cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Neurofibromatosis 2 tumor suppressor protein, merlin, forms two functionally important intramolecular associations

The neurofibromatosis 2 (NF2) tumor suppressor gene product, merlin (schwannomin) forms an intramolecular association that is required for negative growth regulation in vitro and in vivo. In an effort to develop a molecular model for merlin relevant to its tumor suppressor function, we further characterized merlin intramolecular folding. We now demonstrate that merlin forms two intramolecular associations, one between the amino terminal (N-term) domain and the carboxyl terminal (C-term) domain and another within the amino terminal domain (N-term/N-term) itself. The N-term/C-term domain interaction requires contact between residues 302–308 in the N-term and an intact exon 17 (residues 580–595) in the C-term domain. In addition, we demonstrate that the N-term/N-term domain self-interaction is required for N-term/C-term domain association. Lastly, we identify NF2 patient mutations that dramatically reduce each of these interactions in vitro. Based on these findings, we propose a model for merlin folding critical to its ability to function as a tumor suppressor protein. J. Neurosci. Res. 58:706–716, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The cutaneous lupus erythematosus disease activity and severity index: Expansion for rheumatology and dermatology†‡

Objective To evaluate the validity of the Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus Disease Area and Severity Index (CLASI) for use by rheumatologists via reliability testing, and to extend the validation for dermatologists. Methods Fourteen subjects with cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CLE; n = 10), a mimicker skin disease only (a cutaneous lesion that may appear clinically similar to CLE; n = 1), or both (n = 3) were rated with the CLASI by academic-based dermatologists (n = 5) and rheumatologists (n = 5). Results The dermatology intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was 0.92 for activity and 0.82 for damage; for rheumatology the ICC was 0.83 for activity and 0.86 for damage. For intrarater reliability, the dermatology Spearman's rho was 0.94 for activity and 0.97 for damage; for rheumatology the Spearman's rho was 0.91 for activity and 0.99 for damage. Conclusion Our data confirm the reliability of the CLASI when used by dermatologists and support the CLASI as a reliable instrument for use by rheumatologists.
The Effect of Color on Productivity in Cards VIII, IX, X of the Rorschach

(1962). The Effect of Color on Productivity in Cards VIII, IX, X of the Rorschach. Journal of Projective Techniques: Vol. 26, No. 1, pp. 30-33.
Aneurysm of the subclavian artery: A complication of retrograde brachial artery catheterization

A case of an aneurysm of an anomalous right subclavian artery following retrograde catheterization of the right brachial artery is described. This complication was not recognized until the patient presented with symptoms related to a superior mediastinal mass. After appropriate studies were performed operative intervention was successful in establishing a patent subclavian artery.
On constitutional welfare liberalism: An old-liberal perspective

One new form of liberalism is a doctrine that might be called Constitutional Welfare Liberalism. It stands in some continuity with the varieties of welfare and equality oriented liberalism that emerged in the Nineteenth Century and which found expression in the U.S. in political movements like the New Deal of F.D.R. and the Great Society of L.B.J. Constitutional Welfare Liberalism differs somewhat from earlier versions of Welfare Liberalism in that it claims to be solidly grounded in the fundamentals of the liberal tradition and of the American Constitution. Advocates of Constitutional Welfare Liberalism would replace what they call the “negative-liberties model” of the Constitutional order with a “benefits model.” They rest their case on an analysis of rights that denies the meaningfulness of the common distinction between negative and positive rights. Some advocates of Constitutional Welfare Liberalism also base their claims on the positive empowerments and ends of government as expressed in the Preamble to the Constitution. It is shown here via an analysis of the negative/positive rights distinction that the distinction is indeed meaningful when understood more accurately than Constitutional Welfare Liberalism theorists do. Likewise it is shown that neither the general character of the Constitution as an empowerment of government, nor the particular goals stated in the Preamble imply the benefits model.
The Democratic Foundations of Policy Diffusion: How Health, Family, and Employment Laws Spread Across Countries

A vast and growing amount of research has shown that policies diffuse. While the ‘if’ question of policy diffusion has been answered, the ‘how’ is still at the centre of the literature. Conceptuall...
Short synthetic sequence for 2-sulfation of α-L-iduronate glycosides

Hunter syndrome (mucopolysaccharidosis-II) is caused by deficiency of the lysosomal enzyme iduronate-2-sulfatase. The assay of this sulfatase requires the use of alpha-L-iduronate glycosides containing a sulfate at the 2-position. We report a simple, three-step procedure for the introduction of sulfate at the 2-position starting with the methyl ester of alpha-L-iduronate glycosides. The procedure involves protection of the 2- and 4-hydroxyl groups of the iduronate moiety as the dibutyl stannylene acetal, selective sulfation with sulfur trioxide-trimethylamine, and deprotection of the methyl ester to afford the desired 2-sulfate in 61% overall yield.
Development of collagenomas during pregnancy

