cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Pilot Study of the Effects of Interview Content, Retention Interval, and Grade on Accuracy of Dietary Information From Children

Objective: Investigate differences in dietary recall accuracy by interview content (diet only or diet and physical activity), retention interval (same day or previous day), and grade (third or fifth). Methods: Thirty-two children observed eating school-provided meals and interviewed once each; interview content and retention interval randomly assigned. Multivariate analysis of variance on rates for omissions (foods observed but unreported) and intrusions (foods reported but unobserved); independent variables: interview content, retention interval, grade. Results: Accuracy differed by retention interval (P ¼ .05; better for same day [omission rate, intrusion rate: 28%, 20%] than previous day [54%, 45%]) but not interview content (P > .48; diet only: 41%, 33%; diet and physical activity: 41%, 33%) or grade (P > .27; third: 48%, 42%; fifth: 34%, 24%). Conclusions and Implications: Although the small sample limits firm conclusions, results provide evidence-baseddirectiontoenhanceaccuracy:specifically,toshortentheretentioninterval.Largervalidation studiesneedtoinvestigatethecombinedeffectofinterviewcontent,retentioninterval,andgradeonaccuracy.
The equilibrium molecular weight distribution in enzymically catalyzed polysaccharide and polyribonucleotide synthesis.

Abstract The equilibrium most probable distribution of molecular weights obtained in the formation of polysaccharide and polyribonucleotide chains by phosphorylase catalysis has been derived on the assumption that the bonds formed are thermodynamically equivalent. Conditions under which the equilibrium constant for formation of an α- i ,4 glycosidic bond is approximated by the ratio of the equilibrium concentration of orthophosphate to that of glucose i -phosphate are discussed. The influence of pH on the extent of polymerization is treated.
Management of urinary tract in children with epidermolysis bullosa

Epidermolysis bullosa is a group of rare genetic disorders characterized by noninflammatory blistering lesions of the skin occurring after minor mechanical trauma. In association with junctional epidermolysis bullosa, a syndrome of pyloric atresia has occasionally been noted in the literature. Several infants who had this combined disorder have been reported to have severe genitourinary tract involvement. Most of these patients have died at an early age because of severe urinary tract involvement. We describe a rare survivor who was initially treated with urinary diversion. Subsequent attempts at undiversion of this patient were unsuccessful. He is presently stable following rediversion. The entities of e. bullosa and e. bullosa/pyloric atresia are reviewed with emphasis on urologic associations.
Magnetically induced circular polarization

Helium atoms excited to an aligned (1s3d)/sup 3/D state are produced by electron impact parallel to a magnetic field. The initial alignment of the atomic state evolves into an orientation with finite angular momentum along the magnetic field direction and thus gives rise to a circularly polarized component in the (1s3d)/sup 3/D..-->..(1s2p)/sup 3/P radiation propagating parallel to the magnetic field. Circular-polarization fractions of a few percent are observed, in general agreement with theory. The measured polarization fraction is found to be pressure dependent, indicating that secondary excitation and cascade processes must be included for a complete description.
Application of optical techniques to studies of kinetics and photochemistry - Tropospheric fate of Methyl Vinyl Ketone and Methacrolein

This paper evaluates pulsed photolysis techniques for studying gas-phase radical-molecule reactions that are important in atmospheric chemistry. Reactions of OH are discussed. The pulsed photolysis-pulsed laser induced fluorescence (PP-PLIF) technique is described and compared with other detection techniques. As an example of application of this technique the kinetics of the OH reaction with Methyl Vinyl Ketone (MVK) and Methacrolein (MACR) over the temperature range 232-378 K are presented. Measurements of the UV absorption cross sections of MVK and MACR over the wavelength range 190-450 nm using a diode array spectrometer are also described. These data are used to calculate the tropospheric lifetimes of MVK and MACR.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Response Contour Diagrams to Describe Effects of Moisture, Storage Temperature and Sulfur Dioxide on Color of Dried Apples

Samples of diced Golden Delicious apples were dipped in sodium bisulfite solutions containing 2500, 5000, and 7500 ppm sulfur dioxide, dried to moisture levels of 13, 18, 22, 24, and 26% and stored at 1°, 21° and 38°C. Dried apples were analyzed at 0, 40, 101, 188, 269, and 385 days for total sulfur dioxide, moisture content and color. Color was expressed as the product of the Hunter values, L, a and b (color index). Storage temperature was the most important factor in the degradation of color in stored dried apples. Response contour diagrams generated from regression equations obtained from these data were used to describe the influence of storage temperature, total sulfur dioxide and moisture on color index of dried apples during storage.
Data mining standards, services, and platforms 2004 (DM-SSP 2004)

This is a summary of the workshop on Data Mining Standards, Services and Platforms, which was held at KDD 2004. The Workshop contained talks on the Predictive Model Markup Language (PMML) and the Java standard for data mining JSR-73. It also contained talks on emerging service-based architectures for data mining. Finally, infrastructures for privacy preserving data mining were also discussed.
Chemical and microbiological studies of sea-surface films in the Southern Gulf of California and off the West Coast of Baja California

