cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and crystal structures of lower rim amine and carbamoyl substituted calixarenes as transfer agents for oxyanions between an aqueous and a chloroform phase

Abstract The calixarene amides 5,11,17,23- tert -butyl-25,27-(carbamoylmethoxy) calix[4]arene 1 , 5,11,17,23- tert -butyl-25,27-( N , N -diethyl-2-carbamoylmethoxy) calix[4]arene 3 , 5,11,17,23- tert -butyl-25,27-methoxy-26,28-( N , N -diethyl-2-carbamoylethoxy) calix[4]arene.sodium triiodide 5 , 5,11,17,23- tert -butyl-25,27-propoxy-26-( N , N -diethyl-2-carbamoylmethoxy) calix[4]arene 6 , 5,11,17,23- tert -butyl-25,26,27,28-(carbamoylmethoxy) calix[4]arene 9 , 5,11,17,23- tert -butyl-25,26,27,28-( N , N -diethyl-2-carbamoylmethoxy) calix[4]arene.sodium iodide 11 and 5,11,17,23,29,35- tert -butyl-37,38,39,40,41,42-(carbamoylmethoxy) calix[6]arene 13 have been prepared by reacting the precursor calixarene with either 2-bromoacetamide or 2-chloro- N , N -diethylacetamide. The structures of 5 and 11 have been verified by X-ray crystallography. The crystals of 5 , C 58 H 74 I 3 N 2 NaO 6 , are monoclinic, P 2 1 / c , and those of 11 , C 71 H 112 IN 4 NaO 11 , are triclinic P 1 . The calixarene amines 5,11,17,23- tert -butyl-25,27-(2-aminoethoxy) calix[4]arene 2 , 5,11,17,23- tert -butyl-25,27-( N , N -diethyl-2-aminoethoxy) calix[4]arene 4 , 5,11,17,23- tert -butyl-25,27-propoxy-26-( N , N -diethyl 2-aminoethoxy) calix[4]arene 7 , 5,11,17,23- tert -butyl-25,27-methoxy-26-( N , N -diethyl 2-aminoethoxy) cal[4]arene 8 , 5,11,17,23- tert -butyl-25,26,27,28-(2-aminoethoxy) calix[4]arene hydrochloride 10 , 5,11,17,23- tert -butyl-25,26,27,28-( N , N -diethyl-2-aminoethoxy) calix[4]arene hydrochloride 12 and 5,11,17,23,29,35- tert -butyl-37,38,39,40,41,42-(2-aminoethoxy) calix[6]arene 15 have been synthesized by the borane reduction of either the precursor amide or cyanomethoxy derivative. The structure of 10 has been verified by X-ray crystallography. The crystals of 10 , C 56 H 94 Cl 2 N 4 O 10 , are triclinic, P 1 . The calix[4]arenes 2 , 3 , 4 , 6 , 10 , 11 and 12 have been investigated as extractants for the anions HPO 4 2− , SeO 4 2− , VO 3 − , ReO 4 − , CrO 4 2− , WO 4 2− and MoO 4 2− from water into a chloroform layer. Measurement of the remaining metal content in the aqueous layer by ICP has been used to obtain the distribution coefficient and percentage extraction into chloroform from solutions having a pH of both 0.85 and 7.0. These data generally show that the calix[4]arene amines are better extractants than the calix[4]arene amides, and that the former are usually better extractants from acidic solutions.
The macro/micro manipulator : an improved architecture for robot control

Abstract A macro/micro manipulator system, consisting of a large (macro) robot carrying a small (micro) high-performance robot, has been proposed as a means of enhancing the functionality of a manipulator. The objective of the research presented in this paper was to investigate the inherent features in dynamic performance of such a system, and to evaluate its feasibility. The effect of a micromanipulator on the stability and performance of a robot system was investigated. It was found that a macro/micro manipulator is a stable and well-suited physical architecture for endpoint control. A robust controller desingn based on physical equivalence and impedance matching proposed. It is shown that both endpoint position and force control bandwidths higher than the structural frequencies of the robot can be achieved with minimal knowledge of the structure. A five degree-of-freedom micromanipulator that can accelerate a 22 kg mass at 45 G was designed, fabricated, and attached to an experimental one-axis robot. Using this system, a force-control bandwidth of 60 Hz (32 times higher than the first structural mode of the robot) was achieved against an environment that is five times stiffer than the robot structure. An endpoint position control bandwidth of 28 Hz (15 times higher than the first structural mode of the robot) was also achieved. This can improve endpoint accuracy, reduce cycle-time, and enhance the robot's capability to successfully interact with a large class of environments.
The isoperimetric problem for pinwheel tilings

In aperiodic “pinwheel” tilings of the plane there exist unions of tiles with ratio (area)/(perimeter)2 arbitrarily close to that of a circle. Such approximate circles can be constructed with arbitrary center and any sufficiently large radius. The existence of such circles follows from the metric on pinwheel space being almost Euclidean at large distances; ifP andQ are points separated by large Euclidean distanceR, then the shortest path along tile edges fromP toQ has lengthR+o(R).
Residual stresses in high strength low alloy steel during low cycle fatigue

