cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chemistry-climate model simulations of recent trends in lower stratospheric temperature and stratospheric residual circulation

[1] Observations of the lower stratospheric temperature over the last three decades show seasonal variations in tropical trends together with spatial patterns in southern high latitude trends in late winter-spring, with regions of cooling and warming of comparable magnitude. Neither aspect is reproduced in climate models used in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s Fourth Assessment Report (IPCC AR4). Here we show that stratosphere-resolving chemistry-climate models can produce these aspects of temperature trends. However, the seasonality of temperature trends can vary greatly among simulations of the same model, and even if one ensemble member reproduces the observed seasonality in trends there may be little agreement with observations for another member. The variability in trends among model ensemble members is related to differences in trends in wave activity propagating into the stratosphere. These results suggest that the seasonality of the observed temperature trends could be the result of natural variability as well as, or instead of, a response to external forcing, and that comparison with these trends may not be a robust test of climate models.
Re)visioning the Self Through Art

How can art function as a medium through which to re(view) the self and others? This article explores this central question through an interdisciplinary classroom experiment that brought theories of identity development in a multiculturalism classroom together with principles of portraiture present in an introductory drawing class. Interview analysis with a dozen participants suggests that such disciplinary interactions can create space for the exploration of stereotypes and “flash judgments” as well as lead to intense awareness of risk-taking and vulnerability so necessary to multicultural education. Art is not a mirror held up to reality but a hammer with which to shape it. (Brecht, 1964, p. 425)
Preparing Special Education Administrators for Inclusion in Diverse, Standards-Based Contexts: Beyond the Council for Exceptional Children and the Interstate School Leaders Licensure Consortium.

Special education administrators must be prepared for their leadership roles in inclusive, culturally diverse, standards-based school settings. These challenges create the need for new skills, required for effective special education leaders in the 21st century. In this article, the authors examine the standards used to prepare special education administrators, and they offer new insights into the knowledge and skills needed to facilitate the inclusion of diverse students with disabilities in standards-based classrooms.
M-OSCE as a Method to Measure Dental Hygiene Students’ Critical Thinking: A Pilot Study

Educators in all academic disciplines have been encouraged to utilize assessment strategies to evaluate students' critical thinking. The purpose of this study was to assess the viability of the modified objective structured clinical examination (m-OSCE) to evaluate critical thinking in dental hygiene education. This evaluation utilized a convenience sample of senior dental hygiene students. Students participated in the m-OSCE in which portions of a patient case were revealed at four stations. The exam consisted of multiple-choice questions intended to measure students' ability to utilize critical thinking skills. Additionally, there was one fill-in-the-blank question and a treatment plan that was completed at the fifth station. The results of this study revealed that the m-OSCE did not reliably measure dental hygiene students' critical thinking. Statistical analysis found no satisfactory reliability within the multiple-choice questions and moderately reliable results within the treatment planning portion of the examination. In addition, the item analysis found gaps in students' abilities to transfer clinical evidence/data to basic biomedical knowledge as demonstrated through the multiple-choice questioning results. This outcome warrants further investigation of the utility of the m-OSCE, with a focus on modifications to the evaluation questions, grading rubric, and patient case.
Stiffness control and calibration of robotic and human hands and fingers

The author studies human grasping behavior in terms of a compliance analysis developed for modeling robot hands and fingers. The motivation is to see whether grasp compliance, which has been demonstrated to be useful for describing and controlling robotic grasps, can also capture some of the behaviors of human grasps. Force and displacement data for human grasps are used to find the stiffness matrix of the grasp by least-squares fit method. The results of this study show that the stiffness of a grasp, a linear relationship between force and displacement, is capable of capturing the experimental data of human grasps for which displacements are small (on the order of one to seven mm). Different measures, proposed and developed in the robotics literature, can be employed to predict the human grasps in reacting to externally applied loads. >
Understanding the performance of streaming applications deployed on hybrid systems

Significant performance gains have been reported by exploiting the specialized characteristics of hybrid computing architectures for a number of streaming applications. While it is straightforward to physically construct these hybrid systems, application development is often quite difficult. We have built an application development environment, Auto-Pipe, that targets streaming applications deployed on hybrid architectures. Here, we describe some of the current and future characteristics of the Auto-Pipe environment that facilitate an understanding of the performance of an application that is deployed on a hybrid system.
Methods of Hyperspectral Detection Based on a Single Signature Sample

Accurate radiance spectra of manmade materials are rarely available to remote sensing detection algorithms. Even when known instances of a material spectrum are available from a prior image, some form of signature adjustment is usually required by altered environmental conditions, if a useful signature is to be created. The translation of a reflectivity spectrum into the radiance space in which a remote sensing system operates presents an even more difficult problem. Here, two methods are described for exploiting prior signatures. First, a physics-informed statistical method for evolving in-scene signatures over time is derived. Second, a detection method is developed by growing a reflectance signature into an affine radiance subspace that is meant to capture prediction uncertainty.
Numerical Evaluation of Correlation Parameters for Optimal Phases of Binary Shift-Register Sequences

Correlation parameters that are important for spreadspectrum communications applications are evaluated. The optimal phases (with respect to autocorrelation) are obtained for certain binary shiftregister sequences, including all maximal-length sequences of periods 31, 63, 127, and 255. Selected Gold sequences of period 127 and Kasami sequences of period 255 are also considered. Examples are given to illustrate the use of these data in the selection of signature sequences for spread-spectrum multiple-access communications systems.
Building Academic Distinction in a Twenty-First-Century Research University.

