cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Micropreparation of derivatives for the identification of organic compounds

In the rigorous identification of organic compounds the final and conclusive step is the preparation of one or two derivatives. In work with microquantities it is necessary to develop “exact procedures” for this step, which includes: (a) selection of a desirable derivative for micropreparation; (b) conditions for completion of the reaction; (c) minimum number of transfers; (d) minimum number of crystallizations to obtain a pure compound; (e) exact quantities of solvents and conditions of crystallizations. A systematic study of the derivatization of alcohols by means of the 3,5-dinitrobenzoates andα-naphthylurethans using microquantities discloses that a number of factors must be controlled for good yields of pure derivatives: (a) purity of the derivatizing agent; (b) ratio of the reactants; (c) procedure for the isolation and purification of the compound. In the case of 3,5-dinitrobenzoates it was found that aside from the purity of 3,5-dinitrobenzoyl chloride and the ratio of the acid chloride to the alcohol a simple alteration in the washing of the crude derivative removed practically all the impurities (3,5-dinitrobenzoic acid anhydride and 3,5-dinitrobenzoic acid) so that it required only one crystallization to obtain the pure derivative. Similarly in the case of theα-naphthylurethans it was shown that contrary to the literature the main impurity is not the high melting di-α-naphthylurea but a compound having a lower melting point than the urethan. Further it was shown fractional microsublimation is an efficient method of purification of these derivatives. This is the first of a series of papers on “exact micropreparative procedures for derivatives”.
Moving Beyond the Stained Glass Ceiling: Preparing Women for Leadership in Faith-Based Higher Education

The Problem.While a variety of factors have historically limited access by women to top-level leadership positions across higher education, these factors become more complicated when juxtaposed with the theological commitments that influence the leadership journeys of women in these settings.The Solution.This article reviews the literature related to women in higher education leadership, with a particular focus on the state of women in leadership found in faith-based colleges and universities—as represented by the 110 member institutions of the Council for Christian Colleges & Universities (CCCU). It describes the results of in-depth research on the impact of a CCCU Women’s Leadership Development initiative, launched in 1998. Qualitative and quantitative evaluation data are discussed and implications outlined.The Stakeholders.The lessons emerging from this initiative and research can be helpful for postsecondary leaders, HRD and leadership development professionals, and all those who focus on developing w...
Medicare managed care enrollment by disability-eligible and age-eligible veterans.

Objective: To assess factors associated with enrollment in a Medicare advantage (MA) plan versus Medicare fee-for-service plan in 2000-2004 by Medicare-eligible veterans. We also assessed whether these factors differed between disability-eligible veterans and age-eligible veterans. Methods: Medicare claims data, VA administrative data, and 2000 census data were constructed in a retrospective cohort study of 20,581 age-eligible veterans and 7541 disability-eligible veterans. MA enrollment in 2000-2004 was estimated in a logistic regression in a pooled sample of age-eligible and disability-eligible veterans that controlled for demographic, socioeconomic, and disease risk factors. Separate logistic regressions also were estimated for age-eligible and disability-eligible veterans. Results: Minority veterans and veterans with lower disease risk scores were more likely to be enrolled in an MA plan in 2000-2004 than white veterans or veterans with higher risk scores. Age-eligible veterans were more likely to be enrolled if aged 75 or older, female, able to receive free VA care, or not enrolled in Medicaid. Disability-eligible veterans were more likely to be enrolled if they were married or elderly. Conclusions: Medicare Advantage plans appeared to benefit from favorable selection of Medicare-eligible veterans.
When a hawk can damage a dove: an extension of game theory

Abstract The classic hawk-dove game predicts that hawk is an Evolutionary Stable Strategy (ESS) when value ( V ) is greater than cost ( C ). This paper discusses how the hawk-dove game is affected if a hawk can damage a dove, regardless of the dove’s intentions to withdraw from a contest. The ability of a hawk to damage a dove significantly alters the expected payoffs for the participants with hawk now being an ESS when V > C, dependent on the probability of a hawk being able to inflict damage on a dove. If this probability is ≥ 0.5 then hawk is an ESS regardless of the ratio of value to cost. The conditions under which this type of game may actually occur in nature and how the game relates to human interactions are also discussed.
On an eigenfunction expansion and on fractional Brownian motions

A discussion of a modified fractional Brownian motion, which appeared in this journal, is largely incorrect.
Statistical spectral output of power law nonlinearity

One of the objectives of analyzing a system is to determine if there are periodic oscillations and, if so, what their amplitude and frequency will be; another objective is to determine the magnitudes of output errors and output powers, when the statistical character of the input signal and noises are known. Methods are given for calculating the output power and the error power for nonlinearities describ-able by power series for Gaussian and for certain other special kinds of input signals.
Residential heating: Electric versus gas or oil

