cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Light-induced trigeminal sensitization without central visual pathways: another mechanism for photophobia.

Light can initiate a continuum of negative sensations in the orbit. People can experience disability glare in which light scattering reduces visual contrast and produces a sensation of asthenopia (eyestrain).1–3 An example of this is the effect of facing oncoming headlights when driving at night. Humans typically compensate for glare by squinting and increasing the rate of spontaneous blinking.2,4 Bright lights can also produce ocular discomfort that varies from mild to intolerable pain.5 Persons with diseases involving the anterior portion of the eye (e.g., uveitis or conjunctivitis) that sensitize trigeminal nociceptors report increased sensitivity to light stimuli.6–9 Central trigeminal sensitization such as occurs with migraine and blepharospasm also reduce tolerance to bright light.10–17 Conversely, bright light can exacerbate the effect of trigeminal stimuli.18 Although these data reveal a clear link between light and the trigeminal system in ocular discomfort, the pathophysiology of ocular discomfort is uncertain and probably involves several processes. One group of explanations of the neural bases of photophobia focuses on central visual structures. Noseda et al.19 show that afferents from melanopsin-containing retinal ganglion cells innervating the posterior thalamus could be responsible for the ability of light to exacerbate migraine discomfort. Other investigators13,20 propose that photophobia also results from modifications in the visual cortex. Another group of investigator21,22 identify a role for the sympathetic system in photophobia. Okamoto et al.22 provide evidence that the activation of spinal trigeminal nociceptive neurons by visual stimuli results from trigeminal nociceptors responding to choroidal blood vessel dilation. Their study indicated that pretectal olivary neurons that are known to receive input from melanopsin-containing retinal ganglion cells regulate the sympathetic nervous system's control of choroidal blood flow.22 Although these explanations can explain the majority of photophobia characteristics, they have difficulty accounting for photophobia experienced by persons without light perception. Two studies describe patients without light perception who experience pronounced photophobia.23,24 One possible explanation is that these patients maintained visual input to midbrain regions but were unconscious of this visual sensitivity.19 Some of the patients, however, did not exhibit a pupillary light reflex23 that would be expected to be present if the midbrain inputs were intact. Another possibility, however, is that intraretinal processes independent of central visual centers can produce an enhanced trigeminal response to light. To determine whether an intraretinal mechanism acts in concert with other processes to produce photophobia, we characterized the effects of bright light on reflex and spontaneous blinking before and after lesioning the optic nerve in rats.
THE EXTENT OF CARDIAC MUSCLE IN THE GREAT VEINS OF THE DOG.

The extent and arrangement of cardiac muscle in the great veins of adult dogs of both sexes was investigated. Cardiac muscle was found for varying distances in the venae cavae and pulmonary and azygos veins in all animals. The average distances which the muscle extended into these vessels in the beagles were: 1.88, 0.859, 0.525, and 0.622 cm. Similar measurements in the poodle were: 1.35, 0.705, 0.764, and 0.690 cm and in the shepherd: 3.05, 1.36, 1.22, and 0.926 cm. Both the venae cavae and pulmonary veins contained circular, spiral and longitudinal muscle bundles. The cardiac muscle was continuous from the superior venae cavae into the wall of the azygos vein and appeared to occupy the medial layer of the wall in all instances. Elastic and white fibrous connective tissue extended between the muscle bundles and appeared to invest the tapered muscle fibers in some places.
The Status of Equity for Hispanics in Public Higher Education in Florida and Texas

This article uses descriptive analyses of data from the Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System to examine the status of equity for Hispanic students in public higher education institutions ...
Changes in expression of splice cassettes of NMDA receptor GluN1 subunits within the frontal lobe and memory in mice during aging.

Age-related decline in memory has been associated with changes in mRNA and protein expression of different NMDA receptor subunits. The NMDA receptor GluN1 subunit appears to be necessary and sufficient for receptor function. There is evidence that the mRNA expressions of some splice forms of the subunit are influenced by aging and/or behavioral testing experience in old mice. The present study explored the relationships between behavioral testing experience and protein expression of different GluN1 subunit isoforms in the prefrontal/frontal cortex of the brain during aging. Aged C57BL/6 mice with behavioral testing experience showed declines in performance in both spatial working and reference memory tasks. Protein expression of GluN1 C-terminal cassettes C2 and C2′, but not the C1 or N1 cassettes, was observed to decline with increasing age, regardless of experience. In middle-age animals, higher expressions of the GluN1 subunit and C2′ cassette proteins were associated with good reference memory on initial search. Aged animals with a higher protein expression of GluN1 subunits containing C1 cassettes and the whole population of GluN1 subunits exhibited a closer proximity to the former platform location within the final phase of probe trials. However, the old mice with high expression of the C1 cassette did not show an accurate search during this phase. The old mice with lower expression of the C1 cassette protein more closely mimicked the performances of the young and middle-aged mice. These results indicate that there was heterogeneity in the effect of aging on the expression of the GluN1 subunits containing different splice cassettes. It also suggests that the GluN1 subunit might be most important for good reference memory during middle age, but this relationship may not be maintained into old age.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Bioabsorbable Polylactic Acid Interference Screws During the First 2 Years After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction

Bioabsorbable screws composed of poly(L-lactic acid) (PLA) were used for graft fixation and studied prospectively with serial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans at 8, 16, and 24 months after autogenous patellar tendon anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction in 10 patients. Conventional spin echo, proton density, and T2-weighted double echo sequences were obtained, as well as T2-weighted fat-saturated fast spin echo sequences. All but one of the screws (19 of 20) were evident in all serial scans. These showed minimal decrease in size over time. The one screw that had completely disappeared 8 months after reconstruction had cracked during insertion. None of the reconstructed ACL grafts showed clinical instability, persistent effusions, or detectable adverse reactions to the screws. Two patients developed abnormal signal in the tibial tunnel: one developed fluid anterior to the graft, and the other developed increased signal within the graft. The abnormal signal resolved with time in both patients. Other than the preceding changes, no abnormalities were detected on conventional sequences. Fat-saturated fast spin echo sequences showed a variable amount of increased signal around the tunnels, suggesting edema or fibrovascular marrow changes. The changes noted near the tunnels on the fat-suppressed scans most probably represent a general reaction to surgical insult rather than a reaction to the bioabsorbable screws, as similar changes were noted at the patellar harvest site.
Growth hormone therapy for Prader-Willi and Down syndromes: a post-modern medical dilemma.

Summary Post-modernism means the end of traditional certainties. In this paper, growth hormone (GH) is conceptualized as a post-modern medical therapy. It is used in the treatment of conditions that are not traditional diseases, for indications that are not precisely defined. Down syndrome and Prader-Willi syndrome represent two clinical conditions in which GH can possibly be used. It is argued that the difference between the two syndromes instructs us as to the principles that might guide appropriate use of GH in the future. In particular, for children, the more GH treatment can be shown to produce benefits other than increased height, the more justifiable its use will be.
Demystifying PIFE: The Photophysics Behind the Protein-Induced Fluorescence Enhancement Phenomenon in Cy3

Protein-induced fluorescence enhancement (PIFE) is a term used to describe the increase in fluorescence intensity observed when a protein binds to a nucleic acid in the proximity of a fluorescent probe. PIFE using the single-molecule dye Cy3 is gaining popularity as an approach to investigate the dynamics of proteins that interact with nucleic acids. In this work, we used complexes of DNA and Klenow fragment and a combination of time-resolved fluorescence and transient spectroscopy techniques to elucidate the photophysical mechanism that leads to protein-enhanced fluorescence emission of Cy3 when in close proximity to a protein (PIFE). By monitoring the formation of the cis isomer directly, we proved that the enhancement of Cy3 fluorescence correlates with a decrease in the efficiency of photoisomerization, and occurs in conditions where the dye is sterically constrained by the protein.
Implementing tight glucose control after coronary artery bypass surgery.

Background The clinical benefit of tight glucose control has been demonstrated in diabetic patients. In adopting an approach of tight glucose control for all cardiac surgery patients at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, we encountered several challenges, including defining good glucose control, meaningfully measuring control, and assessing the impact of variables that may affect control. Methods An interdisciplinary team used an insulin protocol to achieve tight glucose control of cardiac surgery patients in the operating room and intensive care unit as part of an effort to reduce sternal wound infections. Good control was defined as glucose less than 130 mg/dL for more than 50% of measured time. Results Eight hundred eighteen patients underwent coronary artery bypass grafting between November 2002 and August 2004. Seven hundred thirty-seven (90%) received insulin. Fifty-seven percent did not have a preoperative diagnosis of diabetes. The trigger for insulin initiation was decreased sequentially from 150 mg/dL to 110 mg/dL, but the measure of good control remained the same: glucose less than 130 mg/dL. The factor most highly predictive of glucose being well controlled was the protocol with the 110 mg/dL trigger for insulin (p Conclusions Key elements to implementing tight glucose control include having a standard protocol and metrics to track protocol performance. This practice improved control and was associated with a marked reduction in mediastinitis.
Pymetrozine interferes with transmission of Tomato yellow leaf curl virus by the whitefly Bemisia tabaci

Pymetrozine, a novel compound belonging to the class pyridine-azomethines, is a feeding inhibitor labeled for use against plant pests in the order Hemiptera. Pymetrozine was evaluated for its ability to interfere with whitefly transmission of the begomovirusTomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV). Pymetrozine was applied as Fulfill TM 50 WG at two rates (0.291 and 0.582 g formulationl −1) to tomato seedlings with four to six true leaves. Viruliferous whiteflies (three to five per plant) were added 1, 4, 7 and 11 d after a single application of pymetrozine, and transmission rates were determined 4 wk after the addition of whiteflies. Pymetrozine provided protection against transmission of TYLCV by viruliferous whiteflies for up to 1 wk after a single apliation. No phytotoxicity was observed on tomato transplants. These results indicate that pymetrozine could be an effective tool for tomato transplant producers to protect susceptible transplants from infection by begomoviruses, such as TYLCV. Pymetrozine might also work well as part of an integrated approach to begomovirus management in greenhouse tomato fruit production.
Nitrogen excretin in crustacea–I. The herbivorous land crab Cardisoma guanhumi latreille

