cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Enhanced Recovery Protocol Improves Postoperative Outcomes and Minimizes Narcotic Use Following Resection for Colon and Rectal Cancer

Background: Enhanced recovery pathways (ERP) are associated with improved recovery. However, data on outcomes following the ERP implementation in colorectal cancer (CRC) are limited. We set out to study the postoperative outcomes, opioid use patterns, and cost impact for patients undergoing colon or rectal resection for cancer. Methods: A retrospective review of all elective CRC resections from January 2015 to June 2018 at a single institution was performed. Patient demographics, operative details, and postoperative outcomes were collected. Colon and rectal patients were studied separately, with comparison of pre-ERP to post-ERP patients. Results: 192 patients underwent elective colorectal resection for cancer. In January 2016, an ERP was implemented for all elective resections – 71 patients underwent surgery in the pre-ERP period (33 colon and 38 rectal) and 121 (56 colon and 65 rectal) occurred in the post-ERP period.There were differences with regard to age, gender, or BMI before or after the implementation of ERP for both groups (all p > 0.05). For both colon and rectal cancer patients, ERP reduced time to regular diet (both p < 0.05) and length of stay (colon: 3 vs. 4 days; rectal: 4 vs. 6 days; both p< 0.01). ERP patients also consumed fewer total narcotics (colon: 44 vs. 184 morphine milligram equivalents (MME), p < 0.01; rectal: 121 vs. 393 MME, p < 0.01). Conclusions: ERP use reduced length of stay and narcotic use with similar total costs and no difference in 30-day complications for both colon and rectal cancer resections.
Use of a Hot-Mix Asphalt Plant to Produce a Cold Central Plant Recycled Mix: Production Method and Performance:

Cold central plant recycling (CCPR) of asphalt mixtures continues to grow in interest among agencies and asphalt mixture suppliers. However, one implementation challenge has been the need to invest...
The Commodity Boom of the 1970s

The questions that we have taken up in the previous chapters—should growth be based on commodity exports or industrialization, what should the role of the state be, who should own the capital—were moved to the back burner as Latin America moved into the 1970s. This chapter looks at the pressures on the postwar economic order and the impact of rising commodity prices. Higher petroleum prices led to higher international debt and greater inflation, setting the scene for the Lost Decade of the 1980s. Competing theories of inflation are discussed, and the impact of US monetary policy on Latin America was analyzed.
Unified Template Strategy for Editing Multiple Remote C–H Bonds

Through consecutive selective C–H functionalization at multiple sites, the direct molecular editing of heteroarene carbon-hydrogen (C–H) bonds has the potential to grant rapid access into diverse molecular space; a valuable but often challenging venture to achieve in medicinal chemistry. Contrasting with electronically-biased heterocyclic C–H bonds, remote benzocyclic C–H bonds on bicyclic aza-arenes are especially difficult to differentiate due to lack of intrinsic steric/electronic biases. Through careful consideration of distance and geometric parameters, we herein report a unified catalytic directing template strategy that enables the modular functionalization of chemically-similar and adjacent remote positions on bicyclic aza-arene scaffolds. Differentiated by using two structurally distinct catalytic directing templates, this method enables direct C–H olefination, alkynylation, and allylation at previously inaccessible C6 and C7 positions of quinolines, and is amenable to the iterative, modular, and late-stage C–H editing of quinoline-containing pharmacophores and pharmaceuticals. This report, in combination with our previous C5-selective template and other complementary methods, now fully establishes a unified ‘molecular editing’ strategy to directly modify aza-arene heterocycles at any given site.
A Model of the Components of the Bid-Ask Spread

Existing models decomposing the bid-ask spread into three components (adverse selection, inventory holding and order-processing) do not in many cases give sensible results. This paper suggests a new quote-based model for decomposing the bid-ask spread into three components, and uses it to explore a number of interesting issues. First, we examine intra-daily behavior of the components for actively traded stocks. Second, we investigate the impact of decimalization on the spread and its components. Finally, we contribute to the debate on how trading systems affect the spread and its sources. Some of the results we obtain are new, some are richer and broader, while others are qualitatively the same as in the previous literature.
Dietary Phosphorus Requirement of Channel Catfish

Two experiments were conducted to reevaluate the dietary phosphorus requirement of fingerling channel catfish. Basal diets containing either casein with supplemental inorganic phosphorus and 0.5% total calcium or egg albumin with supplemental inorganic phosphorus and 0.75% total calcium yielded similar requirement data. Eleven-week growth, feed efficiency, serum phosphorus, bone ash, bone calcium and bon phosphorus data indicate that 0.33% apparent available dietary phosphorus is adequate for maximum growth and bone mineralization. Based on these data and previous findings, we would suggest a value of 0.4% apparent available phosphorus be used in formulating catfish feeds. The apparent availability of phosphorus from soybean meal, as determined by the chromic oxide indicator method, was 29% for channel catfish.
EVOC: a music generating system using genetic algorithms

