cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rotenone and paraquat do not directly activate microglia or induce inflammatory cytokine release.

Both epidemiological and pathological data suggest an inflammatory response including microglia activation and neuro-inflammation in the Parkinsonian brain. Treatments with lipopolysacchride (LPS), rotenone and paraquat have been used as models for Parkinson's disease, as they cause dopaminergic neuron degeneration in culture and in animals. Recent studies have suggested that rotenone and paraquat induce neuro-inflammation, however, it is not known if they can directly activate microglia. Here, we use primary cultured microglia to address this question. Microglia activation was analyzed by morphological changes and release of nitric oxide and inflammatory cytokines. Treatment with LPS was used as a positive control. While LPS induced morphological changes characteristic of microglial activation and release of nitric oxide and inflammatory cytokines, rotenone and paraquat did not. Our results suggest that paraquat and rotenone do not act directly on microglia and that neuro-inflammation and microglial activation in animals treated with these agents are likely non-cell autonomous, and may occur as a result of dopaminergic neuron damage or factors released by neurons and other cells.
Human dermal fibroblast cells express prolactin in vitro.

This study demonstrates the synthesis and release of prolactin (PRL) from dermal fibroblasts (>98%) in vitro, suggesting a potential local source of PRL in skin. PRL release was first detected in confluent cultures (0.25 × 10 6 plated cells) on or before day 18 and increased to a maximal level of 2ng/72h by day 30. Medroxyprogesterone acetate and estradiol (E 2 ) had no effect on PRL release, but prostaglandin E 2 (PGE 2 ) reduced the time required for PRL induction to 6-9days. The steroids and PGE 2 together were synergistic, reaching maximal values of ~10ng/72h after 2 or more weeks of treatment. Dibutyl-cyclic AMP, a second messenger in prostaglandin signal transduction, was also synergistic with medroxyprogesterone acetate and E 2 , but induced significant PRL expression in the absence of the steroids (28 and 12ng/72 h, respectively). The increase in PRL release was not a result of increased cell proliferation, because the PRL-secreting cultures had 32.2 ± 8.8% less DNA (N = 5 individuals, 95% confidence limit) than control cultures after 3weeks of treatment with dibutyryl-cydic AMP, medroxyprogesterone acetate, and E 2 . Dermal fibroblast PRL was immunologically and electrophoretically identical to decidual and pituitary PRLs, and Northern blot analysis demonstrated a PRL mRNA size of 1.15kb. Maximal PRL release from fibroblast cells was 32.0 ± 6.1ng/72h (mean ± SD at 95% confidence limit) for a donor population representing both males (n = 15) and females (n = 7) between the ages of 20-week gestation to 52years. In contrast to term decidual fibroblast cells that also express PRL, dermal fibroblasts did not co-express insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-1.
Cyclical Double-Auction Markets With and Without Speculators

This paper reports on laboratory experimental research designed to study the behavioral properties of two different market environments governed by cycling excess demand: (1) a market in which successive market periods are temporally isolated (autarky), and (2) a market in which agents (speculators) are allowed to carry commodity units from one period to another, thus temporally linking the cyclical phases of the market. We analyze observations from a total of 18 markets, all organized under double auction trading rules. The markets employ the PLATO computer network as the medium of public information transfer and private information display. Our research builds on the previous experimental findings of Miller, Plott, and Smith (1977) (hereinafter MPS) and Williams (1979). These studies employed a common design where a sequence of "trading years" governed by stable supply are divided into a blue (low-demand) season and a yellow (high-demand) season. The supply and demand arrays were cyclically stable and resulted in a unique intertemporal competitive equilibrium. The experiments employed six This study reports the results of 18 computerized "double-auction" market experiments characterized by cycling excess demand. Two such market designs are studied: one with stationary supply and cycling demand, the other with cycling supply and demand. Data from a series of control experiments under conditions of intertemporal isolation (autarky) are compared with data from experiments where the two cyclical market phases are linked by a subset of agents (speculators). Allowing intertemporal speculation is found to be a significant treatment variable in both market designs; however, price convergence patterns are not robust with respect to the design change.
Adult Attachment and Disordered Eating in Undergraduate Men and Women

Abstract Previous research on gender differences between males and females on the risk factors leading to disordered eating is sparse, especially on males and eating disorders using attachment theory. This study examined the relationship between adult attachment style and disordered eating in men and women. Secure attachment scores were significantly negatively correlated with body dissatisfaction, and fearful attachment scores were positively correlated with bulimia in women. For men, secure attachment was significantly negatively correlated to drive for thinness, bulimia, and body dissatisfaction. Clinical implications discussed.
Actin Monomers Activate Inverted Formin 2 by Competing with Its Autoinhibitory Interaction

