cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Risk of Decline in Functional Activities in Dementia With Lewy Bodies and Alzheimer Disease

We examined the risk of 1-year decline in 4 everyday activities in patients with dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), relative to patients with Alzheimer disease (AD). Data were from the National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center, gathered from 32 Alzheimer's Disease Centers. Participants (n=1880) were: aged 60+ years, demented with a primary clinical diagnosis of probable AD or DLB, and had a global Clinical Dementia Rating of 0.5 to 2. The activities were measured with the Functional Activities Questionnaire. In modified Poisson regression models adjusted for demographics, baseline activity, years from symptom onset, cognitive impairment, and comorbidities; DLB participants aged 67 to 81 years had 1.5 to 2 times increased risk of decline in performing basic kitchen tasks, engaging in games/hobbies, and paying attention/understanding, relative to AD participants of the same age (P<0.05). There was no significant difference between AD and DLB participants beyond this age range. For decline in ability to go shopping alone, there was also no significant difference between AD and DLB participants. In summary, the functional course of DLB, relative to AD, may depend on the age of the patient. These findings may provide anticipatory guidance to families and healthcare providers, which may be useful in the planning of care strategies.
Developmental expression of somatostatin in mouse brain. II. In situ hybridization

The distribution and the levels of expression of preprosomatostatin (PPSOM) mRNA were examined during pre- and postnatal development of the mouse brain using the in situ hybridization technique. The signal obtained by in situ hybridization of embryonic tissues at day 14 and day 17 of gestation was highest over the neurons of the pyriform cortex, amygdala, and entopeduncular nucleus. The signal was very low over cells of the neocortex and the developing hippocampal formation. The density of grains overlying the neurons of the amygdala and pyriform cortex continued to be high during early postnatal life, but decreased as the animals became adults. A progressive increase of PPSOM mRNA expression was observed in postnatal animals in the stratum oriens and dentate gyrus of the hippocampal formation. In the cerebral cortex and striatum, the number of these neurons became maximal between postnatal weeks 1 and 3. In the diencephalon, the highest densities of grains were found over neurons in the nucleus reticularis thalami and zona incerta at postnatal day 21; these levels declined slightly thereafter. The cells of the periventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus had high densities of grains as early as postnatal week 1 and continued to have high densities of grains in adult animals. These patterns of hybridization density parallelled the distribution of SOM-like immunoreactivity in the mouse brain. When PPSOM mRNA expression was examined in the cerebral cortices of mice that received lesions of the nucleus basalis of Meynert as neonates, a transient increase in the number of cells expressing PPSOM mRNA was observed in the frontoparietal cortex ipsilateral to the lesion at postnatal day 10, but not at postnatal day 30. Importantly, the density of grains over the individual cells was not altered in lesioned animals at these two ages.
Evaluation of Cell Culture Methods for Detection of Largemouth Bass Virus

Abstract Largemouth bass virus (LMBV), a recently discovered iridovirus found in the eastern United States, is usually detected by isolation in cell culture. Although LMBV will replicate in several cell lines, optimal cell culture methods for the detection of this virus have not been determined. We tested inoculation method, adsorption time, incubation temperature, and various cell lines to determine the conditions that would provide the most sensitive cell culture assay for LMBV. The optimal inoculation procedure tested was to remove the culture medium from the culture well before the addition of the inoculum, and the optimal adsorption procedure tested was to allow the virus to adsorb for 40 min while the plates were on an orbital shaker. Following inoculation, incubation at 30°C resulted in a higher number of viral plaques than incubation at 25°C or 32°C. Four cell lines (bluegill fry (BF-2), fathead minnow (FHM), epithelioma papulosum cyprini, and channel catfish ovary cells) inoculated with LMBV had ...
Asymptotic improvement of supervised learning by utilizing additional unlabeled samples: normal mixture density case

The effect of additional unlabeled samples in improving the supervised learning process is studied in this paper. Three learning processes. supervised, unsupervised, and combined supervised-unsupervised, are compared by studying the asymptotic behavior of the estimates obtained under each process. Upper and lower bounds on the asymptotic covariance matrices are derived. It is shown that under a normal mixture density assumption for the probability density function of the feature space, the combined supervised-unsupervised learning is always superior to the supervised learning in achieving better estimates. Experimental results are provided to verify the theoretical concepts.
Associations of cardiorespiratory fitness and parental history of diabetes with risk of type 2 diabetes

