cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Horn possession reduces maneuverability in the horn-polyphenic beetle, Onthophagus nigriventris

Alternative male morphologies are common in a wide range of organisms and particularly extreme in horned beetles. Here, large males (majors) commonly develop extravagant weaponry such as horns or enlarged mandibles, whereas small males (minors) develop only rudimentary traits. In some taxa, including the genus Onthophagus, the transition from minors to majors occurs over a very small range of body sizes causing intermediate morphologies to be rare or absent from natural populations. Several studies have shown that majors use horns as weapons during male combat over females and that the possession of horns increases male fighting success, and presumably fitness. However, the advantages of a hornless morphology, if any, have remained elusive. Here the alternative male morphs are examined in the horn-polyphenic beetle Onthophagus nigriventris. In particular, the hypothesis was tested that lack of horns in minors increases their maneuverability inside tunnel systems in which these males sneak matings from major males. Using a simple behavioral assay the effects of horn possession on maneuverability were quantified inside an artificial tunnel. Minors were found to be significantly more mobile compared to majors. No such differences were found in mobility between similarly small and large females, which always lack horns. This suggests that mobility differences observed among male morphs are due to the presence or absence of horns rather than differences in body size. This notion was further supported in a second experiment in which surgical removal of horns significantly improved maneuverability, while subsequent re-attachment of horns reversed this effect. These results suggest that lack of horns increases male maneuverability inside tunnels and may thus be advantageous in the context of the particular social niche inhabited by minor males. The results are discussed in the context of the evolutionary ecology of horn-polyphenic beetles.
An efficient code compression technique using application-aware bitmask and dictionary selection methods

Memory plays a crucial role in designing embedded systems. A larger memory can accommodate more and large applications but increases cost, area, as well as energy requirements. Code compression techniques address this problem by reducing the size of the applications. While early work on bitmask-based compression has proposed several promising ideas, many challenges remain in applying them to embedded system design. This paper makes two important contributions to address these challenges by developing application-specific bitmask selection and bitmask-aw are dictionary selection techniques. The authors applied these techniques for code compression of TI and MediaBench applications to demonstrate the usefulness of the approach
Input and Design Optimization Under Uncertainty to Minimize the Impact Velocity of an Electrostatically Actuated MEMS Switch

The dynamic response of a radio-frequency micro-electro mechanical system (RF MEMS) to a time-varying electrostatic force is optimized to enhance robustness to variations in material properties and geometry. The device functions as an electrical switch, where an applied voltage is used to close a circuit. The objective is to minimize the severity of the mechanical impact that occurs each time the switch closes, because severe impacts have been found to significantly decrease the life of these switches. Previous works have demonstrated that a classical vibro-impact model, a single degree-of-freedom oscillator subject to mechanical impact with a single rigid barrier, captures the relevant physics adequately. Certain model parameters are de
The 2007 WHO Classification of Nervous System Tumors: Newly Recognized Members of the Mixed Glioneuronal Group

The clinical and pathologic features of two glioneuronal neoplasms newly incorporated in the 2007 revision of the WHO classification of nervous system tumors are reviewed. These are the papillary glioneuronal tumor and the rosette-forming glioneuronal tumor of the fourth ventricle.
Charter Schooling and Democratic Justice.

As the mixed achievements of charter schools come under more intense political inspection, the conceptual underpinnings of current charter school reform remain largely unexamined. This article focuses on one moral-political concept centrally related to school reform and policy, the concept of justice. Using examples from the state of Ohio, the authors sketch two contrary concepts of justice, tracing their logical trajectory to varied empirical consequences as these relate to charter schooling policy. They contrast these two theories of justice as “libertarian justice” and “democratic justice.” There is ample evidence to suggest that a libertarian sense of justice has pervasively shaped charter policies and minimal evidence to suggest the influence of a democratic sense of justice, based on principles of both recognition and redistribution. The full democratic potential of charter schooling reform cannot be achieved without a democratic conception of justice driving its policies and goals.
Twin-photon correlated confocal microscopy

We introduce two new devices, the correlation confocal and twin-photon microscopes. Like the standard two-photon confocal microscope, they use spatially-correlated photon pairs to improve lateral resolution, but with the correlation enforced in different manners.
Embedded mixture modeling for efficient probabilistic content-based indexing and retrieval

