cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ultraviolet vision in Ord’s kangaroo rat (Dipodomys ordii)

Knowledge of a species' visual system has far reaching implications that affect our understanding of a species' ecology and evolutionary history. As a model taxon, the heteromyid rodent genus Dipodomys has been valuable in elucidating patterns and mechanisms in biomechanics, ecology, adaptive physiology, biogeography, and more. Although studied extensively, the visual system of Dipodomys has not been described beyond anecdotal mention of their large eyes. Here, the transmittance parameters of the cornea and lens of Ord's kangaroo rat (Dipodomys ordii) were analyzed and photoreceptor proteins (opsins) expressed in the retina were identified with immunohistochemical (IHC) labeling. Retina maps were constructed to illustrate the relative densities of photoreceptor cells expressing short wavelength (SWS1) opsins, middle/long wavelength (MW/LW) opsins, and rhodopsin (RH1). The retina of D. ordii has variable densities of SWS1 opsin with the highest density being ventral to the optic nerve, high density of MW/LW opsin, and uniform distribution and high density of RH1 across the retina. Our results suggest that D. ordii has a UV-sensitive visual system. Composition and densities of MW/LW- and SWS1-expressing cells resemble that of a crepuscular/diurnal species thereby supporting previous authors who have reported such activity patterns. Uniform retinal distribution of RH1 indicates visual acuity at night, also confirming the paradigm of D. ordii as primarily a nocturnal species and suggesting visual acuity at all times of the day in the species. These results demonstrate not only that the species is capable of UV vision and has a retina characteristic of a diurnal mammal, but that many previously unknown photic niche selective advantages likely have shaped the evolution and ecology of this model taxon.
A Defense of Kohut’s “Self”

Stolorow and Atwood have repetitively and insistently criticized Kohut’s theoretical language, saying that the noun “self” is a reification that negates contextual embeddedness. This essay shows th...
The Risk of Progression from Prediabetes to Diabetes in Older Adults Is Low.

Older patients generally will not progress to diabetes; they will either, over an average of 6.5 years, stay at the prediabetic levels or revert to normal levels. If a patient makes it to their mid-70s without a diagnosis of diabetes, it is unlikely to occur.
Olfactory System Morphology Suggests Colony Size Drives Trait Evolution in Odorous Ants (Formicidae: Dolichoderinae)

In social insects colony fitness is determined in part by individual worker phenotypes. Across ant species, colony size varies greatly and is thought to affect worker trait variation in both proximate and ultimate ways. Little is known about the relationship between colony size and worker trait evolution, but hypotheses addressing the role of social structure in brain evolution suggest workers of small-colony species may have larger brains or larger brain regions necessary for complex behaviors. In previous work on odorous ants (Formicidae: Dolichoderinae) we found no correlation between colony size and these brain properties, but found that relative antennal lobe size scaled negatively with colony size. Therefore, we now test whether sensory systems scale with colony size, with particular attention to olfactory components thought to be involved in nestmate recognition. Across three species of odorous ants, Forelius mccooki, Dorymyrmex insanus, and D. bicolor, which overlap in habitat and foraging ecology but vary in colony size, we compare olfactory sensory structures, comparing those thought to be involved in nestmate recognition. We use the visual system, a sensory modality not as important in social communication in ants, as a control comparison. We find that body size scaling largely explains differences in eye size, antennal length, antennal sensilla density, and total number of olfactory glomeruli across these species. However, sensilla basiconica and olfactory glomeruli in the T6 cluster of the antennal lobe, structures known to be involved in nestmate recognition, do not follow body size scaling observed for other structures. Instead, we find evidence from the closely related Dorymyrmex species that the larger colony species, D. bicolor, invests more in structures implicated in nestmate recognition. To test for functional consequences, we compare nestmate and non-nestmate interactions between these two species and find D. bicolor pairs of either type engage in more interactions than D. insaus pairs. Thus, we do not find evidence supporting a universal pattern of sensory system scaling associated with changes in colony size, but hypothesize that observed differences in the olfactory components in two closely related Dorymyrmex species are evidence of a link between colony size and sensory trait evolution.
A Band-Aid fix to a problem that's going to be persistent”: The influence of social place attachment on rural residents' perceptions of natural hazard relief efforts

Abstract Residents in rural communities are more likely to face greater impacts from natural hazards and will likely be burdened by a slower recovery process compared to their non-rural peers. As the number of hurricanes are expected to increase along with catastrophic impacts from climate change, policies are needed to remedy and improve relief efforts of natural hazards, specifically those located in rural, low-income communities. This paper presents a critical review of how rural residents perceive relief efforts from local and federal organizations inside and outside of their communities. The research team conducted 20 structured interviews with individuals heavily impacted by Hurricanes Matthew (2016) and Florence (2018) across four counties in Eastern North Carolina to gauge their level of satisfaction with organizational support. Our findings suggest that residents who have a stronger social place attachment to their community are more likely to look favorably on local non-governmental organizations (NGOs) as compared to federal agencies and national organizations. Emergent policy implications show that local and national organizations would benefit from building relationships with rural residents to assist with reducing communication barriers, especially following a natural hazard.
Rethinking Conflict Resolution: Matching Problems and Solutions