Abstract Aims We examined the independent and joint associations of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and parental diabetes history on type 2 diabetes risk. Methods A cohort of 11,627 individuals aged 20–79 years was free of baseline diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. We measured CRF using a maximal treadmill exercise test, and parental diabetes by a medical history questionnaire. Results During an average 5.5 year follow-up, 572 cases of type 2 diabetes occurred. Compared with the least fit 20%, the multivariate hazard ratio (HR) (95% CI) was 0.59 (0.43–0.83) for the middle fit 40%, and 0.53 (0.38–0.75) for the high fit 40%. Those with parental diabetes had a 1.40-fold higher risk for developing type 2 diabetes. In combined analyses using fit, no parental diabetes as the referent, unfit with no parental diabetes was 1.79 (95% CI 1.25–2.57) times more likely to develop type 2 diabetes, while the risk with parental diabetes was 1.41 (95% CI 1.12–1.78) and 2.37 (95% CI 1.25–4.49) times higher in the fit and unfit, respectively. Conclusions While high CRF did not fully attenuate the risk of diabetes associated with parental diabetes, being fit reduces diabetes risk regardless of parental history.
Coordinated session-based admission control with statistical learning for multi-tier internet applications

Popular Internet applications deploy a multi-tier architecture, with each tier provisioning a certain functionality to its preceding tier. In this paper, we address a challenging issue, session-based admission control for peak load management for multi-tier Internet applications. The session-based admission control approach (SBAC) designed for a single Web server is not effective for a multi-tier architecture. This is due to the fact that the bottleneck in a multi-tier website dynamically shifts among tiers as client access patterns change. Admission control based on only the bottleneck tier is not efficient as different sessions impose different resource consumptions at the different tiers. First, we propose a multi-tier measurement based admission control (MBAC), which pro-actively accepts different session mixes based on the utilization state of all tiers. More importantly, we design a coordinated session-based admission control approach (CoSAC) based on a machine learning technique. It uses a Bayesian network to correlate the states of all tiers. The probability with which a session is admitted is determined by the probabilistic inference of the network after applying the evidence in terms of utilization and processing time at each tier to the network. We compare CoSAC with MBAC and a Blackbox approach tailored from SBAC, using the industry standard TPC-W benchmark in a typical three-tier e-commerce website. Experimental results demonstrate the superior performance of CoSAC with respect to the effective session throughput.
Apex sector echocardiography in evaluation of the right atrium in patients with mitral stenosis and atrial septal defect.

Abstract Cross-sectional echocardiography utilizing the four chamber apical view was used to evaluate right atrial dimensions as a means of detecting abnormal right heart hemodynamics in 20 patients with mitral stenosis, 5 patients with an atrial septal defect and 10 patients without heart disease. Right and left atrial dimensions on apex echocardiography were 40 mm or less in control subjects. There was a good correlation ( r = 0.81) between left atrial size assessed with apex sector and M mode echocardiography. In patients with an atrial septal defect, the left atrium was of normal size on apex sector echocardiography; in patients with mitral stenosis, it was larger on apex echocardiography (59 ± 9 mm) than on M mode echocardiography (51 ± 8 mm). The right atrium was enlarged (54 ± 5 mm) on apex echocardiography in all five patients with an atrial septal defect, but the right ventricle was enlarged in only four. Seventeen of 20 patients with mitral stenosis had an enlarged right atrium (53 ± 7 mm) on apex echocardiography, whereas 15 had normal right ventricular dimensions (21 ± 9 mm) on M mode echocardiography. Right atrial size on apex echocardiography was enlarged (54 ± 6 mm) in 10 of 11 patients with mitral stenosis and pulmonary arterial hypertension. Thus, evaluation of the right atrial dimension with apex echocardiography may be more sensitive than M mode echocardiography in detecting early right heart involvement in specific cardiac conditions.
Rapid endo-lysosomal escape of poly(dl-lactide-co-glycolide) nanoparticles: implications for drug and gene delivery

The endo-lysosomal escape of drug carriers is crucial to enhancing the efficacy of their macromolecular payload, especially the payloads that are susceptible to lysosomal degradation. Current vectors that enable the endo-lysosomal escape of macromolecules such as DNA are limited by their toxicity and by their ability to carry only limited classes of therapeutic agents. In this paper, we report the rapid (<10 min) endo-lysosomal escape of biodegradable nanoparticles (NPs) formulated from the copolymers of poly(DL-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA). The mechanism of rapid escape is by selective reversal of the surface charge of NPs (from anionic to cationic) in the acidic endo-lysosomal compartment, which causes the NPs to interact with the endo-lysosomal membrane and escape into the cytosol. PLGA NPs are able to deliver a variety of therapeutic agents, including macromolecules such as DNA and low molecular weight drugs such as dexamethasone, intracellularly at a slow rate, which results in a sustained therapeutic effect. PLGA has a number of advantages over other polymers used in drug and gene delivery including biodegradability, biocompatibility, and approval for human use granted by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Hence PLGA is well suited for sustained intracellular delivery of macromolecules.
Gorsky-Bragg-Williams approach to the study of long-period superlattice phases in binary alloys.

