cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Law Schools and the Continuing Growth of the Legal Profession

In most countries for which data are available, the size of the legal profession has continued to grow over the last 40 plus years. This continued growth reflects the perceived attractiveness of a career as a legal professional (i.e., the demand) and the incentives of the institutions that provide legal education, and hence serve as primary gatekeepers, to maintain or increase the number of students they enroll. In some countries, perhaps most prominently the United States, structural changes in the opportunities for careers in the legal profession are likely to put pressure on law schools that could result in changes in the supply of opportunities to obtain the legal education required to become a lawyer.En la mayoria de los paises de los que se dispone de datos, el numero de abogados no ha dejado de crecer desde hace mas de 40 anos. Este crecimiento constante, refleja el atractivo que se percibe en una profesion como la abogacia (esto es, la demanda), y los incentivos de las instituciones que imparten estos estudios, y constituyen la primera barrera para mantener o aumentar el numero de estudiantes que aceptan. En algunos paises, tal vez de forma mas destacada en Estados Unidos, es probable que los cambios estructurales en las oportunidades de trabajar como abogado obliguen a las facultades de derecho a modificar la oferta para acceder a la carrera de derecho.
Conversion of an incontinent urinary conduit to a continent urinary reservoir (Miami Pouch).

Abstract Objective . External urinary or gastrointestinal appliances can impair a patient's quality of life. We report on the feasibility of converting an incontinent colonic urinary diversion to a continent urinary reservoir (Miami Pouch). Case . We describe the case of a 66-year-old white female with a history of stage Ib 2 cervical cancer treated by radical abdominal hysterectomy and adjuvant radiation therapy. The patient developed severe radiation cystitis with a neurogenic bladder and bilateral ureteral obstruction. After failing conservative management, a urinary diversion with a transverse colon conduit was performed. The patient remained without evidence of disease for 2 years and led an active lifestyle with regular tennis games. After 7 months of an external appliance for the urinary conduit, the patient presented to the University of Miami for conversion to a continent urinary mechanism which would not require an appliance. We performed an exploratory laparotomy, conversion of a transverse colon conduit to a continent ileo-colonic urinary reservoir (Miami Pouch). There were no postoperative complications. The patient remains disease-free and performs self-catheterization with no need for an external appliance. The patient has been able to resume an active life including sports. Conclusions . Successful conversion of an incontinent urinary conduit to a continent urinary reservoir is possible in a select case resulting in a perceived improvement of quality of life.
Where the Lilies Bloom

The 1970s are often regarded as the era in which American cinema “grew up.” Many of the most notable films of the decade, distinguished by an increased complexity both conceptual and formal, darker...
Effect of dietary supplementation with black currant seed oil on the immune response of healthy elderly subjects

Background: We have shown that the age-associated increase in prostaglandin E 2 production contributes to the decline in T cell-mediated function with age. Black currant seed oil (BCSO), rich in both γ-linolenic (18:3n-6) and α-linolenic (18:3n-3) acids, has been shown to modulate membrane lipid composition and eicosanoid production. Objective: Our objectives were to 1) test whether dietary supplementation with BCSO can improve the immune response of healthy elderly subjects, and 2) determine whether the altered immune response is mediated by a change in the factors closely associated with T cell activation. Design: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled (soybean oil) study was conducted to examine the effect of 2 mo of BCSO supplementation on the immune response of 40 healthy subjects aged ≥65 y. In vivo immune function was determined by delayed-type hypersensitivity skin response. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were tested for in vitro immune response. Results: In subjects supplemented with BCSO, the total diameter of induration at 24 h and individual responses to tetanus toxoid and Trichophyton mentagrophytes were significantly higher than their baseline values. The change in response to tetanus toxoid was significantly different from that of the placebo group. The BCSO group showed a significant increase in proliferative response of PBMCs to the T cell mitogen phytohemagglutinin that was not significantly different from that observed in the placebo group. BCSO had no effect on concanavalin A-induced mitogenic response, interleukin 2 and -1β production, and PBMC membrane fluidity. Prostaglandin E 2 production was significantly reduced in the BCSO-supplemented group, and this change was significantly different from that of the placebo group. Conclusion: BCSO has a moderate immune-enhancing effect attributable to its ability to reduce prostaglandin E 2 production.
Noise temperature in silicon in the hot electron region

The noise temperature as a function of the applied field has been measured on an epitaxial silicon layer at the frequencies 2 GHz and 4 GHz. It has been found that the experimental results are in good agreement with the theory given by Moll. It is shown that for noise calculations in silicon field-effect transistors with pronounced carrier velocity saturation the noise temperature T n versus field E may be approximated by T_{n}/T_{0} = 1 + γ (E/E_{c})^{2} with T 0 = lattice temperature, E c = saturation field, γ = const.
Ectomycorrhizal fungi and interspecific competition: species interactions, community structure, coexistence mechanisms, and future research directions

