cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Menstrual impact of contraception

Persistent bleeding is a common reason for the discontinuation of contraception. Standard terminology for describing bleeding patterns by reference period is presented. Observed bleeding patterns with oral contraceptives, depot medroxyprogesterone acetate, the levonorgestrel subdermal implant, and intrauterine devices are described. Bleeding days are least with oral contraceptives that are highest in progestin and estrogen potency and dose, but the ratio of the two steroids is also important. Published studies suggest that oral contraceptives containing new nonandrogenic progestins have bleeding patterns as acceptable as older low estrogen formulations. Approaches to the evaluation and treatment of intermenstrual bleeding with contraceptive methods are reviewed. Patient education on expected bleeding patterns is essential to compliance and continuation.
Effects of 6-hydroxydopamine on shock-elicited aggression, emotionality and maternal behavior in female rats.

Abstract Tests of emotionality and shock-elicited aggression, which have revealed consistent changes in behavior in male rats given 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), were administered to female rats intraventricularly injected with 250 μg of 6-OHDA to determine whether aspects of the 6-OHDA syndrome are shared by female and male rats. The results confirmed that female rats become hyperemotional as well as hyperaggressive after 6-OHDA, as do males. Using the hypothesis that the behavioral effects of 6-OHDA lesions of catecholamine neurons result from a general reduction in threshold to aversive stimuli it was predicted that arbitrarily selected stimuli having aversive components should enhance the behavior normally elicited by these stimuli. Stimuli selected for testing were those that normally elicit maternal retrieval aggression and maternal retrieval. Both of these behaviors were found to be enhanced in 6-OHDA treated female rats, thus supporting the prediction. These findings were interpreted as inconsistent with the hypothesis that norepinephrine chemically codes specific behaviors, particularly aggressive behavior.
Aldosterone Studies in Obese Patients with Hypertension

ABSTRACT Ten patients with hypertension and obesity were studied during a program of weight loss on an unrestricted sodium diet. The study showed that weight loss during the ten month period was accompanied by a significant decrease in urinary aldosterone, tetrahydroaldosterone -3-glucuronide and plasma renin activity values. It was also demonstrated that successful reduction in body weight was associated with a reduction in blood pressure. It is postulated that blood pressure reduction in obese patients during weight reduction may depend on decreases in aldosterone and plasma renin activity. The reduction in levels of tetrahydroal-dosterone-3-glucuronide is due to an energy related depression of the glucuronidation process caused by carbohydrate deficiency. It is postulated that the lowered rate of metabolism of aldosterone as measured by the diminished formation of the metabolite tetrahydroaldosterone-3-glucuronide is an important determinant of blood pressure status during weight reduction.
The RNA of RNase MRP is required for normal processing of ribosomal RNA.

Abstract We have isolated clones which complement the temperature sensitivity and abnormal rRNA processing pattern of the rrp2-2 mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae we previously described. DNA sequencing and restriction analysis demonstrated that all clones contain the NME1 gene encoding the RNA of the ribonucleprotein particle RNase MRP. Deletion analysis showed that the NME1 gene is responsible for the complementation of the rrp2-2 phenotype. A single base change was identified in the nme1 gene in the rrp2 mutant, confirming that the RRP2 and NME1 genes are identical. Our experiments therefore indicate that RNase MRP, in addition to its previously reported role in formation of RNA primers for mitochondrial DNA replication [Clayton, D. A. (1991) Trends Biochem. Sci. 16, 107-111], is involved in rRNA processing.
Interpersonal tactics and communicative strategies of Anglo-American and Mexican-American mildly mentally retarded and nonretarded students

In this investigation, we compared the preferred interpersonal tactics of mildly mentally retarded Mexican-American and Anglo-American children in an experimental social problem-solving situation. Sixty subjects were divided into four equal groups based upon ethnicity (Mexican-American or Anglo-American) and educational status (mildly mentally retarded or nonretarded). Results indicated that although there were no ethnic group differences, differences in preferred problem solving strategies were demonstrated by mentally retarded and nonretarded children. Overall, nonretarded children tended to utilize strategies such as cooperation and temporary withdrawal more often than mentally retarded children.
Voltammetry of oxorhenium(V) complexes containing the [O=Re−OR] core and substituted pyridine ligands

Compounds of the general formula [ORe(OR)Cl2(PPh3)2] and [ORe(OEt)Cl2(PPh3)(py)], where R=alkyl or aryl and py=a substituted pyridine, were synthesized and their voltammetric behaviour investigated. For the former, the electron-transfer mechanism was observed to be dependent on solvent. In dry MeCN, a quasi-reversible oxidation and a reduction followed by a chemical reaction was observed. There were indications of nucleophilic attack on electrochemically generated [ORe(OEt)Cl2(PPh3)2]+, forming an unstable species whose reduction potentials were strongly dependent on the identity of the nucleophile. Voltammetric and spectroscopic observations of the oxorhenium(V) alkoxypyridine complex indicate the pyridine to be labile in halogenated hydrocarbon solvents but not in Me2CO, MeCN, or CCl4. Electrochemical generation of [ORe(OEt)Cl2(PPh3)(ClxCyHz)]+ (x=1,2, or 3; y=1 or 2; z=2,3, or 4) appears to be followed by transfer of a hydrogen atom from the solvent to form [(HO)Re(OEt)Cl2(PPh3)]+. Various pyridine complexes of this type were preparedvia substitution reactions under mild conditions. Varying the reaction conditions allowed the synthesis oftrans-dioxotetrapyridyl complexes in excellent yield.
Pref-1 Regulates Mesenchymal Cell Commitment and Differentiation through Sox9

