cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nobody Knows the Stories of Others: High School English Language Learners Find Their Poetic Voices by Responding to Works of Art

This essay tells the story of a collaboration between an English education professor in a large urban university and a high school English teacher working in a school whose population consists almost entirely of new immigrants. The English education professor serves as a visiting teaching artist, introducing the students to studies of works of art, and collaborates with their teacher on developing the students' responses to these works and collecting the students' own poetry and collages into an anthology. The experience of discussing works of art and writing poetry had a significant impact on the students' academic performance in other areas, especially in regard to their sense of efficacy and their self-images as students. Most striking was the fact that there were no extrinsic incentives for participation in creating the anthology. Rather than working for grades, promotion, or credit toward graduation, the students were intrinsically motivated to participate in writing these poems, spending considerable amounts of time on many rounds of revisions because the work was valuable to them personally. The students' poems are breathtakingly beautiful and honest in their telling of the stories of their homes prior to coming to the United States and their adjustment to their new lives as Americans and New Yorkers.
Parallel computing of electromagnetic field based on domain decomposition method

The computing velocity and memory storage of Single PC are often limited in large-scale electromagnetic simulation by finite element method (FEM), parallel processing is an important means to overcome such problems. The domain decomposition method (DDM) which decomposes the domain by nodes dominating and suits for parallel computing was illustrated first in this paper; A 2D electrostatic model was built and decomposed by the DDM; And the FEM linear system of equations was solved by using parallel CG method on the distributed parallel system composed of 6 PCs, the effective speed up reaching 97.5% was satisfying. Especially for large-scale simulation which consists of more than millions of freedoms, the parallel processing reduces computing time and increases the computing velocity greatly, it's the base on which large-scale 3D electromagnetic parallel computing.
Variance Components of the WISC-R in Eleven Age Groups:

subtests, a component expressing variance specific to the subtest, and a component expressing the error variance of the subtest. Silverstein (1968) used the squared multiple correlation of a subtest with the remaining subtests as a measure of common variance, the subtest's reliability minus its squared multiple correlation as a measure of its specific variacce, and one minus the subtest's reliability as a measure of its error variance. He then calculated the mean variance components of the WISC by averaging across subtests and the three standardization age groups of 745, 1044, and 13% reported in the WISC manual (Wechsler, 1949). He found that the mean variance components of the WISC are .44, .28, and .28 for the common, specific, and error components, respectively. The purpose of the present study was co obtain measures of the variance components of the recently published Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised (WISC-R; Wechsler, 1974) for comparison to those obtained by Silverstein (1968) for rhe WISC. The data were obtained from the WISC-R manual (Wechsler, 1974) which gives subtest intercorrelations and reliabilities for 11 age groups from 6Y2 to 16% by I-yr. intervals. Squared multiple correlations, which served as measures of common variance, were calculated for each subtest in each of the 11 age groups by a Xerox Sigma 9 computer with the use of Veldman's (1967) FACTOR program. Each subtest's specific variance was then calculated by subtracting its squared multiple correlation from its reliability2 and its error variance by subtracting its reliability from one. Next, mean variance components for each age group were obtained by averaging across subtests. Finally, mean variance components for all age groups were obtained by averaging across both subtests and age groups.
Neutron Studies of Disordered Alloys: a Brief Review/Update

Both neutron and X-ray scattering are used to determine the pair correlation functions (short-range order), the atomic displacements arising from atom size disparity, and the (derived) effective pair interactions in binary alloy solid solutions. This enterprise has taken on a new vitality through concomitant advances in both electronic theory and computer modeling of the atomic arrangements in alloys. An overview of the diffuse scattering formalism will be presented with an emphasis on the ways in which neutron scattering is particularly effective in sorting out the separate contributions to the total scattering pattern. Aspects of contrast variation and enhancement, and the utilization of both elastic and inelastic scattering will be discussed and examples of both past and recent work will be covered, including some future directions. We will also note briefly the relation between local order studies and details of the electronic and the elastic response functions of alloys.
Ultrasound versus MRI: is there a difference in measurements of the fetal lateral ventricles?