The field of ectomycorrhizal fungal (EMF) ecology has largely developed outside the ecological mainstream, owing in large part to the challenges in studying the structure and dynamics of EMF communities. With advances in molecular identification and other research techniques, however, there has been growing interest among mycologists and ecologists in understanding how different ecological factors affect EMF community structure and diversity. While factors such as soil chemistry and host specificity have long been considered important, an increasing number of laboratory and field studies have documented that interspecific competition also has a major impact on EMF species interactions and may significantly influence EMF community structure. In this review, I examine the progress that has been made in understanding the nature of EMF competition. Currently, there are four conclusions that can be drawn: negative competitive effects are rarely reciprocal; competitive outcomes are environmentally context-dependent; field distributions often reflect competitive interactions; and timing of colonization influences competitive success. In addition, I highlight recent studies documenting links between competitive coexistence and EMF community structure, including checkerboard distributions, lottery models, storage effects, and colonization-competition tradeoffs. Finally, I discuss several aspects of EMF competition needing further investigation and some newer methods with which to address them.
Substance P enhances wound closure in nitric oxide synthase knockout mice.

Introduction The neuropeptide, substance P (SP), up-regulates nitric oxide production (NO). The purpose of this study was to determine whether SP enhances response to cutaneous injury in nitric oxide synthase knockout (NOS null) mice. Methods We studied mice with targeted deletions of the 3 NOS genes, neuronal NOS, inducible NOS, or endothelial NOS. Full thickness dorsal wounds were treated daily (d 0–6) with topical SP or normal saline (NaCl). Wounds were analyzed by flow cytometry for macrophage, leukocyte, endothelial, and dendritic cells. Healing time and wound epithelialization were compared using analysis of variance. Results Wound closure in the 3 NOS null mice was slower than the control mice ( P P P P > 0.05). Conclusions SP ameliorated the impaired wound healing response observed in NOS null mice by enhancing wound closure kinetics and epithelialization. SP increased inflammatory cell density in the wounds supporting the essential role of inflammatory cells, especially macrophages, in wound repair.
The Integrated Marketing Institution and Public Welfare

Two new developments in the antichain legislative program have made their appearance during the year I941. One of these is the "freezing" provision of the recently enacted Utah chain tax measure. While Section One of this enactment is quite orthodox;1 Section Two is unique, imposing a drastic if not prohibitive annual tax of from 5oo00.00 to $5,ooo.oo, depending on the number, on each new unit established by chain concerns after the effective date of the legislation. Upon becoming effective, the law would prohibit expansion by the large chains. However, the Utah measure is not as yet in effect because, although enacted last March, it has now been referred to the people and thus must come before the electorate for vote at the next general election, November 2, I942.2 The other type of anti-chain measure newly introduced into the legislative scene is exemplified by the Jesperson bill, also called the "anti-retail monopoly" bill, which made its appearance in the CalifoFnia Senate committee in January.
The Dielectric Loss of Polypropylene Films and Polypropylene-Polyurethane Laminates at Cryogenic Temperatures

A summary is presented of measurements of the dielectric loss characteristics of six commercial polypropylene films, as well as laminates consisting of two or three polypropylene films bound together with a polyurethane.
The Neuropsychiatric Inventory Questionnaire (NPI-Q2): Comparative Data in Alzheimer Disease, Lewy Body Dementia, and Frontotemporal Degeneration (P6.195)

Objective: Report on an extended form of the Neuropsychiatric Inventory Questionnaire (NPI-Q) that adds qualitative information about symptom domain ratings. Background: The NPI-Q is a questionnaire derived from the NPI that is intended for clinical practice and may be particularly useful for evaluating patients with Frontotemporal degeneration (FTD) and Lewy body dementia (LBD). Both the NPI and NPI-Q report general domain scores that lack specific symptom details, which may limit its utility as a clinical assessment. Methods: The NPI-Q2 adds representative items from each NPI domain to the corresponding domain-screening question. As part of an ongoing validation study, we report preliminary data on 73 AD, 47 LBD, and 89 FTD subjects. Results: Total NPI-Q2 severity scores were significantly lower in AD subjects than LBD or FTD subjects (p<0.005); distress scores showed a similar trend (p <.06). Apathy and anxiety were the most common symptoms across groups (LBD: 83[percnt] and 74[percnt]; FTD: 73[percnt] and 60[percnt], AD: 67[percnt] and 59[percnt]). Other prevalent symptoms showed group differences. Most LBD subjects had nighttime behaviors (71[percnt]) and hallucinations (70[percnt]), whereas FTD subjects commonly exhibited depression (60[percnt]) and motor behaviors (58[percnt]), and AD subjects had frequent nighttime behaviors (51[percnt]) and depression (49[percnt]). Hallucinations were significantly more prevalent in LBD subjects (70[percnt] vs. 16[percnt] and 12[percnt]). “Visual” (hallucinations), “uncooperativeness” (Agitation), and “worrying about planned events” (Anxiety) were consistently the most common symptom manifestations across all groups. Similarly, “sleepiness” was the most common nighttime behavior across all three diagnostic groups; whereas, the most common appetitive/eating behavior symptoms were different (LBD - weight loss, FTD - change in food preference, AD - weight gain). Conclusions: Qualitative information about specific symptom manifestations may enhance attempts to characterize neurocognitive disorders with greater precision and discriminability in clinical practice. These qualitative data may be particularly important for identifying specific vegetative symptom manifestations. Disclosure: Dr. Hatfield has nothing to disclose. Dr. Taylor has nothing to disclose. Dr. Bateman has nothing to disclose. Dr. Harris has nothing to disclose. Dr. Kaufer has received personal compensation for activities with Janssen Research and Development. Dr. Kaufer has received research support from Janssen Research and Development.
P-Selectin Expressed by a Human SELP Transgene Is Atherogenic in Apolipoprotein E–Deficient Mice

