cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
DIVE BEHAVIOR OF A HARBOR SEAL (PHOCA VITULINA RICHARDII) IN THE PRESENCE OF TRANSIENT KILLER WHALES (ORCINUS ORCA) IN GLACIER BAY NATIONAL PARK, ALASKA

Predation can shape virtually every aspect of an organism’s behavior, life history, and evolution (e.g., Dill 1987; Godin 1995; Reznick et al. 1996). Thus, understanding how organisms respond to perceived predation risk or the actual presence of predators is central to understanding their foraging decisions, habitat use, reproductive effort, and other proximate behaviors (e.g., Sih 1982; Ydenberg and Dill 1986; Gillam and Fraser 1987; Heithaus and Frid 2003). For harbor seals (Phoca vitulina richardii), predation (or the risk of predation) is thought to be common enough to influence habitat utilization (Calambokidis et al. 1987; Nordstrom 2002). Harbor seals constitute one of the primary prey species of transient killer whales (Orcinus orca) in the North Pacific (Ford et al. 1998; Saulitis et al. 2000; Heise et al. 2003) and must balance foraging decisions with exposure to killer whales (Frid et al. 2006). There are numerous records of killer whales attacking and killing harbor seals; however, most observations have been analyzed in terms of the predatory behavior of killer whales (Baird and Dill 1996; Ford et al. 1998; Saulitis et al. 2000), with a few exceptions (Deecke et al. 2002). Herein we present data on dive and antipredator behavior by a harbor seal in the presence of transient killer whales. Our observation was unique in that the harbor seal was instrumented with both a VHF headmount transmitter (MM340, Advanced Telemetry Systems, Inc., Isanti, MN) and a timedepth recorder (TDR) (Mk9, Wildlife Computers, Redmond, WA) thus, providing us with dive and location data before, during, and after the harbor seal’s encounter with the transient killer whales. As part of a study examining the foraging ecology of harbor seals in Glacier Bay National Park (GBNP), we observed apparent antipredator behavior by a radio-tagged harbor seal when transient killer whales arrived in the area near the seal. GBNP has
REGULATION OF BACTERIAL GENE EXPRESSION BY RIBOSWITCHES

AbstractRiboswitches are structured domains that usually reside in the noncoding regions of mRNAs, where they bind metabolites and control gene expression. Like their protein counterparts, these RNA gene control elements form highly specific binding pockets for the target metabolite and undergo allosteric changes in structure. Numerous classes of riboswitches are present in bacteria and they comprise a common and robust metabolite-sensing system.
Nitride-Coated Titanium Mesh and Particulate Allograft for Vertical Ridge Augmentation

Introduction: Titanium mesh (Ti-mesh) has been used as a space-making material in vertical ridge augmentation (VRA). Difficulties in handling this material remain a major obstacle for its routine use. This case report describes the clinical efficacy of Ti-mesh with a modified surface for VRA.Case Presentation: A 65-year-old Asian male presented requiring VRA in the posterior mandible for the placement of standard-sized implants (≥10 mm). The area was treated with Ti-mesh and allograft particulates. The Ti-mesh used has a small pore size (300 μm), which is capable of containing bone grafts, and titanium nitride coating, which allows for easier mesh retrieval. The healing was uneventful. Six months after the surgery, a mean of 4.0-mm ridge height gain was obtained. Three standard-sized implants (3.8 × 10.5 and 4.6 × 10.5 mm) were placed in the augmented region.Conclusions: This case report demonstrates that the newly designed Ti-mesh applied in this case report, in combination with allografts, is effective ...
Inertia-free spacecraft attitude trajectory tracking with internal-model-based disturbance rejection and almost global stabilization

We derive a continuous nonlinear control law for spacecraft attitude trajectory tracking of arbitrary C1 attitude trajectories based on rotation matrices. This formulation provides almost global stabilizability, that is, Lyapunov stability of the desired equilibrium of the error system as well as convergence from all initial states except for a subset whose complement is open and dense. This controller thus overcomes the unwinding phenomenon associated with continuous controllers based on attitude representations, such as quaternions, that are not bijective. The controller requires no inertia information and no information on constant disturbance torques. For slew maneuvers, that is, maneuvers with a setpoint command, in the absence of disturbances, the controller specializes to the continuous, nonlinear PD-type almost globally stabilizing controller of Chaturvedi, in which case the torque inputs can be arbitrarily bounded a priori.
Adaptive Two-Dimensional Microgas Chromatography

