cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Curious Case of the Allyl Ligand: A Study in Applying the 18-Electron Rule

The 18-electron rule is an incredibly powerful tool for explaining the properties and reactivities of organometallic complexes. With the rule, however, comes the difficulty of choosing a method of implementing it, i.e. what many popular texts refer to as the “donor-pair” (ionic) method or the “neutral-ligand” method. The choice becomes particularly difficult when ligands can be counted in multiple ways via the donor-pair method, as in the case of the allyl ligand. In this investigation we hope to show that a choice of counting method can be chosen based on experimental intuition, as supported by a density functional theory (DFT) investigation. The natural electronic charge of metals, the η3-π-allyl (or simply the allyl) ligand, and the η3-cyclopropenyl ligand are discussed for a variety of organometallic complexes. A variety of DFT exchange-correlation functionals and basis sets, coupled with the Natural Population Analysis method of Landis and Weinhold, reveal the allyl ligand’s charge in a complex can be traced back to its experimental precursor. These results emphasize that the 18-electron rule is not merely a bookkeeping device and that the donor-pair method in the case of the allyl ligand holds more utility than the neutral-ligand method.
Single-visit program for cervical cancer prevention in a high-risk population

Objective: To evaluate the feasibility of a single-visit cervical neoplasia screening and intervention program. Methods: A sample of asymptomatic, nonpregnant, indigent, adult women who had not had a Papanicolaou smear for at least 2 years ( N = 126) was recruited through Spanish-language media in Orange Country, California. Women who volunteered underwent a free, single-visit program combining a health questionnaire, education, an immediately read Papanicolaou smear, loop electrosurgical excision of the transformation zone for those with dysplastic cytology, and an exit questionnaire gauging satisfaction and educational impact. Main outcome measures included the frequency of cervical cancer risk factors and barriers to health care, incidence of cervical neoplasia, feasibility, short-term educational impact, and acceptability of interventions. Results: All 126 patients had at least one cervical cancer risk factor; 101 (80.2%) reported at least one barrier to health care. One hundred sixteen (92.1%) had a normal Papanicolaou smear, and three (2.4%) with a mildly atypical smear were referred for colposcopy. Seven (5.6%) patients had a dysplastic smear and underwent same-day loop electrosurgical excision of the transformation zone without complication, with histology revealing koilocytotic atypia (two patients), cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) I (two), CIN II (two), and CIN III (one). No case of invasive cervical carcinoma was identified. The mean time from performance of Papanicolaou smear to receipt of cytologic results was 2.2. hours, and the mean total visit time was 3.6 hours. Patients found the single-visit program to be both beneficial and satisfying. Conclusion: This single-visit program is feasible and may overcome barriers to the diagnosis and management of cervical neoplasia in patients at high risk.
Importance of variables associated with practitioners' estimates of pit and fissure sealant use.

Practitioner acceptance of pit and fissure sealants has been slow. To assess the factors that relate to the dentist's decision to use or not to use sealants, a comprehensive survey of 3,504 general dentists and 591 pediatric dentists was undertaken. Response rate to the mailed questionnaire was 37.6 percent (n = 1, 193) for general dentists and 61.2 percent (n = 329) for pediatric dentists. Items were grouped into ten scales believed to portray major variables associated with level of sealant use. Level of use, measured as an estimated percent of child patients receiving sealants, served as the dependent variable. A stepwise multiple regression was used to study the relationship between the scales and estimated level of use. Overall, the preventive orientation, opinion, and patient influence scales contributed the most to the explanation of the estimated level of use. These scales, for both general dentists and pediatric dentists, had the strongest simple correlations with sealant use and they also were the three scales that showed up most consistently as the prime scales in the multiple regression analyses. These results suggested that efforts aimed at encouraging a preventive philosophy and improving patient and practitioner opinion and knowledge about sealants should be undertaken.
Lysozyme insensitivity of bacteria indigenous to the oral cavity of man.

SYNOPSIS IN INTERLINGUAINSENSIBILITATE A LYSOZYMA DEL PARTE DE BACTERIOS INDIGENE AL CAVITATE ORAL DEL HOMINE.-Esseva constatate que inter 112 culturas pur, representante 13 gruppos de bacterios oral, nulle esseva lysate per lysozyma a concentrationes de 5,50, o 500 μg per ml, secundo essayos turbidimetric. In plus, esseva trovate que le plus numerose bacterios cultivabile ab specimens de debris gingival, de placa dental, e de saliva cresceva in le presentia de 0,5, 5, o 50 μg per ml de lysozyma. Quando specimens de debris gingival esseva incubate con 50 μg per ml de lysozyma, nulle liberation de proteina solubile esseva detegite. Iste datos pare indicar que lysozyma per se exerce pauc effecto super bacterios indigene al cavitate oral del homine.
Action-based Teaching, Autonomy and Identity

