cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Clinical Value of Endometrial Cytopathological Examination in the Diagnosis of Endometrial Lesions

Objective:To evaluate the feasibility of endometrial cytopathological examination as a screening method for the diagnosis of endometrial lesions.Methods:From July to October of 2004,tubal aspiration specimens from 50 patients at high risk for developing endometrial cancer were examined cytopathologically.Specimens obtained through dilatation and curettage were histopathologically examined.Blood loss and pain were also e- valuated during the procedures.Results:No significant difference was found in coincidence rate and sampling success rate between endometrial cytopathological examination and dilatation and curettage,but there was a significant difference in blood loss and pain when comparing these two procedures.Endometrial cytopatholog- ical examination demonstrated a sensitivity of 81.8%for endometrial cancer and 78.6%for benign endometri- al lesions.The specificity of endometrial cytopathological examination was 97.2%for endometrial cancer and 93.9%for benign endometrial lesions.Conclusion:Endometrial cytopathological examination is a simple,safe and reliable screening method for the diagnosis of endometrial lesions.
Monitoring results of HBsAb among healthy population in Qiandongnan of Guizhou in 2013

[Objective]To understand the level of HBsAb among healthy population in Qiandongnanzhou,evaluate the effect of vaccination and immune status,provide basis for formulating immunization program of hepatitis B.[Methods]Healthy population were selected by stratified random sampling method. HBsAb was detected by ELISA,and the positive rate of HBsAb was analyzed.[Results]A total of 507 cases were detected,HBsAb of 295 cases were positive(58.19%). With the increasing of age,the positive rate of HBsAb decreased(P 0. 01). The positive rate of HBsAb among males was higher that among females,the positive rate of HBsAb in country was higher than that in city,and the positive rate of HBsAb among cases with a history of vaccination was higher than that among cases without(all P 0. 01). [Conclusion]The level of HBsAb among healthy population in Qiandongnanzhou was low. Paying special attention to whole process basic immunization of the hepatitis B among children,increasing the first dose coverage rate,strengthening leak checking and carrying out aggrandized immunization work are the key to improve the immunity barrier of population.
Finite-Element Model for Modal Analysis of Pretwisted Unsymmetric Blades

A quick and automatic algorithm for evaluation of modal characteristics for unsymmetric turbine blades is developed. Unlike conventional procedures, only a few geometric and material properties are needed in the present approach as input for a finite-element program by which the modal analysis is carried out. A cubic spline interpolation method is generated to prescribe the profile of airfoils so that related section properties are computed by means of numerical integrations. The finite element analysis, in this study, employs a special beam element with fifteen degrees of freedom, and uses a large-deflection small-strain Euler-Bernoulli beam formulation. Coriolis acceleration, centrifugal forces, warping effects, and rotary inertia are considered in the dynamic analysis. The effect on natural frequencies and modal shapes as changes to blade geometric and stiffness characteristics are analyzed. The method developed in this study can be utilized in the computer-aided design (CAD) for such blades.
PLAY AND IMAGINATION IN DEVELOPING LANGUAGE TEACHER IDENTITY-IN-ACTIVITY

Teacher identity and practice have been characterized as being inextricably linked, highlighting the need for L2 teacher educators to support the development of novice teacher identity and the practices that align with it. Informed by a sociocultural perspective on teacher learning (Johnson, 2009), this study traces the development of the identity of a novice teacher as he grapples with a tension while teaching an advanced grammar class. By conducting a narrative inquiry (Johnson & Golombek, 2002), he identified a contradiction between his identity-in-activity (Cross, 2006), expressed through the image of the 'grammar inquisitor' teaching to the test and the communication-focused instructor he aspired to be. His narrative inquiry created a mediational space in which he could 'play' with images, as well as academic concepts that had been introduced in a graduate course on genre-based instruction, and 'imagine' a more satisfying identity-in-activity, expressed as 'synergy' in a curriculum unit he designed for his grammar class.
Electronic structure of 1 T -V Se 2

A first-principles self-consistent (non-muffin-tin) band-structure calculations on $1T$-V${\mathrm{Se}}_{2}$ is used to analyze some of the transport and optical properties. The material appears to be metallic with characteristic overlaps between the metal $d$-based and nonmetal $p$-based bands. These overlaps are found to be sensitively modulated both by the change of the (anomalously high) $\frac{c}{a}$ ratio and by the sandwich height parameter $z$ (determining the V-Se bond length). This leads to a number of interesting predictions regarding the electronic structural changes associated with the charge-density-wave instability.
A seamless global digital marketplace of entertainment content