By formulating content-based retrieval as a problem of Bayesian inference we have previously developed a retrieval framework with various interesting properties: 1) allows the incorporation of prior beliefs about image relevance in the retrieval process, 2) leads to simple and intuitive mechanisms for combining information from several modalities, such as images, audio, and text during retrieval, 3) provides support for the development of interfaces that learn from user interaction, 4) allows retrieval directly from compressed bitstreams, and 5) lends itself to the construction of indexing structures which can also be computed as a side effect of the compression process. In this paper, we analyze the relationships between probabilistic retrieval using mixture models and two approaches commonly found in the retrieval literature, and introduce an alternative criterion, the random sample likelihood that is computationally cheaper and more robust. By performing all the modeling in the frequency domain, we obtain an embedded set of representations that operate on subspaces of the feature space. When only the coarsest of these subspaces is considered for retrieval, our model becomes a simple histogram leading to very efficient retrieval. However, as more subspaces are considered, the model is also able to capture higher order dependencies between image pixels, allowing for more accurate retrieval. The representation is therefore suited to the implementation of multistage filtering strategies where low-complexity and low-accuracy methods are used in the early stages to eliminate clearly inappropriate matches and higher accuracy methods are employed in subsequent stages to select the best matches within the set of surviving hypothesis. Simulation results show that the new retrieval criterion beats the standard ones even when the former is applied to a generic feature space and the latter ones to a feature space highly specialized to the type of imagery in the database.
A single-loop DLL using an OR-AND duty-cycle correction technique

In this paper, we report a single-loop delay-locked loop (DLL) using a novel OR-AND duty-cycle correction (DCC) circuit. The proposed OR-AND DCC circuit employs both an analog blocks to detect duty error precisely and a digital block to control duty-error easily. To prove the proposed concepts, a single-loop DLL employing the proposed OR-AND DCC is demonstrated with SPICE simulation. The DLL using 0.1-mum CMOS process provides clocks with 16-psec peak-to-peak jitter at 1-GHz operating frequency and spends 20-mA bias current at 1.8-V power supply. The proposed DCC has the accuracy of plusmn1 % for plusmn25 % duty error and 300 cycles duty-correction time in the range of 100 MHz -1.3 GHz operating frequencies.
Crisis, Scandal and Financial Reform During the New Deal

This chapter in the forthcoming Oxford Handbook of the New Deal provides a brief overview of the major financial reform legislation passed during the first term of the Roosevelt administration. After describing the structural flaws in the pre-New Deal regulatory landscape, the chapter illustrates how the stock market crash of 1929, the onset Great Depression, and the banking crisis of 1933 helped create the climate in which financial reform could pass. In particular, it highlights the crucial role that the Senate investigation of Wall Street — commonly known as the Pecora investigation, after its chief counsel, Ferdinand Pecora — played in building the clamor for financial reform. The chapter then catalogs the major banking and securities legislation adopted during the Roosevelt administration’s first term and demonstrates the transient nature of the political moments that crises and scandals create. In the immediate aftermath of the crisis, reform proposals passed with little effective opposition. As the crisis receded, however, organized lobbying efforts grew more powerful and were often successful in diminishing reform proposals.
REFLECTIONS ON A LIFETIME OF ORNITHOLOGICAL RESEARCH The 2000 Margaret Morse Nice Lecture

I still remember my excitement when, as a beginning graduate student, I first discovered the work by Margaret Morse Nice on Song Sparrows (Melospiza melodia). Her brilliant field research on color-banded Song Sparrows (Nice 1937, 1943) remains the standard of excellence for avian studies to this day. Certainly her work has continued to inspire me throughout my professional life. It is indeed a great privilege to have this chance to add my contribution to the series of papers in her honor.
Cytoplasmic Inclusions in Urinary Bladder Epithelium of the Rhesus Monkey A Histochemical, Light- and Electron-Microscopic Study

Cytoplasniicinclusionsin urinary bladderepithelium found innineof 155 Rhesus monkeys were examined. The inclusions were brightly eosinophilic in HE-stained sections. In the electron microscope the inclusions appeared as bundles of filaments. They were not associated with viral particles, were not membrane-bound, and appeared to have a conti- nuity with normal tonofilaments. They apparently contain protein, but neither DNA nor RNA were demonstrated by various histochemical methods. Routine histopathologic examination of animal tissue occasionally shows inclusions within cells of various organs. Often it is impossible to resolve the nature of these inclusions by light microscopy alone. When animals are used in research studies, it becomes increasingly important to identify and charac- terize inclusions to rule out possible viral infections that could interfere with experimental results. This report describes the histochemical, light- and electron-microscopic features of the cytoplasmic inclusions from the transitional epithelium of Rhesus monkeys and suggests they may be the result of aberrant develop- ment of tonofilaments.
Coronary age as a risk factor in the modified Framingham risk score

Background Clinical guidelines emphasize risk assessment as vital to patient selection for medical primary intervention. However, risk assessment methods are restricted in their ability to predict further coronary events. The most widely accepted tool in the United States is the Framingham risk score. In these equations age is a powerful risk factor. Although the extent of coronary atherosclerosis increases with age, there is large inter-individual variability in the rate of development and progression of this disease. This fact limits the utility of Framingham scoring when applied to individuals. Electron beam tomography (EBT), which measures coronary calcium, provides a non-invasive method for assessing coronary plaque burden, thus offering the possibility of providing a more accurate estimate of an individual's "arterial age" than from chronological age alone.
The p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Pathway Links the DNA Mismatch Repair System to the G2 Checkpoint and to Resistance to Chemotherapeutic DNA-Methylating Agents

