cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
CAPTURE OF A PASSIVELY STABILIZED SATELLITE BY EARTH'S GRAVITY FIELD

I is currently high in passive stabilization of spacecraft, particularly satellites of the earth. Of the several techniques of passive stabilization, use of earth's gravity field is receiving perhaps most attention. In this technique, the satellite's configuration is so arranged that torques are produced on the satellite by the gradient of earth's gravity field, restoring the satellite toward one of its equilibrium positions if displaced from equilibrium. Under the action of these torques, the satellite librates or oscillates about one of the equilibrium positions. If the satellite also contains some damping mechanism, the oscillations will decay until they fall within a small steady-state deadband about one of the equilibrium positions. The satellite is so configured that in its equilibrium position an antenna, for instance, is directed to earth. The classic configuration that is torqued by earth's gravity gradient is a dumbbell. The dumbbell is oriented in pitch and roll but not yaw, where the yaw axis is the local vertical. Another configuration, one now being widely studied and developed, consists of a central body from which long thinwalled tubes uncoil once the satellite is in orbit. Because of their great length (hundreds of feet for some applications), the tubes endow the satellite with the necessary inertia to develop from the gravity field high restoring torques. If the tubes extend from the central body to form a cross having its two members at right angles and of unequal length, restoring torques in yaw, as well as pitch and roll, are developed. Yaw restoring torques are also developed if the rods extend to form an X, that is, with two members of equal length intersecting at an angle different from 90°. A typical mission profile of such a gravity oriented satellite consists of the following: 1) Injection into orbit from a final propulsion stage either spin-stabilized such as Scout or containing its own attitude stabilization such as Agena. In the former instance the satellite, after separation from the propulsion stage, is itself spinning. In the latter instance the satellite is slowly tumbling after separation. 2) Conversion of the spinning or tumbling of the satellite to oscillation about the local vertical. Oscillation about the local vertical, when seen from inertial space, is a steady rotation of the satellite plus a superimposed oscillation. The rotation is about an axis normal to the orbital plane. The rotation is at a rate eaual to the satellite's orbital rate, wnich is much slower than the rate at injection. As seen from inertial space, then, the spinning or random tumbling at injection must be converted to a much slower rotation about an axis having a particular direction in space. 3) Decay of the satellite's oscillation. The oscillation decays to a small deadband whose width is determined by the
Difficulties in the prenatal diagnosis of myotubular myopathy by ultrasonography.

This report describes the prenatal ultrasound evaluation of a fetus at risk for the severe X-linked recessive form of myotubular myopathy
The ethnic context of Mexican American fertility.

Researchers analyzed 1980 data on 9954 ever married Mexican American 20-44 year old women living in metropolitan statistical areas (MSA) in the US with at least 50 Mexican Americans to test a multilevel model of Mexican American fertility. The model included percent Mexican American and measures of ethnic cultural integration and constraints in labor market opportunities. The index of ethnic cultural context consisted of percent of Mexican Americans in the MSA who were born in Mexico immigrated to the US since 1970 and did not speak English well or not at all. Overall it did not have any effect on recent births (at least 1 birth in past 3 years). Yet it did increase the probability of other births among =or>30 year old women who already had at least 4 children (p 30 year old women with at least 4 children had another child in the last 3 years thus the effect on overall Mexican American fertility was minimal. Limited economic opportunities had a significant positive effect on fertility for <30 year old women (p<.05) as indicated by the unemployment ratio (unemployment rate of Mexican American females/unemployment rate of White females). The greatest effect of limited economic opportunities was that they induced these women to have a 3rd child. Further percent Mexican American also influenced recent births for <30 year old women even after the researchers included the direct measures of cultural and economic context in their analyses (p<.05). Like the measure of economic context the pattern of significance of percent Mexican American held true across age and parity. Thus economic limitations were more likely to explain the effect of group size on fertility than were cultural patterns.
Peripheral Insulin Resistance and Impaired Insulin Signaling Contribute to Abnormal Glucose Metabolism in Preterm Baboons

Premature infants develop hyperglycemia shortly after birth, increasing their morbidity and death. Surviving infants have increased incidence of diabetes as young adults. Our understanding of the biological basis for the insulin resistance of prematurity and developmental regulation of glucose production remains fragmentary. The objective of this study was to examine maturational differences in insulin sensitivity and the insulin-signaling pathway in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue of 30 neonatal baboons using the euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp. Preterm baboons (67% gestation) had reduced peripheral insulin sensitivity shortly after birth (M value 12.5 ± 1.5 vs 21.8 ± 4.4 mg/kg · min in term baboons) and at 2 weeks of age (M value 12.8 ± 2.6 vs 16.3 ± 4.2, respectively). Insulin increased Akt phosphorylation, but these responses were significantly lower in preterm baboons during the first week of life (3.2-fold vs 9.8-fold). Preterm baboons had lower glucose transporter-1 protein content throughout the first 2 weeks of life (8%-12% of term). In preterm baboons, serum free fatty acids (FFAs) did not decrease in response to insulin, whereas FFAs decreased by greater than 80% in term baboons; the impaired suppression of FFAs in the preterm animals was paired with a decreased glucose transporter-4 protein content in adipose tissue. In conclusion, peripheral insulin resistance and impaired non-insulin-dependent glucose uptake play an important role in hyperglycemia of prematurity. Impaired insulin signaling (reduced Akt) contributes to the defect in insulin-stimulated glucose disposal. Counterregulatory hormones are not major contributors.
Protein kinase Cα modulates depolarizaton-evoked changes of intracellular Ca2+ concentration in a rat pheochromocytoma cell line