DURING RECENT YEARS a choice more and more frequently considered is the use of electric energy rather than oil or gas for heating in a new home. About two years ago two houses, one with a modern-type central furnace using oil, the other with a coal furnace converted to use gas, were each equipped with sufficient unit electric heaters to provide the necessary heat. Tests on each of these two houses, both located in the State of Washington were started in January 1956 and run alternately one day on oil, or gas, and the next on electric heat, and careful measurements were made on all fuel used, with weather temperature records obtained from the local weather bureau. Unfortunate circumstances caused tests on the Seattle house with the gas furnace, termed House 2, to be discontinued after a month's run. The tests on the Yakima house with the oil furnace, termed House 1, were continued the next autumn for three months and all through the following winter, but running one week before changing type of fuel.
Detection, identification, and correction of bad sensor measurements for fault location

We initially review the readily devised methodology for transmission-grid disturbance location employing measurements from strategically deployed sensors. Later, we introduce one viable procedure for bad measurement detection and identification in order to accurately localize power system faults, thereby to enhance the practicality of the developed method. Furthermore, subsequent elimination of the errors resulting from bad sensor measurements will yield significantly enhanced fault-location accuracy. Simulated data regarding a particular fault scenario are illustrated using the modified IEEE 30-bus test grid.
Using simulation to promote effective communication with a diverse student population

Abstract Because of language barriers and cultural differences, effective oral and therapeutic communication remains a challenge to the linguistically diverse student. The purpose of this article is to introduce high-fidelity patient simulation (HFPS) as a teaching/learning method to develop and practice therapeutic and oral communication skills with a diverse student population. A newly established HFPS communication exercise was introduced to associate degree registered nursing students in their psychiatric–mental health nursing course. Students participated in unrehearsed interactive interviews with simulated clients in an effort to improve their verbal and therapeutic communication skills. Feedback on whether this was a successful strategy was sought from the students by means of reflective papers.
Targeting the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma one in the treatment of breast cancer.

CTRC-AACR San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium: 2008 Abstracts Abstract #3055 Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma 1 (PPARγ1) is a member of the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily and is over expressed in breast cancer compared to human mammary epithelial cells (HMEC). Although synthetic ligands of PPARγ have been reported to mediate differentiation, inhibit proliferation, and induce apoptosis of cancer cells in culture it remains unclear whether these are mediated through PPARγ or by off target effects. Furthermore, the controversial nature of these studies and the disappointing results from clinical trials raise questions about the efficacy of these drugs in treating breast cancer. Recent work from our lab and others suggests that targeting the expression or endogenous transactivation of PPARγ represents a novel strategy in the treatment of breast cancer. We have previously demonstrated that the increase in PPARγ1 expression in seen in breast cancer cells is driven by a tumor-specific promoter. Furthermore, we have identified the myc-associated zinc finger protein (MAZ) as a critical mediator of PPARγ1 expression in these cells. In this study, we further demonstrated the significance of MAZ in the transcriptional regulation of PPARγ1 and confirmed that high expression of PPARγ1 in MCF-7 breast cancer cells is MAZ dependent. Additionally, using RNA interference (RNAi) techniques to knockdown PPARγ1 or MAZ or driving the expression of a dominant negative form of PPARγ1 in MCF-7 breast cancer cells, we demonstrated that blocking the expression of either protein resulted in reduced cellular proliferation and enhanced apoptosis. These findings suggest that in the absence of any exogenous ligand an increase in PPARγ1 signaling, driven at least in part by MAZ, contributes to an imbalance between proliferation and apoptosis, and may be an important mediator or of breast cancer progression. These results also highlight the need to understand the molecular mechanisms that drives tumor specific expression of PPARγ1 and development pure antagonist as a therapeutic treatment of this devastating disease. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(2 Suppl):Abstract nr 3055.
Toward second-moment closure modelling of compressible shear flows

Compressibility profoundly affects many aspects of turbulence in high-speed flows, most notably stability characteristics, anisotropy, kinetic–potential energy interchange and spectral cascade rate. We develop a unified framework for modelling pressure-related compressibility effects by characterizing the role and action of pressure in different speed regimes. Rapid distortion theory is used to examine the physical connection between the various compressibility effects leading to model form suggestions for pressure–strain correlation, pressure–dilatation and dissipation evolution equations. The closure coefficients are established using fixed-point analysis by requiring consistency between model and DNS asymptotic behaviour in compressible homogeneous shear flow. The closure models are employed to compute high-speed mixing layers and boundary layers. The self-similar mixing-layer profile, increased Reynolds stress anisotropy and diminished mixing-layer growth rates with increasing Mach number are all well captured. High-speed boundary-layer results are also adequately replicated even without the use of advanced thermal-flux models or low-Reynolds-number corrections.
Suboptimal Path Planning of Robots: Minimal Nonlinear Forces and Energy

An algorithm has been presented in which the role of inertia sensitivities in path planning of robots is investigated. The main objective is to obtain a path, from point A to point B in joint coordinates, in which the nonlinear forces (centripetal and Coriolis) are minimized. Using standard optimization theory, an objective (“cost”) function is selected to include energy and nonlinear forces for minimization.
Time-of-Day Effects in Performance by Seventh Grade Students on Two Measures of Impulse Control.

