cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
What market culture teaches students about ethical behavior

Several recent studies indicate that cheating has become both more prevalent and more socially acceptable. In this article I draw parallels between market values and student attitudes about cheating. They include: (1) reduction of a broad range of goods to their economic value, (2) use of non-reciprocity as a guiding principle, (3) valuing the appearance of virtue over real virtue, and (4) reframing dishonesty in a positive light. I posit two ways that market culture influences the willingness to cheat, and discuss the media's role in transmitting this influence. The article concludes with the suggestion that attempts to curtail cheating by further policing students may only exacerbate the problem in the long run. The same contextual factors that help mitigate undesirable market behavior, when cultivated in the classroom, can help to curb student cheating.
Mercury(II) adsorption from wastewaters using a thiol functional adsorbent

The removal of mercury(II) from wastewaters (coal-fired utility plant scrubber solutions) using a thiol functional organoceramic composite (SOL-AD-IV) is investigated. A simulant is employed as a surrogate to demonstrate the removal of mercury from real waste solutions. Equilibrium studies show a mercury uptake capacity of 500 mg/g at a low mercury concentration of 0.5 mg/L and 726 mg/g at saturation. Adsorption is observed to be independent in the pH range 3−5. The kinetic performance assessed on a recycle batch reactor shows a rapid rate of adsorption. Selectivity is found to be in the order Hg(II) > Pb(II) ∼ Cd(II) > As(V) > Cr(III). Regeneration of SOL-AD-IV is accomplished using 12 M HCl. Effluent mercury concentrations of <0.001 mg/L are achieved using a fixed-bed adsorption column. A stability test operated for 25 cycles indicates a capacity loss of <10%. A high potential is demonstrated for application for mercury cleanup of wastewaters.
Brain enlargement and increased behavioral and cytokine reactivity in infant monkeys following acute prenatal endotoxemia

Infections and inflammatory conditions during pregnancy can dysregulate neural development and increase the risk for developing autism and schizophrenia. The following research utilized a nonhuman primate model to investigate the potential impact of a mild endotoxemia during pregnancy on brain maturation and behavioral reactivity as well as the infants' hormone and immune physiology. Nine pregnant female rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) were administered nanogram concentrations of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on two consecutive days, 6 weeks before term, and their offspring were compared to nine control animals. When tested under arousing challenge conditions, infants from the LPS pregnancies were more behaviorally disturbed, including a failure to show a normal attenuation of startle responses on tests of prepulse inhibition. Examination of their brains at 1 year of age with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed the unexpected finding of a significant 8.8% increase in global white matter volume distributed across many cortical regions compared to controls. More selective changes in regional gray matter volume and cortical thickness were noted in parietal, medial temporal, and frontal areas. While inhibited neural growth has been described previously after prenatal infection and LPS administration at higher doses in rodents, this low dose endotoxemia in the monkey is the first paradigm to produce a neural phenotype associated with augmented gray and white matter growth.
The thermal light emission of cis-[Co(en)2(NO2)2]NO2 and cis- and trans-[Co(en)2(NO2)2]NO3

Abstract The TG, DTA and light emission (LE) curves of cis- and trans-[Co(en)2(NO2)2]NO3 and the LE curve of cis[Co(en)2(NO2)2]NO2 were determined. The TG and DTA curves indicated very rapid, highly exothermic thermal dissociation reactions, as expected. Short duration (2–3 s) bursts of radiation, as seen in the LE curves, accompanied the dissociation reactions. The light emission is highly dependent upon the ease with which electron transfer can occur between species in the redox process. Examination of structural information for these compounds indicates the presence of significant hydrogen bonds between oxidizing and reducing groups, which may facilitate this reaction by providing a convenient pathway for electron transfer.
Managerial bonding and stock liquidity: An analysis of dual-class firms

Given the decision to create a second class of stock through a dual-class structure, we propose that management is more (less) likely to create a liquid secondary market for both classes of shares the lower (higher) its willingness to tie its personal wealth to firm performance. If market makers recognize this relation, they should assign a higher likelihood to trades motivated by superior information in shares of firms that list both classes of stock and a lower likelihood for firms that list only one class of stock pursuant to recapitalization. Additionally, they should assign a lower likelihood to trades motivated by superior information in shares of IPOs that choose a dual-class structure and list only one class relative to IPOs that remain single-class. Our empirical tests based on IPOS and recaps between 1985 and 1988 provide support for these propositions.
Twenty-four hour pH monitoring in the assessment of esophageal function.

