cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Quantitation of human ribosomal DNA: hybridization of human DNA with ribosomal RNA for quantitation and fractionation.

Extract: Quantitation of human genes for ribosomal RNA (rRNA) was possible by molecular DNA/RNA hybridization on nitrocellulose discs. Labeled ribosomal RNA hybridizes with an average of 14 × 10-5 of the total human DNA. If we assume that the diploid cell contains 5.5 × 1012 daltons of DNA, the ribosomal RNA hybridizes with 7.7 × 108 daltons of ribosomal DNA (rDNA), which is equal to about 320 genes. Hybridization of rRNA with DNA of three different diploid sources shows a rRNA/DNA ratio which varies from 12–15.4 × 10-5. The rRNA/DNA ratio of DNA derived from trisomy 21 cells is not significantly different from the normal cells. The genes for rRNA were found to resist melting at temperatures 10° or more above the Tm. This property permits enrichment of these genes by thermal fractionation. Speculation: Ribosomal RNA genes are probably present on several human chromosomes. The ability to enrich these genes in relation to the whole human DNA indicates that they are clustered.
Catalase in salivary gland striated and excretory duct cells. III. Immunocytochemical demonstration with fluorescein-and peroxidase-labelled antibodies

There has been disagreement as to the identity of the enzyme responsible for the peroxidate activity in luminal epithelial cells of distal ducts of salivary glands; both peroxidase and catalase could be responsible. Our immunocytochemical investigations using anti-catalase antibodies demonstrate that there are high levels of catalase in these cells in the mouse submandibular gland confirming previous enzyme histochemical studies from this laboratory. Since only relatively small amounts of lactoperoxidase are observed in ductal cells by conventional histochemistry or immunocytochemistry, there can be little doubt that the majority of the peroxidatic activity in striated and excretory duct luminal epithelial cells is due to catalase.
2‐cm GPS altimetry over Crater Lake

Dierences in electromagnetic path delay, be- tween direct Global Positioning System (GPS) signals and those reflected from the surface of Crater Lake, have led to lake surface height estimates with 2-cm precision in 1 sec- ond. This is the rst high-precision altimetric demonstra- tion with GPS from sucient altitude (480 m) to probe fundamental experimental errors, which bear on future air- and spaceborne passive GPS altimetry. It also serves as the rst demonstration of a new approach to altimetric remote sensing in the coastal region, an area that is poorly mea- sured by conventional radar altimetry. Time-series analy- sessuggest thattroposphericandthermalnoisefluctuations dominate the altimetric error in this experiment. Estimat- ing the dierential delay from several simultaneously visi- ble satellites may enable tropospheric error estimation and correction. Thermal noise on the reflected signal will be reduced with fully polarimetric observations and larger an- tenna apertures.
Synthesis of NLO polycarbonates via the ring-opening polymerization of macrocyclic prepolymers

The synthesis and characterization of polycarbonates and polyformals is described. Copolymers of bisphenol A (BPA) and either a triphenyloxazole (1) or phenylquinoxaline (2) monomer were prepared. The polycarbonate copolymers were prepared by ring-opening polymerization of macrocyclic prepolymers using a solvent-free process. Preliminary electro- optic measurements have been performed on the polycarbonate copolymers of BPA and 1. Polyformals have also been prepared by a conventional polymerization process involving the reaction of dichloromethane with different feed ratios of BPA and either 1 or 2. The glass transition temperature of either the polyformals or polycarbonates is dramatically increased by increasing mole fractions of monomers 1 and 2.
Acantharians: a missing link in the oceanic biogeochemistry of barium

Abstract Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry was used to analyze the Ba and Sr concentrations of the celestite (SrSO4) skeletons and cysts of individual acantharian specimens obtained from four diverse areas of the world’s oceans. Acantharian celestite Ba/Sr mole ratios (χBa/χSr) averaged 2.6×10-3 with minimum and maximum values of 6.1×10-4 and 2.5×10-2. Celestite Ba/Sr mole ratios were compared to dissolved Ba and Sr concentration ratios ([Ba2+]T/[Sr2+]T) derived from GEOSECS stations that most closely corresponded to acantharian collection sites. Resultant Ba/Sr distribution coefficients (DBa/Sr=(χBa/χSr)/([Ba2+]T/[Sr2+]T)) in diverse areas of the world’s oceans are on the order of three or larger. These data, in conjunction with observations of acantharian mediated Sr2+ depletions in the upper ocean, indicate that acantharians play a substantial role in the global oceanic Ba budget. Observation of Ba enrichments during celestite formation is consistent with expectations based on solidsolution–aqueous-solution precipitation dynamics and the much lower solubility of BaSO4 compared to SrSO4. Furthermore, the small solubility product of RaSO4 relative to SrSO4 and BaSO4 indicates that Ra should be enriched in both celestite and barite. Consequently, acantharians may have a substantial influence on the oceanic distributions of both Ba and Ra.
Mechanistic Role of Yarn and Fabric Structure in Determining Tear Resistance of Woven Cloth: Part II: Modeling Tongue Tear