Objective— During inflammation, P-selectin expressed on activated endothelial cells and platelets mediates rolling adhesion of leukocytes. Atherosclerosis-prone mice crossed with P-selectin–deficient ( Selp −/− ) mice develop smaller lesions. Cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-α, increase Selp transcripts and augment atherosclerosis in mice. However, they decrease SELP transcripts in humans, challenging assumptions that human P-selectin is atherogenic. We used mice expressing a human SELP transgene to examine the atherogenic role of P-selectin. Approach and Results— We crossed apolipoprotein E–deficient ( Apoe −/− ) mice with Selp −/− mice or transgenic mice expressing the entire human SELP gene ( TgSELP +/− ). Aortas developed larger, macrophage-rich atheromas in Apoe −/− Selp −/− TgSELP +/− mice than in Apoe −/− Selp −/− mice after 8 or 16 weeks on a Western diet. Confocal microscopy of Apoe −/− Selp −/− TgSELP +/− aortas revealed staining for human P-selectin in endothelial cells overlying atheromas but not in lesional macrophages. We also observed staining for human P-selectin in aortic endothelial cells of 3- to 4-week-old Apoe −/− Selp −/− TgSELP +/− weanlings before atheromas developed. Furthermore, human SELP transcripts were ≈3-fold higher in aortas of Apoe −/− Selp +/− TgSELP +/− weanlings than in Selp +/− TgSELP +/− weanlings, whereas murine Selp and Sele transcripts were equivalent in weanlings of both genotypes. Human SELP transcripts in aortas of Apoe −/− Selp +/− TgSELP +/− mice remained nearly constant during 16 weeks on a Western diet, whereas murine Selp and Sele transcripts progressively increased. Bone marrow transplantation in Apoe −/− Selp −/− and Apoe −/− Selp −/− TgSELP +/− mice demonstrated that both platelets and endothelial cells must express human P-selectin to promote atherogenesis. Conclusions— P-selectin expressed by human SELP is atherogenic in Apoe −/− mice, suggesting that P-selectin contributes to atherogenesis in humans.
A Real-Time Searching System for Cascading Failures of Power Grids Based on Small-World Network

Based on small-world characteristics, the spreading mechanism of cascading failure in power network is analyzed. Experiment results show that due to the long-range connectivity the cascading failure spreads in wider range and deeper extent, thus the long-range connectivity intensifies the spreading of cascading failure. On this basis, a real-time searching system of cascading failure, in which the priority module is utilized to rapidly and effectively search the springhead of the cascading failure from the massive real-time data acquired by WAMS, is built. The effectiveness and correctness of the proposed method are verified by cases.
Zukünfte der qualitativen Sozialforschung

Prognosen sind schwierig, vor allem wenn sie die Zukunft betreffen, lautet ein wohlbekanntes Bonmot (Karl Valentin und einigen anderen zugeschrieben). Die Geschichte der vergangenen (prognostizierten) Zukunfte fordert sicherlich neben einigen eingetroffenen Erfindungen und Entwicklungen einen umfangreichen Scherbenhaufen und ein ebensolches Kuriositatenkabinett zutage. Das gilt zunachst fur alle Wissenschaften. Auch die Sozialwissenschaften haben mit dem, was noch nicht ist, so manche Probleme – und eine nicht unbedingt ruhmliche Geschichte. Das liegt nicht nur daran, dass spezifische historisch-sozial situierte Prozesse kurzsichtig als universal oder ultrastabil gedeutet werden, oder dass statistisch ermittelte Trends der Vergangenheit erst unter Absehung von ceterus paribus prognostisch verlangert und dann durch „schwarze Schwane“ (Taleb 2008) ad absurdum gefuhrt werden. Es hat vielmehr gerade fur die Sozialwissenschaften auch wesentlich damit zu tun, was Anthony Giddens (1984) mit Blick auf die Soziologie deren „doppelte Hermeneutik“ genannt hat.
Consciousness: Visual awareness and visual qualia

