cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Spectrophotometric study on the reactions of iron(II) and iron(III) with Bromopyrogallol Red and hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide.

Bromopyrogallol Red (BPR) combines with iron(III) in the presence of hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTMAB) to form an intensely blue complex having a molar absorptivity of 5.20 × 104l. mole−1.cm−1 at 635 nm. The complex contains three molecules of BPR co-ordinated to an iron(III) ion, and two molecules of CTMAB associated with each BPR molecule, giving the overall formula (CTMAB)6(BPR)3Fe(III). Iron(II) also reacts with BPR and CTMAB in the presence of dissolved oxygen to form the iron(III) complex. No oxidizing or reducing agents are required for the determination of total iron in mixtures of iron(III) and iron(II), and Beer's law is followed from 0.05 to 0.5 ppm iron (1.00-cm cells). Of nine metal ions tested at the 1-ppm level, only manganese(II) and vanadium(V) interfere. Copper(II), cobalt(II), zinc, lead, nickel, aluminium and chromium(III) produce little or no interference when present at 100 ppm concentration.
Nationalism and nationalist parties: A comparison of the Flemish Volksunie and Vlaams Blok

Nationalist movements are not necessarily unified and may be represented by multiple nationalist political parties. When such parties emerge, do they form along subnationalist lines of cleavage? If so, the two Flemish nationalist parties in Belgium should be different kinds of party, appealing to different types of constituency. The historical divisions within the Flemish movement are employed to formulate expectations regarding the cleavage lines within the Flemish movement. These expectations are tested by using biographical data and party programmes. The article concludes that the expected divisions are indeed present and that they reflect different types of nationalism.
Scan-based processing with JPEG-2000

Many space-borne remote sensing missions are based on scanning sensors that create images a few lines at a time. Moreover, spacecraft typically have limited amounts of available memory, on account of weight, size and power constraints. For these reasons, the JPEG-2000 emerging standard has a requirement for stripe processing in order to meet the needs of the remote sensing profile. This paper first briefly presents the JPEG- 2000 algorithm, highlighting details pertinent to scan-based processing. A technique for meeting the stripe processing requirement is then presented. This technique use a sliding window rate control mechanism that maintains the desired average bit rate over entire images, while retaining a minimum number of bytes in memory at any given time. Results are then presented to show performance over various sliding window sizes.
Temperature-Heat-Flux Integral Relationship in the Half-Space by Fourier Transforms

A = constant in Holder’s condition, Eq. (3e) C = heat capacity, kJ= kg C f x = initial condition, Eq. (1b) C k = thermal conductivity, W= m C q00 = dimensional heat flux, W=m s = dummy time variable, s T = temperature, C To = initial temperature, C T t = Fourier transform (either sine of cosine), C=m t = time, s to = dummy time variable, s u = dummy time variable, s x = spatial variable, m = thermal diffusivity [k= C ], m=s = constant in Holder’s condition, Eq. (3e) = fixed position, m = continuous spectral variable, 1=m = density, kg=m
Improved Creep Behavior of Ferritic-Martensitic Alloy T91 by Subgrain Boundary Density Enhancement

The objective of this study was to increase the creep strength of the ferritic-martensitic (F-M) alloy T91 by enhancing the subgrain boundary density. A thermomechanical treatment involving a 5 pct compression treatment, followed by an annealing treatment at 1050 °C for 1 hour, then air cooling, and a tempering treatment at 800 °C for 0.66 hours, then another air cooling, resulted in an increase in the subgrain boundary density of ∼39 pct, without altering any of the other microstructural features. Creep tests were conducted on both as-received (AR) and subgrain-boundary-enhanced (SGBE) conditions of the F-M alloy T91, over a temperature range of 500 °C to 600 °C and in the stress range of 150 to 255 MPa in argon. The T91-AR exhibited a higher creep rate than the T91-SGBE by a factor of ∼2.0 to 8.0. The ratio of time to rupture for the T91-SGBE compared to the T91-AR varied from 1.0 to 5.0. In general, higher ratios were seen at higher stresses. Creep behavior was analyzed on the basis of the Orowan equation, according to which creep rate is controlled by the mobile dislocation density and dislocation velocity. Internal stress calculations performed on both conditions showed a higher internal stress in the T91-SGBE by ∼10 MPa. Analysis of the sources of internal stress suggest that the higher value for the SGBE condition is due to subgrain boundary density enhancement. The SGBE condition exhibited a temperature-increment benefit of between 8 °C and 26 °C, such that the creep strength realized for the T91-SGBE was similar to that realized for the T91-AR, but at a higher temperature. The temperature-increment benefit increased exponentially with applied stress but less so with temperature.
Glacial-Holocene Transition in Deep-Sea Carbonates: Selective Dissolution and the Stable Isotope Signal