Founding faculty made huge career choices in coming to UC Merced, leaving campuses that met their needs and provided comfortable infrastructures.
Two-Phase Transport in Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells with Bilayer Cathode Gas Diffusion Media

2framework is developed to analyze the two-phase transport in polymer electrolyte fuel cells with bilayer cathode gas diffusion media GDM, consisting of a coarse gas diffusion layer GDL with an average pore size around 10-30 m and a microporous layer MPL with an average pore size ranging from 0.1 to 1 m. Effects of the relevant properties of the MPL on liquid water transport are examined, including average pore size, wettability, thickness, and porosity. It is quantitatively shown that the MPL increases the rate of water back-flow across the membrane toward the anode by increasing the hydraulic pressure differential across the membrane, consequently reducing the net amount of water to be removed from the cathode. Furthermore, it is seen that different microporous and wetting characteristics of the MPL cause a discontinuity in the liquid saturation profile at the MPL-GDL interface, which in turn reduces the amount of liquid water in the catalyst layer-MPL interface. Our analyses show that the back-flow of liquid water increases with increasing hydrophobicity and thickness, and decreasing pore size and porosity of the MPL.
Branched-Chain Amino Acid Plus Glucose Supplement Reduces Exercise-Induced Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness in College-Age Females

Supplementation with branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) has been used to stimulate muscle protein synthesis following exercise. The purpose of this study was to determine if supplementation with BCAAs in combination with glucose would reduce exercise-induced delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS). Using a double-blind crossover design, 20 subjects (11 females, 9 males) were randomly assigned to either BCAA (n = 10) or placebo (n = 10) groups. Subjects performed a squatting exercise to elicit DOMS and rated their muscle soreness every 24 hours for four days following exercise while continuing to consume the BCAA or placebo. Following a three-week recovery period, subjects returned and received the alternate BCAA or placebo treatment, repeating the same exercise and DOMS rating protocol for the next four days. BCAA supplementation in female subjects resulted in a significant decrease in DOMS versus placebo at 24 hours following exercise (P = 0.018). No significant effect of BCAA supplementation versus placebo was noted in male subjects nor when male and female results were analyzed together. This gender difference may be related to dose per body weight differences between male and female subjects.
A Novel Robust Detection Algorithm for Spectrum Sensing

In this paper, the DTV (digital television) spectrum sensing problem is studied, which plays a key role in the cognitive radio. In contrast to the existing higher-order-statistics (HOS) approach, we propose a novel robust spectrum-sensing method, which is based on the JB (Jarqur-Bera) statistic. In our studies, the existing detector may often not be robust when the sample size is small. Our proposed JB detector is heuristically justified to be superior for the simulated microphone signals as well as the real DTV signals. Moreover, the computational complexity analysis for our proposed new JB detector and the HOS detector is also presented. Ultimately, the normality test and the spectral analysis are provided to justify the advantage of our proposed spectrum sensing method.
The transmission of light by films of crystalline polymers

The transmission of polarized light by films of crystalline polymers depends on the size, shape, orientation, anisotropy, and arrangement of the constituent crystallites. Its measurement as a function of the polarization direction of the incident light and that of the analyzing polarization filter characterizes the structure. This may be readily followed during the crystallization or deformation of the polymer. The transmission depends upon some of the same optical parameters as does the scattering and provides complementary information. The scattering, measured as a function of angle, is capable of providing more information than the transmission but its measurement during rapid processes is more difficult. The utility of these techniques is illustrated for the isothermal crystallization of oriented polyethylene films and for the stress-induced crystallization of rubber.
3-D measurement of thermal deformations on an ultra-high density circuit module with a laser range probe

A laser triangulation range sensor mounted on a coordinate measuring machine was used to measure thermally induced deformations in a circuit module. The module was housed in an environmental test chamber with optical access for the laser probe, and measurements were made over a 25-125 degrees C range with an estimated accuracy of +or-5 mu m. The results clearly show relative 3D displacements of circuit module components which could cause failure of the module under thermal stress. >
Use of an administrative data set to determine optimal scheduling of an alcohol intervention worker.

