cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
'Equality of What?' Revisited

This essay assesses G. A. Cohen's contributions to the "Equality of What?" debate as an interpretation of the ethics of socialism that orients egalitarian political philosophy against the organization of the economy around market exchange and private ownership. Viewed in this light, Cohen's project is unsuccessful.
Replication of bacteriophage M13: VIII. Differential effects of rifampicin and nalidixic acid on the synthesis of the two strands of M13 duplex DNA

Abstract Replication of bacteriophage M13 replicative forms is inhibited by rifampicin, an antibiotic that specifically inhibits the Escherichia coli RNA polymerase, and by nalidixic acid, an inhibitor of phage and bacterial DNA replication. Synthesis of the M13 complementary strand during RF ‡ replication was at least tenfold more sensitive to inhibition by rifampicin and by nalidixic acid than was that of the viral strand. Since M13 complementary strand synthesis is relatively insensitive to chloramphenicol, an inhibitor of protein synthesis, its inhibition by rifampicin suggests that complementary strands are initiated during RF replication by an RNA priming mechanism similar to that involved in parental RF formation. The nalidixic acid-sensitivity of complementary strand synthesis during RF replication clearly distinguishes this process from the nalidixic acid-resistant formation of the parental complementary strand in the conversion of the infecting single strand to RF. Production of progeny viral strands is indirectly affected by rifampiein in two ways. It prevents the conversion of supercoiled RF (RFI) to the open form (RFII), an essential step both in RF replication and in single-strand synthesis. In addition, rifampiein interferes with the expression of gene 5 , an M13 gene function required for the accumulation of progeny viral strands.
Bayesian detection and MMSE frequency estimation of sinusoidal signals via adaptive importance sampling

A novel solution for the problem of detecting the number of complex exponentials embedded in Gaussian noise and estimating their frequencies is proposed. In contrast to standard techniques, the marginalized posterior density is utilized to evaluate a model selection criterion and compute the MMSE estimates. To compute the required integrals, a numerically efficient procedure, termed adaptive importance sampling (AIS), is introduced. This procedure can naturally handle parameter constraints and it greatly improves convergence as compared to standard Monte Carlo approaches. Our method has the benefit of not only outperforming the standard techniques, but it also sidesteps the pitfalls associated with multidimensional optimization. >
Novel image reconstruction algorithm for NIR diffusive tomography

Diffusive light through human tissues has been used to investigate the functional status of the human body. Accumulated efforts have been made to bring this technique to a clinically acceptable stage. Here, the authors present a new reconstruction method for near infrared (NIR) diffusive tomography. Its usefulness is manifested by reconstructed images from both simulated and experimental data. The authors conclude that their new algorithm is efficient in translating measured diffusive photon density waves into high quality images of optical properties.
Visionary entrepreneurial leadership in the aircraft industry: The Boeing Company legacy

Purpose – In the early twenty‐first century organization scholars and managers face an economic outlook full of daunting challenges. With investors, workers, and other stakeholders distressed and hostile toward corporate executives and boards due to recent corporate scandals, the future for many industries and firms appears grim. In what ways can business history help corporate managers and new venture entrepreneurs overcome these leadership challenges? This paper seeks to uncover practices throughout the Boeing Company's management history that offer today's executives and board members numerous examples of industry vision and leadership.Design/methodology/approach – Visionary leadership theory is used to help understand Boeing's actions. A theory of visionary entrepreneurial leadership is proposed based on Boeing's history. Four specific cases of aircraft design and development decisions and actions are presented as examples of executive and board directors' vision and leadership.Findings – Boeing has s...
“Practical Reporting”: Late Nineteenth-Century Journalistic Standards and Rule Breaking

This study uses the “occupational” autobiographies of reporters and related documents to trace the diffusion of professional standards through late nineteenth-century newsrooms. It found broad agreement among journalists on definitions of news, the methods for its collection, and the routines for its preparation in story format. “Cub” reporters learned these standards through observation and trial and error. Because of economic conditions in the publishing industry and conditions within newsrooms, journalists also developed a parallel set of standards for falsifying or exaggerating stories. The study concludes that sharing standards for breaking news work conventions was as essential to the formation of news workers’ professional identities as was following the accepted standards.
Effects of amygdala prestimulation on neuroplasticity in the hippocampus

Recent research has shown a strong link between emotional and memory systems in the brain. The hippocampus in particular has been the focus of hundreds of studies related to memory formation. Hippocampal synaptic plasticity, e.g., long-term potentiation, which has been proposed as a strong candidate mechanism for memory consolidation may be temporally regulated by distributed neuronal systems in the amygdala, a region long considered as important for emotional aspects of an organism's behavior. In this study, we examined the effects of baso-lateral amygdala prestimulation on subsequent induction of hippocampal synaptic plasticity, i.e., long-term potentiation in the anesthetized and freely-moving rat.
ECDYSONE RESPONSE GENES GOVERN EGG CHAMBER DEVELOPMENT DURING MID-OOGENESIS IN DROSOPHILA