The oxygen and carbon isotopic signals of planktonic Foraminifera from closely spaced samples from two box cores taken in the western equatorial Pacific change through the glacial-to-Holocene transition as a result of several factors, one of which is the Holocene dissolution pulse starting about 12,000 years ago and reaching full force shortly after. The onset of dissolution comes shortly after the maximum rate of deglaciation but well before the maximum drop in fertility in upper waters. The effect of dissolution is 20 to 30 percent of the amplitude of isotopic change in Globigerinoides sacculifer, at the depth of the present lysocline.
Non-additive voltammetric currents from multicomponent systems of redox-active substances

Abstract Mixtures of two redox-active compounds with dissimilar diffusion coefficients produce non-additive mass-transfer limited currents. Similarly, in the potential range where three redox-active species, decamethylferrocene (dMeFc), ferrocene (Fc) and N -methylphenothiazine (MePTZ), are oxidized simultaneously ( E MePTZ o ′ > E Fc o ′ > E dMeFc o ′ ) with rates controlled by linear diffusion, electrogenerated radicals diffusing outwards from the electrode react with original species diffusing towards the electrode from the bulk; thus, Fc + reacts with dMeFc producing Fc and dMeFc + , while MePTZ + reacts with both Fc and dMeFc producing MePTZ together with Fc + and dMeFc + . These processes replace the flux of dMeFc with Fc at the second current plateau (referring to normal pulse voltammetry), and the fluxes of both dMeFc and Fc with MePTZ at the third plateau. Analogous results have been obtained and analyzed with two other multicomponent systems undergoing multiple sequential electron transfers, namely dMeFc/Fc/TPTA and dMeFc/TTF (TPTA: tri- N - p -tolylamine; TTF: tetrathiafulvalene). Since the diffusion coefficients of the three species are different, the mass-transfer limited currents of the second and third oxidation waves are not equal to the sum of the currents that each component would have produced if it were in the solution alone. Numerical simulations of the experimental voltammograms using diffusion coefficients measured independently support this mechanism. Multicomponent systems are encountered frequently in practice and our results identify one significant (∼10%) source of error in quantitative voltammetric analysis. Ways around the problem are summarized in the conclusions section.
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor does not improve recovery after cardiac arrest in rats

Increased brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels and extracellular-signal regulated kinase (ERK) signaling are associated with reduced brain injury after cerebral ischemia. In particular, mild hypothermia after cardiac arrest increases BDNF and ERK signaling. This study tested whether intracerebroventricular infusions (0.025 microg/h x 3 days) of BDNF also improved recovery of rats resuscitated from cardiac arrest and maintained at 37 degrees C. BDNF infusions initiated at the time of cardiac arrest did not alter survival, neurological recovery, or histological injury. Separate experiments confirmed that BDNF infusions increased tissue levels of BDNF. However, these infusions did not increase ERK activation in hippocampus. These data suggest that increased BDNF levels are not sufficient to explain the beneficial effects of mild hypothermia after cardiac arrest, and that exogenous BDNF administration does not increase extracellular ERK signaling.
THE PATIENT WITH CHRONIC RENAL FAILURE AND SURGERY.

Abstract Uremia increases the hazard of most surgical procedures and enhances the risks of anesthesia. However, surgical procedures may be desirable or necessary in uremic patients. Careful attention should be given to the interaction of uremia and drugs, the risks of bleeding, infection and poor wound healing. The effects of surgery on protein catabolism are recognized, and procedures are outlined for correction of fluid balance and maintenance of urine flow during and after surgery. Chronic dialysis may be used to prepare even the most severely uremic patient for major elective surgery.
Computer analysis of the electroencephalogram: Evoking, promoting, and provoking

Having a long history of applying analog processing techniques to their data, electroencephalographers were among the first to use the digital computer in the laboratory. Methodological and terminological lessons learned from these applications are discussed in terms of their significance for the psychophysiologist in specific and the psychological laboratory in general.
Ornstein-Zernike and analyticity properties for classical lattice spin systems

Abstract The leading Ornstein-Zernike behavior of the truncated two-point function G ( x ) is obtained from information on the poles of the Fourier transform G ~( p ). Analyticity of G ~( p ) as a function of the complex variables p and the inverse temperature β is studied in detail for |β| sufficiently small.
Analytical solutions for Ulrich's spherical thermal

Abstract Ulrich's radiating, compressible, spherical thermal model of turbulent convection in a superadiabatic atmosphere is examined analytically. Since the governing ordinary differential equations form an autonomous system, for which the characteristics are obtained by asymptotic approximations, the possible solutions can be exhaustively classified on the basis of their evolution in time. Results show that there are two types of thermal with finite lifetimes, and that these occur, in an atmosphere of fixed background turbulence and structure, only when the initial size and velocity of the thermal are restricted to specified regions of the (size, velocity) plane. Comparison of the analytical solution for the characteristics to a stable numerical solution indicates excellent agreement. This analytical solution should allow detailed structure calculations for superadiabatic layers at a computational cost comparable to present mixing-length calculations.
A Method for increasing precision and reliability of elasticity analysis in complicated burn scar cases

