cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Vygotskian theory: An emerging paradigm with implications for a synergistic psychology

Abstract American psychologists often assume that scientific paradigms are autonomous. This leads to a “theoretical hegemony”; in which the major paradigms are treated as independent, or even rival ideological entities. This article presents an alternative approach in which certain aspects of each of the major paradigms are recombined into a comprehensive synergistic psychology. The importance of internalized social interaction as a self‐regulatory mechanism is used as the primary organizing principle for synthesizing Vygotskian theory with other major paradigms including psychoanalysis, behaviorism, humanistic psychology, information processing, bio‐psychology, and Piagetian theories. The significance of this synergistic approach is demonstrated in examples drawn from creativity research.
Organizational Buyer Behavior of the Family Firm: A Review of the Literature and Set of Propositions

The aggregate volume of purchasing by family firms may account for half of the industrial purchasing in the United States. However, whether the buying processes of family firms are significantly different from those of nonfamily firms is unknown. Selected frameworks of organizational buyer behavior are imposed on family business literature in order to address this issue. There is ample evidence that the buyer behavior of family firms should be differentiated in five areas: patterns of influence in the buying center, organizational climate, organizational buying processes, buyer motivations, and formulation of marketing strategies.
Acute Effects of Narcotic Analgesics on Behavioral Arousal in the Rat

Abstract: Locomotor activity measured by photocell actometers was taken as an index of behavioral arousal in rats following acute administration of pentazocine, morphine, methadone, levorphanol, and meperidine. The intraperitoneal doses tested were 1.25, 2.5, 5.0, 10, and 20 mg./kg. The low doses of morphine and methadone and an intermediate dose of pentazocine produced an early (1st hr.) increase in motility. Higher doses of these three drugs and the lowest dose of levorphanol caused a delayed excitation (2nd-3rd hr.). An early inhibition of activity was seen for the higher doses of morphine, methadone, meperidine, and levorphanol but not for pentazocine. Meperidine did not elicit significant locomotor excitation in these doses. The enhanced motility after pentazocine and the narcotic analgesics was blocked by pretreatment with α-methyltyrosine
Reply to 'Rituximab in CD20 positive multiple myeloma' by P Moreau et al.

We read with interest the Phase II study of Moreau et al.,1 evaluating four weekly infusions of single-agent rituximab (375 mg/m2) therapy in a cohort of patients with CD20+ multiple myeloma (MM) with either stage I, never treated disease, or stage III MM in relapse, or refractory after two lines of therapy. The authors concluded that rituximab as a single agent had minor activity in this cohort of patients with CD20 expression on at least 33% of tumor cells.
Mononuclear cell polyamine content associated with myeloid maturation in patients with leukemia during administration of polyamine inhibitors

Fourteen patients with acute leukemia in relapse were treated with difluoromethylornithine (DFMO) alone or in combination with methylglyoxal-bis(guanylhydrazone) (MGBG) as part of Phase I studies. Five patients included in the trial exhibited morphologic evidence of cellular differentiation during the course of treatment. In one patient who exhibited no blasts and a normal white blood cell differential at the end of treatment the mononuclear cell content of all three polyamines declined after an initial increase in spermidine and spermine content. In the other patients in whom the cellular maturation was less pronounced the mononuclear cell polyamine levels remained stable or increased over the treatment time. No absolute difference was apparent between the cellular polyamine levels detected in patients at the times of the greatest increase in per cent circulating neutrophils as compared to the cellular levels present in patients whose circulating mononuclear cell number were increasing. Circulating mononuclear cell putrescine, spermidine, and spermine levels varied over two orders of magnitude from patient to patient and the range of values detected in each state completely overlapped those present in the other. It does not appear from the present study that there is a consistent human leukemic cell polyamine content at which cellular differentiation occurs.
Diffusion-convection equation solved in parallel regions of the lung.

The single path model of airway gas transport was incorporated into each of the seven parallel regions model of Cruz (Cruz, J. C. Respir. Physiol. 86:1–14, 1991). Thus, the effect of time on the predicted gas fractions in and out of the lung could be evaluated. Two experimental maneuvers were simulated: (1) fast inhalation of an argon–oxygen mixture from a functional residual capacity and fast exhalation to residual volume, including inspiratory breath holdings of 5–20 s, and (2) the standard single-breath nitrogen washout test. Expired argon and nitrogen are predicted within a ±3% error of the experimental data with no breath holding. Breath holding predictions were at variance with experimental results because the solution of the diffusion-convection equation produced even mixing in the alveoli at the end of inspiration. The minimum square of the difference between the experimental data (standard single-breath nitrogen washout test) and those provided by the model was 0.0016. This model is capable of generating a nitrogen expirogram with four phases when a vital capacity of oxygen is inhaled. However, the model failed to produce a sharp distinction between phase 3 and phase 4. Thus, we conclude that uneven emptying of parallel regions generates any expirogram (a fast or slow expiratory maneuver). The alveolar gas stratification that is created during inspiration disappears at the end of the inspiratory maneuver. As a result, breath holding maneuvers cannot be predicted in the anatomical model used. © 2000 Biomedical Engineering Society. PAC00: 8719Uv, 8710+e
Efficacy of Radiofrequency Ablation in the Treatment of Small Functional Adrenal Neoplasms

