cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dry‐Tilling of Pond Bottoms and Calcium Sulfate Treatment for Water Quality Improvement

Three different pond bottom treatments were evaluated in 12 earthen ponds. Bottoms of four ponds on the Auburn University Fisheries Research Unit, Auburn, Alabama, were dried for 1 mo and tilled with a roto-tiller (dry-till treatment). Four other ponds were dried and tilled, and after filling with water, enough gypsum (calcium sulfate) was applied to give a total hardness of about 200 mg/L. Gypsum was reapplied as needed to maintain the hardness (dry-till with gypsum treatment). Four ponds were not subjected to bottom drying, tilling or gypsum treatment (controls). Channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus fingerings were stocked at 15,000/ha. Selected water quality variables were measured at 1- to 2-wk intervals during the growing season. Concentrations of most variables increased over time because feeding rate was increased progressively as fish grew. Compared to the controls, both treatments had lower concentrations of total phosphorus and soluble reactive phosphorus, and higher concentrations of dissolved oxygen (P < 0.05). In addition, ponds of the dry-till with gypsum treatment had in addition lower concentrations (P < 0.05) of chlorophyll a, chemical oxygen demand, gross primary productivity, and total alkalinity than control ponds. The reduction in chlorophyll a concentration suggested less phytoplankton in gypsum-treated ponds, and this effect was probably related to lower phosphorus availability because of calcium phosphate formation. Secchi disk visibility, total suspended solids concentrations, and turbidity did not differ significantly among the treatments (P < 0.05). Total fish production and survival rate did not differ significantly (P < 0.05) among the treatments. These findings suggest that water quality improvement can be achieved by drying and tilling pond bottoms between crops, and benefits possibly may be increased by treating low hardness waters with gypsum.
Development and Implementation of High School Chemistry Modules Using Touch-Screen Technologies

Technology was employed to motivate and captivate students while enriching their in-class education. An outreach program is described that involved college mentors introducing touch-screen technology into a high school chemistry classroom. Three modules were developed, with two of them specifically tailored to encourage comprehension of molecular bonding principles using a chemistry-based iPad app. Feedback-oriented lessons were utilized to pinpoint and address the students’ learning needs and preferences. Integration of the touch-screen technology with the chemistry curriculum demonstrated favorable results for all people involved: the high school teacher received assistance in the classroom, the college mentors gained experience as well as encouraged the high school students to further pursue chemical education, and the high school students received reinforcement in their chemistry curriculum.
A chi-squared goodness-of-fit test for logistic regression models based on case-control data

SUMMARY We propose a chi-squared-type statistic to test the validity of the logistic regression model based on case-control data by adapting the goodness-of-fit test of Nikulin-RaoRobson-Moore. The proposed test statistic requires a high-dimensional matrix inversion, but is otherwise easy to compute and has an asymptotic chi-squared distribution. This test statistic is an alternative to the Kolmogorov-Smirnov-type statistic of Qin & Zhang (1997) and does not need to employ a bootstrap method to evaluate its critical values. We present some results on simulation and on analysis of two real datasets.
Optimized Offers for Cascaded Hydroelectric Generators in a Market With Centralized Dispatch

We examine the problem of a generator offering generation and ancillary services from a set of cascaded hydroelectric units to a centrally dispatched market that does not account for watershed constraints. By modeling the least-cost dispatch problem and computing the resulting schedules and market prices, we formulate a stochastic bilevel optimization problem that maximizes the generator's expected profits under different demand and supply realizations. To account for potential infeasibilities in the resulting hydroelectric dispatch, we include penalties in the generator's objective function. We propose a simple technique that replaces the lower-level dispatch problem with its linearized Karush-Kuhn-Tucker optimality conditions to convert the problem to a single-level mixed-integer program. We use two numerical case studies, based on actual river systems, to demonstrate the benefits of the proposed model.
Self-starting of passively mode-locked lasers with fast saturable absorbers.

Self-starting of passively mode-locked lasers with fast saturable absorption is studied. Our basic assumption is that the lasers will self-start when cw operation is unstable and mode-locked operation is stable. We start with a standard model, closely related to the Ginzburg–Landau equation, that is valid when the change in the time variation of the laser light during one round trip through the laser is small, and we determine the parameter regime in which cw mode operation becomes unstable. Coupled with previous results on the stability of mode-locked operation, these results allow us to determine when a laser will self-start. We apply our theory to figure-eight lasers with external gain.
Assessing 3D Virtual World Disaster Training Through Adult Learning Theory

As role-play, virtual reality, and simulated environments gain popularity through virtual worlds such as Second Life, the importance of identifying best practices for education and emergency management training becomes necessary. Using a formal needs assessment approach, we examined the extent to which 3D virtual tornado simulation trainings follow the principles of adult learning theory employed by the Federal Emergency Management Agency's (FEMA) National Training and Education Division. Through a three-fold methodology of observation, interviews, and reflection on action, 3D virtual world tornado trainings were analyzed for congruence to adult learning theory.
Imaging guided biopsy of renal masses: indications, accuracy and impact on clinical management.

