cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Risk Factors of Infantile Spasms

The role of a genetic predisposition and other risk factors for seizures was analyzed by evaluation of records of 80 children with infantile spasms and compared with 474 children with other types of epilepsy, and 2196 children with febrile seizures, admitted with neurologic disorders at age 1 month to 2 years to 12 Danish pediatric departments during 1967-68 and 1972-73.
Artificial Microbiome-Selection to Engineer Microbiomes That Confer Salt-Tolerance to Plants

We use a differential microbiome-propagation method to artificially select for rhizosphere microbiomes that confer salt-tolerance to the model grass Brachypodium distachyon. To optimize methods, we conceptualize microbiome-selection within a host-focused quantitative-genetic framework (Mueller & Sachs 2015), rather than within a multi-level selection framework (9artificial ecosystem selection9 sensu Swenson et al 2000). Artificial microbiome-selection represents a special case of indirect selection that quantifies host phenotype (but does not measure microbiome properties directly) and uses host phenotype to infer presence of microbiomes that interact beneficially with a host; we have called this indirect-selection scheme previously host-mediated indirect selection on microbiomes. We improve on the methods of Swenson et al by modifying several protocol steps to maximize evolutionary changes due to differential microbiome-propagation, while minimizing some (but not all) ecological processes affecting microbiome composition. Specifically, our methods aim to improve microbiome perpetuation and response to artificial microbiome-selection by (a) controlling microbiome assembly when inoculating seeds; (b) low-carbon soil to enhance host-control during initial microbiome assembly and subsequent microbiome persistence; (c) microbiome-fractionation to propagate and select only on bacterial and viral (but not fungal) microbiome components; and (d) ramping of salt-stress between selection-cycles to minimize the chance of either under-stressing or over-stressing plants. Depending on salt-stress and control treatments, our protocol generates microbiomes that enhance plant fitness after only 1-3 rounds of host-mediated indirect selection on rhizosphere microbiomes. When testing microbiomes after nine rounds of differential microbiome propagation, the effect of bacterial microbiomes selected to confer tolerance to sodium-sulfate stress appears specific (these microbiomes do not confer such tolerance under aluminum-sulfate stress), but the effect of microbiomes conferring tolerance to aluminum-sulfate stress appears non-specific (selected microbiomes ameliorate both sodium- and aluminum-sulfate stresses). Ongoing metagenomic analyses of the artificially selected microbiomes will help elucidate metabolic properties of microbiomes that confer specific versus non-specific salt-tolerance to plants.
Cleansing mechanisms of caprellid amphipods (Crustacea) from North America

There are three cleaning mechanisms utilized by intact caprellids separable by the body region being cleansed: antennae, mouthparts, and the remainder of the body. Antennal cleansing is a function of the first gnathopods and maxill'ipeds, mouthpart cleaning utilizes all of the mouthparts, and body cleansing relies solely on the first gnathopods. Behaviorally, filter feeders groom and feed approximately as much as predators, but filter feeders cleanse their entire body whereas predators primarily cleanse only both pair of antenna. The possibility that filter feeding was evolutionarily derived from cleaning activities is proposed.
An Introduction to Symmetric Inflated Probabilities

Traditionally, probability is treated as a function that takes values in the interval [0, 1]. All conventional interpretations of probability support this assumption, while all popular formal descriptions, e.g., axioms for probability, such as Kolmogorov’s axioms, canonize this premise. However, researchers found that negative, as well as larger than 1 probabilities could be a useful tool in physics. Some even assert that probabilities that can be negative, larger than 1 or less than −1 are necessary for physics. Here we develop an axiomatic system for such probabilities, which are called symmetric inflated probabilities and reflect interaction of particles and antiparticles, and study their properties.
Black lives matter in Brazil

ABSTRACTMichelle Lamont and her collaborators examine the experiences and responses of racialized minorities in confronting racism in the United States, Brazil and Israel. Among their findings, they find that while U.S. blacks often confront offenders, black Brazilians respond by ignoring or humouring them. They often do not understand such situations as racial because of Brazilian narratives that extensive miscegenation has diminished racism and that class may be the major culprit. The book’s comparative approach permits them to leverage theoretical claims about race by examining it beyond the U.S. black–white experience. The authors interpret micro subjective experiences as responses to a macrocomparative context filtered through cultural repertoires, groupness and institutions. My main critique for Brazil is that conclusions are based on a highly selective sample of the educated elite in Rio de Janeiro.
Abstract 428: Epicardial Application of Resiniferatoxin During Coronary Ligation Prevents Cardiac Remodeling and Improves Cardiovascular Dysfunction in Rats With Heart Failure

