cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Freak Show’s ‘Missing Links’: Krao Farini and the Pleasures of Archiving Prehistory

AbstractThis article offers a new perspective on Victorian freakery and prehistory by reading the career of Krao Farini, the ‘Missing Link’, through lenses of queer theory and archival studies. Born in Laos with hypertrichosis, a condition that produces an abundance of body hair, Krao transformed into living proof of the ‘Missing Link’ upon migrating to London in the 1880s. I contextualize Krao’s exhibition by situating her show within contemporaneous visual, textual, and performed examples of the ‘Missing Link’. Reading Krao alongside these other ‘Missing Links’ illuminates inconsistencies in their representations of gender and sexuality that nullify firm distinctions between ‘pre’ and ‘history’. I argue that the freak show’s ‘Missing Link’ materializes rhetorical and epistemological connections between Victorian prehistory and contemporary queer historiography to provide a valuable framework for accessing queer archives otherwise buried in the historical record. Though the correlations between prehistor...
Partial time-reversal transformation and entanglement negativity in fermionic systems

Quantum systems are known to exhibit several types of exotic behavior beyond classical physics, including quantum entanglement, which describes a web of nonlocal correlations among the constituents of the system. Despite numerous advances in understanding and quantifying the bipartite entanglement entropy of a pure state, where the whole system is described by a wave function, less is understood about quantum entanglement of a mixed state, where the system is described by a density matrix. The partial transpose of the density matrix, in which one takes the transpose only for a subsystem, and its corresponding entanglement measure -- called the (logarithmic) negativity -- have been introduced as an effective probe for the quantum entanglement in bosonic mixed states. In this work, the authors present a scheme to compute an analog of the entanglement negativity in the fermionic mixed states using a partial time-reversal transformation. Various examples are investigated. In particular, it is shown that the partial time reversal is an intrinsically fermionic construction, in that it can capture the formation of the edge Majorana fermions, while the partial transpose obtained from the bosonic partial transpose through the Jordan-Wigner transformation fails.
Receiver-error in deception, including mimicry: making the leap from inter- to intraspecific domains

The present study examines the constructs of ‘deception’ and ‘mimicry’ and describes how they are related as errors committed by signal receivers, citing parallels in inter- and intraspecific interactions. Previous authors have suggested that deception embraces two types of receiver-error that can be likened to type I and type II errors encountered in statistical tests of the null hypothesis: responses to misinterpreted cues (type I error: embracing a non-existent effect) and failed responses to concealed traits of interest or undetected opportunities (type II error: failing to detect a real effect). The present study builds upon these suggestions, co-opting the terms ‘type I and type II receiver-errors’ to denote the aforementioned kinds of deception. Type I receiver-errors occur in many cases of Batesian mimicry, bluffing, and intersexual mimicry, where members of one sex mimic members of the opposite sex. Type II receiver-errors are illustrated by prey and predator crypsis and some covert (‘sneaky’) mating strategies. A third kind of receiver-error, designated type II–I, occurs when organisms are misidentified contingent upon the concealment of tell-tale features, such as with cephalopods that hide select arms in visual mimetic displays. The occurrence of advantages and disadvantages for signallers and signal receivers in inter- and intraspecific deception, and in their evolutionary repercussions, is discussed. Advergence, where deceptive signallers evolve increased resemblance to honest signallers, and divergence, where honest signallers become distinct from deceptive signallers, may arise from the dynamical interactions between signallers and signal receivers. Signal senders, by definition, benefit from deception. Deceived signal receivers also may benefit from some, perhaps many, interactions. Deception and evolutionary responses to deception are abundantly represented in both inter- and intraspecific domains.
A first step toward a practice-based theory of pedagogical content knowledge in secondary economics

Abstract The purpose of this qualitative case study was to gain an in-depth understanding of how three award-winning secondary economics teachers demonstrated their pedagogical content knowledge (PCK), specifically horizon content knowledge, specialized content knowledge, knowledge of content and teaching, and knowledge of content and students. The teachers consistently connected economic content to other grades, subjects, and economic concepts and skills. Economic content was also regularly used to prepare students for citizenship, including casting more informed votes and understanding current events. However, authentic discussions, including ones about controversial issues, were mostly lacking. An emphasis was placed on developing students’ economic reasoning skills, including real-world applications of the economic way of thinking and decision-making models. Additionally, active learning instructional practices were frequently incorporated, and economic content was almost always related to students’ interests and experiences. A detailed description of a first step toward a practice-based theory of PCK in secondary economics concludes the article.
Understanding patients’ preferences for surgical management of urethral stricture disease

