cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Chartophylax: Archivist and Librarian to the Patriarch in Constantinople

Chartophylax was the title given to the archivists/librarians who served in the administration of the Orthodox Church during the Byzantine Empire. By the ninth century, the position of chartophylax to the Patriarch in Constantinople had become one of the most important in the patriarchal administration. This article describes the duties of the chartophylax in Constantinople as they developed from the fifth through the fifteenth centuries; it also examines some of the reasons for the rise in prominence of this position. The Orthodox Church exerted an enormous influence in the Eastern Roman, or Byzantine, Empire, so much so that the whole Byzantine outlook ‘‘was rooted and grounded in religion.’’ 1 Because Christianity relies heavily on the written word, it is not surprising that the Byzantines recognized the importance of books and the preservation of written documents. They held the literature of the classical and Hellenistic Greeks, as well as the writings of the church fathers and the scriptures, in high esteem. They also preserved ancient manuscripts by making copies of them. It seems that books were taken seriously by the authorities in the Eastern Empire from the beginning. Among the first acts of the emperor, soon after the founding of Constantinople in 330 C.E., was the building of a public library in a portico of the palace. 2 J. M. Hussey has noted that ‘‘Byzantine education and scholarship shows not so much originality as enjoyment of the accumulated intellectual wealth of centuries.’’ 3 A passage from the works of a theological doctor of the church, John of Damascus (ca. 675‐749), illustrates this method of scholarship and its reliance on works of the past:
Use of Scale Invariance in Evaluating Judgement Indicators

Indicators are used to draw conclusions about ecological endpoints when these endpoints cannot be measured directly. In many cases, inferences about an endpoint are only possible because assumptions have been made about the relationship between indicator and endpoint; we refer to such indicators as judgement indicators. The validity of inferences made using a judgement indicator can be gauged by examining the known or assumed form of the general relationship between indicator and endpoint. The rules for this kind of inference are a consequence of scale invariance, which originates from measurement theory. For simple indicators comprised of a single indicator measurement, the inferences allowed – equivalence, rank, equality of intervals, and equality of ratios – depend on whether the data are nominal, ordinal, interval, or ratio scaled. For composite indicators containing two or more simple indicators, inferences are also affected by the mathematical form of combination; e.g., whether the terms are summed or multiplied. Standardizing simple or composite indicators can allow inferences about the relative importance of observations, based on the natural range of occurrence. Scale invariance is a particularly important consideration in landscape assessments, since these often make use of judgement indicators.
Adaptations in mesopelagic fishes. I: Buoyant glycosaminoglycan layers in species without diel vertical migrations

Mesopelagic fishes were collected from depths of 400 to 900 m off Oregon (USA) in September 1983, October 1985 and June 1989. Species of mesopelagic fish without diel vertical migrations (non-migrators) are known to have high body-and muscle-water contents relative to epipelagic and vertically migrating mesopelagic species. This characteristic is reported to correlate with low food availability. Through histology, we show that four species of swimbladderless non-migrators (Bathylagus pacificus, B. milleri, Tactostoma macropus and Chauliodus macouni) have large deposits of gelatinous material which stain positively for acidic glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and negatively for lipid and protein. GAGs are highly hygroscopic and are thus responsible in part for the high body-water content of these species. The material is located between myotomal (swimming) muscle cells, along the dorsal midline and surrounding the spine in all four species, and the two Bathylagus species have an additional subcutaneous layer. The subcutaneous layer of B. pacificus has very high (96%) water, low protein (3%) and low ion contents and is positively buoyant, unlike myotomal muscle (89% water, 6.7% protein, negatively buoyant). In contrast, four species of vertical migrators (B. ochotensis, Stenobrachius leucopsarus, Tarletonbeania crenularis and Diaphus theta) have no such deposits. The role of this gelatinous material as a possible buoyancy mechanism in an energy-poor habitat is discussed.
The Hidden Dimensions of Human–Technology Relations

In Technology and the Lifeworld (1990), Don Ihde advances what he calls “formalisms” for the ways in which we experience or relate to technology. In this article, I seek to clarify the grammar of Ihde’s formalisms. Ihde’s formalisms have not been the focus of scrutiny. Rather, they have largely been received in the literature as merely aphoristic or epigrammatical devices serving to clarify what can be explained in prose. My hypothesis is that Ihde’s formalisms do not merely serve an epigrammatical function but rather admit of a generative grammar that extends his postphenomenological framework. I propose a notation that adheres to six rules of syntax that can be derived from Ihde’s framework. I show that the proposed notation makes explicit the inter-relations among hidden dimensions of human–technology relations. Relying on my notation, I also suggest that the so-called cyborg turn is actually a turn away from the unharnessed syntax of Ihde’s formalisms.
Exploring Patent Takings After Oil States

This Note discusses the Supreme Court's Oil States Energy Services, LLC v. Greene’s Energy Group, LLC decision, which upheld the constitutionality of the inter partes review (IPR) process under Article III and the Seventh Amendment. This Note further explores the undecided issue of whether the Takings Clause applies to IPR proceedings and describes a framework for applying regulatory takings analysis to patent rights taken during IPR.
Marie Lund, An Argument on Rhetorical Style. Aarhus, Denmark: Aarhus University Press, 2017. 220 pp. $39.98 (paper). ISBN: 978-8771842203.

