cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Digital Fabrication Tools at Work: Probing Professionals' Current Needs and Desired Futures

Digital fabrication tools have transformed how people work in micro- and small-scale manufacturing settings. While increasing efficiency and precision, these tools raise concerns around user agency and control. This paper describes an exploratory study investigating the felt work experience and desired futures of professionals who use fabrication tools. We conducted co-design workshops with 23 professionals who use 3D printers, laser cutters, and CNC routers. We probed about current practices; machine awareness and autonomy; and user agency. Our findings reveal that current tools are not very professional. They are unreliable and untrustworthy. Participants desired smarter tools that can actively prevent errors and perform self-calibration and self-maintenance. They had few concerns that more intelligence would impact agency. They desired tools that could negotiate trade-offs between time, cost, and quality; and that can operate as super-human shop assistants. We discuss the implications of these findings as opportunities for research that can improve professionals' work experience.
Race and cultural factors in an RCT of prolonged exposure and sertraline for PTSD.

Abstract The efficacy of treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among African Americans is less clear given underrepresentation in clinical research. Additionally, intervention research examining race has typically not considered within-group heterogeneity, such as acculturation, ethnic identity, and cultural attitudes. In a randomized controlled trial, African American (n = 43) and Caucasian (n = 130) individuals received prolonged exposure (PE) or sertraline for PTSD, comparing: treatment response, retention, and treatment beliefs and preferences. Indirect effects of cultural variables were also examined. African Americans reported stronger ethnic identity (d = 0.71), less positive attitudes toward other groups (d = 0.36), and less acculturation (d = 0.51) than Caucasians. Noninferiority analyses indicated clinically equivalent PTSD outcomes for African Americans and Caucasians in both treatments. Groups showed comparable improvements in depression and functioning, and similar treatment preferences and beliefs. African Americans attended fewer sessions in PE (d = 0.87) and sertraline (d = 0.53) than Caucasians. Indirect effects analyses indicated positive cultural attitudes toward other ethnoracial groups were consistently associated with better treatment outcome and retention. Despite no differential effectiveness, findings may highlight the need to target retention among African Americans. Within-group cultural aspects of race may be an informative complement to basic, categorical conceptualizations.
Return on Carbon: Profit and Social Costs of Greenhouse Gas Emissions

How can firms embrace sustainability and financial performance? We seek to establish a new measure and concept – Return on Carbon (ROC) – that can help expand our perspective on the costs and benef...
Discriminative Sparse Connectivity Patterns for Classification of fMRI Data

Functional connectivity using resting-state fMRI has emerged as an important research tool for understanding normal brain function as well as changes occurring during brain development and in various brain disorders. Most prior work has examined changes in pair-wise functional connectivity values using a multi-variate classification approach, such as Support Vector Machines (SVM). While it is powerful, SVMs produce a dense set of high-dimensional weight vectors as output, which are difficult to interpret, and require additional post-processing to relate to known functional networks. In this paper, we propose a joint framework that combines network identification and classification, resulting in a set of networks, or Sparse Connectivity Patterns (SCPs) which are functionally interpretable as well as highly discriminative of the two groups. Applied to a study of normal development classifying children vs. adults, the proposed method provided accuracy of 76%(AUC= 0.85), comparable to SVM (79%,AUC=0.87), but with dramatically fewer number of features (50 features vs. 34716 for the SVM). More importantly, this leads to a tremendous improvement in neuro-scientific interpretability, which is specially advantageous in such a study where the group differences are wide-spread throughout the brain. Highest-ranked discriminative SCPs reflect increases in long-range connectivity in adults between the frontal areas and posterior cingulate regions. In contrast, connectivity between the bilateral parahippocampal gyri was decreased in adults compared to children.
CRISPR knockdown of GABAA alpha3 subunits on thalamic reticular neurons enhances deep sleep

Identification of mechanisms which increase deep sleep could lead to novel treatments which promote the restorative effects of sleep. Here, knockdown of the α3 GABAA-receptor subunit from parvalbumin neurons in the thalamic reticular nucleus using CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing increased non-rapid-eye-movement (NREM) sleep and the thalamocortical delta oscillations implicated in many health-promoting effects of sleep. Inhibitory synaptic currents were strongly reduced in vitro. Effects were selective to the mouse sleep (light) period. Further analysis identified a novel deep-sleep state in mice prior to NREM-REM transitions which was preferentially affected by deletion of α3 subunits. Our results identify a functional role for GABAA receptors on TRN neurons and suggest antagonism of α3 subunits as a strategy to enhance deep sleep.
19F-Tagged metal binding pharmacophores for NMR screening of metalloenzymes.

This study demonstrates the screening of a collection of twelve 19F-tagged metal-binding pharmacophores (MBPs) against the Zn(II)-dependent metalloenzyme human carbonic anhydrase II (hCAII) by 19F NMR. The isomorphous replacement of Zn(II) by Co(II) in hCAII produces enhanced sensitivity and reveals the potential of 19F NMR-based techniques for metalloenzyme ligand discovery.
Cell-free hemoglobin-mediated human lung microvascular endothelial barrier dysfunction is not mediated by cell death.

