cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparative efficacy of a yeast product and bacitracin methylene disalicylate in enhancing early growth and intestinal maturation in broiler chicks from breeder hens of different ages

Abstract The intestine of the newly hatched chick is immature at hatch. Yeast contains nucleotides and β-glucans that enhance intestinal development and chick growth. Accordingly, a 14-d experiment was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of a novel yeast product and bacitracin methylene disalicylate in enhancing early growth and intestinal maturation in chicks obtained from young (26–27 wk old) and old (58 to 59 wk old) breeder hens. Chicks (384) were randomly assigned to 8 dietary treatments. Treatment 1 (YH) consisted of chicks, from young hens, fed corn-soybean meal (SBM) diet alone. Treatment 2 (YHB) consisted of chicks, from young hens, fed corn-SBM basal into which BMD was added at 0.055 g/kg. Treatment 3 (YHE) consisted of chicks, from young hens, fed corn-SBM basal into which yeast extract (YE) was added at 0.075% level. Treatment 4 (YHED) consisted of chicks, from young hens, fed corn-SBM basal into which YE was added at 0.15% level. Treatments 5 (OH), 6 (OHB), 7 (OHE), and 8 (OHED) consisted of chicks from old hens fed diets similar to those given to YH in treatments 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively. Growth performance (body weight gain and feed conversion ratio) was evaluated on d 7 and 14. Intestinal tissue samples were also analyzed for alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity as an indicator of intestinal maturation on d 4 and 13 of experiment. Results showed that by d 14 of experiment, only BMD treatments (YHB and OHB) improved body weight gain (P 0.05) to those of the BMD treatments. Ileal ALP activity was consistently enhanced by BMD and yeast product supplemented at 0.075% of the diet. It was concluded that antibiotic BMD and our novel yeast product supplemented at 0.075% of the diet improved early chick growth and maturation of the ileal segment of the small intestine.
Odor preference in honeybees as a function of amount of reward: Tests of two explanations

How does a foraging honeybee come to prefer a color or odor paired with the large of two amounts of sucrose solution to a color or odor paired with the smaller amount? One hypothesis is that the attractiveness of a color or odor is based on the strength of its association with the taste of sucrose, which increases with the duration of concurrent color-taste or odor-taste stimulation. Another hypothesis is that the attractiveness of a color or odor is based on association with the afferent consequences of feeding, which are different for the two amounts. Both hypotheses were tested in experiments on proboscis-extension conditioning, a technique that provides better control of stimulation than is possible in work with free-flying foragers. In Experiments 1–3, which were designed to test the first hypothesis, an odor that accompanied the ingestion of sucrose on training trials was found to elicit extension of the proboscis when subsequently it was presented alone, but the duration of concurrent stimulation had no significant effect on the probability or persistence of the response. In Experiments 4 and 5, which were designed to test the second hypothesis, an odor that immediately followed the ingestion of sucrose on training trials failed to elicit extension of the proboscis when subsequently it was presented alone. The results support neither hypothesis.
Isoprenylated proteins in myelin.

: Incubation of rat brainstem slices with [3H]- mevalonate ([3H]MVA) in the presence of lovastatin resulted in the incorporation of label into three groups of myelin-associated proteins with molecular masses of 47, 21–27, and 8 kDa, as revealed on sodium dodecyl sulfate- polyacrylamide rod gel electrophoresis. Although the gel patterns of [3H]MVA-derived prenylated proteins were similar, the relative level of 3H incorporated into each protein species differed between myelin and the brainstem homogenate. Immunoprecipitation studies identified the 47-kDa prenylated protein as a 2′-3′-cyclic nucleotide phospho- diesterase, whereas the 8-kDa protein proved to be the γ subunit of membrane-associated guanine nucleotide regulatory protein. The 3H-labeled 21–27-kDa group in myelin corresponds to the molecular mass of the extensive Ras- like family of monomeric GTP-binding proteins known to be prenylated in other tissues. Increase in lovastatin concentration resulted in reduced levels of [3H]MVA-labeled species in myelin and concomitantly increased levels in the cytosol. A cold MVA chase restored to normality the appearance of [3H]MVA-labeled proteins in myelin. Furthermore, a high lovastatin concentration in the brainstem slice incubation mixture altered the appearance of newly synthesized nonprenylated myelin proteins, including proteolipid protein and the 17-kDa subspecies of myelin basic protein. Because other myelin proteins were unaffected by the high lovastatin concentration, restricting the availability of MVA in myelin-forming cells may selectively alter processes required for myelinogenesis. Although the molecular basis for the” different MVA requirements in myelin- forming cells remains undefined, it may involve an alteration in the biological activity of certain proteins that require prenylation to be functionally active, and that are responsible for promoting insertion of specific proteins into the myelin membrane.
Sedimentation from charged aerosol flows in parallel-plate and cylindrical channels

