cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bis- and mixed-tetrahydroisoquinolinium chlorofumarates: new ultra-short-acting nondepolarizing neuromuscular blockers.

Introduction. Neuromuscular blocking agents (NMBs)1 are used as adjuncts to anesthesia to provide skeletal muscle relaxation during surgery and to facilitate tracheal intubation. Emergency tracheal intubation maneuvers are routinely accomplished with the ultrashort-acting2 depolarizing NMB succinylcholine (suxamethonium).3 Although still widely used, succinylcholine is a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist and can produce a number of potentially dangerous side effects1,3 secondary to its mechanism of action. These include hyperkalemia, malignant hyperthermia, and cardiac arrhythmias. Common side effects include fasciculations, severe muscle pain, increased intraocular pressure, and increased intragastric tension.
NeuroAIDS: contributions of the human immunodeficiency virus-1 proteins Tat and gp120 as well as CD40 to microglial activation.

Microglia are the resident phagocytes of the brain and are an important source of proinflammatory mediators. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 infects the central nervous system early in the course of disease, and it is believed that this occurs, in part, through the transmigration of HIV-1-infected cells across the blood–brain barrier. Infected cells release viral proteins, such as Tat and gp120. After microglia interact with these proteins, they become activated and secrete chemokines; up-regulate key surface receptors, such as CD40, and also activate resident cells. This review focuses on the consequences of microglial activation in NeuroAIDS, with an emphasis on chemokine production and CD40 up-regulation after interaction with tat or gp120. The importance of microglial CD40 in two other neurological diseases, Alzheimer's disease and multiple sclerosis, is also discussed. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Shakers and Shakerism

Lists and describes the Shakers and Shakerism collection in the General Research Division of the New York Public Library. Covers areas including historical studies, spirituality, material culture and comparative studies with other religious groups. Also points to indexes of scholarly periodicals.
Copyright term extension and orphan works

This article examines three recent topics in copyright policy from an economic perspective: (i) term extensions, (ii) the orphan works problem, and (iii) mass digitization projects. Copyright term extensions will make it even more difficult to locate rights holders in the future than it is at present; however there are some recent legislative proposals to address this problem. Term extensions will also make finding works more difficult, but here mass digitization projects may be helpful.
An Application and Extension of a Multidimensional Ethics Scale to Selected Marketing Practices and Marketing Groups

The purpose of this research was to test and extend a multidimensional ethics scale developed by Reidenbach and Robin to selected marketing groups. Different marketing practices and groups were used in order to give these measures a wide variety of exposures. These measures performed well in all settings and for all practices. Factor structures in fifteen different trials identified the same three dimensions with one exception. In that exception, two dimensions merged together in five of those fifteen trials. While these dimensions captured much of the variance in the global concept of “ethical/unethical”, they did a better job of predicting the respondents’ intention to behave than the global measure. These measures also provide the researcher with a partial explanation of why the respondents answered in the manner that they did. The shifting relative importance of the three dimensions in accounting for the variance in the behavioral intention measure provides this explanation.
Effects of Pyrolysis Kinetics on Opposed-Flow Flame Spread Modeling

Abstract ABSTRACT–Fuel pyrolysis is an important step in gas-phase flame spread over condensed fuels. First generation models treat pyrolysis as a vaporization phenomenon and assign a constant vaporization temperature, an experimentally determined unknown, to the pyrolyzing fuel. In second generation models,and Arrhenius expression is used to evaluate the surface mass flux. The kinetic parameters, i.e., the pre-exponential factor and the activation energy, replace the vaporization temperature as unknown constants. The values used for these parameters for a particular fuel vary over a wide range in the literature.Here a parametric study is presented to evaluate the importance ofthese two kinetic parameters in relation to flame spread over a thin cellulosic fuel. An increase in the pre-exponential factor or a decrease in the activation energy causes the vaporization temperature to decrease, which in turn affects the flame structure and the spread rate. However, the two kinetic parameters do not act independ...
Effect of lipopolysaccharide on the permeability and reactivity of the cerebral microcirculation : Role of inducible nitric oxide synthase

The goal of this study was to examine the effect of lipopoly saccharide on the permeability of the blood-brain barrier and reactivity of cerebral arterioles. We examined the pial microcirculation in rats using intravital fluorescence microscopy. Permeability of the blood-brain barrier (clearance of fluorescent-labeled dextran; molecular weight 10,000 Da; FITC-dextran-10K) and diameter of pial arterioles were measured in the absence and presence of topical application of vehicle (saline) or lipopolysaccharide (200 ng/ml). During superfusion with vehicle, clearance of FITC-dextran-10K from pial vessels was minimal, and diameter of pial arterioles remained constant. Topical application of lipopolysaccharide (200 ng/ml) produced an increase in clearance of FITC-dextran-10K and dilated pial arterioles. To determine whether lipopolysaccharide-induced changes in permeability of the blood-brain barrier and dilatation of cerebral arterioles was related to the synthesis/release of inducible nitric oxide, we examined the effects of aminoguanidine (0.5 mM). Aminoguanidine inhibited lipopolysaccharide-induced increases in permeability of the blood-brain barrier and dilatation of cerebral arterioles. The findings of the present study suggest that lipopolysaccharide increases permeability of the blood-brain barrier and diameter of pial arterioles via the activation of inducible nitric oxide synthase.
Stress intensity factors for two cracks emanating from two holes and approaching each other