In this chapter I will be concerned with perceptual consciousness, and with what is going on when objects appear to us perceptually in various ways. I will begin by urging that perception always involves awareness of appearances. Then I will explain awareness of perceptual qualia in terms of awareness of appearances. Since all awareness is essentially representational in character, this will give us a representational theory of perceptual qualia. Having stated the theory, I will go on to spell out some of its metaphysical consequences, and to defend it against two powerful objections, one that is based on Swampman and another that is based on inverted spectra. I will focus almost entirely on vision, and more particularly, on visual awareness of size and shape. Much that I will say will not generalize to other perceptual domains, but I believe that the more abstract and general claims apply to hearing and the other standard perceptual modalities as well as to vision. APPEARANCE AND REALITY When I wish to refer to the view that perception involves awareness of special properties that are distinct from the objective physical properties of external objects, I will speak of the appearance view . The principal motivation for this view comes from perceptual relativity – that is, from the fact that the way objects appear to us depends systematically on such factors as distance, angle of view, and lighting.
Fabrication of lanthanum-doped thorium dioxide by high-energy ball milling and spark plasma sintering

Abstract Abstract High-energy ball milling was used to synthesize Th1-xLaxO2-0.5x (x = 0.09, 0.23) solid solutions, as well as improve the sinterability of ThO2 powders. Dense La-doped ThO2 pellets with theoretical density above 94% were consolidated by spark plasma sintering at temperatures above 1400 °C for 20 min, and the densification behavior and the non-equilibrium effects on phase and structure were investigated. A lattice contraction of the SPS-densified pellets occurred with increasing ball milling duration, and a secondary phase with increased La-content was observed in La-doped pellets. A dependence on the La-content and sintering duration for the onset of localized phase segregation has been proposed. The effects of high-energy ball milling, La-content, and phase formation on the thermal diffusivity were also studied for La-doped ThO2 pellets by laser flash measurement. Increasing La-content and high energy ball milling time decreases thermal diffusivity; while the sintering peak temperature and holding time beyond 1600 °C dramatically altered the temperature dependence of the thermal diffusivity beyond 600 °C.
Design and fabrication of dual MSM photodetectors for data networks and multispectral applications

Dual MSM PDs based on Transparent Conductive Oxides (TCO) and Au have been fabricated on Si and InP. The devices are designed to detect multiple wavelengths and can be integrated with VCSELs to form optical triplexers for communication systems.
A submodular optimization approach to controlled islanding under cascading failure

Cascading failures occur when the power system is subject to a significant disturbance, such as tripping one or more transmission lines. Such failures can severely impact power system stability, potentially leading to widespread outages. One proposed approach for mitigating cascading failures is to partition the system into internally stable islands (a process known as controlled islanding). Selecting a subset of transmission lines to trip to form desired islands is inherently a combinatorial optimization problem. Current approaches for selecting such subsets, however, rely on computationally expensive heuristics that do not provide optimality guarantees. In this paper, we propose a submodular optimization approach for controlled islanding. Our approach has two stages. In the first stage, generators are assigned to each island based on existing methods such as slow coherency theory in order to ensure that each island is dynamically stable. In the second stage, we determine which edges to cut in order to minimize the generator-load imbalance within each island to ensure that a stable steady-state operating point exists. We relax the problem of minimizing imbalance to a supermodular minimization problem with a matroid constraint, implying that a greedy algorithm gives a provable optimality bound of 1/2. Our results are demonstrated using the IEEE 39-bus New England Test System.
Prompting All Students to Learn: Examining Dynamic Assessment of Special Needs and Typical Students in a Prekindergarten Inclusive French Program.

This study examined a teacher's prompting strategies and the use of dynamic assessment (DA) in an inclusive prekindergarten French program. Prior research has shown that DA is an effective method to assess both foreign language learning and first language development for typically developing students and for students with special needs, as well as for identifying bilingual students with language impairments. Data were collected from videorecordings of class sessions, DA scores, and a questionnaire on which the French teacher reported her classroom prompting strategies and predicted students’ needs for prompting on the DA. Scores on the DA and the French teacher's predictions of student prompting needs were analyzed through independent t tests. In addition, 30 videorecordings of class sessions were analyzed for prompting strategies. The results indicated that DA can provide insights about the learning of typically developing students and special needs students in a prekindergarten French program. Although students with special needs required both more prompting and more practice time than typically developing students, all special needs students in this study were able to provide at least one second language response during the DA.
The Primacy of Gendered Poverty

How poverty is calculated in all organizations is critical to the understanding of the relationship between economics, politics, and cultural mores. The World Bank classifies “188 member countries plus 26 other economies with populations of more than 30,000” (World Bank 2016a, p. 1). The World Bank defines nation/state economies using the Gini coefficient on a scale of poverty from lower-income to high-income levels: For the current 2016 fiscal year, low-income economies are defined as those with a Gini per capita, calculated using the World Bank Atlas method, of $1,045 or less in 2014; middle-income economies are those with a Gini per capita of more than $1,045 but less than $12,736; high-income economies are those with a Gini per capita of $12,736 or more. Lower-middle-income and upper-middle-income economies are separated at a Gini per capita of $4,125. (World Bank 2016b, p. 1)
Structural properties of epitaxial TiO2 films grown on sapphire (11$\overline 1$0) by MOCVD