This paper addresses international conflict resolution and the disparity between the number of attempts at resolution and the number of successes. It argues that one flaw in efforts thus far has been a lack of understanding of local actors and motivations, leading to ineffective strategies for resolution. In regions where conflict crosses borders, contributes to the trend of politics, and involves mercenary sub-state actors, traditional methods of resolution may be ineffective. Purveyors of violence have little interest in the powersharing and consensual politics that international actors often try to promote. They also have significant and negative effects on regional stability. This paper further addresses the need to reconsider approaches to conflict resolution, and the significance of taking better account of local circumstances in an effort to construct strategies to address them.
Religious Serpent Handling and Community Relations

Christian serpent handling sects of Appalachia comprise a community that has long been mischaracterized and marginalized by the larger communities surrounding them. To explore this dynamic, this article traces the emergence of serpent handling in Appalachia and the emergence of anti-serpent-handling state laws, which eventually failed to curb the practice, as local communities gave serpent handling groups support. We present two studies to consider for improving community relations with serpent handling sects. In study 1, we present data relating the incidence of reported serpent-bite deaths with the rise of anti-serpent-handling laws and their eventual abatement, based on increasing acceptance of serpent handlers by the larger community. Study 2 presents interview data on serpent bites and death that provide explanations for these events from the cultural and religious perspective. We conclude that first-hand knowledge about serpent handlers, and other marginalized groups, helps to lessen suspicion and allows them to be seen as not much different, which are tendencies that are important for promoting inter-community harmony.
Observations of an ectosymbiotic association between Cambarus bartonii cavatus (Decapoda: Cambaridae) and branchiobdellidans (Annelida: Clitellata) in Cruze Cave, Knox County, Tennessee, USA

0 0 1 94 542 University of Tennessee 4 1 635 14.0 Normal 0 false false false EN-US JA X-NONE Branchiobdellidans, or crayfish worms, are obligate ectosymbionts of freshwater crustaceans, primarily crayfishes (Govedich et al. 2010). Of the approximately 100 nominal branchiobdellidan species in North and Central America, nearly 20 have been reported from caves, eight of which are, to date, known only from caves (Holt 1973; 1984). Despite the apparent common occurrence of branchiobdellidans in North American karst habitats, current knowledge of diversity, host-affiliation, and distribution is limited. In this note, we report new findings of crayfish and associated branchiobdellidans in Cruze Cave, Knox County, Tennessee.
Lexicon for Computer Translation of American Sign Language

This work presents a method for translation of American Sign Language (ASL) to English using a feature-based lexicon, designed to exploit ASL's phonology by searching the lexicon for the sign's manual and non-manual information. Manual sign information consists of phonemes sig (movement), tab (location), dez (handshape), and ori (hand orientation), which we use as the ASL unit of analysis. Non-manual sign information consists of specific facial and body configurations. A camera acquires the sign and individual frames are analyzed and values assigned to the sig, tab, dez, and ori sign parameters as well as other sign features, for referencing during lexical search. ASL formational constraints are exploited to target specific image segments for analysis and linguistic constraints serve to further reduce the lexical search space. Primary keys for lexical search are sig and tab, the most discriminating sign features, followed by the remaining features, as necessary, until a single lexical entry is extracted from the lexicon. If a single lexical candidate cannot be determined, an exception is raised, signaling search failure. This method of using ASL phonological constraints to aid image analysis and lexical search process simplifies the task of sign identification.
On Net Modeling of Industrial Size Concurrent Systems

The paper discusses the modeling of OLTP (On-Line Transaction Processing) using colored Petri nets and the Design/CPN tool. We have performed industrial-sized simulation of tens of thousands of transactions running on databases with millions of records. OLTP applications were chosen because the OLTP workloads emphasize update-intensive database services with up to thousands of concurrent transactions per second. The goal of the experiment was to develop a methodology for the net modeling of OLTP-like applications with respect to the ability of different computer systems to meet the OLTP benchmarks requirements. The effort spent on the successful modeling of such large systems resulted in some methodological conclusions which required us to avoid straightforward approaches to the net modeling and to develop a combined technique of using nets together with embedded programming for simulation and analytical modeling.
Matrix-isolation study of the reaction of H atoms with NO: The infrared spectrum of HNO

