cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A variational theorem for circulation integrals applied to inviscid symmetric flows with variable stability and shear

Conditional symmetric instability has recently been proposed as an explanation for rain and cloud bands which are imbedded in larger regions of precipitation associated with extratropical cyclones (Bennetts and Hoskins 1979). In their paper, Bennetts and Hoskins discuss the use of a circulation integral for calculating growth rates of the instability. The purpose of this note is to demonstrate that the growth rates so calculated will be exact eigenvalues of the associated linear perturbation equations provided that these growth rates are maximized with respect to the path of integration. A simple application is presented and compared with results of a numerical experiment using the Bennetts and Hoskins model. The circulation integral method appears to be a simple way of assessing the potential for conditional symmetric instability in the atmosphere.
WWN-2: A biologically inspired neural network for concurrent visual attention and recognition

Attention and recognition have been addressed separately as two challenging computational vision problems, but an engineering-grade solution to their integration and interaction is still open. Inspired by the brain's dorsal and ventral pathways in cortical visual processing, we present a neuromorphic architecture, called Where-What Network 2 (WWN-2), to integrate object attention and recognition interactively through their experience-based development. This architecture enables three types of attention: feature-based bottom-up attention, position-based top-down attention, and object-based top-down attention, as three possible information flows through the Y-shaped network. The learning mechanism of the network is rooted in a simple but efficient cell-centered synaptic update model, entailing the dual optimization of Hebbian directions and cell firing-age dependent step sizes. The inputs to the network are a sequence of images, where specific foreground objects may appear anywhere within an unknown, complex, natural background. The WWN-2 regulates the network to dynamically establish and consolidate position-specified and type-specified representations through a supervised learning mode. The network has reached 92.5% object recognition rate and an average of 1.5 pixels in position error after 20 epochs of training.
Application of net present value analysis to cost justify the conversion of a 4 kV distribution system to 23 kV

A discounted-after-tax cash flow analysis is applied to the investment costs and loss savings related to converting a 4160 V distribution system to 22860 V. The technique used a spreadsheet program to perform the financial calculations which enabled rapid analysis of several substations in a short period of time. The ability to vary cost and benefit estimates and the underlying financial assumptions in the model are strengths of the spreadsheet approach. Evaluation of the 464 kV substations in this study revealed that the proposed conversion is marginally justified by the value of the eliminated losses. >
Surgical Management of the Idiopathic Uveal Effusion Syndrome

Twenty-three eyes of 20 patients with idiopathic ciliochoroidal effusion underwent quadrantic partial-thickness sclerectomies without decompression of the vortex veins. The mean postoperative follow-up interval was 41 months (range, 6-86 months). Resolution of subretinal and/or supraciliochoroidal fluid occurred within 6 months in 19 eyes (83%) after one procedure and in 22 eyes (96%) after one or two procedures. The mean interval to reattachment for the 19 successfully treated eyes with nonrhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RD) was 2.4 months compared with an average preoperative detachment duration of 18.5 months (P = 0.0005). Recurrences were seen in 23% of eyes; all resolved spontaneously or with a single reoperation. Final visual acuity was improved by two or more lines in 13 eyes (56%), stable in 8 (35%), and worse in 2 (9%). The efficacy of this surgical technique supports the hypothesis that an abnormality of transscleral protein transport plays a primary pathophysiologic role in this disorder.
TESTING OUT-OF-CLASS READING

Author's Summary.— It is desirable to find a method of testing out-of-class reading which shall be objective, shall furnish a “pure” mark, and be easy to administer and to score. Of various methods examined, the only one which meets the criteria is the true-false type of test. In making this type of test, certain technical requirements must be observed.)
Focus on . . . Prohibited Transactions, Part II

This is Part II of a two-part article. Part I discussed the definition of party in interest, categories of prohibited transactions, and statutory exemptions under ERISA. Part II covers regulatory exemptions, the excise tax on prohibited transactions, the special rules for employer securities and real property, the Voluntary Fiduciary Correction Program (VFCP) and qualification issues, and concludes with recommendations for changes to the rules.
Prediction of drug–polymer miscibility through the use of solubility parameter based flory–huggins interaction parameter and the experimental validation: PEG as model polymer

Important consideration for developing physically stable solid dispersion is miscibility of drug in carrier matrix. It is possible to predict thermodynamics of binary system through free energy calculations based on Flory–Huggins interaction parameter (χdp). In present study, PEG 6000 as model polymer and dataset comprising commonly used drugs/excipients was selected. The three-dimensional solubility parameter based on group contribution method was utilized for systemic calculation of χdp of the polymer with each compound in data set. On the basis of the values of χdp, it was possible to categorize all the compounds into three distinct categories, Types I and II: compounds predicted to be miscible and immiscible respectively with the polymer in all proportions and Type III: compounds expected to exhibit composition dependent miscibility behavior. The Bagley plot showed that majority of points for Type I fall in a region, which can approximately be delimited by a circle. Experimental verification through thermal analysis revealed that though it was possible to predict correctly miscibility behavior of Type II class compounds, distinction between Types I and III was less evident. Hence, solubility parameter based χdp may be used as an initial tool for fast screening of immiscible combination of polymer and drug. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. and the American Pharmacists Association J Pharm Sci 102:2254–2263, 2013
Parameters of Helix-Coil Transition Theory for Alanine-Based Peptides of Varying Chain Lengths in Water *

