cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
PROPERTIES OF ACTIVE GALAXIES DEDUCED FROM H i OBSERVATIONS

We have completed a new survey for H I emission for a large, well-defined sample of 154 nearby ( -->z 0.1) galaxies with type 1 (broad-line) active galactic nuclei (AGNs). We make use of the extensive database of H I and optical parameters, presented in a companion paper, to perform a comprehensive appraisal of the cold gas content in active galaxies and to seek new strategies to investigate the global properties of the host galaxies and their relationship to their central black holes. After excluding objects with kinematically anomalous line profiles, which occur with high frequency in the sample, we show that the black hole mass obeys a strong, roughly linear relation with the host galaxy's dynamical mass, calculated by combining the H I line width and the optical size of the galaxy. Black hole mass follows a looser, though still highly significant, correlation with the maximum rotation velocity of the galaxy, as expected from the known scaling between rotation velocity and central velocity dispersion. Neither of these H I-based correlations is as tight as the more familiar relations between black hole mass and bulge luminosity or velocity dispersion, but they offer the advantage of being insensitive to the glare of the nucleus and therefore are promising new tools for probing the host galaxies of both nearby and distant AGNs. We present evidence for substantial ongoing black hole growth in the most actively accreting AGNs. In these nearby systems, black hole growth appears to be delayed with respect to the assembly of the host galaxy but otherwise has left no detectable perturbation to its mass-to-light ratio, as judged from the Tully-Fisher relation, or its global gas content. The host galaxies of type 1 AGNs, including those luminous enough to qualify as quasars, are generally gas-rich systems, possessing a cold interstellar medium reservoir at least as abundant as that in inactive galaxies of the same morphological type. This calls into question current implementations of AGN feedback in models of galaxy formation that predict strong cold gas depletion in unobscured AGNs.
Intergenerational Transfers and Liquidity Constraints

A growing body of evidence indicates that liquidity constraints could affect a substantial proportion of U. S. consumers, but little is known about why these constraints might exist. An important, but little-explored, issue is the relationship between inter vivos intergenerational transfers and liquidity constraints. These transfers can ease borrowing constraints. Empirical transfer patterns match those predicted from a model in which transfers are allocated to liquidity-constrained consumers. In particular, the distinction between current and permanent incomes of potential recipients is a key aspect of private-transfer behavior. The findings have important implications for our understanding of consumer behavior.
Motion Control Firmware for High-Speed Robotic Systems

This paper addresses the hardware and software platforms of high-speed robot control systems, which are usually integrated with multimodal sensing, multiaxis motion, and complex algorithmic capabilities. In this paper, robot control is considered from numerical processor chip architecture, board-level features, to software development cycles. Various numerical processors ranging from general purpose processors to digital signal processors are examined. This is followed by a review of the common motion control boards. Cross platform and upward compatible software development are addressed. Finally, an example application of real-time slewing control of a high-speed industrial robot is provided
Describing temperature increases in plasmon-resonant nanoparticle systems

Plasmon-resonant nanoparticles are being integrated into a variety of actuators, sensors and calo- rimeters due to their extraordinary optical capabilities. We show a continuum energy balance accurately describes thermal dynamics and equilibrium temperatures in plas- mon-resonant nanoparticle systems. Analysis of 18 data sets in which temperature increased B10.6 C yielded a mean value of R 2 ( 0.99. The largest single relative tem- perature error was 1.11%. A characteristic temperature was introduced into a linear driving force approximation for radiative heat transfer in the continuum energy description to simplify parameter estimation. The maximum percent error of the linearized description rose to 1.5% for the 18 sets. Comparing the two descriptions at simulated tem- perature increases up to 76.6 C gave maximum relative errors B7.16%. These results show for the first time that the energy balance and its linearized approximation are applicable to characterize dynamic and equilibrium tem- peratures for sensors, actuators and calorimeters containing nanoparticles in microfluidic and lab-on-chip systems over a broad range of heat-transfer lengths, power inputs and corresponding temperature increases.
I’d Like to Thank the Academy, Team Spillovers, and Network Centrality

This article uses Academy Award nominations for acting to explore how artistic achievement is situated within a collaborative context. Assessment of individual effort is particularly difficult in film because quality is not transparent, but the project-based nature of the field allows us to observe individuals in multiple collaborative contexts. We address these issues with analyses of the top-10 credited roles from films released in theaters between 1936 and 2005. Controlling for an actor's personal history and the basic traits of a film, we explore two predictions. First, we find that status, as measured by asymmetric centrality in the network of screen credits, is an efficient measure of star power and mediates the relationship between experience and formal artistic consecration. Second, we find that actors are most likely to be consecrated when working with elite collaborators. We conclude by arguing that selection into privileged work teams provides cumulative advantage.
Power Dissipation in Spintronic Devices Out of Thermodynamic Equilibrium

Quantum limits of power dissipation in spintronic computing are estimated. A computing element composed of a single electron in a quantum dot is considered. Dynamics of its spin due to external magnetic field and interaction with adjacent dots are described via the Bloch equations. Spin relaxation due to magnetic noise from various sources is described as coupling to a reservoir. Resulting dissipation of energy is calculated and is shown to be much less than the thermal limit, ∼kT per bit, if the rate of spin relaxation is much slower than the switching rate. Clues on how to engineer an energy efficient spintronic device are provided.
Activation of alkyl halides via a silver-catalyzed carbene insertion process.