Abstract Sea-surface films and the corresponding 10-cm subsurface waters were sampled on three cruises to the eutrophic and oligotrophic waters in the Gulf of California and off the west coast of Baja California. The following constituents and properties were measured: NH 4 + , NO 2 − , NO 3 − , PO 4 3− , SiO 3 2− , urea, ATP and Chl- a ; dissolved and particulate organic carbon and nitrogen; lipid, protein and carbohydrate; total viable and nitrifying bacteria; simulated in situ bacterial heterotrophy; microplankton and simulated in situ primary productivity; surface potential and film pressures; ultraviolet absorption; and film-formation rates using surface potential and chemical methods. Mean enrichment factors (film concentration/10-cm concentration) for the three cruises were: 1.1–2.4 for the soluble inorganic nutrients, dissolved organic carbon, nitrogen, urea, carbohydrate, and lipid; 1.3–2.0 for ATP, Chl- a , microplankton and bacteria; and 1.1–3.7 for particulate carbon and nitrogen and both dissolved and particulate protein. Particulate and dissolved carbon and nitrogen were the only constituents never depleted in the films relative to the subsurface waters. Systematic, significant correlations between the various chemical and biological parameters measured were few, reflecting the complexity of processes which form and maintain surface films. Protein, carbohydrate and lipid carbon accounted for 15–114% (mean = 50%) of the total particulate organic carbon and 14–42% (mean = 28%) of the total dissolved organic carbon in both the films and 10-cm waters. Lipid was not the major identified constituent of films, averaging 18% of the particulate organic carbon and 2.5% of the dissolved organic carbon. There was more protein relative to carbohydrate in film samples compared to 10-cm water; there was also more protein relative to carbohydrate in particulate compared to dissolved mater. Microplankton plus bacterial carbon averaged 16% of the particulate organic carbon in films and 19% in 10-cm waters.
Structure and excitations of liquid-helium films.

We study the structure and the spectrum of elementary excitations of films of $^{4}\mathrm{He}$ atoms adsorbed to plane substrates of varying strengths. An optimized variational description of the ground-state wave function provides the short- and long-ranged structure, the distribution functions, the dispersion relations, and the spatial shape of the collective modes.
Solutions and recommendations to address issues with Company XYZ's performance management system

According to a recent attitude survey, work objectives, advancement, growth, job assignment, information, pay for performance, and compensation are issues in which Company XYZ's engineering department fell below the industry average. The issues are all symptoms of a larger performance management problem. This article offers solutions and recommendations focused on the introduction of an individual development planning document with an emphasis on goals tied to the corporate mission and an increase in feedback and communication.
Early Experience with a Simplified Technique for Transcatheter Closure of the Patent Foramen Ovale

Background Although generally safe, transcatheter patent foramen ovale (PFO) closure typically involves catheter exchanges and manipulations within the left atrium (LA) that may result in complications. We describe the development of a simplified technique for PFO closure, further to modification of our earlier approaches. Methods Early in our experience, LA angiography and/or balloon sizing of the PFO was routine prior to device closure. Subsequently, the simplified technique described herein became our standard approach. We reviewed immediate and medium term results in 27 consecutive patients who underwent closure in a 24-month time frame. Results All procedures used general anaesthesia, TEE guidance and CardioSEAL septal occluder. Device delivery was successful in all patients. The median fluoroscopy time was significantly shorter with the simplified technique (median difference 6.7min, p Conclusions Successful transcatheter PFO closure is feasible without LA angiography or catheter-based balloon sizing, utilising echocardiographic guidance for device selection and placement. Simplification of PFO closure technique could potentially decrease complications and shorten fluoroscopy times.
The effect of increases in the level of unemployement on older workers

This study explores the influence of the level of unemployment on labour force participation and full- versus part-time status, for men and women aged 56 to 60. Comparisons are also made with 16–19- and 31–35-year-old men and women. It is found that when the unemployment increases, discourgement is greater for older men than for younger ones. For Women, Prime-aged workers exhibit less discouragement than either the older or younger women. The study also infers the original labour force status of older discouraged workers. For men, displaced workers come largely from the ranks of full-time workers. For women, both full- and part-time workers are displaced.
CD studies on mixed complexes of cobalt with acetylacetone and amino acids or dipeptides, and observations on oxygen reaction of the 1:1 histidine-Co(II) complex☆

