cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ophthalmic complications of endoscopic ethmoid surgery and their management

Abstract Purpose: The proximity of the paranasal sinuses to the orbit puts the anterior visual pathways at risk during sinus surgery. Although the ophthalmic complications of sinus surgery are well known to the otolaryngologist, they are rarely encountered in clinical practice. Several recommendations will help the surgeon performing intranasal sinus surgery. Materials and Methods: To study the incidence of orbital complications of intranasal ethmoid surgery, a retrospective review of 372 cases, most of them bilateral, was performed. Results: Our series of 372 patients who underwent endoscopic sinus surgery showed five orbital complications. Conclusion: Several recommendations may help the surgeon to avoide any ophthalmic complication. When orbital wall dehiscence is suspected, either by CT scan or at surgery, especially in a previously operated case, extreme care should be taken not to penetrate the periorbita. If orbital fat protrudes into the operative field, it should not be pulled or twisted in an attempt to remove it. The surgeon should seek the cooperation of the anesthesiologist working the case. A knowledge of the variable anatomy is essential to avoid iatrogenic injury. The surgeon should be aware of the different complications for early recognition and management.
Electro-optic waveguide modulators fabricated using thin films of lithium niobate

Electro-optic ridge waveguide modulators based on sub-micron thin films of lithium niobate prepared by crystal ion slicing and wafer bonding are demonstrated. The modulators have low insertion loss and have V/sub /spl pi//L as low as 13 V-cm at /spl lambda/=1.55 /spl mu/m.
How much work is required to puncture dura with Tuohy needles

The effects of needle bevel orientation and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pressure on dural displacement and force required to penetrate cadaveric dura were studied using 40 samples. A constant hydrostatic pressure was applied to the subdural surface, either high or low, simulating the sitting and lateral positions. A 17-gauge Tuohy needle was advanced through the dura with the bevel oriented parallel or perpendicular to dural fibres. Travel distance and peak force at which dural penetration occurred were measured under both pressure conditions. The work required to produce dural penetration was calculated. Greater force and work were required to penetrate dura in the perpendicular orientation (P
Velocity Spectrometers Used in Bevatron Deflected-Beam Research

Two completely redesigned 10-ft, glasscathode, parallel-plate velocity spectrometers (MK V) have been used in particle research at 500 kV for about 3000 hr each without maintenance. Current consumption, including power supply, is approximately 100 ?A on each plate (< 200 ?A total). The units do not appear to be gap-sensitive, as one was operated with a 2-in. gap, and the other with a 4-in. gap. No significant operating differences are apparent.
Low-technology industries and the skill composition of immigration

This paper examines the relationship between the industry mix and policy decisions regarding the skill composition of immigration. I start with the premise that low- and high-technology industries are unequally affected by changes in the intensity of factors of production, and develop conflicting preferences over immigration policies. To avoid the negative reactions that would ensue from the depletion of regional industries, governments have incentives to adjust the skill composition of immigration in order to maintain the existing regional industry mix. I test the implications of this argument using data on Canadian provinces between 2001 and 2010, and a research design based on the two-stage least squares methodology. Overall, the empirical results are consistent with the theory: provinces relying intensively upon low-technology industries are likely to receive higher proportions of low-skilled immigrants. A consequence is that immigration policies may sustain existing technological gaps between regions and temper down the growth of high-technology sectors.
Distinct passenger strand and mRNA cleavage activities of human Argonaute proteins

Argonaute (AGO) proteins bind to small RNAs and mediate small RNA-induced silencing in eukaryotes. Using a minimal in vitro system, we show that bacterially expressed human AGO1 and AGO2 but not AGO3 and AGO4 possess strand-dissociating activity of microRNA (miRNA) duplexes. Both AGO1 and AGO2 function as RNA chaperones, capable of performing multiple rounds of strand dissociation. Unexpectedly, both AGO1 and AGO2 demonstrate passenger strand cleavage activity of a small interfering RNA (siRNA) duplex, but only AGO2 has target RNA cleavage activity. These observations indicate that passenger strand and mRNA endonuclease activities are mechanistically distinct. We further validate these observations in mammalian extracts and cultured mammalian cells, in which we demonstrate that AGO1 uses only miRNA duplexes when assembling translational repression-competent complexes, whereas AGO2 can use both miRNA and siRNA duplexes. We show that passenger strand cleavage and RNA chaperone activities that are intrinsic to both AGO1 and AGO2 are sufficient for RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) loading.
Liquid-Phase Metal Inclusions for a Conductive Polymer Composite

dielectric elastomer actuators, [ 17 ] and memristors. [ 18 ] Liquidphase gallium–indium alloys are popular for this “microfl uidics” approach to stretchable electronics since they are nontoxic and form an oxide layer [ 19–22 ] that aids in microcontact printing, [ 23 ] electrode alignment, [ 24 ] and 3D printing. [ 25 ] Finally, a common approach to stretchable electronics is to embed thin fi lms of elastomer with a percolating network of conductive particulates, such as structured carbon black, [ 26 ] carbon nanotubes, [ 27–30 ] silver nanoparticles, [ 31,32 ] silver nanowires, [ 33 ]
Nuclear expression of renin-angiotensin system components in NRK-52E renal epithelial cells

