cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evolution of the Lunar Network

NASA is planning to upgrade its network infrastructure to support missions for the 21st century. The first step is to increase the data rate provided to science missions to at least the 100 Mbps range. This is under way, using Ka-band 26 GHz, erecting an 18-meter antenna for the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter, and the planned upgrade of the Deep Space Network (DSN) 34-meter network to support the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST). The next step is the support of manned missions to the Moon and beyond. Establishing an outpost with several activities such as rovers, colonization, and observatories, is better achieved by using a network configuration rather than the current method of point-to-point. Another challenge associated with the Moon is communication coverage with the Earth. The Moon's South Pole, targeted for human habitat and exploration, is obscured from Earth view for half of the 28-day lunar cycle and requires the use of lunar relay satellites to provide coverage for the times when there is no direct view of the Earth. The future NASA and Constellation network architecture is described in the Space Communications Architecture Working Group (SCAWG) Report[l]. The Space Communications and Navigation (SCAN) Constellation Integration Project (SCIP) is responsible for coordinating Constellation requirements and has assigned the responsibility for implementing these requirements to the existing NASA communication providers: DSN, Space Network (SN), Ground Network (GN) and the NASA Integrated Services Network (NISN). The SCAWG Report provides a future architecture but does not provide implementation details. The architecture calls for a Netcentric system, using hundreds of 12-meter antennas, a ground antenna array, and a relay network around the Moon. The report did not use cost as a variable in determining the feasibility of this approach. As part of the SCIP Mission Concept Review and the second iteration of the Lunar Architecture Team (LAT), the focus is on cost, as well as communication coverage using operational scenarios. This approach maximizes use of existing assets and adds capability in small increments. This paper addresses architecture decisions such as the Radio Frequency (RF) signal and network (Netcentric) decisions that need to be made and the difficulty of implementing them into the existing Space Network and DSN. It discusses the evolution of the lunar system and describes its components: TDRSS, Earth-based ground stations, Lunar Relay, and surface systems.
Potential of Nanoparticles and Nitrates Released to Water from Photocatalytic Pavements

Heterogeneous photocatalysis for self-cleaning and air purifying construction materials, using titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles, is a promising and fast growing technology. Much of the focus of recent research has been concentrated on understanding the photodegradation benefits such as the reduction of nitrogen oxides. Few researchers have investigated the potential adverse effects due to application of photodegradation. Potential trade-offs include the adverse environmental impact from photodegradation intermediates, photodegradation end products, or TiO2 nanoparticles released to the environment either into the atmosphere or the water. As a result, potentially harmful compounds - TiO2 nanoparticles and nitrates - released to water from photocatalytic concrete pavements were measured. The amount of nitrates eluted to water was measured after 4.5 hours of photocatalytic oxidation (PCO) of nitrogen oxide (NOx) using environmental settings, which would provide the most NOx reduced and nitrates created. After 4.5 hours of photocatalytic activity, 8.984 μmols of nitrates were released to water accounting for 49% of the theoretical amount of nitrates created. In addition, the amount of the titanium element was measured using inductive coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). Titanium nanoparticles were not detected in any of the water samples.
Genetic Response of the Fowl to Exposure to Marek’s Disease

Abstract Genetic differences in response of three genetic stocks and their reciprocal crossbred progeny were studied following inoculation at one day of age with the JM Marek’s disease virus. There were marked differences among the pure breeds in respect to the general level of resistance as well as the response of specific tissues. A maternal effect was found to influence the incidence of individuals with one or more positive lesions regardless of location (P
Invasive cordgrass modifies wetland trophic function.

Vascular plants strongly control belowground environments in most ecosys- tems. Invasion by vascular plants in coastal wetlands, and by cordgrasses (Spartina spp.) in particular, are increasing in incidence globally, with dramatic ecosystem-level conse- quences. We examined the trophic consequences of invasion by a Spartina hybrid (S. alterniflora 3 S. foliosa) in San Francisco Bay (USA) by documenting differences in biomass and trophic structure of benthic communities between sediments invaded by Spar- tina and uninvaded sediments. We found the invaded system shifted from an algae-based to a detritus-based food web. We then tested for a relationship between diet and tolerance to invasion, hypothesizing that species that consume Spartina detritus are more likely to inhabit invaded sediments than those that consume surface algae. Infaunal diets were ini- tially examined with natural abundance stable isotope analyses and application of mixing models, but these yielded an ambiguous picture of food sources. Therefore, we conducted isotopic enrichment experiments by providing 15 N-labeled Spartina detritus both on and below the sediment surface in areas that either contained Spartina or were unvegetated. Capitellid and nereid polychaetes, and oligochaetes, groups shown to persist following Spartina invasion of San Francisco Bay tidal flats, took up 15 N from labeled native and invasive Spartina detritus. In contrast, we found that amphipods, bivalves, and other taxa less tolerant to invasion consumed primarily surficial algae, based on 13 C enrichment ex- periments. Habitat (Spartina vs. unvegetated patches) and location of detritus (on or within sediments) did not affect 15 N uptake from detritus. Our investigations support a ''trophic shift'' model for ecosystem response to wetland plant invasion and preview loss of key trophic support for fishes and migratory birds by shifting dominance to species not widely consumed by species at higher trophic levels.
Beat and metaphoric gestures are differentially associated with regional cerebellar and cortical volumes

