cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Growth Rate of Diamond on Polycrystalline 〈110〉 Diamond Substrates from Carbon Disulfide in Hydrogen by Hot‐Filament‐Assisted Chemical Vapor Deposition

The growth rates for the deposition of diamond by hot-filament-assisted chemical vapor deposition using carbon disulfide (CS2) in hydrogen and methane (CH4) in hydrogen were investigated on polished, 〈110〉 textured, polycrystalline diamond substrates. The carbon concentration in each system was varied from 1% to 2.5%. The deposition rate increased proportionately with carbon concentration for both systems. The CH4-H2 system gave higher growth rates with an essentially constant difference in rate between CS2 and CH4. Possible explanations for this are discussed with the most likely either a catalytic effect of sulfur or sulfur-containing species on gas-phase homogeneous atomic hydrogen recombination, or the surface chemisorption of relatively less labile sulfur-containing species at the diamond surface.
Lessons from Controversy: Ovarian Cancer Screening and Serum Proteomics

In 2002 a study reported that a blood test, based on pattern-recognition proteomics mass spectroscopy analysis of serum, was nearly 100% sensitive and specific to detect ovarian cancer. Plans to introduce a commercial screening test by early 2004 were delayed amid concerns about whether the approach was reproducible and reliable. In this issue of JNCI, two commentaries discuss whether the initial results are reproducible and whether bias may account for results. This essay describes how threats to validity from chance and bias may cause erroneous results and inflated expectations in the kind of observational research being conducted in several "-omics" fields to assess molecular markers for diagnosis and prognosis of cancer. To address such threats and to realize the potential of new -omics technology will require application of appropriate rules of evidence in the design, conduct, and interpretation of clinical research about molecular markers.
Talking about self and other: emergence of an internal state lexicon in young children with Down syndrome

The ability to talk about the internal states (IS) of self and other is an age-typical development of early childhood that is thought to reflect young children's emergent self-other understanding. This study examined the emergence of an IS lexicon in a cross-sectional sample of young children with Down syndrome (DS) and a cognitively and demographically comparable group of normally developing (ND) children. Children's IS lexicons were derived from transcripts of their spontaneous utterances during two laboratory contexts: a mother-child emotions picture book task and semistructured play. Children with DS produced significantly fewer IS words and fewer IS word types than their MA-matched counterparts. Controlling for corpus size, children with DS also were less likely to attribute internal states to themselves and were more context bound in their use of IS language. In addition, children with DS also differed from ND children in the semantic content of their IS language, with proportionately higher rates of affective words and lower rates for words about volition ability, and cognition. For both the DS and ND groups, individual differences in IS language production were significantly related to general expressive language skills. However, dissociations were observed for the relation between children's IS word production and nonverbal symbolic play skills in the two groups. These findings suggest some degree of disorganization at the interface among symbolic domains for children with DS. Because IS language is critical to the regulation of social interaction and an early index of self-other differentiation and understanding, children with DS may be at risk for later compromises in self-organization.
How Individual Genetic Test Disclosure May Affect Population Health

Advances in the field of genomics raise a new set of scientific questions about risk communication and medical decision making. In the context of chronic disease prevention, a key desired outcome is motivation for behavioral change. Behavioral change has proven stubbornly resistant to both initial and sustained adoption. Innovative approaches being evaluated to intensify motivation for behavioral change include financial incentives and the application of marketing principles to induce healthy choices. 1 One approach is to use genetic testing to identify those at higher risk of disease with the premise that such information would help to motivate change in healthy behaviors. Empiric studies to evaluate the effect of genetic information on risk perceptions and behavioral change are helpful in anticipating the clinical relevance of genetic testing. However, it is of interest to evaluate the effect of genetic risk stratification on risk perceptions across the spectrum of test results. This is especially relevant when the absolute risk increase or decrease attributable to a genetic test is relatively small, as in the case of type 2 diabetes, 2 compared to the risk associated with clinical factors such as age, family history, and obesity. In this regard, the article published in this issue of Medical Decision Making by Vassy and colleagues, ‘‘Impact of Literacy and Numeracy on Motivation for Behavior Change after Diabetes Genetic Risk Testing’’, makes a significant contribution to the literature. 3 Using a vignette study design among
2012: Signaling Breakthroughs of the Year

With input from the members of the Board of Reviewing Editors and editorial staff, Science Signaling puts the spotlight on the hottest signaling research of 2012. The connection between signaling and metabolism continues to be an important area. Signaling breakthroughs in cancer, immunology, developmental biology, neuroscience, and microbiology all made the list. Structural and molecular insights into signaling proteins and networks are also beginning to not only yield potential therapeutic targets but also lead to successful efforts between synthetic biologists and clinicians in the treatment of cancer.
Childhood temperament: passive gene-environment correlation, gene-environment interaction, and the hidden importance of the family environment