To understand how prioritization of treatment attributes and treatment choice varies by patient characteristics, we sought to specifically determine how demographic variables affect patient treatment preference. Male patients with urethral stricture disease participated in a choice-based conjoint (CBC) analysis exercise evaluating six treatment attributes associated with internal urethrotomy and urethroplasty. Demographic and past symptom data were collected. Stratified analysis of demographic variables, including age, education, income, was conducted using a mixed effect logistic regression model to evaluate the coefficient size and confidence intervals between the treatments attribute preferences of each strata. 169 patients completed the CBC exercise and were included in our analysis. Overall success of the procedure is the most important treatment attribute to patients and this persists across strata. Older patients (≥65) express preferences for better success rates and fewer future procedures, whereas younger patients prefer a less invasive approach and are more willing to accept additional procedures if needed. Patients with lower levels of education preferred open reconstruction and had a stronger preference against multiple future procedures, whereas those with higher levels of education preferred endoscopic treatment and had a less strong preference against multiple future procedures. Low-income individuals express statistically significant stronger negative preferences against high copay costs compared to high-income individuals. These results can help to inform physicians’ counseling about surgical management of urethral stricture disease to better align patient preferences with treatment selection and encourage shared decision making.
Glutamate and Other Putative Mediators of Fast Synaptic Action in the Superficial Dorsal Horn

Recently there has been substantial interest in the nature of central synaptic transmitters for the nerve fibers of the dorsal roots. To a large extent, this attention has stemmed from work suggesting peptides as putative synaptic mediators, particularly in the outer laminae of the spinal dorsal horn. Since the first proposals for their involvement in synaptic function, a number of different peptides have been associated with dorsal root ganglion (DRG) cells and their central terminals (Hokfelt et al., 1978; Hunt, 1983). Such peptides are demonstrable by immunohistochemistry in a considerable fraction of the small diameter cells of the dorsal root ganglia which are associated largely with thin, slowly-conducting afferent fibers. Thinly myelinated and unmyelinated dorsal root fibers principally enter the spinal cord through the lateral division of the dorsal roots and are known to terminate heavily in laminae I and II (Edinger, 1889; Ranson, 1913; Light and Perl, 1979b). These observations are consistent with the immunocytochemical staining for peptides of dorsal root fiber origin which is heaviest in the superficial dorsal horn (Hokfelt et al., 1978; Hunt, 1983).
Postemergence Prostrate Spurge (Chamaesyce prostrata) Control in Container-Grown Liriope

Abstract Four experiments were conducted to evaluate herbicides for postemergence prostrate spurge (Chamaesyce prostrata (syn. Euphorbia prostrata)) control and tolerance of container-grown liriope (Liriope muscari). In Experiment 1, Manage, Image, Trimec Southern, and Roundup were applied at three rates each to single bib liners of ‘Big Blue’ liriope in 10.2 cm (4 in) pots. Pots were infested with prostrate spurge that were 1 to 2 cm (0.4 to 0.8 in) wide with no flower or seed structures. Only Roundup at 0.45 kg ai/ha (0.4 lb ai/A) provided effective postemergence spurge control (96%) and caused no short-term or long-term injury to ‘Big Blue’. In Experiment 2, Finale and Roundup were applied at three rates each to established ‘Big Blue’ in 3.8 liter (1 gal) containers. By 21 DAT, Finale at rates of 0.28 kg ai/ha (0.25 lb ai/A) or greater caused slight though significant injury to ‘Big Blue’ while Roundup caused no injury. No injury was observed on any plant at 60 DAT and the following spring, growth was ...
Group additivity for the standard partial molal heat capacities and volumes of polar compounds in methanol at 25°C

A flow heat capcity calorimeter and a flow vibrating tube densimeter have been used to measure the apparent molal heat capacities and volumes of benzene and 25 polar compounds in methanol at 25°C. These quantities have been extrapolated to infinite dilution to obtain the standard partial molal heat capacities and volumes. The\(\overline C _{p2}^o \) and\(\overline V _2^o \) data have been used in conjunction with an additivity scheme previously determined for alkanes. Group contributions were evaluatd for −OH, −NH2, −COOH, −C6H5, C=O, −COO−, −CONH−, −O−, −S−, and −S2−. The concentration dependences of φcp and φv of nonelectrolytes in methanol are qualitatively similar but much smaller than in water.
11 – Keratinocyte stem cells of cornea, skin and hair follicles

This chapter reviews present knowledge of keratinocyte stem cells of the cornea, epidermis, and hair follicle. All external surfaces of the body, including the skin and cornea, are covered by a stratified squamous epithelia composed of keratinocytes. These cells synthesize tissue-restricted keratin intermediate filament proteins, and form a specialized submembrane structure known as the comified envelop in the final stages of differentiation that is composed of covalently crosslinked proteins, including involucrin and loricrin. Stem cells exist in specific locations within a given tissue, and comprise a small percentage of the total cell population. They are ultrastructurally unspecialized, with a large nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio and few organelles. Stem cells have a proliferative potential that exceeds an individual's lifetime. Because stem cells cycle slowly, and represent only a small percentage of a cellular population, an intermediate group of more rapidly proliferating cells exists, that form clonal expansions resulting in the final, differentiated cell population. The stem cells of the corneal epithelium are located in a narrow section of the peripheral cornea, bordering the bulbar conjunctiva, termed the limbus. In this chapter, nine characteristics of stem cells derived initially from studies of the hematopoietic system are used as a framework to discuss keratinocyte populations.
Der Manganmetabolismus und seine Störungen

Der vorliegende Bericht fast die Ergebnisse einiger fortlaufender Untersuchungen uber das lebensnotwendige Metall Mangan zusammen. Die Untersuchungen wurden auf Grund verschiedener Gesichtspunkte teilweise mit konventionellen und teilweise mit verhaltnismasig neuartigen Methoden durchgefuhrt. Letztere umfassen radioaktive Isotopenmethoden, Neutronen-Aktivationsanalyse und electron spin resonance Spektrometrie.
Pediatric Ewing sarcoma of the head and neck: A retrospective survival analysis.