Abstract Studies of the reaction with NO in an argon or a nitrogen matrix at 4° or 14°K of H and D atoms produced either photolytically or in a microwave discharge have confirmed the previous identification of the ground-state NO stretching fundamental of HNO and of DNO but have dictated a reassignment of the deformation fundamental of these two species. An absorption at 1153 cm −1 has been assigned as the deformation fundamental of DNO, and evidence is presented suggesting that the deformation fundamental of HNO lies very close to 1500 cm −1 . The assignment of an absorption at 2717 cm −1 as the NH stretching fundamental of HNO and of an absorption at 2043 cm −1 as the corresponding fundamental of DNO is consistent with the previous report of an exceptionally long NH bond for ground-state HNO. Detailed isotopic studies support this revised vibrational assignment, which is shown to be consistent with previous gas-phase studies. The force constants and thermodynamic properties of ground-state HNO derived from the matrix data are presented.
Animal models for the study of adenosine receptor function

Adenosine receptors represent a family of G-protein coupled receptors that are ubiquitously expressed in a wide variety of tissues. This family contains four receptor subtypes: A1 and A3, which mediate inhibition of adenylyl cyclase; and A2a and A2b, which mediate stimulation of this enzyme. Currently, all receptor subtypes have been genetically deleted in mouse models except for the A2b adenosine receptor, and some have been overexpressed in selective tissues of transgenic mice. Studies involving these transgenic mice indicated that receptor levels are rate limiting, as effects were amplified upon increases in receptor level. The knockout models pointed to clusters of activities related to the physiologies of the cardiovascular and the nervous systems, which are either reduced or enhanced upon specific receptor deletion. Interestingly, the trend of effects on these systems is similar in the A1 and A3 adenosine receptor knockout mice and opposite to the effects observed in the A2a adenosine receptor knockout model. This review summarizes in vitro studies on pathways affected by each adenosine receptor, and primarily focuses on the above in vivo models generated to investigate the physiologic role of adenosine receptors. Furthermore, it illustrates the need for multiple adenosine receptor subtype deficiency studies in mice and the deletion of the A2b subtype.
Reactions of SmI2 with Alkyl Halides and Ketones: Inner-Sphere vs Outer-Sphere Electron Transfer in Reactions of Sm(II) Reductants

This paper presents the effect of additives on the mechanism and selectivity of the SmI2-mediated coupling of alkyl halides and ketones. The reaction of 1-iodobutane and 2-octanone was carried out ...
Theoretical Organometallic Chemistry

Organometallic chemists have synthesized a remarkable variety of new structural types. In these structures ligands, which are organic or inorganic molecules of variable independent stability, bind to one or more transition metal atoms. An approach to an understanding of the electronic structure, geometrical preferences, and reactivity of these complexes may be made if the molecule is "decomposed" conceptually into a metal fragment, ML(n), and a ligand. A library of the molecular orbitals of these fragments is becoming available. One then "reconstructs" the molecule by examining the interaction of the orbitals of the ligand, typically an organic molecule, with the orbitals of the ML(n), fragment.
Presynaptic localization of the carboxy-terminus epitopes of the μ opioid receptor splice variants MOR-1C and MOR-1D in the superficial laminae of the rat spinal cord

Abstract Opioids inhibit nociceptive transmission at the level of the spinal cord, possibly through inhibition of neurotransmitter release by presynaptic μ opioid receptors (MORs) thus preventing the activation of ascending pathways and the perception of pain. Most nociceptive primary afferents are unmyelinated fibers containing peptides such as substance P and/or calcitonin gene-related peptide. However, few terminals contain both substance P and MOR. Recently, we identified new carboxy-terminal MOR splice variants that are localized in the superficial laminae of the dorsal horn. We now report the precise cellular distribution of two of these MOR-1 variants, MOR-1C (exon 7/8/9 epitope) and MOR-1D (exon 8/9 epitope), at the ultrastructural level. In the superficial laminae of the dorsal horn, the majority of the labeling of MOR-1C and MOR-1D was found in unmyelinated axons. This distribution contrasts with that of MOR-1 (exon 4 epitope), in which labeling is equally found in dendrites and soma, as well as in axons. The presence of dense core vesicles in many of the MOR-1C-like immunoreactive terminals implies that this splice variant might be involved in presynaptic inhibition of transmitter release from peptide-containing afferents to the dorsal horn. Consistent with this finding, confocal microscopy analyses showed that many MOR-1C profiles in laminae I–II also contained calcitonin gene-related peptide, whereas fewer MOR-1 profiles contained either substance P or calcitonin gene-related peptide in this same region. From these findings we suggest that there are differential distributions of MOR-1 splice variants as well as distinct peptide colocalizations in the dorsal horn.
Information Theoretic Criterion Approach to Dimensionality Reduction in Multinomial Logistic Regression Models: Part II: Some Simulations 1

