cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Multiplicative mismatched filter for optimum sidelobe suppression in Barker codes

Barker codes are the only known bi-phase codes with the smallest achievable sidelobes. However, the longest Barker code of odd length is proven to be that of length 13. There is also a strong conjecture that the Barker codes of length 2 and 4 are the only ones there are of even length. The code of length 13 achieves a mainlobe to peak sidelobe ratio of only 22.28 dB which is less than the practical requirement of at least 30 dB. Mismatched filters have been proposed in the literature to improve this ratio. This is achieved at the cost of some deterioration in the signal to noise ratio at the filter output. In this paper, very efficient sidelobe suppression of Barker codes of length 13 is achieved through the use of a novel mismatched filter. This mismatched filter is comprised of a conventional matched filter cascaded with a computationally efficient filter based on multiplicative expansion. Several parameters are introduced in the terms of the expansion and are optimized to improve the performance of the filter. A version of this filter with three stages is shown to achieve a mainlobe to peak sidelobe ratio of almost 61.9 dB. This is achieved at the cost of some deterioration in the signal to noise ratio at the filter output. The loss in signal to noise ratio (SNR) is shown to be only 0.2 dB. It is suggested that by applying the proposed technique to compound Barker codes, the mainlobe to peak sidelobe ratio could be maintained while improving the signal to noise ratio performance.
Sample-based evaluation of global probabilistic sensitivity measures

Focus is on computationally efficient approaches for global probabilistic sensitivity analysis.Sensitivity analysis is established by comparing two distributions of the model parameters.Relative entropy and Hellinger distance are proposed for quantification of sensitivity.Sample-based approach is considered for efficient approximation using kernel density estimation.Theoretical issues related to the sensitivity analysis are also discussed. The evaluation of probabilistic sensitivity requires scalar measures quantifying the difference between probability density functions. The efficient estimation of two such alternative measures (relative entropy and Hellinger distance) is investigated within the setting of a global sensitivity analysis. This analysis requires evaluation of these measures with respect to different marginal densities, all connected to the same auxiliary joint density. Estimation of these densities is based on implementation of kernel density estimation, using information from samples from their joint distribution. These samples are further explored for improving the computational efficiency whereas theoretical concepts related to these two measures are addressed.
Managing Family Businesses in Small Communities

Small businesses located in communities with populations of less than 10,000 were identified in a national sample of family businesses and examined for differences in their management strategies (n...
The Earth's Magnetic Field: Its History, Origin and Planetary Perspective

Merrill and McElhinny's work is an overdue blessing to the geomagnetic research community. The mathematical training of Merrill and the classical physics outlook of McElhinny have combined to produce a sensible world view of geomagnetism that encompasses the space, the earth's crust, and of course, the earth's core. In addition, I would like to disclose immediately one of my special delights about the work: the attempt at integration of information from historical and paleomagnetic sources and approaches in dynamo theory in discussing the origin of the geomagnetic field. It is as if after years of complaints from paleomagnetists that the dynamo theorists “do not care” about a cooperative approach, “Muhammad” himself has “gone to the mountain” and tried to indicate, if not deliver, the very great rewards for such an integrative approach.
Membrane lateral phase separation induced by proteins of the prothrombinase complex

Abstract Blood coagulation factors X and V, as well as prothrombin fragment 1 caused changes in the observed transition temperature ( T m ) of appropriately constituted phospholipid vesicles upon binding to the membrane surface. Factor X- and prothrombin fragment 1-induced T m shifts were calcium-dependent, while factor V changed the T m in a calcium-independent manner. The results were consistent with clustering of the acidic phospholipid molecules due to protein binding. In all cases, protein binding to acidic phospholipid-containing vesicles caused the observed T m to approach that for the neutral phospholipid. This resulted in a T m increase for phospholipid mixtures containing bovine brain phosphatidylserine (PS) plus dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) and a T m decrease for mixtures of dipalmitoylphosphatidic acid (DPPA) and dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC). Maximum T m shifts induced in PS-DPPC (10:90) vesicles were very similar for all the prothrombinase proteins and the extent of the change was proportional to the actual amount of membrane-bound protein as determined by light-scattering techniques. For the vitamin K-dependent proteins, T m changes were greater in the presence of protein plus calcium than in the presence of calcium alone, indicating that lateral phase separation occurs subsequent to initial protein-membrane contact. Lateral phase separation of acidic phospholipids appears to be an important process in the formation of the prothrombinase complex.
Rat Marrow Stromal Cells are More Sensitive to Plating Density and Expand More Rapidly from Single-Cell-Derived Colonies than Human Marrow Stromal Cells

Human marrow stromal cell (hMSCs) were recently shown to expand rapidly in culture when plated at a low density of approximately 3 cells/cm(2). Low-density plating promoted proliferation of small recycling stem (RS) cells that appeared to be the most multipotent cells in the cultures. Here we demonstrated that MSCs from rat bone marrow (rMSCs) are even more sensitive to low-density plating than hMSCS: When plated at approximately 2 cells/cm(2), the cells expanded over 4,000-fold in 12 days, over twice the maximal rate observed with hMSCS: Analysis by fluorescence-activated cell sorter demonstrated that rMSCs had the same heterogeneity seen with hMSCs in that the cultures contained both small rapidly RS cells and much larger mature cells (mMSCs). The rat mMSCs differed from human mMSCs in that they regenerated RS cells in culture. Also, after low-density plating, colonies of rMSCs expanded into confluent cultures, whereas colonies of hMSCs did not.
Weighing the “burden of ‘acting white’”: Are there race differences in attitudes toward education?

