cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The treatment of infectious asthma in children with gamma globulin; a double blind controlled study.

In a double blind controlled study 41 children with infectious asthma received 0.15 ml.per pound of body weight of pooled gamma globulin at 2 weekly intervals for a total of 8 injections. Twenty-nine children in a concurrent control group received 8 intramuscular injections of a placebo, human serum albumin, identical in appearance to gamma globulin. No reduction in the incidence of asthmatic attacks was observed in the treated as compared to the control group. No evidence was obtained that pooled gamma globulin prepared from the adult blood donors supplied antibodies effective in preventing upper respiratory infections in children. None of the children developed antibodies to components of pooled gamma globulin.
Human transcriptome analysis reveals a potential role for active transport in the metabolism of Pseudomonas aeruginosa autoinducers

Abstract The opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa employs acyl homoserine lactones (AHL) as signaling compounds to regulate virulence gene expression via quorum sensing. The AHL N- 3-oxo-dodecanoyl- l -homoserine lactone (3OC 12 -HSL) also induces mammalian cell responses, including apoptosis and immune modulation. In certain cell types the apoptotic effects of 3OC 12 -HSL are mediated via a calcium-dependent signaling pathway, while some pro-inflammatory effects involve intracellular transcriptional regulators. However, the mechanisms by which mammalian cells perceive and respond to 3OC 12 -HSL are still not completely understood. Here we used microarray analysis to investigate the transcriptional response of human lung epithelial cells after exposure to 3OC 12 -HSL. These data revealed that mRNA levels for several genes involved in xenobiotic sensing and drug transport were increased in cells exposed to 3OC 12 -HSL, which led us to examine the intracellular fate of 3OC 12 -HSL. Using radiolabeled autoinducer uptake assays, we discovered that intracellular 3OC 12 -HSL levels increased after exposure and achieved maximal levels after 20–30 min. Intracellular 3OC 12 -HSL decreased to background levels over the next 90 min and this process was blocked by pre-treatment with an inhibitor of the ABC transporter ABCA1. Taken together, these data suggest that mammalian cells detect 3OC 12 -HSL and activate protective mechanisms to expel it from the cell.
Interpolation regions for convex cubic curve segments

Given a family of planar, convex, cubic curve segments with fixed end points and tangents, subregions of the plane are characterized in which additional points can be interpolated by at least one member of the family. The region for a second additional point is a remarkably thin double crescent.
Determinants of interest rate expectations

Explanations of the term structure of interest rates may generally be divided into two broad categories: those which hold that "the" bond market is in fact several distinct and nonoverlapping markets, demarcated according to maturity class;l and those which hold that (abstracting from default risk, tax exemption, etc.) there is only a single market for bonds, and that rates on the various maturities are bound cogether in a systematic manner by investor expectations.2 Though it may be unfortunate, it is nevertheless highly suggestive that the boundaries of these two camps are vitually co-tenminous with the views respectively of securities practitioners and academic ieorists. Edward J. Kane has suggested that the disdain of practitioners for the academic explanation of the tenn structure is due to the "downright implausibility of the theory's assumption . . . [B] and men think it foolish to concentrate on formulas emphasizing the role of interest-rate forecasts when these forecasts are patently but one small element in the diverse and complex process of interest-rate determination" [12, p. 362]. While we certainly have no quarrel with this statement, it is our view that there is in fact a more central "practical" objection to the usual ex-
Vascular surgery without arteriography: use of Duplex ultrasound.

Abstract Although contrast arteriography has served as the historical `gold standard' for diagnosis of arterial disease, recent improvements in noninvasive diagnostic methods have made it possible to plan surgical treatment without subjecting patients to this invasive procedure. This approach avoids both the risks and costs associated with arteriography. Duplex scanning has become the standard noninvasive test for extracranial carotid artery disease, and it can also be used to directly evaluate the lower extremity arteries. In addition to the standard duplex criteria for classification of carotid stenosis, new criteria are available that reflect the stenosis thresholds identified in randomized clinical trials. Clinical experience has clearly shown that carotid endarterectomy can be performed safely based on the duplex scan alone in the majority of patients; however, arteriography is still indicated in selected cases. The evaluation of lower extremity arterial disease requires examination of multiple arterial segments, and most vascular surgeons still rely on the anatomic detail provided by arteriography for preoperative planning. Still, it may be possible to avoid formal preoperative arteriography in selected patients by using a combination of lower extremity duplex scanning and intraoperative arteriography. Further developments in noninvasive testing will continue to reduce the need for diagnostic arteriography prior to direct arterial surgery.
Reductive alkylation of petroleum residua using potassium metal and tetrahydrofuran at room temperature

