cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Teaching Word Meanings

Learning new words is foundational to success in school and life. Researchers have known for years that how many word meanings a student knows is one of the strongest predictors of how well that student will understand text and be able to communicate through writing. This book is about how children learn the meanings of new words (and the concepts they convey) and how teachers can be strategic in deciding which words to teach, how to teach them, and which words not to teach at all.This book offers a comprehensive approach to vocabulary instruction. It offers not just practical classroom activities for teaching words (though plenty of those are included), but ways that teachers can make the entire curriculum more effective at promoting students' vocabulary growth. It covers the 'why to' and 'when to' as well as the 'how to' of teaching word meanings.Key features of this exciting new book include:*A variety of vocabulary activities. Activities for teaching different kinds of words such as high frequency words, high utility words, and new concepts, are explained and illustrated.*Guidelines for choosing words. A chart provides a simple framework built around seven basic categories of words that helps teachers decide which words to teach and how to teach them.*Word learning strategies. Strategies are offered that will help students use context, word parts, and dictionaries more effectively.*Developing Word Consciousness. Although specific vocabulary instruction is fully covered, the primary goal of this book is to develop students' independent interest in words and their motivation to learn them.*Integrated Vocabulary Instruction. Teachers are encouraged to improve the reading vocabularies of their students by looking for opportunities to integrate vocabulary learning into activities that are undertaken for other purposes.
Social culture and nutrition: cultural blocks and protein malnutrition in early childhood in rural West Bengal.

Examples of malnutrition related to protein deficiency, including kwashiorkor, nutritional marasmus and "nutritional growth failure," are commonly seen in early childhood in rural West Bengal. While this was mainly due to poverty, and especially the economic inability to buy animal protein foods, together with repeated attacks of enteritis and constant intestinal parasitism, in addition, it was found that certain aspects of the local domestic culture pattern acted as "cultural blocks" between the child and the theoretically available sources of protein. Results of a survey of local methods of infant feeding are summarized and some of the important cultural blocks outlined, including delays in the traditional rice-feeding ceremony, reasons for unwillingness to introduce mixed feedings in the second 6 months of life, failure to use or produce certain foods (with especial relation to the four types of food classification found in the village), general dietary restriction during illness and specific blocks with regard to individual sources of protein. The importance of having health measures based on an understanding of the local domestic culture pattern is emphasized.
Ips spp.: effect of dichlorvos-fuel oil sprays.

Dichlorvos in fuel oil (No.2 diesel) applied as a spray to the bark of infested bolts of loblolly pine, Pinus taeda L., caused significant mortality of Ips grandicollis (Eichhoff), I. calligraphus (Germar), and I. avulsus Eichhoff. Mortality obtained with dichlorvos at concentrations as low as 1/16% was equal to that resulting from the application of ¼% benzene hexachloride (BRC) in fuel oil, a standard recommended treatment for Ips control. Fuel oil alone caused significant Ips mortality but was less effective than the BHC-oil or dichlorvos-oil treatments. All insecticidal treatments, including fuel oil, caused significant mortality of associated insect species.
The direction of marketing relationships

The evolution from transaction marketing to relationship marketing in recent years has resulted in research indicating the need for more rigorous databases and greater utilization of current computerized tracking systems. Relationship selling has been examined and the results stress long‐term perspectives to the dyadic exchange process to enhance sales results. Considering the role of trust and culture in the relationship marketing process would indicate the need to pursue future research into a deeper understanding of the customer. Seeking knowledge of a customer’s personal feelings concerning their comfort level with various communication approaches could enhance the reception of messages crafted for them. The discipline needs to move beyond the numbers to a more abstract analysis of the customer as an individual with specific feelings toward various marketing approaches.
Moneylenders and informal financial markets in Malawi

Abstract After a background review of the institutional financial srvices available to small and medium enterprises in Malawi, and a survey of the literature on Malawi's informal financial markets (IFMs), this paper presents a detailed report on the character and operations of a katapila moneylender in Lilongwe, Malai. The moneylender market is then analyzed in terms of several themes from the literature on IFMs in less developed countries. For example, calculations show that the interest charges on katapila loans are not justified by economic costs of doing business. Finally, policy implications for promoting more efficient finance are discussed.
Integrating technology in a geometry classroom: issues for teaching

(1997). Integrating Technology in a Geometry Classroom. Computers in the Schools: Vol. 13, No. 1-2, pp. 117-123.
Depletion of H2O2 in a Greenland ice core - Implications for oxidation of volcanic SO2

MAJOR volcanic eruptions inject large quantities of sulphur compounds into the atmosphere1. A principal component is sulphur dioxide; subsequent oxidation of SO2 in the atmosphere to sulphuric acid aerosol may lead to climate perturbations2. Here we present evidence to suggest that SO2 oxidation may occur at high latitudes by reaction with H2O2. Variations in sulphate and H2O2 concentrations in four sections of a Greenland ice core (corresponding to four volcanic events) show that high sulphate concentrations, from volcanic fallout, are accompanied by depletion of H2O2. This suggests that some of the volcanic sulphur was still in the form of SO2 when it reached Greenland, and was then oxidized by H2O2 in Greenland precipitation. As SO2 oxidation in the stratosphere is very slow, volcanic events that inject SO2 into the stratosphere could produce large depletions of distant H2O2 reservoirs when the material is later reinjected into the troposphere.
Endovascular treatment of inadvertent cannulation of the vertebro-subclavian arterial junction

