cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
TETLOCK AND COUNTERFACTUALS: SAVING METHODOLOGICAL AMBITION FROM EMPIRICAL FINDINGS

Abstract In five works spanning a decade, Philip E. Tetlock's interest in counterfactuals has changed. He began with an optimistic desire to make social science more rigorous by identifying best practices in the absence of non-imagined controls for experimentation. Soon, however, he adopted a more pessimistic analysis of the cognitive and psychological barriers facing experts. This shift was brought on by an awareness that experts are not rational Bayesians who continually update their theories to keep up with new information; but instead are affected by political, cognitive, and psychological heuristics, including hindsight bias, cognitive conservatism, and the fundamental attribution error. But techniques of computational simulation-involving the rigorous production of large numbers of counterfactual worlds-make it possible to mitigate both problems that Tetlock identifies: that history, produced only once, is a lousy teacher; and that humans, with their collection of non-Bayesian heuristics, are lousy ...
Cholinergic mechanisms and cataplexy in dogs

Abstract Narcolepsy is a disabling neurological disease characterized by excessive daytime somnolence and sudden attacks of partial or complete flaccid paralysis called cataplexy. The disease is known to affect humans as well as dogs. Nineteen dogs diagnosed as narcoleptic were used in this study, which utilized the food-elicited cataplexy test. This test is based on the cataplexy-eliciting effect of food. The results of this study showed that the anticholinesterase physostigmine salicylate (0.05 mg/kg i.v.) and the muscarinic cholinomimetic arecoline hydrochloride (0.15 mg/kg s.c.) significantly increased the amount of cataplexy. Two muscarinic blockers, atropine sulfate (0.1 mg/kg i.v.) and scopolamine hydrobromide (20 μg/kg i.v.), were both effective in significantly reducing the amount of cataplexy. Neostigmine (0.05 mg/kg i.v.), atropine methylnitrate (0.1 mg/kg i.v.), and scopolamine methylnitrate (20 μg/kg i.v.), which do not penetrate the bloodbrain barrier, were ineffective. Nicotine (0.03 mg/kg i.v.) and the nicotinic blocker mecamylamine (0.3 and 1 mg/kg i.v.) were also ineffective. The results of this study suggest that central muscarinic cholinergic receptors are critically involved in the mechanism which produces the motor inhibition of cataplexy.
A Phase II Trial of Topotecan in Patients with Advanced, Persistent, or Recurrent Endometrial Carcinoma: A Gynecologic Oncology Group Study

Abstract Objective. To estimate the antitumor activity of topotecan in women with advanced, persistent, or recurrent endometrial carcinoma previously treated with chemotherapy, and to determine the nature and degree of toxicity of topotecan in this cohort of patients. Materials and methods. Eligible patients were those who had failed one prior chemotherapy regimen. Topotecan 0.5 to 1.5 mg/m 2 was administered iv daily for 5 days, every 3 weeks, until progression of disease or adverse affects prohibited further therapy. Results. Of 29 patients entered, 28 were evaluable for toxicity and 22 were evaluable for response. Patient characteristics included a median age of 65, with 41% having prior radiation and 14% having prior hormonal therapy. Nine patients (41%) had a performance status (PS) of 0, 11 (50%) had a PS of 1, and 2 (9%) had a PS of 2. Patients received from 2 to 11 (with a median of 4) courses of treatment. The most frequently observed grade 4 toxicities were neutropenia seen in 17 (61%) patients, leukopenia in 11 (39%), and thrombocytopenia in 7 (25%). Two deaths were considered potentially related to treatment. There was one (4.5%) complete and one (4.5%) partial response; 12 (55%) patients maintained stable disease and eight (36%) experienced increasing tumor. Conclusion. Topotecan at this dose and schedule does not appear to have major activity in patients with advanced or recurrent endometrial carcinoma previously treated with chemotherapy.
BlueTable: connecting wireless mobile devices on interactive surfaces using vision-based handshaking

Associating and connecting mobile devices for the wireless transfer of data is often a cumbersome process. We present a technique of associating a mobile device to an interactive surface using a combination of computer vision and Bluetooth technologies. Users establish the connection of a mobile device to the system by simply placing the device on a table surface. When the computer vision process detects a phone-like object on the surface, the system follows a handshaking procedure using Bluetooth and vision techniques to establish that the phone on the surface and the wirelessly connected phone are the same device. The connection is broken simply by removing the device. Furthermore, the vision-based handshaking procedure determines the precise position of the device on the interactive surface, thus permitting a variety of interactive scenarios which rely on the presentation of graphics co-located with the device. As an example, we present a prototype interactive system which allows the exchange of automatically downloaded photos by selecting and dragging photos from one cameraphone device to another.
Effect on of familiarity and category contrast stimulus and response priming

