cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Patient acceptance of a novel preventive care delivery system.

Abstract Objective. To determine patient acceptance of a preventive care model employing outreach by non-physician experts outside of clinic visits. Methods. Questionnaire completed in 2005 by patients in the waiting room of an academic general medicine practice associated with the University of Colorado Health Sciences Center. Topics included the role of primary care providers in coordinating health care; interest in being contacted by non-PCPs between visits; and willingness to communicate with such experts by phone, e-mail, and internet. Results. 95% of the patients completed the survey ( n = 354). 93% of these affirmed either that requiring primary care provider involvement in preventive health care is not always necessary, is inconvenient, or represents an unnecessary expense. More than 70% were open to a non-PCP-centered method of receiving preventive services. Socioeconomically disadvantaged patients and those with poorer self-rated health, however, were less likely to express interest in the concept. Conclusion. Our patients were open to a non-traditional model of delivering preventive care. This model could improve delivery of preventive services. In instituting this system, it would be important to pay close attention to the concerns of vulnerable populations.
From choice to counter-expectation: Semantic–pragmatic connections of the Korean disjunctive, concessive, and scalar focus Particle -na

Abstract This study proposes semantic–pragmatic connections from Choice (disjunctive “or”; two given choices) to Free-choice (“regardless”, “whatever”; regardless of choices), and then to Counter-expectation (scalar focus particle “even” and concessive “even though”; beyond expectation), drawing on the case of Korean -na, on additional evidence from Hausa and Korean, and on Konig's studies on the emergence of concessive markers (1985, 1986, 1988, 1991a). Starting with 5th century pre-alphabet texts, the study uses diachronic corpus data to investigate the history of Korean -na. The versatile -na expresses nine functions (mostly markers of choice, free-choice, and counter-expectation) including two opposite scalar focus particles, additive “as many as” and restrictive “just”. The study proposes that after starting out as a disjunctive with NPs in the 8th century, -na subsequently became disjunctive with VPs and then engendered “even” in the nominal and “even though” in the verbal domain through the mediation of “free-choice”. The study presents an integrated analysis of the historical development of these seemingly remote nine functions of -na, and on that basis, demonstrates the importance of pragmatic inference and local context in the emergence of new polysemies.
Evaluating rare earth element (REE) mineralization mechanisms in Proterozoic gneiss, Music Valley, California

Monazite ([LREE]PO 4 , where LREE stands for light rare earth element) and xenotime (Y[HREE]PO 4 , where HREE stands for heavy rare earth element) occur in ore-grade concentrations within the Pinto Gneiss in the Music Valley region of southern California. However, both the age and petrogenesis of this potentially economically significant rare earth element (REE) deposit remain uncertain. New petrologic and geochronologic data enable assessment of the textural and temporal relationships between REE-bearing minerals and the host rock and development of a petrogenetic model for REE mineralization. Ore-forming monazite and xenotime are typically restricted to biotite folia within the host Pinto Gneiss, with greatest modal abundances occurring within a few meters of contacts between the host gneiss and a metadiorite intrusive unit, the latter of which is crosscut by pegmatite veins generated by partial melting of the Pinto Gneiss. Ore-forming monazite and xenotime preserve complex internal elemental zonation defining two distinct textures: (1) oscillatory zoning interpreted to represent primary crystallization, overprinted by (2) irregular embayed textures inferred to be the result of fluid-mediated dissolution re-precipitation reactions. The altered domains in monazite consist of primary monazite replaced by secondary monazite along with xenotime and uranothorite [(U,Th)SiO 4 ] inclusions. Similarly, primary xenotime is replaced by secondary xenotime with monazite and uranothorite inclusions. Localized breakdown of monazite, anorthite, and biotite to apatite and allanite provides further evidence for postmineralization metasomatism of the ore bodies. In situ monazite and xenotime U-Pb geochronology constrains the timing of primary REE mineralization to ca. 1.71 Ga, consistent with zircon dates obtained from the Pinto Gneiss. Based on the similarity in ages of monazite, xenotime, and zircon in the Pinto Gneiss, along with relict “igneous” zoning in the ore-bearing phosphate minerals, REE mineralization is inferred to have occurred during crystallization of the igneous protolith to the Pinto Gneiss. Metadiorite emplacement at ca. 1.4 Ga and pegmatite genesis at ca. 165 Ma both postdate the main phase of REE mineralization but likely played a role in fluid-assisted alteration, breakdown, and partial resetting of monazite and xenotime U-Pb systematics in the Pinto Gneiss.
Conceptual design of a downward-convecting solar pond filled with a water-saturated, porous medium

