cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Confirming nonthermal plasmonic effects enhance CO2 methanation on Rh/TiO2 catalysts

In some cases, illumination of traditional thermal catalysts and tailored plasmonic photocatalysts may synergistically combine thermal and nonthermal mechanisms to enhance reaction rates and improve product selectivity at reduced temperatures. To understand how these attributes are achieved in plasmon-driven catalysis, these intertwined thermal and nonthermal effects must be untangled. Here, we show how a novel indirect illumination technique, in conjunction with precisely monitored thermal profiles of the catalyst, can confirm and clarify the role of nonthermal effects in plasmon-enhanced carbon dioxide methanation on a Rh/TiO2 photocatalyst. We find that the extracted nonthermal methane production rate has a linear dependence on the top surface temperature, distinctly different from an exponential dependence for thermal catalysis. We also find that the apparent quantum efficiency from the nonthermal contribution has no dependence on light intensity but maintains a linear dependence on top surface temperatures between 200 and 350 °C. The clear exposition of nonthermal effects in the Rh/TiO2 plasmonic photocatalyst illustrates how this methodology may be applied for the quantitative evaluation of thermal and nonthermal light effects in other plasmon-enhanced catalytic reactions.
The Value of Qualitative Inquiry for Public Policy

This article focuses on public policies and programs as a major component of the “public sphere,” and argues that qualitative inquiry can make uniquely valuable contributions to their development a...
Co-design as Infrastructuring with Attention to Power: Building Collective Capacity for Equitable Teaching and Learning Through Design-Based Implementation Research

This chapter integrates insights from earlier chapters in this volume by naming ways how co-design can support building collective capacity in educational systems for equitable change. By targeting infrastructure rather than innovations in isolation, co-design with teachers has the potential to bring about more coherent guidance for teachers and more equitable learning opportunities for students. Infrastructuring requires a shift in goals from supporting teacher learning to democratizing innovation and from sustaining particular curricular programs and interventions to building capacity to design and test solutions to emergent problems of practice. Design-Based Implementation Research (DBIR), an integrative approach to organizing research and development teams within long-term research-practice partnerships, provides a useful framework for infrastructuring efforts within large educational systems.
Making sense of the spectrum of climate denial

Frank Fischer’s essay Knowledge Politics and Post-Truth in Climate Denial offers an illuminating application of social constructionist theory to make visible the logic and rationale of overt climat...
Natural compounds in the treatment of Parkinson's disease

Abstract Oxidative stress has been understood as the vital molecular underpinning in the etiopathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, manifold natural compounds with adequate antioxidative properties were discovered and used to overcome oxidative stress. Despite the remarkable success of a few natural therapeutic compounds, their short systemic circulation, low bioavailability and low water solubility, and inability to span blood–brain barrier limited their success. To overcome these challenges, copious drug delivery systems were used. However, they too showed some adverse effects such as systemic toxicity, localization in nontargeted organs, etc. This chapter throws light on various techniques used to accomplish adequate brain targeting and therapeutic efficacy.
Two Old Women : An Example of Gwich'in Stewardship

This project analyzes Two Old Women by Velma Wallis, which provides insight into how an Indigenous writer has engaged in cultural reclamation in Alaska. Based on a traditional Gwich’in story, the novel is a cautionary tale about respect for Elders and strength in community. Through theories of survivance and stewardship, I examine how Wallis’s writing preserves cultural literacies, promotes cultural survival, resists colonial pressures to fully assimilate, and mediates dominant literacies. In particular, I examine how Wallis uses stories of subsistence and survival; place-specific language about animals, landscapes, and place-based activities in interior Alaska; and translanguaging between English and Gwich’in. Together, Wallis’s use of story, place-based language, and translanguaging demonstrates potential tactics of stewardship as a means of preserving and promoting Gwich’in culture. Overall, Wallis’ efforts of cultural revitalization align with movements toward decolonization and survivance.
Acute pulmonary embolism: part I: epidemiology, pathophysiology, and diagnosis.

This New Frontiers article reviews the epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of pulmonary embolism (PE) in 2 parts. In this first section we summarize the mechanisms of right ventricular dysfunction, arterial hypoxemia, and other abnormalities of gas exchange. For diagnosis, we streamline and expedite the work-up. For the second part we provide a contemporary approach to risk stratification to determine which patients may warrant intervention beyond use of heparin and warfarin alone. We conclude with an overview of contemporary concepts in optimizing prophylaxis. PE is a common cardiovascular and cardiopulmonary illness with an incidence in the United States that exceeds 1 per 1000 and a mortality rate 15% in the first 3 months after diagnosis. 1 This makes PE possibly as deadly an illness as acute myocardial infarction. Nevertheless, the lay public has not been well educated about PE. Consequently, early detection and prompt presentation for medical evaluation have lagged far behind the public awareness of acute coronary syndromes and stroke. Although discussion of the etiology of PE has classically focused on acquired and inherited causes of hypercoagulability, there is also an association between atherosclerotic disease and spontaneous venous thrombosis.2 The most common reversible risk factor for PE is obesity, an increasing pandemic in our society. Other common reversible risk factors include cigarette smoking and hypertension. Nevertheless, public fascination with PE has centered on long-haul air travel, a rare cause of venous thromboembolism. 3 PE also occurs in the context of illness attributable to surgery, trauma, immobilization, cancer,4 oral contraceptives,5 pregnancy, and postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy, 6 as well as medical conditions such as pneumonia and congestive heart failure. Genetic predisposition to venous thrombosis is being increasingly recognized, 7 and twin studies have demonstrated the important contribution of an inherited prothrombotic state. 8 Increased levels of clotting factors and activation peptides contribute to the risk of PE. Deficiencies of anticoagulant factors also increase thrombotic risk.9 Pathophysiology
Zika Says No Dice to Dicer.

