cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Heme A Is Not Essential for Assembly of the Subunits of Cytochrome c Oxidase of Rhodobacter sphaeroides

The aa3-type cytochromec oxidase of Rhodobacter sphaeroides, a proteobacterium of the α subgroup, is structurally similar to the core subunits of the terminal oxidase in the mitochondrial electron transport chain. Subunit I, the product of the coxI gene, normally binds two heme A molecules. A deletion of cox10, the gene for the farnesyltransferase required for heme A synthesis, did not prevent high level accumulation of subunit I in the cytoplasmic membrane. Thus, subunit I can be expressed and stably inserted into the cytoplasmic membrane in the absence of heme A. Aposubunit I was purified via affinity chromatography to a polyhistidine tag. Copurification of subunits II and III with aposubunit I indicated that assembly of the core oxidase complex occurred without the binding of heme A. In addition to formation of the apooxidase containing all three large structural proteins, CoxI-II and CoxI-III heterodimers were isolated from cox10 deletion strains harboring expression plasmids with coxI and coxII or withcoxI and coxIII, respectively. This demonstrated that subunit assembly of the apoenzyme was not an inherently ordered or sequential process. Thus, multiple paths must be considered for understanding the assembly of this integral membrane metalloprotein complex.
Incorporation of a phosphonium analogue of choline into the rat brain as measured by magnetic resonance spectroscopy.

A clear understanding of choline metabolism is important in our goal to modify demyelination and remyelination in multiple sclerosis. To develop a technique capable of measuring metabolic changes in the brain, we have studied the incorporation of a phosphonium analogue of choline (P-choline) in tissue extracts of rats. After feeding adult rats a choline-deficient diet supplemented with P-choline, the analogue was not detectable by in vivo volume-localized 1 H spectroscopy. However, in vitro 31 P measurements of brain extracts revealed an 11% incorporation of P-choline into phosphatidylcholine. We report that P-choline incorporates preferentially into the lipid pool over the lipid precursor pool and we provide evidence that the choline peak resolved by in vivo 1 H spectroscopy is only composed of small molecular weight choline-containing compounds
The Fixation of Soluble Antigen-Antibody-Complexes upon Thrombocytes*

Summary Soluble antigen-antibody-complexes have been prepared with rabbit anti-ovalbumin serum and three times recrystallized hen ovalbumin. The complexes prepared in the range of slight antigen excess (2 « and 4 « equivalence ratio) were shown to agglutinate rabbit platelets. With the aid of the fluorescent antibody technique, fixation of the complexes upon the agglutinated platelets has been demonstrated. Resume Des complexes antigene-anticorps ont ete prepare avec du serum anti-ovalbumine de lapin et de l'ovalbumine cristallisee. Les complexes solubles, prepares avec un excks d'antigene (2 « a 4 « equivalence) ont agglutine des plaquettes de lapin. La fixation des complexes sur les plaquettes agglutinees a ete mise en evidence a l'aide de la methode d'anticorps fluorescents. Zusammenfassung Losliche Antigen-Antikorper-Komplexe wurden mit einem Kaninchen-Antiovalbuminserum und kristallisiertem Ovalbumin hergestellt. Wurden die Komplexe mit der 2 bis 4 fachen Menge Ovalbumin die fur die Aquivalenzzone benotigt wird, zubereitet, so fuhrten sie zu einer Agglutination von Kaninchen-Thrombocyten. Mit Hilfe der Antikorper-Fluoreszenz-Methode konnte gezeigt werden, das die Komplexe den agglutinierten Thrombocyten fest anhaften
The Child Affective Facial Expression (CAFE) set: validity and reliability from untrained adults

Emotional development is one of the largest and most productive areas of psychological research. For decades, researchers have been fascinated by how humans respond to, detect, and interpret emotional facial expressions. Much of the research in this area has relied on controlled stimulus sets of adults posing various facial expressions. Here we introduce a new stimulus set of emotional facial expressions into the domain of research on emotional development—The Child Affective Facial Expression set (CAFE). The CAFE set features photographs of a racially and ethnically diverse group of 2- to 8-year-old children posing for 6 emotional facial expressions—angry, fearful, sad, happy, surprised, and disgusted—and a neutral face. In the current work, we describe the set and report validity and reliability data on the set from 100 untrained adult participants.
Premixing-related behavior of steam explosions

Abstract Three recently published premixing experiments, the Magico, mixa , and Faro , are discussed comparatively, and two of them, the Magico and Faro , are analyzed with the help of the computer code Pm-alpha . The results of these analyses are shown to provide quantitative interpretations of the data, and to suggest conditions/measurements in further experiments to enhance the insights thus obtained. Also, a quantitative radiography technique is described and applied to Magico for the measurement of chordal-averaged void fractions in the mixing zone. The results are in excellent agreement with Pm-Alpha predictions, thus confirming the previously reported good comparisons with the local (point) measurements of Flute .
Confidence sets for high-dimensional empirical linear prediction (HELP) models with dependent error structure

Abstract In this paper, we provide asymptotic theory and use it to construct confidence sets for High-dimensional Empirical Linear Prediction (HELP) Models. HELP is a statistical prediction technique based on a model similar to a factor analysis model. The aim of HELP model, however, is to predict future observations, and is different from the usual factor analysis. We generalize HELP to the cases of non-iid errors, thus going beyond the standard factor analysis model. We studied an unusual asymptotic theory where the size of the covariance matrix goes to infinity. This kind of asymptotic theory is important for practical applications and leads to confidence sets with much better coverage probabilities than the ones derived from the typical asymptotic theory where the size of the covariance matrix remains fixed. Although the covariance matrix may not be estimated consistently, it is shown that the point estimates of HELP are consistent. Also, valid asymptotic confidences sets are constructed based on the inconsistently estimated covariance matrix.
Preoperative evaluation of pancreatic adenocarcinoma.