In a letter-symbol classification task, flanking incompatible symbols slowed response latencies to letter targets, whereas incompatible letter flankers did not slow the classification of symbol targets. The conditions surrounding this asymmetry in response competition were investigated in five experiments. The results showed that: (1) the asymmetry was not related to the familiarity of the symbol targets or to the prime-target interval; (2)when the classification involved familiar and unfamiliar symbols, the asymmetry remained (i.e., there was less interference associated with the unfamiliar symbol targets), but there was now significant response competition associated with both symbol categories; and (3) with a mixed-category task (i.e., letters and symbols assigned to both responses), the symbol targets continued to be less interfered with by both letter and symbol incompatible flankers. These findings were interpreted as suggesting that response competition can be influenced by both classification decision rules and cohesiveness of exemplars comprising a category.
Vibrio cholerae VttR(A) and VttR(B) regulatory influences extend beyond the type 3 secretion system genomic island.

ABSTRACT A subset of non-O1/non-O139 serogroup strains of Vibrio cholerae cause disease using type 3 secretion system (T3SS)-mediated mechanisms. An ∼50-kb genomic island carries genes encoding the T3SS structural apparatus, effector proteins, and two transmembrane transcriptional regulators, VttR A and VttR B , which are ToxR homologues. Previous experiments demonstrated that VttR A and VttR B are necessary for colonization in vivo and promote bile-dependent T3SS gene expression in vitro . To better understand the scope of genes that are potential targets of VttR A and VttR B regulation, we performed deep RNA sequencing using O39 serogroup strain AM-19226 and derivatives carrying deletions in vttR A and vttR B grown in bile. Comparison of the transcript profiles from Δ vttR A and Δ vttR B mutant strains to the isogenic parent strain confirmed that VttR A and VttR B regulate expression of some T3SS island genes and provided additional information about relative expression levels and operon organization. Interestingly, the data also suggested that additional genes, located outside the T3SS island and encoding functions involved in motility, chemotaxis, type 6 secretion, transcriptional regulation, and stress responses, may also by regulated by VttR A and VttR B . We verified transcript levels for selected genes by quantitative reverse transcription (RT)-PCR and then focused additional studies on motility and biofilm formation. The results suggest that VttR A and VttR B act as part of a complex transcriptional network that coordinates virulence gene expression with multiple cellular phenotypes. VttR A and VttR B therefore represent horizontally acquired transcriptional regulators with the ability to influence global gene expression in addition to modulating gene expression within the T3SS genomic island.
Singlet oxygen reactions in a glassy polystyrene matrix

Abstract Time-resolved spectroscopic measurements, together with other techniques, have been used to investigate chemical reactions between singlet oxygen (a 1 Δ g ) and organic molecules (M) in a polystyrene glass at 20 °C. The kinetics of these reactions differ from those in liquids, owing to small solute diffusion coefficients in the solid which influence the rates of O 2 (a 1 Δ g ) and M association and dissociation. For molecules that react efficiently with O 2 (a 1 Δ g ), rate constants in the glass are significantly smaller than in liquid toluene, reflecting a decrease in the rate constant of O 2 (a 1 Δ g ) and M association to form an encounter pair. For a poor reactant with O 2 (a 1 Δ g ), however, the overall quenching rate constant in the glass can be larger than in the liquid, which reflects a rate constant for M  O 2 (a 1 Δ g ) dissociation that is smaller, and hence an encounter pair lifetime that is longer, in the polymer. Changes in the rate constant for M  O 2 (a 1 Δ g ) dissociation are also reflected in product quantum yields. Thus, in ‘self-sensitized’ experiments, in which the molecule that produces O 2 (a 1 Δ g ) also reacts with O 2 (a 1 Δ g ), that fraction of the reaction product arising directly from the initial M  O 2 (a 1 Δ g ) encounter pair is much higher in the glass than in the liquid. Furthermore, this intracage reaction is not inhibited by the addition of an O 2 (a 1 Δ g ) physical quencher. These results indicate that, in materials containing small concentrations of additives or impurities capable of undergoing self-sensitized O 2 (a 1 Δ g ) reactions, the quantum yield for oxidation chemistry may be higher in a polymer glass than in a liquid and that added stabilizers may have no effect on the reaction.
An Efficient Synthesis of 3-Hydroxy-3-Trifluoromethyl Phthalide

Abstract An efficient synthesis of 5 is described. Conversion of bromotoluene 1 to trifluoromethylacetophenone 2 followed by a benzylic oxidation-cyclization protocol afforded the target phthalide 5.
Using Technology to Help Teachers Meet the Needs of Language-Minority Students in the USA.

