cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Noninfectious Inflammation in Cataract Surgery

Intraocular inflammation following cataract surgery is commonly seen. However, the majority of these cases have a mild transient inflammation. More severe or persistent postoperative inflammation can lead to significant complications such as corneal decompensation, glaucoma, chronic uveitis, and cystoid macular edema. There are multiple causes of anterior segment inflammation following cataract surgery. Primary among these are inflammation secondary to the surgical procedure itself and complications related to the cataract surgery. Toxic anterior segment syndrome or TASS is an acute, sterile postoperative inflammation secondary to a toxic insult in the anterior chamber of the eye following otherwise unremarkable cataract surgery. The most common findings are diffuse, limbus to limbus corneal edema and significant anterior chamber inflammation with hypopyon formation and fibrin. Lastly, iris and pupillary abnormalities can be seen secondary to TASS with subsequent secondary glaucoma. The most common etiologic causes of TASS are problems with instruments, cleaning, and sterilization as well as issues with fluids or medications used intraocularly during surgery. Subacute or chronic postoperative inflammation may occur in cases of delayed-onset TASS. In addition, uveitis-glaucoma-hyphema (UGH) syndrome can also occur secondary to mechanical trauma from sulcus-fixated intraocular lenses. Lens-induced inflammation including phacoantigen uveitis or other lens-induced inflammatory diseases may occur with a delayed onset following cataract surgery. In conclusion, inflammation following cataract surgery is seen very commonly and can range from mild and transient to severe and chronic. It is important to recognize potential sources of postoperative inflammation and to direct therapy to calm the inflammation and to treat the inciting etiological factors. Lastly, it is critical to rule out possible infectious etiologies that can cause increased postoperative inflammation.
Application of the VIRGO taxonomy to differentiate acute myocardial infarction in young women.

Abstract Background A sex-specific taxonomy was developed from the Variation in Recovery: Role of Gender Outcomes of Young AMI patients (VIRGO) study to better classify young women with AMI who received cardiac catheterization. We aim to determine whether this taxonomy is advantageous to the Universal Definition. Methods We conducted a single-center retrospective chart review of consecutive women aged ≤55 years presenting with AMI between 1/1/2013 to 9/1/2016 who underwent cardiac catheterization during the index admission. The proportion of women classified using the Universal Definition of MI and VIRGO classification systems were compared. Results Among women with AMI who underwent cardiac catheterization (n = 177), using the Universal Definition of MI, 68.4% were classified as Type 1, 11.9% as Type 2, and 2.3% as Type 4b; 17.5% were unclassified. Using the VIRGO taxonomy, most (68.4%) were classified as Class I (thrombosis/critical stenosis). The remaining patients were stratified by the presence of obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD) with demand (Class IIa: 4.0%) and without demand (Class IIb: 2.3%) versus non-obstructive CAD with demand (Class IIIa: 6.8%) and without demand (Class IIIb: 10.2%). Alternative discreet mechanisms (Class IV) were seen in 7.3%. Only 1.1% was unclassified. Conclusions In a cohort of young women with AMI, 1 in 3 patients who underwent cardiac catheterization did not exhibit the classic mechanism of plaque disruption/thrombosis. By comparison, the VIRGO taxonomy classified more young women and further distinguished presentations within categories of the Universal Definition of MI. Application of this nuanced taxonomy may support the development of individualized diagnostic and treatment strategies in young women with AMI.
Exposure to Copper Oxide Nanoparticles and Arsenic Causes Intergenerational Effects on Rice (Oryza sativa japonica Koshihikari) Seed Germination and Seedling Growth.

Offspring generation (F1) rice (Oryza sativa japonica Koshihikari) seed germination and seedling growth tests were conducted for 18 d to investigate intergenerational effects of arsenic (As) and copper oxide nanoparticles (nCuO), with seeds harvested from a life cycle study exposed to As (0 and 10 mg/kg) and nCuO (0, 0.1, 1.0, 10, 50, and 100 mg/L). Seed germination and seedling growth of F1 plants were influenced by treatments experienced by parent generation (F0) plants (p < 0.05). Seeds produced from plants in F0 treatment with nCuO 50 mg/L had the lowest germination percentage and shortest seedling shoot length and root length in F1 control (F1C) and As at 10 mg/kg (F1As) alone treatments (p < 0.05). The shoot length and root length were decreased, whereas the number of root branches was increased in F1As treatment compared with F1C (p < 0.001). Interaction of As and nCuO also caused differential seed germination and seedling growth at various nCuO concentrations in quasi-F0 treatment (seeds receiving the same exposure as F0 plants; p < 0.05). Copper and As uptake in F1C seedlings were not affected by seeds' F0 exposure; this indicated that the transgenerational effects on rice seedling growth were not dependent on total Cu or As uptake in seedlings. The enhanced effects on seedlings from quasi-F0 treatment were influenced by additional exposure to nCuO and As that also interacted to affect Cu and As uptake in seedlings. Environ Toxicol Chem 2019;38:1978-1987. © 2019 SETAC.
Crucial Roles of the Arp2/3 Complex during Mammalian Corticogenesis