Abstract Background Brief alcohol interventions are efficacious in reducing alcohol-related consequences among emergency department (ED) patients. Use of non-clinical staff may increase alcohol screening and intervention; however, optimal scheduling of an alcohol intervention worker (AIW) is unknown. Objectives Determine optimal scheduling of an AIW based on peak discharge time of alcohol-related ED visits. Methods Discharge times for consecutive patients with an alcohol-related diagnosis were abstracted from an urban ED’s administrative data set from September 2005 through August 2007. Queuing theory was used to identify optimal scheduling. Data for weekends and weekdays were analyzed separately. Stationary independent period-by-period analysis was performed for hourly periods. An M/M/s queuing model, for Markovian inter-arrival time/Markovian service time/and potentially more than one server, was developed for each hour assuming: 1) a single unlimited queue; 2) 75% of patients waited no longer than 30 min for intervention; 3) AIW spent an average 20 min/patient. Estimated average utilization/hour was calculated; if utilization/hour exceeded 25%, AIW staff was considered necessary. Results There were 2282 patient visits (mean age 38 years, range 11–84 years). Weekdays accounted for 45% of visits; weekends 55%. On weekdays, one AIW from 6:00 a.m.–9:00 a.m. (max utilization 42%/hour) would accommodate 28% of weekday alcohol-related patients. On weekends, 5:00 a.m.–11:00 a.m. (max utilization 50%), one AIW would cover 54% of all weekend alcohol-related visits. During other hours the utilization rate falls below 25%/hour. Conclusions Evaluating 2 years of discharge data revealed that 30 h of dedicated AIW time—18 weekend hours (5:00 a.m.–11:00 a.m.), 12 weekday hours (6:00 a.m.–9:00 a.m.)—would allow maximal patient alcohol screening and intervention with minimal additional burden to clinical staff.
Plant Genetic Control of Nodulation

INTRODUCTION 345 LEGUME NODULATION . . ........ ....... ... .. ... . . ....... ..... ........ . 346 ROLE OF THE BACTERIAL SYMBIONT: SIGNAL EXCHANGE 348 NODULATION AS A DEVELOPMENTALLY REGULATED PHENOMENON....... 354 PLANT NODULATION MUTANTS 357 NODULATION CONTROL IN LEGUMES 361 AUTOREGULATION ...... ........ 362 What Is the Signal Transduction Mechanism? an Example of Systemic Root-Shoot Interaction .... .. . .. .... .. ....... ""'''''''''''''''''''''''''' .. " .. ,," 363 How Is Nodulation Suppressed? " 364 What Triggers the Systemic Response?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365 A Working Hypothesis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... .. . 367 NODULATION IN THE ABSENCE OF RHIZOBIUM SPP. 368 PERSPECTIVES 370
Phytochrome: a light-activated molecular switch that regulates plant gene expression.

INTRODUCTION . THE PHYTOCHROME MOLECULE Structure and Evolution . Biogenesis and LocaLization ...... , ,"' " . .... . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . Functional Dissection of Phytochrome Domains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . TRANSDUCTION PATHWAY COMPONENTS " . . . . . . . . . . " . . . . . . . . . Mutants Aberrant in Light Responsiveness , . . . . . . . . . . Suicide Selection for Defective Pathway Components . REGULATED EXPRESSION OF RESPONSIVE GENES , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Inducible Genes . RepressibLe Genes . PROSPECTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Identifying Manipulated Offerings on Review Portals

Recent work has developed supervised methods for detecting deceptive opinion spam— fake reviews written to sound authentic and deliberately mislead readers. And whereas past work has focused on identifying individual fake reviews, this paper aims to identify offerings (e.g., hotels) that contain fake reviews. We introduce a semi-supervised manifold ranking algorithm for this task, which relies on a small set of labeled individual reviews for training. Then, in the absence of gold standard labels (at an offering level), we introduce a novel evaluation procedure that ranks artificial instances of real offerings, where each artificial offering contains a known number of injected deceptive reviews. Experiments on a novel dataset of hotel reviews show that the proposed method outperforms state-of-art learning baselines.
Optimization of Biosensing Microcantilever Devices

Optimization of piezoresistive microcantilevers for biosensing applications has been studied using finite element analysis. Models have been described for predicting the static behavior of cantilevers with elastic and piezoresistive layers for analyte-receptor binding. The high-sensitivity cantilevers can be used to detect changes in surface stress due to the binding and hybridization of biomolecules. Chemo-mechanical binding forces have been analyzed to understand the issues of saturation over the cantilever surface. The introduction of stress concentration regions during cantilever fabrication has also been discussed which enhances the detection sensitivity through increased surface stress.
A review of Soviet viral hemorrhagic fevers, 1969.

