cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Finding the Balance Between Guidance and Independence in Cybersecurity Exercises

In order to accomplish cyber security tasks, one needs to know how to analyze complex data and when and how to use tools. Many hands-on exercises for cybersecurity courses have been developed to teach these skills. There is a spectrum of ways that these exercises can be taught. On one end of the spectrum are prescriptive exercises, in which students follow step-bystep instructions to run scripted exploits, perform penetration testing, do security audits, etc. On the other end of the spectrum are open-ended exercises and capture-theflag activities, where little guidance is given on how to proceed. This paper reports on our experience with trying to find a balance between these extremes in the context of one of the suite of cybersecurity exercises that we have developed in the EDURange framework1. The particular exercise that we present teaches students about dynamic analysis of binaries using strace. We have found that students are most successful in these exercises when they are given the right amount of prerequisite knowledge and guidance as well as some opportunity to find creative solutions. Our scenarios are specifically designed to develop analysis skills and the security mindset in students and to complement the theoretical aspects of the discipline and develop practical skills.
Intensity-Modulated Radiation Therapy Is Not Associated with Perioperative or Survival Benefit over 3D-Conformal Radiotherapy for Rectal Cancer.

Introduction The use of intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) in rectal cancer has steadily increased over traditional 3D conformal radiotherapy (3D-CRT) due to perceived benefit of delivering higher treatment doses while minimizing exposure to surrounding tissues. However, IMRT is technically challenging and costly, and its effects on rectal cancer outcomes remain unclear.
Ninth Colorado Mathematical Olympiad: April 24, 1992

This year we featured a truly international set of problems. Problem 9.4 was contributed by the legendary Paul Erd?os of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. Problem 9.3 was inspired by a problem my friend and the leading Abelian group theorist Laszlo Fuchs of Tulane University mentioned in passing as we strolled down his street in New Orleans (Laszlo was born in Hungary). Problem 9.5 was created by Dr. Pak-Hong Cheung of Hong Kong (who created the first inequality in Problem 9.5(A)) and me (the second inequality and Problem 9.5(B)). The two easy Problems 9.1 and 9.2 were suggested by me.
MIMO Wireless Power Transfer for Mobile Devices

Since the time of Nikola Tesla, the dream of ubiquitous wireless power transfer (WPT) has tantalized generations of inventors and engineers. A practical, ubiquitous WPT infrastructure could offer tremendous benefits for mobile devices, such as extending battery lifetime, on-the-fly recharging, or, in some cases, eliminating batteries and pesky charging cords altogether. But these benefits can be achieved only if the spatial and temporal distribution of wireless power can be controlled. The authors consider approaches to achieving control over the distribution of long-range (electromagnetic far-field) wireless power, using multi-input, multi-output (MIMO) concepts adapted from the communication domain. They survey recent results in MIMO WPT theory and experiment, and conclude with their own experimental evidence that MIMO WPT can leverage the physics of multipath propagation to selectively enhance or block wireless power delivery, with a typical control range of 20 dB (100 times) in practical indoor environments. This article is part of a special issue on energy harvesting.
Under Our Nose: The Use of GIS Technology and Case Notes to Focus Search Efforts.

Missing person searches can entail much time, effort, and resources. With scientific data and techniques increasingly available to law enforcement and investigations units, can these tools be used to predict likely areas where persons or remains may be discovered, especially in cases where little to no information about the disappearance is available? A retrospective study of seventy-three (73) cases was conducted in Onondaga County, New York, U.S.A., in order to explore this question. Quantitative (geospatial) and qualitative (investigator notes) data were utilized to determine whether patterns exist that may assist in investigations of recent and “cold” missing person cases. Results showed a majority of cases with relative proximity (<5 miles) between victim last seen (VLS) and body recovered (BR) locations. Furthermore, investigators’ notes demonstrated repeated descriptors reflecting natural or cultural features associated with hidden, clandestine provenance (e.g., near bodies of water, wooded areas). With future external validation of this study, consistent priority areas may be identified as foci of searches; these priority areas ideally should be thoroughly checked/cleared before the search zone is expanded.
Conquerors, Brides and Concubines: Interfaith Relations and Social Power in Medieval Iberia

The puzzle this monograph seeks to unravel begins with the festival known as Las Cantaderas celebrated in the northern Spanish city of Leon on the Sunday before 5 October, the feast of St Froilan. ...
A predictive disease-specific protein biomarker fingerprint for clinical relapses and glucocorticoids treatment of multiple sclerosis