Introduction: Isolated nuclei of sheep proximal tubules express angiotensin (Ang) receptors as well as angiotensinogen (AGT) and renin. The present study characterized the NRK-52E tubular epithelial cell line for the intracellular expression of renin-angiotensin system (RAS) components. Methods: RAS components were visualized by immunofluorescent staining in intact cells and protein expression in isolated nuclei. Results: An antibody to the angiotensin I (Ang I) sequence of AGT (AI-AGT) revealed only cytosolic staining, while an antibody to an internal sequence of AGT (Int-AGT) revealed primarily nuclear staining. Immunoblots of nuclear and cytosolic fractions confirmed the differential cell staining of AGT. Immunostaining for renin was present on nuclei of intact cells. Nuclear renin activity averaged 0.77±0.05 nmol/mg protein/h that was reduced by aliskiren (0.13±0.01 nmol/ mg/h, n=3, p<0.01); trypsin activation increased activity three-fold. Peptide staining localized angiotensin II (Ang II) and Ang-(1-7) to the nucleus and peptide content averaged 59±2 and 57±22 fmol/mg (n=4), respectively. Peptide metabolism in isolated nuclei revealed the processing of Ang I to Ang-(1-7) by thimet oligopeptidase. Conclusion: We conclude that the NRK-52E cells express an intracellular RAS localized to the nucleus and may be an appropriate cell model to elucidate the functional relevance of this system.
Relation Between Severity of Chronic Illness and Adjustment in Children and Adolescents With Sickle Cell Disease

Tested the relationship between illness severity and adjustment in 70 sickle cell patients, aged 8-16. Illness severity was measured by frequency of hospitalization and emergency room visits, frequency and intensity of pain crises, and duration of illness. Adjustment variables were IQ, self-esteem, social and personal adjustment, behavioral problems, school performance, and peer relations. Medical variables-associated illness patterns and type of hemoglobinopathy-were also considered. Sex and age were covariates. The hypothesis that illness severity would affect adjustment was generally not supported. Other factors such as SES, family structure, or support systems may affect adjustment and suppress the hypothesized relationship. The need for a more global intervention approach than using illness severity to measure need for psychotherapeutic assistance is suggested.
Interfacial Compression and Polymerization of 4- and 9-((Butoxycarbonyl)methyl)urethane−Diacetylene Monomolecular Films: A Fluorescence Microscopy Study

The isotherms of monomolecular films of monomers of 3-BCMU, 4-BCMU, and 9-BCMU all reveal a phase transition which resembles that of the corresponding polymers. However, the transition exhibited by the 3-BCMU monomer is not well-defined, and the isotherm is somewhat metastable. The isotherms of the monomers of both 4-BCMU and 9-BCMU show a metastable peak at the onset of the transition due to difficulty in achieving the transition from a bipolar (expanded) to a pseudo-monopolar (condensed) attachment to the water interface. Fluorescence microscopy enabled the two-phase region of the transition to be visualized for 4-BCMU and 9-BCMU but not that of 3-BCMU. The resultant micrographs reveal dark regions representing the condensed monomer phase from which the probe is effectively excluded. The condensed phase domains consist of curved leaf or needlelike regions whose precise size and texture depend on both the molecular composition and the rate of compression of the film. It was also observed that the condens...
It is time to review how unlicensed medicines are used

The safe and effective use of medicines is an integral part of the medicine safety agenda. We present a phenomenological topic review of the literature relating to the use of unlicensed medicines (ULM). There is evidence to demonstrate that the use of ULM is associated with increased incidence of adverse drug reactions, and that despite advances in medicine regulation and guidance from professional organisations, the use of ULM in at risk populations has not reduced. There is also evidence to suggest that patients and their carers are not being provided with adequate information about their medicines and that ULM are being used where safer licensed alternatives are available. This is contrary to the philosophy of “patient-focussed care”. We conclude that organisational governance processes and professional guidelines have not kept pace with regulatory developments or changes in legal and ethical understanding. We recommend that governance procedures for ULM be updated across healthcare settings to ensure that patients are involved in the decisions made about their medicines including the regulatory status of the medicine. This includes ensuring adequate consent is obtained from the patient (or their advocate). We also recommend that professional bodies clarify their position on when ULM can be used instead of licensed medicines to ensure that licensed medicines are used wherever possible. In the current economic environment, commissioners and clinicians must resist the temptation to use lower-quality ULM in place of licensed ones to cut costs. We go on to recommend areas of further research including the extent of ULM prescribing where licensed alternatives exist and the geographical and social factors that influence clinician prescribing of ULM.
Randomness in Nature