Abstract Two petroleum residua from the same source, one of distillation cutpoint 510 °C (950 °F) and one of cutpoint 704 °C (1300 °F), were placed in THF and reacted with potassium metal at room temperature for 24 h. The consumption of K metal was 4.1–5.0 mmol K (g resid) 2 for the 510 °C −1 resid, and 3.7–3.9 m mol g −1 for the 704 °C + resid. Although both resids showed a (002) peak in X-ray diffraction, alkylation of the resid anions with either methyl or hexyl iodides removed this feature, proving that reductive alkylation does disrupt the stacking of aromatic entities. Sequential reductive alkylations were performed on the 510 °C + resid, first with CD 3 I and second with 13 C-enriched CH 3 I. N.m.r. shows that CD 3 S thioethers formed after the first reductive alkylation are completely destroyed after the second reductive alkylation, but that new 13 CH 3 S thioethers are formed after the second reductive alkylation. This behaviour is completely unlike that known for dibenzothiophene under identical chemical conditions.
Inelastic scattering of high-energy protons in the collective theory of excitations

Abstract The cross section for the inelastic scattering of 155 MeV protons from several light, even nuclei has been calculated for the excitation of some strongly excited low-lying states using the collective theory of excitations. Comparison with experiment produces deformation parameters which are in reasonable agreement with those obtained by other means, provided both the real and imaginary portions of the appropriate volume absorbing optical potential are deformed. Similar treatment of surface absorbing potentials yields cross sections which compare closely in shape to the results for volume potentials, but require unreasonably large deformations. Deformation of only part of either type of potential does notyield satisfactory fits.
Spectral function and photoemission spectra in antiferromagnetically correlated metals

Antiferromagnetic spin fluctuations in a two-dimensional metal, such as doped high-${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$ superconductors, lead to a pseudogap in the electronic spectrum. In the spectral function weight is shifted from the single quasiparticle peak of the Fermi-liquid regime to the incoherent particle and hole backgrounds, which evolve into the upper and lower Mott-Hubbard bands of the antiferromagnetic insulator. Precursors of these split bands show up as ``shadow bands'' in angle-resolved photoemission spectra.
Crassulacean acid metabolism. A plastic photosynthetic adaptation to arid environments.

Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) is an important elaboration of photosynthetic carbon fixation that allows chloroplast-containing cells to fix CO2initially at night using phospho enol pyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) in the cytosol. This leads to the formation of C4 organic acids (usually malate),
Effects of Chronic High-Level Manganese Exposure on Male Behavior in the Japanese Quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica)

Male Japanese quail were chronically exposed to 5000 ppm manganese (Mn) as particulate manganese oxide (Mn3O4) in their diet from hatching to 75 days of age. No decrements in growth or in other indices of general toxicity were noted. There were significant (P less than .05) age-related increases in general locomotor activity in the control group, although no significant (.05 less than P less than .10) increases were seen in the Mn-treated group. Both control and Mn-treated groups had significant (P less than .05) age-related increases in aggressive behavior with an overall significant (P less than .05) treatment-related depression. Serum testosterone concentration was only slightly depressed (.05 less than P less than .01) in the 75 day-old, Mn-treated quail. Both the control and Mn-treated quail had higher liver Mn concentrations than previously reported in rodents. Both control and Mn-exposed quail accumulated 5 to 10 times more Mn in their livers than similarly treated rodents. This study indicated that the Japanese quail was less sensitive to particulate Mn3O4 exposure than rodents treated comparably.
Subnanosecond lifetime measurements in Y and Sr nuclei and the saturation of deformation near A=100.

Half-lives of 47(6) ps in $^{99}\mathrm{Y}$ and 72(7) ps in $^{100}\mathrm{Y}$, measured by \ensuremath{\beta}-\ensuremath{\gamma}-\ensuremath{\gamma} coincidences, and intraband M1/E2 ratios give M1 strengths and g factors of the bands \ensuremath{\pi}(5/2[422] in $^{99}\mathrm{Y}$, \ensuremath{\nu}(3/2[411] in $^{99}\mathrm{Sr}$, and \ensuremath{\pi}(5/2[422]\ensuremath{\nu} 3) / 2 [411] in $^{100}\mathrm{Y}$. The results are in remarkable agreement with the simple picture of these nuclei as a deformed $^{98}\mathrm{Sr}$ core plus one or two valence nucleons, thus indicating that the deformation saturates for A\ensuremath{\simeq}100 Sr and Y nuclei. This ``early'' saturation can be explained in terms of valence Nilsson orbitals.
A Convenient Practical Method for the Preparation of (−)-(1S,2S)-5-Norbornene-2-carboxylic Acid, Incorporating Efficient Recovery of the Chiral Auxiliary d-Pantolactone

A convenient practical method was developed for the preparation of enantiomerically pure (−)-(1S,2S)-5-norbornene-2-carboxylic acid, wherein the chiral auxiliary d-pantolactone was recovered efficiently.
Preliminary evaluation of the use of macrophage aggregates (MA) as fish health monitors.