Despite extensive research, multiple sclerosis (MS) remains a disease that lacks a definitive prognostic test to predict imminent disease relapses. Thus, patients may undergo years of unnecessary treatments. Additionally, current treatments for MS vary significantly in efficacy between individual patients, and thus there is a critical need to develop biomarkers for treatment efficacy and resistance. To address these issues, we recently developed a high-throughput quantitative proteomics method to measure changes in proteome expression over the course of the preclinical experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model. Interestingly, using the EAE model we revealed characteristic CNS-specific protein expression waves prior to the onset of clinical symptoms. Moreover, we have identified key proteins with altered expression that correlated with the therapeutic efficacy of glucocorticoid treatment. Bioinformatics analysis revealed candidate protein biomarkers to predict treatment efficacy and clinical disease course. Importantly, these proteins could be detected in serum and expression trajectories analysis identified a strong correlation of the CNS proteome to their levels in serum. Prospective studies in the EAE model using these candidate protein biomarkers showed their effectiveness in predicting clinical disease and treatment responses. Our studies suggest the utility for establishing homologous protein biomarkers in human MS patients. Finally, our work investigating the CNS proteome over the course of EAE may provide novel insights and molecular targets for disease mechanisms and treatments of MS.
Distributed Meeting Scheduling

Meetings are an important vehicle for human communication. The Meeting Scheduling problem (MS) is a decision-making process affecting several people, in which it is necessary to decide when and where several meetings could be scheduled. MS is a naturally distributed problem which has a clear motivation to be tried using distributed techniques: people may desire to preserve the already planned meetings in their personal calendars during resolution. In this paper, we evaluate three distributed algorithms for MS according to efficiency and privacy loss. Two of these algorithms view MS as a Distributed Constraint Satisfaction problem.
Stereoselective Tandem Bis-Electrophile Couplings of Diborylmethane

A copper-catalyzed three-component linchpin coupling method for the stereoselective union of readily available epoxides and allyl electrophiles is disclosed. Transformations employ [B(pin)]2-methane as a conjunctive reagent, resulting in the formation of two C–C bonds at a single carbon center bearing a C(sp3) organoboron functional group. Products are obtained in 42–99% yield, and up to >20:1 dr. The utility of the approach is highlighted by stereospecific transformations entailing allylation, tandem cross coupling, and application to the synthesis 1,3-polyol motifs.
ARMI Tackles Regenerative Medicine: A New Initiative is Bringing Industrial-Scale Engineering Approaches to the Biomedical World

Pulmonary arterial hypertension is a rare and potentially life-threatening disorder. But when prominent entrepreneur Martine Rothblatt (Figure 1), founder of Sirius radio, learned in the 1990s that her daughter had been diagnosed with this little-known condition and given only three months to live, she refused to accept that grim prognosis. Instead, Rothblatt transformed her life.
Molecular mechanisms in the pathogenesis of AIDS-associated Kaposi's sarcoma.

Kaposi’s Sarcoma (KS) is a tumor of mesenchymal origin of unclear etiology and pathogenesis. The epidemic form of KS (AIDS-associated) occurs in up to 30% of HIV-1 infected individuals with lesions characterized by mixed cellularity, spindle cells proliferation and neoangiogenesis.
Effect of uninterrupted time-on-task on students’ success in Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs)

Abstract This study investigated the relationship between uninterrupted time-on-task and academic success of students enrolled in a Massive Open Online Course (MOOC). The variables representing uninterrupted time-on-task, such as number and duration of uninterrupted consecutive learning activities, were mined from the log files capturing how 4286 students tried to learn Newtonian mechanics concepts in a MOOC. These variables were used as predictors in the logistic regression model estimating the likelihood of students getting a course certificate at the end of the semester. The analysis results indicate that the predictive power of the logistic regression model, which was assessed by Area Under the Precision-Recall Curve (AUPRC), depends on the value of off-task activity threshold time, and the likelihood of students getting a course certificate increases as students were doing more uninterrupted learning activities over a longer period of time. The findings from this study suggest that a simple count of learning activities, which has been used as a proxy for time-on-task in previous studies, may not accurately describe student learning in the computer-based learning environment because it does not reflect the quality, such as uninterrupted durations, of those learning activities.
Pharmacologic Management of Insomnia

Pharmacotherapy is indicated for many types of insomnia, most notably transient insomnia associated with stress, acute illness, or jet lag. Many patients with chronic insomnia, including primary insomnia and insomnia secondary to a variety of medical and psychiatric disorders, also benefit from pharmacotherapy. Relatively few individuals receive prescription medication to help them sleep, and the majority use medication for a few nights to several weeks, as opposed to continuous use for months or years. The hypnotics available on the U.S. market today are benzodiazepine receptor agonists (BZRAs). The BZRAs are efficacious in reducing sleep latency, increasing total sleep time, reducing awakenings, and improving sleep quality without the development of tolerance in studies as long as 6 months. Side effects of the BZRAs are infrequent, dose-related, and related to the sedative properties of the drug. Sedating antidepressants are also frequently prescribed to promote sleep despite inadequate data to support their efficacy for this indication and a greater potential for clinically troublesome side effects.
Lutein and zeaxanthin for the prevention and treatment of age-related macular degeneration (AMD): a systematic review and meta-analysis

