cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Energy-Efficiency: The Best Option for a Secure, Clean, Healthy Future

All the efficiency measures described in this article, and many others also available, achieve substantial fuel and energy savings, usually with similarly substantial long-term economic savings. Laws in place at the federal, state, and local levels can promote energy-efficient decisions and investments, or act as barriers. Thus, in advising clients about how best to insulate themselves from the vulnerabilities of reliance on traditional energy resources, the energy-efficiency measures outlined above should be valuable in pointing the way to achieving economies in the quickest and most cost-effective way. As importantly, lawyers can act on behalf of their clients by identifying where legal and regulatory barriers exist, and then work to remove them. The end result will be more prosperous clients and a more secure, healthy and economically sound nation.
Multicomponent Multidimensional Signals

In this brief paper, we extend the notion of multicomponent signal into multiple dimensions. A definition for multidimensional instantaneous bandwidth is presented and used to develop criteria for determining the multicomponent nature of a signal. We demonstrate application of the criteria by testing the validity of a multicomponent interpretation for a complicated nonstationary texture image.
Standard and Special Human Immune Serum Globulins as Therapeutic Agents

Human γ-globulin is a valuable and frequently prescribed biological used to provide passive immunity against microbial agents, toxins, or cells. γ-Globulin is most widely used for the short-term prevention of certain bacterial or viral diseases when active immunization is unavailable (eg, hepatitis A) or when active immunization has not been given before exposure (eg, tetanus, rabies). γ-Globulin is also indicated on a continuous basis in replacement therapy for persons with antibody immunodeficiency. It is also (mis)used by many physicians for colds, allergies, and recurrent infection despite lack of proved efficacy. Two types of γ-globulin preparations are available: standard human immune serum globulin (HISG) for general use, and special human immune serum globulins with a known antibody content for specific illnesses (Table I). In addition, certain animal sera and antitoxins are available for passive immunity (Table I). Although a discussion of these agents is beyond the scope of this review, it is important to emphasize that their use is associated with considerable risk of adverse side reactions (anaphylaxis and serum sickness). Accordingly, the physician should know the exact indications for their use, always institute sensitivity testing, and be ready to treat side reactions immediately.1 SOME PROPERTIES OF IgG GLOBULIN The immunoglobulins or "γ-globulins" are the proteins of the plasma and tissue made in lymphoreticular tissues which have antibody activity.2 Although there are six classes of immunoglobulin—IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, IgE, and secretory IgA—only IgG is present in significant quantities in HISG. IgG is a glycoprotein with a molecular weight of 150,000 daltons distributed equally between the serum and the tissues.
The Eurobond market and corporate financial policy

Abstract On average, significant positive abnormal returns are associated with Eurobond issues during the period 1975–1985. The cross-sectional and time-series distributions of the abnormal returns are consistent with the hypothesis that impediments to the adjustment of asset supplies to new demand conditions are large enough to create profitable financing opportunities for firms. Our analysis demonstrates how profitable financing opportunities can persist on the Eurobond market and when they are most likely to arise.
Public health implications of healthcare‐associated infections

Purpose – From the symposium keynote address, this paper aims to explore how healthcare‐associated infections (HAIs) have been transformed from being only a hospital concern to a much broader public health concern.Design/ methodology/ approach – The paper is a narrative review.Findings – HAIs have the characteristics that define issues as public health problems. As a result, public health departments can become important partners in the evolving hospital infection control field. However, whether all state health departments can afford to add HAI experts and whether current public health department HAI activities will be effective in preventing HAIs remain important questions.Practical implications – Public health agencies must be selective about focusing limited resources into areas where they can protect and improve the public's health; whether HAIs are such an area remains to be seen. Although HAIs have historically been the focus of hospitals and hospital‐based services, public health involvement has b...
Adenine Nucleotide and Lactate Levels in Organs from Copper-Deficient Mice and Brindled Mice

Experiments were conducted with 12-d-old suckling male mice to investigate energy metabolism during copper deficiency. Brindled mice, which have a genetic defect that affects copper distribution, were compared to their normal brothers and to nonbrindled mice that were copper deficient (-Cu) because their dams were consuming a diet low in copper since impregnation and to a fourth group of control suckling mice (+Cu) from copper-supplemented dams. A second study was done with older mice. Dietary copper deficiency was initiated at birth through dams and continued for 7 wk. Organs were fast-frozen in liquid nitrogen and then analyzed for adenine nucleotides by high performance liquid chromatography and for lactate spectrophotometrically. Levels of ATP, ADP and AMP were equivalent for liver, brain, heart and kidney from the young mice regardless of their copper status. Nucleotide levels were low in spleens from brindled mice. Lactate concentrations were elevated in brains from both -Cu and brindled mice but not in other organs. Older -Cu mice, in comparison, did have lower ATP levels and "energy charge" in heart but not liver compared to +Cu mice. Lactate levels were not higher despite a much lower cytochrome c oxidase activity. Thus, organs from copper-deficient mice with major reductions in cytochrome c oxidase activity do not necessarily have altered steady-state levels of adenine nucleotides. The reduction in cytochrome c oxidase activity in copper deficiency may play a minor role in the expression of pathophysiology.
Effect of Humidity on Wear of M-50 Steel with a Branched Perfluoropolyalkylether Lubricant

