cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Structure of the cell-wall glucan of yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)

Abstract The cell-wall D -glucan ([α D 25] −10° in methyl sulfoxide) of bakers' yeast has been shown by methylation and periodate oxidation studies to be a β-(1→3)- D -glucan having branches at C-6. Hyrdrolysis of the methylated D -glucan (1 mole) yielded 2,3,4,6-tetra- (1 mole), 1,2,4,6-tri- (7 moles), and 2,4-di-O-methyl- D -glucose (1 mole), and trace proportions of 2,3,4-tri-O-methyl- D -glucose, which indicated the presence of a small proportion of (1→6)-linked residues in the molecule. Periodate oxidation of the D -glucan (DP 410), followed by reduction and mild hydrolysis with acid, eliminated one D -glucose residue out of every 9, and yielded the corresponding, degraded D -glucan (DP 150), glycerol, and a small proportion of a 1-O-β- D -glucosylglycerol, which would be derived from the sequence of the D -glucose residues in the glucan molecule represented by the system →6)-Gp-(1→3)-Gp-(1→6)-Gp-(1→. Methylation of the degraded glucan gave material which, on hydrolysis, gave, per mole,2,3,4,6-tetra-(1 mole),2,4,6-tri-(6 moles),and 2,4-di-O-methyl- D -glucose(1 mole). The (1→3)-β- D -glucanase from Rhizopus arrhizus acted on the D -glucan and on the degraded D -glucan to give the same products, viz., D -glucose, laminaribiose, gentiobiose, and higher oligosaccharides. The structure of the cell-wall D -glucan is discussed on the basis of these findings.
An exon 1 deletion in OTC identified using chromosomal microarray analysis in a mother and her two affected deceased newborns: implications for the prenatal diagnosis of ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency.

Abstract We describe the outcome of two consecutive pregnancies with a clinical presentation of ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC) deficiency (OTCD) without a molecular diagnosis. A 119kb deletion on Xp11.4 including the OTC gene was detected in the mother. The same deletion was identified in the blood spots from deceased male newborns. In patients with a clinical and biochemical presentation of OTCD and negative OTC sequencing, whole genome or targeted chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA) with coverage of the OTC and neighboring genes should be performed as a reflex test.
Measurement of psychosine in dried blood spots: a potential improvement of newborn screening for Krabbe disease

at age 9 years 9 months. The average number of months on treatment was 2 years 3 months, ranging from 9 months to 4 years 3 months. Regarding AE/IAR: 3 patients presented IAR considered mild and resolved with standard management; 3 patients presented AE during betagalsidase shortage and these were pain in hands and feet and proteinuria in a female patient, which was considered severe. Although betagalsidase is currently approved in Brazil for patients at age 16 years or older, the patients herein presented were started on treatment at a younger age due to important clinical symptoms.Mild IARwere reported in a few patients and managed with standard procedures. Current data shows that ERT with betagalsidase at 1,0 mg/kg EoW in a Brazilian younger than 16 years of age population appears to be as safe as in adults.
Effect of Cephalothin on Measurement of Creatinine Concentration

Cephalothin, an antibiotic implicated as nephrotoxic, falsely elevates the creatinine concentration as determined by the Jaffe reaction in vitro. We studied this effect in vivo and demonstrated variable degrees of interference in determinations of plasma and urinary creatinine concentrations by two automated methods. Clinicians should be aware of this phenomenon in patients receiving cephalothin, both when monitoring renal function and when assessing patient reliability in the collection of timed urine specimens.
The statistics of the organized vortical structure in turbulent mixing layers

The statistics of the large scale vortex structure in turbulent mixing layers have been investigated theoretically. It is shown that similarity in the fully developed flow results in a common description of the Eulerian and Lagrangian statistics. In the Eulerian frame of reference, a conservation equation is derived and solved to show that the distribution of vortex circulation is lognormal. It is also shown that the standard deviation normalized by the mean value of the distribution depends only on the amalgamation mechanism. The value for pairing is in good agreement with experimental measurements. These results are used to calculate the life span and survival probabilities of the vortices in the Lagrangian frame of reference. These distributions are in good agreement with direct measurements of the life span probability and with space‐time correlation measurements, respectively. Some implications of these results on the dynamics of the large scale vortices in the fully developed turbulent flow are discussed.
A BeepBeep ranging system on mobile phones

The demo, BeepBeep, shows a high-accuracy acoustic-based ranging system without relaying on any pre-planned infrastructure or inter-device time synchronization. Moreover, the BeepBeep is a pure software-based solution and readily applicable to many low-cost sensor platforms and to most commercial-off-the-shelf mobile devices. Our demo using two common cell phones shows that BeepBeep can achieve average two centimeters accuracy within a range of more than ten meters.
Puzzling out science