Lutein (L) and zeaxanthin (Z) are associated with AMD. The objective was to evaluate the evidence on dietary and supplemental L and Z in the prevention and treatment of AMD through a systematic rev...
An Institutional Role for Civil Society within the U.N. Guiding Principles?: Comments on César Rodríguez-Garavito and Tatiana Andia 'Business and Human Rights: Beyond the End of the Beginning'

Global human rights NGOs evidence the power and temptations of the great normative institutional forces that affect the governance projects of transnational society in the early 21st century. These forces — (1) the drive for order and rationality even within emerging polycentric orders beyond the state, and (2) the transformation of the individual within this polycentric universe from singular being to disembodied abstraction made flesh in the body of civil society — are irresistible. The first would transform global NGOs into the incarnation of individuals whose human rights are adversely affected by state and multi-national enterprises. The second would suggest the necessity of a unifying order to harmonize the state duty to protect and the corporate responsibility to respect human rights under the framework of the U.N. Guiding Principles of Business and Human Rights. Both are problematic. But the NGOs critique of the current movement toward development of the GPs through the UN Working Group is well grounded. This paper considers both the challenges of the arguments for the institutionalization of NGOs within the normative framework of the UNGP and the strengths of their critique of the WG for missed opportunities. Two of these opportunities, to date ignored, are worthy of serious development. The first is a facility for delivering interpretations of the GPs whether or not deemed binding by state or enterprise instrumentalities. The second draws from the first. That application-interpretation facility might also include the creation of an institutional framework for providing a means of hearing specific complaints brought from individuals through representative civil society for determination of the application of the GPs in context. Another is worth considering for its dynamic effect on GP development — the strengthening of the remedial pillar to deepen it’s interpretation as an autonomous source of process and governance inclusion power of individuals, now represented by a civil society sector that is neither dependent on state and enterprises, as a subject rather than as an object of GP governance. The way to that goal requires substantial development, but its value appears clear.
Selection of Zidovudine-Resistant Variants of Human Immunodeficiency Virus by Therapy·

The likelihood of emergence of drug resistance is a function of mutation rate and the number of replicative events. The mutation rate of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is presumed to be at least as high as any virus with a single-stranded RNA genome. The number of replicative events in a host infected with HIV are incalculably high as a result of years of persistent replication that is poorly restricted by immune surveillance. Viral chemotherapy in humans has selected for drug-resistant variants of influenza A virus, herpes simplex virus, varicella zoster virus, cytomegalovirus and rhinovirus (Richman 1990). The prospect of drug resistance to zidovudine (AZT) therefore did not appear as a surprise to many.
Before we get there, where are we going?

Fictional stories abound where artificial intelligence gives rise to man-made servants that make our lives a holiday (or a nightmare). Naturally, the optimist has a strong motive to ask: How might we design and implement an artificial servant? We regularly operate under the notion that one agent helps another by doing something for the other. However, the story behind this is much more complicated. In this position paper, we explore two questions: What is the nature of service that is helpful or "good"? and What will it take to design and implement agents that provide "good" service? We start by describing our current understanding of the nature of service, consisting of a number of dimensions along which service may be measured and compared, and three modes in which service may be delivered. With these dimensions and modes setting the stage, we consider the technical and social requirements for implementing artificial servants. We find that while many prerequisites are either already available or could reasonably be developed from the current state of the art, both technical and social challenges remain that are expected to be very difficult to overcome. Our experimental work attempts to generate and evaluate the fundamental elements of helpful assistance, and we provide a brief overview of our work. One surprising empirical result reminds us of a common understanding about help: providing assistance is a two-way street. Developing that two-way street may prove to be one of the most significant obstacles to realizing an artificial personal servant.
The Octahedral Cobalt(III) Bailar Inversions

Although the Bailar inversion (an octahedral complex substitution d* → l* conversion, where d* represents a right-handed screw relative to the C2 symmetry axis of an octahedral complex ion of the type cis-[Co(en)2Cl2]+, in which en = ethylenediamine, as shown in Fig. 1) was first reported by John C. Bailar, Jr. and R. W. Auten in 1934,1 the exact mechanism of this type of reaction is still unknown.
Mental Retardation/Intellectual Disability

Almost no disease category arouses more controversy within the medical field than mental retardation (MR) because it raises issues such as eugenics and the balance between nature (genetics) and nurture in influencing a behavioral phenotype. Even the term is subject to critique and the current term, intellectual disability (ID), has essentially replaced MR in the medical literature. Major issues that impact these affected individuals are highlighted along with recent advances in the genetics and pathophysiology of MR.
Molecular Tools Used in Medical and Veterinary Entomology

Abstract Researchers are increasingly applying molecular tools to conventional medical and veterinary entomology research areas such as phylogenetics, vector competence and vector–host–pathogen interactions, pesticide resistance, behavior, ecology, physiology, reproduction, and development. Many of these techniques have been adapted for use in applied research, including rapid and simple detection of vector-borne pathogens in both arthropods and their hosts and methods for controlling and mitigating vectors and vector-borne disease. This chapter provides an introduction to the molecular techniques most commonly used in medical and veterinary entomological research at the time of publication, including examples of current applications and a list of references as illustrative studies.
Growth and fabrication of GaN/Er:GaN/GaN core-cladding planar waveguides