Abstract Conventional protein kinase C (cPKC) isoforms are activated by a coincident rise in cytosolic Ca 2+ and membrane-bound diacylglycerol. In excitable cells, cPKC may be activated by Ca 2+ influx through voltage-gated Ca 2+ channels (VGCC). cPKCs, in turn, are known to modulate the activity of VGCC. We examined whether PKCα, a cPKC, could be activated by depolarization in a neuroendocrine cell line and whether activation occurred on a time scale that modulated the depolarization-evoked intracellular Ca 2+ concentration ([Ca 2+ ] i ) signal. Pheochromocytoma cells (PC12 cells) were transfected with wild-type and mutant forms of PKCα labeled with yellow fluorescent protein to monitor kinase translocation. Simultaneously, [Ca 2+ ] i changes were monitored with fura-2. Two point mutations that render PKCα inactive, D187A in the Ca 2+ binding site and K368R in the ATP binding site, significantly prolonged the time-to-peak of the depolarization-evoked [Ca 2+ ] i signal. A mutation that modulates membrane insertion (W58G) and two mutations of an autophosphorylation site (S657A, S657E) had no effect on the kinetics of the [Ca 2+ ] i signal. We conclude that in PC12 cells, Ca 2+ entry through VGCC rapidly activates PKCα, and that PKCα can modulate the Ca 2+ signal on a physiologically relevant time scale. Point mutations of PKCα can be used as specific and potent modulators of the PKC signaling pathway.
Chromosomal breakage and sister chromatid exchange in peripheral blood lymphocytes and lymphoblastoid cell lines in the X-linked lymphoproliferative syndrome

Abstract The frequencies of chromosomal aberrations and sister chromatid exchange (SCE) were measured in lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) and in phytohemagglutinin (PHA)- and pokeweed mitogen (PWM)-stimulated lymphocytes from males with the X-linked lymphoproliferative (XLP) syndrome, their obligate carrier mothers, and control subjects. We observed an increased frequency of chromosomal aberrations including increased polyploidy in LCLs derived from families with XLP with time in culture. The SCE rate in LCLs (mean of 3.89 SCEs per cell) was much lower than that in PHA- or PWM-stimulated lymphocytes: PWM-stimulated lymphocytes showed 9.58 SCEs per cell and PHA-stimulated cells had 11.38 SCEs per cell. A greater number of chromosomal gaps and breaks in the D-group chromosomes of LCLs of affected males and carrier females were identified compared to the number expected, based on chromosomal length and the number of aberrations seen in PHA-stimulated cell cultures. No differences in the frequency of SCEs or chromosomal aberrations were found in control subjects and affected males or carrier females in the peripheral lymphocytes stimulated by PHA. Phenotypes of XLP appear to arise from failure of immune responses to Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and not from intrinsic chromosomal breakage or instability.
A 8.6 μW 3-bit programmable gain amplifier for multiplexed-input neural recording systems

We report a fully-integrated low-power 3-bit programmable-gain amplifier (PGA) that can be used as the second stage amplifier to adjust the gain for multi-channel neural recording systems. The design strategy maximizes energy-efficiency using a technique by optimizing a slew rate, gain and phase margin. The PGA consumes 8.66μW from 1-V single supply. This is an order of magnitude lower than the previous designs reported up to date. Analysis, simulation, and measurement results will be described in detail for a part of a multiplexed 16-channels neural recording system. In this implementation, while giving a full flexibility of gain control, the overhead for each channel is quite negligible: only 0.54μW in power and less than 0.002mm2 in area.
Dreaming and waking consciousness: a character recognition study

The formal features of dream characters were studied in a sample of 320 dream reports submitted by 33 adult subjects (13 male, 20 female) of varying ages in a university extension course. Subjects were queried by questionnaire about dream characters immediately after recording their dreams upon awakening in their normal home setting. It was found that 48% of characters represented a named personage known to the dreamer, 35% were generically identified by their social role (e.g., policeman) or abstract relation to the dreamer (e.g., a friend) while only 16% were wholly novel. Seventy-seven percent of characters were pseudosensorily present in the dream whereas 23% were present only by mention or thought. Subjects were allowed to endorse one or more of four bases of recognition and, among named characters, 32% were identified by 'appearance', 21% by 'behavior', 45% by 'face', and 44% by 'just knowing' (with the respective percentages for generic characters being 39%, 38%, 9% and 40%). Fourteen percent of named and generic characters had associated some element of bizarreness most frequently consisting of an incongruous feature. Comparing the 25 longest and 25 shortest reports, named subjects were significantly more common in the shortest reports whereas generic and unknown characters were more common in the longest reports. Results are interpreted in neurocognitive terms as possibly reflecting a decrease during dreaming relative to waking in the exchange of information between inferotemporal face identification areas and prefrontal areas subserving logic and working memory.
Theory and application of finite element analysis to structural crash simulation

