cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Social facilitation of pecking and drinking in “satiated” chickens

Pecking in chickens is a ubiquitous response that does not appear to be exclusively linked to any single motivational state. Because of this, certain earlier findings are ambiguous regarding the extent to which socially mediated pecking in chickens extends to theories of social facilitation effects. In the current research, drinking was identified as a possible alternative response for the study of socially mediated consummatory behavior in chickens. Tests of satiated subjects paired with deprived companions (or tested alone) showed that the pattern and relative amount of the social facilitation of drinking conformed exactly to the pattern for pecking. Therefore, it was concluded that socially enhanced consummatory behavior in the chicken can bear on theories of social facilitation.
Program structure and clarity (abstract)

This paper presents the results of a study which examines the effect of a program's structure on its clarity. In the study, subjects were given three programs written in a tiny algorithmic language. Each program was designed to print one of a set of strings which is determined by a regular expression encoded within the program. The syntax of the tiny algorithmic language enabled the programs to be written in such a way that the particular string which is printed is the result of a sequence of random events. A subject's understanding of the semantics of the program was tested by giving him ten strings and having him determine for each string if it could have been printed by the program.Three different versions of the tiny algorithmic language were used: A structured version in which the only branching allowed is incorporated into while loops and if..then..else statements; a structured modular version which is equivalent to the structured version except that it includes subprograms; and an unstructured version in which the only branching mechanisms are conditional and unconditional gotos. The pool of subjects, students in the tenth week of a Principles I computer science course, was divided in to three groups of approximately equal size. One group was tested using three structured programs; the second group was tested using three structured modular programs which encoded the same regular expressions as were used in the first group; the third group was tested using three unstructured programs, again encoding the same regular expressions. Subjects in each group were given ten minutes to read a small “language manual” on the version of the tiny algorithmic language which would be used for the test. The test was given immediately after this short introduction to the language. For each student, the time it took to complete the test was recorded.
Computerized Techniques for Complete Television Station Automation

Report on experience of WRGB, Schenectady, N. Y., in the design and operation of an automated television station providing automatic switching and automatic preparation of the daily operating logs, availability schedules, programming, sales, accounting, and financial analysis, and with provision for future control and programming by a remote computer.
Who Is at Risk of Nondetection of Mental Health Problems in Primary Care

OBJECTIVE: To determine patient and provider characteristics associated with increased risk of nondetection of mental health problems by primary care physicians.
Structure and function of Escherichia coli endonuclease III.

One of the most exciting areas of atomic structural studies on protein-DNA interactions has been the studies on on DNA repair enzymes. The atomic structures of endonuclease III and endonuclease V, a phage T4 enzyme that repairs pyrimidine dimers, are a significant advance, as they provide the first structural information concerning the mechanism by which enzymes can recognize altered bases in DNA. Endonuclease III from Escherichia coli is a DNA repair enzyme with two distinct activities: it is a DNA N-glycosylase that acts upon ring-saturated, ring-rearranged, and ring-contracted pyrimidines and is an AP lyase. The name endonuclease III was originally applied to an activity that nicked heavily UV-irradiated DNA. The enzyme was found to be identical with E. coli x-ray endonuclease, with an endonuclease that cleaves DNA damaged by UV irradiation, osmium tetroxide, x-rays, or acid, and with urea-DNA glycosylase. The identification of endonuclease III with these various other activities is due to the broad substrate specificity of the enzyme. It has been shown to release dihydrothymine, cis- and trans-thymine glycol, urea, methyltartronylurea and 5-hydroxy-5-methylhydantoin, 6-hydroxy-5,6-dihydrothymine, uracil hydrate, and cytosine hydrate from DNA. Endonuclease III has been shown to be an AP lyase rather than a true AP endonuclease; itmore » cleaves the phosphodiester bond adjacent to an AP site by a {beta}-elimination reaction rather than a hydrolytic reaction. The syn stereochemical course of the {beta}-elimination reaction has been defined: the 2{prime}-pro-S hydrogen is abstracted, and a trans {alpha}{beta}-unsaturated aldose is produced.« less
A Multi-Directional Search technique for image annotation propagation

Image annotation has attracted lots of attention due to its importance in image understanding and search areas. In this paper, we propose a novel Multi-Directional Search framework for semi-automatic annotation propagation. In this system, the user interacts with the system to provide example images and the corresponding annotations during the annotation propagation process. In each iteration, the example images are clustered and the corresponding annotations are propagated separately to each cluster: images in the local neighborhood are annotated. Furthermore, some of those images are returned to the user for further annotation. As the user marks more images, the annotation process goes into multiple directions in the feature space. The query movements can be treated as multiple path navigation. Each path could be further split based on the user's input. In this manner, the system provides accurate annotation assistance to the user - images with the same semantic meaning but different visual characteristics can be handled effectively. From comprehensive experiments on Corel and U. of Washington image databases, the proposed technique shows accuracy and efficiency on annotating image databases.
Single crystal fiber drawing

