cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The origins of innervation of the canine caudal pharyngeal muscles: an HRP study

In deglutition, movements of the tongue and oropharynx direct a bolus to the laryngopharynx. The major muscles of this region, which includes the 'cricopharyngeal sphincter', must undergo sequential relaxation and contraction for correct swallowing action. The innervation of the caudal pharyngeal muscles involved in this action in the dog have not been determined previously by sensitive neuroanatomical techniques. In this study, the location of efferent and afferent neurons innervating the left cricopharyngeus, thyropharyngeus and hyopharyngeus muscles was determined by horseradish peroxidase (HRP) histochemistry in 7 puppies. Labeled cells were found ipsilaterally in the supraspinal nucleus, nucleus ambiguus (including nucleus retrofacialis) and nucleus intercalatus of all animals, in the parasympathetic nucleus of X (dorsal vagal efferent nucleus) of 6 animals, and in the hypoglossal nucleus of 4 animals. Small numbers of HRP-labeled cells were found contralaterally in the supraspinal nucleus of all animals, and in the rostral nucleus ambiguus, in the nucleus intercalatus and the parasympathetic nucleus of X of fewer animals. This defines a more extensive source of efferent neurons for these muscles than had been reported for the cat. Labeled postganglionic sympathetic neurons were found bilaterally in the cranial (superior) cervical, middle cervical and cervicothoracic (stellate) ganglia. Labeled afferent neurons were seen bilaterally in the proximal vagal (jugular) and distal vagal (nodose) ganglia and in the C1-C4 spinal ganglia. The location of sympathetic and sensory nerve cell bodies of the muscles of the laryngopharynx has not been previously reported.
Sex and Status Effects on Perception of Physical Attractiveness

The effects of ascribed academic status, target-person's sex, and rater's sex on the perception of height, weight, and physical attractiveness, and the interrelations among these variables, were studied. College students (N = 301; 61% females) rated a male or a female identified as possessing one of five levels of academic status. In all status conditions the male and female were seen as about equal in height, the male was estimated as heavier than the female, and at the lowest and intermediate status levels, female Ss saw the male as more attractive than the female, while the reverse tended to be the case for males' ratings of the targets. Height and weight estimates were inversely correlated for the male target, and positively related for the female target. Height estimates were positively related to attractiveness ratings for the male target, while neither height nor weight estimates predicted attractiveness ratings for the female target.
Changes in family functioning during treatment and drinking outcomes for high and low autonomy alcoholics

Alcoholics' level of autonomy was hypothesized to have a moderating effect on the relationship between changes in family functioning and subsequent drinking behavior. Functioning of families of patients in outpatient alcoholism treatment was assessed prior to the onset of treatment and again 6 months later. For alcoholics who were low in autonomy, perceptions of improvements in functioning predicted better drinking outcomes during a subsequent 6-month follow-up, while changes in family functioning were unrelated to drinking behavior in high autonomy alcoholics. The areas of family functioning in which change was a significant predictor of later drinking primarily concerned the quality of interactions between family members. Alcoholics' gender, psychiatric comorbidity, and the type of treatment they received did not moderate the relationship between changes in family functioning and drinking outcomes. Implications for the treatment of alcoholic patients and the limitations of the research are discussed.
Genetic Factors Affecting the Occurrence, Clinical Phenotype, and Outcome of Autoimmune Hepatitis

Autoimmune hepatitis is a polygenic disorder of unknown cause in which the genetic risk factors that affect occurrence, clinical phenotype, severity, and outcome still are being clarified. The susceptibility alleles in white North American and northern European patients reside on the DRB1 gene, and they are DRB1*0301 and DRB1*0401 . These alleles encode a 6 amino acid sequence at positions 67–72 in the DRβ polypeptide chain of the class II molecules of the major histocompatibility complex. This sequence is associated with susceptibility, and lysine at position DRβ71 is the key determinant. Molecular mimicry between foreign and self-antigens may explain the loss of self-tolerance and the occurrence of concurrent immune diseases in anatomically distant organs. Disease severity is associated with the number of alleles encoding lysine at DRβ71 (gene dose) and the number of polymorphisms, including those of the tumor necrosis factor-α gene, cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 gene, and tumor necrosis factor–receptor superfamily gene, that can modify the immune response. Individuals in different geographic regions may have different susceptibility alleles that reflect indigenous triggering antigens, and these may provide clues to the etiologic agent. Knowledge of the genetic predispositions for autoimmune hepatitis may elucidate pathogenic mechanisms, identify etiologic agents, characterize susceptible populations, foresee outcomes, and target new therapies. These lessons may be applicable to autoimmune disease in general.
Huxley's Message to the Modern World

AMONG the memories of the past, few are more vivid than that of the unveiling of the Darwin statue in the great hall of the Natural History Museum. Addressing himself to the Prince of Wales and the Archbishop of Canterbury, representing the Trustees, Huxley uttered a message which in a manner summed up all his faith. He did not ask for their official sanction of Darwin's views; no man's verdict could make those views true or false, justify or condemn them. But Darwin's life, whatever the fate of his theories, must remain to us a glorious example, and future generations of students coming through yonder door might look on the image of his face and strive to follow his example.
The price of anarchy is independent of the network topology