We obtained high technical and clinical success rates with minimal complications, suggesting that radiofrequency ablation may be a safe and effective method of outpatient treatment for small benign functioning adrenal neoplasms.
The use of the two T-DNA binary system to derive marker-free transgenic soybeans

A binary vector, pPTN133, was assembled that harbored two separate T-DNAs. T-DNA one contained a bar cassette, while T-DNA two carried a GUS cassette. The plasmid was mobilized into the Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain EHA101. Mature soybean cotyledonary node explants were inoculated and regenerated on medium amended with glufosinate. Transgenic soybeans were grown to maturity in the greenhouse. Fifteen primary transformants (T0) representing 10 independent events were characterized. Seven of the 10 independent T0 events co-expressed GUS. Progeny analysis was conducted by sowing the T1 seeds and monitoring the expression of the GUS gene after 21 d. Individual T1 plants were subsequently scored for herbicide tolerance by leaf painting a unifoliate leaf with a 100 mgl−1 solution of glufosinate and scoring the leaf 5 d post application. Herbicide-sensitive and GUS-positive individuals were observed in four of the 10 independent events. Southern blot analysis confirmed the absence of the bar gene in the GUS positive/herbicide-sensitive individuals. These results demonstrate that simultaneous integration of two T-DNAs followed by their independent segregation in progeny is a viable means to obtain soybeans that lack a selectable marker.
A Method of Gravity Offloading with a SCARA Manipulator

This paper presents a mechanism and control law which is currently under development that is intended to provide gravitational compensation so that lunar bound systems can be terrestrially tested in a simulated lunar gravitational field. The mechanism is a selective compliant articulated robotic arm (SCARA) manipulator. The object to be tested is rigidly attached to the end of the manipulator. The control scheme makes use of a copy of the test-object's dynamical model. This is integrated in real-time and includes the response due to any externally applied forces and torques. The result of this integration is a trajectory in the task-space. The inverse kinematic model of the manipulator is utilized to generate a trajectory in the joint-space and an exponentially stable tracking controller is implemented to drive the manipulator joints along this trajectory.
Search for the final period of decay of the axisymmetric turbulent wake

Profiles of mean and fluctuating turbulent velocities and temperatures, of the time derivative of velocity and of intermittency have been measured in the wake of an unheated as well as a heated sphere in the low Reynolds number range 600–2500 at distances 80–1800 sphere diameters downstream. The wind-tunnel experiments exhibit a strong dependence on Reynolds number but they do not indicate the attainment of or an approach to the final period of turbulent decay which has been explored theoretically by Phillips and by O'Brien. The lowest turbulence Reynolds number obtained was R λ , = 1·4.
1H NMR Investigation of the Solution Structure of Substrate-free Human Heme Oxygenase COMPARISON TO THE CYANIDE-INHIBITED, SUBSTRATE-BOUND COMPLEX

1H NMR was used to investigate the molecular structure, and dynamic properties of soluble, recombinant, substrate-free human heme oxygenase (apohHO) on a comparative basis with similar studies on the substrate complex. Limited but crucial sequence-specific assignments identify five conserved secondary structural elements, and the detection of highly characteristic dipolar or H-bond interactions among these elements together with insignificant chemical shift differences confirm a strongly conserved folding topology of helices C-H relative to that of substrate complexes in either solution or the crystal. The correction of the chemical shifts for paramagnetic and porphyrin ring current influences in the paramagnetic substrate complex reveals that the strength of all but one of the numerous relatively robust H-bonds are conserved in apohHO, and similar ordered water molecules are located near these H-bond donors as observed in the substrate complexes. The unique and significant weakening of the Tyr(58) OH hydrogen bond to the catalytically critical Asp(140) carboxylate in apohHO is suggested to arise from the removal of the axial H-bond acceptor ligand rather than the loss of substrate. The interhelical positions of the conserved strong H-bonds argue for a structural role in maintaining a conserved structure for helices C-H upon loss of substrate. While the structure and H-bond network are largely conserved upon loss of substrate, the variably increased rate of NH lability dictates a significant loss of dynamic stability in the conserved structure, particularly near the distal helix F.
The ground state energy of an electron gas in a high magnetic field

Abstract The ground state energy of an electron gas is evaluated in the ring diagram approximation in the so-called quantum strong magnetic field limit.
2D IR Spectroscopy of Hydrogen Bond Switching in Liquid Water

We use multidimensional infrared spectroscopy to observe the interconversion of hydrogen bonding environments in water. Our experiments show that hydrogen bond switching is concerted with broken hydrogen bonds disappearing on the timescale of intermolecular motions.
Design and performance of a sensor system for detection of multiple chemicals using an external cavity quantum cascade laser

