cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Cauchy/Schwarz Inequality As A Constraint In Power Spectrum/Autocorrelation Analysis And Image Reconstruction

The Cauchy/Schwarz inequality as a constraint in power spectrum/autocorrelationanalysis and image reconstructionW. J. CockeSteward Observatory , University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona 85721AbstractThe Cauchy/Schwarz inequality is applied to image reconstruction and power spectrum analysis in the case where the image or autocorrelation in question is assumed to be non-negative. The inequality is a restriction on the Fourier transform and is shown to be a useful diagnostic in phaseless multidimensional image reconstruction and power spectrum analysis. Since all power spectra are non-negative, the inequality holds for all autocorrelations .IntroductionCauchy's inequality was used many years ago by Harker and Kasper^ to derive relations which have been very useful in crystallography. The purpose of this paper is to point out that a parallel usage may be made in multi-dimensional power spectrum analysis and image reconstruction. We show that Cauchy's inequality gives useful information about the Fourier transform (FT) of a digital image or autocorrelation in the case where the image or autocorrelation to be reconstructed is assumed to be non-negative. For the FT of a continuous function, an entirely analogous result may be obtained by using Schwarz' inequality. Of course, since all power spectra are non-negative, the results hold for an arbitrary autocorrelation.The inequalities derived here might be used as part of an iterative scheme to reconstruct an image from incomplete phase information, or an autocorrelation from incomplete knowledge of a power spectrum, or vice versa.Continuous-variable caseThe analysis is somewhat more transparent in the continuous-variable case, so we begin with Schwarz1 inequality, in the form^| /g(x)h(x)dx | 2 and ' are arbitrary phase angles, and k, k1 are any pair of points in transform space. Then the identity cos x + cos y = 2 cos VS(x+y)cos Vi(x-y) may be used to show that') = 4 Jf(x)cosVS(k+x+ + )cos;£(k-x+ ± ' .Then if we choose g(x) = | f(x) | Vi COSB+, h(x) = | f(x) | ^ cos B~, where we abbreviate B± = Vl (k ±x+ ) , the Schwarz inequality becomes Q(4>, +] }{F( 0)+Re [F(k~-)ei*~] } (3) valid for all $ and = ' =0 and k = k1 , we obtain
AR-mentor: Augmented reality based mentoring system.

AR-Mentor is a wearable real time Augmented Reality (AR) mentoring system that is configured to assist in maintenance and repair tasks of complex machinery, such as vehicles, appliances, and industrial machinery. The system combines a wearable Optical-SeeThrough (OST) display device with high precision 6-Degree-OfFreedom (DOF) pose tracking and a virtual personal assistant (VPA) with natural language, verbal conversational interaction, providing guidance to the user in the form of visual, audio and locational cues. The system is designed to be heads-up and hands-free allowing the user to freely move about the maintenance or training environment and receive globally aligned and context aware visual and audio instructions (animations, symbolic icons, text, multimedia content, speech). The user can interact with the system, ask questions and get clarifications and specific guidance for the task at hand. A pilot application with AR-Mentor was successfully built to instruct a novice to perform an advanced 33-step maintenance task on a training vehicle. The initial live training tests demonstrate that AR-Mentor is able to help and serve as an assistant to an instructor, freeing him/her to cover more students and to focus on higher-order teaching.
Review of Concepts to Increase Distributed Generation into the Distribution Network

Distributed Generation (DG) level of penetration is expected to be increasing due to the state and federal governments mandates for utilization of renewable resources. The current Distribution Network (DN) was not originally designed for integration of DG at high penetration levels. Improvements will need to be made to DN to facilitate safe and reliable interconnection of DG at higher penetration levels. This paper gathers and documents the major concerns such as, voltage, protection, and power quality related to DG interconnections as well as the issues with the existing design standards and criteria. Several different DN changes have been proposed to help resolve these issues. The focus of this paper is about the existing DN topology and DG integration issues, as well as documentation and discussion of the proposed solutions. Additional areas of research are identified for further consideration.
Filtration of bovine semen. II. Factors affecting the recovery rate of spermatozoa

Filter and semen related factors were studied to improve the post-filtration recovery rate of bovine spermatozoa using a Sephadex (0.6 g) ion-exchange (diethylaminoethane (DEAE) and carboxy-methyl (CM) celluloses, 0.25 g each) column. Mixing together the components of the column did not improve the recovery rate of spermatozoa compared with layering (P>0.05). A second post-filtration washing of the column with clean buffer improved the recovery rate by 8–9%, but the quality of spermatozoa was lower than after a first wash (P 0.05). The recovery rates of spermatozoa were 2.4%, 68.3% and 70.5% at 4°C, 22°C and 37°C (P<0.01) respectively. The quality of filtrate was significantly less at 37°C than at 22°C in terms of visual motility (P<0.025), progressive motility (P<0.0005), progressive velocity (P<0.025), linear index (P<0.0005), and percentages of live cells (P<0.0005) and normal acrosomes (P<0.025). Motility of spermatozoa seemed to be essential for successful filtration. An inverse relationship was found between the recovery rate and the quality of the semen or spermatozoa. It was concluded that a single wash of the column with extended semen at 22°C with a flow rate of 1.5 ml min−1 yielded the best semen quality with an optimum recovery rate of spermatozoa.
A pilot rating scale for evaluating failure transients in electronic flight control systems

