cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Origin of Total Diet Studies

The concept of a “total diet study” emerged in the late 1950s in response to concerns about environmental contaminants in the food supply. This chapter provides a brief history of the events that contributed to the contamination and early monitoring activities in the US, Europe, and Japan. By the early 1960s, the US expanded the scope of its monitoring to encompass the “total diet.” The chapter tells the story of the expansion of total diet studies worldwide and the role of FAO and WHO in promoting and expanding TDS programs and capacities.
Fear of Crime at School: Understanding Student Perceptions of Safety as Function of Historical Context

Research on students’ perceptions of fear in school settings has proliferated, specifically as recent school shootings and the media blitz surrounding these events contribute to student and adminis...
Assessing Instructional Modalities: Individualized Treatment Effects for Personalized Learning

Estimating the efficacy of different instructional modalities, techniques, and interventions is challenging because teaching style covaries with instructor, and the typical student only takes a cou...
Surgical reconstruction after chemotherapy or radiation. Problems and solutions.

The most significant advances in the treatment of head and neck cancer over the last several decades have resulted from multidisciplinary cooperation among the specialists involved in the care of these patients. This cooperative effort has resulted in an increasing number of patients being treated primarily with radiation therapy or with combined chemotherapy and radiation therapy protocols to improve long-term survival and quality of life. Although the benefits of these treatments are indisputable, subsequent surgical salvage often creates massive defects that the surgeon must reconstruct to optimize form and function. The effects of radiation therapy and chemotherapeutic agents on local tissues and wound healing compound the surgical challenge but have resulted in many new reconstructive techniques. This article discusses the effects of chemotherapy and radiation therapy on local tissues, outlines the surgical complications that may result, and introduces the latest reconstructive options available to the head and neck surgeon.
Calculation of Hamaker Coefficients for Metallic Aerosols from Extensive Optical Data

Studies of resuspension of aerosol particles from surfaces require consideration of van der Waals forces. Hamaker coefficients, which enable the calculation of van der Waals forces, for metals have been previously reported for only a few cases. The report presents application of the theory developed by Lifshitz to the calculation of Hamaker coefficients for metals. The theory requires data for the complex refractive index or dielectric function over a very wide range of frequencies. The data must undergo a Kramers-Kronig transformation, which involves integration of the data over the complete frequency range, prior to integration (again over the complete frequency range) for the Hamaker coefficient. An algorithm which performs numerical integration of unequally spaced data using Gaussian quadrature has been used, along with data available in the literature, to compute Hamaker coefficients for several metals of interest in core-melt aerosol studies including Ag, Al, Fe, Ni. and W. Hamaker coefficients fell between 10 and 50 x 10-13 ergs for all materials for which sufficiently extensive optical data were available. The available literature values show good agreement with Hamaker coefficients calculated by the method presented here. Temperature dependencies for the Hamaker coefficient are shown to be negligible for the materials studied.
Commentary on DNR-Based Instruction in Mathematics as a Conceptual Framework

In the domain of proofs in mathematics education, the DNR theory created by Guershon Harel attempts to bridge the epistemologies of what constitutes proofs in professional mathematics and mathematics education. The DNR theory is one that has been gradually developed.
Distribution Network Expansion Through Optimally Sized and Placed Distributed Energy Storage

Driven by their responsibility of meeting growing electricity demand and providing customers with reliable and cost effective service, electric utilities are continuously expected to expand their distribution networks. As a result, distribution network expansion models are needed to help electric utilities determine the optimal expansion plan that meets their operational requirements. These models, when applied to modern distribution networks, should be able to consider the installation of new technologies in the network, such as distributed energy storage (DES) while taking the system operational characteristics into consideration. This paper proposes a distribution network expansion planning model through optimally sized and placed DES. DES installation can potentially reduce the expansion cost by providing congestion relief and peak shaving services, improve the distribution network reliability, reduce the line losses, and enhance the system voltage profile. The proposed model is formulated using mixed integer linear programming (MIP) and tested on the standard IEEE 33-bus system.
The university and its neighborhood: A study of place-making and change

Universities are looking beyond their campuses, reconceiving of neighborhoods as assets rather than liabilities. But what does this mean for the neighborhood? This study evaluates place-based chang...
Reprocessable 3D-Printed Conductive Elastomeric Composite Foams for Strain and Gas Sensing

Mechanically robust, highly compressible, and conductive thermoplastic polyurethane/carbon black foams were successfully fabricated via 3D printing. Thixotropic inks were formulated by dispersing n...
Influence of viscous boundary layer on wave propagation on isolated tectorial membranes