INF2 is an unusual formin protein in that it accelerates both actin polymerization and depolymerization, the latter through an actin filament-severing activity. Similar to other formins, INF2 possesses a dimeric formin homology 2 (FH2) domain that binds filament barbed ends and is critical for polymerization and depolymerization activities. In addition, INF2 binds actin monomers through its diaphanous autoregulatory domain (DAD) that resembles a Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein homology 2 (WH2) sequence C-terminal to the FH2 that participates in both polymerization and depolymerization. INF2-DAD is also predicted to participate in an autoinhibitory interaction with the N-terminal diaphanous inhibitory domain (DID). In this work, we show that actin monomer binding to the DAD of INF2 competes with the DID/DAD interaction, thereby activating actin polymerization. INF2 is autoinhibited in cells because mutation of a key DID residue results in constitutive INF2 activity. In contrast, purified full-length INF2 is constitutively active in biochemical actin polymerization assays containing only INF2 and actin monomers. Addition of proteins that compete with INF2-DAD for actin binding (profilin or the WH2 from Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein) decrease full-length INF2 activity while not significantly decreasing activity of an INF2 construct lacking the DID sequence. Profilin-mediated INF2 inhibition is relieved by an anti-N-terminal antibody for INF2 that blocks the DID/DAD interaction. These results suggest that free actin monomers can serve as INF2 activators by competing with the DID/DAD interaction. We also find that, in contrast to past results, the DID-containing N terminus of INF2 does not directly bind the Rho GTPase Cdc42. Background: INF2 is not regulated by typical formin autoinhibition. Results: INF2 is autoinhibited in cells and is constitutively active in biochemical actin polymerization assays containing only actin monomers but is inhibited by proteins that bind actin monomers. Conclusion: INF2 can be activated by actin monomers. Significance: A component of INF2 regulation might be the ability to sense free actin monomer levels.
Insights into the mode of the South Georgia rift extension in eastern Georgia, USA

Abstract The South Georgia rift (SGR) lies oblique to the east coast margin of North America and across the Alleghenian suture between Laurentia and Africa in southern Georgia. Regionally, the SGR can be divided into a southwest compartment and a northeast compartment across the Jacksonville structure that is located in the vicinity of that suture. Analytical and numerical models are used to characterize the mode of rifting in the northeast compartment. Borehole, COCORP seismic, and regional geophysical information from the compartment, that were used previously to infer the geometry of the basin, are reassessed with the use of those models to analyze the lithospheric conditions influencing Triassic extension. This approach led to the interpretation of core complex mode extension and to the proposal of a model of progressive rifting. The model shows how the Riddleville and Main SGR basins are associated and how changes in structural style of those two basins resulted from changing lithospheric conditions during extension. The core complex model also indicated that extension was influenced by distributed deformation of a younger, warmer, and less stable lithosphere adjacent to the Permian suture; whereas extension in other east coast rifts that lie subparallel to structural fabric was probably localized by preexisting zones of weakness.
Measurements of the Photodissociation Quantum Yields of MbNO and MbO2 and the Vibrational Relaxation of the Six-Coordinate Heme Species

The (t approximately 0) photodissociation quantum yields (Y(0)) of MbNO and MbO(2) are measured to be 50 +/- 5 and 28 +/- 6%, respectively, using MbCO (Y(0) = 100%) as a reference. When photolysis does not take place, we find that a significant portion of the photon energy contributes to heating of the residual six-coordinate heme (MbNO and MbO(2)). The time constant for vibrational relaxation of the six-coordinate ligand-bound heme is found to be close to 1 ps for both samples. The MbO(2) sample also shows a approximately 4-ps optical response that is assigned to a rapid phase (25-30% amplitude) of O(2) geminate rebinding. We observe no additional geminate recombination in the MbO(2) sample out to 120 ps. In contrast, the MbNO sample displays significant geminate recombination over the first 120 ps, which can be adequately fit with two exponentials whose amplitudes and time constants appear to depend weakly on the pump wavelength. This more complex kinetic behavior conceivably arises due to heating of the photodissociated heme and its effect on the geminate recombination as the system cools. Overall, the data are consistent with a hypothesis that distortions along the iron-ligand bending coordinate play a key role in the photodissociation process. The transient formation of an unphotolyzable FeO(2) side-on binding geometry is suggested to be responsible for the lowered quantum yield of MbO(2) relative to MbNO.
THE CHESAPEAKE OYSTER FISHERY

ABSTRACT The Chesapeake Bay oyster fishery is hampered by the Maryland-Virginia state line. The Virginia portion of the Bay is plagued by predators, disease, and pollution. The Maryland fishery, although relatively free from these problems, lacks the oyster seed resources of the lower Bay, and is burdened with an archaic system of tenure and management. Logically Virginia seed should flow to Maryland waters, where yields could be increased by utilizing the Virginia methods of production. The current low yield of the Virginia fishery would allow basic changes in Maryland production systems without severe dislocation of the market or major displacement of the watermen who work the oyster reefs.
Videodisc image retrieval for language teaching