Authors (listed alphabetically) were members of the Second U.S. Delegation on Hemorrhagic Fevers to the U.S.S.R. under the terms of the US-USSR Exchange Agreement in the scientific, technical, educational, cultural, and other fiields, 1968-1969. This delegation was organized by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health. Reprints (and English translations of some of the Soviet publications listed in the references as well as copies of the 1965 delegation report) are available from Dr. E. C. Chamberlayne, OD/NIAID, Bldg. 31, Rm. 7A50, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20014. * Rockefeller Foundation, Yale Arbovirus Research Unit, New Haven, Connecticut. t Arbovirus Research Laboratory, National Communicable Disease Center, Public Health Service, U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Atlanta, Georgia. X Medical Zoology Department, United States Naval Medical Research Unit No. 3, Cairo, Egypt, U.A.R., from Research Project MF12.524.009-3010, Bureau of Medicine and Surgery, Department of the Navy, Washington, D.C. The opinions and assertions contained herein are the private ones of the authors and are not to be construed as official or as reflecting the views of the Department of the Navy or of the naval service at large. 8 Middle America Research Unit, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Public Health Service, U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Balboa Heights, Canal Zone.
Miniature objects as representations of realia

AbstractMiniature objects are usually considered first as ritual objects, as substitutes for larger items, or as signifiers of abstract concepts. Too little attention is paid to their value as representations, and as a source for ancient day-to-day objects, or realia. But before we can use them as evidence for larger objects, we must first understand the manner in which any group of miniature objects depicts reality. Examples of miniature objects from Iron Age and Roman Western Europe are considered here using the art-historical concept of a continuum of representation, on which miniatures range from realistic to abstract modes of representation. Some miniatures offer direct and accurate evidence about realia, others are schematic or semi-abstract. While the latter modes of representation offer little direct evidence for the appearance of ancient realia, they nonetheless may indicate how realia were perceived.
Current Status and Therapy of Neonatal E. coli Meningitis

A cooperative research effort has greatly improved the overall prognosis of infants with coliform meningitis by demonstrating a strong correlation between the presence of a particular antigen (one of nearly 300 antigens possessed by E. Coli) and the pathogen's ability to infect the C N s and produce a highly lethal, purulent disease. More effective management is already at hand and future prevention may become possible.
A Gestural Account of Neutral Segment Asymmetries in Harmony

Harmony is a process by which some property (e.g. nasality, lip rounding, tongue root position) spreads throughout some domain. Neutral segments are those that do not participate in harmony; they may block the spread of a harmonizing property or remain transparent to it. Typical analyses of neutral segments in harmony often make use of feature co-occurrence restrictions between a harmonizing feature and some feature of an intended target. However, any co-occurrence restriction responsible for blocking behavior can also be employed to induce transparency, over-generating possible patterns of transparency in harmony. Within rounding harmony and nasal harmony, the set of crosslinguistically attested transparent segments is a proper subset of attested blockers. These asymmetrical patterns of distribution are not predicted by standard approaches to neutrality in harmony in which neutral segments are the result of a single mechanism within the phonological grammar. This paper proposes that the adoption of a gestural representation of harmony accounts for the comparatively limited sets of transparent segments in rounding harmony and nasal harmony, and it does so via two distinct driving forces responsible for transparency and blocking.
A Flexible A-15 Superconducting Tape in the Nb3(Al Si B)1 System

Melt spinning was used to rapidly solidify Nb3(Al Si B) alloys. It was found that without B, a minimum of 18 at% Si was required to form an amorphous ribbon which resulted in a low superconducting transition temperature, Tc, of the annealed A-15 product. By the addition of 0.5 at% B, the necessary Si content was reduced to 12 at%, thus greatly increasing T of the annealed A-15. The annealed metallic glass was far more flexible than the A-15 ribbon obtained by quenching directly into the crystalline state. Total percent bend strain to fracture was increased 30 times from 0.1% to 3%. The flexibility was increased by grain refinement. This is consistent with behavior previously observed by the authors in the Ti3Nb6 Mo3Si6 system.
Tailoring the Interfacial Chemical Interaction for High-Efficiency Perovskite Solar Cells.

The ionic nature of perovskite photovoltaic materials makes it easy to form various chemical interactions with different functional groups. Here, we demonstrate that interfacial chemical interactions are a critical factor in determining the optoelectronic properties of perovskite solar cells. By depositing different self-assembled monolayers (SAMs), we introduce different functional groups onto the SnO2 surface to form various chemical interactions with the perovskite layer. It is observed that the perovskite solar cell device performance shows an opposite trend to that of the energy level alignment theory, which shows that chemical interactions are the predominant factor governing the interfacial optoelectronic properties. Further analysis verifies that proper interfacial interactions can significantly reduce trap state density and facilitate the interfacial charge transfer. Through use of the 4-pyridinecarboxylic acid SAM, the resulting perovskite solar cell exhibits striking improvements to the reach t...
Using Sleep Interventions to Engage and Treat Heavy-Drinking College Students: A Randomized Pilot Study.