Gestures represent an integral aspect of interpersonal communication, and they are closely linked with language and thought. Brain regions for language processing overlap with those for gesture processing. Two types of gesticulation, beat gestures and metaphoric gestures are particularly important for understanding the taxonomy of co-speech gestures. Here, we investigated gesture production during taped interviews with respect to regional brain volume. First, we were interested in whether beat gesture production is associated with similar regions as metaphoric gesture. Second, we investigated whether cortical regions associated with metaphoric gesture processing are linked to gesture production based on correlations with brain volumes. We found that beat gestures are uniquely related to regional volume in cerebellar regions previously implicated in discrete motor timing. We suggest that these gestures may be an artifact of the timing processes of the cerebellum that are important for the timing of vocalizations. Second, our findings indicate that brain volumes in regions of the left hemisphere previously implicated in metaphoric gesture processing are positively correlated with metaphoric gesture production. Together, this novel work extends our understanding of left hemisphere regions associated with gesture to indicate their importance in gesture production, and also suggests that beat gestures may be especially unique. This provides important insight into the taxonomy of co-speech gestures, and also further insight into the general role of the cerebellum in language.
IMP-Producing Carbapenem-Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae in the United States

ABSTRACT The emergence and spread of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) producing acquired carbapenemases have created a global public health crisis. In the United States, CRE producing the Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC) are increasingly common and are endemic in some regions. Metallo-β-lactamase (MBL)-producing CRE have recently been reported in the United States among patients who received medical care in countries where such organisms are common. Here, we describe three carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae isolates recovered from pediatric patients at a single U.S. health care facility, none of whom had a history of international travel. The isolates were resistant to carbapenems but susceptible to aztreonam, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and fluoroquinolones. The three isolates were closely related to each other by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and contained a common plasmid. PCR and sequence analysis confirmed that these isolates produce IMP-4, an MBL carbapenemase not previously published as present among Enterobacteriaceae in the United States.
Effect of addition protocol on mixing in miscible and immiscible polymer blends

The effects of the addition protocol are investigated for very-low-viscosity-ratio model miscible and immiscible blends consisting of two polyethylenes (PE) and polystyrene (PS)/polyethylene (PE), respectively, are investigated. Miscible and immiscible blends with a matched viscosity ratio of 0.003 are compounded using three different addition protocols: simultaneous solids addition; sequential solids addition; and sequential liquids addition. These protocols correspond to addition of a solid additive to the feed hopper of an extruder; addition of a solid additive into the melting zone in an extruder; and addition of a liquid additive into the melting zone of an extruder. Both of these blends are shown to exhibit phase-inversion-like behaviors using a simultaneous solids addition protocol, regardless of concentration. Using either of the sequential addition protocols results in macroscopic segregation of the minor-phase material to high-shear-rate regions of the mixer, delaying mixing. At long mixing times, however, all three protocols achieve a similar dispersed droplet morphology. Furthermore, the simultaneous solids addition protocol is shown to be the least energetically intensive, and the simultaneous solids requires the least amount of time of the three protocols to achieve maximum mixing torque for blends consisting of 20 wt% minor phase.
Motion-based robotic self-recognition

We present a method for allowing a humanoid robot to recognize its own motion in its visual field, thus enabling it to distinguish itself from other agents in the vicinity. Our approach consists of learning a characteristic time window between the initiation of motor movement and the perception of arm motions. The method has been implemented and evaluated on an infant humanoid platform. Our results demonstrate the effectiveness of using the delayed temporal contingency in the action-perception loop as a basis for simple self-other discrimination. We conclude by suggesting potential applications in social robotics and in generating forward models of motion.
Lipophilic impurity of phenol red is a potent cation transport modulator.

Previously, we described substantial alterations in the Na+ and K+ homeostasis of human skin fibroblasts following removal of fetal bovine serum (FBS). Herein, we report that FBS removal per se does not cause any cellular ionic changes unless a lipophilic impurity of commercial phenol red preparations is present. This substance accelerates 86Rb+ efflux four to seven times, causes a four to eight time increase in cellular Na+, and a 40–70% reduction in cellular K+ contents. FBS (10%) or albumin (0.8%) appears to bind the impurity thus inhibiting its action. The increased cellular Na+ and decreased K+ contents do not return to baseline within 4 hours following the removal of the phenol red extract. However, albumin completely reverses the cellular cationic changes that develop during a 2 hour exposure of the cells to the free substance. The reversibility of its action by albumin suggests that the substance exerts its effect on or within the cell membrane and not intracellularly. Among seven different cell lines tested the 86Rb+ efflux from, and the Na+-K+ contents of, COS-7 and Hs68 cells also responded to unpurified phenol red in a way similar to human fibroblasts. The amount of the phenol red contaminant is manufacturer dependent. As little as 0.5 μM phenol red, from one vendor, was sufficient to elicit response in the 86Rb+ efflux. Given that the impurity is unlikely to be more than a small fraction of phenol red, it seems to be a potent ionic transport modulator. Based on these results, the presence of commercial phenol red in serum-free growth or test media, including the increasing variety of chemically defined culture media, should be considered as a potential confounding factor in measurements that depend on intracellular Na+-K+ homeostasis. The findings of such earlier studies may need to be reconsidered if the cells were exposed to unbound phenol red. We recommend that, until the manufacturers further refine their product, phenol red be purified by ether extraction before its use. The evaluation of the potential physiologic or pharmacologic relevance of this potent cation transport modulator awaits its isolation. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Koiter’s Shell Theory from the Perspective of Three-dimensional Nonlinear Elasticity