Abstract Circulating cell-free hemoglobin (CFH) contributes to endothelial injury in several inflammatory and hemolytic conditions. We and others have shown that CFH causes increased endothelial permeability, but the precise mechanisms of CFH-mediated endothelial barrier dysfunction are not fully understood. Based on our previous study in a mouse model of sepsis demonstrating that CFH increased apoptosis in the lung, we hypothesized that CFH causes endothelial barrier dysfunction through this cell death mechanism. We first confirmed that CFH causes human lung microvascular barrier dysfunction in vitro that can be prevented by the hemoglobin scavenger, haptoglobin. While CFH caused a small but significant decrease in cell viability measured by the membrane impermeable DNA dye Draq7 in human lung microvascular endothelial cells, CFH did not increase apoptosis as measured by TUNEL staining or Western blot for cleaved caspase-3. Moreover, inhibitors of apoptosis (Z-VAD-FMK), necrosis (IM-54), necroptosis (necrostatin-1), ferroptosis (ferrostatin-1), or autophagy (3-methyladenine) did not prevent CFH-mediated endothelial barrier dysfunction. We conclude that although CFH may cause a modest decrease in cell viability over time, cell death does not contribute to CFH-mediated lung microvascular endothelial barrier dysfunction.
Chemical kinetics for generalized two-step reaction schemes

Abstract Chemical reaction kinetics for steady-state catalytic reactions on heterogeneous catalysts are generally governed by a limited number of elementary steps and the nature of these steps is controlled by the degree of rate control and the surface coverage of reaction intermediates. The generalized two-step reaction scheme, first proposed by Michel Boudart, is used in this paper to drive analytical expressions for the surface coverages by the Most Abundant Reactive Intermediate (MARI); the surface coverage by the Most Abundant Surface Intermediate (MASI); the fraction of the free surface; the degree of rate control for each kinetically significant step; and the overall reaction rate. The two most ubiquitous reaction mechanisms in heterogeneous catalysis, i.e., the associative reaction mechanism and the dissociative reaction mechanism are studied. The applicability of the derived expressions is demonstrated by two case studies: acetone hydrogenation for the associative case and ammonia synthesis for the dissociative case. Scaling relations and BEP correlation are incorporated in the generalized two-step reaction scheme to determine the surface properties of the optimal catalyst. Acetone hydrogenation is used as a case study to demonstrate the applicability of the derived expressions for optimal catalyst. Finally, the application of generalized two-step reaction schemes in understanding the response of a catalyst surface to transient reaction conditions is discussed. Transient reaction kinetics of acetone hydrogenation is used as a case study to demonstrate the applicability of the generalized two-step reaction approach.
DNA Tests for Four Prealbumin Mutations in Hereditary Amyloidosis

A number of variant prealbumin (transthyretin) proteins with single amino acid substitutions have been found to be associated with systemic autosomal dominant amyloidosis. One variant described in Portuguese, Japanese, Swedish and other kindreds contains a methionine at position 30 (Met-30). Another form described in a Jewish patient has an isoleucine at position 33 (Ile-33). The Appalachian form contains an alanine at position 60 (Ala-60). Another kindred that is of German origin has been found with a tyrosine at position 77 (Tyr-77), and the Indiana/Swiss amyloidosis has a serine at position 84 (Ser-84). Point mutations in the prealbumin gene have been predicted for each form, and all five of these single base changes theoretically create new sites for specific restriction enzymes.
Deep Level Centers

The deep level centers are determined by a short range potential in a tight binding approximation. Several models are discussed from a simple square well model with added Coulomb well (hydrogen model) for higher energy states. Typical donors and acceptors in different materials are depicted. Other theoretical models include perturbation methods, cluster calculation, super cell and Green’s function techniques. Semi-empirical tight binding approximations indicate supercomputer use. Jahn Teller effect. Crystal field theory, splitting of levels. Examples of deep centers in alkali halides, F-centers with typical energies listed, and others. Vacancies in covalent crystals. Self-interstitials. Anti site defects, hydrogen in Si. Substitutional defects replacing a vacancy. Symmetry aspects. Isoelectronic defects. Chalcogens in Si and tabulation of their energy. Oxygen in GaAs. EL2 and DX centers. Negative U-centers. Shallow/deep center instability. Metastable Lattice relaxation. Transition metal impurities, energy tabulation. Isoelectronic defects, charge character. Tabulation of deep center energies and effective crystal field splitting. Measured ionization energies in Ge, Si, GaAs, and CdS.
Structure of Two Histidine-containing Cross-Links from Collagen

