cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sources on overseas Chinese studies: Genealogical records

Abstract The Chinese genealogical records, also called pu die Download : Download full-size image , zong pu Download : Download full-size image , zu pu Download : Download full-size image , jia pu Download : Download full-size image , zi pu Download : Download full-size image , or jia cheng Download : Download full-size image , have been used for thousands of years to record the genealogical history of a family, including a family's origin, its collateral lines, names and ages of the members, records of marriages, births and deaths, merits and deeds, and brief biographical information of the male family members. This paper examines the current documentation status of Chinese genealogical records. It begins with the historical background of genealogical records and describes the existing sources, including primary sources for researching Chinese surnames and secondary sources for reading on immigration history, the Chinese diaspora, foreign settlements, and ethnic identity. The paper proceeds to investigate the nature of extant genealogical records and provide author's own genealogy of He shi zu pu Download : Download full-size image as an example to analyze the contents of a typical genealogical record. The importance and value for the study of names and genealogical records are emphasized. The paper concludes with comments on how to make the best use of genealogical records to enhance the research on Chinese overseas studies through resource-sharing and collaboration with libraries, museums, and institutions, locally, regionally, and internationally.
Is prematurity a part of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder

Since fetal alcohol syndrome was first reported, studies have demonstrated a range of perinatal/developmental abnormalities that fall under the umbrella term fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Of these, low birth weight in exposed children is among the most commonly observed and widely accepted. However, in the past, assertion of an association between prenatal alcohol exposure and preterm birth was controversial. Methodological difficulties may have contributed to failure to consistently detect such a relationship. However, new evidence suggests that pregnancy drinking may be a major contributor to extreme, but not mild prematurity. Extreme prematurity is a major cause of severe perinatal morbidity and mortality. If recent findings are confirmed, it suggests that extreme prematurity might be reduced by eliminating prenatal alcohol exposure.
Buckling and postbuckling analyses of laminated anisotropic structures

A review is given of recent advances in two aspects of the numerical simulation of the buckling and postbuckling responses of composite structures. The first aspect is exploiting non-traditional symmetries exhibited by composite structures; and strategies for reducing the size of the model and the cost of the buckling and postbuckling analyses in the presence of symmetry-breaking conditions (e.g., asymmetry of the material, geometry, and/or loading). The second aspect pertains to the prediction of onset of local delamination in the postbuckling range and accurate determination of transverse shear stresses in the structure. The accuracy and effectiveness of the strategies developed are demonstrated by means of a numerical example.
“Nothing in Life but Death”: Aleksandr Zel'dovich's Target in Conversation with Lev Tolstoy's Philosophy of the Value of Death

In this article I investigate the extent to which we may view Aleksandr Zel'dovichs' film Target (Mishen', 2011)—a futuristic adaptation of Anna Karenina—as a cinematic interlocutor for Tolstoy's philosophical position on death. In particular, I unpack Tolstoy's formula for the value of the meaning of death, which he expressed in a mathematical equation in prose that he based on Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation. I put Tolstoy's position on death in conversation with the fictional world of Target, where the protagonists chase immortality by seeking out a source of eternal youth deep in the Altai Mountains. Through an analysis of Tolstoy's philosophical and fiction works, as well as Zel'dovich's own statements on the connection of his film to Tolstoy's canon, I will show the central role of Tolstoy's Newtonaian formula in linking his theoretical works to his fiction masterpieces, and the way that the youth-hungry society portrayed in Target is in the philosophically interesting position of representing the very opponent to which Tolstoy's Newtonian formula was directed.
The retina as a window to the brain in vulnerable neonates.

Fifty years ago, Kinsey1 published the results of a cooperative study of what was then called retrolental fibroplasia (RLF) and the use of oxygen. Infants who weighed <1.5 kg and survived the first 48 hours were enrolled in this multicenter study. Of the 590 survivors who had an adequate eye examination, 533 infants had received curtailed oxygen and 53 had received routine oxygen. Of those infants who received routine oxygen, 38 (75%) had vascular changes of RLF (stage 1–3 retinopathy of prematurity [ROP]) and 12 (25%) had cicatricial RLF (stage 4–5 ROP). Among the 533 infants with curtailed oxygen, 178 had vascular changes (33%) of RLF and 35 (7%) had cicatricial RLF. This trial, sponsored by the National Society for the Prevention of Blindness and the National Institute of Neurologic Disease and Blindness, was notable for providing a multicenter clinical trial that halted the indiscriminate use of oxygen, which had been responsible for the blinding of thousands of children. This therapeutic misadventure had occurred because of medicine's ability to introduce the technology of supplemental oxygen in incubators without ways of measuring the physiologic impact on the preterm infant. At that time, there was no consistent ability to measure arterial blood gases, no uniform classification system for ROP, and limited opportunities for collaboration between neonatologists, ophthalmologists, neurodevelopmentalists, and epidemiologists.2–4 From this study, as well as the tort legal system that was quickly and vigorously pursued by the American Bar, a <40% restricted–supplemental oxygen policy was implemented in NICUs. In 1960, Avery5 demonstrated the down side of this restricted-oxygen era by … Address correspondence to Michael E. Msall MD, University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Kennedy Mental Retardation Center, Comer Children's and LaRabida Children's Hospitals, 5841 S Maryland Ave, MC0900, Chicago, IL 60637. E-mail: mmsall{at}peds.bsd.uchicago.edu
Hepatic 5′ deiodinase activity in the broiler chicken: effects of diet and prior thyroid status