The influence of the shape of the reciprocal-space potential on the relative stability of long-period superlattice (LPS) phases in binary alloys is discussed in a Gorsky-Bragg-Williams approximation. First, for a certain class of LPS phases, the set of pair interaction parameters is reduced to a smaller set of parameters which characterize only the essential aspects of the reciprocal-space potential. Minimization of the free energy for different LPS phases is then used to extract some general tendencies, such as the change of wave vector towards the potential minimum (with increasing temperature) and the increasing stability of complex phases with deepening of the potential minimum.
Cancer Screening Using Multi-modal Differential Principal Orthogonal Decomposition

Signatures of a cancer may be encrypted in DNA microarrays, and once found, can be used for diagnoses. The standard Principal Orthogonal Decomposition (POD) method has been used to effectively detect liver and bladder cancers. Supporting work demonstrated feasibility of detecting leukemia and colon cancer via extending the standard POD to use principal features extracted from cancer and healthy sets as input to Support Vector Machine (SVM). In this study, we improved screening performances with inclusion of multiple dominant extracted modes from both cancer and healthy samples. We also investigate the efficacy of combining gene expressions with their derivative information to improve the accuracy of disease detection from previous work. We report sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy from classifications using extended POD with SVM trained with weighted projections onto multiple modes extracted from cancer and normal gene expressions and their derivatives. This is equivalent to mining not only the resembling features, but also the behavioral features. By using multiple modes, classification and prediction can be more distinctively definitive. We found that, in many cases, our new approach using multi-modal POD tends to improve cancer-screening accuracy.
Ethnography and psychoanalysis

This methodological essay describes and advocates using certain psychoanalytic techniques for ethnography. It focuses on the self analysis of the ethnographer using evenly hovering attention, dream analysis, and free association. It presents an argument that using those techniques enhances the goal of ethnography as a human science and of social research. Fear of crime serves as a point of departure for the methodological argument. Finally, it links psychoanalytic ethnography to a fractal model of society and the self with reference to C. S. Peirce’s theory of semiotics as a link between the individual and society.
Silencing E1A mRNA by RNA interference inhibits adenovirus replication

The adenovirus family contains 51 human serotypes, and most human adenoviruses cause widespread respiratory tract infections. Adenovirus infections can result in severe complications in some cases, such as in adenovirus type 11 infection in immunocompromised patients. However, effective treatment methods for adenovirus infections are currently unavailable. This prompted the search for antiviral agents effective against adenovirus infections. In the present study, adenovirus E1A was targeted by RNA interference (RNAi) using synthetic small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) in an attempt to inhibit viral replication, since adenovirus E1A proteins are known to be involved in the transcriptional activation of the viral and cellular genes necessary for controlling the cell cycle and viral replication. The results indicated that the siRNAs effectively reduced the amount of adenovirus E1A mRNA and the levels of replicative intermediates. Additionally, siRNA-mediated gene silencing inhibited adenovirus replication by suppressing the E1A mRNA. These results suggest that the RNAi-mediated targeting of adenovirus E1A may have a potentially therapeutic effect in controlling adenovirus infections.
Toll-like receptor (TLR) expression of immune system cells from metastatic breast cancer patients with circulating tumor cells.

Abstract The risk posed by breast cancer represents a complex interaction among factors affecting tumor immunity of the host. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are members of the innate immune system and generally function to attract host immune cells upon activation. However, the good intentions of TLRs are sometimes not transferred to positive long-term effects, due to their involvement in exacerbating inflammatory effects and even contributing to continued inflammation. Chronic inflammatory states are considered to favor an increased predisposition to cancer, with continuous activation of inflammatory cytokines and other hallmarks of inflammation exerting a deleterious effect. Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are neoplastic cells present in the peripheral blood circulation that have been found to be an indicator of disease progression and long-term survival. In the present study, we examined the expression of TLRs on dendritic cells, which play a major role in eliciting anti-tumor immunity, in metastatic breast cancer patients with CTCs. Flow cytometric data showed significant differences between circulating tumor cell (CTC) positive patients and CTC negative patients in their expression of TLR2 by CD8 positive cytotoxic T cells and TLR2, TLR4, TLR3, and TLR8 by CD11c positive dendritic cells (p
The myth makers and wreckers: Syndicated and non-syndicated sports columnists at 103 metro newspapers

Abstract This 1994 national newspaper investigation on sports columnists is the first-ever of its kind. It identifies 43 syndicated and 88 non-syndicated sports columnists writing opinion at 103 metropolitan newspapers with circulations in excess of 100,000. It compares each group's ranking of news sources for writing daily columns through discriminant analysis. A principal factor analysis classifies the news sources into three dimensions the investigator named ‘Administrative,’ ‘Opinionated,’ and ‘Influential.’ The 131 sports columnists in this study also provide their perspective about the business today as it relates to the changing nature of ‘sport’ in our contemporary society.
Knowledge discovery in a microarray data warehouse

