cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Applications of Functional Dynamic Factor Models

Accurate forecasting of zero coupon bond yields for a continuum of maturities is paramount to bond portfolio management and derivative security pricing. Yet a universal model for yield curve forecasting has been elusive, and prior attempts often resulted in a tradeoff between goodness-of-fit and consistency with economic theory. To address this, herein we propose a novel formulation which connects the dynamic factor model (DFM) framework with concepts from functional data analysis: a DFM with functional factor loading curves. This results in a model capable of forecasting functional time series. Further, in the yield curve context we show that the model retains economic interpretation. We show that our model performs very well on forecasting actual yield data compared with existing approaches, especially in regard to profit-based assessment for an innovative trading exercise. We further illustrate the viability of our model to applications outside of yield forecasting.
Changes in remaining tumor-free testicular tissue in cases of seminoma and teratoma.

Thirty cases of seminoma and teratoma of the testis are classified. The histo-pathologic picture of the remaining tumor-free testicular tissue is compared for the different tumor types. Definite and pronounced histologie evidence of endocrine activity of the tumor, especially disruption of spermatogenesis and hyperplasia of the Leydig cells, can be observed only in those tumors classified as malignant teratoma trophoblastic. Significant differences among all other classes of tumor are not evident. Atypical germinal cells are present in approximately 75% of the tumors but are absent in all four cases of malignant teratoma trophoblastic. Their significance in seminoma can be disputed in so far as they may represent only an unusual form of intratubular metastasis. Their presence in teratoma may be of much more pathogenetic significance, representing metaplastic or anaplastic foci peripheral to the main tumor and accounting for the frequent simultaneous occurrence of teratoma and seminoma. An endocrine relationship suspected between the teratoma and the foci of atypical germ cells is by no means proven.
Analysis of Time-Resolved Shearographic Methods with Controlled Thermal Stressing

Electronic shearographic interferometry is a nondestructive evaluation (NDE) technique in which qualitative detection of subsurface defects is readily achieved. In both industrial and laboratory environments, various full field stressing methods, including vibration, vacuum, thermal and mechanical loading, have been employed to produce characteristic deformations which can be monitored shearographically [1,2]. However, quantitative measurements of parameters such as defect depth are difficult to make with these techniques. This paper presents the results of using controlled thermal stressing with shearography in an effort to expand the quantitative capabilities of the technique. The use of controlled thermal-stressing allows a totally noncontact inspection technique with a large standoff distance to monitor the time-dependent deformations of test specimens. Typically laser power levels of tens of milliWatts are sufficient to generate measurable deformations.
Fixed-Parameter Extrapolation and Aperiodic Order

Fix any $\lambda\in\mathbb{C}$. We say that a set $S\subseteq\mathbb{C}$ is $\lambda$-$convex$ if, whenever $a$ and $b$ are in $S$, the point $(1-\lambda)a+\lambda b$ is also in $S$. If $S$ is also (topologically) closed, then we say that $S$ is $\lambda$-$clonvex$. We investigate the properties of $\lambda$-convex and $\lambda$-clonvex sets and prove a number of facts about them. Letting $R_\lambda\subseteq\mathbb{C}$ be the least $\lambda$-clonvex superset of $\{0,1\}$, we show that if $R_\lambda$ is convex in the usual sense, then $R_\lambda$ must be either $[0,1]$ or $\mathbb{R}$ or $\mathbb{C}$, depending on $\lambda$. We investigate which $\lambda$ make $R_\lambda$ convex, derive a number of conditions equivalent to $R_\lambda$ being convex, and give several conditions sufficient for $R_\lambda$ to be convex or not convex; in particular, we show that $R_\lambda$ is either convex or uniformly discrete. Letting $\mathcal{C} := \{\lambda\in\mathbb{C}\mid \mbox{$R_\lambda$ is convex}\}$, we show that $\mathbb{C}\setminus\mathcal{C}$ is closed, discrete and contains only algebraic integers. We also give a sufficient condition on $\lambda$ for $R_\lambda$ and some other related $\lambda$-convex sets to be discrete by introducing the notion of a strong PV number. These conditions give rise to a number of periodic and aperiodic Meyer sets (the latter sometimes known as "quasicrystals"). The paper is in four parts. Part I describes basic properties of $\lambda$-convex and $\lambda$-clonvex sets, including convexity versus uniform discreteness. Part II explores the connections between $\lambda$-convex sets and quasicrystals and displays a number of such sets, including several with dihedral symmetry. Part III generalizes a result from Part I about the $\lambda$-convex closure of a path, and Part IV contains our conclusions and open problems.
Relationships between Structures of Condensed Tannins from Texas Legumes and Methane Production During In Vitro Rumen Digestion