Abstract An increasing emphasis is currently being placed on the crashworthy design of occupant-carrying vehicles. The goal of this effort is to design vehicles that can minimize the dynamic forces experienced by occupants during a crash event while at the same time maintaining them in a survivable structural envelope. To accomplish this goal it is necessary to evaluate the dynamic crush behavior of the vehicle structure in specific crash situations. It is the purpose of this paper to discuss the computational aspects of this problem. This is accomplished by outlining the computational methods used for crash simulation, discussing the requirements of a finite element solution to the problem and then summarizing results of two large structural crash simulation problems.
Expectational data and Japanese stock prices

Abstract This paper examines the impact of a change in analysts' forecasts of earnings and sales per share on the subsequent price performance of a large sample of Japanese stocks. Changes in earnings and sales estimates affect price and the impact is incorporated slowly over time. This lag can be utilized to construct a portfolio of securities which while acting like an index fund earns an excess (extra) return.
Influence of Ultra-Fast Cooling Technology on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Ti-Microalloyed Steel

In recent years, the ultra-fast cooling process is a new technology used to control the strip cooling process in the international which corresponds to an average cooling rate higher than 150°C/s. This new technology can provide an effective means to the development of low-cost and high-performance steels. In this paper, the phase transformation temperatures, microstructures and mechanical properties of a Ti microalloyed steel were investigated by means of a themomechanical simulator and a D450mm mill equipped with ultra-fast cooling device. The results show that the phase transition temperatures decreased and micro-hardness increased with the increasing of cooling rate. The microstructures of steel used ultra-fast cooling process was small and more uniform than the ones used laminar flow cooling and air cooling process, and finer and uniformity dispersed precipitates can be produced under ultra-fast cooling process, hence higher yield strength and good elongation was obtained for the steel. The ultra-fast cooling technology has a good effect on the microstructures and properties of the Ti microalloyed steel.
Convergence rate estimates for iterative solutions of the biharmonic equation

Abstract A technique is developed whereby one can obtain asymptotic estimates of eigenvalues of first-order iteration matrices. The technique is applied to iteration matrices arising from the numerical solution of the 1- and 2-dimensional biharmonic equation. The eigenvalue estimates are computationally verified.
Quantitation of mRNAs specific for the mixed-function oxidase system in rat liver and extrahepatic tissues during development.

Abstract Evaluation of ontogenetic expression of the cytochrome P450PCN and cytochrome P450b gene families as well as the NADPH-cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase and epoxide hydrolase genes in Holtzmann rats showed that basal levels of mRNAs encoding these enzymes could be detected in most tissues. Distinct developmental patterns of mRNA expression are evident for these four proteins in liver and extrahepatic tissues. Levels of cytochrome P450b-like mRNA were comparable in adult lung and liver, while cytochrome P450PCN-homologous mRNA exhibited low levels in lung and approximately 100-fold higher levels in liver. Cytochrome P450PCN-homologous mRNA also reached substantial levels in adult intestine, and was also present in placenta, where it increased approximately 4-fold 24 h before birth. Epoxide hydrolase mRNA was demonstrated to be highest in liver followed by kidney, lung, and intestine but was extremely low in brain. NADPH-cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase mRNA in kidney, lung, prostate, adrenal, and intestine exhibited levels comparable to that found in liver; however, the pattern of expression for oxidoreductase mRNA was unique in that levels declined at maturity in liver, kidney, and intestine but not in lung and brain. Development of mixedfunction oxidase and epoxide hydrolase activities in liver was distinct from that in other tissues in that mRNAs for all four proteins rose dramatically after parturition. Testis from immature males demonstrated low levels of all the mRNAs assayed, which ranged from 20% (oxidoreductase) to less than 1% (cytochrome P450PCN and epoxide hydrolase) of the levels found in liver.
Effects of Ram-Air Ventilation during Transportation on Water Quality and Physiology of Fingerling Walleyes

Abstract Ram-air ventilation (RAV) of the airspace in a fish hauling tank is achieved by equipping the tank with both forward-facing and rear-facing air scoops. To evaluate the benefits of RAV, we data-logged values every 5-min for dissolved oxygen (O2), pH, and temperature in hauling tanks with and without (control) RAV during a 6-h haul. Levels of CO2 were estimated from the pH–alkalinity relationship. To determine if RAV reduced hauling stress experienced by fingerling walleyes Stizostedion vitreum after a 6-h transport, blood samples were taken for measurement of physiological stress indicators, blood gases, and for assessment of acid–base status. Blood samples were collected before loading (preload), after loading (postload), and at the end of a 6-h trip (posthaul). The mean CO2 for the trip was substantially lower and the pH was higher in water of tanks equipped with RAV compared with water of the control tanks. At posthaul, blood pCO2 (partial pressure of CO2 in the blood) in fish from RAV tanks wa...
Electrostatic potential around a charged sphere with cation binding