The polarity and organization of radial glial cells (RGCs), which serve as both stem cells and scaffolds for neuronal migration, are crucial for cortical development. However, the cytoskeletal mechanisms that drive radial glial outgrowth and maintain RGC polarity remain poorly understood. Here, we show that the Arp2/3 complex, the unique actin nucleator that produces branched actin networks, plays essential roles in RGC polarity and morphogenesis. Disruption of the Arp2/3 complex in RGCs retards process outgrowth toward the basal surface and impairs apical polarity and adherens junctions. Whereas the former is correlated with abnormal actin-based leading edge, the latter is consistent with blockage in membrane trafficking. These defects result in altered cell fate, disrupted cortical lamination and abnormal angiogenesis. In addition, we present evidence that the Arp2/3 complex is a cell-autonomous regulator of neuronal migration. Our data suggest that Arp2/3-mediated actin assembly may be particularly important for neuronal cell motility in soft or poorly adhesive matrix environment.
Impact of Woody Breast Severity on the Sensory Properties and Acceptability of Chicken Products

ObjectivesThe woody breast (WB) myopathy has caused economic losses in excess of $200 million annually to the poultry industry due to undesirable textural attributes and decreased functionality. This hardened muscle is also associated with other undesirable traits, such as white striping. This research was conducted to evaluate the impact of WB severity and genetic strain on consumer acceptability and sensory attributes of baked and fried broiler breast meat and elucidate the consumer acceptability of tumble-marinated, fajita meat made from broilers with normal (NOR), moderate (MOD) and severe (SEV) WB meat.Materials and MethodsFor descriptive analysis (n = 7 panelists, 10 panels) on baked and fried chicken, 3 × 5 factorial arrangements within randomized complete block designs with four replications were utilized to evaluate three severities of woody breast and the five different genetic strains that are most commonly used in the poultry industry. When significant differences (P 0.05) in acceptability among genetic strains in baked or fried chicken breasts. The baked chicken consumer panelists were divided into 7 distinct clusters based on their sensory evaluation ratings. Cluster analysis indicated that 49% of panelists preferred NOR breast fillets, 21% preferred SEV, and 30% had no preference between NOR and WB (MOD, SEV) samples. The fried chicken consumer panelists were divided into 5 clusters, of which 65% preferred WB (MOD, SEV) over NOR, 29% preferred strain B over strain A, and 11% preferred strain A over strain B. The fajita chicken meat consumer panelists were divided into 5 clusters, of which 75% of panelists liked NOR breast samples, 72% liked MOD samples, and 45% liked SEV samples.ConclusionResults indicated that WB severity had a greater impact on sensory attributes and consumer acceptability than genetic strain. Higher WB severity created an undesirable texture that negatively impacted the acceptability of baked meat. However, the increased crunchiness and cohesiveness due to woodiness had a positive impact on the fried chicken acceptability. Results indicated that a large percentage of consumers rated baked, fried, and fajita samples as acceptable regardless of whether NOR or WB (MOD, SEV) meat was used, but some consumers did not like baked or fajita meat that was made from SEV WB meat.
Immunohistochemical analysis of adipokine and adipokine receptor expression in the breast tumor microenvironment: associations of lower leptin receptor expression with estrogen receptor-negative status and triple-negative subtype

The molecular mechanisms underlying the association between increased adiposity and aggressive breast cancer phenotypes remain unclear, but likely involve the adipokines, leptin (LEP) and adiponectin (ADIPOQ), and their receptors (LEPR, ADIPOR1, ADIPOR2). We used immunohistochemistry (IHC) to assess LEP, LEPR, ADIPOQ, ADIPOR1, and ADIPOR2 expression in breast tumor tissue microarrays among a sample of 720 women recently diagnosed with breast cancer (540 of whom self-identified as Black). We scored IHC expression quantitatively, using digital pathology analysis. We abstracted data on tumor grade, tumor size, tumor stage, lymph node status, Ki67, estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) from pathology records, and used ER, PR, and HER2 expression data to classify breast cancer subtype. We used multivariable mixed effects models to estimate associations of IHC expression with tumor clinicopathology, in the overall sample and separately among Blacks. Larger proportions of Black than White women were overweight or obese and had more aggressive tumor features. Older age, Black race, postmenopausal status, and higher body mass index were associated with higher LEPR IHC expression. In multivariable models, lower LEPR IHC expression was associated with ER-negative status and triple-negative subtype (P < 0.0001) in the overall sample and among Black women only. LEP, ADIPOQ, ADIPOR1, and ADIPOR2 IHC expression were not significantly associated with breast tumor clinicopathology. Lower LEPR IHC expression within the breast tumor microenvironment might contribute mechanistically to inter-individual variation in aggressive breast cancer clinicopathology, particularly ER-negative status and triple-negative subtype.
Concussion Grading and Prognostic Factors

