cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Progress on Searching Optimal Thermal Spray Parameters for Magnesium Silicide

The thermoelectric properties of Mg 2 Si coatings prepared by Atmospheric Plasma Spray (APS), and Vacuum Plasma Spray (VPS) are presented. Seebeck coefficient results of both APS and VPS have been reported. XRD and SEM analysis of the samples are also presented to understand how microstructure influences the coating thermoelectric properties. The results suggest significant improvements can be made on the reduction of impurity including oxidation and pure silicon by using proper spray method and parameters. Thermal spray has been demonstrated before to be effective way to reduce thermal conductivity which may due to the coating microstructure. VPS result shows higher Seebeck coefficient than APS which may due to lower level of oxidization.
Prosthesis use in persons with lower- and upper-limb amputation

This study identified clinical (e.g., etiology) and demographic factors related to prosthesis use in persons with upper- and lower-limb amputation (ULA and LLA, respectively) and the effect of phantom limb pain (PLP) and residual limb pain (RLP) on prosthesis use. A total of 752 respondents with LLA and 107 respondents with ULA completed surveys. Factors related to greater use (hours per day) for persons with LLA included younger age, full- or part-time employment, marriage, a distal amputation, an amputation of traumatic etiology, and an absence of PLP. Less use was associated with reports that prosthesis use worsened RLP, and greater prosthesis use was associated with reports that prosthesis use did not affect PLP. Having a proximal amputation and reporting lower average PLP were related to greater use in hours per day for persons with an ULA, while having a distal amputation and being married were associated with greater use in days per month. Finally, participants with LLA were significantly more likely to wear a prosthesis than those with ULA. These results underscore the importance of examining factors related to prosthesis use and the differential effect that these variables may have when the etiology and location of amputation are considered.
Parental rearing patterns and drug abuse. Preliminary report.

SUMMARY Results from a controlled study on a sample of 91 imprisoned drug dependents on perceived parental rearing practices using the EMBU and on parental family characteristics are presented. While few differences were observed between drug dependents and imprisoned controls-father less warm and mother more permissive in drug dependent group-comparisons of drug dependents with a general population sample revealed more differences be-tween the two populations: drug dependents perceive both parents compared to the general population group as less rejective, very permissive, their mother as warmer and more overprotective and their father more inconsistent and less favouring them than siblings. supportive evidence on the dependents’ family psychopathology is provided by studying family characteristics. While our findings seem to support the prevailing view in the literature on the role of the mother of the drug dependent characterised by strong emotional bonds and overprotection as well as of the rather emotionally distant father, the question is raised on the contribution of other factors, such as psychopathic personality on the above findings.
Thermal Conductivity Measurement of Low-k Dielectric Films: Effect of Porosity and Density

The thermal conductivity of low-dielectric-constant (low-k) SiOC:H and SiC:H thin films has been measured as a function of porosity using a heat transfer model based on a microfin geometry and infrared thermometry. Microscale specimens were patterned from blanket films, released from the substrate, and subsequently integrated with the experimental setup. Results show that the thermal conductivity of a dense specimen, 0.7 W/mK, can be reduced to as low as 0.1 W/mK by introducing 30% porosity into it. The measured thermal conductivity shows a nonlinear decrease with increasing porosity that approximately follows the porosity-weighted simple medium model for porous materials. Neither the differential effective medium nor the coherent potential model could predict the density dependence of the thermal conductivity. These results suggest that more careful consideration is required for application of generic porous materials modeling to low-k dielectrics.
P wave tracking above the maximum tracking rate in a DDDR pacemaker

Dual-chamber, rate-modulated pacemakers have recently become available. These devices, whose rate response is determined by the combined input from the intrinsic atrial rate and the sensor-driven rate, have led to some unexpected upper rate behaviors. In the case presented, with the maximum sensor pacing rate at 150 ppm, multiple episodes of apparent P wave tracking occurred above the maximum P wave tracking rate of 100 ppm. This behavior is explained by P waves that inhibit sensor-driven atrial output; inhibition may result in variable maximum tracking rates that are equal to the current sensor-driven rate. This effect appears to have minimal physiological consequence. Its importance lies in its recognition as normal DDDR function so that searches for pacemaker malfunction will not be made.
Teacher-Researcher: The Synthesis of Roles for Teacher Empowerment.

(1990). Teacher-Researcher: The Synthesis of Roles for Teacher Empowerment. Action in Teacher Education: Vol. 12, No. 2, pp. 55-60.
Regulation of particulate guanylate cyclase by atriopeptins: relation between peptide structure, receptor binding, and enzyme kinetics.

