cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Religious Sources and Dimensions of Human Rights

Rights talk has become a dominant mode of political, legal, and moral discourse today, and human rights protections and violations have become increasingly important issues in international relations and diplomacy. Most nation-states now have detailed bills or recitations of rights in their constitutions, statutes, and cases. The United Nations, the European Union, and various religious, cultural, and ideological groups also have detailed catalogues of rights set out in treaties, declarations, conventions, and covenants. Most of the rights and liberties that are in vogue today have millennium-long roots in the Western legal tradition -- a tradition which has been shaped by biblical, classical, Christian, and Enlightenment teachings. Non-Western legal cultures have their own forms and forums of rights talk, too, which have been shaped by Islam, Hinduism, Confucianism, Buddhism, Indigenous Religions, and other faith traditions. These non-Western rights norms are becoming more important to global discussions of human rights today, and promise to bring ample reforms to human rights instruments and implementation in the years ahead. While this chapter focuses on the religious roots and routes of human rights development in the Western tradition, the last section argues that human rights need the resources of all these religious traditions to survive and flourish.
Que se queden allá: El gobierno de México y la repatriación de mexicanos en Estados Unidos (1934-1940)

Fernando Saul Alanis Enciso, Tijuana, El Colegio de la Frontera Norte/El Colegio de San Luis, 2007
Folate metabolism genes, dietary folate and response to antidepressant medications in late-life depression.

Objective The primary aims of this study were to 1) determine whether folate metabolism genetic polymorphisms predict age of onset and occurrence of late life depression and 2) determine whether folate metabolism genetic polymorphisms predict response to antidepressant medications in late-life depression.
Measurimg polynomial functions of states

In this paper I show that any mth-degree polynomial function of the elements of the density matrix ρ can be determined by finding the expectation value of an observable on m copies of ρ, without performing state tomography. Since a circuit exists which can approximate the measurement of any observable, in principle one can find a circuit which will estimate any such polynomial function by averaging over many runs. I construct some simple examples and compare these results to existing procedures.
High Level Synthesis

The sections in this article are 1 Transformations for High Level Synthesis 2 High Level Synthesis Techniques for Design Debugging 3 Considering Testability in High Level Synthesis 4 High Level Synthesis for Low Power 5 Conclusion
The Success of Sharing Societies: Lessons from History

Global history is often viewed as a competitive battleground in which civilizations, nations, or peoples repeatedly clash over resources or ideology. Correspondingly, victory in the global arena is often seen as belonging to the most inventive or innovative societies. Yet a more complex look at innovation reveals that it is often the result of a gradual and widely collaborative process, often involving the efforts or contributions of citizens of several states or societies. This article suggests that the myths surrounding invention and the reification of innovation as a cultural trait have distracted social scientists and policy makers from recognizing the significance of imported technologies, ideas, strategies, and products in helping societies overcome a wide range of challenges. It illustrates this contention with evidence from several historical episodes that suggest that successful societies are not only open to innovation from among their own populace, but also to contributions from abroad.
The optimal timing of autologous bone marrow transplantation in Hodgkin's disease patients after a chemotherapy relapse.

PURPOSEThe optimal sequence of salvage chemotherapy (SC) and autologous bone marrow transplantation (ABMT) for Hodgkin's disease (HD) patients who relapse after primary chemotherapy is unknown. We created a decision analysis model to determine the optimal treatment strategy and the most cost-effective approach.METHODSThe decision tree simulated a 25-year-old HD patient who relapsed less than 12 months after mechlorethamine, vincristine, procarbazine, and prednisone (MOPP) chemotherapy. Four strategies used ABMT in some sequence with SC; the final strategy considered SC alone. Clinical data were derived from 17 published reports chosen by explicit criteria. Costs of care were estimated from the published literature and institutional experience.RESULTSThe optimal strategy was ABMT in second relapse, which was superior to the SC-only option by 1.9 years at an incremental cost of $26,200 per each year of life saved. When the probabilities of complete remission and disease-free survival were reduced for SC, si...
Stabilization of non-planar multi-agent layered formations with double integrator model

This work provides a rigid graph theory-based solution to the non-planar multi-agent formation control problem where the agents are modeled by a double integrator. The problem addressed in this work consists of one or more agents coordinating the actions of other interacting agents which are operating in a different plane. This can be referred to as layered formation control where the objective is for the agents in both layers to cooperatively acquire a pre-defined formation shape using a decentralized control law. The proposed control strategy is based on regulating the inter-agent distances and a rigorous stability analysis is presented that guarantees convergence of these distances to desired values. Simulation results are provided to support the theoretical results.
Intestinal physiology and pathology in gene-targeted mouse models of cystic fibrosis