Abstract Purpose We evaluated the indications, accuracy and impact of image guided biopsy of focal renal masses. Materials and Methods We retrospectively reviewed 79 image guided renal biopsies in 73 patients. Indications, imaging, and histological and clinical features were analyzed. We assumed that nephrectomy, partial nephrectomy or surgical biopsy of suspicious masses would be done when no percutaneous biopsy had been performed. A change in management was defined as surgical to nonsurgical. Results Clinical management was altered due to results in 32 of the 79 biopsies (41%) in cases managed nonoperatively, including positive and negative biopsies in those followed clinically and with imaging. Of 79 biopsies 49 (62%) were diagnosed positive for malignancy, including 15 (31%) that were not and 34 (69%) that were renal cell carcinoma. The histological diagnosis was negative on 25 biopsies (32%) and positive or negative on 74 (94%). All 5 of the 79 false-negative biopsies (6%) were due to insufficient tissue and involved highly suspicious imaging findings that required further evaluation, such as repeat biopsy or surgery. Renal cell carcinoma was identified in 4 of the 5 cases. In 12 of the 24 patients (50%) with a pre-biopsy history of nonrenal cancer biopsies were diagnostic of nonrenal cancer. No patient had major complications and in 4 small hematomas were treated with observation only. Conclusions Image guided renal mass biopsy is safe, reliable and accurate, and it changes clinical management in many cases by avoiding nephrectomy or other surgical options. Radiologists should promote imaging guided biopsy as a potentially useful option for managing suspicious or indeterminate renal masses.
Possible Mechanism Behind the Adjuvant Action of Phosphate Derivatives on Rectal Absorption of Cefoxitin in Rats and Dogs

The mechanism underlying the ability of phosphate derivatives to act as adjuvants and coadjuvants was examined in in vivo and in situ preparations in rats and dogs. The adjuvant effect of DL-α-glycerophosphate on the rectal absorption of sodium cefoxitin was greatly augmented by the presence of either sodium phytate or sodium tripolyphosphate. These coadjuvants only slightly enhanced cefoxitin rectal absorption when administered alone. Therefore, enhancement of the permeation of tripolyphosphate and phytate by α-glycerophosphate may be necessary before the coadjuvants can significantly affect cefoxitin absorption. The inhibitory effect of disodium 4,4′-diisothiocyano-2,2′-disulfonate stilbene, which is known to interact with the amino group in the protein fraction, on enhanced cefoxitin absorption suggests the involvement of the protein fraction in transport of cefoxitin across the rectal membrane.
Determination of backscatter sources in surface type targets

Abstract A high-resolution X-band FM-CW radar system has been used to investigate the sources of backscatter in various types of crops, trees and surfaces. This system provided a range resolution in air of 6·67 cm and gave a 16 cm diameter illumination area at the target. The surface targets included concrete walkways, grass, soil and asphalt pavements. Although the surfaces of these targets were the primary sources of backscatter, some subsurface boundaries were located and a volume scatter contribution was evident for some targets.
Ordovician Cryptostome Bryozoa, Standard Chazyan Series, New York and Vermont

Cryptostome bryozoans from the standard Chazyan strata represent some of the oldest known Bryozoa. Thin-section study of the well-preserved colonies of these bryozoan species reveals that the cryptostomes had evolved into four morphologic groups, the phylloporinids, stictoporids, pachydictyids, and escharoporids, each of which was phylogenetically distinct by Chazyan time. The oldest known cryptostomes are the phylloporinids and escharoporids represented by “Phylloporina” sp. A and Chazydictya chazyensis, respectively. These species and the stictoporid, Stictopora fenestrata Hall, range through most of the 470 feet of the type Chazyan beds, which are composed of biosparite, intrasparrudite, intrasparite, and dolomite and suggest deposition in high wave-energy environments. The oldest known cryptostomes of the pachydictyid group in Chazyan strata, Pachydictya sheldonensis n. sp. and Eopachydictya gregaria n. gen. and n. sp., and the escharoporid group, Chazydictya chazyensis n. gen. and n. sp., occur abundantly in bioherms in the Sheldon Lane and Isle La Motte sections in the upper 200 feet of Chazyan strata. Eopachydictya has some features that suggest similarity to the stictoporids; however, the granulose laminate microstructure of the zooecial walls and the rudimentary tabulate interspaces indicate that its true affinities are with the pachydictyids. This genus may represent a primitive position in the evolutionary divergence of the pachydictyids from the stictoporids.
Predicting disturbances to the near and offshore sedimentary regime from marine mining

The major natural forces that will have to be contended with in the course of marine mining operations are defined for both the nearshore and the offshore zones. In order for marine mining to safely interface with the environment in a non-destructive manner, natural baselines shall first have to be established. Further, to insure that the disturbances wrought by mining are minimal, occasional monitoring of the actual operation will be necessary. The tools and techniques for effectively dealing with these problems are discussed and a pilot program of investigations is suggested.
Vibrational relaxation times for a model hydrogen-bonded complex in a polar solvent