Abstract Male, Shaver broiler chickens growing from 7 to 49 days of age were used in two experiments to demonstrate the effects of dietary crude protein (CP) and thyroid hormone deficiency-replenishment on 5′D activity. In the first experiment, birds were fed 18% CP ± 1 g/kg methimazole (M) from 7–28 days and then an 18% CP diet ± 1 mg/kg T 3 for 8 days. The second experiment involved feeding three levels of CP (12, 18 & 24%) ± 1 g/kg M from 7 to 28 days and an 18% CP from 28–49 days. Methimazole depressed both plasma T 3 and T 4 . Although M depressed and supplemental T 3 increased 5′D per gram of liver in the first experiment, M also increased the relative liver size. Thus, total T 3 productive capacity increased in the face of a decrease in specific activity. Again, in the second experiment, M depressed both T 3 and T 4 . In addition, low a low protein diet also depressed T 4 . Both CP and M affected 5′D activity in 28-day-old birds. In contrast, only the carry over effect of M was significant in 49-day-old birds. It is suggested from these studies that particular care must be taken in selecting a method to express 5′D activity. Permutations in the thyroid state alter the liver size of the bird, distorting values expressed per unit of liver weight. Values expressed per unit of protein may fail to account for the influence of changes in liver size on total 5′D activity.
Treatment of cutaneous hemangiomas in preterm neonatal twins with the flashlamp-pumped pulsed dye laser.

Background and Objective: We report two cases of hemangiomas in twins born at a gestational age of 30 weeks who were treated with a flashlamp-pumped pulsed dye laser (FPDL) at 40 days postpartem. These were the youngest patients to our knowledge to be treated with FPDL. Study Design/Patients and Methods: Twin Caucasian females were born 10 weeks preterm. Twin A soon developed a 1 cm blanching erythematous patch with telangiectasia on a slightly bulbous nasal tip. Twin B developed a 6 mm erythematous papule on her forehead, a 12 x 10 cm erythematous plaque on her left shoulder, and two plaques measuring 2.5 x 2.0 cm and 1.5 x 1.0 cm on her right hip. The twins received seven monthly laser treatments. Results: Several of the hemangiomas showed remarkable regression, including the lesions which became ulcerated and healed on Twin B's left shoulder and right hip. No general or topical anesthesia was used and the twins tolerated the procedure well. No significant adverse effects were encountered. The maximum single treatment dose was 7 mm spot size, 5.0 J/cm2 and 186 pulses for twin B and 6.25 J/cm2 and 16 pulses for twin A. Conclusion: To our knowledge, our patients are the youngest reported to be treated with FPDL at age 30 days preterm. Some of their hemangiomas responded, and no significant adverse effects were encountered. More prospective trials are needed to determine whether early treatment with FPDL accelerates regression of hemangiomas or results in a better cosmetic outcome than expectant treatment.
Fermion and Higgs masses as probes of unified theories

Abstract The effects of Yukawa couplings of order of the gauge couplings in the SU(3) × SU(2) × U(1) renormalization group equations governing the evolution of observable parameters such as m b m τ and the Higgs mass are studied systematically to one-loop order. These parameters are found to give useful constraints on the mass of the t quark, and of possible heavier fermion families, in theories with SU(5)-like boundary conditions at unification energies.
Solitary Waves in the Westerlies

Abstract This paper contains a solution for a solitary disturbance in a westerly current on a “β-plane” earth. The current varies slightly with latitude and the existence of the phenomenon depends on this variation. The disturbance has a mathematical resemblance to the solitary water wave of Scott Russell. It is a single ridge if the current increases with latitude, and a single trough if the current decreases with latitude. The speed of propagation depends on the amplitude.
Addendum to “Floer Cohomology of Lagrangian Intersections and Pseudo-Holomorphic Discs, I”

This is an addendum to the author's earlier paper “Floer Cohomology of Lagrangian Intersection and Pseudo-Holomorphic Discs, I,” Comm. Pure Appl. Math. 46, 1993, pp. 949–993. The main result of this addendum extends the definition of the Floer cohomology of Lagrangian intersection to the case where the minimal Maslov number is equal to 2. ©1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Diagnosis and Management of Waldenström Macroglobulinemia: Mayo Stratification of Macroglobulinemia and Risk-Adapted Therapy (mSMART) Guidelines

Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia is a B-cell malignancy with lymphoplasmacytic infiltration in the bone marrow or lymphatic tissue and a monoclonal immunoglobulin M protein (IgM) in the serum. It is incurable with current therapy, and the decision to treat patients as well as the choice of treatment can be complex. Using a risk-adapted approach, we provide recommendations on timing and choice of therapy. Patients with smoldering or asymptomatic Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia and preserved hematologic function should be observed without therapy. Symptomatic patients with modest hematologic compromise, IgM-related neuropathy that requires therapy, or hemolytic anemia unresponsive to corticosteroids should receive standard doses of rituximab alone without maintenance therapy. Patients who have severe constitutional symptoms, profound hematologic compromise, symptomatic bulky disease, or hyperviscosity should be treated with the DRC (dexamethasone, rituximab, cyclophosphamide) regimen. Any patient with symptoms of hyperviscosity should first be treated with plasmapheresis. For patients who experience relapse after a response to initial therapy of more than 2 years' duration, the original therapy should be repeated. For patients who had an inadequate response to initial therapy or a response of less than 2 years' duration, an alternative agent or combination should be used. Autologous stem cell transplant should be considered in all eligible patients with relapsed disease.
'Because of the risks': How US pregnant women account for refusing prenatal screening

Most research on prenatal fetal testing in general, and maternal alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) screening in particular, has focused on women who accept and even actively seek prenatal diagnosis. Much of this work suggests that agreeing to prenatal diagnosis is inextricably linked to the processes associated with the 'medicalization' of reproduction and that most women do not see refusal as an option. In contrast, little attention has been paid to women who decline fetal diagnosis. Instead, it is generally assumed that women who do so are resisting this thrust toward medicalization and/or are opposed to abortion. Our research is designed to address this imbalance. We analyze how a group of US women who refused the offer of AFP screening account for their decisions and compare their explanations with those of women who took the test. Contrary to our expectations, we found that refusal did not signify rejection of and/or resistance to the offerings of science and technology. Rather, women who refused often employed biomedical categories, particularly the concept of 'risk', to reject its very offerings. Furthermore, refusers and acceptors were more alike than different in their views on abortion, medicalization and pregnancy. We conclude that the key difference between the two groups lies in their interpretation and application of biomedical concepts and modern risk-assessment.
Transdisciplinarity and information science in earth and environmental science research

This poster addresses the theme of the conference “Thriving on Diversity- Information Opportunities in a Pluralistic World” by discussing transdisciplinarity and what this paradigm means to librarians and information scientists. Transdisciplinary research is a means to address research problems, especially those in complex systems (Hirsch Hadorn et al., 2008). The role of transdisciplinary research in earth and environmental sciences is explored, with particular attention to the challenges for information science researchers and professionals. Complex and global questions such as climate change may be best addressed using a transdisciplinary approach making the collaboration between scientists and information professionals more important. This collaboration is explored in relationship to DataONE (Observation Network for Earth), an NSF funded cyberinfrastructure project that supports the full data lifecycle for scientists in the diverse domains that are embodied in the earth and environmental sciences.
An Interview with Lynn Hoffman

Lynn Hoffman, MSW, is an internationally known author and lecturer on family therapy, living in Easthampton, MA. She is currently working on a Web site that will offer, among other things, the chance to do “reflecting supervision” with her, either to become an approved supervisor or as an experience limited to one family. Both students and experienced professionals, and the families/persons they are working with, are welcome. E-mail: lhoffman2101@charter.net
The study of life boredom

This article extends the study of a phenomenological investigation (Bargdill, R. W., 2000) in which six participants wrote protocols and gave interviews describing the experience of being bored with their lives. This study found that the participants gradually became bored after they had compromised their life-projects for less desired projects. The participants felt emotionally ambivalent because they were thematically angry with others involved in their compromises while being pre-reflectively angry with themselves. The participants non-thematically adopted passive and avoidant stances toward their lives that allowed their boredom to spread to more aspects of their lives. The participants' boredom led them to identity issues because they no longer were actively working toward projects. They felt empty and apathetic because they felt every action led to boredom, and thus action was futile. Preliminary distinctions between the experience of life boredom and depression are considered.
Ephemeral cellular segmentation in the thalamus of the neonatal rat

The distribution of thalamocortical relay cells in the rat ventrobasal complex was studied during the early postnatal period using the retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase from the parietal cortex. It was found that the relay cells undergo marked changes in their distribution during the first two postnatal weeks. On postnatal days (PNDs) 0 and 1, the cells are rather homogeneously distributed throughout the ventrobasal complex. However, by PND 2, and more clearly by PND 3, the cells form a distinctly segmented pattern. This pattern consists of discrete curvilinear arrays of cells extending throughout most of the rostrocaudal extent of the nucleus. This distinct cellular pattern is present from PND 2 to about PND 8. In animals sacrificed on PND 15 or as adults, the pattern is no longer obvious. The cellular pattern seen at PND 8 was examined in the 3 standard planes of section and compared to both the somatotopic organization of the nucleus and to the organization of its major ascending and descending inputs. The developmental time course of the cellular segmentation was related to that of the lemniscal and corticothalamic afferents, which also show ephemeral segmentation patterns during the first two postnatal weeks.
Aspects of aging in human collagen: an exploratory thermoelastic study.