In this work, we present a Genetic Algorithm (GA) system "Evolutionary Counterpoint" (EVOC) that generates contrapuntal music. Counterpoint is the construction of a musical piece by superimposing multiple melodies, indirectly forming an underlying harmonic structure. Here, we include a description of the underlying algorithm, fitness function, and overall system modules.
The Fairness of a Fair Trial: Not Guilty Pleas and the Right to Effective Assistance of Counsel

The pervasiveness of plea bargaining in our modern justice system has led too many courts to conclude that the Sixth Amendment right to effective assistance of counsel applies to not guilty pleas. This Note argues that, although the United States Supreme Court has never directly addressed this issue, its decisions inform a Sixth Amendment analysis and indicate that the right to effective assistance of counsel is limited to providing the defendant a fair trial. The Court has suggested that a critical stage at which this right attaches must, in contrast to a not guilty plea, affect the fairness of a defendant’s trial. It has further indicated that a defendant who receives a fair trial after pleading not guilty cannot establish the constitutional prejudice required to demonstrate ineffective assistance. Finally, the past seventy years of Supreme Court Sixth Amendment jurisprudence supports the conclusion that the gravamen of an ineffective assistance of counsel claim is an assertion that the defendant was de-
Ordering of mutant sites in the isoleucine-valine genes of Escherichia coli by use of merogenotes derived from F 14 : a new procedure for fine-structure mapping.

F-merogenotes derived from F14 by transductional shortening have previously been found to consist of the sex factor plus one or more of the ilv genes. It is shown here that they carry one or more ilv genes and a variable portion of the adjacent proximal ilv gene. This observation was used to develop a method, analogous to deletion mapping, for ordering mutant sites within the ilv genes. This method requires the use of a series of merogenotes each carrying an increasingly longer segment of the gene being mapped. A simplified method of fine-structure mapping is also described which requires only one or two F′ donor strains to map any one gene. This method is based on the large differences observed in recombination frequencies for mutant sites at various distances from the origin of the incomplete merogenote gene. The sequence of 25 mutant sites within three of the ilv genes was determined by use of the simplified procedure.
Rigid generators of classical groups

We introduce the notion of Thompson tuples and show they yield rigid generating systems of length > 3 of certain classical groups. We also give a new construction method for Belyi triples and use this to obtain Galois realizations over Q for all orthogonal and symplectic groups over the field F2. Let g1, ..., gr be generators of a finite group G with g1 · · · gr = 1 and gi 6∈ Z (G) (the center of G). We say they form a quasi-rigid generating system if for any generators g′ 1, ..., g ′ r of G with g ′ 1 · · · g′ r = 1 such that g′ i is conjugate gi for all i , there is g ∈ G with g′ i = g−1gig for all i . If additionally Z (G) = 1 then the system is called rigid. We say the system is rational if for each integer m prime to |G | there is a permutation π of r letters such that gm i is conjugate gπ(i ) for all i . One version of the standard rigidity criterion (e.g., [V], Thm. 3.25) says: If G has a quasi-rigid and rational system of r generators then G/Z (G) occurs as the Galois group of a regular extension of Q(x ) with r branch points.
The utility of endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) in evaluating ct findings of fullness or enlargement of the pancreas: a large single center experience

The utility of endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) in evaluating ct findings of fullness or enlargement of the pancreas: a large single center experience
Strong promoting activity by uracil on urinary bladder carcinogenesis and a possible inhibitory effect on thyroid tumorigenesis in rats initiated with N-methyl-N-nitrosourea.

Uracil has been shown to cause a strong proliferative response in the urinary bladder epithelium of rats and mice through calculus formation and, consequently, acts as a strong promoter in bladder carcinogenesis. In this study, we examined the effect of uracil on two-stage carcinogenesis in various organs using N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) as the initiator. F344 rats were injected i.p. with MNU twice weekly for 4 weeks and then given diet containing 3.0% uracil for 20 weeks. Uracil induced urinary bladder carcinomas in all rats pretreated with MNU, and it decreased the combined incidence of adenomas and carcinomas in the thyroid. Although not significant, uracil decreased the incidence of adenomas in the lung and increased that of lymphomas of the thymus. A possible influence of a significantly decreased body weight gain caused by uracil treatment on the reduced tumor incidence in the thyroid and lung is discussed. The present data demonstrate the strong promotion activity of uracil for urinary bladder carcinogenesis, and suggest a possible inhibitory effect on thyroid carcinogenesis.
Critical dynamics of the kinetic Ising model on fractal geometries

The critical dynamics of the kinetic Glauber-Ising model on different fractal geometries is studied. The classes of fractals which are examined are the nonbranching Koch curves, the branching Koch curves, and the two-dimensional Sierpinski gasket. The critical dynamic exponent is calculated for these models using an exact renormalization-group transformation. The value z=2.58 for the two-dimensional Sierpinski gasket agrees with recent results from experiments performed in a percolating system.
Path-integral formulation of scattering theory: Central potentials

We consider central-potential scattering and determine a path-integral representation for the S matrix in polar coordinates. This is obtained by transforming to polar coordinates a Cartesian form of the nonrelativistic S matrix given by Campbell et al., and implementing an idea of Faddeev to obtain the appropriate asymptotic conditions. Our results are applied to scattering in an inverse-square potential to determine the correct phase shifts as well as the S matrix.
The distance between the contact sites for DNP and menadione ligands in the combining region of myeloma proteins binding both haptens--II. Estimation of distance using haptenic probes with variable length spacers.