Transcriptional profiling via DNA microarrays allows parallel surveys of patterns of gene expression across the human genome under a wide range of cellular responses, phenotypes and conditions. Effective data mining requires placing gene expression data in its proper genomic and phenotypic context. In this paper, we describe the design and implementation of a microarray data warehouse that actively incorporates biological knowledge with gene expression data thereby facilitating knowledge discovery.
ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF THE CDNA ENCODING BKLF/TEF-2, A MAJOR CACCC-BOX-BINDING PROTEIN IN ERYTHROID CELLS AND SELECTED OTHER CELLS

CACCC boxes are among the critical sequences present in regulatory elements of genes expressed in erythroid cells, as well as in selected other cell types. While an erythroid cell-specific CACCC-box-binding protein, EKLF, has been shown to be required in vivo for proper expression of the adult beta-globin gene, it is dispensable for the regulation of several other globin and nonglobin erythroid cell-expressed genes. In the work described here, we searched for additional CACCC-box transcription factors that might be active in murine erythroid cells. We identified a major gel shift activity (termed BKLF), present in yolk sac and fetal liver erythroid cells, that could be distinguished from EKLF by specific antisera. Through relaxed-stringency hybridization, we obtained the cDNA encoding BKLF, a highly basic, novel zinc finger protein that is related to EKLF and other Kruppel-like members in its DNA-binding domain but unrelated elsewhere. BKLF, which is widely but not ubiquitously expressed in cell lines, is highly expressed in the midbrain region of embryonic mice and appears to correspond to the gel shift activity TEF-2, a transcriptional activator implicated in regulation of the simian virus 40 enhancer and other CACCC-box-containing regulatory elements. Because BKLF binds with high affinity and preferentially over Sp1 to many CACCC sequences of erythroid cell expressed genes, it is likely to participate in the control of many genes whose expression appears independent of the action of EKLF.
Effect of process conditions on the physical and sensory properties of extruded oat-corn puff

ABSTRACT: The effect of processing variables, including screw speed (200,300, and 400 rpm), moisture content (18, 19.5, and 21%), and four different percentages (55,70,85, and 100%) of oat flour, on the extrudate physical properties (expansion, bulk density, and texture profiles) and sensory properties were studied. Increasing the percentage of oat flour resulted in extrudates with a lower specific length, higher bulk density, lower lightness, higher redness, lower yellowness, higher hardness, and lower springiness, gumminess, and chewiness. Higher moisture content reduced expansion, except for the 100% oat flour puffs. Screw speed had no significant effect on the bulk density, specific length, and expansion ratio. Principal Component Analysis showed that decreasing moisture content and increasing screw speed resulted in increased product temperature, which was highly correlated with attributes of a more expanded product such as lightness, crispness, shininess, and an open cell structure. With a higher screw speed and a higher product temperature, corn-related flavors were more likely to develop. High correlations between physical and sensory properties were observed.
The impact of retirement wealth upon portfolio composition of individuals

Abstract This study uses time series data to consider the effect of retirement wealth upon individuals' portfolio composition. When home equity is regarded as retirement wealth or a consumption good, retirement wealth is negatively correlated with the percentage of intermediate-term bonds, long-term bonds, and equities in individual portfolios. The relationship remains significant for long-term bonds and equities when individuals' holdings are regressed on retirement wealth and other macroeconomic variables. A similar but less significant relationship exists when home equity is regarded as a financial asset. Elasticity estimates for these assets suggest changes in retirement wealth can have significant impact on individual portfolio holdings.
HESR1/CHF2 suppresses VEGFR2 transcription independent of binding to E-boxes

The bHLH transcription factor HESR1 (CHF2) acts downstream of notch to regulate cardiovascular development and angiogenesis, at least in part through down-regulation of the VEGF receptor, VEGFR2. Surprisingly, we find that HESR1 interacts with the promoter in endothelial cells (EC) not through direct binding to the E-boxes, but through intermediary interactions with GC-box-binding proteins. The bHLH and orange domains of HESR1 are sufficient for repression in EC, likely through recruitment of co-repressors, however, the C-terminal YRPW motif is not required. The VEGFR2 promoter contains a functional initiator element but no TATA box, however, addition of a TATA sequence renders the promoter resistant to inhibition by HESR1. In agreement with this finding, the NrCAM, TK, and CMV promoters, which have TATA boxes, cannot be repressed. Thus, HESR1 represses VEGFR2 through interactions with SP-1-like factors and requires an Inr element in the absence of a TATA box. Our findings illuminate an important mechanism for notch/HESR1 regulation of VEGF-induced angiogenesis.
Changes in Connective Tissue Histology in Freeze‐Thaw Cycled and Refrigerated Pork Liver

Alterations in the connective tissue of pork liver during storage were examined histologically. The connective tissue outlining the lobule of pork liver was apparently unaltered during refrigerated storage (R-S), but showed extensive crimping or waviness during freeze-thaw (F-T) cycling. Intralobular connective tissue (reticulin) disappeared during R-S but was still visible after six F-T cycles. The existence of a proteolytic enzyme active against Type III collagen at refrigerator temperatures but irreversibly inactivated by freezing was postulated.
Thermomechanical behavior of rubberlike materials

