cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Geostatistical Analysis of the Abundance and Winter Distribution Patterns of the Blue Crab Callinectes sapidus in Chesapeake Bay

Abstract Spatial heterogeneity is a striking life history feature of the blue crab Callinectes sapidus in the Chesapeake Bay. Spatial patterns of sex- and age-specific habitat use have been well documented and affect the fisheries in the bay. However, a quantitative assessment of the spatial distribution of blue crabs during winter, when they are generally buried in the sediments, has been lacking. We applied geostatistical techniques (variogram modeling and kriging) to 13 years of winter dredge survey (WDS) data to map patterns of blue crab winter abundance. These maps were then quantified to derive a time series of baywide abundance and to examine changing patterns of habitat use and aggregation. Geostatistical abundance estimates were generally similar to those calculated from design-based methods but were more highly correlated with fishery catch per unit of effort. Both abundance time series showed a large and significant decline from 1990 to 2002. Changes in spatial distribution were evaluated using...
Problems in the production and use of 5 nm avidin-gold colloids

SUMMARY Over the past 5 years we have encountered several problems in the production and use of 5 nm avidin-gold colloids for markers in electron microscopy. These problems include flocculation of colloids during reduction of chloroauric acid, insoluble gold pellets following ultracentrifugation, and non-specific binding of avidin-gold colloids to biological membranes. We are able to avoid these problems by: (1) avoiding the use of crystalline chloroauric acid; (2) succinoylating egg white avidin prior to adsorption on the gold sols; (3) resuspending the pellets following ultracentrifugation in 5 mM phosphate buffer, pH 7.5; and (4) using the avidin-gold colloids within 4 weeks of production.
Fracture of Polycrystalline Graphite

The fracture toughness parameters (the critical crack extension force, \( {G_{{I_c}}} \) and the critical stress intensity factor, \( {K_{{I_c}}} \)) are considered to be material constants for given conditions of temperature and strain rate. As such, the fracture toughness values of two or more materials are often compared to ascertain the relative merits of these materials in a structural component. This use is similar to comparing yield strengths of materials to determine the relative resistances to plastic deformation. More precisely, however, with a knowledge of \( {G_{{I_c}}} \) or \( {K_{{I_c}}} \) along with the elastic modulus, the defect size, and the relative geometries of the defect and the structure, it is possible to predict the failure stress of that structure. The fracture toughness approach, therefore, constitutes a useful failure criterion for a wide range of materials.
Reactivity of 1,2,4,5-tetracarboxylatebenzene with cobalt(II)

The complexes [Co(H2O)6][Co(BTCA)(H2O)4]⋅7.2H2O (1) and [Na2Co(H2O)4(μ-H2O)2 (μ-BTCA)] (2) (BTCA = 1,2,4,5-tetracarboxylatebenzene) have been synthesized and characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction. Compound (1) crystallizes in the triclinic space group P-1 with a = 6.8591(9) A, b = 9.9691(13) A, c = 10.9231(11) A, α = 93.021(2)∘, β = 104.883(2)∘, and γ = 103.702∘ with Z = 1. This compound exhibits a 1-dimensional structure of two alternating layers. A chain of cobalt ions and BTCA constitute one layer. Cobalt complex ions and solvent water molecules occupy the other. Compound (2) crystallizes in the monoclinic space group C 2/m with a = 8.8647(6) A, b = 10.5247(7) A, c = 21.2265(14) A, and β = 92.525(2)∘, with Z = 2. This compound consists of a 3-dimensional network of cobalt and sodium ions linked by BTCA. The sodium complex moiety is disordered around a center of inversion.
Identity management: multiple presentations of self in facebook

As the use of social networking websites becomes increasingly common, the types of social relationships managed on these sites are becoming more numerous and diverse. This research seeks to gain an understanding of the issues related to managing different social networks through one system, in particular looking at how users of these systems present themselves when they are using one site to keep in contact with both their past social groups from school and their current social connections in the workplace. To do this, we examined online profile pages and interviewed employees at a large software development company who frequently use the website Facebook, a site primarily used by college students and young graduates transitioning into the work force. The outcome of this initial case study is a framework for understanding how users manage self-presentation while maintaining social relationships in heterogeneous networks.
Modulation of 5-Fluorouracil with High-Dose Leucovorin Calcium: Activity in Ovarian Cancer and Correlation with CA-125 Levels