Abstract Proteins 315 and 460 are IgA 2 mouse myeloma immunoglobulins which bind the haptens 2,4-Dnp and Menadione, and their derivatives competitively in the combining region. We have studied the binding of these proteins to a series of Dnp and Menadione based solid phase immunoabsorbents with different length spacer groups to which the Dnp and Menadione groups are attached, in order to determine how deep in the combining region each hapten binds. Both protein 315 and protein 460 share similar combining region dimensions with respect to the haptens used. Menadione binds in the combining regions of both proteins at a depth of 22 A, while Dnp binds at a depth of 8.8 A in protein 460 and 11 A in protein 315. The difference between these values, 11–13 A, measures the separations between the contact sites for these two haptens. In the preceding paper (pp. 929–937) calculations from energy transfer data gave an average minimum distance of 11.4 A between the contact sites of Dnp and Men in the protein 460 combining regions. Thus, there is agreement between these distances obtained by two independent experimental methods.
Boundary conditions on the monopole Dirac equation

Boundary conditions on the monopole Dirac equation are, on the one hand, determined by the requirement that the Hamiltonian be Hermitean. On the other, they enforce the conservation of certian charges at the monopole core. Which charges should be conserved is determined by the short-distance physics of the problem and the connection with boundary conditions is worked out for several cases. It is found to be possible to impose physically reasonable conservation-law requirements which can be realized by no Dirac-equation boundary conditionexclamation
Proline reductase: a sensitive fluorometric assay with O-phthalaldehyde.

Abstract A rapid and sensitive fluorometric assay for measuring the activity of proline reductase is described. The product of the enzymic reaction, δ-aminovalerate, is converted to a highly fluorescent derivative by reaction with o -phthalaldehyde. The water-soluble fluorescent product exhibits an excitation maximum at 340 nm and an emission maximum at 455 nm. The fluorophor reacts specifically with δ-aminovalerate without any interference from proline.
Driver Injury Severity Related to Inclement Weather at Highway–Rail Grade Crossings in the United States

ABSTRACTObjective: Previous studies on crash modeling at highway–rail grade crossings were aimed at exploring the factors that are likely to increase the crash frequencies at highway–rail grade crossings. In recent years, modeling driver's injury severity at highway–rail grade crossings has received interest. Because there were substantial differences among different weather conditions for driver's injury severity, this study attempts to explore the impact of weather influence on driver injury at highway–rail grade crossing.Method: Utilizing the most recent 10 years (2002–2011) of highway–rail grade crossing accident data, this study applied a mixed logit model to explore the determinants of driver injury severity under different weather conditions at highway–rail grade crossing.Results: Analysis results indicate that drivers' injury severity at highway–rail grade crossings is strongly different for different weather conditions. It was found that the factors significantly impacting driver injury severity ...
Context-adaptive mode selection for intra-block coding in H.264/MPEG-4 Part 10

A new mode selection method for intra-block coding in the H.264/MPEG-4 part 10 video-coding standard is proposed. There are nine 4x4 and four 16x16 intra-prediction modes for intra-block coding. Thus, to find the best intra-block coding mode for a 16x16 macroblock, all of the 144 (16x9) 4x4 and four 16x16 intra-modes need to be exhaustively computed and evaluated. We propose a context-based intra-mode selection method, which uses neighbors' mode information to alleviate this large computational burden. We have experimented the effectiveness of our proposed algorithm under various conditions.
Student Decisions to Attend Public Two-Year Community Colleges

This study examined reasons for student choice of a specific community college. The site of the study is a west Texas public, two-year institution with 4,674 students, full- and part-time, as of fall 2008. The top six reasons for selection were transferability of courses, available academic programs and quality, campus location, cost, available educational facilities and technology, and advice from family and friends. The next six reasons were financial aid, college reputation, campus safety, college web site, campus activities and recreational facilities, and athletic teams and sports. Improving the college product and addressing needs of various students regionally, nationally, and internationally must be priorities for community colleges.
Is it RNAV, RNP or Conventional?

New and advanced Performance Based Navigation (PBN) procedures implemented across the National Airspace System (NAS) are expected to provide better access into airports and improve efficiency of terminal operations. However, measuring utilization of these new procedures and their corresponding performance impacts is difficult, due to a lack of empirical data on flight capabilities and flown procedures. In this paper, we present a geometry-based approach for identifying the most likely flown approach procedure, which is a necessary prerequisite to conducting performance assessments of PBN procedures.
Injection of Intense Relativistic Electron Beams into a Toroidal Geometry

Two experimentally verified methods are presented for the injection of high-current relativistic electron beams (30 kA, 400 kV) into strong toroidal magnetic fields (1-8 kGauss). Injection is accomplished by contouring the current flow in the stalk of a field-emission cathode to perturb the flux lines only during beam generation. On conclusion of the emission process the perturbed lines can return to their original positions thereby trapping the beam.
Spontaneous miniature hyperpolarizations of presynaptic nerve terminals in the chick ciliary ganglion