Abstract Structural analogs of atriopeptins (APs) were compared for their ability to activate particulate guanylate cyclase and bind to specific receptors in rat adrenal membranes. All analogs tested increase Vmax without altering the concentration of substrate required for half-maximum activity or the positive coperativity exhibited by the enzyme. Maximum velocities (pmoles of cGMP produced per min per mg protein) achieved in the absence and presence of APs were 128.3±6.6 and 283.8±20.6 using Mn2+-GTP, and 53.7±3.7 and 149.9±7.6 using Mg2+-GTP as the substrate, respectively. Although all APs were equally efficacious in activating the enzyme, their rank potency was ANF (8–33) = AP III = AP II > AP I when either divalent cation was used as the cofactor. The EC50 for activation of guanylate cyclase by AP I was about 10−7 M, while that for the other peptides was about 10−8 M, using either divalent cation cofactor. 125I-labeled ANF bound to rat adrenal membranes with a KD of 5·10−10 M. Although all APs were equally efficacious in competing with labeled ANF for receptor binding, their rank potency was identical to that for enzyme activation. The Ki for AP I was about 10−8 M, while that for the other peptides was about 10−10 M. These data suggest that the carboxy terminal Phe-Arg present in the AP analogs except AP I and critical for biological and receptor-binding activity are also important in coupling receptor-ligand interaction with guanylate cyclase activation. The correlation between the rank order potency for receptor binding, enzyme activation, and the reported physiological actions of APs support the suggestion of a functional coupling between these proteins.
Development of migrant source populations of the potato leafhopper (Homoptera: Cicadellidae)

Development time of the potato leafhopper, Empoasca fabae (Harris), was determined in the laboratory under conditions simulating spring in Louisiana. Development time differences between 4 leguminous host plants were statistically significant but small. All published temperature-dependant models of E. fabae development predicted mean development time within 10% of the true overall mean. Field studies of E. fabae development in the spring in Louisiana revealed significant but small development time differences between 2 leguminous hosts. Model predictions were generally within 10% of the true mean development time. This result was robust for 5 different sources of temperature data. Any of 3 published models of E. fabae development are recommended for use with maximum and minimum temperature data from standard weather stations for predicting mean development time of migrant source populations. It is recommended that host-plant effects not be included.
Formation of water-soluble Monascus red pigments by biological and semi-synthetic processes

New water-soluble red pigments were produced byMonascus sp. in a chemically defined fermentation medium containing glutamate as nitrogen source. They were isolated and characterized as glutamate derivatives of the well-known orangeMonascus pigments (monascorubrin and rubropunctatin). The new pigments have several advantages over the known redMonascus pigments (rubropunctamine and monascorubramine) including very high water-solubility, higher absorption coefficient, and greater resistance to decoloration by light. Adding glutamate, glycine or leucine to a resting-cell system led to the formation of specific water-soluble red pigments corresponding to the exogenous amino acid. The water-soluble red pigments produced by resting-cells have retention times identical to those of the corresponding red derivatives made chemically from the orange pigments in methanol-phosphate buffer at pH 7. The hydrophobicities of the amino acid sources correspond to the HPLC retention times of the red pigments derived from them.
Evidence for the chemical olfactory code in man.

The sense of smell involves the interaction of a biological detector, the nose, with a chemical stimulus, the odor. Hence the most logical methods to attack the problem would appear to be those of biochemistry. Although the human nose may not be the most sensitive or the most discriminating, it probably ranks first in economic importance. Yet, by the aame token it is also the most inaccessible to direct experimentation by the usual neurophysiological or biochemical techniques. Nevertheless, a classical biochemical principle is showing considerable promise in unraveling the odor problem. Most of the chemical steps in pathways of intermediary metabolism were worked out by taking advantage of mutations. A strain of microorganisms so afflicted has lost the genetic capacity to produce a certain enzyme, so the normal substrate of this enzyme accumulates, reaching a level at which it can be chemically identified. Admittedly, most such mutations are artificially induced by x ray or UV radiation, but some occur naturally, and man himself is not immune to this phenomenon. Occasionally such inborn errors of metabohm1 are actually diagnosed by the physician’s sense of smell, as in the recently described isovaleric acidemia, in which the enzyme isovaleryl coenzyme A dehydrogenase is defective, and the unfortunate young patient reeks of stale cheese? Paradoxically, about one physician in fifty would probably not at first believe that anything was wrong with the child, because the doctor himself happens to have a mutated nose that cannot perceive isovaleric acid or related short-chain fatty acids. Here is our chance to disentangle the olfactory problem. This biochemical defect of odor blindness or spCcific anosmia is relatively common and occurs in many varieties. As a working hypothesis, I assume that the olfactory epithelium of an affected person lacks the specific receptor protein for detecting one whole family of odorants that belong to one of the primary odors. Although not couched in biochemical terms, this concept was first clearly enunciated by the physicist Marcel Guillot a quarter of a century ago8 in his paper e n titled “Anosmies Partielles et Odeurs Fondamentales.” For the past eight years I have been elaborating the techniques to exploit this phenomenon, and I have been enabled to map out quite thoroughly the domains of two such “odeurs fondamen tales.”
Unrelaxed bulk InAsSb with novel absorption, carrier transport, and recombination properties for MWIR and LWIR photodetectors

