cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Normal mode analysis of proteins: a comparison of rigid cluster modes with Cα coarse graining

Abstract The ability to infer dynamic motions from an equilibrium (static) conformation of a protein can be essential in establishing structure–function relationships. In particular, the low-frequency motions are of functional interest because statistical mechanics predicts these motions will have the largest amplitudes. In this paper, we address the computational cost of normal mode analysis (NMA) applied to a C α -based elastic network model (C α -NMA) and present a new coarse-grained rigid-body-based analysis (cluster-NMA). This new method represents a protein as a collection of rigid bodies interconnected with harmonic potentials. This representation produces reduced degree-of-freedom (DOF) equations of motion (EOMs) which, even in the case of large structures (10 3+ residues), enables the computation of normal modes to be done on a desktop PC. We present the complete theory and analysis of cluster-NMA and also include its application to a variety of structures. The results of the new method are compared with C α -NMA and it is shown that cluster-NMA produces very good approximations to the lowest modes at a fraction of the computational cost.
Bladder contractions alter inspiratory termination by superior laryngeal and intercostal nerve stimulation

Gradual distension of the urinary bladder evokes spontaneous bladder contractions (SBCs), which are associated with reduced inspiratory activity in the phrenic and other inspiratory motor nerves. We examined the influence of isovolumetric SBCs on the threshold for termination of phrenic inspiration by electrical stimulation of superior laryngeal and/or mid-thoracic intercostal nerves (ICN) in decerebrate, vagotomized, paralyzed, ventilated cats. Although SBCs reduced phrenic inspiratory activity, the threshold for inspiratory termination by nerve stimulation was increased. The results emphasize the complexity of the synaptic connections among brain stem neurons governing micturition and breathing.
Targetome profiling and functional genetics implicate miR-618 in lymphomagenesis.

Despite the voluminous body of observational evidence concerning the role of miRNAs in cancer, significant knowledge gaps remain concerning the molecular circumstances that underlie the miRNA-cancer connection. In this study, we employ a multidisciplinary approach to establish an association between miR-618 and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) in a human population and attempt to explicate this association at the molecular level. A high-throughput, transcriptome-wide RIP-Chip-based method was used to identify members of the miR-618 targetome, which were analyzed for functional relevance using a gene network-based approach. Findings were confirmed by genotyping a SNP (rs2682818) in the stem-loop sequence of miR-618 in a population-based case-control study of NHL (455 cases and 527 controls). Lastly, we analyzed the functional impact of rs2682818 on miR-618 expression and its consequent implications for the lymphomagenic process. A total of 128 miR-618 targets were identified, which were enriched for genes that have functional roles in lymphoma-relevant pathways. This is consistent with our finding of a significant association between rs2682818 G > T in the miR-618 stem-loop and follicular lymphoma (FL) (OR: 1.65, 95% CI: 1.05–2.60). In vitro analysis of rs2682818's functional impact revealed that the variant T allele resulted in reduced levels of mature miR-618, which in turn may lead to deregulation of miR-618-controlled pathways relevant to follicular lymphoma. Taken together, our findings implicate miR-618 in follicular lymphomagenesis, identify miR-618 as a potential risk biomarker for follicular lymphoma, and illuminate miR-618-regulated lymphomagenic pathways that can serve as therapeutic targets for follicular lymphoma.
Models of the Temporal Dynamics of Visual Processing

Single unit recordings of neurons in primary visual cortex have demonstrated complex temporal patterns in the interspike interval return maps when presented with periodic input. Two models are tested to account for these patterns. An integrate-and-fire model is only able to replicate thein vivo data if its synaptic input is a chaotic function of time (such as a time series derived from the sinusoidally driven Duffing equation). Simpler purely periodic inputs are insufficient to replicate the experimental data. A Hodgkin-Huxley ionic model with a periodic input can replicate some of the features of the neural data, however it seems to be lacking as a complete model. These results indicate that thein vivo dynamics are not a result of the intrinsic properties of the neuron, but arise from a chaotic input to the neuron.
Tailoring protocols to successfully recruit and retain older adults in a longitudinal study of sleep and cognition.

Many studies attest to the challenges of recruiting and retaining older adults in longitudinal studies. This article presents the methods used by the Physiological Research to Improve Sleep and Memory Project to recruit and retain 115 adults (70+ years) in a 2-year study that involved yearly administrations of two neurocognitive test batteries and two nights of polysomnography. The paper describes strategies which are built on knowledge obtained from participant informants and the use of tailored, individualize protocols. Together, these strategies enabled participants to become vested in the research process and to fully participate in all aspects of the study.
Relationship between placental development and calf birth weight in beef cattle

Abstract Relationships between circulating concentrations of estrone sulfate and progesterone in the dam prepartum and weight of the calf and placenta at birth were evaluated at first parity in Hereford × Angus heifers (n=27) bred to a purebred Angus bull. Blood samples were collected from the tail vein of all heifers at 14 day intervals throughout the last trimester of gestation, and a complete placenta was obtained from 22 heifers at parturition. Estrone sulfate was measured as free estrone after incubation with sulfatase enzyme, and both estrone and progesterone levels were quantitated by radioimmunoassay. Maternal plasma estrone sulfate concentrations increased (P 0.1) by the sex of the fetus. Calf birth weight was correlated positively with maternal plasma estrone sulfate concentrations between Days 10 and 1 prepartum (r=0.65, P
Estrogen-progesterone requirements for udder development in ovariectomized heifers.