Collagenomas are considered to be connective tissue nevi composed predominantly of collagen. Collagenomas have been classified into 4 different entities: familial cutaneous collagenoma, the Shagreen patch of tuberous sclerosis, eruptive collagenoma, and other isolated collagenomas. We describe a patient with multiple collagenomas that appeared and multiplied during gestation and discuss the reported cases of collagenomas that have been linked to pregnancy.
Psychometric properties of a computerized adaptive test for assessing mobility in older adults using novel video-animation technology

This paper reports on the psychometric properties of a computerized adaptive test (CAT) version of the Mobility Assessment Tool (MAT) for older adults (MAT-CAT). An item pool of 78 video-animation-based items for mobility was developed, and response data were collected from a sample of 234 participants aged 65–90 years. The video-animation-based instrument was designed to minimize ambiguity in the presentation of task demands. In addition to evaluating traditional psychometric properties including dimensionality, differential item functioning (DIF), and local dependence, we extensively tested the performance of several MAT-CAT measures and compared their performances with a fixed format. Operationally, the MAT-CAT was sufficiently unidimensional and had acceptable levels of local independence. One DIF item was removed. Most importantly, the CAT measures showed that even starting with a single fixed item at the mean ability, the adaptive version delivered better performance than the fixed format in terms of several criteria including the standard error of estimate. The MAT-CAT demonstrated satisfactory psychometric properties and superior performance to a fixed format. The video-animation-based adaptive instrument can be used for assessing mobility with specificity and precision.
An assessment of the World Wide Web as an advertising medium

Abstract This article discusses the World Wide Web as an advertising medium. Historically, the advertising industry has embraced new technologies, as evidenced by the growth of radio and television earlier in the 20th century. The World Wide Web, however, has not developed like other media. Traditional media have been based on an entertainment platform: the Web is almost exclusively an information based medium. This article compares and contrasts the Web with traditional advertising media and identifies five essential dimensions in which it must successfully compete to be considered a viable advertising medium.
Adaptations of an insect to a novel host plant: a phylogenetic approach

Summary 1 The importance of behavioural vs physiological adaptations in the evolution of host associations by herbivorous insects is largely unknown. 2 We compared sister species of beetles, one of which, Ophraella slobodkini, feeds on the lineage's ancestral host, Ambrosia artemisiifolia, while O. notulata has shifted to a novel host, Iva frutescens. Assuming O. slobodkini represents the features of the Ambrosia-feeding ancestor, we asked if behavioural and physiological barriers to utilizing Iva existed and if adaptation to these barriers occurred. We also tested for trade-offs between use of novel and ancestral hosts by O. notulata. 3 We found evidence that the ancestor of O. notulata would have been deterred from feeding on Iva and suffered lower conversion efficiency. 4 Ophraella notulata appears to have adapted behaviourally by increasing consumption of Iva, but we did not detect a significant increase in its physiological capacity to use Iva. Additionally, the switch to Iva by O. notulata did not reduce its physiological capacity to use the ancestral host, Ambrosia. 5 Our results suggest that novel host associations may arise from behavioural adaptations, with physiological adaptations a secondary result of behavioural changes. We discuss implications for hypotheses of host shifts and the evolution of specialization.
Genodermatoses with profound malignant potential

There are a number of heritable disorders that have some association with skin cancer. Xeroderma pigmentosum, nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome, and familial melanoma and dysplastic nevi are three disorders associated with an extremely high rate of cutaneous malignancy. There is no known cure for these disorders, thus, patients and families need information about the disease process, treatment options, and guidelines aimed at prevention and early detection of skin cancer.
The effects of initial levels of sweat duct filling and skin hydration on electrodermal response amplitude.

The many problems encountered in efforts to demonstrate conformance of electrodermal responses with the Law of Initial Value have been thought by Lykken and Venables to stem in part from the operation of independent central and peripheral factors. This study was an attempt at separate examination of the peripheral determinants of initial value effects using animal preparations in which the central component was interrupted. Standard electrical stimuli to sympathetic nerves were used to assess the effect of various procedures calculated to change the hydration of the corneum or to change the initial level of sweat in the ducts. Drying of the corneum can cause a marked potentiation in SRR amplitude. Increase in initial degree of duct filling does likewise. These findings are consistent with a circuit model that emphasizes the shunting effect of the corneum on the contribution of ductal resistance changes to total resistance change. Effects on SCR amplitude are more complex. The complicating effect of immediately prior activity on initial value relationships calls for considerable caution in the design and interpretation of behavioral studies that involve electrodermal measurement.
Combining outputs from the North American Regional Climate Change Assessment Program by using a Bayesian hierarchical model

Summary. We investigate the 20-year-average boreal winter temperatures generated by an ensemble of six regional climate models (RCMs) in phase I of the North American Regional Climate Change Assessment Program. We use the long-run average (20-year integration) to smooth out variability and to capture the climate properties from the RCM outputs. We find that, although the RCMs capture the large-scale climate variation from coast to coast and from south to north similarly, their outputs can differ substantially in some regions. We propose a Bayesian hierarchical model to synthesize information from the ensemble of RCMs, and we construct a consensus climate signal with each RCM contributing to the consensus according to its own variability parameter. The Bayesian methodology enables us to make posterior inference on all the unknowns, including the large-scale fixed effects and the small-scale random effects in the consensus climate signal and in each RCM. The joint distributions of the consensus climate and the outputs from the RCMs are also investigated through posterior means, posterior variances and posterior spatial quantiles. We use a spatial random-effects model in the Bayesian hierarchical model and, consequently, we can deal with the large data sets of fine resolution outputs from all the RCMs. Additionally, our model allows a flexible spatial covariance structure without assuming stationarity or isotropy.
Computational approach to the proton affinities of Glyn (n = 1-10)

