cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Comparison of Techniques for Classification of Multiple Neural Signals

A number ofmultiunit neural signal classification techniques are compared in their theoretical separation properties and in their empirical performance in classifying two channel recordings from the ventral nerve cord of the cockroach. The techniques include: the use of amplitude and conduction time measures, template matching, the principal components method, optimal filtering, and maximin discrimination. The noise encountered under different situations is characterized, permitting the comparisons to be made as functions of the experimental conditions. Recommendations are made as to the appropriate use of the techniques.
Direct Simulation of Electrorheological Suspensions Subjected to Spatially Nonuniform Electric Field

A numerical method based on the distributed Lagrange Multiplier method (DLM) [2,8] is developed for direct simulations of electrorheological (ER) liquids subjected to spatially varying electric fields. The flow inside particle boundaries is constrained to be rigid body motion by the distributed Lagrange multiplier method. The point-dipole approximation [6] is used to model the electrostatic forces acting on the polarized particles. The code is verified by performing a convergence study that shows that the results are independent of mesh and time step sizes. In a spatially nonuniform electric field the particles move to the regions where the magnitude of electric field is locally maximum when the particle permittivity is greater than that of the liquid. On the other hand, when the particle permittivity is smaller than that of the liquid the particles move to the regions of local minimum of electric field.© 2002 ASME
Conformational behavior of polar polymer models under electric fields

We have conducted Monte Carlo simulations to investigate two polar polymer models, modified from poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) to elucidate electric field induced chain elongation. We first treat the methylene and methylene fluoride groups of PVDF molecules as united atoms, similar to neutral alternating polyampholytes containing positive and negative charges. The second model is an all-atom model with explicit charges. In the weak coupling limit without intramolecular interactions, the conformational behavior of the two models agrees well at weak fields. However, the two models display pronounced deviation at strong fields, due to different local chemical structure between two models.
Correlates of male circumcision in Eastern and Southern African countries: establishing a baseline prior to VMMC Scale-up.

Background Despite the importance of male circumcision (MC) prevalence to HIV prevention efforts in Eastern and Southern Africa, there has been no systematic analysis on the correlates of male circumcision. This analysis identifies correlates of MC in 12 countries in the region with available data. Methods Data from the male questionnaire of DHS surveys collected between 2006-2011 in Ethiopia, Kenya, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Rwanda, Swaziland, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe were analyzed. The dependent variable was self-reported male circumcision status. Independent variables included age, education, wealth quintile, place of residence, ethnicity, religion and region. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were conducted separately for each country. Results MC prevalence ranged from 8.2 percent in Swaziland to 92.2 percent in Ethiopia. Bivariate analyses showed a consistent positive association between age (being older) and male circumcision. Education, wealth quintile, and place of residence were either not significantly related or differed in the direction of the relationship by country. Multivariate logistic regression showed three variables consistently associated with MC status: age (being older), religion (being Muslim) and ethnicity. Discussion These data were collected prior to the scale-up of voluntary medical male circumcision (VMMC) programs in 11 of the 12 countries. As the VMMC scale-up intensifies in countries across Eastern and Southern Africa, the correlates of VMMC are likely to change, with (younger) age and education emerging as key correlates of VMMC performed in medical settings. The centuries-long tradition among Muslims to circumcise should continue to favor MC among this group. Non-circumcising ethnicities may become more open to MC if promoted as a health practice for decreasing HIV risk.
Khōra: An Inquiry Into Polytopian Philosophy and Cosmopolitan Governance

This article conducts an inquiry into polytopian philosophy, which is contrasted with classical utopia. It contends that classical utopia, in its exclusionary reliance on a single vision of a perfect society, faces the risk of becoming dystopian. The article conceives of polytopian philosophy as a discursive medium that remains open to the reception of diverse utopian impulses without restricting itself to a single vision. The article connects polytopia to Kristeva’s discussion of Plato’s khōra, which is interpreted as a rhythmic receptacle that receives subliminal desires and transforms them in a signifying process that both subverts and produces a symbolic order that gives meaning. The article concludes that polytopian khōra is a cosmopolitan social medium for inclusion of the uncanny “strange.” Polytopian khōra points the way to a more inclusive public administration that can serve as a catalyst in the transformative process of reception and co-creation.
Effect of the petite mutation on maltose and alpha-methylglucoside fermentation inSaccharomyces cerevisiae

Several hundred petite mutants were isolated from yeast strains of different genotype to examine the effect of the petite mutation on maltose and alpha-methylglucoside fermentation. In most cases petite mutants isolated retain the ability to ferment maltose and alpha-methylglucoside, although at a slower rate. In one strain (1403-7A), however, the ability to ferment alpha-methylglucoside is completely lost in all petite mutants isolated from this strain. It is suggested that mitochondrial factors may be involved in the utilization of alpha-methylglucoside in strain 1403-7A.
A Scanning Electron-Microscope Study of Starches PART III: Miscellaneous Starches