The optical properties of bulk unrelaxed InAsSb layers having a low temperature photoluminescence (PL) peak up to 10 μm are presented. The materials were grown on GaSb substrates by molecular beam epitaxy. The lattice mismatch between the epilayers and GaSb substrates was accommodated with linearly graded GaAlInSb buffers. An 11-meV width of PL at full-width half-maximum was measured for InAsSb with Sb compositions of 20 and 44% . The best fit for the dependence of the energy gap on Sb composition was obtained with a 0.9-eV bowing parameter. Temperature dependences of the energy gap for InAsSb alloys with 20 % and 44% Sb were determined from PL spectra in the temperature range from 12 to 300 K. A T=77 K minority carrier lifetime up to 350 ns in undoped InAsSb layers with 20% Sb was determined from PL kinetics.
Regional differences in shell conductance and pore density of avian eggs

Minidesiccators were attached to the middle and to the blunt and pointed ends of avian eggs of six different species and from their mass change over time the regional shell gas conductance was determined. Later the pore density and shell thickness of these areas were measured. All species showed a decline in regional shell conductance and pore density from the blunt end to the pointed end. With the blunt end over the air cell as a reference point, the regional conductance of the middle and the pointed end declined to 88 and 63%, while pore density fell to 81 and 63%, respectively. The six species represent four orders of birds, and the results suggest that differences in regional conductance may be a relatively common characteristic of bird eggs, that differences in regional pore conductance are proportional to the pore density, and that therefore the conductance of individual pores in any one species is relatively constant.
African American women's global journeys and the construction of cross-ethnic racial identity

Synopsis Lisa Materson brings African diaspora women into the history of international feminism via an examinaton of the International Council of Women of the Darker Races. She argues that the importance of this international feminist initiative lies not so much in the actual connections between women of different nationalities, which were few in number, but in the conceptualization of a composite political identity for non white, non European descent women on the international feminist stage. To the degree that this framework anticipates the late twentieth century transnational, non-white concept of “women of the Third World,” Materson's work, like others in this special issue, diversifies our understanding of the “first wave” international feminism and provides a more usable history for the reemergence of transnational feminism in the late twentieth century.
The Coherent Field: Higher-Order Correlations In Forward-Scattering Media

An integral equation for the coherent field in a collection of large point scatterers is formulated. It differs from preceding development in that to good approximation all higher-order correlations between particles are included. The equation is developed from the self-consistent equations for multiple scattering from point scatterers in the "Twersky approximation," which ignores scatterings from particle 1 to particle 2 and then back to particle 1 everywhere. The four lowest-order terms in binary-correlation expansion correspond with those obuqned from Tsolakis, Besieris, and Kohler [Radio Sci. 20, 1037-1052; 1985]. Analysis of the region of validity reveals that the equation is a extension of previous work that is significant for small particles and higher densities.
SU‐E‐J‐126: Development of a Prospective Gating Algorithm for a Novel 4DCT Technique: Retrospective Data Analysis

Purpose: To develop an algorithm for prospective CT scan selection to support a novel 4DCT acquisition techniqueMethods: The new 4DCT acquisition protocol utilizes repeated rapid helical CT scans. Unless the CT scanner is synchronized with breathing, scans may be acquired at similar breathing phases, adding little to the breathing‐motion characterization and therefore unnecessarily irradiating the patient. A retrospective patient dataset that consisted of 25 repeated CT scans and the accompanying breathing‐motion model was used to evaluate possible algorithms. A single coronal slice through the lungs was used for the preliminary analysis. The mean model discrepancy for the 25 scans was 0.63mm. The model was fit using every subset of N scans out of the first 15. The discrepancies ranged from nearly 0.68mm to 9mm. The variation was hypothesized to be due to the level of redundancy in the scans used to generate the motion models. Scans were evaluated based on how the breathing depth and breathing rate (the two independent variables in the breathing motion model) differed at each CT slice. To maximize the variety of breaths selected from the 15, the mean square root difference D of the breathing depths and breathing rates were calculated and D correlated against the model discrepancies. Results: The square‐root difference function provided excellent separation between scan combinations that had small and large model errors. As expected, scans sets with small model errors were well spaced in breathing depth and rate. An optimal combination of breathing depth and rate was identified and shown to better select good scan combinations relative to separately analyzing depth or rate. The optimal scans had residual errors of 0.68mm compared with the baseline of 0.63mm. Conclusion: The use of the mean square‐root difference in breathing depth and rate will provide guidance for prospective scanning algorithm development. Supported by NIH R01 CA096679
Adaptation of lattice liquid model to gas adsorption phenomena

