cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Methods for Obtaining and Processing Periocular Tissues for Pathologic Diagnosis

Pathologic analysis of ophthalmic specimens relies on the input of oculoplastic specialists who are thoroughly familiar with diseases affecting the periocular tissues, therapeutic modalities, and limitations of treatment. The implications of histopathologic findings can only be ascertained when important clinical information, including age, gender, size, location, predominant signs and symptoms, surgical findings, and extent of surgery, is known to the pathologist. These data are usually transmitted to the pathologist by the pathology request form, which should be completed carefully. When warranted by the complexity and importance of the tissue diagnosis, further direct consultation between the oculoplastic surgeon and the pathologist may be warranted to provide for needed special studies, including frozen section diagnoses during surgery.
Cerebrovascular Disease – Stroke

Abstract The characteristics of the subtypes of brain ischemia (thrombosis, embolism, and global hypoperfusion) and hemorrhage (intracerebral, subarachnoid, subdural, and epidural) are described, as well as their causes, mechanisms, pathologies, and pathophysiologies. The pathophysiology and biochemistry of cell death, the final result of severe brain ischemia, are discussed. Recovery from ischemia depends on many factors including the nature, location, and severity of the causative vascular lesions and the adequacy of collateral circulation. Recovery and reperfusion mechanisms are described.
Best m-Term Trigonometric Approximation for Periodic Functions with Low Mixed Smoothness from the Nikol’skii–Besov-Type Classes

We establish the exact-order estimates of the best m-term trigonometric approximation for periodic functions of many variables (with low mixed smoothness) from the Nikol’skii–Besov-type classes.
Future Directions in Improving Outcomes for Patients with Gastric and Esophageal Cancer.

"This issue of Hematology/Oncology Clinics of North America provides an update to the current understanding of the physiology of gastric and esophageal cancers and the state-of-the-art management of disease. Over the past 10 years, we have witnessed dramatic changes in both our understanding of the disease and its management. We have 2 new biological agents approved to treat advanced disease, with several more prospects under development. In this article, the author looks to the future, attempting to answer the question of which advancements will play the biggest role in improving patient outcomes in this still-devastating disease.
Intergenerational transmission of family meal patterns from adolescence to parenthood: longitudinal associations with parents' dietary intake, weight-related behaviours and psychosocial well-being.

OBJECTIVE The present study examined longitudinal associations between four family meal patterns (i.e. never had regular family meals, started having regular family meals, stopped having regular family meals, maintained having regular family meals) and young adult parents' dietary intake, weight-related behaviours and psychosocial well-being. In addition, family meal patterns of parents were compared with those of non-parents. DESIGN Analysis of data from the longitudinal Project EAT (Eating and Activity in Adolescents and Young Adults) study. Linear and logistic regressions were used to examine the associations between family meal patterns and parents' dietary intake, weight-related behaviours and psychosocial well-being. SETTING School and in-home settings. SUBJECTS At baseline (1998; EAT-I), adolescents (n 4746) from socio-economically and racially/ethnically diverse households completed a survey and anthropometric measurements at school. At follow-up (2015; EAT-IV), participants who were parents (n 726) and who were non-parents with significant others (n 618) completed an online survey. RESULTS Young adult parents who reported having regular family meals as an adolescent and as a parent ('maintainers'), or who started having regular family meals with their own families ('starters'), reported more healthful dietary, weight-related and psychosocial outcomes compared with young adults who never reported having regular family meals ('nevers'; P<0·05). In addition, parents were more likely to be family meal starters than non-parents. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that mental and physical health benefits of having regular family meals may be realized as a parent whether the routine of regular family meals is carried forward from adolescence into parenthood, or if the routine is started in parenthood.
18.4 CHARACTERIZING LARGE-SCALE NETWORK DYSCONNECTIVITY IN SCHIZOPHRENIA: MODELING ALTERED E/I BALANCE.

AbstractBackgroundNeuropsychiatric disorders alter the structure and function of neural circuits and distributed neural networks, which leads to profound behavioral disability such as working memory impairment. Non-invasive neuroimaging tools have matured to reliably detect neural systems-level disturbances in neuropsychiatric disorders. However, mechanistic mapping from neural circuit pathology to abnormal behavior remains out of reach for most psychiatric conditions. We focus on the emerging field of ‘computational psychiatry’ to close these gaps from the perspective of E/I imbalance in schizophrenia with an emphasis on understanding large-Scale network dysconnectivity in schizophrenia.MethodsFirst, we apply computational microcircuit models to understand cognitive and neural system-level disturbances in schizophrenia as a function of altered E/I balance. In turn, the focus is placed on pharmacological neuroimaging as a powerful causal tool to probe neural circuit perturbations. Specific recent neuroimaging studies are discussed that use the NMDA receptor antagonist, ketamine, to probe glutamate synaptic dysfunction associated with schizophrenia. We leverage resting-state neuroimaging advances to inform biomarker development for network alterations in schizophrenia given its ease of data collection and lack of task-based confounds.ResultsPharmacological and clinical results implicate alterations in cortico-striato-thalamic circuits, which might constitute a final common pathway of neural system disturbances in schizophrenia. Results indicate that this functional marker appears in at-risk states, chronic patients, and following pharmacological manipulations following ketamine. Computational simulations implicate altered E/I balance in cortical microcircuits as a parsimonious upstream mechanism.DiscussionThe combined use of biophysical computational modeling, extended to large-scale neural system simulations, has proven particularly powerful to draw inferences about neural circuit alterations that may be ‘driving’ the resting-state dysconnectivity and cognitive deficits in schizophrenia. In summary, present data illustrates a framework for linking experimental studies in humans with computational models and pharmacological probes will advance to effort to bridge cellular, systems, and clinical neuroscience approaches to psychiatric disorders.
A Capability Approach to Entrepreneurship Education: Fostering Recognition and Community Care to Address Inequalities for Marginalized Youth

