cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bioluminescent symbionts of flashlight fishes and deep-sea anglerfishes form unique lineages related to the genus Vibrio

BIOLUMINESCENT symbioses range from facultative associations to highly adapted, apparently obligate ones1. The family Anomalopidae (flashlight fishes) encompasses five genera of tropical reef fishes that have large suborbital light organs2. The suborder Ceratioidei (deep-sea anglerfishes) contains 11 families. In nine of these, females have a bioluminescent lure3,4 that contains bacterial symbionts5. In all other fish light-organ symbioses (occuring in 10 families in 5 orders6), the symbionts belong to three Photobacterium species7; nonsymbiotic luminous bacteria are Vibrio species8. The bacteria are extracellular and tightly packed in tubules that communicate with the exterior7, releasing bacteria into the gut of the host or the surrounding sea water. The released bacteria are usually cultivable and can contribute to planktonic populations9,10. Although anomalopids release bacteria9 and ceratioids have pores that would allow release, the fate of these bacteria is unknown and they cannot be cultured by standard isolation techniques. We report here phylogenetic analysis of 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequences from light organs that show that anomalopid and ceratioid symbionts are not known luminous bacteria, but are new groups related to Vibrio spp. They are characterized by host specificity, deep divergence between symbionts from different genera (anomalopids) or families (ceratioids) and, possibly, parallel divergence of hosts and symbionts.
Conformational effects on optical rotation. 3-substituted 1-butenes.

The specific rotations of 2-substituted butanes (X = F, Cl, CN, and HCC) were calculated at the B3LYP/aug-cc-pVDZ level as a function of the C−C−C−C torsion angle. The results for the four compounds are remarkably similar, despite large differences in the electronic transition energies. The temperature dependence of the specific rotations for 2-methylbutyronitrile and for 2-chlorobutane was studied to give experimental information about the effect of the torsion angle on the specific rotation. The results were in good accord with B3LYP/aug-cc-pVDZ calculations. The specific rotations derived from the study of 2-chlorobutane are similar to those previously obtained for 3-chloro-1-butene, indicating that the double bond does not have a large effect on the optical rotations, but it did lead to a large difference between calculated and observed specific rotations.
CAESIUM-137 CONTENT OF LAMBS.

The cesium-137 gamma activity of 10 lambs, which had been used previously to investigate some relations between potassium-40 content and composition, was measured on the Los Alamos human counter. An increase in the cesium/potassium ratio resulted from washing. Although large amounts of potassium were removed by the washing, little cesium was removed. Results indicate that the cesium/potassium ratio in the washed lambs and their components was fairly constant. Cesium levels in these lambs are compared to cesium levels in other animals in the United States and abroad. Possible relations between cesium levels and nuclear weapons tests are noted. (H.M.G.)
Behind the shroud of heteronormative silence: Tales of same-sex desire:

Indian HIV policy is based on the misguided assumption that most sex in India takes place within monogamous, heterosexual settings. This over-emphasis on the heterosexual transmission of the diseas...
NORMAL PELVIC FLOOR ANATOMY

The anatomy of the pelvic floor includes structures responsible for active and passive support of the urethrovesical junction, vagina, and anorectum. Intrinsic and extrinsic properties of the urethrovesical neck and anorectum allow maintenance of urinary and anal continence at rest and with activity. Damage to these structures may lead to loss of support and loss of normal function of the urethra, bladder, and anorectum. Over time, this damage can result in isolated or combined pelvic organ prolapse, urinary incontinence, and anal incontinence.
CO2, CO, and Hg emissions from the Truman Shepherd and Ruth Mullins coal fires, eastern Kentucky, USA

Abstract Carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), and mercury (Hg) emissions were quantified for two eastern Kentucky coal-seam fires, the Truman Shepherd fire in Floyd County and the Ruth Mullins fire in Perry County. This study is one of the first to estimate gas emissions from coal fires using field measurements at gas vents. The Truman Shepherd fire emissions are nearly 1400 t CO2/yr and 16 kg Hg/yr resulting from a coal combustion rate of 450–550 t/yr. The sum of CO2 emissions from seven vents at the Ruth Mullins fire is 726 ± 72 t/yr, suggesting that the fire is consuming about 250–280 t coal/yr. Total Ruth Mullins fire CO and Hg emissions are estimated at 21 ± 1.8 t/yr and > 840 ± 170 g/yr, respectively. The CO2 emissions are environmentally significant, but low compared to coal-fired power plants; for example, 3.9 × 106 t CO2/yr for a 514-MW boiler in Kentucky. Using simple calculations, CO2 and Hg emissions from coal-fires in the U.S. are estimated at 1.4 × 107–2.9 × 108 t/yr and 0.58–11.5 t/yr, respectively. This initial work indicates that coal fires may be an important source of CO2, CO, Hg and other atmospheric constituents.
A General Evaluation Model for An Information Storage and Retrieval System

