us to imagine an ideal camping trip, which becomes increasing repugnant as it shifts from living by socialist to capitalist principles. In this paper, I expose the limits of this style of argument by making a parallel argument, which shows how an ideal anarchist camping trip becomes increasingly repugnant as the campsite turns from anarchism to democracy. When we see why this style of argument fails to generate interesting objections to democracy, we then see why it also fails to generate interesting objections to market society.
Using Words Carefully

Scientific language should convey an exact meaning, which both follows and furthers scientific understanding. Unfortunately, when scientific terms are used in public debates, they sometimes mislead rather than clarify. Alberts et al. have pointed out the problems with the term “therapeutic
Age differences in cued recall and recognition under varying encoding and retrieval conditions

This experiment investigated the role of the encoding-retrieval relationship in adult age differences in memory. To determine the optimal encoding-retrieval conditions for adults of different ages, young, middle-aged, and older adults were given a semantic or acoustic orienting task, followed by semantic and acoustic recognition tests or semantic and acoustic cued recall tests. As predicted, the results demonstrated the importance of similar encoding and retrieval conditions at all ages, especially with semantic processing. Age differences were reduced on the recognition test and when semantic encoding was combined with a semantic cue test at retrieval. It was concluded that acoustic processing is not as effective as semantic processing for older or younger adults, and that effective use of semantic processing by older adults depends on constrained task conditions. These conditions include congruent semantic orienting questions that specify precise meanings for each target item, and retrieval cues that match the information in the orienting questions.
Cooperative behaviors in carbene additions through local modifications of nanotube surfaces

We investigate the cooperative behavior of two carbene additions to a (5,5) armchair single-walled carbon nanotube (SWNT) and find that in certain configurations, double additions are more stable than uncorrelated distant double additions by 7 to 24 kcal/mol. We also find certain configurations to be very unstable. We employ density functional theory (DFT) PW91 calculations using periodic boundary conditions and compare 20 different double-addition configurations. We trace the cooperative behavior to the power of the first addition to modify the geometry locally. We investigate both inner (endohedral) and outer (exohedral) additions and observe fundamental differences between these two. In the qualitative interpretations of the results, analogies to the valence tautomerization of l,6-methano[10]annulene are helpful in establishing that when the carbene addition opens the CC bond in the nanotube (exohedral addition), then the number of π-electrons is unchanged, leading to less spatially extended perturbations of the nanotube. Endohedral carbene additions reduce the number of π-electrons, leading to a more pronounced and spatially more extended cooperative effect. We find that local quinonoid-like perturbations of the geometry extend over several rings near the endohedral perturbation. Such extended defects should play a role in the properties of substituted nanotubes and can be visualized using Clar diagrams.
Dosimetric characteristics of the new RadioCoil 103Pd wire line source for use in permanent brachytherapy implants.

Recently, a novel linear brachytherapy source in the form of a coiled wire has become available for use in interstitial implants of various treatment sites such as prostate gland. This source type employs a design completely different from that of most “seed” sources currently on the market, one which improves upon or eliminates several common problems with such sources. Dosimetric characteristics of these sources with active lengths 0.5 cm to 5.0 cm were determined for clinical application. For 0.5 cm and 1.0 cm active length sources, the dose rate constant, radial dose function, and two-dimensional (2D) anisotropy function were experimentally and theoretically determined following the updated AAPM Task Group 43 (TG-43U1) recommendations. Radial dose functions and/or “along-away” matrix functions were also obtained for sources with active lengths 2.0 cm to 5.0 cm . Measurements were performed with LiF thermoluminescent dosimeters in Solid Water™ phantoms. Measured data was compared to Monte Carlo simulated data in Solid Water™ utilizing the PTRAN code, version 7.43. After finding the data to be in agreement, Monte Carlo calculations were performed in liquid water to obtain clinically applicable dosimetric data as per TG-43U1 recommendations. The results indicated the dose rate constant of the 0.5 cm long RadioCoil™ Pd 103 source in Solid Water™ to be 0.641 c Gy h − 1 U − 1 when measured, and 0.636 c Gy h − 1 U − 1 when simulated by Monte Carlo. The calculated dose rate constant in liquid water was found to be 0.650 c Gy h − 1 U − 1 . These values are comparable to other commercially available sources. Complete dosimetric data and simulation results are described in this paper. Per TG-43U1, clinical treatment planning systems should utilize the values reported for liquid water.
Abstract B73: Unraveling the role of a novel endoplasmic reticulum protein in cancer cell migration