In Part I, Sambamoorthi(1989), an information theoretic criterion for (1) identification of the rank of the parameter matrix, (2) selection of variables, and (3) collapsibility of response categories in multinomial logistic regression models was proposed. The proposed procedure, a large sample method, gives strongly consistent estimates of the population model for a wide class of criterion functions. In this paper, we report the simulation results of variable selection problem. The criterion functions is a class of functions of the sample size and the number of parameters satisfying some special conditions asymptotically. The simulation results show that extensive search for best criterion function to attain minimum probability of misidentification results in criterion functions for which not only the probability of incorrect identification is almost same as Akaike Information Criterion(AIC) for small sample sizes but also go to zero fast as the sample size increases. This conclusion, probably, upholds th...
Effect of feeding on cerebral blood volume (CBV) in preterm infants. 242

After feeding an increase of enteric blood supply have been observed in neonates. We evaluated the effect of enteral tube feeding on cerebral blood volume in preterm infants.
Benefits of Telehealth across different socio-economic communities

Vital Care Services (VICS) is a Telehealth servicing company which addresses the national healthcare issue by providing cost effective health and wellness solutions to patients through the use of technology. The Telehealth technology is operated by software on commercially produced tablets and is simple to navigate. The cellular tablets relay vital sign measurements, medication reminders, personalized daily questions, and immediate clinical advice which connects patients to a healthcare provider at all times. This paper addresses the benefits of telehealth, in particular if telehealth can improve the quality of care of older adults, expand healthcare access and reduce healthcare costs of older adults in different socio-economic communities (low and high income). In addition to discussing some of the key benefits of telehealth, there is also a focus on how telehealth promotes health-awareness in patients which improves their blood pressure, oxygen saturation and weight. The study was conducted with the assistance of undergraduate students as well as a research grant from the New York City Economic Development Corporation. Participants had their blood pressure, oxygen saturation and weight monitored biweekly by telehealth technician assistants. The conclusions addressed in this paper are drawn from the data collected during the course of the study, as well as various other published studies. The result of this study concludes that telehealth benefits both low and high income retirement communities immensely. The key difference found is that high-income retirement communities already have more access to healthcare; however, telehealth still benefited participants from these communities. Telehealth effectively reduces healthcare costs of older adults by either a telehealth intervention which prevents exacerbated medical emergencies or from fewer doctor visits because participants were able to keep track of and monitor their own vital signs through telehealth. The services of telehealth also provide more access to healthcare, particularly to low-income communities and give older adults the opportunity to improve their overall health.
Quantitative Radiocardiography III. Results and Validation of Theory and Method

The method of quantitative radiocardiography has been applied to the study of cardiac output, right ventricular and pulmonary blood volume in cardiovascular normals, emphysematous subjects, and patients with various types of heart disease. The values of blood flow obtained by means of this technic have been compared with those measured simultaneously by the direct Fick method. A linear correlation has been demonstrated between Q RIHSA and Q Fick , with a regression coefficient of 1.0395 ± 0.0566, when appropriate correction has been made for the contribution of activity in the paracardiac tissues. The principle of the measurement of right ventricular rate of emptying from the fractional decay rate of the precordial counting during the passage of the indicator through the right heart has been validated. The right ventricle behaves essentially as a mixing chamber; a constant fraction of its volume is ejected with each systole. The variability of the emptying rate does not exceed the limits expected on the grounds of statistics of radioactive measurements in normal and in cardiac patients. The significance of the variability observed in emphysematous patients has been discussed. The measured ventricular rates of emptying are reproducible in repeated curves recorded after injection of RIHSA or dissolved Kr 85 ; are little affected by change of the position of the tip of the injecting catheter; or by small changes in the position of the collimator. The right ventricular end-diastolic and residual volumes have been found to average 221 ± 50 ml. and 128 ± 34 ml. respectively, in 18 normal subjects. The calculated pulmonary blood volume in 18 normal subjects averages 313 ± 58 ml./M. 2 The significance of this value and the possible extreme range of error resulting from the method have been assessed.
Constitutively active CCK2 receptor splice variant increases Src-dependent HIF-1α expression and tumor growth

Gastrointestinal (GI) cancers ectopically express multiple splice variants of the cholecystokinin-2 (CCK(2))/gastrin receptor; however, their relative contributions to the cancer phenotype are unknown. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of CCK(2) receptor (CCK(2)R) and CCK(2i4sv)R expression on cell growth both in vitro and in vivo using a human epithelial cell model, HEK239. In vitro, receptor variant expression did not affect cell proliferation either in the absence or presence of agonist. However, in vivo, the expression of CCK(2i4sv)R, but not CCK(2)R, increases HEK293 tumor growth in a constitutive, Src-dependent manner. Enhanced tumorigenicity of CCK(2i4sv)R is associated with an Src-dependent increase in the transcription factor, hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha, its downstream target, vascular endothelial growth factor and tumor micro-vessel density, suggesting that CCK(2i4sv)R may contribute to the growth and spread of GI cancers through agonist-independent mechanisms that enhance tumor angiogenesis.
The scattering of helium atoms from adsorbed layers of molecules on a (001) surface of NaF