Abstract Reduction of insoluble collagens from bone, skin, and tendon with NaB3H4 produced several radioactive substances which were isolated from acid hydrolysates of the protein. One of these substances, aldol-histidine, was most abundant in cow skin collagen and also appeared in reconstituted fibrils of purified cow skin tropocollagen. Another compound, histidino-hydroxymerodesmosine, was abundant in all of the collagens studied, and it appeared to be structurally related to aldol-histidine. The postulated structures of both compounds were obtained primarily by high and low resolution mass spectrometry and by high resolution nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry. Ancillary data were provided by ultraviolet spectrometry and by colorimetric methods. Both compounds were present in partially purified, large peptides obtained from cyanogen bromide digests of insoluble collagen and of reconstituted collagen fibrils. These results suggest that aldol-histidine and histidino-hydroxymerodesmosine serve as cross-links in collagen, potentially uniting three or four polypeptide chains, respectively.
Chapter 10 A perception-based web search with fuzzy semantic

Abstract We propose a perception-based search methodology established on fuzzy semantic for improving the web search. Unlike most existing relevant work that focuses on filtering the returned search result, we study the search query semantic and expand the search to include information related to the linguistic and numerical fuzzy counterparts of the search query. The top 20 search results returned from this search methodology showed impressive improvement over the conventional one. Fifty percent average gain in search relevancy is obtained when our search methodology is applied to websites matching the chosen fuzzy semantic theme. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our methodology on the search domain of health and food.
Display behaviour and dewlap colour as predictors of contest success in brown anoles

Many animals display visual signals in male contests for access to females and territories. These visual signals can be multimodal and stimulate different aspects of a signal receiver’s visual system. Over two summers, we tested whether aspects of behaviour and dewlap colour might function as signals that predict contest success when males compete for access to either mates or territories in male brown anole lizards. We found that behaviour (PC1, a correlated composite of head-bob, push-up, and dewlap extension frequency) and an aspect of dewlap colour (PC3, the relative amounts of ultraviolet, yellow, orange, and red of the dewlap margin) were retained in the minimum adequate model predicting contest success across years and social contexts. Winners showed significant differences in behaviour (winners displayed more) and dewlap margin PC3 (winners had lower PC3 scores) compared to contest losers. These findings suggest that display behaviour and dewlap colour might serve as signals indicating a male’s ability to win contests for access to females and territories. © 2014 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2014, 111, 646–655. ADDITIONAL KEYWORDS: lizard.
Paying for pediatric training and care.

In choosing the topic for this discussion I have deliberately ignored many of the issues which face the members of the Ambulatory Pediatric Association each day: how to be more effective teachers, how to run more effective and efficient ambulatory care programs, how to conduct research relevant to the needs of children and those who care for them. Each of these topics is important. Each of them has been thoughtfully addressed by past-presidents and speakers at meetings of this association. Each forms a substantial part of the agenda of its meeting. I have chosen to address economic and, thereby, political issues which face ambulatory pediatrics because I am convinced that how pediatric care and training are paid for will determine its scope, its content, its distribution, and the way that its practitioners are prepared. In this discussion I hope to persuade you of the following: • That many of the teaching, patient care, and research issues that concern us are basically economic and thereby political issues; • That the current methods of paying for the training of house officers is a major barrier to matching their training to the needs of the children, families, and communities they will serve; • That current methods of paying for basic preventive services for children and their families are a major barrier to the achievement of better child health; • That there are reasonable alternatives to our present methods of paying for pediatric care and training, and that these are economically and politically feasible.
The ventilatory responsiveness to CO2 below eupnoea as a determinant of ventilatory stability in sleep

Sleep unmasks a highly sensitive hypocapnia-induced apnoeic threshold, whereby apnoea is initiated by small transient reductions in arterial CO2 pressure (PaCO2) below eupnoea and respiratory rhythm is not restored until PaCO2 has risen significantly above eupnoeic levels. We propose that the ‘CO2 reserve’ (i.e. the difference in PaCO2 between eupnoea and the apnoeic threshold (AT)), when combined with ‘plant gain’ (or the ventilatory increase required for a given reduction in PaCO2) and ‘controller gain’ (ventilatory responsiveness to CO2 above eupnoea) are the key determinants of breathing instability in sleep. The CO2 reserve varies inversely with both plant gain and the slope of the ventilatory response to reduced CO2 below eupnoea; it is highly labile in non-random eye movement (NREM) sleep. With many types of increases or decreases in background ventilatory drive and PaCO2, the slope of the ventilatory response to reduced PaCO2 below eupnoea remains unchanged from control. Thus, the CO2 reserve varies inversely with plant gain, i.e. it is widened with hyperventilation and narrowed with hypoventilation, regardless of the stimulus and whether it acts primarily at the peripheral or central chemoreceptors. However, there are notable exceptions, such as hypoxia, heart failure, or increased pulmonary vascular pressures, which all increase the slope of the CO2 response below eupnoea and narrow the CO2 reserve despite an accompanying hyperventilation and reduced plant gain. Finally, we review growing evidence that chemoreceptor-induced instability in respiratory motor output during sleep contributes significantly to the major clinical problem of cyclical obstructive sleep apnoea.
Common mistakes on face recognition based on video