Previous studies showed that a series of purified condensed tannins (CTs) from warm-season perennial legumes exhibited high variability in their modulation of methane production during in vitro rumen digestion. The molecular weight differences between these CTs did not provide correlation with either the in vitro CH₄ production or the ability to precipitate bovine serum albumin. In an effort to delineate other structure-activity relationships from these methane abatement experiments, the structures of purified CTs from these legumes were assessed with a combination of methanolysis, quantitative thiolysis, ¹H-13C HSQC NMR spectroscopy and ultrahigh-resolution MALDI-TOF MS. The composition of these CTs is very diverse: procyanidin/prodelphinidin (PC/PD) ratios ranged from 98/2 to 2/98; cis/trans ratios ranged from 98/2 to 34/66; mean degrees of polymerization ranged from 6 to 39; and % galloylation ranged from 0 to 75%. No strong correlation was observed between methane production and the protein precipitation capabilities of the CT towards three different proteins (BSA, lysozyme, and alfalfa leaf protein) at ruminal pH. However, a strong non-linear correlation was observed for the inhibition of methane production versus the antioxidant activity in plant sample containing typical PC- and PD-type CTs. The modulation of methane production could not be correlated to the CT structure (PC/PD or cis/trans ratios and extent of galloylation). The most active plant in methane abatement was Acacia angustissima, which contained CT, presenting an unusual challenge as it was resistant to standard thiolytic degradation conditions and exhibited an atypical set of cross-peak signals in the 2D NMR. The MALDI analysis supported a 5-deoxy flavan-3-ol-based structure for the CT from this plant.
“If you can't be with this client for some years, don't do it”: Exploring the emotional and relational effects of turnover on youth in the child welfare system

Abstract Turnover among child welfare workers is a serious and well-documented problem. One of the reasons it is particularly troubling is that it disrupts relationships between young people in care and their child welfare professionals. These relationships have the potential to provide support to and enhance outcomes for youth who arguably already have a considerable history of relationship loss. To date, scholarship has focused primarily on the causes and remedies of turnover, instead of the effects. This study explores the lived experience of turnover from the child's perspective, adding an important and underrepresented voice in the literature. The findings presented in this article originate from a two-year, multi-perspective, multi-method qualitative study exploring relationships between young people in care and their child welfare professionals. Youth narratives reveal that turnover: happens frequently; is often abrupt and poorly processed; occurs with all their child welfare professionals; and is a relationship loss. These losses were found to impact the emotional and relational well-being of youth in a variety of complex ways. Practitioners, supervisors, administrators, researchers, and policy makers alike will find the child-centered and relationship-based approach to turnover discussed in this article, important and timely.
The Human Lectin Galectin-3 Recognizes Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycans (CSPGs) and Sulfated Glycosaminoglycans

Glycan-binding proteins are classified in two major but distinct groups: lectins and glycosaminoglycan (GAG)-binding proteins (GAGBPs). The multifunctional human lectin galectin-3 (Gal-3) is a memb...
Octreotide Use in a Patient with MEN-1 Syndrome and Multifocal Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

We report a patient with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 with pancreatic polypeptide (PP) secreting subcentimeter pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (pNETs) treated with octreotide and review the current literature that pertains to the management of these patients. Clinical data, laboratory results, and imaging were reviewed. A literature search was performed in PUBMED using combinations of the terms “multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1,” “somatostatin,” octreotide,” “pancreatic polypeptide,” and “pancreatic tumor.” Relevant references were selected and reviewed. A 43-year-old male with a history of MEN1 and multiple subcentimeter neuroendocrine tumors with elevation of PP was treated with octreotide therapy leading to a reduction and normalization of PP levels. The patient tolerated octreotide therapy but self-discontinued octreotide after 24 months with a rise in PP levels off therapy. Tumors remained stable in size through 40 months of imaging follow-up. In patients with MEN1 and subcentimeter pNETs, octreotide therapy is well tolerated and can lead to a significant drop in PP levels with no change in lesion size. There is insufficient data to suggest long-term benefit with octreotide therapy but it may be considered versus standard conservative management.
Primary prevention of low back pain through the application of biomechanics in manual materials handling tasks.

