cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The leasing of Brazil, 1502-1515: a problem resolved?

It is generally agreed that a couple of years after Cabral's discovery of Brazil in 1500, the Portuguese Crown leased out the land to a trading consortium for economic exploitation and further exploration. But whether the Crown granted one or two leases, and when the second lease [if there was one] began and for how long it ran, have long been matters of confusion and disagreement. Evidence of the first lease is clear. A letter of Rondonelli written from Seville and dated the third of October, 1502, speaks of a three-year lease on the following terms: the consortium would have to send six ships to Brazil and “discover” 300 leagues of coast each year and would be obligated to build a fort/factory there. During the first year the lease-holders would pay the Crown nothing, in the second year they would pay a sixth [of the profits?], and in the third year a fourth.
Increased depth perception with sharpness enhancement for stereo video

Three-D (3-D) stereo video is becoming widely available and one need to consider depth effects when extending the 2-D video processing algorithms to 3-D stereo set-up. Depth is the additional attribute which contributes to overall visual quality of the 3-D stereo video. Sharpness enhancement algorithm is commonly applied in 2-D video processing chain; the effect of depth perception when sharpness enhancement algorithm is applied to the 3-D stereo video is studied. A subjective experiment is presented to study the relation between blur/sharpness and depth. A concept of just noticeable blur (JNB) at different depths is introduced for the stereo image pairs. Based on the results of the experiment an adaptive sharpness enhancement algorithm is proposed. The visual quality results, of the proposed depth aware sharpness enhancement algorithm, are presented.
Collybia fuscopurpurea in the Americas

Collybia fuscopurpurea is verified and documented from western North America and Mexico, and is compared to Collybia alkalivirens from eastern North America. Material determined as C. fuscopurpurea from subantarctic South America is not conspecific but is referable to C. nahuelbutensis .
Power transfer to finite plasmas near the lower hybrid resonance

Abstract The features of dispersion relations in the range of the lower hybrid resonance in the case of finite plasma cylinders are discussed. The possibility of two optima in the power transfer or of a broad transfer band is pointed out.
Clinical Management Factors Contribute to the Decision for Contralateral Prophylactic Mastectomy (CPM).

INTRODUCTION:Rates of CPM are reported to be increasing, yet factors driving this trend are unclear. We performed this analysis to determine if increasing rates of CPM are being driven by increased recognition of risk factors for contralateral breast cancer (CBC) or by treatment factors related to the index lesion.METHODS:From 1997-2005, 2967 patients with Stage 0-III primary unilateral breast cancer underwent mastectomy at MSKCC and were entered into a prospectively maintained database. Demographic, tumor and treatment factors were abstracted and comparisons made between patients who did and did not undergo CPM within one year of treatment for their index cancer. Generalized estimating equations were used to fit logistic regression models to identify independent predictors of CPM.RESULTS:The overall rate of CPM was 13.8%(n=408), increasing from 6.7% in 1997 to 24.4% in 2005 (p Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(24 Suppl):Abstract nr 38.
Cost parameters affecting multiple rotation SRIC biomass systems

Short rotation intensive culture (SRIC) plantations were analyzed to determine a least-cost method of supplying feedstock for liquid fuel manufacturing. The plantations were based uponPopulus hybrid, nonfertilized and fertilized strategies and a spacing of 21,000 trees/ha. Financial analyses indicated a 3-y rotation would minimize production costs for the particular design of these plantations.
A Measure of the Average Intercorrelation

Bounds are obtained for a coefficient proposed by Kaiser as a measure of average correlation and the coefficient is given an interpretation in the context of reliability theory. It is suggested that the root-mean-square intercorrelation may be a more appropriate measure of degree of relationship among a set of variables.
Giant of the West: Henry J. Kaiser and Regional Industrialization, 1930–1950

Many entrepreneurs have contributed to the economic growth of the Far West, from the railroad builders of the nineteenth century to the modern day pioneers in Silicon Valley. In this article, Professor Foster focuses on the career of Henry J. Kaiser—an entrepreneur who was unquestionably one of the key figures in the modernization of the region. Though Foster does not slight the economic and political factors that made possible Kaiser's achievement he stresses that Kaiser's imagination, energy, and personal commitment were key elements in the maturation of the region's industrial economy.
Dynamic power management under uncertain information

This paper tackles the problem of dynamic power management (DPM) in nanoscale CMOS design technologies that are typically affected by increasing levels of process, voltage, and temperature (PVT) variations and fluctuations. This uncertainty significantly undermines the accuracy and effectiveness of traditional DPM approaches. More specifically, a stochastic framework was propose to improve the accuracy of decision making in power management, while considering the manufacturing process and/or design induced uncertainties. A key characteristic of the framework is that uncertainties are effectively captured by a partially observable semi-Markov decision process. As a result, the proposed framework brings the underlying probabilistic PVT effects to the forefront of power management policy determination. Experimental results with a RISC processor demonstrate the effectiveness of the technique and show that the proposed variability-aware power management technique ensures robust system-wide energy savings under probabilistic variations
A NON-HUMAN PRIMATE MODEL FOR THE STUDY OF OSTEOPOROSIS AND ORAL BONE LOSS

