cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Physiological stress and cell death in marine phytoplankton: Induction of proteases in response to nitrogen or light limitation

The physiological processes of natural phytoplankton mortality due to environmental stress (vs. that caused by sedimentation and predation) are poorly understood. Cell survival was examined in batch cultures of the diatom Thalassiosira weissjogii and the chlorophyte Dunaliella tertiolecta during deprivation of fixed nitrogen or light. Despite severe impairment of photosynthetic efficiencies, both species remained viable during 2 weeks of N starvation. Under N stress, a specific protease was induced in the diatom, overall activity of proteases doubled, and there was gradual, selective loss of certain proteins, especially ribulose 1,5bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase. Light-deprived diatoms were virtually unaffected, but the chlorophyte underwent catastrophic cell death after about 6 d of darkness. Cell death coincided with a large increase in protease activity and the induction of a specific protease. Although we cannot completely rule out roles for viruses or bacteria in the losses of cells, the consistent timing, the unique response to stress, and the coincident expression of a specific protease strongly suggest that the process is a form of autocatalyzed cell death, such as apoptosis. While of uncertain adaptive significance, phytoplankton cell death may have implications for species succession and cycling of organic matter in aquatic ecosysterns.
Multiuser Discrete Bit-loading for Digital Subscriber Lines

This paper proposes an efficient algorithm that produces near-optimal discrete bit-loading for a Gaussian interference channel that models a DSL network. It first takes a continuous bit-loading initialization, and then rounds one user's bits in each tone independently, with rounding direction determined by evaluating a weighted sum rate objective function. After adjusting all the tones of a user, that user's power constraint is met by a power tightening procedure; then, the algorithm moves to the next user. Convergence of the proposed algorithm is proved. This algorithm can be made distributed by only allowing rounding DOWN the bits, and it can be also applied to Gaussian Multiple Access Channel (MAC) and Gaussian Broadcast Channel (BC) with slight modifications.
BOINC: A System for Public-Resource Computing and Storage

BOINC (Berkeley Open Infrastructure for Network Computing) is a software system that makes it easy for scientists to create and operate public-resource computing projects. It supports diverse applications, including those with large storage or communication requirements. PC owners can participate in multiple BOINC projects, and can specify how their resources are allocated among these projects. We describe the goals of BOINC, the design issues that we confronted, and our solutions to these problems.
Effect of Light on Vitamin B12 and Folate

Background: Laboratory specimens submitted for assessment of vitamin B12 and folate have traditionally been light-protected, although this practice is based on limited data. Methods: This study compared changes in assayed values for B12 and folate from 25 healthy human volunteers when measured at 1, 2, and 7 days with both light-protection and light-exposure. Results: For B12, there was an average decrease of 7.5% at 7 days when lightprotected and a 7.7% decrease when lightexposed, while folate showed a 1.7% average decrease when light-exposed and a 1.0% decrease when light-protected. Neither of these values differed significantly between lightexposed or light-protected. Conclusions: This study demonstrates there is no need to light-protect specimens prior to vitamin B12 and folate analysis.
Grain boundary and dislocation effects on the PV performance of high-purity silicon

To quantify the effects of grain size and dislocation defects on the minority charge carrier lifetime /spl tau/ and photovoltaic (PV) efficiency of silicon, the authors grew high-purity, float-zoned (FZ) ingots with a range of grain sizes from single crystalline (dislocated and dislocation-free) down to 4/spl times/10/sup -4/ cm/sup 2/. In situ ingot cooling rates of 18/spl deg/ and 89/spl deg/C min/sup -1/ were used. Bulk ingot /spl tau/ ranged from less than 30 /spl mu/s for the multicrystalline ingots to 2,500 /spl mu/s for the dislocation-free crystals. Wafers from different positions in the ingots were used for /spl tau/ measurements and the fabrication of mesa-isolated, 0.04-cm/sup 2/ diagnostic PV device structures. They found that /spl tau/ decreased to 4 /spl mu/s and normalized solar cell efficiency decreased to 0.6 for the smallest average grain areas (4/spl times/10/sup -4/ cm/sup 2/). >
Mode Coupling in Plastic Optical Fiber Enables 40-Gb/s Performance

We report 40-Gb/s capability of 50-mum core plastic optical fiber using differential modal delay measurements and power penalty due to intersymbol interference computations. The results are explained via a comprehensive multimode fiber model that includes mode coupling (MC) and differential modal attenuation (DMA). We show that strong MC can enable 40-Gb/s transmission for reach in excess of 100 m even in the presence of irregularities in the refractive index profile that prevent 10-Gb/s performance without MC. Furthermore, we show that DMA effects are negligible and that the mode power distributions are not a good indicator of bandwidth.
Alternating conduction in the ischaemic border zone as precursor of reentrant arrhythmias: a simulation study.