Discrete, round to ovoid macrophage aggregations (MA) containing pigment are commonly found widely distr ibuted in the spleen, l i ve r , and kidney of the higher te leos t i i (Agius 1980). These cel lu lar aggregations have been variously named (Grove 1968), most recently melano-macrophage centers (MMC) by Roberts (1975). The la t ter author, El l ls (1974), and Ferguson (1976) have suggested that MA have analogies to the germinal centers of homeotherms.
Two Common Naturally Occurring Mutations in the Human Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH) Receptor Have Differential Effects on Gonadotropin Gene Expression and on GnRH-Mediated Signal Transduction

Studies of naturally occurring human GnRH receptor (GnRHR) mutants may provide a useful approach to dissecting the signal transduction pathways involved in mediating the effects of GnRH. We have analyzed two common mutations in the GnRHR, corresponding to amino acid substitutions Gln106Arg and Arg262Gln, for their effects on the stimulation of gonadotropin subunit and GnRHR gene expression by GnRH. Despite similar impairment of GnRH-stimulated inositol phosphate production, dose-response analyses indicated that Gln106Arg and Arg262Gln both reduced the sensitivity of the FSH beta gene promoter to a greater extent than LH beta or alpha GSU, suggesting the involvement of more than one signaling pathway. Furthermore, although the sensitivities of the LH beta and FSH beta gene promoters to GnRH were similarly affected by both mutants, alpha GSU sensitivity was decreased to a greater extent by Arg262Gln than by Gln106Arg. Similarly, GnRHR gene promoter sensitivity was significantly reduced only by Arg262Gln. To further characterize the differential downstream effects of these mutant GnRHRs, we investigated their effects on additional signal transduction pathways. The mutant receptors differentially affected GnRH-mediated activation of the ERK pathway and GnRH stimulation of cAMP response element-mediated transcription. These results indicate that measurement of inositol phosphate production alone may not be adequate for assessing mutant GnRHR function and additional signal transduction pathways may better reflect physiologically relevant effects. The differential stimulation of LH beta, FSH beta, and alpha GSU gene expression may contribute to the varied phenotypes observed among patients harboring these mutations.
Delivery of vital drugs to the brain for the treatment of brain tumors

Abstract The brain entry of many clinically valuable drugs is restricted by the blood-brain barrier, even during pathological conditions when the integrity of this barrier may become partially reduced. In this article, we describe the factors which, combined, determine the amount of a drug that enters and is maintained in brain following its systemic administration. These factors include, (i) the plasma concentration-time profile of the drug, (ii) its binding affinity and binding off-rates to plasma proteins and tissues, (iii) the permeability of the drug at the blood-brain barrier, and (iv) the rate of cerebral blood flow. We describe how drug uptake into brain changes during pathological conditions, specifically in the presence of a brain tumor. The problems of brain tumor treatment (surgery, radiation therapy and chemotherapy) are reviewed and the delivery of drugs into microenvironments within brain tumors and surrounding brain are described. Finally, we report our studies on two techniques to enhance the uptake of drugs, biological response modifiers and proteins such as monoclonal antibodies into brain and brain tumors. The first involves the transient and innocuous opening of the blood-brain barrier by a 20 second infusion of a hyperosmotic sugar solution, either mannitol or l - arabinose, into the carotid or vertebral arteries. This allows the brain uptake of a compound to be increased by up to 100-fold. We describe studies undertaken to characterize this technique prior to its clinical use, and its value, when combined with non-neurotoxic anticancer agents, in the treatment of patients with primary and metastatic brain tumors. The second technique to improve delivery of drugs into brain involves the chemical modification of specific moieties on drugs. We describe our studies with the anticancer alkylating agent chlorambucil, in the development of lipophilic derivatives of potential clinical value for brain tumor treatment .
Cartography in the traditional African, American, Arctic, Australian, and Pacific societies

List of Illustrations Preface David Woodward 1. Introduction David Woodward and G. Malcolm Lewis Traditional Cartography in Africa 2. Cartographic Content of Rock Art in Southern Africa Tim Maggs 3. Indigenous Mapmaking in Intertropical Africa Thomas J. Bassett Traditional Cartography in the Americas 4. Maps, Mapmaking, and Map Use by Native North Americans G. Malcolm Lewis 5. Mesoamerican Cartography Barbara E. Mundy 6. Mapmaking in the Central Andes William Gustav Gartner 7. Indigenous Cartography in Lowland South America and the Caribbean Neil L. Whitehead Traditional Cartography in Arctic and Subarctic Eurasia 8. Traditional Cartography in Arctic and Subarctic Eurasia Elena Okladnikova Traditional Cartography in Australia 9. Icons of Country: Topographic Representations in Classical Aboriginal Traditions Peter Sutton 10. Aboriginal Maps and Plans Peter Sutton Traditional Cartography in the Pacific Basin 11. The Pacific Basin: An Introduction Ben Finney 12. Traditional Cartography in Papua New Guinea Eric Kline Silverman 13. Nautical Cartography and Traditional Navigation in Oceania Ben Finney 14. Maori Cartography and the European Encounter Phillip Lionel Barton 15. Concluding Remarks David Woodward and G. Malcolm Lewis Editors, Authors, and Project Staff Bibliographical Index General Index Ellen D. Goldlust-Gingrich
Reflectance Measurements From Small Areas With An Optical Multichannel Analyzer

