cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Agent-based systems key enabler for the army's future force

The objective is to identify and discuss several potential application areas for intelligent agent technology that will enable the US Army to rapidly transform itself from its current military organization and operational capabilities to that of a future, more modern force structure. The thrust of the US Army's transformation concept is to evolve to a lighter, leaner, faster, more highly mobile and agile, command-centric, combined arms force structure that lives in a network-centric world and leverages state of the art information technologies to interpret and understand the evolving battlefield situation and take decisive action before the adversary. We will discuss how the implementation of the military decision making process is changing under the Army's transitioning to its future force structure and how and where the application of agent-based systems will be the essential enabler.
Factionalism in Chinese Communist Politics: Factionalism and the Political System in China

The fundamental departure of this study from the literature on factionalism in CCP politics is that factionalism is an independent variable in the shaping of leadership relations and leadership decision making. This chapter shows why and how factionalism is embedded in the CCP political system, a system that has provided the necessary and sufficient conditions for the development of factionalism in political affairs. The analysis then focuses on how factionalism has reinforced itself through cadre promotion and changes in leadership relations. CONDITIONS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF FACTIONALISM Proposition 1 : Power is entrusted to individuals instead of institutions in a hierarchic context. This pattern of personal entrustment of power provides a sufficient condition for the development of factionalism, for it fosters guanxi between a leader and his appointees on which factional linkages can be developed as common political interests emerge in repeated exploitations of their guanxi in political affairs. Personal Entrustment of Power The pattern of power distribution in CCP politics is rooted in the process of its revolution. The perilous situation after the bloody setback in 1927 forced the CCP to embark on an arduous route for power, a route best summed up by Mao as “setting up the armed independent regimes in the countryside and encircling the cities from the rural areas”. With this strategy, the CCP cadres were sent to the remote and usually mountainous regions where the authority of the incumbent government could barely reach.
The Role of Fuzzy Logic and Soft Computing in the Conception and Design of Intelligent Systems

The past three years have witnessed a significant increase in the rate of growth of MIQ (Machine Intelligence Quotient) of consumer products and industrial systems.
Microbiological Profiles of Four Apollo Spacecraft

Selected surfaces from the Command Module, Lunar Module (ascent and descent stages), Instrument Unit, Saturn S-4B engine, and Spacecraft Lunar Module Adapter comprised the various components of four Apollo spacecraft which were assayed quantitatively and qualitatively for microorganisms. In addition, the first Lunar Roving Vehicle was assayed. Average levels of microbial contamination (10(4) per square foot of surface) on the Command Module, Instrument Unit, and Saturn S-4B engine were relatively consistent among spacecraft. The first postflight sampling of interior surfaces of the Command Module was possible due to elimination of the 21-day back-contamination quarantine period. Results of the pre- and postflight samples revealed increases in the postflight samples of 3 logs/inch(2). A total of 5,862 microbial isolates was identified; 183 and 327 were obtained from the Command Module at preflight and postflight sampling periods, respectively. Although the results showed that the majority of microorganisms isolated were those considered to be indigenous to humans, an increase in organisms associated with soil and dust was noted with each successive Apollo spacecraft.
Convergence of chemical mimicry in a guild of aphid predators

1. A variety of insects prey on honeydew-producing Homoptera and many do so even in the presence of ants that tend, and endeavour to protect, these trophobionts from natural enemies. Few studies have explored the semiochemical mechanisms by which these predators circumvent attack by otherwise aggressive ants. 2. Ants use specific mixtures of cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs) as recognition labels, but this simple mechanism is frequently circumvented by nest parasites that engage in 'chemical mimicry' of their host ants by producing or acquiring a critical suite of these CHCs. 3. Analysis of the CHCs from the North American woolly alder aphid, Prociphilus tessellatus (Homoptera: Aphididae), their tending ants, and aphid predators from three insect orders, Feniseca tarquinius (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae), Chrysopa slossonae (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae), and Syrphus ribesii (Diptera: Syrphidae), showed that while the CHC profile of each predatory species was distinct, each was chemically more similar to the aphids than to either tending ant species. Further, the CHCs of each predator species were a subset of the compounds found in the aphids' profile. 4. These results implicate CHCs as a recognition cue used by ants to discriminate trophobionts from potential prey and a probable mechanism by which trophobiont predators circumvent detection by aphids and their tending ants. 5. Although several features of the aphids' CHC profile are shared among the chemically mimetic taxa, variation in the precision of mimicry among the members of this predatory guild demonstrates that a chemical mimic need not replicate every feature of its model.
Aerosols and Wind Generated by Hand Grinders: Experimental