Abstract Intracellular recordings from presynaptic nerve terminals in the chick ciliary ganlion revealed the presence of spontaneous miniature hyperpolarizations in virtually all (∼86%) nerve terminals examined. These spontaneous events appeared as small, brief hyperpolarizations at resting potential and were observed to increase or decrease as the membrane potential was depolarized or hyperpolarized from rest, respectively. The hyperpolarizing potentials were sensitive to blockade by tetraethylammonium and Ba2+, while caffeine increased then abolished these events. The voltage fluctuations were unaffected by tetrodotoxin, low Ca2+ external solution or the synaptic blockers, picrotoxin and strychnine. These spontaneous, transient, miniature hyperpolarizations may be due to the brief and co-ordinated activation of between 15–60 Ca2+-dependent K+ channels following the release of Ca2+ from internal stores.
Holmes on Natural Law

Your remark about the "oughts" and system of values in political science leaves me rather cold. If, as I think, the values are simply generalizations emotionally expressed, the generalizations are matters for the same science as other observations of fact. If, as I sometimes suspect, you believe in some transcendental sanction, I don't. Of course, dif ferent people, and especially different races, differ in their values?but those differences are matters of fact and I have no respect for them except my general respect for what exists. Man is an idealizing animal?and expresses his ideals (values) in the conventions of his time. I have very little respect for the conventions in themselves, but respect and generally try to observe those of my own environment as the transitory expression of an eternal fact.
Viral antibodies in patients with primary myocardial disease.

Abstract Serum viral antibody levels to coxsackieviruses B1–6, echoviruses 6 and 9, influenza A and B, mumps, herpes simplex and psittacosis were studied in 34 patients with primary myocardial disease and 71 paired control subjects, two for each patient. There was no difference in the incidence of elevated viral antibody titers between the patient and control groups. Subdivision of the patients and control groups by race, sex, or age also revealed no difference in viral antibody titers. The patients with primary myocardial disease showed no difference in viral antibody titer related to duration of disease or history of alcohol intake. This study shows no apparent association between infections with coxsackieviruses B1–6, echoviruses 6 and 9, influenza A and B, mumps, herpes simplex and psittacosis as determined by serum viral antibody titer and the occurrence of primary myocardial disease. However, previous viral infection no longer reflected by elevated antibody titer cannot be eliminated as an etiologic factor in primary myocardial disease.
Timing sulfur applications for corn (Zea mays L.) production on irrigated sandy soil

Abstract The importance of sulfur (S) for corn (Zea mays L.) production on sandy soils has been noted for a number of years. Yet, there has been no extensive evaluation of the timing of S applications on corn production in these specific situations. This study was conducted for the purpose of measuring the effect of split applications of fertilizer S on com grown on irrigated sandy soils. The study was conducted in 1985 and 1986. Fourrâtes of fertilizer S (0, 6.5, 13, and 26 kg/ha) were combined with six times of application schemes in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Granular gypsum was used as the source of S. Corn responded to the use of fertilizer S in 1986 only. Time of application had no significant effect on yield in either year. There were no advantages to the use of split applications. The S concentration in the ear leaf tissue at silking was affected by both rate and time of S application at each experimental site. The current recommendation is to apply fertilizer S, wh...
The effect of low-dose cyclical etidronate and calcium on bone mass in early postmenopausal women.

This 2-year study was carried out in 36 healthy women of mean age 53.9±3.8 (SD) years and 3.4±2.3 years postmenopausal. Bone mineral density (BMD) in the spine, measured by single-energy quantitative computed tomographic scanning, gave a mean initial value of 110±26 mg/ml. The women were divided randomly into group 1 (n=11), calcium 600 mg/day; group 2 (n=15), calcium plus etidronate sodium 400 mg/day for 14 days every 3 months; and group 3 (n=10), calcium plus etidronate plus phosphate, the 14-day etidronate course being preceded by phosphate 1 g twice daily for 3 days. During the first year of the study BMD decreased by 6.0±5.8% (p<0.005) in group 1 subjects and increased by 4.5±7.8% (p<0.005) in the combined etidronate-treated groups (difference between control and treatedp<0.001). Inclusion of phosphate in the regimen did not affect the response to etidronate. In the second year there was no significant mean change in BMD in any of the three groups. However, whilst there was little change in BMD values for most of the group 1 subjects, there was considerable variation in individual response within the etidronate-treated groups, with some subjects gaining and some losing bone. The change in BMD during the second year in the subjects as a whole was highly correlated with the change in plasma calcium after 3 months of treatment (r=0.60,p<0.001). Low-dose cyclical etidronate prevents postmenopausal bone loss during the first year of its administration, but was no more effective than calcium supplements during the second year. The positive correlation between early change in plasma calcium and second-year change in BMD, and the reduced bone loss in the second year in the subjects having only calcium supplements, are consistent with a beneficial effect of calcium supplements.
Geochemistry of Tungsten and Arsenic in Aquifer Systems: A Comparative Study of Groundwaters from West Bengal, India, and Nevada, USA

