cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Does Habituation Affect the Efficacy of Semiochemical Oviposition Repellents Developed Against Drosophila suzukii

The application of feeding and oviposition repellents is limited to arthropod systems in which habituation does not occur. Although several compounds appear to reduce Drosophila suzukii Matsumura (Dipetra: Drosophilidae) oviposition in berries, previous studies have yet to address whether habituation is a significant risk following preexposure. We tested the response of adult female D. suzukii to three previously identified semiochemical oviposition repellents, 1-octen-3-ol (octenol), ±-geosmin, and 2-n-pentylfuran, following adult and larval preexposure. Using a two-choice gated trap capture assay, we assessed captures in repellent-treated versus blank traps, female survival, and oviposition frequency in the selected trap. We did not find evidence of habituation to octenol or 2-pentylfuran in adult flies preexposed for 24, 48, or 72 hr. When exposed to each of the repellents as larvae, D. suzukii showed similar deterrence as those exposed as adults alone. However, mortality did decrease in F1 octenol treated flies. In contrast with previous investigations we did not observe repellent effects in response to geosmin. Our results suggest that neither exposure during the adult life stage nor during larval development inhibited the effectiveness of octenol and 2-pentylfuran. However, greater survivorship on octenol treated baits in F1 flies, combined with apparent neurotoxic effects of this compound, indicate that octenol may be less suited for field applications. For this reason, 2-pentylfuran appears to be a better candidate for ongoing research aimed at developing an effective push-pull system of behavioral management.
Transcriptional Control of Vitreoscilla Hemoglobin Synthesis

The Hb from the gram-negative bacterium Vitreoscilla is a homodimeric molecule that exhibits cooperative ligand binding properties (1-3). It has the most sequence homology with lupine leghemoglobin (LegHb) (4), but its function is probably quite different from that of LegHb. The latter putatively functions in symbiotic nitrogen fixation to supply O2 to the Rhizobial respiratory chain, but is buffered at a concentration low enough to prevent inactivation of the 02-sensitive nitrogenase (5,6). Vitreoscilla Hb (V t Hb), on the other hand, probably functions to facilitate respiration under hypoxic conditions by supplying O2, buffered at a high concentration, to the terminal oxidases. Supportive evidence for this includes the dramatic rise in the intracellular concentration of V t HB in cells grown under hypoxic conditions (7), and the unusually high dissociation rate constant (k off ) for O2 (3, 8). The latter confers a rather large k d on this Hb that is consistent with its proposed function.
Defects of B-cell terminal differentiation in patients with type-1 Kabuki syndrome.

Background Kabuki syndrome (KS) is a complex multisystem developmental disorder associated with mutation of genes encoding histone-modifying proteins. In addition to craniofacial, intellectual, and cardiac defects, KS is also characterized by humoral immune deficiency and autoimmune disease, yet no detailed molecular characterization of the KS-associated immune phenotype has been reported. Objective We sought to characterize the humoral immune defects found in patients with KS with lysine methyltransferase 2D (KMT2D) mutations. Methods We comprehensively characterized B-cell function in a cohort (n = 13) of patients with KS (age, 4 months to 27 years). Results Three quarters (77%) of the cohort had a detectable heterozygous KMT2D mutation (50% nonsense, 20% splice site, and 30% missense mutations), and 70% of the reported mutations are novel. Among the patients with KMT2D mutations (KMT2D Mut/+ ) , hypogammaglobulinemia was detected in all but 1 patient, with IgA deficiency affecting 90% of patients and a deficiency in at least 1 other isoform seen in 40% of patients. Numbers of total memory (CD27 + ) and class-switched memory B cells (IgM − ) were significantly reduced in patients with KMT2D Mut/+ mutations compared with numbers in control subjects ( P KMT2D Mut/+ mutations also had significantly reduced rates of somatic hypermutation in IgG ( P = .003) but not IgA or IgM heavy chain sequences. Impaired terminal differentiation was noted in primary B cells from patients with KMT2D Mut/+ mutations. Autoimmune pathology was observed in patients with missense mutations affecting the SET domain and its adjacent domains. Conclusions In patients with KS, autosomal dominant KMT2D mutations are associated with dysregulation of terminal B-cell differentiation, leading to humoral immune deficiency and, in some cases, autoimmunity. All patients with KS should undergo serial clinical immune evaluations.
Interaction of Waste Radionuclides with Geomedia: Program Approach and Progress

Radioactive wastes require isolation from the biosphere for thousands of years. One option for isolation of these wastes is disposal in deep geologic strata; however, the effectiveness of this method must first be demonstrated. In 1976 the Waste Isolation Safety Assessment Program (WISAP) was begun in response to the requirement for developing a methodology to evaluate the effect of different factors (geologic stability, container corrosion, hydrologic properties, radionuclide-geologic media interactions, etc.) that would determine the effectiveness of deep geologic disposal for waste isolation. The subject of this paper is the study of one of the important factors; radionuclide-geologic media interactions.
PARENTS' FEAR OF CONFLICT IN TOILET TRAINING