In this paper we propose a method for increasing precision and reliability of elasticity analysis in complicated burn scar cases. The need for a technique that would help physicians by objectively assessing elastic properties of scars, motivated our original algorithm. This algorithm successfully employed active contours for tracking and finite element models for strain analysis. However, the previous approach considered only one normal area and one abnormal area within the region of interest, and scar shapes which were somewhat simplified. Most burn scars have rather complicated shapes and may include multiple regions with different elastic properties. Hence, we need a method capable of adequately addressing these characteristics. The new method can split the region into more than two localities with different material properties, select and quantify abnormal areas, and apply different forces if it is necessary for a better shape description of the scar. The method also demonstrates the application of scale and mesh refinement techniques in this important domain. It is accomplished by increasing the number of Finite Element Method (FEM) areas as well as the number of elements within the area. The method is successfully applied to elastic materials and real burn scar cases. We demonstrate all of the proposed techniques and investigate the behavior of elasticity function in a 3-D space. Recovered properties of elastic materials are compared with those obtained by a conventional mechanics-based approach. Scar ratings achieved with the method are correlated against the judgments of physicians.
A low-energy key management protocol for wireless sensor networks

Wireless sensor networks have a wide spectrum of civil and military applications that call for security, e.g., target surveillance in hostile environments. Typical sensors possess limited computation, energy, and memory resources; therefore the use of vastly resource-consuming security mechanisms is not possible. In this paper, we propose a cryptographic key management protocol, which is based on the IBSK scheme, but only two symmetric keys are required to be pre-deployed at each sensor. The protocol supports the eviction of the compromised nodes. Simulation shows that the key management is remarkably low thanks to the multi-tier network architecture in which only sensor-to-gateway secure sessions are allowed, and reports order-of-magnitude improvement in energy saving as compared to the original IBSK scheme, and Kerberos-like schemes.
Merging traditional VLSI with photonics

This tutorial paper looks at the possibilities for integrated photonic VLSI systems. It examines the need for "disruptive" technologies to solve the very problems that feature size scaling has introduced in traditional VLSI electronics and the potential for photonics and hybridized systems to solve these problems. It also considers the various challenges involved in constructing a photonic VLSI system as well as the potential pitfalls and disadvantages of this approach. The paper concludes with a discussion of these challenges and benefits by showing steps toward realizing such a system and how addressing problems in computer architecture with an innovative photonics approach can lead to benefits in system wide performance not previously seen with existing approaches.
The Au-Ir (Gold-Iridium) System

The l iquid s ta te of th is sys tem shows a broad immisc ib i l i ty zone [59Rud]. There are no in te rmedia te phases [59Rud]. The p r imary solid solubi l i t ies are less t han 0.1 wt.% Ir ( 0 . 1 at.% Ir) in Au and less t han 2 wt.% Au ( 2 at.% Au) in Ir according to the micros t ructure , microhardness , elect r ica l resis t ivi ty,* t he rma l emf,* and mel t ing point* measurements [59Rud]. Pr io r to the work of [59Rud], i t was
The “future like ours” argument and human embryonic stem cell research

The most closely argued and widely discussed case against abortion in the philosophical literature today is Don Marquis's "future like ours" argument. The argument moves from an analysis of why there is a serious presumption against killing someone "like us" to the conclusion that most abortions are seriously wrong for the same reason: they deprive "an individual" of a future of valuable experiences and activities, a "future like ours". Julian Savulescu has objected that "preventing" such a future could not be as seriously presumptively wrong as Marquis contends for if it were, even contraception and failure to engage in reproductive cloning would be seriously presumptively wrong. Savulescu maintains that there is only a modest presumption against preventing a "future of value like ours" and that in the case of human embryonic stem cell research, it is clearly outweighed by "the enormous potential to save people's lives and to improve their quality of life". Marquis defends his strong anti-abortion stance against Savulescu's "contraception" and "failure to clone" objections but surprisingly says nothing about the implications of the "future like ours" argument for the controversy surrounding human embryonic stem cell research. I argue that key features of Marquis's response actually support the view that embryos used in stem cell research are not included within the protective scope of the "future like ours" argument. It is significant that the most philosophically rigorous anti-abortion case thus far presented does not entail that human embryonic stem cell research is even presumptively wrong.
Video teleconferencing (VTC) in an integrated digital network exchange (IDNX)-based communications system

Supporting VTC in an enterprise communications system is a challenge because of the impact of the large amounts of bandwidth that must be dedicated during each conference. The paper looks at how VTC is supported in the United States Special Operations Command (USSOCOM) SCAMPI (no acronym) telecommunications system. Demands of bandwidth, pre-emption, switching and routing are examined for VTC, as well as other voice and data services. The SCAMPI architecture was changed to support VTC through use of an Integrated Service Digital Network (ISDN) application combined with existing services. The resulting implementation provides VTC as a standard service, competing with others for bandwidth. During periods when a VTC is not being held, bandwidth for selected other services is automatically increased without operator intervention. >
Comparative analysis of the immunosuppressive properties of two antiviral, iodinated thymidine analogs, 5-iodo-2'-deoxyuridine and 5-iodo-5'-amino-2',5'-dideoxyuridine.

