cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Targeting the Local: Policing Clandestine Methamphetamine Production in a Rural US Community

In the United States, state-based efforts to curtail the spread of methamphetamine (“meth”) have targeted domestic producers through heightened regulation of precursor chemicals used in the clandestine meth-production process. This article examines the impact of these efforts on the exercise of police power in a rural community affected by methamphetamine. As the author shows, the targeting of local meth production has incorporated residents of rural communities into the policing process by variously encouraging and requiring them to adopt a new way of perceiving the local landscape, centred around methamphetamine. Under the new legislation, previously benign objects such as cold medicine, batteries, and drain cleaner have been re-signified as objects with criminal potential that residents of rural communities are called upon to police. This has led to the expansion of police power within and beyond the formal domains of law enforcement. Through the targeting of local production, civic volunteers, pharmacists, retail clerks, natural resource officers, and others have been drawn into the policing of the meth problem. This reveals a key dynamic in the localization of police power: as police power is localized, the local is reimagined in terms of police power. Aux Etats-Unis, les efforts etatiques qui visent a freiner la propagation des methamphetamines ont cible les producteurs domestiques par la reglementation des produits chimiques utilises dans le processus de production clandestine de la meth . Cet article examine l’impact de ces mesures sur l’exercice du pouvoir policier dans le contexte d’une communaute rurale affectee par les methamphetamines. L’auteur demontre comment les operations qui ciblent la production locale de la meth ont incorpore les residants des communautes rurales dans le processus policier en les encourageant a adopter une nouvelle facon de percevoir l’univers des methamphetamines, ou en necessitant d’eux une telle adoption. Selon les nouvelles reglementations, les objets qui etaient autrefois benins, tels que les medicaments contre le rhume ou la grippe, les batteries et les nettoyeurs de tuyaux de drainage, sont redefinis comme des objets potentiellement criminels et la police fait desormais appel a la cooperation des residants des communautes rurales pour controler ces substances. Ceci mene a l’expansion du pouvoir policier a l’interieur et a l’exterieur des domaines formels de l’application de la loi. En ciblant la production locale, les benevoles civiques, les pharmaciens, les commis de magasin, les agents des ressources naturelles ainsi que d’autres individus sont maintenant impliques dans la lutte contre les methamphetamines. Ceci revele une dynamique importante dans la localisation du pouvoir policier : tandis que le pouvoir policier est localise, les elements locaux sont reimagines en fonction du pouvoir policier.
Waveform interference mitigation for a shared spectrum MIMO radar system

MIMO radars may outperform conventional ones as regards target detection, parameter estimation and classification via spatial and waveform diversities. MIMO radar is a kind of shared spectrum system: the mutual interference among the waveforms may lead to considerable performance degradation, especially with multiple targets. As a result, preserving MIMO radar performance under such conditions via waveform design becomes an interesting research topic. In this paper, we consider the marriage of space time coding (STC) and Golay complementary pairs to mitigate both waveform autocorrelation and cross-correlation effects, and hence to enhance range resolution. The implementation is discussed, and an application for instantaneous polarization is briefly introduced.
Teaching Microcontroller Programming Graphically

The ability to develop algorithms for microcontroller-based systems has traditionally required a computer science background. Many undergraduate mechanical engineering programs lack the time in the curriculum to devote to the necessary coursework. This paper presents a graphical method of developing algorithms. The method enables engineering students with weak computer science backgrounds to rapidly iterate microcontroller programs. The proposed method uses Simulink and chip-specific Simulink blocksets to access microcontroller inputs, outputs, internal timers, and other chip functions. Before- and after- observations from the implementation of the method in a mechatronics course are presented. The proposed method is compared to the traditional C language method of developing an algorithm. It is shown that it is easier to convey the algorithm in the Simulink implementation than it is to convey the C-language implementation of the same algorithm. It is quicker to develop algorithms using the Simulink-based method. The method is relevant in constrained undergraduate engineering programs, particularly mechanical engineering, where there is little instruction in computer programming. The method is scalable to industrial applications outside academia although it is not yet widely used there.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Computational optical-sectioning microscopy for 3D quantization of cell motion: results and challenges

