cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Relationships between geotaxis/phototaxis and diel vertical migration in autotrophic dinoflagellates

Marine dinoflagellate diel vertical migrations are often conceptually explained by a species' geotactic and phototactic preferences, but actual simultaneous measurements are rare. Newly collected simultaneous measurements on Heterocapsa (Cachonina) illdefina (Herman and Sweeney) and Gymnodinium breve (Davis) are combined with similar literature information on Amphidinium carterae (Hulbert), Peridinium faeroense (Paulsen) and Prorocentrum micans (Ehrenberg) to explore several examples of the actual relationships between diel vertical migration and geotaxis/phototaxis. Amphidinium carterae does not migrate, but it exhibits a negative geotaxis that may counter a small sinking velocity. The four other species all exhibit diel vertical migrations that yield surface aggrega- tions during daylight, but the associated combinations of geotaxis and phototaxis precision (which is strongest when every cell in a population exhibits the same response to a stimulus and weakest when the response is random) and sign (which is positive (negative) when motion is toward (away from) the stimulus) are different in each case. These different taxis combinations may be related to species- specific sensor structure and/or placement. Furthermore, variations in the different biochemical pools over a species* cell cycle may contribute to structural/mechanical changes that influence how a given sensory array functions at a given time. If so, this coupling may be an important link in the growth optimization mechanisms and occasional bloom successes of different autotrophic dinoflagellate species under varying environmental conditions.
Fatty Acid Profile of Sunshine Bass: I. Profile Change is Affected by Initial Composition and Differs Among Tissues

Fatty acid (FA) composition of fillet tissue can be tailored by transitioning fish from alternative lipid-based, low long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LC-PUFA) grow-out feeds to high LC-PUFA "finishing" feeds. To address whether grow-out feed composition influences the responsiveness of fillet tissue to finishing, sunshine bass (SB, Morone chrysops x M. saxatilis) were reared to a submarketable size on grow-out feeds containing fish oil (FO) or a 50:50 blend of FO and coconut (CO), grapeseed (GO), linseed (LO), or poultry (PO) oil. For the final 8 weeks of the trial, fish were either maintained on assigned grow-out feeds or finished with the 100% FO feed. Production performance was unaffected by dietary lipid source, but fillet FA profile generally conformed to nutritional history. Regardless of grow-out regimen, finishing had a significant restorative effect on fillet FA composition; however, complete restoration of control levels of 20:5n-3, 22:6n-3, total LC-PUFA and n-3:n-6 FA ratio was achieved only among fish fed the CO-based grow-out feed. Saturated fatty acids (SFA) appear to be preferential catabolic substrates, whereas medium-chain and long-chain PUFA are selectively deposited in tissues. Provision of SFA in grow-out feeds appears to optimize selective FA metabolism and restoration of beneficial fillet FA profile during finishing.
"Save Angels Perhaps": A Critical Examination of Unconscious Thought Theory and the Deliberation-Without-Attention Effect

Based on Unconscious Thought Theory (UTT) and a series of experimental and correlational studies, Dijksterhuis and his colleagues conclude that when making complex choices/decisions, conscious thought— deliberation while attention is directed at the problem—leads to poorer choices/decisions than “unconscious thought”— deliberation in the absence of conscious attention directed at the problem. UTT comprises six principles said to apply to decision making, impression formation, attitude formation and change, problem solving, and creativity. Because the implications of UTT for psychological research and theory are considerable, the authors critically examined these six principles (and the studies used to support them) in light of the extant scholarship on unconscious processes, memory, attention, and social cognition. Our examination reveals that UTT is a theory of the unconscious that fails to take into account important work in cognitive psychology, particularly in the judgment and decision making area. Moreover, established literatures in social psychology that contradict fundamental tenets of UTT and its empirical basis are ignored. The authors conclude that theoretical and experimental deficiencies undermine the claims of the superiority of unconscious thinking as portrayed by UTT.
Progestational activity of Megestrol acetate polydimethylsiloxane (PDS) capsules in rhesus monkeys

Abstract Progestational changes took place in estrogen primed endometria of adult castrated rhesus monkeys when Megestrol acetate was given orally or when it was administered in Silastic R capsules which were introduced subcutaneously. These changes were evaluated at the end of the 10th day of treatment. Endometrial biopsies taken through uterocutaneous fistulae showed irregular secretory and irregular endometria, when 4 μg/kg/24 hrs and 8 μg/kg/24 hrs of Megestrol acetate were administered, respectively, by the implant. Endometrial suppression was obtained in equivalent degrees when 60 μg/kg/24 hrs were given orally and when 8 μg/kg/24 hrs were given by implant. Megestrol acetate was approximately 10 times more potent by implant than when administered orally. Following both routes of administration, there was an associated leukocytic infiltration of the endometrium. The progestational changes and this infiltration of the endometrium seem to be dose-related. It is suggested that the presence of lymphocytic and polymorphonuclear infiltration into the endometrium could be related to the mechanism of action of continuous microdose progestogens.
On the mechanics of the knee during the stance phase of the gait