Background Continued high alcohol consumption levels by college students highlight the need for more effective alcohol interventions and novel treatment engagement strategies. The purpose of this study was to investigate a behavioral sleep intervention as a means to engage heavy-drinking college students in treatment and reduce alcohol use and alcohol-related consequences. Methods Heavy-drinking college students (N = 42) were assigned to 1 of 2 web-based interventions comprised of 4 modules delivered over 4 weeks. The experimental intervention focused primarily on sleep and included evidence-based sleep content (i.e., stimulus control instructions, sleep scheduling [consistent bed/rise times; ideal sleep duration for adolescents/young adults], sleep hygiene advice, relaxation training, cognitive strategies to target sleep-disruptive beliefs), and alcohol content (i.e., normative and blood alcohol level feedback, moderate drinking guidelines, controlled drinking strategies, effects of alcohol on sleep and the body, advice to moderate drinking for improved sleep) in young adults. The control condition Healthy Behaviors provided basic advice about nutrition, exercise, sleep (i.e., good sleep hygiene only), and drinking (i.e., effects of alcohol on the body, moderate drinking guidelines, advice to moderate drinking for sleep). Participants in both conditions monitored their sleep using daily web-based diaries and a wrist-worn sleep tracker. Results Recruitment ads targeting college students with sleep concerns effectively identified heavy-drinking students. The program generated a high number of inquiries and treatment completion rates were high. Both interventions significantly reduced typical week drinking and alcohol-related consequences and improved sleep quality and sleep-related impairment ratings. The control condition yielded greater reductions in total drinks in a heaviest drinking week. The effects on drinking were larger than those observed in typical brief alcohol intervention studies for college students. Greater sleep improvement tended to predict better subsequent drinking outcomes. Conclusions The results suggest that sleep treatment may be a promising strategy for targeting and treating heavy-drinking college students.
Cognitive MAC Protocols for Dynamic Spectrum Access

The paradox between the overly crowded spectrum and the pervasiveness of idle frequency bands in both time and space indicates that spectrum shortage results from the current static spectrum management policy rather than the physical scarcity of usable radio frequencies [1]. To improve spectrum efficiency, researchers in the engineering, economics, and regulation communities have been actively searching for better spectrum management strategies. Under the general term of dynamic spectrum access, various spectrum reform ideas have been proposed. We provide below a taxonomy to illustrate the relationship among these diverse ideas.
A Dynamic Regulation Market Mechanism for improved financial settlements in wholesale electricity markets

This paper proposes a Dynamic Regulation Market Mechanism (DRMM) that results in improved financial settlements for wholesale electricity markets. The DRMM dispatches control signals at the Tertiary Control (TC) level based on a co-optimization problem that jointly optimizes energy production and reserve capacity. At the Secondary Control (SC) level the DRMM dispatches control signals using an iterative algorithm that effectively eliminates steady state error in the system frequency. In addition to the overall DRMM remaining stable, the conditions under which it leads to improved financial settlements are described. Using a three area example, where each area corresponds to a modified IEEE-300 bus system, the control performance and the financial settlements are compared to standard SC. It is shown that the frequency response is nearly identical and that the make-whole payments, a performance metric associated with financial settlements, are smaller with the proposed DRMM.
High-Risk Sarcoidosis. Current Concepts and Research Imperatives.

Sarcoidosis is a disease with heterogeneous manifestations and outcomes, varying in part on the basis of organ involvement. Specifically, patients with sarcoidosis at risk for poor outcomes include...
Diffusive mass transport in agglomerated glassy fallout from a near-surface nuclear test

Abstract Aerodynamically-shaped glassy fallout is formed when vapor phase constituents from the nuclear device are incorporated into molten carriers (i.e. fallout precursor materials derived from soil or other near-field environmental debris). The effects of speciation and diffusive transport of condensing constituents are not well defined in models of fallout formation. Previously we reported observations of diffuse micrometer scale layers enriched in Na, Fe, Ca, and 235U, and depleted in Al and Ti, at the interfaces of agglomerated fallout objects. Here, we derive the timescales of uranium mass transport in such fallout as it cools from 2500 K to 1500 K by applying a 1-dimensional planar diffusion model to the observed 235U/30Si variation at the interfaces. By modeling the thermal transport between the fireball and the carrier materials, the time of mass transport is calculated to be
Techniques to measure tension in wires or straw tubes

We discuss two different ways of measuring the tension in light wires and straws. The first technique uses an operational amplifier to subtract out the oscillating driving voltage mixed in the output voltage, which also has the signal. The isolated signal is amplified and displayed in an oscilloscope. In the second technique, an analog switch routes the oscillating voltage to a wire for a fraction of seconds, and then switches off the voltage. As the voltage is turned off, the induced signal from the wire is routed to an amplifier-rectifier circuit for a fraction of a second to measure the signal size as a function of the driving frequency. The first technique fits well to measure a single wire, while the second one fits well to measure many wires, 16 in our case, at a time.
Abstract P33: A Computational Model of In Vivo Trauma Induced Coagulopathy