The silver complex [HB(3,5-(CF3)2Pz)3]Ag(THF) featuring a highly fluorinated tris(pyrazolyl)borate ligand catalyzes the formation of aliphatic carbon−halogen bond activation products under remarkably mild conditions. For example, the reaction between CHCl3 and ethyl diazoacetate (EDA) at room temperature in the presence of the silver catalyst afforded HClC(CO2Et)CCl2H in 60% yield. The presence of β-hydrogens on the alkyl halide leads to net hydrogen halide addition to the carbene and an alkene.
Asymmetric synthesis of the tremulane skeleton by a tandem cyclopropanation/cope rearrangement

Abstract A highly diastereoselective and enantioselective 3 + 4 annulation method for the synthesis of polycyclic systems was achieved in a two step sequence consisting of an asymmetric intramolecular cyclopropanation catalyzed by dirhodium(II) tetrakis((R)-N-(p-(dodecyl)phenylsulfonyl)prolinate) followed by a Cope rearrangement of the resulting divinylcyclopropane intermediate.
Certain 4-manifolds with non-negative sectional curvature

In this paper, we study certain compact 4-manifolds with non-negative sectional curvature K. If s is the scalar curvature and W+ is the self-dual part of Weyl tensor, then it will be shown that there is no metric g on S2 × S2 with both (i) K > 0 and (ii) \( {\textstyle{1 \over 6}}s - W_ + \ge 0 \). We also investigate other aspects of 4-manifolds with non-negative sectional curvature. One of our results implies a theorem of Hamilton: “If a simply-connected, closed 4-manifold M4 admits a metric g of non-negative curvature operator, then M4 is one of S4, \( \mathbb{C}\rm P^2\) and S2 × S2”. Our method is different from Hamilton’s and is much simpler. A new version of the second variational formula for minimal surfaces in 4-manifolds is proved.
Experimental determination of three-dimensional liquid rocket nozzle admittances.

The three-dimensional nozzle admittance, an important parameter in combustion instability studies, was experimentally measured for several nozzle configurations. The admittance values were obtained using a modification of the classical impedance tube technique. The modified impedance tube method measures the admittance of a duct termination in the presence of one-dimensional mean flow and three-dimensional oscillations. Values of the nozzle admittance were obtained from pressure amplitude measurements taken at discrete points along the length of the tube. To determine the effects of nozzle geometry, nozzles were tested with half-angles of 15, 30, and 45 deg and entrance Mach numbers of 0.08, 0.16, and 0.20. The admittance results are presented as functions of nondimensional frequency for mixed first tangential-longitudinal modes. These results are compared with available theoretical predictions, and good agreement between theory and experiment is shown.
Characterization of meso-rhodins and their Fe(III) Complexes

Abstract The meso-rhodin ester 1 and acid 2 as well as their corresponding ferric forms 3 and 4 have been characterized by UV, IR, 1H NMR and FAB mass spectrometry. All these species are synthesized as equimolar mixtures of two isomers (6- or 7-propionic acid condensed into ring). Some separation of the isomers of 1 can be achieved by semipreparative HPLC. The 300 MHz 1H NMR of the biscyano complexes of both 3 and 4 show almost all resonances for both isomers. A resonance for the α-CH2 of the exocyclic ring is seen at >20 ppm. The FAB mass spectra indicated electron capture by the macrocyclic ring or Fe(III) atom.
A Conceptual Study of Leading-Edge-Vortex Enhancement by Blowing

A conceptual wind-tunnel-test program has been conducted to verify that blowing a stream of highpressure air over a swept-wing surface in a direction roughly parallel to the leading edge enhances the vortex system. The blowing is shown to intensify the leading-edge vortex and thus delay the deleterious effects of vortex breakdown to higher angle of attack. As a result, the vortex-lift is significantly increased and, as the blowing rate is increased, appears to approach the value predicted by the Polhamus suction-analogy for thin wings.
Molecular Gas in Optically Selected Mergers

We have mapped the 2.6 mm CO J \ 1 ] 0 emission in three optically selected ii Toomre sequence ˇˇ mergers (NGC 520, NGC 3921, NGC 4676). The molecular gas distribution is well resolved by the observations. For NGC 520 and NGC 4676A, the nuclear gas concentrations form a disklike or a ringlike structure, and the gas kinematics are regular and consistent with simple rotation. Discrete molecular gas complexes are found along the stellar bar in NGC 4676B, and the gas kinematics is consistent with the disk rotation traced in Ha. The molecular gas distribution in NGC 3921 is asymmetric about the stellar remnant, and both the distribution and kinematics suggest that the molecular gas has not settled into the center of the remnant. Molecular gas clouds are detected outside the central regions of NGC 3921 and NGC 4676, and they may be associated with the tidal tails and bridges mapped in H I. Departures from the canonical scenario for a merger involving two large spiral galaxies are found in all three Toomre sequence mergers studied. Our data suggest that one of the progenitor disks in NGC 520 and NGC 3921 was relatively gas-poor. A detailed comparison of these optically selected mergers and more luminous IR-selected mergers is deferred to a separate paper. Subject headings: galaxies: individual (NGC 520, NGC 3921, NGC 4676) ¨ galaxies: interactions ¨ + + + +
Synthesis of substituted naphthalenes by the palladium-catalyzed annulation of internal alkynes.