The tectorial membrane is an extracellular matrix located in the cochlea. The tectorial membrane is often hypothesized to play an important role in hearing mechanics. Measurements of wave propagation on isolated tectorial membranes have been used in the literature to characterize the intrinsic mechanical properties of tectorial membranes in the auditory frequency range. While most previous studies have made an implicit assumption regarding the width of the tectorial membranes in order to find the properties of the TM using a simple model, we have recently used a more accurate model that takes into account the finite width of the TM and its anisotropy. However, experiments are conducted in an artificial endolymph bath, which we neglected in our previous analysis. In this work, we study the influence of the viscous boundary layer due to the fluid on wave propagation on isolated tectorial membranes. The boundary layer adds damping and mass to the tectorial membrane, which we model using a commercial finite element software. The influence of the boundary layer on the space constant and wave speed of the longitudinally propagating radial motion, and on the spatial patterns of the longitudinal motion, are analyzed.The tectorial membrane is an extracellular matrix located in the cochlea. The tectorial membrane is often hypothesized to play an important role in hearing mechanics. Measurements of wave propagation on isolated tectorial membranes have been used in the literature to characterize the intrinsic mechanical properties of tectorial membranes in the auditory frequency range. While most previous studies have made an implicit assumption regarding the width of the tectorial membranes in order to find the properties of the TM using a simple model, we have recently used a more accurate model that takes into account the finite width of the TM and its anisotropy. However, experiments are conducted in an artificial endolymph bath, which we neglected in our previous analysis. In this work, we study the influence of the viscous boundary layer due to the fluid on wave propagation on isolated tectorial membranes. The boundary layer adds damping and mass to the tectorial membrane, which we model using a commercial finite e...
Time-Centric Models For Designing Embedded Cyber-physical Systems

Abstract : The problem addressed by this paper is that real-time embedded software today is commonly built using programming abstractions with little or no temporal semantics. The focus is on computer-based systems where multiple computers are connected on a network and interact with and through physical processes (the plant) via sensors and actuators. Such systems are often termed cyber-physical systems (CPS). The paper discusses the use of an extension to the Ptolemy II framework as a coordination language for the design of distributed real-time embedded systems. Specifically, the paper shows how to use modal models in the context of the PTIDES extension of Ptolemy II to provide a firm basis for the design of an important class of problems. Several examples are given to show the use of this environment in the design of interesting practical real-time systems.
Emerging trajectories for spatial pattern analysis in landscape ecology

Landscape ecology is an interdisciplinary field, drawing on theories and methods from across the physical, natural, and social sciences. Spatial pattern analysis was built on this foundation of interdisciplinarity, and these connections continue to foster new trajectories in the field. Using the Isserman Curve (i.e., the innovation-adoption or cumulative knowledge curve) as a framing device, this paper examines how interdisciplinary perspectives continue to help de-lock from periods of incremental improvement in spatial pattern analysis and launch new, transformative directions for describing and analyzing spatial patterns. Examples of interdisciplinary perspectives from three fields are discussed alongside the promising trajectories being launched. These include: (1) microscopy and surface metrology, which are contributing methods for analyzing spatial patterns in gradient surfaces, (2) thermodynamics and information theory, which contribute a foundation for measuring entropy and an understanding of how landscape patterns are governed by the central organizing principles of nature, and (3) regional studies, which utilizes alternative conceptualizations of proximity that may be applied to graph-based approaches to better incorporate functional connectivity. Landscape ecology’s interdisciplinary roots have been instrumental for developing innovative approaches to spatial pattern analysis, and outside perspectives continue to add richly to development efforts today. During periods of incremental improvement, landscape ecologists have drawn from other disciplines to create new seedbeds for ideas. While many trajectories may emerge, there is no rule that only one must become dominant. Blending multiple perspectives and ideas together into mutually supportive structures is helping the field move beyond the status quo.
Hydrodynamic Force Decoupling Using a Distributed Sensory System

In this letter, we present a distributed pressure sensory system, inspired by the lateral line found in fish, for estimating hydrodynamic forces acting on an autonomous underwater vehicle. By canceling these forces using the vehicle control system, the dynamics of the vehicle can be decoupled from the state of the surrounding fluid. We discuss a control scheme which combines the measured hydrodynamic forces with a feedback controller that is robust to disturbances and measurement errors, achieving asymptotic tracking in the presence of bounded disturbances and errors. We compare this robust lateral line controller to a baseline robust controller not using the lateral line system and to a controller using the lateral line with simple PD feedback. We simulate a spatially and time varying velocity flow field on the scale of the vehicle and show that the robust lateral line controller has improved performance compared to both the baseline robust controller and the PD controller using the lateral line system.
Book Review: Human Rights and Global Diversity: Basic Ethics in Action

This professional book review provides a critique of R. P. Churchill's (2006) book entitled Human Rights and Global Diversity: Basic Ethics in Action. His book is divided into three chapters: 1. Reasoning about Human Rights, 2. Debating the Universality of Human Rights, and 3. Human Rights and Cross Cultural Negotiations. Churchill presented the concepts and constructs of human rights, the universality of human rights and an argument for human rights. Churchill’s overarching claim for human rights was that they are the same for all human beings regardless where they reside. In addition to presenting the arguments for universal human rights he presented the oppositional constructs by the integration of the voices of notable theorists.
Scintillation imaging as a high-resolution, remote, versatile 2D detection system for MR-linac quality assurance.