AbstractObjective: To evaluate whether fetal brain lateral ventricle measurements differ between ultrasound (US) and MRI.Methods: We evaluated 115 fetuses with US and MRI performed within 24 h of each other. Ventricular measurements were performed in the axial plane at the level of the atria for both modalities and the right and left ventricles were evaluated separately. We compared mean measurements; mean differences, association with gestational age (GA), association with the presence of a brain anomaly, and agreement between MRI and US.Results: The LV and RV were measured in 65 and 64 cases, respectively. LV and RV size estimates were significantly greater when measured by MRI compared with US (p < 0.001). Therefore, LV and RV were 0.87 mm and 0.89 mm larger in MRI versus US, respectively. Neither GA at measurement or presence/absence of a brain anomaly was significantly associated with differences in measurements. When comparing the agreement between the US and MRI measurements for ventriculomegaly; t...
Uranium Incorporation into Amorphous Silica

High concentrations of uranium are commonly observed in naturally occurring amorphous silica (including opal) deposits, suggesting that incorporation of U into amorphous silica may represent a natural attenuation mechanism and promising strategy for U remediation. However, the stability of uranium in opaline silicates, determined in part by the binding mechanism for U, is an important factor in its long-term fate. U may bind directly to the opaline silicate matrix, or to materials such as iron (hydr)oxides that are subsequently occluded within the opal. Here, we examine the coordination environment of U within opaline silica to elucidate incorporation mechanisms. Precipitates (with and without ferrihydrite inclusions) were synthesized from U-bearing sodium metasilicate solutions, buffered at pH ∼ 5.6. Natural and synthetic solids were analyzed with X-ray absorption spectroscopy and a suite of other techniques. In synthetic amorphous silica, U was coordinated by silicate in a double corner-sharing coordination geometry (Si at ∼ 3.8-3.9 A) and a small amount of uranyl and silicate in a bidentate, mononuclear (edge-sharing) coordination (Si at ∼ 3.1-3.2 A, U at ∼ 3.8-3.9 A). In iron-bearing synthetic solids, U was adsorbed to iron (hydr)oxide, but the coordination environment also contained silicate in both edge-sharing and corner-sharing coordination. Uranium local coordination in synthetic solids is similar to that of natural U-bearing opals that retain U for millions of years. The stability and extent of U incorporation into opaline and amorphous silica represents a long-term repository for U that may provide an alternative strategy for remediation of U contamination.
Skyview: The Multi-Wavelength Sky on the Interne

The SkyView virtual observatory provides a single, simple interface where users can retrieve images of the sky at all wavelengths from the radio through gamma rays. Below we discuss how SkyView works and how it represents a new paradigm in astronomical data archives. Users get to SkyView over the WorldWideWeb at http://skyview.gsfc.nasa.gov. Within a few moments they can have high-quality images from ground- or satellite-based surveys.
The Death and Life of Collaborative Planning Theory

It has been over 20 years since Judith Innes proclaimed communicative action to be the “emerging paradigm” for planning theory, a theoretical perspective which has been developed into what is known as collaborative planning theory (CPT). With planning theory shifting to a new generation of scholars, this commentary considers the fate of this intellectual movement within planning. CPT never achieved the paradigmatic status its advocates desired because of its internal diversity and limited scope. However, its useful combination of analytical and normative insights is attracting the interest of a new generation of researchers, who are subjecting it to rigorous empirical testing and addressing longstanding theoretical weaknesses. Like Jane Jacob’s classic book the Death and Life of Great American Cities, CPT has made an enduring impact on planning theory, even as it has failed to achieve a total revolution in thinking.
Golem: Modern Wars and Their Monsters, by Maya Barzilai, New York, New York University Press, 2016, xvii + 305 pp., US$ 35.00 (hardback), ISBN 978 1 4798 8965 5

Golem, a clay monster brought into life by Jewish sorcery, is an ambiguous figure that protects the Jewish community with its mighty power and wreaks havoc when violence goes out of control. Maya B...
Act IV. Internal Energy: the First Paper of Clausius. Entropy: the First Paper of Rankine

After quoting Carnot’s claim that to deny the existence of the heat function “would overthrow the whole theory of heat”, Clausius wrote1: I am not aware, however, that it has been sufficiently proved by experiment that no loss of heat occurs when work is done; it may, perhaps, on the contrary, be asserted with more correctness that even if such a loss has not been proved directly, it has yet been shown by other facts to be not only admissible, but even highly probable. If it be assumed that heat, like a substance, cannot diminish in quantity, it must also be assumed that it cannot increase. It is, however, almost impossible to explain the heat produced by friction except as an increase in the quantity of heat. The careful investigations of Joule, in which heat is produced in several different ways by the application of mechanical work, have almost certainly proved not only the possibility of increasing the quantity of heat in any circumstances but also the law that the quantity of heat developed is proportional to the work expended in the operation. To this it must be added that other facts have lately become known which support the view, that heat is not a substance, but consists in a motion of the least parts of bodies. If this view is correct, it is admissible to apply to heat the general mechanical principle that a motion may be transformed into work, and in such a manner that the loss of vis viva is proportional to the work accomplished.
Early life experience drives structural variation of neural genomes in mice