Koiter’s shell model is derived systematically from nonlinear elasticity theory, and shown to furnish the leading-order model for small thickness when the bending and stretching energies are of the same order of magnitude. An extension of Koiter’s model to finite midsurface strain emerges when stretching effects are dominant.
Eric Vittoz and the Strong Impact of Weak Inversion Circuits

In a groundbreaking and now classic 1977 paper, Eric Vittoz and J. Fellrath meticulously characterized and developed models for devices operating in the weak inversion region, as well as a variety of circuit building blocks that could operate and exploit the exponential characteristics in this region. Their killer application -- the electronic watch -- employed techniques that are now used in a score of low-voltage, micropower applications, such as biomedical devices, hearing aids, pagers, sensor interfaces, motion detectors for pointing devices, and a variety of portable instruments. This tribute to Vittoz as an educator and industrial researcher is by Yannis Tsividis of Columbia University, an esteemed scientist and educator in his own right.
Powering up with indirect reciprocity in a large-scale field experiment

A defining aspect of human cooperation is the use of sophisticated indirect reciprocity. We observe others, talk about others, and act accordingly. We help those who help others, and we cooperate expecting that others will cooperate in return. Indirect reciprocity is based on reputation, which spreads by communication. A crucial aspect of indirect reciprocity is observability: reputation effects can support cooperation as long as peoples’ actions can be observed by others. In evolutionary models of indirect reciprocity, natural selection favors cooperation when observability is sufficiently high. Complimenting this theoretical work are experiments where observability promotes cooperation among small groups playing games in the laboratory. Until now, however, there has been little evidence of observability’s power to promote large-scale cooperation in real world settings. Here we provide such evidence using a field study involving 2413 subjects. We collaborated with a utility company to study participation in a program designed to prevent blackouts. We show that observability triples participation in this public goods game. The effect is over four times larger than offering a $25 monetary incentive, the company’s previous policy. Furthermore, as predicted by indirect reciprocity, we provide evidence that reputational concerns are driving our observability effect. In sum, we show how indirect reciprocity can be harnessed to increase cooperation in a relevant, real-world public goods game.
Once-per-cycle pegfilgrastim (Neulasta) for the management of chemotherapy-induced neutropenia

Filgrastim (r-metHuG-CSF) was approved in the United States in 1991 for use in decreasing the incidence of infection, as manifested by febrile neutropenia, in patients with nonmyeloid malignancies treated with myelosuppressive chemotherapy. Colony-stimulating factors such as filgrastim are a significant advance in the supportive care of patients with cancer. However, because of its short half-life, filgrastim requires daily dosing by injection to maintain its effects on the bone marrow. Pegfilgrastim (Neulasta; Amgen, Thousand Oaks, CA) is a longer-acting, self-regulating form of filgrastim created by the covalent linkage of a 20-kd polyethylene glycol molecule to the N-terminal of the filgrastim molecule. The molecular characteristics of pegfilgrastim result in a longer terminal half-life, making once-per-chemotherapy-cycle administration possible. The results from two randomized double-blind phase III clinical trials in patients with breast cancer treated with myelosuppressive chemotherapy showed that a single dose of pegfilgrastim provides neutrophil support comparable with that provided by an average of 11 daily injections of filgrastim. Pegfilgrastim has also been shown to be comparable to filgrastim in reducing neutropenic complications in patients treated with chemotherapy for lymphoma. Data from three clinical trials have been presented: a randomized controlled trial in elderly patients treated with CHOP (cyclophosphamide/doxorubicin/vincristine/prednisone) for relapsed or refractory non-Hodgkin's lymphoma; a randomized controlled trial in patients treated with ESHAP (etoposide/methylprednisolone/cisplatin/cytarabine) for relapsed or refractory lymphoma; and a study in patients with newly diagnosed non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. The safety profile of pegfilgrastim is comparable to that of filgrastim in the clinical settings studied to date. The once-per-cycle administration of pegfilgrastim may improve patient quality of life because it is less disruptive to patients and caregivers, and increase adherence because no doses are missed, thus further advancing the management of chemotherapy-induced neutropenia and its consequences.
Site-controlled, high density InAs quantum dots by nanoscale selective area epitaxy