Abstract Thermodynamic properties of polymer-monomer mixtures have been investigated by applying the Hijmans-de Boer formalism to the lattice-liquid model. The results are then reformulated to obtain an isotherm equation p ( θ ) which pertains to the adsorption of gases on solids. Numerical results for p (θ) are presented and compared to zero-order calculations obtained elsewhere on the basis of inconsistent assumptions.
Three Dimensional Surface Representations of Linear Elastic Anisotropy in Cubic Single Crystals

The magnitude of the velocities of the three possible modes of elastic wave propagation are calculated for single crystal chromium, aluminum, and iron at intervals over all possible propagation directions and plotted to form wave velocity surfaces. These materials were chosen because they vary widely in isotropy factor as defined by Kittel [1]. Additionally, the energy flow vectors associated with each mode are found, allowing the angle between the energy flow vector and the propagation direction to be calculated. Energy flux deviation angles are then displayed on three dimensional polar plots to form three dimensional surfaces. The relative elastic anisotropy of these single crystals is compared graphically and quantitatively using isotropy factors.
Insights from the amphioxus genome on the origin of vertebrate neural crest.

The emergence of the neural crest has been proposed to play a key role in early vertebrate evolution by remodeling the chordate head into a “new head” that enabled early vertebrates to shift from filter feeding to active predation. Here we show that the genome of the basal chordate, amphioxus, contains homologs of most vertebrate genes implicated in a putative neural crest gene regulatory network (NC-GRN) for neural crest development. Our survey of gene expression shows that early inducing signals, neural plate border patterning genes, and melanocyte differentiation genes appear conserved. Furthermore, exogenous BMP affects expression of amphioxus neural plate border genes as in vertebrates, suggesting that conserved signals specify the neural plate border throughout chordates. In contrast to this core conservation, many neural crest specifier genes are not expressed at the amphioxus neural plate/tube border, raising the intriguing possibility that this level of the network was co-opted during vertebrate evolution. Consistent with this, the regulatory region of AmphiFoxD, homologous to the vertebrate neural crest specifier FoxD3, drives tissue-specific reporter expression in chick mesoderm, but not neural crest. Thus, evolution of a new regulatory element may have allowed co-option of this gene to the NC-GRN.
Candidates, Votes, Outcomes: A Method for Evaluating Nomination Strategies in MMD/SNTV Electoral Systems

While characterized by disagreement, all scholarly work on multimember district electoral systems in which each voter casts a single, nontransferable vote (MMD/SNTV) is alike in one way: it evaluates party nominations under the assumption that votes are invariant under alternative strategies. But party votes may, in fact, vary with different nomination strategies. Moreover, depending on how much party votes vary under alternative nomination strategies, a method that considers such changes may evaluate nominations differently than previous studies in the literature have. In this article, I address party-vote variance, proposing a method that estimates how much a party's obtained votes change under alternative nomination strategies and using this method to reevaluate the nominating behavior of Japan's Liberal Democratic Party.
What controls TOR

The target of rapamycin (TOR) is a protein kinase with numerous functions in cell growth control. Some of these functions can be potently inhibited by rapamycin, an immunosuppressive and potential anticancer drug. TOR exists as part of two functionally distinct protein complexes. The functions of TOR complex 1 (TORC1) are effectively inhibited by rapamycin, but the mechanism for this inhibition remains elusive. The identification of TORC2 and recent reports that rapamycin can inhibit TORC2 functions, in some cases, challenge current models of TOR regulation. This review discusses the latest findings in yeast and mammals on the possible mechanisms that control TOR activity leading to its many cellular functions
A novel adaptive classification method for hyperspectral data using manifold regularization kernel machines

Remote sensing data sets are often difficult to compare directly due to environmental changes between acquisitions of two data sets. This paper proposes an adaptive framework for robust classification when no reference data are available in a new area or time period. Labels of test data are recovered during iterative applications of kernel machines by reflecting geometry of unlabeled samples via the manifold regularization term, so that the labeled/unlabeled samples form clusters on the data manifold. A one-against-one scheme is used for the extension of the binary classifier to multiclass problems, where semi-labels are used for iterative training of classifier. The proposed method is applied to a series of data pair of Hyperion and AVIRIS hyperspectral data and compared to other non-adaptive classification methods.
Evaluation of Tetraploid Switchgrass (Poales: Poaceae) Populations for Host Suitability and Differential Resistance to Four Cereal Aphids