The most recent International Consensus Statement on Concussion in Sport reports that full recovery of symptoms following sport-related concussions (SRC) typically occurs approximately 10–14 days after injury. Delayed recovery occurs when symptoms persist beyond the expected time frames (i.e., >10–14 days in adults and > 4 weeks in children). Demographic characteristics such as younger age ( 5 days has negative correlation with recovery, early progression of physical activity within the first week (guided by the symptom exacerbation threshold) shows an inverse relationship. Screening for the presence of prognostic risk factors is recommended to initiate earlier intervention and/or appropriate referrals. Return-to-activity/play programs need to be individualized for each patient in order to achieve better outcomes.
Dissolved Inorganic Carbon Pump in Methane-Charged Shallow Marine Sediments: State of the Art and New Model Perspectives

Methane transport from subsurface reservoirs to shallow marine sediment is characterized by unique biogeochemical interactions significant for ocean chemistry. Sulfate-Methane Transition Zone (SMTZ) is an important diagenetic front in the sediment column that quantitatively consumes the diffusive methane fluxes from deep methanogenic sources toward shallow marine sediments via sulfate-driven anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM). Recent global compilation from diffusion-controlled marine settings suggests methane from below and sulfate from above fluxing into the SMTZ at an estimated rate of 3.8 Tmol yr-1 and 5.3 Tmol yr-1 respectively, and wider estimate for methane flux ranges from 1—19 Tmol yr-1. AOM converts the methane carbon to dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) at the SMTZ. Organoclastic sulfate reduction (OSR) and deep-DIC fluxes from methanogenic zones contribute additional DIC to the shallow sediments. Here, we provide a quantification of 8.7 Tmol yr-1 DIC entering the methane-charged shallow sediments due to AOM, OSR, and the deep-DIC flux (range 6.4–10.2 Tmol yr-1). Of this total DIC pool, an estimated 6.5 Tmol yr-1 flows toward the water column (range: 3.2–9.2 Tmol yr-1), and 1.7 Tmol yr-1 enters the authigenic carbonate phases (range: 0.6–3.6 Tmol yr-1). This summary highlights that carbonate authigenesis in settings dominated by diffusive methane fluxes is a significant component of marine carbon burial, comparable to ~15% of carbonate accumulation on continental shelves and in the abyssal ocean, respectively. Further, the DIC outflux through the SMTZ is comparable to ~20% of global riverine DIC flux to oceans. This DIC outflux will contribute alkalinity or CO2 in different proportions to the water column, depending on the rates of authigenic carbonate precipitation and sulfide oxidation and will significantly impact ocean chemistry and potentially atmospheric CO2. Settings with substantial carbonate precipitation and sulfide oxidation at present are contributing CO2 and thus to ocean acidification. Our synthesis emphasizes the importance of SMTZ as not only a methane sink but also an important diagenetic front for global DIC cycling. We further underscore the need to incorporate a DIC pump in methane-charged shallow marine sediments to models for coastal and geologic carbon cycling.
Chapter 15 – Recycling of Rubbers

This chapter provides an up-to-date account of the recycling of used tires and waste rubbers, including existing methods and emerging technologies of grinding, reclaiming, and devulcanization, and also the possibility for recycled rubber utilization into products.
Social Determinants of COVID-19 in Massachusetts, United States: An Ecological Study.

Objectives The aim of this study was to assess how different social determinants of health (SDoH) may be related to variability in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) rates in cities and towns in Massachusetts (MA). Methods Data about the total number of cases, tests, and rates of COVID-19 as of June 10, 2020 were obtained for cities and towns in MA. The data on COVID-19 were matched with data on various SDoH variables at the city and town level from the American Community Survey. These variables included information about income, poverty, employment, renting, and insurance coverage. We compared COVID-19 rates according to these SDoH variables. Results There were clear gradients in the rates of COVID-19 according to SDoH variables. Communities with more poverty, lower income, lower insurance coverage, more unemployment, and a higher percentage of the workforce employed in essential services, including healthcare, had higher rates of COVID-19. Most of these differences were not accounted for by different rates of testing in these cities and towns. Conclusions SDoH variables may explain some of the variability in the risk of COVID-19 across cities and towns in MA. Data about SDoH should be part of the standard surveillance for COVID-19. Efforts should be made to address social factors that may be putting communities at an elevated risk.
CLASSIFICATION OF IMMUNE SUBSETS IN SYNOVIAL FLUID OF ADVANCED OSTEOARTHRITIS PATIENTS

Background: Osteoarthritis (OA) is a leading cause of morbidity affecting 54 million Americans per year at an annual cost of 304 billion dollars to the US healthcare system. OA is characterized as ...
Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling Approach to Identify the Drug-Drug Interaction Mechanism of Nifedipine and a Proton Pump Inhibitor, Omeprazole.

Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) can affect the intragastric release of other drugs from their dosage forms by elevating the gastric pH. They may also influence drug absorption and metabolism by interacting with P-glycoprotein or with the cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzyme system. Nifedipine is a Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) class II drug with low solubility across physiologic pH and high permeability. Previous studies have demonstrated that drug–drug interaction (DDI) existed between omeprazole and nifedipine with significantly increased systemic exposure of nifedipine in subjects after pre-treatment for 7 days with omeprazole compared to the subjects without omeprazole treatment. It was shown that omeprazole not only induced an increase in intragastric pH, but also inhibited the CYP3A4 activity, while CYP3A4-mediated oxidation is the main metabolic pathway of nifedipine. The purpose of this study is to apply a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling approach to investigate the DDI mechanism for an immediate release formulation of nifedipine with omeprazole. A previously published model for omeprazole was modified to integrate metabolites and to update CYP inhibition based on the most updated published in vitro data. We simulated the nifedipine pharmacokinetics in healthy subjects with or without the multiple-dose pretreatment of omeprazole (20 mg) following oral administrations of immediate-release (IR) (10 mg) nifedipine. Nifedipine solubility at different pHs was used to simulate the nifedipine pharmacokinetics for both clinical arms. Multiple sensitivity analyses were performed to understand the impact of gastric pH and the CYP3A4-mediated gut and liver first pass metabolism on the overall nifedipine pharmacokinetics. The developed PBPK model properly described the pharmacokinetics of nifedipine and predicted the inhibitory effect of multiple-dose omeprazole on CYP3A4 activity. With the incorporation of the physiologic effect of omeprazole on both gastric pH and CYP3A4 to the PBPK model, the verified PBPK model allows evaluating the impact of the increase in gastric pH and/or CYP3A4 inhibition. The simulated results show that the nifedipine metabolic inhibition by omeprazole may play an important role in the DDI between nifedipine and omeprazole for IR nifedipine formulation. The developed full PBPK model with the capability to simulate DDI by considering gastric pH change and metabolic inhibition provides a mechanistic understanding of the observed DDI of nifedipine with a PPI, omeprazole.
A systematic review of self-care measures for adolescents with health needs

The current study sought to review instruments measuring self-care for adolescents with health needs to provide a summary of the tools available for conducting self-care research in this population. Studies were mainly identified through searches in three electronic bibliographic databases (i.e., PsycINFO, CINAHL, and PubMed) and additional sources to retrieve relevant articles. Studies were included if they focused on self-care measures, included samples of adolescents (ages 10–19), were published in English peer-reviewed journals, dissertations, and from the years 1980 through 2020. The COnsensus-based Standards for the selection of health status Measurement Instruments (COSMIN) was used to assess the methodological quality of each study and evaluate the measurement quality based on available studies. A total of ten scales from 12 papers were identified to meet the search criteria and designed for adolescent patients with three types of health needs, including diabetes, cystic fibrosis, and others (female care and nutrition). There is a lack of a clear and comprehensive definition of self-care for different health needs. The dominant focus of the scales was the behavioral aspect of self-care (e.g., adherence to medication regimen), with only a few scales (e.g., female care) assessing the psychological aspect of self-care. The quality of the psychometric properties of the scales varied greatly. Results highlighted the need for more research on developing and validating self-care measures for adolescents with health needs. The unique developmental characteristics of adolescents should be adequately considered, and the psychological aspect of self-care should be incorporated in measurement development.
Pandemic check-in

We reached out to last year's travel grant recipients to see how they are faring during the pandemic. Philip Conrad (U. South Carolina) wrote it with this update.
Strictly Pragmatism?: Prospects for a Russian-Turkish Partnership

This article examines prospects for Russian-Turkish cooperation in a number of areas, including energy, security, and in Syria. It argues that possibilities for a Russian-Turkish partnership have s...
Voting-Based Ensemble Model for Network Anomaly Detection

Network anomaly detection (NAD) aims to capture potential abnormal behaviors by observing traffic data over a period of time. In this work, we propose a machine learning framework based on XGBoost and deep neural networks to classify normal traffic and anomalous traffic. Data-driven feature engineering and post-processing are further proposed to improve the performance of the models. The experiment results suggest the proposed model can achieve 94% for F1 measure in the macro average of five labels on real-world traffic data.
'Gentrification is not improving my health': a mixed-method investigation of chronic health conditions in rapidly changing urban neighborhoods in Austin, Texas.

Though there are extensive studies on neighborhood effects on health, this relationship remains elusive and requires continuous empirical evidence to support existing findings. Gentrification is a process of neighborhood change that affects most longtime residents. This study examined the health impact of the rapidly changing physical and cultural environment using oral history interviews, electronic interviews, and a quantitative structured survey. The study draws on the social determinants of health framework to explain the self-reported chronic health conditions (SR-CHCs) among 331 residents in Austin, Texas. The study employed non-linear techniques suitable for Poisson distribution to estimate the association between gentrification and SR-CHCs and complemented by direct quotes from in-depth interviews (IDIs). Perceived gentrification score significantly vary by marital status (p < 0.001), educational attainment (p < 0.001), and gender (p < 0.01), while SR-CHCs only significantly varies by educational attainment, p = 0.015). Multivariate results show that gentrification was positively associated with SR-CHCs, after adjusting for socioeconomic variables. Compared to the Hispanics, blacks were 97% more likely to report multiple counts of SR-CHCs (IRR = 1.969, 95% CI 1.074–3.608), and participants with high household income were 8% less likely to report multiple CHCs (IRR = 0.920, 95% CI 0.870–0.973). Drawing from the empirical findings, this study recommends both area-based and individual-level policies to mitigate neighborhood change's impact on residents' health. Finally, this study further adds to the understanding of social determinants of health in understanding chronic health within the changing urban physical and socio-ecology systems.
A Review of Advances In Analytical Toxicology, Volume 1