Abstract 1. 1. The large land crab, Cardisoma guanhumi, does not alter its pattern of nitrogen excretion with dehydration. 2. 2. Although generally ammonotelic, crabs on a relatively high nitrogen diet have high levels of blood urea (18 mg per cent), which is subsequently excreted via urine. The high urea levels are especially conspicuous 24–48 hr after a meal. In contrast, on a low nitrogen diet blood urea levels are hardly detectable. Interpretation of data on total nitrogen excretion is further complicated by the presence of large deposits of uric acid in the hemocoel. 3. 3. Total nitrogen excretion is low (2.05 mg N/100 g per day) and may be correlated with the crab's herbivorous and terrestrial nature. For these herbivores that are naturally on a low nitrogen diet, low levels of nitrogen excretion and uric acid deposition apparently suffice for the disposal of nitrogen from amino acid catabolism. 4. 4. Gill-associated urease activity is discussed in relation to its influence on crustacean nitrogen excretion.
What Can Ultracold Fermi Gases Teach Us About High Tc Superconductors and Vice Versa

Studies of superfluidity in ultracold trapped Fermi gases are attracting physicists from a wide range of sub-disciplines including nuclear, condensed matter and particle physics. The excitement in the field is due, in large part, to the remarkable tuneability of these Fermi gases. One can tune the attractive interaction strength continuously from weak to strong (thereby effecting a transition from a BCS to Bose Einstein condensed (BEC) superfluid). One can introduce polarization into the gases at will, which may lead to long-sought-after, but not yet confirmed, exotic superfluid phases. In this talk we discuss the relevance of the cold Fermi gases to other physics subdisciplines. We then summarize how BCS-BEC crossover in the ultracold gases connects with a particularly important topic in condensed matter: high temperature superconductivity. We emphasize some striking similarities relating to the very unusual normal or 'pseudogap' phase of each of the two systems. In the process we give a summary of some of the latest exciting experimental developments in the two fields.
Minimax surveillance schedules for replaceable units

An analysis is made of the problem of finding optimal schedules for checking an operating unit subject to random failure detectable only by inspection of the unit. It is assumed that only partial information, in the form of .a single percentile of the otherwise unknown life distribution of the unit, is available. In a previous paper [5] some results were given for the case with a finite time horizon. Tn this work it is assumed that tne unit is replaceable at will with a new, statistically identical unit, and the horizon is infinite.
Imagined authority : Blackboard Jungle and the project of educational liberalism

The 1955 movie Blackboard Jungle portrays the efforts of high school teacher Richard Dadier to overcome his students’ resistance to the regime of the school At the same time, Blackboard Jungle inaugurated the use of rock and roll in movies, thereby heralding the emergence of a distinct youth culture. Representations of youth and schooling were uniquely suited to capture the anxieties that arose out of American familial, economic, and political conflicts in the 1950s. By synthesizing matters of male and state authority in an ambivalent blend of rebellion and social control, Blackboard Jungle articulated the ambiguities of the liberal ideology that schooling and the state more broadly could simultaneously insure individual freedom and contain social conflicts. Blackboard Jungle’s gendered narrative was mirrored in academic research into the causes of juvenile delinquency, in differing career paths for men and women educators, and in attacks on progressive curricula. By combining an examination of the film's...
Health Literacy and Medication Adherence in Underserved African-American Breast Cancer Survivors: A Qualitative Study

The increased survival rate of breast cancer has brought attention to women who are beyond the diagnosis and treatment phases of breast cancer. Although research has been conducted to address specific medical and psychosocial needs of breast cancer survivors, there has been little attention placed on health literacy and medication adherence among this population. The purpose of this article is to present the findings of a qualitative study conducted with two focus groups of underserved African-American breast cancer survivors. Four themes emerged from the transcribed interviews: inequality of access to health information, acquisition of medication information, medication usage and adherence, and barriers to access to medications.
A parametric exploration of the dynamic behavior of flame propagation in planar sprays