The purpose of this study was to estimate the response rate, response duration, and survival of patients with advanced ovarian cancer treated with a 132-hr continuous infusion of high-dose calcium leucovorin in combination with five consecutive daily bolus doses of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and to correlate changes in CA-125 levels with clinical and radiologic assessment of disease progression. Forty-six heavily pretreated patients [median number of previous chemotherapy regimens, 2.5 (range 1-7)] with advanced ovarian cancer received 132-hr continuous infusions of calcium leucovorin (500 mg/m2/day) for 5 1/2 days, with daily bolus doses of 5-FU (370 mg/m2/day) for 5 days beginning 24 hr after initiation of the calcium leucovorin. Twenty-three patients had clinically measurable disease and 23 had evaluable disease; CA-125 levels were performed prior to each treatment course and after the final course of therapy. One of 42 patients had a partial response to combination chemotherapy (duration, 8.9 months); 16/42 had stable disease [median duration, 4.9 months (range, 2.4-9.0 months)]. Toxicity of combination therapy included mild myelosuppression and stomatitis, similar to previously reported toxicity profiles for the 5-FU and calcium leucovorin combinations. Sensitivity of CA-125 levels as a single indicator of disease progression was 55%. The combination of infusional high-dose calcium leucovorin and 5-FU has little activity in refractory ovarian cancer. CA-125 levels incorrectly predict clinical disease activity in about one-third of cases and should not be the sole criterion for determination of clinical response when evaluating chemotherapeutic efficacy in heavily pretreated patients.
Demographic and clinical data associated with acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis in a dental school population (ANUG-demographic and clinical data).

Abstract This study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of demographic and clinical factors of patients diagnosed as having ANUG as determined by the presence of painful, bleeding, necrotic and ulcerated interproximal gingival papillae. Results showed that ANUG patients were evenly divided between males and females relative to the general clinic population. 58% of the patients with ANUG were under 25 years of age as compared to 31 % under 25 in the general clinic population. Overall, the ANUG group accounted for 1.4% of the under 34 age group in the general clinic population. 76% of the ANUG group had a high school education or less with 67 % having less than $5,000 annual income. Only 20% presented with elevated temperature. Only 6% of the patients with ANUG were non-smokers as compared to 63% in a matched control group. Of great significance was the fact that only 1 patient with ANUG was black as compared to a 41% black population in the clinic population.
The Potential of Social Capital Measures in the Evaluation of Comprehensive Community-Based Health Initiatives

Abstract Determining the effectiveness of comprehensive community initiatives (CCIs) poses measurement challenges for evaluators and communities, especially those attempting to employ participatory evaluation. In light of the growing body of research documenting, a relationship between social capital and health, this paper suggests, first, that evaluators should consider social capital as one of the major influences in health and well-being and, second, that measures of social capital should receive increased attention as indicators of progress toward health outcome goals. In this note, I clarify what is meant by the concept “social capital,” offer a possible operationalization of the term, present findings from a small sample of studies that demonstrate links between measures of social capital and health, and offer justification of this alternative measurement approach for the evaluation of CCIs. Discussion is based on SRI International’s work with communities involved in the Sierra Health Foundation’s community partnerships for healthy children initiative.
Activation of Macrophages From Aging Mice by Detoxified Lipid A

A detoxified derivative of endotoxic lipopolysaccharides (LPS), monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL), which is capable of inducing nonspecific resistance against several infectious organisms, was tested for its capacity to activate peritoneal macrophages (M phi) from young and immunodeficient aging BALB/c and C3H/HeN mice. Superoxide generation and hydrogen peroxide release by M phi from aging mice were elevated following intraperitoneal injection with 25 micrograms of LPS or MPL, although they did not reach the peak levels achieved in LPS or MPL-treated young mice. Nitroblue tetrazolium reduction (NBT) by peritoneal M phi from aging C3H/HeN mice treated with MPL was higher than that in control aging mice, equalling that from MPL-treated young mice. LPS, its toxic counterpart, however, failed to increase NBT reduction in either group. MPL enhanced lysozyme activity in M phi from both aging and young C3H/HeN mice above initial control levels. On the other hand, LPS suppressed lysozyme activity in M phi from young, but not aging mice. Phagocytosis of Candida albicans by M phi from BALB/c mice was increased in both groups when stimulated by MPL, but not LPS. Similarly, MPL enhanced the ability to kill Candida in both aging and young BALB/c mice. This effect was not seen with LPS. Thus, a detoxified derivative of LPS was found capable of activating the respiratory burst, NBT reduction, elevating lysozyme activity, as well as phagocytosis and killing of Candida in murine peritoneal M phi from both young and aging mice.
Basic Concepts of Logic and Formal Systems

Formalization or axiomatization is an outgrowth of the broader goals of scientific systematization. Euclid systematized geometry by showing how a great many statements known to be true about geometrical figures could be logically derived from a small set of principles assumed to be true, called the axioms. Newton systematized mechanics by showing how the known laws of motion, both planetary and terrestrial, could be derived from three basic statements. In both cases, the initial assumptions had the status of true statements, ‘self-evident’ in the Euclidean system, empirically discovered truths in the Newtonian system. In both cases the system was concerned with particular objects, points and lines in the one case, physical objects in the other.
Beispiel einer Anwendung

Die mit Hilfe von einem Expertensystem und einem CAD/CAM-System entwickelte Anwendung ist ein Programm, das zwischen dem Kern des Entwurfssystems und dem Benutzer steht.
Improved quantity and quality of life: a winning combination to treat advanced heart failure.

