cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Heat generation in Li-ion cells during charge and discharge

The conventional dialogues on the reasons for thermal runaway, venting and fire of Li-ion cells point to temperature increase and gas formation. There is, however, no consensus on which of these events occurs first, thereby enabling research to correctly target the root cause. The recent work conducted at the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory (JHU/APL) demonstrates that neither the temperature increase nor gas formation may be the primary reason for the venting or fire. Instead, the primary reason could potentially be a thermodynamic parameter that is often associated with both anode and cathode, namely entropy. Typically, a decrease in entropy, and a concomitant increase in the electrode temperature have been observed in the anode during charging, and in the cathode during discharging. We find that under ambient operating conditions (0 to 40 °C), entropy-driven thermal energy accounts for more than 2/3rd of the heat. More importantly, sudden changes in the entropy increases the electrode temperature by an order-of-magnitude that if left unchecked could drive the electrode temperatures sufficiently high to disrupt the SEI layer, bringing the active materials in the electrodes in direct contact with the electrolyte, enabling exothermic reactions. Battery internal temperature (BIT) sensor, a technique that we recently developed at JHU/APL enables one to follow the anode and cathode temperatures in real time, while the cell is under charge and discharge. We will discuss the application of BIT sensor in estimating the entropy changes that define the limits of safety in Li-ion cells.
Decision-making and cancer screening: a qualitative study of older adults with multiple chronic conditions.

Abstract Objective To understand how older persons with multiple chronic conditions (MCC) approach decisions about cancer screening. Materials and Methods We conducted interviews with adults > 65 years old with at least two chronic conditions who were taking ≥ five medications daily. Patients were first asked how age and multimorbidity influence their cancer screening decisions. After showing them an educational prompt that explained the relationship between life expectancy and the benefits of cancer screening, respondents were then asked about screening in the context of specific health scenarios. Using grounded theory, three independent readers coded responses for salient themes. Sample size was determined by thematic saturation. Results Most respondents (26 of 28) initially indicated that their overall health or medical conditions do not influence their cancer screening decisions. After viewing the educational prompt, respondents described two broad approaches to cancer screening in the setting of increasing age or multi-morbidity. The first was a “benefits versus harms” approach in which participants weighed direct health benefits (e.g. reducing cancer incidence or mortality) and harms (e.g. complications or inconvenience). The second was a heuristic approach. Some heuristics favored screening, such as a persistent belief in unspecified benefits from screening, value of knowledge about cancer status, and not wanting to “give up”, whereas other heuristics discouraged screening, such as fatalism or a reluctance to learn about their cancer status. Conclusions When considering cancer screening, some older persons with MCC employ heuristics which circumvent the traditional quantitative comparison of risks and benefits, providing an important challenge to informed decision making.
Outpatient Tonsillectomy and Adenoidectomy Clinical Pathways: An Evaluative Study

Abstract Purpose: The purpose of this study is to examine two different dimensions of an outpatient pediatric tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy (T&A) clinical pathway at a tertiary care children's hospital. First, the analysis investigates whether the T&A clinical pathway effectively aids in the decision to discharge a pediatric patient as a day surgery (DS) (less than 12 hours) rather than as an outpatient observation surgery (OPO) (12 to 23 hours). Second, the pathway's impact on quality and financial outcomes is explored. Patients and Methods: Forty prepathway pediatric T&A patients were randomly selected and matched to 40 pathway pediatric T&A patients by age, gender, medical history, and surgeon to form a retrospective cohort. Using chi-square and analysis of variance, the two groups were compared by type of discharge (DS or OPO), length of stay, readmission rates, and costs. Results: The results show that patients on a pathway were more likely to be discharged as a DS. The shift toward DS discharges effected significant reduction in average length of stay and overall direct costs. Furthermore, there was no difference in readmission rates. Conclusion: These results indicate that the development and implementation of a pathway is an effective method in reducing length of stay and overall direct costs while maintaining quality outcomes.
Difference in structural change in the Carpentier-Edwards pericardial valves implanted in the mitral and tricuspid positions

We report a 29-year-old patient with prosthetic valve dysfunction with severe calcific stenosis in the mitral position but no structural change in the tricuspid position after mitral valve replacement and tricuspid valve supra-annular implantation with same bioprostheses at the seven years before. The difference in structural change between the mitral position and the tricuspid position might be due mainly to the effect of mechanical stress on the cusps, rather than to any difference in serum calcium levels. However, some hormonal effect other than that of the parathyroid hormone on the systemic and pulmonary circulation might be related to the early progression in cusp calcification in the systemic circulation.
Novel Use of a Whole Cell E. coli Bioreporter as a Urinary Exposure Biomarker