A simple form of nonisothermal free energy function A(λ1, λ2, λ3, T) for rubberlike materials results from postulating that the entropy is a separable symmetric function of the extension ratios λi along the principal strain directions and considering the fundamental properties of rubberlike materials, i.e., that rubber elasticity is associated primarily with changes in entropy and the variation of elastic tension with changes in temperature is linear. The explicit representation of A is reduced to the Valanis-Landel strain energy function for isothermal cases.
Prediction of Immiscibility Boundaries of the Systems K2O-SiO2, K2O-Li20-SiO2, K20-Na2O-Si02, and K2O-BaO-SiO2

In earlier work, a prediction method of the immiscibility boundary of a ternary silicate glass system was developed involving two known binary immiscibility boundaries and a measured immiscibility temperature of one ternary glass composition. In the present work, the method is extended to the case where one of the two binary immiscibility boundaries is not known and is applied as an example to ternary silicate systems containing K2O. First, the immiscibility boundary of the system K2O-SiO2 is estimated by measuring the immiscibility temperatures of three glasses in the system K2O-Li2O (or Na2O)-SiO2. Using this result the immiscibility boundaries of the systems K2O-Li2O-SiO2, K2O-Na2O-SiO2, and K2O-BaO-SiO2 are estimated. The results agree reasonably well with the experimentally determined immiscibility temperatures at selected compositions.
Dual effects of single-walled carbon nanotubes coupled with near-infrared radiation on Bacillus anthracis spores: inactivates spores and stimulates the germination of surviving spores

Bacillus anthracis is a pathogen that causes life-threatening disease--anthrax. B. anthracis spores are highly resistant to extreme temperatures and harsh chemicals. Inactivation of B. anthracis spores is important to ensure the environmental safety and public health. The 2001 bioterrorism attack involving anthrax spores has brought acute public attention and triggered extensive research on inactivation of B. anthracis spores. Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) as a class of emerging nanomaterial have been reported as a strong antimicrobial agent. In addition, continuous near infrared (NIR) radiation on SWCNTs induces excessive local heating which can enhance SWCNTs’ antimicrobial effect. In this study, we investigated the effects of SWCNTs coupled with NIR treatment on Bacillus anthracis spores. The results showed that the treatment of 10 μg/mL SWCNTs coupled with 20 min NIR significantly improved the antimicrobial effect by doubling the percentage of viable spore number reduction compared with SWCNTs alone treatment (88% vs. 42%). At the same time, SWCNTs-NIR treatment activated the germination of surviving spores and their dipicolinic acid (DPA) release during germination. The results suggested the dual effect of SWCNTs-NIR treatment on B. anthracis spores: enhanced the sporicidal effect and stimulated the germination of surviving spores. Molecular level examination showed that SWCNTs-NIR increased the expression levels (>2-fold) in 3 out of 6 germination related genes tested in this study, which was correlated to the activated germination and DPA release. SWCNTs-NIR treatment either induced or inhibited the expression of 3 regulatory genes detected in this study. When the NIR treatment time was 5 or 25 min, there were 3 out of 7 virulence related genes that showed significant decrease on expression levels (>2 fold decrease). The results of this study demonstrated the dual effect of SWCNTs-NIR treatment on B. anthracis spores, which enhanced the sporicidal effect and stimulated the germination of surviving spores. SWCNTs-NIR treatment also altered the expression of germination, regulatory, and virulence-related genes in B. anthracis.
The role of multidimensional attentional abilities in academic skills of children with ADHD

Despite reports of academic difficulties in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), little is known about the relationship between performance on tests of academic achievement and measures of attention. The current study assessed intellectual ability, parent-reported inattention, academic achievement, and attention in 45 children (ages 7-15) diagnosed with ADHD. Hierarchical regressions were performed with selective, sustained, and attentional control/switching domains of the Test of Everyday Attention for Children as predictor variables and with performance on the Wechsler Individual Achievement Test-Second Edition as dependent variables. It was hypothesized that sustained attention and attentional control/switching would predict performance on achievement tests. Results demonstrate that attentional control/ switching accounted for a significant amount of variance in all academic areas (reading, math, and spelling), even after accounting for verbal IQ and parent-reported inattention. Sustained attention predicted variance only in math, whereas selective attention did not account for variance in any achievement domain. Therefore, attentional control/switching, which involves components of executive functions, plays an important role in academic performance.
Stilbella aciculosa: a potential biocontrol fungus against Rhizoctonia solani.