The shapes and surface structure of eleven starches—peas (wrinkled, smooth-shell, chick, and black-eyed), cowcockles, acorns, sagos, beans (tender white, pinto and lima), shoti, dieffenbachia, pine...
Successes and Challenges in East African Conservation Education

Environmental education (EE) programs that include service-learning components have great potential to positively impact East African youth, their communities, and their ecology. This exploratory study describes 2 programs in East Africa, The Jane Goodall Institute's Roots & Shoots (R&S) and Wildlife Clubs of Uganda (WCU). The authors studied school-based programs in 10 communities adjacent to national parks or wildlife sanctuaries by interviewing and surveying student members, teachers, and program coordinators. Results indicate that despite the harsh context and unique challenges facing programs in the developing countries of Tanzania and Uganda, groups showed remarkable strides in increasing conservation knowledge, fostering members' personal and social development, and raising community awareness. The successes and challenges of these East African programs highlight the importance of considering contextual factors when designing best practices in conservation education.
The effect of temperature and diet on the fatty acid composition of Japanese quail

Abstract 1. 1. Japanese quail were fed 0, 2 or 4% linoleic acid diets from time of hatching and were acclimated to 10, 23 or 42°C. 2. 2. Myristic, palmitic, palmitoleic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, eicosatrienoic and arachidonic constituted more than 95 per cent of fatty acids identified in the carcasses. 3. 3. The ratio of saturated (anoic) to unsaturated (enoic) fatty acids (A/E) was demonstrated for the first time in an avian species to vary in relation to acclimation temperature. 4. 4. The level of unsaturation varied inversely with acclimation temperature. 5. 5. The data indicate that linoleic acid is an essential fatty acid for growth in this species.
Adenosine-induced bronchoconstriction in human asthmatics: Effects of pretreatment with indomethacin or atropine sulfate

The present investigation was designed to evaluate the effects of pre-treatment with the cholinergic muscarinic receptor antagonist, atropine sulfate, or with the cyclooxygenase inhibitor, indomethacin, on adenosine-induced bronchoconstriction in human asthmatics. Eight male subjects with a FEV1 of greater than 70% of the predicted normal value underwent bronchial provocation challenges with adenosine and with the cholinergic agonist, methacholine, in a double-blind, randomized, cross-over fashion. The log10 of the agonist dose provoking a 20% decrease in FEV1 (log PD20FEV1) was used to assess airways responsiveness. Challenges were performed in the untreated state and 30 min after inhalation of atropine sulfate (0.05 mg/kg). Pre-challenge FEV1 values after atropine inhalation were higher than in the untreated state (p less than 0.01). Without atropine, the log PD20FEV1 values for adenosine were higher than those for methacholine (p less than 0.01). Atropine prevented a decrease in the FEV1 of 20% or more in seven of the eight subjects following inhalation of methacholine up to a concentration of 25 mg/ml, but did not significantly change the log PD20FEV1 for adenosine. The effects of a 75 mg oral dose of indomethacin or placebo, administered in a double-blind, randomized, cross-over fashion two hours before adenosine or methacholine challenge, were assessed in 12 asthmatics. In four subjects (two after placebo and two after indomethacin pretreatment), aerosols of the highest adenosine concentration (10 mg/ml) failed to decrease the FEV1 by 20% or more. In the remaining eight subjects, log PD20FEV1 values for adenosine or methacholine after indomethacin were not significantly different from those after placebo.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Frataxin and frataxin deficiency in Friedreich's ataxia

A deficiency in the protein frataxin causes Friedreich’s ataxia (FRDA). Missense mutations in f2% of disease alleles cause a functional deficiency of frataxin, while f98% of disease alleles have a guanine-adenine-adenine (GAA) repeat expansion in the first intron [1]. The expansion decreases frataxin expression by interfering with transcription [2]. A complete knockout of the murine frataxin gene causes embryonic lethality, indicating that at least some frataxin function is necessary for survival [3]. This summary focuses on the current hypotheses of frataxin function, the supporting experimental evidence, and the role of frataxin deficiency in FRDA. A more complete list of references can be found in the excellent recent review by Patel and Isaya [4].
A technique for determining regional scale flow and precipitation patterns upwind of a receptor site

Abstract A method of analyzing spatial flow and precipitation patterns associated with long-range transport is presented. This technique uses hourly precipitation data and model-calculated mixed layer trajectories to determine these patterns upwind of a receptor site. Precipitation is determined at hourly points along trajectories in a statistical sense using estimates of error in long-range trajectory calculations. This technique is used in seasonal analyses of fine particle concentrations at a remote northern Great Plains sampling site during summer 1980. The analyses show that there are distinctly different flow and precipitation patterns during high and low fine particle concentration periods. Highest fine sulfur particle concentrations occurred when flow was from the south with a higher frequency of precipitation. Highest fine soil particle concentrations occurred when precipitation frequencies were lower.
Evaluating Otolith Analysis for Bloater Coregonus hoyi: Do Otoliths Ring True?