The preoperative evaluation of resectability for pancreatic cancer fails to identify up to 25% of patients who are unfortunately found to be unresectable at surgical exploration. Inoperative findings in this circumstance is usually due to either small volume metastatic disease or regional tumor invasion. While advances in computed tomography (CT) technology has increased accuracy of local tumor extent, occult metastatic disease remains a common problem. Although 2-[18F]fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) has been demonstrated to be useful in the staging of many malignancies (e.g. esophageal cancer, recurrent colorectal cancer, lung cancer), it has not been found to significantly increase the accuracy of determining resectability preoperatively in pancreatic cancer, especially with regard to detection of small volume metastatic disease. There are a variety of pancreatic cancer-specific antigens which are being developed as a method for targeted molecular imaging; we provide preliminary data targeting the integrin αvβ6 to demonstrate the potential feasibility of this approach. Further developments may allow the accurate determination of patients with resectable pancreatic cancer, and more importantly, those with unresectable disease that may forego unnecessary surgery, the associated morbidity, and the subsequent delay of appropriate therapy.
Level of aspiration behaviour in relation to payoffs and costs following success and failure

This study investigated the effect on goal-setting behaviour of varying both payoffs and costs in a level of aspiration situation. Payoffs were defined as “high” when points awarded for success equalled actual performance, and as “low” when points awarded for success equalled stated level of aspiration. Costs were defined as “high” when S obtained zero points after failure, and as “low” when S obtained points equal to actual performance after failure. Results show that mean goal discrepancy scores are higher and mean attainment discrepancy scores are lower when payoff is low rather than high, and when cost is low rather than high. Differences are greatest when a low payoff-low cost condition is compared to a high payoff-high cost condition. Results are discussed in relation to decision theoretical approaches to the analysis of factors involved in level of aspiration behaviour.
Measurements on field adsorption of neon and helium and the field ionization of a helium-neon mixture

Abstract The field ionization of a helium-neon mixture is investigated. The behavior can be explained in terms of field adsorption of neon. Experimental values for the binding energy, the adsorption rate and desorption rate are obtained. At high fields, field desorption of neon is observed. The enhancement of field ionization due to the rare-gas adsorption is measured.
An extremely mild 3-aza-claisen reaction. 2. New conditions and the rearrangement of α-heteroatom substituted amides

Abstract Several new and potentially useful reaction conditions for the 3-aza-Claisen rearrangement of N-allyl amides have been developed. These new conditions have been successfully applied to the rearrangement of α-heteroatom substituted species forming α-amino nitriles and protected cyanohydrins as products.
A proposed mechanism of action of 1-β-d-arabinofuranosyl-cytosine as an inhibitor of the growth of leukemic cells☆

Cytosine arabinoside inhibited the reproduction of L5178Y leukemic cells by inhibition of the reduction of cytidylic acid to 2′-deoxycytidylic acid. The specificity of the inhibitory action of cytosine arabinoside was indicated by nutritional studies and by the demonstration that the radioactivity of uridylic 2′-deoxyuridylic acid, thymidylic acid and RNA fractions of cells incubated with 3H-UR was little affected, and that the synthesis of DNA continued when 2′-deoxycytidine was added to cells otherwise inhibited by cytosine arabinoside. Data on the sensitivity of FUDR- and thymidine-resistant mastocytoma cells to cytosine arabinoside and FCDR and cross-resistance to other pyrimidine analogs are presented. Nutritional findings are described which suggest additional secondary sites of action of cytosine arabinoside, possibly at a kinase or phosphokinase level.
Density functional study of the mechanism of the Beckmann rearrangement catalyzed by H-ZSM-5: a cluster and embedded cluster study.

