cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Application of PK/PD Modeling and Simulations During Lead Optimization

A quick view of recent periodicals clearly point to the challenges of the pharmaceutical industry as we progress through the first decade of the 21st century — the rising costs of new innovative drugs. Much of the current costs and the continued rising costs of drug prices stem from the high price of drug discovery and development. Many sources have cited studies that estimate the cost of pharmaceutical drug development; all of which conclude the same — pharmaceutical RD DimAsi et al., 2003). The increase in R&D costs is due mainly to the increased cost of animal testing and conducting clinical trials (Dickson and Gagnon, 2004). The cost of an individual NCE, which is quickly approaching 1 billion dollars, is not the complete source of the large increase in pharmaceutical R&D over the past decade. The development failures of NCEs contribute substantially to this bottom line. One out of every 10 compounds that enter into human testing successfully completes clinical development and is made available to patients. The costs of these failures must be reconciled by the successful marketing of innovative new drugs. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recently published a white paper titled “Innovation or Stagnation? - Challenge and Opportunity on the Critical Path to New Medical Products” (FDA, 2004).
Lung Volume Reduction Surgery in the Candidate for Lung Transplantation

Emphysema is a progressive, unrelenting disease that results in a continued decline in pulmonary function. When pulmonary function testing documents a forced expiratory volume in 1s (FEV1) of less than 30% predicted values, the 3-year mortality risk has been estimated at 40% to 50%. Because of the increased mortality and the decreased quality of life seen with severe emphysema, multiple surgical treatments have been devised for patients with emphysema. The majority of these surgical interventions have been subsequently abandoned because of the lack of reproducible benefits and the false physiological principles upon which they were based. An excellent published review on the history of emphysema surgery has been provided by Deslauriers. As surgeons and physicians gained a better understanding of the pathophysiology of emphysema, most of these procedures would be considered of historical interest with no current practical value.
A Wideband Antenna for Buried RFID Applications

This paper presents a wide-band bow-tie antenna for underground buried RFID application. A narrowband antenna is not suitable for proper functioning of buried RFID tag as the soil can alter the resonance frequency under typical conditions. The bow-tie antenna was designed to be compatible with the commercial RFID IC Alien H-3. Design and simulation results are presented for the development of the tag.
Development of the Krypton Absorption in Liquid CO/sub 2/ (KALC) process: mass transfer efficiencies of packed columns

Experiments to determine the mass transfer efficiencies of the packed columns making up the Krypton Absorption in Liquid CO/sub 2/ (KALC) process were performed at a nominal pressure of 2 MPa over a wide range of flow rates and flow ratios for the CO/sub 2/--O/sub 2/--Kr system. The height of the transfer unit values, which were relatively independent of gas or liquid flow rates, were 0.13 m for krypton in the absorber, 0.16 m for O/sub 2/ in the fractionator, and 0.21 m for krypton in the stripper.
The Financial Benefits and Burdens of Performance Funding in Higher Education

Performance funding in higher education is intended to incentivize increased degree production at American colleges and universities by linking state funds directly to institutional outcomes. Howev...
Design and Implementation of a Novel Electronic Health Record Tool to Enhance the Care of Individuals with Cystic Fibrosis: The Cystic Fibrosis Note Template

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a genetic disease in which dysfunction of a single protein channel leads to organ damage, resulting in chronic health problems and premature death. In the United States, medical care of individuals living with CF is delivered by care centers accredited and subsidized by the CF Foundation. CF outcomes have improved significantly through the use of collaborative networks, registry data, and research. CF clinicians are perpetually challenged to assimilate and act upon large quantities of data generated by the care of these individuals. CF Foundation accreditation also requires care centers to enter patient-level data from clinical encounters into the CF Foundation Patient Registry (CFFPR). Commercially available electronic health record systems often lack tools with sufficient context specificity and ease of use to facilitate productive interactions between clinicians and patients. We describe a CF-specific NoteWriter template built and implemented in Epic, which captures discrete data and simultaneously generates clinical documentation during ambulatory encounters. Unlike other examples of note templates in CF, this project involves SmartData Elements (SDEs) using the NoteWriter tool in Epic, which enables data to be entered in the exact way in which the CFFPR captures data. By conducting a pre-/poststudy of its use in our health system, we found that the template can expedite note completion when clinicians have adequate time to become familiar with the tool. We anticipate that the NoteWriter template will become a vehicle for delivering standardized, structured patient data to the CFFPR.
A Very Persistent Cold.

A feeling of helplessness came over me, penetrating into my bones just like the cold air outside.
The Min-transitive Fuzzy Left-Relation \(\lambda _d(A, B)\) on Intervals: A Generalization of \(\lambda (A, B)\)

We present a powerful generalization \(\lambda _d(A, B)\) of the min-transitive fuzzy left-relation \(\lambda (A, B)\) on finite intervals, where the parameter d is a weight-distribution function for the points of A and B. For many applications, \(\lambda _d(A, B)\) and \(\lambda (A, B)\) are better models of “left” (“<”) for intervals than the min-transitive fuzzy relation \({\textit{Left}}(A, B)\) and they are also more well-behaved in several ways than \({\textit{Left}}(A, B)\).
Direct Oral Anticoagulants in Obesity: An Updated Literature Review.