A pilot rating scale was developed to describe the effects of transients in helicopter flight-control systems on safety-of-flight and on pilot recovery action. The scale was applied to the evaluation of hardovers that could potentially occur in the digital flight-control system being designed for a variable-stability UH-60A research helicopter. Tests were conducted in a large moving-base simulator and in flight. The results of the investigation were combined with existing airworthiness criteria to determine quantitative reliability design goals for the control system.
Monitoring river periphyton with artificial benthic substrates

The objective of this research was to identify the materials and methods necessary to study the attached algal community on a river bottom in deep water. The study site was the Susquehanna River near Falls, Pennsylvania. Artificial substrates of smooth glass, frosted glass, Vermont slate, ‘sandy slate’ (flagstone) and acrylic plate were placed on the stream bottom in detritus free sample holders by scuba divers. Both monthly and long-term cumulative samples were collected from the plates employing scuba and a Bar-Clamp sampler. River stones (natural substrates) were collected for comparison. Samples were analyzed in a Palmer Cell under a Bausch and Lomb research microscope. Diatoms were the most important colonizers of river stones, with the genera Nitzschia and Navicula most abundant. Highest periphyton densities occurred on natural substrates in winter with a maximum of 2.2 × 104 units/ mm2. Artificial substrates with one month exposure periods accumulated maximum periphyton density from May through October with relatively low densities in winter. Cumulative artificial substrates were most like river stones in patterns of colonization. Frosted acrylic is recommended for future studies employing benthic artificial periphyton substrates.
Improvement of machining conditions for slender parts by tuned dynamic stiffness of tool

Abstract Chatter develops easily when turning slender parts on a lathe because of low stiffness and damping of the system. Also, due to a great variation of the stiffness along the workpiece, the machining accuracy is usually very poor. An analysis of the system characteristics is given and a two degrees of freedom model is developed considering parameters of the cutting process. The effective stiffness of the cutting process can be modeled as a spring during machining and its constants can be obtained by frequency analysis of the cutting system. After modeling the system it is found that by adding a damping element in series with the cutting tool and by a judicious choice of the stiffness of this element, the system stability can be increased even though the actual stiffness of the cutting tool is reduced. It can be seen also that significant benefits in terms of both dynamic behavior and machining accuracy (cylindricity) can be achieved in many cases if proper damping materials are used in judiciously designed embodiments.
Female mini-pig performance of temporal response differentiation, incremental repeated acquisition, and progressive ratio operant tasks.

Abstract Increased knowledge of the cognitive abilities of mini-pigs is needed due to their increasing use in behavioral neuroscience research. Here, six female Yucatan mini-pigs performed tasks thought to measure timing behavior (temporal response differentiation, TRD), learning (incremental repeated acquisition, IRA), and motivation (progressive ratio, PR). Daily 30-min sessions for food reinforcers required a lever press be maintained for at least 10 but no longer than 14 s (TRD), learning a new sequence of lever presses each test day (IRA) or an escalating number of presses for subsequent reinforcers (PR). All animals performed PR two days/week while three performed TRD five days/week and the other three performed IRA five days/week. Over the four test weeks, no animal completed TRD training and only one appeared to progress. For this task, lever press maintenance appeared difficult since by choice, the pigs used a front hoof, rather than the snout, to press the lever. IRA subjects showed gradually increasing performance with response rates comparable to those of rats but below those of children and monkeys and accuracy below that for rats. PR response rates were higher than those typically reported for rats, but lower than for adult rhesus monkeys or children. Physical differences in the way that each species responds likely account for these differences.
Ocular extracellular matrices in development

The extracellular matrix is known to play important roles in regulating tissue development and cell differentiation. At a basic level the matrix is the substratum to which cells adhere and over which they migrate during morphogenesis. The recognition and adhesion of cells to matrices, especially to specialized matrices such as basal laminae, in developing tissues plays an important role in their decision to adhere or move on, to continue mitosis, to differentiate or to undergo apoptosis. The matrix is also the milieu from which growth factors and morphogens interact with the cell. Recent work demonstrates that matrix molecules are often active participants in these signaling processes, regulating the cellular response. Our understanding of the complexity of different ocular matrices continues to grow with the characterization of new proteins that modify collagen fibrils or serve as ligands for cell surface adhesion receptors. This review looks at those aspects of development in major tissues of the vertebrate eye where the extracellular matrix is known to participate, or is likely to do so based on similar roles in the development of the embryonic forebrain or other tissues. It concludes by highlighting some of the major developmental questions about the roles of the matrix in development in several ocular tissues.
Glycosylation of (–)-maackiain by Beauveria bassiana and Cunninghamella echinulata var. elegans