Abstract The proton affinities of a series of polyglycines were calculated as a function of molecular size up to Gly 10 . Molecular mechanics calculations using the Merck molecular mechanics force field were used to find lowest energy structures. These structures were used as starting geometries for both semiempirical and density functional calculations. Local density approximation density functional theory (DFT) (Slater exchange/VWN correlation or S-VWN, 6-31G∗) was used to refine the geometries obtained from the mechanics. B3LYP (6-31G∗) energies were calculated using these S-VWN geometries. The results of these calculations are compared to previously measured experimental data. The average deviation between the B3LYP and S-VWN proton affinities and the experimentally measured values of Fenselau and co-workers [J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 3 (1992) 863] are 4.0 and 2.0 kcal/mol, respectively. Better agreement to the experimentally measured values is obtained if the proton affinities are normalized to that of glycine. As expected, the DFT values are in better agreement than the semiempirical (AM1 and PM3) values. For the semiempirical methods, the average deviation from the proton affinities measured by Fenselau and co-workers (all data normalized to glycine) is ∼4.5 kcal/mol. For proton affinities calculated with B3LYP hybrid functionals, this average deviation is only 1.2 kcal/mol (this deviation does not directly reflect the accuracy of the calculations since there are errors in both the experimental and calculated values). For pentaglycine, optimization was performed at the B3LYP 6-311G∗∗ level; the proton affinity differed by only 1 kcal/mol over that calculated at the 6-31G∗ level. This suggests that the lower basis set is sufficient for this application. The energies of the zwitterionic forms of Gly n ( n = 4, 5, 7, and 10) were compared to those of the simple protonated form. The zwitterion form of each polyglycine was found to be less stable at all levels of theory. These results suggest that it is possible to obtain accurate thermochemical data using mechanics and DFT calculations even for these relatively large molecules.
Direct noninvasive monitoring of spinal cord motor function during thoracic aortic occlusion: Use of motor evoked potentials ☆

Abstract Spinal cord monitoring during thoracic aneurysmectomy by somatosensory evoked potentials has been criticized for its failure to measure anterior (motor) spinal cord function. We have developed a clinically applicable, noninvasive technique for intraoperative monitoring of motor evoked potentials (MEP), which allows direct functional assessment of spinal cord motor tracts during thoracic aortic occlusion. Twelve dogs underwent continuous intraoperative monitoring of MEP before, during, and after thoracic aortic cross-clamping. Motor tract response to noninvasive cord stimulation (5 to 10 mA, 0.02 msec, 4.3 H 2 ) was recorded by subcutaneous electrodes placed along the length of the spine (T-10, L-1, and L-4). Six animals (group I) subjected to aortic cross-clamping alone demonstrated a characteristic time- and level-dependent deterioration and loss of MEP. Ischemic cord dysfunction (as determined by time from clamping to loss of MEP) progressed from the distal to the proximal cord (L-4 = 11.3 ± 1.5 minutes; L-1 = 14.9 ± 2.3 minutes; T-10 = 16.9 ± 2.3 minutes; p
An Application of Manel's Model: Detecting Bobcat Poaching in Michigan

The illegal harvest of natural resources (i.e., poaching) has the potential to threaten the persistence of many plant and animal species. In Michigan bobcats (Lynx rufus) are distributed throughout the Upper Peninsula (UP) and the northern half of the Lower Peninsula (LP) and are a biologically and economically important species. The popularity of bobcat hunting and trapping in Michigan, along with different harvest regulations between the 2 peninsulas, has created the need for a reliable method of identifying incidences of poaching. Because the bag limit is higher in the UP, we hypothesized that some bobcats harvested in the LP are being registered as originating from the UP. We used 8 polymorphic microsatellite markers and the statistical package STRUCTURE to assign individuals to the population in which they had the highest likelihood of occurrence based on their genotype. We evaluated the influence of using posterior probability threshold values from T > 0.9–0.999 on the number of animals classified as poached. Based on this range, STRUCTURE produced correct assignment rates of 53–82%. All instances of genetic re-assignment involved bobcats claimed as harvested in the UP but genetically assigned to the LP following the suspected method of bobcat poaching in Michigan. This approach provides a reliable method of determining the source population for bobcats harvested in the state and should provide enforcement agencies with a useful way of identifying potential poaching cases.
Type III Collagen Glomerulopathy (Collagenofibrotic Glomerulopathy)

y Dis. 2001;38(4):E15-E16 Fig 1. Collagenofibrotic glomerulopathy, also known as type III collagen glomerulopathy, is an apparent autosomal recessive inherited condition with abnormal accumulation of type III collagen in glomeruli, often associated with hemolytic uremic syndrome. In rare cases, systemic type III collagen deposits have been noted. The glomeruli appear enlarged with a lobular or nodular configuration by light microscopy with pale amorphous expansion of the mesangial matrix. (Hematoxylin & eosin, 3200).
Ionotropic glutamate receptor binding and subunit mRNA expression in thalamic nuclei in schizophrenia.