The steroid hormone ecdysone regulates larval development and metamorphosis in Drosophila melanogaster through a complex genetic hierarchy that begins with a small set of early response genes. Here, we present data indicating that the ecdysone response hierarchy also mediates egg chamber maturation during mid-oogenesis. E75, E74 and BR-C are expressed in a stage-specific manner while EcR expression is ubiquitous throughout oogenesis. Decreasing or increasing the ovarian ecdysone titer using a temperature-sensitive mutation or exogenous ecdysone results in corresponding changes in early gene expression. The stage 10 follicle cell expression of E75 in wild-type, K10 and EGF receptor (Egfr) mutant egg chambers reveals regulation of E75 by both the Egfr and ecdysone signaling pathways. Genetic analysis indicates a germline requirement for ecdysone-responsive gene expression. Germline clones of E75 mutations arrest and degenerate during mid-oogenesis and EcR germline clones exhibit a similar phenotype, demonstrating a functional requirement for ecdysone responsiveness during the vitellogenic phase of oogenesis. Finally, the expression of Drosophila Adrenodoxin Reductase increases during mid-oogenesis and clonal analysis confirms that this steroidogenic enzyme is required in the germline for egg chamber development. Together these data suggest that the temporal expression profile of E75, E74 and BR-C may be a functional reflection of ecdysone levels and that ecdysone provides temporal signals regulating the progression of oogenesis and proper specification of dorsal follicle cell fates.
A Comparative Study of Small Group Fluency Instruction

The present study investigated the reading development of small groups of learners making the transition from intentional decoding to fluent reading. The research focused on the relative effectiveness of repeated and wide reading as a means of developing reading fluency. It also looked at the importance of expressive, or prosodic, reading in concert with automatic and accurate word recognition. Three intervention strategies were selected: Repeated Reading, Wide Reading, and Listening Only. In order to evaluate these strategies, three second-grade classrooms were randomly assigned, without replacement, to the various intervention strategies. Six struggling readers from each class participated as a cohort. Additionally, a Control group made up of two students from each of the three participating classrooms was pre‐ and posttested. Findings indicated substantive differences in favor of the students in the Wide-Reading and Repeated Reading groups for word recognition in isolation, prosody, and correct words p...
Shock and thermal cycling synergism effects on reliability of CBGA assemblies

BGAs are now packages of choice especially for higher I/O counts for commercial applications and are also being considered for use in military and aerospace. Thermal cycling characteristics of BGA assemblies have been widely reported. Thermal cycling represents the on-off environmental condition for most electronic products and therefore is a key factor that defines reliability. As a result, much data is available for accelerated thermal cycle conditions, but very limited data is available on vibration and shock representative of aerospace applications. Test vehicles with daisy chain plastic and ceramic BGAs (CBGAs) ranging from 256 to 625 I/O count were subjected to random vibration/shock representative of a spacecraft launch environment. The effect of board rigidity on behavior was also investigated by adding strips to or bonding of board to an aluminum plate. This paper compares accelerated thermal cycles-to-failure data under four temperature ranges before and after thermal random vibration for CBGAs with 361 and 625 I/Os. Stress and strain projections by finite element analysis are also presented.
Indicators of transport and vertical motion from correlations between in situ measurements in the Airborne Antarctic Ozone Experiment

Analysis of small-scale structure in the in situ measurements made from the ER-2 during the Airborne Antarctic Ozone Experiment shows the existence of a region at the boundary of the chemiclly perturbed region where the mixing ratios and small-scale structure of trace gases are influenced by transport across the boundary. This transition region is characterized by horizontal interchange and vertical layering of air parcels from within and outside of the chemically perturbed region and negative small-scale correlations between ClO and ozone. The horizontal transport in this region creates large surface areas between dissimilar air masses, providing the potential for substantial mixing. Correlations between ClO and O3 show that the transition region extends to 2-4 deg of latitude to either side of the boundary of the chemically perturbed region. A + or - 4-deg-wide transition region would contain nearly as much air as the chemically perturbed region proper. Analysis of water vapor and nitrous oxide data suggests that diabatic descent is associated with dehydration. This could be caused by strong radiative cooling of those polar stratospheric clouds in which enough water condenses for the particles to fall and dehydrate the air.
Multibus II message passing

Abstract The paper describes the system performance and cost advantages of using the Multibus II message passing facility for communication between modules in a multiprocessor configuration. Classical multiprocessor problems of interrupt resource and data sharing are discussed and the solutions that message passing offers the systems designer are presented.
Interactions Between Unimolecular Micelles and Liposomes