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a fatal genetic disorder that affects approximately 1 in 2,500 live Caucasian births. The disease can be described as a generalized exocrine disease affecting a variety of epithelial tissues, with early manifestation as meconium ileus in a significant number of neonates. Cloning of the gene causing CF was accomplished in 1989, and the protein product, cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), has been conclusively shown to be an adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP)-regulated Cl- channel. Subsequently, several mouse models of CF were generated by gene-targeting approaches in an attempt to further understand this disease. The initial excitement generated by the emergence of these mouse models was somewhat tempered by the finding that none of the models developed airway disease, which is currently responsible for most of the morbidity and mortality in the human CF population. However, the various CF mouse models, of which there are now 10, are remarkably similar to their human counterparts with respect to intestinal pathophysiology. Most importantly, the intestinal tract of the CF mouse models demonstrates the absence of cAMP-mediated Cl- transport, which is a hallmark of CF disease. Furthermore, the murine CF intestinal tract also shows an inability to secrete HCO3-, defective cAMP regulation of electroneutral NaCl absorption, and elevated electrogenic Na+ transport in the distal colon, as well as other ion transport perturbations. Besides the fundamental mechanisms of ion transport studied in the murine CF intestinal tract, these models have also been important in understanding other tissues with regard to CF. Mice heterozygous for the CFTR knockout gene have a reduced ability to secret Cl- and fluid and therefore provide further support for the CF "heterozygote advantage" hypothesis. Some CF mouse models maintain a limited ability to secrete Cl-, which may be due to accessory genes that are hypothesized to ameliorate disease severity in the intestines of these mice. This review describes the CF models generated and compares the murine defects in ion transport with observed abnormalities in the human CF intestine.
Stimulus factors in addiction

Heyman's analysis of addiction in terms of matching to local relative value can be supplemented by stimulus-control processes. Stimulus equivalence can broaden the set of situations that occasion addictive behavior, and the situation-reinforcer correlation can enhance its persistence. The joint effects of stimulus-control and reinforcement processes may complicate treatment.
Use of the School Performance Rating Scale with Children Treated for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

The School Performance Rating Scale was developed to assess academic performance of children diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. The most frequent concern of professionals, parents, and teachers is the child's performance and achievement in school; however, assessments are seldom obtained pretest and posttest. The scale has yet to be standardized so its association with academic behavior was estimated with the ADD-H Comprehensive Teachers' Rating Scale. 24 elementary-school children were given both scales after being diagnosed and treated for ADHD, following evaluation by a multidisciplinary team at a medical university's child-development clinic. A positive correlation of .8 was found between scores on the School Performance Rating Scale and .6 with Attention and Social Skills from the ADD-H Comprehensive Teachers' Rating Scale. Standardization of the scale would allow clinicians more specific identifications.
Agonist and antagonist activities of ligands derived from naltrexone and oxymorphone.

Abstract The pharmacological profile of naltrindole (NTI) and three of its analogues, N-methyl-NTI (N-Me-NTI), oxymorphindole (OMI) and naltriben (NTB) were studied in antinociceptive assays. The compounds were found to have agonist activities that appear to be mediated mainly by κ opioid receptors because norbinaltorphimine (nor-BNI), the selective κ opioid receptor antagonist inhibited their effects significantly. All of the compounds, behaved as antagonists at doses that were lower than those that produced agonist effects and they possessed a profilethat was very selective for inhibiting the antinociceptive activities of δ opioid receptor agonists. Differential antagonism by NTB of the activities of DSLET and DPDPE was demonstrated.
Estimating the Soil Surface Specific Humidity

Abstract Based on the recent experiment results, a formula is proposed to be used in numerical weather-climate models to estimate the soil surface humidity. The formula has a very simple form and shows a smooth transition in the soil surface specific humidity between wet and dry soil states. The formula is recommended as a replacement to the Philip formula.
Individual Differences in the Effects of Disease and Disability on Depressive Symptoms: The Role of Age and Subjective Health

Each person is affected by disease and disability differently. This study examined the role of age and subjective perception of health in determining the links of depressive symptoms with disease and disability among older adults of different ages. The hypothesized effects of age and subjective health were tested using 252 older adults divided into three age groups (i.e., 60s, 80s, and 100s). Two major findings emerged. First, individuals with advanced old age had higher levels of health problems, as expected. However, their perceptions of health and depressive symptoms were less affected by disability when compared to the younger old. Second, regardless of age, the effects of disease and disability on depressive symptoms were mediated through subjective health. Findings suggest age differences in the consequences of health problems, and the importance of subjective perception to bridge physical and mental health. Issues such as age differences within older populations, the resilience of centenarians, and the intervening roles of subjective health are further discussed.
High temperature uniaxial tensile stress rupture strength of sintered alpha SiC

Uniaxial tensile stress rupture testing of sinteredα-SiC was carried out at 1200 and 1300° C in air at various applied stress levels and the corresponding times-to-failure were measureD. Fractographic evidence from uniaxial tensile stress rupture testing at 1200° C revealed limited presence of subcritical (slow) crack growth associated with surface connected porosity failure sites. The extent of slow crack growth (SCG) increased with increasing temperature and large regions of SCG were observed in tests made at 1300° C. An estimate of the crack velocity exponent,n, in the crack velocity—stress intensity factor relation,V=AK1n, for SCG has been made. Slow crack growth is characterized primarily by intergranular crack propagation while fast fracture (catastrophic failure) occurs transgranularly.
An implicit Monte Carlo scheme for calculating time-dependent line transport