Action-based teaching puts agency at the centre of the learning process. This can be defined as the socioculturally mediated capacity to act (Ahearn, 2001: 112). An actionbased approach is related to other approaches, such as content-based, project-based and task-based teaching and learning. However, it makes agency, rather than the particular curricular organisation, the defining construct. In this paper, various situated aspects of agency are examined, such as issues of power and control, democracy in the classroom, and the relationships between structure and process. A central aspect of an action-based approach is the centrality of perception, and its intricate connections to action and understanding. Perception is also central in the development of self and identity, in the shaping of the learners' relationships to their world. Finally, pedagogical strategies and actions are illustrated, such as a coherent and non-trivial model of pedagogical scaffolding that integrates structuring and microgenesis.
Staff-Averse Challenging Behaviour in Older Adults with Intellectual Disabilities

Background People with intellectual disabilities are increasingly reaching older adulthood. Little is known about age-related change in the prevalence of challenging behaviours among older adults with intellectual disabilities. Materials and method The frequency and severity of staff-averse challenging behaviours of 132 older adults with intellectual disabilities was assessed through informant ratings on the Inventory of Client and Agency Planning at two time points 8–10 years apart. Results There was an intraindividual decline in the frequency and severity of challenging behaviour using both lenient and more restricted definitions of challenging behaviour. There was a low prevalence but high comorbidity of severe challenging behaviour. Level of mental retardation and adaptive behaviour were related to the frequency and severity of challenging behaviour. Conclusions An understanding of age-related intraindividual change in challenging behaviour has implications for staff wellbeing and optimizing the care of older adults with intellectual disabilities.
An estimate for the coefficients of polynomials of given length

Amelioration d'une estimation des coefficients des polynomes de longueur donnee, obtenue par B.M. Baishanski
Parametric study of heat transfer in injection molding-effect of thermal contact resistance

Thermal contact resistance (TCR) plays an important role in the heat transfer during injection molding. However, there is no consensus on the magnitude of TCR to be used in simulation as most of the reported results are based on steady state experiments. A numerical simulation of the heat transfer in injection molding is used in studying its effect and significance. The TCR is shown to attain its maximum magnitude in the postfilling period, and more accurate values than those available in literature are required for a better simulation of the postfilling stage. The effect of interface gap formation between the plastic and the mold on the contact resistance is also studied. This shows that the gap may have contributed to the high magnitude of TCR reported from the one experimental study of TCR in injection molding. However, the gap formation is shown to be dependent on the part geometry as well as processing conditions-in terms of shrinkage and warpage effects. The gap is both a function of time and space (location on the part surface) and this makes any experimental determination of the gap and TCR difficult.
Contribution to the analysis and optimization of transposed concentric conductors

Abstract The principle of transposed tublar conductor is explained. An exact analytical solution for current distribution and skin effect ratio is developed. The optimum geometry and comparisons with nontransposed conductors are presented.
Potentiation and neurotoxicity induced by certain organophosphates.

Abstract The following types of phosphorus compounds were found to be active in potentiating the toxicity of malathion to mice: triphenyl phosphates and phosphonates containing o- and p-, methyl and ethyl substitutents; certain di-(substituted-phenyl) phenylphosphonates and N-methylphosphoramidates; S,S,S-trialkyl phosphorotrithioites and phosphorotrithioates; and certain saligenin cyclic phosphorus esters. Some compounds in the latter two groups also produced ataxia in hens. Certain of the saligenin cyclic phosphorus esters were as potent in effecting ataxia as the dialkyl phosphorofluoridates, but required much larger doses to produce parasympathomimetic effects. Also considered are the activity of the 112 phosphorus esters investigated for inhibition in vitro of mouse plasma esterases hydrolyzing malathion and propionylcholine, and the stability of the saligenin cyclic phosphorus esters to enzymatic and nonenzymatic hydrolysis.
Dynamics of adsorbed polymer chains subjected to flow: The dumbbell model

The dumbbell model of an adsorbed polymer segment is analyzed in order to investigate the response of such segments to a velocity gradient imposed at the solid/liquid interface. It is demonstrated that exact expressions for the time-dependent moments of the distribution function describing the conformation can be obtained. Both a dangling end and an attached loop can be represented and several bulk properties of a polymer film subjected to flow are evaluated.
Interrupted Aortic Arch Complex: Successful Total Correction in the Neonate

Two neonates subjected to definitive repair of interrupted aortic arch complex during the first week of life are presented. Results correlated well with preoperative status. Our definition of complete correction, including direct aortic anastomosis, is discussed along with the surgical strategy employed for successful repair of this otherwise dismal anomaly.
Suppression of Mannheimia (Pasteurella) haemolytica serovar 1 infection in lambs by intrapulmonary administration of ovine antimicrobial anionic peptide

In this study, the efficacy of ovine antimicrobial anionic peptide (AP) was assessed in a lamb model of acute pneumonia. A single intratracheal dose of the peptide, H-DDDDDDD-OH (0.5 mg) reduced pulmonary inflammation and the concentration of Mannheimia (Pasteurella) haemolytica in infected lung tissue. Administration of H-DDDDDDD-OH after infection was more effective in reducing the consolidation and lesion scores at the deposition site than its administration prior to infection. Hence, the in vivo effectiveness of AP suggests that it may have applications in the treatment of pulmonary infections. Further studies are needed to confirm these findings and also to determine the optimal doses and intervals of H-DDDDDDD-OH therapy.
InGaAs/InP subwavelength grating filters for the mid-infrared