Rogers et al. ([1][1]) describe in this issue of the Journal the largest report of functional capacity and quality of life to date in patients implanted with a continuous flow left ventricular assist device (LVAD). Patients were implanted for 2 indications: bridge to transplant (BTT) (n = 281) and
Micronutrient Elements (Co, Mo, Mn, Zn, Cu)

Trace elements, sometimes referred to as micronutrients, influence both terrestrial and aquatic plant communities and the animals feeding upon them. The trace elements include cobalt, molybdenum, manganese, zinc, and copper. The focus of this chapter is on the essential role that these elements play in biological processes. Biogeochemistry of Trace Metals and Metalloids in Inland Aquatic Ecosystems (00095)) discusses the toxic role of trace metals. Although iron could also be included in the list, it serves more as a macronutrient than a trace element and plays a major role in inorganic oxidation reduction reactions in lake ecosystems. Iron and Manganese (00095)) describes the chemistry of iron and manganese in inland waters. The function of trace elements in lake metabolism has only been studied in a few of the world's freshwater lakes. The importance of some of the trace elements in photosynthesis is widely known among plant physiologists. However, it has only recently been demonstrated that micronutrients may act as nutrient limiting factors in aquatic food chains. Castle Lake in Northern California was the first lake shown to have photosynthesis limited by a shortage of molybdenum, an enzyme cofactor necessary for utilization of the available nitrogen. Some lakes in New Zealand and Alaska responded to cobalt additions in a series of bioassay experiments utilizing the sensitive carbon-14 bioassay technique. Atmospheric transport of trace elements such as manganese, particularly from coal-fired power plants, has become increasingly evident as more and more coal is burned for electricity generation. Smelting is a potent source of copper which can be highly toxic to both terrestrial and aquatic plants.
'Being African Helps Me Be Smart in School': Narratives of Identity of a Group African Immigrant Students Attending Public Secondary Schools

This paper focuses on identity construction of a group of immigrants that research has not paid much attention to - African immigrant students. Literature in the field suggests that the ways in which Black immigrants identify stem from their strong desire for economic and social advancement and the deeply embedded racial hierarchy that constraints black individuals in the U.S. Ironically, identifying ethnically or nationally comes with its own difficulties and challenges in a society that identifies them primarily through a racial lens. Based on this hypothesis, I seek to answer the following questions, how do African immigrant students identify? Why do they choose to identify the way they do? What implication does this have on their schooling? To answer these questions, I focus on the schooling narratives of the four girls from four different African nations  Kenya, Sudan, Tanzania and Zambia. My findings suggested that even though the four girls shared a pan-ethnic identity (African), they appropriated different meanings to what it means to be African. These meanings I argue, were situational and contextual. My goal in this regard is to counter the view that Black students are a monolithic group.
Direct Observations of Confined Layer Slip in Cu/Nb Multilayers

In situ nanoindentation of a 30 nm Cu/20 nm Nb multilayer film in a transmission electron microscope revealed confined layer slip as the dominant deformation mechanism. Dislocations were observed to nucleate from the Cu-Nb interfaces in both layers. Dislocation glide was confined by interfaces to occur within each layer, without transmission across interfaces. Cu and Nb layers co-deformed to large plastic strains without cracking. These microscopy observations provide insights in the unit mechanisms of deformation, work hardening, and recovery in nanoscale metallic multilayers.
Selective N-Alkylation of β-Alanine Facilitates the Synthesis of a Poly(amino acid)-Based Theranostic Nanoagent

The development of functional amino acid-based polymeric materials is emerging as a platform to create biodegradable and nontoxic nanomaterials for medical and biotechnology applications. In partic...
The Effects of Capless Face-to-Face Annealing Temperature and Time on the Properties of Silicon Implanted Gallium Arsenide

Maintaining As overpressure during capless post-implantation annealing through the use of the face-to-face proximity configuration has proved to be a reproducible technique with less process parameters to control than the alternative techniques of capped or arsine annealing. An investigation of carrier mobility and dopant activation as a function of annealing temperature resulted in an optimum annealing temperature of 840 °C with activation improving for 9 min heat-up time as compared to a 14 min heat-up time. An increase in activation with anneal time during isothermal annealing was also observed. Dopant redistribution during annealing was modeled with an experimentally derived diffusion coefficient of 2×10−14 cm2/sec. This value is close to the diffusion coefficient published for capped annealing. Dopant redistribution in the near-surface (1000 A) region was verified using SIMS. Based on presently available data there is no evidence for similar dopant redistribution during capless arsine annealing and this redistribution probably occurs whenever excess vacancy generation/redistribution is taking place, as during capped annealing and during proximity annealing.
Effect of Zinc Toxicity in Laying White Leghorn Pullets and Hens

