cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Search for chemiluminescence from tert-butyl 9-fluorenyl peroxide and 9-fluorenyl hydroperoxide

Abstract Thermolysis of solutions of 9-fluorenyl tert-butyl peroxide (BOOF; decalin, 137–162°C, log k s = 14.28 ± 0.02 − (144.2 ± 2 kJ )/θ ) or 9-fluorenyl hydroperoxide (FOOH; benzonitrile, 152 °C) did not give detectable chemiluminescence. In contrast, the induced decomposition of 9-fluorenyl hydroperoxide with tert-butoxyl radicals at room temperature was highly chemiluminescent. The different behavior was ascribed to the decreased fluorescence of 9-fluorenone at elevated temperatures. Solutions of tert-butyl diphenylmethyl peroxide (152°C) were weakly chemiluminescent in the presence of a fluorescence sensitizer. The photolysis and base-induced decompositions of BOOF were studied.
Blockade of N1E-115 murine neuroblastoma muscarinic receptor function by agents that affect the metabolism of arachidonic acid.

Inhibitors of arachidonate metabolism and perturbants of the oxidation-reduction state of the cell were employed to develop a pharmacologic profile for muscarinic receptor-mediated cyclic GMP formation in murine neuroblastoma cells (clone N1E-115). Several lipoxygenase inhibitors [eicosatetraynoic acid (ETYA), nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA), FPL 57231, FPL 55712, BW755c, propylgallate, and AA861] blocked the elevation of [3H]cyclic GMP induced by muscarinic receptor activation. The cyclooxygenase inhibitors indomethacin and ibuprofen were two orders of magnitude less potent in blocking the muscarinic receptor-mediated [3H]cyclic GMP response than in blocking cyclooxygenase in other systems. ETYA and NDGA did not affect the muscarinic inhibition of the prostaglandin E1-mediated increases in [3H]cyclic AMP levels in N1E-115 cells. ETYA did not have a reproducible effect on the muscarinic receptor-induced release of inositol phosphates. Thus, these lipoxygenase inhibitors appeared to be selective for the effector system coupled to the low-affinity muscarinic agonist-receptor conformation, i.e. that which induces cyclic GMP formation. Other effective inhibitors of the cyclic GMP response were methylene blue, catalase, bromphenacyl bromide, retinal, dithiothreitol, quinacrine, and oxidized glutathione. The antioxidant alpha-tocopherol in the concentration range of 100 microM to 1 mM potentiated the receptor response. Arachidonic acid itself was an inhibitor of the muscarinic receptor-mediated cyclic GMP response (IC50 = 45 microM). Linoleic acid and oleic acid were less potent (IC50 = 130 and 190 microM, respectively), and stearic acid was ineffective. When arachidonic acid was air-oxidized, its inhibitory potency was increased 10-fold. Most but not all of the spontaneously-produced oxidative metabolites, separable by reverse-phase high pressure liquid chromatography, were inhibitory to the receptor response. Enzymatically synthesized 12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid and 15-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid inhibited the muscarinic receptor [3H]cyclic GMP response, with IC50 values of 17 and 8 microM respectively. Catalase was effective in blocking the muscarinic cyclic GMP response (IC50 = 5 microM) while having no effect on either the muscarinic receptor-induced inositol phosphate release or the reduction of cyclic AMP levels. Thus, the effector system for increasing cyclic GMP in these cells displays may of the expected characteristics for the involvement of a lipoxygenase or a related enzyme that oxidatively metabolizes arachidonate in order to activate the guanylate cyclase.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Latency changes in brain stem auditory evoked potentials associated with impaired brain myelination.

Abstract Interference with myelin deposition and brain growth was produced in rats by administering p-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA), alone or with phenylalanine (PHE), from the fifth postnatal day. Treatment with PCPA + PHE until 20 days of age resulted in significantly greater developmental impairment than that produced by PCPA alone. The extent of the maturational arrest was reflected in a corresponding failure to achieve the progressive latency decrements observed in the brain stem evoked potentials of normally maturing animals. In rats treated until 30 days of age the metabolic and electrophysiologic abnormalities were attenuated. Synaptosomal content at either age and under both experimental conditions did not appear to differ from that of the control brains. Rats which received PCPA or PCPA + PHE for a brief period later in development (from 17 to 20 days of age) maintained relatively normal myelin deposition and brain growth. The latencies of their brain stem evoked potentials also remained normal despite the presence of low cerebral serotonin concentrations. These data suggst that this latency provides a general measure of brain development which seems particularly sensitive to changes in the rate of myelination.
Contracting and Vertical Coordination in the United States Pork Industry

. .Coordination activities in the pork production industry-are growing rapidly; These range ' from the totally integrated system through ownership, to that which bridges'the input supply, production, processing and merchandising segments through various informal or formal forms of coordination; For example, some arrangements involve contract for production or delivery of products of a specified amount, quality,' etc. Still others may involve agreements or' linkages between independent participants in the industry. All are aimed at improving the participants competitive positioned the industry over.what it would be without the linkages. Industry development or adjustment is riot uniform^ across regions in the United States. This manuscript documents those differences, outlining some reasons for the differences. Additionally, competitive relationships along-with contract growth and a comparison of returns and risks of selected contracts are presented.
Substrate Preference and Metabolic Activity of the Aerobic and the Hypoxic Turtle Heart