Previous results from a stability analysis of natural convection in a water-saturated porous medium with externally imposed downward flow of the fluid and distributed internal heat generation are used in this study for a preliminary design of a saltless solar pond. The pond is filled with a water-saturated porous medium to inhibit natural convection. This paper reports on downward flow of water which is steadily imposed to allow the absorbed solar radiation, dependent upon the extinction coefficient of the water-saturated porous medium, to be carried down to the bottom of the solar pond from whence warm water is conveyed to the point of use. The downward velocities used have small magnitudes to allow useful bottom temperatures to be obtained. A steady-state analytical study was performed to determine the maximum temperature that can be obtained at the bottom of the saltless solar pond which resulted in a relationship involving the internal and external Rayleigh numbers, extinction coefficient, and Peclet number of the imposed downward flow. Results from this analytical study are combined with results from the stability analysis in a design procedure. This procedure is used to design a saltless solar pond of the concept described above for several cases.
A remote sensing protocol for identifying rangelands with degraded productive capacity

Abstract Rangeland degradation is a growing problem throughout the world. An assessment process for comparing the trend and state of vegetation productivity to objectively derived reference conditions was developed. Vegetation productivity was estimated from 2000 to 2012 using annual maximum Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) from the MODIS satellite platform. Each pixel was compared with reference conditions derived from surrounding pixels on similar sites with nearly identical potential species assemblages, vegetation structure and productivity. Trends in degradation were determined by comparison between the slopes of the linear trends in mean annual maximum NDVI at each pixel and reference conditions with a one-sample t-test. In contrast, the state or “status” of degradation at each pixel was evaluated by comparing the mean annual response of NDVI between 2000 and 2012 to that of reference conditions over the same time period using a one-sample t-test. These procedures to evaluate trends and status of rangelands were applied across northern and southern Great Plains of the United States. Trends in degradation were almost undetectable across the entire study area. In contrast the degradation status assessment revealed that 16% (7,330,625 ha) of the vegetation on the northern Great Plains and 9% (3,295,106 ha) of the southern Great Plains were significantly different (p ≤ 0.01) from reference conditions. The amount of annual net primary reduction lost resulting from these degraded lands relative to reference conditions was estimated at 2.02 Tg C yr−1, less than 1% of the total annual net primary production in the study area of 212 Tg C yr−1.
Detection of phthalate metabolites in human saliva

In assessment of exposure to environmental contaminants, the use of unconventional matrices is becoming an increasingly important area of research. Saliva is one of the most promising alternative matrices because its collection is easy, noninvasive, and inexpensive. In this study, we measured the salivary concentrations of 14 phthalate metabolites in 39 anonymous adult volunteers using isotope-dilution, automated solid phase extraction-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Seven phthalate metabolites were detected at the concentrations ranging from below the limit of detection (<1 ng/mL) to 10.6 ng/mL for phthalic acid, 3.1 ng/mL for monomethyl phthalate (MMP), 91.4 ng/mL for monoethyl phthalate (MEP), 65.8 ng/mL for mono-n-butyl phthalate (MBP), 17.9 ng/mL for mono-iso-butyl phthalate, 353.6 ng/mL for monobenzyl phthalate, and 6.8 ng/mL for mono-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (MEHP). The frequency of detection was highest for MBP (85%) and lowest for MMP (8%). The median salivary MBP level in this group of adults was higher than the median serum MBP level in another non-occupationally exposed human adult population in the United States, whereas, the median salivary levels of MEP and MEHP were lower than the corresponding median serum levels. The frequency of detection and the salivary levels of each phthalate monoester in this study population were lower than the frequency of detection and urinary level of the same monoester in the general US population. Although urine is preferred for exposure assessment to non-persistent chemicals such as phthalates, the similar levels in serum and saliva suggest that saliva could be used as a surrogate matrix for measuring the bioavailable dose of phthalates in biomonitoring studies.
Harnack's inequality and mean—value inequalities for solutions of degenerate elliptic equations

(1986). Harnack's inequality and mean—value inequalities for solutions of degenerate elliptic equations. Communications in Partial Differential Equations: Vol. 11, No. 10, pp. 1111-1134.
Ring expansion of 11H-benzo[b]fluorene-11-methanols and related compounds leading to 17,18-diphenyldibenzo[a,o]pentaphene and related polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with extended conjugation and novel architectures

Abstract Condensation between 7-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-13-phenyl-8H-indeno[2,1-b]phenanthrene and paraformaldehyde produced the corresponding 9-fluorenylmethanol derivative, which on treatment with P2O5 to promote a Wagner–Meerwein rearrangement for ring expansion furnished 14-phenyldibenzo[a,j]anthracene in 88% yield. Similarly, 17,18-diphenyldibenzo[a,o]pentaphene possessing a helical twist and bearing two phenyl substituents at the most sterically congested C17 and C18 positions and other related compounds were likewise synthesized. Subsequent intramolecular arylation reactions involving the phenyl substituents produced polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with novel architectures.
Carbonation and Other Super Saturated Gases as Solution Modifiers for Improved Sensitivity in Solvent Assisted Ionization Inlet (SAII) and ESI

Solvent Assisted Ionization Inlet (SAII) produces ions in a heated inlet to a mass spectrometer from aqueous and aqueous/organic solutions with high sensitivity. However, the use of acid modifiers, which typically aids electrospray ionization, generally results in ion suppression in SAII. Here we demonstrate that the use of carbonation and other super-saturated gases as solution modifiers increases analyte ion abundance and reduces metal cation adduction in SAII. Carbonation is also found to enhance electrospray ionization. The mechanistic and practical utility of carbonation in mass spectrometry is addressed.
Relationship between membrane voltage and tension in voltage-clamped cardiac purkinje fibres.