Study of the air velocities and particle concentrations generated by a typical hand grinder is reported. Motivation for the research is the need to improve the controls for respirable particle emissions generated during hand grinding operations. Present methods of reducing worker exposures, such as high velocity, low volume hoods and helmeted, air-supplied respirators, are either not effective for all types of work to be ground, or involve attention and motivation by the worker for their operation. This description of hand grinder air velocities and particle concentrations has not been reported previously, and should help to improve the understanding of the emission process and to develop the methodology necessary for improving old or developing new controls. The optical particle counter used in this work gives a quantitative indication of particle emission paths and relative concentration and is a good indicator of relative control effectiveness.
SPLASSH: Open source software for camera-based high-speed, multispectral in-vivo optical image acquisition

Camera-based in-vivo optical imaging can provide detailed images of living tissue that reveal structure, function, and disease. High-speed, high resolution imaging can reveal dynamic events such as changes in blood flow and responses to stimulation. Despite these benefits, commercially available scientific cameras rarely include software that is suitable for in-vivo imaging applications, making this highly versatile form of optical imaging challenging and time-consuming to implement. To address this issue, we have developed a novel, open-source software package to control high-speed, multispectral optical imaging systems. The software integrates a number of modular functions through a custom graphical user interface (GUI) and provides extensive control over a wide range of inexpensive IEEE 1394 Firewire cameras. Multispectral illumination can be incorporated through the use of off-the-shelf light emitting diodes which the software synchronizes to image acquisition via a programmed microcontroller, allowing arbitrary high-speed illumination sequences. The complete software suite is available for free download. Here we describe the software’s framework and provide details to guide users with development of this and similar software.
Synthesis of a tritium labeled tetrafluoro‐substituted aryl azide photoaffinity labeling agent for chloride channels. Application of [3H]‐sodium borohydride‐cobalt chloride to tritium labeling

5-Nitro-2-[N-3-(4-azido-2,3,5,6-tetrafluorophenyl)-propylamino]-benzoic acid (FAzNPPB), a photoaffinity analog of the potent epithelial chloride channel blocker 5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino)-benzoic acid (NPPB) has been prepared in five steps from commercially available 4-amino-2,3,5,6-tetrafluorobenzonitrile. The main feature of this synthesis was the use of NaBH4-CoCl2 to convert an aryl-substituted alkenyl nitrile precursor to the corresponding alkyl amine. The feasibility of this approach and the stoichiometry were developed by model work with cinnamonitrile. Using sodium borotritide-cobalt chloride, [3H]-FAzNPPB (specific activity 13.9 mCi/mmol, radiochemical purity >99%) was prepared in three steps from (E)-4-amino-2,3,5,6-tetrafluorocinnamonitrile.
On monopoly power in extractive resource markets

Abstract Potential monopoly power in extractive resource markets is reduced by the depletability of reserves. This paper examines the dependence of monopoly power on resource rent, and on uncertainty over future reserve levels. A model is developed that treats reserves as “inventories” that fluctuate stochastically over time as a result of exploration, development, and production activities. Solutions of the model illustrate how output and monopoly power vary with the elasticity of demand, rent as a fraction of price, and the variance of reserve fluctuations. It is shown that uncertainty over future reserves can speed up production and by reducing resource rent, restore part of the monopoly power otherwise lost because of depletion. Antitrust implications are discussed, with reference to several resources.
Substance dependency during pregnancy: the limits of the law.

Abstract This article surveys recent legal developments facing alcohol- and drug-dependent pregnant women and recommends strategies to improve their health and that of their children.
Maxwell and Company: Staff Auditor Embezzlement at a Small Client

Maxwell and Company, a local accounting firm, discovers that one of its employees has embezzled funds from a client. This case requires you to examine the components of the fraud triangle and apply them to the facts of the case. The case emphasizes the importance of quality control at accounting firms and internal controls at small companies. In addition, the case provides you with an opportunity to analyze the responsibilities of accountants, accounting firms, and accounting students.
RESPONSE INTENSITY AND STIMULUS GENERALIZATION WITH NEUTRAL VERBAL STIMULI

a new approach to the study of mediated stimul~~s generalization. Words are scaled along such dimensions as aggressiveness and mood. After the verbal stimuli have been scaled, they are treated like any physical stimuli in studying stimul~~s generalization. A response is conditioned to one part of the scaled dimension, and the spread of this response to other parts of the dimension is measured. Of all the methods this one is the closest to the way primary stimulus generalization is studied. The present experiment is one in a series using this paradigm. In the initial study (Buss, 1961b) 3t was found that generalization gradients were determined by both the intensicy of the reinforced response and direction of generalization. These two var3ables were combined in a Matching Principle: there is a tendency to make an intense response to intense scim~ili and a weak response to weak stimuli. The principle accounted for the slopes of generalization gradients not only with a vocal response (Buss, 1961b) but also with a motor response (Geer & Buss, 1962); in both instances the stimuli were aggressive words. In order to test the generality of these effects, Murray and Buss (1963) again used a vocal response, this time with mood words. The Matching Principle accounted for the obtained generalization gradients, with the modification that it is asymmetrical: the tendency to make an intense response to in'Part of this research is based on a master's thesis by the junior author. Edith Buss, Fern Chagrin, and Rae Yanosky helped in obraining and analyzing data. The research was supported by USPHS Grant MH 07080.
Risk factors for development of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection among colonized patients.