It is well recognized that manual materials handlingtasks exist in all industries. The exertions associated withthese tasks are often related to increased frequency anddisability, particularly involving lower back tissues (44).World concern over this matter has resulted in a variety ofattempts to set national standards in most countries thatwould limit the amount of weight that a person can lift(28). Maximum permissible weight handling standards indifferent countries within the ILO vary from as low as 10Kg for women who must frequently lift loads, to as high as100 Kg for men in meat processing industries. This excep-tionally large variation in mandating a “safe load” is cau-sed by both differing definitions of the protected popula-tion (e.g., men, women, old, young, etc.), and to what spe-cific work conditions the standard should apply (lifting,carrying, pushing, pulling, etc.). The intent of this paper is to emphasize the latter issues.Specifically: 1) What aspect of manual materials handlingtasks need to be carefully considered from a biomechanicalperspective to lower the risk of lower back tissue injury formost people, and, 2) how can these tasks be modified toachieve such a risk reduction? In this context it is proposedthat to achieve a significant reduction in low back injury ra-tes in a manufacturing or service industry, manual materialshandling jobs need to be formally designed with a popula-tion of people in mind. In other words, the job design pro-cess must emphasize good ergonomics. It should be a pro-cess that encompasses “people centered design.” The stepsin such a formal ergonomics oriented job design process areoutlined in Figure 1. The process starts with recognitionthat there is a problem with existing similar jobs, and the-refore it is desired to change the new job to eliminate suchproblems through the use of scientifically valid, ergono-mics guidelines and/or standards where applicable. For ma-nual materials handling tasks this would involve consultingany load lifting standards or widely accepted guidelines,which will be discussed later. The workplace improvementprocess also recognizes the growing use of biomechanicalmodels to simulate manual tasks to assure designated po-pulations can perform given exertions. Lastly, the processpromotes the use of prototype evaluations to validate designconcepts before any hardware is ordered.
Cognitive and Physiological Measures in Well-Being Science: Limitations and Lessons

Social and personality psychology have been criticized for overreliance on potentially biased self-report variables. In well-being science, researchers have called for more "objective" physiological and cognitive measures to evaluate the efficacy of well-being-increasing interventions. This may now be possible with the recent rise of cost-effective, commercially available wireless physiological recording devices and smartphone-based cognitive testing. We sought to determine whether cognitive and physiological measures, coupled with machine learning methods, could quantify the effects of positive interventions. The current 2-part study used a college sample (N = 245) to contrast the cognitive (memory, attention, construal) and physiological (autonomic, electroencephalogram) effects of engaging in one of two randomly assigned writing activities (i.e., prosocial or "antisocial"). In the prosocial condition, participants described an interaction when they acted in a kind way, then described an interaction when they received kindness. In the "antisocial" condition, participants wrote instead about an interaction when they acted in an unkind way and received unkindness, respectively. Our study replicated previous research on the beneficial effects of recalling prosocial experiences as assessed by self-report. However, we did not detect an effect of the positive or negative activity intervention on either cognitive or physiological measures. More research is needed to investigate under what conditions cognitive and physiological measures may be applicable, but our findings lead us to conclude that they should not be unilaterally favored over the traditional self-report approach.
Gene Mutation Analysis for Functional Annotations Using Graph Heuristics

Research studies on pathogenic mutations are important and beneficial for understanding disease development, prognosis and gene-disease associations. Moreover, pathogenic mutations have harmful consequences which may lead to certain diseases or medical conditions. This paper presents a method for inducing the most significant and accurate functions for a given set of mutations having one common aspect, e.g. specific disease. The proposed method is based on the directed acyclic graph of the gene ontology to identify the most significant least common subsumers to be used for functionally annotating the mutations under investigation. We applied the method on a large sets of mutations. The reported results in this paper are encouraging and suggest that a mutation can have, and can be annotated with a function, e.g. biological process, from the gene ontology just like the genes, which contributes into a more complete understanding of mutation pathogenicity, mutation-gene-disease relationships, and disease mechanisms.
4Kdump: Exfiltrating files via hexdump and video capture

This paper presents an exfiltration attack that targets systems with tight security measures; no connectivity and no ability to mount external devices. Our approach utilizes a mobile camera or a screen recorder to capture video while hexdump'ing a file using pre-installed utilities found in most operating systems. The captured video is analyzed at the attacker side using optical character recognition engines and the recognized letters are used to reconstruct the files. Our approach provides a 100% reconstruction rate given that console fonts can be perfectly recognized by OCR engines. We measure the exfiltration speed of our attack and show that we achieve up to 410 KBps when capturing video via mobile phones. We propose a set of defenses that can negate the attack while maintaining usability of the console.
Deep Ensemble Network for Quantification and Severity Assessment of Knee Osteoarthritis

The assessment of knee joint gap and severity of Osteoarthritis (OA) is subjective and often inaccurate. The main source of error is due to the judgement of human expert from low resolution images (i.e., X-ray images). To address the problem, we developed an ensemble of Deep Learning (DL) model to objectively score the severity of OA only from the radiometric images. The proposed method consists of two main modules. First, we developed a scale invariant and aspect ratio preserving automatic localization and characterization of the kneecap area. Second, we developed multiple instances of "hyper parameter optimized" DL models and fused them using ensemble classification to score the severity of OA. In this implementation, we used three convolutional neural networks to improve the bias-variance trade-off, and boost accuracy and generalization. We tested our modeling framework using a collection of 4,796 X-ray images from Osteoarthritis Initiative (OAI). Our results show a higher performance (~ 2-8%) when compared to the state-of-the-art methods. Finally, this machine learning-based methodology provides a pipeline in decision support system for assessing and quantifying the OA severity.
LCA of rare earth and critical metal recovery and replacement decisions for commercial lighting waste management