Biological parents pass on genotypes to their children, as well as provide home environments that correlate with their genotypes; thus, the association between the home environment and children's temperament can be genetically (i.e., passive gene-environment correlation) or environmentally mediated. Furthermore, family environments may suppress or facilitate the heritability of children's temperament (i.e., gene-environment interaction). The sample comprised 807 twin pairs (mean age = 7.93 years) from the longitudinal Wisconsin Twin Project. Important passive gene-environment correlations emerged, such that home environments were less chaotic for children with high effortful control, and this association was genetically mediated. Children with high extraversion/surgency experienced more chaotic home environments, and this correlation was also genetically mediated. In addition, heritability of children's temperament was moderated by home environments, such that effortful control and extraversion/surgency were more heritable in chaotic homes, and negative affectivity was more heritable under crowded or unsafe home conditions. Modeling multiple types of gene-environment interplay uncovered the complex role of genetic factors and the hidden importance of the family environment for children's temperament and development more generally.
Water on Planets

Water is an abundant molecule in the Cosmos. It has exploitable and unique spectroscopic and physical properties and has been found to be ubiquitous in places that we would expect in the standard model of solar system formation and nebular condensation: beyond the snow line in outer solar system planets, moons, asteroids, and comets. However, water is also an important constituent of planetary bodies (dominating at least one of their surfaces) in the inner solar system, likely indicating significant mixing between inner and outer solar system reservoirs of water during planetary accretion and the early history of the solar system. Water has played a critical role in the differential evolution of the terrestrial planets Venus, Earth, and Mars, and the concept of the “habitable zone” where liquid water could be stable on an Earth-like planet provides a starting point for assessing the habitability of worlds in our solar system and beyond. Examples of potentially habitable environments outside this zone in our own solar system warn us that this concept should only be a guide, however-important exceptions will no doubt occur. Recent discoveries of past liquid water and abundant present subsurface ice on Mars, of water reservoirs in unexpected places like the poles of Mercury and the Moon and the subsurface of Enceladus, of water in circumstellar disks and in the atmospheres of extrasolar planets, and the expectation of the discovery of water on Earth-like worlds in the habitable zones around other stars make this an exciting time in the study of water on planets both in our own solar system, and beyond.
The abundance of ultramafic rocks in Atlantic Ocean crust

SUMMARY Combined P- and S-wave velocity profiles have been widely used to assess the composition of the oceanic crust, but no quantitative estimates of the abundances of mafic and ultramafic rocks which are compatible with the seismic structure of the crust have been made. In this study, a Voigt‐Reuss‐Hill (VRH) average model based on the average elastic properties of partially serpentinized peridotites and oceanic diabases and gabbros is used to make quantitative estimates of lithological composition from the seismic structure of the crust. The VRH model is applied to several expanding spread profiles from the north Atlantic, in which P- and S-wave velocities are independently constrained. A purely gabbroic composition is sufficient to explain the seismic structure in most cases, but the lower oceanic crust could also be composed of interlayered gabbros and ultramafic rocks, and the average ultramafic content of the crust could be as high 13 per cent. In that case, the magmatic crust would be about 1 km thinner than the seismic crust. A small volume of serpentine (<5 per cent) could be distributed through the crust without being detected by seismic methods. Even a 1 per cent volume fraction of serpentine would be a significant source of water delivered to the mantle by subduction of the crust. The seismic properties of the upper mantle are consistent with the properties of dunite, as opposed to peridotite. The low-velocity zone in the crust at NAT ESP 5 could be composed of amphibole-rich gabbros, but the VRH model indicates that it is probably composed of a mixture of gabbro with partially serpentinized peridotite, having a total serpentine content of 10‐20 per cent. In either case, the low-velocity zone probably represents a zone of hydrous alteration.
A compression scheme for video conferencing

Most compression schemes today compress one video at a time. This works well in most cases. However, in situations where more than one video streams originate from a location, for example, in video conferences and remote surveillance applications, better compression can be achieved by implementing specialized schemes which exploit redundancies in portions of the video without motion and static background between consecutive video frames. Work has been done towards building a low-complexity codec for such applications taking advantage of such redundancies. This system also allows user interaction at both the encoder and decoder in order to allow selection of video streams. The system is based on modified motion JPEG in order to achieve low complexity. Compression ratios of the order of five times that of motion JPEG are obtained.
Glutamine activates peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ in intestinal epithelial cells via 15-S-HETE and 13-OXO-ODE: a novel mechanism