Abstract An exploration of the dynamic nature of flame propagation in planar sprays at ambient conditions has been performed. The parametric influence of three different levels of fuel-vapor concentrations (corresponding to three liquid fuel initial temperatures of 43°C, 25°C, and 15°C), two droplet sizes (305 and 407 μm), three fuel compositions (hexane, iso-octane, and a 50-50 by weight mixture of these fuels), and two levels of gas-phase turbulence intensity (17% and 2.5%) on the average speed of flame propagation and its fluctuations have been investigated using sequential photographic information. It was found that higher fuel-vapor concentrations, smaller droplet sizes, and more volatile fuels caused the average flame speed to increase while reducing its fluctuations. The effect of higher gas-phase turbulence intensity also caused the average flame speed to increase, but increased its fluctuations. Some of the observed phenomena can be qualitatively explained through the ignition process in a spray. When the presence of fuel vapor in the gas phase becomes significant due to the evaporation of droplets before the flame front, a premixed-gas type of ignition process prevails. At this condition the variations of average flame speed and its fluctuations may be explained through the effect of gas-phase equivalence ratio on the premixed-gas average flame speed. When the presence of fuel vapor in the flame front is reduced at high turbulence, a relay type of ignition process occurs. In this latter case, the increase of average flame speed and of flame speed fluctuations may be interpreted from the enhanced turbulent diffusion of thermal energy and from the turbulent fluctuations caused by the eddy transport phenomenon in the flow field, respectively.
Variation in early developmental course in autism and its relation with behavioral outcome at 3-4 years of age.

The aims of the present study were to describe variations in the early course of development in autism by utilizing an in-depth parent interview that incorporated techniques to improve accuracy of parent recall, and to examine the relation between variations in early developmental course in autism and behavioral outcome at 3–4 years of age. The Early Development Interview, which consisted of questions about child’s behavior in several domains from birth through 2 years of age, was created and administered to parents of 72 3–4-year-old children with autism spectrum disorder and 34 3–4-year-old children with developmental delay, who were matched on mental and chronological age, and 39 1–4-year-old typically developing children, who were matched to the clinical groups on mental age. At 3–4 years of age, children were administered standardized measures (some clinician administered and some parent report); these included verbal and nonverbal IQ, autism symptom severity, and adaptive and aberrant behavior. Based on the Early Development Interview, children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) were reported to have elevated symptoms in the social and regulatory domains by 3–6 months. By 12–15 months, parents of children with ASD reported significantly higher levels of social symptoms than parents of children with developmental delay. At 3–4 years of age, children with autism with early vs. late onset of symptoms, and with vs. without a history of loss of skills (regression) were not found to differ on standardized tests of verbal and nonverbal IQ and observational measures of autism symptom severity.
California's nurse-to-patient ratio law and occupational injury

Objective To determine whether state-mandated minimum nurse-to-patient staffing ratios in California hospitals had an effect on reported occupational injury and illness rates.
Clinical review: Airway hygiene in the intensive care unit

Maintenance of airway secretion clearance, or airway hygiene, is important for the preservation of airway patency and the prevention of respiratory tract infection. Impaired airway clearance often prompts admission to the intensive care unit (ICU) and can be a cause and/or contributor to acute respiratory failure. Physical methods to augment airway clearance are often used in the ICU but few are substantiated by clinical data. This review focuses on the impact of oral hygiene, tracheal suctioning, bronchoscopy, mucus-controlling agents, and kinetic therapy on the incidence of hospital-acquired respiratory infections, length of stay in the hospital and the ICU, and mortality in critically ill patients. Available data are distilled into recommendations for the maintenance of airway hygiene in ICU patients.
Coupling light from incoherent sources to optical waveguides

Spatially coherent laser light can be coupled into an optical waveguide with nearly 100 percent efficiency. However, coupling light from a spatially incoherent source to a waveguide can be frustrating. Here the author describes how to efficiently couple blackbody radiation to optical fiber waveguides. The same basic principles hold for other types of waveguides, such as integrated optic waveguides. Radiation emitted from other types of extended sources, such as surface emitting LEDs or ionized gases, can be efficiently coupled to waveguides using the same techniques. >
Theoretical Models of Thermodynamic Properties of Supercritical Solutions

Abstract Several separation processes, including supercritical extraction and supercritical fluid chroma-tography, take advantage of the striking solubility behavior of supercritical fluids. A general theoretical framework is presented for modeling thermodynamic properties of supercritical solutions based on the theory of Kirkwood and Buff. The theory is expressed in terms of the Kirkwood fluctuation integral from statistical mechanics and permits introduction of appropriate molecular solution approximations. Thus, the solute-solvent interaction may be expressed using a local composition approximation, for example, with an accurate equation of state for the pure solvent. This approach is illustrated for two molecular solution approximations and is compared with solubility and partial molecular volume data.
Effects of isoproterenol and chlordiazepoxide on drinking and conflict behaviors in rats.

