cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
UNPACKING THE INFLUENCE OF PUBLIC–PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS ON DISASTER RESILIENCE: A COMPARISON OF EXPERT PERSPECTIVES

Public managers are under increasing pressure to develop and operate physical infrastructure systems that prove resilient in the face of natural disasters. At the same time, fiscal pressures and mounting infrastructure needs are drawing more and more attention to public–private partnerships (PPP) as a mechanism for delivering infrastructure. The research question guiding this study is how can the institutional designs of PPPs influence the potential for improving infrastructure resilience? We examined the perceived relationship between infrastructure resilience and PPPs by conducting and analyzing research interviews with twenty‐four senior infrastructure experts in Washington, DC. The results reflect findings of related privatization research, indicating that market‐based incentives can advance public values such as resilience, but the responsibility for ensuring they do so rests primarily with government. We note key differences in how the infrastructure investment experts and disaster resilience experts view issues in infrastructure management, and provide suggestions for improving public‐private collaboration to improve resilience.
KRAS mutation is associated with upregulation of integrin beta-4 expression leading to tumor invasion in colorectal cancer.

576Background: KRAS mutation (KRASmut) is associated with aggressive biological behavior and resistance to chemoradiotherapy in colorectal cancer (CRC). The tumor microenvironment is a critical com...
Impact of prenatal arsenate exposure on gene expression in a pure population of migratory cranial neural crest cells.

Abstract Prenatal exposure to arsenic, a naturally occurring toxic element, causes neural tube defects (NTDs) and, in animal models, orofacial anomalies. Since aberrant development or migration of cranial neural crest cells (CNCCs) can also cause similar anomalies within developing embryos, we examined the effects of in utero exposure to sodium arsenate on gene expression patterns in pure populations of CNCCs, isolated by fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS), from Cre/LoxP reporter mice. Changes in gene expression were analyzed using Affymetrix GeneChip® microarrays and expression of selected genes was verified by TaqMan quantitative real-time PCR. We report, for the first time, arsenate-induced alterations in the expression of a number of novel candidate genes and canonical cascades that may contribute to the pathogenesis of orofacial defects. Ingenuity Pathway and NIH-DAVID analyses revealed cellular response pathways, biological themes, and potential upstream regulators, that may underlie altered fetal programming of arsenate exposed CNCCs.
Critical Community Pratice: An Introduction to the Special Section

What does it mean to practice critically in community settings? How do counselors, psychologists, social workers, community development workers, and other human service practitioners get beyond patching up the wounded and sending them back to contend with the toxic conditions in communities and society? What individual and organizational beliefs and practices would support those in need while simultaneously contributing to changing social conditions? This paper explores a model of critical community practice that highlights the theoretical underpinnings, practical applications, and organizational implications of community practice that is more radical and transformative. It also serves as an introduction to the four papers that follow in this special section.
Insights into the origin of the high energy-conversion efficiency of F1-ATPase

Our understanding of the rotary-coupling mechanism of F1-ATPase has been greatly enhanced in the last decade by advances in X-ray crystallography, single-molecular imaging, and theoretical models. Recently, Volkan-Kacso and Marcus [S. Volkan-Kacso, R. A. Marcus, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 112, 14230 (2015)] presented an insightful thermodynamic model based on the Marcus reaction theory coupled with an elastic structural deformation term to explain the observed γ-rotation angle dependence of the adenosine triphosphate (ATP)/adenosine diphosphate (ADP) exchange rates of F1-ATPase. Although the model is successful in correlating single-molecule data, it is not in agreement with the available theoretical results. We describe a revision of the model, which leads to consistency with the simulation results and other experimental data on the F1-ATPase rotor compliance. Although the free energy liberated on ATP hydrolysis by F1-ATPase is rapidly dissipated as heat and so cannot contribute directly to the rotation, we show how, nevertheless, F1-ATPase functions near the maximum possible efficiency. This surprising result is a consequence of the differential binding of ATP and its hydrolysis products ADP and Pi along a well-defined pathway.
Identity, Situational Elements, and Responses to Drug Debt:

Objectives:This study examines illicit drug sellers’ explanations of how their identities and attendant responses to drug debts are influenced by the situational elements of accounts, relationships...
Fundamental studies of the effect of crystal defects on CuInSe{sub 2}/CdS heterojunction behavior: Final report, 28 June 1993--30 June 1998