How cells move and navigate within a 3D tissue mass is of central importance in such diverse problems as embryonic development, wound healing and metastasis. This locomotion can now be visualized and quantified by using computation optical-sectioning microscopy. In this approach, a series of 2D images at different depths in a specimen are stacked to construct a 3D image, and then with a knowledge of the microscope's point-spread function, the actual distribution of fluorescent intensity in the specimen is estimated via computation. When coupled with wide-field optics and a cooled CCD camera, this approach permits non-destructive 3D imaging of living specimens over long time periods. With these techniques, we have observed a complex diversity of motile behaviors in a model embryonic system, the cellular slime mold Dictyostelium. To understand the mechanisms which control these various behaviors, we are examining motion in various Dictyostelium mutants with known defects in proteins thought to be essential for signal reception, cell-cell adhesion or locomotion. This application of computational techniques to analyze 3D cell locomotion raises several technical challenges. Image restoration techniques must be fast enough to process numerous 1 Gbyte time-lapse data sets (16 Mbytes per 3D image X 60 time points). Because some cells are weakly labeled and background intensity is often high due to unincorporated dye, the SNR in some of these images is poor. Currently, the images are processed by a regularized linear least- squares restoration method, and occasionally by a maximum-likelihood method. Also required for these studies are accurate automated- tracking procedures to generate both 3D trajectories for individual cells and 3D flows for a group of cells. Tracking is currently done independently for each cell, using a cell's image as a template to search for a similar image at the next time point. Finally, sophisticated visualization techniques are needed to view the 3D movies of cell locomotion which are currently viewed simply by 2D projection along a given angle at each time point of the movie.
Cognition, Cognitive Dysfunction, and Cognitive Rehabilitation in Multiple Sclerosis

This article focuses on approaches and techniques for effective cognitive rehabilitation with people who have multiple sclerosis (MS). The patterns of preserved versus disrupted neuropsychological functions are reviewed. The relevant brain anatomy and physiology that underlie the common neurocognitive and neurobehavioral changes are described. The essential role is highlighted of comprehensive neuropsychological, speech language pathology, and clinical evaluations in the design and refinements of cognitive retraining treatment. The functional impact of cognitive problems expected with MS is emphasized, accompanied by examples of cognitive retraining approaches used to manage them and improve day-to-day performance.
Molecular Adsorption Steers Bacterial Swimming at the Air/Water Interface

Microbes inhabiting Earth have adapted to diverse environments of water, air, soil, and often at the interfaces of multiple media. In this study, we focus on the behavior of Caulobacter crescentus, a singly flagellated bacterium, at the air/water interface. Forward swimming C. crescentus swarmer cells tend to get physically trapped at the surface when swimming in nutrient-rich growth medium but not in minimal salt motility medium. Trapped cells move in tight, clockwise circles when viewed from the air with slightly reduced speed. Trace amounts of Triton X100, a nonionic surfactant, release the trapped cells from these circular trajectories. We show, by tracing the motion of positively charged colloidal beads near the interface that organic molecules in the growth medium adsorb at the interface, creating a high viscosity film. Consequently, the air/water interface no longer acts as a free surface and forward swimming cells become hydrodynamically trapped. Added surfactants efficiently partition to the surface, replacing the viscous layer of molecules and reestablishing free surface behavior. These findings help explain recent similar studies on Escherichia coli, showing trajectories of variable handedness depending on media chemistry. The consistent behavior of these two distinct microbial species provides insights on how microbes have evolved to cope with challenging interfacial environments.
SU-GG-T-263: A Customized Report to Enhance/Facilitate Chart Rounds in the E-Chart Era

Purpose: Many radiotherapy departments have converted to an electronic chart (e‐chart). While the e‐chart can streamline certain data retrieval, the data required for conducting chart rounds is often accessed through different logical views. Navigating from view‐to‐view results in inefficiencies that take away from discussions regarding specific patient management. The goal of this study is to develop a customized report that can efficiently summarize the relevant material required for chart rounds. Methods and Materials: A list was derived to determine the information that should be reviewed during chart rounds. This list includes: diagnosis, staging, physician intent, prescription, prescription approval status, treatment fields, current treatment dose, pending documents, and any images that are not reviewed or approved. For patients receiving IGRT, the daily shifts should also be reviewed. In addition, the individual verification images and treatment plan were also included as items to be reviewed, but would not be included directly in this report. Using Crystal Reports, a customized report was designed to access this information from the Mosaiq database (Impac, Sunnyvale, CA, USA). Results: Using this customized report, the essential elements required for a chart review were all captured. The report is efficient to generate requiring only a couple seconds to access the database, format and display. Previously, verifying each piece of information would require opening up to 6 individual views within Mosaiq. Using this report, only 2 areas are now accessed — the treatment plan and verification images. Thus, more time can be dedicated to discussing patient management, as opposed to the time that is wasted by searching for the relevant information. Conclusions: We have designed a customized report to enhance chart rounds within the e‐chart environment. The process is efficient, summarizes important patient information, and provides a more efficient manner to discuss the management of each individual patient.
Structure-Function Investigation of a Transglycosylase Associated Protein from Mycobacterium Tuberculosis