Abstract We have developed an implicit Monte Carlo technique for describing time-dependent line transport in the presence of collisional coupling between atomic levels. The method is applied to the time-dependent description of a two-level system in plane parallel slab geometry. For a set of test problems the stability of the scheme is independent of the choice of time-step, indicating the robustness of the method. The method is shown to be applicable to both optically thin and opticaly thick media.
Rapid remobilization of magmatic crystals kept in cold storage

We lack thermal histories for magma reservoirs, but here the magma under Mount Hood (Oregon, USA) is shown to have been too cold to mobilize for most of the time it has been stored, which implies that magma mobilizes (at which point it can be imaged geophysically) very quickly prior to eruption. This paper presents a novel approach to constraining the thermal history of the subsurface magma bodies that feed eruptions by combining temporal information from a variety of sources. Kari Cooper and Adam Kent combine timescales derived from uranium-series disequilibria, textural information and trace-element zoning in crystals. They show that, at Mount Hood, Oregon, only a small fraction of the total storage duration has been spent at temperatures above the critical crystallinity, the point at which magma is easily mobilized. They conclude that largely liquid bodies that could be imaged geophysically will be ephemeral features and therefore their detection could indicate imminent eruption. The processes involved in the formation and storage of magma within the Earth’s upper crust are of fundamental importance to volcanology. Many volcanic eruptions, including some of the largest, result from the eruption of components stored for tens to hundreds of thousands of years before eruption1,2,3. Although the physical conditions of magma storage and remobilization are of paramount importance for understanding volcanic processes, they remain relatively poorly known4,5. Eruptions of crystal-rich magma are often suggested to require the mobilization of magma stored at near-solidus conditions6,7,8; however, accumulation of significant eruptible magma volumes has also been argued to require extended storage of magma at higher temperatures7,8,9. What has been lacking in this debate is clear observational evidence linking the thermal (and therefore physical) conditions within a magma reservoir to timescales of storage—that is, thermal histories. Here we present a method of constraining such thermal histories by combining timescales derived from uranium-series disequilibria, crystal sizes and trace-element zoning in crystals. At Mount Hood (Oregon, USA), only a small fraction of the total magma storage duration (at most 12 per cent and probably much less than 1 per cent) has been spent at temperatures above the critical crystallinity (40–50 per cent) at which magma is easily mobilized. Partial data sets for other volcanoes also suggest that similar conditions of magma storage are widespread and therefore that rapid mobilization of magmas stored at near-solidus temperatures is common. Magma storage at low temperatures indicates that, although thermobarometry calculations based on mineral compositions may record the conditions of crystallization, they are unlikely to reflect the conditions of most of the time that the magma is stored. Our results also suggest that largely liquid magma bodies that can be imaged geophysically will be ephemeral features and therefore their detection could indicate imminent eruption.
Direct observation of the structural and electronic changes of Li2MnO3 during electron irradiation

This study focuses on the effects of electron beam induced irradiation to the layered oxide Li2MnO3. Aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy and electron energy loss spectroscopy are used to characterize structural and electronic transitions in the material during irradiation, with a focus on changes in Mn valence and O content. This truly in situ irradiation allows for specific particle tracking, dose quantification, and real-time observation, while demonstrating many parallels to the oxide's structure evolution observed during electrochemical cycling. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that typical imaging conditions are not severe enough to induce damage to the pristine oxide.
Nighttime sleep and daytime functioning (sleepiness and fatigue) in less well-defined chronic rheumatic diseases with particular reference to the 'alpha-delta NREM sleep anomaly'

For the past 25 years, the 'alpha-delta NREM sleep abnormality' has been used by some as a defining or legitimizing marker for poorly defined rheumatic diseases such as fibromyalgia and chronic fatigue syndrome. Comprehensive review of the literature reveals no support for such a conclusion. Most studies involve small numbers of patients. The lack of control subjects, non-standardized recording techniques, and confusion between tonic and phasic alpha frequency activity patterns make comparison difficult. There is much evidence that this sleep EEG pattern is not only non-specific, but may actually reflect a sleep maintaining process. The 'sleep fragmentation' theory of the complaint of non-restorative sleep in this patient population is invalidated by the fact that conditions characterized by severe sleep fragmentation, such as obstructive sleep apnea, are not associated with musculoskeletal symtoms. It is difficult to attribute musculoskeletal symptoms to disorders of sleep in view of the fact that the only organ of the body known to benefit from sleep, or to be adversely affected by lack of sleep, is the brain. It is concluded that fibromyalgia and chronic fatigue syndrome are associated with subjective sleep complaints, but do not represent sleep disorders.
Percutaneous Jejunostomy: Repeat Access at the Healed Site of Prior Surgical Jejunostomy with US and Fluoroscopic Guidance