Aims Here, we investigate the mechanisms underlying the onset of conduction-related arrhythmias in a three-dimensional (3D) computational model of acute regional ischaemia. Methods Ischaemia was introduced by realistic gradients of potassium, pH, oxygen and electrical coupling in a 3D slab of ventricular tissue using the LRd model. We focused on a specific stage (10e15 min after occlusion) at which an intramural non-conductive ischaemic core (IC) surrounded by a border zone (BZ) has formed. Results At pacing frequencies greater than 4.5 Hz, we observed narrow areas (0.5 mm wide) of 2:1 conduction blocks at the periphery of the IC. As the pacing frequency increased, the area of block widened to 9 mm and gave rise to reentry at the periphery of the BZ. Alternating conduction blocks produced discordant action potential duration (APD) alternans throughout the slab and T-wave alternans in pseudo-ECG. Slowing the recovery of the calcium current broadened the range of pacing frequencies at which blocks were observed. Hyperkalaemia alone was sufficient to induce the alternating blocks. Conclusion Computer modelling predicts that ischaemia-related arrhythmias are triggered by calcium-mediated alternating conduction blocks in the ischaemic border zone. Alternating conduction blocks lead to intramural reentry and APD alternans.
A voltage drop-based approach to include cold load pickup in design of distribution systems

In distribution systems with large residential load, thermostatically controlled devices contribute major portion of total load. Restoration of such systems after prolonged interruption may create a load significantly higher than the normal load. This condition is called cold load pickup (CLPU). The enduring component of CLPU may cause severe voltage drops along the feeders and transformer heating, thus making the system restoration difficult. This paper discusses an approach to include restoration under CPLU conditions in distribution system planning and expansion. The approach can be applied to determine the most optimal transformer size and feeder sizes while ensuring the minimal restoration time and acceptable voltages and transformer heating during CLPU conditions. The aim is to develop a tool that can be used in conjunction with the overall distribution system design to ensure quality power even in emergency conditions while minimizing the cost.
Synchronous emulation of asynchronous circuits

We present a novel approach to prototyping asynchronous circuits which uses clocked field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). Unlike other proposed techniques for implementing asynchronous circuits on FPGAs, our method does not attempt to preserve the pure asynchronous nature of the circuit. Rather, it preserves the communication behavior of the circuits and uses synchronous duals for common asynchronous modules.
Ohio physical therapists' accuracy in identifying abnormalities on diagnostic images with and without a clinical vignette.

BACKGROUND A strong understanding of diagnostic imaging has been advocated for physical therapists. There have been recent changes in physical therapy curricula and increased opportunities to utilize imaging during clinical practice. PURPOSE The aim of this study was to explore the ability of practicing clinicians to accurately identify selected musculoskeletal conditions on plain-film radiograph (X-ray), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and computed tomography scan (CT scan). Further, to determine whether improvements in identification of pathology occur when the clinical scenario is added to the imaging and whether there are related training/exposure factors. METHODS A cross- sectional electronic survey was sent out to physical therapists in the state of Ohio. Participants were asked to identify conditions (cervical fracture, anterior cruciate ligament tear, and avascular necrosis of the femoral head) first given diagnostic images only, and then given the images and a clinical scenario. RESULTS Eight hundred sixty-six surveys of the 7537 sent out were eligible for analysis. With clinical scenarios, 61.3% of respondents were correct with the ACL injury identified on MRI, 36.4% for identification of the cervical spine fracture on CT and 25.6% for identification of avascular necrosis on plain film. The accuracy significantly improved (p<0.01) with the addition of the clinical information for all three of the diagnoses. The most remarkable improvement was seen with the AVN diagnosis on plain film radiograph (365.5% improvement), followed by the ACL injury on MRI (27.2% improvement) and cervical fracture diagnosis on CT scan (17.8% improvement). Finally, formal and informal training, board certification through the APTA and to a lesser extent, degree level, all improved diagnostic accuracy. CONCLUSIONS A clinical scenario paired with images notably improved identification of pathology. Physical therapists were better at identifying the ACL pathology that was presented on MRI. This is a common diagnosis to physical therapists and was paired with a relatively common imaging modality. This study suggests that physical therapists can improve accuracy with identifying pathologies on diagnostic images through a physical therapy curriculum or post-graduation through certifications and continuing education. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level 4.
Ingredients-Based Forecasting

Forecasting the weather can be thought of as a problem in extracting a small signal from a noisy background field. Much information is available to the forecaster, but, frequently, only a small amount of that information is of importance for solving the forecast problem(s) of the day. As a result, an approach to forecasting must maximize the efficiency of the process. An effective way, particularly for hazardous weather, is to identify the ingredients required to produce a particular weather event and then to focus on the processes that can affect the presence of those ingredients. This allows the forecaster to narrow the range of aspects of the observations and model guidance that are considered during the forecast shift and, it is hoped, identify crucial developments as they occur.
Evidence‐based considerations for control of Parascaris spp. infections in horses