The mechanism of the Beckmann rearrangement (BR) catalyzed by the ZSM-5 zeolite has been investigated by both the quantum cluster and embedded cluster approaches at the B3LYP level of theory using the 6-31G(d,p) basis set. Single-point calculations were carried out at the MP2/6-311G(d,p) level of theory to improve energetic properties. The embedded cluster model suggests that the initial step of the Beckmann rearrangement is not the O-protonated oxime but the N-protonated oxime. The energy barriers derived from the proton shuttle of the N-bound to the O-bound isomer are determined to be ∼99 and ∼40 kJ/mol for the embedded cluster and quantum cluster approaches, respectively. The difference in the activation energy is due mainly to the effect of the Madelung potential from the zeolite framework. The next step is the rearrangement step, which is the transformation of the O-protonated oxime to be an enol-formed amide compound, formimidic acid. The activation energy, at the rearrangement step, is calculated t...
Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry with chemometric analysis for determining 12C and 13C labeled contributions in metabolomics and 13C flux analysis

A novel method for the analysis of nearly co-eluting ¹²C and ¹³C isotopically labeled metabolites has been developed and evaluated for gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS) data. The method utilizes parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) with two-dimensional GC-MS data when sample replicates are aligned and stacked in series to create a three-dimensional data cube for mathematical peak deconvolution and ¹²C and ¹³C contribution isolation, with the intent of increasing the accuracy and precision of quantitative metabolomics and ¹³C flux analysis. The platform is demonstrated with ¹³C-labeled metabolite extracts, generated via biosynthesis, added as an internal standard to unlabeled ¹²C metabolites extracted from the methanol-utilizing bacterium Methylobacterium extorquens AM1. Eleven representative metabolites that are common targets for flux analysis were chosen for validation. Good quantitative accuracy and precision were acquired for a 5.00 μM known metabolite concentration (for the 11 metabolites), with an average predicted concentration of 5.07 μM, and a RSD range of 1.2-13.0%. This study demonstrates the ability to reliably deconvolute ¹²C-unlabeled and ¹³C-labeled contributions for a given metabolite. Additionally, using this chemical analysis platform, a dynamic flux experiment is presented in which the incorporation of ¹³C-labeled cell extract can be detected in the methane-utilizing bacterium Methylosinus trichosporium OB3b and measured temporally.
Effect of Pod Removal on Leaf Senescence in Soybeans

Depodding soybean (Glycine max [L] Merr. cv Wye) plants results in an apparent inhibition of senescence as indicated by leaf chlorophyll and soluble protein retention. However, leaf photosynthesis and ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase (Rubisco) levels begin to decline earlier in depodded than in control, podded plants. The initial decline in photosynthesis is correlated with a decrease in leaf transpiration, while the latter decline is associated with the loss of Rubisco. Total soluble protein remains high in depodded plants because several polypeptides, three in particular, increase in amounts sufficient to offset the loss of Rubisco. Thus, depodding appears to change the function of the leaf rather than simply delaying or preventing the decline in leaf function. Changes in specific leaf weight and starch content following depodding suggest that the leaf may be changing to a storage organ.
Dissociation of corticothalamic and thalamocortical axon targeting by an EphA7-mediated mechanism.

Molecular mechanisms generating the topographic organization of corticothalamic (CT) circuits, which comprise more than three-quarters of the synaptic inputs onto sensory relay neurons, and their interdependence with thalamocortical (TC) axon development are unknown. Using in utero electroporation-mediated gene transfer, we show that EphA7-mediated signaling on neocortical axons controls the within-nucleus topography of CT projections in the thalamus. Notably, CT axons that misexpress EphA7 do not shift the relative positioning of their pathway within the subcortical telencephalon (ST), indicating that they do not depend upon EphA7/ephrin-A signaling in the ST for establishing this topography. Moreover, misexpression of cortical EphA7 results in disrupted topography of CT projections, but unchanged inter- and intra-areal topography of TC projections. Our results support a model in which EphA/ephrin-A signaling controls independently the precision with which CT and TC projections develop, yet is essential for establishing their topographic reciprocity.
Ubiquitin chain elongation requires E3-dependent tracking of the emerging conjugate.

Summary Protein modification with ubiquitin chains is an essential signaling event catalyzed by E3 ubiquitin ligases. Most human E3s contain a signature RING domain that recruits a ubiquitin-charged E2 and a separate domain for substrate recognition. How RING-E3s can build polymeric ubiquitin chains while binding substrates and E2s at defined interfaces remains poorly understood. Here, we show that the RING-E3 APC/C catalyzes chain elongation by strongly increasing the affinity of its E2 for the distal acceptor ubiquitin in a growing conjugate. This function of the APC/C requires its coactivator as well as conserved residues of the E2 and ubiquitin. APC/C's ability to track the tip of an emerging conjugate is required for APC/C-substrate degradation and accurate cell division. Our results suggest that RING-E3s tether the distal ubiquitin of a growing chain in proximity to the active site of their E2s, allowing them to assemble polymeric conjugates without altering their binding to substrate or E2.
The effects of delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol on potassium-evoked release of dopamine in the rat caudate nucleus: an in vivo electrochemical and in vivo microdialysis study.

The effect of systemically administered delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the psychoactive ingredient in marijuana, on the potassium-evoked release of dopamine (DA) was examined in the neostriatum of the chloral hydrate anesthetized rat. Both in vivo electrochemical and in vivo microdialysis techniques were employed. A low dose of THC (0.5 mg/kg, i.p.) increased the time course of potassium-evoked in vivo electrochemical signals corresponding to released extracellular DA. In vivo microdialysis showed an increase in potassium-evoked DA release following 0.5 and 2.0 mg/kg doses of THC. Potassium-evoked electrochemical signals corresponding to released extracellular DA were augmented in time course following i.p. administration (5.0 mg/kg) of nomifensine, a recognized and potent catecholaminergic reuptake blocker. In addition, in vivo brain microdialysis studies of nomifensine (5.0 mg/kg i.p.) on neostriatal potassium-evoked DA release showed that DA levels were augmented in magnitude over the time course of the microdialysis. Taken together, these studies indicate that THC has a potent presynaptic augmenting effect on at least the neostriatal portions of the mesotelencephalic DA system in the rat, although the possibility that this effect could be mediated transsynaptically cannot be ruled out. Given the previous extensive evidence for an involvement of portions of the mesotelencephalic DA system in mediating the reinforcing and euphorigenic properties of many classes of abused drugs, and in mediating direct electrical brain stimulation reward, we suggest that the presently demonstrated effects of THC on forebrain dopamine function may be related to marijuana's euphorigenic properties and, thus, to its abuse potential.
Robotic assistance improves intracorporeal suturing performance and safety in the operating room while decreasing operator workload

Background Intracorporeal suturing is one of the most difficult laparoscopic tasks. The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of robotic assistance on novice suturing performance, safety, and workload in the operating room.
Synthesis of a New Trialdehyde Template for Molecular Imprinting

A recent approach in the area of molecular recognition involves template-assisted imprinting' of the surface of rigid polymers such as silica gel. Siloxy-Schiff bases of structurally rigid dialdehydes have been used as templates to introduce two appropriately spaced amino groups for substrate binding on the solid surface. The distance between the two amino groups is defined by the structure of the dialdehydes. Moderate selectivity has been reported in rebinding of the dialdehydes to the modified surface.2 Current objectives in this quest involve the development of multidentate template molecules to expand the repertoire of functional groups available a t the binding sites3 We report herein the synthesis of a trialdehyde and its Schiff bases as a new template for molecular imprinting of solid surfaces. The reaction of cyanuric chloride with 3 equiv of p hydroxybenzaldehyde in benzene gave the desired trialdehyde, TRIPOD (1) (Scheme 11, in a single step. Trialdehyde 1 was then reacted at room temperature with (aminopropy1)triethoxysilane (APTES) or p-(methoxydimethylsily1)aniline (MODSA)4 to afford the corresponding silane-TRIPODS, APTES TRIPOD (2), and MODSA TRIPOD 4 (Scheme 2), respectively. Model compounds PROPYL TRIPOD (3) and ANILINE TRIPOD (5) were also synthesized for future mechanistic studies of Schiff base formation. Acid hydrolysis of all the Schiff bases regenerated the intact TRIPOD. Molecular imprinting was carried out with silaneTRIPOD molecules 2 and 4 on silica gel to yield modified silicas 7 and 8, respectively. Porous silica gel, Fractosil 500, was refluxed in dry toluene for 2 days28 with an appropriate amount of the silane-TRIPODS to get a low substitution level on the silica and ensure site isolation (Scheme 3). Initial experiments with APTES TRIPOD (2) indicated that a partial degradation of 2 took place during the imprinting reaction. Refluxing of the model compound 3 in toluene for 2 days produced p-hydroxybenzaldehyde, suggesting that the degradation was caused by the partial hydrolysis of the Schiff base and subsequent attack on the ether linkage by the amine. On the other hand, MODSA TRIPOD (4) did not decompose, presumably due to the greater strength of the aromatic Schiff
Chemiions and nanoparticle formation in diesel engine exhaust

The nanoparticles (diameter < 50 nm) emitted by diesel engines have received increasing attention due to their potential health effects. We propose that chemiions generated during combustion play an important role in the formation of these nanoparticles. The predicted nanoparticle properties based on our chemiion theory closely match measurements in terms of total nanoparticle concentrations, and their sensitivity to fuel sulfur contents and second stage dilution conditions, while the classical homogeneous nucleation fails to explain these observed properties. Our study indicates that total number of nanoparticles formed is very sensitive to chemiion concentrations, and we propose a technique to effectively reduce vehicle nanoparticle emissions by removing ions in the exhaust.
Binding of 63Ni to rabbit serum α1-macroglobulin in vivo and in vitro

Abstract Nickeloplasmin, the nickel-containing α 1 -macroglobulin in rabbit serum, was labelled with 63 Ni in vivo and in vitro . Serums were obtained from rabbits at 2 and 8 hours after an i.v. injection of 63 NiCl 2 . Isolation of serum 63 Ni-nickeloplasmin which was labelled in vivo was accomplished by successive fractionations by column chromatography on Sephadex G-200 and by preparative electrophoresis on acrylamide gel. Labelling of nickeloplasmin with 63 Ni in vitro was achieved by mixing (a) serum ultrafiltrates from rabbits which had received i.v. 63 NiCl 2 , with (b) concentrated proteins obtained by ultrafiltration of serums collected from the same rabbits prior to injection of 63 NiCl 2 . 63 Ni-nickeloplasmin preparations which were labelled in vivo or in vitro yielded a single protein band on analytical acrylamide gel electrophoresis and were identified as an α 1 -macroglobulin by immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis. Nickeloplasmin was not labelled in vitro after incubation of dialyzed serum proteins with 63 NiCl 2 nor after incubation of crude serum macroglobulins with 63 NiCl 2 . These findings suggest that 63 Ni-nickeloplasmin might be a ternary complex of serum α 1 -macroglobulin with an ultrafiltrable 63 Ni-constituent of serum.
Multifrequency EPR studies of manganese catalases provide a complete description of proteinaceous nitrogen coordination

