cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ending social encouters

Abstract Certain classes of verbal behavior—content summary statements (S c ); affective summary statements (S a ); continuity (C), justification (J), and well-wishing (W) statements; and statements of positive affect (P)—were hypothesized to be constituents of interpersonal endings. These statements are shown to increase during the terminal phase of a social encounter as a function of whether the conversation is between friends or strangers and whether it is structured or unstructured. A hypothesis concerning the sequence in which these five classes of statements will occur during the ending of an interaction, namely, [S c ] → [J] → [ S a P ] → [C] → [W], is tested and confirmed.
Performance of traditional f tests in repeated measures designs under covariance heterogeneity

This study investigates the performance of two traditional F tests, one for main effects and the other for interaction in repeated measures designs under several conditions of covariance heterogeneity. Overall, the test for interaction is more vulnerable than the one for main effects. Distortion in the level of significance is less serious for the case of equal group size.
The Rinne test for conductive deafness. A critical reappraisal.

• The Rinne tuning fork test for the detection of conductive hearing loss is the most widely used tuning fork test in clinical medicine. However, the frequency of the tuning fork used to perform the test has not been standardized. In a study of 200 patients with known air-bone gaps, we found that the 256-Hz tuning fork was more sensitive than the 512-, 1024-, and 2048-Hz tuning forks for discriminating conductive from sensorineural hearing deficits. However, the occurrence of false-positive responses limits its usefulness. Therefore, we believe that the 512-Hz tuning fork should become the standard tuning fork used in performance of the Rinne test to screen patients for conductive hearing loss. (Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg1988;114:399-403)
Applied Social Psychology: The Unfulfilled Promise

The conflict between applied and theoretical social psychology is reviewed. It is argued both that this applied-theoretical distinction is a pernicious one which diverts attention from more basic issues of generality and validity and that the applicability of mainstream social psychology is disappointingly slight. While developments in statistical techniques and computer data processing have increased the opportunities for larger- scale, multivariate research which may reflect more accu rately the complexities of the natural world, most reports in the major journals of the field continue to be of small, laboratory experiments using college students as subjects. The prospects for future change in orientation are discussed.
Age-related decreases in serum gonadotropin levels and gonadotropin-releasing hormone gene expression in the medial preoptic area of the male rat are dependent upon testicular feedback.

In the male rat, age-associated reproductive decline is thought to be due in part to diminished GnRH secretion. We tested the hypothesis that the age-related decrease in GnRH secretion is due to decreased GnRH gene expression by comparing GnRH mRNA and peptide content in the anterior forebrain of intact young and old male rats. Since sex steroids modulate GnRH secretion, we also determined hypothalamic-pituitary responsiveness to removal of testicular feedback by comparing GnRH mRNA and gonadotropin levels in intact and orchidectomized young and old rats. In an initial study, 10 20-μm coronal sections from the medial preoptic area (MPOA) were anatomically matched and compared in intact young (3-month-old) and old (24-month-old) male F344 rats (n = 5/group). In another group of young and old male rats (n = 8–12/group), animals were randomly assigned to be either orchidectomized or sham operated. Rats were killed 21 days after surgery, and comparisons were made in 12 anatomically matched sections of MPOA an...
MULTIPLE SPEAKER TRACKING WITH THE FACTORIAL VON MISES-FISHER FILTER

Multiple-target tracking with a microphone array is often addressed via the Bayesian filtering framework. For compact arrays, each source is represented by its direction-of-arrival (DOA), which evolves on the unit sphere. The unique topology of this space leads to analytical intractabilities that are often resolved via costly particle-based methods. In this paper, we derive a novel, deterministic inference algorithm called the von Mises-Fisher Filter (vMFF) for a dynamical system model defined on the sphere, and extend it to the multi-source scenario in the Factorial vMFF (FvMFF). We apply sensor fusion and probabilistic data association techniques to handle clutter and data association ambiguities in the observation set. We show that the vMFF combines the computational efficiency of a Kalman filter with the tracking accuracy of a particle filter to perform well across all noise levels. Finally, we apply the FvMFF to track multiple speakers in a reverberant environment.
The Influence of Sex on Pharmacokinetics

