cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Some Quadrature Rules for Finite Trigonometric and Related Integrals

This article is a partial review of some old work and some new work. Its purpose is to connect up apparently different rules and methods. In particular, an attempt is made to put the Filon Luke rules, the Euler Expansion method, and the Fast Fourier Transform in proper relative perspective to one another.
Intrathecal substance P-induced thermal hyperalgesia and spinal release of prostaglandin E2 and amino acids

Substance P is an important neuromediator in spinal synaptic transmission, particularly in processing nociceptive afferent information. The effects of substance P are mediated by activation of the neurokinin 1 receptor. Evidence has suggested that excitatory amino acids such as glutamate, and prostaglandins including prostaglandin E2 are involved in the enhanced spinal excitability and hyperalgesia produced by spinal substance P. In the present study, we have demonstrated that intrathecal injection of substance P (20 nmol) in rats chronically implanted with intrathecal dialysis catheters induced a decrease in thermal paw withdrawal latency (before: 10.4+/-0.3 s; after 7.6+/-0.6 s), which was accompanied by an increase in prostaglandin E2 (362+/-37% of baseline), glutamate (267+/-84%) and taurine (279+/-57%), but not glycine, glutamine, serine or asparagine. Intrathecal injection of artificial cerebrospinal fluid had no effect upon the behavior or release. Substance P-induced thermal hyperalgesia and prostaglandin E2 release were significantly attenuated by a selective neurokinin 1 receptor antagonist RP67580, but not by an enantiomer RP68651. However, substance P-induced release of glutamate and taurine was not reduced by treatment with RP67580. SR140333, another neurokinin 1 receptor antagonist, displayed the same effects as RP67580 (i.e. block of thermal hyperalgesia and prostaglandin E2 release, but not release of amino acids). These results provide direct evidence suggesting that the spinal substance P-induced thermal hyperalgesia is mediated by an increase in spinal prostaglandin E2 via activation of the neurokinin 1 receptor. These findings define an important linkage between small afferents, sensory neurotransmitter release and spinal prostanoids in the cascade of spinally-mediated hyperalgesia. The evoked release of glutamate is apparently not a result of activation of neurokinin 1 receptors. Accordingly, consistent with other pharmacological data, acute spinal glutamate release does not contribute to the hyperalgesia induced by activation of spinal neurokinin 1 receptors.
Prenatal diagnosis of congenital lipoid adrenal hyperplasia

Congenital lipoid adrenal hyperplasia (lipoid CAH) is a rare genetic disorder of adrenal and gonadal steroidogenesis of unknown cause in which cholesterol cannot be converted to pregnenolone. As a result, affected individuals can make no steroid hormones, so that all affected newborns are phenotypic females, irrespective of karyotype. We studied two pregnancies in a family with two previously affected children by examining fetal karyotype, genital ultrasonography, and amniotic fluid steroid concentrations and by performing ACTH tests on family members. Prenatal diagnosis correctly identified both an unaffected XX fetus and an affected XY fetus. In the affected pregnancy, amniotic fluid concentrations of progesterone and pregnenolone were 30% and 50% of normal, respectively, but concentrations of 17 alpha-hydroxypregnenolone, 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone, cortisol, dehydroepiandrosterone, androstenedione, and estriol were either extremely low or undetectable, suggesting that these detected steroids were do...
Estimating Large-Scale Precipitation Minus Evapotranspiration from GRACE Satellite Gravity Measurements

Abstract Currently, observations of key components of the earth's large-scale water and energy budgets are sparse or even nonexistent. One key component, precipitation minus evapotranspiration (P − ET), remains largely unmeasured due to the absence of observations of ET. Precipitation minus evapotranspiration describes the flux of water between the atmosphere and the earth's surface, and therefore provides important information regarding the interaction of the atmosphere with the land surface. In this paper, large-scale changes in continental water storage derived from satellite gravity data from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) project are combined with river discharge data to obtain estimates of areally averaged P − ET. After constructing an equation describing the large-scale terrestrial water balance reflecting the temporal sampling of GRACE water storage estimates, GRACE-derived P − ET estimates are compared to those obtained from a reanalysis dataset [NCEP/Department of Energy (DO...
Ozone inactivates HIV at noncytotoxic concentrations

The inactivation of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and cytotoxic properties of ozone-treated serum and serum-supplemented media were examined. The titer of HIV suspensions in human serum was reduced in a dose-dependent manner when treated with total reacted ozone concentrations at a range of 0.5 to 3.5 micrograms/ml-1. Complete inactivation of HIV suspensions was achieved by 4.0 micrograms/ml-1 of ozone in the presence or absence of H-9 cells. In contrast, cellular metabolism, as measured by MTT dye cleavage, and DNA replication, as measured by BUdR incorporation, were enhanced in H-9 cells grown in media treated with quantities of ozone that completely inactivate HIV. The permissively HIV-infected cell line HXB/H-9 was cultured in ozone-treated media for six days with culture supernatants being sampled and assayed on alternate days for HIV p24 core protein. HIV p24 was reduced in all treated cultures compared to control cultures, with an average reduction of 46% [p24].
Almost Paradise: The Cultural Politics of Identity and Tourism in Samaná, Dominican Republic