Entrepreneurship education and training have emerged as a set of skills central in many developing countries' education/training policies and in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) for ensuring employment and contributing to economic development in a global, and precarious, economy. In dominant global development discourses, entrepreneurship education and training is nearly ubiquitously framed in neoliberal terms used to address poverty and promote economic growth, but these approaches do little to address the social and economic inequalities that many youth in sub-Saharan Africa face. This chapter puts forth a postcolonial perspective to expand a capability approach used to identify critical capabilities necessary for sustainable livelihoods and well-being. Such an approach considers social and economic inequalities as they affect the education-work nexus, and it reframes notions of work and development around well-being for youth in their communities. The chapter then draws on a 5-year study of an entrepreneurship training program for marginalized youth in Tanzania to examine which capabilities and conditions emerged to support their livelihoods, address inequalities, and foster inclusion and well-being. Recognition, being regarded as an equal and being able to participate equally in society, and community care, contributing to and receiving care from others in the community to ensure self and others' well-being, were two critical capabilities that emerged to support their livelihoods and well-being. These capabilities and conditions offer a heuristic for framing and designing entrepreneurship education to address not only unemployment but also the inequalities that underlie the education and unemployment problems for youth.
Some Examples of Dynamic Bilinear Models in Economics

Bilinear models arise naturally in economic models. Concepts such as rate of change or percentage of change are more natural concepts in economics than the absolute change or change in magnitudes. A tax rate determines how much tax receipt is generated from gross income. Central banks do not think in terms of setting the amount of money stock but rather in terms of percentage changes in the rate of growth of money stocks, to cite a couple of examples.
Lesbian and Gay Lives

Abstract Social Work educators require effective teaching strategies to deliver Council on Social Work Education (CSWE) mandated content on lesbian and gay persons. Content must cover the dynamics of oppression and strategies to create social change. Simulations offer one useful approach in presenting such content. This article describes two simulations designed to teach about lesbian and gay persons and how to make social change efforts on their behalf. An analysis of the effectiveness of these simulations is discussed along with recommendations for their use.
CMR Global Longitudinal Strain: A Better Tool for Unraveling the Links to Heart Failure Mortality

![Figure][1] ![Figure][1] ![Figure][1] Tissue tracking methods follow the fundamental principle of recognizing trackable features or irregularities over successive images. As a unique parameter of myocardial deformation, displacement is the vector distance that a trackable
Dynamic Frequency and Amplitude Estimation for Three-Phase Unbalanced Power Systems Using the Unscented Kalman Filter

We present a dynamic frequency and amplitude estimation algorithm for unbalanced three-phase power systems with harmonics. To develop the algorithm, we first construct a nonlinear dynamic model of the complex representation of the three-phase voltage with harmonic content and then apply an unscented Kalman filter to estimate magnitudes and frequencies of the fundamental component and its harmonics. Performance evaluation of the algorithm via Monte Carlo simulation shows the accurate tracking and fast convergence time when the frequency and amplitude of the grid voltage waveform change continuously or abruptly. Specifically, we benchmark the proposed algorithm with two types of input amplitudes and two types of frequency changes.
MR Imaging of the Urinary Bladder: Added Value of PET-MR Imaging

MR imaging has been increasingly getting attention for the evaluation of bladder cancer. Recent studies have been promising for the staging performance of MR imaging in the bladder cancer, although its specific role has not been established yet. Additionally, the use of hybrid imaging combining PET with MR imaging could have the potential to increase its accuracy, although more research studies are needed.
Water Use and Average Growth Index of Five Species of Container Grown Woody Landscape Plants

Abstract Liners of Juniperus horizontalis Moench ‘Wiltonii’, Ilex crenata Thunb. ‘Rotundifolia’, Rhododendron × L. ‘Hershey's Red’, Pyracantha × M.J. Roem ‘Teton’, and Photinia × fraseri Dress were...
Better Than Before: My Pedagogical Journey

This chapter discusses the author’s near two-decade career teaching at Heidelberg University, a small Liberal Arts institution in Tiffin, Ohio. Highlights include experiential learning (e.g., Model United Nations simulations, leading groups abroad, and conference participation) and pedagogical evolution (i.e., teaching style, assignments, and grading).
Association of Alcohol Screening Scores With Adverse Mental Health Conditions and Substance Use Among US Adults.