Pref-1 is an EGF repeat-containing transmembrane protein that produces a biologically active soluble form by TACE-mediated cleavage. Although Pref-1 inhibition of adipogenesis has been well established, the specific target(s) of Pref-1 or the Pref-1 function in mesenchymal cell commitment/differentiation are not known. Here, we show that Sox9 downregulation is required for adipocyte differentiation and that Pref-1 inhibits adipocyte differentiation through upregulating Sox9 expression. Sox9 directly binds to the promoter regions of C/EBPbeta and C/EBPdelta to suppress their promoter activity, preventing adipocyte differentiation. Furthermore, we also show that, by inducing Sox9, Pref-1 promotes chondrogenic induction of mesenchymal cells but prevents chondrocyte maturation as well as osteoblast differentiation, with supporting in vivo evidence in Pref-1 null and Pref-1 transgenic mice. Thus, Sox9 is a Pref-1 target, and Pref-1 directs multipotent mesenchymal cells to the chondrogenic lineage but inhibits differentiation into adipocytes as well as osteoblasts and chondrocytes.
Recruiting criminal justice majors: Developing a marketing approach

Forecasts suggest the possibility of declining college student enrollment during the next 5–7 years. In order to ensure program survival, a proactive student recruitment program is recommended. This paper outlines the elements of a marketing approach to student recruitment. Moreover, it is suggested that criminal justice departments become more involved in the recruiting process by adopting the marketing elements that fit within budget and personnel allocations. It is further recommended that the time to implement a recruiting program is not after a department’s survival is threatened, but before, in order to avert future difficulties.
Pore Size Tailoring in Large-Pore SBA-15 Silica Synthesized in the Presence of Hexane

Large-pore SBA-15 silicas were synthesized using poly(ethylene oxide)−poly(propylene oxide)−poly(ethylene oxide) block copolymer Pluronic P123 as a template and hexane as a micelle expander. The reaction was initially carried out at 15 °C, followed by the heating of the synthesis gel at temperatures from 40 to 130 °C. Small-angle X-ray scattering data indicate that highly ordered two-dimensional hexagonal material (SBA-15 structure) formed at 15 °C and was preserved even after 5 days of heating at 130 °C. The unit-cell parameter for as-synthesized SBA-15 silicas was about 16.5 nm and increased only slightly after the heat treatment, whereas the unit-cell parameter after calcination was appreciably larger (16 vs 14 nm) for materials that were subjected to the thermal treatment. The pore size distribution of SBA-15 formed at 15 °C was narrow and centered at ∼9.5 nm, which is close to the upper limit of pore diameters typically reported for SBA-15. The presence of constrictions in the pores of this material ...
Two-dimensional FT-IR correlation analysis of the phase transitions in a liquid crystal, 4′-n-octyl-4-cyanobiphenyl (8CB)

Abstract Generalized two-dimensional (2D)-IR correlation analysis has been applied to the temperature resolved IR spectra of 4′-n-octyl-4-cyanobiphenyl (8CB). The analysis revealed IR bands from different functional groups, i.e., CN, biphenyl ring and aliphatic tail that varied when the liquid crystal changed phase from isotropic to nematic or from nematic to smectic-A. When the entire data set is used, information from both phase transitions are encoded in the correlation analysis making unambiguous assignments impossible. A windowed autocorrelation analysis is applied and is able to locate transition points in the data. The data are then partitioned around a singular transition point and a generalized 2D-IR correlation analysis is performed. The correlation analysis from the partitioned data yields unambiguous correlation intensities from the isotropic to nematic phase transition and the nematic to smectic-A phase transition of 8CB.
Synthesis and Characterization of Bis (2,2′-bipyridine) mono (2,2′-bipyridine-5-sulfonato) Ruthenium(II) Chloride Dihydrate

Abstract A bis (2,2′-bipyridine) mono (2,2′-bipyridine-5-sulfonato) ruthenium(II) complex has been synthesized and characterized. The complex is 50% more soluble than [Ru(bpy)3Cl2 while retaining the electrochemical and photophysical properties of the tris (2,2′-bipyridine) ruthenium(II) analogue.
Treatment of Barrett's esophagus with high-grade dysplasia or cancer: predictors of surgical versus endoscopic therapy.

