cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Measurement of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Preintegration Transcription by Using Rev-Dependent Rev-CEM Cells Reveals a Sizable Transcribing DNA Population Comparable to That from Proviral Templates

Preintegration transcription is an early process in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection and has been suggested to occur at a low level. The templates have also been suggested to represent a small population of nonintegrated viral DNA, particularly the two-long-terminal-repeat (2-LTR) circles. However, these determinations were made by either using PCR amplification of viral transcripts in bulk cell populations or utilizing the LTR-driving reporter cells that measure the synthesis of Tat. The intrinsic leakiness of LTR often makes the measurement of low-level viral transcription inaccurate. Since preintegration transcription also generates Rev, to eliminate the nonspecificity associated with the use of LTR alone we have developed a novel Rev-dependent indicator cell, Rev-CEM, to measure preintegration transcription based on the amount of Rev generated. In this report, using Rev-CEM cells, we demonstrate that preintegration transcription occurs on a much larger scale than expected. The transcribing population derived from nonintegrated viral DNA was comparable (at approximately 70%) to that derived from provirus in a productive viral replication cycle. Nevertheless, each nonintegrated viral DNA template exhibited a significant reduction in the level of transcriptional activity in the absence of integration. We also performed flow cytometry sorting of infected cells to identify viral templates. Surprisingly, our results suggest that the majority of 2-LTR circles are not active in directing transcription. It is likely that the nonintegrated templates are from the predominant DNA species, such as the full-length, linear DNA. Our results also suggest that a nonintegrating lentiviral vector can be as effective as an integrating vector in directing gene expression in nondividing cells, with the proper choice of an internal promoter.
Cohort Profile: Recruitment cohorts in the neuropsychological substudy of the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study

The Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (MACS) is one of the largest and longest running studies of the natural and treated history of HIV disease. The Neuropsychological (NP) substudy was begun in 1988 following reports of significant adverse neurological consequences of HIV disease, including dementia. The goal was to characterize the neuropsychological deficits among individuals with HIV disease, and track the natural history of the neurological complications over time. There were three distinct MACS recruitment stages that focused on different groups of HIV-infected men, or men at risk for infection. Initially, a subcohort was evaluated semi-annually with NP tests but, beginning in 2005, the entire group of MACS participants have had NP examinations biannually, unless closer follow-up was warranted. The participants complete a battery of NP tests, and are classified as either normal, mildly or severely impaired using the Antinori criteria for HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorder (HAND). Additional behavioural data, including mood state and psychoactive substance use, are recorded as part of the main MACS data collection. The MACS public data set (PDS) has been available since 1994 and includes baseline and 6-monthly follow-up data. Beginning in October 1995, the PDS has been released annually with new releases superseding previous versions.
SUCCESSFUL RENAL TRANSPLANTATION IN 3 CHILDREN WITH CONGENITAL NEPHROTIC SYNDROME

Abstract Massive proteinuria and pronounced œdema in the congenital nephrotic syndrome are always resistant to corticosteroid and immunosuppressive therapy. Children with this disease invariably die in early childhood. Kidneys were transplanted to three children with congenital nephotic syndrome (including one of Finnish ancestry) and mild to severe uraemia at 21/2, 21/2, and 41/2 years of age. These three children are now well with normal serum-creatinine levels at 4, 7, and 14 months after renal transplantation and have not had recurrence of nephrosis or significant proteinuria. In contrast, recurrence of the steroid-resistant idiopathic nephrotic syndrome is often seen shortly after transplantation. These observations suggest that the basic defect leading to proteinuria in the congenital nephrotic syndrome resides in the kidney and that renal transplantation may successfully cure this disease.
Open-Loop Feedback Intervention: Control of gene regulatory networks with unmeasurable context

The design of effective therapeutic interventions can be formulated as Markov decision processes in the framework of context-sensitive probabilistic Boolean networks, assuming that the states are measurable. The full state of a context-sensitive probabilistic Boolean network is specified by an ordered pair composed of a network context and a gene-activity profile. In practice, however, the network context may not be measureable; hence, adaptive methods are required to devise effective therapeutic strategies. To this end, Open-Loop Feedback Intervention that acts as if a form of the certainty equivalence principle would have been held is proposed, and its performance is evaluated.
Did the APA Misrepresent the Scientific Literature to Courts in Support of Homosexual Custody

In 1994, American Psychological Association amicus briefs informed two state Supreme Courts that (a) homosexual parents are not more apt to have homosexual children; (b) lesbians "score significantly higher than heterosexual parents" on a measure of parental effectiveness; and (c) no differences between the children raised by homosexuals and nonhomosexuals had been found "regardless of the geographic region within the United States where the children were raised." In fact, the evidence from these briefs shows to the contrary that (a) homosexual parents are more apt to have homosexual children; (b) the findings on parental effectiveness consisted of 15 fathers being less verbal than 45 mothers; and (c) the finding of no differences between homosexually and heterosexually raised children consisted of investigators visiting 11 states to test 89 offspring of 83 lesbian vs. 81 children of 69 nonlesbian volunteers. The APA's support for gay rights in these briefs may have violated its own ethical principles that "psychologists base their statements on scientifically acceptable psychological findings and techniques with full recognition of the limits and uncertainties of such evidence" and that psychologists must "provide thorough discussion of the limitations of their data, especially where their work touches on social policy" (APA, 1981).
Increased carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury and fibrosis in FGFR4-deficient mice.

Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) intoxification in rodents is a commonly used model of both acute and chronic liver injury. Recently, we showed that mice in which FGFR4 was ablated from the germline exhibited elevated cholesterol metabolism and bile acid synthesis coincident with unrepressed levels of cytochrome P450 7A (CYP7A), the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol disposal. Of the four fibroblast growth factor (FGF) receptor genes expressed in adult liver, FGFR4 is expressed specifically in mature hepatocytes. To determine whether FGFR4 plays a broader role in liver-specific metabolic functions, we examined the impact of both acute and chronic exposure to CCl4 in FGFR4-deficient mice. Following acute CCl4 exposure, the FGFR4-deficient mice exhibited accelerated liver injury, a significant increase in liver mass and delayed hepatolobular repair. Chronic CCl4 exposure resulted in severe fibrosis in livers of FGFR4-deficient mice compared to normal mice. Analysis at both mRNA and protein levels indicated an 8-hour delay in FGFR4-deficient mice in the down-regulation of cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) protein, the major enzyme whose products underlie CCl4-induced injury. These results show that hepatocyte FGFR4 protects against acute and chronic insult to the liver and prevents accompanying fibrosis. The results show that FGFR4 acts by promotion of processes that restore hepatolobular architecture rather than cellularity while limiting damage due to prolonged CYP2E1 activity.
Report of a novel biological association for Paracrias huberi Gumovsky (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) with redescription of the female and description of the unknown male

The female of Paracrias huberi Gumovsky (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) is redescribed and the previously unknown male described from material collected by George B. Vogt near Plummers Island, Maryland. The species is diagnosed and placed within the current phylogenetic concept for the genus Paracrias. Collection records indicate this species was reared from Homoeolabus analis Illiger (Coleoptera: Attelabidae), which is a leaf-rolling herbivore of Quercus spp. and Castanea spp. (Fagales: Fagaceae), thus expanding the potential host guild range of the genus Paracrias and the known biology of the species. In addition, these records report an association with Q. prinus L., a species native to the eastern United States. The implications of these discoveries in relation to the biology of the plant, host, and wasp parasite are reviewed and discussed.
Geometric evolutionary dynamics of protein interaction networks.

Understanding the evolution and structure of protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks is a central problem of systems biology. Since most processes in the cell are carried out by groups of proteins acting together, a theoretical model of how PPI networks develop based on duplications and mutations is an essential ingredient for understanding the complex wiring of the cell. Many different network models have been proposed, from those that follow powerlaw degree distributions and those that model complementarity of protein binding domains, to those that have geometric properties. Here, we introduce a new model for PPI network (and thus gene) evolution that produces well-fitting network models for currently available PPI networks. The model integrates geometric network properties with evolutionary dynamics of PPI network evolution.
Optimal Capacity Expansion with Inventory

In a given region over a finite time horizon, a known nondecreasing demand for a single commodity has to be satisfied by production in that period and/or by inventory from the previous period. There is no initial production capacity or inventory, but the capacity and production may be increased at the beginning of each discrete time period. We assume that the capacity and production are nondecreasing over the time periods. The total time discounted costs to be minimized include the capacity expansion, production, inventory carrying, and idle capacity costs, which are assumed to be concave. The problem is to determine an optimal capacity expansion and production schedule, together with the associated inventory carrying and idle capacity schedules. Based on some interesting properties of an optimal solution, we devise an efficient dynamic programming algorithm to solve this problem.
A quantum circuit to find discrete logarithms on ordinary binary elliptic curves in depth O(log 2 n)

Improving over an earlier construction by Kaye and Zalka [1], in [2] Maslov et al. describe an implementation of Shor's algorithm, which can solve the discrete logarithm problem on ordinary binary elliptic curves in quadratic depth O(n2). In this paper we show that discrete logarithms on such curves can be found with a quantum circuit of depth O(log2 n). As technical tools we introduce quantum circuits for F2n-multiplication in depth O(log n) and for F2n-inversion in depth O(log2 n).
Computational Modeling of Latent Thermal Energy Storage System With Embedded Heat Pipes