Objective: The PULSE initiative identified prevention of diffuse coagulopathies to be a priority in resuscitation science. Trauma Induced Coagulation (TIC) is a significant complication of trauma involving the complex nonlinear interplay of the coagulation and inflammation system (CIS). Its complexity poses significant challenges for systematic clinical study. Modeling via computational approaches may prove to be a valuable adjunct. We developed a model of TIC using a 2-D Agent Based Model (ABM). Methods: A 2-D particle system was developed in which particles move and interact on a discrete spatial grid composed of ‘cells’. The particles of the system are cells (endothelial, WBC, platelets), reactants, enzymes, and reaction products. The number of ‘cells’ used in the simulations is 1,000,000 with a coagulation factor density of 16%. The particles’ actions are determined by a set of rules derived from coagulation kinetics and cell behaviors. The system is designed to model a blood vessel in vivo including blood flow. The model is perturbed by alterations in systemic variables (temperature, pH, coagulation factor concentration, oxygenation). Results: The effects of temperature, pH, and coagulation factor dilution were synergistic on the model resulting in increased INR values ranging form 1.5 to 7.76. A state of anti-coagulation and hyperfibrinolysis existed independent of temperature and pH. Endothelial cell activation from hypovolemia resulted in the increased expression of TM, TFPI, and tPA with a concomitant decrease in PAI. This resulted in a state of anticoagulation from the diversion of thrombin to the activation of PC (by binding to thrombin) combined with increased TFPI. Increased levels of tPA combined with decreases in PAI result in a state of hyperfibrinolysis that dissolves any clot formed in the anti-coagulation environment. Conclusion: The simulation indicates that the effects of trauma on the CIS can be readily simulated. The ABM successfully modeled TIC seen in vivo due to endothelial cell activation from hypoperfusion as supported by the literature. The ABM will be used to target mediator levels for clinical verification as well as to develop preclinical and clinical testing of therapies that may modulate the CIS to enhance outcomes.
History of Pediatric Urologic Imaging

The imaging of the human body began with the imagination of artists, most famously da Vinci and Vesalius. Photography turned imagination into reality, but it was the Crookes tube in the hands of Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen that opened up the interior of the body to noninvasive imaging. The technology spread like wildfire over the ensuing century, and what started as roentgenology became radiology and is now more accurately simply called “imaging.” Pediatric genitourinary imaging has followed the technology trail through the retrograde pyelogram, intravenous urogram, voiding cystourethrogram, ultrasound, nuclear renogram, CT scan, and MRI. One can only guess at what will come next.
Distinguishing between cellular and vasogenic edema in head injured patients with focal lesions using magnetic resonance imaging

Having determined that edema and not vascular engorgement is the major factor leading to traumatic brain swelling, the objective of this study was to determine which type of edema, cellular or vasogenic, is responsible for increased tissue water in patients with focal lesions. Severely head injured patients (GCS 8 or less) were transported to imaging suites for measurement of brain water and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) using magnetic resonance technique. Cerebral blood flow by stable Xenon method was also measured in the regions of interest. Brain water was increased significantly in the hemisphere with lesion. The increase in water was associated with reduced ADC signifying a predominant cellular edema. The ADC in the contralateral hemisphere was near normal value. Cerebral blood flow values in the regions of interest were above ischemic levels suggesting that factors other than ischemia are responsible for the cytotoxic swelling in patients with focal injury.
The mechanical properties of multi-scale metallic materials

Abstract: Bulk nanostructured metallic materials with a multi-scale grain size distribution possess both high strength and good ductility, and therefore are expected to have important technological implications. This chapter introduces the basic concepts of bulk multi-scale, bimodal and multimodal metallic materials and discusses their development background and preparation methods, followed by a review of the experimental and numerical results of mechanical properties (primarily strength and ductility), and deformation and fracture mechanisms of bimodal and multimodal metallic materials, and ends with a final discussion on the potential technological impact and future work.
The Evolution of Bradycardia Pacing

There have been a series of definable streams in the evolution of clinical cardiac pacing since its introduction in 1952 by Zoll [1] using transcutaneous stimulation of the heart via high outputs through the intact chest wall. This technique was suitable for emergency use at the time of sudden asystole, but not for prolonged maintenance during continued bradycardia. It has been used for emergency purposes since that time and technologic evolution has again encouraged its revival in the recent past. Prolonged continuous transcutaneous pacing has been unsuccessful in stabilizing cardiac function and is not tolerated well by the patient.
Components, Networks, and Their Interactions:

Some thoughts on the nature of networks, the prevalence of emotional experiences, and the importance of new questions.
Jeanne Mammen: Paris, Bruxelles, Berlin

“…those many women painters not mentioned in our books and not hung in our museums,”(Alpers, 1982, p. 183).The first art history course that I enrolled in as an undergraduate in the early 1970s use...
Myalgic encephalomyelitis and chronic fatigue syndrome case definitions: effects of requiring a substantial reduction in functioning.

