cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Carbon to volume relationships for dinoflagellates, diatoms, and other protist plankton

Cellular carbon and nitrogen content and cell volume of nutritionally and morphologically diverse dinoflagellate species were measured to determine carbon to volume (C : vol) and nitrogen to volume (N : vol) relationships. Cellular C and N content ranged from 48 to 3.0 3 10 4 pgC cell 21 21 5
Network Structure Influences Speech Production

Network science provides a new way to look at old questions in cognitive science by examining the structure of a complex system, and how that structure might influence processing. In the context of psycholinguistics, clustering coefficient—a common measure in network science—refers to the extent to which phonological neighbors of a target word are also neighbors of each other. The influence of the clustering coefficient on spoken word production was examined in a corpus of speech errors and a picture-naming task. Speech errors tended to occur in words with many interconnected neighbors (i.e., higher clustering coefficient). Also, pictures representing words with many interconnected neighbors (i.e., high clustering coefficient) were named more slowly than pictures representing words with few interconnected neighbors (i.e., low clustering coefficient). These findings suggest that the structure of the lexicon influences the process of lexical access during spoken word production.
Revisions to Pope's Prose Works in the Miscellanies (1732)

Revisions to Pope's Prose Works in the Miscellanies (1732). This note concerns the so-called ‘third’ volume of the Miscellanies (1732), which assembled works by Alexander Pope, Jonathan Swift and their colleagues in the Scriblerus group. In this collection, Pope reprinted four prose works that had previously appeared in print, between 1713 and 1716. These included two pamphlets directed against the publisher Edmund Curll. The note describes the detailed changes made in the text of 1732, especially those of a substantive nature, and suggests reasons for the alterations. It emerges that Pope carried out the revisions to his prose with some care, as he normally did when he brought out fresh editions of his poems.
Is There a Cost to Faith-Based Investing: Evidence from FTSE Islamic Indices

We find no convincing performance differences between Islamic and non-Islamic indexes from January 1999 to December 2006. Islamic indexes are growth and small-cap oriented and conventional indices are relatively more value and mid-cap focused. After controlling for market risk, size, book-to-market, momentum, and local and global factors, we conclude that the difference in return between Islamic and conventional indices is not significant. Our findings suggest that the difference in performance of Islamic indices as compared to conventional indices is attributed to style differences between the two types of series. The multivariate cointegration analysis suggests that both the Islamic and conventional groups are integrated for the overall period. Overall, similar reward to risk and diversification benefits exist for both types of indexes.
An asymptotic theory of higher-order operator differential equations with nonsmooth nonlinearities

We develop an asymptotic theory of nonlinear operator differential equations of an arbitrary order in Banach spaces. The nonlinear part of the equation is written in a divergent form. It is shown that the main term in an asymptotic representation of solutions at infinity satisfies a finite-dimensional dynamical system perturbed by a small nonlocal operator.
Model-based electrochemical estimation of lithium-ion batteries

A linear Kalman filter based on a reduced order electrochemical model is designed to estimate internal battery potentials, concentration gradients, and state of charge (SOC) from external current and voltage measurements. The estimates are compared with results from an experimentally validated one-dimensional nonlinear finite volume model of a 6 Ah hybrid electric vehicle battery. The linear filter gives, to within ~2%, performance in the 30%-70% SOC range, except in the case of severe current pulses that draw electrode surface concentrations to near saturation and depletion; however, the estimates recover as concentration gradients relax. With 4 to 7 states, the filter has low order comparable to empirical equivalent circuit models but provides estimates of the batterypsilas internal electrochemical state.
Incidence of acute postoperative infections requiring reoperation after arthroscopic shoulder surgery.

Background:An acute infection after arthroscopic shoulder surgery is a rare but serious complication. Previous studies estimating the incidence of infections after arthroscopic surgery have been conducted, but the majority of these had either relatively small study groups or were not specific to shoulder arthroscopic surgery.Purpose:To investigate the incidence of acute infections after arthroscopic shoulder surgery and compare infection rates by age group, sex, geographic region, and specific procedures.Study Design:Case series; Level of evidence, 4.Methods:A retrospective review of a large insurance company database was performed for all shoulder arthroscopic surgeries performed in the United States between 2004 and 2009 that required additional surgery for infections within 30 days. The data were stratified by sex, age group, and region. Data were also stratified for specific procedures (capsulorrhaphy, treatment for superior labrum anterior-posterior tears, claviculectomy, decompression, and rotator c...
Regulatory T Cells and Cancer