Bacterial bioreporters have substantial potential for contaminant assessment, but their real world application is currently impaired by a lack of sensitivity. Here, we exploit the bioconcentration of chemicals in the urine of animals to facilitate pollutant detection. The shore crab Carcinus maenas was exposed to the organic contaminant 2-hydroxybiphenyl, and urine was screened using an Escherichia coli-based luciferase gene (luxAB) reporter assay specific to this compound. Bioassay measurements differentiated between the original contaminant and its metabolites, quantifying bioconcentration factors of up to one hundred-fold in crab urine. Our results reveal the substantial potential of using bacterial bioreporter assays in real-time monitoring of biological matrices to determine exposure histories, with wide ranging potential for the in situ measurement of xenobiotics in risk assessments and epidemiology.
Assisted Cycling Exercise Improves Fine Manual Dexterity in Persons with Down's syndrome

Background This study was aimed at investigating the impact of assisted cycling therapy (ACT) on fine manual dexterity in adults with Down's syndrome (DS). Methods Nine persons with DS completed four different interventions: voluntary exercise (VE), voluntary with music (VEM), assisted exercise (AE) and no exercise (NE). Fine manual dexterity (e.g., Purdue Pegboard) was tested pre and post interventions. Results The results showed dominant and bimanual hands were improved after AE but no evident in either subtest after VE. The assembly subtest, processed by spatial-temporal ability, was only improved after VEM and NE. Conclusions It is speculated that AE stimulated more peripheral sensory input to the motor cortex and neurotransmitters than the other interventions. In addition, the involvement of music may enhance spatial intelligence during VEM. Even though the exact mechanisms are still unknown, the implication of our results showed that AE and VEM can improve fine manual dexterity in persons with DS.
Theory without experiments: have we gone too far?

Seeking a better understanding of computing through a mixture of theory and appropriate experimental evidence.
Free-boundary values in an elastic-plastic torsion problem

Consider a cylindrical pipe twisted by terminal couples. For a large twist θ, the elastic-plastic stress function, Ψ (·,θ), is shown to be the positive in the interior of the pipe, an increasing function of θ and converging to the completely plastic stress function, (·), as θ∞. A geometric procedure for constructing Ψ(·) has been developed to provide qualitative information. The main result states that on the cross-sectional boundary of the pipe, if θ is greater than or equal to a certain critical value, In addition, an example has been constructed to give additional insights.
Chemical Exchange and Transient Effects in an AB‐Type NMR Spectrum

A density matrix formulation is used to investigate the transient NMR effects which occur when the rf field H1 is changed discontinuously for a coupled AB system undergoing intramolecular chemical exchange. It is shown that the problem reduces to the solution of two matrix differential equations. Explicit solutions are obtained and discussed for two special cases: (i) H1 = 0 for t 0; and (ii) H1 = ∞ for t 0. For Case (I) it is shown that the Anderson–Weiss theory gives the same results. Also, our formulation is used to determine the conditions under which the absorption intensity can be calculated by assuming it to be proportional to the z component of the corresponding nuclear magnetization. Finally, the effect of inhomogeneities in the static field H0 is treated briefly. For a Lorentzian distribution of inhomogeneities, it is shown that the transient as well as steady‐state broadening effects can be accounted for by replacing ...
Orbital functional theory of linear response and excitation

Orbital functional theory (OFT) is based on a rule that determines a single-determinant reference state Φ for any exact N-electron eigenstate Ψ. An OFT model postulates an explicit correlation energy functional Ec of occupied orbital functions {ϕi} and occupation numbers {ni}. The orbital Euler–Lagrange equations are analogous to Kohn–Sham equations, but do not in general contain local potential functions. Time-dependent Hartree–Fock theory is generalized in OFT to a formally exact linear response theory that includes electronic correlation. In the exchange-only limit, the theory reduces to the random-phase approximation of many-body theory. The formalism determines excitation energies. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2001
Sediment and total phosphorous contributors in Rock River watershed.

Abstract Total phosphorous (TP) and total suspended sediment (TSS) pollution is a problem in the US Midwest and is of particular concern in the Great Lakes region where many water bodies are already eutrophic. Increases in monoculture corn planting to feed ethanol based biofuel production could exacerbate these already stressed water bodies. In this study we expand on the previous studies relating landscape variables such as land cover, soil type and slope with changes in pollutant concentrations and loading in the Great Lakes region. The Rock River watershed in Wisconsin, USA was chosen due to its diverse land use, numerous lakes and reservoirs susceptible to TSS and TP pollution, and the availability of long-term streamflow, TSS and TP data. Eight independent subwatersheds in the Rock River watershed were identified using United States Geological Survey (USGS) monitoring sites that monitor flow, TSS and TP. For each subwatershed, we calculated land use, soil type, and terrain slope metrics or variables. TSS and TP from the different subwatersheds were compared using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), and associations and relationships between landscape metrics and water quality (TSS and TP) were evaluated using the partial least square (PLS) regression. Results show that urban land use and agricultural land growing corn rotated with non-leguminous crops are associated with TSS and TP in streams. This indicates that increasing the amount of corn rotated with non-leguminous crops within a subwatershed could increase degradation of water quality. Results showed that increase in corn–soybean rotation acreage within the watershed is associated with reduction in stream's TSS and TP. Results also show that forest and water bodies were associated with reduction in TSS and TP. Based on our results we recommend adoption of the Low Impact Development (LID) approach in urban dominated subwatersheds. This approach attempts to replicate the pre-development hydrological regime by reducing the ratio of impervious area to natural cover wherever possible, as well as recycling or treating stormwater runoff using filter strips, ponds and wetlands. In agriculturally dominated subwatersheds, we recommend increasing corn–soybean rotation, keeping corn on areas with gentle slope and soils with lower erodibility.
Twitter bootstrap and AngularJS: Frontend frameworks to expedite science gateway development