Although human cells exposed to DNA-methylating agents undergo mismatch repair (MMR)-dependent G(2) arrest, the basis for the linkage between MMR and the G(2) checkpoint is unclear. We noted that mitogen-activated protein kinase p38alpha was activated in MMR-proficient human glioma cells exposed to the chemotherapeutic methylating agent temozolomide (TMZ) but not in paired cells made MMR deficient by expression of a short inhibitory RNA (siRNA) targeted to the MMR protein Mlh1. Furthermore, activation of p38alpha in MMR-proficient cells was associated with nuclear inactivation of the cell cycle regulator Cdc25C phosphatase and its downstream target Cdc2 and with activation of the G(2) checkpoint, actions which were suppressed by the p38alpha/beta inhibitors SB203580 and SB202590 or by expression of a p38alpha siRNA. Finally, pharmacologic or genetic inhibition of p38alpha increased the sensitivity of MMR-proficient cells to the cytotoxic actions of TMZ by increasing the percentage of cells that underwent mitotic catastrophe as a consequence of G(2) checkpoint bypass. These results suggest that p38alpha links DNA MMR to the G(2) checkpoint and to resistance to chemotherapeutic DNA-methylating agents. The p38 pathway may therefore represent a new target for the development of agents to sensitize tumor cells to chemotherapeutic methylating agents.
Steady state eternal inflation

Since the advent of inflation, several theorems have been proven suggesting that although inflation can (and generically does) continue eternally into the future, it cannot be extended eternally into the past to create a ``steady-state'' model with no initial time. Here we provide a construction that circumvents these theorems and allows a self-consistent, geodesically complete, and physically sensible steady-state eternally inflating universe, based on the flat slicing of de Sitter space. This construction could be used as the background spacetime for creation events that form big-bang-like regions, and hence could form the basis for a cosmology that is compatible with observations and yet which avoids an initial singularity or beginning of time.
Photonic bandgap (PBG) accelerator structure design

The damping of wakefields is a critical issue in high gradient accelerators operating at high frequency. It is also very important in the next generation of accelerator structures. Photonic band gap (PBG) structures have uniquely motivated damping properties, and offer significant wake- field damping. The goal of this work is to quantify the higher order mode content of a constructed metallic PBG accelerator structure, and to provide direction for future structure design. Simulations are supported by experiments currently being performed to directly measure wakefields in a 6 cell PBG structure. Future design work will focus on a structure to be cold tested, tuned, and processed to high gradient operation at the MIT Haimson 17 GHz high gradient acceleration lab.
Association of Lower Socioeconomic Position in Pregnancy with Lower Diurnal Cortisol Production and Lower Birthweight in Male Infants

Abstract Purpose Low maternal socioeconomic position (SEP) has been associated with adverse neonatal outcomes, including preterm birth, low birthweight, intrauterine growth restriction, and infant mortality. A key biological mechanism that has been proposed to explain this association is hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) activity, yet the association between SEP and HPA activity in pregnancy has received little attention. In this study we aimed to examine the associations between SEP and 2 forms of maternal cortisol regulation—diurnal slope and wakening response—across pregnancy. Furthermore, we aimed to assess whether these associations differed by the sex of the fetus. Methods A total of 217 pregnant women aged 18 to 40 years with singleton pregnancies participated. Women were excluded from participating if they were aged 40 years and if they were at risk for maternal or obstetric complications. Women provided information on socioeconomic characteristics of adults contributing to the participants’ household to compute a Hollingshead Four Factor Index of Social Status score of SEP. Women provided salivary cortisol samples on awakening, 30 minutes after wakeup, and at bedtime, at 3 times over pregnancy and once 30 days postpartum to calculate the diurnal slope and cortisol awakening response (CAR). Using linear regression analyses, we examined the relationships between maternal SEP and maternal diurnal slope and CAR. We explored the relationships between maternal SEP and cortisol by fetal sex using linear regression analyses. We also explored links between maternal SEP, maternal cortisol, and infant birth outcomes. Findings Women of lower SEP displayed smaller awakening responses and less change over the day compared with women of higher SEP. SEP was significantly associated with attenuated diurnal slope only among women carrying female fetuses, whereas for CAR, the association between SEP and attenuated CAR was significant only for women carrying male fetuses. Lower SEP was associated with decreased birthweight, and this association was partially explained by maternal HPA activity in pregnancy. Implications Women of low SEP displayed attenuated HPA activity across the perinatal period, and patterns varied by fetal sex and cortisol metric. Findings are in need of replication. More research is needed to understand the links between SEP, HPA activity, and neonatal health.
MIM: A Species Independent Approach for Classifying Coding and Non-Coding DNA Sequences in Bacterial and Archaeal Genomes

A number of competing methodologies have been developed to identify genes and classify DNA sequences into coding and non-coding sequences. This classification process is fundamental in gene finding and gene annotation tools and is one of the most challenging tasks in bioinformatics and computational biology. An information theory measure based on mutual information has shown good accuracy in classifying DNA sequences into coding and noncoding. In this paper we describe a species independent iterative approach that distinguishes coding from non-coding sequences using the mutual information measure (MIM). A set of sixty prokaryotes is used to extract universal training data. To facilitate comparisons with the published results of other researchers, a test set of 51 bacterial and archaeal genomes was used to evaluate MIM. These results demonstrate that MIM produces superior results while remaining species independent. Keywords—Coding Non-coding Classification, Entropy, Gene Recognition, Mutual Information.
Reusing legacy metadata for digital projects: the colorado coal project collection

Libraries and other cultural institutions are increasingly focused on efforts to unearth hidden and unique collections. Yet the metadata describing these collections, when such exist, may not be in an immediately useable format. In some cases the metadata records may be as exceptional as the materials themselves. This poster describes research underway into how libraries can repurpose metadata in archaic formats using the Colorado Coal Project Collection1 slides as a case study. Metadata in outdated formats, whether analog or digital, are a mixed blessing for metadata practitioners when creating digital collections. On the one hand, practitioners are happy to have pre-existing descriptive information to accompany their materials, eliminating the need to redescribe a collection or the items it contains. On the other hand, a lot of work may be required to convert that metadata into a form that can be used by their digital systems. Examples of legacy metadata include archival finding aids in typescript, catalog cards, handwritten inventories, out-of-date database software, and other more exotic formats. The metadata thus preserved can provide a wealth of information for users of a digital collection, but first the data must be moved from its old format into a newer, digital system. Various tools, such as database conversion software or OCR (optical character recognition) applications, can be used to convert metadata. But those tools are not fool-proof. A text captured using OCR may still require manual quality checking, since OCR software may not be able to correctly interpret the inconsistencies of typescript. Even metadata captured in a spreadsheet may not be immediately useable. Manual intervention is required to separate different values in cells that contain multiple data points, for instance.
Midterm Outcomes of Reverse (Anteverting) Periacetabular Osteotomy in Patients With Hip Impingement Secondary to Acetabular Retroversion

Background:There is a paucity of data on the results of reverse (anteverting) periacetabular osteotomy (RPAO) for treatment of femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) secondary to acetabular retroversion.Purpose:To evaluate the midterm outcomes of RPAO for FAI secondary to acetabular retroversion in those with and without hip dysplasia.Study Design:Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3.Methods:A retrospective review identified RPAOs performed on patients with acetabular retroversion in isolation or in the setting of dysplasia (lateral center-edge angle [LCEA] ≤19°). Acetabular retroversion with FAI was diagnosed clinically and radiographically, with a positive crossover and posterior wall signs on pelvic radiographs. Twenty-three patients (30 hips) met the inclusion criteria; 20 hips with isolated retroversion and 10 hips with retroversion and hip dysplasia. The average age at the time of the procedure was 26 years (range, 13-45 years). The average length of follow-up was 5 years (range, 2-19 years). Harris Hip S...
Cultural Expressions of Intergenerational Trauma and Mental Health Nursing Implications for U.S. Health Care Delivery Following Refugee Resettlement An Integrative Review of the Literature

Purpose: The purpose of this integrative review of the literature is to examine cultural expressions of intergenerational trauma among refugees following resettlement, and to determine culturally s...
Near-Field Shocks Radiated by High-Speed Free-Shear-Flow Turbulence

Temporally developing turbulent planar free shear layers with Mach numbers M = 1.5, 2.5, and 3.5 are directly simulated to provide a geometrically simplified model of the generation of a peculiar sound, known as ‘crackle’. Sound-field pressure skewness for M = 2.5 and 3.5 cases exceed Sk(p ′) > 0.4, which has been correlated with perception of crackle. Statistics related to Mach wave angle and wave density indicate nonlinear interactions in the very near acoustic field in these same cases. Results show both merging of multiple waves and flattening of non-planar waves into approximately planar weak shocks.
Influence of adrenalectomy on the rat lung.

SummaryGlucose-U-14C, glucose-1-14C, and glucose-6-14C utilization were examined in vitro in lungs from adrenalectomized (ADX) male rats. Lungs from rats killed 3 weeks following adrenalectomy showed a significant increase (P < 0.05) in lung weight. Incorporation of glucose-U-14C by the lung was significantly depressed by 30% in total lipids and by 32% in phospholipids (PL) in the ADX group. Hydrolysis of PL revealed that the depressed incorporation was proportionately greater in PL fatty acid than in PL glyceride glycerol moiety. The ability to oxidize labeled glucose was also significantly reduced (26%) in the ADX lungs. The C1/C6 ratio was significantly lower in the ADX group, suggesting relatively less carbon flow through the hexose monophosphate shunt. The data shows that adrenal deficiency has a profound influence on glucose metabolism and lipogenesis in the rat lung. Adrenalectomy did not affect lung surface tension properties. The suggestion is made that following adrenalectomy there is an increas...
Metabolism of platelet activating factor and related ether lipids: enzymatic pathways, subcellular sites, regulation, and membrane processing.

