cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Investigating the sound of an African thumb piano (kalimba)

A study was conducted to investigate the overtone structure of the notes of the Kalimba, an American thumb piano and to understand the effect of key-mounting method on f 1 l and f 0 ratio. It was found that the overtone structure on the Kalimba was sensitive to the details of the mounting geometry. The Kalimba notes were individually recorded and analyzed on an Apple Machintosh iMAC Intel Core Duo computer, using the built-in microphone and A/D converter, controlled by the freeware audio software, AUDACITY. Some care was also taken to produce uniformly loud notes with the thumbs, similar to a performance. The files produces were common .wav audio files, which were transferred into MATHEMATICA 5.2 for analysis. The waveforms were plotted and replayed, using standard functions and the spectra of the waveforms were computed, using Fourier function.
Theoretical Bound and Practical Analysis of Connected Dominating Set in Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks

Connected dominating setis widely used in wireless ad-hoc and sensor networks as a routing and topology control backbone to improve the performance and increase the lifetime of the network. Most of the distributed algorithms for approximating connected dominating set are based on constructing maximal independent set. The performance of such algorithms highly depends on the relation between the size of the maximum independent set (mis(G)) and the size of the minimum connected dominating set (cds(G)) in the graph G. In this paper, after observing the properties of such subgraphs, we decrease the previous ratio of 3.453 to 3.0 by showing that mis(G) ≤ 3·mcds(G) + 3. Additionally, we prove that this bound is tight and cannot be improved. Finally, we present practical analysis of constructing connected dominating set based on maximal independent set in wireless networks. It is shown that the theoretical bound for unit disk graphis still practically applicable for general wireless networks.
"Caught between a rock and a hard place: obesity and delivery decisions"

The incidence of obesity has achieved epidemic proportions. The increase in the proportion of women gaining more than 40 pounds during pregnancy and the related increased perinatal morbidity demonstrates how obesity has affected the reproductive outcomes for women. Individualized counseling and preparation for the needs of an obese woman in labor are at the cornerstone of managing obese women in labor and delivery.
Magnetic studies of Ta doping in Pr1.5Ce0.5Sr2Cu2NbO10.

The ${\mathrm{Pr}}_{1.5}$${\mathrm{Ce}}_{0.5}$${\mathrm{Sr}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Nb}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{Ta}}_{\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{O}}_{10}$ (0\ensuremath{\le}x\ensuremath{\le}1) compounds display an in-plane weak ferromagnetic component similar to that observed in the ${\mathrm{Nd}}_{2}$${\mathrm{CuO}}_{4}$-type T\ensuremath{'} structure. Zero-field-cooled and field-cooled magnetization spectra indicate that the magnetic peak, previously ascribed by neutron diffraction in the ${\mathrm{Pr}}_{1.5}$${\mathrm{Ce}}_{0.5}$${\mathrm{Sr}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{2}$${\mathrm{NbO}}_{10}$ system as originating from an interlayer Cu spin reorientation, shifts towards lower temperature as the content of Ta increases. In addition, the effective Pr ion moment obtained by Curie-Weiss fits to the magnetization data taken at fields sufficiently high to saturate the weak ferromagnetic component indicate that the long-range antiferromagnetic ordering of the Pr ions in these compounds (\ensuremath{\sim}2.8${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\mu}}}_{\mathit{B}}$) is not affected by the substitution of Ta in for Nb. The nature of the complex magnetic behavior of these compounds originates from a thermal competition between magnetocrystalline anisotropy and magnetic exchange interactions. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
Two guanosine binding sites exist in group I self-splicing IVS RNAs.

Abstract A shortened form of the self-splicing rRNA intervening sequence (IVS) of Tetrahymena thermophila can catalyze a transesterification reaction, termed G-exchange, between a monomeric guanosine derivative such as GTP and the substrate GpN (where N is A, C, G or U). The reaction is specific to the two guanosines involved, providing evidence that two guanosine binding sites exist in this group I IVS RNA. One binding site accommodates a guanosine which initiates self-splicing and the other recognizes the guanosine preceding the 3' splice site. Previously, only one guanosine binding site was thought to be involved in the mechanism of self-splicing. Based on the two functionally distinguishable guanosine binding sites, a new model is proposed to explain how the two independent transesterification reactions required for self-splicing might proceed in a concerted manner.
Analysis and evaluation of the biofidelity of the human body finite element model in lateral impact simulations according to ISO-TR9790 procedures.

The biofidelity of the Ford Motor Company human body finite element (FE) model in side impact simulations was analyzed and evaluated following the procedures outlined in ISO technical report TR9790. This FE model, representing a 50th percentile adult male, was used to simulate the biomechanical impact tests described in ISO-TR9790. These laboratory tests were considered as suitable for assessing the lateral impact biofidelity of the head, neck, shoulder, thorax, abdomen, and pelvis of crash test dummies, subcomponent test devices, and math models that are used to represent a 50th percentile adult male. The simulated impact responses of the head, neck, shoulder, thorax, abdomen, and pelvis of the FE model were compared with the PMHS (Post Mortem Human Subject) data upon which the response requirements for side impact surrogates was based. An overall biofidelity rating of the human body FE model was determined using the ISO-TR9790 rating method. The resulting rating for the human body FE model was 8.5 on a 0 to 10 scale with 8.6-10 being excellent biofidelity. In addition, in order to explore whether there is a dependency of the impact responses of the FE model on different analysis codes, three commercially available analysis codes, namely, LS-DYNA, Pamcrash, and Radioss were used to run the human body FE model. Effects of these codes on biofidelity when compared with ISO-TR9790 data are discussed. Model robustness and numerical issues arising with three different code simulations are also discussed. Language: en
Spatial and temporal thermal characterization of stacked multicore architectures