Abstract Molecular dynamics computer simulations are carried out to estimate, via a Landau-Teller formula, the vibrational relaxation times for the proton stretch, proton bend and symmetric stretch in a model hydrogen-bonded complex solute in a model polar aprotic solvent. The estimated times are all small when compared to those of nonpolar reference systems. Analysis indicates that Coulomb solute-solvent forces play a central role in causing these short times, but that their precise role is vibrational mode-specific. Interactions of the solute with first solvent shell molecules provide the dominant source of the relaxation forces.
CIRCULAR DICHROISM DETERMINATION OF CLASS I MHC-PEPTIDE EQUILIBRIUM DISSOCIATION CONSTANTS

Class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules bind peptides derived from degraded proteins for display to T cells of the immune system. Peptides bind to MHC proteins with varying affinities, depending upon their sequence and length. We demonstrate that the thermal stability of the MHC-peptide complex depends directly on peptide binding affinity. We use this correlation to develop a convenient method to determine peptide dissociation constants by measuring MHC-peptide complex stability using thermal denaturation profiles monitored by circular dichroism.
P4-03-02: High Fat Diet-Induced Postmenopausal Obesity Promotes Tumor Angiogenesis and Breast Cancer Progression in Age-Relevant Ovariectomized Mice.

Background: Obese postmenopausal women have 50% higher risk of breast cancer than non-obese women. The mechanisms of postmenopausal obesity-induced breast cancer are poorly understood due to lack of the established animal model that mimics postmenopausal obesity related to breast cancer progression. Material and Methods: Using age-relevant C57BL/6 mice, this study determined whether postmenopausal obesity increases VEGF expression, tumor angiogenesis, and breast tumor growth. Ovariectomy (OVX) was performed in 12 sixty week-old female mice (life span is about 140 weeks), then followed by a low-fat (5%, LF, n=6) or a high-fat (60%, HF, n=6) diet for 12 weeks. In the 8th wk of the dietary program, 10^6 E0771 (mouse breast cancer) cells were injected in the left fourth mammary gland. Tumor size was monitored using dial calipers for 4 wk. Body weights were monitored weekly. At the end of the experiment, blood samples, visceral fat, and tumors were collected for measuring VEGF expression using ELISA and intratumoral microvessel density (IMD) using CD31 immunochemistry. Results: Body weight was significantly increased in OVX/HF mice, compared to OVX/LF group (55.3±1.7 vs. 41.5±1.5 g; P Discussion: Our observations indicate that ovariectomy plus a high fat diet with the inoculation of E0771 (mouse ER+ breast cancer) cells in female wild type >60 week old mice can mimic human obesity-induced postmenopausal breast cancer. The increased tumor angiogenesis in postmenopausal obese mice was correlated with increased breast tumor growth, adipose tissue mass, and adipokines such as VEGF. These findings support the hypothesis that postmenopausal obesity promotes tumor angiogenesis and breast cancer progression, possibly through increased adipose tissue mass and adipokines such as VEGF that could systemically and locally affect breast cancer progression. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2011;71(24 Suppl):Abstract nr P4-03-02.
Correlation of serum triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) with biologic effects of thyroid hormone replacement in propylthiouracil-treated rats.

To study the role of T4 to T3 conversion in the biologic action of T4, thyroidectomized, hypothyroid rats were given subcutaneous T4 (0.8 or 1.6 μg/100g/day) with or without intraperitoneal propylthiouracil (PTU) (1 mg/100g/day). Rats were killed after 5, 10, 12, or 15 days of treatment and serum T3 and T4 levels were correlated with serum TSH, liver mitochondrial αGPD activity and weight gain. In rats killed at 5 days, PTU treatment resulted in higher serum T4, lower serum T3, and a markedly elevated serum T4:T3 ratio, demonstrating that PTU inhibits peripheral conversion of T4 to T3 in the rat. Despite higher T4 levels, mean serum TSH was higher in the two groups receiving PTU as well as T4. In rats receiving 0.8 μg T4, growth rate was also slower with concomitant PTU administration. In other groups of rats treated with 0.8 μg T4 for 10 and 15 days, PTU treatment resulted in similar differences in T3, T4, and T4:T3 ratios and serum TSH. At 15 days, rats treated with 0.8 μg T4 + PTU had significantly lower αGPD activity than rats receiving 0.8 μg T4 alone. PTU treatment had no effect on αGPD activity in rats maintained on 0.1 μg T3/100g/day indicating that there was no inhibition of this biologic response to T3 by this agent. PTU without T4 had no significant effect on TSH, weight gain, or αGPD activity. In addition, the dialyzable fraction of T3 and T4 in serum was not altered by this agent. These data show that in animals treated with T4, with and without PTU, TSH suppression, αGPD activity and growth correlate better with serum T3 concentrations than with serum T4. This suggests that for maximum biologic activity, T4 must be converted to T3.
The Development of Achievement Goals Throughout College Modeling Stability and Change