1/3 of the world's population is infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis 10% of whom will become sick from the bacilli. Multidrug resistant strains immune to the leading tuberculosis antibiotics, isoniazid and rifampicin, have emerged necessitating new treatments. Resuscitation from the dormant state is a key point at which infection can be fought. Cell wall reorganization is important for this activity and relies on transglycosylase enzymes to synthesize and degrade the peptidoglycan layer of the cell wall. The process is regulated by other proteins. Unfortunately, these interacting partners have not all been identified. Rv1861 is a gene product that is highly conserved across all species of Mycobacteria and may be a prime target for regulation of tranglycosylase activity in these species. Rv1861 is identified by a ‘transglycosylase associated protein’ domain signature of three transmembrane alpha helices in a short (∼100 amino acid) sequence. The protein also contains the Walker A, and potentially Walker B, motif which are typically involved in nucleotide binding and hydrolysis. Rv1861 is an excellent target for the investigation of activated protein-protein interactions in a membrane environment.Here we present the initial characterization of Rv1861 reconstituted into synthetic lipid vesicles. Aligned sample solid state NMR is used to elucidate the transmembrane alpha helix orientations revealing that all helices are tilted significantly, >30°, with respect to the membrane normal. Phosphorous NMR is utilized to observe the nucleotide binding and hydrolysis activities of Rv1861. Spectroscopic detection of reaction products measures reaction rates while changes in chemical shift measure binding affinity. Magic angle spinning NMR techniques allow for the measurement of interhelical distances but first require the assignment of the highly overlapped resonances common in the correlation spectra of integral membrane proteins. Initial assignments are presented and labeling strategies are discussed.
Decreased ratio of fat to carbohydrate oxidation with increasing age in Pima Indians.

Some metabolic changes related to age may increase the prevalence of obesity. Previous studies have shown that a low relative metabolic rate and a low ratio of fat to carbohydrate utilization are predictors of body weight gain. However, a possible relationship between age and energy substrate utilization (respiratory quotient; RQ = VCO2/VO2) has not been reported.To determine whether RQ increases and therefore fat oxidation decreases with age in Pima Indian men, independent of body fat and energy balance.We analyzed longitudinal data collected in seven non-diabetic Pima Indian men (31 +/− 6 years, 167 +/− 8 cm, 111.0 +/− 23.7 kg and 41 +/− 9% fat at baseline) who had repeated measurements of 24-hour RQ 7 years apart. On both admissions, subjects were fed a weight maintenance diet (50% carbohydrate, 30% fat and 20% protein) for 3 days before spending 1 day within a respiratory chamber for measurements of 24-hour energy expenditure, basal metabolic rate, sleeping metabolic rate and 24-hour RQ. Paired t-test...
Numerical Modeling of the Turbulent Fluxes of Chemically Reactive Trace Gases in the Atmospheric Boundary Layer

Abstract Turbulent fluxes of chemically reactive trace gases in the neutral atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) were simulated with a one-dimensional, coupled diffusion-chemistry model. The effects of rapid chemical reactions were included with a suite of second-order turbulence equations in which additional chemical terms were used to describe contributions to flux by rapid chemical production and loss. A total of 69 chemical reactions were incorporated to describe basic atmospheric photochemistry coupled with chemistry for isoprene and its oxidation products. Daytime flux Profiles of O3, NO, N02, OH, isoprene, and other depositing gases were simulated with assumed rates of NO emission from soil, isoprene emission rates appropriate for a deciduous forest, and initial concentrations of various chemical species typical of a remote area. Results show that chemical reactions can influence vertical fluxes by producing sources or sinks in the atmosphere and by changing mean concentrations. Magnitudes of NO and NO...
Whitened Expectation Propagation: Non-Lambertian Shape from Shading and Shadow

For problems over continuous random variables, MRFs with large cliques pose a challenge in probabilistic inference. Difficulties in performing optimization efficiently have limited the probabilistic models explored in computer vision and other fields. One inference technique that handles large cliques well is Expectation Propagation. EP offers run times independent of clique size, which instead depend only on the rank, or intrinsic dimensionality, of potentials. This property would be highly advantageous in computer vision. Unfortunately, for grid-shaped models common in vision, traditional Gaussian EP requires quadratic space and cubic time in the number of pixels. Here, we propose a variation of EP that exploits regularities in natural scene statistics to achieve run times that are linear in both number of pixels and clique size. We test these methods on shape from shading, and we demonstrate strong performance not only for Lambertian surfaces, but also on arbitrary surface reflectance and lighting arrangements, which requires highly non-Gaussian potentials. Finally, we use large, non-local cliques to exploit cast shadow, which is traditionally ignored in shape from shading.
Computing the effective diffusivity using a spectral method

Abstract We developed a numerical method for computing the effective properties of a microstructure. The method is particularly efficient and accurate for microstructures with a diffuse-interface description similar to those generated from phase-field simulations. In particular, we considered the diffusive transport property of a microstructure by solving the steady-state diffusion equation using a Fourier–Chebyshev spectral method. Computed effective diffusivities agree very well with existing analytical solutions and computer simulations for a number of simple model systems. Combining with the phase-field model for simulating microstructure evolution, the proposed method can be applied for modeling the temporal evolution of effective properties. This is illustrated by considering grain growth and the corresponding effective transport property evolution as function of time.
Grape-Seed Polyphenolic Extract Improves the Eye Phenotype in a Drosophila Model of Tauopathy