Abstract Objective To determine the demographics, treatment modalities, and overall survival of pediatric Ewing sarcoma of the head and neck. Methods The National Cancer Institute's Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database was used to identify cases of pediatric Ewing sarcoma of the head and neck between 1973 and 2015. Additional variables collected included age, gender, ethnicity, tumor grade, staging, treatment modality, and follow-up time. Kaplan-Meier survival curves were generated and overall survival was calculated. Results One hundred and twenty-seven cases of pediatric Ewing sarcoma were identified. The majority of patients were male (52.8%), white (88.2%), and non-Hispanic (75.6%), and the mean age at diagnosis was 10.5 years. The most common tumor sites were bones and joints of the skull and face (45.5%), followed by soft tissue of the head, face, and neck (25.2%), followed by the mandible (13.4%). Most patients (69.2%) had some type of surgery, 70.0% received radiation, and 92.1% received chemotherapy as part of their treatment. Overall 1-, 5-, and 10-year survival was 91.1%, 72.9%, and 68.2%, respectively. There was no significant difference in survival based on patient gender, age, tumor location, radiation, or chemotherapy treatment. Conclusion This study demonstrates that pediatric patients with Ewing sarcoma of the head and neck most commonly have stage II disease, no distant metastasis, and are treated with chemotherapy, with or without radiation. One, five, and ten-year survival are 91.1%, 72.9%, and 68.2%, respectively, and age, gender, and radiation do not seem to affect prognosis.
AMERICAN DIVIDE: THE MAKING OF “CONTINENTAL” PHILOSOPHY

The story of Western philosophy in the late twentieth century is, first and foremost, a tale of the discipline's division into two distinct discourses—analytic and Continental philosophy. This article argues that institutional dynamics of American higher education played a decisive role in the creation of this divide. Through quantitative analysis of the hiring and promotion of philosophers, it demonstrates how hierarchies and informal academic networks established boundaries for mainstream American philosophy that excluded modern European thought. Following the end of World War II, as American universities expanded, philosophy departments nearly tripled in size. However, the discipline was dominated by a Brahmin caste of elite departments that hired its own graduates almost exclusively. In this environment, the invidious distinction between the “elite” analytic departments and heterodox departments at the discipline's periphery was mapped onto the styles of philosophy practiced at those schools, and shaped America's reception of “Continental” European philosophy.
The Frequency and Anatomical Characteristics of Anomalous Dark Rings in Black Cherry, and Their Relation to Cherry Scallop Shell Moth Defoliations

Anomalous dark rings found in black cherry (Prunus serotina Ehrh.) sawlogs have been anecdotally related to defoliations from cherry scallop shell moth (CSSM) (Hydria prunivorata Ferguson). Using six timber harvest sites on the Allegheny National Forest and a thinning on the Kane Experimental Forest in northwestern Pennsylvania, we documented the occurrence of dark rings in the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s, concurrent with historical CSSM defoliations. Thirty cross-sections sampled from six Allegheny National Forest sites showed that dark rings formed on 18 sections in the 1970s, 17 sections in the 1980s, and 5 sections in the 1990s. Fourteen cross-sections had multiple (2–4) dark rings. Anatomical studies show the dark rings formed in these three decades have similar characteristics: darkened and thinner (>50 percent) fiber cell walls than normal-colored fiber cell walls. A long-term Kane Experimental Forest study was thinned in 2011–12, and dark ring frequency on recently cut stumps ranged from 48 percent to 68 percent across three replications. Dark rings in 12 of 20 cross-sections were associated with a ≥50 percent growth reduction in mean ring width during 1982–84. These results show that dark rings are associated with CSSM defoliation and that growth may be significantly reduced by defoliation.
An Abnormal Tibial Position Is Associated With Alterations in the Meniscal Matrix: A 3-Year Longitudinal Study After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction.