This paper is concerned with formulating and evaluating a model of tongue tear. The modeling approach taken is fairly general, and results recorded to this point have been encouraging. Although predicting tearing behavior from parameters determined prior to weaving is not yet possible, the implications of this work are important. The model accounts for the effects of yam pull-out, jamming, and stretching, as well as statistical variation in yam strength. Simulations are conducted where these effects are parametrically varied in order to assess their relative importance in contributing to tear strength. The effect of pre-loading on yam pull-out and the inclusion of jamming resistance are seen to have considerable influence on tearing strength. Furthermore, the success of the model's predictions based on these two principal components suggests a need for developing the mechanics of their associated, unconventional tests. With an understanding of such mechanisms, one can anticipate a fully predictive model o...
A Prototype for Authorship Attribution Studies

Despite a century of research, statistical and computational methods for authorship attribution are neither reliable, well-regarded, widely used, or well-understood. This article presents a survey of the current state of the art as well as a framework for uniform and unified development of a tool to apply the state of the art, despite the wide variety of methods and techniques used. The usefulness of the framework is confirmed by the development of a tool using that framework that can be applied to authorship analysis by researchers without a computing specialization. Using this tool, it may be possible both to expand the pool of available researchers as well as to enhance the quality of the overall solutions [for example, by incorporating improved algorithms as discovered through empirical analysis (Juola, P. (2004a). Ad-hoc Authorship Attribution Competition. In Proceedings 2004 Joint International Conference of the Association for Literary and Linguistic Computing and the Association for Computers and the Humanities (ALLC/ACH 2004), Goteborg, Sweden)].
Voices of indianness

Abstract An interpretive study of Native American women provided a greater understanding of the processes Native American women employ as they become socialized into a non-Indian environment and sustain their traditional culture. Intense dialogues were conducted with four Native American professional women. Data interpretations revealed the women’s unique themes: prized, harmonious, vigilant, and struggling. Five common themes included spirituality, Indianness, bonding, racial discrimination, and reciprocity/inclusiveness. A schematic translation model showed how the women’s life experiences and their themes connect to other populations of women. These women’s experiences provide implications for programs that work with women.
A joint source-coding power-control approach combined with adaptive channel coding for video transmission over CDMA networks

We propose a joint source-coding power-control approach combined with joint source-channel coding employing the class of rate-compatible codes for video transport over code-division multiple-access networks. We show that this cross-layer approach can provide improved spectral efficiency and network use while exhibiting graceful degradation characteristics with an increasing number of users
Place of Origin, Types of Ties, and Support Networks in Mexico–U.S. Migration*

Previous studies explored how urban or rural place of origin influences the source of social capital. There remains a need to consider how the place of origin affects the type of ties--family, friends, or paisanos (countrymen)--with those who provide support to migrants. We use data from the Mexican Migration Project (MMP128) and perform multinomial logistic regression models to predict who (among family, friends, or paisanos) provides lodging to first-time undocumented male migrants from Mexico, taking into account the size of their place of origin. We find that paisanos are important in providing lodging to those from rural areas, and family members are more likely to assist those from urban settings. Paisanos are more likely to help at the beginning of the migratory flow of the community (rural or urban), and family members to do so once the flow has matured. Also, paisanos are more likely to help those in rural areas during more difficult times, such as after the enactment of the North American Free Trade Agreement. We suggest that paisanos fulfill a role similar to that in Granovetter's (1973) concept of the strength of weak ties in which they act as substitutes for other ties (such as to friends and family) to provide social capital, making the first-time undocumented migration possible. Language: en
Making biomedical ontologies and ontology repositories work

It is becoming impossible to contemplate successful bio-medical research without canonical data structures. The biomedical computation community finds itself grappling with hundreds of different knowledge bases, metadata formats, and database schemas. These include primary databases, such as those in GenBank and MEDLINE; metadata that describe the primary data, such as those in caBIO; and knowledge bases that codify biomedical concepts, such as the Gene Ontology and SNOMED-CT. These data structures are representable in languages such as DICOM and MAGE-ML. Many of these data elements and knowledge bases have emerged out of necessity from work that scientists, unfamiliar with data and knowledge representation standards, have done in isolation. Many of these resources fail to follow consistent modeling conventions, so computer programs cannot consistently interpret them. Semantic Web technology and languages such as RDF and OWL can rectify the problem somewhat by providing a common metadata and ontology language and Web-based tools for dealing with ontologies and knowledge structures. However, even if translation mechanisms exist between various biomedical resources and Semantic Web languages (which, by itself, is unlikely to happen for all resources), this translation is only part of the solution.
Tumor-initiating stem-like cells and drug resistance: carcinogenesis through Toll-like receptors, environmental factors, and virus