Drosophila models of tauopathies have been developed by transgenically overexpressing the disease-associated forms of tau. In this paper we report for the first time that a recently developed Grape-Seed Polyphenolic Extract (GSPE) improves the eye phenotype of a Drosophila eye model of R406W tau. GSPE-mediated improvements in this distinct in vivo neurodegeneration model for protein misfolding/aggregation suggest that GSPE may have therapeutic value in disorders involving aberrant protein aggregation.
Evaluation of the influence of leaflet stiffening on leaflet stresses of porcine bioprosthetic valves using a finite element model

Abstract The magnitude and distribution of mechanical stresses acting on the closed cusps of porcine bioprosthetic valves were estimated using a finite element model. Leaflet stresses were calculated using reported stress-strain properties of glutaraldehyde processed normal porcine valves and stress-strain properties of porcine valve leaflets stiffened by fatigue cycling (658 x 10 cycles). In the normal leaflet, at a pressure of 80 mm Hg, stresses were highest near the commissures (140 kPa), decreased near the center of the leaflet (110 kPa) and were lowest near the base of the leaflet (30 kPa). With increased leaflet stiffening, stresses near the commissures remained relatively unchanged (140 kPa). Stresses near the center of the leaflet, however, increased markedly (170 kPa). With increased leaflet stiffening, stresses near the base of the leaflet remained the lowest (60 kPa). The development of a site of stress concentration near the center of the leaflet following leaflet stiffening, may offer a clue to the etiology of leaflet perforations reported to occur in the central region of leaflets of degenerated porcine bioprosthetic valves.
Rectal Cancer-Associated Urinary Dysfunction: a Review

Urinary dysfunction may result from damage to the nerve supply during pelvic dissection or by the anatomical changes created by altering the physical structure of the pelvis. This problem may occur after appropriate oncologic resection of rectal cancer adhering to the globally accepted tenets of total mesorectal excision with either anterior resection or abdominoperineal resection. The most frequent type of urinary dysfunction is urinary retention, a transient problem which occurs in up to 25 % of men and 15 % of women. Fortunately, more severe chronic dysfunctions including voiding difficulty and incontinence are less common. Laparoscopy may confer a protective benefit although definitive evidence of a lower rate of dysfunction as compared to laparotomy remains elusive.
Perceived Stress and Sexual Orientation Among Breast Cancer Survivors

Little is known about the cancer survivorship experiences of sexual minority women (SMW). SMW breast cancer survivors are hypothesized to experience more stress compared to heterosexual breast cancer survivors. A convenience sample of 211 breast cancer survivors (68 SMW, 143 heterosexual women) participated in this cross-sectional online investigation of perceived stress. Regression analyses indicated significant differences in reported stress between heterosexual and SMW breast cancer survivors (β= -.15, p = .03). Our findings may reflect unique experiences had by sexual minority breast cancer survivors. Future research should explore the factors that contribute to elevated perceived stress in this group.
Incidence of marginal ulcers and the use of absorbable anastomotic sutures in laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass

Abstract Objectives A precipitating factor for marginal ulcer formation after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass may be the prolonged irritation by foreign material, such as nonabsorbable suture at the gastrojejunostomy. This study examines the incidence of marginal ulcers before and after a change was made from using nonabsorbable suture to using absorbable suture for the inner layer of the anastomosis. Methods A total of 3285 laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass operations were performed during a 5-year period. The gastrojejunostomy technique was modified in August 2002. Those patients who developed a marginal ulcer postoperatively were identified, and their charts were retrospectively analyzed for the operative technique, patient age, history of previous gastric surgery, presence of preoperative diabetes, coronary artery disease, or peptic ulcer disease, and use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications or tobacco. Results The incidence of marginal ulceration after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass decreased significantly from 2.6% (28/1095) with the use of nonabsorbable suture to 1.3% (29/2190) after the change to absorbable suture for the inner layer of the gastrojejunal anastomosis ( P P P = .002). There were no other significant differences in the factors analyzed. Conclusions The use of nonabsorbable sutures for the inner layer of the gastrojejunal anastomosis is associated with an increased incidence of marginal ulcers, and the adoption of absorbable suture material has reduced this incidence.
Systematic identification of transcription factors associated with patient survival in cancers

Aberrant activation or expression of transcription factors has been implicated in the tumorigenesis of various types of cancer. In spite of the prevalent application of microarray experiments for profiling gene expression in cancer samples, they provide limited information regarding the activities of transcription factors. However, the association between transcription factors and cancers is largely dependent on the transcription regulatory activities rather than mRNA expression levels. In this paper, we propose a computational approach that integrates microarray expression data with the transcription factor binding site information to systematically identify transcription factors associated with patient survival given a specific cancer type. This approach was applied to two gene expression data sets for breast cancer and acute myeloid leukemia. We found that two transcription factor families, the steroid nuclear receptor family and the ATF/CREB family, are significantly correlated with the survival of patients with breast cancer; and that a transcription factor named T-cell acute lymphocytic leukemia 1 is significantly correlated with acute myeloid leukemia patient survival. Our analysis identifies transcription factors associating with patient survival and provides insight into the regulatory mechanism underlying the breast cancer and leukemia. The transcription factors identified by our method are biologically meaningful and consistent with prior knowledge. As an insightful tool, this approach can also be applied to other microarray cancer data sets to help researchers better understand the intricate relationship between transcription factors and diseases.
Application Of Laser Fluorimetry To Enzyme-Linked Immunoassay