Abstract Collapsed 1 4 position quadratic quadrilateral isoparametric finite element is used to solve the stress intensity factors and stress concentration factors.
Slipped lips: onset asynchrony detection of auditory-visual language in autism

Background: It has frequently been suggested that individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have deficits in auditory-visual (AV) sensory integration. Studies of language integration have mostly used non-word syllables presented in congruent and incongruent AV combinations and demonstrated reduced influence of visual speech in individuals with ASD. The aim of our study was to test whether adolescents with high-functioning autism are able to integrate AV information of meaningful, phraselength language in a task of onset asynchrony detection. Methods: Participants were 25 adolescents with ASD and 25 typically developing (TD) controls. The stimuli were video clips of complete phrases using simple, commonly occurring words. The clips were digitally manipulated to have the video precede the corresponding audio by 0, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, or 14 video frames, a range of 0‐500ms. Participants were shown the video clips in random order and asked to indicate whether each clip was in-synch or not. Results: There were no differences between adolescents with ASD and their TD peers in accuracy of onset asynchrony detection at any slip rate. Conclusion: These data indicate that adolescents with ASD are able to integrate auditory and visual components in a task of onset asynchrony detection using natural, phrase-length language stimuli. We propose that the meaningful nature of the language stimuli in combination with presentation in a non-distracting environment allowed adolescents with autism spectrum disorder to demonstrate preserved accuracy for bi-modal AV integration. Keywords: Autism, AV-integration, language, autistic disorder, communication, language, face, voice. Abbreviations: ASD: autism spectrum disorders; TD: typically developing; AV: auditory-visual; ADOS: Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule; ADI-R: Autism Diagnostic InterviewRevised; K-BIT 2: Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test, Second Edition; PPVT-III: Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test, Third Edition.
Collecting, kitsch and the intimate geographies of social memory: a story of archival autoethnography

This paper engages recent creative approaches to the archive in geography to explore an approach I term archival autoethnography: collecting and contributing to the archive ourselves, and critically engaging with those practices. I use my own collection of kitsch souvenirs of the 19th-century southern California novel Ramona – nearly all acquired after eBay auctions transformed the geography of collectibles sale and acquisition – to show how collecting such objects transformed my research, lending insights into tourist experiences more than a century old and revealing how kitsch souvenirs help build intimate geographies of social memory. Publishing with illustrations from my collection drew public attention to the collection and eventually aided in the reinterpretation of two historic landmarks long linked to the novel. Contrary to prevailing interpretations of kitsch then, this paper reveals the cultural and political agency of kitsch souvenirs in shaping social memory. I show how moving derided objects into the realm of my scholarly research enabled me to build an alternative archive that shed new light on a historical topic, leading to the unexpected impact of my research in the broader community. I reveal how collecting and contributing to the archive ourselves, and analysing those practices in archival autoethnography, become valuable geographical research practices.
Trichotillomania: Clinical Aspects and Treatment Strategies

Trichotillomania is a disorder of compulsive hair pulling that often results in alopecia. The clinical features include the pulling of hair from the scalp, eyebrows, and eyelashes, sometimes symmetrically; pubic and other bodily hair may also be plucked. The disorder is present in 0.6% of college students. The majority of sufferers who seek treatment are female, with usual age of onset between 11 and 16 years. Trichotillomania can occur in a wide variety of psychiatric disorders, and patients with the condition may be more likely to have a lifetime diagnosis of depression or an anxiety, eating, or substance abuse disorder. Although empirically derived treatment guidelines are still lacking, the current literature suggests that behavior therapy and pharmacotherapy are the most efficacious treatments for adult trichotillomania. Controlled trials with pharmacotherapy (clomipramine) have shown significant reductions in hair pulling over the short term. Controlled investigations of behavior therapy have not been conducted, but several treatment series suggest efficacy. At least three reports also suggest that behavior therapy and pharmacotherapy bring some improvement in childhood trichotillomania, although this has not been empirically studied. A case illustrating the combination of behavior therapy techniques and pharmacotherapy in the treatment of trichotillomania is presented.
A novel profiled side-channel attack in presence of high Algorithmic Noise