Objective:To review literature on the use of direct-acting oral anticoagulants (DOACs) in patients with high body weight (BW) and/or high body mass index (BMI) and to make recommendations regarding...
Waiting for Certainty on Covid-19 Antibody Tests - At What Cost?

Waiting for Certainty on Covid-19 Antibody Tests Despite our inability to guarantee the accuracy of an immunity-certification process, failing to take action to identify people who could safely ret...
Factors Associated With Distal Femoral Osteotomy Survivorship: Data From the California Office of Statewide Health Planning and Development (OSHPD) Registry.

Background:Malalignment of the lower extremity can lead to early functional impairment and degenerative changes. Distal femoral osteotomy (DFO) can be performed with arthroscopic surgery to correct...
Identifying and Evading Olefin Isomerization Catalyst Deactivation Pathways Resulting from Ion-Tunable Hemilability

Hemilabile ligands are found in many leading organometallic catalysts, but it can be challenging to tune the degree of hemilability in a particular catalyst. This work explores the impact of cation...
Stress in Parents of School-Age Children and Adolescents With Cochlear Implants.

Parents of children with cochlear implants (CIs) face unique challenges in caring for their child, potentially fostering parental stress. Most studies of stress in parents of CI users do not examine stress specific to having a deaf and hard-of-hearing (DHH) child. This study compares general and condition-specific stress (via the Family Stress Scale) in 31 parents of CI users (8-16 years) to previously published samples of DHH children, and it examines child- and CI-related factors associated with parental stress. Parents of modern-day CI users reported significantly lower stress than parents of children using older-generation CI technology and similar levels of overall stress to parents of young children preimplantation. However, significant item-level differences emerged (e.g., communication, device management) pre- versus postimplant. Child temperament significantly predicted parental stress after controlling for other variables. Intervention strategies for children with CIs should engage a family systems approach to reduce parental stress and better support the child.
Genomic characterization of Salmonella Dublin recovered from Ohio cattle

Multidrug-resistant (MDR) Salmonella enterica is a threat to animal and human health. Salmonella Dublin, a bovine-adapted S. enterica serotype, causes severe outbreaks among calves that frequently result in high mortality. Additionally, S. Dublin causes invasive infections in people, and the incidence of S. Dublin infections in people has been increasing over the past decade. Recovered isolates are frequently resistant to antimicrobials necessary for the treatment of invasive infections in calves and people. The transmission pathways of virulent Salmonella serotypes are not well characterized. Genomic characterization of recovered strains can be used to elucidate the genetic relatedness and identify potential routes of transmission. Therefore, the objective of this study as to characterize the genetic relatedness and genomic antimicrobial resistance determinants of S. Dublin recovered from cattle in Ohio.
Magnetization distribution in Cu0.6Mn2.4Ge2 ferromagnet from polarized and non-polarized neutron powder diffraction aided by density-functional theory calculations

Abstract The crystal structure and magnetic properties of Cu0.6Mn2.4Ge2 have been re-investigated by a combination of extensive magnetic measurements and neutron scattering experiments, aided by electronic structure calculations. The material is found to be a soft ferromagnet with the ordering temperature TC = 316 K. The magnetocaloric effect evaluated from field-dependent magnetization isotherms is equal to 1.2 J/(kg·K) and 2.5 J/(kg·K) under the maximum applied magnetic field of 2 T and 5 T, respectively. The compound crystallizes in the hexagonal space group P63/mmc. A complex structural disorder necessitated testing of several disorder models against the results of non-polarized and polarized neutron scattering experiments and magnetization measurements. Simulations at the density-functional theory level were also performed to identify the most robust solution that properly described the data observed. The final magnetic structure model reveals non-equal magnetic moments on the Mn1 and Mn2 atoms (2.29(9) µB and 2.7(1) µB, respectively) and the presence of vacancies and minor Cu substitution defects in both Mn sites. The work demonstrates how the non-polarized and polarized neutron scattering methods can be combined with electronic structure calculations to establish the microscopic structure of magnetic materials with complex crystallographic disorder.
The Mental Health Effects of Migrant Family Separation

In June 2018, Executive Order 13841 was signed into law to end the separation of migrant families at the southern border of the United States. An injunction by a federal judge followed days later, mandating the reunification of all separated parents and children. The Office of Inspector General ultimately identified 2,737 separated children as of June 2018, noting that likely thousands of other separated children were unaccounted for. Despite reunification directives, the separation of migrant families has continued, both at our border and internationally. According to data from the US Departments of Homeland Security and Health and Human Services, motr yhsn 1,100 more youths were separated from their families at the border in the year and a half that followed these orders. Three hundred of these children were less than 5 years of age (Figure 1).1 Parents of 545 of the separated children are currently unable to be found by a court-appointed search committee. As the COVID-19 pandemic has infiltrated detention centers and detention conditions are being ruled as undeniably neither safe nor sanity, a 2020 federal order ensures the release of detained children from family residential centers to the community. However, government officials are releasing children without their parents, further exacerbating government-imposed separation of families at a time of heightened anxiety and uncertainty in the lives of these vulnerable children.
Is clinically measured knee range of motion after total knee arthroplasty ‘good enough?’: A feasibility study using wearable inertial measurement units to compare knee range of motion captured during physical therapy versus at home