Science gateways provide user-centric views to cyberinfrastructure resources, simplifying usage and enabling a richer user experience. To enable the goals of a science gateway and the communities of scientists it supports, gateway developers need to be able to spend more time on designing and developing the user experience and less time on wrestling with the underlying technology (such as HTML5, CSS, and JavaScript). In this poster, we describe our experiences using Twitter Bootstrap and AngularJS frameworks to address this balance between design and implementation, empowering developers to create better styled and easily maintainable websites.
Echocardiographic Diagnosis of Atrial Septal Aneurysm in an Infant with Hypoplastic Right Heart Syndrome

Echocardiographic findings are described in a patient with hypoplastic right heart syndrome (pulmonary atresia type with intact ventricular septum and small right ventricular cavity) who had an associated atrial septal aneurysm. An unusual appearance of echoes behind the aorta bulging into the left atrium in diastole on both the M-mode and cross-sectional echo suggested this diagnosis prior to cardiac catheterization. The angiographic findings confirmed the diagnosis of right ventricular hypoplasia, pulmonary atresia and the large atrial septal aneurysm. The infant died after surgery and the atrial septal aneurysm was observed at autopsy. The importance of the diagnosis of the atrial septal aneurysm and its association with restriction of rightto-left atrial shunting prompts this report.
Design of a Magnetic Bearing-Supported Prototype Centrifugal Artificial Heart Pump

Magnetically supported ventricular assist devices are beginning to be developed. This paper describes a continuous flow centrifugal flow prototype pump that has been constructed and successfully tested. It has four active electromagnetic bearings—two radial and two thrust bearings. The total capacity, current gains and stiffness of the bearings are described. Bearing coil currents were measured with the pump rotor in various orientations to approximately determine the actuator current gains. These parameters were then employed to estimate the radial and thrust forces exerted on the pump rotor during static operation in air and water and then with the pump rotating in both air and water. Performance properties—differential pressure and efficiency-were measured and found to be in the range necessary for adult human cardiac requirements. Presented as a Society of Tribologists and Lubricant Engineers paper at the STLE/ASME Tribology Conference in Kissimmee, Florida, October 8–11, 1995
Inspection of advanced computational lithography logic reticles using a 193-nm inspection system

We report inspection results of early 22-nm logic reticles designed with both conventional and computational lithography methods. Inspection is performed using a state-of-the-art 193-nm reticle inspection system in the reticleplane inspection mode (RPI) where both rule-based sensitivity control (RSC) and a newer modelbased sensitivity control (MSC) method are tested. The evaluation includes defect detection performance using several special test reticles designed with both conventional and computational lithography methods; the reticles contain a variety of programmed critical defects which are measured based on wafer print impact. Also included are inspection results from several full-field product reticles designed with both conventional and computational lithography methods to determine if low nuisance-defect counts can be achieved. These early reticles are largely single-die and all inspections are performed in the die-to-database inspection mode only.
Taking the temperature

The 'temperature' of a granular material depends on its entropy, but is hard to measure in the laboratory. So a theory that ties temperature to grain mobility and diffusion is welcome.
Behavior alters the uptake of [3h]choline into acetylcholinergic neurons of the nucleus basalis magnocellularis and medial septal area

Abstract Behavioral experience changed sodium-dependent high affinity choline uptake (SDHACU) in the hippocampus and frontal cortex. Rats were trained on various behavioral tasks and sacrificed after testing. SDHACU was determined in frontal cortex and hippocampus, areas that receive cholinergic innervation from the nucleus basalis magnocellularis (NBM) and the medial septal area (MSA), respectively. Untrained rats taken directly from their home cages had fairly consistent levels of SDHACU in the hippocampus (1.76 ± 0.45, X ± S.E.) and frontal cortex (1.46 ± 0.37). In the hippocampus of rats performing in a radial maze and T-maze and in rats that surpassed a criterion level in an active avoidance task, SDHACU increased significantly above Cage (untrained) group levels. In the cortex of rats performing the radial maze task, SDHACU decreased slightly. There were no other changes in frontal cortical SDHACU. After behavioral testing ceased, SDHACU in rats performing the radial maze task remained elevated above Control and Treadmill group levels for 20 days, but returned to near control levels 40 days later. Our data demonstrate that a functional differentiation exists between the MSA and NBM cholinergic systems, and that the measurement of SDHACU in central cholinergic neurons is a useful tool to identify the influences of behavior and environment upon changes in neurochemical events and neuronal activity.
Synthese und Struktur eines [Co2(CO)6]‐ komplexierten Propargylkations