5-Iodo-5′-amino-2′,5′-dideoxyuridine (AldUrd), given as five single i.p. injections on Days 0 to 4 after antigenic challenge with sheep erythrocytes, had no demonstrable effect on serum hemagglutinin titers in doses as high as 2000 mg/kg/day. This was the maximum feasible single dose, but no 10% lethal dose was determinable. Similarly, 5-iodo-2′-deoxyuridine (IdUrd), 50 mg/kg/day (10% lethal dose), on Days 0 to 4 did not significantly affect this humoral response. However, with a more sensitive assay, immunocytoadherence, reductions in the number of hemagglutinin-forming cells in the spleen were found at several levels of AldUrd and IdUrd, but the same level of inhibition was attained by a course of AldUrd, 2000 mg/kg, or IdUrd, 50 mg/kg. Spleen cell-mediated immunity against lethally irradiated L1210 was measured by 4-hr 51Cr release and 48-hr growth inhibition assays. Both drugs showed dose-related immunosuppression. With AldUrd, 2000 mg/kg/day, and IdUrd, 100 mg/kg/day, on Day 0 to 4, cytotoxicity was inhibited by 35 to 68% and 73 to 90%, respectively. In comparison, a similar course of 1-β-d arabinofuranosylcytosine, 40 mg/kg/day, completely abrogated both humoral and cell-mediated immunity. When AldUrd and IdUrd were administered on Days -5 to -1, little effect on either type of immunity was found, while pretreatment with the alkylating agent, cyclophosphamide, abolished all T-cell-mediated killing as measured on Day 7. Thus, AldUrd appears to be a very mild and IdUrd a moderate to strong cell cycle-dependent immunosuppressive.
Material and process challenges in embedding polymeric waveguides and detectors in system on package (SOP)

Polymer materials are becoming increasingly important for integrated optics, in part due to the easy and low cost manufacturability. Embedded polymer waveguides and other polymer devices such as gratings, micro lenses, switches, splitters, etc. are increasingly used in packages and printed wiring boards (PWBs) for optical interconnection and are becoming an emerging technology to enable high data rates over centimeter lengths on-board. A nano scale local surface roughness is desirable for the implementation of these devices in order to avoid unnecessary optical losses. Yet it is a great challenge to control surface roughness on PWB surfaces to the nanometer scale over distances of a millimeter. In addition, board flexibility, lack of planarity, and thermal expansion create great challenges for the implementation of integrated digital-optical technology on packages or boards. A buffer layer produced by a low cost process and which results in a nano scale local roughness is a critical solution that enables the integration of low loss waveguides and other optical passives on boards. It is one of the objectives of this article to demonstrate how to reduce the "as received" surface roughness of a HDI board, which may additionally contain metal lines up to 18 /spl mu/m thick, to a roughness of /spl plusmn/20 nm in general and to /spl plusmn/5 nm or less in special cases over distances of 500 /spl mu/m. We will also discuss fabrication of low loss, low multimode waveguides with 0.24 dB/cm at 1.32 /spl mu/m and 0.52 dB/cm at 1.55/spl mu/m, as well as other optical passives such as micro lenses having 50-250 /spl mu/m base diameter and 80 to 200 /spl mu/m focal length, surface relief gratings with 250 lines/mm and a 35-degree blaze angle, micro mirrors, as well embedded photo detectors, including I-MSM thin film detectors and off-the-shelf PiN bare die detectors. Finally, metallization of bonding pads structures on waveguide polymer material will also be discussed.
Electro-optic modulation in horizontally slotted silicon/organic crystal hybrid devices

Electro-optic modulation is achieved in devices consisting of single-crystalline thin films of N-benzyl-2-methyl-4-nitroaniline grown from the melt in the slots of phase modulators based on horizontally slotted silicon waveguides. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first experimental realization of an electro-optically active horizontally slotted silicon waveguide and also the first demonstration of organic crystalline materials being implemented into the slotted silicon photonics technology. The experimentally determined half-wave voltage times length product and the losses are estimated to be Vπ×L=14.7±2 V·cm and 10±2.4 dB/cm, respectively. The fabrication concept employed here circumvents technological issues present in the context of conventional vertically slotted waveguide structures, since the slots with cross-sectional dimensions of about 1000 nm×160 nm have been patterned with standard optical photolithography into thermally grown oxide sandwiched between two fusion bonded device silicon layers. In contrast to previously reported vertically slotted silicon waveguides with polymeric slot materials, organic crystalline based devices do not require high-electric-field poling prior to operation and feature an excellent long-term stability of dipole orientation in addition to superior photochemical stability.
Vertical Zonation: Studying Ecological Patterns in the Rocky Intertidal Zone

