cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Relationship between loss of heavy chains and the appearance of nonproducing hybridomas

One drawback to the in vitro production of monoclonal antibodies is the loss of productivity exhibited by hybridomas over time, which has been shown to correspond to the appearance of a nonproducing subpopulation. In this study, we monitored the presence of antibody components, both intra- and extracellular, between producing and nonproducing hybridomas. A nonproducing cell population appeared which lacked heavy chain, while all cultures continued to produce light chain, indicating that the loss in antibody production resulted from the absence of heavy chain and occurred before protein assembly or secretion. (c) 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Kinetic modelling of higher alcohol synthesis over alkali-promoted Cu/ZnO and MoS2 catalysts

Abstract Kinetic networks have been developed for the synthesis products that are observed to be formed over alkali-promoted Cu/ZnO- and MoS 2 -based higher alcohol synthesis catalysts. Alcohols are synthesized over these two types of catalysts by two different mechanisms having different kinetically important steps. Linear alcohols are formed by CO insertion over the alkali/MoS 2 catalysts, while the alkali/Cu/ZnO catalysts promote the formation of branched alcohols via a β-addition process that has a kinetically limiting C 1 → C 2 step. The derived kinetic parameters can be used to predict the influence of reaction conditions, e.g. temperature, pressure, H 2 /CO ratio, and GHSV, on product yields and selectivities in differential and integral reactors.
State-dependent phenomena in cat masseter motoneurons.

Abstract In the present study we explored the mechanisms of carbachol-induced muscle atonia in the α-chloralose-anesthetized animal. We compared our findings to those that have been previously obtained in unanesthetized cats during muscle atonia occurring during natural active sleep. Accordingly, in cats anesthetized with a-chloralose, intracellular records were obtained from masseter motoneurons before and after carbachol-induced motor atonia. Following the induction of atonia, the membrane potential activity was dominated by high-frequency, discrete, hyperpolarizing potentials. These hyperpolarizing potentials were reversed in polarity by the intracellular injection of chloride ions and abolished by the application of strychnine. These findings indicate that they were inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) mediated by glycine. These IPSPs appeared exclusively during muscle atonia. In addition, masseter motoneurons were significantly hyperpolarized and their rheobase increased. There was a decrease in input resistance and membrane time constant. In the α-chloralose-anesthetized preparation, stimulation of the nucleus pontis oralis (NPO) induced IPSPs in masseter motoneurons following, but never prior to, the pontine injection of carbachol. Thus, this is the first demonstration that ‘reticular response-reversal’ may be elicited in an anesthetized preparation. Another state-dependent phenomenon of active sleep, the occurrence of IPSPs in motoneurons that are temporally correlated with ponto-geniculo-occipital (PGO) waves, was also observed in this preparation only after carbachol administration. Based on the data in this report, we conclude that the inhibitory system that mediates atonia during the state of active sleep can be activated in an animal that is anesthetized with a-chloralose. Specifically, the neuronal groups that generate spontaneous IPSPs, those that mediate the phenomenon of reticular response-reversal, and those involved in the generation of PGO waves are capable of being activated and remain functional during a-chloralose-anesthesia.
Prochlorophyta as a proposed new division of algae

UNICELLULAR algae associated with ascidians from tropical Pacific shores have been reported by various biologists1–5. They are bright green, generally spherical and about 10–20 µm in diameter, and they seem to have no clearly delimited nucleus or plastids. Such cells (identified as Synechocystis didemni), found associated with surfaces of Didemnum colonies on the Pacific coast of Mexico, have been shown by electron microscopy to be prokaryotic6,7, which suggests that they are cyanophytes, that is, blue-green algae. Although all known blue-green algae (other than a few apochlorotic types) contain phycoerythrin, phycocyanin, or both, however, these ascidian symbionts are apple green and contain no detectable bilin pigments. Furthermore, like the eukaryotic algae in the divisions Chlorophyta and Euglenophyta, they contain two chlorophyll components, separable by chromatography and provisionally identifiable as chlorophylls a and b (ref. 8), whereas no cyanophytes are known to contain chlorophyll b. The assignment of S. didemni to any of the established algal divisions, therefore, presents a major taxonomic problem.
A temperature-dependent conformational change of NADH oxidase from Thermus thermophilus HB8.

Using molecular dynamics simulations and steady-state fluorescence spectroscopy, we have identified a conformational change in the active site of a thermophilic flavoenzyme, NADH oxidase from Thermus thermophilus HB8 (NOX). The enzyme's far-UV circular dichroism spectrum, intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence, and apparent molecular weight measured by dynamic light scattering varied little between 25 and 75°C. However, the fluorescence of the tightly bound FAD cofactor increased approximately fourfold over this temperature range. This effect appears not to be due to aggregation, unfolding, cofactor dissociation, or changes in quaternary structure. We therefore attribute the change in flavin fluorescence to a temperature-dependent conformational change involving the NOX active site. Molecular dynamics simulations and the effects of mutating aromatic residues near the flavin suggest that the change in fluorescence results from a decrease in quenching by electron transfer from tyrosine 137 to the flavin. Proteins 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Multi-Hop Effective Bandwidth Based Routing in Multi-Radio Wireless Mesh Networks