Background This study was conducted to identify clinical factors associated with development of infection caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) among hospitalized patients with nasal MRSA colonization. Methods We conducted a prospective cohort with nested case-control study at a 672-bed, public, academic hospital in Dallas, Texas. The study duration was from January 1, 2008, to July 28, 2009. From the cohort of patients who had presence of nasal colonization with MRSA at admission, we identified patients who developed subsequent infection with MRSA during a 3-month period. We compared these patients (cases) with colonized patients who remained uninfected (controls; 2 controls per case). We collected demographic and clinical data and performed statistical analyses. Results During the 19-month study period, 426 patients were found to have nasal colonization with MRSA. Of these, 36 (8.5%) developed a subsequent infection with MRSA within 3 months. When these 36 cases were compared with 72 controls, the factors independently associated with the development of subsequent infection were development of pressure ulcer during hospital stay (adjusted odds ratio, 5.82; 95% confidence interval: 2.21–15.31; P value = .000) and preadmission steroid therapy (adjusted odds ratio, 13.2; 95% confidence interval: 2.44–70.97; P value = .003). Conclusion History of steroid therapy prior to admission and development of pressure ulcer are associated with increased risk of subsequent MRSA infection in patients nasally colonized with MRSA.
Mapping Fusarium wilt race 1 resistance genes in cotton by inheritance, QTL and sequencing composition

Knowledge of the inheritance of disease resistance and genomic regions housing resistance (R) genes is essential to prevent expanding pathogen threats such as Fusarium wilt [Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. vasinfectum (FOV) Atk. Sny & Hans] in cotton (Gossypium spp.). We conducted a comprehensive study combining conventional inheritance, genetic and quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping, QTL marker-sequence composition, and genome sequencing to examine the distribution, structure and organization of disease R genes to race 1 of FOV in the cotton genome. Molecular markers were applied to F2 and recombinant inbred line (RIL) interspecific mapping populations from the crosses Pima-S7 (G. barbadense L.) × ‘Acala NemX’ (G. hirsutum L.) and Upland TM-1 (G. hirsutum) × Pima 3-79 (G. barbadense), respectively. Three greenhouse tests and one field test were used to obtain sequential estimates of severity index (DSI) of leaves, and vascular stem and root staining (VRS). A single resistance gene model was observed for the F2 population based on inheritance of phenotypes. However, additional inheritance analyses and QTL mapping indicated gene interactions and inheritance from nine cotton chromosomes, with major QTLs detected on five chromosomes [Fov1-C06, Fov1-C08, (Fov1-C11 1 and Fov1-C11 2) , Fov1-C16 and Fov1-C19 loci], explaining 8–31% of the DSI or VRS variation. The Fov1-C16 QTL locus identified in the F2 and in the RIL populations had a significant role in conferring FOV race 1 resistance in different cotton backgrounds. Identified molecular markers may have important potential for breeding effective FOV race 1 resistance into elite cultivars by marker-assisted selection. Reconciliation between genetic and physical mapping of gene annotations from marker-DNA and new DNA sequences of BAC clones tagged with the resistance-associated QTLs revealed defenses genes induced upon pathogen infection and gene regions rich in disease-response elements, respectively. These offer candidate gene targets for Fusarium wilt resistance response in cotton and other host plants.
Geomagnetic secular variation

This review attempts to reference the works on geomagnetic secular change that have appeared by authors based, even if temporarily, in the United States since 1967. It is thus an extension of the last portion of the paper given for the 1967 ‘Main Geomagnetic Field’ IUGG report [Cain, 1967], excluding the topics of field models and magnetic surveys except insofar as they contain information related to secular change.
Modeling cardiac pacemaker malfunctions with the Virtual Heart Model

Implantable cardiac devices such as artificial pacemakers deliver therapies according to the timing information from the heart. Such devices work under the assumptions of perfect sensing, which are: (a) the pacemaker leads remain in place, and (b) the pacing therapy in one chamber (e.g. atrium) is insulated from the other chambers (e.g. ventricles). But there are common cases which violate these assumptions and the mechanisms for imperfect sensing cannot be captured by a simple signal generator. In this paper we use the Penn Virtual Heart Model (VHM) to investigate the spatial and temporal aspects of the electrical conduction system of the heart in a closed-loop with a pacemaker model. We utilize the spatial properties of the heart to model the sensing mechanism, and use clinical cases to show the validity of our sensing model. Such closed-loop evaluation of the pacemaker operation allows for functional testing of pacemaker software, the development of new algorithms for rhythm therapy and also serves as a tool for incoming cardiac electrophysiology fellows.
The effects of work load and heart rate on filling of the isolated right ventricle of the dog heart.

