cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mediating Bhojpuriya: Migration, circulation, and Bhojpuri cinema

Although often described as a rural dialect of Modern Standard Hindi, in the last five years Bhojpuri has emerged as the language for a new cinema industry, complete with superstars, superhits, and media speculation about the particular ‘rural values’ that have catapulted the industry into success. But despite Bhojpuri's reputation as a ‘rustic’ way of speaking, Bhojpuri cinema critically inhabits both urban and rural spaces. While Bhojpuri speakers generally consider Bihar and Uttar Pradesh their homeland, millions have migrated into urban centers seeking work, and the films' modes of production, narrative themes, and distribution have followed them from Bihar to Mumbai. Understanding these films solely in terms of ‘rural values’ thus dismisses the interplay between city and countryside that gives meaning to ‘ruralness’ in the first place. This article traces the movement of capital, people, and films along the Bhojpuri cultural circuit, illuminating how rural and urban identities, technologies, and audi...
Empirical anomalies based on unexpected earnings and the importance of risk adjustments

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to reexamine Reinganum's study which indicates that abnormal returns could not be earned unexpected quarterly earnings information, and to document precisely the response of stock prices to earnings announcements. This study, using a very large sample of stocks and daily returns, represents the most complete and detailed analysis of quarterly earnings reports that has been performed to date. Our results are contrary to those of Reinganum and show that abnormal returns could have been earned almost any time during the 1970's. Our analysis also indicates that risk adjustments matter little in this type of work. Finally, we find that roughly 50% of the adjustment of stock returns to unexpected quarterly earnings occurs over a 90-day period after the earnings are announced.
Some new results on the Spearman hypothesis artifact

This note constitutes a summary of the main results of two papers devoted to Jensen’s (1980) “Spearman hypothesis”: (1) Elementary geometry shows that positive (“Spearman”) correlations between the mean black/white difference vector and the leading eigenvector of correlation matrices are artifacts, regardless of how one interprets Jensen’s ambiguous definitions of “Spearman’s hypothesis” (Level I versus Level II interpretation). (2) Empirically, the stronger Level II interpretation (which predicts positive correlations with both within eigenvectors) also arises with data that have nothing to do with g, such as SES variables indicating the number of toys and games. (3) Mathematically, the Level II interpretation implies not just approximate but perfect collinearity between the mean difference and the eigenvectors of all three covariance matrices, if one assumes multinormality, positivity of both subgroup covariance matrices, and an equal split into an HI and an LO group, regardless of whether Spearman’s factor model holds or not.
Adaptive Greedy-Heuristic Algorithm for Redundancy Augmentation by Loop Addition in Branched Water Distribution Systems

AbstractMany people in developing countries do not have access to sufficient water supply according to the World Health Organization. In addition, most water distribution systems are branched due to their lower pipe costs and, therefore, do not have redundancy in case of a pipe break. As funds do become available, the question arises as to which loop to connect first to provide the most redundancy at the least cost. A loop selection algorithm suitable for the educational background of development workers, employing an adaptive greedy heuristic algorithm, is proposed and demonstrated on two real branched systems in Central and South America in which a sufficiently large pipe was added to each possible loop with adjacent dead-end junctions and the redundancy and cost quantified. These possible loops were then ranked in terms of their ability to provide water service to the most users for the least cost. It was found that first priority must be given to the possible loop that connects the water source to an ...
The Economics of Water Quality Trading

Textbook pollution permit trading markets are appealing due to simple market designs and their ability to solve allocation problems without firm-specific information. Neither of these features is true for water quality markets, which may explain why emerging programs in this area have with few exceptions not fulfilled the promise of trading. We review water quality trading programs, and examine market design by focusing on three tasks that must be addressed to cost-effectively achieve environmental targets: (i) defining the point and nonpoint commodities to be traded, (ii) defining rules governing exchanges of the commodities, and (iii) setting caps on the commodity supplies so as to achieve an environmental target. Our examination of the third task, the cap and its role in determining trading rules (e.g., trading ratios), is novel. We examine this task from both an ecological and an economic perspective, and obtain new insights about the challenges of designing water quality trading programs.
Stereochemistry of aquo(5,10,15,20-tetraphenylporphinato)zinc(II) as its 18-crown-6, methylene chloride solvate

Abstract The structure of [Zn(TOO) (H2O)]· 1 2 (18-C-^)· 1 2 (CH2Cl2) (C50.5H38ClN4O4Zn) has been determined with ligand resolution (to 0.5 A) X-ray diffraction data collected with an rea detector at 128 K. No crystallographically required symmetry is found for the molecule. The four ZnNp bond distances have an average value of 2.066(3) A and the acial ZnO bond length is 2.1109(aa) A. The zinc(II) displacement from the mean plane of the 24-atom porphinato core is determined to be 0.36 A, significantly larger than the previously found for [Zn(TPP)(H2O)] and [Zn(TMP) (H2O)]· 1 2 H 2 O , but comparable to that of other five-coordinate zinc porphyrins with an oxygen donor axial ligand. A comparison of core structure with all other five-coordinate zinc(II) porphyrins is given. Strucutal data are based of F2 refinement using all aunique data i ncluding negative intensities. Crystal data: a = 16.775(1), b = 18.372(1), c = 27.843(2) A , β = 100.80(1) °, monoclinic, space group C2 c , V = 8428.9(9) A 3 , Z = 8, R 1 = 0.0585 for 14 489 ‘observed’ data with F0 ⩾ 4.0α (F0), and wR2 = 0.1681 for 26313 total unique data.
Psychiatric Diagnoses in the Child and Adolescent Members of Extended Families Identified through Adult Bipolar Affective Disorder Probands