OBJECTIVE: Both thalamic and glutamatergic dysfunction have been implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. The authors examined ionotropic glutamate receptor expression in postmortem samples from patients with schizophrenia and comparison subjects, using the hypothesis that glutamate receptor expression differs in limbic nuclei of the thalamus in schizophrenia. METHOD: N-Methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA), AMPA, and kainate receptor expression was determined in six thalamic nuclei from 12 subjects with DSM-III-R diagnoses of schizophrenia and eight psychiatrically normal individuals. The authors used in situ hybridization to determine NMDAR1, NMDAR2A–NMDAR2D, gluR1–gluR7, KA1, and KA2 subunit mRNA levels and receptor autoradiography to determine binding to glutamate binding sites of the three receptor subtypes and to the glycine, polyamine, and ion channel binding sites of the NMDA receptor. RESULTS: Glutamate receptor expression was lower at both transcriptional (NMDAR1, NMDAR2B, NMDAR2C, gluR1, gluR3, ...
Limitations of the Entomological Operational Risk Assessment Using Probabilistic and Deterministic Analyses

ABSTRACTThe Entomological Operational Risk Assessment (EORA) is used by the U.S. military to estimate risks posed by arthropod-vectored pathogens that produce human diseases. Our analysis demonstrated that the EORA matrix is formatted so that a small change in probability results in a discontinuous jump in risk. In addition, we show the overlap of different risk categories with respect to their probability of occurrence. Our results reveal that the fundamental mathematical problems associated with the EORA process may not provide estimates that are better than random chance. To ameliorate many of the problems associated with the EORA, we suggest more robust methods for performing qualitative and semiquantitative risk assessments when it is difficult to obtain the probability that an adverse event will occur and when the knowledge of experts can aid the process.
Quantification of the Approximations Introduced by Assumptions on the Marginal Distribution of the Demand for Highway Bridge Fragility Analysis

Fragility analysis is one of the most popular tools for the computation of the probability of reaching each investigated limit state for a given value of the external load intensity. Because of its versatility and computational efficiency, fragility analysis is particularly appropriate for regional loss estimations and risk analyses. Several different techniques have been proposed in the literature to compute the fragility of buildings and bridges. However, most of these techniques rely on simplifications and assumptions which, in some cases, are made more for analytical convenience than for adherence to reality. This paper investigates the effect of three of these common assumptions made on the engineering demand parameters for the case of seismic fragility analyses of bridges: (1) the marginal distribution is lognormal, (2) the median of such distribution follows a power law of the seismic intensity measure of choice, (3) the dispersion of such distribution is constant for any value of the intensity measure. Numerical analyses have been performed running extensive Monte Carlo simulations on computational clusters, focusing on structural models of different complexity. The results suggest that assumption (1) is not realistic in general, but it does not induce a significant error on the final results, whereas assumptions (2) and (3) corrupt significantly the quality of the results, introducing substantial errors. A comprehensive methodology for the assessment of fragility curves for structural components and systems is then proposed, which does not rely on the above mentioned assumptions.
Beyond Shared Book Reading: Dimensions of Home Literacy and Low-Income African American Preschoolers' Skills.

This chapter examines the associations between individual dimensions of the home literacy environment and specific emergent literacy skills in low-income preschoolers.
Constant rate of p53 tetramerization in response to DNA damage controls the p53 response

The dynamics of the tumor suppressor protein p53 have been previously investigated in single cells using fluorescently tagged p53. Such approach reports on the total abundance of p53 but does not provide a measure for functional p53. We used fluorescent protein-fragment complementation assay (PCA) to quantify in single cells the dynamics of p53 tetramers, the functional units of p53. We found that while total p53 increases proportionally to the input strength, p53 tetramers are formed in cells at a constant rate. This breaks the linear input–output relation and dampens the p53 response. Disruption of the p53-binding protein ARC led to a dose-dependent rate of tetramers formation, resulting in enhanced tetramerization and induction of p53 target genes. Our work suggests that constraining the p53 response in face of variable inputs may protect cells from committing to terminal outcomes and highlights the importance of quantifying the active form of signaling molecules in single cells.
Sequence variation in GAA repeat expansions may cause differential penotype display in Friedreich's ataxia