Background:An altered tibial position is still present despite anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. It has been demonstrated that an abnormal tibial position after an ACL injury may pla...
Modeling of power supplies for power modulators with LTspice

This paper is showing simulations of power supplies for repetitive power modulators using LTspice. We are presenting power supplies with single-phase and three-phase AC input and the effects of the rectifier stages on AC input current waveforms in both cases. We are also presenting the resulting power factor including circuits for electronic power factor correction. LTspice models for electronic power factor correction using cycle-by-cycle switching as well as time-averaged models are presented. The time-averaged models replace the PWM (pulse width nodulation) switch with a transformer model with variable duty cycle. They are valid for a range of DC-DC converters. We are extending the time-averaged model for operation in continuous (CCM) and discontinuous (DCM) conduction mode and presenting results that show the fidelity of these models by comparison to cycle-by-cycle results. We are providing the detailed mathematical derivation for the DCM model expansion in the appendix. Time-averaged models do not have to keep track of thousands of steep switching transitions and can run orders of magnitude faster than cycle-by-cycle switch-mode models. Results using the time-averaged model are presented for a power supply with primary (wave-shaping) and cascaded secondary feedback control that regulates the output voltage of the converter.
Blood Is a Window into Health and Disease.

Human physiology is complex, with integrated networks of tissues and organs that coordinate complex functions. Within this network of networks, the blood is a uniquely ubiquitous intersecting tissue: It interacts with all other tissues and organs, supplying oxygen and necessary nutrients. It is home to vital immune cells like lymphocytes, macrophages, and leukocytes. It plays host to a variety of small molecules, from metabolites (compounds involved in metabolic reactions) to cell-free DNA and RNA. It also contains a diverse set of proteins arising from virtually every intersecting organ—by secretion, apoptosis, or enzymatic cleavage from cell membranes—that can serve as sensors for the state of their cognate organs. Accordingly, blood is a valuable window into health and disease. Thus, deconvoluting the blood proteome provides unique opportunities for understanding the physiological and pathological states of an individual in the context of these organ systems. Although several different technologies exist that enable the characterization of diverse blood proteins, capture agent-based approaches represent a promising path forward regarding specific recognition for a high number of potential targets. New advancements are addressing accurate, reliable protein identification and the characterization of cross-reactivities (if any)—both concerns for aptamer deployment for clinical use (1). In a recent publication in Science , Emilsson et al. explored the complex proteomic network structure of the blood through the use of slow off-rate modified aptamer (SOMAmer)-based technology (2). In a cohort of 5457 individuals >65 years of age whose complete genome sequence had been determined, the authors profiled a total of 4137 blood serum proteins and constructed a coregulation network. This blood protein network consisted of 27 coregulatory modules that included 85% of the measured proteins. Several of these modules—representing functional protein groups—were enriched for tissue-specific signatures and were found to be associated with cardiovascular and metabolic disease. These functional modules …
Sergei Gerasimov’s The Young Guard: artistic method and the conflict of discourses of history and power

Part of a special issue devoted to the centenary of the Film Institute VGIK this article is devoted to the history of the creation of the film The Young Guard (1948) by the famed Soviet dir...
Hypermetric Tracheal Scaling as a Factor in Insect Gigantism

Why are insects small? In the Paleozoic Era, atmospheric oxygen levels peaked significantly higher than the current level. Along with this oxygen peak came giant insects, many times larger than tho...
CDC25B and CDC25C overexpression in nonmelanoma skin cancer suppresses cell death

Non-melanoma skin cancer frequently results from chronic exposure to ultraviolet (UV) irradiation. UV-induced DNA damage activates cell cycle arrest checkpoints through degradation of the cyclin-dependent kinase activators, the cell division cycle 25 (CDC25) phosphatases. We previously reported increased CDC25A in nonmelanoma skin cancer, but CDC25B and CDC25C had not been previously examined. Consequently, we hypothesized that increased expression of CDC25B and CDC25C increases tumor cell proliferation and skin tumor growth. We found that CDC25B and CDC25C were increased in mouse and human skin cancers. CDC25B was primarily cytoplasmic in skin and skin tumors and was significantly increased in the squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), while CDC25C was mostly nuclear in the skin, with an increased cytoplasmic signal in the premalignant and malignant tumors. Surprisingly, forced expression of CDC25B or CDC25C in cultured SCC cells did not affect proliferation, but instead suppressed apoptosis, while CDC25C silencing increased apoptosis without impacting proliferation. Targeting CDC25C to the nucleus via mutation of its nuclear export sequence, however, increased proliferation in SCC cells. Overexpression of CDC25C in the nuclear compartment did not hinder the ability of CDC25C to suppress apoptosis, neither did mutation of sites necessary for its interaction with 14-3-3 proteins. Analysis of apoptotic signaling pathways revealed that CDC25C increased activating phosphorylation of Akt on Ser473 , increased inhibitory phosphorylation of proapoptotic BAD on Ser136 , and increased the survival protein Survivin. Silencing of CDC25C significantly reduced Survivin levels. Taken together, these data suggest that increased expression of CDC25B or CDC25C are mechanisms by which skin cancers evade apoptotic cell death.
Some Foundational Factors for Promoting Human Flourishing