Ambulatory 24-hour esophageal pH monitoring is an important test in the management of patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease. It quantifies esophageal acid exposure while patients pursue their everyday activities without restrictions. The test is performed with a compact portable data logger, miniature pH electrode, and computerized data analysis. The pH electrode should be positioned 5 cm above the manometrically defined lower esophageal sphincter. The patient is asked to press a button on the data logger indicating the onset of the symptom in question, which allows symptoms and acid reflux correlation. Twenty-four hour pH monitoring is generally performed after a therapeutic trial of antireflux medications, preferably proton pump inhibitors.
Feeding low iron diets affects fluid preference in growing rats

Abstract The effect of dietary iron (ferrous sulfate) concentration on the intake of solutions of sodium saccharin, hydrochloric acid, quinine sulfate, sodium chloride, and potassium chloride was studied. Male Charles River CD weanling rats were divided into four groups and fed semi-synthetic iron-free diets supplemented with either 0, 10, 20 or 40 ppm ferrous sulfate. Using a 48 hour, two-bottle preference test, the rats fed the diet with 0 ppm (added) iron showed significantly higher preferences for sodium chloride and potassium chloride solutions compared with the other three groups. Total fluid intake also increased in rats given the unsupplemented diet. Water intake was not increased in this 0 ppm group when sodium was offered. Blood hemoglobin and hematocrit, serum iron and body weight were lowest in the group with 0 ppm added iron, yet neither adrenal weights nor serum zinc was affected by the dietary iron levels.
On the mechanism of prepulse inhibition.

Abstract Prepulse inhibition of the acoustic startle response in rats was studied in normal or sham-operated animals or animals with bilateral lesions in the frontal poles, dorsal hippocampus and overlying parietal cortex, parietal cortex alone, or bilateral electrolytic lesions in the motor nuclei of the fifth and seventh cranial nerves which control the activity of the middle ear muscles (m. tensor tympani and m. stapedius). Lesions in the frontal poles had no effect on prepulse inhibition. Lesions of parietal cortex produced some impairment of prepulse inhibition at short interstimulus intervals (1 and 2 sec) while lesions of the motor nuclei of the fifth and seventh cranial nerves markedly reduced prepulse inhibition at all intervals tested. The hypothesis is suggested that reflexive contraction of the middle ear muscles may produce prepulse inhibition of the acoustic startle response.
Motivational enhancement career intervention for youth with disabilities

Youth with disabilities face both internal and external barriers to career development and often experience poor post school outcomes in comparison to their nondisabled peers. The purpose of this study was to design, implement, and evaluate a motivational interviewing-based group career intervention – Motivational Enhancement Group Intervention (MEGI) – focused on increasing self-determination, vocational outcome expectations, and self-efficacy for high school students with disabilities. Based on the Ecological Model of Career Development, MEGI was designed to provide opportunities for active career exploration and choice. A pre-post test research design was used to explore the relationship between the intervention and the main study variables. The sample included 135 high school students and nine interventionists in six schools in the Pacific Northwest. The results of a latent change score model indicated a positive and significant change in students’ vocational skills self-efficacy, self-determination, ...
Is a Picture Worth 1000 Words–Written or Spoken?

The effectiveness of pictorial format representation of emergency procedures to aircrew members as compared to text or voice has not been demonstrated before. This study compares these variables in simulated combat missions. Although the flying performance measures revealed no statistically significant differences between the presentation modes, strong subjective differences were found.
Cultural Humility and the Importance of Long-Term Relationships in International Partnerships

This article describes an education, leadership, and health professional interchange project in the Dominican Republic. It emphasizes the importance of long-term relationships and explores how over time, dialogue has led to cultural humility, self-reflection, and empowerment among nursing colleagues across national boundaries, despite differences in assumptions. The project is an example of a north-south collaboration encouraged by the World Health Organization to strengthen nursing and midwifery globally.
Response to Literature as a Cultural Activity

The authors review the research on response to literature and on classroom implementation of reader response activities. In so doing, they explore what we have learned over the years, and how research may influence classroom practice in the future. [Note: This article is reproduced as chapter 31 of the fifth edition of Theoretical Models and Processes of Reading. www.reading.orgpublicationsbbvbooksbk502]
Brokering power and property in China's townships

Abstract This paper concerns the process of power at the periphery of state bureaucracy with a focus on township governments and their land development projects in the last two decades. I argue that townships at the bottom of the state bureaucracy operate like power brokers between the state and the village. When dealing with the formal party–state system above them, the township's delegated power is highly uncertain. Townships choose to maneuver in the unspecified legal and administrative zone to bypass the scrutiny of the supervising government. When it comes to the village below them, the township's power is under-defined, and therefore can be stretched to intensify and centralize the grips over village resources and land. In both cases, township officials strategize to maximize their control of village land and profit from the booming land-lease market in China's fast industrializing and urbanizing areas. Townships' land deals reflect the general power process of decentralization. Their brokerage of p...
Career Attitudes of Female Professors

Women professors at Texas A'M University were surveyed to determine the effects of a career on personal and family lifestyle, the nature of difficulties and fulfillments women experience in work, and the efficacy of career counseling. The data indicate that they have benefited through personal fulfillment, financial gain, and increased opportunities. They have encountered very little sex discrimination and few personal or family conflicts have arisen as a result of their careers. None of the women were influenced in their career choice by counselors, and most felt that they would not have benefited from career counseling. A large majority of the women would make the same choice again and would encourage other women to pursue a similar career.
Protective effect of diallyl sulfone against acetaminophen‐induced hepatotoxicity in mice