The brain is a genomic mosaic owing to somatic mutations that arise throughout development. Mobile genetic elements, including retrotransposons, are one source of somatic mosaicism in the brain. Retrotransposition may represent a form of plasticity in response to experience. Here, we use droplet digital polymerase chain reaction to show that natural variations in maternal care mediate the mobilization of long interspersed nuclear element–1 (LINE-1 or L1) retrotransposons in the hippocampus of the mouse brain. Increasing the amount of maternal care blocks the accumulation of L1. Maternal care also alters DNA methylation at YY1 binding sites implicated in L1 activation and affects expression of the de novo methyltransferase DNMT3a. Our observations indicate that early life experience drives somatic variation in the genome via L1 retrotransposons.
Suffrage Petitioning as Formative Practice: American Women Presage and Prepare for the Vote, 1840–1940

The American woman suffrage movement remade the U.S. Constitution and effected the broadest expansion of voting eligibility in the nation's history. Yet it did more than change laws and citizenship. It also plausibly shaped participatory patterns before and after the winning of voting rights for women. Drawing upon the idea of formative practice and reporting on a range of historical materials—including an original data set of 2,157 petitions sent to the U.S. Congress from 1874 to 1920 concerning women's voting rights—we focus on woman suffrage petitioning as both presaging the practice of voting and, in a sense, preparing tens of thousands of women for that activity. Our analyses reveal that, before 1920, suffrage petitioning activity was heightened in general and midterm election years (especially among Republican-leaning constituencies), suffrage petitioning both enabled and reflected organization in critical western states, and that post-suffrage women's turnout was immediately and significantly higher in states with greater pre-suffrage petitioning (controlling for a range of political, organizational, and demographic variables). In its claims, symbolism, habits, and temporality, suffrage petitioning differed from other petitioning in American political development and marked a formative practice for women on their way to voting.
Improving Translation from Preclinical Studies to Clinical Trials in Acute Kidney Injury.

BACKGROUND Several cellular and molecular targets and mechanisms have been investigated in preclinical studies of acute kidney injury (AKI), but translation in successful clinical studies has failed to date. This article reviews many issues that have limited this and the potential future perspectives in AKI prevention and treatment. SUMMARY Preclinical models of AKI should closely mimic the complexity of human AKI, considering the importance of several comorbidities in determining the clinical course and outcomes in the human disease. Moreover, studies should test novel interventions in models where AKI is already established, instead of focusing only at primary prevention. AKI definitions and endpoints in animal studies should be similar to those applied in clinical studies; in particular, AKI biomarkers should be implemented to guide patient selection for clinical trials and monitor intervention efficacy. In this scenario, cell-cycle arrest biomarkers have been widely investigated as AKI predictors in both preclinical and clinical studies and they serve as useful tools for future interventional studies. A better understanding of human AKI through a large collection of biological samples and kidney biopsies and omics applications, and an iterative relationship between preclinical and clinical studies are critical steps to improve future preclinical models and clinical trials. Finally, given the great variability in clinical manifestation of AKI, a strong collaboration between research centers and industry is recommended. Key messages: Several methodological issues have hampered the translation of basic research findings in clinical studies, and overcoming these obstacles is necessary to achieve success.
Whitney Stratifications and Subanalytic Sets

In this chapter we develop the tools from stratification theory which are needed in the proof of the main theorems of Part I (Sects. 3.7, 3.10, 9.5, 10.5, 11.5, 12.5). Sections 1.2 through 1.8 constitute a short course on the main results and techniques of stratification theory, and they summarize the work of many people: [Ab], [AR], [BW], [Ch], [G1], [Ha1], [Ha2], [Hi1], [Hi2], [Hi3], [J], [La], [LT2], [Lo1], [Lo2], [Ma1], [Ma2], [O], [P1], [P2], [T1], [T2], [T3], [T4], [T5], [T6], [Tr1], [Tr2], [V], [Ve1], [Ve2], [W1], [W2], [W3]. Sections 1.8 through 1.10 contain the results on characteristic covectors which are used along with “moving the wall” (Chap. 4) in creating the deformations which are the heart of our main theorems. Section 1.11 is a basic result in stratification theory that is often quoted and whose proof turns out to be surprisingly tricky: the transversal intersection of a manifold M and a Whitney stratified space W admits a “tubular neighborhood” in W, i.e., a neighborhood which is homeomorphic to the total space of a vectorbundle E → W ∩ M.
ENERGY STORAGE IN AUTOMOTIVE VEHICLES: AN ANALYTICAL MODEL

ABSTRACT A simple, analytical methodology for describing the technical and economic performance of alternative automotive vehicles (i.e., those that store on-board electrochemical, mechanical, thermal and nonhydrocarbon chemical energy for propulsion purposes) is presented. Its use in formulation of a rational R & D investment strategy for alternative vehicles, forecasting alternative vehicle performance in future time-frames, establishing the sensitivity of vehicle performance improvement to the improvement of vehicle components and predicting the impact of adding flywheel-transmissions to baseline alternative vehicles of different designs is the subject of illustrative examples.
The importance of translational research in brain injury