The interactions between dipalmitoylphosphocholine (DPPC) vesicles and a hyperbranched polymer micelle, Core(hex)PEG5, were examined by visual observation, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), fluorescence microscopy and dynamic light scattering (DLS). The results from the DSC experiments showed that introducing the polymer to DPPC small unilamellar vesicles completely transformed the vesicles into a large unilamellar structure within minutes, a process that normally takes 2 days at room temperature. The hyperbranched polymers transformed the liposomes to the thermodynamically stable state. Fluorescence microscopy experiments showed that the DPPC vesicles became larger after the polymers were added. In addition, the polymers prevented aggregation of the liposome vesicles yielding clear solutions for up to two weeks at room temperature. In contrast, DPPC vesicles without polymers aggregated to form precipitate within hours at room temperature. The average sizes of liposomes and liposome/polymer were determined by DLS measurement with diameters of 36.3 nm and 65.2 nm, respectively.
A Diagnostic Compendium To Species Included in Paratylenchinae Thorne, 1949 and Tylenchocriconematinae Raski & Siddiqui, 1975 (Nematoda: Criconematoidea)

The genera Cacopaurus (2 species), Gracilacus (43 species), Paratylenchus (100 species), Paratylenchoides (2 species) and Tylenchocriconema (1 species), are combined logically but not taxonomically within a single diagnostic compendium based on common characteristics to facilitate identification of species in these genera. Species detected in Florida in the subfamily Paratylenchinae are listed.
Apolipoprotein E, Alcohol Consumption, and Risk of Ischemic Stroke: The Framingham Heart Study Revisited

Background Data on the association between alcohol consumption and ischemic stroke have been inconsistent. It is not known whether allele ɛ 4 of the apolipoprotein E (apoE) gene modifies the alcohol-stroke association. We sought to examine whether ɛ 4 allele of the apoE gene influences the association between alcohol consumption and ischemic stroke or high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. Methods We examined a cohort of 7676 person-observations of the Framingham Heart Study. Incident stroke was ascertained by standardized methods. We used Cox proportional hazard model to estimate hazard ratios of ischemic stroke. Results The average age at baseline was 63 years and 55% of the participants were women. During a mean follow-up of 7.4 years, 222 new cases of ischemic stroke occurred (56 embolic and 166 atherothrombotic events). Comparing current drinkers with nondrinkers, multivariable adjusted hazard ratio (95% confidence interval) for ischemic stroke was 0.50 (0.24-1.07) in the absence of ɛ 4 allele and 0.70 (0.24-2.05) in the presence of ɛ 4 allele ( P for interaction=.64) for those younger than 65 years. Similarly, we did not observe a statistically significant interaction between ɛ 4 allele and alcohol consumption on the risk of stroke among people aged 65 years and older ( P for interaction=.17). Alcohol consumption was positively associated with HDL cholesterol independent of ɛ 4 allele and age. Conclusions Our data do not provide evidence for an interaction between ɛ 4 allele and alcohol consumption on the risk of ischemic stroke in this population. Furthermore, apoE polymorphism did not influence the alcohol-HDL relation.
Judgment Studies: Design, Analysis, and Meta-Analysis

Because of the complexity of human behaviour a great many research variables must be constructed from the building blocks of human judgement. A teacher's warmth, a psychotherapist's ability to create rapport, a patient's inner state - these all tend ultimately to be defined by the judgements of others. The purpose of this book is to describe the design, the analysis and the meta-analysis of studies employing judgements in sufficient detail that readers can conduct such studies, and more wisely evaluate them. While the author's examples are drawn primarily from research on non-verbal behaviour, the book is designed for any investigators employing judges, observers, raters, coders, or decoders, whether or not the behaviour being assessed is non-verbal. Judgment Studies: Design, Analysis, and Meta-Analysis constitutes a unique resource for advanced students and researchers in the behavioural and social sciences. It offers the first integrated summary of methodological issues in judgement studies, and the first guide to their planning and analysis.
Effects of divalent cations on bovine corneal stromal swelling rates.

Purpose: The corneal stroma swells with edema fluid due to electrostatic repulsion of its negatively charged glycosaminoglycans, and divalent metal cations inhibit edema development. We investigated whether or not nonmetal divalent cations might also inhibit edema development. Materials and Methods: We investigated the hydration rates of stromas bathed in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) or phosphate-buffered magnesium sulfate, calcium chloride, hexamethonium dihydrochloride, putrescine dihydrochloride, and ethylenediamine hydrochloride solutions at pH 7.35–7.4. Results: Hydration rate was fastest in PBS and slower in divalent cation salt solutions (p < 0.05). All metal and nonmetal divalent cations inhibited swelling rates compared to PBS. Ethylenediamine is not divalent at physiological pH and did not significantly inhibit swelling. Conclusions: All the divalent cations appear to decrease swelling relatively equally, probably by shielding negative charges on GAGs, reducing their electrostatic repulsions.
A photoionization study of the charge transfer reactions: Xe+ + O2 → O+2 + Xe and O+2 + Xe → Xe+ + O2☆

Abstract Photoionization mass spectrometer techniques have been employed to study the charge transfer reactions: Xe+ + O2 → O+2 + Xe and O+2 + Xe → Xe+ + O2. The results show the reaction of Xe+(2P 3 2 ) ions with O2 molecules is much more efficient than the reaction of Xe+(2P 1 2 ) ions with O2 molecules. The charge transfer reaction of O+2 ions with Xe atoms was detected for O+2 ions in the a 4Πu state.
Near-field electromagnetic holography for arbitrary surfaces using sparse regularization