In this paper, we address the routing issue in a wireless mesh network, where each node is stationary and equipped with one or more radios. Specifically, we propose a new path metric called multi-hop effective bandwidth (MHEB), which provides a generic approach to calculate the achievable bandwidth along a path, taking the impacts of inter/intra-flow interference and space/channel diversity into account. We also present a new routing protocol based on the MHEB metric, which achieves interference-aware and load-balancing routing at the same time. Performance of the MHEB based routing in improving the network throughput is validated through computer simulations, compared with the existing popular routing metrics.
Applying case-mix methods to ambulatory care

Case-mix based prospective reimbursement methods are being adopted for inpatient care. No similar methods exist for ambulatory care, due to the lack of an accepted outpatient case-mix methodology. Two approaches to ambulatory care case-mix are described. The first is based on classifying patients by their primary problem and their mix of problems treated during a patient-year. The second is based on classifying each visit by primary problem addressed. The adoption of case-mix methods will require the development of many new medical information systems. The use of such systems to describe and analyze ambulatory care over time is discussed. Inpatient and ambulatory care are functionally linked. The development of ambulatory care case-mix systems and their integration with inpatient case-mix systems will allow a major step towards the development of a capitation approach to describing total healthcare costs, by case, for a given population.
Control of a center-out reaching task using a reinforcement learning Brain-Machine Interface

In this work, we develop an experimental primate test bed for a center-out reaching task to test the performance of reinforcement learning based decoders for Brain-Machine Interfaces. Neural recordings obtained from the primary motor cortex were used to adapt a decoder using only sequences of neuronal activation and reinforced interaction with the environment. From a naive state, the system was able to achieve 100% of the targets without any a priori knowledge of the correct neural-to-motor mapping. Results show that the coupling of motor and reward information in an adaptive BMI decoder has the potential to create more realistic and functional models necessary for future BMI control.
Effects of hypoxia on catecholamine synthesis in rabbit carotid body in vitro.

1. Unanaesthetized, unrestrained rabbits were exposed for 3 hr in a chamber to either air, hypoxic gas mixtures (10% or 14% O(2) in N(2)) or a hyperoxic gas mixture (50% O(2) in N(2)). The carotid bodies were then removed and incubated for 3 hr in modified Tyrode media equilibrated with 100% O(2) and containing either [(3)H]tyrosine or [(3)H]DOPA. The contents of [(3)H]DA and [(3)H]NA in the tissue were determined as described in the preceding paper.2. When [(3)H]DOPA was used as precursor, neither labelled dopamine (DA) or noradrenaline (NA) synthesis was increased in carotid bodies from rabbits exposed to 10% O(2) in N(2). Following exposure to 10% O(2) in N(2) and incubation with [(3)H]tyrosine, however, [(3)H]DA synthesis was increased by 72% above control (air) values while [(3)H]NA synthesis was unchanged. Less severe hypoxia, 14% O(2) in N(2), resulted in a smaller increase in [(3)H]DA synthesis, i.e. 53% above control value. Again, [(3)H]NA synthesis was unchanged. Similar experiments with the superior cervical ganglion involving exposure of the animals to either 10% or 14% O(2) in N(2) did not produce any change in the amounts of [(3)H]DA or [(3)H]NA synthesized from [(3)H]tyrosine when compared to control animals breathing air.3. Sympathectomy of the carotid body or transection of the carotid sinus nerve 12-15 days prior to hypoxic exposure (10% O(2) in N(2)) did not alter the increase in [(3)H]DA synthesis compared to normally innervated carotid bodies.4. Carotid bodies incubated with [(3)H]tyrosine for 2 hr in an alternating O(2)/N(2) sequence (5 min in media equilibrated with 100% O(2) followed by 3 min in media equilibrated with 100% N(2)) synthesized 37% more [(3)H]DA than control carotid bodies similarly exposed to an alternating O(2)/O(2) sequence. [(3)H]NA synthesis was unchanged. However, tissue levels of non-metabolized [(3)H]tyrosine were reduced by 19% in the carotid bodies exposed to the O(2)/N(2) sequence.5. Exposure of rabbits for 3 hr to 50% O(2) in N(2), followed by incubation of their carotid bodies in [(3)H]tyrosine, resulted in a 19% decrease in the absolute value for [(3)H]DA synthesis compared to control carotid bodies, but this difference was not significant (P > 0.05). However, [(3)H]NA synthesis was significantly reduced (51%; P < 0.05) in the hyperoxic carotid bodies. Similar experiments with the superior cervical ganglion showed that [(3)H]DA and [(3)H]NA synthesis were unchanged under control vs. hyperoxic conditions.6. Carotid bodies incubated with [(3)H]tyrosine for 3 hr, then transferred for 1 hr to unlabelled media equilibrated with 10% O(2) in N(2), released 81% more [(3)H]DA, and contained 38% less [(3)H]DA, than similarly treated carotid bodies exposed to 100% O(2). [(3)H]NA was not detectable in the media, and tissue levels of [(3)H]NA were the same in both hypoxic and control carotid bodies.
Some image modeling issues for I-line, 5X phase-shifting masks