Abstract(–)-Maackiain (1) was transformed by Beauveria bassiana and Cunninghamella echinulata var. elegans to yield a new methylglycosylation product, (–)-maackiain-3-O-(4′-O-methyl-β-D-glucopyranoside) (2, 90%) and known trifolirhizin (3, 16%). The kinetics of the two glycosylation reactions was investigated. Additionally, 3 was converted to 2 via 4′-methylation by B. bassiana, which implied that the 4′-methylglycosylation mechanism of (–)-maackiain by B. bassiana is glycosylation followed by methylation. The antioxidant, antifungal, cytotoxic and DNA topoisomerase I inhibition bioactivities of 1, 2 and 3 were tested. Compounds 2 and 3 showed in vitro cytotoxicity against a leukemia cell line (HL-60) with GI50 at 56.3±9.5 and 46.5±5.2 µM, respectively. However, the cytoxicity of 1 was measured as GI50>100 µM.
The C Terminus of the Nuclear RAN/TC4 GTPase Stabilizes the GDP-bound State and Mediates Interactions with RCC1, RAN-GAP, and HTF9A/RANBP1

Ran/TC4 is a member of the Ras superfamily of GTPases. It is unusual in being predominantly nuclear and because it possesses an acidic -DEDDDL sequence instead of a consensus prenylation domain at the C terminus. Ran is required for nuclear protein import and cell cycle progression, and has been implicated in mRNA processing and export and DNA replication. The inhibition of cell cycle progression by a dominant gain-of-function mutant of Ran has been shown to be abrogated by removal of the -DEDDDL sequence, suggesting that this domain is essential for Ran function. We demonstrate here that the -DEDDDL sequence stabilizes GDP binding to Ran, and that the domain is required for high affinity interaction with a Ran-binding protein, HTF9A/RanBP1. HTF9A functions as a co-stimulator of Ran-GAP (GTPase activating protein) activity on wild-type Ran, but in the absence of the acidic C terminus of Ran, HTF9A behaves as a Ran-GAP inhibitor. An antibody directed against the C-terminal region preferentially recognizes the GTP-bound form of Ran, suggesting that this domain undergoes a nucleotide-dependent conformational change. The results suggest that the acidic C-terminal domain is important in modulating the interaction of Ran with regulatory factors, and implicate Ran-binding proteins in mediating the effects of Ran on cell cycle progression.
Concordant and discordant sexual maturation among U.S. children in relation to body weight and BMI

Abstract Purpose This study investigates the extent to which discordant Tanner stages for sexual maturity indicators are associated with weight and body mass index (BMI) and their variation during adolescence. Discordant children with large differences in weight and BMI may require additional monitoring of their growth during adolescence. Methods Weight, BMI and Tanner stages, pubic hair in each gender, breast development in girls and genital development in boys, from 2103 boys and 2104 girls aged 8-18 years (average age 13.34 years) from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III (NHANES III, 1988-1994) were analyzed. These cross-sectional data were grouped as concordant: assessed stages for paired indicators were equivalent, or as discordant: assessed stage for one paired indicator was greater or less than the other by one or more stages. Weight and BMI were compared separately by gender and race between concordant and discordant groups using analysis of covariance adjusted for age. Results Approximately 65-69% of all children were concordant, genital stage equaled pubic hair stage for boys and breast stage equaled pubic hair stage for girls. For all three racial groups, boys whose genital stage was more advanced than their pubic hair stage had significantly smaller weight and BMI (p Conclusion Substantial and significant differences occur in weight and BMI among discordant and concordant children, and these differences are larger than between early and late maturing children.
Strain sensitive properties of threshold switch devices

Abstract A blend of integrated circuit manufacturing techniques and rf sputtering techniques has resulted in TeAs-XXX threshold devices sustaining 100 million switchings. The fabrication and properties of these devices are outlined in this paper. Observations of space charge effects and the influence of strain on the switching properties of these devices are also reported.
Interferon-gamma causes loss of bone volume in vivo and fails to ameliorate cyclosporin A-induced osteopenia.

Interferon-gamma (IFN gamma) in vitro inhibits both bone resorption and bone formation, resulting in a net decrease in bone turnover. In vivo administration of cyclosporin A (CsA) produces accelerated bone remodeling with resultant bone loss. The aim of this study was to investigate whether administration of IFN gamma to rats would favorably modify the high turnover osteopenia caused by CsA. Thirty-six male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized into 4 equal groups to receive either CsA (15 mg/kg.day) or vehicle by gavage and IFN gamma (10(6) IU/kg.day) or vehicle by ip injection for 8 days. Group 1 received CsA vehicle plus IFN gamma vehicle; group 2 received CsA plus IFN gamma vehicle; group 3 received CsA vehicle plus IFN-gamma; group 4 received CsA plus IFN gamma. Blood was sampled on days 0, 4, and 8 for measurement of ionized calcium (Ca2+), PTH, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, and bone gla protein. Tibiae were removed on day 8 after double tetracycline labeling for histomorphometric analysis. Ca2+ and PTH le...
Ultrafast Optical Pump-Probe Studies of the Cytochrome b6f Complex in Solution and Crystalline States