RESUMEN En la Republica Dominicana, el turismo es la base fundamental del desarrollo economico, transformando no solo el paisaje social y cultural, sino tambien los reflejos individuales del yo, de la comunidad y de la nacion. En la region noreste de Samana, donde el turismo ha crecido y se ha establecido como una fuente importante de empleo y de especulacion, los esfuerzos para controlar esta industria se han politizado. Este estudio investiga los esfuerzos de una empresa extranjera para controlar los recursos del turismo local, y la consecuente resistencia por parte de grupos locales. Este conflicto, aunque cimentado en los recursos materiales, a menudo se articulo mediante el complejo discurso de la identidad. La cultura politica se convirtio en el vehiculo principal por el cual se lucho para controlar bienes materiales y simbolicos. Estas disputas descubren un campo cultural en continua transformacion, exponiendo la inestabilidad de unas categorias consideradas tiempo atras como indudables. In the Dominican Republic, tourism is the dominant development strategy transforming not only the social and cultural landscape, but also individual reflections of self, community and nation. In the northeast region of Samana, as tourism has grown and become an important source of employment and profit, the struggles to control the industry are politicized. This case study examines the attempts of a foreign company to control local tourist assets, and the ensuing struggle on the local level to resist. The conflict, although grounded in material assets, was often articulated through the complex discourse of identity. Cultural politics became a primary vehicle through which the control of material and symbolic assets was fought. These struggles bring to light a changing cultural field, exposing the instability of categories long taken for granted.
The Effect of Sample Size on the Meaning of Significance Tests

Abstract Contradictory interpretations of how the meaning of a significance test depends on the sample size are examined.
Induction of KSHV latency-associated nuclear antigen (LANA) by hypoxia and hypoxia-inducible factors (HIF)

Hypoxia activates KSHV lytic replication in primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) cells. In the current study, we show that LANA mRNA levels were up regulated in BC-3 PEL cells in hypoxia. Further, the total levels of LANA protein were elevated in BC-3 PEL cells after 24 h hypoxia and increased through 72 h. Also, infection of BC3 cells with a retroviral vector encoding siRNA to HIF-2a (or HIF-1a) decreased the levels of LANA protein. By contrast, protein levels of LANA-2, which is also a latent protein, remained unchanged in hypoxia. Computer analysis of a 1.2-kb sequence upstream of the LANA translational start site revealed six potential hypoxia-responsive elements (HRE). Reporter assays in Hep3B cells utilizing this region resulted in moderate activation by hypoxia and CoCl2 (a hypoxia mimic) and greater activation by co-transfection with degradationresistant HIF-1a or HIF-2a. Greater induction was seen with HIF-2a than HIF-1a. Sequential deletion studies revealed that much of this activity was mediated by one of these HREs (HRE 4R) oriented in the 3’ to 5’ direction located between the constitutive (LTc) and RTAinducible (LTi) mRNA start sites. Site directed mutation of this HRE substantially reduced the response to both HIF-1a and HIF-2a in reporter assays. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA) and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays demonstrated binding of both HIF-1a and HIF-2a to this region. Consistent with the reporter assays, ChIP revealed greater binding of HIF-2a than HIF-1a. These observations suggest that hypoxia induces the transcriptional activation of LANA by the interaction of HIF through at least one HRE in the LANA promoter region and that this activity is preferentially responsive to HIF-2a .C omputer analysis of LTi promoter revealed the presence of RTA-responsive elements adjacent to HRE 4R and 5R. Cotransfection assays in Hep3B cells revealed that RTA cooperates with HIF to induce LTi promoter activity. Hypoxia or CoCl2 treatment of Hep3B cells transfected with RTA confirmed this cooperative effect on LTi promoter activity. Immunoprecipitation assays using the nuclear extract of PEL cells exposed to hypoxia revealed that RTA associates with HIF-1a and HIF-2a to activate the inducible LANA promoter. Taken together with previous studies, these results provide evidence that hypoxia and HIFs activate both latent and lytic KSHV replication and play a central role in the life cycle of this virus.
THE THEORY OF DIFFERENTIAL OPPRESSION: A DEVELOPMENTAL-ECOLOGICAL EXPLANATION OF ADOLESCENT PROBLEM BEHAVIOR

The developmental-ecological perspective provides a means for understanding how the oppression of children occurs within multiple social contexts that interrelate to produce harmful outcomes for children. Because children lack power due to their age, size, and lack of resources, they are easy targets for adult oppression. Children are exposed to different levels and types of oppression that vary depending on their age, level of development, socioeconomic class, race, and the beliefs and perceptions of their parents. According to the theory of differential oppression, oppression leads to adaptive reactions by children: passive acceptance, exercise of illegitimate coercive power, manipulation of one's peers, and retaliation. Reducing the oppressive acts of adults and alleviating the damaging circumstances that characterize the social environment of children is critical to reducing the prevalence of juvenile delinquency and other problem behaviors.
Three-dimensional stress analyses of mitred elbows

Abstract Three-dimensional elastic stress analyses of a mitred elbow have been performed by the application of the MARC finite element program. Seven basic unit load cases have been considered. Results of these reference load cases may be applied in any combination to stress analyses of the same elbow subjected to more complicated loading conditions. According to results from these analyses, when a mitred bend is subjected to in-plane loads, it exhibits behaviour similar to that of a smooth elbow under the same loading conditions. Results from out-of-plane load cases show some deviation from the behaviour of a smooth bend. These discrepancies cast some doubts on the conventional method of stress analysis of a mitred bend.
A histological study of the long-term response to trauma of squamate integument.