An enzyme-linked sandwich immunoassay for insulin is described. Horseradish peroxidase is employed as an enzyme label for antibody, and enzyme activity is measured via the fluorogenic substrate, p-hydroxyphenylacetic acid. The product is detected by excitation of fluorescence with the 325 nm line of a cw helium-cadmium ion laser on-line with reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography. The method requires a total incubation time of 45 minutes, and the limit of insulin detection is 1.1 μU/ml (6.6 pM). This assay is applicable to the analysis of human serum samples.© (1981) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Social amoeba farmers carry defensive symbionts to protect and privatize their crops

The social amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum displays a primitive form of agriculture with some clones carrying bacteria to seed out food crops. Brock et al. now demonstrate that these farmers also carry non-food bacteria that harm competing non-farmer amoeba clones, protecting the crop from exploitation.
Molecular optics in an intense laser field: A route to nanoscale material design

It is shown that molecules can be focused in the gradient of a moderately intense laser field under standard molecular-beam conditions. Simple relationships are given for the focal length and the minimum molecular beam size. Both can be controlled and varied over a wide range by choice of the molecular beam and field parameters. Molecular focusing is proposed as a route to nanoscale processing (deposition, etching, doping, etc.) of materials. Molecular trapping is obtained as the strong interaction limit of a general ``molecular optics'' scheme.
The delineation of urban spheres of influence: Evaluation of an interaction model

Berry B. J. L. and Lamb R. F. (1974) The delineation of urban spheres of influence: Evaluation of an interaction model, Reg. Studies 8, 185–190. Data on newspaper market circulation in the United S...
State of the art in workflow management research and products

In the last few years, workflow management has become a hot topic in the research community and, especially, in the commercial arena. Workflow management is multidisciplinary in nature encompassing many aspects of computing: database management, distributed client-server systems, transaction management, mobile computing, business process reengineering, integration of legacy and new applications, and heterogeneity of hardware and software. Many academic and industrial research projects are underway. Numerous successful products have been released. Standardization efforts are in progress under the auspices of the Workflow Management Coalition. As has happened in the RDBMS area with respect to some topics, in the workflow area also, some of the important real-life problems faced by customers and product developers are not being tackled by researchers. This tutorial will survey the state of the art in workflow management research and products.
Reducing unwanted thermal gains during the cooling season for a solar heat pipe system

Abstract The heat pipe augmented solar heating system significantly reduces heating loads relative to other conventional passive space heating systems. However, thermal gains from the system during the cooling season increase cooling loads and tend to increase overall space conditioning loads. The effectiveness of several design modifications and control strategies for the heat pipe wall to reduce unwanted gains was investigated. Computer algorithms were used to simulate four different unwanted gains reduction mechanisms: shading, an opaque cover, a mechanical valve, and switching the elevations of the evaporator and condenser sections to provide heat transfer out of the room during the cooling season. For each mechanism, three different control strategies were evaluated: (1) Seasonal control, for which the prescribed mechanism was deployed at the beginning and removed at the end of the cooling season, (2) ambient temperature-based control, for which the mechanism was deployed if the forecast for the next hour was greater than 18.3 °C (65 °F), and (3) room temperature-based control, for which the mechanism was deployed if auxiliary cooling was required for the previous hour. For the seasonal strategy, a season determination (SD) parameter was defined and results suggested that SD may be a ‘universal’ parameter that can be applied across a range of climates for quick cooling season assessment. The heat pipe system performed best with ambient temperature-based control strategy, and the cover and valve were the best single mechanisms. Experiments on a full-scale heat pipe wall prototype using valve and cover control mechanisms confirmed significant reductions in unwanted thermal gains with little to no increase in room temperature during the testing periods.
The corrosion of some superalloys in contact with coal chars in coal gasifier atmospheres

Six alloys, 310 stainless steel, Hastelloy X, Inconel 671, Incoloy 800, Haynes 188, and FeCrAlY (GE1541 and MA956), were corroded in two chars at 1600° and 1800°F. The chars, FMC and Husky, contained 2.7% and 0.9% sulfur, respectively. Various parameters were investigated, including char size, cover gas, char quantity, char replenishment period, gas composition, and the use of coatings. The corrosion process was strictly sulfidation when the char was replenished every 24 hr or less. The kinetics of reaction were nearly linear with time. The reaction resulted in thick external sulfide scales with extensive internal sulfidation in the substrate. The kinetics and reactionproduct morphologies suggested that diffusion through the sulfide scale played a minor role, and that an interfacial reaction was the rate-controlling step, A mathematical model was developed which supported this hypothesis.
Feed Intake Response to Changes in Environmental Temperature and Dietary Energy in Roosters