Thermal unfolding curves have been measured for a series of short alanine-based peptides that contain repeating sequences and varying chain lengths. Standard helix-coil theory successfully fits the observed transition curves, even for these short peptides. The results provide values for sigma, the helix nucleation constant, delta H0, the enthalpy change on helix formation, and for s (0 degree C), the average helix propagation parameter at 0 degree C. The enthalpy change agrees with the value determined calorimetrically. The success of helix-coil theory in describing the unfolding transitions of short peptides in water indicates that helical propensities, or s values, can be determined from substitution experiments in short alanine-based peptides.
Sources and transformations of particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Mexico City

Understanding sources, concentrations, and transformations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the atmosphere is important because of their potent mutagenicity and carcinogenicity. The measurement of particle-bound PAHs by three different methods during the Mexico City Metropolitan Area field campaign in April 2003 presents a unique opportunity for characterization of these compounds and intercomparison of the methods. The three methods are (1) collection and analysis of bulk samples for time-integrated gas- and particle-phase speciation by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry; (2) aerosol photoionization for fast detection of PAHs on particles' surfaces; and (3) aerosol mass spectrometry for fast analysis of size and chemical composition. This research represents the first time aerosol mass spectrometry has been used to measure ambient PAH concentrations and the first time that fast, real-time methods have been used to quantify PAHs alongside traditional filter-based measurements in an extended field campaign. Speciated PAH measurements suggest that motor vehicles and garbage and wood burning are important sources in Mexico City. The diurnal concentration patterns captured by aerosol photoionization and aerosol mass spectrometry are generally consistent. Ambient concentrations of particle-phase PAHs typically peak at ~110 ng m -3 during the morning rush hour and rapidly decay due to changes in source activity patterns and dilution as the boundary layer rises, although surface-bound PAH concentrations decay faster. The more rapid decrease in surface versus bulk PAH concentrations during the late morning suggests that freshly emitted combustion-related particles are quickly coated by secondary aerosol material in Mexico City's atmosphere and may also be transformed by heterogeneous reactions.
Refining specifications of decorative/indicative balance in menu design

The general notion of balance in visual design is apparent, but what is lacking is a more precise specification of how that balance is defined in concrete terms and achieved with specific design techniques, the exact location of the tipping point, as it were, between effective and overused colors, forms, and imagery. This paper will report results from an empirical study of restaurant menu design, with findings that can be generalized to web page and help menus. Participants agreed that too much color and too many images overload the senses, making it almost impossible to glean any information about the food. Participants also agreed that colorless presentations felt bland and uninviting. Menus designs that achieved balance were found to deploy unified decorative effects and a limited number of indicative strategies, consistent with principles discussed by Amare and Manning (2006, 2008).
Bolalipid Membrane Structure Revealed by Solid-State 2H NMR Spectroscopy

Membranes made from three specifically deuterium-labeled ether-linked bolalipids, [1‘,1‘,20‘,20‘-2H4]C20BAS-PC, [2‘,2‘,19‘,19‘-2H4]C20BAS-PC, or [10‘,11‘-2H2]C20BAS-PC, were analyzed by 2H NMR spectroscopy. Unlike more common monopolar, ester-linked phospholipids, C20BAS-PC exhibits a high degree of orientational order throughout the membrane and the sn-1 chain of the lipid initially penetrates the bilayer at an orientation different from that of the bilayer normal, resulting in inequivalent deuterium atoms at the C1 position. The approximate hydrophobic layer thickness and area per lipid are 18.4 A and 60.4 A2, respectively, at 25 °C, and their respective thermal expansion coefficients are within 20% of the monopolar phospholipid, DLPC.
Effect of material properties on the fatigue life of dual solder (DS) ceramic ball grid array (CBGA) solder joints