Scale neogenesis following excision of pieces of skin of various sizes and shapes has been studied in several squamate species. In small wounds, neogenesis does not occur, the wound region contracts, and increased areas of hinge differentiation are seen. In large wounds, the time taken for neogenesis to occur, and the size, shape, distribution, and number of the reformed units, are variable. We confirm previous reports that neogenesis accompanies a renewal phase of the shedding cycle, and suggests that this is because both types of morphogenesis require germinal stability. All types of trauma thus far studied show the initial formation of a hyperplastic wound epithelium with the histological characteristics of a normal α-layer: such tissues are the basis for physiological barrier functions. The mechanical functions of the skin can be fairly adequately restored even by abnormal neogenic scales. The observed variability in the process of scale neogenesis, and the final form of the individual units, are argued to be the result of mechanical factors impinging on the differentiating tissues.
Temporal effect of prostaglandins E and F on human adrenal cAMP and cortisol output.

Abstract The in vitro modulating effects of the E and F series prostaglandins upon the cAMP and cortisol output of normal human adrenal dice were evaluated with time and compared to the effects of ACTH. PGE 1 and PGE 2 significantly increased human adrenal cAMP levels; cortisol output increased in a dose related manner. Although the cortisol levels produced by E prostaglandins and ACTH were quantitatively similar, on a molar basis ACTH was greater than 10 6 fold more effective. PGE 1α , PGF 2α , PGF 1β and PGF 2β depressed adrenal cAMP, except PGF 2α and PGF 2β at 100 μg/ml. PGF 1α and PGF 2α depressed cortisol levels at all doses. Similarly, PGF 1β and PGF 2β also depressed cortisol output, except PGF 2β at 100 μg/ml which was stimulatory. In both series of prostaglandins the temporal responses were dose related in regard to the cyclic nucleotide and steroid alterations. The findings demonstrate the E and F series prostaglandins act antagonistically in respect to cAMP and cortisol output. In addition, as the cAMP level and cortisol output are not always correlated, it appears that these prostaglandin mediated events are separable. The relationship between adrenal prostaglandins and cyclic nucleotides, therefore, invites a more sophisticated second messenger concept in terms of adrenocortical function, than currently proposed.
Beyond beta blockers.

Blocking β-adrenergic receptors is a standard treatment for heart failure, but it limits the normal ability to modulate cardiac function. Targeting therapy further downstream by blocking activation of calcium-calmodulin–dependent protein kinase could provide an alternative ( pages 409–407 ).
K + Meson Photoproduction from Complex Nuclei

${K}^{+}$ meson yields have been measured from various elements using a bremsstrahlung beam of maximum energy of 1150 MeV. The ${K}^{+}$ mesons were detected using a magnetic spectrometer set at a momentum of 415 $\frac{\mathrm{MeV}}{c}$ and laboratory angle of 35\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}. These kinematical conditions correspond to an angle of 90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} in the center of mass and a photon energy of 1054 MeV for the reaction $\ensuremath{\gamma}+p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{K}^{+}+\ensuremath{\Lambda}$. The targets used were Be, C, Al, Cu, Ag, W, and Pb. The results show a slight decrease in the yield per proton as a function of atomic number. A crude estimate yields a mean free path in nuclear matter of the order of 10 F for the geometry of this experiment.
Unimportance of Surface Roughness Upon the Kapitza Resistance

A proof is given which shows that surface roughness which is less than the phonon mean free path can only increase the Kapitza resistance between liquid helium and a solid; and that this change in resistance is small.
The forest and the trees: using oracle and SQL server together to teach ANSI-standard SQL

Students in a sophomore-level database fundamentals course were taught SQL and database concepts using both Oracle and SQL Server. Previous offerings of the class had used one or the other database. Classroom experiences suggest that students were able to handle learning SQL in the dual environment, and, in fact, benefited from this approach by better understanding ANSI-standard versus database-specific SQL and implementation differences in the two database systems.
Inhibition of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase protects the heart against cardiac remodeling in mice with heart failure resulting from myocardial infarction.