Summary Among the common flaviviruses that infect humans, Zika virus, and the contemporary Asian strain in particular, is distinctively associated with microcephaly. Zeng et al. (2020) report in this issue of Cell Stem Cell that strong binding and inhibition of human Dicer enzyme by the capsid protein is a potential mechanism for this unique pathogenic potential.
Real-time structured polarized light imaging of dynamics of thick collagenous tissues

Collagen is the most abundant protein and the main load-bearing material in the human body. Collagen architecture and behavior under load are important for understanding their functions in healthy tissues and the pathophysiology of diseased tissues. Structured polarized light imaging (SPLI) has proved to be an effective method to quantify collagen properties of thick collagenous tissues. Compared to without using structured illumination, SPLI provides improved accuracy in quantification and enhanced contrast for visualization of collagen structures by suppressing highly scattered light from the deeper tissue. However, current SPLI requires multiples images, typically 12, which is a challenge for imaging tissue dynamics where acquisition time is highly constrained. In this study, we developed real-time SPLI to address this challenge. The real-time imaging capability was achieved with a polarization-sensitive camera, capable of acquiring images at four polarization states simultaneously at 75 frames/second. Using a rolling image processing technique, we achieved the same frame rate for visualizing tissue dynamics. The performance of real-time SPLI was validated by imaging a rotating chicken tendon. Additionally, we integrated real-time SPLI with a tissue tester and demonstrated that pig scleral tissue, under uniaxial stretching, exhibited nonlinear and region-dependent deformation.
Post Left Ventricular Assist Device Implantation Platelets Count Alterations are Related to Gender, Race and Early Mortality

Purpose Platelet (plt) count dynamics have been described after open heart surgery. Alterations in Plt count are not well characterized after implantation of left ventricular assist devices (LVADS). Methods Single center, retrospective study of consecutive HM-3 implanted patients between 6/2015 to 8/2020. Plt counts at days 0 (pre-implantation), 1, 3, 7, 14 and 30 post implantation were collected along with other blood counts and clinical characteristics. Results A total of 88 consecutive patients were included, mean age was 54±16, 77% were males. Mean plt count decreased immediately after HM-3 implantation followed by stabilization and a gradual increase over the first 2 weeks, with plt counts of 200±86, 146±56, 144±57, 243±94 and 411±152 (days 0, 1, 3, 7 and 14 respectively, p Conclusion Plt count drops early after LVAD implantation and then rise for two weeks post implantation. Patterns of a greater early plt count drop and a steeper late increase, were more pronounced in African Americans and women, respectively. A greater early drop and a slower late rise are associated with an increased 30 days mortality rate.
MTJ-Based Dithering for Stochastic Analog-to-Digital Conversion

The stochastic behavior of magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJ) finds use in many applications - from analog-to- digital conversion to neuromorphic computing. In this paper, a dithering method exploiting the stochastic behavior of an MTJ, based on the voltage controlled magnetic anisotropy effect, is proposed. This method is used to measure low frequency analog signals over an interval. The circuit is composed of two MTJ devices that convert an analog signal into a series of high resistance and low resistance stochastic states, creating a dithering effect. The behavior of the input signal is extracted from the switching frequency. The binary nature of the output signal reduces the complexity, enabling a small, fast, and energy efficient circuit for extracting different forms of information from an analog signal.
Epistemic status as an analytic tool: Mapping classroom talk and participation in a middle grades prototyping testing activity

Abstract This article takes up Heritage's (2012a) gradient model of epistemic stance as an analytical tool to explore the use of questions during a geoscience activity in which students test prototypes to withstand seismic activity. Analyzing unfolding classroom talk advances an understanding of collaboration and student agency to reveal the ways a teacher and students are positioned as knowledgeable in the classroom context through the relationship between epistemic status, epistemic stance and territories of knowledge. Rules and roles for three different participation frames emerged: teacher as knower, students as knowers, and students as collaborators. Contributing to research that investigates how students and teachers make sense of relational aspects of design activity, this article offers a useful method for analyzing classroom discourse with implications for how teachers might signal and assemble participation frames that foreground students’ authentic contributions in a constructivist learning environment.
Techniques to perform a laparoscopic right adrenalectomy for metastases abutting the liver, renal vein, and posterior vena cava.