Nach vielen vergeblichen Bemuhungen uber zwei Jahrzehnte gelang nun die erste Kristallstrukturanalyse eines [Co2(CO)6]-komplexierten Propargylkations, des BF4-Salzes von 1. Das kationische Zentrum ist zwar nahezu ideal sp2-hybridisiert, die Metallcluster weisen aber dennoch erheblich unterschiedliche Strukturen auf.
The transnational effect of multicultural policies on migrants' identification: the case of the Israeli diaspora in the USA

While it is difficult to gauge the effect of multicultural policies within countries, it is even more difficult to measure them across countries. In this article, I use fundamental multicultural changes that have occurred in Israeli society in recent decades as a case study, and track their effect on how Israelis who reside in the USA identify with Israel. Analysing the US census and the American Community Survey, I have focused my research on three groups of Israeli-born migrants in the USA – Israeli Arabs, ultra-Orthodox Jews and the Jewish majority. Findings indicate that originating from a minority community in the homeland predicts not only a different rate, but also different longitudinal trends of Israeli identification. I offer several possible explanations for these variations, but an in-depth analysis of the Israeli case indicates that the transnational effect of the changing multicultural agenda in Israel is the leading mechanism at play.
Efficient schema extraction from a large collection of XML documents

XML is becoming the standard format for data exchange on the Internet. In this paper, we present a system that is effective in extracting schema information from a large collection of XML documents. Based on Xtract, we propose using the cost of an NFA simulation to compute the Minimum Length Description. We also studied using frequencies of the sample inputs to improve the effectiveness of the schema extraction. Experimental studies were conducted on synthesized XML data sets, suggesting the efficiency and effectiveness of our approach as a solution for schema inference.
Fluid-Structure Interaction Modeling of a Subsea Jumper Pipe

Flow-induced vibration (FIV) is one of the main reasons for subsea piping failure, where subsea pipes, which typically carry multiphase flow, experience large fluctuating forces. These fluctuating forces can induce severe vibrations leading to premature piping failure. This paper presents a transient numerical study of a typical subsea M-shape jumper pipe that is carrying a gas-liquid multiphase flow subject to a slug frequency of 4.4 Hz, starting from rest to include the start-up effect as part of the study. 3-D numerical simulations were used to capture the fluid-structure interaction (FSI) and estimate pipe deformations due to fluctuating hydrodynamic forces. In this paper, two FSI approaches were used to compute the pipe deformations, two-way coupled and one-way decoupled. Analysis of the results showed that decoupled (one-way) FSI approach overestimated the peak pipe deformation by about 100%, and showed faster decay of fluctuations than coupled (two-way) FSI analysis. The assessment of resonant risk due to FIV is also discussed.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Laboratory and field bioassays on the effects of Beauveria bassiana Vuillemin (Hypocreales: Cordycipitaceae) on red oak borer, Enaphalodes rufulus (Haldeman) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)

Abstract An unexpected outbreak of a native longhorned beetle, the red oak borer (Enaphalodes rufulus (Haldeman)), occurred in upland oak forests of Arkansas, Missouri and Oklahoma ca. 1999–2005. Few management tools exist for reducing E. rufulus populations. Laboratory bioassays were conducted to determine susceptibility of all E. rufulus life stages to the fungal pathogen Beauveria bassiana Vuillemin. Egg, neonate, early-instar, pupal, and adult stages of E. rufulus were all susceptible to a natural isolate of B. bassiana collected from E. rufulus (ARSEF 7404) or a commercial B. bassiana product, BotaniGard®. In July 2003, 10 living, E. rufulus-infested northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.) boles were sprayed with a 2 L BotaniGard® B. bassiana suspension of 1.3 × 1011 viable conidia per 2 m of each bole at a forested site in the Ozark National Forest, Franklin County, Arkansas. The following spring, trees were removed and sampled for E. rufulus larvae that had survived or died during the winter. Live E. rufulus larval density in untreated Q. rubra log samples was significantly greater than in treated log samples with means of 16.4 ± 1.8 (SE) and 4.4 ± 2.0 larvae per m2 of bark for untreated and treated logs, respectively. Application of B. bassiana spray against early-instar E. rufulus would be most effective in mid-summer of odd-numbered years to target vulnerable early E. rufulus life stages and to reduce structural damage to trees caused by E. rufulus feeding.
Intracranial pressure monitoring in children with single suture and complex craniosynostosis: a review.