Abstract We have presented the results of a thermoelastic survey study into the measurement of differences in cross-linking densities among variously aged collagens. These studies have employed determinations of the minor and major melting points and the extent of dimensional change inducible by the major transition in the acidic (about 1.5–4.5) pH interval. We have shown that the major transition ( T 8 ) measured in the unswollen isoelectric state or the moderately swollen alkaline limit (pH 12.5) increases with age in a curvilinear fashion under isotropic conditions. In addition, the inducible shortening by melting in the acidic pH interval decreases with age. These observations are commensurate with a progressive increase in cross-link density with age. We have discussed the partial reversibility in the value of the minor transition in the isoelectric pH interval and suggested that this second order or “glass type transition” also may have its origin in the helix → coil shape transition which involves very short “band” helical chain segments. We discussed the fact that the destruction of collagen so familiar as “fibrinoid necrosis” of many disorders very likely is the result of hydrogen ion or other small molecule induced polymer dilution which permits major phase transition or melting at body temperatures. Finally, we called attention to the possibility that dimensional variations in collagenous structures, such as occurs in Marfan's syndrome, may be related to an unusually high cross-link density.
The Toughness of a Toroidal Graph with Connectivity 3 and Girth 6 is Exactly 1

We show that every toroidal graph with connectivity 3 and girth 6 is bipartite. This implies that its toughness is at most 1. This answers a question in Goddard, Plummer, and Swart [3] in which it was shown that such a graph has toughness at least 1.
Heterogeneity of preferences for local public goods: The case of private expenditure on public education

Abstract Revealed preference techniques are used to investigate the degree of heterogeneity of local public good preferences by testing the hypothesis that demographic characteristics are correlated with preferences for expenditure on public education. The test relies on a goodness-of-fit index which is on an estimation of wasted consumer expenditure. We use bootstrap techniques to estimate the distribution of the test statistic. Preference heterogeneity is found to be common, however Democrat-Protestant households are found to have similar tastes, and, to a lesser extent, so are households with school-age children where at least one other trait is held in common. Republicans exhibit the greatest degree of preference heterogeneity.
Devastation and renewal : an environmental history of Pittsburgh and its region

Every city has an environmental story, perhaps none so dramatic as Pittsburgh's. Founded in a river valley blessed with enormous resources - three strong waterways, abundant forests, rich seams of coal - the city experienced a century of exploitation and industrialization that degraded and obscured the natural environment to a horrific degree. Pittsburgh came to be known as "the Smoky City," or, as James Parton famously declared in 1866, "hell with the lid taken off." Then came the storied Renaissance in the years following World War II, when the city's public and private elites, abetted by technological advances, came together to improve the air and renew the built environment. Equally dramatic was the sweeping deindustrialization of Pittsburgh in the 1980s, when the collapse of the steel industry brought down the smokestacks, leaving vast tracks of brownfields and riverfront. Today Pittsburgh faces unprecedented opportunities to reverse the environmental degradation of its history. In Devastation and Renewal, scholars of the urban environment pose questions that both complicate and enrich this story. Working from deep archival research, they ask not only what happened to Pittsburgh's environment, but why. What forces - economic, political, and cultural - were at work? In exploring the disturbing history of pollution in Pittsburgh, they consider not only the sooty skies, but also the poisoned rivers and creeks, the mined hills, and scarred land. Who profited and who paid for such "progress"? How did the environment Pittsburghers live in come to be, and how it can be managed for the future? In a provocative concluding essay, Samuel P. Hays explores Pittsburgh's "environmental culture," the attitudes and institutions that interpret a city's story and work to create change. Comparing Pittsburgh to other cities and regions, he exposes exaggerations of Pittsburgh's environmental achievement and challenges the community to make real progress for the future. A landmark contribution to the emerging field of urban environmental history, Devastation and Renewal will be important to all students of cities, of cultures, and of the natural world.
Incorporating human factors into a capstone senior design program to benefit individuals with disabilities

The purpose of this paper is to describe how a multidisciplinary senior design sequence incorporates human factors and ergonomics to address projects that benefit individuals with disabilities. The approach exposes students to the problems that surface when using human factors and ergonomics tools and data to solve engineering and design problems that contain a human component. While some engineering students receive exposure to human factors and ergonomics in classroom settings, the senior design sequence is the first time that many students on the multidisciplinary design teams face the challenge of designing for humans, particularly for the unique demands that may be associated with individuals who have a disability. The paper provides an overview of the process and presents several case studies to demonstrate some of the challenges that have been met by the student teams and the approaches that have been taken.
Modeling Natural Ventilation Induced by Combined Thermal Buoyancy and Wind