Abstract The objective of this study was to determine the response characteristics of feed intake following an abrupt change in environmental temperature or dietary energy. A 2 x 2 factorial design was used with 23 and 30° C. environmental temperatures and dietary energy levels of 200 and 300 kcal. metabolizable engery (M.E.) per 120 gm. feed. Five months old roosters were maintained in individual cages. After receiving the treatments for seven months the environmental temperatures were abruptly switched (23 to 30 and 30 to 23° C). Eight weeks later the diets were abruptly switched (200 to 300 and 300 to 200 M.E. kcal.). Significant differences in feed intake due to environmental temperature and dietary energy existed prior to the switches. The switch of environmental temperatures resulted in an immediate inverse change in feed intake. The magnitude of the difference due to temperature was less after the switch than before. An immediate inverse change in feed intake also resulted when the diets were switched. However, in this case the magnitude of the difference due to diet was almost the same after the switch of diets as before. Thus, abrupt changes in dietary energy caused a more marked and precise response in feed intake than abrupt changes in environmental temperature. From this study it was concluded that the thermostatic and chemostatic mechanisms exert control over feed intake not only on a short term basis but also to some extent on a long term basis. With the temperature and dietary energy treatments used in this study, the effect of the chemostatic mechanism was more pronounced than the thermostatic mechanism in controlling feed intake. Heat increment of the feed appeared to be more involved with the cessation than the initiation of feeding.
Desynchronization by periodic orbits.

Synchronous chaotic behavior is often interrupted by bursts of desynchronized behavior. We investigate the role of unstable periodic orbits in bursting events and show that they serve as sources of local transverse instability within a synchronous chaotic attractor. Analysis of bursts in both model and experimental studies of two coupled R\"ossler-like oscillators reveals the importance of unstable periodic orbits in bursting events.
Cell Proliferation and Carcinogenesis

(1998). Cell Proliferation and Carcinogenesis. Drug Metabolism Reviews: Vol. 30, No. 2, pp. 339-357.
Finite element study of the Lorentz model in metamaterials

Metamaterials are materials with electromagnetic properties that originate from artificial sub-wavelength structures. Although the Lorentz metamaterial model has been used by physicists and electrical engineers, its mathematical properties have not been investigated yet. Also more robust and efficient algorithms for time-domain simulations are needed. In this paper, we initiate our work in this respect by developing some finite element schemes for solving the Lorentz model. Stability and error analysis are proved for these schemes, and 2-D numerical results justifying our theoretical results are presented.
Effect of time lag and use of compensators in the active control of buildings subjected to earthquake excitations

This work studies the determination of controls to suppress the vibration of a building structure subjected to earthquake excitation. Also studied are the effect of time delay in controls on the response of the structure, determination of time delay limits, and time delay compensation. The control problem is nonautonomous due to the existence of external excitation during the application of controls. The control methods that are used in the autonomous system cannot be applied directly to the nonautonomous problem. Therefore the methods that may be applicable to the nonautonomous problem need to be investigated. In this study, the problem is formulated as a disturbance rejection problem. Determination of controls is discussed with the help of insight provided by classical control methods. A simple control method which is based on large feedback gains is implemented. Time delay effect and compensation are studied through the use of classical control methods.
Fatigue Crack Propagation in Random Short-Fiber SMC Composite

An investigation of the kinetics of fatigue crack growth in a random short-fiber rein forced SMC composite is presented. Experiments were conducted on notched SMC- R50 composite specimens subjected to cyclic uniaxial tensile and mixed-mode fatigue loading. Fatigue crack propagation rates were studied in terms of fracture mechanics parameters. A power-law relationship between the crack growth rate and the cyclic stress intensity factor range was obtained for the SMC-R50 composite under various fatigue loading modes. The value of the exponent in the power-law equation was found to be much higher for the composite than values reported for metals and some structural polymers. A fractographic study of fatigue fracture surfaces was also con ducted. Mechanisms of fatigue crack growth in the SMC-R50 composite were iden tified. A mechanical model is then proposed for further study of the mechanics of fatigue crack growth in random short-fiber SMC composites.
Recycling electrophoretic separations: Modeling of isotachophoresis and isoelectric focusing

The conventional, one-dimensional model that is the foundation for the dynamic simulation of electrophoretic separations is modified to describe the essential features of recycling electrophoresis instruments. Simulations are performed for the isoelectric focusing (IEF) and the isotachophoresis (ITP) modes. Results are compared with experimental data from prototype recycling free-flow IEF and ITP devices. Agreement between the experiments and the simulations is favorable, though electrode and electroosmotic effects, which are omitted from the model, are noticeable in the IEF instrument. Three parameters relevant to the design of recycling electrophoresis devices, viz. the number of ports for the recycle manifold, the residence time in the separation chamber per cycle, and the current density, are investigated with the model.
Markets for Individual Health Insurance: Can We Make Them Work with Incentives to Purchase Insurance?