Background & Aims Patients with Barrett's esophagus and high-grade dysplasia or intramucosal carcinoma are at risk of progression to invasive carcinoma. Both esophagectomy and endoscopic ablation are treatment options. The aim of this study was to identify predictors of surgical versus endoscopic therapy at a tertiary center. Methods An institutional database identified patients with Barrett's esophagus between 2003 and 2007. Demographic data and International Classification of Diseases–9th revision codes for esophagectomy, endoscopic ablation, as well as selected medical comorbidities were retrieved. Individual endoscopy, surgical, and pathology reports were reviewed. Results Among 2107 individuals with Barrett's esophagus, 79 underwent esophagectomy and 80 underwent endoscopic ablation. The mean age was 63.1 ± 10.6 years in the surgical group and 69.7 ± 9.4 years in the ablation group ( P Conclusions Patient age and cancer stage predict treatment modality for Barrett's esophagus with neoplasia. Treatment choice is influenced further by whether the initial evaluation is performed by a gastroenterologist or a surgeon.
Virulence and pathogenesis of the baculovirus Autographa californica M nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV) in Pseudoplusia includens larvae

Abstract Virulence and pathogenesis of the baculovirus Autographa californica M nucleopolyhedrosis virus were quantified in penultimate instar Pseudoplusia includens (soybean looper) larvae using a recombinant encoding the lacZ reporter gene ( Ac MNPV- hsp70/lacZ ). Larvae inoculated orally with Ac MNPV -hsp70/lacZ occlusion bodies (OB) or intrahemocoelically with budded virus (BV) were susceptible to fatal infection (LD 50 = 40.8 OB; 13.8 BV plaque forming units). Pseudoplusia includens displayed increased developmental resistance as larvae were orally inoculated with OB at later times during the penultimate instar. The optical brightener M2R, an inhibitor of the apoptotic processes that drive developmental resistance, did not significantly affect the virulence of Ac MNPV- hsp70/lacZ OB. To study pathogenesis, newly molted penultimate instar P. includens were orally inoculated with 60 OB and examined from 0.5 to 96 h post inoculation (h.p.i). Infection in the midgut was first detected at 4 h.p.i in 32% of the larvae and was apparent in cells of the tracheal system at 8 h.p.i. LacZ-positive (LacZ + ) hemocytes were first observed 2 h later. At 18 h.p.i, a low proportion of the hemocytes were LacZ + (5.6%). However, flow cytometry analysis of cell surface expression of the viral protein GP64 showed that 84.5% of the hemocytes collected at 18 h.p.i were infected with Ac MNPV, suggesting that flow cytometry may be a more sensitive method for identifying Ac MNPV-infected cells. Because P. includens display no physiological barriers to Ac MNPV OB and is permissive to fatal infection, this species could be controlled in organic cropping systems using naturally occurring strains of Ac MNPV.
Rapid Assessment of Intracytoplasmic Membranes in Bacteria by Fluorescence Microscopy

Intracytoplasmic membranes (ICMs) are known to play an important biological role in bacteria, but many details about these membrane systems remain a mystery. Previously, the primary tool for observing these ICMs was electron microscopy, which limited data collection due to long preparation times and inability to look at dynamic membrane changes. Here we describe a method to rapidly analyze intracytoplasmic membrane structures on a single cell level using fluorescence microscopy and lipophilic dyes on live cells. This allows us to rapidly determine whether or not individual cells possess ICMs. Furthermore we are able to track the growth of multiple single cells over time to elucidate the poorly understood mechanisms by which these membranes are gained or lost with time. Growth conditions also can be altered during imaging to observe how cells immediately react under varying conditions. This technique can be coupled to the use of other fluorescence imaging techniques, such as protein localization via fluorescent protein fusions, or quantitative methods to analyze relative abundance of lipids or proteins. These methods have primarily been applied to methanotropic bacteria, such as Methylomicrobium alcaliphilum 20z and Methylosinus trichosporium OB3b. Methanotrophs are a type of bacteria that can use single carbon molecules, such as methane, as their sole source of energy and carbon. These methanotrophs produce the membrane bound enzyme, particulate methane monooxygenase (pMMO) which is capable of oxidizing C-H bonds. Our goal is to understand the dynamic relationship between ICMs and pMMO.
Immunization of non-human primates with DNA vaccines

The pre-clinical efficacy of DNA vaccines has been demonstrated in a number of animal models, but more limited data exist regarding their immunogenicity in non-human primates. The studies described below demonstrate that DNA vaccines in reasonable dosages encoding a variety of viral proteins could result in the generation of antibodies, neutralizing antibodies, or cytotoxic T lymphocytes in primates. Furthermore, these responses could be boosted by repeat administration of the DNA vaccine. In an effort to assess the safety of such vaccines sera from primates was shown to lack anti-DNA antibodies.
Multi-platform strategies, approaches and challenges for developing mobile applications

Developing applications for mobile platforms is challenging because of multiple proprietary environments. Abundant material has been published discussing three kinds of mobile app development - Native, Web, and Hybrid, where Hybrid apps are preferred due to their usability. In this paper we discuss a strategy and approach for developing and delivering existing Web and Desktop applications as mobile apps. This proposal is a variant of Hybrid development model that utilizes code translators to translate existing Web or Desktop applications for the target mobile platforms. Our goal is to validate if investments made by an enterprise in developing Web or Desktop applications are still relevant when the same are to be re-deployed as mobile apps.
Experimental determination and analysis of the solubility of corundum in 0.1 and 0.5 m NaCl solutions between 400 and 600°C from 0.5 to 2.0 kbar