PURPOSE To demonstrate the potential benefits of remote camera-based scintillation imaging for routine quality assurance (QA) measurements for magnetic resonance guided radiotherapy (MRgRT) linear accelerators. METHODS A wall-mounted CMOS camera with a time-synchronized intensifier was used to image photons produced from a scintillation screen in response to dose deposition from a 6 MV FFF x-ray beam produced by a 0.35 T MR-linac. The oblique angle of the field of view was corrected using a projective transform from a checkerboard calibration target. Output sensitivity and constancy was measured using the scintillator and benchmarked against an A28 ion chamber. Field cross-plane and in-plane profiles were measured for field sizes ranging from 1.68 × 1.66 cm2 to 20.02 × 19.92 cm2 with both scintillation imaging and using an IC profiler. Multileaf collimator (MLC) shifts were introduced to test sensitivity of the scintillation imaging system to small spatial deviations. A picket fence test and star-shot were delivered to both the scintillator and EBT3 film to compare accuracy in measuring MLC positions and isocenter size. RESULTS The scintillation imaging system showed comparable sensitivity and linearity to the ion chamber in response to changes in machine output down to 0.5 MU (R2 = 0.99). Cross-plane profiles show strong agreement with defined field sizes using full width half maximum (FWHM) measurement of <2 mm for field sizes below 15 cm, but the oblique viewing angle was the limiting factor in accuracy of in-plane profile widths. However, the system provided high-resolution profiles in both directions for constancy measurements. Small shifts in the field position down to 0.5 mm were detectable with <0.1 mm accuracy. Multileaf collimator positions as measured with both scintillation imaging and EBT3 film were measured within ± 1 mm tolerance and both detection systems produced similar isocenter sizes from the star-shot analysis (0.81 and 0.83 mm radii). CONCLUSIONS Remote scintillation imaging of a two-dimensional screen provided a rapid, versatile, MR-compatible solution to many routine quality assurance procedures including output constancy, profile flatness and symmetry constancy, MLC position verification and isocenter size. This method is high-resolution, does not require post-irradiation readout, and provides simple, instantaneous data acquisition. Full automation of the readout and processing could make this a very simple but effective QA tool, and is adaptable to all medical accelerators.
Use of an Animal Model System for Evaluating Labeled Monoclonal Antibodies

Radiolabeled antibodies have received much attention as to their possible use in tumor imaging and in tumor therapy.1–4 The early studies by Pressman and co-workers suggested that these reagents could localize in tumors and, therefore, could be used for tumor imaging.5,6 Since that time, there have been numerous other reports describing their use for this purpose.7–9 Because these studies used polyclonal antibodies, there was much concern over the large amount of nonspecific binding that was observed. To eliminate this problem, background subtraction techniques10 were developed to make the specific uptake in the target tissue more distinct.
Chapter 13 Nitrogen Fixation and Plant Tissue Culture

Publisher Summary This chapter presents an overview of nitrogen fixation and plant tissue culture. For the normal functioning of nitrogenase, two proteins are essential to be present. One of these is called the “MoFe protein.” It is a molybdenum protein containing approximately one to two molybdenum atoms and about 20 iron atoms, with an equivalent amount of acid-labile sulfur per molecule and a molecular weight (MW) of approximately 220,000. This protein is an a 2 β 2 system composed of two subunits. The other protein contains only iron. It is a dimer of identical subunits containing a 4Fe-4S cubic cluster of the type found in bacterial ferredoxins. Some of the physiological limitations that may be placed upon the activity of nitrogenase when in a new cellular environment are presented in the chapter. One of the problems associated with the transfer of nitrogen fixation is the high energy consumption of the plant system.
Foods contributing to fruit and vegetable intakes of U.S. adults: What We Eat In America, NHANES 2009-2010 (369.3)

Fruits and vegetables that are consumed as individual foods such as apples or tomatoes are also ingredients in mixture foods such as apple pie or pizza. Using 1-day food intakes for adults 20+ years (n=5762) from What We Eat In America (WWEIA), NHANES 2009-2010, this study compared fruit and vegetable intakes from the Food Patterns Equivalents Database 2009-2010 to WWEIA Food Categories (FC) to determine contribution of all foods including mixtures to total fruit and vegetable intakes. The estimated mean Total Fruit intake of adults was ~1 cup equivalent per day, most from fruits and 100% fruit juices (63 and 27% respectively). WWEIA FCs contributing 蠅5% to Total Fruit intake were apples (17%), citrus juices (16%), bananas (12%), other fruits and fruit salads (8%), other fruit juices (8%), melons (7%), berries (6%) and citrus fruits (5%). The estimated mean Total Vegetable intake of males and females was 1.7 and 1.5 cup equivalents per day, respectively, most from vegetables and mixed dishes (61 and 25%, ...
Analytical design of permanent magnet traction drive motors