The current image-theoretical basis for phase shifting masks (PSMs) relies on the scalar and Kirchhoff approximations, which neglect vector wave and edge diffraction effects around the mask. In this paper we use EMFlex finite element modeling to quantify vector diffraction effects, and show a method for modeling broadband illumination using the code's transient (optical pulse) capability and the Fourier transform in time. Simulations indicate that: the Kirchhoff approximation applied to etched quartz PSMs can lead to unacceptable errors due to a dark boundary layer on the quartz sidewall; diffraction produces relatively strong vector wave fields near feature edges but their contribution to the lithographic image is negligible; and the paraxial partial coherence approximation is generally valid for 4x or 5x projection systems. We discuss examples illustrating needs for better PSM metrology and phase measurements.
MIMO Transmitter Optimization with Mean and Covariance Feedback for Low SNR

Multiple-input multiple-output system capacity can be improved when there is channel state information at the transmitter (CSIT). This paper proposes a transmission optimization strategy that aims to maximize the mutual information using statistical CSIT. A second order approximation method is used to optimize the transmit covariance matrix. The proposed scheme is compared to the first order approximation, equal power allocation, and waterfilling schemes.
INFLUENCE OF INSTITUTIONAL AND SOCIO‐ECONOMIC FACTORS ON THE SUPPLY RESPONSE OF SMALLHOLDER DAIRY FARMS IN THE MARGINAL ZONES OF KENYA

Kenya's stated policy is to increase dairy production through sustained liberalization of output and input markets. The present study assessed dairy farmers' responsiveness to both market price factors and non-price factors within a liberalized market environment. Econometric analysis used in the study is based on a profit function using farm household survey data collected for a year. Results showed that dairy farmers are more responsive to non-price factors than to price factors. Hence the need for a consistent and a sustained liberalization program in the sub-sector, as well as reinforcing liberalization policies in place by increasing public expenditure on rural infrastructure and other agricultural support services. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
TGF-β-Superfamily Signaling Regulates Embryonic Stem Cell Heterogeneity: Self-Renewal as a Dynamic and Regulated Equilibrium†‡§

Embryonic stem cells dynamically fluctuate between phenotypic states, as defined by expression levels of genes such as Nanog, while remaining pluripotent. The dynamic phenotype of stem cells is in part determined by gene expression control and dictated by various signaling pathways and transcriptional regulators. We sought to define the activities of two TGF-β-related signaling pathways, bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) and Nodal signaling, in modulating mouse embryonic stem (ES) cell heterogeneity in undifferentiated culture conditions. Both BMP and Nodal signaling pathways were seen to be active in distinct Nanog subpopulations, with subtle quantitative differences in activity. Pharmacological and genetic modulation of BMP or Nodal signaling strongly influenced the heterogeneous state of undifferentiated ES cells, as assessed by dynamic expression of Nanog reporters. Inhibition of Nodal signaling enhanced BMP activity, which through the downstream target Id factors, enhanced the capacity of ES cells to remain in the Nanog-high epigenetic state. The combined inhibition of Nodal and BMP signaling resulted in the accumulation of Nanog-negative cells, even in the presence of LIF, uncovering a shared role for BMP and Nodal signaling in maintaining Nanog expression and repression of differentiation. These results demonstrate a complex requirement for both arms of TGF-β-related signaling to influence the dynamic cellular phenotype of undifferentiated ES cells in serum-based media, and that differing subpopulations of ES cells in heterogeneous culture have distinct responses to these signaling pathways. Several pathways, including BMP, Nodal, and FGF signaling, have important regulatory function in defining the steady-state distribution of heterogeneity of stem cells.
Splendid isolation: a slice abstraction for software-defined networks

The correct operation of many networks depends on keeping certain kinds of traffic isolated from others, but achieving isolation in networks today is far from straightforward. To achieve isolation, programmers typically resort to low-level mechanisms such as Virtual LANs, or they interpose complicated hypervisors into the control plane. This paper presents a better alternative: an abstraction that supports programming isolated slices of the network. The semantics of slices ensures that the processing of packets on a slice is independent of all other slices. We define our slice abstraction precisely, develop algorithms for compiling slices, and illustrate their use on examples. In addition, we describe a prototype implementation and a tool for automatically verifying formal isolation properties.
Pesticide Residue Risk and Food Safety Valuation: A Random Utility Approach

A new approach is developed for integrating consumers' risk perceptions with stated purchase behavior when consumption decisions must be made with incomplete information. The application involves health risks from exposure to pesticide residues on fresh produce. Unlike traditional food demand analysis, the present approach treats produce choices as discrete outcomes, resulting in a random utility model. Empirical results from a pilot survey suggest a clear linkage between perceptions and behavior in response to new risk information. Consumers' stated preferences for safer produce were primarily influenced by price differences and perceived risks, not by the technical risk information provided alone. However, the linkage between behavior and valuation was less clear cut. The risk/price tradeoffs entailed by contingent discrete choices indicate high price premia for small risk reductions and little variation in price premium across alternative risk reductions.
Circadian Cycling of a PERIOD-β-galactosidase Fusion Protein in Drosophila: Evidence for Cyclical Degradation