Tungsten (W) concentrations were measured along with arsenic (As) in groundwaters from the Murshidabad district of West Bengal, India. Tungsten concentrations range from 0.8 to ~8 nmol kg-1 (0.15–1.5 μg kg-1) in the circumneutral pH (average pH ~ 7.3) Murshidabad groundwaters, and attain concentrations as high as 14 nmol kg-1 (2.5 μg kg-1) in local ponds (n = 2). Total dissolved As concentrations (AsT) range from 0.013 to 53.9 μmol kg-1 ( 8) from the Carson Desert in Western Nevada, USA, where W concentrations are reported to reach as high as 4,036 nmol kg-1 (742 μg kg-1). Although W is positively correlated with As in groundwaters from the Carson Desert, it is not correlated with AsT or As(III) in Murshidabad groundwaters, but does exhibit a weak relationship with As(V) in these groundwaters. Surface complexation modeling indicates that pH related adsorption/desorption can explain the geochemical behavior of W in Murshidabad groundwaters. However, the model does not predict the high As concentrations observed in Murshidabad groundwaters. The high As and low W concentrations measured in Murshidabad groundwaters indicate that either As and W originate from different sources or are mobilized by different biogeochemical processes within the Murshidabad aquifers. Mobilization of As in Murshidabad groundwaters is presumed to reflect reductive dissolution of Fe(III) oxides/oxyhydroxides and release of sorbed and/or coprecipitated As to the groundwaters. Multivariate statistical analysis of groundwater composition data indicate that W is associated with Mn and Cl-, which may point to a Mn oxide/oxyhydroxide, clay mineral, and/or apatite source for W in the Murshidabad sediments.
Tightly Regulated Expression Vectors for Ochrobactrum anthropi

Genetic studies of Ochrobactrum anthropi, a bacterial species important in bioremediation and biopesticide degradation, are hindered by the lack of suitably regulated gene expression system. A tightly regulated gene-expression system was developed for O. anthropi using the lacIq gene and a re-engineered coliphage T5 promoter containing completely symmetrical DNA segment that binds more efficiently to the lactose repressor. The β-galactosidase activity was increased 57-fold when the expression of the re-engineered T5 promoter was induced. The degree of induction was controllable by varying the concentration of inducer isopropyl-β-d-thiogalactopyranoside.
Isozymes of Glutamate Dehydrogenase in Chlamydomonas reinhardi

SYNOPSIS. Two electrophoretically distinct forms of glutamate dehydrogenase were found in extracts of Chlamydomonas reinhardi. The slower moving of these was detectable only when the cells were grown organotrophically. The other, more active, enzyme copurified with chloroplasts and was not electrophoretically detectable in extracts of organotrophically grown cultures of the y-2 mutant strain; this absence was not apparent in wild type or in the mutant strain y-1. Both forms of the enzyme were cofactor non-specific.
Evaluation of Myocardial and Peripheral Vascular Responses During Reaction Time, Mental Arithmetic, and Cold Pressor Tasks

The primary purpose of this study was to examine the covariation of cardiac output and forearm blood flow during reaction time, mental arithmetic, and cold pressor tasks. Cardiac output was indexed using impedance cardiography, whereas impedance venous occlusion plethysmography was used lo index forearm blood flow. Cardiac output increased significantly over resting values in all three tasks, hut the pattern of these increases differed. Large heart rate increases during mental arithmetic and cold pressor tasks more than offset stroke volume decreases; the increases in the reaction time task were due to relatively smaller heart rate increases with stroke volume augmentation. For forearm blood flow, all task levels were higher than resting levels, but only mental arithmetic levels were statistically higher. The correlation between cardiac output and forearm blood flow change was significant for the reaction time task, but not for the mental arithmetic or cold pressor tasks.
X-ray diffraction study of the structure of xenon multilayers on single crystal graphite

The structures of xenon multilayers (1 to 44 layers) physisorbed onto a graphite single crystal surface have been studied using x-ray scattering techniques. Both the intra-planar and inter-planar structures could be examined by measurements of the (1 0l) diffraction rods. The (0 0l) diffraction provides direct information about the thickness of the multilayer. We find two principal and surprising results. First, the xenon does not form an infinite number of layers at low temperatures. This disagrees with a number of previous reports which suggest complete wetting of xenon on graphite. Second, the structures of the adsorbed layers turn out to be rather elaborate. Instead of uniform, defect free layers, the xenon multilayers exhibit stacking disorder and a commensurate-incommensurate transition in the first layer.
Sources of marital dissatisfaction among applicants for divorce.

This paper compares marital complaints of husbands versus wives, and of middle-class versus lower-class marriages, in a sample of 600 couples applying for divorce. Findings are discussed in terms of previous research on marital satisfaction, concerning differences between men and women and across socioeconomic groups.
Atomic motions in liquid KPb: A molecular-dynamics investigation.