Abstract The coordination of the imidazole ring in formation of the 1:1 histidine-Co(II) chelate complex gives a distinctive CD spectrum. Even at pH 5–6 the complex rapidly captures elemental oxygen and more slowly oxidizes to a mixture of two positively charged Co(III) complex isomers, which have distinctive CD spectra. The attempt to form mixed bischelate complexes of Co(II) from acetylacetone and amino acids or dipeptides, at pH 5–6, very slowly yields a product which is a mixture of Co(III) isomeric bischelates. These are mainly neutral, presumably holding a hydroxyl ion formed through oxygen oxidation as in the histidine complex case. The isomers are separable by passage through a bed of cation-exchange resin, and most reliably identified by their CD spectra, usually assisted by their visual coloration. The CD spectra of the mixed bischelate dipeptide complexes are characteristically different from those with amino acid.
Sub-Micron Displacement Measurement Repeatability On Precision Machine Tools With Laser Interferometry

Recent advancements in Hewlett-Packard laser interferometers has made it possible to achieve sub-micron displacement measurement repeatability in precision machine tool applications . This will be of key importance in cutting and measuring sub-micron toleranced parts in the future. This measurement repeatability is achieved by the use of two new products that significantly reduce the major error components of the interferometer system. Before discussing the details of these products, an account is given on how to analyze the measurement repeatability of a laser interferometer system. Each component of the system repeatability budget are discussed. From this analysis it is observed that the most significant error components in this budget are due to atmospheric affects and the thermal drift of the optics. The affects of these errors have been reduced on the Hewlett-Packard system by the use of Wavelength Tracking Compensation and a new high stability interferometer.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Pericardial Disease and Cardiac Masses

MRI is known to be a superior modality for evaluating pericardial disease and masses because of its unmatched capacity for tissue characterization and high spatial resolution. New real-time sequences now complement the standard morphologic imaging of the pericardium with dynamic image acquisitions that also can provide hemodynamic information indicative of constriction. In the evaluation of masses, recently developed rapid imaging sequences have shortened examination times and improved lesion characterization. The full spectrum of pericardial disease and cardiac masses is reviewed, and the role of MRI explored.
Effect of removing image pixel noise bits on the detection of simulated lung nodules

Our previous studies used statistical methods to assess the noise level in digital images of various radiological modalities. We separated the pixel data into signal bits and noise bits and demonstrated visually that the removal of the noise bits will not affect the image quality. In this paper we report our further study and demonstrate quantitatively that the removal of noise bits has no effect on the image property. The detectability of simulated lung nodules on a wedge phantom is used as a basis for this study. The test phantom consists of a Lucite step wedge of 22 steps (12.5 mm/step) with nylon spheres (1/4 inch, 3/8 inch, and 1/2 inch diameter) simulating nodules kept at each step. Test images of the phantom were taken on a scanning equalization radiographic system which has better nodule detectability than conventional diagnostic x ray systems. The gray-levels at each step of the wedge on the nodule with respect to the background were measured and plotted against the thickness of the wedge. Preliminary results show that the removal of the noise bits do not affect the shape of the curve and thus the detectability of the nodule.
Beyond Rain Delays: Weather's Role in America's Favorite Pastime

One of the classic lines from the motion picture Bull Durham (1988) is, “A good friend of mine used to say, ‘This is a very simple game. You throw the ball, you catch the ball, you hit the ball. So...
ch-TOGp is required for microtubule aster formation in a mammalian mitotic extract.

Microtubules induced to polymerize with taxol in a mammalian mitotic extract organize into aster-like arrays in a centrosome-independent process that is driven by microtubule motors and structural proteins. These microtubule asters accurately reflect the noncentrosomal aspects of mitotic spindle pole formation. We show here that colonic-hepatictumor-overexpressed gene (ch-TOGp) is an abundant component of these asters. We have prepared ch-TOGp-specific antibodies and show by immunodepletion that ch-TOGp is required for microtubule aster assembly. Microtubule polymerization is severely inhibited in the absence of ch-TOGp, and silver stain analysis of the ch-TOGp immunoprecipitate indicates that it is not present in a preformed complex and is the only protein removed from the extract during immunodepletion. Furthermore, the reduction in microtubule polymerization efficiency in the absence of ch-TOGp is dependent on ATP. These results demonstrate that ch-TOGp is a major constituent of microtubule asters assembled in a mammalian mitotic extract and that it is required for robust microtubule polymerization in an ATP-dependent manner in this system even though taxol is present. These data, coupled with biochemical and genetic data derived from analysis of ch-TOGp-related proteins in other organisms, indicate that ch-TOGp is a key factor regulating microtubule dynamics during mitosis.
Defibrillation without A-V block using capacitor discharge with added inductance.