Three-dimensional integration provides a new way of performance growth for microprocessor architectures. While a recent studies report promising performance improvement numbers, majority of the processor stacking options are thermally-limited. Elevated stack temperatures have significant effect on the overall energy efficiency and reliability of the processor; they also limit the potential peak performance improvement from the 3D implementation. Thermal characteristics of 3D stacks differ from 2D processors in various ways including: the nature of heat dissipation throughout the stack, thermal conductivity of the 3D structures such as micro-C4 layers, and hotspot interactions among layers. The intensity of the corresponding thermal problems is highly dependent on the 3D technology, processor and stack parameters. In this study we focus on spatial and temporal thermal characteristics of 3D multicore architectures using high-fidelity technology and processor models. Our experimental results highlight the need for integrating detailed thermal models in the design flow, starting with the early design stages. In addition, the reduced time constants and elevated on-chip temperatures indicate faster response time requirements for dynamic thermal management in processor stacking options.
Refinery mix in the U.S., Canada, and the E.E.C.

Abstract This paper examines the response of gasoline's share of a barrel of crude oil to changes in relative petroleum product prices. An inter-country comparison of the U.S., Canada, and the E.E.C. allows investigation of different parts of the production possibility frontier. In the U.S. and Canada, with relatively large amounts of cracking capacity, there is price responsiveness of the product mix to changes in relative product prices. In the U.S., both residual and distillates are substitutes in production for gasoline, but for Canada, only distillate is a substitute. Part of this difference is attributed to the U.S. oil quota. For the E.E.C. with relatively small amounts of cracking capacity there was no discernible effect of product prices on product mix.
Factors Affecting Apparent Plume‐Rise Entrainment

Field measurements for 466 cases of plume rise from moderately sized sources were statistically analyzed for the ability of source and plume parameters to explain variations in the apparent entrainment coefficient used in the two-thirds law. The average value of the entrainment coefficient was 0.83, which was significantly greater than the 0.6 value characterizing entrainment caused by vertical rise of a bent-over plume and conventionally used by the USEPA. Correlation analyses demonstrated that increased coefficient values were most strongly associated with plumes that could not escape the stack wake, which increased entrainment and exerted a downward body force on the plume. Using an entrainment coefficient equal to 0.6 causes plume rise to be overestimated and ground-level concentration to be underestimated.
Validity of the Two-Term Boltzmann Approximation Employed in Fluid Models

Summary form only given. Typical fluid models in gas discharges use results (such as transport and rate coefficients) of a Boltzmann equation solver as input data. Many Boltzmann equation solvers like BOLSIG and ELENDIF solve the Boltzmann equation, using spherical harmonics expansion of the electron energy distribution function (EEDF) with the so-called two-term approximation. In a constant electric field, the solution for the EEDF can be expressed as a function of the reduced electric field E/n (the ratio of the electric field strength to the gas density). The solution also depends on the energy sharing model for ionization, in which the remaining energy after ionization is partitioned between the incident and secondary electrons. It is widely known that the two-term approximation fails at high values of the reduced electric field since the EEDF becomes highly anisotropic. In this study, from the comparison of electron energy distribution functions in particle-in-cell (PIC) and Boltzmann codes for a wide range of the reduced electric field in argon, the validity of two-term approximation in the Boltzmann equation solver is examined. The effect of three different energy sharing models (Opal's model1, equal energy sharing model, and the model that all remaining energy is taken by incident electrons) for ionization on the solution for the EEDF in PIC and Boltzmann codes are also investigated.
Tuning orbital energetics in arylene diimide semiconductors. materials design for ambient stability of n-type charge transport.