In January 2016, Netflix launched its streaming service globally into more than 130 new countries. It also announced its plan to ban the subscribers' use of proxies, unblockers and virtual private networks (VPN) to view movies and TV programs unavailable in the subscribers' countries. With this ban in place, Australian subscribers will no longer be able to watch U.S. shows until they become available Down Under. Likewise, U.S. subscribers who are addicted to British shows will have to wait for those shows to come stateside.The content providers' desire for this geocircumvention ban is easy to understand. If Australian fans have already watched a U.S. show via Netflix, who will tune in when the show finally arrives in Australia? Thus far, movie studios and TV producers have repeatedly criticized Netflix for turning a blind eye to unlicensed viewing. Had the company continued to ignore geographical licensing restrictions, many of these content providers might eventually have pulled their material from the streaming service. Nevertheless, the recently announced VPN ban is unlikely to provide a long-term cure to the content providers' chronic headaches. The problem lies not with Netflix, but with the unmet consumer demand in foreign markets.This chapter begins by describing six types of access barriers that have been slowly broken in the digital environment. Although it is not unusual for new technology to break access barriers, the breakage of virtually all of these barriers at the same time does underscore the immense challenge the internet and new communication technologies have posed to the copyright system and the entertainment industry's copyright-based distribution model. To address these challenges, this chapter calls for the establishment of "a seamless global digital marketplace" of entertainment content, a proposal advanced a few years ago by Francis Gurry, the director general of the World Intellectual Property Organization. The chapter then explores five paths that can be taken to establish this much-needed marketplace.
Function of Beta2-GPI in Inhibiting the Oxidized Phospholipids Dependent APC Activity by Antiphospholipid IgG from APS Patients.

Beta2-GPI (s2GPI), a plasma glycoprotein with phospholipid-binding properties, is the actual target antigen for autoimmune type antiphospholipid antibodies. Certain groups of these antibodies exert lupus anticoagulant (LA) activity by directly inhibiting the Protein C anticoagulant pathway and associated with an increased risk of thrombotic disease. Our previous studies have shown that the activated protein C (APC) activity and the ability to be inhibited by antiphospholipid antibodies associated with thrombosis are strongly augmented by the presence of Phosphatidyl-ethanolamine (PE) and phospholipid oxidation. In this study, we investigated the relationship between s2GPI and anti-APC activity by IgG derived from APS patients. IgG from patients with APS syndrome were tested using a modified oxidized PE containing phospholipids dependent dRVVT test, in the presence of APC at concentration of 0.2ug/ml, the clotting times was prolonged to 3 fold of the baseline level, when the anti-phospholipids IgG antibodies added into the system, its showed a significant impact on the APC prolongation clotting times in the presence of s2GPI. However, no affect was observed on the APC prolongation clotting times in the absence of s2GPI. To eliminate the possible confounding effect from other plasma component, we investigated the effect on factor Va inactivation by APC in a purified system. As expected, the inhibition was observed only when the B2GPI was present. We also found that the presence of beta2GPI-IgG complex had its strongest effect when Protein S was included. We conclude that s2GPI is necessary to inhibit the oxidized phospholipids dependent APC activity by IgG antibodies from APS patients. On oxidized lipids surface, s2GPI -APS IgG complex had its strongest effect on APC activity. This is a potentially important result indicating the functional assay may be more sensitive for pathological antibodies.
Notes on Patents, Distortions, and Development

What are the gains from a better education, more land ownership, or a different occupation in Bangladesh? Do the gains differ in urban and rural areas? Have they remained stable over time? Do household size, family structure, and gender affect well-being? Do consumption, poverty, and inequality depend more on characteristics of households or on the areas in which those households are located? Using household data from five successive national surveys, Wodon analyzes the microdeterminants of (and changes in) consumption, poverty, growth, and inequality in Bangladesh from 1983 to 1996. Education, demographics, land ownership, occupation, and geographic location all affect consumption and poverty. The gains in per capita consumption associated with many of these household characteristics tend to be stable over time. Returns to demographics (variables in household size) have the greatest impact on growth, perhaps because of improving employment opportunities for women. Education (in urban areas) and land (in rural areas) contribute most to measures of between-group inequality. Location takes second place, in both urban and rural areas. Wodon introduces the concept of conditional between-group inequality. Existing group decompositions of the Gini index along one variable do not control for other characteristics correlated with that variable. Conditional between-group Ginis avoid this pitfall. He also shows how to use unconditional and conditional between-group Ginis for simulating policies. This paper - a product of the Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Sector Unit, South Asia Region - was written as part of background work for the Bangladesh poverty assessment.
Potential value of circulating corin levels in acute and chronic myocardial infarction

In the heart, corin is a membrane-anchored, serine protease that cleaves and activates pro-ANP and pro-BNP, thereby modulating salt-water balance, vasodilatation and cardiac function (1). Cardiac corin can also be released from cardiomyocyte membranes and enter the circulation as a soluble form, where it can readily be measured in the blood.
Postoperative Care, Day by Day