Understanding the nature of hardware designs is a vital element in a successful Side-Channel Analysis. The inherent parallelism of these designs adds excessive Algorithmic Noise in the power consumption trace, which makes it difficult to mount a successful power attack against it. In this paper, we address this high Algorithmic Noise with a novel profiled attack that is generic and independent of any specific cryptographic algorithm. We propose both a new profiling phase and two new insights in the attack phase. The proposed profiling technique takes the high design parallelism into consideration, which results in a more accurate power model. In the attack phase, we first define two new targeted regions in the power trace, then aggregate the attack results from each of them to get a more powerful attack phase. The proposed attack model has been tested on the 128bit AES of the widely known DPA Contest (V2) and achieved a stable 80% Global Success Rate (GSR) at 2755 traces.
Event storm detection and identification in communication systems

Abstract Event storms are the manifestation of an important class of abnormal behaviors in communication systems. They occur when a large number of nodes throughout the system generate a set of events within a small period of time. It is essential for network management systems to detect every event storm and identify its cause, in order to prevent and repair potential system faults. This paper presents a set of techniques for the effective detection and identification of event storms in communication systems. First, we introduce a new algorithm to synchronize events to a single node in the system. Second, the system's event log is modeled as a normally distributed random process. This is achieved by using data analysis techniques to explore and then model the statistical behavior of the event log. Third, event storm detection is proposed using a simple test statistic combined with an exponential smoothing technique to overcome the non-stationary behavior of event logs. Fourth, the system is divided into non-overlapping regions to locate the main contributing regions of a storm. We show that this technique provides us with a method for event storm identification. Finally, experimental results from a commercially deployed multimedia communication system that uses these techniques demonstrate their effectiveness.
Pulp reaction to caries

A review of the carious process shows that the presence of microorganisms, proteolysis and acid softening of the calcified dental tissues distinguishes dental caries from other processes, erosion or attrition, which affect tooth structure. The toxicity of the bacterial products of caries has not been tested, nor has the hypothesis that the bacteria associated with caries exert an antibiotic effect on the pyogenic microorganisms associated with inflammation and abscess formation of the pulp.
A note on Iwasawa invariants and the main conjecture

Abstract We fix a rational prime p , possibly 2, and a CM field K . Let A K ∞ − denote the minus component of the p -primary class group of K ∞ , the basic Z p -extension of K . The Pontryagin dual ( A K ∞ − ) p is a noetherian, torsion Z p [[ T ]]-module whose characteristic polynomial we denote by f ( T ). Iwasawa's Main Conjecture relates the algebraically defined f ( T ) to an analytically defined power series F ( T ) given by a p -adic L -function. Using the analytic class number formula, we give evidence for it based on the Iwasawa invariants of f ( T ) and F ( T ). I would like to thank Benedict H. Gross for suggesting this approach.
A Therapeutic Model of Self-Forgiveness With Intervention Strategies for Counselors

Self-forgiveness is associated with psychological and relational well-being and may be a worthwhile treatment goal for clients who have hurt others. The authors utilized theoretical and empirical literature to describe a 4-component therapeutic model of self-forgiveness—responsibility, remorse, restoration, and renewal—and offer suggestions for promoting each component with clients. Finally, the authors explore potential contraindications and the applicability of self-forgiveness for military veterans, clients in substance abuse treatment, and clients convicted of a crime.
Dynamic bifurcations and features of a cooled countercurrent flow reactor

Abstract In a countercurrent flow reactor (CFR) the reactants flow countercurrently at equal velocities and flow rates through two compartments, with negligible heat transfer resistance between the two sections. Under an intermediate level of cooling capacity, the ignited steady state may become unstable leading to formation of period- n or aperiodic states. The temporal temperature profiles of all the states with complex dynamics have two temperature peaks (pulses) that due to the countercurrent flow move in opposite directions. Eventually, one pulse is extinguished and a new one is generated by backfiring from the second moving pulse. Usually, some backfired pulses are extinguished before reaching a reactor exit. Thus, the conditions next to the reactor exit are not sufficient for classification of the motion. The best characterization of the dynamic motion is by construction of the space–time dependence of the temperature or concentration. Various period- n states exist within narrow parameter windows within the region of chaotic states. For all states with complex dynamics the time average of rate of heat removal by cooling through the wall is either equal or exceeds that of the convective heat removal by the effluents.
Anal transposition without colostomy: functional results and complications

Rectovestibular fistula (RVF) is the most common form of anorectal anomaly in female infants. In the surgical repair of these malformations, most pediatric surgeons use cutback, fistula transposition with or without colostomy, and lately, posterior anorectoplasty with colostomy. This is a retrospective evaluation of the functional results and complications in 47 patients who underwent fistula transposition without colostomy for the treatment of a RVF. We prefer to perform the operation when the rectovaginal septum is amenable to dissection (width >2 mm). All patients had voluntary bowel movements; 28 (60%) had completely normal bowel habits, 45 (96%) good and only 2 (4%) fair. We did not encounter serious surgical complications such as infection dehiscence, and fistula recurrence. We thus prefer anal transposition without colostomy to other modes of surgical therapy for RVF.
The induction of heterotypical sexual behavior in the rat