This report describes the work performed by the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. The following results were obtained under the work funded by this subcontract: (1) Point defects and electronic properties of Cu(In{sub 1-x}Ga{sub x})Se{sub 2}: New record results for hole mobilities in Cu(In{sub 1-x}Ga{sub x})Se{sub 2} based on single crystals grown by Rockett's group; Demonstrated the role of Ga in determining hole concentrations; Showed that Ga does not affect the hole mobility in this material and why this is the case; Determined the diffusion coefficient for Ga in single-crystal Cu(In{sub 1-x}Ga{sub x})Se{sub 2}; Demonstrated the structure and optoelectronic properties of the CuIn{sub 3}Se{sub 5} ordered-defect phase of CuInSe{sub 2}; Characterized the detailed effects of Na on Cu(In{sub 1-x}Ga{sub x})Se{sub 2} solar cells and on the fundamental properties of the material itself (reduces compensating donors in p-type materials); and In collaboration with groups at the Universities of Salford and Liverpool in the United Kingdom, studied the effect of ion implantation damage on Cu(In{sub 1-x}Ga{sub x})Se{sub 2} single-crystals. (2) Materials for and characterization of devices: Developed a novel contact metallurgy that improves adhesion to the underlying Mo back-contact in solar cells made with Cu(In{sub 1-x}Ga{sub x})Se{sub 2}; (This material has also yielded substantial novel materials science behaviors, including grain rotation and growth prior to phase separation in a metastable binary alloy.) Characterized the electroluminescence as a function of temperature and Ga content in Cu(In{sub 1-x}Ga{sub x})Se{sub 2} solar cells and showed that the radiative recombination pathways are not band-to-band as in normal semiconductors, but rather, proceed through defect states; and Working with a group at the University of Uppsala in Sweden, demonstrated novel aspects of the bonding and chemistry of dip-coated CdS heterojunction materials used as heterojunction partner materials in Cu(In{sub 1-x}Ga{sub x})Se{sub 2} solar cells.
Hydrodynamics of median-fin interactions in fish-like locomotion: Effects of fin shape and movement

Recent studies have shown that by utilizing the interactions among median fins (the dorsal, anal, and caudal fins), fishes can achieve higher propulsion performance at the caudal fin. This work aims at a systematic study of the effects of dorsal/anal fin shape and flapping phase on the hydrodynamic performance due to median-fin interactions (MFI) in underwater propulsion using a three-dimensional bluegill sunfish model. Flow simulations were conducted on stationary Cartesian grids using an immersed-boundary-method-based incompressible Navier-Stokes flow solver. The results showed that, due to the collision between the posterior body vortices (PBVs) and caudal fin leading edge vortices (LEVs), the latter is strengthened. As a result, the thrust and efficiency of the caudal fin are improved simultaneously, by 25.6% and 29.2%, respectively. Increases in the dorsal/anal fin area result in stronger caudal fin LEVs, and thus further caudal fin performance enhancement. On the other hand, changing the dorsal/anal fin flapping phase affects the collision time between the PBVs and the LEVs, and results in caudal fin performance changes. Phase-leading dorsal and anal fins are found to improve caudal fin efficiency, whereas phase-lag dorsal and anal fins maintain caudal fin thrust at a higher level. Compared to trunk-synchronized dorsal and anal fins, 60° phase-leading dorsal and anal fins increase the propulsive efficiency of the caudal fin from 77.9% to 90.1%. In addition, it is found that the presence of the dorsal and anal fins greatly reduces drag on the fish body by preventing the PBVs from crossing the body midline and debilitating interactions between the left- and right-stroke PBVs. Results of this work improve our understanding of MFI in fishlike swimming and demonstrate the benefits of optimal MFI for the design of high-performance bioinspired underwater vehicles.
From action to spoken and signed language through gesture: Some basic developmental issues for a discussion on the evolution of the human language-ready brain

Abstract We review major developmental evidence on the continuity from action to gesture to word and sign in human children, highlighting the important role of caregivers in the development of multimodal communication. In particular, the basic issues considered here and contributing to the current debate on the origins and development of the language-ready brain are: (1) links between early actions, gestures and words and similarities in representational strategies; (2) importance of multimodal communication and the interplay between gestures and spoken words; (3) interconnections between early actions, gestures and signs. The innovation of this report is in connecting these themes together to relevant findings from studies on children between 6 and 36 months of age and highlighting interesting parallels in studies on ape communicative behavior.
Effects of a Novel Contextual Just-In-Time Mobile App Intervention (LowSalt4Life) on Sodium Intake in Adults With Hypertension: Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial.

Background: High dietary sodium intake is a significant public health problem in the United States. High sodium consumption is associated with high blood pressure and high risk of cardiovascular disease. Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of a just-in-time adaptive mobile app intervention, namely, LowSalt4Life, on reducing sodium intake in adults with hypertension. Methods: In this study, 50 participants aged ≥18 years who were under treatment for hypertension were randomized (1:1, stratified by gender) into 2 groups, namely, the App group (LowSalt4Life intervention) and the No App group (usual dietary advice) in a single-center, prospective, open-label randomized controlled trial for 8 weeks. The primary endpoint was the change in the 24-hour urinary sodium excretion estimated from spot urine by using the Kawasaki equation, which was analyzed using unpaired two-sided t tests. Secondary outcomes included the change in the sodium intake measured by the food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), the 24-hour urinary sodium excretion, blood pressure levels, and the self-reported confidence in following a low-sodium diet. Results: From baseline to week 8, there was a significant reduction in the Kawasaki-estimated 24-hour urinary sodium excretion calculated from spot urine in the App group compared to that in the No App group (–462 [SD 1220] mg vs 381 [SD 1460] mg, respectively; P=.03). The change in the 24-hour urinary sodium excretion was –637 (SD 1524) mg in the App group and –322 (SD 1485) mg in the No App group (P=.47). The changes in the estimated sodium intake as measured by 24-hour dietary recall and by FFQ in the App group were –1537 (SD 2693) mg and –1553 (SD 1764) mg while those in the No App group were –233 (SD 2150) mg and –515 (SD 1081) mg, respectively (P=.07 and P=.01, respectively). The systolic blood pressure change from baseline to week 8 in the App group was –7.5 mmHg while that in the No App group was –0.7 mmHg (P=.12), but the self-confidence in following a low-sodium diet was not significantly different between the 2 groups. Conclusions: This study shows that a contextual just-in-time mobile app intervention resulted in a greater reduction in the dietary sodium intake in adults with hypertension than that in the control group over a 8-week period, as measured by the estimated 24-hour urinary sodium excretion from spot urine and FFQ. The intervention group did not show a significant difference from the control group in the self-confidence in following a low sodium diet and in the 24-hour urinary sodium excretion or dietary intake of sodium as measured by the 24-hour dietary recall. A larger clinical trial is warranted to further elucidate the effects of the LowSalt4Life intervention on sodium intake and blood pressure levels in adults with hypertension. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03099343; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03099343
Mechanistic Analysis of Solid-State Colorimetric Switching: Monoalkoxynaphthalene-Naphthalimide Donor-Acceptor Dyads.