Sympatho-excitation is a hallmark of the chronic heart failure (CHF) state and is positively related to the morbidity and prognosis of patients with CHF. Previous studies from this laboratory have shown that the enhanced cardiac sympathetic afferent reflex (CSAR), a sympatho-excitatory reflex originating in the heart, contributes to the elevated sympathetic tone in CHF. Therefore, a therapeutic strategy for abolishing the contribution of the CSAR to this sympatho-excitation may be beneficial in CHF patients. Here, we applied Resiniferatoxin (RTX, 50 μg/ml), an ultra-potent agonist of transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1), to the surface of the rat heart during myocardium infarction (MI) surgery in order to selectively delete the TRPV1 receptor from contributing to activation of the CSAR. This procedure largely abolished the enhanced CSAR in CHF rats (blood pressure change in response to cardiac application of capsaicin and bradykinin (10 μg/ml): capsaicin, 33±2 vs. 5±1 mmHg; bradykinin, 37±3 vs. 11±2 mmHg; CHF+Vehicle vs. CHF+RTX 9-11 weeks after MI). Compared to CHF+Vehicle rats (n=7), there was significantly decreased sympathetic tone (50±6 vs. 22±2 % of Max, P
Sampling, Aliasing, and Quantization

This chapter reviews the sampling of a signal and its conversion from the analog to the digital domain. Analog to digital converter measures the signal at rapid intervals is called samples, which outputs a digital signal proportional to the amplitude of an analog signal. The chapter throws light on sampling at low and high frequencies, the effects of revolution with time. Nyquist sampling rule is discussed in detail which leads to the elements of quantization. The effect of noise in increasing or decreasing the signal has also been discussed along with the concept of decibels. Decibel is a signal-to-power ratio and expressed logarithmically, which allows chains of circuits to process it. The two types of definition of dB have been discussed with power and amplitude emphasis which is of help to understand the differences in analog and digital signal processing.
On Saving Preterm Infants: A Plea for Sensible Ontology.

Travis Rieder presents a novel way of conceptualizing the resuscitation and treatment of extremely preterm infants (Rieder 2017). According to his model, these medical interventions do not rescue t...
Angiocentric glioma with MYB-QKI fusion located in the brainstem, rather than cerebral cortex.

Author(s): Chan, Emily; Bollen, Andrew W; Sirohi, Deepika; Van Ziffle, Jessica; Grenert, James P; Kline, Cassie N; Tihan, Tarik; Perry, Arie; Gupta, Nalin; Solomon, David A
NEW TECHNIQUES FOR MEASURING LIGHT OUTPUT AND DECAY TIMES FOR SCINTILLATORS

Abstract Two techniques are described for obtaining information about the decay times of scintillators. The first technique describes a method for measuring light output and decay time vs. wavelength for scintillators. The second technique describes a method for determining the effective pulse width for pulse shape discrimination using a zero crossing method.
Identification of Short-Term and Long-Term Functional Synaptic Plasticity From Spiking Activities

Abstract This chapter describes a nonstationary nonlinear dynamical modeling approach for identifying short-term and long-term synaptic plasticity from point-process spiking activities. In this approach, synaptic strength is represented as input–output dynamics between neurons; short-term synaptic plasticity is defined as input–output nonlinear dynamics; long-term synaptic plasticity is formulated as the nonstationarity of such nonlinear dynamics; the synaptic learning rule is essentially the function governing the characteristics of the long-term synaptic plasticity based on the input–output spiking patterns. As a special case, spike timing–dependent plasticity is equivalent to a second-order learning rule describing the pair-wise interactions between single input spikes and single output spikes. Using experimental and simulated input–output data, it has been shown that short-term synaptic plasticity, long-term synaptic plasticity and learning rule can be accurately identified with a set of nonstationary nonlinear dynamical models.
Sensitivity Analysis Using Discrete Simulation Models

Simulation models are commonly constructed to permit the study of the behavior of a system when it may not be feasible or practical to study the real system, e.g. in the early stages of design and development of a complex system. It may, for example, be desirable to evaluate the effect on system performance of variations in subsystem performance parameters, operating conditions, or design configurations. It is frequently desirable to determine the sensitivity of total system performance to the performance of its individual subsystems so that subsequent testing and design improvement efforts can concentrate on those subsystems that have the greatest effect on system performance. Thus, the cost of extensive testing of those subsystems that have a lesser impact on total system performance can be avoided.
Fibromyalgia in Seniors

The clinical features of fibromyalgia and impact from fibromyalgia are generally similar in older and younger patients. Elderly patients with fibromyalgia are often misdiagnosed with other rheumatologic conditions, including inflammatory and degenerative arthritis. Geriatric-specific pain assessment tools are often helpful for clarifying pain severity and impact in older patients. Fibromyalgia in seniors is best treated with a combination of exercise, cognitive pain management techniques, and medications, although drug selection and dosages used may need to be modified due to co-morbid illness and increased propensity to experience troublesome side effects.
Experimental Characterization of Delamination Fracture

Abstract Experimental methods for characterizing interlaminar fracture behavior of composite materials are discussed. The classic short-beam shear test is presented along with a number of methods based on linear elastic fracture mechanics. These methods include the double cantilever beam test, the edge-delamination test, the end-notch flexure test, both the single and double cracked-lap shear test, and the off-axis center notch tensile test. Each test method is discussed from an applied mechanics point-of-view. Such an approach is appropriate in light of the complex nature of composite materials. In addition, relationships between fundamental experimental data and structural performance are considered. This includes consideration of mixed-mode failure criteria and a parametric study involving a one-dimensional delamination buckling model for evaluating the materials characterization/structural performance interface. Consideration is also given to relationships between basic resin properties and in situ performance as a matrix material in the composite.
An introduction to nonlinear dimensionality reduction by maximum variance unfolding