Importance Alcohol screening may be associated with health outcomes that cluster with alcohol use (ie, alcohol-clustering conditions), including depression, anxiety, and use of tobacco, marijuana, and illicit drugs. Objective To quantify the extent to which alcohol screening provides additional information regarding alcohol-clustering conditions and to compare 2 alcohol use screening tools commonly used for this purpose. Design, Setting, and Participants This longitudinal cohort study used data from the Veterans Aging Cohort Study. Data were collected at 8 Veterans Health Administration facilities from 2003 through 2012. A total of 7510 participants were enrolled, completed a baseline survey, and were followed up. Veterans with HIV were matched with controls without HIV by age, race, sex, and site of care. Data were analyzed from January 2019 to December 2019. Exposures The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) and Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test–Consumption (AUDIT-C) were used to assess alcohol use, with 4 risk groups delineated for each test: score 0 to 7 (reference), score 8 to 15, score 16 to 19, and score 20 to 40 (maximum score) for the full AUDIT and score 0 to 3 (reference), score 4 to 5, score 6 to 7, and score 8 to 12 (maximum score) for the AUDIT-C. Main Outcomes and Measures Alcohol-clustering conditions, including self-reported symptoms of depression and anxiety and use of tobacco, marijuana, cocaine, other stimulants, opioids, and injection drugs. Results A total of 6431 US patients (6104 [95%] men; median age during survey years 2003-2004, 50 years [range, 28-86 years; interquartile range, 44-55 years]) receiving care in the Veterans Health Administration completed 1 or more follow-up surveys when the AUDIT was administered and were included in the present analyses. Of the male participants, 4271 (66%) were African American, 1498 (24%) were white, and 590 (9%) were Hispanic. The AUDIT and AUDIT-C scores were associated with each alcohol-clustering condition. In particular, an AUDIT score of 20 or higher (vs Conclusions and Relevance Alcohol screening can inform decisions about further screening and diagnostic assessment for alcohol-clustering conditions, particularly for depression, anxiety, crack or cocaine use, and other stimulant use. Future studies using clinical diagnoses rather than screening tools to assess alcohol-clustering conditions may be warranted.
SAT0167 RACIAL DIFFERENCES IN THE IMPACT OF HYDROXYCHLOROQUINE ON IMMUNOLOGIC MARKERS IN SLE PATIENTS

Background: In patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE), Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) treatment has been associated with reduced disease activity, lower rates of certain forms of organ damage, and improved survival1. Objectives: To gain insight into the mechanisms involved, we examined the impact of HCQ treatment on immunologic biomarkers that have been associated with higher rates of organ damage. These include lupus anticoagulant, anti-dsDNA, low complement, and anticardiolipins (aCL). Methods: We analyzed retrospective data on more than 56,000 quarterly clinic visits from more than 1000 patients in a large American clinical cohort of SLE patients. Patients visits were classified as “on HCQ” if they reported taking HCQ at that visit and at the previous visit. Patient visits were classified as “off HCQ” if they reported not taking HCQ at that visit and at the previous visit. For each patient, visits on and off HCQ were compared with respect to the rates of biomarker positivity. These comparisons were summarized across patients using using conditional logistic regression controlling for age. Results: Table 1 shows the results of our analyses. While on HCQ, the odds of being positive was significantly reduced for each biomarker: Lupus Anticoagulant (OR= 0.65), antidsDNA (OR=0.82), Low Complement (OR=.71), aCL IgG (OR=0.26), and aCL IgM (OR=0.45). However, there was a substantial difference between Caucasian Americans (CAs)and African Americans (AAs) with respect to the impact of HCQ. Notably, HCQ was associated with a 62% reduction in the odds of lupus anticoagulant among CAs, but no association was observed among AAs. In addition, HCQ was associated with a 34% reduction in antidsDNA among AAs, but no significant reduction among CAs. Conclusion: HCQ use was associated with a substantial decline in the rates of positive immunologic biomarkers in SLE patients. The different impact of HCQ in different races suggests the existence of racial differences in SLE subtypes and may indicate the need for different treatment strategies. References: [1]Ponticelli C1, Moroni G; Hydroxychloroquine in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2017 Mar;16(3):411-419. Acknowledgments: This work was supported by NIH RO1 AR069572, Disclosure of Interests: Laurence Magder: None declared, Daniel Goldman: None declared, Michelle A Petri Grant/research support from: GSK, Eli Lilly and Company, Consultant of: Eli Lilly and Company
Incident Reports of Naming Errors among Two Sets of Infant Twins.