Automatic border control e gates relies on face recognition in video streams. Two family of methods could be imagined to define a common workflow: encode all that is possible or select the best image of the stream according to a quality assessment. In gates, giving an answer as soon as possible by encoding each and every possible image seems to lead to faster gates. Is it really the case?
Variability of Standard Curves in Radioimmunoassay of Plasma Digoxin

Evaluation of commercial kits (3H and 125I digoxin) for the radioimmunoassay of digoxin showed that different normal plasma samples yielded significantly different standard assay curves. Such differences accounted for errors of from 0.6 to 1 ng under certain conditions. The usual internal assay controls do not correct for these conditions. Because such changes may represent the differences between toxic and nontoxic digoxin concentrations, further study of the commercial test procedures appears to be indicated.
Media as Mediator: Intertextual Narrative in Digital and Performative Presentation

“Media as Mediator” tells a tale in two mediums: classical South Indian and Western dance in the seven-dance suite, Liquid Gems , and the fiction Tamil film, Pancha Ratna Media as Mediator was an intervisual presentation that explored sacred characters in a contemporary story in two- and three-dimensions. Intervisuality compares and interprets visual images in a cultural context. This concept enhanced contemporary approaches to classical Hindu myths in Liquid Gems and Pancha Ratna . Media sources brought classical Bharatanatyam dance and Bollywood-style songs into conversation with Western dance forms in the dance suite, Liquid Gems , and the Tamil fiction film, Pancha Ratna. The story focuses on women’s issues in diverse marriage arrangements, dowry and murder/suicide. Contemporary media reports influenced the way in which sacred archetypes inform their modern counterparts in the narrowcast narrative.
In Vivo Facial Tissue Depth Study of Chinese‐American Adults in New York City*

This study examines facial tissue depth in adult Chinese-Americans. Using ultrasound, measurements were taken at 19 landmarks across the faces of 101 individuals aged from 18 to 87 years. Summary statistics are reported for a sample of 67 individuals of normal weight (as determined by a body mass index [BMI] of 19-25). Statistical analyses were used to assess relationships between tissue thickness, age, and BMI. Results indicate that no significant relationship exists between tissue thickness and age for males, and for only 3/19 points in females. Also, only four points showed significant relationships between tissue thickness and sex. However, significant relationships exist between BMI and tissue thickness at multiple points for both males and females. Compared to other American and Asian populations in the literature, Chinese-Americans generally had thinner facial tissue; though, this difference was not assessed statistically. Finally, data generated in this study will add to the body of knowledge concerning facial tissue depth variation in modern humans.
The Family Cycle in a Coastal Peruvian Slum and Village

'The Family Cycle in a Coastal Peruvian Slum and Village l E. A. HAMMEL University of California, Berkeley INTRODUCTION One of the more important problems facing students of Latin America concerns the nature of socio-cultural process in urban and rural mestizo communities of that area. This paper is an attempt to approach the problem in terms of the static kinds of information generally available in census mate­ rials and standard ethnographic reports. (See Hammel n.d.-a, for a statement of static differences between urban slum and rural village populations.) The data on which this study is based consist chiefly of two censuses. One of them deals with the slum (pop. ca. 1,000) of the city of lca (population ca. 33,000), located about 300 kms. south of Lima. The other deals with the village of San Juan Bautista (population ca. 700), about 13 kms. from the city. Both censuses give information on age, sex, occupation, household composition, and sanitation practices. The first was designed and carried out by the local sanita­ tion service (lca n.d.); the second was designed and implemented by the author in cooperation with the sanitation service (Hammel n.d.-b) and is wider in scope than the first. The censuses are supplemented by the results of a year's ethnographic observation which, although not providing the same statistical breadth, present material in much greater depth (Hammel n.d.-c). The com­ bination of these sources, subjected to an analysis which infers developmental sequences from static information, yields some hypotheses on the nature of particular cultural processes in the communities considered. PROCEDURE The investigation of cyclic processes in any society, and the relationship between the design of such investigation and the nature of the available data, deserve a thorough discussion of the methodological problems involved. Unfortunately, the exigencies of publication do not permit extended discussion of these matters here. I will therefore touch on them only briefly and trust that the reader will understand that the meagerness of discussion is a function not of lack of awareness but of lack of space for adequate exposition. 1) The social organization of the communities investigated and the nature of the information available are such that only one legitimate question on cyclic developmental processes may be asked here: Does the composition of individual households change in some direction during the span of their existence? 2) ,The lack of information about such processes in these and similar communities makes it advisable to conduct the investigation in an inductive
Multi-predator effects produced by functionally distinct species vary with prey density.