Abstract The levels of progesterone (P) and estradiol-17 β (E) necessary for maximal udder development were studied in 30 ovariectomized heifers. The two hormones were injected three times weekly for 20 weeks. Growth measurements were estimated from mammary weight, DNA, maximal volume, and histological rating; RNA and RNA/DNA values were also determined. The optimal combinations appeared to be either 200mg P and 800 μ g E or 100mg P and 400 μ g E. These doses produced tightly packed alveolar cells very similar to those of normally developed udders from five-month-pregnant heifers. None of the steroid combinations stimulated precocious milk secretion. A discrepancy between nucleic acid values and histological ratings of the udders was observed. It is suggested that several criteria be used to evaluate hormone-induced mammary development.
Cell- and gene-specific regulation of primary target genes by the androgen receptor

The androgen receptor (AR) mediates the physiologic and pathophysiologic effects of androgens including sexual differentiation, prostate development, and cancer progression by binding to genomic androgen response elements (AREs), which influence transcription of AR target genes. The composition and context of AREs differ between genes, thus enabling AR to confer multiple regulatory functions within a single nucleus. We used expression profiling of an immortalized human prostate epithelial cell line to identify 205 androgen-responsive genes (ARGs), most of them novel. In addition, we performed chromatin immunoprecipitation to identify 524 AR binding regions and validated in reporter assays the ARE activities of several such regions. Interestingly, 67% of our AREs resided within ∼50 kb of the transcription start sites of 84% of our ARGs. Indeed, most ARGs were associated with two or more AREs, and ARGs were sometimes themselves linked in gene clusters containing up to 13 AREs and 12 ARGs. AREs appeared typically to be composite elements, containing AR binding sequences adjacent to binding motifs for other transcriptional regulators. Functionally, ARGs were commonly involved in prostate cell proliferation, communication, differentiation, and possibly cancer progression. Our results provide new insights into cell- and gene-specific mechanisms of transcriptional regulation of androgen-responsive gene networks.
Pyoderma gangrenosum after lower extremity bypass.

A 66-year-old male with lower extremity ischemia underwent femoral–posterior tibial bypass with composite vein graft from the arm. Ten days later, he presented to the emergency department with pain, wound erythema, and drainage. Despite a prolonged course of intravenous antibiotics and serial operative debridements, the wound edges repeatedly necrosed after each procedure. The vein graft remained viable. Punch biopsies of wound edges were consistent with pyoderma gangrenosum (PG). The patient's condition improved on immunosuppressive therapy. Although a rare clinical entity, postsurgical PG is a well-described phenomenon whose diagnosis is often delayed. Clinical suspicion is imperative to ensure timely treatment and minimize morbidity.
Locking in pfair-scheduled multiprocessor systems

We consider two classes of locking synchronization protocols for pfair-scheduled multiprocessor systems: short critical-section protocols and long critical-section protocols. For the former class, we demonstrate that efficient synchronization can be achieved by ensuring that all locks have been released before tasks are preempted. For the latter class, we propose the use of statically-weighted resource servers. We also discuss several inheritance-based protocols as possible alternatives.
Numerical Simulation of the Sedimentation of Rigid Bodies in an Incompressible Viscous Fluid by Lagrange Multiplier/Fictitious Domain Methods Combined with the Taylor–Hood Finite Element Approximation

In this work we discuss an application of a distributed Lagrange multiplier based fictitious domain method, to the numerical simulation of the motion of rigid bodies settling in an incompressible viscous fluid. The solution method combines a third order finite element approximation, and time integration by operator splitting. Convergence results are shown for a simple Stokes flow with a circular rigid body that rotates with constant angular velocity. Results of numerical experiments for two sedimenting cylinders in a two-dimensional channel are presented. We present also results for the sedimentation of 100 and 504 cylinders.
Performance Of The DO End Calorimeter Electromagnetic Module

We have constructed a Uranium liquid Argon calorimeter which serves as the end calorimeter electromagnetic module for the DO experiment at Fermilab. We present details of the construction and the results of the tests made using electron beams ranging from 10 GeV to 150 GeV. We find the energy resolution is 15.5%/dm with a small constant term of - 0.5% and the response is linear to better than &0.5%.
FAST: differentially private real-time aggregate monitor with filtering and adaptive sampling

Sharing aggregate statistics of private data can be of great value when data mining can be performed in real-time to understand important phenomena such as influenza outbreaks or traffic congestion. However, to this date there have been no tools for releasing real-time aggregated data with differential privacy, a strong and provable privacy guarantee. We propose FAST, a real-time system that allows differentially private aggregate sharing and time-series analytics. FAST employs a set of novel, adaptive strategies to improve the utility of shared/released data while guaranteeing the user-specified level of differential privacy. We will demonstrate the challenges and our solutions in the context of prepared data sets as well as live participation data dynamically collected among the SIGMOD'13 attendees.
Temperature-sensitive mutants of Mycoplasma pneumoniae. II. Response of hamsters.