Abstract In this paper a novel method of growing from the melt single crystal fibers (SCF) of congruently melting compounds is described. This SCF growth method is characterized by the absence of an interface between the melt and its vapor from the vicinity of the growth interface during the growth process, so that the surface tension of the melt plays no role in determining the periphery of the growth interface, and the shaper functions as a die. This method is distinct from previously reported SCF growth methods, and, unlike the latter, has no analogue among the established methods of bulk single crystal growth. Because of its similarity to the process of metal wire forming we call this method of SCF growth the drawing method.
Protection of cultured oligodendrocytes against tumor necrosis factor-α by the antioxidants coenzyme Q10 and N-acetyl cysteine

Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) retards the rate of terminal maturation of oligodendrocytes in vitro. The following respective compounds were used along with TNF-alpha in order to try and restore the normal rate of maturation: (1). the antioxidant, coenzyme Q(10) (CoQ(10)); (2). the antioxidant, N-acetyl cysteine (NAC); (3). creatine, which helps to preserve cellular energy; and (4) S-adenosyl methionine (SAM), which contributes to the biosynthesis of lipids and proteins. Of these compounds, only CoQ(10) or NAC was able to restore the numbers of mature myelin basic protein-positive cells and the ability of the oligodendrocytes to form membrane sheets. If TNF-alpha treatment causes oxidative damage by compromising oxidative metabolism in oligodendrocytes, increasing products of lipid peroxidation and/or generating radical oxygen species that can interfere with maturation signals, CoQ(10) and NAC may protect oligodendrocytes by reversing one or more of those destructive processes during terminal maturation.
Auxotrophic Salmonella typhi as live vaccine.

Salmonella typhi 541Ty has deletions at aroA and purA , causing requirement for aromatic metabolites (including p -aminobenzoate) and for adenine. None of 36 volunteers who drank 10 8 to 10 10 bacteria of 541Ty or its Vi-negative mutant 543Ty showed any adverse effect; all gave evidence of cellular immune response but only a few had serum titre increases. S. typhimurium experiments (at the Wellcome Research Laboratories and at Stanford) show that adenine requirement may reduce both bacterial survival in mouse tissues and live-vaccine efficacy. S. typhi attenuated only by block(s) in aromatic biosynthesis may be more effective as oral-route live vaccine.
An evaluation of surface roughness of very thin gold films observed by transmission electron microscopy

Abstract The surface roughness and stability of very thin, single crystal, free standing gold films observed in the electron microscope are evaluated. Enhanced micrographs taken with high resolution electron microscopes are compared to computer generated geometrically constructed atomic models corresponding to both vapor deposited and sputtered thin films. Recognizable image features, in situ observations and atomic motion under different incident beam conditions correlate with improved microscope vacuum conditions. These results are also in agreement with high voltage microscope studies in which surface diffusion and sputtering were observed.
Ukraine: Improbable Democratic ‘Nation-State’, but Possible Democratic ‘State-Nation’?

The contrasting political evolution of Ukraine and Russia since 1991 poses one of the most intriguing puzzles of the last 20 years. The two countries began the post-communist transition with broadly similar institutional inheritances and comparable levels of socio-economic development. During the 1990s, the economic reforms implemented in the two countries were also similar and generated similar results, although Ukraine was reckoned to lag behind Russia in many areas. These reforms resulted for a time in remarkably similar political economies, often referred to as ‘oligarchic capitalism’. In each state, asset ownership was concentrated in the hands of a small number of politically well connected oligarchs and the arbitration of conflicts among rival oligarchs constituted at once a major source of presidential power and one of the president’s principal functions. Yet since the end of the 1990s, Russia and Ukraine have taken divergent political paths, the former towards increasing centralisation and authoritarianism, the latter towards a frequently unstable, often corrupt but nevertheless competitive democratic system.
30.4-nm narrowband multilayer reflection filters

ABSTRACT We report designs of multilayer narrowband reflective 30.4 nm filters. The narrowbandreflection filters are designed for angles of incidence 6o' ranging from 0 - 30. For example, thecalculated reflectance of a 15-layer Au-Al multilayer which operates within the angular range 0  00  10. has for 0° angle of incidence a reflectance peak value of 24% at 30.4 nm with abandwidth of less than 5 nm. The average out-of-band reflectance is less than 2% for the wavelength range from 10 nm -70 nm. Filters with more than 20% peak reflectance and less than5 nmbandwidths are designed for incident angular cones from 00 - 100, 10 -20. 1. INTRODUCTION It has been long known that several of the minor ion species detected by in situ techniquesin the near-earth environment do emit light through resonance scattering of solar extreme ultraviolet radiation1. Specifically He+ ions scatter at 30.4 nm, and 0+ at 83.4 nm. However, the ion densities of these constituents and emissions rate factors are low enough to cause the resultingemissions to lie close to the threshold of detection with currently available technology2. Both theseconstituents, if measurable by imaging techniques, would provide a unique view of the innermagnetosphere.
Helicopter radar return analysis: Estimation and blade number selection