In this paper, we explore the mechanical behavior of the knee during the weight acceptance stage of stance during normal walking. We show that the torque/angle behavior of the knee during this stage can be approximated by a linear torsional spring. The mechanical parameters completely specifying this spring are identified, including stiffness, amount of rotation, and angle of engagement, and the effect of gait speed and body/load mass on those parameters are discussed. We discuss how the findings of this paper can be applied to the design of leg orthoses, prostheses and exoskeletons, and bipedal robots in general, allowing the implementation of human-like leg compliance during stance with a relatively simple latched-spring mechanism.
Event-triggered output feedback control of finite horizon discrete-time multi-dimensional linear processes

Event-triggered control systems are systems in which the control signal is recomputed when the plant's output signal leaves a triggering-set. There has been recent interest in event-triggered control systems as a means of reducing the communication load in control systems. This paper re-examines a problem [1] whose solution characterizes triggering-sets that minimize a quadratic control cost over a finite horizon subject to a hard constraint on the number of times the feedback control is computed. Computational complexity confined prior solutions of this problem to scalar linear systems. This paper presents an approximate solution that is suitable for multi-dimensional linear systems. This approximate solution uses families of quadratic forms to bound the value functions generated in solving the problem. This approach has a computational complexity that is polynomial in state-space dimension and horizon length. This paper's results may therefore provide a basis for developing practical methods for the event-triggered output control of multi-dimensional discrete-time linear systems.
Bangqiu: MLB's Role in Baseball's Comeback in the People's Republic of China

This article explores the growth of Chinese baseball since the early 1970s. The sport was very popular in the 1940s and 1950s as the semi-official pastime of the People's Liberation Army, but it disappeared from the country in the 1960s due to economic woes stemming from the Great Leap Forward and the anti-western fervour of the Cultural Revolution. Richard Nixon's historic meeting with Chairman Mao in 1972 ushered in a thaw in Sino–American relations that enabled veterans of 1950s competitions to take up baseball once again and teach the game to a new generation. Over the 1970s, baseball began to slowly grow in China with some modest Japanese encouragement and China began competing internationally the following decade. Over the past decade, Major League Baseball has made such a large investment in China that baseball has become the fastest growing sport in the country. At present, the country's only professional league is currently in the early stages of its development, but American talent evaluators be...
Survival of White‐Tailed Deer Fawns in Southern Illinois

Survival of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) fawns has been quantified throughout much of North America. However, few studies have assessed the influence of intrinsic factors (e.g., fawn age and birth mass) and habitat on fawn survival. During 2002–2004, we captured and radiocollared 166 fawns in southern Illinois, USA, to estimate survival rates, determine causes of mortality, and identify factors influencing fawn survival. We used a known fates model in program MARK to estimate survival rates and compare explanatory models based on Akaike's Information Criterion corrected for small sample sizes (AICc). We developed 2 candidate sets of a priori models to quantify factors influencing fawn survival: model set 1 included intrinsic factors and model set 2 focused on habitat variables. We recorded 64 mortalities and the overall survival rate was 0.59 (95% CI = 0.51–0.68). Predation was the leading source of mortality (64%) and coyotes (Canis latrans) were the most prominent predator. For model set 1, model {Sage×year} had the lowest AICc value suggesting that the age at mortality varied among capture years. For model set 2, model {Slandscape forest} had the lowest AICc value and indicated that areas inhabited by surviving fawns were characterized by a few large (i.e., >5 ha) irregular forest patches adjacent to several small nonforest patches, and survival areas also contained more edge habitat than mortality areas. Due to the magnitude of coyote predation, survival areas could have represented landscapes where coyotes were less effective at locating and capturing fawns when compared to mortality areas. This study was the first account of macrohabitat characteristics directly influencing fawn survival. Wildlife managers can use this information to determine how habitat management activities may affect deer populations.
Levels of cyclooxygenase-2 are increased in the oral mucosa of smokers: Evidence for the role of epidermal growth factor receptor and its ligands

Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is a promising pharmacologic target for preventing aerodigestive malignancies. In this study, we investigated the effects of tobacco smoke on the expression of COX-2 in oral mucosa. An ~4-fold increase in amount of COX-2 mRNA was observed in the oral mucosa of active smokers versus never smokers. Thus, a series of in vitro studies were carried out to elucidate the mechanism by which tobacco smoke induced COX-2. Treatment of a nontumorigenic oral epithelial cell line (MSK-Leuk1) with a saline extract of tobacco smoke (TS) stimulated COX-2 transcription, resulting in increased amounts of COX-2 mRNA, COX-2 protein, and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) synthesis. Exposure of cells to TS also caused an increase in epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase activity. Both an inhibitor of EGFR tyrosine kinase activity and a neutralizing anti-EGFR antibody blocked TS-mediated induction of COX-2. To define the mechanism by which TS activated EGFR, the release of amphiregulin and transforming growth factor a, two ligands of the EGFR, was measured. Exposure to TS caused a rapid increase in the release of both ligands. TS also markedly induced the expression of mRNAs for amphiregulin and transforming growth factor a. Importantly, increased expression of both ligands was also detected in the oral mucosa of active smokers. Taken together, these results suggest that activation of EGFR signaling contributes to the elevated levels of COX-2 found in the oral mucosa of smokers. Moreover, these findings strengthen the rationale for determining whether inhibitors of COX-2 or EGFR tyrosine kinase activity can reduce the risk of tobacco smoke–related malignancies of the aerodigestive tract. (Cancer Res 2005; 65(2): 664-70)
Adaptive power control for wireless networks using multiple controllers and switching

Controlling transmitted power in a wireless network is critical for maintaining quality of service, maximizing channel utilization and minimizing near-far effect for suboptimal receivers. In this paper, a general proportional-integral-derivative (PID) type algorithm for controlling transmitted powers in wireless networks is studied and a systematic way to adapt or tune the parameters of the controller in a distributed fashion is suggested. The proposed algorithm utilizes multiple candidate PID gains. Depending on the prevailing channel conditions, it selects an optimal PID gain from the candidate gain set at each instant and places it in the feedback loop. The algorithm is data driven and can distinguish between stabilizing and destabilizing controller gains as well as rank the stabilizing controllers based on their performance. Simulation results indicate that the proposed scheme performs better than several candidate controllers, including a well known distributed power control (DPC) algorithm.
Hardware and software implications of representing scenes as data

Digital video is often perceived as valuable for reasons of data compression and robustness against noise, but it is less often considered that a fairly complex computational device mediates between the stored or transmitted bit stream and the display. The author explores some of the possibilities inherent in the source-to-display decoupling made possible in a digital video system, and examines the implications for both the digital video representation and the decoding device. The essential idea is to use the computation involved in both creating and decoding the bit stream to decouple the origination of the imagery from its ultimate viewing. A general-purpose CPU was combined with several specialized coprocessors and a full crosspoint switch, allowing both pipelining and parallel processing to take place between the communications channel and the display. This architecture has been realized in the Cheops Imaging System described by the author and J.A. Watlington (Proc. SPIE-Int. Soc. Opt. Eng., vol. 1605, p. 886-93 of 1991) which comprises a hardware and software architecture for processing image sequence data and structured scene representations in real time. >
Dream recall and content in long and short sleepers.

Dream recall and content were studied in 10 female college students who habitually slept nocturnally for more than 9 hr. and in 7 who habitually slept less than 6½ hr. During 2 wk. 81 spontaneously...
Computer Control of High Energy Accelerators

The complexity of high energy accelerators has increased to the point where digital control techniques offer significant advantages. The basic techniques and equipment have been developed over the last ten years for use in chemical and steel plants. Some of these techniques can be usedin modified form on high energy accelerators. The amount of time required for analog-to-digital conversion and for computer input-output operations limits computers to supervisory type control. The relatively slow output rates from the computer, in combination with the precise timing requirements of the synchrotron, indicate that a special buffer is required between the computer and the synchrotron. This buffer should be able to store and execute the instructions necessary to adjust all variables (magnitude and time) that are under computer control. Present control computers are so well perfected that most of the development effort goes into suitable sensing equipment and into computer programs. Injector alignment, analysis of coasting beam, control of tune, and control of characteristics of the beam to each of several experiments are some of the functions that appear to be realizable.
Gray codes for torus and edge disjoint Hamiltonian cycles

Lee distance Gray codes for k-ary n-cubes and torus networks are presented. Using these Lee distance Gray codes, it is further shown how to directly generate edge disjoint Hamiltonian cycles for a class of k-ary n-cubes, 2-D tori, and hypercubes.
Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptors in Systemic Inflammation

The systemic inflammatory response arising from severe injury or sepsis continues to pose a significant challenge in the management of critically ill patients. Clinical trials employing antagonists of pro-inflammatory mediators produced by activated immunocytes have, thus far, only shown modest efficacy in reducing the incidence of multiple organ failure (MOF) and mortality in these patients [1, 2, 3]. There is a recognized need for identifying endogenous markers that can serve as early predictors of outcome so that those patients who might benefit from novel, resource-intensive therapies can be identified. In addition, the expression of such biological markers may offer critical insights into the function of activated immunocytes responsible for inflammatory cytokine production.
ON THE EFFECT OF A WEAK INTERPLANETARY MAGNETIC FIELD ON THE INTERACTION BETWEEN THE SOLAR WIND AND THE GEOMAGNETIC FIELD

Shock wave formation on interaction between solar wind & geomagnetic field - effect of weak interplanetary magnetic field
Municipal Characteristics Associated With Toxic Contaminants in Groundwater