Friedreich's ataxia, the most common autosomal recessive inherited ataxia, is characterized by progressive gait and limb ataxia. Friedreich's ataxia is known for its occurrence within the first or second decade of life and is associated with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, and in some cases with diabetes. Genetically, it is identified by the expression of an unstable trinucleotide GAA repeat expansion located in the first intron of the X25 gene on chromosome 9. Two brothers with very late adult-onset ataxia, and their unaffected sister, were examined for the clinical presentation of FA and for the presence of the mutated FA gene. The relationship of the expanded gene sequence to the severity of disease and age of onset were evaluated. Clinical examination revealed that the two brothers had mild ataxia and proprioceptive loss, with age of onset between 60 and 70 years of age. DNA from peripheral blood nucleated cells demonstrated a small homozygous expansion, with approximately 120–130 GAA repeats in the X25 gene in both patients. The expanded repeats were interrupted either with GAAGAG, GAAGGA, or GAAGAAAA sequences. The unaffected sister carried a normal FA genotype with 8-uninterrupted GAA repeat, observed by sequence analysis. In addition, the levels of FA gene transcript in both brothers were relatively lower than that in the unaffected sister. No detectable cardiomyopathy or diabetes was observed. Phenotypic diversity of FA is increasingly expanding. The age of onset and the structure of GAA repeat expansion plays an important role in determining the clinical features and the differential diagnosis of FA. The confirmation of the FA gene mutation in the atypical case, broadens the clinical spectrum of FA, and supports the idea that patients with even a mild form of ataxia of late adult onset should be considered for molecular testing. © 2001 Movement Disorder Society.
Prenatal solid tumor volume index: novel prenatal predictor of adverse outcome in sacrococcygeal teratoma

Abstract Background Sacrococcygeal teratoma is the most common neonatal tumor. Fetuses with large tumors may develop hydrops from a high cardiac output state (HCOS) and progress rapidly to fetal demise. We postulate that the prenatal solid tumor volume index (STVI), or the ratio of solid tumor volume to the estimated fetal weight (EFW), has greater impact than the total tumor volume in outcome prediction. Methods A retrospective chart review of all sacrococcygeal teratoma patients ( n = 38) between 2005 and 2012 was conducted. Total tumor volume and percent of solid component were calculated by magnetic resonance imaging and then normalized by dividing them by either head circumference or EFW. Outcomes measured were survival, hydrops or high cardiac output state, defined as a combined ventricular output of >625 mL/min/kg with abnormal Doppler or echocardiogram findings. Results Thirty-one patients were included in the study. All deaths ( n = 7) had either high cardiac output state or hydrops. At a total tumor volume/EFW >0.16, the patient was 17 times more likely to develop HCOS/hydrops ( P = 0.001) with 81.25% sensitivity and 86.67% specificity. At a STVI >0.09, the patient was 120 times more likely to develop HCOS/hydrops ( P Conclusions While total tumor volume aids in stratifying patients into high risk categories, STVI (solid tumor volume/EFW) is a better predictor of adverse outcomes. This data will allow us to identify patients who are high risk for cardiac compromise and guide appropriate therapy.
Bioassay for salmon prolactin using hypophysectomized Fundulus heteroclitus.

A bioassay for salmon prolactin (PRL) is described. This assay which is based on the sodium-retaining action of PRL in the hypophysectomized killifish, Fundulus heteroclitus, has proved to be rapid, sensitive (250 pg PRL per gram of fish), and specific. The procedure has been used to characterize the biological activity of a highly purified PRL from the pituitaries of the chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tschawytscha, and a similar PRL isolated (by acid buffer polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis) from pituitaries of coho salmon (O. kisutch) (MW ca. 22,000; isoelectric point >9).
On the p version of the finite element method in the presence of numerical integration

We analyze the error in the p version of the finite element method when the effect of the quadrature error is taken into account. We extend some results by Banerjee and Suri [Math. Comput.59, 1–20 (1992)] on the H1-norm error to the case of the error in the L2 norm. We investigate three sources of quadrature error that can occur: the error due to the numerical integration of the right-hand side, that due to nonconstant coefficients, and that due to the presence of mapped elements. Presented are various theoretical and computational examples regarding the sharpness of our results. In addition, we make a note on the use of numerical quadrature in conjunction with p-adaptive procedures and on the necessity of overintegration in the h version with linear elements, when the L2 norm is of interest. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Studies of Donor-Acceptor Salts in Polymer Media

Charge transfer complexes, their inherent electrical conductivity, magnetic properties and donor-acceptor redox relationships have been a focus of much research in the last several years. One direction has been in the design of memory devices and applications in molecular electronics.1,2 Our work has focused on analysis of such processes in a polymeric medium. Polycarbonate films of 7,7’,8,8’-Tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ) and o-tolidine (o-T) complexes were studied by EPR spectroscopy from 100-300K. EPR spectra and magnetic susceptibility of the dispersed charge-transfer complexes are presented and compared with the pristine materials. These studies were carried out as a function of donor/acceptor stoichiometry and concentration within the polymer matrix. Saturation studies show significant differences as the composition varies. In addition the g-tensor and linewidth are strongly dependent on temperature and composition.
CONSUMER SERVICES PROVIDED BY BUSINESS THROUGH ADVERTISING-SUPPORTED MEDIA IN THE UNITED STATES