Many mothers today have come to see training too exclusively as a conflict between mother and child, which only one can win; if the mother wins it will be only by arousing and then overriding the child9s hostility. Dreading the conflict, they ignore signs of readiness. Thus training is postponed for months during which the mother is frustrated and the child develops feelings of inadequacy and guilt. Though a young child9s possessive impulses may work against training at times, there are several other emotional drives ready to support training: the healthy child wants to master new skills, prefers to be clean, wants to wear grown-up clothes, likes to please and co-operate with his mother most of the time. If mothers can see that the balance is in favor of training, when conducted tactfully, they can go at it in a more assured and effective manner. By 18 months they should be encouraged to take advantage of whatever readiness the child shows and keep tactfully asking for his co-operation until training is achieved.
Surgical outcomes of 25-gauge pars plana vitrectomy for diabetic tractional retinal detachment

Surgical outcomes of 25-gauge pars plana vitrectomy for diabetic tractional retinal detachment
Phosphoenolpyruvate:glycose phosphotransferase system in species of Vibrio, a widely distributed marine bacterial genus.

Abstract The genus Vibrio is one of the most common and widely distributed groups of marine bacteria. Studies on the physiology of marine Vibrio species were initiated by examining 15 species for the bacterial phosphoenolpyruvate:glycose phosphotransferase system (PTS). All species tested contained a PTS analogous to the glucose-specific (IIGlc) system in enteric bacteria. Crude extracts of the cells showed immunological cross-reactivity with antibodies to enzyme I, HPr, and IIIGlc from Salmonella typhimurium when assayed by the rocket-line method. Toluene-permeabilized cells of 11 species were tested and were active in phosphorylating methyl alpha-D-glucoside with phosphoenolpyruvate but not ATP as the phosphoryl donor. Membranes from 10 species were assayed, and they phosphorylated methyl alpha-D-glucoside when supplemented with a phospho-IIIGlc-generating system composed of homogeneous proteins from enteric bacteria. Toluene-permeabilized cells and membranes of seven species were assayed, as were phosphorylated fructose and 2-deoxyglucose. IIIGlc was isolated from Vibrio fluvialis and was active in phosphorylating methyl alpha-D-glucoside when supplemented with a phospho-HPr-generating system composed of homogeneous proteins from Escherichia coli and membranes from either E. coli or V. fluvialis. These results show that the bacterial PTS is widely distributed in the marine environment and that it is likely to have a significant role in marine bacterial physiology and in the marine ecosystem.
Fate of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene in the mouse mammary gland during initiation and promotion stages of carcinogenesis in vitro.

Abstract Metabolic conversion and distribution of the products of 7,12-dimethylbenz( a )anthracene (DMBA) were analyzed in the mouse mammary cell transformation model in organ culture. In order to determine the levels of uptake of DMBA, the glands were exposed to the transforming dosage of the procarcinogen (7.8 µm, 20 µCi/ml) for 24 h, and the level of uptake was determined to be 8 × 10 4 cpm/mg of tissue. Subsequently, the glands were incubated in DMBA-free medium, and distribution of the radioactivity in DNA and in the acid-insoluble materials was measured. Data showed that, in addition to the 24-h DMBA treatment period, the initiation stage extends for another 3 h when the incubation is continued in DMBA-free medium. A saturation level of uptake of [ 3 H]DMBA into the whole gland was observed at 12 h, while DMBA was continually metabolized with the products being bound to DNA and to the acidinsoluble fractions throughout the entire incubation period with or without DMBA. The three major adducts identified were anti -DMBA-3,4-diol-1,2-epoxide (DMBADE):deoxyguanosine, syn -DMBADE:deoxyadenosine, and anti -DMBADE:deoxyadenosine. Qualitatively the adduct profiles remained similar. However, with the additional 3-h incubation in DMBA-free medium, the three major DMBA-DNA adducts increased slightly by 6.5 to 7.5%. Thus the total 27-h time period can be considered as the duration of the initiation stage in the DMBA-induced carcinogenesis of mouse mammary cells in organ culture. Therefore the subsequent 6-h incubation in DMBA-free medium may be considered as within the promotional stage, and at the same time period the levels of the three DNA adducts decreased significantly by 67.5 to 84.1% ( P
Trophoblast Antigens in Human Seminal Plasma

Secondary recurrent spontaneous (2 degrees) aborters manifest persistent IgG, which show differential cytotoxicity patterns with lymphocytes from many donors. These are non-HLA-directed antibodies, which react allotypically with both trophoblast and lymphocytes. The antigens they recognize are designated trophoblast-lymphocyte crossreactive (TLX) antigens. Xenogeneic anti-TLX sera were studied with the use of enzyme-linked-immunosorbent (ELISA) and immunochemical assays to determine the TLX status of seminal plasma. The results showed 1) allotypic TLX antigens are present in seminal plasma; 2) seminal plasma TLX antigens may be membrane associated; 3) by immunoblotting, the molecular weights of antigens reactive with TLX antisera are 15, 22, 28, 33 kD and a smear between 180 and 340 kd; 4) by isoelectric focusing, TLX antigens show pI 4.0, 5.35, 5.9, 6.5, 6.8, and 7.2. Allotypic seminal plasma TLX antigens may provide the antigenic stimuli for persistent maternal humoral immunity.
Collaborative resource allocation in wireless sensor networks