We demonstrate subwavelength resonant grating mirrors made from III-V semiconductor materials for the mid-infrared. We achieved a resonance wavelength at ∼3µm which agrees very well with simulated data, and measured a spectral width of ∼30nm.
Polypyrrole-based nitrogen-doped carbon replicas of SBA-15 and SBA-16 containing magnetic nanoparticles

Polypyrrole-based ordered mesoporous carbons (OMCs) were synthesized via chemical vapor infiltration of pyrrole into pores of the SBA-15 and SBA-16 silica templates containing iron(III) chloride catalyst (FeCl3). After carbonization of polypyrrole at 800 °C and etching of the silica templates with hydrofluoric acid solution, nitrogen-doped and graphitic OMCs with incorporated magnetic nanoparticles were obtained. These materials were analyzed by CHNS elemental analysis, thermogravimetry (TG), nitrogen adsorption, small and wide angle powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, scanning, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The resulting carbon replicas retained the crystallographic symmetry of the silica templates: namely, P6mm in the case of the SBA-15 template, and Im3m in the case of the SBA-16 template. The uniformity, size, and volume of ordered mesopores in the carbon replicas were affected by structural properties of the templates used as shown by analysis of nitrogen adsorption isot...
The effect of dinitrophenol on magnesium-activated adenosinetriphosphatase

The evidence for the existence of two different ATPases, one stimulated by Mg++ and the second by DNP, has been re-investigated. It has been found that in contrast to the results obtained with DNP alone, DNP in the presence of varying concentrations of Mg++ can: 1. 1. stimulate ATPase in the presence of 0.3 M sucrose or 1–5 · 10−5M PCMB; 2. 2. evoke the same maximum activity as is obtained with Mg++ alone; 3. 3. produce an increase in ATPase after prolonged aging; 4. 4. stimulate the hydrolysis of ITP. It is concluded that it may not be necessary to postulate the existence of a second ATPase, specifically “activated” by DNP, in order to explain the effects of DNP in the hydrolysis of ATP. The significance of these findings is discussed.
Mosaicism—Switch or Spectrum?

Somatic revertant mosaicism—the coexistence of cells carrying inherited genetic mutations with cells that have undergone spontaneous changes that correct the mutant phenotype—was previously thought to be extremely rare in terms of the frequency of patients in which it occurs and the frequency with which cells bearing revertant mutations arise in a given patient. A number of recent findings, including the report by Choate et al. on page 94 of this issue ( 1 ), challenge this perspective.
Molecular cloning of salicylate hydroxylase genes from Pseudomonas cepacia and Pseudomonas putida.

Abstract The sal gene encoding Pseudomonas cepacia salicylate hydroxylase was cloned and the sal encoding Pseudomonas putida salicylate hydroxylase was subcloned into plasmid vector pRO2317 to generate recombinant plasmids pTK3 and pTK1, respectively. Both cloned genes were expressed in the host Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1. The parental strain can utilize catechol, a product of the salicylate hydroxylase-catalyzed reaction, but not salicylate as the sole carbon source for growth due to a natural deficiency of salicylate hydroxylase. The pTK1- or pTK3-transformed P. aeruginosa PAO1, however, can be grown on salicylate as the sole carbon source and exhibited activities for the cloned salicylate hydroxylase in crude cell lysates. In wild-type P. cepacia as well as in pTK1- or pTK3-transformed P. aeruginosa PAO1, the presence of glucose in addition to salicylate in media resulted in lower efficiencies of sal expression. P. cepacia apparently can degrade salicylate via the meta cleavage pathway which, unlike the plasmid-encoded pathway in P. putida , appears to be encoded on chromosome. As revealed by DNA cross hybridizations, the P. cepacia hsd and ht genes showed significant homology with the corresponding plasmid-borne genes of P. putida but the P. cepacia sal was not homologous to the P. putida sal . Furthermore, polyclonal antibodies developed against purified P. cepacia salicylate hydroxylase inactivated the cloned P. cepacia salicylate hydroxylase but not the cloned P. putida salicylate hydroxylase in P. aeruginosa PAO1. It appears that P. cepacia and P. putida salicylate hydroxylases, being structually distinct, were probably derived through convergent evolution.
Middle-atmosphere tides: Recent advances in theory and observation

Abstract Recent progress in the theoretical and observational investigation of middle atmosphere tides is reviewed. Theoretical advances include development of more realistic thermal excitation and numerical simulation models, investigation of seasonal — latitudinal and longitudinal variations in tidal structures, and the origin and effects of ‘unsteadiness’ in tidal oscillations over periods of days. Recent analyses of middle latitude radar data between 80 Km and 130 Km delineate consistent seasonal phase patterns in this region. Analyses of rocket data show stratosphere and lower mesosphere tides to be characterized by smaller amplitudes, shorter vertical scales, greater unsteadiness, and greater spatial variability than exhibited in the upper mesosphere and above. Results from the first two ATMAP (Atmospheric Tides Middle Atmosphere Program) campaigns are also discussed.
Physician empathy: definition, components, measurement, and relationship to gender and specialty.