Abstract The use of videodisc technology for retrieval of still images in support of language teaching is an application which has not been sufficiently explored. A visual archive in videodisc format becomes a powerful and efficient instructional tool when complemented by a computer database system for selection and retrieval of images and by a framework of computer programs to generate instructional materials and manage image presentation. This paper focuses on considerations critical to the realization of the potential of such a tool: designing a database and an accompanying classification scheme which will respond to the needs of the language instructor, and integrating the computer-videodisc configuration into language instruction.
Sequence-dependent extrusion of a small DNA hairpin at the N4 virion RNA polymerase promoters

Abstract Bacteriophage N4 virion RNA polymerase promoters contain five to seven-base inverted repeats separated by three bases and centered at position −12 from the site of transcription initiation. We have previously shown that these inverted repeats extrude as hairpins at physiological superhelical densities in a Mg(II)-dependent manner. Mg(II)-dependent hairpin extrusion at promoters P1 and P2 displays quantitative differences in reactivity to structural probes at different DNA superhelical densities, with extrusion at P2 being more favored at low superhelical density. Analyses of mutant promoters using structure-specific probes revealed that specific sequences, at the closing base-pair of the hairpin and at the loop (i.e. 5′-C-GXA-G-3′ where X=G, A, T), are required for extrusion of the small promoter hairpins at physiological superhelical density. The sequence-dependent requirements for extrusion of the small N4 promoter hairpins may be generally applicable for other such sequences found both in prokaryotic and eukaryotic genomes.
Perception of grade intervals.

Stone and Sinnett (1968) presented pairs of grade intervals to college professors to be judged using a paired-comparison technique. The question asked of them was which member of each pair was phenomenally larger. Twelve intervals between A and F were judged, including intervals such as C+ to B-. They found the log of the phenomenal scale values best fit the physical A, B, C, D, F scale. These scale values fitted Thurstone's Case 111 rather rhan his Case V. Since pluses and minuses are not given in many colleges, would the same results be obtained using the conventional four-interval scale: AB, BC, CD, DF? The intent of this study was to investigate the relationship of the phenomenal to the physical grade scale in graduate students of educational psychology. Thirty-five graduate students in educational psychology were asked to judge which of each pair of grade intervals appeared larger. A = 4; B = 3; C = 2; D = 1; F = 0 anchors were given. All possible pairs were presented in such a manner as to minimize position effects. An alternate form of the task was presented 1 wk. later. Coefficients of consistence were computed for each S? The median coefficient was 1.00. Circular triads were infrequently noted. Analyses of variance of the frequencies of selecting each interval revealed an effect beyond the 5 per cent level (F = 19.21) of the physical grade (X) on the phenomenal ( Y ) . The trend was s~gniflcantly linear (F = 68.62). Tests for quadratic and cubic trends were also made. I: ratios were nonsignificant, 0.19 and 1.11, respectively. Adjusted z scale values were found to be AB = .000; BC = ,018; CD = .186; DF = .665. The Mosteller test was made to determine goodness of fit to Thurstone Case V. The nonsignificant x 2 was 0.02. The hypothesis of fit to Case V was accepted, there being equal discriminal dispersions for each interval. The absolute average discrepancy among the judges was .004, satisfactory for paired-comparison data. After 1 wk. Ss received an alternate form of the rask. The stability coefficient was 34 . Since both Ss and grade intervals differed from those in Stone and Sinnea's study, the data are not comparable. The present study indicates that higher marks have smaller phenomenal distances between them. As the intervals increase from high ro low grades the phenomenal distances increase. The most frequently occurring pattern of choices was: ALSmal l e s t , BC-Larger, CD-Larger rhan BC, DF-Largest. Perhaps to graduate students failure marks are the apogee of the academic universe but the orbits associated with A, B, C are less distinguishable and close to the perigee. On the other hand, the size of DF may be artifactual. It is the only interval in which a letter (E) next in alphabetical position is missing.
THIRD-ORDER PERTURBATION THEORY WITH NONLINEAR PRESSURE

We calculate the nonlinear matter power spectrum using the third-order perturbation theory without ignoring the pressure gradient term. We consider a semirealistic system consisting of two matter components with and without pressure, and both are expanded into the third order in perturbations in a self-consistent manner, for the first time. While the pressured component may be identified with baryons or neutrinos, in this paper we mainly explore the physics of the nonlinear pressure effect using a toy model in which the Jeans length does not depend on time, i.e., the sound speed decreases as a –1/2, where a is the scale factor. The linear analysis shows that the power spectrum below the so-called filtering scale is suppressed relative to the power spectrum of the cold dark matter. Our nonlinear calculation shows that the actual filtering scale for a given sound speed is smaller than the linear filtering scale by a factor depending on the redshift and the Jeans length. A ~40% change is common, and our results suggest that, when applied to baryons, the temperature of the intergalactic medium inferred from the filtering scale observed in the flux power spectrum of Lyα forests would be underestimated by a factor of 2, if one used the linear filtering scale to interpret the data. The filtering mass, which is proportional to the filtering scale cubed, can also be significantly smaller than the linear theory prediction especially at low redshift, where the actual filtering mass can be smaller than the linear prediction by a factor of 3. Finally, when applied to neutrinos, we find that neutrino perturbations deviate significantly from linear perturbations even below the free-streaming scales, and thus neutrinos cannot be treated as linear perturbations.
Lambda transducing phages derived from a finO- R100::λ cointegrate plasmid: Proteins encoded by the R100 replication/incompatibility region and the antibiotic resistance determinant