Structural and electronic criteria for ambient stability in n-type organic materials for organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) are investigated by systematically varying LUMO energetics and molecular substituents of arylene diimide-based materials. Six OFETs on n+-Si/SiO2 substrates exhibit OFET response parameters as follows: N,N'-bis(n-octyl)perylene-3,4:9,10-bis(dicarboximide) (PDI-8): mu = 0.32 cm2 V(-1) s(-1), Vth = 55 V, I(on)/I(off) = 10(5); N,N'-bis(n-octyl)-1,7- and N,N'-bis(n-octyl)-1,6-dibromoperylene-3,4:9,10-bis(dicarboximide) (PDI-8Br2): mu = 3 x 10(-5) cm2 V(-1) s(-1), Vth = 62 V, I(on)/I(off) = 10(3); N,N'-bis(n-octyl)-1,6,7,12-tetrachloroperylene-3,4:9,10-bis(dicarboximide) (PDI-8Cl4): mu = 4 x 10(-3) cm2 V(-1) (s-1), Vth = 37 V, I(on)/I(off) = 10(4); N,N'-bis(n-octyl)-2-cyanonaphthalene-1,4,5,8-bis(dicarboximide) (NDI-8CN): mu = 4.7 x 10(-3) cm2 V(-1) s(-1), Vth = 28, I(on)/I(off) = 10(5); N,N'-bis(n-octyl)-1,7- and N,N'-bis(n-octyl)-1,6-dicyanoperylene-3,4:9,10-bis(dicarboximide) (PDI-8CN2): mu = 0.13 cm2 V(-1) s(-1), Vth = -14 V, I(on)/I(off) = 10(3); and N,N'-bis(n-octyl)-2,6-dicyanonaphthalene-1,4,5,8-bis(dicarboximide) (NDI-8CN2): mu = 0.15 cm2 V(-1) s(-1), Vth = -37 V, I(on)/I(off) = 10(2). Analysis of the molecular geometries and energetics in these materials reveals a correlation between electron mobility and substituent-induced arylene core distortion, while Vth and I(off) are generally affected by LUMO energetics. Our findings also indicate that resistance to ambient charge carrier trapping observed in films of N-(n-octyl)arylene diimides occurs at a molecular reduction potential more positive than approximately -0.1 V (vs SCE). OFET threshold voltage shifts between vacuum and ambient atmosphere operation suggest that, at E(red1) -0.1 V, the trap density increase is negligible. OFETs fabricated with the present n-type materials having E(red1) > -0.1 V operate at conventional gate biases with minimal hysteresis in air. This reduction potential corresponds to an overpotential for the reaction of the charge carriers with O2 of approximately 0.6 V. N,N'-1H,1H-Perfluorobutyl derivatives of the perylene-based semiconductors were also synthesized and used to fabricate OFETs, resulting in air-stable devices for all fluorocarbon-substituted materials, despite generally having E(red1) < -0.1 V. This behavior is consistent with a fluorocarbon-based O2 barrier mechanism. OFET cycling measurements in air for dicyanated vs fluorinated materials demonstrate that energetic stabilization of the charge carriers results in greater device longevity in comparison to the OFET degradation observed in air-stable semiconductors with fluorocarbon barriers.
The stay-green revolution: Recent progress in deciphering the mechanisms of chlorophyll degradation in higher plants

Plants control the abundance of pigments within their cells depending on the developmental stage of particular tissues or organs and in response to environmental cues. Chlorophyll is degraded in plants as a result of natural or induced senescence, at the onset of fruit ripening, and in response to pathogen infection. Many of the steps that contribute to chlorophyll degradation, including the identity of breakdown intermediates and the enzymes that catalyze their conversions have been identified during the last decade. In particular, knowledge at the molecular level has advanced considerably over the past two years with the identity of the long sought STAY-GREEN (SGR/SID) gene revealed, together with the realization that several stay-green mutants of various species are also defective in SGR orthologs. Genetic analysis of additional stay-green mutants of rice has also led to the discovery of chlorophyll b reductase. Furthermore, recent functional analysis of putative chlorophyllase knockout mutants of Arabidopsis found that they were only very slightly compromised in their ability to degrade chlorophyll and did not have reduced chlorophyllase activity. These data suggest the need to re-examine the initial step of the chlorophyll degradation pathway. This review focuses on these discoveries and other recent research that has helped to shape our current understanding of chlorophyll degradation.
Lesquerella commercialization efforts in the United States

Abstract Lesquerella fendleri (Gray) Wats. is a promising new crop for cultivation in the western United States. Its oil-bearing seed contains high amounts of the hydroxy fatty acid (HFA), lesquerolic acid (C20:1-OH), suitable as a raw material for many types of industrial applications. Currently the U.S. imports castor seed oil as its chief source of HFA, used primarily in the production of lubricants and plastics. Lesquerella could complement castor oil imports as well as provide new applications and products. Lesquerella meal is being tested as a feed source. Other lesquerella species contain varying amounts and types of HFA. L. fendleri appears to be highly cross-pollinated, and as a consequence, considerable genetic variation exists for traits such as seed oil content, HFA, yield, flowering time, and growth habit. Rapid progress is being made toward full commercialization of lesquerella with private companies and government agencies working together in parallel studies on yield improvement and on finding new uses for the seed oil. Cooperative plantings began in 1990 and included 12 ha in central Arizona and Texas. Planting for 1991 has been increased to 30 ha and covered a wider range of climatic and soil conditions. The seed oil from these plantings is being used to formulate and test lubricant and cosmetics products. Agronomic management practices being investigated include planting methods, time of harvest, and irrigation scheduling. Fortunately, existing farm equipment with minor modification can be used for planting and harvesting the crop. Genetic and germplasm improvement studies are also being conducted and covers germplasm evaluation, selection, and hybridization.
Gender and Presidential Judicial Selection

Abstract This study traces the gender-based patterns of judicial selection for four presidents from 1976 to 2000. The differences among the presidents are discussed in terms of the number of women they appointed, their selection process, and eligible pool, partisan and ideological considerations. Career and educational background characteristics of women judges appointed by Carter, Reagan, G.H.W. Bush, and Clinton are compared and clear differences emerge. The study concludes that women's paths to the federal bench have not changed much in the last 25 years and that women appointees appear to have “climbed” a judicial ladder that men have not.
Rapsyn carboxyl terminal domains mediate muscle specific kinase-induced phosphorylation of the muscle acetylcholine receptor.