OBJECTIVE: There is a dearth of empirical research on physician empathy despite its mediating role in patient-physician relationships and clinical outcomes. This study was designed to investigate the components of physician empathy, its measurement properties, and group differences in empathy scores. METHOD: A revised version of the Jefferson Scale of Physician Empathy (with 20 Likert-type items) was mailed to 1,007 physicians affiliated with the Jefferson Health System in the greater Philadelphia region; 704 (70%) responded. Construct validity, reliability of the empathy scale, and the differences on mean empathy scores by physicians’ gender and specialty were examined. RESULTS: Three meaningful factors emerged (perspective taking, compassionate care, and standing in the patient’s shoes) to provide support for the construct validity of the empathy scale that was also found to be internally consistent with relatively stable scores over time. Women scored higher than men to a degree that was nearly signifi...
A Beacon Selection Algorithm for Bounded Error Location Estimation in Ad Hoc Networks

We consider the class of ad hoc networks, where a small percentage of the nodes are assumed to know their locations a priori and are denoted as reference nodes. Starting from the reference nodes, location information of other nodes are estimated in a hop by hop fashion. Beacon nodes are defined to be nodes that already have a location information (including the reference nodes). Using a two-dimensional cartesian coordinate system, we show that given a maximum of plusmnepsi error in the location of each of the beacon nodes and a maximum error of plusmndelta in each of the measured ranges along either axes, the location of a node can be computed within an error bound of plusmn[3epsi(l+radic2)+2delta] to plusmn(3epsi+2delta) along one axis and within plusmn2epsi(l+radic2)+3delta] to plusmn(3epsi+2delta)) along its orthogonal axis, by using the beacon selection algorithm proposed in this paper
DNA denatures upon drying after ethanol precipitation

We have observed that ethanol precipitation and subsequent drying of small (less than 400 bp) radiolabelled DNA fragments is able to induce a transition to a form that migrates aberrantly on acrylamide gels. This unusual form has increased sensitivity to S1 nuclease, decreased sensitivity to restriction enzymes, and a concentration dependence for the reversion to the duplex form. Apparently, DNA denatures upon dehydration so that redissolving at low dilution will allow the collapse of DNA fragments into single-stranded hairpin structures. These structures are stable enough at low dilution to prevent complete reannealing of single stranded species. These single stranded species show strong binding to unidentified proteins present in nuclear extracts. This may give rise to misleading interpretations of mobility shift assays, especially if the single-stranded conformers have a similar mobility to the duplex fragment, which can occur in fragments that are 50-100 bp long. Evidence is presented that DNA, in general, denatures upon dehydration, but that hindrances to rotation in the solid state may prevent long fragments from dissociating.
Apo raver1 structure reveals distinct RRM domain orientations.

Raver1 is a multifunctional protein that modulates both alternative splicing and focal adhesion assembly by binding to the nucleoplasmic splicing repressor polypyrimidine tract protein (PTB) or to the cytoskeletal proteins vinculin and α-actinin. The amino-terminal region of raver1 has three RNA recognition motif (RRM1, RRM2, and RRM3) domains, and RRM1 interacts with the vinculin tail (Vt) domain and vinculin mRNA. We previously determined the crystal structure of the raver1 RRM1–3 domains in complex with Vt at 2.75 A resolution. Here, we report crystal structure of the unbound raver1 RRM1–3 domains at 2 A resolution. The apo structure reveals that a bound sulfate ion disrupts an electrostatic interaction between the RRM1 and RRM2 domains, triggering a large relative domain movement of over 30°. Superposition with other RNA-bound RRM structures places the sulfate ion near the superposed RNA phosphate group suggesting that this is the raver1 RNA binding site. While several single and some tandem RRM domain structures have been described, to the best of our knowledge, this is the second report of a three-tandem RRM domain structure.
Three-Dimensional Moment Invariants

Recognition of three-dimensional objects independent of size, position, and orientation is an important and difficult problem of scene analysis. The use of three-dimensional moment invariants is proposed as a solution. The generalization of the results of two-dimensional moment invariants which had linked two-dimensional moments to binary quantics is done by linking three-dimensional moments to ternary quantics. The existence and number of nth order moments in two and three dimensions is explored. Algebraic invariants of several ternary forms under different orthogonal transformations are derived by using the invariant property of coefficients of ternary forms. The result is a set of three-dimensional moment invariants which are invariant under size, orientation, and position change. This property is highly significant in compressing the data which are needed in three-dimensional object recognition. Empirical examples are also given.
A novel 50-GHz spaced DWDM 60-GHz millimeter-wave Radio-over-Fiber systems using optical interleaver