Ventricular filling in the isolated right ventricle was studied. Mechanical impedance of the ventricle was estimated from simultaneous ventricular pressure and inflow measurements. Changes in work load or heart rate were accompanied by reproducible and characteristic changes in impedance and intraventricular pressure-curve contour. These were discussed in relation to changes in ventricular relaxation, elasticity, and viscosity. The right ventricle fills according to a pattern fixed by hemodynamic factors which affect the mechanical properties of the ventricle. The physical state of the ventricle early in diastole appears to be a determinant of stroke output.
Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol: a novel treatment for experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis ☆

Since multiple sclerosis (MS) is believed to be an immune-mediated disease, it follows that its therapies should be directed towards modulating the immune system. Current MS treatments, which include the use of exogenous steroids that are immunosuppressive, do not meet therapeutic objectives. Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), an active component of marijuana, has been shown to be immunosuppressive. To test THC's ability to suppress an immune-mediated disease, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), the laboratory model of MS, was used. Lewis rats and strain 13 guinea pigs were administered THC either before inoculation for EAE or treated with THC after injection. Control animals received placebo. The effect of dose, in addition to the timing of treatment, was also investigated. All animals treated with placebo developed severe clinical EAE 10–12 days post-injection (d.p.i.) and more than 98% died by 15 d.p.i. THC-treated animals had either no clinical signs or mild signs with delayed onset (13–15 d.p.i.) with survival greater than 95%. Examination of central nervous system tissue revealed a marked reduction of inflammation in the THC-treated animals. Therefore, as THC has been shown to inhibit both clinical and histologic EAE, it may prove to be a new and relatively innocuous agent for the treatment of immune-mediated diseases.
Osteopontin regulates ubiquitin-dependent degradation of Stat1 in murine mammary epithelial tumor cells.

Abstract Background: Osteopontin (OPN) is a secreted glycoprotein that mediates cell-matrix interactions and cellular signaling by binding with integrin (primarily α v β 3 ) and CD44 receptors. OPN regulates cell adhesion, chemotaxis, macrophage-directed IL-10 suppression, stressdependent angiogenesis, apoptosis prevention, anchorage-independent growth of tumor cells. However, the molecular mechanisms that define the role of OPN in tumor progression and metastasis are incompletely understood. Methods: In this study, we use a system of 4T1 and 4T07 murine mammary epithelial tumor cell lines that are divergent in both metastatic phenotype and OPN expression. 4T1 expresses OPN and hematogeneously metastasizes, whereas 4T07 does not express OPN and is highly tumorigenic but fails to metastasize. Results: Our results demonstrate that OPN regulates Stati protein degradation through the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway to alter interferon-γ-dependent growth inhibition and p21 expression. We identify Stat-interacting LIM protein as the critical Stat ubiquitin E3 ligase in this setting. Conclusions: OPN regulates Stati-dependent functions, such as growth inhibition and p21 expression, in the murine mammary epithelial cells lines 4T1 and 4T07. This relationship between OPN and Stati in the context of tumor biology has not been previously examined.
ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS AND DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSEHOLD APPLIANCES IN NIGERIA

The growth in the number of marketing firms emphasising international perspectives in both their philosophy and scope of operations points to the need for additional studies focused on marketing practices in other nations. A knowledge of the nature of the relationship between marketing structure, marketing practices, and the environment in which the marketing institution operates is essential. This article reports on a research study which assesses the relationship between the size of household appliance distributors in Nigeria, and the economic, technological, and socio‐cultural environment. It also examines how the existing relationship could explain the marketing practices.
Kinetics of Polyurethane Formation in Polymerization Reactions Using the Organometallic Diol (η5-C5H4CH2CH2OH)2Mo2(CO)6

The kinetics of the dibutyltin diacetate (DBTA) – catalyzed polymerization reactions of (η5-C5H4CH2CH2OH)2Mo2(CO)6 with Hypol 2000 (an isocyanate-terminated polyether prepolymer) and with 1,4-butanediol were studied, as were the kinetics of a copolymerization involving (η5-C5H4CH2CH2OH)2Mo2(CO)6 and PEG-1000 (a poly(ethylene glycol)) with Hypol 2000. The purpose was to determine if (η5-C5H4CH2CH2OH)2Mo2(CO)6 appreciably affected the overall rate of the polymerization reaction and if it changed the mechanism of the reaction. The kinetics were analyzed with a fitting program, which allowed extraction of the rate constants for the individual elementary steps in the mechanism. The results showed that (η5-C5H4CH2CH2OH)2Mo2(CO)6 does not significantly alter the timescale of the reaction and that the same reaction mechanism is likely used as with the 1,4-butanediol and PEG-1000. There are some differences in the rate constants of the elementary steps, but these differences can be attributed to the increased steric crowding caused by the bulkier (η5-C5H4CH2CH2OH)2Mo2(CO)6 diol. The effect of the (η5-C5H4CH2CH2OH)2Mo2(CO)6 on the polymers’ physical properties was also investigated. As is the case with other segmented polyurethanes, the hydrogen bonding index (HBI) and the relative amount of soft segments of the (η5-C5H4CH2CH2OH)2Mo2(CO)6-containing polyurethane correlate in a general way with the physical properties of the polymer.
The Role of Therapeutic Adventure in Meeting the Mental Health Needs of Children and Adolescents: Finding a Niche in the Health Care Systems of the United States and the United Kingdom.