Three λ transducing phages have been isolated from pEDR20, an R100:: λ cointegrate plasmid in which the λ insertion inactivated the R100 finO gene. Physical analysis of the three phages showed that the λ is inserted at kilobase coordinate 81.3 of R100. All three phages carry different amounts of R100 DNA in the left arm of λ. Each phage contains IS1b, the mer genes and the region between coordinate 81.3 and 88.6; thus, all contain the genes necessary for R100 replication. One phage, VAλ73, contains the entire r-determinant of R100 in addition to the above DNA. Five proteins coded by the region between 81.3 and 88.6 were detected. These had subunit molecular weights of 10,400; 12,200; 16,200; 19,600; and 38,300. The first was made constitutively and the other four only from a λ promoter. Other constitutive proteins were one from the cml fus region with a molecular weight of 22,400 (cml) and two from the str sul region with molecular weights of 31,500 (str?) and 30,100 (sul?). Mercuric ion induced synthesis of at least 10 proteins. Six of these were known from earlier work. The total size of the proteins which appear to derive from the mer genes exceeds by a factor of 1.5, the coding capacity of this region without overlapping genes. Some, or all of these extra proteins may be chromosomal in origin, possibly derepressed in response to mercury gene products.
Mass transfer from a single moving spherical bubble in the presence of a complex chemical reaction

This paper analyses the problem of mass transfer from a spherical bubble (Re << 1) in the presence of an (m, n)th order liquid phase reaction. The approximate analytical results for enhancement factor obtained, using a linearization technique of the rate expression which is an extension of the one proposed by Hikita and Asai, are found to agree well with the one obtained from a numerical solution of the problem. The paper also presents numerical calculations of the rise in bubble interface temperature applying Danckwerts method to both the rigorous model as well as the extended penetration model of Ruckenstein et al. for the reaction process. On analyse dans le present travail le probleme de transfert de masse a partir deune bulle spherique (Re << 1), en presence deune reaction en phase liquide deun ordre m ou n. On a trouve que les resultats analytiques et approximatifs queon avait obtenus pour le facteur deaccroissement (en employant une methode de linearisation de leexpression de la vitesse qui etait une extension de celle queHikita et Assai avaient proposee) concordaient bien avec ceux queon avait obtenus par solution numerique du probleme. On presente aussi dans Je travail des calculs numeriques pour lelevation de la temperature a la surface de separation de la bulle, en appliquant la methode de Danckwerts a la fois au modele de penetration etendue de Ruckenstein et al. pour le de Ruckenstein et al. pour le procede de reation.
Constant vapor pressure emulsions evaporation: Linalool/water stabilized by Laureth 4

Evaporation paths were calculated in the title system using the relevant part of its published phase diagram and the assumption of equilibrium between vapor and liquids. The vapor pressure of linalool was reduced while the emulsion resided in the two-phase region but remained constant within the three-phase range. The duration of the time for constant vapor pressure depended on the relative humidity (RH) to a surprising degree.
Left-handedness and suspected autoimmune disorders: A reply to persson and ahlbom

Abstract After considering the commentary of Persson and Ahlbom concerning our recent article (Searleman, A. and Fugagli, A.K. Neuropsychologia 25 , 367–374, 1987), we find no compelling reasons to alter any of our statistical analyses or conclusions.
Abundance of Methane in the Earth’s Atmosphere*

The abundance of CH4 in the earth’s atmosphere was determined by assuming an effective temperature for the atmosphere of 250°K. The lines R(0) and P(2) of the 2ν3 band were used since they are sensibly single and are easily broadened so that the total integrated intensity can be determined. The result of 1.11±0.16 cm·atm (NTP) is in good agreement with previously published results obtained by using less realistic effective temperatures.
An isoelectric focusing study of plasma membrane actin.

Abstract Plasma membranes were purified from secondary chick embryo fibroblasts labeled with [35S]methionine for 1 or 18 h. The total cell homogenate, postnuclear supernatant and plasma membrane fractions were analyzed by two-dimensional electrophoresis (isoelectric focusing followed by SDS-slab gel electrophoresis). The α, β, and γ isoelectric variants of actin were present in similar proportion in membranes, supernatant, and cell homogenate as determined by incorporation of 35S into each species of actin. These results indicate that the plasma membrane actin of chick fibroblasts is heterogeneous and that no isoelectric variant of actin is unique to the plasma membrane.
A Distal Locus Element Mediates IFN-γ Priming of Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated TNF Gene Expression