Abstract The residual stresses in a 50% cold-rolled high strength low alloy steel were examined in conjunction with strain-controlled fatigue tests. The 112 diffraction peak became sharper with increasing number of cycles in the cold-rolled specimen, while the peak of the hot-rolled specimen became broader with increasing number of cycles. The {112} planar spacing d112 was determined as a function of the inclination ψ of the diffracting planes from the push-pull axis. The plot of d112versus sin2ψ exhibited oscillations which indicated the presence of microstress. The oscillations changed sign with each strain reversal, which suggested that the microstress also reverses sign with each half cycle. The macrostress (defined as the average slope of the plot of d112versus sin2ψ) was measured as a function of depth. While initial rolling and polishing produced significant residual stress profiles, strain-controlled cyclic deformation rapidly removed the initial profile, replacing it with a macrostress profile characteristic of low cycle fatigue which was constant with depth in the surface layers and changed sign with each strain reversal.
Understanding pediatricians' views toward school-based BMI screening in Massachusetts: a pilot study.

BACKGROUND: Massachusetts (MA) mandated body mass index (BMI) screening in schools in 2010. However, little is known about pediatricians' views on school-based screening or how the pediatricians' perspectives might affect the school-based screening process. We assessed MA pediatricians' knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, and practices concerning BMI screening. METHODS: An anonymous Web-based survey was completed by 286 members of the MA Chapter of the American Academy of Pediatrics who provided primary care (40% response rate). RESULTS: Support for school-based BMI screening was mixed. While 16.1% strongly supported it, 12.2% strongly opposed it. About one fifth (20.2%) believed school-based screening would improve communication between schools and pediatricians; 23.0% believed school-based screening would help with patient care. More (32.2%) believed screening in schools would facilitate communication with families. In contrast, pediatricians embraced BMI screening in practice: 91.6% calculated and 85.7% plotted BMI at every well child visit. Pediatricians in urban practices, particularly inner city, had more positive attitudes toward BMI screening in schools, even when adjusting for respondent demographics, practice setting, and proportion of patients in the practice who were overweight/obese (p < .001). CONCLUSION: These data suggest MA pediatricians use BMI screening and support its clinical utility. However, support for school-based BMI screening was mixed. Urban-based pediatricians in this sample held more positive beliefs about screening in schools. Although active collaboration between schools and pediatricians would likely help to ensure that the screenings have a positive impact on child health regardless of location, it may be easier for urban-based schools and pediatricians to be successful in developing partnerships.
Yield loss attributable to neck-rot of rice caused by Pyricularia oryzae Cav. in Cote d'Ivoire.

Abstract Neck‐rot disease caused by Pyricularia oryzae is one of the most devastating diseases limiting rice production. Grain yield losses attributable to the disease were established in two locations (Bouake and Tombokro) in Cote d'lvoire using two different methods. First, by suppressing the activity of the pathogen using fungicides and comparing the grain yield of treated and untreated varieties; secondly, by comparing the yield of rice varieties with varying susceptibility levels to neck‐rot but of the same yield potential and duration. Yield losses ranging from 0.5% to 58.5% and 32.1% to 59.2% were obtained from the first and second methods, respectively. Yields varied with the variety and the fungicide used. Although the two methods are valid, the latter looks more economical, with less energy and time consumed.
Alpha-linolenic acid: a gift from the land?

Although the fish-derived, long-chain omega-3 fatty acids (n-3 FA) may be considered “gifts from the sea” for cardiovascular health, the role of the land (or plant) -based n-3 FA α-linolenic acid (ALA) has been less clear. ALA is the 18-carbon, 3-double bond (C18:3n-3) precursor to eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; C20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; C22:6n-3), the latter 2 being the predominant n-3 FA in fish oils. ALA is found in certain plant oils, most notably flaxseed oil (where it constitutes ≈50% of total FA) and in canola oil (≈9%), unhydrogenated soybean (salad dressing) oil (≈7%), hydrogenated soybean oil (≈3%), and olive oil (≈1%). According to National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) III data, consumption in the United States currently averages ≈1.3 g/d. See p 2921 Could ALA substitute for EPA+DHA to reduce risk for coronary heart disease (CHD) mortality? This question presumes that ALA can be bioconverted to the longer-chain n-3 FA, but the extent to which this occurs is unclear. Depending on the method used, estimates for the conversion to EPA run from 0.2% to 7% to 10%.1 Further conversion to DHA is reported to be ≈0.05% in men and 10% in women. Ultimately, bioequivalence will need to be demonstrated in randomized controlled trials (RCTs), not in metabolic studies. The latest epidemiological contribution to the ALA story is reported in this issue of Circulation . Djousse et al2 continue to mine the fertile database of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute’s Family Heart Study (FHS) to explore the relationships between nutrition and CHD. In this study, they examined the association between coronary artery calcification and the estimated intake of linolenic acid (LNA) obtained in 2004 subjects ≈7 years earlier. (LNA includes two 18-carbon, 3-double bond FA: α- and γ-linolenic acid. The latter is an n-6 FA …
Development of an advanced uncooled 10-Gb DFB laser for volume manufacture