Newborns are at high risk for identification errors due to their inability to speak and indistinguishable features. To reduce this risk, The Joint Commission requires hospitals to use a distinct identification method for newborns. Most hospitals create medical records for newborns at birth using temporary naming conventions, resulting in patients with similar identifiers. Typically, multiple-birth infants are distinguished from their siblings by a single character (1, 2, or A, B), placing them at higher risk for identification errors, which can delay care and compromise patient safety. Methods We present 2 unrelated cases involving naming errors in sets of infant twins receiving care in a healthcare system using Joint Commission compliant distinct temporary naming convention. Results In the 2 cases, system failures contributed to naming errors in 2 sets of infant twins, which resulted in delayed care. In the first case, twins were inadvertently assigned the same temporary name. In the second case, an infant's blood specimen label did not include a single character, which distinguishes a multiple-birth infant from their sibling. Further safeguards are needed to reduce this risk. These cases illustrated the potential for misidentification related to newborn naming conventions during the registration process, especially between siblings of multiple-birth infants. Conclusions Further research is needed to determine strategies to prevent newborn identification errors. Potential strategies to reduce this risk and protect newborns include improving the design of newborn identifiers, systems-level interventions such as verification alerts, and improved registration processes.
SGLT2 Inhibitor–Induced Low-Grade Ketonemia Ameliorates Retinal Hypoxia in Diabetic Retinopathy—A Novel Hypothesis

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a well-recognized microvascular complication of diabetes. Growing evidence suggests that, in addition to retinal vascular damage, there is significant damage to retinal neural tissue in DR. Studies reveal neuronal damage before clinically evident vascular lesions and DR is now classified as a neurovascular complication. Hyperglycemia causes retinal damage through complex metabolic pathways leading to oxidative stress, inflammation, vascular damage, capillary ischemia, and retinal tissue hypoxia. Retinal hypoxia is further worsened by high oxygen consumption in the rods. Persistent hypoxia results in increases in vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and other pro-angiogenic factors leading to proliferative DR/macular edema and progressive visual impairment. Optimal glucose control has favorable effects in DR. Other treatments for DR include laser photocoagulation, which improves retinal oxygenation by destroying the high oxygen consuming rods and their replacement by low oxygen consuming glial tissue. Hypoxia is a potent stimulator of VEGF, and intravitreal anti-VEGF antibodies are effective in regressing macular edema and in some studies, retinal neovascularization. In this review, we highlight the complex pathophysiology of DR with a focus on retinal oxygen/fuel consumption and hypoxic damage to retinal neurons. We discuss potential mechanisms through which sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors improve retinal hypoxia-through ketone bodies, which are energetically as efficient as glucose and yield more ATP per molecule of oxygen consumed than fat, with less oxidative stress. Retinal benefits would occur through improved fuel energetics, less hypoxia and through the anti-inflammatory/oxidative stress effects of ketone bodies. Well-designed studies are needed to explore this hypothesis.
Persistent gravitational wave observables: Curve deviation in asymptotically flat spacetimes

In the first paper in this series, a class of observables that generalized the gravitational wave memory effect were introduced and given the name "persistent gravitational wave observables." These observables are all nonlocal in time, nonzero in spacetimes with gravitational radiation, and have an observable effect that persists after the gravitational waves have passed. In this paper, we focus on the persistent observable known as "curve deviation," and we compute the observable using the Bondi-Sachs approach to asymptotically flat spacetimes at the leading, nontrivial order in inverse Bondi radius. The curve deviation is related to the final separation of two observers who have an initial separation, initial relative velocity, and relative acceleration. The displacement gravitational wave memory effect is the part of the curve deviation that depends on the initial separation and is the entire contribution for initially comoving, inertial observers at large Bondi radius. The spin and center-of-mass memory effects are contained within the dependence of the curve deviation on the initial relative velocity, and the dependence of the curve deviation on relative acceleration contains observables distinct from these known memory effects. We find that the full curve deviation observable can be written in terms of differences in nonradiative data before and after the radiation (which we call the "charge" contribution), along with a nonlinear "flux" contribution that vanishes in the absence of gravitational radiation. This splitting generalizes the notion of "ordinary" and "null" memory that exists for the displacement, spin, and center-of-mass gravitational wave memory effects to the full curve deviation observable.
Is physician implicit bias associated with differences in care by patient race for metastatic cancer-related pain?