Abstract Purpose To evaluate the safety and efficacy of ultrasound (US)- and fluoroscopy-guided jejunostomy tube placement in patients with a history of surgical jejunostomy. Materials and Methods Between June 2003 and June 2012, percutaneous US-guided jejunostomy placement was attempted 28 times in 26 patients with a history of surgical jejunostomy (14 men and 12 women). Retrospective chart review was performed to determine procedural success, complications, and interval between original jejunostomy and new tube placement. Clinical outcomes were evaluated with a mean follow-up period of 110 days (range, 3–631 d; median, 68 d). Results Successful tube placement was achieved in 26 of 28 attempts (92%). The mean time between removal of the original surgical jejunostomy and percutaneous placement of the new tube was 278 days (range, 3 d to 8 y; median, 88 d). A single minor complication involved a tube site infection 4 days after the procedure. There were no major complications. Mean procedure time was 49 minutes (range, 15–125 min; median, 45 min). Conclusions Percutaneous jejunostomy access can be reliably and safely reestablished with US and fluoroscopic guidance in patients with a history of surgical jejunostomy.
Proteolysis of fluoresceinated proteins.

Abstract Pronase digestion of fluoresceinated BSA, fluroresceinated human and rabbit γ-globulin, and fluoresceinated BSA-rabbit anti-BSA precipitate was studied both as a function of time, and when digestion was complete, by separation of the products by gel fibration on Sephadex G-100. Rate studies showed that the release of TCA soluble peptides paralleled the release of fluorescence for the fluoresceinated γ-globulins, but not for the fluoresceinated BSA. The protein-to-fluorescence ration of the fragments of γ-globulin was unchanged after proteolysis. Fluoresceinated BSA appeared to be protected against digestion by the presence of specific antibody, but not by non-antibody rabbit γ-globulin.
Race and Sex in Prime Time: A Look at Occupations and Occupational Prestige

A content analysis of 10 week-long samples of network prime time broadcast between the fall of 1997 and the fall of 2006 found that the leading characters in programs defined by racial diversity differ in terms of their distributions of men and women as well as racial groups. Occupations and occupational prestige also differ depending upon the racial diversity of the programs in which the characters are found. Programs with mostly minority casts, while the most equitable in terms of the proportions of men and women, provide the least diversity in occupations and occupational prestige, particularly for Black women.
Look Me in the Eye: Manipulated Eye Gaze Affects Dominance Mindsets

Research across animal species suggests that eye gaze plays an important role in dominance/submission interactions. In a confrontation, maintenance of eye contact may indicate a struggle for dominance whereas gaze aversion suggests a withdrawal from conflict. Past research has focused on measuring eye gaze patterns in various contexts. The current experiment directly manipulated eye gaze patterns toward versus away from the eyes of angry or non-emotional faces to study the impact on dominance-related self-perceptions and decisions on the ultimatum game. Maintaining eye contact led men to make more dominant choices on the ultimatum game. Maintaining eye contact with angry faces in particular caused an increase in self-perceptions of aggression, and self-perceptions of aggression predicted more dominant responses on the ultimatum game. Women also reported an increase in self-perceptions of aggression after maintaining eye contact with angry faces, but they did not behave in a more dominant fashion on the ultimatum game after maintaining direct eye contact with faces. These results suggest that eye gaze behavior can exert a causal influence on dominance-related responding.
Change Point Analysis for Generalized Lambda Distribution

In this article, we study the detection of multiple change points of parameters of generalized lambda distributions (GLD). The advantage of studying GLD is that the GLD family is broad and flexible. Compared to the other distributions, there are fewer restrictions on the distribution while fitting data. We combine the binary segmentation procedure together with the Schwarz information criterion (SIC) to search for all possible change points in the data. The method is applied on fibroblast cancer cell line data which is publicly available, and the change points are successfully located.
Cardiopulmonary hemodynamics during exercise in patients with pulmonary emphysema

Abstract Five patients with pulmonary emphysema, 4 of whom had pulmonary hypertension at rest, were studied by right heart catheterization with determination of the pulmonary artery and “capillary” pressures and cardiac output at rest and during graded exercise. Two to three minutes of such exercise was sufficient to establish a “steady state” in these parameters, although a somewhat longer period of time may be required in those who have developed right ventricular failure. Pulmonary artery pressure and pulmonary vascular resistance after reaching a stable value do not fall as exericise progresses through nine minutes.
The effects of experimenter's instructions, feedback, and praise on teacher praise and student attending behavior.