High density, ordered arrays of InAs quantum dots by electron beam lithography and selective area epitaxy emitting in the 1.1µm range are demonstrated. The role of mask geometry on quantum dot nucleation is determined.
Bond-Integrity Testing of Sapphire Chips Mounted with Eutectic Preforms

The 3000-5000 A polysilicon film deposited on the back surface of a sapphire wafer during the polysilicon-gate deposition process is shown to provide a satisfactory bonding layer for eutectic mounting of silicon-on-sapphire (SOS) chips to gold-plated packages using Au-Si eutectic preforms, provided that the back-surface polysilicon film is maintained in the undoped state during subsequent wafer processing. N+doped polysilicon films provide less satisfactory bonding surfaces, passing all MIL-STD-883B environmental tests, but failing more severe tests which the undoped polysilicon films are shown to pass. Bare sapphire is shown to provide a surprisingly good bonding interface with Au-Si eutectic preforms giving MIL-STD-883B test results equivalent to the undoped polysilicon films and destructive-test results which were comparable to the n+ polysilicon films.
Weathering Trials of Amulet Cue-Lure and Amulet Methyl Eugenol “Attract-and-Kill” Stations with Male Melon Flies and Oriental Fruit Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Hawaii

Abstract Amulet C-L (cue-lure) and Amulet ME (methyl eugenol) molded paper fiber “attract-and-kill” dispensers containing fipronil were tested under Hawaiian weather conditions against Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillett) (melon fly) and Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) (oriental fruit fly), respectively. In paired tests (fresh versus weathered), C-L dispensers were effective for at least 77 d, whereas ME dispensers were effective for at least 21 d. Thus, C-L dispensers exceeded, whereas ME dispensers did not meet the label interval replacement recommendation of 60 d. Addition of 4 ml of ME to 56-d-old ME dispensers restored attraction and kill for an additional 21 d. This result suggested the fipronil added at manufacture was still effective. By enclosing and weathering ME dispensers inside small plastic bucket traps, longevity of ME dispensers was extended up to 56 d. Fipronil ME and C-L dispensers also were compared, inside bucket traps, to other toxicants: spinosad, naled, DDVP, malathion, and permethrin. A...
Esteban Echeverría y la liquidación del contrato social

La critica politica revolucionaria de Esteban Echeverria indudablemente se basa en el ideal liberal de sujetos racionales y cultos, quienes libremente eligen establecer lazos fraternales entre si para formar un pueblo unitario y nacional. Sin embargo, este ideal nunca se materializa en los espacios de los mundos que Echeverria habita (sean estos reales o ficticios). En lugar de solamente historizar al autor, el presente ensayo lee su obra desde el punto de vista geografico del espacio y el lugar. Esta perspectiva revela un cuerpo de escrituras que, a pesar de centrarse en el sujeto liberal, ofrece un catalogo de diversas formas de la no-subjetividad. A contrapelo de las intenciones del autor, su obra inconscientemente permite la entrada a la capital de toda una inundacion de fuerzas, tanto humanas como no humanas, en un momento clave en la formacion del orden juridico constitucional en la Argentina.
The Use of DNA Hybridization for the Identification of Pathogenic Bacteria

The applications of the newer methods of gene cloning and DNA biochemistry have provided those of us interested in infectious diseases with powerful new alternatives for the study of microbial pathogenicity. The availability of cloned genetic sequences specific for a particular microbial pathogen can be exploited in a number of ways. Genes from pathogens cloned into a harmless microorganism, such as Escherichia coli K-12, can be amplified, and the gene product may be produced many times more than under usual cultivation conditions. The impact of recombinant DNA methods upon the study of viruses and noncultivable bacteria is obvious. We are just beginning to see the practical application of gene cloning methods as a means to study the fundamental pathogenic mechanisms of medically important microorganisms and as a rationale for the production of a new generation of safe and effective vaccines. The availability of cloned genetic sequences specific for a particular microbial pathogen can also be exploited as a diagnostic reagent. Hence, nucleic acid hybridization, so long the research tool of the molecular biologist, may now find its way into the diagnostic laboratory.
van der Waals bilayer energetics: Generalized stacking-fault energy of graphene, boron nitride, and graphene/boron nitride bilayers

The structure, thermodynamics, and band gaps in graphene/graphene, boron nitride/boron nitride, and graphene/boron nitride bilayers are determined using several different corrections to first-principles approaches to account for the dispersion interactions. While the density functional dispersion correction, van der Waals density functional, meta--generalized gradient approximation, and adiabatic fluctuation-dissipation theorem methods (ACFDT-RPA) all lead to qualitatively similar predictions, the best accuracy is obtained through the application of the computationally expensive ACFDT-RPA method. We present an accurate ACFDT-RPA-based method to determine bilayer structure, generalized stacking-fault energy (GSFE), and band gaps as a function of the relative translation states of the two layers. The GSFE data clearly identify all of the stable and metastable bilayer translations as well as the barriers between them. This is key for predicting the sliding, formation, and adhesion energies for homo- and hetero-bilayers, as well as for the determination of defects in such multilayer van der Waals systems. These, in turn, provide an accurate approach for determining and manipulating the spatial variation of electronic structure.
In Vivo Labeled Red Cells in the Detection of Pericardial Effusion