A variety of substituted naphthalenes have been prepared by the palladium-catalyzed carboannulation of internal alkynes. This method (1) forms two new carbon−carbon bonds in a single step, (2) accommodates a variety of functional groups, and (3) affords excellent yields of highly substituted naphthalenes.
Using Chemistry to Unveil the Kinematics of Starless Cores: Complex Radial Motions in Barnard 68

We present observations of 13CO, C18O, HCO+, H13CO+, DCO+, and N2H+ line emission toward the Barnard 68 starless core. The line profiles are interpreted by use of a chemical network coupled with a radiative transfer code, in order to reconstruct the radial velocity profile of the core. Our observations and modeling indicate the presence of complex radial motions, with inward motions in the outer layers of the core but outward motions in the inner layers of the core, suggesting radial oscillations. The presence of such oscillations would imply that the Barnard 68 starless core is relatively old, typically 1 order of magnitude older than the age inferred from its chemical evolution and statistical core lifetimes. Our study demonstrates that chemistry can be used as a tool to constrain the radial velocity profiles of starless cores.
Color‐tunable organic light‐emitting devices

We demonstrate an integrated, two‐color organic light‐emitting device for flat‐panel display applications. The device utilizes a unique stacked pixel architecture which allows for independent tuning of color and intensity. Each of the two addressable colors is sufficiently bright for video display applications, so that the compact stacked pixel, which maximizes display resolution, may form the basis of a new type of full‐color display.
Free Seifert surfaces and disk decompositions

In this paper we construct families of knots which have genus one free Seifert surfaces which are not disk decomposable.
Impact of physical propagation environment on ad-hoc network routing protocols

In this paper, we analyse the impact of physical propagation model on the performance of ad-hoc network routing protocols. The impact of different propagation environments on a typical routing protocol such as Optimised Link-State Routing (OLSR) is presented through simulations. A log-distance path loss model, log-normal shadowing model and rayleigh fading model is used to model the dynamic physical channel for two different environments: open _environment characterised by open area, and city _environment characterised by urban environment. We will show that network throughput degrades; average delay and routing packet overhead significantly increase in a higher attenuating environment such as the city_environment.
The Perturbative Onset of Multiparticle Production in Weak Interactions

We use perturbation theory to estimate the energy scale beyond which multiparticle final states become a dominant feature of high-energy weak interactions. Using estimates from a weak parton model and comparing two, three and four body final states we deduce that multiparticle states become important at energy scales in the range 107−109 GeV.
Termination of Planetary Accretion Due to Gap Formation

The process of gap formation by a growing planetary embryo embedded in a planetesimal disk is considered. It is shown that there exists a single parameter characterizing this process, which represents the competition between the gravitational influence of the embryo and planetesimal-planetesimal scattering. For realistic assumptions about the properties of the planetesimal disk and the planetary embryo, a gap is opened long before the embryo can accrete all the bodies within its region of influence. The implication of this result is that the embryo slows its growth considerably and, thus, large bodies formed during the coagulation stage should be less massive than is usually assumed. For conditions expected at 1 AU in the solar protoplanetary disk, gap formation is expected to occur around bodies of mass 1024 g. The effect of protoplanetary radial migration is also discussed.
IT'S BETTER WITH A BATNA: THE FLOURTOWN FARMS EXERCISE

Flourtown Farms is a salary negotiation simulation developed to demonstrate the importance of obtaining a good ??TNA (Best Altentative to a Negotiated Agreement) prior to engaging in negotiation with one's counterpart. This exercise teaches quickly and effectively that well defined, reasonable, and in‐place BATNA s are both strategically and emotionally beneficial to the negotiator. Individuals attempting to negotiate without one will do so to their own disadvantage.
Dynamic Modeling of an Innovative Piezoelectric Actuator for Minimally Invasive Surgery

A small piezoelectric inchworm actuator has been designed for use with a monolithic compliant end-effect or in minimally invasive surgery procedures. A dynamic model of the inchworm actuator has been developed using SIMULINK. Utilizing the equations of motion for the inchworm actuator, the dynamic characteristics of the piezoelectric stack material, and the known compliance of the gripper, a force measurement model has been developed which extracts resisting force information from the piezoelectric signal. The focus of this paper is on the development of the dynamic model and the results of a simulation study that will be used to develop optimal driving signals for the inchworm actuator. Simulation results include the predicted displacement capabilities and settling time of the inchworm actuator over a range of driving frequencies.
VLA Observations of Radio Variability of ER Vulpeculae in 1995

