cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Embodiment in early development

'Embodiment' has come to represent the many ways in which the body influences the functioning of the brain and cognitive processing. This article on embodiment and early development reviews several examples of studies demonstrating embodiment in cognitive tasks. Our overall message is that what the body does during cognitive processing influences cognition in important ways. This might be especially true during early development, before actions are automatized. WIREs Cogn Sci 2011 2 117-123 DOI: 10.1002/wcs.109 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
Project Turis—coastal tourism development in Southern Brazil

Abstract Dr Nicholls undertook field research at a number of the Brazilian Atlantic Ocean tourist destinations in December 1981–January 1982. The main focus of the research was on the development of coastal tourism within Project Turis—a major state-funded tourism development project. This article reports on the progress of the project, and was prepared for delivery at the annual meeting of the Travel and Tourism Research Association in Miami, FL, USA, 13–16 June 1982.
Human Cathepsin V Functional Expression, Tissue Distribution, Electrostatic Surface Potential, Enzymatic Characterization, and Chromosomal Localization‡

Cathepsin V, a thymus and testis-specific human cysteine protease, was expressed in Pichia pastoris, and its physicokinetic properties were determined. Recombinant procathepsin V is autocatalytically activated at acidic pH and is effectively inhibited by various cysteine protease class-specific inhibitors. The S2P2 subsite specificity of cathepsin V was found to be intermediate between those of cathepsins S and L. The substrate binding pocket, S2, accepted both aromatic and nonaromatic hydrophobic residues, whereas cathepsins L and S preferred either an aromatic or nonaromatic hydrophobic residue, respectively. In contrast to cathepsin L, but similar to cathepsin S, cathepsin V exhibited only a very weak collagenolytic activity. Furthermore, cathepsin V was determined to be significantly more stable at mildly acidic and neutral pH than cathepsin L, but distinctly less stable than cathepsin S. A homology structure model of cathepsin V revealed completely different electrostatic potentials on the molecular ...
Managing Development Programs for Sustainability: Integrating Development and Research Through Adaptive Management

As sustainability becomes an increasingly common goal of international development programs, the need to focus on processes in addition to outcomes in program design, management, and evaluation becomes more apparent. Using a case study from the Philippines, this article explores how integrating development and research through adaptive management can help focus programs on process and sustainability. The case study programs—the Sustainable Agriculture and Natural Resource Management Collaborative Research Support Program (SANREM CRSP) and the International Centre for Research in Agroforestry (ICRAF)—were found to be effectively contributing to sustainable development, not because of a commitment to any particular quantifiable outcomes, but because of a willingness to engage in an evolving, learning-oriented process that is responsive to local people, integrates development with research, and is rooted in adaptive management. A well-integrated system of monitoring and evaluation is essential to this learni...
Termination of resuscitation in the prehospital setting for adult patients suffering nontraumatic cardiac arrest. National Association of EMS Physicians Standards and Clinical Practice Committee.

Abstract The National Association of EMS Physicians (NAEMSP) supports out-of-hospital termination of resuscitation for adult, nontraumatic cardiac arrest patients who have not responded to full resuscitative efforts. The following factors should be considered in establishing termination of resuscitation protocols: 1) Termination of resuscitation may be considered for any adult patient who suffers sudden cardiac death that is likely to be medical. 2) Unwitnessed cardiac arrest with delayed initiation of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) beyond 6 minutes and delayed defibrillation beyond 8 minutes has a poor prognosis. 3) In the absence of “do not resuscitate” or advanced directives, a full resuscitative effort including CPR, definitive airway management, medication administration, defibrillation if necessary, and at least 20 minutes of treatment following Advanced Cardiac Life Support (ACLS) guidelines should be performed prior to declaring the patient dead. 4) A patient whose rhythm changes to, or remains in, ventricular fibrillation or ventricular tachycardia should have continued resuscitative efforts. Patients in asystole or pulseless electrical activity should be strongly considered for out-of-hospital termination of resuscitation. 5) Logistic factors should be considered, such as collapse in a public place, family wishes, and safety of the crew and public. 6) Online medical direction should be established prior to termination of resuscitation. The decision to terminate efforts should be a consensus between the on-scene paramedic and the online physician. 7) The on-scene providers and family should have access to resources, such as clergy, crisis workers, and social workers. 8) Quality review is necessary to ensure appropriate application of the termination protocol, law enforcement notification, medical examiner or coroner involvement, and family counseling. PREHOSPITAL EMERGENCY CARE 2000;4:190-195
Responding to Juvenile Crime: Lessons Learned