In Permanence and Change, Kenneth Burke wrote that rhetorical style is nothing more than ingratiation—an attempt to gain approval by saying the right thing in the right context. Marie Lund’s commen...
A community of practice model as a theoretical perspective for teacher leadership

ABSTRACTComprehensive reviews of empirical research on teacher leadership have revealed that this body of research remains grounded in what might be described as, at best, a weak theoretical base. ...
Characterization and longitudinal assessment of daily quality assurance for an MR-guided radiotherapy (MRgRT) linac.

Purpose To describe and characterize daily machine quality assurance (QA) for an MR-guided radiotherapy (MRgRT) linac system, in addition to reporting a longitudinal assessment of the dosimetric and mechanical stability over a 7-month period of clinical operation. Methods Quality assurance procedures were developed to evaluate MR imaging/radiation isocenter, imaging and patient handling system, and linear accelerator stability. A longitudinal assessment was characterized for safety interlocks, laser and imaging isocenter coincidence, imaging and radiation (RT) isocentricity, radiation dose rate and output, couch motion, and MLC positioning. A cylindrical water phantom and an MR-compatible A1SL detector were utilized. MR and RT isocentricity and MLC positional accuracy was quantified through dose measured with a 0.40 cm2 x 0.83 cm2 field at each cardinal angle. The relationship between detector response to MR/RT isocentricity and MLC positioning was established through introducing known errors in phantom position. Results Correlation was found between detector response and introduced positional error (N = 27) with coefficients of determination of 0.9996 (IEC-X), 0.9967 (IEC-Y), 0.9968 (IEC-Z) in each respective shift direction. The relationship between dose (DoseMR/RT+MLC ) and the vector magnitude of MLC and MR/RT positional error (Errormag ) was calculated to be a nonlinear response and resembled a quadratic function: DoseMR/RT+MLC [%] = -0.0253 Errormag [mm]2 - 0.0195 Errormag [mm]. For the temporal assessment (N = 7 months), safety interlocks were functional. Laser coincidence to MR was within ±2.0 mm (99.6%) and ±1.0 mm (86.8%) over the 7-month assessment. IGRT position-reposition shifts were within ±2.0 mm (99.4%) and ±1.0 mm (92.4%). Output was within ±3% (99.4%). Mean MLC and MR/RT isocenter accuracy was 1.6 mm, averaged across cardinal angles for the 7-month period. Conclusions The linac and IGRT accuracy of an MR-guided radiotherapy system has been validated and monitored over seven months for daily QA. Longitudinal assessment demonstrated a drift in dose rate, but temporal assessment of output, MLC position, and isocentricity has been stable.
Lung protection in acute respiratory distress syndrome: what should we target?

Purpose of reviewMost clinical trials of lung-protective ventilation have tested one-size-fits-all strategies with mixed results. Data are lacking on how best to tailor mechanical ventilation to patient-specific risk of lung injury.Recent findingsRisk of ventilation-induced lung injury is determined
Electromigration effect in Fe-Al diffusion couples with field-assisted sintering

Abstract The electromigration effect in spark plasma sintering (SPS) (a.k.a. field assisted sintering) is quantitively analyzed in the Fe-Al diffusion couple system. In SPS, the samples are heated by a high applied voltage and electric current, which can lead to an electromigration effect. Finite element analysis is utilized to determine the voltage applied to the Fe-Al diffusion couple, which is found to be order of magnitudes smaller than the overall system voltage, indicating the electron wind force would be the dominant mechanism for electromigration in SPS. Additionally, the simulation suggests the temperature and current density distribution is uniform across the metallic diffusion couple, which makes quantitative measurement feasible. A mathematic algorithm that allows diffusivity and electromigration coefficients to be solved, is developed for the Fe-Al, where multiple intermetallic phases coexist. At temperatures below aluminum melting, Fe2Al5 is the single intermetallic phases formed in Fe-Al system, for which electromigration is negligible. At temperatures above aluminum melting, FeAl2, FeAl and α-Fe solid solution phases coexist. Among them, the electromigration effect is noticeable in FeAl phase and is significant in the FeAl2 phase. The corresponding electromigration enhancement constants are calculated.
Features in essential tremor and the development of Parkinson's disease vs. parkinsonism.