Recent reports by ethnographic researchers and media sources suggest that many African American students view academic success as a form of “acting white,” and that peer pressure reduces their level of effort and performance. This article analyzes the National Education Longitudinal Study of 1988 to answer three questions: (1) do blacks experience greater alienation toward school than non-Hispanic whites?; (2) do blacks incur social penalties from their peers for succeeding academically?; and (3) if so, are these “achievement penalties” greater than those for whites? Our analysis suggests the answer to each of the three questions is “apparently not.”
Maintaining Positive Relationships when Giving and Receiving Critical Feedback

Abstract An important part of management's responsibility is related to giving and receiving critical feedback. Even healthy relationships can bring about disagreement, hostility, indifference, embarrassment, and a host of other feelings and emotions. Therefore, managers and supervisors must be able to give as well as receive critical feedback. This is not easy to do; many people would rather avoid confrontation, especially at work. But such skills can be learned. the ability to give and receive feedback — a learned skill that takes practice — is paramount to a leader's success.
Onset of motion and glassy dynamics of a moving vortex lattice

We study the onset of motion of a vortex lattice in response to a driving current that is turned on suddenly. For sufficiently high currents we find that the average vortex velocity (obtained from the longitudinal voltage drop) grows smoothly with time and obeys a stretched exponential with an exponent β ∼ 0.7. The response is governed by two time scales: a delay time (to) before the appearance of a measurable voltage drop, and a rise time (r) characterizing the evolution of voltage response. Both time scales increase with decreasing saturation voltage V 0 : T decreases exponentially, while to as a power law. When the saturation velocity is too low the response slows down significantly and shows a step structure indicating plastic response.
The influence of hydrostatic pressure on the rate of hydrolysis of acetylcholine and contractility in the vagal heart system.

Die Acetylcholin-Esterase-Aktivitat und die Kontraktilitat wird am isolierten Frosch-Herzen unter steigendem hydrostatischem Druck untersucht. Ohne wesentliche Veranderung der Molekul-Dimension wird ein Anstieg der Hydrolyse von Acetylcholin bewirkt.
Lack of effect of drinking water barium on cardiovascular risk factors.

Higher cardiovascular mortality has been associated in a single epidemiological study with higher levels of barium in drinking water. The purpose of this study was to determine whether drinking wat...
Individually tailored light intervention through closed eyelids to promote circadian alignment and sleep health.

article i nfo Background: Light is most effective at changing the timing of the circadian clock when applied close to the corebodytemperature minimum.The present study investigated,ina homesetting, ifindividuallytailored light treatment using flashing blue light delivered through closed eyelids during the early part of the sleep perioddelayedcircadianphase andsleepinapopulationof healthyolderadultsandinthosesufferingfrom early awakening insomnia. Methods: Twenty-eight participants (9 early awakening insomniacs) completed an 8-week, within- subjects study. Twice, participants collected data during 2 baseline weeks and 1 intervention week. During the intervention week, participants wore a flashing blue (active) or a flashing red (control) light maskdur- ing sleep. Light was expected to delay circadian phase. Saliva samples for dim light melatonin onset were collected at the end of each baseline and intervention week. Wrist actigraphy and Daysimeter, a calibrated light and activity meter, data were collected during the entire study. Results: Compared to baseline, flashing blue light, but not flashing red light, significantly (P b .05) delayed dim light melatonin onset. The mean ± standard deviation phase shift (minutes) was 0:06 ± 0:30 for the flashing red light and 0:34 ± 0:30 for the flashing blue light. Compared today 1, sleep start times weresig- nificantly delayed (by approximately 46 minutes) at day 7 after the flashing blue light. The light interven- tion did not affect sleep efficiency. Conclusions: The present study demonstrated the feasibility of using light through closed eyelids during sleep for promoting circadian alignment and sleep health.
Photoprotection of E. coli B/r: respiration, growth, macromolecular synthesis and repair of DNA.