Abstract Total knee arthroplasty is highly successful, in part due to range of motion (RoM) recovery. This is typically estimated goniometrically/visually by physical therapists (PTs) in the clinic, which is imprecise. Accordingly, a validated inertial measurement unit (IMU) method for capturing knee RoM was deployed assessing postoperative RoM both in and outside of the clinical setting. The study's objectives were to evaluate the feasibility of continuously capturing knee RoM pre-/post-op via IMUs, dividing data into PT/non-PT portions of each day, and comparing PT/non-PT metrics. We hypothesized IMU-based clinical knee RoM would differ from IMU-based knee RoM captured outside clinical settings. 10 patients (3 ​M, 69 ​± ​13 years) completed informed consent documents following ethics board approval. A validated IMU method captured long duration (8–12 ​h/day, ~50 days) knee RoM pre-/post-op. Post-op metrics were subdivided (PT versus non-PT). Clinical RoM and patient reported outcome measures were also captured. Compliance and clinical disruption were evaluated. ANOVA compared post-op PT and non-PT means and change scores. Maximum flexion during PT was less than outside PT. PT stance/swing RoM and activity level were greater than outside PT. No temporal variable differences were found PT versus non-PT. IMU RoM measurements capture richer information than clinical measures. Maximum PT flexion was likely less than non-PT due to the exercises completed (i.e. high passive RoM vs. low RoM gait). PT gait flexion likely exceed non-PT because of ‘white coat effects’ wherein patients are closely monitored clinically. This implies data captured clinically represents optimum performance whereas data captured non-clinically represents realistic performance.
A case-based approach to robot motion planning

The authors present a case-based robot motion planning system. Case-based planning affords on the system good average case performance by allowing it to understand and exploit the tradeoff between completeness and computational cost, and permits it to successfully plan and learn in a complex domain without the need for an extensively engineered and possibly incomplete domain theory. The system automatically classifies motion planning problems according to the solution method that is most appropriate, not by using a fixed classification of problems, but by learning with experience how to map problems to solution methods. >
Stability of pentobarbital sodium after reconstitution in 0.9% sodium chloride injection and repackaging in glass and polypropylene syringes.

The stability of pentobarbital sodium (10 mg/mL) in 0.9% sodium chloride injection and pentobarbital sodium (50 mg/mL) after repackaging in glass and polypropylene syringes has been studied at 25 deg C by means of a stability-indicating high-performance liquid chromatography assay method. The concentrations of the drug were directly related to peak heights, and the percent relative standard deviation based on 5 injections was 1.7. The pH value of the sample, which was prepared by diluting the injection (50 mg/mL) to 10 mg/mL with 0.9% sodium chloride injection, decreased from 9.2 to 8.2. At this pH, the free base began to crystallize out in less than 24 hours. After the undiluted commercial injection was repackaged in glass or polypropylene syringes, there was no significant loss of potency after 31 days of storage at 25 deg C. The pH value of the injection remained constant at 9.2.The pentobarbital sodium in injection appears to be very stable, because the loss in potency was only about 6.2% after it was boiled in water for 1.5 hours.
Cooperating Agent Architectures to Manage Manufacturing Processes

Manufacturing has become one of the most challenging domains to drive both fundamental and applied research in Artificial Intelligence, and it is of far greater economic significance than any other domain. Combining recent advances in representation theory, distributed problem solving, and distributed system architectures, this paper describes an approach to Computational Manufacturing as the new field that describes manufacturing as computation in symbolic models.
Power integrity/signal integrity co-simulation for fast design closure

There is a growing need to reduce the design cycle time of electronic packages to meet the consumer needs quicker. A design methodology to achieve this is to integrate signal and power-delivery analysis. In this paper, a transient simulation technique using S-parameters that does not violate causality is presented. Eye-diagram results are shown, with and without explicit delay extraction. Scalability of this technique has been demonstrated by solving a large sized problem
A Reinvestigation of Racial Discrimination and Baseball Cards

This article presents a reexamination and extension of Nardinelli and Simon's (NS) work on the racial discrimination in the market for the Topps 1970 series of baseball cards. This article compares the descriptive statistics and regression results NS reported using data as of the end of the 1988 season with results for the same variables and similar data sources. The greatest challenge raised by this study was obtaining card prices, especially for the earliest years. Until the 1970s there was no secondary market for baseball cards, other than an informal barter market. It is not obvious why evidence supporting customer racial discrimination is concentrated in the 1984-1991 period. The pool of card collectors in 2001 is not the same as in 1979 or 1984. Discrimination among younger collectors may be less common than among older card buyers, perhaps because baseball fans have become accustomed to watching players of all races. But even if this were true it is not clear why younger collectors would have a special interest in players long retired.
Novel strains isolated from a coastal aquifer suggest a predatory role for flavobacteria