Substrate utilization by the isolated aerobic (Po 2 500 mm Hg) and hypoxic (Po 2 50 mm Hg) turtle ( Pseudemys scripta ) heart was evaluated by retrograde perfusion. During aerobic perfusion, the heart demonstrated active extraction and oxidation of free fatty acid (FFA) even in the presence of exogenous glucose. FFA metabolism was similar to that seen in the mammalian heart and was adequate to meet most of the myocardial energy requirements. When hypoxia supervened, FFA utilization did not compete with, but rather enhanced, concomitant carbohydrate metabolism, and glycogenolysis provided sufficient substrate to meet myocardial energy requirements with little change in observed hemodynamic function. During hypoxia, both rat and turtle demonstrated enhanced myocardial esterification of extracted [1 -14 C]-palmitate into neutral lipid. Exogenous glucose provided the glycerophosphate skeleton for FFA esterification in the hypoxic rat heart; endogenous glycogen served this function in the turtle myocardium. Extraction of glucose by the turtle heart was limited and changed insignificantly during hypoxia. The rat heart increased glucose uptake five-fold during hypoxia. Glycogen stores in turtle heart were tenfold greater than they were in rat heart, and they provided greater metabolic flexibility and permitted the heart to function adequately under environmental conditions that are lethal to the mammal.
The utility of the frontal chest radiograph in the evaluation of chest drain placement

Abstract Aim: To define the utility of the frontal chest radiograph in the assessment of chest drain position. Patients and Methods: Fifty-six frontal chest radiographs in 45 patients with 61 chest drains (18 anterior, 9 interlobar, and 34 posterior position) were reviewed retrospectively to determine radiographic characteristics Results: Eighty-nine percent of the anterior drains demonstrated a curved appearance at the insertion site, while 50% of posterior drains and all interlobar drains were straight at the insertion site. A curved intrapleural drain was a common finding when positioned anteriorly and posteriorly (67% and 59%, respectively). Interlobar drains were often straight throughout their course (89%). The tips of interlobar drains were usually positioned at the hilum (89%). Conclusion: Results suggest that interlobar positioning can be suspected on the frontal chest radiograph. A curving chest drain with straight appearance at the insertion site was indicative of a posterior location.
Engineering Grain Boundaries in Cu2ZnSnSe4 for Better Cell Performance: A First‐Principle Study

Through first-principle density functional theory (DFT) calculations, the atomic structure and electronic properties of intrinsic and passivated Σ3 (114) grain boundaries (GBs) in Cu2ZnSnSe4 (CZTSe) are studied. Intrinsic GBs in CZTSe create localized deep states within the band gap and thus act as Shockley-Read-Hall recombination centers, which are detrimental to cell performance. Defects, such as ZnSn (Zn atoms on Sn sites), Na+i (interstitial Na ions), and OSe (O atoms on Se sites), prefer to segregate into GBs in CZTSe. The segregation of these defects at GBs exhibit two beneficial effects: 1) eliminating the deep gap states via wrong bonds breaking or weakening at GBs, making GBs electrically benign; and 2) creating hole barriers and electron sinkers, promoting effective charge separation at GBs. The results suggest a unique chemical approach for engineering GBs in CZTSe to achieve improved cell performance.
The Decline of Federalism and the Rise of Morality-Policy Conflict in the United States

Morality policies-such as those pertaining to abortion, capital punishment, gambling, gay rights, pornography, and sex education—generate conflict over core values. These policies tend to be technically simple, potentially salient to the general public, and involve higher than normal levels of citizen participation. They are, therefore, highly susceptible to being thrust into the active phase of policymaking when an incongruity develops between public opinion and public policy. The reservation of authority to the states on these issues embodied in the Tenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution allows for closer policy-opinion congruence, therefore stabilizing morality policy politics. However, recent federal actions on a range of morality policies have thrust these issues onto the active political agenda of the states.
An introduction to Microsoft SQL server StreamInsight