Rationale Implicit racial bias affects many human interactions including patient-physician encounters. Its impact, however, varies between studies. We assessed the effects of physician implicit, racial bias on their management of cancer-related pain using a randomized field experiment. Methods We conducted an analysis of a randomized field experiment between 2012 and 2016 with 96 primary care physicians and oncologists using unannounced, Black and White standardized patients (SPs)who reported uncontrolled bone pain from metastatic lung cancer. We assessed implicit bias using a pain-adaptation of the race Implicit Association Test. We assessed clinical care by reviewing medical records and prescriptions, and we assessed communication from coded transcripts and covert audiotapes of the unannounced standardized patient office visits. We assessed effects of interactions of physicians’ implicit bias and SP race with clinical care and communication outcomes. We conducted a slopes analysis to examine the nature of significant interactions. Results As hypothesized, physicians with greater implicit bias provided lower quality care to Black SPs, including fewer renewals for an indicated opioid prescription and less patient-centered pain communication, but similar routine pain assessment. In contrast to our other hypotheses, physician implicit bias did not interact with SP race for prognostic communication or verbal dominance. Analysis of the slopes for the cross-over interactions showed that greater physician bias was manifested by more frequent opioid prescribing and greater discussion of pain for White SPs and slightly less frequent prescribing and pain talk for Black SPs with the opposite effect among physicians with lower implicit bias. Findings are limited by use of an unvalidated, pain-adapted IAT. Conclusion Using SP methodology, physicians’ implicit bias was associated with clinically meaningful, racial differences in management of uncontrolled pain related to metastatic lung cancer. There is favorable treatment of White or Black SPs, depending on the level of implicit bias.
Handheld readout electronics to fully exploit the particle discrimination capabilities of elpasolite scintillators

Abstract A new class of elpasolite scintillators has garnered recent attention due to the ability to perform as simultaneous gamma spectrometers and thermal neutron detectors. Such a dual-mode capability is made possible by pulse-shape discrimination (PSD), whereby the emission waveform profiles of gamma and neutron events are fundamentally unique. To take full advantage of these materials, we have developed the Compact Advanced Readout Electronics for Elpasolites (CAREE). This handheld instrument employs a multi-channel PSD-capable ASIC, custom micro-processor board, front-end electronics, power supplies, and a 2 in. photomultiplier tube for readout of the scintillator. The unit is highly configurable to allow for performance optimization amongst a wide sample of elpasolites which provide PSD in fundamentally different ways. We herein provide an introduction to elpasolites, then describe the motivation for the work, mechanical and electronic design, and preliminary performance results.
A Mathematician Comes of Age

Preface 1. Introductory thoughts 2. Math concepts 3. Teaching techniques 4. Social issues 5. Cognitive issues 6. What is a mathematician? 7. Maturity for everyone The tree of mathematical maturity Etymology of the word 'maturity' Bibliography Index.
The degree of esterification and points of substitution by O-acetyl and O-(3-hydroxybutanoyl) groups in the acidic extracellular polysaccharides secreted by Rhizobium leguminosarum biovars viciae, trifolii, and phaseoli are not related to host range

Rhizobium leguminosarum biovars viciae, trifolii, and phaseoli have been grown in the presence and absence of 4‘,5,7-trihydroxyflavonone (naringenin) or 4‘,5,7-trihydroxyflavone (apigenin), which induce the expression of nodulation genes of the bacteria. The acidic polysaccharides secreted by the Rhizobium were isolated from the culture media and purified. The polysaccharides were cleaved with a bacteriophage enzyme and the octasaccharide repeating units formed were isolated. The glycosyl sequence and type of nonglycosyl substituents of the repeating units derived from a number of these Rhizobium biovars were shown by fast atom bombardment-mass spectroscopy and proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H NMR) to be identical. Minor variations in the degree of esterification of the repeating units by O-acetyl and O-(3-hydroxybutanoyl) substituents were observed when the Rhizobium were grown in the presence or absence of the flavonoids. The variation in content and the points of attachment of the O-acetyl and O-(3-hydroxybutanoyl) substituents were as great within each Rhizobium biovar as between different Rhizobium biovars and, contrary to two recent reports (Philip-Hollingsworth, S., Hollingsworth, R. I., and Dazzo, F. B. (1989) J. Biol. Chem. 264, 1461-1466; Philip-Hollingsworth, S., Hollingsworth, R. I., Dazzo, F. B., Djordjevic, M. A., and Rolfe, B. G. (1989) J. Biol. Chem. 264, 5710-5714), the O-acylation patterns were not correlated with the host specificity of the bacteria.
Near-Infrared Imaging of Edge-On Galaxies

Images in the near-infrared passbands J, H, and K of nine edge-on spiral galaxies have been obtained using two different techniques: a) raster scanning a single detector across the galaxy using the Anglo-Australian Telescope (AAT) and b) using an infrared array camera on the United Kingdom Infrared Telescope (UKIRT). The results for one of the galaxies studied with the AAT — IC 2531 — are summarised and a simple model for the stellar and dust distributions in IC 2531 is described.
The New Amateurs: The National Collegiate Athletic Association’s Application of Amateurism in a Global Sports Arena