Simple income-based incentives to purchase health insurance (tax credits or deductions, or subsidies) are unlikely to succeed in significantly reducing the number of uninsured because income is not a good predictor of the extent to which individuals use medical service. Proposals to provide incentives to low-income people so they will purchase individual health insurance need to address the inherent tension between the interests of low-risk and high-risk people who rely on individual coverage. If carriers are forced to cover all applicants and to community rate premiums, low-risk people will drop coverage or not apply for it because premiums will exceed their expected need for insurance. Concern for people who currently have access to individual coverage calls for careful examination of options to permit incentive programs to succeed with the individual insurance markets. In particular, attention should focus on using alternatives to simple income-based subsidies to spread the burden of high-risk people's costs broadly, rather than impose the costs on low-risk people who purchase individual coverage. This paper describes three such alternatives. One uses risk adjustments and two rely on reinsurance so that carriers are compensated for the higher costs of covering high-risk people who use incentives to buy insurance. One alternative also permits risk selection by insurance carriers.
Effects of pressure and muscle loading on the toxic actions of echinoderm saponins in neuromuscular tissues.

Abstract The toxic marine saponin holothurin A from the Bahamian sea cucumber has been studied with regard to potency in blockade of responses of phrenic nerve-diaphragm (PN-D) preparations from the rat and the guinea pig under the additional stresses of high environmental pressure or variable loading of the muscle. In the rat tissue, the toxin (H − ) and its desulfated derivative (DeH) afford a contrast in sensitivity to the effects of elevated pressure: (a) the potency of H − at 1.0 × 10 −4 m is quite high at 14.7 psia, falls sharply as pressure is increased to 130 psia, and then increases moderately as pressure is further raised toward 330 psia; (b) the effect of increased pressure on DeH potency is only marginal. At ambient pressure, the effectiveness of 1.0 × 10 −4 m H − in depressing twitch responses of rat or guinea pig PN-D preparations is quite high near zero loading of the muscle, and falls to negligible levels as the static loading factor is increased toward 10–20 g/g of tissue. These observations are interpreted in terms of a working model for toxin receptors in junctional areas of PN-D tissues.
K(+)-induced vasodilation in the rat kidney is dependent on the endothelium and activation of K+ channels.

Abstract Increased extracellular K + is reported to cause endothelium-independent vasodilation and K + has been proposed as an endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor. However, the endothelium is endowed with K + channels that may also be responsive to increased K + . We examined the vasodilator effect of bolus administration of 20, 40 and 60 μmol KCl in the rat isolated kidney in which perfusion pressure was elevated with phenylephrine. KCl produced dose-dependent vasodilator responses that were virtually abolished by removal of the endothelium which also abolished the vasodilator effect of bradykinin without affecting that to nitroprusside. The vasodilator effect of KCl was unaffected by inhibition of cyclooxygenase, nitric oxide synthase or cytochrome P450 but reduced by inhibition of K + channels with tetraethylammonium (TEA). Barium chloride reduced the vasodilator effects of KCl but charybdotoxin/apamin was without effect. These results indicate that KCl results in endothelium-dependent vasodilation that is independent of nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandins and cytochrome P450 but dependent on activation of endothelial K + channels.
In vivo photoreaction of a chiral cobalt complex: DNA cleavage by Co(DIP)33+ in mammalian cells

Abstract The chiral complex tris (diphenylphenanthroline) cobalt (III) (Co(DIP)33+ provides a photoreactive probe for chromatin structure in mammalian cells. The complex, which upon photoactivation cleaves DNA in a conformation-specific fashion in vitro, is shown also to cleave DNA in vivo upon irradiation with ultraviolet light (>300 nm). Δ- and Λ-Co (DIP)33+ isomers are taken up efficiently into cultured Chinese hamster ovary cells and concentrate within cell nuclei. In the absence of light the complexes are toxic to the cells (10% survival at ∼ 300 nM), but after ultraviolet irradiation, the toxicity is markedly (>10-fold) increased. The synergism between irradiation and Co(DIP)33+ administration may lie in photoreactions with DNA elicited by the cobalt complex. Alkaline sucrose gradient of DNA from cells exposed to Λ-Co(DIP)33+ and irradiation show single-stranded DNA fragmentation under conditions where little cleavage is seen in cells either incubated with Λ-Co(DIP)33+ or irradiated with > 300 nm A ultraviolet light. Cellular DNA is cleaved with lower efficiency than naked DNA, likely due to decreased accessibility of sites in vivo. Hybridization of fragments obtained from the alkaline sucrose gradients to a probe specific for the amplified dihydrofolate reductase gene reveals a similar distribution of dhfr sequences and total DNA, indicating that the family of conformations recognized by Λ-Co(DIP)33+ are dispersed throughout the genome.
The delta campaign : an account of the controversy surrounding the temperature scale for CMN☆