There is growing interest in creating solids that are responsive to various stimuli. Herein we report the first molecular-level mechanistic picture of the thermochromic polymorphic transition in a ...
Comorbid Anxiety and Depression, Though Underdiagnosed, Are Not Associated with High Rates of Low-Value Care in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease.

Rationale: Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and anxiety or depression experience more symptoms and exacerbations than patients without these comorbidities. Failure to prov...
Debt Structure Adjustments and Long-Run Stock Price Performance

Abstract We examine the long-run implications of debt structure adjustments using a sample of U.S. bond IPOs from 1971 to 1994. Bond IPOs result in simultaneous and pronounced changes in both debt maturity and debt ownership structures. We document that firms engaging in debt IPOs substantially underperform their size-and-book-to-market-matched benchmarks by 33.39 and 55.99% over the 3- and 5-year post-offer periods. Our results are strikingly similar to those reported for equity offers but contrast the evidence for seasoned debt offers. We find evidence that debt IPOs are timed to coincide with the market having the highest expectations concerning firms' prospects. A negative relation is documented between debt maturity and future growth opportunities. In part, the underperformance can be attributed to significantly reduced growth opportunities following the offering. Post-offer underperformance is more pronounced for (a) longer maturity issues and (b) firms that do not experience an increase in bank monitoring. Journal of Economic Literature Classification Numbers: G12, G24, G30, D82.
Inferring environmental transmission using phylodynamics: a case-study using simulated evolution of an enteric pathogen

Indirect (environmental) and direct (host–host) transmission pathways cannot easily be distinguished when they co-occur in epidemics, particularly when they occur on similar time scales. Phylodynam...
Cell-average based neural network method for hyperbolic and parabolic partial differential equations

Motivated by finite volume scheme, a cell-average based neural network method is proposed. The method is based on the integral or weak formulation of partial differential equations. A simple feed forward network is forced to learn the solution average evolution between two neighboring time steps. Offline supervised training is carried out to obtain the optimal network parameter set, which uniquely identifies one finite volume like neural network method. Once well trained, the network method is implemented as a finite volume scheme, thus is mesh dependent. Different to traditional numerical methods, our method can be relieved from the explicit scheme CFL restriction and can adapt to any time step size for solution evolution. For Heat equation, first order of convergence is observed and the errors are related to the spatial mesh size but are observed independent of the mesh size in time. The cell-average based neural network method can sharply evolve contact discontinuity with almost zero numerical diffusion introduced. Shock and rarefaction waves are well captured for nonlinear hyperbolic conservation laws.
Modeling and Impedance Specifications of a High Voltage DC Distribution System in More Electric Aircraft

More electric aircraft concept has been a trend in the aircraft industry to tackle the challenge of reducing cost and weight, reducing environmental emissions, and increasing fuel efficiency. This increase in onboard electric power installation has brought challenges in the design and operation of aircraft electrical power systems. To ensure the electrical system’s stable operation during the whole flying profile, it is important to design the system with sufficient stability margin. This paper provides a detailed model and impedance specifications for a multiple-source multiple-load dc distribution system in more electric aircraft application.
Steam-created grain boundaries for methane C-H activation in palladium catalysts.

Defects may display high reactivity because the specific arrangement of atoms differs from crystalline surfaces. We demonstrate that high-temperature steam pretreatment of palladium catalysts provi...
Evoked Potentials in Psychopathology and Psychiatric Treatment

Electrical signals that reflect several kinds of cerebral responses can be recorded from the intact human scalp by the use of time-coherent signal averaging. Sensory evoked potentials are the best known of these phenomena, but several other kinds of activity are encompassed under the more generic term of “event-related potentials” (ERP) (Vaughan 1969). ERPs also include the time-coherent cerebral electrical events related to motor acts (Vaughan, Costa, and Ritter 1968), the slow potential shifts associated with such phenomena as expectancy (Walter et al. 1964) and with the intention to move (Kornhuber and Deecke 1965), and potentials accompanying such complex psychological processes as those involved in stimulus recognition (Sutton, Braren, and Zubin 1965). In addition to ERPs of cerebral origin, there are several that originate outside of the brain; the sources of some of these are ocular movements, muscle twitches, aspects of the electrocardiogram, movements of the tongue, and galvanic skin responses (GSR). Special precautions, sometimes of rather complex nature, must be taken to distinguish between the desired signals of brain origin and those arising in extracerebral structures.
Methods in the cellular and molecular biology of paramecium.