ABSTRACT Amodel of natural ventilation was developed combining wind and thermal buoyancy effects based on established theoretical work. The model, developed for steady state conditions, calculates the inside temperature and ventilation rate in a swine finishing barn based on outside temperature, wind speed and direction, opening sizes, building configuration, and other operating conditions. Calculated inside temperatures were compared with field meausurement for three days of data. The coefficient of determination between the measured and calculated inside temperature was 0.995 and the estimated standard error was 1.3° C.
Sensitivity analysis in linear programming and semidefinite programming using interior-point methods

We analyze perturbations of the right-hand side and the cost parameters in linear programming (LP) and semidefinite programming (SDP). We obtain tight bounds on the perturbations that allow interior-point methods to recover feasible and near-optimal solutions in a single interior-point iteration. For the unique, nondegenerate solution case in LP, we show that the bounds obtained using interior-point methods compare nicely with the bounds arising from using the optimal basis. We also present explicit bounds for SDP using the Monteiro-Zhang family of search directions and specialize them to the AHO, H..K..M, and NT directions.
Influence of surface charge on lysozyme adsorption to ceria nanoparticles

Abstract Understanding mechanisms for forming protein coronas on nanomaterial surfaces is essential to designing drug delivery systems and designing and interpreting the results of nanomaterial toxicity tests. The study reports the adsorption behavior of a positively charged protein, lysozyme, on cerium dioxide (ceria) nanoparticles with three different surface charges. Adsorption isotherms were modeled with the Toth and Sips equations. Isotherm loading levels were compared to monolayer coverage estimate for ‘side-on’ and ‘end-on’ lysozyme orientations as well as random packing (jamming) and maximum packing limits. Evaluation of adsorption site energy distributions (generated using the model coefficients) suggested that the negatively charged ceria surface had a very broad site energy distribution and that its surface heterogeneity controls the adsorption process. By contrast, the adsorption of lysozyme on the positively charged nanoparticles appears to be influenced by lateral effects from adsorbed protein species. The results illustrate the importance of nanoparticle surface chemistry to protein adsorption. The modeling and site energy distribution evaluations may be useful for interpreting the formation of protein coronas on nanoparticles.
A Case of Ruptured Splenic Artery Aneurysm in Pregnancy

Background. Rupture of a splenic artery aneurysm is rare complication of pregnancy that is associated with a significant maternal and fetal mortality. Case. A multiparous female presented in the third trimester with hypotension, tachycardia, and altered mental status. A ruptured splenic artery aneurysm was discovered at the time of laparotomy and cesarean delivery. The patient made a full recovery following resection of the aneurysm. The neonate survived but suffered severe neurologic impairment. Conclusion. The diagnosis of ruptured splenic artery aneurysm should be considered in a pregnant woman presenting with signs of intra-abdominal hemorrhage. Early intervention by a multidisciplinary surgical team is key to preserving the life of the mother and fetus.
An amendment to the classical model of internal oxidation: Model-inherent transition characteristics

Abstract An analytical method based on the flux balance at the inter-region boundary is explored for the evolution of a binary alloy in the corresponding Rhines pack atmosphere where the solute forms only one type of oxide. This alloy may undergo an exclusive external oxidation, an exclusive internal oxidation or a mixed oxidation. The assumption of zero solubility-product is very restrictive for a complete analysis of the mixed oxidation. Nevertheless, an analysis of the exclusive internal oxidation, improved upon the classical theory, gives the transition characteristics and hence a domain of the existence of this possibility.
Multiply subtractive Kramers–Kronig analysis of optical data

We describe a new, multiply subtractive Kramers–Kronig (MSKK) method to find the optical constants of a material from a single transmittance or reflectance spectrum covering a small frequency domain. The MSKK method incorporates independent measurements of n and k at one or more reference wave-number values to minimize errors due to extrapolations of the data. An unexpected connection between the MSKK equations and the interpolation theory allows us to derive the equations from an interpolation theorem. We found that the locations of the reference points affect the accuracy of the values determined for the optical constants and that the optimal spacing of N reference data points is related to the zeros of a suitably transformed Chebychev polynomial of order N. We discuss our efforts to optimize both the number and the spacing of these reference points and apply our method to some test spectra.
A retrofit/upgrade of the Stony Brook linac

Abstract We describe a project to replace the initial 16 split-loop resonators in the Stony Brook superconducting booster linac with β0=0.068 quarter wave resonators (QWRs). When completed, this retrofit will assure phase stable linac operation at output energies from 20% to as much as (for the heaviest ions) 80% higher than before. The resonator performance goal of δa=3 MV/m at 6 W dissipation has been achieved by plating a thin lead-tin layer after tumbling the copper surface, and most of the engineering and fabrication work has been completed. Although until now multipactoring during the test runs has been intense and frequently intractable, recent experiments have demonstrated that this can be routinely eliminated by room-temperature rf “pre-processing” with careful control of the vaccum quality.
Constrained Location Problems in the Plane and on a Sphere

Abstract This paper presents a unified approach for the solution of the minimax and maximin location problems subject to constraints in the plane and on the sphere. The constraints limit the solution to be inside some circles and/or outside some other circles. Four distance measures are considered: Euclidean in the plane, shortest arc distance on the sphere, and general monotonic functions of each. Computational results are presented.
Mode and timing of treatment failure (recurrent ischemic events) after hospital admission for non-ST segment elevation acute coronary syndromes

Abstract Background Clarification of the specific clinical course of non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes (NSTEMI ACS), including recurrent ischemic events and need for coronary revascularization, is important given the increasing economic pressure to shorten the length of hospitalization and therefore the duration of acute therapy. To examine the mode and timing of subsequent cardiac events, we analyzed pooled data from the ESSENCE and TIMI 11B studies of antithrombotic therapy in NSTEMI ACS. Methods The daily event rates (with confidence intervals) during the first 43 days and the monthly average event rates during the first year were tabulated for 7081 patients. Results The median antithrombotic treatment duration was 3.2 days, whereas the highest absolute frequency of recurrent angina prompting urgent revascularization, myocardial infarction, or death after hospital admission occurred on day 2, day 3, and day 8, respectively. Coronary revascularization was performed in 32% of patients, with the greatest number occurring on day 4. Only 12% of the end point events were adjudicated as being periprocedural. The median length of hospital stay was 7 days. Conclusions Despite aggressive antithrombotic therapy, a significant proportion of patients with NSTEMI ACS have recurrent ischemia precipitating urgent revascularization or infarction within the first few days, whereas the highest risk of death occurs later, after the first week. (Am Heart J 2002;143:63-9.)
Extracellular coats on the surface of Strongylocentrotus purpuratus eggs: stereo electron microscopy of quick-frozen and deep-etched specimens.

Sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus) eggs were fixed, quick-frozen, deep-etched, and rotary-replicated, and the three-dimensional structure of the external surface of the egg visualized using stereo electron microscopy. The cell surface is coated with three layers of filaments: the sheetlike vitelline layer adhering closely to the plasma membrane, a second layer of oblique fibrils extending from microvillar tips to the vitelline layer below, and a third, outermost layer of horizontal filaments coursing in bundles over the microvillar tips. After fertilization, the newly elevated vitelline envelope is transformed into a three-layered structure, the central layer being a tightly knit network of fine filaments decorated on each side with a loose network of thicker fibrils. Subsequently, the envelope becomes coated with ‘paracrystalline’ protein released from the cortical granules, and microvillar casts are reshaped into angular, jagged peaks having two to five sides. The final structure of the fertilization envelope consists of a thick central layer of compact fibrillar material that is coated on each side with thin plates of paracrystalline protein.
TmDOTP5−: A substance for NMR temperature measurements in vivo

The chemical shifts of 31 P and 1 H in thulium 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetrakis(methylene phosphonate) (TmDOTP 5- ) are approximately two orders of magnitude more sensitive to temperature than are water proton and 19 F shifts. In the physiologically relevant pH range, the 31 P and 1 H chemical shifts of TmDOTP 5- are linear functions of temperature between 25 and 47°C. The results indicate that using Tm-DOTP 5- can provide measurements of temperature in vivo that are significantly more accurate than methods based on water and fluorocarbon chemical shifts.
Remaking Italy? Place Configurations and Italian Electoral Politics under the 'Second Republic'

The Italian Second Republic was meant to have led to a bipolar polity with alternation in national government between conservative and progressive blocs. Such a system it has been claimed would undermine the geographical structure of electoral politics that contributed to party system immobilism in the past. However, in this article I argue that dynamic place configurations are central to how the ‘new’ Italian politics is being constructed. The dominant emphasis on either television or the emergence of ‘politics without territory’ has obscured the importance of this geographical restructuring. New dynamic place configurations are apparent particularly in the South which has emerged as a zone of competition between the main party coalitions and a nationally more fragmented geographical pattern of electoral outcomes. These patterns in turn reflect differential trends in support for party positions on governmental centralization and devolution, geographical patterns of local economic development, and the re-...
X-Ray Microanalysis in the Environmental SEM: A Challenge or a Contradiction?