Abstract An approximate closed-form solution to the nonlinear Poisson-Boltzmann equation for a single charged sphere is obtained for any combination of monovalent and divalent ions in the surrounding electrolyte. This solution is accurate for large spheres (radii ⩾ 10/κ) and any surface potential or for smaller spheres (radii ⩾ 10/κ) when the surface potential is smaller than 50–75 mV in magnitude. Surface charge density modification of negatively charged spheres by cation binding to the surface charges is described. With the approximate solution, a simple formula for obtaining the surface potential in the presence of cation binding is given. These equations are applicable to acidic phospholipid vesicles, either sonicated or multilamellar, in the presence of physiological electrolytes.
Statistical Analyses of Satellite Cloud Object Data from CERES. Part II: Tropical Convective Cloud Objects during 1998 El Niño and Evidence for Supporting the Fixed Anvil Temperature Hypothesis

Abstract Characteristics of tropical deep convective cloud objects observed over the tropical Pacific during January–August 1998 are examined using the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission/Clouds and the Earth’s Radiant Energy System Single Scanner Footprint (SSF) data. These characteristics include the frequencies of occurrence and statistical distributions of cloud physical properties. Their variations with cloud object size, sea surface temperature (SST), and satellite precession cycle are analyzed in detail. A cloud object is defined as a contiguous patch of the earth composed of satellite footprints within a single dominant cloud-system type. It is found that statistical distributions of cloud physical properties are significantly different among three size categories of cloud objects with equivalent diameters of 100–150 (small), 150–300 (medium), and >300 km (large), except for the distributions of ice particle size. The distributions for the larger-size category of cloud objects are more skewed towa...
The dual-mode heat flow meter technique: A versatile method for characterizing thermal conductivity

The dual-mode heat flow meter technique was developed for steady-state thermal characterization by optimizing the curve fit between the experimental temperature profile and the prediction from a simple analytical solution taking into account conductive as well as radiative heat transfer. The validation results were seen to be in good agreement with published literature values and demonstrated the versatility of the method. Moreover, the technique is ideally suited for characterization of anisotropic materials without necessitating any additional information about the nature of anisotropy and lends itself as an attractive alternative for characterization of novel materials with engineered transport properties.
Behavioral and emotional problems among Chinese and American children: Parent and teacher reports for ages 6 to 13

This study compared behavioral and emotional problems reported by parents and teachers in Chinese urban and rural samples and demographically similar American samples. Parents of 469 6-to-13-year-old children of each nationality completed the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL). Teachers completed the Teacher's Report Form (TRF). Cross-cultural differences were generally modest in magnitude. Chinese children scored higher on TRF Delinquent Behavior and Anxious/Depressed syndromes, and on Internalizing. American children scored higher on CBCL Aggressive Behavior and TRF Attention Problems syndromes. Boys exhibited more externalizing behaviors across both cultures. The mean correlation between parent and teacher ratings was .36 in the Chinese sample and .29 in the American sample, a nonsignificant difference. Findings indicate considerable similarity between problems reported for children in very different societies.
Evaluation of scrotal edema in a patient on peritoneal dialysis. A case report

A 50-year-old man placed on peritoneal dialysis for end stage renal disease developed unilateral (left) scrotal edema following infusion of dialysis fluid into the peritoneum. The left side of the scrotum and left inguinal canal were surgically explored and a left hydrocele was removed. Following surgery, the patient again demonstrated left scrotal edema during peritoneal dialysis. Tc-99m MAA (5.0 mCi, 185 mBq) was injected into a 2-liter bag of dialysis fluid, which was subsequently infused into the peritoneum. The communication between the peritoneal cavity and the left inguinal canal was demonstrated.
Rupture of the triceps muscle at the musculotendinous junction: A case report

Rupture of the triceps brachii at the musculotendinous junction is reported in a patient with diabetes mellitus and hypertension. Successful reconstruction was achieved by delayed primary repair. V-Y advancement of the triceps, and a plantaris tendon graft.
Translation of research discoveries to clinical care in arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy in Newfoundland and Labrador: Lessons for health policy in genetic disease