Abstract Background Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) have emerged as an important pathophysiologic regulator during the development of heart failure (HF). p38 MAPK activity is elevated in cardiac hypertrophy and HF. We used a mouse model of myocardial infarction (MI) to test the hypotheses that (1) inhibition of p38 MAPK activity may improve cardiac function and remodeling after myocardial infarction (MI) and (2) coadministration of a p38 inhibitor (p38i) and an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI) may provide only limited further cardioprotection in this model. Methods and results MI was induced in C57BL/6J mice by ligating the left anterior descending coronary artery and then either left untreated or treated with a p38i (SC-409, 30 mg/kg/day in chow), ACEI (enalapril, 20 mg/kg in drinking water), or p38i plus ACEI for 12 weeks. Echocardiography was performed and systolic blood pressure measured before MI and weekly thereafter. At the end of the study, interstitial collagen fraction (ICF) and myocyte cross-sectional area (MCSA) were examined histologically. We found that p38i significantly increased left ventricular ejection fraction and cardiac output and decreased left ventricular area at diastole, ICF, and MCSA. ACEi and p38i each had similar beneficial effects in this mouse model of HF produced by a large MI. Coadministration of p38i and ACEi did not provide any additional benefit. Conclusion Our data suggest that inhibition of p38 MAPK provides significant cardioprotection in mice with HF post-MI.
Use of LANDSAT data to improve the water budget computation in Lake Okeechobee, Florida

Abstract A technique applied to improve the prediction of the Lake Okeechobee's storage capacity and water surface area as related to lake stage was demonstrated by using the LANDSAT data. The digital data from the LANDSAT earth-orbiting satellite was analyzed on General Electric®'s multispectral image analyzer, the Image® 100. Thus, the vegetation in the lake's littoral zone was classified multispectrally to provide a data base for determining the surface area occupied by each vegetation community as related to the lake storage. The result of water budget computation showed that the computation method combined together with LANDSAT data analysis and marsh zone evapotranspiration (ET) was more precise in computing the water budget for the Lake Okeechobee. The sum of storage deviation in planning period (1963–1974) was reduced from the original 77% to only 5% overestimation of the lake volume by the modified method which had combined the LANDSAT data together with the marsh zone ET in the model. Furthermore, even with the current method combining the LANDSAT data and ET together, the sum of storage deviation was reduced to ∼25% of the overestimate of the lake volume.
Dermatoglyphics in mosaic Down's syndrome

To determine whether quanitative dermal indices are useful in ascertaining the liability for or severity of mosaic Down's syndrome (DS), dermatoglyphics of 107 subjects with proven 46/47,+21 DS were scored by four quantitative dermal indices. The distribution of mosaics by weighted mean percentage of +21 cells ranged from 1 to 95 and was bimodal. Mean maternal age at birth of mosaics (32.9 +/- 7.5 years) was elevated when compared with control maternal ages in the literature. The distribution of quantitative dermal indices for the total mosaic population fell roughly midway between those in the literature for normal and full DS individuals: 73% of mosaics were classified as definitively DS, 21% were in the intermediate range, and 6% were normal. For mosaics who were minimally affected, 24% were DS, 53% intermediate, and 23% normal. One can conclude: (1) For any suspect mosaic, a dermal score in the DS range is highly suggestive of karyotypic pathology. (2) The high prevalence of intermediate scores in normal subjects severely restricts their diagnostic value in screening for mosaics in the general population. For a selected population, such as parents of +21 children, the screening value of quantitative dermal indices remains an open question. Weighted regression analyses demonstrate a highly significant correlation (P less than 0.001) of dermal index score with the weighted mean proportion of +21 cells transformed to the logit scale. One may exploit this correlation to predict the ratio of +21/normal cells in infants, in whom early karyotype evolution can preclude an estimate of the ultimate syndrome based on initial degree of mosaicism. Furthermore, this correlation provides additional indirect evidence that dermal microsymptoms in DS are a reflection of the presence of +21 cells.
Large, single-dose, oral vitamin D supplementation in adult populations: a systematic review.

Objective Daily vitamin D supplementation is often inadequate in treating vitamin D deficiency due to poor compliance. A single, large dose of vitamin D given at timed intervals may be an alternative strategy.
Sympathy for the CEO

Few historians are familiar with the encounter groups of the American robber barons in the 1880s. Captains of industry—John Astor, John Morgan, Cornelius Vanderbilt, and the like—suffered greatly from the burdens of spending enormous wealth, crushing unions, flouting laws, and buying politicians. And so these masters of the universe would regularly meet in the woods, share their problems, play drums in their tie-dye shirts, and finish with group hugs. Pity the poor alpha male. Indeed, on page 357 of this issue, Gesquiere et al. ( 1 ) suggest that being an alpha male in a society of baboons has adverse physiological consequences.
U.S. Demand for Selected Groundfish Products, 1967–80: Comment