Diallyl sulfone (DASO2) is a metabolite of diallyl sulfide, a compound derived from garlic. The present study investigated the effect of DASO2 as a protective agent against acetaminophen (APAP)-induced hepatotoxicity in mice. Oral administration of DASO2 protected mice against the APAP-induced hepatotoxicity in a dose- and time-dependent manner. When administrated 1 hour prior to, immediately after, or 20 minutes after a toxic dose of APAP, DASO2 at a dose of 25 mg/kg completely protected mice from development of hepatotoxicity, as indicated by liver histopathology and serum lactate dehydrogenase levels. Protective effect was observed when DASO2 at a dose as low as 5 mg/kg was given to mice 1 hour prior to APAP administration. Oral administration of DASO2 to mice 1 hour prior to a toxic dose of APAP significantly inhibited the APAP-induced glutathione depletion in the liver. DASO2 treatment also decreased the levels of oxidative APAP metabolites in the plasma without affecting the concentrations of nonoxidative APAP metabolites. In liver microsomes, 0.1 mM of DASO2 caused a 60% decrease in the rate of APAP oxidation to N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine, which was determined as glutathione conjugate. This inhibitory effect is mainly due to its inhibition of cytochrome P450 2E1 activity; with an IC50 value equal to 0.11 mM. DASO2 also slightly inhibited the activities of P450s 3A and 1A, with IC50 values >5 mM. Furthermore, a single oral dose of DASO2 inactivated P450 2E1- and P450 1A-dependent activities in liver microsomes. The results suggest that the protective effect of DASO2 against APAP-induced hepatotoxicity is due to its ability to block acetaminophen bioactivation mainly by the inactivation and inhibition of P450 2E1. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Oxidative Addition of Thioesters to Iron(0): Active-Site Models for Hmd, Nature’s Third Hydrogenase

The thioester Ph2PC6H4-2-C(O)SPh reacts with Fe2(CO)9 to give [Ph2PC6H4C(O)]Fe(SPh)(CO)3, a model for the CO-inhibited active site of the enzyme Hmd. This species, which reversibly decarbonylates t...
Cardiovascular Disease in Women

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death among women, causing more annual deaths than cancer, accidents, Alzheimer’s disease, and respiratory diseases combined. Recent data suggest that CVD causes approximately one death per minute among women living in the United States. Somewhat surprisingly, although cardiovascular disease claims more women’s lives each year than it does for men, women actually have lower rates of both obstructive coronary disease and depressed left ventricular function. Though great strides have been made in reducing the overall burden of cardiovascular disease, the improvement among women has lagged behind that of men, and the prevalence of cardiovascular disease in young women is actually on the rise. A number of differences exist in the effects of risk factors for and the presentation of cardiovascular disease in women. Overall, women are more likely to present without chest pain than men, and mortality in the setting of myocardial infarction is higher among women than similarly aged men, a difference that is particularly pronounced among young women. Despite a lesser burden of obstructive coronary disease, however, women have worse outcomes than men. Women face higher myocardial infarction-related mortality and are more frequently hospitalized for heart failure exacerbations. This disconnect between the burden of obstructive coronary disease and outcomes has led to the recognition that the pathophysiology of coronary disease among women is quite heterogeneous with microvascular dysfunction, a more common explanation than previously recognized. Additional cardiovascular conditions unique to or more common in women include stress cardiomyopathy and cardiovascular disease associated with rheumatologic conditions.
Target-cell recognition by cloned lines of influenza virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Selective inhibition by a monoclonal H-2-specific antibody

A monoclonal H-2d-specific antibody markedly inhibits target-cell lysis mediated by two influenza virus A/JAP/57-specific, H-2K d -restricted cloned CTL lines. Three other A/JAP/57-specific, H-2 d -restricted CTL clones (two of which are also restricted to H-2K d in target-cell recognition) are only minimally inhibited by this monoclonal antibody. The inhibitory effect of the antibody is not due to selective binding to certain cloned CTL lines but rather is due to blocking of a determinant on the target cell. The monoclonal antibody produces partial inhibition of lysis mediated by a heterogeneous population of A/JAP/57-specific, H-2 d -restricted CTL. Likewise the profound, selective inhibition of cytolysis produced by the H-2d-specific monoclonal antibody could not be reproduced with a conventional H-2d alloantiserum. These observations suggest that more than one site on a particular H-2K or H-2D molecule can serve as a determinant for H-2-restricted CTL recognition. They furthermore imply that there is more than one recognition structure (receptor) for self MHC products clonally distributed among a population of H-2-restricted CTL directed to a particular antigen.
Scope and Sequence: Rethinking Beginning Foreign Language Instruction

This essay presents an approach to developing a grammatical scope and sequence for elementary and intermediate foreign language (FL) instruction that is different from the standard model which bases the grammatical syllabus of a textbook on tradition, intuition, or both. It is argued that different descriptions of grammar are needed for each of the three skills of reading, writing, and speaking, and that a grammatical scope and sequence needs to take into account the fact that different grammatical structures are learned at different levels of development. Using the development of oral proficiency as an example, this essay then explores a research-based approach to establishing a grammatical scope and sequence. It is argued that the ACTFL Oral Proficiency Interview (OPI) forms a useful framework for interpreting findings from FL acquisition research within the context of teaching FLs in formal environments.
A contour dynamics algorithm for axisymmetric flow