Three newly isolated strains of flavobacteria from coastal aquifer sediments have been found to be predatory, lysing a range of live and pasteurized microbial prey. The three strains have been classified on the basis of 16S rRNA gene phylogeny as belonging to the recently described Olleya (strains VCSA23 and VCSM12) and Tenacibaculum (strain VCSA14A) genera. Two of the closest cultured relatives to the strain VCSA14A, Tenacibaculum discolor and Tenacibaculum gallaicum, were also found to be bacteriolytic. These five predatory strains exhibit gliding motility and have been observed to lyse prey cells after surrounding them with social swarms, similar to known predatory bacteria such as myxobacteria and members of the genus Lysobacter. Flavobacteria are often numerically significant in a wide variety of freshwater and marine environments, particularly in association with particles, and are thought to be involved in the degradation of biopolymeric substances. If predatory capability is widespread among flavobacteria, they may be a previously unrecognized source of 'top-down' bacterial mortality with an influence on the composition and activity of surrounding microbial communities.
Who Voted for the Bharatiya Janata Party

The electoral success of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), a right-wing religious party, in India's 1991 national elections has often been attributed to the rise of Hindu religious sentiments. After the 1991 elections the BJP emerged as the second largest party in Parliament and captured almost a fifth of the votes cast. There is little in the way of substantive evidence, however, that Hindus have either become more religious or that they were willing to express their religiosity more politically only in the 1990s. This Note claims that the BJP was electorally successful on account of its ability to forge a coalition between religious groups and the middle classes. The BJP, an advocate of a mixed economy in the 1970s and Gandhian socialism in the early 1980s, emerged in the 1990s as an ardent critic of state intervention. It was this programmatic shift which enabled the BJP to garner the support of the middle classes, who were ‘mobilizable’ because of their growing disaffection with the political and economic policies pursued by the Congress party. The electoral success of the BJP hence lay not in mobilizing only the ‘religious’ but in its ability to put together a viable coalition between religious Hindus and those disaffected by excessive political intervention in the economy.
Identification of the Cysteine Residue Responsible for Disulfide Linkage of Na+ Channel α and β2 Subunits

Voltage-gated Na+ channels in the brain are composed of a single pore-forming α subunit, one non-covalently linked β subunit (β1 or β3), and one disulfide-linked β subunit (β2 or β4). The final step in Na+ channel biosynthesis in central neurons is concomitant α-β2 disulfide linkage and insertion into the plasma membrane. Consistent with this, Scn2b (encoding β2) null mice have reduced Na+ channel cell surface expression in neurons, and action potential conduction is compromised. Here we generated a series of mutant β2 cDNA constructs to investigate the cysteine residue(s) responsible for α-β2 subunit covalent linkage. We demonstrate that a single cysteine-to-alanine substitution at extracellular residue Cys-26, located within the immunoglobulin (Ig) domain, abolishes the covalent linkage between α and β2 subunits. Loss of α-β2 covalent complex formation disrupts the targeting of β2 to nodes of Ranvier in a myelinating co-culture system and to the axon initial segment in primary hippocampal neurons, suggesting that linkage with α is required for normal β2 subcellular localization in vivo. WT β2 subunits are resistant to live cell Triton X-100 detergent extraction from the hippocampal axon initial segment, whereas mutant β2 subunits, which cannot form disulfide bonds with α, are removed by detergent. Taken together, our results demonstrate that α-β2 covalent association via a single, extracellular disulfide bond is required for β2 targeting to specialized neuronal subcellular domains and for β2 association with the neuronal cytoskeleton within those domains.
Attraction of Apple Maggot Flies to Odor of Apples

Orchard studies clearly demonstrated that sexually mature female and male Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh) respond positively to the odor of fresh-picked apples of susceptible varieties in a stage suitable for oviposition and larval development. Evidence suggests that the nature of the flies' response is one of attraction (in the loose sense of the word). No response was detected to the odor of fresh-picked fruits of a nonsusceptible apple variety or a nonhost species, choke cherry ( Prunus virginiana L.). We discuss the potential utility of the unidentified attractive component(s) of the fruit odor in development of improved devices for monitoring fly populations and new, integrated methods of population management.
Pediatric risk of mortality scoring overestimates severity of illness in infants

ObjectiveTo validate Pediatric Risk of Mortality (PRISM) scoring in infants and children admitted for intensive care.DesignValidation cohort.SettingA five-bed pediatric ICU and three cots providing intensive care for surgical neonates, within a 159-bed tertiary care children's hospital.PatientsAll p
Networking devices over TV white spaces