Regulatory T cells (Treg) are key mediators of tumor immune suppression, and elevated Treg proportions have now been identified in association with all major types of human cancer. Suppression of antitumor immunity is mediated by both natural (nTreg) and induced Treg (iTreg) subsets, which express Foxp3, and they have been shown to engage a wide range of tumor-associated antigens. Preexisiting Treg are actively recruited to tumors through chemokine and cytokine signals and become activated by dendritic cells (DCs) and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) within tumors. Th0 cells are also efficiently converted to Foxp3-expressing iTreg in response to TGF-β produced by tumor cells and antigen-presenting cells (APCs) in the tumor microenvironment. Treg exert suppression of tumor-specific T-cell responses through a variety of mechanisms including cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4), programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1), interleukin 35 (IL-35), interleukin 10 (IL-10), and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β). Therapies that inhibit these pathways, or directly deplete Treg populations, are an effective means for enhancing antitumor immunity. Clinical trials are now beginning to reveal that blocking Treg responses is a necessary component of successful cancer immunotherapy.
Field data evidence of orthorhombic media: changes in the P-P bright azimuth with angle of incidence

Summary Significant and occasionally abrupt changes are observed of the P-P bright-amplitude azimuth as reflection angle stacks increased from small (7 o ) to large (37 o ), throughout a full-azimuth full-offset 3D P-P survey. The far offset amplitudes of the Top/Carbonate (Top/Reservoir) did exhibit the (HTI) cosine 2θ azimuthal variation as expected. However, the near offsets too contained reliable and sizable cosine 2θ azimuthal variations that were NOT a steady decrease from the far offsets (predicted by HTI). Natural fracture calibration data included a Star Trak resistivity image log and micro-seismic data. The data had been processed through azimuthal prestack depth migration (PSDM). These near-offset azimuthal amplitude changes are not currently included in industry standard AVOaz processing and interpretation. Next generation AVOaz modeling, processing and interpretation should incorporate this fact. The cause of the change of the bright azimuth amplitude with increasing angle of incidence is interpreted to be an effect of the orthorhombic nature of the rocks. Specifically, the relative magnitudes of the VTI and HTI anisotropy, in both the carbonate reservoir, and in the overlying shale section, influence the locations of the point singularities, which has an important effect on P-P azimuthal amplitudes. Additionally, I believe that a clever display of the non-sectored prestack amplitude data as a lower hemisphere (0-360 o ) plot can enable the interpreter to determining the symmetry of the rocks, aid in quantifying the relative effects of VTI and HTI, and potentially identify the highest natural fracture density zones, provided that proper acquisition and processing are
Patient satisfaction in military medicine: Status and an empirical test of a model

The Department of Defense (DoD) is concerned about how well military medical treatment facilities in the military health system perform. Patient expectations, attitudes, and health care use have been examined in numerous studies; the results are fairly consistent. Eligible beneficiaries report moderate satisfaction with the health care received. In 1994-2001, annual DoD and monthly ambulatory patient surveys were conducted in military medical treatment facilities. The DoD surveys document how patients perceive the care provided. The obvious research concerns are: requirements for conducting surveys; who should be surveyed: eligible beneficiaries or actual users; when; where; representative sample; how often to conduct assessment; data collection methods; analytic schemes; overall trends; predictors of satisfaction; use of results; and timeliness of findings. This study examines these issues and analyzes raw data from selected annual DoD and monthly ambulatory surveys. The overall level of perceived satisfaction has been "good" over the years surveys were used. The model demonstrated the use of examining demographic and attitudinal components of patient satisfaction in military medical facilities.
Adenosine-uridine binding factor requires metals for binding to granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor mRNA

Post-transcriptional gene regulation plays an important role in the expression of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). Cytokine secretion by activated lymphocytes or mast cells is preceded by dramatic stabilization of the normally labile GM-CSF mRNA. The 3'-untranslated region of GM-CSF and other labile mRNAs contain the destabilizing motif adenosine-uridine-uridine-uridine-adenosine (AUUUA). We recently identified a cytoplasmic protein denoted the adenosine-uridine binding factor (AUBF) which binds with high affinity and specificity to AUUUA elements in synthetic RNA transcripts. We now demonstrate that AUBF binds specifically to GM-CSF mRNA through the destabilizing AUUUA elements. The formation of AUBF-GM-CSF RNA complexes required calcium or magnesium which were sensitive to EDTA or EGTA. A variety of other divalent metals blocked magnesium-dependent AUBF activity. These observations suggest that AUBF may protect GM-CSF mRNA from rapid degradation and play a crucial role in the expression of cytokine genes.
Ethnic Disparity in Diabetes Self-Management Class Utilization, Behavioral Risk Factors Surveillance System 2012

Abstract We examined diabetes self-management class utilization in a study sample of adult BRFSS 2012 participants with diabetes (n=34,665). This study assessed demographic variables that might be associated with class utilization, specifically sex, age, income, having health insurance (yes or no), and ethnicity (Hispanic and non-Hispanic) on diabetes self-management class utilization. Participation in diabetes self-management class was 53.8% overall. Male sex, age greater than 49 years, income <$25,000 per year, and lack of health insurance were each significantly associated with decreased class utilization. Hispanics (n=2,962) were 43% less likely to have taken a class compared to non-Hispanics (n=31,703) (OR 0.57, CI:0.53-0.62, p <0.001) with 41.2% of Hispanics and 55% of non-Hispanics reporting that they had taken a diabetes self-management class. This disparity remained after adjusting for sex, age, income, and health insurance (OR 0.60, CI:0.55-0.65, p <0.001). Efforts to enhance participation in diabetes self-management education are needed, particularly in Hispanic communities.
Learner Engagement and Success in CMS Environments