The problem of choosing the best information storage and retrieval system involves a consideration of the operational characteristics of information storage and retrieval systems relative to information requirements. Using these considerations, evaluations can be based upon decision theoretical considerations. The lack of such a decision theoretical basis for the study of the operation of these systems makes it difficult to evolve a well-defined approach even to the gathering of evidence upon which to base a choice of a particular system. The development of the parameters for a system evaluation model used in the selection of an information storage and retrieval system is considered here. The parameters used by the general evaluation model are the major operational characteristics of a system, and their costs are, related to the user's information storage and retrieval requirements. Each major function of an information storage and retrieval system that is considered in the general evaluation model is discussed. The evaluation of the operational characteristics of an information storage and retrieval system can come only after all aspects of a system have been considered and there is evidence on which to base a judgment. If any functional area is left out of the evaluation model, then the evaluation of a system cannot be completed.
Chronic hyperglycemia predisposes to exaggerated inflammatory response and leukocyte dysfunction in Akita mice.

The role of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) in mediating diabetic tissue damage to the periodontium was investigated in a novel model of chronic hyperglycemia, the Akita mouse. Induction of acute peritoneal inflammation in wild-type (WT) and Akita mice resulted in exaggerated IL-6 response in Akita mice (2.9-fold increase over WT values) and a markedly increased chemokine response (KC, 2.6-fold; MCP-1, 2.6-fold; and MIP-1α, 4.4-fold increase over WT values). Chemotaxis to both fMLP and WKYMVm was significantly reduced in isolated Akita PMN compared with WT PMN as measured in a Boyden chamber. Superoxide release in contrast was significantly increased in Akita PMN as measured with cytochrome c reduction. Bone marrow-derived Akita PMN showed partial translocation of p47phox to the cell membrane without external stimulation, suggesting premature assembly of the superoxide-producing NADPH oxidase in hyperglycemia. In vivo studies revealed that ligature-induced periodontal bone loss is significantly greater in Akita mice compared with WT. Moreover, intravital microscopy of gingival vessels showed that leukocyte rolling and attachment to the vascular endothelium is enhanced in periodontal vessels of Akita mice. These results indicate that chronic hyperglycemia predisposes to exaggerated inflammatory response and primes leukocytes for marginalization and superoxide production but not for transmigration. Thus, leukocyte defects in hyperglycemia may contribute to periodontal tissue damage by impairing the innate immune response to periodontal pathogens as well as by increasing free radical load in the gingival microvasculature.
Phenylalanyl transfer rna alteration in drug resistant ehrlich ascites tumor cells.

SummaryPhenylalanyl, tyrosyl, and arginyl transfer RNA profiles of normal mouse liver, HN2 sensitive and resistant strains of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells were studied employing reversed phase chromatography. Arginyl-tRNA patterns of the liver and the tumor cells were identical while some minor changes were evident with tyrosyl-tRNAs. Resistance to the HN2 was accompanied by a shift in the phenylalanyl-tRNA pattern.
Using Model-Theoretic Semantic Interpretation to Guide Statistical Parsing and Word Recognition in a Spoken Language Interface

This paper describes an extension of the semantic grammars used in conventional statistical spoken language interfaces to allow the probabilities of derived analyses to be conditioned on the meanings or denotations of input utterances in the context of an interface's underlying application environment or world model. Since these denotations will be used to guide disambiguation in interactive applications, they must be efficiently shared among the many possible analyses that may be assigned to an input utterance. This paper therefore presents a formal restriction on the scope of variables in a semantic grammar which guarantees that the denotations of all possible analyses of an input utterance can be calculated in polynomial time, without undue constraints on the expressivity of the derived semantics. Empirical tests show that this model-theoretic interpretation yields a statistically significant improvement on standard measures of parsing accuracy over a baseline grammar not conditioned on denotations.
The Influence of PCAOB Inspections on Audit Committee Members' Judgments

ABSTRACT: This paper experimentally examines whether the likelihood of a Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB) audit engagement inspection can moderate the negative incentives created by short-term stock option compensation on audit committee members' decisions. Prior research suggests that short-term option compensation may weaken audit committee member objectivity and oversight quality (Archambeault et al. 2008; Magilke et al. 2009; Keune and Johnstone 2010); however, holding individuals accountable for their actions has been shown to result in less self-serving decisions (Rus et al. 2012). Ninety-two Executive M.B.A.s, serving the role of audit committee members, evaluate a hypothetical audit case that involves a dispute between management and the external auditors, with likelihood of PCAOB inspection and type of compensation manipulated between participants. Results confirm prior research on option compensation, finding that participants show less support for recording a proposed income-re...
A Role-Playing Exercise that Demonstrates the Process of Evolution by Natural Selection: Caching Squirrels in a World of Pilferers