An optical multichannel analyzer was used to develop a reflectance radiometer for measurement of medical diagnostic samples. Sample areas were small, typically 5 mm x 5 mm. Spectral and temporal resolution of the reflectance measurements were 0.5 nm and 17 ms, respectively. Reflectance drifts were found to be less than 0.004 over 2 h with accuracy better than 0.012 compared with a reference method. Flexible instrument design allows use of many different illumination and detection geometries. Applications include performance evaluations of chemical formulations and readhead designs.
Pancreas Duodenum Homeobox-1 Transcriptional Activation Requires Interactions with p300

The homeodomain transcription factor, pancreas duodenum homeobox (PDX)-1, is essential for pancreas development, insulin production, and glucose homeostasis. Mutations in pdx-1(ipf-1) are associated both with maturity-onset diabetes of the young and type 2 diabetes. PDX-1 interacts with multiple transcription factors and coregulators, including the coactivator p300, to activate the transcription of the insulin gene and other target genes within pancreatic β-cells. In characterizing the protein-protein interactions of PDX-1 and p300, we identified mutations in PDX-1 that disrupt its function and are associated with increased or decreased interactions with p300. Several mutant PDX-1 proteins that are associated with heritable forms of diabetes in humans, in particular the mutant P63fsdelC, exhibited increased binding to a carboxy-terminal segment of p300 in the setting of decreased DNA-binding activities, suggesting that sequestration of p300 by mutant PDX-1 proteins may be an additional mechanism by which ...
Japanese-English language equivalence of the Cognitive Abilities Screening Instrument among Japanese-Americans.

Background: The Cognitive Abilities Screening Instrument (CASI) was designed for use in cross-cultural studies of Japanese and Japanese-American elderly in Japan and the U.S.A. The measurement equivalence in Japanese and English had not been confirmed in prior studies.Methods: We analyzed the 40 CASI items for differential item functioning (DIF) related to test language, as well as self-reported proficiency with written Japanese, age, and educational attainment in two large epidemiologic studies of Japanese-American elderly: the Kame Project (n=1708) and the Honolulu-Asia Aging Study (HAAS; n = 3148). DIF was present if the demographic groups differed in the probability of success on an item, after controlling for their underlying cognitive functioning ability.Results: While seven CASI items had DIF related to language of testing in Kame (registration of one item; recall of one item; similes; judgment; repeating a phrase; reading and performing a command; and following a three-step instruction), the impact of DIF on participants' scores was minimal. Mean scores for Japanese and English speakers in Kame changed by <0.1 SD after accounting for DIF related to test language. In HAAS, insufficient numbers of participants were tested in Japanese to assess DIF related to test language. In both studies, DIF related to written Japanese proficiency, age, and educational attainment had minimal impact.Conclusions: To the extent that DIF could be assessed, the CASI appeared to meet the goal of measuring cognitive function equivalently in Japanese and English. Stratified data collection would be needed to confirm this conclusion. DIF assessment should be used in other studies with multiple language groups to confirm that measures function equivalently or, if not, form scores that account for DIF.
Strategic Exercise of Real Options: Investment Decisions in Technological Systems

Viewing investment projects in new technologies as real options, this paper studies the effects of endogenous competition and asymmetric information on the strategic exercise of real options. We first develop a multi-period, game-theoretic model and show how competition leads to early exercise and aggressive investment behaviors and how competition erodes option values. We then relax the typical full-information assumption found in the literature and allow information asymmetry to exist across firms. Our model shows, in contrast to the literature that payoff is independent of the ordering of exercise, that the sequential exercise of real options may generate both informational and payoff externalities. We also find some surprising but interesting results such as having more information is not necessarily better.
Translation Factor Control of Ribosome Dynamics During Protein Synthesis

Conformational rearrangements of the ribosome, its transfer RNA (tRNA) substrates, and its associated translation factors are hypothesized to play important mechanistic roles throughout all stages of protein synthesis. In order to determine how the structural dynamics of the translational machinery couple to the molecular mechanisms underlying protein synthesis, we are using single-molecule Forster resonance energy transfer (smFRET) to directly characterize these dynamics and their regulation during translation. Here we report a series of distinct smFRET signals which have allowed us to directly characterize the intrinsic conformational dynamics of a highly-mobile ribosomal domain, the L1 stalk, as well as the coupling between L1 stalk and tRNA dynamics, throughout protein synthesis. Our smFRET data reveal that the translating ribosome exists in a dynamic equilibrium between two global conformational states, global state 1 (GS1) and global state 2 (GS2), and that transitions between GS1 and GS2 involve coupled movements of the L1 stalk and the ribosome-bound tRNAs that are accompanied by a rotation of the small ribosomal subunit relative to the large subunit. Most importantly, we find that translation factors involved in the elongation, termination, and ribosome recycling stages of protein synthesis specifically recognize GS1 or GS2 and precisely regulate the rates of transitions between GS1 and GS2 as part of their mechanisms of action. Thus, our results support the view that specific regulation of the global state of the ribosome is a fundamental characteristic of all translation factors and a unifying theme throughout protein synthesis.
Effects of communication latency, overhead, and bandwidth in a cluster architecture