Neoplasms contain distinct subpopulations of cells known as tumor-initiating stem-like cells (TICs) that have been identified as key drivers of tumor growth and malignant progression with drug resistance. Stem cells normally proliferate through self-renewing divisions in which the two daughter cells differ markedly in their proliferative potential, with one displaying the differentiation phenotypes and another retaining self-renewing activity. Therefore, understanding the molecular mechanisms of hepatocarcinogenesis will be required for the eventual development of improved therapeutic modalities for treating hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Hepatitis C virus (HCV) and hepatitis B virus is a major cause of HCC. Compelling epidemiologic evidence identifies obesity and alcohol as co-morbidity factors that can increase the risk of HCV patients for HCC, especially in alcoholics or obese patients. The mechanisms underlying liver oncogenesis, and how environmental factors contribute to this process, are not yet understood. The HCV-Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-Nanog signaling network is established since alcohol/obesity-associated endotoxemia then activates TLR4 signaling, resulting in the induction of the stem cell marker Nanog expression and liver tumors. Liver TICs are highly sensitized to leptin and exposure of TICs to leptin increases the expression and activity of an intrinsic pluripotency-associated transcriptional network comprised of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3, SOX2, OCT4, and Nanog. Stimulation of the pluripotency network may have significant implications for hepatocellular oncogenesis via genesis and maintenance of TICs. It is important to understand how HCV induces liver cancer through genesis of TICs so that better prevention and treatment can be found. This article reviews the oncogenic pathways to generate TICs.
On the use of the spin labeling technique in the study of erythrocyte membranes

Abstract ESR spectra and scanning electron micrographs of human erythrocytes spin labeled with the conventional stearic acid nitroxide substituted at the 5-position have been obtained over a range of label-to-lipid ratios. While morphological changes as previously reported (Bieri V.G.; Wallach D.F.H.; Lin P.S. (1974) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. 71, 4797–4801) are reproduced, it is shown that at label-to-lipid ratios of 1 : 10 or less the basic ESR spectrum is not significantly affected. At low label concentrations the spin labeling technique is a viable one and can be used to investigate membrane properties.
Diamagnetic Susceptibility at the Transition to the Superconducting State

An expression of Schmid for the "extra" diamagnetic susceptibility is evaluated to facilitate comparison with the experiments of Gollub et al.
Unpredictable primates and prefrontal cortex.

In many competitive games, players need to behave unpredictably so that their opponents cannot anticipate the next move. New recordings from monkeys playing a computer game support the idea that neurons in the prefrontal cortex may control this behavior and imply there is a cost for generating random behavior, which monkeys avoid unless the opponent is sophisticated.
Eu(III) and Tb(III) luminescence sensitized by thiophenyl-derivatized nitrobenzoato antennas.

Thiophenyl-derivatized nitrobenzoic acid ligands have been evaluated as possible sensitizers of Eu(III) and Tb(III) luminescence. The resulting solution and solid-state species were isolated and characterized by luminescence spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography. The Eu(III) complex with 2-nitro-3-thiophen-3-yl-benzoic acid, 1, crystallizes in the monoclinic space group C2/c with a = 28.569(3) A, b = 17.7726(18) A, c = 17.7073(18) A, β = 126.849(2)°, and V = 7194.6(13) A3. The Tb(III) complex with this ligand, 2, is isostructural, and its cell parameters are a = 29.755(6) A, b = 18.123(4) A, c = 19.519(4) A, β = 130.35(3)°, and V = 8021(3) A3. Eu(III) crystallizes with 3-nitro-2-thiophen-3-yl-benzoic acid as a triclinic complex, 3, in the space group P1 with a = 11.045(2) A, b = 12.547(3) A, c = 15.500(3) A, α = 109.06(3)°, β = 94.79(3)°, γ = 107.72(3)°. and V = 1893.5(7) A3. With the ligand 5-nitro-2-thiophen-3-yl-benzoic acid, Eu(III) yields another molecular compound, 4, triclinic P1, with a = 10.64...
Plasmid profiling for strain differentiation and characterization of Clostridium perfringens isolates.

Summary Plasmid profiling was used for the characterization of 13 Clostridium perfringens collection strains as well as 85 clinical and food isolates. Methodological details and limitations of the plasmid isolation procedure are outlined and discussed. For 19 clinical isolates obtained during seven group outbreaks, a close connection between at least some strains from each individual outbreak was established for six of them; only results from one outbreak were completely inconclusive, due to missing plasmids in one of the two isolates. The presence of multiple plasmid types within seven out of 12 given food samples, from which at least two C. perfringens isolates were obtained, indicates the importance of multiple isolates for meaningful typing results in epidemiological investigations. By including results from a previous report from this laboratory, baseline data on plasmid profiles for a total of 133 isolates are provided. The results of this study revealed that 36 % of the food isolates unrelated to disease outbreaks carried no plasmids, as compared with 19–25 % among disease-related isolates. A high prevalence (24.8 %) of a 8.9 ± 0.5 MDa plasmid was found among the 133 isolates, which contributed to one of four occurrences of identical plasmid profiles among strains that were initially considered unrelated. Two of these identical plasmid profiles were found among strains from the same culture collection, indicating the possibility of a common ancestor strain or cross-contamination.
Characterization and Inflammatory Response of Perivascular-Resident Macrophage-Like Melanocytes in the Vestibular System