This paper presents an analytical design of permanent magnet (PM) traction drive motors with emphasis on calculation of the volume and sizes of PM material. A set of formulae are presented to properly size the magnets without the high effort of finite element analysis (FEA). These formulae not only give optimized magnet sizes, but also provide quick solutions for the preliminary designs. The method can be used in the initial design stage to set up the base for FEA and optimization, as well as throughout the entire design and optimization process to verify the PM motor design. Numerical methods and experiments validated the proposed method.
Deep Venous Thrombosis: Early Discharge Strategies and Outpatient Management

Conventional management of acute deep venous thrombosis (DVT) consists of initiating continuous infusion intravenous unfractionated heparin (UFH) for 5 days in the hospital as well as warfarin. Low-molecular-weight heparins (LMWHs) appear to confer similar protection against recurrent DVT compared with UFH but exhibit prolonged bioavailability; increased ease of dosing, and fewer side effects. The advent of LMWH has resulted in increased numbers of patients undergoing initial management of acute DVT with only several days of hospitalization. While 3-month follow-up studies with LMWH demonstrate similar efficacy and safety to UFH, longer term experience with these new agents is necessary to determine their optimal use and safety. We suggest a system for triage in the initial management of DVT patients for: (1) complete outpatient management with LMWH, or (2) short-term hospitalization for initiation of LMWH, or (3) 5-day hospitalization for treatment with UFH. A review of DVT management with LMWH and algorithms for each of these pathways are provided.
Classification of intrusion detection alerts using abstaining classifiers

Intrusion Detection Systems have been observed to trigger an abundance of false positives, that is alerts not reporting security problems. Assuming that in real installations most of the alerts are reviewed by human security analysts in a timely manner, it is possible to use supervised machine learning techniques for automated alert classification to classify alerts into true and false positives. This paper explores the requirements for such an alert classification system and shows that, being a difficult and challenging machine learning problem, it is particularly suited for the application of abstaining classifiers, i.e., classifiers that can refrain from classification in some cases. We show that by applying our method for finding optimal, abstaining classifiers based on the ROC analysis, one can significantly reduce the rates of false positives and the false negatives as well as overall misclassification cost, making this method particularly viable for this application domain. Finally, we validate our method on one real-world proprietary dataset and one synthetic, publicly available dataset.
Dislocation of the mandibular condyle into the middle cranial fossa. Report of a case.

T he mandible and temporal bone are structured so that sufficient trauma usually causes fracture of the condylar neck and prevents dislocation of the condyle into the middle cranial fossa. Therefore, dislocation of the mandibular condyle into the middle cranial fossa is an unusual finding. Whitacrel found three cases in a survey of the literature from 1920 to 1965, and he added a fourth ease. Apart from anatomic protection, the disparity of cases reported may be due to the lack of awareness in clinical diagnosis and to the difficulty of radiographic diagnosis. Routine radiographs of the skull and facial skeleton failed to demonstrate the dislocation in three cases reported. As a matter of speculation, the reported infrequency may be related in part t’o mortality caused by intracranial damage from a displaced condyle.
The demographic and morphological features of rotator cuff disease. A comparison of asymptomatic and symptomatic shoulders.

Background: Very little comparative information is available regarding the demographic and morphological characteristics of asymptomatic and symptomatic rotator cuff tears. This information is important to provide insight into the natural history of rotator cuff disease and to identify which factors may be important in the development of pain. The purpose of the present study was to compare the morphological characteristics and prevalences of asymptomatic and symptomatic rotator cuff disease in patients who presented with unilateral shoulder pain. Methods: Five hundred and eighty-eight consecutive patients in whom a standardized ultrasonographic study had been performed by an experienced radiologist for the assessment of unilateral shoulder pain were evaluated with regard to the presence and size of rotator cuff tears in each shoulder. The demographic factors that were analyzed included age, gender, side, and cuff thickness. All of these factors were evaluated with regard to their correlation with the presence of pain. Results: Of the 588 consecutive patients who met the inclusion criteria, 212 had an intact rotator cuff bilaterally, 199 had a unilateral rotator cuff tear (either partial or full thickness), and 177 had a bilateral tear (either partial or full thickness). The presence of rotator cuff disease was highly correlated with age. The average age was 48.7 years for patients with no rotator cuff tear, 58.7 years for those with a unilateral tear, and 67.8 years for those with a bilateral tear. Logistic regression analysis indicated a 50% likelihood of a bilateral tear after the age of sixty-six years (p < 0.01). In patients with a bilateral rotator cuff tear in whom one tear was symptomatic and the other tear was asymptomatic, the symptomatic tear was significantly larger (p < 0.01). The average size of a symptomatic tear was 30% greater than that of an asymptomatic tear. Overall, patients who presented with a full-thickness symptomatic tear had a 35.5% prevalence of a full-thickness tear on the contralateral side. Conclusions: There is a high correlation between the onset of rotator cuff tears (either partial or full thickness) and increasing age. Bilateral rotator cuff disease, either symptomatic or asymptomatic, is common in patients who present with unilateral symptomatic disease. As the size of a tear appears to be an important factor in the development of symptoms, we recommend surveillance at yearly intervals for patients with known rotator cuff tears that are treated nonoperatively.
Strategic perspective on technology transfer: A call for collaborative research