Patients with essential tremor (ET) are at higher risk to develop Parkinson’s disease (PD). Recent studies suggest that propranolol (common treatment for ET) can augment pathologic expression of alpha-synuclein. We studied features associated with the development of Parkinson's disease with antecedant essential tremor (ET-PD) compared with ET-plus with parkinsonism (PK). Retrospective case series from a tertiary movement disorders center including patients with ET and PD, found to have ET-PD or ET-plus (PK). We analyzed two groups: (1) ET-plus (PK) (n = 33) and (2) ET-PD (n = 35). Constipation and anosmia were more common in the ET-PD group (73% and 48%) than in the ET-plus (PK) group (33% and 19%). The ET-plus (PK) group was more likely to undergo dopamine transporter (DAT) scans compared with the ET-PD group (73% vs. 34%) and less likely to receive levodopa trials (21% vs. 91%). There were no significant differences in self-reported REM sleep behavior disorders or beta-blocker use. Similar rates of depression, anxiety, cognitive complaints, and family history of tremor or PD were reported in both groups. ET-PD and ET-plus (PK) can be clinically difficult to differentiate as they have overlapping motor and non-motor features. Beta-blocker use did not predict development of ET-PD or ET-plus (PK); however, anosmia and constipation may be helpful non-motor distinguishing features. DAT scans and levodopa trials may be valuable in clarifying the diagnoses.
The clinical value of serum procalcitonin in children with acute viral diarrhea

Objective To discuss the expression level of serum procalcitonin(PCT) and clinical value in acute viral diarrhea patients. Methods A total of 186 patients with acute viral diarrhea treated in our hospital from September 2013 to September 2015 were retrospectively reviewed.One hundred and seven were male and 79 were female, of which 171 cases were infected by rotavirus and 15 cases infected by norovirus.The average age was(1.29±0.89) years old.All patients' blood and stool cultures were negative.The patients were divided into three groups according to the degree of dehydration and whether complicated with multiple organ dysfunction or not: severe group(complicated with severe dehydration, shock or multiple organ dysfunction, n=33), mild-moderate dehydration group(n=68) and no dehydration group(n=85). Thirty-five healthy children with the same age were enrolled as the control group.Serum PCT levels, high sensitivity CRP(hs CRP) and blood routine were detected. Results The serum PCT levels increased in 73 patients with acute viral diarrhea, 8 cases>100 ng/ml, 21 cases 5 to 100 ng/ml and 44 cases 0.5 to 5.0 ng/ml.PCT(ng/ml)[0.36(0.14, 1.67), hsCRP(mg/L)[3.50(0.70, 14.83)] and WBC(×109/L)[9.06(6.79, 12.50)] levels increased in the diarrhea patients compared with those in the healthy group[0.09(0.05, 0.13); 1.00(0.40, 2.50); 6.90(5.90, 8.20)](all P 0.05). Conclusion PCT can increase in pediatric patients with acute viral diarrhea, especially in those with severe dehydration, shock and organ dysfunction.Continued high levels of PCT indicates critical condition and has poor prognosis.PCT can be used as a good indicator to evaluate the severity of disease and the prognosis. Key words: Procalcitonin; Acute virus diarrhea
Implementation and Survivability of Fiber Optic Sensing in Body Armor

Fiber Bragg grating sensors are configured to survive behind body armor during a ballistic impact. The keys that enable the fiber Bragg grating to survive the impact are allowing the optical fiber to slip, using draw tower gratings, using Ormocer as the optical fiber coating, and embedding the optical fiber in a silicone mat. The fiber Bragg grating sensor was tested in ballistic impact with a velocity of 430 m/s.
Marital Disruption and Health Insurance

Despite the high levels of marital disruption in the United States, and substantial reliance on family-based health insurance, little research is available on the consequences of marital disruption for insurance coverage among men, women, and children. We address this shortfall by examining patterns of coverage surrounding marital disruption. We find large differences in coverage across marital status groups in the cross-section. In longitudinal analyses that focus on within-person change, we find small overall coverage changes but large changes in type of coverage following marital disruption. Both men and women show increases in private coverage in their own names, but offsetting decreases in dependent coverage tend to be larger. Dependent coverage for children also declines after marital dissolution, even though children are still likely to be eligible for that coverage. Children and, to a lesser extent, women show increases in public coverage around the time of divorce or separation. The most vulnerable group appears to be lower-educated women with children because the increases in private, own-name, and public insurance are not large enough to offset the large decrease in dependent coverage. As the United States implements federal health reform, it is critical that we understand the ways in which life course events--specifically, marital disruption--shape the dynamic patterns of coverage.Institutional subscribers to the NBER working paper series, and residents of developing countries may download this paper without additional charge at www.nber.org.
A 197.1-μW Wireless Sensor SoC With an Energy-Efficient Analog Front-End and a Harmonic Injection-Locked OOK TX

This paper presents an integrated ultra-low-power (ULP) wireless sensor system-on-chip (SoC) that can be used for voltage sensing in both Internet of Things applications and bio-potential monitoring. In order to increase the energy efficiency of the analog front-end (AFE), we propose a noise and power efficient push-pull low noise instrumentation amplifier (LNIA) with a built-in ripple reduction loop based on capacitor reuse. A low-power ISM-band harmonic injection locked on-off-keying transmitter (OOK-TX) is also implemented for energy efficient wireless connectivity. Circuit implementations, design considerations, and detailed analysis are presented to improve the overall energy efficiencies of the SoC including the AFE, TX and, the power management unit. The proposed ULP-SoC is fabricated in 130 nm CMOS technology with a total area of 1.92 mm2. The total power consumption of the proposed system-on-chip is $197.1~\mu \text{W}$ which is one of the lowest among state-of-the-art wireless sensor SoC.
The geometry of equations of motion: particles in equivalent universes