Frequent follow-up evaluation will help a surgeon recognize and forestall evolving complications during limb lengthening. Passive and active stretching programs are essential. Judging regenerate bone at each office visit allows the surgeon to modify the lengthening prescription. In cases of tardy regenerate ossification, it may be necessary to slow, stop, or even reverse elongation if there is deficient bone in the distraction gap. In rare cases, too rapid bone formation may require speeding up the limb lengthening prescription.
A Comparison of Academic and Practitioner Conceptualizations of IT Outsourcing Governance

This paper aims to improve understanding of the IT Outsourcing Governance domain by conducting a study that elicits differences between academics and practitioners in terms of their respective conc...
Vancomycin-resistant enterococcus infection in the hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipient: an overview of epidemiology, management, and prevention

Vancomycin-resistant enterococcus (VRE) is now one of the leading causes of nosocomial infections in the United States. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) recipients are at increased risk of VRE colonization and infection. VRE has emerged as a major cause of bacteremia in this population, raising important clinical questions regarding the role and impact of VRE colonization and infection in HSCT outcomes as well as the optimal means of prevention and treatment. We review here the published literature and scientific advances addressing these thorny issues and provide a rational framework for their approach.
Cyber security of the smart grid: attack exposure analysis, detection algorithms, and testbed evaluation

While smart grid technologies are deployed to help achieve improved grid resiliency and efficiency, they also present an increased dependency on cyber resources which may be vulnerable to attack. This dissertation introduces three components that provide new methods to enhancing the cyber security of the smart grid. First, a quantitative exposure analysis model is presented to assess risks inherited from the communication and computation of critical information. An attack exposure metric is then presented to provide a quantitative means to analyze the model. The metric's utility is then demonstrated by analyzing smart grid environments to contrast the effectiveness of various protection mechanisms and to evaluate the impact of new cyber vulnerabilities. Second, a model-based intrusion detection system is introduced to identify attacks against electric grid substations. The system expands previous research to incorporate temporal and spatial analysis of substation control events in order to differentiate attacks from normal communications. This method also incorporates a hierarchical detection approach to improve correlation of physical system events and identify sophisticated coordinated attacks. Finally, the PowerCyber testbed is introduced as an accurate cyber-physical environment to help facilitate future smart grid cyber security research needs. The testbed implements a layered approach of control, communication, and power system layers while incorporating both industry standard components along with simulation and emulation techniques. The testbed's efficacy is then evaluated by performing various cyber attacks and exploring their impact on physical grid simulations.
Imaging of neutral lipids and neutral lipid associated proteins

Intracellular fat droplets are large and have a distinct morphology, which makes their imaging at the light level simple and informative. We detail how to image the fat droplet core by metabolic labeling with fluorescent fatty acids or lipophilic fluorochromes. Further, we describe the use of indirect immunostaining to image fat droplet proteins and fat cores in the same field. We also address the use of appropriate controls for determining signal specificity and other practical considerations for optimizing image quality.
Using the Computer to Help Prove Theorems.

Everyone knows that the modern com puter can do calculations quickly and accu rately. What is less well known is that this ability can be used to help prove mathe matical theorems. At first glance this may seem puzzling, since theorem proving is an analytical activity requiring intuition and insight. It is, however, possible to use the computer as a large and efficient "scratch pad" to test conjectures and suggest meth ods of attack to supplement one's insight. Let me illustrate by describing the follow ing real-life incident. Recently my son brought home from his high school geometry class the following problem, suggested by his teacher, Glenn Gabanski (Oak Park-River Forest High School, Oak Park, Illinois): Given AABC as in figure 1, where ADEF is equilateral. Prove that if BD = CE = AF, then AABC is equilateral.
Discretization error estimation and exact solution generation using the method of nearby problems.

The Method of Nearby Problems (MNP), a form of defect correction, is examined as a method for generating exact solutions to partial differential equations and as a discretization error estimator. For generating exact solutions, four-dimensional spline fitting procedures were developed and implemented into a MATLAB code for generating spline fits on structured domains with arbitrary levels of continuity between spline zones. For discretization error estimation, MNP/defect correction only requires a single additional numerical solution on the same grid (as compared to Richardson extrapolation which requires additional numerical solutions on systematically-refined grids). When used for error estimation, it was found that continuity between spline zones was not required. A number of cases were examined including 1D and 2D Burgers equation, the 2D compressible Euler equations, and the 2D incompressible Navier-Stokes equations. The discretization error estimation results compared favorably to Richardson extrapolation and had the advantage of only requiring a single grid to be generated.
Principles of Optical Lithography

Publisher Summary This chapter presents the principles of optical lithography. During the process of micro fabrication, fine-line stencil masks are formed using thin photosensitive polymers, called photo resists or resists, which selectively protect an underlying wafer substrate against chemical or physical attack. Optical lithography, as the name implies, refers to a means for patterning the resist using actinic radiation in the optical region of the electromagnetic spectrum. The information to be replicated is delineated on a thin optically opaque layer supported by a transparent substrate. This pattern, called a mask, is transferred or imaged by a lithographic exposure system to form an aerial image, which consists of a spatially dependent light intensity pattern in the vicinity of the wafer. The extension of optical lithography to the sub-micrometer realm will require two major developments. From the standpoint of the resist, it will require higher-γ systems that can be used at shorter wavelengths. From the standpoint of the exposure equipment, it will require small-field systems capable of exposing in the deep UV with a high degree of partial coherence. The need for partial coherence will call for very tight manufacturing tolerances to reduce the phase-related aberrations that occur with coherent light and more intense illumination sources to maintain throughput.
Functional Impairment in Vascular Dementia

Vascular dementia (VaD) is associated with cognitive, physical, and functional impairments and is a major source of disability among the elderly (1,2). Much of the disability reported among patients with VaD is attributable to declines in activities of daily living (ADLs). ADLs are composed of instrumental and basic self-care abilities (IADLs and BADLs, respectively); IADLs include complex behaviors, such as cooking, housekeeping, and medication management, and BADLs include more basic tasks, such as grooming and feeding (3). ADL impairments result in a diminished quality of life for patients and their caregivers (4) and an increased use of healthcare services (5). ADL dysfunction also often precipitates nursing home placement (5,6).
Tumors, Central Nervous System; Epidemiology of

Central nervous system (CNS) tumors are relatively rare with high associated morbidity and mortality. In the US, approximately 16 500 cases are diagnosed each year with an associated 13 000 deaths from the disease. The causes of most nervous system tumors are unknown. Ionizing radiation is the only well-established environmental risk factor, but only a few percent of incident CNS tumors are likely to relate to such exposure. Certain inherited syndromes predispose individuals to CNS tumors, however, only a few percent of cases have one of these rare conditions. Other factors under investigation include nonionizing radiation, pesticides, occupational exposures, infection, prior head trauma, and diet. Evidence for these suspected factors has been less consistent in epidemiological studies. Recent progress in the understanding of the molecular characteristics of CNS tumors and genetical and epigenetical factors that influence susceptibility may help to improve understanding of disease etiology.
Neurodiversity, in profile

The case report is dead. At least, it seems all but so in the realm of ev­idence-based medicine. It is thus thoroughly refreshing to read Helen Thomson’s Unthinkable: An Extraor­dinary Journey Through the World’s Strangest Brains and Eric R. Kandel’s The Disordered Mind: What Unusual Brains Tell Us About Ourselves, two ambitious books that draw on clinical profiles to tell stories about our brains and minds.
What About Appendicitis and Pregnancy? Is There a Systematic Approach to Save Time, Reduce Radiation, and Make Everyone Happy?

Appendicitis is the most common non-obstetric surgical emergency in pregnancy. Given increased fetal mortality with both appendicitis and negative appendectomy, timely and accurate diagnosis is essential. Guidelines from both obstetrics and radiology recommend ultrasound (US) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as initial diagnostic modalities of choice and that computed tomography (CT) can and should be used if US and MRI are inaccessible or inconclusive. In utero exposure to radiation from diagnostic imaging has not been found to increase the risk of prenatal death, malformation, or impairment of central nervous system development. There is an increased risk of childhood cancer; however this is relatively small when compared to fetal mortality in ruptured appendicitis.
Gamma-glutamyltransferase 1 promotes clear cell renal cell carcinoma initiation and progression

Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is the most common subtype of kidney cancer. While the localized form of this disease can be treated surgically, advanced and metastatic stages are resistant to chemotherapies. Although more innovative treatments, such as targeted or immune-based therapies, exist, the need for new therapeutic options remains. ccRCC presents unique metabolic signatures and multiple studies have reported a significant increase in levels of reduced glutathione (GSH) and its precursors in ccRCC tumor samples compared with normal kidney tissues. These observations led us to investigate the effects of blocking the GSH pathway, particularly the gamma-glutamyltransferase 1 (GGT1) enzyme, in multiple ccRCC cell lines. In this study, we provide in vitro and in vivo evidence that GGT1/GSH pathway inhibition impacts ccRCC cell growth, through increased cell-cycle arrest. Of note, GGT1 inhibition also impairs ccRCC cell migration. Finally, pharmacologic GSH pathway inhibition decreases ccRCC cell proliferation and increases sensitivity to standard chemotherapy. Our results suggest that GGT1/GSH pathway inhibition represents a new strategy to overcome ccRCC chemoresistance. IMPLICATIONS: GGT1/GSH pathway inhibition represents a promising therapeutic strategy to overcome chemoresistance and inhibit progression of ccRCC tumors.
An arithmetic site at the complex place

Abstract Text We construct, for specific imaginary quadratic number fields with class number 1, an arithmetic site of Connes-Consani type. The main difficulty here is that their constructions and part of their results strongly rely on the natural order existing on real numbers which is compatible with basic arithmetic operations. We first define what we call an arithmetic site for such number fields, we then calculate the points of those arithmetic sites and we express them in terms of the adele class space considered by Connes to give a spectral interpretation of zeroes of Hecke L functions of number fields. We get that the points of our arithmetic site are related not only to the zeroes of the Dedekind zeta function of the number field considered but also to other Hecke L functions involving non-trivial characters at the archimedean place. We then study the relation between the spectrum of the ring of integers of the number field and the arithmetic site. An appendix by Alain Connes shows that the compatibility with the Frobenius yields the correct notion of morphisms of semirings in this context. Video For a video summary of this paper, please visit https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lWF9gbfvcYY&feature=youtu.be .
Deployment Strategies for a Financially Viable Remote Sensing Constellation

Traditional space-based remote sensing architectures are characterized by small quantities of large, monolithic, and expensive satellites. In recent years, constellations of CubeSats have emerged as a competitive challenge to this approach. These large, coordinated deployments of miniaturized spacecraft trade the higher resolution payloads of large satellites for other benefits such as faster revisit times, larger coverage, and lower unit costs. Despite these benefits, an Earth-imaging CubeSat constellation is a complex engineering undertaking not without significant technical and financial risk. This paper investigates the strategic decisions that make for a successful commercial remote sensing constellation. A system model is developed to capture the impact of architectural and business decisions, along with external economic and technical uncertainties, which impact the success of the venture, as measured by Net Present Value (NPV). The system model is implemented for two architectural approaches. The first is a “rigid strategy” where business decisions and cost commitments are made at the outset of the project, when best guesses for the realization of uncertain parameters are required. The second architectural approach is a “flexible strategy” which leverages the physically and temporally distributed deployment of a small satellite constellation to make responsive decisions as the future unfolds and uncertainties are better understood. It is shown that employing flexible strategies can yield up to 30% increases in average NPV, nearly double maximum expected NPV, and improve Value at Risk (VAR) figures by as much 60% over a rigid strategy. This work confirms that commercial success of a remote-sensing constellation is as dependent on technical decisions as on the realization of an uncertain future. Thus, the most prudent course of action is to understand these uncertainties and adopt a reactive and flexible deployment strategy.
Self-harm injury hospitalisations: an analysis of case selection criteria

Background This study explores the impact of using different criteria to identify nonfatal hospitalisations with self-harm injuries using 2017–2018 Wisconsin discharge data. Methods Using International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision, Clinical Modification codes, we classified records by three mutually exclusive selection criteria: subset A--principal diagnosis of injury, and any code for self-harm, initial encounter only; subset B--non-injury principal diagnosis, and any code for self-harm, initial encounter only; subset C--any principal diagnosis, and any code for self-harm, subsequent and sequelae encounters only. These categories were used to conduct two separate logistic regression models. Model 1 analysed the impact of surveillance limited to a principal diagnosis of injury, initial self-harm encounter (subset B compared with A). Model 2 analysed the impact if limited to initial encounters for self-harm, regardless of principal diagnosis (subset C compared with (A+B)). Both patient-level and visit-level analyses were conducted. Results For both patient-level models, subsets that included additional records based on an expansion of selection criteria were significantly more likely to include children (model 1: OR 2.8, model 2: OR 2.9; compared with those 25–54 years), those with mental health disorders (model 1: OR 6.5, model 2: OR 4.3) and rural residents (model 1: OR 1.2, model 2: OR 1.4). Drug-related disorder and means of self-harm were significantly different among subsets for both models. Visit-level analyses revealed similar results. Discussion Expanding case selection criteria would better capture the scale of hospitalisation for nonfatal self-harm. Using restrictive selection criteria may result in biased understanding of the affected populations, potentially impacting the development of policy and prevention programmes.
Psychiatric Crisis Care and the More is Less Paradox.

