cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Motional narrowing of the rotational spectrum of trifluoropropyne at 6550 cm(-1) by intramolecular vibrational energy redistribution.

We present the basic principles of dynamic rotational spectroscopy for the highly vibrationally excited symmetric top molecule trifluoropropyne (TFP,CF3CCH). Single molecular eigenstate rotational spectra of TFP were recorded in the region of the first overtone of the ν1 acetylenic stretching mode at 6550 cm−1 by infrared-pulsed microwave–Fourier transform microwave triple resonance spectroscopy. The average rotational constant (B) of the highly vibrationally mixed quantum states at 6550 cm−1 is 2909.33 MHz, a value that is 40 MHz larger than the rotational constant expected for the unperturbed C-H stretch overtone (2869.39 MHz). The average rotational constant and rotational line shape of the molecular eigenstate rotational spectra are compared to the distribution of rotational constants expected for the ensemble of normal-mode vibrational states at 6550 cm−1 that can interact by intramolecular vibrational energy redistribution (IVR). The normal-mode population distribution at 6550 cm−1 can be described ...
Storage and network resource usage in reactive and proactive replicated storage systems

Replicated storage systems allow their stored data to outlive the life of the nodes storing them by use of replication. In such systems, failed replicas are “repaired” by copying remaining replicas from other nodes. We consider two main replication strategies: reactive, in which replication occurs in response to failures, and proactive, in which replication occurs in anticipation of failures. There is no consensus in the literature about which strategy is better. Our work presents a quantitative analysis that compares reactive and proactive through simulations and verified analytically where possible. In particular, we systematically compare how the strategy of replication affects the usage of storage and network resources, at peak consumption as well as on average, to achieve a given lifetime for a replicated object. Our results indicate that a proactive strategy leads to multiple times higher storage requirements than a reactive strategy, with the exact number depending on parameter values for failure and replication rates. Reactive systems are moderately bursty in terms of bandwidth consumption, with rare peaks of at most five times (for realistic parameter values) that of proactive systems, the latter of which is constant by design given that replications are periodic for proactive.
Large‐scale regional economic development: Macroergonomics in theory and practice

Ergonomics has traditionally focused on improving such indices as productivity, health and safety, and quality of work life. Such improvements are necessary to individuals and organizations, but may not be sufficient, as emphasized by the recent focus on community ergonomics and other “macrosystem” concerns. Ergonomists have begun to apply their technologies to go beyond traditional measures to impact regional economic development. A model for ergonomics in regional economic development was developed from a successful 10-year intervention in New York State. After presenting this model in terms of organizational design and core processes, two industrial cases are summarized to help validate the approach. Two large plants and industrial employers were threatened with closure. Macroergonomic assessment, research, and intervention led to significant job retention, facilities expansion, and job creation. Within 5 years, the approach was credited with several turnarounds, retaining and expanding thousands of jobs and transforming the regional economy. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The Dawn Phenomenon Does Not Occur in Normal Elderly Subjects

To determine whether the dawn phenomenon occurs in normal elderly subjects and thus contributes to the progressive mild fasting hyperglycemia of aging, we examined the effect of physiological insulin levels on glucose disposal and hepatic glucose production (HGO) between 0530 and 0800 h, and 0930 and 1200 h. Paired euglycemic insulin clamp studies (8 mU/m2.min) were performed on healthy old subjects (n = 5), employing [3H] glucose methodology to measure glucose production and disposal rates. Basal plasma insulin, GH, glucagon, and cortisol levels, and HGO and glucose disposal rates were similar before each study. Steady state plasma insulin values were slightly, but not significantly, lower during the dawn study [dawn: 20.3 ± 1.1 (SE); control: 23.5 ± 2.1 µU/ml, P = 0.08]. Insulin clearance rates were higher during the dawn study (dawn: 523 ± 16; control: 430 ± 19 ml/m2.min, P < 0.01). Maximum glucose disposal rates (dawn: 3.10 ± 0.24; control: 3.03 ± 0.23 mg/kg-min) and minimum HGO levels (dawn: 0.83 ± 0...
Coverage- and temperature-dependent vibrational spectra of hydrogen chemisorbed on Si(100)2 × 1

Abstract The adsorption of atomic hydrogen at Si(100)2 × 1 has been studied for coverages at and below one monolayer at temperatures between 300 and 1200 K using high-resolution Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy (EELS) and Low Energy Electron Diffraction (LEED). Measurements of EELS frequencies, linewidths and intensities are discussed for different coverages and temperatures during exposure as well as subsequent annealing. Formation of a monohydride Si(100)2 × 1 : H adsorption phase is observed at room temperature in the sub-monolayer range, at 650 K for all coverages up to the saturation, and during thermal decomposition of the low temperature dihydride Si(100)1 × 1 : : 2H adsorption phase. The latter is formed by saturating Si(100) at 300 K with atomic hydrogen.
Drosophila Melanogaster as an Experimental Organism.