Introduction Inadvertent arterial cannulation at a noncompressible site is a highly risky complication of central venous line placement.
Creep of Structures —A Continuous Damage Mechanics Approach

ABSTRACT This article focuses on the derivation of constitutive equations for creep of polycrystalline materials. According to the suggested analytical model, creep deformation reflects the simultaneous evolution and interaction of two distinctly different (viscous vs brittle) processes on the microscale. The formulated analytical model is valid over the entire range of ductility, from the perfectly brittle to the purely ductile materials.
MO-EE-A2-02: Monte Carlo Simulation and Development of a Multileaf Collimator for Proton Therapy

Purpose: To develop a multileaf collimator(MLC) for proton therapy.Method and Materials: We constructed a model of the IBA proton beam delivery nozzle at our facility with the Geant4 (v9.1) toolkit and, in partnership with Varian Medical Systems, employed it to optimize the shielding design for a multileaf collimator system. Simulation studies were carried out with the highest‐energy, maximally‐modulated spread‐out‐Bragg‐peak settings and for the largest possible field size in both double scattering and uniform scanning modes. This led us iteratively to a solution that maintained proton and neutron leakage doses at an acceptable level. Results: Our final design comprised 50 leaf pairs made from a tungsten‐based alloy. Each leaf is roughly 9 cm high and 11 cm long—enabling 1.5 cm of overtravel—and projects to approximately 0.5 cm at isocenter; one half‐height 450 μm side‐step and two one‐third‐height 300 μm end‐steps are built in. Maximum achievable field sizes are 16×16 cm2 and 18×25 cm2 respectively in double scattering and uniform scanning modes. Conclusion: A MLC system has been designed for use in double scattered and uniform scanned proton therapy without significantly changing the standard IBA nozzle design or the mechanical and electronic systems currently used by Varian photonMLCs. Our simulations predict that the system will provide shielding at least as good as that provided by a conventional brass aperture. A prototype has been manufactured and is presently being installed on the nozzle in one of our gantry rooms. We expect to make measurements of leakage, penumbra and activation in the coming weeks and to validate our Monte Carlo simulations.Disclaimer: This work was supported by the US Army Medical Research and Materiel Command under Contract Agreement No. DAMD17‐W81XWH‐04‐2‐0022. Opinions, interpretations, conclusions and recommendations are those of the author and are not necessarily endorsed by the US Army.
Compounds of Alkali Metal Anions

Anions of sodium, potassium, rubidium, and cesium are stable both in suitable solvents and in crystalline solids. The latter can be prepared either by cooling a saturated solution or by rapid solvent evaporation. Thermodynamic arguments show that alkali metal anions can probably exist in saturated solutions of the alkali metals in any compatible solvent, but that below saturation, dissociation into the cation and solvated electrons is favored in highly polar solvents such as ammonia. The key to solvent-free salts of the alkali metal anions is stabilization of the cation by incorporation into a suitable crown or cryptand complex. By using such complexes it also appears possible to produce “electride” salts in which the charge of the complexed cation is balanced by a trapped electron. The chemical, electrical, and optical properties of salts of the alkali metal anions and “electrides” could provide useful applications.
Accurate reconstruction of frequency-sparse signals from non-uniform samples

With the advent of a new sampling theory in recent years, compressed sensing (CS), it is possible to reconstruct signals from measurements far below the Nyquist rate. The CS theory assumes that signals are sparse and that measurement matrices satisfy certain conditions. Even though there have been many promising results, unfortunately there still exists a gap between the theory and actual real world applications. This is because of the fundamental problem that the CS formulation is discrete. We propose a sampling and reconstructing method for frequency-sparse signals that addresses this issue. The signals in our scenario are supported in a continuous sparsifying domain rather than discrete. This work focuses on a typical case in which the unknowns are frequencies and amplitudes. However, directly looking for the unknowns that best fit the measurements in the least-squares sense is a non-convex optimization problem, because sinusoids are oscillatory. Our approach extends the utility of CS to simplify this problem to a locally convex problem, hence making the solutions tractable. Direct measurements are taken from non-uniform time-samples, which is an extension of the CS problem with a subsampled Fourier matrix. The proposed reconstruction algorithm iteratively approximates the solutions using CS and then accurately solves for the frequencies with Newton's method and for the amplitudes with linear least squares solutions. Our simulations show success in accurate reconstruction of signals with arbitrary frequencies and significantly outperform current spectral compressed sensing methods in terms of reconstruction fidelity for both noise-free and noisy cases.© (2012) COPYRIGHT Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE). Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Facial Skeletal Surgery in the Management of Adult Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) remains a significant public health problem because of its neurocognitive sequelae. Additionally, with persistent obstruction, it has an impact on the cardiovascular system, leading to hypertension and cardiac failure as one of its causative or comorbid factors. For the surgeon managing OSA, there is a stepwise sequence of surgical procedures, from improving nasal airflow to facial skeletal maxillary-mandibular advancement, with the cumulative goal of volumetrically increasing the retropharyngeal airway space. Familiarity with conventional orthognathic principles is essential in achieving this goal.
A Multi-Objective Genetic Algorithm for constructing load-balanced virtual backbones in probabilistic Wireless Sensor Networks