— Photoprotecting effects of near UV radiations (300–400 nm, maximum at 360 nm) against far UV radiations (primarily 254 nm) have been studied in Escherichia coli B/r cells in minimal medium with glycerol as a carbon source. Near UV light (105 Jm-2) has a negligible effect on survival, but causes transitory inhibition of respiration, growth, DNA, RNA, and protein syntheses and cell division. Far UV (52 J m-2) reduces survival to about 0.5 per cent; respiration, growth and RNA and protein syntheses proceed for about 60 min, after which they nearly cease for several hours. Near UV given before this fluence of far UV increases survival 10-fold and the above processes resume at times and with kinetics characteristic of those produced by lower fluences of far UV. Single-strand breaks appear in the DNA of both unprotected and photoprotected cells; repair of the breaks is essentially complete in protected but not unprotected cells. The viability kinetics for far-UV-irradiated cells with and without photoprotecting treatment are identical except that the curve for the latter is displaced upward about 1 log; exponential increases (cell division) begin at 120 min in each case. The data suggest that, in B/r cells grown under our particular conditions, namely in minimal medium with glycerol, photoprotection is not the result of growth or division delays, but reflects an increased repair capability due to continued respiration.
Pornography, videotape and the Internet

Pornography has had a significant role in the promotion and diffusion of new communication technologies. New technologies have also altered the nature of pornography in the last few decades. These technologies include VCRs, camcorders, Minitel, computers, and the Internet. Pornographic products have served to stimulate interest in these new technologies, despite their higher initial costs. The attractions include greater perceived privacy and easier access. As each of these technologies matures and prices drop, the importance of pornographic products diminishes relatively, but not absolutely. Another pattern is the elimination of the distinctions among producers, distributors, and consumers as do-it-yourself video and computers have permitted a "democratization" of pornography. At the risk of appearing indifferent to moral issues, the author focuses on pornography's importance in diffusing new technologies (VCRs, camcorders, Minitel, computers, and the Internet), and how these technologies have reshaped the nature of pornography. Driving this transformation have been the great capitalist engines of innovation and the quest for profits. Like war, pornography has served as an agent of change for both, and similarly benefitted greatly.
Injectable Fillers for Volume Replacement in the Aging Face

In recent years, there has been a better understanding of the aging process. In addition to changes occurring in the skin envelope, significant changes occur in the subcutaneous fat and craniofacial skeleton. This has led to a paradigm shift in the therapeutic approach to facial rejuvenation. Along with soft tissue repositioning, volumizing the aging face has been found to optimize the result and achieve a more natural appearance. Early in the aging process, when there has not been a significant change to the face requiring surgical intervention, fillers alone can provide minimally invasive facial rejuvenation through volumizing. Multiple injectable soft tissue fillers and biostimulators are currently available to provide facial volume such as hyaluronic acid, calcium hydroxylapatite, poly- l -lactic acid, polymethyl methacrylate, and silicone. A discussion of the morphological changes seen in the aging face, the properties of these products, and key technical concepts will be highlighted to permit optimum results when performing facial volumizing of the upper, middle, and lower thirds of the face. These fillers can act as a dress rehearsal for these patients considering structural fat grafting.
The Utility of Lens Culinaris Agglutinin-Reactive α-Fetoprotein in the Diagnosis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Evaluation in a United States Referral Population

Background & Aims: The percentage of Lens culinaris agglutinin-reactive (α)-fetoprotein (AFP-L3%) is proposed as a diagnostic and prognostic marker for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We evaluated the utility of AFP-L3% for diagnosis of HCC in a US referral population. Methods: This retrospective study included 272 patients: 166 with HCC and 106 with benign liver disease (chronic liver disease, 77; benign liver mass, 29). The AFP-L3% was measured using a clinical auto-analyzer. Results: The AFP-L3% is not reported for a total α-fetoprotein (AFP) less than 10 ng/mL, and all patients with an AFP greater than 200 ng/mL had HCC; thus the AFP-L3% was noninformative for these patients. In patients with a total AFP of 10–200 ng/mL, an AFP-L3% greater than 10% had a sensitivity of 71% and a specificity of 63% for diagnosis of HCC. An AFP-L3% greater than 35% had a reduced sensitivity of 33%, but an increased specificity of 100%. The high specificity of the AFP-L3% cut-off of 35% allowed the confident diagnosis of an additional 10% of HCCs not diagnosed using an AFP cut-off of 200 ng/mL. After adjustment for AFP level, no association was observed between AFP-L3% and tumor size, stage, vascular invasion, grade, or survival. Conclusions: Patients with indeterminate total AFP values of 10–200 ng/mL present a diagnostic dilemma. We found that an AFP-L3% greater than 35% has 100% specificity for HCC in these patients. AFP-L3%, used in combination with AFP, may be a clinically useful adjunct marker for the diagnosis of HCC.
Thermodynamics and separation of mixtures

The classical foundation of chemical thermodynamics was essentially completed by J. W. Gibbs when he defined the chemical potential in 1875. However, this formulation gives only the point of departure for applying thermodynamics to a quantitative description of phase equilibria; these equilibria are required for design of separation operations that depend on transfer of molecules from one phase to another. To apply thermodynamics to real problems, we need meta-thermodynamic information as supplied by molecular physics and physical chemistry. This need was recognized at the end of the 19th century by numerous outstanding scientists (e.g. Max Planck) who made efforts to establish practical theories for calculating chemical potentials; similar efforts continue today. To illustrate the applicability of thermodynamics, three examples are presented here: removal of hydrogen sulfide from gasified coal; precipitation of proteins from aqueous solution; separation of small and large solutes using a temperature-sensitive hydrogel which exhibits a first-order phase transition. Attention is given to the increasing role of molecular simulation that can provide not only quantitative thermodynamic “data” but, in addition, a qualitative “picture” of complex phenomena. Such pictures provide the first step for development of quantitative models.
Ductile-to-Brittle transition temperature for high-burnup cladding alloys exposed to simulated drying-storage conditions

Abstract Structural analyses of dry casks containing high-burnup fuel require cladding mechanical properties and failure limits to assess fuel behavior. Pre-storage drying-transfer operations and early stage storage subject cladding to higher temperatures and much higher pressure-induced tensile hoop stresses relative to in-reactor operation and pool storage. Under these conditions, radial hydrides may precipitate during slow cooling and provide an additional embrittlement mechanism as the cladding temperature decreases below the ductile-to-brittle transition temperature (DBTT). A test procedure was developed to simulate the effects of drying-storage temperature histories. Following drying-storage simulation, samples were subjected to ring-compression test (RCT) loading, which was used as a ductility screening test and to simulate pinch-type loading that may occur during cask transport. RCT samples with 50% wall cracking were assessed as brittle. Prior to testing high-burnup cladding, many tests were conducted with pre-hydrided Zircaloy-4 (Zry-4) and ZIRLO™ to determine target 400 °C hoop stresses for high-burnup rodlets. Zry-4 cladding segments, from a 67-GWd/MTU fuel rod, with 520–620 wppm hydrogen and ZIRLO™ cladding segments from a 70-GWd/MTU fuel rod, with 350–650 wppm hydrogen were defueled and tested. Following drying-storage simulation, the extent of radial-hydride precipitation was characterized by the radial-hydride continuity factor. It was found that the DBTT was dependent on: cladding material, irradiation conditions, and drying-storage histories (stress at maximum temperature). High-burnup ZIRLO™ exhibited higher susceptible to radial-hydride formation and embrittlement than high-burnup Zry-4. It was also observed that uniformly pre-hydrided, non-irradiated cladding was not a good surrogate for high-burnup cladding because of the high density of circumferential hydrides across the wall and the high metal-matrix ductility for pre-hydrided cladding.
When every student has a computer: A new perspective on courseware and its development

In this paper, I describe some of the institutional and curricular implications of 100% student access to personal computing. I then explore the new perspective which these conditions create on the availability of courseware, on the process ofcourseware development, and on future direc­ tions in courseware development. A new challenge and a new opportunity are created by the machine-rich environment that exists when every stu­ dent has a computer. The challenge is in reexamining the contents of the curriculum and looking for things worth doing with the computer. The opportunity lies in introduc­ ing a computer-based component into the entire psychol­ ogy curriculum, tying together the entire curriculum in new ways which introduce a new kind and level of ex­ perience for faculty and students. The personal computer allows one to create a structured learning environment, not only in the lecture hall and the tutorial laboratory, but also wherever the student keeps the machine. Freedom of access helps to free instructional computing from the capture effect of the computer itself. In a machine-rich environment, it is no longer possible to capitalize on whatever intrinsic motivation effect is created by providing students with access to a scarce resource. In addition, ease of access creates new oppor­ tunities for the use ofmicrocomputer application programs (e.g., Hewett, 1985) and for courseware development. Several ideas presented here were first developed while the author was the recipient of faculty development and courseware development minigrants funded from a grant to Drexel University by the Pew Memorial Trust. In working out some ofthese ideas, it has been partic­ ularly useful to have the opportunity to view and discuss with colleagues at Drexel the wide variety of courseware materials which they have de­ veloped, or are currently developing. The final draft of this paper has benefited considerably from the reactions and feedback provided by anonymous reviewers and by colleagues at Drexel who read and com­ mented on earlier drafts.
(φ,ψ)2 Motifs: A Purely Conformation-Based Fine-Grained Enumeration of Protein Parts at the Two-Residue Level

Abstract A deep understanding of protein structure benefits from the use of a variety of classification strategies that enhance our ability to effectively describe local patterns of conformation. Here, we use a clustering algorithm to analyze 76,533 all-trans segments from protein structures solved at 1.2 A resolution or better to create a purely φ,ψ-based comprehensive empirical categorization of common conformations adopted by two adjacent φ,ψ pairs (i.e., (φ,ψ)2 motifs). The clustering algorithm works in an origin-shifted four-dimensional space based on the two φ,ψ pairs to yield a parameter-dependent list of (φ,ψ)2 motifs, in order of their prominence. The results are remarkably distinct from and complementary to the standard hydrogen-bond-centered view of secondary structure. New insights include an unprecedented level of precision in describing the φ,ψ angles of both previously known and novel motifs, ordering of these motifs by their population density, a data-driven recommendation that the standard Cαi…Cαi + 3
Microscopic free energy and order parameters of antiferroelectrics

Abstract A microscopic free energy function for antiferroelectrics has been derived as a power series in a complete set of order parameters which are the thermal averages of normal coordinates whose wave vectors form a group G. Furthermore it has been shown that the wave vectors of the non-zero order parameters at all the extrema of the free energy form subgroups of G and that there will always be a net polarization in the antiferroelectric phase. The general discussion is illustrated by application to the antiferroelectric transition of PbZrO 3 .
Functional assessment and intervention in community settings

Functional assessment has emerged as an important strategy for designing effective interventions for serious problem behavior. A comprehensive functional assessment identifies the behavior of concern, stimuli correlated with the onset and maintenance of the behavior, features of the setting in which the behavior occurs, and behaviors (typically communication) that may serve to replace the problem behavior. We present a historical and modern context for functional assessment and, in juxtaposition to this, discuss the purposes of functional assessment as a tool for researchers and practitioners. We review the current range of functional assessment applications, emphasizing the strengths and limitations of each; propose needed extensions of existing functional assessment methods; and discuss the critical role of functional assessment in designing effective community-based behavioral interventions. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Structure and development of central arborizations of hair follicle primary afferent fibers.

The present study describes the structure and development of the flame-shaped central arborizations of hair follicle (HF) afferents in the lumbosacral spinal cord of the rat. Tissue was processed according to the rapid Golgi method at successive stages of development from embryonic day 17 through postnatal day 30. Collaterals of most HF afferents were found to enter the dorsal horn via a characteristic U-shaped pathway which often parallels the vascular pattern. The HF collaterals can first be identified at embryonic day 19 and by postnatal day 5 they have established the dorso-ventral and rostro-caudal limits of their field of arborization. Dorsally the arbors extend no further than the inner zone of lamina II (IIi) at any stage of development. Short aberrant branches were observed on some HF collaterals during the prenatal period but none of these developed synaptic terminals or contributed branches to other arbors. Each HF collateral formed a single well defined flame-shaped arbor with a distribution and branching pattern which could be distinguished from that of other afferents throughout the postnatal developmental period. Two types of HF collaterals were observed. Structure and distribution patterns suggest that type I collaterals are derived from G and T HF afferents while collaterals in the type II category are probably derived from both G and T as well as D (A-delta) HF afferents. Type I collaterals divide into well defined medial and lateral collateral branches which arborize mainly in lamina III with a few branches to lamina IV. Type II collaterals are characterized by a delicate arbor which is more vertically oriented than type I arbors. These arbors also have a few branches in lamina IV but distribute mainly to laminae III and IIi.
Epidural metastases in prospectively evaluated veterans with cancer and back pain

Ninety-five male veterans with cancer and back pain were prospectively evaluated for epidural metastases. The evaluation included vertebral roentgenograms and a myelogram. The most common cancers were lung and prostate. Forty-three percent of the patients had an epidural metastasis, including 73% of the 37 patients with myelopathy and 48% of the 29 patients with radiculopathy. None of the 29 patients who had back pain without radiculopathy or myelopathy had an epidural metastasis. Thirty-seven patients were treated with only radiation therapy and dexamethasone and four also had surgical decompression. Nineteen of the 20 patients who could walk at diagnosis walked after completion of therapy, whereas, only 11 of the 21 patients who were not ambulatory at the time of diagnosis walked after completion of therapy. The probability of surviving 12 months was 73% for patients who could walk after treatment and 9% for nonambulatory patients. Emergency spinal canal imaging is warranted in cancer patients with back pain and signs or symptoms of radiculopathy or myelopathy.
What comes first, misshape or dysfunction? The view from metabolic excess

In typical cultured animal cells, mitochondria exist in shapes ranging from long interconnected tubules, often clustered in the perinuclear region of the cell, to small spherical forms in the cell periphery. However, mitochondrial appearance at any given moment in time is only a snapshot of dynamic
CT imaging of myocardial scars with collagen-targeting gold nanoparticles

Abstract In the setting of myocardial ischemia, recovery of myocardial function by revascularization procedures depends on the extent of coronary disease and myocardial scar burden. Currently, computed tomographic (CT) imaging offers superior evaluation of coronary lesions but lacks the capability to measure the transmural extent of myocardial scar. Our work focuses on determining if collagen-targeting gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) can effectively target myocardial scar and provide adequate contrast for CT imaging. AuNPs were coated with a collagen-homing peptide, collagen adhesin (CNA35). Myocardial scar was created in mice by occlusion/reperfusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery. Thirty days later, un-gated CT imaging was performed. Over 6 h, CNA35-AuNPs provided uniform and prolonged opacification of the vascular structures (100-130 HU). In mice with larger scar burden, focal contrast enhancement was detected in the myocardium, which was not apparent within that of control mice. Histological staining confirmed myocardial scar formation and accumulation of AuNPs. From the Clinical Editor This team of investigators presents a collagen-targeting gold nanoparticle-based approach that enables the imaging of myocardial scars via CT scans in a rodent model. This information would enable clinicians to judge the recovery potential of myocardium more accurately than the current CT-scan based approaches.
Understanding the Challenges and Sustainability of Citizen Engagement in the Budgeting Processes of Developing Countries

Using Kyrgyzstan as a source of data, this article answers the following questions about citizen engagement in budgeting: (a) What are the key challenges to implementing budget hearings in developing countries? and (b) What factors influence the sustainability of citizen engagement? It identifies several barriers hindering the implementation of local budget meetings, which range from simple organizational issues to complex problems—such as lack of trust and inadequate professional management skills. This study demonstrates that administrators and non-profit experts cite different types of impediments. The involvement of donors appears to have a positive impact on engagement practices in developing countries.
Cyclic AMP levels and the morphological differentiation of mouse neuroblastoma cells

Abstract Serum free media, prostaglandin E 1 and inhibitors of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase stimulate axon formation of mouse neuroblastoma cells grown in culture. These agents are shown here to also increase the basal cellular level of cyclic AMP supporting the hypothesis that cyclic AMP may be an important molecule in the differentiation process. Several inhibitors of macromolecular synthesis and assembly were examined for any effect on the neuroblastoma cell's basal or stimulated cyclic AMP level. Cycloheximide, an inhibitor of protein synthesis was observed to depress cAMP levels suggesting that protein synthesis is necessary for the maintenance of the basal cellular cyclic AMP level. Results from experiments using combinations of agents which stimulate axon formation and the inhibitors of macromolecular synthesis and assembly further support a possible relationship between cyclic AMP and the morphological differentiation of neuroblastoma.
The solvent extraction of anions with triphenyltin hydroxide, triphenyllead hydroxide, triphenylantimony dihydroxide and triphenylarsenic dihydroxide

Abstract The extraction of several anions into organic solvents containing triphenyltin hydroxide, triphenyllead hydroxide, triphenylantimony hydroxide, and triphenylarsenic hydroxide has been investigated. Several organic and aqueous species involved in the processes have been identified, their stability constants have been determined, and equilibrium constants for the reactions have been ascertained.
Genetics and evolution of resistance to insecticides

The evolution of resistance to insecticides has become a serious problem world-wide. It is important to identify patterns of insecticide use whereby insecticides can be used in integrated pest management programmes to help control insect numbers, but in such a manner that the evolution of resistance to insecticides will be retarded. The principal mechanisms of insecticide action and of resistance to these are reviewed. Some generalizations that can be made about the evolution of resistance are examined. In general, to control resistance it appears better to use an intense dose of non-persistent pesticides over a circumscribed area. Some features of the problem where population genetics and evolutionary theory might contribute to controlling resistance are discussed.
Risk assessment of a propane storage sphere: Maintain or decommission?

The authors were asked to assist a utility with a risk man-agement decision. Speciﬁcally, the utility was consideringwhether they should maintain or decommission an 800,000gallon propane storage sphere. The 30-year old sphere wasthe fuel storage vessel for a propane standby system. One oftheir major concerns was the shrinking buffer zone aroundtheir facility. Although the facility was originally located in aremote rural area, residential development had begun toencroach upon the facility’s buffer zone.The original analysis was based on a consideration of theoffsite consequences for a worst-case scenario. This was doneat the request of the client as it reﬂected their degree of riskacceptance. The consequences of two hazard scenarios wereanalyzed: an unconﬁned vapor cloud explosion and a Boil-ing Liquid Expanding Vapor Explosion (BLEVE). To supportthis analysis, the mechanical integrity of the sphere was eval-uated deterministically by considering the pressure vesseldesign documents, the limited nondestructive test and evalu-ation data available, and published data on typical corro-sion rates. Additional factors incorporated into the analysiswere the capabilities of the existing ﬁre protection system, thefacility security system, and the propane unloading stationfor tank car deliveries. Finally, the economics of maintainingthe sphere versus decommissioning it were explored. Ulti-mately, the utility decided to decommission the sphere.In this article, we conduct a retrospective study using arisk-based approach. We identify a set of hazard scenariosfor the propane storage sphere, calculate the leak frequencyfor each scenario, compute the associated source term, andevaluate the consequences. The results are compared with theoriginal consequence analysis and other published hazardstudies. The implications for risk management are discussed.
Purification and molecular structure of two digalactosyl d-chiro-inositols and two trigalactosyl d-chiro-inositols from buckwheat seeds

Two digalactosyl D-chiro-inositols and two trigalactosyl D-chiuo-inositols, members of the fagopyritol A series and fagopyritol B series, were isolated from buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) seeds. Structures of the first three were determined by H-1 and C-13 NMR. Fagopyritol B2 is alpha -D-galactopyranosyl-(1->6)-alpha -D-galactopyranosyl-(1->2)-1D-chiro-inositol , and fagopyritol A2 is alpha -D-galactopyranosyl-(1->6)-alpha -D-galactopyranosyl-(1->3)-1D-chiro-inositol. Fagopyritol A3, a trigalactosyl D-chiro-inositol, is alpha -D-galactopyranosyl-(1->6)-alpha -D-galacto-pyranosyl-(1->6)-alpha -D-galactopyranosyl-(1->3)-1D-chiro-inositol. From analysis of hydrolysis products, the second trigalactosyl D-chiro-inositol, fagopyritol B3, is alpha -D-galactopyranosyl-(1->6)-alpha -D-galactopyranosyl-(1->6)-alpha -D-galactopyranosyl-(1->2)-1D-chiro-inositol. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Overlapped checkpointing with hardware assist

We present a new approach to handling the demanding I/O workload incurred during checkpoint writes encountered in High Performance Computing. Prior efforts to improve performance have been bound by issues such as hard drive limitations, and the network. Our research surpasses this limitation by providing a method to: (1) write checkpoint data to a high-speed, non-volatile buffer, and (2) asynchronously write this data to permanent storage while resuming computation. This removes the hard drive from the critical data path because our I/O node based buffers isolate the compute nodes from the storage servers. This solution is feasible because of industry declines in cost for high-capacity, non-volatile storage technologies. Testing was conducted using a standardized HPC benchmark on a test bed cluster at Los Alamos National Laboratory. Results show a definitive speedup factor for select workloads over writing directly to a typical global parallel file system; the Panasas ActiveScale File System.
Gifted Latina Women.

This article presents an analysis of factors affecting the life-span achievement of 15 Latina women identified as gifted through a national retrospective study of high-achieving African American, Asian American, Latina, and White women. Content analyses of interview data from participants and “parent” informants were conducted to investigate questions concerning the characteristics these gifted Latina women displayed during their school years; family, community, and school contributions to their achievement; roles played by societal and institutional factors; and strategies employed by the women to reach their high levels of achievement. As children, participants displayed a range of characteristics; and more than half did not evidence their considerable potential through report-card grades. While some families and schools provided strong support of these women's achievements, others communicated ambivalent or low expectations. The majority of participants cited racial or gender bias as a major obstacle d...
A retrospective on the civil rights movement: Political and intellectual landmarks

▪ Abstract This review provides an analysis of the political and intellectual contributions made by the modern civil rights movement. It argues that the civil rights movement was able to overthrow the Southern Jim Crow regime because of its successful use of mass nonviolent direct action. Because of its effectiveness and visibility, it served as a model that has been utilized by other movements both domestically and internationally. Prior to the civil rights movement social movement scholars formulated collective behavior and related theories to explain social movement phenomena. These theories argued that movements were spontaneous, non-rational, and unstructured. Resource mobilization and political process theories reconceptualized movements stressing their organized, rational, institutional and political features. The civil rights movement played a key role in generating this paradigmatic shift because of its rich empirical base that led scholars to rethink social movement phenomena.
Inequality does Cause Underdevelopment: New evidence

This paper argues that the conflicting results in the voluminous recent literature on inequality and growth are missing the big picture on inequality and long-run economic development. Consistent with the provocative hypothesis of Engerman and Sokoloff 1997 and Sokoloff and Engerman 2000, this paper confirms with cross-country data that commodity endowments predict the middle class share of income and the middle class share predicts development. The use of commodity endowments as instruments for middle class share addresses problems of measurement and endogeneity of inequality. The paper tests the mechanisms – institutions, redistributive policies, and schooling – by which the literature has argued that a higher middle class share raises per capita income. It tests the inequality hypothesis for institutional quality, redistributive policies, and schooling against other recent hypotheses in the literature. I subject the results to testing for over-identifying restrictions, reverse causality, and other checks for robustness. While finding some evidence consistent with other development fundamentals, the paper finds high inequality to independently be a large and statistically significant barrier to developing the mechanisms by which prosperity is achieved.
An unusual odontogenic tumor: Report of a case

Abstract An odontogenic tumor with microscopic features of ameloblastic fibroma, odontogenic myxoma, and an immature dentinoma in an 8-year-old boy has been described in detail.
The motion and stability of a vortex array above a pulsed surface

A model inviscid and incompressible flow problem is studied in which an infinite array of equi-spaced identical rectilinear line vortices moves in a uniform stream over a wall in which is embedded an equi-spaced array of discrete line sources of variable strength. It is shown that for a suitable choice of source spacing and strength, a flow that is periodic both in time and in the streamwise direction is possible. The flow is shown to be stable to small two-dimensional disturbances for a range of values of vortex height above the wall and source strength. The implications for the corresponding viscous problem and active flow control are discussed.
Nutritional status of children under five in three state foster care institutions in Sri Lanka.

This study evaluated the prevalence of protein energy malnutrition (PEM) in children under five years (n =52), in three randomly selected, State operated foster care institutions in Sri Lanka. The prevalence of PEM, was (51.9%), underweight (63.5%) and wasting (25.0%) was found to be considerably higher than the national prevalence (13.5%, 29.4%, 14.0%, respectively). Based on this preliminary evidence, it is recommended that a study representative of all institutionalised children in both State and private facilities be conducted to identify deficiencies and recommend improvements to institutional care in Sri Lanka. Key words: Protein-energy malnutrition doi: 10.4038/cmj.v51i2.1355 Ceylon Medical Journal Vol.51(2) 2006 63-65
SplitStream: high-bandwidth multicast in cooperative environments

In tree-based multicast systems, a relatively small number of interior nodes carry the load of forwarding multicast messages. This works well when the interior nodes are highly-available, dedicated infrastructure routers but it poses a problem for application-level multicast in peer-to-peer systems. SplitStream addresses this problem by striping the content across a forest of interior-node-disjoint multicast trees that distributes the forwarding load among all participating peers. For example, it is possible to construct efficient SplitStream forests in which each peer contributes only as much forwarding bandwidth as it receives. Furthermore, with appropriate content encodings, SplitStream is highly robust to failures because a node failure causes the loss of a single stripe on average. We present the design and implementation of SplitStream and show experimental results obtained on an Internet testbed and via large-scale network simulation. The results show that SplitStream distributes the forwarding load among all peers and can accommodate peers with different bandwidth capacities while imposing low overhead for forest construction and maintenance.
Hemobilia and Pancreatitis as Complications of a Percutaneous Transhepatic Cholangiogram

Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC) was performed on a 23-year-old male because of an atypical progression of hepatitis B antigen-negative hepatitis. No bile duct was entered and the procedure was uneventful. However, celiac angiography the day following PTC revealed abnormal liver vessels in the target area and the patient developed hemobilia and clinical pancreatitis, causing common duct obstruction. Symptomatology persisted until celiotomy 32 days after PTC. Clots were found obstructing the common bile duct. This case is presented both because of the unusual complications of PTC and the unusual angiographic abnormalities. It is suggested that PTC be reserved for the evaluation of patients when there is a specific indication for the procedure either to differentiate cholestatic jaundice from extrahepatic jaundice or to localize a site of obstruction before surgical intervention.
Transmission image reconstruction and redundant information in SPECT with asymmetric fanbeam collimation

Two novel approaches for the reconstruction of asymmetric fanbeam transmission computed tomography data are discussed. The first, called the hybrid approach, involves a Fourier-based rebinning of the fanbeam data into parallel-beam data, Reconstruction then proceeds by use of filtered backprojection (FBP). The second approach, called generalized fanbeam filtered backprojection (GFFBP), involves direct fanbeam FBP reconstruction of a modified fanbeam sinogram. In both cases, the data are multiplied by weight functions that seek to appropriately normalize redundant data while exploiting them for noise reduction. The GFFBP approach is found to have resolution-noise tradeoffs superior to those of the hybrid approach for low degrees of smoothing, although for the higher levels of smoothing likely to be of interest in practical situations, the difference between the approaches is negligible. However, GFFBP's distance-dependent fanbeam backprojection factor also produced a high-intensity peripheral artifact that impinged slightly upon the object of interest. Because it ultimately makes use of parallel-beam FBP for reconstruction, the hybrid approach avoids this artifact.
The translation of DNA primary base sequence into three-dimensional structure

A procedure is outlined to obtain a reliable computer-generated representation of the DNA duplex from its primary sequence of base pairs. The calculations are based on the potential energies of interaction of adjacent side groups. The methods are, however, completely general and can be adapted to any set of base sequence dependent conformational rules. Static representations of the DNA are compared with the distributions of conformations obtained from Monte Carlo simulation studies. Direct matrix generator calculations of the average (equilibrium) extension and orientation of various sequences and numerical estimates of the flexibility of the chains as a whole are also reported. The methods are applied to three short fragments of kinetoplast DNA from Crithidia fasciculata which exhibit dramatically different behavior on non-denaturing polyacrylamide gels.
Family Meals and Child Academic and Behavioral Outcomes.

This study investigates the link between the frequency of family breakfasts and dinners and child academic and behavioral outcomes in a panel sample of 21,400 children aged 5–15. It complements previous work by examining younger and older children separately and by using information on a large number of controls and rigorous analytic methods to discern whether there is causal relation between family meal frequency (FMF) and child outcomes. In child fixed-effects models, which controlled for unchanging aspects of children and their families, there were no significant (p < .05) relations between FMF and either academic or behavioral outcomes, a novel finding. These results were robust to various specifications of the FMF variables and did not differ by child age.