Abstract Two experiments involving 124 Single Comb White Leghorn (Hy-Line) laying pullets and hens were conducted to determine the effect of zinc toxicity on bird performance. Twenty milligrams of zinc per gram of diet fed for 5 days significantly lowered fertility and hatchability of pullet eggs collected 14 to 28 days after the 5-day zinc feeding period. Zinc significantly depressed body weight on the day 5 of zinc feeding and significantly lowered egg production from 0 to 4 weeks of test. Egg production from 4 to 12 weeks, feed conversion from 0 to 12 weeks, final body weight, and livability were not significantly affected. Hens fed the supplemental zinc for five days had depressed egg production from 0 to 4 weeks. Egg production from 4 to 12 weeks, feed conversion, final body weight, and livability were not significantly affected. Compared to their respective controls, 2% supplemental zinc fed for 5 days significantly improved hen but not pullet egg weight. Hen eggs collected 28 days after hens received the zinc diet contained significantly less potassium, copper, and zinc than the controls.
Teaching Reform on Practical Training in the Course Livestock Products Processing

Based on an analysis of the practical training in the course Livestock Products Processing,this article elaborates its teaching reform from the following five aspects:optimizing the course guidelines and teaching contents,increasing the proportion of design and comprehensive experiments,strengthening the supervision of the experiments,reforming teaching management,and broadening the ways of teaching practice.
Disposable Ordos: The making of an energy resource frontier in western China

Abstract China’s economic growth in recent decades has been accompanied by vigorous growth in energy production and consumption. This article analyzes geographical shifts in the production of energy resources using a relational frontier concept. The frontier concept is deployed to examine the forces driving energy resource production to territories in China’s west. Through an understanding of frontiers as peculiar places shaped by flows of capital and contingent socio-economic conditions, this study underscores the both the contributions of national-level energy policy and local political-economy in bringing about a pronounced shift in the distribution of energy resource supply whereby the country’s west is increasingly recast as a production zone for energy and the east as a consumption zone. A case study of coal production in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region’s Ordos Municipality in the 2000s details the unfolding of frontier processes for this key energy resource.
Genomic diversity of colorectal cancer: Changing landscape and emerging targets.

Improvements in screening and preventive measures have led to an increased detection of early stage colorectal cancers (CRC) where patients undergo treatment with a curative intent. Despite these efforts, a high proportion of patients are diagnosed with advanced stage disease that is associated with poor outcomes, as CRC remains one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths in the world. The development of next generation sequencing and collaborative multi-institutional efforts to characterize the cancer genome has afforded us with a comprehensive assessment of the genomic makeup present in CRC. This knowledge has translated into understanding the prognostic role of various tumor somatic variants in this disease. Additionally, the awareness of the genomic alterations present in CRC has resulted in an improvement in patient outcomes, largely due to better selection of personalized therapies based on an individual’s tumor genomic makeup. The benefit of various treatments is often limited, where recent studies assessing the genomic diversity in CRC have identified the development of secondary tumor somatic variants that likely contribute to acquired treatment resistance. These studies have begun to alter the landscape of treatment for CRC that include investigating novel targeted therapies, assessing the role of immunotherapy and prospective, dynamic assessment of changes in tumor genomic alterations that occur during the treatment of CRC.
Record Linkage for Event Identification in XML Feeds Stream Using ELM

Most of the news portals and social media networks are utilizing RSS feeds for information distribution and content sharing. Event identification improves the service quality of feeds providers in the aspect of content distribution and event browsing. However, thriving challenges arise due to representation of structural information and real-time requirement in feeds streams mining. In this paper, we focus on the record linkage problem which classifies stream content into known categories. To realize fast and efficient record linkage over XML feeds stream, we design two classification strategies: a classifier based on ensemble ELMs and an incremental classifier based on OS-ELM. Experimental results show that our solutions provide effective and efficient record linkage for event identification applications.
Mechanisms of Atmospherically Relevant Cluster Growth

ConspectusAtmospheric aerosols impact global climate either directly by scattering solar radiation or indirectly by serving as cloud condensation nuclei, which influence cloud albedo and precipitation patterns. Our scientific understanding of these impacts is poor relative to that of, for instance, greenhouse gases, in part because it is difficult to predict particle number concentrations. One important pathway by which particles are added to the atmosphere is new particle formation, where gas phase precursors form molecular clusters that subsequently grow to the climatically relevant size range (50–100 nm diameter). It is predicted that up to 50% of atmospheric particles arise from this process, but the key initial chemical processes are poorly resolved. In general, a combination of inorganic and organic molecules are thought to contribute to new particle formation, but the chemical composition of molecular clusters and pathways by which they grow to larger sizes is unclear. Cluster growth is a key compo...
Identifying seizure clusters in patients with psychogenic nonepileptic seizures