We study the degradation in network performance caused by the selfish behavior of noncooperative network users. We consider a directed network in which each edge possesses a latency function describing the common latency incurred by all traffic on the edge as a function of the edge congestion. Given a rate of traffic between each pair of nodes in the network, we aspire toward an assignment of traffic to paths in which the sum of all travel times (the total latency) is minimized; however, in many settings network users are free to route their traffic in a selfish manner, without regard to the total latency. We therefore assume that each network user routes its traffic on the minimum-latency path available to it, given the network congestion caused by the other users. In general such a "selfishly motivated" assignment of traffic to paths (a Nash equilibrium) will not minimize the total latency; hence, selfish behavior carries the cost of decreased network performance. We quantify this degradation in network performance via the price of anarchy, defined as the worst possible ratio between the total latency of a Nash equilibrium and of a minimum-latency routing of the traffic.In this paper, we show that the underlying network topology plays no role in the determination of the price of anarchy. Specifically, we show that under weak hypotheses on the class of allowable edge latency functions, the worst-case ratio between the total latency of a Nash equilibrium and of a minimum-latency routing for any multicommodity flow network is achieved by a single-commodity instance on a set of parallel links. In the special case where the class of allowable latency functions includes all of the constant functions, we prove that a network with only two parallel links suffices to achieve the worst-possible ratio. Informally, these results imply that the inefficiency inherent in a flow at Nash equilibrium stems from the inability of selfish users to discern which of two competing routes is superior and not from the topological complexity arising from the diverse intersections of many paths belonging to different commoditie.Our proof techniques also give powerful methods for computing the price of anarchy with respect to an arbitrary class of latency functions. We apply these methods to function classes that have been well studied in the literature (such as degree-bounded polynomials and functions of the form $\ell(x) = (u—x)—1} that are used to model edges with capacity u), thereby achieving the first tight analyses of the price of anarchy for significant classes of latency functions outside the class of linear functions.
AUTO-GC: Automatic translation of data mining applications to GPU clusters

Because of the very favorable price to performance ratio of the GPUs, a popular parallel programming configuration today is a cluster of GPUs. However, extracting performance on such a configuration would typically require programming in both MPI and CUDA, thus requiring a high degree of expertise and effort. It is clearly desirable to be able to support higher-level programming of this emerging high-performance computing platform.
Sediment budgets on a compartmented low-to-moderate energy coast in northwest Florida

Abstract Sediment budgets for portions of the Franklin and Gulf County, Florida, coasts have been determined through comparison of old (1860's–1940's) U.S. Hydrographic Office smooth sheets. Rate of erosion and deposition and, significantly, minimum distances of transport were computed. This coast is divided into at least six individual compartments (or longshore drift cells) which most probably experience minimal communication; in each instance erosion and deposition are nearly balanced. This compartmentalization is effected by the low-to-moderate wave energy and the offshore bathymetry of the region.
Injunctions and the Public Interest in Fair Use Cases After eBay

The indeterminacy of the fair use doctrine can frustrate those who wish to use copyrighted material to create something new. When coupled with the ready availability of injunctive relief for plaintiffs in infringement suits, this uncertainty can cause a chilling effect that prevents artists, scholars and others from asserting their fair use rights to the fullest. This article examines procedural changes regarding the award of injunctions that were mandated by the Supreme Court of the United States in eBay, Inc. v. MercExchange, L.L.C. and extended to copyright cases by the Second and Ninth United States Circuit Courts of Appeals. It concludes that the procedural safeguards instituted in these cases will help shift the balance of power in fair use cases away from copyright plaintiffs to protect defendants with credible fair use claims and better serve the public interest.
Self-Organization of a Carbide Superlattice during Deposition of Carbon on Mo

Formation and evolution of a carbide superlattice (SL) during C deposition on Mo have been studied using molecular beam epitaxy techniques. The ordering of the SL is energetically driven, such that the interplay between strain and surface energies determines the length scale of the SL. Surface precipitation of C occurs within a narrow range of SL spacing that appears to control the size and spacing of the precipitates leading to a possible mechanism for nucleation of single-walled carbon nanotubes.
Solitary Fibrous Tumor of the Larynx