Traditional real-time resource allocation algorithms assume that the available resources in a system such as total CPU and network bandwidth do not change over time. However, in wireless sensor networks, the amount of available resources on the devices and the communication channel may not be constant for all times: for instance, a node can be turned off in some time intervals to increase its battery lifetime. Since sensor networks have limited network capacity and computational capabilities, it is crucial to optimally assign the available resources among all the active tasks. In this paper, we propose a fast online resource allocation algorithm (CoRAl) to dynamically reconfigure a sensor network whenever a new hot spot occurs (e.g., a new intruder is detected) or a node's activity changes (i.e., sleep vs. active mode). Our experimental results show that CoRAl provides always near-optimal resource allocation while keeping its online overhead low.
Heat-shock factor-1, steroid hormones, and regulation of heat-shock protein expression in the heart

Heat-shock proteins (HSPs) are an important family of endogenous, protective proteins. Overexpression of HSPs is protective against cardiac injury. Previously, we observed that dexamethasone activa...
Model base management for multifaceted systems

The management of model bases using system entity structure concepts is addressed. Building on the basis of the system entity structure/model base framework as implemented in the DEVS-Scheme, the authors have extended the ability of their knowledge/model base tools to support multifaceted systems design through the ability to generate a family of design alternatives, reusability of models, and model base coherence and evolvability. It is shown how the pruning process supports reuse of previously pruned structures. Concepts of context-sensitive pruning and partitioned entity structure bases are introduced to promote model base coherence and evolvability. Such an approach has been demonstrated in the design of a robot-managed space-borne laboratory simulation environment. >
Drugs, Violence, and Moral Panic in Urban America

Beggars and Thieves: Lives of Urban Street Criminals. Mark S. Pleisher. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1995. 332 pp. Life in the Gang: Family, Friends, and Violence. Scott H. Decker and Barrik Van Winkle. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996. 303 pp.
LUMINESCENCE AND RESONANCE RAMAN STUDY OF MOLECULAR DISTORTIONS CAUSED BY LIGAND-CENTERED TRANSITIONS IN METAL ACETYLACETONATE COMPLEXES

The low temperature emission spectra of metal acetylacetonate complexes are analyzed. Excited state distortions are determined by using a combination of resonance Raman spectroscopy, emission spectroscopy, and time-dependent theory. The bonds that are most highly distorted as a result of the transition are the C−C and O−C−C bonds on the ligand, supporting an assignment of the emission to a ligand-centered π−π* transition.
Sociotropic cognition moderates blood pressure response to interpersonal stress in high-risk adolescent girls

Abstract This article tests the hypothesis that `sociotropic cognition' — heightened preoccupation with being accepted by others — increases vulnerability to cardiovascular stress in females. Adolescent girls (55 African-American; 23 Caucasian) at increased risk of developing essential hypertension due to persisting high normal blood pressure, completed measures of sociotropic cognition, social competence, trait affect and social support. Later, their blood pressure and heart rate were measured during non-social stress (mirror image tracing) and interpersonal stress [Social Competence Interview (SCI)]. Comparisons of blood pressure responses to the tasks disclosed a significant Task main effect, replicating a previous finding that blood pressure is elevated more by SCI than by non-social stress. When Sociotropy was introduced as a moderator, however, a significant Task by Sociotropy interaction indicated that the comparatively greater reactivity to SCI occurred mainly in girls who exhibited high levels of sociotropic thinking. Cognitive sociotropy was associated with a profile of social, emotional and environmental deficits suggesting increased susceptibility to chronic stress and impaired coping.
Laboratory evaluation of the novel soil insecticide silafluofen against Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki (Isopt., Rhinotermitidae).

Effects of the new insecticide silafluofen (HOE 084498) on tunneling and survival of Formosan subterranean termites, Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki, were determined in both forced-exposure and indirect-exposure laboratory bioassays. In the indirect-exposure assays, termites were given the option of tunneling through sand treated with an emulsifiable formulation of silafluofen to reach a supplemental food source. Although C. formosanus tunneling was reduced in sand containing 10 ppm silafluofen, this concentration did not cause significant mortality in the forced-exposure assay. Forced exposure to 100 ppm silafluofen killed all termites within 24 h. In tunneling assays, 500 ppm silafluofen was required to prevent complete termite penetration through the 7.5 cm tunneling arena, and ≥ 1000 ppm to limit tunneling distances to 1 cm or less. In topical application assays, a 5% dust formulation of silafluofen proved extremely toxic to C. formosanus workers, and may be useful for treatment of termite galleries within wood. Zusammenfassung Laborversuche uber die Wirkung des neuartigen Bodeninsektizids Silafluofen auf die Formosa-Termite Coptotermes formosanus Shir. (Isopt., Rhinotermitidae) Bei Versuchen mit partiell (streckenweise) mit flussigem Silafluofen kontaminiertem Sandboden bewirkten alle Konzentrationen des Wirkstoffs eine Reduktion der Wuhltatigkeit der Termite, doch waren 100 ppm und mehr notwendig, um eine 7,5 cm dicke Erdschicht vor der Durchtunnelung zu bewahren. Erst Konzentrationen von 1000 ppm und mehr schutzten eine 1 cm breite Erdschicht vor der Durchtunnelung, so das diese Konzentration notwendig erscheint, um im Freiland die erdwuhlende Termite von dem Angriff auf ein Nahrungssubstrat abzuhalten. Bei topikaler Applikation fuhrten 5% Silafluofen-Staub zur vollstandigen Vernichtung der Termite, so das diese Form der Applikation sich zur Bekampfung des Schadlings in Holztunnels eignen durfte.
The Army Military Police: A Neglected Policing Model:

Despite the research bias toward the big-city police department, other identifiable police entities clearly exist and are based on policing models that predate the metropolitan police department. Through a historical analysis of the emergence of the U.S. Army Military Police Corps (MPC), it is posited that the MPC represents a distinctive modal form of policing that has borrowed heavily, albeit selectively, from preexisting models, especially the office of the county sheriff. Like the sheriff's office, the MPC is a multitasked police agency that is less law-enforcement oriented than its urban police counterpart and, accordingly, holds less status in the police community. However, given recent attempts at shifting the police paradigm toward community-oriented policing, the MPC serves as a model for selective adoption.
Identification of Ebp1 as a component of cytoplasmic bcl-2 mRNP (messenger ribonucleoprotein particle) complexes.

The 3′-UTR (untranslated region) of bcl-2 mRNA contains an ARE (AU-rich element) that potentially regulates the stability of bcl-2 mRNA in a cell specific fashion. Previous studies have demonstrated that multiple proteins interact with bcl-2 mRNA in HL-60 (human leukaemia-60) cells, potentially contributing to the overexpression of Bcl-2 protein. Treatment of HL-60 cells with taxol or okadaic acid has been shown to induce destabilization of bcl-2 mRNA, which was associated with decreased binding of trans-acting factors to bcl-2 mRNA. Nucleolin has been identified as one of the bcl-2 mRNA-binding proteins [Sengupta, Bandyopadhyay, Fernandes and Spicer (2004) J. Biol. Chem. 279, 10855–10863]. In an effort to identify additional bcl-2 mRNA-binding proteins, two polypeptides of approx. 45 kDa and 60 kDa were isolated from HL-60 cells by AREbcl-2 (transcripts that contain bcl-2 AREs) RNA affinity chromatography. These proteins were identified as the human proliferation associated protein, Ebp1, and human DRBP76 (double stranded RNA-binding protein 76) respectively, by MALDI (matrix-assisted laser-desorption ionization)-MS. RNA electrophoretic mobility shift assays indicated that recombinant Ebp1 binds to AREbcl-2 RNA but not to the group 1 ARE present in GM-CSF (granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor) mRNA in vitro. Antibody supershift assays demonstrated that Ebp1 is present in protein–AREbcl-2 RNA complexes formed with cytosolic HL-60 extracts. The interaction of Ebp1 with bcl-2 mRNA in HL-60 cells was also demonstrated by RNA co-immunoprecipitation assays. This interaction was not detected in extracts of taxol-treated HL-60 cells. Immunoprecipitation assays further revealed that Ebp1 co-precipitates with nucleolin from HL-60 cytoplasmic extracts. The observation that co-precipitation was decreased when extracts were treated with RNase suggests that Ebp1 and nucleolin are present in the same bcl-2 mRNP (messenger ribonucleoprotein particle) complexes. RNA-decay assays further demonstrated that Ebp1 decreased the rate of decay of β-globin–AREbcl-2 transcripts in HL-60 cell extracts. Collectively, these results indicate a novel function for Ebp1 in contributing to the regulation of bcl-2 expression in HL-60 cells.
Mueller matrix imaging of targets in turbid media

We present a theoretical analysis on the use of polarized light in the detection of a model target in a scattering and absorbing turbid medium. Monte Carlo numerical simulations are used in the calculation of the effective Mueller matrix which describes the scattering process. Contrasts between various parts of the target and background are analyzed in the images created by ordinary radiance, by elements of the Mueller matrix and by the depolarization index. It is shown that the application of polarized light has distinct advantages in target detection and characterization when compared to the use of unpolarized light.
«Jumping tracks»: how language-minority students negotiate evaluations of ability

This article illustrates a process by which two language-minority students were able to change their initial track placement in mainstream classes, and to position themselves in ability groups that were higher in status and, arguably, in educational value. Employing the notion that academic ability is a construct that is situationally negotiated among students, their teachers, and counselors, it explores the means by which these students were able to "jump tracks." LANGUAGE-MINORITY EDUCATION, TRACKING, ABILITY GROUPING Virtually every school in the United States practices some form of ability grouping, in which students are sorted according to purported academic ability, and then instructed with differentiated curricula. At the secondary level, ability grouping is woven into the fabric of instruction in a practice known as tracking. Tracking separates students with varying academic records into entirely separate classrooms and courses of study. Tracking, and ability grouping more generally, exist on the premise that students will learn best in homogeneous groups where instruction can be tailored to their particular educational needs. Nevertheless, the utility and equity of tracking have been a subject of intense debate. Research suggests that the instructional groups produced by tracking, and the differentiated curriculum they engender, are not equal. Rather, when tracking is viewed across classroom contexts, one finds consistent and patterned inequities, with students on the lower rungs of the system receiving less instruction in societally valued skills, resulting in differential access to future educational and occupational opportunities after high school (Oakes 1985; Oakes et al. 1992). Linguistic-minority students are overrepresented in low-track classrooms (Braddock 1990; Medina 1988). Since they seem to be disproportionately and adversely affected by this system, it is important to learn more about what befalls them in tracked instructional environments. This article illustrates the process through which linguistic-minority students at one high school were assigned to tracks. The article also shows how it is sometimes possible for students to discover the workings of the tracking system and to use that knowledge to negotiate their place within it.
Techniques for maintaining connectivity in wireless ad-hoc networks under energy constraints

