cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Natural Philosophy of Agency

A review of several theories and brain-imaging experiments shows that there is no consensus about how to define the sense of agency. In some cases the sense of agency is construed in terms of bodily movement or motor control, in others it is linked to the intentional aspect of action. For some theorists it is the product of higher-order cognitive processes, for others it is a feature of first-order phenomenal experience. In this paper I propose a multiple aspects account of the sense of agency.
Streptococcal Pharyngitis Evaluation of Diagnosis by Gram Stain in a Pediatric Acute Care Clinic

Clinical prediction of streptococcal pharyngitis at the initial visit is often difficult. The applicability of the gram stain in the initial assessment of streptococcal pharyngitis was evaluated by comparing gram stain with ultimate culture results. Positive gram stains showed polymorphonuclear cells and typical gram-positive cocci. Thirty-one physicians rotating through the Acute Care Clinic of a county teaching hospital participated in the evaluation. The sensitivity, specificity, and predictive value of a positive test (PVP) were 62 per cent, 70 per cent, and 47 per cent, respectively. These results were compared to a clinical algorithm and to the results of a group with more expertise in the technique. It is concluded that the gram-stained smear of pharyngeal secretions does not appear to be a practical tool for the diagnosis of streptococcal pharyngitis in a busy pediatric emergency unit of a teaching hospital.
Molecular Aspects in Feedback Regulation of Gene Expression by Cholesterol in Mammalian Cells

Intracellular cholesterol balance is maintained by a tight feedback mechanism that prevents the overaccumulation of cholesterol to cytotoxic levels. This is achieved through the coordinate regulation of genes of cholesterol uptake and biosynthesis by the sterol regulatory element binding proteins (SREBPs). The SREBPs are synthesized as membrane bound precursors that are released from their membrane tether when the cell needs new cholesterol. In the present article we present a model for how the cholesterol uptake pathway may be activated before the biosynthetic pathway to prevent wasting cellular energy and carbon on unneeded synthesis. Then we introduce a system for analyzing the differential localization and cellular trafficking of the different SREBP isoforms that can be performed over time in living cells.
Beach Profiling and LIDAR Bathymetry: An Overview with Case Studies

Abstract Light detection and ranging (LIDAR) techniques, combined with Global Positioning Systems (GPSs), make it possible to obtain accurate topographical and bathymetric maps, including maps of s...
Structural Variation of the Human Genome

There is growing appreciation that the human genome contains significant numbers of structural rearrangements, such as insertions, deletions, inversions, and large tandem repeats. Recent studies have defined approximately 5% of the human genome as structurally variant in the normal population, involving more than 800 independent genes. We present a detailed review of the various structural rearrangements identified to date in humans, with particular reference to their influence on human phenotypic variation. Our current knowledge of the extent of human structural variation shows that the human genome is a highly dynamic structure that shows significant large-scale variation from the currently published genome reference sequence.
25 – Therapeutics: Pharmacologic

This chapter focuses on the role of imaging in pharmacologic studies for several neurologic and psychiatric disorders. The clinical impact has been greatest for the major psychoses and data from “pharmacoimaging” studies appear to have immediate relevance for treatment. In principle, physicians can adjust antipsychotic drug therapy individually based on imaging studies. Unfortunately, positron emission tomography, while possessing the greatest versatility and potential for providing quantitative data is also the most expensive and difficult modality to use. Drug effects may depend on a number of pharmacokinetic factors, such as dose, route of administration, volume of distribution, half-life, clearance, and metabolic pathways. Subject-related factors, such as age, illness, other drugs being taken, and possibly genetic differences in pharmacodynamic parameters such as central nervous system receptors might play a role as well. It is also important to make sure that doses used in imaging studies are clinically relevant. Pharmacodynamic measures are even more difficult to obtain than pharmacokinetic data. Moreover, it is more difficult to interpret the effect of drugs on the nervous system than on other organs, like the liver whose function can be followed closely by chemical parameters or biopsied with relative ease and safety.
Use of Mobile Ticketing Data to Estimate an Origin–Destination Matrix for New York City Ferry Service

One of the fundamental components of transit planning is understanding passenger demand, which is commonly represented with origin–destination (O-D) matrices. However, manual collection of detailed O-D information through surveys can be expensive and time-consuming. Moreover, data from automated fare collection systems, such as smart cards, often include only entry information without tracking where passengers exit the transit network. New mobile ticketing systems offer the opportunity to prompt riders about their specific trips when they purchase a ticket, and this information can be used to track O-D patterns during the ticket activation phase. Therefore, the objective of this research is to use back-end mobile ticketing data to generate passenger O-D matrices and compare the outcome with O-D matrices generated with traditional onboard surveys. Iterative proportional fitting was used to create O-D matrices with both mobile ticketing and onboard survey data. These matrices were compared using Euclidean d...
/sup 7/Li(p-arrow-right,. pi. /sup +/)/sup 8/Li and /sup 7/Li(p-arrow-right,. pi. /sup -/)/sup 8/B reactions at T/sub p/ = 200 MeV