Progress in the understanding of the pathophysiologic process and management of brain injury provides a unique challenge to the young investigator. Currently, there are teams both in the laboratory and clinical settings which may or may not interact as a result of the depth and breadth of the problems before them. For example, laboratory teams may be focused on cellular or molecular mechanisms of injury while the clinical investigator is attempting to deal with refractory ICP and it’s treatment. It is clear that many aspects of biological research must indeed be approached using molecular techniques of neuroscience and much has been learned. However, the translational aspect of this effort may be elusive as it is unclear at present how these molecular techniques translate into the intensive care unit and the patient. For many, the research paths taken in the laboratory and ICU will always remain independent. For those who desire a more direct pathway to treatment, the “bench to bedside” approach is one which is more likely to yield results. Several examples will be given to strengthen the notion that we must not abandon the translational aspect of research but to embrace the process if we are to further improve outcome from brain injury.
Brungarians Use it Differently! Children’s Understanding of Artifact Function as a Cultural Convention

Children not only recognize the function of an artifact, but they actively protest when others use it in an atypical way. In two experiments, we asked whether children view artifact function as universal or as culturally dependent. In both experiments children watched videos of two actors who used common artifacts atypically (e.g. a woman using a fork to comb her hair). In Experiment 1A, 6-to-7-year-old children were told that the actors were either from Canada or a far away country. Children were marginally more likely to protest a Canadian using the artifact in a novel way than when the individual was from a far away country. In Experiment 1B, the familiar or unfamiliar culture was explicitly highlighted (e.g., “in Canada it snows in winter” vs. “in Brungaria it rains in winter”). Four-to-five-year-olds were also included as a comparison group. Six-to-seven-year-olds protested the atypical use when the actor was Canadian more than when the actor was Brungarian, whereas 4-to-5-year-olds protested at non-significant rates. Additionally, when asked what appropriate function of the artifact was, 6-to-7-year olds were more likely to endorse the atypical function when it was performed by a Brungarian than a Canadian, while 4-to-5-year-olds never endorsed the atypical function, regardless of condition. These findings demonstrate that while younger children view artifact function as universal, children over the age of 6 recognize that the accepted function of an artifact may vary by culture.
Time to castration-resistance and docetaxel outcomes in metastatic prostate cancer.

e16519Background: Castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) continues to present a challenge for oncologists. There is renewed interest in the use of docetaxel in advanced prostate cancer; howeve...
Supporting Social Development in Young Children with Disabilities: Building a Practitioner’s Toolkit

During early childhood, practitioners and family members are often tasked with determining optimal approaches to support social skill development in young children with developmental disabilities in inclusive and self-contained settings. Eight different evidence based approaches are highlighted (social narratives, scripting, pivotal response training, structured play groups, peer-mediated interventions, video-modeling, social skills training, and parent-implemented strategies), as well as specific skills in young children that may need additional support (joint attention, play, initiation, turn taking, sharing, conversation, emotion recognition, problem solving, socially appropriate behaviors, emotion/self-regulation, navigating environments, and perspective taking). A table of recommended strategies and checklist of the various social skills important during the early childhood years assist practitioners and family members in selecting and implementing appropriate strategies during the crucial period of life. Vignettes offer examples of steps taken to address specific concerns, paired with possible supports to enhance social development.
Experimental measurements of the high-temperature oxidation of carbon fibers

Abstract We carried out laboratory experiments to study the decomposition of carbon fibers at high temperature and studied the material used in charring carbon phenolic ablators for planetary probe heatshields. Porous plug samples were exposed to controlled rates of molecular oxygen, carbon dioxide, and carbon monoxide at furnace-heated flow-tube reactor temperatures between 700 and 1500 K and pressures between 2000 and 6200 Pa. We used calibrated mass spectroscopy to make time-resolved quantitative measurements of decomposition products of the gases downstream of the test sample. Absolute and differential pressure measurements were used to determine the high-temperature permeability of the material and to monitor changes during material decomposition, and we characterized the microstructure of the porous sample using scanning electron microscopy. We found substantial carbon fiber oxidation for O2 flows, resulting in increasing CO/CO2 production ratios with increasing temperature. The CO2 was shown to react with carbon fibers following a Boudouard reaction at temperatures above 1200 K.
Fore-aft resistance applied at the center of mass using a novel robotic interface proportionately increases propulsive force generation in healthy nonimpaired individuals walking at a constant speed.