A large number of perivascular cells expressing both macrophage and melanocyte characteristics (named perivascular-resident macrophage-like melanocytes, PVM/Ms), previously found in the intra-strial fluid–blood barrier, are also found in the blood–labyrinth barrier area of the vestibular system in normal adult cochlea, including in the three ampullae of the semicircular canals (posterior, superior, and horizontal), utricle, and saccule. The cells were identified as PVM/Ms, positive for the macrophage and melanocyte marker proteins F4/80 and GSTα4. Similar to PVM/Ms present in the stria vascularis, the PVM/Ms in the vestibular system are closely associated with microvessels and structurally intertwined with endothelial cells and pericytes, with a density in normal (unstimulated) utricle of 225 ± 43/mm2; saccule 191 ± 25/mm2; horizontal ampullae 212 ± 36/mm2; anterior ampullae 238 ± 36/mm2; and posterior ampullae 223 ± 64/mm2. Injection of bacterial lipopolysaccharide into the middle ear through the tympanic membrane causes the PVM/Ms to activate and arrange in an irregular pattern along capillary walls in all regions within a 48-h period. The inflammatory response significantly increases vascular permeability and leakage. The results underscore the morphological complexity of the blood barrier in the vestibular system, with its surrounding basal lamina, pericytes, as well as second line of defense in PVM/Ms. PVM/Ms may be important to maintain blood barrier integrity and initiating local inflammatory response in the vestibular system.
APPROXIMATE AND COMPLETE CONTROLLABILITY OF NONLINEAR SYSTEMS TO A CONVEX TARGET SET

Abstract The research deals with complete and approximate controllability of the system (∗) dx dy = f(t, x, u) , without control restraints to an arbitrary convex target set. First, some characterizations of complete controllability, to the target of (∗) and a special case of (∗) namely x = A(t)x + k(t, u) ∗∗ are given. As a consequence complete controllability is equivalent to null-controllability. Next certain equations are formulated. These are in the same spirit as J. P. Dauer's “A Controllability Technique for Nonlinear Systems” ( J. Math. Anal. Appl. oo (1972) , 442–451) and are utilized in the main contribution of the paper: Under certain convexity assumption, bounded perturbations of systems which are completely controllable to a fixed target G are completely controllable to G . Without the convexity assumption, but with perturbations satisfying a Lipschitz condition, approximate controllability to G of a perturbed system is equivalent to complete controllability to G of the unperturbed equation.
The complexometric microdetermination of divalent copper and cobalt

Abstract Divalent copper and cobalt can be determined on the microscale (0.5 to 6 mg) by titration with 0.01 N EDTA, using xylenol orange as indicator. For copper, acetate buffer must be used, while for cobalt hexamine is also satisfactory.
Effective Sintering Aids for Low-temperature Sintering of AlN Ceramics

A disappearing sintering aid was used to promote densification during the initial and middle stages of sintering and to be removed in gaseous form from the specimens during the final stage of sintering. From thermodynamic consideration such as assessment of Gibbs free energy change of formation of Al2O3 compounds including metal-oxide and evaluation of the vapor pressure of metal-oxide, Li2O is expected to become a disappearing sintering aid for AlN sintering. Doping with Li2O resulted in densification of AlN ceramics with Y2O3 and CaO additives by sintering at a firing temperature of 1600 °C. The amount of Li2O in the specimens decreased by volatilization at temperatures higher than 1300 °C, and its amount was at a level of several ppm after firing at 1600 °C for 6 h. Low-temperature densification of AlN specimens by addition of Li2O also caused the improvement of thermal conductivity and mechanical strength of sintered specimens. Present results indicate that a Li2O addition is effective for AlN sintering. Furthermore, LiYO2 was also used as a new sintering aid instead of Li2O and Y2O3, and the results of thermal conductivity and mechanical strength are shown.
The neuroendocrine hormone norepinephrine increases Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA14 virulence through the las quorum-sensing pathway.

It has been proposed that the gastrointestinal tract environment containing high levels of neuroendocrine hormones is important for gut-derived Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections. In this study, we report that the hormone norepinephrine increases P. aeruginosa PA14 growth, virulence factor production, invasion of HCT-8 epithelial cells, and swimming motility in a concentration-dependent manner. Transcriptome analysis of P. aeruginosa exposed to 500 µM, but not 50 µM, norepinephrine for 7 h showed that genes involved in the regulation of the virulence determinants pyocyanin, elastase, and the Pseudomonas quinolone signal (PQS, 2-heptyl-3-hydroxy-4-quinolone) were upregulated. The production of rhamnolipids, which are also important in P. aeruginosa infections, was not significantly altered in suspension cultures upon exposure to 500 µM norepinephrine but decreased on semisolid surfaces. Swarming motility, a phenotype that is directly influenced by rhamnolipids, was also decreased upon 500 µM norepinephrine exposure. The increase in the transcriptional activation of lasR but not that of rhlR and the increase in the levels of PQS suggest that the effects of norepinephrine are mediated primarily through the las quorum-sensing pathway. Together, our data strongly suggest that norepinephrine can play an important role in gut-derived infections by increasing the pathogenicity of P. aeruginosa PA14.
On-treatment platelet reactivity before coronary artery bypass surgery is associated with in-hospital major bleeding