Emerging adulthood, defined for many by the college years, is an active period of personality development; less is known about goal change during these years. We investigated stability and change in the 2 × 2 model of achievement goals over 4 years (N = 527). We evaluated rank-order stability and mean-level change, and tested goal coupling hypotheses—the idea that early changes in goals predict later change in other goals—using multivariate latent difference score models. Achievement goals showed moderate rank-order stability over 4 years. Three of four goals demonstrated small normative declines, excepting performance approach goals. A change in mastery approach goals was associated with levels of the other three goals; these goals jointly acted to slow the decline of mastery goals. Trajectories for the other three goals were largely independent. Results suggest that goals are relatively stable individual differences during the college years.
The hypermetabolic giant: 18F-FDG avid giant cell tumor identified on PET-CT

An 87 year-old white female presented with a two-year history of intermittent discomfort in her left foot. PET-CT identified intense18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) uptake corresponding to the lesion. Histology of a fine needle aspiration and open biopsy were consistent with a benign giant cell tumor (GCT) of the bone. GCT of bone is an uncommon primary tumor typically presenting as a benign solitary lesion that arises in the end of the long bones. While GCT can occur throughout the axial and appendicular skeleton, it is exceedingly uncommon in the bone of the foot. While 18F-FDG has been established in detecting several malignant bone tumors, benign disease processes may also be identified. The degree of 18F-FDG activity in a benign GCT may be of an intensity that can be mistakenly interpreted as a malignant lesion. Therefore, GCT of the bone can be included in the differential diagnosis of an intensely 18F-FDG-avid neoplasm located within the tarsal bones.
Overcoming Barriers to Using Empirically Supported Therapies to Treat Childhood Anxiety Disorders in Social Work Practice

Anxiety disorders are among the most common psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents. Most empirically supported treatments (ESTs) for pediatric anxiety disorders include various cognitive-behavioral methods. Although demonstrated efficacious in controlled and clinic settings, there are barriers to implementing these types of therapies in social work settings due to beliefs about the usefulness of ESTs in community settings; limitations of treatment manuals; time constraints of implementing ESTs; fidelity and flexibility of implementing ESTs; and limited training opportunities. This article provides an overview of ESTs for childhood anxiety disorders, highlighting options for overcoming common barriers to implementing ESTs. Collaborative multi-method approaches to advance implementation of ESTs in social work practice are suggested.
Aspiration of a single dominant follicle leads to improved cohort development and pregnancy in a patient with poor response to in vitro fertilization treatment

Abstract Objective: To report improved follicular cohort development and a healthy ongoing pregnancy after midcycle aspiration of a single dominant ovarian follicle in a patient with poor response to IVF treatment. Design: Case report. Setting: University-based infertility center. Patient(s): A 39-year-old woman (gravida 1, para 0) with a borderline FSH level and four previous unsuccessful IVF attempts. Intervention(s): A single 27-mm follicular cyst was aspirated after 13 days of treatment, while controlled ovarian hyperstimulation was continued. Main Outcome Measure(s): Number of follicles developed, number of oocytes retrieved, development of a clinical pregnancy. Result(s): In previous attempts, the patient had no more than two dominant follicles and a maximum of three oocytes retrieved. After midcycle aspiration of the single lead follicle, a new cohort of seven follicles developed and seven oocytes were recovered. Six embryos were replaced by tubal ET and an ongoing singleton gestation resulted. Conclusion(s): Midcycle aspiration of a single lead follicle in a patient with poor response to IVF treatment allowed the development of a larger secondary cohort of follicles during the same cycle and ultimately led to a viable pregnancy. This intervention may have future implications for the treatment of poor responders.
A new thermal analytical technique for acrylic polymers

An unconventional thermal analytical technique has been developed for acrylic polymers. By adding water to the polymer the melting point is depressed well below the onset temperature of cyclic thermal degradation. This addition of water depresses the melting point of polyacrylonitrile from 320°C to 185°C. The melting behavior of acrylic copolymers in the wet and dry state is explained in terms of the Eby model of a polymer crystal whereby the non-crystallizable comonomers enter the crystal lattice as defects. The melting point and heat of fusion are interpreted as a measure of the regularity and strength of the intermolecular dipolar bonding that stabilizes the lattice.
Increased ERK activation and decreased MKP-1 expression in human myocardium with congestive heart failure

Summary Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), also known as the extracellular signal regulated protein kinase (ERK), is a member of a family of serine/threonine kinases which are activated by various growth factors. To date, the activity of ERK and the nuclear dual-specificity tyrosine/threonine protein phosphatase MKP-1, a principal inactivating phosphatase of ERK1/ERK2 in many cell types, in human myocardium with congestive heart failure (CHF) remain undefined. Therefore, the current study was designed to investigate ERK and MKP-1 expression in CHF patients. Cardiac tissue from normal subjects (n = 5) and end-stage CHF patients (n = 5) were obtained during cardiac transplantation. ERK and MKP-1 expression were determined by immunohistochemical staining (IHCS). The staining score (0–4) and positive staining area (0–100%) were determined. Both ERK and MKP-1 were expressed in nuclear and perinuclear regions of cardiomyocytes. In CHF patients, ERK phosphorylation IHCS score and positive staining area were significantly increased in right atrium (RA), left atrium (LA), right ventricle (RV), and left ventricle (LV) compared with normal subject RA, LA, and RV (normal LV tissue was not available). In contrast, MKP-1 IHCS score and positive staining area were significantly decreased in CHF patients RA, LA, RV, and LV myocardium compared with normal subjects. The cardiomyocyte diameter determined by BioQuant system was significantly increased in CHF myocardium compared with normal subjects. These studies suggest that activation of ERK and inhibition of MKP-1 may play a significant pathophysiological role in progression of cardiac hypertrophy and congestive heart failure.
Gas-Particle Flow Past Bodies with Attached Shock Waves