ABSTRACT In an attempt to meet the challenges of increasingly diverse school populations and increased limitations on methods of instruction for pre‐service teachers, the Bilingual Training, Development, and Improvement Project at the University of Houston has developed five interactive video modules for linguistic‐minority students. Commercial videodiscs were repurposed using HyperCard, and the modules were field‐tested on fourth and fifth graders in inner‐city schools. Results from content and language measures indicated that students showed significant gains after viewing the modules. Students also responded favorably to the technology on attitude surveys. An interactive video program designed to inform pre‐service teachers of the needs of linguistic‐minority students was also developed.
Optimum lead-controller synthesis in feedback-control systems

The phase lead network, shown in figure 1, had demonstrated its ability to improve the relative stability of linear feedback amplifiers long before it was adopted as one of the principal stabilizing networks by those interested in the newer field of servomechanisms. Its wide acceptance was based upon its simple form when dealing with d.c. signals and its ability to produce rate-type signal components without mechanical devices. When used as a synthesis tool in connection with the Nyquist plot (1)? of the loop-transfer characteristics, it allows considerable freedom in shaping the contour to conform to generally acceptable standards of performance to the limited extent with which they can be interpreted on this Nyquist plot. The major drawback of the phase-lead network is its attenuation of the signal components, an attenuation which may be readily appreciated if this network is viewed as a resistance voltage divider under static (d.c.) conditions. This sacrifice is all the more objectionable in applications where higher-frequency noise components are present and the need to maintain the signal-to-noise ratio has virtually eliminated this useful tool from systems whose inputs contain large noise components. A system controlled by a radar signal provides just such a situation.
System Facilities for CAD Databases

In this paper, an attempt is made to lay out the special needs of design databases, as compared to the facilities provided in conventional database systems now commercially available. The paper starts from a point of commonality and focusses on the limitations and shortcomings commonly found in current database systems. It is impossible and unwise to make universal statements about DBMS capabilities. Instead, the goal is to identify those special features that, by their capability, provide distinctions beyond the general notions of speed and ratio of logical size to physical size.
Cloning of complementary DNA encoding a functional human interleukin-8 receptor

Interleukin-8 (IL-8) is an inflammatory cytokine that activates neutrophil chemotaxis, degranulation, and the respiratory burst. Neutrophils express receptors for IL-8 that are coupled to guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins); binding of IL-8 to its receptor induces the mobilization of intracellular calcium stores. A cDNA clone from HL-60 neutrophils, designated p2, has now been isolated that encodes a human IL-8 receptor. When p2 is expressed in oocytes from Xenopus laevis, the oocytes bind 125I-labeled IL-8 specifically and respond to IL-8 by mobilizing calcium stores with an EC50 of 20 nM. This IL-8 receptor has 77% amino acid identity with a second human neutrophil receptor isotype that binds IL-8 with higher affinity. It also exhibits 69% amino acid identity with a protein reported to be an N-formyl peptide receptor from rabbit neutrophils, but less than 30% identity with all other known G protein-coupled receptors, including the human N-formyl peptide receptor.
Planetary science: Titan's nitrogenesis

Observations from the Cassini–Huygens mission have produced potentially contradictory constraints on the origin of Titan's atmosphere. Experiments and a simple model demonstrate that a new mechanism for late formation is plausible.
Identification of homologues of a functionally important 50 S ribosomal protein in different bacterial species.

Abstract Functional homology between the 50 S ribosomal protein L3 from Bacillus stearothermophilus and a protein from each of three other species of Bacillaceae ( Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus megaterium, and Bacillus subtilis ) is demonstrated by substituting each of the proteins for B. stearothermophilus L3 in active reconstituted ribosomes. The structurally related protein from Escherichia coli , L2, cannot replace B, stearothermophilus L3, nor can any other E. coli protein.
Failure to thrive and lactation failure in Jordanian villages in 1970.

A retrospective study was conducted through child health clinics in southern Jordan to determine any relationship between failure of infants to thrive at 3 months of age and specific medical social and anthropometric factors. 313 infants born in 1969 and attending clinics between February and June 1970 were included in the study. Of these 313 children 35.8% were failing to thrive at 3 months according to body weight measurements and were presumed to be suffering from lactation failure. There was no significant relationship between any of the social factors studied--fathers occupation living space landownership and polygamy--and lactation failure. Heavy mothers had a greater likelihood of failure. Apart from that other medical and demographic factors were not significantly correlated with failure to grow. There was a slightly lower incidence of failure among primiparae boys and babies not born in the winter. Follow-up of 266 of the original 313 at 6 months of age showed a 31% failure to thrive. There had been a good deal of movement in the intervening 3 months between the failing and the normal growth groups at 3 months. There was a markedly higher proportion of girls failing to thrive by 6 months. It appears difficult to predict an infants nutritional outlook except in extreme cases at 3 months of age.
The Quintessential Searcher: The Wit and Wisdom of Barbara Quint