ABSTRACT Objective To investigate the type and distribution of psychiatric disorders in the child and adolescent members of extended pedigrees identified through bipolar probands. Method The child and adolescent offspring (24 male, 26 female, aged 6 to 17 years) and the adult parents (60) of 14 bipolar pedigrees ascertained for the National Institutes of Mental Health Genetics Initiative Study of Bipolar Affective Disorder were personally assessed using structured psychiatric interviews. A parent was also interviewed about each child or adolescent offspring. Results Twelve of the 50 interviewed offspring received a lifetime DSM-III-R diagnosis of an affective disorder. This included six cases of bipolar disorder, five cases of major depressive disorder, and one case of dysthymia. Eight of the offspring who received an affective disorder diagnosis also qualified for an anxiety disorder (four), a disruptive behavior disorder (two), or both (two). Offspring who had a parent with an affective disorder had a 5.1-fold higher risk for receiving an affective disorder diagnosis than did offspring with healthy parents. Conclusions In a consecutive series of families identified through a proband with bipolar disorder, there were significant increases in the prevalence of affective disorder diagnoses in the child and adolescent offspring. The distribution of illness in offspring was compatible with the presence of important genetic factors which contribute to early-onset affective illness.
A Fully-Integrated MEMS Preconcentrator for Rapid Gas Sampling

In this paper, we present a new type of MEMS gaseous species preconcentrator (muPC) that has been fabricated and tested as a front end for a flame ionization detector (FID). A one microliter muPC filled with microposts is integrated with microvalves (response time < 50 mus) and a resistive microheater (ramping to 200degC in 0.5 seconds). The integrated muPC can sample a cubic centimeter of gas in 0.2 second at 49 kPa, adsorb targeted species, heat and desorb, and inject concentrated gaseous species with 50 microsecond pulses into separation columns and/or detectors. The unprecedented speed of this muPC is enabled by MEMS sizing and fabrication, allowing sniffing of phosphonates, toxic industrial chemicals (TICs), and other volatile compounds in seconds, rather than tens of minutes with conventional systems.
Zircon U–Pb and trace element zoning characteristics in an anatectic granulite domain: Insights from LASS-ICP-MS depth profiling

Abstract Understanding the geochemical characteristics of metamorphic zircon, and how they may be modified by recrystallization processes, is fundamental to defining the timescales of tectonic processes affecting continental lithosphere. We utilize laser ablation split-stream (LASS)-ICP-MS depth-profiling analysis to obtain a continuous rim-to-core record of the U–Pb ages and trace-element composition preserved within variably recrystallized zircon from different rock types within a well-studied granulite domain in the western Grenville Province, Canada. Detailed analysis of the depth-resolved signal enables definition of chemically distinct (homogeneous) internal domains and heterogeneous intervening zones that can generally be correlated with textural features observed in CL. Three age populations have been distinguished within the ~ 35 μm deep profiles that correlate well with the established timing of protolith formation, granulite-facies metamorphism, and amphibolite-facies shearing, respectively. The U–Pb isotopic system and Th/U ratios in much of the crystal interiors have undergone considerable modification, as evidenced by a linear correlation between 207Pb/206Pb age and Th/U ratio. Interior and rim domains commonly contain blurred or faded oscillatory zoning patterns, suggesting that solid-state recrystallization is at least partially responsible for the modified U–Th–Pb composition. A number of systematic trends in trace element composition are also observed between interior domains and recrystallized rims, including 1) decreased Th/U (to ~ 0.1), 2) tighter clustering of Hf concentrations, 3) decreased total REE, 4) unchanged Eu anomalies, and 5) a widened spread of HREE enrichment values (YbN/GdN). Both YbN/GdN vs. Th/U and U/Ce vs. Th plots show increasing degree of compositional differentiation from protolith zircon as a function of metamorphic reworking processes (i.e. sample type). The transition zones between interior and rim domains exhibit textural features consistent with solid-state recrystallization and migration of a transgressive recrystallization front. The main compositional characteristics of the transition zones are 1) spikes in U and Ta, 2) steady to abrupt increases in Hf toward maximum values in the rims, 3) steady to abrupt decreases in Th toward minimum values in the rims, and 4) variable REE patterns that include spikes, troughs, and montonic decreases. Most of these characteristics are consistent with the purging of larger ions from the crystal lattice during recrystallization, with local bands of high concentration associated with recrystallization fronts.
Tunnel Oxide Nitridation Effect on the Evolution of $V_{t}$ Instabilities (RTS/QED) and Defect Characterization for Sub-40-nm Flash Memory