Two hundred and seventy-two defibrillations of the ventricles of 17 dogs by capacitor discharge applied directly to the heart were accompanied by A-V block lasting up to 78 seconds. A range of 150 to 475 volts was employed using a 40 microfarad condenser. The duration of the block was proportional to the energy employed for defibrillation. With the minimum energy of 1.8 watt-sec that produced 100% defibrillation in all trials, A-V block was present in 14 of the 17 animals (average duration of A-V block varying from 3 to 18 seconds). That the A-V block is not vagal in origin was demonstrated by atropinization and vagotomy of the animals. Prolongation of the period of fibrillation up to 15 seconds was found not to be a factor in determining the duration of A-V block. Defibrillation with the same energy levels but with the inclusion of an 0.29 henry inductance abolished the A-V block in 115 defibrillations in the same 17 animals. The current waveform measured without inductance was of the capacitor discharge...
Voluntary versus Forced Task Switching

Research on task switching has focused on the relatively well known task switching cost, an increase in RT on a trial directly following a switch. Two main issues with previous studies raise concerns about their external validity (1) they typically use short and arbitrary tasks in comparison to real work situations and (2) the vast majority force participants to switch rather than allowing them to do so voluntarily. The current experiment utilized two longer lasting tasks (document proofreading and a Sudoku puzzle) to more closely resemble real world situations and four task switching groups. One group switched voluntarily, one was forced without warning, one was forced with a cue that a switch would be coming, and one served as a no switch control group. Performance, reaction time, and mental workload (NASA-TLX) were measured. Task switch groups did not differ on these dependent variables, and no task switching cost was observed. The failure to find a task switching cost lends support to the proposition that previous lab studies may not adequately resemble real world scenarios, and that micromanaging small tasks may not be comparable to switching between comparatively longer lasting tasks. Language: en
The role of extinction in evolution

The extinction of species is not normally considered an important element of neodarwinian theory, in contrast to the opposite phenomenon, speciation. This is surprising in view of the special importance Darwin attached to extinction, and because the number of species extinctions in the history of life is almost the same as the number of originations; present-day biodiversity is the result of a trivial surplus of originations, cumulated over millions of years. For an evolutionary biologist to ignore extinction is probably as foolhardy as for a demographer to ignore mortality. The past decade has seen a resurgence of interest in extinction, yet research on the topic is still at a reconnaissance level, and our present understanding of its role in evolution is weak. Despite uncertainties, extinction probably contains three important elements. (i) For geographically widespread species, extinction is likely only if the killing stress is one so rare as to be beyond the experience of the species, and thus outside the reach of natural selection. (ii) The largest mass extinctions produce major restructuring of the biosphere wherein some successful groups are eliminated, allowing previously minor groups to expand and diversify. (iii) Except for a few cases, there is little evidence that extinction is selective in the positive sense argued by Darwin. It has generally been impossible to predict, before the fact, which species will be victims of an extinction event.
Added value for tandem mass spectrometry shotgun proteomics data validation through isoelectric focusing of peptides.

A very popular approach in proteomics is the so-called “shotgun LC−MS/MS” strategy. In its mostly used form, a total protein digest is separated by ion exchange fractionation in the first dimension followed by off- or on-line RP LC−MS/MS. We replaced the first dimension by isoelectric focusing in the liquid phase using the Off-Gel device producing 15 fractions. As peptides are separated by their isoelectric point in the first dimension and hydrophobicity in the second, those experimentally derived parameters (pI and RT) can be used for the validation of potentially identified peptides. We applied this strategy to a cellular extract of Drosophila Kc167 cells and identified peptides with two different database search engines, namely PHENYX and SEQUEST, with PeptideProphet validation of the SEQUEST results. PHENYX returned 7582 potential peptide identifications and SEQUEST 7629. The SEQUEST results were reduced to 2006 identifications by validation with PeptideProphet. Validation of the PeptideProphet, SEQUE...
The correction of congenital penile curvature in young men

Objective To determine the long-term outcome of multiple parallel plication (MPP) used for correcting congenital penile curvature (with normal urethra and corpus spongiosum), a technique which takes account of the greater force of erection in young men (mean arterial pressure approximately 100 mmHg) than in neonates (approximately 60 mmHg). Patients and methods All young men who underwent surgical correction of congenital penile curvature using the multiple parallel plication technique between 1992 and 1995 were reviewed, from their charts and by a telephone survey. Results Ten patients (mean age 22.3 years, SD 4, range 17-29) were identified, all of whom had been followed for more than one year (mean 2.8, SD 1.3, range 1.2-4.8). All 10 patients reported a preoperative curvature of 60-90 degrees; postoperatively, eight of the 10 patients had a successful outcome, based on self-documentation of a straighter penis (eight) and/or satisfactory intercourse (four). Two of these eight requested follow-up plications to correct a residual curvature of 15 degrees. All patients reported feeling the sutures as a small bump on the dorsal aspect of the penis. In one patient this was considered bothersome, but it did not interfere with intercourse. In one patient the curvature recurred 5 weeks after surgery, following intercourse. Another patient was lost to follow-up and could not be evaluated. Conclusion The MPP technique has the following advantages; it entails no dissection of the neurovascular bundle or corpus spongiosum of the tunica, avoiding complications (such as impotence and urethral injury) that may occur with manipulation of these structures; it can be performed under local anaesthesia and can be completed within 30 min; suture cut-through is unlikely because the dorsum (12 o'clock position) of the tunica albuginea is the thickest and hence strongest area of the corporal body; and the straightness of the penis can be determined easily because erection is sustained throughout the procedure. The disadvantages of the MPP technique are; several small bumps from the nonabsorbable sutures may be palpable, and the patient needs to be informed of this preoperatively: aspiration and phenylephrine injection may be required to prevent priapism.
User-adaptive mobile video streaming