The interconnection structure of industry-standard ball grid array (BGA) electronic packages, both plastic and ceramic, consists of a single alloy, typically eutectic Pb-Sn solder. However, IBM ceramic BGA packages utilize a unique dual-solder (DS) interconnection system, which consists of a low-melting alloy (eutectic Pb-Sn) to attach a higher melting alloy ball to the ceramic substrate at one end and card on the opposite end of the joint. Unlike industry-standard BGA joints which collapse upon reflow, DS joints do not since their high MP ball does not become molten during processing, providing a reproducible standoff and significant fatigue life advantage. Finite element modeling indicates that the highest stress occurs within the low-MP fillet area, verified by crack patterns generated during accelerated thermal fatigue testing. The purpose of this study was to determine which combination of material properties provide an optimum joint fatigue life. The intent is to more uniformly distribute thermally induced strains within the solder connection by transferring some of the stress-relief from within the fillet areas to the ball. Accordingly, several ball and fillet materials were investigated in various combinations ranging in yield, strength and creep resistance properties. Both thermal fatigue data and supporting metallography are presented for the various solder joint combinations investigated.
Identity and the New Psychoanalytic Explorations of Self Organization

In the book’s forward, Dr. Robert Wallerstein presents Dr. Horowitz’s ideas as, a variant way to view the overall human condition and its vicissitudes using identity and its formation and deformati...
Ultrasonic energy and surgically produced defects in bone.

A study was made of the effect of ultrasonic energy on the healing of defects created surgically in the femora of sixty-seven dogs. The ultrasonic energy was applied to anaesthetized dogs with a power ranging from five to twenty-five watts in various groups of animals. Stimulation of the healing of these defects its bone was not seen. Instead, a delay in healing associated with medullary fibrosis and necrosis of bone was noted. This agrees in part at least with work reported by others. In view of recently reported studies claiming stimulation of the healing of fractures following use of a different technique of ultrasonic application and smaller doses, the need for further investigation along these lines is obvious. It is probable that more frequent and less concentrated exposures, with use of a technique and dosage comparable to those used clinically, applied to non-anaesthetized animals would provide the answer to this question. Now that the effects of more intensive amounts of energy have been studied, this would appear to be the next step.
American Society for Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery position statement on vagal blocking therapy for obesity

ASMBS Guidelines/Statements American Society for Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery position statement on vagal blocking therapy for obesity Pavlos Papasavas, M.D., Maher El Chaar, M.D., Shanu N. Kothari, M.D.*, on behalf of the American Society for Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery Clinical Issues Committee Department of Surgery, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, Connecticut The Medical School of Temple University/St Luke’s University Hospital and Health Network, Allentown, Pennsylvania Department of General Surgery, Gundersen Health System, La Crosse, Wisconsin Received December 2, 2015; accepted December 3, 2015
How Should We Improve Neighborhood Health? Evaluating Evidence from a Social Determinant Perspective

Background A great deal of public health research and activism has focused on improving the health of persons residing in specific and/or disadvantaged neighborhoods. There is growing consensus that in order to have an impact, interventions must address the social determinants of health, which include access to health care, education, economic stability, neighborhood and built environment, and social context. Yet, there is some question about the best strategy for actually improving a neighborhood’s health.
Agricultural Credit Policy in the United States, 1945

GRICULTURAL credit policy and program for this country ^V is again under discussion. Before this article appears in print, Congress and the President may have decided what to do with HR 3321, Congressman Flannagan's bill to consolidate all the Federal agricultural lending agencies under a seven-man board outside the Department of Agriculture. It may also have begun hearings on the new version of the Cooley bill proposing to establish a definite status and program for the Farm Security Administration, and on related proposals having to do with the government lending program as such.1 The writer has been giving considerable attention to the subjects coming up in these later hearings, partly as a result of having been asked to do so by Mr. Chester Davis while he was War Food Administrator, and partly because of the strong interest in the subject of several members of his Seminar in Agricultural Policy in the Littauer School of Public Administration. It may be that he has been duplicating to some extent the work done on the subject by the Land Grant College Committee on Postwar Agricultural Policy. But that Committee was able to devote only 2? pages to the subject in its report, and omitted altogether reference to some of its major aspects. Dr. Earl L. Butz's excellent article in the May issue of THIS JOURNAL discusses still other phases of the subject. If this article discusses any of the same topics as does Dr. Butz, it will be only to supplement what he has said, or in a few instances differ with him measurably. The general student of credit may be startled to find Dr. Butz and the writer both proposing an expansion of the scope of public credit for agriculture, after all the legislation and developments in this field in the last thirty years. The simple fact of the matter is that since the First World War, and especially since the Big Depression, the role of credit in agriculture has developed so rapidly that credit agencies and credit legislation have not kept up with it.
Edward H. Kass, M.D., Eulogy