Background True mesenchymal, non-cartilaginous neoplasms of the larynx are rare. Extrapleural solitary fibrous tumor (SFT) is a localized neoplasm characterized by proliferation of thin-walled vessels and collagen-producing cells and is considered within the “hemangiopericytoma-solitary fibrous tumor” spectrum. SFT primary in the larynx is exceptional. Design Case report set in a comparison with other cases reported in the English literature (MEDLINE 1966 to 2007). Results A 49-year old white male presented with difficulty breathing, progressive over the past 2 years. He denied dysphagia and weight loss. Past medical history was significant for asthma. He denied cigarette smoking or alcohol abuse. There were no cervical deformities on physical exam. Fiberoptic laryngoscopy was performed upon stabilization of respiratory function. A smooth, round, submucosal mass measuring 2.3 cm in greatest diameter arising from the inferior surface of left true vocal cord was causing near total obstruction of the endolaryngeal space. The mass was excised. The surface mucosa was intact and unremarkable. A cellular, spindle cell neoplasm was arranged in loose fascicles, associated with heavy collagen fiber deposition. The collagen was wiry and heavy. Cells were bland with cytoplasmic extensions. The nuclei were vesicular to hyperchromatic and elongated with inconspicuous nucleoli. Vessels were prominent and delicate, with patulous spaces. Mitotic figures were easily identified, but atypical forms were not present. The cells were strongly and diffusely immunoreactive with CD34 and bcl-2, while non-reactive with cytokeratin, EMA, actin, ALK-1, S100, desmin, and CD117. These findings confirmed a diagnosis of extraplural solitary fibrous tumor. Without further disease, the patient is alive without evidence of disease, 12 months after surgery. Conclusions The characteristic histologic pattern of solitary fibrous tumor can be noted in extrapulmonary locations. Development in the larynx is uncommon, but the tumor presents as a polypoid mass with characteristic histologic and immunophenotypic features. Conservative local excision is the treatment of choice to yield an excellent prognosis.
Potential involvement of tyrosine kinase pathway in the antagonist induced upregulation of the NMDA receptor NR2B subunit in cortical neurons.

Abstract The aim of this study was to study the potential mechanism(s) involved in the antagonist induced upregulation of the N-methyl- d -aspartate receptor (NMDA) NR2B subunit. The results show that chronic treatment of cortical neurons with tyrosine kinase inhibitor (genistein) resulted in downregulation of the NR2B subunit polypeptide levels, while daidzein, an inactive analog of genistein, did not alter the levels of NR2B subunit, implying that tyrosine kinases may be involved in the regulation of the NMDA NR2B subunit content. Chronic treatment of cortical neurons with the NMDA receptor antagonist, (+)-5-methyl-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptane-5,10-iminemaleate (MK-801) enhanced the membrane associated tyrosine kinase activity and upregulated the NR2B receptor subunit. These results suggest that MK-801 induced upregulation of NMDA (NR2B) receptor subunit might be mediated by tyrosine kinases.
The acrosome-acroplaxome-manchette complex and the shaping of the spermatid head

A combination of exogenous contractile forces generated by a stack of F-actin-containing hoops embracing the apical region of the elongating spermatid nucleus and an endogenous modulating mechanism dependent on the spermatid-containing acrosome-acroplaxome-manchette complex may play a cooperative role in the shaping of the spermatid head. In addition, the manchette is a key element in the transport of vesicles and macromolecules to the centrosome and developing spermatid tails as well as in nucleocytoplasmic transport. The proposed model of spermatid head shaping is based on: 1) currently known structural and molecular components of the F-actin hoops, the main cytoskeletal element of the Sertoli cell ectoplasmic specializations; 2) the molecular features of acrosome biogenesis; 3) the assembly of a subacrosomal cytoskeletal plate called the acroplaxome; and 4) the spatial relationship of the acrosome-acroplaxome complex with the manchette, a transient microtubular/actin-containing structure. During acrosome biogenesis, the acroplaxome becomes the nucleation site to which Golgi-derived proacrosomal vescicles tether and fuse. The acroplaxome has at least two functions: it anchors the developing acrosome to the elongating spermatid head. It may also provide a mechanical scaffolding plate during the shaping of the spermatid nucleus. The plate is stabilized by a marginal ring with junctional complex characteristics, adjusting to exogenous clutching forces generated by the stack of Sertoli cell F-actin-containing hoops applied to the elongating spermatid head. A tubulobulbar complex, formed by cytoplasmic processes protruding from the elongating spermatid head extending into the adjacent Sertoli cell, is located at the concave side of the spermatid head. The tubulobulbar complex might provide stabilizing conditions, together with the actin-afadin-nectin-2/nectin-3 adhesion unit, to enable sustained and balanced clutching exogenous forces applied during the elongation of the spermatid head.
Synthesis of Bistable Compliant Four-Bar Mechanisms Using Polynomial Homotopy

In this paper we formulate and solve the synthesis equations for a compliant four-bar linkage with three specified equilibrium configurations in the plane. The kinematic synthesis equations as for rigid-body mechanisms are combined with equilibrium constraints at the flexure pivots to form design equations. These equations are simplified by modeling the joint angle variables in the equilibrium equations using sine and cosine functions. Polynomial homotopy continuation is applied to compute all of the design candidates that satisfy these design equations, which are refined using a Newton-Raphson technique. A numerical example demonstrates design methodology in which the homotopy solver obtained eight real solutions. Two of them provide two stable and one unstable equilibrium, and hence, can be used as the prototype of bistable compliant mechanisms.
Electronic effects in transition metal porphyrins. 5. Thermodynamics of axial ligand addition and spectroscopic trends of a series of symmetrical and unsymmetrical derivatives of tetraphenylporphinatozinc(II)