W hat do the natural sciences know, and how do they know it? I approach our topic with a little diffidence, since I am nei ther a scientist nor a historian of science, not even a specialist in the phi losophy of science, but a plain epistemologist. Indeed, recalling Sheldon Glashow's reaction to an invitation to discuss what prophets of the end of science present as Grave Epistemological Issues: "forgive me i f I thrash about a bit--it's not easy to beat a dead oxymoron, "s I feel more than a little diffidence! I, too, shall thrash about a bit; in my case, however, not out o f pure exasperation, but in hopes o f separating the chaff, the absurdities o f radical critics who profess to believe that we can no longer imagine that science is an objective endeavor, bu t must acknowledge it to be a "subjective and relativistic project, operat ing out o f social attitudes and ideologies , "4 f r o m the ser ious ques t ions to which an h o n e s t epistemologist might be able to contr ibute something. 5 Once u p o n a t ime (the phrase is a warning that what follows will be cartoon history) it was taken for granted that science enjoys a peculiar epistemic authori ty because o f its uniquely objective and rational m e t h o d of inquiry. Successive efforts to articulate what that uniquely rational m e t h o d might be gave rise to u m p t e e n c o m p e t i n g vers ions o f what I shall call the Old Deferentialist position: 6 science progresses inductively by accumulat ing true theories conf i rmed by empirical evidence, by observed facts; or deductively, by testing conjectures against basic statements and, as falsified conjectures are replaced by corrobora ted ones, improving the verisimilitude o f its theories; or instrumentally, by developing theories which, though not themselves capable o f t ruth or falsity, are efficient ins t ruments o f predict ion; or, etc., etc. Such obstacles as Quine 's thesis o f the unde rde te rmina t ion of theories even by all possible observational evidence, ~ Russell Hanson 's and others ' o f the theory-dependence of observation, s Goodman ' s "new riddle o f induction, "9 though acknowledged as tough, were assumed to be superable, or avoidable.
Palladium(II) complexes supported by a bidentate bis(secondary)phosphine linked by pyridine

A series of complexes of the type (PNP-H_2)PdX_2 (X = Cl, Br, I) have been synthesized, where PNP-H_2 is a bis(secondary)phosphine ligand linked by a pyridine, 2,6-(Ph(H)P)_2(C_5H_3N). Due to chirality at phosphorus, the parent ligand exists as a mixture of nearly equivalent rac and meso diastereomers non-interconverting at room temperature. When ligated to Pd(II) halides, however, the diastereomeric ratio is dependent upon the halide. The chloro, bromo, and iodo complexes have been characterized crystallographically. Conformationally similar meso diastereomers of each dihalide are roughly C_s symmetric in the solid state, while the rac diastereomers (identified only for X = Br, I) show substantially different solid-state conformations.
Catalytic Combustion in Cylindrical Channels: A Homogeneous-Heterogeneous Model

Abstract The behavior of reactors in which homogeneous and heterogeneous reactions occur simultaneously may be of interest in high temperature catalytic processes including catalytic combustion in tubes or monoliths. A two dimensional model of a laminar flow, adiabatic, tubular reactor for the combustion of carbon monoxide was developed. Three variations of the model were examined (1) the homogeneous only case, (2) the heterogeneous only case, and (3) the homogeneous-heterogeneous case. The differential equations were solved for the case of a reactor with an inside diameter of 0.153 cm with inlet concentrations of 4 mole percent CO, 20 mole percent O2 and, 76 mole percent N2. The behavior of the reactor approaches that of the heterogeneous only model for inlet temperatures less than 650 K. Reactor behavior approaches that of the homogeneous only model for inlet temperatures greater than 1150 K. Between 650 and 1150 K both reactions must be considered. For inlet temperatures near the upper end of this rang...
An Old Yellow Enzyme Gene Controls the Branch Point between Aspergillus fumigatus and Claviceps purpurea Ergot Alkaloid Pathways

Ergot fungi in the genus Claviceps and several related fungal groups in the family Clavicipitaceae produce toxic ergot alkaloids. These fungi produce a variety of ergot alkaloids, including clavines as well as lysergic acid derivatives. Ergot alkaloids are also produced by the distantly related, opportunistic human pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus. However, this fungus produces festuclavine and fumigaclavines A, B, and C, which collectively differ from clavines of clavicipitaceous fungi in saturation of the last assembled of four rings in the ergoline ring structure. The two lineages are hypothesized to share early steps of the ergot alkaloid pathway before diverging at some point after the synthesis of the tricyclic intermediate chanoclavine-I. Disruption of easA, a gene predicted to encode a flavin-dependent oxidoreductase of the old yellow enzyme class, in A. fumigatus led to accumulation of chanoclavine-I and chanoclavine-I-aldehyde. Complementation of the A. fumigatus easA mutant with a wild-type allele from the same fungus restored the wild-type profile of ergot alkaloids. These data demonstrate that the product of A. fumigatus easA is required for incorporation of chanoclavine-I-aldehyde into more-complex ergot alkaloids, presumably by reducing the double bond conjugated to the aldehyde group, thus facilitating ring closure. Augmentation of the A. fumigatus easA mutant with a homologue of easA from Claviceps purpurea resulted in accumulation of ergot alkaloids typical of clavicipitaceous fungi (agroclavine, setoclavine, and its diastereoisomer isosetoclavine). These data indicate that functional differences in the easA-encoded old yellow enzymes of A. fumigatus and C. purpurea result in divergence of their respective ergot alkaloid pathways.
Algorithmic approaches to artistic movement