A novel simple technique to realize spectral efficient multi-channel 60-GHz mm-wave Radio-over-Fiber in a 50-GHz DWDM system using optical Interleaver is proposed and experimentally demonstrated with less than 1.8-dB power penalty after 25-km SMF-28.
End-to-end predictive modeling of silicon solar cell performance: From process recipe to device simulation

We demonstrate the use of end-to-end predictive modeling to optimize silicon solar cell fabrication processes. Coupled continuum models for boron, phosphorus, iron, and oxygen are used to predict the distribution of electronically active defects. The models include point defect-mediated diffusion of boron and phosphorus from solid sources (e.g., POCl 3 ) at both the emitter and back surface field. Interactions between iron and boron, boron and oxygen, and phosphorus and vacancies are modeled. From the resulting dopant and defect distributions, carrier lifetimes are computed and, along with the solar cell structure, are passed to a device simulation. We find a competing effect between lifetime-enhancing iron segregation to the boron-rich region and lifetime-degrading BO 2 complex formation. Guided by modeling results, we suggest strategies to restore device performance in the presence of iron contamination and moderate oxygen concentrations, demonstrating the utility of an “end-to-end” modeling framework.
Adaptations of the A* algorithm for the computation of fastest paths in deterministic discrete-time dynamic networks

This paper extends the A* methodology to shortest path problems in dynamic networks, in which arc travel times are time dependent. We present efficient adaptations of the A* algorithm for computing fastest (minimum travel time) paths from one origin node to one destination node, for one as well as multiple departure times at the origin node, in a class of dynamic networks the link travel times of which satisfy the first-in-first-out property. We summarize useful properties of dynamic networks and develop improved lower bounds on minimum travel times. These lower bounds are exploited in designing efficient adaptations of the A* algorithm to solve instances of the one-to-one dynamic fastest path problem. The developed algorithms are implemented and their computational performance is analyzed experimentally. The performance of the computer implementations of the adaptations of the A* algorithm are compared to a dynamic adaptation of Dijkstra's algorithm, stopped when the destination node is selected. Comparative computational results obtained demonstrate that the algorithms of this paper are efficient. Using a network containing 3000 nodes, 10 000 links, and 100 time intervals, the dynamic adaptations of the A* led to a savings ratio of 11, in terms of number of nodes selected, and to a savings ratio of five in terms of computation time. The effect of the network size on the performance of these adaptations is also studied. It is shown that the computational savings in term of both the number of nodes selected and the computation time, increase with the size of the network topology.
Review: Oxygen and trophoblast biology – A source of controversy

Oxygen is necessary for life yet too much or too little oxygen is toxic to cells. The oxygen tension in the maternal plasma bathing placental villi is <20 mm Hg until 10-12 weeks' gestation, rising to 40-80 mm Hg and remaining in this range throughout the second and third trimesters. Maldevelopment of the maternal spiral arteries in the first trimester predisposes to placental dysfunction and sub-optimal pregnancy outcomes in the second half of pregnancy. Although low oxygen at the site of early placental development is the norm, controversy is intense when investigators interpret how defective transformation of spiral arteries leads to placental dysfunction during the second and third trimesters. Moreover, debate rages as to what oxygen concentrations should be considered normal and abnormal for use in vitro to model villous responses in vivo. The placenta may be injured in the second half of pregnancy by hypoxia, but recent evidence shows that ischemia with reoxygenation and mechanical damage due to high flow contributes to the placental dysfunction of diverse pregnancy disorders. We overview normal and pathologic development of the placenta, consider variables that influence experiments in vitro, and discuss the hotly debated question of what in vitro oxygen percentage reflects the normal and abnormal oxygen concentrations that occur in vivo. We then describe our studies that show cultured villous trophoblasts undergo apoptosis and autophagy with phenotype-related differences in response to hypoxia.
‘Blogs give regular people the chance to talk back’: Rethinking ‘professional’ media hierarchies in new media

New media technologies have reshaped practices of production, distribution and consumption of media, in part, by blurring the lines of distinction between the role of producer and consumer of media. This shift has enabled the rise of a new class of ‘audience/producer’ that exists outside the traditional professional media producer class yet is increasingly threatening the professional’s commercial position and ability to control the creation of content and the cultural production of meaning. This article examines the rise of the celebrity gossip blogger as an example of this sort of audience/producer intervention into an established media industry.
Correlation of vitamin D levels with burden of white matter lesions in individuals with Prader-Willi syndrome

Objective: Vitamin D has a variety of roles, including bone metabolism, calcium homeostasis, immunomodulation, anti-inflammation, and possibly neuroprotection. Neuroimaging has shown that hypovitaminosis D may cause more rapid progression and increased severity of white matter hyperintensities (WMH) in some populations. Individuals with Prader-WIlli syndrome (PWS) often have inadequate vitamin D intake, so we investigated if the burden of WMH in PWS is associated with hypovitaminosis D. Design/Methods: We evaluated brain MRI’s of 20 individuals with vitamin D levels measured at the time of the scan, who were between ages 5 and 46 years and had PWS (n = 17) or were typical siblings (n = 3). The presence and number of WMH were correlated with vitamin D. Results: Serum vitamin D levels were inversely correlated with the presence and number of WMH (0.025) in individuals with PWS and controls, as well as the progression of WMH ( p = 0.029) in PWS. Additionally, vitamin D levels correlated with cognitive scores in PWS ( p < 0.01). Conclusions: The results of this small study support that vitamin D has neuroprotective effects influencing the development and progression of WMH even in the pediatric population. Studies should be done in children with high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency such as obesity. Normal 0 false false false EN-US ZH-CN X-NONE
Electrical Conductivity of Single and Polycrystalline Near‐Stoichiometric Rutile in the Range 600° to 1400°C