Osteoporosis is a morbid clinical condition of ill-defined pathogenesis in which there is progressive and inexorable loss of skeletal mass rendering bone increasingly vulnerable to fracture after minimal trauma. In addition to osteoporosis, loss of bone from the oral skeleton or the maxillofacial complex also significantly impacts the health and quality of life of patients, most often the elderly. Oral bone loss most commonly results from periodontal disease, resorption of alveolar ridges following tooth extraction, or combinations of both. Periodontal disease is caused in part by bacterial pathogens adherent to the dentition and other oral surfaces. There is now significant interest in the interrelationship of systemic osteoporosis to both periodontal disease and other forms of oral bone loss. This is in part because both diseases, while extracting significant morbidity and mortality, are often studied in isolation, thus their relationship is unknown. This paper will focus on the development of an animal model which is uniquely suited for the study of both osteoporosis and oral bone loss. Malluche et al., 1992, have conducted and reviewed many of the most widely used animal models for research in osteoporosis, along with their associated advantages and disadvantages. Data from their studies and those of Roach et al., 1989, and others have shown, however, a need for animals which develop both systemic and oral bone loss and thus can serve as models to expand our knowledge of the relationship of both diseases. In this paper we report data from studies of the baboon which show the development of ovarian dysfunction with advancing age, along with loss of systemic and oral bone mass similar to the osteoporosis syndrome of humans. These data support the utility of the baboon as a model of age related systemic and oral bone loss.
High Levels of Homocysteine Results in Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy in Mice

High levels of homocysteine is a risk factor for developing Alzheimer's disease (AD), and the effect that this amino acid has on amyloid-β (Aβ) protein precursor metabolism is considered one of the potential mechanism(s) involved in this effect. However, despite consistent literature indicating that this condition results in brain parenchyma amyloidosis, no data are available on whether it may also influence the amount of Aβ deposited in the vasculature. To test this hypothesis, we implemented a model of diet-inducing high homocysteinemia in AD transgenic mice, 3xTg, and assessed them for the development of cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA). Compared with controls, mice with high homocysteine showed a significant increase in the amount of Aβ deposited in the brain vasculature, which was not associated with histological evidence of microhemorrhage occurrence. Mice with high homocysteine had a significant reduction in steady state level of the apolipoprotein E, which is a main Aβ chaperon protein, but no changes in its receptor, the low-density-lipoprotein-receptor-1. Our data demonstrate that a diet-induced high homocysteine level favors the development of CAA via a reduction of Aβ clearance and transport within the brain. Therapeutic approaches aimed at restoring brain apolipoprotein E levels should be considered in individuals carrying this environmental risk factor in order to reduce the incidence of homocysteine-dependent CAA.
An exploration of metacognition and its effect on mathematical performance in differential equations

Research suggests that students in certain contexts who are "metacognitively aware learners" demonstrate better academic performance (Shraw & Dennison, 1994; Md. Yunus & Ali, 2008). In this research, the metacognitive levels for two classes of differential equations students were studied. Students completed a survey adapted from the Metacognitive Awareness Inventory (MAI) (Shraw & Dennison, 1994) at the start of the course. The questions chosen from the MAI were aimed at three components concerning the students' knowledge about their cognition: declarative knowledge, procedural knowledge, and conditional knowledge. Analysis shows student performance, as measured by the course grade, cannot be predicted by metacognitive awareness levels.
Development and applications of active noise control system for infant incubators

This paper presents the application of audio-integrated active noise control (ANC) system for infant incubators. The integrated ANC algorithm is developed to reduce harmful noise and also play healthy with intrauterine sounds inside the incubators. Real-time experiments are conducted to evaluate the performance of integrated system using a Giraffe incubator from GE Healthcare. The noise reduction achieved by ANC systems at uniformly-distributed three-dimensional locations inside the incubator is tabled and presented graphically.
Gamow-Teller Strength Distributions in Astrophysics

The calculation of the weak interaction rates of nuclei in hot and dense stellar environments is briefly discussed, with emphasis on the role of Gamow-Teller strength distributions. This discussion is specialized to the importance of electron capture reactions on neutron rich nuclei during the collapse of a pre-supernova stellar core. The results of shell model calculations of Gamow-Teller strength distributions for electron capture reactions on the ground and first excited states for each of 56 Fe, 60Fe, and 64Fe are presented and the implications for future work in nuclear physics and the supernova core collapse problem are discussed.
The Vinculin C-terminal Hairpin Mediates F-actin Bundle Formation, Focal Adhesion, and Cell Mechanical Properties