Many problems in AI are simplified by clever representations of sensory or symbolic input. How to discover such representations automatically, from large amounts of unlabeled data, remains a fundamental challenge. The goal of statistical methods for dimensionality reduction is to detect and discover low dimensional structure in high dimensional data. In this paper, we review a recently proposed algorithm-- maximum, variance unfolding--for learning faithful low dimensional representations of high dimensional data. The algorithm relies on modem tools in convex optimization that are proving increasingly useful in many areas of machine learning.
Abstract 043: Influence of Sex, Hormones and Age on Cerebrovascular Function: Role of Large Conductance Potassium Channel Subunits

Although adult females are protected, the cerebrovascular disease is greater in aged post-menopause females than in age matched males, but the role of vascular function and large conductance potassium (BK) channel is not clear. We hypothesize that “compared to adult males, cerebral vasculature of intact adult female rats displays an attenuated myogenic response and greater intrinsic tone due to differential expression and function of BK channel subunits. Aging or menopause exaggerates myogenic response, diminishes intrinsic tone and thus, vasodilatory capacity in females more than males due to a reduction in the BK subunit function.” Our results suggest that middle cerebral arteries (MCA) of intact adult females had attenuated myogenic response compared to adult males and ovariectomy (OVX) females (% change in diameter: 16±8, -25±4 and -49±7). Development of intrinsic tone was greater in intact adult females than adult males and OVX females (% intrinsic tone: 47±5, 27±4 and 15±5). The ratio of BK β1 to α subunits was less in intact adult females than adult males and OVX females (0.4±0.07, 2±0.3 and 0.6±0.1). Spontaneous transient outward currents (STOC) were higher in smooth muscle cells of intact adult females compared to adult males (pA: 204±27 and 128±7). While aging exaggerated the myogenic response in females, it had no effect in males (fold change 4±1 Vs 0.8±0.5). However, intrinsic tone was decreased in aged females but increased in aged males (% change -43±9 Vs 37± 6). Aging decreased the amplitude of STOCs but with a greater magnitude of effect in females (fold change females: -4.9±1; males: -0.8±0.2). While aging increased BKα subunit, it decreased β1 subunit protein (β1 change: females -52±8; males -37±13). Acute activation of BKα subunit by NS1619, while had no effect in intact adult females (-5±3%), it dilated the MCA of adult males (32±9%). However, acute activation of BKβ1 by estradiol while relaxed MCA of adult females (35±7%) and males (22±2%), it had less effect in OVX females (-7±8%) and aged females (4±9%). In conclusion, a higher incidence of cerebrovascular disease in aged and menopause female may be due to sex-specific changes in vascular properties and BK channels that could result in diminished estradiol-mediated vasodilation.
Roles for the IKK-Related Kinases TBK1 and IKKε in Cancer.

While primarily studied for their roles in innate immune response, the IκB kinase (IKK)-related kinases TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) and IKKe also promote the oncogenic phenotype in a variety of cancers. Additionally, several substrates of these kinases control proliferation, autophagy, cell survival, and cancer immune responses. Here we review the involvement of TBK1 and IKKe in controlling different cancers and in regulating responses to cancer immunotherapy.
A 3.9-4.7 GHz 0.35 mW DCO with −187.4 dBc FoM in 28nm CMOS

This paper presents an LC tank, ultra-low power CMOS digitally controlled oscillator (DCO) with resistive drain delay element designed and fabricated in 28 nm CMOS process. The implemented DCO covers 3.95 to 4.7 GHz (17% tuning range, TR) with a resolution of 300 to 500 KHz and gain variation of less than 3 % within a sub-band. Measured phase noise at 4.6 GHz is − 83, −109.5 and −130 dBc/Hz for 100 KHz, 1 MHz and 10 MHz offsets respectively. The DCO is designed to be temperature robust and allows operation within −40°C to 130°C. The DCO and output buffers consume 0.44 mA from a 0.8 V supply, for a total power of 0.35mW. The DCO active area is 0.04 mm2.
Prophylactic rituximab prevents EBV PTLD in haplo-cord transplant recipients at high risk.

Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) reactivation and post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders (PTLD) are common and potentially fatal complications after allogeneic transplantation with mismatched donors...
Millennial-scale oscillations between sea ice and convective deep water formation

During the last ice age there were several quasiperiodic abrupt warming events. The climatic effects of the so-called Dansgaard-Oeschger (D-O) events were felt globally, although the North Atlantic experienced the largest and most abrupt temperature anomalies. Similar but weaker oscillations also took place during the interglacial period. This paper proposes an auto-oscillatory mechanism between sea ice and convective deep water formation in the North Atlantic as the source of the persistent cycles. A simple dynamical model is constructed by coupling and slightly modifying two existing models of ocean circulation and sea ice. The model exhibits mixed mode oscillations, consisting of decadal-scale small-amplitude oscillations and a large-amplitude relaxation fluctuation. The decadal oscillations occur due to the insulating effect of sea ice and leads to periodic ventilation of heat from the polar ocean. Gradually, an instability builds up in the polar column and results in an abrupt initiation of convection and polar warming. The unstable convective state relaxes back to the small-amplitude oscillations from where the process repeats in a self-sustained manner. Freshwater pulses mimicking Heinrich events cause the oscillations to be grouped into packets of progressively weaker fluctuations, as observed in proxy records. Modulation of this stable oscillation mechanism by freshwater and insolation variations could account for the distribution and pacing of D-O and Bond events. Physical aspects of the system such as sea ice extent and oceanic advective flow rates could determine the characteristic 1500 year time scale of D-O events. The model results with respect to the structure of the water column in the Nordic seas during stadial and interstadial phases are in agreement with paleoproxy observations.
Association between 90o push-up and cardiorespiratory fitness: cross-sectional evidence of push-up as a tractable tool for physical fitness surveillance in youth

Despite being associated with health outcomes like abdominal adiposity, depression, anxiety, and cardiovascular disease risk among youth, largely, clinicians still do not adopt physical fitness testing. A clarion call for increased surveillance was previously issued, in order to address the US population-level lack of knowledge regarding pervasive inactivity among children. Because schools often do not send home annual physical fitness testing results, many lay parents are unaware of their child’s physical fitness or the risk of associated adverse health outcomes. This study investigated associations between musculoskeletal fitness measures (including 90o push-up), cardiorespiratory fitness, and weight status. Two hundred and ten students (9.7 ± 1.08 years, 138.6 ± 9.4 cm; 42.3 ± 14.4 kg) across third through fifth grades were tested for cardiorespiratory (i.e., Progressive Aerobic Cardiovascular Endurance Run (PACER)) and musculoskeletal (90o push-up, trunk lift, sit-and-reach and curl-up) fitness. The relationships between measures of musculoskeletal and cardiorespiratory fitness were modeled using a series of linear regression analyses. Models were adjusted for age, sex, and weight status. Significant two-tailed tests were set at p < .05. Of the four musculoskeletal fitness measures, only 90o push-up was significantly associated (β = .353; p < .001) with PACER test scores (i.e., cardiorespiratory fitness). The related model (R2 = .324; F (4,205) = 26.061; p < .001) accounted for 32% of the variance in cardiorespiratory fitness. 90o push-up was associated with sit-and reach (β = .298; p < .001) and curl up (β = .413; p < = .001) test scores. When individually modeled, 90o push-up (β = −.461; p < .001) and PACER (β = −.436; p < .001) were inversely associated with weight status. The 90o push-up test (a measure of upper body muscle strength and endurance) was associated with cardiorespiratory fitness, anterior trunk muscle strength and endurance, and lower back and posterior thigh muscle flexibility in youth aged 8–12 years old. Although the current findings do not establish a causal relationship, it is concluded that the 90o push-up test is a tractable tool for physical fitness surveillance by clinicians, parents, and possibly youth themselves.
On the use of orientation tensors to represent prepreg platelet orientation state and variability

Prepreg platelet molding compounds (PPMCs) have mesoscale (platelet scale) features that are not found in injection molding materials. Beyond the fiber orientation state, the platelet normal orientation state and the expected orientation state variabilities are desirable outputs from flow simulations of PPMC systems. However, theoretical understanding and efficient numerical molding simulation capabilities have primarily been developed for injection molding. Using exact solutions of Jeffery’s equation, two methods are developed: approximation of the second-order normal orientation tensor as a function of the second-order fiber orientation tensor and estimation of the variability in predicted orientation tensors due to scale similarity of the platelets and typical molded geometry thicknesses. These methods are validated using orientation state data obtained from computed tomography for five replicates of a PPMC bracket structure. Finally, the methods are applied as postprocessing of a fiber orientation simulation results, showing good comparison with the experimental data. The developed methods allow existing simulation capabilities to be applied to PPMCs as a reduced order model to enable efficient design iterations for PPMC manufacturing.
Postfire evaluation of fuelwood loss and restoration priority in a mixed, community-managed conifer forest of central New Mexico, United States