A semi‐solid fermentation product of the potential biocontrol fungus Stilbella aciculosa was formulated on wheat bran: water (1:1, w/w) and incubated 5, 10 and 15 days before addition to soil infested with the pathogen Rhizoctonia solani. Generally, preparations did not reduce survival of the pathogen in infested beet seed but they did prevent saprophytic growth of the pathogen from beet seed into soil. The magnitude of reduction by the 15‐day‐old inoculum was greater than that by the 5‐day‐old inoculum. Ten‐day‐old bran preparations of S. aciculosa at rates of 0.5 and 1.0% (w/w) in soil prevented post‐emergence damping‐off of cotton, radish and sugar beet in the glasshouse and a rate of 1.0% gave stands similar to those in the non‐infested control soil. The antagonist, grown on perlite formulated with molasses, cornmeal, alfalfa tissue or corn stover, prevented damping‐off of cotton in a naturally infested soil. However, the stands were not as great as that in soil planted with pentachloronitrobenzene (P...
The Evolution of Community Corrections

Community corrections has grown into a salient component of the correctional system. This article traces the growth and development of community-based sanctions in the United States. The authors assert that the evolution of community corrections has largely been shaped by its enduring relationship with the prison. Thus, it is not possible to fully comprehend the evolution of community-based corrections without considering the influence of the institutions. As such, this article documents the development and durability of community corrections by focusing on their unique and dynamic relationship with the prison.
Equal Employment Opportunity and Representation: Extending the Frame to Courts

The system of selecting judges in Britain is undergoing major transformation in the area of integration of women. Three lawsuits helped place the gender of judges on the agenda, moving the issue into the mainstream of political concern. By contributing to the extension of the concepts of equal employment opportunity and representation to encompass the selection of judges, they helped paved the way for the appointment of more women judges. In this essay I explore why discursive change matters, why the courts in Britain are an important venue for observing this change, and what this process has to do with the wider issue of the European Union's effect on national-level feminist politics.
Peptide antisera to human colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor detect ligand-induced conformational changes and a binding site for phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase.

Abstract A peptide antiserum (anti-A) directed to the intracellular, juxtamembrane region (residues 552 to 574) of the human colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF-1R) precipitated only ligand-activated, native receptors from solution but bound to unstimulated forms after their denaturation. Two peptide antisera (anti-KI1 and -KI2), directed to residues 679 to 700 and 701 to 721, respectively, in the CSF-1R kinase insert (KI) domain and including mapped sites of ligand-induced phosphorylation at Tyr-699 and Tyr-708, bound at least 80% of the receptor molecules expressed in either CSF-1-stimulated or unstimulated cells. Immune complexes formed with anti-KI1, anti-A, or a peptide antiserum to the CSF-1R carboxyl terminus (anti-C-ter) coprecipitated CSF-1R complexed to a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PtdIns 3-K) from CSF-1-stimulated cells, whereas anti-KI2 serum did not. In an in vitro assay, binding of CSF-1R to PtdIns 3-K required receptor tyrosine phosphorylation but not CSF-1R-mediated phosphorylation of the lipid kinase, and the association was specifically blocked by anti-KI2 or antibodies to phosphotyrosine. Neither anti-KI1, anti-A, nor anti-C-ter serum inhibited binding. We conclude that (i) only a minority of ligand-activated receptors form a stable complex with PtdIns 3-K in vivo, (ii) efficient binding of the lipid kinase requires receptor tyrosine phosphorylation within the CSF-1R KI domain, and (iii) a region within the KI domain defined by residues 701 to 721 at least partially overlaps the PtdIns 3-K binding site.
Treatment adherence in multiple sclerosis: association with emotional status, personality, and cognition

The purpose of the present study was to prospectively examine the association between treatment adherence and common neuropsychiatric symptoms in multiple sclerosis (MS). Patients underwent a thorough psychiatric and neuropsychological evaluation at the outset of the study. Patient adherence to disease modifying therapies was then tracked for 8 weeks using self-report, a medication diary, and an electronic monitoring device that recorded needle disposals. Results indicated that MS patients with current mood or anxiety disorders were almost five times as likely as MS patients with no psychiatric diagnosis to exhibit problems adhering to their disease modifying therapies. Poor adherence was also associated with memory difficulties, anxiety, depression, neuroticism, and low conscientiousness. Findings highlight the importance of conducting a thorough psychiatric and neuropsychological evaluation when clinicians suspect poor adherence to disease modifying therapies. Pharmacological or psychotherapeutic treatment of mood/anxiety disorders, use of scheduled reminders, and/or increased organization and structure may lead to improved treatment adherence in MS.
Developmental Trajectories of Borderline Personality Disorder Symptoms and Psychosocial Functioning in Adolescence.