We proposed and investigated a novel adaptive two-dimensional (2-D) microgas chromatography system, which consists of one 1st-dimensional column, multiple parallel 2nd-dimensional columns, and a decision-making module. The decision-making module, installed between the 1st- and 2nd-dimensional columns, normally comprises an on-column nondestructive vapor detector, a flow routing system, and a computer that monitors the detection signal from the detector and sends out the trigger signal to the flow routing system. During the operation, effluents from the 1st-dimensional column are first detected by the detector and, then, depending on the signal generated by the detector, routed to one of the 2nd-dimensional columns sequentially for further separation. As compared to conventional 2-D GC systems, the proposed adaptive GC scheme has a number of unique and advantageous features. First and foremost, the multiple parallel columns are independent of each other. Therefore, their length, stationary phase, flow rate...
Global Origins of World War One. Part One: The World Crisis over Concessions in China

En el presente articulo se ahonda en el debate sobre los prolegomenos, origenes y responsabilidades de la I Guerra Mundial. Alejandose de un enfoque eurocentrico, se pretende exponer la importancia que para el desencadenamiento de los hechos de 1914 tuvo el desencadenamiento de tensiones y crisis diplomaticas situadas en la periferia del sistema internacional. Se prestara especial a las ocurridas en Extremo Oriente, describiendose las causas de las mismas, las posiciones adoptadas por cada una de las grandes potencias ante ellas y las consecuencias que tuvieron para el equilibrio geoestrategico tanto de la region como del planeta, vinculandolo al estallido del primer conflicto mundial.
Fluid Flow Phenomena in Materials Processing—The 2000 Freeman Scholar Lecture

There has been an explosive growth in the development of new materials and processing techniques in recent years to meet the challenges posed by new applications arising in electronics, telecommunications, aerospace, transportation, and other new and traditional areas. Semiconductor and optical materials, composites, ceramics, biomaterials, advanced polymers, and specialized alloys are some of the materials that have seen intense interest and research activity over the last two decades. New approaches have been developed to improve product quality, reduce cost, and achieve essentially custom-made material properties. Current trends indicate continued research effort in materials processing as demand for specialized materials continues to increase. Fluid flow that arises in many materials processing applications is critical in the determination of the quality and characteristics of the final product and in the control, operation, and optimization of the system. This review is focused on the fluid flow phenomena underlying a wide variety of materials processing operations such as optical fiber manufacture, crystal growth for semiconductor fabrication, casting, thin film manufacture, and polymer processing
A second generation micro-vehicle testbed for cooperative control and sensing strategies

This paper describes the second generation of an economical cooperative control testbed described in [C. H. Hsieh et al Proc. Am. Cont. Conf., 2006]. The original car-based vehicle is improved with on-board range sensing, limited on board computing, and wireless communication, while maintaining economic feasibility and scale. A second, tank-based platform, uses a flexible caterpillar-belt drive and the same modular sensing and communication components. We demonstrate practical use of the testbed for algorithm validation by implementing a proposed cooperative steering law involving obstacle avoidance.
Nanostructured Silver Films for Surface Plasmon Resonance-Based Gas Sensors

We report the room temperature detection of carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen (H2) by nanostructured silver films via surface plasmon resonance (SPR) phenomena. Thin films of Ag and yittrium stabilized zirconea (YSZ): Ag were prepared by pulsed laser deposition (PLD) method. Films were characterized by XRD and atomic force microscopy. CO and H2 are selected as the target gases for the YSZ: Ag films and the sensor characteristics are compared. Sensitivity was estimated by percent change in wavelength for SPR band peak. The nanostructured films were tested for different concentration of CO (100 to 1000 ppm) and hydrogen (1 to 10%). The sensors were also tested for the cross selectivity of the gases. The sensors have a detection limit of 100 ppm for CO and also show a noticeable signal for hydrogen in the concentration range as low as 1%.
Diet mixing in a parasitic plant: adaptation or constraint?

Some herbivores deliberately consume a mixed diet, either to obtain a superior mix of nutrients or to avoid consuming too much of any one toxin. Few studies have examined diet mixing in parasitic plants, which typically have very broad host ranges. We offered the parasitic plant Cuscuta indecora (dodder), a range of mixtures of two hosts (Iva frutescens and Borrichia frutescens) in the greenhouse, and observed correlations between the host community and Cuscuta infection in the field. In the greenhouse, Cuscuta performed better on mixtures with a higher relative abundance of Iva. Cuscuta selectively foraged on whichever host was more abundant (diet switching), the exact opposite of the behavior that would be expected if diet mixing was advantageous. In the field, the intensity of Cuscuta infections was decreased by the presence of non-hosts (grasses), not strongly affected by the presence of intermediate hosts, and increased by the presence of Borrichia. We conclude that Cuscuta does not obtain nutritional benefits from a broad diet, but instead is constrained by its relative lack of mobility to attack hosts of intermediate value. In general, the lack of mobility of parasitic plants compared to herbivores probably selects for broad host ranges in parasitic plants.
An algorithm for computing general integer-order Hankel transforms