The authors analyzed circadian features of two period-lacZ (per-lacZ) fusion genes in transgenic strains of Drosophila. Both genes manifest circadian fluctuations of mRNA levels, but fluctuations of only the larger chimeric protein are apparent. Fusion protein cycling is indistinguishable from the behavior of wild-type per protein (PER), including apparent temporal regulation of phosphorylation state. Several arguments indicate that the difference in the two constructs is proper regulation at the level of protein turnover: the smaller protein has much higher levels; a beta-galactosidase degradation products is visible in both strains but fails to manifest cycling, presumably due to a long half-life; and only the noncycling proteins accumulate as a function of adult age. The large cycling fusion protein also undergoes modest cycling in an arrhythmic per01 background. This is light dependent, resembles the regulation of the timeless protein (TIM) by light, and reflects a documented fusion protein-TIM interaction. The results are discussed with respect to the posttranscriptional regulation that is necessary for proper cycling of both PER and TIM as well as for clock function.
Evolutionary dynamics of behavior in social networks

In this paper, we use evolutionary dynamics to understand the origin of social norms and dominant behavioral and cultural trends in social networks that lead to emergence of "hubs" such as few companies, politicians, celebrities, and fashion trends with overwhelming popular support. We define the notion of "behavior networks" and introduce a novel social choice model (i.e. mutation model) for evolutionary dynamics of behavior in social networks that exhibits a rich set of emergent phases of evolution. For behavioral networks with Watts-Strogatz small-world topology covering a broad range from highly clustered nearest-neighbor graphs to random graphs, we demonstrate the existence of S-shape phase transition curves relating diversity of behaviors to the mutation rate. This curve suggests the emergence of four key phases of behavior in the society ranging from one or a few dominant behaviors to collapse (or lack of dominance). Preliminary stability analysis and characterization of properties of equilibria are provided that suggest the proposed social choice model is plausible.
Regulatory T-cell Response to Enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis Colonization Triggers IL17-Dependent Colon Carcinogenesis

Many epithelial cancers are associated with chronic inflammation. However, the features of inflammation that are pro-carcinogenic are not fully understood. Tregs typically restrain overt inflammatory responses and maintain intestinal immune homeostasis. Their immune suppressive activity can inhibit inflammation-associated cancers. Paradoxically, we show that colonic Tregs initiate IL-17-mediated carcinogenesis in multiple intestinal neoplasia mice colonized with the human symbiote ETBF. Depletion of Tregs in ETBF-colonized C57BL/6 Foxp3DTR mice enhanced colitis but diminished tumorigenesis associated with shifting of mucosal cytokine profile from IL-17 to IFN-γ; inhibition of ETBF-induced colon tumorigenesis was dependent on reduced IL-17 inflammation and IFN-γ-independent. Treg enhancement of IL-17 production is cell-extrinsic. IL-2 blockade restored Th17 responses and tumor formation in Treg-depleted animals. Our findings demonstrate that Tregs limit the availability of IL-2 in the local microenvironment, allowing Th17 development necessary to promote ETBF-triggered neoplasia and thus unveil a new mechanism whereby Treg responses to intestinal bacterial infection can promote tumorigenesis.
Improving lateral resolution in ultrasonic Imaging by utilizing nulls in the beam pattern

Reduction of lateral sidelobes results in improved ultrasonic imaging. In general, apodization is used to lower sidelobes in exchange for increasing the width of the mainlobe and thus decreasing lateral resolution. Null Subtraction Imaging (NSI) is a technique that uses different on-receive apodizations on copies of the same image to to reduce sidelobe levels while also improving lateral resolution. In the NSI technique, several apodization functions are applied on receive. The first apodization weight is applied having a zero mean value when summed across the aperture. This places a null at the broadside of the receive pattern. The second apodization is the same as the first apodization except that a constant offset in weight is applied (non-zero mean). The third apodization is the transpose of the second. The images created with the different weighting schemes are then added to form a new image with improved sidelobe performance and dramatically better lateral resolution compared to conventional apodization. To evaluate the performance of this technique, experiments were performed with an ATS539 phantom containing wire targets to assess lateral resolution and cylinder targets to assess contrast. A 9L4 array was used in the measurements connected to an Ultrasonix RP system with a SonixDAQ. Plane waves were emitted from the array and ultrasound echoes were received by each array element. Image reconstruction involved using Delay and Sum beamforming with apodization. Images were constructed using NSI and compared with rectangular weighted apertures. In experiments, the lateral resolution was observed to improve by a factor of five or better when compared to rectangular apodization. Image quality was assessed by estimation of lateral resolution (-3-dB receive beamwidth), the mainlobe to sidelobe ratio (MSR) in dB and estimation of the contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR). At f/# = 1 focusing with NSI, the -6-dB beamwidth on receive as measured from a small wire target in the ATS phantom was 0.414λ. Sidelobes were observed to decrease at each f/# by an average of 17 dB with NSI compared to rectangular apodization. However, contrast of hyperechoic targets were lost when utilizing the NSI scheme.
Dehydration modifies somal CRH immunoreactivity in the rat hypothalamus: an immunocytochemical study in the absence of colchicine