Abstract The adsorption behavior of CCl 4 , EtOH and H 2 O molecules on a cleaved (001) surface of NaF has been studied. Ordered layers were observed in the cases of EtOH and H 2 O as was evidenced by many fractional order peaks in the scattering pattern of He atoms. The scattering from a layer of H 2 O molecules was studied in greater detail where the effect of varying several parameters was qualitatively observed. The parameters studied were; degree of adsorption, temperature of deposition and annealing behavior. Further the temperatures of disruption of the layers were followed by observing the fall in height of a fractional order peak or the increase in height of a substrate diffraction peak. Finally, some direct evidence for the diffusion of physisorbed molecules has been obtained.
Generation and Analysis of Mice Carrying an Allelic Series of Mutations at the Fgf8 Locus Demonstrate Requirements for FGF8 During Gastrulation, Limb, Craniofacial, Cardiac and CNS Development • 286

Generation and Analysis of Mice Carrying an Allelic Series of Mutations at the Fgf8 Locus Demonstrate Requirements for FGF8 During Gastrulation, Limb, Craniofacial, Cardiac and CNS Development • 286
Should sliding controls be the next generation of pollution controls

Abstract The desirability of imposing a set of sliding effluent charges is investigated in a stochastic multifirm model that explicitly includes not only emissions, but also a positively valued product and the amount of pollution removed from the effluent before it is emitted. Drawing upon the intuition developed in the literature of comparative economics, it is urgued that if the cost variables are positively correlated across firms, then the best sliding control for each firm closely approximates a quantity standard when many firms are to be regulated. Other possibilities are also considered, and the slope of the best sliding control is suggested in each case.
Simultaneous measurement of ATPase and superprecipitation of myosin B

Abstract A combination is described of two laboratory instruments which simultaneously measures the extent of increasing turbidity and an accompanying enzymic reaction. The instrument consists of a Beckman DU spectrophotometer (serving as a densitometer) and Radiometer Titrator (serving as a pH-stat) which are made to record the progress of the two phenomena on a Texas Instrument dual-channel recorder. The two concomitant phenomena, in this instance, are the superprecipitation of myosin B and the accompanying enzymic dephosphorylation of ATP. Experimental results are presented to demonstrate the efficiency of the instrumentation for quantitating these phenomena.
Epilogue: Support devices for end stage heart failure

The present approach to circulatory assist/replacement devices is to use them as rescue for a patient in shock while awaiting transplant. In the next decade, the paradigm will shift to a more widespread use of such devices in patients without subsequent transplantation. Achievement of the ultimate goals of improved survival and quality of life for patients with advanced heart disease may depend on the strategic use of support devices more frequently than on the total replacement heart.
A Mid-Range Theory of the Interactive Effects of International and Product Diversification on Innovation and Performance

Some research in international management has focused on international diversification as a strategy, while substantial research in strategic management has focused on product diversification. However, corporate strategies may include both product and geographic international diversification components. Furthermore, little theoretical work has linked the interaction of these two strategies to innovation and performance. This paper develops theoretical arguments depicting the interactive effects of international and product diversification in a comprehensive model. The theory presented suggests that international diversification is positively related to both innovation and firm performance, and positively moderates the relationship between product diversification and innovation and performance. The central concept is that innovation is generally facilitated by international diversification, while the general relationship between product diversification and innovation is negative. However, because of the co...
Pseudomodeling of MPEG-based variable-bit-rate video

In this paper, we introduce a novel technique for the modeling of variable-bit-rate MPEG video streams. This technique is designed to aid multimedia systems researchers interested in using real compressed video data to study the systems they are designing without the overhead of having to digitize and compress the video stream multiple times. Our proposed approach differs from current approaches in that it uses an inexpensive non-inter-coded video capture board to digitize the movie data and then statistically generates MPEG data using the captured movie itself. Our model uses a subsample from the digitized data to create a linear regression model of the target video (both quality and frame pattern). Using this linear regression model, our approach statistically generates the target video. We have digitized and compressed 29 hours of constant-quality MPEG video to verify our pseudo-modeling approach and to allow other researchers to verify this model as well.
Case report: Revisiting celiac disease.

Celiac disease (CD) is an autoimmune disorder that causes varying degrees of villous atrophy and chronic malabsorption in genetically predisposed persons. Once considered a rare disease affecting children, younger adults, and persons of European ancestry, CD is increasingly recognized in all demographic groups with a prevalence rate in the United States of almost 1%. We offer an overview of the evaluation and management of CD vis-a-vis the case of a 41-year-old man who was hospitalized after presenting with the classic symptoms of chronic abdominal complaints, diarrhea, iron-deficiency anemia, and weight loss. Celiac disease remains an underdiagnosed condition in the United States, which is unfortunate given the potential treatment with a gluten-free diet.
Lessons for Policing from Moneyball: The Views of Police Managers – A Research Note