Due to the intermittent nature of solar energy availability, storing sun’s energy in the form of latent thermal energy of a phase change material (PCM) is an effective technique that is widely used in energy storage and load management applications. In a Latent Thermal Energy Storage System (LTES), a heat transfer fluid (HTF) exchanges energy with a PCM. The advantages of an LTES include its isothermal operation and high energy storage density. However, the low thermal conductivity of PCM poses a significant disadvantage due to reduction in the rate at which the PCM can be melted (charging) or solidified (discharging). This paper explores an approach to reducing the thermal resistance of PCM in a LTES through embedded heat pipes. A heat pipe is a passive heat transfer device that efficiently transfers large amount of energy between the PCM and HTF thus indirectly amplifying the effective thermal conductivity of PCM. A transient computational analysis of a shell and tube LTES embedded with heat pipes is performed for charging to determine the position of melt front and energy stored as a function of time. The influence of the number and orientation of heat pipes and design configuration of the system is analyzed to identify configurations that lead to improved effectiveness.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
"Mujeres" in the Principal's Office: Latina School Leaders.

This article is based on a national survey of Latina/o principals and assistant principals conducted by the National Latina/o Leadership Project and focuses on the women participants. Included is a description of Latinas’ leadership experiences, their career paths, and the influence of racial/ethnic identity on their leadership practice. The findings indicate that Latinas were primarily in urban districts, leading elementary campuses with high minority and/or low-income student populations. They also served as paraprofessionals, media specialists, librarians, teachers, or coaches before becoming school leaders. Their varied professional experiences as well as their cultural background and identity enhanced their leadership practices.
Building your brand: The integration of infographic resume as student self-analysis tools and self-branding resources

Abstract This article examines the significance of infographic resumes as valuable tools for individual self-promotion, student reflection, and purposeful course curriculum integration. Infographic resumes benefit students in a variety of forms as they serve as a medium for transmitting personal information or data through a visually attractive and engaging format. The incorporation of infographic elements provides reflective educational strategies for students to better understand their personal strengths and areas for improvement. The provided pedagogical approach delivers various academic benefits including providing a groundwork for the self-analysis and self-branding.
Intra-cycle recirculation of partial oxidation products (RePOx): A concept for internal combustion engine combustion control

This work studies the potential for using intra-cycle recirculation of partial oxidation products (RePOx) to control the combustion phasing of advanced internal combustion engine combustion systems...
Motion and morphometry in clinical and nonclinical populations.

Abstract Introduction The relationship between participant motion, demographic variables and MRI-derived morphometric estimates was investigated in autism spectrum disorder (ASD), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), schizophrenia and healthy controls. Participant motion was estimated using resting state fMRI and used as a proxy measure for motion during T1w MRI acquired in the same session. Analyses were carried out in scans qualitatively assessed as free from motion-related artifact. Methods Whole brain T1-weighted MRI and resting state fMRI acquisitions from the ABIDE, ADHD-200 and COBRE databases were included in our analyses. Motion was estimated using coregistration of sequential resting state volumes. We investigated if motion is related to diagnosis, age and gender, and scanning site. We further determined if there is a relationship between participant motion and cortical thickness, contrast, and volumetric estimates. Results 2141 participants were included in our analyses. Participant motion was higher in all clinical groups compared with healthy controls. Younger (age 40 years) people move more than individuals aged 20–40 years. Increased motion is associated with reduced average cortical thickness (− 0.014 mm thickness per mm motion, p = 0.0014) and cortical contrast (0.77% contrast reduction per mm motion, p = 2.16 × 10 − 9 ) in scans that have been qualitatively assessed as free from motion artifact. Volumetric estimates were also associated with motion, however the relationships were generally weaker than cortical thickness and contrast and were dependent on the segmentation method used. Conclusions Participant motion is increased in clinical groups and is systematically associated with morphometric estimates. These findings indicate that accounting for participant motion may be important for improving the statistical validity of morphometric studies.
Determination of methylmercury in aquatic product

Objective:To develop a method to determine methylmercury in aquatic product by HPLC and AFS.Methods: Inorganic and organic mercury were first extracted by hydrochloric acid then separated by HPLC.After column,methylmecury was oxidized to an inorganic form in speciation equipment.Both inorganic mercury and organic mercury were finally detected by atomic fluorescence spectrum(AFS).Results: The linear range of methylmercury was 1 μg/L~100 μg/L,the recovery range was 70%~90%,the RSD was 3.4%~7.7%.Conclusion: The developed method is rapid,simple and accurate.The method is suitable for determination of methylmercury in aquatic product.
Representing High-Level Policies