Abstract: Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy, a lethal autosomal dominant cause of sudden cardiac death in young people, is prevalent in Newfoundland and Labrador (genetic subtype ARVD5). In the absence of implantable cardioverter defibrillator treatment, death rates are extremely high. Research into arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVD5) began in the 1980s and the causative gene and mutation were discovered in 2008. The decades of research highlighted major issues associated with the ethical management of genetic information and the translation of research findings to clinical care. We describe these issues and the strategies used in managing them. Effective knowledge transfer of the research information has resulted in systematic clinical and genetic screening coupled with genetic counseling and treatment for at-risk family members. Improved survival for patients has been one clear result of this strategy. Optimal care of families where individuals are at-high risk of inheriting a disease with high morbidity and mortality requires the full integration of both genetic research and clinical genetics programs. Although yet to be fully effected in our setting, our discussion highlights both the ethical necessity as well as some practical barriers in realizing this outcome.
'MORE USEFUL WASHED AND DEAD': JAMES CONNOLLY, W. B. YEATS, AND THE SEXUAL POLITICS OF 'EASTER, 1916'

In the Irish Republic following the Anglo-Irish War, the figure of James Connolly was assimilated into the nation state's conservative nationalism. Poetic and balladic treatments of Connolly's spectacular martyrdom were central to the process by which the Irish working class was detached from its own interests, something for which Connolly himself has been blamed. W.B. Yeats's 'Easter, 1916' was central both to Connolly's canonization and to the class politics it perpetuated. The poem established Connolly as a potent but silenced icon, fusing him in death with the conservative nationalism he opposed in life. In 'Easter, 1916' socialism, feminism, and sexual liberation, shameful reminders of slurs such as endemic poverty, effeminacy and sexual incontinence with which the Irish had been stigmatized, were banished from a newly hegemonic bourgeois nationalism. This purging of social issues deemed embarrassingly personal was enabled through the promotion of martyred males like Connolly as screen figures obscur...
Performing the swamp, producing the wetland: Social spatialization in the Atchafalaya Basin

Abstract Critical geographers of nature have assessed commodification of wetland spaces from top-down political economic perspectives as well as from perspectives of local lived experience. This paper argues that to better understand and critique processes of wetland abstraction and commodification, we must acknowledge on-site, live production of wetlands. Using a performative approach allows for tourism and swamp tour guides to be understood as vital producers of wetland experiences and knowledge. To grasp how swamp tours can act to spatialize and commodify the swamp, I participated in a host of tours in Louisiana’s Atchafalaya Basin and collected numerous interviews with tour guides, tourists and locals during the summer of 2010. Cultural and eco-tourism have thrived here in the context of wetland environmental protection and Cajun cultural expression. On tours, guides spatialize the swamp in performances of its nature and culture by positioning themselves as expert insiders who know how the swamp should be developed. As a part of this process of production, exoticism and wildness are reiterated as essential tropes of the geographic imaginary of the Atchafalaya Basin. However, guides also have the ability to resist the exploitation of the swamp and its inhabitants by creatively rejecting any conceptions of the swamp that they see as inappropriate. By observing how wetlands are performed and valued from within the swamp we can further understand the unique local manifestations of swamp culture alongside the generalized abstractions of wetlands that is entailed by their production as commodities.
Effect of the reference wave in Auger-electron holography.

We investigate the effect of the angular-momentum character of the emitted wave on Auger electron diffraction patterns, and on the form of holographically reconstructed images of scattering atoms in the vicinity of the emitter. We find that this can have as much effect on the nature of the reconstructed image as the anisotropy of the atomic scattering factors. As in the case of the scattering factors, isotropy of the reference wave is the optimum form for good image reconstruction. We show with both model calculations and experimental Auger electron diffraction data that a reconstruction algorithm which simultaneously corrects for the anisotropy of both source and scatterer is capable of reproducing atom images at their correct positions even in the case of non-s-wave emitters.
Impedance Spectroscopy of Hydrating Cement‐Based Materials: Measurement, Interpretation, and Application

This work concerns the state of the art for use of impedance spectroscopy for studying the evolving microstructure of cement-based materials during hydration. Features of the spectra are discussed and related to components of the microstructure with the assistance of pixel-based computer modeling techniques. It is proposed that the enormously high relative dielectric constants (∼105) observed just after set are the result of dielectric amplification and are related to the distribution of pore sizes and the thickness of product C─S─H layers separating the pores. The conductivity is related to the volume fraction of porosity, the conductivity of the pore solution, and the interconnectivity of the porosity. The conductivity, when normalized by that of the pore solution, i.e., inverse formation factor, is a measure of this interconnectivity and can be used to predict such engineering properties as ionic diffusivity and water permeability. Composite mixing laws are employed to aid in explaining the behavior of the conductivity and to obtain a qualitative measure of the pore shape with hydration. Procedures for predicting the conductivity of the pore solution and for subtracting out electrode lead effects at high frequency are discussed.
Evolution of an emergency room psychiatric staffing.