The method of contour dynamics, developed for two-dimensional vortex patches by Zabusky et al. [N.J. Zabusky, M.H. Hughes, K.V. Roberts, Contour dynamics for the Euler equations in two-dimensions, J. Comp. Phys. 30 (1979) 96-106] is extended to vortex rings in which the vorticity distribution varies linearly with normal distance from the symmetry axis. The method tracks the motion of the boundaries of the vorticity regions and hence reduces the dimensionality of the problem by one. We discuss the formulation and implementation of the scheme, verify its accuracy and convergence, and present illustrative examples.
On reducible braids and composite braids

The braid group on n strings Bn has a presentation as a group with generators σ1, …, σn−1 and relations
3524 UNCOMPLICATED CHRONIC HEARTBURN: ARE BIOPSIES NECESSARY DURING SCREENING ENDOSCOPY?

Introduction: Heartburn is common and frequently self-treated with antacids. Controversy continues regarding the role of endoscopy (EGD) and biopsy (Bx) in such persons in terms of impact on therapy or prognosis. An epidemiologic study performed at 2 urban centers has characterized non-consulting chronic heartburn sufferers (Arch Intern Med 1998;158:2373). Initial endoscopic data demonstrated an apparent 6% incidence of Barrett s esophagus (BE) and 47% erosive esophagitis (≥grade 2). Two subjects were excluded due to dysplastic Barrett s mucosa detected at baseline. Formal data from endoscopic Bx obtained in this OTC setting have not been reported. Aim: To clarify clinical significance of Bx findings from screening EGD in individuals with ≥ 4 episodes of heartburn per week of 10 year duration. Methods: Endoscopic Bx s were taken at the squamocolumnar junction (SC) and at 3 cm above the SC at baseline and after 6 weeks of treatment with ranitidine 150 mg bid or antacids. Results: Histologic BE was documented in 2% of all evaluable Bx s (N=122) at baseline, and short segment Barrett s (SSBE) was found in an additional 2% (N=122) at the SC. Measurable inflammation was documented in 98% of all Bx s, with epithelial hyperplasia in 71%. At week 6, BE was found in 2.25% of all Bx s, with epithelial inflammation in 33.3% and epithelial hyperplasia in 77%. Summary: Suspected high prevalence of SSBE was not corroborated in our study. Conventional BE also was relatively uncommon in this non-consulting population. Histologic evidence of inflammation including epithelial hyperplasia was highly prevalent. Acute inflammation was improved but chronic changes of epithelial hyperplasia were not grossly altered by 6 weeks of therapy with antacids or ranitidine. Bx findings did not change clinical impression by endoscopy except for indicating less BE than suspected by gross inspection. Conclusions: Although duration of symptoms correlates with endoscopic esophagitis grade, neither EGD nor Bx seem helpful for acute management of most patients presenting with chronic heartburn. Based on these findings, the 6-10% endoscopic prevalence of BE previously reported in other trials may represent a significant overestimate for non-consulting heartburn sufferers. Histology may be critical to confirm or refute the presence of BE as well as dysplasia.
Epidermal growth factor (EGF) binding to membranes immobilized in microtiter wells and estimation of EGF-related transforming growth factor activity

Abstract The binding of radiolabeled epidermal growth factor (EGF) to immobilized A-431 target cell membranes coupled to polyvinyl chloride microtiter wells is described. Saturation curves and Scatchard analysis of the data indicate that the observed binding parameters are consistent with those previously reported. Binding capacity of the membranes are approx. 6.6 pmol EGF per mg membrane protein. Kinetics of 125 I-EGF binding were slower, however, than reported for binding to membranes in suspension, although binding constants were not greatly different. The high- and low-affinity binding constants for 125 I-EGF were calculated to be approximately 1 · 10 12 M −1 and 2.5 · 10 9 M −1 , respectively. Application of this technique in a competitive binding assay requires no more than 2.5 μg of membrane protein per assay, is essentially complete after 60 min, and facilitates screening of a large number of samples in a short time. Therefore, this will assist in the evaluation and quantitation of EGF and EGF-related transforming growth factor activity in physiological fluids. This technique may also be applied to analyses of other hormone-receptor systems.
Synthesis And Biological Activity Op Hydpdxymetflyl Analogs op 5-Benzylacyclouridine and 5-Benzyloxybenzylacycloaridine

Abstract Hydroxymethyl analogs of 5-benzylacyclouridine (BAU) and 5-benzyloxybenzylacyclouridine (BBAU) were synthesized by the condensation of appropriately blocked 2-(chloromethyl)glycerols with substituted 2, 4-dimethoxypyrimidines. The HM derivatives were found to be potent inhibitors of the enzyme uridine phosphorylase and to potentiate significantly the growth-inhibiting action of FdUrd in cell culture.
Activation of Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Receptor Alpha Contributes to Liver Fibrosis