We introduce a strategic role-playing exercise that is based on the fact that the strategies animals use in storing food for periods of famine differ in the degree to which the cache is successfully relocated and defended from pilferers. This highly engaging board game offers high school and college students a clear understanding of the process of natural selection.
Call admission control for CDMA cellular networks supporting multimedia services

A new call admission control algorithm is presented and analyzed for CDMA networks supporting multimedia services. Our algorithm uses a criterion based on the average SIR as well as the effective bandwidth of the connections. Handoff requests receive higher priority through resource reservation. The proposed algorithm is easy to implement as it only needs to examine the number of current connections in the cell in order to admit or reject a new connection request. The performance of the algorithm is evaluated in terms of blocking probabilities of new and handoff calls, outage probabilities and system throughput. Our results show that our algorithm achieves performance similar to those published in the literature with considerably less implementation complexity
Exploring sexuality education opportunities at in-home sex-toy parties in the United States

While debates about adolescent sexuality education persist in the United States, little attention has been paid to adult sexuality education. Research suggests that teachable moments may be present in interactions between adult bookstore employees and the consumers who shop at these venues. The purpose of this study was to explore the potential for in-home sex-toy parties as an avenue for adult sexuality education for women. A total of 1197 women who facilitate in-home sex-toy parties for a large US-based company completed an online questionnaire related to their experiences facilitating these parties. As part of this larger survey, participants reported in an open-ended question the three most commonly asked questions they received when facilitating a party in the previous three months. Questions reported (n = 3149) were analyzed for commonalities using qualitative methods. Resulting themes were then compared with Sexuality Information and Education Council of the United States (SIECUS) guidelines for co...
Medical and Surgical Comanagement after Elective Hip and Knee Arthroplasty: A Randomized, Controlled Trial

Background Hospitalists are assuming an increasing role in the care of surgical patients, but the impact of this model of care on postoperative outcomes is unknown. Objective To determine the impact of providing a collaborative, hospitalist-led model of care on postoperative outcomes and costs among patients having hip or knee arthroplasty. Design Randomized, controlled trial. Setting Academic medical center. Participants 526 patients having elective orthopedic surgery who are at elevated risk for postoperative morbidity. Measurements Length of stay, inpatient postoperative medical complications, health care provider satisfaction, and inpatient costs. Interventions A comanagement medical Hospitalist-Orthopedic Team compared with standard postoperative care by orthopedic surgeons with medical consultation. Results More patients in the hospitalist group were discharged from the hospital with no complications (61.6% vs. 49.8%; difference, 11.8 percentage points [95% CI, 2.8 to 20.7 percentage points]). Fewer minor complications were observed among hospitalist patients (30.2% vs. 44.3%; difference, -14.1 percentage points [CI, -22.7 to -5.3 percentage points]). Observed length of stay was not statistically different between treatment groups. However, when adjusted for discharge delays, mean length of stay for patients in the hospitalist model of care was shorter (5.1 days vs. 5.6 days; difference, -0.5 day [CI, -0.8 to -0.1 day]). Total costs did not differ between groups. Orthopedic surgeons and nurses preferred the hospitalist model. Limitations Care providers and patients were aware of intervention assignments, and the study could not capture all costs associated with the hospitalist model. Conclusions The comanagement medical Hospitalist-Orthopedic Team model reduced minor postoperative complication rates with no statistically significant difference in length of stay or cost. The nurses and surgeons strongly preferred the comanagement hospitalist model. Additional research on the clinical and economic impact of the hospitalist model in other surgical populations is warranted.
Nonconforming inf-sup conditions for finite element approximations

Nonconforming approximations are considered. Abstract error estimates for nonconforming finite element methods are derived using generalized stability results. Several applications are discussed with the emphasis on the various versions of the finite element method.
Research Design in End-of-Life Research State of Science

Purpose The volume of research on end-of-life care, death, and dying has exploded during the past decade. This article reviews the conceptual and methodological adequacy of end-of-life research to date, focusing on limitations of research to date and ways of improving future research. Design and methods A systematic search was conducted to identify the base of end-of-life research. Approximately 400 empirical articles were identified and are the basis of this review. Results Although much has been learned from research to date, limitations in the knowledge base are substantial. The most fundamental problems identified are conceptual and include failure to define dying; neglect of the distinctions among quality of life, quality of death, and quality of end-of-life care. Methodologically, the single greatest problem is the lack of longitudinal studies that cover more than the time period immediately before death. Implications Gaps in the research base include insufficient attention to psychological and spiritual issues, the prevalence of psychiatric disorder and the effectiveness of the treatment of such disorders among dying persons, provider and health system variables, social and cultural diversity, and the effects of comorbidity on trajectories of dying.
Use of RESOURCE blocks in SLAM II for the evaluation of operator-machine assignments

This paper examines the problem of assigning jobs to a set of manufacturing machine operators. This classic problem involves a set of semi-skilled personnel who can run subsets of machinery. The number of operators assigned to groups of machinery can be varied to optimize throughput. While the operator-machine problem has been studied in previous literature using a wide variety of analytical algorithms, we look at a solution that uses the RESOURCE block in SLAM II to simulate possible operator-machine combinations. A semiconductor fabrication facility was modeled using the operators as resources, and four alternate assignments were compared. Our concept for developing a simulation model of this problem in SLAM II proved to be an effective way to evaluate operator-machine assignments.
Civic Liberalism: Reflections on Our Democratic Ideals. By Thomas A. Spragens, Jr. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 1999. 271p. $70.00 cloth, $24.95 paper.