Technology transfer should not be viewed as a single, “one shot” process. There are downstream strategic issues that must be dealt with if the technology-transfer process is to be well-integrated into a firm's activities. Too often these downstream issues are not apparent during the decisions leading to the actual transfer of the technology. Several key issues that should be weighed by managers are presented, their impact on competitive positioning is considered, and they are discussed in the contexts of maquiladora (twin-plant) factories in Mexico and investments in Chinese Special Economic Zones.
CD4 Counts of Nonperinatally HIV–Infected Youth and Young Adults Presenting for HIV Care Between 2002 and 2010

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) incidence is increasing among youth, particularly young men who have sex with men and racial/ethnic minorities. Earlier presentation to care, a goal of public health initiatives, can limit immune deterioration and HIV transmission. We determined if fewer nonperinatally HIV (nPHIV)–infected youth are presenting for care at lower CD4 counts.
An Eulerian gyrokinetic-Maxwell solver

In this report we present a time-explicit, Eulerian numerical scheme for the solution of the nonlinear gyrokinetic-Maxwell equations. The treatment of electrons is fully drift-kinetic, transverse electromagnetic fluctuations are included, and profile variation is allowed over an arbitrary radial annulus. The code, gyro, is benchmarked against analytic theory, linear eigenmode codes, and nonlinear electrostatic gyrokinetic particle-in-cell codes. We have attempted preliminary finite-β calculations in the range β/βcrit= [0.0, 0.5] for a reference discharge. Detailed diagnostic data is presented for these simulations, along with a number of caveats which reflect the uncharted nature of the parameter regime.
Regulation of uterine immune function by progesterone—lessons from the sheep

Abstract Survival of the fetal allograft results from orchestrated adjustments in activity of maternal lymphoid cells as well as in trophoblast gene expression. One molecule that regulates uterine immune responsiveness is progesterone. In fact, uterine skin graft survival and susceptibility to bacterial infections are increased by progesterone. This review focuses on the role of progesterone in regulation of uterine immune function in the sheep. While the importance of progesterone as a regulator of immune function likely varies between species, concepts derived from the sheep model may prove pertinent to other species also. The actions of progesterone on uterine immune function in the ewe change during pregnancy. Before day 50 of gestation, i.e. when the uterus is still dependent upon the corpus luteum as a source of progesterone, concentrations of progesterone are probably not high enough at the maternal–fetal interface to inhibit lymphocyte activation. During this early period of pregnancy, progesterone inhibits uterine immune function by inducing endometrial secretion of a protein called uterine milk protein (UTMP) that itself is inhibitory to lymphocyte function. After day 50 of pregnancy, it is likely that the placenta produces sufficient amounts of progesterone to directly inhibit lymphocyte proliferation. Additional inhibition is achieved because of sustained synthesis of UTMP. Accordingly, progesterone acts to regulate uterine immune function in ways that allows for inhibition of immune responses at the utero–placental interface without systemic immunosuppression.
Food Insufficiency and Physical and Mental Health in a Longitudinal Survey of Welfare Recipients

Food insufficiency is a significant problem in the United States, and poor African American women with children are at especially high risk. An inadequate household food supply can potentially affect the well-being of household members, but it is difficult to distinguish the effects of food insufficiency from risk factors for poor health that are also common among the food insufficient, such as poverty. We examined food insufficiency and physical and mental health among African American and white women (n = 676) who were welfare recipients in 1997. Controlling for common risk factors, women who reported food insufficiency in both 1997 and 1998 were more likely to report fair or poor health at the later date. Food insufficiency in 1998 was significantly associated with meeting the diagnostic screening criteria for recent major depression. Food insufficiency at both times and in 1998 only was related to women's sense of mastery. These findings add to growing evidence that household food insufficiency is associated with poor physical and mental health.
Creating a New Model Curriculum: A Rationale for "Computing Curricula 1990".