Erbium doped gallium nitride (Er:GaN) bulk crystals have emerged as a promising optical gain material for high energy lasers (HELs) operating at the 1.5 μm “retina-safe” spectral region. Among the many designs of HEL gain medium, the core-cladding planar waveguide (PWG) structure is highly desired due to its abilities to provide excellent optical confinement and heat dissipation. We report the realization of a GaN/Er:GaN/GaN core-cladding PWG structure synthesized by hydride vapor phase epitaxy and processed by mechanical and chemical-mechanical polishing. An Er doping concentration of [Er] = 3 × 1019 atoms/cm3 has been attained in the core layer, as confirmed by secondary ion mass spectrometry measurements. A strong 1.54 μm emission line was detected from the structure under 980 nm resonant excitation. It was shown that these PWGs can achieve a 96% optical confinement in the Er:GaN core layer having a thickness of 50 μm and [Er] = 3 × 1019 atoms/cm3. This work represents an important step toward the realization of practical Er:GaN gain medium for retina-safe HEL applications.Erbium doped gallium nitride (Er:GaN) bulk crystals have emerged as a promising optical gain material for high energy lasers (HELs) operating at the 1.5 μm “retina-safe” spectral region. Among the many designs of HEL gain medium, the core-cladding planar waveguide (PWG) structure is highly desired due to its abilities to provide excellent optical confinement and heat dissipation. We report the realization of a GaN/Er:GaN/GaN core-cladding PWG structure synthesized by hydride vapor phase epitaxy and processed by mechanical and chemical-mechanical polishing. An Er doping concentration of [Er] = 3 × 1019 atoms/cm3 has been attained in the core layer, as confirmed by secondary ion mass spectrometry measurements. A strong 1.54 μm emission line was detected from the structure under 980 nm resonant excitation. It was shown that these PWGs can achieve a 96% optical confinement in the Er:GaN core layer having a thickness of 50 μm and [Er] = 3 × 1019 atoms/cm3. This work represents an important step toward the real...
The Complex Relationship Between Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms and Sexual Health

Lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) and sexual health have common links. Medical and surgical treatments for LUTS can significantly affect various domains of sexual health including erectile function, ejaculatory function, and libido. This review summarizes recent findings. Current literature demonstrates a strong association between LUTS, sexual health, and metabolic syndrome. The role of miRNA is also being investigated. Combination medical therapy with phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors (PDE5-I) shows promise but needs further investigation. Newer surgical therapies for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) aim to preserve sexual function without sacrificing efficacy and durability. Although we are beginning to acknowledge the link between LUTS and sexual health, a better understanding of the underlying biochemistry is needed. Only then can more effective therapies be developed. Further prospective studies should focus on the long-term durability and safety of treatments for both conditions.
1987. Impact of Updated IDSA Clostridium difficile Guidelines on the use of Fidaxomicin in a Large Health System

Background Fidaxomicin (fidax) is approved for treatment of Clostridioides difficile infection. In February 2018 IDSA/SHEA released updated guidelines suggesting expanded use of fidax, recommending it or oral vancomycin (po vanc) in severe or non-severe initial episodes or for most recurrences. In April 2018, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) relaxed system-wide guidelines to allow for fidax use in the first recurrence of C. difficile or later, with earlier use allowed by ID or GI specialists or with local Pharmacy and Therapeutics Chair approval. Hospitals could continue to be more restrictive if desired. We reviewed changes in fidax, po vanc, and IV/PO metronidazole (metro) use at UPMC hospitals after guideline changes.
Life Purpose in Youth: Turning Potential Into a Lifelong Pursuit of Prosocial Contribution*:

Rather than considering human potential in terms of an unrealized desired state, what if we framed it as gaining momentum in worthy long-term pursuits? This conceptual article, integrating ideas an...
Effects of Tonic Muscle Activation on Amplitude-Modulated Cervical Vestibular Evoked Myogenic Potentials (AMcVEMPs) in Young Females: Preliminary Findings