Microsoft StreamInsight is a powerful platform that you can use to develop and deploy complex event processing (CEP) applications. Its high-throughput stream processing architecture and the Microsoft .NET Framework-based development platform enable you to quickly implement robust and highly efficient event processing applications. Event stream sources typically include data from manufacturing applications, financial trading applications, Web analytics, and operational analytics. By using StreamInsight, you can develop CEP applications that derive immediate business value from this raw data by reducing the cost of extracting, analyzing, and correlating the data; and by allowing you to monitor, manage, and mine the data for conditions, opportunities, and defects almost instantly.By using StreamInsight to develop CEP applications, you can achieve the following tactical and strategic goals for your business:• Monitor your data from multiple sources for meaningful patterns, trends, exceptions, and opportunities.• Analyze and correlate data incrementally while the data is in-flight -- that is, without first storing it--yielding very low latency. Aggregate seemingly unrelated events from multiple sources and perform highly complex analyses over time.• Manage your business by performing low-latency analytics on the events and triggering response actions that are defined on your business key performance indicators (KPIs).• Respond quickly to areas of opportunity or threat by incorporating your KPI definitions into the logic of the CEP application, thereby improving operational efficiency and your ability to respond quickly to business opportunities.• Mine events for new business KPIs.• Move toward a predictive business model by mining historical data to continuously refine and improve your KPI definitions.This course covers the key concepts in Microsoft StreamInsight and provides developers with a step-by-step guidance to build their first data streaming applications. The course is expected to run for two hours and is expected to cover the following topics:20 minutes - Welcome and Introductions20 minutes - StreamInsight use cases, architecture and demo20 minutes - Getting the data in and out: writing adapters for StreamInsight20 minutes - StreamInsight queries: writing continuous queries and analytics for StreamInsight in LINQ20 minutes - Building rich StreamInsight applications20 minutes - Deploying and managing StreamInsight applications
Identity formation in the Russian Cossack revival

COSSACKS, THE FIERCE WARRIORS ON HORSEBACK who ruthlessly pushed back the Russian frontier in the name of the tsars, seemingly passed into history with the rise of the communist regime and the modem Soviet army. Recent years, however, have witnessed a sudden and dramatic resurrection of the Cossacks as a distinct group and social force in the former Soviet Union. As Gorbachev presided over a crumbling Soviet empire, descendants of the Cossacks began to shake the dust off their grandfathers' uniforms and to proselytize for a renewed kazachestvo, or Cossackdom, with its historic role of 'defending the Fatherland'. With a programme that is nationalistic at a basic level, today's Cossack revival movement is an interesting case study for the overall emergence of nationalist movements in all areas of the former Soviet Union. Significantly, the Cossacks base their programme and identity on a revival of their historical traditions in the context of the current period of social change. This article explores, first, the major elements at work in the process of modem Cossack identity formation and revival, and, second, the unifying ideals for the revival movement. It focuses solely on the Russian Cossacks, or those who are loyal to the modern Russian state, including those living beyond the boundaries of Russia in other former Soviet republics. The observations presented are based on an analysis of current Russian Cossack publications and personal interviews with members of the Cossack revival movement in various areas of Russia.
A Developmental-Constructivist Approach to Teacher Education

In the Developmental Teacher Education (DTE) program at the University of California at Berkeley, Piagetian developmental theory and research is used as core knowledge for preparing elementary school teachers. Developmental-constructivist principles of knowledge acquisition are particularly well-suited for this purpose because they have implications for what and how children are taught, how progress toward expertise in teaching is conceptualized, and how teachers are educated. The authors describe the 2-year, postgraduate program, whose features include small cohorts of students, course work organized to address key topics repeatedly and hierarchically, multiple student teaching placements in diverse settings, and a master's project on a teaching-learning issue. They also comment on teaching practices of program graduates and the development of their understanding of children, learning, and teaching during and after graduation from the program.
Waveguide design optimization for a quantum cascade laser emitting at 77 μm

Abstract The dependence of waveguide design parameters on the performance of a GaAs/AlGaAs quantum cascade laser emitting at 77 μm is theoretically evaluated. We propose a new waveguiding scheme for modal confinement at such long wavelengths. An artificially tailored index layer and a plasmon enhanced layer act as the cladding at the top and bottom of the active region, respectively. The cladding layers have been made aluminum free to avoid the presence of DX centers. The waveguide design is optimized to enhance modal confinement and reduce waveguide losses. Finally, we present an optimized design of the quantum cascade laser in its entirety along with expected performance characteristics.
Prospects of monosodium glutamate use for enhancement of spinosad toxicity against codling moth neonates

It was demonstrated that neonates of the codling moth,Cydia pomonella (L.), feed on ‘Red Delicious’ apple leaves and successfully molt to the second instar. Next, using a non-choice bioassay, we targeted codling moth neonates feeding on apple leaves, with standard concentrations of a culinary taste enhancer, monosodium glutamate (MSG), and Success®, which contains 22.8% spinosad as its active ingredient. The addition of 25 ppm MSG increased feeding by 20–30%. Stimulatory properties of MSG were preserved in the presence of 12.5 ppm Success, and mortality from a 12.5 ppm Success + 25 ppm MSG combination increased by factors of 3.1–1.6 compared with Success alone. In a field experiment without rain, MSG maintained its stimulatory properties for 24 h, increasing feeding by 37%. Consistently, without rain, MSG increased the toxicity of Success in the field by a factor of × 3.5. However, the stimulatory properties of MSG dropped to 19% with 4.3 mm of rain, and to zero with 9.6 mm of rain. Increased Success toxicity by MSG was reduced to × 1.6 with 4.3 mm of rain, and dropped to zero after 9.6 mm of rain. It is concluded that MSG seems to be a promising feeding stimulant, enhancing the toxic properties of Success which itself is a good candidate for codling moth control. However, field persistence of MSG needs to be improved, either by formulating the Success + MSG combination into some field-stable matrix, or by employing a sparingly water-soluble substance mimicking MSG’s action as a feeding stimulant in codling moth neonates.
Marriage Encounter: A Critical Examination*