Scholars have examined the National Collegiate Athletic Association’s (NCAA) definition, development, and application of amateurism (Allison, 2001; Byers, 1995; Crowley, 2006; Falla, 1981; Glader, 1978; Sack & Staurowsky, 1998; Smith, 1993; Thelin, 1996; Watterson, 2000; Wheeler, 2004), but the matter of amateurism as it pertains to international athletes has received limited coverage in academic scholarship even though influence of talent migration has led to a steady increase in the number of international athletes participating in NCAA competition (Bale, 1991; Kaburakis, 2007; NCAA, 2007; Weston, 2006).One development that has not been sufficiently addressed in the academic literature is how the influence of international athletes, the decision by Division I to not deregulate amateurism, and changes within the student-athlete reinstatement (SAR) governance process all intersected to create a new application of amateurism in the NCAA. It is important to examine this intersection not only because this particular evolution of amateurism policy remains uninvestigated, but also because it is important to understand the scope of forces that influence contemporary policy-making. In this article, the forces of globalization, emerging technology, legal decisions, the demands of member institutions, the pressure on coaches to win, and student-athlete welfare all converge to alter the way amateurism is applied by the NCAA in the twenty-first century.This article examines the actions of the NCAA from 1999 to 2006 in order to demonstrate how the NCAA developed a creative institutional strategy to alter its application of amateurism in response to pressures in the external environment that sought eased amateurism restrictions during the recruitment of prospective international athletes. This article argues that the NCAA utilized the SAR process to change its application of amateurism in order to grant prospective international athletes eligibility without risking the negative public relations and legal consequences that would have resulted from directly changing the definition of amateurism through deregulation. Beginning with a review of the factors that have historically influenced the NCAA’s application of amateurism, the article will then address the influence of international athletes on the NCAA’s contemporary application of amateurism. The factors that influenced the amateurism deregulation effort of the early 2000s are subsequently examined, and then an explanation is given for why Division I rejected any substantive changes to the stated definition of amateurism. The article concludes with a discussion of why the NCAA utilized the SAR process to change its application of amateurism.
Stress and Emotion in Early Childhood

Stress is a fact of life. Beginning before birth, successful adaptation requires responding to stressors and regulating stress reactions. Stress reactivity and regulation changes during development and differs among individuals. These differences affect our physical and emotional health. Because the neural systems underlying emotions influence the activation and regulation of behavioral and physiological stress responses, developmental psychobiological research on stress is intimately related to neuroscience research on emotions and temperament. Stress results when the demands exceed immediately available resources. Such conditions threaten homeostasis and require a shifting of resources from those supporting growth and repair (future oriented) to those need to immediately needed to maintain viability (present oriented) to fuel the processes needed to maintain organism viability. This shifting of resources to maintain organism viability is termed allostasis or stability through change (McEwen, 1998). The capacity to respond to stress through allostatic adjustments is necessary to survival. However, there are costs, which if frequent or prolonged may undermine health and development. In this chapter we describe the physiology and neurobiology of the stress system, the development of stress reactivity and regulation during early development, the interaction between children's emotional dispositions and social relationships in regulating stress, and the potential effects of stress physiology on brain and behavioral development. Keywords: developmental psychobiology; emotion; infancy; neurobiology; regulation; stress; temperament
Ants, plants and antibiotics

Leaf-cutting ants cultivate a mushroom from the fungal tribe Leucocoprini as a source of food. But a new study shows that there is another partner in this mutually beneficial relationship -- a bacterium from the genus Streptomyces, which produces antibiotics to prevent infestation of the ant garden by the fungal parasite Escovopsis.
Preclinical high-dose acetaminophen with N-acetylcysteine rescue enhances the efficacy of cisplatin chemotherapy in atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumors

Background Atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumors (AT-RT) are pediatric tumors of the central nervous system with limited treatment options and poor survival rate. We investigated whether enhancing chemotherapy toxicity by depleting intracellular glutathione (GSH; a key molecule in cisplatin resistance) with high dose acetaminophen (AAP), may improve therapeutic efficacy in AT-RT in vitro. Procedure BT16 (cisplatin-resistant) and BT12 (cisplatin-sensitive) AT-RT cell lines were treated with combinations of AAP, cisplatin, and the anti-oxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC). Cell viability, GSH and peroxide concentrations, mitochondrial damage, and apoptosis were evaluated in vitro. Results AAP enhanced cisplatin cytotoxicity in cisplatin-resistant BT16 cells but not cisplatin-sensitive BT12 cells. Baseline GSH levels were elevated in BT16 cells compared to BT12 cells, and AAP decreased GSH to a greater magnitude in BT16 cells than BT12 cells. Unlike BT12 cells, BT16 cells did not have elevated peroxide levels upon treatment with cisplatin alone, but did have elevated levels when treated with AAP + cisplatin. Both cell lines had markedly increased mitochondrial injury when treated with AAP + cisplatin relative to either drug treatment alone. The enhanced toxic effects were partially reversed with concurrent administration of NAC. Conclusions Our results suggest that AAP could be used as a chemo-enhancement agent to potentiate cisplatin chemotherapeutic efficacy particularly in cisplatin-resistant AT-RT tumors with high GSH levels in clinical settings. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2014;61:120–127. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Tnfrh1 (Tnfrsf23) gene is weakly imprinted in several organs and expressed at the trophoblast-decidua interface