Vinculin is an essential and highly conserved cell adhesion protein, found at both focal adhesions and adherens junctions, where it couples integrins or cadherins to the actin cytoskeleton. Vinculin is involved in controlling cell shape, motility, and cell survival, and has more recently been shown to play a role in force transduction. The tail domain of vinculin (Vt) contains determinants necessary for binding and bundling of actin filaments. Actin binding to Vt has been proposed to induce formation of a Vt dimer that is necessary for cross-linking actin filaments. Results from this study provide additional support for actin-induced Vt self-association. Moreover, the actin-induced Vt dimer appears distinct from the dimer formed in the absence of actin. To better characterize the role of the Vt strap and carboxyl terminus (CT) in actin binding, Vt self-association, and actin bundling, we employed smaller amino-terminal (NT) and CT deletions that do not perturb the structural integrity of Vt. Although both NT and CT deletions retain actin binding, removal of the CT hairpin (1061–1066) selectively impairs actin bundling in vitro. Moreover, expression of vinculin lacking the CT hairpin in vinculin knock-out murine embryonic fibroblasts affects the number of focal adhesions formed, cell spreading as well as cellular stiffening in response to mechanical force.
Imaging parallel fiber and climbing fiber responses and their short-term interactions in the mouse cerebellar cortex in vivo.

Abstract A major question in the study of cerebellar cortical function is how parallel fiber and climbing fiber inputs interact to shape information processing. Emphasis has been placed on the long-term effects due to conjunctive stimulation of climbing fibers and parallel fibers. Much less emphasis has been placed on short-term interactions and their spatial nature. To address this question the responses to parallel fiber and climbing fiber inputs and their short-term interaction were characterized using optical imaging with Neutral Red in the anesthetized mouse in vivo . Electrical stimulation of the cerebellar surface evoked an increase in fluorescence consisting of a transverse optical beam. The linear relationship between the optical responses and stimulus parameters, high spatial resolution and close coupling to the electrophysiological recordings show the utility of this imaging methodology. The majority of the optical response was due to activation of postsynaptic α-amino-3-hydroxyl-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionate (AMPA) and metabotropic glutamate receptors with a minor contribution from the presynaptic parallel fibers. Stimulation of the inferior olive evoked parasagittal bands that were abolished by blocking AMPA glutamate receptors. Conjunctive stimulation of the cerebellar surface and inferior olive resulted in inhibition of the climbing fiber evoked optical responses. This lateral inhibition of the parasagittal bands extended out from both sides of an activated parallel fiber beam and was mediated by GABA A but not GABA B receptors. One hypothesized role for lateral inhibition of this type is to spatially focus the interactions between parallel fiber and climbing fiber input on Purkinje cells. In summary optical imaging with Neutral Red permitted visualization of cerebellar cortical responses to parallel fiber and climbing fiber activation. The GABA A dependent lateral inhibition of the climbing fiber evoked parasagittal bands by parallel fiber stimulation shows that cerebellar interneurons play a short-term role in shaping the responses of Purkinje cells to climbing fiber input.
An Alteration in Cortisol Metabolism in Patients with Cushing's Syndrome and Bilateral Adrenal Hyperplasia

Quantitative estimations of the urinary cortisol metabolites, ATHF, THF and THE, were obtained in 12 patients with Cushing's syndrome and surgically demonstrated bilateral adrenal hyperplasia. Ten of these patients (7 studied before and 3 from 2 months to 6 years after initial therapy) showed a marked proportional decrease in the excretion of the 5α-reduced metabolite, ATHF, indicating a significant alteration in the metabolism of cortisol. Two of the patients (both with active disease although previously treated) showed normal proportions of these 3 urinary cortisol metabolites. Thus, 2 groups of patients with Cushing's syndrome are distinguished by differences in cortisol metabolism. Two of the patients excreting a low proportion of ATHF prior to treatment were studied subsequently 1 and 2 years after adrenalectomy. The described alteration in cortisol metabolism had persisted in both individuals in the absence of clinical or laboratory evidence of excess cortisol. In an effort to determine the signific...
Simulation of the Transverse Fractures of the Sacrum Using a Finite Element Model of Lumbar Spine-Pelvis Segment

The sacrum fractures are very severe trauma which frequently accompanied with lumbar spine fractures. The surgical procedures often require primary stabilization of both lumbar spine and sacrum. To understand the rationale of the instrumentation numerous cadaveric studies were conducted to elucidate the anatomy of fractures and treatment options [1,2,3]. The modern computer technology allowed simulating the fractures and repairing using the Finite Element Analysis, also [4,5]. The last method has a raw of advantages versus cadaveric method such as higher reliability, accuracy, and safety. Finite element investigations of the pelvic fractures allowed comparing the influence of implants on pelvis stability. However, the extensive search of the literature failed to find a finite element model which includes the pelvis and lumbar spine together. Current study is the first step to accomplish this goal. An experimentally validated model of ligamentous lumbar spine was combined with the FE model of pelvis [7], and simulation of the sacrum fractures was conducted.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Description of unstable particles in quantum field theory