For many years, Barbara Quint has been sharing her opinions, suggestions, recriminations, tribulations, and celebrations in the pages of Wilson Library Bulletin, Database Searcher, Information Toda...
A wave equation for a particle of maximum spin one

Abstract A general, first-order, linear, relativistic wave equation for a particle of arbitrary half-integral maximum spin is presented. The structure of the general theory is described briefly, while its specialization to a particle of maximum spin one is treated at greater length. The special theory describes not only the simple scalar (S), pseudoscalar (P), vector (V), and axial-vector (A) mesons, but also composite “particles” possessing S, P, V, and A components, all components differing in rest mass. The restriction to unique rest mass allows the wave function to satisfy the Klein-Gordon equation. The restriction to a positive-definite energy density eliminates all composite particles except the S-P, the S-A, and the P-V. The theory is invariant under the extended Lorentz group, charge conjugation, and Hermitian conjugation.
Phase-resolved optical frequency domain imaging

Phase-resolved Doppler optical coherence tomography has been used to image blood flow dynamics in various tissues using both time-domain and spectral-domain optical coherence tomography techniques. In this manuscript, we present phase-resolved Doppler imaging with a high-speed optical frequency domain imaging system. We demonstrate that by correcting for spurious timing-induced phase errors, excellent flow sensitivity can be achieved, limited only by the imaging signal-to-noise ratio. Conventional and Doppler images showing flow in an Intralipid phantom and in human skin are presented. Additionally, we demonstrate the ability of phase-resolved OFDI to measure high flow rates without the deleterious effects of fringe washout.
Cognitive Activity, Sleep Disturbance, and Stage Specific Differences Between Recorded and Reported Sleep

Sleepers were studied in their homes to obtain measures of relationships between (a) discrepancies between reported and recorded sleep, (b) degree of sleep difficulty, and (e) reported cognitive activity. Twelve good sleepers and 12 insomniacs were questioned immediately after lights out, at the occurrence of the first sleep spindle or K-complex, 10 min after the second sleep onset, 5 min after the onset of the first REM period, 10 min after the onset of the first stage 2, during subsequent periods of REM and stage 2 sleep, and at spontaneous arousals. Subjects responded to questions regarding mental content (thought vs picture, awake vs asleep, audience vs actor), estimated total time, and estimated total sleep time since the previous arousal. Insomniacs overestimated sleep difficulty only at 10 min after the second spindle and at spontaneous arousals. Reports of “picture” and “actor” were associated with sleeping difficulty. Persons who reported being “awake,”“actor,” and “picture” showed significantly greater discrepancies between reported and recorded sleep than persons who reported “sleep,”“audience,” or “thought”. The results are discussed in terms of implications for increased understanding of the phenomenon of insomnia.
High-Throughput Single-Cell Analysis for Wound Healing Applications

Significance: Wound repair is a complex biological process that integrates multiple physiologic pathways to restore skin homeostasis after a wide array of gross and anatomical insults. As such, a scientific examination of the wound typically requires broad sampling of numerous factors and is commonly achieved through DNA microarray analysis. Critical Issues: In the last several years, it has become increasingly evident that the granularity afforded by such traditional population-based assays may be insufficient to capture the complex relationships in heterogeneous processes such as those associated with wound healing and stem cell biology. Recent Advances: Several emerging technologies have recently become available that permit high-throughput single-cell gene expression analysis in a manner which provides novel insights into the relationships of complex tissue. The most prominent among these employs microfluidic-based devices to achieve a high-resolution analysis of tissue samples. Future Directions: The...
Target detection in a forest environment using spectral imagery

Spectral imagery from the HYDICE instrument was analyzed for the purpose of target detection and identification. Data in the 0.4-2.5 micron wavelength range were acquired during the FOREST RADIANCE data collect. Data were analyzed from an area consisting of grassy fields and forest areas. A variety of targets were deployed in the field, with ground truth spectral measurements made. Analysis of reflectance data utilizing 'ground truth' and 'in-scene' spectra was conducted. The former suffered somewhat from inaccuracies in calibration, but training on subsets of the data allowed for relatively successful detection and classification in the remainder of the data. Spectral angle mapper and matched filter techniques were used. Both were successful in locating targets, but the later seemed to suffer more from 'false positives', though this may have been a function of thresholds set in the classification process.
Evidence for the existence of major depression with and without anxiety features.