Corticotropin-releasing hormone immunoreactive (CRH-ir) neurons were examined in the hypothalamus of euhydrated and dehydrated rats without using colchicine. CRH-ir cells were observed in the lateral hypothalamus, retrochiasmatic, and in magnocellular parts of the supraoptic and paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PVH) in dehydrated but not euhydrated animals. However, CRH-ir neurons were decreased in the medial parvicellular part of the PVH. These results indicate that altered CRH mRNA levels previously reported in dehydrated animals translate into changes in peptide immunoreactivity.
Capecitabine and hand–foot syndrome

Hand-foot syndrome (HFS), or palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia, is a common side effect in patients taking long-term 5-fluorouracil treatment and is the most frequently reported side effect of oral capecitabine therapy (≥ 50% of patients). Although the pathogenesis of HFS is not fully understood, it may be due to damaged deep capillaries in the soles of the feet and palms of the hands, leading to a COX inflammatory-type reaction, or related to enzymes involved in the metabolism of capecitabine, namely, thymidine phosphorylase and dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase. Ethnic variations in the clinical manifestation of HFS warrant further attention, and an alternative system for grading HFS in non-white patients has been proposed. In addition to treatment interruption and dose reduction, supportive treatments can help alleviate symptoms. Because capecitabine is an oral therapy administered at home, it is crucial that patients understand the importance of complying with treatment, be aware of the possibility of HFS, and inform the doctor or nurse immediately if symptoms of HFS develop. Several cases of HFS are presented.
DNA microsatellites of pronghorn (Antilocapra americana)

We developed a set of eight polymorphic microsatellite loci for pronghorn, Antilocapra americana. We screened 233 individuals from the National Bison Range in Moiese, MT, and found allele numbers from three to 11 and heterozygosity levels ranging from 0.142 to 0.807. These results suggest that these loci will be useful in paternity analysis and basic population genetics applications.
Interferonα activates NF-κB in JAK1-deficient cells through a TYK2-dependent pathway

In addition to activating members of the STAT transcription factor family,interferon α/β (IFNα/β) activates the NF-κBtranscription factor. To determine the role of the Janus tyrosine kinase(JAK)-STAT pathway in NF-κB activation by IFN, we examined NF-κBactivation in JAK1-deficient mutant human fibrosarcoma cells. In wild-typefibrosarcoma cells (2fTGH), IFN activates STAT1, STAT2, and STAT3, as well asNF-κB complexes comprised of p50 and p65. In contrast, in JAK1-deficientcells, IFN induces NF-κB activation and NF-κB dependent genetranscription but does not activate these STAT proteins and has no effect onSTAT-dependent gene transcription. Expression of a catalytically inactive TYK2tyrosine kinase in JAK1-deficient cells, as well as in the highlyIFN-sensitive Daudi lymphoblastoid cell line, abrogates NF-κB activationby IFN. Moreover, IFN does not promote NF-κB activation inTYK2-deficient mutant fibrosarcoma cells. Our results demonstrate a dichotomybetween the classical JAK-STAT pathway and the NF-κB signaling pathway.In the IFN signaling pathway leading to STAT activation, both JAK1 and TYK2are essential, whereas NF-κB activation requires only TYK2.
Motor neuron apoptosis and neuromuscular junction perturbation are prominent features in a Drosophila model of Fus-mediated ALS

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by the loss of motor function. Several ALS genes have been identified as their mutations can lead to familial ALS, including the recently reported RNA-binding protein fused in sarcoma (Fus). However, it is not clear how mutations of Fus lead to motor neuron degeneration in ALS. In this study, we present a Drosophila model to examine the toxicity of Fus, its Drosophila orthologue Cabeza (Caz), and the ALS-related Fus mutants. Our results show that the expression of wild-type Fus/Caz or FusR521G induced progressive toxicity in multiple tissues of the transgenic flies in a dose- and age-dependent manner. The expression of Fus, Caz, or FusR521G in motor neurons significantly impaired the locomotive ability of fly larvae and adults. The presynaptic structures in neuromuscular junctions were disrupted and motor neurons in the ventral nerve cord (VNC) were disorganized and underwent apoptosis. Surprisingly, the interruption of Fus nuclear localization by either deleting its nuclear localization sequence (NLS) or adding a nuclear export signal (NES) blocked Fus toxicity. Moreover, we discovered that the loss of caz in Drosophila led to severe growth defects in the eyes and VNCs, caused locomotive disability and NMJ disruption, but did not induce apoptotic cell death. These data demonstrate that the overexpression of Fus/Caz causes in vivo toxicity by disrupting neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) and inducing apoptosis in motor neurons. In addition, the nuclear localization of Fus is essential for Fus to induce toxicity. Our findings also suggest that Fus overexpression and gene deletion can cause similar degenerative phenotypes but the underlying mechanisms are likely different.
Mandibular growth at puberty.