Abstract Isoproterenol, a beta-adrenergic agent, induced drinking in water-satiated rats. Isoproterenol exhibited significant anti-conflict activity in water-deprived rats in the Shock-induced Suppression of Drinking (SSD) procedure. Chlordiazepoxide (CDP), at the highest dose tested, also increased drinking in non-deprived naive rats. As expected, CDP demonstrated highly significant anti-conflict activity in thirsty rats (SSD test). These results suggest that in conflict procedures, where food or water is used as a reward, agents that affect the consumatory drive mechanisms could show up as “false positives.” Moreover, agents that affect primary drives (e.g., CDP), in addition to their anti-anxiety activity, could show additive activity in such conflict procedures.
Widespread Distribution of a Chorionic Gonadotropin- Like Substance in Normal Human Tissues

Recent studies have demonstrated that the normal human testes, colon, and liver contain a substance that resembles hCG. To extend these findings, we examined aqueous extracts of a variety of normal human tissues for the presence of this material. The β-hCG RIA, rat Leydig cell radioreceptor assay, and a newly developed, highly specific hCG RIA were used to measure hCG activity in a serial dilutions of the extracts. Detectable concentrations of the hCG-like material were found in 146 of the 149 individual tissue samples studied. Parallelism was noted between the hCG standard and serial dilutions of extracts of testis, ovary, pituitary, lung, liver, kidney, spleen, stomach, placenta, and some small intestinal tissue samples in the β-HCG RIA, radioreceptor assay, and the highly specific hCG RIA. An absence of parallelism was found between extracts of nonpituitary tissues and LH in the β-LH RIA. Pancreatic extracts altered the [l25I]hCG used as the labeled ligand in these assays, which led to spurious results...
Molecular mechanisms of apoptosis in the cells of the immune system in human aging.

Summary: Aging is associated with progressive decline in immune functions and increased frequency of infections, autoimmunity, and cancer. Among immune functions, a decline in T-cell functions during aging predominates. In this review, I discuss the molecular signaling of three distinct pathways of apoptosis, namely the death receptor pathway, the mitochondrial pathway, and the most recently described endoplasmic reticulum stress pathway, and the relative sensitivity of naive, central memory, and effector memory CD8+ T-cell subsets to apoptosis. In addition, I review apoptosis, especially via death receptor pathway, in naive and various memory subsets of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells (with primary emphasis on CD8+ naive and memory subsets) in human aging and discuss the role of apoptosis in immune senescence.
Devonian transgressive-regressive cycles and biostratigraphy, northern Antelope Range, Nevada; establishment of reference horizons for global cycles

The physical boundaries of global Devonian transgressive-regressive (T-R) cycles are located for the first time at reference sections in central Nevada. Early Devonian (Pragian and Emsian), deepening events defining T-R cycle bases resulted in deeper subtidal facies overlying peritidal or shallow subtidal facies. Middle and earliest Late Devonian deepening events resulted in slope facies overlain by basinal facies, or deep ramp overlain by basinal facies (with or without interbedded debris flows). Brachiopod and coral biofacies changes reflect these deepening events. Environmental change also affected conodont diversity, which is highest in slope or slope-derived deposits. Icriodus is poorly represented or absent in basinal facies in the Middle Devonian of central Nevada. Conodont zonal correlations for the defining deepening events are: Ia, base of sulcatus Zone; Ib, approximately base of dehiscens Zone; Ic, high in serotinus Zone; Id, mid costatus Zone revised from low in australis Zone; Ie, mid kockelianus Zone; If, upper ensensis Zone; IIa, in Middle varcus Subzone; IIb, approximately base of norrisi Zone. The deepening event at the base of the Woodpecker Limestone in Nevada is at the base of T-R Ie, revised downward from the base of T-R If. It correlates with the Delaware-Oatka Creek deepening in Ohiomore » and New York. The basal T-R Ie deepening also correlates with the base of the Kacak Member of the Srbsko Formation, Bohemia, and with a level immediately above the top of the Man Member of the Gustalapiedra Formation, northwest Spain. 34 refs., 5 figs., 2 tabs.« less
Preparation of Crystallized Egg Albumin (Ovalbumin)

Sorensen1 indicates that crystallized egg albumin, in contrast to most common proteins, may be considered to be a distinct chemical individual. Since this property makes it especially suitable for studies on the physico-chemical and immunological behavior of proteins, a simple, dependable method for its preparation is desirable.In all the standard methods for the preparation of crystallized egg albumin, fresh egg white is first treated with an equal volume of saturated ammonium sulphate solution, to precipitate the so-called egg “globulin”. The filtrate from this sticky, dough-like precipitate of globulin is then ordinarily brought to the neighborhood of the iso-electric point of the ovalbumin, where crystallization takes place, by the addition of the required amounts of acetic, hydrochloric or sulphuric acids. Hektoen and Cole2 pointed out that the voluminous precipitate of “globulin” obtained from egg white is not a true globulin, but a mixture or compound of all the proteins in egg white. When extracte...
Ethacrynic acid in edematous states in children

Seven children with acute nephritis, ten with the nephrotic syndrome, and one with chronic congestive heart failure were treated with short courses of ethacrynic acid, a recently introduced diuretic agent. Weight loss, associated with increased excretion of sodium and chloride, was observed in almost all children treated. No significant toxic reactions were observed, but the tendency of the drug to induced electrolyte disturbance may restrict its use to hospitalized patients.
Water resources professionals discuss challenges ahead for the 21st century