VLA continuous monitoring of the close, short‐period binary ER Vul during two 11.5 hr sessions in 1995 September in the radio continuum at 3.6 cm (X band) showed a variation pattern similar to that observed in 1990 and 1991, but at a lower mean flux level and with no evidence for a phase dependence, contrary to reports in an earlier paper. Simultaneous observations with the Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer in the 70–140 A band did not show any significant EUV flaring which would correlate with the radio emission.
Chemical and Physical Gradients along the OMC-1 Ridge

We present a survey of the distribution of 20 chemical and isotopic molecular species along the central ridge of the Orion molecular cloud from 6' north to 6' south of BN-KL observed with the QUARRY focal plane array on the FCRAO 14 m telescope, which provides an angular resolution of approximately 50" in the 3 mm wavelength region. We use standard tools of multivariate analysis for a systematic investigation of the similarities and differences among the maps of integrated intensities of the 32 lines observed. The maps fall in three broad classes: first, those strongly peaked toward BN-KL; second, those having rather flat distributions along the ridge; and third, those with a clear north-south gradient or contrast. We identify six positions or regions where we calculate relative abundances. Line velocities and line widths indicate that the optically thin lines generally trace the same volume of dense gas, except in the molecular bar, where C18O, C34S, H13CO+, CN, C2H, SO, and C3H2 have velocities characteristic of the bar itself, whereas the emission from other detected species is dominated by the background cloud. The strongest abundance variations in our data are the well-known enhancements seen in HCN, CH3OH, HC3N, and SO toward BN-KL and, less strongly, toward the Orion-South outflow 1'.3S. The principal result of this study is that along the extended quiescent ridge the chemical abundances, within factors of 3-4, exhibit an impressive degree of uniformity. The northern part of the ridge has a chemistry closest to that found in quiescent dense clouds. While temperature and density are similar around the northern radical-ion peak near 3'.5N and in the southern core near 4'.2S, some abundances, in particular, those of the ions HCO+ and N2H+, are significantly lower toward 4'.2S. The areas near 4.'2S and the molecular bar itself around (1'.7E, 2'.4S) stand out with peculiar and similar properties probably caused by stronger UV fields penetrating deeper into the clumpy molecular gas. This leads to higher electron abundances and thereby reduced abundances of the ions, as well as a lack of complex molecules.
Geometric Effects on Critical Heat Flux on Horizontal Microporous Coatings

This study aims to understand the effects of the geometric parameters of microporous coatings on the critical heat flux through systematic series of experimental studies. The test results indicated that critical heat flux of microporous coated surfaces is strongly dependent on the coating thickness, volumetric porosity, and pore size. For a given heating area, the critical heat flux mechanism was found to be distinguished by the microporous coating thickness. In addition, the optimal volumetric porosity was found to exist when the mesh size and coating thickness were held nearly constant. The wire diameter was found to play an important role in determining critical heat flux during the boiling process, which is consistent with existing observations, but has not previously been specifically stated. The observed effects of the various geometric parameters of the porous coating on the critical heat flux, clearly illustrated by the capillary fluid flow inside the porous coating, play a significant role in the determination of critical heat flux. Currently available critical heat flux models were not found to accurately predict the test data in this study, primarily due to the aforementioned important factor.
Molecular mechanisms involved in α-adrenergic responses

Abstract There are two basic types of α-adrenergic receptor ( α 1 and α 2 ) which differ in their selectivity for the antagonists prazosin and yohimbine, and the agonists clonidine and α-methylnorepinephrine. α 1 -Receptors are located post-synaptically and their activation leads to changes in cell Ca 2− fluxes which apparently result in a rise in cytosolic Ca 2+ . The changes may involve influx of extracellular Ca 2+ through Ca 2+ ‘gates' in the plasma membrane, or release of Ca 2+ from intracellular organelles such as mitochondria. There is an accompanying increase in the turnover of phosphatidylinositol, which may play a role in the Ca 2+ changes. The rise in cytosolic Ca 2+ is believed to be responsible for the physiological responses, and it has been hypothesized that the phosphorylation of specific enzymes and proteins by a Ca 2+ -calmodulin-dependent protein kinase(s) may be involved. α 1 -Receptors may be located presynaptically where they mediate feedback inhibition of norepinephrine release, or post-synaptically where their activation results in a decrease in cAMP to which many of the physiological changes can be attributed. The reduction in cAMP is due to inhibition of adenylate cyclase. It has been hypothesized that GTP and an inhibitory guanine nucleotide-binding protein are involved in coupling the α 1 -receptor to the catalytic moiety of adenylate cyclase.
Engineering optical forces in waveguides and cavities based on optical response