Abstract The causes and consequences of severe fires must be understood to strategically manage forest resources, including timber and fuelwood. Floods and resulting infrastructure damages are intensified due to soil erosion and debris exhumed by recently-burned catchments. A mixed Ponderosa and Pinon-Juniper forest managed by a rural New Mexico community burned in 2016, destroying harvestable fuelwood and damaging access roads. The objectives of this study were to: (1) estimate lost fuelwood value; (2) identify burned catchments that contributed to road damages; (3) develop criteria to prioritize a restoration area; and 4) recommend possible forest management actions based on assessment of fire regime, natural resource usage, ecological dynamics, and feasibility. Field reconnaissance facilitated image-based mapping of forest structure, burn severity, and early-successional recovery by 2018. High spatial resolution aerial images collected before fire were used to map tree density, as well as height based on shadow lengths and sun angle, and to infer stem volumes from empirical diameter-height relationships. Results suggest that 1.5–2.5 million USD of fuelwood was lost from a 1053-ha area. A remediation priority area (112 ha) was identified within a severely-burned, erosive catchment with limited successional plant cover. Econometrics and landscape-scale optimizations for restoration are proposed. Potential fire management strategies are outlined in order to maximize ecosystem products and services while enhancing safety. Techniques developed in this study – involving open-source data and minimal field work – may be useful to conifer forest managers with limited scientific funding.
Detection of HIV reactivation using Spatial Light Interference Microscopy (Conference Presentation)

Quantitative phase imaging (QPI) has emerged as a non-destructive tool for label-free imaging which helps understand the underlying physiological phenomena [1-7]. In this paper, we establish a correlation between dry mass and the reactivation of Jurkat T-cells latently infected with HIV (JLAT). In a previous study [8], the marker for reactivation of HIV was green fluorescence protein (GFP). A positive correlation between cell diameter and the intensity of viral reactivation was established. Using QPI, we were able to deduce that a positive correlation between dry mass and intensity of reactivation of HIV exists. JLAT isoclone 9.2 cells were treated with tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) before imaging. Time lapse imaging was done using Spatial Light Interference Microscopy (SLIM) [9-12] with dual channel measurements for phase and fluorescence. Output of the fluorescence channel was quantified for cell diameter and mean fluorescence intensity. SLIM channel provided phase distribution in the sample. This phase information was then used to extract the dry mass [13-15] of cells. Segmentation and tracking were done using MATLAB. Results show that in a cell population with diameter range of 4-28 µm and dry mass ranging from 0.5-3.5 pg, cells having diameter greater than 10 um and dry mass greater than 1.5 pg were reactivated which leads to the conclusion that for the larger cell diameters and dry masses, higher fluorescent intensity and frequency of reactivation events occur as shown in Fig. 1. Thus, through QPI, diameter and dry mass of cells can be used as a marker for reactivation of latent HIV.
Shared Memory Multiprocessors

Shared memory multiprocessors are multiprocessor systems that logically implement a single global address space. The model for parallel programming based on such systems, the shared address space model, is straightforward and frees programmers from the tedious and sometimes complicated task of orchestrating all communication and snychronization through explicit message passing to access remote data. As a result, this class of multiprocessor systems has received much commercial as well as research interest. Keywords: cache coherence; physically shared memory; distributed shared memory; scalable coherent interface; single system image; code coupling
Longitudinal Predictors of Helicopter Parenting in Emerging Adulthood

The purpose of this exploratory longitudinal study was to examine stability and change of helicopter parenting throughout the first few years of emerging adulthood and to examine child and parent–c...
COMPUTATIONAL ARRANGEMENT OF DEMOLITION DEBRIS

The average builder in the USA provides a warrantee for 10 years, and the US Department for Energy calculates that US office buildings have an average lifespan of 73 years. No building is permanent, and all will face demolition at some point. When a building comes to the end of its safe and useful lifespan, there is no method for re-using the material in new buildings, instead, all constructions today require virgin material. This is a problem for sustainability because US cities, like most other global cities, require cyclical replacement of ageing buildings, and therefore perpetual resource extraction. This paper provides techniques for computationally arranging materials after the demolition and unmaking of architecture. Rather than downcycling concrete into low-value aggregate or melting float glass into opaque bottles methods are shown for this material to be indexed, re-machined and algorithmically arranged into new assemblies. These assemblies are conceived of as holding patterns; an indexed library of materials that are put into useful architectural arrangements, but ready to be disassembled towards some future use. These holding patterns are used as infill to the city rather than landfill beyond. Rather than building for sixty-year life spans, the project offers an imagination of eternal re-constructions that can learn from the carcass of past buildings. Based on rough estimates 2016 could be the first year where there exists more than one trillion tons of concrete on earth. More than the total weight of living trees on the planet (Crowther et al. 2015; USGS, 2018). This paper begins to develop new aptitudes for re-fitting misfit material rather than consuming evermore.
Diagnostic Assessment in Primary Progressive Aphasia: An Illustrative Case Example

Purpose Diagnosis and classification of primary progressive aphasia (PPA) requires confirmation of specific speech and language symptoms, highlighting the important role of speech-language pathologists in the evaluation process. The purpose of this case report is to inform speech-language pathologists regarding current practices for diagnostic assessment in PPA, describing standard approaches as well as complementary, state-of-the-art procedures that may improve diagnostic precision. Method We describe the diagnostic evaluation of a 49-year-old woman with complaints of progressive word-finding difficulty. She completed standard neurological, neuropsychological, and speech-language evaluations, as well as magnetic resonance and positron emission tomography imaging of her brain. In addition, a history of developmental speech, language, and learning abilities was obtained, as well as genetic testing and assessment of cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers. We discuss the evaluation results in the context of the most current research related to PPA diagnosis. Conclusion Detailed behavioral assessment, thorough intake of symptom history and neurodevelopmental differences, multimodal neuroimaging, and comprehensive examination of genes and biomarkers are of paramount importance for detecting and characterizing PPA, with ramifications for early behavioral and/or pharmacological intervention. Supplemental Material https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.12771113.
Stresses from Variously Loaded Circular Cracks