A tomographic image reconstruction algorithm that we have been studying requires the nth-order Hankel transform for the nth function in a series, where n varies over a set of integers. Unfortunately, most previously proposed algorithms have either dealt with only zeroth-order transforms or cannot be applied conveniently to our problem. We propose an algorithm for computing general integer-order Hankel transforms. The algorithm takes samples of equally spaced input functions and gives equally spaced samples of the transforms.
Characterizing and Modelling Clustering Features in AS-Level Internet Topology

The AS-level Internet topology has shown significant clustering features. In this paper, we propose a new set of clustering metrics and conduct extensive measurement on the AS- level Internet topology. We give a thorough characterization on the clustering features and their evolution. We also study the clustering features of different topological structures by comparing the Internet with various topology models. Due to the limitation of existing topology models on capturing clustering features, we design a new topology model based on clustering. Through extensive evaluations, we claim that our model can closely capture the clustering features as well as other common topological properties.
A Crime Control Rationale for Reinvesting in Community Corrections

Crime prevention solutions coming out of Washington are politically attractive, but the author of this article explains that they are at odds with strategies advocated by practitioners, scholars, a...
Be seen and heard being clean: A novel patient-centered approach to hand hygiene.

A quasiexperimental pre- and posttest design was used to evaluate hand hygiene (HH) rates on a medical–surgical unit. Data were collected by asking patients if they had seen or heard staff members cleaning their hands. Sixty-five percent of patients reported seeing or hearing staff perform HH preintervention and 93% reported observations postintervention ( P
Book Review Essay: Enemy Aliens: Double Standards and Constitutional Freedoms in The War on Terrorism, by David Cole, New York: The New Press, 2003, pp. 256

David Cole's "Enemy Aliens, Double Standards and Constitutional Freedoms in the War on Terrorism" (New York: New York Press, 2003) sets forth a comprehensive and intelligent assessment of the ways in which the war on terror has put the United States and its citizens at risk. Cole argues persuasively that actions taken by the United States since September 11, 2001 in the name of national security - rather than achieving a “peace founded upon the dignity and rights of every man and woman,” - have sacrificed the liberties of non-citizens and will ultimately jeopardize the liberty and security of all citizens. Although Cole recognizes that mediating the tension between liberty and security on the backs of non-citizens is politically tempting because citizens do not lose their rights and non-citizens do not vote, he presents a compelling four-part argument for resisting this temptation and, instead, asking citizens and non-citizens to bear any costs of enhanced security equally.
Community indicators and collective impact: facilitating change

This article provides insights into facilitating collective impact with community indicator programs (CIPs). The research deconstructs effective programs in two communities and explores the role of...
The effect of house officer rotation on inpatient satisfaction and ward atmosphere : preliminary findings

Continual rotation of house officers builds discontinuity into the physician-patient relationship in teaching hospitals. This has led to speculation about the problem of residents and interns leaving their patients in the midst of hospital treatment. This article uses prospective data to assess the effect of house officer turnover on levels of patient satisfaction with hospital care and on patient perception of the hospital environment. Two inpatient cohorts defined by whether or not they had undergone a house officer change were matched by age and diagnostic category. Although survey instruments were significantly correlated, there was no significant difference between the two inpatient cohorts overall or on any of the survey subscales. The survey showed good satisfaction with the hospital, doctors, and nurses in both test groups. The authors draw a preliminary conclusion that patient satisfaction with medical care and with the hospital atmosphere remains constant, independent of termination of the doctor-patient relationship. Results from other reports linking patient satisfaction with continuity of care have been mixed. In discussing the limitations of their study, the authors point out that their findings are based on single-site data.
Natural antipig xenoantibody is absent in neonatal human serum.

Background: Discordant xenotransplantation represents an attractive alternative to allotransplantation in light of the current shortage of donor organs suitable for heart allotransplantation. Unfortunately, discordant xenotransplantation is still limited by hyperacute rejection, a process thought to be mediated by natural antixenodonor antibodies. On the basis of our previous findings that cytotoxic natural xenoantibodies are immunoglobulin M in nature and that natural immunoglobulin M xenoantibodies are barely detectable in neonatal baboon serum, we postulated that immunoglobulin M xenoantibodies may be absent from newborn human serum. Methods: Neonatal human sera were obtained from the cord blood of normal term infants and pooled. Pooled adult human sera were used as a control. A whole cell enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and a complement-mediated cytotoxicity assay were performed to determine the binding and cytotoxicity of these xenoantibodies to pig aortic endothelial cells and pig lymphocytes. Results: Neonatal human sera did not show binding of immunoglobulin M xenoantibody to pig aortic endothelial cells or lymphocytes. However, low level binding of immunoglobulin G xenoantibodies was detected to pig endothelial cells and lymphocytes. In contrast, adult human sera showed significant binding of both natural immunoglobulin M and G xenoantibodies to pig aortic endothelial cells and lymphocytes. In addition, adult human immunoglobulin M xenoantibodies bound with similar avidity to both cultured adult and neonatal pig aortic endothelial cells. Although neonatal human sera were not cytotoxic to target cells, adult sera were cytotoxic to both pig aortic endothelial cells and pig lymphocytes. Our findings indicate that neonatal human sera lack natural antipig immunoglobulin M xenoantibodies, and therefore, neonatal human serum is not cytotoxic to pig endothelial cells or lymphocytes. Like adult pig endothelial cells, neonatal pig endothelial cells may also express similar membrane xenoantigens recognized by natural immunoglobulin M xenoantibodies. Conclusions: The absence of cytotoxic natural immunoglobulin M xenoantibodies in the neonate suggests that discordant xenotransplantation may be feasible in the neonate.
Brachial plexus injury following median sternotomy: Part II