We consider the problem of back-projecting measured electromagnetic fields within the near-field vicinity of a radiating surface. We approach this challenging ill-posed problem by employing an equivalent source method (ESM) using elementary dipole sources to represent the measured fields. We consider a sparse regularization method for the stabilization of the resulting ill-conditioned systems. The proposed regularization approach is compared to the current state-of-the-art ESM reconstruction method. Numerical experiments show that the proposed sparse regularization technique exhibits higher stability in the reconstruction and better source localization.
Strategies to Address Utility Challenges in Project Development

Streamlined project delivery is one of the main goals of transportation agencies nationwide to achieve a more efficient and more effective transportation system. Many factors can cause delays while transportation projects are being developed and constructed. A critical factor contributing to inefficiencies is the lack of adequate information about utility facilities that may be affected by a transportation project. This lack results in problems such as unplanned environmental corrective actions and unanticipated utility relocation activities during construction. These unplanned activities cause frequent delays during construction, can increase the impact of construction on motorists and society, and may exacerbate the cost of the project. This paper summarizes the results of research conducted to evaluate the feasibility of (a) obtaining more-reliable existing utility data during preliminary design and coordinating this activity with the environmental process and (b) increasing the level of definition of ...
Knowledge and Perceptions about Clinical Trial Participation among African American and Caucasian College Students

Objectives The objectives of the study were to examine knowledge and perceptions of undergraduate and graduate students regarding participation in clinical trials and explore the degree to which knowledge and perceptions about research participation can vary by race.
Message passing soft decoding of linear block codes over arbitrary finite fields

In this paper, soft-input/soft-output decoding of an arbitrary linear block error correction code over any finite field is performed by transforming an algebraic description of the decoding problem to a binary message passing decoding problem, such as used for a binary LDPC decoder. Field symbols are represented using a Hadamard-like transform of the probability distribution over the field, and field operations in this setting are represented by real multiplication and permutations. This gives rise to a “soft key equation,” an overdetermined nonlinear equation. Here, a solution to the soft-key equation is obtained by enforcing a parity consistency, which converts the decoding problem into a message-passing problem which is able to exploit the sparse structure of the problem representation. Simulated performance results indicate that decoding is strongest for highest rate codes, motivating the investigation of improved performance.
Sequence query processing

Many applications require the ability to manipulate sequences of data. We motivate the importance of sequence query processing, and present a framework for the optimization of sequence queries based on several novel techniques. These include query transformations, optimizations that utilize meta-data, and caching of intermediate results. We present a bottom-up algorithm that generates an efficient query evaluation plan based on cost estimates. This work also identifies a number of directions in which future research can be directed.
Tyrosine kinase receptor-activated signal transduction pathways which lead to oncogenesis

Oncogenesis is a complicated process involving signal transduction pathways that mediate many different physiological events. Typically, oncogenes cause unregulated cell growth and this phenotype has been attributed to the growth-stimulating activity of oncogenes such as ras and src. In recent years, much research effort has focused on proteins that function downstream of Ras, leading to the identification of the Ras/Raf/MAPK pathway, because activation of this pathway leads to cellular proliferation. Activated receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) also utilize this pathway to mediate their growth-stimulating effects. However, RTKs activate many other signaling proteins that are not involved in the cellular proliferation process, per se and we are learning that these pathways also contribute to the oncogenic process. In fact, RTKs and many of the proteins involved in RTK-dependent signal transduction can also function as oncogenes. For example, the catalytic subunit of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3-K) was recently identified as an oncogenic protein. The scope of pathways that are activated by oncogenic RTKs is expanding. Thus, not only do RTKs activate Ras-dependent pathways that drive proliferation, RTKs activate PI3-K-dependent pathways which also contribute to the oncogenic mechanism. PI3-K can initiate changes in gene transcription, cytoskeletal changes through β-catenin, changes in cell motility through the tumor suppressor, adenomatous polyposis coli (APC), and phosphorylation of BAD, a protein involved in apoptotic and anti-apoptotic signaling. There is also cross-talk between RTKs and the oncostatin cytokine receptor which may positively and negatively influence oncogenesis. For this review, we will focus on oncogenic RTKs and the network of cellular proteins that are activated by RTKs because multiple, divergent pathways are responsible for oncogenesis.
Use of the term subluxation in publications during the formative years of the chiropractic profession

The term subluxation has come to have different meanings for different health care professions in the United States for over the past century. This controversy has resulted in some contention both internal and external to the chiropractic profession. Some current factions within the chiropractic profession hold the term subluxation to be synonymous with the identity of chiropractic itself; however, this term was not solely used by chiropractic during its formative years. The purpose of this article is to look at uses of the term by various professions (osteopathy, medicine, and chiropractic) at the turn of the century, a time in which the chiropractic profession was developing.
Type 2 Endoleak Embolization Comparison: Translumbar Embolization versus Modified Transarterial Embolization