Summary Parascaris spp. infection is virtually ubiquitous in young foals and worm burdens can achieve high numbers. The most important disease manifestation is impaction of the small intestine, which occurs in a small proportion of infected foals but is associated with a guarded prognosis for survival. Control of Parascaris spp. is complicated by emerging resistance to currently available anthelmintic drug classes. Resistance to macrocyclic lactones has been reported worldwide and a few studies have also documented signs of resistance to pyrantel salts and benzimidazoles. Foals generally develop immunity to Parascaris spp. parasites around age 6 months, but a proportion of weanlings and yearlings can harbour smaller burdens at age 8–10 months. Older horses have occasionally been reported with substantial ascarid burdens as well. Qualitative detection of ascarid eggs has good diagnostic value whereas an actual egg count does not correlate well with the size of the worm burden. A recent investigation documented the applicability of a transabdominal ultrasound technique for semiquantitatively monitoring ascarid burdens in foals. Control of ascarids is complicated by the limited drug classes available for treating this parasite, and by the fact that foals are often concurrently infected with strongyles. In many cases, none of the 3 available anthelmintic classes are simultaneously effective against both parasite groups, so close monitoring is required to select the most appropriate anthelmintic in each case.
Preparing Controlled Vocabularies for Linked Data: Benefits and Challenges

Linked open data is poised to fundamentally change metadata design and development and specifically has important implications for controlled vocabularies. In particular, Person/Agent vocabularies are key to linking data, but present complex issues in verification and maintenance. For linked open data to be more widely adopted, practical approaches to data management and transitioning from metadata to triples needs to be explored in detail. This paper presents a case study of controlled vocabulary cleanup with practical advice on managing the cost of data cleanup while leveraging the value added and benefits gained through the process.
Chinch-bug (Heteroptera: Lygaeidae) Reproduction, Development, and Feeding Preference on Various Wheat Cultivars and Genetics Sources

The chinch bug, Blissus leucopterus leucopterus (Say), rarely causes economic damage in wheat. However, large populations occasionally develop in wheat and move to sorghum where they cause economic damage. Therefore, wheat cultivars, wheat plant introductions, wheats rated as uninjured in a chinch-bug infestation by Jones (1937), and several Triticum species were evaluated for chinch-bug antibiosis in the laboratory and in field plots. The evaluations determined little difference in the reproduction, longevity, mortality, and development of chinch bugs feeding on most lines. A few lines exhibited a low level of antibiosis. However, the chinch-bug resistance identified would be insufficient to prevent the development of large chinch-bug populations.
The Integration of Gender into the Teaching of Classical Social Theory: Help from "The Handmaid's Tale.".

One of the thorniest issues facing the classroom instructor is the integration of gender, race, and class into the curriculum.
The Inhuman Computer / the Too-Human Psychotherapist

There has been an understandable rejection by psychotherapists of any natural language processing (computer/human interaction by means of usual language exchange) which is intended to embrace aspec...
Systematic Construction and Calculation of Electronic Properties of Fullerene Series Related by Rotational Symmetry: From Fullerenes to Bicapped Nanotubes

The results herein demonstrate that the methods of circumscribing and the facile calculation of Huckel molecular orbital (HMO) eigenvalues by mirror-plane fragmentation have a broad application in the construction of carbon cluster series and the systematic study of trends in their electronic properties. In comparing open-ended nanotubes and their isomeric elongated fullerenes (bicapped nanotubes), we show that the former are more aromatic but the latter are more conjugated and that progressive elongation increases aromaticity and conjugation in both. Recursion equations that will allow one to obtain the eigenvalues to all 5-endcapped nanotubes are given.
Translational and clinical implications of the genetic landscape of prostate cancer

Over the past several years, analyses of data from high-throughput studies have elucidated many fundamental insights into prostate cancer biology. These insights include the identification of molecular alterations and subtypes that drive tumour progression, recurrent aberrations in signalling pathways, the existence of substantial intertumoural and intratumoural heterogeneity, Darwinian evolution in response to therapeutic pressures and the complicated multidirectional patterns of spread between primary tumours and metastatic sites. However, these concepts have not yet been fully translated into clinical tools to improve prognostication, prediction and personalization of treatment of patients with prostate cancer. The current and future clinical implications of 'omics' level knowledge is not only revolutionizing our understanding of prostate cancer biology, but is also shaping ongoing, and future clinical investigations and practice. In this Review, we summarize these advances, and the remaining challenges surrounding tumour heterogeneity and the ability to overcome treatment resistance are also described.
Analysis of empirical data on the effects of the format of engineering deliverables on craft performance

Abstract A key component to craft success is the quality and fluency of the information at hand. Developments in three-dimensional (3D) computer aided design (CAD), mobile computing and 3D printing provide opportunities for engineering deliverables in new mediums at the face of the work. However, they are not being utilized to their full potential. This research examines the influence that the format of engineering deliverables in the form of two-dimensional (2D) plan sets, 3D CAD via mobile computing, and 3D printed models have on craft performance in completing tasks within a controlled setting. This research discovered that the format of engineering deliverables do influence craft performance while controlling for spatial cognition.
The End of the Cold War in Europe