This study proposes a formal way of representing the dancers in a salsa performance as a transition system. The model involves two finite state machines that communicate through a channel and the goal is to understand the notion of optimality in salsa. This is achieved by integrating two complexity metrics that measure the energy and entropy of the sequences generated by the dancers. These metrics are used as constraints on the transition model for automated dance sequence generation. It is shown that the terms such as ‘surprising’, ‘unsurprising’, ‘high energy’ and ‘low energy’ that are used to describe dance can be formally defined as the constraints on the transition system. In the second part of the study, communication protocols for the construction of distinct dance phrases are investigated. Bounds on the communication complexity are related to the structure of the sequences to be performed by the agents. There is a discussion of results of an experiment in which experienced and beginner level leaders perform dance sequences. The dancers are allowed to make mistakes but asked to continue performing even when a mistake occurs. This scenario is represented by a transition model which involves communication through a multi-input erasure channel. The results of the experiment suggest that a more experienced leader corresponds to having higher channel capacity in transmitting signals to the follower.
Application of the finite difference method to model pH and substrate concentration in a double-chamber microbial fuel cell

The purpose of this study was to develop a mathematical model that can describe glucose degradation in a microbial fuel cell (MFC) with the use of finite difference approach. The dynamic model can describe both substrate and pH changes in the anode chamber of a double-chamber MFC. It was developed using finite differences and incorporates basic mass transfer concepts. Model simulation results could fit the experimental data for substrate consumption well, while there was a moderate discrepancy (maximum 0.11 pH unit) between the simulated pH and the experimental data. A parametric sensitivity analysis showed that increases in acetate and propionate consumption rates can cause great decrease in chemical oxygen demand (COD) in the anode chamber, while an increase in glucose consumption rate does not result in significant changes of COD reduction. Therefore, the rate limitation steps of glucose degradation are the oxidations of secondary degradation products of glucose (acetate and propionate). Due to the buf...
Lead failure due to the subclavian crush syndrome in a patient implanted with both standard and thin bipolar spiral wound leads.

Subclavian crush syndrome is a well-described cause of pacemaker lend failure resulting from an entrapment of a lead or leads between the clavicle and the first rib. A new thinner lead (Thin Linetm) was designed to minimize this complication. Our patient de veloped atrial and ventricular lead subclavian crush syndrome with both conventional and thin leads.
The absolute configuration of methyl jasmonate

Abstract The absolute configuration of the jasmine oil constituent methyl jasmonate has been determined. Methyl dihydrojasmonate was synthesized from (−) 3-oxocyclopentaneacetic acid, whose configuration was established by three independent methods: (a) ORD comparison with 3-methylcyclopentanone, (b) synthesis from optically active norcamphor, and (c) synthesis from (−) cyclopent-2-eneacetic acid.
The Impact of Comparisons on the Satisfaction of Interscholastic Coaches of Girls’ Sports

According to previous work in the coaching field, job satisfaction has been found to be an important work related variable, critical to retention and turnover of female coaches [Chelladurai, P., and E. Ogasawara. (2003). “Satisfaction and Commitment of American and Japanese Collegiate Coaches.” Journal of Sport Management 17, 62–73; Sagas, M., and F.B. Ashley. (2001). “Gender Differences in the Intent to Leave Coaching: Testing the Role of Personal, External, and Work-Related Variables.” International Journal of Sport Management 2(4), 297–313]. The current study provides a better understanding of the work environment of coaches of girls’ sports by combining satisfaction and comparisons used in this process. Male and female coaches (n = 202) employed full-time at Texas public high schools completed a questionnaire containing the Job Descriptive Index [Smith, P.C., L.M. Kendall, and C.C. Hulin. (1969). The Measurement of Satisfaction in Work and Retirement. New York: Rand McNally.], the Job In General (Ironson et al., 1997), a referent comparison instrument, and demographic information. The findings indicated significant satisfaction differences based on gender and comparison other.
Dissociating early and late error signals in perceptual recognition

Decisions about object identity follow a period in which evidence is gathered and analyzed. Evidence can consist of both task-relevant external stimuli and internally generated goals and expectations. How the various pieces of information are gathered and filtered into meaningful evidence by the nervous system is largely unknown. Although object recognition is often highly efficient and accurate, errors are common. Errors may be related to faulty evidence gathering arising from early misinterpretations of incoming stimulus information. In addition, errors in task performance are known to elicit late corrective performance monitoring mechanisms that can optimize or otherwise adjust future behavior. In this study, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in an extended trial paradigm of object recognition to study whether we could identify performance-based signal modulations prior to and following the moment of recognition. The rationale driving the current report is that early modulations in fMRI activity may reflect faulty evidence gathering, whereas late modulations may reflect the presence of performance monitoring mechanisms. We tested this possibility by comparing fMRI activity on correct and error trials in regions of interest (ROIs) that were selected a priori. We found pre-and postrecognition accuracy-dependent modulation in different sets of a priori ROIs, suggesting the presence of dissociable error signals.
APPLICANT RACE AND JOB PLACEMENT DECISIONS: A NATIONAL SURVEY EXPERIMENT