obtained or calculated: average peak velocity (APV), renal flow reserve (RFR), and resistive index (RI). Measurements were obtained at baseline and under hyperemic condition induced by a bolus of dopamine (50 μg/kg) given intrarenally. RFR was calculated as the ratio of hyperemic to basal peak velocity. RI was estimated as (peak systolic velocity−end-diastolic velocity)/peak systolic velocity. APV, RFR, and RI were measured before and after RSD and 1 month later. The RSD was achieved via the lumen of the main renal artery with the catheter connected to a radiofrequencygenerator fromSt. JudeMedical according to prespecified algorithm. Samples for plasma norepinephrine were collected at baseline and at 1 month after ablation. Results: In the acute phase, APV increased by 300% postablation 300% higher (65.16±39.78 vs. 21.79±8.53 cm/s, Pb.0001). Similarly, RFR decreased by 50% and RI decreased by 30% (RFR 1.51±0.59 vs. 2.96±1.33, Pb.0001 and RI 0.66±0.07 vs. 0.74±0.07, P=.003). At 1 month after RSD compared to APV remained significantly higher (30.21±13.14 vs. 21.79±8.53 cm/s, P=.035) compared to baseline. Radiofrequency RSD resulted in reduced RFR (1.36±0.25 vs. 2.96±1.33, Pb.0001), RI (0.48±0.15 vs. 0.74±0.07, P=.003), and plasma norepinephrine levels (11.08±6.19 vs. 17.76±11.9 pg/ml, P=.045). Conclusions: Catheter-based RSD results in acute increase in RBF and decrease in RFR, RI, and plasma catecholamines. These results are maintained at 1 month postablation. The acute findings can potentially be used as a measure of successful renal denervation.
Calcium and lanthanide affinity of the EF-loops from the C-terminal domain of calmodulin.

Abstract To obtain site-specific information about individual EF-hand motifs, the EF-hand Ca 2+ -binding loops from site III and site IV of calmodulin (CaM) were inserted separately into a non-Ca 2+ -binding cell adhesion protein, domain 1 of CD2 (denoted as CaM-CD2-III-5G-52 and CaM-CD2-IV-5G-52). Structural analyses using various spectroscopic methods have shown that the host protein CD2 retains its native structure after the insertion of the 12-residue loops. The Tb 3+ fluorescence enhancement upon formation of a Tb 3+ –protein complex and the direct competition by La 3+ and Ca 2+ suggest that native Ca 2+ -binding pockets are formed in both engineered proteins. Moreover, as revealed by NMR, both Ca 2+ and La 3+ specifically interact with the residues at the grafted EF-loop. The CaM-CD2-III-5G-52 has stronger affinities to Ca 2+ , Tb 3+ and La 3+ than CaM-CD2-IV-5G-52, indicating differential intrinsic metal-binding affinities of the EF-loops.
Further hoarding preferences in hamsters

As an extension of a previous experiment in which hamsters hoarded more sucrose than plain chow pellets, a wider range of novel materials was presented in hoarding bins. The following preferences were shown: citric-acid-flavored pellets over plain chow, sucrose over citric acid, and glass beads over sucrose, with a very high level of hoarding of glass beads. While novelty may be a factor, some absolute qualitative preferences probably underlie the disposition to hoard.
Microkinetic Modeling of Lean NOx Trap Chemistry under Reducing Conditions

An elementary surface reaction mechanism describing the chemistry on the precious metal sites of a lean NOx trap is developed. Kinetic parameters for all of the reactions are found by fitting reactor simulations to an extensive experimental database. Each experiment involves the steady flow of a reactant mixture through a monolith core sample under conditions designed to minimize NOx storage; in each case, the temperature is slowly ramped over a wide range in order to provide a large amount of data. A reaction mechanism involving 28 elementary steps is able to reproduce the results for 21 separate experimental runs quite well. The thermodynamic consistency of the mechanism is assured through the imposition of constraints on a well-defined subset of the rate parameters. It is found that the mechanism can occasionally lead to multiple steady-state behavior due to the existence of parallel reduction pathways. DRIFTS experiments corroborate some of the key mechanistic steps.
Tornado Losses in the United States

Insurance data for tornado damages during 1949–2006 revealed 793 tornado events that each caused >$1 million in losses. The average annual loss of these tornado catastrophes is $982 million, an amount that greatly exceeds the existing average of $462 million based on estimates from government records. Tornado losses typically occurred in only one state but when tornadoes occurred with floods or hurricanes, the losses occurred in four or five states. Tornado catastrophes and losses were most frequent in Texas, Oklahoma, and Kansas, and relatively frequent in many Midwestern states. The temporal distribution of tornado catastrophes revealed large interannual variability with a few years of major loss and many years with none. Tornado-only catastrophes and their losses had flat trends for 1949–2006 but trends were upward for cases of tornadoes with floods and cases when tornadoes occurred with hurricanes. These result from upward trends in flooding across the nation and the tornado-hurricane temporal increase results from time-related increases in hurricane-prone storm conditions and from coastal society's growing vulnerability to storm damages.
OS-9 Interacts with Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1α and Prolyl Hydroxylases to Promote Oxygen-Dependent Degradation of HIF-1α

Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) functions as a master regulator of oxygen homeostasis in metazoan species. HIF-1 mediates changes in gene transcription in response to changes in cellular oxygenation. The half-life of the HIF-1alpha subunit is determined by oxygen-dependent prolyl hydroxylation, which is required for binding of the von Hippel-Lindau protein (VHL), the recognition component of an E3 ubiquitin ligase that targets HIF-1alpha for ubiquitination and degradation. Here, we demonstrate that OS-9, the protein product of a widely expressed gene, interacts with both HIF-1alpha and HIF-1alpha prolyl hydroxylases. OS-9 gain-of-function promotes HIF-1alpha hydroxylation, VHL binding, proteasomal degradation of HIF-1alpha, and inhibition of HIF-1-mediated transcription. OS-9 loss-of-function caused by RNA interference increases HIF-1alpha protein levels, HIF-1-mediated transcription, and VEGF mRNA expression under nonhypoxic conditions. These data indicate that OS-9 is an essential component of a multiprotein complex that regulates HIF-1alpha levels in an O2-dependent manner.
Espresso reward learning, hold the dopamine: theoretical comment on Robinson et al. (2005).

QUESTION Is dopamine needed for reward learning? ANSWER No--at least, not in the brain of a caffeinated dopamine-deficient (DD) mutant mouse. That is the conclusion of an important paper in this issue by S. Robinson, S. M. Sandstrom, V. H. Denenberg, and R. D. Palmiter (see record 2005-01705-001). Those authors demonstrate that reward learning can proceed normally in the brains of DD mice, even though they contain no dopamine at the time of learning, if the mice are given caffeine just before learning. Caffeine activates the DD mice by a nondopaminergic mechanism, allowing them to learn where to obtain food reward in a T-maze runway. Their reward-learning-without-dopamine is revealed on a subsequent test day, when dopamine function is restored by L-dopa administration. Robinson et al. conclude that dopamine is not needed for normal learning about rewards, or for hedonic "liking" of rewards during learning, but rather specifically for a motivational "wanting" component of reward, such as incentive salience.
Cost-Effectiveness Analysis for Health Communication Programs

This article describes methods for analyzing the cost-effectiveness of health communication programs, focusing in particular on estimating program effectiveness with econometric methods that address experimental and quasiexperimental designs (and their absence), national or subnational program coverage, and endogenously targeting of programs. Experimental designs provide a gold standard for assessing effectiveness but are seldom feasible for large-scale health communication programs. Even in the absence of such designs, however, fairly simple methods can be used to examine intermediate objectives, such as program reach, which in turn can be linked to program costs to estimate cost efffectiveness. When moving beyond program reach to behavioral or other outcome measures, such as contraceptive use or fertility, or when faced with full-coverage national programs, more elaborate data and methods are required. We discuss data requirements and assumptions necessary in each case, focusing on single-equation multi...
The uses of digital photography in dermatology.

Digital photography is a powerful tool that is transforming the specialty of dermatology by integrating patient and practice management. The fundamentals of digital imaging are discussed, and an approach to the selection of a digital camera and its associated hardware and software is provided. The applications of this technology to patient and practice management are addressed, and the ethical implications of digital tampering are also discussed. (J Am Acad Dermatol 1999;41:749-56.)
Authoritarianism and Attitudes toward Contemporary Social Issues

Three studies were conducted to examine the relevance of authoritarianism to contemporary social attitudes, with special emphasis on AIDS, drug use, and the environment. In Studies 1 and 2, students scoring higher on authoritarianism (measured by Byrne's balanced F scale and Altemeyer's Right-Wing Authoritarianism Scale, respectively) were more likely to endorse harsh, punitive sentiments and solutions to the problems of AIDS and drugs and less likely to endorse more egalitarian ones. These two issues are presumed to represent a threat to the "American way of life" and provide clear out-groups for authoritarian aggression. Regarding the environment, authoritarians express hostility toward the environmental movement, rather than toward polluters. In Study 3, authoritarianism was further related to attitudes on abortion, child abuse, homelessness, the space program, the trade deficit, political changes in the Soviet Union, and the purposes of colleges and universities. These results show that the concept of...
$$n$$n-Step cycle inequalities: facets for continuous multi-mixing set and strong cuts for multi-module capacitated lot-sizing problem

In this paper, we introduce a generalization of the continuous mixing set, which we refer to as the continuous multi-mixing set. This set is closely related to the feasible set of the multi-module capacitated lot-sizing (MML) problem with(out) backlogging. We present a family of valid inequalities for the continuous multi-mixing set and identify conditions under which they are facet-defining. The cycle inequalities, $$n$$n-step MIR inequalities, and mixed $$n$$n-step MIR inequalities are special cases of these inequalities. We also present an exact separation algorithm for our inequalities. We then use these inequalities to generate valid inequalities for MML with(out) backlogging. Our computational results show that our cuts are very effective in solving the MML instances, resulting in substantial reduction in the integrality gap, number of nodes, and total solution time.
A theory of pad conditioning for chemical-mechanical polishing

Statistical models are presented to describe the evolution of the surface roughness of polishing pads during the pad-conditioning process in chemical-mechanical polishing. The models describe the evolution of the surface-height probability-density function of solid pads during fixed height or fixed cut-rate conditioning. An integral equation is derived for the effect of conditioning on a foamed pad in terms of a model for a solid pad. The models that combine wear and conditioning are then discussed for both solid and foamed pads. Models include the dependence of the surface roughness on the shape and density of the cutting tips used in the conditioner and on other operating parameters. Good agreement is found between the model, Monte Carlo simulations and with experimental data.
Inhaled corticosteroids: devices and deposition

Inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) are the most effective anti-inflammatory drugs used today for the prevention and treatment of asthma in children. Recent advances in aerosol delivery including improved formulations of ICS and newer devices present the clinician with an increasing variety of choices when trying to decide what form of ICS therapy is best suited to an individual patient. In this paper I will first briefly review the physics and physiology of aerosol generation and deposition followed by a discussion of the potential advantages and disadvantages of devices currently used.
A Way Forward on the Medically Appropriate Use of White Cell Growth Factors

Are Hematopoietic Colony-Stimulating Factors Overor Underused? Since their introduction, there has been debate about the benefits, risks, and costs of hematopoietic colony-stimulating factors (CSFs). We suggest that the use of CSFs to allow dose maintenance of chemotherapy for common metastatic solid tumors is unsupported by evidence, and we should reconsider using a $3,500-per-cycle injection for a supportive care drug without major benefit. Recent studies have documented concerns about appropriate CSF use. Potosky et al prospectively identified 1,849 patients with lung or colorectal cancer who received palliative chemotherapy from 2003 to 2005. Only 17% of high-risk patients received appropriate primary prophylaxis. CSFs were used to maintain dose-intensity in 257 patients, of whom 18% were at intermediate risk (10% to 20% risk) and 10% were at low risk ( 10% risk) of febrile neutropenia (FN). Compared with American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) guidelines (Table 1), 96% of CSF use can be judged not appropriate. Two reports from Ramsey et al are relevant. The first found that in 2,728 patients with cancer at low risk of FN, 10% of those with breast, 7% of those with colorectal, and 21% of those with non–smallcell lung cancers received CSFs. Most use did not conform to product labeling or practice guidelines. The second linked Puget Sound Cancer Registry data with insurance claims from four payers representing 75% of those insured from 2002 to 2005 and found no evidence that CSF as primary prophylaxis was associated with a reduction in antibiotic use or inpatient or outpatient visits in breast, colorectal, or non– small-cell lung cancer. Kuderer et al rebutted that CSFs were perhaps underused. They argue that “initiation of the CSFs early in the first cycle of chemotherapy and continuation through all cycles of a chemotherapy regimen (primary prophylaxis) has been shown to substantially reduce the risk of FNaswellas infection-relatedandearlyall-causemortality,whiledecreasing the need for chemotherapy dose reductions and delays,” without referring to any specific cancer types.
Note on the rank sum test of Wilcoxon under trend alternatives

The Wilcoxon statisticW + [3], [4] is well known as a test of the hypothesisH 0 of equality of bivariate means based onn pairs of observations (x, y). In this paper the distribution and limiting distribution ofW + are derived under the assumption of ‘logit’ alternativesH 0 of a trend in the probabilities associated with then successive paired differencesz i =x i −y i (1=1,...,n).
Hydrogeology of Bermuda — Significance of an across-the-island variation in permeability

Abstract The distribution of fresh groundwater in Bermuda reflects the lateral partitioning of the saturated zone into two sectors: a band of low-permeability limestones (Paget Formation) along one shoreline, and a band of older, more highly permeable limestones (Belmont Formation) along the opposite shoreline. The fresh groundwater occurs preferentially closer to the shoreline composed of Paget Formation. The an-axisymmetric distribution of fresh groundwater results from the effects of the across-the-island variation of permeability on the interface-bounded lens (the theoretical Ghyben-Herzberg lens) and the transition zone, which, in Bermuda, makes up a sizable fraction of the interface-bounded lens. The variation in size of the interface-bounded lens can be modeled closely by application of Ghyben-Herzberg-Dupuit methodologies to an infinite-strip vertically stratified island — that is, an island partitioned into two strips, one of which is some 14 times as permeable as the other. The areal variation in thickness of the transition zone is similar to that of the amplitude of short-period water-table fluctuations that are generated by changes in ocean level (e.g., from astronomical tides and changes in atmospheric pressure). The amplitude of these water-table fluctuations diminish inland, more so in the Paget sector than in the more permeable, Belmont sector. Thus for a given distance inland of the shoreline, water-table fluctuations are greater and the transition zone is thicker in the Belmont sector than in the Paget sector. In a larger perspective, the occurrence of fresh groundwater in Bermuda reflects the depositional and diagenetic history of the Pleistocene marginal-marine limestones that compose Bermuda. The depositional history involves a seaward accretion of bioclastic eolian ridges (eolianites) formed during successive sea-level highstands of Pleistocene interglacial stages. The diagenetic history includes large-scale erosion by CO2-enriched water; this chemical erosion involves solutional lowering of the landscape and phreatic solution peripheral to marshes. As a result of these processes operating during a period of large-scale sea-level fluctuations, older (intra-Belmont) inter-eolianite depressions have evolved through a marsh stage and are now interior sounds. The result is the across-the-island variation in permeability — solution-altered Belmont rocks adjoining the interior sounds and less permeable younger calcarenites of the Paget Formation along the external sea-facing shoreline.
Multi-delay block frequency domain adaptive filters with sparse partial subblock update