Defensive concepts were vindicated by the ending of the Cold War, even helping the process along. However, an important test for these concepts is their viability under different historical conditions. In other words, was increased interest in defensive concepts in the 1980s merely a response to particular crises and situations, such as the last phase of the Cold War, or did that interest imply possible solutions of a more general and lasting kind? With that question in mind, this chapter considers the ‘new Europe’ that came to exist after 1989.1 The first section examines claims that defensive concepts would remain relevant in light of new circumstances: in West European security expectations, German unification, evolving defence policies in former Warsaw Pact countries, changes in the neutral countries, and the revival of humanitarian intervention. The next section sketches defensive assumptions implicit in alternative visions of the post-Cold War international system; the final section briefly assesses whether and, if so, how advocates adjusted their persuasion strategies to the new conditions.
BUCKLING OF RECTANGULAR SYMMETRIC LAMINATED PLATES DETERMINED BY EIGENSENSITIVITY ANALYSIS

Closed-form approximate solutions for uniaxial and biaxial compressive buckling of rectangular sy~nmetric angle-ply laminates are developed from eigensensitivity analysis. Boundary conditions, which consist of the various combinations of clamped and simply supported edges, are incorporated through appropriate edge condition parameters. Calculated results, presented for elastic moduli ratios up to 40, compare quite favorably with the corresponding buckling loads obtained from the Ritz method. Background
Calculating the Position of the Joint Line of the Knee in Relationship to Anatomic Landmarks

Restoration of the joint line of the knee during primary and revision total knee arthroplasty is one of many critical steps that directly influence patient outcomes. Fifty MRI scans of normal atraumatic knees were analyzed to determine a quantitative relationship between the joint line of the knee and the bony landmarks of the knee joint: femoral epicondyles, metaphyseal flare of the femur, tibial tubercle, and proximal tibio-femoral joint. We describe the relationship of these six anatomic landmarks about the knee in a gender and size independent manner. This description supports a simple three-step algorithm allowing orthopaedic surgeons to calculate, instead of estimate, the location of the joint line of the knee.
An Exploration of Body Image Perceptions and Education Needs of Military Parents of Preschool Children

AbstractMilitary service members and their families have unique environmental factors that may influence their lifestyle and behaviors. This study, using the Social Ecological Model, was designed to explore the body image perceptions among military family members. Exploratory qualitative focus group interviews were conducted at Child Development Centers on two military bases in the southwest United States. Researchers conducted a total of eight group discussions with twenty-four parents. Four themes emerged from the discussions, and these included: Military Requirements, Partnership, Negative Fat Talk, and Encouraging Communication. These themes can inform future research about body image perceptions and weight management in military families and guide education programs.
Surgical Treatment and Outcomes for the Management of Stress Urinary Incontinence in the Older Woman

Purpose of Review Women aged 65 years and older comprise a growing portion of the surgical population and present unique age-related concerns that impact intervention planning and outcomes. This cohort of women is known to have increased urinary incontinence symptoms that greatly impact their quality of life. Reviewing surgical interventions and outcomes in older woman may enhance patient counseling in an effort to optimize intervention outcomes and patient expectations.
The Physical and Dynamical Oceanography of the Mediterranean Sea

This is an overview of the most recent state of knowledge of the physical and dynamical oceanography of the Mediterranean Sea. This interesting, almost isolated oceanic system provides a “laboratory basin” for fundamental oceanic processes of global relevance. The three major components of this non-linear system including: i) air-sea interactions, ii) water mass formation and transformation, and iii) multiscale circulation elements and structures, are discussed; and the most recent observational and modelling research efforts which have led to substantial new information are reviewed. The historical maps are examined for their information in light of the present knowledge.
The Smithsonian Computer History Project and Some Personal Recollections

Publisher Summary This chapter provides an overview on the Smithsonian computer history project and other personal recollections of the author. The project at the Smithsonian originated with a contract signed by the American Federation of Information Processing Societies (AFIPS) and the Smithsonian's National Museum of History and Technology (NMHT) in 1967. Cuthbert Hurd, Isaac Auerbach, and Walter Carlson were three of the individuals who conceived the importance of Preserving the History of Computing . The chapter presents the possibility of mechanizing sequential series of calculations, checks, and procedures in a binary code resulted in a complex calculated named Bell Labs MODEL I.
Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Immunosenescence

It is well known that omega-3 (ω-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are considered anti-inflammatory while omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids are proinflammatory. Research elucidating the mechanisms of ω-3 PUFA actions has focused largely on the T-cell. ω-3 PUFA have been shown to regulate the balance of T-cell subsets as well as the intracellular signaling pathways regulating T-cell proliferation. This results in the suppression of proinflammatory cytokines like interleukin-2 and interferon gamma in models of increased inflammation. ω-3 PUFA have also been shown to modulate T-cell function indirectly by influencing the ability of key antigen presenting cells like macrophages and dendritic cells to provide the necessary activating signals to T-cells and other immune cells. Interestingly, in the few models of immunosuppression that have been studied, ω-3 PUFA seems to increase immune function bringing the response to near normal levels. One key area where very few studies have been performed is the impact of ω-3 PUFA on the aging immune system. The important point to keep in mind in general is that regardless of the mechanisms, ω-3 PUFA feeding or supplementation has not been shown to have any clear deleterious effects in short-term (less than 6 months) studies.
Letter from the Editor (December 2018)

As 2018 draws to a close, we have our last retrospective look at ITAL's past, and announce a new feature for the future.
Implementation Science: Tackling the Research to Practice Gap in Communication Sciences and Disorders

Purpose The purpose of this article is to outline how implementation science can contribute to the advancement of communication sciences and disorders through its impact on both clinical research a...
Divergent Aging of Isogenic Yeast Cells Revealed through Single-Cell Phenotypic Dynamics.