The cytochrome b6f complex of oxygenic photosynthesis contains a single chlorophyll a (Chl a) molecule whose function is presently unknown. The singlet excited state of the Chl a molecule is quenched by the surrounding protein matrix, and thus the Chl a molecule in the b6f complex may serve as an exceptionally sensitive probe of the protein structure. For the first time, singlet excited-state dynamics were measured in well-diffracting crystals using femtosecond time-resolved optical pump−probe methodology. Lifetimes of the Chl a molecule in crystals of the cytochrome b6f complex having different space groups were 3−6 times longer than those determined in detergent solutions of the b6f. The observed differences in excited state dynamics may arise from small (1−1.5 A) changes in the local protein structure caused by crystal packing. The Chl a excited state lifetimes measured in the dissolved cytochrome b6f complexes from several different species are essentially the same, in spite of differences in the loca...
Research Toward an Artificial Diet for Adult Asian Citrus Psyllid

Research progress is reported on an artificial diet for adult Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Psyllidae). The primary objective was to develop a system for screening antimicrobial peptides and other potential toxic proteins for activity against adults. The base diet was a sterilized solution of sucrose (30%) and yellow-green food coloring (0.5%) in tap water. All of the studies presented were conducted at 25°C, 75% RH, and a photoperiod of 14:10 (L:D) h. Adult psyllids were <7 d old when they were transferred to diet. Addition of the food coloring was necessary to prompt adults to feed. Among the feeding trials discussed, a mean of 69.1 ± 3.2% adults survived for 14 d on the base sucrose diet. Survival rates of males and females were similar. Adults feeding on the sucrose diet may have ingested less food than adults feeding on citrus leaf disks based on differences in quantities of adult excrements deposited in feeding chambers. However, survival of adults feeding on leaf disks over a 2-wk period was only marginally better than survival of adults feeding on the base sucrose diet, and final rates of survival of adults fed these two food sources were not significantly different.
Important agents of weathering for building and monumental stone

Abstract The atmosphere has little corrosive effect on stone without the presence of water. Washout of aggressive ingredients from the atmosphere by rainwater, however, increases corrosion and solution of stone. Dissolved CO 2 , SO 2 , SO 3 , and Cl are the most effective corrodents. The urban atmosphere supplied much more CO 2 and sulfates through the combustion of fossil fuels than the atmosphere of rural areas; this accelerates stone decay in urban areas very much. Water with few ions in solution may be as corrosive as CO 2 and SO 4 charged water, as it is active to reach the equilibrium condition with the stone in contact. Silicate rocks can resist exposure to rainwater successfully for a long time. Exposure of facing stone and concrete aggregate to soft or acid running water or lake waters causes damage primarily to carbonate rocks. Resistant silicate rocks should be selected. Primitive animals and plants may inhabit bare stone surfaces paving the way to more extensive destruction through the production of organic acids along the root system. All rocks are subject to attack by low animals. Boring sponges, sea shells, and sea urchins may develop a dense network of pock marks near the waterline in different rock types; occasionally also in concrete.
From theory to application: Wireless monitoring of patients suffering from neurodegenerative diseases

Neurodegenerative diseases in our ageing population in recent time have been a deep concern for the medical practitioners. Neurodegeneration is the cause of progressive loss of structure or function of neurons, including neural death. Many neurodegenerative diseases including Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, and Huntington's occur as a result of neurodegenerative processes. Human gait impairment is one of the indicators of the progression of neurodegenerative diseases. We propose to use a noninvasive technique to wirelessly monitor patients suffering from neural disorders. Our system using Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) can be deployed in the patient's residence and can be used for the early detection of gait impairment that may be a precursor to other neural diseases. We have also employed force sensors to determine the changes in the gait of patients suffering from Parkinson's. The RSSI measurements combined with the force data would enable us to effectively monitor patients with Parkinson's.
Shopping mall customer values: the national mall shopper and the list of values

Abstract In a national US study of heads of households, shopping mall behaviors and values are examined. Three-fourths of respondents reported visiting at least one shopping mall during a 2 month period. Among mall customers, during this 2 month period the average number of mall visits was 4.69, resulting in 5.35 purchases averaging $60.00 each. The study focuses on the values of mall shoppers, using the List of Values (LOV). It is hypothesized and found that frequent mall shoppers have higher needs than others for ‘sense of belonging’, ‘warm relationships’, and ‘security’. Their needs are also higher for ‘excitement’. It is hypothesized that needs for ‘self-fulfillment’, ‘self-respect’, and a ‘sense of accomplishment’ are negatively related to mall-visit-frequency; a result partially supported by the data.
Green tea polyphenol epigallocatechin-3-gallate suppresses melanoma growth by inhibiting inflammasome and IL-1β secretion

Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), the major polyphenolic component of green tea, has been demonstrated to possess anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-mutagenic and anti-carcinogenic properties. The anti-melanoma effect of EGCG has been previously suggested, but no clear mechanism of action has been established. In this study, we demonstrated that EGCG inhibits melanoma cell growth at physiological doses (0.1-1 μM). In the search for mechanisms of EGCG-mediated melanoma cell suppression, we found that NF-κB was inhibited, and that reduced NF-κB activity was associated with decreased IL-1β secretion from melanoma cells. Since inflammasomes are involved in IL-1β secretion, we investigated whether IL-1β suppression was mediated by inflammasomes, and found that EGCG treatment led to downregulation of the inflammasome component, NLRP1, and reduced caspase-1 activation. Furthermore, silencing the expression of NLRP1 abolished EGCG-induced inhibition of tumor cell proliferation both in vitro and in vivo, suggesting a key role of inflammasomes in EGCG efficacy. This paper provides a novel mechanism for EGCG-induced melanoma inhibition: inflammasome downregulation→decreased IL-1β secretion→decreased NF-κB activities→decreased cell growth. In addition, it suggests inflammasomes and IL-1β could be potential targets for future melanoma therapeutics.
Early Holocene glaciation on Mount Baker, Washington State, USA