Switchgrass, Panicum virgatum L., is being developed as a bioenergy feedstock. The potential for large-scale production has encouraged its evaluation as a host for important grass pests. Eight no-choice studies were performed for two developmental stages of two switchgrass cultivars (‘Kanlow’ and ‘Summer’) and two experimental strains, K×S, and S×K produced by reciprocal mating of these cultivars followed by selection for high yield. Plants were evaluated for host suitability and damage differences to herbivory by four important cereal aphids, Sipha flava (Forbes), Schizaphis graminum (Rondani) (biotype I), Rhopalosiphum padi (L.), and Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko). All switchgrasses were found to be unsuitable feeding and reproductive hosts to R. padi and D. noxia, which were unable to establish on the plants. However, both S. flava and S. graminum were able to establish on all switchgrasses tested. Differential levels of resistance to S. flava and S. graminum were detected among the switchgrasses by both cumulative aphid days (CAD) and plant damage ratings. Kanlow was consistently rated as highly resistant based on CAD and damage ratings for both aphid species, while Summer was consistently among the most susceptible to both aphids at both developmental stages, with relatively high damage ratings. The resistance of the K×S and S×K populations in relationship to their Summer and Kanlow parents indicted that they inherited some resistance to S. graminum and S. flava from their Kanlow parent. These studies provide valuable baseline information concerning the host suitability of switchgrass to four cereal aphids and the plant-insect interactions within a system that has been largely overlooked and indicate that there are genetic differences among switchgrass populations for resistance to some insects.
Emergence patterns in the alkali bee, Nomia melanderi Cockerell 1906 (Hymenoptera: Halictidae): laboratory versus field

The development and adult emergence patterns of the alkali bee, Nomia melanderi Cockerell 1906, from diapausing prepupae for both laboratory and field reared individuals are compared. Males from both rearing conditions emerged approximately four days before females. Laboratory reared males began to pupate after 800 cumulative degrees centigrade (cdc) and 50 percent had pupated when 1200 cdc was reached. Female pupation began about 900 cdc and 50 percent had pupated when 1300 cdc was reached. Both male and females continued to pupate up to 1800 cdc. The field pupation rate was linear and did not show the sigmoid curve of the laboratory pupation rate. However, 50% pupation for both field and laboratory reared alkali bees was approximately the same at 1300 cdc.
Performance standards and evaluations in IR test collections: cluster-based retrieval models

Low performance standards for the group of queries in 13 retrieval test collections have been computed. Derived from the random graph hypothesis, these standards represent the highest levels of retrieval effectiveness that can be obtained from meaningless clustering structures. Operational levels of cluster-based performance reported in selected sources during the past 20 years have been compared to the standards. Comparisons show that typical levels of operational cluster-based retrieval can be explained on the basis of chance. Indeed, most operational results in retrieval test collections are lower than those predicted by random graph theory. A tentative explanation for the poor performance of cluster-based retrieval reveals weaknesses in both fundamental assumptions and operational implementations. The cluster hypothesis offers no guarantee that relevant documents are naturally grouped together, clustering algorithms may not reveal the inherent structure in a set of documents, and retrieval strategies do not reliably retrieve the most effective cluster or clusters of documents. That most cluster-based retrieval implementations implicitly rely on topical relatedness to be equivalent to a relevance relationship contributes to the poor performance. Clustering strategies capable of adapting to relevance information may succeed where static clustering techniques have failed.
Family Functioning, Self-Concept, and Severity of Adolescent Externalizing Problems

We investigated direct and shared effects of family functioning and self-concept on the severity of adolescent externalizing problems in a sample of 224 clinically referred adolescents. Structural equation modeling (SEM) revealed strong, direct relationships between problem behaviors and both family functioning and self-concept. Using R. M. Baron and D. A. Kenny's (1986) and G. N. Holmbeck's (1997) criteria for testing mediation in SEM, family functioning partially mediated the relationship between self-concept and problem behaviors. A moderation model, testing the relationship between externalizing problems and the interaction between family functioning and self-concept, did not yield a significant effect. Our findings indicate that self-concept and family functioning exert direct and shared effects on externalizing problems and suggest that interventions for clinically referred adolescents should target both the individual adolescent and his/her family.
From Tweets to Polls: Linking Text Sentiment to Public Opinion Time Series

We connect measures of public opinion measured from polls with sentiment measured from text. We analyze several surveys on consumer confidence and political opinion over the 2008 to 2009 period, and find they correlate to sentiment word frequencies in contemporaneous Twitter messages. While our results vary across datasets, in several cases the correlations are as high as 80%, and capture important large-scale trends. The results highlight the potential of text streams as a substitute and supplement for traditional polling.
Sea turtle interactions with Hawaii's longline fishery: an extended multi-objective programming model incorporating spatial and seasonal dimensions