We describe the performance of a sensor system designed for simultaneous detection of multiple chemicals with both broad and narrow absorption features. The sensor system consists of a broadly tunable external cavity quantum cascade laser (ECQCL), multi-pass Herriott cell, and custom low-noise electronics. The ECQCL features a fast wavelength tuning rate of 2265 cm-1/s (15660 nm/s) over the range of 1150-1270 cm-1 (7.87-8.70 μm), which permits detection of molecules with broad absorption features and dynamic concentrations, while the 0.2 cm-1 spectral resolution of the ECQCL system allows measurement of small molecules with atmospherically broadened absorption lines. High-speed amplitude modulation and low-noise electronics are used to improve the ECQCL performance for direct absorption measurements. We demonstrate simultaneous detection of Freon-134a (1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane), ammonia (NH3), and nitrous oxide (N2O) at low-ppb concentrations in field measurements of atmospheric chemical releases from a point source.
Simulated Water Adsorption Isotherms in Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic Cylindrical Nanopores

Grand canonical Monte Carlo simulations are performed to study the adsorption of water in single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNs). At room temperature the resulting adsorption isotherms in (10:10) and wider SWCNs are characterized by negligible amount of water uptake at low pressures, sudden and complete pore filling once a threshold pressure is reached, and wide adsorption/desorption hysteresis loops. The width of these loops decreases as pore diameter narrows. Adsorption/desorption hysteresis loops are not observed for water adsorption in (6:6) SWCNs. When the nanotubes are doped with small amounts of oxygenated sites it is possible to obtain adsorption isotherms in which the water uptake increases gradually as the pressure increases. Simulated X-ray diffraction patterns for confined water are also reported.
Integration of Smart Sensor Networks into Internet of Things: Challenges and Applications

With the advancement of sensing technology and the increasing computational power of processors, there is an increased interest in using large, dynamically distributed wireless sensor networks (WSN) in a variety of areas. In recent years, WSN technology has proven to be beneficial in health and environmental monitoring, military applications, and many other fields. Since WSN can both sense the environment and apply algorithms to process the data, more real-time and useful information can be gathered from the physical world than using traditional sensing systems. These networks can also be integrated into the "Internet of Things" in order to allow collaboration and wider access to sensor data. This paper will explore the challenges faced by WSNs and how they can be addressed, from hardware and software aspects to security, which is especially important in an internet context.
Cadmium inhibits the functions of eukaryotic MutS complexes.

Abstract Exposure of yeast cells to low concentrations of cadmium results in elevated mutation rates due to loss of mismatch repair (MMR), and cadmium inhibits MMR activity in extracts of human cells (1). Here we show that cadmium inhibits both Msh2-Msh6- and Msh2-Msh3-dependent human MMR activity in vitro. This inhibition, which occurs at a step or steps preceding repair DNA synthesis, is observed for repair directed by either a 3′ or a 5′ nick. In an attempt to identify the protein target(s) of cadmium inhibition, we show that cadmium inhibition of MMR is not reversed by addition of zinc to the repair reaction, suggesting that the target is not a zinc metalloprotein. We then show that cadmium inhibits ATP hydrolysis by yeast Msh2-Msh6 but has no effect on ATPase hydrolysis by yeast Mlh1-Pms1. Steady state kinetic analysis with wild type Msh2-Msh6, and with heterodimers containing subunit-specific Glu to Ala replacements inferred to inactivate the ATPase activity of either Msh2 or Msh6, suggest that cadmium inhibits ATP hydrolysis by Msh6 but not Msh2. Cadmium also reduces DNA binding by Msh2-Msh6 and more so for mismatched than matched duplexes. These data indicate that eukaryotic Msh2-Msh3 and Msh2-Msh6 complexes are targets for inhibition of MMR by cadmium, a human lung carcinogen that is ubiquitous in the environment.
MACHINE LEARNING AND ITS APPLICATION TO CIVIL ENGINEERING SYSTEMS

Abstract Today's state-of-the-art expert systems are plagued by four major problems: brittleness, lack of metaknowledge, knowledge acquisition, and validation. Knowledge acquisition by itself is a very time consuming and tedious process. The uncertainty of information and erroneous data have also caused knowledge engineers anxious moments. In order to address these problems, several machine learning techniques supported by well-formulated theories and algorithms, have been developed. In this article some of these techniques are reviewed along with examples of their application to civil engineering problems. The techniques presented either fall under the category “learning from examples” (commonly referred to as inductive learning) including the ID3 algorithm, the rough sets theory, and the PROTOS algorithm, or “learning from observations” (also known as conceptual clustering) including the COBWEB algorithm, or a combination of both.
Computer science—a vicious circle