Systematic use of experimenter's instructions, feedback, and feedback plus social praise was used to increase teacher praise for student attending behavior of three elementary school teachers. Experimenter's verbal interactions with teachers, teacher's verbal praise for student behaviors, and pupil attending behavior were recorded during baseline conditions. As the three successive experimental conditions were introduced first with Teacher A, then with Teacher B, in a multiple baseline design, behaviors of the experimenter, the two teachers, and eight students were measured and recorded. In the cases of Teachers A and B, experimental condition one (Instructions) and experimental condition two (Feedback) produced inconclusive results. Experimental condition three (Feedback Plus Social Praise) produced more teacher praise for student attending behavior. The entire “Package” of Experimenter's Instructions, Feedback, and Feedback Plus Social Praise was introduced to Teacher C in a single experimental condition. As in the cases of Teachers A and B, behaviors measured were: (1) the experimenter's verbal interactions, (2) the teacher's praise of students, and (3) the student's attending behavior. Introduction of the “Package” also produced more teacher praise for student attending behavior.
Review of issues in black dialect; a proposed two‐way bilingual educational approach; and considerations for the congenitally deaf child

The deficit theory and the difference theory of linguistic competence are defined and reviewed. Evidence is drawn upon to support the notion of linguistic differences between the dialect of black children and that of the majority society. Implications for educational methods are discussed, culminating in a proposed “two-way” bilingual approach. The difference and deficit viewpoints and the proposed approach are applied to the testing, education, and social functioning of congenitally deaf children.
Replacing the K1 dome shutter drive system

The W. M. Keck Observatory recently completed an upgrade to the Shutter Drive System on the Keck 1 dome. Due to three major failures on the shutters we decided to undertake a multimillion dollar, multiyear effort to upgrade the drive system. The intention was to increase the system safety factors, to prevent potential problems, to improve maintenance of the system, and to add the capability of the shutter being used as a tracking windscreen, reducing wind effects on the telescope, thereby improving observing. Our solution included the replacement of the drive system with a new drive train and control mechanism, as well as various modifications to existing infrastructure. We'll describe the project from inception to conclusion, and illustrate various approaches helpful to managing this large project while minimizing observatory downtime. We'll discuss control schemes, safety features, failure mode investigations and some heat dissipation concerns. We'll also describe work scheduling, and some prototyping options helpful to ensure success of the project. Finally we'll present some lessons learned from retrofitting a large, essential system of an operating telescope.
Studies of Endamoeba blattae (Bütschli)

A detailed study of the life history and cytology of Endamoeba blattae (Butschli, 1878) has confirmed many of the findings of earlier workers and added to the knowledge of the processes of mitosis, excystation, metacystic and later development of this animal. Metacystic transformation has been seen to give rise to a form indistinguishable from E. thomsoni Lucas ('27). The number of chromosomes found in dividing stages of this trophozoite appears to be half that found in the large adults and indicates the possibility of a gametogenic type of reproduction differing from that described by Mercier ('10). Upon the basis of these findings and of a reclassification of the nuclear types found among the larger endozoic amoebae, it is proposed to erect, within the genus Endamoeba Leidy (1879), three sub-genera to serve until further knowledge permits a more permanent arrangement, as follows: Genus Endamoeba Leidy (1879). Type—E. blattae (Butschli, 1878). Sub-genus Endamoeba. Type—E. (E.) blattae (Butschli, 1878). Sub-genus Placoidia. Type—E. (P.) minchini Mackinnon ('14). Sub-genus Poneramoeba. Type—E. (P.) histolytica Schaudinn ('03).
Water status and development of the maize endosperm and embryo during drought

Drought during grain filling decreases final kernel mass in maize (Zea mays L.). Lack of assimilates or an unfavorable water status within the embryo or endosperm could limit kernel development. To test these possibilities, remobilization of reduced C and N as well as kernel and embryo water status were measured in plants exposed to a water deficit during grain fill. Irrigation was withheld from fieldgrown plants after final kernel number was established. This treatment resulted in a soil moisture deficit of 224 mm and decreased endosperm and embryo mass by 16%, compared with controls. The water deficit shortened the effective filling period, but did not alter the rate of dry matter accumulation in either the endosperm or embryo
Facilitating mobile decision making

The wide spread of mobile computing devices is transforming the newly emerged e-business world into a mobile e-business one, a world in which hand-held computers are the user's front-ends to access enterprise data. For good mobile decision making, users need to count on up-to-date, business-critical data. Such data are typically in the form of summarized information tailored to suit the clients' analysis interests. In this paper, we are addressing the issue of efficient delivery of summary tables to mobile users' hand-held computers equipped with OLAP (On-Line Analytical Processing) front-end tools. Towards this, we propose a new on-demand scheduling algorithm, called STOBS, that exploits the derivation semantics among OLAP summary tables. It maximizes the aggregated data sharing between clients and reduces the broadcast length compared to the already existing techniques. The algorithm effectiveness with respect to access time and energy consumption is evaluated using simulation.
Phenyl versus alkyl migration in the fragmentation of alkoxychlorocarbenes

Abstract Phenyl versus methyl (alkyl) group migration is assessed in the fragmentations of neophyloxychlorocarbene, 2,2-diphenylpropyloxychlorocarbene, and 1-phenylcyclopropylmethoxychlorocarbene. Rate constants and activation parameters of the fragmentations are also reported.
A Nation of Counterfeiters: Capitalists, Con Men, and the Making of the United States – By Stephen Mihm