This chapter is a case study in the use of course management systems (CMS) in teaching and learning. A narrative from a faculty perspective, this study discusses how technology can be used effectively to shift the burden from teaching to student learning by paying attention to pedagogy rather than to the use of technology itself. “Shakespeare and the New Movies,” a course designed to stimulate student writing about Shakespeare and films based on his plays, is used to illustrate this process.
Al-Shabaab, Social Identity Group, Human (In)Security & Counterterrorism

This paper examines the link between human security, social identity and al-Shabaab and U.S. counterterrorism towards the Somali-based group. The aim is to show how al-Shabaab feeds on the anger of marginalized individuals which is then infused with al-Shabaab interpretation of Islam as a way to recruit disgruntled individuals. Nevertheless, it appears that Al-Shabaab’s allure is in decline, leading to the author to look at the U.S. counterterrorism campaign against al-Shabaab, which involves decapitation, aggressive peacekeeping through a proxy in the shape of the African Union Mission in Somalia, and domestic de-radicalisation program.
Coda and Conclusion

In 1860, a group of middle-aged men met in the Grand Vefour, the famous Parisian restaurant in the Palais Royal. The luxury of the restaurant was matched by its exquisite dinner menu, from which the men could have chosen among dishes like ‘Salmon in Hollandaise and Genovese sauce’, ‘Lobster in Aspic in Belle-Vue sauce’, ‘Roast Duckling in Rouennaise sauce’ and ‘Artichoke Thistles in Honey’.1 Eating at one of the best known and most expensive restaurants in Paris was a statement of the men’s social status.2 The act of returning year after year, as these diners did, also pointed to their substantial financial resources. The list of invited guests to the 1860 reunion was most impressive. It included Hippolyte Carnot, former Minister of Public Instruction and son of Lazare Carnot; Alfred Blanche, secretary general of the Ministry of Colonies and Algeria; and Edouard Charton, famous as the director of the Magasin pittoresque and L’Illustration.3
Fade from red: the Cold War ex-enemy in Russian and American film, 1990–2005

With the success of FX’s spy drama The Americans (2013–), and new adaptations of old classics such as Tinker, Tailor, Soldier, Spy (2011) and The Man from U.N.C.L.E. (2015), it was high time for an...
Implementation of Cubic Spline Interpolation on Parallel Skeleton Using Pipeline Model on CPU-GPU Cluster

The cubic spline interpolation is frequently used for analysis the data set in various aspects of engineering and science problem. For a large set of data points defined with very large range, it is very difficult to interpolate by using traditional sequential algorithm. In this paper, we proposed a more systematic approach which has a parallel component known as skeleton which is implemented in various parallel paradigms like OpenMP, MPI, and CUDA etc. It is interesting that the skeleton approach is used with pipelining technique that gives better result as compared to the previous studies. This approach is applied to compute the cubic spline interpolating polynomial based on a large data set. The experimental result using the parallel skeleton technique on multi-core CPU and GPU shows better performance with respect to other parallel methods.
Modified IPS Cells for Hemoglobinopathies

Abstract We have recently used CRISPR-Cas to correct the HBB gene in induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSC) derived from patients with Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) and to correct the JAK3 gene in iPSC derived from patients with Severe Combine Immune Deficiency (SCID). Off-target mutations were minimized, if not eliminated, by use of paired guide RNAs and the Cas9 nickase. When erythroid progenitors (EP) produced from corrected SCD iPSC are transplanted into NSG mice, a complete switch from gamma- to beta-globin gene expression occurs within 24 hours and high levels of beta mRNA are synthesized; the betaA:betaS ratio is 60:40. Hematopoietic progenitors produced from corrected SCID iPSC can be differentiated into T cell populations that express a full repertoire of T Cell Receptors (TCRs). These results suggest that CRISPR-Cas enhanced gene replacement may provide safe and effective therapies for many erythroid and lymphoid disorders. In an alternative approach, we electroporated a preformed, biochemical complex composed of a guide RNA (gRNA), a modified recombinant Cas9 (mrCas9) and a single stranded oligodeoxnucleotide (ssODN) into sickle iPSC or primary sickle CD34+ hematopoietic progenitors. Sixty-five percent of sickle iPSC colonies contained at least one corrected allele. When homozygous corrected colonies were differentiated into erythroid progenitors and transplanted into NSG mice, human erythroid cells expressed 100% HbA. When primary sickle CD34+ hematopoietic progenitors were electroporated with the gRNA/mrCas9/ssODN complex and differentiated into erythroid cells in vitro, HbA was expressed at 30-40%. These results suggest that primary bone marrow CD34+ cells that are isolated from patients with sickle cell disease, beta-thalassemia, SCID, DBA and other hematopoietic disorders may be electroporated with specific gRNA/mrCas9/ssODN complexes and transplanted into patients to rapidly, safely and effectively treat these debilitating disorders. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
The Man of Mode : Comedy and the Masquerade