This work provides a systematic study of the impact of communication performance on parallel applications in a high performance network of workstations. We develop an experimental system in which the communication latency, overhead, and bandwidth can be independently varied to observe the effects on a wide range of applications. Our results indicate that current efforts to improve cluster communication performance to that of tightly integrated parallel machines results in significantly improved application performance. We show that applications demonstrate strong sensitivity to overhead, slowing down by a factor of 60 on 32 processors when overhead is increased from 3 to 103 µs. Applications in this study are also sensitive to per-message bandwidth, but are surprisingly tolerant of increased latency and lower per-byte bandwidth. Finally, most applications demonstrate a highly linear dependence to both overhead and per-message bandwidth, indicating that further improvements in communication performance will continue to improve application performance.
Workload characterization for the design of future servers

Workload characterization has become an integral part of the design of future servers since their characteristics can guide the developers to understand the workload requirements and how the underlying architecture would optimize the performance of the intended workload. In this paper, we give an overview of the POWER5 architecture. We also introduce the POWER5 performance monitor facilities and performance events that lead to the construction of a CPI (cycles per instruction) breakdown model. For our study, we characterize four different groups of workloads: commercial, HPC, memory, and scientific. Using the data obtained from the POWER5 performance counters, we breakdown the CPI stack into a base component, when the processor is completing work and a stall component when the processor is not completing instructions. The stall component can be further divided into cycles when the pipeline was empty and cycles when the pipeline was not empty but completion is stalled. With this model, we enumerate the number of processing cycles, i.e., a fraction of the CPI, a workload spent while progressing through the core resources and the incurred penalty upon encountering those resource usage inhibitors. The results show the CPI breakdown for each workload, identify where each workload spends its processing cycles and the associated CPI cost when accessing the core resources.
The conservation of nature in Viet Nam

Systematic efforts to conserve Viet Nam's natural resources began (in the North) in the early 1960s with the establishment of a 25,000-hectares' area, Cue Phuong National Park, south-west of Hanoi. Since the end of the Second Indochina war, Viet Nam's Ministry of Forestry has undertaken a comprehensive programme to restore forests that were destroyed or damaged in the fighting, to inventory forests and their resources, and to develop forest management for the economy and recreation of the Vietnamese people. The Ministry of Forestry's Institute of Forest Inventory and Planning is the agency carrying out these tasks; it employs about 5,000 people, including well-trained scientists. Before 1963, there were no regulations regarding hunting in Viet Nam. Now the Ministry of Forestry has a Department of Protection which attempts to regulate hunting of game, such as deer, Wild Pigs, Tigers, and Leopards. Many species of birds and mammals are now totally protected. These include two primates, the Indochina Gibbon and the Douc Langur, as well as three species of wild cattle, the Kouprey, Banteng, and Gaur. The Kouprey and the Javan Rhinoceros are classified as endangered species because only a few individuals are known to be still alive, at least in Viet Nam. Elephants are trapped and trained for commercial purposes and for capture of wild Elephants, while the wild herds are increasing owing to the war's end and the prevention of killing.
Climate change and non-stationary flood risk for the upper Truckee River basin

Abstract. Future flood frequency for the upper Truckee River basin (UTRB) is assessed using non-stationary extreme value models and design-life risk methodology. Historical floods are simulated at two UTRB gauge locations, Farad and Reno, using the Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) model and non-stationary Generalized Extreme Value (GEV) models. The non-stationary GEV models are fit to the cool season (November–April) monthly maximum flows using historical monthly precipitation totals and average temperature. Future cool season flood distributions are subsequently calculated using downscaled projections of precipitation and temperature from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP-5) archive. The resulting exceedance probabilities are combined to calculate the probability of a flood of a given magnitude occurring over a specific time period (referred to as flood risk) using recent developments in design-life risk methodologies. This paper provides the first end-to-end analysis using non-stationary GEV methods coupled with contemporary downscaled climate projections to demonstrate the evolution of a flood risk profile over typical design life periods of existing infrastructure that are vulnerable to flooding (e.g., dams, levees, bridges and sewers). Results show that flood risk increases significantly over the analysis period (from 1950 through 2099). This highlights the potential to underestimate flood risk using traditional methodologies that do not account for time-varying risk. Although model parameters for the non-stationary method are sensitive to small changes in input parameters, analysis shows that the changes in risk over time are robust. Overall, flood risk at both locations (Farad and Reno) is projected to increase 10–20% between the historical period 1950 to 1999 and the future period 2000 to 2050 and 30–50% between the same historical period and a future period of 2050 to 2099.
Origin of eukaryotes from within archaea, archaeal eukaryome and bursts of gene gain: eukaryogenesis just made easier?

