cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Role of Libraries in Global Business Distance Education

SUMMARY This article examines the globalization of distance business education in the context of the provision of library services to such programs. It examines the multiple challenges faced by librarians when serving students in online business courses and programs, highlights some of the ways those challenges have been met in particular business programs, and delineates the challenges still to be met by business librarians.
From Agitating in the Streets to Implementing in the Suites: Understanding Education Policy Reforms Initiated by Local Advocates

Community organizing for education reform continues to expand across U.S. cities, and this article provides a framework for understanding how grassroots advocacy organizations influence local educa...
Tumor necrosis factor alpha disrupts tight junction assembly.

Abstract Background We have previously shown an increase in intestinal permeability and a corresponding decrease in the expression of tight junction (TJ) proteins in the in testines of patients with Crohn’s disease (CD). Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) has been implicated in the inflammatory process of CD and its suppression has therapeutic benefit. ZO-1, occludin, and the claudins are key proteins in the TJ. Hypothesis : TNFα disrupts the TJ. Materials and methods MDCK cells were incubated with TNFα (0–100 ng/ml) for 5 days. Qualitative evaluation of the TJ was done with monoclonal antibody to ZO-1 detected by an immunofluorescence. Duplicate cells were lysed and ZO-1, occludin, and claudin-1 amount determined by western blot. Results Immunofluorescent staining of MDCK cells for ZO-1 showed TJ structural disruption with increasing amount of TNFα characterized by fragmented staining of ZO-1. There were no significant differences in quantitation of ZO-1 or occludin in the MDCK cells for all TNFα concentrations. There was a significant decrease in the amount of claudin-1 with increasing concentration of TNFα. Conclusions (1) MDCK TJs are qualitatively disrupted by TNFα. (2) This disruption is not because of a decrease in cell number, lack of cell layer confluency, or a decrease in the amount of ZO-1 or occludin. (3) The amount of claudin-1 present in the cell is decreased with increasing amounts of TNFα suggesting that the lack of claudin-1 may cause a relocation of ZO-1 away from the TJ. (4) This rearrangement may play a role in the increased intestinal permeability seen in CD and other diseases.
Adaptive Projection-Based Observers and ${\rm L}_{1}$ Adaptive Controllers for Infinite-Dimensional Systems With Full-State Measurement

Adaptive observers using projection-operator-based parameter update laws are considered for a class of linear infinite-dimensional systems with bounded input operator and full state measurement and subject to time-varying matched uncertainties and disturbances. The L1 adaptive control architecture, introduced recently for finite-dimensional plants to provide guaranteed transient performance via fast adaptation, is then extended to this class using the proposed observers. Existence and uniqueness of solutions for the resulting closed loop system and uniform boundedness of the observation error are established first. Then, provided certain assumptions on the plant transfer function and the solution of a Lyapunov inequality hold, uniform guaranteed transient performance bounds on the plant state and control signal under the L1 architecture are derived. Two examples satisfying the assumptions-control of a heat equation and a wave equation-are presented. Reference input tracking simulation results for the heat equation under the L1 adaptive control subject to time-varying matched uncertainties and disturbances are presented in support of the theory.
Correlation corrections to the mean-field theory of nuclear matter☆

Abstract To investigate high-density nuclear matter, a relativistic many-body field theory has been proposed and discussed in the mean-field approximation. A criticism of this approximation is the neglect of two-body correlation effects, which are investigated here.
Occurrence and sequence of a DnaJ protein in plant (Allium porrum) epidermal cells

Antibodies raised against a purified fraction from microsomal membranes of leek epidermal cells were used to screen a λzap expression library from epidermal cells of leek plants. A near full-length clone was isolated. This cDNA contains an open reading-frame of 1,191 bp coding for a DnaJ protein (leek DNAJ 1 or LDJ1). Leek DnaJ1 represents the second protein of this type described in a pluricellular organism, the first being that sequenced from human cells.
MECHANISM OF TAXADIENE SYNTHASE, A DITERPENE CYCLASE THAT CATALYZES THE FIRST STEP OF TAXOL BIOSYNTHESIS IN PACIFIC YEW

The first committed step in the formation of taxol has been shown to involve the cyclization of geranylgeranyl diphosphate to taxa-4(5),11(12)-diene. The formation of this endocyclic diterpene olefin isomer as the precursor of taxol was unexpected, since the exocyclic isomer, taxa-4(20),11(12)-diene, had been predicted as the initial product of the taxol pathway on the basis of metabolite co-occurrence. [1-2H2,20-2H3] and [20-2H3]geranylgeranyl diphosphates were employed as substrates with the partially purified taxadiene synthase from Pacific yew (Taxus brevifolia) stems to examine the possibility of a preliminary cyclization to taxa-4(20),11(12)-diene followed by isomerization to the more stable endocyclic double bond isomer. GLC-MS analysis of the derived taxa-4(5),11(12)-diene, via selected ion monitoring of the parent ion and the P-15 and C-ring fragment ions, compared to those of unlabeled standard, showed the olefin product to possess a deuterium enrichment essentially identical to that of the acyc...
Potential of the Melanophore Pigment Response for Detection of Bacterial Toxicity