Summary Although genetic mutations that alter organisms’ average lifespans have been identified in aging research, our understanding of the dynamic changes during aging remains limited. Here, we integrate single-cell imaging, microfluidics, and computational modeling to investigate phenotypic divergence and cellular heterogeneity during replicative aging of single S. cerevisiae cells. Specifically, we find that isogenic cells diverge early in life toward one of two aging paths, which are characterized by distinct age-associated phenotypes. We captured the dynamics of single cells along the paths with a stochastic discrete-state model, which accurately predicts both the measured heterogeneity and the lifespan of cells on each path within a cell population. Our analysis suggests that genetic and environmental factors influence both a cell’s choice of paths and the kinetics of paths themselves. Given that these factors are highly conserved throughout eukaryotes, divergent aging might represent a general scheme in cellular aging of other organisms.
Critical Success Factors Affecting Project Performance: An Analysis of Tools, Practices, and Managerial Support:

This study examines success factors for a team project. The influence of three success factors—(1) project management tools, (2) project management best practices, and (3) managerial support on the...
Air Pollution and Agriculture: A Review and Evaluation of Policy Interactions

The relationship between agriculture and the environment has been a topic of recent concern among both policymakers and academic researchers. This recent surge in interest stems from a growing recognition that agriculture, once thought to be a “wholesome” activity, is in some cases a primary source of environmental pollution. The recognition has been particularly acute in the area of water pollution (Batie 1988). As a result, considerable attention has been focused on the impact that the agricultural sector has on both surface water and groundwater quality.
Paleoenvironmental and paleoclimatic reconstruction of Cretaceous (Aptian-Cenomanian) terrestrial formations of Texas and Oklahoma using phyllosilicates

Abstract Clay mineralogy, chemistry, and stable oxygen and hydrogen-isotope compositions of 11 phyllosilicate samples from Cretaceous paleosol profiles were determined in order to evaluate Early-to-Late Cretaceous paleoenvironments and paleoclimates around north-central Texas and southern Oklahoma. Samples consist of mineralogical mixtures of illite, smectite, and kaolinite. Samples from the Albian Antlers Formation in southern Oklahoma and the Cenomanian Woodbine Formation are dominated by kaolinite, while the remaining samples are dominated by smectite and illite. Major element compositions of paleosol matrix materials are used to calculate CALMAG weathering values that range from 31 to 84 and correspond to Cretaceous paleoprecipitation estimates ranging from 270 to 1490 mm/yr. Paleosol phyllosilicate hydrogen and oxygen stable isotope values range from −50‰ to −67‰ to 18.5‰ to 21.7‰, respectively, and in conjunction with their respective mineral and chemical compositions, correspond to in-situ soil crystallization temperatures ranging from 26 ± 3 °C to 31 ± °C. Paleoprecipitation trends exhibit two marked increases in precipitation from the Early to Late Cretaceous, in the Albian Antlers Formation and Cenomanian Woodbine Formation. Stratigraphic intervals with phyllosilicates that yield cooler temperature estimates coincide with stratigraphic intervals with markedly higher precipitation estimates based on CALMAG values. Importantly, cool, high precipitation intervals correlate with periods of extensive shallow seas upon the North American craton. Comparison of Cretaceous temperature, precipitation and meteoric water estimates to modern analogs supports the presence of climates similar to modern tropical climates during the Cretaceous at subtropical or temperate paleolatitudes in what is now Texas and Oklahoma, consistent with general circulation models and energy balance models suggesting a pervading Cretaceous greenhouse.
“Beyond Adsorption” Descriptors in Hydrogen Electrocatalysis

Although electrochemical hydrogen evolution and oxidation are arguably the best-understood reactions in electrocatalysis, the anomalous effect of pH on hydrogen reaction kinetics has defied simple ...
Beyond diversity, inclusion, and belonging:

Diversity, inclusion, and belonging have a symbiotic but a complicated relationship in America. The foundation of this complication is due in part to the social order in which whites are the domina...
When the “Blank Slate” Is a White One: White Institutional Isomorphism in the Birth of National Public Radio:

A burgeoning literature at the intersection of the sociology of race and organizations explores the organization’s role in (re)producing racial inequalities. The present article builds from this gr...
Echocardiographic Assessment of the Aorta: Tips and Pitfalls.