Abstract (1) In the laboratory rat, the behavioral responsiveness of the brain to hormones is sexually dimorphic. An important factor in that dimorphism is the exposure of the developing brain, perhaps both pre- and post-natally, to gonadal steroids. (2) Androgen and/or estrogen suppress lordosis behavior in both sexes and appear to potentiate masculine behavior in the female and presumably the male. (3) To the extent that sexual behavior in the human is dependent on gonadal hormone activation, the hormonal milieu during development would be expected to modify adult behavior. (4) The view that the adult brain is in a static state is challenged by lesion studies. After destruction of the lateral septum plus exposure to estrogen or a hypothyroid condition, the adult male regains his inherent potential to exhibit lordosis behavior. (5) Further study of this adult model of behavior organization may contribute to our understanding of behavioral differences.
Performance Overhead among Three Hypervisors: An Experimental Study Using Hadoop Benchmarks

Hyper visors are widely used in cloud environments and their impact on application performance has been a topic of significant research and practical interest. We conducted experimental measurements of several benchmarks using Hadoop MapReduce to evaluate and compare the performance impact of three popular hyper visors: a commercial hyper visor, Xen, and KVM. We found that differences in the workload type (CPU or I/O intensive), workload size and VM placement yielded significant performance differences among the hyper visors. In our study, we used the three hyper visors to run several MapReduce benchmarks, such as Word Count, TestDSFIO, and TeraSort and further validated our observed hypothesis using micro benchmarks. In our observation for CPU-bound benchmark, the performance difference between the three hyper visors was negligible, however, significant performance variations were seen for I/O-bound benchmarks. Moreover, adding more virtual machines on the same physical host degraded the performance on all three hyper visors, yet we observed different degradation trends amongst them. Concretely, the commercial hyper visor is 46% faster at TestDFSIO Write than KVM, but 49% slower in the TeraSort benchmark. In addition, increasing the workload size for TeraSort yielded completion times for CVM that were two times that of Xen and KVM. The performance differences shown between the hyper visors suggests that further analysis and consideration of hyper visors are needed in the future when deploying applications to cloud environments.
Nonenzymatic peptide-based catalytic asymmetric phosphorylation of inositol derivatives

The ability to use small peptides as catalysts for asymmetric phosphorylation provides opportunities for rapid syntheses of phosphate-containing compounds and natural products. This short review outlines the genesis of this concept and its reduction to practice in the context of concise syntheses of the enantiomeric D-I-1P and D-I-3P targets. The implications for the development of additional site-selective catalysts are discussed.
Mesoscale Satellite Bioclimatology

This paper examines the strength of relationships between the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and climatic data, when examined at the mesoscale. Mean monthly AVHRR NDVI data for 1988-1996 for the months of April through October for State of Kansas, its nine climatic divisions (CDs), and dominant land cover types within each CD were used. Corresponding climatic and water budget data were obtained or derived from National Climatic Data Center data. Temperature, precipitation, and NDVI deviations from normal were determined. Statistical analysis revealed significant relationships between NDVI and climatic variables, although strengths of the associations were modest. The highest correlation coefficient (r) for the state as a whole was 0.53, between NDVI and estimated actual evapotranspiration. When examined by climatic division or major land cover type, relationships between NDVI and a drought index were statistically significant in most cases and ranged from 0.30 to 0.56.
Radical Lockeanism in American Political Culture

American political culture is commonly portrayed, to borrow a phrase from Emerson as the lengthened shadow of John Locke. In recent years a debate over how best to interpret Locke's views on property has raged among students of political philosophy. According to some, Locke was the bourgeois philosopher of "possessive individualism" who sanctioned unlimited accumulation and competitive capitalism. Although Thomas Paine apparently never read Locke, there are obvious parallels in their political thought. Indeed so similar were their arguments in places that Paine was accused of having cribbed from Locke. The radicalizing of Locke evident in the political thought of Thomas Paine is even more pronounced in the thinking of radical jacksonians. Like Paine, they interpreted Locke to suit egalitarian ends. That the Civil War poses difficulties for the consensus thesis has long been recognized. Radical plan to confiscate slaveholder property as simply a manifestation of the emerging system of industrial capitalism.
Analytical and micromagnetic-based modeling of quantization noise in MFM-based pulse-width-Modulation perpendicular recording

In this work, we present three magnetic force microscopy (MFM)-compatible pulse-width-modulation (PWM) coding scheme to be employed in scanning-probe storage devices. For each code, analytical models describing the code length utilization [CLU, i.e., non-return-to-zero (NRZ) code length to PWM code length ratio] and the signal-to-quantization noise ratio (SQNR) resulting from the granularity of the media are derived. To verify the models, a micromagnetic model was constructed. Using a proposed variable-length PWM coding scheme with 3 bits/symbol, 30-nm tip diameter, and a fractional step of 20% of the initial mark, a 82% increase in areal density over optimized regular NRZ single-bit coding is shown to be achievable (i.e., 1.26 Tb/in/sup 2/) with an SQNR of 17.2 dB and an overall SNR of 13.1 dB.
Clinical performance characteristics of hemodialysis graft monitoring