Optical communication systems operating at 10Gbit/s such as 10Gigabit Ethernet are becoming more and more important in Local Area Networks (LAN) and Metropolitan Area Networks (MAN). This market requires optical transceivers of low cost, size and power consumption. This drives a need for uncooled DFB lasers directly modulated at 10Gbit/s. This paper describes the development of a state of the art uncooled high speed DFB laser which is capable of being manufactured in high volume at the low cost demanded by the GbE market. A DFB laser was designed by developing technological building blocks within the 'conventional’ InGaAsP materials system, using existing well proven manufacturing processes modules wherever possible, limiting the design risk to a few key areas where innovation was required. The temperature and speed performance of the InGaAsP SMQW active layer system was carefully optimized and then coupled with a low parasitic lateral confinement system. Using concurrent engineering, new processes were demonstrated to have acceptable process capability within a manufacturing fabrication environment, proving their ability to support high volume manufacturing requirements. The DFB laser fabricated was shown to operate at 100C chip temperature with an open eye at 10Gbit/s operation (with an extinction ratio >5dB). Up to 90C operation this DFB shows threshold current as low as 29mA, optical power as high as 13mW and it meets the 10Gb scaled Ethernet mask with extinction ratio >6dB. It was found that the high temperature dynamic behavior of these lasers could not be fully predicted from static test data. A production test strategy was therefore followed where equipment was designed to fully test devices/subassemblies at 100C and up to 20Gbit/s at key points in the product build. This facilitated the rapid optimisation of product yields upon manufacturing ramp up and minimization of product costs. This state of the art laser is now transferred into volume manufacture.
Comparison of the flashlamp pulsed dye laser with the argon tunable dye laser with robotized handpiece for facial telangiectasia

This prospective study compares the efficacy, side effects, and patient acceptance of the flashlamp pulsed dye laser (FPDL) with the argon tunable dye laser with robotized handpiece (ATDL/H) for facial telangiectasias. Seventeen adult patients with bilaterally symmetric facial telangiectasias were enrolled. The right cheek on each patient was treated in one session with the FPDL at a fluence of 6.0–6.75 J/cm2 and a spot size of 5 mm. The left cheek was treated at the same session with the ATDL/H at a power of 1 W, a fluence of 26–27 J/cm2, and a hexagonal treatment area of 13 mm (127 individual 1 mm spots grouped mechanically by the handpiece). Patients were evaluated subjectively and by the investigators at 2, 4, and 6 weeks for blistering, swelling, bruising, changes in pigment, scarring, overall efficacy, and patient preference. Average treatment times were 5.4 minutes for FPDL and 9.4 minutes for ATDL/H. Blistering, crusting, and discomfort were completely resolved on both sides by week 2 in all patients. Bruising occurred in all patients with FPDL but had resolved in 62.5% of patients at 2 weeks and 100% at 4 weeks. There was no bruising with ATDL/H. Postinflammatory hyper-pigmentation was much more prominent with FPDL but had resolved in 88% of cases by week 6. As rated by the investigators 100% of the FPDL treated areas showed excellent clearing of telangiectasias, compared with 47% of ATDL/H treated areas. Despite better efficacy of the FPDL in clearing facial telangiectasias in one treatment, of the 15 patients with a preference 47% preferred the ATDL/H due to the marked bruising experienced with the FPDL. In conclusion, although the FPDL showed greater objective efficacy, the acceptable efficacy combined with the lack of bruising led almost half of the patients to prefer treatment with the ATDL/H. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Case-mix factors explain the survival advantage of Hispanic and racial minority patients on hemodialysis.

Case-mix factors explain the survival advantage of Hispanic and racial minority patients on hemodialysis
A Facile method to transform trans-4-carboxy-3,4-dihydro-3-phenyl- 1(2H)-isoquinolones to indeno[1,2-c]isoquinolines.

The indeno[1,2-c]isoquinolines are an important class of topoisomerase I inhibitors with anticancer activity. The condensation of Schiff bases with homophthalic anhydrides provides a mixture of cis- and trans-4-carboxy-3,4-dihydro-3-phenyl-1(2H)isoquinolones. Although the cis products can be readily converted to indeno[1,2-c]isoquinolines with thionyl chloride, the trans products do not afford indeno[1,2-c]isoquinolines using this method. The present report describes a route for conversion of the trans diastereomers to indeno[1,2-c]isoquinolines using selenoxide elimination and Friedel−Crafts cyclization chemistry.
Fairness in shared invocation servicing

Invocation servicing is an important aspect of many concurrent programming languages. Some invocation handling mechanisms allow for multiway servicing by multiple processes. This paper addresses fairness with respect to choosing which invocation to service and fairness with respect to choosing which process to perform the servicing. It examines how these fairness issues have been resolved in the SR concurrent programming language. This paper presents a new approach that eliminates several key restrictions. The new approach has been implemented in JR, an extended Java that includes SR-like synchronization mechanisms. This paper discusses design and implementation issues and tradeoffs.
A survey of ultraviolet variability in blazars