The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster has been used as an experimental organism in studies of genetics since the early 1900s. It is now widely used not only in classical and molecular genetics but also, with many new biochemical, cell biological, and physiological techniques, to research problems requiring a multidisciplinary approach, such as those of developmental biology and neurobiology.
Avoiding the Trap of Constant Connectivity: When Congruent Frames Allow for Heterogeneous Practices

A three-year qualitative study of the use of mobile e-mail devices in a footwear manufacturer focused on the experience of two occupational functions. Evidence suggests that congruent frames of heterogeneous communication practices enabled one group to develop communication norms that circumvented the trap of constant connectivity, while assumptions of homogeneous communication practices in the other group led to expanded accessibility and erosion of personal time. This study examines how such alternate trajectories of use emerged and discusses the key dimensions of difference between groups--identity, materiality, vulnerability, and visibility--that help account for these differences. In introducing the distinction between homogeneous and heterogeneous trajectories of use and explicating how such trajectories emerge, this study offers several theoretical insights: it suggests that there is a distinction between the congruence of technological frames of reference and the content of these frames; it provides an explanation for why groups might enact mobile communication technologies in a manner that does not lead to constant connectivity; and it highlights how shared assumptions of heterogeneity relate to systems of social control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Microglial Cells Internalize Aggregates of the Alzheimer's Disease Amyloid β-Protein Via a Scavenger Receptor

Abstract Microglia are immune system cells associated with Alzheimer's disease plaques containing β-amyloid (Aβ). Murine microglia internalize microaggregates of fluorescently labeled or radioiodinated Aβ peptide 1–42. Uptake was confirmed using aggregates of unlabeled Aβ detected by immunofluorescence. Uptake of Aβ was reduced by coincubation with excess acetyl–low density lipoprotein (Ac–LDL) or other scavenger receptor (SR) ligands, and DiI-labeled Ac–LDL uptake by microglia was blocked by excess Aβ. CHO cells transfected with class A or B SRs showed significantly enhanced uptake of Aβ. These results show that microglia express SRs that may play a significant role in the clearance of Aβ plaques. Binding to SRs could activate inflammation responses that contribute to the pathology of Alzheimer's disease.
Fine structure of division in ciliate protozoa. I. Micronuclear mitosis in Blepharisma.

The mitotic, micronuclear division of the heterotrichous genus Blepharisma has been studied by electron microscopy. Dividing ciliates were selected from clone-derived mass cultures and fixed for electron microscopy by exposure to the vapor of 2% osmium tetroxide; individual Blepharisma were encapsulated and sectioned. Distinctive features of the mitosis are the presence of an intact nuclear envelope during the entire process and the absence of centrioles at the polar ends of the micronuclear figures. Spindle microtubules (SMT) first appear in advance of chromosome alignment, become more numerous and precisely aligned by metaphase, lengthen greatly in anaphase, and persist through telophase. Distinct chromosomal and continuous SMT are present. At telophase, daughter nuclei are separated by a spindle elongation of more than 40 µ, and a new nuclear envelope is formed in close apposition to the chromatin mass of each daughter nucleus and excludes the great amount of spindle material formed during division. The original nuclear envelope which has remained structurally intact then becomes discontinuous and releases the newly formed nucleus into the cytoplasm. The micronuclear envelope seems to lack the conspicuous pores that are typical of nuclear envelopes. The morphology, size, formation, and function of SMT and the nature of micronuclear division are discussed.
Physics and chemistry of material surfaces under ambient conditions of gases and liquids: What’s new?

The atoms at the surfaces of materials represent the frontier separating the bulk from the surrounding medium. Over the last decades, scientists have intensely studied the structure and properties of surfaces with the goal of understanding and improving the electronic and chemical properties of materials. The surface–medium interaction determines wetting, friction, chemical, biological, and electronic properties. The activity of catalysts, phenomena occurring in water droplets and particles in the atmosphere, and the electronic properties of semiconductor devices are direct consequences of surface-environment interactions. While the need to pursue studies in the normal environment that surrounds a material has always been recognized, the techniques used in the past have only partially fulfilled this need, as most of them work best under high vacuum conditions. My research over the last 10 years has focused on discovering the structure of a surface and its dynamics in real life—in everyday environments. This required the development of new techniques and methods. I present some of the new tools developed in my laboratory and new properties that were discovered by their application in the areas of environmental science, surface chemistry, and catalysis.
The Perils of Free Cash Flow, Avoidance of Outside Monitoring, and the Exploitation of the Internal Capital Market