The problem of helicopter parameter estimation and blade number selection is addressed. The parameters are estimated based on Maximum Likelihood methods and the corresponding Cramer-Rao bounds are derived. To avoid ambiguities in blade number estimation, we apply information theoretic criteria for blade number selection incorporating alternate penalty functions. We assume that a clutter filter essentially removes all of the clutter and also part of the signal returns, lowering the effective signal-to-noise-ratio. The fractional Fourier transform is used to separate the combined tail and main rotor signals into two different returns, allowing initial estimates of their corresponding rotor parameters. The proposed technique is validated by using returns from a helicopter observed experimentally with a pulse-Doppler radar.
Epidermal growth factor's activation of Ras is inhibited by four cardiac hormones.

Eur J Clin Invest 2010; 40 (5): 408–413 Abstract Background Four cardiac hormones synthesized by the same gene, i.e. atrial natriuretic peptide, vessel dilator, kaliuretic peptide and long-acting natriuretic peptide, have anticancer effects in vitro and in vivo. Epidermal growth factor’s mechanism of cancer formation involves the activation of Ras. Materials and methods These four cardiac hormones were evaluated for their ability to inhibit mitogen (epidermal growth factor) activation of Ras. Results Epidermal growth factor increased the activation of Ras by 68%, 85% and 90% at its 1, 2 and 5 ng mL−1 concentrations. Vessel dilator, long-acting natriuretic peptide, atrial natriuretic peptide and kaliuretic peptide inhibited 5 ng mL−1 epidermal growth factor’s stimulation of Ras by 73%, 79%, 33% and 45%, respectively, at their 1 μM concentrations. Their effects on epidermal growth factor’s activation of Ras were specific with addition of the cardiac hormones’ respective antibodies (5 μM) blocking 95%, 93%, 100% and 100% (P < 0·001 for each) of their ability to inhibit epidermal growth factor’s stimulation of Ras. Conclusions Four cardiac hormones specifically inhibit epidermal growth factor’s activation of Ras. This investigation would suggest that these cardiac hormones’ anticancer effects involve the inhibition of mitogens such as epidermal growth factor’s ability to activate Ras as well as inhibiting unstimulated basal activity of Ras.
On the nature of immunological tolerance.

Abstract The nature of immunological tolerance has been enigmatic. Using a cobra-venom inhibitor which reduces haemolytic complement activity of mouse serum both in vitro and in vivo, it has been possible to inhibit development of immunological tolerance to human γ-globulin (H.G.G.). B10.D2/Sn old line mice which are characterised phenotypically by failure to produce the fifth component of complement are also defective in development of tolerance to this same antigen. It is postulated that induction of tolerance includes specific destruction of a line of cells by interaction of antibody first produced and located on the surface of the cells with haemolytic complement.
Klebsiella pneumoniae ST147 Coproducing NDM-7 Carbapenemase and RmtF 16S rRNA Methyltransferase in Minnesota

Acquired 16S rRNA methyltransferase (16S-RMTase) has emerged as a mechanism of high-level aminoglycoside resistance among Gram-negative pathogens worldwide ([1][1]). RmtF is a 16S RMTase which was identified in a single Klebsiella pneumoniae isolate on La Reunion Island in 2011 ([2][2]). The
Assessing the functionality of the reference collection

Explains how reference staff undertook an assessment of the 30,000+ volume collection in an attempt to determine whether materials in the Carlson Library reference collection are useful to faculty, staff and students. Culled from periodical use studies, several qualitative and quantitative assessment methods were identified: a count of every item physically handled; short in‐house surveys administered randomly to willing library patrons; and a questionnaire distributed to a group of instructional staff. The assessment, which began in 1994, continues, and techniques are repeated as necessary. Additional techniques, such as in‐house interviews, will be implemented, giving the reference staff valuable information on the users and the uses of the reference collection. Maintains that the intermediate results have already impacted the materials selected, and predicts that the final results will aid in the development of a current reference collection management policy.
Numerical taxonomic analysis of cross-inoculation patterns of legumes and Rhizobium

A survey was made of published results of tests of the capacity of Rhizobium derived from one legume genus to nodulate plants from other genera. The data were derived from more than 14,000 separate cross-inoculation trials involving species from 165 genera of legumes. Numerical taxonomic techniques were applied to 113 of the genera for which results of substantial cross-infection tests were available. The data were examined using mean character difference coefficients re-expressed as total and positive-only similarity coefficients. The resulting similarity matrices were clustered by the unweighted pair-group method using arithmetic averages. Eighteen affinity groups were defined at the 70% similarity level. With few exceptions, the physiological and cultural behavior of the rhizobia was consistent within the defined groups. Two broad categories were suggested in the numerical taxonomic analysis, and their validity is discussed in regard to the geographic, physiological and cultural characteristics of the legumes and their Rhizobium microsymbionts. The taxonomic and agronomic value of this approach and the new groupings are discussed.
Assumptions Underlying Evaluation Models