The purpose of this paper is to examine and attempt to solve a longstanding “puzzle” in national economic accounting. Radio and television broadcasting are services clearly designed for and used by consumers but not purchased by them and, consequently, not counted in personal consumption expenditures (PCE); the costs of broadcasting (and a part of the costs of newspaper and magazine publication) are not counted in final product but are counted as intermediate expenses in the manufacture and distribution of advertised products. An important result of this treatment is that an increase in broadcasting services will not increase real product, but will be reflected as price increases in advertised goods. Are consumer services provided by advertisers properly handled in the conventional accounts? How should they be valued? If their value is to be added to PCE, where does the offsetting income originate? The paper argues that the puzzle is resolved by recognizing the nonmarket exchange between the consumer and the broadcaster; the consumer provides the reception and display of audiovisual advertisements in his home in return for broadcast entertainment. The exchange rate-e.g. 501/2 minutes of entertainment for 91 minutes of commercial messages in “prime time”-is established in the United States by the National Association of Broadcasters. Similar exchanges occur between consumers and radio broadcasters, newspaper and magazine publishers. This concept is used as the basis for a new treatment shown in abbreviated sample accounts. Estimates for the U.S. in 1976 are included.
The Neuroeconomics of Distrust: Sex Differences in Behavior and Physiology

Trust is an essential component of transactions that occur over time. The amount of trust accorded to others is typically conditioned on multiple factors, including knowledge of the other party, the history of interactions, and the context of exchange. Determining who to trust and who to distrust is especially important in modern societies with largely impersonal exchange (Vernon L. Smith, 2003). In fact, trust is among the strongest predictors of whether a country will successfully develop: poor countries are by-and-large low-trust countries. This occurs because low trust inhibits investment and thereby the creation of wealth (Zak and Stephen Knack, 2001). Unfortunately, subjects in laboratory settings are unable to articulate clearly why they decide to trust or distrust a trading partner. In order to discover why human beings trust or distrust others, economists have begun obtaining physiologic measurements during trust experiments (Zak, 2005). This new transdisciplinary field is called neuroeconomics (Kevin McCabe et al., 2001; Zak, 2004; Colin F. Camerer et al., 2005). Recently, Zak et al. (2004, 2005) reported that people who received a signal of trust in an experimental game had higher levels of the neuroactive hormone oxytocin (OT) than those who received similar amounts of money absent a trust signal. In addition, higher OT levels were associated with an increased reciprocation of trust (i.e., greater trustworthiness). Animal models have shown that OT promotes prosocial behaviors by producing a pleasurable sensation. Because humans are highly social creatures, there may be both positive and negative physiologic controls over social behaviors, as there are for other important behaviors. For example, the hormones ghrelin and leptin are primary regulators of nourishment, promoting food intake and signaling satiety to terminate food consumption, respectively. This paper provides evidence for a hormone that is associated with a negative social interaction, distrust. We test two hypotheses:
Echocardiographic features of genetic diseases: part 6. Complex cardiovascular defects.

Down syndrome (trisomy 21) is the most common phenotype caused by a human chromosome abnormality, occurring approximately once in every 500 to 600 births.The condition is caused by either the presence of an extra chromosome 21 or the presence of only the distal half of chromosome 21, band q22. The gene or genes responsible for Down syndrome are unknown, but the severity of the disease is believed to depend on the extent of the region q22 and beyond that is triplicated.1 Forty to sixty percent of patients with Down syndrome have congenital heart disease, most characteristically the endocardial cushion defect or atrioventricular (AV) canal defect. Fifty to seventy-five percent of patients with the complete form of AV canal defect have associated Down syndrome.2 Tetralogy of Fallot is also a common congenital heart defect in Down syndrome.3 Recently, the region of chromosome 21 related to heart disease was localized.1 Peculiar anatomic cardiac patterns are present in children with tetralogy of Fallot associated with genetic conditions.An accurate phenotypic analysis is essential in all patients with tetralogy of Fallot and may alert the cardiologist to look for additional cardiac anomalies. Atrioventricular canal defect is associated with tetralogy of Fallot in patients with Down syndrome.4
Impact of interconnect length on BTI and HCI induced frequency degradation

The dependence of Bias Temperature Instability (BTI) and Hot Carrier Injection (HCI) induced frequency degradation on interconnect length has been examined for the first time. Experimental data from 65nm test chips show that frequency degradation due to BTI decreases monotonically with longer wires because of the shorter effective stress time, while the HCI-induced component has a non-monotonic relationship with interconnect length due to the combined effect of increased effective stress time and decreased effective stress voltage. A simple aging model is proposed to capture the distinct BTI and HCI effects in global interconnect drivers.
Biosynthesis of lipoteichoic acid in Lactobacillus rhamnosus: role of DltD in D-alanylation.