We describe the design of a mobile streaming system, which optimizes video delivery based on dynamic analysis of user behavior and viewing conditions, including user proximity, viewing angle, and ambient illuminance.
Web-Assisted Courses for Business Education: An Examination of Two Sections of Principles of Marketing:

This research investigates student responses to two technologically different teaching methods for two sections of a Principles of Marketing course. A traditional method of teaching using lectures, in-class discussions, assignments, and exams is compared to a “Web-assisted” method in which 7 of the 14 class sessions met asynchronously online. Overall, students were more satisfied with the traditional course, preferred the traditional format, and felt the course was more effective in developing their skills and course knowledge. In addition, students in the traditional class felt that the course helped them develop their skills, including team building, critical thinking, oral and written communications, global perspective, and social interaction. Student performance on a comprehensive final exam was not, however, significantly different between the two sections. Implications for those considering such hybrid courses are provided for both faculty and administration.
Vascular ring due to left aortic arch, right descending aorta, and right patent ductus arteriosus☆

Abstract In an autopsy-proven case of left aortic arch with hypoplastic retro-esophageal segment, right descending aorta and right patent ductus arteriosus forming a vascular ring, the clinical course was characterized by profound congestive heart failure secondary to the large left-to-right shunts at ductal and ventricular levels. This is the first such anomaly with associated aortic arch hypoplasia.
Therapeutic alliance in two treatments for adolescent anorexia nervosa

Clinicians report challenges in developing a therapeutic alliance with patients with anorexia nervosa (AN). This may result in part because of the ego-syntonic nature of the disorder (1.). Nonetheless, studies of therapeutic alliance in psychosocial treatments for most child and adolescent disorders suggest that alliance is likely as important for younger patients as it is for adults (2.). However, challenges to developing therapeutic alliance may be even greater when working with children and adolescents with AN because they are usually brought to treatment by their parents, deny there is a problem with their behaviors or thinking, are often treated in a family context, and often do not trust adults’ ability to understand their concerns (3.). Only two previous studies have explored the relationship between therapeutic alliance and treatment outcome for adolescents with eating disorders. No association between therapeutic alliance and outcome was found in a study comparing individual Supportive Psychotherapy (SFT) and Family-Based Treatment (FBT-BN) in adolescents with bulimia nervosa (BN), but more severe symptoms at baseline was associated with poorer alliance in FBT (4.). In a study of adolescents with AN who received different doses of FBT, early behavioral change (weight gain) rather than alliance predicted outcome. However, greater parental alliance early in treatment improved treatment retention (5.). In order to better understand the role of therapeutic alliance in treatment of adolescents with AN, we compared the relationship between early therapeutic alliance and outcome in manualized individual therapy (Adolescent Focused Therapy—AFT) and manualized family therapy (Family-Based Treatment - FBT) using audiotaped therapy sessions from a large randomized clinical trial (RCT) of adolescents treated for AN (6.) For the purposes of this study, therapeutic alliance was defined using Bordin’s pantheoretical conceptualization, encompassing both collaborative elements (engagement and agreement on tasks and goals of therapy) as well as the interpersonal bond between patient and therapist (7.). Our primary hypothesis was that early therapeutic alliance scores would be higher in AFT compared to FBT, as AFT particularly focuses on developing early alliance as part of treatment while FBT does to a lesser extent. However, because previous studies did not suggest that alliance was a predictor of outcome in adolescent eating disorders, we hypothesized that, based on type of treatment, early alliance would not have a differential effect on clinical remission at the end of treatment (EOT).
Improving industrial mpc performance with data-driven disturbance modeling

Industrial model predictive control (MPC) usually assumes a step-like disturbance model, which is insufficient when there is model mismatch in the plant or high order disturbances. In this paper, we demonstrate that a disturbance model identified from close-loop data is desirable for dynamic matrix control (DMC). We introduce a subspace based method to obtain such a model. The method estimates Markov parameters of the disturbance model using closed-loop data along with known input-output model information in the DMC controller. Simulation results are given to compare the proposed approach with traditional DMC.
Iron Ore Deposits Associated with Precambrian Iron Formations

Most large deposits of iron ore are associated with iron formations for the simple reason that they have the highest iron concentrations of any “normal” rock type. Iron formations are found in all Precambrian shields. Iron was preconcentrated in iron formations by surface processes in Precambrian marginal-marine environments, as outlined elsewhere in this issue.
Multi-level issues in evolutionary theory, organization science, and leadership