Several studies have reported on comorbidity between depression and anxiety. The present study investigates the occurrence of anxiety symptoms during an episode of unipolar depression. The authors administered the 15-item Rating Scale for Anxiety States of Hamilton (HAM-A) to 73 depressed inpatients categorized according to DSM-III criteria into minor (300.40, 309.00), major depression without (296.X2) and with (296.X3) melancholia. Principal-component (PC) analysis revealed three interpretable PCs: a somatic anxiety, a depression-anxiety overlap, and an anxious mood-behavior factor. Subjects with major depression showed significantly higher ratings on total HAM-A score, the three above PCs, and on all HAM-A items (except general somatic muscular and genitourinary symptoms) than subjects with minor depression. A cluster analysis generated two stable, qualitatively distinct clusters: i.e. one with severe anxiety and one with no or minimal anxiety; the six most discriminating symptoms were: tension, behavior at interview (general or physiological), respiratory, genitourinary and autonomic symptoms. Up to 95.4% of patients allocated to the severe anxiety cluster were major depressives. The results suggest that major depression may be divided into two qualitatively distinct classes, i.e. major depression with and without anxiety features.
Some numerical experiments in the theory of polynomial interpolation

An important unsolved problem in the theory of polynomial interpolation is that of finding a set of nodes which is optimal in the sense that it leads to minimal Lebesgue constants. In this paper results connected to this problem are obtained, and some conjectures are presented based upon numerical evidence garnered from extensive computations.
The status of water spreading for ground-water replenishment

Methods of spreading water on land surfaces and by injection are reviewed and some results given. Some localities utilizing or contemplating the me of water spreading to replenish ground-water supplies are mentioned. Included are: (1) developments in vegetative, chemical and mechanical treatments to increase infiltration rate; (2) shaft, trench, and pit injection methods which cut through less pervious soil and inject water into aquifers; and (3) operational procedures such as cultural methods, length of wetting and drying periods, and surface head. Soil-water movements are described and interpreted in the light of the Darcy equation. Limitations in the use of treatments based on the surface soil and stratigraphy are described. Solutions to some problems and research directed toward existing needs are mentioned. A strip system and rotational system of spreading water based on an infiltration rate-percolation rate ratio are described. The strip system uses portions of an area and it is conceived that as much water may infiltrate as using the entire area. Surface soil treatment to increase this ratio may result in additional benefits. Land between flooded portions might be farmed or used for other purposes. This system visualizes a ‘subsurface lake.’ In the rotation system some portions will be flooded while infiltration rates remain high and other portions will be drying for recovery in infiltration rate. Tools to determine the suitability and characteristics of a proposed spreading area, such as soil surveys, laboratory tests of water and soil, well logs, jetting, cable tool test holes and infiltrometers are discussed. Examples are given of water spreading grounds constructed on sites selected by the use of these tools.
Impression formation in online peer production: activity traces and personal profiles in github

In this paper we describe a qualitative investigation of impression formation in an online distributed software development community with social media functionality. We find that users in this setting seek out additional information about each other to explore the project space, inform future interactions, and understand the potential future value of a new person. They form impressions around other users' expertise based on history of activity across projects, and successful collaborations with key high status projects in the community. These impressions influence their receptivity to strangers' work contributions.
Smoking bans prevent heart attacks.

In this issue of Circulation , Bartecchi and colleagues1 describe a reduction in hospitalizations for acute myocardial infarction in Pueblo, Colo, after the implementation of a city-wide smoking ordinance. The ordinance, which was strictly enforced, prohibited smoking in all workplaces, including bars and restaurants, and in all buildings open to the public. The findings in Pueblo confirm a similar assessment of the consequences of a public smoking ban in Helena, Mont, which was the first such assessment reported.2 In the Montana study, the law was in force for 6 months before a challenge led to a court order suspending it. Admissions for acute myocardial infarction declined by 40% during the 6 months of the ban and then rose after it was lifted. Article p 1490 Replication is critical in inferring causality.3 The drop in hospitalizations for acute myocardial infarction after the ban in Pueblo provides clear confirmation of the results in Helena. The new report1 has several strengths. The number of hospitalizations (855) is large, so the impact of the ban can be precisely estimated; the statistical analysis indicates that the findings are highly unlikely to have arisen by chance. The design incorporated 2 comparison populations: residents of Pueblo County outside of the city of Pueblo and residents of El Paso County, which includes Colorado Springs. By including these comparison populations, Bartecchi et al1 were able to account for temporal trends of a decline in hospitalizations for acute myocardial infarction that might have mistakenly been attributed to the ordinance. Their final regression model estimated a decline of approximately 30% in the hospitalization rate after the ordinance; there was no decline in El Paso County. This beneficial effect is of sufficient magnitude to be readily visible in their …
The kinetic typography engine: an extensible system for animating expressive text

