cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Promoting comparative molecular studies in environmental health research: an overview of the comparative toxicogenomics database (CTD).

Promoting comparative molecular studies in environmental health research: an overview of the comparative toxicogenomics database (CTD)
Changes in intestinal electrical activity during ischaemia correlate to pathology

The gastrointestinal tract possesses an omnipresent electrical slow wave called the basic electrical rhythm (BER). It has been shown that the frequency of the BER falls during intestinal ischaemia. The correlation between changes in the BER and pathology that occur during acute ischaemia are not completely understood. To study this, the electrical activity of the ileum in 14 adult male rabbits was recorded during ischaemia. At baseline, 60, 120 and 210 minutes of ischaemia, segments of bowel were resected for histopathologic evaluation. The BER frequency was determined using the Fast Fourier Transformation (FFT) spectral analysis. The BER amplitude and FFT spectral power were also determined. The results showed significant decrease (p Keywords: Intestinal ischaemia, Basic electrical rhythm, Pathology. Resume L'artere gastrointestinal possede une vague electrique lente et omnipresente appelee rythme electrique normal (Basic Electrical Rhythm, BER). Il a ete demontre que la frequence du rythme (BER) descend pendant la deficience de sang dans l'intestin. La correlation entre les changements du BER et la pathologie qui se produit durant la deficience de sang accentuee n'est pas completement comprise. Pour etudier ceci, l'activite electrique de la partie intestinale de 14 cobayes males adultes etait relevee durant la deficience de sang. Des segments internes etaient examines a la baseline et a 60, 120, 210 minutes de la deficience et soumis a l'evaluation histopathologique. La frequence du BER etait determinee en utilisant la transformation rapide Fourier (Fast Fourier Transformation, FFT). L'amplitude du BER et le pouvoir spectral de la FFT etaient aussi determines. Les resultats ont montre une diminution signifiante (p West African Journal of Medicine 22(1) 2003: 1-4
Continuing Controversies in the Sociology of Gender

In little more than a decade, the study of gender has moved from the margins of social science to occupy an increasingly important position. No longer subsumed under the area of family studies, gender relations command growing attention in fields as diverse as work and occupations, stratification, social movements, and political sociology. More important, the analysis of gender now legitimately claims a field of its own. The reasons for gender's emergence as a distinct area of study are not obscure. Widespread social changes in the relations between women and men have transformed old assumptions about the inevitability of gender inequality into new questions about its causes, shape, and significance. Women's influx into academia has also brought these larger social developments "home." A diverse body of theory and research has replaced the once dominant but inadequate functionalist paradigm of "sex roles" fulfilling "instrumental and expressive functions." Theoretical diversity has subjected previously accepted beliefs to much needed debate, but it has also produced growing divi-
Pharmacokinetics of Morphine and Its Surrogates V:Naltrexone and Naltrexone Conjugate Pharmacokinetics in the Dog as a Function of Dose

Sensitive reversed-phase HPLC assays with electrochemical detection, developed to quantify naltrexone, 6β-naltrexol, and their conjugates in biological fluids, provided assay sensitivities of 2–14 ng/mL in plasma, urine, and bile. Plasma, urine, and bile were monitored in dogs after bolus administrations of 0.5 and 5.0 mg/kg iv naltrexone hydrochloride. Plasma–time data showed two sequential half-lives of 5 ± 1 (SEM) and 47 ± 5 min. Pharmacokinetics were dose-independent; total and renal clearances were 1043 ± 98 mL/min and 72 ± 11 mL/min, respec tively, with a similar renal clearance (85 ± 12) for the conjugate. The percentages of the dose excreted in the urine as naltrexone and its conjugate were 7 ± 1% and 58 ± 3%, respectively, with the remainder being excreted in the bile as conjugates. As much as 36% was collected as conjugate in the total bile of the bile-cannulated dog. There was no biliary secretion of unchanged naltrexone. The conjugate was apparently enterohepatically recirculated. 6β-Naltrexol is not a metabolite of naltrexone in dogs. Within the limits of analytical detection (2 ng/mL) neither 6β-naltrexol nor its conjugates appeared in any monitored biological fluids when such fluids were assayed quickly after sampling.
Bogoliubov quasiparticles, spinons, and spin-charge decoupling in superconductors

We show that, in the presence of Coulomb interactions, the charge of a quasiparticle in a fully gapped superconductor is a sharp quantum observable. It follows that the familiar Bogoliubov quasiparticles are neutral, spin-1/2 fermions. Since the current-carrying collective modes are spinless, charge and spin are carried by separate excitations in a superconductor. The quantum numbers of these quasiparticles are identical to those of a spinon in a ``resonating-valence-bond'' (RVB) superconductor. This supports the notion that a RVB superconductor is simply a strong-coupling version of a BCS superconductor. We describe an experiment that would directly verify the separation of charge and spin in a bulk superconductor.
Semiochemically mediated foraging behavior in beneficial parasitic insects