Pulse electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy is employed at two very different excitation frequencies, 9.77 and 30.67 GHz, in the study of the nitrogen coordination environment of the Mn(III)Mn(IV) state of the dimanganese-containing catalases from Lactobacillus plantarum and Thermus thermophilus. Consistent with previous studies, the lower-frequency results reveal one unique histidine nitrogen-Mn cluster interaction. For the first time, a second, more strongly hyperfine-coupled (14)N atom is unambiguously observed through the use of higher frequency/higher field EPR spectroscopy. The low excitation frequency spectral features are rationalized as arising from the interaction of a histidine nitrogen that is bound to the Mn(IV) ion, and the higher excitation frequency features are attributed to the histidine nitrogen bound to the Mn(III) ion. These results allow for the computation of intrinsic hyperfine coupling constants, which range from 2.2 to 2.9 MHz, for sp(2)-hybridized nitrogens coordinating equatorially to high-valence Mn ions. The relevance of these findings is discussed in the context of recent results from analogous higher frequency EPR studies of the Mn cluster in photosystem II and other exchange-coupled, transition metal-containing systems.
Observations on lesser-known flatworms: Udonella

Udonella caligorum is acknowledged as a monogenean by some (Baer & Euzet, 1961; Yamaguti, 1963), but not by others (Ivanov, 1952; Bychowsky, 1957). It also has many similarities to Temnocephala, a rhabdocoel turbellarian. Light and electron microscope studies showed that the posterior sucker is glandular and that neither the adult nor eggs possess hooks; the head-gland secretion is eosinophilic and granular, and the tegument composed primarily of secretory granules and mitochondria. Ten pair of cells appearing to be paranephrocytes are present. Udonella larvae were shown to be larger than the host copepod nauplii, so transmission of worms between hosts must occur either during host mating, casual contact of hosts, or through free worms on the surface of the fish which the copepod infests.
Explorations in Consulting-Client Relationships

I should like to explore the role of the consultant based upon an analysis of two cases of a particular consultant group. Obviously one cannot generalize very much from such restricted data. This descriptive and exploratory report has as its objective the delineation of some issues and the generation of hypotheses. It marks the first stage of a long-range program whose ultimate goal is the development of appropriate models to understand the client-consultant relationship and its impact on organizational change and development.
Alcohol use and violence among adolescents in a multiethnic setting

Abstract This study compares the prevalence of drinking behaviors and violence (fighting, weapon carrying, being threatened and feeling unsafe) among Hawaiian, other Asian American and Pacific Islander (AAPI), and Caucasian students, using data collected from the Youth Risk Behavior Survey in Hawaii in 1997 and 1999 (N = 2,146). Native Hawaiians and Caucasians were more likely than other AAPIs to have had a drink and to binge drink. Drinking behavior was a predictor for all violence behaviors, increasing its likelihood as much as ten-fold. Violent behaviors differed by ethnicity. The findings highlight the need to develop culturally sensitive strategies for violence prevention and to explore risk factors among AAPI subgroups.
Changes in fiber types of the hypertrophying denervated hemidiaphragm

Abstract Although most mammalian muscles begin to atrophy shortly after losing their innervation, the denervated hemidiaphragm of the rat undergoes a gross hypertrophy that persists for approximately 1 mo. This transient hypertrophy has been attributed to the repetitive, unopposed stretching of the denervated hemidiaphragm resulting from the rhythmic contractions of the intact, contralateral hemidiaphragm. The latter situation affords a unique opportunity for ascertaining the effects of stretch, in the absence of innervation, on the several types of skeletal muscle fibers commonly present in the diaphragm. Samples of the denervated hemidiaphragm were studied histochemically for succinic dehydrogenase (SDH) and “myofibrillar” adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) at successive intervals after unilateral section of the phrenic nerve. The three principal fiber types exhibited maximum, though differential hypertrophy 1 wk after surgery. The responsiveness of the musculature varied from locale to locale, with regions demonstrating pronounced hypertrophy alternating with those manifesting little or no change. The small, SDH-high: ATPase-low fibers hypertrophied to the greatest degree and for the longest duration. The large, SDH-low: ATPase-high fibers hypertrophied the least and for the briefest interval. The small, SDH-high: ATPase-high fibers responded in an intermediate fashion. One week or more after denervation other intramuscular changes were also evident. These included the apparent conversion of some fibers to the SDH-high: ATPase-low profile, as well as an apparent hyperplasia of the musculature as a result of satellite formation and/or fiber splitting. The results exemplify the differences in stretch- and innervation-dependence of the three fiber types within the diaphragm, and support the contention that stretch is a major factor determining the histochemical, as well as histological constitution of mammalian skeletal muscle.
Theorv of flame propagation

