cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparisons of Types of Exposure to Violence Within and Across Contexts in Predicting the Perpetration of Dating Aggression

It is widely accepted that adolescents exposed to violence are more likely to become perpetrators of dating aggression. However, it remains unclear whether the effects of exposure to violence on later perpetration of dating aggression vary based on the nature of the violence exposure (e.g., witnessing versus being a victim) and the contexts of exposure to violence. Thus, the relationships between two types of exposure to violence (witnessing and victimization) in early adolescence and perpetrating dating aggression in late adolescence were compared within and across three social contexts: the home, the community, and the school. Participants included 484 youth (51% females; 81% African–Americans, 18% European–Americans, 1% Hispanic or Other). Information on exposure to violence were collected at Waves 1 and 2 during early adolescence (Wave 1: M = 11.8 years old; Wave 2: M = 13.2 years old) and dating aggression data were collected during late adolescence (Wave 3: M = 18.0 years old). The results showed that across all contexts witnessing violence was a more consistent predictor of later dating aggression relative to victimization. Being exposed to violence in the home either via observation or victimization was a stronger predictor of physical dating aggression and threatening behaviors compared to being exposed to violence in the school. These findings provide a deeper understanding of the roles of various forms of exposure to violence during early adolescence in perpetrating dating aggression later in the life course.
Fourier computed tomographic imaging of two dimensional fluorescent objects

We introduce a new form of tomographic imaging that is particularly advantageous for a new class of super-resolution optical imaging methods. Our tomographic method, Fourier Computed Tomography (FCT), operates in a conjugate domain relative to conventional computed tomography techniques. FCT is the first optical tomography method that records complex projections of the object spatial frequency distribution. From these spatial frequency projections, the spatial slice theorem is derived, which is used to build a tomographic imaging reconstruction algorithm. FCT enables enhancement of spatial frequency support along a single spatial direction to be isotropic in the entire transverse spatial frequency domain.
Development of A Fission Yeast Cell-Based Platform for High Throughput Screening of HIV-1 Protease Inhibitors.

Background HIV-1 protease inhibitor (PI) is one of the most potent classes of drugs in combinational antiretroviral therapies (cART). When a PI is used in combination with other anti- HIV drugs, cART can often suppress HIV-1 below detection thus prolonging the patient's lives. However, the challenge often faced by patients is the emergence of HIV-1 drug resistance. Thus, PIs with high genetic-barrier to drug-resistance are needed. Objective The objective of this study was to develop a novel and simple fission yeast (Schizosaccharomyces pombe) cell-based system that is suitable for high throughput screening (HTS) of small molecules against HIV-1 protease (PR). Methods A fission yeast RE294-GFP strain that stably expresses HIV-1 PR and green fluorescence protein (GFP) under the control of an inducible nmt1 promoter was used. Production of HIV-1 PR induces cellular growth arrest, which was used as the primary endpoint for the search of PIs and was quantified by an absorbance-based method. Levels of GFP production were used as a counter-screen control to eliminate potential transcriptional nmt1 inhibitors. Results Both the absorbance-based HIV-1 PR assay and the GFP-based fluorescence assay were miniaturized and optimized for HTS. A pilot study was performed using a small drug library mixed with known PI drugs and nmt1 inhibitors. With empirically adjusted and clearly defined double-selection criteria, we were able to correctly identify the PIs and to exclude all hidden nmt1 inhibitors. Conclusion We have successfully developed and validated a fission yeast cell-based HTS platform for the future screening and testing of HIV-1 PR inhibitors.
Comparison of various treatment options for canine atopic dermatitis: a blinded, randomized, controlled study in a colony of research atopic beagle dogs.

Background No study has directly compared the various treatment options for canine atopic dermatitis and their effects on skin barrier. Hypothesis/objectives To compare prednisone, oclacitinib, ciclosporin and lokivetmab treatment of atopic dermatitis. Animals Nineteen atopic beagle dogs. Methods and materials Controlled, blinded study. Dogs were challenged with allergen twice weekly and randomized to oclacitinib, ciclosporin, lokivetmab, prednisone or no treatment for four weeks. Dermatitis and pruritus were assessed at baseline and after each challenge. Transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and hydration were measured at baseline, Day (D)14 and D28 (pinnae, axilla, groin). Area under the curve (AUC) was calculated for Canine Atopic Dermatitis Extent and Severity Index, 3rd iteration (CADESI-03), pruritus, TEWL and hydration. For CADESI, the AUC of the first two weeks was compared to that of the last two weeks. Results For CADESI, restricted maximum-likelihood ANOVA showed effect of time (P = 0034) and group x time interaction (P = 0.0169). In the first two weeks, prednisone and oclacitinib were significantly lower than controls (P = 0.019 and P = 0.015, respectively). Lokivetmab prevented flares. Due to variability, no significance differences in pruritus were observed among groups. The TEWL increased with time in controls (P = 0.0237) and ciclosporin (P = 0.04, axilla, D28 versus D0) but not in the oclacitinib and lokivetmab groups. CADESI-03 correlated with TEWL (P = 0.0043) and pruritus (P = 0.0283). Hydration did not correlate with any parameters. Hydration decreased in controls and prednisone group (axilla, D14 versus D0, P = 0.004 and P = 0.027, respectively). AUC for hydration, over time, was higher for lokivetmab and oclacitinib than controls (P = 0.014 and P = 0.04, respectively). Conclusions and clinical importance Lokivetmab prevented flares when given before challenge. Oclacitinib and lokivetmab have some positive effects on skin barrier parameters.
Impact of Clinical Pharmacists in Inflammatory Bowel Disease Centers During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Introduction To characterize the clinical pharmacists' impact on caring for patients with inflammatory bowel disease during COVID-19. Methods A clinical pharmacist's encounters between March 17 and April 14, 2020, were audited to determine encounter frequency and indication. Results The clinical pharmacist addressed COVID-19 and inflammatory bowel disease treatment concerns with 140 patients, conducted 34 medication education and monitoring visits, reviewed 141 patients' charts and helped rescheduled 18 patients who missed their biologic infusion, transitioned 12 patients to home infusions, and assisted 5 patients with medication access. Discussion Clinical pharmacists embedded in gastroenterology practices permit for continued optimal patient care during a pandemic.
An efficient privatization mechanism