Abstract The Joint Curriculum Task Force of the acm and the ieee Computer Society has proposed a new flexible collection of curricula which provides the basis for broad-based undergraduate computing programs. In order to have the curricula applicable to as many types of undergraduate institutions as possible, the curricula have been designed around a collection of “knowledge units” which can be put together in a variety of ways to form a coherent set of courses leading to a major in computing. In order to help provide connections between these knowledge units, the task force has also identified a number of “recurring concepts” which tie together seemingly disparate parts of the curriculum. The purpose of this article is to provide an informal discussion of the considerations that went into the creation of these curricular guidelines, and provide insight into the reasons behind many of the decisions that were made.
Becoming an Early Childhood Teacher Leader and an Advocate for Social Justice: A Phenomenological Interview Study

This phenomenological interview study identifies the insights and experiences of one early childhood teacher, Anna, through her recollection of becoming an early childhood teacher leader and an advocate for social justice. This study falls at the nexus of the literature in early childhood education (ECE), teacher leadership, and social justice as the researchers seek to understand the lived experiences of a teacher, who is committed to each of these three activities. As a result, the purpose of this exploratory study was to understand how the early childhood teacher might define, understand and play out leadership roles in her position. Two assertions emerge from the merging of themes into categories and categories into assertions. The first assertion describes the importance of experiences in childhood and how they are directly linked to the way one perceives, understands, and carries out leadership in early childhood settings. The second assertion outlines how the visions of leadership in early childhoo...
Cohesion in virtual teams: validating the perceived cohesion scale in a distributed setting

With the advent of new technology-enabled organizational forms, firms are increasingly relying on virtual teams to accomplish organizational objectives. For those studying these environments, sound measurement of work team phenomena, such as group cohesion, is the key to understanding the impact of these new technologies on team processes and performance. Bollen and Hoyle (1990) created a six-item Perceived Cohesion Scale (PCS) to measure cohesion in groups and employed a study of large groups to assess the psychometric qualities of their scale. Chin et al. (1999) validated the PCS measure using a study of small groups that were collocated. The present effort extends the Chin et al. (1999) adaptation of Bollen and Hoyle's PCS scale to virtual teams and attempts to validate it in this setting. Our findings indicate support for the validity, reliability and factorial stability of the measure in this virtual team context.
ADDITIVE AMELIORATION OF TIBIAL DYSCHONDROPLASIA IN BROILERS BY SUPPLEMENTAL CALCIUM OR FEED DEPRIVATION

Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of mineral nutrition and early growth rate on tibial dyschondroplasia (TD) in broiler chickens. A corn-soybean meal diet with .6% available P (aP) was fed from the day of hatching for 20 days. Experiment 1 had a 2 x 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments with two dietary levels of Ca (1.1 or 1.8% of the diet), two levels of dietary Cl (.22 or .34%), and two feeding systems (ad libitum or deprived of feed for 8 h three times per week on Monday, Wednesday, and Friday beginning at 6 days of age). Experiment 2 was a 3 x 2 factorial arrangement with three levels of Ca (1.14, 1.50, or 1.80%) and two feeding systems (ad libitum or deprivation as in Experiment 1). Nineteen-day BW gain was not affected by treatments in the first experiment. Feed deprivation decreased gain in the second experiment, and gain was increased by the highest Ca level without affecting feed efficiency. Feed deprivation did not affect feed efficiency in either experiment. Dietary Cl level did not affect any variable studied. Supplemental Ca increased bone ash in the first experiment, but not in Experiment 2. Feed deprivation and increasing Ca levels decreased the incidence of TD and the amount of severe lesions. Increasing dietary Ca resulted in a greater accumulation of Ca into the epiphyseal growth plate cartilage. The results suggest that the dietary Ca:aP ratio required for bone integrity in starter chicks may be greater than 2.2:1.
Facile Palladium-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling of Monoorganozinc Halides with 3-Iodoanthranilonitriles

Abstract A convenient synthesis of 3-substituted anthranilonitriles has been developed which involves cross-coupling of monoorganozinc halides with 3-iodoanthranilonitrile catalyzed by a palladium complex.
A note on the leap-frog scheme in two and three dimensions

The paper considers the leap-frog finite-difference method (Kreiss and Oliger, 1973) for systems of partial differential equations of the form du/dt = dF/dx + dG/dy + dH/dz, where d denotes partial derivative, u is a q-component vector and a function of x, y, z, and t, and the vectors F, G, and H are functions of u only. The original leap-frog algorithm is shown to admit a modification that improves on the stability conditions for two and three dimensions by factors of 2 and 2.8, respectively, thereby permitting larger time steps. The scheme for three dimensions is considered optimal in the sense that it combines simple averaging and large time steps.
Performance Evaluation Of The Antares Reference Telescope System

The Antares Reference Telescope System is a complicated electro-optical-mechanical system whose main purpose is to enable positioning of targets used in the Antares Laser System to within 10 μm of a selected nominal position. To date, it has been used successfully to position targets ranging in size from 300 μm to 2 mm. The system consists of two electro-optical systems positioned in a nearly orthogonal manner. This "cross telescope" configuration facilitates accurate positioning in three planes. The results obtained so far in resolution and positioning of targets using this system are discussed. It is shown that a resolution of 200 1p/mm and a positioning precision of 25 μm can be obtained.
Mounding alters environmental filters that drive plant community development in a novel grassland