We report the impact of tunnel oxide nitridation (TON) on the evolution of random telegraph signal (RTS) and quick electron detrapping (QED) and investigate their microscopic origin. Applying nitridation at the SiO2/Si interface increases both Fermi level (RTS) and general midgap (QED) defects in fresh devices. However, it slows down additional defect generation and demonstrates improvement after severe program/erase cycling. Results from low-frequency 1/f noise indicate that TON aggravates RTS for high energy defects but hardens low energy defects, resulting in improved postcycled RTS. The suggestive defect chemistry is that strong Si-N bonding replaces relatively stable (but distorted) Si-O bonding, rather than passivating high energy dangling bonds. The Si-N bonding also causes more interface bonds to break, reducing strain and improving immunity against Fowler-Nordheim stress.
A note on the control of study behavior

Abstract Ayllon (1962) and Ayllon and Haughton (1962) have shown that food can be used to eliminate undesirable behavior and to produce and maintain desirable behavior in human subjects. The present paper reports an experiment which suggests the feasibility of using food reinforcement in conjunction with flash cards to control the studying behavior of a normal, 17-year-old girl. Her grades rose to a B- average during the experimental period; in the three semesters before, and the two semesters after the experimental period, her grade average was a D. The remainder of the paper presents the experimental procedure which was used and describes the results in more detail.
Effects of Goal Specificity and Performance Feedback to Work Groups on Peer Leadership, Performance, and Attitudes

This study reports findings from a field experiment in which specific goals and performance feedback were provided to nominal "teams" of female sewing machine operators. Specific goals and feedback from management were associated with significant improvements in group cohesion and goal commitment in addition to improvements in product quality. However, overallsatisfaction and intrinsic job satisfaction decreased. These findings, together with decreases in turnover, are examined within a longitudinal comparison group design. Results are discussed with reference to theoretical and practical issues in field research and work systems redesign.
Achievement Arousal Inhibits Helping Behavior Only in Males

The experiment reported here tested the hypothesis that achievement arousal inhibits the helping behavior of males but not females. Subjects were given 20 minutes to work on a task while faced with an opportunity to help a graduate student by stapling questionnaires. Performance on the task was described in the high-achievement-arousal condition as assessing intelligence and leadership ability, and in the no-achievement-arousal condition as merely yielding research data on processing verbal information. Males proved significantly more likely to help in the no-achievement-arousal condition than in the high-arousal condition, whereas females' helping was not affected by achievement-arousal. Yet, consistent with other research on helping, the majority of both male and female subjects did not help at all.
An adaptive IPFM/SDC controller for the closed-loop sodium nitroprusside regulation of post-operative blood pressure

The authors focus on the design and implementation of an integral pulse-frequency-modulated (IPFM) controller with a self-tuning Smith delay compensator (SDC) for the closed-loop sodium nitroprusside regulation of postoperative blood pressure. A unified scheme based on the least-mean-squares algorithm is proposed to estimate the plant parameters and transport lag needed to update the SDC model. This recursive technique is suitable for real-time implementation. >
Impact of helix geometry on MCG flux losses [magneto cumulative generators]

Explosively driven magnetic flux compression has been the object of research for more than three decades. Recently heightened interest has been focused on the basic physical mechanisms that determine the performance of helical magneto cumulative generators (MCGs). Two single-pitch helical flux compression generators of different sizes have been tested using current-voltage probes and optical diagnostics. The main parameters used to characterize the experimental performance of the flux compression generators were the flux conservation and theoretical current gain of each type of generator. Helices with constant pitch and differing separation between wires as well as wires with different insulation thickness were tested and analyzed with respect to their flux conservation and theoretical current gain. Preliminary results show that the insulation thickness plays only a minor role for a change in flux conservation due to geometry in the range from 0.01 to 0.5 mm provided that no internal breakdown occurred. Additionally, the overall physical dimension of the generator was modified to allow for a substantial increase in initial inductance. The outer diameter of the generator armature was held constant at 1.5 inches and the coil diameter was varied from 2.6 to 3.5 inches (expansion ratio of 1.7 or 2.3, respectively). The results gained from the conservative expansion ratio of 1.7 were used as a base to compare to the generator performance at the more aggressive expansion ratio of 2.3. First results show that an expansion ratio of 2.3 produces viable results for a partially annealed Aluminum armature with a Gurney angle of approximately 15 degrees.
Progesterone Inhibits Basal Production of Follicle-Stimulating Hormone in Ovine Pituitary Cell Culture*