Summary Interferon γ (IFN-γ) priming sensitizes monocytes and macrophages to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation, resulting in augmented expression of a set of genes including TNF . Here, we demonstrate that IFN-γ priming of LPS-stimulated TNF transcription requires a distal TNF/LT locus element 8 kb upstream of the TNF transcription start site (hHS-8). IFN-γ stimulation leads to increased DNase I accessibility of hHS-8 and its recruitment of interferon regulatory factor 1 (IRF1), and subsequent LPS stimulation enhances H3K27 acetylation and induces enhancer RNA synthesis at hHS-8. Ablation of IRF1 or targeting the hHS-8 IRF1 binding site in vivo with Cas9 linked to the KRAB repressive domain abolishes IFN-γ priming, but does not affect LPS induction of the gene. Thus, IFN-γ poises a distal enhancer in the TNF/LT locus by chromatin remodeling and IRF1 recruitment, which then drives enhanced TNF gene expression in response to a secondary toll-like receptor (TLR) stimulus.
Evaluating Client Discovery Interviews at a Financial Advisory Firm

Discovering the client agenda involves interviewing clients to assess their interests, issues, concerns, questions, goals, and priorities. This is similar to discovering the patient agenda in medicine. The SLCT (pronounced “select”) process is an evidence-based interview protocol that has been found effective in stimulating patient disclosure in health-care settings. After evaluating discovery practices among six advisors at a registered investment advisor firm before and after training them in the SLCT process, the author based the analysis on observations, notes, transcripts, and survey responses from the interactions of six advisors with 18 simulated and 12 real clients. Observations and survey responses indicated that advisors lacked a common protocol for discovery interviews prior to training. The analysis shows that, even with minimal training, advisors using SLCT achieved an improved rate of insight into client needs. Training in SLCT was associated with increased advisory inquiry, client disclosure, and documentation of the client agenda.
Management of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor and Multikinase Inhibitor Side Effects

The availability of vascular endothelial growth factor and multikinase inhibitors (MKIs) has enhanced treatment strategies for patients with advanced kidney cancer. Side effects associated with the agents include dermatologic toxicities, gastrointestinal toxicities, and hematologic and metabolic abnormalities that may interfere with treatment adherence. Nurses play a key role in managing side effects associated with emerging therapies. This article presents a case study to illustrate side-effect management strategies for patients receiving MKIs for the treatment of advanced renal cell carcinoma.
Dicer Ablation Impairs Prostate Stem Cell Activity and Causes Prostate Atrophy

Dicer is an RNase III enzyme essential for microRNA maturation. Dicer ablation in diverse tissues has been shown to block tissue differentiation, induce cell apoptosis, impair specialized cellular function, and perturb organ structures. To gain insight into the role of microRNAs in prostate tissue function and homeostasis, we conditionally disrupted Dicer activity in the mouse prostate using an ARR2PB-Cre. We demonstrated that Dicer activity is disrupted in both prostatic basal/stem cells and differentiated luminal cells. Dicer knockout murine prostates are smaller in size and mass and develop epithelial hypotrophy in ventral prostates by 4 months. Dicer ablation induces increased apoptosis in the prostate, predominantly in the differentiated luminal cells. Paradoxically, a concurrent increase in proliferation is observed in both basal/stem cells and luminal cells, presumably due to compensatory growth of the cells devoid of homologous recombination in response to the elevated cellular apoptosis. We have previously shown that Lin(CD31CD45Ter119)(-)Sca-1(+)CD49f(high) (LSC) cells enrich for prostate stem cell activity. Through proliferation and differentiation, some LSC cells are capable of forming prostate spheres composed of cells at various stages of differentiation. Although LSC cells were expanded by threefold in Dicer knockout mice, the sphere-forming units of Dicer knockout prostate cells decreased by more than half compared with wild-type cells. In addition, most prostate spheres in the Dicer knockout culture were derived from cells that did not undergo homologous recombination. Our results demonstrate a critical role of microRNAs for the proliferative capacity of prostate stem cells and the maintenance of prostate homeostasis.
Olduvai onset polarity transition: two detailed paleomagnetic records from North Central Pacific sediments

Abstract Paleomagnetic analyses of two azimuthally oriented deep-sea sediment cores from the North-Central Pacific Ocean, which contain a record of the onset of the Olduvai Subchron polarity transition, show: (1) intermediate directions of magnetization with transitional inclinations reaching values up to 70°; (2) up to three sequential 180° declination changes, two of which imply rapid oscillations of the geomagnetic field before the main reversal, and (3) a pronounced drop in intensity of magnetization within the transitional interval. The data further indicate that the intensity decay and recovery cycle took longer than the directional changes of the reversal. Whereas the directional changes lasted about 5000 years, the duration of the recorded intensity cycles suggest that the complete onset of the Olduvai reversal may have lasted as much as 28 000 years. Anhysteretic Remanent Magnetization studies and thermomagnetic analyses indicate that uniform magnetic mineralogy characterizes the transition zones of the cores. This further suggests that the J 10 /ARM 70 ratio may represent a relative paleointensity estimate and may thus indicate a decrease of the intensity of the geomagnetic field during the onset of the Olduvai reversal. Virtual Geomagnetic Pole paths of the two records are near-sided. Directions in projected ( D ′, I ′) space indicate that the Olduvai onset transitional field geometry possessed a contribution from non-axisymmetric terms, in addition to the dominating zonal harmonics. The analyses also suggest that the transitional field during the onset of the Olduvai reversal was dominated by harmonics different from those of the Matuyama-Brunhes boundary, Jaramillo transitions and upper Olduvai reversal.
The influence of thyroid and testicular hormones on the epithelium of crypts of Lieberkühn in the rat's intestine.