Abstract Lighting waste represents a significant source of rare earth elements (REE) and critical metals (CM), which are vital to low-carbon technologies. This research examines the environmental impacts of recovering REE (Yttrium and Europium) from linear fluorescent fixtures and CM (Gallium) from linear LED fixtures, as well as the implications of technology transition (e.g., from fluorescent to LED) and replacement decisions (i.e., extended use, modular replacement/retrofits, and full replacement) on waste management. An LCA is conducted by modeling 1 million lumen-hours of service from an 8 ft T8 linear fixture across 16 pathways representing multiple replacement and waste management options. The study finds that recovering REE and CM from lamp waste via hydrometallurgical methods generally result in more environmental impacts than the primary production of the recovered materials. Per kg recovered, the global warming impact is 74 kg and 3,687 kg CO2eq for REE and Ga, respectively. The high impacts for Ga recovery are due to Ga's low concentration (0.234 w/w%) in the LED waste. Intermediate results at the end of life stage show that recycling common metals (e.g., aluminum, copper, and sometimes steel) from fixtures can reduce or even completely offset the impacts of specialty metal recovery. Based on the end results, a mature technology like fluorescent fixtures can benefit from both extended use and modular product designs. The best strategy is to prioritize energy efficiency (e.g., by upgrading to new LED) and to choose full luminaire (lamps, electronics, and fixture) upgrades, which offer higher system efficacies, over retrofits (lamps and electronics only).
Developing and Assessing a Web-Based Interactive Visualization Tool to Teach Buffer Overflow Concepts

This Innovative Practice Full Paper presents a new way to teach buffer overflow concepts. Historically, buffer overflow has been the number one security vulnerability in applications for many years. More recently, advances in protection methods including non-executable stack, canaries, ASLR, and Windows DEP have made buffer overflow attacks a much smaller security concern, but they are still a serious issue in embedded systems and micro-controllers. Therefore, it is still very important to teach students this topic. There are several tools available for teaching buffer overflow attacks, but there are no easily accessible interactive teaching tools to help students understand the concepts. We developed a web-based interactive visualization tool that aims to help students gain a deeper understanding of buffer overflow concepts. There are six learning components that build upon one another as well as an assessment after each component for immediate learning feedback. There is also a space shooter mini-game between each learning component. To evaluate the impact of this online visualization tool on students’ learning, we developed in-game assessments, a pre-test, a post-test and a survey. This tool was used in two classes at Winston-Salem State University (WSSU) and North Carolina A&T State University (NC A&T) in Fall 2019. The classroom experience reports and focus group discussion show that this tool helped students improve their understanding of buffer overflow concepts.
Safety Events in Children's Hospitals During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has impacted hospitals, potentially affecting quality and safety. Our objective was to compare pediatric hospitalization safety events during the pandemic versus previous years. METHODS: In this retrospective cohort study of hospitalizations in the Pediatric Health Information System, we compared Pediatric Quality Indicator (PDI) rates from March 15 to May 31, 2017-2019 (pre-COVID-19), with those from March 15 to May 31, 2020 (during COVID-19). Generalized linear mixed-effects models with adjustment for patient characteristics (eg, diagnosis, clinical severity) were used. RESULTS: There were 399 113 discharges pre-COVID-19 and 88 140 during COVID-19. Unadjusted PDI rates were higher during versus pre-COVID-19 for overall PDIs (6.39 vs 5.05; P < .001). In adjusted analyses, odds of postoperative sepsis were higher during COVID-19 versus pre-COVID-19 (adjusted odds ratio 1.28 [95% confidence interval 1.04-1.56]). The remainder of the PDIs did not have increased adjusted odds during compared with pre-COVID-19. CONCLUSIONS: Postoperative sepsis rates increased among children hospitalized during COVID-19. Efforts are needed to improve safety of postoperative care for hospitalized children.
A 28GHz Hybrid-Beamforming Transmitter Array Supporting Concurrent Dual Data Steams and Spatial Notch Steering for 5G MIMO

Spatial multiplexing, or multi-user MIMO, can improve the communication throughput by simultaneously supporting multiple spatially non-collocated data streams. Most multi-user MIMO TRXs at GHz are based on digital beamforming. However, as the data rate of each user approaches multi-Gb/s at mmWave, performing dynamic beamforming weights calculation in digital and high-speed digital-to-analog conversion faces a significant energy efficiency bottleneck for large-scale mmWave antenna arrays. Alternatively, hybrid beamforming can support a handful of concurrent data streams by combining analog beamforming with digital precoding. Although hybrid beamforming loses degrees-of-freedom compared to all-digital processing, it reduces digital computation complexity and the number of digital-to-analog conversion chains, resulting in greatly enhanced energy efficiency.
An Examination of Auditors’ Responsiveness to Risk Cues: Evidence from Fair Value Estimates