We consider the privatization of State-Owned Enterprises (SOEs) of which markets can be opened to competition once privatization takes place and competitors can compete successfully against them in a few years. The currently used “Revenue Maximization (RM)” scheme maximizes the government revenue from privatization but does not provide incentives for the privatized SOE to charge a price lower than the monopoly price until competition arises. We propose the “Welfare Maximization (WM)” scheme, which induces the privatized SOE to charge a competitive price without resorting to regulation. Also, WM provides greater incentives for post-privatization cost reduction.
Role of candidate gene variants in modulating the risk and severity of alcoholic hepatitis.

BACKGROUND Alcoholic hepatitis (AH) is a severe and life-threatening alcohol-associated liver disease. Only a minority of heavy drinkers acquires AH and severity varies among affected individuals, suggesting a genetic basis for the susceptibility to and severity of AH. METHODS A cohort consisting of 211 patients with AH and 176 heavy drinking controls was genotyped for five variants in five candidate genes that have been associated with chronic liver diseases: rs738409 in patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 3 (PNPLA3), rs72613567 in hydroxysteroid 17-beta dehydrogenase 13 (HSD17B13), rs58542926 in transmembrane 6 superfamily member 2 (TM6SF2), rs641738 in membrane bound O-acyltransferase domain containing 7 (MBOAT7), and a copy number variant in the haptoglobin (HP) gene. We tested the effects of individual variants and the combined/interacting effects of variants on AH risk and severity. RESULTS We found significant associations between AH risk and the risk alleles of rs738409 (p = 0.0081) and HP (p = 0.0371), but not rs72613567 (p = 0.3132), rs58542926 (p = 0.2180), or rs641738 (p = 0.7630), after adjusting for patient's age and sex. A multiple regression model indicated that PNPLA3 rs738409:G [OR = 1.59 (95% CI: 1.15-2.22), p = 0.0055] and HP*2 [OR = 1.38 (95% CI: 1.04-1.82), p = 0.0245], when combined and adjusted for age and sex also had a large influence on AH risk among heavy drinkers. In the entire cohort, variants in PNPLA3 and HP were associated with increased total bilirubin and Model for End-stage Liver Disease (MELD) score, both measures of AH severity. The HSD17B13 rs72613567:AA allele was not found to reduce risk of AH in patients carrying the G allele of PNPLA3 rs738409 (p = 0.0921). CONCLUSION PNPLA3 and HP genetic variants increase AH risk and are associated with total bilirubin and MELD score, surrogates of AH severity.
Does diabetes mellitus predispose to both rotator cuff surgery and subsequent failure

Background Diabetes mellitus (DM) may be associated with the etiology of rotator cuff disease; however, its effect on healing after surgical rotator cuff repair (RCR) is not well characterized. The purposes of this study are to analyze the association between DM and surgical RCR, the association between DM and revision RCR after RCR, and the association between DM and the cost of RCR. Methods A retrospective analysis of claims data of privately and publicly insured subjects from the Truven Health MarketScan database from 2008 to 2017 was conducted, collecting RCR cases and controls matched for age, sex, year of RCR, and first and last year in the database. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to compare DM incidence within the RCR and control groups after adjusting for all matching variables plus region, insurance plan type, tobacco use, and Charlson comorbidity index (CCI). Cox proportional hazard models were used to compare rates of revision RCR between DM and non-DM groups after adjusting for patient age, sex, year of RCR, plan type, and CCI. Generalized estimating equations were used to analyze RCR cost, and exponentiated regression coefficients were reported to represent cost ratios. Results The full analysis cohort consisted of 292,666 RCR cases and matched controls. The adjusted odds of having RCR surgery in diabetic patients was 48% higher (odds ratio = 1.48 [95% confidence interval {CI} 1.46 to 1.51], P Conclusions Diabetic patients are at a higher risk of undergoing RCR surgery; however, there is no association between DM and subsequent rotator cuff revision surgery.
Dysfunction in interpersonal neural synchronization as a mechanism for social impairment in autism spectrum disorder