Earthen mounds are commonly used in ecological restoration to increase environmental heterogeneity, create favorable microclimates and retain soil resources that promote plant establishment. Although mounding is commonly employed in restoration, few microtopography studies focus on the long-term effects of mounding on restored plant community development. We assessed the vegetation and physical environment of earthen mounds installed at a novel grassland ten years after restoration to look for patterns in plant community development. We used permutational multiple analysis of variance (PERMANOVA) to identify differences in plant community composition and the associated mound-driven environmental variables, summer soil moisture and height above peak soil inundation, in relation to mound position. We used indicator species analysis (ISA) to classify the species that defined mound top and intermound space plant communities. We found that mound position drove plot height above flooding and soil moisture while plant community composition was driven by plot height above flooding, summer soil moisture, and mound position. ISA showed that species colonized mound microsites differently: most wetland species occurred between mounds and xeric stress tolerators largely occupied dry mound tops. We visualized these differences with non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) ordination, finding that species sorted out in multivariate space based on mound position. We conclude that mounding can have relatively long-term effects on plant community development, even in highly disturbed, minimally maintained restoration projects.
Fast atom bombardment mass spectra of isobaric/isomeric phosphonium salts

The positive ion fast atom bombardment mass spectra of isobaric/isomeric aryl phosphonium salts typically contain abundant intact cations, which can be used to establish the cationic molecular weight, characteristic ions that can be used to delineate structural subgroups, and fragment ions corresponding to losses of small neutral molecules. Several of the fragmentation pathways were elucidated by parent ion and daughter ion tandem mass spectrometry experiments. Dependence of the fragmentation reactions on functional group substitution suggests that fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry is an excellent method for the differentiation of isobaric/isomeric phosphonium salts used in synthetic organic and industrial catalytic processes.
Visualization of Flame Propagation by Laser-Fluorescence Imaging of Nitrogen Dioxide

Abstract Laser induced fluorescence (LIF) from a trace concentration of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) molecules (700 ppm) was used to visualize the propagation of a flame in a stoichiometric methane-air mixture in a constant volume combustion chamber. The fluorescence excitation was produced by a sheet (45 × 1 mm) of laser light from the second-harmonic output (532 nm) of a pulsed Nd : YAG laser. Two-dimensional detection of the fluorescence from the NO2 molecules was provided by a gated, image-intensified vidicon camera read in a 100 × 100 pixel format with an effective spatial resolution of 0·6 × 0·6 mm. With 0·1 joules of energy in a single laser pulse the NO2 detectability was 70 ppm at minimum signal-to-noise (S/N= 1). In the absence of combustion the background noise level was limited to the variation in the fixed pattern noise of the detector. Although the vidicon was electronically gated and provided a signal rejection of 10−6, during combustion the chemiluminescence from the flame completely masked the ...
Left ventricular diastolic abnormalities in diabetes mellitus I in relation to cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy and retinopathy

In this study the authors evaluated left ventricular performance in two groups of type I diabetes, with or without autonomic neuropathy, using the pulsed Doppler echocardiographic method. They also evaluated the eventual presence of retinopathy in these groups. A significant left ventricular performance alteration was observed only in the first group (with autonomic neuropathy) in particular concerning the diastolic phase. In this group they found a significant correlation with the presence of retinopathy (p<0.01), in contrast to the second group, which had a lower incidence of retinopathy. It is possible to presume that diabetic patients with autonomic neuropathy had, as compared with a similar group without this feature, more nerve damage and also greater vascular damage, which can be expressed by the more significant presence of retinopathy and alteration of the left ventricular diastolic phase.
Ablation Thermal Protection Systems: Suitability of ablation systems to thermal protection depends on complex physical and chemical processes

The performance of ablation thermal protection systems is intimately related to the mass transfer, heat transfer, and chemical reactions which occur within the gas boundary layer. Production of a liquid layer and phase change or chemical reaction heat sinks greatly improve materials performance. Materials are available which achieve many goals for thermal protection. However, advanced materials which are now being developed provide hope of further reductions in the weight of heat-shielding structures.
Children's Achievement Moderates the Effects of Mothers' Use of Control and Autonomy Support

Two studies investigated the effects of parents' control and autonomy support on low- and high-achieving children. In Study 1, mothers' (N=110) involvement with children (7 to 10 years old) in the context of a challenging task was observed. During this interaction, mothers' control predicted diminished engagement and their autonomy support predicted enhanced performance for low-achieving children more than for high-achieving children. In Study 2, mothers' (N=121) responses to children's (9 to 12 years old) failure were assessed with a daily checklist. Children's grades were obtained at this time and 6 months later. Mothers' controlling responses predicted decreased performance and their autonomy-supportive responses predicted increased performance over time for low achievers more than for high achievers.
Intraoperative cerebral arterial embolization during total hip arthroplasty.