Kinetic typography --- text that uses movement or other temporal change --- has recently emerged as a new form of communication. As we hope to illustrate in this paper, kinetic typography can be seen as bringing some of the expressive power of film --- such as its ability to convey emotion, portray compelling characters, and visually direct attention --- to the strong communicative properties of text. Although kinetic typography offers substantial promise for expressive communications, it has not been widely exploited outside a few limited application areas (most notably in TV advertising). One of the reasons for this has been the lack of tools directly supporting it, and the accompanying difficulty in creating dynamic text. This paper presents a first step in remedying this situation --- an extensible and robust system for animating text in a wide variety of forms. By supporting an appropriate set of carefully factored abstractions, this engine provides a relatively small set of components that can be plugged together to create a wide range of different expressions. It provides new techniques for automating effects used in traditional cartoon animation, and provides specific support for typographic manipulations.
Distance-aware virtual carrier sensing for improved spatial reuse in wireless networks

In this paper we address the issue of improving the spatial reuse in virtual carrier sensing (VCS) mechanisms for wireless networks. The paper examines in detail the channel reservation mechanisms of IEEE 802.11 VCS and shows that its spatial reuse is sub-optimal in a number of scenarios. We also show that the area that should be reserved by the VCS depends on the distance between the transmitter and receiver. We then present a novel VCS scheme that optimizes spatial reuse by incorporating this distance information in the decision making process for the channel reservation. Unlike existing proposals for improving spatial reuse, our scheme does not rely on special hardware design such as directional antennas, power adaptable or dual-channel devices etc., and is thus easily implementable. Simulation results quantify and demonstrate the substantial performance improvements obtained by the proposed scheme.
Theory and Dynamics of Perceptual Bistability

Perceptual Bistability refers to the phenomenon of spontaneously switching between two or more interpretations of an image under continuous viewing. Although switching behavior is increasingly well characterized, the origins remain elusive. We propose that perceptual switching naturally arises from the brain's search for best interpretations while performing Bayesian inference. In particular, we propose that the brain explores a posterior distribution over image interpretations at a rapid time scale via a sampling-like process and updates its interpretation when a sampled interpretation is better than the discounted value of its current interpretation. We formalize the theory, explicitly derive switching rate distributions and discuss qualitative properties of the theory including the effect of changes in the posterior distribution on switching rates. Finally, predictions of the theory are shown to be consistent with measured changes in human switching dynamics to Necker cube stimuli induced by context.
Late Woodland landscapes of Wisconsin : ridged fields, effigy mounds and territoriality

Sauer (1925) saw the terrestrial scene as more than a natural arena for human action. He recognized the repeated human impact on a living earth which created an ever-changing stage of landscape. Geographical conceptions of landscape have changed in the intervening 75 years. Today, geographers acknowledge the historically contingent qualities of nature and society and their inter-relationships (Zimmerer 1994).
Presidential Personality and National Security Leadership: A Comparative Analysis of Vietnam Decision-making

This essay presents a framework for analyzing the effect of presidential personality on policy making, while avoiding the fallacy of simply "reducing" the explanation of presidential performance to the president's individual characteristics. Using an approach that simul taneously takes account of the larger political environment, and the president's constellation of immediate associates (the "institutionalized presidency"), as well as the president's individual characteristics, we present data comparing presidential decision-making with respect to Vietnam in 1954 and 1965. All three levels of evidence must be examined to establish why the United States did not inject military force in 1954 at the time of the fall of Dienbienphu and did in 1965, in the face of the incipient collapse of South Vietnam.
Effects of prescribed fire on an ant community in Florida pine savanna

The effects of prescribed fire on ant community structure were examined in a regenerating longleaf pine savanna in Florida, U.S.A. The presence of ants on 20, 10 � 10 m plots was determined by baiting every 1-3 months from 18 months before a fire until 6 months afterwards. 2. Expected species richness (based on rarefaction) and species density 6 months post-fire were significantly lower than for the same month (September) 6 months before the fire. 3. Cluster analysis revealed that the effects of fire were far less important predictors of ant community structure than seasonality and unexplained inter- annual variation. Thus, overall, the impacts of fire were relatively minor and short term at the community level. 4. Different functional groups of ants (as defined by Andersen, 1997) responded to fire in strikingly different ways. Generalised Myrmicinae (e.g. Pheidole spp., Monomorium viride) were affected more severely by fire than were the other functional groups. In contrast, the dominant Dolichoderinae (Forelius pruinosus) exhibited a large increase after the fire and seemed to be responsible for the decline in abundance of several species. 5. A strong negative correlation between F. pruinosus and other groups of ants immediately after the fire suggested more intense competition among ants at that time. Six months post-fire, the abundance of F. pruinosus decreased markedly and the abundance of other species rebounded. 6. The rapid post-fire recovery of the ant community probably reflects adapta- tions of ants to a chronic fire regime.
The WTO and entry modes in China