Titanium dioxide thin films were grown on sapphire (11{bar 2}0) substrates in a low-pressure metal-organic chemical vapor deposition system at temperatures ranging from 400 to 800 {degree}C. Raman scattering, x-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and high resolution electron microscopy techniques were employed to characterize the structural properties of the deposited films. The resultant phases and structures of the deposited films depended on both the growth temperature and the substrate surface properties (surface imperfections, steps, etc.). At the growth temperature of 800 {degree}C, single-crystal rutile films were obtained reproducibly with two possible epitaxial relationships. At lower temperatures (400 to 775 {degree}C), the deposited films can be epitaxial or polycrystalline with highly oriented grains. The similarity between the atomic arrangements of the substrate and the film is discussed in detail to explain the observed epitaxial relationships and abruptness of the interfaces.
Polycationic Probe-Guided Nanopore Single-Molecule Counter for Selective miRNA Detection

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of noncoding RNAs that are being explored as a new type of disease biomarkers. The nanopore single-molecule sensor offers a potential noninvasive tool to detect miRNAs for diagnostics and prognosis applications. However, one of the challenges that limits its clinical applications is the presence of a large variety of nontarget nucleic acids in the biofluid extracts. Upon interacting with the nanopore, nontarget nucleic acids produce "contaminative" nanopore signals that interfere with target miRNA discrimination, thus severely lowering the accuracy in target miRNA detection. We have reported a novel method that utilizes a designed polycationic peptide-PNA probe to specifically guide the target miRNA migration toward the nanopore, whereas any nontarget nucleic acids without the probe bound is rejected by the nanopore. Consequently, nontarget species are driven away from the nanopore and only the target miRNA can be detected at low concentration. This method is also able to discriminate miRNAs with single-nucleotide difference by using PNA to capture miRNA. Considering the significance and impact of this substantial advance for the future miRNA detection in biofluid samples, we prepared this detailed protocol, by which the readers can view the experimental procedure, data analysis, and resulting explanation.
Low Rank Spectral Network Alignment

Network alignment or graph matching is the classic problem of finding matching vertices between two graphs with applications in network de-anonymization and bioinformatics. There exist a wide variety of algorithms for it, but a challenging scenario for all of the algorithms is aligning two networks without any information about which nodes might be good matches. In this case, the vast majority of principled algorithms demand quadratic memory in the size of the graphs. We show that one such method---the recently proposed and theoretically grounded EigenAlign algorithm---admits a novel implementation which requires memory that is linear in the size of the graphs. The key step to this insight is identifying low-rank structure in the node-similarity matrix used by EigenAlign for determining matches. With an exact, closed-form low-rank structure, we then solve a maximum weight bipartite matching problem on that low-rank matrix to produce the matching between the graphs. For this task, we show a new, a-posteriori, approximation bound for a simple algorithm to approximate a maximum weight bipartite matching problem on a low-rank matrix. The combination of our two new methods then enables us to tackle much larger network alignment problems than previously possible and to do so quickly. Problems that take hours with existing methods take only seconds with our new algorithm. We thoroughly validate our low-rank algorithm against the original EigenAlign approach. We also compare a variety of existing algorithms on problems in bioinformatics and social networks. Our approach can also be combined with existing algorithms to improve their performance and speed.
Religious ecology, floaters, and crime: the links between social capital, institutionally disengaged youth, and homicide

We consider two distinct research streams in macro-criminology. The first is how religious ecology, articulated as bridging and bonding capital, is linked to the rates of violence. The second conce...
Abstract PL01-02: Immune checkpoint therapy: From CTLA-4 to PD-1/PD-L1 and beyond

Immune checkpoint therapies, including anti-CTLA-4, anti-PD-1, and anti-PD-L1, have led to significant clinical responses in cancer patients. However, there are still substantial numbers of patients who do not respond to anti-CTLA-4 or anti-PD-1/PD-L1. We and others have demonstrated that treatment of patients with immune checkpoint therapies impacts immune responses to enhance effector T-cell responses but also leads to increased expression of compensatory pathways or development of adaptive resistance mechanisms that act to abrogate antitumor immune responses. Rational combination strategies to address these compensatory pathways and/or adaptive resistance mechanisms, including those that permit blockade of multiple T-cell inhibitory pathways or blockade of inhibitory pathways plus targeting of co-stimulatory pathways or intervention with agents, such as epigenetic agents, to promote differentiation of effector T cells and/or M1 macrophages, are at the forefront of preclinical and clinical studies as the field of immune checkpoint therapy aims to provide benefit to even more patients. Combination therapies with anti-CTLA-4 and anti-PD-1 have already shown improved patient benefit. The next promising combinations include those with ICOS, CD47, VISTA, oncolytic viruses, and EZH2-inhibitors, to name a few. Preclinical and clinical data regarding these targets will be discussed in greater detail. Citation Format: Padmanee Sharma. Immune checkpoint therapy: From CTLA-4 to PD-1/PD-L1 and beyond [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr PL01-02.
Secular Trends and Longterm Serial Growth Studies