Summmy.-This study examined differential performance of 52 boys and 52 girls in Grade 7, who were randomly assigned to morning and afternoon groups and administered two tasks of impulse control on Tuesdays one week apart. Selected measures of impulse control were tasks of delayed reward choice, modeled after Mischel's technique and estimation of a 60-sec. interval. Larger overestimations of time and fewer delayed choices by students tested in afternoons were predicted on the basis of circadian effects of increase in body temperature. Consistent with prior research, as cited by Maccoby and Jacklin (1974), boys and girls were expected to perform equally well on both tasks. Analysis of variance yielded no differences between morning and afternoon groups. Girls tended to manifest predicted circadian effects more than boys, tended to make fewer delayed reward choices than boys, and made less accurate time estimations than boys.
Radioimmunoassay of inactive creatine kinase B protein in human plasma.

Abstract We describe a rapid, sensitive radioimmunoassay for enzymatically inactive creatine kinase B protein (CK-Bi) in plasma. 125I-CK-Bi of high specific activity and good stability was prepared by oxidant-based iodination. A 12 minute first antibody incubation was used. Bound and free antigen were separated by a second antibody system. Large excesses of purified CK-MM from human skeletal muscle did not react in the assay. Cross reactivity to CK-MB purified from the plasma of patients with acute myocardial infarction was negligible. The 95th percentile of plasma CK-Bi in 150 adults was 145 μg equivalents/ml. Within-assay and between-assay precision ranged from 5% to 9% and 6% to 10%, respectively. Evidence is presented indicating that the assay measures inactive creatine kinase B protein, a protein not measured by current assay systems dependent on biological activity.
The upstream stem-loop domain of the 3' untranslated region of apolipoprotein II mRNA binds the estrogen-regulated mRNA stabilizing factor.

Abstract Apolipoprotein II (apoII), a component of the very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) particle, is a yolk protein expressed in the liver in response to estrogen. Its expression is modulated by estrogen-mediated stimulation of transcription as well as stabilization of its mRNA. This stabilization is due to the estrogen-regulated mRNA stabilizing factor (E-RmRNASF) [Cell. Mol. Biol. Res. 41 (1995) 583). E-RmRNASF protects apoII mRNA from targeted endonucleolytic degradation. The expression of E-RmRNASF itself is under estrogenic control. The hepatic expression of E-RmRNASF is also modulated by certain estrogenic and anti-estrogenic non-steroidal environmental xenobiotics [Biochem. Pharmacol. 53 (1997) 1425]. Studies involving RNA affinity-based depletion of mRNA stabilization activity indicated that E-RmRNASF binds to apoII mRNA. E-RmRNASF binds apoII mRNA in a region-specific manner. The region of binding has been narrowed down to the upstream domain of stem–loop secondary structure spanning nucleotides (nt) 402–558 in the 3′ untranslated region (3′UTR). A RNA affinity chromatography procedure using this portion of apoII mRNA was utilized for the purification of E-RmRNASF. A gel filtration (GF) chromatography step preceding the RNA affinity chromatography was required for additional enrichment of E-RmRNASF. A functional assay involving the in vitro stabilization of apoII mRNA from degradation was utilized to detect E-RmRNASF during chromatography. E-RmRNASF appears to be a protein of apparent molecular weight of 20–25 kDa visualized by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.
Packaging design challenges of the IBM system z10 enterprise class server

This paper describes the system packaging and technologies of the IBM System z10™ high-end Enterprise Class server. This machine exceeds the multiprocessor performance of the previous system by 50%. A new generation of the IBM Elastic Interface was developed in order to maintain the increased interconnect signal speed of up to 2.93 Gb/s. Power control and power delivery to the multicore processors were a special challenge for the server packaging because of the high currents and the high number of voltage domains.
Relationships Between the Responsiveness of Fathers and Mothers and the Object Play Skills of Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders

In this observational study, the concurrent relationships between the verbal and play responsiveness of 16 mothers and fathers and the object play skills of 16 children with Autism Spectrum Disorde...
The material and symbolic role of the Everglades in U.S. national politics

Abstract This article demonstrates how the south Florida landscape, both material and symbolic, articulates with the political landscape of the state of Florida and the national state in ways that are mutually transforming. In doing so, the case study serves to make three contributions to political ecology. First, it points out the limitations of political ecology's conceptualization of politics and argues for more attention to formal party politics at the national scale. Second, it suggests that political ecology analysis can be strengthened by a closer engagement with some of the central concerns of political geography. Third, it critiques the theoretical limitations of the concept of “regional discursive formations” in political ecology, arguing for a fuller incorporation of Harvey's ideas on the discursive construction of place. The article presents four vignettes that begin with the presidential election of 1928 and end with the 2004 campaign to consider how the regional discursive formation of the Everglades has played a role in formal politics at the national scale. It concludes by demonstrating how political and economic interests at multiple levels—local, regional state, national and international—have discursively constructed and materially configured the project of Everglades restoration, and how that project has played into party politics at the state and national levels.
Agreeableness, social self-efficacy, and conflict resolution strategies.