Determining when multiple predator species provide better pest suppression than single species is a key step towards developing ecologically—informed biological control strategies. Theory and experiments predict that resource partitioning among functionally different predator species can strengthen prey suppression, because as a group they can access more prey types than functionally redundant predators. However, this prediction assumes that competition limits predation by functionally similar predators. Differences in prey density can alter the strength of competition, suggesting that prey abundance may modulate the effect of combining functionally diverse species. The experiment documented here examined the potential for functional differences among predator species to promote suppression of an insect pest, the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), at different prey densities. Predation was compared at two prey densities between microcosms that contained one predator species or two functionally distinct species: the lady beetle, Coleomegilla maculata De Geer (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) that kills early L. decemlineata instars, and the soldier bug, Podisus maculiventris Say (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) that kills late instars. The data show that combining these predators increased predation only when prey densities were low. This suggests that multiple predator species may only provide greater biological control than single species in systems where prey is limiting.
Habitat Dynamics in Peromyscus truei: Eclectic Females, Density Dependence, or Reproductive Constraints?

We evaluate several hypotheses concerning differential use of habitats by males and females based on data from live-trapping Peromyscus truei for 1 year. Multivariate statistical techniques revealed differential use of habitats by males and females during autumn and winter and different levels of habitat specificity throughout the year. Habitat use by males was less variable in autumn and winter, whereas habitat use of females was less variable in spring and summer. Niche breadth and overlap were density-dependent. Males shift use of habitat in response to reproductive condition of females, whereas females show little change in use of habitat throughout the year. Although the data do not falsify the eclectic-female hypothesis, they are most consistent with the reproductive-constraints hypothesis.
Identification of Flavobacterium and Flexibacter Species by Species-Specific Polymerase Chain Reaction Primers to the 16S Ribosomal RNA Gene

Abstract Species-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers have been developed for the identification of the causative agents of warmwater and marine finrot in fish: Flavobacterium columnare (Flexibacter columnaris) and Flexibacter maritimus. Differences in gene sequence in the bacterial small-subunit (16S) ribosomal RNA (rRNA) were used to design the species-specific PCR primers. The previously reported species-specific PCR primers Psy1 and Psy2 for the identification of Flavobacterium psychrophilum (Flexibacter psychrophila), the causative agent of coldwater finrot, were also used to develop a speciation scheme for all three bacterial finrots. These three primer sets were successful in discriminating among yellow-pigmented bacteria as well as in speciating the three major pathogenic flexibacteria to fish. The primer sets were designed to produce uniquely sized subproducts of 16S rRNA for each species: Flavobacterium psychrophilum (1,100 base pairs, bp), F. columnare (800 bp), and Flexibacter mari...
Integrating DICOM conformant imaging equipment with a PACS

Purpose/ Background As medical centers purchase commercial PACS to integrate with their imaging equipment, the fact that each component is often purchased at different times and with differing levels of DICOM conformance may become a problem. When the PACS is installed, major incompatibilities are often discovered between DICOM conformant pieces of equipment. Commercial PACS vendors are sometimes reluctant to take responsibility for the final integration of these components. The purpose of this paper is to document the nature and extent of these problem at one medical center, to report on how we are trying to solve them, and recommendations for the future. Methods A large commercial PACS (IMPAX , Bayer Corporation, Agfa division) installed at the West Los Angeles VA medical Center was recently upgraded to be DICOM 3.0 conformant. Recently purchased DICOM conformant CT and MRI units and an older CT were already present. The problems in interfacing and integrating these imaging modalities with the upgraded DICOM- compliant PACS were investigated. Both software and hardware incompatibilities and human factors in bringing the different commercial vendors together were analyzed. Results Major hardware and software incompatibilities were discovered. The use of DICOM-gateways is not always able to solve problems of incompatibility. The typical lag time between discovery of a problem and provision of a solution was 4 to 5 months. For more severe problems and also for a few of the lesser problems, resolution took over a year and is still ongoing. Repeated requests had to be made to the vendors to get together with us and solve these problems. Conclusions DICOM conformance of multiple imaging components and a PACS does not guarantee a smooth transition to a full integrated PACS with all the user features expected from the DICOM standard implementation. Buyers and clinicians should be aware of these problems and be prepared for a typical six to eight month delay.
Intelligence and law enforcement: The “spies are not cops” problem

(1997). Intelligence and law enforcement: The “spies are not cops” problem. International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence: Vol. 10, No. 3, pp. 269-286.
Realizing Wrongness: Stories of Older Wife Caregivers:

The purpose of this study was to gain an understanding of patterns of help-seeking by older wife caregivers of husbands with dementia using grounded theory methodology with a theoretical perspectiv...
Radiology Report Clarity: A Cohort Study of Structured Reporting Compared With Conventional Dictation

Purpose The aim of this study was to determine if radiology residents who use a structured reporting system (SRS) produce reports of greater clarity than residents who use free-text dictation to report cranial MR imaging in patients with clinical suspicion of stroke. Methods This double-cohort study included residents creating reports for 25 cranial MR imaging studies using an SRS in the intervention group and free text in the control group (report n=1,685). Attending physicians from multiple subspecialties were surveyed seeking clarity ratings of randomly selected reports. Two neuroradiology fellows rated the clarity of 180 of the reports. Clarity ratings were analyzed by using Wilcoxon's signed-rank test for paired data and the Mann-Whitney U test for unpaired data. Results Forty-three of 95 surveyed physicians returned completed surveys, with mean clarity ratings for SRS (4.9) and free-text (5.1) reports that did not differ significantly. Respondents' comments most often referred to confusing syntax, unfamiliar terms, or format preferences. Fellow raters rated the clarity of SRS reports lower than that of free-text reports ( P Conclusions The use of an SRS to create MRI reports did not seem to improve or worsen attending physicians' perceptions of report clarity. Experience level may affect clarity-related report preferences. Future SRS should probably include definitions of key terms and be formatted to minimize syntactical errors.
Enrichment versus exercise effects on motor impairments following cortical removals in rats.

