cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Quality of Life in Children and Adolescents with Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Impact and Predictive Factors

Purpose Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in children and adolescents is associated with high morbidity and possibly has a significant negative impact on their quality of life. This study aimed to evaluate the quality of life of children and adolescents with IBD and define the variables that impact these individuals. Methods We administered the Pediatric Quality of Life Questionnaire (PedsQL) to 35 children and adolescents diagnosed with IBD and with available quantitative data from clinical records on epidemiology, clinical evolution, complementary tests, medical interventions, and disease activity. Data were evaluated according to the IBD type and compared with a control group of healthy children. Results The study group showed a significantly lower PedsQL score than the control group (p<0.01). Significant factors contributing to poor overall quality of life included female sex, Crohn's disease, surgery, and food restrictions. Symptoms such as diarrhea and the fear of using public toilets were associated with low physical scores. Feeling sick had a negative impact on the emotional PedsQL scores. Patients with a fear of using public toilets, anthropometric scores below the 3rd percentile, and greater disease activity scored lower in the social domain. Regarding school and psychosocial evaluations, younger children with symptom onset after the age of 2 years had lower scores than younger children with symptom onset before the age of 2 years. Conclusion IBD negatively affects the quality of life of children and adolescents based on its impact on the physical, emotional, social, and psychosocial statuses of these patients.
Natural Resources and African Economies: Turning Liability to Asset

There is a paradoxical relationship between Africa’s development and its natural resources. On the one hand, natural resources have signified Africa’s place in the global capitalist order and its strategic importance in world politics. Most foreign direct investments in African economies stem from oil and mineral multinationals, and many economies are dominated by resource-reliant primary industries such as mining, agriculture and ecotourism. On the other hand, natural resources are also the continent’s main hindrance to economic development. Many conflicts in the region are fought over non-renewable natural resources, many resource-rich countries have elites who pursue “spoils politics”, rent-seeking, state capture and self-enrichment, thus strengthening authoritarianism; and most countries are likely to remain dependent on their extractive industries for decades to come. This chapter surveys the political economy of natural resources in Africa and maps out the opportunities and challenges presented by the abundance of natural resources in African states.
Affordances and constraints of mathematics-specific observation frameworks and general elements of teaching quality

Abstract In this study, we consider the implications of using mathematics-specific observation frameworks versus a synthesized list of indicators when measuring teaching quality. We compare how three mathematics-focused observation frameworks measure teaching quality across three focal lessons and consider the merits of using a synthesized list of indicators such as those presented in the MAIN-TEACH model. We find that the mathematics-specific frameworks: identify similar constructs, but assess them differently; reach similar conclusions regarding overall instructional quality, but for different reasons; and do not capture aspects of instruction that are not mathematics-specific. A synthesized framework could provide a broader set of indicators, promote a common vision of high-quality instruction, and provide a common basis for looking across studies. However, a synthesized framework may remove nuances that allow researchers to capture distinct constructs (or important differences in similar constructs), specifically at a grain size useful for instructional improvement. We also consider methodological concerns raised by the use of a synthesized framework.
Crims and crooks: automatization, communicative capitalism, fandom, and promotion for Wentworth

This essay examines domestic and international marketing campaigns for the Australian prison drama, Wentworth (Foxtel, 2013–Present), as an intervention into the relationship between (digital) mark...
Modeling of the Transient Response of an Mis Capacitor

Publisher Summary The transient response of an MIS capacitor has been analyzed in depth. Numerical techniques were used to obtain self-consistent solutions for the system of equations that describe the dynamics of electrons, holes, traps, and electrostatic potential throughout the MIS device. For practical reasons, a finite thick substrate was used that was thinner than that used in an actual device. This was found to be relatively unimportant, if the substrate was made thicker than the depletion region and if the effective lifetime of the traps was made shorter than the effective lifetime associated with the bulk thermal leakage current. The exact trap rate equations were introduced into the transient model to synthesize the results that were already established in literature and that were based on the approximate steady-state models. The results indicated that the existing theory was inadequate and approximated the exact solution only near the end of the transient. Several key results are obtained and discussed. In practical devices, the transient response is complicated by the presence of surface states. Extraneous surface states were not included in this model, but deep traps at the surface were. These can be thought of as surface states near the intrinsic level and from the results presented, minority carrier generation at the surface was never present during the entire transient. This is in direct opposition to the concept of surface generation included in the Zerbst equation.
Is Total Arch Replacement Associated With Worse Outcomes During Repair of Acute Type A Aortic Dissection