Abstract Corundum, α-Al2O3, solubility was measured in 0.1 and 0.5 m NaCl solutions from 400 to 600°C between 0.5 and 2.0 kbar. The base-10 logarithm of Al molality at 2 kbar in 0.5 m NaCl increases from −2.45 at 400°C to −1.52 at 600°C. At 1 kbar, the solubility increases from −2.33 at 400°C to −1.03 at 600°C. These molalities are between 1 and 3 orders of magnitude greater than corundum solubility in pure H2O (Walther, 1997) . In 0.1 m NaCl, corundum solubility begins to decrease below that in pure water at 400°C as pressures are decreased below ∼1.2 kbar. A distribution of species calculation considering the Al species NaAl(OH)40, Al(OH)30 and Al(OH)4− and using association constants reported in the literature demonstrate that Al(OH)4− is a significant species in equilibrium with corundum in pure H2O. The calculations also indicate that another Al aqueous species containing Na or Cl besides NaAl(OH)40 must be present in NaCl solutions to give the observed increase in Al with increasing NaCl concentrations to 0.5 m.
Lipids of cultured hepatoma cells: II. Effect of media lipids on cellular phospholipids

Minimal deviation hepatoma cells were cultured in a modified Swim's 77 medium supplemented with decreasing amounts of serum, lipid-free serum, and lipid-free serum containing added palmitic or linoleic acids. Cellular phospholipids were extracted and the class distribution determined quantitatively. The fatty acid composition of each phospholipid class was determined, and the percentages from cells grown on each of the various media were compared. Cellular phospholipid class and fatty acid compositions differed from media compositions, indicating that intact serum phospholipids are not incorporated into cellular structures. Phosphatidylcholine percentages decreased as the media serum and lipid levels decreased, while phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylethanolamine percentages increased. Sphingomyelin of cells grown in medium containing added linoleic acids contained a high level of a 24∶2 acid. All classes, except sphingomyelin, contained elevated levels of 18∶1 acid and decreased levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids, relative to normal rat liver. Cells cultured on lipid-free medium did not contain increased concentrations of 20∶3 acid, suggesting that this hepatoma cell cannot desaturate monoenoic acids. Phosphoglycerides of cells, grown on lipid-free medium, had the highest monoene fatty acid concentration, whereas those cells grown on media containing added linoleic acid had the lowest concentrations, suggesting that linoleate may inhibit or regulate monoenoic acid biosynthesis in this cell. These mass data also demonstrate that monoenoic fatty acid biosynthesis in this cultured hepatoma cell responds to dietary changes.
ARhT: A portable Hand therapy system

We introduce ARhT (Automated Relearning hand Therapy), a portable hand therapy system that enables a user to perform physical therapy at the comfort of their own home. This reduces rehabilitation time, enhances the user experience, reduces cost and provides accountability to physical therapy sessions. ARhT complements traditional therapy methods by interacting with the user in real time and providing the patient user friendly instructions, feedback, and progress tracking. The therapist pre-selects the hand gestures that comprise every workout and can view session information on a patient to patient basis within a standalone web application. ARhT incorporates a data acquisition subsystem which houses EMG sensors and a custom computation and communication board. The sensor data is transmitted to an Android smartphone that determines the user performance and interacts with the user through a graphical user interface. Our results show that our system recognizes hand therapy gestures with over 95% accuracy.
A demonstration of persistent human avoidance in extinction

The present study provides a replication of Malloy and Levis’s (1988) finding of persistent human avoidance responding during extinction. Forty-seven percent of the subjects who learned failed to extinguish by Trial 500. This result was of particular interest given that the extreme avoidance persistence was obtained in many cases with only one CS-UCS (shock) pairing and with a relatively mild UCS (2.5-mA shock level). A comparison between extinguishers and non-extinguishers suggested that the traditional laws of extinction were operating in both groups. These data parallel those found with infrahumans suggesting the governance of comparable conditioning principles. The theoretical importance of these findings are discussed.
Proximate and elemental composition of developing eggs and maternal soma of pen-reared coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) fed production and trace element fortified diets☆☆☆

Abstract Abernathy diet 19-1 or Abernathy diet 19-1 fortified with additional cobalt, copper, iron, manganese, and zinc was fed to two groups of coho salmon raised in marine net-pens. The diets were fed from 6 months to 2 months before spawning, when the fish were transferred to fresh water. At monthly intervals, ovary and maternal soma samples from each group were analyzed for proximate and elemental composition. Mean fish weight increased approximately 30% during this period but most of this gain was in ovary weight. Lipid levels in the fish decreased during ovarian development, but elemental levels in the fish did not decrease. Proximate constituents were deposited in the eggs throughout ovarian development but the rates of deposition varied for each constituent. Elemental deposition in the ovaries was continuous but the rates of deposition varied between elements. No evidence of maternal somatic elemental depletion was observed and no differences in elemental composition of the maternal soma or ovaries at spawning between the two dietary groups were detected. Analysis of the results of this study and comparisons with observations from pen-reared and wild coho salmon eggs in previous years indicates that additional elemental fortification of Abernathy diet 19-1 is unnecessary for pen-reared coho salmon broodstock.
Auditory awakening thresholds and dream recall in NREM sleep.