Marriage Encounter is a two-day marriage enrichment session sponsored by several religious organizations. The following paper attempts to describe one proceeding of a weekend from a participant-observation perspective, offering objective insight and critical discussion. It is suggested that recruitment to the weekend and various proceedings during the encounter are somewhat questionable, given claims for the session made by its proponents. If the majority of such Marriage Encounter sessions approximate the one described, more serious investigation of theory and practice involved should be a major project supported by the therapeutic professions.
High-pressure Liquid Chromatographic Determination of Camphor and Parachlorophenol in Camphorated Parachlorophenol

Abstract Quantitative analyses of both camphor and parachlorophenol in camphorated parachlorophenol by high-pressure liquid chromatography is described. A 5% solution of phenol in the mobile phase (heptane-chloroform, 32) served as the internal standard; the assay involved addition of this phenol solution to the camphorated parachlorophenol, followed by further dilution using the mobile phase (heptanechloroform, 3:2) and injection into the instrument.
The unimportance of intergenerational transfers in Japan

Abstract This paper uses novel empirical techniques to show that past intergenerational transfers can account for only a small fraction of the total accumulated wealth in the Japanese economy. Also, aggregate data reveal that compared to the U.S., the ratio of total Japanese intergenerational transfers to total household saving is very low.
On the Achievable Secrecy Throughput of Block Fading Channels with No Channel State Information at Transmitter

We study the block fading wire-tap channel, where a transmitter sends confidential messages to a legitimate receiver over a block fading channel in the presence of an eavesdropper, which listens to the transmission through another independent block fading channel. We assume that the transmitter has no channel state information (CSI) available from either the main channel or the eavesdropper channel. The transmitter uses an in advance given Wyner secrecy code (instead of adapting the code based on CSI). In this case, both reliability and perfect secrecy can be achieved only for a subset of channel states. We identify this channel state set and provide an achievable average secrecy throughput of the block fading wire-tap channel for given reliability and secrecy outage probabilities.
A method to measure the isotopic (13C) composition of dissolved organic carbon using a high temperature combustion instrument

Abstract The stable isotopes of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) are a powerful tool for distinguishing sources and inputs of organic matter in aquatic systems. While several methods exist to perform these analyses, no labs routinely utilize a high temperature combustion (HTC) instrument. Advantages of HTC instruments include rapid analysis, small sample volumes and minimal sample preparation, making them the favored devices for most routine oceanic DOC concentration measurements. We developed a stable carbon DOC method based around an HTC system. This method has the benefit of a simple setup, requiring neither vacuum nor high pressures. The main drawback of the method is a significant blank, requiring careful accounting of all blank sources for accurate isotopic and concentration values. We present here a series of experiments to determine the magnitude, source and isotopic composition of the HTC blank. Over time, the blank is very stable at ∼ 20 ng of carbon with a δ 13 C of − 18.1‰ vs. VPDB. The similarity of the isotopic composition of the blank and seawater samples makes corrections relatively minor. The precision of the method was determined by oxidizing organic standards with a wide isotopic and concentration range (− 9‰ to − 39‰; 18 μM to 124 μM). Analysis of seawater samples demonstrates the accuracy for low concentration, high salinity samples. The overall error on the measurement is approximately ± 0.8‰.
Predicting paternal involvement with a newborn by attitude toward women's roles.

Significant change in the social roles played by American women has occurred during the past two decades. Recent research literature suggests, however, that attitudinal change may be lagging significantly behind the profound changes in behavior. The purpose of this research was to investigate whether expectant couples who hold more egalitarian views toward women's roles prior to the birth of a first child expect the new father to be more involved in the care of his own infant. A demographic questionnaire, the Attitudes Toward Women Scale (Spence & Helmrich, 1972), and the Projected Paternal Behavior Scale (Alter, 1978) were administered to 103 prenatal couples between the sixth and eighth months of pregnancy. Findings confirmed a significant correlation between both expectant fathers’ and expectant mothers’ egalitarian views toward women's roles and their projections of the father's participation in the care of his infant. More liberal attitudes toward women's roles were also associated with increased age...
Evidence for posttranscriptional stimulation of monoclonal antibody secretion by L-glutamine during slow hybridoma growth.