Brachial plexus injury may be a consequence of median sternotomy. In a previous study, we documented that median sternotomy can cause first rib fractures and that the first rib fractures may be associated with brachial plexus injury. In the current study, two groups of patients were compared for the incidence of brachial plexus injury and first rib fracture. In Group A, an Ankeney retractor was used with the crossbar placed caudal to the incision; in Group C, a Cooley sternal retractor was used with the crossbar placed cephalad to the incision. The major effective difference between these two retractors was the more caudal placement of the retractor blades with the Cooley retractor than with the Ankeney retractor. Our previous study showed that first rib fractures were caused by high placement of the sternal retractor and that they could be avoided by placing the retractor at a lower position. In the present study, 33% in Group A and 14% in Group C sustained first rib fractures (p = 0.024). Signs of brachial plexus injury occurred in 18% of Group A and 12% of Group C (p = 0.52). We found no correlation between the presence of rib fracture and the presence of neurologic symptoms, but all patients who had both neurologic symptoms and a rib fracture had the symptoms only on the same side as the rib fracture. We also found that standard chest x-ray films identified only 15% of the rib fractures seen on special first rib views. The study demonstrates that the incidence of first rib fractures following median sternotomy is reduced when the sternal retractor is placed at a lower position and that the incidence of brachial plexus injury may also thereby be reduced.
King, Martin Luther, Jr. (1929–68)

Martin Luther King, Jr. was a theologian, social activist, lecturer, and author. Born into a middle-class family of generations of ministers in Atlanta, Georgia, Dr. King represented and was spokesman for the social, moral, and political aspirations and struggles of millions of black Americans throughout the decades of the 1950s and 1960s during the age of segregation. He would become the leader of the civil rights movement, which was generally organized in black churches and supported largely by middle- and working-class blacks throughout the South. Later, as white resistance in the South organized to oppose desegregation at all levels and violence against blacks and Northern whites who traveled to the South to support desegregation increased and intensified, the movement took on both national and international significance. Keywords: African American; civil rights; race
Vascular Patterns of Liver Tumors and Their Consequences for Different Therapeutic Approaches

In the therapeutic management of both primary and metastatic liver tumors vascularity assumes a major importance. The circulation of these tumors constitutes a pathway for the delivery of antitumor agents. In addition, the possibility of diminishing or eliminating oxygenation and blood flow to these tumors depends on knowledge of the vascularity. The vascularity of the liver tumors is more complicated than that of most other tumors because of the presence of both arterial and portal circulations. Both systems may play a role in the perfusion of tumors and arterioportal and arteriovenous shunting may further complicate the picture. Reestablishment of tumor circulation through collateral vessels and internal shunting soon after arterial occlusion is another major aspect of this subject.
1982–90: A Maturing of Relations?

Little study has been made of the course of Bangladesh-Pakistan relations during Ershad’s regime; even less than has been undertaken on relations during the Ziaur Rahman period.1 This chapter approaches the subject by providing a broad interpretation of how Bangladesh’s relations with Pakistan evolved during Ershad’s regime, and by analysing the way in which both domestic and external events influenced the relationship. Again, the evidence contradicts the commonly held notion that Bangladesh’s domestic turmoil has been largely responsible for moulding the character of its diplomatic relations in South Asia.
Performance of a Commercially Available MAL Antibody in the Diagnosis of Primary Mediastinal Large B-Cell Lymphoma.

Myelin and lymphocyte (MAL) protein has been previously reported as a highly specific marker for distinguishing primary mediastinal large B-cell lymphoma (PMBL) from diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, not otherwise specified (DLBCL, NOS). However, there has not been a commercially available MAL antibody
Is Excessive Resource Utilization an Adverse Event

A primary care physician referred a case to the hospital medicine patient safety committee for evaluation of excessive testing and medical management involving a patient who had been hospitalized. The patient was a 54-year-old woman with advanced multiple sclerosis who was bed-bound and nonverbal and lived at home with a full-time caregiver. Her mother was her surrogate decision maker and had stated that the patient would not want aggressive medical procedures or cardiopulmonary resuscitation but would want some reversible illnesses treated. The patient was admitted to the medical teaching service at the hospital where she received all of her care after her caregiver noted that she had become increasingly somnolent during the previous day. On presentation, the patient had a fever, tachycardia, leukocytosis (20 × 103/μL), markedly elevated liver function findings, and computed tomography (CT) of the abdomen and pelvis showing cholecystitis. Antibiotic treatment was initiated and the surgery service was consulted.
Prospective Randomized Crossover Study of Telesimulation Versus Standard Simulation for Teaching Medical Students the Management of Critically Ill Patients.