Background As acute type A aortic dissection (ATAAD) remains a challenge, the extent of resection of the transverse arch remains debated during operative repair. The purpose of this study was to compare the outcomes of total arch repair versus ascending/proximal arch repair for ATAAD. Methods We retrospectively reviewed our aortic database of ATAAD between October 1999 and December 2014. Patients were divided into two groups: total arch repair versus proximal arch repair (hemiarch). Indications for arch replacement during ATAAD include aneurysm greater than 5 cm, complex arch tear, and arch rupture. Inhospital and long-term outcomes were compared between the two groups using univariate analysis and multiple logistic regression analysis. Survival was analyzed using Kaplan-Meier and log rank statistics, and assessment of risk factors for survival was conducted by Cox proportional hazards regression analysis. Results During the study period, we performed 489 repairs of ATAAD, 49 patients (10%) with total arch replacement and 440 patients (90%) with proximal arch replacement. Patients with total arch repair were older (62.4 ± 13.4 years versus 57.9 ± 14.8 years, p = 0.046) and had significantly increased retrograde aortic dissection, circulatory arrest, and retrograde cerebral perfusion times. The incidences of early mortality, stroke, and need for renal dialysis between the total arch and proximal arch group were not significantly different: 20.4% (10 of 49) versus 12.9% (57 of 440), 8.2% (4 of 49) versus 10.5% (46 of 440), and 27% (13 of 49) versus 17.6% (76 of 432), respectively. Late survival did not demonstrate a difference between groups. Conclusions Acute type A aortic dissection remains a challenge associated with significant mortality and morbidity. When compared with a less aggressive resection, total arch replacement performed in an individualized fashion can be associated with acceptable early and late outcomes for ATAAD and was not associated with worse outcomes.
Developmental regulation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor-mediated [3H]norepinephrine release from rat cerebellum.

Presynaptic modulation of synaptic transmission is the primary function of central nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) in developing and adult brain. nAChR activation regulates release of various neurotransmitters, including norepinephrine (NA). Given evidence that NA may serve a critical functional role in cerebellar development, we have undertaken studies to determine whether nAChRs modulate NA release in developing cerebellum. In vitro experiments using cerebellar slices examined the effects of nAChR stimulation on release of radiolabeled NA ([3H]NA). Our data indicate the presence of functional nAChRs on NA terminals in immature cerebellum and subsequent developmental regulation of receptor properties. During postnatal week one, the maximally effective dose of nicotine released 35.0 ± 1.2% of cerebellar [3H]NA stores. There was a subsequent decline in maximal nicotine-stimulated NA release until postnatal day 30, when Emax values were statistically indistinguishable from adult. Although the efficacy of nicotine changed substantially throughout development, EC50 values did not differ significantly (EC50 = 4.4–12.0 µm). Pharmacological analysis indicated that this developmental shift in maximum nicotine effect reflects a change in the properties of the nAChRs. These data support recent findings of a possible functional role of nAChRs in regulating cerebellar ontogeny, and provides further support for the role of NA as a neurotrophic factor during development.
Open Access: Problems of Collective Action and Promises of Civic Engagement

As universities increasingly consider open access, as an initiative and mode of scholarship, they inevitably engage with broader civic values around knowledge, authority, and the nature of traditional scholarship. How might open access act as an extension of the social and societal role that universities and libraries have traditionally played? How does it also forge a new path? These questions lurk beneath many of the arguments for and against open access, and provide an instructive way of measuring the likelihood of success of various university and Congressional open access proposals.This article seeks first to address why academic researchers have not yet adopted open access tools in large numbers. Part II situates open access with respect to the traditional purposes of publishing - increasing a work's accessibility, publicity, and trustworthiness - and contrasts its vibrancy in fulfilling these functions with the increasingly noncompetitive and stagnant market for traditional scholarly publishing. Part III strikes up a conversation with researchers and publishers by responding to the primary concerns fueling academic resistance to open access and explaining how a shift away from subscription journal-based publishing might affect knowledge-sharing in universities. Part IV contextualizes this conversation with respect to recent institutional advocacy and legislative attempts to ensure public access to publicly funded research. Finally, Part V offers some provisional normative conclusions as to how we can most effectively use the law in conjunction with institutional advocacy to create open regimes of scholarly publishing.
Glycerol-induced unraveling of the tight helical conformation of Escherichia coli type 1 fimbriae.

Abstract Glycerol was found to unravel the helical conformation of Escherichia coli type 1 fimbriae without appreciable depolymerization. The linearized fimbrial polymers have a diameter of 2 nm, react strongly with a monoclonal antibody directed at an inaccessible epitope on native fimbriae, and display greater mannose-binding activity and trypsin sensitivity than native fimbriae. Removal of glycerol by dialysis results in spontaneous reassembly of the linear polymers into structures morphologically, antigenically, and functionally indistinguishable from native fimbriae.
Determination of the scissile bond in the hydrolysis of α-d-ribofuranose 1-phosphate by alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase and formic acid and in its conversion to d-ribose 5-phosphate by phosphoglucomutase: 18O shift on the 31P-NMR and mass spectroscopic evidence