Social deficits in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have been linked to atypical activation of the mentalizing network. This work, however, has been limited by a focus on the brain activity of a single person during computerized social tasks rather than exploring brain activity during in vivo interactions. The current study assessed neural synchronization during a conversation as a mechanism for social impairment in adults with ASD (n = 24) and matched controls (n = 26). Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) data were collected from the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and tempoparietal junction (TPJ). Participants self-reported on their social communication and videos of the interaction were coded for utterances and conversational turns. As expected, controls showed more neural synchrony than participants with ASD in the TPJ. Also as expected, controls showed less social communication impairment than participants with ASD. However, participants with ASD did not have fewer utterances compared with control subjects. Overall, less neural synchrony in the TPJ was associated with higher social impairment and marginally fewer utterances. Our findings advance our understanding of social difficulties in ASD by linking them to decreased neural synchronization of the TPJ. LAY SUMMARY: The coordination of brain responses is important for efficient social interactions. The current study explored the coordination of brain responses in neurotypical adults and adults with ASD to investigate if difficulties in social interactions are related to difficulties coordinating brain responses in ASD. We found that participants with ASD had more difficulties coordinating brain responses during a conversation with an interacting partner. Additionally, we found that the level of coordination in brain responses was linked to problems with social communication.
Critique of the International/National Spectrum Management Process for Non-Geostationary-Satellite Orbit Broadband Networks

Recently, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) granted OneWeb permission to use certain portions in Ku-/Ka- spectrum bands on new non-geostationary satellite orbit (NGSO) technology to offer Fixed Satellite Services (FSS) broadband services in the United States. Before the grant was awarded, twelve other applicants applied to the FCC hoping to deploy NGSO-like networks in the same spectrum bands to offer the same services. Such a surge in the number of applications - what has been called a “gold rush” mentality - to gain access to Ku-/Ka-band frequencies raised questions to the spectrum management process used to allocate and assign these frequencies: whether the national and international regulations applied to FSS-NGSO provide sufficient incentives for license holders to be selected based upon their placing the highest value on the spectrum, or whether there may be sufficient market failures justifying the use of a non-market-based spectrum management approach to accessing these resources? This paper seeks answers to these questions by providing a critique of the FSS-NGSO spectrum allocation and assignment processes consistent with modern spectrum management best practices; it uses OneWeb as a case study. A techno-economic framework to conduct a qualitative analysis of the applicable FCC and International Telecommunication Union (ITU) spectrum management regulations was developed to answer these research questions. The three key analytical factors to this framework are: (1) the extent of the spectrum use flexibility offered to the FSS-NGSO players, (2) the quality of the spectrum property rights offered to the FSS-NGSO users, and (3) the potential transaction costs associated with the oversight from the ITU, FCC, and other international regulatory authorities. The results of using these factors to evaluate the FSS-NGSO processes show that FSS-NGSO players have limited ability to move Ku-/Ka-band spectrum resources to higher-valued uses if needed. Such limitation results from inflexible, uncertain, hard to achieve, and lengthy national and international spectrum regulations. Moreover, the regulatory processes do not incentivize the most efficient use of spectrum resources, nor establish sufficient property rights that provide stability and reduce risk to investment.
Asymmetric protonation of glutamate residues drives a preferred transport pathway in EmrE.

EmrE is an Escherichia coli multidrug efflux pump and member of the small multidrug resistance (SMR) family that transports drugs as a homodimer by harnessing energy from the proton motive force. SMR family transporters contain a conserved glutamate residue in transmembrane 1 (Glu14 in EmrE) that is required for binding protons and drugs. Yet the mechanism underlying proton-coupled transport by the two glutamate residues in the dimer remains unresolved. Here, we used NMR spectroscopy to determine acid dissociation constants (pKa) for wild-type EmrE and heterodimers containing one or two Glu14 residues in the dimer. For wild-type EmrE, we measured chemical shifts of the carboxyl side chain of Glu14 using solid-state NMR in lipid bilayers and obtained unambiguous evidence on the existence of asymmetric protonation states. Subsequent measurements of pKa values for heterodimers with a single Glu14 residue showed no significant differences from heterodimers with two Glu14 residues, supporting a model where the two Glu14 residues have independent pKa values and are not electrostatically coupled. These insights support a transport pathway with well-defined protonation states in each monomer of the dimer, including a preferred cytoplasmic-facing state where Glu14 is deprotonated in monomer A and protonated in monomer B under pH conditions in the cytoplasm of E. coli. Our findings also lead to a model, hop-free exchange, which proposes how exchangers with conformation-dependent pKa values reduce proton leakage. This model is relevant to the SMR family and transporters comprised of inverted repeat domains.
Deliverance Defined: A Brief Peek into Ezra and I Maccabees

This paper will briefly underscore how deliverance is achieved according to the book of Ezra and in I Maccabees 1-4. The study will compare the different modes each book offers and explain how the historical context can account for their differences. This work will then seek to explain the meaning behind the concepts and phenomena called: (the end of) Prophecy, Mishnah, Oral Torah, loss of respect for priestly status, Pharisees, and Hellenization.
Weakly Supervised Concept Map Generation through Task-Guided Graph Translation