Humidity is an uncontrolled variable in many tribology tests. This report shows that changes in relative humidity can affect wear for all perfluoropolyalkylethers regardless of their molecular structure. Using a Cameron–Plint tribometer under controlled environmental conditions, wear of M-50 steel with a Krytox (a branched perfluoropolyalkylether) lubricant was studied under boundary lubrication conditions at 150°C in air with relative humidity ranging from 1 to 95%. Both wear and friction decreased sharply as humidity was increased from 1 to 20%, then were constant as the humidity was increased to 95%. Thus, wear is highly dependent on humidity when relative humidity is less than 20%. The similar effect of humidity on wear previously observed for Fomblin Z, a linear perfluoropolyalkylether containing difluoroacetal groups, and Demnum S, a linear perfluoropolyalkylether which does not contain difluoroacetal groups, indicates that this may be a general property of all commercially available perfluoropolyalkylethers, branched as well as linear ones.
Hierarchical hysteresis switching

We describe a new switching logic, called "hierarchical hysteresis switching", and establish a bound on the number of switchings produced by this logic on a given interval. The motivating application is the problem of controlling a linear system with large modeling uncertainty. We consider a control algorithm consisting of a finite family of linear controllers supervised by the hierarchical hysteresis switching logic. In this context, the bound on the number of switchings enables us to prove stability of the closed-loop system in the presence of noise, disturbances, and unmodeled dynamics.
Fuel partitioning and food intake: role for mitochondrial fatty acid transport

Administration of methyl palmoxirate (MP; 10 mg/kg po), an inhibitor of carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT I), increased the food intake of rats maintained on a diet high in triglycerides comprised of long-chain fatty acids, which require CPT I for mitochondrial uptake and oxidation. MP did not affect food intake in rats fed a comparable diet high in medium-chain fatty acids, which do not require CPT I for mitochondrial uptake and oxidation. The feeding response to MP was reduced more effectively by an intragastric preload of medium-chain triglyceride (MCT) oil than a preload of a long-chain triglyceride (LCT) oil. Food intake of MCT- and LCT-fed rats differed under control conditions (no MP), and this appeared to reflect differences in the diurnal distribution of feeding. Measurement of plasma ketone body concentrations indicated that the dietary manipulations and MP had their intended metabolic effects. The results strongly suggest that mitochondrial transport of fatty acids plays a role in the control of food intake. CPT I participates in that control by regulating the partitioning of long-chain fatty acids between pathways of storage and intramitochondrial oxidation.
Midtrimester pregnancy termination by intramuscular injection of a 15-methyl analogue of prostaglandin F2 alpha.

Abstract Fifty patients between 12 and 20 weeks' gestation were treated with prostaglandin 15 (S) 15-methyl F 2 alpha by repeated intramuscular injection of 250 μg at intervals of not less than 2 hours in order to evaluate its efficacy as an abortifacient. A success rate of 96 per cent was achieved with a mean initiation-abortion interval of 16.5 ± S.E.M. 1.12 hours. There were no serious complications. The most common side effects were vomiting in 82 per cent and diarrhea in 66 per cent of cases. The abortifacient activity was correlated with serial serum progesterone determinations and continuous intra-amniotic pressure recordings in selected cases.
Effect of signal bandwidth on the accuracy of signal reconstruction from its phase

Simulation results are presented to illustrate the effects of signal bandwidth on the accuracy of signal reconstruction from its phase samples using a direct method. It is shown that the reconstruction error increases by 8 dB (on average) as we go from high bandwidth signals to low bandwidth signals.
Defect formation energy in pyrochlore: the effect of crystal size

Defect formation energies of point defects of two pyrochlores Gd2Ti2O7 and Gd2Zr2O7 as a function of crystal size were calculated. Density functional theory with plane-wave basis sets and the projector-augmented wave method were used in the calculations. The results show that the defect formation energies of the two pyrochlores diverge as the size decreases to the nanometer range. For Gd2Ti2O7 pyrochlore, the defect formation energy is higher at nanometers with respect to that of the bulk, while it is lower for Gd2Zr2O7. The lowest defect formation energy for Gd2Zr2O7 is found at 15–20 A. The different behaviors of the defect formation energies as a function of crystal size are caused by different structural adjustments around the defects as the size decreases. For both pyrochlore compositions at large sizes, the defect structures are similar to those of the bulk. As the size decreases, for Gd2Ti2O7, additional structure distortions appear at the surfaces, which cause the defect formation energy to increase. For Gd2Zr2O7, additional oxygen Frenkel pair defects are introduced, which reduce the defect formation energy. As the size further decreases, increased structure distortions occur at the surfaces, which cause the defect formation energy to increase. Based on a hypothesis that correlates the energetics of defect formation and radiation response for complex oxides, the calculated results suggest that at nanometer range Gd2Ti2O7 pyrochlore is expected to have a lower radiation tolerance, and those of Gd2Zr2O7 pyrochlore to have a higher radiation tolerance. The highest radiation tolerance for Gd2Zr2O7 pyrochlore is expected to be found at ~2 nanometers.
The editorial role in developing an online user interface