Past studies have utilized external interfaces like resistive bands and motor-generated pulling systems to increase limb propulsion during walking on a motorized treadmill. However, assessing changes in limb propulsion against increasing resistance demands during self-controlled walking has not been undertaken. We assessed limb propulsion against increasing fore-aft loading demands by applying graded fore-aft (FA) resistance at the center of mass during walking in a novel, intent-driven treadmill environment that allowed participants to control their walking speeds. We hypothesized that to maintain a target speed against progressively increasing resistance, participants would proportionately increase their limb propulsion without increasing vertical force production, with accompanying increases in trailing limb angle and positive joint work. Seventeen healthy-nonimpaired participants (mean age 52 yrs., SD = 11) walked at a target, self-controlled speed of 1.0 m/s against 10, 15, 20, and 25% (% body weight) FA resistance levels. We primarily assessed linear slope values across FA resistance levels for mean propulsive force and impulse and vertical impulse of the dominant limb using one-sample t-tests. We further assessed changes in trailing and leading limb angles and joint work using one-way ANOVAs. Participants maintained their target velocity within an a priori defined acceptable range of 1.0 m/s ± 0.2. They significantly increased propulsion proportional to FA resistance (propulsive force mean slope = 2.45, SD = 0.7, t (16) =14.44, p 0.05) across FA resistance levels. Mean trailing limb angle increased from 24.3° at 10% resistance to 27.4° at 25% (p < 0.05); leading limb angle decreased from − 18.4° to − 12.6° (p < 0.05). We also observed increases in total positive limb work (F (1.7, 26) = 16.88, p ≤ 0.001, η2 = 0.5), primarily attributed to the hip and ankle joints. FA resistance applied during self-driven walking resulted in increased propulsive-force output of healthy-nonimpaired individuals with accompanying biomechanical changes that facilitated greater limb propulsion. Future rehabilitation interventions for neurological populations may be able to utilize this principle to design task-specific interventions like progressive strength training and workload manipulation during aerobic training for improving walking function.
Camille Claudel 1864–1943

Although she died in relative obscurity, Camille Claudel (1864–1943) had once had a brilliant future before her. She seemed extraordinarily blessed with beauty, intelligence, a steel will, and prodigious talent. Living in Paris at the turn of the century, she had an art studio at 17, and was soon receiving private lessons from one of the most talented sculptors of all time. Within a year, she had a position in Rodin's studio and his life. One could not imagine that she would spend 30 years confined to a mental institution, destitute, alone, and without the true love of her life, sculpting.
Safety in Shipping: Investigating Safety Climate in Norwegian Maritime Workers:

Working at sea places individuals in an inherently dangerous environment for extended periods, exposing them to unique risks not found in land-based industries. Safety-critical socio-technical syst...
Phases of QCD at High Baryon Density

We review recent work on the phase structure of QCD at very high baryon density. We introduce the phenomenon of color superconductivity and discuss how the quark masses and chemical potentials determine the structure of the superfluid quark phase. We comment on the possibility of kaon condensation at very high baryon density and study the competition between superfluid, density wave, and chiral crystal phases at intermediate density.
Ordinary People: Participatory Interactive Art

The participatory interactive art piece Ordinary People invites visitors as active interviewees. When the visitors sit on a chair, they watch their faces projected and pixelated on a big screen, which is made of 144 small canvas squares. In the end, the pixelated images are replaced by abstract LED lights behind the canvas screen. When they cannot recognize their identities anymore, they are asked to talk about their everyday life. After the interview, the computer automatically uploads their interview video clips on YouTube with a specific filename. The filename will be stamped on their hands to allow them to find their video among a variety of home movies by ordinary people on YouTube.
Memory: Amyloid Beta Is Good Before It Is Bad.

Smmary A fundamental mystery in the biology of memory is to understand the pathway from normal memory to later dysfunctional memory. Some insight on this problem comes from new research suggesting that amyloid beta helps memory consolidation, before it impairs memory.
Vertical Transmission of Zika Virus in Aedes aegypti Produces Potentially Infectious Progeny

Vertical transmission, or pathogen transfer from female to offspring, can facilitate the persistence of emerging arboviruses, such as Zika virus (ZIKV), through periods of low horizontal transmission or adverse environmental conditions. We aimed at determining the rate of vertical transmission for ZIKV in its principal vector, Aedes aegypti, and the vector competence of vertically infected progeny. Aedes aegypti females that consumed a blood meal provisioned with ZIKV were maintained under three temperature conditions (27°C, 30°C, and 33°C) following the infectious blood meal and allowed to complete three reproductive cycles. The overall vertical transmission rate was 6.5% (95% CI = 3.9-9.9). Vertical transmission of ZIKV was observed across all temperature conditions and virus detected in adult progeny up to 2 weeks postemergence. In total, 3.4% (95% CI = 1.6-6.2) of adult progeny produced saliva with ZIKV, indicating their vector competence. These results suggest the virus may be maintained in Ae. aegypti populations without a vertebrate host for short periods.
Child and caregiver executive function in trauma-exposed families: Relations with children's behavioral and cognitive functioning.