Chromatophore cells have been investigated as potential biodetectors for function-based detection of chemically and biologically toxic substances. Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (chinook salmon) melanophores, a chromatophore cell type containing brown pigment, rapidly detect the salmonid pathogens Aeromonas salmonicida, Yersinia ruckeri, and Flavobacterium psychrophilum and the human pathogen Bacillus cereus.
Steiner Complexes, Matroid Ports, and Shellability

We study the theory of matroid Steiner families, which were introduced in a recent paper of Colbourri and Pulleyblank as abstractions of Steiner trees on graphs. Our primary result is that these families are equivalent to matroid ports.Using this equivalence, we relate these Steiner families to two fundamental matroid-theoretic constructions namely, single-element extensions and elementary quotients. We also discuss a new and very general class of Steiner families, which arise as minimal supports of affine systems. The latter half of the paper deals with the structure of Steiner complexes, which are independence systems associated with these Steiner families. We develop the notion of an S-partition of a simplicial complex which extends the notion of a shelling of a pure simplicial complex. We develop an S-partitioning theory for Steiner complexes generalizing the well-known shellability theory for the collection of independent sets of a matroid.
An Empirical Study of Reporting Practices Concerning Measurement Validity.

This study investigates the current research practice concerning reporting measurement validity evidence based on a sample of 696 research reports listed in the American Psychological Association’s Directory of Unpublished Experimental Mental Measures. Only 55% of the reports included any type of validity evidence. This was a substantially lower percentage than the percentage for reports of reliability found in an earlier study. Of those entries that included validity evidence, the vast majority reported correlations with other variables. Little use was made of the numerous other types of validation approaches described in measurement textbooks and in the American Educational Research Association, American Psychological Association, and National Council on Measurement in Education’s Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing. Inconsistent reports of validity characterized nearly all journals covered in the study.
Effect of temperature on flight speed of the sheep blowfly

Abstract Between 15 and 30° the Q10 for short free flights of Phaenicia sericata (Meigen) was 1·26. For 30 min flights on light turnabouts the Q10 was 1·33. Wingbeat frequency Q10 was 1·27 for flies on turnabouts and 1·23 for stationary flies in a 1·8 m/sec air-stream. Thoracic temperatures of resting flies in still air were about 0·1° above ambient, and in moving air, about 0·1° below ambient. During flight the thoracic temperature reached its maximum of about a degree above ambient 30 to 40 sec after flight commenced, returning to essentially the resting level within 30 sec after flight stopped.
Driving mechanisms of CM-scaled PDMS boats of respective close and open reservoirs

A floating solid object may have a spontaneous motion on a water surface when a liquid, which has a surface tension lower than water, exits the solid object and has contact with water. This motion may be induced due to the difference between surface tensions of water and the liquid. In order to interpret this motion, it is important to know how the liquid exits the solid object. In this article, we reported in situ observation of exchange processes of water and isopropyl alcohol (IPA) inside both close and open reservoirs of cm-scaled polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) boats. Based on this observation and force analysis, we interpreted driving mechanisms of these boats. We found that the exchange processes may be different in the PDMS boats of respective close and open reservoirs. The PDMS boat of a close reservoir might have a bubble trapped in its reservoir during the motion. This bubble slowed down the exiting process of the IPA from the reservoir, made the motion last longer, and enabled the boat to have a longer travel distance. Also, such a boat had gurgling-like motions (i.e., approximately periodic motions of deceleration and acceleration) after the majority of the IPA had exited the reservoir. The speeds of this boat had an order of 1 cm/s. On the other hand, neither bubbles nor gurgling-like phenomena were found in the motions of the PDMS boat of an open reservoir. The speeds of this boat were in the order of 1 cm/s as well. In addition, based on observed exiting processes of the IPA and experimentally determined speed-time relationships, we also set up a simple model to find force–time relationships. Furthermore, we investigated the exiting process when the open reservoir of the cm-scaled PDMS boat was shallow. We found that, depending on the values of the height difference, h, between the bottom of the reservoir and the water surface outside the reservoir, three different phenomena might appear: (1) if h ≤ 1.33 mm, then the reservoir was empty at the end of the test and no water flowed into the reservoir during the test; (2) if 1.3 mm < h ≤ 2.3 mm, then the reservoir was empty at the end of the test while water flowed into the reservoir during the test; and (3) if 2.3 mm < h ≤ 3.0 mm, then the reservoir was filled by water at the end of the test. The difference in the filling results was induced by the interplay among Marangoni effect, free convection, and recovery of a hollow spot by surrounding water. The corresponding findings interpreted the exiting process of the IPA observed in the open reservoir of a mm-scaled SU-8 boat that we have previously developed, and also explained the filling result in the open reservoir of a PDMS boat.
Equal Educational Opportunity: Is It an Issue of Race or Socioeconomic Status?.