The present study explored how seizure clusters may be defined for those with psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES), a topic for which there is a paucity of literature. The sample was drawn from a multisite randomized clinical trial for PNES; seizure data are from participants' seizure diaries. Three possible cluster definitions were examined: 1) common clinical definition, where ≥3 seizures in a day is considered a cluster, along with two novel statistical definitions, where ≥3 seizures in a day are considered a cluster if the observed number of seizures statistically exceeds what would be expected relative to a patient's: 1) average seizure rate prior to the trial, 2) observed seizure rate for the previous seven days. Prevalence of clusters was 62-68% depending on cluster definition used, and occurrence rate of clusters was 6-19% depending on cluster definition. Based on these data, clusters seem to be common in patients with PNES, and more research is needed to identify if clusters are related to triggers and outcomes.
Building Cross-Disciplinary Research Collaborations.

As a broad and heterogeneous diagnosis, stroke stands at the intersection of many related specialties. Thus, stroke researchers have a unique opportunity to collaborate across a wide range of clinical and basic science disciplines. In addition to the more obvious collaboration opportunities (eg working with cardiologists on clinical trials with composite cardiovascular outcomes), stroke researchers may work in fields as diverse as primary care, oncology, obstetrics, cognitive neuroscience, physiology, biomedical engineering, environmental science, and health disparities. Cross-disciplinary biomedical research synthesizes expertise from diverse contributing disciplines and develops new scientific approaches to address complex problems in health.1 Cross-disciplinary approaches can be as simple as research collaborations involving several medical subspecialties. More complex endeavors, such as collaborations between clinical researchers and scientists from widely different disciplines (eg engineers or social scientists), may be termed transdisciplinary research; however, similar principles apply. For the purposes of this discussion, we refer to the entire spectrum of multidisciplinary collaborative research as cross-disciplinary research. Collaborating with investigators outside your own field requires more than just adding a coauthor to a paper or proposal. True collaborations will not always be without conflict. Navigating the challenges of cross-disciplinary research successfully can lead to significant rewards in terms of job satisfaction and career development, and most importantly, to the advancement of scientific understanding. Early career vascular neurologists interested in growing robust cross-disciplinary research collaborations might consider the following approaches. A good research question identifies a gap in knowledge about a specific problem, which, in turn, may require expertise from multiple scientific disciplines to answer. For example, a stroke neurologist investigating intracranial atherosclerosis might collaborate with a vascular surgeon studying peripheral vascular disease, a radiologist studying vessel wall imaging, or a biomedical engineer measuring arterial compliance. Alternatively, a stroke neurologist might be interested in rare causes of stroke affecting a …
CDKN2A Copy Number Loss Is an Independent Prognostic Factor in HPV-Negative Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma.

Background: HPV infection is associated with high p16 expression and good prognosis in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs). Analysis of CDKN2A, the gene encoding p16, may further elucidate the association between p16 expression and prognosis. We sought to determine whether CDKN2A copy number loss was associated with poor survival in HPV-negative HNSCCs. Methods: The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) HNSCC clinical and genomic data were obtained and integrated. Patients <80 years old with a primary tumor in the oral cavity, oropharynx, hypopharynx, or larynx were included. Stratifying by copy number loss status, CDKN2A mRNA and p16 protein expression levels were examined and overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) were evaluated. Results: 401 patients with HPV-negative HNSCC were identified. 146 patients demonstrated CDKN2A copy number loss. The CDKN2A copy number loss group expressed significantly lower levels of CDKN2A mRNA and p16 protein than did the non-copy number loss group. Median OS for patients with and without CDKN2A copy number loss was 16.5 months and 46.6 months respectively (p=0.007). Median DFS for both groups was 11.6 and 19.2 months respectively (p=0.03). In both univariate and multivariable analyses, stage IV designation, receipt of chemotherapy, and CDKN2A copy number loss were predictive of overall survival. Conclusions: CDKN2A copy number loss predicted poor survival independently of other patient and treatment factors and may be a clinically useful prognostic factor.
Goodbye to the Bluebook

Anthropologists use the word "hypertrophy" to describe the tendency of human beings to mindless elaboration of social practices. The pyramids in Egypt are the hypertrophy of burial. The hypertrophy of law is A Uniform System of Citation, now in its fourteenth edition (1986)-a 255-page pamphlet on legal citation form, published by a consortium of law reviews led by Harvard. Most student-edited law reviews, as well as most courts, law firms, and legal publishers, follow-slavishly-the complex and intricate directives laid down in the "Bluebook" (see, e.g., id. at pp. iv-v), as it is known from its blue cover. The legal profession needs a new approach to legal citations and to legal style-the latter a related but more important subject that the Bluebook ignores. The students at the University of Chicago Law School have mounted a bold challenge to the Bluebook's hegemony: the University of Chicago Manual of Legal Citation, which debuts in this issue of the Review (see the appendix to this essay).1 Although I have minor reservations about the Manual of Legal Citation and regret that it doesn't tackle the problem of style,2 it is a refreshing contrast to the Bluebook. The particular faults of the Bluebook, most of which the new Chicago Manual corrects, place it in the mainstream of American legal thought. Like many of the judicial opinions and law review articles whose citation forms it dictates, the Bluebook is elaborate
W. E. B. Du Bois On Crime And Justice: Laying The Foundations Of Sociological Criminology