A molecular-dynamics computer simulation is used to determine velocity and current-density autocorrelation functions for a liquid system consisting of K{sup +} and Pb{sub 4}{sup 4{minus}} ions. The calculated structure of this system is in excellent agreement with that determined experimentally for liquid KPb alloys. The calculations provide an interpretation for recent inelastic-neutron-scattering results, which do not show any distinct vibrational modes characteristic of Pb{sub 4}{sup 4{minus}} tetrahedra.
Relativistic rigid-body translations

Two derivations of defining equations for relativistic rigidbody translations are presented, both of which yield the same defining equation. One derivation is based on setting up an idealized dynamical model of a relativistic rigid-body, while the second derivation is based only on covariance and simplicity postulates. The definition obtained is different from the Born conditions of rigidity.
Enhanced Catalytic Activity through the Tuning of Micropore Environment and Supercritical CO2 Processing: Al(Porphyrin)-Based Porous Organic Polymers for the Degradation of a Nerve Agent Simulant

An Al(porphyrin) functionalized with a large axial ligand was incorporated into a porous organic polymer (POP) using a cobalt-catalyzed acetylene trimerization strategy. Removal of the axial ligand afforded a microporous POP that is catalytically active in the methanolysis of a nerve agent simulant. Supercritical CO2 processing of the POP dramatically increased the pore size and volume, allowing for significantly higher catalytic activities.
Anatomically dissociable effects of dopamine D1 receptor agonists on reward and relief of withdrawal in morphine-dependent rats.

Chronic opiate administration induces neuroadaptations within the nucleus accumbens (NAc) and ventral tegmental area (VTA) that can contribute to dependence. We have shown that morphine dependence shifts the behavioral consequences of D1 dopamine (DA) receptor signaling: systemic administration of a D1 receptor agonist is rewarding and blocks naloxone-precipitated withdrawal signs in morphine-dependent rats, but has minimal effects in nondependent rats. These data suggest that D1 receptors acquire the ability to regulate reward and withdrawal in morphine-dependent rats. The brain regions involved in these effects are not known. Studies were designed to test the hypothesis that the nucleus accumbens shell (NASh) and the ventral tegmental area (VTA) are important sites for mediating the behavioral effects of D1 receptor activation in morphine-dependent rats. The effects of microinjecting the D1 receptor agonist SKF 82958 into the NASh or the VTA on place conditioning and somatic withdrawal signs were studied in morphine-dependent and nondependent rats. Intra-NASh microinjection of SKF 82958 (1 μg/side) established conditioned place preferences in morphine-dependent but not nondependent rats, but had no effect on naloxone-induced place aversions or somatic withdrawal signs. Intra-VTA microinjection of SKF 82958 (2 μg) did not establish place preferences under any conditions, but blocked naloxone-induced place aversions without effects on somatic withdrawal signs. There is an anatomical dissociation between D1 receptor-mediated reward and relief of withdrawal in morphine-dependent rats. When combined, the individual effects of D1 receptor activation in the NASh and VTA on the affective signs of precipitated morphine withdrawal resemble those seen with systemic administration.
Banana therapy in the diarrheal diseases ofinfants and children

Summary A study was made on 65 case of diarrheal diseases occurring in infants and children. Twenty-two cases of diarrhea were treated in the hospital, 22 in the out-patient department, and the remaining 21, a bacteriologically proven dysentery group were all treated in the hospital Seventy-five per cent of the cases of diarrhea treated in the hospital gained weight during the attack, while 25 per cent showed weight loss and did not gain until after the diarrhea had subsided. The 22 cases of diarrhea treated in the dispensary showed an average weight gain of 6 ounces. A total of 36 cases of proven bacillary dysentery (including 15 cases reported in the 1935 series) have been treated with one death, a mortality rate of 2.7 per cent, with an average loss in weight of 0.7 ounce. It would appear that banana therapy has helped to maintain bodyweight in diarrheal diseases in infants and children and to have favorably influenced the course of the disease.
Enuresis in sickle cell disease.

Abstract The prevalence of enuresis and management options for this condition were studied in our population of sickle cell patients. A total of 91 active patients (6 to 21 years old) followed at our regional sickle cell center was surveyed for the symptoms of primary nocturnal enuresis. Of the 91 patients 27 (29.6 percent) had primary nocturnal enuresis. Of those with enuresis 17 had homozygous sickle cell anemia, 5 had hemoglobin sickle cell disease, 4 had sickle cell beta sup + thalassemia and 1 had sickle cell beta degree thalassemia. Of 10 patients who elected to receive intranasal desmopressin acetate 6 (60 percent) had complete or partial resolution of nocturnal enuresis. Our data confirm the high prevalence of nocturnal enuresis in patients with sickle cell disease and support the role of desmopressin acetate in the treatment of these patients.
Local complications of non-small-cell lung cancer

Because of the stage-specific treatment of lung cancer, significant strides have been made in the treatment strategies for patients with non-small-cell carcinoma. Unfortunately, despite aggressive therapy, most patients will die within 5 years of diagnosis. Although the predominant cause of death will be secondary to the systemic nature of the cancer, most patients also will suffer significant decrements in their quality of life and functional status secondary to local complications. Addressing and treating the local complications of lung cancer aggressively may directly and immediately improve the quality of life and functional status of patients with extensive lung cancer. Improvements in the treatment of local complications of lung cancer that lead to improved performance status also may have an impact on the long-term survival of these patients.
Policy, politics, and aid: Three viewpoints on development