Abstract The relation between radiocarbon-dated tephras and glacial moraines on the south flank of Mount Baker, Washington, records evidence of an early Holocene glacier advance. Scoria that erupted from a local cinder cone 8420±70 14 C yr BP (9450±100 cal yr) occurs immediately in front of, but not on, a complex of moraines overlain by Mazama ash. Radiocarbon ages of 7670±130 14 C yr BP (8415±110 cal yr) and 7045±65 14 C yr BP (7890±90 cal yr) were obtained from charred wood below the Mazama ash and above till of the moraines, bracketing the age of the glacial advance between ∼7700 and 8400 14 C yr BP (∼8400 and 9450 cal yr). Well-preserved Little Ice Age moraines occur proximal to the maximum Holocene positions. Assuming that precipitation regimes were similar, depression of former equilibrium line altitudes suggests that climate during the early Holocene event was at most ∼2°C cooler than present, and ∼0.5°C cooler than the Little Ice Age.
Compositional changes in the milk secreted by grazing reindeer. I. Gross composition and ash.

Abstract The chemical composition of pooled reindeer milk was determined at five intervals during the lactation cycle while the reindeer were grazing vegetation typically selected by the species. Mean values for Alaskan reindeer milk at mid-lactation were 31.6% dry matter, 15.5% fat, 8.6% casein, 1.5% whey protein, 3.1% lactose, 1.3% ash, .20% citrate, .08% nonprotein nitrogen, .32% calcium, .27% phosphorus, .156% potassium, .068% chloride, .050% sodium, and .019% magnesium. Zinc, aluminum, iron, copper, manganese, boron, and molybdenum were much less. Concentration of all major milk constituents except for lactose increased markedly through the lactation cycle. Dry matter, fat, casein, and ash showed increases of 56%, 89%, 66%, and 15%; lactose decreased 17%. Percent protein and fat were related in ranges of 11.1 to 21.0% fat and 7.1 to 13.2% protein. For 13 ungulate species protein and fat were also highly correlated, protein=1.05 + .57 fat.
Weakly nonlinear morphological instability of a cylindrical crystal growing from a pure undercooled melt.

We develop a weakly nonlinear morphological stability analysis for an infinitely long right circular cylinder growing from its pure undercooled melt. For a cylinder perturbed by a specific planform consisting of sinusoids, we perform an expansion in the planform amplitude A to calculate the nonlinear critical radius (above which the chosen planform will be unstable for finite A), to the lowest order in A, by setting the normal velocity corresponding to the fundamental perturbing mode to zero. We study the nonlinear critical radius as a function of the amplitude to identify the various bifurcations, which for the chosen sinusoidal planforms are subcritical or supercritical (requiring an expansion to third order in A), since the shapes for positive and negative amplitudes are related by rotation and translation. We find that the bifurcations are mostly subcritical. For the special case of axially symmetric perturbations, we encounter a generalization of the Rayleigh varicosity instability. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
Are you growing systems thinking managers? Use a systems model to teach and practice organizational analysis and planning, management policy, and organizational development

This paper discusses the use of the Kast and Rosenzweig systems and contingency model for teaching and practice in organizational analysis and planning, management policy, and organizational development. The need for an organizational model for graduate students and field-based managers and executives is identified. The model is presented beginning with the Kast and Rosenzweig work, with integration of research by Daft, Schein, Trist, Deal and Kennedy, Ackoff, Delbecq, and Mintzberg. The teaching and practice uses of the model in four areas are presented, including organizational analysis and planning, management policy making, and organizational development. In each area case examples of the use of the model in teaching and practice are presented. Needs for future research and implications for the use of the model are discussed.
Vibrational analysis of the and transitions of BaOH and BaOD

Abstract The A 2 Π - X 2 Σ + transition of BaOH and BaOD was studied at low resolution by laser spectroscopy. The A′ 2 Δ - X 2 Σ + transition was also identified in the spectra. The A 2 Π state is perturbed by the A~B2Σ+ and A ′ 2 Δ states. BaO stretching and BaOH bending frequencies are extracted from the spectra.
Alcohol dehydration. Isotope studies of the conversion of 3-pentanol

Three deuterated 3-pentanols and undeuterated 3-pentanol were converted using an alumina catalyst. Similar values of the kinetic isotope effect (KIE; kH/kD) were obtained for the rate of conversion of 3-pentanol and the rate of H(D) removal in forming the alkene products. The data support a catalytic dehydration mechanism that involves a concerted removal of H(D) from the –CH2−xDx group and OH (or O) from the carbinol carbon and with a timing such that the transition state resembles neither a carbonion-like nor carbenium-like species.
Emotional perception: Correspondence of early and late event-related potentials with cortical and subcortical functional MRI