This study was undertaken to investigate whether growth of the mandible continues after menarche. The sample consisted of twenty Caucasian girls from the group of Cleveland children included in the long-term investigation of the growth of the face by the Bolton Study of Western Reserve University. The twenty girls were selected to meet the following criteria: 1. 1. Availability of chronologic age at menarche. 2. 2. Availability of serial cephalometric records for approximately 3 years before and 3 years after menarche. 3. 3. Absence of Class II and Class III facial skeletal pattern. 4. 4. Absence of severe vertical facial skeletal types. 5. 5. Absence of orthodontic intervention. 6. 6. Availability of skeletal age assessments of the hand and wrist close to the age at menarche. The cephalometric radiographs were traced on acetate paper with a fine pencil. Four dimensions in the mandible were measured with a millimetric ruler and read to the nearest 0.5 mm. These dimensions were mandibular length, ramus height, corpus length, and bigonial width. In order to analyze the relationship between menarche and maximum growth increment in the mandible, two methods were used—the graphic and the statistical methods. The graphic method consisted of absolute individual and average incremental growth curves, and the statistical test was the t test. The findings indicated that growth of the mandible does continue after menarche. The t score values were statistically significant at the 0.01 level. It was also found that a significant difference existed between the amount of growth before menarche and after menarche. The average amount of growth in the four mandibular dimensions was usually greater before menarche than after it. Another interesting finding was that menarche most often occurred after the maximum increment of growth in the mandible in the early- and average-maturing groups of girls and before the maximum increment in the late-maturing girls. However, as mentioned previously, the late-maturing girls constituted the minority in this study, to make this a true statement. A further study conducted on late-maturing girls would help to validate this statement. The spurt of growth in stature occurred before the maximum increment in the mandible in the majority of the girls in this study. This agrees with Bambha's2 findings. Onset of fusion in the distal phalanges of the fingers was highly correlated with menarche. The coefficient of correlations between these two variables was 0.95, statistically signficant at the 0.01 level. The mean age at menarche was 151 months, with a standard deviation of 10.3 months, and the mean age at onset of fusion in the distal phalanges was 150 months, with a standard deviation of 9.9 months.
Tilted Universe and other remnants of the preinflationary Universe

If the inflationary epoch lasted only \ensuremath{\sim}10 $e$-foldings longer than required to solve the horizon problem, observable "remnants" of the preinflationary Universe may exist. They include dipole and quadrupole anisotropies of the cosmic microwave background radiation (CMBR). These "remnants" arise due to preinflationary fluctuations in scalar fields such as the inflaton, the axion, and the ilion, or due to preinflationary density perturbations. The dipole anisotropy can lead to the illusion of a "tilted universe": Viewed from the rest frame of the CMBR galaxies throughout the entire observable Universe would have a uniform streaming velocity. A dipole CMBR anisotropy could provide a very unconventional explanation for the large peculiar velocities measured for galaxies in our $\ensuremath{\sim}50{h}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ Mpc neighborhood. Among things very unlikely to be a "remnant" of inflation is a value of $\ensuremath{\Omega}$ today that is significantly different from unity.
Mast Cells Are Essential for Early Onset and Severe Disease in a Murine Model of Multiple Sclerosis

In addition to their well characterized role in allergic inflammation, recent data confirm that mast cells play a more extensive role in a variety of immune responses. However, their contribution to autoimmune and neurologic disease processes has not been investigated. Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) and its human disease counterpart, multiple sclerosis, are considered to be CD4+ T cell–mediated autoimmune diseases affecting the central nervous system. Several lines of indirect evidence suggest that mast cells could also play a role in the pathogenesis of both the human and murine disease. Using a myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)-induced model of acute EAE, we show that mast cell–deficient W/Wv mice exhibit significantly reduced disease incidence, delayed disease onset, and decreased mean clinical scores when compared with their wild-type congenic littermates. No differences were observed in MOG-specific T and B cell responses between the two groups, indicating that a global T or B cell defect is not present in W/Wv animals. Reconstitution of the mast cell population in W/Wv mice restores induction of early and severe disease to wild-type levels, suggesting that mast cells are critical for the full manifestation of disease. These data provide a new mechanism for immune destruction in EAE and indicate that mast cells play a broader role in neurologic inflammation.
When Men Are Sexually Harassed: A Foundation for Studying Men’s Experiences as Targets of Sexual Harassment

While much scholarly attention has been given to sexual harassment, scholarship about men’s experiences as targets of sexual harassment has been limited. This essay is a review of the literature about men’s experiences of sexual harassment; it explores the operational definitions and sources of sexual harassment, the inadequacy of the instruments used to study sexual harassment, and the implications of this research for organizations and the field of communication studies. It also examines sexual harassment at the intersections of gender and sexual orientation, finding that there are apparent differences in incidences that feature diversity in these areas. This review concludes that while psychologists are conducting the majority of sexual harassment research, organizational communication scholars need to do more research about sexual harassment, especially men’s experiences as targets of sexual harassment.
Discovering hotspots in functional genomic data superposed on 3D chromatin configuration reconstructions