Endangered and protected sea turtle interactions with the pelagic longline fishery have become an important fishery policy concern recently. A multi-objective programming model for Hawaii's longline fishery that incorporated sea turtle interactions (Pradhan and Leung, 2006a) has been extended with spatial and seasonal dimensions. The synergetic effect of these added features indicate that there exists better economic and environmental efficiency gains in terms of higher profit and reduced turtle interactions, compared to the base case without these added dimensions, by reconfiguring fishing efforts across space and seasons. There also exists a trade-off between fleet-wide profit and turtle interactions. The current fishery policy related to sea turtle interactions disallows capturing all the potential efficiency gain, as the number of turtles allowed to get interacted severely limits swordfish-targeted longline fishing that uses conventional technologies. Restricting longline fishery to operate sub-optima...
The impact of multihop wireless channel on TCP throughput and loss

This paper studies TCP performance over multihop wireless networks that use the IEEE 802.11 protocol as the access method. Our analysis and simulations show that, given a specific network topology and flow patterns, there exists a TCP window size W*, at which TCP achieves best throughput via improved spatial channel reuse. However, TCP does not operate around W*, and typically grows its average window size much larger; this leads to decreased throughput and increased packet loss. The TCP throughput reduction can be explained by its loss behavior. Our results show that network overload is mainly signified by wireless link contention in multihop wireless networks. As long as the buffer size at each node is reasonably large (say, larger than 10 packets), buffer overflow-induced packet loss is rare and packet drops due to link-layer contention dominate. Link-layer drops offer the first sign for network overload. We further show that multihop wireless links collectively exhibit graceful drop behavior: as the offered load increases, the link contention drop probability also increases, but saturates eventually. In general, the link drop probability is insufficient to stabilize the average TCP window size around W*. Consequently, TCP suffers from reduced throughput due to reduced spatial reuse. We further propose two techniques, link RED and adaptive pacing, through which we are able to improve TCP throughput by 5% to 30% in various simulated topologies. Some simulation results are also validated by real hardware experiments.
Immunoglobulin G(κ) [IgG(κ)] and IgG(λ) Paraproteinemia in a Child with AIDS and Response to Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy

We report an 8-year-old boy with AIDS, extremely elevated serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) concentration and IgG kappa [IgG(κ)] and IgG lambda [IgG(λ)] paraproteinemia. This paraproteinemia partially responded to highly active antiretroviral therapy. This case emphasizes the importance of controlling B-cell activation.
Sequential versus Parallel Cooperative Coevolutionary Algorithms for Optimization

There continues to be a growing interest in the use of coevolutionary algorithms (CoEAs) to solve difficult computational problems. In particular, cooperative CoEAs are often used for optimization by means of problem decomposition. In addition to the parameters of traditional evolutionary algorithms (EAs), CoEAs have a set of coevolution specific parameters whose values can greatly influence performance. In this paper we study the effects on optimization performance of a parameter called update timing, which controls whether the CoEA runs its subcomponents sequentially or in parallel. This has been studied in [T. Jansen and R. P. Wiegand. Sequential versus parallel cooperative coevolutionary (1+1) EAs. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Congress on Evolutionary Computation. IEEE Press, 2003.] for pseudo-boolean functions. By contrast, we perform the analysis for functions defined on continuous real-number domains. We show the performance effects to be dependent on a problem property called best-response curves and use dynamics analysis to explain this dependency.
Public Policy Grant Making: Building Organizational Capacity Among Nonprofit Grantees

Federal restrictions deter the involvement of private foundations in public policy making. In the 2000 grant year, public policy grant makers funded approximately 15,000 public policy grants worth more than $2.4 billion. These funds support the actions of nonprofit "policy actors." Previous research suggests that funders that are committed to exerting influence in a policy system will invest in policy actor capacity development. This study seeks to identify the practice of funder investment in policy actor capacity. Three areas of capacity development are considered: research and communication capacity, resources acquisition capacity, and management and governance capacity. Consideration is also given to the concept of "holistic investment." Are funders concerned with the overall capacity of the organization or just with specific dimensions of capacity? Records of grants made by 407 of the largest foundations in the United States serve as the data for the study.
The nucleotide sequence of the major glutamate transfer RNA from Schizosaccharomyces pombe

The nucleotide sequence of glutamate tRNA1 from Schizosaccharomyces pombe was determined to be pU-C-C-G-U-U-G-U-m1G-G-U-C-C-A-A-C-G-G-C-D-A-G-G-A-U-U-C-G-U-C-G-C-U-U-U*-C-A-C-C-G-A-C-G-G-G-A-G-m5C-G-G-G-G-T-psi-C-G-A-C-U-C-C-C-C-G-C-A-A-C-G-G-A-G-C-C-AOH. The sequence differs markedly from that of S. cerevisiae tRNAGlu. S. pombe glutamate tRNA1 can be aminoacylated by the homologous glutaminyl-tRNA synthetase as well as by the corresponding enzyme from S. cerevisiae.
A conference control protocol for highly interactive video-conferencing