Publisher Summary This chapter presents an introduction to current methods in the cellular and molecular biology of Paramecium. The special benefit of dark field viewing of cells has been to gain records of cellular behavior. By using low magnifications and time exposures, the swimming paths of paramecia are easily and accurately recorded. This is also useful for determining the behavioral response of cells exposed to various chemicals and salt concentrations. Phase contrast is of course especially useful for observing live cells. The problem of immobilization is readily solved by physical compression in a rotocompressor which flattens the cell between parallel glass surfaces. This flattening, though distorting the normal shape of the cell, significantly improves the viewing of the specimen since phase contrast is most effective on relatively thin specimens. Interference contrast has the real advantage of allowing detailed resolution of surface cortical patterns as well as internal structures of live cells. Used with the rotocompressor, as in phase contrast viewing, it seems destined to replace the phase system as the method of choice when dealing with living material.
Chapter 3.1.2 Generation of transgenic mice by pronuclear DNA injection

Publisher Summary This chapter explains the generation of transgenic mice by pronuclear DNA injection. The chapter illustrates that it is now feasible to manipulate the mouse genome to make precise genetic alterations, and to create gain-of-function and loss-of-function alleles of specific genes. Transgenic mice can be produced in one of two ways: by direct pronuclear injection of cloned DNA into the male pronucleus of a fertilized mouse egg; or by targeted introduction of transgenes by homologous recombination using ES cells. These techniques have allowed for the stable transfer of normal, altered, or chimeric genes into the mouse germ line, thus providing powerful tools with which to study mechanisms underlying gene expression within a physiologic context. The chapter describes methods for generating mice by pronuclear injection. It discusses technical aspects of creating transgenic mice with emphasis on issues that impact the study of behavior and the brain.
TEAMusic: A New Exercise for Demonstrating Teamwork Principles

[This abstract is based on the authors' abstract.A longer abstract is available on the journal's website ] Key principles of quality management can be taught via game..
MULTIPLE REAR-END COLLISIONS IN FREEWAY TRAFFIC, THEIR CAUSES AND THEIR AVOIDANCE

THE SENSITIVITY FACTOR OF STIMULUS-RESPONSE CAR FOLLOWING EQUATIONS WAS COMPUTED. VEHICLES OF A PLATOON ARE INVESTIGATED AS THEY APPROACH, PROCEED THROUGH, AND LEAVE BEHIND A KINEMATIC DISTURBANCE, AND AN INHERENT LOCAL AND ASYMPTOTIC INSTABILITY IS DISCOVERED. AERIAL SURVEY DATA ARE USED IN A NUMERICAL EXAMPLE TO DEMONSTRATE HOW MULTIPLE REAR-END COLLISIONS CAN BE TRIGGERED BY ONE VEHICLE. A DRIVER AID SYSTEM COULD IMPROVE STABILITY, ALTHOUGH THE FINAL ANSWER APPEARS TO LIE IN AUTOMATED OR SEMI-AUTOMATED LONGITUDINAL CONTROL SYSTEMS /HSL/
The Atmosphere of the Moon

The possible existence of a lunar atmosphere has both fascinated and challenged astronomers for hundreds of years. Galileo searched for evidence of clouds, and Kepler imagined an Earth-like climate. Landings during the Apollo era brought instruments that measured a weak atmospheric pressure. Decades later, new spectrographic and imaging instruments detected sodium and potassium gas that extended to surprisingly large distances, making the Moon’s gaseous environment appear as comet-like. The sources of the lunar atmosphere involve the impact of sunlight, solar wind plasma and meteors upon the surface to release atoms and perhaps molecules. Solar radiation and the gravitational influence of the Earth play dramatic roles in the subsequent evolution of the lunar atmosphere.
QoS-T: QoS throttling to elicit user cooperation in computer systems

While there exist strong security concepts and mechanisms, implementation and enforcement of these security measures is a critical concern in the security domain. Normal users, unaware of the implications of their actions, often attempt to bypass or relax the security mechanisms in place, seeking instead increased performance or ease of use. Thus, the human in the loop becomes the weakest link. This shortcoming adds a level of uncertainty unacceptable in highly critical information systems. Merely educating the user to adopt safe security practices is limited in its effectiveness; there is a need to implement a technically sound measure to address the weak human factor across a broad spectrum of systems. In this paper, we present a game theoretic model to elicit user cooperation with the security mechanisms in a system. We argue for a change in the design methodology, where users are persuaded to cooperate with the security mechanisms after suitable feedback. Users are offered incentives in the form of increased Quality of Service (QoS) in terms of application and system level performance increase. User's motives and their actions are modeled in a game theoretic framework using the class of generalized pursuit-evasion differential games.
MPH1 is a thylakoid membrane protein involved in protecting photosystem II from photodamage in land plants