ABSTRACTBackground: Current case definitions for myalgic encephalomyelitis (ME) and chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) require an individual to report a ‘substantial reduction’ in activity levels, when...
Power, Access, and Policy: Reflections on the Women’s Center Internship Program

Bridging problem-based learning approaches (Duch et al. in The Power of Problem-based Learning: A Practical “How To” for Teaching Undergraduate Courses in Any Discipline. Stylus Publishing, Sterling, VA, 2001) with feminist theory and praxis (Kark et al. in Journal of Management Education 40:293–320, 2016), this chapter explores my personal experiences facilitating experiential learning opportunities for students through a year-long internship program in the Women’s Center. The for-academic credit, policy-focused internship centers on critically analyzing the university’s existing policies and practices that may inhibit gender equity. While the Women’s Center—and similarly situated identity centers—function in part to disrupt institutional practices and policies (Patton in Contested Issues in Student Affairs: Diverse Perspectives and Respectful Dialogue. Stylus Publishing, Sterling, VA, pp. 255–260, 2011), its work is also embedded within patriarchal institutions and must confront the contradictory and paradoxical demands of functioning both with and against these structures while also providing learning opportunities for students. In the design and execution of this internship program, I challenge traditional notions of power and access by allowing undergraduates the opportunity to pull back the curtain and explore the messy reality of institutional life. As a result, I seek to disrupt norms around the student experience—one typically framed as protected by and separate from institutional authority and decision-making—to allow students to become agents of change.
Binding Free Energy of the Novel Coronavirus Spike Protein and the Human ACE2 Receptor: An MMGB/SA Computational Study

The ability to estimate protein-protein binding free energy in a computationally efficient via a physics-based approach is beneficial to research focused on the mechanism of viruses binding to their target proteins. Implicit solvation methodology may be particularly useful in the early stages of such research, as it can offer valuable insights into the binding process, quickly. Here we evaluate the potential of the related molecular mechanics generalized Born surface area (MMGB/SA) approach to estimate the binding free energy between the SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor-binding domain and the human ACE2 receptor. The calculations are based on a recent flavor of the generalized Born model, GBNSR6, shown to be effective in protein-ligand binding estimates, but never before used in the MMGB/SA context. Two options for representing the dielectric boundary of the molecule are evaluated: one based on standard bondi radii, and the other based on a newly developed set of atomic radii (OPT1), optimized specifically for protein-ligand binding. We first test the entire computational pipeline on the well-studied Ras-Raf protein-protein complex, which has similar binding free energy to that of the SARS-CoV-2/ACE2 complex. Predictions based on both radii sets are closer to experiment compared to a previously published estimate based on MMGB/SA. The two estimates for the SARS-CoV-2/ACE2 also provide a "bound" on the experimental ΔGbind: --14.7 (bondi)
Deferasirox-associated Fanconi syndrome in adult patients with transfusional iron overload

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Deferasirox is an oral chelator approved for iron overload, which has a potential side effect of renal Fanconi syndrome, with proximal tubular dysfunction and tubular acidosis. Monitoring of renal function is recommended, though no standard for monitoring exists. We aim to describe cases of deferasirox-associated Fanconi syndrome in adults and the renal monitoring required to detect these findings. MATERIALS AND METHODS We present a review of the literature and six cases from our institution of deferasirox-associated partial Fanconi syndrome in adult patients with transfusional iron overload secondary to β-thalassemia or Diamond Blackfan Anaemia. RESULTS While prior cases in the literature occurred at high doses of deferasirox, our series included patients on doses as low as deferasirox 10 mg/kg who had been aggressively chelated. All patients had resolution of laboratory abnormalities with drug interruption. CONCLUSION Rather than chelating to normal iron levels, this series supports prior suggestions that deferasirox dose be reduced if ferritin <500-1000 ng/ml, and also supports dose reduction if liver iron content <3 mg iron per g dry weight or for those undergoing aggressive chelation with rapid decrease in iron. Monitoring with metabolic panel and urinalysis were sufficient to detect clinically significant proximal tubular dysfunction, but should be followed up with additional studies to confirm the diagnosis while deferasirox dose is decreased or held.
Race, Gender, and International Medical Graduates: Leadership Trends in Academic Surgical Societies.

Background Non-White and female surgeons are underrepresented in academic surgery faculty. We hypothesized that the leadership of major U.S. regional and national general surgery societies reflects these same racial and gender disparities. We suspected that attending a medical school or residency program with academic prestige would be more common for surgeons from underrepresented backgrounds. Materials and methods Race/ethnicity and gender of the 2020-21 executive council members and 2012-21 society presidents of 25 major general surgery societies (7 regional, 18 national) was assessed. Academic prestige was determined by reputational top 25 programs, identified using U.S. News and World Report and Doximity rankings for medical school and residency, respectively. Results Surgical society executive council members (n = 204) were predominantly White (75.5%) and male (67.2%). The 50 non-White council members were Asian (n = 37), Black (n = 7), and Latinx (n = 6). 14 (6.9%) were international medical graduates (IMGs). 56.4% attended a school or program ranked in the Top 25 (n = 115). Surgical society presidents 2012-21 (n = 242) have been mostly White (87.6%) and male (83.4%). Non-White, male surgical society presidents were Asian (n = 13), Black (n = 9), and Latino (n = 6). Of the 41 female surgery society presidents, 92.7% were White, 7.3% (n = 3) Asian, and none Black or Latina. 13 were IMGs (5.3%). 55.0% of society presidents attended Top 25 (n = 133) schools or programs. The three non-White, female presidents all attended Top 25 schools/programs (100%). Of the 15 unique individuals who were male, non-White presidents, 12 attended top 25 schools or programs (80%). Conclusion Women, non-White surgeons, and IMGs are underrepresented in U.S. surgical society leadership. Increasing racial diversity in U.S. surgical society leadership may require intentionality in mentorship and sponsorship, particularly for surgeons who did not attend prestigious schools or programs.
Recent Advances in Paleoneurology