Cervical vestibular evoked myogenic potentials (cVEMPs) are usually elicited by transient tonebursts, but when elicited by amplitude-modulated (AM) tones, they can provide new information about cVEMPs. Previous reports of cVEMPs elicited by AM tones, or AMcVEMPs, have not systematically examined the effects of tonic EMG activation on their response properties. Fourteen young, healthy female adults (ages 20–24) with clinically normal audiograms participated in this study. AMcVEMPs were elicited with bone-conducted 500 Hz tones amplitude modulated at a rate of 37 Hz and recorded for five different EMG targets ranging from 0 to 90 μV. Amplitude increased linearly as tonic EMG activation increased. Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) was minimal at 0 μV, but robust and with equivalent values from 30 to 90 μV; phase coherence and EMG-corrected amplitude had findings similar to SNR across EMG target levels. Interaural asymmetry ratios for SNR and phase coherence were substantially lower than those for raw or corrected amplitude. AMcVEMP amplitude scaled with tonic EMG activation similar to transient cVEMPs. Signal-to-noise ratio, phase coherence, and EMG-corrected amplitude plateaued across a range of EMG values, suggesting that these properties of the response reach their maximum values at relatively low levels of EMG activation and that higher levels of EMG activation are not necessary to record robust AMcVEMPs.
Inhibition of Bitter Taste from Oral Tenofovir Alafenamide

Children have difficulty swallowing capsules. Yet, when presented with liquid formulations, children often reject oral medications due to their intense bitterness. Presently, effective strategies to identify methods, reagents, and tools to block bitterness remain elusive. For a specific bitter-tasting drug, identification of the responsible bitter receptors and discovery of antagonists for those receptors can provide a method to block perceived bitterness. We have identified a compound (6-methylflavone) that can block responses to an intensely bitter-tasting anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) drug, tenofovir alafenamide (TAF), using a primary human taste bud epithelial cell culture as a screening platform. Specifically, TAS2R39 and TAS2R1 are the main type 2 taste receptors responding to TAF observed via heterologously expressing specific TAS2R receptors into HEK293 cells. In this assay, 6-methylflavone blocked the responses of TAS2R39 to TAF. In human sensory testing, 8 of 16 subjects showed reduction in perceived bitterness of TAF after pretreating (or "prerinsing") with 6-methylflavone and mixing 6-methylflavone with TAF. Bitterness was completely and reliably blocked in two of these subjects. These data demonstrate that a combined approach of human taste cell culture-based screening, receptor-specific assays, and human psychophysical testing can successfully discover molecules for blocking perceived bitterness of pharmaceuticals, such as the HIV therapeutic TAF. Our hope is to use bitter taste blockers to increase medical compliance with these vital medicines. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Identification of a small molecule that inhibits bitter taste from tenofovir alafenamide may increase the compliance in treating children with human immunodeficiency virus infections.
Biosemiotics and Religion: Theoretical Perspectives on Language, Society and the Supernatural:

An anthropological perspective on biosemiosis raises important questions about sociality, ecology and communication in contexts that encompass many different forms of life. As such, these questions...
The Interpretation of the Nuremberg Principles by the French Court of Cassation: From Touvier to Barbie and Back Again

This article tracks and critiques the development of French crimes against humanity jurisprudence. It does so first by examining the development of the concept of crimes against humanity in International law through the Nuremberg Trials. While these developments were an important step for crimes against humanity doctrine, their ambiguities and potential narrowness set up problems for future applying courts. The article then focuses on the evolution of crimes against humanity in French law through an examination of the Touvier and Barbie prosecutions. These convoluted, decades-long cases highlight the difficulties and missteps faced by French courts in applying crimes against humanity doctrines. Finally, the article critiques the decisions of the French courts in Touvier and Barbie, finding problematic their substantial restricting of crimes against humanity doctrine and its banalization through the French courts' decision to classify the crimes as mere "common crimes."
Repeatedly High Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Exposure and Cockroach Sensitization Among Inner-city Children

Background Exposures to traffic-related air pollutants including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) have been associated with the development and exacerbation of asthma. However, there is limited evidence on whether these pollutants are associated with the development of cockroach sensitization, a strong risk factor for urban asthma. We hypothesized that repeatedly high PAH exposure during childhood would be associated with increased risk of new cockroach sensitization.
The Relationship between Prenatal Antidepressant Use and the Decision to Breastfeed among Women Enrolled in a Randomized Exercise Intervention Trial

Background:Despite the numerous health benefits associated with breastfeeding, only 49% of postpartum women in the United States breastfeed at 6 months. Therefore, it is important to understand factors that may influence a woman’s decision to breastfeed.Objective:The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between prenatal antidepressant use and the decision to breastfeed among postpartum women.Methods:Participants were postpartum women (N = 87) who had participated in a randomized trial examining the efficacy of a 6-month exercise intervention for the prevention of postpartum depression (2009-2012). Participants were recruited from the upper Midwest and were at risk for postpartum depression. Participants completed telephone-based questionnaires assessing their prenatal antidepressant use and breastfeeding behavior.Results:Seventeen percent of the participants took an antidepressant medication during pregnancy and 91% breastfed at birth. After controlling for baseline depressive symptoms, b...
Optimized Execution of Fortran 90 Array Language on Symmetric Shared-Memory Multiprocessors