Purpose To evaluate the success of endoleak repair using translumbar (TL) endoleak embolization compared with a transarterial (TA) technique that involves embolization of the endoleak cavity itself in addition to the feeding artery. Materials and Methods Eighty-four patients (mean age, 78.2 years; age range, 58–94 years) with type 2 endoleaks were included in this retrospective study. Patients underwent either TL endoleak embolization or TA embolization between January 2002 and December 2007. TA embolization involved entering the endoleak cavity through the inferior mesenteric or lumbar artery. Both the endoleak cavity and the feeding artery were then embolized by using coils through a microcatheter. TL embolizations were performed by using standard technique with coils and n-butyl cyanoacrylate as the embolization agents. Clinical success was defined as the absence of an endoleak and/or aneurysm enlargement at follow-up CT angiography. Statistical comparison was performed with the Fisher exact test. Results Endoleak repair was successful in 72% (45/62) of the TL embolizations and 78% (18/23) of the TA embolizations, with a mean follow-up of 18.7 months (range, 1–84 months). There was no significant difference in clinical success between the two groups ( P = .41). There were two (3.2%) complications in the TL group and no complications in the TA group. Conclusions The effectiveness of the TA endoleak embolization technique, which involves embolizion of the endoleak cavity and the feeding artery, is similar to that of TL embolization for treatment of type 2 endoleaks.
A many-body lubrication model

Abstract In [2], we presented direct numerical simulations of the motion of solid particles in a viscous fluid. In such simulations, numerical problems are likely to occur when particles get very close to each other: the mesh is to be refined in the gap zone, which is computationally expensive. In order to overcome this problem, we introduce here a lubrication model to handle those “near collisions”. The objective is to couple this new approach with the global computation of the flow. Nevertheless, we will concentrate in the present paper on the lubrication model only. Indeed, the physical situation we will be dealing with is the motion of a close-packed arrangement of particles in a fluid, such that the influence of the fluid on the global behavior is restricted to lubrication forces.
Effect of cold acclimatization on exercise economy in the cold

We sought to determine if cold acclimatized men display higher economy (i.e. lower oxygen consumption at a given workload) during graded cycle ergometry in the cold (5°C). After completing a familiarization trial 1 week prior, five cold weather athletes (CWA) and eight physically active men (NON) underwent graded exercise tests to volitional fatigue in 5°C. The protocol always started at 60 W and increased by 20 W each minute. Oxygen consumption (VO(2)), respiration rate (RR), tidal volume (TV), and respiratory exchange ratio (RER) were determined via open circuit spirometry. Individuals were matched for body size and minutes of weekly physical activity. Repeated measures analyses of variance were conducted across time (workload) and cold acclimatization was entered as a between subjects factor. VO(2) peak was not different between groups but CWA had lower VO(2) at 60 and 240 W. CWA also had lower RR at 180 and 260 W as well as lower RER at 240 and 260 W. At submaximal workloads, cold acclimatized men have higher exercise economy than non-acclimatized men. This could have implications for those who work in this context.
The cosmic microwave background quadrupole in a polarized light

The low quadrupole of the cosmic microwave background (CMB), measured by the Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE) and confirmed by the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP), has generated much discussion recently. We point out that the well-known correlation between temperature and polarization anisotropies of the CMB further constrains the low-multipole anisotropy data. This correlation originates from the fact that the low-multipole polarization signal is sourced by the CMB quadrupole as seen by free electrons during the relatively recent cosmic history. Consequently, the large-angle temperature anisotropy data make restrictive predictions for the large-angle polarization anisotropy, which depend primarily on the optical depth for electron scattering after cosmological recombination, τ. We show that if current cosmological models for the generation of large-angle anisotropy are correct and the COBE/WMAP data are not significantly contaminated by non-CMB signals, then the observed C amplitude on the largest scales is discrepant at the ~99.8% level with the observed C for the concordant ΛCDM model with τ = 0.10. Using τ = 0.17, the preferred WMAP model-independent value, the discrepancy is at the level of 98.5%.
SF 6 gas monitoring and leakage detection in gas insulated switchgear

For new installations of 500-kV gas insulated switchgear (GIS) at the Pin Hook, TN USA 500-kV Substation and the Maury, TN USA 500-kV Substation, the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) chose to install an advanced 6 gas monitoring system (GMS). This paper will discuss specifics of the GMS and how its use simplifies identification of leaking sections, facilitates planned outages for repair or replacement, and ultimately increases the availability and reliability of the equipment.
Perspectives on: information and coding in mammalian sensory physiology: probing mammalian touch transduction.