Jerome O. Klein, M.D. We now celebrate the life of extraordinary richness and accomplishment of our dear friend, colleague, and mentor, Edward H. Kass. He was energetic, creative, innovative, stimulating, visionary, and provocative. He was a master of organization; he created a research laboratory (Channing Memorial Laboratory), a journal {The Journal of Infectious Diseases), another journal {Reviews of Infectious.Diseases), and an international society (International Congress on Infectious Diseases). He remained as chief operating officer of each until the fledgling group could take wing. Like all great artists, Ed made it look easy. This tribute by his colleagues in the Infectious Diseases Society of America underlines the gratitude that members feel for his contributions. He was at the creation of the Society and served as the first Secretary. Most would shy from the pedestrian tasks required of the Secretary, but Ed saw not only that announcements were sent on time but also that the office
Aeroelastic Vibration Suppression of a Rotating Wind Turbine Blade using Adaptive Control

A mathematic rotating blade model is established with periodic time-varying aerodynamic load, which is simulated by Beddoes-Leishman dynamic stall model. The consequent aeroelastic model is utilized to analyze blade dynamics and design control strategy for blade flutter suppression application. Aeroelastic stability of rotating blade is indicated by open-loop simulation test for critical flutter speed study. It was found that designed Adaptive Controller is capable of restraining flutter vibration with trailing-edge flap, and its robustness and effectiveness are shown by closed-loop tests with a wide range of aerodynamic loads. The stability analysis presents that the stability of the given Adaptive Controller, proved theoretically by Adaptive Stability Theorem.
Effect of deformities below the ankle on TKA.

What foot and ankle deformities should clinicians be aware of before total knee arthroplasty (TKA)? Deformities of concern in the coronal plane include those in which the hindfoot is in valgus or varus. These deformities include the pes planus (ie, flat foot) and cavovarus foot. Prior to TKA, decisions should be made on whether to proceed with correction of the hindfoot deformity or the knee or to use bracing preand postoperatively.
Influence of social status, distance from cover, and group size on feeding and vigilance in White-crowned Sparrows

-The trade-off of food return against predation risk by foraging White-crowned Sparrows (Zonotrichia leucophrys gambelii) was assessed using focal sampling. Pecking and vigilance rates were compared among different social classes, bird densities, and distances from cover. Contrary to expectations from previous studies and from theory, pecking rate was significantly higher in subordinate than in dominant individuals. Pecking rate increased with distance from cover and was not affected by density. The only significant trend for vigilance rate was a decrease with distance from cover, which was counter to expectations. Increased vigilance towards conspecifics may have balanced any decrease in vigilance for predators as group size increased, or as distance from cover decreased. Received 6 September 1994, accepted 26 July 1995. A MIGRATORY INDIVIDUAL'S probability of survival over winter will be affected by its foraging and predator avoidance behavior. As foraging frequently increases predation risk, survival often will entail a trade-off between food acquisition and predation risk (Caraco 1979a). Flocking while foraging is one mechanism whereby individuals may decrease their predation risk (Hamilton 1971, Powell 1974) and, concomitantly, increase their food intake (Caraco 1979b). However, a consequence of flocking is increased competition, with foraging time lost to social interaction (Caraco 1979a, 1979b) and exclusion of subordinates from preferred feeding locations (Schneider 1984, Slotow and Roth-
On the Cause of Brain Edema After Pitressin.

Conclusions1. Pitressin, added to blood in vivo or in vitro, diminishes post-mortal swelling of the normal brain. 2. Pitressin probably disappears from the blood within, 45 minutes after subcutaneous injection in rabbits, for brain swelling then becomes augmented. The brain edema previously demonstrated seems to result from the blood hydration which in turn is associated with anuria, and as previous experiments have shown, with loss of water from the skin.
Knowledge,attitude,and practice towards malaria antibody-positive risk among population working in mountain areas: a case-control study

Objective To explore the knowledge,attitude and practice( KAP) towards malaria antibody-positive risk among population working in the mountain areas and to provide scientific evidence for preventing malaria. Methods Based on the data of KAP and malaria antibody test from a typical sampling investigation conducted in malaria-endemic areas ofHainan province in 2011,a gender-and age-matched case-control study was designed and completed with a ratio of 1: 3,of which 46 cases diagnosed with malaria antibody-positive were compared with 138 controls without malaria infection. Conditional logistic regression model was used in univariate and multivariate analyses with SPSS 17. 0. Results Seven of the 12 targeted risk factors were identified to be responsible for the malaria infection by univariate analysis,including drug prophylaxis( never),drug prophylaxis( occasionally),without mosquito net soaked,malaria knowledge( unqualified),without overnight anti-mosquito measures,without health education on malaria,and not sleeping outdoors. Multivariate conditional logistic regression analysis also suggested that the seven factors were significantly associated with the positive rate of malaria antibody( P 0. 05). Conclusion Regarding to the malaria antibody-positive,not sleeping outdoors is a protective factor and drug prophylaxis( never),drug prophylaxis( occasionally),without mosquito net soaked,malaria knowledge( unqualified),without overnight anti-mosquito measures,and without health education on malaria are risk factors.
Comparison study on human-bait and CO_2 trap in Aedes albopictus surveillance