Abstract Precipitation of aerosols from laminar flows in parallel-plate and cylindrical channels due to the simultaneous effect of gravitational and electrostatic image forces has been studied. The equations of motion are solved numerically to obtain the particle trajectories in 3-dimensions. The penetration efficiencies are found as a function of several non-dimensional parameters and compared with early work.
Comparison of angiotensin II (Ang II) effects in the internal anal sphincter (IAS) and lower esophageal sphincter smooth muscles

Studies were performed to compare the actions of Ang II in the internal anal sphincter (IAS) vs. lower esophageal sphincter (LES) smooth muscles in vitro, in opossum and rabbit. Studies also were carried out in isolated smooth muscle cells. In opossum, Ang II produced no discernible effects in the IAS, but did produce a concentration-dependent contraction in the LES. Conversely, in the rabbit, while Ang II caused a modest response in the LES, it caused a significant contraction in the IAS. The contractile responses of Ang II in the opossum LES were mostly resistant to different neurohumoral antagonists but were antagonized by AT1 antagonist losartan. AT2 antagonist PD 123,319, rather than inhibiting, prolonged the contractile action of Ang II. The contractile actions of Ang II in the opossum LES were not modified by the tyrosine kinase inhibitors (genistein and tyrphostin 1 x 10(-6) M) but were partially attenuated by the PKC inhibitor H-7 (1 x 10(-6) M), Ca2+ channel blocker nicardipine (1 x 10(-5) M), Rho kinase inhibitor HA-1077 (1 x 10(-7) M) or p(44/42) MAP kinase inhibitor PD 98059 (5 x 10(-5) M). The combination of HA-1077 and H-7 did not cause an additive attenuation of Ang II responses. Western blot analyses revealed the presence of both AT1 and AT2 receptors. We conclude that Ang lI-induced contraction of sphincteric smooth muscle occurs primarily by the activation of AT1 receptors at the smooth muscle cells and involves multiple pathways, influx of Ca2+, and PKC, Rho kinase and p(44/42) MAP kinase.
Low incidence of adverse events following 90-minute and 3-minute infusions of intravenous iron sucrose in children on erythropoietin.

Aim: To define the adverse events following two different rates and methods of intravenous iron sucrose infusions in children with anaemia due to chronic renal impairment. Methods: Two prospective observational studies were undertaken to characterize the adverse events following iron sucrose administration in children with renal impairment and on erythropoietin. Between January 1999 and April 2003, 5 mg/kg of intravenous (IV) iron sucrose was given over 90 min and repeated 24 h later. Between May 2003 and September 2004, in children with better venous access, a single dose of 2 mg/kg of IV iron sucrose was administered over 3 min during an outpatient clinic visit and haemodialysis sessions. Following infusions, children were monitored for immediate and delayed adverse events. All such events were documented and dealt with appropriately. Test doses were not used. Results: A total of 870 infusions over 90 min were administered to 72 children. Three children developed abdominal pain. One child developed worsening of hypertension (not related to iron sucrose). Sixty-five doses were administered over 3 min to 20 children, and six minor adverse events were documented. Conclusion: Although 90 min infusion is associated with fewer adverse events, no life-threatening events were documented in either method.
Infrastructure Condition Assessment, Deterioration Modeling, and Maintenance Decision-Making: New Contributions for Improved Management

This special issue is the second of two, reflecting recent advances in infrastructure condition assessment, deterioration modeling, and optimal maintenance, repair, and reconstruction. The first special issue September 2006 featured methodological advances that are taking place in light of practical considerations. In this second issue, the need to improve upon the management of infrastructure facilities and systems by explicitly addressing practical matters is again a recurring theme. In addition, the papers in this issue remind us that much technological and methodological research is also needed to help the practicing community effectively and efficiently address its pressing demands. Cascante et al. develop a fuzzy-logic based methodology for assessing the condition of hydraulic channel sidewalls, based on nondestructive testing and expert knowledge. Collecting data with nondestructive methods reduces cost, maintains serviceability, and preserves historically significant structures. Incorporating expert knowledge is often a cost-efficient means of assessing infrastructure condition. Therefore, capturing this knowledge in a rigorous, consistent, and valid manner has value to both the research and practicing communities. The authors support the utility of their method by showing the reasonableness of its sensitivity to the maintenance action applied in a realistic setting. Prozzi and Hong develop a multivariate deterioration model that addresses multiple pavement condition measures relevant to the management of infrastructure facilities. Their rigorous statistical approach simultaneously models the deterioration mechanisms corresponding to the different measures, while capturing the correlation among these measures. The authors also present an extensive case study, exploiting data collected from in-service facilities to demonstrate the importance of considering the multivariate nature of deterioration. Numerous pavement deterioration models have been developed and estimated using field data over the years. These models attempt to capture different characteristics of the data, represent deterioration behavior through alternative model structures, and
The Obesity Epidemic: A Call for Health Educators to Lead--A Commentary.