Chemical cues enable female parasitic wasps to locate the eggs, larvae, or other life stages of the insects in or on which they place their eggs. These chemical signals, or semiochemicals, may be produced by the hosts and/or by the plants on which the hosts feed. The composition of the chemical signal often differs with different species of hosts or with different plants. New evidence suggests that the wasps exploit semiochemicals emitted by plants in response to insect herbivore feeding. The wasps learn to respond to the different blends of chemicals that indicate the location of their hosts and they can be trained to respond to a specific odor blend. Thus, it may be possible to increase their effectiveness for biological control by conditioning them, prior to their release, to search for a target pest in
Dynamics of ice ages on Mars

Mars experiences much greater fluctuations in exposure to sunlight than the Earth does, because of larger variations in astronomical factors such as the tilt of its axis relative to the orbital plane. Climate change is accordingly more intense on Mars than on Earth. Norbert Schorghofer has now developed a climate model that accounts for the advance and retreat of the subsurface martian ice sheets over forty major ice ages and five million years. This explains the present distribution of subsurface ice on Mars. In addition, lessons learned from the long and relatively simple martian ice-age stratigraphy should help when it comes to interpreting the more complicated events here on Earth. Numerical simulation and modelling of the retreat and growth of ground ice on Mars demonstrates how the subsurface ice sheets could have evolved and ended up in the state we see them today, and also reveals that 40 major ice ages occurred on Mars over the past 5 million years Unlike Earth, where astronomical climate forcing is comparatively small, Mars experiences dramatic changes in incident sunlight that are capable of redistributing ice on a global scale1,2,3,4,5,6. The geographic extent of the subsurface ice found poleward of approximately ±60° latitude on both hemispheres of Mars7,8,9 coincides with the areas where ice is stable7,10,11. However, the tilt of Mars’ rotation axis (obliquity) changed considerably in the past several million years. Earlier work3,12 has shown that regions of ice stability, which are defined by temperature and atmospheric humidity, differed in the recent past from today’s, and subsurface ice is expected to retreat quickly when unstable11,12,13. Here I explain how the subsurface ice sheets could have evolved to the state in which we see them today. Simulations of the retreat and growth of ground ice as a result of sublimation loss and recharge reveal forty major ice ages over the past five million years. Today, this gives rise to pore ice at mid-latitudes and a three-layered depth distribution in the high latitudes of, from top to bottom, a dry layer, pore ice, and a massive ice sheet. Combined, these layers provide enough ice to be compatible with existing neutron and gamma-ray measurements7,8,9.
Atrial fibrillation in elderly patients with heart failure: convergence of two cardiovascular epidemics in the 21st Century

Atrial fibrillation and heart failure have been called the twin cardiovascular epidemics of the 21st Century. The prevalence of both conditions is increasing in the elderly and often the two conditions coexist in the same patients, leading to worse outcomes. Current data show that rate control and rhythm control are both reasonable strategies for the treatment of atrial fibrillation in heart failure patients. Emerging data suggest the beneficial effects of novel therapeutic approaches such as cardiac resynchronization therapy, and pulmonary vein isolation on left ventricular remodeling and functional outcomes. Anticoagulation remains a mainstay of therapy for stroke prevention in this high-risk population.
Practice patterns and management strategies for purulent skin and soft-tissue infections in an urban academic ED

Abstract Background Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is the most common cause of purulent skin and soft-tissue infections (SSTIs) in the Unites States. Little is known regarding health care provider management strategies for abscesses in the emergency department (ED). Understanding variability in practice patterns could be an important step in implementing evidence-based guidelines. Objectives The objectives of this study are to describe practice patterns for purulent SSTI in a single, urban, academic ED, including antibiotic selection and incision and drainage (I & D) technique, and to compare these practices with current evidence. Methods Prospective data were collected on a convenience sample of adults presenting to our urban, academic ED (annual volume, 65 000 per year) between June 2009 and May 2010. Characteristics of patients and their providers were collected as well as specific management strategies including use of irrigation, packing, and antibiotics. Results One hundred forty-five patients were enrolled. Most SSTIs were single (80.4% abscesses), most commonly on the extremities (29.8%). Both I & D and antibiotics were used 79.9% of the time, with the largest predictor for the addition of antibiotics being erythema more than 2 cm (odds ratio, 4.52; 95% confidence interval, 1.39-14.7); I & D technique varied by provider-type and experience. Providers suspected MRSA in 75% of cases, despite only 48% demonstrating MRSA on culture. Many patients received antimicrobials after I & D, even in those with 2 cm or less abscesses (57.5%). Conclusions Practice patterns vary significantly, especially antibiotic overuse, at least in this urban academic ED. Further study should be undertaken to evaluate factors that influence management strategies for SSTI.
Phylogeny of the grass family (Poaceae) from rpl16 intron sequence data.