This is the first book to discern the contribution of Du Bois' work to criminology and criminal justice through a comprehensive review of his papers, articles and books. Beginning with reflections from his childhood, the author traces Du Bois' ideas on crime and justice throughout his life. This includes a unique analysis of Du Bois' experience as an object of the criminal justice system, a review of his FBI file, his 1951 trial and his pioneering social scientific research program at Atlanta University. The book illustrates the depth of Du Bois' interest in the field and reveals how he was a pioneer in key areas of criminology and criminal justice. The book contains five appendices which include four original papers written by Du Bois as well as maps from The Philadelphia Negro.
Dreamwork: Therapeutic Relevance in Groups

The effectiveness of dreamwork in groups is explored by a counselor educator and two Master's level counselors as the result of an independent study of dreamwork techniques. Included in this articl...
Electoral systems and the economy: a firm-level analysis

Prior research presents mixed results for electoral impact on economic performance, thereby raising the question of whether electoral systems matter economically at all. We argue that electoral systems can conceivably generate a robust economic impact at the firm level. This argument is grounded in a recent scholarship on the political economy of corporate governance. Analysts discern electoral systems as a significant determinant of a country’s corporate governance regime and its two central components: investor and employment protection. Building on a wealth of research relating investor and employment protection to firms’ economic behavior, we develop the hypothesis that firm performance is stronger under plurality-majoritarian rules than under proportional rules. Our panel study of firms in 21 advanced democracies from 1989 to 2007 supports our hypothesis. Overall, this research helps to fill in an important gap in understanding of why it matters to choose one electoral system over another.
Discovery of PH-797804, a Highly Selective and Potent Inhibitor of p38 MAP Kinase.

The synthesis and SAR studies of a novel N-aryl pyridinone class of p38 kinase inhibitors are described.
Averted targeted school killings from 1900-2016

Mass shootings, particularly those that occur on school grounds, often generate intense political debate. Following the 2018 shooting at Marjory Stoneman Douglass High School, questions arose on ho...
Vitrectomy in the Management of Posteriorly Dislocated Intraocular Lenses

Although natural history studies have not been reported, posteriorly dislocated intraocular lenses can be well tolerated in many cases. Standard spectacle or contact lens correction may be adequate to achieve visual rehabilitation in such an eye. The decision to surgically reposition a dislocated intraocular lens may be influenced by a number of factors. These factors are the severity of intraocular inflammation (including cystoid macular edema), the inability to tolerate or achieve visual correction using standard optical techniques, the visual requirements of the individual patient, and the status of the fellow eye.
Orthogonality using frequency division multiplexing to enable multiple input multiple output in an automotive radar

Autonomous vehicles have always been a field of considerable research interest. Past research have demonstrated achievements assuring that self-driving cars are, in fact the future of mobility. Self-driving cars have been made possible by sensor fusion technique, which incorporates sensors, including camera and radar. Cameras have the best resolution. Nevertheless, their ability to sense may be affected in extreme weather or night conditions. Radars are not affected by these conditions but lack the resolution when compared with radar. Most of the automotive radars are Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave (FMCW) radars whose range resolution depends on the bandwidth of the FMCW chirp, and spatial resolution depends upon the number of the receiving antennas. Having a higher number of receiving antenna elements will improve the angular resolution. Instead of increasing physical receiving antennas, it is possible to generate virtual receiving antennas by adding transmitting antennas, commonly known as the Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) technique. MIMO requires orthogonal signals in multiple transmitting antennas. Commercial automotive radars have implemented the capability of MIMO using Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) and Binary Phase Modulation (BPM) in 2Tx and 4Rx systems. Although the angular resolution is improved, the maximum unambiguous velocity is reduced by half. This paper proposes the Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM) Technique to achieve orthogonality. A full radar system has been simulated in MATLAB environment, which shows the possibility of using FDM in automotive radars without compromising the maximum unambiguous velocity. Frequency modulated signal with different starting frequencies for two Tx antenna is used to create 8 Rx virtual channels. FDM usually requires an increment in sampling frequency of Analog to Digital Converter (ADC). In this paper, the two starting frequencies are chosen, such that the requirement of higher sampling rate has been eliminated.
Diagnosing The Learning Environment For Diverse Students In Introductory Economics: An Analysis Of Relevance, Belonging, And Growth Mindsets