One third of patients with craniofacial dysostosis syndromes and about 15–20% of children with single suture craniostenosis have a documented increase in intracranial pressure (ICP). The early detection of intracranial hypertension is important in order to reduce the risks for brain development and visual function. However, in children with craniosynostosis, the clinical manifestations of abnormally increased ICP are difficult to detect, as the majority of patients may have neither warning signs nor symptoms for a long period of time. Moreover, data from the literature suggest that neither fundoscopic nor radiological findings are necessarily related to intracranial pressure recordings in this type of pathology. In this context prolonged ICP monitoring seems actually to be the most valuable diagnostic tool. Extradural, subdural, and intraparenchymal devices have been used, and different softwares have been employed for PC storage and analysis of the data obtained. Most recent series consider mean ICP combined with plateaux waves as the most sensitive indicators in the final evaluation of the results. The analysis of the literature demonstrates a significant difference in the prevalence of raised ICP preoperatively between non-syndromic and syndromic patients. Among the non-syndromic children, a direct relation between the number of sutures involved and raised ICP is documented. The analysis of plateaux waves seems to be particularly important in children with borderline mean ICP values. Persistent postoperative raised ICP has been described in 6–15% of patients with craniofacial dysostosis. It must be related to the multifactorial etiology of increased ICP in these patients, which includes cerebral venous congestion, upper airway obstruction, and hydrocephalus.
Building mass spectrometers and a philosophy of research

Development of the techniques of ion kinetic energy spectrometry and mass-analyzed ion kinetic energy spectrometry is described. The extension of these concepts to the method of tandem mass spectrometry for direct mixture analysis is traced, and a rationale for the construction of hybrid mass spectrometers is presented. Collisions of polyatomic ions with surfaces are discussed as an outgrowth of gaseous collisions. An attempt is made to describe a philosophy of research that guided the construction of a dozen mass spectrometers and the exploration of organic ion chemistry in as many contexts.
The correlation between relatives under assortative mating for an X‐linked and autosomal trait.

Correlations between various relatives are derived for phenotypic assortative mating at equilibrium for a trait determined by additive autosomal and X-linked loci without dominance, with proportional gene effects in the two sexes, and with an uncorrelated environment. It is assumed that genotype and environment are normally distributed, that phenotypes of mates are bivariate-normally distributed, and that regression of an individual's phenotype or genotype on the phenotype or genotype of any of his relatives is linear.
IMAGING OF THE REARFOOT

The authors review various pedal conditions affecting the rearfoot, including plantar fasciitis, Achilles tendon pathology, fractures, arthritides, coalitions, and tumors. Various diagnostic imaging modalities such as routine radiography, radionuclide bone scanning, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging are discussed.
Normal mode based flexible fitting of high-resolution structure into low-resolution experimental data from cryo-EM.

A new method for the flexible fitting of high-resolution structures into low-resolution maps of macromolecular complexes from electron microscopy has been recently described in applications to simulated electron density maps. This method uses a linear combination of low-frequency normal modes in an iterative manner to deform the structure optimally to conform to the low-resolution electron density map. Gradient-following techniques in the coordinate space of collective normal modes are used to optimize the overall correlation coefficient between computed and measured electron densities. With this approach, multi-scale flexible fitting can be performed using all-atoms or Cα atoms. In this paper, illustrative studies of normal mode based flexible fitting to experimental cryo-EM maps are presented for three different systems. Large, functionally relevant conformational changes for elongation factor G bound to the ribosome, Escherichia coli RNA polymerase and cowpea chlorotic mottle virus are elucidated as the result of the application of NMFF from high-resolution structures to cryo-electron microscopy maps.
Studies on nucleoproteins. IV. Preparation of the deoxyribonucleoprotein and fractionation of the deoxyribonucleic acid of wheat germ.

Abstract The isolation, purification and composition of preparations of the deoxyribonucleoprotein and the deoxyribonucleic acid of wheat germ are described. The sugar constituent has been identified as 2-deoxyribose. In confirmation of previous findings, the separation of the deoxyribonucleic acid into a series of fractions showing characteristic differences in composition has been achieved by the fractional extraction of the nucleoprotein or, less effectively, of histone nucleate complexes. The distribution of 5-methylcytosine relative to that of cytosine is not uniform in the nucleic acid fractions. The nucleotide composition of the pentose nucleic acid of wheat germ has been studied; 5-methylcytosine does not appear to occur in the latter. The paper also discusses the processes of the fractionation of nucleic acids and considers some of the conclusions arising from the findings on the uneven distribution of 5-methylcytosine.
SUBLINEAR OPERATORS BETWEEN BANACH LATTICES

Abstract A class of sublinear operators between Banach lattices E and F are characterized when E and F have representations as extended real-valued functions on X and Y, respectively. It is shown that T is M-sublinear if and only if T is related to a weighted supremum over X, i.e., Tf(y) is related to V r(z, y)f(x) for f ≥ 0 in E and r a real-valued function on X x Y. This is used to study finite conditions on the weighting function r.
Binding Cooperativity in Phage λ is Not Sufficient to Produce an Effective Switch

In the wild-type phage λ, binding of CI to OR2 helps polymerase bound to PRM transition from a closed to open complex. Activators on other promoters increase the polymerase-DNA binding energy, or affect both the binding energy and the closed-open transition probability. Using a validated mathematical model, we show that these two modes of upregulation have very different effects on the promoter function. We predict that if CI2 bound to OR2 produced equal increase in RNAP-DNA binding constant (compared to wild-type increase in the closed-open transition probability), the lysogen would be significantly less stable.
Lack of correlation between blood gold concentrations and clinical response in patients with definite or classic rheumatoid arthritis receiving auranofin or gold sodium thiomalate.