The equations of motion for the simplest non-holonomically constrained system of particles are formulated using six methods: Newton–Euler, Lagrange, Maggi, Gibbs–Appell, Kane, and Boltzmann–Hamel. The challenging tasks of exploring and explaining the relationships and equivalences between these formulations is accomplished by constructing a single representative particle for the system of particles. The single particle is constrained to move on a configuration manifold. The explicit construction of sets of tangent vectors to the manifold and their relation to the forces acting on the single particle are used to provide several helpful geometric interpretations of the relationships between the formulations. These interpretations can also be extended to help understand the relationships between different formulations of the equations of motion for more complex systems, including systems of rigid bodies and particles.
Multi-center randomized study of pembrolizumab/carboplatin versus carboplatin alone in patients with chest wall disease from breast cancer: TBCRC 044.

TPS1111Background: Chest wall recurrence is a subtype of breast cancer that is challenging to treat, and associated with a short duration of response to treatment and an increased risk of developme...
Development and Application of ReaxFF Methodology for Understanding the Chemical Dynamics of Metal Carbonates in Aqueous Solutions

A new ReaxFF reactive force field has been developed for metal carbonate systems including Na+, Ca2+, and Mg2+ cations and the CO32- anion. This force field is fully transferable with previous ReaxFF water and water/electrolyte descriptions. The Me-O-C three-body valence angle parameters and Me-C non-reactive parameters of the force field have been optimized against quantum mechanical calculations including equations of states, heats of formation, heats of reaction, angle distortions and vibrational frequencies. The new metal carbonate force field has been validated using molecular dynamics simulations to study solvation and reactivity of metal and carbonate ions in water at 300 K and 700 K. The coordination radius and self-diffusion coefficient show good consistency with existing experiments and simulations results. The angular distribution analysis explains the structural preference of carbonate ions to form carbonates and bicarbonates, where Na+ predominantly forms carbonates due to lesser angular strain, while Ca2+ and Mg2+ prefer to form bicarbonates monodentate in nature. Residence time distribution analyses on different systems reveal the role of ions in accelerating and decelerating dynamics of water and carbonate ions under different thermodynamic conditions. The formation and dissolution of bicarbonates and carbonates in the solution were explored on the basis of protonation capability in different systems. The nucleation phenomenon of metal carbonates at ambient and supercritical conditions is explained from the perspective of clusters formation over time: Ca2+ ions can form prenucleation clusters at ambient temperature but shows a saturation with temperature, whereas Na+ and Mg2+ ions show rapid increase in cluster size and amount upon increasing time and temperature.
Corpus Callosum Section For Intractable Epilepsy

Division of the corpus callosum for intractable epilepsy was first reported in 1940 (Van Wagenen and Herren, 1940). The exact number of patients included in this original series has never been clear, but it may have been as many as 27. The first ten cases were reported in some detail, but followup data were limited. Subsequent cases were the subject of several psychological studies, but additional clinical information is not available. Interest in callosal section was revived in the 1960s when Bogen and his colleagues began to report the results of their series (Bogen and Vogel, 1962, 1965, 1975; Bogen et al., 1969; Gordon et al., 1971). Clinical data and followup were given for 12 cases, but most attention was directed to the neuropsychological consequences of callosal sectioning. Following this there were several reports concerning the use of callosal section for epilepsy control (Luessenhop, 1970; Luessenhop et al., 1970), but it was not until the initial report from the Dartmouth series that detailed analysis of clinical seizure patterns and prolonged followup data became available (Wilson et al., 1975). Subsequently there have been a series of articles documenting the progressive accumulation of experience from the Dartmouth program (Wilson et al., 1977, 1978). This culminated in a recent article describing 20 patients published just after Dr. Wilson’s unfortunate death (Wilson et al., 1982). Although the Dartmouth series represents the first comprehensive effort at documenting the efficacy of corpus callosal section on seizure control, the numbers remain small and the optimum selection criteria have yet to be determined.
Alterations of Fractures in Carbonate Rocks by CO2-Acidified Brines

Fractures in geological formations may enable migration of environmentally relevant fluids, as in leakage of CO2 through caprocks in geologic carbon sequestration. We investigated geochemically induced alterations of fracture geometry in Indiana Limestone specimens. Experiments were the first of their kind, with periodic high-resolution imaging using X-ray computed tomography (xCT) scanning while maintaining high pore pressure (100 bar). We studied two CO2-acidified brines having the same pH (3.3) and comparable thermodynamic disequilibrium but different equilibrated pressures of CO2 (PCO2 values of 12 and 77 bar). High-PCO2 brine has a faster calcite dissolution kinetic rate because of the accelerating effect of carbonic acid. Contrary to expectations, dissolution extents were comparable in the two experiments. However, progressive xCT images revealed extensive channelization for high PCO2, explained by strong positive feedback between ongoing flow and reaction. The pronounced channel increasingly direct...
Fluids transport competition-an integration of quality management and technical skill