MOST quantitative information relating membrane voltage to contractile force in muscle has so far been obtained by examining the contracture produced when muscle is depolarized by high external concentrations of potassium. Thus depolarized, skeletal and ventricular fibres begin to develop force at a membrane voltage of about −55 mV; force is then proportional to the degree of depolarization to a membrane voltage of −25 mV (refs. 3 and 4).
Critical Evaluation of Kinetic Models for Bacteriorhodopsin Photocycles

How can the field of bacteriorhodopsin (BR) photocycle kinetics come up with so many conflicting models? A brief description of the common features of various methods is given, along with the hazards of their use. We describe how our methods are chosen to avoid those hazards. Finally, a set of requirements is suggested for a good model of the BR photocycle.
Prosthesis Control Using a Nearest Neighbor Electromyographic Pattern Classifier

An investigation was conducted into the feasibility of applying a nearest neighbor algorithm to the problem of recognizing electromyographic (EMG) signal patterns for prosthesis control. A nearest neighbor algorithm correctly identified arm motions as belonging to one of six pattern classes from 72 to 100 percent of the time. A condensed nearest neighbor classifier was constructed to determine what minimum number of vectors was necessary in the look-up table.
Optimizing clinical trial design for multiple system atrophy: lessons from the rifampicin study.

Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is a fatal neurodegenerative disorder characterized by autonomic failure and parkinsonism/ataxia; no treatment exists to slow disease progression. A number of factors have prevented or compromised trials targeting disease modification. A major hurdle has been uncertainty about the number of patients needed to achieve adequate power. Information based on natural history studies suggested such numbers to be so large that only international multi-center models seemed feasible. When designing the rifampicin trial in MSA we sought to identify and apply strategies that would improve power and reduce the number needed to treat to allow for an oligocenter approach. Strategies included: (1) inclusion/exclusion criteria designed to enroll patients with relatively early, actively progressing disease; (2) minimizing dropouts; (3) pre-defined interim analysis; and (4) approaches to reduce scoring variability. The model allowed for the number needed to treat to be only 50 patients per treatment arm. Ten selected sites managed to reach the recruitment goal within 12 months. The dropout rate was less than 10 %, and the goal of enrolling patients with actively progressing disease was accomplished as reflected by the progression rate in the placebo group. Data from this unfortunately negative trial can now be effectively used to more realistically power future trials. A number of ways to further improve trial design and feasibility have been identified and include rigorous site selection and training, designated primary site investigators, improved error trapping, early site visits, remedial training, and future biomarkers for earlier diagnosis and tracking of disease progression.
Verbal paired-associate learning by APOE genotype in non-demented older adults: fMRI evidence of a right hemispheric compensatory response

Previous studies of episodic memory report a greater extent of blood-oxygenation-level-dependent (BOLD) response in non-demented older adults with the apolipoprotein E epsilon-4 (APOE e4) allele than in those without the allele. We conducted a functional MRI study to investigate whether APOE genotype is related to brain response to verbal paired-associate encoding and consolidation, particularly in the right hemisphere, among non-demented older adults. Structurally segmented volumes and BOLD response were measured in 13 non-e4 and 12 e4 subjects. The e4 group displayed greater activation than the non-e4 group in multiple right hemisphere regions for previously encoded word pairs relative to fixation. Activation within manually outlined hippocampal regions of interest also displayed genotype-specific dissociations consistent with whole brain analyses. Furthermore, this differential BOLD response occurred in the presence of equivalent behavioral and neuropsychological performances as well as comparable hippocampal and overall structural segmentation volumes between groups. Results implicate a widely distributed and interconnected network of right hemisphere brain regions that may be involved in compensating for APOE e4-related deficiencies associated with verbal episodic memory encoding and consolidation.
High-pressure Sapphire Cell for Phase Equilibria Measurements of CO2/Organic/Water Systems

The high pressure sapphire cell apparatus was constructed to visually determine the composition of multiphase systems without physical sampling. Specifically, the sapphire cell enables visual data collection from multiple loadings to solve a set of material balances to precisely determine phase composition. Ternary phase diagrams can then be established to determine the proportion of each component in each phase at a given condition. In principle, any ternary system can be studied although ternary systems (gas-liquid-liquid) are the specific examples discussed herein. For instance, the ternary THF-Water-CO2 system was studied at 25 and 40 °C and is described herein. Of key importance, this technique does not require sampling. Circumventing the possible disturbance of the system equilibrium upon sampling, inherent measurement errors, and technical difficulties of physically sampling under pressure is a significant benefit of this technique. Perhaps as important, the sapphire cell also enables the direct visual observation of the phase behavior. In fact, as the CO2 pressure is increased, the homogeneous THF-Water solution phase splits at about 2 MPa. With this technique, it was possible to easily and clearly observe the cloud point and determine the composition of the newly formed phases as a function of pressure. The data acquired with the sapphire cell technique can be used for many applications. In our case, we measured swelling and composition for tunable solvents, like gas-expanded liquids, gas-expanded ionic liquids and Organic Aqueous Tunable Systems (OATS)(1-4). For the latest system, OATS, the high-pressure sapphire cell enabled the study of (1) phase behavior as a function of pressure and temperature, (2) composition of each phase (gas-liquid-liquid) as a function of pressure and temperature and (3) catalyst partitioning in the two liquid phases as a function of pressure and composition. Finally, the sapphire cell is an especially effective tool to gather accurate and reproducible measurements in a timely fashion.
Investment strategies to combat rural poverty: a proposal for Latin America.