We investigated the correlation between whole blood gold concentrations and clinical outcomes in 59 auranofin-treated patients and 51 gold sodium thioma-late-treated patients who completed a 21-week, placebo-controlled, multicenter parallel trial. Whole blood gold concentrations did not correlate with clinical outcome, as assessed by changes in joint tenderness, joint swelling, or Westergren erythrocyte sedimentation rate. They also did not correlate with toxic reactions necessitating withdrawal from the study.
Experiences With an Open Systems Computing Laboratory

Open Systems are computing systems which are based on industry standards and nonproprietary multivendor components. As an increasing number of computing installations move away from single‐vendor proprietary architectures to more and more open architectures, academic institutions are increasingly faced with the responsibility of appropriately introducing open systems concepts into the undergraduate curricula. Using funding from the National Science Foundation, an open systems computing laboratory was recently set up at the University of Michigan‐Dearborn. The laboratory is based on the three most popular computing platforms today in the PC to Workstation range; namely IBM/PC, Macintosh, and Sun/UNIX. Supporting equipment include a postcript printer, a Novell network, a tape mass storage, and appropriate software and interfaces. A three credit‐hour course titled Open Systems Computing was offered in Summer 1995 to computer science and computer engineering majors. The course utilized the laboratory fully. T...
The Relation Between Social Identity Integration and Psychological Adjustment: A Focus on Mainstream and Marginalized Cultural Identities

The authors examined the association between social identity integration and psychological adjustment in a mainstream sample of Latter-Day Saints (Study 1) and a marginalized sample of gay men (Study 2). Results across both samples indicated that psychological adjustment was significantly and positively associated with social identity integration. Exploratory analyses revealed that for the Study 1 sample, the relation between integration and adjustment was largely explained by individuals' feelings of authenticity. Results for the gay male sample showed the relation between integration and adjustment was explained less by authenticity; instead, perceptions of social identity negativity appeared to play a mediating role. The authors discuss the implications for research on identity development and dealing with devalued group memberships.
THE GEOGRAPHICAL, LINGUISTIC, AND CULTURAL POSITION OF THE POPOLUCA OF VERACRUZ

Ll THE GEOGRAPHICAL, LINGUISTIC, AND CULTURAL POSI- TION OF THE POPOLUCA OF VERACRUZ By GEORGE M. FOSTER had not contemptuously referred to a I F of THE pre-Conquest Aztecs Chontales and Popolocas (Popoloco, number distinct alien groups as Popo­ luca, Pupuluca, etc.), the work of later ethnologists would have been much simpler. Fifty years ago Brinton corrected the then common assumption that the various groups so designated were parts of one tribe which had been broken up by invading hordes and forced to flee in all directions. 1 The Nahuatl words chontalli and popoloca are variously translated as foreigner, stranger, barbarian, and one who speaks an unintelligible tongue, and are common nouns, not tribal names. Brinton attempted to classify all of the groups so designated, and to a considerable extent was successful. One of the Popoloca groups that has proven most baffling is that known as the Popoluca of Veracruz, who speak languages related to Mixe-Zoque. Various scattered references to this group, or groups, for actually there are four dis­ tinct idioms spoken, have appeared from time to time, but in none has the relationship of the four groups been clearly defined. This paper, based on field work in 1940 and 1941, attempts to delimit as precisely as possible the geo­ graphical position of the Veracruz Popoluca, comments on earlier references to them, discusses probable linguistic relationships, and very briefly summa­ rizes the cultural status of the most numerous division. North and west of the Coatzacoalcos River, which drains the northern part of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, rises a local coastal volcanic mountain chain which runs from southeast to northwest past Catemaco and the Tuxtlas until it disappears in the marshy depression of the Papaloapan drainage. In­ dividual peaks rise to 5000 feet, and the entire area, which is separated from the cordillera of Oaxaca, is rough and broken. On the southern and eastern slopes of this range, and in the flat Coatzacoalcos river basin, are found all of the present day Veracruz Popoluca. As pointed out, four linguistic groups are distinguishable. These may be referred to as the Sierra, Oluta, Sayula, and Texistepec Popoluca. The first-named, numerically most important, live in the mountains at altitudes of from 400 feet to nearly 3000 feet and occupy about 25 villages and rancherias with populations numbering from 50 to more than 1000. The total population is about 10,000. The other three groups are limited to the pueblos of the same names, all near the trans-Tehuantepec railroad line at a distance of about 40 miles from the Coatzacoalcos terminal, and are linguistic islands of about 3000 inhabitants, each surrounded by Span­ ish and Aztec-speaking peoples. 1 D. G. Brinton, Chon/ales and POpollUas: A Contribution /0 Mexican Ethnology (Compte­ Rendu de la Huitieme Session, Congr~ International des Am~ricanistes. Paris, 1890), pp. 556-564.
Model of suspension limiters