To improve pupil performance, desegregation by race may be less important than desegregation by socioeconomic status.
Effect of coupling agent and filler particle size on melt rheology of polymer‐bonded Nd‐Fe‐B magnets

The effect of coupling agents and filler particle size on melt rheology of poly(phenylene sulfide)-bonded neodymium-iron-boron (Nd-Fe-B) alloy magnets was studied with oscillatory flow experiments to accelerate efforts to optimize their processing. The minimum viscosity of the polymer-bonded magnets near 290°C was obtained with Nd-Fe-B fillers (106-150 particle size range) that were coupled with a silane coupling agent. All the samples tested followed power-law fluid flow behavior. Morphological and dynamic mechanical analysis of the samples showed that the beneficial function of the coupling agent may be ascribed to enhanced wetting of the magnetic Nd-Fe-B powders by the polymer, improving the processability of the polymer bonded magnets.
Regulation of basic fibroblast growth factor mRNA expression in rat C6 glioma cells.

Abstract Multiple basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) mRNAs are transcribed in rat brain at 6.0, 3.7, 2.5, 1.8, 1.6, 1.4, and 1.0 kb. These seven transcripts are also seen in Rat-1 fibroblasts and ras -transformed Rat-1 fibroblasts in culture. However, only a single bFGF transcript at 6.0 kb is detectable in the, rat astrocytoma cell line, C6, and this mRNA is identical to that seen in a primary culture of cortical astrocytes. C6 glioma cells also transcribe message for FGF receptor 1 (FR1), suggesting possible autocrine growth by these cells. Growth factor activity in a C6 cell lysate was characterized by heparin affinity chromatography and Western blot analysis using an anti-bFGF antibody. Proteins of 18, 21.5, and 22 kDa were detected in C6 cells, indicating that the 6.0-kb mRNA is translated into the three characteristic bFGF proteins. Rat-1 fibroblasts also synthesize bFGF proteins of identical molecular weight. The small transcripts detected in brain probably represent bFGF or FGF-related mRNAs in cell types other than glia, such as fibroblasts, endothelial cells, or neurons. In cultured C6 cells, bFGF protein levels are highest in confluent, quiescent cells, whereas mRNA levels are low. Addition of serum, phorbol ester, or cycloheximide to both C6 cells and fibroblasts induces the level bFGF mRNA transcripts 10-fold after 1-4 h. This rapid induction after cell activation indicates that bFGF is an early response gene. Therefore, even though there are abundant intracellular stores of the factor, the transcriptional activation seen after mitogenic activation of cells implies that de novo bFGF mRNA synthesis is an important part of the mitogenic response.
Ultrastructural and cytochemical characteristics of leukocytes in various stages of development

Abstract Rabbit heterophil leukocytes at an early stage of development contain abundant granules rich in sulfated mucosaccharide, strongly basic protein, and acid phosphatase. Biosynthesis of these primary granules of early heterophils occurs in a Golgi complex exhibiting unique morphologic features. Primary granules become partially depleted by continued cell division as the heterophil matures and changes over to production of a secondary granule whose only identifiable component is alkaline phosphatase. The secondary granule, which has characteristic ultrastructural features and is synthesized in the morphologically distinctive Golgi zone typical of more mature heterophils, is the predominant granule in the heterophil of the peripheral circulation. Late heterophils reveal a third type of granule characterized by its content of acid phosphatase. The granules of monocytes in rabbit marrow resemble these tertiary granules morphologically and cytochemically. Immature eosinophils in the rabbit marrow contain spherical granules rich in basic protein and rimmed with sulfated mucosaccharide and acid phosphatase. While transforming to angulated granules during maturation of the eosinophil, these granules appear to retain their basic protein but lose the rim of sulfated mucosubstance. In electron micrographs of rabbit heterophils incubated with cultures of Staphylococcus albus , membrane-limited vacuoles enclose the phagocytosed microorganisms. Depletion of cytoplasmic granules coincides with appearance of structures similar to the primary, secondary, and tertiary granules in the phagocytic vacuoles in contact with the bacteria. Cytochemical preparations demonstrate acid phosphatase (apparently derived from primary granules) and alkaline phosphatase (from secondary granules) coating the enclosed bacteria. Leukocyte granules are the probable source of the vacuolar phosphatase because control preparations of cultures of these organisms and of Escherichia coli reveal no reactivity in or on the bacteria. Alkaline phosphatase activity can be visualized ultrastructurally on the outer surface of the cell wall in some strains of E. coli , however, and phosphatase activity with several substrates near neutral pH has been localized to the space between the bacterial cell wall and the plasma membrane.
Identification of Lactaldehyde Dehydrogenase in Methanocaldococcus jannaschii and Its Involvement in Production of Lactate for F420 Biosynthesis

One of the early steps in the biosynthesis of coenzyme F420 in Methanocaldococcus jannaschii requires generation of 2-phospho-l-lactate, which is formed by the phosphorylation of l-lactate. Preliminary studies had shown that l-lactate in M. jannaschii is not derived from pyruvate, and thus an alternate pathway(s) for its formation was examined. Here we report that l-lactate is formed by the NAD+-dependent oxidation of l-lactaldehyde by the MJ1411 gene product. The lactaldehyde, in turn, was found to be generated either by the NAD(P)H reduction of methylglyoxal or by the aldol cleavage of fuculose-1-phosphate by fuculose-1-phosphate aldolase, the MJ1418 gene product.
Attitudes toward death criteria and organ donation among healthcare personnel and the general public.