As the quality of online systems escalates as a marketing issue, the Editor becomes proportionately more important to the development of a usable and consistent user interface. Editors are vital to the development of a quality user interface for any online system, be it a software product, its accompanying help, or more extensive online documentation. Editors negotiate for quality, lending an experienced eye for detail to each stage of product development, working as part of the Development Team to build a consistent product that meets user needs.
A MONTE CARLO SIMULATION OF EFFECTS OF CENTRAL TENDENCY ERROR ON THE MAGNITUDE OF CRONBACH'S COEFFICIENT ALPHA

Relationships between central tendency error and estimates of reliability based on Cronbach's coefficient alpha were explored. Using a Monte Carlo simulation, no differences were found between the ...
Hybridization in situ of Salivary Glands, Ovaries, and Embryos of Vector Mosquitoes

Mosquitoes are vectors for a diverse set of pathogens including arboviruses, protozoan parasites and nematodes. Investigation of transcripts and gene regulators that are expressed in tissues in which the mosquito host and pathogen interact, and in organs involved in reproduction are of great interest for strategies to reduce mosquito-borne disease transmission and disrupt egg development. A number of tools have been employed to study and validate the temporal and tissue-specific regulation of gene expression. Here, we describe protocols that have been developed to obtain spatial information, which enhances our understanding of where specific genes are expressed and their products accumulate. The protocol described has been used to validate expression and determine accumulation patterns of transcripts in tissues related to mosquito-borne pathogen transmission, such as female salivary glands, as well as subcellular compartments of ovaries and embryos, which relate to mosquito reproduction and development. The following procedures represent an optimized methodology that improves the efficiency of various steps in the protocol without loss of target-specific hybridization signals. Guidelines for RNA probe preparation, dissection of soft tissues and the general procedure for fixation and hybridization are described in Part A, while steps specific for the collection, fixation, pre-hybridization and hybridization of mosquito embryos are detailed in Part B.
Unstable Housing–A Significant Challenge for Home Visiting Programs: An Early Head Start Case Example

ABSTRACT The outcome results of home visiting programs have been mixed and modestly encouraging at best. To further understand this phenomenon it is important to understand what influences participation in home visiting programs. This study explores the relationship between housing stability and level of participation in an Early Head Start home visiting program. The housing needs of 76 Early Head Start participants were explored and compared with their participation in program home visiting services. Results indicated that housing problems were related to lower participation in home visiting services. Practice implications and recommendations are suggested.
Relating Kirtland's warbler population to changing landscape composition and structure

The population of male Kirtland's warbler (Dendroica kirtlandii) in the breeding season has averaged 206 from 1971 to 1987. The Kirtland's warbler occupies dense jack pine (Pinus banksiana) barrens from 5 to 23 years old and from 1.4 to 5.0 m high, formerly of wildfire origin. In 1984, 73% of the males censused were found in habitat naturally regenerated from wildfire or prescribed burning. The rest were in plantations (11%) or in harvested, unburned jack pine stands stocked by natural regeneration (16%). Twenty-two percent (630 of 2,886) of the Kirtland's warbler males counted in the annual censuses from 1971 through 1984 were found in 26 stands that were unburned and naturally regenerated following harvest. From 1982 to 1987, suitable regenerating areas were barely sufficient to replace currently occupied maturing stands, so population growth was impeded. Ecosystems of suitable size and regeneration characteristics (wildfire and plantation) doubled in area by 1989. In response, the population of Kirtland's warblers increased from 167 to 398 males between 1987 and 1992, but they withdrew almost entirely from the unburned, unplanted barrens by 1989 when the area of more suitable regeneration types increased. Minimum (368 males) and maximum (542 males) population estimates for 1996 were calculated based on 1984 average density (1.9 males per 40 ha) and peak population in burns (2.8 males per 40 ha).
Nuclear Deoxyribonucleic Acid Content and Endopolyploidy in the Meristem of Onion Roots