One way of understanding evaluation is to compare the numerous evaluation models with one another. There are many possibilities for comparison, but perhaps the most significant comparisons are those among the underlying theoretical assumptions on which the models are based. In this way, one might see how logically similar the models are to one another and determine what logical possibilities do and do not exist.
In Vivo Cholesterol and Fatty Acid Synthesis in the Pig Intestine

SummaryThe results of these studies show that in the pig the intestine contributes only about 4% to cholesterol synthesis from acetate-1-14C while liver and adipose tissue contribute 67 and 29%, respectively. Each of the proximal three segments of the intestine contributed more to cholesterol synthesis than did the distal segment. Fatty acids were synthesized primarily in the adipose tissue of the pig when pyruvate-3-14C was the substrate while the intestine and liver together contributed only about 9% to overall fatty acid synthesis. Fatty acid synthesis from acetate-1-14C in pig intestine was of minor importance when compared with liver or adipose tissue fatty acid synthesis.
Zoledronic Acid Disrupts VEGFR2 Intracellular Trafficking in Endothelial Cells

temporomandibular joint (TMJ). Methods: 120 patients with a symptomatic disc displacement without reduction that did not respond to a conservative therapy were recruited. They were randomly assigned into two groups. One group of patients received three injections of sodium hyaluronate in the superior joint space and the other one in the inferior joint space. Patient’s TMJ status and clinical symptoms were evaluated at 3 and 6 months follow-up. The clinical parameters recorded were maximal mouth opening (MMO), pain intensity on a visual analogue scale (VAS), and a modified Helkimo’s clinical dysfunction index. The results were analyzed with ANCOVA. Results: 50 patients of the superior and 54 of the joint space injection group attended the follow up appointments. MMO, VAS and Helkimo’s index improved at the 3 months and 6 months follow-up appointments in both groups. At the 3 months follow-up the improvement in TMJ pain was significantly larger in the inferior than in the superior injection group (p 0.001), while the improvements in MMO and TMJ function were similar. At the 6 months follow-up the improvements in MMO (p 0.005), VAS (p 0.001) and Helkimo’s index (p 0.001) were significantly larger in the inferior than the superior joint injection group. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that the inferior joint space injection with sodium hyaluronate is a valid method for the treatment of disc displacement without reduction and should therefore be considered as a treatment modality as it appears to give patients a better long term clinical outcome than the superior joint space injection.
Cholinergic therapy in dementia

After reviewing the evidence for cholinergic pathology in Alzheimer's disease and related disorders, this paper reviews strategies for treating dementia using cholinomimetic drugs. Special attention is paid to cholinesterase inhibitors, particularly tacrine, the drug recently approved by the FDA. New studies suggesting that muscarinic and nicotinic cholinergic receptor active drugs may be more effective will be reviewed. Brief mention will be made of strategies to slow the progression of Alzheimer's disease.
Influence of ATM function on interactions between telomeres and nuclear matrix.

Abstract Pandita, T. K. and Dhar, S. Influence of ATM Function on Interactions between Telomeres and Nuclear Matrix. The ATM (ataxia telangiectasia mutated) gene product has been implicated in mitogenic signal transduction, chromosome condensation, meiotic recombination, and cell cycle control. The human ATM protein shows similarity to several yeast and mammalian proteins involved in meiotic recombination and cell cycle progression. Because of the homology of the human ATM gene to the TEL1 and rad3 genes of yeast, it has been suggested that mutations in ATM could lead to defective telomere maintenance. Recently, we have shown that the ATM gene product, which is defective in the cancer-prone disorder ataxia telangiectasia (AT), influences chromosome end associations and telomere length. A possible hypothesis explaining these results is that the defective telomere metabolism in AT cells is due to altered interactions between the telomeres and the nuclear matrix. These interactions were examined in nuclear m...
Preliminary forecast for the peak of solar activity cycle 24

Our forecast for the development phase of solar cycle 23 came out to be true; one of the very few to have attained this status out of several forecasts made. We review the details of the forecast and how it fared as the events unfolded in time. We note the present status of IMF intensity B and the planetary index Ap. We draw inferences as to what to expect for the development phase of cycle 24; several forecasts have already been made, they cover all possible scenarios, ranging from a very active to the quietest cycle in a century. Our preliminary forecast for the smoothed sunspot number at cycle 24 maximum is 101 ± 5, indicating that cycle 24 will be about 20% less active than cycle 23; the possibility that next three solar cycles may be progressively less active cannot be ruled out.
The Effect of Attractiveness in Advertising and Comparison Motives on Self-Judgments and Product Evaluations: A Cross-National Perspective