Psychiatric crisis care in the U.S. exemplifies the “more is less paradox” of U.S. health care. We spend more for health care than any other high-income country, yet our outcomes are typically poor compared to these other countries (OECD in OECD health statistics. Retrieved from https://www.oced.org/health/health-data.html , 2020). We do this, in part, by emphasizing medical treatments for problems that are inherently social, rather than addressing social determinants of health. Medical interventions for socio-economic problems are usually expensive and ineffective. For mental health crisis care, adding unfunded, untested, medical interventions to the current melange of poorly funded, disorganized arrangements will not help. Instead, the U.S. should address social determinants, emphasize research-based interventions, and emphasize prevention—proven strategies that decrease costs and improve outcomes.
Chasing Two Rabbits: Challenges in Benchmarking Liquid Alternatives

Liquid alternatives are required to compare their performance to a broad-based market index. Despite their objective to offer low correlations with equity returns, these funds provide traditional equity indexes as benchmarks 2.5 times more than any other benchmark category. By pursuing strategies unrelated to their primary benchmarks, liquid alternatives can generate significant tracking errors, which cause biased information ratios. We review the challenges of benchmarking liquid alternatives and recommend use of the downside deviation or maximum drawdown. This issue is important as research shows how performance relative to even a mismatched benchmark is a significant determinant of fund flows.
Comparisons Between Actual and Simulated Responses of Auditory Nerve Fibers Excited by Natural Stop Consonant-Vowel Syllables

Responses of cat auditory-nerve fibers to natural stop consonant-vowel syllables were described in a recent paper (Carney and Geisler, 1986). In that study, it was found that the temporal characteristics of the responses of fibers with “high” rates of spontaneous discharge (>18 spikes/sec) could often be accounted for qualitatively by the frequency filtering characteristics of the cochlear partition. That is, fibers originating in the apical cochlear regions encoded the lower frequency components of the syllables, such as the first formant, while fibers from more basal regions encoded the higher frequencies. Yet because of the many nonlinear processes known to occur in the inner ear, linear filtering alone could not possibly account for all details of the responses.
Classical Modern Philosophy: A Contemporary Introduction

Classical Modern Philosophy introduces students to the key philosophers of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, and explores their most important works. Jeffrey Tlumak takes the reader on a chronological journey from Descartes to Kant, tracing the themes that run through the period and their interrelations. The main texts covered are: Descartes' Meditations on First Philosophy Spinoza's Ethics Locke's Essay Concerning Human Understanding Leibniz's Discourse on Metaphysics and Monadology Berkeley's A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge and Three Dialogues between Hylas and Philonous Hume's An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding and Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion Kant's Critique of Pure Reason Classical Modern Philosophy is the ideal textbook to accompany a course in the history of modern philosophy, but each chapter can also be studied alone as an introduction to the featured philosopher or work. Jeffrey Tlumak outlines and assesses prominent interpretations of the texts, and surveys the legacy of each great thinker.
Philosophy of Neuroscience

The philosophy of neuroscience is concerned with the philosophical investigation of neuroscience as a science and is distinguished from neurophilosophy, which is concerned with the application of neuroscience to the philosophy of mind and epistemology. Keywords: consciousness; dreams; intentionality; pain; rationality
Endogenous lipoid pneumonia preceding diagnosis of pulmonary alveolar proteinosis

Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP) is an under-reported and under-diagnosed condition, with a high percentage of cases found on autopsy or late stage disease. The etiology of PAP includes genetic, primary (anti-granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor antibodies) and secondary (oncologic, rheumatologic, infectious, chemical and immunologic) causes. Here, we present the first reported pediatric case of endogenous lipoid pneumonia and non-specific interstitial pneumonitis preceding the development of PAP.
On Marmor's Philosophy of Law

This piece critically reviews Andrei Marmor’s recent book Philosophy of Law, which he says is “not meant to be [a] comprehensive introduction to analytic jurisprudence,” but was rather written “as an argument for a particular position”: exclusive legal positivism. Exclusive legal positivism is one of the major contemporary views on the nature of law, and it can be characterized by two basic claims: first, that one can account for what law is in purely descriptive terms, and, second, that legal validity is based solely on social facts. Marmor’s arguments for exclusive legal positivism are rooted in a particular reading of certain historical lines of thought developed by Kelsen and Hart; they are sensitive to wider debates about the nature of legal authority, legal obligation, and social convention; they draw on contemporary developments in the philosophy of language at certain critical stages of the argument; and they address a range of other views in the existing literature as potential objections – including recent methodological challenges to legal positivism. Philosophy of Law can thus be read as providing a fairly panoramic and highly contemporary look at the place of exclusive legal positivism within the larger debates in analytic jurisprudence. As such, the book clarifies some of the potential philosophical costs and benefits of the view, some of its main pressure points, and some of the central burdens one must bear to defend a satisfying, contemporary version it. This review examines Marmor’s main line of argument in Philosophy of Law, with a special eye to identifying the distinctive contributions that he makes to defenses of exclusive legal positivism. Marmor’s contributions to this topic are real, but – I argue – there are still outstanding questions as to whether one can accept the special benefits of his argumentative strategy without incurring too many countervailing philosophical costs. These questions – which I identify in this review – help to define some of the developments that would be needed to give Marmor’s contributions broader power and influence. They also help to clarify certain features of the current status and credibility of exclusive legal positivism within a broader range of debates in the contemporary philosophy of law.
Methodologies for the evaluation of local traffic safety programs: With an application to New Jersey DWI programs