A first year engineering design sequence provides an opportunity to combine technical and team skills to successfully resolve open-ended problems. These problems provide students with a unique opportunity to develop management and communications skills to sell their technical ideas. The purpose of the quality management project is to modify this project-based curriculum with an emphasis on quality management. Quality management encompasses an organization and procedures to provide a product and service that respond to the needs of the customer. A survey of students' perceptions of quality management tied characteristics of educational and student quality to business quality. The benefit was a creative and exciting laboratory which simulated today's decision-making environments.
Valuations and rank of ordered abelian groups

It is shown that there exists an ordered abelian group that has no smallest positive element and that has no sequence of nonzero elements converging to zero. Some formulae for the rank of ordered abelian groups have been derived and a necessary condition for an order type to be rank of an ordered abelian group has been discussed. These facts have been translated to the spectrum of a valuation ring using some well-known results in valuation theory.
The Arc of Liberalism and the Career of Harrison â€œPeteâ€ Williams

The following address was delivered by Michael Kazin of Georgetown University at the opening of the spring 2009 exhibit, "Crossroads: Senator Harrison A. Williams Jr. and Great Society Liberalism, 1959-1981," at Rutgers â€“New Brunswickâ€™s Alexander Library, January 27, 2009. The exhibition, which runs from January until August 1, 2009, commemorates the completion of a three-year effort to organize the papers of U.S. Senator Harrison Williams, Jr. of New Jersey. These papers are held in Rutgers University Librariesâ€™ Special Collections and University Archives.
High-voltage accumulation-layer UMOSFETs in 4H-SiC

During the past year, the performance of SiC power MOSFETs exceeded the theoretical limits of silicon devices for the first time. This milestone was achieved by the introduction of the first SiC accumulation-layer UMOSFET (U-ACCUFET) in 1997. In this device, an accumulation-layer channel is formed under the MOS diode by an n-type epitaxial layer on the sidewalls of the UMOS trench. The high electron mobility in the accumulation channel reduced the specific on-resistance to 10.9 mΩ-cm/sup 2/, the lowest value yet reported for a SiC power MOSFET. Although the blocking voltage of the device is only 450 V, the figure-of-merit V/sub B//sup 2//R/sub ON/ is 18.6 MW/cm/sup 2/, the highest value reported at that time for a SiC power MOSFET and about 4× higher than the theoretical limit for silicon MOSFETs. In this paper, we report an improved UMOS ACCUFET incorporating structural innovations that increase the blocking voltage to 850 V while maintaining a low on-resistance of 27 mΩ-cm/sup 2/. The resulting V/sub B//sup 2//R/sub ON/ is 26.8 MW/cm/sup 2/, about 6× higher than the theoretical limit for silicon.
Tau-Directed Immunotherapy: A Promising Strategy for Treating Alzheimer’s Disease and Other Tauopathies

Immunotherapy directed against tau is a promising treatment strategy for Alzheimer's Disease (AD) and tauopathies. We review initial studies on tau-directed immunotherapy, and present data from our laboratory testing antibodies using the rTg4510 mouse model, which deposits tau in forebrain neurons. Numerous antibodies have been tested for their efficacy in treating both pathology and cognitive function, in different mouse models, by different routes of administration, and at different ages or durations. We report, here, that the conformation-specific antibody MC-1 produces some degree of improvement to both cognition and pathology in rTg4510. Pathological improvements as measured by Gallyas staining for fully formed tangles and phosphorylated tau appeared 4 days after intracranial injection into the hippocampus. We also examined markers for microglial activation, which did not appear impacted from treatment. Behavioral effects were noted after continuous infusion of antibodies into the lateral ventricle for approximately 2 weeks. We examined basic motor skills, which were not impacted by treatment, but did note cognitive improvements with both novel object and radial arm water maze testing. Our results support earlier reports in the initial review presented here, and collectively show promise for this strategy of treatment. The general absence of extracellular tau deposits may avoid the opsonization and phagocytosis mechanisms activated by antibodies against amyloid, and make anti tau approaches a safer method of immunotherapy for Alzheimer's disease.
On the rank minimization problem and its control applications

We present several new results on the rank minimization problem over sets which are defined by linear matrix inequalities. We proceed to apply some of these results to propose a computational procedure for determining lower and upper bounds for the minimal-order dynamic output feedback which stabilizes a given linear time-invariant plant.
Efficient Variable Step Size Approximations for Strong Solutions of Stochastic Differential Equations with Additive Noise and Time Singularity

We consider stochastic differential equations with additive noise and conditions on the coefficients in those equations that allow a time singularity in the drift coefficient. Given a maximum step size, , we specify variable (adaptive) step sizes relative to which decrease as the time node points approach the singularity. We use an Euler-type numerical scheme to produce an approximate solution and estimate the error in the approximation. When the solution is restricted to a fixed closed time interval excluding the singularity, we obtain a global pointwise error of order . An order of error for any is obtained when the approximation is run up to a time within of the singularity for an appropriate choice of exponent . We apply this scheme to Brownian bridge, which is defined as the nonanticipating solution of a stochastic differential equation of the type under consideration. In this special case, we show that the global pointwise error is of order , independent of how close to the singularity the approximation is considered.
A model for paramagnetic Fermi systems