Distributed wireless systems (DWSs) are emerging as the enabler for next-generation wireless applications. There is a consensus that DWS-based applications, such as pervasive computing, sensor networks, wireless information networks, and speech and data communication networks, will form the backbone of the next technological revolution. Simultaneously, with great economic, industrial, consumer, and scientific potential, DWSs pose numerous technical challenges. Among them, two are widely considered as crucial: autonomous localized operation and minimization of energy consumption. We address the fundamental problem of how to maximize the lifetime of the network using only local information, while preserving network connectivity. We start by introducing the care-free sleep (CS) Theorem that provides provably optimal conditions for a node to go into sleep mode while ensuring that global connectivity is not affected. The CS theorem is the basis for an efficient localized algorithm that decides which nodes will go to into sleep mode and for how long. We have also developed mechanisms for collecting neighborhood information and for the coordination of distributed energy minimization protocols. The effectiveness of the approach is demonstrated using a comprehensive study of the performance of the algorithm over a wide range of network parameters. Another important highlight is the first mathematical and Monte Carlo analysis that establishes the importance of considering nodes within a small number of hops in order to preserve energy.
Real-Time Microfluidic System for Studying Mammalian Cells in 3D Microenvironments

We describe a microfluidic system that can control, in real time, the microenvironments of mammalian cells in naturally derived 3D extracellular matrix (ECM). This chip combines pneumatically actuated valves with an individually addressable array of 3D cell-laden ECM; actuation of valves determines the pathways for delivering reagents through the chip and for exchanging diffusible factors between cell chambers. To promote rapid perfusion of reagents through 3D gels (with complete exchange of reagents within the gel in seconds), we created conduits above the gels for fluid flow, and microposts to stabilize the gels under high perfusion rates. As a biological demonstration, we studied spatially segregated mouse embryonic stem cells and mouse embryonic fibroblasts embedded in 3D Matrigel over days of culture. Overall, this system may be useful for high-throughput screening, single-cell analysis and studies of cell-cell communication, where rapid control of 3D cellular microenvironments is desired.
The microwave spectrum, dipole moment, and conformation of 3-oxabicyclo(3.1.0.)hexane☆

Abstract The microwave spectrum of 3-oxabicyclo(3.1.0.)hexane has been studied in the range 26.5–40 GHz ( R -band) with a Hewlett Packard Model 8400 spectrometer. Both a and c -type R -branch transitions were used to derive the rotational constants for the ground state and first two excited states of the ring-puckering mode. The data are consistent with a single stable conformation, in agreement with a previous far-infrared study ( 1 ) and this is shown to be the boat conformation, as was the case with the similar molecules cyclopentene oxide ( 2, 3 ) (6-oxabicyclo(3.1.0.)hexane) and 3,6-dioxabicyclo(3.1.0.)hexane ( 1, 4 ). The rotational constants for the ground state are (in MHz) A = 6038.06; B = 4432.47; C = 3303.43 yielding κ = − 0.174268. The electric dipole moment components of the ground state (in Debye units) are | μ a | = 1.36 ± 0.02; | μ c | = 1.03 ± 0.02 yielding a total dipole moment μ = 1.71 ± 0.03.
Ethylene and hydrogen effects in propylene polymerization with 2-arylindenyl zirconocenes

Abstract Addition of small amounts of ethylene or hydrogen leads to significant productivity increase in propylene polymerization catalyzed by fluxional bis(2-arylindenyl)zirconocenes. To test if this phenomenon is related to the reactivation of dormant species formed as a result of regioirregular propylene insertions, we have reinvestigated the regioregularity of these catalysts. Approximately 0.1–0.3 mol% of 2,1-misinsertions were found in polymers synthesized by these catalysts. The presence of these regioirregular insertions could account for the ethylene and hydrogen effects observed but does not rule out formation of other catalyst dormant sites.
Specification of optical surface accuracy using the structure function

Irregularity of an optical surface is commonly characterized by peak-to-valley or root mean square error after subtraction of low order aberrations. It is sufficient if the surface is fabricated with the help of conventional techniques. Modern manufacturing methods employ undersized polishing tools generating irregularities on sub-aperture scales or mid-spatial frequencies. This is particularly important for the fabrication of aspheric or free-form surfaces. The smoothness of local polishing depends on how uniformly the influence of a tool is distributed and how well the dwell time is controlled over a part. Diamond turning is known for the variety of shapes, however, a single point tool tends to form surface features on the scale determined by the uniformity of feed rate. A deterministic way to quantify and specify mid-spatial irregularity is important for all areas of optical production. Interferometric map of an optical surface is usually obtained from original data by subtraction of the fit of 9 Zernike fringe polynomials corresponding to piston, tilt, focus and third order astigmatism, coma and spherical aberrations. This paper describes how to characterize the spectral content of residual surface height error, which depends on multiple factors during the fabrication. To quantify small scale irregularities, the residual error is regarded as a statistical process. The method of structure function is applied to the surface errors at different spatial scales yielding RMS height difference vs. physically measurable separation on an optical surface.
Microstructural modelling of stress-dependent behaviour of clay