Abstract Previous work on steady state propagation of flat flames is reviewed and various mathematical techniques are contrasted. In the numerical evaluation of the velocity of uniform propagation of flames, the effects of varying parameters, heat loss and chain reactions are considered, leading to analysis of stability of propagation. Limits of validity are given.
Late Quaternary history of the Ventura mainland shelf, California

Abstract The Ventura mainland shelf off California provides an interesting example of sedimentary response to tectonic activity and eustatic sea-level fluctuations during the late Quaternary. A network of 370 km of high-resolution seismic-reflection profiles provides the basis for the study. The high local rates of uplift, as well as local basin subsidence, have resulted in two distinct styles of sedimentation. A late Pleistocene angular unconformity separates folded Plio-Pleistocene strata from undeformed upper Pleistocene and Holocene strata on the northern shelf. In contrast, the southern shelf is characterized by a thick section of stacked, progradational deltaic sequences containing a well-preserved record of late Quaternary sedimentation. Sediment overlying the unconformity north of the Pitas Point fault ranges from 10 to 40 m in thickness, whereas the equivalent sequence in the adjacent southern shelf is 80–85 m thick. The distribution of upper Pleistocene and Holocene deposits is controlled by structural features including the Pitas Point and Oak Ridge faults, and the Ventura Avenue anticline, as well as proximity to fluvial input from the Santa Clara and Ventura Rivers. Within upper Pleistocene deposits, a pair of buried marine terraces occur at depths of 33 and 50 m below present sea level (b.p.s.l.). Terrace deposits consist of a basal, coarse-grained, transgressive deposit which is transitional into a finer grained marine facies. These deposits are associated with a period of aggradation during minor late Wisconsinan sea-level cycles. Deltaic deposits beneath the southern shelf 4 km north of Hueneme submarine canyon suggest that the Santa Clara River debouched into the sea at this location during the late Pleistocene. The Santa Clara River shifted southward during the late Wisconsinan and cut a large channel, now buried, near Hueneme canyon. This channel indicates that relative sea level was at least 113 m b.p.s.l. during the late Wisconsinan. A smaller channel indicates a fall in sea level to 46 m b.p.s.l. during the Holocene. The Oak Ridge fault displays a general increase in offset seaward across the shelf, with a maximum vertical displacement of 17 m on the Saugus/upper Pleistocene contact. Displacements on the Pitas Point fault increase shoreward, attaining as much as 40 m of vertical displacement of the late Pleistocene unconformity. Nearshore, the Pitas Point fault vertically displaces the seafloor by 4 m.
Arteriovenous Fistulas of the Lungs

Two cases of pulmonary arteriovenous fistula (or aneurysm) are presented, one of which is reported in detail. Twenty-three other cases of pulmonary arteriovenous aneurysm or fistula previously reported in the American literature are reviewed, and the clinical, laboratory, radiologic, physiologic, pathologic and hereditary features of this condition discussed. Clubbing of the fingers and toes, polycythemia and cyanosis are almost constant findings. The imnportance of differentiating this condition from polycythemia vera and congenital heart disease is emphasized.
Evaluative review in materials development

Abstract English for Academic Purposes (EAP) professionals know that initial efforts to produce or adapt materials generally require evaluative review and revision. A review process that solicits feedback from teacher and student users is critical because materials writers often find it difficult to envision the problems others may have with their materials. Despite the importance of such feedback, the EAP literature provides few insights on how to engage in evaluative review to inform material revisions. To fill this gap, we describe the evaluative review process that we developed as part of an interdisciplinary textbook development project. The case study setting is described, to situate the discussion, and includes an explanation of the scope of the project, the nature of the instructional approach, and our rationale for materials assessment. We then describe instruments developed to gather feedback from three participants groups, explain feedback-collection and data-analysis procedures, and provide sample data to demonstrate the breadth, scope, and usefulness of our evaluative review. We conclude with implications for EAP practitioners, with an emphasis on implications that are pertinent to the overall materials evaluation process and to the design of feedback-collection instruments and procedures.
Diaphragm Levels as Determinants of P Axis in Restrictive vs Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Background and objective Verticalized P axes in adults with obstructive lung disease have long been appreciated as characteristic of emphysema. After demonstrating P axes in restrictive lung disease to have a significantly different orientation (intermediate to horizontal), it was hypothesized that opposite effects on diaphragm level by obstructive disease (low diaphragm) and by restrictive disease (high diaphragm) could explain the axis differences, because the right atrium is attached via the inferior vena cava and adjacent pericardium to the right leaf of the diaphragm. M ethods Electrocardiograms and chest radiographs were analyzed independently in a new series of 20 consecutive patients with purely obstructive and 19 consecutive patients with purely restrictive pulmonary disease. P axes were calculated to the nearest 5° and grouped as vertical (+65° to +90°), intermediate (+40° to +60°), and horizontal ( Results P axes for obstructive vs restrictive disease were different (p Conclusion Because the separate P-axis distributions in restrictive and obstructive lung disease parallel the separate diaphragm levels and because the right atrium is necessarily carried by attachments to the right diaphragmatic leaf, it is likely that the consequent positional effects on the right atrium contribute to or cause the significantly different P-axis orientations in restrictive and obstructive pulmonary disease.
Monte Carlo ray-tracing simulations of luminescent solar concentrators for building integrated photovoltaics