PCAOB inspections and field studies consistently highlight difficulties faced by auditors when testing fair value estimates, but the root causes of these deficiencies are less understood. One strategy to reduce bias and improve audit quality is to enhance auditors’ effectiveness in incorporating cues into their risk assessment process. In this study, we seek to understand whether and when auditors incorporate cues indicating increased risk into their evaluation of fair value estimates. Consistent with concerns about auditors’ performance in this area, we find that more than one-third of fair value estimates in our security-level dataset differ from the true fair value by a non-trivial amount that should warrant further auditor consideration. If auditors effectively incorporate cues, we predict a negative association between observable risk cues and fair value errors. Our findings indicate auditors’ ability to integrate cues depends on the nature of the cue and expertise of the auditor. We fail to find evidence that either experts or non-experts incorporate indirect cues identified in the planning stage of the audit, which require drawing connections across accounts or time. In contrast, experts appear to outperform non-experts only in incorporating direct cues identified during substantive testing. These analyses enhance our understanding of variation in auditors’ performance and highlights potential areas for improvement.
Advances in microfluidic extracellular vesicle analysis for cancer diagnostics

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) secreted by cells into the bloodstream and other bodily fluids, including exosomes, have been demonstrated to be a class of significant messengers that mediate intercellular communications. Tumor-derived extracellular vesicles are enriched in a selective set of biomolecules from original cells, including proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids, and thus offer a new perspective of liquid biopsy for cancer diagnosis and therapeutic monitoring. Owing to the heterogeneity of their biogenesis, physical properties, and molecular constituents, isolation and molecular characterization of EVs remain highly challenging. Microfluidics provides a disruptive platform for EV isolation and analysis owing to its inherent advantages to promote the development of new molecular and cellular sensing systems with improved sensitivity, specificity, spatial and temporal resolution, and throughput. This review summarizes the state-of-the-art advances in the development of microfluidic principles and devices for EV isolation and biophysical or biochemical characterization, in comparison to the conventional counterparts. We will also survey the progress in adapting the new microfluidic techniques to assess the emerging EV-associated biomarkers, mostly focused on proteins and nucleic acids, for clinical diagnosis and prognosis of cancer. Lastly, we will discuss the current challenges in the field of EV research and our outlook on future development of enabling microfluidic platforms for EV-based liquid biopsy.
Comparison of Medium-Voltage High-Frequency Power Inverters for Aircraft Propulsion Drives

Medium voltage DC (MVDC) is an emerging technology to enable the transmission and distribution systems of electric aircraft to be more lightweight and efficient. In this paper, a performance comparison is presented between three options of megawatt-scale medium-voltage (MV) power inverters based on Silicon Carbide (SiC) power modules. These three options include: two-level MV inverter based on 3. 3kV high-voltage SiC modules, two-level MV inverter based on series connections of 1. 7kVSiC modules, and three-level active neutral point clamped (ANPC) MV inverter based on 1. 7kVSiC modules. Specifically, the efficiency and reliability have been compared and discussed, which will provide a reference for engineers and researchers to develop electric aircraft propulsion drives in the future.
Nutritional Properties of Extra Virgin Olive Oils from the Emilia-Romagna Region: Profiles of Phenols, Vitamins and Fatty Acids

Publisher Summary Emilia-Romagna, along with Apulia, Abruzzo and Tuscany, is one of the four Italian regions where national genetic and sanitary certification processes have started. This process is a definite point of strength for the region, which is now able to benefit from a very solid foundation for a maximum production qualification. The nutritional properties of extra virgin olive oils (EVOO) produced in the Emilia-Romagna region have been determined in relation to many principal factors such as the genetic matrix; EVOO nutritional properties will, moreover, be related to the quality of raw materials, particularly considering the influence of both the olive ripening process and the olive preservation time before crushing. In order to obtain information about the nutritional properties of the EVOO produced in Emilia-Romagna, it is important to take into consideration the data regarding fatty acid composition, total phenols and total ortho-diphenols, single minor polar compounds and their antioxidant activity, vitamins and pigments such as tocopherols, lutein, and β-carotene.
Blighted Virtual Neighborhoods and Other Threats to Online Social Experiences