Abstract The addition of 5–40 mM l -glutamine to batch cultures of a murine hybridoma following the cessation of rapid growth significantly stimulated monoclonal antibody (mAb) synthesis and secretion per cell. Stimulation of mAb secretion following the cessation of rapid growth was also observed in response to addition of mitochondrial intermediates of glutamate oxidation and was not found to be the result of release of transiently stored mAb. Less than 1% of the secreted mAb was detected by ELISA in isolated hybridoma lysosomes. This stimulation was posttranscriptional and not the result of enhancement of levels of mAb mRNAs or stabilization of heavy (H) or light (L) chain encoding message. Sub-inhibitory levels of lysosomotrophic weak bases stimulated release of lysosomal contents but did not result in release of intact or partially degraded mAb. Inhibition of aspartic proteinase activity secreted by the hybridoma did not enhance mAb secretion even though a high level of mAb degrading proteinase activity was continuously secreted during both rapid and slow growth. These responses indicate that during slow growth, the addition of l -glutamine increases the availability of cellular ATP generated by mitochondrial respiration which stimulates some posttranscriptional step in the pathway of mAb secretion such as the rate of H or L chain translation, chain assembly, interorganelle transport or vesicular transport from the Golgi to the cell membrane.
Methylenedioxymethamphetamine: a potentially neurotoxic amphetamine analogue

The amphetamine analogue, methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) has received considerable attention recently as a novel and increasingly popular psychoactive agent. When administered acutely to rats in high doses, MDMA caused a selective and dramatic decrease in brain concentrations of serotonin and its metabolite, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid. The depletion of serotonin and its metabolite persisted for up to at least one week after a single injection of MDMA at approximately four to five times the acute dose reported for humans. These results are discussed in terms of the possible neurotoxic effects of MDMA.
A human IgM M-protein in a patient with unknown bleeding disorder binds to β-galactosyl and β-glucosyl residues☆

In a patient with an unknown bleeding disorder and an IgM lambda paraproteinemia, we demonstrated by thin-layer chromatography immunostaining and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay that this protein specifically bound to a number of glycolipids and glycoproteins which have terminal beta-galactosyl or beta-glucosyl residues. Binding to galactosylceramide or glucosylceramide was inhibited by both galactosylceramide and glucosylceramide. From these studies, it is apparent that the M-protein recognized both beta-galactosyl and beta-glucosyl residues. This M-protein was also shown to prolong the partial thromboplastin time of normal plasma. Thus, this case represents an example of anti-carbohydrate specificity of an IgM M-protein in association with a spontaneous bleeding disorder.
Segmentation of the Cascade volcanic chain

Aligned volcanoes can be used to divide the Cascade volcanic chain into six segments averaging 175 km long. The petrology and eruptive style of volcanoes vary with their position on the segmented structure. Large volcanoes along the volcanic front and in the interiors of segments have been called “coherent,” relatively uncomplicated composite volcanoes that erupt uniform porphyritic andesite with only a small range of composition. Volcanoes near segment boundaries are “divergent” volcanoes that erupt porphyritic basalts, andesites, dacites, and rhyolites. Volcanoes near the segment boundaries but behind the volcanic front are distinguished by a predominance of basaltic and rhyolitic volcanism and phenocryst-poor lavas, as compared with those near the segment boundary but on the volcanic front.
Sickle cell pain: a critical reappraisal

Sickle cell pain includes 3 types: acute recurrent painful crises, chronic pain syndromes, and neuropathic pain. The acute painful crisis is the hallmark of the disease and the most common cause of hospitalization and treatment in the emergency department. It evolves through 4 phases: prodromal, initial, established, and resolving. Each acute painful episode is associated with inflammation that worsens with recurrent episodes, often culminating in serious complications and organ damage, such as acute chest syndrome, multiorgan failure, and sudden death. Three pathophysiologic events operate in unison during the prodromal phase of the crisis: vaso-occlusion, inflammation, and nociception. Aborting the acute painful episode at the prodromal phase could potentially prevent or minimize tissue damage. Our hypothesis is that managing these events with hydration, anti-inflammatory drugs, aggressive analgesia, and possibly vasodilators could abort the crisis and prevent or minimize further damage. Chronic pain syndromes are associated with or accompany avascular necrosis and leg ulcers. Neuropathic pain is not well studied in patients with sickle cell disease but has been modeled in the transgenic sickle mouse. Management of sickle cell pain should be based on its own pathophysiologic mechanisms rather than borrowing guidelines from other nonsickle pain syndromes.
MOMENTS OF CRYSTAL SIZE DISTRIBUTIONS IN SYSTEMS WITH SELECTIVE CRYSTAL REMOVAL OR SIZE DEPENDENT CRYSTAL GROWTH

Mathematical expressions that allow direct determination of moments of crystal size distributions and related quantities from kinetic parameters are derived. These expressions are developed for cases of size independent and size dependent crystal growth kinetics, or selective removal of fines and/or course product. Models used to describe size dependent growth and selective crystal removal are the Abegg, Stevens and Larson (1968) and the Randolph and Larson (1971) R-z crystallizer models, respectively. The derived equations can be used to evaluate moments and other characteristic properties of a distribution without lengthy and often inaccurate numerical integrations. This capability is particularly useful in on-line analysis of crystal size distributions and crystallizer performance.
The kinetics of the oxidation of Al in oxygen at high temperature