Angular distributions of the cross sections and analyzing powers for the /sup 7/Li(p,..pi../sup +- /) reactions leading to the ground and first two excited states of the isobaric analog final nuclei /sup 8/Li and /sup 8/B have been measured at T/sub p/ = 200.4 MeV and 199.2 MeV, respectively. The (p,..pi../sup +/) cross sections are an order of magnitude larger than those of the (p,..pi../sup -/) reaction and exhibit a much stronger angular dependence. The (p,..pi../sup +/) analyzing power patterns are essentially state independent and similar to that of the elementary pp..-->..d..pi../sup +/ reaction near threshold. The analyzing power angular distribution for the /sup 7/Li(p,..pi../sup -/) /sup 8/B(2.32 MeV, 3/sup +/) transition exhibits a ''signature'' characteristic of (p,..pi../sup -/) transitions to stretched high-spin two-particle one-hole final states, which is distinctly different from the pattern observed for transitions to low-spin final states. The differences between the two reactions are interpreted in terms of the dynamics of the elementary pp..-->..d..pi../sup +/ and pn..-->..pp..pi../sup -/ processes.
CloudPDB: A light-weight data privacy schema for cloud-based databases

Cloud computing paradigm offers an opportunity to in-house IT departments to establish their services on the cloud with minimum investment, and lower maintenance cost. This opportunity includes database services that allow a massive amount of data to be stored on the cloud. However, outsourcing data to the cloud may expose users' data to the cloud vendor, or the vendors' partners. Although encryption schemes, such as AES can be used against an untrusted cloud vendor, or an adversary, those schemes add additional computation overheads. In this paper, we proposed a light-weight data privacy schema for cloud based databases (CloudPDB) that scrambles data on each selected bucket (multiple records, or fields) of a database. The proposed schema uses a pre-defined database of a chaos system to store data on the cloud that protect data against an adversary inside or outside of an untrusted cloud vendor. We implemented the proposed schema on a well-known standard database benchmark, TPC-H with different query sizes. We ran several queries to assess the performance of the proposed schema. The evaluation shows that the proposed schema provides a better performance over other well-known encryption methods. In addition, we assess the security level of the proposed schema.
Striking Eagles: Innovation and the U.S. Navy Fighter Force, 1942-1945

After returning home from Guadalcanal in early 1943, Lieutenant Commander Leroy C. Simpler, former commander of the Navy’s Fighting Squadron Five (VF-5), predicted that “the greatest danger that a VF [fighter] pilot will ever suffer fighting the Japanese is old age.” The dominance of the skies which the American naval aviators would achieve in 1944 and 1945 would have been difficult to foresee during the ‘dark days’ of the summer and fall of 1942. Japanese naval aviation forces seemed to have every advantage when compared with the U.S. Navy’s pilots in the Pacific during the first year of the war. Japan’s aviators were superbly trained and many had gained combat experience during the campaign in China. Though the American Grumman F4F-4 Wildcat was a good airplane, it was second-best when compared to the exceptional Mitsubishi A6M2 Zero. The Americans did not even enjoy a numerical advantage in the Pacific in 1942; the American and Japanese navies were roughly equal in naval aviation forces. 2 Yet when the decisive test came over the Solomon Islands in late 1942, it was the American pilots who emerged victorious. Through teamwork and improvisation, the U.S. naval aviators were able to adapt their tactics and defeat the Japanese in the skies over Guadalcanal. In contrast to the Japanese, the U.S. Navy embraced innovation and encouraged initiative. For example, the U.S. Pacific Fleet’s tactical instructions stated that they “shall not be construed as depriving any officer exercising tactical command of initiative in issuing special instructions to his command.” 3 The American aviators were able to win the war in the Pacific because their training imparted a culture of innovation and perfectionism which served them well. A cadet had to pass through a series of increasingly difficult challenges throughout his training. Students found lacking in any of the challenges were washed from training. Naval aviation was a demanding field which required perfection from the pilot. In 1924, Bureau of Aeronautics chief Rear Admiral William A. Moffett stated that it took eight years to become an efficient naval aviator. The rigorous nature of the training engendered a sense of confidence in aviators that they could adapt to overcome any obstacles they might face. Naval aviator John S. Thach said
Transgenic manipulation of beta-adrenergic receptor kinase modifies cardiac myocyte contraction to norepinephrine.

To determine the direct functional significance of the beta-adrenergic receptor (AR) kinase 1 (beta ARK1) on myocardial performance in the absence of tonic sympathoadrenal neural activation and mechanical loading, we measured the contractile responses to acute beta 1-AR stimulation in left ventricular myocytes isolated from nontransgenic control (NTG) and transgenic mice overexpressing either beta ARK1 (TG beta K12) or a beta ARK1 inhibitor (TGMini27). Contractile response to five concentrations (10(-8)-10(-7) M) of the beta 1-AR agonist norepinephrine (NE) plus prazosin (10(-6) M) was measured after a 60-s rest, i.e., rested-state contraction (RSC), and during steady-state contraction (SSC) stimulation at 0.5 Hz (23 degrees C). At baseline, resting cell length was significantly greater in TG beta K12 myocytes (P < 0.05); however, there were no significant differences in RSC or SSC among NTG, TG beta K12, or TG Mini27 mice. On the other hand, both the dose-response curve and kinetics for the NE-induced SSC response normalized to RSC (SSC/RSC) were significantly different among experimental groups (P < 0.001). Specifically, maximal SSC induced by NE in myocytes isolated from TG beta K12 was only 70% of the response observed in NTG cells and 50% of the response measured in TGMini27. These data suggest that 1) in the absence of circulating catecholamines or basal sympathetic tone, beta ARK1 actions in single myocytes are minimal, and 2) substantial functional beta ARK1 modulation of beta 1-AR signaling occurs in cardiac myocytes even during short-term beta 1-AR stimulation. These results are consistent with a role for agonist-induced phosphorylation and desensitization of cardiac beta 1-ARs by beta ARK1 in single myocytes and highlight the potential functional importance of beta ARK1 as a critical determinant of the cardiac beta 1-AR contractile response.
Vitamin A-poor lipocytes: a novel desmin-negative lipocyte subpopulation, which can be activated to myofibroblasts

Lipocytes have been classified as vitamin A-storing, desmin-positive cells. In hepatic fibrogenesis, lipocytes transform into myofibroblasts, which express alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA) and...
From hepatoprotection models to new therapeutic modalities for treating liver diseases: a personal perspective

A variety of rodent models of hepatoprotection have been developed in which tolerance to acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity occurs. Autoprotection/heteroprotection is a phenomenon where prior exposure to a mildly toxic dose of toxicant confers protection against a subsequently administered higher dose of the same toxicant (as in the case of autoprotection) or to a different toxicant (referred to as heteroprotection). Multiple mechanisms regulate this adaptive response, including hepatocellular proliferation, proteostasis, enhanced expression of cytoprotective genes, and altered tissue immune response. In this review, we will discuss recent findings that highlight the complexity of these adaptive mechanisms and we also outline the usefulness of these findings to devise therapeutic and/or diagnostic tools for acetaminophen-induced liver damage in patients.
Making (Non)sense of Gender

This chapter examines the phenomenon of “nonsensical gender” — that is, cases of breakdown within the domain of gender identity. First, it is argued that gender is a multifaceted system that shapes and subtends cognitive processing. Next, the chapter examines cases of gender break- down and compares those phenomena with other forms of cognitive breakdown. It is then contended that, while there are some striking similarities among all these failures to “make sense,” a crucial distinc- tion needs to be made: gender interactions, unlike human-tool interac- tions, are marked by complex intersubjective modes of meaning-making. Thus, in order to “make sense” of gender misidentification, the chapter argues for a more nuanced account of breakdown, one that pays more heed to the interpersonal and intrapersonal dimensions of social sensemaking.
Flow, Speed, Density, and Their Relationships

Flow, speed, and density are the three primary characteristics of traffic and are used to describe various aspects of operations of a highway facility. When describing and assessing traffic operations, we are often concerned with the movement of a group of vehicles, or the traffic stream as a whole, rather than the movement of each vehicle. In those cases, it is more convenient to describe traffic operations in terms of macroscopic measures of traffic.
The highly ionized, high-velocity gas in NGC 6231

It is well known that clusters of massive stars are influenced by the presence of strong winds, that they are sources of diffuse X-rays from shocked gas, and that this gas can be vented into the surrounding region or the halo through the champagne effect. However, the details of how these different environments interact and evolve are far from complete. This paper attributes the broad C IV 1500 absorption features (extending to -1900 \kms) that are seen in the spectra of main sequence B stars in NGC 6231 to gas in the cluster environment and not the B stars themselves. It is shown that the presence of a WC star, WR 79, in the cluster makes this gas detectable because its wind enriches the cluster gas with carbon. Given the available data, it is not clear whether the absorbing gas is simply the far wind of WR 79 or a collective cluster wind enriched by carbon from the wind of WR 79. If it is simply due to the wind, then this wind must flow, unimpeded for more than 2 pc, suggesting that the inner region of the cluster is nearly devoid of obstructing material. If it is actually a collective wind from the cluster, then we could be witnessing an important stage of galactic feedback. In either case, the observations provide a unique and significant piece to the puzzle of how massive, open clusters evolve.
Magnetically-active Pickering emulsions stabilized by hybrid inorganic/organic networks.

Magnetically-active hybrid networks (MHNs) are complex inorganic/organic composite materials that have been synthesized from the coupling of amine-functionalized iron oxide nanoparticles (amine-IONs) and pre-assembled shell crosslinked knedel-like (SCK) polymeric nanoconstructs. The intricate structure of these materials is composed of several inter-connected bundles of SCKs covalently bound to amine-IONs, which afford them magnetic responsivity. The MHNs were originally designed to sequester complex hydrocarbons from water; however, they have displayed a remarkable ability to form stable Pickering emulsions between organic solvents and water, upon mechanical stimulus. Two methods of emulsification, vortex and probe sonication, have been utilized to yield magnetically-active toluene-in-water and dodecane-in-water emulsions, which are stable for up to two months in the presence of the MHNs. A detailed study of the effect of the water-to-oil (W : O) volume ratio and the MHN concentration on the droplet size of the emulsions revealed that the smallest droplet size, and narrowest dispersity were obtained at a W : O = 3 : 1, for all conditions tested. Additionally, concentrations of MHNs as low as 1 mg mL−1 and 1.5 mg mL−1, for emulsions prepared via vortex and probe sonication, respectively, were sufficient to yield the smallest droplets and narrowest distributions. Furthermore, the oil droplets stabilized by the MHNs exhibited magnetic character, and could be manipulated with an external magnetic field.
International Students and Crime

Knowledge about crime promotes awareness about the existence of a problem and aids in designing appropriate preventive strategies to tackle the problem. The authors promote this awareness throughout their book International Students and Crime, which investigates the phenomenon of international student crime using qualitative methodology. The authors compare data from the US, UK and Australia, and present 150 international student experiences along with opinions of industry professionals.
Hepatotoxicity Associated with Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors

ObjectiveTo review published reports of hepatotoxicity associated with angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and to explore possible mechanisms of injury.Data SourcesPublished reports of hepatotoxicity associated with use of ACE inhibitors and investigations that suggest potential mechanisms of injury.Data SynthesisNineteen cases of ACE-inhibitor–associated hepatotoxicity are presented. Early theories regarding mechanisms are reviewed. Laboratory investigations of hepatic effects of eicosanoids on hepatic function are reviewed and a novel mechanism by which ACE inhibitors may cause hepatic injury is postulated.ConclusionsHepatotoxicity, usually cholestatic in nature, has been reported with captopril, enalapril, and lisinopril use. Apparent cross-reactivity has been reported twice. Potential mechanisms of injury include idiopathic hypersensitivity and modulation of eicosanoid metabolism by inhibition of kininase II and subsequent increased hepatic bradykinin activity. Mediation via altered eicosan...
Process Improvement Using In-Situ Particle Detection

An engineering criterion is derived to determine when the particle level detected in exhaust flow can be treated as a representiative measure of particle concentration in the reactor. It is established when gravitation sedimentation is the dominant phenomenon affecting particle deposition and when the particle distribution in the reactor is well-mixed. An example of using this technology to improve a plasma-en-hanced chemical vapor deposition process is presented.
Models for metal particle combustion with extended flame zones

Abstract A class of models is proposed to describe the vapor-phase combustion of metal particles. Optional features of the models include surface condensation of the oxide vapor and the existence of an extended flame zone, formed by condensing part or all of the outwardly-diffusing oxide vapor. Two types of extended flames, an isothermal flame and a non-isothermal flame with the inner edge hotter than the outer edge, are found to exist. It is shown that by including the additional gas-phase condensation process, the mass burning rate increases slightly whereas the outer edge of the flame can attain substantial size. Sample solutions are obtained for magnesium reacting with oxygen. Fair agreements exist between theoretical predictions and experimental results.
Complex resistivity spectra for estimating permeability in dolomites from the Mississippian Madison Formation, Wyoming

Abstract Dolomite rocks constitute many important reservoirs due to the porosity-preserving and connectivity-enhancing effects of dolomitization. This study explores the correlation between resistivity and pore structure in dolomite rocks from the Mississippian Madison Formation in Wyoming and proposes a novel approach for predicting permeability from complex resistivity spectra (CRS). Digital image analysis (DIA) on thin-sections is used to quantify the pore structure of 54 sucrosic dolomite samples. Pore-structure parameters derived from DIA are correlated to resistivity values of each plug and show that larger and simpler pore networks result in higher cementation factors. Analyses of CRS are performed on brine-saturated core plugs in a log sweep from 0.1– 100,000 Hz with a four-electrode setup at varying confining pressures. Results show that the frequency dispersion of CRS between 10 and 100 kHz is directly related to the porosity in these dolomites. The phase shift of CRS shows high variance in both low and high porosity samples with characteristic slopes βPhase and βAmplitude for frequencies between 10 and 100 kHz. Modifying an empirical model of Tong & Tao (2008) to include porosity and both βPhase and βAmplitude can predict permeability with a correlation coefficient of R2 = 0.84.
Millimeter wave GaAs Schottky barrier photodiodes

This paper reports on the design, fabrication, and testing of a series of GaAs Schottky barrier photodiodes with extrapolated RC time constants in excess of 100 GHz.
Dance Scholarship and Community Engagement: A Literature Review of the Journal of Dance Education

As higher education institutions look forward to determine the needs of graduates, they are discovering a demand for hands-on training that facilitates the development of higher order thinking and ...
Herman Moll and the London Map Trade, 1678–1732

Advanced doctoral students whose dissertations are substantially concerned with the history of cartography are invited to contact the editor of this section (Dr Elizabeth Baigent, Wycliffe Hall, Ox...
Restriction enzyme cleavage of DNA resulting from gently lysed Escherichia coli

When E. coli or λ infected E. coli are gently lysed the DNA is released as a very fast sedimenting species that is presumably bound to membrane material. If this complex is now subjected to restriction enzyme cleavage, only a minor fraction of the fast sedimenting DNA remains and this is found, after purification, to be enriched for branched molecules.
Chapter 4 – Thermodynamics

The chapter reviews properties of an ideal gas of quarks and gluons in thermal equilibrium, and the phase transition between the quark-gluon plasma and the hadronic world. A nuclear matter phase diagram for two massless light quarks and a heavy strange quark is analyzed in the chapter. The quark matter phase can be reached either by compressing nuclear matter to high densities at rather low temperatures or by heating the vacuum. The high density phases are expected to play a key role in the interior of neutron stars, including keeping the interior temperature elevated for a longer time than expected. The location of the endpoint and whether the region to the left of the endpoint has a second-order transition or a smooth crossover depends on the masses of the up, down, and strange quarks. Phase transitions in nuclear matter involve symmetries. The number of quark degrees of freedom depends on the number of active quarks in a system. The total partition function for a system of massless fermions and boson is also elaborated in the chapter.
Cytochemical and cytological studies of the parietal eye of the lizard, Sceloporus occidentalis

1. Illuminated and dark-adapted parietal eyes of 44 Western Fence Lizards, Sceloporus occidentalis, were studied cytochemically. Additionally, the eyes of 46 non-experimental animals were variously fixed and stained, many of them with 1% osmium tetroxide for electron microscopy. 2. Glycogen, demonstrated by the periodic acid Schiff (PAS) reaction, was more abundant in dark-adapted eyes and occurred particularly in the basal (luminal) half of the lens, the humor of the eye, “paraboloid” and perinuclear regions of photoreceptors, and “vesicles” in the nervous layer. Illuminated eyes showed a decrease in PAS-positive material, especially in lens and lumen. It is concluded that the lens secretes glycogen and perhaps other polysaccharides into the cavity of the eye and that possibly these substances may be used by the photoreceptoral processes. 3. Oil red O and oil blue N revealed pyridine-soluble lipids in the chromatophores of the capsule of the eye. These chromatophores appear to have characteristics of both lipophores and guanophores. 4. Staining with methyl green-pyronin showed desoxyribonucleic acid in nuclei and ribonucleic acid (RNA) in the following: basal (luminal) part of lens cytoplasm, the luminal humor, “paraboloid” and perinuclear regions of photoreceptors, and perikarya of ganglion cells. The RNA in ganglion cells is identified with Nissl substance. There was no apparent difference in RNA content of light and dark-adapted eyes. 5. Metachromasia to azure B and toluidine blue was observed in the RNA-positive regions of lens, lumen, and retina. 6. Osmium tetroxide was bound especially by the basal (luminal) ends of lens cells and by some of the cytoplasmic granules in capsular chromatophores. 7. Melanin pigment in the retinal melanocytes was observed to shift lumenward in a 48-hour illumination of the eye and to retreat basally during darkadaptation. 8. It is suggested that the luminal melanin-bearing cells may be macrophages.
Solution of Fixed Final State Optimal Control Problems via Simple Cell Mapping

A strategy is proposed to solve the fixed final state optimal control problem using the simple cell mapping method. A non-uniform time step simple cell mapping is developed to create a general database from which solutions of various optimal control problems can be obtained. A two-stage backward search algorithm is proposed to eliminate degenerated paths often associated with the simple cell mapping. The proposed method can accurately delineate the switching curves and eliminate false limit cycles in the solution. The method is applied to two optimal control problems with bang-bang control. The well-known minimum time control problem of moving a point mass from any initial condition to the origin of the phase plane is studied first. This example has exact solutions available which provide a yardstick to examine the accuracy of the method. The cell size dependence of the solution accuracy is studied numerically. The second example is a variable stiffness feedback control problem with tuning range saturation. The strategy proposed is able to provide the switching curves in the phase plane. This result has not been obtained before.
Myocarditis associated with doxorubicin cardiotoxicity

In contrast to previous reports, the authors were impressed by the frequency of myocarditis in the endomyocardial biopsy specimens of patients treated with anthracyclines. To examine this, they reviewed the histologic and electron microscopic results and immunoperoxidase stains of myocardial biopsy specimens from 11 patients with doxorubicin cardiotoxicity grades 1.0-3.0. Immunoperoxidase stains for lymphocytes, macrophages, and endothelial cells and induced expression of Class II antigen were performed using the avidin-biotin complex procedure. A full panel of monoclonal antibodies was employed on fresh-frozen tissue; a smaller panel was used with formaldehyde-fixed paraffin-embedded material. Four of the 11 endomyocardial biopsy specimens showed myocarditis, and 2 showed borderline myocarditis by the Dallas criteria. The infiltrating lymphocytes were generally characterized as T lymphocytes and were associated with induced Class II antigen expression by arterial endothelial cells. In addition, foci of replacement fibrosis, suggesting a chronic process, were identified. Although this association does not prove a causal relationship, these results suggest that myocarditis can be a component of doxorubicin-induced myocardial injury.
Initiating Joint Attention Use in Infants at High-Risk for Autism Spectrum Disorder.