DNA sequence data from the chloroplast noncoding rpl16 intron are used to address phylogenetic relationships among the major lineages of the grass family, with particular emphasis on the highly heterogeneous subfamily Bambusoideae and the basal lineages. Thirty-five grass sequences representing all six currently recognized major groups of the family and one outgroup sequence were analyzed using both parsimony and distance methods. The phylogenetic analyses indicated: (1) Puelia, a traditionally isolated bambusoid genus, is the most basal lineage in the BOP clade (Bambusoideae, Oryzoideae, and Pooideae); (2) the bambusoid clade is a sister group to the pooid clade; and (3) the monophyletic oryzoid clade is well separated from the bambusoid clade. The study further confirmed the recognition of two primary groups in the grass family: the BOP clade and the PACC clade (Panicoideae, Arundinoideae, Chloridoideae, and Centothecoideae); it also provided further evidence that the traditional subfamily Bambusoideae is highly heterogeneous and phylogenetically unacceptable. The data support Streptochaeteae, Anomochloeae, and Phareae as the most basal lineages among the extant grasses. Within the BOP clade, oryzoids and pooids are confirmed as two monophyletic clades, but the bambusoid clade, including only the woody bamboo tribe Bambuseae and the herbaceous bamboo tribe Olyreae, is relatively weakly supported. The study also indicated that the chloroplast noncoding region sequence data could be useful in phylogenetic analysis at relatively high taxonomic levels.
Photographing Byron's Hand

This essay investigates proto-photographer William Henry Fox Talbot's decision (in 1840) to photograph handwritten Romantic poetry at the dawn of the photographic age and why, in doing so, he turns to the final lines and signature of Lord Byron's Ode to Napoleon Buonaparte (1814). I explore the poem's publication history and the theoretical implications of photographing Byron's flourish while situating the ode in relation to Childe Harold's Pilgrimage (Canto III, 1816) and other poems. Both Byronism and photography empty and subvert what are traditionally characterized as hallmarks of Romantic identity (e.g., boundless autonomy, authenticity, etc.). Negative-positive photography emerges and defines itself partly by its engagements with what was becoming even during the period an outdated conception of Romantic identity. By better understanding the relationship between Byron's art and Talbot's science, we may more clearly comprehend how the medium of Romantic poetry participated in the birth of this era's ...
Optical Properties of Polymers: Model Calculations for Dinucleoside Phosphates

The optical properties (absorption, polarizability, circular dichroism, and optical rotatory dispersion) are calculated for models of dinucleoside phosphates using the time‐dependent Hartree theory with a simple free‐electron monomer model. Detailed results over the entire frequency spectrum have been obtained for a variety of dimer and polymer structures. The relation between the following conformational effects and the resulting polymer optical properties were determined: base stacking and unstacking, helical winding and unwinding, and changes in distance between monomer planes. In addition, several other optical effects were calculated: the relative contributions of nearest and nonnearest neighbors along an infinite helical polymer; the effect of band half‐width on the observable splitting; and the relation between monomer and polymer line shape. The calculated results predict reasonable quantitative values as well as the main qualitative features of the experimental dinucleoside phosphate and polyribo...
Constrained Stochastic LQC: A Tractable Approach

Despite the celebrated success of dynamic programming for optimizing quadratic cost functions over linear systems, such an approach is limited by its inability to tractably deal with even simple constraints. In this paper, we present an alternative approach based on results from robust optimization to solve the stochastic linear-quadratic control (SLQC) problem. In the unconstrained case, the problem may be formulated as a semidefinite optimization problem (SDP). We show that we can reduce this SDP to optimization of a convex function over a scalar variable followed by matrix multiplication in the current state, thus yielding an approach that is amenable to closed-loop control and analogous to the Riccati equation in our framework. We also consider a tight, second-order cone (SOCP) approximation to the SDP that can be solved much more efficiently when the problem has additional constraints. Both the SDP and SOCP are tractable in the presence of control and state space constraints; moreover, compared to the Riccati approach, they provide much greater control over the stochastic behavior of the cost function when the noise in the system is distributed normally.
Mechanism of HOx Formation in the Gas-Phase Ozone-Alkene Reaction. 1. Direct, Pressure-Dependent Measurements of Prompt OH Yields†.

The gas-phase reaction of ozone with alkenes is known to be a dark source of HOx radicals (such as OH, H, and R) in the troposphere, though the reaction mechanism is currently under debate. It is u...
Nonlinear evolution equations for surface plasmons for nano-focusing at a Kerr/metallic interface and tapered waveguide