Recent years have witnessed the rapid development of concept map generation techniques due to their advantages in providing well-structured summarization of knowledge from free texts. Traditional unsupervised methods do not generate task-oriented concept maps, whereas deep generative models require large amounts of training data. In this work, we present GT-D2G (Graph Translation based Document-To-Graph), an automatic concept map generation framework that leverages generalized NLP pipelines to derive semantic-rich initial graphs, and translates them into more concise structures under the weak supervision of document labels. The quality and interpretability of such concept maps are validated through human evaluation on three real-world corpora, and their utility in the downstream task is further demonstrated in the controlled experiments with scarce document labels.
The summer flounder chronicles: Science, politics, and litigation, 1975–2000

The summer flounder, or fluke (Paralichthys dentatus)supports the most important commercial and recreational flatfishfisheries of the U.S. Atlantic coast. Thestock and fishery range from Massachusetts toNorth Carolina. Spawning takes place during aprotracted season that can extend fromSeptember to March, during an annual offshoreand southern migration to the outer continentalshelf off Virginia and North Carolina. Thefish are con-centrated in bays and estuariesfrom late spring through early autumn, when thenext offshore migration begins. The assessmentand management of the summer flounder fisheryhas been very contentious since theimplementation of the joint Atlantic StatesMarine Fisheries Commission/Mid-AtlanticFishery Management Council Fishery ManagementPlan (FMP) in 1989, when the poor status of thesummer flounder stock was evident toscientists, managers, and fishermen. Amendment2 to the FMP, approved in 1992, implementedseveral major regulatory provisions includingannual commercial quotas and recreationalharvest limits, and annually adjustable minimumlanded fish sizes, minimum mesh sizes,possession limits, and seasonal closures. By1999, fishing mortality on summer flounder haddeclined to its lowest level since the 1960s,and summer flounder total stock biomass was thehighest since the mid-1970s. Monitoring ofstock status is ongoing to reliably determine``how much fish is enough'' to provide forlong-term sustainability. Many changes are madeannually to management measures due todiffering interpretations of stock status bymanagers, and fishery and environmentaladvocacy groups. Attainment of the annualfishing mortality targets remains elusive. Themultiple layers of science, management, andpolitics in place since 1992 continue to sparkmuch controversy and litigation that increasingly places the management of the summer flounder fishery in the hands of the courts.
Thermodynamic insights into histone transfer among chaperones

Background Together with non-histone proteins nucleosomes assemble the eukaryotic genome into higher order structures known as chromatin. Chromatin structure is dynamic, as it is continually assembled and disassembled for factors that carry out the processes of transcription, replication, DNA repair, and recombination to gain access to the DNA. The deposition of the histones H3/H4 onto DNA to give the tetrasome intermediate and the displacement of H3/H4 from DNA are thought to be first and last steps in nucleosome assembly and disassembly, respectively. Anti-silencing function 1 (Asf1) and Chromatin Assembly Factor (CAF-1) are chaperones of histones H3/ H4 that function together in the replication dependent chromatin assembly pathway. Materials and methods In order to investigate the molecular basis of the activity of Asf1 and CAF-1 in chromatin assembly and disassembly, we employed a variety of methods, including Xray crystallography, biophysical and biochemical methods using full-length proteins in the budding yeast system. Results To understand the mechanism of histone H3/H4 transfer among Asf1, CAF-1, and DNA from a thermodynamic perspective, we measured the binding affinities for their various complexes. Asf1 has the ability to directly deposit H3/H4 dimers onto the DNA, but additional factors are required for their removal from DNA. The C-terminal tail of Asf1 greatly enhances the interaction of Asf1 with H3/H4 and with CAF-1. Surprisingly, although H3/H4 also enhances the interaction of Asf1 with the CAF-1 subunit Cac2, H3/H4 forms a tight complex with CAF-1 exclusive of Asf1, with an affinity weaker than Asf1-H3/ H4 or H3/ H4-DNA interactions. Unlike Asf1, monomeric CAF-1 binds to multiple H3/H4 dimers, which ultimately promotes the formation of (H3/H4)2 tetramers on DNA. Conclusions The H3/H4-Asf1 complex is a thermodynamic histone sink. The transition of H3/H4 from the Asf1-associated dimer to the DNA-associated tetramer is thermodynamically favored, but occurs through a less stable intermediate complex with CAF-1.
The effect of an asymmetric core on convection in Enceladus' ice shell: Implications for south polar tectonics and heat flux

[1] Enceladus exhibits a strong tectonic contrast between its south polar terrain (SPT), which is young and geologically active, and its northern hemisphere, which is relatively ancient and stable. Previous global three‒dimensional (3‒D) spherical models of convection exhibit patterns that are symmetrical around the equator and fail to explain the formation of a hemispheric dichotomy. Here we present global 3‒D spherical models of convection in Enceladus' ice shell to show that convection in Enceladus' ice shell with plasticity and irregular core geometry can self‒consistently generate a hemispheric dichotomy in tectonics and heat flux. With a spherical core, convection produces global overturning, which cannot explain the regional confinement of Enceladus' current tectonic activity to the SPT. Models with appropriate nonspherical core geometry and plasticity tend to produce overturning confined to the SPT or regional overturning in different regions at different times, which can explain the tectonic dichotomy and local age differences on Enceladus. Our models predict heat flows up to 5–10 gigawattts (GW) during active episodes, consistent with Cassini observations.
Biaxial Yield for Nonlinearly Viscoelastic Materials with a Strain Clock