Clinical performance characteristics of hemodialysis graft monitoring. Background Regular monitoring of dialysis grafts is recommended, but the value of dialysis graft blood flow monitoring and venous pressures in predicting subsequent outcomes are controversial. Methods Over a period of one month, we performed simultaneous flow and venous pressure monitoring in 71 dialysis patients with polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) grafts. These patients were prospectively followed for one year. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were constructed to evaluate the performance of the various monitoring techniques. Results During the period of follow-up, there were 71 graft failures (30 angioplasty alone and 41 thrombosis followed by interventional or surgical revisions). Failed grafts had a lower blood flow rate [799 ± 452 (SD) mL/min] when compared with those without failure (1019 ± 485 mL/min, P = 0.05) Single static or dynamic venous-pressure monitoring were not predictive of graft failure. ROC analysis showed poor performance of graft flows in predicting graft failures over the short (30 days, AUC=0.726, 95% CI, 0.509 to 0.942) and long term (one year, AUC=0.630, 95% CI, 0.499 to 0.761). An adjustment of graft flows for systolic blood pressure or classification of graft based both on flows and venous pressure did not improve test performance. Conclusions Although dialysis graft blood flow rates are statistically different in patients who have graft failure (graft angioplasty and surgery or thrombosis) versus those who do not, the performance characteristics preclude clinical decision-making from an isolated blood flow or venous pressure study.
Thermoplasticity and Resilience Through Benzoylation and Cross-Linking:

Basic studies have been carried out to define the interrelation between thermoplasticity and resilience in cotton obtained through chemical modifications. Diester cross links, introduced in combination with benzoate ester groups, provided neither satisfactory resilience nor thermoplastic character. When benzoylated cotton, prepared by partial saponification from higher DS values or by the Schotten-Baumann esterification condi tions, was dry-cured with trirnethylolmelamine, the products showed high levels of wet and dry wrinkle recovery, high resistance to abrasion, and displayed thermoplastic char acter as reflected by the fact that heat-set creases could be imparted to them.
Effects of multiple pretreatment with apomorphine and amphetamine on amphetamine-induced locomotor activity and its inhibition by apomorphine.

Mice were given a saline preinjection and habituation to the testing environment followed by injection of amphetamine (0.675–5.0 mg/kg IP) and apomorphine (AP, 15–80 μg/kg SC) 15 min later. AP produced a dose-dependent inhibition of the amphetamine-induced locomotor activity. A dose of 40 μg/kg AP increased approximately threefold the amphetamine dose required to induce the same increase in activity. Repeated administration of AP (30 mg/kg IP once daily for 14 days) resulted in an enhanced response (in the early portion of the time response) to amphetamine challenge, while the ability of subsequent microgram challenge doses of AP to reduce the response were unaffected. Similarly, repeated administration (twice-daily IP injections for 5 days) of amphetamine (5.0 mg/kg) resulted in an enhanced locomotor response to amphetamine challenge and no change in the ability of AP to inhibit the response. These results suggest that repeated administrations of dopamine agonists, although acting through different mechanisms (i.e., indirect versus direct), increase the initial release of neurotransmitter. However, the repeated administration of these agonists does not attenuate the ability of AP to inhibit the release of the neurotransmitter induced by amphetamine. The regulatory functions (i.e., presynaptic receptor control) of release appears to remain intact, but the level of neuronal activity has been increased.
Vestibular axons form synapses on abnormally derived Mauthner cells

Abstract Axolotl prospective forebrain-midbrain can be reprogrammed to differentiate as Mauthner cell (M-cell)-containing medulla 12 . Light and electron microscopic examination of the abnormally derived M-cells reveals vestibular club endings appropriately localized on the ventral surface of their lateral dendrites. This observation indicates that the surface of such cells is like that of ordinary M-cells insofar as it is recognized and forms synapses with vestibular axons.
Preventing glaucoma in a high-risk population: impact and observations of the Ocular Hypertension Treatment Study.

T HE OCULAR HYPERTENSION TREATMENT Study (OHTS) was designed to determine the effect of lowering intraocular pressure (IOP) on the conversion from ocular hypertension to identifiable glaucomatous damage in a high-risk population, namely, patients with ocular hypertension (OHTN). Ocular hypertension was defined as an IOP greater than 22 mm Hg. Before the OHTS, some investigators had found that patients with elevated IOPs but no other stigmata of glaucoma developed glaucoma at an annual rate of approximately 2%. However, the value of lowering IOP for patients with OHTN remained unknown. After an average of 5 years of follow-up, the OHTS found that IOP lowering of approximately 20% decreased the prevalence of glaucoma from 9.5% in the observation group to 4% in the treatment group. These findings clarified the natural history of OHTN and validated the protective effect of lowering IOP.
Scintillator-fiber flow-cell radioactivity detector for liquid chromatography