Progesterone (P4) regulation of FSH production was studied in dispersed ovine pituitary cell culture. FSH secretion into culture media was decreased by 30-70% in the presence of 10(-7) M P4. The ED50 of P4 was 2 X 10(-10) M. Decreased FSH secretion was observed as early as 9-12 h after treatment with P4 (10(-7) M). FSH secretion rebounded to control levels after P4 was removed for 4 days. The intracellular FSH content also decreased after P4 treatment, suggesting that decreased FSH secretion is due to decreased biosynthesis. Two progesterone metabolites, 5 alpha-dihydroprogesterone and 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone, showed relative activities of 39% and 28%, respectively, compared to P4. Although testosterone (10(-7) M) inhibited FSH secretion by 10%, it may have done so only via conversion to estradiol. Dihydrotestosterone, androstanedione, and cortisol had no effect on FSH secretion. P4 consistently showed activity in 2-day-old ovine culture, but its effect essentially disappeared by day 10 or 12 of culture. When insulin was included in the culture medium (medium 199 plus 10% charcoal-treated anestrous ewe serum), the effect of P4 was maintained for up to 20 days, and FSH production, in general, was augmented with insulin. These results indicate that P4 can specifically inhibit FSH production in ovine pituitary cell culture, but there is no long term maintenance of the P4 response unless insulin is present. Finally, it is known that 17 beta-estradiol also inhibits FSH production in ovine pituitary cultures. Therefore, our results establish that FSH production is a phenomenon that is regulated similarly by both estradiol and P4.
Antigen-Presenting Cell Modulation Induces a Memory Response to p24 in Peripheral Blood Leukocytes from Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Individuals

The accurate determination of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-specific proliferative responses is critically important when evaluating immune recovery after highly active antiretroviral therapy. Using a new assay to enhance proliferative responses to recall and HIV antigen, we addressed the questions of whether viral load affects cellular immunity and whether long-term viral load suppression results in loss of antigen-specific responder cells. This assay is based on the fact that lipopolysaccharide (LPS) can augment proliferative responses to antigen after monocyte adherence to a tissue culture plate. Twenty-six HIV-1-infected individuals donated peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL). Proliferation assays against p24, using LPS and cell adherence, were performed on all samples. Medical record abstraction provided information on CD4 cell nadir and time of viral load suppression. PBL from HIV-1-infected individuals with a viral load of 5 to p24 (12 of 15) compared to those with a viral burden (2 of 11), using the LPS-adherence assay. Proliferative responses to p24 could be found in PBL from virally suppressed donors independent of the CD4 cell nadirs and in the majority of the donors who were virally suppressed for >10 months (7 of 10). The data presented here demonstrate that LPS and monocyte adherence provide a sensitive and specific way to boost proliferative responses to recall and HIV antigens.
Improved cell survival by the reduction of immediate-early gene expression in replication-defective mutants of herpes simplex virus type 1 but not by mutation of the virion host shutoff function.

Derivatives of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) have elicited considerable interest as gene transfer vectors because of their ability to infect a wide range of cell types efficiently, including fully differentiated neurons. However, it has been found that infection of many types of cell with vectors derived from replication-defective mutants of HSV-1 is associated with cytopathic effects (CPE). We have previously shown that viral gene expression played an important role in the induction of CPE caused by an HSV-1 mutant deleted for the essential immediate-early gene 3 (IE 3) (P.A. Johnson, A. Miyanohara, F. Levine, T. Cahill, and T. Friedmann, J. Virol. 66:2952-2965, 1992). We have investigated which viral genes might be responsible for CPE by comparing the ability of each of the individual genes expressed by an IE 3 deletion mutant during a nonproductive infection to inhibit biochemical transformation after cotransfection of BHK or CV-1 cells with a selectable marker gene. Transfection of IE genes 1,2, and 4 individually all caused a marked inhibition of colony formation, while transfection of IE 5 and the large subunit of ribonucleotide reductase had little effect. These results suggested that it would be necessary to mutate or reduce the expression of nearly all HSV-1 IE genes to reduce virus-induced CPE. Therefore, we have used VP16 mutants, which are unable to transinduce IE gene expression (C. I. Ace, T. A. McKee, J. M. Ryan, J. M. Cameron, and C. M. Preston, J. Virol. 63:2260-2269, 1989), to derive two replication-defective strains: 14H delta 3, which is deleted for both copies of IE 3, and in 1850 delta 42, which has a deletion in the essential early gene UL42. The IE 3-VP16 double mutant, 14H delta 3, is significantly less toxic than a single IE 3 deletion mutant over a range of multiplicities of infection, as measured in a cell-killing assay, and has an enhanced ability to persist in infected cells in a biologically retrievable form. In contrast, the UL42-VP16 double mutant, in 1850 delta 42, showed reduced toxicity only at low multiplicities of infection. To test the role of the virion host shutoff function as an additional candidate to influence virus-induced CPE, we have introduced a large insertion mutation into the virion host shutoff gene of an IE 3 deletion mutant and the double mutant 14H delta 3.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Coping with the Prospect of Social Disapproval

Samuel Clemens’s observation about the human condition is both insightful and amusing. Embarrassment is an all too familiar human emotion, and one that reveals a great deal about the nature of social relations. This chapter is not about embarrassment. Yet the fact that it exists, and can run so deep, does set the stage for the present analysis of the role of disapproval in social exchange.
The impact of initial antibiotic therapy (linezolid, vancomycin, daptomycin) on hospital length of stay for complicated skin and soft tissue infections