Eight years after the less-than-stellar reception of She Would If She Could, Etherege’s last play, The Man of Mode; or, Sir Fopling Flutter, revived his reputation among contemporaries as the finest dramatist of manners comedy. First performed by the Duke’s Company on 11 March 1676, this play appealed particularly to the court, who reportedly attended numerous performances, and it was immediately hailed by audiences at large as not only Etherege’s best comedy but also the best to date on the Carolean stage. Until the end of the century it continued to enjoy a number of revivals, including a production in Brussels on 3 October 1679 specially staged for the Duke of York, and a revival performed at Whitehall in 1685 for the newly enthroned James II.1 The enormous contemporary success of this comedy has been attributed in part to its purported verisimilitude, in particular its alleged naturalistic portrayal of lifelike characters whose manners, motives, and behaviour reflected the temperament of the significant number of court-based spectators and their acolytes who relished seeing their lifestyle enacted on the London stage. The play’s realism proved so noteworthy that its topical lifelikeness sparked particular mention from commentators, such as Langbaine, who lauded Etherege’s ‘art and judgment’ and reported the play as ‘acknowledg’d by all, to be as true Comedy, and the Characters as well drawn to Life, as any Play that has been Acted since the Restauration of the English stage’.2
Leisure, ethics, and spirituality

ABSTRACTLeisure, ethics, and spirituality are interwoven and contribute to one’s leisure choices and behaviours. Spirituality is one component of the quality of one’s leisure. Another element of leisure in relationship to spirituality is ethical or moral considerations. The choice of leisure is often governed by one’s belief that participation respects one’s spiritual convictions and faith traditions. Pieper [2009. Leisure: The Basis of Culture; The Philosophical Act. San Francisco, CA: Ignatius Press, 69] writes, ‘the celebration of divine worship, then, is the deepest of the springs by which leisure is fed … though it must be remembered that leisure embraces everything, which without being merely useful, is an essential part of a full human existence’. Spiritual convictions and religious beliefs can provide an ethical framework for decision-making regarding leisure. This paper examines the relationship between spirituality, ethics, and leisure, and how one’s spirituality and ethical beliefs may influenc...
Using defects to store energy in materials – a computational study

Energy storage occurs in a variety of physical and chemical processes. In particular, defects in materials can be regarded as energy storage units since they are long-lived and require energy to be formed. Here, we investigate energy storage in non-equilibrium populations of materials defects, such as those generated by bombardment or irradiation. We first estimate upper limits and trends for energy storage using defects. First-principles calculations are then employed to compute the stored energy in the most promising elemental materials, including tungsten, silicon, graphite, diamond and graphene, for point defects such as vacancies, interstitials and Frenkel pairs. We find that defect concentrations achievable experimentally (~0.1–1 at.%) can store large energies per volume and weight, up to ~5 MJ/L and 1.5 MJ/kg for covalent materials. Engineering challenges and proof-of-concept devices for storing and releasing energy with defects are discussed. Our work demonstrates the potential of storing energy using defects in materials.
OneUp Learning: A Course Gamification Platform

Gamification of education is still evolving. It lacks systematic studies assessing its effect in different contexts. Creating a gamified course is still time-consuming and design limited. As a response to these challenges, we developed OneUp Learning – a customizable platform aimed at facilitating the process of gamifying learning activities and enabling contextual studies. In this paper we present the platform architecture and its functionality, which includes support for integrating game design elements in learning activities, for creation of dynamic problems and for visualizing student performance and progress. At the end, we present a usability study of the platform and the assessment results from an end user perspective.
Zika Vaccines: Role for Controlled Human Infection.

Zika virus (ZIKV), a previously little known arbovirus, caused an unprecedented outbreak in Latin America and the Caribbean throughout 2015 and 2016. The virus has been associated with the congenital Zika syndrome (CZS), which can occur with maternal ZIKV infection during any trimester and can result from asymptomatic infection. There is concern that even low levels of viremia can result in CZS, meaning an effective vaccine will need to induce very high levels of protection. Controlled human infection models (CHIMs), in which subjects are infected with a pathogen of interest, have been used to down-select vaccine candidates and have provided efficacy data in support of vaccine licensure.A ZIKV CHIM could be instrumental in determining which of the many ZIKV vaccine candidates provides the highest degree of protection and should be advanced in clinical development. The development of a ZIKV CHIM is not without challenges. The ZIKV, unlike other flaviviruses, is sexually and mosquito-transmitted, and an increase in the incidence of Guillain-Barre syndrome was reported in some countries during the ZIKV outbreak. These obstacles can be overcome with thoughtful study design to ensure maximal risk mitigation. If successful, a ZIKV CHIM could de-risk and accelerate ZIKV vaccine development.
Determination of atomic positions from time resolved high resolution transmission electron microscopy images.