The rapid expansion of web presence into many new kinds of social networks has by far outpaced our ability to manage (or even understand) the community, economic, demographic and moral forces that shape user experiences. Online ticket queues, communities of online gamers, online retail malls and checkout sites, Facebook or MySpace communities, web-based town hall discussions, and Second Life destinations are just a few examples of places that users have come to regard as neighborhoods. They are virtual neighborhoods. They begin as attractive destinations and attract both visitors and inhabitants. Some users spend money, and some put down roots in the community. But like many real neighborhoods, virtual neighborhoods all too often turn into frightening, crime-ridden, disease- (or malware-)infested eyesores. Most users are driven away, real commerce is replaced by questionable transactions and billions of dollars of value is destroyed in the process. In blighted inner city neighborhoods you can find a familiar array of bad actors: loan sharks, vagrants, drug dealers, vandals and scam artists. Online neighborhoods fall prey to virtual blight: (1) Bot Blight, where the bad actors use bots and other non-human agents to overwhelm systems that are designed for human beings, (2) Human Blight, where individuals ranging from hackers to sociopaths and organized groups deliberately degrade a virtual neighborhood, (3) Entropy Blight, where abandoned property accumulates dead-end traffic of various kinds. The simple first-generation tools that were deployed to protect online properties have failed --- the collapse of Geocities and the recent apparent defeat of Captcha, a technology to let only humans enter the neighborhood, are evidence of that failure. There is a growing realization of how easily bad actors can create the virtual version of urban blight and how ineffective existing approaches to identity, trust and security will be in battling it.
Two-Degree of Freedom VIV of a Circular Cylinder Pinned at One End

This paper is a report on a study of vortex-induced-vibrations of a flexibly-mounted rigid circular cylinder immersed in a uniform free stream. This fluid-structure interaction experiment was carried out in the Rutgers Free-Surface Water Tunnel facility using a thin wall, 2.54 cm diameter, 109 cm long circular cylinder with a low mass-ratio. The cylinder was elastically mounted at its bottom end to the text section floor by a small diameter stainless steel pin. The top end of the cylinder was free to oscillate in both the cross-stream and streamwise directions. Extensive laser induced fluorescence flow visualization studies were carried out at the cylinder mid-height to investigate the response of the cylinder as well as the vortex shedding patterns. Flow visualization experiments were carried out over a Reynolds number range, based on cylinder diameter and free-stream speed, ranging from 820 to 6800. A range of vibration and vortex shedding modes were observed from these flow visualization studies. Symmetric vortex shedding was observed at low reduced velocities which evolved to ‘C’ shaped and ‘figure eight’ oscillations with increasing reduced velocity.
Transformation in Quasi Spheroplasts of Bacillus subtilis

Recently developed differential plating media permit the distinction of four cell types in incompletely protoplasted populations: intact, osmotically insensitive bacilli; osmotically sensitive rods; spheres with adherent wall residues, called quasi spheroplasts; and protoplasts. Such population mixtures were washed free of lysozyme, and then transforming deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was added. Transformation was nil in the protoplasts, very low in the residual osmotically insensitive bacilli, and markedly enhanced in both osmotically sensitive rods and quasi spheroplasts. Transformation in the latter two population fractions was reduced, respectively, by about 60% and about 80% by deoxyribonuclease treatment. DNA adhering to the quasi spheroplasts transforms these cells only if they are permitted to resume wall synthesis; when the same cells are plated on a medium where they shed the residual wall and form L colonies, no transformant L colonies are recovered. It is inferred that far-reaching or complete protoplasting blocks all entry of transforming DNA into the cell interior. This may be owing to eversion of mesosomes. Evidence that intact mesosomes may be required for DNA entry is provided by the finding that the recovery of transformants in the intact cell system is sharply reduced on plating media containing 25% gelatin. On such media, cells expel their mesosomes and 75% of them do not re-form any. Our own data and a survey of published results suggest the generalization that partial depolymerization of the cell wall by lysozyme may enhance competence, whereas its complete removal abolishes it.
Catholic Schools, Charter Schools, and Urban Neighborhoods

This paper addresses implications for urban neighborhoods of two dramatic shifts in the American educational landscape: (1) the rapid disappearance of Catholic schools from urban neighborhoods, and (2) the rise of charter schools. In previous studies, we linked Catholic school closures to increased disorder and crime, and decreased social cohesion, in Chicago neighborhoods. This paper turns to two questions unanswered in our previous investigations. First, because we focused exclusively on school closures in our previous studies, we were uncertain whether our results reflected the work that open Catholic schools do as neighborhood institutions or whether we were finding a “loss effect.” Second, since we have thus far focused on one type of educational institution, we could not say whether we were finding “school effects” generally, or “Catholic school effects” in particular. In this paper, we begin to answer both questions by comparing the effects of open Catholic and charter schools on neighborhood crime rates. Relying on police-beat-level data, we find that that police beats with open Catholic schools have lower rates of serious crime than those without one. Usually, a charter appears to have no statistically significant effect on crime rates. Our findings are important for a number of related reasons discussed in the paper.
Optimal eigenstructure assignment using closed loop controllability conditions by output feedback