Abstract Maxwell's equations for a metallic and nonlinear Kerr interface waveguide at the nanoscale can be approximated to a (1+1) D Nonlinear Schrodinger type model equation (NLSE) with appropriate assumptions and approximations. Theoretically, without losses or perturbations spatial plasmon solitons profiles are easily produced. However, with losses, the amplitude or beam profile is no longer stationary and adiabatic parameters have to be considered to understand propagation. For this model, adiabatic parameters are calculated considering losses resulting in linear differential coupled integral equations with constant definite integral coefficients not dependent on the transverse and longitudinal coordinates. Furthermore, by considering another configuration, a waveguide that is an M–NL–M (metal–nonlinear Kerr–metal) that tapers, the tapering can balance the loss experienced at a non-tapered metal/nonlinear Kerr interface causing attenuation of the beam profile, so these spatial plasmon solitons can be produced. In this paper taking into consideration the (1+1)D NLSE model for a tapered waveguide, we derive a one soliton solution based on He's Semi-Inverse Variational Principle (HPV).
Influence of carbon dioxide on coal permeability determined by pressure transient methods

Abstract The permeability of coal samples from Pittsburgh Seam was determined using carbon dioxide as the flowing fluid. The confining pressure was varied to cover a wide range of depths. The permeability was determined as a function of exposure time of carbon dioxide while the confining stress was kept constant. The porosities of the coal samples were found to be very low and most of the samples had porosities less than 1%. The permeability of these coal samples was very low—less than 1 μD. Since the objective of this study was to investigate the influence of CO2 exposure on coal permeability, it was necessary to increase the initial permeability of the coal samples by introducing a fracture. A longitudinal fracture was induced mechanically, and CT scans were taken to ensure that the fracture was present throughout the sample and that the sample was not damaged otherwise during the process. In this study, the permeability of coal was determined by using pressure transient methods. Two types of pressure pulses were used: A-spike and Sine-6 pressure transients. It was first established that the permeability of fractured coal samples did not change with exposure time when an inert gas (Argon) was used as the fluid medium in the experiments. However, the permeability of coal samples decreased significantly when carbon dioxide was used as the fluid medium. This reduction can be attributed to the coal swelling phenomenon. The results show that the permeability reduction in fractured coal samples can be over 90% of the original value, and the exposure time for such reductions can range from 1.5 days up to a week, typically about 2 days under laboratory conditions. The permeability decreased significantly with the increase in confining pressure. The higher confining pressure appears to close internal fractures causing a reduction in permeability.
Capture Efficiency of a Boat Electrofisher

Abstract Models for fish capture efficiency (catchability) using a boat-mounted AC electrofishing sampling protocol were estimated for warmwater fishes in Illinois lakes through a calibration process. Catchabilities were determined for 37 inshore zones in blocked enclosures or ponds and 5 large water bodies during fall or spring. The abundances of vulnerable fish populations were determined by census following draining or by treatment using rotenone or primacord of known catchability. Inshore catchabilities, based on a zone 0-13 m from shore, were strongly dependent on fish length (as a unimodal function), fish taxa, mean depth, and surface macrophyte cover. Under average environmental conditions, maximum catchabilities by taxon ranged from 0.0018 to 0.14 and ranked (highest to lowest) as follows: largemouth bass ? Micropterus salmoides, common carp Cyprinus carpio, crappies Pomoxis spp. in spring, shad Dorosoma spp., bluegill Lepomis macrochirus, green sunfish L. cyanellus, crappies in fall, freshwater d...
Distribution of allele frequencies and effect sizes and their interrelationships for common genetic susceptibility variants

Recent discoveries of hundreds of common susceptibility SNPs from genome-wide association studies provide a unique opportunity to examine population genetic models for complex traits. In this report, we investigate distributions of various population genetic parameters and their interrelationships using estimates of allele frequencies and effect-size parameters for about 400 susceptibility SNPs across a spectrum of qualitative and quantitative traits. We calibrate our analysis by statistical power for detection of SNPs to account for overrepresentation of variants with larger effect sizes in currently known SNPs that are expected due to statistical power for discovery. Across all qualitative disease traits, minor alleles conferred “risk” more often than “protection.” Across all traits, an inverse relationship existed between “regression effects” and allele frequencies. Both of these trends were remarkably strong for type I diabetes, a trait that is most likely to be influenced by selection, but were modest for other traits such as human height or late-onset diseases such as type II diabetes and cancers. Across all traits, the estimated effect-size distribution suggested the existence of increasingly large numbers of susceptibility SNPs with decreasingly small effects. For most traits, the set of SNPs with intermediate minor allele frequencies (5–20%) contained an unusually small number of susceptibility loci and explained a relatively small fraction of heritability compared with what would be expected from the distribution of SNPs in the general population. These trends could have several implications for future studies of common and uncommon variants.
A Comparative Study of Cognitive Retention Using Simulation-Gaming as Opposed to Lecture-Discussion Techniques.