Net of controls for educational credentials, recommendations, age, high school quality, employment sector, firm size and region, white personnel officers tend to assign black male high school graduates to lower paying positions than those assigned to white male high school graduates in the USA. Similar patterns are observed for while female college graduates. The effect of job candidates' race on employers' job placement decisions is examined, using data gathered by the randomised vignette technique. These patterns of apparent bias in job placement are found to be offset to some degree in firms with affirmative action policies. The findings are discussed in the context of Thurow's (1975) theory of statistical discrimination. Further research is needed to investigate potential discrimination in job selection and to examine characteristics of firms and personnel officers with the greatest propensity to discriminate.
Magnetic remote sensing of Europa’s ocean tides

Abstract Recent analyses of Galileo magnetometer and gravity data justifies approximations that allow estimates of the magnetic fields generated by Europa’s ocean tides to be made even though some of the ocean parameters that would generally be required are unavailable. We show solutions for the magnetic fields generated by published estimates of ocean tides on Europa and provide simple scaling formulas that can be used to estimate the magnetic-field amplitudes for other choices for the ocean tidal state. Because of the distinguished spatial/temporal form of these fields, it is expected that Europa’s ocean tides can be inferred from remote magnetic sensing by an orbiter of sufficient duration.
STUDENTS' PERCEPTIONS OF THE VALUE OF TEACHING EVALUATIONS

Summary.-This research examined how 187 students assessed a course evaluation form, the anonymity of the evaluation process, the fairness and accuracy students attribute to the task of completing evaluations of instruction, and students' perceptions of the extent to which teachers and administrators make use of the information provided by evaluations. 92% of the student-participants believed that the rating forms provided an effective means of evaluating instruction. The majority thought instructors pay attention to evaluation results and change their behavior accordingly. Only 2% believed that their anonymity was not protected. Students appeared to have more faith in their own evaluations than in those of other students. They also lacked confidence in the use of evaluations for determining salary increases or tenure and promotion.
Ageing and hearing loss

Although many adults retain good hearing as they age, hearing loss associated with ageing is common among elderly persons. There are a number of pathophysiolological processes underlying age-related changes to functional components in the inner ear. Genetic factors determine the ageing process but are under the influence of intrinsic and environmental factors. It is difficult to distinguish changes of normal ageing from those of other contributing factors. The effects of age-related deafness can have significant physical, functional and mental health consequences. Although a deficit in hearing can be corrected to some degree by a hearing aid or other appropriate amplification devices, hearing-related rehabilitative needs are much more than simply amplifying external sound. Only by better understanding the process of ageing and its effect on the auditory function can we better accommodate elderly people in our day-to-day interactions. We review here the structure and function of the inner ear, pathophysiology associated with age-related hearing loss (ARHL), heritability, allelism and modifier genes of ARHL, and evaluate the genetic analyses for identification of genetic factors that are involved.
Structure of the euglenoid storage carbohydrate, paramylon

Paramylon, the euglenoid storage carbohydrate, was studied by transmission electron microscopy (thin sectioning, negative staining, and freeze-etching) and scanning electron microscopy in order to develop a three-dimensional model of paramylon structure. The paramylon granule is a membrane-bound crystal composed of two types of segments, rectangular solids and wedges. The segments meet in the central region of the crystal. Both the segments and the granule as a whole are composed of several layers. Fibers traverse the paramylon granule in an overall concentric pattern. These fibers appear to be composed of bundles of microfibrils, which measure 4.0 nm in diameter and are similar to cellulose elementary microfibrils.
Can the nuclear many-body problem be solved by using perturbation theory?

Abstract A static two-body potential of Serber exchange character with a repulsive core fails to produce saturation in first-order perturbation theory, if the core is treated as a pseudo-potential. (We are designating the order of the term in a joint expansion in powers of the strength of the attractive potential and in the range of the repulsive core). Second-order terms are estimated from the condition that saturation should be achieved at the observed density without invoking many-body forces. We conclude that any static potential that produces saturation at about the empirical density must have substantial second-order terms, of magnitude 10 MeV/particle or more. We discuss the use of a velocity-dependent two-body potential to replace the infinite repulsive core, and find that second-order terms may be much smaller if we use a velocity-dependent potential.
Past Running Experience as a Mediator of the Attentional Focus of Male and Female Recreational Runners

In 1988 research under our controlled laboratory conditions suggested that, when subjects are instructed to focus on bodily cues while running on a treadmill, females perceive the activity to be more strenuous than do males. It was reasoned that this difference might be due to differences in either self-monitoring style or past exercise experience of males and females. The purpose of the present study was to survey recreational runners to ascertain the types of cues/thoughts to which they attended during exercise. 115 male and 72 female undergraduate and graduate students at a major university completed an attentional focus questionnaire after a routine jogging session. Demographic information was also obtained regarding each subject's experience with running activities (e.g., frequency, intensity, past history, etc.). Analysis suggested that attentional focus during running was related more to running experience than to sex differences in self-monitoring style. Inexperienced subjects focused attention mo...
TRANSITIVITY ALTERNATIONS AND SEQUENCE LEARNING: INSIGHTS FROM L2 SPANISH PRODUCTION DATA