Diagnosis of pericardial effusion can sometimes be difficult. We have devised a simple, fast, and effective method for diagnosis of pericardial effusion.
Stability of furosemide and chlorothiazide stored in syringes

Purpose The results of a study to determine the stability of solutions of furosemide and chlorothiazide over 96 hours are reported. Methods Chlorothiazide and furosemide were diluted in 5% dextrose USP to final concentrations of 10 and 1 mg/mL, respectively, and combined. In addition, sample solutions of chlorothiazide in dextrose, furosemide in dextrose, and dextrose alone were prepared for control purposes. The resulting solutions were analyzed immediately after preparation and 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours later using a liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectroscopy (LC-MS/MS) system with an electrospray ionization source. Mixtures and samples were diluted 10,000-fold prior to LC-MS/MS analysis so that concentrations of both drugs would be within the assay’s linear range of detection. Results LC-MS/MS analysis showed that chlorothiazide typically eluted at 2.6 minutes and furosemide at 4.8 minutes. Each compound was degraded by exposure to strong ultraviolet light in a time-dependent manner. Both unmixed and mixed solutions retained over 90% of the original concentrations of chlorothiazide and furosemide for up to 96 hours. Furosemide and chlorothiazide are commonly used concomitantly to maximize diuresis in pediatric patients; the study findings suggest that solutions of furosemide and chlorothiazide can be combined in the same syringe without loss of stability for up to 96 hours. Conclusion Solutions of chlorothiazide (10 mg/mL) and furosemide (1 mg/mL) stored either separately or together in polypropylene syringes remained stable for up to 96 hours at room temperature and protected from light.
Ovarian cancer mimics: how to avoid being fooled by extraovarian pelvic masses

In our clinical experience, pelvic masses from a variety of anatomic sites may be misdiagnosed as ovarian cancer. This tendency to overdiagnose a rare disease probably reflects both its protean imaging appearance and concern for its potential morbidity and mortality. However, radiologists can better serve patients with an analytic approach to the anatomic and tissue features of pelvic masses. We review a range of ovarian cancer mimics and illustrate the radiologic reasoning enabling correct diagnosis.
Where Roads Will Never Reach: Wilderness and Its Visionaries in the Northern Rockies. By Frederick H. Swanson.

Where Roads Will Never Reach: Wilderness and Its Visionaries in the Northern Rockies . By Frederick H. Swanson. (Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 2015. xix + 367 pp. Illustrations, maps, notes, bibliography, index. $24.95, paper.) W here Roads Will Never Reach is a detailed look at the process by which wide swaths of land in the Northern Rockies became official wilderness areas in the second half of the twentieth century. Frederick H. Swanson identifies this region as an early test case for the Wilderness Society and gives credit to the many local activists who repeatedly opposed the U.S. Forest Service’s (USFS) development plans for roadless lands by galvanizing support for wilderness designations. Some of these … shebrooks{at}ucdavis.edu
Factors Affecting Host Recognition and Acceptance in the Egg Parasitoid Telenomus heliothidis (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae)

The solitary egg parasitoid Telenomus heliothidis Ashmead recognized its host, the eggs of Heliothis virescens (F.), (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), by both chemical and physical cues. T. heliothidis only accepted hosts between 0.50 and 0.63 mm in diameter, with spherical hosts preferred to spheroidal hosts. Color was not a critical factor in host recognition by T. heliothidis . A minimal area of the host had to be coated by a recognition kairomone to be accepted even if the host were properly shaped. Recognition of both host shape and odor appeared to be by the antennae. T. heliothidis showed a preference for younger host eggs. This preference was attributed to the change in shape of older H. virescens eggs.
Dielectric Properties Dependence on Residual Sodium and Potassium Content in Silica Xerogels

As sodium and potassium are removed from silica xerogels through leaching, the dielectric properties of gels are significantly altered. Work has been done to relate the magnitude of the change in alkali ion content to the change in dielectric properties. Gels were prepared through a colloidal processing method and leached in ammonium nitrate, nitric acid, and water to reduce, to different degrees, the content of sodium and potassium ions. Atomic absorption (AA) was used to determine the actual sodium and potassium content of each gel after its capacitance and dielectric loss were measured as a function of frequency. All electrical measurements were carried out at room temperature and constant humidity. At least three samples for each leaching treatment were evaluated. Data obtained shows a definite relationship between the sodium and potassium content measured by AA and the dielectric constant.
Estimation of absolute numbers of adult lone star ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) by dry ice sampling

A mark/recapture technique using CO2-baited traps (dry ice) was used to estimate populations of adult lone star ticks, Amblyomma americanum (L.), in natural oak/hickory wooded habitat. From 1982 to 1984 estimated populations of adult A. americanum ranged from 1,335 to 4,110 per ha in two different areas of southeastern Oklahoma. Based on calculated and estimated trap efficiencies, a catch of one adult A. americanum per hour of sampling represents a mean (±SEM) density of 397 ± 71 ticks per ha. The density estimates calculated in these studies are valuable necessities for modeling efforts and the evaluation of tick population management.
The Empirical Research on the Present Situation of Entrepreneurs' Innovation Decision Power