PHOTOMETRIC analysis of the deoxyribonucleic acid content of nuclei would afford an interesting approach to the problems connected with polyploidy, polyteny and endomitosis, our knowledge of which is still fragmentary. It would also help us to understand the evolutionary processes and trace the relationships of species. If, in accordance with the hypothesis of deoxyribonucleic acid constancy, there is a strict correlation between the deoxyribonucleic acid content and the number of chromosomes, or more exactly the number of chromonemata, measurement of deoxyribonucleic acid would be the easiest way of studying polyploidy, polyteny and endomitosis, particularly in the interphase or prophase nuclei where the chromosome numbers cannot be counted. Evolutionary processes involving polyploidization from one species to another close one can be traced by means of photometric analysis, as the deoxyribonucleic acid content of the sperm or of the normal diploid nucleus appears to be characteristic of a species. The utilization of deoxyribonucleic acid content in problems of evolution is well illustrated by Hughes-Schrader's1 work on a number of closely related species of mantids the karyotypes of which are not analysable by the usual methods of comparative cytology. The deoxyribonucleic acid content of the spermatids of two species, one having twice the number of chromosomes as the other, was the same, agreeing well with cytological studies which led to the conclusion that redistribution of chromosomal material rather than polyploidy was involved in the evolution of these species. On the other hand, in two other close species the deoxyribonucleic acid ratio of the spermatids was very near 1 : 2, indicating that polyploidy had played a part in their evolution.
Lipopolysaccharide and Tumor Necrosis Factor Stimulate Lung Microvascular Arginine Uptake, a Response Attenuated by Dexamethasone

Background: Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), tumor necrosis factor-α, (TNF), and glucocorticoids can modulate endothelial nitric oxide (NO) production. L-Arginine is the exclusive precursor for NO biosynthesis, suggesting that NO generation and arginine transport are intimately linked. Methods: To further study this relationship, we examined the effects of LPS, TNF, and dexamethasone (DEX) on arginine uptake by rat lung microvascular endothelial cells. The transport of radiolabeled arginine was assayed in confluent cells grown in 24-well plates. Results: The bulk (>90%) of arginine transport was mediated by the Na+-independent carriers System y+ and System b0,+. Arginine transport was stimulated independently by LPS and TNF, a response first observed at 10 hours. Together, both agents exerted an additive effect on carrier-mediated uptake. The LPS- and TNFinduced increase in arginine transport activity was blocked by cycloheximide and actinomycin D, indicating the requirement for RNA and protein synthesis. The en...
Inter- and intrafraction patient positioning uncertainties for intracranial radiotherapy: a study of four frameless, thermoplastic mask-based immobilization strategies using daily cone-beam CT.

Purpose To determine whether frameless thermoplastic mask-based immobilization is adequate for image-guided cranial radiosurgery. Methods and Materials Cone-beam CT localization data from patients with intracranial tumors were studied using daily pre- and posttreatment scans. The systems studied were ( 1 ) Type-S IMRT (head only) mask (Civco) with head cushion; ( 2 ) Uni-Frame mask (Civco) with head cushion, coupled with a BlueBag body immobilizer (Medical Intelligence); ( 3 ) Type-S head and shoulder mask with head and shoulder cushion (Civco); ( 4 ) same as previous, coupled with a mouthpiece. The comparative metrics were translational shift magnitude and average rotation angle; systematic inter-, random inter-, and random intrafraction positioning error was computed. For strategies 1–4, respectively, the analysis for interfraction variability included data from 20, 9, 81, and 11 patients, whereas that for intrafraction variability included a subset of 7, 9, 16, and 8 patients. The results were compared for statistical significance using an analysis of variance test. Results Immobilization system 4 provided the best overall accuracy and stability. The mean interfraction translational shifts (± SD) were 2.3 (± 1.4), 2.2 (± 1.1), 2.7 (± 1.5), and 2.1 (± 1.0) mm whereas intrafraction motion was 1.1 (± 1.2), 1.1 (± 1.1), 0.7 (± 0.9), and 0.7 (± 0.8) mm for devices 1–4, respectively. No significant correlation between intrafraction motion and treatment time was evident, although intrafraction motion was not purely random. Conclusions We find that all frameless thermoplastic mask systems studied are viable solutions for image-guided intracranial radiosurgery. With daily pretreatment corrections, symmetric PTV margins of 1 mm would likely be adequate if ideal radiation planning and targeting systems were available.
PUT UP AND SHUT UP: Workplace Sexual Assaults

In the deviance literature, sexual assaults at work have not been given the sustained attention that harm to property or violation of production guidelines has received. This omission suggests that sexual harassment is considered normative and that when women fail to accommodate this reality, it is the survivor rather than the perpetrator who is considered deviant. This article reports on 64 cases of attempted or completed rape in a sample of heterosexual and lesbian women workers in a wide range of occupations. Two atypical responses, quitting the job or filing a complaint as a result of a workplace sexual assault, highlight the process by which informal deviance defining occurs in everyday interactions at work.
Are moral judgments unified

Whenever psychologists, neuroscientists, or philosophers draw conclusions about moral judgments in general from a small selected sample, they assume that moral judgments are unified by some common and peculiar feature that enables generalizations and makes morality worthy of study as a unified field. We assess this assumption by considering the six main candidates for a unifying feature: content, phenomenology, force, form, function, and brain mechanisms. We conclude that moral judgment is not unified on any of these levels and that moral science should adopt a more fine-grained taxonomic approach that studies carefully defined groups of moral judgments.
Stratigraphy and chronology of offshore to nearshore deposits associated with the Provo shoreline, Pleistocene Lake Bonneville, Utah