Introduction Introduction Laparoscopic adrenalectomy (LA) may be associated with reduction in postoperative pain, morbidity, length of stay, and cost compared to open adrenalectomy, and, as a result, has become a preferred approach for benign tumors [1]. Though recent series have reported safety and oncologic non-inferiority with a minimally invasive approach to malignant and metastatic adrenal tumors, relative contraindications to LA include malignancy, large size, and invasion or abutment of vital structures [2].
Plasma membrane involvement in brown fat thermogenesis.

Recent experiments indicate that plasma membranes of brown adipocytes contain distinct α- and β-adrenergic receptors able to recognize norepinephrine. Although activation of either receptor leads to brown fat thermogenesis via pathways that have some, but not all, events in common, the β-induced calorigenesis appears quantitatively greater than that elicited by the α-pathway. The sensitivity of the adrenergic-evoked respiration to Na+/K+ pump blockade as well as to atractyloside supports the view that a significant portion of brown fat thermogenesis reflects increased ATP turnover and enhanced mitochondrial ATP synthesis.
Regulation of the Spatial Organization of Mesenchymal Connective Tissue : Effects of Cell-Associated versus Released Isoforms of Platelet-Derived Growth Factor

Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), a mitogen and chemoattractant for mesenchymal cells, occurs as cell-associated or released isoforms. To investigate their in vivo role, human keratinocytes, which normally synthesize both types of PDGF, were genetically modified to overexpress either wild-type PDGF-B (cell-associated) or the truncation mutant PDGF-B211 (released). Cells expressing the mutant isoform released 20 times more PDGF (145 ng/hour/107 cells) than cells expressing the wild-type isoform (6 ng/hour/107 cells). When grafted as epithelial sheets onto athymic mice, modified cells formed a stratified epithelium and induced a connective tissue response that differed depending on the PDGF isoform expressed. Expression of PDGF-B211 induced a thick connective tissue with increased numbers of fibroblasts, mononuclear cells, and blood vessels evenly distributed throughout the connective tissue layer, whereas expression of PDGF-B induced a zone of fibroblasts and mononuclear cells localized to the interface of the epidermis and connective tissue, which often disrupted the continuity of the basement membrane. Immunostaining revealed that wild-type PDGF protein was deposited in the basement membrane region. These data suggest that the different binding properties of PDGF isoforms control the spatial organization of cellular events in regenerating mesenchymal tissue in vivo.
Targeted Observations to Improve Operational Tropical Cyclone Track Forecast Guidance

Since 1997, the Tropical Prediction Center and the Hurricane Research Division have conducted operational synoptic surveillance missions with a Gulfstream IV-SP jet aircraft to improve numerical forecast guidance. Due to limited aircraft resources, optimal observing strategies for these missions must be developed. In the current study, the most rapidly growing modes are represented by areas of large forecast spread in the NCEP bredvector ensemble forecasting system. The sampling strategy requires sampling of the entire target region with regularly spaced dropwindsonde observations. Three dynamical models were employed in testing the targeting and sampling strategies. With the assimilation into the numerical guidance of all the observations gathered during the surveillance missions, only the 12-h Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory Hurricane Model forecast showed statistically significant improvement. Assimilation of only the subset of data from the subjectively found fully sampled target regions produced a statistically significant reduction of the track forecast errors of up to 25% within the critical first 2 days of the forecast. This is comparable with the cumulative business-as-usual improvement expected over 18 yr.
Gender Equality: Feminism, Queer Theory, and Sexual Citizenship

In this chapter, I assess the roles that both feminist theory and queer theory should play in theorizing contemporary norms of sexual citizenship, and the relationship between these norms and citizens’ lives. My discussion proceeds in four parts. In the first, I consider the feminist discussion of sexuality that developed in the 1980s, and the dissension in the feminist movement that sowed important seeds for queer theory. I also assess the strengths and weaknesses of the theories that feminists created. In brief, I argue that the dominant feminist accounts of this era significantly advance the theorization of power’s effects on citizens. They failed to grasp, however, that oppressive norms of sexual citizenship are neither monolithic nor all-powerful and the ways that they are, in fact, contested in citizens’ daily lives. In the second and third parts, I discuss the development of queer theory and the features that mark this mode of theorizing. Some of the shifts between the feminist and queer theory modes of theorizing, I contend, offer conceptual advantages for understanding contemporary sexuality. Yet much queer theory displays a troubling tendency to valorize all sexual activity as liberatory. In doing so, it oversimplifies both existing norms of sexual citizenship and their relationship to citizens’ lives. This tendency, interestingly, is the obverse flaw of feminist theory’s: while feminist theory overstates the effects of oppressive norms of sexuality in citizens’ lives, queer theorists understate them. Finally, in the last section, I discuss how current norms of sexual citizenship and their relationship to citizens’ lives might be better theorized, and consider the roles that feminist and queer theory can play in this process.
The College Gender Gap in Comparative Perspective, 1950-2000