The growth of duodenal crypts of Lieberkuhn was investigated in male Sherman rats subjected to thyroidectomy, and/or castration. Histological sections were studied, counting interphase nuclei and mitoses in 25 longitudinally sectioned crypts per animal. At 49 gm body weight, initial control animals had an average of 65.8 ± 2.4 cells per crypt section, and 80 days later, sham-operated controls weighed 269 gm and had 91.4 ± 5.1 cells per crypt section. There were only 75.0 ± 3.7 cells per crypt section 80 days after thyroidectomy, while castrates had 97.0 ± 2.6 cells per crypt section. Thyroidectomy combined with castration produced results similar to thyroidectomy alone, 74.0 ± 2.5 cells per crypt section. Treatment of such doubly operated rats with testosterone during the last 42 days of the experiment significantly increased the cell number, to 82.7 ± 2.8 per crypt section, while thyroxine increased it to 100.8 ± 4.3. Thus, in the rat, the number of cells per crypt increases between juvenile and adult stages, and this growth is subject to endocrine regulation, particularly by the thyroid. The mitotic index of crypt cells increases with age, from 3.9 ± 0.1% at 49 gm body weight, to 5.2 ± 0.3% at 269 gm body weight. Castration did not interfere with this increment, but it was reduced in the absence of thyroid hormone, and was restored by the injection of thyroxine to thyroidectomized castrates. Finally, from related observations in previously reported and unpublished experiments, it is suggested (1) that the influence of thyroid hormone on crypt cell number may be mediated, at least in part, through an action on growth hormone release from the anterior pituitary and (2) that the rate of change in cell number with age may be determined in some measure by a change in the rate of cell displacement toward the villus tip, in addition to a change in mitotic index.
Color contrast, luminance contrast and competition within exogenous orienting in 3.5-month-old infants

Abstract Exogenous (stimulus driven) orienting shows evidence of competition in early infancy. The infant’s tendency to detect and orient to a small moving stimulus is affected significantly by the colors and spatial distribution of other static stimuli in the visual field. In previous work infants consistently showed lower detection of the moving stimulus when the side of the field contralateral to this stimulus contained mostly red bars on a white background. The competition in this case was much stronger than when the contralateral field contained mostly green bars. In this experiment we tested the hypothesis that the strength of this competition effect is determined primarily by the color contrasts of the static bars. We found partial support for this hypothesis. The contralateral competition was abolished when the color contrasts of the red and green bars were made more equal by presenting them on yellow backgrounds. This elimination of contralateral competition only occurred, however, when there was substantial luminance contrast also present between these bars and their backgrounds. The competition effect persisted when the luminance contrast was reduced to near zero leaving primarily color contrast. We also found evidence that this competition effect can be produced only by luminance contrast, although the effect was significant only in one of the two experiments. Infants had a difficult time detecting movement when the moving stimulus was defined primarily by color rather than by luminance contrast. These experiments tell us about how different basic features like color, contrast, and movement are weighted in the initial selection of targets of attention.
Multigenerational Giftedness: Perceptions of Giftedness across Three Generations.

The focus of this study was on gifted adults' perceptions of multigenerational giftedness in their families. Participants have been surveyed annually since their high school graduation in 1988. The purpose of the longitudinal study is to gain insight into the career and life development of gifted individuals post-high school. For the present follow-up study, data were collected via the Internet and mailed surveys and analyzed by a 5-member research team. Participants reported their perceptions of whether or not their parents and children were gifted and the areas of giftedness. The number of participants who perceived both parents to be gifted was roughly equal to those stating that neither parent was gifted. Areas of perceived giftedness differed between mothers and fathers. The majority of participants identified at least one of their children as gifted. Specific areas of giftedness perceived in participants' children and parents are described. Implications of the findings are discussed.
Developmental constraints on ethical behavior in business

Ethical behavior — the conscious attempt to act in accordance with an individually-owned morality — is the product of an advanced stage of the maturing process. Three models of ethical growth derived from research in human development are applied to issues of business ethics.
Integrating WebQuests in preservice teacher education

During the past decade, WebQuests have been widely used by teachers to integrate technology into teaching and learning. Recently, teacher educators have applied the WebQuest model with preservice teachers in order to develop technology integration skills akin to those used in everyday schools. Scaffolding, used to support the gradual acquisition of knowledge and skills, may help preservice teachers to better understand the underlying assumptions and assess the feasibility of WebQuests for their teaching. Based on a review of existing WebQuest and scaffolding research, this article presents guidance for scaffolding preservice teachers’ WebQuest designs, and identifies issues and challenges for future implementation. L’integration des Webquests dans la formation initiale des enseignants Au cours de la derniere decennie, les professeurs ont largement eu recours aux Webquests pour integrer la technologie dans l’enseignement et l’apprentissage. Recemment les formateurs d’enseignants ont applique le modele Webq...
Conditions for two-photon interference with coherent pulses