Although considerable progress has been made in our understanding of cancer cell invasion, much of this complex cellular process remains a mystery, ultimately hindering advancements in treatment strategies targeting metastasis. Here we report, for the first time, the vital role of a novel endoplasmic reticulum (ER) resident protein identified by a PCR-subtraction hybridization technique, designated Cancer ER Invasion Gene (CERIG), in cancer cell migration and invasion. Clinical relevance of CERIG is highlighted by upregulation of CERIG in human invasive breast cancer specimens examined by immunohistochemistry and real-time RT-PCR, as well as increased expression in various other forms of human cancer as determined by data mining. This up-regulation of CERIG correlates with poor prognosis of patients with breast cancer assessed by a DNA microarray data-mining approach from three publicly available cohorts containing a total of 696 breast cancer patients. Silencing of CERIG in metastatic MDA-MB-435 cancer cells disrupted mesenchymal morphogenesis in vitro, resulting in a mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition, and interfered with cancer metastasis in vivo. Employing both gain- and loss-of-function approaches, CERIG was found to induce cancer cell migration and invasion. Enhanced cell migration required retention of CERIG within the ER, where this protein forms a stable complex with the ER chaperone protein, GRP78/BiP. Mutagenesis studies identified a novel ER retention motif within CERIG required for its ER localization, BiP interaction, and enhanced migration. Furthermore, fusion of the ER-retention domain to a soluble matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) prevents the secretion of the MMP by retaining it in the ER. Mechanistically, overexpression of CERIG results in ER calcium leakage via the inositol trisphosphate receptor (IP3R) and a subsequent increase in cytosolic calcium, ultimately resulting in activation of PKCα and cell migration. Moreover, chelating intracellular calcium abrogates CERIG induced PKCα activation and cell migration. Taken together, our data indicate that CERIG, as a novel ER resident protein, plays an important role in cancer progression, serving as a novel cell migration-promoting gene. Citation Format: Nikki Ann Evensen, Cem Kuscu, Antoine Dufour, Stanley Zucker, Jian Cao. Unraveling the role of a novel endoplasmic reticulum protein in cancer cell migration. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Tumor Invasion and Metastasis; Jan 20-23, 2013; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(3 Suppl):Abstract nr B73.
Effect of Methimazole on Amino Acid Utilization by Calf Thyroid Slices

The effects of methimazole on the formation of 14CO2 and 14C-protein from carboxyl-labeled leucine and tyrosine were investigated in calf thyroid slices. Decarboxylation was inhibited to a moderate but significant degree by 0.6 × 10−2 − 0.6 × 10−5m methimazole, and a similar effect on protein synthesis occurred with 0.6 × 10−4 − 0.6 × 10−6m methimazole. The greatest inhibition of either route of amino acid utilization occurred with 0.6 × 10−5m methimazole. Methimazole had no inhibitory effect on CO2 formation or protein synthesis from amino acids in slices of calf liver. The mechanism is unknown. (Endocrinology 81: 1169, 1967)
Computational modeling of the penetration response of a high-purity ceramic

This paper describes computational modeling of the penetration response of a high-purity ceramic, namely the AD-99.5 alumina. This material is the most widely investigated ceramic, and extensive materials testing and ballistic data are available. The model development is based on constitutive relationships inferred from bar impact and plate impact data. The model is then incorporated into the EPIC Lagrangian finite element code. A novel element removal scheme for ceramics is presented, and the code is then used to investigate the penetration response of AD-99.5 alumina in the depth of penetration and semi-infinite configurations. The computations are found to be in excellent agreement with the experimental results. The interface defeat problem is also investigated numerically, and the results are used to suggest an explanation for interface defeat.
Increasing the complexity of chromatin: functionally distinct roles for replication-dependent histone H2A isoforms in cell proliferation and carcinogenesis

Replication-dependent histones are encoded by multigene families found in several large clusters in the human genome and are thought to be functionally redundant. However, the abundance of specific replication-dependent isoforms of histone H2A is altered in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Similar changes in the abundance of H2A isoforms are also associated with the proliferation and tumorigenicity of bladder cancer cells. To determine whether these H2A isoforms can perform distinct functions, expression of several H2A isoforms was reduced by siRNA knockdown. Reduced expression of the HIST1H2AC locus leads to increased rates of cell proliferation and tumorigenicity. We also observe that regulation of replication-dependent histone H2A expression can occur on a gene-specific level. Specific replication-dependent histone H2A genes are either up- or downregulated in chronic lymphocytic leukemia tumor tissue samples. In addition, discreet elements are identified in the 5′ untranslated region of the HIST1H2AC locus that confer translational repression. Taken together, these results indicate that replication-dependent histone isoforms can possess distinct cellular functions and that regulation of these isoforms may play a role in carcinogenesis.
A Return to the Gold Standard? Questioning the Future of Narrative Construction as Educational Research:

Narrative construction is an approach to social research in which data are configured into any of a variety of diachronic, or storied, formats. Having recently gained popularity, this approach is now in danger of marginalization (along with other qualitative and quantitative forms of social research) as a result of politically charged attempts to reinstitute a narrow methodological orthodoxy. In an attempt to prompt discussion about the future of this inquiry approach, the author asks questions that highlight recurring issues within ongoing conversations among educational researchers who advocate and/or engage in the construction of narratives. These questions relate to the political character of stories, fictionalization, audience, modalities of representation, quality control, research purpose, and strategies for maintaining and enlarging the space for narrative construction as a qualitative research approach within an era of political retrogression.
Colour Reactions of Certain Phenols with Ehrlich's Reagent

THE use of Ehrlich's reagent (1 per cent p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde in N hydrochloric acid, for the detection of indoles, pyrroles and related nitrogen-containing compounds has been a long-established analytical procedure1,2,3. Spraying this reagent on paper chromatograms containing indole compounds produces purple, blue, and red spots. However, certain phenols have been reported1 to produce similar colours under the conditions of the Ehrlich test.