This research examined Agreeableness and social self-efficacy as predictors of positive (compromise, negotiation) and negative (attacking, power assertion) conflict resolution strategies in emerging adults (N = 699). Participants completed self-report measures of Agreeableness and social self-efficacy. Conflict resolution strategies were assessed using a multi-method approach. As predicted, social self-efficacy significantly moderated the relation between Agreeableness and negative conflict resolution strategies, but it did not for positive resolution strategies. For individuals higher in Agreeableness, follow-up analyses revealed that those higher in social self-efficacy endorsed negative resolution strategies less frequently than those lower in social self-efficacy.
Endoscopy of the Lower Gastrointestinal Tract

Colonoscopy is an extremely valuable diagnostic technique. It allows the veterinarian to visualize the lower gastroin-testinal tract and obtain tissue for a definitive diagnosis with a noninvasive approach. This article reviews the indications, contraindications, instrumentation, and technique of endoscopy of the lower gastrointestinal tract.
Essay: Role of the coach in the coach-athlete relationship

The relationship that exists between a coach and an athlete has been extensively researched, and can be both extreme and powerful (panel). A coach has tremendous influence on the physical and psychological development of their athletes. Sophia Jowett has defined a positive coach-athlete relationship as a state reached when coaches’ and athletes’ closeness (eg, interpersonal feelings of trust, respect, and appreciation), commitment (eg, interpersonal thoughts and intentions that aim to maintain the relationship over time), and complementarity (ie, interpersonal behaviours of cooperation, such as responsiveness, easiness, and friendliness) are mutually and causally interconnected. The main responsibility of the coach is to enable their athletes to attain levels of performance not otherwise achievable. Coaches therefore need to motivate athletes and establish the right conditions for learning. Effective coaches have many skills. They should, for instance, be good communicators and have a working knowledge of the learning processes, and of the teaching methods, training principles, and assessment procedures associated with their sport. These skills enable a coach to fulfil five defined roles—those of teacher, organiser, competitor, learner, and friend and mentor. Teacher—This role is the most immediately recognisable function of a coach. Quality training or practising provide opportunities for coaches to display their knowledge and skills to help prepare athletes for competition. Training involves the provision of tuition about physical, tactical, technical, and mental aspects of the sport. Although some coaches also teach their athletes psychological skills (such as mental imagery or relaxation techniques) to help them learn and perform new skills, and effective strategies to improve their selfconfidence and regulate arousal and anxiety levels, many hire psychologists to work with their teams on these aspects of mental training. Organiser—Typically the least enjoyable or rewarding part of being a coach involves the work that is done behind the scenes—the organisation of practices and competitions, and the scheduling, planning, and transportation of athletes—that makes for a successful season. Organisation, however, helps a coach to prepare for training and for competition, and is a crucial variable for success in all sports. A coach must have an explicit plan or vision, especially in team sports. It is vital for a coach to begin every season by outlining the steps necessary to achieve success. Related to the role of the coach as an organiser is the recognition that they often have to work within certain constraints. There are issues specific to places and contextual factors like scholarship allotment and budgets that can affect a coach’s win-loss
Prediction of Hot Mix Asphalt Stability Using the Superpave Gyratory Compactor

A method is developed to assess hot mix asphalt (HMA) stability during compaction in the mix design process, and prior to conducting further expensive and time consuming testing. The method consists of a mathematical derivation, and an experimental procedure to determine a new stability index, referred to as the contact energy index (CEI). The CEI reflects the ability of the aggregate structure to develop contacts among the particles when subjected to shear stresses. The stability of HMA increases with an increase in CEI. The sensitivity of the CEI to changes in mix components is evaluated by analyzing asphalt mixes that differ in their nominal maximum aggregate size, aggregate gradation, source of aggregate, percent of natural sand, and asphalt content. In addition, the CEI is compared with mechanical properties of a number of asphalt mixes. The results show that the CEI captures the influence of changes in mix constituents on mix stability, and has very good correlation with the mechanical properties.
Nitrosamine Carcinogens Also Swim in Chlorinated Pools

Highly carcinogenic N-nitrosodialkylamine (nitrosamine) disinfection byproducts were quantified in chlorinated swimming pools, hot tubs, and aquaria. N-Nitrosodimethylamine, the most abundant nitrosamine detected, was measured in swimming pools and hot tubs at levels up to 500-fold greater than the drinking water concentration of 0.7 ng/L associated with a one in one million lifetime cancer risk. Temperature, enclosure, amine and nitrite precursor loading, and the use of disinfection schemes with reduced chlorine doses contributed to statistically significant variability in its occurrence. N-Nitrosodibutylamine and N-nitrosopiperidine were also detected but together represented <5% of the total analyte distribution. The presence of N-nitrodimethylamine at levels comparable to N-nitrosodimethylamine points to a competition between the nitration and nitrosation of amines in chlorinated recreational waters. Since nitrosamines can cause bladder cancer, the significance of our measurements needs clarification with respect to recent epidemiological results that are suggestive of a link between swimming in chlorinated pools and bladder cancer.
An intronless homolog of human proto-oncogene hPTTG is expressed in pituitary tumors: evidence for hPTTG family.