Although the early history of the U.S. economy, along with the policies and debates that shaped it, is well known at this point, what is less well understood is how exchange mediums functioned in t...
Abundance, size distributions and trace-element binding of organic and iron-rich nanocolloids in Alaskan rivers, as revealed by field-flow fractionation and ICP-MS

Abstract Water samples were collected from six small rivers in the Yukon River basin in central Alaska to examine the role of colloids and organic matter in the transport of trace elements in Northern high latitude watersheds influenced by permafrost. Concentrations of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), selected elements (Al, Si, Ca, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Ba, Pb, U), and UV-absorbance spectra were measured in 0.45 μm filtered samples. ‘Nanocolloidal size distributions’ (0.5–40 nm, hydrodynamic diameter) of humic-type and chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM), Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, and Pb were determined by on-line coupling of flow field-flow fractionation (FFF) to detectors including UV-absorbance, fluorescence, and ICP-MS. Total dissolved and nanocolloidal concentrations of the elements varied considerably between the rivers and between spring flood and late summer base flow. Data on specific UV-absorbance (SUVA), spectral slopes, and the nanocolloidal fraction of the UV-absorbance indicated a decrease in aromaticity and size of CDOM from spring flood to late summer. The nanocolloidal size distributions indicated the presence of different ‘components’ of nanocolloids. ‘Fulvic-rich nanocolloids’ had a hydrodynamic diameter of 0.5–3 nm throughout the sampling season; ‘organic/iron-rich nanocolloids’ occurred in the
The Role of Glucose in the Regulation of Substrate Interaction During Exercise

Glucose and fatty acids are the main energy sources for oxidative metabolism in endurance exercise. Although a reciprocal relationship exists between glucose and fatty acid contribution to energy production for a given metabolic rate, the controlling mechanism remains debatable. Randle et al.'s (1963) glucose-fatty acid cycle hypothesis provides a potential mechanism for regulating substrate interaction during exercise. The cornerstone of this hypothesis is that the rate of lipolysis, and therefore fatty acid availability, controls how glucose and fatty acids contribute to energy production. Increasing fatty acid availability attenuates carbohydrate oxidation during exercise, mainly via sparing intramuscular glycogen. However, there is little evidence for a direct inhibitory effect of fatty acids on glucose oxidation. We found that glucose directly determines the rate of fat oxidation by controlling fatty acid transport into the mitochondria. We propose that the intracellular availability of glucose, rather than fatty acids, regulates substrate interaction during exercise.
Effect of hypertonic dialysate and vasodilators on peritoneal dialysis clearances in the rat.

Effect of hypertonic dialysate and vasodilators on peritoneal dialysis clearances in the rat. A model for performing peritoneal dialysis in the rat was established which permitted the consistent measurement of dialysis clearances. The effects on urea and inulin clearances of intraperitoneal vasodilators and 4.25% dextrose were compared. Isoproterenol, nitroprusside, histamine, and bradykinin, when added to 1.5% dextrose dialysate for three consecutive exchanges, all produced approximately a 20% increase in urea and inulin dialysis clearances. These increases in clearances persisted in the three subsequent exchanges when no drugs were added to the dialysate. The addition of isoproterenol, nitroprusside, or histamine to six consecutive exchanges did not produce a further increment in clearances. The use of 4.25% dextrose dialysate for three exchanges produced approximately a 50% increase in urea and inulin clearances. Clearances remained about 35% greater than control values in the subsequent three 1.5% dextrose exchanges. Effet du dialysat hypertonique et des vasodilatateurs sur les clearances de dialyse peritoneale chez le rat. Un modele d'execution de dialyse peritoneale chez le rat a ete etudie qui permet la mesure des clearances de la dialyse. Les effets, sur les clearances de l'uree et de l'inuline des vasodilatateurs intra-peritoneaux et du dextrose a 4,25% ont ete compares. L'isoproterenol, le nitroprussiate, l'histamine, et la bradykinine ajoutes a du dialysat contenant 1,5% de dextrose au cours de trois cycles consecutifs, produisent chacun une augmentation d'environ 20% des clearances de l'uree et de l'inuline. Ces augmentations persistent pendant les trois cycles suivants alors que les drogues ne sont plus ajoutees au dialysat. L'addition d'isoproterenol, de nitroprussiate, ou d'histamine au cours de six cycles consecutifs ne produit pas d'augmentation supplementaire des clearances. L'emploi d'un dialysat contenant 4,25% de dextrose pendant trois cycles consecutifs produit une augmentation d'environ 50% des clearances de l'uree et de l'inuline. Ces clearances demeurent superieures d'environ 35% aux valeurs controles au cours des trois cycles suivants realises avec du dextrose a 1,5%.
Evaluation of Nephropathy in Coronary Catheterization

Cath lab managers are involved in quality assurance and outcomes evaluation. One area of focus is contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN). CIN is important because it is the third leading cause of hospital-associated renal insufficiency, and even when it is clinically reversible it is associated with increased hospitalization, cost, and mortality. Assessment of nonmodifiable risk factors, treatment of modifiable risk factors, and evaluation of laboratory biomarkers is essential as predictors of CIN and to long-term survival.
Elevated second-trimester maternal serum hCG in patients undergoing haemodialysis.