Although the dispositional options for delinquent youths have diversified over the past 20 years, the debate about the most effective treatment of young offenders continues. This article reviews the existing evaluations of various juvenile corrections alternatives. In contrast to the conclusions of scholars in the late 1970s that "nothing worked" in juvenile corrections, Mark Lipsey's 1992 meta-analysis of more than 400 evaluations of juvenile programs reported an average 10% improvement in recidivism rates for all the programs evaluated. Lipsey's meta-analysis found a significant advantage in community-based programs run by private providers compared with large custodial institutions, such as traditional state training schools. The most effective privately run community programs have high levels of intensity and duration, multiple modes of intervention, and a great deal of structure. Nonresidential, dawn-to-dusk educational programs that work with both juveniles and their families are good examples of this type of programming. Boot camps for juvenile offenders have proliferated because of their political popularity. A recent evaluation of eight of these programs showed that four had no effect on recidivism, one resulted in higher recidivism rates, and three showed improvements in some recidivism measures. Probation and diversion, the most common of all juvenile court dispositions, are not effective options for youths with multiple risk factors. Juvenile courts need an array of dispositional options, the ability to monitor program effectiveness, and the flexibility to find the appropriate placement for each juvenile offender.
Making sense of brain network data

New methods for mapping synaptic connections and recording neural signals generate rich and complex data on the structure and dynamics of brain networks. Making sense of these data will require a concerted effort directed at data analysis and reduction as well as computational modeling.
Development of a Product Information Model to Support Replacement Analysis

For sustainability of environment, legislations in EU, USA, Japan and Australia require manufacturers to take back their products at the End of Life (EOL) and recycle them. The concept of 6R (reduce, reuse, recycle, recover, redesign and remanufacture) is very important for this issue, while reuse has the highest energy and material recovery efficiency. In this study, an integrated product information model has been developed in UML to provide necessary information for any future decision making activities in the EOL stage, such as the replacement analysis of any used part or subassembly.This product information model represents not only product structure but its function, behavior, and their associations in different abstract levels to support replacement analysis of an existing component with a new or a used component available to company. This representation schema provides necessary information for any future decision making activities in the EOL stage, such as the replacement or reuse of any part or subassembly. In an analysis of replacement for a faulty component with a used or new component, this model provides all of the associations of the existing artifact with other artifacts and the environment, not just functional and space requirements, and the relevant modification(s) of the associated objects has to be verified.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
On classical and quantum harmonic potentials

To date, the only potential energy function that has been demonstrated to be classical harmonic but not quantum harmonic is that of the asymmetrically matched harmonic oscillator. By investigating the accurate quantum mechanical energy levels of the potential V = V0 , we demonstrate that this is the second member of the class. PACS No.: 03.65Ge
Forecasting rates of hydrocarbon discoveries in a changing economic environment

Abstract A method is presented for the estimation of undiscovered oil and gas resources in partially explored areas where economic truncation has caused some discoveries to go unreported; therefore distorting the relationship between the observed discovery size distribution and the parent or ultimate field size distribution. The method is applied to the UK's northern and central North Sea provinces. A discovery process model is developed to estimate the number and size distribution of undiscovered fields in this area as of 1983. The model is also used to forecast the rate at which fields will be discovered in the future. The appraisal and forecasts pertain to fields in size classes as small as 24 million barrels of oil equivalent (BOE). Estimated undiscovered hydrocarbon resources of 11.79 billion BOE are expected to be contained in 170 remaining fields. Over the first 500 wildcat wells after 1 January 1983, the discovery rate in this areas is expected to decline by 60% from 15 million BOE per wildcat well to six million BOE per wildcat well.
Inkjet-Printed Quantum Dot–Polymer Composites for Full-Color AC-Driven Displays

We demonstrate print-deposition of high resolution, patterned,multicolored thin ﬁlms of luminescent colloidal quantum dot(QD)-polymer composites and use the printed patterns infabricating robust, bright, full-color AC-driven displays. Thebeneﬁts of AC electroluminescent (EL) displays include simple,low-costfabricationandhighreliability;however,ﬁndingefﬁcientand stable phosphors for full-colored displays remains a majorchallenge.
Malpractice litigation involving laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Cost, cause, and consequences.

Objective: To analyze 44 cases of malpractice litigation involving laparoscopic cholecystectomy for cost, cause, and consequences of civil court actions. Design: Survey of national jury verdict reporting services, covering 20 states during the 39-month interval from January 1, 1993, to April 30, 1996. The 44 laparoscopic cholecystectomies were performed during the 40-month interval from February 1, 1989, to June 30, 1992. Main Outcome Measures: Types of injuries leading to litigation, morbidity and mortality from injuries, trial verdicts, and cost of liability payments. Results: The 44 injuries composed 4 main categories of injuries: (1) bile duct, n=27, 61%; (2) bowel, n=7, 16%; (3) major vascular, n=4, 9%; and (4) other, n=6, 14%. Bowel injuries involved trocar or cautery injury; vascular injuries all involved trocars. There were 7 deaths (16%) overall from either septic peritonitis resulting from bowel injury (4 patients [57%]) or bile peritonitis involving spills or cystic duct leaks (3 patients [43%]). No deaths resulted from injury to main bile ducts. Of the 44 cases, 21 (48%) settled out of court (mean payment, $469 711). Of the remaining 23 cases proceeding to trial, 19 (83%) were defended successfully while 4 (17%) concluded with plaintiff jury verdicts (mean payment, $188 772). Conclusions: Frequent settlements of cases involving laparoscopic cholecystectomy injuries that are litigated have resulted in a selection of cases of increased defensibility at trial. The high mortality rate from bowel injuries is a new medicolegal finding in laparoscopic cholecystectomies, as expensive to settle (mean payment, $438 000) as laparoscopic cholecystectomy bile duct injury (mean payment, $507 000). Arch Surg. 1997;132:392-398
A Medical Mission to Guatemala as an Advanced Pharmacy Practice Experience