On November 4th, 2008 the FCC made a historic decision to allow unlicensed devices (similar to Wi-Fi devices) to operate in the white spaces. These are portions of the spectrum which are unoccupied by their licensed incumbents, such as TV transmitter. Compared to the ISM bands where Wi-Fi operates, this portion of the spectrum has several desirable properties for robust data communications. However, to make efficient use of this spectrum in a way that is non-disruptive to incumbents, there are a number of challenges that must be handled. For example, an unused portion of the spectrum must be found, and it is likely that its availability will vary over time and location. To address such challenges, we have developed a hardware-software platform that includes a spectrum-aware Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol and algorithms to deal with spectrum fragmentation. In this talk, I will describe these solutions and present some open challenges in enabling high speed wireless connectivity in the TV bands.
Niels Bohr’s Nutcracker

In 1913, Niels Bohr solved all the outstanding problems of the spectroscopy of hydrogen and predicted many new lines. His quantization of angular momentum remains a central organizing principle of quantum theory today. Article not available.
Animal-assisted therapy in cardiovascular disease

It has become clear that psychosocial factors play an integral role in health, particularly in influencing the progression and severity of disease. Scientists have begun to identify these factors in order to uncover methods to control them and so affect the course of an illness. Some of these studies have led to the hypothesis that the presence of an animal companion is one such psychosocial factor.
Conserved natural IgM antibodies mediate innate and adaptive immunity against the opportunistic fungus Pneumocystis murina

Host defense against opportunistic fungi requires coordination between innate and adaptive immunity for resolution of infection. Antibodies generated in mice vaccinated with the fungus Pneumocystis prevent growth of Pneumocystis organisms within the lungs, but the mechanisms whereby antibodies enhance antifungal host defense are poorly defined. Nearly all species of fungi contain the conserved carbohydrates β-glucan and chitin within their cell walls, which may be targets of innate and adaptive immunity. In this study, we show that natural IgM antibodies targeting these fungal cell wall carbohydrates are conserved across many species, including fish and mammals. Natural antibodies bind fungal organisms and enhance host defense against Pneumocystis in early stages of infection. IgM antibodies influence recognition of fungal antigen by dendritic cells, increasing their migration to draining pulmonary lymph nodes. IgM antibodies are required for adaptive T helper type 2 (Th2) and Th17 cell differentiation and guide B cell isotype class-switch recombination during host defense against Pneumocystis. These experiments suggest a novel role for the IgM isotype in shaping the earliest steps in recognition and clearance of this fungus. We outline a mechanism whereby serum IgM, containing ancient specificities against conserved fungal antigens, bridges innate and adaptive immunity against fungal organisms.
Surrogate selves: notes on anti-trafficking and anti-blackness

This essay explores the discursive production of black captivity across the African diaspora in the afterlife of slavery. I take as my objects of analysis the contemporary anti-trafficking and anti-slavery movements, features of the increasing hegemony of human rights discourse for formulating problems of social justice and their remedies. I argue that configuring black captivity – in this case, the experiences of Nigerian women migrants to Western Europe – through these hegemonic discourses extend, rather than ameliorate, the global structural antagonism of anti-blackness.
Vasopressin gene expression: experimental models and strategies.

Abstract The intergenic region (IGR) separating the genes for vasopressin (VP) and oxytocin (OT) has been shown to be critical for the cell-specific expression of these peptide genes in hypothalamic neurons. To date, the most relevant information about the putative cis -elements in the IGR that might determine cell-specific gene expression has come from studies in transgenic models. As a first step toward increasing the efficiency of the IGR sequence deletion studies in transgenic animals, a comparative genomics approach comparing the IGR sequence in humans versus mice was used to identify conserved sequences that might be candidate regulatory elements. The nucleotide sequence of the IGR between the human VP and OT genes was determined and compared to the mouse IGR, and 26 conserved sequences in three distinct clusters were found. These conserved sequences and motifs may be important for the cell-specific expression of the VP and OT genes. However, before further significant progress can be made, a “high-throughput” method for the analysis of deletion constructs in relevant cell types in vitro is needed. It is proposed here that organotypic culture models combined with the use of particle-mediated gene transfer methods may provide an effective, general strategy for the study of cell-specific expression in the central nervous system.
Ahmed S. Hashim. When Counterinsurgency Wins? Sri Lanka's Defeat of the Tamil Tigers.

Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2013. 265 Pp., $59.95 Cloth. ISBN: 978-0-812-24452-6 While the last standing superpower is still mired in a fight with al-Qaeda and its affiliates fr...
HONO decomposition on borosilicate glass surfaces: implications for environmental chamber studies and field experiments

Nitrous acid (HONO) is the major source of OH in polluted urban atmospheres, so an understanding of its formation and loss processes both in urban atmospheres and in laboratory systems is important. Earlier studies over a limited range of conditions showed that HONO is taken up and undergoes reaction on surfaces. We report here a comprehensive set of studies of the decay of HONO and the formation of gas phase products over a range of initial HONO concentrations (0.1–11 ppm) at 1 atm pressure in N2 at 296 K and 0, 20 and 50% relative humidity (RH), respectively. The loss of HONO and increase in gas phase products were measured over time using long path FTIR spectroscopy. Studies were carried out in an unconditioned borosilicate glass cell and in the same cell after pretreatment with dry gaseous nitric acid. In the HNO3-conditioned cell, the loss of HONO was first order at all values of relative humidity (RH), and NO2 was the only significant gas phase product. For the unconditioned cell, the reaction order increased from first order at 0% RH to second order at 50% RH. The gas phase products at 0% RH were equal amounts of NO and NO2. The yield of NO increased to >90% at 50% RH while the yield of NO2 decreased to ≤10%. For both the unconditioned and the HNO3-treated cell, the rate of loss of HONO decreased with increasing RH. These results suggest that there is a competition between water, HONO and HNO3 for surface sites. Displacement of HONO from the cell walls by water was observed in separate experiments. Possible mechanisms, and the implications for HONO formation in environmental chambers and in air, are discussed.
Buddhism, Politics, and Nationalism in the Twentieth and Twenty‐first Centuries

Buddhism is widely understood as a religion with a global scope. Particularly from the end of the twentieth century, the widespread growth of Buddhism internationally, and the extensive ties between Buddhists institutions, leave the impression of unity within contemporary Buddhism. Nevertheless, in this article, I argue that Buddhism cannot be understood outside of a national context. Although international ties between Buddhists are real and important, Sanghas generally remain under the governance by national governments and monks and nuns remain citizens of particular nation-states. As a result, contemporary Buddhism is marked by a tension between the transnational and the national.
gerud1.0: a computer program for the reconstruction of parental genotypes from progeny arrays using multilocus DNA data

We have no standard computer algorithm for the reconstruction of parental genotypes from the data generated by molecular studies of progeny arrays. Here I present a computer program that uses the multilocus genotypes of parents and offspring to reconstruct the genotypes of unknown parents contributing gametes to a progeny array for which one parent is known a priori . A second program performs simulations to assess the reliability of the algorithm under various scenarios. These programs will aid scientists engaged in parentage analyses, particularly in species with large clutches.
Switching of substation capacitor banks by current-biased induction-voltage relay

Data presented in this article, plus operating experience with this type of control, prove that large banks of substation static capacitors may be successfully switched automatically to gain the maximum benefit in voltage control and power factor correction.
Patterning silicalite-1 films using carbon dioxide laser ablation

Abstract Nanostructured materials represent an intriguing foundation on which to build new devices for applications in electronics, photonics, energy storage, and biological/chemical analysis. For example, porous, nanostructured materials, such as pure-silica zeolite films, have been used to form 2D and 3D structures for building intricate micro-scale assemblies for light-harvesting, sensing, and microreactor applications. The standard methods used to pattern such devices and features from nanostructured materials are based on either typical microfabrication techniques, which involve either several complex and time-consuming steps, and can result in pore clogging, or the organization of pre-formed seeds/crystals uniformly arranged on the substrate by chemical or physical linkages, which requires precise control and positioning. Here, we present a simple, flexible alternative to both techniques: CO 2 laser ablation. We demonstrate the effects of this technique on a model zeolite thin film system, pure-silica MFI (silicalite-1), to evaluate its potential for patterning complex, multicrystalline, nanostructured materials. We use SEM and XRD to determine the crystallinity, film thickness, surface coverage, crystal size, and crystal habit of the films pre- and post-patterning. Using this technique, we demonstrate that it is possible to make 3D structures in these films, such as channels of varying width (82–611.98 μm), depth (2.58–7.13 μm), separation distance (minimum 25 μm), and edge effects, by varying laser power, spot size, and raster speed. This work introduces a one-step, rapid technique to pattern materials with specific framework structures and subnanometer pore sizes, thus broadening their potential usage in areas that require patterned, micro-scale features.
Tidal Disruption and Tails from the Carina Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy

New photometry of regions beyond the classical tidal radius of Carina exposes a Carina-like stellar distribution that is about 1% of the central surface density and which extends at least as far as 2° (3.5 kpc) from Carina's center. The detections of a spatially extended RR Lyrae distribution, and a significant Carina-like stellar population at large central distances confirm predictions of the time-dependent tidal interaction model and suggest that Carina is not in virial equilibrium.
Structural and systematic study of an unusual tracheid type in cacti