For development of an attenuated live vaccine strain of Mycoplasma pneumoniae, temperature-sensitive (ts) mutants were produced by treatment of the PI 1428 strain with N-methyl-N'-nitro-nitrosoguanidine. Eight of the nine mutants studied infected the hamster's respiratory tract, but these mutants were recovered significantly less often than wild-type organisms which were studied for comparative purposes. The ts mutants as a group were attenuated since they produced virtually no pneumonia, whereas wild-type organisms produced pneumonia in 50%-65% of inoculated animals. The ts mutants did not revert to wild type in vivo during a six-week period of observation. Infection with the mutants induced significant resistance to subsequent challenge with wild-type organisms. These findings offer some hope for eventual control of illness due to M. pneumoniae with a live vaccine.
Designing the Shaft Diameter for Acceptable Levels of Stress Within an Axial-Piston Swash-Plate Type Hydrostatic Pump

In this research, the diameter of the shaft within an axial-piston swash-plate type hydrostatic pump is considered from a stress point of view. To analyze the loading of the shaft, the components within the pump are studied using a force and torque diagram and it is shown that the loads are applied differently for three main sections of the shaft. From the force and torque diagram, the actual shaft loads are determined based upon the geometry of the pump and the working pressure of the hydraulic system, Using well-accepted machine design practices, governing equations for the shaft diameter are produced for the various regions of loading along the shaft. These equations consider both bending and torsional stresses on the outer surface of the shaft. Results for the required shaft diameter are then computed for a typical pump design and compared to the geometry of an actual shaft, It is noted that stress concentrations can significantly alter these results and that the required shaft diameter can be reduced by applying the proper heat treatments and increasing the shaft strength. Finally, the designer is cautioned regarding the deflection difficulties that can arise when the shaft diameter is reduced too much.
Red Blood Cell Transfusion in the Neurological ICU

Red blood cell transfusion (RBCT) is a common therapy used in the intensive care unit to treat anemia. However, due to deleterious side effects and questionable efficacy, the clinical benefit of RBCT in patients who are not actively bleeding is unclear. The results of randomized controlled trials suggest there is no benefit to a liberal transfusion practice in general critical care populations. Whether the results of these trials are applicable to brain injured patients is unknown, as patients with primary neurological injury were excluded. This article reviews the efficacy and complications of RBCT, as well as the relationship between RBCT and its outcome in both the general intensive care unit and neurologically critically ill populations.
South Korea's Way to the Future

South Korea leads the world in access to broadband services; as of early 2006, 83 percent of households had broadband, compared to roughly 45 percent in the US. Not coincidentally, the country also leads in the transition to digital music sales via digital rights management (DRM) software. In fact; the past decade has seen South Korea's music scene change dramatically. It once had 8,000 music stores; now, it has 400 - partly because of the Asian financial crisis of the late 1990s, but mostly due to the change in music distribution patterns. South Korea is also the first country in which online music sales exceeded CD sales in value. According to The Korea Times, South Koreans spent 400 billion won buying music from traditional stores in 1999; by 2005, that number was down to 108 billion won whereas online music purchases had reached 262 billion won. The exchange rate is roughly 1,000 won to every US dollar, so converting the word "billion" to "million" gives US readers an idea of what's going on in a country one-sixth the US s size and with 1 /15th of its gross domestic product. A typical South Korean mobile phone is a camera as well as a music player, and some include video players, stored value cards, and full keyboards. South Korea's ringtone market alone is larger than its CD market - ringtones brought in US$336 million in 2004, for example. Consumers can buy unlimited music downloads for $5 per month or broadband service for $20 per month - and they're about to have a new form of interoperability among music vendors
pGALS – paediatric Gait Arms Legs and Spine: a simple examination of the musculoskeletal system

We describe pGALS (paediatric Gait, Arms, Legs and Spine) – a simple quick musculoskeletal assessment to distinguish abnormal from normal joints in children and young people. The use of pGALS is aimed at the non-specialist in paediatric musculoskeletal medicine as a basic clinical skill to be used in conjunction with essential knowledge about red flags, normal development and awareness of patterns of musculoskeletal pathologies. pGALS has been validated in school-aged children and also in the context of acute general paediatrics to detect abnormal joints. We propose that pGALS is an important part of basic clinical skills to be acquired by all doctors who may be involved in the care of children. The learning of pGALS along with basic knowledge is a useful way to increase awareness of joint disease, facilitate early recognition of joint problems and prompt referral to specialist teams to optimise clinical outcomes. We have compiled this article as a resource that can be used by the paediatric rheumatology community to facilitate teaching.
A lymphoproliferative abnormality associated with inappropriate expression of the Thy-1 antigen in transgenic mice