Abstract Laboratory experiments with known-age bloater larvae raised under constant photoperiod (12 h light: 12 h darkness) showed that deposition of otolith rings began at first feeding and occurred daily at all but the lowest growth rates. Based on ring counts, the age of individual bloaters could be estimated within ±6 d over the first 5 months of life. Otoliths of larvae fed high rations interrupted by 5-d periods of starvation or low rations contained obvious bands of abnormally low-contrast rings corresponding to these stress periods. The relationship between fish length and otolith diameter varied among experiments, independent of growth rate. Therefore, back-calculation of length at age will require an estimate of this relationship for each field application.
TEACHING SOCIOLOGY IN THE 90'S: THE THREE FACES OF RELEVANCE

Many academic departments in the social sciences today are being called upon to justify the utility of their courses and tangibly demonstrate their contributions to the general college curriculum. Because it has traditionally lacked a clearly defined career path, has no consensual, conceptual core, and has few easily quantifiable pedagogical outcomes, sociology is particularly susceptible to such scrutiny. In this paper I outline several strategies and techniques sociology instructors can use to maximize the relevance of their courses and, by extension, the discipline.
Expert system domain identification, evaluation and project management A TQM approach

Expert systems (ES) are designed to support and replicate management tasks and decision making characterized by experience and expertise. These commodities are becoming increasingly limited as organizations flatten their management structure. Effective identification and evaluation of domains appropriate for ES‐based solutions are critical to their successful development and implementation. Presents a comprehensive model for ES domain identification and evaluation that includes an emphasis on total quality management (TQM) and can be used as a project management tool. The TQM matrix evaluation model proposed facilitates qualitative and quantitative assessment of ES domains and can provide for dynamic evaluation, feedback and continuous quality management over the entire project life cycle. Tests the TQM matrix evaluation model by applying it to a real business problem and presents and discusses the results.
Role of cadherins 5 and 13 in the aortic endothelial barrier

We investigated the role of the cadherins 5 and 13 in the solute barrier formed by aortic endothelial cells in vitro. In confluent monolayers of bovine aortic endothelial cells, immunofluorescence with antibodies to the external domain of cadherin 5 (Mab 9H7) or to cadherin 13 (Mab Ec6C10) found staining for both cadherins at endothelial cell borders. Western blotting with an antibody to the characteristic cadherin cytoplasmic tail or with an antibody to the extracellular domain of cadherin 5 revealed a single 125 kD protein band. A second larger band was found at 130 kD with the anti-cadherin 13 Mab which was not recognized by an antibody to the cadherin cytoplasmic tail. A calcium switch strategy was used to investigate the involvement of these cadherins in the endothelial barrier. Changes in the permeability of small solutes in an endothelial cell column produced by a decrease in calcium concentration followed by a return to normal calcium, with or without antibody, were recorded. We found that anti-cadherin 5 IgG (10 micrograms/ml) interfered with the reforming of interendothelial junctions after restoration of calcium at every time point tested for a total of 45 min after restoration of calcium. The anti-cadherin 13 IgG (10 micrograms/ml) did not block reforming of the endothelial barrier in a similar manner. The presence of this antibody delayed only by 15 min the restoration of the normal barrier. Without calcium switch, addition of either monoclonal antibody (10 micrograms/ml) to the endothelial cell column had no effect on solute permeability. These results suggest that cadherin 5 in bovine aortic endothelial cells has a major functional role in forming the calcium-sensitive endothelial junction in vitro and may play an important role in the normal structure and function of the in vivo barrier.
Recurrent ductal carcinoma in situ after total mastectomy.

A case report is presented of a woman with recurrent DCIS occurring several years following a total mastectomy, the diagnosis of which was aided by a subpectoral saline implant. A discussion of factors associated with recurrence and a review of the literature is provided. A role for selective use of mammography in screening postmastectomy reconstructed breasts in patients at high risk for recurrence is suggested.
Genetic Variation in Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Does Not Prevent Development of Cardiac Hypertrophy or Upregulation of Angiotensin II in Response to Aortocaval Fistula

Background —Experimental and clinical evidence suggests that angiotensin II may be an important mediator of cardiac hypertrophy in response to hemodynamic stress. We investigated the effect of genetic variation in angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) on the development of cardiac hypertrophy and left ventricular (LV) dysfunction in response to volume overload. Methods and Results —Male heterozygous ACE knockout (1/0) and wild-type (1/1) mice were studied 4 weeks after the creation of an aortocaval fistula (ACF). The LV weight/body weight ratio increased 74% in ACF versus sham-operated control mice but did not differ between genotypes. Echocardiographic circumferential stress versus rate-corrected velocity of circumferential shortening curves demonstrated depressed LV function in ACF versus sham-operated mice but no difference between genotypes. LV ACE activity was higher in 1/1 versus 1/0 mice and in ACF versus sham-operated mice, and it increased significantly more in the 1/1 versus the 1/0 mice after ACF ( P <0.001 for effect of genotype, ACF/sham operation, and interaction term). LV angiotensin II was higher in ACF versus sham-operated mice but did not differ between genotypes, despite 3-fold higher LV ACE activity in ACF 1/1 versus ACF 1/0 mice. Conclusions —ACE underexpression does not prevent cardiac hypertrophy or LV dysfunction in response to volume overload. LV angiotensin II is unaffected by ACE genotype, both at baseline and after volume overload, indicating that the heart can maintain angiotensin II levels across a broad range of genetic ACE variation under both physiological and pathophysiological conditions.
Three-dimensional imaging in biomedical computing: principles, algorithms, and systems