The dlt operon (dltA to dltD) of Lactobacillus rhamnosus 7469 encodes four proteins responsible for the esterification of lipoteichoic acid (LTA) by d-alanine. These esters play an important role in controlling the net anionic charge of the poly (GroP) moiety of LTA. dltA and dltC encode the d-alanine–d-alanyl carrier protein ligase (Dcl) and d-alanyl carrier protein (Dcp), respectively. Whereas the functions of DltA and DltC are defined, the functions of DltB and DltD are unknown. To define the role of DltD, the gene was cloned and sequenced and a mutant was constructed by insertional mutagenesis of dltD from Lactobacillus casei 102S. Permeabilized cells of a dltD::erm mutant lacked the ability to incorporate d-alanine into LTA. This defect was complemented by the expression of DltD from pNZ123/dlt. In in vitro assays, DltD bound Dcp for ligation with d-alanine by Dcl in the presence of ATP. In contrast, the homologue of Dcp, the Escherichia coli acyl carrier protein (ACP), involved in fatty acid biosynthesis, was not bound to DltD and thus was not ligated with d-alanine. DltD also catalyzed the hydrolysis of the mischarged d-alanyl–ACP. The hydrophobic N-terminal sequence of DltD was required for anchoring the protein in the membrane. It is hypothesized that this membrane-associated DltD facilitates the binding of Dcp and Dcl for ligation of Dcp with d-alanine and that the resulting d-alanyl–Dcp is translocated to the primary site of d-alanylation.
Getting there from here: evidentiary quandaries of the US outcomes movement.

The US outcomes movement assumes, and sometimes argues, the primacy for medical practice of probabilistic knowledge derived from methodologically rigorous statistical studies. ‘Evidence-based medicine,’ then, is considered a course of clinical medicine prescribed by such research. Implementation of evidence-based medicine has recently been uneven in the US, manifesting not only the expected ‘obstacles to implementation’ but several theoretical weaknesses of the applied science model of medical care. Outcomes researchers claim to provide certainty - certainty of what probable, as it turns out - in a world of clinical uncertainty. This paper argues that outcomes research actually exacerbates the inferential uncertainty of practising physicians who would use knowledge for practice. Two quandaries are discussed: whether to privilege rigorous or relevant research, and whether to privilege universal or local knowledge. In each case, the logic of ‘evidence-based medicine’ is insuffcient to resolve the quandary and would seem to support conflicting resolutions. Recent developments in US health policy are cited as manifestations of these quandaries. Finally, the reader is asked not to disregard the political implications of the outcomes movement.
Westward Tidal Lag as the Driving Force of Plate Tectonics

As spreading at known interarc basins occurs to the west of westward-dipping subduction zones, and movement of the lower plates is also to the west, it is suggested that all plates move chiefly westward. Rates of motion are equal to a net difference between eastward and westward transport on semidiurnal tidal bulges. Eastward-dipping subduction zones at the leading edges of plates that are primarily continental are overridden by less dense material and are forced to step westward. Yet lines of downbending of westward-dipping subduction zones are fixed with respect to the lower mantle, and interarc basins result from westward movement of their adjacent plates. These fixed subduction zones can be used to calibrate previously measured movement between plates; they suggest that the westward transport imparted during each tidal cycle is as much as 0.3 mm.
Function of Molecular Chaperones in Protein Folding

How a newly synthesized polypeptide chain acquires its specific three-dimensional structure is a fundamental problem in biology. Only in recent years, however, have cell biologists and physical biochemists turned their attention to the process of protein folding as it occurs in vivo. As a result, the long-held view that proteins in the cell fold in a largely spontaneous process has been called into question.
Privileged and Undocumented: Toward a Borderland Love Ethic

In this article, I seek to explore the tensions of what it means to be a “deserving” native researcher. I begin by experimenting with the meaning of a borderland love ethic as a theoretical framework that centers on: nurturing our strength to love in spaces of contention, tolerance of ambiguity as a revolutionary virtue, and humbly beginning anew again and again. Drawing from an extended interview with a participant of a larger study about undocumented students, I describe our positionalities with respect to privilege and undocumented status as the central foci. I use my own dilemma of understanding and reconciling my position as a once-undocumented immigrant to a now hyperdocumented (Chang, 2011) native researcher, studying undocumented people, to work through the possibility of a borderland love ethic. Relying primarily on the theoretical works of Anzaldua (1987), Darder (2003), and hooks (2000), I ask, how we as scholars, enact love in our research amidst our seemingly contradictory positions of oppression and privilege. I contend that one possibility is by employing a borderland love ethic that embraces ambiguity, rejects binary positions and humbly acknowledges our constant state of arriving, both as researchers and participants.
The synthesis of glycosaminoglycans by cultures of rabbit corneal endothelial and stromal cells

Confluent monolayer cultures of rabbit corneal endothelial and stromal cells were incubated independently with [35S]sulphate and [3H]glucosamine for 3 days. AFter incubation, labelled glycosaminoglycans were isolated from the growth medium and from a cellular fraction. These glycosaminoglycans were further characterized by DEAE-cellulose column chromatography and by sequential treatment with various glycosamino-glycan-degrading enzymes. Both endothelial and stromal cultures synthesized hyaluronic acid as the principal product. The cell fraction from the stromal cultures, however, had significantly less hyaluronic acid than that from the endothelial cultures. In addition, both types of cells synthesized a variety of sulphated glycosaminoglycans. The relative amounts of each sulphated glycosaminoglycan in the two cell lines were similar, with chondroitin 4-sulphate, chondroitin 6-sulphate and dermatan sulphate as the major components. Heparan sulphate was present in smaller amounts. Keratan sulphate was also identified, but only in very small amounts (1-3%). The presence of dermatan sulphate and the high content of hyaluronic acid are similar to the pattern of glycosaminoglycans seen in regenerating or developing tissues, including cornea.
Samuel Theobald M.D.: Ophthalmology at the Johns Hopkins Hospital before the Wilmer Institute 1889-1925