Abstract The Thy-1 antigen is a cell-surface glycoprotein of unknown function expressed on mouse T lymphocytes, neurons, and hematopoietic stem cells. To alter the normal pattern of Thy-1 expression during hematopoietic differentiation, we created transgenic mice using a hybrid Thy-1 gene containing a transcriptional enhancer of the mouse immunoglobulin heavy chain gene (Eμ). Strains of mice bearing the Thy-1.2/Eμ gene express the Thy-1.2 antigen on mature B lymphocytes and their progenitors, and develop a heritable lymphoid hyperplasia characterized by massive expression of the Thy-1.2 antigen in the bone marrow and lymph nodes. The phenotype associated with inappropriate developmental regulation of the Thy-1 gene suggests that the Thy-1 antigen may play a role inducing activation or differentiation events on early lymphocyte progenitor cells.
Adaptive Stream Processing using Dynamic Batch Sizing

The need for real-time processing of "big data" has led to the development of frameworks for distributed stream processing in clusters. It is important for such frameworks to be robust against variable operating conditions such as server failures, changes in data ingestion rates, and workload characteristics. To provide fault tolerance and efficient stream processing at scale, recent stream processing frameworks have proposed to treat streaming workloads as a series of batch jobs on small batches of streaming data. However, the robustness of such frameworks against variable operating conditions has not been explored.In this paper, we explore the effects of the batch size on the performance of streaming workloads. The throughput and end-to-end latency of the system can have complicated relationships with batch sizes, data ingestion rates, variations in available resources, workload characteristics, etc. We propose a simple yet robust control algorithm that automatically adapts the batch size as the situation necessitates. We show through extensive experiments that it can ensure system stability and low latency for a wide range of workloads, despite large variations in data rates and operating conditions.
Inhibitory Action of Bromocriptine and Tamoxifen on the Growth of Human Pituitary Tumors in Soft Agar

Human pituitary tumors were studied in vitro using the clonogenic stem cell assay. Mechanical dispersion was used to prepare single cell suspensions for plating. Colony formation occurred in 21 of 24 tumors plated. Bromocriptine (Brc; 10 nM) added to the medium resulted in a significant decrease in the number of colonies formed in 5 of 10 prolactinomas and in 1 tumor secreting both PRL and GH. However, PRL secretion was decreased in 8 of 9 tumors tested. Brc had no effect on either colony formation or hormone secretion in other tumors secreting GH (n = 2), ACTH (n = 2), or FSH (n = 1) or in nonsecreting tumors (n = 4). Tamoxifen (Tam; 10−7 M) inhibited colony formation in 6 of 10 prolactinomas and in 1 tumor secreting GH and PRL. PRL secretion into the medium correlated with the changes in the number of colonies. Tam was not effective in any other tumor tested. In only 1 instance was there a synergistic action between Brc and Tam on inhibition of colony formation. Brc, but not Tam, caused a significant de...
Association studies of transforming growth factor-β1 and Alzheimer's disease

Substantial laboratory evidence suggests Transforming Growth Factor-β1 (TGFB1) is linked to Alzheimer's Disease (AD) pathology. The purpose of the study was to estimate the genetic association of TGFB1 with AD while controlling for apolipoprotein E4 allele (APOE4) status, the only well-established genetic risk factor for AD. Two study populations were genotyped for the TGFB1−509 and +869 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that have been associated with TGFB1 levels. Constituting these populations were 203 families from the NIMH AD Genetic Initiative with at least two affected siblings and a normal sibling, and a population of 126 African-American (AA) AD cases versus 93 age matched controls. Results from family-based analyses showed a significant association between the TGFB1 −509 SNP and AD for the entire set of 203 families (P = 0.007), and a subset of these families without a homozygous APOE4 family member (P = 0.026). Results from family-based analyses on the TGFB1 +869 SNP were not significant in the 203 families. While associations for the main effects of the TGFB1 +869 and −509 SNP with AD in the AA case-control study were also not significant, results did indicate that TGFB1 may function as an effect modifier of APOE4 risk. Specifically, the odds of AD associated with having at least one APOE4 allele increased in an additive fashion with one or two copies of the higher producer allele when stratified by TGFB1 −509 genotype and by TGFB1 +869 genotype. Results support a role for TGFB1 in AD pathogenesis. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Atomic force microscopy of purple membranes.

SUMMARY The surface structure of purple membranes was imaged using an atomic force probe mounted in a scanning tunnelling microscope. One of the two different membrane surfaces showed protruding, disc-shaped features forming an hexagonal lattice with about 6 nm centre to centre spacing. These are identified as the cytoplasmic surfaces of trimers of bacteriorhodopsin molecules and are correlated with the structural information on bacteriorhodopsin obtained from numerous earlier electron microscope and diffraction studies.
The Sudbury impact layer in the Paleoproterozoic iron ranges of northern Michigan, USA