While internal capital markets may afford firms a real option to avoid costly outside financing [Matsusaka and Nanda (2002)], we show that they also provide an option to avoid the monitoring that accompanies the raising of capital. Consistent with this view, we find conglomerates which cross-subsidize divisions or engage in value-destroying investment avoid oversight from the external capital markets by refraining from issuing capital or paying dividends. We further show that firms that issue capital while operating inefficient internal capital markets suffer significant negative abnormal SEO announcement returns in excess of other diversified firms conducting SEOs. Evidence likewise indicates that these firms suffer from a free cash flow problem. High coincident levels of free cash flow and investment are responsible for these inefficient capital allocations, the acceptance of value-destroying investments, and overall lower long-run firm value. However, we show that the issuance of capital is associated with additional oversight and those firms issuing capital garner significantly more attention from the analyst community. The additional analyst oversight significantly mitigates the free cash flow problem and is ultimately linked to higher firm value.
Next generation short range radar (SRR) for automotive applications

We discuss the unique requirements of automotive active safety systems which drive the challenging specifications of next-generation automotive short range radar sensors. Sensor level performance, vehicle integration, worldwide regulation, cost, and reliability are highlighted, along with possible paths towards achieving future performance metrics.
Laser capture microdissection and single-cell RT-PCR without RNA purification

Chronic infectious diseases of the central nervous system (CNS) are characterized by intrathecal synthesis of increased amounts of immunoglobulin G (IgG) directed against the agent that causes disease. In other inflammatory CNS diseases such as multiple sclerosis and CNS sarcoid, the targets of the humoral immune response are uncertain. To identify the IgGs expressed by individual CD38+ plasma cells seen in human brain sections, we merged the techniques of laser capture microdissection (LCM) and single-cell RT-PCR. Frozen brain sections from a patient who died of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE), were rapidly immunostained and examined by LCM to dissect individual CD38+ cells. After cell lysis, we developed two techniques for reverse-transcription (RT) of unpurified total RNA in the cell lysates. The first method performed repeated and rapid freeze–thawing, followed by centrifugation of the cell lysate into tubes for subsequent RT. The second, more successful method performed RT in situ on detergent-solubilized cells directly on the cap surface; subsequent nested PCR identified heavy and light chain sequences expressed by two-thirds of individually isolated plasma cells. These techniques will streamline the identification of gene expression products in single cells from complex tissues and have the potential to identify IgGs expressed in the CNS of inflammatory diseases of unknown etiology.
Supergravity Grand Unification

A review of the recent proposal of Supergravity Grand Unification is given. Topics include the structure of Supergravity GUTS, symmetry breaking through Supergravity induced effects, protection at low energy from intermediate and superheavy mass scales, effective potential and the particle spectrum at low energy. Experimental consequences of Supergravity GUTS and in particular the decays of W and Z into photino, Wino and Zino modes and their branching ratios in various channels are also discussed.
Examples of Diamond Sensing Applications

Diamond has attractive properties as an advanced electronic material. Its combination of high carrier mobility, electric breakdown, and thermal conductivity results in the largest calculated figures of merit for speed and power of any material. Recently, the discovery and development of what might be called sophisticated secondary effects in diamond, are opening interesting sensor applications. Boron doped diamond will change electrical resistance with strain (piezoresistance), meaning it can be used as a strain gauge on rugged electronic microsensors for pressure and acceleration sensing. This paper will present some critical issues of diamond for microelectromechanical sensing applications such as its rupture stress and edge stress of diamond diaphragms and the high temperature responses of a diamond pressure sensor. We will describe an all diamond pressure microsensor that measures pressure at more than 300°C. Also, we have observed that layered diamond films can behave as chemical sensors measuring hydrogen, oxygen and many other chemicals’ concentration. For example, a diamond-based chemical gas sensor using Pd/i-diamond/p+-diamond metal-insulator-semiconductor diode structure has been made and the behavior of a new diamond-based chemical gas sensor has been studied. Also, the creation and properties of diamond microtips as field emitters are discussed.
Random mutagenesis and selection of Escherichia coli cytosine deaminase for cancer gene therapy

Cytosine deaminase (CD) is currently being used as a suicide gene for cancer gene therapy. The premise of this therapy is the preferential deamination of 5-fluorocytosine (5FC) to 5-fluorouracil by cancer cells expressing cytosine deaminase. However, a lack of efficient gene transfer to tumors combined with inefficient 5FC turnover currently limits the clinical applications of this gene therapy approach. We have used random mutagenesis to create novel bacterial cytosine deaminases that demonstrate an increased preference for 5FC over cytosine. Among the 15 mutants isolated, one conferred sensitivity to Escherichia coli in a negative selection system at a concentration of 5FC that was 10-fold lower than a sublethal dose for wild-type CD. Evaluation of individual substitutions found in this double mutant (Q102R, D314G) demonstrated that the substitution at residue D314 was solely responsible for the observed increase in sensitivity to 5FC. Additional mutagenesis at D314 resulted in the identification of two more substitutions with the ability to confer enhanced 5FC sensitivity to E.coli. Structure determinations of the three CD variants in the presence and absence of a transition state 5FC analogue provide insights to the determinants of substrate binding specificity at the 5' position of the pyrimidine ring. CD mutant D314A is a promising candidate for further gene therapy studies.
What do groups need? A proposed set of generic groupware requirements