ABSTRACT Vertical zonation is a fascinating and well-studied ecological pattern that is readily observable in nature, and general aspects of it can be easily understood by fifth- and sixth-grade students. In this lesson, live animals can be used to engage student interest, and provide a simple yet effective means of teaching students about the importance of animal adaptations in determining an animal's distribution in the rocky intertidal zone. Knowledge of different animals’ adaptations, combined with a basic knowledge of the physiological stresses faced by these animals that live in what is perhaps the world's harshest biome, enable the students to make predictions about where each of the animals might be found within the rocky intertidal zone.
Optimal Timing for Software Functionality Additions by Internet Portals

Managerial decisions regarding software functionality additions at Internet portals are interesting to senior managers involved in e-commerce. Portals can leverage software functionality additions to improve their sites capabilities to create value for the consumers and improve their profitability. Current examples include Internet portals launch of desktop search engines, new mass-storage email services, and implementation of instant messaging services. We present decision models for an Internet portal to determine the appropriate launch time for a software functionality addition. We assume the portals have heterogeneous costs and value latencies for market acceptance of their functionality additions. A portals decision to be a leader in adding functionality depends on its launch cost and the latency of the benefits flow. Low-cost portals may choose to follow, if revenues are sufficiently slow to materialize. If high-cost portals expect to achieve rapid acceptance of the capabilities associated with the new functionality, they will choose to lead.
Genomic insights into acute inflammatory lung injury

Acute lung injury (ALI) is a devastating syndrome (usually associated with sepsis) that represents a major healthcare burden in the United States. We have focused our studies on unraveling the gene...
Scaling phloem transport: water potential equilibrium and osmoregulatory flow

In this work, the common assumption that phloem sap is in water potential equilibrium with the surrounding apoplast was examined. With a dimensionless model of phloem translocation that scales with just two dimensionless parameters ( and ), a ‘map’ of phloem behaviour as a function of these parameters was produced, which shows that the water potential equilibrium assumption ( >> 1) is valid for essentially all realistic values of the relevant scales. When in water potential equilibrium, a further parameter reduction is possible that limits model dependence to a single parameter ( ), which describes the ratio of the solution’s osmotic strength to its axial pressure drop. Due to the locally autonomous nature of individual sieve element/companion cell complexes, it is argued that longdistance integrative control is most efficient when is large (that is, when the pressure drop is relatively small), permitting the sieve tube to regulate solute loading in response to global changes in turgor. This mode of transport has been called ‘osmoregulatory flow.’ Limitations on the pressure drop within the transport phloem could require that sieve tubes be shorter than the long axis of the plant, and thus arranged in series and hydraulically isolated from one another.
Stigma and Status: Interracial Intimacy and Intersectional Identities among Black College Men

In this article, I use in-depth interviews with Black college students at two predominantly white universities to investigate the coconstruction of race, gender, and sexuality, and to examine intersectional identities as a dynamic process rather than bounded identity. I focus on Black college men’s talk about interracial relationships. Existing research documents Black women’s angry reactions to interracial relationships, but for Black men, interracial relationships present both problems and opportunities. I examine how Black men use two distinct forms of interracial talk— “player” talk and “intimacy” talk—to negotiate racialized gendered stereotypes of Black men’s heterosexuality. By moving between forms of talk, Black men negotiate the identity tensions they face as Black upwardly mobile men. Player talk and intimacy talk both respond to and use racialized stereotypes, reworking the relationship between gender, race, and sexuality. In this case, disrupted racial boundaries uphold gender inequalities bet...
Myxothiazol Induces H2O2 Production from Mitochondrial Respiratory Chain

Interruption of electron flow at the quinone-reducing center (Qi) of complex III of the mitochondrial respiratory chain results in superoxide production. Unstable semiquinone bound in quinol-oxidizing center (Qo) of complex III is thought to be the sole source of electrons for oxygen reduction; however, the unambiguous evidence is lacking. We investigated the effects of complex III inhibitors antimycin, myxothiazol, and stigmatellin on generation of H2O2 in rat heart and brain mitochondria. In the absence of antimycin A, myxothiazol stimulated H2O2 production by mitochondria oxidizing malate, succinate, or α-glycerophosphate. Stigmatellin inhibited H2O2 production induced by myxothiazol. Myxothiazol-induced H2O2 production was dependent on the succinate/fumarate ratio but in a manner different from H2O2 generation induced by antimycin A. We conclude that myxothiazol-induced H2O2 originates from a site located in the complex III Qo center but different from the site of H2O2 production inducible by antimycin A.
Anaerobic processes in soil