A recently devloped theory for stresses around an arbitrarily loaded circular crack in an infinite body is reviewed, and examples are given illustrating its algebraic use for further analysis and n...
Skin Tone and Individuals’ Perceptions of Commonality and Competition with Other Racial and Ethnic Groups

Previous research has shown that skin tone influences how individuals perceive themselves and others. There is considerable variation in skin tone between and among whites, Latinos, and blacks, and considering the role of skin tone in shaping racial attitudes is potentially important. In this paper, we explore the effects of skin tone on perceptions of commonality and competition among whites, blacks, and Latinos. Simply, does skin tone shape how whites, blacks, and Latinos view each other? Using data from the 2010 Cooperative Congressional Election Study, we explore the effects of individual self-perceptions of skin tone on racial attitudes. We find that skin tone has an effect only on blacks’ perceptions of Hispanics; light-skinned blacks are less likely to perceive commonality and more likely to perceive employment competition with Latinos, relative to blacks with darker skin tones. We also find some evidence to suggest that the effect of skin tone on blacks’ perceptions of commonality with Latinos is moderated by education.
Kv1 channels and neural processing in vestibular calyx afferents

Potassium-selective ion channels are important for accurate transmission of signals from auditory and vestibular sensory end organs to their targets in the central nervous system. During different gravity conditions, astronauts experience altered input signals from the peripheral vestibular system resulting in sensorimotor dysfunction. Adaptation to altered sensory input occurs, but it is not explicitly known whether this involves synaptic modifications within the vestibular epithelia. Future investigations of such potential plasticity require a better understanding of the electrophysiological mechanisms underlying the known heterogeneity of afferent discharge under normal conditions. This study advances this understanding by examining the role of the Kv1 potassium channel family in mediating action potentials in specialized vestibular afferent calyx endings in the gerbil crista and utricle. Pharmacological agents selective for different sub-types of Kv1 channels were tested on membrane responses in whole cell recordings in the crista. Kv1 channels sensitive to α-dendrotoxin and dendrotoxin-K were found to prevail in the central regions, whereas K+ channels sensitive to margatoxin, which blocks Kv1.3 and 1.6 channels, were more prominent in peripheral regions. Margatoxin-sensitive currents showed voltage-dependent inactivation. Dendrotoxin-sensitive currents showed no inactivation and dampened excitability in calyces in central neuroepithelial regions. The differential distribution of Kv1 potassium channels in vestibular afferents supports their importance in accurately relaying gravitational and head movement signals through specialized lines to the central nervous system. Pharmacological modulation of specific groups of K+ channels could help alleviate vestibular dysfunction on earth and in space.
Effects of supplemental rumen-protected conjugated linoleic acid or linoleic acid on feedlot performance, carcass quality, and leptin concentrations in beef cattle.

Thirty-six Angus x Hereford heifers (365 kg) were used to determine effects of dietary lipid supplementation from two sources during the final 32 or 60 d of feeding on serum and adipose tissue leptin concentrations, animal performance, and carcass characteristics. Following an initial feeding period of 56 d, heifers were fed one of three diets in a 3 x 2 factorial arrangement: 1) basal diet, 2) basal diet plus 4% (DM basis) corn oil, or 3) basal diet plus 2% (DM basis) rumen-protected conjugated linoleic acid (a mixture of Ca-salts of palm oil fatty acids with 31% conjugated linoleic acid). Jugular blood samples were collected at 28-d intervals (d 28 to 118) and serum subsequently harvested for leptin quantification via RIA. Real-time ultrasound measurements were collected at 28-d intervals across time on feed. At slaughter, samples were obtained from various adipose depots. Data were analyzed with dietary treatment, length of supplementation, adipose depot (when appropriate), and all two- and three-way (when appropriate) interactions in the repeated measures model. Measures of feedlot performance, including ADG, DMI, and gain:feed did not differ (P > 0.23) with dietary treatment or supplementation length. Heifers supplemented with corn oil tended (P 0.15) with treatment or length of supplementation. Leptin concentrations were higher (P < 0.05) from d 57 to 118 on feed than the initial period (d 0 to 56) of dietary adaptation when all animals received the basal diet. Circulating leptin concentrations were not affected by dietary treatment. However, leptin concentrations in adipose tissues were greater (P < 0.05) for heifers supplemented with corn oil than either control or rumen-protected conjugated linoleic acid diets, which did not differ. Compared with adipose tissues from rumen-protected conjugated linoleic acid-supplemented animals, tissues from heifers fed corn oil contained 68% greater leptin concentration. Correlations between performance, carcass traits, and serum leptin concentrations were low. Serum leptin concentrations across time on feed were not associated with carcass and performance data, including ADG, DMI, and gain:feed. Based on these data, concentrations of leptin are not related to indices of feedlot performance and carcass quality in beef cattle.
On the Local Geometry of a Bihamiltonian Structure

We give several examples of bihamiltonian manifolds and show that under very mild assumptions a bihamiltonian structure in “general position” is locally of one of these types. This shows, in particular, that a bihamiltonian manifold in general position is always a moduli space of some kind. In the even-dimensional case it is a Hubert scheme of a surface, in the odd-dimensional case it is a sub- cotangent bundle of a moduli space of rational curves on a surface.
Pregnancy and liver transplantation

Since the first pregnancy in a transplant recipient in 1958, pregnancy in recipients of solid organ transplants has become increasingly common. Although previously considered a hazardous event, data collected over the last 50 years demonstrate that despite an increased risk of maternal and fetal complications, pregnancy in transplant recipients can have a successful outcome. As of 2006, there were over 3000 female liver transplant recipients of childbearing age in the USA. Two hundred and two pregnancies and 205 outcomes were reported in 121 liver transplant recipients in the National Transplantation Pregnancy Registry. Children born to female liver recipients have a greater risk of prematurity and low birth weight than the general population, but no malformation patterns have been observed. Mothers are more likely to experience pregnancy-induced hypertension, pre-eclampsia and caesarian section, but overall mortality is not worse. Rates of acute rejection and graft loss are similar to nonpregnant liver recipients. The optimal timing of conception post-transplant is controversial, but current recommendations suggest waiting for at least 1 year after transplantation. Choice of contraception is also debatable, although barrier methods have traditionally been preferred. Many medications used for post-transplant immunosuppression have potential effects during pregnancy and breast-feeding. The risks and benefits of each medication should be reviewed with patients contemplating pregnancy, and regimens should be tailored accordingly.
A Multi-level Methodology for Developing UML Sequence Diagrams

Although the importance of UML Sequence Diagrams is well recognized by the object-oriented community, they remain a very difficult UML artifact to develop. In this paper we present a multi-level methodology to develop UML Sequence Diagrams. Our methodology is significant in three aspects. First, it provides a multilevel procedure to facilitate ease of the development process. Second, it makes use of certain patterns to ensure the validity of SQDs. Third, it uses consistency checks with corresponding use-case and class diagrams. Throughout the steps of the method we present rules and patterns demonstrating correct and incorrect diagramming of common situations through examples. The purpose of this study is to serve as a reference guide for novice sequence diagram modelers. This methodology is particularly useful for novice practitioners who face challenges in learning the process of SQD development.
Monoclonal antibodies to type X collagen. Biosynthetic studies using an antibody to the amino-terminal domain.

Monoclonal antibodies to chick type X collagen have been used to study the structure, biosynthesis, and location of type X in cartilage. The antibodies were produced by injecting purified type X collagen into female SJL/J mice and then fusing their spleen cells with Sp2/0 myeloma cells. Hybridoma culture supernatants were screened for antibodies to type X collagen by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Western blots. Positive supernatants did not cross-react with other collagen types (I, II, IX, XI) or with fibronectin. Three monoclonal antibodies were chosen for further characterization. Two of them (1A6 and 6F6) recognize a pepsin-sensitive domain of type X collagen. Rotary shadowing showed that 1A6 and 6F6 both recognize the same end of type X, probably the aminoterminal non-triple helical domain. Amino acid sequencing of the intact protein and of the epitope-containing peptide confirmed that the antibody recognition sites for 1A6 and 6F6 are within the amino-terminal domain. Monoclonal antibody 2B3 reacts with the pepsinized (45 kDa) and weakly with the nonpepsinized (59 kDa) forms of type X collagen. The monoclonal antibodies were used for immunolocalization of type X in hypertrophic chondrocytes and reacted only with tissue samples from areas undergoing endochondral ossification, e.g. growth plate and fracture callus. Antibody 6F6, when coupled to Sepharose, selectively binds to type X collagen from cell and organ cultures. In a pulse-chase experiment, no processing of the 59-kDa form of type X could be detected. Two components with molecular masses of approximately 70 and 85 kDa, arising from a disulfide-bonded aggregate, were synthesized by both the permanent and calcifying cartilage organ cultures but did not react with the antibody, suggesting that these proteins are not related to type X. In summary, the pulse-chase results and the immune precipitation with monoclonal antibody 6F6 did not detect biosynthetic precursors larger than 59 kDa or proteolytically processed forms of type X.
Diffusion effects in the hydrogenation of 3-methyl crotonaldehyde over zeolite-supported Ru

The activity and selectivity in gas-phase hydrogenation of the unsaturated aldehyde 3-methyl crotonaldehyde (UAL) over zeolite-supported Ru was found to depend markedly on the partial pressures of the two reactants in the gas phase, with the rate increasing as the ratio\(P_{UAL} /P_{H_2 }\) decreased. Anomalously low apparent activation energies were found compared to the same reaction over Ru/SiO2, and secondary reactions to produce the totally hydrogenated product occurred much more readily in the zeolite-supported Ru. These observations led to the suggestion that these reactions were under diffusion control.
Hormones, Nicotine and Cocaine: Clinical Studies