Entrepreneurs' innovation decision power includs 5-dimensional: question discovery ability,information conformity ability,super association ability,independent power of thought,plan ability to select.The findings indicated that the overall level of entrepreneurs' innovation decision power is not high.Comparatively speaking,the score of independent power of thought is higher,the score of information conformity ability is the lowest.Classified comparison results show that the information conformity ability of feminine entrepreneur is better than the masculine entrepreneurs'.Entrepreneurs aged from 31 to 40,whose super association ability are better than those other aged.Entrepreneurs who have high school record have better super association ability than those who have only low school record.Entrepreneurs work in state-owned enterprise have better super association ability than those who work in other nature enterprises.
Application of Mini Steel Tub Piles+Anchorage and Shotcrete Support in Support of a Foundation Pit,Huangshi City

Based on a description of example on engineering design of foundation pit support,the paper illustrates supporting design suit measures to local conditions in special conditions.The right combination is chosen.As a result,mini steel tub piles+anchorage and shotcrete support scheme in narrow space is an effective way.
Correcting and postoperative management of congenital tracheal stenosis in children

Objective: To summarize correcting and postoperative management experience of congenital tracheal stenosis(CTS) in children.Methods: From May 2006 to January 2011,12 cases of pediatric with CTS were treated in our hospital,7 males and 5 females,aged 22 days to 13 years,mean(5.0±2.1) years,weight of 2.1-48.0 kg,average weight(10.2±3.7) kg.According to Grundfast principle,periodⅠCTS was in 1 case;4 cases of period Ⅱ;5 cases of period Ⅲ;2 cases of period Ⅳ.Malformations,including 6 cases of pulmonary artery sling(PAS),patent ductus arteriosus(PDA) 5 cases,atrial septal defect(ASD) 4 cases,ventricular septal defect(VSD) 6 cases,moderate pulmonary stenosis(PS) 1 case,1 case of tetralogy of fallot(TOF) disease,pulmonary hypertension(PH) in 2 cases,3 cases of double outlet right ventricle(DORV),dual-chamber right ventricle(DCRV) in 3 cases,2 cases of persistent left superior vena cava(LSVC).Using median sternotomy incision,assisted correction of CTS was corrected under cardiopulmonary bypass,and other malformations were repaired at same period.Results: Tracheal anastomosis was in 5 cases,slide tracheoplasty in 3 cases,free tracheal autologous graft surgery in 3 cases,and pericardial patch graft in 1 case.Operative death was in 1 case,and mortality rate was 8.3%.The main complications were hypoxemia(7 cases) and low cardiac output(6 cases).After operation,ultrafiltration was in 7 cases,4 cases of delayed sternal closure,mechanical ventilation in 9 cases,5 cases of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation(ECMO),intravenous inotropic drugs in 4 cases.In the 6 months to 2 years follow-up,mild bronchial stenosis was in 2 postoperative children,heart and lung function were good.Conclusion: Operative effects of one stage corecting CTS with malformations are good.Management of postoperative hypoxemia and low cardiac output is key to reducing mortality after corecting CTS,including modified ultrafiltration,delayed sternal closure,ECMO and preventive application of cardiac drugs.In addition,strengthening basic care,nutritional support,prevention of infection are also very important.
A Clinical Epidemiology Analysis of 4288 Grade III Rabies Exposure Cases

Objective This study aims to analyze grade Ⅲ rabies epidemiological characteristics in Pingdingshan City in 2012 in order to provide a basis for the effective control of the disease. Methods A total of 4288 cases of grade Ⅲ rabies exposed individuals were sorted and retrospectively analyzed using descriptive epidemiological method. Results The 4288 cases of grade Ⅲ rabies were mainly from the city's three areas, with a male to female ratio of 1.12: 1. The 0~10 year age group had the highest risk, accounting for 28.59% of the total cases, while the 20~year age group also had a significantly high risk. The injury peaked in July and August,accounting for 24.56%(1053/4288). Only 7.39%(317/4288) received clinical care within 2h of injury and 960(22.39%) cases used passive rabies immunization. Conclusion Management of animals and education of rabies prevention and treatment should be strengthened. Rural area remains the focus of rabies prevention and treatment in Pingdingshan city.
Physical Properties of Red Cells as Related to Effects in Vivo. I. Increased Rigidity of Erythrocytes as Measured by Viscosity of Cells Altered by Chemical Fixation, Sickling and Hypertonicity

Changes in the physical properties of red cells were produced by chemical fixation, the sickling process, by suspension in hypertonic sodium chloride and by a combination of hypertonicity and sickling. These resulted in a loss of deformability or increased rigidity of cells as indicated by a rise in viscosity of cell suspensions and hemolysates, more Newtonian flow, diminished filtration of cell suspensions through microfilters, resistance to packing by centrifugal force and abnormal susceptibility to mechanical trauma. The results of these studies show that in hypertonic sodium chloride all cells have an increased viscosity and are more rigid. The relationship of these physical properties to the behavior of cells in the microcirculation is discussed for normal subjects and those with sickle cell disease, including the effect on the kidney.
Über die Tränkbarkeit von vier chilenischen Holzarten in Abhängigkeit von Standort und Holzeigenschaften