This research examines the relationship between brain activity recorded with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and event related potentials (ERP) as these responses varied over a series of emotionally evocative and neutral pictures. We investigate the relationship of early occipitotemporal and later centroparietal emotion-modulated ERPs in one sample to fMRI estimates of neural activity in another sample in a replicated experiment. Using this approach, we aimed to link effects found in time-resolved electrocortical measures to specific neural structures across individual emotional and nonemotional picture stimuli. The centroparietal late positive potential (LPP) showed covariation with emotion-modulated regions of hemodynamic activation across multiple dorsal and ventral visual cortical structures, while the early occipitotemporal potential was not reliably associated. Subcortical and corticolimbic structures involved in the perception of motivationally relevant stimuli also related to modulation of the LPP, and were modestly associated to the amplitude of the early occipitotemporal potential. These data suggest that early occipitotemporal potentials may reflect multiple sources of modulation including motivational relevance, and supports the perspective that the slow-wave LPP represents aggregate cortical and subcortical structures involved in emotional discrimination.
Methane Storage in Metal–Organic Frameworks: Current Records, Surprise Findings, and Challenges

We have examined the methane uptake properties of six of the most promising metal organic framework (MOF) materials: PCN-14, UTSA-20, HKUST-1, Ni-MOF-74 (Ni-CPO-27), NU-111, and NU-125. We discovered that HKUST-1, a material that is commercially available in gram scale, exhibits a room-temperature volumetric methane uptake that exceeds any value reported to date. The total uptake is about 230 cc(STP)/cc at 35 bar and 270 cc(STP)/cc at 65 bar, which meets the new volumetric target recently set by the Department of Energy (DOE) if the packing efficiency loss is ignored. We emphasize that MOFs with high surface areas and pore volumes perform better overall. NU-111, for example, reaches ∼75% of both the gravimetric and the volumetric targets. We find that values for gravimetric uptake, pore volume, and inverse density of the MOFs we studied scale essentially linearly with surface area. From this linear dependence, we estimate that a MOF with surface area 7500 m2/g and pore volume 3.2 cc/g could reach the curr...
Effects of intravenous sodium bicarbonate and sodium acetate on equine acid-base status

Changes in blood gases, pH, and plasma electrolyte concentrations in response to intravenously infused sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) and sodium acetate (NaCH3CO2) solutions (1.34 mEq/mL) in 5 light breed mares were investigated. Jugular venous blood samples were collected before and after completion of the infusions in 20-minute intervals for 200 minutes. Infusion of sodium bicarbonate and sodium acetate caused significant (P .05) thereafter. There were significant reductions (P < .01) in plasma-ionized calcium and potassium after infusion of both sodium bicarbonate and sodium acetate. This study found that significant metabolic alkalosis in horses and corresponding shifts in electrolyte concentrations can be induced by intravenous infusion of solutions of either sodium bicarbonate or sodium acetate, and they persist for at least 3 hours. These data show that the short-term elevation in pH and bicarbonate ion concentration is momentarily higher after infusion of sodium bicarbonate. This is likely due to the direct infusion of bicarbonate ions in the sodium bicarbonate treatment, such that further metabolism is not required to be effective. However, the longer-term alkalosis did not differ between isomolar solutions of sodium bicarbonate and sodium acetate.
Short term changes in methanol emission and pectin methylesterase activity are not directly affected by light in Lycopersicon esculentum

Abstract. Plants are an important source of atmospheric methanol (MeOH), the second most abundant organic gas after methane. Factors regulating phytogenic MeOH production are not well constrained in current MeOH emission models. Previous studies have indicated that light may have a direct influence on MeOH production. As light is known to regulate cell wall expansion, it was predicted that light would stimulate MeOH production through the pectin methylesterase (PME) pathway. MeOH emissions normalized for stomatal conductance (gs) did not, however, increase with light over short time scales (20–30 min). After experimentally controlling for gs and temperature, no light activation of PME activity or MeOH emission was observed. The results clearly demonstrate that light does not directly influence short-term changes in MeOH production and emission. Our data suggest that substrate limitation may be important in regulating MeOH production over short time scales. Future investigation of the long-term impacts of light on MeOH production may increase understanding of MeOH emission dynamics at the seasonal time scale.
The Language and Educational Ideologies of Mixteco-Mexican Mothers.

Mixtecos, members of an Indigenous group from Mexico, have settled in large numbers in New York. Their children are found in bilingual classrooms (Spanish–English), but little is known about parent–school interactions. This work describes the educational ideologies that 23 Mixteco mothers shared during 5 focus group interviews distributed across 9 months. The results are presented as structured anecdotes that underline (a) education as a cooperative endeavor between teachers and parents, (b) preference of Spanish over Mixteco as family language, and (c) mothers’ commitment to overcoming their own illiteracy. The educational ideologies of these Mixteco mothers reflect deep commitment to supporting their children's education.
Cathodoluminescence of SiO2 films