This is the first comprehensive, consistent survey of the ultraviolet variability properties of a large sample of blazars. All of the 14 blazars with five or more observations in a single IUE camera showed significant variability. The strength of the ultraviolet variability is positively correlated with both the apparent ultraviolet luminosity and the degree of optical polarization of the source. This is the first clear indication that the ultraviolet continua of blazars are beamed. A search for rapid variability yielded nine 'events' with doubling time scales of 0.5-7 days. These rapid flux variations and correlations argue for the standard synchrotron self-Compton model, and against the accretion disk model, which would predict slower variations and the opposite sense of correlation.
A novel approach to the determination of iridium via Ge-coincidence/NaI(Tl)-anticoincidence gamma-ray spectrometry

Iridium has proven to be a useful fingerprint of extraterrestrial material, and neutron activation analysis is the method of choice for its determination because of the high thermal cross section (910 b) of 191Ir (37.3% natural abundance) and the favorable decay characteristics of the product nuclide. However, radiochemical separations are frequently required for the determination of iridium at low concentrations (in the ppb range). The present work describes a precise, nondestructive neutron-activation procedure that is capable of analyzing samples of both high (ppm) and low (ppb) Ir content. Advantage is taken of the fact that the principal gamma lines of 73.8-d 192Ir are in various coincidences with one another. Instead of conventional gamma-gamma coincidence spectrometry with two Ge detectors, we utilize the 784.6- and 920.9-keV sum peaks which are generated when an iridium containing sample is placed in the well of a highly-efficient HPGe detector. The well-type detector is positioned centrally in a large annular NaI(Tl) detector which is operated in an anticoincidence mode. This improves the quality of the gamma spectra by suppressing the Compton backgrounds due to nuclides such as 60Co by a factor of 4–6 in the regions of interest without affecting the intensities of the two sum peaks. The sensitivity of this method under our experimental conditions (20-mg sample irradiated at 1.5 × 1014 n cm−2 s−1 for 5 min and counted 3–4 weeks after irradiation) is ∼5 ppb Ir in a relatively unfavorable matrix such as peridotite.
Effects of four antiviral substances on lethal vaccinia virus (IHD strain) respiratory infections in mice.

Abstract Intranasal infection of BALB/c mice with the IHD strain of vaccinia virus was found to cause pneumonia, profound weight loss and death. Cidofovir, hexadecyloxypropyl-cidofovir (HDP-CDV), the diacetate ester prodrug of 2-amino-7-[(1,3-dihydroxy-2-propoxy)methyl]purine (HOE961), and ribavirin were used to treat the infections starting 24 h after virus exposure. Single intraperitoneal (i.p.) cidofovir treatments of 100 and 30 mg/kg led to 90–100% survival compared with no survivors in the placebo group, whereas a 10 mg/kg dose was ineffective. The 100 mg/kg treatment reduced lung and snout virus titres on day 3 of the infection by 20- and 8-fold, respectively. Mean arterial oxygen saturation levels in these two cidofovir treatment groups were significantly higher than placebo on days 4 through 6 of the infection, indicating an improvement in lung function. Effects of cidofovir on viral pathogenesis were studied on days 1, 3 and 5 of the infection, and demonstrated statistically significant reductions in lung consolidation scores, lung weights, lung virus titre and snout virus titres on days 3 and 5. Cidofovir treatment also reduced virus titres in other tissues and body fluid, including blood, brain, heart, liver, salivary gland and spleen. HDP-CDV was given by oral gavage at 100, 50 and 25 mg/kg doses one time only, resulting in 80–100% survival. Lower daily oral doses of 10 and 5 mg/kg per day given for 5 days protected only 30% of animals from death. Oral doses (100, 50 and 25 mg/kg per day) of HOE961 for 5 days protected all animals, whereas equivalent oral doses of ribavirin were completely ineffective. The rapidity of recovery from weight loss during the infection was a function of dose of compound administered. These data indicate the utility of parenteral cidofovir, oral HDP-CDV and oral HOE961 in treating severe respiratory infections caused by this virus.
Automatic synthesis of interfaces between incompatible protocols

A t the system level, reusable Intellectual Property (or IP) blo cks can be represented abstractly as blocks that exchange messages. The concrete implementations of these IP blocks m ust exc hange the messages through complex signaling protocols. Interfacing bet ween IP that use different signaling protocols is a tedious and error prone design task. We propose using regular expression based protocol descriptions to sho w ho w to map the message on to a signaling protocol. Given t w o protocols,an algorithm is proposed to build an interface machine. We ha ve implemented our algorithm in a program named PIG that synthesizes a Verilog implementation based on a regular expression protocol description.
Variations in blood and coelomic fluid ammonia and urea levels in the earthworm Lumbricus terrestris L.

Abstract 1. 1. The quantity of urea in the blood and coelomic fluid of Lumbricus increases during starvation. 2. 2. A linear relationship was observed to exist between the 24-hr urea output and body fluid levels of this compound.
From G minor to G major

Abstract Tantalizing evidence is accumulating that trimeric G proteins play a much greater part than expected in signaling vesicle transport in endocytotic and exocytotic secretory pathways.
MASSIVE INTRAVASCULAR SICKLING AFTER EXCHANGE TRANSFUSION WITH SICKLE CELL TRAIT BLOOD.