We present a new treatment of optical forces, revealing that the forces in virtually all optomechanically variable systems can be computed exactly and simply from only the optical phase and amplitude response of the system. This treatment, termed the response theory of optical forces (or RTOF), provides conceptual clarity to the essential physics of optomechanical systems, which computationally intensive Maxwell stress-tensor analyses leave obscured, enabling the construction simple models with which optical forces and trapping potentials can be synthesized based on the optical response of optomechanical systems. A theory of optical forces, based on the optical response of systems, is advantageous since the phase and amplitude response of virtually any optomechanical system (involving waveguides, ring resonators or photonic crystals) can be derived, with relative ease, through well-established analytical theories. In contrast, conventional Maxwell stress tensor methods require the computation of complex 3-dimensional electromagnetic field distributions; making a theory for the synthesis of optical forces exceedingly difficult. Through numerous examples, we illustrate that the optical forces generated in complex waveguide and microcavity systems can be computed exactly through use of analytical scattering-matrix methods. When compared with Maxwell stress-tensor methods of force computation, perfect agreement is found.
Discovery of a Young, Energetic 70.5 ms Pulsar Associated with the TeV Gamma-Ray Source HESS J1837–069

We report the discovery of 70.5 ms pulsations from the X-ray source AX J1838.0–0655 using the Rossi X-Ray Timing Explorer ( RXTE). PSR J1838–0655 is a rotation-powered pulsar with spin-down luminosity Ė = 5.5 × 1036 ergs s−1, characteristic age τc ≡ P/2 = 23 kyr, and surface dipole magnetic field strength Bs = 1.9 × 1012 G. It coincides with an unresolved INTEGRAL source and the extended TeV source HESS J1837–069. At an assumed distance of 6.6 kpc by association with an adjacent massive star cluster, the efficiency of PSR J1838–0655 converting spin-down luminosity to radiation is 0.8% for the 2–10 keV ASCA flux, 9% for the 20–300 keV INTEGRAL flux and ~3% for the >200 GeV emission of HESS J1837–069, making it a plausible power source for the latter. A Chandra X-ray observation resolves AX J1838.0–0655 into a bright point source surrounded by a 2' diameter, centrally peaked nebula. The spectra of the pulsar and nebula are each well fitted by power laws, with photon indices Γ = 0.5(0.3–0.7) and Γ = 1.6(1.1–2.0) , respectively. The 2–10 keV X-ray luminosities of the pulsar and nebula are LPSR = 4.6 × 1034 d26.6 ergs s−1 and LPWN = 5.2 × 1033 d26.6 ergs s−1. A second X-ray source adjacent to the TeV emission, AX J1837.3–0652, is resolved into an apparent pulsar/PWN; it may also contribute to HESS J1837–069. The star cluster RSGC 1 may have given birth to one or both pulsars, while fueling TeV emission from the extended PWN with target photons for inverse Compton scattering.
Subtle gaze manipulation for improved mammography training

We use the Subtle Gaze Direction technique (SGD) to guide novices as they try to find abnormalities in mammograms. SGD works by performing image-space modulations on specific regions of the peripheral vision to attract attention. Gaze is monitored and modulations are terminated before they are scrutinized with high-acuity foveal vision. This approach is preferred to overt techniques which permanently alter images to highlight areas of interest. SGD is used to guide novices along the scanpath of an expert radiologist. We hypothesized that this would increase the likelihood of novices correctly identifying irregularities. Results reveal that novices who were guided in this manner performed significantly better than the control group (no gaze manipulation). Furthermore, a short-term post-training lingering effect was observed among subjects guided using SGD. They continued to perform better than the control group once the training was complete and gaze manipulation was disabled.
Relativistic electron scattering by electromagnetic ion cyclotron fluctuations: Test particle simulations

[1] Relativistic electron scattering by electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) fluctuations is studied using test particle computations coupled to the results of a hybrid simulation code. The enhanced EMIC fluctuations are derived from a 1-D, self-consistent hybrid simulation model and are due to the growth of the Alfven cyclotron instability driven by the ion temperature anisotropy, Ti⊥ > Ti∥ (where the subscripts ⊥ and ∥ refer to directions perpendicular and parallel to the background magnetic field, respectively), in a magnetized, homogeneous, collisionless plasma with a single ion species. The test particle computations follow the motion of relativistic test electrons in the input EMIC fluctuations. The time evolution of the mean square pitch angle change of the test electrons is calculated and used to determine the pitch angle diffusion coefficient. Finally, the results are compared with quasi-linear diffusion theory. The diffusion coefficients given by the test particle computations agree with the ones from quasi-linear theory very well except for large-amplitude waves (δB/B0 ≥ 0.03 in the case presented, where δB is the wave magnetic field amplitude and B0 is the background magnetic field) when the weak turbulence approximation in quasi-linear theory breaks down. Quasi-linear theory overestimates the pitch angle diffusion coefficient for large-amplitude waves and may, consequently, overestimate the pitch angle diffusion of relativistic electrons in the radiation belts at high L values.
Synthesis of 6-deoxyerythronolide B. Implementation of a general strategy for the synthesis of macrolide antibiotics