This chapter describes the structure of high-level policies and the functions that they must perform in a policy-based network management (PBNM) system. These policies are aimed at the business and system levels of the “policy continuum,” and are based on extending the Ponder system. The extensions are based on incorporating concepts from the DEN-ng (Directory Enabled Networks new generation) policy architecture and the DEN-ng approach to modeling information. The difference between DEN-ng and Ponder authorization policies is mainly in additional semantics provided by DEN-ng. Two important examples of this are the specifying of access rights and making authorization a function of the current operating environment. DEN-ng obligation policies are enhanced in three important ways compared to Ponder—event specifications can use a full Boolean syntax, action specification can include a finer-level of granularity, and the use of exceptions is more powerful. There is a marked difference in events, constraints, and filtering in DEN-ng compared to Ponder. Events are part of all DEN-ng policy rules. Constraints are used to restrict the evaluation of the event, condition, and/or action clauses of a policy rule, which is much richer than Ponder's usage.
Public Health and the Westphalian System of International Politics

The political pathology of SARS tells a tale of transition for governance on infectious disease threats. This chapter focuses on the beginning of this journey in order to explain the traditional governance structure and dynamics that determined how and why infectious disease threats were handled internationally. I do not provide a comprehensive and detailed history of international cooperation on infectious diseases; such histories have already been written (Howard-Jones, 1975; Goodman, 1971). Rather, this chapter has a conceptual orientation designed to provide a simple yet accurate picture of public health governance within the Westphalian system of international politics. The case study on the International Health Regulations (IHR) helps put the conceptual analysis into a more concrete form.
A new envelope predistortion linearization architecture for handset power amplifiers

The paper proposes a new envelope predistortion linearization architecture that utilizes low power analog components to correct intermodulation distortion (IMD) in RF power amplifiers (PAs). Log amps and phase detectors are used at the input and output of the PA to estimate the instantaneous complex gain. The outputs of the log amps and phase detector are fed back to a voltage controlled variable attenuator (VVA) and phase shifter (VVP), respectively, to correct any errors in the gain due to AM-AM or AM-PM distortion. As opposed to traditional envelope feedback approaches, this architecture achieves greater bandwidth by only feeding the distortion components back. Moreover, the distortion components are not added to the input signal as feedback, but they are used to predistort the input signal in a multiplicative manner. This architecture also allows correction of envelope memory effects that may occur in the PA. A behavioral model for Class-AB PA has been developed. The architecture has been verified by means of computer simulation using behavioral models extracted from a VVA, a VVP, and a 0.5 W GaAs HFET PA. For a cdmaOne signal with a bandwidth of 1.2288 MHz, the simulation shows an ACPR peak improvement of more than 10 dB over an output power dynamic range of 6 dB.
Disclose or not? Effect of impression management tactics on hireability of persons with epilepsy.

SummaryObjective The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of assertive impression management (IM) tactics, such as personal storytelling and self-promotion, on job interview outcomes of people with epilepsy. Specifically, the effect of IM on interviewers’ subjective impressions and evaluation of hireability of job candidates with epilepsy were examined. Methods Ninety-nine master's level graduate students majoring in business or human resources were randomly assigned to three experimental conditions to view one of three 15-min video clips of a job applicant interviewing for a technical computer sales position. The three experimental conditions were (1) job applicant who did not disclose any disability, (2) job applicant with epilepsy who did not use IM tactics, and (3) job applicant with epilepsy who used IM tactics. After watching the job interview video portraying the experimental conditions, participants were asked to rate the job applicant in terms of general impression and hireability for the described position. Results The use of IM was found to have a significant effect on job interview outcomes (p < 0.01). Post hoc comparisons indicated that the average rating of business/human resources students on both general impression and hireability for the job applicant with epilepsy and IM condition were significantly higher than for the job applicant with epilepsy who did not use IM condition. Furthermore, mediation analysis revealed that general impression is a mediator for the relationship between IM and interview outcomes. Significance This study demonstrates that IM has a significant and positive effect on job interview outcomes for persons with epilepsy. IM can be used as a powerful strategy for empowering people with epilepsy to combat disability stigma, and offset negative perceptions of employers about the potential of this population to be productive workers.
A learning method for localizing objects in reverberant domains with limited measurements

This article presents a learning (training)-based method for localizing objects in enclosures. Wave propagation in enclosures can lead to mixing of the wave energy, ultimately leading to incoherent spreading of information. This makes the localization problem challenging. However, spreading of the wave energy can lead to multiple interrogations of each point in the enclosure, which is in essence reminiscent of an ergodic or a closely ergodic behavior. Hence, any substructural changes in the enclosure can be sensed with sufficient information carried by the wave energy flow. Furthermore, temporal information buried in data makes it feasible to conduct only a few spatial measurements. A localization scheme is presented that benefits from the reverberant field and can reduce the required number of spatial measurements.
Patterns and predictors of BRCA 1/2 testing in young breast cancer survivors.