Abstract Stratigraphic descriptions and radiocarbon data from eleven field locations are presented in this paper to establish a chronostratigraphic framework for offshore to nearshore deposits of Lake Bonneville. Based on key marker beds and geomorphic position, the deposits are interpreted to have accumulated during the period from the late transgressive phase, through the overflowing phase, into the regressive phase of the lake. Radiocarbon ages of sediments associated with the Provo shoreline indicate that Lake Bonneville dropped rapidly from the Provo shoreline at about 12,600 14C yr BP (15,000 cal yr B.P.). The presence of one or more sand beds in the upper part of the Provo-aged marl indicates rapid lowering of lake level or storm events at the end of the Provo episode. An accurate understanding of the timing and nature of Lake Bonneville's climate-driven regression from the Provo shoreline is critical to correlations with records of regional and hemispheric climate change. The rapid descent of the lake from the Provo shoreline correlates with the decline of Lakes Lahontan and Estancia, and with the onset of the B O lling–Aller O d warming event.
Planning Under Time Constraints in Stochastic Domains

We provide a method, based on the theory of Markov decision processes, for efficient planning in stochastic domains. Goals are encoded as reward functions, expressing the desirability of each world state; the planner must find a policy (mapping from states to actions) that maximizes future rewards. Standard goals of achievement, as well as goals of maintenance and prioritized combinations of goals, can be specified in this way. An optimal policy can be found using existing methods, but these methods require time at best polynomial in the number of states in the domain, where the number of states is exponential in the number of propositions (or state variables). By using information about the starting state, the reward function, and the transition probabilities of the domain, we restrict the planner''s attention to a set of world states that are likely to be encountered in satisfying the goal. Using this restricted set of states, the planner can generate more or less complete plans depending on the time it has available. Our approach employs several iterative refinement routines for solving different aspects of the decision making problem. We describe the meta-level control problem of {\em deliberation scheduling}, allocating computational resources to these routines. We provide different models corresponding to optimization problems that capture the different circumstances and computational strategies for decision making under time constraints. We consider {\em precursor} models in which all decision making is performed prior to execution and {\em recurrent} models in which decision making is performed in parallel with execution, accounting for the states observed during execution and anticipating future states. We describe experimental results for both the precursor and recurrent problems that demonstrate planning times that grow slowly as a function of domain size.
Flagellar hook and hook-associated proteins of Salmonella typhimurium and their relationship to other axial components of the flagellum

Within the bacterial flagellum the basal-body rod, the hook, the hook-associated proteins (HAPs), and the helical filament constitute an axial substructure whose elements share structural features and a common export pathway. We present here the amino acid sequences of the hook protein and the three HAPs of Salmonella typhimurium, as deduced from the DNA sequences of their structural genes (flgE, flgK, flgL and fliD, respectively). We compared these sequences with each other and with those for the filament protein (flagellin) and four rod proteins, which have been described previously ( Joys, 1985; Homma et al., 1990; Smith & Selander, 1990 ). Hook protein most strongly resembled the distal rod protein (FlgG) and the proximal HAP (HAPl), which are thought to be attached to the proximal and distal ends of the hook, respectively; the similarities were most pronounced near the N and C termini. Hook protein and flagellin, which occupy virtually identical helical lattices, did not resemble each other strongly but showed some limited similarities near their termini. HAP3 and HAP2, which form the proximal and distal boundaries of the filament, showed few similarities to flagellin, each other, or the other axial proteins. With the exceptions of the N-terminal region of HAP2, and the C-terminal region of flagellin, proline residues were absent from the terminal regions of the axial proteins. Moreover, with the exception of the N-terminal region of HAP2, the terminal regions contained hydrophobic residues at intervals of seven residues. Together, these observations suggest that the axial proteins may have amphipathic α-helical structure at their N and C termini. In the case of the filament and the hook, the terminal regions are believed to be responsible for the quaternary interactions between subunits. We suggest that this is likely to be true of the other axial structures as well, and specifically that interaction between N-terminal and C-terminal α-helices may be important in the formation of the axial structures of the flagellum. Although consensus sequences were noted among some of the proteins, such as the rod, hook and HAPl, no consensus extended to the entire set of axial proteins. Thus the basis for recognition of a protein for export by the flagellum-specific pathway remains to be identified.
Investigation of land ice-ocean interaction with a fully coupled ice-ocean model: 1. Model description and behavior