(2012). The Obesity Epidemic. American Journal of Health Education: Vol. 43, No. 3, pp. 132-134.
Scalar quadratic control with amplitude constraints

The letter presents a derivation of the control law which satisfies a scalar quadratic performance index, subject to a hard constraint on the magnitude of the input variable. The solution forms a basis from which adaptive control systems with input constraints may be derived.
Why Patients Mutilate Themselves

Self-mutilation, the deliberate destruction or alteration of body tissue without conscious suicidal intent, occurs in a variety of psychiatric disorders. Major self-mutilation includes eye enucleation and amputation of limbs or genitals. Minor self-mutilation includes self-cutting and self-bitting. The author examines patients' explanations for self-mutilation, which frequently focus on religious or sexual themes, and discusses scientific explanations that draw on biological, psychological, social, and cultural theories. Although no one approach adequately solves the riddle of such behaviors, habitual self-mutilation may best be thought of as a purposeful, if morbid, act of self-help.
Response of silicon carbide to high-intensity laser irradiation in a high-pressure inert gas atmosphere

α-SiC (hexagonal) pressed powder targets were heated with a highly focused beam of CO2 laser radiation to temperatures in excess of 3200 °C in an oxygen- and water-free argon atmosphere. The argon pressure was maintained at greater than 100 atm to prevent vaporization of any liquid formed. This pressure was estimated to be several times greater than the total vapor pressure above a liquid solution of carbon and silicon. After a 30 s period at temperature, the heating was abruptly terminated. The 1 mm diameter region most affected on the surface of the SiC targets consisted of a central crater from which all SiC had been vaporized. The crater walls consisted of an amorphous carbon phase which acted as a matrix for fibrous graphite and granular silicon. Beyond the crater wall, the microstructure changed to that of various polytypes of hexagonal SiC, with the grains being equiaxed and smaller than those of the starting SiC powder, an indication that melting, followed by formation of a finer grain structure on abrupt cooling, may have occurred. Still farther from the crater, the microstructure was characterized by β-silicon (cubic) particles of spherical morphology and of larger size than the starting SiC powder, a response typical of solid state sintering. Even further from the crater, the structure was α-SiC, and the grain size was nearly the same as that of the starting material. The particles were lightly bonded together at points of contact between them, indicating only light sintering.
Prelims in Experimental Psychology at the University of Georgia.

After considering weaknesses of traditional prelim examinations, the faculty redesigned them for the demonstration of research skills.
Mammalian evolution: An early record bristling with evidence

Abstract Some shocking revelations in the fossil record – including fossilized hair as well as teeth and skeletons – both illuminate and complicate views on the biology and evolution of ancient mammals that lived during, and just after, the age of the dinosaurs.
EMERALDS: a small-memory real-time microkernel

EMERALDS (Extensible Microkernel for Embedded, ReAL-time, Distributed Systems) is a real-time microkernel designed for small-memory embedded applications. These applications must run on slow (15-25 MHz) processors with just 32-128 kbytes of memory, either to keep production costs down in mass produced systems or to keep weight and power consumption low. To be feasible for such applications, the OS must not only be small in size (less than 20 kbytes), but also have low overhead kernel services. Unlike commercial embedded OSs which rely on carefully optimized code to achieve efficiency, EMERALDS takes the approach of redesigning the basic OS services of task scheduling, synchronization, communication, and system call mechanism by using characteristics found in small-memory embedded systems, such as small code size and a priori knowledge of task execution and communication patterns. With these new schemes, the overheads of various OS services are reduced 20-40 percent without compromising any OS functionality.
Tyrosine β-Glucosyltransferase in the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta (L.): properties, tissue localization, and developmental profile

Tyrosine ~l-glucosyltransferase activity in larval tissues of Manduca sexta was determined by reversed-phase HPLC to quantify the product tyrosine glucoside [~-D-glucopyranosyi-O-Ltyrosine, (TG)] formed in incubation mixtures. Synthesis of TG occurred only in fat body preparations, with most of the enzyme activity (95%) in the 15,000g pellet of homogenates. Other tissues were devoid of activity but did support glucosylation of phenolic substrates other than tyrosine. Activity was greatest with uridine 5'-diphosphoglucose (UDPG) as the glucose donor. However, thymidine 5'-diphosphoglucose (dTDPG) afforded approximately one fourth the amount of tyrosine glucosylation provided by UDPG. Magnesium ions at concentrations up to 15 mM stimulated activity, whereas Ca 2÷ and Mn 2÷ were only slightly stimulatory at 5 mM but progressively inhibited TG synthesis at higher concentrations as did Co 2+. Maximal rates of glucosylation occurred in the pH range 7.5-9.0. The enzyme was highly specific for tyrosine, because no glucosylation occurred for a number of tyrosine derivatives. Several natural and synthetic mono- and diphenols were found to be weak to moderate inhibitors of the enzyme. In a study of tyrosine ~-ghcosyltransferase activity during development, no TG synthesis occurred in enzyme preparations from first, second, third, or fourth larval instars, although glucosylation of p-nitrophenol and 4-hydroxycoumarin did occur. Activity was not detected in the fat body of newly ecdysed fifth instars, but low levels were observed 36 h later. The rate of tyrosine glucosylation continued to increase to a peak at 4 days, but then decreased to very low levels after cessation of larval feeding. Low activity was also observed in the pharate adult fat body about 1 day before eclosion. Therefore, tyrosine ~-glucosyitransferase activity occurs primarily in the fat body of fifth stadium larvae for synthesis of the pupal cuticle tanning precursor tyrosine glucoside. Conjugation /3-Glucoside Fat body Tobacco hornworm Manducasexta Tyrosine UDPglucosyltransferase Sclerotization
Modulation of mitochondrial transcription in response to mtDNA depletion and repletion in HeLa cells