This Yale Aortic Institute lecture provides “tips and pitfalls” regarding echocardiographic assessment of the aorta.
Photodetachment cross sections for Li

Cross sections and asymmetry parameters associated with the process of photodetaching an electron from the Li[sup [minus]] ion via the process [ital h][nu]+Li[sup [minus]][r arrow]Li(2 [sup 2][ital S])+[ital e][sup [minus]]([epsilon][ital p]) have been measured at several photon energies including the region in the vicinity of the opening of the channel: [ital h][nu]+Li[sup [minus]][r arrow]Li(2 [sup 2][ital P])+[ital e][sup [minus]]([epsilon][ital s]). Strong coupling between these channels produces anomalous behavior in the [sup 2][ital S][epsilon][ital p] channel cross section. The measured cross sections are slightly lower than the theoretical predictions, but are in essential agreement within the combined uncertainties in the two values. A search has also been made for a [sup 1][ital P][degree] excited state of Li[sup [minus]] in the vicinity of the 2 [sup 2][ital P] threshold. The saturation characteristics of the photodetachment of Li[sup [minus]] and D[sup [minus]] ions have been investigated over a range of laser powers.
Very-low driving pressure ventilation in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation

Rationale: The ideal ventilator settings in patients with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) while on Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO) are unknown. ELSO recommends modest driving pressures and PEEP (i.e., “lung rest”) during ECMO to minimize ventilator induced lung injury (VILI) and improve mortality. However, even lower driving pressures (DP) may improve inflammatory and lung injury biomarker profiles, and possibly improve mortality. The focus of this study was to evaluate the feasibility and impact of very-low DP in patients with ARDS on ECMO. Methods: Patients on ECMO due to ARDS from coronavirus disease 2019 had their DP decreased from 10 to 1-5 cmH2O for two hours, as tolerated. The other ventilator settings were unchanged and were consistent with ELSO guidelines;positive end-expiratory pressure (10-15 cmH2O) and a respiratory rate 10 breaths per minute. During the low DP protocol, the transpulmonary pressure was monitored with esophageal manometry. Plasma (for IL6 and sRAGE) and urine were collected before and after the protocol. Results: Thirty patients were enrolled and ultimately 21 patients underwent the low DP protocol. Seventeen were male, aged 51 ± 9 years, median BMI of 31.7 kg/m2 (IQR 27.4-35.2), with a median SOFA score of 10 (IQR 8-12) at ICU admission. There were no complications during the low DP protocol (1-5 cm H2O). The protocol was performed a median of 16 (IQR 13.5-20) hours after ECMO initiation. Average ECMO days were 21 (IQR 12.5-41) with a survival to hospital discharge of 43% (9/21). Baseline average tidal volume (TV) was 3.4±2.6 ml/kg of predicted body weight (PBW), during the low DP protocol the TV decreased to 2.7±3.2 ml/kg of PDW. Two groups were noted-those who had spontaneous breaths vs. those who did not (see Figure 1). Ten patients during the low DP protocol continued to have unchanged TV, 5.2±2.8 to 5.4±2.7 ml/kg of PBW due to spontaneous breathing found on esophageal manometry. Eleven patients had no spontaneous breaths and TV decreased from 1.76±0.57 to 0.2±0.38 ml/kg of PBW during the low DP protocol. The spontaneous vs. nonspontaneous breathing groups has a statistically different TV before, during, and after the low DP protocol (p<0.001). Conclusions: Very-low DP is feasible in patients on ECMO support which may decrease VILI. However, in the absence of neuromuscular blockade patients might spontaneously breathe with the same transpulmonary pressure. Thus, whether low DP offers any advantage in spontaneous breathing vs. non-spontaneous breathing requires further study. (Table Presented).
The Society for Range Management: Bridging gaps and setting directions

On the Ground • The Society for Range Management and the profession of rangeland ecology were founded about 80 years ago to bring scientific information to the management of rangelands. Sustaining a strong connection between science and management set the foundation for the rangeland profession, though this connection has been challenging to sustain. • An era of collaborative research and conservation has fueled projects that include a diversity of individuals and organizations and confirm the importance of information from both experimentation and experience. • Successfully addressing contemporary challenges to rangelands will depend on old-fashioned actions like conversation, a commitment to rangelands communities and landscapes, and engaging a wide variety of backgrounds and experiences to find solutions.
Frequency-Specific Analysis of Hearing Outcomes Associated with Ossiculoplasty Versus Stapedotomy.

Objective:Surgery on the ossicular chain may impact its underlying mechanical properties. This study aims to investigate comparative differences in frequency-specific hearing outcomes for ossiculop...
Glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis of human leukemic cells is caused by the repressive function of the glucocorticoid receptor.

Abstract Induction of apoptosis in lymphocytes, which may account for the therapeutic effects of glucocorticoids in various diseases including leukemia, depends on the glucocorticoid receptor. However, the events leading from the activated receptor to cell lysis are not understood. A prevailing hypothesis postulates induction of so-called 'lysis genes' by the activated receptor. In this study, we show that an activation-deficient glucocorticoid receptor mutant is as effective as the wild-type receptor in repression of AP-1 activity, inhibition of interleukin-2 production, inhibition of c-myc expression and induction of apoptosis. Furthermore, we show that retinoic acid can also induce apoptosis in these cells through the retinoic acid receptor, whose repressive functions but not target site specificity, are similar to those of the glucocorticoid receptor. Therefore, the primary effect of the receptor in glucocorticoid-mediated apoptosis correlates with transcriptional repression rather than activation and could be mediated by interference with other transcription factors required for cell survival.
Expression of the neural stem cell markers NG2 and L1 in human angiomyolipoma: are angiomyolipomas neoplasms of stem cells?