Current groupware systems do not fully match the work life of organizational work groups. A multidisciplinary literature analysis was conducted to identify important work group characteristics. This article proposes a set of generic groupware design requirements based on this analysis. These requirements include the need to support multiple tasks and work methods, group development, interchangeable interaction, multiple behaviors, permeable boundaries, and context. Examples of commercial and research groupware systems illustrate the practical implementation issues of each requirement. We conclude that developers need to invent interoperable groupware that provides interchangeable and customizable features through new design metaphors and database structures.
Activation of Adenyl Cyclase by Glucagon in Cat and Human Heart

The purpose of this investigation was to determine the direct effects of glucagon on adenyl cyclase activity in cat and human heart particles and to elucidate the role of the beta receptor in any glucagon-mediated activation of adenyl cyclase. At the peak of its dose-response curve, crystalline glucagon increased the conversion of AT32P to cyclic 3', 5'-AM32P in particulate fractions of both cat and human heart homogenates by approximately 70%. The activation of adenyl cyclase was dose-related over a concentration ranging from 1 x 10-7M to 1 x 10-5M. Half maximal activity was observed at 8 x 10-7M. DL-propranolol, 1 x 10-5M, did not block the activation of adenyl cyclase produced by glucagon, 1 x 10-6M or 1 x 10-5M. However, the same concentration of propranolol blocked adenyl cyclase activation induced by norepinephrine, 1 x 10-6M and 1 x 10-5M. Combined maximal doses of glucagon and norepinephrine did not produce additive effects on the activation of adenyl cyclase. The failure of DL-propranolol to bloc...
Teaching Planners History

Might students come to see the possibilities and limitations of planning as a profession and an avocation through their study of history? Might historians help students see planning as a ubiquitous and ongoing process that has shaped the present and will inform the future? Every planning report includes a history; it may be brief in scope, it may be implied or inferred, it may be potted. Planners can do better. Their histories ought to reveal the fact that multiple, competing paradigms are always in play; that those who preceded us grappled with issues similar to those that challenge us today; that they crafted policy, drew up plans, and struggled for justice to the best of their ability; that we build upon their success and failure; that all plans are compromised in implementation; and, perhaps most importantly, that humility and persistence have been and remain essential when you aspire to make change.
Turing complexity of fixed-rate quantization

The rate of increase of quantization complexity, as the rate of quantization increases, is investigated under a Turing machine framework. It is shown that the problem of asymptotically optimal scalar quantization has polynomial encoding complexity if the distribution function corresponding to the one-third power of the source density is polynomially computable with high probability.
Shape and Size of Crystalline MgO Particles Formed by the Decomposition of Mg(OH)2

Decomposition of Mg(OH)/sub 2/ at 300/sup 0/ to 400/sup 0/C yields MgO crystals with often unequal edge lengths which, from counting of crystal planes in high-resolution transmission electron micrographs, range from 0.8 to 2.4 nm, in agreement with conclusions of Moodie and Warble. Optical diffractograms and electron diffraction patterns yield concordant results. An origin for discordant X-ray diffraction estimates of particle size for MgO produced from Mg(OH)/sub 2/ in the same temperature range is suggested.
Selected Contribution: Airway contractility and smooth muscle Ca2+ signaling in lung slices from different mouse strains

To investigate the hypothesis that altered Ca2+ signaling in airway smooth muscle cells (SMCs) is responsible for airway hyperreactivity, we compared, with the use of confocal and phase-contrast microscopy, the airway contractility and Ca2+ changes in SMCs induced by acetylcholine (ACh) in lung slices from different mouse strains (A/J, Balb/C, and C3H/ HeJ). The airways from each mouse strain displayed a concentration-dependent contraction to ACh. The contractile response of the airways of the C3H/HeJ mice was found, in contrast to earlier studies, to be much greater and faster than that of A/J and Balb/C mice. This difference in airway reactivity can be, in part, attributable to halothane, a volatile anesthetic that was previously used during in vivo measurements of airway reactivity but found here to significantly alter the ACh contractile response of airways in lung slices. The ACh-induced Ca2+ response of the airway SMCs in all of the various mouse strains was also concentration dependent. The magnitude of the initial Ca2+ increase and the frequency of the subsequent Ca2+ oscillations induced by ACh increased with ACh concentration. However, no differences in the Ca2+ responses to ACh could be distinguished between the mouse strains. These results suggest that the mechanism responsible for airway hyperreactivity in different mouse strains resides with the Ca2+ sensitivity of the contractile apparatus of the SMCs rather than with the Ca2+ signaling itself.
Test-Enhanced Learning Taking Memory Tests Improves Long-Term Retention