Using simulation-gaming techniques to foster more active student participation in the learning process has increased in recent years. These techniques remain suspect, however, to many who believe that students' cognitive achievement and retention suffer from their use. Therefore, this study endeavors to compare the effect of simulation-gaming techniques with lecture-discussion techniques on students' cognitive achievement and retention of facts, concepts, principles. Other researchers have examined the effect of simulation-gaming on cognitive achievement and/or retention with mixed results. In a study involving eighth grade U.S. history students, Baker compared the effects of simulation with the textbook-discussion approach. He concluded that simulation proved more efficient than the textbook-discussion approach for teaching historical facts, concepts, and attitudes to junior high school students.' McKenney and Dill's study investigated simulation in the MBA curriculum at Harvard Business School. Their findings indicated that more important than simulation was emphasis faculty members placed on study topics with cognitive retention as the goal of instruction.2 Garvey and Seiler studied the effectiveness of different methods, including simulation, of teaching international relations to high school students. In their study, students exposed to simulation did not score as well as control group students in cognitive achievement at the end of
Puberty and Physical Self-Perceptions of Competitive Female Figure Skaters: An Interdisciplinary Approach

This study considered the interrelationships among biological maturation and its physical correlates, social physique anxiety, and appearance-related physical self-perceptions in 113 adolescent female figure skaters participating in solo (n = 73) or partner contexts (n = 40). Participants were interviewed about their menarcheal status, underwent a battery of anthropometric measurements, and completed the Physical Self Description Questionnaire and the Social Physique Anxiety Scale. Menarcheal status was a stronger correlate of physical self-perceptions than age. A combination of biological and psychological characteristics accounted for 25% of the variance in appearance-related physical self-perceptions. Younger, premenarcheal, ectomorphic skaters reporting lower social physique anxiety were more satisfied with their body fat and sport competence but reported lower self-esteem, global physical self-concept, and appearance scores. Skating context did not predict physical self-perceptions.
Continuous-wave subwavelength microdisk lasers at λ = 1.53 µm.

Subwavelength InGaAs/AlInAs microdisk lasers are demonstrated under continuous-wave optical pumping at a heat-sink temperature of 45 K. A 1.49 µm diameter, 209 nm thick microdisk lases in single-mode at a wavelength of 1.53 µm, which is identified as the whispering-gallery mode with the first radial mode number, the fifth azimuthal mode number, and a modal volume of 2.12(λ/n)3 according to our mode simulation.
Spermiogenesis and spermatozoon ultrastructure of Polydora neocaeca (Polychaeta: Spionidae) from Rhode Island

Summary The ultrastructure of spermatozoa and spermiogenesis in Polydora neocaeca is described. Most morphological features and measurements of cellular components of the spermatozoa are similar to previously studied members of the genus Polydora. However, early spermatids contain finely granular chromatin which becomes finely fibrillar in late spermatids and uniformly electron-dense in mature spermatozoa. Fibrillar chromatin morphology has not been reported within the Spionidae and may represent a species-specific trait or a previously unrecognized transient developmental process. Spermatozoa of Polydora neoceaca exhibit an elongate, cylindrical nucleus and a bullet-shaped acrosome that contains channels of electron transparent material. No microtubules are associated with nuclear elongation. The basal body of the axoneme occupies a short implantation fossa in the nucleus. The middlepiece contains 6–10 mitochondria closely aligned with the axoneme. Platelets, presumably carbohydrate storage bodies, are f...
Fetus in fetu. Rare cause of a lump in an adult’s abdomen

Fetus in fetu is a rare entity. The patient usually presents in childhood. A case in which the patient presented in adulthood, with a lump in the abdomen, is reported. Computed tomography findings were diagnostic of this condition and a prospective diagnosis could be made. Computed tomography also helped to differentiate it from mature teratoma.
Kohut's Vision and the Nuclear Program of the Self

Although Kohut made clear that the resolution of the selfobject transferences was to “release” the nuclear program of the self, self psychology has tended to emphasize the mobilization and resolution of those transferences to the relative neglect of the nuclear program of the self. However, one cannot assume that once the selfobject transferences are loosened, the nuclear self evolves. This article proposes that Kohut's technical strategy of interpretation and internalization are not well-designed for the realization of the nuclear self; and, therefore, an additional technical strategy relying on potential space is required to facilitate the realization of the nuclear program of the self. The claim is made that this process, which requires a shift in analytic stance, fulfills Kohut's vision of psychoanalysis as a means for the creation of an authentic self.
The Selective Exposure Self- and Affect-Management (SESAM) Model Applications in the Realms of Race, Politics, and Health

The present contribution aims to advance discussion toward theoretical and methodological shifts in the field by tailoring a media-effects model to selective exposure research. The first section reviews earlier theorizing and highlights media exposure motivations, conceptualizations of media user characteristics, and methodology with an emphasis on exposure measures. The second section develops the Selective Exposure Self- and Affect-Management (SESAM) model, which is based on the selective exposure paradigm and addresses the roles of the self, affect, motivations, and time. The third section illustrates applications of the model with analyses involving messages about race, politics, and health.
Effects of normal meals rich in carbohydrates or proteins on plasma tryptophan and tyrosine ratios