Abstract α- d -Ribofuranose 1-[18O4]phosphate (made enzymatically employing purine nucleoside phosphorylase, inosine, and P18O4) was hydrolyzed in H216O by alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase, formic and hydrochloric acids. The two enzymes cleaved the OP bond, the acids the CO bond. Phosphoglucomutase formed the OP bond of D-ribose 5-phosphate when starting with α- d -ribofuranosyl 1-[18O4]phosphate. The two techniques employed in the analysis (18O shift on the 31P-NMR and mass spectrometry) were in total agreement with the above conclusions. The mass spectroscopic approach was also employed to demonstrate O-P bond cleavage by alkaline phosphatase in 5′-AMP and in d -ribose 5-phosphate. These results were obtained by hydrolysis of 16O-labelled substrate in 85 atom% H218O on a micro level (50 μl).
Sympathetic activation with desflurane in humans.

Publisher Summary This chapter demonstrates profound sympatho-excitation during the initial mask administration of desflurane to unpremedicated volunteers anesthetized with thiopental. A second remarkable period of sympathetic activation also has been noted when the inspired desflurane concentration acutely increases in intubated subjects. In both situations, the sympathetic activation leads to large and potentially undesirable increases in heart rate and mean arterial pressure. At minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) settings, the steady-state reductions in mean arterial pressure have been similar between desflurane and isoflurane. Isoflurane tends to produce an earlier tachycardia compared with desflurane, whereas 1.5 MAC desflurane triggers increases in heart rate similar to isoflurane. Subtle differences between isoflurane and desflurane have been noted in the sympathetic neural activity (SNA) responses. Although isoflurane producs only minor and insignificant changes in basal sympathetic outflow during progressively increasing MAC of anesthesia, desflurane has been associated with a gradual increase in the sympathetic outflow with increasing MAC. As desflurane is a relatively weak anesthetic, higher concentrations are necessary to achieve stable surgical planes of anesthesia. Changes in the inspired desflurane concentration above 7% trigger sympathetic responses. It appears that slightly lower concentrations of isoflurane (5%) also trigger responses. If sympathetic activation is because of irritation of airway receptors, then the irritant properties of isoflurane may be equal to or greater than those of desflurane. It is demonstrates that the initial exposure to desflurane in clinically relevant concentrations following anesthetic induction and the deepening of anesthesia with higher concentrations of desflurane can be profoundly sympatho-excitators.
60-GHz Substrate Materials Characterization Using the Covered Transmission-Line Method

At millimeter-wave (mm-wave) frequencies, antennas and systems are highly influenced by the electromagnetic characteristics of packaging materials. Accurate knowledge of the complex permittivity of packaging materials is vital for the optimal and robust design of such systems. In this paper, the covered transmission-line method is used to determine the complex permittivity at 60 GHz for several common FR-4 and FR-5 packaging materials. Measurements show that packaging materials must be accurately characterized at high frequencies because their properties can appreciably differ from those at lower frequencies. Moreover, depending on the fabrication process, different thickness samples of the same material can have different permittivity values. The complex permittivity variation versus temperature is also analyzed. We show that, at low frequencies, this variation is negligible, but at mm-wave frequencies, it can represent up to a 5% variation in the relative permittivity and have a severe impact on the loss tangent. The covered transmission-line method is explained in detail and its accuracy and measurable permittivity range are also discussed.
Teratology studies in mice with 2-sec-butyl-4,6-dinitrophenol (dinoseb).

Abstract 2-sec-Butyl-4,6-dinitrophenol (dinoseb) was administered daily to groups of pregnant Swiss-Webster mice during organogenesis, on days 8–16, 10–12 or 14–16 of gestation, by ip or sc injection or by oral intubation. Caesarean-delivered foetuses were examined for gross, soft-tissue and skeletal anomalies. Administration of dinoseb in daily doses of 5 mg/kg ip, 10 mg/kg sc or 20 mg/kg orally on days 8–16 had no adverse effect on embryonic or foetal growth and development. Doses of 17·7 mg/kg/day given ip on days 10–12 or 14–16 were toxic to the dams (hyperthermia) and embryos (increased resorption, reduced foetal size), but teratogenic effects (e.g. imperforate anus, acaudia) resulted from treatment only on days 10–12. Dinoseb given in sc doses of 17·7 mg/kg/day on days 14–16 showed maternal toxicity and embryotoxicity but not teratogenicity, while oral doses of 20 or 32 mg/kg/day showed maternal toxicity but essentially no embryotoxicity or teratogenicity. Dinoseb was concluded to have a low potential for the induction of terata in mice.
Renal morphology of the english sole (parophrys vetulus)