Abstract The synthesis of 6-deoxyerythronolide B ( 1 ) has been completed using the β-ketoimide dipropionyl building block 2 in the synthesis of the C 1 C 7 and C 8 C 15 subunits. A convergent double stereodifferentiating Mukaiyama aldol coupling reaction, a biomimetic deoxygenation, and a high-yield macrocyclization were employed in an 18-step synthesis of this natural product.
Policy persistence in environmental regulation

We study the optimal emission standards under uncertain pollution damages and transaction costs associated with policy changes in a dynamic setting. We consider three alternative forms of transactions costs and show that they can lead to different kinds of delays of policy changes or smaller scales of these changes. Thus, policy persistence can be a rational response of forward-looking policy makers to future transaction costs, rather than an inefficient outcome of the current political process.
Combating False Reports for Secure Networked Control in Smart Grid via Trustiness Evaluation

Smart grid, equipped with modern communication infrastructures, is subject to possible cyber attacks. Particularly, false report attacks which replace the sensor reports with fraud ones may cause the instability of the whole power grid or even result in a large area blackout. In this paper, a trustiness system is introduced to the controller, who computes the trustiness of different sensors by comparing its prediction, obtained from Kalman filtering, on the system state with the reports from sensor. The trustiness mechanism is discussed and analyzed for the Linear Quadratic Regulation (LQR) controller. Numerical simulations show that the trustiness system can effectively combat the cyber attacks to smart grid.
Gamma‐ray Burst Models: General Requirements and Predictions

Whatever the ultimate energy source of gamma-ray bursts turns out to be, the resulting sequence of physical events is likely to lead to a fairly generic, almost unavoidable scenario: a relativistic fireball that dissipates its energy after it has become optically thin. This is expected both for cosmological and halo distances. Here we explore the observational motivation of this scenario, and the consequences of the resulting models for the photon production in different wavebands, the energetics and the time structure of classical gamma-ray bursters.
Barnett Relaxation in Thermally Rotating Grains

We present an exact formulation of the physics of Barnett relaxation. Our formulation is based on a realistic kinetic model of the relaxation mechanism, which includes the alignment of the grain angular momentum in body coordinates by Barnett dissipation, disalignment by thermal fluctuations, and coupling of the angular momentum to the gas via gas damping. We solve the Fokker-Planck equation for the measure of internal alignment using numerical integration of the equivalent Langevin equation for Brownian rotation. The accuracy of our results is calibrated by comparing our numerical solutions with exact analytic results obtained for special cases. We describe an analytic approximation for the measure of alignment that fits our numerical results for cases of practical interest.
Weak convergence of the Stratonovich integral with respect to a class of Gaussian processes

Abstract For a Gaussian process X and smooth function f , we consider a Stratonovich integral of f ( X ) , defined as the weak limit, if it exists, of a sequence of Riemann sums. We give covariance conditions on X such that the sequence converges in law. This gives a change-of-variable formula in law with a correction term which is an Ito integral of f ‴ with respect to a Gaussian martingale independent of X . The proof uses Malliavin calculus and a central limit theorem from Nourdin and Nualart (2010) [8] . This formula was known for fBm with H = 1 / 6 Nourdin et al. (2010) [9] . We extend this to a larger class of Gaussian processes.
Investigating the influence of tourism on economic growth and carbon emissions: Evidence from panel analysis of the European Union

The study investigates the influence of tourism on economic growth and CO2 emissions. In the empirical analysis, unit root and cointegration tests using panel data of European Union countries from 1988 to 2009 are performed to examine the long-run equilibrium relationship among tourism, CO2 emissions, economic growth and foreign direct investment (FDI). Results from panel cointegration techniques and fixed-effects models indicate that a long-run equilibrium relationship exists among these variables. Furthermore, tourism, CO2 emissions and FDI have high significant positive effect on economic growth. Economic growth, in turn, shows a high significant positive impact on CO2 emissions while tourism and FDI incur a high significant negative impact on CO2 emissions.
Time And Space Integrating Acousto-Optic Folded Spectrum Processing For SETI

Time and space integrating folded spectrum techniques utilizing acousto-optic devices (AOD) as 1-D input transducers are investigated for a potential application as wideband, high resolution, large processing gain spectrum analyzers in the search for extra-terrestrial intelligence (SETI) program. The space integrating Fourier transform performed by a lens channels the coarse spectral components diffracted from an AOD onto an array of time integrating narrowband fine resolution spectrum analyzers. The pulsing action of a laser diode samples the interferometrically detected output, aliasing the fine resolution components to baseband, as required for the subsequent charge coupled devices (CCD) processing. The raster scan mechanism incorporated into the readout of the CCD detector array is used to unfold the 2-D transform, reproducing the desired high resolution Fourier transform of the input signal.
Excess Higgs Production in Neutralino Decays