Wide-band tracheids are a specialized tracheid type in which an annular or helical secondary wall projects deeply into the cell lumen. They are short, wide and spindle-shaped, and their bandlike secondary walls cover little of the primary wall, leaving most of it available for water diffusion. Wide-band tracheids appear to store and conduct water while preventing the spread of embolisms. They may be the most abundant tracheary element in the xylem, but they are always accompanied by at least a few vessels. Typically, fibers are absent wherever wide-band tracheids are present. Wide-band tracheids occur in the primary and secondary xylem of succulent stems, leaves and roots in genera of all three subfamilies of Cactaceae but were not found in the relictual genusPereskia, which lacks succulent tissues. In the large subfamily Cactoideae, wide-band tracheids occur only in derived members, and wide-band tracheids of North American Cactoideae are narrower and are aligned in a more orderly radial pattern than those of South American Cactoideae. Wide-band tracheids probably arose at least three times in Cactaceae.
Comparative influence of ouabain, norepinephrine and heart rate on myocardial oxygen consumption and inotropic state in dogs.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to compare the myocardial oxygen cost of augmented inotropic state produced by ouabain, norepinephrine, or increased heart rate. This problem was examined in dogs using an isovolumically contracting left ventricular preparation. Inotropic state was measured as the maximum observed contractile element velocity at the lowest common level of wall stress (MAX V). Peak left ventricular wall stress was maintained constant in each dog so that it would not influence changes in myocardial oxygen consumption (MVO 2 ). Ouabain (4 × 10 2 μmoles/Kg.) and norepinephrine (2 × 10 3 μmoles/Kg./minute) always augmented inotropic state (MAX V) and increased MVO 2 . The positive slopes of the regression of MVO 2 on MAX V for ouabain (45.4 ± 12.5 μl/beat/100 Gm./muscle length/sec; mean ± SEM) and norepinephrine (34.5 ± 5.6 μl/beat/100 Gm./muscle length/sec; mean ± SEM) were not significantly different, indicating that for an equal augmentation of inotropic state, ouabain increases myocardial oxygen demands to the same extent as does norepinephrine. When the results with ouabain or norepinephrine were compared to results obtained by altering heart rate, it was found that increasing inotropic state by these pharmacologic agents is more costly in terms of myocardial energy demands than when inotropic state is enhanced by increasing heart rate.
A Novel Perturbation-Based Approach for the Accurate Prediction of the Forced Response of Mistuned Bladed Disks

This paper focuses on the formulation and validation of a novel perturbation method for the prediction of the forced response of mistuned bladed disks. At the contrary of previous approaches, the proposed one involves the sum of the inverses of the tuned and mistuned impedance matrices through the use of the Sherman-Morrison-Woodbury formula. Then, considering these inverses as diagonal dominant matrices leads to an efficient series representation of the forced response of mistuned bladed disks. A detailed validation effort of this new procedure was next achieved. In particular, it was demonstrated that this approach leads to a convergent series representation over the entire range of blade-disk coupling levels for small mistuning. The dominant parameter affecting the magnitude of the largest mistuning for which convergence occurs is shown to be the system damping with a weaker effect of the blade-disk coupling. Examples of application to a single-degree-of-freedom per blade model and the reduced order model of a blisk demonstrate the potential of this novel approach. Finally, the applicability of this technique for the optimization of intentional mistuning pattern is shown.
The Supreme Court and Federal Prosecution of State and Local Government Corruption

In Skilling v. United States (2010), the U. S. Supreme Court sharply limited the use of the honest service doctrine of the federal mail fraud statute to prosecute state and local officials on public corruption charges. The decision limits the application of the doctrine to bribes and kickbacks. The high court made clear that Congress has broad authority to criminalize "corrupt" conduct, but to do so must clearly define the conduct it wishes to regulate. This article evaluates the impact of the Skilling decision on federal prosecutions of state and local government officials, and proposes a new federal criminal prohibition on acceptance of high-value illegal gratuities by state and local employees. Despite the strong public policy argument for the passage of a high-value intergovernmental illegal gratuity statute, Congress has shown considerable reluctance to enact statutes giving prosecutors clear authority to pursue state and local officials for non quid pro quo offenses.
IMF Conditionality and the Theory of Special Interest Politics

This paper presents an analytical discussion of IMF conditionality based on the theory of special interest politics. We outline a simple political–economy model of special interest group politics, extended to include the interaction of the IMF with the government of a country making use of IMF resources. Conditional lending turns the IMF into a benevolent lobby that can exert beneficial impacts on the government's policy choices. In addition to addressing the international spillover effects of national economic policies, conditionality can help reduce policy inefficiencies generated by domestic conflicts of interest and limited ownership.
Decisions decisions plant vessels

This paper describes concepts for a family of plant vessels that help users make decisions or reach goals. The concepts use plants to mark time or answer questions for the user, creating a connection between the user and the individual plant. These concepts seek to ultimately foster a connection between users and nature and raise awareness about nature's cycles. This paper describes the concepts and the process (including sketches) followed to derive these vessels.
I—Hartry Field: What is the Normative Role of Logic?