A constitutive equation with a dilatation dependent reduced time is used to model the mechanical response of solid amorphous polymers such as polycarbonate. Such constitutive equa- tions have the property that stress relaxation occurs faster with increasing dilatation. In previous work, it has been shown that this constitutive equation can account for yield in materials undergoing uniaxial strain or stress control histories. In the present work, yield is discussed when materials described by this constitutive equation undergo homogeneous biaxial and triaxial strain histories. Four sets of conditions are considered: in-plane biaxial constant strain rate histories and in-plane biaxial constant stress rate histories, for both plane stress and plane strain states. Yield is defined in a manner analogous to that in the corresponding strain and stress control conditions in the uniaxial case.
Increased morbidity and mortality in murine cytomegalovirus-infected mice following allogeneic bone marrow transplant is associated with reduced surface decay accelerating factor expression

Infection with cytomegalovirus (CMV) remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality following allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (allo-BMT). The manifestations of CMV infection can range from neurological and haematological abnormalities to diminished graft survival and, in extreme cases, death. Many clinical studies have shown a direct correlation between cytomegalovirus infection and increased morbidity and mortality post allo-BMT, yet the exact mechanism is not well understood. Although driven primarily by T cell responses, the role of complement activation in acute and chronic graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) has also become more evident in recent years. The present studies were performed to examine the effects of murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) infection on decay accelerating factor (DAF) and MCMVs role in exacerbating morbidity and mortality post-allo-BMT. Mice infected previously with a sublethal dose of MCMV (1 × 10⁵ plaque-forming units) have reduced expression of DAF on lung tissues and lymphocytes following allo-BMT. More importantly, mortality rates post-allo-BMT in recipient DAF knock-out mice receiving wild-type bone marrow are increased, similar to wild-type MCMV-infected recipient mice. Similarly, DAF knock-out mice showed greater intracellular interferon (IFN)-γ production by lung CD8 T cells, and infection with MCMV further exacerbated both intracellular IFN-γ production by CD8 T cells and mortality rates post-allo-BMT. Together, these data support the hypothesis that MCMV infection augments morbidity and mortality post-allo-BMT by reducing surface DAF expression.
Competitive advantage of SOI from dynamic threshold shifts and reduced capacitance

In this paper, capacitance reduction and drive enhancement as a consequence of partially depleted SOI floating body topology.
Reconstitution of a Calcium Pump with Phospholipids and a Purified Ca++Adenosine Triphosphatase from Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

Abstract Vesicles formed from the soluble Ca++-dependent ATPase of sarcoplasmic reticulum and soybean phospholipids catalyzed a rapid uptake of Ca++. This uptake was very sensitive to ionophores for divalent cations, but resistant to ionophores for monovalent cations or to uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation. Ca++ uptake was also inhibited by chlorpromazine. The reconstituted vesicles, as well as the soluble Ca++-ATPase, catalyzed a Ca++-dependent Pi-ATP exchange, which was sensitive to chlorpromazine.
Generalized Rank Conditions in Multiple View Geometry with Applications to Dynamical Scenes

In this paper, the geometry of a general class of projections from Rn to Rk (k < n) is examined, as a generalization of classic multiple view geometry in computer vision. It is shown that geometric constraints that govern multiple images of hyperplanes in Rn, as well as any incidence conditions among these hyperplanes (such as inclusion, intersection, and restriction), can be systematically captured through certain rank conditions on the so-called multiple view matrix. All constraints known or unknown in computer vision for the projection from R3 to R2 are simply instances of this result. It certainly simplifies current efforts to extending classic multiple view geometry to dynamical scenes. It also reveals that since most new constraints in spaces of higher dimension are nonlinear, the rank conditions are a natural replacement for the traditional multilinear analysis. We also demonstrate that the rank conditions encode extremely rich information about dynamical scenes and they give rise to fundamental criteria for purposes such as stereopsis in n-dimensional space, segmentation of dynamical features, detection of spatial and temporal formations, and rejection of occluding T-junctions.
A Submillimeter Line Survey of Sgr B2

We have surveyed molecular line emission from Sgr B2 between 330 and 355 GHz. By observing two separate positions within the molecular cloud we hoped to be able to study the degree of chemical differentiation present. The two positions have quite different spectra and this seems to reflect real differences in their chemistry. Line profiles reveal additional information about the locations of chemical species within the cloud.
Modeling and analysis of an atmospheric driven Atmos clock with mechanical escapement control

The classic Atmos mantle clock operates on atmospheric differences to power the mechanical bellows and wind the mainspring. A delicate gear train and verge turn a torsional pendulum with minimal frictional losses throughout the system. A pair of hands display the time on a dial in twelve hour increments. In this paper, an Atmos 540 clock has been investigated as it offers vivid insight into a mechanical escapement controller with integrated system components, and a “green” temperature and/or pressure driven power source. The clock design, operation, and mathematical model representing the energy flow through the system will be presented. Representative experimental and analytical results will be introduced and discussed to demonstrate the clock's functionality. Finally, the question of whether this clock meets the definition of a perpetual motion machine will be examined.
The Effect of the Secret Ballot on Party System Fragmentation: A Test of Three Competing Arguments

Few studies have examined the impact that the adoption of the secret ballot had on party system fragmentation outside the United States. This article tests arguments maintaining that the adoption o...
Analysis of circulating regulatory T cells in patients with metastatic prostate cancer pre- versus post-vaccination.