A Connected Dominating Set (CDS) is used as a Virtual Backbone (VB) for efficient routing and broadcasting in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). Currently, almost all existing works focus on constructing Minimum-sized CDS under the Deterministic Network Model (DNM). However, due to the existence of many probabilistic lossy links in WSNs, it is more practical to obtain a VB under the realistic Probabilistic Network Model (PNM). Moreover, load-balance factor cannot be neglected when constructing a VB to prolong network lifetime. Hence, in this paper, we propose a Multi-Objective Genetic Algorithm (MOGA) to construct a Load-Balanced Virtual Backbone under PNM (LBVBP). Through simulations, we demonstrate that our proposed methods extend network lifetime by 65% on average compared with the existing state-of-the-art approaches.
Bacterial Motility: A Component in Experimental Pseudomonas aeruginosa Burn Wound Sepsis

Summary Mutants which do not spread in soft agar were derived from a rat burn wound virulent strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa . When inoculated on to rat burn wounds, these motility-altered strains had significantly reduced virulence. Control agar-spreading isolates that had undergone the same manipulations were found to have maintained virulence. Other than motility, no other parental characteristic was found to be altered. The non-spreading isolates were virulent when inoculated below the burn wound. It is concluded that motility is an important factor in experimental burn wound sepsis.
Lattice-dynamical calculations for Chevrel-phase superconductors

Born--von Karman (BvK) lattice-dynamical calculations were performed for the rhombohedral Chevrel-phase superconductors such as PbMo/sub 6/S/sub 8/. The dynamical matrix was obtained using Lennard-Jones (LJ) potentials, which describe interactions between Mo-Mo, Mo-S, S-S, and Pb-S pairs of atoms. The parameters for these potentials were adjusted using the comparison of the moments of the phonon spectrum F (..omega..) with their values obtained from heat-capacity data. Dispersion curves along the three-fold axis show a splitting of the three Pb-atom-dominated modes into a low-lying transverse doublet and a longitudinal singlet. These branches hybridize with the acoustic branches. F (..omega..) is calculated for binary and ternary Chevrel-phase sulfides and selenides by making appropriate mass changes. Moments and site-dependent projections of F (..omega..) are calculated and their associated Debye temperatures are tabulated. Torsional character is found for certain modes in agreement with previous identifications made using the molecular-crystal model. The heat capacity, entropy, inelastic neutron-scattering spectra, Moessbauer recoil-free fraction for /sup 119/Sn, anharmonicity, the apparent T/sup 2/ resistivity below 40 K for sputtered films, and the form of the superconducting tunnelling spectrum ..cap alpha../sup 2/F are discussed. The applicability of the BvK approach using LJ potentials indicates that short-range interactions are important. Hence, the previouslymore » introduced molecular-crystal model is a reasonable, though not rigorous, simplification of the lattice dynamics of this important class of superconductors.« less
Molecular weight manipulation of chitosan II: prediction and control of extent of depolymerization by nitrous acid

Abstract The molecular size of chitosan can be precisely modified by depolymerization with nitrous acid. The stoichiometry and specificity of the reaction, together with the simplicity of the reaction kinetics, provide the basis for derivation of a theoretical expression that relates the number-average molecular weight (Mn) of chitosan before and after depolymerization to the mass ratio of nitrous acid added to chitosan originally present. The simplicity of the expression and the lack of limiting assumptions in its derivation permits its use for the determination of the amount of nitrous acid required to degrade chitosan to a specified molecular weight or for the estimation of the Mn of high molecular weight chitosan. Optimized experimental conditions are identified for quantitative application of the method.
The Association Between Handicapped Student Self-Ratings and Vocational Teacher Ratings of Generalizable Communications Skills

This investigation studied the relationship between handicapped student self-ratings and vocational teacher ratings of the student's generalizable communication skills. Among the subgroups that included sizable numbers, the results indicated that the ratings disagree with one another. These results generally agree with previous research concerned with this topic.
Characterization of the phosphorylated state of protein 4.2 from a patient partially deficient in protein 4.2.

Abstract These studies compare the protein 4.2 found in a patient with osmotically fragile, spherocytic erythrocytes to the normal protein 4.2. The patient protein 4.2 is present in the erythrocyte ghost membranes as a doublet of 74 and 72 KDa at a concentration less than 1% of normal. The patient protein 4.2 becomes highly phosphorylated in the presence of Zn ++ and is phosphorylated, relative to the amount of protein present, to a greater extent than the normal 72 KDa protein 4.2. These studies indicate that both the patient and the normal protein 4.2 usually exists in a highly phosphorylated state. The phosphorylation sites on the patient protein 4.2 appear to be more readily cycled than on the normal protein 4.2. Staphylococcus V8 protease generates similar phosphopeptides in both the normal and patient protein 4.2 except for an extra 11 KDa phosphopeptide generated from the 74 KDa form of the protein.
Fundamental estimation bounds for polarimetric imagery