This investigation examines several key factors believed to promote human flourishing, specifically: Factor 1: Age, Education, & Healthcare, Factor 2: Labor Force Participation, Factor 3: Crime, Factor 4: Income, Factor 5: Youth Unemployment and Factor 6: Voting Behavior. Data was examined at the county level, and collected from a variety of US government and non-governmental organizations. Our investigation into the conditions necessary to promote human flourishing uses internal migration within the United States (measured by moving to another county) as the indicator of “unhappy” communities. The findings reveal that all factors are important in emigration (i.e. leaving) somewhere, but the factors vary for different counties. As a result, attempts to address the ills of society require an appreciation of geography and context.
Methodology of justification of tactical and technical requirements for movable means of repairing arms and military equipment

An analysis of the qualitative and quantitative state of mobile repair equipment, which are armed with repair units (military units), shows that the existing park consists mainly of samples that were designed in the 70's. The main disadvantage of these is the physical and moral aging and the lack of compliance with the requirements for weapons renewal systems and military equipment. Accordingly, there are drawbacks and inconsistencies between the need for repair work and the production capabilities of rolling stock. Therefore, the article proposes a technique for substantiating the tactical and technical requirements for mobile weapons repair and military equipment operating at different levels of the hierarchy. All indicators considered in this methodology have their own specifics in the development of different types of equipment. However, they can be expressed by such groups of requirements as tactical, technical, operational, production and economic. The application of this technique will provide an opportunity to obtain technical outlines of mobile repair equipment for battalion, brigade, operational, strategic levels. As base platforms for mobile repair tools, it is proposed to create base platforms built on a modular basis. These base platforms must allow for the placement of the control module, the power unit, the transmission module, the chassis module, in addition, the platform base must contain cells for mounting those modules to allow for the rapid replacement of damaged modules, the possibility of mounting container modules with process equipment. For placement of technological equipment it is proposed to use bodies built on a modular principle. Assembly of such bodies with modules of technological equipment and their subsequent use will be possible depending on the intended purpose of the movable means of repair. In this case it will be possible to largely solve the problem of standardization and specialization of equipment.
Incorporating Social and Environmental Ethics into the Design and Operation of Energy Systems: A Pedagogical Perspective

The way an energy system is designed and operated has a direct impact on the environment (during normal operation) and the society (mostly during major disturbances and blackouts). Electrical engineering students in general learn about the environmental concerns associated with various power generation technologies as well as the importance of the availability of power for the society. However, these topics are typically not discussed in sufficient detail to teach the students about the delicate interrelation between energy, environment and the society. Most assignments, class activities or course projects focus on engineering excellence and cost efficiency. What seems to be missing is having the students exposed to realistic operation and design scenarios that present one or more ethical dilemmas. It is only then that the students learn to make environmentally and socially aware decisions and view the problem beyond engineering principles alone. This paper presents a pedagogical perspective on developing educational modules and active learning exercises centered on social and environmental ethics, suitable for graduate and undergraduate courses that focus on the design and operation of energy systems.
The Effects of Property Tax Abatements on School District Property Tax Bases and Rates

The authors analyze the effects of property tax abatement on the property tax base and rates of school districts within a municipality offering the abatement using data from Franklin County, Ohio, ...
Abstract WP14: Higher Aspiration Force Improves Technical Outcomes in ADAPT Thrombectomy for Ischemic Stroke

Introduction: Aspiration thrombectomy using the direct aspiration at first pass technique (ADAPT) has been shown to be non-inferior to stent-retriever thrombectomy in ischemic stroke trials. Favora...
Cops, Firefighters, and Scapegoats: Anti-Money Laundering (AML) Professionals in an Era of Regulatory Bulimia:

U.S. criminologists have overlooked the phenomenon of the expansion of the AML (anti-money laundering) industry. This article contributes to the literature on AML professionals in major US banks an...
Making it Stick: Local Environmental Review Statutes

Environmental justice ordinances enacted at the municipal level are an important piece of the decentralization of environmental law. Cities and towns experience their local environmental conditions most directly, and are therefore ideally suited to writing ordinances that address their communities’ specific needs. However, communities who draft these ordinances need the power to enforce them. Without it, they lack the ability to enact real change to proposed and existing projects that might negatively impact the community. This paper presents an analysis of Newark, New Jersey’s attempt to enact a Cumulative Impact Ordinance that addresses the severe impacts industry has on the city, arguing that the ordinance is not sufficiently enforceable to effect real change.
Perpetuating Racism Through the Freedom of Speech

In 1862, the Morrill Land Grant Act was signed by President Abraham Lincoln. The Act provided states with land to establish a formal flagship institution of higher education which would “provide advanced education for the mass of working people in Illinois rather than for the privileged few” (www.ece.uiuc.edu). Given this outline, the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (UIUC) was envisioned to prepare students for societal needs through the creation, transfer, and application of knowledge. Additionally, these land grant universities, as scholars have argued, were designed to be centers that promote diversity and the exchange of ideas. Two underlying assumptions are inherent in this model: 1) the university should provide students with an education that allows them to become members of a society that embraces diversity, and 2) through freedom of speech, students engage in debate, develop critical analytical skills, and further their knowledge. Historically, the exchange of ideas has also been an important mechanism for students to initiate institutional change that advances civil rights. It has been a challenge to ensure students with the constitutional right to freedom of speech while also promoting, as well as protecting and respecting, all students. In this chapter, we argue that the creation of an atmosphere infinitely open to freedom of speech, regardless of its content, cultivates racism on college campuses. We draw on specific examples from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (UIUC) to illuminate our points, including the former Chief Illiniwek mascot and recent racially themed parties on campus. In order to explore the role of the university in perpetuating racism, we examine how discriminatory values and ideologies are constructed and maintained, and we question what happens when freedom of speech discourse is limited to legal terminology. Furthermore, we seek to examine the manner in which the university selectively interprets and reinforces freedom of speech for students, and how this practice perpetuates racism.
Droplet microfluidic generation of a million optical microparticle barcodes

Micron-scale barcode particles enable labelling of small objects. Here, we demonstrate high-throughput barcode fabrication inside a microfluidic chip that can embed multiple, dye-doped high quality-factor whispering gallery mode cavities inside aqueous droplets at kilohertz rates. These droplets are then cured to form polyacrylamide hydrogel beads as small as 30 μm in diameter. Optical resonance spectra of the embedded cavities provide the hydrogels with unique barcodes with their diversity combinatorically scaled with the number of embedded cavities. Using 3 cavities per hydrogel, we obtain approximately one million uniquely identifiable, optically readable barcode microparticles.
Clinical reviews editorial: discovering connections

We have all been there – reading through multiple content tables, scanning abstracts… looking for a semi-quick answer to the question, “Is this article going to give me a good suggestion for helpin...
Repair of Large Anterosuperior Cuff Tears

Anterosuperior cuff tears are less common than tears that extend posteriorly; therefore, there is less experience with their management. Rotator cuff tears begin along the anterior margin of the supraspinatus. In most instances, these tears enlarge by extending posteriorly towards the infraspinatus and anteriorly along the rotator interval. A tear can become L shaped and eventually stretch to a large U-shaped tear that may be repaired with margin convergent techniques. Cuff tears generally do not extend anteriorly due to the capsular attachments comprising the biceps pulley and the strong attachment of the subscapularis to the lesser tuberosity. Tears that extend anteriorly are most often crescent-shaped tears that include the subscapularis, rotator interval, and supraspinatus. Repairs of anterosuperior tears require direct reattachment to the lesser and greater tuberosities.
Brain Stimulation and the Motivation of Behavior

Publisher Summary This chapter explores a set of reward neurons that include the subsets of noradrenaline neurons and of dopamine neurons and the interneurons of the gustatory-olfactory sensory system. In several different experiments, neurons were directly recorded from hypothalamic reward centers during behavior. Such neurons responded to a variety of conditions in a way that suggested they were “drive neurons” rather than “reward neurons”. In experiments where deficiency conditions were imposed, the majority of the affected neurons were accelerated by these manipulations. In experiments where conditioned stimuli related to rewards were used, the same result was obtained. In experiments where goals and consummatory behaviors were used, on the other hand, the majority of affected units were decelerated. In iontophoretic application studies with noradrenaline, the majority of affected units showed a deceleration in firing rate. In all these series of observations, there was a smaller group of neurons showing opposite responses. In histofluorescence studies, noradrenaline or dopamine terminals were found in the hypothalamic reward regions and in horseradish peroxidase studies, neurons were observed with projections directly to the neocortex. For all these reasons, it is concluded that drive neurons in this area might be inhibited by noradrenaline- or dopamine-containing reward neurons.
Fungi that infect cottonseeds before harvest.

As a part of an investigation of aflatoxins and other mycotoxins in cottonseeds at harvest, samples of seeds collected from the 1971 crop at locations across the U.S. Cotton Belt were examined to determine the kinds of microorganisms causing internal or seed-coat infection in the field. Aspergillus flavus infection was absent from all seeds examined from most areas but was present in some samples from Arizona, California, and Texas. Fusarium spp., Alternaria sp., and A. niger caused internal infection at many locations; Colletotrichum gossypii and Rhizopus stolonifer were present in seeds from some areas but were generally much less common. Many of the infections with A. niger were in the seed coat. Bacterial infections were fairly frequent. In a series of commerical samples from Arizona. A. flavus infection was found in 61% of seeds, with fiber showing the bright, greenish-yellow (BGY) fluorescence that is diagnostic for A. flavus boll rot. Aflatoxin contamination was also concentration in the same seeds. The above findings agree with previous data showing that aflatoxin contamination of cottonseeds before harvest occurs rarely, if at all, in most parts of the U.S. Cotton Belt and that when such contamination does occur, it tends to be concentrated in seeds with the BGY fluorescence in their fiber and seed fuzz.
Autism Spectrum Disorders and Identified Toxic Land Fills: Co-Occurrence Across States