Of the many endeavors in the last three decades to restate the central aspirations of liberalism, this important work is one of the most balanced, nuanced, and cogent. Part of its success lies in its willingness to stretch the boundaries of what we call liberalism, but in doing so, Spragens only brings liberal theory into better alignment with intuitions and sensibilities underlying liberal practice.
Improving the Voltage Holdoff Performance of Alumina Insulators in Vacuum Through Quasimetallizing

Treatment of the surface of an alumina insulator with coatings incorporating varying amounts of Cr, Mn, and Ti can increase the vacuum voltage holdoff capability of the insulator significantly (up to 25%). During processing (quasimetallizing) the coating penetrates into the alumina, making it insensitive to mechanical damage. This quasimetallizing treatment is also compatible with subsequent metallizing and brazing of the alumina insulator. A 7/1 Mn/Ti mix performed very well, being found to be as effective on a 94% A12O3 alumina as on the previously investigated 95% A12O3, 1% Cr2O3 alumina. Mixes of 6/1/1 Mn/Ti/Cr and 6/3 Mn/Cr performed about as well as the 7/1 Mn/Ti mix, but no better. Quasimetallizing with pure Mn improved the voltage holdoff capability of alumina by about half as much as when using the 7/1 Mn/Ti mix. Mixes with relatively high titanium content (4/3 Mn/Ti and 3/3/2 Mn/Ti/Cr) significantly increased the voltage holdoff capability of the alumina, but unfortunately were much more prone than the 7/1 Mn/Ti mix (or plain alumina) to suffer severe and permanent damage when a breakdown did occur. Quasimetallizing with appropriate formulations. has been shown to change the surface characteristics of alumina in two ways: (1) it decreases the surface resistivity of the alumina, and (2) it decreases the secondary electron emission yield of the alumina. Each change improves the voltage holdoff characteristics of the alumina.
European Public Health NewsPresident’s columnEUPHA office columnMessage from the WHO Regional Director for Europe: Better health for EuropeMessage from the EU Commissioner: ‘What is new in our fight against cancer?’Seventh European Public Health Conference—‘Mind the gap: reducing inequalities in health and health care’

This European Public Health News is focusing on international collaboration. Ricciardi summarizes the outcome of an international meeting where the impact of genomic technologies on public health practice was discussed. The conclusion is that further action is needed and this action should be coordinated at international level. Zeegers focuses on the need for a strong European public health voice and how this could and should be achieved. Jakab presents several key priorities in public health, where international collaboration and commitment is necessary. Borg refreshes our memory with regard to cancer, where not only European and national actions are necessary, but where the citizens in Europe should be included as well. Barnhoorn presents the best example of commitment, collaboration and action: the upcoming European Public Health Conference in Glasgow this year. # President’s column {#article-title-2} A few months ago, during a pleasant dinner with my friend and colleague, the forthcoming European Public Health Association (EUPHA) President Martin McKee, we discussed on the impact of genomic technologies on public health practice. We agreed that, with the exception of pharmacogenomics, the limited impact of these discoveries on health improvement programs had been surprisingly disappointing. We recognized the complex issues that arose from the potential to have greater knowledge of one’s genome. Would it encourage people to change their lifestyles if they knew they were at increased risk or would it give rise to fatalism? But there are areas where genomics may potentially aid prevention, for example, by enabling stratified screening. Yet, in these areas, progress seemed very slow. Seven years after the publication of a Bellagio Statement on Public Health Genomics, defined as the ‘… responsible and effective translation of genome-based discovery into population health’, we are still facing intense debate about implementing genomics medicine into health improvement programs. How can these uncertainties be addressed and evidence-based …
The Cost of Institutional Equity Trades

Presented are an overview of the findings from the recent literature on the cost of U.S. equity trades for institutional investors and new evidence on trading costs from a large sample of institutional trades. The findings discussed have important implications for policymakers and investors: Implicit trading costs are economically significant; equity trading costs vary considerably and vary systematically with trade difficulty and order-placement strategy; and whether a trade price represents “best execution” depends on detailed data for the trade's entire order-submission process, especially information on pretrade decision variables, such as the trading horizon.
Tailoring the Patent System to Work for Software and Technology Patents