The electrical conductivity of both single-crystal and sintered near-stoichiometric rutile was investigated over the range 600° to 1400°C and the oxygen pressure range 0.005 to 1.0 atm. Above 1200°C, the conductivity of single-crystal and sintered rutile obeys the relation σ∼Po2−1/4. This can be explained on the basis of the excitation of the first electron from an oxygen ion vacancy-two trapped electron defect associated with a departure from stoichiometry. The attendant activation energy for this mechanism is 1.8 ± 0.1 ev as calculated from the In σ vs. 1/T curves. The conductivity below about 900°C is independent of oxygen pressure and has been associated with impurity controlled defects. Activation energies of 1.0 ± 0.05 ev for the c direction and 1.5 ± 0.05 ev for the a direction and for sintered specimens were obtained for this mechanism. The electrical conductivity in the range 900° to 1200°C can be interpreted on the basis that the preceding two mechanisms act in parallel.
Student Teachers' Conceptions of Classroom Control.

Abstract The objective of this study was to investigate elementary students teachers' propositional knowledge of classroom management, with particular focus on their conceptions of control. The primary question was the extent to which elementary student teachers' conceptions of classroom control were similar to the rule-based conceptions taught in their teacher education program. A paper-and-pencil instrument administered to 85 elementary student teachers during fall 1991 contained two tasks designed to elicit the thinking of the elementary student teachers about rule-based, dominance, and nurturance conceptions of classroom control. The findings of the study revealed widespread inclusion of the rulebased conceptions in the propositional knowledge of almost all of the elementary student teachers. Although some evidence of the conceptions of dominance or nurturance did appear in the propositional knowledge of some elementary student teachers, its existence did not seem to interfere with the holding of rule...
The Role of Trait Anxiety in Reducing the Relationship Between Childhood Exposure to Violence/Victimization and Subsequent Violent Behavior Among Male Delinquent Youth:

In this project, the authors examined the relationship trait anxiety has on incarcerated male adolescents’ progression from childhood exposure to violence/victimization to violent behavior. Self-report survey data were analyzed to determine the youth’s levels of trait anxiety, how the degree of childhood trauma was related to their level of anxiety, as well as whether their level of anxiety affected the relationship between trauma and subsequent frequency and severity of their delinquent acts using a moderation analysis. Anxiety significantly decreased the relationship between victimization and the commission of violence (F = 15.93, p < .001).
Effect of vertical mode matching on defect resonances in one-dimensional photonic crystal slabs

In photonic crystal (PC) slabs, a major source of attenuation results from out-of-plane scattering due to the lack of vertical confinement of light within the holes. Here, we study single and multiple defect resonances in one-dimensional (1-D) slab PC structures that establish waveguiding within the holes as a means to reduce this attenuation mechanism. Two-dimensional (2-D) cross section simulations of light propagation show that, by closely matching the vertical mode profiles in the slab and the holes, the scattering loss can be significantly reduced. Even with simplified structures where the mode matching is imperfect, significant reduction in scattering loss can still be obtained, resulting in greater transmission and quality factor than the structures without confinement in the holes
Security Management in Telepsychology

Psychologists increasingly rely upon “telepsychology” (e.g., e-mail and Internet-based client communications) despite the growing presence of threats to online security. However, practitioners may overestimate the benefits of electronic communications and underestimate their risks. Using the example of the availability heuristic as one cognitive bias, which may promote this imbalance, this article reviews a number of resources for practitioners that provide enhanced security and confidentiality in the digital realm. Governmental, regulatory and professional bodies provide pertinent and detailed guidance that can achieve these goals. To illustrate this process, this article reviews and augments a number of safeguards (administrative, physical, and technical) within the HIPAA Security Rule. It also surveys opportunities for continuing education and credentialing that may enhance professional competence in electronic communications. It concludes with a list of recommendations for enhancing security and reducing the influence of the availability heuristic in telepsychology. These recommendations range across several categories of professional practice: hardware and software management, confidentiality, informed consent, competence, consultation, and continuing education. This article can help practitioners reap the benefits of telepsychology while successfully enhancing confidentiality and security.
Feedforward Effects on Predictions in a Dynamic Battle Scenario