Precise channel-to-channel registration is a prerequisite for effective exploitation of passive polarimetric imagery. In this paper, the Cramer-Rao bound is employed to determine the limits of registration precision in the presence of scene polarization diversity, channel noise, and random translational registration errors between channels. The effects of misregistration on Stokes image estimation are also explored in depth. Algorithm bias is discussed in the context of the bound, without being estimator specific. Finally, case studies are presented for polarization insensitive imagery (a special case) and linear polarization imaging systems with three and four channels. An optimum polarization channel arrangement is proposed in the context of the bound.
A micromachined array probe card-fabrication process

A probe card designed to address future testing requirements has been demonstrated. The fabrication process is described in detail. The array probe card is a membrane style probe card fabricated from a silicon wafer with typical integrated circuit and micromachining technologies. The probe card is capable of providing a very large number of probe tips (>1000) in any format, including the array pad format, and is designed to satisfy the requirements for high speed and high resolution wafer-level testing. >
Migration regions and population redistribution.

Gross and net migration flows among...[U.S.] states for 1975-80 were used to define migration regions or groups of states with similar patterns of net interchange. This typology may be characterized as a transition from a northeastern core which lost to all other regions to a northwestern periphery which gained from all other regions. Florida and California were found to have an important role in redistributing population. The typology was also valid for all age groups and across racial and ethnic categories. The typology remained meaningful when the 1975-80 data were compared to 1965-70 and 1980-85 data despite great volatility in net migration and significant change in the placement of many states. Data are taken primarily from the 1980 census. (EXCERPT)
Theory of radiative muon capture with applications to nuclear spin and isospin doublets

A theory of radiative muon capture, with applications to nuclear spin and isospin doublets, is formulated on the basis of the conservation of the hadronic electromagnetic current, the conservation of the hadronic weak polar current, the partial conservation of the hadronic weak axial-vector current, the SU(2) \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} SU(2) current algebra for the various hadronic currents, and a simplifying dynamical approximation for the hadron-radiating part of the transition amplitude\char22{}the "linearity hypothesis." The resultant total transition amplitude, which also includes the muon-radiating part, is worked out explicitly and applied to treat the processes ${\ensuremath{\mu}}^{\ensuremath{-}}p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\ensuremath{\mu}}n\ensuremath{\gamma}$ and ${\ensuremath{\mu}}^{\ensuremath{-}}^{3}\mathrm{He}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\ensuremath{\mu}}^{3}\mathrm{H}\ensuremath{\gamma}$.
Flow structure and heat transfer in a lower half heated and upper half cooled rectangular enclosure

Abstract This paper presents an experimental and numerical investigation on the natural convection in a rectangular enclosure with lower-half-heated, upper-half-cooled sidewalls. The flow structure contains thin wall-layers and large central vortical circulating zones. The mixing process and the fluid paths caused by the wall-layer head-on collisions and stream–stream interaction are fundamental to the development of the heat and fluid transport mechanisms. The understanding of the flow structures and their mutual interaction provides a guide leading to the optimization of the autoclave internal architecture and to practical suggestions for the design strategy of crystal growth vessels.
ENERGY PRICE SHOCKS AND PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH IN US AND UK MANUFACTURING

Because sustained changes in the trend of productivity growth are so very important for people's long-run economic welfare, the dramatic productivity growth slowdown of the 1970's and early 1980's has been the focus of much analysis and discussion. For some observers, it was much more than coincidence that the oil price shocks of 1973-74 accompanied the sharp slowdowns in traditionally measured productivity growth, not only in the United States and the United Kingdom, but throughout the industrialised world. However, establishing, quantifying and explaining sig nificant linkages between energy price shocks and productivity growth has proved to be most difficult. Traditional and time-honoured relationships involving productivity growth have all seemed incapable of explaining this slowdown . For example, Edward Denison, author of several widely cited productivity studies, has concluded that energy had essentially no role in explaining the productivity growth slowdown and that, moreover, "What happened is, to be blunt, a mystery" (1979, p 4).
Thallium distribution in ischemic skin flaps

Abstract Thallous chloride (T1-201) has been used as a myocardial imaging agent because it substitutes for potassium and is accumulated intracellularly in living cells via the membrane Na + -K + -ATPase pump. We have used T1-201 to study the N + -K + -ATPase pump in ischemic skin flaps raised in New Zealand white rabbits. Caudally based, 4 × 10-cm dorsal skin flaps ( N = 10) were raised and imaged with a gamma camera immediately, and 24 hr following injection of intravenous (iv) T1-201. Flap I was raised before T1-201 injection and flap II was raised after T1-201 injection. Subsequently, erythrocytes were labeled with (iv) stannous pyrophosphate and technetium (Tc-99m) pertechnetate and imaged with a technetium window immediately following flap elevation and again at 24 hr. Flap survival was 5.6 ± 1.1 cm and was comparable to fluorescein penetration 5.1 ± 1.2 cm. Immediate images of flap II showed uniform distribution of T1-201 while T1-201 localized in the proximal part of flap I. Labeled RBCs were present throughout both flaps. At 24 hr, thallium redistributed away from the distal end of flap II and labeled erythrocytes were present only in the proximal part of both flaps, which was consistent with flap survival and fluorescein penetration. These results ( N = 18) were confirmed by autoradiography and flap sections counted in the gamma counter from flaps excised immediately, 24 hr, and 5 days following flap elevation. These data suggest an abnormality of the Na + -Ka + -ATPase pump in ischemic skin flaps which occurs early and affects the distribution of T1-201.
Simultaneous determination of meperidine and normeperidine in biofluids