A layer of breccia that contains fragments of impact ejecta has been found at 10 sites in the Paleoproterozoic iron ranges of northern Michigan, in the Lake Superior region of the United States. Radiometric age constraints from events predating and postdating depo si tion of the breccia are ca. 1875 Ma and 1830 Ma. The major bolide impact that occurred at 1850 Ma at Sudbury, Ontario, 500–700 km east of these sites, is the likely causative event. The Michigan sites described here, along with previously described sites in Minnesota and Ontario, defi ne an extensive ejecta-bearing deposit throughout the Paleoproterozoic iron ranges of the Lake Superior region that we refer to as the Sudbury impact layer. The layer at the sites in Michigan exhibits a range of thicknesses, lithologic characters, and sedimentary settings. The diversity of rock types and internal stratigraphic details of the layer imply that several different processes of transport and deposition are represented, but the detailed investigations needed to document them are incomplete. Many of the sites had been described and interpreted previously as products of common terrestrial processes, but the presence of relict shock-induced planar deformation features in quartz indicates that the breccia layer is in fact the product of an extra terrestrial impact. At most localities, this layer also contains relict fragments of altered devitrifi ed glass and/or accretionary lapilli. One immediate use of the impact layer is as an ultraprecise time line that ties together the well-known stratigraphic sequences of the various geographically separated iron ranges, the correlation of which has remained controversial for many decades. The Sudbury impact layer most commonly lies at a horizon that records a signifi cant change in the character of sediments across the region. The impact layer marks the end of a major period of banded iron formation deposition that was succeeded by deposition of ficlastic rocks, commonly black shales. The impact may have produced regional, if not global, changes in the environment that resulted in this widespread synchronous change in sedimentation style.
Functionalized gold nanoparticles for drug delivery

Functionalized gold nanoparticles represent highly attractive and promising candidates in the applications of drug delivery owing to their unique dimensions, tunable functionalities on the surface and controllable drug release. This review illustrates the recent advances in the field of drug delivery using gold nanoparticles as carriers for therapeutic agents.
Coping with staffing delays in software project management: an experimental investigation

A key factor in the management of software projects is the ability of the manager to handle delays in the hiring and assimilation of staff. This study examines how decision makers cope with staffing delays, and how their decisions affect the outcome of software projects. We report the findings of a laboratory experiment in which subjects managed a simulated software project that entailed delays in the hiring and/or assimilation of staff. The performance of the subjects was ascertained in terms of the cost incurred and time taken in completing the project. While decision makers performed poorly in the presence of delays in either hiring or assimilation, subjects who had to deal with delays in the assimilation of staff performed worse than those dealing with hiring delays. Subjects who had to contend with both hiring and assimilation delays performed considerably worse than those who had to cope with just one type of delay. We suggest process explanations for the results, and discuss the implications of the results for managing software projects.
Effect of lysozyme on enterococcal viability in low ionic environments

The action of lysozyme on the enterococcal cell differed markedly as a function of the ionic strength of the environment. In high ionic environments (I approximately 0.3), the traditionally slow lytic response and decrease in viability were noted. In a low ionic environment the majority of the cell wall was hydrolyzed, but cellular integrity was preserved and almost all cellular protein, deoxyribonucleic acid and ribonucleic acid remained with the lysozyme-cell complex. However, under these conditions, lysozyme inactivated energy-yielding metabolism, and a rapid extensive loss of viability was observed. Some other basic compounds without lytic activity on the cell wall also effected a substantial reduction in viability. The data suggest that lysozyme acts on the cell membrane to effect disruption of cellular metabolism.
Generalized Method of Moments: A Novel Discretization Technique for Integral Equations

Typical method of moments solution of integral equations for electromagnetics relies on defining basis functions that are tightly coupled to the underlying tessellation. This limits the types of functions (or combinations thereof) that can be used for scattering analysis. In this paper, we introduce a framework that permits seamless inclusion of multiple functions within the approximation space. While the proposed scheme can be used in a mesh-less framework, the work presented herein focuses on implementing these ideas in an existing mesh topology. A number of results are presented that demonstrate approximation properties of this method, comparison of scattering data with other numerical and analytical methods and several advantages of the proposed method; including the low frequency stability of the resulting discrete system, its ability to mix different orders and types of basis functions and finally, its applicability to non-conformal tessellations.
Updated measurements of the dark matter halo masses of obscured quasars with improved WISE and Planck data

Using the most recent releases of WISE and Planck data, we perform updated measurements of the bias and typical dark matter halo mass of infrared-selected obscured and unobscured quasars, using the angular autocorrelation function and cosmic microwave background (CMB) lensing cross-correlations. Since our recent work of this kind, the WISE Allwise catalogue was released with improved photometry, and the Planck mission was completed and released improved products. These new data provide a more reliable measurement of the quasar bias and provide an opportunity to explore the role of changing survey pipelines in results downstream. We present a comparison of IR color-selected quasars, split into obscured and unobscured populations based on optical-IR colors, selected from two versions of the WISE data. Which combination of data is used impacts the final results, particularly for obscured quasars, both because of mitigation of some systematics and because the newer catalogue provides a slightly different sample. We show that Allwise data is superior in several ways, though there may be some systematic trends with Moon contamination that were not present in the previous catalogue. We opt currently for the most conservative sample that meet our selection criteria in both the previous and new WISE catalogues. We measure a higher bias and halo mass for obscured quasars ($b_{\textrm{obsc}} \sim 2.1$, $b_{\textrm{unob}} \sim 1.8$) --- at odds with simple orientation models --- but at a reduced significance ($\sim$1.5$\sigma$) as compared to our work with previous survey data.
Heir of Abaclat? Mass and Multiparty Proceedings: Ambiente Ufficio S.P.A. V. Argentine Republic