Estimates of the mental health needs of adolescents far outstrip the resources of traditional mental health. The field of adventure therapy has the potential to help meet these unmet needs. It is argued that particularly in the United States and the United Kingdom, for adventure therapy to become a formal part of the mental health delivery service and thereby secure funding for innovative programs, the field will have to conform to the standards of other ancillary health care providers. In this way, high standards of staff training and credentials will be required, as will an evidence base that is consistent with models used by, among other organizations, the National Health Service. Advances have been made through the research efforts of groups like the Outdoor Behavioral Research Cooperative. Training and competency standards have also been developed. In addition to continued training and research, project RE-AIM offers a promising model to implement adventure therapy as a component of a comprehensive m...
The effect of low-frequency mechanical vibration on retention in an orthodontic relapse model

Objective: To investigate the effect of low-frequency mechanical vibration (LFMV) on the prevention of relapse after active orthodontic tooth movement, bone volume fraction (BVF), tissue density, and the integrity of periodontal ligament. Materials and methods: Thirty male CD1, 12-week-old mice were used for the study. Mice were randomly divided into three groups: 1. control group, 2. relapse group, and 3. relapse + 30 Hz vibration group. In the control group, first molar was moved mesially for 7 days using nickel–titanium coil spring delivering 10g of force, whereas in relapse and relapse + 30 Hz groups, first molar was moved mesially for 7 days and then orthodontic force was removed and molar was allowed to relapse for 7 days. In relapse + 30 Hz group, LFMVs were applied at 30 Hz. Micro-focus computed tomography (micro-CT) was used for tooth movement measurements (relapse), BVF, and tissue density. Additionally, immunostaining for sclerostin, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase staining, and picro-sirius red staining were performed on histological sections. Results: LFMV at 30 Hz showed a tendency to decrease relapse but was not statistically significant. Micro-CT analysis showed a trend towards increase in BVF and tissue density with application of LFMV. Sclerostin expression was decreased with 30 Hz vibration. Additionally, the picro-sirius staining showed that LFMV at 30 Hz helped in maintaining the thickness and integrity of collagen fibres in periodontal ligament. Limitations: This is an animal study and extrapolation of the current findings to the clinical situation must be done with caution, as there is no osteonal remodelling (secondary remodelling) in mice when compared to humans. Conclusion: There was no statistically significant difference in the amount of relapse between the relapse-only and relapse + 30 Hz groups. However, there was a trend of decrease in relapse with 30 Hz mechanical vibration.
A study of information seeking and retrieving. II. Users, questions, and effectiveness

The objectives of the study were to conduct a series of observations and experiments under as real-life a situation as possible related to: (1) user context of questions in information retrieval; (2) the structure and classification of questions; (3) cognitive traits and decision making of searchers; and (4) different searches of the same question. The study is presented in three parts: Part I presents the background of the study and describes the models, measures, methods, procedures and statistical analyses used. Part II is devoted to results related to users, questions and effectiveness measures, and Part III to results related to searchers, searches and overlap studies. A concluding summary of all results is presented in Part III. © 1988 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Iron(II) and magnesium(II) porphyrin acid solvolysis reactions

Abstract Rate = k(M-P)(H + ) 2 for a Mg 2+ and Fe 2+ water soluble porphyrin acid solvolysis reaction. Such rates parallel Buchler's stability index, S i , and the kinetic stability to acid solvolysis of 2+ metal ions is Ni>Cu>Co>Zn>Fe>Mn>Mg>Cd.
Phenyl Isocyanide on Cu(111): Bonding and Interfacial Energy Level Alignment

The bonding and interfacial energy level alignment of 2,5-dimethylphenyl isocyanide (dmPNC, (CH3)2C6H3N⋮C) on Cu(111) have been studied using temperature-programmed desorption (TPD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS). In TPD, there is no evidence for dissociation after dosing at 160 K. A tiny amount of residual carbon left after TPD to 850 K is attributed tentatively to surface oligomerization. Evidence is presented for two coverage- and temperature-dependent dmPNC bonding geometriesσ-bonded (narrow 300 K TPD peak) and σ/π-synergetic bonded (broad 400 K TPD peak). The σ/π-form is dominant at low coverages and shifts to the σ-bonded form as the coverage increases toward 1.0 monolayer of dmPNC. Upon annealing the latter to 340 K, the coverage drops to 0.63 monolayer and the σ/π-form returns and dominates. The sharpness of the 300 K peak is attributed to desorption of some σ-bonded dmPNC accompanied by the transition of the remainder to σ/π-bonded dmPNC....
Detection and Identification of Bioanalytes with High Resolution LSPR Spectroscopy and MALDI Mass Spectrometry.