Angiomyolipomas are benign tumors of the kidney which express phenotypes of smooth muscle, fat, and melanocytes. These tumors appear with increased frequency in the autosomal dominant disorder tuberous sclerosis and are the leading cause of morbidity in adults with tuberous sclerosis. While benign, these tumors are capable of provoking life threatening hemorrhage and replacement of the kidney parenchyma, resulting in renal failure. The histogenesis of these tumors is currently unclear, although currently, we believe these tumors arise from “perivascular epithelioid cells” of which no normal counterpart has been convincingly demonstrated. Recently, stem cell precursors have been recognized that can give rise to smooth muscle and melanocytes. These precursors have been shown to express the neural stem cell marker NG2 and L1. In order to determine whether angiomyolipomas, which exhibit smooth muscle and melanocytic phenotypes, express NG2 and L1, we performed immunocytochemistry on a cell line derived from a human angiomyolipoma, and found that these cells are uniformly positive. Immunohistochemistry of human angiomyolipoma specimens revealed uniform staining of tumor cells, while renal cell carcinomas revealed positivity only of angiogenic vessels. These results support a novel histogenesis of angiomyolipoma as a defect in differentiation of stem cell precursors.
Flow Control over an Airfoil in Fully Reversed Condition Using Plasma Actuators

Flow control experiments were performed using nanosecond dielectric-barrier-discharge plasma actuators on a NACA 0015 airfoil with flow approaching from the geometric trailing-edge side, which is a condition anticipated to occur on the retreating blade side of advanced helicopters such as slowed-rotor compound rotorcraft. This symmetric airfoil, which is not typical of those used in rotorcraft blades, was used for simplification of an otherwise very complex problem. The Reynolds number based on the chord length was fixed at 0.50·106, corresponding to a freestream flow of approximately 38 m/s. An angle of attack of 15 deg was used. Fully separated flow on the suction side extended well beyond the airfoil with naturally shed vortices occurring at a Strouhal number of 0.19. Plasma actuation was evaluated at both the aerodynamic leading and trailing edges of the airfoil. Excitation at very low (impulse excitation) to moderate (∼0.4) Strouhal numbers at the aerodynamic leading edge generated organized coheren...
Subspace learning and innovation characterization in generalized Gaussian noise

This paper formulates the problem of maximum likelihood subspace learning and innovation characterization in the presence of generalized Gaussian noise. This approach leads to a set of necessary conditions that are a nonlinear generalization of the Gaussian eigenvalue decomposition of the sample covariance matrix. To address the innovation problem, a class of jointly generalized Gaussian random variables is introduced using a generalized correlation matrix. Necessary condition for the maximum likelihood estimate of that matrix are derived, whose solution would permit the recovery of the innovation.
Identification of an arginine carrier in the vacuolar membrane of Neurospora crassa.

Abstract A number of arginine derivatives were tested for their ability to inhibit arginine uptake into vacuolar membrane vesicles of Neurospora crassa. The guanido side chain and L-configuration were found to be important for recognition by the arginine carrier. Based upon the specificity of recognition, a reactive arginine derivative (N alpha-p-nitrobenzyloxycarbonyl arginyl diazomethane) was synthesized which has an intact guanido side chain and a diazo group at the carboxyl end. The latter decomposes to a reactive carbene group. This derivative inhibited arginine uptake into vacuolar membrane vesicles at low concentrations. Radioactive N alpha-p-nitrobenzyloxycarbonyl arginyl diazomethane was covalently bound to vacuoles. Binding was specific for a single membrane protein with an approximate molecular weight of 40,000, saturable (2 pmol/mg vacuolar membrane protein), and inhibited by 100 mM L-arginine but not by 100 mM L-lysine. The results suggest that this protein is the arginine carrier.
The Icy Moons of Jupiter

The Galilean satellites formed in a nebula of dust and gas that surrounded Jupiter toward the end of the formation of the giant planet itself. Their diverse initial compositions were determined by conditions in the circum-jovian nebula, just as the planets’ initial properties were governed by their formation within the circum-solar nebula. The Galilean satellites subsequently evolved under the complex interplay of orbital and geophysical processes, which included the effects of orbital resonances, tides, internal differentiation, and heat. The history and character of the satellites can be inferred from consideration of the formation of planets and the satellites, from studies of their plausible orbital evolution, from measurements of geophysical properties, especially gravitational and magnetic fields, from observations of the compositions and geological structure of their surfaces, and from geophysical modeling of the processes that can relate these lines of evidence. The three satellites with large water-ice components, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto are very different from one another as a result of the ways that these processes have played out in each case. Europa has a deep liquid-water ocean with a thin layer of surface ice, Ganymede and Callisto likely have relatively thin liquid water layers deep below their surfaces, and Callisto remains only partially differentiated, with rock and ice mixed through much of its interior. A tiny inner satellite, Amalthea, also appears to be largely composed of ice. Each of these moons is fascinating in its own right, and the ensemble provides a powerful set of constraints on the processes that led to their formation and evolution.
Patent Reviews: 6,583,930; 6,587,215; 6,590,717; 6,594,001; 6,597,454; 6,608,679; 6,614,516; 6,614,533; 6,618,132; 6,621,576; 6,624,891; 6,624,896