For years, the international legal community has speculated about whether and to what extent other investment tribunals would adopt the procedural practices described in the groundbreaking mass arbitration, Abaclat v Argentine Republic. Those questions were recently answered, at least to some extent, by Ambiente Ufficio v Argentine Republic, which is the second of three cases to arise out of Argentina’s sovereign debt crisis (Abaclat was the first). Although Ambiente Ufficio cited Abaclat with approval, the nature and scope of that approval is somewhat unclear. For example, while the tribunal adopted much of the reasoning of Abaclat, Ambiente Ufficio did not adopt the core feature of the earlier case, namely the characterization of the dispute as constituting a ‘mass’ arbitration. Instead, Ambiente Ufficio was framed as a standard, albeit large, multiparty dispute. This comment considers a number of procedural issues addressed in the Ambiente Ufficio preliminary award on jurisdiction and admissibility and discusses the propriety of allowing numerous (in this case, ninety) claimants to join together in a single investment proceeding. Five distinct but nevertheless interrelated matters are covered herein: (1) the characterization of the nature of the dispute; (2) the alleged need for secondary consent; (3) the proper interpretation of previous multiparty actions; (4) the absence of a contractual relationship between the claimants; and (5) the manageability of a dispute involving large numbers of individual claimants.
Formation of a metal-to-nitrogen bond of normal length by a neutral sufonamide group within a tridentate ligand. A new approach to radiopharmaceutical bioconjugation.

We demonstrate that a tertiary sulfonamide group, N(SO2R)R′2, can rehybridize to form a M–N bond of normal length even when the group is in a linear tridentate ligand, such as in the new tridentate N(SO2R)dpa ligands derived from di-(2-picolyl)amine (N(H)dpa). N(SO2R)dpa ligands were used to prepare fac-[Re(CO)3(N(SO2R)dpa)](PF6 or BF4) complexes. Structural characterization of the new complexes established that the tertiary sulfonamide nitrogen atom binds to Re with concomitant sp2-to-sp3 rehybridization, facilitating facial coordination. The new fac-[Re(CO)3(N(SO2R)dpa)]X structures provide the only examples for any metal with the sulfonamide as part of a noncyclic linear tridentate ligand and with a normal metal-to-nitrogen(tertiary sulfonamide) bond length. Rare previous examples of such normal M–N bonds have been found only in more constrained situations, such as with tripodal tetradentate ligands. Our long-term objectives for the new tridentate N(SO2R)dpa ligands are to develop the fundamental chemi...
CONSTRUCTING THE SELF-IDEAL: A NOTE ON SPENCE AND HELMREICH'S PERSONALITY ATTRIBUTES QUESTIONNAIRE

On the first and last days of the semester, 28 literature students (8 men, 20 women) rated themselves according to Spence and Helmreich's 1978 Personality Attributes Questionnaire. As expected, no significant differences between men and women appeared in comparisons of the scores of the dualistic Instrumental (Masculine or M) and Expressive (Feminine or F) traits from the first and second administrations. However, the combined scores of men and women for the bipolar M-F traits showed a significant difference between their initial responses and their second responses to the M-F traits. Further, men had significantly higher mean scores than did women for the first and second administrations. The mean scores on the second administration suggest that men had reinforced their initial stereotypical self-image of themselves, while women had appropriated manifestations of dominance in their self-ideal.
Acquired resistance to the second-generation androgen receptor antagonist enzalutamide in castration-resistant prostate cancer.

// Steven Kregel 1 , James L. Chen 2 , Westin Tom 5 , Venkatesh Krishnan 5 , Jacob Kach 3 , Hannah Brechka 1 , Tim B. Fessenden 1 , Masis Isikbay 3, 5 , Gladell P. Paner 4 , Russell Z. Szmulewitz 3, * , Donald J. Vander Griend 1, 5, * 1 Committee on Cancer Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA 2 Department of Biomedical Informatics and Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA 3 Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology/Oncology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA 4 Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA 5 Department of Surgery, Section of Urology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA * These authors contributed equally to this work Correspondence to: Donald J. Vander Griend, email: prostate@uchicago.edu Keywords: androgen receptor, prostate cancer, castration-resistance, enzalutamide Received: October 06, 2015 Accepted: March 13, 2016 Published: March 29, 2016 ABSTRACT Enzalutamide (MDV3100) is a second generation Androgen Receptor (AR) antagonist with proven efficacy in the treatment of castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). The majority of treated patients, however, develop resistance and disease progression and there is a critical need to identify novel targetable pathways mediating resistance. The purpose of this study was to develop and extensively characterize a series of enzalutamide-resistant prostate cancer cell lines. Four genetically distinct AR-positive and AR-pathway dependent prostate cancer cell lines (CWR-R1, LAPC-4, LNCaP, VCaP) were made resistant to enzalutamide by long-term culture (> 6 months) in enzalutamide. Extensive characterization of these lines documented divergent in vitro growth characteristics and AR pathway modulation. Enzalutamide-resistant LNCaP and CWR-R1 cells, but not LAPC-4 and VCAP cells, demonstrated increased castration-resistant and metastatic growth in vivo . Global gene expression analyses between short-term enzalutamide treated vs. enzalutamide-resistant cells identified both AR pathway and non-AR pathway associated changes that were restored upon acquisition of enzalutamide resistance. Further analyses revealed very few common gene expression changes between the four resistant cell lines. Thus, while AR-mediated pathways contribute in part to enzalutamide resistance, an unbiased approach across several cell lines demonstrates a greater contribution toward resistance via pleiotropic, non-AR mediated mechanisms.
Do It All Wrong! Using Reverse-Brainstorming to Generate Ideas, Improve Discussions, and Move Students to Action