We have previously shown that the suppressive function of regulatory T cells (Tregs) from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) is enhanced in patients with prostate cancer when compared with healthy individuals. Two phase II studies using the PSA-TRICOM vaccine in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) showed evidence of patient benefit in terms of enhanced survival. The Halabi nomogram has been used to predict survival (HPS) of patients with mCRPC treated with conventional chemotherapy or second-line hormonal therapy. Tregs from PBMCs of patients (n = 23) with mCRPC were obtained pre- and post-three monthly vaccinations, and analyzed for number, phenotype, and suppressive function. Changes post- versus pre-vaccination in these parameters were compared with 3-year survival and HPS. No differences in Treg numbers were observed post- versus pre-vaccination. Trends (P = 0.029) were observed between overall survival (OS) and a decrease in Treg suppressive function post- versus pre-vaccination. Trends were also observed in analyzing effector:Treg (CD4+CD25+CD127−FoxP3+CTLA4+) ratio post- versus pre-vaccination with OS versus HPS. These data provide preliminary evidence for a possible association between improved OS and a decrease in Treg function when PBMCs are analyzed after three monthly vaccinations. Patients with an OS > HPS were more likely to have decreased Treg function following vaccine. Larger studies to confirm and extend these findings are warranted.
An equation of Mordell

All integer solutions of the Diophantine equation 6y2 = (x + 1)(x2x + 6) are found. 1. Mordell [1] asks if all the integer solutions of the Diophantine equation 6y2 = (x + 1)(x2 -x + 6) are given by x = -1, 0, 2, 7, 15 and 74. It is shown that there are precisely seven integer solutions, the seventh with x = 767. Consideration of factorization gives, tor some integers a, b, x2 -x + 6 = 6b2 Sx2 -x + 6 = 3b2 xx+I=a2 or /x+ 1 = 2a2 or x2 -x + 6 = 2b2 x2 -x + 6 =b2 X + I = 3a2 ;X + I = 6a2 and the latter case is impossible modulo 3. We thus obtain, on eliminating x, the three quartic equations, (i) a4 3a2 + 8 = 6b2 (ii) 4a4 6a2 + 8 = 3b2 (iii) 9a4 9a2 + 8 = 2b2 The standard technique in dealing with equations of this type is to factorize in the appropriate quadratic extension of the integers, which here is Z[(1 + \/Z72)/2], to obtain a finite set of equations of the form, a2= f(v, w), 1 = g(v, w), where f, g are homogeneous quadratic forms. We need to know some details of the quadratic field Q(vr7~23). The class-number of the ring of integers is 3; and we denote the ideal factorizations of 2 and 3 by (2) = P2P2' (3) = P3P3 where a bar denotes conjugacy, and P2 P3 = ((1 + \F 3)/2). Thus in Eq. (i), (2a2 3)2 + 23 = 24b2 implies the ideal equation ( 2 V2) = qb2 where q q = (6) and b is some integral ideal. There are essentially two possibilities, q = P2 P3 and q =P2 P3 In the former instance, b is principal, and in the latter, b P2 is principal. Since P3 V2 = ((1 + N/J72)I/4) we have, respectively, Received October 29, 1974. AMS (MOS) subject classifications (1970). Primary lOB10.
Temperature and population measurements of n = 2 hydrogen atoms in H2RF discharges from Hα (Balmer) spectral profiles obtained by intracavity laser spectroscopy

Abstract Spatially resolved H α (Balmer) absorption profiles are obtained using intracavity laser spectroscopy for 13.56 MHz RF discharges of hydrogen gas at pressures from 25 mTorr to 1.0 Torr. At the high spectral resolution employed, fine structure is observed in the profiles which originate from the three closely spaced levels of n = 2 atomic hydrogen (H ∗ ). The profiles indicate that the H ∗ temperature changes significantly over the pressure range. In the model developed to explain the profiles, two groups of H ∗ are indicated. The sub-states for one H ∗ group are at thermodynamic equilibrium with the walls of the container (≈ 320 K), whereas the sub-states for the other H ∗ group are at higher temperatures (500 to 2500 K) and are not statistically distributed. For the latter H ∗ atoms, the computed temperatures decrease with increasing H 2 pressure. For the pressures and electron densities (≈10 9 –1o 10 cm −3 ) employed, only Doppler broadening needs to be considered in explaining the observed profiles.
The 4-oxalocrotonate tautomerase- and YwhB-catalyzed hydration of 3E-haloacrylates: implications for the evolution of new enzymatic activities.

4-Oxalocrotonate tautomerase (4-OT) catalyzes the conversion of 2-oxo-4E-hexenedioate to 2-oxo-3E-hexenedioate through the intermediate, 2-hydroxy-2,4E-hexadienedioate. 4-OT and a homologue found in Bacillus subtilis (designated YwhB) share sequence identity and two key catalytic groups, Pro-1 and Arg-11, with the two subunits comprising trans-3-chloroacrylic acid dehalogenase (CaaD). 4-OT and YwhB have now been found to display a low-level hydratase activity, resulting in the dehalogenation of 3E-haloacrylates. The enzymes are highly selective for the (E)-isomer, and Pro-1 is critical for the activity while an arginine is likely required. Two mechanisms are proposed in which Pro-1 functions as a general base or a general acid catalyst and, along with the arginine, facilitates the Michael addition of water. Both mechanisms suggest an intriguing route for the evolution of the CaaD activity. One or more mutations could decrease the hydrophobic environment of the active site, which would make it more favorab...
TRACKING CONTROL OF DC MOTORS VIA INPUT-OUTPUT LINEARIZATION

This paper proposes a tracking controller for position and speed tracking of dc motors using the input-output linearization technique. This technique is based on canceling the nonlinearities in the dc motor model and finding a direct relationship between the motor output and input quantities. Performance of the controller is evaluated by forcing the position or speed of the motor to follow a desired trajectory under variable load torques. Simulation results show that effective tracking of dc motors can be achieved via the proposed control strategy, thus making it suitable for high performance dc motor tracking applications.
A Banach space ODE framework for inverse scattering via invariant imbedding

Abstract Using invariant imbedding, Corones, Davison, and Krueger ( J. Math. Anal. Appl. , 2 (1983) , 393–415; J. Acoust. Soc. Amer. , 74 (1983) , 1535–1541; “Inverse Optics, Proc. SPIE 413” (A. J. Devaney, Ed.), pp. 102–106, SPIE, Bellingham, Wash., 1983 have approached the inverse scattering problem for an inhomogeneous medium by deriving an integro-differential equation whose initial data is the reflection kernel for the medium and whose solution yields the material properties of the medium. In this paper we pose this integro-differential equation as an ODE in the Banach space C [0, 1] to obtain local existence, uniqueness, continuous dependence, and differentiability of the solution with respect to the initial data. In addition, we show that the Frechet derivative of the mapping taking initial data to the material properties has the form −4 I + K , where I is the identity and K is a compact operator on the Banach space.
Neuroanatomy of cells expressing clock genes in Drosophila: transgenic manipulation of the period and timeless genes to mark the perikarya of circadian pacemaker neurons and their projections.

Subsets of brain neurons expressing the clock genes period (per) and timeless (tim) are involved in the generation of circadian behavioral rhythms. However, current knowledge of projection patterns of these neurons is limited to those immunoreactive to an antibody against a crustacean neuropeptide. The GAL4-expression system was utilized to visualize neuronal processes from all per and tim-expressing neurons in the central nervous system. Each of two types of GAL4-driver fusion genes, per-gal4 or tim-gal4, was combined in transgenic flies with marker genes-lacZ, and sequences encoding green fluorescent protein or TAU protein-under the control of the GAL4-responsive element UAS. This allowed visualization of the cytoplasm of GAL4-expressing cells. Thus, neurites of clock neurons in the adult brain as well as those of larvae and pupae were revealed. Among the anatomical patterns revealed by per-gal4- or tim-gal4-driven marker expression were a previously unknown, dorsally located neuronal cluster, along with the projections of these cells and of other dorsal neurons characterized in earlier studies only by the location of their perikarya. The similarity of projections from PER- or TIM-containing neurons during development to those in the adult implies that these features of mature clock neurons are established by the larval stages. Neurons that have never been identified as PER- or TIM-immunoreactive were also visualized in this assay system, indicating promoter activity of the clock genes in these cells and suggesting that their products cannot accumulate to detectable levels in certain neurons.
An Information-Theoretic View of Cloud Workloads

Analytics-as-a-service is emerging as a key offering for cloud systems, however in the petascale regime, data transfer bottlenecks are a limiting factor. Often information has to be transmitted to the cloud by physical transportation. Efficient information representations that leverage the functional purpose of data for the analytics service to be offered can serve to ameliorate many of these information flow bottlenecks. In this paper, we provide an information-theoretic view on optimal information representations for big data analytics in the cloud. We also provide some structural design principles for building a petascale analytics appliance.
An investigation of the photodynamic pigments in extracts of Lachnanthes tinctoria.

Abstract Extracts of various parts of Lachnanthes tinctoria have been examined for photodynamic activity. One active compound from the seed pods has been identified as lachnanthocarpone.
Opportunities for ionic liquids in recovery of biofuels

Room temperature ionic liquids have potential as extractants in recovery of butyl alcohol from fermentation broth; water solubility in ionic liquid and ionic liquid solubility in water are important factors affecting selectivity of butyl alcohol extraction from aqueous solutions.
Counting states of black strings with traveling waves

We consider a family of solutions to string theory which depend on arbitrary functions and contain regular event horizons. They describe six-dimensional extremal black strings with traveling waves and have an inhomogeneous distribution of momentum along the string. The structure of these solutions near the horizon is studied and the horizon area computed. We also count the number of BPS string states at weak coupling whose macroscopic momentum distribution agrees with that of the black string. It is shown that the number of such states is given by the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy of the black string with traveling waves. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}
Geometric rationale for the hydrides of beryllium-based intermetallic compounds