Anaerobic conditions in soil affect plant productivity as well as organic matter and nutrient dynamics. Anaerobic processes often dominate biological and chemical features of flooded and poorly drained soils but in well-drained soils, anoxia is restricted to small zones and to limited periods. The anaerobic processes listed according to their approximate sequence of occurrence as the redox decreases are: Fe3+ and Mn4+ reduction, denitrification, fermentation, nitrate respiration, dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium, sulfate reduction, carbon dioxide reduction, acetate splitting, and proton reduction. Two of the anaerobic processes, denitrification and fermentation of pollutant chemicals have been studied and recent results are summarized here. We describe the measurement of denitrification using a recirculating atmosphere of acetylene, provide quantitative information on the effect of moisture and oxygen on denitrification, and report on the oxygen concentration within soil aggregates measured by oxygen microelectrodes. The current hypotheses for the pathway leading from nitrate to the N−N bond and N2O are also presented. Recent work in our laboratory has shown a new reaction for the metabolism of some chlorinated organic chemicals. In this reductive dehalogenation, the ring Cl is replaced by a proton. An unusual organism which carried out this reaction has been enriched and isolated on 3-chlorobenzoate. These anaerobic reactions may be of further use in pollutant removal. With these new techniques and knowledge available, it is now possible to gain a better understanding of the biochemistry, physiology, ecology and diversity of the anaerobic organisms and their processes in soil.
Estimation of cell traction and migration in an isometric cell traction assay

A quantitative analysis of data from an in vitro assay presented allows for simultaneous study of cell migration within as well as cell traction on tissue equivalents (collagen gels seeded with tissue cells to serve as model tissues). Using our anisotropic biphasic theory for modeling tissue equivalents, the ability of the model to simulate the data was validated by accurately predicting the alignment of fibroblasts and collagen fibrils in the compacting collagen gels and the effects of gel aspect ratio on gel compaction. The effects of migration and adhesion modulating factors (platelet-derived growth factor-BB and an anti-β1 integrin antibody), as well as mechanical stress in the collagen network (attached vs. floating gels), on cell migration and traction during compaction were investigated. In all cases, cell migration was negatively correlated with cell traction. The relevance of the results to wound contraction is discussed.
Abstract 17285: Frequent Consumption of Meals Prepared at Home and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Among American Men and Women

Introduction: The frequency of eating meals prepared at home (MPAH) decreased among Americans over the last 50 years. Eating out has been associated with poor diet quality and weight gain in adolescents and adult. Few studies have examined MPAH frequency in relation to diabetes risk. Hypothesis: Having MPAH is associated with lower risk of Type 2 Diabetes (T2D). Methods: We followed 57,994 women in the Nurses’ Health Study and 41,679 men in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study from 1986 to 2012. Participants were free of diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer at baseline. Weekly frequencies of consuming MPAH were collected at baseline, and summed up as overall MPAH. Results: Participants with more MPAH had higher intake of whole grains, total and low-fat dairy products, fruits, and vegetables, and lower sugar sweetened beverage (SSB) at baseline. However, MPAH turned to be associated with more red meat and low coffee intakes. MPAH was moderately associated with less weight gain during follow-up....
Factors Associated With Volunteering Among Racial/Ethnic Groups Findings From the California Health Interview Survey

The present study investigated how volunteering was influenced by individual resources and social capital among four racial/ethnic groups of adults aged 50 and older. The data came from the California Health Interview Survey, a statewide sample that includes non-Hispanic Whites ( n = 18,927), non-Hispanic Asians ( n = 2,428), non-Hispanic Blacks ( n = 1,265), and Hispanics ( n = 3,799). Logistic regression models of volunteering were estimated to explore the effects of human and social capital within and across the racial/ethnic groups. Compared to Whites, racial/ethnic minority adults volunteered less. Although education was a significant predictor of volunteering across all groups, the findings indicated group-specific factors related to human and social capital. Results showed similarities and differences associated with volunteer participation among diverse racial/ethnic groups. The findings underscore the importance of understanding ways of creating inclusive opportunities for civic engagement among an increasingly diverse population.
Experimental Investigations and Numerical Modeling of Incompressible Elastomers during Non-Homogeneous Deformations

Abstract Three hyperelastic constitutive models, the Arruda and Boyce model, the Yeoh model, and the Ogden model, are used to simulate the response of vinyl elastomers in large, non-homogeneous deformation states. A single uniaxial compression test is used to characterize the elastomers to obtain model constants. Drucker stability is enforced by restriction of the coefficients for the Yeoh and Ogden models to produce physically feasible uniaxial results. The ability of the models to predict the global force versus deformation responses and deformed shapes for large deformation shear, tensile deformation of a long bar with fixed grips, and inflation of a thin disk is examined. The experiments used in this study are designed to provide known boundary conditions to eliminate ambiguity in the modeling. We demonstrate for the first time that each of these models may be sufficiently characterized via a simple, homogeneous compression test to allow accurate predictions of large, non-homogeneous deformations invo...
Genetically Encoded Voltage Indicators: Mapping Cardiac Electrical Activity Under a New Light

Since the days of Einthoven, graphical representations of cardiac electric activity have greatly advanced our understanding of arrhythmias and their mechanisms. Throughout the 20th century, technological advances led to improvements in the temporal and spatial resolution with which electric signals were detected. Optical mapping of electric activity was made possible by the discovery of voltage sensitive dyes that report changes in light emission as a function of transmembrane potential.1 A major breakthrough came with the use of high-speed cameras that can simultaneously detect the optical signal from thousands of neighboring sites, adding orders of magnitude to the spatial resolution.2 As in many other fields of science, visualizing what before had only been imagined led to a rapid advance in the understanding of function. Optical mapping continues to progress and with the work of Chang Liao et …
LiNbO3 – Where Do We Go From Here?