Commanders face many challenges in their efforts to control the battlefield. Friction (i.e., sources of delay) in the commander’s control system, coupled with the dynamics of the battlefield, requires commanders to act before threatening battlefield events occur. Effective control of the battlefield thus requires accurate predictions. This paper describes the results of a preliminary study concerned with the effect of FeedForward (FF) on the accuracy of predictions in dynamic battle situations. FF, given in the form of expert advice prior to simulated battle, did not reliably improve predictions. Exploratory analyses, however, indicate that FF guided attention to a subset of the task variables important for accurate prediction. Furthermore, FF produced quicker and more decisive victories than practice alone. In conjunction with the positive performance trend for the FF group, these findings indicate that FF facilitates strategy development and may lead to higher levels of Dynamic Decision Making (DDM) performance over time.
An encoded N-terminal extension results in low levels of heterologous protein production in Escherichia coli

Background The tdk gene (encoding deoxythymidine kinase) of the gamma-proteobacterium Xenorhabdus nematophila has two potential translation start sites. The promoter-distal start site was predicted to be functional based on amino acid sequence alignment with closely related Tdk proteins. However, to experimentally determine if either of the two possible start codons allows production of a functional Tdk, we expressed the "long-form" (using the promoter-proximal start codon) and "short-form" (using the promoter-distal start codon) X. nematophila tdk genes from the T7 promoter of the pET-28a(+) vector. We assessed Tdk production and activity using a functional assay in an Escherichia coli tdk mutant, which, since it lacks functional Tdk, is able to grow in 5-fluorodeoxyuridine (FUdR)-containing medium.
Vision-based detection of activity for traffic control

One important application of image processing and computer vision is traffic monitoring and control. This paper presents a system for detection of moving vehicles approaching an intersection from color images acquired by a stationary camera in the context of traffic light control systems. As the system is dedicated to outdoor applications, efficient and robust vehicle detection under various weather and illumination conditions is examined. To deal with these ever changing conditions, vehicle detection relies on motion segmentation and color mapping to achieve feature space segmentation. Experimental results using real outdoor sequences of images demonstrate the system's robustness under various environmental conditions.
Decomposition—a strategy for query processing

Strategy for processing multivariable queries in the database management system INGRES is considered. The general procedure is to decompose the query into a sequence of one-variable queries by alternating between (a) reduction: breaking off components of the query which are joined to it by a single variable, and (b) tuple substitution: substituting for one of the variables a tuple at a time. Algorithms for reduction and for choosing the variable to be substituted are given. In most cases the latter decision depends on estimation of costs; heuristic procedures for making such estimates are outlined.
Analyzing multiple-item measures of crime and deviance I: Item response theory scaling

Multiple-item measures of self-reported offending typically provide the principal outcome measures for individual level research on the causes of crime and deviance. This article directs attention to the substantial problems presented by the task of forming composite scores for these measures, and it presents a possible solution to those problems. We consider scaling by means of the graded response model from item response theory (IRT) as a potential means of overcoming the shortcomings of traditional summative scaling and of obtaining valuable information about the strengths and weaknesses of our measures. We illustrate this strategy through a scale analysis of a fourteen-item, self-report measure of delinquency, using three years of data from the Monitoring the Future study, an annual national survey of high school seniors. The graded response model proves to be consistent with the data, and it provides results that address important substantive questions about self-report measures. The findings are informative about the strengths and weaknesses of alternative strategies for developing self-report instruments, indicating that there is little to be gained by making fine distinctions in the frequency of individual delinquent acts.
Integrated Pest Management in Fruits – Theory and Practice

Pest management practices used in several deciduous fruit crops are discussed. The chapter begins by noting the geographic origin and approximate date of domestication of several fruit crops and the need for more fruit breeding programs to identify and incorporate insect resistant genes into more fruit cultivars. It is assumed that fruit production probably began as small plantings where growers selected for the more pest resistant plants and later used earth-based insecticides like lead arsenate or oils to manage pest populations. After WWII, synthetic broad spectrum insecticides were developed followed by fairly rapid development of pesticide resistant insect populations. Broad spectrum pesticides eliminated many natural enemies and caused outbreaks of secondary pests like spider mites. In the last 30 years, pest management programs have become more knowledge-based and scouting intensive. More programs attempt to conserve natural enemies, delay development of pesticide resistance and be more environmentally sound (low-risk). This chapter conveys several categories of knowledge used in fruit pest management programs: fruit pest and crop agroecology; overwintering habitats; edge effect behavior; host preference; lists host resistant cultivars; shows how to derive lower and upper developmental thresholds, thermal constants, daily and cumulative degree-days (DD) after a biofix date; lists available DD models for several fruit pests; identifies two online DD calculators; lists general pest scouting guidelines and suggestions for maintaining visual and odor-based traps; and lists recommended economic thresholds for fruit pests. The next section presents four cases to illustrate various sampling programs and tactics used to manage fruit pests: (1) use of resistant rootstocks against grape phylloxera; (2) mite management program that integrates use of selective pesticides against key pests to ensure conservation of spider mite natural enemies, use of binomial or sequential sampling programs to predict the probability of biological control of spider mites, and a dynamic economic threshold for making management decisions; (3) areawide pheromone-based mating disruption of codling moths in Washington coupled with scouting to identify the need for supplemental application of low-risk insecticides; and (4) plum curculio DD model and sampling program to aid spray timing and the potential for using perimeter trees baited with aggregation pheromone and kairomone to focus plum curculio fruit damage and reduce insecticide usage. The chapter ends by identifying that recent laws and increased input costs, especially petroleum-based inputs, are causing a shift to more environmentally low-risk and sustainable fruit pest management tactics.
7 Things You Need to Know About: The American Court System (Lecture Slides)