Biologic differences exist between men and women that can result in differences in responses to drugs. Both pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic differences between the sexes exist, with more data on pharmacokinetic differences. On average, men are larger than women. Body size differences results in larger distribution volumes and faster total clearance of most medications in men compared to women. Greater body fat in women (until older ages) may increase distribution volumes for lipophilic drugs in women. Total drug absorption does not appear to be significantly affected by sex although absorption rates may be slightly slower in women. Bioavailability after oral drug dosing, for CYP3A substrates in particular, may be somewhat higher in women compared to men. Bioavailability after transdermal drug administration does not appear to be significantly affected by gender; nor does protein binding. Renal processes of glomerular filtration, tubular secretion, and tubular reabsorption appear to be faster in men compared to women whether considered on a mg/kg basis or total body weight basis. Algorithms to estimate glomerular filtration rate incorporate sex as a factor; some also include weight. For hepatic processes, drugs metabolized by Phase I metabolism (oxidation, reduction, and hydrolysis via cytochrome P450's 1A, 2D6, 2E1), Phase II conjugative metabolism (glucuronidation, conjugation, glucuronyltransferases, methyltransferases, dehydrogenases) and by combined oxidative and conjugation processes are usually cleared faster in men compared to women (mg/kg basis). Metabolism by CYP2C9, CYP2C19, and N-acetyltransferase, appear to be similar in men and women (mg/kg). Clearance of p-glycoprotein substrates appear to be similar in men and women. In contrast, total clearance of a number of CYP3A substrates appear to be mildly or moderately faster (mg/kg) in women compared to men. The clinical significance of reported differences warrants consideration. Clearance reported on a per kg basis directly addresses organ or enzyme clearance. The difference in size between men and women means translating these results to clinical dosage rates should include an adjustment for body size. Unfortunately, this is not standard. Reports of sex differences that persist after considering weight may warrant further dosage adjustments. In addition, investigations are often performed in healthy fasting individuals yet medications are prescribed to patients with confounding influences of disease, co-medications, diet, and social habits. The relative role of sex on pharmacokinetics as compared to genetics, age, disease, social habits and their potential interactions in the clinical setting is not yet fully known but should be routinely considered and further studied.
Direct calculation of the surface-to-volume ratio for human cancellous bone

There are many diseases which cause detrimental changes in the trabecular structure of cancellous bone, leading to mechanical failure of the tissue. One approach to understanding the mechanisms of these diseases is to create idealized models that recreate the morphology of the tissue. This paper presents a partial development of such a model. Further histological methods must be developed before a complete definition of morphologically valid models is possible. In a histological section of cancellous bone, the orientation and length of the trabecular surfaces determine how a line drawn across the bone section will intersect the bone-marrow interface. The distribution of the average length between intersections for a set of parallel lines is defined as the mean intercept length distribution. In this paper, the average surface morphology and volume of the average structure of cancellous bone is determined from an examination of the mean intercept length. The average structure of cancellous bone contains a repeated structural element (SE). As a result, the basic bone structure is analogous to a brick wall made from many similar bricks. For a group of 107 specimens, a strong relationship between structural element volume (SE.V) and bone volume fraction (BV/TV) is demonstrated, SE.V = 0.017 kappa (BV/TV)-2.05 mm3, R2 = 0.93, with kappa a model-dependent constant. For the same specimens, the structural element surface (SE.S) showed the relationship, SE.S = 0.144 kappa (BV/TV)-1.35, R2 = 0.92. As a result of the inverse square dependence of structural element volume on bone volume fraction, it is predicted that cancellous bone strength is inversely proportional to structural element volume.
A model for predicting hearing aid performance.

A major problem in selecting a hearing aid is the inability to determine quickly and accurately, from manufacturers' data, the output speech and noise levels over the frequency range of interest and for arbitrary positions of hearing aid controls. This study demonstrates the feasibility of developing a model for a commercial hearing aid and the imple nentation of the model on a small desktop computer. With the model, output speech and noise levels can be predicted quickly and easily for any combination of control positions, even with the aid driven to saturation. The electroacoustic measurements required for development of the model and the schematic and mathematical models for the aid are presented. The validity of the model is demonstrated by comparing measured values of hearing aid gain, output noise levels, output speech levels and maximum output levels, with corresponding data from the computer model.
Heavy-Ion Dosimetry

A comprehensive and accurate definition of the physical characteristics of a radiation field is a necessary, but not sufficient, condition for understanding (and predicting) the probability of observing a biological effect. Part of the difficulty of doing this stems from the fact that very often the biological final state accessible to observation is the end result of a long sequence of events following the irradiation, when most of the information has been distributed among many degrees of freedom. Demography is not a very good starting point for the study of photosynthesis, yet that is, in essence, what we are often forced to do.
Alternative fuel motor vehicle tailpipe and evaporative emissions composition and ozone potential