An Probenserien von je 12 Baumen aus drei Wuchsgebieten wurde die Trankbarkeit der vier chilenischen Wirtschaftsholzarten Coigue (Nothofagus dombeyi), Tepa (Laurelia philippiana). Ulmo (Eucryphia cordifolia) und Olivillo (Aextoxicon punctatum) mit kalten wasrigen Losungen sowie mit heisem Steinkohlentecrol an kleinen Proben untersucht. Die Holzarten erwiesen sich, mit Ausnahme von Coigue-Kernholz, mit Aufnahmemengen von 500–700 kg/m3 in axialer Richtung als gut trankbar. Die radialen und tangentialen Aufnahmen lagen im Splintholz sowie im inneren Bereich von Tepa, das kein Kernholz bildet, zwischen 7 und 18 kg/m3 und im Kernholz von Ulmo und Olivillo zwischen 3,5 und 7kg/m3. Die Trankbarkeit von Tepa war hoch signifikant vom Wuchsgebiet, diejenige von Coigue und Ulmo vom jeweiligen Individuum abhangig. Fur heises Teerol wurde eine Verbesserung der Aufnahme im Kernholz durch Herauslosen von Inhaltsstoffen festgestellt.
Three-Dimensional Solution Structure of α-Conotoxin MII, an α3β2 Neuronal Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor-Targeted Ligand†,‡

α-Conotoxin MII, isolated from Conus magus, is a potent peptidic toxin which specifically targets the mammalian neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, α3β2 subtype. The three-dimensional structure of α-conotoxin MII in aqueous solution has been determined by two-dimensional 1H NMR spectroscopy. NOE-derived distances, refined by an iterative relaxation matrix approach, as well as dihedral and chirality restraints were used in high-temperature biphasic simulated annealing calculations. Fourteen minimum energy structures out of 50 subjected to the SA simulations were chosen for evaluation; these 14 structures have a final RMS deviation of 0.76 ± 0.31 and 1.35 ± 0.34 A for the backbone and heavy atoms, respectively. The overall structure is unusually well-defined due to a large helical component around the two disulfide bridges. The principal backbone folding motif may be common to a subclass of α-conotoxins. There are two distinct surfaces on the molecule almost at right angles to one another. One entire...
Cognitive Computing for Security.

Final report for Cognitive Computing for Security LDRD 165613. It reports on the development of hybrid of general purpose/ne uromorphic computer architecture, with an emphasis on potential implementation with memristors.
Core Biopsy of the Parotid Gland

This chapter provides a comprehensive procedural report for core biopsy of the parotid gland procedure, with up-to-date explanatory notes, synopsis of the indications and contraindications, and potential complications in an organized and practical format.
Methylphenidate Toxic Exposure Reports

Methylphenidate (MPH) exposures reported to a regional poison control center during a 2-year period were analysed at Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI.
Mortality outcomes for Chinese and Japanese immigrants in the USA and countries of origin (Hong Kong, Japan): a comparative analysis using national mortality records from 2003 to 2011

Background With immigration and minority populations rapidly growing in the USA, it is critical to assess how these populations fare after immigration, and in subsequent generations. Our aim is to compare death rates and cause of death across foreign-born, US-born and country of origin Chinese and Japanese populations. Methods We analysed all-cause and cause-specific age-standardised mortality rates and trends using 2003–2011 US death record data for Chinese and Japanese decedents aged 25 or older by nativity status and sex, and used the WHO Mortality Database for Hong Kong and Japan decedents in the same years. Characteristics such as age at death, absolute number of deaths by cause and educational attainment were also reported. Results We examined a total of 10 458 849 deaths. All-cause mortality was highest in Hong Kong and Japan, intermediate for foreign-born, and lowest for US-born decedents. Improved mortality outcomes and higher educational attainment among foreign-born were observed compared with developed Asia counterparts. Lower rates in US-born decedents were due to decreased cancer and communicable disease mortality rates in the US heart disease mortality was either similar or slightly higher among Chinese-Americans and Japanese-Americans compared with those in developed Asia counterparts. Conclusions Mortality advantages in the USA were largely due to improvements in cancer and communicable disease mortality outcomes. Mortality advantages and higher educational attainments for foreign-born populations compared with developed Asia counterparts may suggest selective migration. Findings add to our limited understanding of the racial and environmental contributions to immigrant health disparities.
To each according to their ability? Academic ranking and salary inequality across public colleges and universities

This article compares the salary structure of tenured and tenure-track faculty across schools within the university systems of North Carolina and New York. Specifically, we establish a positive rel...
Mechanism of transport enhancement of LHRH through porcine epidermis by terpenes and iontophoresis: permeability and lipid extraction studies.