Objective To study the difference between the human-bait and CO2 trap in Aedes albopictus surveillance.Methods Using human-bait and CO2 trap monitor Aedes albopictus in two areas each for two weeks.Results With the spearman correlation analysis of human-bait and CO2 trap in monitoring the density of Aedes albopictus,correlation were 0.683 0,P0.05(Combustion Engine Research Institute),and 0.924 3,P0.05(Forest Park).Conclusion As Aedes albopictus monitoring methods,human-bait is better than CO2 traps into a low density of mosquitoes environment,and CO2 traps is a better choice when the mosquito density is more than 40 adults per trap.
Assessment of Quality and Content of Online Information About Hip Arthroscopy

Purpose The purpose of this study was to assess the quality of information available to patients on the Internet when using popular search engines to search the term "hip arthroscopy." Methods We analyzed the quality and content of information about hip arthroscopy (HA) on the first 50 websites returned by the search engines Google and Bing for the search term "hip arthroscopy." The sites were categorized by type, and quality and content were measured using the DISCERN score, along with an HA-specific content score. The HA-specific content score was used to assess each website for the presence or absence of 19 topics about HA determined to be important for a patient seeking information about the procedure. The Health on the Net Code (HONcode) status of each website was also noted. Results The mean DISCERN score for all websites analyzed was 39.5, considered "poor," while only 44.6% of sites were considered "fair" or "good." Governmental and nonprofit organization (NPO) websites had the highest average DISCERN score. The mean HA-specific content score was 8.6 (range, 2 to 16). The commercial website category had the highest average HA-specific content score, followed by the governmental and NPO category. Sites that bore the HONcode certification obtained significantly higher DISCERN scores than those without the certification ( P = .0032) but did not obtain significantly higher HA-specific content scores. Conclusions "Hip arthroscopy" is a fairly general term, and there is significant variability in the quality of HA information available online. The HONcode is useful to identify quality patient information websites; however, it is not commonly used in HA-specific websites and does not encompass all quality websites about HA. Clinical Relevance This study increases awareness of the quality of information on HA available online.
A general model for analysis of the tricarboxylic acid cycle with use of [13C]glutamate isotopomer measurements

A generalized steady-state model was developed for determining tricarboxylic acid cycle fractional fluxes from 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) data. The model relates the measured mole fractio...
An Economic Design of Skip-Lot Sampling Plans

An economic analysis is made of skip-lot sampling plans for both destructive and non-destructive testing. The purpose of this analysis is to find an optimal single sampling plan, to be characterized by n and c skip-lot parameters i and f, which minimize..
Shock-Fitting for Sonic Boom Calculations

In shock capturing schemes of conservation laws, the artificial viscosity, necessary for numerical stability diffuses any discontinuity in the flow field where for example the details of sonic boom signatures of a supersonic aeroplane are of primary interest. This problem can be solved by fitting the discontinuity according to the jump conditions admitted by the weak solution of the governing equations (see Morretti[l] for shock-fitting methods based on Euler equations). The logic is not very complicated for a reasonable shock pattern with the advantage of using a coarse mesh and a higher order scheme in the smooth flow regions.
The Thirteenth-Century Guglielmites: Salvation through Women

For the thirteenth-century Guglielmites women were the only hope for the salvation of mankind. These idealists believed that contemporary human failings could be remedied and that all were soon to be saved through the intervention of a female. Yearning for such immanent change, the Guglielmites quickly moved from enthusiasm to heresy. If the false Christians, jews, saracens, and, in fact, all diose outside Christianity were still not transformed by grace, according to these zealots, it was the fault of the present form of the ecclesia which must therefore be altered to fulfill their utopian expectations.
Comparison of 1-D and 2-D Tests in Geotextile Dewatering Applications

In this study, two different one-dimensional tests (only vertical flow) (pressure filtration test and suction filtration test) were compared to determine variability in the results due to different forms of pressure application. In addition, an innovative two-dimensional filtration apparatus (with both vertical and radial flow) was developed in order to determine the effect of radial flow on the results. This apparatus will more accurately imitate the real-life dewatering application of geotextile tubes. Unlike on-site “hanging bag” and “pressurized geotextile dewatering” tests, this laboratory apparatus was designed in a form that will facilitate the studying of dewatering rate vertically and radially separately. It will also be used by mathematicians, as its geometric form will be more conducive to the analysis of dewatering. This will aid in the creation of a simple and fast mathematical model to determine geotextile dewatering rate, which will reduce the need and cost of experimental testing during prior to actual dewatering in the site.
Infant and Childhood Development: Intersections Between Development and Language Experience