Humans rely on our sense of touch for a broad range of essential behaviors, such as feeding, successful child rearing, and avoiding bodily harm. Although widely regarded as one of the five basic senses, touch is a complex sense that encompasses numerous modalities, including stretch, pressure, and
LIGHT PRODUCTION IN ALKALINE MIXTURES OF REDUCING AGENTS AND DIMETHYLBIACRIDYLIUM NITRATE

— Kinetic studies were made of light production and 02 absorption elicited by treatment of dimethylbiacridylium hydroxide [D(OH)2] with reducing agents in alkaline aqueous solutions. D(OH)2 addition stimulated O2 uptake which proceeded with zero-order kinetics until nearly all of the O2 or of the D(OH)2 was converted to end products. At the termination of the reactions with fructose as reductant the D(OH)2 was converted to methylacridone and to dimethylbiacridene each compound accounting for approximately one-half the D(OH)2 consumed. O2 was reduced to H2O2. With hydroxylamine as the reducing agent the emitted light intensity was related to the first power of the D(OH)2 concentration and the rate of O2 uptake to the square root of the D(OH)2. The disappearance of D(OH)2 in these circumstances was by a first order or pseudo-first order rate. Fructose as a reducing agent by contrast resulted in an O2 uptake nearly independent of D(OH)2 concentration over a range from 1 × 10-5M-1 × 10-4M, while the light intensity and disappearance of D(OH)2 followed a one-half order rate. O2 uptake was by zero order kinetics and the oxidation of fructose proceeded at the same rate as was found with ferricyanide as oxidant. The kinetics, quantum yields and temperature dependence of the fructose reactions were compared with similar reactions employing H2O2 as the light eliciting reagent. The results are interpreted as indicating that D(OH)2 acts as a chain initiator in a manner analogous to better known, radical producing compounds found to accelerate hydrocarbon autooxidations.
Urothelial susceptibility to tumor cell implantation: comparison of cauterization with N-methyl-N-nitrosourea

To determine whether or not transitional cell carcinoma cells will preferentially implant and grow on an altered urothelial surface, cauterization and instillation of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) were used to alter the murine bladder urothelium. Transplantable tumor cells (2.09 × 106) were placed into the bladders of 53 mice. Tumor cell implantation occurred in only 6 per cent of the mice with a normal bladder, whereas tumors were present in 28 per cent of mice pretreated with intravesical MNU and in 67 per cent of mice which had a portion of the bladder cauterized prior to insertion of tumor cells (p < 0.005). This study not only establishes the optimal technique for implantation in this experimental model, but also suggests that seeding may be a contributory factor in the high recurrence rate following endoscopic treatment of bladder tumors in man.
Substitutions into the trigonal bipyramidal site of InGaCuO4

Abstract Solid solutions of In M Cu 1− x Mg x O 4 ( M =Ga 3+ , Al 3+ ) have been synthesized to understand the influence of the trigonal bipyramidal (TBP) crystallographic M 3+ /Cu 2+ site of the YbFe 2 O 4 -type structure through powder X-ray and neutron diffraction, dielectric and magnetism measurements. The addition of Mg 2+ in the InGaCuO 4 lattice results in a decrease of the dielectric constant, but the dielectric loss is not affected until the concentration of Mg 2+ is above x =0.50. The shift in the diffraction peaks, and subsequently the change in the lattice parameters, cannot be exclusively explained by the change in ionic radii. These results show the first observation of the reduction in axial bond lengths for TBP Cu 2+ in a YbFe 2 O 4 -type crystal lattice.
Polymers incorporating nitric oxide releasing/generating substances for improved biocompatibility of blood-contacting medical devices

The current state-of-the-art with respect to the preparation, characterization and biomedical applications of novel nitric oxide (NO) releasing or generating polymeric materials is reviewed. Such materials show exceptional promise as coatings to prepare a new generation of medical devices with superior biocompatiblity. Nitric oxide is a well-known inhibitor of platelet adhesion and activation, as well as a potent inhibitor of smooth muscle cell proliferation. Hence, polymers that release or generate NO locally at their surface exhibit greatly enhanced thromboresistivity and have the potential to reduce neointimal hyperplasia caused by device damage to blood vessel walls. In this review, the use of diazeniumdiolates and nitrosothiols as NO donors within a variety polymeric matrixes are summarized. Such species can either be doped as discrete NO donors within polymeric films, or covalently linked to polymer backbones and/or inorganic polymeric filler particles that are often employed to enhance the strength of biomedical polymers (e.g., fumed silica or titanium dioxide). In addition, very recent efforts to create catalytic polymers possessing immobilized Cu(II) sites capable of generating NO from endogenous oxidized forms of NO already present in blood and other physiological fluids (nitrite and nitrosothiols) are discussed. Preliminary literature data illustrating the efficacy of the various NO release/generating polymers as coatings for intravascular sensors, extracorporeal blood loop circuits, and arteriovenous grafts/shunts are reviewed.
Optimization of acetonitrile co-solvent and copper stoichiometry for pseudo-ligandless click chemistry with nucleic acids.