It has been established for some time that ether-linked lipids (0-alkyl and 0-alk-1-enyl) are naturally occurring glycerolipid analogs of the better known diacyl counterparts. Ether-linked glycerolipids are a prominent membrane component in a variety of mammalian cells and more recently a novel acetylated group of ether lipids (PAF and related types) has been shown to be potent bioactive mediators involved in both physiological and pathological processes. This report has highlighted existing knowledge about the metabolic pathways responsible for the biosynthesis and catabolism of ether-linked lipids and has discussed some of the regulatory factors involved. Formation of the 0-alkyl linkage between acyl-DHAP and the fatty alcohol in the initial step is catalyzed by alkyl-DHAP synthase; this reaction is unique to ether lipids. The subsequent reaction steps that form the alkylacyl types of neutral lipids and phospholipids are analogous to those in the well known pathway for the biosynthesis of the diacyl type of glycerolipids. PAF biosynthesis can occur via either remodeling or de novo routes, both catalyzed by membrane-bound enzymes. Remodeling occurs by the reacetylation of alkyllysoglycerophosphocholines with an acetate by an acetyltransferase, whereas de novo synthesis procedes by the direct conversion of 1-alkyl-2-lyso-sn-glycero-3-P to PAF via sequential steps catalyzed by an acetyltransferase, a phosphohydrolase, and cholinephosphotransferase. The remodeling pathway (but not the de novo route) is activated by inflammatory agents and it is thought to be the primary source of PAF under pathological conditions. In contrast, the de novo pathway appears to maintain physiological levels of PAF for normal cellular function. Catabolic enzymes such as acetylhydrolase, lysophospholipase D, and a Pte.H4-dependent alkyl monooxygenase also are important in regulating PAF and lyso-PAF levels. PAF appears to be processed and translocated intracellularly much more rapidly than other types of phospholipids (i.e., than those possessing long chain acyl groups). The mechanism of how PAF is released from cells is poorly understood, as is the function of the substantial quantities of PAF that remain intracellularly sequestered once it is formed. Solution of these problems should soon be forthcoming since a number of laboratories have already made considerable progress in these areas.
Nucleosome positioning changes during human embryonic stem cell differentiation

Nucleosomes are the basic unit of chromatin. Nucleosome positioning (NP) plays a key role in transcriptional regulation and other biological processes. To better understand NP we used MNase-seq to investigate changes that occur as human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) transition to nascent mesoderm and then to smooth muscle cells (SMCs). Compared to differentiated cell derivatives, nucleosome occupancy at promoters and other notable genic sites, such as exon/intron junctions and adjacent regions, in hESCs shows a stronger correlation with transcript abundance and is less influenced by sequence content. Upon hESC differentiation, genes being silenced, but not genes being activated, display a substantial change in nucleosome occupancy at their promoters. Genome-wide, we detected a shift of NP to regions of higher G+C content as hESCs differentiate to SMCs. Notably, genomic regions with higher nucleosome occupancy harbor twice as many G↔C changes but fewer than half A↔T changes, compared to regions with lower nucleosome occupancy. Finally, our analysis indicates that the hESC genome is not rearranged and has a sequence mutation rate resembling normal human genomes. Our study reveals another unique feature of hESC chromatin, and sheds light on the relationship between nucleosome occupancy and sequence G+C content.
Functional Characterization of T-cell Clones Using Related T-Cell Receptor V Gene Segments

T lymphocytes play a critical role in immune responses involved in defense against pathogens, immune surveillance, and allograft rejection. Their participation is dependent on specific recognition of foreign and self antigens through the T-cell receptor for antigen (TCR). It is clear that this receptor is able to recognize a vast array of antigens. The discovery of the genes encoding the TCR α and β chain genes has allowed the investigation of how the TCR repertoire is generated (reviewed in ref. 1). Receptor diversity is generated by several mechanisms: 1) germline diversity due to a modest number of variable (V), diversity (D), and joining (J) gene segments; 2) combinatorial joining of V D, and J segments; 3) junctional diversity; 4) N-region diversity; and 5) combinatorial association of TCR α and β chains. The role of somatic mutation in modification of the repertoire appears to be minimal for the TCR in contrast to the immunoglobulins.
An Episode of Zinc Toxicosis in Milk-Fed Holstein Bull Calves: Pathologic and Toxicologic Considerations

The potentially severe effects of Zn deficiency in mammals are documented; however, amounts of Zn required to induce toxicosis and signs of toxicosis are poorly understood.1–6 Though reports indicate that there may be a wide margin of safety in Zn supplementation of feeds for ruminants,5,6 other investigators have found that dietary Zn supplementation used to increase rates of gain and feed efficiency, to prevent footrot in sheep and infectious pododermatitis in cattle can result in death, fetal loss or reduced performance. The purposes of this investigation were to describe clinical signs associated with a natural outbreak of Zn toxicosis as well as tissue mineral concentrations, gross and histopathology.
Tuning Curves at High Frequencies and their Relation to the Absolute Threshold Curve