This chapter provides an overview of the development and plasticity of the neural encoding of speech and non-speech stimuli at the subcortical level with an emphasis on the influence of an individual’s language experience during infancy and childhood. Sections of this chapter are developed based upon a theoretical framework to embrace all possible sources and interactions that may have a significant effect on the development of the auditory system during the early stages of life. The discussion begins with the acoustic environment of a human fetus and the possible influence of prenatal listening experience on the development of the auditory system at the subcortical level. Next, the development during an infant’s immediate postnatal days and first year of life are presented. Developmental trajectories and possible influences of linguistic experience on speech processing, as illustrated by the many aspects of neural encoding (e.g., tracking acuity, pitch strength, and the spectral and timing accuracy at the fundamental frequency, harmonics, and speech formants) are discussed. The presentation continues through childhood, which manifests itself as exponential growth of the developmental trajectory and adaptation of the auditory system. Neural encoding of the various aspects of human speech is described as it pertains to children situated in a quiet or noisy acoustic environment. The effects of acquiring more than one language, sequentially or simultaneously, are also discussed.
Predictive simulation of guide-wave structural health monitoring

This paper presents an overview of recent developments on predictive simulation of guided wave structural health monitoring (SHM) with piezoelectric wafer active sensor (PWAS) transducers. The predictive simulation methodology is based on the hybrid global local (HGL) concept which allows fast analytical simulation in the undamaged global field and finite element method (FEM) simulation in the local field around and including the damage. The paper reviews the main results obtained in this area by researchers of the Laboratory for Active Materials and Smart Structures (LAMSS) at the University of South Carolina, USA. After thematic introduction and research motivation, the paper covers four main topics: (i) presentation of the HGL analysis; (ii) analytical simulation in 1D and 2D; (iii) scatter field generation; (iv) HGL examples. The paper ends with summary, discussion, and suggestions for future work.
Soft x-ray ablation mass spectrometry: high sensitivity elemental trace analysis

We have previously shown soft x-ray laser ablation time-of-flight mass spectrometry has the ability to detect singly ionized alanine molecules arising from the single shot ablation of a ∼50 zeptoliter volume. This superior sensitivity results from the ability to focus the 46.9 nm wavelength (26.4 eV energy per photon) laser beam to the diffraction limit, the strong absorption, and the efficient photoionization of the soft x-ray photons. In this paper we describe results on the application of soft x-ray laser mass spectrometry to elemental trace analysis in inorganic materials. Two dimensional imaging with spatial resolution of 80 nm in inorganic samples is also demonstrated.
Feline Toxoplasmosis: Tumor Necrosis Factor, Nitric Oxide, and Free Radicals in Seropositive Cats.

Abstract Toxoplasma gondii is a cosmopolitan protozoan that causes disease in several species, including humans. In cats, these infections are usually asymptomatic, but in other species they can lead to high levels of inflammatory and cell damage markers, causing cellular damage. Therefore, the aim of this study was to measure levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), reactive oxygen species (ROS), and nitric oxide (nitrite/nitrate—NOx) in the serum of cats seropositive for T. gondii. Initially, we investigated the presence of antibodies against T. gondii in cats in the city of Concordia, Santa Catarina, Brazil, with the use of indirect immunofluorescence (IFA), and found 30 cats seropositive for T. gondii and 30 seronegative cats. In this study, seropositive cats showed higher levels of TNF-α, ROS, and NOx compared to seronegative cats. Although cats do not show clinical signs of disease, constant inflammatory response can cause cell damage, which over time may adversely affect the animal.
Multiple Sclerosis Re-Examined: Essential and Emerging Clinical Concepts

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disease of the central nervous system characterized by exacerbations of neurological dysfunction due to inflammatory demyelination. Neurologic symptoms typically present in young adulthood and vary based on the site of inflammation, although weakness, sensory impairment, brainstem dysfunction, and vision loss are common. MS occurs more frequently in women and its development is complex-genetics, hormones, geography, vitamin D, and viral exposure all play roles. Early MS is characterized by relapsing-remitting course and inflammation of the white matter, although as patients age, the disease often transitions to a pathologically distinct secondary progressive phase with gradual disability accrual affecting gait, coordination, and bladder function. A minority of patients (10%) have disease that is progressive at onset. In the past decade, there has been a remarkable expansion in disease-modifying therapy for MS, but treatment of progressive disease remains a challenge. This article reviews foundational concepts in MS and emerging work that has reshaped understanding of the disease, providing new insight for therapeutic advance.
Principle of Virtual Work and Lagrange’s Equations

In this chapter, we introduce the principle of virtual work, which is the foundation for all other variational principles of mechanics. We discuss d’Alembert’s principle, which is a simple application of the principle of virtual work to the dynamical equations of Newtonian mechanics, and then derive Lagrange’s equations of the 1st and 2nd kind. We shall see that the Lagrangian formulation of mechanics allows us to analyze problems that are much harder to solve when approached with a direct application of Newton’s laws.
Self-awareness of biases in time perception