Abstract A method employing solvent extraction and gas—liquid chromatography has been developed for the simultaneous determination of meperidine and its N-demethylated metalbolite, normeperidine, in biofluids. Normeperidine is analyzed as the heptafluorobutyryl derivative. Using a flame ionization detector, the lower limit of sensitivity of the method is 0.02 μg/ml of biofluid for both compounds. Samples of plasma obtained from obstetrical patients, following a single therapeutic dose, were found to contain higher levels of meperidine than concurrent samples of amniotic fluid. Noreperidine could not be detected in either biofluid after a single dose. There is, however, a gradual accumulation of normeperidine in plasma after repeated doses as determined in samples from cancer patients. The method can also a be used to determine the disposition of meperidine and the accumulation of normeperidine in the cat.
Role of stereotactic biopsy in the diagnosis and management of brain tumors

Stereotactic biopsy has evolved as a powerful and safe tool to provide tissue diagnoses with minimal disruption of normal functioning brain. It plays a significant role in the management of malignant brain tumors, where the benefit of open surgery might not justify the concomitant risks. Stereotactic procedures are closed procedures, and thus direct feedback is not provided to the surgeon during manipulation of brain tissue. This difference from most other neurosurgical procedures necessitates rigor in the preoperative workup, the planning of the procedure, and the conduct of the procedure. The success of the procedure is measured by the ability of the team to make an accurate histopathological diagnosis of the lesion; in experienced hands, the rate of success should exceed 95%. Complications and mortality can be minimized with appropriate attention to detail.
On the reactions of CO−3 radicals with NOx radicals

Abstract The reactions of CO − 3 radicals with NO x radicals were studied by pulse radiolysis of deoxygenated aqueous solutions containing carbonate and nitrate ions. The OH radicals react with carbonate to yield CO − 3 and the e − aq reacts with nitrate to yield NO 2− 3 , which then converts into NO 2 . This conversion has a rate constant of 4.6×10 4 s −1 in alkaline solutions but is catalyzed by HCO − 3 ( k =2.8×10 7 L mol −1 s −1 ). The CO − 3 radicals react rapidly with both NO 2− 3 ( k =1.0×10 9 L mol −1 s −1 ) and NO 2 ( k =4.6×10 8 L mol −1 s −1 ). The expected combination product was short lived and was not observed on the microsecond time scale and the possible peroxynitrite product was not detected following γ -radiolysis. A similar study with solutions containing carbonate and nitrite shows that NO 2− 2 reacts with CO − 3 faster than NO 2− 3 and NO reacts with CO − 3 faster than NO 2 .
A systematic approach to treatment planning in time-limited behavioral groups

Abstract A systematic approach to treatment planning in time-limited behavioral groups is presented. A behavioral group intervention model is described in which objectives and procedures are delineated as plans for achieving individual change goals and optimizing group functioning. Behavior modification concepts are also systematically presented as an educational intervention for group members. The group applied these concepts in the assessment and modification of individual problems. Methods for handling some common problems in group functioning are described, such as irrelevant discussions and inappropriate change goals. The results of intervention with three groups are presented.
Vitamin D Levels and Sociodemographic and Clinical Correlates in Individuals With Serious Mental Illness Admitted to an Acute Psychiatry Unit.

OBJECTIVE To describe the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in psychiatric inpatients with serious mental illness. Associated clinical and sociodemographic factors are also explored. METHOD Data were collected using a retrospective review of medical records. Eligible subjects were individuals aged ≥ 18 years who were consecutively newly admitted to an adult inpatient teaching unit of a state psychiatric hospital from July 2012 through August 2013. The main outcome measure was prevalence rate of vitamin D deficiency in the target population. Vitamin D deficiency was defined as a level < 20 ng/mL. Psychiatric diagnoses were established using DSM-IV-TR criteria. RESULTS Of 85 subjects, approximately two-thirds (67%) had a vitamin D level < 20 ng/mL. The mean vitamin D level was 18.4 ng/mL. Among the sociodemographic and clinical factors analyzed, only total serum protein (odds ratio = 0.33; CI, 0.12-0.88; P < .05) was associated with vitamin D deficiency. CONCLUSIONS The high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency with all the attendant physical and mental health burdens in vulnerable populations such as individuals with serious mental illness requires further large research studies. In the meantime, it seems prudent to institute routine screening for vitamin D deficiency in individuals with mental illness, especially those who are hospitalized.
Formation of a Cyclopropyl Epoxide via a Leukotriene A Synthase-related Pathway in an Anaerobic Reaction of Soybean Lipoxygenase-1 with 15S-Hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic Acid EVIDENCE THAT OXYGEN ACCESS IS A DETERMINANT OF SECONDARY REACTIONS WITH FATTY ACID HYDROPEROXIDES