Abstract At the developing vertebrate neuromuscular junction, postsynaptic localization of the acetylcholine receptor (AChR) is regulated by agrin signaling via the muscle specific kinase (MuSK) and requires an intracellular scaffolding protein called rapsyn. In addition to its structural role, rapsyn is also necessary for agrin-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of the AChR, which regulates some aspects of receptor localization. Here, we have investigated the molecular mechanism by which rapsyn mediates AChR phosphorylation at the rodent neuromuscular junction. In a heterologous COS cell system, we show that MuSK and rapsyn induced phosphorylation of β subunit tyrosine 390 (Y390) and δ subunit Y393, as in muscle cells. Mutation of β Y390 or δ Y393 did not inhibit MuSK/rapsyn-induced phosphorylation of the other subunit in COS cells, and mutation of β Y390 did not inhibit agrin-induced phosphorylation of the δ subunit in Sol8 muscle cells; thus, their phosphorylation occurs independently, downstream of MuSK activation. In COS cells, we further show that MuSK-induced phosphorylation of the β subunit was mediated by rapsyn, as MuSK plus rapsyn increased β Y390 phosphorylation more than rapsyn alone and MuSK alone had no effect. Intriguingly, MuSK also induced tyrosine phosphorylation of rapsyn itself. We then used deletion mutants to map the rapsyn domains responsible for activation of cytoplasmic tyrosine kinases that phosphorylate the AChR subunits. We found that rapsyn C-terminal domains (amino acids 212–412) are both necessary and sufficient for activation of tyrosine kinases and induction of cellular tyrosine phosphorylation. Moreover, deletion of the rapsyn RING domain (365–412) abolished MuSK-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of the AChR β subunit. Together, these findings suggest that rapsyn facilitates AChR phosphorylation by activating or localizing tyrosine kinases via its C-terminal domains.
Oxygen-sensitive reset of hypoxia-inducible factor transactivation response: prolyl hydroxylases tune the biological normoxic set point.

Abstract Cellular O2 sensing enables physiological adjustments to variations in tissue pO2. Under basal conditions, cells are adjusted to an O2 environment biologically read as normoxia. Any sharp departure from that state of normoxia triggers O2-sensitive biological responses. The stabilization of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) signifies a robust biological readout of hypoxia. In the presence of sufficient O2, HIF is hydroxylated and degraded. HIF prolyl hydroxylation is catalyzed by prolyl hydroxylase isoenzymes PHD1, 2, and 3. Using HT22 neurons stably transfected with a HIF reporter construct, we tested a novel hypothesis postulating that biological cells are capable of resetting their normoxic set point by O2-sensitive changes in PHD expression. Results of this study show that the pO2 of the mouse brain cortex was 35 mm Hg or 5% O2. Exposure of HT22, adjusted to growing in 20% O2, to 5% O2 resulted in HIF-driven transcription. However, cells adjusted to growing in 5% O2 did not report hypoxia. Cells adjusted to growing in 30% O2 reported hypoxia when acutely exposed to room air culture conditions. When grown under high O2 conditions, cells reset their normoxic set point upward by down-regulating the expression of PHD1–3. When grown under low O2 conditions, cells reset their normoxic set point downward by inducing the expression of PHD1–3. Exposure of mice in vivo to a hypoxic 10% O2 environment lowered blood as well as brain pO2. Such hypoxic exposure induced PHD1–3. Exposure of mice to a hyperoxic 50% O2 ambience repressed the expression of PHD1–3, indicating that O2-sensitive regulation of PHD expression is effective in the brain in vivo. siRNA dependent knockdown of PHD expression revealed that O2-sensitive regulation of PHD may contribute to tuning the normoxic set point in biological cells.
Coherent EUV high harmonic sources for applications in imaging, materials dynamics and nanometrology

Coherent high harmonic light sources in the extreme ultraviolet and soft x-ray region are ideally suited for range of nano-imaging, nano-metrologies, and dynamic measurements of materials, thin film and magnetic samples.
Characterization of a Ca2+ Release-activated Nonselective Cation Current Regulating Membrane Potential and [Ca2+] i Oscillations in Transgenically Derived β-Cells

Although stimulation of insulin secretion by glucose is regulated by coupled oscillations of membrane potential and intracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i), the membrane events regulating these oscillations are incompletely understood. In the presence of glucose and tetraethylammonium, transgenically derived beta-cells (betaTC3-neo) exhibit coupled voltage and [Ca2+]i oscillations strikingly similar to those observed in normal islets in response to glucose. Using these cells as a model system, we investigated the membrane conductance underlying these oscillations. Alterations in delayed rectifier or Ca2+-activated K+ channels were excluded as a source of the conductance oscillations, as they are completely blocked by tetraethylammonium. ATP-sensitive K+ channels were also excluded, since the ATP-sensitive K+ channel blocker tolbutamide substituted for glucose in inducing [Ca2+]i oscillations. Thapsigargin, which depletes intracellular Ca2+ stores, and maitotoxin, an activator of nonselective cation channels, both converted the glucose-dependent [Ca2+]i oscillations into a sustained elevation. On the other hand, both SKF 96365, a blocker of Ca2+ store-operated channels, and external Na+ removal suppressed the glucose-stimulated [Ca2+]i oscillations. Maitotoxin activated a nonselective cation current in betaTC3 cells that was attenuated by removal of extracellular Na+ and by SKF 96365, in the same manner to a current activated in mouse beta-cells following depletion of intracellular Ca2+ stores. Currents similar to these are produced by the mammalian trp-related channels, a gene family that includes Ca2+ store-operated channels and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate-activated channels. We found several of the trp family genes were expressed in betaTC3 cells by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction using specific primers, but by Northern blot analysis, mtrp-4 was the predominant message expressed. We conclude that a conductance underlying glucose-stimulated oscillations in beta-cells is provided by a Ca2+ store depletion-activated nonselective cation current, which is plausibly encoded by homologs of trp genes.
Prostaglandin biosynthesis by human decidual cells: effects of inflammatory mediators.