Ideas dumped? Students stumped? Try it backwards! Asking students to solve problems by developing “bad” solutions, reverse-brainstorming is a technique known for its usefulness as a way to improve creativity, expand ideas, and stimulate group discussion. This article explains the historical usage of reverse-brainstorming in the workplace and provides a step-by-step guide for applying it to the management classroom.
Heterogeneous photocatalytic degradation of sulfamethoxazole in water using a biochar-supported TiO2 photocatalyst.

The present study reports an effective heterogeneous photocatalytic degradation of sulfamethoxazole (SMX) in water using a biochar-supported TiO2 (biochar/TiO2). The biochar was used as a low cost and effective support for TiO2 to lower the recombination rate of electrons and electron holes during photocatalysis, allow efficient attachment of TiO2, increase adsorption capacity and help easy separation of the photocatalyst after use. The biochar/TiO2 showed much higher adsorption of SMX than the commercial TiO2 powder due to the hydrophobic interaction between the biochar and SMX. Particularly this study focused on the effects of water quality and operating conditions on the photocatalytic oxidation of SMX. The addition of low concentration of bicarbonate made drastic enhancement in SMX removal and mineralization while the final effluent showed high biotoxicity. On the contrary, the presence of nitrate exhibited slight enhancement in SMX removal efficiency. The photocatalyst loading and UV irradiation time also played their important roles in enhancement of SMX removal and mineralization. In overall the photocatalytic oxidation of SMX using the biochar/TiO2 at the selected catalyst loading and irradiation time (5 g biochar-supported TiO2 L(-1), 6 h) resulted in the high removal and mineralization of SMX and negligible toxicity.
Cytosolic free Ca2+ and proteolysis in lethal oxidative injury in endothelial cells

Oxygen free radicals (OFR) are thought to mediate ischemia-reperfusion injury to endothelium of heart, lung, brain, liver, and kidney and contribute to development of atherosclerosis, pulmonary O2 toxicity, and adult respiratory distress syndrome. Increased cytosolic free Ca2+ (Cai2+) has been proposed as a mechanism of injury from oxidative stress, yet the pathways by which an increase in Cai2+ may cause OFR-mediated endothelial cell injury remain unknown. Using multiparameter digitized video microscopy and the fluorescent probes, fura-2 acetoxymethyl ester and propidium iodide, we measured Cai2+ and cell viability in human umbilical endothelial cells during oxidative stress with xanthine (50 microM) plus xanthine oxidase (40 mU/ml). Oxidative stress caused a sustained increase in Cai2+ from a resting level of 90-100 nM to near 500 nM, which was preceded by formation of plasma membrane blebs. The increase in Cai2+ was prevented by removal of extracellular Ca2+ (Cao2+). Prevention of the increase in Cai2+ was associated with prolonged cell viability. Readdition of Cao2+ resulted in an immediate large increase in Cai2+ and rapid onset of cell death. The protease inhibitors, leupeptin and pepstatin, delayed the increase in Cai2+ and prolonged cell viability. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that endothelial cell injury due to oxidative stress may be the result of Cai2+ influx and resultant activation of Ca(2+)-dependent proteases.
An earlier origin for stone tool making: implications for cognitive evolution and the transition to Homo

The discovery of the earliest known stone tools at Lomekwi 3 (LOM3) from West Turkana, Kenya, dated to 3.3 Ma, raises new questions about the mode and tempo of key adaptations in the hominin lineage. The LOM3 tools date to before the earliest known fossils attributed to Homo at 2.8 Ma. They were made and deposited in a more C3 environment than were the earliest Oldowan tools at 2.6 Ma. Their discovery leads to renewed investigation on the timing of the emergence of human-like manipulative capabilities in early hominins and implications for reconstructing cognition. The LOM3 artefacts form part of an emerging paradigm shift in palaeoanthropology, in which: tool-use and tool-making behaviours are not limited to the genus Homo; cranial, post-cranial and behavioural diversity in early Homo is much wider than previously thought; and these evolutionary changes may not have been direct adaptations to living in savannah grassland environments.This article is part of the themed issue 'Major transitions in human evolution'.
Experimental Investigation of Ternary Alloys for Fusion Breeding Blankets