As implied by its title, the main objectives of the Magnuson Fishery Conservation and Management Act were to arrest the depletion of coastal fish stocks and rationalize a chaotic resource management process (Magnuson). Although the total amount of economic gains and their distribution was unclear (Huppert), the American fishing industry anticipated substantial benefits. The act gave them preferential access to fishery resources which previously had been exploited primarily by foreign fleets. The increased availability of fish to the domestic fleet was expected to generate substantial income increases to U.S. fishermen. In a recent article, Tsoa, Schrank, and Roy (hereinafter TSR) challenge this view. They construct an econometric model of the U.S. demand for several groundfish products and estimate the demand to be income elastic and price inelastic. The high income elasticity suggests to them that the demand for and consumption expenditures on groundfish will fluctuate to a greater degree than is reflected in swings of the U.S. economy. Their finding of a relatively price-inelastic demand for groundfish suggests to them that prices received by domestic fishermen will decline substantially if extended fisheries jurisdiction (EFJ) leads to increased supplies of fish products to the United States. They conclude that "extended benefits from EFJ will not accrue to the fishery if current market arrangements are maintained." The purposes of this paper are (a) to compare the TSR empirical findings with those of other researchers and (b) to derive an alternative set of public policy implications from the TSR empirical results. The paper focuses on the question of the price elasticity of demand for groundfish. The finding of an income-elastic demand for groundfish suggests to TSR that U.S. fishermen may be disadvantaged. Aside from suggesting that this conclusion requires consideration of the risk preferences of fishermen, we do not discuss this issue further. The Price Elasticity of Demand for Groundfish: Empirical Evidence
Management Divisions of Engineering Societies

ABSTRACTThirty-nine leading U.S. engineering societies were surveyed to determine the scope and nature of their engineering management activities. Information on 32 of these and on the Engineering Institute of Canada was compiled. Fourteen U.S. societies had (engineering) management divisions or other subsidiaries, and another three had active management committees. Four societies have established engineering management journals, and another two are launching quarterlies this year; about half have management newsletters. Societies with management units normally hold technical sessions on management at their annual meetings. Several have separate management conferences, and a number have seminars on management topics for their members. Engineering societies cooperated in the Joint Engineering Management Conference series from 1956 to 1978 and are now cooperating in the triennial International Conference on Engineering Management (1986 and 1989). Currently, societies are cooperating in developing academic e...
Influenza Vaccination Among Children With Asthma in Medicaid Managed Care

Objective To describe influenza vaccination rates and identify risk factors for missing vaccination among children with asthma in managed Medicaid. Methods As part of a longitudinal study of asthma care quality, parents of children aged 2–16 years with asthma enrolled in Medicaid managed care organizations in Massachusetts, Washington, and California were surveyed by telephone at baseline and 1 year. We evaluated influenza vaccination rates during the follow-up year. Results The study population included 1058 children with asthma. The influenza vaccination rate was 16% among all children with asthma and 21% among those with persistent asthma. Children with persistent asthma (odds ratio [OR] 0.53, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.36–0.79) and those who had been hospitalized during the follow-up year (OR 0.29, 95% CI 0.11–0.76) were less likely to miss vaccination.Children older than 9 years (OR 1.66, 95% CI 1.13–2.46) and children of parents with less than a high school education (OR 2.29, 95% CI 1.05–5.03), compared with a college degree, were at risk for missing vaccination. Among children with persistent asthma, older children (OR 1.65, 95% CI 1.01–2.69) and children of parents with less than a high school education (OR 4.13, 95% CI 1.43–11.90) were more likely to miss influenza vaccination. Conclusions Our findings suggest that interventions directed toward older children and families with lower educational levels may help improve influenza vaccination rates among this high-risk group. The low overall vaccination rate highlights the need for improvement in this important component of asthma care quality for all children with asthma.
Acute and chronic haloperidol treatment: comparison of effects on nigral dopaminergic cell activity

Abstract Antipsychotic drugs produce most of their clinical effects, both therapeutic and adversive, in a time-dependent manner which, depending upon the effect, can take days to years to develop. Using extracellular single unit recording and microiontophoretic techniques, we investigated the effect of chronic haloperidol (CHAL) treatment (0.5 mg/kg/day s.c. × 22 d) on nigral dopaminergic (DA) neuronal activity. These effects were compare to those obtained in control animals, animals acutely treated with haloperidol (AHAL), and animals which had been treated for 21 days but not tested until a week after haloperidol had been discontinued (CHAL+l). CHAL treatment resulted in an almost total absence of spontaneously firing nigral DA cells. “Silent” DA cells became active when GABA or DA was applied microiontophoretically but they were unresponsive to glutamic acid. I.V. apomorphine also caused the DA cells to fire. Destruction of nigro-striatal feedback pathways by injection of kainic acid into the caudate nucleus prior to CHAL treatment prevented the disappearance of dopamine cell activity on the lesioned side. In AHAL animals a significantly greater number of spontaneously firing DA cells were found than in controls. In control animals inhibited DA cells could be activated by microiontophoretic glutamic acid or i.v. haloperidol but not by GABA. These results suggest that CHAL treatment causes an increase in the activity of DA cells to the point that the great majority go into apparent tonic depolarization block. This effect appears to be mediated via striato-nigral feedback pathways. AHAL treatment appears to activate DA cells that are normally inactive as well as accelerate the firing rate of spontaneously firing DA neurons. The possible relevance of these findings to the time-dependent neurological side effects induced by haloperidol is discussed.
Generalized Residuals for General Models for Contingency Tables With Application to Item Response Theory

Generalized residuals are a tool employed in the analysis of contingency tables to examine possible sources of model error. They have typically been applied to log-linear models and to latent-class models. A general approach to generalized residuals is developed for a very general class of models for contingency tables. To illustrate their use, generalized residuals are applied to models based on item response theory (IRT) models. Such models are commonly applied to analysis of standardized achievement or aptitude tests. To obtain a realistic perspective on application of generalized residuals, actual testing data are employed.
The Effect of Moisture and Storage Temperature on a Salmonella senftenberg 775W Population in Meat and Bone Meal