Luminescent solar concentrators (LSCs) have the ability to receive light from a wide range of angles, concentrating the captured light onto small photo active areas. This enables greater incorporation of LSCs into building designs as windows, skylights and wall claddings in addition to rooftop installations of current solar panels. Using relatively cheap luminescent dyes and acrylic waveguides to effect light concentration onto lesser photovoltaic (PV) cells, there is potential for this technology to approach grid price parity. We employ a panel design in which the front facing PV cells collect both direct and concentrated light ensuring a gain factor greater than one. This also allows for flexibility in determining the placement and percentage coverage of PV cells during the design process to balance reabsorption losses against the power output and level of light concentration desired. To aid in design optimization, a Monte-Carlo ray tracing program was developed to study the transport of photons and loss mechanisms in LSC panels. The program imports measured absorption/emission spectra and transmission coefficients as simulation parameters with interactions of photons in the panel determined by comparing calculated probabilities with random number generators. LSC panels with multiple dyes or layers can also be simulated. Analysis of the results reveals optimal panel dimensions and PV cell layouts for maximum power output for a given dye concentration, absorbtion/emission spectrum and quantum efficiency.
Aerobic and anaerobic metabolism during activity in the lizardDipsosaurus dorsalis

1. Oxygen consumption and lactate content of the lizardDipsosaurusdorsalis were determined under standard conditions and for a bout of maximal activity induced by a 2-min period of electrical stimulation. Observations were made between 25 ° and 45 °C. 2. Maximal aerobic scope, 2.27 cm3 O2/(g × hr), occurred at 40 °C (Figs. 2, 4). The increase in oxygen consumption during activity at the various temperatures between 25 ° and 45 °C represented 7- to 17-fold of corresponding resting levels. 3. Lactate content of restingDipsosaurus is independent of temperature and averages 0.25 mg/g body weight. Maximal lactate production during the activity induced by a 2-min period of electrical stimulation occurred at 40 °C (Fig. 3). The capacity ofDipsosaurus for anaerobic metabolism exceeds that of other lizards investigated, both in its magnitude and in its thermal dependence. 4. The total amount of energy mobilized byDipsosaurus in the activity induced by a 2-min period of electrical stimulation was maximal at 40 °C (Fig. 4). Anaerobiosis accounts for a minimum of 58–83% of the total energetic expenditure. 5. It is postulated that the principal physiological adaptations to preferred thermal levels in reptiles have involved energy mobilization during and rapid recovery after activity.
Crimson Clover Reseeding Potential as Affected by s‐Triazine Herbicides

Economic savings can result from allowing a crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.) cover crop in no-tillage corn (Zea mays L.) systems to self-reseed and thereby eliminate the need for annual seeding operations. Research has indicated, however, that self-reseeding of crimson clover is variably sensitive to certain residual corn herbicides, depending on growth stage at time of herbicide application. Accordingly, a 2-yr experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of atrazine, cyanazine, and simazine applied to crimson clover at four growth stages (late vegetative, early bloom, late bloom, and early seed set) on subsequent clover reseeding potential. All successfully reseeded crimson clover plots were sampled in 1990 and 1991 for dry matter (DM) and total N concentration []
Collecting and analyzing on-line protocols from novice programmers

Methodology for collecting and analyzing on-line protocols from novice programmers is described. On-line protocols are copies of all syntactically correct programs that students have written using an interactive computer system. Since the number of on-line protocols collected is quite large, we have developed a computer program, called the Bug Finder, which can auto-matically identify semantic and pragmatic bugs in subjects’ programs. In this paper, we describe the theory upon which the Bug Finder is built and provide an example of the Bug Finder in operation.
Consistent heat transfer analysis for performance evaluation of multichannel solar absorbers

Abstract The numerical evaluation of solar absorber performance must be based on the coupling between solar flux modeling and heat transfer modeling. We have developed a ray-tracing method to model the solar flux distribution absorbed at SiSiC multichannel absorber surfaces under a solar furnace, and solved one-dimensional heat transfer governing equations that import the solar flux modeling results. By consistently dealing with changes in properties or dimensions of absorbers for the two modeling processes, we are able to evaluate absorber performance with the balance of radiation loss. It turns out that the diffuse irradiation assumption is applicable for performance evaluation on multichannel absorbers although it may differ from a real solar flux distribution. A sensitivity analysis demonstrates that the increase of absorptivity is most effective to performance enhancement because the increase of reflection loss dominates the decrease of emission loss. The proposed consistent approach provides a better understanding of heat transfer in volumetric solar absorbers and thus helps the improvement of their performance.
Stimulus-reinforcement-based decision making and anxiety: impairment in generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) but not in generalized social phobia (GSP).