Cathodoluminescence on wet and dry thermal SiO2 films shows significant time, temperature, and current dependence in the intensities of the observed emission bands at 1.9, 2.7 and 4.3 eV. The low temperature behavior of the 2.7 and 4.3 eV lines suggests a relation between the corresponding luminescence centers. The 1.9 eV line is not found to behave similarly.
Development of a generalized numerical framework for simulating biomass fast pyrolysis in fluidized-bed reactors

Abstract A numerical framework for simulating biomass fast pyrolysis is developed in this study. Fast pyrolysis, a thermochemical conversion process converting low-value lingo-cellulosic biomass to various useful products has gained increased interest. This study is to develop an open-source computational tool to help understand the complex phenomena involved within the biomass fast pyrolysis process. In this framework, a multi-fluid model is applied to simulate the multi-phase hydrodynamics while global reaction kinetics is used to describe the physicochemical conversion. The coupling of these two methodologies is realized by a time-splitting method. The model results are validated using experimental data from fast pyrolysis reactors. Good levels of agreement are obtained in the product distribution including tar, biochar, and syngas. The parametric study also indicates that the tar yield can be increased if the biomass injector location is elevated or the superficial velocity of the feeding nitrogen is increased. One feature of the present numerical framework is that sub-models for different constitutive hydrodynamic relations and chemical reactions can be readily incorporated into this framework owing to the object-oriented feature of the baseline code.
Photoinduced absorption study of recombination in amorphous Si: H doped with P or B

Abstract The decay of the photoinduced midgap absorption band was studied in a-Si: H doped with P and B and compared with the decay in undoped a-Si: H and in a-H with a high concentration of dangling bonds produced by electron irradiation. At high temperatures, recombination controlled by multiple trapping transport is observed in most samples. At low temperatures an additional recombination process is observed and attributed to tunneling which increases with doping. The temperature dependence of the decays correlates with dangling bond density produced by doping or irradiation.
The Association Between Water-borne Fluoride and Bone Mineral Density in Older Adults

While the benefit of fluoridation in the prevention of dental caries has been overwhelmingly substantiated, the effect of fluoride on bone mineral density is less clear. This cross-sectional study was designed to compare the bone mineral densities of older adults exposed to various levels of fluoride from community water systems. Participants were recruited from 3 rural communities with naturally occurring fluoride in their water systems at 0.03, 0.7, and 2.5 mg/L. All adults, age 60 and over, were eligible if they were ambulatory and had a long-term history (> or = 20 yrs) of ingesting city water. Bone mineral density (BMD) was measured by means of dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry at 3 anatomical sites: lumbar spine, proximal femur, and forearm. A total of 353 white non-Hispanic women and 317 white non-Hispanic men took part in the study. When the data were stratified by city of residence and gender, men and women living in the community with high levels of fluoride in their community water system had significantly higher lumbar spine BMD than their counterparts from the communities with low and moderate fluoride levels. The women in the high-fluoride community had significantly higher proximal femur BMD, but there were no statistically significant differences among men in either proximal femur or forearm BMD. Long-term exposure (> or = 20 yrs) to higher levels of fluoride appears to have a positive impact on lumbar spine and proximal femur BMD. Based on the results of this study, exposure to fluoride at levels considered "optimal" for the prevention of dental caries (from 0.7 to 1.2 mg/L) appears to have no significant impact on bone mineral density. The relationship between higher levels of fluoride exposure and bone mineral density requires further investigation.
TrimCloud: An Analysis of a SaaS Hypervisor Solution to Traditional VDIs

Virtual desktop infrastructures VDIs are a system on a server platform that hosts multiple virtual machines VMs. Traditionally, VDIs are on-premise and thus are completely supported and maintained internally by an organization; hence, they can be costly and inefficient to maintain and support. In this paper, TrimCloud is proposed as a Software-as-a-Service SaaS solution to on-premise VDIs by reducing the costs, labor, and the worries of installing, implementing, and maintaining a VDI. TrimCloud, which uses the VirtualBox program as its hypervisor, delivers isolated virtual environments through the cloud using OpenVPN for added security. The TrimCloud Web App offers a point of access where the client manages the administrative duties including selecting the specifications for their virtual machines. The prototype implementation of TrimCloud is currently available at the TrimCloud website. This paper examines the capabilities, advantages, and limitations of using the SaaS solution TrimCloud.
Mouse growth hormone transcription factor Zn-16: unique bipartite structure containing tandemly repeated zinc finger domains not reported in rat Zn-15.

Abstract Rat Zn-15 is a transcription factor activating GH gene expression by synergistic interactions with Pit-1, named for 15 DNA-binding zinc fingers, including fingers IX, X, and XI that are responsible for GH promoter binding. In this study, a mouse cDNA for Zn-15 was characterized. The predicted 2192-amino acid mouse protein is 89% identical to rat (r) Zn-15 overall, and is 97% similar in the C-terminal domain necessary for binding the GH promoter. However, the mouse cDNA encodes 16 zinc fingers, and sequences of rZn-15 pituitary cDNAs were the same as the mouse (m) Zn-16; the rat sequence in GenBank has a one nucleotide offset of a 17-bp segment in the finger V region. The mouse and corrected rat sequences contain four tandemly repeated fingers in the N-terminus, each separated by seven amino acids, typical of zinc finger proteins of the transcription factor IIIA-type. Analysis of mZn-16 expression by RT-PCR showed that the mRNA is produced at similar levels in normal and GH-deficient Ames dwarf (Prop-1 ) mouse pituitaries at postnatal day 1. Mouse Zn-16 mRNA also was detected by ribonuclease protection assay in the pre-somatotrophic mouse cell line GHFT1-5. The Zn-16 protein is bipartite in that the N-terminal half displays tandem spacing typical of most zinc finger proteins, while the C-terminal portion contains long linkers between fingers that cooperatively bind to a DNA response element. Expression in early postnatal pituitary and in pre-somatotrophic cells suggests that Zn-16 could play a role in pituitary development prior to somatotroph differentiation.
Postoperative hemorrhage due to avulsion of perihepatic adhesions after pneumoperitoneum