Fruzzetti, Lina and Akos Ostor. Culture and Change along the Blue Nile: Courts, Markets, and Strategies for Development. Boulder, CO: Westview, 1990. xxi + 230 pp. including references, research bibliography, and index. $32.95 paper. Varnis, Steven L. Reluctant Aid or Aiding the Reluctant? U.S. Food Aid Policy and Ethiopian Famine Relief. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction, 1990. xi + 229 pp. including references and index. $32.95 cloth, $24.95 paper. Staudt, Kathleen, ed. Women, International Development, and Politics: The Bureaucratic Mire. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1990. x + 320 pp. including chapter notes. $39.95 cloth.
Should a patient with a brain tumor receive anticoagulation for a thromboembolic event

Although many physicians are reluctant to use anticoagulation in this situation, brain tumors are not an absolute contraindication to anticoagulation.
Properties of liquid bilayer membranes separating two aqueous phases: Temperature dependence of water permeability☆

Abstract The temperature dependence of the water permeability of lipid bilayer membranes has been determined over the interval 7 to 49 °C, by measuring the net volume flux produced by a NaCl gradient. The membranes were generated from solutions of lecithin and cholesterol in decane, either 0.5% (w/v) lecithin and 0.25% cholesterol (solution A) or 1% lecithin and 1% cholesterol (solution B). At 25 °C, Pos, the osmotic permeability coefficient, is 31.7 ± 4.3 μ/sec and 24.4 ± 3.7 μ/sec for membranes formed from solutions A and B, respectively. Plots of In (Pos)versus 1 T are linear and yield values of 12.7 ± 0.3 and 13.1 ± 0.7 kcal./ mole for the experimental activation energies Ea. These results, together with literature data for the solubility and diffusion of water in hydrocarbons, are consistent with a simple solubility-diffusion mechanism for the water permeation process. The similarity between the values of both Pos and Ea for cellular membranes and the lipid bilayer suggests that a similar mechanism may operate in the biological systems.
Exploring adolescent perceptions of parental beliefs and practices related to friendships in diverse ethnic communities.

It is important to examine both the belief systems and the practices of parents in regard to adolescent friendships. Belief systems inform parental practices and also reveal the full extent of cultural variations that exist within and across ethnic communities.
A Study of Diabetes Educators in OHIO Hospitals

Over a period of eleven months in 1980, 97% (or 204) of the acute care hospitals in Ohio were visited to assess specific characteristics of diabetes education programs and the educators offering them. After performing these on-site interviews, it was found that 1) diabetes education was usually conducted by staff nurses and dietitians. 2) One-third of the facilities visited had a formal coordinator for diabetes education, while one-half had an informal coordinator, and one-fifth had no coordinator. 3) On-the-job training was the most frequently cited source of educational preparation on diabetes and on the teaching-learning process.
DIVERSITY IN THE MECHANISM OF CARBON DIOXIDE FIXATION IN DUNALIELLA TERTIOLECTA (CHLOROPHYCEAE)1

The mechanism of photosynthetic carbon dioxide fixation in the green flagellate Dunaliella tertiolecta Butcher varies during growth in batch culture. Evidence for this change comes from three sources: i) algae from the stationary phase incorporated a greater proportion of the fixed carbon into amino arids and protein than did cells from the mid-exponential phase; ii) the activity of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase relative to that of ribulose-1, 5-di-phosphate carboxylase increased with age in batch culture; and, iii) cells from the stationary phase appeared to utilize the bicarbonate ion as the substrate for photosynthesis, whereas those from mid-exponential phase appeared to utilize fire carbon dioxide. These data suggest that a change of photosynthetic mechanism can occur within a single species of alga, depending on its physiological state.
Correlations for organizational, nonorganizational, and intrinsic religiosity with social support among intercollegiate athletes.

Summary.-The present study was a preltminary examination of the correlations among organizational, nonorganizational, and intrinsic religiosity and social support as measured by the Duke Religion Index and the Nonsupport scale of the Peeonality Assessment Inventory For 105 intercollegiate athletes (51 women). Scores among chese measures were not correlated (-.05 to -.14). Applied sport practitioners have suggested that religion may be a source of social support for some intercollegiate athletes (Balague, 1999; Storch, Storch, Kolsky & Silvestri, 2001). To date, however, no empirical research has examined the correlations of rehgious beliefs, participation, and prayer with social support of intercollegiate athletes. As intercollegiate athletic careers are often marked by a variety of stressors including injury, loss of a starting position, and academic problems, it is important for chicians to understand the extent to which religiosity may be a source of social support in athletes' coping with such events. The present study explored whether scores on organizational, nonorganizational, and intrinsic religiosity were associated with perceived social support for a sample of intercollegiate athletes. Given reports from apphed sport practitioners, we expected positive associations. The Duke Rehgion Lndex (Koenig, Parkerson, & Meador, 1997) and a measure of social support (Morey, 1991) were administered to 105 Division I intercollegiate athletes (51 women) at a public university in the southeastern United States (Ma,,= 19:8 yr., SD= 19 mo.). Participants were members of teams of women's soccer (n =20), women's volleyball (n = ll), women's basketball (n=4), women's swimming (n= 16), men's swimming (n=15), men's tennis (n=4), and men's football (n=35). Their class standing included 4 1 % freshmen (n = 43), 22 % sophomores (n = 231, 22 % juniors (n = 23), 11 % seniors (n = 12), and 4% "other" (n =4). The Index assessed organizational (one item, e.g., attendance at religious services; M=3.5, SD= 1.5), nonorganizational (one item, e.g., prayer or religious study; M=4.1, SD=1.9), and intrinsic (three items; a=.90, e.g.,
Symmetries in geometrical optics: applications