The further conversion of an arachidonic acid hydroperoxide to a leukotriene A (LTA) type epoxide by specific lipoxygenase (LOX) enzymes constitutes a key step in inflammatory mediator biosynthesis. Whereas mammalian 5-LOX transforms its primary product (5S-hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acid; 5S-HPETE) almost exclusively to LTA4, the model enzyme, soybean LOX-1, normally produces no detectable leukotrienes and instead further oxygenates its primary product 15S-HPETE to 5,15- and 8,15-dihydroperoxides. Mammalian 15-LOX-1 displays both types of activity. We reasoned that availability of molecular oxygen within the LOX active site favors oxygenation, whereas lack of O2 promotes LTA epoxide synthesis. To test this, we reacted 15S-HPETE with soybean LOX-1 under anaerobic conditions and identified the products by high pressure liquid chromatography, UV, mass spectrometry, and NMR. Among the products, we identified a pair of 8,15-dihydroxy diastereomers with all-trans-conjugated trienes that incorporated 18O from H218O at C-8, indicative of the formation of 14,15-LTA4. A pair of 5,15-dihydroxy diastereomers containing two trans,trans-conjugated dienes (6E,8E,11E,13E) and that incorporated 18O from H218O at C-5 was deduced to arise from hydrolysis of a novel epoxide containing a cyclopropyl ring, 14,15-epoxy-[9,10,11-cyclopropyl]-eicosa-5Z,7E,13E-trienoic acid. Also identified was the δ-lactone of the 5,15-diol, a derivative that exhibited no 18O incorporation due to its formation by intramolecular reaction of the carboxyl anion with the proposed epoxide intermediate. Our results support a model in which access to molecular oxygen within the active site directs the outcome from competing pathways in the secondary reactions of lipoxygenases.
The microbiological production of gibberellins A and X.

Abstract A method is described for the production of crude crystalline gibberellin in yields of about 12 g. per 160 gal. of culture liquor. This product is a mixture of the known gibberellin A ([α]D +36 °) and a new gibberellin (C19H22O6) with a rotation of [α]D +92 °.
Student-Fabricated Microfluidic Devices as Flow Reactors for Organic and Inorganic Synthesis

Flow synthesis in microfluidic devices has been rapidly adapted in the pharmaceutical industry and in many research laboratories. Yet, the cost of commercial flow reactors is a major factor limiting the dissemination of this technology in the undergraduate curriculum. Here, we present a laboratory activity where students design and fabricate homemade microfluidic flow reactors using thermoplastic molds and soft lithographic methods, and conduct inorganic syntheses of magnetite particles and gold–citrate nanoparticles, as well as a two-step organic synthesis of azo dyes. The success of these reactions can be quickly assessed by colors or physical characteristics, which makes optimizations of reactor designs and reaction conditions possible on-the-spot. The activity also successfully integrates some important concepts in chemical engineering, organic and inorganic synthesis, nanomaterial chemistry, and analytical chemistry
Bait placement and acceptance by rats in macadamia orchards

Black rats (Rattus ruttus) cause extensive damage in Hawaiian macadamia (A4ucndamia integrifolia) orchards. Many growers apply rodenticides to reduce rat populations in orchards, but improper placement of bait may reduce the effectiveness of many baiting programs. We evaluated the optimum placement of bait in macadamia orchards among the three locations specified on current rodenticide labels. We placed a non-toxic oat bait treated with 0.75% tetracycline hydrochloride, an antibiotic that chelates with calcium in growing bones and teeth and fluoresces under UV light, in burrows, on the ground and in trees in separate orchard sections. We consistently captured the greatest percentage of marked rats (53-91%) in sections where we placed the bait in trees and the lowest percentage of marked rats (O-36%) where we broadcast bait on the ground. Placement of bait in burrows produced intermediate results (40-70%). These results suggest that broadcasting bait on the orchard floor reduces the effectiveness of rat control programs. Placing baits in trees targets rats that not only are most likely to eat the poison bait, but also are most likely to damage developing nuts. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd
Isolation of a Polyubiquitin Promoter and Its Expression in Transgenic Potato Plants

A polyubiquitin clone (ubi7) was isolated from a potato (Solanum tuberosum) genomic library using a copy-specific probe from a stress-induced ubiquitin cDNA. The genomic clone contained a 569-bp intron immediately 5[prime] to the initiation codon for the first ubiquitin-coding unit. Two chimeric [beta]-glucuronidase (GUS) fusion transgenes were introduced into potato. The first contained GUS fused to a 1156-bp promoter fragment containing only 5[prime] flanking and 5[prime] untranslated sequences from ubi7. The second transgene contained GUS translationally fused to the carboxy terminus of the first ubiquitin-coding unit and thus included the intron present in the 5[prime] untranslated region of the polyubiquitin gene. Both ubi7-GUS transgenes were activated by wounding in tuber tissue and in leaves by application of exogenous methyl jasmonate. They were also expressed constitutively in the potato tuber peel (outer 1–2 mm). Both transgenes were actively expressed in mature leaves. Exceptionally high levels of expression were observed in senescent leaves. Transgenic clones containing the ubi7 intron and the first ubiquitin-coding unit showed GUS expression levels at least 10 times higher than clones containing GUS fused to the intronless promoter.
Tunable and Miniaturized RF Components with Nanocomposite and Nanolayered Dielectrics

du Abstract- Nanocomposite and nanolayered dielectrics provide new avenues to enhance the performance of RF and power components. They enable engineering of properties such as permeability, permittivity, frequency­ and temperature-stab ility, and tunability, along with low loss, to miniaturize next-generation multiband RF modules that require higher functional density and improved performance. This paper demonstrates two such advances in nanodielectrics: l.)Magnetic nanocomposites for miniaturization of antennas, meta materials and other RF components, 2.)Nanolayered stack dielectrics for tunable RF components with temperature- and frequency-stabilit y and low loss. The materials design, synthesis, processing and characterization to demonstrate the superior properties are presented.
BIOASSAY FOR ANTIDIURETIC SUBSTANCES: ESSENTIALS OF A CONSTANT WATER-LOADING APPARATUS.