MATHEMATICAL PROBABILITY THEORY AND ENSUING FIELDS OF STATISTICS, STOCHASTIC METHODS, AND OPERATIONAL RESEARCH HAVE FREED SCIENTISTS FROM THE RESTRAINT OF DETERMINISTIC METHODS AND RELATED CONCEPTS OF STRICT CASUALITY IN THE ANALYSIS OF NATURAL PHENOMENA. RECENT RECOGNITION OF RANDOMNESS AND APPARENT RANDOMNESS IN FLUVIAL PROCESSES, GEOMORPHIC EVOLUTION, HYDROLOGY, LANDMASS DISTRIBUTION, GEOGRAPHICAL SHAPES, SEISMIC PHENOMENA, STRATIFICATION, AND LITHOLOGY, TOGETHER WITH KNOWN RANDOMNESS IN SUCH BASIC PROCESSES AS RADIOACTIVE DECAY, ORGANIC EVOLUTION, AND GALACTIC EVOLUTION SUGGEST STRONGLY THAT RANDOMNESS IS INHERENT IN THE NATURAL PROCESS. FURTHERMORE, VARYING DEGREES OF RANDOMNESS ARE INDICATED BY THE EVIDENCE IN THE GEOLOGIC PHENOMENA. RECOGNITION THAT RANDOMNESS IS MORE COMMON THAN FORMERLY WAS ADMITTED POSSIBLE, AND RECOGNITION THAT FORMERLY WAS ADMITTED POSSIBLE, AND RECOGNITION THAT RANDOMNESS MAY BE A PROFOUND CONCEPT OF NATURE, DEMAND THAT GEOLOGISTS EXAMINE CLOSELY THE EXTENT AND CHARACTER OF RANDOMNESS IS INHERENT OR SIMPLY APPARENT. /AUTHOR/
Yang–Mills gauge theory and Higgs particle

Motivated by the experimental data on the Higgs particle from the ATLAS Collaboration and the CMS Collaboration at CERN, the standard model, which is a Yang–Mills non-Abelian gauge theory with the group U(1) × SU(2) × SU(3), is augmented by scalar quarks and scalar leptons without changing the gauge group and without any additional Higgs particle. Thus there is fermion–boson symmetry between these new particles and the known quarks and leptons. In a simplest scenario, the cancellation of the quadratic divergences in this augmented standard model leads to a determination of the masses of all these scalar quarks and scalar leptons. All these masses are found to be less than 100 GeV/c2, and the right-handed scalar neutrinos are especially light. Alterative procedures are given with less reliance on the experimental data, leading to the same conclusions.
The innovators: how a group of hackers, geniuses, and geeks created the digital revolution (Isaacson, W.; 2014) [book review]

When chroniclers of technological change in the 20th century worship innovation as if it were a god, they often feel freed of the obligation to define the object of their worship. So it is with Walter Isaacson and his popular 2014 book, The Innovators, which begins with a beguiling confession by the author that innovation is “a buzzword, drained of clear meaning.” Rather than address the implications of the elusiveness of the innovation concept or set down the terms of his engagement with the history of computing, which is more closely the subject of his book, the authod does neither, thus squandering a chance to present himself as what he probably aspires to be: a bridge builder between the two mighty rivers of innovation studies. On the one hand, the author recounts the birth, life, and death of digital artifacts; on the other hand, he highlights the people and subcultures that shape digital innovations. But without a framework for understanding innovation, as activity and aspiration, the author squanders an opportunity to clarify the relationship between the imperatives of digital electronics and the various ways in which cultures and personalities construct and reconstruct their computers and computer networks in pursuit of human aims.
Physics and Applications of Airy Beams and Optical Accelerating Waves

We provide an overview of recent developments in the area of Airy beams and optical accelerating waves. Applications of these wavefronts will be discussed along with prospects of using similar concepts in other technical disciplines.
Borderline Hypertension: An Overview

Borderline hypertension is widespread. Though the increased blood pressure appears to be innocent, and upon rest frequently returns to the normal range, signs of complex and profound alteration of the physiologic control of the circulation can already be found. The pathophysiology of borderline hypertension is of particular interest since it may reveal clues about the processes which initiate the hypertension rather than the consequences of the primary blood pressure elevation. Patients with borderline hypertension are at a higher risk of developing future sustained hypertension and its consequences. The risk, however, is not sufficient to justify treatment in all cases. Patients must be followed to observe blood pressure trends and treatment attempted in the selected minority which has the highest risk. The determination of risk is based on repeated measurements of blood pressure and on the assessment of risk factors for atherosclerosis and for future hypertension.
Giving Psychology Away: Implementation of Wikipedia Editing in an Introductory Human Development Course:

To test the feasibility of Wikipedia editing in large undergraduate psychology classrooms, we engaged groups of students in a large introductory-level Human Development course (N = 110) in editing Wikipedia articles to improve psychology-related content. Students attended in-class workshops and received online support to develop skills. They demonstrated considerable engagement with the assignment, averaging 14.5 posts to Wikipedia over a span of 50 days. Most connected Wikipedia editing with other course materials and reported benefits of peer-evaluating classmates’ work. Most reported beneficial interactions with Wikipedians in the public domain, who flagged and/or reverted edits of dubious quality, while correcting errors. Students demonstrated improvements in information literacy and Wikipedia knowledge, with gains in locating and evaluating the quality of source materials.
Can We Count on Accounting Fundamentals for Industry Portfolio Allocation

The authors examine out-of-sample industry excess return predictability and portfolio allocation using forecasting combination methods of industry-level and aggregate accruals, book-to-market, earnings, investments, and gross profits. Out-of-sample combination forecasts generate significant industry return predictability. Substantial increases in Sharpe ratios and utility gains demonstrate that predictability is not driven primarily by higher risk. Real-time portfolio allocation strategies rotate into long positions in industries with high expected returns and short industries with low expected returns. Over the past thirty years, outof-sample combination forecasts of accounting variables have generated value-weighted industry portfolio payoffs five times greater than a buy-and-hold benchmark. The constructed portfolios consistently beat a buy-and-hold benchmark portfolio two-to-one while generating alphas that exceed 10%.
Oxidants and Endothelial Dysfunction

The vascular endothelium is a dynamic structure with many important functions in the vasculature, including maintenance of vascular tone through balancing factors that mediate vasoconstriction and vasodilation, regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration, transport of biologically active molecules, inflammation, adhesiveness of platelets, and fibrinolysis. When the balance of these processes mediated by the endothelium is disrupted, endothelial dysfunction results. Clinically, endothelial dysfunction results in impaired endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation, primarily due to decreased NO bioavailability, the degree of which is an independent factor used for prognosis of patients with cardiovascular disease. Endothelial dysfunction is believed to play a pivotal role in the development, progression, and clinical complications of several cardiovascular diseases, including atherosclerosis, hypertension, coronary artery disease, and heart failure, as well as disease states such as diabetes and obesity, which are known risk factors for cardiovascular disease. In recent years, reactive oxygen species (ROS) have emerged as the major contributing factor in the pathogenesis of endothelial dysfunction. NAD(P)H oxidase is the primary producer of vascular ROS; however, xanthine oxidase, mitochondrial respiration, and ‘uncoupled’ endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) also contribute to endothelial ROS levels. Importantly, ROS have a significant role in promoting endothelial dysfunction directly through NO sequestration, thereby rendering it unavailable to function in vasodilation, as well as indirectly through mediating activation of key signal transduction pathways and transcriptional factors, as well as protein modification. While some therapeutic options for endothelial dysfunction exist (i.e., antioxidants, statins, and inhibitors of the renin–angiotensin system), to date none have been unequivocally shown to resolve endothelial dysfunction and improve vascular function. Further insight into the mechanisms of endothelial cell dysfunction, and its role in the progression of cardiovascular disease, is essential to identify effective therapeutic targets.
Culture of Medicine

This chapter critiques the culture of medicine from within. Particular focus is placed on perceived value of and bias toward behavioral and psychological aspects of training, care, and illness. In addition, patient-centered health care is discussed as a theoretically positive paradigm shift in the culture of medicine, but anecdotal examples are provided to show that physician-centered health care remains ubiquitous. Explanations and solutions for these conflicting ideals are provided.
Cobalt and corrinoid transport and biochemistry.

In this chapter, we focus on the biochemistry of non-corrin cobalt and on a subset of corrinoid-containing enzymes. We review the import of cobalt in prokaryotes and discuss two members of the non-corrin cobalt-dependent enzymes, nitrile hydratase and methionine aminopeptidase. Cobalt is best known for its central role in alkylcorrinoid cofactors, where the unique properties of the cobalt-carbon bond are exploited to catalyze chemically challenging biotransformations. We discuss the import of corrinoids and the reactions catalyzed by the acyl-CoA mutases, the ­fastest-growing subfamily of adenosylcobalamin (AdoCbl)-dependent enzymes. AdoCbl is used as a radical reservoir to catalyze 1,2 rearrangement reactions. The loading of AdoCbl-dependent enzymes with the correct cofactor form is critically important for their functions and is gated by chaperones that use the chemical energy of GTP hydrolysis to ensure the fidelity of the process. Recent insights into the organization and editing functions of G-protein chaperones in the context of AdoCbl-dependent enzymes that they support, are discussed.
Methods of Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis for the Clinical Laboratory

Abstract Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis holds great potential for the clinical laboratory as a high resolution, and with silver stain, sensitive technique for protein analysis. In this paper we discuss the areas of usefulness, the particular needs of a 2D gel lab in a clinical setting and the methods which we have found useful for preparing serum/plasma, urine, spinal fluid, blood cells and tissues. Also we discuss methods for silver staining multiple gels and for analyzing gels by electrophoretic transfer followed by immunological spot identification.
28 CEREBROSPINAL FLUID CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDE ALTERATIONS IN THE LESCH-NYHAN SYNDROME