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to investigate the stress-dependent behaviour of clay during drained and undrained shearing by means of a micromechanical approach. A new micromechanical stress–strain model is developed for clay using the approach developed in earlier studies by Chang and Hicher [Chang, C.S., Hicher, P.Y., 2005. An elastic–plastic model for granular materials with microstructural consideration. International Journal of Solids and Structures 42(14), 4258–4277]. In order to model the extension test on a K 0 consolidated sample, a formulation is developed to account for the stress reversal on a contact plane. The model is then used to simulate numerous stress-path tests on Lower Cromer Till and kaolin clay, including triaxial compression and extension tests, under both undrained and drained conditions, with different K 0 consolidation, and different over-consolidation ratios. The applicability of the present model is evaluated through comparisons between the predicted and the measured results. The evolution of local stresses and local strains at inter-particle planes are discussed in order to explain the stress-induced anisotropy due to externally applied load. All simulations have demonstrated that the proposed micromechanical approach is capable of modelling the stress-induced anisotropy and other major features of the complex behaviour in clay.
Prostaglandin mediation of potassium effects on renin release

Abstract The effects of varying potassium concentrations on renin release from rabbit renal cortical slices were investigated. High potassium concentrations inhibited and low concentrations stimulated renin release, although the magnitude of the effect was greater with reduced concentrations. The fatty acid cyclooxygenase inhibitor Δ5,8,11,14-eicosatetraynoic acid abolished the stimulatory effects of low potassium, suggesting a prostaglandin dependent effect of potassium on renin release.
Search for anomalous multiphoton production at 100–300 GeV

Abstract We have carried out a search for anomalous multiphoton production in neutron-Ch 2 collisions at Fermilab. Both anomalous γ events as might be produced in the annihilation of a magnetic monopole pair, as well as events with smaller opening angles, such as those observed in cosmic ray emulsions by Schein et al. and others were sought. No evidence for either type of event was found. An upper limit ∼2.7 μb is placed on the production cross section for “Schein” events or ∼10 −2 that deduced from the cosmic ray data.
Characterization of Angiogenesis and Lymphangiogenesis in Human Minor Salivary Glands with Sjögren's Syndrome.

Angiogenesis has been proposed to play a role in the inflammation observed in Sjogren's Syndrome (SS). However, no studies have validated the degree of angiogenesis in salivary glands with SS. Therefore, the goal of this study was to determine the presence and localization of angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis in salivary glands with SS. We used frozen tissue sections from human minor salivary glands (hMSG) with and without SS in our analyses. To investigate signs of angiogenesis, hMSG tissue lysates were used to detect levels of the pro-angiogenic protein vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) by western blot analyses. Additionally, we labeled blood vessels using antibodies specific to platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM-1) and von Willebrand Factor (vWF) to determine blood vessel organization and volume fraction using fluorescence microscopy. Lymphatic vessel organization and volume fraction were determined using antibodies specific to lymphatic vessel endothelial hyaluronan receptor (LYVE-1). Our results suggest that expression levels of VEGF are decreased in hMSG with SS as compared with controls. Interestingly, there were no significant differences in blood or lymphatic vessel organization or volume fraction between hMSG with and without SS, suggesting that angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis have little impact on the progression of SS.
General solutions for tailored modulation profiles in adiabatic excitation

Abstract Interest in adiabatic pulses has been stimulated by their ability to perform a variety of desired spin transformations in the presence of B1 inhomogeneities. However, pulse performance, as defined by the relative insensitivity of the pulse at a given power level to B1 inhomogeneity, depends greatly on the amplitude- and frequency-modulation functions used. Significant improvements in performance have been achieved for pulses tailored numerically to fulfill the adiabatic condition on resonance over a predetermined B1 range. In this paper, we present analytical expressions in terms of general amplitude- and frequency-modulation functions F1(t) and F2(t) which can be used to construct these enhanced adiabatic pulses for any continuous, differentiable functions satisfying (i) F1 = 1, (ii) F12 + F22 = 1, or (iii) F1 + F2 = 1. The third family of functions has not been considered previously for adiabatic excitation. Solutions for the phase modulation function δ(t) are also obtained for any similarly well-behaved modulation pair F1 and F2 independent of the above constraints. Since (at least) three solutions exist for the modulation profiles that enforce the adiabatic condition over a given range of B1 inhomogeneity, issues related to finding the particular solution that optimizes pulse performance are discussed.
Mnd2 and Swm1 are core subunits of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae anaphase-promoting complex.

The anaphase-promoting complex (APC) is a multisubunit E3 ubiquitin ligase that regulates the metaphase-anaphase transition and exit from mitosis in eukaryotic cells. Eleven subunits have been previously identified in APC from budding yeast. We have identified two additional subunits, Mnd2 and Swm1, by mass spectrometry. Both Mnd2 and Swm1 were found specifically associated with a highly purified preparation of APC from haploid yeast whole cell extract. Moreover, the APC co-purified with epitope-tagged Mnd2 and Swm1. Both proteins were present in APC preparations from haploid cells arrested in G1, S, and M phases and from meiotic diploid cells, indicating that they are constitutive components of the complex throughout the yeast cell cycle. Mnd2 interacted strongly with Cdc23, Apc5, and Apc1 when coexpressed in an in vitro transcription/translation reaction. Swm1 also interacted with Cdc23 and Apc5 in this system. Previous studies described meiotic defects for mutations in MND2 and SWM1. Here, we show that mnd2Δ and swm1Δ haploid strains exhibit slow growth and accumulation of G2/M cells comparable with that seen in apc9Δ orapc10Δ strains and consistent with an APC defect. Taken together, these results demonstrate that Swm1 and Mnd2 are functional components of the yeast APC.
The hypercontractive approach to exactly bounding an operator with complex Gaussian kernel

Abstract We study operators G : L q (R n ) → L p (R n ) given by a nondegenerate complex Gaussian kernel. In many cases such an operator attains its bound at a maximizing Gaussian function g ϵ L q (R n ). To show this we prove a complexified version of Edward Nelson's hypercontractive theorem.
Abstract variational problems with volume constraints

Existence results for a class of one-dimensional abstract variational problems with volume constraints are established. The main assumptions on their energy are additivity, translation invariance and solvability of a transition problem. These general results yield existence results for nonconvex problems. A counterexample shows that a naive extension to higher dimensional situations in general fails.
Glucose and fatty acid kinetics in fasted rats: Effects of previous protein intake

Abstract Glucose and fatty acid turnover and oxidation were measured in 48 hr fasted adult rats who had been previously fed two isocaloric diets of 5% and 18% protein content for 29 days. Kinetics were investigated with the simultaneous primed constant infusions of 6- 3 H glucose, U- 14 C glucose and 1- 13 C palmitic acid. Plasma glucose concentration and glucose turnover were reduced while plasma fatty acid concentration and turnover were increased in the rats fed the 5% protein diet. The protein:carbohydrate ratio of a previous diet affects both glucose and lipid metabolism in adult rats who are fasted.
The effects of cyclic nucleotides and some related agents on 32Pi labeling of renal polyphosphoinositides in vitro.

Abstract When rabbit kidney cortex slices were incubated in the presence of 32 P i and dibutyrylcyclic AMP (dbcAMP) 4 a significant decrease in the labeling of phosphatidyl inositol phosphate (DPI) but not phosphatidyl inositol bisphosphate (TPI) was observed. In the presence of 0.3 m m caffeine cyclic AMP (cAMP) produced a similar effect. Caffeine potentiated the inhibitory effect of dbcAMP. At high concentrations (3 m m ) caffeine alone decreased the 32 P i labeling of both DPI and TPI. These decreases in 32 P i labeling were not mediated by decreases in the labeling of intracellular P i or ATP as measured by 10-min acid-labile nucleotide phosphate (10′-ALNP). Addition of cyclic GMP (cGMP) to the incubation medium decreased the labeling of DPI and to a lesser extent that of TPI also. Addition of parathyroid hormone (PTH) to the incubation medium (in the absence of exogenous cyclic nucleotides) also decreased the 32 P i labeling of DPI but not that of TPI. In contrast to the effects of cAMP, dbcAMP, cGMP, PTH, and caffeine, the addition of insulin to the incubation medium resulted in increased 32 P i labeling of DPI with no effect on TPI labeling. DPI isolated from kidney cortex slices prelabeled with 32 P i and subsequently incubated with cAMP or dbcAMP contained less label than DPI isolated from slices similarly prelabeled but subsequently incubated in the absence of either cAMP or dbcAMP. These data suggest an increased rate of DPI breakdown in the presence of elevated cAMP or dbcAMP concentrations. This hypothesis was supported by the fact that cAMP stimulated the hydrolysis of DPI but not of TPI by a polyphosphoinositide phosphodiesterase present in the supernatant fraction of rabbit kidney cortex.
Fire-induced erosion and millennial-scale climate change in northern ponderosa pine forests

Western US ponderosa pine forests have recently suffered extensive stand-replacing fires followed by hillslope erosion and sedimentation1,2,3,4. These fires are usually attributed to increased stand density as a result of fire suppression, grazing and other land use, and are often considered uncharacteristic or unprecedented1,2,3. Tree-ring records from the past 500 years indicate that before Euro-American settlement, frequent, low-severity fires maintained open stands1,2,3. However, the pre-settlement period between about ad 1500 and ad 1900 was also generally colder than present5,6,7,8,9,10, raising the possibility that rapid twentieth-century warming promoted recent catastrophic fires. Here we date fire-related sediment deposits in alluvial fans in central Idaho to reconstruct Holocene fire history in xeric ponderosa pine forests and examine links to climate. We find that colder periods experienced frequent low-severity fires, probably fuelled by increased understory growth. Warmer periods experienced severe droughts, stand-replacing fires and large debris-flow events that comprise a large component of long-term erosion11 and coincide with similar events in sub-alpine forests of Yellowstone National Park12. Our results suggest that given the powerful influence of climate, restoration of processes typical of pre-settlement times may be difficult in a warmer future that promotes severe fires.
Social olfaction: a review of the ontogeny of olfactory influences on vertebrate behavior.