Abstract For many reaction processes, such as catalysis, phase transformations, nanomaterial synthesis etc., nanoscale observations at high spatial (sub-nanometer) and temporal (millisecond) resolution are required to characterize and comprehend the underlying factors that favor one reaction over another. The combination of such spatial and temporal resolution (up to 600 µs), while rich in information, produces a large number of snapshots, each of which must be analyzed to obtain the structural (and thereby chemical) information. Here we present a methodology for automated quantitative measurement of real-time atomic position fluctuations in a nanoparticle. We leverage a combination of several image processing algorithms to precisely identify the positions of the atomic columns in each image. A geometric model is then used to measure the time-evolution of distances and angles between neighboring atomic columns to identify different phases and quantify local structural fluctuations. We apply this technique to determine the atomic-level fluctuations in the relative fractions of metal and metal-carbide phases in a cobalt catalyst nanoparticle during single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) growth. These measurements provided a means to obtain the number of carbon atoms incorporated into and released from the catalyst particle, thereby helping resolve carbon reaction pathways during SWCNT growth. Further we demonstrate the use of this technique to measure the reaction kinetics of iron oxide reduction. Apart from reducing the data analysis time, the statistical approach allows us to measure atomic distances with sub-pixel resolution. We show that this method can be applied universally to measure atomic positions with a precision of 0.01 nm from any set of atomic-resolution video images. With the advent of high time-resolution direct detection cameras, we anticipate such methods will be essential in addressing the metrology problem of quantifying large datasets of time-resolved images in future.
X-ray-induced acoustic computed tomography of concrete infrastructure

X-ray-induced Acoustic Computed Tomography (XACT) takes advantage of both X-ray absorption contrast and high ultrasonic resolution in a single imaging modality by making use of the thermoacoustic effect. In XACT, X-ray absorption by defects and other structures in concrete create thermally induced pressure jumps that launch ultrasonic waves, which are then received by acoustic detectors to form images. In this research, XACT imaging was used to non-destructively test and identify defects in concrete. For concrete structures, we conclude that XACT imaging allows multiscale imaging at depths ranging from centimeters to meters, with spatial resolutions from sub-millimeter to centimeters. XACT imaging also holds promise for single-side testing of concrete infrastructure and provides an optimal solution for nondestructive inspection of existing bridges, pavement, nuclear power plants, and other concrete infrastructure.
Meaning in Terror Management Theory

This chapter includes a discussion of the concept of meaning and meaning-finding processes in Terror Management Theory (TMT). Although TMT theorists (e.g., Pyszczynski et al. 2004a, b) recognize the importance of growth processes, meaning striving is treated in TMT as a defensive mechanism, anchored in self-esteem striving, and intimately connected to the social-cultural context that is the provider of meaning. Thus, the experience of meaning is perceived as a means to enhance a sense of self-worth and, by doing so, helps to protect us against the existential terror of death. Beliefs in symbolic immortality, symbolic or even literal, are treated from the same defensive posture. In a typical TMT study increasing the salience of death (the mortality salience manipulation) has the effect of making the persons subjected to the manipulation less tolerant vis-a-vis a hypothetical other who challenged their value system. There is, however, empirical evidence that suggests a different approach, one based on growth motivation. For example, it was shown that focusing on the concept of an ideal (meaningful) death may eliminate mortality salience manipulation effects (Rogers 2011). Similarly, Florian, Mikulicer, and Herschnberger (Florian et al. 2002) have shown that focusing on relationships that provide meaning cancels the effects of mortality salience manipulations. In this chapter, in addition to providing such evidence, we argue that a modified view based on growth motivation is consistent with Becker’s description of “twin ontological motives” in the Denial of Death (Becker 1973), as well as with other critiques of the TMT (e.g., Deci and Ryan 2000; Wong 2008; Wong and Tomer 2011) and with the finding of an increased death acceptance in older adults. Such a view is based on the idea that meaning construction may affect the way life and death are viewed and that, as a consequence, the need for existential defenses may be diminished, if not completely eliminated. Moreover, a conclusion from this discussion concerns the necessity to construct an integrated theory that considers, in addition to anxiety, other death attitudes such as avoidance and different types of acceptance.
Electronic Structure of Semiconductors

The electronic properties of a semiconductor are crucial in device applications. These properties are determined by the crystal structure, the type of bonding in the solid and, ultimately, by the electron wave functions. The aim of these notes is to trace the connection between the underlying quantum mechanics and the macroscopic properties of typical semiconductors. Throughout, we will illustrate the basic concepts with examples drawn from the most important class of semiconductors — those of the diamond type such as silicon, germanium and gallium arsenide. It is hoped that this discussion will give some feel for the band structures of such materials, and demonstrate how this structure determines important characteristics of the crystal. Readers are cautioned, however, that this treatment is necessarily a qualitative one, condensing much semiconductor physics into a few lectures. Those interested in more detailed expositions are referred to the bibliography.
Breast cancer screening