Background. Generalized social phobia (GSP) involves the fear/avoidance of social situations whereas generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) involves an intrusive worry about everyday life circumstances. It remains unclear whether these, highly co-morbid, conditions represent distinct disorders or alternative presentations of a single underlying pathology. In this study, we examined stimulus-reinforcement-based decision making in GSP and GAD. Method. Twenty unmedicated patients with GSP, 16 unmedicated patients with GAD and 19 age-, IQ- and gender-matched healthy comparison (HC) individuals completed the Differential Reward/Punishment Learning Task (DRPLT). In this task, the subject chooses between two objects associated with different levels of reward or punishment. Thus, response choice indexes not only reward/punishment sensitivity but also sensitivity to reward/ punishment level according to between-object reinforcement distance. Results. We found that patients with GAD committed a significantly greater number of errors than both the patients with GSP and the HC individuals. By contrast, the patients with GSP and the HC individuals did not differ in performance on this task. Conclusions. These results link GAD with anomalous non-affective-based decision making. They also indicate that GSP and GAD are associated with distinct pathophysiologies.
Nerve growth factor regulation of choline acetyltransferase gene expression in rat embryo basal forebrain cultures

Abstract Nerve growth factor (NGF) increases the activity of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), the synthetic enzyme for acetylcholine, in rat basal forebrain neurons both in vivo and in vitro. In poly(A) + RNA isolated from cultures prepared from the embryonic (E15) rat basal forebrain, radiolabeled probes from the human ChAT gene detected a 3,700 nt and a less abundant 2,300 nt transcript. After growth in the presence of NGF, the abundance of both mRNAs was increased approximately twofold, parallelling the increase in ChAT enzyme activity. In vivo, the human ChAT probes detected a single 3,700 nt form of ChAT mRNA in both embryonic and adult rat basal forebrain. These results suggest that the NGF-mediated increase in ChAT activity in basal forebrain cultures is regulated at the transcriptional level.
Psychotherapeutic approaches to bipolar depression

Abstract There are limited systematic data on psychotherapeutic approaches to the treatment of bipolar depression. These will be reviewed according to types of therapy applied. These include individual psychotherapy, psychoeducation, cognitive behavior therapy, marital and family therapy, interpersonal and social rhythm therapy, and group psychotherapy. Although there are numerous methodological difficulties in the studies reviewed, overall there appears to be an important therapeutic effect for psychotherapy as an adjunct to pharmacotherapy in the management of patients with bipolar disorder, particularly those with bipolar depression.
Stimulation of hepatic microsomal β-glucuronidase by calcium

Abstract Hydrolysis of 3-methylumbelliferyl glucuronide by liver microsomal β-glucuronidase is enhanced about 2-fold by micromolar concentrations of Ca2+; half-maximal stimulation occurs with 0.35 μM Ca2+. Dissociation of the enzyme from microsomal membranes by various treatments increases basal β-glucuronidase activity and markedly decreases the sensitivity of the enzyme to Ca2+. Under similar conditions, the soluble lysosomal form of the enzyme is insensitive to Ca2+. Ca2+ stimulation was unaltered by addition of calmodulin inhibitors or exogenous calmodulin. Thus, interaction of cytosolic Ca2+ with membrane bound β-glucuronidase may modulate glucuronidation in intact hepatocytes via a novel, calmodulin-independent mechanism.
Statistical approach to dynamical inverse problems

Based on nonparametric estimation ideas, a statistical approach to the dynamical inverse problem for some n th order nonlinear differential equations is introduced. It is proved that the real-time filter type of estimators converge respectively, as the data noise tends to zero, to the unknown force function and its derivatives at an optimal rate in the minimax sense.
A comprehensive modeling and vibration analysis of AFM microcantilevers subjected to nonlinear tip-sample interaction forces

Abstract Precise and accurate representation of an Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) system is essential in studying the effects of boundary interaction forces present between the probe's tip and the sample. In this paper, a comprehensive analytical model for the AFM system utilizing a distributed-parameters based approach is proposed. More specifically, we consider two important attributes of these systems; namely the rotary inertia and shear deformation when compared with the Euler–Bernoulli beam theory. Moreover, a comprehensive nonlinear interaction force is assumed between probe's and sample in order to reveal the response of the system more realistically. This nanoscale interaction force is based on a general form consisting of both attractive and repulsive components as well as a function of the tip-sample distance and the microcantilever's base and sample oscillations. Mechanical properties of the sample could interact with the nanomechanical coupling field between the probe' tip and sample and be implemented in studying the composition information of the sample and the ultra-small features inside it. Therefore, by modulating the dynamics of the AFM system such as the driving amplitude of the microcantilever the procedure for the subsurface imaging is described. The presented approach here could be implemented for designing the AFM probes by examining the tip-sample interaction forces dominant by the van der Waals forces. Several numerical case studies are presented and the force–distance diagram reveals that the proposed nonlinear nanomechanical force along with the distributed-parameters model for the microcantilever is able to fulfill the mechanics of the Lennard–Jones potential.
Nuclear spin multiplet collapse in HD gas

Abstract We have observed in HD gas the onset of the collapse of the deuteron magnetic resonance spin doublet. This doublet results from the indirect (electron-coupled) nuclear spin-spin interaction. The collapse has been found at high temperatures and low densities where the inverse of the spin-lattice relaxation time of the coupled proton becomes comparable with J(HD)=43 Hz, the frequency separation of the doublet resonance lines.