A novel proto-oncogene, PTTG (Pituitary Tumor Transforming Gene), was isolated in our laboratory by virtue of its increased expression in rat pituitary tumor cell lines. Cells which overexpress human or rat PTTG form tumors in athymic mice. hPTTG is highly expressed in cancer cell lines, pituitary adenomas and in normal testis, suggesting that hPTTG protein has different tissue-specific interactions in normal cells and in cancer. Alternatively, different hPTTG gene family members may be functional in normal development and in tumorigenesis. While mapping the chromosomal location of hPTTG to 5q33, we discovered a second gene, hPTTG2, which is intronless and maps to chromosome 4p12. Using gene-specific oligonucleotide hybridization in a PCR-ELISA assay, we determined that hPTTG2 is expressed in both normal and tumorous pituitary. However, high levels of hPTTG mRNA in cancer cell lines are due to increased expression of hPTTG1. Thus, this family of proto-oncogenes appears to differentially participate in tum...
Some effects of support on perceived shape of depicted objects

The purpose of this study was to provide a preliminary investigation on the effects of extra-object context on the perceived shape of depicted objects. Two hypotheses were examined: (1) support structures can affect apparent shape, and (2) parallel lines between objects affect apparent shape. Subjects made judgments about angles in depicted parallelopipeds. The parallelopipeds were depicted alone, supported by compression, and supported by tension. Some of the depictions contained parallel lines between support structures and objects. Results indicate context effects for objects supported by compression (all containing parallel lines between objects), but not for objects supported by tension. Parallel lines between support structure and object can-not account for the results of objects supported by tension.
ASSOCIATION OF ATTRIBUTIONAL STYLE FOR NEGATIVE AND POSITIVE EVENTS AND THE OCCURRENCE OF LIFE EVENTS WITH DEPRESSION AND ANXIETY

Abstract This study examined the relationship of attributional styles for negative and positive events with depression and anxiety. A sample of 239 college students underwent structured diagnostic interviews and completed self–report measures of attributional style and major life events at two time points separated by approximately four weeks. Using cross–sectional methodology, attributional styles for negative and positive events were compared across current diagnoses of unipolar depression and/or anxiety. A current mood disorder, when comorbid with an anxiety disorder, was associated with a tendency to see negative events as arising from internal, stable, and global causes. A depression diagnosis was distinguished from no depression diagnosis by the tendency to assign external, unstable, and specific causes for positive events. Using a prospective design, Time 1 attributional styles for negative and positive events were assessed as moderators of the relationships between negative and positive life event...
EFFECTS OF LIGHT INTENSITY ON DIVISION RATE, STIMULABLE BIOLUMINESCENCE AND CELL SIZE OF THE OCEANIC DINOFLAGELLATES DISSODINIUM LUNULA, PYROCYSTIS FUSIFORMIS AND P. NOCTILUCA12

SUMMARY Preadapted cultures were grown in a 12:12 LD cycle at a series of light intensities under cool-white, fluorescent lamps. Pyrocystis fusiformis Murray maintained high division rates at low light intensities at the expense of cell size. In contrast, Dissodinium lunula (Schuett) Taylor had relatively lower division rates at low light intensities with little concomitant decrease in size. The response of P. noctiluca Murray was intermediate between these two species. For all three, cell numbers did not increase above an intensity of 5–10 μEin·m−2·sec−1 and division rate was saturated at ca. 30, 60, and 60μEin·m−2·sec−1 for P. fusiformis, P. noctiluca, and D. lunula, respectively. The capacity for stimulable bioluminescence was saturated at light intensities of 0.15 μEin·m−2·day in short-term (2-day) experiments. In cultures of P. fusiformis and P. noctiluca, maintained for at least one month at lower intensities than needed to saturate division rate, a decrease in the capacity for stimulable bioluminescence was accompanied by a reduction in cell size. Our results suggest that cell size and bioluminescent capacity may prove to be a potentially useful indication of the history of exposure of natural populations of Pyrocystis spp. to ambient intensities.
Diode Mixer Coefficients for Spurious Response Prediction