The 1988 Alternative Motor Fuels Act and the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments require examination of the potential to favorably influence air quality by changing the composition of motor vehicle fuels. Motor vehicle tailpipe and evaporative emissions were characterized using laboratory simulations of roadway driving conditions and a variety of vehicle-fuel technologies (reformulated gasoline (RFG), methanol (M85), ethanol (E85), and natural gas (CNG)). Speciated organic compound (with Carter MIR ozone potential), CO, and NO(x) emission rates and fuel economy were characterized. The Carter MIR ozone potential of combined Federal Test Procedure (FTP) tailpipe and evaporative emissions was reduced more than 90% with CNG relative to RFG, M85, and E85 fuels. FTP toxic compound emissions (benzene, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and 1,3-butadiene) were greater with M85 and E85 fuels than with RFG fuel, and less with CNG fuel than RFG fuel. The most abundant toxic compound was benzene with RFG fuel, formaldehyde with M85 fuel, and acetaldehyde with E85 fuel. FTP MPG fuel economies were reduced with M85 and E85 fuels relative to RFG fuel, consistent with their lower BTU/gal. Energy efficiencies (BTU/mi) were improved with all the alternative fuels relative to RFG. Carter MIR ozone potential was generally reduced with the alternative fuels relative to RFG fuel under REP05 (high speeds and acceleration rates) driving conditions (most significantly with CNG). Toxic aldehyde emissions were reduced under REP05 conditions relative to FTP conditions with all the tested fuels, and toxic benzene emissions were elevated under high acceleration conditions.
ATP-MgCl2 pre-treatment in an animal model of asphyxial arrest

ATP-MgCl2 treatment has been found to be a promising intervention in many models of hypoxic/ischemic injury. In this study, the effect of pre-treatment with ATP-MgCl2 on the hemodynamic response to asphyxia in the rat was examined. Rats were anesthetized with halothane and N2O2. A tracheostomy and femoral artery and vein cutdowns were performed. Rats were infused intravenously with either ATP-MgCl2 (approximately 50 mumol/kg) or normal saline (control group) over 15 min. Animals were then asphyxiated for 8 min by occlusion of the ventilator tubing. Following the asphyxia, 1 min of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) was attempted. Heart rate and blood pressure were monitored continuously throughout the experiment. A total of 41 animals (21 ATP-MgCl2, 20 control) were studied. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to test for differences between groups. The ATP-MgCl2 group had a lower heart rate (HR) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) during the infusion. During asphyxia the ATP-MgCl2 group had a lower MAP but higher HR when compared to the control group. No significant differences were observed in the rates of successful resuscitation between ATP-MgCl2-treated rats (10 of 21, 48%) and controls (12 of 20, 60%). Possible reasons for the apparent lack of benefit of ATP-MgCl2 therapy are discussed.
Residual Stress Measurement and Prediction in a Hardened Steel Ring

The residual stress profile in a hardened layer of steel was measured and then compared with a finite element prediction. A thick ring made of low alloy gear steel was case hardened by carburization and quenching. The residual hoop stress variation in the 1 mm thick hardened layer was measured using the crack compliance method, in which surface strains are measured as an axial slot is incrementally extended from the outer surface inward using wire electric discharge machining (EDM). The surface residual stresses were also measured using x-ray diffraction. The results compared very well with finite element predictions using DANTE, a heat treatment simulation software package interfacing with the finite element code ABAQUS. The heat treatment cycle is simulated in an uncoupled serial analysis of carburization by diffusion, quenching by conduction and convection including phase transformation kinetics, and finally a structural analysis incorporating TRansformation-Induced Plasticity (TRIP). Accurate residual stress profiles require detailed knowledge of the heat transfer coefficients of the quench media as well as alloy-dependent descriptions for phase transformation kinetics and TRIP strains.
Comparable Bactericidal Activity of two Chemosterilizers

Bactericidal activity of a phenolic and a quaternary ammonium compound was assessed in the presence and absence of protein when certain bacteria were adsorbed to porous and nonporous surfaces. Organisms were more resistant when adsorbed to porous surfaces. Protein contributed to increased survival of bacteria only when adsorbed to porous surfaces.
Cumulative voting and the conflicts between board and minority shareholders

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate whether cumulative voting can help ease the conflicts between board of directors and minority shareholders.Design/methodology/approach – The authors use voting result of shareholder proposals as an indicator of the level of conflicts between board and minority shareholders. OLS regression and non‐parametric Kruskal‐Wallis tests have been applied in the analysis.Findings – It was found that cumulative voting can help ease the conflicts between board of directors and minority shareholders. Also, the tension between board and minority shareholders is affected by both corporate governance factors and a company's stock performance.Research limitations/implications – In general, the research result indicates that cumulative voting is still an effective mechanism that can lower investors' costs on monitoring boards of directors.Practical implications – Considering the huge amount of resources used in shareholder campaigns, the research result indicates that c...
Sp sites contribute to basal and inducible expression of the human TNIP1 (TNFα-inducible protein 3-interacting protein 1) promoter