The patent number, date of issuance by the U.S. Patent Office, and classification are shown on the first line. The filing date is that of the first application (although some patents may derive from earlier applications with earlier claim dates). Any opinions expressed are those of the reviewers and do not reflect the opinions of the organizations with which they are associated, the Optical Society of America, or this journal. Printed copies of these patents may be ordered from the Commissioner of Patents, Washington, DC 20231: telephone (703) 557-3158, URL http://patents.uspto.gov. Inquiries about patents should be addressed to the Patents Office, not to this journal or to OSA.
Drug-induced alterations in gene expression of the asexual blood forms of Plasmodium falciparum

The complete genome sequence of the malarial parasite, Plasmodium falciparum [Gardner, M.J., Hall, N., Fung, E., White, O., Berriman, M., and Hyman, R.W. (2002) Nature 419: 498-510; Hyman, R.W., Fung, E., Conway, A., Kurdi, O., Mao, J., Miranda, M. et al. (2002) Nature 419: 534-537], has provided researchers with the informational base for establishing genomic [Volkman, S.K., Hartl, D.L., Wirth, D.F., Nielsen, K.M., Choi, M., Batalov, S., et al. (2002) Science 298: 216-218], proteomic [Florens, L., Washburn, M.P.J.D.R., Anthony, R.M., Grainger, M., Haynes, J.D., et al. (2002) Nature 419: 520-526; Lasonder, E., Ishihama, Y., Anderson, J.S., Vermunt, A.M.W., Pain, A., Sauerwein, R.W., et al. (2002) Nature 419: 537-542] and genome-wide RNA expression [Ben Mamoun, C., Gluzman, I.Y., Hott, C., MacMillan, S.K., Amarakone, A.S., Anderson, D.L., et al. (2001) Mol Microbiol 39: 26-36; Hayward, R.E., Derisi, J.L., Alfadhli, S., Kaslow, D.C., Brown, P.O., and Rathod, P.K. (2000) Mol Microbiol 35: 6-14] analyses in this system. In fact, we have previously utilized SAGE (serial analysis of gene expression) to identify abundant loci that probably constitute part of the active metabolome [Patankar, S., Munasinghe, A., Shoaibi, A., Cummings, L.M., and Wirth, D.F. (2001) Mol Biol Cell 12: 3114-3125], as well as to characterize antisense transcription on a global scale in Plasmodium. In the present study, the comprehensive annotation of SAGE libraries derived from an asexual stage population exposed to drug and its matched control was used to assess the modulation of gene expression by chloroquine. Here, we observed a constellation of changes, with the differential regulation of over 100 transcripts, and have confirmed the data by alternate methods. A few responsive loci, including PfMDR1, have previously been implicated in the mechanism of chloroquine action/resistance. Several others, however, were derived from unexpected categories, including a large number of unknown open reading frames (ORFs), whose induction after drug exposure may provide first hints to their possible function.
Microbiological Detectors for Food Safety Applications

The use of microorganisms as biological weapons has long been reported in history. The most recent was the deliberate release of B. anthracis spores through the postal system in the United States in October 2001, resulting in 22 cases of anthrax and five deaths. Furthermore, there are up to 33 million cases of human illness each year from microbial pathogens in the food supply in the United States alone, with an associated cost of $2-4 billion in 2006. The complexity of the US food supply chain from cradle to grave provides numerous entry points and routes in which (inadvertent and intentional) contaminants and pathogens can be introduced into the nation's food system. Many of these pathogenic microorganisms have a very low infectious dose to cause fatality. The most vulnerable populations are the very young, the elderly, and immunocompromised individuals. Although highly sensitive, current methods of detection are laborious, require highly skilled personnel, and typically require 2–7 days to obtain conclusive results. Their results are not available in the time-scale desired in food defense, food quality assurance, or clinical laboratory procedures, which have safety, cost, and quality implications. Rapid on-site point-of-care detection methods for pathogens have hence become a necessity. Biosensors can play a major role in addressing the combined needs for near real-time diagnosis, specificity, sensitivity, portability, electronic data transmission, field-based, ease of use, and low cost requirements. This chapter presents biosensors for rapid microbial detection in complex food matrices of concern to homeland security and food safety.
Supplementary Data for: Rb-Sr and U-Pb Geochronology and Distribution of Rock Types in the Precambrian Basement of Missouri and Kansas

Most of what we know about basement rocks in Kansas and Missouri is derived from cores and cuttings from deep drilling. These rocks may be divided into a northern terrane, underlain by rocks consisting of abundant granite commonly showing cataclastic textures and by metavolcanic to metasedimentary rocks; and a southern terrane, underlain almost exclusively by rhyolitic flows and ash-flow tuffs and epizonal granite plutons. The northern terrane is interrupted in central Kansas by mafic igneous rocks and flanking arkosic sedimentary rocks of the Central North American Rift System.