Based on the nature of the processing tools required to fulfill biomedical imaging objectives, three components may be identified in a complete image analysis system: visualization, manipulation, and analysis. Visualization refers to processes which enable us to see and comprehend structure information captured in the image data in its true form and shape so as to help understand the underlying physical phenomenon. Manipulation refers to processes which allow us to interactively alter structure information with a view to understanding how the functionality of the physical phenomenon may be modified. Analysis refers to processes which generate quantitative descriptions of the structures with a view to quantify the functionality of the phenomenon being studied. The phrase 3D imaging may be used to collectively denote these processes. This tutorial covered systematically the fundamental principles underlying 3D imaging, namely multidimensional, multimodal image data visualization, manipulation, and analysis. The tutorial included on-line demonstrations of the imaging operations on a workstation.
The 22K variant of rat prolactin: evidence for identity to prolactin-(1-173), storage in secretory granules, and regulated release

Western blot analyses of the rat pituitary have detected a 22K PRL variant distinct from intact PRL (25K). We recently reported that glandular kallikrein (GK), an estrogen-induced lactotroph protease, can process PRL in vitro from a 25K form to a 22K form in a thiol-dependent cleavage at Arg174-Arg175 to remove 23 amino acids. We also detected an estrogen- and thiol-induced 22K PRL variant in the rat pituitary comigrating with a PRL product generated by in vitro processing with GK and carboxypeptidase-B. This study addressed whether the in vivo 22K PRL variant originates through a GK-like cleavage and is a regulated secretory product of the rat pituitary. A polyclonal antipeptide antiserum was raised against a synthetic peptide [PRL-(163-173)] representing the new C-terminus after GK and carboxypeptidase-B processing. In slot and Western blots, this antiserum (CT-antiserum) specifically recognized PRL processed in vitro by GK and carboxypeptidase-B and did not recognize intact PRL or PRL cleaved by GK alo...
Strategy additions and equilibrium selection

In games with multiple equilibria, if one of the players is given the option of burning an appropriately chosen sum of money before the game and the iterated elimination of dominated strategies is used to select strategies for play, then a unique equilibrium can often be made to appear. The usefulness of an equilibrium selection device depends upon the limits on its ability to select equilibria. This paper shows that given any pure strategy Nash equilibrium in a normal form game, then by adding at most one strategy to each player's strategy set and appropriately defining payoffs, one can make that equilibrium the unique outcome surviving the iterated elimination of dominated strategies.
Differential Functions for the Transcription Factor E2A in Positive and Negative Gene Regulation in Pre-B Lymphocytes

The transcription factors encoded by the E2A gene have been shown to play essential roles in the initiation and progression of lymphocyte development. However, there is still a lack of comprehensive understanding of E2A downstream genes in B-cell development. We previously developed a gene tagging-based chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) system to directly evaluate E2A target genes in B-cell development. Here, we have improved this ChIP strategy and used it in conjunction with microarray analysis on E2A-deficient pre-B-cell lines to determine E2A target genes in lymphocyte development. Both microarray data and ChIP studies confirmed that E2A directly controls IgH gene expression. The microarray assay also revealed genes that were significantly up-regulated after E2A disruption. ChIP analysis showed that E2A was most likely to be directly involved in repression of some of these target genes such as Nfil3 and FGFR2. An inducible E2A reconstitution system further demonstrated that E2A-mediated repression of Nfil3 and FGFR2 was reversible. Collectively, these findings indicate that E2A is a positive regulator for one set of genes and a negative regulator for another set of genes in developing B lymphocytes.
Carrier mediated uptake of L-tyrosine and its competitive inhibition by model tyrosine linked compounds in a rabbit corneal cell line (SIRC)--strategy for the design of transporter/receptor targeted prodrugs.

The objective of this study was to investigate the presence of amino acid transporters on the corneal epithelium and to enhance corneal drug absorption through prodrug modification targeted to the amino acid transporters. SIRC was used as a model cell line representing the corneal epithelium. Uptake studies were carried out using [3H] L-tyrosine at 37 degrees C. Temperature, energy and pH dependence studies were carried out. The uptake seems to be composed of a major saturable and minor non-saturable component (V(max) =2.9+/-0.62 nmoles/min/mg protein, K(m) =71+/-21 microM, K(d) =2.6+/-0.6 nl/min/mg protein). No significant inhibition of uptake was observed in the presence of metabolic inhibitors or in the absence of sodium. Competitive inhibition studies were performed in the presence of various amino acids and model tyrosine conjugates (p-nitro and p-chloro benzyl ether conjugate of L-tyrosine). Uptake was inhibited by neutral aromatic and large neutral aliphatic amino acids. L-Tyrosine uptake was inhibited by its ether conjugates in a concentration dependent manner suggesting that these compounds may be sharing the same transport mechanism. This study provides biochemical evidence of the presence of a large neutral amino acid transport system on the corneal epithelium, which may be utilized to enhance the corneal drug transport.
X-ray diffraction "fingerprinting" of DNA structure in solution for quantitative evaluation of molecular dynamics simulation

Solution state x-ray diffraction fingerprinting is demonstrated as a method for experimentally assessing the accuracy of molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Fourier transforms of coordinate data from MD simulations are used to produce reciprocal space “fingerprints” of atomic pair distance correlations that are characteristic of the ensemble and are the direct numerical analogues of experimental solution x-ray diffraction (SXD). SXD experiments and MD simulations were carried out to test the ability of experiment and simulation to resolve sequence-dependent modifications in helix conformation for B-form DNA. SXD experiments demonstrated that solution-state poly(AT) and poly(A)-poly(T) duplex DNA sequences exist in ensembles close to canonical B-form and B′-form structures, respectively. In contrast, MD simulations analyzed in terms of SXD fingerprints are shown to deviate from experiment, most significantly for poly(A)-poly(T) duplex DNA. Compared with experiment, MD simulation shortcomings were found to include both mismatches in simulated conformer structures and number population within the ensembles. This work demonstrates an experimental approach for quantitatively evaluating MD simulations and other coordinate models to simulate biopolymer structure in solution and suggests opportunities to use solution diffraction data as experimental benchmarks for developing supramolecular force fields optimized for a range of in situ applications.
Identifying Magnitudes and Locations of Multiple Loads on a Slender Beam Using Strain Gage Based Methods

Unique strain gage based methods are developed to identify magnitudes and locations of multiple loads on a slender beam. Four uniaxial strain gages mounted to the bottom surface of the beam create a force transducer capable of identifying the magnitude and location of a load inside the weight area. For the case of multiple loads separated by two or more strain gage locations, uniaxial strain gages forming multiple force transducers can still identify the magnitudes and locations of all the loads. However, this creates an ill posed problem for loads separated by only one strain gage location. A new method has been developed using two shear gages mounted on the neutral axis of the beam, one on each side of a load, to identify the magnitude of the load in this case. A combination of two uniaxial strain gages and two shear gages, with one uniaxial strain gage and one shear gage at the same location on each side of a load, can be used to identify the location of the load. The strain gage based methods are experimentally validated on a prismatic beam with rest boundary conditions.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Kidney transplantation in children: psychosocial follow-up study on child and family.

In 35 children treated for end-stage kidney disease with hemodialysis and transplantation, the psychosocial attributes of child and family were studied for their impact on long-term rehabilitation. Data were processed by a computerized system. The children's personalities and family function, although severely stressed during acute treatment, usually had returned to preillness equilibrium within a year and were comparable to a control group of other chronically ill children. Fear of rejection of the kidney and damaged self-esteem were prominent. Personality tests confirmed clinical diagnoses concerning psychosocial pathology and occasionally preceded such diagnosis. Personality testing prior to treatment of end-stage kidney disease may aid in predicting rehabilitation potential.
Expression of the α and β subunits of Ca2+/calmodulin kinase II in the cerebellum of jaundiced Gunn rats during development: a quantitative light microscopic analysis

The homozygous (jj) jaundiced Gunn rat model for hyperbilirubinemia displays pronounced cerebellar hypoplasia. To examine the cellular mechanisms involved in bilirubin toxicity, this study focused on the effect of hyperbilirubinemia on calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase II (CaM kinase II). CaM kinase II is a neuronally enriched enzyme which performs several important functions. Immunohistochemical analysis of alternating serial sections were performed using monoclonal antibodies for the α and β subunits of CaM kinase II. Measurements were made of the total numbers of stained cells in each of the deep cerebellar nuclei and of Purkinje and granule cell densities in cerebellar lobules II, VI, and IX. The β subunit was present in Purkinje cells and deep cerebellar nuclei of both groups at all ages, but only granule cells which had migrated through the Purkinje cell layer showed staining for β subunit; external granule cells were completely negative. Many Purkinje cells had degenerated in the older animals, and the percent of granule cells stained for β subunit was significantly reduced. The α subunit was found exclusively in Purkinje cells, although its appearance was delayed in the jaundiced animals. Sulfadimethoxine was administered to some jj rats 24 h or ¶15 days prior to sacrifice to increase brain bilirubin concentration. Results showed that bilirubin exposure modulated both α and β CaM kinase II subunit expression in selective neuronal populations, but sulfadimethoxine had no acute effect on enzyme immunoreactivity. Thus, developmental expression of the α and β subunits of CaM kinase II was affected by chronic bilirubin exposure during early postnatal development of jaundiced Gunn rats.
An investigation of the information contained in faulty signatures

Abstract This paper describes a new method of analyzing faulty signatures from both single input and multiple input signature registers (MISRs). In particular, the information contained in the faulty signature of an MISR is investigated. The matrix formulation presents an alternative method of determining the relationship between an error and its syndrome for diagnostic purposes. The results provide new insights into applying MISRs for Built-In Self Test.
Ecology of stream fish: insights gained from an individual-based approach to juvenile Atlantic salmon

Abstract – Using data from an ongoing study of juvenile Atlantic salmon growth and survival in tributaries of the Connecticut River, USA, we compare standard population-level approaches to those focusing on individuals. We highlight the potential benefits of resampling individually tagged stream fish as compared to standard approaches. Specifically we focus on growth, survival, movements and population estimation. The advantages of estimating sizes and growth rates from individual size trajectories include obtaining growth histories and the ability to perform retrospective analysis of the consequences of different life-history strategies. An example might be the patterns of growth leading to either early maturity or migration. Resampling known individuals is the only way we know to chart both short-term and long-term movements and to assign growth and mortality consequences to such movements. Finally, individual-level data permit robust estimation of survival and density/abundance using methods such as Cormack/Jolly-Seber. The results indicate that population estimates were about 10% lower using individual data than using population data, that survival from sample to sample was typically >90%, that the majority of recaptured fish did not move during the summer, that growth was rapid during spring and most fish lost mass during the summer and that growth trajectories for maturing and non-maturing fish showed substantially different patterns. An individual-based approach to stream fish ecology provides the opportunity to explore the mechanisms responsible for population-level patterns but comes at the cost of significant field effort. Tradeoffs between increased data resolution and the effort required to obtain the data must be considered before undertaking individual-based field studies of stream fishes.NOTE
Synthesis and Photochemistry of Sulfonium Ion Polymers. Arylated and Alkylated Poly(p-phenylene sulfide) Derivatives

Triarylsulfonium salts have been used extensively as photoactive cationic initiators1 and for the photogeneration of protic acids (chemical amplification) in the lithographic resist field.2 For these and other applications, we were interested in determining whether we could synthesize new polymeric sulfonium ion materials that would maintain their photophysical properties.3 Toward this end, we found that poly(pheny1ene sulfide) (PPS) can be directly arylated at the sulfur centers by allowing the preformed polymer to react with excess diaryliodonium salts4 (eq 1).
1999 AUR memorial award development and implementation of an appropriateness guideline for use of CT in cases of suspected intraabdominal abscess

Rationale and Objectives. The purpose of this study was to develop an evidence-based guideline for use of computed tomography (CT) in the evaluation of suspected abdominal abscess. The goal of the guidelines was to decrease the absolute number of CT examinations performed for suspected abdominal abscess and to increase the rate of positive CT examinations while not missing clinically relevant abscesses. Materials and Methods. A multidisciplinary team developed an evidence-based guideline regarding use of CT to evaluate for suspected abscess. A control group consisted of patients scanned for suspected abscess during a 6-month period. The intervention group consisted of patients scanned in the 6 months after guideline implementation. Focal fluid collections depicted on CT scans were reviewed for both patient groups to determine if these collections were abscesses. The number and proportion of abscesses in each group were then compared. Results. During the control period, 263 CT examinations for suspected abscess were performed, 75 of which (28.5%; 90% confidence interval [CI], 24%, 33%) depicted focal fluid and 25 of which (9.5%; 90% CI, 7%, 12%) depicted abscess. During the intervention period, 238 CT examinations were performed, 54 of which (22.7%; 90% CI, 18%, 27%) depicted fluid and 41 of which (17.2%; 90% CI, 13%, 21%) depicted abscess. Conclusion. A guideline was successful at decreasing the number of CT examinations and increasing the proportion of positive CT results for abdominal abscess. As with other inpatient utilization interventions, each practice must assess the cost-benefit trade-off of guideline implementation in complex clinical situations.
An advanced dual algorithm with constraint relaxation for all‐integer programming

In this article we present an all-integer cutting plane algorithm called the Reduced Advanced Start Algorithm (RASA). The technique incorporates an infeasible advanced start based on the optimal solution to the LP relaxation, and initially discards nonbinding constraints in this solution. We discuss the results of computational testing on a set of standard problems and illustrate the operation of the algorithm with three small examples.
Wittgenstein on Doubting and Groundless Believing

Wittgenstein is recorded in the published "Lectures on Religious Belief" as having once said, "It might come out in Mr. Lewy saying: 'Wittgenstein is trying to undermine reason', and this wouldn't be false" (1967:64). This is heady. That is radical. Therefore, it is difficult to accept. Of course, that remark has a context-a context of where such questions about the nature of reason, the claim to reason, and the claim of reason arise. Yet, this is a theme which emerges strongly in the last notebooks of his life, now published as On Certainty, and the implications for understanding religious belief are unmistakably important. While a fundamental preoccupation of the Philosophical Investigations is "How can I know that I mean something when I speak," a fundamental preoccupation of On Certainty is "How can I realize lived knowledge, reasonableness, and belief?"
A few exercises in theorem processing