Abstract The oxidation behavior of high purity Al has been studied at temperatures from 450 to 575 °C in dry oxygen at a pressure of 76 torr. The complex overall oxidation kinetics were found to be made up of two distinct and essentially independent portions. An amorphous γ-Al2O3 film, growing by outward diffusion of metal ions, forms with accurately parabolic kinetics throughout the temperature range. Roughly cylindrical crystals of γ-Al2O3 of constant terminal thickness, at any given temperature, grow into the metal from the amorphous oxide-metal interface by inward diffusion of oxygen through the overlying amorphous oxide film. Together the weight gains from these separate kinetic processes, when summed, can accurately account for the complex oxidation kinetics found between 450 and 575 °C. The mechanism of formation and growth of these two dissimilar oxidation products is considered in detail.
STRUCTURAL EMBEDDEDNESS AND THE LIABILITY OF NEWNESS AMONG NONPROFIT ORGANIZATIONS

Ecological studies have consistently reported that younger organizations are more likely to close or disband than older organizations. This article uses neo-institutional theory and social capital theory to explore this finding. We derive hypotheses from these perspectives and test them on a panel of nonprofit organizations in Minneapolis-St Paul (USA) using event history analysis. We find that larger organizations and organizations more dependent upon private donations are less likely to close, and government funding reduces the age effect on mortality; that is, older and younger publicly funded organizations are equally likely to survive or fail. However, among older organizations, not having government funding increases chances of survival. In contrast, volunteer staffing accentuates the age effect. Older organizations that were more dependent on volunteers had a lower likelihood of closure than younger organizations dependent on volunteers, while age had no effect on closure for organizations not depe...
Quality and single-stuck faults

The goal of IC production test is to avoid selling bad parts. The goal of fault grading is to assure that the test is so thorough that only an acceptably small fraction of shipped parts are bad. Fault grading is almost always based on a single-stuck fault, ssf, model. >
Mutational Analysis of an RNA Recognition Element That Mediates Localization of bicoid mRNA

Localization signals are RNA regulatory elements that direct the localization of mRNAs to subcellular sites. Localization signals presumably function by mediating RNA recognition events through which the mRNA becomes associated with the localization machinery. At present little is known about individual RNA recognition events, which in turn has limited progress in identifying the trans-acting binding factors involved in these events. Here we describe a detailed characterization of the RNA elements required for the RNA recognition event, event A, that initiates localization of bicoid mRNA in the Drosophila ovary. One element is a helix in which nucleotide identities are not important, suggesting that it plays a primarily structural role. Immediately adjacent to the helix is a recognition domain in which the identities of some, but not all, nucleotides are important for function. Comparison of two related but different RNAs that both support recognition event A further defines the important features of the recognition domain.
Panel III "Smart Technology" -- Applications and Infrastructure

"Smart" technology spans a broad array of application domains, from critical infrastructure systems such as smart power grids to intelligent healthcare and personalized education. The common thread among these applications is their reliance on computing and communication for "intelligence" -- accurately characterizing their operating environment and intended use, adapting their operation based on this characterization, and efficiently delivering the services expected in a dependable fashion.
Correlation between noninvasive and endovascular Doppler in patients with atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis: a pilot study.

Considerable interest exists in using endovascular techniques for assessing the renal circulation. The vasomotor response of the renal circulation in patients with hypertension and severe atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis was evaluated. Sixteen patients (5 men and 11 women) with a mean age of 73.2 ± 7.1 years (range, 59–82 years) underwent noninvasive renal duplex ultrasonography and endovascular flow wire evaluation. The flow wire was positioned in the main renal artery distal to the stenosis and used to examine the reactivity of the renal circulation in response to intra-arterial papaverine before and after percutaneous revascularization. Resistive index was computed as (MPV − EDV)/MPV, where MPV is the maximum peak velocity and EDV is the end-diastolic velocity. Renal flow reserve was defined as the ratio of peak hyperemic response to baseline flow. Intervention was technically successful in 18/18 arteries. Heart rate (69 ± 11 vs. 65 ± 10 beats/min; P = NS) and systolic blood pressure (168 ± 19 vs. 163 ± 24 mm Hg; P = NS) remained constant following injection of intrarenal papaverine, while diastolic blood pressure decreased (77 ± 13 vs. 65 ± 11 mm Hg; P < 0.006). Papaverine injection resulted in significant increases in average peak velocity (APV; 148% of baseline; P = 0.0003), MPV (146% of baseline; P = 0.001), and EDV (161% of baseline; P = 0.0026), but had no effect on the endovascular resistive index (0.81 ± 0.12 vs. 0.84 ± 0.08; P = NS). Renal artery stenting produced no effect on APV or EDV, but a small increase in MPV (123% of baseline; P < 0.05). In contrast, renal stenting resulted in a significant increase in the endovascular resistive index (0.77 ± 012 vs. 0.84 ± 0.08; P = 0.003), pulsatility index (1.84 ± 0.61 vs. 2.23 ± 0.70; P < 0.014), and renal flow reserve (1.49 ± 0.44 vs. 1.86 ± 0.73; P < 0.0071). A correlation was found between the noninvasive and endovascular measures diastolic/systolic ratio (r = 0.73; P < 0.0009) and resistive index (r = 0.63; P < 0.0053). Patients with atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis have preserved vasomotor response to papaverine, as well as marked increases in renal flow and resistive index following successful renal artery stenting. Endovascular flow wire measurements are safe, easy to perform, and correlate well with noninvasive Doppler measurements. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The Power of Babel: Language and Governance in the African Experience