In recent years, major gains toward understanding the emergence of borderline personality disorder (BPD) pathology, which is typically first noted during adolescence, have been made. Simultaneously, a profound shift has occurred in the adult personality pathology literature, in which empirical evidence rebuts the idea that personality disorders (PDs) are intractable disorders that do not develop or otherwise change over time, and therefore cannot be treated. The present study addresses a gap in our understanding of within-person change in BPD symptoms across adolescence and contributes to the limited literature on outcomes associated with adolescent BPD. Using an at-risk community sample of girls (N = 2,450), the authors used bivariate latent growth curve models to analyze the codevelopment of BPD symptoms with eight domains of psychosocial functioning (e.g., academic achievement, social skills, sexual behavior) across ages 14–17. Findings revealed moderate to strong effect sizes for the associations betw...
Characterization of the eosinophil granule proteins recognized by the activation-specific antibody EG2

Monoclonal antibodies EG1 and EG2 have the unique ability to distinguish the storage from the secreted forms of the eosinophil cationic protein (ECP). EG2 has been used extensively as a marker for activated, secreting eosinophils, despite the fact that no biochemical differ- ences between the storage and secreted forms of ECP have been identified. We have determined that the activation- specific EG2 detects only one of three distinct glycosylated forms of ECP (18 kDa); in contrast, both EG1 and polyclonal anti-ECP antiserum can detect three glycosylated forms of this protein (18, 20, and 22 kDa) We have also determined that EG2 detects fully deglycosylated ECP as well as fully deglycosylated eosinophil-derived neurotoxin. Our results indicate that activation-specific EG2 recognizes a polypeptide epitope that is masked in the higher-molecular-weight, more heavily glycosylated forms of ECP. These findings suggest that deglycosylation may occur in conjunction with acti- vation and secretion; alternatively, the 18-kDa form of ECP may be present in the storage granule of resting eo- sinophils but may remain undetected in an inaccessible location or conformation.j LcukocBiol. 56: 502-506; 1994.
Sex differences in neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders: Focus on microglial function and neuroinflammation during development

Several neurological conditions are associated with sex differences in prevalence or outcome. For example, autism predominantly affects boys, depression is more common in women, Parkinson's disease more common in men, and multiple sclerosis in women. In the case of stroke, women have a less favorable outcome and suffer from a more precipitous drop in health status compared to men. As a result, treatment of such diseases is difficult and yields variable results. Despite this, sex is rarely considered when making treatment decisions. The mechanisms underlying sex differences in disease progression are not well understood, however a strong link exists between different inflammation states of men and women and their propensity to develop certain diseases. As neuroinflammation is an important component of pathophysiology in many neurological conditions, it can be speculated that any changes in the state of inflammation in the brain during normal development can potentially lead to an increase in susceptibility to neurological and neurodegenerative diseases. Microglia play a crucial role in onset and modulation of inflammation and thus sex differences in microglial function could explain, at least in part, differences observed in susceptibilities and outcomes of neurological disorders in men and women. Understanding the mechanisms behind sex differences could help develop more targeted therapy with higher success rate, especially in diseases where sex differences are most prominent.
A Resource Complementarity View (RCV) of Value Creation in the Context of Connected Smart Devices

Intense debate regarding how connected smart devices might create or destroy value is ongoing. Some view connected smart devices as beneficial to consumers, while others argue such devices and related automation may maximize business value, but result in labor substitution and negative long-term economic impacts. This debate extends to the research literature where some scholars take a pessimistic view while others are more optimistic. We seek to address such tensions by working toward a rigorous understanding and description of connected smart devices and the potential effects on consumer value and business value. We develop a foundational, theoretically-based taxonomy of smart connected devices as a basis for understanding where value creation potential lies. We then propose a model to explain how complementarities between humans and smart devices, in terms of the assignment of physical tasks, resource capabilities, information flows, and allocation of decision rights, may affect consumer, business, and societal value.
Thermal Expansion Phenomena in Filled and Unfilled Natural Rubber Vulcanizates

Abstract As with polybutadiene and SBR compounds, filled and unfilled vulcanizates of natural rubber exhibit long transients in their linear thermal expansion response following sudden changes in temperature. This is particularly noticeable when the materials are prestretched well beyond the point of thermoelastic inversion. Incorporation of 50 phr of carbon black significantly reduces the magnitude of the linear thermal expansion coefficient for natural rubber compounds; this reduction is greater than expected on the basis of comparisons with previous data on filled SBR vulcanizates. Changes in the surface chemistry of the filler have little effect on the thermal expansion behavior. For the unfilled vulcanizate, an equation based on rubber elasticity theory was successful in predicting the strain dependence of the linear thermal expansion coefficient up to moderate levels of strain. At higher strains the large deviations from theory were observed.
The Life Cycle of Dictatorship as Seen in Treatment of Religious Institutions