About ten years ago, the last volume of A. Stolman's series Progress hz Chemical Toxicology appeared. Now, volume one of a new series edited by R. C. Baselt is available. This series is published with similar goals, that is, to invite recognized authorities to review topics of current interest or potential interest to analytical toxicologists. Volume one emphasizes cannabinoid detection and the use of immunoassays for drug analysis.
The henryville bed of the New Albany Shale

Abstract The Ni(II) and VO(II) geoporphyrins were isolated from the organic extract of New Albany Shale (Mississippian-Devonian; Indiana, U.S.A.) which had been previously solvent-extracted and then demineralised. This extract is called bitumen-II. The geoporphyrins were analysed by electron ionisation tandem mass spectrometry (EIMS/MS). The carbon number distributions of the Ni(II) and VO(II) geoporphyrins were compared with those produced from the organic extract of the intact shale, bitumen-I, and from the pyrolysis of the New Albany shale kerogen (300°C). The carbon number ranges and the CAP/aetio ratio for the Ni(II) porphyrins from bitumen-II resembled those of the Ni(II) porphyrins of both the bitumen-I and the kerogen pyrolysate (which were essentially the same). The VO(II) porphyrin content of bitumen-II was composed of CAP porphyrins almost exclusively. This was markedly different from those of either the bitumen-I or the pyrolysate (which were very similar). Thus, there is greater selectivity in the incorporation of some of the skeletal types of VO(II) geoporphyrins into bitumen-II than for either the bitumen-I or kerogen. The daughter ion spectra of the molecular ions of the Ni(II) and VO(II) porphyrins of the same carbon number are similar to each other, and to the corresponding porphyrins from the bitumen-I and the kerogen pyrolysate. This observation lends weight to the argument that the Ni(II) and VO(II) porphyrins from the bitumen-II, bitumen-I, and the kerogen pyrolysate have common tetrapyrrolic precursors, and are generated via similar geochemical pathways.
Developments in State Takeover Regulation: Mite and its Aftermath

By the 1960’s, use of the cash tender offer had become the predominant method for acquisition and control of publicly held companies, a method then virtually free of government regulation. However, in the absence of regulation, abuses emerged, underscoring the need for federal and state protection of investors in corporations targeted by an acquiring company’s management. Governmental regulation of this type of takeover transaction originated at the state level with Virginia’s enactment of the first state takeover statute in 1968, with thirty-six other states following suit. Several months after passage of the Virginia statute, Congress adopted the Williams Act, which amended the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 to provide for regulation of cash tender offers. The extraterritorial reach of most state takeover statutes, together with the substantive differences between the state and federal scheme, led to the invalidation of numerous state takeover statutes under the commerce and supremacy clauses of the Constitution. This controversy between state and federal power was addressed, but not completely resolved by the now-familiar case Edgar v. MITE Corp. This decision and its aftermath are the primary focus of this article. The subsequent judicial efforts to interpret and apply the MITE precedent to takeover statutes of other states generally have been disastrous for the state regulatory schemes challenged. Ohio, Maryland, and Wisconsin developed new approaches in their efforts to revitalize their respective regulatory schemes through a perceived “window” left open by the MITE decision. After a discussion of this development, the article concludes with a summary of certain controversial proposals set forth in the final report of the SEC Advisory Committee on Tender Offers, issued approximately one year after MITE was decided. These recommendations presented important questions not only as to the future role of the states in the field of tender offer regulation, but also as to the vulnerability of state corporate law generally. Although opposition to those recommendations was extensive, the issues that they raise should be of particular concern to practitioners in virtually every area of corporate law.
Fostering nondeviant lifestyles against the odds: toward a clinical sociological model of intervention strategies

Etiological factors associated with both delinquent and nondelinquent strategic styles are examined from a clinical sociological perspective. An intervention model for rebalancing the strategic styles of youths is described. Diagnostic, prognostic, and prescriptive stages of intervention are discussed utilizing case material from five black inner-city youths: conformist, tough guy, con artist, withdrawn kid, and together guy.
Hydroxymethylcytosine and demethylation of the γ-globin gene promoter during erythroid differentiation

