cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hydrogen incorporation into amorphous indium gallium zinc oxide thin-film transistors

Within the subgap of amorphous oxide semiconductors like amorphous indium gallium zinc oxide (a-IGZO) are donor-like and acceptor-like states that control the operational physics of optically transparent thin-film transistors (TFTs). Hydrogen incorporation into the channel layer of a top-gate a-IGZO TFT exists as an electron donor that causes an observed negative shift in the drain current-gate voltage ($\mathrm{I_{D} - V_{G}}$) transfer curve turn-on voltage. Normally, hydrogen is thought to create shallow electronic states just below the conduction band mobility edge, with the donor ionization state controlled by equilibrium thermodynamics involving the position of the Fermi level with respect to the donor ionization energy. However, hydrogen does not behave as a normal donor as revealed by the subgap density of states (DoS) measured by the photoconduction response of top-gate a-IGZO TFTs to within 0.3 eV of the CBM edge. Specifically, the DoS shows a subgap peak above the valence band mobility edge growing at the same rate that $\mathrm{I_{D} - V_{G}}$ transfer curve measurements suggest that hydrogen was incorporated into the channel layer. Such hydrogen donor behavior in a-IGZO is anomalous and can be understood as follows: Non-bonded hydrogen ionization precedes its incorporation into the a-IGZO network as a bonded species. Ionized hydrogen bonds to a charged oxygen-on-an-oxygen-site anion, resulting in the formation of a defect complex denoted herein as, $\mathrm{{[{O_{O}^{2-}}{H^+}]}^{1-}}$. Formation of an $\mathrm{{[{O_{O}^{2-}}{H^+}]}^{1-}}$ defect complex creates a spectrally-broad ($\sim$0.3 eV FWHM) distribution of electronic states observed in the bandgap centered at 0.4 eV above the valence band mobility edge.
New Results for Perturbative Calculations of Free-Free Scattering

The past decade and one half has seen considerable effort, especially on the part of theorists, devoted to the problem of free-free radiative scattering of electrons [1-18]. Unlike earlier treatments, which were primarily perturbative, work in this period has primarily emphasized nonperturbative approximations. In the present contribution, we return to the limit where perturbation theory is valid, and consider three disparate aspects of the problem.
Violence Against Women in the Sikh Community

Violence against women remains a worldwide epidemic. South Asian women experience intimate partner violence at high rates. This chapter examines the impact of violence against Sikh women, within larger cultural contexts (e.g., Indian, Western). We highlight a few high-profile cases to unpack factors that impact violence against Sikh women. Discourse analysis is used to challenge the biased notion that violence against women is an inherent component of Indian culture. The authors discuss the historical formation of ascribed gender roles and the development of subsequent attitudes that influence the way women are viewed culturally. Particular attention is given to the intersectionality of identities and their influence on the way violence against women is perceived, passively accepted, and internalized. The sociopolitical context of Sikhism and its formation as a response to the hierarchical nature of other religions and historical context is also explored. Finally, the chapter provides advocacy and intervention strategies for service providers and community groups working with this population.
Opportunistic Infections (OIs) as Emerging Infectious Diseases: Challenges Posed by OIs in the 1990s and Beyond

In the context of emerging infectious diseases, opportunistic infections (OIs) have assumed importance because of immunocompromised populations that are either new or have increased over the past two decades. Such populations may be immunocompromised as the result of a pathologic process that occurs in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, or because of medical treatments that induce immunosuppression, such as radiation or chemotherapy for cancer or immunosuppressive therapy for organ transplantation. The challenges posed by Ols in HIV-infected persons are numerous and go beyond simple measurements of incidence of disease and costs of medical care. They are perhaps best illustrated by a discussion of two Ols that present a different array of challenges- Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) and cryptosporidiosis. A variety of other conditions are associated with immunosuppression and increased susceptibility to OIs. Vaccinations pose challenges in terms of efficacy in inununocompromised persons and possible stimulation of HIV replication and acceleration of HIV disease. OIs pose significant challenges as emerging infectious diseases in increasing populations of immunocompromised persons, including persons receiving bone marrow or solid organ transplants, and the elderly.
Constructing a generic natural language interface for an XML database

We describe the construction of a generic natural language query interface to an XML database. Our interface can accept an arbitrary English sentence as a query, which can be quite complex and include aggregation, nesting, and value joins, among other things. This query is translated, potentially after reformulation, into an XQuery expression. The translation is based on mapping grammatical proximity of natural language parsed tokens in the parse tree of the query sentence to proximity of corresponding elements in the XML data to be retrieved. Our experimental assessment, through a user study, demonstrates that this type of natural language interface is good enough to be usable now, with no restrictions on the application domain.
CYP2C8/9 Mediate Dapsone N-Hydroxylation at Clinical Concentrations of Dapsone

Using selective cytochrome P450 (CYP) inhibitors and clinical concentrations (4 μM) of dapsone (DDS), we found a major contribution of CYP2C9 and little or no contribution (≤10%) of CYP3A4 and CYP2E1 to dapsone N-hydroxylation (DDS-NHY) in human liver microsomes. Sulfaphenazole (2.16 μM) and tolbutamide (500 μM), selective inhibitors of CYP2C9 (or 2C8/9), inhibited DDS-NHY by 48 ± 14 and 41 ± 15%, respectively. The apparent Michaelis-MentenKm values for DDS-NHY by cloned CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP2C18, and CYP2C19 were 75 μM, 31 μM, 25 μM, and greater than 1 mM, respectively. CYP3A4 and CYP2E1 were incapable of DDS-NHY at 4 μM DDS. S-mephenytoin (360 μM) activated DDS-NHY by human liver microsomes and by CYP2C8 by 43 ± 36 and 193 ± 16%, respectively. This activation was cytochromeb5-dependent. In contrast,S-mephenytoin inhibited DDS-NHY by CYP2C9, CYP2C18, and CYP2C19 by 27 ± 2, 49 ± 1, and 32 ± 4%, respectively. Because CYP2C18 and CYP19 are expressed at low concentrations in the human liver, these observations indicate that at clinical DDS concentrations, CYP2C9 is a major and CYP2C8 is a likely minor contributor to DDS-NHY in human liver microsomes.
Robustness Analysis of Kinematic Covariance Propagation in Serial Manipulators

In this paper we show that kinematic errors in serial manipulators propagate by convolution on the Euclidean motion group. When errors are small, covariances describing error probability densities can be propagated in place of explicitly performing the convolution. We investigate the robustness of covariance propagation formulas in the context of individual joint errors that are small, but result in overall end-effector errors that are not necessary small.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Ovarian Damage During Chemotherapy in Autoimmune Diseases: Broad Health Implications beyond Fertility

Women with autoimmune diseases such as lupus, scleroderma, and vasculitis receiving cyclophosphamide for severe disease manifestations risk primary ovarian insufficiency (POI) due to gonadotoxicity of this therapy. In addition to loss of reproductive potential, POI is associated with increased risk of morbidity and mortality. Practitioners caring for women requiring gonadotoxic therapies should be familiar with long-term health implications of POI and strategies for ovarian preservation. Accumulating evidence supports the effectiveness of adjunctive gonadotropin releasing hormone analog (GnRH-a) for ovarian protection during gonadotoxic therapy in cancer and autoimmune populations. GnRH-a is less costly and invasive than assisted reproductive technologies used for achievement of future pregnancies, but is not Food and Drug Administration approved for ovarian preservation. This review focuses on POI comorbidities and strategies for mitigation of related sequelae, which can accumulate over decades of hypoesteogenism. These issues are arguably more pronounced for women with chronic autoimmune diseases, in whom superimposed POI further heightens risks of cardiovascular disease and osteoporosis. Therefore, even if future pregnancy is not desired, ovarian protection during gonadotoxic therapy should be a major goal of disease management.
The blood bank physician as a hemostasis consultant

More than 50% of all red cells are used to treat patients who are hemorrhaging either due to spontaneous bleeding, trauma or surgery and all platelet products and most plasma is given to prevent or treat bleeding patients. Therefore, knowledge of hemostasis is important to transfusion medicine specialists. There are three requirements to function in this capacity. One, understand the test used to assess hemostasis; two: understand the composition of blood components thoroughly and three, have a knowledge of the clinical studies in which hemostasis risk was assessed using tests of hemostasis and the clinical utility of blood components in bleeding risk attenuation.
Performance of Co-containing NOx storage and reduction catalysts as a function of cycling condition

Abstract Co-containing NO x storage and reduction (NSR) catalysts were studied for their NO x storage and NO x conversion behavior. It was found that addition of 5% Co increased the NO x storage capacity of a 1% Rh/15% Ba catalyst by 50% and that of a 1% Pt/15% Ba catalyst by 100%. This promotional effect was attributed to the high oxidizing ability of Co, present in the form of Co 3 O 4 , providing extra oxidation sites for NO to NO 2 conversion and more contact area for NO 2 spillover to Ba storage sites. Empirical models were developed to predict the NO x conversion capacity of the catalyst as a function of total cycle time and the fraction spent in the lean phase. Using these models, it was found that 5% Co also improved the performance of 1% Pt/15% Ba and 1% Rh/15% Ba catalysts at higher lean fractions, allowing substantial improvement in overall fuel efficiency. The reduction capacity of Co was much less than that of noble metals, such that noble metals were still necessary (although at a reduced loading) for regenerating the catalyst in the rich phase. Along these lines, it was found that a 0.25% Pt/5% Co/15% Ba-containing catalyst showed better performance than a 1% Pt/15% Ba-containing catalyst. This implies that the cost of NSR catalysts can be substantially reduced by replacing some of the Pt with Co as the active oxidizing metal in NSR catalyst formulations.
Immunosuppressive factors from human breast carcinoma cell lines that affect initiation of lymphocyte proliferation

Supernatants from two human breast carcinoma cell lines, 734B and 231, have been shown to inhibit lymphocyte activation by mitogens and antigens. This inhibition appears to be specific for lymphocytes or recently stimulated cells, while having no effect on the growth of established cell lines. Studies of the mechanism of inhibition revealed that the factors inhibit lymphocyte activation and that the factors must be present at the initiation of lymphocyte stimulation for inhibition to occur. The supernatants do not inhibit lymphocyte activation by blocking binding of PHA to lymphocytes. Preliminary purification steps have shown that the inhibitory factors present in the tissue culture supernatants are precipitated at 50% ammonium sulfate saturation and their molecular weights are greater than 100 000. The inhibitory capacity of the 734B supernatants was destroyed by heating at 70° C, while the factors present in the 231 supernatants were only partially destroyed by heating to 90° C. The possible mechanism of action of the inhibitory substances released by tumors and their relevance to tumor growth are important to understanding of immune responses to neoplasia.
The value of being able to start the construction of a nuclear power plant in Chile by 2020

This paper calculates the expected value of beginning construction on Chile's first nuclear power plant in 2020. This requires (1) an appropriate regulatory authority capable of issuing site and technology licences and construction and operating permits, (2) a committed owner-operator and investors and (3) a specified system of handling fresh and spent nuclear fuel. At that time, the Net Present Value (NPV) of the project can be calculated and compared with competing alternatives. Until that time, funds must be spent on regulatory and physical infrastructure. This paper finds that Chile should be willing to invest a positive amount on this infrastructure, even though a nuclear power plant might never be built. The benefits of being nuclear power-capable arise from uncertainty in the establishment and form of international carbon dioxide (CO2) controls. The greater the uncertainty in knowing the social and environmental cost of CO2, the greater the value of holding the option to build carbon-free nuclear power plants. This paper estimates this value to be between US$60 million and US$600 million based on the planner's beliefs about binding international CO2 constraints.
Characteristic bodies and surface constrained source estimation

The characteristic body is a mathematical tool developed for use in radar imaging. In this paper we extend its use to the seemingly divergent fields of biomagnetic imaging and optical propagation. Biomagnetic imaging is the estimation of electrical current flows that give rise to quasi-static magnetic fields surrounding biological organisms. This estimation incorporates measurements of the field and constraints derived from a priori knowledge and from ad hoc assumptions. One of the interesting constraints is confinement of the electrical-current sources to a surface such as that of the brain's cortex. By combining an appropriate characteristic body with Maxwell's equations and the 3-D vector Fourier transform, an algorithm for calculating the source currents presents itself quite naturally. We show how various constraints can be introduced into this reconstruction process through characteristic bodies. In addition, we show how the formalism can provide a framework for describing optical propagation and diffraction.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The stratigraphic age of australites revisited

Abstract— The proposed stratigraphic age of 5000–15,000 years for australites found in the vicinity of Port Campbell, Victoria, is demonstrably incorrect. These tektites are not in situ and are also found in an older horizon than previously reported. A minimum stratigraphic age of 250,000 years is calculated from the cosmic-ray-produced 3He in alluvial diamonds from a horizon that also contains australites near Lake Argyle, Western Australia. There is no reason to believe that a true, rather than a minimum, stratigraphic age for Lake Argyle tektites would not match the many radiometric ages reported in the literature.
Xenognosin Methylation Is Critical in Defining the Chemical Potential Gradient That Regulates the Spatial Distribution in Striga Pathogenesis

Striga asiatica (Scrophulariaceae) is a parasitic plant requiring a host-derived signal, xenognosin, to initiate a cascade of events necessary for the establishment of host contact. By attempting to model the distribution of the xenognosin around the host, the activity of the signal is shown to be strongly dependent on the presence of another component in the host exudate. Surprisingly this component, characterized as 4,6-dimethoxy-2-[(8‘Z,11‘Z)-8‘,11‘,14‘-pentadecatriene]resorcinol, is structurally related and shares the same biosynthetic pathway as the xenognosin. This compound is shown to function as an antioxidant and its ability to enhance the activity of the xenognosin is consistent with its ability to extend its lifetime in the exudate. This endogenous antioxidant activity is required to explain the spatial sensing in the establishment of the host−parasite interface and its characterization provides insight into how chemical potential may be regulated within and around plant tissues.
LULAC: The Evolution of a Mexican American Political Organization

Acknowledgments 1. Introduction 2. Expressive and Purposive Incentives, 1929-1945 3. Collective Goals and Individual Mobility, 1945-1960 4. Mobilization and Transition, 1960-1985 5. The Politics of Survival 6. Conclusion Appendix. LULAC Membership Estimates, 1951-1983 Notes Bibliography Index Photographs
From the DFT to wavelet transforms

The DFT has a long history as a powerful tool for addressing signal processing challenges . Similarly, time frequency representation like the short-time Fourier transform have been explored extensively for processing signals whose properties change with time. More recently there has been tremendous interest in applying wavelets and filter banks to signal processing problems. This paper is intended as a high level overview of filter banks and wavelets and their relationships to the traditional discrete Fourier and short-time Fourier transforms. An extensive set of references are provided to assist the interested reader in learning more about this exciting field.
Verbal conditioning, task instructions, and inhibition of the GSR measure of the orienting reflex

One-hundred and twenty-eight college students participated in an experiment designed to examine facilitatory and inhibitory effects of instructions on the GSR index of the orienting reflex. One aspect of the study examined effects of instructions on verbal differential semantic conditioning of the GSR and conventional differential semantic conditioning requiring discovery of the CS-US contingency. A forewarned reaction time paradigm was employed with an innocuous imperative stimulus as the UCS. Reliable verbal differential semantic conditioning was obtained, as well as conventional differential conditioning. It was also found that orienting to one innocuous stimulus resulted in a significant decrease in the magnitude of the GSR induced by a second innocuous stimulus. An account in terms of inhibitory properties of orienting reflexes was proposed to account for the latter result.
Reactions to Others' Selfish Actions in the Absence of Tangible Consequences

This research assessed the role of perceived selfishness in people's reactions to events without tangible consequences. In Experiment 1, participants were assigned to complete a boring task by another person who gave a selfish, legitimizing, or exculpatory explanation for the decision. However, half of the participants knew that the other's decision was irrelevant and that they would complete the task regardless of the person's decision. In a second experiment, participants were told that the decision was irrelevant either before or after learning that the other person assigned them to do the boring task. Both studies showed that participants who received a selfish explanation responded strongly to the other person whether or not the person's decision had tangible consequences for them.
Neighbor Call Amplitude Influences Aggressive Behavior and Intermale Spacing in Choruses of the Pacific Treefrog (Hyla regilla)

Male Pacific treefrogs (Hyla regilla) aggregate in choruses during the breeding season. Within these choruses frogs distribute themselves nonrandomly. This study tested the hypothesis that the amplitude of neighbors' calls serves as a proximate cue in regulating the spacing of males in choruses, and that this is mediated by the incidence of aggressive-encounter calls by resident males. The amplitude of neighbors' calls showed little interindividual variation. Advertisement calls were played to males at three amplitudes that spanned the range of neighbor-call amplitudes measured between pairs of frogs. At playback amplitudes corresponding to the minimum neighbor-call amplitudes observed in choruses, frogs gave predominantly advertisement calls and few aggressive-encounter calls in response. As the playback amplitude was increased, subjects progressively decreased the number of advertisement calls and increased the number of encounter calls that they produced in response. The total number of calls (advertisement + encounter) given in response did not vary with playback amplitude. Intruders were likely to move away when a resident male gave encounter calls. In this way neighbor-call amplitude regulates intermale spacing in choruses.
AN ELECTRON MICROSCOPE AUTORADIOGRAPHIC STUDY OF THE NEURONAL AND EXTRANEURONAL LOCALIZATION OF LABELED AMINE IN THE HEART OF THE BAT AFTER ADMINISTRATION OF TRITIATED NOREPINEPHRINE

The localization of labeled amine in the heart of the bat after administration of tritiated norepinephrine (NE) was studied by means of electron microscope autoradiography. Monoamine oxidase was inhibited so that the distribution of amine in both neuronal (Uptake1) and extraneuronal (Uptake2) sites could be analyzed. Labeling was nonrandom in both the atrial and ventricular myocardium. The highest relative specific activity was found in neural processes which showed morphological criteria of terminal adrenergic axons. Analysis of the distribution of label around the labeled axonal varicosities indicated that the radioactive amine was more concentrated peripherally than centrally in these structures. Label was also found over cardiocytes in both atrium and ventricle. The pattern of this labeling indicated that the radioactive amine was associated with myofilaments. In the ventricle, I bands were most heavily labeled, indicating a probable association of radioactive amine with thin filaments. Labeling was prevented by administration of phenoxybenzamine and decreased only in cardiocytes by normetanephrine. The nonrandom distribution of labeled amine within cardiocytes supports the view that Uptake2 represents not only a second mechanism of inactivation of the sympathetic neurotransmitter, but may also be involved in the mediation of some of the action of NE on cardiac muscle.
Thromboembolic Risk and Anticoagulation Strategies in Patients Undergoing Catheter Ablation for Atrial Fibrillation

Periprocedural thromboembolic and hemorrhagic events are complications of percutaneous radiofrequency catheter ablation (RFA) of atrial fibrillation (AF). The management of anticoagulation before and after RFA could play an important role in the prevention of these complications. The incidence of thromboembolic events varies from 1% to 5%, depending on the ablation and the anticoagulation strategy used in the periprocedural period. The scientific evidence behind the management of anticoagulation in patients with AF undergoing RFA is scarce and is mostly based on small studies and experts' consensus. It remains unclear whether catheter ablation for AF reduces the risk of stroke and obviates the need for anticoagulation after the procedure. Limited data are available regarding the risk of thromboembolism with and without warfarin after AF ablation. In this review we will review the most current evidence supporting the different strategies to reduce thromboembolic risk before, during, and after catheter ablation for AF.
Prevalence of complicated gastroesophageal reflux disease and Barrett's esophagus among racial groups in a multi-center consortium.

Aims The Clinical Outcomes Research Initiative database was used to evaluate ethnic trends in complicated reflux disease and suspected Barrett’s esophagus among various racial groups. Methods Endoscopic findings for procedures performed January 2000–December 2005 for any indication and for reflux-related indications were reviewed by racial group. Results Of 280,075 procedures examined, Hispanics were the most likely to have esophagitis (Hispanic 19.6%, white 17.3%, black 15.8%, Asian/Pacific Islander 9.5%, P-value < 0.0001), and white subjects were most likely to have suspected BE (white 5.0%, Hispanic 2.9%, Asian/Pacific Islander 1.8%, black 1.5%, P-value < 0.0001). Endoscopies performed for reflux-related indications had similar trends for esophagitis and esophageal stricture. Among reflux/Barrett’s screening procedures adjusted for age and gender, Hispanics were most likely to have esophagitis (OR = 1.28, P-value < 0.0001) compared to Caucasians. Conclusion Our results demonstrate an association of suspected Barrett’s esophagus and stricture with white patients and esophagitis with Hispanic patients. These findings need to be followed-up with further study.
Mathematical model that predicts lower leg motion in response to electrical stimulation

Electrical stimulation of skeletal muscles of patients with upper motor neuron lesions can be used to restore functional movements such as standing or walking. Mathematical muscle models can assist in designing stimulation patterns that will enable patients to perform particular tasks more efficiently. In this study we extend our previous model to allow us to predict changes in knee joint angle in response to electrical stimulation of the human quadriceps femoris muscle. The model was tested both with and without inertial loads placed around the ankle joints of healthy subjects. Results showed that the model predicted the knee extensions with a RMS angle error that was generally <or=8 degrees. The coefficients of determination between the measured and predicted data showed the model accounted for approximately 71%, approximately 94%, approximately 73%, and approximately 89% of the variances in the experimental maximum excursion, time to maximum excursion, maximum shortening velocity, and time to maximum shortening velocity, respectively. This study showed that our general non-isometric model predicted the lower limb motion in response to a range of stimulation frequencies and patterns, and external loads. This model can be implemented in an algorithm for controlling the position of the lower leg during the swing phase of gait during functional electrical stimulation.
Communication in interdisciplinary team meetings: what are we talking about?

Interdisciplinary teams are central to the care of the older patient in long-term care settings. Critical to the success of caring for these patients is the communication between providers about pa...
Genotyping and haplotyping of polymorphisms directly from genomic DNA via coupled amplification and sequencing(CAS)

Coupled amplification and sequencing (CAS) allows a segment of DNA to be sequenced directly from genomic DNA. An initial PCR amplification stage selects and amplifies the target. During a subsequent stage both strands of the target segment are sequenced simultaneously and amplified further. We show that CAS can readily identify variant base pairs. Genotyping of a population for known sequence variation can be achieved simply and directly from genomic DNA of each organism by performing CAS only for the variant bases. The procedure supercedes development and optimization of alternative typing assays based on oligonucleotide hybridization or ligation. In addition, we show that competitive oligonucleotide priming with allelic primers can be readily performed in concert with the second stage of CAS. The combination of techniques allows sequencing of a single chromosome from a heterozygous genomic sample and direct haplotyping of the polymorphism at the priming site with any others encompassed within the amplified segment.
NUCLEAR FORMATION IN A DROSOPHILA CELL-FREE SYSTEM

A cell-free preparation obtained from 0- to 5-h-old Drosophila melanogaster embryos induces chromatin decondensation and nuclear formation from demembranated Xenopus sperm. Newly formed nuclei have a peripheral lamina, a double membrane, and structures resembling pore complexes. Indirect immunofluorescence analyses demonstrate the association of Drosophila lamins and DNA topoisomerase II with newly assembled nuclei.
A self-optimizing inverse analysis method for estimation of cyclic elasto-plasticity model parameters

Abstract In this paper, a novel inverse analysis methodology call a Self - Opt imizing I nverse M ethod (Self-OPTIM) has been presented, which inversely estimates cyclic elasto-plastic constitutive model parameters using global forces and displacement on the same partial boundaries and full-(or partial-) field displacement data. A novelty of the methodology is that it automatically self-estimates material parameters by updating “full-field” reference stresses and strains through two parallel nonlinear finite element simulations. Although a well-known classical cyclic plasticity model is chosen in this paper, it must be emphasized that the proposed Self-OPTIM method is a model-independent method, which means that any advanced model can be naturally integrated with the proposed methodology. Thus, using numerically generated test data of low-carbon steel specimens (AISI 1010), the proposed Self-OPTIM method has been verified showing its successful performance to estimate nonlinear isotropic and kinematic hardening parameters, yield stress, Young’s modulus and Poisson ratio. The effects of experimental noises from CCD camera and measurement errors of the boundary forces are also investigated for the Self-OPTIM method.
ECS-produced retrograde amnesia: Permanence vs. recovery over repeated testing

Abstract Electroconvulsive shock (ECS) was administered to groups of mice within 75 sec of a single appetitive or aversive learning trial in the same apparatus, a chamber with a cul-de-sac into which a mouse could poke its head and receive either water or shock from a cup. Half of the animals were tested repeatedly at 24, 48 and 72 hr after experimental treatment, while the remainder were tested for the first time 72 hr following the treatment. Comparison of the groups first tested at 24 or 72 hr revealed no significant differences indicating that both learning and ECS-produced retrograde amnesia (RA) are permanent for at least 72 hr. There was very little change observed in the convulsed, repeatedly tested groups, and significant learning and RA were evident on the second and third tests indicating stability over repeated testing. The changes seen over successive tests with some of the measures were interpreted as extinction and habituation resulting from repeated exposure to the previously reinforcing situation since similar changes occurred with reinforced, nonconvulsed animals.
CHANGES IN THE WIND IN CORPORATE GOVERNANCE

The composition of and roles played by boards of directors will change dramatically in the 1980s. Here are thirty major issues that will shape tomorrow's board … and a creative strategy to cope with the challenges ahead.
The structure of isolated Synechococcus strain WH8102 carboxysomes as revealed by electron cryotomography.

Carboxysomes are organelle-like polyhedral bodies found in cyanobacteria and many chemoautotrophic bacteria that are thought to facilitate carbon fixation. Carboxysomes are bounded by a proteinaceous outer shell and filled with ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBisCO), the first enzyme in the CO_2 fixation pathway, but exactly how they enhance carbon fixation is unclear. Here we report the three-dimensional structure of purified carboxysomes from Synechococcus species strain WH8102 as revealed by electron cryotomography. We found that while the sizes of individual carboxysomes in this organism varied from 114 nm to 137 nm, surprisingly, all were approximately icosahedral. There were on average ~250 RuBisCOs per carboxysome, organized into three to four concentric layers. Some models of carboxysome function depend on specific contacts between individual RuBisCOs and the shell, but no evidence of such contacts was found: no systematic patterns of connecting densities or RuBisCO positions against the shell's presumed hexagonal lattice could be discerned, and simulations showed that packing forces alone could account for the layered organization of RuBisCOs.
Seismic stratigraphy of the Frontal Hawaiian Moat: implications for sedimentary processes at the leading edge of an oceanic hotspot trace

Multi-channel seismic imaging reveals the seismic stratigraphy and associated sedimentary processes of the Frontal Hawaiian Moat (FHM) to the southeast of the island of Hawaii. Two sedimentary units are defined: (1) a basal layer of pelagic sediment draping the oceanic basement and (2) a wedge of volcaniclastic material infilling the FHM and onlapping the Frontal Hawaiian Arch. Three distinct seismic facies within the volcaniclastic unit are recognized: (A) areas of chaotic or incoherent reflections interpreted as proximal debris avalanche or slump deposits; (B) groups of hummocky and distorted reflections interpreted as distal debris avalanche or debris flow deposits; and (C) regions of parallel and laterally continuous reflections interpreted as turbidite deposits. The distribution of these facies delineates slope apron, proximal basin, and distal basin depositional environments (respectively) within the FHM. The northwest drift of the Pacific Plate over the Hawaiian hot spot results in the apparent southeasterly migration of the Hawaiian chain. Advancement of the depositional environments within the FHM occurs as individual volcanoes evolve, erode, and are superseded by new volcanic centers. The interplay between depositional processes and tectonic forces (plate motion and lithospheric flexure) predicts a coarsening-upward stratigraphy within the FHM. The combined accumulation of pelagic and volcaniclastic sediment defines a heterogeneous, and potentially unstable, layer of low strength material beneath the volcanic edifice that may influence the mobility of the island flanks.
Reply to Townes-Anderson: RPE65 gene therapy does not alter the natural history of retinal degeneration

We appreciate the interest shown by Townes-Anderson (1) in our article examining the natural history of retinal degeneration in Leber congenital amaurosis caused by retinal pigment epithelium-specific protein 65kDa (RPE65) mutations and evaluating the consequences of gene augmentation therapy (2). Townes-Anderson’s remarks focused on the final phrase of the last sentence of the Discussion of our article. In the full sentence, we suggested that in the future, agents to reduce cell death could be delivered in combination with a more advanced version of the gene augmentation therapy that reaches not only remaining rods and extrafoveal cones but also foveal cone photoreceptors.
Linear electronic dispersion and finite-difference time-domain calculations: a simple approach (integrated optics)

It is shown how the novel application of a simple causality argument simplifies significantly the incorporation of linear electronic dispersion into the finite-difference time-domain equations of motion. In particular, linear dispersion adds a single simple recursive term to the standard Yee equations. >
Spinoza's Vacuum Argument

Spinoza said that the only extended substance is the whole extended world and that finite bodies are not substances, i.e. are not worthy of a thing-like status in a fundamental metaphysics. He had reasons for this doctrine, though they do not occur in his official ‘demonstration’ that there is only one substance (Ethics 1, proposition 14). One reason was the view that an ultimately thing-like status cannot be accorded to something that is divisible. That was certainly Leibniz’s view, and there are textual grounds for attributing it to Spinoza also, though the evidence for that is somewhat diffuse. But there is also an argument that occurs in a localized manner, in a passage I shall quote below; and my purpose in this paper is to expound it. There are two reasons why this is worth doing. One is that the argument is intrinsically enjoyable: once it has been properly reconstructed, it is sharp and elegant and cogent. The other is that the argument points the way to an interpretation of its conclusion—i.e. of the doctrine that bodies are not substances—that helps one to understand other things in Spinoza. The interpretation of Spinoza’s metaphysics of the extended world emerging from this argument is better than most of what one finds in the secondary literature on Spinoza. And the literature seems not to contain so much as a serious mention of the argument that is my present topic.
Application of holographic interferometry for dynamic vibration analysis of subminiature mechanical components

variations ofthis technologyhave also been applied to define dynamic structural behaviors. Such applications of holographictechniques offer some of the most effective methods of structural analysis and flaw identificationavailable. This technology is nondestructive, real-time, and definitive in allowing theidentification of structural and mechanical geometry as well as describing dynamic behaviorunder stress. Structures and materials can be analyzed with very low amplitude stress orexcitation and the resultant data can be used to adjust the accuracy of mathematically derivedstructural models or as criteria for complete inspection and analysis programs, as well as indevelopmental analysis.Holographic Interferometry consequently offers a powerful tool to aid in the development andprimary engineering analysis and development of advanced structures ranging from miniature tomassive. Small, high precision structures in particular require ever increasingly accurate methodsof dynamic structural and vibration characterization. Advanced applications that must considerenvironments where extremes in vibration, mechanical, and thermal stresses can affect bothoperation and structural stability present ideal requisites for analysis using advanced holographicmethods in the initial design and subsequent test of miniature components and structures for abroad range of applications. Advanced real-time and time-average holographic methods allow theidentification and characterization of motion geometries, minute displacements, structuralbehavior, and defects. Such information is often crucial to the determination of mechanicalconfigurations and designs as well as operational parameters ofthese structural components. Theability to couple real-world hologrpahic information with Finite Element Analysis models allowsa complete validation of modeling and verification of operational parameters.Advanced Holographic techniques were applied to characterize the behavior and structure of aseries of different complex experimental sub-miniature mechanical structures in their operationalconfigurations. It was determined that such information was of great value since the thin metalassembly would be subjected to vibrational stress in normal use. The goal was to determine ifdynamic vibration behavior and structural characteristics could be identified. The methodemployed depends on introducing low level, nondestructive vibration and stress which propagateto induce corresponding resonances and minute displacements at the surface of the component.Keywords: Holography; Holographic Interferometry; Nondestructive test; Structural Analysis,Modal Analysis, Vibration Analysis, Miniature structures,
The Story Behind "A Requirement for Two Cell Types for Antibody Formation in vitro".

This is a personal story about how to get your scientific career started with a bang. It may not be as easy today as it was in the 1960s, but I think the principles still apply. I hope that this personal recounting will be useful to young scientists trying to establish their career.
Statistical mechanics of randomly polymerized membranes.

The effect of quenched random internal disorder on tethered membranes is studied by modifying treatments of pure systems to allow for small local fluctuations in the metric due to defects. To lowest order in \ensuremath{\epsilon}=4-D, where D is the internal membrane dimensionality, we find that the flat pure phase is stable to disorder at finite temperatures, but unstable at low temperatures to a phase that lies outside the range of the \ensuremath{\epsilon} expansion. For D4 the instability is triggered by any finite amount of disorder, while for Dg4 there is a threshold value of disorder below which the flat phase is stable at all temperatures. We speculate on the nature of the new phase. We argue that the low-temperature instability persists in the presence of random spontaneous curvature, and show that the flat phase is always unstable when unbound disclinations are included in the disorder.
Parallel block inversion of geophysical data

We present an automatic blocking algorithm for some medium size nonlinear least squares problems that arise in the inversion of travel time data in geophysics. This blocking leads to a nonlinear Gauss-Seidel type iteration which can be distributed to a network of computers. The low dimensional blocks are also amenable to global optimization methods which leads to further parallelization. All this is necessary because the original problem is generally non- convex, ill-conditioned, with a goal functional that is very expensive to evaluate.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Abstract 1137: Bub1 is a key regulator of TGF-β signaling

Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA The transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) family of cytokines regulates many processes such as immune suppression, angiogenesis, wound healing and epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT. Early in tumorigenesis, when epithelial cells retain exquisite growth sensitivity to this ligand, TGF-β signaling elicits a tumor suppressing activity. However, transformed cells become refractory to TGF-β-mediated growth inhibition and acquire a phenotype wherein the intracellular signaling circuitry of the cells is altered, leading to tumorigenic and metastatic effects in response to TGF-β exposure. Although TGF-β activating pathways have been studied, the molecular participants are poorly defined. Here we identify budding uninhibited by benzimidazoles-1 (Bub1) as an integral component of canonical and non-canonical TGF-β signaling pathways, where Bub1 is required for TGFBRI-TGFBRII complex formation and activation. Bub1-depleted cells exhibited reductions in TGF-β dependent Smad2/3 phosphorylation, recruitment of Smad2/3 to the TGFBRI-II complex, PI3K/Akt and p38MAPK activation, Smad binding element driven promoter activity (SBE4-Luc), and invasion and migration. Furthermore, a targeted small molecule inhibitor of Bub1 kinase activity (2OH-BNPP1), as well as an inactive kinase mutant of Bub1, abrogated ligand mediated TGF-β signaling and phenotypic response. These studies demonstrate a role for the Bub1 kinase in mediating TGF-β dependent signaling beyond its established function in cell-cycle regulation and chromosome cohesion and uncover the underlying basis for the pleiotropic cellular response commonly observed upon activation of the pathway. Citation Format: Shyam Nyati, Katrina Schinske-Sebolt, Sethuramasundaram Pitchiaya, Katerina Chekhovskiy, Areeb Chator, Nauman Chaudhry, Joseph Dosch, Marcian E. Van Dort, Varambally, Kumar-Sinha, Nyati, Ray, Walter, Sooryanarayana Varambally, Chandan Kumar-Sinha, Mukesh K. Nyati, Dipankar Ray, Nils G. Walter, Hongtao Yu, Brian D. Ross, Alnawaz Rehemtulla. Bub1 is a key regulator of TGF-β signaling. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 1137. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-1137
Retention Mechanism of β-Blockers on an Immobilized Cellulase. Relative Importance of the Hydrophobic And Ionic Contributions To Their Enantioselective and Nonselective Interactions

The adsorption isotherms of the enantiomers of three β-blockers, metoprolol, alprenolol, and propranolol, were measured on cellobiohydrolase I (CBH I) immobilized on silicagel, in the concentration range between 0.25 μM and 1.7 mM, at pH = 5.0, 5.5, and 6.0. In agreement with previous results, these data are accounted for by a two-sites physical model and fit closely to a Bilangmuir equation. The saturation capacities and the binding constants were determined for each enantiomer on the chiral and the nonchiral sites. The chiral sites are shown to be strongly ionic, in contrast to the nonchiral ones, which are mainly hydrophobic. However, the chiral binding of (S)-propranolol is endothermic, with a high adsorption entropy, in contrast to the chiral interactions of (R)-propranolol and to the nonchiral interactions, which are all exothermic. This indicates that hydrophobic interactions also play a role in the chiral binding. The dependence of the adsorption parameters on the hydrophobicity of the solute is d...
Evidence for expression of the paternal genome in the two-cell mouse embryo.

Although there is strong evidence that the paternal genome is activated at the four- to eight-cell stage of mouse embryogenesis1–12, studies to date have been restricted because of their dependence on the manifestations of gene products, such as enzyme activity and cell-surface expression, rather than on direct assay of their synthesis. β2-microglobulin (β2M), a 12,000-molecular weight (Mr) peptide associated with several of the gene products encoded by the H–2–Tla complex in the mouse13–17, is synthesized by early cleavage stage embryos (J.A.S., T.M. and C.J.E., unpublished). The existence of an electrophoretic variant of β2M in inbred strains has recently been described18–20, and tryptic peptide mapping19 and amino acid sequencing data21 indicate that the primary sequences of these variants differ by a single amino acid, thus establishing the genetic basis for this variation. Mice heterozygous at the β2m locus synthesize both forms, β2Ma and β2Mb (refs 18, 20). Using direct immunoprecipitation and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, we have used this variation at the β2m locus to distinguish between maternal and paternal β2M and have now established that the synthesis of paternally derived β2M is first detectable at the two-cell stage. This is the earliest stage at which expression of the mammalian embryonic genome has been established22.
A classification of three-body abrasive wear and design of a new tester☆

Abstract A study of the literature reveals that while a considerable amount of work has been conducted on two-body abrasive wear, relatively little has been done about the equally important problem of three-body abrasive wear. A classification of the various types of three-body abrasive wear is presented. Following an examination of existing three-body abrasive wear testers and their limitations a novel tester to simulate a certain type of three-body wear has been designed. With simple modifications the tester can also simulate two-body wear. The paper describes the new tester and some preliminary results.