Abstract The economic crisis that started in 1980 has forced the Latin American countries to implement drastic stabilization policies and structural adjustment programs. The consequent appreciation of the real exchange rate has transformed agriculture into the most dynamic sector of the economy. This creates the possibility of defining a forward-looking rural development strategy that is consistent with this new role for agriculture and that has the potential of significantly lessening rural poverty. Starting from a social poverty map for the rural areas, we identify a five-pronged approach that includes (1) farm-oriented rural development projects for the upper subfamily and family farms; (2) household-oriented rural development projects for the lower subfamily farms; (3) access to addtional assets for the landless and subfamily farmers through land reform and colonization; (4) employment creation and labor market rationalization; and (5) the promotion of backward, forward, and final-demand linkages with agriculture located in the rural areas.
Clinical management of the fetus with markedly diminished umbilical artery end-diastolic flow

This study was conducted to evaluate prospectively a management protocol for fetuses with a markedly abnormal umbilical artery velocity waveform. The study population consisted of fetuses whose systolic/diastolic ratio was >2 SD above the mean for gestational age. The matched control population consisted of fetuses with similar gestational ages, indications for testing, and estimated fetal weights with normal systolic/diastolic ratios. Abnormal Doppler results were used only to determine the frequency of fetal testing. Biophysical profile testing was performed semiweekly on all patients. Patients with absent or reversed end-diastolic flow were admitted for daily testing. The following criteria were used as indications for delivery: (1) worsening maternal condition, (2) oligohydramnios, (3) intrauterine growth retardation with lung maturity, and (4) biophysical profile score ≤4. Fifty-one patients (7%) had abnormal Doppler blood flow velocity studies. When the study population was compared with the control population at the time of delivery, there were no differences in umbilical artery pH, Apgar score, or incidence of intrauterine growth retardation. However, study patients were delivered at a significantly lower gestational age and lower birth weight and experienced a higher likelihood of neonatal intensive care unit admission. When study patients with documented end-diastolic flow were compared with study patients with no end-diastolic flow, there were no differences in umbilical artery pH, Apgar score, or incidence of intrauterine growth retardation. However, fetuses with no end-diastolic flow had a significantly shorter test-to-delivery interval, lower gestational age, lower birth weight, and more neonatal intensive care unit admissions. There were no perinatal deaths among the study patients. The range of systolic/diastolic ratios for the five patients who failed to follow our protocol for intensive maternal-fetal surveillance was 4.3 to infinity; all experienced fetal death within 18 days. These results suggest that immediate delivery of the fetus with diminished end-diastolic flow may not be mandatory. The combined use of fetal biophysical testing and commonly used criteria for delivery results in acceptable fetal outcome and prolongation of gestational age.
Teaching and studying marketing history: a personal journey

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to provide insights into the challenges and rewards of engaging in the inextricably intertwined activities of studying and teaching marketing history. The secondary purpose is to encourage marketing scholars to expand work in this area.Design/methodology/approach – The approach invokes the memoir and that format traces the author personal development in the field of marketing history over 30 years. It discusses what the author learned, how he learned, and how these lessons can be applied.Findings – The paper offers several findings: marketing history can be part of every marketing course; students should be engaged in the development and application of historical findings; marketing scholars must develop an understanding of historical methods as a means of supporting research and teaching; and marketing history should eventually be seen in marketing as economic history is seen in economics.Practical implications – The paper puts forth an approach for undertaking hist...
Examination of direct-photon and pion production in proton-nucleon collisions

We present a study of inclusive direct-photon and pion production in hadronic interactions, focusing on a comparison of the ratio of gamma/pi0 yields with expectations from next-to-leading order perturbative QCD (NLO pQCD). We also examine the impact of a phenomenological model involving k_T smearing (which approximates effects of additional soft-gluon emission) on absolute predictions for photon and pion production and their ratio.
Complementary Secretagogue Pairs Unmask Prominent Gender-Related Contrasts in Mechanisms of Growth Hormone Pulse Renewal in Young Adults