Radiographic imaging of the breast began in the early years of the twentieth century. Continuous advances in film quality, energy sources, targets, grids, and filters have all contributed to superior image resolution. Federal quality standards now regulate screening mammography, and mass screening for breast cancer has become widely accepted in the United States. Wider application of screening has resulted in a dramatic apparent increase in incidence rates of breast cancer; a large proportion of this increase is in ductal carcinoma in situ. During the past 30 years, nine prospective, randomized trials to evaluate the ability of screening mammography to reduce mortality from breast cancer have been completed. These trials show a 30% reduction in mortality for women ages 50-69 years, but the benefit to women aged 40-49 years remains uncertain. This uncertainty is largely attributable to the lack of properly designed and conducted studies to evaluate screening efficacy in younger women. Although there is no biological reason to predict poor screening performance in the younger age groups, the sensitivity of screening mammography is lower in younger women. Additional data suggest that screening intervals longer than 12 months are ineffective in women younger than 50 years. With shorter screening intervals, the cost associated with screening mammography is comparable to other life-saving measures widely applied in the population. New breast imaging techniques hold promise for superior image quality, but they remain investigational as tools for mass screening. Until primary prevention of breast cancer is a reality, mass screening remains available to reduce mortality from breast cancer.
Cluster-Induced Deagglomeration in Dilute Gravity-Driven Gas-Solid Flows of Cohesive Grains.

Clustering is often presumed to lead to enhanced agglomeration between cohesive grains due to the reduced relative velocities of particles within a cluster. Our discrete-particle simulations on gravity-driven, gas-solid flows of cohesive grains exhibit the opposite trend, revealing a new mechanism we coin ``cluster-induced deagglomeration.'' Specifically, we examine relatively dilute gas-solid flows and isolate agglomerates of cohesive origin from overall heterogeneities in the system, i.e., agglomerates of cohesive origin and clusters of hydrodynamic origin. We observe enhanced clustering with an increasing system size (as is the norm for noncohesive systems) as well as reduced agglomeration. The reduced agglomeration is traced to the increased collisional impact velocities of particles at the surface of a cluster; i.e., higher levels of clustering lead to larger relative velocities between the clustered and nonclustered regions, thereby serving as an additional source of granular temperature. This physical picture is further evidenced by a theoretical model based on a balance between the generation and breakage rates of agglomerates. Finally, cluster-induced deagglomeration also provides an explanation for a surprising saturation of agglomeration levels in gravity-driven, gas-solid systems with increasing levels of cohesion, as opposed to the monotonically increasing behavior seen in free-evolving or driven granular systems in the absence of gravity. Namely, higher cohesion leads to more energy dissipation, which is associated with competing effects: enhanced agglomeration and enhanced clustering, the latter of which results in more cluster-induced deagglomeration.
Chapter 36 – Rebuck Windows: Granulocyte Function

This chapter reviews humoral mediators and phagocyte functions and correlates them with in vitro and in vivo measures of the response of these inflammatory constituents in an effort to define a crucial part of the immune response. The process of inflammation is complicated, and includes the generation of multiple humoral mediators and the response to a variety of leukocytes, most significantly, the phagocytic cells including neutrophils and monocytes. The release of humoral mediators is important for initiation and orderly progression of the inflammatory response. These compounds produced from several sources include substances released from microbes, plasma proteins, and active agents produced by a variety of cell types including endothelial cells, other mesenchymal cells, and leukocytes (lipids, cytokines, and chemokines). Evaluation of inflammatory mechanisms and the Rebuck skin window introduced to study the kinetics of the cellular phase of inflammation are described.
The evolving role of immuno-oncology for the treatment of head and neck cancer

Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that target immune co-signaling pathways have the potential to enable immune mediated tumor eradication. While early adoption of these agents for the treatment of advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN) has produced some astounding clinical successes, the majority of patients fail to respond to therapy. The purpose of this review is to first provide a broad overview of the immuno-oncology (I-O) landscape and to then focus on the current status of mAb-based I-O (mAb:I-O) for the treatment of SCCHN, with particular attention to the development of strategies for improving treatment responses.
PRO-Bookmarking to Estimate Clinical Thresholds for Patient-reported Symptoms and Function.