Background Impairment in initiating joint attention (IJA) is associated with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in children, although it is unclear when impairments arise. Due to the early development of IJA use and late diagnosis of ASD, groups at high-risk of ASD, such as infants with an older sibling with ASD (ASIBs) and infants with fragile X syndrome (FXS), provide opportunities to study early IJA behaviours for children who are later diagnosed with ASD. This study analysed these two groups to determine if IJA use differed compared with typically developing (TD) peers at 12 months and whether IJA was associated with later ASD outcomes. Method An experimental attention task was used to analyse IJA gaze shifts and gestures in the high-risk groups. Clinical best estimate diagnoses were given to each participant to compare IJA behaviours to ASD severity. Results No differences in the frequency of IJA gaze shifts and gestures were found between 12-month-old ASIBs and TD controls, but infants with FXS demonstrated a significantly reduced range of IJA gaze shifts relative to TD controls. Additionally, ASD outcomes at 24 months were related to IJA use for infants with FXS at 12 months, but not infant ASIBs, although these findings were explained by differences in nonverbal cognitive development. Conclusions Although previous studies have reported delays in IJA use in children with FXS and ASIBs at ages 21 and 14 months, respectively, our results suggest IJA behaviours for these high-risk groups are not distinct from TD children at 12 months. When differences were found at 12 months, they were explained by nonverbal cognitive development, particularly for infants with FXS. Differences in IJA use at 12 months in this study were too small to serve as a potential indicator of later ASD.
Short-Time Fourier Transform Based Spike Detection of Spontaneous Peripheral Nerve Activity

Peripheral nerve interfaces are designed to record neural activity from residual nerves in amputees. Reliable detection of neural events from these recordings dictate the performance of neuroprosthetic device control. Extraction of neural events from peripheral nerve recordings is challenging because of low signal to noise ratio (SNR), sparse spiking pattern and the presence of electromyographic signal contamination from the surrounding muscles. In this study, we developed a spike detection algorithm based on Short-time Fourier Transform (STFT) and compared its performance to simple thresholding technique using synthesized nerve recordings. To mimic peripheral nerve recordings and produce ground-truth for validation, a quasi-simulation framework is proposed to incrementally synthesize signals from physiological recordings. A detection threshold was optimized on the spectral features of simulated signals and performance evaluation was done using an independent simulated data set. Results show that the STFT based technique, compared to the simple thresholding, reduces the false detection rate even in recordings with moderately low SNR.
Migration: Cultural Aspects

In the twenty-first century migration is the human face of globalization. All continents are experiencing mass migration – as sending, transit, or destination areas, and often, all three at once. This article reviews the basic scholarship on cultural concerns in mass migration with a focus on families, language, and inequality, as they structure the pathways of immigrants in a variety of destinations.
Laser-Assisted Control of Epistaxis in Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia: A Systematic Review.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT), also known as Osler-Weber-Rendu disease, causes recurrent mucous membrane hemorrhage, especially epistaxis. In this systematic review, we discuss the efficacies of the three most common laser photocoagulation treatments for HHT-related epistaxis. STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS A systematic literature search was conducted in PubMed and MEDLINE from database inception to March 2019. Studies reporting epistaxis outcomes following argon, neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG), and diode laser photocoagulation for HHT were included. χ2 and Barnard's exact tests were utilized to detect differences in reduced epistaxis frequency and intensity rates. RESULTS Fifteen out of 157 published studies met our eligibility criteria, spanning a collective 362 patients. Argon, Nd:YAG, and diode laser therapy reduced epistaxis frequency in 90.4%, 88.9%, and 71.1% of patients, respectively, and reduced epistaxis intensity in 87.8%, 87.2%, and 71.1% of patients, respectively. Diode laser photocoagulation significantly underperformed in both outcome measurements when compared with argon (frequency: P = 0.005; intensity: P = 0.034) and Nd:YAG (frequency: P = 0.012; intensity: P = 0.041). There was no significant difference between argon and Nd:YAG in reducing HHT epistaxis frequency (P = 0.434) or intensity (P = 0.969). Categorizing HHT patients by clinical severity demonstrated a higher rate of improvement in the mild-moderate group compared with the severe group in both argon (P < 0.001) and Nd:YAG (P < 0.001) therapeutic methods. While no significant differences were found in rates of improved epistaxis outcomes between argon and Nd:YAG in mild-moderate HHT patients (frequency: P = 0.061; intensity: P = 0.061), Nd:YAG demonstrated greater rates of reduction in epistaxis frequency (P = 0.040) and intensity (P = 0.028) than argon among severe HHT patients. CONCLUSIONS HHT is a lifelong disease, plaguing patients with debilitating epistaxis. Intranasal laser photocoagulation of telangiectasias using argon or Nd:YAG laser therapy can yield improved epistaxis outcomes compared with diode laser photocoagulation. In severe cases of HHT, Nd:YAG laser therapy provides greater improvements in epistaxis outcomes than argon photocoagulation. Lasers Surg. Med. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
AI Safety for High Energy Physics