The paper tries to spell out a connection between deductive logic and rationality, against Harman's arguments that there is no such connection, and also against the thought that any such connection would preclude rational change in logic. One might not need to connect logic to rationality if one could view logic as the science of what preserves truth by a certain kind of necessity (or by necessity plus logical form); but the paper points out a serious obstacle to any such view.
A NEW EURYPTERID LAGERSTÄTTE FROM THE UPPER SILURIAN OF PENNSYLVANIA

Eurypterids are generally rare in the fossil record, but occasionally occur in abundance. The genus Eurypterus , in particular, is well known from certain upper Silurian Lagerstatten of the northern Appalachian basin (New York and Ontario), but occurs far less frequently in the central and southern Appalachian basin (Pennsylvania, Maryland, and West Virginia, respectively). The recent discovery of an exceptionally preserved mass assemblage of Eurypterus in the upper Tonoloway Formation (upper Ludlow–Přidoli) of Pennsylvania provides new information on the behavior and life habitat of the genus in this region. Eurypterids at this locality are found in thinly laminated, calcareous shale deposited within the lower intertidal to shallow subtidal zone of a coastal mudflat or sabkha. Rare associated fauna of limited diversity, and evaporitic and desiccation features in associated beds, suggest a stressed environment with variable salinity and possible hypoxic conditions. Most eurypterids are disarticulated and fragmentary, but several fully articulated, exceptionally preserved specimens are present. Exoskeletal features and taphonomic indices values indicate a molt rather than death assemblage, and the presence of arthropod trackways suggests that Eurypterus sp. may have molted en masse in the vicinity of the burial site. Sequence stratigraphic interpretation of the site suggests that preservation of eurypterid remains is the result of occupation of ephemeral environmental (salinity/oxygen) conditions during a transgression. The occurrence of this new Lagerstatte within the upper Silurian succession of the central Appalachians, an interval which had heretofore yielded only rare, fragmentary remains, indicates that eurypterids were more prevalent in this region than previously thought.
Polypropylene suture stresses after closure of longitudinal arteriotomy

Abstract This study was performed (1) to determine the load on polypropylene (Prolene) sutures when used to close a longitudinal carotid arteriotomy and (2) to compare that load with the tensile strength of the suture material. Laboratory methods were used to determine the stress caused by pressure, the surgeon's knot, and that resulting from longitudinal extension of the sutured vessel. Results showed that the stress from the surgeon's knot accounts for more than 95% of total load on the suture, the remainder resulting from pressure and geometry. At 100 mm Hg in a 10 mm carotid artery at in situ length, 5-0 Prolene suture is loaded to 22%, 6-0 to 32%, and 7-0 to 42% of their respective breaking stresses. When the cervical spine is hyperextended, the carotid artery is stretched up to 6%. When the sutured pressurized vessel is extended 6%, 5-0 Prolene suture is loaded to 51%, 6-0 to 52%, and 7-0 to 75% of breaking stresses. These data suggest that 5-0 and 6-0 Prolene sutures should be used in preference to 7-0 sutures to close a carotid arteriotomy. (J VASC SURG 1988;7:423-8.)
Predicting Use of Lights and Siren for Patient Illnesses

Lights and siren are frequently used by Emergency Medical Service (EMS) groups to reduce response times and increase a patient’s chance for survival. However, the use of lights and siren in EMS patient transport has been associated with occasional inappropriate use, higher crash rates involving the ambulance, and a potential “wake effect” increasing crash rates in ambient traffic. This study examines types of patient illnesses and their involvement with either emergency (lights and siren engaged) or non-emergency transport. Patient care records were analyzed from a five-year period from a private medical transportation company. A binary logistic regression model was built to predict the transportation mode (lights and siren or non-emergency-mode) most likely to accompany each unique primary patient illness. Patient illnesses were identified that showed a higher probability of transport using lights and siren. Fifteen illness descriptions were identified from the records as being more likely to result in emergency mode travel, including airway obstruction, altered level of consciousness, breathing problems, cardiac arrest, cardiac symptoms, chest pain, congestive heart failure/pulmonary embolism, heart/cardiac, obstetrics, respiratory arrest, respiratory distress, stroke/cerebrovascular accident, trauma, unconscious, and patients where data was not entered. The patient illnesses associated with lights and siren were not limited to cardiac conditions and symptoms, which suggest that response-time goals based solely on cardiac arrest patients may need to be expanded to include other illnesses such as respiratory conditions. Expanded studies could assess whether or not lights and sirens result in a clinically significant time savings across the spectrum of illnesses that are currently being transported using lights and siren. The list of illnesses identified here as more commonly utilizing lights and siren could be useful to untrained EMS or dispatch workers to assist in minimizing unnecessary emergency mode travel, thereby increasing safety for EMS workers, patients, and the general public.
Analysis of tobacco leaf allergens by crossed radioimmunoelectrophoresis

Summary The reactivity of eleven ‘tobacco smoke sensitive’ and eight ‘non-sensitive’ individuals to tobacco leaf allergens was tested by Crossed Radioimmunoelectrophoresis (CRIE). All nineteen study subjects had IgE antibodies to tobacco leaf antigens as measured by Radioallergosorbent Test (RAST) and seventeen of the nineteen individuals were atopic. Of the thirty-seven tobacco leaf precipitins detected by Cross Immunoelectro-phoresis (CIE), three were identified as allergens by CRIE. All nineteen subjects reacted to at least one of the three allergens detected. However, neither the intensity nor the incidence of reactivity with any of the three allergens correlated with smoking or ‘smoke sensitivity’.