Introduction:PRO-Bookmarking is an alternative to traditional methods for deriving cut scores and applying qualitative modifiers to score ranges.Methods:In PRO-Bookmarking, a working group of stakeholders identifies ranges of scores they judge to credibly define different levels of a patient-reporte
Information Securing in Organizations: A Dialectic Perspective

Based on a field study of information security with two large corporations, we conjecture that information security should be aligned with varying organizational structures while adapted to environmental contingencies. We thus introduce a novel concept of information-securing security-oriented actions-interactions in organizations to interpret the fit/misfit dilemma. Also, we suggest that conflicts can constantly exist between organizational security and business goals. To that end, from a dialectic perspective we elucidate how and why organizations act toward one direction first (e.g. business-oriented), then another (e.g. security-oriented), and eventually a synthesized one.
Use of an enterocolitis triage and treatment protocol in children with Hirschsprung disease reduces hospital admissions

Abstract Background While a consensus for the definition of Hirschsprung associated enterocolitis (HAEC) is lacking, the mainstay of treatment includes rectal irrigations with or without antibiotics. This treatment is often effective when initiated as an outpatient. Our institution implemented a triage algorithm in an effort to standardize care thus providing more timely treatment and preventing unnecessary hospital admissions. We sought to review our short-term experience. Methods A retrospective review was performed of all Hirschsprung (HD) patients Results Eighty-seven total patients were included. Rectosigmoid transition zone was most common (75%) and 20% of patients had trisomy 21. HAEC occurred in 22% of patients in the preprotocol group (group A, n = 78, 27 episodes) and 20% of patients in the post-protocol group (group B, n = 87, 32 episodes). In group A, 78% of episodes required an unplanned visit and 74% resulted in admission. In group B, 81% of episodes required an unplanned visit and 50% resulted in admission (33% reduction in hospital admission, p = 0.06). Irrigations only, without antibiotics, were used in 30% of episodes in group A versus 41% in group B. Of patients who initially contacted the office by phone (group A = 7 episodes, group B = 6 episodes), outpatient management was successful in 43% versus 100% respectively (p = 0.07). No patient experienced increased morbidity in group B. Discussion Implementation of a HAEC treatment algorithm shows promise in improving the management and resource utilization of this complex patient population. It is anticipated that continued education of caregivers and the treatment team will result in a greater effect. A multi-institutional implementation of this algorithm is needed to characterize risk factors associated with failure of outpatient management. Level of Evidence III, Treatment Study.
Effects of hotel website photograph size and human images on perceived transportation and behavioral intentions

Abstract Travelers have been shown to use the Internet as their primary source of information for locating and booking hotel accommodation, while various website dimensions have been known to influence consumer behavior. Yet, there is no consistency in the way that hotels display their website photographs, especially in relation to photograph size and content, and few studies have investigated this important domain. This study examines the influence of hotel websites’ pictorial information (i.e., photograph sizes and human images) on perceived transportation, booking intentions and willingness to pay more. Analyzing 247 responses with structural equation modeling, large photographs increase transportation, which, in turn, increases booking intention and willingness to pay more. Large photographs are most effective when human presence is absent, while the effect of small photographs is improved with human presence. This study extends transportation theory by demonstrating that transportation can occur in non-narrative scenarios, specifically through photographic images.
Clinical and epidemiological features of herpangina

Herpangina is an acute infectious disease that affects young children often. This disease is characterized by fever and oral herpes, and a few patients even have complications of febrile convulsion and encephalitis. In recent years, the incidence of herpangina increases, and can easily cause the epidemic outbreak. This review summarizes advances on the etiology, clinicial and epidemiological features, prevention and control measures of herpangina. Key words: Herpangina; Epidemiological features; Enterovirus 71
Thriving in a crowded and changing world: C++ 2006–2020

By 2006, C++ had been in widespread industrial use for 20 years. It contained parts that had survived unchanged since introduced into C in the early 1970s as well as features that were novel in the early 2000s. From 2006 to 2020, the C++ developer community grew from about 3 million to about 4.5 million. It was a period where new programming models emerged, hardware architectures evolved, new application domains gained massive importance, and quite a few well-financed and professionally marketed languages fought for dominance. How did C++ -- an older language without serious commercial backing -- manage to thrive in the face of all that? This paper focuses on the major changes to the ISO C++ standard for the 2011, 2014, 2017, and 2020 revisions. The standard library is about 3/4 of the C++20 standard, but this paper's primary focus is on language features and the programming techniques they support. The paper contains long lists of features documenting the growth of C++. Significant technical points are discussed and illustrated with short code fragments. In addition, it presents some failed proposals and the discussions that led to their failure. It offers a perspective on the bewildering flow of facts and features across the years. The emphasis is on the ideas, people, and processes that shaped the language. Themes include efforts to preserve the essence of C++ through evolutionary changes, to simplify its use, to improve support for generic programming, to better support compile-time programming, to extend support for concurrency and parallel programming, and to maintain stable support for decades' old code. The ISO C++ standard evolves through a consensus process. Inevitably, there is competition among proposals and clashes (usually polite ones) over direction, design philosophies, and principles. The committee is now larger and more active than ever, with as many as 250 people turning up to week-long meetings three times a year and many more taking part electronically. We try (not always successfully) to mitigate the effects of design by committee, bureaucratic paralysis, and excessive enthusiasm for a variety of language fashions. Specific language-technical topics include the memory model, concurrency and parallelism, compile-time computation, move-semantics, exceptions, lambda expressions, and modules. Designing a mechanism for specifying a template's requirements on its arguments that is sufficiently flexible and precise yet doesn't impose run-time costs turned out to be hard. The repeated attempts to design ``concepts'' to do that have their roots back in the 1980s and touch upon many key design issues for C++ and for generic programming. The description is based on personal participation in the key events and design decisions, backed by the thousands of papers and hundreds of meeting minutes in the ISO C++ standards committee's archives.
Patterns of Food Parenting Practices Regarding Fruit and Vegetables among Parent-Adolescent Dyads.