The problems with software patents are old and well-known. However it’s not for a lack of trying that they have persisted. Software and tech companies have been pushing Congress to fix things for years. Each time they do, however, industries that rely crucially on the patent system, like pharma, stop reform efforts in their tracks, saying that making things better for tech companies would make them worse for others.Viewed this way, the problem isn’t software patents. It’s our unitary patent system and seeming inability to tailor it to work well for different industries. This inability, in turn, stems from international law, which requires patents to “be available and patent rights enjoyable without discrimination as to the field of technology." (TRIPS Article 27) While this clause hasn’t attracted much attention, for years it has stymied popular proposals like abolishing software patents or putting a 5-year limit on them. “Because it’s illegal under TRIPS,” is a common refrain heard on Capitol Hill. However, this refrain is wrong. Because even though TRIPS says that patent law isn’t allowed to treat different inventions differently, our patent law does just that, in many ways, including 35 USC 287(c), 35 USC 271(e), 35 USC 271(c). By relying on the 3-step test of Article 30 in TRIPS, and reverse engineering these provisions, the path to industry-specific reform that fix the problems that confront technology patents without disrupting the sound incentives the patent system provides becomes clear. The courts have already done much to tailor protection but they cannot accomplish certain reforms. The possibility of tailored, meaningful legislative reform sends a signal to the courts, innovators, and the market that fixing the patent system, to work better for innovators, companies, and consumers, is a top priority and a question not of can, or will our patent system be improved, but only a matter of how and when.
Intermodal transportation network analysis-a GIS application

A framework is presented which may be used to analyze and evaluate intermodal networks. An intermodal network may be defined as an integrated transportation system consisting of two or more modes. Modes on intermodal networks are connected through facilities which allow travelers and/or freight to transfer from one mode to another during a trip from an origin to a destination. Network equilibrium models may be used in the transportation planning field to make predictions regarding future network activity in terms of traffic volumes and travel costs, to evaluate alternative policies and to aid the decision making process in terms of future transportation plans. To expedite and facilitate the effort of detailed intermodal network representation and analysis, a network equilibrium model is interfaced with a geographic information system (GIS). This interface takes advantage of new technologies and sources of information on the physical components of the network. It allows the user to store the results of the proposed models in a GIS environment and display them in a spatial data format.
Racial and Ethnic Disparities in United States: Stillbirth Rates: Trends, Risk Factors, and Research Needs

As with most adverse health outcomes, there has been long standing and persistent racial and ethnic disparity for stillbirth in the United States. In 2005, the stillbirth rate (fetal deaths ≥ 20 weeks' gestation per 1000 fetal deaths and live births) for non-Hispanic blacks was 11.13 compared with 4.79 for non-Hispanic whites. Rates were intermediate for American Indian or Alaska Natives (6.17) and Hispanics (5.44). There is racial disparity for both early (< 28 weeks' gestation) and late stillbirths. We review available data regarding risk factors for stillbirth with a focus on those factors that are more prevalent in certain racial/ethnic groups and those factors that appear to have a more profound effect in certain racial/ethnic groups. Although many factors, including genetics, environment, stress, social issues, access to and quality of medical care and behavior, contribute to racial disparity in stillbirth, the reasons for the disparity remain unclear. Knowledge gaps and recommendations for further research and interventions intended to reduce racial disparity in stillbirth are highlighted.
RESPONSE OF PASSERINE BIRDS TO FOREST EDGE IN COAST REDWOOD FOREST FRAGMENTS

Abstract The response of passerine birds to forest edge was examined in old-growth and mature second-growth coast redwood (Sequoia sempivirens) forest in northern California. The study objectives were to determine which common passerine species are sensitive to edges during the breeding season and to estimate edge width for forest interior species. Response to edge was measured along twelve 100 × 400 m plots extending from the edge into the forest interior to obtain relative density of birds. Plots were surveyed 4 to 5 times in 1996 and 8 to10 times in 1997. We found that 14 common passerines showed a gradient of edge sensitivity. Steller's Jay (Cyanocitta stelleri) and Swainson's Thrush (Catharus ustulatus) had higher relative densities near edges than in the forest interior (P < 0.05) and were categorized as edge species. Brown Creeper (Certhia americana), Winter Wren (Troglodytes troglodytes), Pacific-slope Flycatcher (Empidonax difficilis), and Varied Thrush (Ixoreus naevius) had lower relative densit...
On possible consequences of National Institute of Mental Health funding for psychotherapy research and training.