Photosystem II (PSII) is highly susceptible to photoinhibition caused by environmental stimuli such as high light; therefore plants have evolved multifaceted mechanisms to efficiently protect PSII from photodamage. We previously published data suggesting that Maintenance of PSII under High light 1 (MPH1, encoded by AT5G07020), a PSII-associated proline-rich protein found in land plants, participates in the maintenance of normal PSII activity under photoinhibitory stress. Here we provide additional evidence for the role of MPH1 in protecting PSII against photooxidative damage. Two Arabidopsis thaliana mutants lacking a functional MPH1 gene suffer from severe photoinhibition relative to the wild-type plants under high irradiance light. The mph1 mutants exhibit significantly decreased PSII quantum yield and electron transport rate after exposure to photoinhibitory light. The mutants also display drastically elevated photodamage to PSII reaction center proteins after high-light treatment. These data add further evidence that MPH1 is involved in PSII photoprotection in Arabidopsis. MPH1 homologs are found across phylogenetically diverse land plants but are not detected in algae or prokaryotes. Taken together, these results suggest that MPH1 protein began to play a role in protecting PSII against excess light following the transition from aquatic to terrestrial conditions.
Here and Nowhere: A Critical Analysis of Geomusicology

Geomusicology, the study of the geography of music, encompasses themes such as patriotism, politics, sense of identity, history, ethnicity, and more, making it a crucial, if often overlooked component of geopolitics. As a relatively new field of research, geomusicology warrants more attention to determine its ability to contribute to geopolitics. However, the major themes of the field are at times contradictory and abstract, calling for a subtle and nuanced understanding of research in the field. This paper provides an overview of some major literature in geomusicology and concludes that most researchers in the field believe that music is both anchored by place and universal at the same time. Using a critical approach to geopolitics, this paper thus debates the strengths and weakness of geomusicology with recommendations on how to further evolve the field to contribute to a fuller understanding of geopolitics as a whole.
Autonomy and Trust in the Clinical Encounter: Reflections from a Theological Perspective

The most distinctive feature of medical ethics in the last two decades has been the shift in the moral center of the clinical encounter from the physician to the patient. Centuries old benign paternalism has been displaced by patient autonomy. On the Whole, this has been salubrious and physician-patient relationships as a result are more open, adult, and morally defensible than ever before.
"Muscletronics"-teaching mechatronics with fluid power systems

The focus on teaching microprocessor interfacing and control has been fueled in part by the abundance of inexpensive computational power available for use in products ranging from bread makers to toys. The range of applications of computer-controlled devices is not yet known, but many companies are racing more and more new designs into production. Colleges and Universities across the nation are scrambling to develop mechatronics courses, research, and even degrees in order to meet the demands of these industrial innovations. One area in mechatronic systems that promises new growth and challenges for industry as well as diverse and interesting learning challenges for academia is in the area of computer controlled fluid power systems. Fluid power systems are used in a wide variety of applications, and operate with various levels of complexity that can offer challenges at many levels in the classroom and laboratory setting. We discuss the development of a mechatronics course at Iowa State University with a focus on the application of this technology to fluid systems.
A development for the use of measured displacements in boundary element modelling

Abstract In discrete mathematical modeling of solids, errors in analysis can occur when incorrect assumptions are made for boundary conditions. Through the use of measured displacement data, the need for assumptions about boundary conditions can be eliminated. This paper develops a procedurs for using measured displacement data with Boundary Integral Equation method through the use of least squares. The analysis is tested and results given.
Angiotensin II-stimulated changes m calcium metabolism in cultured glomerulosa cells

Abstract Studies were performed to evaluate the relationships between the effects of angiotensin II on calcium metabolism and cytosolic free calcium concentration in primary monolayer cultures of bovine adrenal glomerulosa cells. As noted previously (Kramer (1988) Am.J. Physiol. (in press)), angiotensin II produced rapid dose-dependent increases in cytosolic calcium characterized by both an initial transient component and a secondary sustained component. In the absence of extracellular calcium, angiotensin II produced an initial increase in cytosolic calcium comparable to that produced in the presence of calcium, but failed to maintain a sustained calcium signal. The initial, angiotensin-stimulated increase in cytosolic calcium was inhibited by dantrolene and 8-( N , N -diethylamino)-octyl-3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate (TMB-8) in a concentration-dependent fashion. The onset of the angiotensin-stimulated calcium signal was accompanied by a dose-dependent increase in the rate of calcium efflux that achieved a maximum within 2–3 min and then declined to a level 2.5-3 times that from control cells. The initial rate of calcium influx was also increased about 2.5-fold by angiotensin II, an effect that was only apparent in cells that had been treated with the peptide for at least 5 min. These results indicate that the calcium signal produced by angiotensin II is initiated by the rapid mobilization of calcium from an intracellular site(s) and sustained by the continued uptake of extracellular calcium. Moreover, the kinetics of the calcium signal as well as the final, sustained calcium concentration achieved reflect the balance between intracellular calcium release, calcium influx and calcium efflux.
A facile method to study DNA synthesis in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis PCC 6803