The present study examines the thesis that pulsatile GH secretion is controlled simultaneously by three principal signals; viz., GHRH, GH-releasing peptide (GHRP, ghrelin), and somatostatin (SS). According to this ensemble notion, no single regulatory peptide acts alone or can be interpreted in isolation. Therefore, to investigate gender-specific control of pulsatile GH secretion, we designed dual-effector stimulation paradigms in eight young men and six women as follows: 1) L-arginine/GHRH (to clamp low SS and high GHRH input); 2) L-arginine/GHRP-2 (to clamp low SS and high GHRP drive); 3) GHRH/GHRP-2 (to clamp high GHRH and high GHRP feedforward); vs. 4) saline (unclamped). Statistical comparisons revealed that: 1) fasting pulsatile GH secretion was 7.6-fold higher in women than men (P < 0.001); 2) L-arginine/GHRH and L-arginine/GHRP-2 evoked, respectively, 4.6- and 2.2-fold greater burst-like GH release in women than men (P < 0.001 and P = 0.015); and 3) GHRH/GHRP-2 elicited comparable GH secretion by gender. In the combined cohorts, estradiol concentrations positively predicted responses to L-arginine/GHRP-2 (r2= 0.49, P = 0.005), whereas testosterone negatively predicted those to L-arginine/GHRH (r2= 0.56, P = 0.002). Based upon a simplified biomathematical model of three-peptide control, the current outcomes suggest that women maintain greater GHRH potency, GHRP efficacy, and opposing SS outflow than men. This inference upholds recent clinical precedence and yields valid predictions of sex differences in self-renewable GH pulsatility.
Gaseous apomyoglobin ion dissociation in a quadrupole ion trap: [M + 2H]2+-[M + 21H]21+

Abstract The dissociation of the multiply protonated ions of apomyoglobin ranging in charge from [M + 2H] 2+ to [M + 21H] 21+ have been studied using collisional activation and ion/ion reactions in a quadrupole ion trap. A variety of collisional activation conditions were explored for each charge state to determine optimal conditions for yielding the highest quality product ion spectra. Product ion spectra for charge states greater than [M + 6H] 6+ were acquired using both on-resonance and off-resonance collisional activation, with on-resonance activation conditions providing the highest quality spectra. Product ion spectra for the lowest charge states could only be acquired using on-resonance collisional activation. The lowest charge states show a high propensity for losses of small molecules, as well as a number of favored amide bond cleavages, such as fragmentation C-terminal to aspartic acid residues. A novel, dominant cleavage between adjacent lysine-histidine residues was also observed, particularly for charge states higher than [M + 6H] 6+ . The largest number of structurally informative fragments, corresponding to b-type or y-type product ions, were produced from the intermediate charge states of [M + 10H] 10+ to [M + 14H] 14+ . The product ion spectra for the charge states of [M + 15H] 15+ and higher were dominated by the y 151 ion, which appeared to be related to protonation of the N-terminus and, possibly, a secondary structure effect. The overall charge state dependent fragmentation behavior of apomyoglobin ions parallels that of other protein ions studied to date using a quadrupole ion trap in that the most extensive structural information is yielded by parent ions of intermediate charge states. This behavior is consistent with these intermediate charge states either being comprised of a diversity of parent ion structures, having a relatively high degree of proton mobility, or a combination of both.
An Application-Level Approach for Privacy-Preserving Virtual Machine Checkpointing

Virtualization has been widely adopted in recent years in the cloud computing platform to improve server consolidation and reduce operating cost. Virtual Machine (VM) checkpointing refers to the act of saving a persistent snapshot (or checkpoint) of a VM's state at any instant. VM checkpointing can drastically prolong the lifetime and vulnerability of confidential or private user data in applications that execute within VMs. Simply encrypting the checkpoint does not reduce the lifetime of confidential data that should be quickly discarded after its use. In this paper, we present an application-level approach, called Privacy-preserving Checkpointing (PPC), which excludes confidential data from VM checkpoints, instead of encrypting such data. PPC enables an application programmer to register memory locations that represent the origins of confidential data. During the VM's execution, PPC performs information flow analysis to automatically track the propagation of confidential data through the application and various components of the VM, including the guest operating system. During VM checkpointing, the locations identified during the information flow analysis are excluded from the persistent checkpoint. We present the design and implementation of the PPC system in VirtualBox VMs running the commodity Linux operating system. We demonstrate the use of our system using the vim and gedit text editors. We also show that PPC introduces acceptable performance overhead.
Foreground object segmentation from binocular stereo video

Moving cameras are needed for a wide range of applications in robotics, vehicle systems, surveillance, etc. However, many foreground object segmentation methods reported in the literature are unsuitable for such settings; these methods assume that the camera is fixed and the background changes slowly, and are inadequate for segmenting objects in video if there is significant motion of the camera or background. To address this shortcoming, a new method for segmenting foreground objects is proposed that utilizes binocular video. The method is demonstrated in the application of tracking and segmenting people in video who are approximately facing the binocular camera rig. Given a stereo image pair, the system first tries to find faces. Starting at each face, the region containing the person is grown by merging regions from an over-segmented color image. The disparity map is used to guide this merging process. The system has been implemented on a consumer-grade PC, and tested on video sequences of people indoors obtained from a moving camera rig. As can be expected, the proposed method works well in situations where other foreground-background segmentation methods typically fail. We believe that this superior performance is partly due to the use of object detection to guide region merging in disparity/color foreground segmentation, and partly due to the use of disparity information available with a binocular rig, in contrast with most previous methods that assumed monocular sequences.
The Parallel Susceptibility of an Antiferromagnet at Low Temperatures