Glutamine possesses gut-protective effects both clinically and in the laboratory. We have shown in a rodent model of mesenteric ischemia-reperfusion that enteral glutamine increased peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) and was associated with a reduction in mucosal injury and inflammation. The mechanism by which glutamine activates PPAR-γ is unknown, and we hypothesized that it was via a ligand-dependent mechanism. Intestinal epithelial cells, IEC-6, were co-transfected with PPAR-γ response element-luciferase promoter/reporter construct. Cells were pretreated with increasing concentrations of glutamine ± GW9662 (a specific antagonist of PPAR-γ) and analyzed for PPAR-γ response element luciferase activity as an indicator of PPAR-γ activation. PPAR-γ nuclear activity was assessed by electrophoretic mobility shift assay. Cell lysates were subjected to tandem mass spectroscopy for measurement of prostaglandin and lipoxygenase metabolites. A time- and concentration-dependent increase in PPAR-γ transcriptional activity, but not mRNA or protein, was demonstrated. Activity was abrogated by the PPAR-γ inhibitor, GW9662, and changes in activity correlated with PPAR-γ nuclear binding. Glutamine, via degradation to glutamate, activated the metabolic by-products of the lipoxygenase and linoleic acid pathways, 15-S-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid and dehydrogenated 13-hydroxyoctaolecadienoic acid, known endogenous PPAR-γ ligands in the small bowel. This novel mechanism may explain the gut-protective effects of enteral glutamine.
Response to Comment on: Bardenheier et al. Variation in Prevalence of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Among Hospital Discharges for Obstetric Delivery Across 23 States in the United States. Diabetes Care 2013;36:1209–1214

We thank Dr. Grant (1) for his interest in our study (2). Dr. Grant pointed out that our analysis overlooked any discussion of the role of vitamin D in the variability of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) prevalence across states. Although we might have speculated about a possible role for vitamin D in the regional variability of GDM prevalence, we chose not to for several reasons. First, state-level data available from the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP) are insufficient to fully assess potential sunlight exposure before or during pregnancy …
Hypoxia and the hypoxic response pathway protect against pore-forming toxins in C. elegans

Pore-forming toxins (PFTs) are by far the most abundant bacterial protein toxins and are important for the virulence of many important pathogens. As such, cellular responses to PFTs critically modulate host-pathogen interactions. Although many cellular responses to PFTs have been recorded, little is understood about their relevance to pathological or defensive outcomes. To shed light on this important question, we have turned to the only genetic system for studying PFT-host interactions—Caenorhabditis elegans intoxication by Crystal (Cry) protein PFTs. We mutagenized and screened for C. elegans mutants resistant to a Cry PFT and recovered one mutant. Complementation, sequencing, transgenic rescue, and RNA interference data demonstrate that this mutant eliminates a gene normally involved in repression of the hypoxia (low oxygen response) pathway. We find that up-regulation of the C. elegans hypoxia pathway via the inactivation of three different genes that normally repress the pathway results in animals resistant to Cry PFTs. Conversely, mutation in the central activator of the hypoxia response, HIF-1, suppresses this resistance and can result in animals defective in PFT defenses. These results extend to a PFT that attacks mammals since up-regulation of the hypoxia pathway confers resistance to Vibrio cholerae cytolysin (VCC), whereas down-regulation confers hypersusceptibility. The hypoxia PFT defense pathway acts cell autonomously to protect the cells directly under attack and is different from other hypoxia pathway stress responses. Two of the downstream effectors of this pathway include the nuclear receptor nhr-57 and the unfolded protein response. In addition, the hypoxia pathway itself is induced by PFT, and low oxygen is protective against PFT intoxication. These results demonstrate that hypoxia and induction of the hypoxia response protect cells against PFTs, and that the cellular environment can be modulated via the hypoxia pathway to protect against the most prevalent class of weapons used by pathogenic bacteria.
Development of power wheelchair chin-operated force-sensing joystick

An chin-operated force sensing powered wheelchair joystick was developed. Because of stick displacement of conventional position joystick, it is difficult for the chin-operated wheelchair users to operate a powered wheelchair. Compared to the conventional position sensing joystick, people using a chin-operated force sensing joystick do not need to move their head quickly and accurately. They just need to give a little different direction force to the joystick stick. The force sensing joystick shaft is made of case hardened steel, the area for strain gages was machined flat. The length and diameter of the shaft was designed to exhibit a strain response in the linear operating range of the strain gauges. The forces needed to control a powered wheelchair is 0.2/spl sim/0.8 pounds. The hardware and software design method for the chin-operated force sensing joystick were introduced in this paper.
An Extensive Evaluation of Filtering Misclassified Instances in Supervised Classification Tasks.

Removing or filtering outliers and mislabeled instances prior to training a learning algorithm has been shown to increase classification accuracy. A popular approach for handling outliers and mislabeled instances is to remove any instance that is misclassified by a learning algorithm. However, an examination of which learning algorithms to use for filtering as well as their effects on multiple learning algorithms over a large set of data sets has not been done. Previous work has generally been limited due to the large computational requirements to run such an experiment, and, thus, the examination has generally been limited to learning algorithms that are computationally inexpensive and using a small number of data sets. In this paper, we examine 9 learning algorithms as filtering algorithms as well as examining the effects of filtering in the 9 chosen learning algorithms on a set of 54 data sets. In addition to using each learning algorithm individually as a filter, we also use the set of learning algorithms as an ensemble filter and use an adaptive algorithm that selects a subset of the learning algorithms for filtering for a specific task and learning algorithm. We find that for most cases, using an ensemble of learning algorithms for filtering produces the greatest increase in classification accuracy. We also compare filtering with a majority voting ensemble. The voting ensemble significantly outperforms filtering unless there are high amounts of noise present in the data set. Additionally, we find that a majority voting ensemble is robust to noise as filtering with a voting ensemble does not increase the classification accuracy of the voting ensemble.
ECONOMIC TRENDS AND LOCATION PATTERNS OF WOMEN HIGH-TECH ENTREPRENEURS

This paper examines economic trends and spatial location patterns for female high-technology entrepreneurs in four U.S. regions. The results show that women entrepreneurs are more likely to start firms in female-typed high-tech sectors than in male-typed high-tech sectors. Female-typed high-tech firms are smaller and less profitable than their male-typed counterparts. The examination of intrametropolitan location patterns of women-owned high-tech firms revealed a tilt towards the suburbs. The male-typed high-tech firms tend to cluster in regional high-tech corridors thereby taking advantage of important resources and localization economies. The findings confirm previous studies about the female nature of women’s business ownership.
Causation and Uncertainty: Making Connections in a Time of Change

This paper considers how tort law should respond to scientific developments that improve our ability to connect toxic exposure to changes in human health. Starting from a normative position that encourages proof of traditional sine qua non causation, the paper suggests an allocation of cases between the tort system and legislatively-created compensation programs. With regard to the latter, the paper sets out guidelines that lawmakers can use when deciding whether to replace tort law. With regard to the former, the paper divides its recommendations into two categories, one for cases where plaintiffs have existing clinical symptoms of disease, and another where plaintiffs have only an increased risk of disease. Recognizing the gray area that exists between these two groups, the paper proposes burdens consistent with traditional causation rules to serve tort law's underlying goals.
Downscaling surface wind predictions from numerical weather prediction models in complex terrain with WindNinja

Abstract. Wind predictions in complex terrain are important for a number of applications. Dynamic downscaling of numerical weather prediction (NWP) model winds with a high-resolution wind model is one way to obtain a wind forecast that accounts for local terrain effects, such as wind speed-up over ridges, flow channeling in valleys, flow separation around terrain obstacles, and flows induced by local surface heating and cooling. In this paper we investigate the ability of a mass-consistent wind model for downscaling near-surface wind predictions from four NWP models in complex terrain. Model predictions are compared with surface observations from a tall, isolated mountain. Downscaling improved near-surface wind forecasts under high-wind (near-neutral atmospheric stability) conditions. Results were mixed during upslope and downslope (non-neutral atmospheric stability) flow periods, although wind direction predictions generally improved with downscaling. This work constitutes evaluation of a diagnostic wind model at unprecedented high spatial resolution in terrain with topographical ruggedness approaching that of typical landscapes in the western US susceptible to wildland fire.
This is not a threat: Conspiracy For Good

In the summer of 2010, the pervasive game Conspiracy For Good, conceived by Tim Kring and sponsored by Nokia, pitted players against the fictional Blackwell Briggs, a global corporation bent on using a private security force and CCTV network to surveil British citizens in the name of fighting crime and terrorism. In the game, players were recruited to join a ‘conspiracy for good’, in which socially responsible individuals organized to thwart the villainous corporation's proposed overreach. In this article, I explore Conspiracy For Good's potential to define and orient the subjectivities of its players, and in particular to place in its players in specific relationships to surveillant practices. The game scenario identifies surveillance as troublesome in the hands of the overtly malevolent Blackwell Briggs, but simultaneously a powerful tool for resistance of corporate overreach in the hands of consumers. By positioning game sponsor Nokia on the side of right in the game's melodramatic central conflict bet...
Ti - Substituted Mesoporous Molecular Sieves for Catalytic Oxidation of Large Aromatic Compounds Prepared by Neutral Templating Route

A new synthesis route to open framework mesostructures based on H-bonding and self-assembly between neutral primary amine surfactants (S°) and neutral inorganic precursors (I°) has been used to prepare hexagonal mesoporous silicas containing site isolated titanium centers. These new titanosilicates, designated Ti-HMS, exhibit exceptional catalytic reactivity for the oxidation of substrates too large to access the pore structure of conventional titanosilicates, such as titanium silicalite, TS-1. The catalytic properties of Ti-HMS materials for the peroxide oxidation of 2,6- di- tert-butylphenol are compared with those of microporous TS-1 and a mesoporous Ti-MCM-41 analog prepared by an electrostatic templating mechanism using a liquid crystal quaternary ammonium cationic surfactant.
Induction of the interferon system by various inducers.

SummaryStudies of the comparative induction of interference by virus, statolon, and interferon in mouse embryo (ME) and African green monkey kidney (AGMK) cell cultures were performed. The major portion of the interference induced by different viruses in AGMK was characterized as being interferonlike. In both cell systems resistance was observed to develop before appearance of detectable interferon. Decline of resistance after removal from ME cells of unadsorbed statolon and NDV was slower than after removal of interferon. Possible significances of these observations are considered.
The Technomechanics of Plains Indian Coiled Gambling Baskets

AbstractTwo principal types of basketry were produced on the Plains in historic times, the twill plaited burden baskets used by horticultural tribes and coiled gambling baskets that saw a wider distribution. Coiled baskets were used in a gambling game, played primarily by women, in which dice were tossed into a basket. Little information on these baskets has been published and collection information for museum specimens is typically very poor. Building on Weltfish’s (1930a) initial study, this paper presents additional data on over 80 Plains gambling baskets presently housed in U.S. museums and private collections. Archaeological, ethnohistorical, and technical information, including data from this analysis, supports a southern origin for historic Plains coiled and perhaps plaited basketry. Diffusion of technological features of basketry construction out of areas in northern Mexico and Trans-Pecos Texas likely began as much as 3,000 years ago and progressed more rapidly during the last 400 years. It is su...
Epidemic characteristics of HIV/AIDS among men who have sex with men from 2009 to 2013 in Changping district of Beijing

Objective To analyze the epidemic characteristics of human immunodeficiency virus / acquired immune deficiency syndrome(HIV / AIDS) among men who have sex with men(MSM) from 2009 to 2013 in Changping district,Beijing,China.Methods The data were obtained through the network reporting information system. The distribution of MSM transmission was analyzed. HIV testing and counseling information management system,based on the reasons for seeking consultation seeking consultation and HIV antibody test results to statistics MSM with HIV antibody detection rate. SPSS19.0 and Excel 2007 software were used for analysis. HIV antibody detection rate among the MSM was estimated based on the reasons for seeking consultation and the HIV antibody test results obtained from HIV testing and counseling information management system.Results Data from HIV / AIDS case reporting system showed that MSM transmission had become the main route of HIV transmission in Changping district.Compared with other routes of spreading,MSM transmission showed the following obvious characteristics:20 to 39 years olds(71.8%),having higher education background(have a college degree or above accounted for 57.1%),unmarried(75.4%),housekeeping / business services and students(accounted for 46.4% and 7.5%,respectively),with high mobility floating population(84.1%),testing and counseling(VCT)(34.5%),special investigations(20.6%) and having history of blood donation(5.6%).Data from HIV testing and counseling information management system indicated MSM HIV-antibody positive rate showing an increasing trend(χ2=14.531,P=0.006). Conclusion The proportion of HIV transmission among MSM was on the rapid rise from 2009 to 2013 in Changping district; MSM HIV-antibody positive rate increased year by year. Further promotion of condom use,carry out more systematic monitoring and behavioral intervention of MSM should be strengthened to curb the further spread of AIDS.
High temperature creep response of lead free solders

Lead free solder materials are susceptible to significant creep deformations in harsh high temperature environments including automotive, avionics, military, and oil exploration applications. In addition, dramatic degradations will occur in the creep responses of lead free solder alloys when they are exposed to long term isothermal aging during product applications at high temperatures. Such degradations in the creep compliance of the solder material are universally detrimental to reliability of solder joints in electronic assemblies. In this work, we have characterized the high temperature creep behavior of SAC405 (95.5Sn4.0Ag0.5Cu) lead free solder, which is the most creep resistant of the standard SACN05 alloys. In addition, we have studied the creep behaviors of two doped SAC solders, SAC_Q and Innolot, which have been previously shown to out-perform SAC405 in simple mechanical stress-strain tests at room temperature. Tensile specimens were formed in rectangular cross-section glass tubes using a vacuum suction process, and a water quenched (WQ) solidification profile was utilized to yield fine microstructures and the upper limits of the mechanical properties for each alloy. The samples were then aged for 10 days at room temperature to stabilize their microstructures. After aging, creep testing was performed at two different stress levels (10, 15 MPa) and several different extreme/high testing temperatures (T = 100, 125, 150, 175, and 200 °C). For each set of conditions, the creep performances of the three alloys were compared. The results showed that the doped SAC alloys were more resistant to creep at high temperatures. The creep rates of SAC_Q are roughly 50% of those for SAC405, while the creep rates of Innolot are roughly 33% of those for SAC405. It is likely that the dopants can significantly block the movement of dislocations and thus increase the creep resistance of these solders.
Discrete-Time Compensation Technique for Real-Time Hybrid Simulation

One of the challenges to perform Real-Time Hybrid Simulation (RTHS) test is to compensate time delay introduced by servo-hydraulic actuators. In the past decade, several compensators have been designed and successfully applied in RTHS to reduce actuators time delay. These compensators have shown great promises in tracking command signals with low frequency content. However, many dynamic testing applications require generating excitations with relatively high frequency contents. To address this need, the current study is to provide an optimal compensation technique which can allow hydraulic actuators to track inputs with higher frequency content. The feasibility of this method is proven both in numerical and experimental study.
Establishing a canine superficial pyoderma model.

Aims Pyoderma, predominantly associated with Staphylococcus pseudintermedius, is a common skin infection of dogs that typically requires long lasting treatments, complicated by increasing antimicrobial resistance. To investigate new treatment strategies, we aimed at establishing a dog model of pyoderma that closely mimics the natural disease. Methods and Results We inoculated six laboratory beagles with a methicillin-susceptible strain of S. pseudintermedius. One mL of e107, 108, 109 CFU ml−1 was topically applied onto clipped and tape stripped area of dog skin, which was then treated with a dermaroller (microneedle size: 500 μm) immediately after administration. Dogs were monitored daily, suspect pustules were cultured for S. pseudintermedius and evaluated by cytological and histopathological methods. After 24 h, all dogs developed papules and pustules at all three bacterial inoculation sites, which worsened over the next 48 hours. Cytological samples of all skin lesions revealed neutrophils with intracellular cocci. Histopathology confirmed subcorneal neutrophilic pustular dermatitis with intralesional cocci and acantholytic keratinocytes, consistent with superficial pyoderma. S. pseudintermedius was isolated from pustules of all dogs and confirmed to be the inoculating strain. The results were replicated in all dogs after a wash out period of six weeks. Conclusions These data demonstrate the feasibility of establishing a dog model of pyoderma. Significance and Impact of the study The new model can be used to evaluate novel prevention and treatment options for canine pyoderma. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Using a Simultaneous Prompting Procedure to Embed Core Content When Teaching a Potential Employment Skill

This investigation used a multiple-probe-across-participants design to examine the effects of using a simultaneous prompting procedure to teach four secondary students with mild intellectual disabi...
Bioelectronic neuromodulation of the paravertebral cardiac efferent sympathetic outflow and its effect on ventricular electrical indices

Background Neuromodulation of the paravertebral ganglia by using symmetric voltage controlled kilohertz frequency alternating current (KHFAC) has the potential to be a reversible alternative to surgical intervention in patients with refractory ventricular arrhythmias. KHFAC creates scalable focal inhibition of action potential conduction. Objective The purpose of this article was to evaluate the efficacy of KHFAC when applied to the T1-T2 paravertebral chain to mitigate sympathetic outflow to the heart. Methods In anesthetized, vagotomized, porcine subjects, the heart was exposed via a midline sternotomy along with paravertebral chain ganglia. The T3 paravertebral ganglion was electrically stimulated, and activation recovery intervals (ARIs) were obtained from a 56-electrode sock placed over both ventricles. A bipolar Ag electrode was wrapped around the paravertebral chain between T1 and T2 and connected to a symmetric voltage controlled KHFAC generator. A comparison of cardiac indices during T3 stimulation conditions, with and without KHFAC, provided a measure of block efficacy. Results Right-sided T3 stimulation (at 4 Hz) was titrated to produce reproducible ARI changes from baseline (52 ± 30 ms). KHFAC resulted in a 67% mitigation of T3 electrical stimulation effects on ARI (18.5 ± 22 ms; P Conclusion KHFAC applied to nexus (convergence) points of the cardiac nervous system produces a graded and reversible block of underlying axons. As such, KHFAC has the therapeutic potential for on-demand and reversible mitigation of sympathoexcitation.
The Impact of Demographics on Productivity and Inflation in Japan

Is Japan’s aging and, more recently, declining population hampering its growth and reflation efforts? Exploiting the demographic and economic variation in the prefectural data between 1990 and 2007, we find that aging of the working age population has had a significant negative impact on the total factor productivity (TFP). Moreover, prefectures that aged at a faster pace experienced lower overall inflation, while prefectures with higher population growth experienced higher inflation. The results give strong support to the notion that demographic headwinds can have a non-trivial impact on the TFP and deflationary pressures.
Decreasing Pica Attempts by Manipulating the Environment to Support Prosocial Behavior

It is well established in the literature that pica displayed by individuals with developmental disabilities is most likely to be maintained by automatic reinforcement. However, there is a need for additional research regarding interventions that emphasize skill acquisition by teaching individuals with automatically maintained pica, multiple alternative behaviors to reduce the occurrence of this behavior. For the current study, pica emitted by three participants with developmental disabilities was targeted for assessment and treatment. Results of a functional behavioral assessment, which included a functional analysis, showed each participant’s pica was maintained by automatic reinforcement. Treatment was individualized for each participant, but primarily focused on response interruption and redirection, as well as differentially reinforcing alternative behaviors such as discarding and vacuuming potential pica items. After thinning the schedule of reinforcement for each participant, treatment was generalized across settings and people. Overall, low rates of pica were maintained over time for all participants.
Chapter 6 - The Psychology of Construal in the Design of Field Experimentsa

Abstract In this chapter, we argue that good experimental design and analysis accounts for the notion of construal, a person's subjective interpretation of a stimulus, a situation, or an experimental intervention. Researchers have long been aware of motivations, such as self-presentation, profit seeking, or distrust, that can influence experimental participants' behavior. Other drivers of behavior include consistency, identity, social norms, perceptions of justice, and fairness—all factors that shape individuals' construal of the immediate situation. Experimental tools and interventions are similarly “construed” in ways that shape what participants are responding to. We review the logic and findings around the notion of construal and the ways in which considerations of construal should affect how experiments are designed and deployed so as to achieve a shared construal between participants and investigators. These considerations also apply to the replication and scale-up of experimental studies. We finally discuss how construals of the experimental hypotheses can influence investigators' construal of the data.
A Caribbean Remedy for Financially Sick N.Y. Hospitals & the Primary Care Shortage

Facing offshore competition, local medical schools have been lobbying the state Board of Regents, which supervises all educational activities in New York, for tighter limits on the use of state teaching hospitals for clerkships by offshore medical students. But New York needs students from the Caribbean medical universities. Graduates of Caribbean medical schools fill some of the most needed physician slots in New York State, and the monetary contributions of offshore schools are helping financially strapped teaching hospitals.
Low cardiac vagal tone index by heart rate variability differentiates bipolar from major depression.

Objectives: Major depressive disorder (MDD) and depression in bipolar disorder (BD) are often difficult to distinguish from each other. Autonomic nervous system (ANS) dysregulation is associated wi...
Efficacy of maternal and biological parameters at the time of diagnosis of gestational diabetes mellitus in predicting neonatal morbidity.

Abstract Objective Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is independently associated with an increased risk of maternal-fetal complications. Improved glycemic control allows reducing perinatal morbidity and mortality and, specifically, the risk of macrosomia and shoulder dystocia which are the most common complications associated with GDM. Nonetheless, a need for early antenatal predictor of neonatal morbidity in women suffering from GDM is required. The objective of the study was to evaluate the efficacy of different maternal, biological, and antenatal parameters at the time of diagnosis of GDM or perinatal variables as predictors of neonatal morbidity. Study design This was a prospective observational study recruited all pregnant women with diagnosis of GDM at first- or second-trimester in a tertiary care hospital from July 2014 to October 2015. Different antenatal parameters (maternal weight, weight gain during pregnancy, history of GDM, history of macrosomia, serum fructosamine, HbA1c) were obtained at the time of diagnosis of GDM. Mode of delivery was also analyzed. Neonatal morbidity was defined by at least one of the following criteria: preterm birth Results Two hundred pregnant women with diagnosis of GDM were included. The mean gestational age at the time of diagnosis of GDM was 22 ± 6 weeks. Insulin was required in 72/200 (36%) women for glycemic control during pregnancy. Neonatal morbidity occurred in 21% (n = 42). In the univariate analysis, neonatal morbidity was associated with nulliparity (50% compared to 32%, p = 0.03), induction of labor (36% compared to 27%, p = 0.03) and cesarean section (36% compared to 12%, p Conclusion This suggests that nulliparity was an efficient antenatal predictor of neonatal morbidity at the time of diagnosis of GDM. Cesarean section was also associated with neonatal morbidity in women with GDM.
Top k Memory Candidates in Memory Networks for Common Sense Reasoning.

Successful completion of reasoning task requires the agent to have relevant prior knowledge or some given context of the world dynamics. Usually, the information provided to the system for a reasoning task is just the query or some supporting story, which is often not enough for common reasoning tasks. The goal here is that, if the information provided along the question is not sufficient to correctly answer the question, the model should choose k most relevant documents that can aid its inference process. In this work, the model dynamically selects top k most relevant memory candidates that can be used to successfully solve reasoning tasks. Experiments were conducted on a subset of Winograd Schema Challenge (WSC) problems to show that the proposed model has the potential for commonsense reasoning. The WSC is a test of machine intelligence, designed to be an improvement on the Turing test.
Monolithically integrated erbium-doped tunable laser on a CMOS-compatible silicon photonics platform

A tunable laser source is a crucial photonic component for many applications, such as spectroscopic measurements, wavelength division multiplexing (WDM), frequency-modulated light detection and ranging (LIDAR), and optical coherence tomography (OCT). In this article, we demonstrate the first monolithically integrated erbium-doped tunable laser on a complementary-metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS)-compatible silicon photonics platform. Erbium-doped Al2O3 sputtered on top is used as a gain medium to achieve lasing. The laser achieves a tunability from 1527 nm to 1573 nm, with a >40 dB side mode suppression ratio (SMSR). The wide tuning range (46 nm) is realized with a Vernier cavity, formed by two Si3N4 microring resonators. With 107 mW on-chip 980 nm pump power, up to 1.6 mW output lasing power is obtained with a 2.2% slope efficiency. The maximum output power is limited by pump power. Fine tuning of the laser wavelength is demonstrated by using the gain cavity phase shifter. Signal response times are measured to be around 200 μs and 35 µs for the heaters used to tune the Vernier rings and gain cavity longitudinal mode, respectively. The linewidth of the laser is 340 kHz, measured via a self-delay heterodyne detection method. Furthermore, the laser signal is stabilized by continuous locking to a mode-locked laser (MLL) over 4900 seconds with a measured peak-to-peak frequency deviation below 10 Hz.
The Effect of Blur Upon Static Perimetric Thresholds

Emmetropes with no ocular disease were cyclopleged and corrected for cupola distance. Following the induction of from —2.5 to piano to + 10.0 diopters of spherical blur the subjects were tested on an Octopus 201 Automated Perimeter.
Through the Student's Eyes: "But I Don't Eat Sweets": The Puzzle of Patient Noncompliance.

A medical student's encounter with a woman who claims to not eat sweets but has diabetes highlights the need for a relationship of mutual understanding and responsibility between the physician and patient. Virtual Mentor is a monthly bioethics journal published by the American Medical Association.
Circulation to Joints and Associated Structures

This chapter deals with the anatomy of the blood supply and the normal and abnormal vascular responses of the synovial membrane and capsule of joints and with the circulation to tendons. The articular cartilage is without vessels and derives its nutrients by diffusion. (For comparable data on the bony elements of the joints, see Sections A and B, Chapter 3.)
Kant and conceptual semantics

I believe that Kant has a view of predication and truth that straddles the present divide between reference based (broadly Fregean) semantic theories and those theories (discussed by Michael Dummett and others) which base truth on "warranted assertability" in one form or another. And I believe that Kant inherited this view from the Leibnizian "conceptual-containment" theory of truth. Truth should be assigned, says Leibniz, "to the relationship amongst the objects of the ideas, by virtue of which one idea is or is not included within the other. 1 So, for him, semantics is based on ideas; it is a relation of conceptual inclusion. 2 But that conceptual arrangement is itself a relation among objects. As I said, I believe that Kant also takes truth both in a Fregean referential way and in a conceptualist fashion. And I shall suggest in what follows that this dual theory helps explain the delicate interaction in the work of both Leibniz and Kant among semantics, ontology and logic. But I shall also claim that Kant radically changes Leibniz's account of concepts and their relations. Indeed, I shall claim that he replaces Leibniz's conceptual inclusion model of truth with a semantics that is closer to Dummett's account of assertability, and that noting this revision will explain some hitherto anomalous Kantian points. There is, I know, an apparant anachronism in speaking of Leibniz and Kant as Fregean realists and as Dummettian anti-realists. I am, however, not bothered by this for two reasons. For one thing, the link that Dummett has explored between semantic anti-realism and intuitionistic logic can be very helpful in explaining some controversial Kantian themes and arguments. There is no anachronism in saying that Kant exploited insights and connections which we have begun to make rigorous only recently. But secondly, I do believe that the differences between Leibniz and Kant on the one hand and modern writers on the other are as important as the similarities.
Association Between Functional Impairment and Medication Burden in Adults with Heart Failure.

OBJECTIVES To determine whether the number of medications taken by adults with heart failure (HF) and impairment in activities of daily living (ADL)—a subpopulation in whom the risks of a high medication burden may outweigh the benefits—differs from the number taken by those without impairment in ADLs. DESIGN Cross‐sectional. SETTING National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES; 2003–2014), a cross‐sectional survey that produces national estimates of adults in the United States. PARTICIPANTS Adults aged 50 and older (mean 70) with self‐reported HF (N= 947; representing 4.6 million adults with HF in the United States. MEASURMENTS We assessed ADL impairment and medication count based on self‐report. ADL impairment was defined as having difficulty with or being unable to dress, feed oneself, or get in and out of bed. To determine the independent association between ADL impairment and medication count, we performed sequential Poisson multivariable regression analyses. All analyses were cross‐sectional in nature and accounted for the complex survey design of NHANES. RESULTS Mean medication count was 7.2, and 74% of participants were taking 5 or more medications (polypharmacy). In a multivariable model, ADL impairment was not independently associated with medication count. These findings were similar for those with 3 or more hospitalizations in the prior year, declining health status, and cognitive impairment. CONCLUSION After adjusting for confounders including comorbidity, we found that adults with HF and ADL impairment take as many medications as those without ADL impairment. This suggests that providers may not sufficiently consider functional impairment when prescribing medications to adults with HF and thus may unnecessarily expose individuals to risk of adverse outcomes. J Am Geriatr Soc 67:284–291, 2019.