For the efficient study of replication of DNA, the cyanobacteriumSynechocystis PCC 6803 was first permeabilized by eitherl-α-lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) or lysozyme-EDTA treatment. Permeability of the treated cells was evidenced by the incorporation of exogenously added32P-TTP into DNA. In cells permeabilized by treatment with either method, the32P-TTP incorporation at 30°C was appreciably higher than that in untreated control cells and increased with time for about 4 h. In addition, treated cells became permeable to proteins such as DNase I and micrococcal nuclease, which entered cells and degraded the newly synthesized DNA. Lysozyme/EDTA-treated cells not only incorporated32P-TTP more efficiently than did LPC-permeabilized cells, but were capable of uptake and synthesis of exogenously supplied cyanobacterial plasmids isolated fromSynechocystis 6803. This capacity of lysozyme/EDTA-treatedSynechocystis to catalyze replication of exogenous DNA will allow the facile identification of DNA replication origins and their related regulatory sequences.
Response distribution of non-linear systems excited by non-Gaussian impulsive noise

Abstract A perturbation scheme is devised to obtain an approximate stationary probability density for the response of a non-linear oscillator subjected to an impulsive-noise process which is statistically stationary but non-Gaussian. The excitation can be either additive or multiplicative. The effect of non-Gaussianity in the excitation process is found to be negligible if the product of the average arrival rate of the impulses and the relaxation time of the oscillator is of an order of 10 or greater. When this is not the case, the effect is not uniform; it may be more pronounced for one dynamic system than that of another. Numerical results are obtained for two examples, and they compare well with Monte Carlo simulations.
Epipalatus: A rare intaroral teratoma

A wide range of discrete head and neck tumors are developmental, including those termed choristoma, hamartoma, dermoid cysts, teratoid tumors, and true teratomas. In classifying various teratomas, consideration is given to the embryonal layers represented within the substance of the tumor and to their level of organizational complexity. By definition, a hamartoma is a tissue mass, present at or near the time of birth, that is benign and native to the site of origin. Growth capacity of a hamartomatous process parallels that of the host organism. A choristoma, on the other hand, is a mass of tissue that is foreign to the site of discovery and is thought to result from growth to displaced primordial tissue that is histologically normal for that tissue.
Focus Point Supersymmetry Redux

Recent results from Higgs boson and supersymmetry searches at the Large Hadron Collider provide strong new motivations for supersymmetric theories with heavy superpartners. We reconsider focus point supersymmetry (FP SUSY), in which all squarks and sleptons may have multi-TeV masses without introducing fine-tuning in the weak scale with respect to variations in the fundamental SUSY-breaking parameters. We examine both FP SUSY and its familiar special case, the FP region of minimal supergravity, also known as the constrained minimal supersymmetric standard model (mSUGRA/CMSSM), and show that they are beautifully consistent with all particle, astroparticle, and cosmological data, including Higgs boson mass limits, null results from SUSY searches, electric dipole moments, $b\ensuremath{\rightarrow}s\ensuremath{\gamma}$, ${B}_{s}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\mu}}^{+}{\ensuremath{\mu}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$, the thermal relic density of neutralinos, and dark matter searches. The observed deviation of the muon's anomalous magnetic moment from its standard model value may also be explained in FP SUSY, although not in the FP region of mSUGRA/CMSSM. In light of recent data, we advocate refined searches for FP SUSY and related scenarios with heavy squarks and sleptons, and we present a simplified parameter space within mSUGRA/CMSSM to aid such analyses.
The renal response to chronic mineral acid feeding: A re-examination of the role of systemic pH

It has been widely held that systemic acidemia represents the proximate event signaling the kidney to elicit its acidification response to chronic metabolic acidosis. However, a previous study from this laboratory has cast serious doubt on the validity of this conventional viewpoint. When a large acid load (7 mEq/kg/day) was fed chronically to dogs as HCl, H2SO4 or HNO3, net acid excretion increased similarly in all three groups of animals despite wide variability in the prevailing systemic acid-base composition. Marked or moderate hypobicarbonatemia and acidemia were observed in the HCl- or H2SO4-fed animals respectively, but strikingly, plasma [HCO3-] and pH did not change significantly from the control in the HNO3-fed animals. That study concluded that the renal response to chronic mineral acid feeding appears to be triggered, not by acidemia, but by the interplay of sodium delivery to and sodium avidity of the distal nephron as modulated by the reabsorbability of the "acid" anion. We have re-examined the above provocative conclusion in the light of the observation that the only evidence for a dissociation of the renal response from systemic acidemia in that study was derived from preprandial (8:00 a.m.) blood samples obtained some 23 hr after the ingestion of the daily acid load (administered at 9:00 a.m.). We investigated the diurnal variation of plasma acid-base composition in two groups of dogs fed chronically a large acid load (7 mEq/kg/day) as either HCl or HNO3. Both groups exhibited significant diurnal oscillations of plasma acid-base composition.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Massachusetts and the New Nation

This collection of essays studies the role of a single state in the transformation of American life following the Revolutionary War. As the citizens of the state worked to establish their new Commonwealth and determine its relationship to a federal government also in its infancy, they were forced to confront challenging problems both within Massachusetts and outside it. Religious differences fractured the Standing Order, separating Unitarians and Congregationalists from each other at the same time that pressures from Episcopalians, Baptists, and others urged an end to the religious establishment. Poverty posed problems for Massachusetts at large, and particularly for Boston, at the same time that public officeholders struggled to create new governmental institutions both for the Commonwealth and for its capital. Massachusetts merchants had to develop new, independent patterns of trade in response to American withdrawal from the British Empire. Diplomats had to find a place for the Commonwealth in the world order. And federal officeholders from Massachusetts needed to address the most divisive of domestic issues, slavery. The essays in this collection reveal how Massachusetts coped with these unexpected problems of independence.
An 8 b CMOS vector A/D converter

A vector A/D (analog-to-digital) converter is described. The IC stores a codebook of vectors on-chip, accepts a 16-element analog vector at the input, and calculates the Euclidean distance between the input and all codevectors (referred to as global search) to produce an 8-b code indexing the codevector closest to the input prompt. At 5-MHz clock rate, the chip dissipates less than 50 mW quantizing a new 16-element analog vector every 10 clock periods, which means that it can encode an entire 512*512 pixel gray-scale image in 4*4 blocks at 30-Hz frame rate. >
Effects of Yogurt and Freeze-Dried Yogurt on Growth Stimulation of Rats

Growth was assessed in rats fed diets of freeze-dried (FD) and liquid milk and yogurt. Microbial growth in liquid milk under feeding conditions lowered pH to 4.5 and caused coagulation; thus, accuracy of comparing liquid diets is questionable. Freeze-drying eliminated such problems but did not diminish the superior stimulation of growth in rats by yogurt. Weight gains of rats on yogurt were 24.3% higher then for milk when fed as liquid and 24.6% higher when fed FD. Feed efficiencies for yogurt diets were significantly higher than were efficiencies for milk diets. Lactase activity of FD yogurts declined less than 5% during 24 months storage at 10°C.
Micro-Angiographic Fluoroscope: Comparison for Different Input Phosphors

Although flat panel detectors are preferred for image-guided interventional endo-vascular treatments of stroke, they still have limitations in spatial resolution and excess additive noise, which restricts their low-dose performance. The Micro-Angiographic Fluoroscope (MAF), a CCD-based region-of-interest indirect X-ray imager recently developed, can meet the needs for high-resolution, high-sensitivity, real-time image guidance. Although the prototype MAF has better resolution (MTF) and detective quantum efficiency (DQE) than a standard flat panel detector, its performance could be improved by a change in the phosphor. The spatial resolution of such X-ray-to-light converting phosphors is limited by stochastic blurring and k-fluorescent X-ray reabsorption. Thinner phosphors generally improve resolution at the cost of lowering quantum detection efficiency (QDE) and increasing Swank noise, while thicker phosphors provide better absorption at the expense of spatial resolution. Two other Hamamatsu CsI(Tl) phosphors, 300- $\mu$ m-thick HR, and 500- $\mu$ m-thick HR, both without front reflective surface, were compared with the current 300- $\mu$ m HL phosphor with front reflective surface. The phosphors were evaluated by comparing the MTF, NNPS, and DQE of the MAF detector used with each phosphor. All detector configurations showed linearity and quantum noise limited operation for a large range of exposures appropriate for both fluoroscopy and angiography. While the 300- $\mu$ m HR type prototype demonstrated better resolution than the 500- $\mu$ m HR type, the latter demonstrated better overall DQE and improved resolution compared to the original 300- $\mu$ m HL, suggesting it would be the better choice for the MAF design.
Controlled Multistep Purification of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes

A controlled and scalable multistep purification method has been developed to remove iron impurity and nonnanotube carbon materials from raw single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) produced in the HiPco (high-pressure CO) process. In this study, iron nanoparticles, coated by carbon, are exposed and oxidized by multiple step oxidation at increasing temperatures. To avoid catalytic oxidation by iron oxide of carbon nanotubes, the exposed and oxidized iron oxide is deactivated by reaction with C2H2F4 or SF6. The iron fluorides are removed by a Soxhlet extraction with a 6 M HCl solution. The purity and quality of each sample were determined by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Raman spectrometry, ultraviolet−visible-near-IR (UV−vis−near-IR) spectrometry, fluorescence spectrometry, and transmission electron microscope (TEM) spectroscopy. The purity and yield of SWNTs are improved due to reduced catalytic activity of the iron oxide. Greater iron oxide removal also resulted from oxidation at higher temperatures.
Computational studies of time-varying three-dimensional acoustic propagation in canyon and slope regions