The precise prediction of spurious response levels in a superheterodyne receiver would greatly aid the receiver designer besides being necessary for the representation of a radio frequency interference environment. The power series is used to represent the nonlinear receiver mixer in order to obtain an expression for the receiver spurious response sensitivity. This sensitivity expression contains the power series coefficients and shows that the coefficient magnitudes must be known before the spurious response levels can be computed. Therefore, a method is developed to provide a solution for the power series coefficients of a typical mixer circuit configuration. In the analysis to determine the coefficients, the input voltage-output current loop equation is written for a crystal mixer equivalent circuit. This expression is expanded in a power series and then the reversion of a series technique is implemented to obtain the desired output-input expression in series form. The effects of the nonlinear element (diode) and the total circuit resistance are included in the results. Coefficient expressions are determined up to the ninth order in the manner described above and the level of each expression is computed versus the product ?( IR + Is) RT where ? and IR are diode parameters, RT is the equivalent circuit resistance, and Is, is the dc bias current. Also, the effect of diode bias upon spurious response sensitivity is considered and the results are plotted. The results show the mixer dc operating conditions which must exist in order to reduce spurious response sensitivity.
Resonant Two-Photon Ionization in Biomolecules Using Laser Desorption in Supersonic Beam-Mass Spectrometry:

Resonant two-photon ionization (R2PI) has been demonstrated for several classes of biomolecules in a supersonic jet. These thermally labile and nonvolatile species have been vaporized with pulsed laser desorption, with the use of a CO2 laser from a ceramic surface with subsequent entrapment in a jet expansion. R2PI is then demonstrated in a time-of-flight mass spectrometer (TOFMS) with the use of ultraviolet laser radiation at either 280 or 266 nm. The 280-nm wavelength is found to be a fairly general tool for exciting the π-π* transition of the molecules under study, viz., metabolites of catecholamines, indoleamines, and tyrosine near their respective origin regions. The resulting mass spectra exhibit soft ionization where either molecular ions or minimal fragmentation is produced. At frequencies of much higher energy than that of the origin, fragmentation becomes increasingly difficult to prevent.
Fractal model for the ac response of a rough interface

A fractal model is proposed for a rough interface between two materials of very different conductivities, e.g., an electrode and an electrolyte. The equivalent circuit of the model, which takes into consideration the resistance in the two substances and the capacitance of the interface, has the property of the so-called constant-phase-angle element, i.e., a passive circuit element whose complex impedance has a power-law singularity at low frequencies. The exponent of the frequency dependence is related to the fractal dimension. The model also provides insight into the conducting properties of the percolating cluster and the source of the 1/f noise in electronic components.
Subjective Social Status, Mental and Psychosocial Health, and Birth Weight Differences in Mexican–American and Mexican Immigrant Women

Recent Mexican immigrant women on average have an unexpectedly low incidence of low birth weight (LBW). Birth weights decline and LBW incidence increases in post-immigrant generations. This pilot project tested the hypothesis that subjective social status (SSS) of pregnant women predicts variation in birth weight between Mexican immigrant and Mexican–American women. 300 low-income pregnant Mexican immigrant and Mexican–American women in South Texas were surveyed for SSS, depression, pregnancy-related anxiety, perceived social stress and self-esteem and subsequent birth weight. No significant difference in SSS levels between pregnant Mexican immigrant and Mexican–American women were found. However, SSS better predicted variation in birth weight across both groups than mental and psychosocial health variables. Results suggest distinct relationships among SSS, mental and psychosocial health that could impact birth weight. They underscore the relevance of a multilevel, biopsychosocial analytical framework to studying LBW.
Impact of Organic Substrate Warp on C4 Non-Wets

Balancing the level of substrate warp at reflow with other sources contributing to C4 non-wets is an important problem. To address this, a methodology to predict the probability of non-wets during the chip attach process of an organic package has been developed. A technique for quantifying the convex or concave warp of a substrate in the form of a shape inversion (SI) plot is introduced. Geometrical factors that influence non-wets, such as C4 height, solder pad relative location, collapsed solder height etc., are described and their individual contributions to the non-wet conditions are computed. Combining these contributions onto the SI plot allows for a graphical representation of the non-wet probability. The technique is applied to a product substrate and the results are compared with the actual yield observed during chip assembly.
Calorimetric determination of polymerization enthalpy for bacterial flagellin (Salmonella).

Abstract The polymerization of bacterial flagellin protein (Salmonella strain SJ814) into flagellar filaments has been found by direct calorimetric measurement to be exothermic at 25° in .15M KCl, pH 6.8 with a ΔH of −12.7 ± 0.6 kcal per mole of monomer polymerized. The calorimetric result at 25° contrasts sharply with the endothermic ΔH of +38 kcal/mole inferred from temperature dependence of the critical monomer concentration near 40°C. Comparison between these two values implies that unless a different mechanism of polymerization prevails at the two temperatures the heat capacity change for flagellin polymerization may be as large as 3.3 kcal/mole deg.
Testimation in Regression Parameter Estimation

Testimation is considered in the problem of estimation of regression parameters. The first stage sample is used to test a (null) hypothesis that specifies initial (preassumed) values for some of the regression parameters. Linear combination of the preassumed values and the ordinary least square (OLS) estimates is considered as the estimate if the data agree with the hypothesis. Otherwise, a second sample is taken and parameters are estimated only by using OLS, based on the combined sample. The procedure protects against type II error and against taking larger samples when inference can be made from a smaller sample.
Statistical characterizations of the atrazine-induced photosynthetic inhibition of Cyclotella meneghiniana (Bacillariophyta)