Research on the postnatal development of behavior involving olfaction is reviewed. Included are investigations of olfactory responses of human neonates and young children, the development of preferences in various mammals, the ontogeny of the fright reaction in fish and amphibia, and the attraction of maternal odors for small mammals. The effects of early exposure and conditioning to olfactory stimuli on adult behavior in mammals and fish are reported including a survey of the status of the olfactory hypothesis in fish migration. Deprivation experiments suggest disruption of later behavior. Limitations of the present knowledge and directions for future research are presented.
Ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer (onyx) embolization for acute hemorrhage: a systematic review of peripheral applications.

Abstract Purpose To evaluate the endovascular use of ethylene vinyl alcohol (EVOH) copolymer (Onyx; ev3 Endovascular, Inc, Plymouth, Minnesota) for the treatment of acute peripheral nonneurologic hemorrhage. Materials and Methods MEDLINE and PubMed databases were searched for articles published in English from 1946 to August 2014 describing patients treated for hemorrhage with EVOH copolymer outside of its usual neurovascular applications. Additional cases were collected from the bibliographies of relevant articles. Full-text articles were obtained. Demographic data, clinical presentation, underlying etiology, culprit vessel, endovascular treatment, outcomes, and follow-up times were obtained. Results The literature search yielded 19 relevant articles. Cases of 131 patients (87 men, 44 women; mean age, 61 y ± 19.2) describing the treatment of 151 lesions were reviewed. The most common categories of arterial lesions were gastrointestinal (n = 53) and bronchial (n = 40) in origin. In 14 cases, EVOH copolymer was employed after failure or rebleeding following the use of a different embolic agent. Average follow-up time was 12.0 months. EVOH copolymer was the sole embolic agent used in 105 patients. Rebleeding after treatment with EVOH copolymer occurred in 10 patients. There were 2 technical failures. One patient died of multiorgan failure in the setting of persistent hemoptysis. Complications included 2 nerve injuries and 2 minor strokes. Conclusions Embolization of acute hemorrhage in the peripheral vasculature was safe and effective with EVOH copolymer.
In vivo ultrahigh-resolution, functional optical coherence tomography

Summary form only given.Optical coherence tomography (OCT), has been extensively evaluated as a possible diagnostic tool for high-speed, noninvasive, high-resolution in vivo and in situ imaging in a variety of medical fields. Based on low coherence interferometry, the axial resolution of OCT is limited by the bandwidth of the light source, usually a superluminescent diode, to typically 10-15 /spl mu/m. This is approximately one order of magnitude better than any other conventional technique. However many of the early changes associated with diseases are still below its detection limit. Recent developments of femtosecond Kerr-lens mode-locking of Ti:sapphire solid-state lasers have established a generation of powerful low-coherence light sources for OCT.
The Quality-of-Life Effects of Neoadjuvant Chemoradiation in Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer

Purpose Existing studies that examine the effect of neoadjuvant chemoradiation (CRT) for locally advanced rectal cancer on patient quality of life (QOL) are limited. Our goals were to prospectively explore acute changes in patient-reported QOL endpoints during and after treatment and to establish a distribution of scores that could be used for comparison as new treatment modalities emerge. Methods and Materials Fifty patients with locally advanced rectal cancer were prospectively enrolled at 2 institutions. Validated cancer-specific European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC QLQ-CR30) and colorectal cancer-specific (EORTC QLQ-CR38 and EORTC QLQ-CR 29) QOL questionnaires were administered to patients 1 month before they began CRT, at week 4 of CRT, and 1 month after they had finished CRT. The questionnaires included multiple symptom scales, functional domains, and a composite global QOL score. Additionally, a toxicity scale was completed by providers 1 month before the beginning of CRT, weekly during treatment, and 1 month after the end of CRT. Results Global QOL showed a statistically significant and borderline clinically significant decrease during CRT (−9.50, P =.0024) but returned to baseline 1 month after the end of treatment (−0.33, P =.9205). Symptoms during treatment were mostly gastrointestinal (nausea/vomiting +9.94, P P =.0022), urinary (dysuria +13.33, P P =.0006) or fatigue (+16.22, P P =.0236) and sexual function ( P =.0047) remained persistently diminished after therapy. Conclusions Rectal cancer patients undergoing neoadjuvant CRT may experience a reduction in global QOL along with significant gastrointestinal and genitourinary symptoms during treatment. Moreover, provider-rated toxicity scales may not fully capture this decrease in patient-reported QOL. Although most symptoms are transient, impairment in sexual function may persist after the completion of therapy and merits further investigation.
Pharmacology of the endometrium.

Abstract The multiple effects of a wide range of estrogenic, progestagenic, antiestrogenic, androgenic, corticoid, and anticorticoidal steroids are to be kept in mind in considering possible therapeutic candidates for the hormonal suppression of endometrial cancer. Moreover, in such biological systems as the induction of rapid tissue growth in the female genital tract of a number of species induced by estrogenic compounds, not only progestagens, but several steroids totally devoid of any apparent hormonal effects can substantially inhibit such active cellular proliferation. The implications of such inhibitory phenomena for the chemotherapeutic control of endometrial cancer warrant further evaluation.