We develop a model for paramagnetic Fermi liquids. This model has both direct and induced interactions, the latter including both density-density and current-current response. The direct interactions are chosen to reproduce the Fermi liquid parametersF 0 s ,F 0 a ,F 1 s and to satisfy the forward scattering sum rule. TheF 1 a andF 1 s,a for1>1 are determined self-consistently by the induced interactions; they are checked against experimental determinations. The model is applied in detail to liquid3He, using data from spin-echo experiments, sound attenuation, and the velocities of first and zero sound. Consistency with experiments gives definite preferences for values ofm*. The model is also applied to paramagnetic metals. Arguments are given that this model should provide a basis for calculating effects of magnetic fields.
Consistency of Mothers' Behavior in Repeated Play Interactions with Their Children

(1976). Consistency of Mothers' Behavior in Repeated Play Interactions with Their Children. The Journal of Genetic Psychology: Vol. 129, No. 2, pp. 337-338.
Peer reviewer training and editor support: results from an international survey of nursing peer reviewers.

Topic Nursing journals depend on the services of peer reviewers for their expertise in research and clinical practice. Although some research has been done with peer reviewers of biomedical journals, to date, our knowledge about reviewers of nursing journals is minimal. Methods In this international survey of 1,675 reviewers for 41 nursing journals, reviewers were asked 69 questions about their experiences reviewing for professional nursing journals. This article examines their answers to the survey questions about training to become reviewers and the support they receive from editors. Results Results showed that 65% wanted formal training, although only about 30% received such training in the form of orientation, manuals, practice reviews, or workshops. For most peer reviewers, it took one to five reviews before they felt comfortable with the process, although some commented that, "I still question my reviews" and "It took a few years." In this sample, 31% reported getting feedback from editors about their reviews, but 87% wanted feedback. Most (80%) wanted to see the other reviews of the manuscripts they reviewed, although only about 45% actually saw them. Reviewers reported that the editor had been helpful to them by providing feedback, demonstrating appreciation of their efforts, mentoring, and being available. Conclusions We concluded from this research that many reviewers' needs for training and support are not being met and that both reviewers and nursing editors could profit from a better understanding of the process. Editors could consider instituting programs of orientation, training, and support such as feedback on reviews, making other reviews available, and feedback on final disposition of manuscripts. Reviewers should consider discussing these issues with editors to make their needs for feedback and training known. Intervention studies to examine the effects of such programs on reviewer satisfaction could ultimately strengthen the nursing literature.
The distribution of neuronal nitric oxide synthase in the nucleus tractus solitarii of the squirrel monkey.

Abstract The distribution of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) containing neurons and fibers in subnuclei of the nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS) in the squirrel monkey, Saimuri sciureus, was investigated by nNOS immunohistochemistry and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)-diaphorase histochemistry. Generally, the staining pattern of nNOS and NADPH-diaphorase in the NTS was similar. A high density of neurons and fibers exhibiting both nNOS immunoreactivity and NADPH-diaphorase reactivity was present in the central, medial, intermediate, and dorsolateral subnuclei of the NTS. A moderate density of neurons and fibers that stained for both nNOS and NADPH-diaphorase was noted in the interstitial and ventromedial subnuclei. The gelatinosus and commissural subnuclei contained a low density of neurons and fibers exhibiting nNOS immunoreactivity and NADPH-diaphorase staining. The dorsal motor nucleus of vagus contained a high density of nNOS immunopositive and NADPH-diaphorase containing neurons and fibers at the rostral level, but contained a moderate density of positive fibers and very few positive neurons at the intermediate, subpostremal and commissural NTS levels. Incongruence was noted, however, between nNOS immunostaining and NADPH-diaphorase staining in blood vessels in the brainstem. Capillaries and small vessels exhibited strong staining for NADPH-diaphorase but no nNOS immunoreactivity. In summary, this work substantiates the presence of nNOS in subnuclei of the monkey NTS and is consistent with a role for NO· in neurotransmission in primate NTS.
Potency of three opiate antagonists to reverse the inhibitory activity of dynorphin, enkephalins and opioid-like alkaloids on the guinea pig ileum

Abstract To test the hypothesis that dynorphin is a K-opiate agonist acting on the myenteric plexus, the potency of two benzomorphan antagonists (Win 44, 441 and Mr 2266) to block the inhibitory action of dynorphin, enkephalins and opioid alkaloids was determined on the longitudinal muscle preparation of the guinea pig ileum. The effectiveness of these antagonists was compared to that of naloxone. Antagonistic potency was established by calculating the apparent antagonist dissociation constant, Ke, as derived from Schild plots. Win 44, 441 and Mr 2266 were about 7–8 times more potent than naloxone against dynorphin, dynorphin-(1–13) or ethylketocyclazocine. Although the Ke obtained with Win 44, 441 or Mr 2266 against dynorphin or ethylketocyclazocine were significantly lower than those of naloxone, the values obtained for these antagonists did not differ significantly in the case of each of these agonists. With respect to the antagonism of the enkephalins or normorphine, Win 44, 441 was the most potent antagonist. Its Ke value for the enkephalins was 2.5–3 times lower than those for dynorphin or ethylketocyclazocine and in comparison to naloxone, Win 44, 441 was about 5 times more potent. Although Mr 2266 was a potent antagonist of dynorphin, ethylketocyclazocine, the enkephalins or normorphine, it showed no selectivity of action. The fact that the 3 opiate antagonists evidenced similar Ke values for dynorphin and ethylketocyclazocine, but different ones for the enkephalins or normorphine supports the conclusion that dynorphin activates preferentially κ- but not μ-opiate receptors in the myenteric plexus.
Electroencephalography in lacunar infarction