Three methodological techniques are used to explore the impact of DWI (driving while impaired) programming in the State of New Jersey. The programs consisted of a community-wide Task Force whose membership was drawn from local police agencies, alcohol treatment facilities, and public schools, an intensified public education and information campaign, and the use of roadside sobriety checkpoints. The first technique used cross-sectional data from 21 counties to examine fatalities and accidents. The second technique used pooled cross-sectional county data in a covariance model to examine program effects over time. The third technique relied upon intervention analysis, a form of time series, to ascertain the effects of the programs in one county.
Modeling Software: From Theory to Practice

Modeling of software is hard. The most difficult task is to identify and remain faithful to the right levels of abstraction, to decide what should be in the model and what should be abstracted away. Abstract state machines (ASMs) give the modeler the maximal flexibility in dealing with this task. ASMs are able to simulate arbitrary computer systems on their natural level of abstraction. This is known as the ASM thesis; it has theoretical support and has been confirmed by numerous academic and industrial projects. In order to use ASMs for modeling industrial software, the group on Foundations of Software Engineering at Microsoft Research developed the Abstract State Machine Language. It provides a modern object-oriented, component-based specification environment complete with tools to test and enforce specifications.
Lamellar cationic lipid-DNA complexes from lipids with a strong preference for planar geometry: A Minimal Electrostatic Model

We formulate and analyze a minimal model, based on condensation theory, of the lamellar cationic lipid (CL)-DNA complex of alternately charged lipid bilayers and DNA monolayers in a salt solution. Each lipid bilayer, composed by a random mixture of cationic and neutral lipids, is assumed to be a rigid uniformly charged plane. Each DNA monolayer, located between two lipid bilayers, is formed by the same number of parallel DNAs with a uniform separation distance. For the electrostatic calculation, the model lipoplex is collapsed to a single plane with charge density equal to the net lipid and DNA charge. The free energy difference between the lamellar lipoplex and a reference state of the same number of free lipid bilayers and free DNAs, is calculated as a function of the fraction of CLs, of the ratio of the number of CL charges to the number of negative charges of the DNA phosphates, and of the total number of planes. At the isoelectric point the free energy difference is minimal. The complex formation, already favoured by the decrease of the electrostatic charging free energy, is driven further by the free energy gain due to the release of counterions from the DNAs and from the lipid bilayers, if strongly charged. This minimal model compares well with experiment for lipids having a strong preference for planar geometry and with major features of more detailed models of the lipoplex.
Thermal Aspects of the Subseabed Disposal of High-Level Radioactive Waste

Since 1974, the subseabed disposal of nuclear waste has been under investigation as an alternative to land based options for nuclear waste disposal. Research into the subseabed alternative has been conducted by the Subseabed Disposal Program. Research conducted within the Subseabed Disposal Program follows an established procedure for the development of mathematical models used to assess concept feasibility. The procedure consists of identification of relevant physical processes and construction of mathematical models to describe these processes, acquisition of data required by the models, application of the models to provide solutions to well defined problems, and acquisition of laboratory and field data to validate model predictions. The authors have conducted research in several areas that are directly related to thermal aspects of nuclear waste disposal in the seabed, and which reflect the research philosophy just described. In this paper we provide an overview of the most important results of several of these studies. 10 refs., 10 figs., 3 tabs.
The imitation of man by machine.

Popular opinion about "artificial intelligence" has passed through two phases. A generation ago, very few people believed that any machine could ever think as a man does. Now, however, it is widely held that this goal wiir be reached quite soon, perhaps in our lifetimes. It is my thesis that the second of these attitudes is nearly as unsophisticated as the first. Yesterday's skepticism was based on ignorance of the capacities of machines; today's con-
Synaptic Density in Geniculocortical Afferents Remains Constant after Monocular Deprivation in the Cat

Monocular eyelid closure in cats during a critical period in development produces both physiological plasticity, as indicated by a loss of responsiveness of primary visual cortical neurons to deprived eye stimulation, and morphological plasticity, as demonstrated by a decrease in the total length of individual geniculocortical arbors representing the deprived eye. Although the physiological plasticity appears maximal after 2 d of monocular deprivation (MD), the shrinkage of deprived-eye geniculocortical arbors is less than half-maximal at 4 d and is not maximal until 7 d of deprivation, at which time the deprived arbors are approximately half their previous size. To study this form of plasticity at the level of individual thalamocortical synapses rather than arbors, we developed a new double-label colocalization technique. First, geniculocortical afferent arbors serving either the deprived or nondeprived eye were labeled by injection of the anterograde tracer Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin into lamina A of the lateral geniculate nucleus. Then, using antibodies to synaptic vesicle proteins, we identified presynaptic terminals within the labeled arbors in layer IV of the primary visual cortex. Analysis of serial optical sections obtained using confocal microscopy allowed measurement of the numerical density of presynaptic sites and the relative amounts of synaptic vesicle protein in geniculocortical afferents after both 2 and 7 d of MD. We found that the density of synapses in geniculocortical axons was similar for deprived and nondeprived afferents, suggesting that this feature of the afferents is conserved even during periods in which synapse number is reduced by half in deprived-eye arbors. These results are not consistent with the hypothesis that a rapid loss of deprived-eye geniculocortical presynaptic sites is responsible for the prompt physiological effects of MD.
High-resolution forest canopy height estimation in an African blue carbon ecosystem

Mangrove forests are one of the most productive and carbon dense ecosystems that are only found at tidally inundated coastal areas. Forest canopy height is an important measure for modeling carbon and biomass dynamics, as well as land cover change. By taking advantage of the flat terrain and dense canopy cover, the present study derived digital surface models (DSMs) using stereo-photogrammetric techniques on high-resolution spaceborne imagery (HRSI) for southern Mozambique. A mean-weighted ground surface elevation factor was subtracted from the HRSI DSM to accurately estimate the canopy height in mangrove forests in southern Mozambique. The mean and H100 tree height measured in both the field and with the digital canopy model provided the most accurate results with a vertical error of 1.18-1.84 m, respectively. Distinct patterns were identified in the HRSI canopy height map that could not be discerned from coarse shuttle radar topography mission canopy maps even though the mode and distribution of canopy heights were similar over the same area. Through further investigation, HRSI DSMs have the potential of providing a new type of three-dimensional dataset that could serve as calibration/validation data for other DSMs generated from spaceborne datasets with much larger global coverage. HSRI DSMs could be used in lieu of Lidar acquisitions for canopy height and forest biomass estimation, and be combined with passive optical data to improve land cover classifications.
Supporting distributed collaborative prioritization

Software developers are seldom able to implement stakeholders' requirements fully when time and resources are limited. To solve the problem, requirement engineers together with the stakeholders must prioritize requirements. The problem is exacerbated when the stakeholders are not all in the same place and/or can not collaborate at the same time. We have constructed a system called the Distributed Collaboration and Prioritization Tool (DCPT) to support the distributed and collaborative prioritization. We discuss the prioritization model implemented within DCPT and give examples of using the tool. We also discuss DCPT's integration with USC's WinWin requirements capture and negotiation system.
The polar phase shift of surface waves on a sphere

Abstract It has been demonstrated by means of a model experiment that elastic surface waves on a sphere advance in phase by π/2 on each crossing of the polar or antipodal region. Comparison of the asymptotic forms of solutions of the wave equation for displacements and dilatation before the polar crossing with those that apply afterward also show the π/2 phase shift. Similarly a π/4 phase advance occurs for waves leaving a point source. Because of the occurrence of the polar phase shift, it is necessary to correct previously published Rayleigh wave and Love wave phase velocities measured by correlation of phases over complete circumferential paths. The corrected Rayleigh wave phase velocity curve is presented here. The polar phase shift is involved in the determination of periods of free oscillation of the earth from surface wave data. Using data from the great Chilean earthquake of May 22, 1960, it is shown that the ratio of the earth9s circumference to the wave length at free oscillation periods gives very nearly half integers in accordance with the formula 2 π a λ = n + 1 2 ·
Radiation, chemotherapy, and symptom management in cancer-related cognitive dysfunction

Patients with cancer are concerned about their ability to interact with friends and family and to perform activities associated with daily living. The combined effects of the disease process, its treatment with surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy, and the medications used to manage symptoms may all impact cognitive function. Minimizing the effect of each treatment modality on cognitive processing requires an understanding of how these treatment modalities may impact cognition.
Atomically thin graphene plane electrode for 3D RRAM

3A thick graphene edge was employed in the bit-cost scalable vertical RRAM structure to drastically reduce the total stack height to a single atomic layer. Two-layer 3D-stacked HfO x RRAM with graphene planar electrode (G-RRAM) is demonstrated in a 3D cross-point architecture with the edge of the graphene plane electrode serving as the bottom electrode of the RRAM. Exceptional memory window (>80×), low reset current (∼20 µA), and suitable set/reset voltages (2 to 4 V) were achieved. Large memory window and low SET compliance ensures low reset current and low power consumption. Resistance components were separately measured to verify the role of graphene/oxide interface and the graphene sheet resistance. This work is a significant step toward extreme vertical scaling of 3D vertical stacked memory structures.