Past compilers have found it challenging to implement Fortran 90 array language on symmetric shared-memory multiprocessors (SMPs) so as to match, let alone beat, the performance of comparable Fortran 77 scalar loops. This is in spite of the fact that the semantics of array language is implicitly concurrent and the semantics of scalar loops is implicitly sequential. A well known obstacle to efficient execution of array language lies in the overhead of using array temporaries to obey the fetch-before-store semantics of array language. We observe that another major obstacle to supporting array language efficiently arises from the fact that most past compilers attempted to compile and optimize each array statement in isolation. In this paper, we describe a solution for optimized compilation of Fortran 90 array language for execution on SMPs. Our solution optimizes scalarized loops and scalar loops in a common framework. Our solution also adapts past work on array temporary minimization so as to avoid degradation of parallelism and locality. This solution has been implemented in the IBM XL Fortran product compiler for SMPs. To the best of our knowledge, no other Fortran 90 compiler performs such combined optimizations of scalarized loops and scalar loops. Our preliminary experimental results indicate that the performance of Fortran 90 array language can match, and even beat, the performance of comparable scalar loops. In addition to Fortran 90 array language, the approach outlined in this paper will be relevant to similar array language extensions that might appear in Java and other programming languages in the future.
Altered High Density Lipoprotein Composition in Manganese-Deficient Sprague-Dawley and Wistar Rats

The objective of this experiment was to determine whether changes in liver cholesterol content, plasma lipids and lipoprotein composition result from dietary manganese (Mn) deficiency in the Sprague-Dawley (SD) and the Wistar (W) rat. Weanling rats of both strains were fed Mn-deficient (1 ppm Mn) or Mn-adequate (45 ppm Mn) diets for 10 wk. After the 10-wk period rats were killed and plasma, liver, kidney and heart were collected. Liver, kidney and heart Mn concentrations were significantly lower in the rats fed the Mn-deficient diet than in controls. Plasma high density lipoprotein (HDL) (density 1.050-1.1963) was isolated by sequential ultracentrifugation. Plasma cholesterol levels were similar for all groups. HDL protein, cholesterol and apo E levels were significantly reduced with Mn deficiency. A shift to a smaller HDL particle was associated with Mn deficiency, based on gradient gel electrophoresis. The shift in size was more pronounced in the SD strain. Liver concentrations of total and free cholesterol were lower with Mn deficiency but more noticeably in the SD group. The results of our study suggest a role for Mn in HDL metabolism in vivo in both SD and W rats with a trend toward a greater effect in the SD strain.
Salt Tolerance of Glycinebetaine-Deficient and -Containing Maize Lines

Pairs of homozygous near-isogenic glycinebetaine-containing (Bet1/Bet1) and -deficient (bet1/bet1) F8 lines of Zea mays L. (maize) were tested for differences in salt (150 mM NaCl or 127.25 mM NaCl plus 22.5 mM CaCl2) tolerance. The Bet1/Bet1 lines exhibited less shoot growth inhibition (as measured by dry matter accumulation, leaf area expansion rate and/or, plant height extension rate) under salinized conditions in comparison to their nearisogenic bet1/bet1 sister lines. These growth differences were associated with maintenance of a significantly higher leaf relative water content, a higher rate of carbon assimilation, and a greater turgor in Bet1/Bet1 lines than in bet1/bet1 lines under salinized conditions. These results strongly suggest that a single gene conferring glycinebetaine accumulation (and/or a tightly linked locus) plays a key role in osmotic adjustment in maize.
Robust model-based controller synthesis for the SCOLE configuration

The design of a robust compensator is considered for the SCOLE (spacecraft control laboratory experiment) configuration using a frequency-response shaping technique based on the LQG/LTR (linear quadratic Gaussian/loop transfer recovery) algorithm. Results indicate that a tenth-order compensator can be used to meet stability-performance-robustness conditions for a 26th-order SCOLE model without destabilizing spillover effects. Since the SCOLE configuration is representative of many proposed spaceflight experiments, the results and design techniques used should be potentially applicable to a wide range of large-space-structure control problems. >
The differential demand for indirect rule: evidence from the North Caucasus

Indirect rule is one of the means that central authorities have long employed in hopes of defusing communal conflict and civil war in multicultural societies. Yet very little is known about the appeal of indirect rule among the ruled themselves. Why do people in some places demand more indirect rule and local autonomy, whereas others seem content to be governed directly by rulers of an alien culture? This is a crucial question with important implications for determining the form of governance that is most likely to provide social order in culturally heterogeneous societies. Although much attention has been given to consider the relative costs and benefits of direct versus indirect rule for the central authorities, the other side of the coin – namely, the variable demand for indirect rule among the members of distinctive cultural groups – has hardly been examined with systematic empirical data. This paper presents a theory of the differential demand for indirect rule and offers an initial test of its princ...
Techniques for Indexing Large Numbers of Constraints and Rules in a Database System

This paper addresses the problem of indexing a large number of rules and constraints in a database system. The objective of such indexing is to be able to quickly identify the relevant constraints and rules, rather than search sequentially, every time insertions, deletions and modifications are made to the database. The constraints are represented as SQL queries which must return null answers. Each constraint is parsed and stored in one or more indexes. Algorithms for index maintenance and constraint retrieval are given.
Biomarkers in acute heart failure—state of the art

The role of biomarkers in the management of patients with acute heart failure (HF) has evolved rapidly in the past several years. Representing a major burden on health systems, acute HF has increased the need for earlier diagnosis, better risk stratification, and cost-effective treatment to reduce rates of hospitalization. Biomarker-guided diagnosis and treatment have become essential, especially in the acute setting to which the majority of the patients with acute HF initially present. Studies clearly demonstrate the complexity of these patients, who commonly have multiple comorbidities necessitating an integrative approach. Several groundbreaking studies conducted in the past decade have demonstrated how biomarkers, individually or in combination, can outperform conventional laboratory tests used in the emergency department as well as in hospitalized patients with acute HF. In this Review, we will provide an update on biomarkers considered state of the art in the diagnosis and management of patients with acute HF.
Pain, Dyspnea, and the Quality of Dying in Long‐Term Care

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the relationship between pain, dyspnea, and family perceptions of the quality of dying in long-term care. DESIGN: After-death interviews. SETTING: Stratified random sample of 111 nursing homes and residential care and assisted living facilities in four states. PARTICIPANTS: Paired interviews from facility staff and family caregivers for 325 deceased residents. MEASUREMENTS: The outcome variable was the Quality of Dying in Long-Term Care (QOD-LTC), a psychometrically sound, retrospective scale representing psychosocial aspects of the quality of dying, obtained from interviews with family caregivers. Facility staff reported the presence, frequency, and severity of pain and dyspnea. RESULTS: During the last month of life, nearly half of residents experienced pain or dyspnea. QOD-LTC scores did not differ for residents with and without pain (4.15 vs 4.02, P=.16). Overall, residents with dyspnea had better QOD-LTC scores than those without dyspnea (4.20 vs 3.99, P=.006). The association between dyspnea and a better QOD-LTC score was strongest in cognitively impaired residents and for those dying in residential care and assisted living facilities. CONCLUSION: For residents dying in long-term care, pain and dyspnea were not associated with a poorer quality of dying as perceived by families of deceased residents. Instead, dyspnea may alert staff to the need for care. Initiatives to improve the quality of dying in long-term care should focus not only on physical symptoms, but also on the alleviation of nonphysical sources of suffering at the end of life.
On the role of plant volatiles in anthropogenic global climate change

Biogenic volatile organic compound (BVOC) emissions from terrestrial ecosystems undergo rapid oxidation in the atmosphere that affects multiple warming and cooling climate pollutants. Since the preindustrial, BVOC-chemistry-climate interactions have been strongly influenced by anthropogenic changes in land cover, pollution emissions, and the physical climate state. Here, an Earth system model is applied to quantify the effects of BVOC emissions on the global radiation balance in the 1850s and 2000s including changes to tropospheric ozone, methane, and direct aerosol-radiation interactions. The net chemical forcing of global climate due to all known anthropogenic influences on BVOC emissions is −0.17 Wm−2 (cooling) that offsets the +0.10 Wm−2 (warming) due to anthropogenic VOC emissions from fossil fuel use and industry for this time period. BVOC emissions need to be included in assessments of anthropogenic radiative forcing.
APTNESS OF EMOTIONS FOR FICTIONS AND IMAGININGS

Many philosophical accounts of the emotions conceive of them as susceptible to assessments of rationality, fittingness, or some other notion of aptness. Analogous assumptions apply in cases of emotions directed at what are taken to be only fictional or only imagined. My question is whether the criteria governing the aptness of emotions we have toward what we take to be real things apply invariantly to those emotions we have toward what we take to be only fictional or imagined. I argue that what counts as a reason justifying an emotion can differ across real, fictional, and imagined domains. papq_1407 468..489 GLOUCESTER: I see it feelingly.
Medicare Fee Cuts and Cardiologist-Hospital Integration

Physician practices are increasingly integrating with hospitals.1 For physicians, the expansion of accountable care organization contracts centered on providers taking responsibility for population spending and quality makes independent practice more challenging. For hospitals and health systems, acquiring practices helps them control referral patterns, coordinate care, and improve their bargaining power with payers. In 2010, based on recommendations from the American Medical Association and a national practice expense survey of physicians, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services reduced fees for cardiology services, focusing on those delivered in the office setting.2 For example, payment for a myocardial perfusion image in the office was cut 26%, compared to 5% in the hospital outpatient department (HOPD). That for an echocardiogram was cut 16% in the office, compared to a 3% increase in the HOPD setting. This widened the already existing payment gap favoring HOPDs—by 2013, an echocardiogram cost Medicare 141% more in HOPDs than in the office.3 The American College of Cardiology (ACC) projected a surge of integration in response to physician office fee reductions, with cardiologists exchanging practice ownership for more predictable salaries as hospital employees.4 We analyzed trends in cardiologist-hospital integration.
Use of increased quality sulfite-yeast mash for the production of mangnesia refractories

Laboratory investigations and production tests established that with the use of sulfite-yeast mash concentrates meeting the requirements of Technical Specification 81-04-546-79 as a temporary binder, unfired refractory parts possess higher strength than with the use of sulfite-yeast mash concentrates to Industry Standard 81-79-74, which is particularly important in mechanized removal of parts from the press.
Educational Technology Research in Postsecondary Settings: Promise, Problems, and Prospects.