Michael Lewis’ book Moneyball demonstrates how Oakland A’s General Manager Billy Beane used research evidence to improve his team’s performance in a cost-effective manner. This presentation focuses upon the responses of police managers attending the Administrative Officer’s Course in the Southern Police Institute at the University of Louisville. The respondents identified three elements of Moneyball that could be applied to police management: 1) using statistical analysis to guide operations, 2) challenging the status quo, and 3) doing more with less.
OPTIMIZATION OF ADAPTIVE-OPTICS SYSTEMS CLOSED-LOOP BANDWIDTH SETTINGS TO MAXIMIZE IMAGING-SYSTEM PERFORMANCE

We present the results of research aimed at optimizing adaptive-optics closed-loop bandwidth settings to maximize imaging-system performance. The optimum closed-loop bandwidth settings are determined as a function of target-object light levels and atmospheric seeing conditions. Our work shows that, for bright objects, the optimum closed-loop bandwidth is near the Greenwood frequency. However, for dim objects without the use of a laser beacon the preferred closed-loop bandwidth settings are a small fraction of the Greenwood frequency. In addition, under low light levels selection of the proper closed-loop bandwidth is more critical for achieving maximum performance than it is under high light levels. We also present a strategy for selecting the closed-loop bandwidth to provide robust system performance for different target-object light levels.
Role of the interface in multicomponent materials

Discussion de la structure de l'interface dans un reseau de polymere interpenetre, de l'activite catalytique d'un agent de couplage silane dans la degradation de la matrice polymere, des differences morphologiques dues a l'interaction charge-matrice, de l'effet de la dimension des particules de matiere charge en relation avec les proprietes mecaniques des composites
Role of antifungal susceptibility testing in patient management.

Purpose of review The review focuses on the evolving role of antifungal susceptibility testing in the clinical management of patients with invasive fungal infections. It will clarify how to clinically interpret available susceptibility testing methods. Recent findings Fluconazole susceptibility testing for yeasts has now shown a relationship between fluconazole resistance and therapeutic failure. Of increasing concern are the reported cases of fluconazole cross-resistance to the newer triazoles. The correlation between amphotericin B and echinocandin susceptibility testing for yeasts, resistance, and outcomes is unknown. Although there are reports of clinical failures with echinocandins, resistance is uncommon and susceptibility testing is unhelpful. Recent findings There are standardized methods of testing for the triazoles and amphotericin B against molds; however, resistance has not been correlated with outcomes due to host and laboratory factors. Knowing the intrinsic resistance of molds to particular antifungals is of greater importance. Posaconazole is a potent new antifungal agent against many difficult-to-treat molds including fusariosis and zygomycosis. Summary Antifungal susceptibility testing of yeasts can assist in treating patients with prior antifungal exposure in determining resistance or cross-resistance. Mold susceptibility testing is of limited clinical benefit, while posconazole is an exciting new agent for treating difficult invasive fungal infections.
An algorithm for the discrete bilevel programming problem

The bilevel programming problem (BLPP) is an example of a two-stage, noncooperative game in which the first player can influence but not control the actions of the second. This article addresses the linear formulation and presents a new algorithm for solving the zero-one case. We begin by converting the leader's objective function into a parameterized constraint, and then attempt to solve the resultant problem. This produces a candidate solution that is used to find a point in the BLPP feasible reagion. Incremental improvements are sought, which ultimately lead to a global optimum. An example is presented to highlight the computations and to demonstrate some basic characteristics of the solution. Computational experience indicates that the algorithm is capable of solving problems with up to 50 variables in a reasonable amount of time.
Nanoscale patterning controls inorganic-membrane interface structure

The ability to non-destructively integrate inorganic structures into or through biological membranes is essential to realizing full bio-inorganic integration, including arrayed on-chip patch-clamps, drug delivery, and biosensors. Here we explore the role of nanoscale patterning on the strength of biomembrane–inorganic interfaces. AFM measurements show that inorganic probes functionalized with hydrophobic bands with thicknesses complimentary to the hydrophobic lipid bilayer core exhibit strong attachment in the bilayer. As hydrophobic band thickness increases to 2–3 times the bilayer core the interfacial strength decreases, comparable to homogeneously hydrophobic probes. Analytical calculations and molecular dynamics simulations predict a transition between a ‘fused’ interface and a ‘T-junction’ that matches the experimental results, showing lipid disorder and defect formation for thicker bands. These results show that matching biological length scales leads to more intimate bio-inorganic junctions, enabling rational design of non-destructive membrane interfaces.
Inkjet-Printed RFID Tags on Paper-based Substrates for UHF "Cognitive Intelligence" Applications

In this paper, an overview of novel design and integration approaches for improved performance UHF radio frequency identification (RFID) tags with embedded power source and sensing capability is presented. Ultra-low-cost organic substrates, such as paper, with inkjet-printing capability are investigated for the UHF frequency band. The proposed technology could potentially revolutionize sensor nodes and RFID tags for various applications such as security, logistics, automotive and pharmaceutical.
Toxicologic studies on the avicide 3-chloro-p-toluidine