Abstract The effect of the triazine herbicide, atrazine, on the photosynthetic O 2 evolution of 3 distinct geographical races of Cyclotella meneghiniana Kutz, was investigated. Cells from Arizona, Iowa, and Minnesota races were removed from steady-state semi-continuous cultures, placed within a reaction vessel possessing a Clark-type, O 2 electrode, and subjected to increasing atrazine concentrations at 305 μE·m 2 ·s −1 of photosynthetically active radiation. Percent photosynthetic inhibition, as measured by decline in O 2 evolution, was statistically characterized for each race using regression, probit, and logit models. A differential sensitivity to increasing atrazine concentration was observed among the 3 geographical races; the Arizona and Iowa races exhibited immediate and similar asymptotic, inhibitory responses while the Minnesota race exhibited a delayed linear, inhibitory response. The EC 50 values estimated by regression models were greater than values estimated by probit and logit models for all races. However, since atrazine-induced, photosynthetic inhibition is a continuous, rather than a quantal response, the use of probit and logit models to statistically characterize herbicidal effects on algal photosynthetic capability is not recommended.
New Ideas in the Workplace: Learning from Interactive Television

Data collected in a study of cable television use for in-service training by teachers in elementary schools were analyzed in terms of learning about new ideas to be used in the classroom.The findings present a direct challenge to the traditional bias of strict reliance upon the individual as the unit of analysis in television research in general. Learning about and implementing new ideas did not emerge as simple linear effects of viewing. Rather, they proved to be processes strongly related to differences in viewing contexts (viewing alone or with others) and levels of feedback (interpersonal or technological interaction), as well as a function of communications structure within the organization (amount of talking and levels of agreement about good teaching within a school).
Near-total parathyroidectomy is beneficial for patients with secondary and tertiary hyperparathyroidism.

Background Despite several options for the extent of parathyroidectomy in secondary and tertiary hyperparathyroidism, Methods NTPTX (a vascularized parathyroid remnant is left in situ, and cryopreservation is performed) was completed in 142 patients with secondary (n = 93 patients) and tertiary (n = 49 patients) hyperparathyroidism, and was guided by intraoperative intact PTH (IOPTH). Results One hundred thirty-six of 142 patients (96%) remain cured at a mean follow-up time of 23 ± 26 months. Six patients had missed mediastinal (n = 4 patients) or cervical (n = 2 patients) parathyroid glands. No patient required re-resection of a cervical parathyroid remnant. One patient had hypoparathyroidism and underwent autografting with cryopreserved tissue. NTPTX reduced parathyroid mass (4526 ± 4515 mg to 77 ± 56 mg) and IOPTH (1171 ± 1252 pg/mL to 101 ± 127 pg/mL). Fatigue and musculoskeletal pain resolved promptly after operation. Patients with tertiary hyperparathyroidism experienced an improvement in bone density of 3.6% per year. NTPTX achieved full healing of extremity ulcers without amputations or perioperative death in 22 patients with calciphylaxis. Conclusions NTPTX effectively treats secondary and tertiary hyperparathyroidism in >95% patients. IOPTH monitoring and cryopreservation are valuable procedural adjuncts. Limb salvage in calciphylaxis, symptomatic relief, and improved bone density are substantial benefits to recommend this procedure to patients with renal hyperparathyroidism.
Small interfering RNA knockdown of calcium-independent phospholipases A2 β or γ inhibits the hormone-induced differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes

Alterations in lipid secondary messenger generation and lipid metabolic flux are essential in promoting the differentiation of adipocytes. To determine whether specific subtypes of intracellular phospholipases A(2) (PLA(2)s) facilitate hormone-induced differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells into adipocytes, we examined alterations in the mRNA level, protein mass, and activity of three previously characterized mammalian intracellular PLA(2)s. Hormone-induced differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells resulted in 7.3 +/- 0.5- and 7.4 +/- 1.4-fold increases of mRNA encoding the calcium-independent phospholipases, iPLA(2)beta and iPLA(2)gamma, respectively. In contrast, the temporally coordinated loss of at least 90% of cPLA(2)alpha mRNA was manifest. Western analysis demonstrated the near absence of both iPLA(2)beta and iPLA(2)gamma protein mass in resting 3T3-L1 cells that increased dramatically during differentiation. In vitro measurement of PLA(2) activities demonstrated an increase in both iPLA(2)beta and iPLA(2)gamma activities that were discriminated using the chiral mechanism based inhibitors (S)- and (R)-BEL, respectively. Remarkably, treatment of 3T3-L1 cells with small interfering RNA directed against either iPLA(2)beta or iPLA(2)gamma prevented hormone-induced differentiation. Moreover, analysis of the temporally programmed expression of transcription factors demonstrated that the small interfering RNA knockdown of iPLA(2)beta or iPLA(2)gamma resulted in down-regulation of the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma and the CCAAT enhancer-binding protein alpha (C/EBPalpha). No alterations in the expression of the early stage transcription factors C/EBPbeta and C/EBPdelta were observed. Collectively, these results demonstrate prominent alterations in intracellular PLA(2)s during 3T3-L1 cell differentiation into adipocytes and identify the requirement of iPLA(2)beta and iPLA(2)gamma for the adipogenic program that drives resting 3T3-L1 cells into adipocytes after hormone stimulation.
A method of extracting Weibull survival model parameters from filament bundle load/strain data