This paper presents a new frequency-domain adaptive algorithm for sparse echo cancellation by incorporating a sparse partial (SP) subblock selection scheme into the multi-delay filtering (MDF) algorithm. Unlike the sparse partial tap selection method, the proposed algorithm selects the active regions based on FFT subblocks such that frequency bins within each subblock can be updated evenly. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm has faster convergence performance with same steady-state mean squared error (MSE) as existing sparse partial MDF algorithms based on tap selection.
MOLECULAR DYNAMICS STUDY OF THE THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF AMORPHOUS NANOPOROUS SILICA

This study reports, for the first time, non-equilibrium molecular dynamics (MD) simulations predicting the thermal conductivity of amorphous nanoporous silica. The heat flux was imposed using the Muller-Plathe method and interatomic interactions were modeled using the widely used van Beest, Kramer and van Santen potential. Monodisperse spherical pores organized in a simple cubic lattice were introduced in an amorphous silica matrix by removing atoms within selected regions. The simulation cell length ranged from 17 to 189 A, the pore diameter from 12 to 25 A, and the porosity varied between 10% and 35%. Results establish that the thermal conductivity of nanoporous silica at room temperature was independent of pore size and depended only on porosity. This qualitatively confirms recent experimental measurements for cubic and hexagonal mesoporous silica films with pore diameter and porosity ranging from 3 to 18 nm and 20% to 48%, respectively. Moreover, predictions of MD simulations agreed well with predictions from the coherent potential model. By contrast, finite element analysis simulating the same nanoporous structures, but based on continuum theory of heat conduction, agreed with the well-known Maxwell Garnett model.
Prescribing Patterns and Outcomes of Enoxaparin for Anticoagulation of Atrial Fibrillation

Study Objective. To determine prescribing patterns and clinical outcomes of enoxaparin for anticoagulation of atrial fibrillation. Design. Retrospective analysis. Setting. A 650-bed, tertiary care, community teaching hospital. Subjects. Two hundred thirteen patients who received enoxaparin for thromboprophylaxis during an episode of atrial fibrillation. Intervention. Data collection on demographics, antithrombotic usage, and thrombotic and bleeding episodes from January-June 2001. Measurements and Main Results. Patients were characterized as having acute (51.6%) or chronic (48.4%) atrial fibrillation and were categorized according to stroke risk. Three enoxaparin dosing strategies had been prescribed: therapeutic, prophylactic, or adjusted. Prescribed regimens did not reflect stroke risk or type of atrial fibrillation but did reflect the degree of renal impairment. No episodes of stroke occurred with therapeutic enoxaparin dosages, but five strokes occurred among patients receiving prophylactic or adjusted dosages. Bleeding was similar with all dosing strategies in patients with adequate renal function and appeared to be more frequent in those with renal impairment. Conclusion. At a single hospital, wide variation in enoxaparin prescribing patterns existed. Further study is necessary to elucidate more fully the appropriate dosing strategy for this agent in the treatment of atrial fibrillation.
Fatty acid digestibility and lactation performance by dairy cows fed fats varying in degree of saturation

Holstein cows fed fats varying in degree of saturation were used to evaluate lactation performance (35 multiparous and 15 primiparous cows) and fatty acid digestibility (5 cows). Data from wk 2 and 3 of lactation were used for covariable adjustment of data from wk 4 through 19. Diets were a basal diet (control) with no added fat and four diets with 5% added fat from tallow, tallow plus partially hydrogenated tallow in proportions of 2:1 or 1:2, or partially hydrogenated tallow; iodine values were 45, 35, 26, and 16 for the diets with added fat, respectively. Digestibilities of OM, NDF, and N were not affected by fat supplementation (mean of four fat treatments vs. control) or by degree of fat saturation. Fatty acid digestibility was lower for cows fed fat than for those fed the control diet and decreased linearly with increased fat saturation. In both trials, DMI increased linearly as fat saturation increased. In the digestion trial, cows fed fat tended to have lower DMI than those fed the control diet, primarily because of the unsaturated fat. In the production trial, DMI was similar for cows fed the control diet (22.3 kg/d) or the diet with added fat from tallow (22.1 kg/d) and tended to be higher for cows fed the diet containing partially hydrogenated tallow (23.9 kg/d). Milk production was higher for cows fed fat than for cows fed the control diet, but 4% FCM was unaffected. Milk fat and protein percentages were not affected by fat supplementation but increased linearly with increased fat saturation. Mean body condition score of cows increased as fat saturation increased. The lower digestibility of the diet with added fat from partially hydrogenated tallow was offset by higher DMI and percentages of milk fat and protein as fat became more saturated.
Wind aspect factor in sea clutter modeling

The TSC and GTRI sea clutter models are empirical models with a theoretical dependency for wind direction. Observations collected during at-sea testing have forced a reappraisal of the wind aspect factor, as predicted and observed minima in the crosswind direction were not treated by the model. We modified the wind aspect factor to reflect theory and observation, and now have excellent agreement among model, theory, and observation.