The realization of inference rules as the primitive operations of a type ''theorem'' in a type-safe programming language that has so well served LCF and its descendants may, it is suggested, be of interest aside from any immediate context of theorem proving or hardware or software verification. Using the general ''conversions'' introduced by Paulson, a couple of simple programming exercises with theorem data, imitative of list processing, are presented. An example of a potentially useful notational definition in the HOL object language is given as an application.
Engineering plastics from lignin. I: Synthesis of hydroxypropyl lignin

Hydroxypropylation of lignin in a batch reactor under alkaline conditions at 180°C was studied using propylene oxide (PO) by itself, and PO in combination with several ligninlike model compounds and with kraft lignin. While the PO homopolymerization rate increased rapidly at temperatures above 85°C, and was too fast to be determined accurately at 180°C, the addition of model compounds and lignin was found to delay homopolymerization in relation to the presence of ionizable functional groups. The observations are consistent with a reaction mechanism involving first order kinetics with regard to each alkoxide and PO concentrations. Where the reaction rates toward PO increase with increasing pKa values, the reaction sequence proceeds in the order of declining basicity. Thus lignins with high acidity were found to be subject to greater degrees of modification than those with more neutral character. This explains the earlier observed beneficial effect of lignin carboxylation on the properties of lignin–PO reaction mixtures.
Onset of pulmonary ventilation in fetal sheep produces pial arteriolar constriction dependent on cytochrome p450 ω-hydroxylase activity

With the onset of ventilation at birth, cerebral blood flow decreases as oxygenation increases, but the mechanism of cerebral vasoconstriction is unknown. Cytochrome P-450 ω-hydroxylase activity me...
Bootstrap test of significance and sequential bootstrap estimation for unstable first order autoregressive processes

The asymptotic validity of the bootstrap for a test of criticality in a first order autoregressive, AR(1) process is established. To circumvent the asymptotic invalidity of the standard bootstrap least squares estimator for the unstable case, a sequential bootstrap procedure for the estimation of the parameter β in the AR(1) model , is studied. The asymptotic validity of the sequential bootstrap estimator is established for all |β|≤1.
Role for chloride but not potassium channels in apoptosis in primary rat cortical cultures.

Abstract Recent evidence suggests a predominant role for potassium (K) efflux in apoptotic cell death yet there exists controversy as to the exact nature of this involvement of K. In the present study we tested the anti-apoptotic efficacy of K channel blockers, tetraethylammonium Cl (TEA), and high extracellular K, the sodium (Na) channel blocker, tetrodotoxin (TTX) and the Cl channel blocker, 4-acetamido-4′-isothiocyanatostilbene-2,2′-disulfonic acid, (SITS) against staurosporine-induced apoptosis in primary rat cortical cultures. Surprisingly, we failed to observe anti-apoptotic effects with TEA, high K or TTX. We did, however, observe significant dose-dependent inhibition of apoptosis with SITS. In conclusion we demonstrate no role for K or Na in neuronal apoptosis, but rather an important role for a SITS-sensitive mechanism such as Cl.
Implementation in Economic Environments with Incomplete Information: The Use of Multi-Stage Games*

Abstract This paper shows that, in economic environments with incomplete information, incentive compatibility and a preference reversal condition are sufficient for implementation in sequential equilibrium. Journal of Economic Literature Classification Numbers: C72, D71, D82.
Optimizing The Metalloid Content in Bulk Metallic Glasses

We have studied the effect of phosphorus content on the formation and properties of bulk Pd-Cu-P and Pd-Ni-P metallic glasses. It was found that the molar volumes of the Pd-Ni-P bulk glasses plotted as a function of P content follow a straight line whereas those for the Pd-Cu-P glasses follow two straight lines of different slopes, intersecting at a critical P concentration. The transition in molar volume behavior is attributed to a change in the alloy's short-range order with increasing P content. The origin of this structural change is discussed based on x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements.
Possible contemporary evolution in an endangered species, the Santa Cruz Island fox

An ability to mount rapid evolutionary responses to environmental change may be necessary for species persistence in a human-dominated world. We present evidence of the possibility of such contemporary evolution in the anti-predator behaviour of the critically endangered Santa Cruz Island fox Urocyon littoralis. In 1994, golden eagles colonized Santa Cruz Island, CA and devastated the predator-naive, endemic island fox population by 95% within 10 years. In 1992, just before the arrival of golden eagles, foxes showed substantial diurnal activity, but diurnal activity was 37.0% lower in 2003–2007, after golden eagle colonization; concurrently, overall activity declined and nocturnal activity increased. Moreover, on nearby Santa Catalina Island, where golden eagles were absent but where the fox population recently crashed due to a disease epidemic, remaining foxes were significantly more diurnally active than were those on Santa Cruz Island. The weight of evidence suggests that the change in activity pattern was a response to predation, not to low population density, and that this was probably a heritable rather than a learned behavioural trait. This behavioural change may allow for prolonged island fox persistence, but also potentially represents a loss of behavioural diversity in fox populations.
Genomic Analysis of Circadian Clock-, Light-, and Growth-Correlated Genes Reveals PHYTOCHROME-INTERACTING FACTOR5 as a Modulator of Auxin Signaling in Arabidopsis