This paper reports the results of investigations into the relationships between municipal characteristics and toxic contaminants in groundwater. The data analyzed includes attributes of income, education, race, zoning, industrial activity, waste disposal practices, and other characteristics for 292 New Jersey municipalities and the concentration of 50 toxic substances in their groundwater. Many statistically significant associations are found, with the strongest being between several of the volatile organic chemicals and measures of industrial activity in the 1950s and 1960s. The second half of the paper presents a series of models designed to predict which municipalities have a greater probability of having their groundwater contaminated with toxic chemicals These models are able to distinguish the New Jersey sample of municipalities into "contaminated" and "not contaminated" with between 73 and 88 percent accuracy
A support vector method for anomaly detection in hyperspectral imagery

This paper presents a method for anomaly detection in hyperspectral images based on the support vector data description (SVDD), a kernel method for modeling the support of a distribution. Conventional anomaly-detection algorithms are based upon the popular Reed-Xiaoli detector. However, these algorithms typically suffer from large numbers of false alarms due to the assumptions that the local background is Gaussian and homogeneous. In practice, these assumptions are often violated, especially when the neighborhood of a pixel contains multiple types of terrain. To remove these assumptions, a novel anomaly detector that incorporates a nonparametric background model based on the SVDD is derived. Expanding on prior SVDD work, a geometric interpretation of the SVDD is used to propose a decision rule that utilizes a new test statistic and shares some of the properties of constant false-alarm rate detectors. Using receiver operating characteristic curves, the authors report results that demonstrate the improved performance and reduction in the false-alarm rate when using the SVDD-based detector on wide-area airborne mine detection (WAAMD) and hyperspectral digital imagery collection experiment (HYDICE) imagery
Polarity of long-term synaptic gain change is related to postsynaptic spike firing at a cerebellar inhibitory synapse

Long-term potentiation and depression (LTP and LTD) in excitatory synapses can coexist, the former being triggered by stimuli that produce strong postsynaptic excitation and the latter by stimuli that produce weaker postsynaptic excitation. It has not been determined whether these properties also apply to LTP and LTD in the inhibitory synapses between Purkinje neurons and the neurons of the deep cerebellar nuclei (DCN), a site that has been implicated in certain types of motor learning. DCN cells exhibit a prominent rebound depolarization (RD) and associated spike burst upon release from hyperpolarization. In these cells, LTP can be elicited by short, high-frequency trains of inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs), which reliably evoke an RD. LTD is induced if the same protocol is applied with conditions where the amount of postsynaptic excitation is reduced. The polarity of the change in synaptic strength is correlated with the amount of RD-evoked spike firing during the induction protocol. Thus, some important computational principles that govern the induction of use-dependent change in excitatory synaptic efficacy also apply to inhibitory synapses.
Aragonite production in calcite seas: effect of seawater Mg/Ca ratio on the calcification and growth of the calcareous alga Penicillus capitatus

Abstract Previous studies have shown that secular variation in the Mg/Ca ratio of seawater throughout the Phanerozoic would have subjected the aragonite-producing codiacean algae to at least three transitions between the low-Mg calcite (molar Mg/Ca 2) nucleation fields in the oceans, since their origin in the Ordovician. These studies have asserted that major sediment production by codiacean algae in Recent tropical seas is permitted by the Mg/Ca ratio of modern seawater (molar Mg/Ca ∼5.2) remaining within the aragonitic/high-Mg calcite nucleation field (molar Mg/Ca >2). Here I present the results of experiments conducted to determine the effects of ambient Mg/Ca on the mineralogy, growth rate, primary productivity, calcification rate, and biomechanics of the codiacean alga Penicillus capitatus. P. capitatus specimens were grown in three artificial seawater treatments that mimic ancient seawater of differing Mg/Ca ratios, corresponding to the low-Mg calcit...
The Myths of Outcomes Management: Implications for Residential Treatment

While the child serving system has been measuring and monitoring outcomes for more than three decades, the promise of actually using outcomes to support changes in the functioning of the system has not yet lived up to its full potential. In this Editorial, I review what I believe to be a number of ways that we have mistakenly conceptualized outcomes. By working through these myths, we can begin to teach the system to learn from its own experiences to better help child and families.
Expression of angiopoietin-1 and -2 in the rat brain during chronic hypoxia and de-adaptation.