Prenatal Down syndrome screening with maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) has become common. High levels of maternal serum hCG and low levels of AFP have been associated with an increased risk of fetal Down syndrome. In this paper, we report five pregnancies in patients undergoing long-term haemodialysis, all of whom had false-positive second-trimester Down syndrome screening results. All of our five patients had extremely high levels of maternal serum hCG, but normal AFP values for their gestational age, and all had serious complications during pregnancy.
Spinal autonomic neurons in Werdnig-Hoffmann disease, mannosidosis, and Hurler's syndrome: distribution of autonomic neurons in the sacral spinal cord.

In Werdnig-Hoffmann disease, mannosidosis, and Hurler's syndrome, two groups of neurons (the Onuf's and intermediomedial nuclei) in the ventral horn of the mid-sacral region are found to share common selective sparing or vulnerability with the intermediolateral nuclei of the thoracolumbar and sacral regions of the spinal cord. This finding confirms the previous observations on the characteristic involvement or sparing in Fabry's disease (14), Shy-Drager syndrome (17), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, anterior poliomyelitis, and neuronal intranuclear hyaline inclusion disease (15), and supports the assumption that the Onuf's and intermediomedial nuclei in the ventral horn represent autonomic neurons much as the thoracolumbar and sacral intermediolateral nuclei.
A Comparison of Strategies for Changing College Students' Attitudes Toward Acquaintance Rape

This study compared the effects of using two strategies for informing college students about date rape: a videotape on acquaintance rape and a brochure on the same subject.
A second look at unenhanced spinal magnetic resonance imaging of malignant leptomeningeal disease

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the use of unenhanced magnetic resonance (MR) imaging in identifying malignant leptomeningeal disease (MLD). Included in this study were fifty patients with evidence of leptomeningeal enhancement on post-gadolinium MR images and with cytological confirmation of MLD. Unenhanced, T1-weighted spin-echo (SE) MR images of the spine were analyzed for loss of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) clarity, poor definition of the conus medullaris, thickened and clumped nerve roots, and nodules. Patterns of leptomeningeal enhancement on post-gadolinium, T1-weighted SE images were noted. Findings of MLD on unenhanced MR images were observed in 41 (85%) of 48 studies of the lumbar spine, 10 (50%) of 20 studies of the thoracic spine, and two (33%) of six studies of the cervical spine. In the lumbar spine, thickened and clumped nerve roots, poor definition of the conus medullaris, loss of CSF clarity, and nodules were observed with decreasing frequency. The signs of MLD on unenhanced images of the cervicothoracic spine included nodules and clouding of CSF. Patterns of leptomeningeal enhancement included linear, linear/nodular, nodular, enhancement of nerve roots, and stacking, with tumor filling the lumbosacral canal. Findings of MLD were present on 73% of the unenhanced MR images of the spine. Recognition of MLD on unenhanced MR images can guide the appropriate work-up and therapeutic approach.
Surface-micro-machined tunneling-based accelerometer

A surface-micro-machined tunneling-based accelerometer has been designed. A simpler fabrication process has been proposed and illustrated. Performance optimization has been tried by tuning the tunneling tip, beam and proof-mass design.
Characteristics of Blood-Brain Barrier to Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid in Neonatal Cat

Systemic gamma-aminobutyric acid produces a rapid, sustained, but transiently reversible blockade of evoked axodendritic excitatory postsynaptic potentials in neonatal cortex when the "barrier" operating to restrict its passage has been altered by various experimental procedures. The data obtained under these conditions indicate the existence of well-developed synaptic pathways in the superficial neuropil of immature cortex.
Bacteria and Celluar Activities. I. Effect of Strepiococcus beta-hemo-lyticus on Permeability of Chicken Erythrocytes

Conclusion1. The permeability to glycerol of chicken erythrocytes exposed to a suspension of Streptococcus B-hemolyticus was increased after several hours of exposure to the test organism.2. Experimental cells were no more fragile than controls.3. The possible theoretical implications of this work are indicated.
Three-dimensional focus shaping with cylindrical vector beams

A three-dimensional focus shaping technique using the combination of cylindrical polarization with binary diffractive optical element is proposed. The energy density pattern at the vicinity of the focus can be tailored in three dimensions by appropriately adjusting the parameters of the cylindrical vector beam illumination, numerical aperture of the objective lens and the design of the binary diffractive optical element. Focus with extended depth of focus that has both transversal and longitudinal flattop profile is obtained. Optical bubble that has a total dark volume surrounded by high field distributions is also shown. Potential applications of this focus shaping technique are discussed.
A qualitative analysis of charismatic leadership in creative teams: The case of television directors