Taking a memory test not only assesses what one knows, but also enhances later retention, a phenomenon known as the testing effect. We studied this effect with educationally relevant materials and investigated whether testing facilitates learning only because tests offer an opportunity to restudy material. In two experiments, students studied prose passages and took one or three immediate free-recall tests, without feedback, or restudied the material the same number of times as the students who received tests. Students then took a final retention test 5 min, 2 days, or 1 week later. When the final test was given after 5 min, repeated studying improved recall relative to repeated testing. However, on the delayed tests, prior testing produced substantially greater retention than studying, even though repeated studying increased students' confidence in their ability to remember the material. Testing is a powerful means of improving learning, not just assessing it.
Migrated-Gold Resistive Shorts in Microcircuits

Failures, failure modes and failure mechanisms related to the formation of migrated-gold resistive shorts (MGRS) in gold-metallized microcircuits will be described. Also, three different methods of screening devices for MGRS will be presented and the impact MGRS can have on device reliability will be discussed.
Biomarkers, Putative Surrogates, Surrogates, and Decision Making

The development of new therapies is slow, expensive, and frustrating. The failure rate for new molecular entities exceeds 90%, and total research and development costs per successful new molecular entity are currently estimated to be nearly $2 billion.1 Consternation about the complexity of therapeutic development recently prompted a major report by the President’s Council of Advisors on Science and Technology,2 recommending significant changes to how the development system is regulated and encouraging new methods that will guide better decision making about the potential value of therapies at an earlier point in the development process. Article see p 20 One temptation when developing a new therapy is to rely on surrogate outcomes that can shorten the time to drug development and reduce costs. The article by Peters et al3 in this issue of Circulation: Cardiovascular Imaging provides a systematic examination of one such surrogate outcome. The authors explore the possible value of using carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) measurement when evaluating new drugs with the potential to prevent atherosclerosis and to reduce the risk of cardiovascular events. Using Medline, the authors identified 48 blinded, controlled trials evaluating therapies that lowered lipid, blood pressure, or …
A multiplicative model for efficiency analysis

Abstract This paper develops theory and algorithms for a “multiplicative” Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) model employing virtual outputs and inputs as does the CCR ratio method for efficiency analysis. The frontier production function results here are of piecewise log-linear rather than piecewise linear form.
Capacitor charging using aluminum/phosphate-based cell

Implantable devices, such as implantable glucose biosensors, require a power source, which may be provided by charging of a battery. The most immediate challenges facing implantable devices include (1) a high desire that implantable devices are self-powered and (2) the power source that can drive implantable devices must not add much weight to the implantable device. Therefore, it is important to explore innovative nanotechnologies that harvest energy from the environment for self-powering these implantable devices. Little or no work has been done on the conversion of the chemical energy stored in aluminum (Al)-phosphate cell based on the activation of Al using ZnO nanociystal modifiers as a potential power source for implantable devices. In this work emphasis has been placed on the development Al-phosphate cell as a ‘green’ alternative to the traditional enzymatic biofuel cells for the conversion of the chemical energy stored in Al to power a light emitting diode (LED) via a capacitor energy storage circuit. The LED was powered by a capacitor based energy storage circuit using power generated by the Al-phosphate cell. Two Al-phosphate cells were connected in series and were used to charge the capacitors in parallel and then discharged the capacitors in series in order to amplify the voltage generated by the hybrid cells to power the LED. The optimal capacitance was observed to be 1000 μΡ for each hybrid cell. The use of capacitor charging system increase the power output from 210 μW to 4 mW compared to the two Al-phosphate hybrid cells connected in series without capacitors. This novel approach to energy generation has great potential to be utilized in powering implantable devices.
Playing Games with the Budget: Ideas for Emphasizing the Legislative Elements of Budget-Making Through an Online Multiplayer Toy

Since the late 1980s, planners and researchers have explored -- and generally touted -- the use of participatory budget processes to educate and engage stakeholders; participatory budgeting has been celebrated for its potential to improve participation and the legitimacy of government decisions, and may even hold promise to deliver the "collective intelligence" benefits of "crowdsourcing." In a related vein, recent public, media, and educational projects have built on an established tradition of planning and policy games and "serious play" -- including role-playing games, scenario planning exercises, and simulation models -- to educate, engage, and challenge citizens around public budget questions. In this paper, existing participatory budgets efforts and existing budget games are discussed, with an eye towards a fusion of the strengths of both approaches. Importantly -- even in game-play situations -- it is essential to view public budgets as the result of legislative processes (as opposed to spreadsheet-balancing exercises) involving (1) interactive deliberation between competing viewpoints (as opposed to solitary expressions of individual priorities) in (2) open-ended, free-form settings (as opposed to rigid, rule-based systems). Based on this analysis, the second half of the paper presents a proposed concept for a new online, multiplayer, budget game.
Stabilization and robustness analysis for a chain of exponential integrators using strict Lyapunov functions

We provide a new method for building strict Lyapunov functions for two dimensional chains of exponential integrators, using nested exponential functions. One challenge is that the right sides of the systems saturate, so they are not completely controllable. The strictness of the Lyapunov functions is key to proving input-to-state stability (or ISS) properties with respect to additive uncertainty on the controls. We show how a large class of tracking problems for nonlinear systems with positivity constraints on the states can be solved using our theory.
Nanothermometry using optically trapped erbium oxide nanoparticle