The Power of Babel: Language and Governance in the African Experience. Ali A. Mazrui and Alamin M. Mazrui. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998. 228 pp.
Probing the Deep: Theory and History

Professor Tamura, in her paper “Narrative History and Theory,” poses an issue with which I have lately wrestled. She reviews, first of all, some of the challenges to the tradition of narrative history presented by “social-scientifically oriented historians” like Fernand Braudel and “analytic philosophers” like Hayden White in the 1960s and 1970s, and then goes on to note that more recently, a turn to narrative among social scientists and a use of theory by historians suggests the possibility of combining narrative and theory in historical work. Overall, Professor Tamura expresses a sanguine view of the prospects for such integration. While narrative “provides a causal account and allows us to relive events,” theory “allows us to analyze more effectively the forces that are beneath the surface.” My own efforts to write a history of education in the early Republican era that moves back and forth between telling the stories of ordinary people and using social capital theory to analyze the place of schooling in larger patterns of social, economic, and political change, lead me to share Professor Tamura's interest in the possibilities, and at the same time to identify some of the challenges, of such work.
Kinetics, dynamics, and bioavailability of bumetanide in healthy subjects and patients with chronic renal failure.

Six patients with chronic renal failure (CRF group) and four healthy subjects (HS group) were given 5 mg oral and intravenous doses of bumetanide in a random, crossover design. The CRF group had significantly lower plasma and renal clearances, resulting in a five- to sixfold reduction in the fractional urinary excretion of the drug. The percent free drug in plasma for the CRF group was more than double that for the HS group, and significant correlations were observed for volume of distribution at steady state vs. percent free (r = 0.661; P < 0.05), nonrenal clearance vs. percent free (r = 0.796; P < 0.01), and renal clearance vs. creatinine clearance (r = 0.995; P < 0.001). Although bioavailability was relatively consistent among the HS (0.664 ± 0.112) and CRF (0.689 ± 0.149) groups, the absorption-time profiles were more irregular for both groups. Cumulative sodium excretion and overall efficiency of response to bumetanide did not differ significantly between the two routes of administration in either group. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (1986) 39, 635–645; doi:10.1038/clpt.1986.112
Physlets for quantum mechanics

Educators have often pinned their hopes of better instruction on emerging technologies such as television, computers, and the World Wide Web, yet teaching with technology-without a sound pedagogy-yields no significant educational gain. In addition, students often approach typical end-of-chapter textbook problems by finding a formula that contains the variables given in the problem statement, rather than first determining a problem's conceptual foundation. We use the technology of Physlets combined with pedagogical techniques such as just-in-time teaching to create alternative problems that we believe help students better develop their problem-solving ability and deepen their conceptual understanding. Physlets-physics applets-are small, flexible Java applets usable in a wide variety of Web applications. They have attributes that make them especially valuable for science education.
State background checks for gun purchase and firearm deaths: an exploratory study.

Abstract Objective This study examines the relationship between the types of background-information check required by states prior to firearm purchases, and firearm homicide and suicide deaths. Methods Negative binomial models are used to analyze state-level data for homicides and suicides in the U.S. from 1996 to 2005. Data on types of background information are retrieved from the Surveys of State Procedures Related to Firearm Sales, and the violent death data are from the WISQARS. Several other state level factors were controlled for. Results More background checks are associated with fewer homicide (IRR:0.93, 95% CI:0.91–0.96) and suicide (IRR:0.98, 95% CI:0.96–1.00) deaths. Firearm homicide deaths are lower when states have checks for restraining orders (IRR:0.87, 95% CI:0.79–0.95) and fugitive status (IRR:0.79, 95% CI:0.72–0.88). Firearm suicide deaths are lower when states have background checks for mental illness (IRR:0.96, 95% CI:0.92–0.99), fugitive status (IRR:0.95, 95% CI:0.90–0.99) and misdemeanors (IRR:0.95, 95% CI:0.92–1.00). It does not appear that reductions in firearm deaths are offset by increases in non-firearm violent deaths. Conclusions More extensive background checks prior to gun purchase are mostly associated with reductions in firearm homicide and suicide deaths. Several study limitations are acknowledged, and further research is called for to ascertain causality.
Excitation of Morphology-Dependent Resonances and Van De Hulst's Localization Principle

When a laser beam scatters from a microparticle whose shape deviates from that of a sphere, a number of partial waves of the incident beam couple to a given partial wave of the scattered and interior fields. As a result, partial-wave coupling caused by small surface irregularities of a liquid droplet provides the mechanism for exciting low-radial-order morphology-dependent resonances.
Stabilizing Dynamics: Constructing Economic Knowledge

Today, economic theory is a mathematical theory, but that was not always the case. Major changes in the ways economists presented their arguments to one another occurred between the late 1930s and the early 1950s; over that period the discipline became mathematized. Professor Weintraub, a noted scholar of the modern history of economic thought, argues that those changes were not merely cosmetic: The mathematical forms of the arguments significantly altered the substance of the arguments. Stabilizing Dynamics is particularly concerned with the ways in which the rich and confusing talk of the 1930s evolved, over a fifteen-year period, into technical analysis of some mathematical structures. The author describes the context for the history of that change, locating it in the broader intellectual currents, and shows how the history of modern economics can be seen as a confluence of several disparate traditions. Historiographically, this book offers one of the first constructivist accounts of modern economic analysis.
A buffer management and channel allocation strategy for QoS support in an ATM switch