ObjectiveTo examine attitudes toward death criteria and their relation to attitudes and behaviors regarding organ donation.Data SourcesThis article reviews empirical studies on the attitudes of healthcare personnel and the general public regarding death criteria and organ donation.Study Selection and Data ExtractionThe review was restricted to studies that had as a primary focus attitudes toward 1 or more of the following 3 specific criteria for determining death: (1) brain death, the irreversible loss of all functions of the entire brain; (2) higher brain death, the loss of cerebral cortex function alone; and (3) the circulatory-respiratory criteria commonly used in donation after cardiac death.Data SynthesisStudies consistently show that the general public and some medical personnel are inadequately familiar with the legal and medical status of brain death; attitudes toward the dead donor rule are strong predictors of willingness to donate organs using controversial criteria; concerns about donation aft...
Progressive Multigrid Eigensolvers for Multiscale Spectral Segmentation

We reexamine the role of multiscale cues in image segmentation using an architecture that constructs a globally coherent scale-space output representation. This characteristic is in contrast to many existing works on bottom-up segmentation, which prematurely compress information into a single scale. The architecture is a standard extension of Normalized Cuts from an image plane to an image pyramid, with cross-scale constraints enforcing consistency in the solution while allowing emergence of coarse-to-fine detail. We observe that multiscale processing, in addition to improving segmentation quality, offers a route by which to speed computation. We make a significant algorithmic advance in the form of a custom multigrid eigensolver for constrained Angular Embedding problems possessing coarse-to-fine structure. Multiscale Normalized Cuts is a special case. Our solver builds atop recent results on randomized matrix approximation, using a novel interpolation operation to mold its computational strategy according to cross-scale constraints in the problem definition. Applying our solver to multiscale segmentation problems demonstrates speedup by more than an order of magnitude. This speedup is at the algorithmic level and carries over to any implementation target.
Managing human resources in information technology: Best practices of high performing supervisors

Focus groups with information technology (IT) professionals and interviews with high-performing IT supervisors were content-analyzed to discover best supervisory practices.The focus is on how these best practices address challenges commonly confronted in the IT work environment. Consistent with classic leadership theory, best practices fell into two major categories: task-focused (boundary spanning, performance management, employee involvement, training and development) and person-focused (relationship building, mentoring, stress management, work-family balance) practices. Results demonstrate that while leadership practices effective with other types of professionals also are appropriate for IT professionals, these practices can be tailored to address unique IT demands. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Effects of Peer Delivered Self-Monitoring Strategies on the Participation of Students with Severe Disabilities in General Education Classrooms

This study investigated the effects of self-monitoring instruction delivered by peer tutors on the occurrence of academic survival skills displayed by five middle school students with severe disabi...
Oxide Electronics Utilizing Ultrafast Metal-Insulator Transitions

Although phase transitions have long been a centerpiece of condensed matter materials science studies, a number of recent efforts focus on potentially exploiting the resulting functional property changes in novel electronics and photonics as well as understanding emergent phenomena. This is quite timely, given a grand challenge in twenty-first-century physical sciences is related to enabling continued advances in information processing and storage beyond conventional CMOS scaling. In this brief review, we discuss synthesis of strongly correlated oxides, mechanisms of metal-insulator transitions, and exploratory electron devices that are being studied. Particular emphasis is placed on vanadium dioxide, which undergoes a sharp metal-insulator transition near room temperature at ultrafast timescales. The article begins with an introduction to metal-insulator transition in oxides, followed by a brief discussion on the mechanisms leading to the phase transition. The role of materials synthesis in influencing functional properties is discussed briefly. Recent efforts on realizing novel devices such as field effect switches, optical detectors, nonlinear circuit components, and solid-state sensors are reviewed. The article concludes with a brief discussion on future research directions that may be worth consideration.
On controllability and normality of discrete event dynamical systems

Abstract This paper studies the supervisor synthesis problem of Discrete Event Dynamical Systems (DEDS's) through the use of synchronous composition of the plant and the supervisor and discusses some of the simplifications achieved by using the synchronous composition to model supervisory control. An alternate definition of controllability is presented. This definition of controllability is then used to derive an algorithm that is computationally more efficient than previously existing ones for the construction of the supremal controllable sublanguage; the algorithm is also shown to be optimal. The observability and normality issues arising due to the partial observation of the system dynamics under an arbitrary mask are then investigated. Closed form representations of the supremal normal, and supremal closd and normal sublanguages are derived in the more general setting of arbitrary mask and nonclosed languages, thus extending earlier results of the authors and others.
Parenteral aluminum compounds produce a local toxic myopathy in rats: importance of the anion