The nephron of the English sole, Parophrys vetulus, is composed of the following regions: a renal corpuscle with few capillary loops and an extensive mesangial area with mesangial cell processes insinuated between endothelium and podocyte basement membrane; a ciliated neck segment with mucous-containing cells; the first major brush border segment with a broad vacuolated apical zone most closely resembling the mammalian proximal convoluted tubule; a second major brush border segment with the tallest most eosinophilic cells; a gradual transition to a third major brush border segment with lower, more basophilic cells; no distal convolution and a collecting tubule which empties into a collecting duct system. Granulated cells in the arteriolar media appeared to be modified smooth muscle cells.
From Wilderness to Megalopolis

Using a historical Geographic Information System (GIS) and statistical measures, this research examines the sex ratios of the United States between 1790 and 1910 to determine whether men truly outnumbered women on the American Frontier. We used United States Census data combined with historical digital county maps to calculate male-to-female sex ratios by county and settlement density class. We analyzed these ratios using descriptive statistics, the Games-Howell analysis of variance (ANOVA) test, and comparisons of historical GIS maps. We found that gender ratios on the American Frontier were extremely high throughout the study period and were significantly different from those in more densely populated areas. In addition, sex ratios declined as population density increased in each decade of this study. However, frontier areas still had fairly high gender ratios in 1910, thus showing ongoing significant demographic differences between those sparsely settled counties and more urbanized regions.
Unusual structure, evolutionary conservation of non-coding sequences and numerous pseudogenes characterize the human H3.3 histone multigene family

Abstract The genomic organization of the replication-independent, basally expressed, human H3.3 gene is atypical of traditional histone gene organization. The gene contains 3 introns totalling 7.8 kb and unusual direct repeats flank all three intron-exon splice junctions. The transcription initiation site was mapped by S1 nuclease protection analysis and confirms that cDNA clones previously reported were full length. Sequence similarities between regions at the 5' and 3' termini of this human gene and a chicken H3.3 gene lead us to propose that either the previous assignments of termini of the chicken gene are in error, or there are alternative transcription start and polyadenylation sites. The 85% base matching of human and chicken H3.3 3'UTR sequences for 520 bases is unprecedented among homolog 3'UTR segments, especially considering that these species are separated by over 250 Myr of evolution. We also present the sequence of three related processed human H3.3 pseudogenes and provide evidence demonstrating that most of the 20 to 30 copies of the H3.3 gene within the human genome are in fact processed pseudogenes.
Nielsen-Olesen vortices and independent string fragmentation

We show that heavy quark spectroscopy and QCD sum rules constrain Nielsen-Olesen vortices to be thin and weakly interacting. This model of QCD strings may help to understand how independent string fragmentation models can apply to high energy nuclear collisions.
Dietary lipid and iron modify normal colonic mucosa without affecting phospholipase A2 activity

Abstract Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) functions as the rate-limiting step in arachidonic acid metabolism and in the removal of damaged or peroxidized membrane lipids. It is elevated in some human tumors and may be involved with mechanisms of tumor promotion. In vitro systems have shown PLA2 activity to be altered by variations in fatty acid and antioxidant components. This study encompassed two objectives. First, PLA2 activity in colon tumors produced using azoxymethane (AOM) in Fischer-344 rats was examined. Secondly, this study tested the effect of iron supplementation as a potential pro-oxidant in diets of varied fatty acid composition on PLA2 activity. Diets included 35 or 140 mg/kg of iron in AIN-76A-based diets high in corn oil, menhaden oil, or beef tallow. Results for the first objective showed PLA2 activity to be significantly higher in colon tumors than in normal mucosa with the increase due primarily to an increase in activity within a paniculate subcellular fraction. In the second objective, fatty acid composition of colon mucosa was altered by both dietary fat and iron. Animals fed beef tallow had the highest level of oleic acid and corn oil-fed animals had the highest level of linoleic acid. Animals fed menhaden oil had the lowest level of arachidonic acid and highest level of α-linolenic, eicosapentaenoic, docosapentaenoic, and docosahexaenoic acids. Iron supplementation in diets high in corn oil resulted in decreased membrane composition of palmitoleic and δ-linolenic acid. In spite of these changes in membrane composition, there were no changes in PLA2 activity. These results show that PLA2 activity is increased in AOM-induced tumors but that diet alone does not influence PLA2 activity in this model.
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in preadolescent girls is associated with delayed breast development compared to girls without OSA.