Author(s): McCoy, C Eric; Sayegh, Julie; Rahman, Asif; Landgorf, Mark; Anderson, Craig; Lotfipour, Shahram | Abstract: ObjectiveThe objective was to evaluate the comparative effectiveness of telesimulation versus standard simulation in teaching medical students the management of critically ill patients.MethodsProspective, randomized crossover study of 32 fourth-year medical students at a university medical simulation center. Students were randomized to the standard simulation (SIM) or telesimulation (TeleSIM) group between September 2014 and February 2015. The SIM group experience included participating in a live, fully immersive simulation case followed by debriefing with their SIM cohort and a live TV Internet connection to the TeleSIM group. The TeleSIM group experience included remotely observing the live simulation case at an off-site location, followed by a shared group debriefing via live TV Internet connection. Subject assessment was performed with a written evaluation tool. During a second instructional session, the students crossed over and participated in a different simulation scenario and assessment. Mean evaluation scores were calculated along with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) and were analyzed via linear regression. Our secondary outcome was a survey evaluating the perceptions and attitudes held between the two simulation modalities.ResultsOf 33 eligible students, 32 participated in the study (97.0%). We found no significant difference in the mean evaluation scores of the two groups: SIM group meann= 96.6% (95% CIn= 94.5%-98.6%) and TeleSIM group meann= 96.8% (95% CIn= 94.8%-98.9%). We also found no significant difference in the favorability of teaching modality (TeleSIM vs. SIM) on the survey.ConclusionIn our prospective randomized crossover study evaluating telesimulation versus standard simulation, we found no significant difference in evaluation scores among the two groups. There was also no significant difference found in the favorability of one teaching modality on a posteducational session survey. Our data support and highlight the capability of telesimulation to provide educational benefit to learners who do not have direct access to simulation resources.
Simulation: Preparing Nursing Students to Work with Community-Dwelling Older Adults

Abstract Background This article describes a simulation used to prepare undergraduate nursing students to work with community-dwelling older adults during their senior nursing capstone experience. Methods The study used a quasi-experimental, mixed-method one-group study design. Quantitative data were analyzed using dependent t -test, and qualitative data were analyzed for themes. Results There was no statistically significant improvement on the Facts on Aging Quiz pre- and posttest score. Although scores were not statistically improved, students did demonstrate knowledge gain on the posttest topics of renal function, cognitive sustainment, and socialization associated with aging. Qualitative data revealed students' improved perception of older adults and preparation to work with older adults. Conclusions Simulation should be integrated into community health curriculum to enhance students' preparation for community-based wellness programs targeted for older adults.
Superficial Bladder Cancer Treated with Bacillus Calmette-Guerin: A Multivariate Analysis of Factors Affecting Tumor Progression

AbstractA multivariate analysis was performed on data from 221 patients with superficial bladder tumors (papilloma in 30, grade II to III stage Ta in 51, grade II to III stage Tis in 111 and grade II to III stage T1 in 29) who were treated with intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin and followed for a minimum of 24 months or until progression. The purpose of this analysis was to identify prognostic variables predictive of tumor progression defined as muscle invasion, metastasis or endoscopically uncontrolled superficial bladder carcinoma involving the bladder and/or prostatic urethra. Variables examined before bacillus Calmette-Guerin, and at 3 and 6 months after bacillus Calmette-Guerin included age, sex, race, purified protein derivative reaction, duration of disease, tumor category, tumor grade, multifocality, results of cytology, flow cytometry, cystoscopy, biopsy, prior chemotherapy and bacillus C almette-Guerin treatment regimen. Significant variables (Cox regression analysis, p less than 0.07) for t...
Approximation of Stochastic Hyperbolic Invariant Manifolds

In this chapter, we consider situations where the subspace \(\fancyscript{H}^{\mathfrak {c}}\) spanned by the low modes contains a combination of critical modes and modes that remain stable as \(\lambda \) varies in some interval \(\varLambda \). We derive similar results to Theorem 6.1 and Corollary 6.1 concerning the leading-order approximation of the corresponding local stochastic invariant manifolds under suitable conditions. A possible relaxation of these conditions is also discussed. In particular, when the linear operator, \(L_\lambda \), is self-adjoint, some non-resonance (NR) conditions arise naturally. As explained in Volume II [37], these NR conditions play an important role in the construction of certain type of manifolds which may not necessarily approximate an invariant manifold, but still convey useful dynamical information; see [37, Chaps. 6–7]. This is formulated in Volume II via the concept of stochastic parameterizing manifolds; see [37, Sect. 4.2].
Chapter 5 – Diffusive Processes

All geophysical motions are diffusive because of turbulence. Here, we consider a relatively crude way of representing turbulent diffusion, by means of an eddy diffusivity. Although the theory is straightforward, numerical handling of diffusion terms requires care, and the main objective of this chapter is to treat the related numerical issues, leading to the fundamental concept of numerical stability.
Boundedly rational search with positive search costs

Abstract There is substantial evidence that humans make mistakes, and that this deviation from perfect rationality can have profound behavioral consequences. Since search theory plays a central role in economic models, it is imperative that the consequences of bounded rationality for search be studied. In this paper, worker bounded rationality is modeled as probabilistic choice, while employers are assumed to be perfectly rational. We find that worker welfare is non-monotonic in the precision of the workers. Offers are higher, and workers are better off with moderate levels of precision than with very low or with very high levels of precision.
Determining the predictive accuracy of whole tree modulus of elasticity (MOE) of 14-year-old loblolly pine using density and dynamic MOEs estimated by three different acoustic tools

Resonance based acoustic tools for evaluating wood properties have been reported to be more accurate in estimating the expected log MOE than time-of-flight (ToF) ones. However, there is no published study on the variations within different brands on these two major classes of acoustic tools. In this study, models were developed to predict the whole tree static MOE (WMOET) and rupture (WMORT) using log dynamic MOEs estimated by two resonance tools [Director HM200 (EHM200) and FAKOPP resonance log grader (ERLG)], ToF [FAKOPP Microsecond Timer (EFMT)], and density (green density, air-dry density) for a 14-year-old loblolly pine stand from two sites in the southern USA. The log velocity estimated by ToF was 33 and 30% more as compared to the resonance-based tools (Director HM200 and FAKOPP RLG respectively); translating into whole log static MOE (WMOEL) been 11 and 20% lower than those estimated by the resonance (HM200 and RLG respectively), and 90% lower than that estimated by the ToF tools (EFMT). Although the dynamic MOE estimated by ToF tool (EFMT) was higher, its WMOET predictive performance (R2 = 51%) lies between the 39 and 74% for the resonance based tools (HM200 and RGL respectively). This result supports the theory that ToF tools generate dilatational wave, and hence their velocity will be generally higher than resonance tools. The presence of predictive variation within the resonance suggests the need for within tools calibration. The linear relationship between the WMOET vs Etree was stronger than that of WMOET vs EHM200 suggesting that the ToF acoustic tool measurements are not restricted to the outer wood zone for small diameter logs.
Establishing Rules for Resolving Markman Failures

In Markman v Westview Instruments, Inc,' the Federal Circuit held that the scope of patent claims was a matter of law entirely within the domain of the courts. The decision also provided the analytical framework for claim construction.3 While Markman detailed this framework for construing patent claims, later courts were left to determine what default rule should apply when the Markman analysis fails. This Comment specifically addresses an apparent conflict within Federal Circuit case law concerning the best way to construe patents when the Markman analysis fails to do so conclusively. The Markman framework for analyzing patents mirrors that of statutory interpretation.4 The framework is multitiered, first separating intrinsic evidence from extrinsic, and then further specifying the use and ordering of intrinsic evidence.! In determining the evidence intrinsic to the patent, the court "consider[s] three sources: The claims, the specification, and the prosecution history."6 This establishes both the relative importance and order of analysis for the intrinsic evidence. In determining the scope of a patent, the claims are treated similarly to a
The Behavioral Ecology of Human Foraging in an Online Environment: Of Omnivores, Informavores, and Hunter–Gatherers

The basic decision rules by which we live were shaped by natural selection . Among the most fundamental problems to be solved for humans, or any other creature, is the problem of finding, securing, and using resources; or in more general terms, foraging. Foraging is the naturally selected way in which we manage patchy and stochastic environments. In the behavioral ecology literature, foraging theory is a well-developed set of theoretical propositions and empirical models that address common questions about decision rules for predators. To introduce foraging theory and its relevance for behavior in technologically rich environments, basic concepts such as marginal value theorem , matching , and delay discounting are introduced. Just as we foraged on the savannas, we now forage online. Two independent streams of research on online foraging “the behavioral ecology of consumption ” and “information foraging ” have delineated foraging functions in an online environment over the past decade. This chapter reviews the respective work in each research stream and summarizes the current state of knowledge in modern human foraging.
HIV, the ADA, and the Duty to Serve

This article critiques the structure and purpose of the Americans with Disabilities Act as applied to health care services. Professor Shepherd argues that the Supreme Court's 1998 decision in Bragdon v. Abbott, while appropriately finding the HIV infected plaintiff to be "disabled" and therefore entitled to the ADA's protection, reveals that Act's deficiencies. The important question raised by that case is not whether an individual with HIV infection is disabled, but why such a finding is necessary before individuals are entitled to non-discriminatory treatment in the provision of health care services. Specifically, the ADA's approach (at least as judicially interpreted) perpetuates three problems: 1) discrimination on the basis of irrelevant differences in abilities is allowed to go unchecked in many cases, 2) the Act's insistence on a finding of disabled status reinforces artificial and harmful boundaries between the "abled" and "disabled," and 3) we fail to appreciate the heightened need and moral imperative for nondiscriminatory treatment in the provision of health care services for all. This latter problem suggests that we might instead impose upon physicians a duty to treat; rather than merely prohibiting physicians from discriminating on the basis of certain characteristics, such as race, or against certain people, such as the disabled, the law should instead require physicians to provide care to patients who seek it unless they have a satisfactory reason for a denial of care. The author suggests four justifications for imposing upon physicians a duty to treat: the unique importance of health care to individuals' lives, the monopoly status and freedom from lay control that physicians enjoy, the justice considerations that now prohibit discrimination on the basis of protected characteristics, and the essential importance of trust in the physician-patient relationship. According to the author, either our anti-discrimination laws need radical restructuring or our common law "no duty" rule needs abolishing, but whichever course is taken, the result should be that everyone is entitled to care unless there is a satisfactory justification for its denial.
Advances in Multiple Myeloma Gene-Expression Profiling

Our understanding of myeloma biology has benefited greatly with the advent of new technologies, such as interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), spectral karyotyping, comparative genomic hybridization, single-nucleotide polymorphism genotyping, and gene-expression profiling (GEP). Combining these approaches with emerging technologies, such as high-throughput proteomics, microRNA profiling, and whole-genome sequencing, not only broadens the spectrum of molecular variables that can be studied but also poses immense challenges to integrate the complexities of these high-dimensional datasets to improve therapy and management of multiple myeloma (MM). The present chapter focuses on the use of GEP of primary disease to classify the disease, define risk, and elucidate underlying mechanisms that are beginning to change clinical decision-making and inform drug design.
MUSE: A New, Fast, Simple Microscopy Method for Slide-Free Histology and Surface Topography

IntroductionConventional brightfield or fluorescence microscopy works best with thin, stained specimens mounted on glass slides, but to prepare these requires hours of processing and the help of hi...
Achieving pain control with patient-reported personalized pain goals among patients with cancer in the inpatient setting.

e18534Background: Cancer pain is highly prevalent in patients with cancer. Personalized pain goal (PPG) is a patient-reported outcome of a pain management goal that allows the patient to achieve co...
Emulating a Fully Actuated Aerial Vehicle Using Two Actuators

Micro air vehicles exemplified by quadrotors generate downward thrust in their body fixed frame and may only maneuver spatially by changing their orientation. As a result of this underactuation they are fundamentally incapable of simultaneously regulating orientation and position. Furthermore, their feasible maneuvers are limited to spatial trajectories with continuously differentiable acceleration. We present a coaxial helicopter which emulates full actuation over forces and torques (six degrees of freedom) using only two actuators. The orientation of the thrust vector from each rotor is governed by the drive motor by exciting a cyclic flapping response in special articulated blades. The useful separation of orientation and translation dynamics is demonstrated in flight experiments by tracking spatial trajectories while maintaining flat body attitude as well as tracking desired orientations near hover while station keeping.
A Study of a Dose Constraint for Members of the Public Living Around Nuclear Power Plants in the United States

The 2007 Recommendation of the International Commission on Radiological Protection [ICRP Publication 103, Elsevier (2007)] requires implementation of the concept of a dose constraint for members of...
Tracing the Origins of Axolotl Limb Regeneration

The mechanisms underlying limb regeneration in axolotl have remained elusive due to limitations in isolating and tracking the cells that replenish lost tissues. In recent work, Elly Tanaka and Barbara Treutlein unite their expertise in axolotl limb regeneration and single-cell analysis to reveal cellular mechanisms underpinning regeneration.
Large-scale, multiethnic genome-wide association study identifies novel loci contributing to asthma susceptibility in adults.

In this large, multi-ethnic GWAS of asthma, we identified novel associations with potential functional relevance for asthma susceptibility in older adults of diverse racial backgrounds.
Are skin color and body mass index associated with social network structure? Findings from a male sex market study

Objectives: There is a growing burden of HIV and sex-related diseases in South Asia and India. Sociological research illustrates that key axes of social stratification, such as race and ethnicity, ...
Public views about editing genes in wildlife for conservation

Developments in CRISPR-based gene-editing technologies have generated a growing number of proposals to edit genes in wildlife to meet conservation goals. As these proposals have attracted greater attention, controversies have emerged among scientists and stakeholder groups over potential consequences and ethical implications of gene editing. Responsible governance cannot occur without consulting broader publics, yet little effort has been made to systematically assess public understandings and beliefs in relation to this new area of applied genetic engineering. We analyzed data from a survey of U.S. adults (n = 1600), collected by YouGov, and that examined respondents' concerns about gene editing in animal and plant wildlife and how those concerns are shaped by cultural dispositions toward science and beliefs about the appropriateness of intervening in nature at the genetic level. On average, respondents perceived more risk than benefit in using these tools. Over 70% agreed that gene editing in wildlife could be "easily used for the wrong purposes." When evaluating the moral acceptability of gene editing in wildlife, respondents evaluated applications to improve survival in endangered wildlife as more morally acceptable than applications to decrease abundance in a population or eliminate a population. Belief in the authority of scientific knowledge was positively related to favorable views of the benefits, risks, and moral acceptability of editing genes in wildlife. The belief that editing genes in wildlife inappropriately intervenes in nature predicted relatively more concern about risks and moral acceptability and skepticism about benefits. Given high levels of concern and skepticism about gene editing in wildlife for conservation among the U.S. public, a take-it-slow approach to making decisions about when or whether to use these tools is advisable. Early opinions, including those uncovered in this study, are likely to be provisional. Thus, consulting the public should be an ongoing process.
Higher amounts of sedentary time are associated with short sleep duration and poor sleep quality in postmenopausal women

Study objectives To evaluate the associations between sedentary time, total (total-PA), light (light-PA), moderate (MOD-PA), and vigorous (VIG-PA) physical activity with indices of sleep in postmenopausal women. Methods Baseline self-reported data from the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study (n = 75 074) were used in this cross-sectional analysis. Total-PA, light-PA, MOD-PA, and VIG-PA were categorized by metabolic equivalents of the activity (MET-hour [hr]/week [wk]) and were estimated using validated questionnaires. Sedentary time was categorized by hr/day and was estimated via questionnaire. Logistic regression was used to examine the associations between these variables and short sleep (≤6 hr/night), long sleep (≥10 hr/night), poor sleep quality, and insomnia symptoms after adjustment for age, race, socioeconomic status, body mass index, health status, depressive symptoms, smoking status, alcohol use, hormone therapy, and comorbidities. Results Higher sedentary time (>11 hr/day) was associated with higher odds of short sleep (odds ratio [OR] = 1.80, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.72-1.88), poor sleep quality (OR = 1.85, 95% CI: 1.74-1.97), and insomnia symptoms (OR = 1.56, 95% CI: 1.49-1.64). Light-PA (>0 MET-hr/wk) was associated with lower odds of short sleep (OR = 0.96, 95% CI: 0.92-1.00), and higher amounts of total-PA (OR = 0.90, 95% CI: 0.84-0.97), light-PA (OR = 0.94, 95% CI: 0.89-1.00), and MOD-PA (OR = 0.91, 95% CI: 0.86-0.97) were associated with lower odds of poor sleep quality. Conclusions Our findings suggest that higher levels of light and moderate intensity physical activity are associated with better sleep quality, whereas higher amounts of sedentary time are associated with short sleep and lower quality sleep. Future studies should investigate the directionality of these associations and potential causal pathways.
Assessing the Role of the Transcriptional Repressor BLMP-1 in the Molting Timer of C. elegans [University of California, Los Angeles]

Biological rhythms are key features of animal development; however, the underlying timers are not well understood. A novel biological oscillator, perhaps ancestrally related to the human circadian clock, times the molting cycle in C. elegans. The molting timer consists of interconnected feedback loops among the nuclear hormone receptor NHR-23, the microRNA let-7 and LIN-42, the worm homolog of the human circadian clock protein PERIOD. However, other components of the timer are not known. I hypothesized that the BLMP-1 protein is a core component of the molting timer in C. elegans. The extent to which BLMP-1 times the molting cycle was determined by comparing the duration of larval stages in blmp-1 mutants to that of wild-type animals. I characterized the temporal expression profile of the blmp-1 gene using the blmp-1p::gfp reporter gene which I introduced to the animals through transfection. In order to determine if NHR-23 activates blmp-1, I used the reporter gene to observe blmp-1 expression in stage-specific knockdowns of nhr-23. I found that blmp-1 mutants reach adulthood earlier relative to wild type animals, when both are released from starvation at the same time. Additionally, lower fluorescence intensity of blmp-1p::gfp is observed in nhr-23 mutants than in control animals, signifying that blmp-1 levels are lower in the absence of NHR-23. A deeper understanding of the molting timer can lead to insights in the biological clocks pertinent to humans which can be applied both to the circadian rhythm and to aging.