The origin of eukaryotes is a fundamental, forbidding evolutionary puzzle. Comparative genomic analysis clearly shows that the last eukaryotic common ancestor (LECA) possessed most of the signature complex features of modern eukaryotic cells, in particular the mitochondria, the endomembrane system including the nucleus, an advanced cytoskeleton and the ubiquitin network. Numerous duplications of ancestral genes, e.g. DNA polymerases, RNA polymerases and proteasome subunits, also can be traced back to the LECA. Thus, the LECA was not a primitive organism and its emergence must have resulted from extensive evolution towards cellular complexity. However, the scenario of eukaryogenesis, and in particular the relationship between endosymbiosis and the origin of eukaryotes, is far from being clear. Four recent developments provide new clues to the likely routes of eukaryogenesis. First, evolutionary reconstructions suggest complex ancestors for most of the major groups of archaea, with the subsequent evolution dominated by gene loss. Second, homologues of signature eukaryotic proteins, such as actin and tubulin that form the core of the cytoskeleton or the ubiquitin system, have been detected in diverse archaea. The discovery of this ‘dispersed eukaryome’ implies that the archaeal ancestor of eukaryotes was a complex cell that might have been capable of a primitive form of phagocytosis and thus conducive to endosymbiont capture. Third, phylogenomic analyses converge on the origin of most eukaryotic genes of archaeal descent from within the archaeal evolutionary tree, specifically, the TACK superphylum. Fourth, evidence has been presented that the origin of the major archaeal phyla involved massive acquisition of bacterial genes. Taken together, these findings make the symbiogenetic scenario for the origin of eukaryotes considerably more plausible and the origin of the organizational complexity of eukaryotic cells more readily explainable than they appeared until recently.
Community-centric vanilla-rollback access, or: how i stopped worrying and learned to love my computer

We propose a new framework for authentication mechanisms that seek to interact with users in a friendlier way. Human or community-centric authentication supports vanilla access to users who fail an initial attempt to identify themselves. This limited access enables them to communicate with their peer community to achieve authentication. The actions of users with vanilla access can be rolled back in case they do not progress to full authentication status. This mechanism is supported by a peer community trust infrastructure that exploits the effectiveness that humans have in understanding their communal roles in order to mitigate their lesser skill in remembering passwords or pins. The techniques involved essentially implement a human-centric key escrow and recovery mechanism.
A Consumer Vision for Sustainable Fashion Practice

AbstractSustainability in fashion is going to require transformative changes in the practices of all involved: designers, manufacturers, marketers, and consumers. But consumers especially need a vision for sustainable fashion practice. This study directs attention toward a new type of fashion practice based on transformative acts in the consumption process. The research objective was to examine fashion practices related to a consumer's desire for a unique appearance and sources of clothing acquisition. Female university students (n = 97) of a Midwestern university in the USA completed the Desire for Unique Consumer Products (DUCP) Scale developed by Lynn and Harris. Of this group, sixteen were chosen for in-depth interviews based upon their high and low DUCP score and clothing sources they used: regular or frequent vintage wearers, occasional vintage wearers, and new clothing wearers. Participants were interviewed to determine how they defined and implemented a unique appearance. Wearers of both vintage a...
A Model System Demonstrating Parallels in Animal and Human Aging: Extension to Alzheimer’s Disease

The model system, classical conditioning of the eyeblink response in rabbits and humans, has a number of advantages for research on the neurobiology of learning and memory in normal aging. This model system may also have application to the study of senile dementia of the Alzheimer’s type (SDAT). Useful features of this model system for the study of learning and memory and its neurobiological substrates have been elaborated by Gormezano (1966) and Thompson et al. (1976). Woodruff-Pak and Thompson (1985) have highlighted the potential of this model system for research on the neurobiology of learning, memory, and aging. Among the advantages of classical conditioning of the eyeblink response in rabbits and humans are that: 1. Dramatic parallels in acquisition of this simple form of learning exist between humans and rabbits. 2. The neural circuitry underlying classical conditioning of the eyeblink response has been almost completely identified. The essential site of the plasticity for learning resides in the ipsilateral cerebellum, and the hippocampus plays a modulatory role. 3. Large age differences in the rate and level of acquisition exist in both humans and rabbits.
Synaptic Vesicle Glycoproteins and Proteoglycans

Immunological markers specific for synaptic vesicles have been helpful in studying synapse regeneration (Glicksman and Sanes, 1983), development (Chun and Shatz, 1983), and tracing membrane traffic in the nerve terminal (von Wedel et al., 1981). Vesicle-specific antibodies have also identified a number of vesicle proteins. This chapter deals with four antigenic integral membrane proteins of the synaptic vesicle. These proteins, identified with monoclonal antibodies, are the best characterized vesicle membrane components. Three of these proteins are probably present in all vesicles of the regulated pathway of neuroendocrine cells. This includes both dense-core vesicles and small, clear synaptic vesicles. The cDNA for one of these proteins, p38, has been cloned and sequenced. The fourth protein is an integral membrane proteoglycan (SVPG) which has been found in some synaptic vesicles, but could have a wider distribution. Interestingly, this proteoglycan shares a unique antigenic site with a putative nerve terminal anchorage protein, TAP-1.
But Is It Creative? Delineating the Impact of Expertise and Concept Ratings on Creative Concept Selection