In this paper, the application of X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy in the environmental scanning electron microscope is reviewed. Various techniques that have been used to remove the effects of the beam spreading in the gaseous environment are discussed, specifically the pressure variation techniques and the beam-stop method. The results of the application of modified versions, developed at the University of Michigan, are also presented. It is shown that quantitative analysis in the environmental SEM, operating at 30 kV, is possible at short working distances (6 mm to 7.2 mm, gas path length 1.2 mm to 2.2 mm) in the 70 to 350 Pa range.
Mechanoelectric transduction in bone

The cells in living bone are embedded in a charged, organic-inorganic solid permeated by ionic fluids flowing through a complex network of channels (diameter ∼10−1–102 μm). The solid matrix, which has a high degree of composite material organization beginning at the macromolecular level, has even finer pores of diameter ≳10−3 μm containing extracellular fluids. Since bone cells are thus bathed in fluid environments of varying ionic composition and concentration, it is likely that the physiology of bone depends on its electrical and electromechanical properties. This hypothesis is supported by the known effects of externally applied mechanical and electrical signals on physiological functions. Contrary to the earlier perception of bone as an insulating material, it is now recognized that the fluid content of bone endows it with physiologically significant conductivity. Mechanoelectric transduction in bone, at low frequencies, is most likely an electrokinetic process associated with the solid-fluid interfaces in bone. Electromechanical properties of bone have been determined experimentally by measurements of stress-generated potentials and streaming potentials in wet bone specimens and electrophoretic mobility of bone particles. Interpretation of results has been difficult due to the complexity of the solid-fluid interfaces in bone and the often undefinable alterations of the pores and interfaces due to specimen preparation. This paper is a review of the present state of knowledge of mechanoelectric transduction in bone and its physiological significance.
A comparison of ratios and fractions and their roles as tools in proportional reasoning

Abstract In an attempt to develop our shared understanding of the relationship between ratios and fractions, we began a phenomenological study to gather evidence from teachers and textbooks and to collect evidence from our own experiences. In this article, we present five possible models for this relationship and a summary of evidence to support each. We also present the model that we developed to represent our shared understanding and provide the results of a study for which we have used our model to help us analyze students’ uses of ratios and fractions in their solutions to proportion-related problems.
Adolescent chronic pain problems in the school setting: exploring the experiences and beliefs of selected school personnel through focus group methodology.

Abstract Purpose To systematically analyze school personnel’s understanding of adolescent chronic pain problems and to learn how healthcare and school systems can collaborate more effectively to address these problems. Methods Focus group methodology was employed in middle- and high-school settings. Five groups, comprised of 38 schoolteachers, administrators, school nurses, and guidance/mental health staff participated. Results Transcript analyses indicate that focus group members cited many challenges related to working with adolescents with pain in school (including high absence rates, wide individual variation in presentation of symptoms and impairment, the need to balance accommodations with school policies, attending to the needs of other students, and dealing with parents) and identified needs for more information about chronic pain problems and more guidance from healthcare professionals regarding how to manage pain symptoms and pain-related behaviors in the school setting. Conclusions Results indicate that school personnel struggle when they encounter chronic pain problems in the school setting and feel inadequately educated about how to work effectively with students with chronic pain. Improved collaboration between healthcare and school systems is needed and could increase school success (i.e., the ability to attend school and to perform to the best of one’s abilities) for adolescents with chronic pain disorders.
The lesser saphenous vein: Autogenous tissue for lower extremity revascularization

Abstract From December 1980 to December 1985, 54 patients underwent 56 lower extremity arterial procedures with the use of lesser saphenous vein (LSV) as graft material. LSV was used in all cases because a satisfactory greater saphenous vein (GSV) was unavailable to accomplish the proposed revascularization. Indications for operation were rest pain, ulceration, and gangrene (74%), and 26% had claudication alone. Fifty of the 56 procedures were femorotibial and femoroperoneal bypasses. Three graft combinations were used: LSV alone (29), lesser saphenous vein and other autogenous vein composites (LSV/AUTO) (14), and lesser saphenous vein with synthetic composite grafts (LSV/SYN) (13). Graft patency rates were determined by life-table analysis. The 3-year patency rate for LSV was 60% and for LSV/AUTO was 38%. LSV/SYN graft composites had a graft patency rate at 18 months of 21%. These data suggest that the LSV may function as an autogenous venous graft for lower extremity revascularization when sufficient GSV is not available. (J VASC SURG 1987;5:687-92.)
The Growing Paradigm of Preventing Disease: Vaccines To Prevent Herpes Zoster and Pertussis in Adults

Two recent studies have shown that vaccines designed to prevent herpes zoster (shingles) and pertussis are safe and effective. These vaccines expand the growing paradigm of active disease preventio...
Comparison of steam injection cooking versus twin-screw extrusion of pearl cornstarch for encapsulation of chloroacetanilide herbicides

Abstract Liquid chloroacetanilide herbicides were encapsulated more effectively in a 30 mm twin-screw extruder at 35% starch solids than in a steam injection cooking/Sigma blade mixing process. Excellent mixing in the twin-screw extruder allowed the use of a starch level of 65% and provided for more efficient encapsulation. Extruder prepared products had smaller cells of active agent (via SEM), decreased swellability and slower release of active agent into water than steam injection cooked samples. Using liquid metolachlor, swellability of extruded products increased and encapsulation decreased as starch solids were increased from 35% to 65%. After alachlor had been melted at 50°C, injected, and the product extruded, it solidified in the starch matrix and was more effectively encapsulated than metolachlor. Increasing the concentration of active ingredient in the encapsulated product from 10 to 20% decreased swellability, rate of release into water and encapsulation efficiency. When a 57 mm twinscrew extruder was used to scale up the process for continuous production, encapsulation improved if the water content of the extrudates was reduced to below 10% before grinding.
Phytotoxic Activity of Quinones and Resorcinolic Lipid Derivatives

On the basis of the reported phytotoxic activity of sorgoleone and resorcinolic lipids identified from the root extracts of Sorghum bicolor, 8 resorcinolic lipid derivatives and 10 quinones with various side chain sizes were synthesized. The phytotoxicity of the compounds was tested against a monocot and a dicot species. The quinones were phytotoxic, whereas the resorcinolic lipids were not. Of the quinones, 2-hydroxy-5-methoxy-3-pentylcyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-dione, having a five-carbon side chain, showed phytotoxic activity similar to that of natural compound sorgoleone.
HeartWare ventricular assist device placement in a patient with congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries

2. Yoda M, El-Banayosy A, Tenderich G, Koerfer R, Minami K. The CardioWest total artificial heart for chronic heart transplant rejection. Circ J. 2009;73:1167-8. 3. Stehlik J, Edwards LB, Kucheryavaya AY, Benden C, Christie JD, Dobbels F, et al. The Registry of the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation: twenty-eighth adult heart transplant report–2011. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2011;30:1078-94.
The role of advanced diagnostic technology in the selection of a patient with symptomatic but hemodynamically insignificant disease for carotid endarterectomy

Current Level I evidence demonstrates no benefit for carotid endarterectomy in symptomatic patients with
Fibromuscular dysplasia of the internal carotid artery.

Sixty-eight patients underwent 104 operations for symptomatic fibromuscular dysplasia between 1965 and 1977. In 8 of the early operations, the artery was resected and primarily anastomosed or replaced with saphenous vein. The remainder of the patients had graduated dilatation of the carotid artery combined, if necessary, with a bifurcation endarterectomy. Four patients had a contralateral endarterectomy for atherosclerosis. There were no operative deaths. Two patients had neurologic deficits after operation, while 7 had 1 transient ischemic attack or amaurosis in the early postoperative period. The follow-up period extends from 6 months to 12 years. One patient developed a deficit that could be attributed to the carotid artery at the site of the prior dilatation, and 2 patients developed neurologic difficulties secondary to subarachnoid hemorrhage. The exact nature of the disease, its incidence in the community, and the mechanism of symptom production remain unknown. Symptomatic fibromuscular dysplasia is not a benign disorder, and there are no data available to confirm or deny the benefit of medical treatment. Intraluminal dilatation, however, is a safe, durable operation that relieves symptoms and offers prophylaxis against further neurologic sequelae.
A Method for Analyzing Wind Turbine Dynamic Response Test Data

Methode d'analyse des donnees basee sur la representation des series temporelles originelles par une serie temporelle reduite de coefficients de Fourier. Application a deux eoliennes differentes
ASR error detection in a conversational spoken language translation system

Detection of automatic speech recognition (ASR) errors is crucial to preventing their further propagation through statistical machine translation (SMT) in conversational spoken language translation (CSLT) systems. In this paper, we venture beyond traditional features obtained from the ASR decoder and hypothesized word sequence, and explore additional information streams provided by an error-robust CSLT system, including SMT confidence estimates and posteriors from named entity detection (NED). Another significant novelty of this work is the use of an automated word boundary detector based on acoustic-prosodic features to verify the existence of ASR-hypothesized word boundaries, which further improves ASR error detection. Offline evaluation on a test set designed to invoke ASR errors showed that at 10% false alarm rate, the proposed features provide 2.8% absolute (4.2% relative) improvement in detection rate over a state-of-the-art baseline error detector that uses a rich set of features traditionally employed in the existing literature.
The Determinants of High-Technology Exports: A Panel Data Analysis

This paper uses a panel dataset from 1980 to 2008 to examine the determinants of high-technology exports. This research finds evidence that human capital, inflows of foreign direct investments, and openness to international trade are the major factors impacting the performance of a country's high-tech industry in the global market. It also shows that institutions do not have a direct impact on high-tech exports. However, institutions might impact high-tech exports indirectly via their effect on proximate factors such as human capital and inflows of foreign direct investments. This paper also demonstrates that gross capital formation, savings, and macroeconomic volatility have no significant effect on high-tech exports.