Angiogenesis is defined as the formation of new vascular networks from pre-existing blood vessels. The mature vascular network of the adult is relatively stable and vascular endothelial cells exist in a differentiated, quiescent state and rarely proliferate. Angiogenic remodeling occurs only in certain situations, hypoxia and ischemia being primary inducers of angiogenesis. In the brain, angiogenesis is a critical compensatory strategy for brain adaptation to chronic hypoxia, which presumably results in shorter intercapillary diffusional distances and improvement of tissue oxygenation. This adaptive response is reversible upon return to normoxia, although the mechanism controlling vascular regression is not known.
A real-time vertical plane flight anomaly detection system for a long range autonomous underwater vehicle

For autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) to be successful in long duration deployments, they must be reliable in the face of subsystem failure and environmental challenges. The ability to detect performance anomalies and unexpected events in real time, especially in the vertical plane, is critical for the vehicle's survivability (the AUV must surface for recovery) and important for planning and vehicle operations. To this end, we have developed a vertical plane flight anomaly detection algorithm capable of comparing observed vehicle performance to references of expected behavior onboard the Tethys class long-range AUV in real time. The detection algorithm operates based on statistical characterization of training datasets that represent normal vertical plane performance. These datasets are taken directly from previous long-range AUV field operations. From this analysis we have derived a series of conditional tests that monitor representative components of the vehicle state (e.g., depth rate, pitch angle, and stern plane angle). In the months of January, February and March 2015, we conducted a series of tests in Monterey Bay, CA. The Daphne long-range AUV ran the algorithm to detect and flag vertical plane performance anomalies in real time. The AUV was successful in discriminating between expected vertical plane flight performance and anomalies during long-duration deployments lasting more than 11 days.
Stimulating Innovative Thinking: Learning How to Listen to What a Situation is Trying to Tell Us

While it is useful and necessary to know where the industry and competitive market now stands and how it works today in order to formulate threshold or survival strategies, more is needed. Gaining competitive advantage and deriving financial profit from the results over the intermediate and longer term requires studying where the competitive market might be heading. Therefore, systematically listening to what that market is saying about the future becomes a creative art as much as it is a science. This article discusses exploring future trends and possible effective responses to these trends.
Immunity to measles virus in population aged ≥15 years in Jiangsu province

Objective To investigate the immunity to measles virus in population aged ≥15 years in Jiangsu prov-ince and to explore stratiges for interrupting measles virus transmission. Methods Sero-survey on measles IgG antibody in 603 individuals aged ≥15 years in Jiangsu province was carried out,and the antibody was detected using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Chisq-test was used to measure the differences in antibody positive rate. Results Totally 603 specimens were collected. The antibody seroprevalence of the populations in northern and southern were 91. 33% and 95. 36%; the seroprevalence of male and female were 92. 24% and 95. 69%; the seroprevalence of population aged ≥15 years in 2012 was 94. 36%. There were no statistical differences in the positive rate among region,gender,and age groups. And no statistical difference in the positive rate of the population in 2012 was found when compared to that of 2008. The geometric mean titer in the population of ≥15 years decreased with age. Conclusion The immunization strat-egies targeted to the individuals aged 8 months to 14 years may not work to interrupt measles virus transmission, especially in the individuals aged ≥15 years.
Expression and significance of nuclear factor-kB in the model of left ventricular mechanical unloading

Objective: To study the expression and significance of nuclear factor-kB in the model of left ventricular mechanical unloading.To explore the molecular mechanism of cardiomyocyte reverse remodel.Methods: Heart failure was induced in Lewis rats by ligating left anterior descending(LAD) artery.After four weeks,the failing hearts and right lungs were heterotopically transplanted into the abdomen of the recipients by anatomizing their ascending aorta to the recipients' abdominal aorta.Two weeks after transplantation,myocardial hypertrophy were detected by pathological studies,as well as nuclear factor-kB of the left ventricle.Results: The increased heart weight,left ventricular weight and myocyte diameter of the failing hearts were decreased to normal after transplantation.The levels of nuclear factor-kB increased significantly after heart failure,and decreased to normal after transplantation.Conclusion: Myocardium reverse remodeling after left ventricular unloading was accompanied by the change of cardiomyocyte in molecular level,such as the change of nuclear factor-kB,which may involved in the improvement heart function after supported by left ventricular assist device.
Computer modeling of gas phase O2 airway transport.

The first step in the exchange of O2 between the atmosphere and the alveolar capillary blood is the exchange between the inhaled tidal volume and the functional residual capacity. This exchange accurs completely in the gas phase by molecular diffusion across the moving gaseous interface that separates these two volumes during inspiration and expiration.
High Pressure Properties of a Ba-Cu-Zn-P Clathrate-I

The high pressure properties of the novel tetrel-free clathrate, Ba₈Cu13.1Zn3.3P29.6, were investigated using synchrotron powder X-ray diffraction. The pressure was applied using a diamond anvil cell. No structural transitions or decomposition were detected in the studied pressure range of 0.1-7 GPa. The calculated bulk modulus for Ba₈Cu13.1Zn3.3P29.6 using a third-order Birch-Murnaghan equation of state is 65(6) GPa at 300 K. This bulk modulus is comparable to the bulk moduli of Ge- and Sn-based clathrates, like A₈Ga16Ge30 (A = Sr, Ba) and Sn19.3Cu4.7P22I₈, but lower than those for the transition metal-containing silicon-based clathrates, Ba₈TxSi46-x, T = Ni, Cu; 3 ≤ x ≤ 5.
Walking performance is positively correlated to calf muscle fiber size in peripheral artery disease subjects, but fibers show aberrant mitophagy: an observational study