While creativity is often stressed in the conceptual phases of design, it is rarely considered during the concept selection process. Before effective methods can be developed to aid in creative concept section, however, differences in the perceptions of creativity between expert and novice designers and the influence of creativity evaluation methods on the process must be considered. Therefore, this paper was developed to address these questions by studying 11 expert and 11 novice designers. Specifically the study was developed to understand if experts' and novices' perception of a concepts creativity aligned, to introduce and compare the utility of our tool for assessing semantic creativity (TASC) to existing creativity evaluation methods, and to identify if our TASC method could be used as a proxy for expert evaluators. Our findings reveal that experts and novices generally had similar perceptions of a concept's creativity and that the TASC method was tapping into similar constructs of human perceptions of concept creativity. The results of this study contribute to our understanding of the factors that influence the selection or filtering of creative ideas after idea generation and provide a framework for research in this field.
Interaction of estradiol and progesterone: effects on circadian locomotor rhythm of female golden hamsters

The phase and activity level of the locomotor rhythms of female golden hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) vary in synchrony with the 4-day estrous cycle. We investigated the effects of estradiol and progesterone administration in ovariectomized hamsters to explore the interaction of these two ovarian hormones in modulating circadian locomotor rhythms. Silastic implants of estradiol shorten the period length of the rhythm, change the pattern and level of activity, and decrease the observed variance of the activity onset. Progesterone implants have no effects on the rhythm when given alone; however, when progesterone is given in combination with estradiol, all three estradiol-induced changes are blocked. These results correlate well with the observed locomotor behavior of normal female hamsters. If the levels of both estradiol and progesterone in the serum are taken into account, this correlation holds for a number of hormonal conditions including those found during the 4-day estrous cycle as well as during pregnancy and lactation. These data suggest that progesterone antagonizes the effects of estradiol in the normal animal and that the interaction of estradiol and progesterone modulates the circadian activity of female hamsters on a day-to-day basis.
Cancer prevention in developing countries: a vision for preserving health in Mexico

Non-communicable chronic diseases (NCDs) are the single greatest threat to global public health and national prosperity. Populations around the world are rapidly aging and experiencing an increase in the incidence of age-associated diseases such as cancer, heart disease and Alzheimer’s. By 2025, approximately 1.2 billion individuals will be 60 years of age or older. The world population has also experienced economic development and modernization which have improved the quality of life for many, but which have also enabled increasing adoption of unhealthy lifestyles. Notably, approximately 10% of the global population is now considered obese and at least one billion people worldwide use tobacco. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21149/spm.v58i2.7776
Adaptive Computing Technologies Improve Propulsion Control and Efficiency

In today’s environment a premium has been placed on innovation in an attempt to eek more power from smaller packages, better evaluate propulsion system health and status, and improve overall vehicle fuel consumption. As new propulsion system designs become more unique, adaptive computing techniques offer a reasonable alternative to traditional analytical approaches. This is particularly true in system design environments which are ‘data rich’ but lack a clear analytical solution, such as pattern recognition and adaptive control. In addition, these techniques work well in environments where data may be plentiful but may be incomplete, discontinuous, or noisy such as in sensor processing and engine effluent analysis.
Cuticular composition and DDT resistance in the tobacco budworm.

The cuticular composition of Heliothis virescens (F.) larvae differed between resistant larvae which exhibited a slow DDT penetration and susceptible larvae which exhibited a rapid penetration. Protein and lipid content were greater in the cuticle of resistant larvae. Results of micro-Kjeldahl studies indicated that more of the total nitrogen remained in the residue after urea extraction, which fact suggested a greater degree of sclerotization in the resistant cuticle. In other experiments, dietary levels of ascorbic acid influenced the resistance level and degree of sclerotization in H. virescens larvae. The role of ascorbic acid in sclerotization and its possible influence on resistance is discussed.
Ondansetron Use for Smoking Cessation

Cigarette smoking continues to make an important impact on the health status and costs of care in the US. Animal studies demonstrated that ondansetron is effective in decreasing withdrawal behaviour and have led to interest in its role in smoking cessation. One small trial tested the effects of ondansetron as an aid to change smoking behaviors. The results did not support a beneficial effect of ondansetron use. There were several limitations of this study, including small sample size and potentially inadequate duration of therapy and follow-up. An oral ondansetron formulation recently has become available. There are several disadvantages to an oral versus an intravenous formulation of ondansetron. Patients taking oral therapy are at less risk, the administration of an oral preparation does not require trained personnel, and a study can be performed in an environment in which the influences of daily living can affect smoking behavior (e.g., early morning, and after a meal). Ultimately, well-defined, large-scale clinical studies are necessary to determine whether ondansetron has a positive effect on smoking cessation.
Trajectories of trust within the youth program context.