It is believed that gene by environmental interactions contribute to the pathogenesis of autism spectrum disorders (ASD). We hypothesize that ASD are associated with early and repeated exposures to any of a number of toxicants or mixtures of toxicants. It is the cumulative effects of these repeated exposures acting upon genetically susceptible individuals that lead to the phenotypes of ASD. We report our initial observations of a considerable overlap of identified toxic landfills in the State of New Jersey and the residence of an ASD cohort, and a correlation between the identified toxic Superfund sites on each U.S. state and the total number of diagnosed cases of ASD in those states. The residence of 495 ASD patients in New Jersey by zip code and the toxic landfill sites were plotted on a map of Northern New Jersey. The area of highest ASD cases coincides with the highest density of toxic landfill sites while the area with lowest ASD cases has the lowest density of toxic landfill sites. Furthermore, the number of toxic Superfund sites and autism rate across 49 of the 50 states shows a statistically significant correlation (i.e. the number of identified superfund sites correlates with the rate of autism per 1000 residents in 49 of the states (p = 0.015; excluding the state of Oregon). These significant observations call for further organized studies to elucidate possible role(s) of environmental toxicants contributing to the pathogenesis of ASD.
The profession that eats its young: The effect of principal leadership on the survival rate of teachers

Each year, 450,000 teachers leave their teaching positions. One of the main factors contributing to this turnover is the lack of support by the administration. Teachers in school environments that fail to foster a sense of support and collaboration are more likely to leave their positions than those teachers in more positive environments. This study sought to examine the impact of the leadership of the principal on teacher retention by analyzing data from the National Center for Education Statistics’ School and Staffing Survey and the Teacher Follow-Up Survey. Results indicate the impact of principal leadership in a teacher’s decision to remain in a teaching position as well as a significant number of teachers who do not feel an overall sense of job satisfaction
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: Recent observations regarding the specificity of three hallmarks of the disease: Asymmetric septal hypertrophy, septal disorganization and systolic anterior motion of the anterior mitral leaflet

Abstract Neither asymmetric septal hypertrophy (ASH), marked cell disorganization in the ventricular septum nor systolic anterior motion of the anterior mitral leaflet (SAM) is pathognomonic of hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy. However, each is uncommonly found in patients with other cardiac disorders and is therefore a highly specific hallmark of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Disproportionate septal thickening does occur in about 10 percent of older children and adults with various acquired or congenital heart diseases. In these patients it usually appears to be secondary to the underlying hemodynamic state. However, disproportionate septal thickening is the usual finding in the developing embryonic and fetal heart and it is relatively common (prevalence rate about 25 percent) in normal neonates and infants with congenital heart disease. Likewise, although cell disorganization in the ventricular septum may occur with other cardiac malformations, extensive disorganization is present in about 90 percent of patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and in only about 5 percent of patients with other cardiac diseases. Finally, systolic anterior motion of the anterior mitral leaflet is characteristic of those patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy who have obstruction to left ventricular outflow, and it rarely appears (prevalence rate about 3 percent) under basal conditions in other hemodynamic states or cardiac diseases. Hence, in analyses comprising over 1,600 patients the specificity of asymmetric septal hypertrophy, marked septal disorganization and systolic anterior motion of the anterior mitral leaflet was at least 90 percent (90, 93 and 97 percent, respectively). Furthermore, the sensitivity of extensive septal disorganization for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy was 90 percent. The data currently available therefore suggest that the vast majority of patients fulfilling the basic anatomic criteria for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (that is, a hypertrophied nondilated left ventricle in the absence of a cardiac or systemic disease that itself could produce left ventricular hypertrophy) have a distinct disease entity with diverse clinical manifestations. The majority of such patients appear to have a genetically transmitted disease, but it is not known precisely what proportion of these patients have phenotypically similar but etiologically separate disease entities.
Saturation Processes in Doppler-Broadened HF Vibrational Transitions

We have experimentally determined the frequency dependent shapes of Doppler-broadened HF vibrational transitions in the presence of a frequency stabilized, single-mode, saturating radiation field. We find that the transitions saturate homogeneously with no effective hole-burning observable.
Pancreatic choriocarcinoma presenting as inflammatory pseudocyst

A primary pancreatic choriocarcinoma was discovered at surgery in a patient with a clinical diagnosis of pancreatic inflammatory pseudocyst. To our knowledge, this is the first example of an extragonadal choriocarcinoma reported as a primary at this site. We consider this neoplasm to be another example of a visceral choriocarcinoma arising from a primary carcinoma through a process of metaplasia. This case illustrates the inherent difficulties in the preoperative evaluation of cystic lesions of the pancreas, and the importance of recognizing endocrinologic manifestations of malignant disease.
Conversation Analysis and Second Language Pedagogy: A Guide for ESL/EFL Teachers