Background: The delivery of circulating tryptophan to the brain and its conversion to serotonin vary directly with plasma concentrations of tryptophan and inversely with those of other large neutral amino acids (LNAAs). Although carbohydrate-rich, proteinfree formula diets have been shown to elevate, and high-protein diets to depress, the tryptophan-LNAA ratio, few data are available about this ratio’s responses to actual meals. Objective: We determined whether carbohydrate-rich or proteinrich breakfasts, such as those Americans normally eat, produce substantial differences in the plasma tryptophan-LNAA ratio and in the corresponding ratio for tyrosine, the precursor of brain dopamine and norepinephrine. Design: Nine overnight-fasted subjects consumed, 3‐7 d apart, a carbohydrate-rich (69.9 g carbohydrate and 5.2 g protein) and a protein-rich (15.4 g carbohydrate and 46.8 g protein) breakfast. Blood samples collected at baseline and after 40, 80, 120, and 240 min were assayed for tryptophan, tyrosine, the 5 other LNAAs, and insulin. Results: The carbohydrate-rich and protein-rich breakfasts had significantly different effects on both the plasma tryptophan-LNAA and tyrosine-LNAA ratios (each P < 0.01). Among the 8 subjects who consumed both breakfasts, the median difference for tryptophan:LNAA was 54% (range: 36‐88%) and for tyrosine:LNAA was 28% (range: 10‐64%). Insulin concentrations rose significantly after the carbohydrate but not after the protein meal. Conclusions: High-carbohydrate and high-protein breakfasts similar to those Americans normally eat can cause substantial differences in the plasma tryptophan ratio and thus, probably, in brain tryptophan concentrations and serotonin synthesis. Such meals also change the plasma tyrosine ratio and may thereby modify catecholamine synthesis. Am J Clin Nutr 2003;77:128‐32.
Predicting Human Nucleosome Occupancy from Primary Sequence

Nucleosomes are the fundamental repeating unit of chromatin and comprise the structural building blocks of the living eukaryotic genome. Micrococcal nuclease (MNase) has long been used to delineate nucleosomal organization. Microarray-based nucleosome mapping experiments in yeast chromatin have revealed regularly-spaced translational phasing of nucleosomes. These data have been used to train computational models of sequence-directed nuclesosome positioning, which have identified ubiquitous strong intrinsic nucleosome positioning signals. Here, we successfully apply this approach to nucleosome positioning experiments from human chromatin. The predictions made by the human-trained and yeast-trained models are strongly correlated, suggesting a shared mechanism for sequence-based determination of nucleosome occupancy. In addition, we observed striking complementarity between classifiers trained on experimental data from weakly versus heavily digested MNase samples. In the former case, the resulting model accurately identifies nucleosome-forming sequences; in the latter, the classifier excels at identifying nucleosome-free regions. Using this model we are able to identify several characteristics of nucleosome-forming and nucleosome-disfavoring sequences. First, by combining results from each classifier applied de novo across the human ENCODE regions, the classifier reveals distinct sequence composition and periodicity features of nucleosome-forming and nucleosome-disfavoring sequences. Short runs of dinucleotide repeat appear as a hallmark of nucleosome-disfavoring sequences, while nucleosome-forming sequences contain short periodic runs of GC base pairs. Second, we show that nucleosome phasing is most frequently predicted flanking nucleosome-free regions. The results suggest that the major mechanism of nucleosome positioning in vivo is boundary-event-driven and affirm the classical statistical positioning theory of nucleosome organization.
Near-plastic threshold indentation and the residual stress in thin films

In recent studies, the authors used the Interfacial Force Microscope in a nanoindenter mode to survey the nanomechanical properties of Au films grown on various substrates. Quantitative tabulations of the indentation modulus and the maximum shear stress at the plastic threshold showed consistent values over individual samples but a wide variation from substrate to substrate. These values were compared with film properties such as the surface roughness, average grain size and interfacial adhesion and no correlation was found. However, in a subsequent analysis of the results, they found consistencies which support the integrity of the data and point to the fact that the results are sensitive to some property of the various film/substrate combinations. In the present paper, they discuss these consistencies and show recent measurements which strongly suggest that the property that is being probed is the residual stress in the films caused by their interaction with the substrate surfaces.
STUDIES IN ACROMEGALY III. THE ANAMNESIS AND SYMPTOMATOLOGY IN ONE HUNDRED CASES

This study is based upon an analysis of the 100 cases which were discharged from the Peter Bent Brigham Hospital with the diagnosis of acroinegaly, up to August 1, 1926. Nearly five times this number of patients with pituitary tumors have been studied here since the hospital was opened in 1913, but the 100 cases chosen for this analysis are those in which the acromegaly was paramount and unmistakable. We have purposefully avoided the inclusion of mixed types or borderline cases of dyspituitarism in which traces of acromegaly were discernible on histological or X-ray studies but which have become submerged in hypopituitarism.
Series resistance of devices with submicrometer source/drain areas

The source-drain series resistances of devices contacted by a local interconnection technology utilizing polysilicon strapped with selective CVD tungsten were measured and compared to predictions obtained using a theoretical model. Asymmetrical devices in which the local interconnections were intentionally misaligned to the gate were fabricated to study the effects of misalignment on device characteristics. Experiments indicate that the technology is quite forgiving to the misalignment between the gate and the local interconnection. >
Low Reynolds number motion of bubbles, drops and rigid spheres through fluid–fluid interfaces