The spin wave method of Heller and Kramers is applied to a cubic antiferromagnetic crystal, oriented so that the direction of alignment of the sublattice spins is parallel to an external magnetic field. Taking into account exchange interactions and an anisotropy term, then the parallel susceptibility ${\ensuremath{\chi}}_{\mathrm{II}}$ is zero at $T=0$\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, in agreement with the result of the molecular field treatment of the problem by Van Vleck. If nearest neighbor magnetic dipole interactions are included, ${\ensuremath{\chi}}_{\mathrm{II}}$ is nonzero but negligibly small: ${\ensuremath{\chi}}_{\mathrm{II}}\ensuremath{\sim}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}11}$ at $T=0$\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. For $Tg0$ but much less than the antiferromagnetic Curie temperature, if the dipole interactions are neglected and the anisotropy is small, such that $\ensuremath{\zeta}=\frac{S{(24JK)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{\mathrm{k}T}\ensuremath{\ll}1$, where $K$ is an anisotropy constant, then ${\ensuremath{\chi}}_{\mathrm{II}}\ensuremath{\propto}{T}^{2}$. If $\ensuremath{\zeta}\ensuremath{\gg}1$, then ${\ensuremath{\chi}}_{\mathrm{II}}\ensuremath{\propto}{T}^{\frac{1}{2}}\mathrm{exp}[\ensuremath{-}\frac{S{(24JK)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{\mathrm{k}T}]$.
Agenda Control in the 2008 CNN/YouTube Debates

This article examines the evolving dynamic between citizens, journalists, and politicians—what we call agenda control—using the CNN/YouTube presidential primary debates as a case. A systematic content analysis of questions asked and candidates’ answers as compared with standard journalist-as-questioner debates hosted by MSNBC reveals that the dynamic between politicians, journalists, and citizens suggests that journalists do a better job of getting candidates to answer questions than do citizens in the YouTube video format, not by virtue of being journalists, but by virtue of asking the right form of question. Results also indicate that the CNN/YouTube debate questions from citizens failed to reflect the broad set of issues of interest to those who submitted questions, and instead included a disproportionate number of culture–war issues and campaign strategy questions. Findings suggest that journalists maintain the upper hand in agenda control.
The Autonomous Activity of Calcium/Calmodulin-dependent Protein Kinase IV Is Required for Its Role in Transcription

Calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase IV (CaMKIV) is a multifunctional serine/threonine kinase that is positively regulated by two main events. The first is the binding of calcium/calmodulin (Ca2+/CaM), which relieves intramolecular autoinhibition of the enzyme and leads to basal kinase activity. The second is activation by the upstream kinase, Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent kinase kinase. Phosphorylation of Ca2+/CaM-bound CaMKIV on its activation loop threonine (residue Thr200 in human CaMKIV) by Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent kinase kinase leads to increased CaMKIV kinase activity. It has also been repeatedly noted that activation of CaMKIV is accompanied by the generation of Ca2+/CaM-independent or autonomous activity, although the significance of this event has been unclear. Here we demonstrate the importance of autonomous activity to CaMKIV biological function. We show that phosphorylation of CaMKIV on Thr200 leads to the generation of a fully Ca2+/CaM-independent enzyme. By analyzing the behavior of wild-type and mutant CaMKIV proteins in biochemical experiments and cellular transcriptional assays, we demonstrate that CaMKIV autonomous activity is necessary and sufficient for CaMKIV-mediated transcription. The ability of wild-type CaMKIV to drive cAMP response element-binding protein-mediated transcription is strictly dependent upon an initiating Ca2+ stimulus, which leads to kinase activation and development of autonomous activity in cells. Mutant CaMKIV proteins that are incapable of developing autonomous activity within a cellular context fail to drive transcription, whereas certain CaMKIV mutants that possess constitutive autonomous activity drive transcription in the absence of a Ca2+ stimulus and independent of Ca2+/CaM binding or Thr200 phosphorylation.
"Why Do Incentive Systems Cause Cheating? An Experiment on Pay, Social Frames and Incentive Structu"

Both monetary and non-monetary aspects of incentive systems can impact decision-making, including the decision to engage in cheating. However, the literature on the link between incentives and chea...
The globalization of operations in Eastern and Western countries: Unpacking the relationship between national and organizational culture and its impact on manufacturing performance