Abstract The copper(I) catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition ‘click’ reaction yields a specific product under mild conditions and in some of the most chemically complex environments. This reaction has been used extensively to tag DNA, proteins, glycans and only recently RNA. Click reactions in aqueous buffer typically include a ligand for Cu(I), however we find that acetonitrile as a minor co-solvent can serve this role. Here we investigate the click labeling of RNA and DNA in aqueous buffer to determine the relationship between the stoichoimetry of Cu(I) and the acetonitrile co-solvent that affects nucleic acid stability. We find that very low concentrations of acetonitrile perform equally well and obviate the need for any additional Cu(I) stabilizing ligand. These pseudo-ligandless reaction conditions are optimal for nucleic acids click conjugations.
Reliability Sensitivity Analysis of Bearing-Rotor System Based on the Dynamic Coefficient

According to components reliability sensitivity theory methods, looking upon the dynamic characteristics of hydrodynamic lubrication sliding bearing as the target for study, doing some reliability sensitivity analysis for the bearing-rotor system instability issues, numerical simulation results are given though analyzing. The outcome of the dynamic performance index is proposed based on the sliding bearing selection method for engineering practice to the selection of the radial journal bearing and provides a theoretical basis for overall design of shafting.
Measuring medical student preference: a comparison of classroom versus online instruction for teaching PubMed.

OBJECTIVE The research analyzed evaluation data to assess medical student satisfaction with the learning experience when required PubMed training is offered entirely online. METHODS A retrospective study analyzed skills assessment scores and student feedback forms from 455 first-year medical students who completed PubMed training either through classroom sessions or an online tutorial. The class of 2006 (n = 99) attended traditional librarian-led sessions in a computer classroom. The classes of 2007 (n = 120), 2008 (n = 121), and 2009 (n = 115) completed the training entirely online through a self-paced tutorial. PubMed skills assessment scores and student feedback about the training were compared for all groups. RESULTS As evidenced by open-ended comments about the training, students who took the online tutorial were equally or more satisfied with the learning experience than students who attended classroom sessions, with the classes of 2008 and 2009 reporting greater satisfaction (P<0.001) than the other 2 groups. The mean score on the PubMed skills assessment (91%) was the same for all groups of students. CONCLUSIONS Student satisfaction improved and PubMed assessment scores did not change when instruction was offered online to first-year medical students. Comments from the students who received online training suggest that the increased control and individual engagement with the web-based content led to their satisfaction with the online tutorial.
Evidence of Declining Recruitment of Atlantic Sturgeon in the Hudson River

Abstract The Hudson River supports one of the largest remaining populations of Atlantic sturgeon Acipenser oxyrinchus; however, recent evidence of major declines in recruitment during the past decade suggests that the population may be in jeopardy. The scarcity of juveniles observed in recent years suggests that current levels of recruitment are too low to sustain the population. The primary goal of this study was to attain quantitative data on recruitment rates of juvenile Atlantic sturgeon in the Hudson River. From Jun through Oct 1995, hatchery-reared juveniles, marked and released in 1994, were collected with wild juveniles by randomized gill-net sampling distributed throughout the known distribution of age-1 juveniles. All stocked fish were double-marked with a clipped pelvic fin and an internal coded wire tag. During the sampling period we captured 15 marked and 14 unmarked age-1 Atlantic sturgeon. Using a Petersen mark–recapture population estimator, we calculated that there were 4,314 wild age-1 A...
A matched interface and boundary method for solving multi-flow Navier-Stokes equations with applications to geodynamics

We have developed a second-order numerical method, based on the matched interface and boundary (MIB) approach, to solve the Navier-Stokes equations with discontinuous viscosity and density on non-staggered Cartesian grids. We have derived for the first time the interface conditions for the intermediate velocity field and the pressure potential function that are introduced in the projection method. Differentiation of the velocity components on stencils across the interface is aided by the coupled fictitious velocity values, whose representations are solved by using the coupled velocity interface conditions. These fictitious values and the non-staggered grid allow a convenient and accurate approximation of the pressure and potential jump conditions. A compact finite difference method was adopted to explicitly compute the pressure derivatives at regular nodes to avoid the pressure-velocity decoupling. Numerical experiments verified the desired accuracy of the numerical method. Applications to geophysical problems demonstrated that the sharp pressure jumps on the clast-Newtonian matrix are accurately captured for various shear conditions, moderate viscosity contrasts and a wide range of density contrasts. We showed that large transfer errors will be introduced to the jumps of the pressure and the potential function in case of a large absolute difference of the viscosity across the interface; these errors will cause simulations to become unstable.
Human pancreatic enzymes: Interaction of human trypsin with chicken ovomucoid

Abstract The enzymatic activity of human trypsin is not affected by complexing with chicken ovomucoid, an inhibitor of bovine trypsin. However, at least four peptide bonds are broken to produce a modified inhibitor during incubation of the two proteins. This cleavage does not, in itself, cause any decrease in the inhibitory properties of chicken ovomucoid towards bovine trypsin. However, subsequent digestion of the modified ovomucoid with carboxypeptidase B causes rapid loss of its inhibitory properties suggesting that at least one of the peptide bonds broken by human trypsin is at the active center of this inhibitor. Evidently, bond cleavage at the active center of naturally occurring proteinase inhibitors by proteolytic enzymes can occur without inactivation of either the inhibitor or the proteinase.
Further comments on Dijkstra's concurrent programming control problem

E.W. Dijkstra [1] presented an algorithm whereby N mainly independent computers, with a common data store as their sole means of communication, could contend for exclusive control of any given resource (storage, I/O, etc.). To use the resource, a computer had to gain access to the “critical section” of the algorithm, within which one and only one computer at a time could be executing.
What the available evidence on clinical licensure exams shows.