Water resources engineers, hydrologists, and attorneys from academia, government, and the private sector engaged in a lively analysis of the state of water resources planning and management and future challenges at a strategic retreat held in Washington, D.C., from March 10 to 11, 1996. A “visioning” break-out group provided recommendations on how to adjust to the challenges facing water resources professionals as we approach the next millennium.
Identification of Full-Length Dentin Matrix Protein 1 in Dentin and Bone

Dentin matrix protein 1 (DMP1) has been identified in the extracellular matrix (ECM) of dentin and bone as the processed NH2-terminal and COOH-terminal fragment. However, the full-length form of DMP1 has not been identified in these tissues. The focus of this investigation was to search for the intact full-length DMP1 in dentin and bone. We used two types of anti-DMP1 antibodies to identify DMP1: one type specifically recognizes the NH2-terminal region and the other type is only reactive to the COOH-terminal region of the DMP1 amino acid sequence. An ∼105-kDa protein, extracted from the ECM of rat dentin and bone, was recognized by both types of antibodies; and the migration rate of this protein was identical to the recombinant mouse full-length DMP1 made in eukaryotic cells. We concluded that this ∼105-kDa protein is the full-length form of DMP1, which is considerably less abundant than its processed fragments in the ECM of dentin and bone. We also detected the full-length form of DMP1 and its processed fragments in the extract of dental pulp/odontoblast complex dissected from rat teeth. In addition, immunofluorescence analysis showed that in MC3T3-E1 cells the NH2-terminal and COOH-terminal fragments of DMP1 are distributed differently. Our findings indicate that the majority of DMP1 must be cleaved within the cells that synthesize it and that minor amounts of uncleaved DMP1 molecules are secreted into the ECM of dentin and bone.
THE BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER OF FISH.

The blood-brain barrier may be demonstrated in mammals by the exclusion of certain dyes from the brain. In addition, anions such as thiocyanate, iodide, bromide, and sulfate are maintained in the brain at various brain/plasma ratios. In mammals, these ratios, in vivo have always been lower than the brain/plasma ratio for chloride. The present investigation was undertaken to study the blood-brain barrier of the goldfish by determining the entry of various dyes and ions into the brain parenchyma. The brains of the fish were examined 4 hr after intraperitoneal injection of 1% trypan blue, bromphenol blue, sodium phenolsulfonephthalein or sodium fluorescein. The dyes did not enter the brain parenchyma except at the anterior and posterior choroid plexus and the saccus vasculosus. The barrier could be disrupted by 70% alcohol or stab wounds in the brain. In addition, sodium thiocyanate was injected intraperitoneally or was introduced into the water of the aquarium. Tissue samples were taken 5–144 hr later and the thiocyanate space calculated. The chloride space of other fish was similarly calculated. The thiocyanate space of brain was significantly larger (p < 0.01) than the chloride space. The thiocyanate space of muscle was not significantly different from the chloride space. Since the thiocyanate space of brain exceeded the chloride space it is suggested that there are significant differences between the blood-brain barrier mechanisms of bony fish and mammals.
Laser cooling of infrared sensors.

We present an overview of laser cooling of solids. In this all-solid-state approach to refrigeration, heat is removed radiatively when an engineered material is exposed to high power laser light. We report a record amount of net cooling (88 K below ambient) that has been achieved with a sample made from doped fluoride glass. Issues involved in the design of a practical laser cooler are presented. The possibility of laser cooling of semiconductor sensors is discussed.
Static end-expiratory and dynamic forced expiratory tracheal collapse in COPD.

Aim To determine the range of tracheal collapse at end-expiration among chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients and to compare the extent of tracheal collapse between static end-expiratory and dynamic forced-expiratory multidetector-row computed tomography (MDCT). Materials and methods After institutional review board approval and obtaining informed consent, 67 patients meeting the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI)/World Health Organization (WHO) Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) criteria for COPD were sequentially imaged using a 64-detector-row CT machine at end-inspiration, during forced expiration, and at end-expiration. Standardized respiratory coaching and spirometric monitoring were employed. Mean percentage tracheal collapse at end-expiration and forced expiration were compared using correlation analysis, and the power of end-expiratory cross-sectional area to predict excessive forced-expiratory tracheal collapse was computed following construction of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. Results Mean percentage expiratory collapse among COPD patients was 17 ± 18% at end-expiration compared to 62 ± 16% during forced expiration. Over the observed range of end-expiratory tracheal collapse (approximately 10–50%), the positive predictive value of end-expiratory collapse to predict excessive (≥80%) forced expiratory tracheal collapse was Conclusion COPD patients demonstrate a wide range of end-expiratory tracheal collapse. The magnitude of static end-expiratory tracheal collapse does not predict excessive dynamic expiratory tracheal collapse.
Effect of stratification on hydrodynamic pressures on dams