Empiric therapy of inpatient skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs) generally require methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) coverage. Limited data are available to directly compare the effect of initial antibiotic choice on treatment outcomes and length of stay (LOS). To assess potential differences in length of hospital stay when inpatients with complex skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs) were initially treated with either vancomycin, linezolid, or daptomycin. A retrospective review of 219 patients diagnosed with inpatient SSTI who received linezolid, vancomycin, or daptomycin for >48 hours was performed. Data collected included demographics, comorbidities, microbiologic/laboratory data, additional management (surgical, non-study antibiotics), hospital LOS, treatment outcome and morbidity/mortality. The three groups evaluated were linezolid (n = 45), vancomycin (n = 90) daptomycin (n = 84). There was no difference between the three groups with respect to gender, age, comorbidities, leukocytosis, fever, antibiotics prior to admission, site of infection culture results and surgical intervention. One death was recorded, not associated with diagnosis of SSTI. No significant difference in LOS was found (P = 0.525) between the 3 groups. The mean LOS in entire cohort was 4.5 days (SD ± 2.5); thirty patients had prolonged LOS for non-SSTI reasons; reanalyzing the data without these 30 patients did not produce any difference in the mean LOS between the 3 groups. Switching vancomycin just prior to discharge to facilitate outpatient therapy was common but did not impact LOS. No difference was detected in hospital length of stay with respect to the initial choice of antibiotic (linezolid, vancomycin, or daptomycin) for SSTI. The three antibiotic regimens were equally effective in treating SSTIs as judged by LOS, irrespective of age, gender, comorbidities or baseline severity of SSTI. Given the large standard deviation in LOS, this result should be confirmed by larger studies.
Ureteroscopy: Current Practice and Long-Term Complications

ABSTRACTPurpose: We compared a current cohort of patients who underwent ureteroscopy to a cohort from the early 1980s to determine changes in success, indications and long-term complications of the procedure.Materials and Methods: A chart review was performed of 194 patients who underwent 209 ureteroscopic procedures at our institution during 1992. This group was then statistically compared to 317 patients who underwent 346 ureteroscopies between 1982 and 1985.Results: The current indications for ureteroscopy were calculus extraction (67% of the cases), diagnosis (28%) and stent manipulation (5%). These indications differed from those of the early series, in which 84% of all ureteroscopies were performed for calculus extraction and 16% for diagnosis. Overall ureteroscopic success rate increased from 86 to 96% (p <0.001). Success of stone extraction improved from 89 to 95% (p = 0.08, distal success rate 95 to 97% and proximal success rate 72 to 77%). Success of diagnostic inspections increased from 73 to 9...
Self-Control, Negative Affect, and Young Driver Aggression: An Assessment of Competing Theoretical Claims

A large body of research reveals support for Agnew's general strain theory (GST) and Gottfredson and Hirschi's self-control theory, yet the two perspectives make decidedly different predictions concerning the relationships between self-control, negative affect (e.g., anger), and criminal/deviant behavior. Where GST specifies indirect and conditioning effects of self-control and negative affect on criminal/deviant behavior, self-control theory states that the independent effect of indicators of anger would be spurious and should disappear on controlling for self-control. We test these propositions using survey data from a probability sample of young adults. The structural equation models indicate that, although anger is largely the consequence of self-control, self-control and negative affect exert significant direct effects on driving aggression. These results highlight the need to integrate GST and self-control theories to better explain this form of deviant behavior.
LYE: a high-performance caching SOAP implementation

The Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP) is a dominant enabling technology in the field of Web services. Web services demand high performance, security and extensibility. SOAP, being based on extensible markup language (XML), inherits not only the advantages of XML, but its relatively poor performance. This makes SOAP a poor choice for many high-performance Web services. We present a new approach to implementing the SOAP protocol using caching on the SOAP server. This approach has significant performance advantages over current approaches while maintaining complete protocol compliance. We demonstrate its practicality by implementing a demonstration system under Linux, giving speedups of over 250% in our sample applications.
Species-specific residues calibrate SoxR sensitivity to redox-active molecules

In enterics, the transcription factor SoxR triggers a global stress response by sensing a broad spectrum of redox-cycling compounds. In the non-enteric bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Streptomyces coelicolor, SoxR is activated by endogenous redox-active small molecules and only regulates a small set of genes. We investigated if the more general response in enterics is reflected in the ability of SoxR to sense a wider range of redox-cycling compounds. Indeed, while Escherichia coli SoxR is tuned to structurally diverse compounds that span a redox range of -450 to +80 mV, P. aeruginosa and S. coelicolor SoxR are less sensitive to viologens, which have redox potentials below -350 mV. Using a mutagenic approach, we pinpointed three amino acids that contribute to the reduced sensitivity of P. aeruginosa and S. coelicolor SoxR. Notably these residues are not conserved in homologues of the Enterobacteriaceae. We further identified a motif within the sensor domain that tunes the activity of SoxR from enterics - inhibiting constitutive activity while allowing sensitivity to drugs with low redox potentials. Our findings highlight how small alterations in structure can lead to the evolution of proteins with distinct specificities for redox-active small molecules.
The Effect of Implied Orientation Derived from Verbal Context on Picture Recognition