Nicotine and cocaine each stimulate hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal and -gonadal axis hormones, and there is increasing evidence that the hormonal milieu may modulate the abuse-related effects of these drugs. This review summarizes some clinical studies of the acute effects of cigarette smoking or IV cocaine on plasma drug and hormone levels and subjective effects ratings. The temporal covariance between these dependent measures was assessed with a rapid (2 min) sampling procedure in nicotine-dependent volunteers or current cocaine users. Cigarette smoking and IV cocaine each stimulated a rapid increase in LH and ACTH, followed by gradual increases in cortisol and DHEA. Positive subjective effects ratings increased immediately after initiation of cigarette smoking or IV cocaine administration. However, in contrast to cocaine's sustained positive effects (<20 min), ratings of "high" and "rush" began to decrease within one or two puffs of a high-nicotine cigarette while nicotine levels were increasing. Peak nicotine levels increased progressively after each of three successive cigarettes smoked at 60 min intervals, but the magnitude of the subjective effects ratings and peak ACTH and cortisol levels diminished. Only DHEA increased consistently after successive cigarettes. The possible influence of neuroactive hormones on nicotine dependence and cocaine abuse and the implications for treatment of these addictive disorders are discussed.
Instantaneous Aerodynamic Load Calculations in Rotating Airfoils From Time Resolved PIV Measurements at Low Reynolds Number

The time-resolved evolution of the instantaneous pressure fields and aerodynamic loads are obtained for rotating airfoils. This method allows evaluating the fluctuations in the instantaneous aerodynamic loads which cannot be evaluated with averaging methods. It also has the ability of capturing high temporal variations such as vortex shedding in the wake of the rotating blade. Briefly, this method obtains the velocity field from time-resolved particle image velocimetry TR-PIV. This is used to calculate the pressure field around the turbine from the Poisson pressure equation. Then, the forces are obtained using the integral momentum equation in a stationary reference frame. These experimental aerodynamic loads are compared to theoretical predictions from the Blade Element Momentum theory (BEM). Accurately determining instantaneous forces in turbines is needed for safety and understanding of their full range of operation. The standard deviation of the instantaneous forces establishes the limits of the forces expected on the turbine. The uncertainty in the measurements is calculated. The method presented may be used to measure unsteady forces in rotating airfoils, providing useful information not just for computational studies, but also for aerodynamics, material and structural optimization and safety purposes.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
BEHAVIORAL TREATMENT OF CAFFEINISM: REDUCING EXCESSIVE COFFEE DRINKING

Excessive coffee drinking can have deleterious effects because of the large amounts of caffeine that are ingested. Caffeine is thought to be addicting, and prolonged and excessive use can lead to caffeinism, a condition that has serious behavioral and physiological side effects. The present study developed and evaluated a treatment program to reduce excessive daily coffee drinking to moderate and presumably safer levels. Three habitual coffee drinkers received individualized changing criterion programs that systematically and gradually reduced their daily caffeine intake. The coffee drinkers were required to self-monitor and plot their daily intake of caffeine. They received monetary prizes for not exceeding the treatment phase criteria and forfeited a portion of their pretreatment deposit when they did. Their coffee drinking decreased from almost nine cups per day (over 1100 mg of caffeine) during baseline to less than three cups per day (less than 343 mg) at the end of treatment or a reduction of 69%. The treatment effect was maintained during a 10-month follow-up, averaging a 67% reduction from baseline. The program appears to be a reasonable method of reducing and then maintaining daily caffeine intake at less harmful levels.
Evaluation of whey-treated alfalfa haylage

Abstract Untreated alfalfa haylage (60% dry matter) or alfalfa haylage treated with 2% dried whole whey (dry matter basis) was fed to four Holstein steers in a digestion trial with 5-day collection. Dried whey improved digestibilities of all chemical constituents except ether extract. Fermentation characteristics of whey-treated alfalfa haylage were generally superior to those of untreated alfalfa haylage. A lactation trial concurrent with the digestion trial used the same haylages as the forage. Experimental haylages were fed ad libitum to 10 Holstein cows each in a 12-wk continuous trial. All cows received concentrates at 1kg/2.55kg milk yield. Milk production and composition were similar for treatment groups. Cows fed whey-treated haylage had more body weight gain than cows fed untreated haylage. Rumen pH and volatile fatty acid values were not different.
ε-tube regression: A new method for motion artifact reduction

This paper introduces a new regression method, called e-tube regression (e-TR), for motion artifact reduction in physiological signals. It forms a tube arround the data which leads to an approximation that models only the motion artifact and not the target signal. Moreover, e-TR prescribes the shape of the approximation using the available information about the motion artifact. The results show that e-TR can effectively remove the motion artifacts from the impedance signal measured on the arms.