Abstract SALMONELLAE have frequently been found as contaminants in animal byproducts, other feed ingredients, and in mixed feeds (Allred et al., 1967; and Morehouse and Wedman, 1961). Little information is available on the interrelationship between storage temperature and moisture level of these dry feed products and contaminating salmonella populations. High water activity (aw) of a substrate (Scott, 1953), denned as the relative humidity (RH) of an atmosphere with which a product is in equilibrium, is required for microbial multiplication. Scott (1953) noted that 14 strains of Staphylococcus aureus grew in media having aw’s of 0.860 or greater at 30°C. However, the growth rate and cell yield were reduced substantially when the aw was less than 0.940. In a similar study, Christian and Scott (1953) reported that salmonellae grew in liquid media having aw’s between 0.945 and 0.995, while in foods the aw required for growth was slightly less. Damon and Leiter…
Characterization of the ‘unusual’ mobility of large circular DNAs in pulsed field-gradient electroplioresis

Large circular amplified DNAs (30 and 85 kb) present in methotrexate-resistant Leishmania major appear to migrate anomalously in pulsed field-gradient electrophoresis (PFGE), exhibiting pulse time-dependent mobility and migrating along a different apparent path relative to the large linear chromosomal DNAs. Quantitative studies indicate that the relative pulse-time dependence is actually conferred by the mobility properties of the large linear DNAs. One contributing factor to the difference in migration path is variability in the intrinsic voltage-dependence of mobility of supercoiled and linear DNAs, in combination with the asymmetrical/inhomogeneous voltage gradients. Certain linear chromosomes exhibit a previously undescribed pulse-time dependence in the voltage-dependence of mobility. When enzymatically relaxed or physically nicked the large circular DNAs fail to leave the well using any pulse time, a property also observed in conventional electrophoresis. These findings are relevant to PFGE theory, and its application to the study of circular DNA amplification in Leishmania and other species.
Intermittent calcitriol therapy in secondary hyperparathyroidism: A comparison between oral and intraperitoneal administration

Intermittent calcitriol therapy in secondary hyperparathyroidism: A comparison between oral and intraperitoneal administration. Background Intermittent oral or intravenous doses of calcitriol given two or three times per week are commonly used to treat secondary hyperparathyroidism (2° HPT). This study was undertaken to compare the biochemical and skeletal responses to thrice weekly intraperitoneal (i.p.) versus oral doses of calcitriol in children with 2° HPT undergoing peritoneal dialysis (CCPD). Methods Forty-six patients aged 12.5 ± 4.8years on CCPD for 22 ± 25months were randomly assigned to treatment with oral (p.o.) or i.p. calcitriol for 12months; 17 subjects given p.o. calcitriol and 16 subjects given i.p. calcitriol completed the study. Bone biopsies were performed at the beginning and at the end of the study, while determinations of serum and total ionized calcium, phosphorus, alkaline phosphatase, parathyroid hormone (PTH) and calcitriol levels were done monthly. Results Serum total and ionized calcium levels were higher in subjects treated with i.p. calcitriol, P P P P Conclusion Differences in the bioavailability of calcitriol and/or in phosphorus metabolism may account for the divergent biochemical response to p.o. and i.p. calcitriol.
Toxic nodular goitre in the cat

Hyperthyroidism was diagnosed in 24 aged cats and was characterized by palpable enlargement of the thyroid gland, high circulating levels of thyroid hormones, increased thyroidal uptake of 123I, and abnormal uptake and distribution of activity on thyroid scintiscans. Unilateral or bilateral thyroidectomy was performed in all cats and resulted in remission of signs in all but one case. The histological diagnosis was adenomatous hyperplasia in 23 cats and adenocarcinoma in one. Serum thyroid hormone concentrations decreased to normal or subnormal levels within 24 hours after complete removal of functioning thyroid nodules. Hypothyroidism occurred postoperatively in 16 of the 24 cats. Presumed hypoparathyroidism and hypocalcaemia occurred in 6 cases.
Sulphosalt minerals: Crystal chemistry and morphology

Polymerization of semi-metallic R2S3 and metallic (M2+M2+)S structural units leads to step-like change of chemical composition of the sulphosalts and to morphology which is pronouncedly planar for the sulpharsenides, pseudoisometric for the sulphantimonides, and axial for the sulphobismuthides. Isomorphous substitution is very restricted both for semi-metals and metals. Die Polymerisation von halbmetallischen R2S3- und metallischen (M2+M2+)S-Struktureinheiten ergibt eine stufenartige Veranderung der Zusammensetzung der Sulfosalze. Die Morphologie ist ausgepragt planar fur die Sulfoarsenide, pseudoisometrisch fur die Sulfoantimonide und axial fur die Wismutsulfosalze. Eine isomorphe Substitution ist fur die Halbmetalle und die Metalle sehr beschrankt.
Noncritically phase-matched fourth harmonic generation of Nd:glass lasers in partially deuterated KDP crystals