The consequences of a pole on the second sheet of the $S$ matrix are investigated under the assumption that a certain Green's function has the same pole. It is shown that corresponding to each such pole is an eigenstate of the Hamiltonian with a complex energy. These eigenstates lie in a natural extension of the physical Hilbert space. Because it is the vector space that is modified and not the Hamiltonian, unstable particle states transform covariantly. They have complex energy and momentum but real integer or half-integer spin. Scattering amplitudes involving unstable particles are expressed as residues of poles in a reduction formula of the Lehmann-Symanzik-Zimmermann type. An example from potential theory is worked out in detail.
Global variability of phytoplankton functional types from space: assessment via the particle size distribution

Abstract. A new method of retrieving the parameters of a power-law particle size distribution (PSD) from ocean color remote sensing data was used to assess the global distribution and dynamics of phytoplankton functional types (PFT's). The method retrieves the power-law slope, ξ, and the abundance at a reference diameter, N0, based upon the shape and magnitude of the particulate backscattering coefficient spectrum. Relating the PSD to PFT's on global scales assumes that the open ocean particulate assemblage is biogenic. The retrieved PSD's can be integrated to define three size-based PFT's by the percent volume concentration contribution of three phytoplankton size classes – picoplankton (0.5–2 μm in equivalent spherical diameter), nanoplankton (2–20 μm) and microplankton (20–50 μm). Validation with in-situ HPLC diagnostic pigments resulted in better match-ups for the pico- and micro-phytoplankton size classes as compared to nanoplankton. Global decadal averages derived from SeaWiFS monthly data reveal PFT and particle abundance spatial patterns that are consistent with current understanding. Oligotrophic gyres are characterized by lower particle abundance and higher contribution by picoplankton-sized particles than transitional or eutrophic regions. Seasonal succession patterns for size-based PFT's reveal good correspondence between increasing chlorophyll concentration and percent contribution by microplankton, as well as increasing particle abundance. Long-term trends in particle abundances are generally well correlated with the MEI index indicating increased oligotrophy (i.e. lower particle abundance and increased contribution of picoplankton-sized particles) during the warm phase of an El Nino event. This work demonstrates the utility and future potential of assessing phytoplankton functional types using remote characterization of the particle size distribution.
Sea otters and nearshore benthic communities: a theoretical perspective

The central problem in environmental management is the balancing of competing societal values. Virtually any proposed management plan necessarily involves actions that will be viewed positively by some, negatively by others, and with mixed feelings perhaps by the majority. The management of the California sea otter population represents a classic example of such conflict, one in which multiple uses of the ecosystem are at odds and in which the diverse interests of different segments of society must be accommodated equitably.
DNA double-strand breaks by Cr(VI) are targeted to euchromatin and cause ATR-dependent phosphorylation of histone H2AX and its ubiquitination.

Hexavalent chromium is a human respiratory carcinogen that undergoes intracellular activation in vivo primarily via reduction with ascorbate. Replication of Cr-adducted DNA triggers mismatch repair that generates toxic DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) as secondary lesions. Here, we examined the intranuclear distribution of chromate-induced breaks and a central DSB signaling branch targeting histone H2AX. Using ascorbate-restored cells (H460 human lung epithelial cells, normal human lung and normal mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs)), we found that Cr(VI) produced a typical DSB-associated spectrum of H2AX modifications, including its Ser139-phosphorylated (known as γH2AX) and mono- and diubiquitinated forms. However, whereas canonical DSB signaling relies on ATM, the formation of γH2AX and its ubiquitinated products by Cr(VI) was dependent on ATR kinase. Based on the established mode of ATR activation, this suggests that Cr-induced DSB are not blunt-ended and likely contain single-stranded tails. Confocal imaging with markers of active and inactive chromatin revealed a selective formation of Cr-induced DSB in euchromatin of mouse and human cells. In contrast to DSB, Cr-DNA adducts were produced in both types of chromatin. The euchromatin targeting of Cr-induced DSB makes these lesions particularly dangerous by increasing the probability of deleting active tumor suppressors and producing oncogenic translocations. Accumulation of transcription-inhibiting ubiquitinated forms of γH2AX in euchromatin is expected to contribute to the ability of Cr(VI) to suppress upregulation of inducible genes.
Known Physiological and Anatomical Changes That Result from Optical and Motor Deficits

Mammals compensate for optical deficits occurring at a young age by anatomical and physiological changes in the visual cortex. Not much compensation is found at the level of the retina or the lateral geniculate nucleus. In the case of binocular function, orientation selectivity, and direction selectivity, this is what one would expect, because these are all properties of the visual cortex rather than of the retina or the lateral geniculate. The mechanisms that produce acuity and contrast sensitivity changes are also often found at the cortical level, even though acuity and contrast sensitivity are properties of the retina and lateral geniculate as well. The compensation is specific for the deficit. Monocular deprivation affects ocular dominance rather than orientation selectivity, and orientation deprivation affects orientation selectivity rather than ocular dominance. There is a rearrangement of the connections within the cortex, and the columns specific for the deprived features contract, while the columns specific for the non-deprived features expand. The physiological properties of the cells change correspondingly. There is a limit to how far compensation can occur through anatomical and physiological changes. This is not important for monocular, orientation, and direction deprivation, because columns for left and right eyes are near each other and so are columns for vertical and horizontal orientations and cells for rightward and leftward movement. It is, however, important for strabismus, when the angle of strabismus is large. In this case, compensation occurs through some form of physiological suppression rather than through anatomical rearrangements.
COOL FLAME PROPAGATION SPEEDS