Objective. To describe the development and outcomes of an advanced pharmacy practice experience (APPE) for a medical mission trip to Guatemala.Design. Pre-mission preparation and post-mission refle...
Efficient asymptotic frame selection for binary black hole spacetimes using asymptotic radiation

Previous studies have demonstrated that gravitational radiation reliably encodes information about the natural emission direction of the source (e.g., the orbital plane). In this paper, we demonstrate that these orientations can be efficiently estimated by the principal axes of , an average of the action of rotation group generators on the Weyl tensor at asymptotic infinity. Evaluating this average at each time provides the instantaneous emission direction. Further averaging across the entire signal yields an average orientation, closely connected to the angular components of the Fisher matrix. The latter direction is well-suited to data analysis and parameter estimation when the instantaneous emission direction evolves significantly. Finally, in the time domain, the average provides fast, invariant diagnostics of waveform quality.
Congenital valvular pulmonary stenosis with or without an interatrial communication: physiologic studies as diagnostic aids.

Summary Physiological studies using the rightheart catheterization technique on twenty patients with pulmonary stenosis with or without an interatrial communication have been presented. The catheterization findings in eight of the patients were interpreted as indicating isolated pulmonary stenosis, in eleven pulmonary stenosis plus an interatrial communication, and in one pulmonary stenosis with a patent ductus arteriosus. Eight of the twenty patients were also studied using the modified Millikan ear oximeter. None of the patients with isolated pulmonary stenosis had cyanosis.
THE FINE STRUCTURE OF THE OXYTALAN FIBER

Maraglas-embedded sections of periodontal membranes around continually growing incisors of Sprague-Dawley rats fixed consecutively in cold glutaraldehyde and Palade's 1 % buffered osmium tetroxide were examined under the electron microscope for oxytalan connective tissue fibers. Oxytalan fibers were noted to consist of bundles of filaments approximately 150 A in diameter with an interfilamentous amorphous substance of approximately the same diameter. A periodicity of fibrillar elements was not obvious.
Comprehension-based result snippets

Result snippets are used by most search interfaces to preview query results. Snippets help users quickly decide the relevance of the results, thereby reducing the overall search time and effort. Most work on snippets have focused on text snippets for Web pages in Web search. However, little work has studied the problem of snippets for structured data, e.g., product catalogs. Furthermore, all works have focused on the important goal of creating informative snippets, but have ignored the amount of user effort required to comprehend, i.e., read and digest, the displayed snippets. In particular, they implicitly assume that the comprehension effort or cost only depends on the length of the snippet, which we show is incorrect for structured data. We propose novel techniques to construct snippets of structured heterogeneous results, which not only select the most informative attributes for each result, but also minimize the expected user effort (time) to comprehend these snippets. We create a comprehension model to quantify the effort incurred by users in comprehending a list of result snippets. Our model is supported by an extensive user-study. A key observation is that the user effort for comprehending an attribute across multiple snippets only depends on the number of unique positions (e.g., indentations) where this attribute is displayed and not on the number of occurrences. We analyze the complexity of the snippet construction problem and show that the problem is NP-hard, even when we only consider the comprehension cost. We present efficient approximate algorithms, and experimentally demonstrate their effectiveness and efficiency.
Variable performance of individuals: the role of population density and endogenously formed landscape heterogeneity

Summary 1 Individuals can show positive correlations in performance (e.g. growth and reproduction) through time beyond the effects of size or age. This ‘performance autocorrelation’ has been attributed previously to traits that differ among individuals or to extrinsic generators of environmental heterogeneity. 2 A model of mobile consumers on a dynamic resource showed that consumer foraging gave rise to resource heterogeneity that in turn generated autocorrelation in growth in consumers. 3 Resource heterogeneity and growth autocorrelation were most pronounced when consumers were poorer foragers, moving locally and with an imperfect ability to identify the highest resource cells. 4 The model predicted that lowered population density enhanced resource heterogeneity and the strength of growth autocorrelation. 5 Consistent with model predictions, an experiment with tidepool limpets demonstrated that autocorrelation in growth changed with population density, with individuals in lower density tidepools showing stronger temporal correlations in growth. 6 Our model and empirical results contrast with those of previous studies with plants, where dominance and suppression increases with increasing density. 7 Our results suggest that growth autocorrelation can occur without invoking size-dependent advantages, intrinsic trait differences or extrinsic generators of environmental heterogeneity.
Representers of Linear Functionals, Norm-Attaining Functionals, and Best Approximation by Cones and Linear Varieties in Inner Product Spaces

Abstract In an inner product space X, a cone or a linear variety which is generated by a finite number of linear functionals in the dual space X ∗ is a Chebyshev set (i) if and only if each of the generating functionals attains its norm, and (ii) if and if each of them has a “Riesz representer” in X.
Seizure reduction through interneuron-mediated entrainment using low frequency optical stimulation

Low frequency electrical stimulation (LFS) can reduce neural excitability and suppress seizures in animals and patients with epilepsy. However the therapeutic outcome could benefit from the determination of the cell types involved in seizure suppression. We used optogenetic techniques to investigate the role of interneurons in LFS (1Hz) in the epileptogenic hippocampus. Optical low frequency stimulation (oLFS) was first used to activate the cation channel channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) in the Thy1-ChR2 transgenic mouse that expresses ChR2 in both excitatory and inhibitory neurons. We found that oLFS could effectively reduce epileptiform activity in the hippocampus through the activation of GAD-expressing hippocampal interneurons. This was confirmed using the VGAT-ChR2 transgenic mouse, allowing for selective optical activation of only GABA interneurons. Activating hippocampal interneurons through oLFS was found to cause entrainment of neural activity similar to electrical stimulation, but through a GABAA-mediated mechanism. These results confirm the robustness of the LFS paradigm and indicate that GABA interneurons play an unexpected role of shaping inter-ictal activity to decrease neural excitability in the hippocampus.
Effects of various agents on the Mg2+-ATP stimulated incorporation and release of catecholamines by isolated bovine adrenomedullary storage vesicles and on secretion from the adrenal medulla.

Abstract The effects of several agents on the Mg2+-ATP stimulated incorporation and release of catecholamines by isolated bovine adrenomedullary storage vesicles suggest that both of these processes may employ a similar or identical set of reactions for a portion of their respective pathways. N-ethylmaleimide and N-N-di-isopropyl-N′-isoamyl-N′-diethylaminoethylurea (P-286) inhibited equally both incorporation and release. Prenylamine inhibited incorporation to a greater extent than it inhibited release. Reserpine and propranolol, at concentrations which almost completely blocked incorporation, had little or no effect on release. N-ethylmaleimide, P-286 and prenylamine, when present in the perfusion medium at concentrations which blocked release from isolated vesicles, also blocked the secretory response of the isolated perfused adrenal gland to acetylcholine. In isotonic salt solutions, Mg2+ plus ATP stimulates to an equal extent the release of both soluble dopamine-β-hydroxylase and catecholamines. An hypothesis is proposed to explain these observations and to serve as a model for additional experiments.
Comparison of Novel Synthetic Materials with Traditional Methods to Repair Exposed Abdominal Wall Fascial Defects

Repair of large abdominal wall defects is a challenge, particularly when full-thickness tissue loss prohibits coverage of the fascial repair. Two novel synthetic materials (TMS-1 and TMS-2) have been shown to be better accepted than expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (Gore-Tex), and polypropylene (Marlex) in the closure of clean and contaminated fascia1 wounds that are immediately covered by skidsoft tissue. Therefore, 1-cm2 abdominal wall defects were created in each of the four quadrants of rat groups. Gore-Tex, Marlex, and TMS-1 or TMS-2 were used to repair three defects, the fourth being primarily closed. To ensure that each repair remained exposed, skin edges were sutured to underlying muscle. Additional animal groups underwent the same protocol; however, peritonitis was induced at surgery using a fecal inoculum technique. Animals were sacrificed 2 weeks later, at which time a blinded observer assessed the surface area and severity of adhesions. In clean wounds, the surface area of formed adhesions was...
What have natural and human changes wrought on the foraminifera of San Francisco Bay late Quaternary estuaries

In this study we compare the foraminifera of modern South San Francisco Bay with fossils from sediments of a previous estuary at 125 ka to provide a basis for interpreting the impact of natural and human change on the benthic ecosystem. All the species found in the Pleistocene sediments of this study are estuarine and/or shallow-water species occurring commonly in San Francisco Bay today, except for the introduced foraminifer Trochammina hadai, a native of Japan that was not found in samples taken in San Francisco Bay before 1983. The biodiversity and species composition of the fossil and modern assemblages before the introduction of T. hadai are nearly identical, suggesting that the environmental and physical changes in the 125,000-year-old and modern estuaries have not had a significant effect on the meiofauna of the Bay. In contrast, modern anthropogenic change in the form of species introductions has impacted the modern foraminiferal assemblage: T. hadai began to dominate the modern assemblage a decade after its introduction. Similar to the recorded impacts of introductions of marine metazoan invertebrate species, the dominance of T. hadai changed species proportions in the post-1980s foraminiferal assemblage, however no known extinctions in the native foraminiferal fauna occurred.
Morpho butterfly wing scales demonstrate highly selective vapour response

Tropical Morpho butterflies are famous for their brilliant iridescent colours, which arise from ordered arrays of scales on their wings. Here we show that the iridescent scales of the Morpho sulkowskyi butterfly give a different optical response to different individual vapours, and that this optical response dramatically outperforms that of existing nano-engineered photonic sensors. The reflectance spectra of the scales provide information about the nature and concentration of the vapours, allowing us to identify a range of closely related vapours–water, methanol, ethanol and isomers of dichloroethylene when they are analysed individually. By comparing the reflectance as a function of time for different vapours, we deduce that wing regions with scale structures of differing spatial periodicity give contributions to the overall spectral response at different wavelengths. Our optical model explains the effect of different components of the wing scales on the vapour response, and could steer the design of new man-made optical gas sensors.
Temperature Sensitivity of Some Mutants of the Lutropin/Choriogonadotropin Receptor

The lutropin/choriogonadotropin receptor (LHR) is a G protein-coupled receptor central to reproductive physiology. In addition to the complex structure formed by seven membrane-spanning helices, this receptor also contains a large amino-terminal domain whose tertiary structure is unknown. Many mutations of this receptor result in partial or complete intracellular retention of the mutant, regardless of whether the mutations are located in the extracellular domain, interhelical loops, transmembrane helices, or cytoplasmic tail. Nonetheless, as long as a mutation has not disturbed a hormone binding site, the intracellularly trapped mutant retains high affinity binding for human CG (hCG), suggesting that it is not extremely misfolded. Because temperature is known to affect protein folding, we examined the effects of reduced temperature on cell surface expression of intracellularly retained mutants of the LHR. Our studies examined three different 293 cells lines, each stably expressing a different LHR mutant t...
Quantum conductance of carbon nanotubes with defects

We study the conductance of metallic carbon nanotubes with vacancies and pentagon-heptagon pair defects within the Landauer formalism. Using a tight-binding model and a Green's function technique to calculate the scattering matrix, we examine the one-dimensional to two-dimensional crossover in these systems and show the existence of metallic tube junctions in which the conductance is suppressed for symmetry reasons. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
Radiation damage in an adsorbed monolayer: PF3 on Ru(0001)

Abstract The chemisorption of PF3 on Ru(0001) has been studied using soft X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (SXPS) and photon stimulated desorption (PSD). The initial adsorption of PF3 on ruthenium is predominantly molecular. PF3 is found to be extremely sensitive to both electron and photon beam exposure, leading to the formation of adsorbed PFx fragmentation products and the desorption of fluorine. Annealing the beam-damaged overlayers results in the reformation of some adsorbed PF3. PSD ion yields at photon energies near the P 2p absorption edge show that direct photoexcitations of the adsorbed PF3 and PF2 species lead to F + desorption. Photoexcitation of the the P 2p level of an adsorbed PF unit does not lead to direct F+ emission, however.
A note on self-decomposability of stable process subordinated to self-decomposable subordinator

Abstract We provide an example that shows that there exists a stable Levy motion { X ( t ) , t ⩾ 0 } and self-decomposable subordinator { T ( t ) , t ⩾ 0 } , such that the corresponding subordinated process { X ( T ( t ) ) , t ⩾ 0 } is not self-decomposable.
Growth regulation of cells grown in suspension culture.

VARIOUS aspects of a cell's growth cycle can be manipulated in tissue culture. For example, the initiation of DNA synthesis and, in some cases, culture growth, can be enhanced by serum1 and platelet2 components, polypeptides purified from growth-conditioned medium3 and urine4, insulin5, corticosteroids6, prostaglandins7, cyclic nucleotides (see, for example, ref. 8) and proteolytic enzymes9. In addition, at least three purified proteins can initiate DNA synthesis in fibroblast-like cells—nerve growth factor10, epidermal growth factor11 and fibroblast growth factor12,13. Disturbance of the culture medium directly over the cultured cells also induces DNA synthesis14. Fibroblast-like cells have been used in most of these studies, and they grow tightly associated with the culture dish and are strongly anchorage dependent for division15,16. Given the strong anchorage dependence of the test cells, two alternatives could account for the induction of DNA synthesis and growth by the diversity of conditions and “factors” outlined above. The first would ascribe the effects of these compounds to interactions on the cell surface with a suitable receptor. These are hormone-like interactions, thought to be exemplified by compounds such as insulin and purified growth factors1. The second alternative represents interactions which function directly through alterations of cell anchorage. For example, the growth stimulating effects of the proteases are presumably affected by modification of the cell–substratum (anchorage) interaction17. To distinguish between these two alternatives, it should be sufficient to assay the effects of serum and a purified growth factor on the initiation of DNA synthesis in an anchorage-dependent cell line, and on a variant which grows in suspension culture. If serum and the growth factor were equally effective in both cell lines, then a disturbance in anchorage could not account for the mitogenic activity, ruling out the second alternative. The first, hormone-like, mechanism, however, would be excluded if the growth factor was unable to induce DNA synthesis in the cells grown in suspension. The following experiments support this latter possibility by showing that fibroblast growth factor12,13 does not affect the growth of myoblast cells grown in suspension culture.
Estimation of the contribution of tube renewal in the terminal relaxation of linear polybutadiene

Abstract A set of low-molecular-weight (low- MW ) entangled linear polybutadienes with molecular weights between 1.1 × 10 4 and 2.5 × 10 5 have been dilutedly embedded in a high-molecular-weight linear polybutadiene ( M w = 7.6 · 10 5 ) matrix. The viscoelastic properties of these blends with 9.1% low- MW polymer have been measured. The loss moduli-frequency master curves, G ″ (Щ), contain contributions from both polymers. The contribution of the low- MW polymer is obtained by subtracting the contribution of the matrix. The maximum in G ″ , G ″ m , due to the low- MW polymer occurs at a lower frequency (0.3 to 0.5 log units) than in the homopolymer. This result indicates that the longest relaxation time of the entangled linear polymer embedded in a high-molecular-weight matrix is increased by a factor of 2.0 to 3.0 because tube renewal normally operating in the homopolymer is almost completely absent in the matrix. The longest relaxation time of the polymers in the matrix depends on M 3.3 0 . This is only slightly less than the dependence found in linear polymer melts ( M 3.3 7 ). This indicates that reptation and chain-end fluctuation together contribute to the relaxation of linear polymers in permanent networks.
Immunoreactivity to Yersinia enterocolitica antigens in patients with autoimmune thyroid disease.

Recent reports have suggested that Yersinia enterocolitica proteins encoded by a 72-kilobase virulence plasmid (known as release proteins and now identified as YOP2-5) are antigens recognized specifically by patients with Graves' disease and of potential etiological importance in this disorder. To examine this hypothesis, we evaluated immune responses to YOP in patients with autoimmune thyroid disease and in normal controls. Humoral responses to Yersinia were assessed using Western blots of crude Y. enterocolitica membrane proteins, Yersinia release proteins (YOP2-5), and human thyrocyte membranes. Twenty-four of 25 Graves' and 10 of 18 Hashimoto's patients showed reactivity with the release proteins, primarily the 67-, 46-, 36-, and 25-kilodalton bands. However, 17 of 24 normal subjects also demonstrated serological reactivity to the release proteins, and the pattern of reactivity of these sera was similar to that in the thyroid patients. No correlation was noted between serological reactivity to the rel...
T-cell depletion eliminates the development of cardiac allograft vasculopathy in mice rendered tolerant by the induction of mixed chimerism

We previously demonstrated that cardiac allografts to fully tolerant chimeric mice developed cardiac allograft vasculopathy (CAV). Here we begin to examine which components of the immune system are responsible for the pathogenesis of CAV in such tolerant recipients. B10.A/B6 mixed chimeric mice were created by receiving injections of bone marrow cells from B10.A (H-2k) mice given to C57BL/6 (B6; H-2b) mice with some preparations. B10.A skin grafts were first placed onto B10.A/B6 mixed chimeric recipients. When the donor strain skin grafts had survived perfectly for at least 56 days, B10.A hearts were transplanted heterotopically into B10.A/B6 mixed chimeric recipients. Hearts were examined for the presence of CAV 56 days later. To determine the effector cells that contribute to the development of CAV, they were treated weekly with a combination of anti-CD4/CD8 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) or anti-NK1.1 mAb continuing until 56 days. 14 B10.A cardiac transplants of 18 otherwise untreated B10.A/B6 chimeric recipients developed CAV; concurrent B6 isografts were unaffected (0/7). In chimeric recipients treated with anti-CD4/8 mAbs, the prevalence of CAV was greatly reduced (0/6, P < .01 compared to the untreated group). Anti-NK1.1 mAb was not effective in the prevention of CAV (4/5). These data suggest that T cells may contribute in some way to the development of CAV that occurs in those fully tolerant recipients. Host T cells that may still be responsive to non-major histocompatability complex antigens, including tissue-specific antigens presented not on skin but on heart, may also be responsible for the development of CAV in tolerant animals.
Stereochemical and kinetic investigation of 32P-labeled inorganic phosphate exchange reaction catalyzed by primer-independent and primer-dependent polynucleotide phosphorylase from Micrococcus luteus

The SP diastereomer of adenosine 5'-O-(1-thiodiphosphate) (ADP alpha S) is a substrate for the 32P-labeled inorganic phosphate exchange reaction catalyzed by the T and I forms of polynucleotide phosphorylase. The exchange reaction occurs with retention of configuration. This exchange reaction is very slow when only ADP alpha S(SP) is presented but is greatly activated by dinucleotide primers and ADP alpha S(RP), although the latter is not a substrate for the exchange reaction. Ap(S)A(RP) is an approximately 50% better activator of the exchange than the SP diastereomer. Furthermore, high levels of the ADP alpha S(SP) eliminate the activation by primers and by ADP alpha S(RP). A phosphatase activity is present with the I form of the enzyme which converts ADP alpha S(RP) to AMPS. This activity may be responsible for the formation of the 5'-phosphate end group for de novo polymerization or for the processivity of this reaction.
Online‐Reaktionsverfolgung bei der Polymerisation

Klassische Messgrosen wie Temperatur oder Druck, die den physikalischen Zustand eines Reaktors beschreiben, werden kombiniert mit instrumentell analytischen Techniken, um den Reaktionsfortschritt zu verfolgen. Am Beispiel industrieller Polymerisationen wird der Einsatz von NIR- und Raman-Spektroskopie, Kalorimetrie und Softsensoren zur Rohstoffeingangskontrolle, Reaktionsverfolgung und Vorhersage von Produkteigenschaften beschrieben.
Exact-path-integral treatment of the hydrogen atom

The Lagrangian path integral for the hydrogen atom is calculated exactly by rescaling paths and performing the Kustaanheimo-Stiefel transformation in each short time integral.
Three or more rib fractures as an indicator for transfer to a Level I trauma center: a population-based study.

We hypothesized that the presence of three or more rib fractures on initial chest X-ray would identify a small subgroup of patients with a high probability of requiring trauma center care. All trauma discharges in Maryland between 1984 and 1986 (N = 105,683) were reviewed. Patients were divided by the presence of rib fractures (no rib fractures, 1-2 fractures, 3+ fractures) and age in years (0-13, 14-64, 65+). Results: The presence of three or more rib fractures in the pediatric age group was rare and precluded further evaluation. When comparing patients with 1-2 rib fractures versus 3 or more rib fractures, significant differences were found in mortality, mean Injury Severity Score, mean hospital stay and mean number of ICU days (p<0.001)
Improving screening and vaccination for hepatitis B in patients coinfected with HIV and hepatitis C.

Improving screening and vaccination for hepatitis B in patients coinfected with HIV and hepatitis C
Privacy issues in Internet surveys

Surveys administered over the Internet have been plagued by low response rates and at times have provoked respondent rebellions against researchers who stand accused of broadcasting noxious unwanted e-mail or “spam.” This article examines the issue from the perspective of social science research on privacy in an effort to understand the unique privacy context of Internet-based survey research. Online surveyors commit multiple violations of physical, informational, and psychological privacy that can be more intense than those found in conventional survey methods. Internet surveys also invade the interactional privacy of online communities, a form of privacy invasion seldom encountered with traditional survey methods. The article concludes with recommendations for improving response rates to online surveys using accepted privacy protection practices already found on the Internet as well as emerging Internet technologies.
Sticky Monolayers and Defect-Free Langmuir−Blodgett Bilayers Using Poly(acrylamide) Glue

The introduction of poly(acrylamide) (PAM, Mw 10 000) to an aqueous subphase resulted in increased intermolecular association in the monolayer formed from 5,11,17,23,29,35-hexaamideoxime-37,38,39,40,41,42-hexakis(1-hexadecyloxy) calix[6]arene (2) at the air−water interface, as evidenced by surface viscosity measurements. Langmuir−Blodgett (LB) bilayers of 2, which were deposited onto silylated silicon wafers, showed the presence of PAM, as determined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). On the basis of XPS analysis at two different takeoff angles (15 and 75°), both the amidoxime groups of the calix[6]arene and the amide groups of PAM, appear to be buried within the LB bilayer. Deposition of single LB bilayers of 2 containing PAM onto poly[1-(trimethylsilyl)-1-propyne] (PTMSP) supports and measurement of their their permeability with respect to He, N2, and CO2 showed a substantial improvement in their permeation selectivity properties, compared with analogous membranes that were devoid of PAM. Taken ...
Lateral migration of a viscoelastic drop in a Newtonian fluid in a shear flow near a wall.

Wall induced lateral migration of a viscoelastic (FENE-MCR) drop in a Newtonian fluid is investigated. Just like a Newtonian drop, a viscoelastic drop reaches a quasi-steady state where the lateral velocity only depends on the instantaneous distance from the wall. The drop migration velocity and the deformation scale inversely with the square and the cube of the distance from the wall, respectively. The migration velocity varies non-monotonically with increasing viscoelasticity (increasing Deborah number); initially increasing and then decreasing. An analytical explanation has been given of the effects by computing the migration velocity as arising from an image stresslet field due to the drop. The semi-analytical expression matches well with the simulated migration velocity away from the wall. It contains a viscoelastic stresslet component apart from those arising from interfacial tension and viscosity ratio. The migration dynamics is a result of the competition between the viscous (interfacial tension and viscosity ratio) and the viscoelastic effects. The viscoelastic stresslet contribution towards the migration velocity steadily increases. But the interfacial stresslet—arising purely from the drop shape—first increases and then decreases with rising Deborah number causing the migration velocity to be non-monotonic. The geometric effect of the interfacial stresslet is caused by a corresponding nonmonotonic variation of the drop inclination. High viscosity ratio is briefly considered to show that the drop viscoelasticity could stabilize a drop against breakup, and the increase in migration velocity due to viscoelasticity is larger compared to the viscosity-matched case.
One-in-a-Million Shot: A Homicidal Thoracic Air Rifle Wound, A Case Report, and A Review of the Literature

A homicidal shooting with an air gun is reported. The history, mechanisms of action, and crime scene implications of air guns are discussed. The wounds produced by air guns are compared to those produced by powder firearms. Language: en
Performance in adolescent, technology-based firms: Product strategy, implementation, and synergy