In many computer science departments throughout the country, including some interdisciplinary departments, the curriculum has placed increasing emphasis upon applied mathematics and the fundamental nature of computational systems. A set of core courses which usually are fitted into such a program can be found in the report of the ACM curriculum committee on computer science, Curriculum 68 [1]. Some computer science departments have done such a magnificent job of de-emphasizing the importance of the experimental laboratory in their program that their graduates emerge thoroughly unprepared to tackle the intricacies associated with design work in the real-life world—both in software and hardware. This is basically because most computer science departments do not emphasize sufficiently the practical aspects of computational system design and implementation. For example, some students have serious difficulty in designing even a shift register of an 8-4-2-1 counter with ripple carry, not to mention more complicated computer systems. Perhaps even more important, computer science in the academic sense has implemented the “modus ponens” (rule of detachment) from the real-life world and has very little to do with real computers. The relationship between the abstract side of computer science and questions of cost and marketing are hardly ever mentioned in courses.
Selective Bibiography of Critical Essays on Ricardou's Works

Selective Bibiography of Critical Essays on Ricardou's Works, compiled by Michel Sirvent This article is available in Studies in 20th Century Literature: http://newprairiepress.org/sttcl/vol15/iss2/9 Selective Bibliography of Critical Essays
Selecting a background for the training images of a correlation filter: a comparative study

Correlation filters (CF) have been widely used for detecting and recognizing patterns in 2-D images. These filters are designed to yield sharp correlation peaks for desired objects while exhibiting low response to clutter and background. CFs are designed using training images that resemble the object of interest. However it is not clear what should be the background of these training images. Some methods use a white background while others use the mean value of the target region. It is important to determine an appropriate background since a mismatched background may cause the filter to discriminate based on the background rather than the target pattern. In this paper we discuss a method to choose training images, and we compare the effects of different backgrounds on the filter performance in different scenarios using both synthetic (pixels in the background chosen from a Gaussian distribution) and real backgrounds (photographs of different sceneries) for testing. In our comparisons we do not restrict ourselves to using a background with constant pixel intensity for training but also include in the training images backgrounds with varying pixel intensity with mean and standard deviation equal to the mean and standard deviation of the target region. Experiments show that without a prior knowledge of the background in the testing images, training the filters using a background with the mean and variance of all the desired objects tends to give better results.
Two Dimensional Normal Modes in Arbitrary Enclosed Basins on a Rotating Earth: Application to Lakes Ontario and Superior

A method for determining the free periods of oscillation of an arbitrary enclosed homogeneous water body on a rotating earth is considered. Bathymetry and shape of the water body are taken into account. The oscillations are quasi-static and horizontally two dimensional. Analytical foundation of the theory is based upon a method developed by Proudman (1916). The method requires the construction of two sets of orthogonal functions; one set satisfies a condition of vanishing normal derivative on the boundary and the other set of functions have a zero value on the boundary. These orthogonal functions are numerically constructed for two real water bodies. The numerical orthogonal functions are used as a basis for the expansion of velocity and height fields. The expansion coefficients are then determined so as to satisfy the dynamical equations. The coefficients appear as eigenvectors of a Hermitian matrix. The corresponding eigenvalues represent the frequencies of oscillation. Structures are determined by numerical evaluation of the velocity and height field expansions. Application of the above procedure to Lake Ontario gives for the lowest gravitational mode a period of 5.11 h and for Lake Superior, the period of the corresponding mode is 7.86 h. Periods of the lowest six gravitational modes and their structures in both lakes are presented. Comparison of Lake Superior calculations with the data analysis of Mortimer & Fee (1976, preceding paper) shows very good agreement. A few examples of rotational modes are also presented.
Radiation to regional nodes for rhabdomyosarcoma of the genitourinary tract in children: Is it necessary?. A report from the intergroup rhabdomyosarcoma study #1 (IRS‐1)

Fifty-eight children with genitourinary rhabdomyosarcoma are reported. Lesions involved the bladder (22), prostate (14), vagina/uterus (6), and paratesticular tissues (16). Fifteen of 58 had positive sampling of regional lymph nodes. Eleven of 15 received radiation to no more than 4500 rad in most cases, and 9 of 11 are diseases free. Two of 15 had no radiation and are disease free also. Twenty-three of 58 had negative nodes. Six of 23 had radiation to these nodal areas and 4 of 6 are disease free. Fifteen of 17 patients had no radiation and are disease free also. Sixteen of 20 patients with no node sampling are disease free; 9 of 16 had radiation but 7 of 16 did not. All patients in the Study had intensive systemic maintenance chemotherapy. One 1 patient failed in regional nodes despite 4500 rad to these node echelons. We suggest chemotherapy and radiotherapy, not to exceed 3500 rad in four weeks, to known residual disease including regions from which positive nodes have been obtained.
UHV characterization of ambient-dosed hydrogen-terminated Si(0 0 1)