The mechanism responsible for developmental stage-specific regulation of γ-globin gene expression involves DNA methylation. Previous results have shown that the γ-globin promoter is nearly fully demethylated during fetal liver erythroid differentiation and partially demethylated during adult bone marrow erythroid differentiation. The hypothesis that 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5 hmC), a known intermediate in DNA demethylation pathways, is involved in demethylation of the γ-globin gene promoter during erythroid differentiation was investigated by analyzing levels of 5-methylcytosine (5 mC) and 5 hmC at a CCGG site within the 5' γ-globin gene promoter region in FACS-purified cells from baboon bone marrow and fetal liver enriched for different stages of erythroid differentiation. Our results show that 5 mC and 5 hmC levels at the γ-globin promoter are dynamically modulated during erythroid differentiation with peak levels of 5 hmC preceding and/or coinciding with demethylation. The Tet2 and Tet3 dioxygenases that catalyze formation of 5 hmC are expressed during early stages of erythroid differentiation and Tet3 expression increases as differentiation proceeds. In baboon CD34+ bone marrow-derived erythroid progenitor cell cultures, γ-globin expression was positively correlated with 5 hmC and negatively correlated with 5 mC at the γ-globin promoter. Supplementation of culture media with Vitamin C, a cofactor of the Tet dioxygenases, reduced γ-globin promoter DNA methylation and increased γ-globin expression when added alone and in an additive manner in combination with either DNA methyltransferase or LSD1 inhibitors. These results strongly support the hypothesis that the Tet-mediated 5 hmC pathway is involved in developmental stage-specific regulation of γ-globin expression by mediating demethylation of the γ-globin promoter.
Island history affects faunal composition: the treeshrews (Mammalia: Scandentia: Tupaiidae) from the Mentawai and Batu Islands, Indonesia

The Mentawai and Batu Island groups off the west coast of Sumatra have a complicated geological and biogeographical history. The Batu Islands have shared a connection with the Sumatran ‘mainland’ during periods of lowered sea level, whereas the Mentawai Islands, despite being a similar distance from Sumatra, have remained isolated from Sumatra, and probably from the Batu Islands as well. These contrasting historical relationships to Sumatra have influenced the compositions of the respective mammalian faunas of these island groups. Treeshrews (Scandentia, Tupaiidae) from these islands have, at various times in their history, been recognized as geographically circumscribed populations of a broadly distributed Tupaia glis, subspecies, or distinct species. We used multivariate analyses of measurements from the skull and hands to compare the island populations from Siberut (Mentawai Islands) and Tanahbala (Batu Islands) with the geographically adjacent species from the southern Mentawai Islands (T. chrysogaster) and Sumatra (T. ferruginea). Results from both the skull and manus of the Siberut population show that it is most similar to T. chrysogaster, whereas the Tanahbala population is more similar to T. ferruginea, confirming predictions based on island history. These results are further corroborated by mammae counts. Based on these lines of evidence, we include the Siberut population in T. chrysogaster and the Tanahbala population in T. ferruginea. Our conclusions expand the known distributions of both the Mentawai and Sumatran species. The larger geographical range of the endangered T. chrysogaster has conservation implications for this Mentawai endemic, so populations and habitat should be re-evaluated on each of the islands it inhabits. However, until such a re-evaluation is conducted, we recommend that the IUCN Red List status of this species be changed from ‘Endangered’ to ‘Data Deficient’. Published 2013. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2014, 111, 290–304.
Henoch-Schönlein purpura and human parvovirus infection.

In Reply.— The letter of Esterly is an important one with some significant observations regarding a potential acquired inflammatory and viral etiology of biliary atresia. A marked and progressive inflammatory component of biliary atresia with extensive early round cell infiltration and progressive fibrosis was reported by one of the authors in 1953.1 This observation led to strong recommendations for early operation in biliary atresia.2,3 It has been suggested that biliary atresia, neonatal spontaneous perforation of the extrahepatic bile ducts, and choledochal cysts may be variants of an acquired infalmmatory process, possibly viral, such as cytomegalovirus, and possibly oncogenic.4
Marbury v. Madison : How History Has Changed John Marshall's Interpretation of the Constitution—A Response to Winfield H. Rose

In his April 2003 PS: Political Science and Politics article “Marbury v. Madison: How John Marshall Changed History by Misquoting the Constitution,” Winfield H. Rose presents an argument in which Chief Justice Marshall knowingly distorted the meaning of the Constitution for strategic gain. The strategic gain was the creation of judicial review (the power of the Court to invalidate acts of other branches of government as violative of the Constitution). The key means to achieve this goal was to intentionally misquote Article III in the Court's most famous of cases, Marbury v. Madison (1803). Rose offers his argument as the product of a new discovery (that of detecting Marshall's misquotation), and this discovery as the product of a fresh reading of the case. The reading is a “fresh” one because Rose looks anew at the actual text of the decision and does not rely on the accepted “textbook wisdom” of the case. He calls us rightly to revisit the case and follow him beyond the “conventional textbook wisdom” regarding the case. However, Rose's analysis fails in the end precisely because it remains so wedded to the textbook wisdom on Marbury and judicial review that he advises against.
Polar continuum mechanics