Abstract Cool flames are studied at reduced-gravity in a closed, unstirred, spherical reactor to minimize complexities associated with natural convection. Under such conditions, transport is controlled by diffusive fluxes and the flames are observed to propagate radially outward from the center of the reactor toward the wall. Intensified video records are obtained and analyzed to determine the flame radius as a function of time for different vessel temperatures (593–623 K) and initial pressures (55.2–81.4 kPa) using an equimolar (φ = 5) propane-oxygen premixture. Polynomial-fits are applied to the data and differentiated to determine the cool flame propagation speeds. In nearly all cases considered, the flame decelerates monotonically and in some cases, subsequently retreats towards the center of the reactor. The flame speed is also tabulated as a function of the flame stretch rate. Extrapolation of the cool flame speeds to zero stretch is then performed to determine the “unstretched” cool flame propagati...
Effect of physical stress on the degradation of thin SiO/sub 2/ films under electrical stress

In this work, we demonstrate that for ultrathin MOS gate oxides, the reliability is closely related to the SiO/sub 2//Si interfacial physical stress for constant current gate injection (V/sub g//sup -/) in the Fowler-Nordheim tunneling regime. A physical stress-enhanced bond-breaking model is proposed to explain this. The oxide breakdown mechanism is very closely related to the Si-Si bond formation from the breakage of Si-O-Si bond, and that is influenced by the physical stress in the film. The interfacial stress is generated due to the volume expansion from Si to SiO/sub 2/ during the thermal oxidation, and it is a strong function of growth conditions, such as temperature, growth rate, and growth ambient. Higher temperatures, lower oxidation rates, and higher steam concentrations allow faster stress relaxation through viscous flow. Reduced disorder at the interface results in better reliability. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) technique has been used to characterize stress in thin oxide films grown by both furnace and rapid thermal process (RTP). In conjunction with the Gibbs free energy theory, this model successfully predicts the trends of time-to-breakdown (t/sub bd/) as a function of oxide thickness and growth conditions. The trends of predicted t/sub bd/ values agree well with the experimental data from the electrical measurement.
Approximation and control of systems using a neural net

The use of multilayer neural networks for approximating linear and nonlinear systems is demonstrated. The gradient method is discussed in detail. Single-input/single-output and double-input/single-output systems are considered, and gradient (backpropagation) methods are used to adjust the parameters of a three-layer neural network in order to optimize a performance function. The results of simulations for the above systems are analyzed, and appropriate graphs that verify the theoretical results are included. The approach is also used for approximating the optimal control of vibrating beams.
Neurogenesis and apoptotic cell death.

Traditionally, the adult brain has been thought of as a very static structure. Essentially, the neurons you are born with are all you have; once they are lost, they cannot be regenerated. This view left very little room for neurogenesis, the birth of new neurons; or apoptosis, neuronal-programmed cell death, for that matter. In the past several years, this belief has been thoroughly upended. In this chapter, we will try to give a perspective on the exciting recent developments and present the new views of life and death in the adult brain that have arisen from them. We have divided this chapter into two segments. The first part deals with postnatal functions of neurogenesis and apoptotic cell death in the healthy brain, whereas the second part focuses on neurogenesis and apoptotic processes following stroke and other neurodegenerative diseases.
Black Men's Perceptions of Divorce-Related Stressors and Strategies for Coping With Divorce An Exploratory Study

The divorce rate among Blacks in the United States has increased significantly in recent years. Consequently, an increasing number of Black men confront problems associated with adjusting to divorce. Using data from in-depth interviews, we identify factors that working-class/middle-class Black men perceive to cause significant stress following divorce and we examine strategies that they use to reestablish their lives. The results show that Black men confront the following divorce-related stressors: (a) financial strain, (b) noncustodial parenting, (c) child-support stressors, and (d) psychological as well as physiological distress. The findings suggest that divorced Black men experience profound postdivorce psychological distress. The data further indicate that Black men employ the following strategies to cope with the stress of marital dissolution: (a) reliance on family and friends, (b) involvement in church-related activities, (c) participation in social activities, and (d) establishment of intimate he...
Computational statistics using the Bayesian Inference Engine