Abstract We report ultra-high vacuum characterization of a high-molecular weight pentiptycene-based copolymer deposited from solution onto H-terminated Si(0 0 1) surfaces under ambient conditions. We found that NMR-grade deuterated chloroform was the best choice of solvent to preserve the cleanliness of the sample, resulting in the lowest sample C and O contamination as determined by AES and STM. The H-terminated Si(0 0 1) – 2 × 1 surface proved to be an excellent metrology tool for measuring the molecular features of the polymer with nanometer resolution. Atomically resolved STM images of single polymer molecules were obtained. The average periodicity along the polymer chain was 1.26 nm, with the width of the polymer varying between 0.98 nm and 1.5 nm. Kinks observed along the polymer chain are consistent with a reduction of the polymer backbone from alkyne to alkene.
Handling context-sensitive syntactic issues in the design of a front-end for a MATLAB compiler

In recent times, the MATLAB language has emerged as a popular alternative for programming in diverse application domains such as signal processing and meteorology. The language has a powerful array syntax with a large set of pre-defined operators and functions that operate on arrays or array sections, making it an ideal candidate for applications involving substantial array-based processing.Yet, for all the programming convenience that the language offers, designing a parser and scanner capable of mimicking the language's syntax has proven to be an acutely difficult task. The language has many context-sensitive constructions, and though numerous front-end implementations of MATLAB and MATLAB-like languages exist, not much has been discussed regarding the efficient compile-time parsing of such languages or how its syntax impacts the parsing process.In this paper, we present the design and implementation of a compiler front-end for the MATLAB language. We discuss in detail both the indigenously designed grammar responsible for syntax analysis as well as the lexical specification that complements the grammar. In the course of our attempts to emulate MATLAB's syntax, we were able to unravel certain key issues relating to its syntax, such as the complications arising in parsing command-form function invocations within a compile-time environment, the context-sensitive interpretation of the single quote character, and the translation of white space within matrices into element separators.The front-end effects a conversion of the original source to an intermediate form in which statements are represented as abstract syntax trees and the flow of control between statements by a control-flow graph. All subsequent compiler passes work on this intermediate representation.The front-end was designed and implemented as part of the MATCH project, which addresses the translation of a MATLAB program by a compiler onto a heterogeneous target consisting of embedded and commerical-off-the-shelf processors.
Genotoxicity-Related Chemistry of Human Metabolites of Benzo[ghi]perylene (B[ghi]P) Investigated using Electro-Optical Arrays and DNA/Microsome Biocolloid Reactors with LC-MS/MS

There is limited and sometimes contradictory information about the genotoxicity of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon benzo[ghi]perylene (B[ghi]P). Using recently developed metabolic toxicity screening arrays and a biocolloid reactor-LC-MS/MS approach, both featuring films of DNA and human metabolic enzymes, we demonstrated the relatively low reactivity of metabolically activated B[ghi]P toward DNA. Electro-optical toxicity screening arrays showed that B[ghi]P metabolites damage DNA at a 3-fold lower rate than benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P), whose metabolites have a strong and well-understood propensity for DNA damage. Metabolic studies using magnetic bead biocolloid reactors coated with microsomal enzymes in 96-well plates showed that cyt P450s 1A1 and 1B1 provide high activity for B[ghi]P and B[a]P conversion. Consistent with published results, the major metabolism of B[ghi]P involved oxidations at 3,4 and 11,12 positions, leading to the formation of B[ghi]P 3,4-oxide and B[ghi]P 3,4,11,12-bisoxide. B[ghi]P 3,...
The analyzing power for the 2H(d, n)3Heg.s. reaction from 5.5 to 11.5 MeV

Abstract The analyzing power A y ( θ ) for the 2 H(d, n) 3 He g.s. , reaction was measured from 0° to about 150° (c.m.) at 5.5, 7.0, 8.5, 10.0 and 11.5 MeV. The experiment was conducted with a newly developed pulsing and bunching system for the polarized deuteron beam and used standard time-of-flight neutron detection. The present results disagree in some angular regions with measurements of the same observable reported recently by a Zurich group who detected the 3 He particles, but agree with the limited angular distribution measured at 10 MeV by Hilscher and Liers, who also detected 3 He particles. The present results are reported in terms of associated Legendre polynomial expansions of the product σ ( θ ) A y ( θ ).
Constraining Responses to Homelessness: An Ethnographic Exploration of the Impact of Funding Concerns on Resistance

Despite a wealth of scholarly studies detailing the link between systemic inequality and increased homelessness in the United States during the past two decades, routine responses to homelessness by concerned agents within the homeless sheltering industry often do not adequately address systemic concerns. Instead, the focus remains on treating perceived disorders of homeless people themselves. Using information from three years of activist ethnographic research and ten years of working in homeless shelters, this article explores this dynamic through analyzing the role that funding plays in constraining how social actors in the homeless sheltering industry respond to and resist homelessness.
Gombrich, Galenson, and Beyond: Integrating Case Study and Typological Frameworks in the Study of Creative Individuals