1514Background: Current NCCN guidelines recommend that young women diagnosed with breast cancer (BC) undergo BRCA 1/2 (BRCA) testing. We sought to describe experiences surrounding testing among women diagnosed with BC at age ≤45. Methods: The Young and Strong Study is a 54 site cluster randomized trial that evaluated an education and support intervention for women, aged 18-45, diagnosed in 2012-2013, with early stage BC. Socio-demographic information was collected at baseline; women were surveyed again 3 months after enrollment about BRCA testing, family history, how genetic concerns affected treatment decisions, and reasons for not undergoing testing. We used logistic regression to identify predictors of not undergoing testing. Results: 338/403 (84%) women reported having undergone BRCA testing. Among those tested, 6% reported a BRCA1 or 2 mutation; 3% an indeterminate variant; 85% no abnormality; results were unknown for 6%. Among untested women (N=65), 20% said they could not afford it; 15% perceived t...
β1-Integrin Deletion From the Lens Activates Cellular Stress Responses Leading to Apoptosis and Fibrosis.

Purpose Previous research showed that the absence of β1-integrin from the mouse lens after embryonic day (E) 13.5 (β1MLR10) leads to the perinatal apoptosis of lens epithelial cells (LECs) resulting in severe microphthalmia. This study focuses on elucidating the molecular connections between β1-integrin deletion and this phenotype. Methods RNA sequencing was performed to identify differentially regulated genes (DRGs) in β1MLR10 lenses at E15.5. By using bioinformatics analysis and literature searching, Egr1 (early growth response 1) was selected for further study. The activation status of certain signaling pathways (focal adhesion kinase [FAK]/Erk, TGF-β, and Akt signaling) was studied via Western blot and immunohistochemistry. Mice lacking both β1-integrin and Egr1 genes from the lenses were created (β1MLR10/Egr1-/-) to study their relationship. Results RNA sequencing identified 120 DRGs that include candidates involved in the cellular stress response, fibrosis, and/or apoptosis. Egr1 was investigated in detail, as it mediates cellular stress responses in various cell types, and is recognized as an upstream regulator of numerous other β1MLR10 lens DRGs. In β1MLR10 mice, Egr1 levels are elevated shortly after β1-integrin loss from the lens. Further, pErk1/2 and pAkt are elevated in β1MLR10 LECs, thus providing the potential signaling mechanism that causes Egr1 upregulation in the mutant. Indeed, deletion of Egr1 from β1MLR10 lenses partially rescues the microphthalmia phenotype. Conclusions β1-integrin regulates the appropriate levels of Erk1/2 and Akt phosphorylation in LECs, whereas its deficiency results in the overexpression of Egr1, culminating in reduced cell survival. These findings provide insight into the molecular mechanism underlying the microphthalmia observed in β1MLR10 mice.
Understanding the Uncanny: Both Atypical Features and Category Ambiguity Provoke Aversion toward Humanlike Robots

Robots intended for social contexts are often designed with explicit humanlike attributes in order to facilitate their reception by (and communication with) people. However, observation of an "uncanny valley" - a phenomenon in which highly humanlike entities provoke aversion in human observers - has lead some to caution against this practice. Both of these contrasting perspectives on the anthropomorphic design of social robots find some support in empirical investigations to-date. Yet, owing to outstanding empirical limitations and theoretical disputes, the uncanny valley and its implications for human-robot interaction remains poorly understood. We thus explored the relationship between human similarity and people's aversion towards humanlike robots via manipulation of the agents' appearances. Here we employed a picture-viewing task (N_{agents}=60) to conduct an experimental test (N_{participants}=72) of the uncanny valley's existence and the visual features that cause certain humanlike robots to be unnerving. Across the levels of human similarity, we further manipulated agent appearance on two dimensions, typicality (prototypic, atypical, and ambiguous) and humanness (robot, human), and measured participants' aversion using both subjective and behavioral indices. Our findings were as follows: (1) Further substantiating its existence, the data show a clear and consistent uncanny valley in the current design space of humanoid robots. (2) Both category ambiguity, and more so, atypicalities provoke aversive responding, thus shedding light on the visual factors that drive people's discomfort. (3) Use of the Negative Attitudes towards Robots Scale did not reveal any significant relationships between people's pre-existing attitudes towards humanlike robots and their aversive responding -- suggesting positive exposure and/or additional experience with robots is unlikely to affect the occurrence of an uncanny valley effect in humanoid robotics. This work furthers our understanding of both the uncanny valley, as well as the visual factors that contribute to an agent's uncanniness.
Further development of the responsive workbench