Abstract The electronic spectra and equilibrium constants for addition of 3-picoline to a series of symmetrically and unsymmetrically phenyl-substituted ZnTPP derivatives have been measured. It is found that the α band energy varies slightly nonlinearly with the sum of the Hammett sigma constants of the substituents within the series (p-Cl)x(p-NEt2)yTPPZn(II), while the smaller variation in the β band appears to be linear. The log of the intensity ratio of the α and β bands, log Aβ/A−α, however, varies linearly with the band energies of both the α and β bands for both 4- and 5-coordinate complexes of unsymmetrical as well as symmetrical ZnTPP derivatives. Likewise, log Keq for 3-picoline addition varies linearly with the sum of the Hammett sigma constants for all complexes investigated. Thus the electronic effects of unsymmetrically placed substituents are averaged by the metal Zn to yield a Lewis acid strength toward 3-picoline which is dependent only upon the sum of the electronic effects and not on the identity of the substituents or the symmetry of their distribution.
Mathematical formulation of the cost equation of an (s,s) inventory system with cyclical replenishment

A single-item inventory model with probabilistic demand is considered in this paper. The replenishment of items is cyclical and occurs every n-periods. The order for replenishment can be p laced at the end of any period during the cycle . The uni ts ordered fluctuate based on actual and expected demand during the cycle. The general expression of this inventory system is formulated by developing the stationary distribution of the inventory position, units ordered and the probability of placing an order during any period. The expression is stated in terms of the reorder point (s) and the order level (S).
Electron heating and current drive by mode converted slow waves.

An approach to obtaining efficient single pass mode conversion at high parallel wavenumber from the fast magnetosonic wave to the slow ion Bernstein wave, in a two ion species tokamak plasma, is described. The intent is to produce localized electron heating or current drive via the mode converted slow wave. In particular, this technique can be adapted to off-axis current drive for current profile control. Modelling for the case of deuterium-tritium plasmas in TFTR is presented.
Cognitive vulnerability for depression in HIV

Abstract Biased inhibitory processing, frequency and valence of automatic thoughts, and inability to use positive schemas to regulate negative mood are cognitive factors linked to depression. These processes may underlie the established link between adaptive cognitive coping strategies (acceptance and positive reframing) and depression in persons with HIV. How individual differences in HIV-related neurocognitive deficits moderate such effects is unknown. In a secondary analysis, we tested the direct effects of coping on depressed affect as mediated by the frequency and valence of automatic thoughts and how this model was moderated by neurocognitive function in a cohort of HIV+ men and women. Methods HIV+ adults ( m age =39.8, SD=9.5) provided data for the baseline assessment of a randomized trial that investigated the effects of a cognitive–behavioral stress management intervention. Measures included coping, depressive symptoms, positive (PAT) and negative automatic thoughts (NAT), and HIV-dementia. Results After controlling for covariates, cognitive coping was related to depressed mood as mediated via NAT ( β =−.92) and PATs ( β =.61), ( R 2 =.42, F (7, 325)=33.50, p Limitation Cross-sectional design does not allow for the inference of causation among the variables. Conclusion Results support a cognitive vulnerability model for depression whereby HIV-related neurocognitive deficits interfere with the ability to use acceptance and positive reframing strategies to increase the frequency of PAT and decrease NAT in adults living with symptoms of depression.
The relationship between myocardial enzyme release and Ca2+ uptake during hypoxia and reoxygenation in the newborn and adult heart*

The relationship between creatine phosphokinase (CPK) release and sarcolemmal permeability to divalent cations (Ca2+ and Ba2+) during hypoxia and reoxygenation was studied in the isolated arterially perfused septal preparation of the newborn and adult rabbit. Tissue 47Ca2+ or 133Ba2+ uptake was measured by a juxtaposed gamma-probe. Since Ba2+ is not taken up by the sarcoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria, 133Ba2+ was used to determine sarcolemmal permeability to divalent cations (Ca2+ and Ba2+). In the two age groups, tissue Ca2+ uptake was unchanged during hypoxia and increased significantly during reoxygenation. Ba2+ uptake remained unchanged during hypoxia and reoxygenation. CPK release was small during hypoxia and increased significantly during reoxygenation. The increases in tissue Ca2+ uptake and CPK release in the newborn were significantly less than in the adult. Perfusion with low Ca2+ solutions (0.3 mM, 0.5 mM and 'zero') decreased tissue Ca2+ gain but did not prevent CPK release during reoxygenation. In the muscle perfused with an oxygenated solution containing phospholipase C (0.1 U/ml), the rate of CPK release increased significantly, but tissue Ca2+ uptake and Ba2+ uptake remained unchanged. These data suggest that: (1) sarcolemmal damage (evidenced by enzyme release) during hypoxia and reoxygenation in the newborn is less than in the adult. (2) enzyme release and tissue Ca2+ gain can occur during reoxygenation without significant changes in sarcolemmal permeability to divalent cations (Ca2+ and Ba2+) that can be detected by the present techniques, and (3) enzyme release during reoxygenation is associated with but may not be caused by the increased tissue Ca2+.
A note on operator norm inequalities