In vivo and in vitro experiments show that sickle trait blood can be safely used for blood transfusions. However, nowhere in the literature is there a reference as to the possible dangers of the use of such blood in exchange transfusions. We are reporting a case of a premature white infant with physiological jaundice who received an exchange transfusion of blood containing hemoglobin A and S and expired five days later. Autopsy revealed generalized intravascular aggregation of sickled erythrocytes similar to that found in patients dying in sickling crises.
Advances in Sleep-disordered Breathing

Since the original clarification of the obstructive nature of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in 1965, much has been learned about the disorder. It is a condition with a high prevalence with obesity as a major risk factor. It aggregates in families, a relationship that is not simply explained by obesity. Premenopausal women are relatively protected from the disorder because OSA is uncommon in this group. Its prevalence in women rises after menopause. Although OSA is a risk factor for excessive sleepiness, there is developing evidence that it is also a risk factor for hypertension, acute cardiovascular events, and insulin resistance. The first line of therapy is nasal continuous positive airway pressure. Data as to the efficacy of continuous positive airway pressure in severe OSA have come from randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trials with the endpoints being sleepiness, quality of life, and 24-h ambulatory blood pressure. Data are currently less convincing for treatment outcomes in mild to moderate OSA, and new clinical trials to assess outcomes in this group are underway. Thus, even though this field only began toward the end of the first century of the American Thoracic Society, substantial progress has been made, and OSA has increasingly emerged as a major public health concern.
Enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli and Shigella dysenteriae type 1-induced haemolytic uraemic syndrome

Haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS) can be classified according to the aetiology of the different disorders from which it is composed. The most prevalent form is that induced by shigatoxin producing Escherichia coli (STEC) and, in some tropical regions, by Shigella dysenteriae type 1. STEC cause a zoonosis, are widely distributed in nature, enter the food chain in different ways, and show regional differences. Not all STEC are human pathogens. Enterohaemorrhagic E. coli usually cause attachment and effacing lesions in the intestine. This is not essential, but production of a shigatoxin (Stx) is. Because Stx are encoded by a bacteriophage, this property is transferable to naive strains. Laboratory methods have improved by identifying STEC either via the toxin or its bacteriophage. Shigella dysenteriae type 1 produces shigatoxin, identical to Stx-1, but also has entero-invasive properties that enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) do not. Shigella patients risk bacteremia and benefit from early antibiotic treatment, unlike those with EHEC.
CHANGING THE GAP DYNAMICS PARADIGM: VEGETATIVE REGENERATION CONTROL ON FOREST RESPONSE TO DISTURBANCE

Understanding the manner in which changes in disturbance regimes will affect forest biodiversity is an important goal of global change research. Prevailing theories of recruitment after disturbance center on the role of pioneer species; predictions of forest biodiversity focus almost exclusively on dispersal and shade tolerance while vegetative reproduction is virtually omitted from models and serious discussions of the topic. However, the persistence of live damaged trees increases understory shade, generates fine-scale environmental heterogeneity, and moderates ecosystem responses to damage, while the sprouting of damaged trees offers a shortcut to reestablishment of the canopy. While a number of studies document snapshots of post-disturbance vegetative reproduction, we lack an understanding of the underlying demographic processes needed in order to both comprehend and predict observed patterns. In this study we quantify the abundance, competitive ability, and interspecific variability of vegetative reproduction in 18 replicated experimental gaps in the southern Appalachians and Carolina Piedmont, USA, in order to assess the potential role of sprouting in driving gap dynamics. Annual rates of damaged adult survival, sprout initiation, growth, and mortality were monitored over four years and compared to the performance of gap-regenerating saplings. Recruitment from sprouts was found to constitute 26-87% of early gap regeneration and forms the dominant pathway of regeneration for some species. Sprouts from recently damaged trees also grow significantly faster than the saplings with which they compete. For all measured demographic rates (damaged tree survival, sprout initiation, number, growth, and survival) differences among species are large and consistent across sites, suggesting that vegetative reproduction is an important and non-neutral process in shaping community composition. Sprouting ability does not correlate strongly with other life-history trade-offs, thus sprouting potentially provides an alternate trait axis in promoting diversity.
Pigments of blepharisma undulans compared with hypericin.

SYNOPSIS. An analysis of the pigments from the protozoan Blepharismn undtulans is reported. Methods of isolation and separation by paper chromatography are described. along with subsequent spectrophotometric and chemical analysis. Since the two major pigments were available only in amounts insufficient for thorough chemical analysis, these pigments were compared with the known pigment hypericin. Although similarities in the visible spectra indicate that the B. unduluns pigments possess the same mesodianthrone structure as hypericin, infrared spectra and chemical reactions disclose differences in the position, and possibly in the number, of the functional groups. A tentative structure is proposed.
Collective Branding and the Origins of Investment Management Regulation: 1936-1942