Whereas earlier research had shown that Ss with lower auditory awakening thresholds (AATs) reported more dreams on awakenings from non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, this study of 4 Ss over sever...
On representation schemes for promising electronically

Abstract This paper proposes and discusses a series of representational techniques for expressing promises in first-order logic. It is argued that the proposed representations have properties that cohere well with our pre-theoretic concept of promising, including creation of intensional contexts. Also, representations of promises in other formal languages, and inferences with them, may be validated by translating the expressions into the first-order formalism proposed here. Finally, a brief discussion is given to indicate that the proposed representational techniques may be applied generally to other illocutionary forces (or propositional attitudes).
Computer Analysis Of ILO Standard Chest Radiographs Of Pneumoconiosis

This paper presents study of computer analysis of the 1980 ILO standard chest radiographs of pneumoconiosis. Algorithms developed for detection of individual small rounded and irregular opacities have been experimented and evaluated on these standard radiographs. The density, shape, and size distribution of the detected objects in the lung field, in spite of false positives, can be used as indicators for the beginning of pneumoconiosis. This approach is potentially useful in computer-assisted screening and early detection process where the annual chest radiograph of each worker is compared with his (her) own normal radiograph obtained previously.© (1982) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Are randomized trials the best way to judge the efficacy of surgical procedures

Thoracic surgery is nearing its first century anniversary as a unique medical specialty. In addition, the year 2010 marks the 93rd anniversary of the founding of the American Association for Thoracic Surgery. What a century this has been for thoracic surgery! We have witnessed previously unimaginable accomplishments in the surgical treatment of diseases of the lung, esophagus, and heart. In the early part of the last century, surgery for infectious complications of the chest was common. Lung surgery for infection and cancer was next to develop as controlled ventilation was mastered. Cardiac surgery evolved dramatically from relatively simple ‘‘closed chest’’ procedures for congenital heart defects in the middle years of the last century. After the refinement of cardiopulmonary bypass 50 years ago, the range and numbers of cardiac surgical procedures exploded. As we reflect on the current success of our specialty with its broad scope of formidable surgical capabilities, we should challenge ourselves to ask to what extent thoracic surgery has matured as a scientific endeavor and a highly successful clinical specialty. Some have questioned the specialty’s commitment to pursuing evidence-based surgical care. Are we committed only to those surgical procedures that can be scientifically validated to be effective? It is in this context we should pose the question of whether ‘‘randomized controlled clinical trials are the best way to judge the efficacy of surgical operations.’’ There is an important stipulation to make, however, when discussing the importance of randomized trials to determine the appropriateness of any surgical procedure. Despite a commitment to the practice of evidence-based medicine and operating only when we are confident about the long-term consequences of the surgery, we must acknowledge the critical role of surgical innovation, technical development, and iterative refinements of surgical procedures. The remarkable heritage of our specialty has been the development of new, increasingly complex and highly effective surgical procedures. Over this past century, thoracic surgeons have developed an awesome array of operations that have treated and cured millions of patients. Along with these innovations and developments, however, have been the numerous operations that have been unsuc-
Non-centrosymmetric effects in the integrated two-beam bragg intensity near a three-beam point

Abstract A recently developed interpretation of X-ray reflections near a three-beam point predicts explicit effects in the asymmetry of the integrated intensity around the three-beam point caused by the non-centrosymmetric contribution to the invariant phase of the structure factor triplets. Optimum determination of this phase requires polarized sources and detectors.
Survivors on Cancer: The portrayal of survivors in print news

This study examines the types of news stories that include comments by everyday cancer survivors and the messages or information these individuals provide. Even though these non-celebrity survivors increasingly serve on the front lines of cancer prevention and advocacy efforts and often engage with media, the role they play in the media discourse on cancer has not been a focus of research. We conducted a thematic content analysis of print news articles of non-celebrity cancer survivors in 15 leading national daily newspapers for four consecutive months starting in June 2005 to identify the issues or events that included a survivor perspective and the messages or information conveyed by the everyday survivors. Journalists included survivor commentary primarily when covering cancer fundraising events and when focusing on individual survivorship stories. In overall news coverage involving survivors, breast and prostate cancers received the greatest attention, followed by blood and lung cancers. Survivors spoke mainly about the diagnosis experience and life post-cancer. Our analysis of survivors’ comments revealed that discussions of the diagnosis experience often convey fear and a lack of confidence in cancer screening practices, while cancer is portrayed as a positive life event. While evidence of a positive and hopeful portrayal of survivorship is an encouraging finding for continued efforts to decrease stigma associated with a cancer diagnosis and for the public understanding of the disease, it is important to consider potential negative implications of an idealized and restricted media discourse on survivorship. The increasing size and capacity of the survivor community offers opportunities for the cancer advocacy community to consider how news media portrayal of cancer and survivorship may contribute in both positive and potentially detrimental ways to public understanding of this disease, its survivors and life after cancer.
Marketing and Exchange