A new optical probe technique using a laser-trapped erbium oxide nanoparticle (size ~150 nm) is introduced that can measure absolute temperature with a spatial resolution on the size of the trapped nanoparticle. This technique (scanning optical probe thermometry) is used to collect a thermal image of a gold nanodot prepared with hole-mask colloidal lithography. A convolution analysis of the thermal profile shows that the point spread function of our measurement is a Gaussian with a FWHM of 165 nm. We attribute the width of this function to clustering of Er2O3 nanoparticles in solution. The scanning optical probe thermometer is used to measure the temperature where vapor nucleation occurs in degassed water (555 K), confirming that a nanoscale object heated in water will superheat the surrounding water to the spinodal decomposition temperature. Subsequently, the temperature inside the vapor bubble rises to the melting point of the gold nanostructure (~1300) where a temperature plateau is observed. The rise in temperature is attributed to inhibition of thermal transfer to the surrounding liquid by the thermal insulating vapor cocoon.
Suspected liposarcoma of the hip by magnetic resonance imaging 3 years after large-volume fat grafting for buttock augmentation.

This is the case of an otherwise healthy 30-year-old woman who presented to the office with a presumed diagnosis of liposarcoma in the superior gluteal area near the left hip. She had first presented to her primary care doctor several weeks before with a complaint of 2 “bumps” on her hip, which she noticed after a minor trauma. A lipoma was suspected, and the patient was referred to a dermatologist, who recommended magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) after feeling 2 firm, round, mobile, 4-cm nodules in the soft tissues between the left gluteal muscle and the skin. The radiologist suspected that these may represent a malignant process, possibly liposarcoma. He stated that the T2 images showed what appeared to be encased viable fat, and the T1 images showed intervening stromal elements suggesting the possibility of a malignancy. The patient was then referred for diagnosis and treatment. It was at this point that the patient revealed a surgical history of cosmetic liposuction and buttock augmentation with large-volume fat injection done at another hospital 3 years earlier. Physical examination confirmed the presence of firm, nontender nodules as described above. With this additional history, it was more likely that these masses represented a nonmalignant process such as fat necrosis, but with such a potentially serious diagnosis, an oncologic surgeon was brought on the team. Due to the nature of these firm masses and review of the patient’s MRI, an excisional biopsy was recommended, and the patient was asked whether plastic surgery should be available for reconstruction …
Mechanism of secretion from the adrenal medulla. VII. Effect of insulin administration on the buoyant density, dopamine -hydroxylase, and catecholamine content of adrenal storage vesicles.

The distribution of dopamine β-hydroxylase (EC 1.14.21) and catecholamines in the adrenal glands of rabbits has been determined by differential and isopycnic centrifugation at various times after treatment with insulin. Fractionation of the subcellular components by differential centrifugation demonstrated that all the dopamine β-hydroxylase bound to the storage vesicle membrane was retained 3 hr after insulin-induced secretion and that only the soluble dopamine β-hydroxylase within the storage vesicle matrix was released. Twenty four hours after insulin treatment there were changes in the distribution of the membrane-bound enzyme which suggest that partial restoration of storage vesicles had already occurred and that at least some of the membranes of the evacuated vesicles were destroyed. Isopycnic centrifugation of the crude storage vesicle fraction obtained from adrenal glands 3 hr after insulin administration showed marked decreases in total dopamine β-hydroxylase and catecholamine content but no changes in their relative amounts in those fractions of the sucrose density gradient containing intact storage vesicles and no changes in the buoyant densities of the storage vesicles. These studies indicate that those vesicles which participated in the secretory response released their entire soluble content in an "all-or-none" fashion. Twenty-four hours after insulin treatment both the dopamine β-hydroxylase and catecholamine content of the glands was still markedly depleted. The buoyant density of the storage vesicles was less than that of vesicles obtained from adrenal glands of untreated rabbits, but the dopamine β-hydroxylase to catecholamine ratio of the vesicles was the same as that of controls. Forty-eight hours after insulin treatment the dopamine β-hydroxylase levels had recovered to normal but the catecholamine content was only 35% of control values. The buoyant density of the storage vesicles suggested that there was a larger proportion of vesicles with lighter than normal densities, and the dopamine β-hydroxylase to catecholamine ratio was 3 times normal values. Glands examined 96-144 hr after insulin treatment were indistinguishable from glands of untreated animals. These studies indicate that during recovery the formation of storage vesicles is not the rate-limiting step, and that there is a considerable lag between the formation of the storage vesicles and recovery of the catecholamine stores.
Relation of the Number of Streptococcus Lacticus to the Amount of Acid Formed in Milk and Cream