Aluminum lactate, injected in rats, produced skeletal muscle necrosis of diaphragm and abdominal wall subjacent to peritoneal surfaces. Deeper muscle cells (distal from inoculum) were less severely affected. Ultrastructural studies of diaphragm revealed inoculum coating collagen fibrils, aggregating next to muscle basal lamina and localized within phagocytes. Aluminum lactate penetrated lymphatic vessels and caused reactive changes on the pleural as well as peritoneal surfaces of diaphragm. In contrast, injection of aluminum citrate did not produce myopathy. Also, mixtures of aluminum lactate with aluminum citrate, sodium citrate, or another chelating agent failed to produce myopathy. Therefore, the regional myopathy produced by the lactate salt provides a model for in vivo cytotoxicity of aluminum in which anionic binding is a critical determinant.
THE NEUROCOGNITION OF LANGUAGE.

THE NEUROCOGNITION OF LANGUAGE. By Colin M. Brown and Peter Hagoort . 2000. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Price £17.99. Pp. 409. ISBN 0‐19850‐793‐3. Brown and Hagoort’s The Neurocognition of Language is a welcome guide for researchers to the merging fields of neuroscience, linguistics and psycholinguistics. This book encompasses theoretical and technical aspects of the cognitive neuroscience of language, an emerging field that exemplifies the synthesis of neuroscience, linguistics and psycholinguistics. Many of the 25 contributing authors, who come from North America, Europe (Germany, The Netherlands and England) and Russia, are well‐known experts in these three fields. The book is divided into four sections, with a total of 12 chapters. Three orthogonal themes underlie the choice of chapter topics; these include the complexity of language, issues in mapping measures of brain activity to language and functional and neuroanatomical variability. The first section (Chapters 1–3) provides an introduction to the cognitive neuroscience of language, linguistic theory and functional neuroimaging. The chapter …
Genistein and hematological malignancies

Genistein is an isoflavanoid from soybeans and promising cancer chemotherapeutic agent. Genistein exposure varies widely because of cultural differences in diet. Hypothetically, this could account for differential cancer risk across ethnic populations. Genistein inhibits the growth of many different cancer cell lines by increasing apoptosis, inducing cell cycle delays, and modulating intracellular signaling pathways. Data from recent studies suggest that the therapeutic potential of genistein extends to cancers that affect blood, bone marrow, and lymph nodes. The objective of this paper is to provide background information on genistein, and discuss its potential as a therapeutic agent for treating hematological malignancies.
A study of electron transit-time in ballistic diodes using a multi-valley hydrodynamic transport model

The use of a multivalley hydrodynamic transport model to investigate electron transit time through submicron GaAs electron device structures is discussed. The study was performed to determine the feasibility of utilizing the velocity overshoot effect in reducing the overall transit time. This model, which incorporates a separate set of hydrodynamic equations for each conduction band valley ( Gamma , L and X) and allows for electron exchange through energy dependent relaxation parameters, is applied to a structure which reduces upper valley occupancy and enhances device transit time. The results of this study indicate that, while velocity speed-up in minimal in the neighborhood of the active (low-doped) region, the velocity overshoot can be extended into the collector region (high-doped region) with significant transit time enhancement. >
Food Insecurity of Campus-Residing Alaskan College Students

1. Coleman-Jensen A, Gregory C. Definitions of food security. United States Department of Agriculture Economic Research Service Web site. http://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/food-nutrition-assistance/food-security-inthe-us/definitions-of-food-security.aspx#.VAfC0cVdUrU. Updated 2014. Accessed September 3, 2014. 2. Chaparro MP, Zaghloul SS, Holck P, Dobbs J. Food insecurity prevalence among college students at the university of Hawai’i at Manoa. Public Health Nutr. 2009;12(11):2097-2103. 3. Magoc T. Physical activity and household food insecurity as important predictors of health status in EIU students. [Master's thesis]. Charleston, IL: Eastern Illinois University; 2012. 4. Hughes R, Serebryanikova I, Donaldson K, Leveritt M. Student food insecurity: The skeleton in the university closet. Nutr Diet. 2011;68:27-32. 5. Patton-Lopez MM, Lopez-Cevallos DF, Cancel-Tirado DI, Vazquez L. Prevalence and correlates of food insecurity among students attending a midsize rural university in Oregon. J Nutr Educ Behav. 2014:1-6. 6. Coleman-Jensen A, Nord M, Carlson S. Household food security in the United States in 2012. USDA ERS. 2011;ERR-141:1-29. 7. Kedem L E, Evans E M, Chapman-Novakofski K. Relationship among females’ weight status and beliefs about diet and health. Am J Health Behav. 2013;37(4):502-512. Results
Impact of histological grade of hepatocellular carcinoma on the outcome of liver transplantation.