WHILE EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY APPLICATIONS in higher education have grown dramatically during the past 20 years, significant disagreements exist as to their effectiveness and impact. Advocates and critics tend to advance competing positions, but little evidence of technology’s impact derived through disciplined inquiry has been presented in support of either position. The research that has been conducted has rarely been shared across the diverse disciplines represented in postsecondary settings, so little collective impact has been possible. In this paper, we introduce evidence related to the promise and performance of educational technology, identify problems and issues inherent in educational technology research, and propose a working framework for studying the learning effects of, and with, technology.
Immune response of steers inoculated with chemically-treated foot-and-mouth disease virus preparations previously studied in swine.

Steers inoculated with treated virus and oil adjuvant were protected for a 6-month period when exposed to foot-and-mouth disease infection by contact. Steers inoculated with the treated virus and aluminium hydroxide were not protected. Although minimal numbers of animals were used, the results parallel those obtained in swine in experiments where larger numbers of animals were used. Experiments with larger numbers of steers are needed to confirm these findings.
Structure-guided Transformation of Charybdotoxin Yields an Analog That Selectively Targets Ca2+-activated over Voltage-gated K+ Channels

Abstract We have used a structure-based design strategy to transform the polypeptide toxin charybdotoxin, which blocks several voltage-gated and Ca2+-activated K+channels, into a selective inhibitor. As a model system, we chose two channels in T-lymphocytes, the voltage-gated channel Kv1.3and the Ca2+-activated channel IKCa1. Homology models of both channels were generated based on the crystal structure of the bacterial channel KcsA. Initial docking of charybdotoxin was undertaken with both models, and the accuracy of these docking configurations was tested by mutant cycle analyses, establishing that charybdotoxin has a similar docking configuration in the external vestibules of IKCa1 and Kv1.3. Comparison of the refined models revealed a unique cluster of negatively charged residues in the turret of Kv1.3, not present in IKCa1. To exploit this difference, three novel charybdotoxin analogs were designed by introducing negatively charged residues in place of charybdotoxin Lys32, which lies in close proximity to this cluster. These analogs block IKCa1with ∼20-fold higher affinity than Kv1.3. The other charybdotoxin-sensitive Kv channels, Kv1.2 andKv1.6, contain the negative cluster and are predictably insensitive to the charybdotoxin position 32 analogs, whereas the maxi-KCa channel, hSlo, lacking the cluster, is sensitive to the analogs. This provides strong evidence for topological similarity of the external vestibules of diverse K+channels and demonstrates the feasibility of using structure-based strategies to design selective inhibitors for mammalian K+channels. The availability of potent and selective inhibitors ofIKCa1 will help to elucidate the role of this channel in T-lymphocytes during the immune response as well as in erythrocytes and colonic epithelia.
Pigmented corneal rings in neonates with liver disease.

We performed eye examinations in neonates to determine whether pigmented corneal rings were present in infants with hepatic disease, as in adults. None of 16 control infants had pigmented corneal rings, but 10 (71%) of 14 infants with cholestalic liver disease had such rings. Most rings could be seen without slit lamp by direct inspection of the cornea. Furthermore, the rings appeared to resolve over time. Live dysfunction tended to be more severe in patients with corneal rings. We speculated that abnormal tissue accumulation of copper may be present immany infants with cholestatic liver disease. Ophthalmologic examination for pigmented corneal rings or determination of serum copper levels may need to be performed in patients at high risk with hepatic disease to monitor for excessive copper accumulation.
Marketing at the retail shelf: an examination of moderating effects of logistics on SKU market share

Given that the impact of retail shelf facings and price on a product’s market share is of substantial interest to marketing managers in the retail supply chain, we examine whether these relationships may be interdependent with the firm’s supply chain activities. We offer predictions regarding the interdependence of the marketing and supply chain variables using monthly in-store observations from 62 different retail stores from five different chains, taken over a 24-month period. The in-store observations included price and number of facings, which is combined with data obtained from the manufacturer on case pack quantity and market share data from the ACNielsen HomeScan consumer scanner panel. Results indicate that shelf facings impact the effects of price and case pack quantity on market share. In addition, we explore the strength of relationships across retailers employing everyday low price versus HiLo pricing strategies. Generally, our findings suggest that retailers and suppliers must work to integrate marketing activities and supply chain processes both within and across firms to most effectively serve the consumer at the retail shelf and increase market share.