The existing polar continuum theory contains unresolved indeterminacies in the spherical part of the couple-stress tensor. This severely restricts its applicability in the study of micro and nano-scale solid and fluid mechanics and, perhaps more importantly, in the investigation of fluid turbulence phenomena, which involve a broad range of scales. In this paper, we rely on the energy equation, along with some kinematical considerations, to establish a consistent couple-stress theory for polar continua that resolves all indeterminacies. After presenting the general formulation and obtaining conservation laws, we concentrate exclusively on couple stress theory for polar fluid mechanics. We specialize the theory for linear viscous flow and consider several boundary value problems in couple-stress fluid mechanics. More generally, the resulting theory presented here may provide a basis for fundamental continuum-level studies at the finest scales.
Scattering of 1.32-Mev Neutrons by Protons

The total cross sections of polyethylene and graphite for scattering of neutrons of 1.315\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.003 Mev have been measured and are $\ensuremath{\sigma}(\mathrm{C}{\mathrm{H}}_{2})=(9.542\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.035)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}24}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ and $\ensuremath{\sigma}(\mathrm{C})=(2.192\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.020)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}24}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$. From these the hydrogen cross section is $\ensuremath{\sigma}(\mathrm{H})=(3.675\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.020)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}24}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$. If the best current values of the binding energy of the deuteron (see [3]) the coherent scattering length (see [4]) and the epithermal cross section (see [5]) are used, the singlet effective range in the shape-independent approximation is (2.4\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.3)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}13}$ cm. This is to be compared with the proton-proton singlet effective range of (2.7\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.1)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}13}$ cm.
Ataxia–Telangiectasia — Broad Implications for a Rare Disorder

Ataxia–telangiectasia is a rare autosomal recessive disorder with diverse clinical manifestations. Patients typically come to medical attention in early childhood because of ataxia, and this is fol...
Battered Women's Reports of Their Partners' and Their Children's Cruelty to Animals

Abstract Anecdotal reports of cruelty to pet animals in families where partner battering occurs are common but there exist few empirical data on this issue. Determining the forms and prevalence of such cruelty is important since abuse of pets may be a method batterers use to control their partners, may be related to batterers' lethality, and may result in children in such families being exposed to multiple forms of violence, a significant risk for mental health problems. Thirty-eight women seeking shelter at a safe house for battered partners voluntarily completed surveys about pet ownership and violence to pets. of the women reporting current or past pet ownership, 71% reported that their partner had threatened and/or actually hurt or killed one or more of their pets. Actual (as distinct from threatened) harm to pets represented the majority (57%) of reports. Fifty-eight percent of the full sample of women had children and 32% of these women reported that one or more of their children had hurt or killed ...
Unilateral Hyperlucency With Left Lower Lobe Mass in a Patient With Bronchial Asthma

Mucoepidermoid tumors are rare bronchial adenomas whose clinical presentation can mimic that of bronchial asthma. Bronchial adenoma should be included in the differential diagnosis of a patient with a persistent radiographic abnormality and clinical features of bronchial asthma. We present an adolescent female with a history suggestive of bronchial asthma and a persistent left lower lobe atelectasis, who later was found to have a low-grade mucoepidermoid tumor.
Managing Wire Delay in Large Chip-Multiprocessor Caches

In response to increasing (relative) wire delay, architects have proposed various technologies to manage the impact of slow wires on large uniprocessor L2 caches. Block migration (e.g., D-NUCA and NuRapid) reduces average hit latency by migrating frequently used blocks towards the lower-latency banks. Transmission Line Caches (TLC) use on-chip transmission lines to provide low latency to all banks. Traditional stride-based hardware prefetching strives to tolerate, rather than reduce, latency. Chip multiprocessors (CMPs) present additional challenges. First, CMPs often share the on-chip L2 cache, requiring multiple ports to provide sufficient bandwidth. Second, multiple threads mean multiple working sets, which compete for limited on-chip storage. Third, sharing code and data interferes with block migration, since one processor's low-latency bank is another processor's high-latency bank. In this paper, we develop L2 cache designs for CMPs that incorporate these three latency management techniques. We use detailed full-system simulation to analyze the performance trade-offs for both commercial and scientific workloads. First, we demonstrate that block migration is less effective for CMPs because 40-60% of L2 cache hits in commercial workloads are satisfied in the central banks, which are equally far from all processors. Second, we observe that although transmission lines provide low latency, contention for their restricted bandwidth limits their performance. Third, we show stride-based prefetching between L1 and L2 caches alone improves performance by at least as much as the other two techniques. Finally, we present a hybrid design-combining all three techniques-that improves performance by an additional 2% to 19% over prefetching alone.
On the continuity of reference of the elements: a response to Hendry