A three-dimensional acoustic propagation code is united with fields from a regional ocean model to study time-varying acoustic propagation behavior in realistic environments. The resultant four-dimensional acoustic fields are examined here. The regional models used to date for this purpose have the limitations of invoking the hydrostatic approximation and having spatial resolution that is of order one-hundred times the acoustic wavelength. Examples chosen for analysis here are from canyon and slope regions near the continental shelf break (shelf edge). In this area, bathymetric effects on flow and highly variable sound interaction with the seafloor work to generate complex acoustic field behavior. Some features of sound fields are governed by the bathymetry and are steady in time. Other features are governed by variations on the water column and fluctuate.
Development of the ability to encode within evaluative dimensions

Abstract An investigation was made of children's ability to utilize the evaluative connotation of words to encode and facilitate later retrieval of those words. Second, fourth and sixth graders were tested using a modification of the STM distractor technique. It was found that sixth graders used evaluative connotation as an encoding dimension. While second and fourth graders did not. In fact, second graders were unable to encode the words rapidly enough on any dimension to enable them to successfully retrieve the material. It was concluded that the ability to use categories as encoding “tools” lags developmentally behind the ability to label exemplars from those categories.
Inheritance and Genetic Mapping of Resistance to Pythium Damping-Off Caused by Pythium aphanidermatum in ‘Archer’ Soybean

Pythium damping-off and root rot of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] causes poor stands and consequently reduces yields. Resistance to seedling diseases caused by Pythium spp. was reported in the soybean cultivar Archer and was described to be associated with the Rps1k gene for resistance to Phytophthora sojae. To characterize the inheritance of Pythium damping-off resistance in Archer and to determine if this resistance is linked to Rps1k, the cross of Archer x 'Hutcheson' (susceptible parent) was made and F 2:4 lines generated. Parents and F 2:4 lines were screened with Pythium aphanidermatum using a hypocotyl inoculation technique. Five days after inoculation, plant survival was scored. The F 2:4 lines and parents were also inoculated with race 7 of P. sojae to assess the association of resistance to Pythium spp. with the Rps1k gene. Data from the F 2:4 lines fit the model for a single dominant gene in Archer that confers resistance to P. aphanidermatum. The genetic linkage test showed that resistance to P. aphanidermatum was independent of the Rps1k gene in Archer. To identify the genomic location of the Pythium resistance gene, F 2:4 lines were screened with simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers from all the soybean molecular linkage groups (MLGs). Two SSR markers, Satt510 and Satt114 on MLG F, which were polymorphic between the parents and the resistant and susceptible bulks, were shown to be associated with Pythium resistance. The Pythium resistance gene, named Rpa1, was located 10.6 cM from Satt510 and 26.6 cM from Satt114.
Effects of pargyline on hypothalamic biogenic amines and serum prolactin. LH and TSH in male rats.

Abstract The time course effects of pargyline on hypothalamic biogenic amines and serum prolactin (PRL), LH and TSH were studied in adult male rats. The rats were killed at intervals of 1–6 hrs after pargyline injection. Hypothalamic dopamine (DA) rose 79% by 1 hr and was 41% above “0” time by 6 hrs. Norepinephrine (NE) increased 31% by 1 hr and remained at about this level through 6 hrs, whereas serotonin (5HT) increased from 42% by 1 hr and to 95% by 6 hrs. Serum PRL LH and TSH fell significantly during the first 2 hrs, but all had returned to pretreatment values by 4 hrs. Serum PRL was about 4-fold above pretreatment values by 6 hrs, but LH and TSH remained at pretreatment levels. Stimulation by pargyline of PRL release was potentiated by Lilly compound 110140, a serotonin reuptake inhibitor, and blocked by parachlorophenylalanine, a serotonin synthesis inhibitor. These results suggest that the inhibitory effects of pargyline on PRL, LH, and TSH release during the first 2 hrs were associated mainly with a rapid increase in DA, and subsequent elevation of PRL release was related to the increase in 5HT. Return of serum LH and TSH to pretreatment levels at 4 and 6 hrs appeared to be associated mainly with the decrease in DA and perhaps to elevated NE levels. These results suggest that changes in relative concentrations of hypothalamic amines are related to differential release of PRL, LH and TSH.
Electrochemical detection of biogenic amines following acylation by N‐hydroxysuccinimide esters

A general methodology for the selective derivatization of amines, to enable quantitation by high pressure liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection, is presented. N-Hydroxysuccinimide active esters present in large excess are suitably mild acylating agents to derivatize selectively trace quantities of amines for electrochemical detection. The 2 separate problems of extraction yield and detectability can be solved by this derivatization method. Due to its lipophilicity the resulting N-acylated amine, as demonstrated with serotonin, is extracted efficiently into organic solvents during sample preparation for chromatography. Moreover, the acyl group introduced can be designed to be electroactive, thus extending the procedure to amines not readily oxidized, e.g., histamine and phenylethylamine.
Impact parameter dependence of heavy ion e+e- pair production to all orders in Zα

The heavy ion probability for continuum e{sup +}e{sup -} pair production has been calculated to all orders in Z{alpha} as a function of impact parameter. The formula resulting from an exact solution of the semiclassical Dirac equation in the ultrarelativistic limit is evaluated numerically. In a calculation of {gamma}=100 colliding Au ions, the probability of e{sup +}e{sup -} pair production is reduced from the perturbation theory result throughout the impact parameter range.