This presentation explores new process technologies, devices, and applications of LiNbO3 developed since its first commercial success, the traveling wave modulator. Topics range from film growth to entangled sources and their potential impact on communications.
Vaccination with 2014–15 Seasonal Inactivated Influenza Vaccine Elicits Cross-Reactive Anti-HA Antibodies with Strong ADCC Against Antigenically Drifted Circulating H3N2 Virus in Humans

Abstract It is well established that virus neutralizing (VN) antibodies to hemagglutinin (HA) antigens of influenza A viruses provide optimal protection against antigenically matched strains of influenza A viruses. In contrast, little is known about the potential role of HA-specific, non-neutralizing antibodies in protection against human influenza illness at present. In this study, we show that individuals vaccinated with the 2014–15 seasonal inactivated influenza vaccine displayed strong A/H3N2 HA-specific antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) activities against an antigenically drifted H3N2 virus, despite poor induction of cross-reactive neutralizing antibodies against the antigenic variant. Given that passive transfer of influenza HA-monospecific immune sera with negligible levels of HA-specific VN antibodies can often confer considerable cross protection against lethal challenge with heterologous influenza viruses in animal models, it is conceivable that HA-specific, non-neutralizing a...
Potential and realized reproduction in a tropical population of Peromyscus (Rodentia)

Data from a laboratory colony of Peromyscus nudipes founded with individuals trapped at 10°N latitude near Monte verde, Costa Rica, were compared with published and new data on the same population in the wild as a basis for assessing phenotypic plasticity in lifehistory characteristics. Mean litter size was almost identical in the wild and in the laboratory (2.8 ± 0.1 and 2.9 ± 0.2, respectively). In the laboratory, females matured at 6–8 weeks of age and males had matured by ca. 9–11 weeks of age. The available evidence suggests that first reproduction is delayed in the wild relative to the laboratory. The frequency with which litters were produced was much higher in the laboratory than in the wild. Females averaged 7.4 ± 0.8 litters/year in the laboratory, with a maximum of 11 litters/year, whereas females in the wild produced no more than 5 litters/year and may average about one-half that many. These results suggest that phenotypic plasticity in age at first reproduction and reproductive rate is high. In the wild, these mice evidently realize only a small fraction of their reproductive potential. The difference apparently is due to delay of first reproduction and less-frequent production of litters in the wild, and not to differences in litter size or the frequency of ovulation, mating, and conception.
A Solution Method for the Compounding of Goldenrod Rubber

Abstract A solution method of compounding rubber has been devised. It is particularly suitable for compounding a soft natural rubber such as that recovered from goldenrod, but it does not appear to be restricted to goldenrod rubber. No particular inherent disadvantage of solution compounding is indicated with hevea rubber. By proper choice of solvent and compounding chemicals, the interesting possibility is presented of improving the quality of those rubbers in which proper dispersion of chemicals is difficult. This method also shows possibilities of being a valuable research tool in the pretreatment of soft synthetic elastomers as a preliminary step to evaluation of their rubber-like qualities.
Study on Fingerprint Examiner's Stability of Feature Selection

The decision of fingerprint identification depends on the fingerprint examiner's knowledge and experience. The fingerprint identification process is a recognition process which can be described as a process from perceptual cognition to rational cognition. During the process, one of the factors that impacts the quality of fingerprint identification is the capability of the fingerprint examiner. Fingerprint examiners select corresponding minutiae on fingermark in comparison phase and the capability can be measured by fingerprint examiners' stability of minutiae selection. Some research has demonstrated that stability of minutiae selection has influenced the quality of fingerprint identification conclusion, hence it is critical for conducting such fundamental research on stability of minutiae selection for Chinese fingerprint examiners. Our research is focused on analysis of stability of minutiae selection between analysis phase and comparison phase and can help us to understand: how fingerprint examiners understand the minutiae of fingermark in analysis phase; how to control fingerprint impacts fingerprint examiners' decision in minutiae selection in comparison phase; what is the relationship between stability of minutiae selection and fingerprint identification ability. In this study 106 fingerprint agencies around China were invited to take a proficiency test and finish four trials from the same source. The data were collected by web-based software and were analyzed by R statistical software. The results show that different analysts performed differently and fingerprint quality impacted the stability of minutiae selection. If fingerprint quality values were high, examiners reported highly stable minutiae selection, while they reported highly unstable minutiae selection if quality values were low, especially on the border of high quality and low quality area. Stability of minutiae selection can be effectively measured by I, which is defined as Minutiae Variability Index. This suggests that there is a need for developing a tool to assess the quality of fingermarks to predict the performance of fingerprint examiners during the fingerprint identification process. According to distribution of I, manager can effectively evaluate identification ability of agency or examiner and then take effective measurement to improve the stability of minutiae selection(such as document identification activity and add more verification stage) and make sure the quality of the fingerprint identification.
Anesthesia Management of Total Thyroidectomy Using a NIM EMG Endotracheal Tube: A Case Report