If P is a positive operator on a Hilbert space H whose range is dense, then a theorem of Foias, Ong, and Rosenthal says that: ‖[ϕ(P)]−1T[ϕ(P)]‖<-12 max {‖T‖, ‖P−1TP‖} for any bounded operator T on H, where φ is a continuous, concave, nonnegative, nondecreasing function on [0, ‖P‖]. This inequality is extended to the class of normal operators with dense range to obtain the inequality ‖[φ(N)]−1T[φ(N)]‖<-12c2 max {tT‖, ‖N−1TN‖} where φ is a complex valued function in a class of functions called vase-like, and c is a constant which is associated with φ by the definition of vase-like. As a corollary, it is shown that the reflexive lattice of operator ranges generated by the range NH of a normal operator N consists of the ranges of all operators of the form φ(N), where φ is vase-like. Similar results are obtained for scalar-type spectral operators on a Hilbert space.
CD4+ T Cell Help Guides Formation of CD103+ Lung-Resident Memory CD8+ T Cells during Influenza Viral Infection

Tissue-resident memory T (Trm) cells provide enhanced protection against infection at mucosal sites. Here we found that CD4(+) T cells are important for the formation of functional lung-resident CD8(+) T cells after influenza virus infection. In the absence of CD4(+) T cells, CD8(+) T cells displayed reduced expression of CD103 (Itgae), were mislocalized away from airway epithelia, and demonstrated an impaired ability to recruit CD8(+) T cells to the lung airways upon heterosubtypic challenge. CD4(+) T cell-derived interferon-γ was necessary for generating lung-resident CD103(+) CD8(+) Trm cells. Furthermore, expression of the transcription factor T-bet was increased in "unhelped" lung Trm cells, and a reduction in T-bet rescued CD103 expression in the absence of CD4(+) T cell help. Thus, CD4(+) T cell-dependent signals are important to limit expression of T-bet and allow for the development of CD103(+) CD8(+) Trm cells in the lung airways following respiratory infection.
Measurement of Transverse Echoes in RHIC

Beam echoes are a very sensitive method to measure diffusion, and longitudinal echo measurements were performed in a number of machines. In RHIC, for the first time, a transverse beam echo was observed after applying a dipole kick followed by a quadrupole kick. After application of the dipole kick, the dipole moment decohered completely due to lattice nonlinearities. When a quadrupole kick is applied at time τ after the dipole kick, the beam re-cohered at time 2τ thus showing an echo response. We describe the experimental setup and measurement results. In the measurements the dipole and quadrupole kick amplitudes, amplitude dependent tune shift, and the time between dipole and quadrupole kick were varied. In addition, measurements were taken with gold bunches of different intensities. These should exhibit different transverse diffusion rates due to intra-beam scattering.
Non-smooth stabilizers for nonlinear systems with uncontrollable unstable linearization

We prove that every chain of odd power integrators perturbed by a C/sup 1/ triangular vector field can be stabilized in the large via continuous state feedback, although it is not stabilizable, even locally, by any smooth state feedback. The proof is constructive and accomplished by developing a machinery-a continuous type of adding a power integrator-that enables one to explicitly design a C/sup 0/ globally stabilizing feedback law as well as a C/sup 1/ control Lyapunov function which is positive definite and proper.
Characterization of scaled MANOS nonvolatile semiconductor memory (NVSM) devices

Abstract We have modeled and characterized scaled Metal–Al 2 O 3 –Nitride–Oxide–Silicon (MANOS) nonvolatile semiconductor memory (NVSM) devices. The MANOS NVSM transistors are fabricated with a high- K ( K A = 9) blocking insulator of ALD deposited Al 2 O 3 (8 nm), a LPCVD silicon nitride film (8 nm) for charge-storage, and a thermally grown tunneling oxide (2.2 nm). A low voltage program (+8 V, 30 μs) and erase (−8 V, 100 ms) provides an initial memory window of 2.7 V and a 1.4 V window at 10 years for an extracted nitride trap density of 6 × 10 18 traps/cm 3 eV. The devices show excellent endurance with no memory window degradation to 10 6 write/erase cycles. We have developed a pulse response model of write/erase operations for SONOS-type NVSMs. In this model, we consider the major charge transport mechanisms are band-to-band tunneling and/or trap-assisted tunneling. Electron injection from the inversion layer is treated as the dominant carrier injection for the write operation, while hole injection from the substrate and electron injection from the gate electrode are employed in the erase operation. Meanwhile, electron back tunneling is needed to explain the erase slope of the MANOS devices at low erase voltage operation. Using a numerical method, the pulse response of the threshold voltages is simulated in good agreement with experimental data. In addition, we apply this model to advanced commercial TANOS devices.
Coexistence of PML-RARα and BCR-ABL in acute promyelocytic leukemia.

Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) is a biologically distinct form of acute myeloid leukemia (AML), characterized by a translocation of the retinoic acid receptor α (RAR α ) gene on chromosome 17 [1]. Over 95% of cases result from t(15;17) (q22;q21), which allows fusion of the promyelocytic leukemia (PML) gene on chromosome 15 to RAR α , although a small minority of cases arise from variant translocations including t(11;17) and t(5;17) [1]. RAR α is believed to be important in the proliferation and diff erentiation of promyelocytes into neutrophils, and thus APL is characterized by the halting of granulocytes at the promyelocytic stage of diff erentiation in the bone marrow and peripheral blood. Also unique to APL compared to other forms of myeloid leukemia is the dramatic improvement in response with the use of diff erentiation agents. Th e combination of all- trans retinoic acid (ATRA) and arsenic trioxide (ATO), with or without chemotherapy, has achieved complete remission rates of 95% with 2-year overall survival 90% [2,3]. Th e prognosis of APL with additional cytogenetic abnormalities has also been studied. De Botton et al . [4] reported on the prognostic signifi cance of secondary chromosomal changes in 292 patients treated with ATRA and chemotherapy, fi nding no signifi cant diff erence in complete remission, event-free survival, relapse or overall survival at 2 years between patients with t(15;17) alone and those with other cytogenetic abnormalities. Twenty-six percent of patients included in this study were found to have additional chromosomal abnormalities, the most common of which was trisomy 8 in 45% of patients, followed by deletions or translocations involving chromosomes 9, 7, 21 and 17 [4]. In 2010, Cervera et al . [5] published data on 495 patients with APL treated with ATRA and chemotherapy, fi nding a similar overall rate of additional chromosomal abnormalities (28%), again with trisomy 8 as the most frequently noted. Similar complete remission rates were again observed, although patients with additional cytogenetic abnormalities had higher rates of coagulopathy, lower platelet counts and higher relapse-risk scores compared to those with t(15;17) alone [5]. Although additional cytogenetic abnormalities were signifi cantly associated with lower relapse-free survival, they were not identifi ed as independent risk factors for relapse [5].
The Natural 13C Abundance of Plasma Glucose Is a Useful Biomarker of Recent Dietary Caloric Sweetener Intake

There is a need for objective biomarkers of dietary intake, because self-reporting is often subject to bias. We tested the validity of a biomarker for the fraction of dietary carbohydrate (CHO) from cane sugar and high fructose corn syrup (C(4) sugars) using natural (13)C abundance of plasma glucose. In a randomized, single-blinded, crossover design, 5 participants consumed 3 weight-maintaining diets for 7 d, with a 2-wk washout between diet periods. Diets differed in the fraction of total CHO energy from C(4) sugars (5, 16, or 32%). During each diet period, blood samples were drawn at hours 0800 and 1600 on d 1, 3, and 5 and at 0800, 1000, 1200, 1400, and 1600 on d 7. The delta(13)C abundance of plasma glucose was analyzed via GC- isotope ratio MS. Within each diet period, delta(13)C abundance of the 0800 fasting glucose did not change from baseline with increasing time during a diet period; however, there was a strong positive correlation (R(2) = 0.89) between delta(13)C abundance of the glucose concentration at 1000 on d 7 and the percent of breakfast CHO from C(4) sugars. Also, delta(13)C abundance of the combined plasma glucose samples on d 7 demonstrated a strong positive correlation (R(2) = 0.90) with the percent of total daily CHO from C(4) sugars. The natural delta(13)C abundance of postprandial plasma glucose relative to dietary C(4) CHO content was a valid biomarker for contributions of C(4) caloric sweeteners from the previous meal.
Comparison of Microbiological and Radiometric Assays for Determining Total Folacin in Spinach

Several commercially available forms of spinach were analyzed for total folacin content by the microbiological assay using Lactobacillus casei and a radiometric assay. Types of products included frozen uncooked, fresh raw, microwave and conventionally cooked fresh and creamed strained spinach. Folacin content ranged from 0.62 mcg/g for strained spinach to 2.50 mcg/g for uncooked frozen spinach, when assayed microbiologically. With the radiometric assay, folacin values were significantly higher (P<0.05) than with the L. casei assay. The microbiological assay appears more suitable for determination of total folates in complex food matrices than the radioassay.
An unusual insertion in intron 2 of apparently functional MHC class I alleles in rhesus macaques.

: Here we describe a nucleotide insertion in intron 2 of two rhesus major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I alleles, Mamu-A*05 and Mamu-A*07 . This resulted in an intron 2 that was nearly twice the length of any other intron 2 of primate MHC class I genes sequenced to date. This insertion was most similar (93% identity) to the beginning of intron 3 of HLA-A alleles. It was also similar to intron 3 of several human MHC class I pseudogenes and MHC class I pseduogenes from cotton top tamarin and cat. The finding of this insertion in two rhesus MHC class I genes is surprising given the uniformity in length and sequence of introns of functional HLA-A, -B and -C genes.
eat-2 and eat-18 are required for nicotinic neurotransmission in the Caenorhabditis elegans pharynx

Mutations in eat-2 and eat-18 cause the same defect in C. elegans feeding behavior: the pharynx is unable to pump rapidly in the presence of food. EAT-2 is a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit that functions in the pharyngeal muscle. It is localized to the synapse between pharyngeal muscle and the main pharyngeal excitatory motor neuron MC, and it is required for MC stimulation of pharyngeal muscle. eat-18 encodes a small protein that has no homology to previously characterized proteins. It has a single transmembrane domain and a short extracellular region. Allele-specific genetic interactions between eat-2 and eat-18 suggest that EAT-18 interacts physically with the EAT-2 receptor. While eat-2 appears to be required specifically for MC neurotransmission, eat-18 also appears to be required for the function of other nicotinic receptors in the pharynx. In eat-18 mutants, the gross localization of EAT-2 at the MC synapse is normal, suggesting that it is not required for trafficking. These data indicate that eat-18 could be a novel component of the pharyngeal nicotinic receptor.
Design and fabrication of the transport solenoid pulsers for the NDCX-II induction accelerator