The Responsive Workbench [8] is designed to support end users as scientists, engineers, physicians, and architects working on desks, workbenches, and tables with an adequate human-machine interface. Virtual objects are located on a real “workbench”. The objects, displayed as computer generated stereoscopic images are projected onto the surface of a table. The participants operate within a non-immersive virtual environment. A “guide” uses the virtual environment while several observers can watch events by using shutter glasses. Depending on the application, various input and output modules have been integrated, such as motion, gesture and voice recognition systems which characterize the general trend away from the classical multimedia desktop interface. The system is explained and evaluated in several applications: A virtual patient serves as an example for non-sequential medical training. The car industry benefits from areas like rapid prototyping for exterior design and interactive visualization and examination of flow field simulations (virtual windtunnel, mixing processes). Visualization and verification of experiments with mobile instrument deployment devices in outer space missions are another fascinating application. Architecture and landscape design are another discipline well suited for the workbench environment.
Arthroscopic treatment of intraarticular fibrous bands after total knee arthroplasty: A followup note

Eighteen consecutive patients (average age, 66.4 years at arthroscopy) who had a previous total knee arthroplasty underwent arthroscopic resection of a transverse suprapatellar fibrous band, which was causing patellar snapping and jumping as it impinged on the intercondylar notch portion of the femoral component during active extension (tethered patellar syndrome). Fourteen patients were available for followup at an average of 56 months (range, 37-91 months). All patients had complete relief of the patellar symptoms. One patient had a recurrence of symptoms 10 months after arthroscopy but remained symptom free 30 months after repeat resection. All are currently symptom free and are classified as having excellent results. The average range of motion is 1 degree to 115 degrees. There were no complications attributable to the arthroscopy. The tethered patellar syndrome has been noted by various authors, and has been most commonly treated by arthrotomy. At arthroscopy, a transverse suprapatellar fibrous band was seen to catch on the intercondylar notch of the femoral component, snapping free as the knee extended past approximately 30 degrees. In this population, excellent long-term results were achieved with arthroscopic removal of the transverse suprapatellar band.
Ceramic Surfaces as Wear Partners for Polyethylene

ABSTRACT Five medical grade oxide-ceramics and one industrial non-oxide ceramic were tested in a continuous sliding test apparatus against polyethylene. The oxides were three different qualities of alumina, two of zirconia and silicon-nitride. A distinct difference in surface quality, depending on the form and type of ceramic used, was observed. The polyethylene wear rate was lowest for all alumina qualities; 20 % less than against metal. The alternative ceramics Zr02 and S13N4 yielded unfavourable wear and friction results. Although the mechanical properties are preferable the tribological behaviour, together with reported possible longterm problems, cautions at the present state the use of high performance non alumina ceramics for articulating implants.
Variants of H-Measures

H-measures are defined without using characteristic lengths, and I described a variant using one characteristic length in a talk at College de France in January 1990, and immediately after, Patrick GERARD sent me his work about the subject, and he called his variant semi–classical measures.
Airborne Infectious Microorganisms

Inhalation exposes the upper and lower respiratory tracts of humans to a variety of airborne particles and vapors. Airborne transmission of pathogenic microorganisms to humans from the environment, animals, or other humans can result in disease. Inhalation is an important route of exposure as the lung is more susceptible to infection than the gastrointestinal tract. Ingested microorganisms must past through the acidic environment of the stomach before they can colonize tissue while inhaled microorganisms are deposited directly on the moist surfaces of the respiratory tract. Inhalation of microbial aerosols can elicit adverse human health effects including infection, allergic reaction, inflammation, and respiratory disease. Following inhalation, infectious viruses, bacteria, and fungi can establish in host cells of the respiratory tract. Some are translocated and infect the gastrointestinal tract and other tissues. This chapter discusses human viral, bacterial, and fungal diseases transmitted via aerosols. Viral diseases presented are influenza, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Norwalk-like viruses (NLVs) and hantavirus disease, measles, and varicella. Bacterial diseases are Legionnaires’ disease, tuberculosis, and nontubercule mycobacterial disease. Exposure to some Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, endotoxin, and actinomycetes when dispersed through the air can result in disease following inhalation. Fungal diseases included are histoplasmosis, coccidiomycosis, blastomycosis, cryptococcosis, and aspergillosis. The threat of bioterrorism with airborne infectious agents is also briefly presented.
Control of axonemal inner dynein arms

Abstract In this chapter, we focus on the assembly, organization, and regulation of the axonemal inner dynein arms and their role in ciliary/flagellar motility. In contrast to the outer dynein arms, which are homogeneous, there are seven major and four minor species of inner dynein arms. Each inner dynein arm is distinct in composition and targeted to a precise and unique location within the 96-nm axonemal repeat. These conclusions are based on biochemical and ultrastructural analysis of Chlamydomonas mutants lacking subsets of dyneins. The motility phenotypes of these Chlamydomonas mutants also revealed the importance of the inner dynein arms for control of the size and shape of the axonemal bend, features of motility referred to as waveform. We review data revealing that second messengers, including calcium and cyclic nucleotides, can control ciliary motility by modulation of dynein activity. In particular, we focus on I1/f dynein and its regulation by a conserved phosphorylation pathway that includes signals from the central pair, radial spoke, and a network of axonemal kinases and phosphatases that are physically located in the axoneme.
Lateral Posterior and Pulvinar Nuclei