merely reversing the direction of the forces in the original system (i.e., changing the sign of the force parameter in the equation of motion). Since the original and the adjoint systems have the same eigenvalues, l a reversal of the direction of the forces does not alter the frequencies of vibration of the system. Flutter boundaries of undamped, linearly elastic systems are characterized by the coalescence of two frequencies. Since the frequencies are unaltered, the flutter boundaries are also unaltered due to a reversal of the forces* The previous results may be summed up in two points: 1) antiadjoint systems never buckle; and 2) frequencies and flutter boundaries of anti-adjoint systems are unaltered by a reversal in the direction of the forces.
Experimental study of flash atomization of binary hydrocarbon liquids

Abstract This paper aims to gain a better understanding of the flash atomization of a hydrocarbon solution containing n-hexadecane and n-butane, with nitrogen as the propellant gas. The nitrogen flow rate, injection temperature, and butane concentration were varied. Breakup pattern and spray quality were characterized by taking images at the nozzle exit. Mean droplet diameters were measured as a function of operating conditions. It is shown that the atomization of n-hexadecane can be significantly enhanced by using butane as a propellant liquid. For a given mean drop size, the presence of butane can markedly reduce the propellant-gas-to-liquid ratio. A simple and practical correlation for the Sauter mean diameter was developed, taking the form SMD ( μm )=118.4−28.3( Δ T ∗ −K) where Δ T ∗ and K are a dimensionless degree of superheating and the cavitation number, respectively. This correlation collapses all the data under diverse conditions into a single curve.
Variability of pressures and rates in the human cardiovascular system - Is it chaos or old fashioned noise?

We discuss various traditional and new methods of modelling time series data to reveal dynamic characteristics. We consider cases in which measurements represent signals from a deterministic generator contaminated by additive noise or multiplicative noise. The properties of chaotic dynamics (nonlinear deterministic mechanisms) are also discussed. Fluctuations in cardiovascular data, as demonstrated in 24-hour ambulatory monitoring records of blood pressures, heart rate and core temperature, are then examined from these various perspectives, including spectral analysis. The pointwise correlation dimension calculated on R-R intervals on the 24-hour electrocardiogram (Holter record) is shown to reveal variations in physiological state that cannot be seen as clearly by spectral analysis. We conclude that both periodic models (simple systems) and chaotic models (complex systems) are useful in that different groups of subjects can be compared by either analysis. Neither model by itself, using standard algorithms, has the capability of identifying the mechanism actually generating the time history. Thus, we answer the question posed in the title of this paper as follows: It is difficult to decide on the basis of models of data only.
Duchenne de Boulogne: electrodiagnosis of poliomyelitis.

Duchenne de Boulogne was among the first to investigate neuromuscular diseases. He stimulated muscle and nerve with moistened surface electrodes, thereby avoiding tissue necrosis. Technique and self-designed equipment are discussed in his first major work de l'electrisation localisee. During his 30 years of practice, he examined several hundred patients with poliomyelitis. With electrodiagnostic evaluation, he focused on "electrocontractility," the intensity of muscle contraction elicited by electrical stimulation. Based on his electrophysiologic findings, Duchenne suggested that the responsible lesion resided within the spinal cord. He used electrical stimulation for treatment and recognized prognostic features.
Rhodium(II) acetate catalyzed hydrocarbon oxidations by molecular oxygen

Abstract Rhodium(II) acetate is an effective catalyst for autooxidations of hydrocarbons at 25 °C and atmospheric pressure. Except for 9,10-dihydroanthracene which forms 9,10-anthraquinone and anthracene in a 3:1 molar ratio, 1,4-cyclohexadienes undergo oxidative aromatization with the production of hydrogen peroxide and water. 1,3-Cyclohexadienes are subject to extensive polymerization. 2,5-Diphenylfuran, which by itself is unaffected by molecular oxygen in the presence of Rh2(OAc)4, is converted to cis-1,2-dibenzoylethylene stoichiometrically with the production of p-cymene when reacted with an equivalent amount of 1-isopropyl-4-methyl-1,4-cyclohexadiene. Selective oxidation of 1-phenyl-1,3-butadiene produces cinnamaldehyde in four-fold excess over benzaldehyde, and catalytic autooxidation of p-cymene yields 2-(p-tolyl)-2-propanol instead of the anticipated hydroperoxide. Alkyl hydroperoxides undergo facile Rh2(OAc)4 catalyzed decomposition to their corresponding alcohols and molecular oxygen.
Blood Pressure Medications: ACE-I/ARB and Chronic Kidney Disease

ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME inhibitors (ACE-Is) or angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) are commonly used medications in the early stages of chronic kidney disease (CKD). This is especially the case for patients and clients with prediabetes, diabetes mellitus, and problems with high blood pressure. These medications have been shown to preserve kidney function by slightly reducing the filtration rate in the kidney. One of the common side effects of using these antihypertensive medications is an elevation of
Effect of cholesterol feeding on tissue lipid peroxidation, glutathione peroxidase activity and liver microsomal functions in rats and guinea pigs

The effect of cholesterol feeding on liver and aortic non- enzymatic lipid peroxidation and glutathione peroxidase activities, and on liver microsomal NADPH-dependent lipid peroxidation, codeine hydroxy- lation and cytochrome P-450 levels was examined in rats and guinea pigs. One percent cholesterol was added to a casein-sucrose-soybean oil basal diet for rats or a stock diet with 2% soybean oil for guinea pigs. The effect of vitamin E and cholestyramine was also examined in some experiments. Cholesterol feeding increased the rate of lipid peroxidation in liver and aortic homogenate both in rats and guinea pigs when fed non-vitamin E supplemented basal diets. Vitamin E supplementation prevented the in crease in the aorta, but not as completely in the liver in rats, while the reverse was true in guinea pigs. The effect of cholestyramine was dependent on the level of vitamin E in the diet. Cholesterol feeding decreased gluta thione peroxidase activities in rats and guinea pigs. In guinea pigs, choles terol feeding also markedly decreased liver microsomal NADPH-dependent lipid peroxidation, codein hydroxylation and cytochrome P-450 levels espe cially when fed non-vitamin E supplemented basal diets. In rats, cholesterol feeding reduced liver microsomal NADPH-dependent lipid peroxidation and in some cases, increased microsomal codeine hydroxylation activities, but had no effect on microsomal cytochrome P-450 levels. Vitamin E sup plementation increased liver and serum cholesterol levels in guinea pigs, but had no such effect in rats. Results of this study indicate that cholesterol feeding can result in various metabolic alterations in rats and guinea pigs. The implication of these alterations in atherogenesis requires further in vestigations. J. Nutr. 107: 310-319, 1977.
Prevalence and predictors of HIV-related stigma among institutional- and community-based caregivers of orphans and vulnerable children living in five less-wealthy countries

Background: In the face of the HIV/AIDS epidemic that has contributed to the dramatic increase in orphans and abandoned children (OAC) worldwide, caregiver attitudes about HIV, and HIV-related stigma, are two attributes that may affect caregiving. Little research has considered the relationship between caregiver attributes and caregiverreported HIV-related stigma. In light of the paucity of this literature, this paper will describe HIV-related stigma among caregivers of OAC in five less wealthy nations. Methods: Baseline data were collected between May 2006 through February 2008. The sample included 1,480 community-based and 192 institution-based caregivers. Characteristics of the community-based and institutionbased caregivers are described using means and standard deviations for continuous variables or counts and percentages for categorical variables. We fit logistic regression models, both for the full sample and separately for community-based and institution-based caregivers, to explore predictors of acceptance of HIV. Results: Approximately 80% of both community-based and institution-based caregivers were female; and 84% of institution-based caregivers, compared to 66% of community-based caregivers, said that they would be willing to care for a relative with HIV. Similar proportions were reported when caregivers were asked if they were willing to let their child play with an HIV-infected child. In a multivariable model predicting willingness to care for an HIVinfected relative, adjusted for site fixed effects, being an institution-based caregiver was associated with greater willingness (less stigma) than community-based caregivers. Decreased willingness was reported by older respondents, while willingness increased with greater formal education. In the adjusted models predicting willingness to allow one’s child to play with an HIV-infected child, female gender and older age was associated with less willingness. However, willingness was positively associated with years of formal education. Conclusions: The caregiver-child relationship is central to a child’s development. OAC already face stigma as a result of their orphaned or abandoned status; the addition of HIV-related stigma represents a double burden for these children. Further research on the prevalence of HIV-related acceptance and stigma among caregivers and implications of such stigma for child development will be critical as the policy community responds to the global HIV/AIDS orphan crisis.
A globally convergent tracking controller for the X4 flyer rotor craft for reference trajectories with positive thrust

In this paper we present a globally convergent and ultimately exponentially convergent tracking controller for an X4 Flyer rotor craft. The desired or reference trajectory is restricted in one way: its scalar thrust must be uni signed and bounded away from zero. The proposed controller is a two phase one. Phase I converges the attitude (orientation) error and thrust error to zero globally and ultimately exponentially. Phase II is a position tracking and relative yaw angle tracking controller, which is not globally convergent by itself. By carefully postponing a switch from Phase I to Phase II, we are able to assure that Phase II will ultimately drive the position error and relative yaw angle error to zero exponentially. In problem-statement/theorem/proof format, we define the system, the control objective, the proposed controller, and a rigorous proof that the controller maintains boundedness of all closed loop signals and provides global convergence of the tracking error to zero and also ultimately exponential convergence of the tracking error to zero.
Learning high-dimensional image statistics for abnormality detection on medical images