Plants exhibit daily rhythms in their growth, providing an ideal system for the study of interactions between environmental stimuli such as light and internal regulators such as the circadian clock. We previously found that two basic loop-helix-loop transcription factors, PHYTOCHROME-INTERACTING FACTOR4 (PIF4) and PIF5, integrate light and circadian clock signaling to generate rhythmic plant growth in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Here, we use expression profiling and real-time growth assays to identify growth regulatory networks downstream of PIF4 and PIF5. Genome-wide analysis of light-, clock-, or growth-correlated genes showed significant overlap between the transcriptomes of clock-, light-, and growth-related pathways. Overrepresentation analysis of growth-correlated genes predicted that the auxin and gibberellic acid (GA) hormone pathways both contribute to diurnal growth control. Indeed, lesions of GA biosynthesis genes retarded rhythmic growth. Surprisingly, GA-responsive genes are not enriched among genes regulated by PIF4 and PIF5, whereas auxin pathway and response genes are. Consistent with this finding, the auxin response is more severely affected than the GA response in pif4 pif5 double mutants and in PIF5-overexpressing lines. We conclude that at least two downstream modules participate in diurnal rhythmic hypocotyl growth: PIF4 and/or PIF5 modulation of auxin-related pathways and PIF-independent regulation of the GA pathway.
Resting metabolic rate varies by race and by sleep duration

Objective Short sleep duration is a significant risk factor for weight gain, particularly in African Americans and men. Increased caloric intake underlies this relationship, but it remains unclear whether decreased energy expenditure is a contributory factor. The current study assessed the impact of sleep restriction and recovery sleep on energy expenditure in African American and Caucasian men and women. Methods Healthy adults participated in a controlled laboratory study. After two baseline sleep nights, subjects were randomized to an experimental (n = 36; 4 h sleep/night for five nights followed by one night with 12 h recovery sleep) or control condition (n = 11; 10 h sleep/night). Resting metabolic rate and respiratory quotient were measured using indirect calorimetry in the morning after overnight fasting. Results Resting metabolic rate—the largest component of energy expenditure—decreased after sleep restriction (−2.6%, P = 0.032) and returned to baseline levels after recovery sleep. No changes in resting metabolic rate were observed in control subjects. Relative to Caucasians (n = 14), African Americans (n = 22) exhibited comparable daily caloric intake but a lower resting metabolic rate (P = 0.043) and higher respiratory quotient (P = 0.013) regardless of sleep duration. Conclusions Sleep restriction decreased morning resting metabolic rate in healthy adults, suggesting that sleep loss leads to metabolic changes aimed at conserving energy.
Bacterial Growth State Distinguished by Single-Cell Protein Profiling: Does Chlorination Kill Coliforms in Municipal Effluent?

Municipal effluent is the largest reservoir of human enteric bacteria. Its public health significance, however, depends upon the physiological status of the wastewater bacterial community. A novel immunofluorescence assay was developed and used to examine the bacterial growth state during wastewater disinfection. Quantitative levels of three highly conserved cytosolic proteins (DnaK, Dps, and Fis) were determined by using enterobacterium-specific antibody fluorochrome-coupled probes. Enterobacterial Fis homologs were abundant in growing cells and nearly undetectable in stationary-phase cells. In contrast, enterobacterial Dps homologs were abundant in stationary-phase cells but virtually undetectable in growing cells. The range of variation in the abundance of both proteins was at least 100-fold as determined by Western blotting and immunofluorescence analysis. Enterobacterial DnaK homologs were nearly invariant with growth state, enabling their use as permeabilization controls. The cellular growth states of individual enterobacteria in wastewater samples were determined by measurement of Fis, Dps, and DnaK abundance (protein profiling). Intermediate levels of Fis and Dps were evident and occurred in response to physiological transitions. The results indicate that chlorination failed to kill coliforms but rather elicited nutrient starvation and a reversible nonculturable state. These studies suggest that the current standard procedures for wastewater analysis which rely on detection of culturable cells likely underestimate fecal coliform content.
Teaching English Language Learners (ELLs) Mathematics in Early Childhood

(2011). Teaching English Language Learners (ELLs) Mathematics in Early Childhood. Childhood Education: Vol. 87, No. 4, pp. 253-260.
Maxwell’s fish-eye lens and the mirage of perfect imaging

Recent claims that Maxwell's fish-eye is a perfect lens, capable of providing images with deep subwavelength resolution, are examined. We show that the imaging properties of a dispersionless fish-eye are very similar to those of an ideal spherical cavity. Using this correspondence, we prove that the correct solution to Maxwell equations in the fish-eye gives image sizes that are consistent with the standard diffraction limit. Perfect focusing is an optical illusion that results from placing a time-reversed source at the position of the geometrical image which, when combined with the field due to the primary (object) source, mimics the behavior of a perfect drain. Issues of causality are briefly discussed. We also demonstrate that passive outlets are not a good alternative to time-reversed sources for broadband drain-like behavior and that, even if they were, they could not do a better job than conventional optical systems at providing high resolution.