This study was carried on to determine whether or not a relation exists between the number of the streptococcus lacticus and the amount of acid formed in milk and cream. Observations on this question have been occasionally recorded, but systematic investigations have been scarce. Miiller1 found coagulation always took place at 37 C, while sometimes no coagulation occurred at 20 C, even tho a larger amount of acid was formed at 20 C. than at 37 C. Schroder2 stated that acid fermentation may take place with greatly varying numbers of bacteria. Luxwolda3 found, after many experiments, that the streptococcus lacticus grows best at 20 C. and that the coagulum formed at this temperature is solid and of pleasant taste. At higher and lower temperatures, competition of other bacteria is more in evidence and so the coagulum is not of desirable quality. Marshall's work4 has shown that acid fermentation and coagulation are influenced in a measure by the presence of other bacteria, the activity of which may favor or retard multiplication of the streptococcus lacticus. It seemed to me desirable to determine the amount of acid formed
Photographic Recording and Photoelectric Reproduction of Sound

The principles underlying the production of reproducible sound records by means of photography are discussed and methods of investigation of the adaptability of luminous discharges in gases and in mercury vapor are described. Diagrams are given of methods to modulate various forms of luminous discharges by means of sound controlled audio- and radio-frequency currents. Description and photographs are included illustrating the apparatus developed by the author for talking motion pictures and for testing of photographic sound records.
Temperature-dependent development of greenhouse whitefly and its parasite Encarsia formosa

The thermal threshold for greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood), was 8.3°C, and the developmental times, in day-degrees above 8.3°C, for the egg, 1st-, 2nd-, 3rd-, and 4th-, instar nymphs were 122.9, 63.9, 38.4, 40.1 and 115.4, respectively. The thermal threshold for the parasite, Encarsia formosa Gahan, was 12.7°C, and the developmental times, in day-degrees above 12.7°C, for the periods from oviposition to the black scale stage; from the black-scale stage to adult eclosion and from oviposition to adult eelosion were 86.9, 101.7 and 188.9, respectively. These data should enable growers to predict when to release E. formosa and when to apply pesticides with minimal effects to the parasite population.
Migration and citizenship question in Nigeria: A study of the Berom and Hausa/Fulani conflict in Jos

Jos, an ancient city in Northern Nigeria, had been known for its relative tranquility and peace until the manifestation of hostilities and outbreak of violent confrontations, which became particularly monumental in September, 2001 between the Berom “indigenous” ethnic group (the majority), the Anaguta and the Afizare (the minorities) on one hand; and the “migrated or settler” Hausa/Fulani(majority) ,other ethnic nationalities such as the Yoruba, Urhobo, Igbo, on the other hand. The crisis, which has some historical undertone, has been over the “true” ownership of land and the attendant struggle for the control of political and economic resources of the area. This paper critically examines the indigene- settler syndrome within the context of citizenship and interrogates the practicality of same, as found expressed in both the 1979 and 1999 constitutions of the Federal Republic of Nigeria. Essentially a historical and survey research, the study made use of data collected form archival sources and social survey to expose the structural disjuncture in the Nigerian constitution and the plight of Nigerian citizens who find themselves in areas other than their places of origin within the Federal Republic. It is concluded that the problem of citizenship in Nigeria and particularly with regards to the movement of the people across the length and breadth of the country actually derives from the ambiguous definition given to it in the 1999 constitution and the unwillingness of the state to address this through governance and institutional mechanisms which are the hallmark of democracy and national integration. Key words: Migration, citizenship, conflict, indigene
Immigrant Rights in Jeopardy: A Denial of Constitutional Protection in De La Paz v. Coy

On May 14, 2015, in De La Paz v. Coy, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit held that immigrants cannot bring Bivens actions seeking damages against individual federal immigration officials for Fourth Amendment violations. The court reasoned that because the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952 (“INA”) already provides immigrants with an adequate remedy for Fourth Amendment violations, a Bivens remedy should not be extended to this immigration enforcement context. The court based its conclusion on its determination that the INA both offers immigrants sufficient remedial mechanisms for constitutional violations and effectively deters federal immigration officers from acting unconstitutionally. This Comment argues that the Fifth Circuit erred in holding that the INA provides an adequate remedial scheme for immigrants who fall victim to unconstitutional stops, arrests, and seizures in violation of the Fourth Amendment. The INA provides no meaningful remedy to such immigrants and has no ability to deter federal immigration officers from engaging in unconstitutional conduct.
Effects of multiple psychological distances on construal and consumer evaluation: A field study of online reviews

Abstract Through a large-scale field study of 166,215 online restaurant reviews, we found evidence of a distance boosting effect, whereby experiencing spatial distance (i.e., authoring a review about a geographically distant restaurant, rather than proximate one) and temporal distance (i.e., authoring a review after a lengthy delay, rather than immediately) jointly affect review positivity by amplifying consumers' high-level construals. Although past research has explored the relationship between psychological distance, construal and consumer evaluation, the effects of various dimensions of distance have only been considered in isolation. Our research contributes to past work by testing the effects of experiencing two dimensions of psychological distance simultaneously on construal and consumer evaluations. Moreover, because our data contain naturalistic observations, our research includes a wide range of temporal and spatial distances. We found that the effect of one distance increases the effect of the other. Metaphorically speaking, the effect of one distance is boosted by another.
Epidemiologic evaluation of decubital ulcers in farrowing sows.