Purpose. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of 5% terpenes (i.e., limonene, carvone, thymol, and cineole)/ethanol (EtOH) and iontophoresis on the in vitro permeability of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH) through the porcine epidermis and biophysical changes in the stratum corneum (SC) lipids by fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy.
Finance and Real Estate Valuation

In the aftermath of the “Yes Era”, we believe that investors must return to fundamental analytical tools in order to help ensure that a property has the desired characteristics which allow an investor to achieve their required rate of return. Investing in non-speculative properties will help the investor in obtaining financing at a bank, as lenders are less willing to take risks than they were only a few years ago.
Sensor-Imperfection Compensation; A New Tool for Low-Cost Performance Enhancements in Guidance and Control Implementations

Abstract In this paper a novel new methodology is presented for mitigating the effects of one class of sensor-imperfections. Namely, it is shown how one can design a simple, inexpensive, physically realizable compensator/filter (signal processing algorithm) that, when installed in series with the sensor output signal, can effectively remove, in realtime, the corrupting effects of "inertia" "phase-lag," "ringing," "overshoot" and similar dynamic-type sensor imperfections as they appear in a sensor output signal. This form of compensation can effectively eliminate the overall system performance-compromises such sensor imperfections would otherwise introduce.
Child Slavery and the Global Economy: Historical Perspectives on a Contemporary Problem

In the fall of 1649 on the docks of a large slave trading port, sailors strained, sweated, and swore through their work, hauling cargo, hoisting sails, and mending rigging, making ready for a voyage to the colonies. As the sailors prepared to weigh anchor, a crowd of parents gathered along the shoreline, grieving for their children who had been kidnapped and brought aboard the ship. As their children struggled for breath in the suffocating stench and stifling heat of the ship’s hold, the parents grew despondent, desperate to redeem their children from a future of death-dealing labor in the scorching fields of the English Chesapeake or Caribbean. A sympathetic witness noted that when the slave ship began to sail into the distance, the parents followed along the water’s edge, “crying and mourning for their children’s redemption from slavery” (Bullock, 1649 , pp. 13–14; Harlow, 1923 , p. 300; Linebaugh & Rediker, 2000 , p. 110).
Diffuse Thyroid Disease (DTD) and Thyroiditis

High-resolution conventional B mode ultrasonography is the most sensitive method to characterize and diagnose diffuse thyroid disease. The sonographic characteristics including conventional B mode imaging, color Doppler imaging, and elastography of diffuse thyroid disease including Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, Graves’ disease, subacute thyroiditis, lymphoma, acute simple goiter, and adenomatous goiter are discussed. The variable presentation of these conditions is illustrated with sonographic examples of each condition and caveats to avoid misdiagnosis of nodules, cancers, and pseudonodules in diffuse thyroid disease goiters.
Clinical utility of the 15-item geriatric depression scale (GDS-15) for use with young and middle-aged adults.

Abstract Background The Geriatric Depression Scale, Short Form (GDS-15) is a widely-used depression rating scale for elderly adults. It might be useful for persons across the adult lifespan, but more research is needed to support its clinical utility with young and middle-aged adults. Methods We examined the classification accuracy of the GDS-15 in identifying depression cases and non-cases in adults aged 18–54 (n = 199) compared to those aged 55-80 (n = 112), using the standard cutoff score of 5. Criterion-related validity of the GDS-15 was examined based on its chance-corrected agreement with a clinical diagnostic interview. Results Classification accuracy based on receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was strong in younger (area under the curve; AUC = 0.92) and older adults (AUC = 0.94). Sensitivity and specificity of the GDS-15 for identifying depression were 72% and 97% for younger adults and 86% and 91% for older adults, respectively. Classification accuracy did not differ between age cohorts (z = 0.74, p = 0.46). Chance-corrected agreement (kappa) between the GDS-15 and the criterion was 71% for younger and 74% for older adults. Limitations Analyses are based on a convenience sample aggregated from three community mental health studies. Minor procedural inconsistencies may be present. Group sizes were uneven and accentuated cell size differences in the confusion matrices. Conclusions The GDS-15 is brief depression rating scale that shows good diagnostic sensitivity and specificity for adults aged 18 and older.
Formal specification and testing of QUIC

QUIC is a new Internet secure transport protocol currently in the process of IETF standardization. It is intended as a replacement for the TLS/TCP stack and will be the basis of HTTP/3, the next official version of the hypertext transfer protocol. As a result, it is likely, in the near future, to carry a substantial fraction of traffic on the Internet. We describe our experience applying a methodology of compositional specification-based testing to QUIC. We develop a formal specification of the wire protocol, and use this specification to generate automated randomized testers for implementations of QUIC. The testers effectively take one role of the QUIC protocol, interacting with the other role to generate full protocol executions, and verifying that the implementations conform to the formal specification. This form of testing generates significantly more diverse stimuli and stronger correctness criteria than interoperability testing, the primary method used to date to validate QUIC and its implementations. As a result, numerous implementation errors have been found. These include some vulnerabilities at the protocol and implementation levels, such as an off-path denial of service scenario and an information leak similar to the "heartbleed" vulnerability in OpenSSL.