Chronic liver injury leads to fibrosis, cirrhosis, and loss of liver function. Liver cirrhosis is the 12th leading cause of death in the United States, and it is the primary risk factor for developing liver cancer. Fibrosis and cirrhosis result from activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), which are the primary collagen producing cell type in the liver. Here, we show that platelet-derived growth factor receptor α (PDGFRα) is expressed by human HSCs, and PDGFRα expression is elevated in human liver disease. Using a green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter mouse strain, we evaluated the role of PDGFRα in liver disease in mice and found that mouse HSCs express PDGFRα and expression is upregulated during carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induced liver injury and fibrosis injection. This fibrotic response is reduced in Pdgfrα heterozygous mice, consistent with the hypothesis that liver fibrosis requires upregulation and activation of PDGFRα. These results indicate that Pdgfrα expression is important in the fibrotic response to liver injury in humans and mice, and suggest that blocking PDGFRα–specific signaling pathways in HSCs may provide therapeutic benefit for patients with chronic liver disease.
Effects of n-Butyl Methanesulphonate and Related Mutagens on Barley

MANY types of alkylating mutagens had been applied to barley before the mutagenicity of sulphonates was observed. Ethyl methanesulphonate (EMS) was the first tested and is now widely used in mutation research. The related compounds methyl methanesulphonate (MMS) (refs. 1, 3, 4), n-propyl methanesulphonate (nPMS) (refs. 1–3), isopropyl methanesulphonate (isoPMS) (ref. 3) and others also have been shown to be mutagenic on barley.
cis- and trans-Acting Functions of Brome Mosaic Virus Protein 1a in Genomic RNA1 Replication

RNA viruses employ a combination of mechanisms to regulate their gene expression and replication. Brome mosaic virus (BMV) is a tripartite positive-strand RNA virus used to study the requirements for virus infection. BMV genomic RNA1 encodes protein 1a, which contains a methyltransferase (MT) domain and a helicase domain that are required for replication. 1a forms a complex with the 2a RNA-dependent RNA polymerase for the replication and transcription of all BMV RNAs. RNA1 expressed with 2a from Agrobacterium-based vectors can result in RNA1 replication in Nicotiana benthamiana. A mutation in the 1a translation initiation codon significantly decreased RNA1 accumulation even when wild-type (WT) 1a and 2a were provided in trans. Therefore, efficient RNA1 replication requires 1a translation from RNA1 in cis, indicating a linkage between replication and translation. Mutation analyses showed that the full-length 1a protein was required for efficient RNA1 replication, not just the process of translation. Three RNA1s with mutations in the 1a MT domain could be partially rescued by WT 1a expressed in trans, indicating that the cis-acting function of 1a was retained. Furthermore, an RNA motif in the 5′-untranslated region of RNA1, named the B box, was required for 1a to function in cis and in trans for BMV RNA accumulation. The B box is required for the formation of the replication factory (M. Schwartz, J. Chen, M. Janda, M. Sullivan, J. den Boon, and P. Ahlquist, Mol. Cell 9:505-514, 2002). Results in this work demonstrate a linkage between BMV RNA1 translation and replication.
Effects of isomers of acetotoluidide and aminobenzoic acid on the toxicity and carcinogenicity of N-2-fluorenylacetamide.

Abstract As previously shown a 44- to 65-fold molar excess of acetanilide protected rats againts liver tumor induction by N-2-fluorenylacetamide. Analogs of acetanilide, the o-, m-, and p-isomers of acetotoluidides and aminobenzoic acids, were tested for inhibitory potential at a 44-fold molar excess dose on the carcinogenic effect of N-2-fluorenylacetamide. All 6 compounds prevented the death of male Fischer (F344) strain rats due to the toxic action of 300 ppm N-2-fluorenylacetamide. However, only m-acetotoluidide and m-aminobenzoic acid inhibited the carcinogenic effect of N-2-fluorenylacetamide, as did acetanilide. p-Aminobenzoic acid had a weak inhibitory effect since no hepatomas, but only hyperplastic nodules, were seen. o-Acetotoluidide was quite toxic by itself, producing enlarged livers with marked hydropic swelling and fatty changes, whereas o-aminobenzoic acid (anthranilic acid) did not lead to liver changes. Neither of the 2 o-substituted toluidine derivatives, nor p-acetotoluidide, affected liver tumor induction by N-2-fluorenylacetamide. These selective inhibitors of the toxicity and carcinogenicity of N-2-fluorenylacetamide provide new methods for the study of the underlying mechanisms.
Regeneration and recovery in the fetal nervous system after radiation injury