Groups of rats were (1) exposed to an enriched environment, (2) given access to an activity wheel, or (3) individually housed in wire mesh cages, impoverished. Rats were exposed in groups of four to the enriched environment or placed individually in the activity wheel for 2 h per day for 25 days preoperatively. Within each exposure group, rats sustained bilateral removals of sensorimotor cortex, or were sham-operated controls. Animals were trained preoperatively to locomote across a narrow elevated runway. Postoperatively, locomotor testing was initiated 17 days after surgery throughout which time all animals were maintained under impoverished conditions. Locomotor deficits following cortical damage were a function of preoperative exposure: enriched rats were least impaired; impoverished rats were most impaired. Rats allowed running wheel activity initially showed the same marked deficits as impoverished animals but recovered more rapidly. The opportunity for physical exercise afforded wheel animals preoperatively may have enhanced motor capabilities that aided recovery. However, physical activity alone did not yield the same protective effects from initial impairment as enrichment. Greater elaboration of neural structures associated with perceptual-motor enrichment probably accounted for the initial sparing of the enriched group.
Analyzing atonal music: Pitch-class set theory and its contexts

Analyzing atonal music: Pitch-class set theory and its contexts, by Michiel Schuijer, Rochester, NY, University of Rochester Press, 2008, xviii + 306 pp., US$90.00, ISBN 978-1-58046-270-9 The histo...
Teaching a "women in computer science" course

There has been much research on the lack of women in the discipline of computer science. It is an important area about which we need to educate our students. Unfortunately, information about suggested syllabi, activities and textbooks is lacking. This paper presents the outline of a course that has been taught including the books, papers and activities that were used. It also presents the outcomes of the course and suggestions for future incarnations of this course.
Ultrastructure of Pork Liver after Freeze‐Thaw Cycling and Refrigerated Storage

Pork liver was subjected to repeated freezing (-20°C) and thawing (+ 5°C) to simulate conditions of temperature abuse of frozen liver during commercial transport. Ultrastructure was compared to that of refrigerated pork liver. Liver cells deteriorated more with freezing and thawing (F-T) than with refrigerated storage (R-S). After one cycle F-T, hepatocyte organelles were damaged and cytoplasmic components appeared in the sinusoids. After four cycles F-T, membranes were extensively damaged and sinusoids contained organelles. The tissue organization was stable during six days of refrigerated storage, although cell structure deteriorated. Evidence from ultrastructure indicated that drip from F-T liver and R-S liver arose from different kinds of tissue damage.
Analgesia in dogs after intercostal thoracotomy - a clinical-trial comparing intravenous buprenorphine and interpleural bupivacaine

We prospectively studied 26 dogs that presented for intercostal thoracotomy. Dogs were premedicated with oxymorphone, induced with diazepam and etomidate, and anesthesia was maintained with isoflurane in oxygen. Preoperatively, animal patients were randomly assigned to one of two groups. Group 1 (n = 13) received buprenorphine (10 microgram/kg intravenously [IV]) every 6 hours for 24 hours starting 10 minutes before tracheal extubation. Group 2 (n = 13) received 0.5% bupivacaine (1.5 mg/kg) administered interpleural (IP) by slow injection through a pediatric feeding tube fixed to the most dorsal aspect of the thoracotomy incision. Interpleural injections were administered with each dog placed in lateral recumbency with the incision positioned ventrally; IP injections were administered every 4 hours for 24 hours starting 10 minutes before tracheal extubation. All cases were monitored in the intensive care unit for 24 hours postoperatively. The analgesic efficacy of each regimen was evaluated using a pain scoring system that included a subjective pain score, heart rate, and respiratory rate. Arterial blood pressure, arterial blood gases, oxygen saturation, body temperature, and changes in the electrocardiogram or neurological status were also noted. Significant increases in mean heart rate, respiratory rate, and total pain score occurred after surgery in dogs in the buprenorphine group. In contrast, dogs in the bupivacaine group had no significant changes when compared with their preoperative values. Dogs in the bupivacaine group had significantly decreased total pain scores and better PaO2 and oxygen saturation values when compared with the dogs receiving buprenorphine. Hypoventilation did not occur in either group.
Gel electrode imaging of metal fatigue: Part ii. deformation in 1100 Aluminum