Abstract We investigated self-awareness in time perception using three time production tasks with different reward structures, and collected self-assessments of performance. Participants had monetary incentives to target the true time in the first (baseline) task, not to exceed the true time in the second task and not to fall below the true time in the third task. We found that participants overestimated time in all tasks but responded correctly to incentives: they decreased their estimates in the second task and increased them in the third. Participants’ self-assessment in the baseline task was in line with their time perception biases, and their behavior in the other tasks was consistent with their (correct) beliefs. Self-perceived over-estimators decreased their estimates in the second task significantly more relative to self-perceived under-estimators, while in the third task they increased their estimates significantly less. Last, we explored the effect of physiological stress by having half of our population complete the Cold Pressure Task and found no significant effect.
Condensation Pressure Drops in Circular Microchannels

This paper presents a multiple flow-regime model for pressure drop during condensation of refrigerant R134a in horizontal microchannels. Two-phase pressure drops were measured in five circular channels ranging in hydraulic diameter from 0.5 mm to 4.91 mm. For each tube under consideration, pressure drop measurements were first taken over the entire range of qualities from 100% vapor to 100% liquid for five different refrigerant mass fluxes between 150 kg/m2 -s and 750 kg/m2 -s. Results from previous work by the author on condensation flow mechanisms in microchannel geometries were used to assign the applicable flow regime to the data points. Pressure drop models for intermittent (Garimella et al. 2002) and annular (Garimella et al. 2003a) flow reported earlier by the authors were modified and combined to develop a comprehensive model that addresses the entire progression of the condensation process from the vapor phase to the liquid phase. This combined model accurately predicts condensation pressure drops in the annular, disperse wave, mist, discrete wave, and intermittent flow regimes. Overlap and transition regions between the respective regimes are also addressed using an appropriate interpolation technique that results in relatively smooth transitions between the predicted pressure drops. The resulting model predicts 82% of the data within ±20%.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Heavy ion microprobes for microanalysis of materials surfaces

Nuclear microprobes with MeV heavy ions such as carbon and silicon have characteristic advantages over light ions. Heavy ions have a larger scattering cross section and stopping power than that of light ions. Some experimental results of microanalysis using heavy ion microprobes are presented with Rutherford backscattering (RBS) and particle induced X-ray emission (PIXE). Some features of heavy ion microprobes are discussed.
Evolutionary Biology, Human Nature, and Knowledge

Since major Western philosophers considered human knowledge and social values in terms of the natural science of their time, it is appropriate to assess the epistemological implications of the contemporary evolutionary theory colloquially known as “sociobiology.” Recent models of natural selection indicate the need to consider human social life in terms of five distinct areas of analysis: individual development (epigenesis), within-group variation, between-group variation, the hierarchical organization of complex systems, and feedback between systemic levels. In each of these domains, modern “social biology” has striking implications for traditional philosophic questions. While some positions, like those of the Sophists or of the English Empiricists, are seriously challenged by the findings of modern evolutionary biology, Aristotelian ethics and the dialectical tradition from Plato to Hegel appear to be reinforced to a surprising degree by contemporary biological theories.
Linearization by Noise and/or Additional Shunting Current of a Modified FitzHugh Nagumo Spiking Model

We have developed a simplified description of voltage dependent channels to describe the currents involved in spike generation. We included this spiking model in a compartmental neuron model in order to obtain the correct scaling factor between the current actually injected in an experiment and the current arriving at the spike initiating zone. After fixing the parameters for our spiking model to match the spike shape of the real neuron the model had a strong bifurcation in its intensity versus rate characteristic. The rate of firing would abruptly jump from 0 to a value close to the saturating rate as the intensity of the stimulus was increased. To eliminate this artificial singularity we looked at the effect of both an additional shunting current and of current noise as suggested by previous researchers. We found that either the shunt or the noise alone could get rid of the bifurcation but that only a specific combination of shunt and noise would also yield the correct spiking variability as seen in interspike histograms.
The Dark Side of the First Amendment

Each year, the UCLA School of Law hosts the Melville B. Nimmer Memorial Lecture. Since 1986, the lecture series has served as a forum for leading scholars in the fields of copyright and First Amendment law. In recent years, the lecture has been presented by many distinguished scholars. The UCLA Law Review has published these lectures and proudly continues that tradition by publishing an Article by this year’s presenter, Professor Steven Shiffrin.
Copper-Mediated Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization

This chapter summarizes the evolution and the current status of copper-mediated atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). All the different procedures developed for initiation of an ATRP are discussed sequentially ending with the latest more environmentally benign procedures that only require ppm levels of catalyst. This is followed by a discussion of the role of each component added to the reaction, or formed in situ from the added components, on the kinetics of the controlled polymerization. Procedures for control over polymer composition, topology, and site-specific functionality including preparation of gradient copolymers, hybrid materials, molecular brushes, and star polymers are detailed followed by exemplification of the preparation of functional materials targeting specific applications including nanostructured carbons, surfactants, dispersants, functionalized surfaces, and materials for bioapplications.
IQ Testing and the Hispanic Client