Abstract Leadership continues to play an important role in team effectiveness [Burke, C.S., Stagl, K.C., Klein, C., Goodwin, G.F., Salas, E., & Halpin, S.M. (2006). What type of leadership behaviors is functional in teams? A meta-analysis. The Leadership Quarterly , 17(3), 288–307.]. A special type of team, television show production, utilizes an intact team of highly specialized and creative members. Charismatic leadership theory provides a useful lens from which to study how television directors facilitate the team's work and creativity. In this study we used two types of qualitative software to analyze interview transcripts from 21 television directors. Semi-structured interview protocol resulted in transcripts coded for the six factors of charismatic leadership [Conger, J.A., & Kanungo, R.N. (1988). Behavioral dimensions of charismatic leadership. In. J.A. Conger and R.N. Kanungo (Eds.), Charismatic Leadership (pp. 78–97). San Francisco: Jossey Bass Inc.], and aspects of leader distance [Antonakis, J., & Atwater, L. (2002). Leader distance: A review and a proposed theory. The Leadership Quarterly , 13, 673–704.; Shamir, B. (1995). Social distance and charisma: Theoretical notes and an exploratory study. The Leadership Quarterly , 6, 19–47.], shared leadership [Pearce, C.L., & Conger, J.A. (Eds.) (2003). Shared leadership: Reframing the hows and whys of leadership. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.], and leadership self-schema [Gardner, W.L. & Avolio, B.J. (1998). The charismatic relationship: A dramaturgical perspective. Academy of Management Review , 23(1), 32–58.; Murphy, S.E. (2001). Leader self-regulation: The role of self-efficacy and “multiple intelligences”. In R. Riggio, S. Murphy, & F. Pirozzolo, (Eds.) Multiple intelligences and leadership, (pp. 163–186). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.; Wofford, J.C., & Goodwin, V.L. (1994). A cognitive interpretation of transactional and transformational leadership theories. Leadership Quarterly , 5, 161–186.]. In addition, a computerized content analysis program DICTION was used to identify factors of charismatic speech content such as optimism and reference to collectives following the protocol used by Bligh, Kohles, & Meindl [Bligh, M.C., Kohles, J.C., Meindl, J.R. (2004b). Charisma under crisis: Presidential leadership, rhetoric, and media responses before and after the September 11th terrorist attacks. The Leadership Quarterly , 15, 211–239.]. Results of the present study revealed that charismatic leadership can be important in explaining the leadership role of television directors in teams. Directors showed vision, sensitivity to member's needs, and other charismatic behaviors. Moreover, some charismatic leader behavior differed by leader distance from followers. Leadership self-schema appeared to be an important prerequisite for shared leadership.
One member, two leaders: Extending leader–member exchange theory to a dual leadership context.

In this study, we develop and test a model that extends leader-member exchange (LMX) theory to a dual leadership context. Drawing upon relative deprivation theory, we assert that when employees work for 2 leaders, each relationship exists within the context of the other relationship. Thus, the level of alignment or misalignment between the 2 relationships has implications for employees' job satisfaction and voluntary turnover. Employing polynomial regression on time-lagged data gathered from 159 information technology consultants nested in 26 client projects, we found that employee outcomes are affected by the quality of the relationship with both agency and client leaders, such that the degree of alignment between the 2 LMXs explained variance in outcomes beyond that explained by both LMXs. Results also revealed that a lack of alignment in the 2 LMXs led to asymmetric effects on outcomes, such that the relationship with agency leader mattered more than the relationship with one's client leader. Finally, frequency of communication with the agency leader determined the degree to which agency LMX affected job satisfaction in the low client LMX condition.
Inflammatory facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy and Coats syndrome.

We report a case of facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy and Coats syndrome. This association has been reported only once before. Three muscle biopsies from our patient over 13 years showed changes of a slow inflammatory myopathy. Corticosteroid treatment did not improve his clinical status. We postulate that our case may be a variant of facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy.
Fear of the CS and of the context in two-way avoidance learning: Between- and within-subjects manipulations

The roles of CS fear and of context fear in signaled two-way avoidance learning were examined in two experiments in which shock intensity was manipulated either between or within subjects. For each subject, two discrete CSs, a light and a white noise, were used. For between-subjects comparisons, both CSs were paired with the same shock intensity, weak or strong. Under this condition, in which fear of the CSs and the context was greater with strong than with weak shock, avoidance performance varied inversely with shock intensity. For within-subjects comparisons, the light was paired with strong shock and the white noise with weak shock, or vice versa. In this case, context fear was constant during presentation of each CS, and avoidance performance varied directly with shock intensity. Additionally, intertrial responding was directly related to the amount of context fear. These results support effective reinforcement theory, an extension of two-factor theory, which acknowledges the contribution to avoidance learning both of CS fear and of context fear. The interchangeable effectiveness of visual and auditory stimuli as CSs is discussed with regard to stimulus specificity in avoidance learning.