The steady-state amounts of mitochondrial transcripts and transcription proteins were analyzed during mtDNA depletion and subsequent repletion to gain insight into the regulation of human mitochondrial gene expression. As documented previously, HeLa cells depleted of mtDNA via treatment with ethidium bromide (EB) were found to contain reduced steady-state levels of the mitochondrial transcription factor h-mtTFA. When partially mtDNA-depleted cells were cultured in the absence of EB, h-mtTFA recovered to normal levels at a significantly slower rate than mtDNA. Human mtRNA polymerase exhibited a similar depletion-repletion profile, suggesting that the mitochondrial transcription machinery is coordinately regulated in response to changes in mtDNA copy number. Newly synthesized mitochondrial transcripts were detected early in the recovery phase, despite the fact that mtDNA, h-mtTFA and h-mtRNA polymerase were simultaneously depleted. Although delayed relative to mtDNA, the amounts of h-mtTFA and h-mtRNA polymerase sharply increased during the later stages of the recovery phase, which was accompanied by accelerated rates of transcription and mtDNA replication. Altogether, these data indicate that when mtDNA copy number is low, it is beneficial to prevent accumulation of mitochondrial transcription proteins. In addition, h-mtTFA and h-mtRNA polymerase are either normally present in excess of the amount required for transcription or their activity is up-regulated to ensure continued expression and transcription-dependent replication of the mitochondrial genome during mtDNA-depleted states.
Beam dynamics issues in linear colliders

It is pointed out that the primary goal of present and future linear colliders is to maximize the integrated luminosity for the experimental program. Beam dynamics plays a central role in the maximization of integrated luminosity. It is the major issue in the production of small beam sizes and low experimental backgrounds and is also an important factor in the production of particle numbers, in the acceleration process, and in the number of bunches. Beam dynamics effects on bunches which are extracted from the damping rings, accelerated in the linac, collimated, momentum-analyzed, and finally delivered to the final focus are reviewed. The effects of bunch compression, transverse and longitudinal wakefields, BNS damping, energy definition, dispersion, emittance, bunch aspect ratio, and stability are shown to be important. >
Diverse forms of Activity in the Somata of Spontaneous and Integrating Ganglion Cells

With the introduction of the lobster cardiac ganglion into the service of physiology by Welsh and Maynard (1951) and Maynard (1953a—c, 1954, 1955), an extremely valuable preparation for the analysis of the properties and mechanisms of organized groups of neurones became available. Maynard has studied particularly the organization of the normal burst which initiates each heart beat and the consequences of stimulation of the extrinsic inhibitor nerve from the central nervous system, which he found to contain a single inhibitory axon on each side. These studies with extracellular macro-electrodes, partly confirmed by Matsui (1955), have shown: (a) that the ganglion, consisting of nine cells of complex form (Fig. 1 and Alexandrowicz, 1932), is capable of initiating at regular intervals complex bursts consisting of several to many impulses in each cell; (b) that there is a distinct pattern in the whole complex as well as in the bursts of impulses in each unit; and (c) that there is a division of labour among the ganglion cells. Certain of the cells apparently normally initiate the burst which represents one heart beat, others, although capable of spontaneous firing, apparently normally follow. These latter certainly, and possibly also the former, are motoneurones to the myocardium. Both are probably sensitive, but to different degrees, to stretch or inflation of the heart, in the wall of which the ganglion lies (Bullock, Cohen & Maynard, 1954), and to the effects of the extrinsic inhibitor axon and the accelerator axons, of which Maynard (1954) reported there are two. The followers are integrative as indicated by the fact that their pattern of discharge is not the same as that of any antecedent cell.
Anaerobic Aryl Reductive Dehalogenation of Halobenzoates by Cell Extracts of "Desulfomonile tiedjei".

We studied the transformation of halogenated benzoates by cell extracts of a dehalogenating anaerobe, “Desulfomonile tiedjei.” We found that cell extracts possessed aryl reductive dehalogenation activity. The activity was heat labile and dependent on the addition of reduced methyl viologen, but not on that of reduced NAD, NADP, flavin mononucleotide, flavin adenine dinucleotide, desulfoviridin, cytochrome c3, or benzyl viologen. Dehalogenation activity in extracts was stimulated by formate, CO, or H2, but not by pyruvate plus coenzyme A or by dithionite. The pH and temperature optima for aryl dehalogenation were 8.2 and 35°C, respectively. The rate of dehalogenation was proportional to the amount of protein in the assay mixture. The substrate specificity of aryl dehalogenation activity for various aromatic compounds in “D. tiedjei” cell extracts was identical to that of whole cells, except differences were observed in the relative rates of halobenzoate transformation. Dehalogenation was 10-fold greater in “D. tiedjei” extracts prepared from cells cultured in the presence of 3-chlorobenzoate, suggesting that the activity was inducible. Aryl reductive dehalogenation in extracts was inhibited by sulfite, sulfide, and thiosulfate, but not sulfate. Experiments with combinations of substrates suggested that cell extracts dehalogenated 3-iodobenzoate more readily than either 3,5-dichlorobenzoate or 3-chlorobenzoate. Dehalogenation activity was found to be membrane associated. This is the first report characterizing aryl dehalogenation activity in cell extracts of an obligate anaerobe.
10 Gbit/s soliton transmission over 2 900 km using 1.3 [micro sign]m singlemode fibres and dispersion compensation using chirped fibre Bragg gratings

The authors have succeeded in obtaining 10 Gbit/s dispersion-managed soliton transmission over 2900 km using 1.3 /spl mu/m singlemode fibres and chirped fibre Bragg gratings (CFBG) at 1.55 /spl mu/m. Pre-chirping is indispensable for reducing additional nonsoliton components caused by the group delay ripples of the CFBGs.
The convergence of output error identification and adaptive IIR filtering algorithms in the presence of colored noise

The authors partially resolve the open problem of the global convergence and parameter consistency of the output error identification and adaptive IIR (infinite impulse response) filtering algorithms in the presence of independent additive colored noise. The algorithms considered include both the stochastic gradient and recursive least squares algorithms, employing a projection of the parameter estimates onto a compact convex set containing the true parameter. The colored noise is allowed to be a general nonstationary moving average noise of finite but unbounded order. The key idea in establishing self-optimality is the use of a backward recursion, combined with the use of the bounded growth rate of the regression vector. To establish the parameter consistency of the stochastic gradient-like algorithm, a simple general technique is developed. >
Layered Media Multicast Control (LMMC): Real-Time Error Control

We study the problem of real-time error control in layered and replicated media systems. We formulate an optimization problem aimed at minimizing a cost metric defined over the wasted bandwidth of redundancy in such systems. We also provide an analytical solution to the problem in the context of layered media multicast control (LMMC) protocol. In doing so, we present closed-form expressions describing the temporally correlated loss pattern of communication networks. Utilizing our closed-form expressions, we rely on an a priori estimate of loss along with a hybrid proactive FEC-ARQ scheme to statistically guarantee the QoS for the receivers of a media system. We show the effectiveness of our protocol by means of simulating realistic error control scenarios
Sculpting the earth from inside out.

Powerful motions deep inside the planet do not merely shove fragments of the rocky shell horizontally around the globe—they also lift and lower entire continents.
Velocity Acceleration in Aortic Stenosis Revisited.

Aortic stenosis (AS) carries significant morbidity and mortality, particularly with the ushering in of related symptoms. Traditionally, assessment of AS severity has relied on invasive measures of gradient across the valve and derivation of orifice area. However, over the past 3 decades, a gradual
Relative untwisted vertex operators

We shall present the notion of relative untwisted vertex operators, following our announcement [DL1]. We begin with some well-known structure (see e.g. [FLM3]), which we “relativize” to h * . Using the affinization of the abelian Lie algebra h together with the related Heisenberg algebra ĥ z and the irreducible module M(1), we construct the untwisted space V L and the action of certain operators on it. The vacuum space Ω* for the Heisenberg algebra (ĥ * ) z associated with h * plays a fundamental role. We define the relative vertex operators Y*(a,z) and more generally, Y*(v,z), using h * systematically to modify the definition of the usual (unrelativized) vertex operators. Elementary properties of the operators are discussed. For the (important) degenerate case h * = 0, some of the notation simplifies, and the material in this chapter amounts to a review of the corresponding basic structure explained in [FLM3].
Functionally conservative substitutions at cardiac troponin I S43/45.

Abstract A phospho-null Ala substitution at protein kinase C (PKC)-targeted cardiac troponin I (cTnI) S43/45 reduces myocyte and cardiac contractile function. The goal of the current study was to test whether cTnIS43/45N is an alternative, functionally conservative substitution in cardiac myocytes. Partial and more extensive endogenous cTnI replacement was similar at 2 and 4 days after gene transfer, respectively, for epitope-tagged cTnI and cTnIS43/45N. This replacement did not significantly change thin filament stoichiometry. In functional studies, there were no significant changes in the amplitude and/or rates of contractile shortening and re-lengthening after this partial (2 days) and extensive (4 days) replacement with cTnIS43/45N. The cTnIS43/45N substitution also was not associated with adaptive changes in the myocyte Ca2+ transient or in phosphorylation of the protein kinase A and C-targeted cTnIS23/24 site. These results provide evidence that cTnIS43/45N is a functionally conservative substitution, and may be appropriate for use as a phospho-null in rodent models designed for studies on PKC modulation of cardiac performance.
Theoretical Perspectives on Asian American Youth and Families in Rural and New Immigrant Destinations

The Asian American population has skyrocketed in recent years with growth rates currently outpacing all other ethnic/racial groups in the USA. Yet, Asian Americans remain understudied in the literature, and virtually nothing is known about the Asian youth and families who are increasingly settling in new immigrant communities and rural areas of the USA. This chapter addresses this literature gap by providing a theoretical discussion of some of the complex variables that should be considered when conceptualizing the development of Asian American youth and families in rural and new immigrant destinations. A brief review of historical migration patterns and the changing demographics of Asian American immigrants is followed by an outline of key individual, community, and culturally based factors that uniquely shape development among emerging and rural settlement sites. Topics for future research, including implications for education, policy, and research, are also discussed.
Biochemical changes in thermally-injured cutaneous tissue, susceptibility to proteolytic enzymes, and extractability of collagen.

Summary1. The effects of in vitro (50-100° C) and in situ (55° and 70° C) hydro-thermal injury upon susceptibility of the abdominal skin of rats to peptic and tryptic digestion were determined. The action of pepsin upon unheated skin was considerably greater than that of trypsin; whereas heating both in vitro and in situ, increased only the susceptibility toward trypsin. 2. Similai hydrothermal exposures produced changes ir rat skin and tail tendon collagens which rendered them extractable by normal saline.
Inlet Measurements and Quiet Flow Improvements in the Boeing/AFOSR Mach-6 Quiet Tunnel

The Boeing/AFOSR Mach-6 Quiet Tunnel (BAM6QT) has been developed to provide quiet ∞ow at high Reynolds number, with low noise levels comparable to ∞ight. Laminar nozzle-wall boundary layers and the resulting quiet ∞ow have now been achieved to moderately high Reynolds numbers of 2:1 £ 10 6 /ft., after four years of shakedown. The BAM6QT is now the only operational hypersonic quiet tunnel, anywhere. Problems with early transition were apparently due to a small ∞aw in the leading edge of the bleed lip of the original electroformed-nickel throat. The bleed lips of the nickel throat and the new aluminum surrogate throat are now being modifled to eliminate separation bubbles that are still predicted by RutgersUniversity computations. The ∞ow in the inlet to the contraction was also examined in order to determine the level of disturbances present there. A new hot-wire calibration technique was developed that is suitable for the incompressible yet varying density ∞ow present in the contraction. The noise levels were asymmetric but typically on the order of 1%. There is also evidence of a highly asymmetric boundary layer in the contraction. These asymmetries are thought to be caused by pre-run free convection in the contraction.
In vitro depression of tissue oxygen uptake by liquid fluorocarbon prepared as artificial blood.

SummaryThe present studies show for the first time that, in vitro, fluorocarbon emulsions depress O2 uptake of tissue. This depression can be overcome totally or in part by use of O2 levels approaching 100% of the ambient atmosphere. Our studies also show that the diffusion coefficient for O2 in fluo-rocarbons and in fluorocarbon emulsions is dependent upon the O2 tension and falls as Po2 falls. However, due to the high O2 content of fluorocarbon, the O2 flux in fluoro-carbons is higher than that in control solutions. Therefore, the fall in diffusion coefficient cannot account for depression of O2 uptake in these studies. The cause of the depressed Qo2 remains unknown, but toxic-ity of fluorocarbon should be considered. The data suggest that if fluorocarbon is to be an efficacious blood substitute, high levels of inspired O2 will have to be maintained as long as high fluorocarbon levels exist in the circulatory system.Ms. Mary Allgood provided invaluable technical assistance. This study was supported by G...
Simulation of high-energy ion collisions with graphene fragments

The collision of energetic ions and graphene fragments is studied in the framework of real-space finite-difference time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) coupled with classical molecular dynamics for nuclei. The amount of energy transferred from the projectile to the target is calculated to explore the defect formation mechanisms as a function of the projectile's energy. It is found that creation of defects in graphene due to the interaction of a fast proton with valence electrons is unlikely. In the case of projectiles with higher charges, the transferred energy increases significantly, leading to higher probability of bond breaking.
On Latitudinal Gradients in Avian Diversity

Species diversity patterns exist on at least three geographical scales: (1) the diversity in a sample drawn from a single community, often called within-habitat diversity; (2) the diversity occurring in a collection of similar habitats within a given region, here referred to as between-habitat diversity; and (3) the total diversity to be found in all the available habitats in a fairly large geographical area. Whittaker (1960) has termed these categories alpha, beta, and gamma diversity, respectively. The tropics contain more bird species than other regions. This statement seems to apply to diversity on all three geographical scales, although there are some exceptions in the case of alpha diversity; i.e., Cody (1966, 1968) has demonstrated that diversity in American grasslands is a function of vegetation structure, with structurally similar grasslands having similar avian diversities at all latitudes. In
Northalrugosidine is a bisbenzyltetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloid from Thalictrum alpinum with in vivo antileishmanial activity.