A new type of flow-cell radiation detector for use in liquid chromatography which is packed with aligned scintillator fibers is described. A primary advantage of the fiber packed cell is that light generated by the scintillator is absorbed to a much less extent by the fibers than by the powder scintillator used in conventional flow cells. A detection efficiency of 55% has been obtained for carbon-14 using 0.1-mm diameter hand-pulled glass fibers. Computer modeling has shown that even better results can be obtained by using smaller and more uniform diameter fibers which will allow better packing. The fiber cell also demonstrates back pressures which are a factor of 50 less than the conventional cell and much less susceptibility to absorption of compounds because of its lower surface area.
Constraints on long-lived remnants of neutron star binary mergers from late-time radio observations of short duration gamma-ray bursts

The coalescence of a binary neutron star (NS) system may in some cases produce a massive NS remnant that is long-lived and, potentially, indefinitely stable to gravitational collapse. Such a remnant has been proposed as an explanation for the late X-ray emission observed following some short duration gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) and as possible electromagnetic counterparts to the gravitational wave chirp. A stable NS merger remnant necessarily possesses a large rotational energy > 1e52 erg, the majority of which is ultimately deposited into the surrounding circumburst medium (CBM) at mildly relativistic velocities. We present Very Large Array radio observations of 7 short GRBs, some of which possessed temporally extended X-ray emission, on timescales of ~1-3 years following the initial burst. No radio sources were detected, with typical upper limits ~0.3 mJy at 1.4 GHz. A basic model for the synchrotron emission from the blast wave is used to constrain the presence of a long-lived NS merger remnant in each system. Depending on the GRB, our non-detections translate into upper limits on the CBM density n < 3e-2 - 3e-3 particles/cm^3 required for consistency with the remnant hypothesis. Our upper limits rule out a long-lived remnant in GRB 050724 and 060505, but cannot rule out such a remnant in other systems due to their lower inferred CBM densities based on afterglow modeling or the lack of such constraints. Additional VLA observations in the near future could place tighter limits on the presence of merger remnants in these system. The population of long-lived NS merger remnants will also be constrained by their (non-)detection with upcoming radio transient surveys.
Evidence for temporal variations in the acoustic and f-mode eigenfrequency spectrum of the sun

Abstract The power spectrum obtained from 1985 solar radiation intensity measurements was tested for evidence of frequency shifts of the low-order, low-degree acoustic modes and intermediate degree f-modes classified at SCLERA (Santa Catalina Laboratory for Experimental Relativity by Astrometry). These classifications were based on 1979 differential radius observations. Maxima in the coincidence rates between the peaks in the 1985 power spectrum and the classified frequency spectrum were found for frequency shifts (of the order of 0.05μHz) that are dependent on degree. These shifts indicate a change in eigenfrequency spectrum over a 6 year period. The coincidence rates between the peaks in the 1985 power spectrum and the classified frequency spectrum for multiplets taken in subgroups of ≈5 (same n and contiguous in l ) were typically 3 to 5 σ above the accidental coincidence rate. Since these modes primarily reside in the convection zone, details of temporal changes of these eigenfrequencies should yield interesting information about the level of variations in the properties of the convection zone over, for example, the solar cycle.
Bone cells crosstalk: noncanonical Roring in the Wnt.

It is well established that canonical Wnt signaling in bone regulates bone mass. Much less is known about the role of noncanonical Wnt signaling. Maeda and colleagues now report in Nature Medicine that Wnt5a-Ror2 crosstalk between bone cells enhances bone resorption, thereby negatively regulating skeletal homeostasis (Maeda et al., 2012).
Octadecatrienoic fatty acid isomers of partially hydrogenated soybean oil

The octadecatrienoic fatty acids of partially hydrogenated soybean oil (PHSBO) were concentrated, isolated and analyzed. The results indicated that the 18:3 acids present in PHSBO are composed of four isomers. The isomer present in the largest amount (2.7%) is the allcis isomer, c9,c12,c15-18:3 linolenic acid, and comprises 68.60% of all the isomeric 18:3 acids of PHSBO.
An analytical framework for evaluating and optimizing the performance of structurally controlled flexible manufacturing systems

Defining the capacity of the structurally controlled FMS is an extremely involved task. Most existing evaluation models fail to capture all these features that define the effective capacity of such a system. Recognizing that, under the assumption of exponential processing times, the structurally controlled FMS behaves like a continuous-time Markov chain, this paper proposes an analytical framework for evaluating and optimizing its attained performance. Due to its nonpolynomial computational cost, the approach is applicable only to small FMS configurations, but it seems to be the only known framework able to support the exact solution of the considered problem. Furthermore, it can provide the insight needed for the development of valid approximating techniques that are computationally tractable.
Men's preferences for women's profile waist-to-hip ratio in two societies