Abstract A geometric model was developed earlier for the prediction of stoichiometries and preferred hydrogen sites in the hydrides of intermetallic compounds whose components are primarily transition metals. For stable hydrides, the geometric criteria are a minimum hole radius of 0.40 A and a minimum hydrogen-hydrogen distance of 2.10 A. The present investigation demonstrates the applicability of this invariant set of criteria to four hydrogenated intermetallic compounds, of three different structures, but all based on beryllium, a Group IIa metal that is known to form a covalent hydride, BeH 2 . ZrBe 2 and HfBe 2 are both hexagonal (C32) and belong to space group P6/mmm, while VBe 2 is hexagonal (C14, space group P6 3 /mmc), and TiBe 2 is cubic (C15, space group Fd3m). Because the 2c hexahedral interstices in ZrBe 2 and HfBe 2 have radii considerably larger than 0.40 A, the absorption of hydrogen can occur readily by solid solution, and no phase transformation would seem to be required. The predicted occupation of 2c hexahedral interstices in ZrBe 2 H n and HfBe 2 H n is in full agreement with the published experimental determination of site occupation in ZrBe 2 D 1.5 . The anomalously small volume expansion in that deuteride is discussed in terms of size and shape of the 2c interstice. For ZrBe 2 D 2.3 , either there must be a phase transformation, or the 6k tetrahedral interstices, coordinated by two zirconium atoms and two beryllium atoms, must be partially occupied. None of the interstices in either VBe 2 or TiBe 2 meets the size criterion, and the resulting prediction of low hydrogen solubility is in accord with published absorption capacities of n = 0.1 and 0.05, respectively.
A Search for Chiral Photochromic Optical Triggers for Liquid Crystals: Photoracemization of 1,1‘-Binaphthylpyran through a Transient Biaryl Quinone Methide Intermediate

The photochromic pair 1,1‘-binaphthylpyran (1) and 2-hydroxy-2‘-hydroxymethyl-[1,1‘]-binaphthylene (2) was examined to assess suitability as optical triggers in a liquid crystal switch. Both 1 and 2 are chiral and they were resolved into enantiomers by HPLC. The absorption and circular dichroism spectra of optically active 1 and 2 were recorded and the Kuhn anisotropy factors (gλ) were calculated. The photochemistry of 1 and 2 was studied. Irradiation of optically active 1 in an CH3CN/H2O solution leads to its racemization and the formation of optically active 2. Irradiation of optically active 2 under these conditions gives optically active 1 but no racemization of 2. Time-resolved absorption spectroscopy shows that irradiation of 1 generates an intermediate assigned to a 1,1‘-biaryl quinone methide (3). Analysis of the mechanism for photoracemization and photochromism reveals that 3 is the key intermediate in both processes. This system is not well-suited for development as an optical trigger for a liqu...
Transient changes in shallow groundwater chemistry during the MSU ZERT CO2 injection experiment

Food-grade CO2 was injected into a shallow aquifer through a perforated pipe placed horizontally 1–2 m below the water table at the Montana State University Zero Emission Research and Technology (MSU-ZERT) field site at Bozeman, Montana. The possible impact of elevated CO2 levels on groundwater quality was investigated by analyzing 80 water samples taken before, during, and following CO2 injection. Field determinations and laboratory analyses showed rapid and systematic changes in pH, alkalinity, and conductance, as well as increases in the aqueous concentrations of trace element species. The geochemical data were first evaluated using principal component analysis (PCA) in order to identify correlations between aqueous species. The PCA findings were then used in formulating a geochemical model to simulate the processes likely to be responsible for the observed increases in the concentrations of dissolved constituents. Modeling was conducted taking into account aqueous and surface complexation, cation exchange, and mineral precipitation and dissolution. Reasonable matches between measured data and model results suggest that: (1) CO2 dissolution in the groundwater causes calcite to dissolve. (2) Observed increases in the concentration of dissolved trace metals result likely from Ca+2-driven ion exchange with clays (smectites) and sorption/desorption reactions likely involving Fe (hydr)oxides. (3) Bicarbonate from CO2 dissolution appears to compete for sorption with anionic species such as HAsO4−2, potentially increasing dissolved As levels in groundwater.
Focal switching of photochromic fluorescent proteins enables multiphoton microscopy with superior image contrast

Probing biological structures and functions deep inside live organisms with light is highly desirable. Among the current optical imaging modalities, multiphoton fluorescence microscopy exhibits the best contrast for imaging scattering samples by employing a spatially confined nonlinear excitation. However, as the incident laser power drops exponentially with imaging depth into the sample due to the scattering loss, the out-of-focus background eventually overwhelms the in-focus signal, which defines a fundamental imaging-depth limit. Herein we significantly improve the image contrast for deep scattering samples by harnessing reversibly switchable fluorescent proteins (RSFPs) which can be cycled between bright and dark states upon light illumination. Two distinct techniques, multiphoton deactivation and imaging (MPDI) and multiphoton activation and imaging (MPAI), are demonstrated on tissue phantoms labeled with Dronpa protein. Such a focal switch approach can generate pseudo background-free images. Conceptually different from wave-based approaches that try to reduce light scattering in turbid samples, our work represents a molecule-based strategy that focused on imaging probes.