The Neutralized Drift Compression Experiment (NDCX-II) is an induction accelerator project currently in construction at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory for High Energy Density Physics (HEDP) experiments. This accelerator requires 30 pulsers to drive the high magnetic field transport solenoids. Each solenoid requires 7 kA to provide a maximum of 2.5 T peak magnetic field on axis. A 2 mF capacitor at 4 kV is discharged through an SCR into the solenoid inductance to produce a half-sine current pulse width of 2.8 ms. The details of the pulser design and fabrication are described as well as prototype test measurements.
Different Domains of CD81 Mediate Distinct Stages of Hepatitis C Virus Pseudoparticle Entry

The CD81 tetraspanin was first identified as a hepatitis C virus (HCV) receptor by its ability to bind the soluble ectodomain of envelope glycoprotein E2 (sE2). More recently, it has been suggested that CD81 is necessary but not sufficient for HCV entry into target cells. Here we present further evidence that putative human hepatocyte-specific factors act in concert with CD81 to mediate sE2 binding and HCV pseudoparticle (HCVpp) entry. Moreover, we show that CD81-mediated HCVpp entry entails E2 binding to residues in the large extracellular loop as well as molecular events mediated by the transmembrane and intracellular domains of CD81. The concept that CD81 receptor function progresses in stages is further supported by our finding that anti-CD81 monoclonal antibodies inhibit HCVpp entry by different mechanisms. The half-life of CD81-HCVpp binding was determined to be approximately 17 min, and we propose that binding is followed by CD81 oligomerization, partitioning into cholesterol-rich membrane domains, or other, lateral protein-protein interactions. This results in the formation of a receptor-virus complex that undergoes endocytosis and pH-dependent membrane fusion.
The critical role of population-based epidemiology in cost-effectiveness research.

* Abbreviation: RSV = : respiratory syncytial virus In a commentary in the November 1999 issue of Pediatrics , Dr Jessie Groothuis1 characterized our estimate of the risk of rehospitalization for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) among preterm infants as “much lower than those reported both in prospective immunoprophylaxis studies and in prospective evaluations of preterm populations.”1 ,2 She described our population as similar to those in previous studies and suggested that the lower rate of rehospitalization for RSV we observed was attributable to flaws in our study.3–6 As a result, she claimed that readers and policymakers “should view … Address correspondence to Steven Joffe, MD, MPH, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 44 Binney St, Boston, MA 02115. E-mail:steven_joffe{at}dfci.harvard.edu
Real-time shear velocity imaging using sonoelastographic techniques.

In this paper, a novel sonoelastographic technique for estimating local shear velocities from propa- gating shear wave interference patterns (termed crawling waves) is introduced. A relationship between the local crawling wave spatial phase derivatives and local shear wave velocity is derived with phase derivatives estimated using an autocorrelation technique. Results from homogeneous phantoms demonstrate the ability of sonoelas- tographic shear velocity imaging to quantify the true underlying shear velocity distributions as verified using time-of-flight measurements. Heterogeneous phantom results reveal the capacity for lesion detection and shear velocity quantification as validated from mechanical measurements on phantom samples. Experimental results obtained from a prostate specimen illustrated feasibility for shear velocity imaging in tissue. More importantly, high-contrast visualization of focal carcinomas was demonstrated introducing the clinical potential of this novel sonoelastographic imaging technique. (E-mail: hoyt@ece.rochester.edu) © 2007 Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of the World Federation for Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology.
Motivational predictors of psychometrically-defined schizotypy in a non-clinical sample: goal process representation, approach-avoid temperament, and aberrant salience.

Abstract Patterns of problematic volitional control in schizotypal personality disorder pertaining to goal process representation (GPR), approach and avoidance temperament, and aberrant salience have not been widely investigated in emerging adults. The present study aimed to provide preliminary evidence for the utility of examining these three motivational constructs as predictors of high versus low levels of psychometrically-defined schizotypy in a non-clinic sample. When college students with high levels of self-reported schizotypy ( n= 88) were compared to those with low levels ( n =87) by means of logistic regression, aberrant salience, avoidant temperament, and the self-criticism component of GPR together accounted for 51% of the variance in schizotypy group assignment. Higher score on these three motivational dimensions reflected a proclivity toward higher levels of schizotypy. The current findings justify the continued exploration of goal-related constructs as useful motivational elements in psychopathology research.
Modified nucleotide polymers as inhibitors of DNA polymerases.