The Tnfrh1 gene (gene symbol Tnfrsf23) is located near one end of a megabase-scale imprinted region on mouse distal chromosome 7, about 350 kb distant from the nearest known imprinting control element. Within 20 kb of Tnfrh1 is a related gene called Tnfrh2 (Tnfrsf22) These duplicated genes encode putative decoy receptors in the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor family. Although other genes in this chromosomal region show conserved synteny with genes on human Chr11p15.5, there are no obvious human orthologues of Tnfrh1 or Tnfrh2. We analyzed Tnfrh1 for evidence of parental imprinting, and characterized its tissue-specific expression. Tnfrh1 mRNA is detectable in multiple adult and fetal tissues, with highest expression in placenta, where in situ hybridization reveals a distinctive population of Tnfrh1-positive cells in maternal decidua, directly beneath the trophoblast giant cells. In offspring of interspecific mouse crosses, Tnfrh1 shows a consistent parent-of-origin-dependent allelic expression bias, with relative repression, but not silencing, of the paternal allele in several organs including fetal liver and adult spleen. Genes preferentially expressed in the placenta are predicted to evolve rapidly, and Tnfrh1 appears to be an example of this phenomenon. In view of its strong expression in cells at the fetal-maternal boundary, Tnfrh1 warrants further study as a gene that might modulate immune or trophic interactions between the invasive placental trophoblast and the maternal decidua. The preferential expression of Tnfrh1 from the maternal allele indicates weak functional imprinting of this locus in some tissues.
Inquiry Learning of High School Students Through a Problem-Based Environmental Health Science Curriculum

The purpose of this study was to examine the degree to which high school students improved their inquiry capabilities in relation to scientific literacy through their experience of a problem-based environmental health science curriculum. The two inquiry capabilities studied were scientific questioning and approaches to inquiry into their own questions. A total of 129 high school students taught by two teachers in one school wrote responses to environmental health issues at the beginning and at the end of a 10-week long inquiry curriculum. An additional group of 46 students of one of the two teachers learned an alternative curriculum and participated as a comparison group. The students using the inquiry curriculum performed significantly better than those using the alternative curriculum in posing active inquiry questions and generating hypothesis-driven approaches to inquiry into their questions. The inquiry curriculum students also improved significantly from the pretest to the posttest in both measures of inquiry capacity. Among the students who were less prepared for inquiry in the beginning, 68% improved inquiry-questioning capability, while among the students who were more prepared for inquiry, 36% improved in generating hypotheses-driven approaches. Implications for curriculum design and implementation were provided along with further research suggestions.
High frequency deep brain stimulation attenuates subthalamic and cortical rhythms in Parkinson's disease

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is marked by excessive synchronous activity in the beta (8-35 Hz) band throughout the cortico-basal ganglia network. The optimal location of high frequency deep brain stimulation (HF DBS) within the subthalamic nucleus (STN) region and the location of maximal beta hypersynchrony are currently matters of debate. Additionally, the effect of STN HF DBS on neural synchrony in functionally connected regions of motor cortex is unknown and of great interest. Scalp EEG studies demonstrated that stimulation of the STN can activate motor cortex antidromically, but the spatial specificity of this effect has not been examined. The present study examined the effect of STN HF DBS on neural synchrony within the cortico-basal ganglia network in patients with PD. We measured local field potentials dorsal to and within the STN of PD patients, and additionally in the motor cortex in a subset of these patients. We used diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) to guide the placement of subdural cortical surface electrodes over the DTI-identified origin of the hyperdirect pathway between motor cortex and the STN. The results demonstrated that local beta power was attenuated during HF DBS both dorsal to and within the STN. The degree of attenuation was monotonic with increased DBS voltages in both locations, but this voltage-dependent effect was greater in the central STN than dorsal to the STN (p < 0.05). Cortical signals over the estimated origin of the hyperdirect pathway also demonstrated attenuation of beta hypersynchrony during DBS dorsal to or within STN, whereas signals from non-specific regions of motor cortex were not attenuated. The spatially specific suppression of beta synchrony in the motor cortex support the hypothesis that DBS may treat Parkinsonism by reducing excessive synchrony in the functionally connected sensorimotor network.
Cross-sectional mapping of residual stresses by measuring the surface contour after a cut

A powerful new method for residual stress measurement is presented. A part is cut in two, and the contour, or profile, of the resulting new surface is measured to determine the displacements caused by release of the residual stresses. Analytically, for example using a finite element model, the opposite of the measured contour is applied to the surface as a displacement boundary condition. By Bueckner's superposition principle, this calculation gives the original residual stresses normal to the plane of the cut. This contour method is more powerful than other relaxation methods because it can determine an arbitrary cross-sectional area map of residual stress, yet more simple because the stresses can be determined directly from the data without a tedious inversion technique. The new method is verified with a numerical simulation, then experimentally validated on a steel beam with a known residual stress profile.
Sensitivity investigation of instantaneous complex conjugate resolved swept-source OCT using a Mach-Zehnder interferometer with a 3x3 fiber coupler