Using administrative and survey data, we diagnose the learning environment in an introductory economics course. Relative to men from overrepresented groups, women and underrepresented minority students finish the course reporting significantly lower measures of relevance, belonging, and growth mindsets, factors related to college success. For example, they are less likely to agree that their professor used relatable examples, more likely to report feeling different than the typical economics major, and less likely to report believing they could learn the material. We also describe a new, low-cost initiative expanding the role of undergraduate teaching assistants to promote a more inclusive environment.
Efficient precise in vivo base editing in adult dystrophic mice

ABSTRACT Background Recent advances in the base editing technology have created an exciting opportunity to precisely correct disease-causing mutations. However, the large size of base editors and their inherited off-target activities pose challenges for in vivo base editing. Moreover, the requirement of a protospacer adjacent motif (PAM) sequence within a suitable window near the mutation site further limits the targeting feasibility. In this work, we rationally improved the adenine base editor (ABE) to overcome these challenges and demonstrated the exceptionally high efficiency to precisely edit the Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) mutation in adult mice. Methods We employed a fluorescence reporter assay to assess the feasibility of ABE to correct the dystrophin mutation in mdx4cv mice. The intein protein trans-splicing (PTS) was used to split the oversized ABE into two halves for efficient packaging into adeno-associated virus 9 (AAV9). The ABE with broadened PAM recognition (ABE-NG) was rationally re-designed for improved off-target RNA editing activity and on-target DNA editing efficiency. The mdx4cv mice at the 5 weeks of age receiving intramuscular or intravenous injections of AAV9 carrying the improved ABE-NG were analyzed at 10 weeks or 10 months of age. The editing outcomes were analyzed by Sanger and deep sequencing of the amplicons, immunofluorescence staining, Western blot and contractile function measurements. The off-target activities, host immune response and long-term toxicity were analyzed by deep sequencing, ELISA and serological assays, respectively. Results We showed efficient in vitro base correction of the dystrophin mutation carried in mdx4cv mice using ABE-NG. The super-fast intein-splits of ABE-NG enabled the expression of full-length ABE-NG and efficient AAV9 packaging. We rationally improved ABE-NG with eliminated off-target RNA editing activity and minimal PAM requirement, and packaged into AAV9 (AAV9-iNG). Intramuscular and intravenous administration of AAV9-iNG resulted in dystrophin restoration and functional improvement. At 10 months after AAV9-iNG treatment, a near complete rescue of dystrophin was measured in mdx4cv mouse hearts. The off-target activities remained low and no obvious toxicity was detected. Conclusions This study highlights the promise of permanent base editing using iABE-NG for the treatment of monogenic diseases, in particular, the genetic cardiomyopathies.
Comparative Efficacy of First-Line Chemotherapy-Free Combinations in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL): A Network Meta-Analysis

Introduction: Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) is an incurable B-cell malignancy which disproportionately affects the elderly. Although first-line chemoimmunotherapy (CIT) improved CLL clinical outcomes, recent randomized trials revealed superior outcomes with novel chemotherapy-free combinations (CFC) incorporating anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies and inhibitors of BTK or Bcl-2. So far, these CFC have not been compared head-to-head. We conducted this network meta-analysis to evaluate their relative efficacy to each other. Methods: A review of the medical literature was conducted using online databases. Inclusion criteria consisted of English language; diagnosis of CLL; trials that explored the efficacy of first-line CFC with Obinutuzumab (O), Rituximab (R), Ibrutinib (IB), Acalabrutinib (ACAL), Venetoclax (VEN) compared to standard CIT that included Chlorambucil (CHLOR) with either R or O, Bendamustine+Rituximab, or Fludarabine+ Cyclophosphamide+R; and phase 3 randomized studies reporting responses, progression, death, and adverse (AE) events. A frequentists network meta-analysis was conducted using netmeta package and random-effects model. Results: Five studies comprising a total of 2,272 participants were included. When O-based CFC data was analyzed, only ACAL-O had a significant lower relative risk (RR) of progression and death (P&D). There were no significant differences with respect to overall response rates (ORR), complete remission (CR), minimal residual disease (MRD), or grade >3 adverse events (Grd3+) among O-based CFC. When R-based CFC data was analyzed, IB and IB-R were not different with respect to RR of P&D, ORR, CR, MRD, or Grd3+. When the data was analyzed as CFC versus combined CIT, only ACAL-O was found to be significantly superior to other O- and R-based CFC with respect to RR of P&D. ORR and Grad3+ rates of O- and R-based CFC were not significantly different. While ACAL-O, IB-O, and VEN-O had superior CR and MRD rates compared to other CFC, there were no significant differences among each other. Conclusions: This network meta-analysis is the first to compare and rank first-line CFC therapies in CLL. It indicates that ACAL-O has a superior profile having the lowest RR of P&D without significant difference in Grd3+ among CFC. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Historiography of the Causes of the Civil War