This article examines alternating verbs (such as quemar(se) “to burn”) in second language (L2) Spanish by considering the learnability problem from a sequence learning perspective (N. Ellis, 1996 , 2002 ). In Spanish, verbs of the alternating class are obligatorily marked with the clitic se in their intransitive form. Errors of omission among English-speaking learners, who transfer zero-derived morphology from their native language, have been previously documented (Montrul, 2000 ). This study also examines a different kind of error—overgeneralization of se to transitive event scenes—that is hypothesized to result from chunking se with particular lexical items. The results of a picture description task reveal that learners frequently make this type of overgeneralization error, but that they are able to recover from it at more advanced levels of proficiency. These findings suggest that the acquisition of L2 morphosyntax is shaped by learners' familiarity with individual lexical items and the sequences in which they tend to appear. This study forms part of my dissertation research and was presented at AAAL in Portland, Oregon, in May 2004. I acknowledge the generous support of the University of California, Davis and the Humanities Research Grant that allowed me to conduct this research. I wish to thank Robert Blake for his guidance during the data collection phase of the project, Susan Gass and Charlene Polio for their helpful feedback on earlier drafts of this article, and Lourdes Sanchez Gonzalez for helping me collect the native-speaker data. The comments and suggestions of three anonymous SSLA reviewers were also tremendously useful. All remaining errors are my own. %Address correspondence to Eve Zyzik, Department of Spanish and Portuguese, Michigan State University, 334 Old Horticulture Building, East Lansing, MI 48824; e-mail: zyzik@msu.edu.
Resurrection of the genus Yezoterpnosia Matsumura (Hemiptera: Cicadidae: Cicadini) based on a new definition of the genus Terpnosia Distant

The genus Terpnosia Distant is newly defined. Terpnosia elegans (Kirby) stat. rev. is resurrected from junior synonymy with Terpnosia psecas (Walker). Seven species are now considered to belong to Terpnosia sensu stricto, including two species currently placed in this genus: T. psecas (Walker) and T. elegans (Kirby) stat. rev. Five species are transferred from Pomponia Stal to Terpnosia: T. polei (Henry) comb. nov., T. lactea (Distant) comb. nov., T. similis (Schmidt) comb. nov., T. simusa (Boulard) comb. nov., and T. graecina (Distant) comb. nov. Yezoterpnosia Matsumura stat. rev. is resurrected from junior synonymy with Terpnosia. Six species formerly in the genus Terpnosia are transferred to Yezoterpnosia: Y. nigricosta (De Motschulsky), Y. ichangensis (Liu) comb. nov., Y. shaanxiensis (Sanborn) comb. nov., Y. vacua (Olivier) comb. nov., Y. obscura (Kato) comb. nov., and Y. fuscoapicalis (Kato) comb. nov. Terpnosia is placed in the subtribe Psithyristriina of the tribe Cicadini, and Yezoterpnosia is placed in the subtribe Leptopsaltriina of Cicadini. Terpnosiina syn. nov. is synonymized with Psithyristriina.
Supercritical stability of an axially moving beam part II: Vibration and stability analyses

Abstract This paper focuses on the stability of axially moving beam-like materials (e.g., belts, bands, paper and webs) which translate at speeds near to and above the so-called “critical speed stability limit.” In the companion paper, a theoretical model for an axially moving beam was presented which accounted for geometrically non-linear beam deflections and the initial beam curvature generated by supporting wheels and pulleys. In that paper, analysis of steady response revealed that the beam possesses multiple, non-trivial equilibrium states when translating at supercritical speeds. The equations of motion are presently linearized about these equilibria and their stability is predicted from the eigenvalue problem for free response. Asymptotic and numerical solutions to the eigenvalue problem are presented for the respective cases of small and arbitrary equilibrium curvature. The solutions illustrate that the translating beam has multiple stable equilibrium states in the supercritical speed regime. The solutions confirm that the critical speed behavior for axially moving materials is extremely sensitive to system imperfections, such as initial curvature.
Entrepreneurial couples in new venture creation: reflections on expectations, reality and family relationships

Three hundred and forty-four north Louisiana, USA, entrepreneurial couples were interviewed to determine the impact on entrepreneurs and their spouses of starting and managing a new venture. There was commonality between entrepreneurs and their spouses related to expectations and outcomes for and from the new venture. More couples actually felt happier and financially better off after starting and running a businesses than they had expected. Some realised that the time and effort required were important negatives. Most entrepreneurs and their spouses would start a new venture again given the learning that occurred in the new venture formation process.
Tilted domain growth of metalorganic chemical vapor (MOCVD)-grown ZnO(0001) on α-Al2O3(0001)