A model of the response of a suspension to a short, intense laser pulse is described. In the model the particles act as initiators ofthe response, which develops in the liquid. Back propagation ofthe active region toward the laser is the dominate feature ofthe response; it can be used to simplify the description. Novel features ofthe model are the assertion of the existence of a liquid "plasma", i.e., a high density of free carriers in the liquid, and the development ofthe plasma in accordance with the Saha relation. The two aspects of the response are absorption by the liquid plasma and scattering from gas bubbles. The relative role ofthese mechanisms depends on the particulars ofthe suspension and the intensity ofthe laser pulse. A computer code implementing the model is described and the results of simulations are presented. Limiting data and images of irradiated suspensions are compared with the predictions of the model. The images are of emitted and scattered light, as well as shadowgraphs. The implications ofthe model for the design of suspension limiters is discussed.
Intracavitary dosimetry: A comparison of MGHR prescription to doses at points a and b in cervical cancer

Abstract This study, involving 77 patients with carcinoma of the cervix, compares the doses at points A and B with the milligram-hour (mg-hr) prescription for the intracavitary use of the Fletcher-Suit afterloading applicators. The doses at points A and B were computer calculated. A linear least-square regression analysis was used to compare the two sets of data. Correlation coefficients between doses at points A and B and the mg-hr prescription are 0.84 (p 3 4 the mg-hr prescription, the dose at point B is approximately 1 4 , the mg-hr prescription. The limitations and significance of the comparison of the two approaches to intracavitary dosimetry is discussed.
An atomistic calculation of two-dimensional diffusion of a Pt adatom on a Pt(110) surface

Results of an atomistic calculation supporting two-dimensional diffusion of a Pt atom on a Pt(110) surface are presented. The calculations for diffusion energies indicate that interchannel diffusion by the replacement of a channel-wall atom by the adatom is energetically favorable.
Chronically infected rhinolith of the maxillary sinus simulating osteomyelitis.

Abstract A case is presented to demonstrate one of the physiologic responses to a foreign body. Since the maxillary sinuses are merely air spaces, the diagnosis of osteomyelitis is negated. It is unfortunate that all roentgenograms departed with patient to his overseas command.
Scanning tunneling microscopy study of single molecule motion on the Si(100)- 2×1 surface

Room temperature ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) is used to characterize the motion of individual organic molecules on the Si(100)-2×1 surface. In particular, 4-methoxystyrene molecules are observed to translate laterally on the surface during UHV STM imaging. Switching between the two most favored conformations occurs on the time scale of 0.1–1 s. On the other hand, styrene molecules imaged under identical conditions are not observed to undergo lateral translations, thus suggesting that the rotational freedom of the methoxy group is enabling the apparent motion of 4-methoxystyrene. To test this hypothesis, the rotational freedom of the methoxy group was eliminated by synthesizing an analog molecule (5-vinyl-2,3-dihydrobenzofuran) where the methoxy group was covalently linked back to the aromatic ring. UHV STM studies of 5-vinyl-2,3-dihydrobenzofuran confirm the expected suppression of molecular motion. Overall, this study suggests that the motion of surface-mounted adsorbates c...
Unifying perception, estimation and action for mobile manipulation via belief space planning

In this paper, we describe an integrated strategy for planning, perception, state-estimation and action in complex mobile manipulation domains. The strategy is based on planning in the belief space of probability distribution over states. Our planning approach is based on hierarchical symbolic regression (pre-image back-chaining). We develop a vocabulary of fluents that describe sets of belief states, which are goals and subgoals in the planning process. We show that a relatively small set of symbolic operators lead to task-oriented perception in support of the manipulation goals.
Selecting Operator Queries Using Expected Myopic Gain

When its human operator cannot continuously supervise (much less teleoperate) an agent, the agent should be able to recognize its limitations and ask for help when it risks making autonomous decisions that could significantly surprise and disappoint the operator. Inspired by previous research on making exploration-exploitation tradeoff decisions and on inverse reinforcement learning, we develop Expected Myopic Gain (EMG), a Bayesian approach where an agent explicitly models its uncertainty and how possible operator responses to queries could improve its decisions. With EMG, an agent can weigh the relative expected utilities of seeking operator help versus acting autonomously. We provide conditions under which EMG is optimal, and preliminary empirical results on simple domains showing that EMG can perform well even when its optimality conditions are violated.
Optimizing Memory Locality Using a Locality-Aware Page Table