Screening of a plant-derived natural product library led to the observation of in vitro antileishmanial activity by three bisbenzyltetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloids (1–3) that were purified previously from Thalictrum alpinum. A spectroscopic study of the active compounds was conducted to confirm their identities. Of the compounds tested, northalrugosidine (1) showed the most potent in vitro activity against Leishmania donovani promastigotes (0.28 μM) and the highest selectivity (29.3-fold) versus its general cytotoxicity against HT-29 human colon adenocarcinoma cells. Northalrugosidine was tested in vivo using a murine model of visceral leishmaniasis, resulting in the observation of a dose-dependent reduction of the parasitic burden in the liver and spleen without overt toxicity effects at 2.8, 5.6, and 11.1 mg/kg per animal when administered intravenously. This represents the first report of a bisbenzyltetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloid with in vivo efficacy against visceral leishmaniasis.
Private Matters: The Origins and Nature of United States-Peruvian Relations, 1820-1850

“We are still almost in a state of seige from the operations of the armed bands who rob and plunder almost daily, on the great thoroughfare between this city [Lima] and its port-town, Callao, and, amongst others, some of our countrymen have been attacked and wounded,” wrote Samuel Larned, United States Charge d' Affaires at Lima on November 16, 1835. Lima and its environs were indeed in an uproar, made so by the revolt of the impetuous twenty-eight year old General Felipe Santiago de Salaverry against the government. While Salaverry the usurper was prosecuting his campaign in the interior, bands of soldiers prowled about the capital area, discipline and order loosened by a quicksilver political situation. Furthermore, Salaverry's attitudes were anti-foreign and his campaign “worthy of the times of Attila or Genghis Kan” to the mind of the American charge. Little wonder that on December 10, 1835, a few Marines were landed at Callao to protect American interests and property. It was an unprecedented act, the first time United States Marines had ever been landed to protect American diplomatic missions. Next month they packed up and reboarded the U.S.S. Brandywine, only to put ashore once more in August to continue their vigil. On December 2, 1836, less than a year after first setting ashore, the Marines once more withdrew, but the landing, although modest in proportion to the violent maneuvers of the warring factions, symbolized the nature and extent of United States-Peruvian relations.
Performance of Electret Filters for Use in a Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning System and an Automotive Cabin against Combustion and NaCl Particles

This study was conducted to investigate the performance of a high-efficiency Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) filter and a top-of-the line Automotive Cabin Air (ACA) filter challenged with particles generated by the combustion of paper, wood, and plastic as well as with NaCl particles. The collection of submicron particles was examined under conditions representing two typical indoor air flow rates for the HVAC filter and two cabin fan control levels for the ACA filter. For the HVAC filter, almost all the collection efficiency values exceeded 80%; for the ACA filter, the collect efficiencies were much lower (＜ 40%) for all the tested aerosols and flow rates. Both filters demonstrated lower collection efficiency for combustion aerosols as compared to NaCl. This finding was consistent for all tested particle sizes and flow rates. The difference was always statistically significant in terms of the total efficiency (combining all sizes); however, the size-specific analysis of the differences revealed that the significance level varied with the particle size and flow rate. When tested under their operational flow conditions, the HVAC filter showed significantly better performance than the ACA filter. It was concluded that the filter performance characteristics of the HVAC and ACA filters obtained using well-established salt aerosol challenges may not accurately predict the performance of these filters against combustion aerosol particles. The difference was attributed to the interactions between the particles and filter fibers.
Bone growth in the rat mandible during space flight.

Publisher Summary Efforts to understand how prolonged spaceflight affects changes in calcium homeostasis and bone formation–resorption were pursued in laboratory rats during three joint NASA-Soviet Biosatellite Flights of 18.5–22 days duration (Cosmos 605, 782, 936). The appendicular weight-bearing bones, femurs and tibias, suffered reduction in the rate of cortical and trabecular bone growth and in their ash content but certain of the forelimb elements were spared. In the Cosmos 1129 flight (September–October 1979), there was an opportunity to examine the effect of null gravity on the intergrated growth and remodeling of a nonweight-bearing bone—the mandible and its teeth. Three groups of 5–7 SPF male rats (270–320 grams) were injected with 1.0 mg/kg Declomycin 3 days prior to being loaded into a block modules of 5 cages mounted in a modified Soyez spacecraft. The animals were then launched into orbit for a period of 18.5 days. After autopsy, the mandibles of rats were recovered. The left jaw was divided into three regions: the premolar, molar, and postmolar regions.
15.2 Channels of Distribution, Strategic Alliances, and Direct Mkt : Building Strategic Alliances

This paper examines the notion that many strategic alliances may fail because organizations possess different gender and family orientations in business interactions. Toward this end, organizational characteristics are explored as potential moderators of a channel member's proclivity toward alliance formation and sustenance. A cross-classification of gender and family orientations yield several testable propositions for future cooperative theory-based research.
Foreword: Third World Approaches to International Law (TWAIL) special issue

This Special Issue of Third World Quarterly consists of a selection of papers initially presented at a 2015 conference under the auspices of TWAIL (Third World Approaches to International Law) at t...
LeFort I Osteotomy