Abstract We have compared the relative inhibitory activity of poly(A) with its analogues poly N 6 - isopentenyl adenylic acid (poly(i6 A)) and poly N 6 - benzyl adenylic acid (poly(bzl6 A)), and of poly(U) with its analogue poly 2′-fluoro-2′-deoxyuridylic acid (poly(dUfl)), against DNA polymerase, α, β and γ and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase from human cells and two oncorna virus DNA polymerases. Although poly(A) and its analogues were equally inhibitory against endogenous RNA-directed DNA polymerases of murine and feline leukemia viruses, the analogues in contrast to poly(A) were strongly inhibitory against all four cellular enzymes. Poly(dUfl), on the other hand, was up to 100-fold more potent than poly(U) against both viral and cellular enzymes. Since poly(U) at 100 μg/ml and poly(dUfl) at 1 μg/ml had no effect on terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase while inhibiting other enzymes by 80–100% these polymers could be useful in the characterization and assay of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase. In addition, the polymers such as poly(i6 A) and poly(bzl6 A) which were strongly inhibitory to all cellular enzymes, could be useful in cancer chemotherapy if taken up preferentially by the malignant cells due to their high pinocytic activity. The results also demonstrate potential for large variation in inhibitory activity of polyribonucleotides as related to their chemical composition.
Transaxillary subpectoral augmentation mammaplasty: a 9-year experience.

The TASP approach to mammary augmentation offers distinct advantages of locating the scar off the breast, minimizing loss of nipple sensation, and reducing the risks of hematoma and infection. Thorough understanding of anatomy, patience while learning the technique, and attention to detail are necessary to obtain consistent, reliable results with the procedure.
Verbal Behaviors and Persuasiveness in Online Multimedia Content

Persuasive communication is an essential component of our daily lives, whether it is negotiating, reviewing a product, or campaigning for the acceptance of a point of view. With the rapid expansion of social media websites such as YouTube, Vimeo and ExpoTV, it is becoming ever more important and useful to understand persuasiveness in social multimedia content. In this paper we present a novel analysis of verbal behavior, based on lexical usage and paraverbal markers of hesitation, in the context of predicting persuasiveness in online multimedia content. Toward the end goal of predicting perceived persuasion, this work also explores the potential differences in verbal behavior of people expressing a positive opinion (e.g., a positive movie review) versus a negative one. The analysis is performed on a multimedia corpus of 1,000 movie review videos annotated for persuasiveness. Our results show that verbal behavior can be a significant predictor of persuasiveness in such online multimedia content.
Some Problems of Joint Use of Theory and Empirical Data in Farm Management Research

T HE title of this paper as given for interpretation may suggest to some farm management workers that there are three methods of farm management research; namely, the theoretical approach, the empirical approach, and a combination of the two. While there may be a distinction between theory and practice, it doesn't necessarily follow that the approach to a research problem has to be categorized as theoretical or empirical. Rather the writer will take the stand that the most satisfactory method is that in which theoretical concepts and empirical observation are jointly employed by the researcher. When extension of theory is to be the end product of research, deduction from basic propositions (fundamental theory) and empirical observation is the logical course. Pure empirical research without the benefit of theory, excepting that which describes a universe or a historical sequence of events, is an infrequent occurrence. The researcher who contends that his research is in no way based upon theoretical concepts is frequently disregarding his background of knowledge from which he formulates hypotheses. Thomas Cooper, Director of the Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station, has set forth the view of administrators of LandGrant Colleges in such a way that the conclusions are obvious:
Behavior of Viscoelastic Materials in Short-Time Processes

Abstract It is seen that great care is required in choosing constitutive equations which will correctly describe the behavior of viscoelastic fluids in processing equipment. The choices available, and their advantages and limitations, are considered through solution of a number of example problems. These considerations serve to develop scale-up criteria directly. The importance of the Deborah, Weissenberg, and Reynolds numbers in such problems is noted.
Slippery Slope of Triglycerides They Are Associated With Risk, But in the Statin Era, Does Targeting Them Confer Benefit?

For years, the scientific and medical communities have pondered the role of triglycerides in cardiovascular disease (CVD) and mortality risk. Although several studies have shown a relationship between elevated triglyceride levels and CVD, the degree to which triglycerides are independently associated and whether triglycerides directly cause CVD has been hotly debated.1 This is in contradistinction to the role of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) where the direct relationship between LDL-c and CVD is clear.2 During the years, several pieces of evidence have suggested an independent association between elevated serum triglycerides and CVD; however, the firmness of this conclusion has been seen as tenuous.1 In fact, a recent large study (>300 000 participants) did not find triglycerides to be an independent risk factor for CAD when adjusted for high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and non–high-density lipoprotein cholesterol.3 Most likely, the confusion comes because it can be difficult to know whether the triglycerides themselves are the cause of the increased risk or merely a marker of increased risk. High triglycerides usually occur in conjunction with a host of other abnormalities, such as insulin resistance, diabetes mellitus, low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol obesity, and hypertension, thus it is difficult to disentangle which is the true causal factor. Article, see p 100 In this issue of Circulation: Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes, the article by Klempfner et al4 adds further support for a role of triglycerides in promoting mortality, likely via an increase in CVD mortality. The article “Elevated Triglyceride Level is Independently Associated With Increased All-Cause Mortality in Patients With Established Coronary Heart Disease: A 22-Year Follow-Up of the BIP Study and Registry” reported long-term mortality data on 15 355 patients who were screened for the Bezafibrate Infarction Prevention (BIP) trial. The BIP study was a randomized, placebo-controlled secondary prevention trial designed to …