Art historian E. H. Gombrich raised challenging questions about creativity that remain neglected in contemporary psychological research. Emphasizing continuity with tradition, expertise, evaluation, and learning, Gombrich's foci exemplify a particular kind of creator, dubbed “seekers” by Galenson (2001, 2005). Gombrich's place in Galenson's typology and his own views on categories of creators motivate an overview of existing creative typologies. While in principle such typologies have great promise for bridging nomothetic and ideographic approaches to creativity, they have important limitations, like predominantly uni-dimensional structures and limited reliability and validity. Following Gombrich's (1960) principle of “ping and pong,” I argue that a further proliferation of such typologies would be counterproductive; a more informative strategy is to integrate them at the level of their components, rather than reconciling broad category labels.
Improved CMOS field isolation using germanium/boron implantation

A novel germanium/boron implantation technique for improving the electrical field isolation of high-density CMOS circuits is demonstrated. Germanium implantation causes a reduction in dopant diffusion and segregation during field oxidation and is shown to increase the p-well field threshold voltage by as much as 40% with no significant degradation to junction or device performance. Selective germanium implantation with a blanket boron field implant can also improve the electrical field isolation behavior for CMOS circuits. >
Higher Order Perturbation Analysis of Stochastic Thermal Systems With Correlated Uncertain Properties

How the behavior of thermal systems depends on uncertainties in properties and boundary conditions is an important aspect of simulation. This dependence is usually judged by the statistics of the response, i.e., the mean response and its standard deviation which are often determined by perturbation methods, ranging from 1 st to 3rd order. The aim of this paper is to be a tutorial for those interested in estimating uncertainties by summarizing the author's experience in using higher order perturbation analysis for thermal problems detailing the underlying assumptions, and presenting several examples. Problems involving correlated parameters, which occur in almost all thermal experiments, are also treated
Dynamic routing with link state information in ADNS and future SATCOM network

A future satellite communications system is envisioned that will provide a number of enhancements over predecessor satellite communication systems. It will employ high capacity packet switched service in space, high rate circuits between terminals, and utilize Dynamic Bandwidth Resource Allocation which dynamically assigns resources to terminals based on current channel conditions and traffic demand. However, to realize these potential benefits, we must be able to integrate the future satellite network seamlessly with the existing communication networks. In this paper, we assess the impact of variable rate satellite links on the existing communication network and propose possible solutions to mitigate the adverse impact. With no awareness of the variable rate uplink in the future satellite network, the data routed by the existing user network into the satellite network may be dropped at the edge of the two different networks due to a rate mismatch, or conversely, the satellite links may be underutilized. Here, our proposed method will prevent significant packet drop and make more efficient use of available links by dynamically rerouting traffic based on the real-time link capacity of the satellite network.
Family Relationships, Self-esteem, and Self-efficacy Among Language Brokering Mexican American Emerging Adults

Children of immigrants often translate for parents, a process called language brokering. For youth, language brokering may require navigating meaning in two languages and the relationships among the adults involved. In this study, we investigate frequency of language brokering, family obligation, parental alienation, and parenting processes as related to experiencing language brokering as a burden and as building of self-efficacy. We further investigate how frequency of language brokering and experiencing language brokering as burdensome or as self-efficacious relate to overall self-esteem and self-efficacy. In this study, 75 Mexican American emerging adults (F = 47, M = 26, 2 did not state sex; M age = 20.82 years) completed a questionnaire about their current experience language brokering, their perceptions of parenting, acculturation, and individual well-being. Findings indicate that less parental support predicted language brokering burden, and increased frequency of language brokering predicted language brokering self-efficacy. Greater language brokering burden predicted overall self-esteem and general self-efficacy.
Using the Zebrafish Lateral Line to Screen for Ototoxicity

The zebrafish is a valuable model for studying hair cell development, structure, genetics, and behavior. Zebrafish and other aquatic vertebrates have hair cells on their body surface organized into a sensory system called the lateral line. These hair cells are highly accessible and easily visualized using fluorescent dyes. Morphological and functional similarities to mammalian hair cells of the inner ear make the zebrafish a powerful preparation for studying hair cell toxicity. The ototoxic potential of drugs has historically been uncovered by anecdotal reports that have led to more formal investigation. Currently, no standard screen for ototoxicity exists in drug development. Thus, for the vast majority of Food and Drug Association (FDA)-approved drugs, the ototoxic potential remains unknown. In this study, we used 5-day-old zebrafish larvae to screen a library of 1,040 FDA-approved drugs and bioactives (NINDS Custom Collection II) for ototoxic effects in hair cells of the lateral line. Hair cell nuclei were selectively labeled using a fluorescent vital dye. For the initial screen, fish were exposed to drugs from the library at a 100-μM concentration for 1 h in 96-well tissue culture plates. Hair cell viability was assessed in vivo using fluorescence microscopy. One thousand forty drugs were rapidly screened for ototoxic effects. Seven known ototoxic drugs included in the library, including neomycin and cisplatin, were positively identified using these methods, as proof of concept. Fourteen compounds without previously known ototoxicity were discovered to be selectively toxic to hair cells. Dose–response curves for all 21 ototoxic compounds were determined by quantifying hair cell survival as a function of drug concentration. Dose–response relationships in the mammalian inner ear for two of the compounds without known ototoxicity, pentamidine isethionate and propantheline bromide, were then examined using in vitro preparations of the adult mouse utricle. Significant dose-dependent hair cell loss in the mouse utricle was demonstrated for both compounds. This study represents an important step in validating the use of the zebrafish lateral line as a screening tool for the identification of potentially ototoxic drugs.
Field correction of the multisensor capacitance probe calibration