Perceptual symbol systems assume an analogue relationship between a symbol and its referent, whereas amodal symbol systems assume an arbitrary relationship between a symbol and its referent. According to perceptual symbol theories, the complete representation of an object, called a simulation, should reflect physical characteristics of the object. Amodal theories, in contrast, do not make this prediction. We tested the hypothesis, derived from perceptual symbol theories, that people mentally represent the orientation of an object implied by a verbal description. Orientation (vertical-horizontal) was manipulated by having participants read a sentence that implicitly suggested a particular orientation for an object. Then recognition latencies to pictures of the object in each of the two orientations were measured. Pictures matching the orientation of the object implied by the sentence were responded to faster than pictures that did not match the orientation. This finding is interpreted as offering support for theories positing perceptual symbol systems.
A Framework for Choosing the Most Appropriate Discrete Alternative Multiple Criteria Decision-Making Method in Decision Support Systems and Expert Systems

In this paper, a conceptual framework is developed for evaluating and comparing discrete alternative multiple criteria decision-making (MCDM) methods available for a given decision situation. The procedure employed in the framework guides the user through an analysis of the decision situation making it possible for a decision maker or analyst to select the most appropriate MCDM method from among several alternative feasible methods.
Measuring Infant Movement

Assessment of infant movement patterns is an important evaluation component in the early identification and management of high-risk and handicapped infants. Differences in infant movement patterns may provide early clues to the diagnosis of cerebral palsy and other developmental disabilities. The ultimate goal of early identification of movement disorders is the provision of early intervention services, such as developmental physical therapy. Qualitative analysis of infant movement differences can assist the clinician in developing treatment strategies aimed at facilitating normal movement patterns during the critical period of early central nervous system plasticity. This article presents four measurement strategies for quantifying such qualitative differences. Three clinical assessment tools—the Movement Assessment of Infants, the Bayley Motor Scale, and the Peabody Developmental Motor Scales—are described. Finally, new technological advances for kinematic analysis of infant movement are presented.
Research Progress in Dedusting Technology

Air pollution in china belongs to coal combustion pollution,dust elimination takes a important place in the air pollution control.Therefore improvement of dust treatment and exploitation of new techniques have become an urgent problem to be solved in the field of air pollution control.In this paper,four kinds of dust treatment technologies were summarized,including dusting mechanism,dust catcher and characteristic of dust treatment.Two kinds of new techniques of dust elimination were introduced.Development trend of dust treatment at home and aboard was put forward.
Acute and chronic kidney disease

The presentation of many renal diseases in older adults is remarkably similar to that in younger patients, although the symptoms and clinical findings are frequently attributed to diseases of aging. Since older patients often respond to treatment as well as younger patients do, they deserve a thorough investigation, including renal biopsy when indicated. It is important to base decisions regarding access to evaluation and treatment, quality of life, and initiation of termination of dialysis on strong moral and ethical grounds.
Assessing Economic Modulation of Future Critical Materials Use: The Case of Automotive-Related Platinum Group Metals.

Platinum-group metals (PGMs) are technological and economic enablers of many industrial processes. This important role, coupled with their limited geographic availability, has led to PGMs being labeled as “critical materials”. Studies of future PGM flows have focused on trends within material flows or macroeconomic indicators. We complement the previous work by introducing a novel technoeconomic model of substitution among PGMs within the automotive sector (the largest user of PGMs) reflecting the rational response of firms to changing prices. The results from the model support previous conclusions that PGM use is likely to grow, in some cases strongly, by 2030 (approximately 45% for Pd and 5% for Pt), driven by the increasing sales of automobiles. The model also indicates that PGM-demand growth will be significantly influenced by the future Pt-to-Pd price ratio, with swings of Pt and Pd demand of as much as 25% if the future price ratio shifts higher or lower even if it stays within the historic range. F...
Augustus: The Challenge of Pax Augusta

Some myths die hard. The issue, in the Augustan context, is not the myth of the Golden Age itself, but the myth of the Augustan Golden Age. The entire period of Augustus’ reign has often been characterized with this label which, as most labels, is convenient rather than precise. On that view, the last ripples on the Augustan sea were those of the battle of Actium. Calm then prevailed, prosperity returned, problems receded if not evanesced, splendid new edifices arose, and the arts flourished. Especially in ever-increasing retrospect, it was a blessed time that led later ages, notably in France, England, and Saxony, to appropriate the seal of an Augustan Golden Age for themselves (cf. Box 8.2). As always, the reality was more complicated. We already saw in the last chapter that there were choppy waters on which Augustus needed to navigate. Things fell into place neither automatically nor providentially after Actium and Alexandria. And how could they? The decades of disarray, amounting to almost a century, had left deep marks and fissures. A return to stability would require considerable time and always be a work in progress. That is, in fact, the mindset we find in many of the contemporary sources: not facile self-congratulation, but awareness of the need for ongoing effort. Vergil’s Aeneid is a sterling example. It is about the founding of Rome, but not in the physical sense. In the national epic, Rome is of course not built in a day – in fact, it is not built at all. That will come later; the emphasis is on the exertions (labores ) and struggles of the founding father.
The Social Order and Prophetic Practice

The concept of ‘the prophetic’ is defined as a level of analysis of social systems and is analysed as a subsystem of ‘the social order’. The latter is charted as a matrix of concepts in common use. Matters of common knowledge are used to illustrate how the scheme may correspond to parables of action and to types of prophetic movements currently observed.
Panics, Politics, and the Media

The information technology revolution has not only affected financial markets. The Internet and television financial news has fundamentally changed access to the market, for good or for bad.
Women as Mediators in South Africa

This paper presents results from an investigation of mediators and mediations in and around Johannesburg, South Africa, between 1978 and 1993, under the white-ruled apartheid system in effect at that time, which denied citizenship to indigenous Africans, who therefore had no rights. Some more informal updating to the present occurred after the nonracial democratic elections of 1994 instituted “the New South Africa.”
Intestinal disposition of sulforaphane in rat ileum and its concentration dependent effects on gene expression of metabolizing enzymes and transporters.

B106 Introduction: Sulforaphane (SFN), an isothiocyanate derived from broccoli and cruciferous vegetables, has been identified as a potent chemopreventive agent because of its effect on enzymes involved in carcinogen elimination. In cultured cell lines and after treatment of animals with high doses, SFN has shown to be a potent inducer of enzyme systems such as glutathione S-transferases, glucoronyl transferases and quinone reductase. However, to optimize the prevention strategies using SFN, detailed intestinal disposition at various concentrations and its dose dependent effect on expression of enzymes has not been studied in detail. Methods: The intestinal disposition of SFN was studied at three different concentrations of 10, 50 and 100 μM by single-pass intestinal perfusion of rat ileum coupled with mesenteric vein sampling. Rat ileum segments (~10cm) were perfused with SFN solution in iso-osmolar ammonium acetate buffer. Samples were collected from the outlet perfusate and mesenteric vein at 5 min intervals over 60 min. SFN and major metabolites, the glutathione (SFN-GSH) and N-acetylcysteine conjugates, were analyzed by a specific LC-MS/MS method developed in our laboratory. Effect on mRNA expression of various enzymes and transporters in perfused ileum segment was quantitated by real-time PCR using SYBR green master mix. Results: SFN was well absorbed from the ileum as evidenced by the high disappearance rate from the perfused segment. The average Peff(perfusate) value of SFN from the perfusate at 10μM was 2.73 x 10-4 cm/sec. However, SFN appearance in mesenteric blood was very low (Pb(SFN) = 7.09 x 10-6 cm/sec). It has been observed that in blood, SFN appears mainly as glutathione conjugate with Pb(SFN-GSH) as high as 1.96 x 10-4 cm/sec. At increasing perfusate concentrations, the Peff(perfusate) values of SFN remained constant, however, Pb(SFN) increased with a corresponding decrease in Pb(SFN-GSH). The mRNA of major intestinal metabolizing enzymes (glutathione-S-transferase isoforms, quinone reductase and metallothione) and an efflux membrane transporter (MRP-2) involved in cancer prevention were induced rapidly and substantially (> 2 fold) as a function of concentration within a limited perfusion time of 40-60 min. Conclusions: In conclusion, disposition of SFN and effect on gene expression is dependent on concentration. At higher concentrations, increased permeability of SFN with corresponding reduction in GSH permeability suggests some important implications in dose dependent cancer prevention properties of SFN because of altered pharmacokinetics. This detailed study of intestinal disposition of SFN may provide better insight into its activity as a cancer prevention agent and opportunities for designing prevention strategies optimized for SFN9s pharmacokinetics. Acknowledgement: Financial support from NCI R03 CA105465-01
Equinus and Lengthening Techniques

Equinus is linked to most lower extremity biomechanically related disorders. Defining equinus as ankle joint dorsiflexion less than 5° of dorsiflexion with the knee extended is the basis for evaluation and management of the deformity. Consistent evaluation methodology using a goniometer with the subtalar joint in neutral position and midtarsal joint supinated while dorsiflexing the ankle with knee extended provides a consistent clinical examination. For equinus deformity with an associated disorder, comprehensive treatment mandates treatment of the equinus deformity. Surgical treatment of equinus offers multiple procedures but the Baumann gastrocnemius recession is preferred based on deformity correction without weakness.
Organizational Transformations in Community Design Centers: An Analysis through Giddens’ Theory of Structuration Framework

