cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A FORAMINIFERAL ISOTOPIC PROXY FOR UPPER WATER MASS STRATIFICATION

Modern oceanographic investigations show that surface ocean warming is associated with increased thickness of the mixed layer, deepening of the thermocline, and reduction of upwelling strength. These changes can profoundly affect surface ocean biological productivity. Proxies to measure past changes in upper water mass structure and stability are often poorly constrained. Stable oxygen isotope studies of planktonic foraminifera collected in sediment traps in Santa Barbara Basin, Southern California, demonstrate that the δ18O difference (Δδ18O) between G. bulloides and N. pachyderma (d.) closely monitors changes in the depth of the thermocline and related thickness and stability of the mixed layer. This proxy can be employed in investigations of past changes in sea surface temperature, upwelling and thermocline strength on the California margin, an area of great sensitivity to global change.
Tissue engineering of autologous aorta using a new biodegradable polymer.

Abstract Background . Ovine pulmonary valve leaflets and pulmonary arteries have been tissue-engineered (TE) from autologous cells and biodegradable polyglycolic acid (PGA)-polyglactin copolymers. Use of this cell-polymer construct in the systemic circulation resulted in aneurysm formation. This study evaluates a TE vascular graft in the systemic circulation which is based on a new copolymer of PGA and polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA). Methods . Ovine carotid arteries were harvested, expanded in vitro, and seeded onto 7-mm diameter PHA-PGA tubular scaffolds. The autologous cell-polymer vascular constructs were used to replace 3–4 cm abdominal aortic segments in lambs (group TE, n=7). In a control group (n = 4), aortic segments were replaced with acellular polymer tubes. Vascular patency was evaluated with echography. All control animals were sacrificed when the grafts became occluded. Animals in TE group were sacrificed at 10 days (n = 1), 3 (n = 3), and 5 months (n = 3). Explanted TE conduits were evaluated for collagen content, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) content, structural and ultrastructural examination, mechanical strength, and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity. Results . The 4 control conduits became occluded at 1, 2, 55, and 101 days. All TE grafts remained patent, and no aneurysms developed by the time of sacrifice. There was one mild stenosis at the anastomotic site after 5 months postoperatively. The percent collagen and DNA contents approached the native aorta over time (% collagen=25.7% ± 3.4 [3 months] vs 99.6% ± 11.7 [5 months], p p Conclusions . Autologous aortic grafts with biological characteristics resembling the native aorta can be created using TE approach. This may allow the development of "live" vascular grafts.
A unitarian hypothesis of altered reactivity to stress mediated by Bordetella pertussis.

Chez la Souris et le Rat, les variations de l'activite sensibilisante du vaccin anticoquelucheux peuvent etre dues a une seule substance, etroitement apparentee ou identique a l'immunogene. Cette hypothese se base sur l'evidence des proprietes qu'ont en commun la labilite calorifique, la protolyse et le fractionnement parallele.
The Relationships Between Alcohol Source, Autonomy in Brand Selection, and Brand Preference Among Youth in the USA

Aims: We aimed to describe the sources from which youth in the USA commonly obtain alcohol, their role in selecting the brands they drink and the relationship of these variables to their indicated alcohol brand preferences. Methods: We recruited 1031 underage drinkers in the age range of 13–20 through an internet panel managed by Knowledge Networks. Respondents completed an online survey assessing their recent brand-specific alcohol use, the source of their most recently consumed alcohol and whether the respondent or another person selected the brand they drank. Results: Alcohol sources were more often passive than transactional. Nearly equal proportions of youth reported that they did versus did not choose the brand of their most recent drink. Analysis revealed that the brand preferences of passive versus active source drinkers were highly similar, as were the brand preferences of respondent versus non-respondent choice drinkers. Stratification of respondents by age did not significantly change these results. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that youth are consuming a homogenous list of preferred brands regardless of the source of their most recently obtained alcohol or who selected the brand they drank.
Trust in Government Among British Muslims: The Importance of Migration Status

This article engages debates about Muslim integration in Western societies by analyzing trust in government among British Muslims. A central finding of the article is that British Muslims are more likely than Christians to have high levels of trust in government. To account for these outcomes, I highlight the importance of general political satisfaction and political efficacy as opposed to the more specifically assimilation and segregation-related variables identified by the literature on minority attitudes. In addition, I posit that Muslims are more likely to have positive political attitudes because they are more likely than Christians to be migrants and migrants are more likely than natives to have optimistic evaluations of British society. I claim that these migration dynamics help account for much of the attitudinal differences between Muslims and Christians.
Sensitivity analysis and evaluation of MicroFacPM: a microscale motor vehicle emission factor model for particulate matter emissions.

Abstract A microscale emission factor model (MicroFacPM) for predicting real-time site-specific motor vehicle particulate matter emissions was presented in the companion paper titled “Development of a Microscale Emission Factor Model for Particulate Matter (MicroFacPM) for Predicting Real-Time Motor Vehicle Emissions.” The emission rates discussed are in mass per unit distance with the model providing estimates of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and coarse particulate matter. This paper complements the companion paper by presenting a sensitivity analysis of the model to input variables and evaluation model outputs using data from limited field studies. The sensitivity analysis has shown that MicroFacPM emission estimates are very sensitive to vehicle fleet composition, speed, and the percentage of high-emitting vehicles. The vehicle fleet composition can affect fleet emission rates from 8 mg/mi to 1215 mg/mi; an increase of 5% in the smoking (high-emitting) current average U.S. light-duty vehicle fleet (c...
On the Robust Stability of the Time Delay Systems

In this work, an algebraic approach is established for checking the D-stability of the time delay systems by using the edge theorem. With this method, one can determine whether the time delay system is robustly stable independent of time delays or robustly stable in a certain intervals of delays. Illustrative examples are included.
Doing better than the optimum

There may be a need for operationalizing basic social indicators like unemployment, inflation, crime, and others in such a way as to allow for going beyond what has traditionally been considered as the zero point of unemployment, inflation, crime, or other social indicators. Doing so can be helpful in stimulating greater societal achievement and happiness, especially with appropriate incentives and a growth perspective. Doing so can also facilitate better comparisons of alternative policies across nations and across other policies.
What Goes Around, Comes Around

Abstract Tracey and Rounds (this issue) have used sequential scale construction and sophisticated statistical packages to validate and extend earlier research on the structure of interests and on the impact of prestige on vocational interests. Their results, while intriguing from a scientific and theoretical perspective, probably are too complex to be implemented in career counseling sessions with clients who are engaged in making career decisions.
Benchmark study of two- and three-dimensional, finite element calculations, simulating dynamic pulse buckling tests of cylindrical shells under axial impact

Abstract A series of tests investigating dynamic pulse buckling of a cylindrical shell under axial impact is compared with several finite element simulations of the event. The purpose of the study is to compare the performance of the various analysis codes and element types with respect to a problem which is applicable to radioactive material transport packages, and ultimately to develop a benchmark problem to qualify finite element analysis codes for the transport package design industry. Although the finite element codes used in this study utilize similar element technology, there are differences in the numerical solutions. Furthermore, this study demonstrates that experiments—which are typically accepted as the “correct” answer—can have multiple results because of design sensitivities. Multiplicity of experimental results suggests that experiments performed for numerical benchmarks should first be numerically evaluated for such sensitivities.
A model for the hapten-induced enhancement of monoclonal antibody binding in ELISA.

Abstract The unusual binding properties of three anti-phosphocholine (PC) monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) in ELISA has been reported [Hall T.J. (1987) Molec. Immun. 24 , 773–777]. These MAbs gave reproducible 2–4 fold increases in binding to PC-protein coated plates in the presence of PC (~2 m M ), nitrophenyl PC (~10 μm) and other PC analogues. A model is proposed here in which the complementary and opposite binding of hapten and PC-protein in the combining sites of these MAbs explains the hapten enhanceable binding in ELISA.
The changing face of candidemia: emergence of non-Candida albicans species and antifungal resistance

Objectives To assess the changing epidemiology of candidemia in the 1990s, to evaluate the clinical implications for the presence of non-Candida albicans in blood, and to evaluate the presence of antifungal resistance in relation to prior antifungal administration. Design Multicenter prospective observational study of patients with positive blood cultures for Candida species or Torulopsis glabrata. Setting Four tertiary care medical centers. Results Four hundred twenty-seven consecutive patients were enrolled. The frequency of candidemia due to non-C. albicans species significantly increased in each hospital throughout the 3.5-year study period (P = 0.01). Thirteen percent of candidemias occurred in patients who were already receiving systemic antifungal agents. Candidemias developing while receiving antifungal therapy were more likely caused by non-C. albicans species than by C. albicans species (P = 0.0005). C. parapsilosis and C. krusei were more commonly seen with prior fluconazole therapy, whereas T. glabrata was more commonly seen with prior amphotericin B therapy. Candida species isolated during episodes of breakthrough candidemia exhibited a significantly higher MIC to the antifungal agent being administered (P Conclusion In this large scale study, the non-C. albicans species, especially T. glabrata, emerged as important and frequent pathogens causing fungemia. This finding has major clinical implications given the higher complication and mortality rate associated with the non-C. albicans species. The change in the pattern of candidemia might be partly attributed to the increase in number of immunocompromised hosts and the widespread use of prophylactic or empiric antifungal therapy. This is an ominous sign given the in vitro resistance of the non-C. albicans species to currently available antifungal agents.
Molecular profiling of single cells and tissue specimens with quantum dots

Quantum dots are tiny light-emitting particles on the nanometer scale. They are emerging as a new class of biological label with properties and applications that are not available with traditional organic dyes and fluorescent proteins. Recent advances, as reported in Science and Nature Biotechnology, have led to quantum dot bioconjugates that are highly luminescent and stable. These bioconjugates raise new possibilities for studying genes, proteins and drug targets in single cells, tissue specimens and even in living animals.
Rotation of the solar wind plasma

Abstract The purpose of this work is to study the effect of the rotation of the Sun on the solar wind. It is presented a solution of the angular momentum equation, coupled with Maxwell's equations, that gives the interplanetary magnetic field structure as well as the azimuthal component of the solar wind velocity. The radial magnetic stresses that result because of the interaction are seen to be negligible compared with the radial gradients of pressure; thus, the treatment of a radial expansion of the corona neglecting magnetic fields seems to be justified.
Associations with weight loss and subsequent mortality risk.

Purpose Studies have shown a high prevalence of weight loss in older adults is associated with an increased risk of death. We investigated this in a population-based study. Methods Persons living in Beaver Dam, Wisconsin, participated in a baseline examination between 1988 and 1990 (n = 4926). A medical examination and standardized questionnaire were administered. Weight loss was defined as percent loss in body weight from highest lifetime weight to measured weight at baseline. Results Weight loss was associated with older age, higher rates of diseases such as diabetes, and lower baseline levels of blood pressure and serum total cholesterol. After controlling for age, medical, and lifestyle factors, both men and women had higher mortality rates over a 10+ year period for increasing categories of weight loss (hazard ratio [ 95% CI]: 1.16 [1.06, 1.27] for men and 1.23 [1.13, 1.34] for women). Increased mortality rates with increasing weight loss was shown in stratified analyses of age, body mass index (BMI) at highest weight, smoking, and disease status, but did not always reach statistical significance. Persons on weight loss diets within the year prior to baseline did not have increased mortality with increasing weight loss. Conclusion The strong association between weight loss (likely involuntary) and mortality may be a useful way of estimating overall risks to longevity in populations.
E2 and E4 Transition Moments and Equilibrium Deformations in the Actinide Nuclei

Precision Coulomb-excitation experiments using $^{4}\mathrm{He}$ ions have been performed in the actinide region ($230\ensuremath{\le}A\ensuremath{\le}248$) by the observation of elastic and inelastically scattered projectiles using a split-pole magnetic spectrometer equipped with a position-sensitive proportional detector. 12 even-$A$ targets from $^{230}\mathrm{Th}$ to $^{248}\mathrm{Cm}$ have been investigated and the reduced quadrupole matrix element, $〈2\ensuremath{\parallel}\mathfrak{M}(E2)\ensuremath{\parallel}0〉$, and the reduced hexadecapole matrix element, $〈4\ensuremath{\parallel}\mathfrak{M}(E4)\ensuremath{\parallel}0〉$, have been determined from the experimental excitation probabilities of the ${0}^{+}$, ${2}^{+}$, and ${4}^{+}$ states in the ground-state rotational bands. The values of $B(E4,0\ensuremath{\rightarrow}4)$ range from 167 single-particle units for $^{234}\mathrm{U}$ to essentially zero single-particle units for $^{244,246,248}\mathrm{Cm}$. Model-dependent deformation parameters, ${\ensuremath{\beta}}_{20}$ and ${\ensuremath{\beta}}_{40}$, are extracted from the measured $E2$ and $E4$ transition moments for distributions of nuclear charge represented by deformed Fermi distributions and by a deformed homogeneous distribution.
Cardioversion, Defibrillation, and Overdrive Pacing of Ventricular Arrhythmias: The Effect of Moricizine in Dogs with Sustained Monomorphic Ventricular Tachycardia

The purpose of this investigation is to define whether the antiarrhythmic drug moricizine has beneficial or adverse effects on currently used antitachycardia and antifibrillatory devices. These studies were performed in a dog model of sustained monomorphic ventricular tachycardia (VT). In 11 dogs, the left anterior descending artery and all surrounding epicardial collateral feeder vessels were ligated. Defibrillator patches were implanted and the dogs were allowed to recover. After a 7-day recovery period, effective refractory period (ERP), end diastolic threshold (EDT), VT induction, and VT and ventricular fibrillation (VF) termination data were collected before and after moricizine infusion (2 mg/kg). In this experimental model, moricizine caused the folIowing electrophysiological changes: a prolongation of the ERP from 173 ± 14 to 182 ± 15 fP < 0.02) with no significant effect on the EDT for pacing; a prolongation of the VT cycle length from 175 ± 18 to 201 ± 23 msec (P < 0.003); an increased cycle length required for overdrive pacing from 136 ± 20 to 157 ± 22 msec (P < 0.01); no effect on the energy required to cardiovert VT; an increase in the defibrillation threshold from 7.5 ±4 to 9.4 ± 4 joules (P < 0.006) and; in 5 of the 8 dogs with VT, theVT could be initiated with somewhat less aggressive stimulation. Significant beneficial electrophysiological effects were noted on theVT cycle length, including a proportionately prolonged overdrive pacing cycle length for VT termination. These changes were contrasted by the significant increase in the VF conversion energy required and the ease with which the VT could be induced postmoricizine. These findings suggest a possible proarrhythmic effect of moricizine.
Studies with Purified Chaperones Advance the Understanding of the Mechanism of Glucocorticoid Receptor–hsp90 Heterocomplex Assembly

The study of the 9S, untransformed state of steroid receptors has led to the discovery of a multiprotein chaperone system that assembles heterocomplexes between hsp90 and a variety of proteins involved in signal transduction. Using the formation of glucocorticoid receptor (GR)-hsp90 heterocomplexes as a model, we have reconstituted a fully functional heterocomplex assembly system from purified components. The basic assembly system requires four proteins-hsp90, hsp70, p60/Hop and hsp40-to assemble GR-hsp90 heterocomplexes, which are then stabilized by the hsp90-interacting protein p23. The four proteins can self-assemble into an hsp90-p60/Hop-hsp70-hsp40 complex that we call a foldosome. Foldosomes isolated from reticulocyte lysate or formed from purified proteins open up a steroid-binding pocket to create a high-affinity steroid-binding state of the GR. We describe here the systematic reconstitution of the hsp90-based chaperone machinery and develop a model of the receptor-hsp90 heterocomplex assembly mechanism.
Development, operation, and long-term performance of a full-scale biocurtain utilizing bioaugmentation

A full-scale field evaluation of bioaugmentation was conducted in a carbon tetrachloride (CT)- and nitrate-impacted aquifer at Schoolcraft, MI. The added organism was Pseudomonas stutzeri KC (strain KC), a denitrifying bacterium that cometabolically degrades CT without producing chloroform (CF). To introduce and maintain strain KC in the aquifer, a row of closely spaced (1-m) injection/extraction wells were installed normal to the direction of groundwater flow near the leading edge of the CT plume. The resulting system of wells was used to establish and maintain a “biocurtain” for CT degradation through the intermittent addition of base to create favorable pH conditions; inoculation; and weekly addition of acetate (electron donor), alkali, and phosphorus. Although half of the test zone was inoculated twice, the long-term performance of both sections was indistinguishable: both had high CT removal efficiencies (median of 98−99.9%) and similar levels of strain KC colonization (>105 strain KC/g). Sustained ...
Non-freezable water and spin-lattice relaxation time in muscle containing a growing tumor.

The amount of non-freezable water and the spin-lattice relaxation time (T1) of water protons for normal gastronemius muscle of mice and muscle containing a growing tumor have been studied by pulsed NMR. It was found that the amount of non-freezable water in tissue with tumor is less than that in normal tissue. The proton T1 of muscle water was calculated in the temperature range −70−+37°C. The longer T1 for tissue with tumor at room temperature is attributed to a smaller amount of water in the hydration layer.
ARPP-21: murine gene structure and promoter identification of a neuronal phosphoprotein enriched in the limbic striatum

ARPP-21 (cAMP-regulated phosphoprotein, Mr = 21,000 on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis) is a phosphoprotein highly enriched in concentration in the neurons of the limbic striatum. It is likely a third messenger in the intracellular cascade of events following neuronal stimulation by first-messenger activators of the adenylate cyclase system, including dopamine via the D1 receptor. ARPP-21 expression is restricted to telencephalic post-mitotic, post-migrational neurons, and its precise pattern of temporal and spatial expression makes it an attractive candidate for the study of transcriptional regulation of neuronal maturation. To define genomic regions likely to contain functional promoter elements, we isolated the murine ARPP-21 gene. Primer extension and T2 RNase protection analyses identified multiple transcription start sites, but 1.3 kb of 5'-flanking DNA revealed few consensus transcription factor binding sequences. A series of transient transfection assays in clonal cell lines which do not express ARPP-21 identified a basal promoter active in both neuronal and non-neuronal lines. Expression in all lines was decreased by the inclusion of regions further upstream, and extinguished by the inclusion of the first intron. Further analyses are likely to reveal cell specific regulatory sequences.
The Four-College Consortium and the Future of APT’s

The 0.75-m Four College Consortium Automatic Photometric Telescope, now in its thirteenth year of full time operation, obtains both Johnson-Cousins and Stromgren photometry. The operation of the telescope by a consortium is unique among operational small-automated telescopes. Observing programs for astronomers at four institutions are intermixed on a minute-by-minute basis. While the fundamental purpose of the telescope is basic astronomical research, its very strong secondary purpose is providing research training for undergraduate students at the member institutions of the consortium. Data from the telescope have appeared in over 40 refereed papers and 75 conference proceedings. The work has involved more than 30 undergraduate students. A shared telescope is most effective in studying variations with timescales on the order of 1 – 10 days. No other type of instrument has both the available time and capability for long-term day-to-day monitoring that this period range requires. Here there are a large number of poorly studied targets such as the slowly pulsating B stars, the magnetic Chemically Peculiar stars, and the short period Cepheids. While the single channel photometer is essentially obsolete when compared to modern multi-detector or CCD systems, it can continue providing useful data as long as we maintain it. Over the next few years we hope to replace the primary mirror and substitute a CCD imaging system for the photometer. We are also interested in expanding our network of automatic telescopes. A first step in this process is the installation of a commercial automated telescope at the Etelman Observatory of the University of the Virgin Islands.
Comparison of Soybean Oils, Gum, and Defatted Soy Flour Extract in Stabilizing Menhaden Oil during Heating

Capabilities of crude soy oil, degummed oil, gum, and defatted soy flour extract in preventing the oxidation of menhaden oil and its omega-3 fatty acids, DHA (docosahexaenoic acid) and EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid), during heating were evaluated. The menhaden oil mixed with defatted soy flour extract demonstrated the greatest stability by producing the lowest TBA reactive oxidation products and retaining the highest concentrations of DHA and EPA after heating at 150 degrees C for 30 min. A range of 62.8% to 71.5% of DHA and 67.7% to 75.9% of EPA remained in the fish oil with defatted soy flour extract, while only 29.9% of DHA and 37.2% of EPA were retained in the fish oil with no addition. Stabilizing capability from highest to lowest was defatted flour extract > gum > degummed oil = crude oil. The defatted flour extract had the highest level of total phenolic content (11.3 microg catechin equivalent/g), while crude oil, degummed oil, and gum contained 7.1, 6.1, and 6.0 microg catechin equivalent/g, respectively. The level of isoflavones in the defatted soy flour extract was 55 mg/g, which was over 100 times higher than in the crude oil or gum. Although isoflavones were not detected in the degummed oil, it contained the highest level of tocopherols (414 mug/g), whereas the lowest level (215 microg/g) was found in the defatted flour extract. The order of free radical scavenging capability measured from high to low was the defatted soy flour extract, crude oil, degummed oil, and gum.
Synthesis of the non-classical acetogenin mucocin: a modular approach based on olefinic coupling reactions

A three component modular synthesis of the potent antitumor agent mucocin, based on olefinic coupling reactions, is described. A cross-metathesis on tetrahydropyran and tetrahydrofuran alkene components was used to assemble a stereochemically complex, non-adjacently-linked bicyclic ether. The latter was elaborated to a sulfone and partnered with a butenolide aldehyde component in a Julia–Kocienski olefination to provide the mucocin framework, which was converted to the natural product after hydrogenation and alcohol deprotection.
Can Genomics Deliver on the Promise of Improved Outcomes and Reduced Costs

The increased availability of genetic information has the potential to dramatically change the practice of medicine. Health insurers, in their role of evaluating medical appropriateness while controlling costs, are struggling with the incorporation of the genetic paradigm into clinical practice. Tremendous progress has been made in the understanding of genetic causes of single gene disorders. This has led to more sophisticated diagnostic approaches but, with few exceptions, has not led to innovative therapies. Tremendous sums of money are being spent in the emerging field of pharmacogenomics, but little return on this investment has been seen to this point. The ‘Holy Grail’ of the new genetics is to understand the genetic factors that predispose to common disease that will eventually lead to individualized preventive care, rather than prevention based on population tendencies. There are enormous obstacles to overcome if this goal is to be realized, including identification of genetic variation, quantification of variant effect, environmental interactions, and development of interventions based on variation and cost analysis to ensure that this type of approach is feasible within the current economic environment. It must also be recognized that genomics may not be the answer to any of the above questions, given that each of the approximately 30 000 genes in the genome produces, on average, 3.7 proteins. The new field of proteomics may supplant genomics as the guide to accomplishing the goals above. Insurers do not have the luxury to wait for the outcome of this debate. They must act now to analyze the new genetic technologies, and incorporate those that demonstrate value. This will necessitate involving geneticists in technology assessment and utilization decisions, as well as adding these specialists to the provider network. In addition, they will need to partner with educators and researchers to ensure that the next generation of providers is genetically competent, as well as to help establish the evidence base for interventions developed from genetic insight.
Effect of Genetic Differences Among Herds on Accuracy of Selection and Expected Genetic Change

Abstract Improperly accounting for genetic differences among herds affects the accuracy of estimates of breeding values. The loss is expected genetic change resulting from this lower accuracy was quantified. Expected genetic change was calculated by sequential selection theory and was expressed in terms of accuracy of estimates of sire and cow breeding values. Simple linear models were used to explain milk production. Selection index theory was used to calculate accuracy as the expected correlation among indices and breeding values. The expected genetic change was calculated and plotted for variations in accuracy of estimates of breeding values. Expected genetic change increased from .4 to .6 kg and 1.1 to 1.2 kg of milk per cow per year for each .01 increase in accuracy of estimates of breeding values of cows and sires, respectively. Evaluation of the potential for genetic differences among herds indicated that the maximum improvement in the expected genetic progress would be around 10 kg of milk per cow per year.
The Symbolic Role of Postcards in Representing a Destination Image: The Case of Alanya, Turkey

The study adopted a qualitative approach to investigate the role of postcards in representing a destination image as evidence for their travel. A total of 15 postcard racks in Alanya, Turkey were sampled in a variety of sales outlets, using an observation and content photography techniques. The postcards were sorted into four groups according to their levels of authenticity and contextual representation of the tourist's experience at the destination. The analysis yielded a conceptual framework of four types of postcards: realistic, refurbished reality, misleading, and fantasy. The study concluded that only a small proportion of the postcards represented authentic and true images of Alanya, while the majority of the postcards provided ambiguous, unclear, and confusing images of the destination. Recommendations for developing more realistic images to be featured on postcards are discussed.
Rare, outlier and extreme: beyond the Gaussian model and measures

Probability models for rare, outlier and extreme outcomes are different than the Gaussian (normal) distribution commonly used in management research. This paper illustrates the theoretical basis and implementation of these concepts. One example uses data on organisational size and compensation of CEOs in large US corporations in order to illustrate rare and outlier outcomes. Models that fit the data on these variables are very different than the Gaussian distribution, so mean, standard deviation and correlation are useless here. Another example uses data collected from business executives’ economic forecasts shortly after the 9/11 terrorist attacks to illustrate how to identify extreme outcomes and a Bayesian approach for inferring relationship between extreme outcomes and strategy type. Differentiations between extremes and rares are illustrated using data simulated by a Monte Carlo method. Visualisation of fit of a model for data by Q-Q plot and discussion of distributional testing precedes some concluding remarks.
Separation of basal histone synthesis from S-phase histone synthesis in dividing cells

Abstract Histone synthesis in cycling tissue-culture cells can be separated into basal synthesis and S-phase synthesis. S-phase histone synthesis comprises about 90% of total histone synthesis, and in this regard our results support the generally held model that most histone synthesis is tightly linked to DNA synthesis. Basal histone synthesis is less than 10% of the S-phase synthesis but persists throughout the S, G2 and G1 phases of the cell cycle, while S-phase synthesis rises in parallel with the increase in DNA synthesis. In Chinese hamster ovary cells, the H2A variants Z and X, and the H3 variant 3, participate in basal histone synthesis while the H2A variants 1 and 2, and the H3 variant 2, participate in S-phase histone synthesis. H2B and H4 participate in both kinds of synthesis. Because specific H2A and H3 variants are involved, basal histone synthesis cannot be attributed to contamination by cells in S-phase. Whole cells and isolated nuclei yield the same results. Basal histone synthesis can be demonstrated in cells synchronized by mitotic shake-off either alone or in combination with isoleucine starvation and colcemid blockage. It is also differentiated from S-phase histone synthesis by its relative insensitivity to hydroxyurea, indicating that basal histone synthesis is not linked or is at least less tightly linked to DNA synthesis. The basal H2A variants X and Z of five other cell lines all show similar relative insensitivities to hydroxyurea treatment. These lines include attached cultures, suspension cultures, a normal line and transformed lines from human, mouse, rat and Chinese hamster, indicating that basal histone synthesis may be a property of all cycling cells. The integration of basal histones into chromatin seems to follow the same pathway as S-phase histones, but the kinetics are somewhat slower.
Family, the State, and Law in Early Modern and Revolutionary France

Over the past two decades, feminist historians of early modern and revolutionary France have succeeded in pushing the history of the family in a political direction. They have achieved this not only by highlighting the centrality of the family to early modern and revolutionary political culture, but also by elucidating the ways that families and the state have reshaped one another over time through the medium of law and legal culture. Although the most prominent political histories of the family concern the abrupt shifts wrought by the French Revolution, specialists in early modern France have also charted important if less dramatic changes in the relationship between families and state. Comparing early modern and revolutionary changes to family law reveals that the Revolution not only offered a new but contested republican model of the family, it also changed the practical negotiations through which law is made and remade.
Effect of Supplementing Raw Soybean Meal with Methionine on Performance of Layers

Abstract UNAVAILABILITY of certain amino acids has been given as one of the causes for the low nutritive value of raw soybean meal. Carver et al. (1946) reported excellent egg production in all mash diets with 13% protein containing either raw or heated soybean meal. Fisher et al. (1957) concluded that raw extracted soybeans properly supplemented with methionine and vitamin B12 supported egg production at a rate comparable to that obtained with heated soybeans. Saxena et al. (1963) also showed that a diet containing raw soybean meal and 0.5% added methionine supported egg production and that only slight pancreatic enlargement was observed in hens fed raw soybean meal. Recently, Summers et al. (1965) reported that diets in which raw soybean was the source of protein had no adverse effects on egg production or feed efficiency, but did result in pancreatic hypertrophy. In contrast, Hill and Renner (1963) presented data showing reduced . . .
Mild cognitive impairment: pathology and mechanisms

Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is rapidly becoming one of the most common clinical manifestations affecting the elderly. The pathologic and molecular substrate of people diagnosed with MCI is not well established. Since MCI is a human specific disorder and neither the clinical nor the neuropathological course appears to follow a direct linear path, it is imperative to characterize neuropathology changes in the brains of people who came to autopsy with a well-characterized clinical diagnosis of MCI. Herein, we discuss findings derived from clinical pathologic studies of autopsy cases who died with a clinical diagnosis of MCI. The heterogeneity of clinical MCI imparts significant challenges to any review of this subject. The pathologic substrate of MCI is equally complex and must take into account not only conventional plaque and tangle pathology but also a wide range of cellular, biochemical and molecular deficits, many of which relate to cognitive decline as well as compensatory responses to the progressive disease process. The multifaceted nature of the neuronal disconnection syndrome associated with MCI suggests that there is no single event which precipitates this prodromal stage of AD. In fact, it can be argued that neuronal degeneration initiated at different levels of the central nervous system drives cognitive decline as a final common pathway at this stage of the dementing disease process.
Using occupancy and species distribution models to assess the conservation status and habitat use of the goldline darter (Percina aurolineata) in Georgia, USA

The goldline darter (Percina aurolineata) is threatened by recent increases in urbanisation in the Coosawattee River watershed, but no studies have addressed their current status. Similarly, limited data on habitat use make it difficult to understand factors that may impact this species. We compared occurrence data before (1996–2000) and after (2009–2011) a period of rapid development and population growth within the watershed. Single-season occupancy models were built to account for imperfect species detection and to identify habitat covariates. MaxEnt was used to identify important stream reaches for conservation and to understand landscape scale factors correlated with the distribution of goldline darters. Our results indicate a high proportion of sites occupied upstream of Carters Lake during the historic and recent time periods, with no evidence of decline. However, occurrences of goldline darters for sites in Talking Rock Creek and the lower Coosawattee River were sparse in the historic period and absent during the recent period. The probability of detecting goldline darters is low and was positively associated with the occurrence of small substrate. Species distribution models were strongly influenced by watershed area and elevation and indicated a high probability of suitable habitat within the Coosawattee River and large tributaries upstream of Carters Lake. While goldline darter occupancy is currently stable upstream of Carters Lake, continued urbanisation is a threat to long-term persistence. We recommend additional monitoring and describe a protocol that allows for precise estimates of species occupancy while minimising the risk of sampling-related mortality.
40 years of storming: a historical review of Tuckman's model of small group development

This paper presents a historical overview of the Tuckman model describing the stages of group development. Created by Bruce W. Tuckman in 1965 and revised by Tuckman and Mary Ann Conover Jensen in 1977, the model presents the well-known stages of forming, storming, norming, performing, and adjourning. This model has a unique history in that it was initially popular among HRD practitioners and later became common in academic literature as well. Its significance was a reflection of its time, responding both to the growing importance of groups in the workplace and to the lack of applicable research. This paper uses a literature review to trace the history of the model in terms of field practice and academic research.
Similarity thresholds used in DNA sequence assembly from short reads can reduce the comparability of population histories across species

Comparing inferences among datasets generated using short read sequencing may provide insight into the concerted impacts of divergence, gene flow and selection across organisms, but comparisons are complicated by biases introduced during dataset assembly. Sequence similarity thresholds allow the de novo assembly of short reads into clusters of alleles representing different loci, but the resulting datasets are sensitive to both the similarity threshold used and to the variation naturally present in the organism under study. Thresholds that require high sequence similarity among reads for assembly (stringent thresholds) as well as highly variable species may result in datasets in which divergent alleles are lost or divided into separate loci (‘over-splitting’), whereas liberal thresholds increase the risk of paralogous loci being combined into a single locus (‘under-splitting’). Comparisons among datasets or species are therefore potentially biased if different similarity thresholds are applied or if the species differ in levels of within-lineage genetic variation. We examine the impact of a range of similarity thresholds on assembly of empirical short read datasets from populations of four different non-model bird lineages (species or species pairs) with different levels of genetic divergence. We find that, in all species, stringent similarity thresholds result in fewer alleles per locus than more liberal thresholds, which appears to be the result of high levels of over-splitting. The frequency of putative under-splitting, conversely, is low at all thresholds. Inferred genetic distances between individuals, gene tree depths, and estimates of the ancestral mutation-scaled effective population size (θ) differ depending upon the similarity threshold applied. Relative differences in inferences across species differ even when the same threshold is applied, but may be dramatically different when datasets assembled under different thresholds are compared. These differences not only complicate comparisons across species, but also preclude the application of standard mutation rates for parameter calibration. We suggest some best practices for assembling short read data to maximize comparability, such as using more liberal thresholds and examining the impact of different thresholds on each dataset.
Land and water rights and the design of small scale irrigation projects: the case of Baluchistan

In countries around the world where small-scale irrigation systems are being improved, the design and functioning of these upgraded systems will be greatly enhanced if pre-existing patterns of land and water rights and established procedures for system operation are taken into account. An appreciation of these rights and procedures can greatly influence the layout of the water distribution network, water management practices, anticipated cropping patterns, and the related incidence of project benefits. Failure to do so will almost certainly have an adverse effect upon the functioning of the irrigation system, and can often result in serious conflicts. This is illustrated by the case of small-scale irrigation development in Baluchistan Province, Pakistan, where limited analysis of property rights and management practices and lack of consultation with intended beneficiaries caused major delays during the initial stages of project implementation. However, by introducing a ‘methodology for social action’ that included an assessment of property rights and extensive consultation with affected households during the design and construction phases, the physical features and operating procedures for the upgraded irrigation system were crafted in a manner which maximized economic returns within the range of options acceptable to the local community.
Arginine utilization by Mycoplasma fermentans is not regulated by glucose metabolism: A 13C-NMR study

13C-NMR studies on the effect of glucose metabolism on arginine hydrolysis in Mycoplasma fermentans cells have been performed using a continuous perfusion technique. With this procedure we were able to show, in the presence of glucose, the rapid accumulation of lactic acid and, in the presence of arginine, the formation of citrulline that is apparently further metabolized. As the accumulation of lactate and the breakdown of arginine were observed in the simultaneous presence of both substrates, it is suggested that the glucose utilization has little or no effect on the deimination of arginine to citrulline.
The effects of spontaneous mutation on quantitative traits. II. Dominance of mutations with effects on life-history traits

We studied the dominance of the effects of chromosomes carrying unselected mutations on five life-history traits in Drosophila melanogaster. Mutations were accumulated on the second chromosome for 44 generations in the absence of natural selection. Traits studied were female fecundity early and late in adult life, male mating ability, and male and female longevity. Homozygous effects were estimated for 50 mutant lines, and heterozygous effects were estimated by crossing these lines in a partial diallel scheme. Direct estimates of dominance showed that the effects of mutants are at least partially recessive. Heterozygotes had higher trait means than homozygotes in all five cases, and these differences were significant for late fecundity and female longevity. For all traits, genetic variance was larger among homozygous crosses than among heterozygous crosses. These results are consistent with those of many other studies that suggest that both unselected mutations and those found segregating in natural populations are partially recessive.
Helium emission in the spectrum of Kappa Canis Majoris

Coude spectra of kappa CMa in the red region showed H alpha and He 1 lambda lambda 5876,6678 in emission. Each of the lines had two emission components, but the helium lines had no detectable absorption feature in between. While the H alpha emission peaks were separated by 160 km/sec, the helium lines were separated by 400 km/sec. A simple model is proposed to account for the behavior of these emission lines.
AB INITIO CALCULATIONS OF THE 17O NMR CHEMICAL SHIFT OF HYDRONIUM AND DIHYDROXONIUM IONS IN THEIR FLUOROBORATES : COMPARISON WITH EXPERIMENT

The geometries of the hydronium and dihydroxonium cations in ion pairs with fluoroborate anions were examined by ab initio calculations at the MP2/6-31G* level. It was found that the representation of the hydronium ion in the field of an anion as an equilateral triangle, employed in the literature for the interpretation of low-temperature broad-band NMR spectra of water in solid acids, is an oversimplification, particularly for the composition H5O2+ (dihydroxonium). Chemical shift calculations (DFT−GIAO−B3LYP at the dzvp, tzp, tz2p, and qz2p levels) were conducted for 17O in H3O+·BF4- (1) and H5O2+·BF4- (2). The signal of 2 was predicted to appear at higher frequency (downfield) than the signal for 1. For experimental verification, the 17O NMR spectra were recorded for various mixtures of hydronium fluoroborate and water. A nonmonotonic variation of the 17O chemical shift with the increase in water content was observed; the signal moved first toward higher frequency and had the highest chemical shift for ...
Two-cycle pulse generation from mode-locked Kerr frequency combs based on an integrated dispersion-flattened micro-resonator

Kerr frequency comb generation from a nonlinear high-Q resonator becomes an interdisciplinary research topic emerging from nonlinear optics, integrated photonics, and ultrafast optics. We show that ultrashort cavity solitons can be generated from a mode-locked Kerr frequency comb in a dispersion-engineered nonlinear microresonator. The spectral flatness of the comb is greatly improved by making the cavity soliton as short as two optical cycles, with a comb line power variation below 20 dB over an octave-spanning bandwidth from near infrared to mid infrared, while excellent spectral coherence is achieved by soliton-based mode locking. It is shown by simulation that the two-cycle solitons are robust to the wideband soliton perturbation effects such as all-order dispersion, frequency-dependent Q-factor, dispersive wave generation, Kerr self-steepening, and stimulated Raman scattering. The pump power used to generate an octave-spanning combs can be significantly reduced when a dispersion profile with four zero-dispersion frequencies, which paves the way to achieve a fully integrated frequency comb generator on a chip.
Metal complexes and acid-base properties of Δ1 tetrahydrocannabinol

Despite very extensive efforts employing a wide variety of techniques and procedures, it has not been found possible to isolate solid metal ion complexes of Δ1-tetrahydrocannabinol. Equilibria of Δ1-tetrahydrocannabinol with protons and bivalent transition metal ions (Fe2+, Co2+, Cu2+), in t-butanol at 30·0° and ionic strength 0·015 M, have been investigated potentiometrically. The ligand behaves as a monovalent base. With respect to the variation of the metal ion with the same ligand, the stability increases in the order Fe < Co < Cu; this order is in accord with the Irving-Williams series.