This paper examines how market and political forces interacted to create the American mutual fund industry and its regulation between 1936 and 1942. Contrary to previous scholarly work, this paper argues that the key elements of regulation that now differentiate modern mutual funds from modern hedge funds had their origins in lobbying by the mutual fund industry itself, rather than in populist or public-spirited forces in the SEC or the Roosevelt administration. The largest funds desired to maintain an industry-wide brand for a passive, low-risk style of investing and they sought regulation to maintain this brand. They did so even though some investors rationally might have preferred risky or active styles of investing that regulation ultimately prohibited. An understanding of the industry’s brand-building motivations can explain several puzzling features of mutual fund regulation, including restrictions on borrowing, redemption rights and control over portfolio companies. The mutual fund industry was able to achieve strong agreement on how to influence regulation because the industry had grown into its modern shape well before Congress adopted the current regulatory regime. Evidence from mutual funds’ portfolios, for example, shows that no funds that had any chance of being swept up in the mutual fund tax and regulatory regime in the late 1930s had any substantial interest in the governance or control of their portfolio companies. This paper also examines the key distinguishing feature of modern mutual fund taxation - actual, rather than nominal, distribution of income to shareholders - and shows that it may have originated in an attempt by open-end mutual funds to drain assets from closed-end mutual funds.
Deployment Strategies for Differentiated Detection in Wireless Sensor Networks

In this paper, we address the deployment problem for differentiated detection requirements, in which the required detection probability thresholds at different locations are different. We focus on differentiated deployment algorithms that are applied to the probabilistic detection model, since it is more realistic than the binary detection model. We show that the relationship between the node deployment strategy and the logarithmic collective miss probability distribution is linear shift invariant (LSI). Using this property, we formulate the differentiated deployment problem as an integer linear programming problem, which is a well known NP-hard problem. We propose a differentiated node deployment algorithm called DIFF_DEPLOY, which achieves much better performance than the state-of-the-art node deployment algorithm for both uniform and differentiated detection requirements
Comparison of the glucose dependency of glucagon-like peptide-1(7–37) and glyburide in vitro and in vivo

The purpose of the present study was to compare the glucose dependency of the insulin secretagogue activity of the sulfonylurea, glyburide, versus that of glucagon-like peptide-1(7-37) [GLP-1(7-37)] in vitro and in vivo. In freshly isolated rat islets, maximally effective concentrations of glyburide (10 micromol/L) and GLP-1(7-37) (10 nmol/L) were equally effective in stimulating insulin secretion in the presence of 15 mmol/L glucose (2.4-fold increase relative to 15 nmol/L glucose alone). At 5 nmol/L glucose, both agents increased insulin secretion, but the effect for glyburide was threefold greater than for GLP-1(7-37) (122% and 41% increase in insulin secretion, respectively). In conscious catheterized rats infused with glucose at a variable rate to clamp plasma glucose concentration at 11 mmol/L, glyburide (1 mg/kg orally) and GLP -1(7-37) (infused intravenously [IV] at 5 pmol/min/kg) produced similar increase in insulin levels (1.8-fold relative to the respective vehicle controls) that were sustained through 60 minutes of measurement. These doses of GLP-1(7-37) and glyburide were then administered to fasted and fed rats (basal plasma glucose concentration, 5.8 and 7.3 mmol/L, respectively). Relative to the vehicle control group, GLP-1(7-37) infusion produced a transitory increase (30%) in plasma insulin concentration and a modest sustained decrease (10% to 20%) in glucose in both fasted and fed rats, whereas glyburide induced a sustained 2.4- and 1.7-fold increase in plasma insulin concentration in fasted and fed rats, respectively, and a 50% decrease in plasma glucose in both fasted and fed rats. Results of these studies demonstrate the higher glucose threshold for the insulin secretagogue activity of GLP-1(7-37) relative to glyburide in vitro and in vivo.
Real-time, Interactive MRI for cardiovascular interventions.

Over the past decade, there has been a small contingent of laboratories developing magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-guided intravascular techniques and applications. While these efforts have followed in the footsteps of MRI-guided surgical technologies (1,2), intravascular techniques do not carry the requirement for an open access scanner, and hence higher imaging performance during procedures can be achieved. The concept of precise real-time tracking of an active catheter in a standard MRI scanner was fully realized more than 15 years ago by Dumoulin and colleagues (3). Interventional MRI has subsequently developed into the obvious method for delivery of numerous therapies. This review addresses the recent developments and state-of-the-art of a number of aspects of interventional cardiovascular MRI.
Underwater optical ranging: A hybrid LIDAR-RADAR approach

Proximity detection underwater is performed primarily by sending and receiving some form of magnetic or acoustic radiation. This is done by propagating a known output signal, and measuring the response of or disturbance from some target. However, these systems have limitations in how much range resolution and accuracy they can provide under certain conditions. Recognizing this short-coming, optical techniques for underwater ranging are being investigated. Optical systems can provide update rates on the order of mega-Hertz because it depends on the speed of light instead of the speed of sound. Perhaps most importantly, they can provide much greater resolution and accuracy in their measurements than existing systems, theoretically on the order of centimeters, or even sub-centimeter, depending on the configuration. There is, in fact, a US Navy requirement for a high-precision, large dynamic-range, proximity detector that is as insensitive as possible to changing water conditions, with a range of less than two meters.
Factors determining informal tanker water markets in Chennai, India