Civil War historiography is usually reserved for the pages of academic journals. But a series of events in 2017, amidst the ongoing debates about the removal of Confederate monuments, thrust the discussion about the Civil War's causation onto the front pages of newspapers and news websites. First, in an April 2017 radio interview, President Donald Trump questioned why politicians could not find a compromise to avert the Civil War. In October of the same year, President Trump’s then-chief of staff John Kelly expressed a similar sentiment, arguing that “the lack of an ability to compromise led to the Civil War….” The front-page news underscored what historian Charles B. Dew acknowledged was “probably the most hotly debated issue in American history.” This paper seeks to summarize the major trends in the historiography of the causes of the Civil War, while also acknowledging that the secondary sources are massive. Only a small sample of the many thousands of histories can be presented here.
Open Letter to Ibram X. Kendi: The 'Systematic White Racism' Theory Is Not a Pathway for Progress

Kendi’s book suggests Americans are either racists or anti-racists. I suggest that while racism may be real, pinning labels on the white population is not a practical approach to needed progress.
East–West Reflections on Demonization: North Korea Now, China Next?: Geir Helgesen and Rachel Harrison (eds) (Copenhagen: NIAS Press, 2020)

“Oh, East is East, and West is West, and never the twain shall meet,” opined Rudyard Kipling in his poem, The Ballad of East and West, seemingly pointing to insurmountable differences between East ...
A Two-Stage Variable Selection Approach for Correlated High Dimensional Predictors

When fitting statistical models, some predictors are often found to be correlated with each other, and functioning together. Many group variable selection methods are developed to select the groups of predictors that are closely related to the continuous or categorical response. These existing methods usually assume the group structures are well known. For example, variables with similar practical meaning, or dummy variables created by categorical data. However, in practice, it is impractical to know the exact group structure, especially when the variable dimensional is large. As a result, the group variable selection results may be selected. To solve the challenge, we propose a two-stage approach that combines a variable clustering stage and a group variable stage for the group variable selection problem. The variable clustering stage uses information from the data to find a group structure, which improves the performance of the existing group variable selection methods. For ultrahigh dimensional data, where the predictors are much larger than observations, we incorporated a variable screening method in the first stage and shows the advantages of such an approach. In this article, we compared and discussed the performance of four existing group variable selection methods under different simulation models, with and without the variable clustering stage. The two-stage method shows a better performance, in terms of the prediction accuracy, as well as in the accuracy to select active predictors. An athlete's data is also used to show the advantages of the proposed method.
How to Factor More Effectively

In Chap. 11 we described several factoring methods. Each will succeed in factoring some integers, but none of these is a state-of-the-art method that we would expect to succeed on a well-chosen RSA \(N = pq\). Even the best of these, CFRAC, suffers from the need to do trial division that will fail most of the time to provide any forward motion toward factoring N. In this chapter we discuss sieve methods for factoring. The primary computational benefit of a sieve method is that all the computational steps taken actually work toward finding factors, and that a sieve, stepping at constant stride through an array in memory, is highly efficient at the very lowest levels of a computing process. We discuss the Quadratic Sieve and the Multiple Polynomial Quadratic Sieve, and then finish with a nod to the current best method for factoring large “hard” integers, the Number Field Sieve.
Judicial Intervention in Parliamentary Affairs to Prevent a Coup d'état

In March 2020, the Israeli Supreme Court ordered the Speaker of the Legislature (Knesset), Yuli Edelstein, to hold a vote on his replacement within 48 hours. For the first time in the country’s history, and in an unprecedented ruling in comparative terms, the Court intervened in the Knesset’s internal affairs by scheduling a date for a vote, thus shaping the vote’s outcome and creating an irrevocable political reality. Under Israeli law, once a Speaker is elected, she cannot be removed before the next general elections except for cause and with the support of 75% of Members of Knesset (MKs). Never before had a Knesset Speaker resigned in protest while refusing to uphold a court order. Every governmental branch viewed the other as damaging the core principles of democracy and attempting a coup d’etat. With whom is the law? This Article argues that contrary to many scholars’ analysis, the need to strengthen the Knesset at the expense of the government in a parliamentary system cannot justify the Edelstein ruling. The ruling’s canonization needs to center on the Court’s perception that judicial intervention was urgently needed to enable an orderly transition of power from one government to its successor. However, the Article shows that the law, the Knesset’s practice, judicial precedents and the parliamentary nature of the Israeli system, all supported Edelstein’s position in a manner that should have prevented judicial intervention. Unbeknownst to the Court, the petitioners enjoyed a majority to replace the Speaker but not to form a government that enjoys the confidence of the Knesset. They sought to overtake the Knesset in the hope of passing controversial retroactive personal legislation that would make the formation of a new government possible. Further, the Article is the first to argue in the comparative field that when courts intervene in intra-parliamentary affairs, they should limit their remedies to the use of declaratory relief. It argues that courts are not authorized to grant injunctions while meddling with intra-parliamentary procedures, since disobeying these injunctions will expose members of parliament to contempt of court, thus deeply undermining the substantive parliamentary immunity that MPs enjoy.