The purpose of the present study is to examine psychoacoustical tuning curves at frequencies above 8 kHz. Such tuning curves have implications for the interpretation of the form of the absolute threshold curve at high frequencies and for models of hearing. Absolute thresholds at high frequencies for young, normal listeners usually are low and relatively constant up to some frequency--typically between 14 and 18 kHz--above which they increase rapidly (e.g., Corso, 1963; Northern et al., 1972; Kidd et al., 1985). The significance of this sharp cut-off is unclear, but at least three explanations are possible.
BRST Field Theory

The great advantage of the light cone field theory, as we saw, was that it was unitary, manifestly ghost-free, and could reproduce the string amplitudes from a single action. There was no need to appeal to intuition in order to construct the unitary S-matrix.
Trafficking to the primary cilium membrane.

The primary cilium has been found to be associated with a number of cellular signaling pathways, such as vertebrate hedgehog signaling, and implicated in the pathogenesis of diseases affecting mult...
Women's Lives and labour on Radnor, a Jamaican Coffee Plantation, 1822-1826.

(2002). Women's Lives and labour on Radnor, a Jamaican Coffee Plantation, 1822–1826. Caribbean Quarterly: Vol. 48, No. 4, pp. 27-40.
Comparison of Visual Outcomes in Coats' Disease: A 20-Year Experience

Purpose To report differences in visual acuities among patients with Coats' disease who sought treatment at a tertiary care university-based practice. Design Single-center retrospective cohort study. Participants Patients with Coats' disease diagnosed clinically, angiographically, or both from 1995 through 2015. Methods Patients were divided into 2 groups based on date of presentation: decade 1 (1995–2005) and decade 2 (2006–2015). Main Outcome Measures Visual acuity (VA). Results Thirty-nine eyes of 39 patients were included with 19 eyes presenting in decade 1 and 20 eyes presenting in decade 2. Three patients demonstrated bilateral disease, but only the worse eye was included for analysis. Forty-seven percent of eyes in decade 1 demonstrated advanced stages of disease (stage 3B or worse) compared with 20% of eyes in decade 2. There was a trend for the mean initial presenting VA (±standard deviation) for decade 1 eyes to be worse (2.05±1.29 logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution [logMAR]) than for decade 2 eyes (1.45±0.99 logMAR; P = 0.1). From initial to final follow-up visit, mean VA also worsened for decade 1 eyes ( P = 0.03), but remained stable for decade 2 eyes ( P = 1.0). At the end of follow-up, there was a trend for mean VA for decade 1 eyes (2.28±1.17 logMAR) to be worse than for decade 2 eyes (1.60±1.15 logMAR; P = 0.07). Eight eyes were observed initially in decade 1 compared with 1 eye in decade 2, and only 1 of the observed eyes (in decade 2) developed painful glaucoma requiring enucleation. Decade 2 eyes had a higher average number of procedures per eye (6.5±4.9) compared with decade 1 eyes (1.4±1.7; P Conclusions The earlier presentation of disease in decade 2 suggests improvements in disease detection over time. Furthermore, there was a trend for eyes to have better final VA in this decade. This is due to a combination of factors, including earlier presentation of disease, fewer eyes being observed without treatment, and eyes, when treated, receiving a higher number of procedures.
Incorporating oral health into interprofessional care teams for patients with Parkinson's disease.

Abstract Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that primarily affects the motor system. However, non-motor symptoms such as cognitive, autonomic, sleep-related and sensory dysfunctions are often reported. A subgroup of non-motor symptoms, oropharyngeal problems, also affects these patients in ways that greatly deteriorate quality of life. Each patient may develop a different set of non-motor symptoms, making interprofessional collaboration among health care providers a must to treat patients with PD. In this review, we argue that dental health professionals must be included in this interprofessional health care team. Patients with PD are at a higher risk for developing oral health problems that can exacerbate or be exacerbated by other non-motor symptoms, such as mental health and dysphagia This accelerates decline in quality of life and even increases the risk of death by aspiration pneumonia. Dentists can create preventive oral health plans as soon as a diagnosis is made and promptly treat a patient's dental problems, preventing them from affecting other health areas. We describe major oral health concerns and how health professionals and dentists can participate and collaborate to improve the health of patients with PD.
Irreducible algebraic sets

For the rest of this chapter k will denote a fixed algebraic closed field, known as the ground field.
Nighttime Drop in Body Temperature: A Physiological Trigger for Sleep Onset?