Women now earn about 57 percent of bachelor's degrees awarded in the United States, a reversal of the gender gap in college education that existed before the late 1970s. A similar reversal can be observed in a substantial majority of developed (OECD) countries, and in a large number of non-OECD countries as well. This paper documents the trend in the college gender gap over the past half century and explores some potential explanations. Within the United States, rising returns to human capital for women may help explain some of the change, but returns to college are now very high for both men and women, and men's enrollment rates have remained stagnant while women's continue to increase. Examining crosscountry data, I show that the trend in the college gender gap persists even after controlling for changes in women's labor-force participation rates, per-capita GDP, and total fertility rates. Within the sample of OECD countries, changes in the divorce rate help explain much of the trend in the OECD, suggesting that changes in family structure or divorce risk may have played an important role, although of course marital status is likely to be endogenous to other social and economic changes that affected schooling decisions as well.
Compressive wireless pulse sensing

Enabled by recent sensing and wireless chips, small wireless sensors can now be attached to various wearable devices such as finger rings and wrist bands. In this paper, we describe a compressive sensing based approach to such wireless devices that exploits sparsity of signal to reduce power consumption for both sensing and transmission. Using subsampling methods, we can lower sensor wake-up frequency and data transmission rate. We use a trained dictionary to recover the signal from the subsampled measurements. The same dictionary can also help recover from possible outliers in sensor measurements. In addition, to protect against burst packet loss over wireless channels, we rearrange packets and randomize their send orders. In order to demonstrate these concepts, we have built a prototype wearable system and report performance results from this experimental system.
Trends in power system wide area protection

The conceptual definition of wide area protection, emergency control and power system optimization is described in this paper. The structure for a wide area protection system must be designed according to the available technology of the user. Enhancement of the system using smart control appears to have a big potential. The introduction of the phasor measurement unit (PMU) has greatly improved the observability of the power system dynamics. The automatic control can be either preventive, or corrective action. During normal operation, the focus is on economic optimization of system operation. During more challenging network conditions, the focus of control shifts towards stability consideration. The ultimate objective is keeping much as possible of the network intact and generators connected to the grid. The wide area protection systems are made against large disturbances, designed to improve power system reliability and/or to increase the transmission capacity. It is also able to communicate with traditional SCADA systems to improve functions like DSM, DA, EMS and SE.
The Role of the Lawyer in the American Democracy

This article was written for a symposium on the lawyer's role in a contemporary democracy. Its primary goal is to structure the future conversation about the practice of law in 21st century democracies, with a particular focus on lawyering in the United States. Its central argument presents itself in two steps. First, democracy in America is unique and any thinking about the American lawyer's professional responsibility must account for this fact. Second, acknowledging this state of affairs gives rise to a distinct understanding of what it means to be a lawyer in this country: Lawyers are the People's people. This article also takes advantage of the opportunity presented by the discussion to explain a basic aspect of an American lawyer's professional responsibility. Specifically, he or she has a fundamental obligation to represent all.
Developmental expression of receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE), amphoterin and sulfoglucuronyl (HNK‐1) carbohydrate in mouse cerebellum and their role in neurite outgrowth and cell migration

Receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) has been proposed as a signal transduction receptor to promote neurite outgrowth and cell migration, by its interaction with a neurite outgrowth promoting protein, Amphoterin. Amphoterin has been shown to interact with sulfoglucuronyl carbohydrate (SGC). The developmental expression of RAGE, Amphoterin and SGC was studied in pre-natal and post-natal mouse cerebellum to establish their cellular and subcellular localization and function. The amount of RAGE in the cerebellum increased with age. RAGE was expressed pre-natally in the external germinal layer and post-natally in the plasma membranes of the granule neurons of the external and internal granule cell layers and in Purkinje cells. Immunocytochemical analysis by high magnification confocal microscopy showed that RAGE was co-expressed with Amphoterin and SGC in the cell surfaces of granule neurons. This co-localization of RAGE, Amphoterin, and SGC was confirmed in isolated and cultured granule neurons and in migrating granule neurons in explant cultures. Anti-RAGE antibodies inhibited neurite outgrowth and cell migration in explant and slice cultures, similar to anti-Amphoterin and anti-SGC antibodies shown previously. The results suggest that RAGE could act as a signaling molecule for neurite outgrowth and cell migration by its interaction with Amphoterin and that of Amphoterin with SGC.
THE IMPORTANCE OF BEING 'SOMETHING': IDENTITY CENTRALITY AND WORK OUTCOMES IN OFF-SHORED CALL CENTERS IN INDIA.

This article presents academic business research. The article examines identity centrality and work outcomes in offshore call centers which are located in the country of India. Particular focus is ...
Haploinsufficiency, rather than the effect of an excessive production of soluble CD95 (CD95ΔTM), is the basis for ALPS Ia in a family with duplicated 3′ splice site AG in CD95 intron 5 on one allele

Autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome type Ia (ALPS Ia) is caused by mutations in the CD95/APO1/FAS (TN-FRSF6) gene, which lead to a defective CD95 ligand (CD95L)–induced apoptosis. Soluble CD95 (sCD95) has been suggested to play an important role in the pathogenesis of diverse autoimmune and malignant diseases by antagonizing CD95L. Here we evaluate a family with 4 of its 5 members harboring an ex-6–3C→G mutation that affects the splice cis regulatory region (cctacag/ex-6→cctagag/ex-6) of the CD95 gene. The mutation causes skipping of exon-6, which encodes the transmembrane region of CD95, and thereby leads to an excessive production of sCD95 in all 4 affected individuals. The mutation is associated with a low penetrance of disease phenotype and caused mild and transient ALPS in one male patient whereas all other family members are completely healthy. In all family members with the mutation we found that the cell surface expression of CD95 was low and the activated T cells were resistant to CD95-induced apoptosis. Unexpectedly, excessive production or addition of sCD95 had no effect on the CD95-induced apoptosis in diverse cells. In contrast, increasing the surface expression of CD95 was able to correct the defect in apoptosis. Thus we conclude that the ALPS in the one male patient was caused by haploinsufficiency of membrane CD95 expression. Our data challenge the hypothesis that sCD95 causes autoimmunity.
The role of predictive inferences in situation model construction

Current theories of discourse comprehension assert that understanding entails the construction of a multilevel representation of text, which would include a surface structure code, a propositional textbase, and a situation model. The component processes used to generate the surface code and the propositional representation have been specified, yet the processes used in the generation of the situation model have not been identified. These experiments investigated the hypothesis that one of the processes used in situation model development is an inferential process in which the reader strategically employs knowledge to form expectations when highly predictive text opportunities arise. Data from a word recognition task demonstrated that predictions are not encoded into a reader's propositional representation during reading. However, the results from word prediction and lexical decision experiments suggested that predictions are available to the reader at a more abstract level of representation—the situation ...
Carbonate production of the coral Diploria labyrinthiformis in south Florida patch reefs

Abstract Average annual production of CaCO3 (aragonite) by the hermatypic coral Diploria labyrinthiformis in the Florida reef tract is 11.8 ± 0.3 kg/m2 of reef space occupied by the coral. Annual production was estimated from a population of 271 Diploria colonies measured in situ. The mass produced annually is the volume of annual growth times the skeletal density. Cores of thirty-one Diploria colonies were slabbed and X-rayed to reveal annual growth bands. The mean vertical growth rate is 0.35 ± 0.06 cm/yr for skeletal density bands representing up to 34 years of growth. The annual volume of growth is approximated by a simple geometric shell whose thickness is determined by the horizontal and vertical growth rates of the colony. Horizontal growth rates are estimated from the ratio of the two lateral axes to the vertical axis. Bulk density determined by dry weight/volume of 9 cyclindrical cores is 1.64 ± 0.13 g/cm3. Productivity of 11.8 kg/m2/yr for area occupied by the coral does not vary appreciably among a nearshore patch reef and two outer-shelf patch reefs. For comparison, production rates for 244 Porites astreoides near Key West, Florida, is 14 ± 3.3 kg/m2/yr for area occupied by the coral. The 271 colonies of D. labyrinthiformis potentially produce sediment which, if spread evenly, would accumulate at a rate of 0.026 m/103 yr for 9008 m2 of reef surveyed. Potential vertical accretion by all corals for the patch reef surveyed is estimated at 2.2 to 6.6 m/103 yr.
The role of the IKK complex in viral infections

The NF-κB signal transduction pathway is a critical regulator of multiple cellular functions that ultimately shift the balance between cell survival and death. The cascade is activated by many intrinsic and extrinsic stimuli, which is transduced via adaptor proteins to phosphorylate the IκB kinase (IKK) complex, which in turn phosphorylates the inhibitory IκBα protein to undergo proteasomal degradation and sets in motion nuclear events in response to the initial stimulus. Viruses are important modulators of the NF-κB cascade and have evolved multiple mechanisms to activate or inhibit this pathway in a manner conducive to viral multiplication and establishment of a productive infectious cycle. This is a subject of extensive research by multiple laboratories whereby unraveling the interactions between specific viral components and members of the NF-κB signal transduction cascade can shed unique perspectives on infection associated pathogenesis and novel therapeutic targets. In this review, we highlight the interactions between components of the IKK complex and multiple RNA and DNA viruses with the emphasis on mechanisms by which the interaction feeds the infection. Understanding these interactions will shed light on the exploitative capabilities of viruses to maintain an environment favorable for a productive infection.
Adenosine magnetic resonance imaging versus dobutamine stress echocardiography in patients with low probability for coronary artery disease

Accurate assessment of patients with chest pain without electrocardiographic changes or elevation of serum cardiac enzymes is challenging. There is increased interest in the role of dobutamine stress echocardiography (DSE) and adenosine magnetic resonance imaging (AMRI) performed in the chest pain unit as a diagnostic method to rule out Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) as the cause of the chest pain in this population.
MAGI2 genetic variation and inflammatory bowel disease