The spatial organization of the genome influences cellular function, notably gene regulation. Recent studies have assessed the three-dimensional (3D) co-localization of functional annotations (e.g. centromeres, long terminal repeats) using 3D genome reconstructions from Hi-C (genome-wide chromosome conformation capture) data; however, corresponding assessments for continuous functional genomic data (e.g. chromatin immunoprecipitation-sequencing (ChIP-seq) peak height) are lacking. Here, we demonstrate that applying bump hunting via the patient rule induction method (PRIM) to ChIP-seq data superposed on a Saccharomyces cerevisiae 3D genome reconstruction can discover 'functional 3D hotspots', regions in 3-space for which the mean ChIP-seq peak height is significantly elevated. For the transcription factor Swi6, the top hotspot by P-value contains MSB2 and ERG11 - known Swi6 target genes on different chromosomes. We verify this finding in a number of ways. First, this top hotspot is relatively stable under PRIM across parameter settings. Second, this hotspot is among the top hotspots by mean outcome identified by an alternative algorithm, k-Nearest Neighbor (k-NN) regression. Third, the distance between MSB2 and ERG11 is smaller than expected (by resampling) in two other 3D reconstructions generated via different normalization and reconstruction algorithms. This analytic approach can discover functional 3D hotspots and potentially reveal novel regulatory interactions.
Thermodynamics of Chain Architecture in Acrylic Block Terpolymers

In this article, we report the manipulation of block terpolymer morphology through control of the segment distribution. We consider a model system comprised of three acrylic monomers: hydrophilic poly(hydroxyethyl acrylate) (H), hydrophobic poly(octyl acrylate) (O), and polar poly(methyl acrylate) (M). For each of four chemical compositions, we altered the M segment distribution in four terpolymer architectures with reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization to yield: two triblock terpolymer architectures, HOM and HMO, and two diblock terpolymer architectures, HM/O and H/MO, where the M segments are statistically distributed in the O or H blocks, respectively. Using a combination of small-angle X-ray scattering and dynamic shear rheology, we illustrate how the monomer distribution can be used to manipulate the thermodynamic behavior of terpolymers at constant chemical composition. These results will be of use to those wishing to partially decouple the formulation of a block cop...
The Two Laws in England: The Later Middle Ages

The historian who pursues the origins of the modern con flict of church and state in the events of earlier times sometimes falls victim to the tendency to impose concepts of more recent date on the actions and opinions of older generations. The medievalist is guilty of this error when, from the vantage point of the present, he transposes his own notions of the modern secular state upon the political life of societies where it did not exist.1 Similarly, he misconstrues medieval attitudes when he presupposes the necessity of a separation of the two powers and then searches out illustrations of this division in ages when they often coincide. Fascinated by personalities like Thomas Becket, Henry IV, and Hildebrand, he sometimes makes prince and priest enemies in every sphere of action and assumes the existence of an inevitable and invariable hostility between them. In such ways he exaggerates both the intensity and the per sistency of their conflict and ignores the possibility of their frequent cooperation. Quite recently a distinguished British student of medieval political theory has scolded us for the "anachronistic nonsense" of talking about the medieval "state," especially before the thirteenth century and of applying to the Middle Ages the con temporary preoccupation with the "church-state problem."2 In reality the competition of the two authorities was neither unavoid
Prediction on Eepidemic of Scarlet Fever with Seasonal Variational Phenomenon in Tianjin

[Objective]To employ Z-D Phenomenon in predicting the scarlet fever epidemic in Tianjin,and provide theoretical basis for control of scarlet fever outbreak.[Methods]The scarlet fever epidemic data collected from 1970-2010 were adopted to establish the time series of scarlet fever.Correlation analysis was conducted between monthly cumulative percentage and predictive ratio of increase to decrease in incidence rate at the best cut-off point.The prediction was based on the established extrapolation model.[Results]The analysis showed negative correlation between monthly cumulative percentage and predictive ratio of increase to decrease in incidence rate.(r=-0.0.465,P0.01).Retrospective coincidence rate was up to 77.14%,and the coincidence rate of extrapolation forecast was 75.00%,which indicated that the forecasting result was satisfactory.[Conclusion]Z-D Phenomenon exists in the time series of scarlet fever,therefore the epidemic situation of scarlet fever can be predicted in the next year,based on the current epidemic data of Scarlet fever.
The economic complexity observatory: an analytical tool for understanding the dynamics of economic development

We introduce The Economic Complexity Observatory, a tool for helping users understand the evolution of countries' productive structures and trade partners. Here we bridge the gap of harnessing the raw computational power of cycling through thousands of entries of data with the analytical, decision making qualities of the human mind through the use of information visualization "apps". These allow for a richer understanding of large volumes of data and improve the quality of information readily available to decision makers. We present the data, process and different visualizations then, discuss the interface of The Observatory as a website built on standards with accessibility in mind.
Spatial and Temporal Variation in Local Stormwater Infrastructure Use and Stormwater Management Paradigms over the 20th Century