The ATLAS and CMS experiments have recently claimed discovery of a Higgs boson-like particle at ~5σ confidence and are beginning to test the Standard Model predictions for its production and decay. In a variety of supersymmetric models, a neutralino NLSP can decay dominantly to the Higgs and the LSP. In natural SUSY models, a light third generation squark decaying through this chain can lead to large excess Higgs production while evading existing BSM searches. Such models can be observed at the 8 TeV LHC in channels exploiting the rare diphoton decays of the Higgs produced in the cascade decay. Identifying a diphoton resonance in association with missing energy, a lepton, or b-tagged jets is a promising search strategy for discovery of these models, and would immediately signal new physics involving production of a Higgs boson. We also discuss the possibility that excess Higgs production in these SUSY decays can be responsible for enhancements of up to 50% over the SM prediction for the observed rate in the existing inclusive diphoton searches, a scenario which would likely by the end of the 8 TeV run be accompanied by excesses in the γγ + l/MET and SUSY multi-lepton/b searches and a potential discovery in a γγ + 2b search.
Synthesis of 1,5-dimethyl-1,4-dihydropyrrolo[3,4-b]-pyrrol-6(5H)-one by intramolecular Diels-Alder reaction to the imidazole nucleus.

Abstract N-Methyl-N-propargylimidazole-5-carboxamide undergoes thermal intramolecular Diels-Alder reaction to give the title compound. A related reaction of the corresponding sydnone system is also described.
Modular refinement of hierarchic reactive machines

Scalable formal analysis of reactive programs demands integration of modular reasoning techniques with existing analysis tools. Modular reasoning principles such as abstraction, compositional refinement, and assume-guarantee reasoning are well understood for architectural hierarchy that describes the communication structure between component processes, and have been shown to be useful. In this paper, we develop the theory of modular reasoning for behavior hierarchy that describes control structure using hierarchic modes. From Statecharts to UML, behavior hierarchy has been an integral component of many software design languages, but only syntactically. We present the hierarchic reactive modules language that retains powerful features such as nested modes, mode reuse, exceptions, group transitions, history, and conjunctive modes, and yet has a semantic notion of mode hierarchy. We present an observational trace semantics for modes that provides the basis for mode refinement. We show the refinement to be compositional with respect to the mode constructors, and develop an assume-guarantee reasoning principle.
Nb/Al and Nb/Al(Cu) multilayer thin films: the enthalpy of formation of NbAl3

Abstract Using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), the heat of formation of NbAl 3 was measured from the reaction of sputter-deposited Nb/Al and Nb/Al(Cu) multilayer thin-films with different bilayer thickness. The measured heat of reaction of the Nb/Al samples was 40.0±4.1 kJ/g-atom. The Nb/Al(Cu) films, with 0.5 and 1.0 wt.% Cu, yielded heats of formation of 40.8±0.5 and 40.5±0.6 kJ/g-atom, respectively. The measured heats of reaction in all three sets of samples were consistent with earlier investigations and revealed that, within experimental errors, the addition of the small amounts of Cu did not affect the formation enthalpy of NbAl 3 . Thus, combining the data from all three types of samples gives a value of 40.6±2.9 kJ/g-atom for this enthalpy. Enthalpy measurements as a function of multilayer periodicity further indicated that no significant interdiffusion or intermixing took place prior to NbAl 3 formation. This lack of intermixing was also confirmed by fabricating a multilayer sample with a 10 nm thick codeposited layer, having a nominal composition of Nb 42 Al 58 , interleaved between the Nb and Al layers. The presence of this intentionally intermixed layer caused a reduction in reaction enthalpy to 33.1±0.5 kJ/g-atom.
Measurement of continuous pressure and shear distributions using coating and imaging techniques

The pressure-sensitive paint (PSP) method and the shear-sensitive liquid crystal coating (SSLCC) method were sequentially applied to measure the areal pressure and shear stress vector distributions on a planar test surface beneath an inclined, axisymmetric, turbulent impinging jet. The combined results provide the first-ever consolidated measurements of the continuous normal and tangential force distributions beneath a fundamental flowfield. Results indicate that the PSP method can be extended to the measurement of small pressure differences (< ∼0.1 psig) encountered in low-speed atmospheric flows. Further, these results provide the first demonstration of the capability of the SSLCC method to measure continuous shear stress vector distributions on planar surfaces beneath flowfields where shear vectors of all possible orientations are present
Alpha-vacua, black holes and AdS/CFT

The Schwarzschild, Schwarzschild?AdS and Schwarzschild?de Sitter solutions all admit freely acting discrete involutions which commute with the continuous symmetries of the spacetimes. Intuitively, these involutions correspond to the antipodal map of the corresponding spacetimes. In analogy with the ordinary de Sitter example, this allows us to construct new vacua by performing a Mottola?Allen transform on the modes associated with the Hartle?Hawking, or Euclidean, vacuum. These vacua are the 'alpha'-vacua for these black holes. The causal structure of a typical black hole may ameliorate certain difficulties which are encountered in the case of de Sitter ?-vacua. For Schwarzschild?AdS black holes, a Bogoliubov transformation which mixes operators of the two boundary CFT's provides a construction of the dual CFT ?-states. Finally, we analyse the thermal properties of these vacua.
Bacterial toxins and enteral feeding of premature infants at risk for necrotizing enterocolitis.