Despite recent advances the majority of IBD susceptibility ‘genes’ remain undiscovered. Recent data suggest that autoimmune conditions may ‘share’ susceptibility loci. Epidemiological evidence indicate an association between celiac disease and IBD and both conditions demonstrate increased gut permeability. MAGI2, recently implicated in UC and celiac disease, encodes a scaffolding protein involved in epithelial integrity. Our aim was to test MAGI2 variants for association with IBD and also their role in determining intermediate hereditary phenotypes defined by antibody production to microbial antigens. We genotyped 113 MAGI2 SNPs in 681 cases of Crohn’s disease (CD), 259 ulcerative colitis (UC) cases and 195 controls. The most significant IBD association was in intron 6 (rs2160322, p=0.009)) and both UC (p=0.006) and CD (p=0.03) contributed to this association. The most significant CD association was with an intron 2 haplotype (rs7785088/rs323149/rs13246026, p=0.002). We observed highly significant associations with UC in intron 6 (rs7803276/rs7803705, p=0.002) and also significant associations in introns 2, 6 and 20. Significant associations were seen with: IgG ASCA positive CD in intron 3 (p=0.003), intron 6 (p=0.003), and intron 20 (p=0.001); anti-CBir1 positive CD in intron 3 (p=0.0001) and intron 6 (p=0.008); and anti-OMPc positive CD in intron 3 (p=0.0009), and intron 9 (p=0.007). Quantitative antibody levels were also associated with variants in intron 4 (anti-IgA ASCA, p=0.0003 and anti-IgG ASCA, p=0.0002). These findings support the significance of the epithelial barrier in IBD pathogenesis.
A new date for Ramapithecus

Recent work in the Middle Siwalik rocks of the Potwar Plateau in northern Pakistan is doing much to further our understanding of Miocene mammalian evolution, in particular the evolution of Ramapithecus and Sivapithecus, hominoids considered important for human ancestry1. It is crucial to the understanding of hominoid evolution to place the fossils in as precise a chronologic framework as possible. As there is a lack of material suitable for radiometric dating, it is necessary to rely on the correlation of the magnetic stratigraphy associated with the Siwalik faunas to the calibrated magnetic polarity tune scale (MPTS). Initial age estimates by Barndt et al.2 were based on reconnaissance level palaeomagnetic sampling. The more detailed sampling presented here suggests a revised correlation of the local magnetic stratigraphy to the time scale and hence a revised age estimate for Ramapithecus: 8 Myr now seems more likely than the previous estimate of 9 Myr.
Hitting Below the Bible Belt: The Development of the Gay Rights Movement in Atlanta

Abstract: This study focuses on the gay and lesbian rights movement in America's most conservative region, the South, and its major urban center, Atlanta. Gays and lesbians benefited from a changing political opportunity structure as they overcame severe pressures to develop their own neighborhoods, build a wide range of organizations, and become an important electoral bloc. The movement built upon the city's civil rights legacy and benefited from the dissipation of it opponents, but it has not posed a major threat to what has been labeled Atlanta's regime.
Initial Results of a Comprehensive Ultrasoft Survey of the Einstein IPC Database: Source List and Confirmation of the Selection Procedure

We have carried out a survey of the entire Einstein IPC database (a total of 5934 sources) to select objects with strong components of ultrasoft X-ray emission (i.e., emission below 0.5 keV). The selection criteria are based on ratios of counts within three broad energy bands (i.e., X-ray "colors"). A total of 516 objects have been selected, with 202 (39%) having been identified through correlations with other databases. Of the currently identified objects, 45% are active galactic nuclei, 28% are stellar objects, 6% are "normal" galaxies and galaxy clusters, and the remaining 21% are "nonstellar" Galactic objects such as cataclysmic variables, pulsars, and white dwarfs. We present a discussion of the survey selection procedure, the list of selected sources, and discussions of interesting objects from the aforementioned groups. We discuss the remarkable success of our rather "low resolution" method of estimating spectral shape and present plans for follow-up studies of the as yet unidentified sources.
Fast gated EPR imaging of the beating heart: spatiotemporally resolved 3D imaging of free-radical distribution during the cardiac cycle.

In vivo or ex vivo electron paramagnetic resonance imaging (EPRI) is a powerful technique for determining the spatial distribution of free radicals and other paramagnetic species in living organs and tissues. However, applications of EPRI have been limited by long projection acquisition times and the consequent fact that rapid gated EPRI was not possible. Hence in vivo EPRI typically provided only time-averaged information. In order to achieve direct gated EPRI, a fast EPR acquisition scheme was developed to decrease EPR projection acquisition time down to 10–20 ms, along with corresponding software and instrumentation to achieve fast gated EPRI of the isolated beating heart with submillimeter spatial resolution in as little as 2–3 min. Reconstructed images display temporal and spatial variations of the free-radical distribution, anatomical structure, and contractile function within the rat heart during the cardiac cycle. Magn Reson Med, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Young adult offending: intersectionality of gender and race

It is an accepted criminological fact that gender and race affect involvement in crime. What has been examined less frequently is the effect of intersectionality of gender and race across the early life course. This research uses Delinquency in a Birth Cohort II: Philadelphia, 1958 to examine the longer term effects on crime of intersectionality during the adolescent and young adult portions of the life course. Findings indicate that intersectionality of gender and race is fundamental for young adults. It is argued that multiracial feminism can best explain why intersectionality must be taken into consideration when looking at offending across the early life course.
Codominance of cisplatin resistance in somatic cell hybrids.