High resolution localized surface plasmon resonance (HR-LSPR) sensors were combined with matrix assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) for the first time. LSPR sensors provide real-time label-free detection of molecular adsorption. Subsequent MALDI-MS analysis enables identification of the adsorbed molecules. This synergistic LSPR-MS approach was applied to the detection and identification of amyloid beta oligomers which play an important role in the molecular pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s Disease.
Enhanced Tenascin Expression Associated with Reactive Astrocytes in Human Optic Nerve Heads with Primary Open Angle Glaucoma

Tenascin is a large extracellular matrix glycoprotein expressed in neural and non-neural tissues. In the central nervous system, tenascin is synthesized by astrocytes during development and wound healing, forming barriers and affecting neurite outgrowth. In this study we examined tenascin expression in optic nerve heads of normal and glaucomatous eyes and found that there is upregulation of tenascin mRNA and protein in reactive astrocytes from human glaucomatous optic nerve heads compared to normal age-matched controls. In the prelaminar region there was a band of tenascin immunoreactivity around the blood vessels of glaucomatous, but not in normal eyes. However, tenascin mRNA was only localized to astrocytes, suggesting that astrocytes are the cellular source of tenascin. In the lamina cribrosa, tenascin immunoreactivity and gene expression were localized to astrocytes in the cribriform plates and inside the nerve bundles. In the post-lamina region, tenascin immunoreactivity and gene expression were localized to astrocytes lining the pial septum immediately adjacent to the lamina cribrosa. In normal optic nerve heads, tenascin expression at the mRNA and protein levels was confined to clusters of astrocytes at the level of Bruch's membrane in the prelaminar optic nerve head. In glaucoma, enhanced expression of tenascin may be protective to the axons of the retinal ganglion cells by providing a barrier for humoral and/or blood-borne factors that may cause further neural damage. However, the precise role of tenascin in glaucomatous optic neuropathy is not yet elucidated.
N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors in the ventral tegmental area: subcellular distribution and colocalization with 5-hydroxytryptamine(2A) receptors.

Glutamate receptors of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) subtype have been implicated in behavioral sensitization to psychostimulants and in psychotic behaviors involving excitation of ventral tegmental area (VTA) dopaminergic neurons. Antagonists of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) receptors of the 5-HT(2A) subtype are potent antipsychotics that attenuate these NMDA-evoked responses. We examined the electron microscopic immunocytochemical localization of antisera against the NMDA R1 subunit (NMDAR1) and 5-HT(2A) receptors to determine potential sites for their dual activation in the rat paranigral and parabrachial VTA subdivisions that are distinguished, in part, by their respective striatolimbic and cortical projections. In both regions, NMDAR1 immunoreactivity was localized mainly to the cytoplasm of somata and dendrites, and was only occasionally seen near or within excitatory-type asymmetric synapses. Many of the NMDAR1-labeled somata and dendrites also expressed 5-HT(2A) receptors, having a similar, but largely non-overlapping, neuronal distribution. The mean area density of NMDAR1 and dually labeled dendritic profiles was significantly greater in the paranigral than in the parabrachial VTA. NMDAR1 was also present in small axons showing a similar regional difference in area density. No regional difference in area density was seen in dendrites or small axons containing only 5-HT(2A) receptors. Our results indicate that NMDA and 5-HT(2A) receptors in the VTA are transiently expressed on synaptic plasma membranes of single neurons showing widespread cytoplasmic distributions of each of the receptors. They also suggest a major role for NMDA receptors in modulating the output of paranigral neurons and the release of transmitters from axons passing through this region.
MICROBIOLOGICAL AND SENSORY ANALYSES OF REFRIGERATED CATFISH FILLETS TREATED WITH ACETIC AND LACTIC ACIDS

The influence of acetic acid (AA) and/or lactic acid (LA) dips on microbial numbers, pH, and sensory scores of catfish fillets was assessed during storage at 4C. Fillets were treated by dipping in 4C AA and/or LA solutions for 0–60s. Fillets treated with either 3–4% AA or 2% AA and 2% LA for 30–60s suppressed growth of aerobic microorganisms for 4 days and extended shelf-life to 16 days. Treatment with either 3–4% LA or 1% AA and 1% LA for 5–60s prolonged microbiological shelf life to 12 days. AA had greater antimicrobial activity than LA. Fillets treated with AA alone or combinations of AA and LA were liked less by sensory panels than controls due to acidic odor and flesh discoloration. Thus, concentrations of AA or LA greater than 2% or exposure times greater than 30s are not recommended for catfish fillets.
Ultrasonographic demonstration of patency of subarachnoid-orbital shunt