During the early stages of metal fatigue, the accumulation of damage produces microcracks in the surface oxide film. This process was first measured quantitatively by the exoelectron method. This paper describes a new and much simpler electrochemical technique, which can also detect microcracks in surface oxide films and provide quantitative information on the distribution and severity of fatigue damage. In these experiments the specimens are coated initially with thin (14 nm) anodic oxide films. After fatigue cycling, a semisolid electrolyte is placed in contact with the specimen, and the flow of current to the microcracks in the anodic oxide is measured. The distribution of fatigue deformation which accumulates prior to the appearance of a fatigue crack is easily measured, and in this regard the sensitivity of the technique is shown to exceed that of a scanning electron microscope. Fatigue deformation in 1100 aluminum is detected as early as 1 pct of the fatigue life, and the electrochemical current flow increases systematically with fatigue cycling as the density of microcracks in the oxide increases. The charge flow can therefore be used to predict the remaining fatigue life.
Ferrites at Microwaves

After a preliminary discussion of the propagation of waves in an unbounded ferromagnetic medium, and in waveguides containing ferrites, the results of an experimental study of the propagation characteristics of waveguides containing ferrites are presented for some samples of commercially available ferrites. Some of the applications of ferrites to microwave circuitry are briefly described.
Figurative language and reading comprehension in American deaf and hard-of-hearing children: textual interactions.

ABSTRACTThe limited evidence on figurative language in deaf children, as well as ‘professional intuitions', has led those who teach them to conclude that reading comprehension will be significantly complicated by figurative language. However, there are disagreements among practitioners as to how best to manage figurative language when it appears in text. Generally, some sort of textual modification is made, although those for and against ‘simplified texts' are split on this issue. Those who favour them suggest either that complex vocabulary and syntax be reconstructed or that they be gradually introduced. However, reformulations are seldom standard nor are the figurative tropes such as metaphor, simile, personification etc. systematically introduced. Those against simplifed texts argue that the problem of figurative language control is not one of linguistic complexity, but one of cognitive processing: deaf children can grasp inferred or indirect meaning so long as the referential domain is made clear. Suc...
Affine minorants minimizing the sum of convex functions

It is often possible to replace a convex minimization problem by an equivalent one, in which each of the original convex functions is replaced by a suitably chosen affine minorant. In this paper we identify essentially the minimal conditions permitting this replacement, and also shed light on the close and complete link between such optimal affine minorants and certain optimal dual vectors. An application to the ordinary convex programming problem is included.
Accumulation and release of [3h]-norepinephrine by teleost hypothalamus (Poecilia latipinna)

Abstract The accumulation and release of [3H]-norepinephrine by teleost hypothalamus, Poecilia latipinna, has been studied in vitro. The results indicate that teleost hypothalamic tissue accumulates [3H]-norepinephrine in a biphasic pattern. The first phase levelled off following incubation with 2.1 × 10−7 M [3H]-norepinephrine and was followed by a second curve with increasing concentrations (up to 2.1 × 10−6 M). Uptake was linear for 10 min with all concentrations used. The uptake of [3H]-norepinephrine was inhibited by cocaine (10−4 M), desimipramine (10−7 M) and phenoxybenzaminc (−6 M), which are known inhibitors of norepinephrine uptake in mammalian sympathetic nerve terminals. Following uptake and storage, depolarization of superfused slices with eletrical field stimulation or high potassium (50 mM) induced a release of [3H]-norepinephrine which was dependent on extracellular Ca2+. These results indicate that teleost hypothalamic tissue possesses an active transport and release mechanism for [3H]-norepinephrine. These data are consistent with histochemical, fluorescent and electron microscope evidence for the existence of catecholamines in teleost hypothalamus.
Physical and chemical characterization of iris and choroid melanosomes isolated from newborn and mature cows.

Bovine iris and choroid melanosomes at two ages ( 2 years) were examined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), elemental analysis, infrared spectrometry (IR) and X-ray photoelectron spectrometry (XPS). When iris and choroid melanosomes at the same age were compared, the quantification of metal elements by ICP-MS revealed that choroid melanosomes had a higher binding capacity for the carboxylate-binding metal ions (e.g. Na+ K+, Mg2+, Ca2+ and Zn2+). Elemental analysis showed a higher O:N ratio in choroid melanosomes. Both observations suggested that choroid melanosomes have a higher content of carboxylate-containing monomer than iris melanosomes. IR spectrometric analysis showed a red shift (approximately 8 cm(-1)) of the absorption peak of aromatic C=C, C=N and C=O at approximately 1630 cm(-1) in the IR spectrum of iris melanosomes relative to choroid melanosomes. Increased conjugation in the molecular structure of the pigment is proposed to contribute to this peak shift. It is also notable that although the elemental analysis showed different C, N and O contents in the two types of melanosomes, XPS showed almost the same elemental compositions on the surface of two types of iris and choroid melanosomes studied. When the melanosomes from the same tissues at different ages were compared, ICP-MS analysis suggested that the number of carboxylate groups in the melanosomes decreased with age. Both elemental analysis and XPS showed that C:N ratio decreased with age, which was proposed to be due to both a decrease in carboxylate groups in mature samples and to the fissure of phenol rings caused by age-associated oxidation. Such age-related oxidative damage diminishes conjugation and is manifested by blue shifts of absorption peaks for aromatic double bonds in the IR spectra of mature melanosomes. XPS analysis showed that the ratio of C-O:C=O decreased with age. These tissue-related and age-related chemical differences between samples affected the optic density and metal binding properties of melanosomes, which are believed to be closely associated with the biological functions of melanins.
Finite-difference solutions of the 3-D eikonal equation