Clinical licensing examinations are said to exist for the purpose of protecting the public. The best evidence to support their use would be data to show that the tests accurately identify those that would be dangerous to the public while not falsely identifying others, ie, that the tests have good predictive validity. Unfortunately, those data do not exist. In the United States, statutory responsibility for protecting the public lies with state governmental agencies, boards of dental examiners, or bodies of similar title. Many boards contract with testing agencies to provide test results on which to base a decision to grant an initial license to practice, while a minority of them develop and conduct their own examinations. Regardless of that, in pursuit of their charge to protect the public a typical dental board spends the great majority of its time dealing with disciplinary violations committed by those already licensed rather than on initial licensure decisions. Thus one reasonably could argue that the function of public protection would be served better by concentrating boards’ efforts in ensuring continuing competency of previously licensed practitioners rather than in attempting to determine competency of new graduates of accredited programs. In the absence of evidence for their predictive validity, continued use of initial licensure examinations as they are currently conducted might be supported by evidence of their reliability, content validity, and concurrent validity. This review examines the available evidence in that regard. Unfortunately, published studies have been few, and they often have been handicapped by not having access to all of the data from the relevant examinations. Those studies that are available, however, have failed to consistently support reliability or validity of the examinations as indicated in the balance of this review.
Financial Well-Being in an Urban Area: An Application of Multiple Imputation †

This article estimates a model of self-reported financial well-being (FWB) using primary data collected for a Southwestern U.S. city. Missing data are estimated using multiple imputation. Model estimates show how FWB depends on home ownership, the number of children, health insurance, age, and income. Multiple imputation results differ somewhat from complete case results.
Longitudinal three-label segmentation of knee cartilage

Automatic accurate segmentation methods are needed to assess longitudinal cartilage changes in osteoarthritis (OA). We propose a novel general spatio-temporal three-label segmentation method to encourage segmentation consistency across time in longitudinal image data. The segmentation is formulated as a convex optimization problem which allows for the computation of globally optimal solutions. The longitudinal segmentation is applied within an automatic knee cartilage segmentation pipeline. Experimental results demonstrate that the longitudinal segmentation improves the segmentation consistency in comparison to the temporally-independent segmentation.
Theoretical study of structure of alkali metal cyanates and isocyanates and their related ion pair SN2 reactions

The structure of lithium and sodium cyanates and isocyanates and their related ion pair SN2 reactions were investigated using molecular quantum mechanics at the Hartree–Fock (HF)/6-31G**//HF/6-31G** level. Extensive further calculations of some of the lithium systems at higher levels gave no significant changes in relative properties. The isocyanate ion pairs are the most stable monomeric forms. The lowest energy dimers are planar eight-membered rings. For the ionic SN2 reaction of cyanate ion and methyl fluoride and chloride, methyl isocyanate is the predicted major product. The monomer ion pair inversion mechanism is predicted to preferentially form methyl cyanate but the calculations also indicate that reaction with dimeric ion pairs have no clear preference for forming methyl cyanate or isocyanate. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Comput Chem 19: 1325–1336, 1998
Forchheimer flow in gently sloping layers: Application to drainage of porous asphalt

[1] This paper presents analytical solutions for the problem of steady one-dimensional Forchheimer flow in an unconfined layer. The study's motivation is the drainage behavior of a highway pavement called permeable friction course. Permeable friction course is a layer of porous asphalt placed on top of impermeable pavement. Porous overlays are growing in popularity because they reduce noise, mitigate the hazards of wet weather driving, and produce cleaner runoff. Several of these benefits occur because water drains within the pavement rather than on the road surface. Drainage from the friction course is essentially that of an unconfined aquifer and has been successfully modeled using Darcy's law and the Dupuit-Forchheimer assumptions. Under certain cases, drainage may occur outside of the range where Darcy's law applies. The purpose of this paper is to identify cases where the assumption of Darcy flow is violated, develop analytical solutions based on Forchheimer's equation, and compare the solutions with those obtained for the Darcy case. The principle assumptions used in this analysis are that the relationship between hydraulic gradient and specific discharge is quadratic in nature (Forchheimer's equation) and that the Dupuit-Forchheimer assumptions apply. Comparing the Darcy and Forchheimer solutions leads to a new criterion for assessing the applicability of Darcy's law termed the discharge ratio.