We study the conditions for two-photon classical interference with coherent pulses. We find that the temporal overlap between optical pulses is not required for interference. However, coherence within the same inputs is found to be essential for the interference.
Transgene Pyramiding of the HVA1 and mtlD in T3 Maize (Zea mays L.) Plants Confers Drought and Salt Tolerance, along with an Increase in Crop Biomass

The pBY520 containing the Hordeum vulgare HVA1 regulated by the rice actin promoter (Act1 5′) or the JS101 containing the bacterial mannitol-1-phosphate dehydrogenase (mtlD) also regulated by rice Act1 5′ and a combination of these two plasmids were transferred into the maize genome, and their stable expressions were confirmed through fourth generations. Plants transcribing a combination of the HVA1+mtlD showed higher leaf relative water content (RWC) and greater plant survival as compared with their single transgene transgenic plants and with their control plants under drought stress. When exposed to various salt concentrations, plants transcribing the HVA1+mtlD showed higher fresh and dry shoot and dry root matter as compared with single transgene transgenic plants and with their control plants. Furthermore, the leaves of plants expressing the mtlD accumulated higher levels of mannitol. Plants expressing the HVA1+mtlD improved plant survival rate under drought stress and enhanced shoot and root biomass under salt stress when compared with single transgene transgenic plants and with their wild-type control plants. The research presented here shows the effectiveness of coexpressing of two heterologous abiotic stress tolerance genes in the maize genome. Future field tests are needed to assure the application of this research.
Trait complex, cognitive ability, and domain knowledge predictors of baccalaureate success, STEM persistence, and gender differences.

Prediction of academic success at postsecondary institutions is an enduring issue for educational psychology. Traditional measures of high-school grade point average and high-stakes entrance examinations are valid predictors, especially of 1st-year college grades, yet a large amount of individual-differences variance remains unaccounted for. Studies of individual trait measures (e.g., personality, self-concept, motivation) have supported the potential for broad predictors of academic success, but integration across these approaches has been challenging. The current study tracks 589 undergraduates from their 1st semester through attrition or graduation (up to 8 years beyond their first semester). Based on an integrative trait-complex approach to assessment of cognitive, affective, and conative traits, patterns of facilitative and impeding roles in predicting academic success were predicted. We report on the validity of these broad trait complexes for predicting academic success (grades and attrition rates) in isolation and in the context of traditional predictors and indicators of domain knowledge (Advanced Placement [AP] exams). We also examine gender differences and trait complex by gender interactions for predicting college success and persistence in science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) fields. Inclusion of trait-complex composite scores and average AP exam scores raised the prediction variance accounted for in college grades to 37%, a marked improvement over traditional prediction measures. Math/Science Self-Concept and Mastery/Organization trait complex profiles were also found to differ between men and women who had initial STEM major intentions but who left STEM for non-STEM majors. Implications for improving selection and identification of students at-risk for attrition are discussed.
Functional interdependence of genes in bacteriophage T2

32P-labeled T2 phage complexed with bacteria and then frozen loses its ability to make the phage-initiated enzymes, deoxycytidine 5′-phosphate hydroxy-methylase and hydroxymethyldeoxycytidine 5′-phosphate kinase, at a rate of 40 to 50% of the rate of loss of infective centers. This observation suggests that a very large subunit of phage DNA is involved in the synthesis of these enzymes. The consequences of this idea lead to some relevant considerations concerning the phenotypic expression of a phage gene.
Complications associated with central and non-central venous catheters in a neonatal intensive care unit

Complications associated with central and non-central venous catheters in a neonatal intensive care unit
Striving for versatility in publish/subscribe infrastructures

Publish/subscribe infrastructures are used as the basic communication and integration framework in many application domains. The majority of those infrastructures, however, fall short of mechanisms that allow their customization and configuration to comply with the requirements of those application domains. In other words, they are not versatile enough to support new and evolving requirements demanded by different applications. The YANCEES (Yet ANother Configurable Extensible Event Service) addresses these versatility issues by relying on a combination of plug-in oriented architecture and extensible languages decomposed over different design dimensions of a publish/subscribe infrastructure. We demonstrate our approach, showing how the YANCEES platform can be useful in reducing the customization, extension and implementation effort of different publish/subscribe infrastructures to attend the demands of many application domains.
Copper-metal deposition on self assembled monolayer for making top contacts in molecular electronic devices.