[1] Antarctic ice shelves interact closely with the ocean cavities beneath them, with ice shelf geometry influencing ocean cavity circulation, and heat from the ocean driving changes in the ice shelves, as well as the grounded ice streams that feed them. We present a new coupled model of an ice stream-ice shelf-ocean system that is used to study this interaction. The model is capable of representing a moving grounding line and dynamically responding ocean circulation within the ice shelf cavity. Idealized experiments designed to investigate the response of the coupled system to instantaneous increases in ocean temperature show ice-ocean system responses on multiple timescales. Melt rates and ice shelf basal slopes near the grounding line adjust in 1–2 years, and downstream advection of the resulting ice shelf thinning takes place on decadal timescales. Retreat of the grounding line and adjustment of grounded ice takes place on a much longer timescale, and the system takes several centuries to reach a new steady state. During this slow retreat, and in the absence of either an upward-or downward-sloping bed or long-term trends in ocean heat content, the ice shelf and melt rates maintain a characteristic pattern relative to the grounding line.
Analytical Solution for the Stress Field of Eshelby’s Inclusion of Polygonal Shape

Recently, we developed a closed-form solution to the stress field due to a point eigenstrain in an elastic full plane. This solution can be employed as a Green’s function to compute the stress field caused by an arbitrary-shaped Eshelby’s inclusion subjected to any distributed eigenstrain. In this study, analytical expressions are derived when uniform eigenstrain is distributed in a planar inclusion bounded by line elements. Here it is demonstrated that both the interior and exterior stress fields of a polygonal inclusion subjected to uniform eigenstrain can be represented in a unified expression, which consists of only elementary functions. Singular stress components are identified at all the vertices of the polygon. These distinctive properties contrast to the well-known Eshelby’s solution for an elliptical inclusion, where the interior stress field is uniform but the formulae for the exterior field are remarkably complicated. The elementary solution of a polygonal inclusion has valuable application in the numerical implementation of the equivalent inclusion method.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Black hole “crystals” as seeds of structure formation in the early Universe

It is generally accepted that structure formed in the matter dominated Universe, for obvious reasons. In this paper, we would like to suggest an alternate theory: that structure could have formed in the radiation dominated Universe if it was “protected” from destruction. This protection is envisioned as a “crystal”, of sorts, made up of primordial black holes (PBH's), which form a cavitation into which any matter particles in the nucleosynthesis period of the Universe (around 100 seconds after the Big Bang) could have taken refuge. A sort of oasis in a sea of radiation. Such a scenario could solve several problems in cosmology, namely: how matter got a foot-hold over anti-matter in the Universe; the structure/galaxy formation problem; and possibly suggest ideas on the gamma-ray count and distribution.
Preparation and characterization of 1,2,6,2′,3′,4′,6′,hepta-O-acetyl-β-maltose☆

Abstract Acetylation of a slurry of β-maltose monohydrate in cold toluene with acetyl-pyridinium chloride gave 1,2,6,2′,3′,4′,6′-hepta- O -acetyl-β-maltose ( 1 in 70% yield, with octa- O -acetyl-β-maltose as a byproduct. Crystalline 3- O -methyl ( 2 ) and 3- O -phenylcarbamoyl ( 3 ) derivatives of 1 were readily obtained. A deacetylated sample of 2 was shown to yield 3- O -methyl-α,β- d -glucose and α-β- d -glucose after aqueous hydrolysis. To discriminate between the O-3 and O-3′ positions, a second deacetylated 2 was reduced with sodium borohydride and the product methanolyzed, to yield 3- O -methyl- d -glucitol and methyl α,β- d -glucopyranoside; components of the methanolyzate were identified by g.l.c. Deacetylation and methanolysis of 3 gave methyl 3- O -phenylcarbamoyl-α-β- d -glucopyranoside ( 5 ), from which methyl 2,4,6,-tri- O -benzoyl-3- O -phenylcarbamoyl-β- d -glucopyranoside ( 6 was isolated crystalline; synthesis of 6 from 1,2:5,6-di- O -isopropylidene-α- d -glucofuranose proved its structure.
Comparison of the erbium‐yttrium aluminum garnet and carbon dioxide lasers for in vitro bone and cartilage ablation

The in vitro bone- and cartilage-ablation characteristics of the solid-state erbium:yttrium aluminum garnet laser were compared to those of the carbon dioxide laser. Ablations of fresh, frozen cadaver septal cartilage and maxillary sinus bone were performed using total energies between 1 and 6 J. Specimens were studied using hematoxylin and eosin stain and digitized, computer-assisted measurements of 35-mm photographs. Erbium-yttrium aluminum garnet-ablated bone averaged 5 microns of adjacent tissue thermal injury, compared with 67 microns with carbon dioxide-ablated bone. Erbium-yttrium aluminum garnet-ablated cartilage averaged 2 microns of adjacent tissue thermal injury, compared with 21 microns with the carbon dioxide-ablated cartilage. The tissue-ablation characteristics of the erbium-yttrium aluminum garnet laser are promising for future otolaryngologic applications.
Spatial and symbolic queries for 3D image data