Video-conferencing is an efficient tool for distributed collaboration. With the wider availability of broadband wide area networks, such as the Internet2, we can expect an increasing demand for video-conferences conducted over broadband wide area networks. We present a conference control protocol for a highly interactive conference paradigm and its collaboration environment. In such a collaboration environment, a fixed number of channels (three) for multimedia traffic, as well as a common control channel, are used. We propose a conference control protocol that uses a three-channel rotation floor control scheme to coordinate access to the shared media channels and avoid race conditions. Experimental results, as well as the implementation in a research video-conferencing system for wide area networks, show that the proposed protocol can effectively eliminate race conditions while maintaining scalability and reliability.
On the Unitary Systems Affiliated with Orthonormal Wavelet Theory inn-Dimensions

Abstract We consider systems of unitary operators on the complex Hilbert space L 2 ( R n ) of the form U ≔ U D A , T v 1 , …, T v n ≔{ D m T l 1 v 1 … T l n v n : m , l 1 , …, l n ∈ Z }, where D A is the unitary operator corresponding to dilation by an n × n real invertible matrix A and T v 1 , …, T v n are the unitary operators corresponding to translations by the vectors in a basis { v 1 , …, v n } for R n . Orthonormal wavelets ψ are vectors in L 2 ( R n ) which are complete wandering vectors for U in the sense that { U ψ : U ∈ U } is an orthonormal basis for L 2 ( R n ). It has recently been established that whenever A has the property that all of its eigenvalues have absolute values strictly greater than one (the expansive case) then U has orthonormal wavelets. The purpose of this paper is to determine when two ( n +1)-tuples of the form ( D A , T v 1 , …, T v n ) give rise to the “same wavelet theory.” In other words, when is there a unitary transformation of the underlying Hilbert space that transforms one of these unitary systems onto the other? We show, in particular, that two systems U D A , T e i , U D B , T e i , each corresponding to translation along the coordinate axes, are unitarily equivalent if and only if there is a matrix C with integer entries and determinant ±1 such that B = C −1 AC . This means that different expansive dilation factors nearly always yield unitarily inequivalent wavelet theories. Along the way we establish necessary and sufficient conditions for an invertible real n × n matrix A to have the property that the dilation unitary operator D A is a bilateral shift of infinite multiplicity.
The USDA Automated Multiple-Pass Method Accurately Estimates Group Total Energy and Nutrient Intake

The imperative to address the national obesity epidemic has stimulated efforts to develop accurate dietary assessment methods suitable for large-scale applications. This study evaluated the performance of the USDA Automated Multiple-Pass Method (AMPM), the computerized dietary recall designed for the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey dietary survey, and 2 epidemiological methods [the Block food-frequency questionnaire (Block) and National Cancer Institute's Diet History Questionnaire (DHQ)] using doubly labeled water (DLW) total energy expenditure (TEE) and 14-d estimated food record (FR) absolute nutrient intake as criterion measures. Twenty highly motivated, normal-weight-stable, premenopausal women participated in a free-living study that included 2 unannounced AMPM recalls and completion of the Block and DHQ. AMPM and FR total energy intake (TEI) did not differ significantly from DLW TEE [AMPM: 8982 +/- 2625 kJ; FR: 8416 +/- 2217; DLW: 8905 +/- 1881 (mean +/- SD)]. Conversely, the questionnaires underestimated TEI by approximately 28% (Block: 6365 +/- 2193; DHQ: 6215 +/- 1976; P < 0.0001 vs. DLW). Pearson correlation coefficients for DLW TEE with each dietary method TEI showed a stronger linear relation for AMPM (r = 0.53; P = 0.02) and FR (r = 0.41; P = 0.07) than for the Block (r = 0.25; P = 0.29) and DHQ (r = 0.15; P = 0.53). Most mean absolute FR nutrient intakes were closely approximated by the AMPM but were significantly underestimated by the questionnaires. In highly motivated premenopausal women, the AMPM provides valid measures of group total energy and nutrient intake whereas the Block and DHQ yield underestimations.
Discretely Nonreflecting Boundary Conditions for Linear Hyperbolic Systems

Many compressible flow and aeroacoustic computations rely on accurate nonreflecting or radiation boundary conditions. When the equations and boundary conditions are discretized using a finite-difference scheme, the dispersive nature of the discretized equations can lead to spurious numerical reflections not seen in the continuous boundary value problem. Here we construct discretely nonreflecting boundary conditions, which account for the particular finite-difference scheme used, and are designed to minimize these spurious numerical reflections. Stable boundary conditions that are local and nonreflecting to arbitrarily high order of accuracy are obtained, and test cases are presented for the linearized Euler equations. For the cases presented, reflections for a pressure pulse leaving the boundary are reduced by up to two orders of magnitude over typical ad hoc closures, and for a vorticity pulse, reflections are reduced by up to four orders of magnitude.
Structure of streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin A reveals a novel metal cluster

The streptococcal pyrogenic toxins A, B, and C (SPEA, SPEB, and SPEC) are responsible for the fever, rash, and other toxicities associated with scarlet fever and streptococcal toxic shock syndrome. This role, together with the ubiquity of diseases caused by Streptococcus pyogenes, have prompted structural analyses of SPEA by several groups. Papageorgiou et al. (1999) have recently reported the structure of SPEA crystallized in the absence of zinc. Zinc has been shown to be important in the ability of some staphylococcal and streptococcal toxins to stimulate proliferation of CD4+ T-cells. Since cadmium is more electron dense than zinc and typically binds interchangeably, we grew crystals in the presence of 10 mM CdCl2. Crystals have been obtained in three space groups, and the structure in the P2(1)2(1)2(1) crystal form has been refined to 1.9 A resolution. The structural analysis revealed an identical tetramer as well as a novel tetrahedral cluster of cadmium in all three crystal forms on a disulfide loop encompassing residues 87-98. No cadmium was bound at the site homologous to the zinc site in staphylococcal enterotoxins C (SECs) despite the high structural homology between SPEA and SECs. Subsequent soaking of crystals grown in the presence of cadmium in 10 mM ZnCl2 showed that zinc binds in this site (indicating it can discriminate between zinc and cadmium ions) using the three ligands (Asp77, His106, and His110) homologous to the SECs plus a fourth ligand (Glu33).
SACRIFÍCIO DE ANIMAIS E A PRIMEIRA EMENDA: O caso da Igreja Lukumi/ Babalu Aye Animal sacrifice and the first amendment: The case of Lukumi Babalu Aye

O autor trata da controversia entre a liberdade religiosa e o sacrificio de animais nos Estados Unidos, enfrentando algumas perguntas nao respondidas, tais como saber se o abate ritualistico de animais constitui uma forma de expressao religiosa protegida pela Primeira Emenda. Ao identificar as inconsistencias do julgamento da Suprema Corte americana no caso Lukumi Babalu Aye vs. Câmara Municipal de Hieleah, Florida, a partir da analise votos concorrentes, o autor procura demonstrar a dificuldade em se estabelecer uma regra geral nos julgamentos da Suprema Corte dos EUA em questoes relacionadas com a liberdade religiosa, tendo em vista a tensao entre os fundamentos utilizados em diferentes casos submetidos a Corte. Em seguida, o autor analisa os parâmetros do controle rigoroso de constitucionalidade exigidos sempre que uma norma restringir direitos fundamentais, especialmente os requisitos da elaboracao especifica, da aplicabilidade geral e do interesse publico relevante dessas normas. Por fim, o autor procura identificar se os direitos dos animais poderiam ser utilizados como fundamento para a proibicao do abate animal para fins religiosos.
Protecting web-based single sign-on protocols against relying party impersonation attacks through a dedicated bi-directional authenticated secure channel

Web-based single sign-on describes a class of protocols where a user signs into a web site with the authentication provided as a service by a third party. In exchange for the increased complexity of the authentication procedure, SSO makes it convenient for users to authenticate themselves to many different web sites (relying parties), using just a single account at an identity provider such as Facebook or Google.
Low speed bearing fault diagnosis using acoustic emission sensors

Abstract In this paper, a new methodology for low speed bearing fault diagnosis is presented. This acoustic emission (AE) based technique starts with a heterodyne frequency reduction approach that samples AE signals at a rate comparable to vibration centered methodologies. Then, the sampled AE signal is time synchronously resampled to account for possible fluctuations in shaft speed and bearing slippage. The resampling approach is able to segment the AE signal according to shaft crossing times such that an even number of data points are available to compute a single spectral average which is used to extract features and evaluate numerous condition indicators (CIs) for bearing fault diagnosis. Unlike existing averaging based noise reduction approaches that require the computation of multiple averages for each bearing fault type, the presented approach computes only one average for all bearing fault types. The presented technique is validated using the AE signals of seeded fault steel bearings on a bearing test rig. The results in this paper have shown that the low sampled AE signals in combination with the presented approach can be utilized to effectively extract condition indicators to diagnose all four bearing fault types at multiple low shaft speeds below 10 Hz.
Producing Isotopic Distribution Models for Fully Apodized Absorption Mode FT-MS

Isotopic distributions are frequently used as part of the peak assignment process in the processing of mass spectra. The best methods for producing accurate peak assignments must account for the peak shape and resolving power. In other words, the full profile of the isotopic distribution is important. Conventional methods for modeling isotopic distributions generally assume a peak profile that is not applicable to fully apodized absorption mode spectra because the peak shapes in these spectra are distinctly different from those seen in normal (i.e., magnitude mode) spectra. We present results illustrating this problem and describe a method for producing more accurate isotopic distribution models for this class of spectra.