Study Objective: Adults with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) have lower sex steroid levels than controls. We sought to determine whether OSA also interferes with reproductive hormones in adolescence by tracking the pace of pubertal development. Methods: One hundred seventy-two children in the Tucson Children’s Assessment of Sleep Apnea study (TuCASA) underwent two home polysomnographic studies, spaced 4-5 years apart. Height and weight were measured at both visits, and Tanner staging of breasts/genitals and pubic hair were selfassessed by a pictorial questionnaire at follow-up. Results: Eighty-seven girls and 85 boys, age 8.9 ± 1.6 years (mean ± SD) at baseline and 13.4 ± 1.6 years at follow-up, participated. Twenty-seven percent of participants were overweight or obese at baseline, and the majority remained so at follow-up. Twenty-six percent of girls and 28% of boys met criteria for OSA, defi ned as a respiratory disturbance index (RDI) ≥ 1/h associated with a 3% desaturation (RDI 3%), at baseline. There was an inverse relationship between baseline log RDI 3% and Tanner breast stage at follow-up (coeffi cient -1.3, p = 0.02) in girls after adjusting for age (p < 0.001), body mass index (p < 0.005), and ethnicity. Girls with OSA at baseline were more than 1 Tanner breast stage behind girls without OSA at follow-up. OSA did not affect genital development in boys or pubic hair development in either sex. Conclusions: OSA in preadolescent girls predicts delayed breast development relative to girls without OSA. Sleep fragmentation and/or hypoxia seen in OSA may interfere with re
A Production Model and Continuous Sampling Plan

A production model is considered where the quality of output decreases until corrective action is taken and then the cycle is repeated. For this model, the sampling plan of examining each Fth item and taking corrective action whenever a defective is found, is evaluated. Illustrations are presented of the production model and choice of sampling plan, F. The relationship of this model and plan to earlier ones is discussed. Specifically, the probability of producing a good item after t units of production is assumed to be PRzt), where z(t) is the value of a Poisson process and represents the change (from good to bad) in the production process since "trouble-shooting." P and R are "quality" parameters satisfying 0 <P _1 and 0<R <1. Costs, such as that of looking for and removing trouble, and of inspection, are introduced. The average income is maximized by the choice of F.
Optical Monitoring of Cerebral Blood Flow in Patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke During Intravenous Administration of Normal Saline

We demonstrate use of an improved Diffuse Correlation Spectroscopy instrument to monitor cerebral blood flow (CBF) at the bedside during intravenous administration of normal saline, a standard stroke treatment paradigm employed to maximize CBF
Full-thickness skin necrosis of the fingertip after application of superglue

We present the case of a 39-year-old woman who applied superglue to her fingertip as a treatment for dry skin. She developed full-thickness necrosis of her thumb pad complicated by a secondary superinfection. This necrosis occurred from the degradation of the cyanoacrylate in the superglue compound to formaldehyde, causing local histotoxicity. This injury necessitated a local flap for coverage, which healed uneventfully and without lasting sequelae.
Implications of source routing

Over the years, a number of source routing architectures have been put forward [2, 1, 5]. A source routing architecture is one where packets indicate the paths that they follow. Because such architectures seem to offer a number of advantages, especially with respect to competition and evolvability, we believe the case for a source-routed network layer is worth examining in detail. Our model of source routing consists of packets carrying (loose) provider-level source routes (i.e., interdomain paths) and distributed path providing servers that collect routing updates disseminated by transit providers, compute (inter-domain level) paths, and provide those paths to end systems for placement in packets. Thus routing is provided as a service with distributed path providers, similar to ROSE [6]. We also assume a mechanism along the lines of Platypus [7] so that providers can verify packets for routing-policycompliance and proof-of-payments. While it offers significant benefits, source routing also introduces some new technical and economic challenges. With such a different “factoring” of the routing process, we envision such an architecture to have a different business model in selling transit services to users. Because source routing empowers users to select indirect providers from whom users obtain transit service, users would be required to compensate their indirect providers in addition to the direct providers for the transit services. In order to scale the money transactions between users and all the direct and indirect transit providers, we envision a set of third party resellers, path brokers, who buy transit (relaying) service from providers, and then sell paths to users. Path brokers and path providers can be the same entity or can be separate. A major barrier towards deploying source routing is the “con-
Differences in elimination rates of methylmercury between two genetic variant strains of mice

This study demonstrates an intraspecies difference in elimination of methylmercury between two genetic variant strains of mice. Following a single non-toxic dose of 203Hg labeled methylmercury (0.5 mg Hg/kg i.p.), the half-time of 203Hg elimination in the CBA/J inbred strain was 7.4 days compared to 3.0 days in the CFW strain. The fecal excretion rate of 203Hg was the same for both strains, whereas urinary excretion rate was 5-fold higher in the CFW strain than in the CBA/J strain. The higher excretion rate in the CFW strain accounted for significant lowering of mercury concentrations in terminal tissue samples. The mercury burden in the pelt relative to the terminal body burden was similar for the two strains suggesting that elimination via the fur plays no significant role in the difference in overall excretion rate. Intraspecies differences in methylmercury elimination has direct implications for human exposures where a wide variation in kinetics has been observed. This animal model will be useful in studying the mechanism of urinary excretion of methylmercury and provide insight into more effective antidotal procedures.
The Translative Kissing Number of Tetrahedra Is 18

We show that the maximum number of mutually nonoverlapping translates of any tetrahedron T which touch T is 18. Moreover, in the case of 18 touching translates the arrangement turns out to be unique. We also give a description of all possible arrangements of 17 touching translates. Finally, we apply these results to determine the minimum and maximum densities of 17 + -neighbor translative packings of tetrahedra.
Spatiotemporal multiplexing: color decoding from single-array digital images

This is an update from our ongoing studies on a biologically inspired, digital color image representation presented here before. It has evolved into a technology named ChromaplexTM, with practical applications for both static (still pictures) and dynamic (digital video and motion pictures) images in three areas: (1) Simplification of processing, storage, compression, and transmission of digital color images. (2) Economical full-color upgrading of black and white (gray scale) image capturing systems. (3) Increase up to 4X of spatial resolution in high-quality digital image capturing systems currently designed for triplane color capture (three separate CCDs or three scans). Sample images of these applications are available on a world wide web site. In this paper we present data showing that spatial blur artifacts are worse when produced by conventional techniques of color interpolation than those produced by Chromaplex decoding. We also show that Chromaplex color decoding of CCD outputs, first demonstrated for CCDs with relatively narrow-band RGB filters, is equally applicable to digital imaging systems having CCDs with broad band subtractive color filters (like cyan, yellow, and magenta), but the often necessary color transformation from subtractive color to RGB brings in different tradeoffs.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Au nanoparticle clusters from deposition of a coalescing emulsion.

Abstract Hypothesis Nanoparticle adsorption at the oil–water interface in an unstable, coalescing emulsion leads to cluster formation. Experiments Stable suspensions of clusters are prepared using a facile, two-step procedure involving few reagents and neither thiolated compounds nor chlorinated solvents. First, colloidal gold nanoparticles are assembled at the aqueous–hexanol interface in an emulsion that rapidly coalesces and spontaneously deposits a film on the interior surface of the glass container. The film is dissolved in ethanol with sonication to disperse the clusters. The film and clusters are characterized by transmission electron and atomic force microscopies as well as ultraviolet–visible spectrometry. Findings Clusters are observed to contain as few as 8 to as many as 24 Au nanoparticles. The clusters are anisotropic and can also be formed from larger nanoparticles. Hydrophobic and hydrophilic interactions are implicated in the formation of these clusters within the interfacial tension gradients of a coalescing emulsion. The clusters can be re-suspended in ethanol and water, maximizing the utility of these clusters with an extinction band in the near-Infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum.
Endurance in Love with the Company: A Japanese Case

The transferability of the Japanese management system to the American business environment has recently provided a focal point of argument among Americans. This signifies a drastic change of trend not only for members of American business and management science, who have been accustomed to thinking that they are leading the business of the world, in every sense, but also for their Japanese counterparts who have been following American business and theory. The introduction of Japanese style management is one thing but its practical application is quite another matter; as an old Japanese proverb says, “You carve the statue of Buddha but do not put the spirit in it” (Hotoke tsukutte Tamashii irezu). Without understanding the minds of Japanese businessmen working in Japanese businesses it is of no use, and may even be dangerous, to argue about the transferability and workability of the Japanese type of management in the US.
A conditional antimutator in E. coli.

A pleiotropic mutation in thepurB gene ofE. coli is described which lowers the spontaneous mutation frequency of other genes. The antimutator effect is very large for some genetic loci, but is absent at other sites. Both forward and reverse mutations are affected. This mutation inpurB is temperature sensitive for both adenine auxotrophy and the antimutator action. Adenine, or adenosine, or low temperature growth abolish the antimutator effect. The mutagenicity of base analogs and nitrosoguanidine at several loci was found to be reduced by thispurB mutation. The antimutator effect is recessive in strains merodiploid for thepurB region. The frequency of reversion of mutation on F′ episomes is affected by the chromosomal antimutator, which therefore acts in trans. Xray and UV sensitivity are normal in this mutant, which is the first antimutator characterized inE. coli.
Age-Related Differences in Processing Dynamic Information to Identify Vowel Quality

This study examined age-related differences in the use of dynamic acoustic information (in the form of formant transitions) to identify vowel quality in CVCs. Two versions of 61 naturally produced,...
Gated SPECT in assessment of regional and global left ventricular function: An update

Gated myocardial perfusion SPECT (GSPECT) is a major clinical tool, widely used for performing myocardial perfusion imaging procedures. In this review, we have presented the fundamentals of GSPECT and the ways in which the functional measurements it provides have contributed to the emergence of myocardial perfusion SPECT in its important role as a major tool of modern cardiac imaging. GSPECT imaging has shown unique capability to provide accurate, reproducible and operator-independent quantitative data regarding myocardial perfusion, global and regional systolic and diastolic function, stress-induced regional wall-motion abnormalities, ancillary markers of severe and extensive disease, left ventricular geometry and mass, as well as the presence and extent of myocardial scar and viability. Adding functional data to perfusion provides an effective means of increasing both diagnostic accuracy and reader's confidence in the interpretation of the results of perfusion scans. Assessment of global and regional LV function has improved the prognostic power of myocardial perfusion SPECT and has been shown in a large registry to add to the perfusion assessment in predicting benefit from revascularization.
Variations in natural levee morphology in anastomosed channel flood plain complexes

Abstract Natural levees are common features of alluvial river systems, yet their origin and evolution are poorly understood. In this paper, we present morphologic and sedimentologic data from two anastomosed rivers and offer a hypothesis of natural levee growth in these systems based on mechanisms of sediment transport. In settings where floodbasins fill at the same rate as the channel, levees form by turbulent diffusion of suspended sediment away from a high-velocity thread into a floodbasin of relatively stagnant water. The theory of diffusive transport suggests that these levees should be narrow, steep, and display abrupt decreases in grain size due to rapid decreases in carrying capacity with distance into the floodbasin. In environments where an appreciable water surface slope is maintained between the main channel and the floodbasin, levees form by advection of sediment out of the channel and into the floodbasin. Advective transport theory indicates that these levees should be broad and gently sloped, with grain sizes gradually decreasing away from the main channel. Natural levees occurring in the anastomosed reach of the upper Columbia River in SE British Columbia display significantly different morphology from levees in the Cumberland Marshes region of the lower Saskatchewan River in east-central Saskatchewan. At the upper Columbia site, the rise in stage of the floodbasin water nearly keeps up with that of the channel water because of good communication between channel and floodbasins through crevasses. This inhibits the establishment of a water surface slope, and the bulk of the escaping sediment is deposited close to the channel. In contrast, the Cumberland Marshes region is characterized by wide and volumetrically large floodbasins. These conditions keep floodbasin water surface elevations relatively low and maintain an appreciable elevation head between the channel and its floodbasin, fostering levee growth by advective transport.
Vascular compression of the duodenum in a newborn

This report describes a newborn female with extrinsic duodenal obstruction by the right colic artery, a variant of the superior mesenteric artery syndrome. The condition was succesfuully treated surgically by mobilization of the right colon and its blood supply off of the duodenum. This is a rare case of extrinsic vascular compression of the duodenum in a newborn without malrotation or a preduodenal portal vein. A review of the literature and discussion is included.
Encountering China: Contexts and Methods for Teaching Chinese Politics in American Classrooms

This article explores the use of student-centered learning activities when teaching Chinese politics in American college classrooms and discusses the importance of context in those activities. In particular, the article explores how classroom context, including student identities, and student exposure to diverse, often conflicting “political identities” in course material emerge during different “encounters”—a Cultural Revolution poster exhibition, a simulation about the Three Gorges Dam, a Cultural Revolution role-play, and a problem-solving session involving factory workers. The article argues that encounters, which encompass in-class activities, such as problem solving, simulations, and role-play, enhance student engagement with course material, improve student retention of historical and contemporary political knowledge, and encourage critical thinking and peer collaboration in a student-centered learning environment. The article concludes that learner-centered teaching is significant because as the world becomes more complex, the knowledge and skills acquired through student-centered activities in politics classes are highly relevant for the future of self-organization, social interactions, and institution building.
Chi-Square Tests with One Degree of Freedom; Extensions of the Mantel-Haenszel Procedure

Abstract A published method for analyzing multiple 2×2 contingency tables arising in retrospective studies of disease is extended in application and form. Extensions of application include comparisons of age-adjusted death rates, life-table analyses, comparisons of two sets of quantal dosage-response data, and miscellaneous laboratory applications as appropriate. Extensions in form involve considering multiple contingency tables with arbitrarily many rows and/or columns, where rows and columns are orderable, and may even be on a continuous scale. The assignment of some score for each row or column is essential to use of the method. With scores assigned, a deviation of the sum of cross products from expectation, and its variance conditioned on all marginal totals, are computed for each table and a chi square is determined corresponding to the grand total of the deviations. For various specific instances and for various scoring procedures, the procedure extends or is equivalent to the asymptotic form of man...
A Treatise on Doors and Bridges

In 1987, Florence Kaslow, president of the Division of Family Psychology of the American Psychological Association, appointed Carol L. Philpot and Gary Brooks co-chairs of a newly formed Gender Issues Committee. They were given a mandate to open a positive dialogue between the genders that would diminish the animosity that had developed in the wake of the feminist movement of the 1970s. The synergy between the co-chairs resulted in a decade of research, writing, and clinical practice designed to achieve that mandate, culminating in the APA publication of Bridging Separate Gender Worlds: Why Men and Women Clash and How Therapists Can Bring Them Together in 1997. This article discusses the main tenets of that book.
“Othello” and race relations in elizabethan England

Eurocentric views that African men are barbaric, illiterate, promiscuous studs (good enough only to be used in servitude as the white man’s property) have been perpetuated through time and space. In the play Othello, Shakespeare presents an African man who negates such stereotypical views. In shocking his audience with this deviation from the norm, Shakespeare presents a reality that African men are indeed civil, literate, faithful husbands. Othello’s tragedy transcends race and is based on a natural human weakness. His lack of self-esteem makes him an easy prey for the white devil, lago.
Plasma lipoproteins in hyperlipidemic subjects eating iodine-enriched eggs.

Iodine-enriched (IE) eggs are produced by chickens fed a diet containing kelp. These eggs have been reported to reduce plasma cholesterol in humans and experimental animals. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the ingestion of one IE egg/day on the plasma lipoprotein cholesterol in borderline and hyperlipidemic individuals ingesting a low-fat diet. One hundred three subjects with entry cholesterol levels greater than 5.17 mmol/L were placed on a low-fat, low-cholesterol diet for 12 weeks. Between weeks 4 and 12, approximately half of the subjects were randomly assigned to either a diet control group (n = 53), or a group who ingested one IE egg/day in addition to this diet (n = 50). Subjects in both the egg group and the diet control group had a significant reduction in total plasma cholesterol (TC) at the end of the study compared with study entry; addition of the egg in the diet did not abolish the TC reduction in the egg group. However, paired comparisons of total and lipoprotein ch...
Concentration profiles in rich and sooting ethylene flames

Detailed temperature and species profiles in two premixed ethylene flames, one heavily sooting and the other rich but non-sooting, were studied with probes, laser fluorescence and a chemical kinetics model We found that the oxidation reactions leading to CO, H 2 O and CO 2 can be well modeled. The hydrocarbon pyrolysis chemistry of the C 1 to C 4 compounds is reasonably wellknown but gaps remain. No comprehensive attempt was made to model the benzene profiles. The model does a fair job in reproducing experimentally determined H and OH profile shapes. Hydrocarbon chemistry early in the reaction zone plays an important part in determining which species are present in the soot particle inception zone.
PHOTOEMISSION INVESTIGATION OF THE ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE OF DYSPROSIUM.

Photoemission measurements in the spectral range from the threshold $\ensuremath{\varphi}$ at 3.2 eV to 11.8 eV have been obtained from evaporated films of dysprosium. The energy distribution of the emitted electrons and the quantum yield were measured at room temperature and below the magnetic-ordering temperatures. The optical transitions are predominantly nondirect and temperature-independent. A high density of $d$-like states is observed near the Fermi energy (${E}_{F}$), with a peak at $E\ensuremath{-}{E}_{F}=\ensuremath{-}0.3\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.1$ eV and a shoulder at $E\ensuremath{-}{E}_{F}=1.1\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.1$ eV. The width of the $s$- and $d$-like filled states is 5.5\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.2 eV. These observations are in very good agreement with recent band calculations. No structure is observed in the empty states for $E\ensuremath{-}{E}_{F}g4$ eV. The emission of inelastically scattered electrons is observed in the energy distributions and their contribution to the measured distribution is estimated with a simple model. The scattering is attributed to contamination of the sample by residual gases in the vacuum. As a result of the scattering effects, only an estimate of the optical density of filled states is obtained for $E\ensuremath{-}{E}_{F}l\ensuremath{-}2.0$ eV. As a sample ages, an additional peak appears in the energy distributions at $E\ensuremath{-}h\ensuremath{\nu}+\ensuremath{\varphi}=2.7\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.1$ eV, and it is attributed to emissions from states produced by sample contamination. Structure in the energy distributions is also observed at $E\ensuremath{-}h\ensuremath{\nu}+\ensuremath{\varphi}=6.3\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.2$ eV. The possibility that the latter structure is due to $f$ states is discussed. The data obtained at temperatures below the magnetic-ordering temperatures show no measurable effect. Thus, shifts due to magnetic ordering in the filled density of states are less than 0.3 eV. As expected, the general properties of the optical density of states for dysprosium are very similar to those obtained for gadolinium.
Rationale for and Organization of the Engineering Information System Program

The need for a robust, multi-user, integrated design environment for electronic systems is the result of the phenomenal growth in integrated circuit fabrication technology over the last decade. Attempts to develop "integrated" design environments highlight the current lack in design tool interoperability. The Very High Speed Integrated Circuits (VHSIC) program recognizes the importance of integrated design environments for the design of future defense electronic systems and for the insertion of new technologies into existing electronic systems, and is attempting to ease the task of integrating disparate electronic system design aids by addressing the design tool interoperability problem through the Engineering Information System (EIS) program. This paper describes the rationale for the EIS program, highlights its goals, and outlines the program's structure.