Exchange has been widely accepted as the core concept in marketing, yet the topic has received limited attention by researchers in the marketing discipline. The authors discuss exchange theory and ...
Flow control using bifrequency motion

We used a second-order approximation for the periodic lift coefficient of a circular cylinder under monofrequency and bifrequency cross-flow motions. Two lock-in modes exist under monofrequency fundamental (i.e., near the Strouhal number) motion. In the first mode, the work is done by the flow on the cylinder, whereas in the second mode the work is done by the cylinder on the flow. Under monofrequency superharmonic (i.e., near three times the Strouhal number) motion, the work is always done on the flow. We then replaced the monofrequency motions by a bifrequency one, consisting of a fundamental term combined with a small-magnitude superharmonic term. We examined the effect of the magnitude and phase of the superharmonic motion term on the two modes of lock-in which we obtained when only the fundamental motion term is applied, considering two different frequencies that belonged to the two lock-in modes. Under the bifrequency motion, the work can be done on the flow or on the cylinder. This can be controlled using the superharmonic motion term, even when its magnitude is 5% of magnitude of the fundamental motion term. Other flow variables, such as the magnification of the lift, can be remarkably altered through the added superharmonic motion term. The phase of the third superharmonic lift-coefficient component relative to the fundamental one is the most responsive variable to the phase of the superharmonic motion component relative to the fundamental one.
Obstacles and Challenges in Preservice Teachers' Explorations with Fractions: A View from a Small-Scale Intervention Study.

Abstract In this study, we implemented one-on-one fractions instruction to eight preservice teachers. The intervention, which was based on the principle of Progressive Formalization ( Freudenthal, 1983 ), was centered on problem solving and on progressively formalizing the participants’ intuitive knowledge of fractions. The objectives of the study were to examine the potential effects of the intervention and to uncover specific difficulties experienced by the preservice teachers during instruction. Results revealed improvement on one measure of conceptual knowledge, but not on a transfer task, which required the teachers to generate word problems for number sentences involving fractions. In addition, the qualitative analysis of the videotaped instructional sessions revealed a number of cognitive obstacles encountered by the participants as they attempted to construct meaningful solutions and represent those solutions symbolically. Based on the findings, specific suggestions for modifying the intervention are provided for mathematics teacher educators.
Focal penicillin epilepsy in an isolated cerebral hemisphere.

The cortex of an entire cerebral hemisphere in the cat was chronically isolated to allow assessment of the role of intrinsic association pathways in the regulation of focal epileptic activity induced by topical application of penicillin. EEG recordings indicated that interictal spike activity in the normal hemisphere was maximal at the focus and markedly reduced in amplitude at distances of 5 to 7 mm. Activity in the isolated hemisphere was similar in morphology to that of the normal cortex, but there were largeamplitude epileptiform discharges 10 to 15 mm from the focus. These distant penicillin spikes appeared early in the development of the focus and were not attributable to diffusion of penicillin. Intracellular recordings at the center of the focus and at remote sites showed the characteristic paroxysmal depolarizing shifts (PDSs) previously described for intact cortex, i.e., large-amplitude membrane depolarizations with superimposed high-frequency spike activity and subsequent spike inactivation. Hyperpolarizing potentials followed termination of PDSs in most cells and were occasionally seen as the sole accompaniment of the focal penicillin discharges. We suggest that the similarity of intracellular findings in normal and isolated cortices could have resulted from a direct effect of penicillin on neurons, whereas the spread of interictal spikes in the isolated hemisphere apparently involved abnormal utilization of existing intracortical association pathways.
Scheduling deep-space network data transmissions: a Lagrangian relaxation approach

For various projects (satellites) one must schedule transmissions to receiving antennas on earth for a one week planning horizon. Periods of time in which any satellite is `in view' of any antenna are known in advance. The scheduling problem is formulated as an integer linear program. This formulation includes a large number of non-conflict constraints stating that an antenna must not receive data from two or more satellites simultaneously. There are also a smaller number of service level constraints specif)ed by project managers to assure appropriate levels of service. For example, service level constraints might specify for a particular project: a maximum allowable gap between the end of one transmission and the start of the next, a minimum total number of minutes of transmission during a week, a minimum number of transmissions on any day, etc. Lagrangian Relaxation allows service level constraints to be relaxed (temporarily ignored). These constraints are replaced by economic penalties for not satisfying them. The resulting modified scheduling problem is easily solved. The paper concentrates on formulation, solution by Lagrangian Relaxation, and performance on an example using real data for a week in 1996.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Optimization of Model Adaption Based on Multi-Samples in Hot Strip Mill

In order to improve the thickness precision, the model adaption method is of great concern which is a necessary component in the thickness control system. The sample concept is first taken into the model adaption in hot tandem mill, from which the learning coefficients are updated by a series of samples. Comparing to the single sample in traditional method, the new method can consider the variance in the length direction. And the source data is more comprehensive, the robustness is increased with flexible proportion coefficients. The thickness precision in stable production process is enhanced to 35μm. On-line result shows practical value and on-line application prospect.
Adsorption of disulfide-modified polyacrylamides to gold and silver surfaces as cushions for polymer-supported lipid bilayers