ZnO grown on α-Al2O3(0001) generally possesses an orientation such that α-Al2O3(0001) is parallel to ZnO(0001) and two in-plane domains nucleate, so that α-Al2O3[11¯20] is parallel to ZnO[11¯20] and/or α-Al2O3[11¯20] is parallel to ZnO[10¯10]. In this paper, we report a new growth mode for ZnO grown on α-Al2O3(0001) using metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). We find that α-Al2O3[11¯20] is parallel to ZnO[10¯10], but the (0001) plane of ZnO is tilted relative to the (0001) plane of α-Al2O3 such that ZnO(0001) is almost parallel to the α-Al2O3(¯1104) plane. This orientation reduces the extent of lattice mismatch. The interface between ZnO and α-Al2O3 is abrupt and possesses periodic dislocations.
Strict 2-threshold graphs

Abstract A graph G is called a strict 2- threshold graph if its edge-set can be partitioned into two threshold graphs T 1 and T 2 such that every triangle of G is also a triangle of T 1 or of T 2 . We indicate a polynomial-time algorithm to recognize these graphs and characterize them by forbidden configurations.
A user interface for an environment to support program understanding

A static analysis of the program to be understood can yield much valuable information. However, to be of value to the programmer involved in an understanding task, the presentation of the static analysis data must not complicate, nor distract from, the task of understanding the program. An appropriate technique for presenting such static analysis data to the programmer engaged in the understanding task is described. This user interface assumes a multiple-window environment and supports an intelligent cursor. The techniques described integrate the presentation of the various types of static analysis data yielding an interface that does not distract the programmer as he or she attempts to understand the program. >
The mechanisms underlying attributive projection1

The experiment investigated the validity of the cognitive dissonance reduction and stimulus generalization explanations of attributive projection. Subjects in a high dissonance condition were informed that they possessed considerable hostility (a negative trait), while those in a low dissonance condition were told that they possessed a great deal of assertiveness (a desirable trait). The dissonance mechanism received support in that (a) subjects' reports of their anxiety indicated that an ego threat was produced only in the high dissonance condition, as expected; and (b) hostility was projected onto others to a significantly greater degree than was assertiveness. The existence of only a weak relationship between degree of ego threat produced by the personality feedback and subsequent amount of projection, however, throws into question the validity of the hypothesized defensive function of projection. No support for the generalization mechanism was obtained since the subjects did not project a greater amount of either trait onto the similar targets (college students) than onto the relatively dissimilar targets (middle-aged lawyers); possible reasons for this negative result were discussed, as well as suggestions for future research.
Rapid uplift of southern Alaska caused by recent ice loss

SUMMARY Extreme uplift rates and sea level changes in southern Alaska have been documented by Global Positioning System (GPS) surveys, tide gauge measurements and studies of raised shorelines. The movements detected in a network of 45 GPS survey points describe a broad pattern of rapid regional uplift. The majority of the study area is uplifting at a rate faster than 10 mm yr −1 , with several sites uplifting more rapidly than 25 mm yr −1 . New tide gauge data presented here consist of repeat occupations of 18 temporary gauge sites. Sea level rates at these sites agree with similar measurements in southern Alaska taken ∼50 yr earlier, and also with the pattern of uplift derived from the GPS data. Raised shoreline studies at 14 sites document total sea level change, with a maximum change in sea level of −5.7 m found in upper Lynn Canal. The start of the ongoing uplift episode that raised these shorelines has been dated with dendrochronology and found to be coincident with the start of the collapse of the Glacier Bay Icefield, at ca. 1750 AD. The pattern of total sea level change is in general agreement with upliftrate measurements, with greater sea level change found at the sites closest to the peak uplift rates in upper Glacier Bay. We use a viscoelastic earth model subjected to an ice load history built upon observations of glacial change to predict uplift rates at the tide gauge and GPS sites as well as the total uplift at the raised shoreline sites. Our modelling exercises are limited to an ice load model based on independent studies of the region’s glacial history over the past 1.7 kyr, to evaluate whether the uplift observations can be explained by simple earth models subjected to this load history. Two-layer earth models, consisting of an elastic crust and a low-viscosity upper mantle half-space, can be adjusted to fit either the raised shoreline data or the combined GPS and tide gauge uplift-rate data, but cannot fit all the data with a single set of earth model parameters. However, all three data sets are consistent with an approximated three-layer earth model. The combined model is constrained by a total of 77 uplift measurements, which at the 95 per cent confidence level require a low-viscosity asthenosphere [ηA = (1.4 ± 0.3) × 10 19 Pa s and thickness 110 +20
Antidepressant-related adverse effects impacting treatment compliance: Results of a patient survey

Background: Despite the high prevalence of depression in the United States, 10 few studies have identified which adverse effects (AEs) patients are willing or unwilling to tolerate when receiving antidepressants.
Three-Dimensional Hybrid Mesh Generation for Turbomachinery Airfoils