Many developing world cities have seen the emergence of informal markets where private tanker truck operators transport water extracted from peri-urban wells to urban consumers. This study adopted a systems-modelling approach to analyzing the informal tanker market in India. The results indicate that the demand for tanker supply was caused by lack of groundwater availability in private wells as well as unreliable piped supply. The study shows that two groundwater factors are relevant: depth to water and aquifer productivity. Together, these could explain the difference in spatial, temporal and consumer-specific variations in tanker dependence.
The Smart Party: A Personalized Location-Aware Multimedia Experience

The Smart Party is a new ubiquitous computing application for the home environment. This application gathers musical preferences for guests located in different rooms of a user's house. Based on their preferences and available media, the application chooses a music play list for each room, adjusting to changing membership as guests move through the party. We describe the application, its architecture, and our implementation, including key performance characteristics.
Molecular applications for identifying microbial pathogens in the post-9/11 era.

Rapid advances in molecular and optical technologies over the past 10 years have dramatically impacted the way biologic research is conducted today. Examples include microarrays, capillary sequencing, optical mapping and real-time sequencing (Pyrosequencing). These technologies are capable of rapidly delivering massive amounts of genetic information and are becoming routine mainstays of many laboratories. Fortunately, advances in scientific computing have provided the enormous computing power necessary to analyze these enormous data sets. The application of molecular technologies should prove useful to the burgeoning field of microbial forensics. In the post-9/11 era, when securing America’s food supply is a major endeavor, the need for rapid identification of microbes that accidentally or intentionally find their way into foods is apparent. The principle that distinguishes a microbial forensic investigation from a molecular epidemiology study is that a biocrime has been committed. If proper attribution i...
Integrated mission planning architectures for unmanned underwater vehicles

Deployment and operational capability of unmanned underwater vehicles (UUVs) can be enhanced by leveraging mission planning technologies that have been developed for cruise missiles (CM), unmanned air vehicle (UAV) control, and space applications. The authors discuss the architecture, design philosophy, and application of command, control, communication, classification, and information (C/sup 4/I) technology to future UUV operations. They provide a framework of the approach for an integrated UUV and mission planning architecture. This approach has resulted from past CM and UAV work, but is tailored to the unique UUV environment. In particular, the unique UUV environment consists of low bandwidth communications, extended mission times, and limited space available for the UUV planning and controlling element (UPCE). The architecture shown illustrates a low-cost/low-risk functional approach to the planning, control, and monitoring of UUV systems. The intent of this architecture is to provide the UUV with sufficient autonomy to require minimum attention by the mission planner and controller. >
The Fiskenaesset Anorthosite Complex: Stable isotope evidence for shallow emplacement into Archean ocean crust

Oxygen and hydrogen isotope ratios indicate that unusual rocks at the upper contact of the Archean Fiskenaesset Anorthosite Complex at Fiskenaesset Harbor (southwest Greenland) are the products of hydrothermal alteration by seawater at the time of anorthosite intrusion. Subsequent granulite-facies metamorphism of these Ca-poor and Al- and Mg-rich rocks produced sapphirine- and kornerupine-bearing assemblages. Because large amounts of surface waters cannot penetrate to depths of 30 km during granulite-facies metamorphism, the isotopic signature of the contact rocks must have been obtained prior to regional metamorphism. The stable isotope and geochemical characteristics of the contact rocks support a model of shallow emplacement into Archean ocean crust for the Fiskenaesset Anorthosite Complex. 45 refs., 3 figs., 2 tabs.
Creation of Living Tissue: An Engineering Feat

The main purpose of tissue engineering is to repair a damaged organ or its part. However, it is only one of the four options to do so (Fig.1.1). The others include pharmacological treatment, replacement with transplant or implantation of an artificial organ. What are the advantages or disadvantages of tissue engineering as compared to these three alternatives approaches? Let’s start with medicine. It is the most common way to treat an ailing person and the one which takes most of the healthcare R&D budget. With few exceptions, however, pharmacological treatments are aimed at reversibly damaged tissues. Tissues that have lost their functional or structural integrity are not amenable to drugmediated therapies, leaving standard medicine powerless against diseases in late stages or severe cases.
Diabetic Wounds Exhibit Distinct Microstructural and Metabolic Heterogeneity through Label-Free Multiphoton Microscopy

Cutaneous wound healing is a complex process requiring the coordination of inflammatory cells, endothelial cells, fibroblasts, and keratinocytes (Gurtner et al., 2008Gurtner G.C. Werner S. Barrandon Y. Longaker M.T. Wound repair and regeneration.Nature. 2008; 453: 314-321Crossref PubMed Scopus (2733) Google Scholar). Chronic wounds fail to progress through this coordinated process, and are often characterized by prolonged inflammation, poor vascularization, callus formation, and infection (Brem et al., 2007Brem H. Stojadinovic O. Diegelmann R.F. et al.Molecular markers in patients with chronic wounds to guide surgical debridement.Mol Med. 2007; 13: 30-39Crossref PubMed Scopus (13) Google Scholar, Martin et al., 2010Martin J.M. Zenilman J.M. Lazarus G.S. Molecular microbiology: new dimensions for cutaneous biology and wound healing.J Invest Dermatol. 2010; 130: 38-48Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (107) Google Scholar). A wide variety of advanced wound care products have been developed to target specific characteristics of chronic wounds (Apelqvist, 2012Apelqvist J. Diagnostics and treatment of the diabetic foot.Endocrine. 2012; 41: 384-397Crossref PubMed Scopus (91) Google Scholar). However, no single therapy has yielded widespread clinical success, and there is a critical need to develop new biomarkers and diagnostic technologies to evaluate wound status and guide care.
No Plausible Alternative to a Plausible Story of Guilt as the Rule of Decision in Criminal Cases