Cyclic nucleotides in the central nervous system may have “first” messenger roles as well as the classic “second” messenger effects. Such primary actions may include regulation of neurotransmitter synthesis, control of certain cellular movements and effects on both tropic and developmental processes. Low cyclic AMP (cAMP) levels are reported in spinal fluids (CSF) from patients with certain basal ganglion diseases, i.e. Parkinson's and advanced Huntington's disease. Cyclic GMP (cGMP) in the CSF is felt to reflect central cholinergic activity. In an effort to find a suitable biochemical marker of disease activity in the Lesch-Nyhan syndrome (L-NS) we made serial measurements of cAMP and cGMP on deproteinized CSF extracts using a radioimmunoassay. Three boys with L-NS at ages 29, 68, and 128 months had 5 CSF determinations over the subsequent 40 months period. Seventeen age-matched patients undergoing leukemia workup and showing no evidence of CNS disease were used as controls. The control group had values of 1.4 ± 0.6 pmol/ml for cAMP and 0.1 ± 0.05 for cGMP. The L-NS subjects had cAMP level of 4.3 ± 2.1 and cGMP of 1.1 ± 0.7. The correlation (Pearson's) between cAMP and cGMP levels in the L-NS subjects was r = 0.83 and in the controls only 0.26. These findings raise the possibility of an as yet undescribed CSF metabolite with caffeine-like activity in the L-NS spinal fluid that may block cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase activity and lead to CSF cyclic nucleotide elevations.
Portal Vein Embolization

Portal vein embolization (PVE) is used to increase the volume of normal liver tissue, allowing resection of liver malignancy in patients with an insufficient future liver remnant (FLR). PVE is recommended when FLR <20% in normal liver, FLR <30% in liver pretreated with more than 3 months of chemotherapy, and FLR <40% in the cirrhotic liver. Embolization of the right or left portal vein branch causes atrophy of the ipsilateral liver and hypertrophy of the contralateral liver. Right PVE is the most common procedure, as the volume usually favors the right side of the liver. Embolization of segment 4 portal vein branches has proven feasible and effective, in addition to right PVE, to increase regeneration in patients requiring an extended right hepatectomy. Percutaneous transhepatic ipsilateral PVE is the preferred approach, which is safe, with low rates of complications and mortality. We encourage the use of standardized FLR (sFLR) to determine the need for PVE and when measuring the effect of PVE. sFLR is calculated by dividing the measured FLR, determined by contrast-enhanced CT, by the total estimated liver volume (TEL). TEL is calculated based on the BSA. The percent of regeneration can be termed the degree of hypertrophy (DH). The DH divided by the number of weeks can be termed the kinetic growth rate (KGR), and is a functional measurement of the regenerative capacity of the liver. Both are useful predictors when assessing risk of postoperative hepatic insufficiency.
Skeletal and myocardial microvascular blood flow in hydroxycarbamide-treated patients with sickle cell disease

Summary In sickle cell disease (SCD), abnormal microvascular function combined with chronic anaemia predisposes patients to perfusion-demand mismatch. We hypothesized that skeletal muscle and myocardial perfusion, normalized to the degree of anaemia, is reduced at basal-state compared to controls, and that this defect is ameliorated by hydroxycarbamide (HC; also termed hydroxyurea) therapy. Twenty-one SCD patients, of whom 15 were treated with HC, and 27 controls underwent contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEU) perfusion imaging of the forearm as well as the myocardium. HC treatment was associated with lower white cell and reticulocyte counts, and higher fetal haemoglobin and total haemoglobin levels. When corrected for the degree of anaemia in SCD patients, skeletal flow in HC-treated patients was significantly higher than in untreated SCD patients (217·7 ± 125·4 vs. 85·9 ± 40·2, P = 0·018). Similarly, when normalized for both anaemia and increased myocardial work, resting myocardial perfusion was also significantly higher in HC-treated patients compared with untreated SCD patients (0·53 ± 0·47 vs. 0·13 ± 0·07, P = 0·028). Haemoglobin F (HbF) levels correlated with skeletal muscle microvascular flow (r = 0·55, P = 0·01). In conclusion, patients with SCD not on HC therapy have resting flow deficits in both skeletal muscle and myocardial flow. HC therapy normalizes flow and there is a direct correlation with HbF levels. Clinical trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01602809; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01602809?term=sACHDEV&rank=9.
Discovering structural complexity and its causes: Breeding aggregations in horseshoe crabs