This paper introduces the Bayesian Inference Engine (BIE), a general parallel-optimised software package for parameter inference and model selection. This package is motivated by the analysis needs of modern astronomical surveys and the need to organise and reuse expensive derived data. I describe key concepts that illustrate the po wer of Bayesian inference to address these needs and outline the computational challenge. The techniques presented are based on experience gained in modelling star-counts and stellar populations, analysing the morphology of galaxy images, and performing Bayesian investigations of semi-analytic models of galaxy formation. These inference problems require advanced Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithms that expedite sampling, mixing, and the analysis of the Bayesian posterior distribution. The BIE was designed to be a collaborative platform for applying Bayesian methodology to astronomy. By providing a variety of statistical algorit hms for all phases of the inference problem, a user may explore a variety of approaches with a single model implementation. Indeed, each of the separate scientific investigations abov e has benefited from the solutions posed for the other investigations, and I anticipate that th e same solutions will be of general value for other areas of astronomical research. Finally, to protect one’s computational investment against loss any equipment failure and human error, the BIE includes a comprehensive persistence system that enables byte-level checkpointing and restoration. Additional technical details and download details are available from http://www.astro.umass.edu/bie. The BIE is distributed under the GNU GPL.
A New Parallel Kernel-Independent Fast Multipole Method

We present a new adaptive fast multipole algorithm and its parallel implementation. The algorithm is kernel-independent in the sense that the evaluation of pairwise interactions does not rely on any analytic expansions, but only utilizes kernel evaluations. The new method provides the enabling technology for many important problems in computational science and engineering. Examples include viscous flows, fracture mechanics and screened Coulombic interactions. Our MPI-based parallel implementation logically separates the computation and communication phases to avoid synchronization in the upward and downward computation passes, and thus allows us to fully exploit computation and communication overlapping. We measure isogranular and fixed-size scalability for a variety of kernels on the Pittsburgh Supercomputing Center's TCS-1 Alphaserver on up to 3000 processors. We have solved viscous flow problems with up to 2.1 billion unknowns and we have achieved 1.6 Tflops/s peak performance and 1.13 Tflops/s sustained performance.
CENP-E–dependent BubR1 autophosphorylation enhances chromosome alignment and the mitotic checkpoint

How the state of spindle microtubule capture at the kinetochore is translated into mitotic checkpoint signaling remains largely unknown. In this paper, we demonstrate that the kinetochore-associated mitotic kinase BubR1 phosphorylates itself in human cells and that this autophosphorylation is dependent on its binding partner, the kinetochore motor CENP-E. This CENP-E–dependent BubR1 autophosphorylation at unattached kinetochores is important for a full-strength mitotic checkpoint to prevent single chromosome loss. Replacing endogenous BubR1 with a nonphosphorylatable BubR1 mutant, as well as depletion of CENP-E, the BubR1 kinase activator, results in metaphase chromosome misalignment and a decrease of Aurora B–mediated Ndc80 phosphorylation at kinetochores. Furthermore, expressing a phosphomimetic BubR1 mutant substantially reduces the incidence of polar chromosomes in CENP-E–depleted cells. Thus, the state of CENP-E–dependent BubR1 autophosphorylation in response to spindle microtubule capture by CENP-E is important for kinetochore function in achieving accurate chromosome segregation.
Pressure drop measurements of prototype NET and CEA cable-in-conduit conductors (CICCs)

The pressure drop of two prototype cable-in-conduit conductors (CICCs) were measured. The NET conductor is a conventional type CICC, while the CEA conductor has a central flow channel to reduce hydraulic impedance. The pressure drop measurements were conducted with helium at temperatures ranging from 2 K to 4.7 K, and pressure from the saturated vapor pressure to in excess of 3 bar. Computer image analysis was used to estimate the flow cross sectional area and wetted perimeter of the conductors. The data are expressed in terms of a classical friction factor, and compared with previous experimental results. >
More ups and downs of subtest analysis: Criterion validity of the DAS with an unselected cohort.

This research evaluated the criterion-related validity of unusual subtest profiles from the Differential Ability Scales (Elliott, 1990). Three methods were used to identify unusual profiles: multiv...
When Is a Hierarchy Not a Hierarchy? Factors Associated with Different Perceptions of Needs, with Implications for Standardization – Adaptation Decisions in Korea

The standardization of marketing strategies relies on the assumption that consumers worldwide have similar needs and wants. A core theory that scholars use to support the universality of needs and wants is Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs. This study examines whether Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs is perceived in a similar manner in Korea, as compared to how it has been traditionally defined in Western cultures. The results indicate that Korean “blue-collar” workers perceive belongingness to be their strongest need. Furthermore, foreign influence (working with non-Korean managers, co-workers and/or customers) and age are shown to significantly impact perceptions of needs among Korean workers. Based on these results, implications for standardization and adaptation of marketing strategies and future research are discussed.
Bionomics of the Squirrel Flea, Orchopeas Howardi (Siphonaptera: Ceratophyllidae), in Laboratory and Field Colonies of the Southern Flying Squirrel, Glaucomys Volans, Using Radiolabeling Techniques