Previous studies showed that recovery from destructive injury in 12-day fetal rats (23 to 34 somite pairs) exposed to 150 R appeared to be remarkably good except for minor abnormalities of the brain and spinal cord in some animals and occasionally microphthalmia. Nothing more was known of the morphogenesis of this restitution. A series of rats irradiated on the 12th fetal day was studied histologically and in other ways from a few hours after exposure to adulthood. Five to eight hours after 150 R there was widespread necrosis of certain classes of primitive proliferative cells in the nervous system and other tissues, but residual cells had resumed proliferative activity. By 24 h regeneration of the proliferative cells was advanced and most necrotic cells had disappeared, and at 48 h the irradiated fetus closely resembled the normal. There were very few residual dead cells, and minute foci of proliferative cell rosettes were present in the midline of the ventral spinal cord and brain stem. Seventy-two and ninety-six hours after irradiation the fetuses looked like their normal counterparts except for persistent or resolving minute rosettes. At later stages to adulthood, effects of the rosette formation were not visible. In some individuals the spinal cords were reduced slightly in overall cross-sectional area and the pallium was shorter than normal. Other irradiated animals could not be distinguished from normals.
Enumeration in torus arrangements

This paper presents two new results of somewhat different flavors. The first result is a formula for the numbers of cells of each dimension determined by an arrangement of closed subgroups of a torus group. This is accompanied by a brief description of previous work on cell counting in torus groups. In the course of things, two distinct formulas yielding the numbers of cells are encountered. The question of how to reconcile these two formulas motivates a general result that applies to lattices whose elements are the closed sets of a closure system. This result gives the characteristic polynomial for the (lattice) dual of such a lattice as a sum of characteristic polynomials of lattices of closed sets of deleted minors of the closure system.
Stability of interconnected stochastic delay systems

A decomposition of a large-scale stochastic functional differential system into a family of isolated subsystems is made. A set of criteria is obtained under which the uniform asymptotic stability with probability one of the trivial solution process of the large-scale system is preserved. These criteria are expressed in terms of the stability of isolated subsystems and bounds on interconnection components. As a tool of our analysis, Razumikhin-type stability conditions for stochastic functional differential systems are also obtained. Several examples are given to show the applicability of our results.
Electric dipole transition moments and permanent dipole moments for spin-orbit configuration interaction wave functions

Abstract A procedure for calculating electric dipole transition moments and permanent dipole moments from spin–orbit configuration interaction (SOCI) wave functions has been developed in the context of the COLUMBUS ab initio electronic structure programs. The SOCI procedure requires relativistic effective core potentials and their corresponding spin–orbit coupling operators to define the molecular Hamiltonian, electric dipole transition moment and permanent dipole moment matrices. The procedure can be used for any molecular system for which the COLUMBUS SOCI circuits are applicable. Example applications are reported for transition moments and dipole moments for a series of electronic states of LiBe and LiSr defined in diatomic relativistic ωω-coupling.
Dependence of the mechanical properties of actin/α-actinin gels on deformation rate

The cortical cytoplasm, including the cleavage furrow, is largely composed of a network of actin filaments that is rigid even as it is extensively deformed during cytokinesis1,2. Here we address the question of how actin-filament networks such as those in the cortex can be simultaneously rigid (solid-like) and fluid-like. Conventional explanations are that actin filaments rearrange by some combination of depolymerization and repolymerization; fragmentation and annealing of filaments; and inactivation and re-establishment of crosslinks between filaments3–5. We describe the mechanical properties of a model system consisting of actin filaments and Acanthamoeba α-actinin6–8, one of several actin crosslinking proteins found in amoeba and other cells4,9. The results suggest another molecular mechanism that may account for the paradoxical mechanical properties of the cortex. When deformed rapidly, these mixtures are 40 times more rigid than actin filaments without α-actinin, but when deformed slowly these mixtures were indistinguishable from filaments alone. These time-dependent mechanical properties can be explained by multiple, rapidly rearranging a-actinin crosslinks between the actin filaments, a mechanism proposed by Frey-Wyssling10 to account for the behaviour of cytoplasm long before the discovery of cyto-plasmic actin or α-actinin. If other actin-filament crosslinking proteins behave like Acanthamoeba α-actinin, this mechanism may explain how the cortex recoils elastically from small rapid insults but deforms extensively when minute forces are applied over long periods of time1,11,12
Some issues in the replication of social science research

Abstract Labour Economics is to be congratulated on its decision to stimulate the conduct of replication research in its field. The process of replication is at the very heart of the scientific process, yet the social sciences have been slow to encourage the early and systematic replication of new research findings (Neuliep and Crandall, 1990).
Management of Adult Patients with Persistent Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura Following Splenectomy: A Systematic Review

Background Treatment of chronic refractory idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura is a dilemma because many patients have minimal symptoms, response to treatment is uncertain, and treatments may have serious adverse effects. Purpose To determine the effectiveness of treatments for adult patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura who have not responded to splenectomy. Data sources English-language reports from 1966 through 2003 that were retrieved from MEDLINE and Reference Update and bibliographies of retrieved articles. Study selection Articles reporting 5 or more total patients were reviewed to select eligible patients. Patients were eligible for inclusion if they were more than 16 years of age, had idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura for more than 3 months, had a previous splenectomy, and had a platelet count less than 50 x 10(9) cells/L. Data extraction Patients were assessed for platelet count response, bleeding complications, duration of follow-up, and death. Complete remission was defined as a normal platelet count with no treatment for more than 3 months and for the duration of follow-up. Data synthesis 90 articles with 656 patients treated with 22 therapies met selection criteria. Azathioprine, cyclophosphamide, and rituximab had the most reported complete responses, but they were reported in only 41 to 109 patients. Reported complete response rates ranged from 17% to 27%, but 36% to 42% of patients had no response with these 3 treatments. Most reports described only platelet count responses; bleeding outcomes were reported in only 63 patients (10%). Only 111 (17%) of the 656 eligible patients had pretreatment platelet counts of less than 10 x 10(9) cells/L. No treatment method was reported in more than 20 patients. Conclusions Evidence for the effectiveness of any treatment for patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura and persistent severe thrombocytopenia after splenectomy is minimal. Potentially effective treatments must be evaluated by randomized, controlled trials to determine both benefit and safety.
THE POLITICS OF INVESTMENT PARTISANSHIP: AND THE SECTORAL ALLOCATION OF FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT

This paper explores the existence of partisan cycles in foreign direct investment performance. Our theoretical model predicts that the incumbent government's partisanship should affect foreign investors' decision to flow into different sectors of the host country: pro-labor governments would encourage the inflow of the type of investment that complements labor in production; pro-capital governments would promote the entry of investment that substitutes for labor. Empirical evidence from a sample of Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development countries reveals a pattern of foreign investors' response to partisan cycles consistent with the predictions of the model. First, foreign investment systematically flows into different sectors of the host economy under left- and right-leaning incumbents. Second, we find a positive correlation between foreign investment and changes in average wages under left-leaning incumbents, but no effect on wages under right-leaning governments.
The Management of Sepsis: A Practical Review

The incidence of the sepsis syndrome has increased dramatically in the last few decades. During this time we have gained new insights into the pathophysiologic mechanisms leading to organ dysfuncti...
Repair of peroxynitrite damage to tubulin by the thioredoxin reductase system.

Cumulative oxidative damage to proteins coupled with a decrease in repair has been implicated in the pathology of several neurodegenerative diseases. Herein we report that peroxynitrite-induced disulfides in porcine brain tubulin are repaired by the thioredoxin reductase system composed of rat liver thioredoxin reductase, human or Escherichia coli thioredoxin, and NADPH. Disulfide bonds between the α-tubulin and the β-tubulin subunits were repaired by thioredoxin reductase as determined by Western blot under nonreducing conditions. Total disulfide repair by thioredoxin reductase was assessed using a sulfhydryl-specific labeling reagent, 5-iodoacetamido-fluorescein. Treatment of tubulin with 1.0 mM peroxynitrite anion decreased 5-iodoacetamido-fluorescein labeling by 48%; repair of peroxynitrite-damaged tubulin with thioredoxin reductase restored sulfhydryl labeling to control levels. Tubulin disulfide reduction by thioredoxin reductase restored tubulin polymerization activity that was lost after peroxynitrite was added. The extent of activity restored by thioredoxin reductase and by the nonspecific disulfide-reducing agent tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine hydrochloride was identical; however, activity was not restored to control levels. Tyrosine nitration of tubulin was detected at all concentrations of peroxynitrite tested; thus, tubulin nitration may be responsible for the fraction of activity that could not be restored. Thiol-disulfide exchange between tubulin and thioredoxin was detected by Western blot, thereby providing further support for our observations that optimal repair of tubulin disulfides required thioredoxin.
Nanocrystal lasing in the single-exciton regime using engineered nonlinear exciton-exciton interactions

We study the effect of type-I vs. type-II carrier localization on lasing performance of semiconductor nanocrystals (NCs). We show that in type-II NCs lasing is possible in the single-exciton regime at dramatically reduced pump thresholds.
Numerical modeling of transient Basin and Range extensional geothermal systems

Abstract A suite of models utilizing a simplified structural framework with a range of bulk rock permeabilities were developed to analyze the transient behavior of Basin and Range extensional geothermal systems, and particularly, the evolution of the system temperature with time. Each model consists of two mountain ranges (∼1 km relief from the valley floor) separated by a thick sequence (about 4 km) of clastic sediments derived from the adjacent ranges, and a highly permeable, high-angle fault that functions as a conduit for subsurface fluids. This geometry is typical of Basin and Range extensional systems. We characterize the reservoir by utilizing several parameters, including temperature along the producing fault and the predicted surface heat flow. Time scales are on the order of 100 kyear for development of maximum reservoir temperatures. However, if not sealed, significant geothermal systems can exist on a steady-state basis. The models show some features seen in Dixie Valley, Naveda, and explain observed relationships that young faults are frequently associated with extensional geothermal systems.
Race and cigarette smoking among United States adolescents: the role of lifestyle behaviors and demographic factors.