Abstract Theory predicts that the susceptibility of cerous magnesium nitrate will closely approximate Curie's law below 1 K and into the millikelvin region. Specifically, χ = c(T − θ ) −1 , with θ = − 0·27 mK. Single crystal specimens substantiate this prediction down to about 6 mK, below which strong deviations begin to appear and the susceptibility reaches a limiting, maximum value for temperatures below 2 mK. On the other hand, thermometers fashioned (for convenience) from powdered CMN and shaped into cylinders of diameter equal to height, appear—from the properties of 3 He and expectations as to their temperature dependence—to obey Curie's law down to 3 mK and below. Such drastic differences are of considerable importance, inasmuch as CMN is the only practical thermometer currently available for this region of temperature. At various times, interested parties have expressed strong views that either the single crystal thermometric results or those for powder cylinders were wrong, or speculated that both might be correct. A condensed survey is here presented of the details of the dilemma, recent attempts to resolve it, and the situation at present.
Structures of Some Novel α-Glucosyl Diterpene Glycosides from the Glycosylation of Steviol Glycosides

Four new minor diterpene glycosides with a rare α-glucosyl linkage were isolated from a cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase glucosylated stevia extract containing more than 98% steviol glycosides. The new compounds were identified as 13-[(2-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-3-O-(4-O-α-D-glucopyranosyl)-β-D-glucopyranosyl-β-D-glucopyranosyl)oxy] ent-kaur-16-en-19-oic acid-[(4-O-α-D-glucopyranosyl-β-D-glucopyranosyl) ester] (1), 13-[(2-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-β-D-glucopyranosyl)oxy] ent-kaur-16-en-19-oic acid-[(4-O-(4-O-(4-O-α-D-glucopyranosyl)-α-D-glucopyranosyl)-α-D-glucopyranosyl)-β-D-glucopyranosyl ester] (2), 13-[(2-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-3-O-(4-O-(4-O-(4-O-α-D-glucopyranosyl)-α-D-glucopyranosyl)-α-D-glucopyranosyl)-β-D-glucopyranosyl-β-D-glucopyranosyl)oxy] ent-kaur-16-en-19-oic acid β-D-glucopyranosyl ester (3), and 13-[(2-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-3-O-(4-O-(4-O-(4-O-α-D-glucopyranosyl)-α-D-glucopyranosyl)-α-D-glucopyranosyl)-β-D-glucopyranosyl- β-D-glucopyranosyl)oxy] ent-kaur-16-en-19-oic acid-[(4-O-α-D-glucopyranosyl-β-D-glucopyranosyl) ester] (4) on the basis of extensive NMR and mass spectral (MS) data as well as hydrolysis studies.
An extended FDTD scheme for the wave equation: application to multiscale electromagnetic simulation

Abstract An algorithm for the application of the mesh refinement technique to finite-difference calculation of the wave equation is presented via the introduction of a new “extended” FDTD scheme. This scheme can be viewed as an extension of the Yee scheme using a new set of variables relating to the direction of propagation of the waves along an axis. Because of this additional information, this scheme allows a more natural implementation of the mesh refinement technique. The extended scheme is presented for both a one-dimensional and a multidimensional system. The mesh refinement algorithm is given in one dimension, and the performances are compared to other proposed schemes.
RAPAMYCIN (SIROLIMUS) INHIBITS PROLIFERATING CELL NUCLEAR ANTIGEN EXPRESSION AND BLOCKS CELL CYCLE IN THE G1 PHASE IN HUMAN KERATINOCYTE STEM CELLS

Because the immunosuppressant rapamycin (sirolimus) blocks T cell proliferation in G1 phase, it has been proposed as a potential treatment for psoriasis, a skin disease characterized by T cell activation and keratinocyte stem cell hyperproliferation. To determine another potentially important mechanism through which rapamycin can act as an antipsoriatic agent, we tested its direct effect on keratinocyte stem cell proliferation in vitro as well as in vivo. In vivo cell cycle quiescent (G0 phase) stem cell keratinocytes in primary culture sequentially express de novo cyclin D1 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), prior to S phase entry, and upregulate beta1 integrin. Rapamycin inhibited the growth of keratinocytes that were leaving quiescence as well as those already in cell cycle without affecting cell viability. Although beta1 integrin(bright) expression was not affected, the number of beta1 integrin(bright) cells entering S/G2/M was significantly lowered by rapamycin. Cells treated with rapamycin exhibited decreased PCNA expression while cyclin D1 expression, which precedes PCNA expression in the cell cycle, was not affected. We found similar effects on stem cell keratinocytes in patients with psoriasis treated systemically with rapamycin. Because PCNA is required for cell cycle progression from G1 to S phase, our data indicate that inhibition of PCNA protein synthesis may be an important regulatory element in the ability of rapamycin to exert a G1 block.
Teaching qualitative research: who does what?

Ironically, this article about teaching qualitative research methods courses is based on survey data and course syllabi. Seventy‐three professors who teach qualitative research methods in U.S. colleges of education responded to a questionnaire. Their responses tell us something about those who teach qualitative inquiry, the acceptance of qualitative research approaches among college of education faculty, and how qualitative research courses are taught.