Molecular electronics is an attractive option for low-cost devices because it involves highly uniform self-assembly of molecules with a variety of possible functional groups. However, the potential of molecular electronics can only be turned into practical applications if reliable contacts can be established without damaging the organic layer or contaminating its interfaces. Here, a method is described to prepare tightly packed carboxyl-terminated alkyl self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) that are covalently attached to silicon surfaces and to deposit thin metallic copper top contact electrodes without damage to this layer. This method is based on a two-step procedure for SAM preparation and the implementation of atomic layer deposition (ALD) using copper di-sec-butylacetamidinate [Cu(sBu-amd)]2. In situ and ex situ infrared spectroscopy (IRS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and electrical measurements are used to characterize the chemical modification of the Si/SAM in...
Tube Production and Assembly Systems: The Impact of Compliance and Variability on Yield

Variation modeling is used in design to predict and diagnose potential quality problems. Most variation modeling assumes the parts are rigidly assembled. However, in some cases, this assumption is invalid. For example, when hydraulic tubes are assembled into aircraft structures, the compliance of the tube facilitates assembly. If the tubes were rigid, they cannot be assembled, i.e., the variations of the tubes and structures are too great. Despite the importance of compliance in assembly, it is typically not explicitly modeled during design. This paper proposes a new method to directly predict the assemblability of any tube design with minimal dependence CAD/FEM modeling and simulation. The model includes a variation model for the tubes and aircraft, compliance model and assembly model. It can be used during design to improve yields.
IPv6 Addressing Architecture in IPv4 Network

In the Internet, nodes are identified using IP addresses that depend on their topological location. IPv4/IPv6 translation technology involves address mapping between IPv6 and IPv4 nodes and the methods used to translate protocols, where nodes are in their respective IP version of network. A detailed study is made on the IPv6 addressing architecture, various IPv6 configuring mechanisms and obtaining care-of-address. The study clearly reveals that IPv6 addressing in IPv4 network and vice-versa are not considered. The paper points out the need of IPv6 addressing in IPv4 network and proposes a new addressing mechanism with a clear implementation procedure, while not restricting any IPv6 mobile node to roam only in IPv6 based networks. The newly configured IPv6 address in the proposal is referred to as P46CGA, which includes the extensions to IPv6 stateless addressing mechanism, cryptographic methods, IPv4 router address. Using IPv4 router address in IPv6 addressing in IPv4 network helps the other routers in the internet to identify easily the current location of IPv6 node and to establish communication between them. The main focus of the proposal is to permit an IPv6 mobile node to roam also into IPv4 based network and get serviced besides roaming in IPv6 based network.
Myocardial infarction in rabbits induced solely by a hypercholesterolemic diet

Summary The induction of true myocardial infarctions in rabbits, solely by means of a 2 % cholesterol diet maintained for four months, is described. Forty % of the 30 animals that were started on the diet and 50 % of the 22 animals that survived the full four months had myocardial infarcts. The lesions were caused by atheromatous plaques narrowing and occluding the coronary arteries; coronary thrombosis was not seen. The predominant rise in the whole blood cholesterol occurred prior to two months on the hypercholesterolemic diet. A correlation between the occurrence of myocardial infarcts and the final blood cholesterol level of the individual hypercholesterolemic rabbits was not demonstrated.
The effect of emotive language in virtual teams

Technology continues to change en evolve in amazing ways. The use of technology is also evolving at a dizzying pace. The way virtual environments are being used continues to challenge the norm in education. The questions driving this research study centers around the use of emotive language and emoticons in the written communication in a virtual environment between two high school aged students. The more focused question is, how does the use of emotive language and emoticons affect the negotiation, and how will a virtual facilitator interact within that same virtual environment? This study will provide insight into how the use of emotive language affects the ability of students to reach a negotiated solution. Also, this study will provide an opportunity to look at the use of text language from authentic sources. The implications of this study are quite powerful. The potential of a virtual facilitator that understands modern colloquial text based language, may provide an additional level of safety for online interactions between young adults, in effect, giving a tool to combat such things as cyber bullying.
Heating/melting of a fused silica particle by convection and radiation

Abstract The effect of internal absorption and emission of radiation on the heating/melting process of small fused silica particles is analyzed. The particle is considered to be semitransparent to radiation, and the radiative transfer theory is used to predict the local volumetric absorption/emission rate. The transient energy equation with conduction and radiation accounted for is solved to predict the temperature distribution in the particle and the solid–liquid interface position after the melting has started. The radiative transfer calculations are carried out on the spectral basis using published spectral optical property data for fused silica. Results of parametric calculations for different diameter particles, surroundings temperatures and external flow conditions are reported and discussed.
Modeling the autocorrelation of wavelet coefficients for image denoising

The undecimated discrete wavelet transform (UDWT) is a powerful image denoising tool, well-known to perform better than orthogonal wavelets. Unlike the case of orthogonal wavelets, noise as well as signal in the UDWT domain are non-white. Because of this inter-pixel correlation, scalar operations such as thresholding do not take full advantage of the power of UDWT. In this paper, we present a model for autocorrelations in the UDWT domain, and use it in a Wiener-type denoising algorithm. This algorithm accounts for colored signal and noise, and also aims to implicitly match the directional information due to the local edges in the image.