We present a query system for an object-oriented biomedical imaging database containing 3-D anatomical structures and their corresponding 2-D images. The graphical interface facilitates the formation of spatial queries, nonspatial or symbolic queries, and combined spatial/symbolic queries. A query editor is used for the creation and manipulation of 3-D query objects as volumes, surfaces, lines, and points. Symbolic predicates are formulated through a combination of text fields and multiple choice selections. Query results, which may include images, image contents, composite objects, graphics, and alphanumeric data, are displayed in multiple views. Objects returned by the query may be selected directly within the views for further inspection or modification, or for use as query objects in subsequent queries. Our image database query system provides visual feedback and manipulation of spatial query objects, multiple views of volume data, and the ability to combine spatial and symbolic queries. The system allows for incremental enhancement of existing objects and the addition of new objects and spatial relationships. The query system is designed for databases containing symbolic and spatial data. This paper discuses its application to data acquired in biomedical 3- D image reconstruction, but it is applicable to other areas such as CAD/CAM, geographical information systems, and computer vision.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Automated repurposing of implicitly structured documents

The different visual cues present in a document - such as spatial intervals and positions, contrast in font families, sizes and weights - combine to form the document's visual hierarchy. This hierarchy is essential to the reader, allowing scanning and comprehension; in contrast, this information is often ignored by machine processing. At the same time, the document structure is often not available in a machine readable form due to the ways documents were originally created or later transformed. This paper addresses the challenge of automatic document repurposing - applying styling and formatting from one 'implicitly' structured document to another, whilst preserving the underlying visual hierarchy. Using visual perception analysis, the proportionality mapping is established, according to which the original document content is transformed into the new style without breaking the original hierarchical structure. Spatial relationships, location and frequency analysis are then used to fine-tune the transformation.
Angiotensin effect on uptake of norepinephrine by synaptosomes.

Abstract Angiotensin was found to inhibit the uptake of tritiated norepinephrine by rat brain synaptosomes. Passive efflux of tritiated norepinephrine from synaptosomes and the amount of norepinephrine metabolized was not significantly affected. Exposure to synaptosomes moderately decreased angiotensin's pressor activity.
Transmission potential of the human head louse, Pediculus capitis (Anoplura: Pediculidae)

Background Millions of people are infested by head lice every year. However, louse transfer between hosts is not well-understood. Our goals were to determine: (1) which stages were most likely to disperse and why, (2) the likelihood of fomites transmission, and (3) if host blood gender affects louse development. Methods Various life stages of lice at differing densities were permitted to cross over a 15-cm hair bridge placed between two artificial blood-feeding arenas. Louse transfer caused by hot air movements, combing, toweling, and passive transfer to fabric was investigated. The ability of lice to oviposit on different foreign substrates and the hatching potential of eggs intermittently incubated for 8 h/night on a host were likewise investigated. Louse in vitro development following feeding on human female or male donor blood was compared. Results Adult lice were the most likely to disperse. Neither population density nor hunger significantly affected dispersal tendencies. Lice were dislodged by air movement, combs and towels, and passively transferred to fabric within 5 min. Females oviposited on a variety of substrates and 59% of eggs incubated for 8 h/night hatched after 14–16 days. There was no survivorship difference between lice artificially fed on female vs. male blood. Conclusions Adult lice are the most mobile, indicating that they are most likely to initiate new infestations. Although head-to-head contact may be the primary route of transmission, less direct routes involving fomites may play a role and need further evaluation. Blood-borne factors do not appear to cause any gender-biased host preference.
High-Valent Organomanganese Chemistry. 1. Synthesis and Characterization of Manganese(III) and -(IV) Alkyls

A new manganese(IV) alkyl, the hexamethylmanganate salt [Li(tmed)] 2 [MnMe 6 ], has been prepared by treatment of MnMe 4 (PMe 3 ) 2 with methyllithium followed by addition of N,N,N',N'-tetramethylethylenediamine (tmed). Addition of excess methyllithium to Mn(acac) 3 followed by treatment with tmed gives the pentamethylmanganate [Li(tmed)] 2 [MnMe 5 ]. This trivalent species can also be obtained by a comproportionation reaction of the manganese(IV) complex [Li(tmed)] 2 [MnMe 6 ] with 1 equiv of the manganese(II) complex [Li(tmed)] 2 [MnMe 4 ] in diethyl ether. X-ray crystal structures of [Li(tmed) 2 ][MnMe 4 ] and [Li(tmed)] 2 [MnMe 6 ]
Our reason for teaching