Intrinsic or acquired resistance to cisplatin in cancer cells remains a major obstacle to successful chemotherapy. The clinically relevant genetic and molecular mechanisms of resistance have not yet been identified. Cisplatin-resistant (CP-r) human KB epidermoid carcinoma cell lines (HeLa) resistant to varying levels of cisplatin after single and multiple selection steps are cross-resistant to other platinum compounds and to methotrexate. Intraspecies hybrids of the sensitive and KB CP-r cells were fused with HeLa D98OR CP-s, hypoxanthine-aminopterin-thymidine (HAT) sensitive, ouabain resistant, to determine whether cisplatin resistance is dominant or recessive. Cell–cell hybridization between the sensitive cells and single-step or two-step KB CP-r cells both indicated codominance of cisplatin resistance compared to hybrids between sensitive cell lines (D98ORxKB). The hybrids between sensitive cell lines (D98xKB) and a single-step CP-r KB cell line (D98xKB-CP.5) also were cross-resistant to carboplatin and methotrexate. In addition, the relatively slower growth rate of CP-r cells appears to be dominant. In the two-step CP-r KB cell line, KB-CP1, resistance is no more dominant than in the single-step CP-r KB cell line, KB-CP.5, suggesting that one of the two steps of resistance in KB-CP1 may not be dominant. These dominance data suggest that it might be possible to identify one or more genes responsible for cisplatin resistance by gene transfer from a resistant cell line to a sensitive cell line. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A principled approach to selecting an automated library system

Nothing can guarantee that an automated system selection process will be successful, but adherence to a set of common‐sense principles can help in securing a successful outcome. The focus of the process has to be on the long term and must take account of the institutional context into which the system will fit. With the shift towards user empowerment, the involvement of users in the selection process is increasingly critical. The components of the selection process can be envisioned and combined in many different ways. The process used by the Purdue University Libraries serves to illustrate one way the process can play itself out.
Regional Differences in Nitrogen Fractions in California Herd Milks

Abstract Concentrations of protein calculated from total Kjeldahl nitrogen and total Kjeldahl nitrogen corrected for the nonprotein nitrogen were determined in samples of herd milk collected from dairy farm tanks in California's San Joaquin Valley (45 samples) and from the area north of San Francisco Bay (55 samples). Means for the San Joaquin Valley and North Bay Area were for protein determined from nitrogen corrected for nonprotein nitrogen 3.15 and 3.61%, for total nitrogen 522 and 598 mg/100 g milk, and for nonprotein nitrogen 28.6 and 32.6 mg/100 g. Nonprotein nitrogen was 5.5% of the total nitrogen in the North Bay Area and 5.5% of total nitrogen in the San Joaquin Valley. Regional differences were statistically significant. Protein content of milk and dairy products should be determined from Kjeldahl total nitrogen concentration corrected for the nonprotein nitrogen, and instrumental procedures, such as infrared and dyebinding, should be calibrated to actual protein content excluding nonprotein nitrogen.
STATE TAX PREFERENCE ORDERINGS AND PARTISAN CONTROL OF GOVERNMENT

Using scattered analyses linking partisan control of political institutions to taxation decisions as the point of departure, this paper examines patterns of tax preferences in American States. Focusing on the order in which states enacted personal income taxes, general sales taxes, and corporation income taxes, several important patterns emerge. First, states with both the governorship and state legislature traditionally controlled by members of the same political party showed a strong tendency to prefer a corporation income tax and a personal income tax together as a first preference, followed by a general sales tax. Second, partisan competition and divided institutional control seemed to constitute a modest impediment to taxation of personal incomes as a high priority. And third, the nature of the partisan culture did not seem to facilitate or impede high preference for either general sales taxes or corporation income taxes to the extent found for personal income taxation. The implication is that where there is traditionally a high degree of partisan competitiveness and fragmentation, personal income taxation is likely to be accorded rather low preferences relative to other taxes.
Enhancing isotachophoresis sensitivity by low-concentration electrolyte cascading

A method is presented which enhances isotachophoresis sensitivity through concentration cascading on commercial instrumentation. A simple modification of an LKB 2127 Tachophor allows the use of a 10 mM/1 mM leading electrolyte cascade. By employing pre-migration before the cascade is formed, little increase in analysis time occurs. Demonstration of this system with pH 6 electrolytes shows that nearly a five-fold increase in effective sensitivity for citrate can be obtained.
4‐Hexylresorcinol, a Potent Inhibitor of Mushroom Tyrosinase

4-hexylresorcinol (4HR) was a potent inhibitor of mushroom tyrosinase in crude extracts, causing 90% loss of activity at 100 μM. The concentration of 4HR needed to cause 50% inhibition (I 50 ) was ≃5 μM. Partially purified tyrosinase was inhibited by lower concentrations of 4HR and was characterized with an I 50 of ≃1 μM. Electrophoretic analysis, coupled with isoenzyme staining in the presence and absence of 4HR, showed inhibition of tyrosinase isoforms but not of laccase isoforms
Prediction of electron-transfer reactivities from contemporary theory: unified comparisons for electrochemical and homogeneous reactions