The design procedure of robust eigenstructure assignment by output feedback is formulated as a nonlinear optimization problem. Nonlinear optimization techniques are combined with output feedback eigenstructure assignment to produce optimal system design. Necessary and sufficient conditions for the assignment of closed loop eigenvalues and their corresponding reciprocal eigenvectors by output feedback are derived. The necessary and sufficient conditions become the constraints of the output feedback nonlinear optimization problem. Optimization parameters include perturbations of closed loop eigenvalues and coefficients of the closed loop reciprocal eigenvectors. A design procedure for optimal eigenstructure assignment is developed. It simultaneously minimizes the perturbation of the desired closed loop eigenvalues while satisfying the control requirements such as system stability and response, minimal output feedback gain, state and input decoupling output and input command decoupling. >
International Evidence on Ability Grouping with Curriculum Differentiation and the Achievement Gap in Secondary Schools

Background/ContextThe achievement gap between students from different backgrounds is an issue of grave concern in the United States and in many other developed countries. U.S. research suggests tha...
Free-free beam silicon carbide nanomechanical resonators

A free-free beam silicon carbide nanomechanical resonator has been co-fabricated on the same chip with a doubly-clamped beam resonator operating at similar frequencies. Device testing has been performed to directly compare their properties. A significant improvement in quality factor is observed for the free-free beam design.
Transfection of Escherichia coli Spheroplasts I. General Facilitation of Double-Stranded Deoxyribonucleic Acid Infectivity by Protamine Sulfate

The addition of 25 mug of protamine sulfate per ml to lysozyme-ethylenediamine-tetraacetic acid spheroplasts of Escherichia coli stimulates transfection not only for T1 phage deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA; Hotz and Mauser, 1969) but also for the following phage DNA species: lambda, 10,000-fold to an efficiency of 10(-3) infective centers per DNA molecule; phiX174 replicative form, 300-fold to an efficiency of 5 x 10(-2); fd replicative form, 300-fold to 10(-6); T7, 300-fold to 3 x 10(-7). Three native phage DNA species were not infective at all in the absence of protamine sulfate but were infective in the presence of protamine sulfate with the following efficiencies: T4, 10(-5); T5, 3 x 10(-6); and P22, 3 x 10(-9). The effect of protamine sulfate is specific for double-stranded DNA. The application of infectivity assays to the study of phage DNA replication, recombination, prophage integration, prophage excision, and interspecies transfection are discussed.
Innowacyjna strategia zarządzania zapasami materiałów jako narzędzie podnoszenia konkurencyjności jednostki gospodarczej

In the paper the design of the probabilistic model of reserves is discussed. The objective is the elaboration of the innovation optimal strategy of the management of reserves of the based materials in a manufacturing company. The author discusses the kind of a probabilistic model of reserves aiming at the elaboration of the best management of primary material in the manufacturing company. The probabilistic model of reserves allows to form the innovation optimal strategy of the (R, Z) type of the primary materials management due to the profits coming from low cost components in working and furniture manufacturing company
Potential clinical applications of adult human mesenchymal stem cell (Prochymal®) therapy

In vitro, in vivo animal, and human clinical data show a broad field of application for mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). There is overwhelming evidence of the usefulness of MSCs in regenerative medicine, tissue engineering, and immune therapy. At present, there are a significant number of clinical trials exploring the use of MSCs for the treatment of various diseases, including myocardial infarction and stroke, in which oxygen suppression causes widespread cell death, and others with clear involvement of the immune system, such as graft-versus-host disease, Crohn’s disease, and diabetes. With no less impact, MSCs have been used as cell therapy to treat defects in bone and cartilage and to help in wound healing, or in combination with biomaterials in tissue engineering development. Among the MSCs, allogeneic MSCs have been associated with a regenerative capacity due to their unique immune modulatory properties. Their immunosuppressive capability without evidence of immunosuppressive toxicity at a global level define their application in the treatment of diseases with a pathogenesis involving uncontrolled activity of the immune system. Until now, the limitation in the number of totally characterized autologous MSCs available represents a major obstacle to their use for adult stem cell therapy. The use of premanufactured allogeneic MSCs from controlled donors under optimal conditions and their application in highly standardized clinical trials would lead to a better understanding of their real applications and reduce the time to clinical translation.
The role of affect in the decision to exercise: Does being happy lead to a more active lifestyle?

Abstract Objective This study investigated the influence of affect on individuals' intentions to engage in physical activities such as exercise. Behavior intentions were examined through the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB). Method An experimental survey was conducted among 153 undergraduates randomly assigned to three conditions – positive affect, neutral, and negative affect. Key variables from the TPB were assessed across these conditions. Results Analyses showed that participants in the positive affect and the negative affect conditions reported lower intentions to exercise than those in the neutral condition. Participants in the negative affect condition also reported more unfavorable attitudes toward exercise than their positive or neutral counterparts. Other TPB measures remained stable across the three conditions. In particular, perceived behavioral control and attitude were significant predictors of behavior intention in the pooled sample. Conclusion These results underline the important role that affect, especially negative affect, plays in individuals' decision to exercise. Rational models for health behavior change, such as the TPB, should take into account the impact of affect.
Morphology and Structure of Kevlar Fibers: A Review