Noncritically phase-matched (NCPM) fourth harmonic generation (FHG) of Nd:glass laser radiation in partially deuterated dihydrogen phosphate (KD*P) crystals has been demonstrated. At an Nd:glass laser wavelength of 1053.0 nm, NCPM FHG is achieved in 70% deuterated KD*P at a crystal temperature of 18.5±0.1 °C. Tuning the fundamental laser wavelength from 1052.9 to 1053.2 nm, FHG in KD*P is NCPM by changing the crystal temperature from 17.9 °C to 20.5 °C. When driven with 2.4 J of second harmonic radiation in a 3 ns flat-top pulse, corresponding to 1 GW/cm(2) 2ω drive intensity, 1.9 J of fourth harmonic radiation was generated in a 6 mm long KD*P crystal, yielding a second to fourth harmonic energy conversion efficiency of 79%.
Effect of linguistic experience on the identification of Mandarin Chinese vowels and tones

Abstract The importance of consonant transitions for American English vowel identification has been demonstrated by studies of “silent-center” syllables (Strange, 1989 a ), in which only the initial and final portions of the syllable are presented. For such syllables, identification is quite accurate, nearly reaching the accuracy of intact syllables. The present study examined sources of acoustic information for vowels and tones in Mandarin Chinese, comparing identification of intact syllables to syllables with the initial and final portions removed (center-only), syllables with the centers removed (silent-center), and syllables with only the initial transition presented (initial-only). In Experiment 1, test syllables were presented with the word /dzι/ which immediately followed the test syllable in the original sentence. Native Chinese listeners made few identification errors with intact, center-only, and silent-center syllables. Non-native listeners made more errors overall, especially errors of tone identification, and did more poorly on silent-center syllables than on center-only syllables. Both natives and non-natives made more tone confusions in the initial-only condition, and they misidentified the diphthong /uo/ as /u/. In experiment 2, test syllables were presented without the word /dzι/. Natives made more errors than in Experiment 1, suggesting that carry-over tonal coarticulation in the /dzι/ provided information about the test word's tone. Types of errors made by natives were different from those of non-natives. Explanations for the different error patterns are offered.
Olfactory responses to milkweed seed extracts in the milkweed bug

Abstract Electrophysiological studies showed that milkweed seed extracts have compounds which are stimulating to the olfactory chemoreceptors of the adult milkweed bug, Oncopeltus fasciatus. Ethanol extracts were the most stimulatory. These compounds may function as feeding attractants or stimulants. Sex, starvation, and mating did not affect the olfactory chemoreceptor responses.
Measurement of tissue electrical impedance confirms stereotactically localized internal segment of the globus pallidus during surgery.

Abstract Lesions surgically made in the internal segment of the posteroventral globus pallidus (Gpi) reduce many medically intractable symptoms in patients with Parkinson’s disease. The Gpi is localized for pallidotomy by stereotactic procedures. We sought to confirm the stereotactically localized Gpi segment by measuring impedance between the tip of an active electrode that was advanced toward the target and a remote reference electrode. A stereotactic instrument was used to place an active electrode in 53 conscious patients undergoing pallidotomy. The electrode was manually advanced slowly toward the Gpi segment by a microdrive. Impedance was measured every 10 mm initially and every 1 mm in the final 10 mm of the electrode’s advancement, using an impedance monitor interconnected with a lesion generator. Measurements were continued for several millimeters after each patient’s target was reached. Impedance values ranged from 250 to 350 ohms throughout of the electrode passage. Impedance increased by 25–35 ohms at 1–3 mm before the center of the target and then dropped abruptly when the electrode passed the target. Impedance values depended strongly on the electrode’s configuration. The impedance measurement confirmed the location of each surgical target identified by stereotactic navigation. The accuracy of the impedance measurement is acceptable, and the procedure can be recommended as an aid to confirm the stereotactically localized Gpi during neurological surgery.
The crush behavior of glass fiber reinforced plastic sections

Abstract The crush response of glass fiber reinforced plastic tubes, of cylindrical, square and rectangular section, made from unidirectional tape with various alternating 0° and 90° lay-ups, and also of small samples cut from these tubes, was studied with particular reference to the effects of the geometry of the crush trigger initiator. It was found that the propagation of delamination cracks contributed little to the energy absorption capacity, most of the crush resistance being derived from the development of kink bands in the fiber structure. The crush resistance of square tubes with thinner walls was largely provided by the corners. As the wall thickness increased, the planar portions contributed more to the crush resistance. Approximate estimates of the specific energy may be made from crush tests of simple flat sections. The trigger geometry alters the energy absorption capacity by the extent to which it generates deformation flaws which can then propagate within the wall structure. Softer crush anvils reduce the effectiveness of the trigger crush initiator and can lead to global failure of the section, rather than to stable, progressive crush.
An optimal reference governor for hybrid Fuel-Cell/Gas-Turbine as a distributed generation source