TNIP1 [TNFα (tumour necrosis factor α)-induced protein 3-interacting protein 1] is a co-repressor of RAR (retinoic acid receptor) and PPAR (peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor). Additionally, it can reduce signalling stemming from cell membrane receptors such as those for TNFα and EGF (epidermal growth factor). Consequently, it influences a variety of receptor-mediated events as diverse as transcription, programmed cell death and cell cycling. Thus changes in TNIP1 expression levels are likely to affect multiple important biological end points. TNIP1 expression level changes have been linked to psoriasis and systemic sclerosis. As such, it is crucial to determine what controls its expression levels, starting with constitutive control of its promoter. Our analysis of the TNIP1 promoter revealed multiple transcription start sites in its GC-rich proximal regions along with two transcriptionally active Sp (specificity protein) sites, responsive to both Sp1 and Sp3. EMSA (electrophoretic mobility-shift assay) and ChIP (chromatin immunoprecipitation) demonstrated physical binding between Sp1 and Sp3 at these sites. A decrease in Sp1 protein levels via siRNA (short interfering RNA) or diminished Sp1 DNA binding by mithramycin decreased TNIP1 mRNA levels. This Sp-binding GC-rich region of the TNIP1 promoter also participates in transcriptional activation by ligand-bound RAR. Together, these results demonstrate newly identified regulators of TNIP1 expression and suggest possible transcription factor targets which in turn control TNIP1-related biological end points ranging from apoptosis to inflammatory diseases.
Self-assembly of photoluminescent copper(I)-dithiol multilayer thin films and bulk materials

Self-assembled multilayer thin films have been prepared on Au and mercaptosilanized glass substrates by alternate surface derivatization with Cu2+ ion and alkanedithiols. The films deposited on glass show intrinsic orange-red photoluminescence and were studied by fluorescence spectroscopy. A strongly photoluminescent solid was also obtained by reaction of 1,6-hexanedithiol with cupric perchlorate in ethanolic solution. Multilayer structures on Au were studied by ellipsometry and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Both in the solid material and in the self-assembled thin films, XPS measurements suggest Cu is present in the +1 oxidation state. This was also confirmed by cyclic voltammetry of Cu ion adsorbed to a self-assembled monolayer of 1,6-hexanedithiol on gold. Metal−metal interactions in the form of clustering might contribute to the unusual photophysical properties observed in both types of materials.
The presence of Saccharomyces cerevisiae DNA in various media used to propagate yeasts and its removal by ethidium monoazide

Aims: In this study we demonstrate the interference of yeast extract in enumeration of Saccharomyces cerevisiae using real-time PCR and develop a method for its removal from the media using ethidium monoazide (EMA). Methods and Results: Using real-time PCR and primers to S. cerevisiae we demonstrate the presence of yeast DNA in various media as well as the media impact on S. cerevisiae real-time PCR standard curves. By pretreatment with EMA, we were able to remove this interference. Conclusions: Saccharomyces cerevisiae DNA can be found in a number of common laboratory media and may impact the enumeration of this yeast by real-time PCR. However, pretreatment with EMA eliminates this concern. Significance and Impact of the Study: We have developed a method for removal of contaminating DNA in yeast growth media.
Technology improves sales performance—doesn't it?: An introduction to the special issue on selling and sales technology

Abstract Firms around the globe are rushing to invest in sales force technology or sales force automation (SFA). SFA appears to mean different things to different people. For example, management and sales personnel view the need for, application of, and advantages of SFA quite distinctly. As a result of technology, this special issue examines many areas of sales force automation to provide both practicing managers and sales force academicians with a clearer perspective of new technology in the B2B marketplace. This article introduces the special issue topic, individual contributors, and acknowledges support proffered by myriad individuals.
Chromatography and Spectrophotometry of Fused Salts

WE have recently observed chromatographic adsorption on alumina (Merck's reagent grade aluminium oxide) of transition metal cations dissolved in fused salts.
A study of microphysical processes in the 2 August 1981 CCOPE supercell storm

Abstract A three-dimensional, time-dependent, non-hydrostatic model is used to simulate the microphysical processes in an intense supercell storm that passed through the Cooperative Convective Precipitation Experiment (CCOPE) network on 2 August 1981. The simulation utilizes the hail parameterization model (HPM) version of the Wisconsin Dynamical/Microphysical Model (WISCDYMM), in which the precipitation fields are all assumed to follow exponential size distributions, while cloud water and ice are assumed to be monodispersed. The simulation is carried out for 7200 s and is found to exhibit dynamic and thermodynamic features characteristic of the observed storm, including an intense and persistent updraft with strong rotation in the lower and mid levels, an undiluted updraft core, and a cool pool and gust front which propagates along with the storm beneath the subcloud region. A supercellular structure is also depicted in the microphysical fields by a large overshooting top, large forward overhanging anvil, low-level hook-like feature and distinct bounded weak-echo region. Calculations of the total integrated hydrometeor mass for the entire domain show that more than 80% of the storm hydrometeor mass is ice, with graupel and hail being the most predominant type. The total mass of ice, snow, graupel and hail increase rapidly with storm intensity, while the total liquid water mass consisting of cloud water and rain increase much more slowly as shown by time-dependent distributions of the hydrometeor types. Production and depletion curves depicting microphysical processes for each precipitating hydrometeor indicate that rain is produced primarily from the melting and shedding of graupel and hail, snow is primarily initiated by the Bergeron-Findeisen process and grows predominately from the accretion of cloud ice and cloud water, and graupel and hail is primarily initiated through rain-snow collisions and has largest mass gains through accretions of cloud water, rain and snow. The largest sinks are evaporation and accretion by graupel and hail for rain water, sublimation and accretion by graupel and hail for snow, and melting and shedding to form raindrops for graupel and hail.
Optimal space-time precoding of artificial sensory feedback through mutichannel microstimulation in bi-directional brain-machine interfaces.