We present a general methodology that aims to learn multi-variate statistics of high dimensional images, in order to capture the inter-individual variability of imaging data from a limited number of training images. The statistical learning procedure is used for identifying abnormalities as deviations from the normal variation. In most practical applications, learning an accurate statistical model of the observed data is a very challenging task due to the very high dimensionality of the images, and the limited number of available training samples. We attempt to overcome this problem by capturing the statistics of a large number of lower dimensional subspaces, which can be estimated more reliably. The subspaces are derived in a multi-scale fashion, and capture image characteristics ranging from fine and localized to coarser and relatively more global. The main premise is that an imaging pattern that is consistent with the statistics of a large number of subspaces, each reflecting a marginal probability density function (pdf), is likely to be consistent with the overall pdf, which hasn't been explicitly estimated. Abnormalities in a new image are identified as significant deviations from the normal variation captured by the learned subspace models, and are determined via iterative projections on these subspaces.
THE RATE OF TURNOVER OF PROTEIN-BOUND IODINE IN THE PLASMA OF THE DOG AS MEASURED WITH RADIOACTIVE IODINE

THE METHODS most frequently employed for estimating the rate of thyroid secretion have been based on the replacement of circulating thyroid hormone by the injection of crystalline thyroxine. In the procedure introduced by Dempsey and Astwood (1943), rats were fed thiouracil in order to inhibit the formation of the thyroid hormone and injected simultaneously with graded doses of 1-thyroxine. The minimum quantity of thyroxine necessary to prevent increased thyrotropic activity of the pituitary as judged by thyroid size was taken as equivalent to the rate of secretion of the thyroid hormone. This amounted to 5.2 micrograms of 1-thyroxine per day for 80-120 gm. rats kept at 25°C. The above method was applied to the chick by Mixner et at. (1944), and to the fowl, goat, and cow by Schultze and Turner (1945).
Antipsychotic use during pregnancy and lactation: optimizing health for mother and newborn

This review article will evaluate the safety of antipsychotic use during pregnancy and lactation.
Conflict Resolution, Culture, and Religion: Toward a Training Model of Interreligious Peacebuilding

Recently, conflict resolution practitioners and scholars have begun exploring the application and compatibility of theory and practice to different religious and cultural contexts and conflicts. This article is aimed at, first, bridging conflict resolution and intercultural training concepts through the presentation of a training model in interreligious peacebuilding; second, examining the dynamics and participants' responses in an interreligious context to the intercultural sensitivity model, which is used in an intercultural communication training setting. The data and analysis are based on a series of workshops and interviews conducted between 1996 and 1999 with participants from diverse religious backgrounds. The narrative and stories illustrate the dynamics of the proposed training model and its impact on the participants. The analysis indicates that, with the exception of responses to the last two stages, participants in interreligious settings have similar types of responses to the Intercultural Sensitivity Model. Adaptation and integration responses not only did not exist, but were rejected by all participants on the grounds that moral, ethical, and spiritual religious dimensions would often prevent individuals from adopting integration or adaptation responses. Finally, the article proposes several questions and hypotheses to advance the research in this field.
Mathematical Models and the Assessment of Performance in Cardiology

We have entered a new era of medicine, in which physicians are no longer granted an assumption of excellence. Studies have demonstrated marked variability in the practice of medicine1 and revealed abundant opportunities for improvement in the care of patients. These studies have accentuated the pressure exerted by payers and the public on the profession to assume greater responsibility for delivering high-quality care. In this era of accountability, ratings and rankings proliferate as the public and payers seek information about the performance of physicians, hospitals, and health plans. The consequences of these rankings can be profound as marketing departments and the popular press seize the results. Hospitals ranked highly tend to tout their status in advertisements, whereas those with less favorable ratings hope to avoid being identified as hazards. The interest in rankings is particularly strong in cardiovascular medicine. Cardiovascular diagnoses represent a substantial proportion of high-volume and high-cost admissions to hospitals. Statewide and national efforts have focused on institution- and physician-specific outcomes after cardiovascular procedures and acute myocardial infarction.2 3 In several areas, such as bypass surgery, mortality rates are the most common basis for quality-of-care rankings. In New York, bypass surgery ratings of individual surgeons based on mortality rates4 are highly publicized in the press. Studies suggest that these public ratings have stimulated improvements in the care and outcomes of patients, although the evidence is indirect.5 Because patients are not randomly allocated to different physicians or hospitals, the comparison of outcomes among various sites is challenging. Differences in referral patterns and catchment areas may result in different populations at each institution. Consequently, the comparison of crude outcome rates may be misleading. The same mortality rate may be interpreted differently depending on the profile of the patients. An operative mortality rate of 2% for bypass …
DNA packaging of bacteriophage T4 proheads in vitro. Evidence that prohead expansion is not coupled to DNA packaging.