The National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) has changed its funding priorities for psychotherapyrelated research. With the introduction of Research Domain Criteria (RDoC), the focus has moved away from supporting randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to an emphasis on gathering primarily neurobiological data that are associated with observable and dimensionalized psychological problems, even as they occur across diagnostic categories. Among the general domains that are to be funded are negative and positive valence systems, cognitive systems, social processes, and arousal and regulatory systems. Moreover, each domain will be studied at different levels of analysis, such as genetic, molecular, neural circuitry, physiological, and behavioral. Offering an overview of the history of psychotherapy research and its funding as an historical context, this article discusses some of the implications of this shifting model, and considers the potential impact the current NIMH funding priorities may have on therapyrelated research, the development of psychoactive medications, and the training of clinical psychologists as therapists.
Global biogeography of marine fungi is shaped by the environment

Abstract Fungi are essential components of marine ecosystems, yet very little is known about their global distribution and diversity in the marine environment. In this study, we analyzed marine fungal community structure at a global scale using the International Census of Marine Microbes dataset. Marine fungal communities sampled from both the water column and sediments were compared. Based on the sequences of the nuclear ribosomal small subunit V9 region, 2200 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were identified at 97% similarity. There was a significant distinction between the pelagic and benthic communities, with 15.4% OTUs shared between the two realms. Environmental factors, particularly sample depth, oxygen, and nitrate, strongly correlated with the fungal community composition and explained more variance than did geographic distance. This study represents the first global-scale analysis of marine fungal community structure, and highlights potential opportunities for research in marine fungal ecology and biogeography.
Life’s Seasons: The Conceptual Phenomenology of Age-Periodization

A young girl does not normally and naturally say to herself: “I am a teenager”. An elderly individual does not incline to say of himself: “I am an old man”. (At any rate, a recent study indicates that the percentage of white Americans who consider themselves to be old stands at only around 10 at age 65, and is still only around 30 at age 70. 1) We do not tend to think of ourselves or of others who are particularly near and dear to us in such age-classificatory terms. Rather, we think of people close to us as individuals playing certain age-unaffected functional roles (“my mother”, “my wife”, “my child”) and as possessed of certain perduring characteristics, abilities and dispositions.
Global Governance and Democratization within and Beyond Borders: The Role of an Inclusive International Civil Society in Post-Conflict States

Historically, implementing democracy has been a domestic concern. Recent events in Egypt, Tunisia, Yemen, Bahrain, and Iran reflect variations of the traditional pattern for democratic change within a closed society. Yet, as the world edges into the 21st century, democratization with the companion promotion of human rights and development, particularly in what are often perceived to be deteriorating, post-conflict, or failed states, has become a central activity of the international community, heavily dominated by intergovernmental organizations (IGOs) and international civil society (ICS).
Social Work Faculty and Undergraduate Research Mentorships

ABSTRACTSocial work faculty scholars lead the field as generators of knowledge that integrates investigative studies with practical social welfare outcomes. As such, the faculty potentially offers undergraduate researchers a different way of envisioning research that extends beyond traditional undergraduate research models. To date, however, no research exists that examines a research mentorship from the perspective of the social work faculty. Here we draw upon a study with 18 faculty at a major midwestern university and evaluate their experiences as mentors in an undergraduate research program. Both quantitative and qualitative survey data were gathered. The most prominent themes in the data were (a) personal and professional enhancement, (b) time management challenges, (c) added value to faculty research, (d) increased sense of connection to the social work community, and (e) need for more preparation and structure. We conclude by suggesting a new rubric for social work researchers that can guide mentor...
Material and Fabrication Development and Application Studies of Aluminum-Boron-Stainless Steel Composites

The recent development of a new composite material with superior properties for structural applications is described. The development consisted of selection of matrix and filament materials, the fabrication of a number of composite panels qualification testing, evaluation of secondary fabrication methods and design application studies. It was demonstrated that the new composite material, aluminum-boron-stainless steel (A1-B-SS), could be made in various forms, shapes and sizes, that it possessed very desirable mechanical and physical properties, and that it could be satisfactorily cut, machined, formed and joined by a variety of methods. The potential weight savings (typically 30–45 percent) and other attractive properties make the A1-B-SS composite particularly promising for a number of structural applications.© 1970 ASME
Mortality and developmental abnormalities induced by two juvenile hormone analogs on nymphal German cockroaches (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae).

German cockroach, Blattella germanica (L.), nymphs in five different age Classes were treated topically with the juvenile hormone analogs fenoxycarb and hydroprene. Nymphal mortality was highest (76-100%) with 100 and 10 µg/µl concentrations of fenoxycarb applied during stages one through four. Only hydroprene applied at 100 µg/µl on first-stage nymphs was toxic. LD50’s of fenoxycarb for first and fourth stages were 197.26 and 298.82 µg/g body weight, respectively. Nymphs killed by fenoxycarb during stages one through four usually died during the period in which control nymphs molted into the next stage. Nymphal mortality caused by fenoxycarb appeared to be the result of ecdysis inhibition. Development of fifth-stage nymphs surviving the 100 and 10 µg/µl dosages of fenoxycarb was 1-9 wk longer than the controls.
Surveillance of suspected adverse events following immunization in Baishan city 2008-2010