Abstract There is substantial evidence that decidual activation, in association with infection, is linked with the onset of both preterm and term labor. We therefore undertook the present study to evaluate prostaglandin production and its potential regulation by inflammatory mediators in human decidual cells in primary monolayer culture. Upon attaining confluence, the cells were incubated with endotoxin, interleukin 1α (IL1α), interleukin 1β (IL1β); or tumor necrosis factor (TNF). Production of prostaglandin (PG) E 2 and PGF 2α was determined using specific radioimmunoassays. Endotoxin and these cytokines all induced significant concentration-dependent increases in PGE 2 and PGF 2α production. Our results suggest that term human decidual cells are responsive to endotoxin and cytokines and that generation of these substances in the decidua or nearby (eg. in response to infection) will lead to increased prostaglandin production and uterine contractions.
Two-Magnon Bound State in fcc Ferromagnets

We show that an optically active two-magnon bound state exists for fcc Heisenberg ferromagnets. There is a repulsive interaction between magnons with equal and opposite wave vectors near the zone edge which in most lattices does not lead to any dramatic effects. However, in the fcc lattice there is a logarithmic divergence in the density of states at the zone boundary, which causes a bound state to split off from above the band. We discuss the possibility of observing such a state experimentally by Raman scattering, possibly in EuO.
Investigating Mithramycin Deoxysugar Biosynthesis: Enzymatic Total Synthesis of TDP-d-Olivose

Mix'n'match: Enzymatic total synthesis of TDP-D-olivose was achieved, starting from TDP-4-keto-6-deoxy-D-glucose, by combining three pathway enzymes with one cofactor-regenerating enzyme. The results also revealed that MtmC is a bifunctional enzyme that can perform a 4-ketoreduction necessary for D-olivose biosynthesis besides the previously found C-methyltransfer for D-mycarose biosynthesis.
Transportable Applications Environment (TAE) Plus - A NASA productivity tool used to develop graphical user interfaces

The Transportable Applications Environment (TAE) Plus, developed at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center, is an advanced portable user interface development environment which simplifies the process of creating and managing complex application graphical user interfaces (GUIs), supports prototyping, allows applications to be oported easily between different platforms, and encourages appropriate levels of user interface consistency between applications. This paper discusses the capabilities of the TAE Plus tool, and how it makes the job of designing and developing GUIs easier for the application developers. The paper also explains how tools like TAE Plus provide for reusability and ensure reliability of UI software components, as well as how they aid in the reduction of development and maintenance costs.
Is Self-Knowledge an Entitlement? And Why Should We Care?*

Dans le cadre du debat sur l'autoattribution et l'argument de la terre jumelle, l'A. montre que la connaissance de soi est un engagement qui s'avere compatible avec l'approche externaliste du contenu des attitudes propositionnelles.
Gibbs’ Paradox and the Definition of Entropy

Gibbs’ Paradox is shown to arise from an incorrect traditional definition of the entropy that has unfortunately become entrenched in physics textbooks. Among its flaws, the traditional definition predicts a violation of the second law of thermodynamics when applied to colloids. By adopting Boltzmann’s definition of the entropy, the violation of the second law is eliminated, the properties of colloids are correctly predicted, and Gibbs’ Paradox vanishes.
Dynamic pitching of an elastic rectangular wing in hovering motion

In order to study the role of the passive deformation in the aerodynamics of insect wings, we computationally model the three-dimensional fluid–structure interaction of an elastic rectangular wing at a low aspect ratio during hovering flight. The code couples a viscous incompressible flow solver based on the immersed-boundary method and a nonlinear finite-element solver for thin-walled structures. During a flapping stroke, the wing surface is dominated by non-uniform chordwise deformations. The effects of the wing stiffness, mass ratio, phase angle of active pitching, and Reynolds number are investigated. The results show that both the phase and the rate of passive pitching due to the wing flexibility can significantly modify the aerodynamics of the wing. The dynamic pitching depends not only on the specified kinematics at the wing root and the stiffness of the wing, but also greatly on the mass ratio, which represents the relative importance of the wing inertia and aerodynamic forces in the wing deformation. We use the ratio between the flapping frequency, , and natural frequency of the wing, , as the non-dimensional stiffness. In general, when , the deformation significantly enhances the lift and also improves the lift efficiency despite a disadvantageous camber. In particular, when the inertial pitching torque is assisted by an aerodynamic torque of comparable magnitude, the lift efficiency can be markedly improved.
Contributions of muscles of various color stabilities to the overall color stability of ground beef.