Abstract We developed a system for DNA packaging of isolated bacteriophage T4 proheads in vitro and studied the role of prohead expansion in DNA packaging. Biologically active proheads have been purified from a number of packaging-deficient mutant extracts. The cleaved mature prohead is the active structural precursor for the DNA packaging reaction. Packaging of proheads requires ATP, Mg2+ and spermidine, and is stimulated by polyethylene glycol and dextran. Predominantly expanded proheads (ELPs) are produced at 37 °C and predominantly unexpanded proheads (ESPs) are produced at 20 °C. Both the expanded and unexpanded proheads are active in DNA packaging in vitro. This is based on the observations that (1) both ESPs and ELPs purified by chromatography on DEAE-Sephacel showed DNA packaging activity; (2) apparently homogeneous ELPs prepared by treatment with sodium dodecyl sulfate (which dissociates ESPs) retained significant biological activity; (3) specific precipitation of ELPs with anti-hoc immunoglobulin G resulted in loss of DNA packaging activity; and (4) ESPs upon expansion in vitro to ELPs retained packaging activity. Therefore, contrary to the models that couple DNA packaging to head expansion, in T4 the expansion and packaging appear to be independent, since the already expanded DNA-free proheads can be packaged in vitro. We therefore propose that the unexpanded to expanded prohead transition has evolved to stabilize the capsid and to reorganize the prohead shell functionally from a core-interacting to a DNA-interacting inner surface.
Diminished adenosine A1 receptor expression in pancreatic α-cells may contribute to the pathology of type 1 diabetes.

Prediabetic NOD mice exhibit hyperglucagonemia, possibly due to an intrinsic α-cell defect. Here, we show that the expression of a potential glucagon inhibitor, the adenosine A1 receptor (Adora1), is gradually diminished in α-cells of NOD mice, autoantibody-positive (AA+) and overtly type 1 diabetic (T1D) patients during the progression of disease. We demonstrated that islet inflammation was associated with loss of Adora1 expression through the alternative splicing of Adora1. Expression of the spliced variant (Adora1-Var) was upregulated in the pancreas of 12-week-old NOD versus age-matched NOD.B10 (non–diabetes-susceptible) control mice and was detected in the pancreas of AA+ patients but not in control subjects or overtly diabetic patients, suggesting that inflammation drives the splicing of Adora1. We subsequently demonstrated that Adora1-Var expression was upregulated in the islets of NOD.B10 mice after exposure to inflammatory cytokines and in the pancreas of NOD.SCID mice after adoptive transfer of activated autologous splenocytes. Adora1-Var encodes a dominant-negative N-terminal truncated isoform of Adora1. The splicing of Adora1 and loss of Adora1 expression on α-cells may explain the hyperglucagonemia observed in prediabetic NOD mice and may contribute to the pathogenesis of human T1D and NOD disease.
DOA identifiability for rotationally invariant arrays

The problem of DOA (direction-of-arrival) estimation using sensor arrays composed of two identical uncalibrated rotated subarrays is considered. It is shown that such arrays do not provide an identifiable parameterization of the problem; i.e. unlike ESPRIT, unique estimates are not possible when more than one signal is present. >
Ultra-wideband planar antenna for UHF communications

A new ultra-wideband microstrip house-shaped patch antenna for UHF communications is proposed in this paper. The new ultra-wideband antenna has a 10-dB bandwidth of 104%, from 0.62 to 2.13 GHz. Within the operation bandwidth, the average antenna gain is 3.11 dBi. The design parameters and the performances of the antenna are presented.
Review of D. S. Clarke's Book: Panpsychism and the Religious Attitude

Clarke writes much on the difficulties that humanists and universal mechanism have in explaining consciousness. There is basically no way to extend a one-way chain of forward causes and thereby solve the origination problem. That is, there is no way to explain a proto-mentality that has no adaptive advantage as the original mentality. Clarke argues that mentality must have been always present, that it is an eternal quality. And he also extends his insights into biological evolution. Clarke attributes mentality to all natural bodies exhibiting unity of organization and homeostasis. His view is a type of restricted panpsychism he calls "atheistic panpsychism". You can find this book at Amazon: Panpsychism and the Religious Attitude .
Caucus and Cohesion in Canadian Parliamentary Parties

In a recent article Leon D. Epstein sets out to analyze Canadian parliamentary parties, particularly the reasons for their cohesiveness, so as to better understand American parties. In some respects, this is an extension of his earlier study of British parliamentary parties. An analysis of Canadian parties is particularly appropriate, he feels, because the Canadian party system has so often been described as an Anglo-American hybrid. As he succinctly points out:If a nation's size and diversity, social and structural federalism, or socio-economic class structure were to have anything to do with the achievement of cohesive legislative parties as is often argued, then the Canadian result should resemble the American. The fact that instead, Canadian legislative parties resemble the British in their crucial cohesion can only, in the present analysis, be attributed to the presence in Canada of a British parliamentary system.Professor Epstein argues that cohesion is maintained by Canadian Members of Parliament because: (1) they perceive it is to their personal advantage to act cohesively; (2) it is mutually advantageous to their parties and themselves; and (3) although not specifically stated, he strongly implies that the maintenance of their parties as viable, organized and effective groups requires such behavior on their part.He also states that the transcending of intraparty policy differences may be facilitated by the party legislative caucus.The process by which it transcends may well include caucus compromise rather than crude leadership or majority imposition of a policy on dissenting M.P.'s.