Hybrid fuel cell power plants have been introduced as an alternative power source for distributed generation, which can improve the power quality and reliability of the power grid. One of the most important issues of plant operations is the optimal control of the power plant, which will provide significant economic and environmental benefits in the long run. As a commercialized fuel cell technology, Direct FuelCell with Gas Turbine (DFC/T) power plant is investigated in this paper. A framework of an optimal reference governor (ORG) is developed to generate optimal setpoints and feedforward controls for the local control scheme to improve the overall fuel efficiency. Advanced heuristic optimization algorithms, i.e., particle swarm optimization (PSO) and its variations are investigated. The simulation of the optimization result is presented and validated by the comparison with the operational data without the proposed reference governor.
The space-time phenomenology of photon absorption and inelastic electron scattering☆

Abstract We discuss the space-time phenomenology of real and virtual photon absorption by nucleons, with the aim of developing intuition about these processes. We argue that they may be understood in terms of two principal types of interactions, a short-range one which we refer to as a bare photon interaction, and a long-range one which represents the photon's hadronic constituent. This hadronic constituent is not restricted to the surface of the light cone. We give a tentative interpretation of the data in terms of these two types of interaction. The principal feature of our data analysis is that the slow approach to scaling at small x is due to the long-range terms. We find that in general we should expect scaling to set in when vRv ⪢ 1 and Q 2 m 2 ⪢ 1 . Here Rp is a size, characteristic of the structure of the target, and m is a mass, characteristic of the hadronic constituents of the incident photon. We assume scaling and a power-law fall off at large longitudinal distances for the absorptive part of the forward Compton amplitude. We are then led to a Regge-like behavior for the total cross section and for the scaling-structure functions at small x. The intercept of the Regge trajectory turns out to be intimately related to the power of this large-distance fall off.
Academically Successful African American Male Urban High School Students' Experiences of Mattering to Others at School

Mattering to others has been shown to be a key construct of mental health and wellness. Emerging research links interpersonal mattering and school climate. In this study, the authors use transcendental phenomenology to explore how interpersonal mattering impacts the academic achievement of urban African American males who are academically successful in high school. Implications for the integration of this new information in school counseling are discussed.
A re-interpretation of lipoxygenase-dependent insulin release: Which metabolites of arachidonic acid, or none?

Abstract There are considerable data implicating a pancreatic islet 12-lipoxygenase in glucose-induced insulin secretion. This enzyme traditionally is conceived as converting unesterified arachidonic acid to “free” hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acid and metabolites thereof. However, studies employing the provision of exogenous metabolites of arachidonic acid to islet tissue fail to identify convincingly the mediator of insulin release. It is proposed that the islet lipoxygenase directly peroxidizes unsaturated fatty acids esterified within membrane phospholipids, leading to changes in ion flux and enzyme activity (particularly phospholipase A 2 ) at the membrane level. The release of unesterified metabolites of arachidonate, although reflecting islet lipoxygenase activity, may be an epiphenomenon.
Social Contexts of New Media Literacy: Mapping Libraries

The development and diffusion of new media and digital technologies has profoundly affected the literacy experiences of today’s youth. Young people today develop literacy through a variety of new media and digital technologies (Ito et al, 2009). The dissemination of these resources has also allowed for youth to have literacy-rich experiences in an array of different settings. This paper will explore how mapping and geographic information systems (GIS) can help illuminate the cultural and social factors related to how, and where, students access and use new media literacies and digital technology. Libraries play an important role in encouraging new media literacy development; yet access to libraries must be understood through social and cultural contexts.
Frequently Cited Studies as Indicators of Music Education Research Interests, 1963-1989

The purpose of this study was to examine the reference pages of three research journals, the Journal of Research in Music Education (JRME), the Bulletin of the Council for Research in Music Education (BCRME), and Contributions to Music Education (CME), from their inceptions through 1989 to determine which research studies were cited most frequently and could be recognized as important and influential I used a reverse chronological approach to reveal 27 articles with 10 or more citations. Most of the articles were published in the 1970s, and there was a correlation of .29 between number of citations and years in print.A majority of these studies are experimental, and more than a third of them deal with tempo and intonation. This perspective on the research base in music education, as reflected in selected journals, can assist researchers in determining those research areas that have received considerable attention and in identifying topics that have had less intensive investigation.
Detecting and Tracking Spatio-temporal Clusters with Adaptive History Filtering

This paper addresses the problem of detecting and tracking moving clusters in spatio-temporal data sets. Spatio-temporal data sets contain data elements that move in space over time. Traditional data clustering algorithms work well on static data sets that contain well separated clusters. When traditional techniques are applied to spatio-temporal data they breakdown when the moving data elements intersect the space occupied by elements from another cluster. The goal of this work is to improve the accuracy of traditional data clustering algorithms on spatio-temporal data sets. Many clustering algorithms create clusters based on the distance between the elements. We extend this distance measure to be a function of the position history of the elements. We show through a series of experiments that the use of the history based distance measures greatly improves the performance of existing data clustering algorithms on spatio-temporal data sets. In random data sets we achieve up to a 90% improvement in cluster accuracy. To evaluate the clustering algorithms we created 102 spatio-temporal data sets. We also defined a set of metrics that are used to evaluate the performance of the clustering algorithms on the spatio-temporal data sets.