A methodology is introduced for generating three-dimensional hybrid meshes for turbomachinery airfoils. This method creates a volume mesh by stacking layers of area meshes along the blade spanwise direction. The area meshes are hybrid meshes composed of a structured O grid around the airfoil and an unstructured grid in the rest of the domain. Each layer ofthe stacked mesh is mapped from a single source mesh. Optimization-based smoothing is applied to the mapped area mesh to increase mesh quality. The optimization-based smoothing is also applied to the periodic boundaries to optimize the placement of the grid points. Further enhancement of grid quality is obtained by edge swapping and node insertion. Edge swapping reduces the dependency of mesh quality on the choice of the source mesh. The meshing algorithm is tested on a challenging turbine rotor airfoil whose stagger angle varies approximately 88 deg from hub to tip.
Is Moral Obligation Objective or Subjective

Many philosophers hold that whether an act is overall morally obligatory is an ‘objective’ matter, many that it is a ‘subjective’ matter, and some that it is both. The idea that it is or can be both may seem to promise a helpful answer to the question ‘What ought I to do when I do not know what I ought to do?’ In this article, three broad views are distinguished regarding what it is that obligation essentially concerns: the maximization of actual value, the maximization of expected value, and the perceived maximization of actual value. The first and third views are rejected; the second view is then refined and defended. The unfortunate upshot is that there may be no very helpful answer to the question just mentioned. As to the question posed in the title of the article, the answer unsurprisingly depends on what ‘objective’ and ‘subjective’ are taken to mean.
Computer aided instruction of power transformer design in the undergraduate power engineering class

This paper describes a single-phase transformer design suitable for classroom use. The scope of this design is limited to the specification for the core and coils of the transformer. Both shell and core configured transformers are designed in this paper. A computer program is developed for the purpose of illustrating the design procedure and demonstrating how it works. The objective is to meet all performance requirements at minimum cost. >
Strategies in the recall of clusterable lists

Abstract The present study assessed the effectiveness of a multi-session training aproach intended to teach mildly retarded adolescents to discover and utilize categorical list structure. The performance of a group of trained retarded individuals was compared with that of another group of retarded individuals who had simply received practice with the training materials. The performance of both retarded groups was evaluated relative to that of a group of equivalent-CA normal adolescents. Recall transfer with a new word list was indicated by the finding that trained retarded subjects achieved a criterion of perfect recall in fewer trials than untrained retarded subjects. Differences in the use of categorization strategies by normal and retarded subjects were interpreted in the light of the automatic-controlled processing distinction of Schneider and Shiffrin (1977).
Production of a serine-protease with macrophage migration-inhibitory factor activity by virus-transformed cells and human tumor cell lines.

BALB/c mouse 3T3 cells transformed by simian virus 40 (SV3T3), baby hamster kidney cells transformed by polyoma virus or Rous sarcoma virus, and a range of neoplastic human cell lines release material that inhibits the migration of macrophages and lymphocytes. Similar migration-inhibitory factor (MIF) activity was not detected in supernatants from cultures of untransformed 3T3 or baby hamster kidney cells and a variety of human diploid cell strains. Physicochemical characterization of the MIF produced by SV3T3 and HeLa cells revealed substantial similarities with the MIF produced by mitogen-activated human peripheral lymphocytes. MIF released by tumor cells is inhibited by pancreatic and soybean trypsin inhibitors and by diisopropylfluorophosphate, indicating that it is a serineprotease. Comparison of MIF produced by SV3T3 cells with a serine-protease plasminogen activator released by the same cells indicated that the latter is more heat labile and has a more heterogenous elution profile after chromatography on Sephadex G-75. The possible role of MIF in causing proteolytic modification of the surface properties of tumor cells and in altering cell-mediated immune responses to neoplastic cells is discussed.
Sensitivity of shovelnose sturgeon (Scaphirhynchus platorynchus) and pallid sturgeon (S. albus) early life stages to 3,3',4,4',5-pentachlorobiphenyl and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-P-dioxin exposure.

Concern exists that polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) may be contributing to the current decline of shovelnose sturgeon (Scaphirhynchus platorynchus) and the US federally endangered pallid sturgeon (Scaphirhynchus albus). Waterborne exposures with newly fertilized eggs were used to assess developmental and morphological effects of 2 of the most potent aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) agonists, 3,3′,4,4′,5-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB-126) and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), on early life stage shovelnose and pallid sturgeon. No dose-related effects of PCB-126 were observed on percent development or hatch in either species at concentrations as high as 1711 ng/g egg. Effects of TCDD on percent development were not assessed in shovelnose sturgeon. However, percent development was not affected by TCDD in pallid sturgeon, and percent hatch was unaffected by TCDD doses as high as 60 ng/g egg to 81 ng/g egg in either species. Morphological pathologies such as yolk sac edema and craniofacial deformities were typical of AhR agonist exposure and were similar in both species. Calculated PCB-126 50% lethal dose (LD50, 95% fiducial limits) values were 196 ng/g egg (188–203 ng/g) for shovelnose and 159 ng/g egg (122–199 ng/g) for pallid sturgeon. Likewise, calculated TCDD LD50 values were 13 ng/g egg (11–15 ng/g) for shovelnose and 12 ng/g egg (10–14 ng/g) for pallid sturgeon. These LD50 values are among the highest recorded in early life stage fish, suggesting that early life stage Scaphirhynchus sturgeon may be comparatively insensitive to AhR agonists. Environ Toxicol Chem 2015;34:1417–1424. © 2015 SETAC
Non-interconvertible conformers of cupped oxacyclophanes

Abstract Synthesis of cupped oxacyclophanes, a new class of cupped cyclophanes based on the m-terphenyl framework, is described. Reaction of tetraol 2 with m-xylylene dichloride gave 6, whereas reaction of 2 with 7 gave two non-interconvertible conformers 8 and 9.
Differences in candidate gene association between European ancestry and African American asthmatic children.