To determine the occurrence and clinical implications of electroencephalographic (EEG) abnormalities in patients with acute lacunar infarction, we conducted a single-blinded EEG study in 55 patients. Twenty-nine (53%) had mild EEG abnormalities, which were focal and ipsilateral to the side of infarction in 7 patients (13%). Abnormalities were more common in patients with evidence of a prior stroke (10 of 12 patients, 83%). However, 43% (16 of 37 patients) of those without historical or radiologic evidence of a prior stroke also had mild EEG abnormalities. This represents a higher incidence of routine EEG abnormalities in lacunar infarction than is generally assumed. Indeed, these findings are more consistent with recent quantitative EEG studies that consistently have shown high rates of abnormalities in lacunar infarction. We did not find major EEG abnormalities, such as continuous or nearly continuous focal delta activity, in any patient with first lacunar infarction. We conclude that within the first 48 h after a first ischemic infarction, when computed tomography often fails to show abnormalities, an EEG that shows lateralized major abnormalities is useful in excluding the diagnosis of either lacunar infarction or infarction limited to the brain stem. Mild abnormalities occur more often than previously thought in lacunar infarction and do not exclude this diagnosis.
Local power distribution with nanogrids

Matching electricity demand to supply will be a growing challenge in the future. We argue for the need for further research into local power distribution with a focus on “nanogrids”. We define a nanogrid as a small electricity domain with distinct voltage, price, reliability, quality, and administration. We seek to improve upon existing nanogrids (such as USB and PoE) by the addition of electricity price information to enable power distribution to be managed in a distributed bottom-up and fair manner to optimally match demand to supply, and to more easily and efficiently integrate local generation and storage. This approach, modeled on Internet principles, offers the possibility of moving to a less reliable utility grid, providing quality and reliability at the edge, and saving capital and energy. We illustrate the operation of a simple nanogrid driven by rules governing controller and load behavior in response to varying electricity availability from a renewable source.
Nylon-6 Nanocomposites from Alkylammonium-Modified Clay: The Role of Alkyl Tails on Exfoliation

Nylon-6−organoclay nanocomposites were prepared by melt processing via twin-screw extrusion for the purpose of comparing the effect of the number alkyl groups attached to the nitrogen of the organic modifier on the level of organoclay exfoliation. Wide-angle X-ray scattering and transmission electron microscopy techniques were employed to assess the morphology developed in each type of nanocomposite, while stress−strain diagrams were used to evaluate mechanical property performance. Nanocomposites derived from an organoclay having no alkyl tails in the quaternary cation result in an immiscible morphology, consisting primarily of unexfoliated clay particles, whereas those derived from an organoclay having one alkyl tail in the quaternary cation lead to a well-exfoliated morphology. Increasing the number of alkyl tails to two produced a mixed structure comprised of a large fraction of clay stacks intercalated with polymer as well as a fraction of dispersed clay platelets. The extent of mechanical reinforcem...
A Possible Mechanism for Contact Nucleation

Abstract A contact nucleation mechanism is suggested, by which ice embryos formed on a nucleus in vapor are able to nucleate supercooled water on contact. Using conventional nucleation theory, the activity of a contact nucleus is calculated as a function of the contact angle of ice on the nucleus in vapor, and as a function of nucleus size. It is predicted that the threshold supercooling required for deposition nucleation should be about 2.3 times as great as that required for contact nucleation (for nuclei >0.1 μm radius), and this prediction is found to be in reasonable agreement with the limited experimental evidence. A relation between the deposition and contact nucleus concentrations in air samples is predicted.
A `Reserve Army of Delinquents': The Criminalization and Economic Punishment of Immigrants in Spain

This article explores the role of `irregular' immigrants in the political economy of Spain, their related criminalization and the forms of punishment that attach to their illegal status. Based on secondary data, government documents and field research, I argue that Spanish immigration laws primarily focus on defining levels of social and economic inclusion/exclusion, and that they have the consequence of marginalizing immigrants and consigning them to the extensive underground economy, as a kind of economic sanction for their illegal status. Finally, it is this punishment and the economic marginalization it helps constitute that shore up the `flexibility' that immigrants provide the post-Fordist economy and for which they are reluctantly tolerated.
III-nitride nanostructures for energy generation