Stormwater management has significant consequences for urban hydrology, water quality, and flood risk, and has changed substantially over history, but it is unknown how these paradigm shifts play out at the local scale and whether local changes in stormwater infrastructure use follow similar trajectories across cities. This research addressed: (1) How does current infrastructure use and past infrastructure transitions vary across three cities with similar biophysical and climatic contexts but different development histories? and (2) How did stormwater and flood management paradigms change from early urbanization to current day in a single city? The use of storm sewers, detention basins, and canals for stormwater management was quantified for three cities in Utah, USA, over the 20th century. Stormwater management paradigms were quantified using media content analysis of newspaper articles from historic and recent periods in Salt Lake City. Results suggest that stormwater infrastructure development is decoupled from imperviousness across cities, and that newer and smaller cities follow different trajectories of stormwater management over time. This research highlights that there is no single model of urban hydrology and that heterogeneity in urban water management over time and space reflects shifting priorities and social learning.
Semi-physical identification and state estimation of energy intake for interventions to manage gestational weight gain

Excessive gestational weight gain (i.e., weight gain during pregnancy) is a significant public health concern, and has been the recent focus of novel, control systems-based interventions. This paper develops a control-oriented dynamical systems model based on a first-principles energy balance model from the literature, which is evaluated against participant data from a study targeted to obese and overweight pregnant women. The results indicate significant under-reporting of energy intake among the participant population. A series of approaches based on system identification and state estimation are developed in the paper to better understand and characterize the extent of under-reporting; these range from back-calculating energy intake from a closed-form of the energy balance model, to a constrained semi-physical identification approach that estimates the extent of systematic under-reporting in the presence of noise and possibly missing data. Additionally, we describe an adaptive algorithm based on Kalman filtering to estimate energy intake in real-time. The approaches are illustrated with data from both simulated and actual intervention participants.
New water repellent dielectric materials

The problems encountered with dielectric materials presently used in submarine antenna systems emphasize the need for improved materials. It is essential that a submarine be able to transmit its message as soon as the small whip antenna, for example, breaks water. The antenna insulator not only may have an accumulated coating of dirt from prolonged exposure to the weather but also may have been submerged for many hours under substantial hydrostatic pressure; thus it is likely to be dirty as well as wet as it surfaces. Under these conditions, an insulator made of the currently standard fluorocarbon may have an arbitrary insulation resistance of only one megohm with the result that some 90% of the power applied to the antenna is lost in surface leakage.
18. Frost’s Sitting by a Bush in Broad Sunlight

(1946). 18. Frost’s Sitting by a Bush in Broad Sunlight. The Explicator: Vol. 5, No. 3, pp. 35-37.
One-Pot Synthesis of α-Branched N-Acylamines via Titanium-Mediated Condensation of Amides, Aldehydes, and Organometallics

A three-component, titanium-mediated synthesis of α-branched N-acylamines from commercial or readily accessible amides, aldehydes, and organometallic reagents is reported. The transformation proceeds under mild reaction conditions and tolerates a variety of functional groups (including nitrile, carbamate, olefin, basic amine, furan, and other sensitive heteroaromatics) to generate a large umbrella of α-branched N-acylamine products in high yields. The operationally practical procedure enables the use of this method in parallel chemical synthesis, a valuable feature that can facilitate the screening of bioactive molecules by medicinal chemists.
Examining screening behaviors at a high-risk ovarian cancer clinic.

e13047Background: Women with deleterious BRCA1/2mutations have a significantly increased lifetime risk to develop ovarian cancer. Prophylactic surgery can significantly reduce ovarian cancer risk. The Northwestern Ovarian Cancer Early Detection and Prevention Program (NOCEDPP) was established to monitor this high-risk population prior to risk-reducing surgery. For such patients, providers in the NOCEDPP recommend screening with CA-125 and transvaginal ultrasound (TVUS) biannually. The aim of this study was to examine screening rates of women who have not had surgery but attend the NOCEDPP. Methods: We reviewed electronic health records of 1,662 women who attended the NOCEDPP clinic between October 2005 – October 2015. Demographic and clinical characteristics and utilization of screening were analyzed retrospectively using descriptive statistics and Kruskal-Wallis H-tests to examine differences in screening rates by age, race, ethnicity and insurance type. Results: Of the 1,662 women initially identified, ...
On the Intersection of Spiritual and Social-Emotional Development in Children and Adolescents

Counselors are expected to approach clinical work with children and adolescents through developmental lenses. In this article, we review two major developmental processes, spiritual and social-emotional, including major models, and explore integration of these models. We review the work of Fowler (1981) and Greenspan (1981, 1992, 1998) to provide a fuller understanding of the holistic developmental needs of children and adolescents. We provide implications for counselors focusing on the importance of including the child or adolescent’s spiritual and functional emotional development in case conceptualization and treatment planning.