Although ophthalmology today at the Johns Hopkins Hospital is synonymous with the name of Wilmer, it should be remembered that the Wilmer Ophthalmological Institute was not founded until 1925. Thus, to appreciate fully the ophthalmic heritage of Johns Hopkins we must look back to the beginnings of the medical institutions. When the Johns Hopkins Hospital opened in 1889 and the medical school followed in 1893, Samuel Theobald, M.D., was appointed ophthalmic and aural surgeon, and later clinical professor of ophthalmology and otology. Dr. Theobald, a native Baltimorean, was a member of the prestigious Smith family, which distinguished itself in early American medicine. He was raised in the home of his grandfather, Dr. Nathan Ryno Smith who directed his education. Dr. Theobald studied ophthalmology and otology abroad before opening a practice in Baltimore in 1871. Before his appointment at Johns Hopkins he was one of the founders of the Baltimore Eye, Ear and Throat Charity Hospital in 1882. In addition to his teaching at the medical school and his work in the dispensary, he contributed for his development of ‘Theobald lacrimal probes’, the introduction of boric acid as a collyrium, and his text bookPrevalent Diseases of the Eye. He was a member of the American Ophthalmological Society for 50 years and its 14th President. In 1925 at the age of 79 years, he retired and became emeritus.
Stresses around elliptic holes in circular cylindrical shells

The stress state around an elliptic hole in a circular cylindrical shell under axial loads is measured. The test cylinders which are made of aluminum are loaded both in tension and compression. Stress-concentration factors around the hole for different eccentricities of the ellipse and different curvature parameters are evaluated. Stress-concentration factors away from the edge of the hole are also determined. The results obtained are compared with theoretical results available in the literature. The effect of bending on the stress concentration as related to the eccentricity of the elliptic hole and to the curvature parameters of the shell is discussed. The results from tension test and those from compression test are also compared, and the sensitivity of the shell to any imperfection and possible local buckling at the hole in the case of compression test are demonstrated.
Super-resolution optical lithography via barrier-free absorbance modulation and separable substrate technique

This paper reports two new techniques of performing the sub-wavelength lithographic process - Absorbance Modulation Optical Lithography (AMOL) without barrier layers and using separable substrates and its most recent developments and characterization.
Distribution of Simulium vectors of Leucocytozoon smithi in South Carolina.

The 2 major vectors of Leucocytozoon smithi Laveran and Lucet of turkeys in South Carolina are Simulium slossonae Dyar and Shannon and S. congareenarum (Dyar and Shannon). These species are widely distributed throughout the Sandhilis and Coastal Plains. S. slossonae was collected in 25 of 28 counties below the fall line and S. congareenarum was collected in 16 of 28 counties in the same area. A previously reported vector, S. jenningsi Malloch, was collected in 2 Coastal Plain counties and 4 counties in the Piedmont.
Size-dependent phase transition in methylammonium lead iodide perovskite microplate crystals

Methylammonium lead iodide perovskite has attracted considerable recent interest for solution processable solar cells and other optoelectronic applications. The orthorhombic-to-tetragonal phase transition in perovskite can significantly alter its optical, electrical properties and impact the corresponding applications. Here, we report a systematic investigation of the size-dependent orthorhombic-to-tetragonal phase transition using a combined temperature-dependent optical, electrical transport and transmission electron microscopy study. Our studies of individual perovskite microplates with variable thicknesses demonstrate that the phase transition temperature decreases with reducing microplate thickness. The sudden decrease of mobility around phase transition temperature and the presence of hysteresis loops in the temperature-dependent mobility confirm that the orthorhombic-to-tetragonal phase transition is a first-order phase transition. Our findings offer significant fundamental insight on the temperature- and size-dependent structural, optical and charge transport properties of perovskite materials, and can greatly impact future exploration of novel electronic and optoelectronic devices from these materials.
I am not an animal but I am a sexist: Human distinctiveness, sexist attitudes towards women, and perceptions of meaning in life

Existential concerns relating to human physicality influence cultural worldviews and norms regarding women. When people are striving to bolster perceptions of meaning, they respond negatively to the aspects of the female body that serve as reminders that humans are animals. In the present research, we sought to further explore whether attitudes about human animality relate to attitudes about women. Specifically, we examined the association between beliefs about human–animal continuity and sexist attitudes. Since women serve as potent reminders that humans are biological creatures, we predicted that greater desire to perceive humans as distinct from other animals would be associated with higher levels of hostile and benevolent sexism among male participants. Results supported this hypothesis. We also tested and found support for the assumption that the belief that humans are distinct from and superior to other animals is associated with greater perceptions of meaning in life.