The functions of myths, rites, and status symbols were to integrate advertising men into a cohesive social group, give each participant a respectable conception of his occupation, and raise the status of advertising men in the business community. Ceremonial behavior gave collective representation to the desired relations of advertising men with one another and, as an occupational group, with the community. They were most elaborate and occurred most frequently during the critical phase in the history of the advertising industry after problems arose that could not be satisfactorily controlled through individual effort and while voluntary controls were being established through collective action. Ceremonial behavior integrated advertising men for collective attack on the various technical problems that faced them, such as resistance to the use of advertising on the part of consumers, merchants, and some manufacturers, methods of compensating agents, and unreliable data on circulations of newspapers and periodicals. These problems were solved through the efforts of specialized trade associations which mobilized advertising men, neutralized the opposition, and established and maintained new trade practices that stabilized the contingencies of successful business.10 The prestige of advertising men in the opinions of other businessmen may have been increased directly by the development of an impressive ceremonial system. But more important in raising their status was the indirect effect of ceremonial behavior which created a solidarity that enabled advertising men to deal with other businessmen as peers when establishing new trade practices by collective action.
Booting Operating Systems

Chapter 3 provides a complete coverage on operating systems booting. It explains the booting principle and the booting sequence of various kinds of bootable devices. These include booting from floppy disk, hard disk, CDROM and USB drives. Instead of writing a customized booter to boot up only MTX, it shows how to develop booter programs to boot up real operating systems, such as Linux, from a variety of bootable devices. In particular, it shows how to boot up generic Linux bzImage kernels with initial ramdisk support. It is shown that the hard disk and CDROM booters developed in this book are comparable to GRUB and isolinux in performance. In addition, it demonstrates the booter programs by sample systems.
Explanatory Power of Intelligent Systems

This chapter provides a framework for understanding the explanatory power of intelligent systems. It looks at content-based enhancements, drawn primarily from the expert systems literature, interface-based enhancements, and the appropriate selection of an advisory strategy. Such enhancements contribute to explanatory power by increasing system transparency and flexibility, and lead to outcomes such as better decision-making and problem-solving performance. Three illustrative examples demonstrate each type of enhancement of explanatory power. In the first case, a graphical hierarchy of an expert-system knowledge base is illustrated. In the second case, the use of restrictive vs. nonrestrictive advisory strategies is discussed. Finally, deep explanations that provide a deeper understanding of a domain of expertise are described.
Investigation of π Phase Jumps in a Ring Laser

When a ring laser is oscillating in two counterpropagating modes, and light is reflected or scattered from one mode back into the other, it is found that the behavior of the laser can be drastically modified. In particular, certain instabilities have been encountered in which the two mode intensities oscillate in antiphase, and the phase difference between the two complex mode amplitudes exhibits jumps of ±π.1-11 These phase jumps are always connected with zero crossings of one or the other mode amplitude. The time intervals observed between successive phase jumps show substantial variations in one of the experiments7 and in some computer simulations, whereas other computer solutions of the equations of motion indicate greater regularity.5 This discrepancy provided part of the motivation for the present work. We were also interested to see how the laser behaves when the instability condition5-7, 10-11 \( {\tilde R_1} + \tilde R_2^* = 0, \), in which \( {\tilde R_1},{\tilde R_2} \) are complex backscattering coefficients, is not satisfied exactly.
Robust Tracking in Low Light and Sudden Illumination Changes

We present an algorithm for robust and real-time visual tracking under challenging illumination conditions characterized by poor lighting as well as sudden and drastic changes in illumination. Robustness is achieved by adapting illumination-invariant binary descriptors to dense image alignment using the Lucas and Kanade algorithm. The proposed adaptation preserves the Hamming distance under least-squares minimization, thus preserving the photometric invariance properties of binary descriptors. Due to the compactness of the descriptor, the algorithm runs in excess of 400 fps on laptops and 100 fps on mobile devices.
Influences of Turnover, Retention, and Job Embeddedness in the Nursing Workforce Literature

Abstract Examining literature related to nursing turnover, retention and job embeddedness has implications applicable to employer and patients. Turnover is expensive and can lead to adverse patient outcomes and few studies focus on rural nurses. Keywords of nurse, rural, turnover, retention, and job embeddedness entered into three search engines produced 39 references from 1995-2015. Predominance of convenience samples, lack of discussion ofreliability and validity information, and lack of theoretical or conceptual frameworks accompanied by lack of studies focused on rural nursing highlight the gaps in knowledge regarding what keeps nurses in their jobs. Keywords : nurse, rural, turnover, retention, job embeddedness
Differential games, asymptotic stabilization, and robust optimal control of nonlinear systems

In this paper, we develop a unified framework to solve the two-players zero-sum differential game problem over the infinite time horizon. Asymptotic stability of the closed-loop nonlinear system is guaranteed by means of a Lyapunov function that can clearly be seen to be the solution to the steady-state form of the Hamilton-Jacobi-Isaacs equation, and hence, guaranteeing both asymptotic stability and the existence of a saddle point for the system's performance measure. The overall framework provides the foundation for extending optimal linear-quadratic controller synthesis to differential games involving nonlinear dynamical systems with nonlinear-nonquadratic performance measures. Connections to optimal linear and nonlinear regulation for linear and nonlinear dynamical systems with quadratic and nonlinear-nonquadratic cost functionals in the presence of exogenous disturbances are also provided.