Relationships between changes in the slope of the body temperature (BT) and the initiation of sleep were examined in 44 subjects ranging from 19 to 82 years of age. Following an adaptation night, subjects remained in the laboratory for a baseline night and 72 hours in temporal and social isolation, with strictly limited behavioral options ("disentrainment") during which continuous electroencephalograph (EEG) and BT were recorded. Polysomnographic sleep variables (e.g. sleep onset, percentage of each sleep stage) were determined for nighttime sleep periods at baseline and during the disentrainment period. Periods of the BT curve surrounding these sleep bouts were examined for minute to minute changes, and the time at which the maximum rate of decline (MROD) in temperature occurred was compared with the time of sleep onset (SO) and sleep quality parameters. On the baseline night, the MROD occurred, on average, 60 minutes prior to SO. During disentrainment, the MROD occurred, on average, 44 minutes prior to SO. The proximity of MROD to SO did not affect subsequent sleep quality on the baseline night, but during disentrainment, there were significant correlations between the interval from MROD to sleep onset and the amount of slow-wave sleep (SWS) obtained during the sleep bout. There were no significant age differences on variables related to MROD on baseline night, but the timing of both MROD and SO were significantly advanced in older, relative to younger, subjects during the disentrainment period. It is suggested that a rapid decline in core body temperature increases the likelihood of sleep initiation and may facilitate an entry into the deeper stages of sleep.
Development and Evaluation of a Simulation-Based, Medical Student Teaching Session for Communicating Bad News and Uncertainty Along the Obstetric-Neonatal Continuum

Many clinicians have limited training preparing them for delivery of bad or uncertain news to new or expectant parents. Pediatric and Women’s Health educators at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine developed a simulation-based education module for clinical clerks focused on addressing medical uncertainty and delivering bad news along the antenatal-neonatal care continuum. In this article, we highlight how this curriculum improved self-perceived student confidence when encountering difficult discussions with parents or parents-to-be. Additionally, this activity emphasized the shared medical care continuum between obstetricians and pediatricians in these clinical scenarios.
Other central nervous system infections: cytomegalovirus, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and Treponema pallidum

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals are particularly susceptible to several central nervous system infections: human cytomegalovirus, which may cause encephalitis, ventriculitis, polyradiculitis, or polyradiculomyelitis; Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which can cause meningitis or space-occupying lesions; and Treponema pallidum subspecies pallidum (T. pallidum), which affects the meninges, cerebrospinal fluid, cranial nerves, and vasculature in early neurosyphilis, and additionally the brain and spinal cord parenchyma in late neurosyphilis. Central nervous system cytomegalovirus infection is seen in HIV-infected individuals with very advanced immunosuppression. Its prognosis is poor and optimal therapy has not been determined. Tuberculous meningitis has a high mortality in those also infected with HIV, especially in the developing world, and better therapies are urgently needed. As the rates of syphilis increase in the developed world, neurosyphilis and in particular ocular syphilis are increasingly reported. The likelihood of all three of these central nervous system infections is decreased in individuals who receive potent antiretroviral therapy.
American Corporate Governance and Resilient Families: Investing in Children's Human Capital in Turbulent Times

This article considers the relationship between corporate governance and the well-being of children. The United States has a serious skills deficit among its younger workers. Experts from many fields agree that human capital development in the early years of life profoundly shape the adult worker. Parents have the greatest influence on human capital development during this time. Parents are trying to do their best, yet socio-economic changes make it increasingly difficult for parents to raise their children. This article considers how the economic transition to the new economy and the social revolution concerning changing gender roles intersect and interact to negatively impact the family. This article asserts that corporations need to take responsibility to promote resilient families in these turbulent times by implementing better work/family policies. This article considers how a new political coalition of parents is forming and suggests that this group seek to harness the pension power of American working families to push corporations to implement better work/family programs.
Values and Alternatives [1,2]

This chapter discusses the importance of value statement in engineering design. The needs formulation must be qualified by a suitable value statement before alternatives are considered. This statement comprises criteria and constraints that limit the acceptable set of solutions and provide the basis for judging which solution is best. The value statement completes the problem formulation. Although the list of constraints limits the alternate solutions that may be accepted, it does not provide a basis for judging which alternative is best. The criterion that has the most pervasive influence on almost all engineering projects is that of economics. A host of other criteria have a bearing on the ultimate choice. Some of these could be: reliability, esthetic appeal, ease of maintenance, environmental compatibility, demand, convenience, ease and cost of operation, durability and life, and safety. The value statement, then, includes (1) a list of constraints that have to be satisfied, and (2) a list of criteria that must be optimized.
Synthesis of ultrafast waveforms using coherent Raman sidebands

In this paper, we implement a scheme to combine six coherent, spatially separated Raman sidebands generated in single-crystal diamond into a collinear beam. With appropriate phase tuning, this results in a pulse much shorter than the generating pump. We elucidate the characteristics of the synthesized pulse by using an interferometric collinear cross-correlation frequency-resolved optical gating setup. The beating of the synchronized sidebands results in an additional component in the signal, which we use to optimize the relative phases of our sidebands. In this way, we synthesize and measure visible-range, nearly single-cycle isolated pulses of approximately 5-fs total pulse duration.
Access Control Techniques to Mitigate Wrong-Way Driving Activities on Multilane Divided Highways: Case Studies in Alabama:

This paper documents the results of a second phase statewide research project on wrong-way driving (WWD) crashes funded by the Alabama Department of Transportation. The purpose of this effort is to...
Results from a GRACE/GRACE-FO attitude reconstruction Kalman filter

This paper outlines JPL’s V03 GRACE attitude processing strategy, characterizes the accelerometer angular measurement error profile, analyzes impact upon GRACE time-varying gravity field products as part of a complete mission reprocessing campaign, and presents implications for linear acceleration measurements. A Kalman filter-based strategy fuses star camera and angular acceleration measurements to reconstruct spacecraft attitude with reduced high-frequency noise and fewer gaps and corrects a pair of processing errors. Running data from tailored accelerometer characterization maneuvers in 2017, K-band calibration maneuvers in 2003, and nominal mission operations through our Kalman filter, estimated aliasing factors from linear to angular acceleration account for multiple forms of observed noise. During most of the mission, V03 produced very limited gains in our gravity field products, but during early and late mission high error regimes the reduction in high-frequency attitude noise substantially damped systematic gravity solution effects (latitudinal bands) and noise (stripes).
Clinical Impact of Warmed Intravenous Saline in Sickle Cell Patients With Vasoocclusive Episodes.

Objectives In children with sickle cell disease treated for vasoocclusive episodes (VOEs), it is unknown if the temperature of infused fluids impacts clinical outcomes. We compared infusions of warmed and nonwarmed saline for treatment of VOE. We also assessed the tolerability and feasibility of infusing warmed saline in patients with VOEs. Methods Patients aged 4 to 21 years with sickle cell disease presenting to the emergency department with VOE were randomized to infusions of warmed (37.5°C, experimental arm) versus nonwarmed (22°C-24°C, controls) saline. Intravenous opioids were administered according to previously established guidelines. We compared hospital admission rates, pain scores, disposition times, dosages of opioid, and comfort. Results Eighty of 92 visits were eligible (40 per arm). The mean age of enrollees was 14 years, and 53% were female. Hospital admission rates were comparable (63% experimental arm and 55% control arm, P = 0.5). Pain score reduction (-2.9 and -2.6, P = 0.52), median morphine equivalents (0.23 mg/kg and 0.25 mg/kg, P = 0.58), and mean treatment-to-disposition times (158 minutes and 155 minutes, P = 0.85) were also similar. Global comfort was higher in children who received warmed saline (4 vs 3, P = 0.01). There were no adverse events reported in patients who received warmed saline. Conclusions It is feasible and tolerable to infuse warmed saline for the treatment of VOE, and it is well tolerated. Patient comfort was higher in those patients who received warmed saline, but there was no improvement in admission rates, disposition times, pain scores, and opioid dosages.
An integrated UGV-UAV system for construction site data collection

Abstract There have been recent efforts to increase the degree of automation and frequency of data collection for construction applications using Unmanned Aerial/Ground Vehicles (UAV/UGV). However, the current practice of data collection is traditionally performed, which is manual, costly, time-consuming, and error-prone. Developing vision-based mobile robotic systems that are aware of its surrounding and capable of autonomous navigation are becoming essential to many construction applications, namely surveying, monitoring, and inspection. Nevertheless, the systems above suffer from a series of performance issues. One major problem is inefficient navigation in indoor and cluttered scenes with many obstacles and barriers, where some places are inaccessible by a UGV. To provide a solution to this problem, this paper designs a UAV-UGV team that integrates two custom-built mobile robots. The UGV autonomously navigates through space, leveraging its sensors. The UAV acts as an external eye for the UGV, observing the scene from a vantage point that is inaccessible to the UGV. The relative pose of the UAV is estimated continuously, which allows it to maintain a fixed location that is relative to the UGV. The key aspects for the development of this system that is capable of autonomous navigation are the localization of both UAV and UGV, mapping of the surrounding environment, and efficient path planning using multiple sensors. The proposed system is tested in an indoor and cluttered construction-like environment. The performance of the system demonstrates the feasibility of developing and deploying a robust and automated data collection system for construction applications in the near future.
ZigBee wireless smart plug network with RSSI multi-lateration-based proximity estimation and parallelised machine learning capabilities for demand response

This study explores how wireless ZigBee technology may be applied to automation of electric loads in residential and commercial spaces, allowing to participate in demand response initiatives. The authors discuss development of a custom smart plug with sensing, wireless communication, and electric load actuation capabilities along with several innovative upgrades. There are many commercially available smart plugs that contain multiple sensors and relays. However, very few provide the ability to effectively estimate the proximity between modules or the ability to perform robust system-wide optimisation. The authors propose two innovative smart plug eco-system improvements. One is the use of a received signal strength indicator (RSSI) multi-lateration-based method to estimate the relative proximities of modules. The RSSI values for almost all transmission paths within the ZigBee network are acquired via the authors' forced network reconfiguration algorithm, addressing the limitations of RSSI observation within a star structure. A second innovation is the development of a parallelised neural network training method for application to load automation. The authors use a k-means clustering algorithm to divide training data into subsets such that training may be parallelised.