Abstract 3-Chloro- p -toluidine (3-CPT) [also known as 3-chloro-4-methylaniline (3-CMA)] induces methemoglobinemia when given in lethal doses to mice and rats, but not when given to chickens. Death in laboratory rodents, however, appears to be unrelated to the methemoglobinemia. Peak concentrations of methemoglobin were lower than those generated by other compounds such as sodium nitrite or p -aminopropiophenone. Peak values were reached within the first hour but death occurred after several hours in rats, or several days in mice, when circulating methemoglobin concentrations declined toward normal. Methylene blue attenuated the methemoglobinemic response to 3-CPT, but increased the mortality. Hyperbaric oxygen increased methemoglobin concentrations after 3-CPT, but had no effect on mortality. Pretreatment with α-naphthylisothiocyanate (ANIT) decreased methemoglobin concentrations in mice after 3-CPT, but had no effect on mortality. Mortality in mice after 3-CPT was increased by cold stress or contemporaneous administration of Dial-Urethan. A profound and persistent hypothermia in mice and rats occurred after 3-CPT, and mice showed a dramatic but transient decrease in pulmonary ventilation. Elevated ambient temperatures partially blocked the hypothermic response, but, at least in mice, warming did not prevent death. Blood concentrations of 3-CPT in fatally poisoned mice appeared to decrease linearly with time. The half-life was estimated as 6.6 hr. Low concentrations of methemoglobin persisted for at least 24 hrs, after which time Heinz bodies were found in peripheral erythrocytes. Rats appeared to be more sensitive to 3-CPT than mice, and in contrast to the latter exhibited a significant hemoconcentration. In species resistant to 3-CPT-methemoglobinemia, death appears to be due to an uncharacterized blocking of energy metabolism.
The Appearance of Vortices in the Flow of Helium II Between Rotating Cylinders

We argue that the appearance of quantized vortices in laminar Taylor-Couette flow of helium II is a problem for which free energy minimization should give valid results even in the presence of dissipation. We (approximately) reduce the problem to an equivalent problem in solid-body rotation, for which the solution for the low-lying states has been obtained by Fetter. We then use approximations to the solution for solid-body rotation to predict the appearance of vortices for the general Taylor-Couette problem. These results compare moderately well with the existing data, which now seem relatively incomplete.
Reviewing Meetings in TeamSpace

ABSTRACT A number of prototype meeting capture applications have been created in the past decade, yet relatively little research has focused on the review and long-term use of real captured meeting information. To that end, we have implemented a system called TeamSpace for capturing and reviewing general meetings. In this article, we describe the long-term deployment of TeamSpace to a university research group, along with a pseudo-controlled study involving the same group of users and their meetings. We gained a detailed understanding of the behavioral patterns involved in reviewing meeting content and how to improve on the experience. Our evaluations also demonstrate several of the barriers and challenges in realizing the potential benefits of meeting capture.
The effect of glove contamination on the bond strength of resin to enamel

Over the past twenty years infection control protocol has evolved and use of gloves is now mandatory. Practitioners have become aware of potential interactions between the latex gloves and many of the dental material used as well as the potential for contamination from the gloves. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the shear bond strength of bonded restorations to enamel of uncontaminated and contaminated resin adhesive with powder free and powdered latex gloves. The results of the study demonstrated that the resin bonding agent that was in contact with either powdered or non- powdered latex gloves did not have a significant effect on the shear bond strength of the bonded restoration.
Corticosteroids in treatment of serious decompression sickness

Although high-dose corticosteroids have been widely recommended as an adjunctive measure in the treatment of serious decompression sickness, there are few objective data to support their efficacy in this disease. An unusual case of neurological decompression sickness which seemed to demonstrate a therapeutic response to steroids independent of recompression is presented. The various manifestations of decompression sickness and the effectiveness of delayed treatment are discussed.
Corrosion behavior of nitrogen implanted aluminum

Abstract Pure (99.999%) aluminum has been implanted with nitrogen using a plasma source ion implantation process. A glow discharge plasma and a 50 kV bias were used to achieve a retained dose of ∼ 10 18 N-at/cm 2 . Some samples were Ar sputter-cleaned prior to nitrogen implantation. Auger depth profiling and TEM analysis indicated a stoichiometric AlN layer about 150 nm thick formed on the surface as a result of the nitrogen implantation process. Potentiodynamic corrosion tests performed in 3.5 wt% NaCl solution (seawater) indicated that nitrogen implantation gave pure aluminum improved corrosion resistance. Without argon sputter-cleaning, nitrogen implanted samples exhibited insulating behavior to the extent of completely suppressing the corrosion current. Sputter-cleaned and nitrogen implanted samples did not exhibit the insulating behavior, but still provided a reduction in the corrosion current and a more noble corrosion potential. This work shows that a significant modification of the corrosion resistance of pure aluminum can be accomplished using a nitrogen plasma source ion implantation process.
Overcoming Memory Limitations in Rule Learning