We are delighted by the opportunity to contribute to this commemorative volume that honours a leader responsible for major contributions to our communal knowledge of child growth. Professor Das is one of relatively few investigators who have initiated and conducted longterm serial studies of child growth; he may be the only one among those few who made all the measurements himself. This extraordinary data collection effort has already led to important papers dealing with growth status, growth patterns, sibling comparisons and sexual dimorphism. His data continue to be a great resource for future studies of secular trends and many other aspects of child growth.
The Need for Simple Approaches for the Estimation of Lake Model Prediction Uncertainty

A variety of water-quality models have been developed to help assess the impact of land use on water quality. Initially, most models proposed were deterministic. However, as modelers acquired more information on the functioning of lake-watershed systems, and as engineers and planners inquired about the reliability of the models, considerations of uncertainty began to appear. Modelers who examined uncertainty in their models, and planners who demanded an estimate of the uncertainty in the techniques that they used, realized that they must have a measure of the reliability of their methods. Without this, there was no way to assess the value of the information provided by a model. Under those conditions, inefficient or incorrect decisions were more apt to be made because the model results were given too much or too little weight.
Implementation and Performance Issues with OpenSound Control.

OpenSound Control (OSC) is a new protocol for high-level, expressive control of sound synthesis and other multimedia applications. It includes time-tagged messages, guaranteed atomicity of messages with the same time tag, and regular expression address patterns that can match multiple messages in a receiving application. We hope OSC becomes a standard, and towards this end have made available at no cost the OpenSound Control Kit, a C or C++ library that adds OSC addressability to an application. This Kit is designed to be added to a sound processing application without degrading reactive real-time performance. This paper accompanies the Kit and provides a highlevel overview of the Kit's interfaces to the rest of an application and how performance issues are addressed.
Neuropathological Correlates of Dementia in Alzheimer’s Disease

Memory and learning are fundamental components of cognition. During the course of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) there is a progressive deterioration of these mental functions, resulting in the loss of intellectual and social abilities of the individual (Khachaturian, 1985; Katzman et al, 1988; Terry et al., 1991). Therefore, understanding the basic mechanisms involved in learning and memory is of fundamental importance for understanding the pathogenesis of dementia in AD. Memory formation following learning is presumed to result from modification in the efficacy of neural circuitry, either through strengthening of preexisting synapses, or formation of new contacts (Stewart and Rusakov, 1995). Recent studies postulate that the memory process includes a short-term and a long-term component (Addersen and Trommald, 1995), with the former mediated by the limbic system and the latter involving changes in the neocortex (Andersen and Trommald, 1995).
Microstructure of chemically activated gamma-dicalcium silicate paste

Abstract This paper presents new insights on the microstructure of chemically activated gamma-dicalcium silicate (ɣ-C2S) pastes. Effects of Na2CO3, NaHCO3, Na2SiO3, and NaOH activators on the hydration reaction of ɣ-C2S paste was monitored using isothermal calorimeter, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and 29Si solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra. It was observed that this low hydraulically active (often addressed as ‘non-hydraulic’) ɣ-C2S phase exhibits higher reactivity in the presence of the alkaline activators. For all of the activation agents, the primary reaction products were identified to be C (N) S H, calcite, gyrolite, and gaylussite. The average calcium to silica (Ca/Si) and sodium to silica (Na/Si) atomic ratios of the C (N) S H gel were in the range of 0.8–1.0 and 0.3–0.4, respectively. NaOH was found to be the least effective among all of the activators used in this study for ɣ-C2S activation at the tested concentrations. The maximum degree of reaction of NaOH activated ɣ-C2S paste was around 50% after 56 days of curing. Whereas, more than 90% degree of reaction of the ɣ-C2S phase was achieved for all other activators after same hydration duration.
The Relationship between Saccades and Locomotion

Human locomotion involves a complex interplay among multiple brain regions and depends on constant feedback from the visual system. We summarize here the current understanding of the relationship among fixations, saccades, and gait as observed in studies sampling eye movements during locomotion, through a review of the literature and a synthesis of the relevant knowledge on the topic. A significant overlap in locomotor and saccadic neural circuitry exists that may support this relationship. Several animal studies have identified potential integration nodes between these overlapping circuitries. Behavioral studies that explored the relationship of saccadic and gait-related impairments in normal conditions and in various disease states are also discussed. Eye movements and locomotion share many underlying neural circuits, and further studies can leverage this interplay for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes.
Mapping carrier lifetime variations in polycrystalline CdTe thin films using confocal microscopy

We discuss the optoelectronic property variation between grains and grain boundaries of CdTe polycrystalline thin films using a confocal microscopy system. Single-photon photoluminescence (PL) and time-resolved photoluminescence spectroscopy (PL) is used to map $10 \times 10 \mu \mathrm {m}^{2}$ area at the back surface of CdTe with an optical resolution of 104 nm. TRPL maps show that different grain boundaries have different near-surface lifetimes. Surprisingly, grain-boundaries with high near-surface lifetime are associated with regions of the sample that have low PL yield. This study demonstrates the potential of confocal PL and TRPL mapping to understand carrier lifetime variations in thin films.
Medication Exposure Patterns in Primary Care Patients Prescribed Pharmacogenetically Actionable Opioids.