Total thyroidectomy is not routinely performed for indications other than malignancy until the last quarter of the twentieth century. Despite significant advancement in surgical techniques of total thyroidectomy developed by Theodore Kocher and William Halsted, significant risks including damage to the recurrent laryngeal nerve, hematoma, and thyroid storm are still important considerations when weighing against surgical benefits. Currently the use of neural integrity monitor (NIM) electromyogram (EMG) tracheal tube has become increasingly popular among surgeons to reduce risks of damage to the recurrent laryngeal nerves. The purpose of this case report is to discuss anesthetic management in a 48-year-old female patient undergoing total thyroidectomy using a NIM endotracheal tube (Medtronic Xomed, Jacksonville, Florida).
Analysis on Effectiveness of Tuberculosis Control Program in Changde City from 2001 to 2009

Objective To evaluate the effectiveness of Tuberculosis Control Program in Changde from 2001 to 2009,and to provide the evidence for the sustainable development of TB control and treatment. Methods The data collected from the network reports of Changde City from 2001 to 2009 on China Disease Prevention and Control Information System and the data from registration forms(including monthly,quarterly,and annual network reports) of China Tuberculosis Control Program in 13 counties(cities,districts) were analyzed according to the requirements of "China Tuberculosis Control Program Implementation Guide". Results The modern tuberculosis control strategies(DOTS strategies) were launched in Changde in 2002,and the coverage rate of county-level DOTS strategies in 2004 was 100%.123,538 suspected TB cases were admitted in Changde during the period of 2001～2009.The registration rate of TB suspects increased to 324.61/100,000 in 2009 from 113.74/100,000 in 2001.25,758 smear positive pulmonary TB cases were detected,among them,21,800 cases were new smear positive,the average registration rate of new smear positive patients was 40.07/100,000 and the average discovery rate of new smear positive patients was 65.63%.The average cure rates of initial treated and retreated smear positive patients were 88.8% and 82.0%,respectively. Conclusions With the enforcement of Tuberculosis Control Program,the discovery rate and the cure rate of pulmonary tuberculosis patients were increased,the infection sources and the cost of the patients were decreased significantly.
Developing a user-centered voluntary medical incident reporting system

Medical errors are one of leading causes of death among adults in the United States. According to the Institute of Medicine, reporting of medical incidents could be a cornerstone to learn from errors and to improve patient safety, if incident data are collected in a properly structured format which is useful for the detection of patterns, discovery of underlying factors, and generation of solutions. Globally, a number of medical incident reporting systems were deployed for collecting observable incident data in care delivery organizations (CDO) over the past several years. However, few researches delved into design of user-centered reporting system for improving completeness and accuracy of medical incident collection, let alone design models created for other institutes to follow. In this paper, we introduce the problems identified in a current using voluntary reporting system and our effort is being made towards complete, accurate and useful user-centered new reporting system through a usability engineering process.
Efficacy of Sensory Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation on Perceived Pain and Gait Patterns in Individuals With Experimental Knee Pain

Abstract Objectives To examine the effect of experimental knee pain on perceived knee pain and gait patterns and to examine the efficacy of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) on perceived knee pain and pain-induced knee gait mechanics. Design Crossover trial. Setting Biomechanics laboratory. Participants Recreationally active, individuals without musculoskeletal pain aged 18 to 35 years (N=30). Interventions Thirty able-bodied individuals were assigned to either a TENS (n=15) or a placebo (n=15) group. All participants completed 3 experimental sessions in a counterbalanced order separated by 2 days: (1) hypertonic saline infusion (5% NaCl); (2) isotonic saline infusion (0.9% NaCl); and (3) control. Each group received sensory electrical stimulation or placebo treatment for 20 minutes, respectively. Main Outcome Measures Perceived pain was collected every 2 minutes using a 10-cm visual analog scale (VAS) for 50 minutes and analyzed using a mixed model analysis of covariance with repeated measures. Gait analyses were performed at baseline, infusion, and treatment. Sagittal and frontal knee angles and internal net joint torque across the entire stance were analyzed using a functional data analysis approach. Results Hypertonic saline infusion increased perceived pain (4/10cm on a VAS; P P P P Conclusions This pain model increases perceived pain and induces compensatory gait patterns in a way that indicates potential quadriceps weakness. However, TENS treatment effectively reduces perceived pain and restores pain-induced gait abnormalities in sagittal knee mechanics.
The Enjoyment of Social Q&A Websites Usage: A Multiple Mediators Model

Drawing on recent developments in media entertainment research, this study examined the relationship between social question and answer (Q&A) websites use and users’ perceived enjoyment with the go...