The lateral posterior and pulvinar nuclei can be regarded as parts of a larger nuclear complex. One reason for bringing the two together is that undoubtedly equivalent nuclei have been regarded as part of the lateral posterior nucleus in some species and as parts of a pulvinar in others. The cat, for example, is customarily said to have a lateral posterior nucleus divided into three or more subnuclei and a single pulvinar nucleus (e.g., Berman and Jones, 1982). Monkeys, on the other hand, are usually said-to have a single lateral posterior nucleus and at least four pulvinar nuclei (e.g., Olszewski, 1952). Apart from this idiosyncrasy, however, the lateral posterior and pulvinar nuclei are closely associated topographically and have many morphological and connectional similarities.
Hydraulic society and a “stupid little fish”: toward a historical ontology of endangerment

Endangered species are objects of intense scientific scrutiny and political conflict. This article focuses on the interplay among human-nonhuman relations, knowledge production, and the politics of endangerment. Advancing a historical ontology of endangerment, it highlights the role of transforming the nonhuman world in the coming to be of new objects of environmental knowledge. Such knowledge can provide the basis for credible claims of endangerment, facilitating mobilizations against the very human-nonhuman relations that produced it. An in-depth case study of the delta smelt, an endangered species of fish caught in the center of California’s “water wars,” shows how changes in the instrumentalization of the nonhuman environment can produce new knowledge of nature that allows actors to make claims and form coalitions that would be otherwise inconceivable. Because its sole habitat is the hub of California’s water delivery system, efforts to save the species from extinction have reduced flows to farms and cities, fomenting conflict between environmentalists and water users. This article demonstrates that the taxonomic classification of the delta smelt as a species and evidence of its decline arose directly from the reengineering of California’s rivers for extractive ends. Ironically, the knowledge on which environmental advocates relied was a product of the instrumental relation to nature that they sought to transform.
Bottom-Up and Top-Down Effects of Forest Fragmentation Differ Between Dietary Generalist and Specialist Caterpillars

Ecological interactions increasingly occur in the context of anthropogenic landscape alteration, such as landscape fragmentation, which engenders numerous changes to abiotic and biotic processes. Theory and empirical evidence suggest that species that are ecologically specialized or positioned at higher trophic levels are most sensitive to the effects of landscape fragmentation, yet the mechanisms underlying this sensitivity remain hypothetical. Here we present an initial test of the hypothesis that landscape fragmentation affects tri-trophic interactions more severely for dietary specialist than for generalist insect herbivores. We specifically tested a bottom-up hypothesis, that fragmentation reduces hostplant food quality to herbivores, with the most pronounced effects for dietary specialists. We also tested a top-down hypothesis, that fragmentation reduces parasitism of caterpillars, with the most pronounced effects on dietary specialists. We studied interactions among trees, caterpillars, and parasitoids in forest fragments (3 – 1013 ha) in Connecticut, U.S.A. in 2017 and 2018. To address the bottom-up hypothesis, we measured the growth performance of multiple dietary specialist and generalist caterpillar species fed leaves from red maple and witch hazel trees sampled from large or small forest patches. We assessed the top-down hypothesis by quantifying mortality from insect parasitoids of many of the same caterpillar species on these tree species sampled from a range of forest patch sizes. Fragmentation did not reduce herbivore growth performance for either dietary specialist or generalist caterpillars even though it accelerated desiccation rates of leaves of both tree species over the growing season. However, dietary specialization increased herbivore sensitivity to yearly variation in food quality, as the growth efficiency of specialist caterpillars varied between 2017 and 2018, while that of generalist caterpillars did not. As predicted, parasitism rates of dietary specialist caterpillars declined as forest fragment size declined, whereas parasitism of generalists was independent of fragment size. Therefore, interactions involving dietary specialist herbivores were most sensitive to top-down environmental variation. Assuming that dietary specialist caterpillars are primarily attacked by host-specific parasitoids, this top-down effect is consistent with the trophic theory of island biogeography, which predicts the sharpest declines of ecologically specialized predators and parasites in small habitat patches.
BUILDING SERVICE EQUIPMENT: Maintenance / repair / replacement

(1964). BUILDING SERVICE EQUIPMENT: Maintenance / repair / replacement. Hospital Topics: Vol. 42, No. 8, pp. 60-61.
Moving Beyond S-Parameter Files: Advanced Scalable and 3D EM Models for Passive Devices