Current approaches to assessing medication exposure fail to capture the complexity of the phenomenon and the context in which it occurs. This study’s purpose was to develop a typology of subgroups of patients who share common patterns of medication exposure. To create the typology, we used an exemplar sample of 30 patients in a large public healthcare system who had been prescribed the pharmacogenetically actionable opioids codeine or tramadol. Data related to medication exposure were drawn from large data repositories. Using a person-oriented qualitative approach, eight subgroups of patients who shared common patterns of medication exposure were identified. The subgroups had one of five opioid prescription patterns (i.e., singular, episodic, switching, sustained, multiplex), and one of three types of primary foci of medical care (i.e., pain, comorbidities, both). The findings reveal medication exposure patterns that are dynamic, multidimensional, and complex, and the typology offers an innovative approach to assessing medication exposure.
Psychosocial simulation: A novel approach to interprofessional training

Abstract Introduction In health care, teamwork is the foundation for efficient processes and effective outcomes and serves as a cornerstone of quality care. Good teamwork often requires training and practice. The primary aims of this study were to assess the impact of psychosocial simulations on participant knowledge of other professionals’ responsibilities and capabilities and on confidence and competence of psychosocial team members in collaborating and communicating with other psychosocial team members. Secondarily, we assessed participant satisfaction. Methods This single-site study used a pre- and post-survey design of social workers, chaplains, and child life specialists who attended a psychosocial simulation education module. Participants took the Psychosocial Simulation Participant Survey (PSPS), a 19-question survey tool developed by the research team. Pre- and post-simulation responses were summarized and compared using standard statistical analysis methods. Results Participants showed significant improvement in the subscales of Learning and Performance, Benefits of Training, and Cooperation. Two of the three Communication subscale questions showed significant improvements. Previous and current role as participant or observer, past experience with simulation, gender, discipline, age, years at institution, and area of regular assignment were not related to improvement in any of the outcomes. Over 90% of the participants agreed or strongly agreed with the statement “I was satisfied with my simulation experience” and “The post scenario discussion (debriefing) helped me to understand, reflect, and think critically.“ Conclusions The use of simulation training with psychosocial professionals is an effective means of teaching new competencies and of promoting interprofessional collaboration.
Analytical modeling of the effect of heater geometry on boiling heat transfer

Abstract The multi-field two-fluid modeling concept has been successfully used in the past to perform Computational Multiphase Fluid Dynamics (CMFD) simulations of forced-convection boiling. Since such simulations are normally performed at the RANS-level, they do not allow for resolving local phenomena at the bubble-scale level. Instead, closure laws making use of empirical correlations deduced from selected experimental data are adopted. As different data sets of reference frequently correspond to different, and not always overlapping, experimental conditions, their application introduces considerable uncertainties into the predictions of the overall CMFD models. It has been shown before (Podowski et al., 1997) that one way to improve the accuracy of computational models is to apply a multiscale modeling approach, in which single-bubble-nucleation-level models, validated against separate-effect experiments, are used to formulate mechanistic RANS-level closure laws. This paper presents a mathematically rigorous and physically consistent model of the bubble ebullition cycle, which takes into account the coupling of transient heat transfer between solid walls and the surrounding coolant during wall quenching period. The proposed modeling approach covers a large spectrum of the geometries pertaining to both experimental boiling test sections and nuclear reactor fuel assemblies. The new model has been parametrically tested and validated against experimental data. A good agreement between the model predictions and experimental data has been obtained. The overall objective of the current work is to establish a first-principle theoretical framework for the formulation of mechanistic ensemble-averaged closure laws compatible with existing CMFD solvers.
Epigenetically regulated imprinted gene expression associated with IVF and infertility: possible influence of prenatal stress and depression.

Despite the growing body of research implying an impact of in vitro fertilization (IVF) on imprinted genes and epigenetics, few studies have examined the effects of underlying subfertility or prenatal stress on epigenetics, particularly in terms of their role in determining infant birthweights. Both subfertility and prenatal stressors have been found to impact epigenetics and may be confounding the effect of IVF on epigenetics and imprinted genes. Like IVF, both of these exposures—infertility and prenatal stressors—have been associated with lower infant birthweights. The placenta, and specifically epigenetically regulated placental imprinted genes, provides an ideal but understudied mechanism for evaluating the relationship between underlying genetics, environmental exposures, and birthweight. In this review, we discuss the impacts of IVF and infertility on birthweight, epigenetic mechanisms and genomic imprinting, and the role of these mechanisms in the IVF population and discuss the role and importance of the placenta in infant development. We then highlight recent work on the relationships between infertility, IVF, and prenatal stressors in terms of placental imprinting. In combination, the studies discussed, as well as two recent projects of our own on placental imprinted gene expression, suggest that lower birthweights in IVF infants are secondary to a combination of exposures including the infertility and prenatal stress that couples undergoing IVF are experiencing. The work highlighted herein emphasizes the need for appropriate control populations that take infertility into account and also for consideration of prenatal psychosocial stressors as confounders and causes of variation in IVF infant outcomes.
Long-term evaluation of response to omalizumab therapy in real life by a novel multimodular approach: The Real-life Effectiveness of Omalizumab Therapy (REALITY) study.