Future fusion power plants based on the deuterium-tritium (DT) fuel cycle will be required to breed the T fuel via neutron reactions with lithium, which will be incorporated in a breeding blanket that surrounds the fusion source. Recent work by LLNL proposed the used of liquid Li as the breeder in an inertial fusion energy (IFE) power plant. Subsequently, an LDRD was initiated to develop alternatives ternary alloy liquid metal breeders that have reduced chemical reactivity with water and air compared to pure Li. Part of the work plan was to experimentally investigate the phase diagrams of ternary alloys. Of particular interest was measurement of the melt temperature, which must be low enough to be compatible with the temperature limits of the steel used in the construction of the chamber and heat transfer system.
Surface Cooling, Winds, and Eddies over the Continental Shelf

AbstractModels show that surface cooling over a sloping continental shelf should give rise to baroclinic instability and thus tend toward gravitationally stable density stratification. Less is known about how alongshore winds affect this process, so the role of surface momentum input is treated here by means of a sequence of idealized, primitive equation numerical model calculations. The effects of cooling rate, wind amplitude and direction, bottom slope, bottom friction, and rotation rate are all considered. All model runs lead to instability and an eddy field. While instability is not strongly affected by upwelling-favorable alongshore winds, wind-driven downwelling substantially reduces eddy kinetic energy, largely because the downwelling circulation plays a similar role to baroclinic instability by flattening isotherms and so reducing available potential energy. Not surprisingly, cross-shelf winds appear to have little effect. Analysis of the model runs leads to quantitative relations for the wind eff...
Microscale whispering gallery-mode lasers for sensing applications (Conference Presentation)

Micro-scale whispering gallery mode lasers are demonstrated as sensors for remote sensing. We exploit its potential applications in the field of biological and mechanical engineering and different remote sensing applications will be reported. These micro-resonators are fabricated by mixing a solution of rhodamine 6G and methanol with different polymers. The micro-resonators are optically pumped using a Nd:YAG laser and their emission spectrum is observed using a spectrometer. The excited optical resonances are very sensitive to a change in the morphology of the resonators. Therefore, any perturbation of the morphology of the resonator such as size shape and index of refraction leads to a shift of the frequency of the optical resonances. By tracking the shift of the optical resonances, the external physical effect causing the morphology change can be monitored.
Molecular Separations in Nanofabricated Systems

Nanofabrication allows the creation of ultra-small fluid systems in a variety of material systems. These small-scale controlled geometries can be integrated with microfluidic systems to provide for molecular separation or signal-to-noise improvements in molecular detection.
Outlier identification in radiation therapy knowledge-based planning: A study of pelvic cases

Purpose To apply statistical metrics to identify outliers and to investigate the impact of outliers on knowledge-based planning in radiation therapy of pelvic cases. To develop a systematic workflow for identifying and analyzing geometric and dosimetric outliers. Methods Four groups (G1-G4) of pelvic plans were sampled in this study. These include the following three groups of clinical IMRT cases: G1 (37 prostate cases), G2 (37 prostate plus lymph node cases) and G3 (37 prostate bed cases). Cases in G4 were planned in accordance with dynamic-arc radiation therapy procedure and include 10 prostate cases in addition to those from G1. The workflow was separated into two parts: 1. identifying geometric outliers, assessing outlier impact, and outlier cleaning; 2. identifying dosimetric outliers, assessing outlier impact, and outlier cleaning. G2 and G3 were used to analyze the effects of geometric outliers (first experiment outlined below) while G1 and G4 were used to analyze the effects of dosimetric outliers (second experiment outlined below). 1.A baseline model was trained by regarding all G2 cases as inliers. G3 cases were then individually added to the baseline model as geometric outliers. The impact on the model was assessed by comparing leverages of inliers (G2) and outliers (G3). A receiver-operating-characteristic (ROC) analysis was performed to determine the optimal threshold. The experiment was repeated by training the baseline model with all G3 cases as inliers and perturbing the model with G2 cases as outliers. 2.A separate baseline model was trained with 32 G1 cases. Each G4 case (dosimetric outlier) was subsequently added to perturb the model. Predictions of dose-volume histograms (DVHs) were made using these perturbed models for the remaining 5 G1 cases. A Weighted Sum of Absolute Residuals (WSAR) was used to evaluate the impact of the dosimetric outliers. Results The leverage of inliers and outliers was significantly different. The Area-Under-Curve (AUC) for differentiating G2 (outliers) from G3 (inliers) was 0.98 (threshold: 0.27) for the bladder and 0.81 (threshold: 0.11) for the rectum. For differentiating G3 (outlier) from G2 (inlier), the AUC (threshold) was 0.86 (0.11) for the bladder and 0.71 (0.11) for the rectum. Significant increase in WSAR was observed in the model with 3 dosimetric outliers for the bladder (p<0.005 with Bonferroni correction), and in the model with only 1 dosimetric outlier for the rectum (p<0.005). Conclusions We established a systematic workflow for identifying and analyzing geometric and dosimetric outliers, and investigated statistical metrics for outlier detection. Results validated the necessity for outlier detection and clean-up to enhance model quality in clinical practice. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.