Expose d'un formalisme theorique permettant d'etudier et de prevoir les parametres cinetiques pour le transfert d'electrons de la sphere externe dans un environnement heterogene et homogene, sur une base unifiee. Utilisation de ces donnees pour calculer les constantes de vitesse et les parametres d'activation de 11 reactions electrochimiques et de 45 reactions de transfert homogene d'electrons, dans le cas de couples redox aqua, ammino, ethylenediamine et polypyridine de metaux de transition, a partir de donnees thermodynamiques ou structurales appropriees
Ajātasattu and the future of psychoanalytic anthropology. Part I: The promise of a culture

Thus, we can see that Obeyesekere’s notion and usage of some psychoanalytic concepts is at variance with Freud’s formulations and with those of standard psychoanalytic theory. This divergence is also evident in Obeyesekere’s formulation of the concept of disconnection, which is arguably the most important construct in the first chapter of The work of culture. Space constraints prevent us taking-up this concept here. So let me now conclude this first part of the essay, and begin part 2 with an examination of ‘disconnection’ in the context of a discussion of Obeyesekere’s accounts of two South Asian ecstatics.
Cyclic nucleotide concentrations in the brains of mice treated with the convulsant bicyclic organophosphate, 4-isopropyl-2,6,7-trioxa-1-phosphabicyclo[2,2,2] octane.

Abstract The possible involvement of brain cyclic nucleotides in the mechanism of toxicity of 4-alkyl-2,6,7-trioxa-l-phosphabicyclo[2,2,2]octanes—convulsant bicyclic organophosphates without anticholinesterase properties—has been studied by examining the effects of the intracerebroventricular application of the 4-isopropyl derivative (IPTBO) on the concentrations of cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP in three subsections of the brain of the mouse. IPTBO and caffeine, a convulsant phosphodiesterase inhibitor included in the study for comparison, produced convulsions accompanied by decreases in the cyclic AMP concentrations in the cortex, the subcortex and the cerebellum, and increases in the cyclic GMP concentrations in the subcortex and the cerebellum. Pretreatment with penlobarbitonc (intraperitoneally) protected against convulsions and the concomitant changes in the cyclic nucleotides produced by IPTBO. In contrast. Soman, a potent convulsant anticholinesterase, produced a convulsive state with increased levels of cyclic GMP and cyclic AMP in the cerebellum and the cortex. A speculative scheme is proposed (i) to explain the results, which do not appear to support the direct involvement of the inhibition of the brain cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase in the mechanism of toxicity of the bicyclie organophosphates or caffeine, and (ii) to provide some basis for further study.
Patterns of organelle distribution in mouse embryos during preimplantation development

We have evaluated the distribution of mitochondria and acidic organelles using, respectively, the specific vital fluorescent dyes rhodamine 123 and acridine orange during preimplantation embryonic development in the mouse. Under conditions used to visualize organelles in living embryos, staining with either dye was found to have no effect on either the rate or extent of in vitro development of five- to eight-cell embryos up to the blastocyst stage. Mitochondria were randomly distributed throughout the cytoplasm and located around nuclei in blastomeres of uncompacted embryos. During compaction, mitochondria initially reorganized to the blastomere cortex; however, these organelles were later confined to the perinuclear region in the trophectoderm (TE) of expanded blastocysts. Acidic organelles were randomly distributed in the cytoplasm of uncompacted embryos, but following compaction, they were concentrated in cortical and perinuclear locations. Moreover, in TE cells of expanded blastocysts, acidic organelles were found exclusively in a tight perinuclear pattern. Microtubules and microfilaments in TE cells were localized in fixed embryos stained with antitubulin antibodies and rhodamine phalloidin, respectively; these structures were found primarily in the cortical cytoplasm at areas of cell-cell contact and secondarily in a perinuclear location. Thus mitochondria and acidic organelles undergo stage-specific redistributions from a diffuse or cortical pattern at the eight-cell stage to a tight perinuclear localization in the TE. We conclude that the polarized distributions of some organelles and cytoskeletal proteins during compaction may not be reliable permanent markers of the mature TE.
SED-ML: Nested Simulation Proposal

This document describes a second version of the proposal for nested simulation experiments for SED-ML (http://sed-ml.org). The proposal has been updated to include the feedback received in the meantime and has been enhanced by examples. A full implementation is available with libSedML (http://libsedml.sf.net) and the SED-ML Web Tools (http://sysbioapps.dyndns.org/SED-ML_Web_Tools/)
Effects of some membrane-active and other compounds on thrombin-induced platelet aggregation.

Substanzen, welche die thrombin-induzierte Plattchenaggregation hemmen, lassen sich in drei Hauptgruppen aufteilen: 1. membranstabilisierende Steroide, 2. Substanzen, welche die elektrischen Eigenschaften der Membran oder die Permeabilitat oder beide beeinflussen, und 3. Substanzen, die eine Erhohung des intrazellularen cAMP-Spiegels bewirken sollen. Eine Hypothese uber die Hemmung der Plattchenaggregation durch Thrombin wird vorgeschlagen.