We present an instantaneous complex conjugate resolved swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT) using a 3x3 optical fiber coupler. A dual-channel balanced (dual-balanced) detection with phase shifted signals was formed by a Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) with a 3x3 and one or more 2x2 optical fiber couplers. Non-complementary phase components of the complex interferometric signals from the dual-balanced detector were converted to quadrature components by a simple trigonometric formula. A-scans with resolved complex conjugate artifact were obtained by inverse Fourier transformation. This approach provides a two times increase in the effective depth of image. Two configurations of the quadrature interferometers based on Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) topology are investigated. The first configuration with one 3x3 and three 2x2 optical fiber couplers is arranged for DC signal removal, and the second configuration with one 3x3 and one 2x2 optical fiber couplers is organised for optical power optimisation. We focus on the comparison of the measured sensitivity and complex conjugate artifact suppression between the two configurations of the quadrature MZI SS-OCT system. The suppression of complex conjugate artifact of >25 dB for the second configuration, i.e. 3x3 SS-OCT with one 2x2 fiber couplers, was obtained, which is 6 dB higher than that for the first configuration, i.e. 3x3 SS-OCT with three 2x2 coupler. The reason for the performance of the second configuration over the first one is the optimisation of the optical power handling. In the second configuration, the DC components of the complex interferometric signal caused by unequal optical power level have been removed by the balanced detection and DC noise subtraction.
Generalized p-values and the multivariate Behrens-Fisher problem

Abstract Tsui and Weerahandi (1989) defined generalized p-values for testing statistical hypothesis in the presence of nuisance parameters and applied to obtain an exact solution to the univariate Behrens-Fisher problem. Johnson and Weerahandi (1988) provided a Bayesian solution to the multivariate Behrens-Fisher problem. With the help of the Cauchy-Schwarz inequality we provide an upper bound for the generalized p-value for the multivariate case. Also we extend the result of Tsui and Weerahandi to present a second upper bound.
Mean rates of the orbital elements of a satellite perturbed by a lens shaped mass concentration

Long arc gravity analysis of lunar orbiter tracking data in the past has been carried out with the help of averaged equations of motion, in which short period effects have been suppressed. This procedure has required that the harmonic terms in the gravity potential be averaged over an orbital period. In the present paper, this technique is extended to mass points and mass disks in the gravity field. This requires the evaluation of expressions for the mean rates of the orbit elements for a satellite perturbed by a lens shaped mass concentration. Corresponding expressions for the perturbations due to a mass point are obtained in the limit as the lens radius goes to zero. The derived equations have been programmed on the UNIVAC 1108 computer, and the results checked by numerical differencing.
No Tetra-proton cluster in 20 Mg

Despite a recent suggestion of Chulkov, et al., we find no evidence for a tetra-proton cluster in 20Mg. The binding energy and radius are easily understood without such a cluster.
Chief Complaint–Based Performance Measures: A New Focus for Acute Care Quality Measurement

Performance measures are increasingly important to guide meaningful quality improvement efforts and value-based reimbursement. Populations included in most current hospital performance measures are defined by recorded diagnoses using International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision codes in administrative claims data. Although the diagnosis-centric approach allows the assessment of disease-specific quality, it fails to measure one of the primary functions of emergency department (ED) care, which involves diagnosing, risk stratifying, and treating patients' potentially life-threatening conditions according to symptoms (ie, chief complaints). In this article, we propose chief complaint-based quality measures as a means to enhance the evaluation of quality and value in emergency care. We discuss the potential benefits of chief complaint-based measures, describe opportunities to mitigate challenges, propose an example measure set, and present several recommendations to advance this paradigm in ED-based performance measurement.
Deep-inelastic neutron scattering from liquid 4He.

Deep-inelastic neutron scattering measurements on liquid $^{4}\mathrm{He}$ have been carried out for temperatures from 0.35 to 4.2 K at a density of 0.147 g/${\mathrm{cm}}^{3}$. These measurements have a relative resolution comparable to previous reactor measurements, but at a momentum transfer of 23 A${\mathrm{\r{}}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$. This momentum transfer is sufficiently high that the differences between the observed scattering and that predicted by the impulse approximation are small and are well described by a recent theoretical treatment allowing direct information on the single-particle momentum distribution to be obtained from the scattering measurements. The scattering in the normal liquid phase is broad and featureless with a nearly Gaussian shape. The scattering in the superfluid phase is distinctly non-Gaussian with extra intensity at the peak center consistent with the presence of a Bose condensate. However, no distinct peak due to the Bose condensate is observed even when the effects of instrumental broadening are included. When deviations from the impulse approximation are taken into account using a recent theory, the experimental results at 0.35 K are in excellent agreement with ab initio ground-state variational and Green's-function Monte Carlo calculations in the superfluid at T=0 K. The results at higher temperatures are in excellent agreement with recent path-integral Monte Carlo calculations in both the normal and superfluid phases. Fits of model functions to the scattering are also presented. The average kinetic energy per atom has been determined and is in good agreement with theoretical predictions and with previous experimental results.
Magnetostrictive readout of spark chambers in a magnetic field

Abstract Magnetic fields of moderate strength may cause errors of order 0.5% in measurements made with magnetostrictive spark chamber readouts.