Abstract Women's waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) varies with age, and a lower WHR is associated with a higher estrogen-to-androgen ratio and possibly higher fecundity, at least in some populations. Consequently, it has been argued that selection has favored a universal male preference for a low female WHR. In previous studies using frontal pictures, men in the United States preferred a low WHR of 0.7, but men among Hadza hunter–gatherers and a few other small-scale societies preferred higher ratios. Unlike the actual WHR of women, measured with a tape around the waist and the hips and buttocks, the WHR in frontal pictures excludes the buttocks. Because frontal WHR gives only a partial picture, we used profile views of women to measure men's preferences for the profile WHR. Hadza men preferred a lower profile WHR (more protruding buttocks) than American men. Since Hadza men preferred higher frontal WHR but lower profile WHR, and since both contribute to the actual WHR, these results imply there is less disparity between American and Hadza preferences for the actual WHR of real women. We suggest men's preferences vary with the geographic variation in the shape of women who have wider hips in some populations and more protruding buttocks in others.
Correlative Study: Gastric Secretion and Histology

Summary A correlative study of gastric secretions and gastric mucosal histology was performed in 81 patients undergoing maximal histamine-stimulated gastric analysis and peroral gastric mucosal biopsy. The volume of gastric juice and output of acid for the first 30 min following histamine was studied in all 81 patients. In 56 of these patients, the first 30-min specimen was dialyzed, lyophilized, and studied for weight, output of proteolytic enzyme activity, hexose, and vitamin B12-binding materials. Vitamin B12 absorption was tested in 27 patients by the urinary excretion test of Schilling. On the basis of histology, the patients were divided into four groups: normal, superficial gastritis, gastritis with atrophy, and gastric atrophy. Patients with superficial gastritis and little apparent glandular atrophy had marked reduction in volume, weight of gastric juice solids, and in output of acid and proteolytic enzyme activity. The output of hexose and B12-binding materials was similar to that of patients with normal gastric mucosa. With more severe mucosal lesions showing varying degrees of overt atrophy, a further decrease in all of the measured parameters of gastric secretion was noted, including output of hexose and B12-binding materials. Patients with gastritis and atrophy secreted very small amounts of either acid or proteolytic enzymes or both. Patients with complete glandular atrophy were found to secrete small volumes of concentrated juice lacking in acid and proteolytic enzyme activity, yet containing small amounts of vitamin B12-binding materials and having a high concentration of hexose. Vitamin B12 absorption was normal in all patients except those with gastric atrophy, despite the fact that patients having gastritis and partial glandular atrophy produced very little vitamin B12-binding materials.
Design of a Wearable Fingertip Haptic Braille Device

Existing technologies and devices have facilitated the interaction of the blind or visually impaired (BVI) with their surroundings. However, reading remains an area where the potential of these technologies is not fully utilized. This work presents preliminary studies for the design of a finger-wearable E-Braille device that will allow the BVI to read electronic documents as they would read any document in Braille. The proposed device is wearable on a single finger on of the distal and middle phalanges (dorsal side). The main elements of the device are electrotactile display and force sensor. The electrotactile display is an electric board containing a matrix of electrodes that sends current to the fingertip for stimulating the touch feeling of a particular Braille character. By sending a sequence of Braille characters to this board, information can be sent to the user of the device through the generated electrotactile feeling. The force sensor is used in a feedback control loop to maintain steady contact pressure between the fingertip and the display board throughout the reading process. The entire finger-wearable E-Braille tactile display device is composed of a housing that can be customized to individual users, a miniature dc motor, mechanical components, and main elements. The initial testing of the proposed device is underway. Preliminary results indicate that the device can provide tactile sensation similar to that of reading a Braille document. The initial assessment of the device usability is underway.
Fixing federal e-voting standards

Without a threat model and a system model, voting standards cannot ensure the integrity or accuracy of the voting process.
Emendation of the Brown & Michael equation, with application to sound generation by vortex motion near a half-plane

A reappraisal is made of the Brown & Michael (1954, 1955) equation that is widely used to model high-Reynolds-number vortex shedding in two dimensions by rectilinear vortices of time-dependent circulations. It is concluded that the equation introduces an unbalanced and unacceptable surface force that can significantly influence predicted flow characteristics. A corrected equation is derived which removes this force, and is applied to determine the sound generated at low Mach numbers when a line vortex translates around the edge of a rigid half-plane. The solution of this problem in the absence of vortex shedding (Crighton 1972) is extended by permitting shedding to occur at the edge in accordance with the unsteady Kutta condition. The shed vorticity is assumed to roll-up into a concentrated core whose motion is calculated by both the emended and original Brown & Michael equations. The two models exhibit large qualitative differences in the predicted wake flow near the edge; both predict significant reductions in the radiated sound, but the reduction is smaller by about 4 dB for the emended Brown & Michael equation.
Dimethyl Fumarate Associated Lymphopenia in Clinical Practice (P3.240)