Prestack Kirchhoff depth migration requires the computation of traveltimes from surface source and receiver locations to subsurface image locations. In 3-D problems, computational efficiency becomes important. Finite-difference solutions of the eikonal equation provide computationally efficient methods for generating the traveltime information. Here, a novel finite-difference solutions of the eikonal equation provide computationally efficient methods for generating the traveltime information. Here, a novel finite-difference method for computing the first arrival traveltime by solving the eikonal equation has been developed in Cartesian coordinates. The method, which is unconditionally stable and computationally efficient, can handle instabilities due to caustics and provide information about head waves. The comparison of finite-difference solutions of the acoustic wave equation with the traveltime solutions from the eikonal equation in various structure models demonstrate that the method developed here can provide correct first arrival traveltime information even in areas of complex velocity structure.
Ein Beitrag zum Zusammenhang zwischen Stimme und Atmung bei Vögeln

Beim nordamerikanischen Abendkernbeiser (Hesperiphona vespertina, Korpergewicht um 60 g) wurde die Atmung bei einer Reihe von Schreckrufen aufgezeichnet. Die Rufe wurden beim Ausatmen ausgestosen, der Luftstrom war in Pulsationen von 55–60/sec zerlegt. Bei den dazwischen liegenden Einatmungen waren Atemstrom und Atemvolumen im Vergleich zur Ruhe erhoht. Die Einatmungsdauer betrug nur 0,1–0,15 sec, was der Atmung im Flug sehr ahnlich ist.
Direct Measurement of Dipole Electric Field in Model Membranes using Vibrtaional Shifts of P-Cyanophenylalanine and Coupled with Molecular Dynamics Simulations

The composition of biological lipid bilayer membrane creates a complex structural and electrostatic environment that regulates important membrane functions. The alignment of molecular dipole moments from lipid head groups and water molecules located at membrane-water interface creates the dipole potential (Vd). The dipole field (Fd) generated from this potential is the largest and about 1-10 MV/cm in magnitude, determined by indirect measurement techniques. It is located entirely within the membrane interior, and therefore, direct measurement and manipulation of Fd is a challenge. Here, we present direct measurement of dipole electrostatic field within vesicular bilayer using vibrational Stark effect (VSE) shifts of nitrile oscillator in response to the local electrostatic field. We intercalated four different α-helix transmembrane peptides containing unnatural amino acid, p-cyanophenylalanine (p-CN-Phe) at four unique positions into unilamellar vesicles composed of 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DMPC). Molecular Dynamics simulations of the membrane-intercalated helix containing two of the nitrile probes, one near the head-group region of the lipid and one buried in the interior of the bilayer were performed to examine the structure of nitrile with respect to the membrane normal, the assumed direction of Fd, by quantifying both tilt of the helix in bilayer and conformational rotation of the p-CN-Phe side chain at steady-state. As nitrile systematically moved towards the membrane interior, the vibrational absorption energies of nitrile showed blue shift. We used the measured VSE shifts and nitrile orientations within the membrane and calculated the magnitude of Fd to be 8 −11 MV/cm, within the range reported in the literature. We increased the chemical and structural complexity of model membrane by adding cholesterol into vesicle composition at different concentrations and determined that Fd changes as function of membrane composition and temperature.
A model for H−, D− production by hydrogen backscattering from alkali and alkali/transition-metal surfaces

Abstract A model for H − , D − production by energetic particles reflecting from metal surfaces is discussed. The model employs the energy and angular distribution data derived from the Marlowe code. The model is applied to particles incident normally upon Cs, Ni, and Cs/Ni surfaces.
Relation of stenosis morphology and clinical presentation to the procedural results of directional coronary atherectomy.

BACKGROUNDDirectional coronary atherectomy has recently become available to treat coronary stenoses. This study was performed to determine the relation of patient characteristics and stenosis morphology to procedural outcome with directional coronary atherectomy to gain insight into which patients might be best treated with this device.METHODS AND RESULTSFour hundred stenoses from 378 patients consecutively treated at six major referral institutions were analyzed. Angiographic data were assessed at a central angiographic laboratory using standardized morphological criteria and computer-assisted quantitative dimensional analyses. Procedural success was achieved in 87.8% of stenoses, and major ischemic complications (death, myocardial infarction, and emergency bypass surgery) occurred in 6.3% of patients. Lesion success and complications were closely correlated with recognized modified American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force lesion morphological criteria. Observed for type A ste...