Contact B scan photographs of a patent surgically created subarachnoid-orbital shunt are presented. Clinical evidence of cessation of shunt function corresponded with disappearance of demonstrable fluid drainage by ultrasonography.
Complex contact Lie groups and generalized complex Heisenberg groups

In this paper, we use root decomposition techniques to classify the complex contact Lie groups such that the Reeb vector field action on the Lie algebra is diagonalizable. These groups turn out to be isomorphic on the Lie algebra level to a particular type of generalized Heisenberg groups, namely the semi-direct product C2n×ΩC, where Ω is the standard symplectic 2-form on C2n.
Trends in patient care after discontinuation of daily progress checklists after transition to electronic patient documentation: Evaluation of prophylactic compliance and surgical outcomes among gynecologic oncology patients

182 — Poster Session A Trends in patient care after discontinuation of daily progress checklists after transition to electronic patient documentation: Evaluation of prophylactic compliance and surgical outcomes among gynecologic oncology patients L.P. Cobb, M. Gerardi Fairbairn, R.L. Giuntoli II, T.P. Diaz-Montes. Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Columbia, MD, USA, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA, Mercy Medical Center, Owings Mills, MD, USA.
Global impact of ionospheric outflows on the dynamics of the magnetosphere and cross-polar cap potential

[1] Statistical results for the ionospheric outflows indicate that the ionosphere is an important source of plasma to the magnetosphere. However, the exact consequences on the dynamics of the magnetosphere from this ionospheric outflow have yet to be determined. This issue is taken up in multifluid modeling of the 24–25 September 1998 magnetic cloud event for which strong heavy ionospheric outflows have been previously reported. It is demonstrated that one of the key influences of heavy ionospheric outflows is to lower the cross-polar cap potential due to the mass loading it produces on the magnetosphere; i.e., the heavy ions provide a major sink for momentum that is transferred from the solar wind to the magnetosphere. The derived values for the cross-polar cap potential are shown to converge to that attained by assimilated mapping of ionospheric electrodynamics (AMIE) as the O+ concentration at the ionospheric boundary is increased to ∼50% of the H+ concentration. The mass outflows produced in the model are comparable to the reported statistical values for the same level of Kp observed during the event. The position of the open-closed boundary is shown to be located progressively poleward with increasing O+ concentration, and that the derived position at the higher O+ concentrations best fits the Polar UVI images during the event. In addition, the model results shown that the heavy ionospheric ions provide a substantial sink for the energy input into the auroral oval as calculated by either UVI and AMIE. Thus ionospheric outflows are not just important in determining the source of the plasma in the magnetosphere, but have a clear role in controlling the global dynamics of the magnetosphere and the transport of solar wind energy and momentum through the magnetosphere.
Nanoseparations: Strategies for size and/or shape-selective purification of nanoparticles

This paper reviews techniques currently available for size- and shape-selective purification of nanoscopic objects. The methods discussed range from variants of familiar chromatographic, centrifugation, or filtration techniques, to purification schemes deriving from nanoscale-specific phenomena, including shape-selective reactivity, or propensity to form organized superstructures.
Respiratory CO2 and the supply of inorganic carbon for calcification of sea urchin embryos

Abstract 1. 1. The ratio of Ca/C in CaCO3 spicules of sea urchin embryos, as measured by uptake of tracers from the medium, was 2.72 rather than 1.0. 2. 2. 14C from organic substrates was observed in spicules after 3-day incubations. 3. 3. Respiration produced more than enough carbon to support calcification. 4. 4. The results demonstrate quantitatively the contribution of respiratory CO2 to the carbon supply for spicule formation. Comparisons with a coral, mollusc and crustacean are presented. 5. 5. A production of 1.63 H+ per CO2−3 deposited, or −0.396 pH/mM, is estimated. Requirements for pH regulation are discussed.
Using instance-level constraints in agglomerative hierarchical clustering: theoretical and empirical results

Clustering with constraints is a powerful method that allows users to specify background knowledge and the expected cluster properties. Significant work has explored the incorporation of instance-level constraints into non-hierarchical clustering but not into hierarchical clustering algorithms. In this paper we present a formal complexity analysis of the problem and show that constraints can be used to not only improve the quality of the resultant dendrogram but also the efficiency of the algorithms. This is particularly important since many agglomerative style algorithms have running times that are quadratic (or faster growing) functions of the number of instances to be clustered. We present several bounds on the improvement in the running times of algorithms obtainable using constraints.
79 NEUROLOGICAL AND NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL STATUS OF DETAINED YOUTH