ABSTRACT The research conducted in the U.S. and in the developing market of Romania examines the effect of the motive for social comparison on self-judgments and ad/product evaluations. Our findings show that, if featuring an attractive model (AM) in advertising, the U.S. young women's self-esteem is mostly affected when women engage in self-evaluation, which also detrimentally impacts ad/product evaluations. In Romania, young women's self-judgments did not differ among comparison motive conditions, but the ad/product evaluations were positively affected when women were encouraged to discount the beauty of the model. When an average-looking model (ALM) is featured in advertising, the U.S. women's self-perceptions do not differ among comparison motive conditions, but Romanian women's self-perceptions are most negative when self-improvement is the motive for comparison and most positive in the downward comparison condition. Ad/product evaluations are also more positive if women engage in downward comparison...
Asleep in the Grass of Arcady: Giulio Campagnola's Dreamer

T HE RAREST FIGURAL VIEW IS THAT involving a protagonist seen from behind, not directing a look outward toward the spectator. One such example is Giulio Campagnola's engraving of a solitary woman in a landscape, seen in a three-quarters rear view (fig. I). Radically stripped of iconographic attributes as it is, this print is less narrative, or even lyrical, in its presence than many pastoral compositions. Here there is no warm, atmospheric, and mellow world of wish-fulfillment as in the Dresden Venus. Giulio offered
Understanding new genetics of male infertility.

ABSTRACTPurpose: Greater than 10% of couples are unable to achieve pregnancy. In at least 30% to 50% of these infertility cases a male factor abnormality is involved. Genetic defects are believed to be the cause of a significant percent of these abnormalities. In fact, defects causing infertility, such as chromosomal disorders and congenital hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis syndromes, have long been recognized. With the development of gene targeting technologies in animal models many genes required for male fertility in animals are known, contributing to our understanding of the etiology of this important health problem. We present not only recognized genetic disorders associated with male infertility, but also its emerging and previously unrecognized genetic etiologies.Materials and Methods: This review is organized to enable the reader to recognize promptly the major types of genetic defects associated with male infertility, their clinical characteristics and appropriate therapeutic approaches. Due t...
TH-C-BRD-11: Robustness of Pencil Beam Scanning Proton Therapy for Pelvic Cancer Under Anatomical Changes

Purpose: Pencil beam scanning (PBS) proton therapy provides excellent dosimetric benefits in pelvic cancer treatment, yet day-to-day anatomical variations in pelvic region tend to cause range uncertainties. This study evaluates the dosimetric robustness under anatomical changes for three PBS intensity-modulated proton therapy (IMPT), IMPT using worstcase robust optimization (thereafter ‘Robust IMPT’), and single-field uniform dose (SFUD), in cervical cancer treatment. Methods: IMPT, Robust IMPT, and SFUD plans using the same beam directions and the same prescription (Rx) were generated on computed tomography (CT) images acquired on the simulation day. The dose from each plan was then recomputed on CT images acquired in subsequent two to five weeks using the same protocol. The weekly CTs were registered to the planning CT based on bony anatomy. Target coverage was considered adequate on each weekly CT if dose to 99% of the internal target volume (D_ITV99%) reached at least 95% of the Rx dose. Statistical analysis was then performed on the 21 weekly CT images available for the 7 enrolled patients. Results: Statistically, IMPT was unable to maintain target coverage (mean D_ITV99% = 90.5% Rx, p = 0.004), and SFUD was able to maintain target coverage (mean D_ITV99% = 98.0% Rx, p = 0.0064), in the weeks following simulation. Robust IMPT was able to improve the robustness of IMPT significantly (p < 0.0001), though its maintenance of target coverage was not statistically significant by the 95% Rx criteria (mean D_ITV99% = 96.0%, p = 0.1677). Conclusion: During the multi-week treatment course with anatomical variations, SFUD is robust in terms of maintaining target coverage while IMPT is not. The worst-case optimized Robust IMPT, assuming ±3.5% range uncertainties, improves the robustness of IMPT under anatomical changes significantly, even though it was not designed to account for anatomical changes by mechanism.
Creating Online Lessons: A Faculty Development Seminar Series

The World Wide Web is being used increasingly to deliver instruction in medical education. Consequently, there is a need to train faculty in developing and implementing online instruction. We developed and implemented a seminar series to teach faculty to create educationally sound, well-designed online instruction. Instruction was delivered to 15 participants via a six-session seminar on developing web-based lessons, supplemented with web-based instruction. First, the participants learned the basics of instructional design via a web-based module. They then completed content outlines for their online lessons prior to the first seminar. Lesson development, web site development and the use of a web-based instructional shell to imp lement the online lessons were each taught in two two-hour sessions. Eight participants developed online lessons and four actually implemented them. Feedback was mostly positive, with suggestions for improvement. All eight participants who completed the series said they would recommend it to their colleagues. Because a longitudinal workshop type of seminar series requires a large amount of participant time outside of class, a six-month seminar series may be too long. It is important at the beginning of the series to help participants select topics suitable for online instruction and to help them narrow their topics. We may change the attendance guidelines so faculty would attend only the session on instructional design and have their staff attend the technical sessions on web site design, HTML editing and online course delivery systems. This would better match the actual practice of faculty designing the instruction and staff developing it.
Thermal neutron activation cross sections for Kr and Xe isotopes

Abstract Quinol-clathrates of Kr and Xe have been used as solid targets for neutron activation for the first time, and 16 (n, γ) cross sections have been determined with thermal neutrons. The epithermal neutron contribution has been taken into account by irradiating Cd covered samples. Four isomer cross-section ratios for Xe isotopes and one for Kr have also been obtained. In the case of Xe isotopes, the spin cut-off parameters are evaluated from the isomer ratios.
Analysis of particles produced during airbag deployment by scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy and their deposition on surrounding surfaces: a mid-research summary

Airbags can be encountered in forensic work when investigating a car crash and are typically constructed with primerlike material to begin the deployment apparatus. The mechanisms of airbag deployment can produce particles ideal for scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDS) analysis. A recent study published by Berk studied airbags with vents and showed that it is possible for particles generated from the deployment of these airbags to deposit on surfaces in the vehicle as the airbags deflate.1 Another paper published by Berk reported particles similar in morphology and composition to primer gunshot residue (GSR) are produced by side impact airbags.2 This paper's aim will be to show mid-point results of a study still in progress in which non-vented airbags were analyzed to determine if they exhibited the same particle depositing features as their vented airbag counterparts. Further investigation in this study is being performed to find more airbags which produce primer gunshot residue-like particles containing lead, barium, and antimony from airbag deployment. To date, the study has resulted in (1) non-vented airbags exhibiting deposition of particles suitable for SEM/EDS analysis and (2) no gunshot residue-like particles being detected from the airbag residues studied thus far.
Dentifrices containing new agents for the control of plaque and gingivitis: microbiological aspects.

Abstract. Antimicrobial agents have been proposed as playing an important role in controlling plaque and gingivitis. Unfortunately, a large number of potential compounds are unsuitable for use in dentifrices because they lack “substantivity”, produce undesirable side-effects, or are incompatible with toothpaste ingredients. New agents that have been successfully incorporated into dentifrices include plant extracts, phenolic compounds and metal salts. Several products are currently being based on the phenol, Triclosan. Triclosan has a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity against yeasts and oral bacteria. To enhance its clinical efficacy, Triclosan has been combined either with a co-polymer or with another compatible antimicrobial agent, zinc citrate. The co-polymer acts to increase the oral retention of Triclosan, and has resulted in further reductions in salivary bacterial counts in vivo. Zinc salts also have antimicrobial activity, and at low concentrations, can inhibit glycolysis and bacterial proteases. In mixed culture chemos-tat studies, Triclosan selectively inhibited Gram-negative periodontopathic bacteria; additive effects were obtained when zinc citrate and Triclosan were combined. In an experimental human gingivitis study, a zinc citrate/Triclosan dentifrice reduced plaque accumulation and gingivitis compared to a placebo paste; the ratio of anaerobic/aerobic bacteria and the proportions of Actinomyces species in plaque were also reduced. The prolonged use of a zinc citrate/Triclosan dentifrice neither significantly altered the ecology of supragingival plaque nor led to the selection of Triclosan-resistant bacteria. The data suggest that dentifrices containing new antimicrobial agents could be of clinical relevance in the prevention and control of plaque and gingivitis.
Development of First Principles Capacity Fade Model for Li-Ion Cells

A first principles-based model has been developed to simulate the capacity fade of Li-ion batteries. Incorporation of a continuous occurrence of the solvent reduction reaction during constant current and constant voltage (CC-CV) charging explains the capacity fade of the battery. The effect of parameters such as end of charge voltage and depth of discharge, the film resistance, the exchange current density, and the over voltage of the parasitic reaction on the capacity fade and battery performance were studied qualitatively. The parameters that were updated for every cycle as a result of the side reaction were state-of-charge of the electrode materials and the film resistance, both estimated at the end of CC-CV charging. The effect of rate of solvent reduction reaction and the conductivity of the film formed were also studied. © 2004 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.
Optimization of nonlinear kernel PCA feature extraction algorithms for automatic target recognition

We present a multi-stage automatic target recognition (ATR) system using a kernel-based PCA (kPCA) for nonlinear feature extraction. The kPCA method uses a nonlinear kernel function to map data onto a higher dimensional space and then performs the PCA in the feature space. An algorithm for inserting kernel PCA into the existing ATR system was designed and various types of kernels were tested and optimized on several testing image sets such as video images of boats in choppy waves or approaching helicopters. We discuss the performance comparisons and trade-offs in using kPCA for ATR operations. kPCA generally outperforms normal PCA in classification accuracy and free-response receiver operating characteristics (FROC).
Microstructure and transport properties of ZnO:Mn diluted magnetic semiconductor thin films

Microstructural studies using transmission electron microscopy were performed on a ZnO:Mn diluted magnetic semiconductor thin film. The high-resolution imaging and electron diffraction reveal that the ZnO:Mn thin film has a high structural quality and is free of clustering/segregated phases. High-angle annular dark field imaging and x-ray diffraction patterns further support the absence of phase segregation in the film. Magnetotransport was studied on the ZnO:Mn samples, and from these measurements, the temperature dependence of the resistivity and magnetoresistance, electron carrier concentration, and anomalous Hall coefficient of the sample is discussed. The anomalous Hall coefficient depends on the resistivity, and from this relation, the presence of the quadratic dependence term supports the intrinsic spin-obit origin of the anomalous Hall effect in the ZnO:Mn thin film.
Nondestructive evaluation of metal and composite targets using an infrared line-scanning technique

A thermal, non-destructive evaluation (NDE) technique has been employed by ThermTech Services, Inc. in cooperation with NASA Langley Research Center that allows for quantitative measurements of wall thickness in steam boilers. By determining the thickness of the walls, one can easily determine how much thinning has occurred due to corrosion. This type of NDE can be applied to the inspection of wings and fuselages on aircraft and spaceflight vehicles including the shuttle. The NDE technique employs the linear movement of a heat source (lamp) and an infrared imager that is situated at a fixed distance behind the heat source. The instruments are aligned on a platform that moves up and down across the outer surface of a test sample. By analyzing the induced surface temperature variations, and processing images collected with the infrared imager, it can be determined where material loss of the tubes has occurred. After an image sequence has been collected, a line-by-line subtraction methodology is utilized to discard irrelevant information so that defects are displayed in a re-created image. The overall goal of this project is to provide a proof of concept for a portable, hand-operated thermographic line scanner that would provide an alternative to the existing mass- and power-intensive instrument that utilizes a cooled infrared imager. In this project, two different microbolometers are first analyzed using different metal- and carbon epoxy-based targets to determine which provides better resolution for detection of subsurface, manufactured defects. The feasibility of using uncooled bolometer technology to support the development of a portable instrument to conduct this type of NDE technique was proven.
Progress in treatment and outcome for children with neonatal haemochromatosis

Aim: To evaluate the role of antioxidant treatment and liver transplantation in the management of neonatal haemochromatosis. Methods: A retrospective review was performed of eight infants with acute liver failure and raised ferritin levels between 1990 and 1998. From 1994, treatment with an antioxidant cocktail (vitamin E, N-acetylcysteine, selenium, prostaglandin E1, and desferrioxamine) was begun once the diagnosis was suspected. Pathological and other findings were reviewed, and outcome before and after antioxidant treatment was evaluated. Results: Median age at presentation was 4 days with median ferritin levels of 4180 µg/l (range 1650–40 000 µg/l; normal range 110–503 µg/l). Three infants presented before 1994. One infant died before liver transplantation from acute liver failure and one from neurological damage after transplantation. The third patient underwent successful transplantation at day 13 and remains well on follow up 8 years later. From 1994, five patients received antioxidant treatment, of whom two responded: both responders started antioxidants earlier (by day 5) than non-responders and had lower peak ferritin levels (< 4200 µg/l) and a milder phenotype. Treatment was continued until ferritin levels were < 500 µg/l. Both children remain well with mean follow up of 42 months, with no recurrence of iron overload. One child showed a partial response to treatment and survived long enough for a liver transplant, but died from graft failure after the transplant. Two children did not respond to antioxidant treatment; both had multiorgan failure and were not listed for transplantation. Only three of the eight patients survived (37.5%) over this time period. Conclusion: Neonatal haemochromatosis can be a fatal disease with > 60% mortality. Early treatment with antioxidant cocktail is beneficial and may be curative in those who present with milder phenotype. Liver transplantation should always be considered at an early stage in non-responders and in children with more severe acute liver failure.
A quality indicator set for systemic lupus erythematosus.

Objective To systematically develop a quality indicator (QI) set for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Methods We used a validated process that combined available scientific evidence and expert consensus to develop a QI set for SLE. We extracted 20 candidate indicators from a systematic literature review of clinical practice guidelines pertaining to SLE. An advisory panel revised and augmented these candidate indicators and, through 2 rounds of voting, arrived at 25 QIs. These QIs advanced to the next phase of the project, in which we employed a modification of the RAND/UCLA Appropriateness Method. A systematic review of the literature was performed for each QI, linking the proposed process of care to potential improved health outcomes. After reviewing this scientific evidence, a second interdisciplinary expert panel convened to discuss the evidence and provide final ratings on the validity and feasibility of each QI. Results The final expert panel rated 20 QIs as both valid and feasible. Areas covered included diagnosis, general preventive strategies (e.g., vaccinations, sun avoidance counseling, and screening for cardiovascular disease), osteoporosis prevention and treatment, drug toxicity monitoring, renal disease, and reproductive health. Conclusion We employed a rigorous multistep approach with systematic literature reviews and 2 expert panels to develop QIs for SLE. This new set of indicators provides an opportunity to assess health care quality in patients with SLE and represents an initial step toward the important goal of improving care in this patient population.
Transcript of initial interview in a case of depression

The subject of this interview is a 41-year-old woman with a diagnosis of ‘Depression’. It provides a typical example of behavioristic history-taking, with its concentration on defining areas of disturbance and determining their stimulus antecedents. It became apparent that while the patient's unsatisfactory life situation accounted to some extent for her current depressed feeling, it was more fundamentally related to feelings of guilt about activities in connection with normal sexual impulses. During her marriage depression had been related to restriction of social activity due to a phobia for people in groups, and sometimes to sexual frustration Two alternative programs for achieving a satisfactory life situation were put before her, and apparently accepted, at least tentatively.
Polycyclic aromatic compounds and saturated hydrocarbons in tissues of flatfish: Insight on environmental exposure

Abstract The concentration of polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) was investigated in muscle, liver and gonad of American plaice and yellowtail flounder collected in the northwest Atlantic. A broader range of PACs was detected in liver than in muscle or gonad of flatfish, including sulphur heterocycles indicative of a source of petroleum hydrocarbons. Lower levels of PACs were observed in ovaries than testes of same size fish and possibly negatively correlated to gonad indices. Different ratios were observed between parental and alkylated PACs, with species, location, tissue or season. The following concentration trend was consistently observed in muscle: NA > C-1NA > C-2NA > C-3NA ≥ C-4NA. Saturated hydrocarbons represented by n-alkanes were analysed in tissues of yellowtail flounder. Muscle and gonads had undetectable concentrations, while livers displayed a fingerprint predominated by biogenic alkanes.
Multivariate Curve Resolution in the Analysis of Vibrational Spectroscopy Data Files

T he ability of chemometric techniques to reduce and resolve large data matrices into responses and corresponding weights of these responses has been shown with a variety of data sets, and there exist a variety of approaches capable of assessing such bilinear data sets measured with vibrational spectroscopy.1–4 We have focused on using a form of principal factor analysis, which uses matrix decomposition as the initial step to generate abstract factors and scores. This initial estimate is then re ned in a second step to produce spectra and intensity matrices. The second step uses an iterative constrained least-squares method referred to as alternating least squares. The technique, which is particularly useful in extracting estimates of pure analyte spectra and concentration pro les from spectral data matrices, is generally referred to
Do caterpillars disperse their damage?: larval foraging behaviour of two specialist herbivores, Euphydryas phaeton (Nymphalidae) and Pieris rapae (Pieridae)

. 1. To examine ecological and evolutionary aspects of caterpillar foraging behaviour, this study focused on observation of the individual foraging behaviour of two lepidopteran species,Pieris rapae L. andEuphydryas phaeton (Drury), on their respective host plants. 2. Periodic observations over the course of a day showed that the larvae move considerable distances, forage on the upper surfaces of leaves, and often immediately leave areas from which they have fed, leaving a pattern of dispersed herbivory. 3. Differences in foraging behaviour were not found between the two species, even though one species is aposematic and the other is cryptically coloured, but there were significant differences in the foraging patterns of P.rapae on the two host plants, broccoli and radish.
The effect of nicotine and related compounds on germination and vacuolation in several species of rust uredospores

Nicotine at 25 to 250 μl −1 stimulated germination of uredospores of Puccinia graminis var. tritici, P. punctiformis, P. coronata, Uromyces phaseoli, U. vignae , but not P. helianthi . Compounds related to nicotine, the 2-cyano, 3-cyano and 4-cyanopyridines, the 2-vinyl and 4-vinyl-pyridines, pyrrole and pyridine, induced different patterns of germination responses among the different rust species. Pyrrolidine was not stimulatory. At high concentrations, 500 and 1000 μl −1 , nicotine induced extensive vacuolation in uredospores of all species except P. punctiformis . Some of the compounds related to nicotine also induced vacuolation. The ability of a compound to induce germination was not always correlated with ability to induce vacuolation. Chemically induced vacuoles absorbed neutral red, indicating an active metabolic uptake of the dye.
Levels of lead in blood and hematocrit: implications for the evaluation of the newborn and anemic patient.

Levels of Lead in Blood and Hematocrit: Implications for the Evaluation of the Newborn and Anemic Patient
The Role of Bystanders in Crime Control

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate and explain the role bystanders play in crime control. We describe the range of bystanders' reactions to crime including nonintervention, indirect intervention, direct intervention, and spontaneous vigilantism, and cite illustrations of each from mass media accounts. Using evidence from social psychological research, we discuss conditions under which each type of reaction would be expected to occur. Evidence is then presented that the mere presence of bystanders capable of surveillance may inhibit the commission of crime. A cyclical model is then discussed in which fear of crime reduces the number of bystanders available for surveillance, decreasing the risks of crime and potentially increasing its occurrence. This model suggests that under certain circumstances crime causes crime and implies that an important factor in the social control of crime is the relative balance between the offender's fear of surveillance and the bystander's fear of crime.