cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Best Value Procurement/Performance Information Procurement System Development

Best Value Procurement/Performance Information Procurement System (BVP/PIPS) has been developed by Dean Kashiwagi and the Performance Based Studies Research Group (PBSRG) from 1991 - 2010. BVP/PIPS is a licensed technology from Arizona State University that includes a deductive logic called Information Measurement Theory (IMT), an industry structure model which shapes the PIPS functions, and a process and structure that transfers risk and control to expert vendors. The BVP/PIPS has gone through numerous stages: the performance information centered PIPS (1994-2001); the PIPS testing phase (2001-2005); and the implementation stage (2005-2009); and the theoretical refinement and standardization of BVP/PIPS technology (2010). BVP/PIPS was introduced into the Netherlands in 2005 by a large general contractor Heijmans, the Rijkeswaterstaat, and aggressively proliferated by Scenter and others. BVP/PIPS usage in the Netherlands is modified to fit within the European procurement law. However, the main advantage of PIPS is the IMT based philosophy of minimized management, direction, and control of expert vendors.
Impact of fabrication errors and refractive index on multilevel diffractive lens performance

Multilevel diffractive lenses (MDLs) have emerged as an alternative to both conventional diffractive optical elements (DOEs) and metalenses for applications ranging from imaging to holographic and immersive displays. Recent work has shown that by harnessing structural parametric optimization of DOEs, one can design MDLs to enable multiple functionalities like achromaticity, depth of focus, wide-angle imaging, etc. with great ease in fabrication. Therefore, it becomes critical to understand how fabrication errors still do affect the performance of MDLs and numerically evaluate the trade-off between efficiency and initial parameter selection, right at the onset of designing an MDL, i.e., even before putting it into fabrication. Here, we perform a statistical simulation-based study on MDLs (primarily operating in the THz regime) to analyse the impact of various fabrication imperfections (single and multiple) on the final structure as a function of the number of ring height levels. Furthermore, we also evaluate the performance of these same MDLs with the change in the refractive index of the constitutive material. We use focusing efficiency as the evaluation criterion in our numerical analysis; since it is the most fundamental property that can be used to compare and assess the performance of lenses (and MDLs) in general designed for any application with any specific functionality.
Microscopic evaluation of pharmaceutical glass container-formulation interactions under stressed conditions.

Abstract Chemical incompatibility of the formulation with glass container can adversely impact the quality of parenteral products. The objective of this study is to investigate formulation-glass interactions at the inner surface of the glass containers that lead to the generation of particulates under stressed conditions (i.e., combinations of high pHs, temperatures and prolonged exposure selected to purposely cause failure of glass containers) using advanced microscopic techniques. The optical, electron microscopy and X-ray spectroscopy were used in tandem to investigate the nature of these interactions at the vial inner surface. These interactions were characterized by surface roughness and reaction zones on the inner surface of the vials and particulates in the formulation using two commercially available pharmaceutical glass containers (Vials 1 and 2). A nanoscale level examination of the inner surface of Vial 1 revealed layers flaking off from the inner surface of the vial resulting in typical particulate generation, while the reaction zone on the inner surface of Vial 2 exhibited a different layered structure. The results suggest that particulates observed in Vials 1 and 2 were generated through different failure modes.
Thermal conductivity mapping of oxidized SiC/SiC composites by time-domain thermoreflectance with heterodyne detection

Silicon carbide silicon carbide (SiC SiC) composites are often used in oxidizing environments at high temperatures. Measurements of the thermal conductance of the oxide layer provide a way to better understand the oxidation process with high spatial resolution. We use time domain thermoreflectance (TDTR) to map the thermal conductance of the oxide layer and the thermal conductivity of the SiC SiC composite with a spatial resolution of 3 {\mu}m. Heterodyne detection using a 50 kHz modulated probe beam and a 10 MHz modulated pump suppresses the coherent pick-up and enables faster data acquisition than what has previously been possible using sequential demodulation. By analyzing the noise of the measured signals, we find that in the limit of small integration time constants or low laser powers, the dominant source of noise is the input noise of the preamplifier. The thermal conductance of the oxide that forms on the fiber region is lower than the oxide on the matrix due to small differences in thickness and thermal conductivity.
Derived Demand, Marketing Margins, and Relationship Between Output and Raw Material Prices

This chapter reviews the historical approach to modeling derived demand for raw materials, with a focus primarily on derived demand for agricultural inputs. This discussion is followed by the presentation of a general model of derived demand that allows one to link the system of consumer demand functions to the corresponding system of derived demand functions for agricultural inputs. The focus is on developing a framework that is theoretically consistent with consumer demand behavior and market intermediary behavior. The Gardner (1975) model develops theoretical implications for a long-run competitive behavior. The Wohlgenant (1989) model is an empirical model used to estimate and test basic tenets of competitive behavior for retail-to-farm price linkage of a complete system of demand functions. Empirical results from Chapter 5 for consumer demand for meats with linkages to other goods are used in the estimation of reduced-form equations for retail and farm prices, thereby linking retail demand to farm-level demand for each of the meat commodities. Tests for symmetry and constant returns to scale show consistency with the Gardner model.
Making a Case for Social Justice and Its Role in Community Colleges

The social contract does not support the progression of women and minorities, but community colleges have been an institution of social change by providing access and opportunities for advancement within the community. Over time community colleges have created opportunities that prepared minorities to become a respected member of society and a potential contributor to the community’s wealth. As time has progressed, the mission of community colleges has not evolved. As a gateway to success for urban communities, community colleges must continue the work on ensuring that the priority is not only access but student success.
A Public Health Agenda for the 2020s

[...]a successful public health movement in the United States must make eliminating systemic racism a top priority. Had the federal government more closely monitored the deceptive advertising campaigns of Purdue Pharma, it could have countered the company's false messages to doctors, preventing tens of thousands of opioid deaths.11 In addition, continuingto allow industry sectors to use developments in science and technology-from digital data collection and precision agriculture to autonomous vehicles-without public accountability enables them to use this knowledge to benefit their bottom lines at the expense of public well-being, a likely cause for health crises of the next decade. [...]our nation needs to strengthen its democracy. According to the American Public Health Association, public health champions the health of all people and communities.
TWO LYTIC FACTORS INVOLVED IN INDUCED SYNERGISTIC HEMOLYSIS IN NORMALLY NONHEMOLYTIC STAPHYLOCOCCI

Smith, Doyle C. (Kansas State University, Manhattan), V. D. Foltz, and T. H. Lord. Two lytic factors involved in induced synergistic hemolysis in normally nonhemolytic staphylococci. J. Bacteriol. 88:1700-1704. 1964.-Synergistic hemolysis of "normally nonhemolytic" staphylococci results from the combination of two factors: Z, produced by hemolytic staphylococci that elaborate a secondary hemolytic zone on blood-agar, and T, produced by nonhemolytic staphylococci. Factors Z and T are produced in supernatant fluids of broth cultures and are detected by the synergistic hemolysis (SH) test. Complete lysis of sheep red cells is observed in the SH test only when both factors Z and T are present. Production of Z and T is greatly enhanced by the presence of 10 or 20% CO(2) during incubation. Both Z and T are heat-stable, withstanding 100 C for 15 min. Neither factor is precipitated by saturated Na(2)SO(4) or (NH(4))(2)SO(4). Hydrogen ion concentrations between pH 5.0 and 8.5 do not exert any effect on the two factors. Factor Z is produced in greater quantity than factor T. It is suggested that factors Z and T are not proteinaceous, enzymatic, or lipid in nature.
Order and non-Fermi-liquid behavior in UCu 4 Pd

We have studied the role of disorder in the non-Fermi-liquid system ${\mathrm{UCu}}_{4}\mathrm{Pd}$ using annealing as a control parameter. Measurement of the lattice parameter indicates that this procedure increases the crystallographic order by rearranging the Pd atoms from the $16e$ to the $4c$ sites. We find that the low-temperature properties depend strongly on annealing. Whereas the non-Fermi-liquid behavior in the specific heat can be observed over a larger temperature range after annealing, the clear non-Fermi-liquid behavior of the resistivity of the unannealed sample below 10 K disappears. We come to the conclusion that this argues against the Kondo disorder model as an explanation for the non-Fermi-liquid properties of both as-prepared and annealed ${\mathrm{UCu}}_{4}\mathrm{Pd}.$
ARE WE WHO WE THINK WE ARE? EPORTFOLIOS AS A TOOL FOR CURRICULUM REDESIGN

This promising practice focuses on the use of ePortfolios for formative assessment in the redesign and development of academic degree programs. The practice aligns with the Connect to Learning (C2L) Design Principles of Inquiry, Reflection, and Integration (IRI), which are nested within C2L’s “Catalyst for Learning” model for successful ePortfolio implementation. In 2011 Northeastern instituted an ePortfolio requirement for students enrolled in the university's Master of Education program. Systematic review of student ePortfolios as a collection informed planning for a 2012 Masters program redesign that began implementation in fall 2013. This redesign includes the articulation of a program vision, program- and concentration-level outcomes, course map with signature assignments designed to evidence outcomes, ePortfolio curricular integration, and shared foundational courses across four concentrations. The program redesign is intended to improve the integration of theory with professional practice; enhance the connection between academic and workplace-based learning; increase value for students in the portfolio development process; create greater outcomes transparency for faculty and students; and support ongoing improvement of the program.
The effect of dementia risk factors on comparative and diagnostic selective reminding norms

Robust comparative and diagnostic norms for the elderly are provided for the Selective Reminding Test (Buschke, 1973). Correcting for factors such as age and education level are appropriate for comparative norms, which are intended for ranking individuals with respect to their age and education matched peers. However, because age and education are both risk factors for dementia, correcting for these factors decreases test sensitivity for detecting dementia. Age- and education-corrected Selective Reminding scores have a sensitivity for detecting dementia that is 28% lower than uncorrected scores. Using information about age in combination with memory scores provided optimal discrimination of dementia. It is concluded that statistically removing the contribution of dementia risk factors from memory test scores can severely decrease discriminative validity for detecting dementia in the elderly. (JINS, 1997, 3, 317–326.)
Incorporation of a decorin biomimetic enhances the mechanical properties of electrochemically aligned collagen threads

Orientational anisotropy of collagen molecules is integral to the mechanical strength of collagen-rich tissues. We have previously reported a novel methodology to synthesize highly oriented electrochemically aligned collagen (ELAC) threads with mechanical properties approaching those of native tendon. Decorin, a small leucine-rich proteoglycan (SLRP), binds to fibrillar collagen and has been suggested to enhance the mechanical properties of tendon. Based on the structure of natural decorin, we have previously designed and synthesized a peptidoglycan (DS-SILY) that mimics decorin both structurally and functionally. In this study, we investigated the effect of the incorporation of DS-SILY on the mechanical properties and structural organization of ELAC threads. The results indicated that the addition of DS-SILY at a molar ratio of 30:1 (collagen:DS-SILY) significantly enhanced the ultimate stress and ultimate strain of the ELAC threads. Furthermore, differential scanning calorimetry revealed that the addition of DS-SILY at a molar ratio of 30:1 resulted in a more thermally stable collagen structure. However, addition of DS-SILY at a higher concentration (10:1 collagen:DS-SILY) yielded weaker threads with mechanical properties comparable to collagen control threads. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that the addition of DS-SILY at a higher concentration (10:1) resulted in pronounced aggregation of collagen fibrils. More importantly, these aggregates were not aligned along the long axis of the ELAC, thereby compromising the overall tensile properties of the material. We conclude that incorporation of an optimal amount of DS-SILY is a promising approach to synthesize mechanically competent collagen-based biomaterials for tendon tissue engineering applications.
Sub-optical wavelength acoustic wave modulation of integrated photonic resonators at microwave frequencies

Light–sound interactions have long been exploited in various acousto-optic devices based on bulk crystalline materials. Conventionally, these devices operate in megahertz frequency range where the acoustic wavelength is much longer than the optical wavelength and a long interaction length is required to attain significant coupling. With nanoscale transducers, acoustic waves with sub-optical wavelengths can now be excited to induce strong acousto-optic coupling in nanophotonic devices. Here we demonstrate microwave frequency surface acoustic wave transducers co-integrated with nanophotonic resonators on piezoelectric aluminum nitride substrates. Acousto-optic modulation of the resonance modes at above 10 GHz with the acoustic wavelength significantly below the optical wavelength is achieved. The phase and modal matching conditions in this scheme are investigated for efficient modulation. The new acousto-optic platform can lead to novel optical devices based on nonlinear Brillouin processes and provides a direct, wideband link between optical and microwave photons for microwave photonics and quantum optomechanics. Acousto-optic modulators use acoustic waves to control light on a chip. Here, the authors achieve modulation in nanophotonic resonators using microwave frequency surface acoustic waves with wavelength smaller than the optical wavelength towards highly integrated devices on silicon.
Optical system design for a lunar optical interferometer

The moon offers particular advantages for interferometry, including a vacuum environment, a large stable base on which to assemble multi-kilometer baselines, and a cold nighttime temperature to allow for passive cooling of optics for high IR sensitivity. A baseline design for a Lunar Optical Interferometer (LOI) which exploits these features is presented. The instrument operates in the visible to mid-IL region, and is designed for both astrometry and synthesis imaging. The design uses a Y-shaped array of 12 siderostats, with maximum arm lengths of about 1 km. The inner siderostats are monitored in three dimensions from a central laser metrology structure to allow for high precision astrometry. The outer siderostats, used primarily for synthesis imaging, exploit the availability of bright reference stars in order to determine the instrument geometry. The path delay function is partitioned into coarse and fine components, the former accomplished with switched banks of range mirrors monitored with an absolute laser metrology system, and the latter with a short cat's eye delay line. The back end of the instrument is modular, allowing for beam combiners for astrometry, visible and IR synthesis imaging, and direct planet detection. With 1 m apertures, the instrument will have a point-source imaging sensitivity of about 29 mag; with the laser metrology system, astrometry at the microarcsecond level will be possible.
Tendon transfers about the hallux.

Hallux varus can occur for a variety of reasons. It most commonly occurs as an iatrogenic deformity after bunion correction. Less commonly, it is the result of inflammatory or neurologic processes, su...
An optical method for the determination of the isotopic composition of 1H2O2H2O mixtures: Eu3+ luminescence lifetimes

Abstract A spectroscopic method employing pulsed dye laser instrumentation is described for the determination of the 1 H 2 O 2 H 2 O composition of aqueous solutions by the measurement of reciprocal excited state lifetimes of EuEDTA − . The reciprocal lifetimes, τ −1 , of the 1 H 2 O 2 H 2 O mixtures increase linearly with the mole fraction of 1 H 2 O. For EuEDTA − the relationship between τ − and the mole fraction, χ H , of 1 H 2 O in 1 H 2 O 2 H 2 O mixtures is expressed by the equation χ H = 0.37 τ −1 − 0.152, with a sensitivity in χ H of ± 0.02. The reciprocal lifetimes are independent of pH in the range 5.1 to 10.5, changes in ionic strength, and the type of buffer used in EuEDTA − containing solutions.
The Rat 17β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type III: Molecular Cloning and Gonadotropin Regulation

17β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17βHSD), the enzyme that catalyzes the final step of testosterone biosynthesis in the testis, was cloned from a rat Leydig cell complementary DNA library to gain insights into the functional requirements, activation mechanisms, and molecular regulation. The 17βHSD complementary DNA encoded 306 amino acids (molecular mass of 33.7 kDa) and displayed 75% and 85% amino acid sequence homology to the human and mouse 17βHSD type III enzymes, respectively. Northern analysis revealed a single 1.4-kb messenger RNA (mRNA) species in rat Leydig cells, whereas ovarian mRNA was detected only by RT-PCR amplification. The cloned 17βHSD expressed in mammalian cell lines specifically catalyzed the reductive reaction in androgen formation with androstenedione as the preferred substrate. This reaction was significantly reduced in the absence of glucose. Expression of the endogenous 17βHSD gene in rat Leydig cells was inhibited by a single dose of hCG in vivo, with maximum reduction of steady...
Temperature Sensor Placement Errors in institutional Size Retort Pouches

Improper positioning of the temperature-measuring device in institutional size retort pouches containing low acid, conduction heating foods was examined for changes in the perceived process time, Numerical technqiues were used to predict process time by the improved general method at various positions in the infinite slab region. Regression models were developed for the prediction of process time and used to identify the factors which significantly interacted with position of the temperature measuring device. Positioning was not critical within a small range near the center of the slab. A positioning accuracy of ±0.318 –±0.32 cm around the center of pouches having a thickness of greater than 1.3 cm did not significantly change the determined process time. This range tolerance increased as slab thickness increased.
Citations, references and the growth of scientific literature: A model of dynamic interaction

A mathematical model is presented which explains the observed exponential growth rates of citations and references in a scientific discipline. The independent variables are the growth rate of the number of articles published and the decay rate of citation of old literature. It is shown how the parameters of the model can be estimated.
Physiological Limitations and Potential for Improvement in Gastrointestinal Tract Function of Poultry

Abstract At time of hatching, chicks and poults are not completely prepared to their new nutritional environment. Hatchlings must make a rapid transition from a dependence on egg contents as a source of nourishment to a reliance on a relatively complex diet. Concurrently, young poultry must complete the physical and functional development of the gastrointestinal tract, including increase in tissue mass and composition, synthesis and secretion of digestive enzymes, absorption of nutrients, and gut-associated immune competence. New developments in biotechnology, especially in the areas of production of transgenic plants and animals, offer opportunities to improve the nutritional status and well-being of young poultry.
Genetic composition of social groups influences male aggressive behaviour and fitness in natural genotypes of Drosophila melanogaster.

Indirect genetic effects (IGEs) describe how an individual's behaviour—which is influenced by his or her genotype—can affect the behaviours of interacting individuals. IGE research has focused on dyads. However, insights from social networks research, and other studies of group behaviour, suggest that dyadic interactions are affected by the behaviour of other individuals in the group. To extend IGE inferences to groups of three or more, IGEs must be considered from a group perspective. Here, I introduce the ‘focal interaction’ approach to study IGEs in groups. I illustrate the utility of this approach by studying aggression among natural genotypes of Drosophila melanogaster. I chose two natural genotypes as ‘focal interactants’: the behavioural interaction between them was the ‘focal interaction’. One male from each focal interactant genotype was present in every group, and I varied the genotype of the third male—the ‘treatment male’. Genetic variation in the treatment male's aggressive behaviour influenced the focal interaction, demonstrating that IGEs in groups are not a straightforward extension of IGEs measured in dyads. Further, the focal interaction influenced male mating success, illustrating the role of IGEs in behavioural evolution. These results represent the first manipulative evidence for IGEs at the group level.
Meso-[2.2]paracyclophanyltriphenylporphyrin: A simple representative of cyclophanylporphyrins

(R + S)Meso-[2.2]Paracyclophanyltriphenylporphyrin 3, a member of a novel class of cyclophanylporphyrins, was obtained and characterized by spectroscopic and electrochemical methods. Compared to meso-tetra[2.2]paracyclophanylporphyrin 1, it represents a simplified structure designed for the investigation of electronic interactions between the [2.2]paracyclophane moiety and porphyrin core and for use in metallation reactions.
Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow during Gas-Metal-Arc Fillet Welding for Various Joint Configurations and Welding Positions

Gas-metal-arc (GMA) fillet welding is one of the most commonly used welding processes in the industry. This welding process is characterized by the complex joint geometry, a deformable weld pool surface, and the addition of hot metal droplets. In this work, a three-dimensional numerical heat-transfer and fluid-flow model is developed to capture the effects of the tilt angle of the fillet joint and the welding positions, i.e., V, L, and other configurations on the temperature profiles, velocity fields, weld pool shape, weld pool free surface profile, thermal cycles, and cooling rates during GMA welding in spray mode. The governing equations of conservation of mass, momentum, and energy are solved using a boundary fitted curvilinear coordinate system. The weld pool free surface deformation is calculated by minimizing the total surface energy. A dimensional analysis is performed to understand the importance of heat transfer by conduction and convection and the role of various driving forces on convection in the liquid weld pool. The computed shape and size of the fusion zone, finger penetration characteristic of the GMA welds, and the solidified free surface profile are in fair agreement with the corresponding experimental results. The calculated cooling rates are also in good agreement with independent experimental data. The results reported here indicate a significant promise for understanding the effect of joint orientations and welding positions on weld pool shape, size, and the cooling rates based on fundamental principles of transport phenomena.
Co-localized Crassostrea virginica and Crassostrea ariakensis oysters differ in bioaccumulation, retention and depuration of microbial indicators and human enteropathogens.

Aims: To evaluate the bioaccumulation, retention and depuration rates of nine pathogens and surrogates when two oyster species were co-localized in tanks of seawater. Methods and Results: Crassostrea ariakensis (n = 52) and Crassostrea virginica (n = 52) were exposed to five virus types, two protozoan and two microsporidian species for 24 h. Oysters were then placed in depuration tanks, and subsets were removed and analysed for micro-organisms at weekly intervals. The odds of C. ariakensis oysters harbouring mouse norovirus-1 (MNV-1), human norovirus (NoV) or haepatitis A virus (HAV) were significantly greater than the odds of C. virginica oysters harbouring the same viruses (MNV-1 OR = 5·05, P = 0·03; NoV OR = 6·97, P = 0·01; HAV OR = 7·40, P < 0·001). Additionally, compared to C. virginica, C. ariakensis retained significantly higher numbers of transmissive stages of all protozoan and microsporidian species (P < 0·01). Crassostrea ariakensis oysters are also capable of retaining multiple human pathogens for at least 1 month. Conclusions: Crassostrea ariakensis oysters were statistically more likely to harbour enteropathogens and microbial indicators, compared to C. virginica. Individual C. ariakensis were also statistically more likely to retain multiple viruses, protozoa and microsporidia than C. virginica, highlighting the role the species may play in the transmission of multiple diseases. Significance and Impact of the Study: Nonnative Crassostrea ariakensis oysters are under review for their introduction into the Chesapeake Bay. The results of this study suggest that nonnative C. ariakensis oysters may present a serious public health threat to people consuming the oysters raw from contaminated sites.
A contextual analysis of the development and diffusion of depreciation accounting at the Bell System, 1910–37

Managerial accounting innovations often follow new technologies, products or services because new businesses operate in environments that lack established guidelines for the collection and analysis of essential accounting information. The current paper examines the influence of the social and political context on the development, presentation and reception of an accounting innovation by the Bell System, group depreciation. Following the mildly confrontational Progressive years, the 1920s generally provided a pro-business and pro-specialist environment that allowed the firm to develop its innovative methodologies uncontested. During this time, group depreciation, a statistically based methodology, transitioned from accounting innovation to accepted practice. However, during the Depression the relationship between government and industry altered and regulators intervened in ways that acted to the detriment of the firm.
Mixed-integer linear programming for transition-independent decentralized MDPs

Markov decision process (MDP) provides a framework for computing optimal policies for individual agents operating in uncertain environments. However, extending single-agent MDP techniques to multiagent problems is not straightforward. Previous complexity analyses have shown that the general decentralized Markov decision process (Dec-MDP) is NEXP-complete, which means that optimally solving a Dec-MDP is extremely difficult. The class of problems studied in this paper is a subclass of Dec-MDP in which two or more cooperative agents are tied together through the rewards of completing joint tasks but the actions taken by one agent do not impact other agents' transitions. Although this reduces the complexity class to NP-complete [4], efficiently solving such transition independent Dec-MDPs is still nontrivial.
Functional morphology of the amphipod mandible

While several features of the amphipod body are used both to classify and estimate phylogenetic relationships of species, little is understood of the functional significance of most of these features. The amphipod mandible consists of a compact coxa bearing a toothed incisor orientated to cut in the transverse plane of the body, a row of lifting spines leading dorsally to a molar designed for crushing. The basic pattern is retained in those groups where microphagy is important. Modifications include reduction of the incisor, loss of the lifting spines, reduction or loss of the molar, or all of these. In several families the mandible is maintained unmodified; in others most genera possess mandibles of the basic pattern but one or two modifications can be seen in a small number of genera. In a few families the basic form is retained in only one or two genera, while several different modifications are seen in the majority of the others. Finally, several families have lost all vestige of the basic mandible pa...
Open surgical repair of children less than 13 years old with lower extremity vascular injury

Purpose We sought to review the diagnosis and treatment of children with lower extremity vascular injury. Methods We performed a query of our vascular surgery database from 1996 through 2002 to determine those with lower extremity vascular injuries requiring surgery who were also less than 13 years of age. Patient demographics, presentation, cause, surgical specifics, and outcome were sought. Results Six children (2 girls and 4 boys) with an average age of 6.8 years (range, 2–9 years) were found. The causes were 3 blunt injuries, 2 iatrogenic injuries, and 1 penetrating injury. Associated injuries were common. There were 3 femoral and 3 popliteal artery injuries. Two were pseudoaneurysms (common femoral and popliteal artery), and 4 were acute occlusions, of which 3 experienced a delay in diagnosis. There was one primary below-knee amputation. Four reverse vein bypasses were performed, and one vein patch repair of a pseudoaneurysm was performed. Generally, 7 to 9 O interrupted Prolene (Ethicon, Inc, Somerville, NJ) repairs were performed. A delay in diagnosis (2 blunt injuries) resulted in 2 major amputations and 1 insensate foot. Four reconstructions are functioning with viable limbs (follow-up, 5–49 months). An associated brain injury resulted in the only death. Conclusions Vascular blunt injury is especially insidious in children. However, an aggressive approach of vascular repair, even extensive bypasses with reverse vein, will allow limb salvage in the absence of a diagnostic delay.
Inhibition of human polymorphonuclear leukocyte cell responses by ibuprofen

The stimulation of cell swelling, cell aggregation, polymorphonuclear leukocyte locomotion, and lysosomal enzyme release in response to chemoattractant were all inhibited by ibuprofen, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent. The dosages needed to induce 50% inhibition (ID50) were 5.9, 7.6, 60, and 95 μg/mL, respectively. Aside from the differences in ID50, there was also a difference in the degree of maximum inhibition (Imax) of the complement C5a-stimulated responses observed, so that at achievable serum drug concentrations of 20-50 μg/mL, inhibition of 67-78% for cell swelling, 69-82% for cell aggregation, 20-35% for migration response, and 17-38% for lysosomal enzyme release were demonstrated. Also observed were a minor stimulatory effect on nitroblue tetrazolium reduction and an inhibitory effect on the ability to kill Staphylococcus aureus, but only at very high concentrations (∼2 mg/mL).
Abstract 2254: FIP200 regulation by hypoxia in brain endothelial cells

Angiogenesis is a prominent characteristic of glioblastoma tumors. Hypoxia occurs in glioblastoma tumors and is thought to promote angiogenesis largely through a HIF-dependent mechanism. The effect of hypoxia on survival proteins expressed by endothelial cells (ECs), such as focal adhesion kinase interacting protein of 200kDa (FIP200, also known as RB1CC1), has received little attention. We recently reported that the expression of FIP200 is increased in the angiogenic endothelial cells of glioblastoma tumors. FIP200 can promote cell survival through its promotion of autophagy, or by inhibiting Pyk2 activation and Pyk2-mediated apoptosis. We found that hypoxia upregulated FIP200 protein expression and that this upregulation of FIP200 was independent of the downregulation of ARNT, suggesting it was HIF-independent. We then examined the post-translational modification of FIP200 and whether it was differentially regulated in hypoxia. We found that FIP200 is degraded in the proteosome in normoxia, and that there may be alterations in the proteosomal degradation pathway in hypoxia that contribute, in part, to the elevated FIP200 protein level. Understanding the mechanism for the increased expression of FIP200 in hypoxia may provide future therapeutic targets for new anti-angiogenic therapy. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2254. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-2254
Ballistic and non-ballistic gas flow through ultrathin nanopores.

We show that ultrathin porous nanocrystalline silicon membranes exhibit gas permeance that is several orders of magnitude higher than other membranes. Using these membranes, gas flow obeying Knudsen diffusion has been studied in pores with lengths and diameters in the tens of nanometers regime. The components of the flow due to ballistic transport and transport after reflection from the pore walls were separated and quantified as a function of pore diameter. These results were obtained in pores made in silicon. We demonstrate that changing the pore interior to carbon leads to flow enhancement resulting from a change in the nature of molecule–pore wall interactions. This result confirms previously published flow enhancement results obtained in carbon nanotubes.
Voltammetric Studies of Counterion Diffusion in the Monodisperse Sulfonated Polystyrene Latex

Steady-state voltammetry for the reduction of hydrogen ion at a Pt microelectrode was carried out in an aqueous suspension of a monodisperse sulfonated polystyrene latex with hydrogen ion as counterion to the latex particles. The measured transport-limited current for the reduction of the hydrogen ion was related to the gradient-diffusion coefficient of the hydrogen ion over a wide range of concentration of inert, 1:1 electrolyte. The gradient-diffusion coefficient for hydrogen ion in the deionized, ordered latex crystal was less than 1/40th of the value found without the latex. Addition of a 100-fold excess of electrolyte (with respect to hydrogen ion concentration) resulted in a value for the gradient-diffusion coefficient close to that without the latex. A neutral molecule, 4-hydroxy-TEMPO, oxidized anodically in the suspension under these same conditions yielded transport-limited currents that were little affected by changes in salt concentration. This suggests that most of the hydrogen ions are elect...
Electronic Journals: Cataloging and Management Practices in Academic Libraries

The growth and availability of electronic journals offer libraries the opportunity to provide end users with quick and easy access to more journals than ever before, thereby creating a complex new workload in academic libraries. Libraries have addressed the evolving challenges unique to electronic resources by creating new policies and workflows and dedicating staff to work on the processes, despite the lack of best practices. In the fall of 2009, a survey was distributed to ninety-five libraries at peer institutions to gather information about their policies and practices for cataloging and managing electronic journals in order to gauge the current status of electronic journal management among these peer institutions. This paper reports on the survey findings related to cataloging approach, sources for bibliographic records, methods for identifying problems, and the staff and staff hours dedicated to electronic journals.
Diffuse lymphoplasmacytic acalculous cholecystitis: a distinctive form of chronic cholecystitis associated with primary sclerosing cholangitis.

Inflammation of the gallbladder is known to occur in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC). However, the histological features of this form of cholecystitis have not been adequately defined. The aim of this study was to compare the inflammatory lesions of PSC-associated cholecystitis with those present in other cholecystopathies. The cases consisted of 11 gallbladders from patients with PSC who underwent liver transplantation. As controls, gallbladders from liver transplant patients with primary biliary cirrhosis (n = 4) and other chronic nonbiliary hepatopathies (n = 8), and 13 cholecystectomies from patients with chronic cholecystitis with (n = 10) and without (n = 3) lithiasis, were studied. The following histological features were tabulated on coded slides: presence, depth of involvement, and distribution of the inflammatory infiltrate, predominant cell type, presence of lymphoid aggregates, epithelial damage, metaplastic changes (pyloric or intestinal), fibrosis, smooth muscle hypertrophy, and presence of Rokitansky-Aschoff sinuses. At variance with the wide range of histological abnormalities present in other forms of chronic cholecystitis, most PSC-related cholecystitis showed a diffuse infiltrate (6 of 11) rich in plasma cells (6 of 11) predominantly confined to the lamina propria (9 of 11). The combination of these three features was present exclusively in PSC (5 of 11 PSC cholecystitis compared with 0 of 25 controls; P = .001). In conclusion, this study suggests that a characteristic form of cholecystitis may develop in patients with PSC.
On the Relation Between Metaphor and Simile: When Comparison Fails

Since Aristotle, many writers have treated metaphors and similes as equals: any metaphor can be paraphrased as a simile, and vice-versa. This property of metaphors is the basis for psycholinguistic comparison theories of metaphor comprehension. However, if metaphors cannot always be paraphrased as similes, then comparison theories must be abandoned. The different forms of a metaphor — the comparison and categorical forms — have different referents. In comparison form, the metaphor vehicle refers to the literal concept, e.g. ' in my lawyer is like a shark ' , the term ' shark ' refers to the literal fi sh. In categorical form, ' my lawyer is a shark ' , ' shark ' refers to an abstract (metaphorical) category of predatory creatures. This difference in reference makes it possible for a metaphor and its corresponding simile to differ (a) in interpretability and (b) in meaning. Because a metaphor cannot always be understood in terms of its corresponding simile, we conclude that comparison theories of metaphor are fundamentally fl awed.
Long‐Run Diversification Potential in Emerging Stock Markets

In this paper we use cointegration tests to examine the long-run diversification potential of 13 emerging capital markets. The Johansen [18] and Johansen and Juselius [19] cointegration procedures are applied to the U.S. and 13 emerging capital markets in three geographical regions of the world. None of the three regions examined possesses cointegrated markets. The lack of cointegration indicates that the correlation between returns from each market is independent of the investment horizon Return correlations using weekly data correspond to the long-run investment horizon correlation. Correlations among the returns from these countries are low on average and occasionally negative. The apparent independence of markets within these three emerging regions suggests that diversification across these countries is effective.
STUDIES ON FAT METABOLISM. III. LIPEMIA INDUCED BY INTRAVENOUS FAT ADMINISTRATION

The study of the removal of fat from the blood after inducing lipemia by oral administration is hindered by the fact that lipemia in these cases is a resultant of two processes: passage of fat into the blood and from the blood into the tissues. The passage of fat into the blood is a complicated process depending upon the motility of the bowel, and upon the rate of digestion and absorption of the fat which in turn depends upon nervous and hormonal factors controlling bile secretion, bile evacuation, pancreatic secretion, etc. Therefore conclusions as to the rate of removal of fat from the blood must be drawn in such experiments with caution (1). In investigating the effects of various physiological factors on alimentary lipemia it is difficult to insure standard conditions under which the passage of fat into the blood is sufficiently uniform. To eliminate this difficulty and to obtain more uniform standards by which to evaluate the effect of influencing factors, in these experiments, we introduced the fat ...
Contact deformation and stress in orthotropic plates

Contact loading of orthotropic plates is of interest in impact problems of composite materials. A review of the literature shows that the major features of contact loading of an orthotropic half space can be determined, but that the connection between these results and the problem of contact loading of finite thickness plates is relatively unexplored. It is found that the pressure distribution of the half space problem can be used in conjunction with the elasticity solution of Pagano and Srinivas and Rao for transverse pressure loading of simply supported orthotropic plates, with an empirical modification of the peak pressure value. The entire stress, strain, and deformation field can then be calculated throughout the plate. Examples show the relative importance of the contact stresses relative to the overall bending stresses.
Phosphorylation of proteins in cucumber exudates and evidence for protein kinase activity

Summary Proteins and their phosphorylation were examined in cucumber exudates collected from transversely cut internodes. In vitro phosphorylation with [γ- 32 P]ATP was Ca 2+ -dependent and was inhibited by protein kinase inhibitors, but it was not affected by the phosphatase inhibitor okadaic acid. Results indicate that a signal transport system in cucumber phloem may involve protein phosphorylation. There is evidence for the presence in cucumber exudates of both serine/threonine kinase and soluble phosphatase, but the phosphatase is not type 1 or 2 a.
Evaluation of acrylate-based block copolymers prepared by atom transfer radical polymerization as matrices for paclitaxel delivery from coronary stents.

Acrylate-based block copolymers, synthesized by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) processes, were evaluated as drug delivery matrices for the controlled release of paclitaxel from coronary stents. The polymers were multiblock copolymers consisting of poly(butyl acrylate) or poly(lauryl acrylate) soft blocks and hard blocks composed of poly(methyl methacrylate), poly(isobornyl acrylate), or poly(styrene) homo- or copolymers. Depending on the ratio of hard to soft blocks in the copolymers, coating formulations were produced that possessed variable elastomeric properties, resulting in stent coatings that maintained their integrity when assessed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) imaging of overexpanded stents. In vitro paclitaxel release kinetics from coronary stents coated with these copolymers typically showed an early burst followed by sustained release behavior, which permitted the elution of the majority of the paclitaxel over a 10-day time period. It was determined that neither the nature ...
Fiber-optic fluorometer signal enhancement and application to biosensor design

Fiber-optic fluorescence spectroscopy is currently the focus of active research because of the high sensitivity of fluorimetry and capacity for remote analysis with optical fibers. It is shown here that a further increase in sensitivity can be achieved by placing a mirror within a few fiber diameters of the distal end of the optical fiber in a solution of flourophore. A potentially four-fold signal enhancement results which is due to an increase in the excitation intensity as well as the reflection of the collected emitted light. The enhancement is shown to be dependent on the pathlength and concentration of the fluorophore, as well as the numerical aperture and core diameter of the optical fiber. The limit of detection of the fluorometer, which incorporates a mirror, is nanomolar dye concentrations, with the maximum response in path lengths of dye that are in the order of 6 fiber diameters. This principle can be applied to the design of optical sensors for continuously monitoring the concentration of specific biochemicals, and a conceptual design for such a sensor is described. A mathematical model is presented which describes the fluorescence output signal of a fiber-optic flourometer which incorporates a mirror.
Cell-free translation in lysates from Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) cells.

Abstract 1. 1. Conditions for in vitro translation of mRNA in cell-free extracts from cultured Spodoptera frugiperda cells were defined. 2. 2. Incorporation of [ 35 S]methionine into acid-precipitable material increased for approximately 1 hr, and was sensitive to the protein synthesis inhibitors pactamycin and cycloheximide. 3. 3. Micrococcal nuclease-treated lysate, primed with purified rabbit globin mRNA, synthesized a major protein with the size of full length globin, indicating that the lysate supported correct initiation and elongation of polypeptides.
An Integrated Conceptual Framework for Adapting Forest Management Practices to Alternative Futures

This paper proposes an integrated, conceptual framework that forest managers can use to simulate the multiple objectives/indicators of sustainability for different spatial patterns of forest management practices under alternative futures, rank feasible (affordable) treatment patterns for forested areas, and determine if and when it is advantageous to adapt or change the spatial pattern over time for each alternative future. The latter is defined in terms of three drivers: economic growth; land use policy; and climate change. Four forest management objectives are used to demonstrate the framework, minimizing wildfire risk and water pollution and maximizing expected net return from timber sales and the extent of potential wildlife habitat. The fuzzy technique for preference by similarity to the ideal solution is used to rank the feasible spatial patterns for each subperiod in a planning horizon and alternative future. The resulting rankings for subperiods are used in a passive adaptive management procedure to determine if and when it is advantageous to adapt the spatial pattern over subperiods. One of the objectives proposed for the conceptual framework is simulated for the period 2010–2059, namely, wildfire risk, as measured by expected residential losses from wildfire in the wildland-urban interface for Flathead County, Montana.