ABSTRACTThrough provision of design, planning and advocacy services, university-based community design centers have a long history of community service and engagement. Utilizing Giddens’ structuration framework and through a comparative case-study analysis, this study examined whether and how community design centers transform over time responding to the changes in social, political, professional and economic contexts. Administrative support, external funding environment, reputation gained by successful projects, changes in human capital, and the trends in the profession and the higher education surfaced as rule- and resource-related factors enabling or constraining organizational changes. The lessons learned from these centers, regarding multidisciplinary collaborations, capitalizing on intellectual resources, and filling in the existing community niches, have the potential to inform others on how to institutionalize and sustain university-community partnerships.
Designing for dispositions

The purpose of this paper is to share the results of the first round of a design experiment, the purpose of which was to intentionally provoke in students particular ways of engaging with statistics. Specifically, in this study, we sought to design a curriculum which would support students' procedural, conceptual, and critical engagement with content, in order to develop dispositions towards engaging with statistics that involved: viewing representations as reflecting real phenomena; viewing operations and representations as tools that can be intentionally leveraged to develop and support particular arguments; and viewing justification and evidence as crucial components of convincing arguments. We present the design framework and rationale, findings and analysis from the first round of implementation. Implications for both design and learning are discussed.
Revisiting entrepreneurial intentions: a social cognitive career theory approach

This manuscript expands upon the extant knowledge of self-efficacy by applying social cognitive career theory (SCCT) to entrepreneurship, positing that it is a robust theoretical framework to study individual entrepreneurial activity. Additionally, self-efficacy is an important entrepreneurial construct, central to our understanding of entrepreneurial phenomena, so we explore how self-efficacy shapes entrepreneurial intentions, and provide arguments regarding the roles of both domain-specific and generalized self-efficacy. More specifically, we posit several SCCT-informed propositions: person inputs (generalized self-efficacy, gender, minority status) and environmental / background inputs (prior work experience, prior entrepreneurship experience, and prior family business exposure) significantly impacted entrepreneurial self-efficacy and entrepreneurial outcome expectations; entrepreneurial self-efficacy mediates the person input – entrepreneurial outcome expectations and person input – entrepreneurial intentions relationships, and entrepreneurial outcome expectations mediates the person inputs – entrepreneurial intentions relationship. In sum, this manuscript affirms the importance of SCCT in predicting EI, thus introducing a new perspective to the entrepreneurship literature that may provide unique insights in other areas as well.
Communal relational context (or lack thereof) shapes emotional lives.

A case is made that a communal relationship context (or lack thereof) shapes people's emotional lives for three reasons. First, a person's communal partners assume some degree of non-contingent responsibility for the person's welfare. This allows the person, when with or, at times, when thinking about such partners, to drop some self-protective vigilance, appraise situations as less threatening, focus attention outward on to situations and to see those situations through the partner's eyes often enhancing the emotional impact of those situations, express emotions which convey individual vulnerabilities and, in turn, receive and accept emotion regulation from partners. Second, a person is responsive to his or her communal partners’ welfare. This leads a person, when with or, at times, when thinking about such partners to attend to partners’ welfare and attendant emotions, mimic them, empathize with them and help to regulate them. This may also enhance how threatening situations seem when they might threaten the partner for whom the person feels communal responsibility. Third, communal relationships are valued by people. As a result certain emotions, which we call relational emotions, including embarrassment, hurt, guilt and gratitude commonly arise in the context of communal relationships as signals of the welfare of the relationship per se. In well-functioning communal relationships these emotions elicit partner responses that help to form, build, maintain and repair the relationships. It is more generally noted that other aspects of relational context (e.g. power differentials) also shape emotional lives and that emotion researchers are well-advised to attend to how all aspects relational context may influence emotional lives.
CORROSION OF STEEL IN MSE WALLS DUE TO DEICERS AND BACKFILL AGGREGATES

Corrosion of the reinforced steel is the main cause that afflicts the long-term performance of mechanically stabilized earth (MSE) walls. The deicing salts used on pavements to melt down snow is one of the major reasons of corrosion of these reinforced steels. The aggressiveness of deicers in terms of corrosion of reinforced steel was estimated through the potentiodynamic polarization technique at various concentrations of deicers. The present study aims to determine the corrosion behavior on bare steel in presence of various individual deicing salt or deicers e.g., sodium chloride, calcium chloride, magnesium chloride and potassium acetate at various concentration i.e., 0.25, 0.50 and 1.00 M. In addition, the corrosivity of two backfill aggregates i.e., natural aggregate and recycled concrete aggregate, was compared. The results show that the corrosion effect of deicers on reinforced steel of MSE wall depends on its chemical composition and concentration. Among the deicers used, the sodium chloride was most aggressive and potassium acetate is the least aggressive for the bare steel. The pH and electrical resistivity values of the natural and recycled concrete aggregates were compared with the standards provided by American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials and found to be non-corrosive. The corrosion rate of both the aggregates on bare steel were inappreciable and while analyzing the corrosiveness of these two aggregates, recycled concrete aggregate sample was observed to be more aggressive than the natural aggregate.