Three systems of psychiatry staffing for a large, urban teaching hospital are evaluated over three separate six-month periods. Results indicate that housing a psychiatry department staff member in the emergency room is accompanied by significant changes in the recognition of psychiatric symptoms and referrals. Implications for emergency room morale are discussed.
Two algorithms for global optimization

In this paper, we develop and compare two methods for solving the problem of determining the global maximum of a function over a feasible set. The two methods begin with a random sample of points over the feasible set. Both methods then seek to combine these points into ''regions of attraction'' which represent subsets of the points which will yield the same local maximums when an optimization procedure is applied to points in the subset. The first method for constructing regions of attraction is based on approximating the function by a mixture of normal distributions over the feasible region and the second involves attempts to apply cluster analysis to form regions of attraction. The two methods are then compared on a set of well-known test problems.
Physics design and scaling of recirculating induction accelerators: from benchtop prototypes to drivers

Recirculating induction accelerators (recirculators) have been investigated as possible drivers for inertial fusion energy production because of their potential cost advantage over linear induction accelerators. Point designs were obtained and many of the critical physics and technology issues that would need to be addressed were detailed. A collaboration involving Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory researchers is now developing a small prototype recirculator in order to demonstrate an understanding of nearly all of the critical beam dynamics issues that have been raised. We review the design equations for recirculators and demonstrate how, by keeping crucial dimensionless quantities constant, a small prototype recirculator was designed which will simulate the essential beam physics of a driver. We further show how important physical quantities such as the sensitivity to errors of optical elements (in both field strength and placement), insertion/extraction, vacuum requirements, and emittance growth, scale from small-prototype to driver-size accelerator.
Reducing excessive GABA-mediated tonic inhibition promotes functional recovery after stroke

Stroke is a leading cause of disability, but no pharmacological therapy is currently available for promoting recovery. The brain region adjacent to stroke damage-the peri-infarct zone-is critical for rehabilitation, as it shows heightened neuroplasticity, allowing sensorimotor functions to re-map from damaged areas. Thus, understanding the neuronal properties constraining this plasticity is important for the development of new treatments. Here we show that after a stroke in mice, tonic neuronal inhibition is increased in the peri-infarct zone. This increased tonic inhibition is mediated by extrasynaptic GABA(A) receptors and is caused by an impairment in GABA (γ-aminobutyric acid) transporter (GAT-3/GAT-4) function. To counteract the heightened inhibition, we administered in vivo a benzodiazepine inverse agonist specific for α5-subunit-containing extrasynaptic GABA(A) receptors at a delay after stroke. This treatment produced an early and sustained recovery of motor function. Genetically lowering the number of α5- or δ-subunit-containing GABA(A) receptors responsible for tonic inhibition also proved beneficial for recovery after stroke, consistent with the therapeutic potential of diminishing extrasynaptic GABA(A) receptor function. Together, our results identify new pharmacological targets and provide the rationale for a novel strategy to promote recovery after stroke and possibly other brain injuries.
An empiric modification to the probabilistic record linkage algorithm using frequency-based weight scaling.

Abstract Objective To incorporate value-based weight scaling into the Fellegi-Sunter (F–S) maximum likelihood linkage algorithm and evaluate the performance of the modified algorithm. Background Because healthcare data are fragmented across many healthcare systems, record linkage is a key component of fully functional health information exchanges. Probabilistic linkage methods produce more accurate, dynamic, and robust matching results than rule-based approaches, particularly when matching patient records that lack unique identifiers. Theoretically, the relative frequency of specific data elements can enhance the F–S method, including minimizing the false-positive or false-negative matches. However, to our knowledge, no frequency-based weight scaling modification to the F–S method has been implemented and specifically evaluated using real-world clinical data. Methods The authors implemented a value-based weight scaling modification using an information theoretical model, and formally evaluated the effectiveness of this modification by linking 51,361 records from Indiana statewide newborn screening data to 80,089 HL7 registration messages from the Indiana Network for Patient Care, an operational health information exchange. In addition to applying the weight scaling modification to all fields, we examined the effect of selectively scaling common or uncommon field-specific values. Results The sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive value for applying weight scaling to all field-specific values were 95.4, 98.8, and 99.9%, respectively. Compared with nonweight scaling, the modified F–S algorithm demonstrated a 10% increase in specificity with a 3% decrease in sensitivity. Conclusion By eliminating false-positive matches, the value-based weight modification can enhance the specificity of the F–S method with minimal decrease in sensitivity.
Diode laser absorption spectrum of cold bands of C2HD at 6500 cm 1

Abstract The absorption spectrum of acetylene- d has been observed at high resolution between 6470 and 6630 cm −1 using an external cavity diode laser. Three cold bands have been observed: the strong 2 ν 1 band, the weaker ν 1 + ν 2 + 2 ν 5 band, and the ( ν 1 + ν 3 + ν 5 ) 1 band, which gains its intensity through Coriolis resonance with 2 ν 1 . Centers of unblended lines are determined with an accuracy of approximately 10 MHz.
The clouds of Jupiter and the NH3—H2O and NH3—H2S systems