Two topics commonly referenced within theories of Positive Youth Development (PYD) are supportive relationships with adults and the youth program context. This paper examines the trajectory of youth’s trusting relationships with adults at projectbased programs. High-school-age youth at 7 arts, leadership, and technology programs retrospectively constructed graphical representations of their trust in a youth program leader across time. When coupled with interview data, analysis of the 48 graphs that youth constructed provide a window into the arc of supportive relationships with nonfamilial adults through the words of youth making meaning of their trust in adult leaders over time. The study has theoretical implications for PYD and methodological implications for research on how aspects of PYD change over time.
Grape Anatomy and Physiology

Grapes are vines that are cultivated in temperate climates around the world. There are an estimated 8000 grape varieties grown for consumption. The latest data showed table grape production of about 20 million tons. Vine growth and floral initiation result in the berry formation of the subsequent year. The growth and maturation of the grape berry and/or seeds affect changes in sugars, acids, and phenolic compounds. Pests and diseases are numerous as are the continuous searches for better chemical control. Natural resistance such as the grape plants’ ability to escape infection through anatomical attributes and the production of phytoalexins such as resveratrol also play important roles in control of diseases. Grapes are a multiuse crop with nutritional and pharmaceutical applications.
Models of Sarcopenia

Sarcopenia refers to the loss of muscle mass during normal aging. The medical importance of sarcopenia lies in the significant loss of muscle strength that accompanies the loss of muscle mass. Clinical studies have linked the loss of strength to decreases in mobility and functioning seen in older people, and have suggested that the extent of strength loss could serve as a risk factor for mortality. Sarcopenia has been observed in multiple mammalian species besides humans and even in simple nonvertebrate animals, like the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. This observation suggests that the development of sarcopenia may be an unfortunate but normal part of the aging of the neuromuscular system. Although the exact cause of sarcopenia is currently unknown, there is evidence from studies in people and experimental animals to support a number of theories, such as loss of motor neurons, declines in specific catabolic hormones, increases in inflammatory cytokines, and inadequate protein intake. Given the medical importance of sarcopenia, there is a pressing need to understand this condition further with the hope of developing effective treatments. This chapter will provide an introduction to sarcopenia and the current methods used to study sarcopenia both in people and experimental systems.
Doing a Research Project

Authentic inquiry is framed by the authenticity criteria (Tobin, 2006), and its foundations in hermeneutic phenomenology (Guba & Lincoln, 1989) and design studies (A. L. Brown, 1992). As a framework for doing classroom research, authentic inquiry may include multiple theoretical constructs, multiple researchers, cogenerative dialogues, ethnography, interpretive research, and event-oriented analysis (Tobin, 2014).
Perennial-Based Agricultural Systems and Livestock Impact on Soil and Ecological Services

This chapter explores how integrating grazing livestock with perennial grass and other forages in an agricultural system can impact soil health and ecosystem services. Livestock can have both positive and negative impacts on soil properties depending on the ecological history of grazing in the system and the degree of grazing applied to the pasture. Incorporation of perennials into agroecosystems can also benefit ecosystem services by increasing diversity, pollinator services, reducing erosion, and enhancing aesthetics. Development of integrated crop–livestock systems is one management paradigm that may help to reduce inputs while maintaining ecosystem services including productivity. However, integrated systems often substitute input intensity for management intensity and research needs to recognize and confront this change in focus. This will require large spatial and temporal research scales, multidisciplinary teams, and enhanced knowledge transfer to producers.
Neutrino Oscillation Experiments at Accelerators

The status of neutrino oscillation experiments at accelerators is reviewed. Present limits on neutrino oscillations are given. Several current oscillation experiments are described. The sensitivities of these, and other oscillation experiments in progress are summarized.
Parameter-free Plug-and-Play ADMM for image restoration

Plug-and-Play ADMM is a recently developed variation of the classical ADMM algorithm that replaces one of the subproblems using an off-the-shelf image denoiser. Despite its apparently ad-hoc nature, Plug-and-Play ADMM produces surprisingly good image recovery results. However, since in Plug-and-Play ADMM the denoiser is treated as a black-box, behavior of the overall algorithm is largely unknown. In particular, the internal parameter that controls the rate of convergence of the algorithm has to be adjusted by the user, and a bad choice of the parameter can lead to severe degradation of the result. In this paper, we present a parameter-free Plug-and-Play ADMMwhere internal parameters are updated as part of the optimization. Our algorithm is derived from the generalized approximate message passing, with several essential modifications. Experimentally, we find that the new algorithm produces solutions along a reliable and fast converging path.
Minimum Wage and Restaurant Hygiene Violation: Evidence from Food Establishments in Seattle

We assess the effects of rise in minimum wages on hygiene violation scores in food service establishments. Using a difference-in-difference analysis on hygiene rating of food establishments in Seattle [where minimum wage increased annually between 2010 and 2013] as the treated group and from New York City [minimum wage was constant] as the control group, we find an increase in real minimum wage by $0.10 increased total hygiene violation scores by 11.45 percent. Consistent with our theoretical model, an increase in minimum wage in Seattle has no influence in more severe (red) violations, and a significant increase in less severe (blue) violations. Our findings are consistent while using an alternate control group - Bellevue City, King County, located near Seattle.