The low Reynolds number buoyancy-driven translation of a deformable drop towards and through a fluid-fluid interface is studied using boundary integral calculations and laboratory experiments. The Bond numbers characteristic of both the drop and the initially flat fluid-fluid interface are sufficiently large that the drop and interface become highly deformed, substantial volumes of fluid may be entrained across the interface, and breakup of both interfaces may occur. Specifically, drops passing from a higher- to lower-viscosity fluid are extended vertically as they pass through the interface. For sufficiently large drop Bond numbers, the drop may deform continuously, developing either an elongating tail or enlarging cavity at the back of the drop, analogous to the deformation characteristic of a single deformable drop in an unbounded fluid. The film of fluid between the drop and interface thins most rapidly for those cases that the drop enters a more viscous fluid or has a viscosity lower than the surrounding fluids. In the laboratory experiments, bubbles entering a less viscous fluid are extended vertically and may break into smaller bubbles. The column of fluid entrained by particles passing through the interface may also break into drops. Further experiments with many rigid particles indicate that the spatial distribution of particles may change as the particles pass through interfaces : particles tend to form clusters.
Adoption of the sick role by prisoners: Report on a multi-functional experiment

Abstract The rights and obligations theoretically involved in the sick role are well known, and recently situational and institutional modifications in the theory have been suggested. In this research, we attempt to assess the extent to which prison inmates use the sick role for secondary gains rather than for acute illnesses. When the division of labor was restructured to include the option of lower levels of care for state prisoners, it was found that their desire for physicians' care decreased dramatically. Although total sick role enactment remained constant when alternative sick call services were made available, most inmates chose to have only symbolic encounters in the health care system rather than consulting with physicians at the sick call.
Identification of Free and Bound Amino Acids in Three Strains of Tetrahymena pyriformis using Paper Chromatography

SYNOPSIS. The free and bound amino acids of 3 strains of Tetrahymena pyriformis (variety 6) have been identified by filter paper chromatography. Twenty bound amino acids were qualitatively and quantitatively alike in each strain. The same 17 free amino acids were identified in all 3 strains; however, quantitative variations among the cultures were noted. Strain 002. an F1 progeny clone obtained from a cross between strains EU 6000 and EU 6001, exhibited a combination of parental characteristics. The F1 organisms resembled one parental strain, EU 6000, in the ratio of free arginine to alanine, and the other parental strain, EU 6001, in the ratio of free isoleucine to leucine. The possible genetic significance of these results is noted, and the value of chromatographic analysis as an aid to genetic study is discussed.
Endometrial Development and Adenogenesis in the Neonatal Pig: Effects of Estradiol Valerate and the Antiestrogen ICI 182,780

In the pig, appearance of endometrial glands between birth (postnatal day [PND] 0) and PND 14 involves development of estrogen receptor-alpha-positive (ER+) phenotype by, and increased DNA synthesis in, nascent glandular epithelium (GE). To determine whether ER activation is required for this process, gilts were treated daily with either vehicle, the antiestrogen ICI 182,780 (ICI), estradiol-17beta valerate (EV), or both ICI and EV. Treatments began on PND 0, before onset of adenogenesis, or on PND 7, after onset of gland proliferation. Uteri obtained on PNDs 7 and 14 (study one) or on PND 14 (study two) were weighed; uterine histology was evaluated; DNA synthesis in luminal epithelium and GE was characterized by determining 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) labeling index; and patterns of ER mRNA expression were evaluated in situ (study one). Gland genesis was inhibited by ICI, which decreased gland penetration depth by PND 14 in study one, both endometrial thickness and BrdU-labeling index in GE in study two, and increased stromal cell compaction in both studies. Uterotropic effects of EV included increased gland development and epithelial BrdU labeling and decreased stromal compaction. These effects were inhibited by coadministration of ICI. Treatments did not alter ER mRNA expression, which remained limited to stroma and GE. Data indicate that endometrial maturation and adenogenesis in the neonatal pig require expression and activation of a functional ER system.
The Art Education Philosophy of June King McFee and the Implications for Music Education

This article discusses the art education philosophy of June King McFee and implications of this philosophy for music education and music teacher education. There is much to be learned from other fields of study, especially the arts, which can be applied to music to expand current beliefs and practices. Basic tenets of this philosophy include a focus on the individual through cultural awareness; music experience; expressiveness and creativity; communication; relationships between student, teacher, and music; and the need for a comprehensive music education. Included is a discussion of the application of McFee's philosophy to music teaching as well as teacher education.
Urban landscape as mirror of ethnicity: trees of the South Plains