Orthognathic surgery involves correction of patients with skeletal deformities of the mandible and maxilla whether of congenital, developmental, or acquired in origin. This chapter details the LeFort I osteotomy of the maxilla. The procedure was initially described by Hugo Obwegeser in 1965 and remains an essential procedure in the plastic and maxillofacial surgeons’ surgical tool chest. The LeFort I allows the surgeon to reposition the maxilla in relationship to the mandible to establish a functional occlusion. The LeFort I in combination with the BSSO and the genioplasty allows the surgeon to disassemble the facial skeleton and allow three-dimensional reconstruction to optimize the occlusion and facial form relative to the cranial base.
Human-interpretable diagnostic information for robotic planning systems

Advances in automation have the potential to reduce the workload required for human planning and execution of missions carried out by robotic systems such as unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). However, automation can also result in an increase in system complexity and a corresponding decrease in system transparency, which makes identifying and reasoning about errors in mission plans more difficult. To help explain errors in robotic planning systems, we define a notion of structured probabilistic counterexamples, which provide human-interpretable diagnostic information about requirements violations resulting from complex probabilistic robotic behavior. We propose an approach for generating such counterexamples using mixed integer linear programming and demonstrate the usefulness of our approach via a case study of UAV mission planning demonstrated in the AMASE multi-UAV simulator.
Table 14: [Potluck] Teaching online: Tips & strategies to take it to the next level

**Participants are strongly encouraged to bring a few printed copies of a specific example activity, assignment orÂ strategy they use in their classroom related to this topic to share.**NOTE: You can still join a potluck even if you didnâ€™t bring anything!Welcome to ITL and this table! Â Join your fellow Mason instructors to informally discuss this table's topic. At the table, you will find desk copies of related resources (digital versions are available below), and an experienced Mason colleague who has experience and strategies related to this topic.Â Â Not sure what to talk about?Â Â Here are some conversation starters:Share a little about yourselves:Â DepartmentYears at MasonCourses you are teachingWhat excites you about teaching?What brought you to this table? Whatâ€™s working the best for you in your course(s) right now? Why do you think itâ€™s successful?If you could improve the student experience in one aspect of your course, where would you start -- with how youâ€™re presenting information? ...assessing student work? ...engaging and motivating students? ...creating space for higher-order thinking or real-world projects? ...building stronger community? ...something else?If you could improve your own experience in one aspect of your course -- to support Â your engagement, time management, standards, relationships with students -- what would you want to work on?Have an example or resource to share?Â Â Submit through this link and we'll upload it after the conference:Â http://library.gmu.edu/publishing/submitÂ Still have questions?Â Â Leave a post it note on the table sign at the end of the Share-a-thon or email your questions toÂ stearns@gmu.eduÂ Â Â ADDITIONAL RESOURCES:Â Â Â
Maintaining Relationship Alternatives Electronically: Positive Relationship Maintenance in Back Burner Relationships

Back burners are desired prospective romantic/sexual partners that people communicate with to establish a future romantic or sexual relationship. We surveyed 658 college students about the extent t...
Taking Center Stage: Infants’ Active Role In Language Learning

In this chapter, we highlight the ways that infants actively shape their social experiences around language—through their everyday behaviors and developmental advances. We review the perceptual, social, and cognitive capacities that infants bring to the task of learning language. We then show that infant real-time exploratory, play, communicative, and locomotor behaviors are impetuses for social interactions. As infants act on their worlds, they elicit temporally contingent, lexically rich, developmentally attuned, multimodal inputs from parents. Indeed, much of the speech that parents direct to infants is driven by what infants are doing in the moment. Finally, we examine how developmental changes in infants’ language, play, and motor skills expand infants’ opportunities for learning language. As infants progress in abilities such as talking and walking, they engage with the objects and people of their environments in new ways, thereby eliciting novel language inputs from parents and other caregivers.
Tourism and poverty alleviation: a reply to Sharpley

In a review of our book ‘Poverty Alleviation through Tourism Development: A Comprehensive and Integrated Approach’ (Croes & Rivera, 2016), Richard Sharpley raised several concerns regarding our ana...
Amplifier Design for Specified Frequency Response Profiles Using Nullors–Hearing Aids, a Case Study

Applications of nullors and fixator-norator pairs (FNP) for designing amplifiers with certain frequency profiles are discussed. The paper is focused on the design of front-end or stand-alone analog amplifiers that are used in hearing aids. For a given hearing profile (audiogram), a circuit called an audiogram generator circuit (AGC) is initially constructed to produce a frequency response similar to that of an actual audiogram. The hearing aid amplifier is then designed next. As demonstrated, the amplifier is constructed by a combination of an FNP with an AGC. This causes the frequency response of the amplifier to be the inverse of that of the AGC. Hence, the voice received is amplified in such a manner that the patient hears and comprehends a flat and uniform voice for the entire dynamic range. In the second part of this paper, a more advanced design procedure is discussed. The amplifier so designed is capable of producing a specified (non-flat) final hearing profile. Finally, an alternative methodology using feedback theory is discussed in the Appendix. It is shown that with proper buffering this design can also produce a flat hearing profile, as well.