For years, multinational enterprises (MNEs) vying for the Chinese market used joint ventures (JVs) as an entry mode. However, there has been a growing frustration with the JV mode. It is reported that MNEs are increasingly opting for wholly owned subsidiaries for better control. This article examines the recent development of the business environment in China. It concludes that there are now real entry options for MNEs, including exporting, JVs, wholly owned subsidiaries, and acquisitions. China's accession into the World Trade Organization (WTO) will accelerate the change process and make non-JV options even more viable. A few decision rules for choosing an entry mode in China are discussed. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Reactions in solutions under pressure

Abstract The effect of pressure on the equilibrium constant for the process relating the tight and loose ion pairs of sodium naphthalenide in THF has been measured over a range of 600 bars. From the effect, the volume change has been calculated: the loose pairs occupy 15 cm3/mol less space. This reinforces our earlier conclusion that the electrostriction effects accompanying ionic processes in nonpolar solvents are much larger than in polar media, as implied by the Drude—Nernst equation.
SOME RESULTS ON TEST ELEMENTS

Throughout this paper all rings are commutative Noetherian of prime characteristic.Perhaps the most central notion in tight closure theory is that of test elements. Theexistence of uniform annihilation plays a key role in several important commutativealgebra theorems and so understanding test elements, which uniformly annihilate tightclosure, is of fundamental importance. Questions about test elements can be dividedinto two types, localization and existence, but ultimately these are facets of each other.At present, the best theorems that are available exist under a Gorenstein hypothesis.The goal of this paper is to demonstrate that the Gorenstein condition in thesetheorems can be weakened; in particular we show that it is sufficient that somesymbolic power of the canonical module be one-generated.What makes the theory difficult is the localization problem for tight closure: it isunknown whether I'R
Screening potential blood donors at risk for human immunodeficiency virus

: Even though all blood donated for transfusion is tested for the presence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) antibodies, there exists a period of time after infection by the virus before these antibodies can be detected. Blood donated during this window period is capable of transmitting the virus. Therefore, the blood of persons who are at risk for acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) should not enter the blood supply. Over a period of 4 months, 6573 potential blood donors who entered fixed and mobile blood collection sites in two cities were exposed to alternative interventions the aim of which was to exclude persons at risk for AIDS. We compared the interventions to one another and to existing materials in terms of the numbers of at-risk persons who did or did not donate for transfusion, the amount of attention paid to the materials, the scores on a comprehension test, and the self- reports by the subjects of attitudes towards the various interventions. At-risk donors who were asked direct AIDS risk behavior questions in addition to the current health history questions were more likely to be screened out than those who underwent alternative health history interviews (p less than 0.01). Potential donors paid more attention to the experimental brochures than to the experimental video or current materials (p less than 0.05). Comprehension scores were better for the new brochure and the video than for the current brochure (p less than 0.05). Donors were not offended by the experimental interventions. Providing donors with new materials that increase attention and comprehension was not more effective than current materials in screening out potential donors at risk for HIV. Asking donors specific questions about participating in risk behaviors was significantly more effective in screening out at-risk donors than oral presentation of AIDS information.
Imaging of reaction zones in hydrocarbon–air flames by use of planar laser-induced fluorescence of CH

A method for imaging the reaction zones in hydrocarbon-air flames is described. The technique is based on planar laser-induced fluorescence of the CH radical by use of excitation in the A(2)Delta ? X(2) II(1, 0) band and broadband detection from the overlapping (1, 1) and (0, 0) bands. This strategy is found to provide a significant improvement in image quality compared with that from previously employed CH imaging techniques. Results are presented for propane-air flames, and a comparison of possible imaging strategies is given.
Oolemma characteristics in relation to survival and fertilization patterns of oocytes treated by intracytoplasmic sperm injection

The aim of this study was to analyse the various reactions displayed by the oolemma to the penetrating pipette during intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) and correlate mem with clinical factors, oocyte survival and fertilization patterns. Three types of oolemma responses were observed: normal breakage, when the injection needle created an invagination that ruptured at the approximate centre of the egg; sudden breakage, when the membrane broke without creating a funnel; and difficult breakage, when the membrane did not break or broke after several penetration attempts. A total of 2928 oocytes were analysed with the following observations: 73.9% (n = 2164) experienced normal breakage, 11.8% (n = 345) sudden breakage, and 143% (n = 419) difficult breakage. The survival rate and number of normally fertilized oocytes were significantly lower and the incidence of digynic oocytes was significantly higher in the sudden breakage group; furthermore, in this group a significantly shorter length of stimulation was observed along with lower serum oestradiol concentrations when compared to oocytes experiencing normal and difficult breakage patterns. These recorded patterns were predictive of the survival and fertilization ability of the injected oocytes, as well as the incidence of digyny. The link between membrane behaviour and various clinical parameters appears to indicate a correlation between the modality of stimulation and oolemma characteristics.
Influence of forest structure on the abundance of snowshoe hares in western Wyoming