One of the main challenges for modern parallel shared-memory architectures are accesses to main memory. In current systems, the performance and energy efficiency of memory accesses depend on their locality: accesses to remote caches and NUMA nodes are more expensive than accesses to local ones. Increasing the locality requires knowledge about how the threads of a parallel application access memory pages. With this information, pages can be migrated to the NUMA nodes that access them (data mapping), as well as threads that access the same pages can be migrated to the same node such that locality can be improved even further (thread mapping). In this paper, we propose LAPT, a mechanism to store the memory access pattern of parallel applications in the page table, which is updated by the hardware during TLB misses. This information is used by the operating system to perform an optimized thread and data mapping during the execution of the parallel application. In contrast to previous work, LAPT does not require any previous information about the behavior of the applications, or changes to the application or runtime libraries. Extensive experiments with the NAS Parallel Benchmarks (NPB) and PARSEC showed performance and energy efficiency improvements of up to 19.2% and 15.7%, respectively, (6.7% and 5.3% on average).
Rheumatologic sequelae and challenges in organ transplantation

Despite the increasing success of transplantation, graft recipients experience a high burden of musculoskeletal symptoms that may hinder quality of life. Post-transplant musculoskeletal problems may result from sequelae of the organ dysfunction that indicated the transplant or from the subsequent anti-rejection therapy. Rheumatology consultants need to be familiar with the spectrum of musculoskeletal syndromes presenting in these unique patients and their appropriate treatment in the context of complex drug regimens and immunosuppression.
Creation of a metallic micromachined chain mail fabric

The fabrication and testing of a metallic micromachined fabric is presented. The fabric, similar in construction to chain mail, consists of small rings and links built upon a planar substrate and then released to yield a sheet that can bend along two axes and drape over curved surfaces. This micromachined fabric exhibits unique mechanical and electrical properties owing to the geometry and materials employed. Tests of electrical conduction under stress and mechanical failure strength are presented. Resistance of the chain mail is found to vary over nearly seven orders of magnitude under mechanical deformation. Combined with existing techniques, the new fabric holds promise to allow fully engineered smart textiles.
Intrathymic expression of neuromuscular acetylcholine receptors and the immunpathogenesis of myasthenia gravis

There is a large body of circumstantial evidence highlighting a primary role of the thymus in the pathogenesis of MG. Nevertheless, the etiologic link remains to be forged. We are reexamining the hypothesis that AChR expressed in the thymus drives the pathogenic autoimmune response. To this end, we have established a model of intrathymic inflammation that is localized to the thymic medulla and demonstrated that this inflammatory process promotes the nonspecific entry of peripheral CD4+ T cells into the thymus. Using this model, we are in the process of determining whether (a) AChR-reactive CD4+ T cell homing to the thymus is augmented by a concurrent intrathymic inflammatory response to an unrelated antigen, and (b) AChR-reactive T cell immigrants undergo activation following their engagement of autoantigen in this inflammatory milieu, provide help for the production of anti-AChR antibodies by immigrant autoreactive B cells, and thereby promote the development of a myasthenic syndrome.
Tobacco-Induced Neurotoxicity of Adolescent Cognitive Development (TINACD): A Proposed Model for the Development of Impulsivity in Nicotine Dependence

Early initiation of cigarette use is associated with higher levels of nicotine dependence. This paper provides a theory to explain this finding based on the neurotoxic effects of cigarettes on a developing system. The tobacco-induced neurotoxicity of adolescent cognitive development (TINACD) theory postulates that alterations in executive functioning, particularly evident under stressful or emotionally intense states, lead to higher levels of dependence. The model proposes that the neurotoxic effects of tobacco are most pronounced when smoking begins during early adolescence, a period of major neurodevelopment subserving inhibitory control.
Cerebral infarctions in the fetus and neonate: maternal–placental–fetal considerations

Historical data, clinical examination findings, and laboratory information must be integrated along a variable timeline that includes antepartum, intrapartum, and postnatal time periods when cerebral infarction can occur, in the context of the neonates genetic endowment. Genetic susceptibility or prenatal acquired vulnerabilities regarding stroke syndromes may set in motion a cascade of molecular pathways that ultimately cause or exacerbate brain injury when the vulnerable child experiences adverse medical conditions. The clinician must consider maternal, placental, and fetal conditions on which a stroke syndrome may be superimposed, with or without additional brain injury from other pathogenic mechanisms. Evaluation of fetal and neonatal cerebral infarction requires knowledge of mechanisms of brain injury that cross medical disciplines and may involve consultation with maternal/fetal specialists, placental and pediatric pathologists, neonatologists, geneticists, and other pediatric subspecialties. Comprehensive evaluations of survivors of cerebral infarction are needed to better understand structural and functional plasticity of the developing brain after a cerebrovascular event in the fetal and neonatal periods.