Recent developments of III-nitride materials and devices for energy applications such as photovoltaic, thermoelectric, and hydrogen generation are discussed. Although there are only few reports on InGaN based solar cells, some superior properties of this material including radiation tolerance and tunable band gap overlapping with solar spectrum considered it as a suitable candidate for space based and multijuction solar cell. Design and characterization, of InGaN based efficient p-MQW-n solar cells are presented. For the thermopower generation, we discuss the potential of InGaN alloys as thermoelectric material. Good thermoelectric materials possess low thermal conductivity and high Seebeck coefficient with high electrical conductivity. The thermal conductivity about two orders less than that of GaN and thermoelectric figure of merit as good as that of SiGe alloys are measured in In 0.36 Ga 0.64 N alloy. Our results indicate that InGaN alloys can be used to convert heat energy directly into electrical energy. Generation of hydrogen by splitting of water using InGaN alloy electrodes and solar energy via photoeletrochemical effect is also discussed.
Think Local, Retweet Global: Retweeting by the Geographically-Vulnerable during Hurricane Sandy

Hurricane Sandy wrought $6 billion in damage, took 162 lives, and displaced 776,000 people after hitting the US Eastern seaboard on October 29, 2012. Because of its massive impact, the hurricane also spurred a flurry of social media activity, both by the population immediately affected and by the globally convergent crowd. In this paper we explore how retweeting activity by the geographically vulnerable differs (if at all) from that of the general Twitter population. We investigate whether they spread information differently, including what and whose content they chose to propagate. We investigate whether the Twitter-based relationships are preexisting or if they are newly formed because of the disaster, and if so if they persist. We find that the people in the path of the disaster favor in their retweeting locally-created tweets and those with locally-actionable information. They also form denser networks of information propagation during disaster than before or after.
Comprehensive Planning and Coordination: Some Functional Aspects

Comprehensive planning and coordination constitute the prevailing strategy for addressing the social problems of American cities. A current example is the Model Cities program. The strategy has been severely criticized by social scientists and practitioners for its faulty assumptions regarding social dynamics, its ineffectiveness, and its requirement of an authoritarian central decisionmaking structure in order to be made effective. Yet it receives increasing support. Three aspects of the strategy are the social definition of poverty, the channeling of citizen participation, and the employment of evaluative research. These and other aspects involve latent functions which help explain the otherwise paradoxical commitment to the strategy by the federal government and local agencies.
Discovering personal behavioral rules in a health management system

Designing interactive systems that support health management among chronic care patients has become a research interest in the HCI community. These systems are meant to allow patients to act as normal people, without letting illnesses affect their everyday lives. In particular, various diary and logging applications have been developed to allow people to record, monitor and visualize their daily behaviors and the progress of their disease. One critical aspect of personal health management that such systems do not yet sufficiently support is the diversity of health behaviors among individuals. As previous research indicates, individuals vary greatly in how they manage their health and what “works for them” [1–3]. Discovering personal behavioral rules is critical for wellness and for health maintenance. Technologies that encourage and promote personal rule discovery are thus needed. In this paper, we present our ongoing research on developing such a system, and discuss preliminary findings from an initial user study.
31P-NMR analysis of phospholombricine and other phosphorus-containing metabolites in selected freshwater and terrestrial oligochaetes

Abstract 1. 1. Phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (31P-NMR) was used to examine six species of living adult worms representing the three orders of the Class Oligochaeta. 2. 2. The presence and relative abundance of phosphorus-containing compounds (phosphomonoesters, inorganic phosphate, phosphodiesters, phosphagens, free nucleotide triphosphates, and dinucleotides) were determined and compared between taxa. 3. 3. Our results indicate an evolutionary conservation of phosphagen content (phospholombricine) in both terrestrial and freshwater oligochaetes, a result that contrasts with the evolutionary divergence of phosphagen types in marine polychaete worms.
Simple method of elongating a colonic segment for esophageal replacement.

Abstract Occasionally the surgeon is confronted with a major problem that can be solved easily if he has been alerted to an applicable and simple maneuver. Several years ago Najafi and Beattie 1 employed such a maneuver in elongating a piece of colon to bridge a gap in an adult with extensive stricture of the esophagus. Although their technique would not seem feasible with the colon of an infant, they did call attention to the fact that the teniae coli, rather than the blood supply, limited the stretching of the colonic segment. It is this point that deserves emphasis and justifies the following report.
The effects of lactose on human erythrocytes

Human erythrocytes suspended in isotonic lactose solution lost potassium and continued to lose potassium even when resuspended in isotonic sodium chloride. The same phenomenon was observed when the cells were suspended in an isotonic solution of the sodium salt of glutamate, a nonpenetrating anion. The presence of 5 mEq per liter of sodium chloride in the lactose or sodium glutamate suspensions greatly reduced the initial potassium loss and the potassium loss when the cells were resuspended in sodium chloride solution. Salts of nonpenetrating anions were less or not effective in blocking lactose damage. The results indicate that absence of penetrating anions in the suspending media is the initiating condition of lactose damage. Chloride and consequently potassium are lost from the erythrocyte. Changes in cellular ionic pattern and/or changes in the cell membrane result in a nontransient damage manifested by continued potassium loss by lactose-treated cells resuspended in isotonic NaCl.