Ground high (HCS), intermediate (ICS), and low color stability (LCS) cow muscles were used to investigate effects of blending muscles of different color stabilities on ground beef display color. Six formulations at 90% and 80% lean points combining HCS, ICS, and LCS muscles were: 50% HCS + 50% ICS; 50% HCS + 50% LCS; 50% ICS + 50% LCS; 33.3% HCS + 33.3% ICS + 33.3% LCS; 75% HCS + 25% LCS; and 25% HCS + 75% LCS. Patties were packaged in a high oxygen (80% O(2), 20% CO(2)) modified atmosphere, held in dark storage for 5 d, then displayed for 4 d. The 80% lean patties containing >or= 50% HCS had the brightest red initial visual color. During display 75% HCS + 25% LCS at both lean points had the most cherry-red display color. Patties containing a greater proportion of HCS had greater metmyoglobin reducing ability throughout display. HCS, ICS, and LCS muscle can be mixed without adverse color affects, provided LCS muscle is or= 50% of the blend.
Late Quaternary Dynamics of Pollen Influx at Mineral Lake,Washington

Pollen influx analysis at Mineral Lake, Washington, indicates that immediately south of the Puget Lobe of the Fraser Glaciation, tundra was a characteristic vegetation until 16,300 years ago. Invasion ofPinus contorta began 17,500 years B.P., and boreal climax conifers (Abies, Picea andTsuga mertensiana), 16,300, but was temporarily interrupted by the Vashon advance (14,500–14,000 yr B.P.).Pseudotsuga menziesii began to grow in population 10,750 years ago, and woodland was established within a time span of 1,000 years. Modern lowland coniferous forests began to form 7,000 years ago. Logistic analysis of pollen abundance changes show that the intrinsic growth rate,r (yr−1), of pioneer species (e.g. 0.024–0.026 inPteridium aquilinum) is higher than that of climax species (e.g. 0.003 inThuja plicata).P. menziesii, a subclimax species, shows an intermediater value (0.013) between these two ecologically different taxa. The absoluter value ofP. contorta (−0.011) is only slightly lower than that ofP. menziesii, although their replacement began almost simultaneously. Thus competition between these species was intense before the inflection point ofPinus curve 10,100 years ago. At this time, forest gaps became abundantly available forPseudotsuga, as indicated by a peak of the diagnostic factor (the reciprocal of the pollen influx).
Plasmodium falciparum: stage-specific lactate production in synchronized cultures.

Abstract Sequential treatment with gelatin followed by sorbitol-produced Plasmodium falciparum cultures that remained synchronous for ⩾ 144 hr. The schizont stage was associated with more lactate production than the other asexual erythrocytic stages of the parasite (11–21 vs 4–7 neq/hr-106 parasitized red blood cells [PRBC]). Lactate production in asynchronous cultures was relatively constant at 8–11 neq/hr-106 PRBC and was directly proportional to parasitemia (P
The virtual threat to travel and tourism

Abstract The much hyped concept of virtual reality (VR) is becoming talked about in tourism circles: as a possible threat to the travel industry, as a means of reducing the negative impacts of tourism and as a marketing tool to increase a destination's appeal. But how far can VR technology actually deliver the kind of experiences promised - or will it be able to do so in future? In this mini-highlight two articles address the subject. The first suggests how ‘tourists’ might travel with VR, and developers use it in the planning process, seeing VR as a logical progression in the use of technology in tourism. The second takes a more sceptical view of the capabilities of VR. Both, however, agree that its importance is likely to increase.
Students’ Learning Experiences in an Early College High School

Early College High Schools (ECHS) are at the forefront of high school reform embodying the principles of rigor, relationship, and relevance. This study examines students’ learning experiences in the context of relationships and rigor at an ECHS. Specifically, I investigate factors that influence students to attend an ECHS, what they attribute to their academic success, and the challenges they experience. I draw upon data from individual and focus group interviews with students at one 3-year-old ECHS in southeastern North Carolina.
Slow growth did not decouple the otolith size-fish size relationship in striped bass

Abstract Eight-day-old striped bass Morone saxatilis (6.17–6.22 mm, total length) were fed twice daily at three feeding rates to produce three growth rates. Fish were sampled once per week for 4 weeks to determine total length and otolith radius. Feed ration treatments resulted in discrete size-classes of striped bass after 4 weeks with a 27% difference in mean length between the low and high feed ration treatments. No significant differences in slope or intercept for the regression of fish length on otolith radius were observed among treatments, suggesting that slow growth alone may not be sufficient to result in decoupling of the otolith size–fish size relationship in striped bass.
Uptake of Selected Nutrients by Temperate Grasses and Legumes

Temperate forages are used throughout the southeastern USA to provide feed for livestock when tropical and subtropical grasses are dormant and as a hay source. Long-term utilization of broiler litter as a fertilizer in some areas of the region has elevated soil levels of P and micronutrients. Our objective was to compare P, Cu, and Zn uptake among temperate forage species from a Savannah fine sandy loam soil (fine-loamy, siliceous, semiactive, thermic Typic Fragiudult) amended with litter under a single-harvest system. Dry weight of ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) herbage was greater than all other species except ball clover (Trifolium nigrescens Viv.) in 1997 and oat (Avena sativa L.) in 1998. Clovers were susceptible to Sclerotinia crown and stem rot (Sclerotinia trifoliorum Erikss.) that reduced plant density, vigor, and dry herbage weight. Although forage P concentration of all species was similar to or greater than ryegrass, only crimson dover (T. incarnatum L.) had P uptake equal to ryegrass during both years (mean of 23.4 kg ha -1 ). This was attributed to the high correlation between dry herbage weight and P uptake (r = 0.95 and 0.89 in 1997 and 1998, respectively). Legumes typically had greater Cu and Zn concentrations than ryegrass, but only crimson clover and hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth) had comparatively greater Cu and Zn uptake during both years. The combination of desirable agronomic traits and nutrient uptake capacity make annual ryegrass a superior temperate forage species for use in southeastern pastures fertilized with broiler litter.
Modified technique to create morphologically reproducible elastase-induced aneurysms in rabbits.

The purpose of this study was to create morphologically reproducible elastase-induced model aneurysms in rabbits. We created 120 elastase-induced aneurysms in rabbits using two different methods: the standard technique (group 1, n=62) and a modified technique (group 2, n=58). In the standard technique a small cutdown with a focal area of exposure of the mid-right common carotid artery (RCCA) was employed, while in the modified technique the RCCA was completely exposed to its origin. We measured aneurysm sizes (neck diameter, width and height) in the two groups. The aneurysm sizes were compared between the two groups using Student’s t test, and the standard deviations of the aneurysm sizes were compared between the groups using the F test. The mean aneurysm neck size, width and height in group 1 were 3.4±1.2 mm, 3.8±1.0 mm and 8.0±1.7 mm, respectively, and in group 2, were 3.2±0.9 mm, 3.7±0.6 mm and 9.1±1.8 mm, respectively. The differences in mean aneurysm neck and width between the two groups were not significant (P>0.05). However, there were significant differences in the standard deviation of these two parameters between the two groups (P 0.05). The results indicate that more consistent aneurysm diameters can be created using the modified technique.
MRI time series modeling of MS lesion development.

Abstract A mathematical model was applied to new lesion formation in multiple sclerosis, as apparent on frequent T2-weighted MRI. The pathophysiologically motivated two-process model comprises two opposing nonlinear self-limiting processes, intended to represent degenerative and reparatory processes, respectively, investigating T2 activity from a dynamic/temporal rather than a spatial/static perspective. Parametric maps were obtained from the model to characterize the MRI dynamics of lesion development, answering the questions of how long new T2 lesion activity persists, how much residual damage/hyperintensity remains and how the T2 dynamics compare to those of contrast-enhancing MRI indicating active inflammation. 997 MRI examinations were analyzed, acquired weekly to monthly from 45 patients over a 1-year period. The model was applied to all pixels within 332 new lesions, capturing the time profiles with excellent fidelity (r = 0.89 ± 0.03 average correlation between model and image data). From this modeling perspective, the observed dynamics in new T2 lesions are in agreement with two opposing processes of longitudinal intensity change, such as inflammation and degeneration versus resorbtion and repair. On average, about one third of a new lesion consisted of transient signal change with little or no residual hyperintensity and activity of 10 weeks or less. Global lesion burden as MRI surrogate of disease activity may therefore be confounded by large amounts of transient hyperintensity. T2 activity also persisted significantly beyond the period of contrast enhancement, thereby defining MRI sensitivity toward a subacute phase of lesion development beyond blood–brain barrier patency. Concentric patterns of dynamic properties within a lesion were observed, consistent with concentric histological appearance of resulting MS plaques.
A Leadership Profile of Secondary Gifted Students

The present study was undertaken to ascertain the leadership profile of secondary gifted students. Characteristics of leadership were based on earlier findings for adults who responded to the 16 Pe...
Inhibition of calcium phosphate mineral growth by proteoglycan aggregate fractions in a synthetic lymph

The effect of proteoglycans on growth of seeding minerals in synthetic lymph was studied with special reference to regulation of endochondral calcification. Proteoglycans were isolated from bovine nasal cartilage by three published methods. By each method two fractions were separated which differed in respect to presence or absence of fast-sedimenting components on analytical ultracentrifugation. Each fraction was tested for its capacity to inhibit mineral growth in a buffered synthetic lymphin vitro. At concentrations of proteoglycans estimated to occur in the interstitial fluid of endochondral plates from 6- to 7-week-old rats, the fractions containing fast-sedimenting components were inhibitory to mineral growth; whereas fractions containing the slow-sedimenting components and a glycoprotein (link protein) had no inhibitory activity demonstrable in these systems. Comparison of calcium-binding capacity of certain proteoglycan fractions as well as their computed effect upon reduction of calcium activity under conditions of equilibrium dialysis revealed no differences in the behavior of a proteoglycan fraction rich in fast—as opposed to fractions composed entirely of slow-sedimenting components. An increased degree of shielding of mineral embryos provided by adjacent protein cores of aggregated proteoglycans is hypothesized to explain the inhibitory action of fast-sedimenting proteoglycans on mineral growthin vitro.
Cerebral embolism from septal fibromuscular dysplasia of the common carotid artery.

A rare type of fibromuscular dysplasia of the common carotid artery, in the form of a septum, was observed in a patient suffering from recurrent cerebral infarctions. Angiography demonstrated growth fo the lesion and documented the presence of an intraluminal thrombus attached to it. Comparison with reported cases of the more common “string of beads” lesion of fibromuscular dysplasia suggests that the risk for development of ischemic neurological problems is higher for this type of fibromuscular lesion. Surgical correction is recommended, especially for symptomatic patients.
Epitaxial Co-Au Superlattices

We demonstrate the growth of epitaxially ordered Co-Au superlattices by ultrahigh-vacuum deposition techniques. The superlattice structure consists of hcp Co(0001) and fcc Au(111) layers with the in-plane Co [$11\overline{2}0$] crystallographic axis parallel to GaAs [001]. X-ray scattering, high-resolution transmission-electron microscopy, and measurements of the magnetic anisotropy show that the Co-Au interfaces are abrupt even in the presence of a large lattice mismatch.
Anorexia Nervosa: Russell’s Sign with Concurrent Tetany

A 32-year-old female with a history of binge-purge type anorexia nervosa presented with abdominal pain and weight loss of 8 kg over the preceding 2 weeks. She denied prior diuretic or laxative abuse. Physical examination showed a thin female with a BMI of 14.2 kg/m2. The dorsal aspect of her hands revealed abrasions, callosities, and scarring (Fig. 1). Her hands were contracted in tetany, flexed at the metacarpophalangeal joints, with extension at the interphalangeal joints with the thumb flexed and adducted (Fig. 2). Laboratory studies revealed a serum calcium of 5.3 mg/dl, albumin of 3.0 g/dl, and normal serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and parathyroid hormone levels. Figure 1 The dorsal aspect of the patient's hands revealed abrasions, callosities, and scarring. Figure 2 The patient's hands were contracted in tetany, flexed at the metacarpophalangeal joints, with extension at the interphalangeal joints with the thumb flexed and adducted. Figure 1 demonstrates Russell’s sign, with abrasions on the dorsum of the hand from contacting the incisors during self-induced vomiting1. This finding is reported in approximately 4% of patients with purging type anorexia nervosa2. Figure 2 shows an obstetrician or accoucheur’s hand, demonstrating the resemblance of tetany to the position one’s hand is held in while performing a vaginal delivery. Tetany of the patient's hands resolved with electrolyte repletion. On endoscopic evaluation, her abdominal pain was found to be secondary to esophagitis, likely from self-induced vomiting.
Comments on ‘Hebbian learning is jointly controlled by electrotonic and input structure’

It is argued that simulations presented by Tsai, Carnevale and Brown do not agree with their theoretical predictions and that their mathematical derivation contains a major flaw. The origin of these misunderstandings is traced to the application of a special case of an equation whose general version is given here
Integrating systems of care in california for youth with severe emotional disturbance II: Initial group home expenditure and utilization findings from the California AB377 Evaluation Project

The California AB377 Evaluation Project was established to study the replication of an innovative system of care in three California counties for youth suffering from severe emotional disturbance. Development of the innovative system of care was pioneered in Ventura County, California, and the replications were legislatively enabled through Assembly Bill 377 (AB377). This paper reports evaluative findings about a central goal of the innovative care system: the reduction of use of highly restrictive out-of-home placements though creation and maintenance of coordinated and effective community-based services. Group home facilities are the focus of the evaluation work because these facilities consume the largest proportion of all public expenditures for youth in residential placements in California. More than 10 years of aggregate county and state level monthly expenditure and utilization data are presented. The results indicate that the demonstration counties have generated lower per capita inflation adjusted rates of expenditures and per capita group home placements than California as a whole. The evaluation results provide evidence that an integrated system of care can reduce group home placements. However, the nature, quality and effectiveness of any and/or all alternative services provided remains a topic for further investigation.
Maritime/continental microphysical contrasts in stratus

More than 15 h of in situ cloud measurements in Atlantic and Pacific stratus showed cloud droplet concentrations to be correlated with cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) concentrations measured just below cloud. Predictions of droplet concentrations based on complete CCN spectra and measured updraft velocities were better correlated with measured cloud droplet concentrations. This was especially significant for near-adiabatic parcels because these results represent a good level of closure between CCN and cloud microphysics. Over the Atlantic there was a clear dichotomy between maritime and continental cloud microphysics that was related to CCN concentrations: smaller and more numerous droplets in continental clouds with higher CCN concentrations. However, there seemed to be undercounting of continental cloud droplets because many were smaller than the 2 μm diameter threshold of the droplet spectrometer. When averaged over all altitudes, the drizzle (diameter >50 μm) liquid water content was a factor of 2 greater in the maritime clouds. However, as in previously reported small cumuli, drizzle was also a function of cloud depth. Therefore when only thin clouds (depth less than 45 mb) were considered, the maritime clouds had an order of magnitude more drizzle than continental clouds. Drizzle liquid water content was also found to depend on the mean diameter of 2–50 μm diameter cloud droplets. In the thin clouds there was a definite 15 μm mean cloud droplet diameter threshold for the onset of drizzle that was often exceeded in the maritime clouds but almost never exceeded in the continental clouds. There were also higher concentrations of 20–50 μm diameter droplets in the maritime clouds that were commensurate with the maritime/continental drizzle (50–620 μm diameter) contrast. Furthermore, when cloud parcels with equal amounts of cloud droplet liquid water were compared, there was considerably more drizzle in the maritime clouds, especially for larger amounts of cloud water in the thin clouds. All of these maritime/continental contrasts found in thin stratus clouds are very similar to previously reported maritime/continental contrasts in small cumulus clouds. These results support the second indirect aerosol effect (pluvial inhibition) for stratus clouds. DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0889.2002.00268.x