S-parameter data files remain the most commonly available “model” for representing passive devices in the microwave industry. As exemplified herein, physically-motivated equivalent circuit models can be setup to scale accurately with part-value, substrate properties and other parameters, such as solder pad dimensions. While powerful and enabling, these globally scalable circuit models cannot generally account for electromagnetic coupling interactions between components and between components and their surroundings. Consequently, full-wave Electromagnetic (EM) analysis has become a crucial step for radio frequency (RF) design in order to account for interactions between components and between components and their shielding and interconnect environment. However, such models often require access to proprietary component composition details. A solution to these challenges is described in the form of IP-encrypted 3D model libraries. These libraries use technology recently available in some EM simulators, for encrypting geometry and material details to protect vendor manufacturing IP. This advance enables 3D EM models to be shared with a wider design community, helping designers reduce design risk and re-work and improve time-to-market for today’s increasingly compact and complex product form factors.
Environmental Accelerated Deterioration Modeling of Large Glass Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composite Structures/Systems

The adoption of composites has been successful in manufacturing industries and is rapidly expanding into civil infrastructure. One challenge to the broader adoption is a limited ability to model the synergistic effects of the combined physical/chemical processes of environmental exposure and mechanical loading. Unlike other building materials, long-term field-performance-data of polymer composites in construction applications does not exist. The first composite building system in the USA is the facade of the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art (SFMOMA), completed in 2015. Since phenomenological service life models for composite building applications are not available, it is crucial to build multi-physical-based models in order to predict composite service life performance on a centennial time scale. This study begins to understand the thermo-chemical-mechanical degradation mechanisms of composite materials at multiple length scales. The framework is computationally modeled using COMSOL \(^\circledR \) using geometries and element properties that are provided by the manufacturer of the SFMOMA facade.
Novel Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) and Biologic Therapy in Psoriasis: Infection Risk and Patient Counseling in Uncertain Times.

With the emergence of the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) viral pandemic, there is uncertainty whether biologic agents for psoriasis may place patients at a higher risk for infection or more severe disease course. This commentary offers patient counseling recommendations based on the current available evidence. While there are currently no specific data for psoriasis biologics and COVID-19, data are presented here from phase III clinical trials of psoriasis biologics on rates of upper respiratory infection, influenza, and serious infection. Overall these data reveal that on the whole, psoriasis biologics do not show major increases in infection risk compared to placebo during the course of these trials. However, as the COVID-19 virus is a novel pathogen that is associated with mortality in a subset of patients, a cautious approach is warranted. We discuss factors that may alter the benefit-risk ratio of biologic use during this time of COVID-19 outbreak. Ultimately, treatment decisions should be made on the basis of dialogue between patient and provider, considering each patient's individualized situation. Once this pandemic has passed, it is only a matter of time before a new viral disease reignites the same issues discussed here.
Sensing Membrane Stress with Near IR-Emissive Porphyrins

Internal-strain sensors, embedded within a membrane, can enhance our ability to monitor membrane dynamics and predict its failure. Development of these probes with model membrane systems may provide a tool to elucidate areas of membrane stress or stretching in cellular membranes. Molecular rotors are one such class of mechano-optical molecules that have potential as intrinsic stress sensors. Supermolecular porphyrin-based fluorophores demonstrate this capability since the twisting of various subunits of the dye can lead to significant shifts in the fluorophore emission wavelength. We encapsulated these hydrophobic porphyrin-based fluorophores into bilayer vesicle membranes made of diblock-copolymers (polymersomes) and characterized changes in the optical emission of these near-infrared (NIR) emissive probes in response to membrane stress. The conformation of entrapped fluorophore depends on the available space within the membrane. We systematically changed the available space for the fluorophore in the polymersome membrane by changing the amount of fluorophore loading as well as increasing the membrane volume by using a larger molecular weight diblock copolymer. In response to increased volume for the fluorophore, emission is blue shifted. Using this property, we studied how shifts in fluorescence correlate to membrane integrity, imparted by membrane stress produced through a range of physical and chemical perturbations, including surfactant-induced lysis, hydrolytic lysis, thermal degradation, and applied stress by micropipette aspiration. With the latter aspiration studies, we find that changes in the NIR probe's emission accompany measured changes in polymersome membrane tension. Studies conducted with this NIR probe and model membrane suggest that molecular rotors, such as these, can potentially be used in future studies to monitor intrinsic stress in a variety of membranes, ranging from synthetic membranes, to monitor the delivery of drugs or in vivo rheological changes, to cellular membranes, to monitor membrane stress during motility or transport processes.
Getting Ahead in a Just-Gettin’-By World: Gender Differences in Intake Characteristics and Poorer Outcomes Observed for Men:

Getting Ahead in a Just-Gettin’-By World (“GA”), a capacity-building, anti-poverty, group-based intervention, is widely used in the United States and internationally. This U.S. nationwide study exa...