In some species, especially those that form breeding aggregations, males form groups around females vying for fertilizations. These mating groups are often highly variable in size even during a single breeding event. We examined this variation in the American horseshoe crab, Limulus polyphemus, a species in which some females (nesting in pairs) attract additional males (satellites) and spawn in groups whereas others spawn only with their attached male. The observed distribution of group sizes often consists of an overabundance of pairs with no satellite males and groups with large numbers of satellites. We characterized this variation using well-known models of count data, such as the Poisson and negative binomial distributions, and evaluated how operational sex ratio (OSR) and pair density contribute to the observed variation. We complemented this descriptive approach with spatially explicit simulations of the group formation process. By comparing our simulation results to the observed breeding aggregation data, we identified how simple behavioural rules might contribute to the variation we observe. Those rules amount to hypotheses about pair and satellite arrival at the beach and satellite sampling of and choice among pairs. We found that the observed variation could be explained by a consistent high frequency of females that attract satellites in combination with males that sample different fractions of the beach as pair density and OSR vary. Furthermore, our simulations suggested that males are not choosy in joining pairs on the beach, despite variation among pairs in the fertilization success satellites can achieve. This suggests that new insights might come from investigating the costs and benefits of male choice and the sensory mechanisms satellite males use to assess the breeding aggregation before coming ashore.
The Efficient Allocation of Resources in a System of Cities

This chapter examines the Pareto-efficient allocation of resources among and within cities in an economy, as solved for by an omniscient social planner. In specifying the model to this end, it is assumed that urban agglomeration occurs because of external economies of scale in production; the possibility of agglomeration occurring because of scale economies in consumption also needs be considered. To obtain criteria for the efficient allocation of resources in an economy, the usual welfare maximization problem facing a social planner is to maximize the utility of a representative individual subject to production and resource constraints, holding the utility level of all other individuals constant; with an additional constraint on the social planner, people with the same utility functions and opportunity sets must have equal utility levels. In maximizing utilities, the planner is concerned with the welfare of two basic groups of people in the model: laborers and capital owners. In the planning solution, the utility of laborers is a function of their consumption of produced goods and urban amenities such as commuting time and, hence, leisure. On the other hand, capital owners need not live in the cities where their capital is employed; thus, the amenity consumption of capital owners is exogenous to the problem.
Triple-Valve Endocarditis in a Diabetic Patient: Case Report and Literature Review.

BACKGROUND Despite major advancements since its first description in the 19th century, infective endocarditis remains a significant medical challenge. Although commonly involving a single valve, multiple valve involvement may occur, complicating matters even further. Triplevalve endocarditis is a very rare phenomenon. Poorly studied and described only a handful of times in the literature, little is known about the optimal therapeutic and management options in dealing with this complex entity. CONCLUSION In this paper we describe the case of a 48-year-old male who was diagnosed with triple-valve endocarditis and provide a review of the literature to delineate what is already known and improve our understanding of this rare phenomenon.
Chapter 32 – Mini-lap Radical Retropubic Prostatectomy

From the time of diagnosis, patients are confronted with several treatment strategies, including radical prostatectomy. A further modification of the technique, the mini-laparotomy radical retropubic prostatectomy, reduces the incisional morbidity associated with standard open radical retropubic prostatectomy (RRP) without compromising surgical cure. Mini-lap prostatectomy employs standard technique and requires minimal additional training, making it an attractive minimally invasive operative approach. Mini-lap RRP limits surgical morbidity without sacrificing outcomes in a urologic practice population with significant comorbidity. Technology has similarly evolved with the advancements in anatomic dissection. Technically familiar to most urologists, mini-lap prostatectomy requires no additional training, utilizes standard equipment, is minimally invasive and extraperitoneal, can be performed under regional anesthesia and is performed reliably in 2–3 hours. With decreased postoperative morbidity provided by a shortened incision and faster operative times, a mini-lap should be competitive in terms of morbidity and cost in relation to other less invasive laparoscopic techniques. In addition to cost, these factors favorably contrast with laparoscopic series and make mini-lap prostatectomy a more attractive minimally invasive operative approach. It is believed that mini-lap prostatectomy compares favorably with standard open RRP and laparoscopic RRP.
Phonological Development during the First Year of Life

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the phonological development during the first year of life. One practical way of describing infant vocalizations is to create a classification system, stages of development, tied to certain age limits. The first stage could be considered as a reflexive sound stage. During this stage, the infant produces a number of sounds that result from muscular contractions of the vocal apparatus during respiration. The second stage, during which the infant is said to engage in cooing, has its onset near the second month of life and consists chiefly of vowel productions. Cooing is followed near the fourth month by a third stage, babbling, typified by the addition of several consonants and syllabic duplications. After the sixth month, the infant uses some vocal sounds to express meaning. This is followed by a word approximation stage, when the infant shows indications of using a few words. This process may begin as early as 8 to 10 months of age.
Teaching Metatheory through Research Application and Design.