Patients with lower extremity peripheral artery disease (PAD) have decreased mobility, which is not fully explained by impaired blood supply to the lower limb. Additionally, reports are conflicted regarding fiber type distribution patterns in PAD, but agree that skeletal muscle mitochondrial respiration is impaired. To test the hypothesis that reduced muscle fiber oxidative activity and type I distribution are negatively associated with walking performance in PAD, calf muscle biopsies from non-PAD (n = 7) and PAD participants (n = 26) were analyzed immunohistochemically for fiber type and size, oxidative activity, markers of autophagy, and capillary density. Data were analyzed using analysis of covariance. There was a wide range in fiber type distribution among subjects with PAD (9–81 % type I fibers) that did not correlate with walking performance. However, mean type I fiber size correlated with 4-min normal- and fastest-paced walk velocity (r = 0.4940, P = 0.010 and r = 0.4944, P = 0.010, respectively). Although intensity of succinate dehydrogenase activity staining was consistent with fiber type, up to 17 % of oxidative fibers were devoid of mitochondria in their cores, and the core showed accumulation of the autophagic marker, LC3, which did not completely co-localize with LAMP2, a lysosome marker. Calf muscle type I fiber size positively correlates with walking performance in PAD. Accumulation of LC3 and a lack of co-localization of LC3 with LAMP2 in the area depleted of mitochondria in PAD fibers suggests impaired clearance of damaged mitochondria, which may contribute to reduced muscle oxidative capacity. Further study is needed to determine whether defective mitophagy is associated with decline in function over time, and whether interventions aimed at preserving mitochondrial function and improving autophagy can improve walking performance in PAD.
Market-level exposure to state antismoking media campaigns and public support for tobacco control policy in the United States, 2001–2002

Objective This study tests whether exposure to state antismoking media campaigns is associated with increased support for comprehensive bans on smoking indoors and cigarette advertising. Methods We combine commercially available data on market-level state-sponsored antismoking advertisements with three waves of the Current Population Survey’s Tobacco Use Supplement to test the relationship between market-level volume of state antismoking advertising exposure and support for tobacco control policy between 2001 and 2002. We use logistic regression to assess which message themes employed in the advertisements are associated with increased support for tobacco control policy. Results The overall market-level volume of exposure to state antismoking ads targeted to adults or the general population was associated with significant increases in support for comprehensive indoor smoking bans. These effects were driven by exposure to ads emphasising the health consequences of smoking to others, anti-industry appeals and irrationality/addiction appeals. Evidence of campaign impact on support for tobacco advertising bans was less clear and, when statistically significant, small in magnitude relative to the impact of the state economic and tobacco control policy environment. Conclusions This study shows that that large-scale antismoking media campaigns can have a meaningful secondary impact on support for comprehensive indoor smoking bans. Future research should identify the conditions under which mass media campaigns primarily targeting smoking behaviour may influence public support for a variety of other tobacco control policies.
MIF-Dependent Regulation of Monocyte/Macrophage Polarization

Despite its clearly important and central functional contributions governing monocyte and macrophage activation and differentiation, MIF is highly unconventional. Unlike other cytokines, MIF is not tightly regulated at the expression level, has a well-conserved nonphysiologic keto-enol tautomerase enzymatic activity, lacks a traditional secretory leader sequence, and has, for its primary cell surface receptor, a protein that shuttles MHC class II proteins between the Golgi and the plasma membrane. MIF is historically and best known for its regulatory actions that dictate pro-inflammatory monocyte/macrophage activation ultimately leading to a variety of chronic inflammatory and autoimmune disease pathologies. More recent studies, however, suggest that MIF may be equally important in dictating anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressive monocyte/macrophage functions in certain disease states. Most notably, studies investigating immune-dysregulation in cancer models support a conclusion that MIF is a necessary determinant of macrophage alternative activation and myeloid-derived suppressor cell (MDSC) differentiation/immune suppression. This chapter will summarize both the pro- and anti-inflammatory activities and functions associated with this nonclassical cytokine and will provide some speculation as to how MIF may mechanistically operate and its applicability as a therapeutic target for clinically relevant diseases.
Identification of Neuromuscular Systems

Abstract Several approaches to modeling and identification of skeletal muscle are reviewed in this paper. The emphasis is on the synthesis of models rather than on systematic identification methods. The review includes commonly used, lumped parameter models as well as models which attempt to include some of the known complexities of neuromuscu1ar physiology. The difficulties associated with using systematic parameter estimation methods are discussed. A major portion of the paper is devoted to a presentation of signal models as an alternative to isomorphic models of muscle function
Formative Assessment as a Process of Interaction Through Language