Abstract Children’s executive function (EF) may be negatively affected by their exposure to traumatic events. However, few investigations have examined the relations between EF and the associated developmental outcomes of young children exposed to trauma. Likewise, although growing evidence highlights intergenerational associations between caregiver and child EF, these associations remain unexplored among preschool-aged children exposed to trauma. The current study used a multimethod approach to test the direct and indirect associations of children’s trauma symptomatology, caregiver and child EF, and children’s concurrent behavioral and cognitive functioning in a sample of trauma-exposed, preschool-aged children (N = 109; Mage = 52.11 months, SD = 12.19) and their caregivers. Results indicated positive associations between children’s trauma symptomatology and their behavior problems, positive associations between caregiver and child performance on tasks of EF, and positive associations between children’s EF and a latent factor of cognitive functioning indicated by children’s performance on standardized tests of IQ and receptive vocabulary. However, the hypothesized indirect effects of caregiver and child EF were not supported. Implications for clinical interventions with young children and families exposed to trauma are discussed.
Photosystem II and Water Oxidation

The relation of the structure and organization of the Photosystem II reaction centers to those from Photosystem I or from the green or purple bacteria presents an interesting example of comparative biochemistry. Similarities between PS II and purple bacterial reaction centers include aspects of the reaction center proteins, the stoichiometry of chlorophyll and pheophytin in the reaction center and the complex of iron with quinones as the primary electron acceptor. In each of these respects the reaction centers of PS I or green bacteria, however, have no obvious similarity.
Tumor microenvironment as a therapeutic target in cancer

Tumor microenvironment denotes the non-cancerous cells and components presented in the tumor, including molecules produced and released by them. The constant interactions between tumor cells and the tumor microenvironment play decisive roles in tumor initiation, progression, metastasis, and response to therapies. The tumor microenvironment as a therapeutic target in cancer has attracted great research and clinical interest. Here we summarize the current progress in targeting the tumor microenvironment in both drug development and clinical trials; highlight challenges in targeting the tumor microenvironment to achieve therapeutic efficacy; explore new technologies and approaches to better decipher the tumor microenvironment; and discuss strategies to intervene in the pro-tumor microenvironment and maximize therapeutic benefits.
Epigenetic Signatures of Breast Cancer Genes

Breast cancer is a leading malignancy among women with higher western countries, suggesting significant role for environmental factors in developing breast cancer. Recently, epigenetic modifications such as aberrant methylation and acetylation of genes and histones have been shown to play a critical role in breast cancer development. There are several articles published in the recent years with the major epigenetic signatures of breast cancer genes. Therefore compiling these information could lead to a greater understanding of the development of breast cancer and novel approaches for chemoprevention. Here we have provided different modes of epigenetic regulation including DNA methylation, histone modification, polycomb group of proteins, and non-coding RNAs. In addition, we have provided information on chemotherapeutic drugs that act through regulation of epigenetics and have progressed to clinical trials. Most importantly, we have analyzed the epigenetic regulation in the chemotherapy resistant breast cancer stem cell population. Furthermore, the epigenetic regulatory mechanisms of various breast cancer related genes are discussed in detail. Taken together, in this review we have discussed the current understanding of the modes of epigenetic regulation, and the epigenetic signatures seen in breast cancer.
Presumed spinocerebellar ataxia 7: challenges without molecular diagnosis.

The eye is an extension of the brain and as such, neurodegenerative disorders often have ophthalmic manifestations. Specifically, multiple neurologic conditions, including muscular dystrophies, Fri...
Infrared Airport Scene Segmentation Based on Aggregation Networks

The idea of convergent networks is adopted to implement infrared airport scene segmentation. First, an infrared airport scene image dataset containing five types of foreground targets and one type of background for semantic segmentation research is built. Second, an end-to-end infrared semantic segmentation algorithm framework is built and trained on the basis of deep aggregation networks. After experiments, we use the mean value filtering operation to further improve the segmentation accuracy in order to solve the problem of complex image detail information affecting the segmentation. Finally, the output results of the algorithm framework are evaluated and analyzed on an infrared test set. The experimental results show that the semantic segmentation of infrared images using aggregated networks can achieve pixel-level classification of images and high prediction accuracy. Thus, we can obtain information on the shape, type, and location distribution of the scenes in the infrared image and realize the semantic understanding of the infrared scene.
Immune receptor toll-like receptor 4 contributes to stress-induced affective responses in a sex-specific manner

Stress activates innate immune Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and enhances susceptibility to depression, a condition that is more prevalent in females. The TLR4 receptor type is involved in inflammatory responses and its expression levels associate with depressive symptoms and their successful treatment. Yet, little preclinical research has examined the role of TLR4 in stress-induced affective responses to determine if these are sex-specific. One group per genotype of male and female Tlr4 knockout (KO) and wild type (WT) rats were exposed to predator odor in a place conditioning apparatus with others exposed to saline. Affective behaviors evaluated included distance traveled and center time in an open-field apparatus, sucrose preference and fluid intake in a two-bottle test, and conditioned place aversion to the odor-paired compartment. Predator odor exposed rats showed conditioned place aversion to the odor-paired compartment, demonstrating predator odor was aversive. Such exposure led to anhedonia (decreased sucrose preference) across genotypes and sex. Predator odor exposure decreased distance traveled, an effect that was greater in KO rats, especially in females. Tlr4 deletion also resulted in sex-specific effects on anxiety-like behavior. Compared to WTs, female KO rats showed lower center time after predator odor exposure whereas genotype did not affect this response in male rats. Across litters, fewer male KO and heterozygous rats and more WT rats were born whereas female rats showed the typical genotype distribution. Results suggest predator odor alters affective behaviors, consistent with the preclinical literature, and deletion of Tlr4 enhances some stress-induced affective responses, often in a sex-specific manner.
The paradoxical effect of democratisation on the South Korean education system in the 1980s and early 1990s

Educational grievances made educational democratisation an important issue in the 1980s and 1990s during South Korea’s democratic consolidation. Educational democratisers sought to address these th...
Computing Higher Polynomial Discriminants

In https://arxiv.org/abs/1609.00840 (see also https://doi.org/10.1007/s11425-018-1594-2), Dongming Wang and Jing Yang in 2016 have posed the problem how to compute the "third'' discriminant of a polynomial f(x) = (x-α1)…(x-αn), δ3(f) = Π ((αi+αj-αk-αl) (αi-αj+αk-αl)(αi-αj-αk+αl))1≤3 is a symmetric polynomial in the αi. For complex roots, δ3(f) = 0 if the mid-point (average) of $2$ roots is equal the mid-point of another 2 roots. Iterated resultant computations yield the square of the third discriminant. We apply a symbolic homotopy by Kaltofen and Trager [JSC, vol. 9, nr. 3, pp. 301--320 (1990)] to compute its squareroot. Our algorithm uses polynomially many coefficient field operations in the degree of f.
Effect of light on incompatible interactions between Xanthomonas oryzae pv oryzae and rice

Abstract When leaves of rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars possessing gene Xa-10 for resistance to Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae were exposed to at least 8 h light after infiltration with avirulent strains of the pathogen or strains containing the cloned avirulence gene avrXa10, a dark brown lesion characteristic of the hypersensitive response (HR) was observed by 24-48 h. The spatial and temporal patterns of increase in the activity of a cationic peroxidase and accumulation of lignin-like polymers were correlated with a decrease in bacterial multiplication in the tissues undergoing the HR. However, when the plants were exposed to less than 8 h of light after inoculation, water-soaked lesions characteristic of a compatible response appeared in the inoculation site. Under these conditions, little cationic peroxidase was detected, lignin did not accumulate, and final bacterial numbers were higher than in tissues exposed to more than 8 h of light. These results suggest that light is essential for rice plant defence responses, and that the HR and the accumulation of peroxidase and lignin-like compounds may be important for resistance in rice to X. oryzae pv. oryzae .
One-step enrichment of nucleated red blood cells: A potential application in perinatal diagnosis

We describe a discontinuous triple density gradient to obtain a 25-fold enrichment of nucleated red blood cells from mononuclear cells, granulocytes, and mature red blood cells in a single centrifugation step.
Informally Governing Information: How Criminal Rivalry Leads to Violence against the Press in Mexico:

A well-functioning press is crucial for sustaining a healthy democracy. While attacks on journalists occur regularly in many developing countries, previous work has largely ignored where and why jo...
Effect of Ribonucleic Acid Phage Superinfection on Lysis-Inhibited Escherichia coli

Groman, Neal B. (University of Washington, Seattle), and Grace Suzuki. Effect of ribonucleic acid phage superinfection on lysis-inhibited Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 90:1007–1012. 1965.—Induced culturesof Escherichia coli K-12(λ112)F+ were superinfected with ribonucleic acid phage f2 at various times to test for the specificity of lysis inhibition and the concurrent inhibition of growth. When f2 superinfection occurred within 90 min after induction, lysis was observed in normally lysis-inhibited cultures. Later superinfections produced very little lysis. Following early superinfection, both λ112 and f2 phages were produced in induced cells. When superinfection occurred during the period in which growth was inhibited, f2 production was totally inhibited. The inhibition of f2 was not due to its inability to adsorb, nor was it due to damage inflicted on cells by ultraviolet irradiation or to exhaustion of the medium. The data suggest that inhibition of lysis of induced K-12(λ112)F+ is phage-specific, whereas the accompanying inhibition of growth is nonspecific.
Men, Masculinity, and Cancer: Risk-factor Behaviors, Early Detection, and Psychosocial Adaptation

Abstract Men and women experience cancer differently. More men than women get cancer, more men than women die from cancer, and men usually adapt less well than women after a cancer diagnosis. In this article, the author suggests that the consequences of male gender-role socialization may explain some of these differences. The focus of the article is on (a) cancer risk-factor behaviors; (b) screening, early detection, symptom recognition, and help seeking; and (c) psychosocial adaptation. Research that has identified gender differences is reviewed and the impact of male gender-role socialization is offered as a potential explanation for these differences. In addition, practice implications for college health professionals are offered.
Convolutions, factorial cumulants and intermittency

Abstract It is demonstrated that if multiplicity distributions convolute as a function of a given variable (e.g. rapidity interval), then that variable also shows a true intermittency effect - apparent absence of scale - with a power-law singularity as the variable approaches zero. The intermittency exponents in this case are φ q K = q − 1. A simple test for intermittency is proposed making use of the additive property of factorial cumulants for statistically independent subpopulations.
GI-NMF: Group Incremental Non-Negative Matrix Factorization on Data Streams

Non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) is a well known method for obtaining low rank approximations of data sets, which can then be used for efficient indexing, classification, and retrieval. The non-negativity constraints enable probabilistic interpretation of the results and discovery of generative models. One key disadvantage of the NMF, however, is that it is costly to obtain and this makes it difficult to apply NMF in applications where data is dynamic. In this paper, we recognize that many applications involve redundancies and we argue that these redundancies can and should be leveraged for reducing the computational cost of the NMF process: Firstly, online applications involving data streams often include temporal redundancies. Secondly, and perhaps less obviously, many applications include integration of multiple data streams (with potential overlaps) and/or involves tracking of multiple similar (but different) queries; this leads to significant data and query redundancies, which if leveraged properly can help alleviate computational cost of NMF. Based on these observations, we introduce Group Incremental Non-Negative Matrix Factorization (GI-NMF) which leverages redundancies across multiple NMF tasks over data streams. The proposed algorithm relies on a novel group multiplicative update rules (G-MUR) method to significantly reduce the cost of NMF. GMUR is further complemented to support incremental update of the factors where data evolves continuously. Experiments show that GI-NMF significantly reduces the processing time, with minimal error overhead.
Liquid chromatographic determination of tacrine and its metabolites in rat bile microdialysates.

A microbore liquid chromatographic method using a phenyl stationary phase was developed for the determination of 9-amino-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroacridine (tacrine, THA) and its metabolites in microdialysis samples of bile. Analysis of microdialysis samples requires analytical methods with low detection limits and small sample volume requirements. The method uses a 1-mm I.D. phenyl column and fluorescence detection. A detection limit of 0.25 ng/ml in a 5-microliters sample was achieved for THA. This method was then used to determine THA and THA-1-ol in the bile dialysate of a rat. Because of the small sample volume requirements, a 10-min temporal resolution was achieved for the microdialysis experiment. The low detection limit allowed the THA concentration in the bile to be monitored for more than 4 h following a 1.0 mg/kg i.v. dose of THA.
“The Destruction of Capital” and the Current Economic Crisis

One key concept in Karl Marx's theory of capitalist economic crisis is “the destruction of capital through crises” (Marx 1989: 127). He meant by this not only the destruction of physical capital as...
Thermal design for the Advanced Camera for Surveys

The advanced camera for surveys (ACS) is a third generation science instrument scheduled for installation into the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) during the third servicing mission scheduled for 1999. ACS, along with the previously installed space telescope imaging spectrograph and near IR camera/multi-object spectrograph, consume significantly more power than the first generation of instruments. Additionally, the larger apertures of these instruments make parallel operations scientifically exciting. These parallel operations demand that all of the instruments operate in their highest power states simultaneously for extended periods of time. These and other factors have resulted in much higher temperatures inside the aft shroud where the ACS will be installed. As a result, new approaches are required to transfer heat inside the instrument and reject it away from the telescope. This paper describes the unique thermal systems required by the ACS. These include capillary pump loops and flexible and rigid heat pipes.
Cheap Labor and Southern Textiles, 1880–1930

An interpretation of the Southern capture of the American cotton textile market is presented, emphasizing capital accumulation and a process of "maturation" of the labor force. The market was divided along lines of product quality, and the precise rate of convergence was governed by the pace of demand. Simulations of the system uncover the surprising fact that the Great Textile Depression, which began in the 1920s, is not attributable to trends in demand, imports, or a chronic tendency to overproduce, but to the increase in real wages that occurred in the South as well as in the North. Possible interpretations of this development are discussed.
Nuclear data sheets for A = 184

Abstract Spectroscopic data for all nuclei with mass number A=184 have been evaluated, and the corresponding level schemes from radioactive decay and reaction studies are presented.