Abstract Understanding national and organizational culture becomes increasingly important in the era of transnational manufacturing. As the world becomes flat and boundaries break down, manufacturers need to understand the proper role of culture in order to obtain competitive advantage. Thus, the current study conducts a multilevel investigation of the impact of eight national and organizational culture dimensions (according to GLOBE framework) on manufacturing performance. An ANOVA comparison of 189 manufacturing plants between Eastern (Japan and South Korea) and Western (Germany, United States, Finland, and Sweden) countries indicates that organizational culture inside plants differs in three dimensions (power distance, future orientation, and performance orientation). Hierarchical Linear Modeling analysis further suggests that organizational culture has more of an effect on manufacturing performance than national culture or the fit between them. In addition, Country Developmental Indexes, both Economic and Infrastructural, do not impact manufacturing performance, reinforcing our conclusion about the weak influence of the national level factors on manufacturing performance. In an era of globalization, these results have practical implications for organizations expanding across national boundaries by developing an internal organizational culture consistent with high performance manufacturing.
Effects of Acute and Antecedent Hypoglycemia on Endothelial Function and Markers of Atherothrombotic Balance in Healthy Humans

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of single and repeated episodes of clamped hypoglycemia on fibrinolytic balance, proinflammatory biomarkers, proatherothrombotic mechanisms, and endothelial function. Twenty healthy individuals (12 male and 8 female) were studied during separate 2-day randomized protocols. Day 1 consisted of either two 2-h hyperinsulinemic (812 ± 50 pmol/L)-euglycemic (5 ± 0.1 mmol/L) or hyperinsulinemic (812 ± 50 pmol/L)-hypoglycemic (2.9 ± 0.1 mmol/L) clamps. Day 2 consisted of a single 2-h hyperinsulinemic-hypoglycemic clamp. Two-dimensional Doppler ultrasound was used to determine brachial arterial endothelial function. Plasminogen activator inhibitor 1, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, intracellular adhesion molecule-1, E-selectin, P-selectin, TAT (thrombin/antithrombin complex), tumor necrosis factor-α, and interleukin-6 responses were increased ( P P
Structure and Activity of Fe-Li-As Catalyst for Vapour Phase Oxidation of Propylene

The roles of Fe, Li and As components of the Fe-Li-As oxide catalyst in the vapour phase oxidation of propylene have been investigated in connection with the activity and structure of the catalyst. The reaction kinetics has also been studied. The experiment of the catalytic reaction was carried out in the temperature range of 400∼470°C, with 12∼25% propylene in air. Pulse method was used to clarify the behaviour of the surface oxygen, the activity of reduced catalyst and the roles of catalyst components. X-ray measurements were also made in order to study the structure of catalyst.The rates of formation of acrolein and carbon dioxide are first order in propylene and independent of oxygen. Two structures of -Fe-O-As- and -Li-O-As- are observed in the catalyst; the former is thought to be more easily reduced by propylene than the latter. It is considered that the catalytic oxidation is mainly carried out at two different active sites, both being contained in the -Fe-O-As- structure, through a redox-cycle consisting ofAs5+C3H6→As3+and As3+O2→(fast)As5+.The formation of acrolein occurs at one site and that of carbon dioxide at the other site. The -Li-O-As- structure is considered to be instrumental in preventing the escape of As component into vapour phase. A slightly reduced catalyst shows higher activity of synthesizing acrolein by reaction with propylene.
Multiscale modeling of oxidative degradation of C-SiC composite

A multi-scale model has been developed for modeling thermal oxidation of ceramic matrix/carbon ber composites used in high temperature environments. The competition between transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the exposed carbon bers and the external environment is simulated using a mass conservation equation in the inert porous matrix. Oxidation at the scale of individual carbon bers is modeled using level set method and an adaptive meshing strategy. The recession of carbon ber at interfaces exposed to oxygen is simulated as a function of time using a coupled nite element methodology at various locations in a validated macroscopic model. The multi scale model allows study of stress-oxidation coupling and associated mechanical property degradation in C/SiC composites.
Whole-cell Voltage Clamp Measurements of Anthrax Toxin Pore Current

Protective antigen (PA) of anthrax toxin binds cellular receptors and forms pores in target cell membranes, through which catalytic lethal factor (LF) and edema factor (EF) are believed to translocate to the cytoplasm. Using patch clamp electrophysiological techniques, we assayed pore formation by PA in real time on the surface of cultured cells. The membranes of CHO-K1 cells treated with activated PA had little to no electrical conductivity at neutral pH (7.3) but exhibited robust mixed ionic currents in response to voltage stimuli at pH 5.3. Pore formation depended on specific cellular receptors and exhibited voltage-dependent inactivation at large potentials (>60 mV). The pH requirement for pore formation was receptor-specific as membrane insertion occurs at significantly different pH values when measured in cells specifically expressing tumor endothelial marker 8 (TEM8) or capillary morphogenesis protein 2 (CMG2), the two known cellular receptors for anthrax toxin. Pores were inhibited by an N-terminal fragment of LF and by micromolar concentrations of tetrabutylammonium ions. These studies demonstrated basic biophysical properties of PA pores in cell membranes and served as a foundation for the study of LF and EF translocation in vivo.
Comparing Audio-Supported Text and Explicit Instruction on Students’ Knowledge of Accommodations, Rights, and Responsibilities:

With increasing numbers of students with disabilities entering postsecondary education, it is important to teach students with disabilities their rights and responsibilities governed by civil right...
Biochemical identification of a putative glutamate receptor in housefly thoracic membranes.