Abstract Inclusion of a polymer cushion between a lipid bilayer membrane and solid surface has been suggested as a means to provide a soft, deformable layer that will allow for transmembrane protein insertion and mobility. In this study, we evaluate the properties of a disulfide- and lipid-modified polyacrylamide polymer cushion. High molecular weight random copolymers with various degrees of disulfide and lipid substitution were synthesized. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was used to determine quantitatively the percentage of disulfide groups bound to gold and silver surfaces. A quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D) was used to study the adsorption process and resulting film properties in situ. The presence of backbone–surface interactions leads to a competition between physisorption of the acrylamide backbone and chemisorption of the disulfide side-chains. This competition limits the degree of chemisorption to gold and silver surfaces. For a polyacrylamide with 10 mol% disulfide side-chains, 78% of the side-chains covalently bind to silver and only 41% bind to gold. The undesired physisorption of the acrylamide backbone leads to adsorption of the homopolymer itself. In addition, film thicknesses, as indicated by both XPS and QCM-D, are limited to 15–30 A. The QCM-D results for all films indicate the formation of relatively rigid films, rather than the soft, deformable films desired for a lipid membrane polymer cushion.
Hybrid Germanium Nanoparticle–Single-Wall Carbon Nanotube Free-Standing Anodes for Lithium Ion Batteries

Germanium nanoparticles (Ge-NPs) were synthesized through a one-step chemical vapor deposition process and were included in a hybrid free-standing single-wall carbon nanotube (SWCNT) electrode. The Ge-NPs were characterized through scanning electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy to confirm the presence of crystalline nanoparticles with average diameters of 60 nm. Electrochemical testing of the Ge-NPs shows high reversible lithium ion capacity up to 900 mAh g–1 and a Coulombic efficiency of 96% on the first cycle, with capacities realizing 1000 mAh g–1 and a Coulombic efficiency of 98% on the second cycle. The use of SWCNTs to provide a stable nanoscale electrical network to support Ge-NPs resulted in a hybrid three-dimensional free-standing electrode, which is an attractive alternative to the conventional composite-current collector approach. The Ge-NP:SWCNT hybrid electrode with thin film titanium contacts produced electrode capacities of 983 mAh g–1 versus Li/Li+ up to 3 V. The higher anode capacity...
Global regularity for vortex patches

We present a proof of Chemin's [4] result which states that the boundary of a vortex patch remains smooth for all time if it is initially smooth.
Low zinc status impairs calcium uptake by hippocampal synaptosomes stimulated by potassium but not by N-methyl-D-aspartate

Zinc deficiency results in neuropathology affecting both the peripheral and central nervous systems. A previous study showed that decreased calcium uptake by cortical synaptosomes was associated with the peripheral neuropathy in guinea pigs. Deficiency impaired the calcium uptake stimulated by high potassium and by additional glutamate. In this study, the effect of zinc status on potassium-stimulated and agonist (glutamate and N-methyl-D-aspartate [NMDA]-stimulated calcium uptake by both cortical and hippocampal synaptosomes was examined. Groups of guinea pigs were allowed to consume a low zinc (<1 mg/kg) diet ad libitum (−ZN) and an adequate zinc (100 mg/kg) diet either ad libitum (+ AL) or restricted (+RF). Synaptosomes were prepared from cortex and hippocampus and calcium uptake measured using 45Ca. Potassium-stimulated calcium uptake by cortical and hippocampal synaptosomes was significantly lower in synaptosomes from zinc deficient guinea pigs than in controls, 15% and 20%, respectively. Glutamate-stimulated calcium uptake by cortical synaptosomes from deficient animals was 32% less than that of controls; there was a similar trend in hippocampal synaptosomes. Zinc deficiency had no effect on the NMDA-stimulated uptake by synaptosomes from either source. Impairment of voltage-gated calcium channels appears to account for the decreased calcium uptake and may explain the neuropathology observed in zinc deficiency.
Museum Collections and Taxonomy

Taxonomy is a critical tool in understanding biodiversity, and we applaud the view taken by Q. D. Wheeler et al. (“Taxonomy: impediment or expedient?”, Editorial, 16 Jan., p. [285][1]) that natural history collections and an evolving cyber-infrastructure are central to the taxonomic mission. But
Interpretation of the EPR Spectra of Nitrogen-Containing Compounds Adsorbed on Copper-Exchanged Zeolites

Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy was used to investigate adsorption of a series of amines (ammonia, methylamine, triethylamine) on Cu−ZSM5 and Cu−Beta. Several changes were observed in the EPR spectra after adsorption of the amine: an increase in spectral broadening, a shift in the copper hyperfine features, and the appearance of nitrogen hyperfine splittings in the perpendicular region of the EPR spectrum for some of the samples. For samples that exhibited resolved nitrogen hyperfine couplings, the EPR spectra were easily interpreted in terms of the number of coordinated amine molecules. For samples in which resolved nitrogen hyperfine interactions were not observed, the interpretation of the EPR spectrum was more complex. A second approach for the interpretation of the EPR spectrum involved using an empirical model correlating the EPR parameters for a series of model compounds to the number of coordinated nitrogen atoms and the charge of the copper complex. This approach was very usef...
Science and technology policy in Brazil: An analysis of the recent period