Abstract Background The evidence on long-term real-life response measures to omalizumab therapy in moderate to severe asthma is limited. A universal assessment tool is needed to adequately evaluate response to omalizumab in these patients. Objective To design a multimodular response assessment tool and use it to measure and define response to omalizumab therapy in real-world settings. Methods The Real-life Effectiveness of Omalizumab Therapy (REALITY) study is a retrospective, long-term, real-life clinical study that evaluates response in individuals with allergic asthma who received omalizumab between 2004 and 2011. The Standardized Measure to Assess Response to Therapy (SMART) tool was designed to define response (1 year before to after treatment) by 3 modules: (1) physician's subjective assessment of asthma symptoms and control; (2) objective assessment of 6 parameters: improvement by 50% or more for asthma exacerbation, steroid bursts, emergency department visits, and hospitalizations; increase in forced expiratory volume in 1 second of 200 mL or greater; and improved Asthma Control Test score of 3 or higher; –and (3) true responders (patient meeting both module 1 and 2 criteria). Response was assessed and compared for 3 modules at desired time points. Results A total of 198 patients (mean age, 31.7 years [range, 3-77 years]; 98 [49%] female; mean omalizumab therapy duration, 2.49 years [range, 3 months to 8 years]; mean omalizumab dosage, 473 mg every 4 weeks; median baseline IgE level, 433 IU/mL) were included in this analysis. Overall visit adherence was 78%, although the adherence rate decreased annually by 20%. Response rates assessed by SMART modules were 61.3%, 60.8%, and 41.8% at 16 weeks, 84.8%, 72.2%, and 64.6% at 1 year, 82.4%, 71.2%, and 63.2% at 2 years, and 95.1%, 87.8%, and 85.4% at 5 years for modules 1, 2, and 3, respectively. There were no significant adverse reactions. Conclusion The REALITY study has demonstrated long-term effectiveness of omalizumab therapy in individuals with allergic asthma in real-life settings. The SMART tool is promising as a potential standard assessment tool to measure and define response to asthma therapy. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01776177 .
Bridging the gap: A model for interdisciplinary collaboration between entrepreneurship and software engineering students

By framing entrepreneurship courses in the context of interdisciplinary team projects, students build important work-related skills whether they pursue an entrepreneurial path or employment after g...
Thalamic deep brain stimulation for essential tremor

Abstract A 68-year-old male is referred to discuss deep brain stimulation surgery for his upper extremity tremor, which has been characterized as essential tremor, also known as benign familial tremor. He reports a long history of tremors which began in early adulthood and initially were not bothersome. As they worsened over the years, he was initially treated with propranolol which improved his tremors, although it had to be discontinued secondary to hypotension. Primidone was tried as well, with limited efficacy. Alcohol intake significantly reduced his tremors, and his family history was significant for multiple family members (brother, father, grandmother) with similar tremor, although each with varying severity. Physical examination was significant for a mild, barely noticeable right-sided rest tremor, which worsened dramatically with sustention and intention. Gait was mildly ataxic. Spiral drawing revealed significant difficulty with an almost unintelligible signature. The patient was not able to drink from a cup without spilling.
Learning-in-Relation: Implementing and Analyzing Assets Based Pedagogies in a Higher Education Classroom.

This article discusses the assets-based pedagogical theories used in one higher education classroom while analyzing the ways the co-authors, instructor, and students’ learning process and identitie...
A revised chemical kinetic mechanism for methanol combustion in sub and supercritical water

Abstract A revised detailed chemical kinetic mechanism for the combustion of methanol in sub and supercritical water was developed, which is accurate across a wide range of thermodynamic states relevant to hydrothermal combustion. Development was accomplished by revising an existing mechanism for air dilute combustion of methanol at elevated pressures, to include a real gas model and reaction rate modifications relevant to hydrothermal combustion kinetics. Subsequent analysis using the revised mechanism revealed that trends in auto-ignition delay time and dominant reaction pathways are relatively invariant across sub and supercritical states, even near the critical point. While reaction pathways were consistent with previous findings, the addition of a formic acid pathway from formaldehyde to CO2 was found to be important. Analysis results also support a hypothesis that formation of the superoxide ion at higher pressure lower temperature conditions enhances the rate of self-termination of HO2, through the activation of an alternative pathway, HO2 + O2− + H2O = H2O2 + O2 + OH−.