Abstract The structure and composition of clouds made up of ammonia- and water-bearing condensates are investigated for two principal compositional models for the atmosphere of Jupiter. The thermodynamics of the NH 3 H 2 O system are discussed, and it is shown that in every case the clouds are dominated by aqueous NH 3 solution, while the topmost cloud layer must always be solid NH 3 . Water ice and pure liquid ammonia are shown to be very marginal cloud-forming condensates, and liquid ammonia is probably wholly absent from the clouds. Tenuous clouds of solid NH 3 ·H 2 O and 2NH 3 ·H 2 O may often be found just beneath the NH 3 crystal clouds. A computational method for determining NH 3 H 2 O cloud compositions and structures and its applicability to Jupiter and Saturn are discussed. The structure of the NH 4 SH cloud layer is calculated for a solar-composition model of Jupiter's atmosphere, and a firm upper limit on the abundance of H 2 S above the solid NH 3 cloud layer (X H 2 S ⋍ 10 −11) is found. The upper limit on the water vapor mixing ratio (X H 2 O ⋍ 4 × 10 −11 ) is calculated from the vapor pressure equation of 2NH 3 ·H 2 O.
Supply/demand of IS doctorates in the 1990s

The field of information systems (IS) has experienced a severe shortage of faculty throughout its 20-year history. This shortage now appears to be lessening. A survey of the supply of IS doctorates finds a steady stream of graduates from IS doctoral programs. In 1989, 61 universities in the U.S. offered Ph.D. or Doctor of Business Administration (D.B.A.) concentrations in information systems. A survey of these programs resulted in 51 responses, including all the programs producing significant numbers of graduates. The following are highlights from the survey:Recent increase in the number of IS doctoral students: In 1988-89 there were 807 doctoral students enrolled in 51 doctoral programs in information systems. The programs admitted 217 new students for 1989-90.In the 1988-89 time period, 36 programs produced 120 doctorates—a 24 percent increase in graduates from the previous year. In the 1989-90 time period, 41 programs expect to graduate a total of 140 students—a 2-year cumulative increase of 44 percent: ownsizing by some programs, but others—including new programs—adding to capacity.In 1988-89, there were 13 programs that produced three or more doctorates. Those 13 programs accounted for 70 percent of all the graduates in 1988-89. In 1989-90, those same 13 programs expect to account for only 39 percent of the total number of graduates. Of the 13 programs, 5 except to have a decrease in the number of students over the next five years.Of 51 schools, 9 offering doctorates in IS have yet to graduate a student. Another 9 schools had their first graduate in 1985 or later. Several additional doctoral programs are in the planning stages. Twenty-three programs expect a growth in the number of students over the next five years.In this article, we examine the supply and demand gap
Microbubble powered actuator

A micromechanical, bubble-powered actuator is presented which can produce mechanical displacements as large as 140 mu m of a polysilicon actuator plate in a direction perpendicular to the substrate with as little as 8.4 mA input current. This device has been designed, fabricated, and successfully tested to have controllable displacement in a nonconducting liquid (Fluorinert FC43). The principle of actuation is the local heating of a polysilicon line resistor (immersed in liquid) in order to create a single, controllable microbubble that expands and lifts the actuator plate formed at the end of a microcantilever beam. The displacement of this actuator is stable and is controllable by adjusting the input current, which changes the bubble size and, subsequently, changes the actuator plate displacement. Linear beam theory has been used to calculate the displacement of the actuator plate and a simplified model has been used to explain the thermal behavior of the bubble. >
Pluralism and Pluralism and Liberal Democracy

Pluralism. By William E. Connolly. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2005. 208p. 19.95 paper.Pluralism and Liberal Democracy. By Richard E. Flathman. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005. 232p. $40.00.During the past century, thinkers have explored “pluralism” under at least five different rubrics. Political pluralism emerged in Britain, and then migrated to America, as a reaction to doctrines of plenipotentiary state power. William James counterposed metaphysical pluralism to philosophies that claimed the ability to comprehend all truth in single, unified doctrines. Isaiah Berlin drew a distinction between monism and value pluralism—the thesis that worthy goods and principles are heterogeneous and cannot be combined into a single best way of living, for individuals or communities. James Madison enjoyed a midcentury revival in the theory of interest group pluralism. Most recently, John Rawls has cited the fact of pluralism—the diversity characteristic of modern societies under circumstances of liberty—as a challenge that legitimate liberal societies must address.
Managing corporate culture through reward systems

This article discusses a study on the link between a firm's reward system and its culture. Seventy-five human resources managers from 14 companies in the U.S. were interviewed regarding their respective firm's managerial reward system. The research found that two forms of reward systems were most common, the hierarchy based-system and the performance-based system. Each of these reward systems was examined in terms of how they help reinforce a firm's cultural values and norms. The relationship between growth strategy and reward systems was also studied. It was found that most firms with a steady-state growth strategy employed a hierarchy-based reward system, while firms with evolutionary growth strategies use performance-based reward systems.
Young Women's Sexual and Reproductive Lives