Radioecological techniques were developed to study population dynamics of the squirrel flea, Orchopeas howardi , a possible vector of sylvan epidemic typhus. in laboratory and field colonies of Southern Flying Squirrels. Flea population sizes in laboratory colonies were estimated using mark-and-recapture methodology and the Lincoln Index. Population size was not altered by temperature differences of 8° or 16°C. although flea distribution was affected. Squirrel aggregation size significantly affected flea populations, with larger numbers of squirrels supporting larger numbers of fleas. Dispersal of radiolabeled fleas was rapid and multidirectional in laboratory and field squirrel colonies. Application of the radioecological techniques developed in this study to future definitive studies of flea abundance and distribution is discussed.
Curing the Disease and Saving the Patient: A Response to Wayne Urban

Wayne Urban's review of Curriculum as Social Psychoanalysis: Essays on the Significance of Place and my response may provide valuable insights to readers, as it highlights the differences between Urban (a liberal scholar who is an expert in history of education) and Kincheloe (a critically grounded scholar with interests in social and educational theory and history of education). The contrasts are highlighted by the fact that Urban is an excellent scholar who presents a thoughtful and well-written review. The basis of Urban's and my differences seems to revolve around the term emancipation-a word that, Urban writes, William Pinar and I rely upon too single-mindedly. Indeed, I am guilty of emphasizing the value of an emancipatory approach to educational scholarship. As critical scholarship maintains, I attempt to clearly establish the system of meaning, the way of seeing used to examine the subject at hand. Since there is no disinterested position, no vantage point outside of sociohistorical processes, critical theorists contend that delineating one's assumptions is the most authentic stance a scholar can take. We see research as an act of decon-
Current Status of Preoperative Treatment for Carcinoma of the Esophagus

carcinoma of the esophagus continues to be a lethal malignancy in the vast majority of patients in whom it is diagnosed. The 1985 Surveillance Epidemiology and End Result report from the National Cancer Institute suggested that the 5-year survival rate for all patients presenting with esophageal cancer was 6%.’ Although this is due at least in part to delayed diagnosis in most individuals, the anatomy and pathophysiology of this tumor also contribute to this poor prognosis. Esophageal cancer is known to spread longitudinally through the submucosal lymphatics and to disseminate in the extraesophageal lymph nodes in the cervical, abdominal, and intrathoracic areas. Lateral extension of esophageal carcinoma often involves vital organs and structures that preclude curative resection, and distant metastatic spread, though infrequent at time of presentation, removes any chance for cure by surgery alone. In an attempt to improve results, two differing strategies have been used for the treatment of esophageal carcinoma. One strategy involves increasing the extent of dissection by performing radical esophagectomy with en bloc lymph node dissection. This “en bloc” esophagectomy has been championed by Skinner who, despite significant operative morbidity and mortality, has not produced superior 5-year survival figures when comparing his approach to a standard esophagectomy.2,3 Esophagectomy combined with radical lymph node dissections in the neck, thorax, and abdomen have been espoused by several Japanese thoracic surgeons who feel this approach decreases local recurrence and improves 5-year survival.4-6 The second strategy involves preoperative treatment using radiotherapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of both and has been termed “neoadjuvant” therapy. The intent of this approach is to reduce tumor size, enhance resectability, and sterilize any microscopic local tumor extension so that better local control might be achieved. Neoadjuvant therapy may also improve regional tumor control by sterilizing micrometastases in the areas of lymphatic drainage. Finally, it is hoped that systemic treatment modalities will allow for ablation of microscopic metastatic disease, thus minimizing the chance for distant metastatic recurrence. The majority of adjuvant therapy protocols involve preoperative treatment for a number of reasons. Preoperative therapy ensures an adequate vascular supply for the tumor, which is important both to assure adequate delivery of chemotherapeu
AIDS and pediatric neurology.

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), the etiologic agent of AIDS, causes a wide spectrum of disease in children owing to its selective tropism for the immune system, nervous system, and perhaps other organs. By 1991, there may be as many as 10,000 to 15,000 children with" symptomatic HIV-1 infection in the United States. This article reviews the current knowledge of the clinical, neuroradiologic, and neuropathologic features of HIV-1- related central nervous system involvement in infants and children with symptomatic HIV infection.
Organometallic model complexes elucidate the active gallium species in alkane dehydrogenation catalysts based on ligand effects in Ga K-edge XANES

Gallium-modified zeolites are known catalysts for the dehydrogenation of alkanes, reactivity that finds industrial application in the aromatization of light alkanes by Ga-ZSM5. While the role of gallium cations in alkane activation is well known, the oxidation state and coordination environment of gallium under reaction conditions has been the subject of debate. Edge shifts in Ga K-edge XANES spectra acquired under reaction conditions have long been interpreted as evidence for reduction of Ga(III) to Ga(I). However, a change in oxidation state is not the only factor that can give rise to a change in the XANES spectrum. In order to better understand the XANES spectra of working catalysts, we have synthesized a series of molecular model compounds and grafted surface organometallic Ga species and compared their XANES spectra to those of gallium-based catalysts acquired under reducing conditions. We demonstrate that changes in the identity and number of gallium nearest neighbors can give rise to changes in XANES spectra similar to those attributed in literature to changes in oxidation state. Specifically, spectral features previously attributed to Ga(I) may be equally well interpreted as evidence for low-coordinate Ga(III) alkyl or hydride species. These findings apply both to gallium-impregnated zeolite catalysts and to silica-supported single site gallium catalysts, the latter of which is found to be active and selective for dehydrogenation of propane and hydrogenation of propylene.
UNUSUAL PRESENTATIONS OF GOUT : TIPS FOR ACCURATE DIAGNOSIS