Conversation Analysis and Second Language Pedagogy locates itself at the nexus of research and practice, connecting the findings of conversation analysis (CA) to language teaching. In one sense, the text contributes to an existing, growing body of research that links CA to second language (L2) classroom interaction (e.g. Markee, 2000; Mori, 2002; Seedhouse, 2004; Waring, 2008). However, unlike most work in this vein, the authors are not attempting to describe verbal exchanges that occur in the L2 classroom. That is, rather than use CA to better understand how teachers and students talk, Wong and Waring aim to proffer CA as a way to teach talk. Indeed, this book specifically reaches out to ESL/EFL teachers tackling the task of improving their students’ oral proficiency. In addition to explicating basic tenets of CA findings, each chapter teems with classroom activities designed to get students speaking and analyzing talk. Thus, as the organization of the book demonstrates, the thrust of the text is twofold: (1) to introduce CA to ESL/EFL teachers, and (2) to provide them with CA-informed speaking activities for use in their classrooms.
Methodology for rapid measures of glutamate release in rat brain slices using ceramic-based microelectrode arrays: Basic characterization and drug pharmacology

Abstract Excessive excitability or hyperexcitability of glutamate-containing neurons in the brain has been proposed as a possible explanation for anxiety, stress-induced disorders, epilepsy, and some neurodegenerative diseases. However, direct measurement of glutamate on a rapid time scale has proven to be difficult. Here we adapted enzyme-based microelectrode arrays (MEA) capable of detecting glutamate in vivo, to assess the effectiveness of hyperexcitability modulators on glutamate release in brain slices of the rat neocortex. Using glutamate oxidase coated ceramic MEAs coupled with constant voltage amperometry, we measured resting glutamate levels and synaptic overflow of glutamate after K+ stimulation in brain slices. MEAs reproducibly detected glutamate on a second-by-second time scale in the brain slice preparation after depolarization with high K+ to evoke glutamate release. This stimulus-evoked glutamate release was robust, reproducible, and calcium dependent. The K+-evoked glutamate release was modulated by ligands to the α2δ subunit of voltage sensitive calcium channels (PD-0332334 and PD-0200390). Meanwhile, agonists to Group II metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors (LY379268 and LY354740), which are known to alter hyperexcitability of glutamate neurons, attenuated K+-evoked glutamate release but did not alter resting glutamate levels. This new MEA technology provides a means of directly measuring the chemical messengers involved in glutamate neurotransmission and thereby helping to reveal the role multiple glutamatergic system components have on glutamate signaling.
Age and stage as determinants of treatment for oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancers in the elderly.

Summary Background We investigate treatment selection for oral cavity and oropharyngeal (OCO most patients with OP cancer were treated with chemotherapy and radiation (28.9%). Age, stage and site were the most important predictors of treatment selection. As age increased from 70 to 81 (the interquartile range), treatment shifted toward surgery alone (OR = 1.26; CI: 1.08–1.46) and no treatment (OR = 1.5, 95% CI: 1.25–1.80), and away from combined surgery, radiation and treatments involving chemotherapy. Conclusions Age, stage, and site are the most important determinants of treatment selection for patients with OC&OP cancers. Increasing age and stage drive treatment toward non-surgical options and no treatment at all.
Oxygen binding characteristics of lobster hemocyanin and its subunits.

Abstract 1. 1. Dissociation of lobster hemocyanin was broguht about by changes in pH. The effect of dissociation and reassociation of subunits on the oxygen equilibrium characteristics of hemocyanin was studied. Dissociation was determioned by ultracentrifugation and electrophoresis. Oxygen dissociation curves were obtained using a tonometer equipped with both a polarographic sensor and a 1 -cm quartz cuvette. 2. 2. The hemocyanin molecule remained aggregated between pH 4·5 and pH 8·5. Subuniting occured between both pH 3·0–4·5 and pH 8·5–10·5. The subunits sedimented with values of 8·5 S and 6·5 S , while the aggretated form of the molecule and an average value of 16·0 S . 3. 4. The reassociation of subunits was not complete, and although the autocatalytic nature of the ligand-binding reaction was not chagned in reassociated hemocyanin, the total amount of oxygen bound per molecule was slightly less. 4. 5. The numner of ligand-binding sites per molecule, as indicated by Hill equation analysis, is at least four.
Phase diagram of magnetization reversal processes in nanorings

We investigate magnetization reversal processes of magnetic nanorings. Using a recently developed efficient cartesian coordinates fast multipole method, magnetization switching phase diagrams are constructed for such structures. We find that the dominant switching mechanisms strongly depend on the relative spatial dimensions of the rings, i.e. height, width and radius. Furthermore, they are found to depend on a characteristic exchange length scale, which is determined by the competing short-range ferromagnetic and long-range dipolar interactions in these systems. Detailed simulations allow us to identify three novel switching mechanisms, which should be useful for building high density storage systems.
Phase Change Around Insulated Buried Pipes: Quasi-Steady Method

The heat transfer problem for cylinders embedded in a medium with variable thermal properties cannot be solved exactly if phase change occurs. Approximate solutions have been found using the quasi-steady method. The temperature field, phase change location, and pipe surface heat transfer can be estimated using graphs presented for parametric ranges of temperature, thermal properties, burial depth, and insulation thickness. The accuracy of the graphs increases as the Stefan number decreases and they should be of particular value for insulated hot pipes or refrigerated gas lines.