Background: The study's objective was to determine patterns of food parenting practices regarding fruit and vegetables (FV) and their associations with demographic characteristics and dietary intake in parents and adolescents (12-17 years). Methods: Dyadic survey data from Family Life, Activity, Sun, Health, and Eating, a cross-sectional, Internet-based study, conducted in 2014 were analyzed using latent class analysis. Self-report model covariates included adolescent age and parent and adolescent sex, BMI, FV intake, and FV legitimacy of parental authority (FV-LPA). Results: Based on 1657 parent-adolescent dyads, 5 latent classes were identified representing use of all 6 to use of few FV parenting practices. Parent and adolescent responses agreed in four classes. The high use class was the reference class. Compared with early adolescent dyads, middle adolescent dyads had 58% and 66% lower odds of belonging to moderate and low use classes. Compared with female parent dyads, male parent dyads had over three times greater odds of belonging to low use class. Compared with female adolescent dyads, male adolescent dyads had 44% lower odds of belonging to disagreeing class. The odds of belonging to one of the other four classes were 19%-63% lower for every one cup equivalent increase in parent FV intake. Compared with dyads with high parental or adolescent agreement with FV-LPA, dyads with low agreement had 2.5-7 times the odds of belonging to another class. Conclusions: Distinct patterns of FV parenting practices exist and are associated with parent and adolescent demographic characteristics, dietary intake, and FV-LPA.
Prevalence, Characteristics, and Costs of Urgent Care Center Membership Programs

This study uses simulated patient phone calls to a random selection of US urgent care clinics (UCCs) to describe the proportion that offer membership programs with access to discounted visits for recurring fees and the characteristics (affiliations, accreditations, population income) and fees and charges of those that do.
Activity Detection And Modeling Using Smart Meter Data: Concept And Case Studies

Electricity consumed by residential consumers counts for a significant part of global electricity consumption and utility companies can collect high-resolution load data thanks to the widely deployed advanced metering infrastructure. There has been a growing research interest toward appliance load disaggregation via nonintrusive load monitoring. As the electricity consumption of appliances is directly associated with the activities of consumers, this paper proposes a new and more effective approach, i.e., activity disaggregation. We present the concept of activity disaggregation and discuss its advantage over traditional appliance load disaggregation. We develop a framework by leverage machine learning for activity detection based on residential load data and features. We show through numerical case studies to demonstrate the effectiveness of the activity detection method and analyze consumer behaviors by time-dependent activity modeling. Last but not least, we discuss some potential use cases that can benefit from activity disaggregation and some future research directions.
A machine learning field calibration method for improving the performance of low-cost particle sensors

Abstract Measurements of airborne particles in buildings with low-cost optical particle counters (OPCs) are often inaccurate and subject to uncertainties. This study introduces a methodology to improve the performance of low-cost OPCs in measuring indoor particles through machine learning. A two-month field measurement campaign was conducted in an occupied net-zero energy house. The studied OPCs (OPC–N2, Alphasense Ltd.) report size fractionated concentrations from 0.38 to 17.5 μm. Co-located reference instrumentation included a scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS: 0.01–0.30 μm) and an optical particle sizer (OPS: 0.30–10 μm). The machine learning field calibration method applies Gaussian Process Regression (GPR) and includes two components: (1.) correction of the size-resolved OPC counting efficiency from 0.38 to 10 μm and (2.) prediction of volume size distributions (mass proxy) below the 0.38 μm detection limit of the OPC. The field calibration method is applicable to OPCs that report size fractionated concentrations. In (1.), a GPR function was used to correct the size-resolved counting efficiency of the OPCs between 0.38 and 10 μm using the OPS as reference. In (2.), a second GPR function was used to predict the volume size distribution below 0.38 μm using the SMPS/OPS as reference. This was done given the significant contribution of sub-0.38 μm particles to volume concentrations in the accumulation mode. The machine learning field calibration method resulted in a significant improvement in the accuracy of size-integrated volume concentrations (PV2.5, PV10) reported by the OPCs as compared to the SMPS/OPS. Improvements were seen in the Pearson coefficient (before correction: 0.59–0.83; after correction: 0.98–0.99); coefficient of determination (before correction: 0.35–0.69; after correction: 0.97–0.98); and mean absolute percentage error (before correction: 35–69%; after correction: 19–25%).