Hypothesis Histological grade of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is an important prognostic factor affecting patient survival after orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT). Design Retrospective analysis. Setting University-based teaching hospital. Patients Of 952 OLTs performed between June 1991 and January 1999, 56 OLT recipients had histologically proven HCC in the explant liver. Of those, 53 patients with complete clinicopathologic data were analyzed. A single pathologist blinded to the outcome of each patient reviewed all histological specimens. Results Median follow-up was 709 days. Overall survival for patients with tumors sized 5 cm or less at 1, 3, and 5 years was 87%, 78%, and 71%, respectively (Kaplan-Meier). Univariate analysis revealed the size, number, and distribution of tumors; the presence of microscopic vascular invasion and lymph node metastasis; histological differentiation; and pTNM stage to be statistically significant factors affecting survival. Multivariate analysis revealed histological differentiation and pTNM stage to be the independent and statistically significant factors affecting survival ( P = .002 and .03, respectively). When pTNM stage was excluded from multivariate analysis, histological differentiation and size remained the significant independent factors ( P = .02 and .03, respectively). Three-year survival for patients with small (≤5 cm) tumor with well- to moderately differentiated and poorly differentiated HCC was 82% and 67%, respectively. Three-year survival for patients with large (>5 cm) tumor with well- to moderately differentiated and poorly differentiated HCC was 62.5% and 0%, respectively. Conclusions In our retrospective experience, histological differentiation had a statistically significant effect on the prognosis of HCC after OLT. However, before altering the current OLT selection criteria for patients with HCC, prospective studies are required to confirm the impact of histological grade on clinical outcome.
Animal Models of Global and Focal Cerebral Ischemia

This chapter presents animal models of global and focal cerebral ischemia. Widely employed models of global ischemia in rodents include: a “four-vessel occlusion” model in rats, in which both vertebral arteries are permanently electrocoagulated in a first-stage operation; and a “two-vessel occlusion” model in which the two carotid arteries are transiently occluded and the mean arterial blood pressure is simultaneously reduced to 45–50 mmHg by arterial exsanguination. Each of these models gives rise to transient high-grade ischemia of forebrain structures: local CBF is typically reduced to 0–3% of control in neocortex, hippocampus, and basal ganglia and is slightly higher in thalamus. In the best hands, these models yield rather consistent neuropathologic outcome as judged by quantitative neuronal counting, but this consistency depends upon scrupulous attention to control of physiologic variables in the intra- and peri-insult periodsmincluding arterial blood pressure, blood gases and pH, core temperature, cranial temperature, and plasma glucose level. Animal models of focal ischemia are generally intended to replicate features of human focal ischemic stroke produced by occlusion of a single cerebral artery. Thus, the vast majority of animal models of focal ischemia employ middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion.
Surgical checklists: a systematic review of impacts and implementation

Background Surgical complications represent a significant cause of morbidity and mortality with the rate of major complications after inpatient surgery estimated at 3–17% in industrialised countries. The purpose of this review was to summarise experience with surgical checklist use and efficacy for improving patient safety. Methods A search of four databases (MEDLINE, CINAHL, EMBASE and the Cochrane Database of Controlled Trials) was conducted from 1 January 2000 to 26 October 2012. Articles describing actual use of the WHO checklist, the Surgical Patient Safety System (SURPASS) checklist, a wrong-site surgery checklist or an anaesthesia equipment checklist were eligible for inclusion (this manuscript summarises all but the anaesthesia equipment checklists, which are described in the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality publication). Results We included a total of 33 studies. We report a variety of outcomes including avoidance of adverse events, facilitators and barriers to implementation. Checklists have been adopted in a wide variety of settings and represent a promising strategy for improving the culture of patient safety and perioperative care in a wide variety of settings. Surgical checklists were associated with increased detection of potential safety hazards, decreased surgical complications and improved communication among operating staff. Strategies for successful checklist implementation included enlisting institutional leaders as local champions, incorporating staff feedback for checklist adaptation and avoiding redundancies with existing systems for collecting information. Conclusions Surgical checklists represent a relatively simple and promising strategy for addressing surgical patient safety worldwide. Further studies are needed to evaluate to what degree checklists improve clinical outcomes and whether improvements may be more pronounced in particular settings.
Immunochemistry of Pseudomonas aeruginosa lipopolysaccharides and high-molecular-weight polysaccharides.