Background Fat embolism to the pulmonary circulation is known to occur during total hip arthroplasty, especially during insertion of a cemented femoral component. Fat and air bubbles may enter the systemic circulation via a patent foramen ovale or through pulmonary circulation. Methods To determine whether microemboli to the brain were occurring during total hip arthroplasty, 23 patients underwent transcranial Doppler assessment of emboli to the middle cerebral artery during total hip arthroplasty. Surgery was performed with the patient in the lateral decubitus position so that the probe recorded from the nondependent side. Results Successful recordings were made in 20 patients, in 8 of 20 patients there were embolic signals, which ranging from 1 to 200. In all eight patients, signals were recorded during impaction of a cemented component or after relocation of the hip. Only one patient showed evidence of emboli with impaction of the acetabulum component. In two patients there were 150 and 200 embolic signals: in both mild respiratory symptoms developed. One patient became overtly agitated during a flurry of emboli. Conclusion Cerebral microemboli can occur during total hip arthroplasty. Whether this contributes to changes in postoperative cognitive function is unknown.
Dispersion relation and excitation character of a two-component Bose-Einstein condensate

We present a study for the dispersion relation and character of the excitations of a single- and two-component Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC). We study the single-component dispersion for a finite BEC system and look at examples of quasiparticles to understand and characterize the dispersion relation. Next we present the dispersion relation for a two-component BEC in both the miscible and immiscible parameter regimes. Then we present examples of the quasiparticles for both regimes.
Lymphocyte subpopulations in lymphoid organs of rats after acute resistance exercise

Purpose: The ability of aerobic exercise to change lymphocyte subpopulation distributions is well documented: much less is known about resistance exercise. The purpose of this experiment was to determine the effects of an acute bout of resistance exercise on lymphocyte subpopulations in primary and secondary lymphoid compartments. Methods: Male rats were operantly conditioned to climb a ladder while carrying weights that were progressively increased to equal body weight. During the acute session, rats performed repetitive climbs until exhaustion. Thymus, spleen, blood, and axial and inguinal lymph nodes were removed; leukocytes were isolated and incubated with monoclonal antibodies against differentiation markers, activation antigens, and adhesion molecules. Results: Exercised versus control rats had greater numbers of leukocytes in the thymus, axial, and inguinal nodes but not in the blood or spleen. The percentage of CD4 cells increased after exercise in the thymus, spleen, and blood. The percentages of cells expressing the integrin LFA-1 β were elevated in all the tissues except inguinal lymph nodes. In addition, more leukocytes from exercised than nonexercised rats expressed detectable numbers of activation markers, IL-2 receptor-a and MHC class II molecules: however, as indicated by proliferating cell nuclear antigen analysis, the cells were not actively dividing at the time of assay. Conclusions: Based on these and published data, it appears that a single bout of resistance exercise can affect lymphoid cell subpopulations probably by inducing changes in leukocyte trafficking.
Electronegativities of nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic, antimony and bismuth

Abstract The relative electronegativities of the Group VB elements in the trivalent state have been determined by methods based on thermochemical data and nuclear magnetic resonance and have the values 3·04 for nitrogen, 2·19 for phosphorus, 2·18 for arsenic, 2·06 for antimony and 2·16 for bismuth. Chemical and physical properties, including nuclear quadrupole resonance, ionization potentials, enthalpy of formation of halides and oxides, electrical and thermal conductivity, oxidation potentials, and the preparation and stability of pentahalides are correlated with these electronegativity values. Electronegativity values obtained by other methods are discussed.
Pockels Effect in Solution-Evaporation-Electrically-Poled Poly (gamma-benzyl-L-glutamate)

The Pockels effect was characterized in a thin-film helical polymer, poly(gamma-benzyl- L-glutamate), that was dissolved in chloroform and electrically poled during solvent evaporation. Our device structure enabled the examination of poling fields ranging from 18 to 63 kV/cm, and finite element modeling was employed in the determination of the r33 values, which were found to be on the order of 1.5 pm/V. In addition, Terahertz Time-Domain Spectroscopy was performed on the polymer samples to show that PBLG exhibits no absorption peaks in the frequency regime spanning from 200 GHz to 2 THz.
Approximate conditional least squares estimation of a nonlinear state-space model via an unscented Kalman filter

The problem of estimating a nonlinear state-space model whose state process is driven by an ordinary differential equation (ODE) or a stochastic differential equation (SDE), with discrete-time data is studied. A new estimation method is proposed based on minimizing the conditional least squares (CLS) with the conditional mean function computed approximately via the unscented Kalman filter (UKF). Conditions are derived for the UKF-CLS estimator to preserve the limiting properties of the exact CLS estimator, namely, consistency and asymptotic normality, under the framework of infill asymptotics, i.e. sampling is increasingly dense over a fixed domain. The efficacy of the proposed method is demonstrated by simulation and a real application.