We present an engaging and practical exercise in which graduate students grapple with metatheoretical perspectives often presented in their introduction to graduate studies or communication theory ...
Social Media Utilization by Healthcare Leaders

Background: In this study we surveyed over 200 healthcare leaders who hold high level management positions across institutions regarding their use and awareness of social media. Method: An online and on-site survey was used to gather information about social media use. Results: The survey found that that healthcare leaders have very little awareness of social media use in their organizations. The survey also found that they mostly use social media for personal purposes and that use is limited to two platforms, Facebook and LinkedIn. In addition, it became clear that patient engagement and research or professional collaborations through social media are not within their scope of activities. Conclusions: More education and awareness is needed in this area. Since social media is gaining presence in all areas of healthcare it is important to raise awareness to its proper use and potential.
Making meaning: reflections on the act of teaching in prison

Prison educators “stand at the crossroads of liberation and incarceration.” They promote education, which can be a tool of personal freedom, in a setting designed to oppress and control. What pract...
Paleoecological implications of the first prehistoric record of water vole (Microtus richardsoni) from Washington state, USA

Remains of the North American water vole (Microtus richardsoni) have previously been recovered from late Pleistocene and Holocene deposits in southwestern Alberta, western Montana, and north-central Wyoming. All are within the historically documented modern range of the metapopulation occupying the Rocky Mountains; no ancient remains of this large microtine have previously been reported from the metapopulation occupying the Cascade Range. Four lower first molar specimens from the late Holocene Stemilt Creek Village archaeological site in central Washington here identified as water vole are from the eastern slope of the Cascade Range and are extralimital to the metapopulation found in those mountains. There is no taphonomic evidence indicating long-distance transport of the teeth, and modern trapping records suggest the local absence of water voles from the site area today is not a function of sampling error. The precise age of the Stemilt Creek Village water voles is obscure but climate change producing well-documented late Holocene advances of nearby alpine glaciers could have created habitat conditions conducive to the apparent modest shift in the range of the species represented by the remains.
Mirror segment sensitivity analysis and performance budgets for LUVOIR ULTRA (Conference Presentation)

Coronographic missions require ultra-stable mirror systems to achieve 10 E-10 contrast. The LUVOIR ULTRA study is assessing technological capabilities for a 15-meter telescope requiring sub nanometer optical stability. For ULTRA individual mirror stabilities at the picometer level are required. Thermal sensitivities for a proposed mirror design have been incorporated into a stability budget that indicates the level of stability required is attainable. Key factors to meeting stability allocations are an athermal design, acceptable mirror CTE homogeneity and mirror mount pad design. This paper will present the sensitivities and error budget used to predict the on-orbit mirror stability. The author requests that a paper given by Matt East from Harris come before this presentation if both are presented.
Soft Tissue Special Issue: Myoepithelial Neoplasms of Soft Tissue: An Updated Review with Emphasis on Diagnostic Considerations in the Head and Neck

Primary myoepithelial neoplasms of soft tissue have been shown to be related to their salivary gland counterparts, with which they often share morphologic, immunophenotypic, and molecular genetic features, such as the presence of PLAG1 rearrangement in both soft tissue mixed tumor and salivary pleomorphic adenoma. However, important distinctions remain between soft tissue and salivary myoepithelial neoplasms, namely differing criteria for malignancy. This review provides an overview of the current understanding of the clinicopathologic and molecular features of soft tissue myoepithelial neoplasms, including discussion of the similarities and differences between soft tissue and salivary counterparts and relevant diagnostic issues specific to head and neck pathology practice.
Chapter 27 – Optimal Federalism: The Sorting of People within the Fiscal Hierarchy

Tiebout had conjectured that federalism would improve efficiency by generating a better match between peoples' tastes and the public services offered by local governments. Subsequent research indicated that Tiebout was overly optimistic. Chapter 27 offers one model by McGuire in which the efficient outcome envisioned by Tiebout obtains. It then presents a number of other models that show how a mobile population can generate almost any outcome: inefficient equilibria, multiple equilibria, and unstable equilibria. The chapter concludes with another set of models that indicate how attempts to redistribute are influenced by mobility.
Universality of Gradient Descent Neural Network Training.

It has been observed that design choices of neural networks are often crucial for their successful optimization. In this article, we therefore discuss the question if it is always possible to redesign a neural network so that it trains well with gradient descent. This yields the following universality result: If, for a given network, there is any algorithm that can find good network weights for a classification task, then there exists an extension of this network that reproduces these weights and the corresponding forward output by mere gradient descent training. The construction is not intended for practical computations, but it provides some orientation on the possibilities of meta-learning and related approaches.
Attracting artists to music streaming platforms

Abstract In this paper, we investigate the conditions under which it can be profitable for artists to distribute their music through a streaming platform. These conditions determine the royalty the streamer must award to artists in order to lure them to its platform. We find that the platform may exclude more popular artists when the extent of heterogeneity in the artist population is significant, namely when there is a big gap in the size of the artists’ fan bases. Our results also show that such exclusion is more likely when the negotiating position of the platform vis-a-vis the artists is weaker. A weaker position may arise, for instance, when subscribers value the variety offered by the platform to a lesser extent, when competition between the streaming platform and the digital music store is significant, and when perceived ownership results in a significantly greater consumer benefit when purchasing instead of streaming content. Our model accounts for a revenue sharing rule that considers an artist's share of streams on the platform when determining royalty payments. Interestingly, the benefit an artist derives from streaming her music is dependent upon the makeup of artists on the platform.
Incidence and Clinical Significance of Hyperkalemia Following Heart Transplantation.