Concordance between gram-negative enteric and other toxin-producing bacteria in blood and stool culture, endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide), and interleukin 6 (IL-6) was measured in 60 preterm infants (600-1600 g) as a clinical index in neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC).Escherichia coli Klebsiella,EnterobacterandClostridium spp, identified by routine bacteriology, were each strongly associated with elevated concentrations of endotoxin (P 10 In EU/g) compared with NEC-negative (47%) samples tested. Plasma and stool IL-6 generally tested at the low, nonmeasurable limit of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for NEC-negative (88%) and stage I NEC (93%), although a small proportion of samples (25%) from infants with stage II or II NEC had elevated stool concentrations of IL-6. We conclude that identification of toxin-producing organisms and endotoxin elevations in stool filtrates are more useful than circulating levels of endotoxin in plasma in predicting mucosally limited disease in the gastrointestinal tract. The prognostic value of monitoring stool endotoxin in infants with overgrowth of gram-negative bacteria has implications for therapeutic strategies for patients with early and advanced stages of disease. Monitoring inflammatory cytokines (IL-6) in relation to endotoxin values in stool appears of limited clinical value in controlling this devastating disease in preterm neonates.
Minimal free resolutions and asymptotic behavior of multigraded regularity

Let S be a standard Nk-graded polynomial ring over a field k, let I be a multigraded homogeneous ideal of S, and let M be a finitely generated Zk-graded S-module. We prove that the resolution regularity, a multigraded variant of Castelnuovo–Mumford regularity, of InM is asymptotically a linear function. This shows that the well-known Z-graded phenomenon carries to the multigraded situation.
Nonvanishing zero modes in the light-front current

We find that the zero mode (q{sup +}=0 mode of a continuum theory) contribution is crucial to obtaining the correct values of the light-front current J{sup {minus}} in the Drell-Yan (q{sup +}=0) frame. In the exactly solvable model of (1+1)-dimensional scalar field theory interacting with gauge fields, we quantify the zero-mode contribution and observe that the zero-mode effects are very large for the light meson form factors even though they are substantially reduced for the heavy meson cases. {copyright} {ital 1998} {ital The American Physical Society}
Epoxidation by sodium chlorite with aldehyde-promoted chlorine dioxide formation

An improved method is described for selective room temperature epoxidation of alkenes by sodium chlorite in a solvent mixture of ethanol, acetonitrile, and water buffered at pH 7. In addition, the use of aldehydes as promoters in chlorite oxidations is described for the first time. The amount of sodium chlorite, the solvent mixture, and the addition of formaldehyde as a practical promoter were optimized. Styrene was used as a test substrate in the optimization studies and the generality of the method was assessed by using a variety of nucleophilic and electrophilic substrates. Yields up to 89% were obtained with styrene and other nucleophilic alkenes are readily converted into epoxides.
Is more less? Propensity to diversify via M&A and market reactions

Abstract Mergers and acquisitions (M&As) could lead to a firm diversifying into new industries, and the impact of this may be related to the firm's prior diversification. Using a panel of 1030 M&A transactions from 2000 to 2010, we find that previously diversified firms are more likely to pursue industrially diversifying M&As. Both previous and contemporary diversification measures are not associated with the firm's cumulative abnormal returns (CARs) at time of announcement but have a lasting effect on various performance measures up to two years later. We find evidence supporting both a diversification discount and premium, which can be predicted by the sign of the CAR at the time of announcement. This suggests that while diversification is necessary to explain firm value, it is not sufficient .
Spin-polarized electron energy loss spectroscopy on Fe(100) thin films grown on Ag(100)

We report sharp spin-dependent energy loss features in electron scattering from bcc Fe(100) thin films grown on Ag(100). Majority spin features are observed at ~1.8 and 2.5 eV energy loss, and a minority spin feature is observed at ~2.0 eV energy loss. The majority spin peaks are attributed to spin-flip exchange scattering from the Fe films. The minority spin peak is attributed to non-flip exchange scattering with an energy corresponding to the separation between occupied and unoccupied minority spin bands. The observed peak energies compare favourably with electronic structure calculations for Fe and with spin-resolved photoemission and inverse photoemission results.
Phase transitions in symmetric orbifold CFTs and universality

Since many thermodynamic properties of black holes are universal, the thermodynamics of their holographic duals should be universal too. We show how this universality is exhibited in the example of symmetric orbifolds of general two dimensional CFTs. We discuss the free energies and phase diagrams of such theories and show that they are indeed universal in the large N limit. We also comment on the implications of our results for the classification of CFTs that can have an interpretation as holographic duals to gravity theories on AdS_3.
Touring the Galilean satellites

Galilean satellites touring by Jupiter spacecraft, discussing orbit calculation and encounter geometry
RESQ: a package for solution of generalized queueing networks

RESQ (RESearch Queueing) is a tool for solution of queueing networks. The class of networks treated includes general multi-server queues, passive queues and complex routing decisions. Multiple solution techniques are provided, including numerical solution of separable balance equations and regenerative simulation. User access is provided through both interactive dialogue and a subroutine level interface.