Abstract Multi-level issues are critical in the physical, social, and behavioral sciences. We articulate issues related to multiple levels of analysis in theory building and theory testing and explore them from evolutionary theory (ET) and organization science and leadership (OSL) perspectives. Specifically, analogous multi-level concepts and notions in ET and OSL are identified, aligned, and illustrated. Ideas from evolutionary psychology are included in the ET perspective, while notions from the varient approach are included in the OSL perspective. Several exemplars in OSL that incorporate ET and multi-level perspectives are presented. Numerous examples and lessons learned from ET and implications of multi-level issues and multiple levels of analysis for future theory building and theory testing in OSL are discussed as well.
Testing the Marshall Hypothesis and its antithesis: the effect of biased information on death‐penalty opinion

In his concurring opinion in Furman v. Georgia (408 U.S. 238, 1972), Justice Thurgood Marshall hypothesized that information about the administration and effects of the death penalty would cause those who support capital punishment to reject it as unfair and ineffective. Prior studies, which have found mixed support for the ‘Marshall Hypothesis,’ have all presumed an objective set of facts about the death penalty exists, and have all focused exclusively on the effect of these facts on death‐penalty proponents. No prior study has examined the effect of pro‐death‐penalty information on death‐penalty opponents. Researchers presented 187 undergraduates with information that either supported or opposed the death penalty, but not both. Paired sample t‐tests compared pre‐ and post‐test levels of support and found significant decreases in opposition among those opposed to capital punishment at the outset, but no significant change among those who favored capital punishment. This data supports the antithesis of th...
The Effect of Environmental Sulfur on the Establishment and Structural Stability of Alumina Scales

Single-phase γ-Ni of composition (in at.%) Ni–6.3Al–5.4Cr is borderline between forming Al2O3 internally or externally. Oxidation of this alloy in air and O2 + 1 %SO2 was carried out at 1,000 °C for 20 h. In air, the alloy oxidized in a mixed mode, with regions forming a non-protective product of internal Al2O3/NiAl2O4 and external NiO. When oxidized in O2 + 1 %SO2, the alloy formed a continuous Al2O3 scale. Thus, a small amount of sulfur in the atmosphere promoted the transition from internal to external Al2O3-scale formation. In a parallel study, single-phase γ′-Ni3Al of composition (in at.%) Ni–5Cr–20Al–3Pt–0.1Hf–0.05Y was oxidized at 900 °C for 20 h in air, O2 + 0.1 %SO2 and in air with an Na2SO4 deposit. For all conditions, external alumina scales were established. Metastable Ө-Al2O3 formed when oxidation took place in air alone, whereas the stable α-Al2O3 formed during oxidation in O2 + 0.1 %SO2 and in air with an Na2SO4 deposit. Thus, sulfur from the salt deposit or gas atmosphere promoted the Ө-Al2O3 → α-Al2O3 transformation.
Blood transfusion rates in the care of acute trauma

BACKGROUND: Ten to 15 percent of all RBCs are used in the care of injury. Understanding patterns of RBC use is important. Routine resource allocation, planning for mass casualty situations, designing research, and optimizing triage all can be usefully informed. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Blood Bank and Trauma Registry records were linked to produce a transfused blood product list for each patient directly admitted from the scene of injury to a large Level 1 trauma center in calendar year 2000. Categorical associations between demographic data, Injury Severity Score, transfused products, and outcome were sought. Special attention was paid to the groups receiving uncross-matched RBCs and more than 10 units of RBCs. RESULTS: Eight percent (479/5645) of acute trauma patients received RBCs, using 5219 units and sustaining an overall mortality of 27 percent. Sixty-two percent of RBCs were given in the first 24 hours of care. Three percent of patients (147 injured) received more than 10 units and received 71 percent of all RBCs given. Mortality in this cohort was 39 percent. Ninety percent of the patients who received more than 10 units of RBCs received plasma, and 71 percent received PLTs. CONCLUSIONS: A small number of patients receives most of the blood products used in the treatment of injury. Transfusion of more than 10 units of RBCs identifies a subgroup where most patients received plasma and PLTs to treat actual or anticipated dilutional coagulopathy. There is no clear threshold beyond which blood use is futile.
All our children: human rights and children of the street.

Physicians are often in key positions within national governments. As such they can encourage protective legislation and establish national care networks for street children. Even more importantly they are in a position to prevent or at least report and speak out against police brutality; make the killing of children of the street an enforceable crime; forbid the induction of these children into the armed forces; prohibit imprisonment of children with adults; and decriminalize the condition of living on the street. Children of the street are inherently devoid of guardianship and a means of advocating for themselves; thus the responsibility for their care and protection is shared by us all. It is time for the medical community to embrace that responsibility. (excerpt)
Special Section Editorial: Felicitations to Craig Frederick Bohren on his 70th Birthday

This PDF file contains the editorial “Special Section Editorial: Felicitations to Craig Frederick Bohren on his 70th Birthday” for JNP Vol. 4 Issue 01
The Geometry of Constrained Motion

Die Arbeit bringt eine geometrische Interpretation der expliziten Bewegungsgleichungen fur mechanische Systeme mil Zwangsbedingungen. Dies fuhrt zu einem geometrischen Prinzip der analytischen Mechanik. This paper provides a geometrical interpretation of the explicit equations of motion for constrained mechanical systems. This leads to a geometric principle of analytical mechanics.
The Interaction of Slow Neutrons with Nuclei

The influence of the molecular binding of the proton has been investigated by measuring the total cross section per proton, for neutrons absorbed by cadmium (C neutrons), of a series of gaseous hydrocarbons of the form ${\mathrm{C}}_{n}{\mathrm{H}}_{2n+2}$. The measurements were also extended to include gaseous hydrogen (${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$), "ordinary" water (${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$O), and solid paraffin. The results show that the cross section per proton increases rapidly from the value for the free proton, varying roughly as the square of the reduced mass of the system. The bound proton cross section as measured for the highest hydrocarbon (paraffin) approaches a limiting value of 2.4 times that for the free proton. The dependence of neutron scattering on structure was investigated from measurements on one of the hydrocarbons, cetane (${\mathrm{C}}_{16}$${\mathrm{H}}_{34}$) in its liquid and solid states. The marked increase in the cross section of the liquid state over the solid state indicates that a large amount of coherent scattering must be present. The total cross sections of the deuteron in "heavy" water (${\mathrm{D}}_{2}$O), and of helium, neon, argon, krypton, oxygen, and nitrogen in the gaseous state, were also measured.
Immunoregulation circa 1980: Some comments on the state of the art

Our knowledge of the cellular basis for immunoregulation has come a long way since 450 B.C. I choose that time as a starting point because, as far as I can tell, that was when the consideration that an immune response might exist was first documented.’ Thus, in the writings of Thucydides one can find comments on the possible role of the immune response in controlling the Black Death. Thucydides noted that the only people who could attend to subjects stricken by the plague were those who had previously had the disease and had survived it.’ No mechanism for this interesting observation was put forth at that time. Perhaps the problems the Athenians were having with the Spartans diverted money from basic research into the military budget. In any case, this observation of Thucydides was more buried in the literature than was the seminal article by Glick et al. on the effects of removal of the bursa of Fabricius from chickens, published in the journal Poultry Science. ’ The next major advance for which I can find documentation in western literature was made by industry rather than by academicians.’ The industry I refer to was the production and supply of subjects for Turkish harems. Not surprisingly, the market value on women being supplied to the harems was rather low if the women were to contract smallpox (veils to the contrary not withstanding). Thus, the parents of the potential harem maidens would pretreat their children with scabrous material obtained from cases of active smallpox. I can find no reference in the literature concerning the morbidity brought about by this treatment regimen but apparently those who failed to succumb to the disease truly developed resistance and thus could fetch premium prices on the open market.
Severity models of cross-median and rollover crashes on rural divided highways in Pennsylvania

Abstract Introduction Crossover and rollover crashes in earth-divided, traversable medians on rural divided highways can lead to severe injury outcomes. This study estimated severity models of these two crash types. Vehicle, driver, roadway, and median cross-section design data were factors considered in the models. A unique aspect of the data used to estimate the models were the availability of median cross-slope data, which are not commonly included in roadway inventory data files. Methods A binary logit model of cross-median crash severity and a multinomial logit model of rollover crash severity were estimated using five years of data from rural divided highways in Pennsylvania. Results The highest probability of a fatal or major injury in cross-median and rollover crashes was found to occur in cases when a driver was not wearing a seatbelt. While flatter cross-slopes and narrower medians were associated with more severe cross-median crash outcomes, steeper cross-slopes and narrower medians significantly increased rollover crash severity outcomes. The presence of horizontal curves was associated with increased probabilities of high-severity outcomes in a median rollover crash. Impact on Industry Modeling results in this study confirmed that cross-median and median rollover crash severity outcomes are associated with median cross-section design characteristics. Based on the estimated models, it appears that flatter and narrower medians lead to more severe injury outcomes in cross-median crashes. Steeper median cross-slopes and narrower medians were associated with higher probabilities of more severe outcomes in median rollover crashes. The results presented in this study suggest that there is a trade-off between median cross-section design and cross-median and rollover crashes in earth-divided, traversable medians on rural divided highways. While the severity models can be included in a framework to develop design guidance in relation to this trade-off, models of crash frequency should also be considered.
Photovoltaics IV: Advanced materials: Both polycrystalline and tandem cells promise higher efficiencies than silicon

Considers the use of compound semiconductors for the fabrication of solar cells with high efficiency such as polycrystalline, tandem and single-crystal cells. The variety of compounds showing promise for this application are mentioned, as are several binary compound semiconductors which are presently under study. The low-cost processes being developed for the fabrication of solar cells are also briefly mentioned.
Ontology-based integration for relational databases

In this paper, we show that representation and reasoning techniques used in traditional knowledge engineering and the emerging Semantic Web can play an important role for heterogeneous database integration. Our OntoGrate architecture combines ontology-based schema representation, first order logic inference, and some SQL wrappers to integrate two sample relational databases. We define inferential data integration as the theoretical framework for our approach. The performance evaluation for query answering shows that OntoGrate reformulates conjunctive queries and retrieves over 100,000 answers from a target database in under 30 seconds. In addition to query answering, the system translates 40,000 database facts from source to target in under 30 seconds.
Improvements in functional simulation addressing challenges in large, distributed industry projects

The development of large servers is facing multiple challenges. The system combines a mix of design styles from custom VLSI chips to ASIC and SoC designs. The integration of hardware and firmware accumulates further challenges to the functional simulation effort. By adding more and more specialized verification solutions additional constraints are generated and the amount of required resources is increasing. To gain efficiency and to keep staffing requirements reasonable, improvements have to be put in place to integrate and standardize the different environments and tools. This paper talks about some of the enhancements that have been introduced for IBM's server technology.
Inorganic nitrogen assimilation in a subalpine lake1

Isotope tracer techniques were used to determine the seasonal patterns of inorganic nitrogen and carbon assimilation in the epilimnion of meso-oligotrophic Castle Lake, California. Kinetics experiments with lSN-labeled ammonium and nitrate indicated that the nitrogen assimilation rate was generally limited by low ambient concentrations of inorganic nitrogen (DIN). The half-saturation constants for DIN assimilation were low (0.7-Q-3 pg N*liter-l) and comparable to ambient levels during the nutrient-depleted, ice-free growing season. Ammonium assimilation was always higher than nitrate assimilation, even when nitrate concentration greatly exceeded ammonium during early summer. This observation was also supported by the results of 13N03-- uptake experiments. The rnidsummer proliferation of nonheterocystous blue-green algae was accompanied by increased carbon and nitrogen assimilation, and higher rates of particulate C and N turnover. Carbon to nitrogen and carbon to maximum nitrogen assimilation ratios were generally high (34.5 +- 13.3 and 15.6 & 4.5 g C:g N), d d i not show obvious seasonal differcnccs, and were not correlated significantly with seston compositional ratios. These results integrated with other Castle Lake studies suggest that phytoplankton growth is maintained by efficient use of internally regenerated ammonium, in agreement with many such studies in nitrogen-deficient marine waters.
Fas Ligand-Expressing B-1a Lymphocytes Mediate CD4+-T-Cell Apoptosis during Schistosomal Infection: Induction by Interleukin 4 (IL-4) and IL-10

A previous study of the murine model of Schistosoma mansoni infection has implicated splenic CD19+ B lymphocytes as Fas ligand (FasL)-bearing mediators of CD4+ T-lymphocyte apoptosis. The present study shows that B-cell deficiency leads to decreased CD4+ T-cell apoptosis during infection and compares FasL expression and killer function of B-1a- and CD5− B-lymphocyte subsets. B-1a cells from uninfected mice displayed constitutive expression of FasL compared with that of CD5− B cells. FasL expression was enhanced following worm egg deposition and antigenic stimulation on both subsets of B cells. Purified B-1a cells from uninfected mice were potent effectors of CD4+ T-cell apoptosis, and the killing effect was enhanced during schistosome infection. FasL expression by splenic B cells required CD4+-T-cell help that was replaced by addition of culture supernatants from antigen-stimulated splenocytes of infected mice. The culture-supernatant-stimulated FasL expression was inhibited by anti-interleukin 10 (IL-10) and anti-IL-4 antibodies. Culture of purified B cells with recombinant IL-4 (rIL-4), rIL-10, and soluble egg antigens (SEA) led to increased expression of FasL on B-1a cells. These results suggest that FasL-expressing, splenic B-1a cells are important mediators of SEA-stimulated CD4+-T-cell apoptosis and that maximal FasL expression on B-1a cells is dependent on antigenic stimulation and the presence of IL-4 and IL-10.
Correlation between tan δ diagnostic measurements and breakdown performance at VLF for MV XLPE cables

The main contribution of this paper is to investigate the correlation between tan delta diagnostic measurements at 0.1 Hz (Very Low Frequency-VLF) and VLF breakdown performance for medium voltage (MV) cable samples through a laboratory test program. The cable samples used are a set of 15 kV, Cross-linked Polyethylene (XLPE), unjacketed cables removed from the field, the same service area, and having experienced similar operating conditions for almost four decades. The test program includes tan delta measurements at different voltage levels and a subsequent VLF extended step-withstand test. The VLF step test allows the evaluation of risk of failure during VLF tan delta testing and assessment of the ultimate performance of the cables. The tan delta diagnostic measurements are represented by the tan delta value and tip-up, which are considered the classical metrics. However, the paper also suggests the use of a new additional diagnostic feature that takes into account the scatter in the tan delta measurements for a particular test voltage level.