These slides cover the most important aspects of the American Court System. They are designed to be used in a business law course.
Left ventricular gene expression profile of healthy and cardiovascular compromised rat models used in air pollution studies

The link between pollutant exposure and cardiovascular disease (CVD) has prompted mechanistic research with animal models of CVD. We hypothesized that the cardiac gene expression patterns of healthy and genetically compromised, CVD-prone rat models, with or without metabolic impairment, will reveal underlying disease processes that facilitate understanding of the mechanisms of air pollution susceptibility differences. Left ventricular gene expression was examined using Affymetrix rat 230A-gene arrays in male, age-matched (12-14 weeks old) healthy Wistar Kyoto (WKY) and CV-compromised spontaneously hypertensive (SH), stroke-prone SH (SHSP), obese SH heart failure (SHHF) and obese insulin-resistant (JCR) rats. Principle component analysis separated strains in three clusters: (1) WKY, (2) JCR and )3) SH, SHSP and SHHF. Gene expression pattern in JCR differed from all other CVD strains. Both SHHF and JCR strains presented the most differentially expressed genes from WKY, but generally with opposing directional pattern suggesting that the CVD in these strains arise through different mechanisms. Hierarchical clustering of nuclear factor-kappaB target genes indicated varying degrees of, but similar directional changes, in SH, SHSP and SHHF relative to WKY rats, which may relate to the severity of their CVD. The JCR strain had less pronounced expressions of these genes suggesting milder cardiac disease. No unique expression pattern could be identified for genes implicated in stroke and heart failure in SHSP and SHHF rats, respectively. The data show that the CVD pathophysiological mechanisms differ in models with different genetic backgrounds, and therefore, the mechanisms by which air pollutants affect the cardiopulmonary system are likely to vary.
An Experimental Study of Homogeneous Anisotropic Turbulence in Channel Flow

A novel high bleed blown jet grid turbulence generator has been developed and tested in both a small-scale divergent duct and subsonic wind tunnel facility developed for flame kernel studies. The small-scale divergent duct is shown to produce an experimental realization of homogeneous turbulence that is comparable to traditional larger turbulence facilities. The high-bleed blown jet grid is shown to produce high Reλ turbulence, with 90 < Reλ < 298 for tunnel total mass flow bleed ratios ranging from 10% to 30%. The resultant turbulence is comparable to that achieved by active vane grids, however the blown jet grid produces such results at grid mesh Reynolds number ReM ≤ 6580, which is less than half of what is observed for similar turbulence generated by active vane grids. Turbulence generated under shared inflow conditions as the divergent duct study are evaluated in the subsonic facility configuration. The “High Contraction Ratio” anomaly is identified and analyzed, enabling measures for its removal from future turbulence studies in the subsonic facility.
A renal-like organic anion transport system in the ciliary epithelium of the bovine and human eye

The purpose of this study was to determine the direction of organic anion (OA) transport across the ciliary body and the transport proteins that may contribute. Transport of several OAs across the bovine ciliary body was examined using ciliary body sections mounted in Ussing chambers and a perfused eye preparation. Microarray, reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), immunoblotting, and immunohistochemistry were used to examine OA transporter expression in human ocular tissues. Microarray analysis showed that many OA transporters common to other barrier epithelia are expressed in ocular tissues. mRNA (RT-PCR) and protein (immunoblotting) for OAT1, OAT3, NaDC3, and MRP4 were detected in extracts of the human ciliary body from several donors. OAT1 and OAT3 localized to basolateral membranes of nonpigmented epithelial cells and MRP4 to basolateral membranes of pigmented cells in the human eye. Para-aminohippurate (PAH) and estrone-3-sulfate transport across the bovine ciliary body in the Ussing chambers was greater in the aqueous humor-to-blood direction than in the blood-to-aqueous humor direction, and active. There was little net directional movement of cidofovir. Probenecid (0.1 mM) or novobiocin (0.1 mM) added to the aqueous humor side of the tissue, or MK571 (5-(3-(2-(7-chloroquinolin-2-yl)ethenyl)phenyl)-8-dimethylcarbamyl-4,6-dithiaoctanoic acid; 0.1 mM) added to the blood side significantly reduced net active PAH transport. The rate of 6-carboxyfluorescein elimination from the aqueous humor of the perfused eye was reduced 80% when novobiocin (0.1 mM) was present in the aqueous humor. These data indicate that the ciliary body expresses a variety of OA transporters, including those common to the kidney. They are likely involved in clearing potentially harmful endobiotic and xenobiotic OAs from the eye.