Abstract The high modulus aramid organic fibers were first introduced commercially in the seventies by Du Pont. Initially referred to as Fiber B and PRD-49, these fibers are now produced and sold by Du Pont under the trade name Kevlar. These fibers belong to a type known under the generic title of aramid fibers defined as “fibers in which the fiber-forming substance is a long-chain synthetic polyamide in which at least 85% of the amide linkages are attached directly to two aromatic rings” [1]. They were developed as high modulus, high-strength fibers whose properties can be varied depending on the spinning and drawing conditions and are presently available as Kevlar and Kevlar-29, both formerly Fiber B, and Kevlar-49, formerly PRD-49, as continuous-filament fiber or fabric. All of them are characterized by their high tensile strength and high modulus compared with other organic fibers (Table 1 [1]).
Sodium and potassium levels in Blepharisma intermedium

1. 1. Studies were made on sodium and potassium regulation in Blepharisma intermedium. Ionic levels were expressed in terms of μM/g protein. Sodium and potassium were measured with a Beckman DU spectrophotometer adapted for use as a flame photometer. Protein was measured by the Lowry method. 2. 2. The ionic levels of Blepharisma in different concentrations of a modified Taylor-Strickland balanced salt solution were studied. High internal potassium levels existed in all concentrations studied. Blepharisma maintained low internal sodium levels up to 20 × balanced salt solution. Above this concentration, internal sodium levels increased with external levels although the internal level was always maintained about 37 mM/1 below the environment. 3. 3. Blepharisma placed at 5 °C gain sodium and lose potassium in about equal amounts. Sodium is extruded and potassium accumulated when the animals are brought back to room temperature. Recovery in a K-free solution slows the rate of sodium extrusion. 4. 4. Inhibitors of oxidative metabolism (sodium azide, dinitrophenol, and sodium cyanide) and of glycolysis (sodium fluoride) produce an increase in internal sodium levels. Usually these inhibitors have little effect on the internal potassium levels but occasionally produce a slight, unexpected increase in internal potassium. 5. 5. Ouabain, an inhibitor of the sodium pump, produced a large increase in internal sodium and a small increase in internal potassium. 6. 6. Gum tragacanth and tetrodotoxin have little effect on sodium and potassium levels. 7. 7. Blepharisma was immobilized in salt solutions containing high sodium concentrations but not in solutions containing high potassium chloride, magnesium chloride, magnesium sulfate, calcium chloride, or sucrose. Sodium azide and dinitrophenol immobilize Blepharisma at low inhibitor concentrations. Other metabolic inhibitors immobilize Blepharisma at concentrations at which internal sodium has increased.
Antenna function of a chlorophyll ab protein complex of Photosystem I

Abstract The functional role of a chlorophyll a b complex associated with Photosystem I (PS I) has been studied. The rate constant for P-700 photooxidation, KP-700, which under light-limiting conditions is directly proportional to the size of the functional light-harvesting antenna, has been measured in two PS I preparations, one of which contains the chlorophyll a b complex and the other lacking the complex. KP-700 for the former preparation is half of that of the preparation which has the chlorophyll a b complex present. This difference reflects a decrease in the functional light-harvesting antenna in the PS I complex devoid of the chlorophyll a b complex. Experiments involving reconstitution of the chlorophyll a b complex with the antenna-depleted PS I preparation indicate a substantial recovery of the KP-700 rate. These results demonstrate that the chlorophyll a b complex functions as a light-harvesting antenna in PS I.
Linkage, association, and the genetic analysis of bone mineral density and related phenotypes: an overview for clinicians.

Abstract Most medical genetic studies seek to answer one of two questions: What genes are important in determining disease risk? and What alleles of a candidate gene confer excess risk? This article seeks to provide physicians with a practical approach to assessing articles on genetic topics, using examples from bone mineral density and related areas. First, this article reviews the essential features of meiosis, crossing over, and allele detection. Second, mapping strategies are described and illustrated. Third, this article considers studies of the association between alleles of specific candidate genes and bone phenotypes. Linkage without association and association without linkage are both possible. Fourth, the ability of studies using inbred mice to establish both linkage and association is explained. Fifth, the transmission disequilibrium test is proposed as a superior design for investigating the association of alleles with bone phenotypes. Sixth and last, a systematic approach to reading medical genetic studies critically is developed. Common shortcomings in published articles include insufficient evidence for candidate choice, confusion between functionally significant alleles and markers, and failure to distinguish between identity by descent and identity by state.
Magnetoelectric microwave bandpass filter

An electric field tunable microwave bandpass filter based on ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) in a bilayer of yttrium iron garnet and lead zirconate titanate has been designed and characterised. The filter tunability is accomplished through magnetoelectric coupling that manifests as a shift in the FMR. Studies on a microstripline filter show a 125 MHz tuning range for E=0-3 kV/cm and an insertion loss of 5 dB at 6.5 GHz.