Serious laparoscopic injury is rare, occurring in less than 1/1000 procedures. To our knowledge, no liver injuries have been reported to date, but avulsion of hepatic adhesions may be a source of postlaparoscopic bleeding. A woman with chronic pelvic pain unresponsive to medical management underwent an uncomplicated diagnostic laparoscopy with extensive pelvic adhesiolysis. Adhesions of Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome were seen over the right lobe of the liver. At the completion of the procedure no bleeding was noted, and the patient was discharged to home in stable condition. She returned 12 hours later with a significant hemoperitoneum necessitating laparotomy. It is important to consider this as a source of bleeding after laparoscopy in a patient with perihepatic adhesions.
Leveling of Vitreous Surfaces

A model was developed relating the variables involved in the leveling of an irregularity on a vitreous surface (such as a dry-process porcelain enamel) during heating. The variables are: (1) surface tension, (2) viscosity, (3) geometry of the irregularity, (4) coating thickness, and (5) firing time. The equation derived was: where h0= height of irregularity at t= 0, h= height of irregularity at t = t, t= time, y= surface tension, X= average coating thickness, ν= viscosity, and a= half width of the irregularity at the mean thickness. The derived relation was verified using a coating of a simple glass having known surface tension and viscosity.
Calcium aluminate glass fibers: drawing from supercooled melts versus inviscid melt spinning

Abstract Calcium aluminate melts with 35–50%/wt. alumina and some silica as a network former can have viscosities high enough to facilitate the drawing of fibers from supercooled melts. Strong fibers could also be drawn from the melt of a non-silica calcium aluminate glass with a quaternary composition; thus silica is not necessarily required as a viscosity builder. Calcium aluminate melts with 50–80% alumina have much lower viscosities. Fibers cannot be drawn from these melts, but they can be spun if a low-viscosity (inviscid) jet is ejected through an orifice into propane, a reactive medium that chemically stabilizes the jet. A carbon sheath (coating) is formed on the fiber surface under most, but not all, process conditions. This Letter shows for the first time that a carbon sheath significantly improves the hydrolytic stability of the resulting fibers.
Crying: Experiences and Attitudes of Third-Year Medical Students and Interns

Background: The medical socialization process is emotionally stressful for trainees; anecdotally, crying is a frequent response. Purposes: To understand the experiences and attitudes related to crying among 3rd-year medical students and interns. Methods: Web-based survey distributed to all 3rd-year medical students and interns at two medical schools and affiliated internal medicine residency programs. Results: Participation rates were 208/307 (68%) students and 93/126 (74%) interns. Sixty-nine percent of students and 74% of interns self-reported crying for reasons related to medicine. For both, the most common cause was “burnout.” Although there were no significant differences in crying between students and interns (p =.38), twice as many women cried as men (93% vs. 44%, p <.001). Seventy-three percent of students and 68% of interns thought discussion of physicians' crying was inadequate. Conclusions: Crying is common among medical students and interns, especially women. Many consider it unprofessional to...
Formation and differentiation of the upper pinacoderm in reaggregation masses of the sponge Microciona prolifera (Ellis and Solander)

The ultrastructures of gray cells and archeocytes were studied in adult Microciona prolifera to aid in their identification in reaggregation masses. Gray cells were easily identified by their uniform, densely-stained granules and abundant glycogen particles. A small, dense nucleolus was occasionally observed. Archeocytes lacked the characteristic granules of the gray cell, and a large nucleolus with a less dense core was invariably found. To follow the stepwise formation and differentiation of the upper pinacoderm, pieces of sponge were squeezed through cloth into polyethylene dishes, and the resultant masses were fixed with 2% OsO4 in 90% sea water at 6, 12, 24, 48, and 96 hours after dissociation. Fixation, dehydration and embedding in the same dish preserved the orientation of the masses. Reaggregation masses of less than 150 μ diameter failed to differentiate a pinacoderm while in masses greater than 250 μ virtually the entire upper surface was composed of exopinacocytes by 96 hours. The gray cells and archeocytes were little changed from their structure in the intact sponge except for a more rounded shape and a greater number of phagosomes in the archeocytes. Cells forming the surface epithelium contained large nucleoli, phagosomes and other characteristics similar to those of archeocytes, while cell types intermediate between gray cells and exopinacocytes, were not observed. It was concluded that gray cells do not form exopinacocytes, and archeocytes form the nucleolated exopinacocytes.