Robin Hendry has recently argued that although the term ‘element’ has traditionally been used in two different senses, (basic substance and simple substance), there has nonetheless been a continuity of reference. The present article examines this author’s historical and philosophical claims and suggests that he has misdiagnosed the situation in several respects. In particular it is claimed that Hendry’s arguments for the nature of one particular element, oxygen, do not generalize to all elements as he implies. The second main objection is to Hendry’s view that the qua problem can be illuminated by appeal to the intention of scientists
Integrated Hybrid Silicon Transmitters

We review recent progress made on the hybrid silicon platform towards realizing an integrated WDM transmitter on silicon. Using ion implantation enhanced quantum well intermixing, four band gaps are integrated on a single chip and used to demonstrate a DFB laser-EAM array. The latest results on design changes to improve Mach-Zender and EA modulator performance are also described and the prospects for fabricating an integrated terabit per second transmitter on silicon are presented.
The Photoexcited Triplet State as a Probe of Chromophore-Protein Interaction in Myoglobin

The photoexcited metastable triplet state of Mg(2+)-mesoporphyrin IX (MgMPIX) or Mg(2+)-protoporphyrin IX (MgPPIX) located in the heme pocket of horse myoglobin (Mb) was investigated by optical and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy, and its properties were compared with the model complexes, MgMPIX, MgPPIX, and Mg2+ etioporphyrin I (MgETIOI), in noncoordinating and coordinating organic glasses. Zero-field splitting parameters, line shape, and Jahn-Teller distortion in the temperature range of 3.8-110 K are discussed in terms of porphyrin-protein interactions. The triplet line shapes for MgMPIXMb and MGPPIXMb show no temperature-dependent spectral line shape changes suggestive of Jahn-Teller dynamics, and it is concluded that the energy splitting is >> 150 cm-1, suggesting symmetry breaking from the anisotropy of intermal electric fields of the protein, and consistent with previous predictions (Geissinger et al. 1995. J. Phys. Chem. 99:16527-16529). Both MgMPIXMb and MgPPIXMb demonstrate electron spin polarization at low temperature, and from the polarization pattern it can be concluded that intersystem crossing occurs predominantly into in-plane spin sublevels of the triplet state. The splitting in the Q0.0 absorption band and the temperature dependence and splitting of the photoexcited triplet state of myoglobin in which the iron was replaced by Mg2+ are interpreted in terms of effects produced by electric field asymmetry in the heme pocket.
Too little too late : welfare impacts of rainfall shocks in rural Indonesia

In this article, the authors consider two shocks: (i) a delay in the onset of monsoon; and (ii) a significant shortfall in rainfall in the 90 day post-onset period. Focusing on households with family farm businesses, the authors find that a delay in the monsoon onset does not have a significant impact on the welfare of rice farmers. However, rice farm households located in areas exposed to low rainfall following the monsoon are negatively affected. Rice farm households appear to be able to protect their food expenditure in the face of weather shocks at the expense of lower nonfood expenditures per capita. The authors also use propensity score matching to identify community programs that may moderate the welfare impact of this type of shock. Access to credit and public works projects in communities were among the programs with the strongest moderating effect. This is an important consideration for the design and implementation of adaptation strategies. The paper is organized as follows: section one gives introduction. Section two presents the methodology focusing on the estimation of the impacts of rainfall variability on household expenditure per capita. Section three describes the available data while analytical results are presented in section four. Concluding remarks are made in section five.
Negative density of states: Screening, Einstein relation, and negative diffusion

In strongly interacting electron systems with low density the thermodynamic density of states is negative at low temperatures. This creates difficulties with understanding of the Einstein relation between conductivity and diffusion coefficient. Using the expression for electrochemical potential that takes into account the long-range part of the Coulomb interaction it is shown that at negative density of states the Einstein relation gives a negative sign of the diffusion coefficient $D$, but under this condition there is no thermodynamic limitation on the sign of $D$. That happens because the unipolar relaxation of inhomogeneous electron density is not described by the diffusion equation. The relaxation goes much faster due to electric forces caused by the inhomogeneous electron density. The diffusion coefficient is irrelevant in this case and it is not necessarily positive because the diffusion process does not contribute to the positive production of entropy. In the case of bipolar diffusion, negative $D$ results in a global absolute instability that leads to formation of neutral excitons. Graphene is considered as an example of a system where the density relaxation is expected to be due to electric force rather than diffusion. It may also have a negative density of states.
Carotenemia in normal‐weight bulimia: A finding unrelated to other physical manifestations of the syndrome

Carotenemia, well described in eating disorders, is considered a marker for one or another pathophysiologic process occurring during the disease. We studied 17 adolescent, normal-weight women with bulimia, 11 of whom were determined clinically to be candidates for outpatient treatment, and 6 of whom were recommended for hospitalization. The outpatient group had an elevated serum carotene level (mean = 309.0 ± 92.0 μg/dl), whereas the inpatient group had a normal level (mean = 164.8 ± 59.2 μg/dl; t = 3.92, p = .002). Our data do not support the relationship of carotenemia to malnutrition, menstrual dysfunction, or any other factor associated with the manifestations of eating disorders. We suggest that carotenemia may be an indicator of some homeostatic mechanism activated in response to the disorder.