Adults, infants, and other species are able to learn and generalize abstract patterns from sequentially presented stimuli. Rule learning of this type may be involved in children's acquisition of linguistic structure, but the nature of the mechanisms underlying these abilities is unknown. While inferences regarding the capabilities of these mechanisms are commonly made based on the pattern of successes and failures in simple artificial-language rule-learning tasks, failures may be driven by memory limitations rather than intrinsic limitations on the kinds of computations that learners can perform. Here we show that alleviating memory constraints on adult learners through concurrent visual presentation of stimuli allowed them to succeed in learning regularities in three difficult artificial rule-learning experiments where participants had previously failed to learn via sequential auditory presentation. These results suggest that memory constraints, rather than intrinsic limitations on learning, may be a par...
Effects of Ca2+, Mg2+, and depolarizing agents, on the 32Pi-labeling and degradation of phosphatidylinositols in rat brain synaptosomes.

In isolated synaptosomes from rat brain, 100 μM antimycin A and 10 μM oxamic acid inhibit the32Pi-labeling of phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) and phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate (PIP) by 90% and 95–99% respectively. 10 mM sodium fluoride inhibits the labeling by 50–60% and 10 mM A23187 inhibits the labeling by 63–70%. Phospholipase A2 inhibits the labeling of PIP2 and PIP by 93–94% and stimulates their degradation by 84–92%. Depolarization of synaptosomes with 75 mM K+ or 100 μM veratrine decreases the labeling of PIP2 and PIP by 66–74%. The decreased labeling results in large part from the Ca2+-dependent degradation of32P-labeled PIP2 and PIP as shown by pulse-chase experiments in which PIP2 and PIP were prelabeled with32Pi. Depolarization of synaptosomes results in the stimulation of45Ca2+ uptake with the concomitant hydrolysis of PIP and PIP2. Addition of 1 mM Ca2+ accounts for 25% of the enhanced degradation whereas depolarization with 75 mM K+ accounts for 75% of the enhanced degradation of PIP2 and PIP. Depolarization with 100 mM veratrine results in a 223% increase in inositol trisphosphate as evidenced by stimulation of45Ca2+ uptake. EGTA (10mM) and Mg2+ (5–10 mM) inhibit the degradation of PIP and PIP2 and counteract the action of 1 mM Ca2+. Our data demonstrate that45Ca2+, Mg2+, and membrane depolarization play an important role in the turnover of membrane phosphatidylinositols.
The Experiential Consultation Training Model

The Experiential Consultation Training Model (ECTM) provides students an opportunity to develop and practice consultation skills through real-life experiences in actual professional settings. The authors present the structure, process, and evaluation methods of the ECTM and discuss practical applications for counselor education.
Regularities in the composition of pentose nucleic acids.

SINCE the time when they were first proposed1, certain regularities characteristic of deoxypentose nucleic acids in general, regardless of source and composition, have become well established2. The sum of total purine nucleotides equals that of the pyrimidine nucleotides, and the molar ratios of adenine to thymine and of guanine to cytosine (or its analogues) are 1. We wish to report here experimental observations which indicate that similar regularities occur in pentose nucleic acids, with uracil taking the place of thymine.
Controlling Particle Size of a Poorly Water-Soluble Drug Using Ultrasound and Stabilizers in Antisolvent Precipitation

The objective of this work was to develop a better understanding of a potentially scalable, liquid antisolvent (LAS) precipitation process, for the preparation of stable aqueous suspensions of ultrafine particles of poorly water-soluble active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). A novel combination of jets, ultrasound, polymers, and surfactants was used for the precipitation and stabilization of ultrafine particles of griseofulvin (GF). Use of ultrasound and high stream velocities enhances micromixing, whereas addition of polymers/surfactants inhibits/lowers the particle growth. A combination of ultrasound, high jet velocities, and stabilizers decreased the GF particle size to 1.04 μm (±0.46 μm) from 30.8 μm (±14.2 μm), when none of the treatments were used. A rational understanding was developed for predicting process performance and selecting suitable particle growth inhibitors/stabilizers. Favorable process conditions and combinations of polymer and surfactants were also identified experimentally for th...
On the numerical implementation of variational arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian (VALE) formulations

This paper is concerned with the implementation of variational arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian formulations, also known as variational r-adaption methods. These methods seek to minimize the energy function with respect to the finite-element mesh over the reference configuration of the body. We propose a solution strategy based on a viscous regularization of the configurational forces. This procedure eliminates the ill-posedness of the problem without changing its solutions, i.e. the minimizers of the regularized problems are also minimizers of the original functional. We also develop strategies for optimizing the triangulation, or mesh connectivity, and for allowing nodes to migrate in and out of the boundary of the domain. Selected numerical examples demonstrate the robustness of the solution procedures and their ability to produce highly anisotropic mesh refinement in regions of high energy density.