Objective. Cigarette smoking is on the rise among adolescents in the United States. Although both African-American and white adolescents have experienced increases in cigarette smoking over time, the prevalence of smoking has remained consistently lower among African-American adolescents than their white counterparts. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the race differential in the prevalence of cigarette smoking is attributed to differences in selected lifestyle behaviors and demographic factors. Design. A cross-sectional study was conducted among African-American and white adolescents (aged 12 to 17 years) who participated in the Youth Risk Behavior Survey supplement to the 1992 National Health Interview Survey. Analyses were restricted to those who had complete data on all study variables (n = 5569). Logistic regression analysis was used to estimate the prevalence odds ratios (POR) of current smoking for white adolescents (versus African-American adolescents) before and after adjustment for confounding factors. Results. The crude POR of current smoking for white adolescents compared with African-American adolescents was 2.8 (95% confidence interval = 2.1 to 3.9). Simultaneous adjustment for confounding factors resulted in a POR of 2.6 (95% confidence interval = 1.8 to 3.7). Conclusions. Selected lifestyle behaviors and demographic factors do not account for the race differential in the prevalence of adolescent cigarette smoking. This study underscores the need for more research on contributors to the race gap. Such research could advance theoretical understanding of the etiology of cigarette smoking among adolescents and lead to more effective smoking prevention programs for all youths.
Effects of hyperventilation on heart rate and QT variability in panic disorder pre- and post-treatment

Panic disorder is associated with an elevated risk of cardiovascular disease and sudden death. Individuals with panic disorder have been shown to have reduced variability in heart rate and increased variability in the QT interval on electrocardiogram (ECG), patterns predictive of sudden cardiac death in certain forms of cardiomyopathy. Given that panic disorder patients often hyperventilate during a panic attack, we assessed the effects of voluntary hyperventilation on the ECG utilizing linear analyses of heart rate and QT interval variability. Sixteen symptomatic, medication-free patients underwent hyperventilation challenge. A small subgroup of eight subjects underwent re-challenge after treatment. Pre-treatment, hyperventilation resulted in a decrease in a measure of heart rate variability and an increase in the QT variability index (QTVI; QT variance normalized for mean QT, divided by heart rate variance normalized for mean heart rate). In a remitted state, the QTVI was reduced both during rest and during hyperventilation compared with the respective pre-treatment levels. These findings suggest a possible mechanism explaining increased rates of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in panic disorder. Moreover, the reduction in QTVI observed post-treatment raises the question of whether treatment might have cardioprotective effects, at least in panic disorder patients who have particular types of co-morbid cardiac disease. Yet these results must be interpreted cautiously; they are preliminary, exploratory and observed in a very small sample without a healthy comparison group.
American Sign Language as a Pathway to Linguistic Competence

Recently, it has been argued that American Sign Language (ASL) should be the first language of some deaf children and that English should be taught as a second language. This article supports that argument on both philosophical and empirical grounds. Philosophical support stems from viewing deafness as a cultural difference rather than as a medical disability. Empirical evidence demonstrates that (a) ASL is a natural language, (b) deaf children acquire ASL in a normal and predictable manner when exposure occurs at an early age, and (c) deaf children who acquire ASL at an early age may outperform other deaf children on all measures of academic achievement. Based on the empirical evidence presented, implications for educational practice are provided.
Developmental Effects and Health Aspects of Soy Protein Isolate, Casein, and Whey in Male and Female Rats

Dietary factors other than the traditional nutrients are found in the so-called functional foods. They are becoming increasingly recognized as potentially important for maintaining good health. Soybeans are rich in such factors thought to help prevent certain chronic diseases. Soy protein isolate (SPI) is one of the three major proteins used in infant formulas sold in the United States, with casein (CAS) and whey (WPH) proteins being the others. We have been studying the health effects of these proteins. Safety concerns have developed over the consumption of soy-based infant formula, partly because of the high circulating levels of the total isoflavones (phytoestrogens) during "critical periods of infant development." There is a paucity of data on developmental, physiological, neurophysiological, behavioral, metabolic, or molecular effects of soy phytochemicals in humans, especially during pregnancy and infancy. We have studied the effects of CAS, SPI, and WPH in short-term, long-term, and multigenerational studies in rats. Aside from minor differences in body weight gain profiles, CAS-, SPI- or WPH-fed rats did not differ in development, organ weights, in vitro hepatic metabolism of testosterone (T), or reproductive performance. However, some endocrine-related functions differed between rats fed these proteins. We found that SPI accelerated puberty in female rats (p < .05) and WPH delayed puberty in males and females, as compared with CAS (p < .05). Gender differences were also found in gonadectomy-induced steroid responses. Male rats had normal serum T levels, but female rats fed SPI had reduced serum 17beta-estradiol concentrations and a blunted 17beta-estradiol response to ovariectomy, as compared to rats fed CAS or WHP (p < .05). Female rats fed SPI or WHP or treated with genistein had reduced incidence of chemically induced mammary cancers (p < .05) compared to CAS controls, with WHP reducing tumor incidence by as much as 50%, findings that replicate previous results from our laboratory. Together, these results suggest gender-specific differences in development and certain endocrine responses among rats fed diets composed of a single protein source such as those used in infant formulas. Whether similar developmental effects occur in human infants is unknown, but unlikely because (1) most infants do not consume such diets throughout life as these rats did, and (2) no such effects have been reported in millions of American infants fed infant formula containing these proteins. The long-term health consequence implications of early diet exposure to SPI and WPH, such as reduced breast cancer incidence, are likely to be very positive.