The effect of stratification of the fluid in the reservoir on hydrodynamic pressures on dams due to horizontal, harmonic ground accelerations has been analyzed. It has been found that both the zeroth-order solution, which corresponds to the constant-density solution, and the first-order solution have two components in the hydrodynamic pressure distribution, an in-phase component and an out-of-phase component which is 90° lagging. The out-of-phase components vanish in the absence of surface waves, and they become dominant when the wave-effect parameter C becomes large. The wave-effect parameter C is defined as 49-1, where g is the gravitational constant, ω the oscillation frequency and h the height of the fluid in the reservoir. The total horizontal force on a dam due to harmonic ground excitations has also been presented.
Enhanced bounding techniques to reduce the protein conformational search space

The complexity and enormous size of the conformational space that must be explored for the protein tertiary structure prediction problem has led to the development of a wide assortment of algorithmic approaches. In this study, we apply state-of-the-art tertiary structure prediction algorithms and instead focus on the development of bounding techniques to reduce the conformational search space. Dihedral angle bounds on the φ and ψ angles are established based on the predicted secondary structure and studies of the allowed regions of φ/ψ space. Distance bounds are developed based on predicted secondary structure information (including β-sheet topology predictions) to further reduce the search space. This bounding strategy is entirely independent of the degree of homology between the target protein and the database of proteins with experimentally-determined structures. The proposed approach is applied to the structure prediction of protein G as an illustrative example, yielding a significantly higher number of near-native protein tertiary structure predictions.
Ontogenetic changes in particle-size selection by deposit-feeding spionid polychaetes: the influence of palp size on particle contact

Scaling arguments suggest that juveniles of species that deposit feed as adults must ingest relatively higher quality diets to compensate for a digestive constraint imposed by small body (and gut) size. Understanding how and why particle-size selection varies ontogenetically can provide clues to the relative quality of forage juveniles obtain. Particle selection by a tentacle or palp feeder can be viewed as the net result of particle contact, collection, and post-collection rejection. A geometrical model of particle contact that includes effects due to palp size predicts that thinner palps and hence smaller worms are biased toward contacting larger particles. The model's prediction was tested using adhesive-coated palp mimics (monofilament line) of varying diameters spanning the range of actual palps to contact and collect particles from a mixture of two sizes of glass beads (16 and 88 μm dia). Results were consistent with the contact model's prediction: thinner palp mimics collected a lower proportion of small beads (higher proportion of large beads). Intraspecific variations in particle-size selection due to body, and palp size were determined for Pseudopolydora kempi japonica Imajima and Hartman, Polydora ligni Webster, Boccardia proboscidea Hattman, and Pygospio elegans Claparede by conducting laboratory feeding experiments with the same mixture of glass beads used with mimics. P. kempi japonica results were consistent with the contact model and the palp-mimic experiment. B. proboscidea and P. elegans showed no significant variation with body size. Polydora ligni showed a negative relationship between particle size and body (and palp) size; insufficient mouth size of small juveniles is a likely explanation. Assuming that food value (per unit volume of ingested material of sedimentary detritus is negatively correlated with particle size, results suggest that deposit-feeding juveniles cannot increase diet quality without post-contact sorting mechanisms that probably increase handling costs-perhaps leading to macrophagous evaluation of individual particles based more on nutritional content than on mechanical properties like size. Increasing the time spent suspension feeding relative to deposit feeding is another likely means for juvenile spionids to increase diet quality and perhaps overcome the combined digestive and deposit-feeding constraints imposed by small gut and palp size.
Ultrastructure of differentiating cells during thymus histogenesis. A light and electron microscopic study of epithelial and lymphoid cell differentiation during thymus histogenesis in C57 black mice.

Thymus development was studied from twelve days after fertilization to four days post-partum. At twelve days, the endodermal bud consists of primitive undifferentiated cells containing a paucity of organelles separated from branchial mesenchyme by a fine fibrillar interface. Multivacuolar structures in the extracellular spaces or just within cell borders may represent a pathway for transfer of humoral substances.
Acid rain and the interstate provisions of the clean air act

The Clean Air Act as originally conceived and as amended through 1977 fails to deal directly with the causes of acid rain because of the mechanism used by the Act. Amendments in 1977 intended to address the problem of “interstate pollution” likewise failed to come to grips with this new phenomenon. The Clean Air Act is to be reconsidered this summer at which time Congress should remember that acid rain is merely one type of long range pollution, that there are likely to be others, and that legislation should be as flexible as possible, the better to deal with similar future threats to the environment.
Initial evaluation of novel polyamide-imides and their copolymers as adhesives

Continued interest by the research community in thermally stable, tough, high temperature adhesives has resulted in the investigation by Langley Research Center of two linear aromatic polyamide-imide (PAI) homopolymers and two linear aromatic PAI copolymers. The homopolymers were made with either 3,3'=DABA or 4,4'-DABA and BTDA. The two polymers were prepared with a monomer ratio of 0.75 DABP:0.25 DABA:1.00 BTDA. These aromatic PAIs possess high thermal stability because of intermolecular hydrogen bonding and chain stiffness. Lap shear strength (LSS) was the main criteria used to evaluate the polymers as adhesives. LSS of bonded Ti-6Al-4V was determined at room temperature (RT), 177, 204 and 232 C. The glass transition temperature and the type of bond failure were also determined. The best LSS values of the four adhesive systems investigated were obtained with the PAI copolymer identified in the report as LARC-TPI (25 percent 3,3'-DABA); however, it did not produce LSSs nearly as high as LARC-TPI. The poor flow properties observed appear to be due to a combination of high molecular weight and the increased interchain electronic interactions associated with the amide group.
Cost containment: issues of moral conflict and justice for physicians.