Objective To analyze suspected adverse events following immunization(AEFI)in Baishan city from 2008 to 2010,understand frequency of AEFI and provide the evidence for the safety of vaccination.Methods The data was analyzed from AEFI Monitoring Report System in Baishan city.Results 78 cases of AEFI were reported related to 15 kinds of vaccines in AEFI monitoring system of Baishan city,including 57 general events(73.08%),18 abnormal events(23.08%),3 coincident cases(3.84%).incident rates of DTP and MV were higher in AEFI report,occupying 71.79%.Incidence of AEFI report was 1.319 per million doses,the integrity rate of AEFI report was 100%,prompt report and investigating rates in 48 hours were 91.03% and 96.15%.Conclusion The sensitivity of the AEFI monitoring report system should be continuously improved,and security and efficiency of vaccine should be chosen at the same time.Standardized operations are carried out strictly to ensure the safety of preventive inoculation.
Free Jazz/Black Power

Forty-four years after its initial publication in French in 1971, an English translation of Philippe Carles and Jean-Louis Comolli's book Free Jazz/Black Power is now available (University Press of...
On the Physics of Vapor/Liquid Interaction During Impact on Solids

Situations involving liquid impact on solid surfaces represent a class of mechanics that has broad practical application. In addition to the liquid and solid surface, most real applications occur in the presence of a vapor. This multiphase physics is complex, and the ambient vapor can have a major influence on the maximum impact pressure. While the ambient vapor is often ignored for its relatively low density, the experimental data in this paper illustrate that ambient vapor/liquid properties and their interaction during an impact event can alter maximum pressures by as much as 2 orders of magnitude. These experiments also provide a basis to demonstrate that the effect corresponds well to a dimensionless "Interaction Index" proposed in this paper. This index is a function of the ambient vapor and liquid properties that account for the degree of influence on the resulting pressure time history. The Interaction Index also provides an essential building block for scaling of experiments. The paper includes both a mathematical formulation and relevant physical test data. The results show that the Interaction Index performs remarkably well in physical tests over a broad range of vapor properties.
Linguistic Theory and Research: Implications for Second Language Learning

Many of the issues of great interest to theoreticians in language and language acquisition are also of great interest to classroom professionals. Yet there is insufficient communication between these two groups, valuable though that always is for both groups. And the literature in each area is dense with terminology that prevents easy access to the facts of interest and to the claims espoused. In this introduction I propose to delineate three issues of great importance in both areas and to do so in language plain enough so that the reader may find it interesting and intriguing enough to attempt to dip into the literature of another field, in spite of its attendant difficulties.
Non-existence of Irrotational Flow Around Solids with Protruding Corners

We motivate and discuss several recent results on non-existence of irrotational inviscid flow around bounded solids that have two or more protruding corners, complementing classical results for the case of a single protruding corner. For a class of two-corner bodies including non-horizontal flat plates, compressible subsonic flows do not exist. Regarding three or more corners, bounded simple polygons do not admit compressible flows with arbitrarily small Mach number, and any incompressible flow has unbounded velocity at at least one corner. Finally, irrotational flow around smooth protruding corners with non-vanishing velocity at infinity does not exist. This can be considered vorticity generation by a slip-condition solid in absence of viscosity.
Chronic Pain Predicting Reciprocity of Support Among Vulnerable, Predominantly African-American Persons Living with HIV/AIDS.

Among persons living with HIV/AIDS (PLHIV), approximately two-thirds report moderate to severe pain. Chronic pain can negatively affect PLHIVs’ health behaviors and outcomes by interfering with their reciprocity (mutual exchange) of support in their caregiving relationships, which has been found to be associated with PLHIVs’ antiretroviral adherence and viral suppression. Data were longitudinal (baseline, 6- and 12-month follow-up) from 383 PLHIV who were formerly or currently using drugs. Utilizing a longitudinal lagged fixed effects structural equation model, we found that never having pain in the past 6 months was predictive of increased reciprocity of support. Sub-analyses by care relationship type revealed never having pain was a significant predictor of greater reciprocity for sexual partner caregiving dyads, but not for kin or friend caregiving dyads. Our study emphasizes the importance of pain management in quality caregiving relationships characterized by reciprocity, which has consistently been found to be associated with stronger, more supportive caregiving relationships and better quality of life. Our findings suggest the importance of pain management intervention for improving reciprocity between vulnerable PLHIVs and their primary caregivers, especially between PLHIVs and caregivers who are current or former sexual partners.
Lawyers and Judges Address Shylock’s Case

From the early 19th century to the present, lawyers and judges have fruitfully contributed to the ongoing discussions about Shylock: his character, his motivations, and the rightness or wrongness of his legal claims. In so doing, they further a tradition, beginning perhaps with Heine, that validates Shylock in most respects and that helpfully engages the text's clear indications, often from the mouth of Portia, that the mainstream Venetian characters are loose and egocentric men, casual oath-breakers, and no respecters of law or love. Legal analysts, many but not all of them Jewish, are identified, ranging from the eminent German Rudolf von Ihering (and an Austro-Germanic tradition that follows him to this day) to late 20th and early 21st century American essayists.
Steroid use for refractory hypotension in congenital diaphragmatic hernia

Guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of adrenal insufficiency (AI) in newborns with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) are poorly defined. From 2002 to 2016, 155 infants were treated for CDH at our institution. Patients with shock refractory to vasopressors (clinically diagnosed AI) were treated with hydrocortisone (HC). When available, random cortisol levels <10 μg/dL were considered low. Outcomes were compared between groups. Hydrocortisone was used to treat AI in 34% (53/155) of patients. That subset of patients was demonstrably sicker, and mortality was expectedly higher for those treated with HC (37.7 vs. 17.6%, p = 0.0098). Of the subset of patients with random cortisol levels measured before initiation of HC, 67.7% (21/31) had low cortisol levels. No significant differences were seen in survival between the high and low groups, but mortality trended higher in patients with high cortisol levels that received HC. After multivariate analysis, duration of HC stress dose administration was associated with increased risk of mortality (OR 1.11, 95% CI 1.02–1.2, p = 0.021), and total duration of HC treatment was associated with increased risk of sepsis (OR 1.04, 95% CI 1.005–1.075, p = 0.026). AI is prevalent amongst patients with CDH, but prolonged treatment with HC may increase risk of mortality and sepsis.
Review of Injury Epidemiology in Paralympic Sports

The rapid evolution of Paralympic sports, which includes an increase in participation, the addition of new sports, and advancements in technology, is essential to understanding the literature analyzing risk of injury in adaptive sports. Interpreting the injury data is complicated by the variability in the definition of injury across studies as well as the unique grouping of sports by disability. The goal of this chapter is to review the current literature on adaptive sports epidemiology, ultimately in a quest to better care for Paralympic patients. In order to better understand possible patterns of injury, this chapter is organized by location, type, and rate of injury with further division between winter and summer sports. It is clear that patterns of injury are emerging with the assistance from injury surveillance studies. More recent results have identified significant differences in injury rates between sports and events. However, there is still a need for longitudinal event-specific, sport-specific, and impairment-specific studies.
Lectin histochemistry of human thyroid tumors

The binding of fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) labeled lectins to thyroid cells in histologic sections was analyzed and the data obtained on tumors of several histologic types were compared. The affinity and pattern of lectin binding to tumor cells differed from the binding to normal cells. Most tumors showed considerable cellular heterogeneity which could be visualized readily by lectin histochemistry. No constant or predictable lectin binding patterns typical of malignant transformation could be delineated. The variation in the expression of lectin binding glycoconjugates in tumor cells in histologic sections limits the use of labeled lectins in diagnostic histopathology. Nevertheless FITC labeled lectins may serve as valuable reagents for probing the heterogeneity of tumors, identification and/or isolation of tumor associated and specific glycoconjugates and for studying tumor cell biology.
XXZ Spin-Peierls Chain

The phase transition and the phase diagram between the adiabatic and antiadiabatic limits in the spin-Peierls model will be investigated in this chapter. As we explained in Chap. 3, the conventional quantum Monte Carlo methods cannot efficiently calculate the model. Then, for overcoming the difficulty, we will apply the new Monte Carlo update techniques and the analysis that we developed in Chap. 2– 4. We will show the precise transition point and the universality class of the spin-Peierls chain without any approximation, which has been discussed for several decades. For the XY anisotropic case, the Kosterlitz-Thouless type phase transition occurs between the Tomonaga-Luttinger liquid phase and the dimer (spin-Peierls) phase. For the Ising anisotropic case, on the other hand, the phase transition between the Neel phase and the dimer phase is the Gaussian universality. The whole phase diagram will be shown, compared to the previous result from the renormalization group method. We will discuss the correspondence that the phase diagram is consistent with the J1-J2 model that is an effective spin model in the antiadiabatic limit; that is the quantum nature of the lattice degree of freedom is relevant to the phase diagram.
Mechanisms of Glucocorticoid-Induced Insulin Resistance: Focus on Adipose Tissue Function and Lipid Metabolism

Glucocorticoids (GCs) are critical in the regulation of the stress response, inflammation and energy homeostasis. Excessive GC exposure results in whole-body insulin resistance, obesity, cardiovascular disease, and ultimately decreased survival, despite their potent anti-inflammatory effects. This apparent paradox may be explained by the complex actions of GCs on adipose tissue functionality. The wide prevalence of oral GC therapy makes their adverse systemic effects an important yet incompletely understood clinical problem. This article reviews the mechanisms by which supraphysiologic GC exposure promotes insulin resistance, focusing in particular on the effects on adipose tissue function and lipid metabolism.