The relative plausibility theory is an explanatory account of juridical proof in Anglo-American court systems. Its central feature is that proof at trial is organized over competing stories advanced by the litigants, and that decision in civil cases is for the more plausible of the stories, or the more plausible of the set of stories, advanced by the parties as explanations of what occurred. If the fact finders construct their own explanation of what occurred, which is possible, nonetheless the explanation will be fashioned in light of the competing explanations offered by the parties, and essentially by definition will be the most plausible of the accounts considered by the fact finder. In criminal cases, fact finders find guilt if there is a plausible story of guilt and no plausible story of innocence; otherwise, they find innocence. The relative plausibility theory is an empirical rather than an evaluative account, and it is offered as an explanation of certain features of Anglo-American trials. Furthermore, it neither rests on nor entails any essentialist claims about the nature of law or reason. Both may be highly contingent, radically unstable, extremely mutable, and so on, without any effect on the soundness of the relative plausibility theory as an explanation of the present status of proof rules in, and the structure of, Anglo-American trials. Certain features of the relative plausibility theory are logical, however, suggesting some limits on the mutability of proof rules, and suggesting possible grounds for generalizing conclusions about systems of litigation designed to achieve accurate outcomes. Similarly, certain conceptions of rationality integral to the theory are probably common across western cultures, and perhaps across all human cultures, thus offering yet another universalizing tendency. Still, the local nature of the theory should be kept in mind, and perhaps those from other legal traditions can draw contrasts and comparisons between the Anglo-American approach and their own. This paper discusses these matters and then extends the relative plausibility theory to criminal cases.
Dialectic as Peer Review: The Case of the United States of America National Science Foundation

In recent years, scientific controversies have, with growing regularity, attracted public scrutiny and debate. The controversy over the nature and functioning of the peer review system is an outstanding case in point. That this controversy strikes to the heart of science’s most sacred and cherished values — institutional and political autonomy vis-a-vis the external society — may account for the intensity of the debate (Gustafson, 1975; Shapley, 1975a; Walsh, 1975). That the debate did not reverberate through the American scientific community at large until 1975, however, suggests two complementary realities that may have forestalled the definition of peer review as a pressing and researchable problem: (1) the sanguinity of scientists during the halcyon years of growth in federal funding for R & D and graduate training (MacLane, 1975): and (2) the tenacity of certain values which undergird the very institution of science, precluding systematic investigation of mechanisms by which the institution’s autonomy, self-governance, and ‘uneasy partnership’ with government is maintained (Lyons, 1969; Haberer, 1969).
Are Elderly Patients With Clinically Localized Prostate Cancer Overtreated? Exploring Heterogeneity in Survival Effects.

Background Clinical trial evidence shows minimal survival gains and higher complication rates from radical prostatectomy (RP) versus watchful waiting (WW) for elderly men with localized prostate cancer (PCa). It is believed that these patients are overtreated. The current analyses aim to explore patient-level heterogeneity in survival effects, examine matching of patients to treatments in practice, and identify patient characteristics driving heterogenous effects, in order to present more comprehensive evidence about the concerns of overtreatment. Methods Eleven-year all-cause and PCa-specific survival among SEER-Medicare patients diagnosed during 1996-2002 were analyzed using local instrumental variable approaches. Results A total of 8462 (77%) of 11,036 patients received RP. The average effects of RP over WW on 11-year overall and cancer-specific survival were 1.1 months (95%CI, -25, 28; P=0.94) and 1.7 months (95%CI, -25, 29; P=0.90) respectively; effects did not differ significantly according to age, race, grade, and stage. Fewer than 1% of patients had significant cancer-specific survival benefit from RP at the 10% level; 6% were expected to gain over 15 months from RP. However, patients with larger expected survival gains from RP were much more likely to receive RP in practice. Such positive self-selection was driven by PCa-specific survival than overall survival. Several comorbidities may play a critical role in predicting who could benefit from RP. Conclusions Our analyses corroborate concerns about PCa overtreatment. A small fraction of screen-detected PCa patients derive survival benefits from RP. Prediction tools should account for patient comorbidities to accurately predict survival benefits of RP over WW.
Effect of feeding of "soya lecithin" on serum cholesterol level of man.

Summary(1) Twenty-five grams of “soya lecithin” were fed to 8 patients for 6-week periods. (2) The serum cholesterol level in each instance was lowered significantly. The decline was maintained for only 5 weeks despite the maintenance of the “soya lecithin” regime. (3) The induced hypocholesterolemia was not associated with an increase in the basal metabolism.