OBJECTIVE: To assess the prevalence of lymphopenia in patients prescribed dimethyl fumarate (DMF) at a single MS center. BACKGROUND: Lymphopenia developed in ~5[percnt] of patients treated with DMF in phase III clinical trials. In clinical practice, lymphopenia appears more common. Moreover, a case of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) was recently identified in a lymphopenic DMF-treated patient, underscoring the need for improved understanding of this complication. DESIGN/METHODS: This was a retrospective chart review. RESULTS: Records of 144 patients treated with DMF for 1-14 months were reviewed for the presence of grade 2 (absolute lymphocyte count (ALC) 500-799) or grade 3 (ALC less than 500) lymphopenia. Lymphopenia was more prevalent with longer treatment durations (10[percnt] and 28[percnt] for patients treated 4-6 and >12-months, respectively) and was persistent. It was more common in patients older than 55. Sex, race, and prior disease modifying therapies did not predispose to lymphopenia. No significant infections were observed in this cohort, although this retrospective study had insufficient numbers and intensity of monitoring to reliably detect increased infections. All numbers will be updated prior to the AAN conference to reflect ongoing monitoring of these patients. CONCLUSIONS: Grade 3 lymphopenia appears more common in clinical practice than in phase 3 trials of DMF and may occur disproportionately in older patients. Lymphopenia is more common with prolonged drug treatment and tends to be persistent. Given the recent case report of DMF-associated PML in a lymphopenic patient, these data suggest that more aggressive monitoring of patients treated with DMF is needed to identify lymphopenia and mitigate any lymphopenia-associated risks. Disclosure: Dr. Longbrake has received personal compensation for activities with Genzyme. Dr. Cross has received personal compensation for activities with Biogen Idec, Genzyme Corporation, GlaxoSmithKline, Inc., Hoffman-La Roche, Teva Neuroscience, Novartis, and Questcor.
Internal Colonialism and Ghetto Revolt

The paper explores the thesis that white-Black relations in America are essentially those of colonizer and colonized. The concept of colonization as a process is distinguished from colonialism as a social system in order to isolate the common features in the experience and situation of Afro-Americans and the colonial peoples. Three contemporary social movements are analyzed in this light: urban riots, cultural nationalism, and ghetto control politics. Some dilemmas within these movements are considered in terms of the ambiguities that exist when colonization has taken place outside of a colonial political context. The essay concludes with a brief discussion of the white role in ghettoization and decolonization.
Elicitation from virus-naive individuals of cytotoxic T lymphocytes directed against conserved HIV-1 epitopes

Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) protect against viruses including HIV-1. To avoid viral escape mutants that thwart immunity, we chose 25 CTL epitopes defined in the context of natural infection with functional and/or structural constraints that maintain sequence conservation. By combining HLA binding predictions with knowledge concerning HLA allele frequencies, a metric estimating population protection coverage (PPC) was computed and epitope pools assembled. Strikingly, only a minority of immunocompetent HIV-1 infected individuals responds to pools with PPC >95%. In contrast, virus-naive individuals uniformly expand IFNγ producing cells and mount anti-HIV-1 cytolytic activity. This disparity suggests a vaccine design paradigm shift from infected to normal subjects.
Therapeutic basilar artery occlusion for management of medically refractory basilar artery stenosis: case report.

OBJECTIVE AND IMPORTANCE: To describe a novel therapeutic approach (endovascular basilar artery occlusion) to a notoriously difficult-to-manage clinical condition (actively symptomatic high-grade basilar artery stenosis) on the basis of assessment of the patient-specific mechanism of disease. CLINICAL PRESENTATION: An 81-year-old woman presented with recurrent episodes of brainstem ischemia refractory to aggressive medical therapy. Cerebral angiography revealed a high-grade proximal basilar artery stenosis. On the basis of clinical presentation and angiographic findings, the pathogenesis of this complex of symptoms was thought to be embolic rather than hemodynamic. INTERVENTION: Endovascular coil occlusion of the basilar artery was used, with excellent outcome (cessation of ischemic symptoms and independent level of functioning at 1 yr). CONCLUSION: Successful endovascular management of intracranial occlusive disease requires understanding of the mechanism responsible for the patient's symptoms.
Simplifying equations in Arabic algebra

Abstract Historians have always seen jabr (restoration) and muqābala (confrontation) as technical terms for specific operations in Arabic algebra. This assumption clashes with the fact that the words were used in a variety of contexts. By examining the different uses of jabr, muqābala, ikmāl (completion), and radd (returning) in the worked-out problems of several medieval mathematics texts, we show that they are really nontechnical words used to name the immediate goals of particular steps. We also find that the phrase al-jabr wa'l-muqābala was first used within the solutions of problems to mean al-jabr and/or al-muqābala, and from there it became the name of the art of algebra.
Recent Advances in Combined Modality Therapy

Combined modality therapy emerged from preclinical data showing that carefully chosen drugs could enhance the sensitivity of tumor cells to radiation while having nonoverlapping toxicities. Recent advances in molecular biology involving the identification of cellular receptors, enzymes, and pathways involved in tumor growth and immortality have resulted in the development of biologically targeted drugs. This review highlights the recent clinical data in support of newer generation cytotoxic chemotherapies and systemic targeted agents in combination with radiation therapy.