A number of investigators have reported the presence of soft neurological signs and measurable neuropsychological dysfunction among incarcerated juveniles. This study was undertaken to further explore the relationship between parameters of neurological dysfunction and delinquent behavior. Seventy-one teenagers admitted to an urban detention center were evaluated utilizing neurological examination, neuropsychological testing and an assessment of reading levels. Although the group studied was selected at random from among the detainees it included a disproportionate number of alleged serious offenders as compared with the general detention center population. Fifty-one percent of the youth were found to have two or more soft neurological signs including left-right confusion, lack of coordination, mirroring, dysdiadochokinesis, choreiform movements and astereognosis. The mean reading level for the group was three grade levels below the norm for age. Continued difficulties with both experimental design and the separation of environmental factors from inherent disabilities mandate caution in labeling delinquent youth as being neurologically impaired. However, these results would suggest that incarcerated youth may have a greater than expected incidence of neurological and neuropsychological dysfunction.
Effect of aspirin on adrenal weight in female rats.

Abstract Daily ingestion of Purina laboratory chow supplemented with 1% powdered aspirin for 25 days caused a marked depression in adrenal weight as well as decreased body weight and ovarian and uterine weight. The action of aspirin on adrenal weight did not appear to be mediated through pituitary-ovarian activity as measured by organ weight indices of sham and hemiovariectomized female rats.
Guaianolides, pseudoguaianolides and an aliphatic lactone from Hymenoxys scaposa var. Villosa

Abstract Six guaianolides, seven pseudoguaianolides and an aliphatic lactone were isolated from Hymenoxys scaposa var. villosa. Six of these compounds, villosin A, villosin B, 4-acetyl-chamissonolide, 2-desacetyl-2-isobutyryl- chamissonolide, 2-desoxypleniradin and 2-desoxy-14-acetoxy-pleniradin, are reported for the first time.
Impact of Social Capital on theBuyer-supplier Relationship in China

The purpose of this research study is to assess the impact of social capital theory, developed primarily in the west, on buyer- supplier relationships and buyer performance within China. Survey dat...
Analysis of cytokine secretion from human plasmacytoid dendritic cells infected with H5N1 or low-pathogenicity influenza viruses

Mechanisms underlying the virulence of H5N1 influenza viruses in humans are poorly understood, though evidence of hyperinflammation and systemic viral replication has been reported. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (PDCs), a major source of type I interferon, potentially affect host defense against influenza viruses. To analyze how influenza virus infection alters PDC function, we measured cytokine secretion from primary human PDCs infected with high- or low-pathogenicity influenza viruses. IFN-alpha responses induced by H5N1 viruses were several-fold higher than those induced by low-pathogenicity strains; differences in the secretion of the proinflammatory cytokines TNF-alpha and IP-10 were less pronounced, in contrast with findings from human macrophage studies. Reassortant viruses bearing H5N1-derived NS genes did not elicit enhanced IFN-alpha secretion by PDCs; thus, other H5N1 gene(s) are responsible for the heightened response. Their central role in the induction of an effective antiviral immune response and the finding that they respond differently to influenza viruses of different pathogenicities suggest that PDCs may play a role in the hypercytokinemia associated with H5N1 infection in humans.
Absorption and retention of 75SeO3 in relation to soybean protein intake in the rat

Abstract The absorption and retention of 75 Se, given as an oral dose of 75 SeO 3 , was studied in young male rats receiving different levels and sources of soy protein, with and without selenite and methionine supplementation. Rats fed a protein-free diet had a higher cumulative urine 75 Se excretion and a sligtly lower 75 Se absorption and 75 Se retention than rats fed diets containing 10% protein supplied as soya flour. Results indicated that supplementation with selenite decreased the fractional absorption and retention of selenium, but the overall effect was a marked increase in the total amount of selenium ingested, absorbed and retained. Methionine supplementation of a diet based on soya increased growth and PER: it also decreased slightly cumulative feces 75 Se excretion and increased 75 Se absorption, but only in rats fed diets supplemented with selenium. The present findings are consistent with the view that selenium homeostasis in the rat is maintained largely through changes in the urinary excretion of selenium and they show that an inadequate protein diet reduces the efficiency of retention of absorbed selenite.
The tests of just cause: What price predictability in arbitral decision making?

The “common law” of just cause consists of the accumulated decisions of the arbitration profession rendered on the basis of commonly accepted principles of right and wrong. It constitutes the rules of the arbitration game pertaining to just cause, and, as such, guides decision making in disciplinary dispute resolution. Presumably it brings predictability to this aspect of arbitral decision making much as the principles of contract law bring predictability to nondisciplinary contract construction disputes. The best known component of this body of law is the checklist of seven tests devised by Carrol R. Daugherty. This article examines this element of common law, its origins, and whether it does, in fact, bring grater predictability to the disciplinary phase of arbitral decision making and, if so, at what cost. Besides questioning the degree of predictability achieved by Daugherty's tests, the paper cautions that greater predictability may only be possible at an unacceptably high cost: the sacrifice of those characteristics that make arbitration the preferred dispute resolution technique.