Summary The bioassay method is the only technique presently available for quantifying antidiuretic substances in biologic fluids. A necessary feature of such an assay is the maintenance of the test animal under a constant water load throughout the procedure. The essential mechanical and electronic details for the construction of such an apparatus are presented. A partial parts list is appended for guidance in its construction (Appendix I).
Non-numerical modeling in chemistry

Abstract “Numerical Precision is the very soul of science” (D'Arcy Thompson, “On Growth and Form”) “Insofar as quantum mechanics is correct, chemical questions are problems in applied mathematics.” (Eyring, Walter, and Kimball, “Quantum Chemistry”) “A picture is worth more than a thousand words.” (Chinese proverb) While computer-aided numerical modeling of chemical phenomena has made an enormous impact on some branches of chemistry, most chemists think primarily in pictorial images rather than numerical or algebraic relations. Bonding theory in the Perturbation-Molecular-Orbital (PMO) model is predominantly a qualitative, pictorial transcription of a very elaborate numerical model, the molecular orbital theory. We describe two typical applications. The non-numerical expression of chemical structure built into the “structural diagram” can be incorporated into computer models of chemical systems. The LISP program SKETCHPAD illustrates this point.
Reaction of ozone with protease inhibitors from bovine pancreas, egg white, and human serum.

Ozone inactivates the bovine pancreas trypsin-killikrein inhibitor. Tyrosine and methionine residues are oxidized. When methionine is completely oxidized and 0.5 of the four tyrosine residues is oxidized, 90% of the inhibitor capacity is retained. When both methionine and tyrosine residues are completely oxidized, 37% of the inhibitor capacity is retained. For 50% loss of anti-trypsin activity, 62 moles of O/sub 3//mole of protein were required. Inhibition of the chicken ovomucoid proteinase inhibitor by ozone is accompanied by oxidation of tyrosine, histidine, and methionine residues. For 50% loss of anti-trypsin activity, 32 moles of O/sub 3//mole of protein were required. Anti-trypsin activity of diluted human serum was only slightly inhibited by ozone. Purified ..cap alpha..-l-antiprotease from human serum was 50% inactivated by 88 moles of O/sub 3//mole of protein. The oxidation of free tyrosine by ozone proceeds by way of dihydroxyphenylalanine and dihydroxyphenylalanine quinone, finally yielding colored polymeric material.
Anthracycline chemotherapy inhibits HIF-1 transcriptional activity and tumor-induced mobilization of circulating angiogenic cells.

Using a cell-based reporter gene assay, we screened a library of drugs in clinical use and identified the anthracycline chemotherapeutic agents doxorubicin and daunorubicin as potent inhibitors of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1)-mediated gene transcription. These drugs inhibited HIF-1 by blocking its binding to DNA. Daily administration of doxorubicin or daunorubicin potently inhibited the transcription of a HIF-1-dependent reporter gene as well as endogenous HIF-1 target genes encoding vascular endothelial growth factor, stromal-derived factor 1, and stem cell factor in tumor xenografts. CXCR4+/sca1+, VEGFR2+/CD34+, and VEGFR2+/CD117+ bone-marrow derived cells were increased in the peripheral blood of SCID mice bearing prostate cancer xenografts but not in tumor-bearing mice treated for 5 days with doxorubicin or daunorubicin, which dramatically reduced tumor vascularization. These results provide a molecular basis for the antiangiogenic effect of anthracycline therapy and have important implications for refining the use of these drugs to treat human cancer more effectively.
Coassembly of graphene oxide and nanowires for large-area nanowire alignment.

We study the coassembly behavior of graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets and Na0.44MnO2 nanowires. With the addition of GO nanosheets to the nanowire aqueous suspension, we observed the concentration enrichment and orientation alignment of nanowires at the air−water interface. The aligned nanowires can be transferred to hydrophilic substrates with their orientation parallel to the liquid−substrate contact line upon evaporation of the solvent. The underlying mechanism was studied carefully. GO nanosheets can be thought as “soft” two-dimensional macromolecules. Through hydrogen bonding and ion−dipole interactions, GO nanosheets can adsorb onto the nanowire surface and alter the surface properties. As a result, the GO-adsorbed nanowires become surface active and are enriched at the air−water interface. The adsorption of GO also increases the negative surface charge density of the nanowires and thus further stabilizes the colloidal solution. When a critical concentration is reached, the alignment of nanowires occur...
Long-Term Mechanical Reliability of AMS 700CX™/CXM Inflatable Penile Prosthesis