A b s t r a c t. Multisensor capacitance probes (MCPs) have been used in many soil water-related fields. The manufacturer recommends a site-specific calibration before MCP use, and the calibration protocol requires replicated measurements of soil water content and MCP readings in the same soil volumes. In field research, such calibration is hardly plausible, and results cannot be extrapolated to plot average water contents in heterogeneous soils. A site-specific correction of the manufacturer calibration is a practical alternative to the field calibration in this case. The Typic Hapludult soil at the OPE3 USDA-ARS research site in Beltsville, MD was sampled in triplicate at the distance of 50 cm from four MCPs on three dates with distinctly different water contents. Both systematic and random differences between MCP and plot-average gravimetrically determined water contents were encountered. The manufacturer calibration led to the overestimation of low water contents and to the underestimation of high water contents. The depth-specific linear transformation of the factory calibration improved the estimation of plot-average water contents at all observation depths. Correcting MCP measurements for depth resulted in up to a 14.6% decrease in root-mean-square difference between MCP and plot-average measurements. Sitespecific calibration correction may be useful when using MCPs in soil water monitoring. K e y w o r d s: water content, multisensor capacitance probes, site-specific correction
Crystal structures of RIalpha subunit of cyclic adenosine 5'-monophosphate (cAMP)-dependent protein kinase complexed with (Rp)-adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphothioate and (Sp)-adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphothioate, the phosphothioate analogues of cAMP.

Cyclic adenosine 5'-monophosphate (cAMP) is an ancient signaling molecule, and in vertebrates, a primary target for cAMP is cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA). (Rp)-adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphothioate ((Rp)-cAMPS) and its analogues are the only known competitive inhibitors and antagonists for cAMP activation of PKA, while (Sp)-adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphothioate ((Sp)- cAMPS) functions as an agonist. The crystal structures of a ¢(1-91) deletion mutant of the RIR regulatory subunit of PKA bound to (Rp)-cAMPS and (Sp)-cAMPS were determined at 2.4 and 2.3 A resolution, respectively. While the structures are similar to each other and to the crystal structure of RI R bound to cAMP, differences in the dynamical properties of the protein when (Rp)-cAMPS is bound are apparent. The structures highlight the critical importance of the exocyclic oxygen's interaction with the invariant arginine in the phosphate binding cassette (PBC) and the importance of this interaction for the dynamical properties of the interactions that radiate out from the PBC. The conformations of the phosphate binding cassettes containing two invariant arginine residues (Arg209 on domain A, and Arg333 on domain B) are somewhat different due to the sulfur interacting with this arginine. Furthermore, the B-site ligand together with the entire domain B show significant differences in their overall dynamic properties in the crystal structure of ¢(1-91) RIR complexed with (Rp)-cAMPS phosphothioate analogue ((Rp)-RIR) compared to the cAMP- and (Sp)-cAMPS-bound type I and II regulatory subunits, based on the temperature factors. In all structures, two structural solvent molecules exist within the A-site ligand binding pocket; both mediate water-bridged interactions between the ligand and the protein. No structured waters are in the B-site pocket. Owing to the higher resolution data, the N-terminal segment (109-117) of the RIR subunit can also be traced. This strand forms an intermolecular antiparallel ‚-sheet with the same strand in an adjacent molecule and implies that the RIR subunit can form a weak homodimer even in the absence of its dimerization domain.
Refining indications for the use of mitomycin C using a randomized controlled trial with an animal model.

ObjectivesTo evaluate the effect of mitomycin on the repair of acquired subglottic stenosis and to define the optimal concentration of mitomycin that would minimize restenosis after repair.Study Design And SettingA randomized prospective model was used in which 20 ferrets (Mustela putorius furo) underwent simulated intubation injury that was then treated with CO2 laser lysis.ResultsComparison of cross-sectional airway areas, after stenosis repair, showed no significant differences between control and mitomycin treatment groups. Comparison of histologic scores for both inflammation and mucosalization yielded no difference between control and treatment animals.ConclusionsMitomycin C appeared to have no benefit when placed after repair of an acquired stenosis.SignificanceThis study closely models the injury experienced by children with acquired subglottic stenosis. These data provide clear evidence that mitomycin is limited in its effect on established wounds and help further define its role as an adjuvant f...
Profile of dependence symptoms among extramedical opioid analgesic users.