This chapter addresses equity and the need for research on formative assessment in the multilingual classroom. Since formative assessment has been investigated primarily with mainstream students, the extent to which findings can be generalized to culturally and linguistically diverse populations is uncertain. We focus on English language learners (ELLs)—students who are developing English as a second language while they are still developing their first language in a predominantly English-speaking school system. We present a conceptual framework on formative assessment in the multilingual classroom. According to the framework, social interaction through language underlies the four activities that compose a formative assessment event—clarifying learning goals/expectations, collecting information, analyzing and the information collected and acting upon the information collected. In order for ELLs to benefit from formative assessment in the same way as their non-ELL counterparts do, their teachers need to address, for each of these four activities, four language and engagement dimensions: participation, cognitive demands, academic language and semiotic modalities. A 4 × 4 matrix, defined by the four formative assessment activities and the four language and engagement dimensions, specifies the domain of formative assessment skills in the multilingual classroom. Based on this domain specification, we are able to evaluate the extent to which teachers’ formative assessment practices address the needs of their ELL students.
Advances in bright electron sources

Abstract In this paper, we review the status of bright electron sources. High peak current (up to kA) low emittance ( 1 mm rad) electron beams have been one of the critical components in the development of XFELs. The outlook for the field is even more promising as progress in the understanding of photoemission physics, development of novel photocathode materials, gun and laser technology, enable further progress in advanced light sources as well as novel applications such as ultrafast electron diffraction and microscopy. We outline here the more recent research trends which pave the way for potentially orders of magnitude brightness improvements with respect to the current state-of-the-art.
B-cell depletion in late-onset myasthenia gravis is safe and effective; a case series (P6.439)

Objective: To highlight the efficacy and safety of Rituximab in late-onset myasthenia gravis and propose it as a first-line immunotherapy in this population. Background: Late-onset myasthenia gravis (LOMG), defined as onset over 50 years of age, has therapeutic challenges different than earlier onset. Although treatment approaches for both groups are considered to be similar, the risks associated with immunosuppression are different given the advanced age. Design/Methods: Retrospective analysis of six patients with LOMG who were treated with Rituximab. Results: The mean age of onset was 66 (range 53–74), five were female, and all were anti-AChR-positive (titers ranging 4.88–91.0). Two of six patients had a thymoma underwent thymectomy. Five of six patients had myasthenic crisis, of which two required intubation. All patients were on mestinon as well as prednisone (doses ranging 15–40mg daily). One patient was on cyclosporine, one was on monthly IVIG, and another was on twice weekly plasmapheresis. Three patients were non-responders and three developed side effects to prednisone including osteoporotic hip fracture, uncontrolled hyperglycemia, Cushingoid features, and shingles. MGFA class at onset ranged from class 2B to 5. Patients improved to MGFA class 0–1 within a mean of 6 months after starting Rituximab. All patients were able to discontinue or markedly reduce maintenance medications. Two patients did not require repeat Rituximab infusions for over 12 months. Two patients developed pneumonia and rash after Rituximab infusions, both of which were easily treated. Conclusions: We propose that B-cell depletion, specifically in LOMG, should be considered as first-line immunotherapy. The side effect profile of B-cell depletion was similar if not superior to that of chronic steroids and immunosupression. Larger, prospective studies are needed to determine the ideal dosage of Rituximab and the frequency of monitoring and redosing. Disclosure: Dr. Sahai has nothing to disclose. Dr Maghzi has nothing to disclose. Dr. Lewis has received personal compensation for consulting, serving on a scientific advisory board, speaking, or other activities with CSL Behring; Axelacare; Pharnext; Biotest; Kedrion; Nufactor; Optioncare; Grifols. Dr. Lewis has received research support from Neutralis; Cytokinetics.
OPTIMUM DESIGNS FOR FINITE POPULATIONS SAMPLING

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses optimum design theory for finite populations sampling. An equivalence theory can exist similar in conception to and conceivably more general than the classical D-optimality of Kiefer and Wolfowitz. There is a population S of N units labeled i = 1, …, N. Each unit has a known attribute x i . The x can be considered to lie in a general topological space as in optimum design theory, but it is convenient to think of x as lying in a compact set of R m . This is in tune with classical survey sampling in which x i may be a vector of stratification variables. Each unit i has a characteristic Y i unknown before the sampling. Based on this consideration, the chapter presents a superpopulation model.
CATION TRANSPORT OF THE LENS.