Failure probability data for structural fibers are needed to quantify the spread in strength of the filaments. Such data are typically obtained by testing large numbers of individual filaments. A method is given for extracting Weibull failure parameters from a single fiber-bundle tensile test by Fourier deconvolution. The fiber-bundle test is performed by using gripping techniques that result in distributed filament lengths. The generalized convolution equation eliminates the need for an assumed survival model. Examples of the analysis use experimental data for Thornel T-300 and Kevlar 49 fibers. The widened length distribution shifts the response from catastrophic failure to a more even sequence of filament failures. This effect improves the data quality compared to the traditional test that uses a single filament length. If deconvolution replaces the tedious testing of individual filaments, it would allow rapid analysis of fiber quality and improve prediction of properties in the composite.
Safety analysis tools for requirements specifications

The paper describes safety analysis tools that have been developed for a state based requirements specification language called Requirements State Machine Language (RSML). These tools include a simulator that allows for forward and backward execution of RSML specifications, a fault tree generator that is based on backward simulation, tools to check for consistency and completeness of specifications, and additional safety analysis techniques. An example requirements specification for an Automated Highway System (AHS) is used for describing the functionality of the tools.
Buoyancy and Property Variation Effects in Turbulent Mixed Convection of Water in Vertical Tubes

Friction factor and heat transfer coefficient behavior are investigated experimentally under mixed convection conditions in aiding and opposing transition and turbulent flow of water (4000 < Re < 9000 and Bo < 1.3). With increasing buoyancy influence, the friction factor increases by as much as 25 percent in aiding flow, while it decreases by as much as 25 percent in opposing flow (Gr ΔT < 7.10 6 ). The effects of temperature-dependent viscosity variations are also included in the analysis (0.5 < μ w /μ b < 1.0). When they are taken into account, the increase in the friction factor due to buoyancy forces alone in upward flow becomes larger. The friction factor behavior is compared with previous studies in the literature.
Three distinct forms of insulin-like growth factor binding proteins are released by decidual cells in culture.

Recent studies have shown that human decidual explants synthesize a 25,272 dalton form of insulin-like growth factor binding protein (IGFBP-1) that is identical to the most abundant form of IGFBP detected in human amniotic fluid. To determine whether decidual cells also secrete other structurally distinct forms of IGFBP, conditioned medium obtained from human decidual cells was analyzed by ligand blotting and immunoblotting using antisera that were specific for IGFBP-1 or 2. IGFBP-2 is a form of binding protein that is structurally distinct from IGFBP-1. Ligand blotting analysis (which detects all forms of IGFBPs) showed that 3 forms of IGFBP with Mr estimates of 34,000, 30,000 and 24,000 were present in basal, unstimulated, conditioned media. Immunoblotting showed that the 30,000 Mr form reacted with an antibody that is specific for IGFBP-1, whereas the 34,000 Mr form reacted with an antibody that is specific for IGFBP-2. The 24,000 Mr band did not react with antisera to either IGFBP-1 or 2. Basal IGFBP-...
Dynamic analysis of modal shifting and mode jumping in thermally buckled plates

Abstract Both analytical and finite element investigations are performed for the various static and dynamic aspects of the mode jumping phenomenon of a simply-supported rectangular plate heated deeply into the post-buckling regime. For the analytical method, the von Karman plate equation is reduced to a system of non-linear ODEs by expressing the transverse deflection as a series of linear buckling modes. The ODEs, combined with the non-linear algebraic constraint equations obtained from in-plane boundary conditions, are then solved numerically under the parametric variation of the temperature. The results are checked by the finite element method, where a hybrid static–dynamic scheme is implemented. The contribution of each assumed (buckling) mode component is studied systematically. Characterized by the strong geometrical non-linearity, the secondary bifurcation point of the thermally loaded plate with fixed in-plane boundary conditions occurs far beyond the primary buckling point, and the jump behavior cannot be predicted correctly without sufficient assumed modes. Stationary bifurcation analysis indicates that while the post-buckling deflection before mode jumping is composed of pure symmetric modes, additional pure antisymmetric modes will appear after the occurrence of the snapping and they play the role of destabilizing the equilibrium. Furthermore, by monitoring natural frequencies and modal shapes, we find that a mode shifting phenomenon (the exchanging of vibration modes) exists in the primary post-buckling regime. Breaking of the symmetry of the dynamic modes is also found. By introducing a linear temperature sweeping scheme, transient analysis is performed to capture the snapping phenomenon dynamically, which occurs with moderate heating ratio. Comparison between the analytic and finite element results shows good agreement.