Benjamin D. Wright Department of Education University of Chicago Chicago, Illinois XW lhatever we may claim about how and why we finally got into teaching, we know we came under the spell of our vocation early. We began learning how to be teachers when we began school and we studied teaching, however inadvertantly, for 16 years or more. Our education for teaching and our idea of school is deeply and irrevocably influenced by our own school experiences, by our successes and failures and, most of all, by our own teachers. Our professional identity, our teaching style, cannot escape the sway of deep and ancient wishes, conscious or not, to consumate old relationships with teachers we once loved and hated. We cannot resist recreating in our own behavior heroes whose teaching once won our admiration and envy. Nor can we free ourselves from the awful force of even deeper compulsions to undo and master the dread and humiliation caused in us by tyrants we feared.1 Our classroom behavior reflects our motives for becoming teachers. But these motives, as with so much of human behavior, tend to remain unexamined. Sometimes they impel us into actions which are destructive to children and to classroom life. Even when our behavior is benign, it may be less effective than our ideals would have it. And this is painful, because most of us believe we have chosen our profession in order to make life better for children. The press of classroom life may make a running examination of motives difficult. Where in the course of a busy day will we find quiet moments in which to think over what we are doing and why? But afterwards we can reflect on what has happened and on what we have done, not only about it, but also to bring it about. When things go wrong it is hard to forget them. Then some awareness of our own motives and even more of their roots in identifications with our own teachers can lead us to discover alternatives that may mitigate what seems on reflection to have been ineffective if not downright wrong.2
Opto-Mechanical Packaging For Extended Temperature Performance

The ability of a laser diode module package to maintain precise laser-to-fiber alignment with mechanical stress or temperature change is critical for stable performance. This paper examines an optical-mechanical package configuration in which both laser and fiber are mounted on the same surface with high-temperature solder, thereby minimizing degraded package performance caused by exteraneous thermal or mechanical changes.
Selective attention: input filter or response selection? An electrophysiological analysis.

Summary Electrical brain activity was recorded from the occipital and temporal cortex of monkeys while they were performing a task which demanded selecting either the color or the form dimension of a complex stimulus display. Results show (1) that stimulus selection occurs at the time of response, not stimulus presentation, and (2) that initially, though not with overtraining, the inferior temporal cortex rather than the occipital cortex is involved in the selection process. Thus both the simple response and filter theories of selective attention need to be modified.
Optical SETI observatories in the new millennium: a review

The Optical Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence is now 40 years old. However, it was only during the closing years of the 20th Century, after a 25-year hiatus, that the optical search has regained respectability in the SETI community at large. The quarter-of-a-century delay in American Optical SETI research was due to a historical accident and not for the lack of any enabling technology. This review paper describes aspects of past, present and future Optical SETI programs. Emphasis is placed on detecting fast, pulsed attention-getting laser beacon signals rather than monochromatic, continuous wave beacons. Some examples of commercial detection equipment that may be employed for either type of OSETI are given.
Notes from the quantum field

Beamtimes and Lifetimes: The World of High Energy Physicists. By Sharon Traweek. Harvard University Press: 1988. Pp. 187. $20, a£15.95.
Selectivity of Cobalt-Based Non-Platinum Oxygen Reduction Catalysts in the Presence of Methanol and Formic Acid

The reaction selectivity of non-Pt based fuel cell oxygen reduction catalysts is studied in mixed methanol/O2 and formic acid/O2 environments. Technologically relevant fuel cell reaction processes are elucidated by combining experiment and theory. Structure-to-property correlations are established utilizing a mutivariant analysis technique (MVA) for catalyst surface species as determined by XPS and electrochemical performance parameters obtained in mixed reactant systems for a family of non-Pt fuel cell catalysts. Computations at the density-functional-theory (DFT) level support our experimental findings. We used first-principle simulations to explore the interactions of cobalt functionalized graphene with H2O2, O2, CO, and N2. We find that N2 and O2 adsorb as molecular species. In contrast H2O2 decomposes to form a strongly bound Co(OH)2 complex. O2 is intermediate, the oxygen−oxygen bond lengthens by ∼10% as compared to the gas phase and its binding energy (per atom) is less strong as compared to H2O2. ...
Quantitative analysis of film coating in a pan coater based on in-line sensor measurements.

A method was developed that enables in-line analysis of film coating thickness on tablets during a pan coating operation. Real-time measurements were made using a diffusereflectance near-infrared (NIR) probe positioned inside the pan during the coating operation. Real-time spectra of replicate batches were used for modeling film growth. Univariate analysis provided a simple method for in-line monitoring of the coating process using NIR data. An empirical geometric 2-vector volumetric growth model was developed, which accounts for differential growth on the face and band regions of biconvex tablets. The thickness of the film coat was determined by monitoring the decrease of absorption bands characteristic of a component of the tablet core and monitoring the increase of bands characteristic of a component in the coating material. There was good correlation between values estimated from the NIR data and the measured tablet volumetric growth. In-line measurements allow the coating process to be stopped when a predetermined tablet coating thickness is achieved.
Trobriand Gender Identity

This paper explores both the substantial and non-substantial qualities that comprise Trobriand gender. Among other issues it investigates how complicated adult gender creates a situation that makes life fair and equitable between the sexes.
Theory of the Derivative Spectrometer

The theory for sinusoidally modulated derivative spectrometers shows that the transfer function for the mth derivative is proportional to the Bessel function of the first kind of order m. The instrument function is expressed in terms of the Chebyshev polynomial of order m or in terms of a weighted-mean mth derivative of the spectral flux within the interval of modulation.