A comparison was made of the immunochemical properties of high-molecular-weight polysaccharide (PS) and lipopolysaccharides (LPS) from Pseudomonas aeruginosa immunotype 1 and 2 (IT-1 and IT-2) strains. High-molecular-weight PS was found to be an immunogenic, nontoxic form of the LPS serotype determinant found on the O side chain of the LPS. PS and O side chains were serologically identical. Immunization of animals with either whole bacterial cells or purified PS or LPS resulted in comparable levels of antibody directed at PS or O side chains. Chemical analysis of PS and LPS indicated the presence of monosaccharides in PS preparations that are not present in LPS, while PS and LPS share other monosaccharides. PS also lacks core-type sugars found in LPS such as 2-keto-3-deoxyoctulosonic acid, heptose, and glucosamine. PS from IT-1 P aeruginosa is immunogenic in humans, with essentially no toxicity noted. The lipopolysaccharide (LPS) obtained from Pseudomonas aeruginosa is of interest for the serologic classification of this organism and for the development of vaccines against infections due to P. aeruginosa [1-4]. Both the Fisher immunotyping scheme [5] and the International Antigenic Typing Scheme (IATS) base the serologic differences among strains of P. aeruginosa on antigenic determinants associated with the O polysaccharide side chain of the LPS [6]. Studies of the chemical composition of P. aeruginosa LPS have revealed the presence of such compounds as 2,6 dideoxyhexosamines, 2-keto-3-deoxyoctulsonic acid (KDO), and heptose as monosaccharide components [4, 5]. Some workers have suggested that the structure of P. aeruginosa LPS may be similar to that of the well-known enterobacterial LPS [6].
Reproduction and Longevity of Mexican Fruit Flies, Anastrepha ludens (Diptera: Tephritidae), Fed Biotin in the Diet

Tests conducted at Mexico City during 1962 showed that continuous feeding of both sexually immature and mature adult Mexican fruit flies, Anastrepha ludens (Loew), on biotin at concentrations of 0.1%–2.0% in food resulted in loss of reproductive capacity in females. When biotin was removed from the diet, females recovered their ability to produce eggs. Treated male flies produced viable spermatozoa even though morphological aberrations of the gonads resulted. Mating frequency was generally low, and the higher doses caused mortality. Short-period feedings (12 days or less) on 2% biotin, followed by a return to standard diet, did not permanently suppress the reproductive capacity of either sex. Gonad development, mating behavior, and longevity were normal. Flies given a choice of food with or without biotin showed no preference.
Glishades ericksoni, a new hadrosauroid (Dinosauria: Ornithopoda) from the Late Cretaceous of North America

A new genus and species of hadrosauroid dinosaur, Glishades ericksoni, is described based on paired partial premaxillae collected from the Upper Cretaceous Two Medicine Formation of Montana, in the Western Interior of the United States of America. This taxon is diagnosed on the basis of a unique combination of characters: absence of everted oral margin, arcuate oral margin with wide and straight, obliquely oriented, and undeflected anterolateral corner, grooved transversal thickening on ventral surface of premaxilla posterior to denticulate oral margin, and foramina on anteromedial surface above oral edge and adjacent to proximal end of narial bar. Maximum parsimony analysis positioned G. ericksoni as a derived hadrosauroid. Exclusion of G. ericksoni from Hadrosauridae was unambiguously supported by the lack in AMNH 27414 of a dorsomedially reflected premaxillary oral margin. Furthermore, the maximum agreement subtree positioned G. ericksoni as the sister taxon to Bactrosaurus johnsoni. This position was unambiguously supported by posteroventral thickening on the ventral surface of the premaxilla (independently derived in saurolophid hadrosaurids and Ouranosaurus nigeriensis) and having foramina on each premaxilla on the anterior surface, adjacent to the parasagittal plane of the rostrum (reconstructed as independently derived in Brachylophosaurus canadensis, Maiasaura peeblesorum, and Edmontosaurus annectens).
Analysis on Operation Parameter Variation and Control Measures of Shanxi Power Grid After Fault Trip of 1 000 kV AC Transmission Line

The operation conditions of Shanxi power grid after the fault trip of 1000kV AC transmission line are researched. By means of analyzing the variation of operation parameters of Shanxi power grid such as voltage and frequency,the possible affects of fault trip of 1000kV transmission line on Shanxi power grid are summarized; and according to concrete situation of 1000kV transmission line,some corresponding control measures are put forward.
Abstract 5224: Non-canonical activity of threonyl-tRNA synthetase promotes angiogenesis and invasion in a mouse model of ovarian cancer