The literatures on urban forestry, environmental justice, and Marxist urban political ecology are considered through empirical attention to the localized racial and ethnic politics which spatially differentiate urban socio-natural landscapes. In the American Southwest, urban landscapes reflect a history in which Anglo Whites were able to distance themselves from spaces of production while gaining access to superior residences and environmental amenities in spaces of reproduction; ethnoracially marginalized Others were treated as necessary yet disfavored populations, thus constituting a segregated mode of production. In this study, we investigate the association between tree canopy cover and the location of urban ethnic minority populations with a focus on the arid Southern High Plains city of Lubbock, Texas. Using data from color infrared aerial photography and block-group demographic indicators from the 2010 US Census, we analyze the city’s arboreal landscape with a mix of methods—hierarchical regression...
Call-type matching in vocal exchanges of free-ranging resident killer whales, Orcinus orca

Previous sound recordings of resident (fish-eating) killer whale groups have revealed matrilineal groupspecific call repertoires and a strong tendency for calls of the same type to be produced in series. Vocal interactions between individual free-ranging animals, however, have remained unexplored because it has not been possible to identify signallers reliably with a single hydrophone. Here we link acoustic arrivals of calls on a towed hydrophone array with visual tracking of photo-identified individuals to ascribe calls to a focal animal when it was separated from other members of its matrilineal group by more than 35 m, and thereby out of visual range. We confirm that individual members of a matrilineal group share a repertoire of stereotyped calls, and we statistically examine timing of stereotyped calls produced by one individual relative to calls produced by other members of its group. Analysis of the intervals between stereotyped calls indicated that calls were produced in group bouts with a criterion interval of 19.6 s separating bouts. We were therefore careful to develop randomization tests that preserved call interval structure. Focal whales produced 36% of their calls within 5 s of a call from a nonfocal animal, four times more calls than expected by chance based upon a rotation randomization test. Consecutive calls produced by different individuals during group-calling bouts matched call type more than expected by chance. Vocal exchanges of stereotyped calls with type matching appear to be an important aspect of intragroup calling in killer whales, although the function of this calling behaviour remains to be explored.
Measuring change in health in general practice: a comparison of a simple transition question with the Nottingham Health Profile

Results. Levels of correlation between changes in NHP scores and the transition question were low, and for patients with chronic illness correlation was only moderate between the transition question and the general practitioner's assessment. The transition question was less sensitive to deterioration in health. Conclusions. Caution is required in the interpretation of findings from the use of simple transition questions that ask patients how they feel. Further evaluation of transition questions with different wording and format is required.
The spectrum of isolated congenital nasal deformities resembling the cleft lip nasal morphology.

OBJECTIVE To define the intrinsic (hypoplasia) and extrinsic (deformational) contributions to congenital nasal deformities and the potential of a carrier state for orofacial clefting. METHODS Retrospective case series. RESULTS The factors affecting 4 congenital nasal deformities are postulated after contrasting the patient's characteristics. CONCLUSIONS The spectrum of congenital nasal deformities includes those that resemble the cleft lip nasal deformity, but careful inspection is needed for proper classification. Classifying congenital nasal deformities can be difficult in part due to the highly variable normal range. The most minor form of the typical unilateral cleft lip nasal deformity is the microform cleft. The potential of an isolated cleft lip nasal deformity without obvious cleft lip has been previously suggested to represent a carrier state for orofacial clefting. Definitive genetic studies and continued anthropometric documentation in relatives of patients with orofacial clefts are needed if we are to uncover previously unidentified associations, and a potential carrier state.
Catfish stings in the United States: case report and review

One report of a catfish sting is presented and 30 additional reports from the English language literature are reviewed. All of the reports involve catfish native to the United States. Freshwater catfish appeared implicated in 14 of the reports, madtom catfish in seven and saltwater catfish in ten. Pain and inflammation attributable to mechanical trauma and envenomation commonly occurred. A portion of the stinging apparatus became embedded in seven cases. Complications included infection, nerve and tendon damage, dry gangrene and possible anaphylaxis. One patient with predisposing disease died after developing a severe infection. Treatment of catfish stings includes control of pain, removal of foreign material and the use of antibiotics. Comparative studies on the toxins and normal flora of native catfish could provide more precise guidelines for treatment of stings.
Mammogram Diagnostics via 2-D Complex Wavelet-based Self-similarity Measures

Breast cancer is the second leading cause of death in women in the United States. Mammography is currently the most eective method for detecting breast cancer early; however, radiological inter- pretation of mammogram images is a challenging task. Many medical images demonstrate a certain degree of self-similarity over a range of scales. This scaling can help us to describe and classify mammograms. In this work, we generalize the scale-mixing wavelet spectra to the complex wavelet domain. In this domain, we estimate Hurst parameter and image phase and use them as discriminatory descriptors to clas- sify mammographic images to benign and malignant. The proposed methodology is tested on a set of images from the University of South Florida Digital Database for Screening Mammography (DDSM). Keywords: Scaling; Complex Wavelets; Self-similarity; 2-D Wavelet Scale-Mixing Spectra.