OBJECTIVE To define temporal patterns and risk factors for development of decubital ulcers over the tuber of the spine of the scapula (tuber) of lactating sows. DESIGN Prospective study. ANIMALS 147 late-gestation sows and gilts. PROCEDURE Females were examined for skin lesions over the tubers, and body condition score, depth of back fat, and depth of soft tissues over the tuber (tuber depth) were determined (day 0). On days 5, 12, 18, 40, 54, and 68, sows were examined for lesions over the tubers. Data on sow parity, date of farrowing, total number of pigs born/litter, and number of stillborn pigs/ litter were obtained from farm records. RESULTS Ulcers were recorded for 33 of 206 (16%) shoulders by day 5. Peak prevalence (99/206; 48% of shoulders) was on day 12, and all ulcers had resolved by day 68. Ulcers were more common on the right shoulder. Considerable resolution of ulcers was evident between days 12 and 18, when sows still were housed in farrowing crates. Parity and tuber depth were significantly associated with ulcers and ulcer severity (size) on day 12. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS Decubital ulcers in lactating sows are a multifactorial condition. Factors such as floor type are important, but other physiologic and behavioral factors of periparturient swine, including body weight, body condition and mobility of late-gestation animals, duration of farrowing, and patterns of recumbency and activity, appear to be important in the pathogenesis of lesions. Housing sows on hard floors is not a sufficient cause of decubital ulcers over the scapula.
Addition of Pt(IPr) Groupings to Ru5 Carbide Gives New Mixed-Metal Pt–Ru Cluster Complexes

The reaction of Pt(IPr)(SnBu 3 t )(H), 1 [IPr = N-heterocylic carbene ligand N,N ′-bis-(2,6-(diisopropyl) phenyl)imidazol-2-ylidene] with Ru5(μ 5 -C)(CO)15, 2, in 1.2:1 (and 2.2:1) ratio in benzene solvent at refluxing temperature afforded the octahedral monoplatinum–pentaruthenium cluster complexes PtRu5(IPr)(CO)15(μ 6 -C), 3 in 54 % (10 %) yield, PtRu5(IPr)(CO)14(H)2(μ 6 -C), 4 in 6 % (10 %) yield and the diplatinum–pentaruthenium cluster complex Pt2Ru5(IPr)2(CO)15(μ 6 -C), 5 in 2 % (36 %)yield. Complex 3 readily reacts with H2 at room temperature to give complex 4. Compound 5 exhibits dynamical activity in solution where the two Pt(IPr) groups are exchanging rapidly. All three compounds were structurally characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analyses.
Use of a single random serum progesterone value as a diagnostic aid for ectopic pregnancy.

We evaluated the usefulness of serum progesterone (P) determinations in differentiating between ectopic pregnancy (EP), normal intrauterine pregnancy (IUP), and abnormal IUP. Values were obtained from 233 samples from 54 patients with IUP, 100 samples from 26 patients with abnormal IUP, and 125 samples from 46 patients with EP. Although mean values from all three groups were significantly different, we could not detect a single value that readily predicted both the presence and absence of EP. Only 2% of patients with EP (excluding those having undergone ovulation induction) had a P > 20 ng/mL and only 2% of patients with IUP had a value
Acquisition of formyl peptide receptors during normal human myeloid differentiation

By using a newly developed immune rosetting technique to isolate highly purified populations of myeloid precursor cells from normal human bone marrow and then inducing their differentiation with granulocyte and macrophage colony-stimulating factors (G/M-CSFs) in vitro, we studied the surface expression of chemotactic peptide receptors as the cells matured from the stage of the myeloblast to that of the mature, segmented neutrophil. We used ethylene glycol bis(succinimidyl succinate) to link N-formyl-Nle-Leu-Phe-Nle-[125I]iodo-Tyr-Lys to chemotactic peptide receptors on the surface of myeloid cells at sequential stages of maturation and then determined the density of receptor-radioligand complexes by autoradiography after sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Specific, saturable formyl peptide receptors were not detectable at the level of the myeloblast but gradually emerged through progressive stages of neutrophil maturation. The specific receptors for formyl peptide that appeared during cellular maturation had a mol wt of 55 to 70 kiloDalton (kD), corresponding to those present on the surface of peripheral blood neutrophils, and binding of the radioligand was highly specific in that it was completely inhibited by a 1,000-fold excess of F-Met Leu Phe. These data correlate with and provide insight into our recent observation that F-Met Leu Phe-induced membrane depolarization and transient increases in cytosolic free calcium are gradually acquired as neutrophils mature. This report represents to our knowledge the first description of the maturational development of chemotactic peptide receptor expression in normal human myeloid cells.