We consider an ATM switch that handles two types of traffic: voice and best-effort data. Voice is delay-sensitive while data is loss-sensitive. Contention at output ports is resolved by output queuing. The output buffer is organized into two virtual queues, one for voice and the other for data. To meet the delay QoS of voice, the channel is allocated to the respective queue with a probability that depends on the congestion level in that queue. We present a model and analysis of the output queues and calculate the waiting time and loss performance under two specific channel allocation strategies. The results indicate that the proposed channel allocation strategy is quite effective in maintaining a balance between the QoS objectives of the two traffic types.
Early signs of recovery of Acropora palmata in St. John, US Virgin Islands

Since the 1980s, diseases have caused significant declines in the population of the threatened Caribbean coral Acropora palmata. Yet it is largely unknown whether the population densities have recovered from these declines and whether there have been any recent shifts in size-frequency distributions toward large colonies. It is also unknown whether colony size influences the risk of disease infection, the most common stressor affecting this species. To address these unknowns, we examined A. palmata colonies at ten sites around St. John, US Virgin Islands, in 2004 and 2010. The prevalence of white-pox disease was highly variable among sites, ranging from 0 to 53 %, and this disease preferentially targeted large colonies. We found that colony density did not significantly change over the 6-year period, although six out of ten sites showed higher densities through time. The size-frequency distributions of coral colonies at all sites were positively skewed in both 2004 and 2010, however, most sites showed a temporal shift toward more large-sized colonies. This increase in large-sized colonies occurred despite the presence of white-pox disease, a severe bleaching event, and several storms. This study provides evidence of slow recovery of the A. palmata population around St. John despite the persistence of several stressors.
A comparison of substituent field effects on the regiochemistry of the ene reactions of allylic sulfides and ethers

Abstract The reactions of 4-methyl-1,2,4-triazolinedione with allylic ethers and sulfides have been examined. The different responses of the regiochemistry in the two reaction series to changes in the electronic character of the substituents is attributed to the difference in the C-S (1.82 A) and C-O (1.43 A) bond lengths and/or the larger van der Waals radius of sulfur in comparison to oxygen.
Sequential Deep Belief Networks

Previous work applying Deep Belief Networks (DBNs) to problems in speech processing has combined the output of a DBN trained over a sliding window of input with an HMM or CRF to model linear-chain dependencies in the output. We describe a new model called Sequential DBN (SDBN) that uses inherently sequential models in all hidden layers as well as in the output layer, so the latent variables can potentially model long-range phenomena. The model introduces minimal computational overhead compared to other DBN approaches to sequential labeling, and achieves comparable performance with a much smaller model (in terms of number of parameters). Experiments on TIMIT phone recognition show that including sequential information at all layers improves accuracy over baseline models that do not use sequential information in the hidden layers.
Interaction of YB-1 with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Tat and TAR RNA modulates viral promoter activity.

Transcriptional regulation of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) genome is mediated by viral and cellular factors. TAR, an unusual RNA regulatory element with a stem–bulge–loop structure at the 5′ ends of all nascent viral transcripts is critical for HIV-1 transcription. TAR is the target for Tat, a viral transcription factor encoded early in the HIV-1 life-cycle and essential for gene expression. Evidence demonstrating the interaction of a cellular ssDNA/RNA binding protein, YB-1, with TAR through a region which is important for Tat interaction is presented. Interestingly, results from protein–protein interaction studies revealed that YB-1 can also form a complex with Tat. Results from mapping experiments suggest that while the region spanning aa 125–203 within YB-1 is essential for its association with TAR, a truncated YB-1 spanning aa 1–125 can weakly bind to Tat. Functionally, overexpression of full-length YB-1 enhanced Tat-induced activation of the HIV-1 minimal promoter containing TAR sequences, whereas mutant YB-1 with no ability to bind to Tat and TAR failed to affect Tat-mediated activation. Expression of mutant YB-1(1–125), which binds to Tat but not RNA, decreased Tat- mediated enhancement of virus transcription. These observations suggest that while full-length YB-1 may function as a facilitator and, by interaction with both Tat and TAR, increase the level of Tat:TAR association, mutant YB-1 with no TAR binding activity, by complexing with Tat, may prevent Tat interaction with TAR. The importance of these findings in light of the proposed mechanism of Tat function is discussed.
A Uniform and More Rational Approach to Rents as Security for the Mortgage Loan

In this Article the author provides an introduction to the problems associated with assignments of rents by discussing the nature of rents and their treatment in the absence of an assignment. Next, the author will examine in detail the issues arising with regard to assignments of rents under current law both in and outside of the bankruptcy context. Finally, the author will discuss the proposal that rents be integrated into Article 9 of the UCC.