Abstract Based on a sample of “adolescent” firms in technology-based industries, this study analyzes the effects on performance of two aspects of product strategy-product leadership and product/market focus, two aspects of strategic implementation-stakeholder input and employee empowerment, and the interaction of product strategy and strategic implementation variables. Five aspects of performance are examined, including growth rate, R&D, profit, financial stability, and future prospects.
IN VITRO PRESELECTION OF GENE-TRAPPED EMBRYONIC STEM CELL CLONES FOR CHARACTERIZING NOVEL DEVELOPMENTALLY REGULATED GENES IN THE MOUSE

We have developed an in vitro gene trap screen for novel murine genes that allows one to determine, prior to making chimeric or transgenic animals, if these genes are expressed in one or more specific embryonic tissues. Totipotent embryonic stem (ES) cells are infected with a retroviral gene trap construct encoding a selectable lacZ/neo fusion gene, which is expressed only if the gene trap inserts within an active transcription unit. G418-resistant ES cell clones are induced to differentiate in vitro, and neurons, glia, myocytes, and chondrocytes are screened for expression of beta-galactosidase (beta-gal). cDNAs of the gene trap transcripts are obtained by 5' rapid amplification of cDNA ends and are sequenced to determine if they represent novel genes. In situ hybridization analyses show that trapped genes are expressed in vivo within the cell types that express beta-gal in vitro. Gene traps and their wild-type alleles are characterized in terms of copy number, alternate splicing of their transcripts, and the proportion of endogenous mRNA sequence that is replaced by lacZ/neo in the hybrid gene trap transcript. This approach, which we term "in vitro preselection," is more economical than standard in vivo gene trap screening because tissue-specific expression of probable knockout alleles is verified before transgenic animals are generated. These results also highlight the utility of ES cell differentiation in vitro as a method with which to study the molecular mechanisms regulating the specification and commitment of a variety of cell and tissue types.
Microchimerism: tolerance vs. sensitization

Purpose of review The bidirectional exchange of cells, both mature and progenitor types, at the maternal–fetal interface is a common feature of mammalian reproduction. The presence of semiallogeneic cells in a host can have significant immunological effects on transplantation tolerance and rejection. Here, we review recent advances in this area.
Measurement of D-C Machine Parameters

An, equivalent circuit is suggested to represent the d-c machine when operating under near normal current conditions. This equivalent circuit contains resistances, inductances, and speed-voltage constants. Certain d-c tests are suggested for obtaining the resistances and speed-voltage constants. Either the transient or a-c methods may be employed for ascertaining the inductances although the a-c method seems the simpler; circuits and techniques are described for both methods. Experimental verification of the equivalent circuit and methods of measurement take the form of application to a compound motor and to the amplidyne, a complex d-c machine with many diverse windings on the same magnetic circuit.
Fatigue Cracking of a 3-MW Electric Motor Shaft

After approximately fifteen months of service, cracking was detected in the journal section of a 3-MW electric motor shaft used to drive a reciprocating gas compressor. A detailed failure analysis revealed sulfide inclusion and quench crack-initiated fatigue cracks. Two crack orientations were observed, axial and angular. The axial cracks are believed to be quench cracks which initiated along sulfide stringers; the angular cracks were found to be high-cycle fatigue cracks emanating from the axial cracks. Recommendations included the use of a reduced sulfur content shaft steel (0.010 wt.% max) and a pre-service non-destructive inspection to detect the presence of quench cracks or other surface imperfections.
Phase 1 trial of combined chemotherapy and reirradiation for recurrent unresectable head and neck cancer.

Background. The management of recurrent unresectable head and neck cancer remains a challenging problem. Based on the circadian rhythm concept, we sought to determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of infusional 5-flourouracil (5-FU), hydroxyurea (HU), and reirradiation (RT). Method. Bolus 5-FU was escalated from 300mg/m2/d to a 10-hour infusion beginning at midnight, increased at 150 mg/m2/d increments. HU, 1.5 g, remained constant. Chemotherapy was given on weeks 1 and 4. RT was given daily, 2.0 Gy per fraction on weeks 1 and 2 followed by a 1-week break, then hyperfractionated weeks 4 and 5, total dose 50 Gy. The goal was to deliver a continuous course of RT to 60 Gy after the MTD was determined with an additional week of chemotherapy. Results. Six cohorts were treated to establish the 5-FU MTD of 900 mg/m2/d. The seventh cohort received continuous RT and 5-FU, 750 mg/m2/d, one dose level below the MTD. Two hematologic, three skin, and six mucosal ≥ grade 3 toxicities were noted in 7 of 16 patients. The median survival was 10.2 months and the 1-year survival was 41%. The median survival for the entire group was 9.4 months, with a 1- and 2-year survival of 39% and 15%, respectively. Conclusion. RT can be given in a continuous fashion with concurrent 5-FU and HU. Because radiation sensitization should be achievable at nontoxic doses of 5-FU, we recommend 600 mg/m2/d in phase a II setting. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 25: 118–122, 2003