The lens maintains its cation content by the excretion of sodium and the concentration of potassium. This active transport of cations can be demonstrated in a fairly simple medium. Glucose appears to be the major metabolite supplying energy for transport. The transport of cations demonstrates saturation kinetics and has relatively high Q,o characteristics of active transport systems. Transport can be maintained by anaerobic glycolysis. Of the metabolic inhibitors, transport is most sensitive to iodoacetate. The transport system requires sodiumpotassium-activated ATPase as evidenced by sensitivity to ouabain. The major site of transport appears to be across the epithelium of the anterior surface of the lens. It has not been determined whether transport of cations occurs across the fiber membranes. T -Lhe lens like other cellular structures maintains a relatively high concentration of potassium and low concentration of sodium with respect to the surrounding medium. Comparative values of these cations for three species are given in Table I. The cation content of rabbit lenses does not vary with the age over the ranges studied. 4 The cation distribution of the
Frequency Analysis of Skinned Indirect Flight Muscle From a Myosin Light Chain 2 Deficient Mutant of Drosophila Melanogaster with a Reduced Wing Beat Frequency

Muscle contraction is regulated by proteins associated with either the thick (myosin-containing) or thin (actin-containing) filaments. The relative importance of each set of regulatory proteins varies between muscle types (Adelstein and Eisenberg, 1980). One type of regulation, typical of smooth and non-muscle cells, involves phosphorylation of the regulatory light chain on myosin, while the other, typical of vertebrate striated muscle, involves Ca2+ binding to the troponin on actin.
Concept and Category Learning in Humans

Concept and category learning is critical for intelligent thought and action. However, much of the laboratory work has focused only on classification learning, how people learn to assign category membership. This chapter attempts to integrate concept and category learning to the many cases in which it is critical in three ways. First, we examine other ways of learning, in which the categories are used to accomplish a goal. Second, we investigate more complex concepts and the use of prior knowledge. Third, we briefly consider the role of concept and category learning in problem solving and language use.
Anti-C1 domain antibodies that accelerate factor VIII clearance contribute to antibody pathogenicity in a murine hemophilia A model.

Essentials Inhibitor formation remains a challenging complication of hemophilia A care. The Bethesda assay is the primary method used for determining bleeding risk and management. Antibodies that block factor VIII binding to von Willebrand factor can increase FVIII clearance. Antibodies that increase clearance contribute to antibody pathogenicity. Summary Background The development of neutralizing anti-factor VIII (FVIII) antibodies remains a challenging complication of modern hemophilia A care. In vitro assays are the primary method used for quantifying inhibitor titers, predicting bleeding risk, and determining bleeding management. However, other mechanisms of inhibition are not accounted for in these assays, which may result in discrepancies between the inhibitor titer and clinical bleeding symptoms. Objectives To evaluate FVIII clearance in vivo as a potential mechanism for antibody pathogenicity and to determine whether increased FVIII dosing regimens correct the associated bleeding phenotype. Methods FVIII-/- or FVIII-/- /von Willebrand factor (VWF)-/- mice were infused with anti-FVIII mAbs directed against the FVIII C1, C2 or A2 domains, followed by infusion of FVIII. Blood loss via the tail snip bleeding model, FVIII activity and FVIII antigen levels were subsequently measured. Results Pathogenic anti-C1 mAbs that compete with VWF for FVIII binding increased the clearance of FVIII-mAb complexes in FVIII-/- mice but not in FVIII-/- /VWF-/- mice. Additionally, pathogenic anti-C2 mAbs that inhibit FVIII binding to VWF increased FVIII clearance in FVIII-/- mice. Anti-C1, anti-C2 and anti-A2 mAbs that do not inhibit VWF binding did not accelerate FVIII clearance. Infusion of increased doses of FVIII in the presence of anti-C1 mAbs partially corrected blood loss in FVIII-/- mice. Conclusions A subset of antibodies that inhibit VWF binding to FVIII increase the clearance of FVIII-mAb complexes, which contributes to antibody pathogenicity. This may explain differences in the bleeding phenotype observed despite factor replacement in some patients with hemophilia A and low-titer inhibitors.
Stochastic Design Optimization of Microstructural Features Using Linear Programming for Robust Design

Microstructure design can have a substantial effect on the performance of critical components in numerous aerospace applications. However, the stochastic nature of metallic microstructures leads to...
Abstract P246: Increased Urinary Prorenin and sPRR Excretion in Early Type 1 Diabetes

Activation of the intra-renal, rather than systemic renin angiotensin system (RAS) has been suggested to play a role in the development of diabetic kidney disease. In this study, we examined plasma...
Phonon Transmission across Silicon Grain Boundaries by Atomistic Green's Function Method

Nanostructured materials are of great interest for many applications because of their special properties. Understanding the effect of grain boundaries on phonon transport in polycrystals is important for engineering nanomaterials with desired thermal transport properties. The phonon transport properties of Σ3 grain boundaries in silicon are investigated by employing atomistic Green’s function method. Results show that similar to electron transport, the perfect grain boundary does not significantly reduce the thermal conductance, while defective grain boundaries can dramatically reduce the thermal conductance. This work may be helpful for the understanding of the underlying thermal transport mechanism with grain boundaries and the design of grain boundaries for energy applications.