Publisher Summary This chapter illustrates the work being done in paleoneurology recently ascertained in organisms ranging from a crossopterygian fish of some 390 million years ago, Porolepis , to a mammal contemporary Hippopotamus. Paleoneurology cannot agree with the concept, perpetuated in the neontological literature, that increasingly complicated infolding is the only way to accomplish cortical expansion. Among fossil brains, more and more examples are found of another type of enlargement. The chapter provides examples of features and processes recently ascertained from endocranial casts of extinct vertebrates. They contradict, support or extend evolutionary concepts derived from fossil and modern brains and their appendages. Infolding was the principal but not the only method of neopallial expansion. Paired pineal organs did exist in fish-ancestors of tetrapods. A conspicuously large pituitary protuberance on endocranial casts of a few very large mammalia is taken to show that also in some orders of this class certain types of giantism evolved in relation with vigorous enlargement of the pituitary gland.
The impact of conjunctivochalasis on dry eye symptoms and signs.

Conjunctivochalasis (Cch) is described as lax and redundant folds of bulbar conjunctiva between the globe and eyelids. It can occur on the superior and/or inferior eyelid and can be localized to the nasal, middle, and/or temporal portion of the eyelid.1,2 These redundant folds of conjunctiva, specifically those located nasally, have been shown to disrupt tear flow by blocking the inferior nasal punctum.3 This may lead to decreased tear stability, pooling of tears in the eyelid cul-de-sac, and an increased concentration of inflammatory markers on the ocular surface.4,5 There is a debate on whether dry eye encompasses Cch or whether Cch represents a distinct clinical entity. Similar to dry eye, Cch has been found to be more frequent in older individuals6,7 and adversely affects vision-related quality of life.8 In fact, one study in a German population demonstrated that the presence of any Cch was associated with dry eye symptoms.9 Two other studies in Chinese and German populations examined Cch location and found that nasal conjunctivochalasis (NCch) was associated with higher dry eye symptoms compare with nonnasal conjunctivochalasis (non-NCch) and no conjunctivochalasis (no-Cch).8,10 With respect to signs, several studies in Chinese, Japanese, and German populations have demonstrated an association between NCch and bulbar conjunctival hyperemia,10 decreased tear film stability,8 and higher rose Bengal staining scores.5 Despite the abundance of data internationally, the epidemiology of Cch has not been as well studied in the United States. To build on current literature, we studied the epidemiology of Cch in our unique, ethnically mixed (e.g., Hispanic), predominantly male population. Specifically, we aimed to evaluate the relationship between Cch and traditionally assessed symptoms and signs of dry eye. In addition, we also measured novel parameters, including specific symptom complaints and responses to noninvasive treatment with artificial tears (AT).
Excitation of Mg+ by Electron Collisions

Demonstration that the Mg II resonance doublet at 2800 A represents a suitable diagnostic tool for the study of physical conditions in the solar chromosphere. The interpretation of intensities and line profiles requires the knowledge of all electron collision cross sections, which can affect directly or indirectly the population of upper levels of the doublet. For this purpose collision cross sections for transitions between levels 3s, 4s, 5s, 6s, 3p, 4p, 5p, 3d, 4d, and 5d have been calculated in the unitarized Coulomb-Born approximation without exchange. For the 3s-3p and 3s-3d transitions the present results are in a good agreement with the close-coupling calculations of Burke and Moores (1968).
Challenges in Social Work Field Education in China: Lessons from the Western Experience

Social work education has been a growing field in Mainland China in the last two decades, accompanying economic reforms and the reintroduction of social sciences into the curriculum in higher education. The rapid increase of social work programs has also generated concerns and discussion. This study examines one of the most important educational concerns—the nature and challenges of field education. After briefly introducing the development of Chinese social work education, we describe critical features of field education in the United States. We then examine how such educational features may present similar and different challenges in China, drawing on a purposive survey of 15 Chinese universities with an MSW program. The survey content focuses on three specific aspects of field education, including field education curriculum design, features of field agencies, and challenges encountered in implementing field education. Content analysis is conducted to identify key themes and issues in these emerging pro...