Snowshoe hares (Lepus americanus) are a primary prey species for Canada lynx (Lynx canadensis) in western North America. Lynx management plans require knowledge of potential prey distribution and abundance in the western United States. Whether even-aged regenerating forests or multi-storied forests contain more snowshoe hares is currently unknown. During 2006–2008, we estimated snowshoe hare density in 3 classes of 30–70-year-old lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) and 4 classes of late seral multi-storied forest with a spruce (Picea engelmannii)-fir (Abies lasiocarpa) component in the Bridger-Teton National Forest, Wyoming. We recorded physiographic variables and forest structure characteristics to understand how these factors influence abundance of snowshoe hares. In many instances, snowshoe hares were more abundant in late seral multi-storied forests than regenerating even-aged forests. Forest attributes predicting hare abundance were often more prevalent in multi-storied forests. Late seral multi-storied forests with a spruce–fir component and dense horizontal cover, as well as 30–70-year-old lodgepole pine with high stem density, were disproportionately influential in explaining snowshoe hare densities in western Wyoming. In order to promote improved habitat conditions for snowshoe hares in this region, management agencies should consider shifting their focus towards maintaining, enhancing, and promoting multi-storied forests with dense horizontal cover, as well as developing 30–70-year-old lodgepole pine stands with high stem density that structurally mimic multi-storied forests. © 2012 The Wildlife Society.
Threshold-Dependent BMP-Mediated Repression: A Model for a Conserved Mechanism That Patterns the Neuroectoderm

Subdivision of the neuroectoderm into three rows of cells along the dorsal-ventral axis by neural identity genes is a highly conserved developmental process. While neural identity genes are expressed in remarkably similar patterns in vertebrates and invertebrates, previous work suggests that these patterns may be regulated by distinct upstream genetic pathways. Here we ask whether a potential conserved source of positional information provided by the BMP signaling contributes to patterning the neuroectoderm. We have addressed this question in two ways: First, we asked whether BMPs can act as bona fide morphogens to pattern the Drosophila neuroectoderm in a dose-dependent fashion, and second, we examined whether BMPs might act in a similar fashion in patterning the vertebrate neuroectoderm. In this study, we show that graded BMP signaling participates in organizing the neural axis in Drosophila by repressing expression of neural identity genes in a threshold-dependent fashion. We also provide evidence for a similar organizing activity of BMP signaling in chick neural plate explants, which may operate by the same double negative mechanism that acts earlier during neural induction. We propose that BMPs played an ancestral role in patterning the metazoan neuroectoderm by threshold-dependent repression of neural identity genes.
Social recognition using chemical cues in cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis Linnaeus, 1758)

Forty-five full-sized, virgin cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis Linnaeus) were tested for social discriminations on the basis of chemical cues alone. Subjects were tested by placing them in the base of a Y -maze and permitting them to choose between the two arms of the maze, each arm with a different water supply. Each subject was tested three times: once with water from a male versus a female conspecific, once with water from a mated versus a virgin conspecific of the opposite sex, and once using plain seawater in both arms of the Y -maze as a control for any bias towards one of the arms of the maze. Results fail to support hypotheses for chemical communication in cephalopods; difficulties in using approach behavior to measure chemical communication in
An Evaluation of the Magnitude Estimation Technique

(1960). An Evaluation of the Magnitude Estimation Technique. The Journal of Psychology: Vol. 50, No. 2, pp. 303-313.
Reactions of Other Nucleophiles

In the preceding chapters we have dealt with a variety of nucleophilic species which have been utilized under phase transfer catalytic conditions. In each of these chapters, we believe that enough information has been accumulated or the chemistry is individual enough to justify this approach. There are, however, a number of cases in which the reactivity is more or less that which might have been anticipated or there are relatively few examples of the process. We have, of necessity, combined them in this chapter in the hope that the information will thereby be available.
Introduction to Neural Networks

In this chapter we discuss how the biological neurons process information, the difference between the spatiotemporal processing of frequency encoded information conducted by a biological neuron and the amplitude and frequency encoded signals processed by the artificial neural networks. We discuss the various types of artificial neural networks that exist, their architectures and topologies, and how to allow such neural networks to possess plasticity, which allows the neurons to adapt and change as they process presynaptic signals.
An Analysis of Statutory Market Control Programs in the California Arizona Orange Industry

T HIS thesis on which I am reporting is certainly not the first report on the California orange industry-nor will it be the last. In the present context it is a small part of a broad investigation being conducted at the University of California on market control. The orange industry is one in which market control has been extremely important. An earlier study completed by George Mehren in 1942 had analyzed the experience of the industry in the period of voluntary market control which operated up to 1933. My job, then, was to analyze the experience of the industry beginning in 1933 with compulsory, universal market control under the force of law.