Purpose: We determined the long-term mechanical reliability of the AMS 700CX™/CXM inflatable penile prosthesis in men with organic erectile dysfunction.Materials and Methods: A total of 455 consecutive patients underwent implantation of an AMS 700CX™/CXM inflatable penile prosthesis between April 1986 and July 2004. Using telephone interviews and mailed questionnaires we obtained followup on 380 of 455 patients (83%). Data were obtained with regard to 2 end points, including overall failure and mechanical failure caused by any malfunctioning component.Results: Followup was 0.49 to 231 months (median 91.5). Ten-year Kaplan-Meier estimates of overall and mechanical survival were 74.9% (95% CI 69.2 to 81.1) and 81.3% (95% CI 75.7 to 87.3), respectively.Conclusions: To our knowledge this is the longest followup of any inflatable penile prosthesis showing overall and mechanical survival by Kaplan-Meier estimates.
A Threshold and Continuum of Injury During Active Stretch of Rabbit Skeletal Muscle

Previous studies of acute muscle injury with active stretch used cyclic stretching or stretching the muscle to complete muscle-tendon dissociation. This study tried to determine minimal force required for skeletal muscle injury with one active stretch to establish an injury "threshold." Tibialis anterior and extensor digitorum longus rabbit muscles were actively stretched at 10 cm/sec to 60%, 70%, 80%, or 90% of the force required to passively fail tibialis anterior and extensor digitorum longus muscles of the control (contralateral) limb. Maximal isometric contractile force, tensile properties, histology, and electromyography were measures of injury. Both muscles of the 60% group showed no abnormalities in maximal isometric contractile force, tensile properties, histology, or electromyographic activity; 70%, 80%, and 90% groups showed diminished maximal isometric contractile force, muscle fiber disruption, edema, hemorrhage, and decreased electromyographic maximal voltage amplitude. The 90% group also showed alterations in tensile properties at failure along with connective tissue damage. Injury site included fiber disruption both at the distal myotendinous junction and muscle belly, with injury noted initially at the distal myotendinous junction in the 70% group. Electromyographic studies showed maximal isometric contractile force and maximal voltage correlated well as indices of damage. This study shows that a threshold and continuum for active stretch-induced injury exist, with muscle fiber disruption occurring initially and connective tissue disruption occurring only with larger muscle displacements.
Certain recent developments in experimental psychology

I am sure that every speaker must tell you, as indeed he certainly feels, that it is a great honour to have the opportunity to present a paper to your Society, which has such a distinguished role both in the history and in the most recent advances of science. I am glad to have this opportunity to speak to you. Upon being asked to talk on this topic, however, I became acutely aware of how active a field experimental psychology is today. Each year Psychological Abstracts publishes summaries of approximately 9500 articles presumed to be relevant to some branch of psychology. Of these approximately 1300 are in human experimental psychology and 1400 in comparative and physiological psychology, or a total of something like 2700 in the general area of experimental psychology. I cannot hope to do justice to such an avalanche of material. The best I can do is to give you a few brief samples from certain actively developing areas, but other equally active areas might just as well have been chosen. In order to be impartial, I have excluded my own work on motivational effects of electrical and chemical stimulation of the brain and on conflict behaviour,* which I have had ample opportunity to present in lectures elsewhere in your country.
Biomechanical evaluation of the New Zealand white rabbit lumbar spine: a physiologic characterization.

Physiologic motions of the human, sheep, and calf lumbar spines have been well characterized. The size, cost, and ease of care all make the rabbit an attractive alternative choice for an animal lumbar spine model. However, comparisons of normal biomechanical characteristics of the rabbit lumbar spine have not been made to the spines of larger species. The purpose of this study was to establish baseline physiologic kinematic data for the rabbit lumbar spine. Ten skeletally mature New Zealand white rabbit osteoligamentous spines were obtained. L4-L7 spine segments were harvested and mounted. Multi-directional flexibility testing was performed by applying pure moments up to 0.27 Nm. Resulting rotations were measured using an Optotrak system. Data were analyzed for each intervertebral level in the three planes of rotation. The three levels tested had roughly similar range of motion (ROM). The mean (SD) angular ROMs in flexion for L4-L5, L5-L6, L6-L7 were 12.10° (2.59°), 12.38° (2.70°), and 15.17° (3.22°), respectively. The ROMs in extension were 5.86° (1.21°), 5.58° (1.48°), and 6.13° (2.03°). Lateral bending and axial rotation were roughly symmetric due to the symmetric nature of the spine. For right lateral bending, the ROMs were 8.25° (2.44°), 4.96° (1.70°), and 4.25° (1.20°). For left axial rotation, the ROMs were 1.23° (1.16°), 0.35° (0.61°), 0.87° (0.64°). Neutral zone (NZ) was on average 60% (29%) of ROM for the motions studied. The physiologic ROM of the New Zealand white rabbit lumbar spine was found to be similar between the rabbit and human. This relatively conserved physiologic flexibility supports the use of the rabbit as a model of the lumbar spine for kinematic studies. However, the overall NZ was found to be a greater percentage of ROM in the rabbit than the corresponding percentage in the human (60% as compared to 25%). This suggested that the rabbit lumbar spine has a greater laxity than that of the human.