PreviewIn most cases of gout, classic clues like monoarthritis of the great toe, a pattern of recurring attacks, and characteristic tophi make diagnosis straightforward. When its presentation mimics that of other rheumatic conditions, however, misdiagnosis and inappropriate treatment could impact negatively on both patient morbidity and cost-effectiveness of care.
"Freeze Only"--An Evolving Standard in Clinical In Vitro Fertilization.

In recent years, the rates of pregnancy and live birth after the transfer of frozen embryos have improved,1 probably as a result of the use of vitrification for embryo cryopreservation.2 In addition, multiple reports have shown that adverse perinatal outcomes are less common in pregnancies after frozen-embryo transfer than after fresh-embryo transfer.3,4 Analyses of in vitro fertilization (IVF) data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the Society for Assisted Reproductive Technology suggest that the differences in outcomes between frozen and fresh cycles may be explained by the nonphysiologic, hormonally hyperstimulated, periconceptional milieu of fresh IVF cycles, . . .
Incidence and survival outcomes of chronic myelomonocytic leukemia in the United States

AbstractChronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML) is an aggressive neoplasm with sparse data on outcomes at a population level. Using Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) database, we identified 2238 patients with CMML diagnosed in the period 2003–2013. We found that the disease incidence was significantly higher with advancing age and lower in females, Blacks, and Asian/pacific islanders. Median OS declined significantly with increasing age (age 20–39 – 25 months, age 40–59 – 20 months, age 60–79 – 18 months, and age ≥80 – 11 months, p < .01), but did not vary by gender or race. Median OS has improved in the period 2007–2013 as compared with 2003–2006 (17 months vs. 14 months, p < .01). In spite of advances in CMML biology and therapeutics, in general, the survival of CMML patients remains dismal. More effective therapies are needed to improve the outcomes of CMML.
Tamara’s Illness. Pilgrims, Fate, and Lived Religion in Post-Communist Romania

Romania saw an increase in religiosity after the fall of communism. The number of pilgrimages has multiplied and they had gained in popularity in the last fifteen years. The pilgrims’ religion seems to relate less to abstract endings such as salvation and more to solving everyday life problems. Their attraction for practices and less for spiritual experiences is the object of criticism of those that promote a more “protestant” version of Orthodoxy. This article comes out of a desire to grasp the ways in which Orthodox Romanians understand and practice religion in everyday life. Following observations made during several pilgrimages in Romania in 2012, I examine one particular aspect that came out of the fieldwork: the pilgrims’ attitude towards fate. As it turns out, two contradictory attitudes towards fate emerge: action and resignation. I argue that the tension between the desire to influence fate and resignation might explain what is seen as “irrational” in the eyes of an external observer.
Hepatitis C virus infection in patients undergoing hematopoietic cell transplantation in the era of direct-acting antiviral agents.

7090 Background: There is paucity of literature regarding hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in hematopoietic cell transplant (HCT) recipients. In the study described herein, we aimed to evaluate se...
Submarine landslides triggered by destabilization of high-saturation hydrate anomalies

Submarine landslides occur along continental margins at depths that often intersect the gas hydrate stability zone, prompting suggestions that slope stability may be affected by perturbations that arise from changes in hydrate stability. Here we develop a numerical model to identify the conditions under which the destabilization of hydrates results in slope failure. Specifically, we focus on high-saturation hydrate anomalies at fine-grained to coarse-grained stratigraphic boundaries that can transmit bridging stresses that decrease the effective stress at sediment contacts and disrupt normal sediment consolidation. We evaluate slope stability before and after hydrate destabilization. Hydrate anomalies act to significantly increase the overall slope stability due to large increases in effective cohesion. However, when hydrate anomalies destabilize there is a loss of cohesion and increase in effective stress that causes the sediment grains to rapidly consolidate and generate pore pressures that can either trigger immediate slope failure or weaken the surrounding sediment until the pore pressure diffuses away. In cases where failure does not occur, the sediment can remain weakened for months. In cases where failure does occur, we quantify landslide dynamics using a rate and state frictional model and find that landslides can display either slow or dynamic (i.e., catastrophic) motion depending on the rate-dependent properties, size of the stress perturbation, and the size of the slip patch relative to a critical nucleation length scale. Our results illustrate the fundamental mechanisms through which the destabilization of gas hydrates can pose a significant geohazard.