Background Candidate gene case-control studies have identified several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that are associated with asthma susceptibility. Most of these studies have been restricted to evaluations of specific SNPs within a single gene and within populations from European ancestry. Recently, there is increasing interest in understanding racial differences in genetic risk associated with childhood asthma. Our aim was to compare association patterns of asthma candidate genes between children of European and African ancestry. Methodology/Principal Findings Using a custom-designed Illumina SNP array, we genotyped 1,485 children within the Greater Cincinnati Pediatric Clinic Repository and Cincinnati Genomic Control Cohort for 259 SNPs in 28 genes and evaluated their associations with asthma. We identified 14 SNPs located in 6 genes that were significantly associated (p-values <0.05) with childhood asthma in African Americans. Among Caucasians, 13 SNPs in 5 genes were associated with childhood asthma. Two SNPs in IL4 were associated with asthma in both races (p-values <0.05). Gene-gene interaction studies identified race specific sets of genes that best discriminate between asthmatic children and non-allergic controls. Conclusions/Significance We identified IL4 as having a role in asthma susceptibility in both African American and Caucasian children. However, while IL4 SNPs were associated with asthma in asthmatic children with European and African ancestry, the relative contributions of the most replicated asthma-associated SNPs varied by ancestry. These data provides valuable insights into the pathways that may predispose to asthma in individuals with European vs. African ancestry.
Suitability of a Dehydrated Poultry Mortality-Soybean Meal Product for Use in Broiler Chicken Diets

Abstract In the poultry industry, several alternative methods for disposal of dead birds have been developed. This study evaluated the efficacy of a dehydrated poultry mortality-soybean meal (DPSM) product, made from 60% on-farm whole dead birds, 40% soybean oil meal, and a preservative amendment, for inclusion in broiler diets. Composite samples of the DPSM product were obtained for nutritional and microbiological analysis. A subsequent 42-d broiler growout experiment was conducted using DPSM incrementally (0 to 100%) substituted for the protein source component (i.e., soybean oil meal) in starter and grower diets. Nutritionally, the DPSM product was similar to soybean oil meal (SBOM), with approximately 51.5% CP, 2.81% Lys, 0.72% Met, 1.85% Thr, 3.14% Arg, and 1.36% TSAA. True amino acid digestibilities of DPSM, however, were higher than soybean oil meal. Likewise, crude fat (18.03%) and ash (8.00%) concentrations of DPSM were higher than those typically observed for SBOM. Although at low levels, 13 genera of bacteria (including some pathogenic organisms) were isolated from the DPSM product. When replacing SBOM in broiler starter and grower diets, DPSM, at lower, more practical replacement rates, did not significantly influence body weight, feed consumption, or feed conversion. According to the results of this study, using DPSM in partial substitution for SBOM in broiler diets was a safe, efficient, and economically feasible alternative for dead bird disposal.
What Factors Influence the Structure of the State Income Tax

This article contributes to a small body of literature that examines empirically the factors affecting the structure of state income taxes. We assume vote-maximizing politicians who are potentially...
SVP: serial video processor

Real-time video signal processing is achieved by a serial video processor (SVP) which inputs/outputs video signals serially and processes the data in parallel during each horizontal line period. This work describes the architecture of the SVP. An overview of the device, unique design techniques, and test methodology are given. Two SVPs applied to digital color TV image processing are discussed. Specifically, this is an Improved Definition TV application providing motion-adaptive digital Y/C separation, noise reduction, and progressive scanning. The addition of multiplexers in the appropriate data paths allows this same basic circuit to perform special features (still, strobe, zoom, picture-in-picture, multiscreen, etc.). >
Ψ(2S), Υ(3S) Suppression in p-Pb, Pb-Pb Collisions and Mixed Hybrid Theory

We use our mixed hybrid model for the Ψ(2S) state to estimate Ψ(2S) to J/Ψ(1S) suppression in p-Pb collisions, and the Υ(3S) state to estimate Υ(3S) to Υ(1S) suppression in Pb-Pb collisions, and compare to recent experimental measurements.
Environments: a flexible binding mechanism to support system evolution

A language construct called 'environment' is introduced. Environments are collections of bindings and have first class data rights. As such, they provide the programmer with a type-secure mechanism to control bindings in the system. It is shown that environments can be combined to provide a naming graph that subsumes the functions of file systems in traditional operating systems. Such a mechanism provides a conceptually simple framework for manipulating bindings that permits the control of complexity and system evolution from within a unified language framework. >