In response to rapidly rising health care costs in the United States, federal and state governments and private industry are instituting numerous and diverse cost-containment plans. As devices for coping with a scarcity of resources, such plans present serious challenges to physicians' traditional single-minded devotion to patient welfare. Those which contain costs by directly limiting medical options or by controlling physicians' daily clinical decisions can threaten the quality of medical care by allowing economic authorities to make essentially medical judgments. In contrast, other plans coax compliance by arranging incentives, e.g., offering financial rewards for successful cost containment. While they allow for clinical freedom, these plans create conflicts between physicians' fiduciary obligations to their patients and the competing interests of the payers. Such conflicts arise as physicians try to work within governmental or corporate cost containment policies, and also as they attempt to “streamline” clinical efficiency. Throughout, issues of justice emerge as physicians seek to reconcile their own patients' claims upon limited common resources with others' equally legitimate claims.
Right ventricular function in valvular heart disease: relation to pulmonary artery pressure.

Right ventricular angiography was performed in 46 patients with acquired valvular heart disease and 8 normal subjects. Right ventricular ejection fraction (RVEF) correlated highly only with right ventricular peak systolic pressure (RVPSP) and mean pulmonary artery pressure, both in patients with and without tricuspid insufficiency. For the group, RVEF = -0.33 RVPSP + 63 (correlation coefficient [r] = -0.76, probability [p] In seven patients with elevated pulmonary artery pressure, a second ventriculogram was performed during intravenous nitroglycerin administration. Nitroglycerin produced a significant decrease in right ventricular peak systolic pressure (59 ± 22 to 49 ± 18 mm Hg, mean ± standard deviation) (p
The Economic Effect of Urban Colleges on their Surrounding Communities

Typical university impact studies in the US have focused on large institutions and their impact on an entire metropolitan region. We know little about the impact of small schools or the impact of a college on just its surrounding city or neighbourhood, despite recent interest in the relationship of colleges to city neighbourhood revitalisation. This article illustrates that, with two simple adjustments, the standard impact study can produce an estimate of a typical urban college's economic effect matched to its surrounding community, rather than to the urban region as a whole. A case study using this approach found that even a small US college with a predominantly commuter population had a significant effect on the city in which it was located.
Bicriteria supply chain scheduling on unrelated-parallel machines

This article addresses the unrelated-parallel machine scheduling problem with sequence-dependent setup times for minimizing the work-in-process inventory (WIP) while maximizing the customer service level in a supply chain. The machine availabilities and job releases are considered dynamic. In order to meet a variety of needs of the producer and customers, a mathematical model that conforms to a bicriteria objective has been developed. As the proposed research problem is shown to be NP-hard, a metasearch heuristic based upon tabu search is also developed to solve industry-size problems. Moreover, to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed search algorithm, the search algorithmic solutions obtained for example problems are compared with that of the optimal solutions of the mathematical model obtained from CPLEX. To the best of our knowledge, this research is the first of its kind attempted for this scheduling problem in a supply chain.
Optimizing substance detection by integration of canine-human team with machine technology

There are several promising methods and technologies for substance detection. The oldest of these methods is the trained detector or `sniffer' dog. We summarize what is known about the capabilities of dogs in substance detection and recommend comparative testing of the canine- human team with current technology to identify the optimum combination of methods to maximize the detection of explosives and contraband.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Facial expressivity at 4 months: A context by expression analysis.

The specificity predicted by differential emotions theory (DET) for early facial expressions in response to 5 different eliciting situations was studied in a sample of 4-month-old infants (n = 150). Infants were videotaped during tickle, sour taste, jack-in-the-box, arm restraint, and masked-stranger situations and their expressions were coded second by second. Infants showed a variety of facial expressions in each situation; however, more infants exhibited positive (joy and surprise) than negative expressions (anger, disgust, fear, and sadness) across all situations except sour taste. Consistent with DET-predicted specificity, joy expressions were the most common in response to tickling, and were less common in response to other situations. Surprise expressions were the most common in response to the jack-in-the-box, as predicted, but also were the most common in response to the arm restraint and masked-stranger situations, indicating a lack of specificity. No evidence of predicted specificity was found for anger, disgust, fear, and sadness expressions. Evidence of individual differences in expressivity within situations, as well as stability in the pattern across situations, underscores the need to examine both child and contextual factors in studying emotional development. The results provide little support for the DET postulate of situational specificity and suggest that a synthesis of differential emotions and dynamic systems theories of emotional expression should be considered.