Despite clear connections between the tumor microenvironment and ovarian cancer invasion, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain elusive. We have recently shown that the protein synthesis regulator threonyl-tRNA synthetase (TARS) has a unique extracellular angiogenic activity separate from its canonical function. Secreted TARS promotes endothelial cell migration and tube formation, and a selective TARS inhibitor, BC194, disrupts normal vessel development in zebra fish and chick embryo models. TARS expression also correlates with tumor stage and angiogenesis in human ovarian cancer. The objective of this study was to validate the biological and clinical relationship between TARS and ovarian tumor progression using a syngenic mouse model of epithelial ovarian cancer. Tumors were initiated by intraperitoneal injection of ID8 mouse ovarian cancer cells, and tumors formed at 4-6 weeks were scored for invasiveness and analyzed by immunostaining for TARS expression and microvascular density. To test the hypothesis that overexpression of TARS promotes invasion, cells were stably transfected with a TARS expression plasmid prior to injection. To test the hypothesis that TARS inhibition reduces tumor invasion, animals harboring ID8 tumors were treated with the high-affinity TARS inhibitor BC194. We found that TARS levels were elevated in ovarian tumors as compared with normal ovarian tissue. Overexpression of TARS in ID8 cells also resulted in enhanced invasiveness and microvascular density of the resulting tumors (p = 0.026). Preliminary results also indicated that inhibition of TARS by BC194 treatment reduced tumor angiogenesis and growth (p = 0.005) without observed toxicities in the animals. Overall, these results show that modifying TARS expression or activity can affect in vivo ovarian tumor angiogenesis and progression. These results encourage further study of TARS as a regulator of the tumor microenvironment and as a possible target for diagnosis and treatment of ovarian cancer. Citation Format: Peibin Wo, Theresa Wellman, Alan Howe, Christopher Francklyn, Karen M. Lounsbury. Non-canonical activity of threonyl-tRNA synthetase promotes angiogenesis and invasion in a mouse model of ovarian cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 5224. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-5224
Improving Art Museum Accessibility for Adults With Acquired Hearing Loss.

Purpose Adults with hearing loss rated the accessibility of guided or docent-led art museum tours with and without hearing assistive technology (HAT). Method Nineteen individuals (average age 64 ye...
Measuring Sexual and Gender Minority Populations in Health Surveillance

Abstract Purpose: Sexual and gender minorities (SGMs) are underrepresented and information about SGMs is difficult to locate in national health surveillance data, and this limits identification and...
Issues in Income Tax Reform in Developing Countries

Developing countries designing financial systems should take a lesson from U.S. financial history and avoid a costly, lengthy detour through financial fragmentation. In universal banking, large banks operate extensive networks of branches, provide many different services, hold several claims on firms (including equity and debt), and participate directly in the corporate governance of firms that rely on the banks for funding or as insurance underwriters. Would universal banking be effective in a newly industrializing economy? Does universal banking reduce corporate financing costs for a newly industrializing economy? Calomiris contrasts the cost of financing industrialization in the United States and in Germany during the second industrial revolution. Between 1870 and 1913, large production and distribution activities brought a new challenge to financial markets: the rapid financing of very large, minimally efficient industries. Large production is typical of modern industrial practice, so the lessons from that period apply broadly to contemporary developing countries. The second industrial revolution involved many new products and technologies, especially involving machinery, electricity, and chemicals. The novelty of these production processes posed severe information problems for external sources of finance. Firms were producing new goods in new ways on an unprecedented scale. Firms needed quick access to heavy financing from sources whose information and control costs were greater because of the difficulty of evaluating proposed projects and controlling the use of funds. Finance costs for industry were lower in Germany than in the United States, because U.S. regulations prevented the universal banking from which Germany benefited. High finance costs retarded U.S. realization of its full industrial potential and influenced U.S. firms inefficiently to rely more on raw materials and labor rather than on hard-to-finance equipment (fixed capital). Industrial buildings and equipment are less desirable than materials and accounts receivable for a financially constrained firm, because they are less liquid. The potential to expand quickly and reap economies of scale was greater in German industrialization. The cost of industrial financing began to decline when institutional changes came about that increased the concentration of financial market transactions. In recent decades, a combination of macroeconomic distress, international competitive pressure, and the creative invention of new financial intermediaries has helped the U.S. financial system overcome the regulatory mandate of financial fragmentation. This paper - a joint product of the Finance and Private Sector Development Division, Policy Research Department, and the Financial Sector Development Department - was presented at a Bank seminar, Financial History: Lessons of the Past for Reformers of the Present, and is a chapter in a forthcoming volume, Reforming Finance: Some Lessons from History, edited by Gerard Caprio, Jr. and Dimitri Vittas.
Wind-Ramp-Forecast Sensitivity to Closure Parameters in a Boundary-Layer Parametrization Scheme

Wind ramps are relatively large changes in wind speed over a period of a few hours and present a challenge for electric utilities to balance power generation and load. Failures of boundary-layer parametrization schemes to represent physical processes limit the ability of numerical models to forecast wind ramps, especially in a stable boundary layer. Herein, the eight “closure parameters” of a widely used boundary-layer parameterization scheme are subject to sensitivity tests for a set of wind-ramp cases. A marked sensitivity of forecast wind speed to closure-parameter values is observed primarily for three parameters that influence in the closure equations the depth of turbulent mixing, dissipation, and the transfer of kinetic energy from the mean to the turbulent flow. Reducing the value of these parameters independently by 25% or by 50% reduces the overall average in forecast wind-speed errors by at least 24% for the first two parameters and increases average forecast error by at least 63% for the third parameter. Doubling any of these three parameters increases average forecast error by at least 67%. Such forecast sensitivity to closure parameter values provides motivation to explore alternative values in the context of a stable boundary layer.