Young women or adolescent girls are a world within themselves. Though the spark of extensive economic reforms and globalisation in the last few decades seems to have forced its way through this world the health care needs of adolescence the stage which bridges childhood and adulthood traditionally remained unattended for long. However it suddenly seems to have come into prominence with more focused attention from researchers and policy-makers throughout the developing world. Serious behavioural studies on the status of the reproductive and sexual health of young boys and girls have started showing how little we know about this silent but total transition in this vital organ of our society. The status of this newly discovered world and the scope of its needs have been examined and comprehensively unfurled by a recently published report of the Alan Guttmacher Institute (1998). The research for and publication of this well-edited report is part of a three-year project on youth worldwide undertaken by the Alan Guttmacher Institute in collaboration with organisations from 13 developing countries. The main theme of this report is centered around the needs of young women in this rapid and chaotic age of societal transition. How are they to be prepared physically and otherwise to deal with the major aspects of womens lives e.g. sexual relationships marriage and childbearing? Are the health and population programmes in developing countries appropriately equipped and aligned to cater to their specific needs? What is the evidence of the positive impact of enhancing economic and social opportunities on the sexual and reproductive health behaviour of adolescents? The report based on the data collected from a large number of countries succinctly documents the collected evidence and helps us build our own hypotheses on the above and many other questions. (excerpt)
New Method for Detecting In Vitro Inactivation of Penicillins by Haemophilus influenzae and Staphylococcus aureus

Abstract A new technique for detecting penicillinase production in Haemophilus influenzae and Staphylococcus aureus was compared with the capillary procedure for detecting beta-lactamase and the Bauer-Kirby disk susceptibility procedure. Isolates were classified similarly by all three procedures.
Materials Aspects to Consider in the Fabrication of Through-Silicon Vias

The formation of vertical interconnects to create three-dimensional (3D) interconnects enables integration of dissimilar electronic material technologies. These vertical interconnects are metal filled blind vias etched in silicon and are formed by a series of processing steps that include: silicon etch; insulation/barrier/seed layer deposition; electroplating of Cu to fill the via; wafer grinding and thinning; and back side processing to form contacts. Deep reactive ion etching (DRIE) is used to etch silicon vias with attention given to process parameters that affect sidewall angle, sidewall roughness, and lateral etch growth at the top of the via. After etching, vias are insulated by depositing 0.5 μm of silicon dioxide by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) at 325°C. A barrier film of TaN is reactively sputtered after insulation deposition followed by a Cu sputtered seed film allowing electroplated Cu to fill the blind via. Reverse pulse plating is used to achieve bottom-up filling of the via. Once void-free electroplated vias are prepared, the process wafer is attached to a carrier wafer for silicon back grinding. Vias on the process wafer are “exposed” from the back side of the wafer with a combination of processes that include mechanical grinding, polishing, and reactive ion etching (RIE). Contact pads are then formed by conventional IC processes. Cu posts are used to connect the electronic devices and to address thermal management issues as well. This paper presents materials aspects to consider when fabricating through silicon vias (TSVs). Modeling of the Cu-filled vias to investigate thermal management schemes and Cu posts to investigate mechanical reliability is also presented.
''Dreaming of ... '': Reflections on Participatory Action Research as a Feminist Praxis of Critical Hope

In this article, the authors reflect on their collective engagements with community-based participatory action research (PAR) as part of a university—community partnership. The authors discuss both the transformative potential of PAR and the tensions that they struggle with in their praxis. The analysis raises questions of representation, accountability, and inclusion that are central to feminist and antiracist theory, critical pedagogy, community-based research, and social justice work. First, the authors discuss PAR by locating their position within this critical perspective. Second, the authors focus on research that the authors conducted with young people participating in the Mestizo Arts and Activism Collective of Salt Lake City, Utah. The authors identify key contributions of a liberatory PAR that may be of particular relevance to researchers who are working toward social change. To conclude, the authors identify the tensions and challenges in doing this work as a feminist praxis of ‘‘critical hope,...
Transforming the History Curriculum With Geospatial Tools

Martorella's "sleeping giant" is awakening via geospatial tools. As this technology is adopted, it will transform the history curriculum in three ways: deepening curricular content, making conceptual frameworks more prominent, and increasing connections to local history. These changes may not be profound and they may not be sudden, but they will come as geospatial technology becomes increasingly ubiquitous and easy to use. Each of these three predicted transformations is described and illustrated, and implications for teacher education programs are addressed.
Semi-supervised learning using Gaussian fields and harmonic functions

An approach to semi-supervised learning is proposed that is based on a Gaussian random field model. Labeled and unlabeled data are represented as vertices in a weighted graph, with edge weights encoding the similarity between instances. The learning problem is then formulated in terms of a Gaussian random field on this graph, where the mean of the field is characterized in terms of harmonic functions, and is efficiently obtained using matrix methods or belief propagation. The resulting learning algorithms have intimate connections with random walks, electric networks, and spectral graph theory. We discuss methods to incorporate class priors and the predictions of classifiers obtained by supervised learning. We also propose a method of parameter learning by entropy minimization, and show the algorithm's ability to perform feature selection. Promising experimental results are presented for synthetic data, digit classification, and text classification tasks.