This paper is based on the perception that science and technology policy (STP) in Brazil has followed a steady course over the last decades, regardless of each government's particular orientation. In this sense, it has acted almost autonomous. The main objective is to analyze in what degree has the agenda of science and technology policy actually changed. In this sense, we explore this policy's trajectory, emphasizing the more recent period. Based on the evidences we found in the literature and in policy documents, we conclude that although there has been some change in the discourse surrounding STP in Brazil, the policy's agenda itself has not changed significantly. We argue that this is due to the policy makers' rationale concerning science and technology.
Description of the tadpoles of two Cameroonian frogs, Leptodactylodon axillaris and L. perreti (Anura: Arthroleptidae)

We describe the tadpoles of two closely related frog species of the genus Leptodactylodon (family Arthroleptidae), L. axillaris and L. perreti, that are restricted to the mountains of Cameroon. Tadpoles were collected from near the type locality of each species and identified using DNA sequence data. The tadpoles of both species are stream-dwelling and cryptic, often found in clumps of debris collected in the course of the stream, and orient roughly vertically in the water column with their mouths at or near the surface. As in L. ventrimarmoratus, the only other species in the genus described in detail, the tadpoles of these two species have a prominent umbelliform and up-turned oral disc, robust keratinous jaw sheaths, large lateral sacs along the elongate and dorsoventrally depressed body, and a robust elongate tail with short fins. Tadpoles of the two species are broadly similar morphologically. However, differences in the jaw sheaths may enable discrimination, including more pronounced laterally placed caniniform projections and more small needle-like serrations in the central region of the lower jaw sheath in L. perreti.
Degradation reduction of polymer electrolyte membranes using CeO2 as a free-radical scavenger in catalyst layer

Abstract Ceria nanoparticles were added to the electrodes of proton exchange membrane fuel cells as free-radical scavengers to minimize the degradation of membrane electrode assembly (MEA) components. Accelerated durability tests were performed at low humidity under open circuit voltage (OCV) conditions, and the results were compared with traditional MEAs without CeO 2 . Gas crossover was monitored during the durability test, and the MEAs were examined by SEM before and after the durability test. The results showed that adding CeO 2 as free-radical scavengers to the electrode greatly improves the chemical stability of the membrane. The degradation rate of the MEA with CeO 2 in the anode was similar to that of the MEA with CeO 2 in the cathode. The fuel cell with CeO 2 in the cathode showed better MEA performance that the fuel cell with CeO 2 in the anode.
Electrical Rectification in a Langmuir−Blodgett Monolayer of Dimethyanilinoazafullerene Sandwiched between Gold Electrodes

Asymmetries were observed across a monolayer of dimethylanilinoaza[C 6 0 ]fullerene, (DMA-NC 6 0 , 1) sandwiched between gold electrodes of relatively large size (0.265 mm 2 ). Two modes of behavior are observed: (1) a sigmoidal and slightly asymmetric behavior, bespeaking of a moderate unimolecular rectifier (rectification ratio of about 2), and (2) above a threshold voltage V 1 (0.6 to 1.0 V), a dramatic increase of current to 0.3 to 1 A (as high as 1.36 x 10 7 electrons molecule - 1 s - 1 at 1.5 V), followed by ohmic behavior from V 1 to a relatively smaller negative bias V 2 ( -0.5 V to -0.6 V). At more negative potentials (e.g., at -1.5 V) the current is very small (a few μA). This high asymmetry in current persists for between 10 and 20 cycles of voltage scan. This increased, but ohmic conductivity is probably due to defects that grow at domain boundaries, since this behavior is not seen when very small electrodes (1 μm 2 area) are used. The defects could be stalagmitic filaments of gold which grow from the bottom electrode above V 1 but are broken at the negative bias V 2 , or else they could be due to some unknown electrochemical couple. This device is vaguely reminiscent of Zener diodes or varistors: if operated between, say, + 2 V and -2 V, it is a super-rectifier, with a rectification ratio of up to 20 000 at 1.5 V.
Patients' expectations of asthma treatment.

A multicomponent model has been developed to explain patients' unmet expectations of medical care. The model proposes that expectations are related to patients' personal experiences with illness, perceived vulnerability to disease, transmitted knowledge, and perceived severity of disease. The objective of this cross‐sectional study was to determine whether this model can be applied to patients' unrealistic expectations of treatment outcomes, specifically expecting to be cured of asthma. In total, 230 patients observed in a primary care practice in New York City were interviewed in person with open‐ended questions about their expectations of asthma treatment. Responses were analyzed with qualitative techniques to generate categories of expectations. Patients had a mean age of 41 ± 11 years, 21% were white, 30% African American, 42% Latino, and 7% other groups. Major categories of expectations were generated from patients' responses and included symptom relief (expected by 52%), cure (36%), improved physica...
Analysis and measurement of light propagation in coherent fiber bundles

We show numerically and experimentally that strong core coupling that is dependent on the wavelength and the polarization can be observed in image fibers commonly used in endoscopes.