The field of high-energy physics (HEP), along with many scientific disciplines, is currently experiencing a dramatic influx of new methodologies powered by modern machine learning techniques. Over the last few years, a growing body of HEP literature has focused on identifying promising applications of deep learning in particular, and more recently these techniques are starting to be realized in an increasing number of experimental measurements. The overall conclusion from this impressive and extensive set of studies is that rarer and more complex physics signatures can be identified with the new set of powerful tools from deep learning. However, there is an unstudied systematic risk associated with combining the traditional HEP workflow and deep learning with high-dimensional data. In particular, calibrating and validating the response of deep neural networks is in general not experimentally feasible, and therefore current methods may be biased in ways that are not covered by current uncertainty estimates. By borrowing ideas from AI safety, we illustrate these potential issues and propose a method to bound the size of unaccounted for uncertainty. In addition to providing a pragmatic diagnostic, this work will hopefully begin a dialogue within the community about the robust application of deep learning to experimental analyses.
Generation of MuRF-GFP transgenic zebrafish models for investigating murf gene expression and protein localization in Smyd1b and Hsp90α1 knockdown embryos

Muscle-specific RING-finger proteins (MuRFs) are E3 ubiquitin ligases that play important roles in protein quality control in skeletal and cardiac muscles. Here we characterized murf gene expression and protein localization in zebrafish embryos. We found that the zebrafish genome contains six murf genes, including murf1a, murf1b, murf2a, murf2b, murf3 and a murf2-like gene that are specifically expressed in skeletal and cardiac muscles of zebrafish embryos. To analyze the subcellular localization, we generated transgenic zebrafish models expressing MurF1a-GFP or MuRF2a-GFP fusion proteins. MuRF1a-GFP and MuRF2a-GFP showed distinct patterns of subcellular localization. MuRF1a-GFP displayed a striated pattern of localization in myofibers, whereas MuRF2a-GFP mainly exhibited a random pattern of punctate distribution. The MuRF1a-GFP signal appeared as small dots aligned along the M-lines of the sarcomeres in skeletal myofibers. To determine whether knockdown of smyd1b or hsp90α1 that increased myosin protein degradation could alter murf gene expression or MuRF protein localization, we knocked down smyd1b or hsp90α1 in wild type, Tg(ef1a:MurF1a-GFP) and Tg(ef1a:MuRF2a-GFP) transgenic zebrafish embryos. Knockdown of smyd1b or hsp90α1 had no effect on murf gene expression. However, the sarcomeric distribution of MuRF1a-GFP was abolished in the knockdown embryos. This was accompanied by an increased random punctate distribution of MuRF1a-GFP in muscle cells of zebrafish embryos. Collectively, these studies demonstrate that MuRFs are specifically expressed in developing muscles of zebrafish embryos. The M-line localization MuRF1a is altered by sarcomere disruption in smyd1b or hsp90α1 knockdown embryos.
Facial Fat Grafting: The Past, Present, and Future

Fat grafting has evolved over the past two centuries and has revolutionized regenerative medicine, aesthetic and reconstructive surgery. Fat grafting provides a safe and minimally invasive technique to improve signs of aging, sun damage, and congenital and acquired craniofacial deformities. The Coleman technique for harvesting, processing, and grafting provides a reliable strategy for consistent results. However, unanswered questions remain regarding the biology of fat grafting, survival mechanisms, and regenerative properties. The future of fat grafting is bright and includes cell-based therapy and extracellular matrix-based scaffolds. This article provides an overview of the past, present, and future of facial fat grafting.
Left Caputo Fractional Complex Inequalities

Here we present several complex left Caputo type fractional inequalities of well known kinds, such as of Ostrowski, Poincare, Sobolev, Opial and Hilbert–Pachpatte. See also [3].
Management of acute ischemic stroke

Stroke is the leading cause of long term disability in developed countries and one of the top causes of mortality worldwide. The past decade has seen substantial advances in the diagnostic and treatment options available to minimize the impact of acute ischemic stroke. The key first step in stroke care is early identification of patients with stroke and triage to centers capable of delivering the appropriate treatment, as fast as possible. Here, we review the data supporting pre-hospital and emergency stroke care, including use of emergency medical services protocols for identification of patients with stroke, intravenous thrombolysis in acute ischemic stroke including updates to recommended patient eligibility criteria and treatment time windows, and advanced imaging techniques with automated interpretation to identify patients with large areas of brain at risk but without large completed infarcts who are likely to benefit from endovascular thrombectomy in extended time windows from symptom onset. We also review protocols for management of patient physiologic parameters to minimize infarct volumes and recent updates in secondary prevention recommendations including short term use of dual antiplatelet therapy to prevent recurrent stroke in the high risk period immediately after stroke. Finally, we discuss emerging therapies and questions for future research.
Development and Modification of a Mobile Health Program to Promote Postpartum Weight Loss in Women at Elevated Risk for Cardiometabolic Disease: Single-Arm Pilot Study

Background: Pregnancy complications in combination with postpartum weight retention lead to significant risks of cardiometabolic disease and obesity. The majority of traditional face-to-face interventions have not been effective in postpartum women. Mobile technology enables the active engagement of postpartum women to promote lifestyle changes to prevent chronic diseases. Objective: We sought to employ an interactive, user-centered, and participatory method of development, evaluation, and iteration to design and optimize the mobile health (mHealth) Fit After Baby program. Methods: For the initial development, a multidisciplinary team integrated evidence-based approaches for health behavior, diet and physical activity, and user-centered design and engagement. We implemented an iterative feedback and design process via 3 month-long beta pilots in which postpartum women with cardiometabolic risk factors participated in the program and provided weekly and ongoing feedback. We also conducted two group interviews using a structured interview guide to gather additional feedback. Qualitative data were recorded, transcribed, and analyzed using established qualitative methods. Modifications based on feedback were integrated into successive versions of the app. Results: We conducted three pilot testing rounds with a total of 26 women. Feedback from each pilot cohort informed changes to the functionality and content of the app, and then a subsequent pilot group participated in the program. We optimized the program in response to feedback through three iterations leading to a final version. Conclusions: This study demonstrates the feasibility of using an interactive, user-centered, participatory method of rapid, iterative design and evaluation to develop and optimize a mHealth intervention program for postpartum women. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02384226; https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02384226
ABC's of Vitamin Supplementation in Critical Illness

Critical illness commonly presents as a systemic inflammatory process. Through this inflammation, there is an enhanced production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species combined with marked reductions in protective plasma antioxidant concentrations. This imbalance is referred to as oxidative stress and is commonly encountered in numerous disease states in the critically ill including sepsis, trauma, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and burns. Oxidative stress can lead to cellular, tissue and organ damage as well as increased morbidity and mortality in critically ill patients. Supplementation with exogenous micronutrients to restore balance and antioxidant concentrations in critically ill patients has been considered for several decades. It is proposed that antioxidant vitamins, such as vitamins A and C, may minimize oxidative stress and improve clinical outcomes. Vitamin B formulations may play a role in curtailing lactic acidosis and are recently being evaluated as an acute phase reactant. However, few large, randomized trials specifically investigating the role of vitamin supplementation in the critically ill patient population are available. This article seeks to review recently published literature surrounding the role of supplementation of vitamins A, B and C in critically ill patients.
OBSERVATIONAL TEST OF STOCHASTIC HEATING IN LOW-β FAST-SOLAR-WIND STREAMS

Spacecraft measurements show that protons undergo substantial perpendicular heating during their transit from the Sun to the outer heliosphere. In this paper, we use Helios 2 measurements to investigate whether stochastic heating by low-frequency turbulence is capable of explaining this perpendicular heating. We analyze Helios 2 magnetic field measurements in low-β fast-solar-wind streams between heliocentric distances r = 0.29 AU and r = 0.64 AU to determine the rms amplitude of the fluctuating magnetic field, δB p, near the proton gyroradius scale ρp. We then evaluate the stochastic heating rate Q ⊥stoch using the measured value of δB p and a previously published analytical formula for Q ⊥stoch. Using Helios measurements we estimate the empirical perpendicular heating rate that is needed to explain the T ⊥p profile. We find that Q ⊥stoch ~ Q ⊥emp, but only if a key dimensionless constant appearing in the formula for Q ⊥stoch lies within a certain range of values. This range is approximately the same throughout the radial interval that we analyze and is consistent with the results of numerical simulations of the stochastic heating of test particles in reduced magnetohydrodynamic turbulence. These results support the hypothesis that stochastic heating accounts for much of the perpendicular proton heating occurring in low-β fast-wind streams.
Meat goat diet supplementation with crude glycerine: Ruminal fermentation metabolism, blood chemistry profile, animal performance and carcass traits

The objective of this experiment was to determine the effects of feeding varying levels of crude glycerine (CG) on dry matter intake (DMI), animal performance, carcass traits and rumen volatile fatty acids (VFA) concentration in meat goats. Twenty-four intact male Boer goats (23.9 ± 1.0 kg initial BW and 4-5 months of age) were randomly assigned to one of four experimental diets (n = 6) containing 30% bermudagrass hay plus 70% concentrate mix with 0, 5, 10 or 15% CG in the diet on an as-fed basis, substituted for the corn portion of the concentrate. Feed offered and refusals were monitored daily for 84 days. Goats were weighed at 28-days interval. Blood and rumen samples were collected on day 84. At the end of the 84-days feeding period, goats were harvested, and carcass characteristics measured. Feed intake, average daily gain (ADG), gain-to-feed ratio (G:F), carcass traits and VFA concentrations were analysed as a completely randomized design. The CG did not influence animal body weight (BW) changes, ADG and G:F ratio but tended to (p = 0.06) decrease DMI. Molar per cent propionic acid increased linearly (p < 0.05) with increasing CG. The acetate: propionate (A:P) ratio decreased (p < 0.05) with increasing amounts of CG in the diet. The CG addition tended to increase (p = 0.09) the longissimus muscle (LM area) in meat goats. In conclusion, CG can replace corn in diet for growing meat goats when fed up to 15% of diet, improving ruminal propionate concentration, but decreasing A:P ratio without affecting animal performance and carcass traits.