Intellectual assessment remains a routine part of the psychodiagnostic and neuropsychological evaluation. Since their inception, IQ tests have been scrutinized for their cross-cultural generalizability, including with Hispanic populations. This is a critical issue as it has become increasingly apparent that IQ scores are highly susceptible to environmental influences, including years of education and socioeconomic status. Furthermore, IQ scores have been found to be heavily influenced by acculturation and language proficiency. These issues are particularly pertinent for Hispanic clients, who are often first- or second-generation immigrants who speak English as a second language. This chapter reviews and discusses the limitations of current IQ tests as they apply to Hispanic populations and provides general guidelines for clinicians when they administer these tests to Hispanic clients. Some recently published IQ tests show greater cross-cultural applicability for Hispanics as they are either less reliant on verbal ability or were normed and standardized for Spanish-speaking populations. Recommendations for these and other IQ tests are provided.
Locating study subjects: predictors and successful search strategies with inmates released from a U.S. county jail.

Minimizing loss to follow-up in longitudinal studies is critical. The purpose of this study was to examine the ability to locate subjects recently released from jail, identify predictors of being able to find a subject, and describe effective search strategies for this unique population. The sample for this cohort study included study subjects who were sought for interview after release from jail. Inmates in the San Francisco City and County Jail were enrolled in a randomized trial of incentives to improve follow-up for tuberculosis therapy after release from jail. Sociodemographic, health-related, and extensive locating information was collected during baseline interviews in jail. The main outcome was successful location of the subject. Study personnel recorded data on the number and nature of attempts made to find subjects in order to describe successful search strategies. Of 254 persons sought for the postrelease interview, 188 (74.0%) were found. Primary English speakers were more likely than Spanish speakers to be found (relative risk: 3.2, 95% confidence interval: 1.5-6.7, p = 0.002). Nearly one quarter of subjects (24%) were found back in jail, and the remainder were found in the community. Phone calls and letters to the subjects, and personal contacts to family and friends were successful strategies for 53% of the subjects. Seeking persons in programs, such as shelters and drug and alcohol programs, was successful in finding 18% of English-speaking subjects. Outreach efforts in sections of the city where Latinos spent time, including popular restaurants and community gathering places, were successful in finding 13% of Spanish-speaking subjects. We conclude that study subjects released from jails can be successfully located using well-defined search protocols tailored to the ethnicity of the sample and including a variety of strategies. Employment of bilingual personnel is important when a large proportion of subjects is monolingual and non-English speaking.
First principles, microkinetic, and experimental analysis of Lewis acid site speciation during ethanol dehydration on Sn-Beta zeolites

Abstract Density functional theory calculations are combined with kinetic measurements of ethanol dehydration to diethyl ether to identify the relative catalytic contributions of structurally distinct speciations of Sn sites in zeolite Beta frameworks. The structural complexities of the Beta framework require nonstandard techniques for entropy and energy calculations, including consideration of anharmonic effects in vibrational modes, employment of quasi-harmonic densities of states methods to evaluate entropies, and use of hybrid density functionals to evaluate binding energies. Calculated energies and entropies are used to construct a microkinetic model that is iteratively refined to identify all kinetically and thermodynamically sensitive reaction steps and intermediates which are subsequently treated with the higher-level methods. The rate and equilibrium constants obtained from this tiered approach agree well with measured reaction orders in ethanol and water. Site balances provide evidence for the interconversion of Sn sites between “closed” configurations that are tetra-coordinated to the framework, open configurations formed by hydrolysis that are tri-coordinated to the framework and contain a hydroxyl ligand and proximal silanol group (“hydroxy-open”), and open tri-coordinate configurations formed by reaction with ethanol, yielding an ethoxy ligand and proximal silanol group (“ethoxy-open”). Closed, hydroxy-open, and ethoxy-open Sn sites adsorb ethanol via distinct modes and react via distinct pathways, with the consequence that prevalent dehydration pathways depend on the speciation of Sn sites under reaction conditions. The kinetic modeling indicates that, under the conditions studied (404 K, 0.5–35 kPa ethanol, 0.1–50 kPa water), bimolecular dehydration on the closed Sn site is the sole kinetically-relevant step, and ethanol, ethanol-ethanol dimers, and ethanol-water dimers are the most abundant surface intermediates. These results highlight the importance of considering the distribution of heteroatom coordination modes to zeolite frameworks under reaction conditions, as well as pathways for their interconversion in the presence of reacting molecules, to obtain more robust mechanistic and kinetic interpretations of catalytic pathways in Lewis acid zeolites.