Brain–machine interfaces (BMIs) aim to restore lost sensorimotor and cognitive function in subjects with severe neurological deficits. In particular, lost somatosensory function may be restored by artificially evoking patterns of neural activity through microstimulation to induce perception of tactile and proprioceptive feedback to the brain about the state of the limb. Despite an early proof of concept that subjects could learn to discriminate a limited vocabulary of intracortical microstimulation (ICMS) patterns that instruct the subject about the state of the limb, the dynamics of a moving limb are unlikely to be perceived by an arbitrarily-selected, discrete set of static microstimulation patterns, raising questions about the generalization and the scalability of this approach. In this work, we propose a microstimulation protocol intended to activate optimally the ascending somatosensory pathway. The optimization is achieved through a space–time precoder that maximizes the mutual information between the sensory feedback indicating the limb state and the cortical neural response evoked by thalamic microstimulation. Using a simplified multi-input multi-output model of the thalamocortical pathway, we show that this optimal precoder can deliver information more efficiently in the presence of noise compared to suboptimal precoders that do not account for the afferent pathway structure and/or cortical states. These results are expected to enhance the way microstimulation is used to induce somatosensory perception during sensorimotor control of artificial devices or paralyzed limbs.
DNA decorated carbon nanotube sensors on CMOS circuitry for environmental monitoring

Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) with their large surface area, high aspect ratio are one of the novel materials which have numerous attractive features amenable for high sensitivity sensors. Several nanotube based sensors including, gas, chemical and biosensors have been demonstrated. Moreover, most of these sensors require off chip components to detect the variations in the signals making them complicated and hard to commercialize. Here we present a novel complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) integrated carbon nanotube sensors for portable high sensitivity chemical sensing applications. Multiple zincation steps have been developed to ascertain proper electrical connectivity between the carbon nanotubes and the foundry made CMOS circuitry. The SWNTs have been integrated onto (CMOS) circuitry as the feedback resistor of a Miller compensated operational amplifier utilizing low temperature Dielectrophoretic (DEP) assembly process which has been tailored to be compatible with the post-CMOS integration at the die level. Building nanotube sensors directly on commercial CMOS circuitry allows single chip solutions eliminating the need for long parasitic lines and numerous wire bonds. The carbon nanotube sensors realized on CMOS circuitry show strong response to various vapors including Dimethyl methylphosphonate and Dinitrotoluene. The remarkable set of attributes of the SWNTs realized on CMOS electronic chips provides an attractive platform for high sensitivity portable nanotube based bio and chemical sensors.
Baryogenesis in a baryon-symmetric universe.

Baryon number is conserved in all interactions probed by present-day experiments. If baryon number is strictly conserved then currently popular scenarios for baryogenesis will have to be reexamined. We discuss a new paradigm for baryogenesis in which the fundamental Lagrangian is baryon conserving [invariant under ${\mathrm{U}(1)}_{B}$]. At high temperatures, ${\mathrm{U}(1)}_{B}$ is spontaneously broken and an excess of quarks over antiquarks of ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}10}s$ $s\ensuremath{\equiv}\mathrm{entropy}\mathrm{density}$ is produced. Today, ${\mathrm{U}(1)}_{B}$ is restored. The most striking consequence of our assumptions is that the baryon number of the Universe is constant. During spontaneous symmetry breaking, the excess of baryons over anti-baryons in the quark fields is exactly compensated by antibaryons hidden in the vacuum. Today, antibaryons appear either as massive ${\mathrm{U}(1)}_{B}$ charged scalar particles or as stable, nontopological bubbles of antimatter. One intriguing possibility suggested by our scenario is that the dark matter may be antimatter.
Normative data and test-retest reliability of the SYNAPSYS video head impulse test.

Background: The observation or measurement of eye movement can aid in the detection and localization of vestibular pathology due to the relationship between the function of the vestibular sensory receptors in the inner ear and the eye movements produced by the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR). The majority of bedside and laboratory tests of vestibular function involve the observation or measurement of horizontal eye movements (i.e., horizontal VOR) produced by stimuli that activate the horizontal semicircular canals (SCCs) and the superior vestibular nerve. The video head impulse test (vHIT) is a new clinical test of dynamic SCC function that uses a high-speed digital video camera to record head and eye movement during and immediately after passive head rotations. The SYNAPSYS Inc. vHIT device measures the “canal deficit” (deviation in gaze) during passive head impulses in the horizontal and diagonal (vertical) planes. There is, however, a paucity of data that has been reported using this device. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to obtain normative data and assess the test-retest reliability of the SYNAPSYS vHIT (version 2.0).
Geniculo-striate connections in the rabbit. I. Retrograde changes in the dorsal lateral geniculate body after destruction of cells in various layers of the striate region.

Dorsal lateral geniculate body was examined for retrograde changes which follow radiation lesions placed in various cortical layers of the striate region. Destruction of cells in a thin cortical strip (less than about 200 μ in stained sections) produces, at most, marginal changes in the dorsal lateral geniculate body regardless of which cortical layer is destroyed. Lesions which are thicker than those mentioned produce, if located in layers 4, 4 and 5 or 5 and 6, definite degenerations. The thicker the lesion the more pronounced are the changes. Destruction of layers 1 to 3 produces, at most, marginal changes. However, degenerations caused by destruction of layers 4 and 5 appear augmented if supragranular layers are concomitantly destroyed. Destructions of layers 1 to 5 produce degenerations of a severity similar to those resulting from destructions of layers 1 to 6. An effective cortical destruction located in some sector of the striate field produces changes in a restricted geniculate region. It is concluded that the survival of cells in a geniculate locus depends upon the entire vertical column of cortical cells rather than on any layer within this column. Implications of the findings as regards the distribution of terminals of the geniculate neurons are considered. The significance of radiation damage to fibers and of fibers sprouting in the laminar lesion for interpretation of the findings is discussed.
Low-energy femoral shaft fractures after long-term alendronate therapy: report of seven cases

Background There is increasing evidence suggesting a high incidence of low-energy fractures of the diaphysis or the proximal femur in patients receiving bisphosphonates for a long time. Bisphosphonate-related femoral fractures occur after low-energy trauma and have a typical simple transverse or oblique radiographic pattern, with focal or generalized increased cortical thickness, cortical beaking, and medial spiking. Materials and methods This article presents six female patients who experienced seven transverse femoral diaphysis and subtrochanteric fractures with cortical thickening and beaking; all patients had alendronate treatment for 4–10 years (average, 9 years) before their fracture. Results The typical radiographic findings, long-term administration of alendronate, low-energy mechanism of fracture, and related literature support the fact that the fractures in the patients presented in this series should be related to alendronate treatment. Conclusion Until definite evidence is available, alendronate treatment in patients with osteoporosis is not now prohibited by the healthcare authorities, probably because its beneficial influence outweighs the adverse effects. However, this adverse effect deserves attention of medical practitioners; physicians should be alert on alendronate’s possible suppressive effect on bone turnover, which in turn may be responsible for the occurrence of femoral fractures.
Parents' Interactions with Preschoolers during Shared Book Reading: Three Strategies for Promoting Quality Interactions.

Research shows that home environments play a critical role in developing children's early literacy skills. Given the importance of developing early literacy skills to bolster children's chances for subsequent academic success, this article highlights the role of parent-child shared book reading. Summarizing research on different types of parent-child interactions during shared book reading, it unveils strategies that parents may use to maximize the benefits of these experiences. The strategies have implications across cultures to enhance understanding of and appreciation for home-based practices in building supportive literacy environments for preschoolers.
Interpersonal attraction as a function of the type of favorable and unfavorable evaluation

The Ss received personal evaluations from three confederates and then rated their liking for each individual. Favorable evaluations produced more attraction than unfavorable evaluations regardless of whether they were consistent or inconsistent with S’s perception of himself. The specific content of the evaluation was more important when the evaluation was unfavorable than when it was favorable. Different types of favorable evaluation were not associated with differential degrees of liking. Unfavorable evaluations that were inconsistent with S’s pereption of himself produced greater hostility than those that were consistent with S’s perception of himself.
Design of experiments: robust design: seeking the best of all possible worlds

We describe a framework for analyzing simulation output in order to find solutions that will work well after implementation. We show how the use of a loss function that incorporates both system mean and system variability can be used to efficiently and effectively carry out system optimization and improvement efforts. For models whose behavior depends on quantitative factors, we illustrate how robust design can be accomplished by using simple experimental designs in conjunction with response-surface metamodels. The results can yield new insights into system behavior, and may lead to recommended system configurations that differ substantially from those selected by analysis solely on the basis of mean response. We assume a knowledge base at the level of Chapter 12 of Simulation Modeling and Analysis (Law and Kelton 2000) but will review essential elements and distribute illustrative examples at the session.
Function and Causation of Social Signals in Lizards

SYNOPSIS. We describe here a multidisciplinary investigation of the stimuli and mechanisms controlling reproduction in the green anole lizard, Anolis carolinensis . Bothenvironmental and social stimuli that vary seasonally are used as proximate cues to reproduction. In order for these ecological factors to initiate breeding, they must be perceived and integrated in the central nervous system. External and internal stimuli converge upon the hypothalamus, the major neuroendocrine integrative area of the brain, which, in turn, directly regulates pituitary and autonomic function. In addition to their role in reproduction, the gonadal hormones are important throughout the life of the organism, acting both peripherally and centrally, to adapt the individual to its environment. Thus, the environment, behavior, and physiology interact in complex ways to synchronize the social and reproductive activities of individuals.
Excessive fluid retention related to cellulose ingestion: Studies on two patients

Abstract Two female patients ages 35 and 31 years who had chief complaints of marked changes in weight with excess fluid retention were observed to remain edema-free (patient M.H.) for over 5 weeks on a low cellulose diet and (patient E.H.) for 9 weeks on a cellulose-free diet, with water intake unrestricted and sodium intake 90–160 mEq./day. The administration of short-chained methylcellulose (Cologel® 30 ml. three times a day) resulted in a 14-lb. weight gain in 48 hours in patient M.H. and an 8-lb. weight gain in 24 hours in patient E.H. The excess fluid disappeared by 72 hours after the last dose of Cologel. Fluid retention was demonstrated on two occasions in both patients at different phases of the menstrual cycle. At the peak of fluid retention, the patients had visual aberrations, mental cloudiness, and poor coordination of some skeletal muscle actions. During administration of Cologel there was sodium and water retention, a 5–8 mOsm/Kg. increase in serum osmolality, and a 25–75 per cent decrease in urinary aldosterone excretion rate. Fluid retention could be prevented in patient E.H. on a selective diet containing some cellulose by restricting sodium to 25 mEq./day, or by restricting water intake to 500 ml./day. Patient E.H. had a 5-fold greater than normal increase in plasma renin activity in response to sodium restriction. Aldosterone excretion rate increased from 8.9 to 330−450 μ g. 24 hours with 3–4 days of sodium restriction. Free water clearance in patient E.H. was 25–50 per cent of normal. Reinstitution of cellulose-containing foods in the diet resulted in a return of the problem of fluid retention.
Loop Stability in the Engineered Potassium Binding Site of Cytochrome c Peroxidase

Abstract The Trp 191 containing flexible loop of cytochrome c peroxidase (CcP) exists in equilibrium between open and closed conformers. The open conformer creates a cavity in the loop, which enables it to bind protonated forms of imidazole derivatives such 1,2-dimethylimidazolium (DMI). In the present study we have engineered the K + binding site into CcP and find the equilibrium of the conformer shifted in favor of the open form probably due to electrostatic destabilization. Subsequent changing of a hinge residue in the loop, Asn 195 , to Pro stabilizes the loop in the presence of the bound K + .
Sports injuries in childhood.

Participation in youth sports is relatively safe. Injuries become more frequent as the child gets older, bigger, and achieves higher skill levels. At the high school and collegiate levels, football has the highest injury rate followed by wrestling and gymnastics. There is no risk-free sport, and children tend to select the sports they wish to participate in without considering injury rates. Pediatricians should take an active role in injury prevention when covering sporting events as team physicians and as spectators. Language: en
Informational complexity and functional activity of RNA structures.

Very little is known about the distribution of functional DNA, RNA, and protein molecules in sequence space. The question of how the number and complexity of distinct solutions to a particular biochemical problem varies with activity is an important aspect of this general problem. Here we present a comparison of the structures and activities of eleven distinct GTP-binding RNAs (aptamers). By experimentally measuring the amount of information required to specify each optimal binding structure, we show that defining a structure capable of 10-fold tighter binding requires approximately 10 additional bits of information. This increase in information content is equivalent to specifying the identity of five additional nucleotide positions and corresponds to an ∼1000-fold decrease in abundance in a sample of random sequences. We observe a similar relationship between structural complexity and activity in a comparison of two catalytic RNAs (ribozyme ligases), raising the possibility of a general relationship betw...
Application of GA-BP to Back Analysis of Rock’s Parameters

The selection of material parameters relates to the excavation stability of the underground caverns. However, back analysis is an efficient method to evaluate mechanical parameters. Given the defects of BP neural network, such as low capability of generalization and long training time, by using GA, which have global optimization ability to optimize the BP neural network weights. The parameter of surrounding rock was designed by uniform and orthogonal method, not only reduced the iterative time also improved the accuracy of the prediction. The proposed method is further illustrated with its application to the underground cavern of Lvchunba railway tunnel. Based on the surrounding rock’s parameters obtained by back analysis, the displacement of the surrounding rock was predicted. The results showed that the error between numerical calculation value and actual monitoring value was 13.2%,-8.3%,-8.9%,9.4% respectively.
The potential supply and cost of biomass from energy crops in the Tennessee Valley Authority region.

Abstract The economic and supply structures of short rotation woody crop (SRWC) and herbaceous energy crop (HEC) markets have not been established. Establishing the likely price and supply of biomass in a region is a complex task because biomass is not an established commodity as are oil, natural gas and coal. In this study we project the cost and supply of short-rotation woody biomass for the TVA region—a 276 county area that includes portions of 11 states in the southeastern United States. Projected prices and quantities of SRWC are assumed to be a function of the amount and quality of crop and pasture land available in a region, expected biomass crop yields and production costs on differing soils and land types, and the profit potential from current conventional crop production on these same lands. Projected switchgrass yields ranged from 9.7–19.8 dry Mg ha −1 (4.3–8.8 dry tons acre −1 ) across the region while production costs ranged from $30.80–$70.40 (U.S. dollars) dry Mg −1 ($28–$64 dry ton −1 ). SRWC production costs ranged from $31.90–$69.30 dry Mg −1 ($29–$63 dry ton −1 ) while yield projections varied from 5.4–9.7 dry Mg ha −1 (2.4–4.3 dry tons acre −1 ). All yields were sensitive to land use and soil category while production costs were strongly influenced by former land use. Regional maps demonstrate potential distribution of energy crops across the entire region and provide a spatial aspect of current agricultural land use and opportunities for potential regional scale biomass energy crop production.
A general description of K X-ray de-excitation of titanium

Abstract Measurements of Kα and Kβ X-rays induced by proton, alpha and oxygen particle beams from an electrostatic accelerator show a divergence from the normal X-ray spectrum as the nuclear charge of the incident beam increases. The results of these measurements are consistent with the explanation that the ion excitation produces multiple inner-shell electron vacancies, which in turn causes electronic-shell energy shifts.
Frequency-importance functions for words in high- and low-context sentences.

The relative importance and absolute contributions of various spectral regions to speech intelligibility under conditions of either neutral or predictable sentential context were examined. Specific...
Objective and subjective income adequacy: Their relationship to perceived life quality measures

The study investigated the extent to which income adequacy was related to satisfaction with perceived overall life quality and two of the more economically based domains of life quality: satisfaction with family income and satisfaction with level of consumption. A representative national sample of 1046 adults was interviewed. Findings indicated that as income adequacy increased, whether objectively or subjectively measured, satisfaction with each of the three life quality measures also increased. Income adequacy explained more of the variance in the two economically based domains than in the more global area of overal life quality. Thus income adequacy was a contributor to life quality, but other domains of life experience were also important. Subjective adequacy explained more of the variation in each of the three life quality measures than did objective adequacy. While respondents differed significantly in the congruency in their subjective and objective adequacy levels, that difference explained very little of the variation in satisfaction with the three life quality measures.
An algebraic turbulence model for three-dimensional viscous flows

An algebraic turbulence model is proposed for use with three-dimensional Navier-Stokes analyses. It incorporates features of both the Baldwin-Lomax and Cebeci-Smith models. The Baldwin-Lomax model uses the maximum of a function f(y) to determine length and velocity scales. An analysis of the Baldwin-Lomax model shows that f(y) can have a spurious maximum close to the wall, causing numerical problems and non-physical results. The proposed model uses integral relations to determine delta(*) u(sub e) and delta used in the Cebeci-Smith mode. It eliminates a constant in the Baldwin-Lomax model and determines the two remaining constants by comparison to the Cebeci-Smith formulation. Pressure gradient effects, a new wake model, and the implementation of these features in a three-dimensional Navier-Stokes code are also described. Results are shown for a flat plate boundary layer, an annular turbine cascade, and endwall heat transfer in a linear turbine cascade. The heat transfer results agree well with experimental data which shows large variations in endwall Stanton number contours with Reynolds number.
Acculturation gaps in Vietnamese immigrant families: Impact on family relationships.

Vietnamese immigrants in the United States face acculturation challenges involving the individual, family, and community. Experts suggest that immigrant family members acculturate at different rates resulting in an acculturation gap, which negatively influences family adjustment. In this study we examined the degree and patterns of acculturation differences between 104 first generation immigrant Vietnamese adolescents and their parents, and whether acculturation gap affected family relationships. Operationalizing the “gap” as both absolute value of differences in acculturation and interactions of parent and adolescent acculturation levels, we examined the impact of such gaps in Vietnamese and American language, identity, and behavioral acculturation on family relationships. Results revealed that family cohesion and satisfaction were predicted by gaps in Vietnamese identity acculturation, but not by gaps in other acculturation domains.