Specific stereoselective binding of [3H]L-glutamate was detected to membranes prepared from housefly thorax to which were added several antiproteases. A single high affinity binding site was detected (KD 0.5 ± 0.04 μM), but total binding varied from preparation to preparation (5–60 pmoles/mg protein). Specific binding was inhibited by preincubation of the membranes with trypsin, chymotrypsin or protease, or by exposure to 70°C for 5 min. It was also inhibited by several compounds, the most potent being L-glutamate and L-aspartate, followed by L-glutamate diethylester, then D-glutamate, N-methyl-D-aspartate and ibotenate. Quisqualate had little effect, while kainate, proctolin and D-aspartate had none. d-Tubocurarine stimulated [3H]L-glutamate binding. The data suggest that [3H]L-glutamate is binding to an L-glutamate receptor in housefly thoracic muscle membranes.
A multichannel avalanche photodiode phototube for calorimetry

New results from measurements of the performance of a multichannel Avalanche Photodiode Photomultiplier tube (APD-PMT) in a test beam at the CERN PS are presented. The APD-PMT was used to read out a shower maximum detector placed inside an electromagnetic calorimeter designed as a prototype for the SDC plug region. Electron beams with energies ranging between 3 and 10 GeV were used.
The Use of Endogenous Variables in Dynamic Models of Investment

I. Introduction, 580. — II. The determination of desired capital stock, 581. — III. Jorgenson's 1963 investment model, 585. — IV. The adjustment mechanism, 588. — V. The predictive powers of the model, 592. — VI. Estimation and prediction, 597. — VII. Conclusions, 599.
Long-term follow-up of a patient with papillary thyroid carcinoma, elevated thyroglobulin levels, and negative imaging studies.

Objective: To describe a patient with papillary thyroid carcinoma who had measurable thyroglobulin (Tg) levels for 20 years without clinical or imaging evidence of a malignant lesion. Methods: We reviewed the clinical course, pathologic findings, Tg measurements, and results of various imaging studies in our patient and reviewed the literature regarding Tg-positive, diagnostic total-body radioiodine scan-negative patients with thyroid cancer. Results: Four months after a 3.5- by 3.5-cm follicular thyroid cancer was removed from the anterior neck area of a 5-year-old girl, a bilateral subtotal thyroidectomy was performed. At age 12 years, she presented with a 2-cm mass on the right side of the neck. After a completion thyroidectomy, recurrent mixed papillary-follicular thyroid cancer was found scattered throughout the remaining thyroid parenchyma. Although a postoperative diagnostic total-body radioiodine scan did not reveal uptake of 131I, the Tg level was 58 ng/mL. Despite Tg levels as high as 2,528 ng/m...
Variability of Regional TOA Flux Diurnal Cycle Composites at the Monthly Time Scale

AbstractDiurnal variability is a fundamental component of Earth’s climate system. Clouds, temperature, and precipitation exhibit robust responses to the daily cycle of solar insolation. Recent work indicates significant variability in the top-of-the-atmosphere (TOA) flux diurnal cycle in the tropics associated with monthly changes in the cloud diurnal cycle evolution. It has been proposed that the observed month-to-month variations in the TOA flux diurnal cycle are caused by anomalies in the atmospheric dynamic and thermodynamic state. This hypothesis is tested using a regression analysis to quantify the relationship between diurnal cycle shape and the atmospheric dynamic and thermodynamic state. TOA radiative fluxes are obtained from Clouds and the Earth’s Radiant Energy System (CERES) Edition 3 data and the atmospheric dynamic and thermodynamic state is taken from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Interim Re-Analysis. Four regions representing traditional diurnal cycle regim...
Human physical aggression as a function of alcohol and threat of harm

The present study investigated the effect of threat of physical harm on the aggressive behavior of intoxicated and nonintoxicated subjects. Forty male undergraduates competed in a reaction time task in which they could deliver shock to an increasingly provocative opponent. In the threat condition, subjects could be hurt by the opponent (they wore a shock electrode), while in the no-threat condition, they could not be hurt by the opponent (the electrode was removed prior to the competition). The results indicated that under conditions of low provocation, the intoxicated subjects behaved more aggressively than the nonintoxicated subjects in both the threatening and nonthreatening condition. However, under conditions of increasing provocation, only the intoxicated subjects in the threatening condition increased their shock settings.
Uneven inclusion: consequences of universal healthcare in Thailand

‘Post-national’ scholars have taken the extension of social rights to migrants that are normally accorded to citizens as evidence of the growing importance of norms of ‘universal personhood’ and the declining importance of the nation-state. However, the distinct approach taken by the state toward another understudied category of non-citizen – stateless people – complicates these theories by demonstrating that the state makes decisions about groups on different bases than theory would suggest. These findings suggest the need to pay more attention to how the state treats other categories of ‘semi-citizens’. This article examines the differential effects of universal healthcare reforms in Thailand on citizens, migrants, and stateless people and explores their ramifications on theories of citizenship and social rights. While the state has expanded its healthcare obligations toward people living within its borders, it has taken a variegated approach toward different groups. Citizens have been extended ‘differe...