In the preceding paper [ J. Opt. Soc. Am. A12, 2753 ( 1995)] we investigated the constraints imposed by the five basic geometric symmetries, namely inversion, reflection, rotation, translation, and glide, on the first-order properties of an optical system. We now apply those results to study the optical properties of a lens that possesses the symmetry of a pattern in the unidimensional strip ornament lattice. Two examples from charged-particle optics are given to illustrate the applications of the developed concepts. The first is an analysis of the familiar multipole systems, in which we demonstrate the kind of information extractable with our symmetry analysis. The second is an analysis of a system of quadrupoles and dipoles with glide-rotation symmetries, in which we illustrate the usefulness of our method in the design of optical systems.
The investigation of vinylcyclohexane dioxide as a polar dehydrant for the improved retention of lipids in the Spurr embedment.

Abstract The use of vinylcyclohexane dioxide (VCD) as a polar dehydrant with subsequent embedment in Spurr was studied. The utilization of Epon 812 resin (E 812), hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEM) and hydroxypropyl methacrylate (HPM) as polar dehydrants for Epon embedment were re-examined, and a polar Epon mix was introduced. The most effective dehydration sequence was: first 90%, then 95% VCD in water for 5 min, followed by two 20 min changes of 100% VCD. After 1 hr in equal quantities of VCD and Spurr mix, tissues were infiltrated with Spurr embedment (two 1 hr changes and overnight) and finally embedded in Spurr and polymerized at 60 °C for 16 hr. The most utilizable polar Epon mix was determined to be Epon 812 = 50 ml, NMA = 42 ml, DMP-30 = 1.2 ml. It was somewhat brittle but cut well with both glass and diamond knives. All four polar dehydrants were found to retain lipids and carbohydrates equally well in thin section in striated and cardiac muscle, liver, kidney and brain from the rat. The E 812 was the only dehydrant that retained lung multilamellar bodies. The possible carcinogenic effects of VCD were considered and the probable metabolism and excretion of VCD were discussed.
Complementation and segregation behavior of disease-causing mitochondrial DNA mutations in cellular model systems

Abstract The recent development of cellular models of mitochondrial DNA-linked diseases by transfer of patient-derived mitochondria into human mtDNA-less (ϱ°) cells has provided a valualble tool for investigating the complementation and segregation of mtDNA mutations. In transformants carrying in heteroplasmic form the mitochondrial tRNA Lys gene 8344 mutation of tRNA Leu(UUR) gene 3243 mutation associated, respectively, with the MERRF or the MELAS encephalomyopathy, full protection of the cells against the protein synthesis and respiration defects caused by the mutations was observed when the wild-type mtDNA exceeded 10% of the total complement. In the MERRF transformants, the protective effect of wild-type mtDNA was shown to involve interactions of the mutant and wild-type gene products, probably coexisting within the same organelle from the time of the mutation event. In striking contrast, in experiments in which two mtDNAs carrying either the MERRF or the MELAS mutation were sequentially introduced within distinct organelles into the same ϱ° cells, no evidence of cooperation between their products was observed. These results pointed to the phenotypic independence of the two genomes. A similar conclusion was reached in experiments in which a chloramphenicol (CAP) resistance-conferring mtDNA mutation was introduced into CAP-sensitive cells. In the area of segregation of mtDNA mutations, in unstable heteroplasmic MELAS transformants, observations were made which pointed to a replicative advantage of mutant molecules, leading to a rapid shift of the genome towards the mutant type. These results are consistent with a model in which the mitochondrion, rather than the mtDNA molecule, is the segregating unit.
Imaging with a low-energy electron microscope

Abstract Low-energy electron microscopy (LEEM) is a relatively new technique for real-time imaging of surfaces. Lateral resolution is in the 150 A range and single-height atomic steps can be observed. In this paper we describe how to set up a low-energy electron microscope and obtain images in the different imaging modes.
AICAR activates the pluripotency transcriptional network in embryonic stem cells and induces KLF4 and KLF2 expression in fibroblasts

Background Pluripotency, the property of a cell to differentiate into all cellular types of a given organism, is central to the development of stem cell-based therapies and regenerative medicine. Stem cell pluripotency is the result of the orchestrated activation of a complex transcriptional network characterized by the expression of a set of transcription factors including the master regulators of pluripotency Nanog and Oct4. Recently, it has been shown that pluripotency can be induced in somatic cells by viral-mediated expression of the transcription factors Oct3/4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc.