cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Interaction between gaze and legitimacy of request on compliance in a field setting

It was hypothesized that experimenter gaze would lead to increased compliancewith a legitimate request and decreased compliance with an illegitimate request. Subjects (95 males, 73 females) in Experiment 1 gave more dimes for a phone call to gazing rather than non-gazing female experimenters. Experimenter gaze did not influence dimes given by subjects for a candy bar. Experiment 2 replicated Experiment 1 with a different legitimacy manipulation and with an additional treatment including both gaze and touch. A significant interaction showed that subjects (56 males, 58 females) gave more dimes for a legitimate request (phone call) when they received gaze alone or gaze and touch from a female experimenter. Subjects gave more dimes for an illegitimate request (buying gum) when the experimenter did not gaze at or touch them.
Cycling of lithogenic marine particles in the US GEOTRACES North Atlantic transect

In this paper, we present, describe, and model the first size-fractionated (0.8–51 µm; >51 µm) water-column particulate trace metal results from the US GEOTRACES North Atlantic Zonal Transect in situ pumping survey, with a focus on the lithogenic tracer elements Al, Fe and Ti. This examination of basin-wide, full-depth distributions of particulate elements elucidates many inputs and processes—some for bulk lithogenic material, others element-specific—which are presented via concentration distributions, elemental ratios, size-fractionation dynamics, and steady-state inventories. Key lithogenic inputs from African dust, North American boundary interactions, the Mediterranean outflow, hydrothermal systems, and benthic nepheloid layers are described. Using the refractory lithogenic tracer Ti, we develop a 1-D model for lithogenic particle distributions and test the sensitivities of size-fractionated open-ocean particulate Ti profiles to biotically driven aggregation, disaggregation rates, vertical sinking speeds, and dust input rates. We discuss applications of this lithogenic model to particle cycling in general, and to POC cycling specifically.
Comparing direct and iterative equation solvers in a large structural analysis software system

Two direct Choleski equation solvers and two iterative preconditioned conjugate gradient (PCG) equation solvers used in a large structural analysis software system are described. The two direct solvers are implementations of the Choleski method for variable-band matrix storage and sparse matrix storage. The two iterative PCG solvers include the Jacobi conjugate gradient method and an incomplete Choleski conjugate gradient method. The performance of the direct and iterative solvers is compared by solving several representative structural analysis problems. Some key factors affecting the performance of the iterative solvers relative to the direct solvers are identified.
Speech Disruptions in the Narratives of African American Children With Reading Disabilities

The influence of speech disruptions on the syntax and reading skills of African American children with reading disabilities (RD) was examined. This retrospective study involved analysis of audio-tapes of narratives produced by 24 fourth-grade children from a previous investigation represented by children with RD and children with typical reading (TR). Transcribed narratives were coded for speech disruptions of revisions and pauses. Correlation and multiple regression statistics were used to identify relationships between reading comprehension scores, syntax, and speech disruptions. Results indicated that pauses showed a negative relationship to syntax and reading while revisions yielded a positive relationship to these variables. Participants with RD demonstrated significantly more silent pauses than children with TR. Silent pauses in oral narratives may be a potential clinical indicator for reading problems. Further studies are needed of silent pauses in oral narratives of children with RD.
Using IRR and NPV models to evaluate societal costs of tourism projects in developing countries

Abstract This paper examines some societal costs involved in tourism development in developing countries, and argues – using the theory of developmental economics – that although the social value of an act of tourism investment should exceed its social cost, the valuation techniques used to estimate these costs during the investment decision process are not fully developed. It provides modified internal rate of return ( IRR ) and net present value ( NPV ) models, as possible measurement tools to be considered in the investment criteria to help solve this problem. Policy makers can incorporate these models into studies of tourism’s overall desirability.
AN IMPROVED SIALOMETER.

A high resolution, liquid-displacement apparatus for monitoring salivary flow is described, and details of its construction from standard laboratory items are provided. The results of a quantitative evaluation indicate: (1) sensitivity to variations in intraglandular pressure of less than 1 mm Hg; (2) instrument time lag of less than 500 msec; and (3) resolution of 0.003 ml. A comparison with previously described liquid-displacement sialometers indicates an increase in resolution by a factor of 3.
Thermal Inactivation of Plant Growth: Effects on Cotyledon Metabolism

Temperature exposures which normally decrease growth of Pisum sativum seedlings by 50 % were found to be lethal in plants whose cotyledons were removed. Utilization of the two major reserves, starch and protein, decreased at high temperatures. However, the two enzymes responsible for their hydrolysis were thermostable. It appears that the influence of high temperatures on seedling growth is not due to direct effects of temperature on cotyledon metabolism, but rather indirectly through the axis.
Nocturnal growth hormone (GH) secretion is eliminated by infusion of GH-releasing hormone antagonist.

The neuroendocrine mechanisms underlying the generation of pulsatile GH secretion in humans are poorly understood. GH secretory pulses are likely to result from acute GHRH secretory episodes, acute decreases in hypothalamic somatostatin secretion, or a combination of these mechanisms. In earlier studies we demonstrated that a single i.v. bolus of a competitive GHRH antagonist [N-Ac-Tyr1,D-Arg2)GHRH-(1-29); GHRH-Ant] blocked 40% of the nocturnal GH release. Failure to more completely eliminate nocturnal GH secretion could be due to either incomplete antagonism of endogenous GHRH action by GHRH-Ant or a non-GHRH component of GH release. We subsequently investigated whether a continuous infusion of GHRH-Ant would more completely eliminate nocturnal GH secretion. Eight men were given a 400 micrograms/kg i.v. bolus of GHRH-Ant at 2300 h, followed by a 50 micrograms/kg.h i.v. infusion of GHRH-Ant between 2300-0700 h or a saline bolus followed by a saline infusion. An i.v. bolus of GHRH (1 microgram/kg) was give...
Comparing Reliability of Perceptual Ratings of Roughness and Acoustic Measures of Jitter

Acoustic analysis is often favored over perceptual evaluation of voice because it is considered objective, and thus reliable. However, recent studies suggest this traditional bias is unwarranted. T...
An Operational Agricultural Drought Risk Assessment Model for Nebraska, USA

Drought is a common occurrence in Nebraska and agriculture is the primary economic sector affected. Because of repeated and widespread severe drought impacts, more emphasis on drought risk management is warranted. This study develops an agricultural drought risk assessment model using multivariate techniques. The model is specific to corn and soybeans and is able to assess real-time agricultural drought risk associated with crop yield losses at critical phenological stages prior to and during the growing season. The assessment results are presented in a Geographic Information System to provide a better visualization. This model provides information in a timely manner about potential agricultural drought risks on dryland crop yield to decision makers ranging from agricultural producers to policy makers from local to national levels.
Photon entanglement in macroscopic systems.

Photon entanglement can have a major effect in macroscopic systems containing large numbers of photons and atoms, where it can eliminate the interference between two high-intensity beams of light that would otherwise be expected. The nonclassical nature of these effects is related to the lack of classical chaos below some threshold of nonlinearity
Fluttering wing feathers produce the flight sounds of male streamertail hummingbirds.

Sounds produced continuously during flight potentially play important roles in avian communication, but the mechanisms underlying these sounds have received little attention. Adult male Red-billed ...
Introduction: On Finding New Ways of Thinking About Journalism

When a phenomenon is as widespread and as well known as journalism tends to be, it can seem counterintuitive to look for new ways of thinking about it. And yet finding new ways of thinking about journalism is point-center to ensuring journalism’s future. As it faces mounting challenges of a political, technological, economic, cultural, and social nature, those who study journalism have a role to play in developing fuller ways of thinking about it. From the quandaries that arise when the public turns increasingly to comedy, irony, and satire as a viable mode of news delivery to those that ensue when threats to journalists’ physical safety neutralize their ability to work, journalism today must contend with numerous problems that call on us, as scholars, to develop more responsive modes of inquiry. We need to develop inquiry that will not only reflect the changing circumstances in which journalism finds itself but anticipate them as well, because, judging from the present state of affairs, journalism means at once both too much and too little. And therein the real challenge to its future lies. Disciplines Communication This journal article is available at ScholarlyCommons: http://repository.upenn.edu/asc_papers/294 Introduction: On Finding New Ways of Thinking About Journalism
Sensor-based base camp security

The U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center is developing survivability planning and protective measures for base camps. One component of Base Camp Protection/Survivability is sensor-based security. Security designs must cover many configurations, ranging from forward operating bases to the equivalent of fixed facility installations, and be adaptable to changes in mission or base camp layout. Initial emphasis is on identifying sensor systems, such as unattended ground sensors, which can operate reliably at an early stage of base camp development when an intrusion detection capability must be established quickly under austere conditions. Another consideration is portability, so that sensor-secured perimeters can be readily relocated as a base camp evolves in size or configuration. In all cases, security designs will include guidance on the selection, placement, and operation of sensor systems to avoid vulnerabilities that would result when terrain, weather, system performance constraints, and detection zone features and maintenance are overlooked or ignored during the planning and implementation of sensor-based physical security.
Goal programming model for grocery shelf space allocation

Abstract The highly competitive grocery retail industry has annual sales of roughly half a trillion dollars in the US. While gross margins average about 28% of sales, net profits after taxes are only 1% industry-wide, causing retailers to continually search for operational improvements that increase profitability and improve customer service. One important decision that affects both of these goals is how to allocate shelf space to different products. This paper addresses the specific problem of how to allocate a fixed amount of shelf space to different products within a particular product category, such as pickles or jelly. A nonlinear integer goal programming formulation is proposed that considers both profitability and customer service factors. This decision support tool shows the tradeoffs between increased profitability and improved customer service, and allows the manager to make the best tradeoff for the situation. An alternate approach is also proposed.
Methane oxidation and microbial exopolymer production in landfill cover soil.

Abstract In laboratory simulations of methane oxidation in landfill cover soil, methane consumption consistently increased to a peak value and then declined to a lower steady-state value. It was hypothesized that a gradual accumulation of exopolymeric substances (EPS) contributed to decreased methane uptake by clogging soil pores or limiting gas diffusion. This study was conducted to detect and quantify EPS in soil from columns sparged with synthetic landfill gas and from fresh landfill cover cores. Polysaccharide accumulations were detected with alcian blue stain. EPS was observed adhering to soil particles and as strands associated with, but separate from soil grains. Glucose concentrations in laboratory soil columns averaged 426 mg kg−1 dry soil, while in a column sparged with air the average glucose concentration in a horizon was 3.2 mg glucose kg−1 dry soil. Average glucose concentrations in two of four cores sampled from a closed landfill ranged from 600–1100 mg kg−1 dry soil, while control cores averaged 38 mg glucose kg−1 dry soil. Viscosity due to EPS was measured by comparing filtration rates of soil suspensions. Soil extracts from the upper horizons of laboratory columns sparged with landfill gas filtered at about one-third the rate of extracts from the lower horizons, and the landfill core with the highest glucose content also produced highly viscous extracts. Breakthrough curves measured in columns before and after methane exposure were similar, so that short-circuiting due to clogging was not occurring. The data support the hypothesis that EPS impeded oxygen diffusion to an active biofilm and limited the extent of methane oxidation.
A Near-Complete Response to Treatment with Gemcitabine plus nab®-Paclitaxel in a Patient with Metastatic Pancreatic Cancer and Poor Performance Status: A Case Report

Patients with metastatic pancreatic adenocarcinoma and poor performance status (PS) are typically excluded from clinical trials of new systemic treatments. Due to concerns that such patients cannot tolerate the greater toxicity sometimes associated with combination chemotherapy regimens, the recommended treatment for pancreatic cancer patients with poor PS is gemcitabine monotherapy. We report the case of a 79-year-old female with pancreatic adenocarcinoma metastatic to the lungs, with multiple comorbidities and an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group PS of 3, who achieved a rapid and prolonged objective response to gemcitabine plus nab (®)-paclitaxel. The patient received a total of 11 cycles of treatment. Although her disease was well controlled with gemcitabine plus nab-paclitaxel, she died just over 11 months after diagnosis as a result of her comorbid conditions compounded by treatment-related hematologic toxicity. This case suggests that patients with metastatic pancreatic adenocarcinoma and poor PS may benefit from first-line combination therapy with gemcitabine plus nab-paclitaxel. Further study of this regimen in such patients is warranted.
Regional segregation of ConA receptors on dissociated amphibian embryo cells

Abstract Superficial ectoderm cells from early amphibian embryos maintain regional specializations of their cell surfaces, both in intact tissue and as single cells which have been dissociated with EDTA. The cells are adhesive on lateral and basal cell surfaces and non-adhesive on the apical surface. This study presents evidence that these cells display a regional segregation of ConA receptors. On dissociated superficial ectoderm cells, ConA receptors are restricted to lateral and basal surfaces, with the apical surface having few or no receptors. The results are discussed with respect to possible correlations with regional membrane differences in adhesiveness and in regard to the mechanisms which might be involved in maintaining the regional segregation of ConA receptors.
Potential health risk of hazardous waste incineration

Abstract Health risk estimates are presented for incineration of the principal organic hazardous constituents (POHCs) of waste streams. Preliminary results indicate that both the carcinogenic and the noncarcinogenic risks to populations living near incinerators are small. Further research is needed to confirm these results and to assess the human health risks from metals in waste streams and products of combustion formed during incineration.
Performance analysis for assemble-to-order systems with general renewal arrivals and random batch demands

We study multi-product and multi-item assemble-to-order systems under general assumptions on demand patterns and replenish leadtime distributions. We only assume that the demand process of each product being a renewal process, and the replenish leadtimes follow general distributions. Based upon techniques from renewal theory, we developed procedures for approximating key performance measures of these inventory systems, such as average inventory and immediate order fill rate. We also obtain qualitative results that reveal the impacts of changes in demand patterns and leadtime variability upon the performance of the systems.
Analysis of a separable STAP algorithm for very large arrays

Studies of massive MIMO in wireless communications have recently attracted significant attention. Here we study the benefits of very large arrays in space-time adaptive processing (STAP) for radar by analyzing the performance of a reduced-dimension separable STAP algorithm that exploits the large-array assumption. In particular, we begin by studying the behavior of the algorithm for clairvoyant interference covariance matrices with orthogonality assumptions on the steering vectors, and show that in the asymptotic sense this simplified scheme performs as well as the fully adaptive STAP method. We then appeal to random matrix theory to analyze performance when the covariance matrix is estimated using secondary data.
Topiramate Use Does Not Reduce Flares of Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Additional medications are needed for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) as existing therapies are incompletely effective and can be costly and toxic. Preclinical studies suggest that topiramate (an anticonvulsant) may have disease-modifying properties in IBD, but its efficacy in humans is unknown. To evaluate whether topiramate use is associated with clinical benefit in IBD patients. We conducted a retrospective cohort study using administrative claims data from the MarketScan databases. Persons with IBD were identified between 2000 and 2010. New users of topiramate were compared with users of other anticonvulsant and anti-migraine medications. The primary outcome was a new prescription for an oral steroid (≥14 days). Secondary outcomes included initiation of biologic agents, abdominal surgery, and hospitalization. Cox proportional hazard modeling was used to adjust for potential confounders. We identified 773 new users of topiramate and 958 users of comparator drugs. After adjusting for potential confounders, topiramate use was not associated with the primary outcome of steroid prescriptions [hazard ratio (HR) 1.14, 95 % confidence interval (CI) 0.74, 1.73]. Results did not differ significantly by IBD subtype. There was no difference between topiramate users and users of comparator drugs with respect to post-exposure initiation of biologic agents (HR 0.93, 95 % CI 0.39, 2.19), abdominal surgery (HR 1.04, 95 % CI 0.17, 6.41), or hospitalization (HR 0.86, 95 % CI 0.62, 1.19). In this large U.S. administrative claims study, topiramate use was not associated with markers of IBD flares. These results cast doubt on whether topiramate may be an effective adjunct to current IBD therapy.
Ipsilateral femoral neck and shaft fractures. Retrospective study of 33 cases.

Forty-two consecutive adult patients with a concomitant ipsilateral femoral neck and shaft fracture were treated. The neck fracture was initially missed in 7 patients. Surgery was delayed for a median of 7 days because of the patients' poor general conditions. Thirty-three patients were followed up for 2 (1-6) years. All 33 necks healed, with a union period of 3.3 +/- 1.7 months; and 28 shafts healed after 7.9 +/- 1.8 months. Thus, the femoral shaft determined the total union rate and union period. All the complications, (eight out of 33) occurred in the open procedure group. Our series reveals that ipsilateral femoral neck and shaft fractures have a relatively satisfactory outcome. Closed Kuntscher's nailing or interlocking nailing with supplementary Knowles' pinning is the preferable technique.
Bleaching of Jurassic Navajo Sandstone on Colorado Plateau Laramide highs: Evidence of exhumed hydrocarbon supergiants?

Spectacular color variations in the Lower Jurassic Navajo Sandstone reflect stratigraphic and structural control on the spatial distribution of fluid-driven alteration. Field observations and supervised classification of Landsat 7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM+) satellite imagery show that the most extensive regional bleaching of the Navajo Sandstone occurs on eroded crests of Laramide uplifts on the Colorado Plateau in southern Utah. Alteration patterns suggest that the blind reverse faults that core the eastern monoclines associated with these uplifts were carriers for hydrocarbons and brought the buoyant fluids to the crests of monoclines and anticlines, where they bleached the sandstone in both structural and stratigraphic traps. The extent of bleaching indicates that the Navajo Sandstone (Navajo Sandstone, Aztec Sandstone, and Nugget Sandstone) may have been one of the largest hydrocarbon reservoirs known. Rapid incision and breaching of this reservoir during Tertiary uplift and erosion of the Colorado Plateau could have released enough carbon into the atmosphere to significantly contribute to global carbon fluxes and possibly influence climate.
Atropos: A PSPACE-Complete Sperner Triangle Game

We create Atropos, a new two-player game based on Sperner's lemma. Our game has simple rules and several desirable properties. First, Atropos is always certain to have a winner. Second, the game is impartial, meaning that both players always can make the same moves. Third, like many other interesting games such as Hex and geography, we prove that deciding whether one can win a game of Atropos is a PSPACE-complete problem. We provide a web-based version of the game, playable at http://cs-people.bu.edu/paithan/atropos/. In addition, we propose other games, also based on fixed-point theorems.
An Aerodynamic Investigation of an Isolated Stationary Formula 1 Wheel Assembly

The flowfield around a 60% scale rotating Formula 1 tire in contact with the ground in a closed wind tunnel at a Reynolds number of 500,000 was examined computationally and experimentally. The goal of this study was to assess the accuracy of unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (URANS) equations and confirm the existence of large scale vortical and flow recirculating features. A replica deformable F1 tire model that includes four tire treads and all brake components was used to determine the sensitivity of the wake to cross flow within the tire hub as well as the flow blockage caused by the brake assembly. Several turbulence closures were employed and the one that matched closest to the experimental PIV data was the Reynolds stress model. The variability between the six turbulence closures is shown by comparing velocity profiles, pressure distributions, and vortex eccentricity. The sensitivity of the wake to four different hub geometries, contact patch boundary conditions, multiple reference frame (MRF) rotor and spoke treatment, and time step size are also discussed.
Relative Precision of Range Information Obtainable with Fixed Ballistic and Wandermark Stereoscopic Reticles

A fixed-reticle stereoscopic range-finding sight, incorporating a reticle in which the elements were distributed in depth and elevation to simulate a trajectory, was evaluated in relation to an optically equal wandermark stereoscopic range finder. Data were obtained on the ranging sensitivity of experienced and naive observers with the two instruments and on the influence of the design of the ballistic reticle upon the observed range of the targets. The primary data obtained with the range-finding sight were in mils of elevation. The primary data obtained with the wandermark range finder were in seconds of arc of convergence. Mathematical transformations were used to reduce the elevation data to equivalent seconds of arc of vergence for purposes of comparison. The problem of repeated measures resulting from the fact that the reticle of the range-finding sight was an in-view range scale was met through the use of optical range adjustment.For the targets employed in this study, standard deviation sensitivity in parallactic angle for experienced observers with the range-finding sight was five and three times poorer than that obtained for these observers with the wandermark range finder. For naive observers the relative sensitivities were in a ratio of four to one and one to one. The reticle of the range-finding sight as designed required an increasingly more negative internal corrector adjustment with increasing range. This tendency was attributed to the use of reticle elements of constant retinal subtense.
4D Real-Time Cardiac MDCT Image Volume Rendering Method Research Based on GPU Texture Mapping

A low-injury, high success rate, and no side effects treatment for curing heart physical defects is urgently needed in the medical field. Although with electrocardiographically (ECG) gated technology, the timeline information of heartbeat can be collected by Multi-detector Computed Tomography (MDCT), the traditional CPU-based volume rendering methods can not meet the dynamic cardiac real-time reconstruction. This paper presents a GPU texture mapping based dynamic cardiac 4D real time rendering method. It uses ECG-gated MDCT acquiring cardiac real-time volume data sets, each of which called one time-phased data and mapped to a GPU texture unit. The material and lighting properties, color and opacity data, computed by GPU, are also mapped to other two texture units. Then through the fragment programs, these textures are looked up, and the result pixel color is received. Volume textures switch are controlled by the time interval from ECG-gated 4D real-time cardiac data acquisition. Experimental results show that the method we presented can achieve a dynamic cardiac real-time rendering; quality is better, and speed faster enough to meet clinical needs.
Report of successful use of argatroban as an alternative anticoagulant during coronary stent implantation in a patient with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and thrombosis syndrome.

Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and thrombosis syndrome (HITTS) is a severe complication of heparin caused by an anti-body response to the heparin-platelet factor 4 complex which results in severe thrombosis. Heparin rechallenge in HITTS patients carries a high risk of inducing thrombosis. Antithrombin agents represent treatment alternatives in HITTS patients who require anticoagulation. We report successful coronary stent implantation in a HITTS patient using the antithrombin agent argatroban. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Transcriptional Modulators Affect in Vivo Protein Binding to the Low Density Lipoprotein Receptor and 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl Coenzyme A Reductase Promoters

Treatment of HepG2 cells with known effectors of low density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) gene expression altered the in vivo pattern of protein-DNA interactions in the promoter. The observed changes are consistent with proteins binding in vivo to the sterol regulatory element (SRE), to Sp1-like sites, as well as to other regions. Protein bound to the SRE in all conditions, but the nature of the dimethyl sulfate reactivity changed depending on the physiological state of the cell. Hypermethylation within the SRE of the low density lipoprotein receptor promoter was observed when cells were treated with cholesterol synthesis inhibitors, insulin, or phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate, suggesting that the SRE regulates this promoter through sterol-independent as well as sterol-dependent mechanisms. No significant changes were observed in binding to the Sp1-like sites, suggesting that differential binding to these sites does not play a role in altered transcription levels. Analysis of the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase promoter also revealed protections that varied in a cell type-specific manner. Binding to the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase SRE and putative nuclear factor 1 sites could be observed but varied little in different physiological conditions.
Biosynthesis and secretion of antibodies by chicken lymphoid cells--II. Cooperation between carrier-specific T and hapten-specific B-lymphocytes for the development of anti-hapten immune response.

Abstract Four daily injections of 4 mg cyclophosphamide at hatching have made the chicken immunologically inert, since the humoral immune response developed in these chickens depended entirely upon the number of B-lymphocytes transferred. It was further shown that the biosynthetic assay for specific antibody, combined with adoptive transfer of immune lymphocytes, can be used to study cellular cooperation between carrier-primed T-lymphocytes from agammaglobulinemic chickens and hapten-immune B-lymphocytes from normal chickens in the anti-hapten immune response.
The controlling influence of the Cu 2 S optical absorption coefficient on the short-circuit currents of Cu 2 S/CdS solar cells

Cu 2 S is a p-type defect semiconductor and is the main optical absorber-current generator in the Cu 2 S/CdS solar cell. This cell undergoes large reversible changes in its short-circuit current depending upon the ambient to which it is exposed. While a large number of mechanisms have been proposed for this effect, we find that it can be accounted for solely on the basis of changes in the absorption coefficient of the Cu 2 S, as controlled by the position of the Fermi level in the degenerate material. We have calculated the relation between the absorption coefficient and sheet resistance for degenerate Cu 2 S, and compared the results to existing experimental data on material prepared in the same way as solar cells. We find good agreement between the experimental data and our calculations if Cu 2 S is acting as a direct-gap semiconductor. Based upon the magnitude of the experimental changes in absorption coefficient with sheet resistance we have calculated the expected change in short-circuit current that would be produced in a typical Cu 2 S/CdS solar cell. The changes in short-circuit current calculated are on the order of 20-40 percent for ρ/d changing by an order of magaitude. These results are in agreement with the results on actual cells.
Implementation of a fast maximum-likelihood decoding algorithm for the extended Nordstrom-Robinson code

Abstract Conway and Sloane have developed an efficient approach to the maximum-likelihood decoding of a linear block code based on the partitioning of the code into a subcode and its cosets. This procedure works for certain nonlinear codes as well, and we apply it in this paper to the development of several decoding algorithms for the extended Nordstrom-Robinson code used in conjunction with both BPSK and QPSK modulations. The small operation counts and the highly regular structures of many of these algorithms make them particularly well-suited to VLSI implementation. We describe one such implementation in this paper.
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase activities in axenically maintaine adult Schistosoma mainsoni

Abstract 1. 1. 6-Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase activity accounts for 8·5–9·1 per cent of the reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate produced in the assay system. 2. 2. After axenic maintenance for 8 days, glucose-6-phosphate and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase activities decrease nearly sixfold in adult Schistosoma mainsoni tissue extracts.
Head Start, Poor Children, and Their Families

Abstract This study used data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth and the NLS's Child-Mother file to identify characteristics associated with the likelihood of poor children ever having participated in a Head Start program, and, among those who did, of their having lived in persistently poor families. Using logistic regression analysis on all children of survey year 1992 female respondents who had lived at least one year in poverty, the study found that number of years in poverty, race, and mother's marital status in 1992 were associated with the likelihood of a child's participating in Head Start. Among Head Start participants, mother's education level, mother's age at time of first birth, residency, the emotional dimension of the child's home environment, and mother's marital status were associated with persistent poverty. When number of years Head Start families received AFDC and/or Food Stamps was accounted for, only mother's marital status, residency, and number of years on public assistan...
Hormonal effects on oxygen consumption and histology of submandibular glands of mice (Mus musculus)

Abstract 1. 1. The oxygen consumption and histology of mouse submandibular glands were studied in control males, control females, castrate males, estrogen-treated males and testosterone-treated females. 2. 2. Histologically, glands of control males showed a preponderance of large granular tubules as compared with control females. Q O 2 values for control males averaged 6·9 compared to 13·5 for control females. 3. 3. In histology and oxygen consumption, glands of castrate or estrogentrated males resembled those of control females; testosterone-treated females were similar to control males. 4. 4. These results indicate physiological differences which parallel the histological sexual dimorphism and which are similarly affected by hormone.
Hydrogen complexes in ZnO grown by chemical vapor transport

Abstract The renewed interest in zinc oxide (ZnO) has provided a great number of details that could lead to a commercially viable alternative to gallium nitride (GaN) for use in high-efficiency, wide band-gap devices. The difficulty in obtaining such devices is that as-grown, large single crystals of ZnO are n type. Past research has shown that hydrogen plays an important role in the n-type conductivity of ZnO. However, other impurities cannot be eliminated as possible donors in as-grown ZnO. In an attempt to study the controlled doping of ZnO, we grew polycrystalline samples via the chemical vapor transport (CVT) method, using graphite as the transport agent. After diffusing hydrogen into these crystals, some clearly showed both the OH-related infrared (IR) absorption peak at 3327 cm−1, as reported in our earlier publications, and the 3611 cm−1 absorption peak reported by Lavrov [Physica B 340–342 (2003) 195]. Additionally, a third hydrogen-related absorption peak appears at 3150 cm−1. Suspecting a contaminant in our original source of graphite, we changed to a high-purity source of graphite. The resulting growth yielded no hydrogen-related absorption peaks after hydrogen diffusion into the sample. However, growing samples in ammonia recreated the 3150 cm−1 IR absorption peak.
Heartburn severity underestimates erosive esophagitis severity in elderly patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease

Background & Aims: Gastroesophageal reflux disease is common in adults of all ages, but its complications are more frequent in elderly patients. Although heartburn is the most common symptom of reflux disease, it is unclear whether the severity of heartburn reliably indicates the severity of erosive esophagitis. We therefore assessed the relationship between age, severe heartburn symptoms, and severe erosive esophagitis. Methods: This post hoc analysis of baseline data on the severity of both heartburn and erosive esophagitis pooled data from 5 prospective, randomized, controlled clinical trials that assessed the effect of proton pump inhibitors on healing of erosive esophagitis and symptom resolution. The clinical trials were conducted in 683 private and academic offices and hospital-based gastroenterology practices and involved 11,945 patients aged 18 years and older with gastroesophageal reflux disease and erosive esophagitis. Results: A progressive increase in the prevalence of severe erosive esophagitis was observed with each decade of age, ranging from 12% in patients aged 70 years. Among patients with severe esophagitis, severe heartburn was less frequent in the older age groups: ranging from 82% of patients aged 70 years. Each of these associations was statistically significant (P < 0.001). Conclusions: Although the prevalence of severe erosive esophagitis increases with age, the severity of heartburn is an unreliable indicator of the severity of erosive disease. More aggressive investigation and treatment may be necessary for elderly patients, regardless of the reported severity of heartburn.
Longitudinal Studies of Anger and Attention Span: Context and Informant Effects

This study examined stabilities of informant and context (home vs. classroom) latent factors regarding anger and attention. Participants included children from the National Institute of Child Health and Development Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development who were measured at 54 months, first grade, and third grade. Latent factors of anger and attention span were structured using different indicators based on mothers', fathers', caregivers', teachers', and observers' reports. We used structural equation modeling to examine the autoregressive effects within a context (stability), the concurrent associations between home and classroom contexts, and informant effects. The results indicated that for both anger and attention (1) there were significant informant effects that influenced stability in a context, (2) there was higher stability in home context than nonhome context, and (3) stability within a context increased over time. The findings suggested that anger was more prone to context effects and informant effects than attention.
Family Cancer History: Healthy Skepticism Required

cases, diagnoses in family members may also have been missed, either because of difficulty matching cases for which minimal details were available or because cancer registry data were incomplete. Confirmation of true-negative cases is always difficult. It is also unclear how authors resolved conflicts if discrepancies in con firmation were noted or how often this occurred. Other investigators have previously observed more accurate reporting of family history (3–5), although this may be due to the population-based design of the Family Health Study, in which relatively few participants had a personal history of cancer. Cancer patients may be more motivated to understand their family cancer history in greater detail, especially if multiple family members have been affected by a particular diagnosis. In addition, factors such as
Development and implementation of a collaborative interprofessional learning program

Abstract The Lipscomb University and Belmont University Colleges of Pharmacy partnered with Vanderbilt University School of Medicine and School of Nursing and Tennessee State University College of Social Work to produce a longitudinal didactic and experiential curriculum for interprofessional learning. Faculty worked collaboratively to create an interprofessional classroom and clinic learning experience. In total, 29 first professional year students began as a cohort in July 2010 with a two-week long immersion course in interprofessional learning. Weekly seminar sessions for the entire cohort and an ambulatory clinic experience for teams of four distinct interprofessional students at multiple sites began in August and continues through subsequent professional years. Students completed an initial self-assessment in December and met with faculty to receive expert oral feedback on their performance. On a 10-point scale, the mean satisfaction rating in the clinic experience was 8.84. There was a lower level of satisfaction with the didactic material with a mean rating of 4.98. This work suggests positive benefits, as well as some areas for improvement, of interprofessional students working together in experiential settings and provides a format for other institutions to follow.
Race, ethnicity, and use of thiazolidinediones among US adults with diabetes.

Objective: Significant race and ethnic disparities exist in diabetes-related health care. Using a nationally representative database, we sought to determine if use of thiazolidinediones (TZDs) diff...
Polar Quantizer for Wireless Receivers: Theory, Analysis, and CMOS Implementation

This paper presents the theory and analysis of IF polar receiver (PRX) architecture. By using new quantization techniques in the polar domain, the proposed receiver can boost the signal to quantization noise ratio (SQNR) compared to a traditional rectangular (I/Q) receiver. The proposed PRX is composed of a magnitude and a phase quantizer. The magnitude quantizer is similar to the conventional rectangular quantizer in voltage domain. The phase quantizer employs a time-to-digital converter (TDC) for phase detection. Furthermore, an intuitive graphical method is used to analyze the quantization properties of the polar quantization. A 10 bit polar quantizer is designed and fabricated in 130 nm CMOS, and achieves 2- to 5-dB of SQNR improvement compared to rectangular quantizer for signal bandwidths as high as 20 MHz.
Expenditures and Health Status Among Adults With Back and Neck Problems

Context Back and neck problems are among the symptoms most commonly encountered in clinical practice. However, few studies have examined national trends in expenditures for back and neck problems or related these trends to health status measures. Objectives To estimate inpatient, outpatient, emergency department, and pharmacy expenditures related to back and neck problems in the United States from 1997 through 2005 and to examine associated trends in health status. Design and Setting Age- and sex-adjusted analysis of the nationally representative Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS) from 1997 to 2005 using complex survey regression methods. The MEPS is a household survey of medical expenditures weighted to represent national estimates. Respondents were US adults (> 17 years) who self-reported back and neck problems (referred to as “spine problems” based on MEPS descriptions and International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification definitions). Main Outcome Measures Spine-related expenditures for health services (inflation-adjusted); annual surveys of self-reported health status. Results National estimates were based on annual samples of survey respondents with and without self-reported spine problems from 1997 through 2005. A total of 23 045 respondents were sampled in 1997, including 3139 who reported spine problems. In 2005, the sample included 22 258 respondents, including 3187 who reported spine problems. In 1997, the mean age- and sex-adjusted medical costs for respondents with spine problems was $4695 (95% confidence interval [CI], $4181-$5209), compared with $2731 (95% CI, $2557-$2904) among those without spine problems (inflation-adjusted to 2005 dollars). In 2005, the mean age- and sex- adjusted medical expenditure among respondents with spine problems was $6096 (95% CI, $5670-$6522), compared with $3516 (95% CI, $3266-$3765) among those without spine problems. Total estimated expenditures among respondents with spine problems increased 65% (adjusted for inflation) from 1997 to 2005, more rapidly than overall health expenditures. The estimated proportion of persons with back or neck problems who self-reported physical functioning limitations increased from 20.7% (95% CI, 19.9%-21.4%) to 24.7% (95% CI, 23.7%-25.6%) from 1997 to 2005. Age- and sex-adjusted self-reported measures of mental health, physical functioning, work or school limitations, and social limitations among adults with spine problems were worse in 2005 than in 1997. Conclusions In this survey population, self-reported back and neck problems accounted for a large proportion of health care expenditures. These spine-related expenditures have increased substantially from 1997 to 2005, without evidence of corresponding improvement in self-assessed health status.
Scenarios of CMOS scaling

This paper attempts to provide plausible scenarios of scaled CMOS. We address the issues, challenges and opportunities for research and development in the quest of ultra dense CMOS. We examine several possible paradigms of clever devices and their integration. The long-term effort, beyond the post shrink era of CMOS, to be discussed include functional device clusters and alternative computational architectures for satisfying the information need in the next Century.
How Teacher Mediation during Video Viewing Facilitates Literacy Behaviors

There is increasing support for using media products as early intervention tools for deaf children. Because deaf children are visual learners, products such as interactive DVDs and videos can be an effective supplement in the teaching of ASL and literacy skills to deaf children. While adult mediation during literacy activities has been shown to have a positive impact on deaf children’s early literacy skills, little is known about the effects of adult mediation of preschool deaf children’s interactions with educational media. The current study investigated whether preschool teachers ( n = 3) fostered deaf children’s ( n = 9) engagement during their repeated viewing of a literacy-focused educational video (in ASL). Descriptive statistics and t-tests were conducted to examine teachers’ and students’ literacy-related engagement behaviors during each day of viewing. In addition, students’ behaviors in the current study were compared to those of students in a previous study to determine whether children’s literacy-related behaviors differed according to the presence or absence of teacher mediation during video viewing. Results indicate that while children’s engagement behaviors increased without adult mediation, viewings with teacher mediation elicited even greater literacy engagement behaviors. These findings support the use of research-based educational media in ASL that provide strong literacy and language exposure for young deaf children.
Behaviorally Based Group Homes for Juvenile Offenders

Perhaps the most systematic, and certainly the most long-lived and widely disseminated, application of the behavioral approach with juvenile offenders has been in the context of group homes. Research and development based on behavioral principles and procedures began at the University of Kansas in the late 1960s and continues to the present to establish and refine an effective, consumer-preferred, and replicable group home treatment model. Because that model—the Achievement Place or Teaching-Family model (Wolf, Phillips, & Fixsen, 1972)—has been the focal point of almost all of the behavioral research and development concerning group homes, this chapter will concentrate on that model. Following a summary of the results of evaluation research on the Teaching-Family approach, the chapter concludes with a discussion of how evaluation results have prompted major reconsideration of the original assumptions of the approach.