Abstract Background Hyperkalemia (HK) is a life-threatening complication following solid organ transplantation, and patients often need potassium-chelating agents and deviations from standard posttransplant protocols. This is the first study to report the incidence and clinical impact of hyperkalemia following heart transplantation. Methods We retrospectively included patients who underwent heart transplantation at our institution between April 2014 and December 2018. Patients with multiorgan transplantation were excluded. Clinical outcomes of patients who had serum potassium >5.5 mEq/L in the first year posttransplant (HK group) were compared to patients who did not have serum potassium >5.5 mEq/L in the first year posttransplant (non-HK group). Results A total of 143 patients were included in this study. During the first year posttransplant, cumulative incidence of serum potassium >5.0, >5.5, and >6.0 mEq/L was 96%, 63%, and 24%, respectively. Fifty-five percent of patients required treatment with potassium-chelating agents. Sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim was discontinued because of HK in 39% of patients. Overall survival of patients in the HK group (n = 89) was comparable to that of patients in the non-HK group (n = 54, 91% vs 98% at 1 year, P = .19), whereas infection-free survival was significantly lower in the HK group (34% vs 53% at 1 year, P = .010). Multivariate analysis revealed pretransplant renal dysfunction (odds ratio = 2.62; 95% confidence interval, 1.18-5.80; P = .018) and use of mechanical circulatory support (odds ratio = 2.90; 95% confidence interval, 1.08-7.76; P = .035) as significant predictors of posttransplant hyperkalemia. Conclusions The incidence of HK following heart transplantation was high, with more than half of patients requiring any therapeutic interventions, and HK was related to an increase in infection events.
The conceptual and diagnostic importance of ADHD-related impairment: a Commentary on Arildskov et al. (2021)

Arildskov et al. (2021) provide compelling evidence regarding the importance and nature of functional impairment in advancing diagnostic assessment and treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Their findings indicate that (a) ADHD is dimensional for both symptom severity and impairment, (b) symptoms and impairment are related but separate constructs, (c) diagnostic assessment should focus equally on symptoms and impairment, and (d) the symptom threshold for ADHD diagnosis is arbitrarily defined with respect to presence of impairment. Results from this study can be extended to raise the profile of functional impairment in research and clinical practice in terms of diagnostic assessment, treatment outcome measurement, improvements to diagnostic systems, and advancements in our understanding of ADHD as a disorder.
Rapid estimation of a soil–water retention curve using visible–near infrared spectroscopy

Abstract Estimation of a soil–water retention curve (SWRC) is essential for modeling the water flow and solute transport. A simple method to fit the measured retention data is the Campbell function. In this study, the Campbell function with an anchored gravimetric water content at −1500 kPa (W1500) was used that included two parameters: the Campbell b and W1500. An inexpensive methodology was proposed for predicting these Campbell parameters using visible–near infrared spectroscopy (vis–NIRS). Four calibration partial least squares regression models were developed. The first model built on 230 soil samples predicted Campbell b and W1500 (vis–NIRS1). The second model used the same dataset for predicting Campbell b but included 1570 samples for predicting W1500 (vis–NIRS2). The third model combined predicted Campbell b with measured W1500 (vis–NIRS + measured W1500), similar to approaches used in ROSETTA–1 software. The fourth model used the entire datasets without splitting them into calibration and validation (vis–NIRS3). The R2 of the Campbell b and W1500 ranged from 0 to 0.89 and 0.02–0.91, respectively. Results showed that predicted SWRCs were comparable with estimates from the ROSETTA–1 for two scenarios: using soil texture and bulk density as inputs (ROSETTA–1sc2) and using in addition water content at –33 and–1500 kPa (ROSETTA–1sc4). It was concluded that the vis–NIRS based models captured the shapes of the SWRC, and vis–NIRS2 and vis–NIRS + measured W1500 could be used as an alternative to ROSETTA–1sc2. However, vis–NIRS based models failed to predict the SWRC for the sandy soils, most likely due to a small sample size.
Cultural Foundations of Learning: Mind-Oriented and Virtue-Oriented Learning Processes

Given the cultural learning models, an important question to consider is how these cultural models may influence the actual learning process in which the members of each culture engage. I attempt to address this question in this chapter. Before proceeding, however, it is important to lay out different kinds of human learning and clarify to what kind of learning the cultural models are most relevant. KINDS OF HUMAN LEARNING It is a well-established scientific fact that human beings are capable of learning virtually unlimited things. Human learning takes place in many ways, and it starts even before birth. For the most part, infants and young children learn much about the world without being specifically taught; for example, they acquire vocabulary of their native tongue and social norms of behavior without deliberate adult instructions. However, because it proceeds more or less without the need for effort on the part of young children or deliberate instructions on the part of adults, this kind of individual learning is not directly influenced by culture. It is instead testimony to the human capacity to learn.