Abstract Little is known about the extent of problems due to extramedical opioid analgesic use (‘analgesic misuse’) in the US general population. This study explores the distribution of the seven DSM-IV-defined past-year dependence symptoms in a total household sample of 7810 past-year extramedical opioid analgesic users using the 2002–2003 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH). We tested for differences in opioid analgesic dependence symptom profiles across four subgroups of opioid analgesic users, different levels of deviant behaviors, and presence/absence of serious mental health problems quantified by the Composite International Diagnostic Interview Short Form (CIDI-sf). Generalized Estimated Equations (GEE) models were used to analyze the data. The most common opioid analgesic dependence symptoms were ‘tolerance’ (17.0%) and ‘salience’ (13.3%). Opioid analgesic dependence symptom profiles were ‘parallel’ across the groups of past-year opioid analgesic users, across deviant behavior groups and across presence/absence of serious mental health problems. Extramedical use of opioid analgesics associated with prescription drug use, having high levels of deviant behaviors, and having serious mental health problems were more strongly associated with endorsement of opioid analgesics dependence symptoms.
Runx2/Cbfa1 stimulation by retinoic acid is potentiated by BMP2 signaling through interaction with Smad1 on the collagen X promoter in chondrocytes

Chondrocyte differentiation is a fundamental process during endochondral ossification. Several factors regulate maturation via the activity of downstream signaling pathways that target specific transcription factors and regulate chondrocyte-specific genes. In this study, we investigated the mechanisms involved in the regulation of chick lower sternal chondrocyte maturation upon stimulation by retinoic acid (RA) and the bone morphogenetic protein BMP2. RA-induced Runx2 in lower sternal chondrocyte cultures and over-expression of wild-type (WT) Runx2 enhanced colX and alkaline phosphatase activity, while over-expression of dominant negative Runx2 was inhibitory. Furthermore, WT Runx2 enhanced the effects of both BMP2 and RA on colX expression, while the effects of both growth factors were completely blocked in cultures over-expressing dominant negative Runx2. Similarly, WT Runx2 enhanced the induction of colX by Smad1. Smad1 and Runx2 were found to act cooperatively at the chicken type X collagen promoter and elimination of either the putative Smad binding site or Runx2 binding site eliminated responsiveness to BMP2, RA, or either of the transcription factors. Altogether the results show cross talk between the BMP-associated Smads and Runx2 during chondrocyte differentiation and dependence upon both signals for induction of the type X collagen promoter. Factors or signals that alter either of these transcription factors regulate the rate of chondrocyte differentiation.
High-Contrast Solid-State Electrochromic Devices of Viologen-Bridged Polysilsesquioxane Nanoparticles Fabricated by Layer-by-Layer Assembly

Water-soluble silsesquioxane nanoparticles (NPs) incorporating viologen groups (PXV; 1,1′-bis[3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl]-4,4′-bipyridinium iodide) have been synthesized by sol−gel polymerization. The electrochromic properties of the bulk film fabricated by layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly have been examined, along with their incorporation into solid-state devices. The orange LbL films show high thermal stability and exhibit a maximum UV−vis absorption at 550 nm. Electrochromic switching of the NPs in liquid electrolyte as well as in the solid state was evaluated by a kinetic study via measurement of the change in transmission (% T) at the maximum contrast. Cyclic voltammograms of the PXV NP LbL films exhibit a reversible reduction at −0.6 V vs Ag/AgCl in a 0.1 M NaClO4(aq) solution, revealing good electrochromic stability, with a color change from orange to dark purple-blue at applied potentials ranging from −0.7 to −1.3 V. Cathodically coloring PXV NP solid-state devices exhibit a switching time of a few se...
Discontinuous and dilatant viscosity behavior in concentrated suspensions III. Necessary conditions for their occurrence in viscometric flows

Abstract In this paper we review the fundamental mechanism proposed for the occurrence of dilatant and discontinuous viscosity behavior in concentrated suspensions undergoing a viscometric flow. Then from this mechanism a set of necessary conditions is established which must be obtained before this flow behavior will occur. Interestingly enough, there are a number of different ways that these conditions can be met and examples are given through consideration of previous literature studies as well as work presented for the first time in this paper. Some of our work is exploratory in nature and further studies are needed to fully define the effects that are observed.
Comparing the Geographic Distributions and Growth of Mormons, Adventists, and Witnesses

Mormons, Adventists, and Witnesses have all felt called to take their teachings to the world and have experienced growth. However, they have varied considerably in both their geographic spread—where they have developed a presence over time—and also in where they have been more successful numerically. The result is sharply differing profiles: Adventists are concentrated more in the developing world; Witnesses and Mormons are proportionately stronger in the developed world, but in different parts of it. Within countries, Witnesses and Mormons are more urban, while Adventists are more concentrated in rural regions; Adventists also tend to be poorer than Witnesses and especially practicing Mormons. The article explores why these differing patterns developed, expanding on a recently developed theoretical model by Cragun and Lawson that religious growth depends on the synchronization of supply and demand and their corresponding components.