cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Attitudes about Abortion and Varying Attitude Structures

A survey on attitudes about abortion morality politics religion and other social issues was administered to 309 students in two upper classes at two large western universities in the 1989-1990 academic year. The aim was to identify whether prolife people have a different attitude structure than prochoice people. 20 attitude items made up a measure of abortion attitudes. These items form three dimensions of abortion: availability moral acceptability and a womans autonomy in an abortion decision. Each abortion item had responses on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from "agree strongly" to "disagree strongly" (coded 1-5). Overall the results showed that the average factor loadings for all three abortion dimensions were about twice as high for those inclined toward prolife as for those inclined toward prochoice. The average factor loadings when the groups were divided on the basis of their responses regarding availability was 0.52 for those who were more prolife and 0.31 for those who were more prochoice. For moral acceptability the figures were 0.53 for those who were more prolife and 0.23 for those who were more prochoice. For a womans autonomy the factor loading was 0.52 for those who were more prolife and 0.40 for those who were more prochoice. For the availability dimension a single underlying factor explained 28% of the amount of variance for the prolife group compared to 15% for the prochoice group. For moral acceptability a single factor explained 30% of the amount of variance for prolifers compared to 9% for prochoicers. For the autonomy dimension a single factor again explained 30% of the amount of variance for prolifers compared to 16% for prochoicers. The results therefore indicate that a single underlying dimension is a better predictor of the prolife position than the prochoice position.
Direct evidence for base-mediated decomposition of alkyl hydroperoxides (ROOH) in the gas phase.

The reaction of F- with CH3OOH has been studied in the gas phase using a tandem flowing afterglow-selected ion flow tube apparatus. The reaction is rapid (k = 1.23 × 10-9 cm3 s-1, 49% efficiency), and formation of HO- + CH2O + HF is the major reaction channel observed (85%). Isotopic labeling, reactions of F- with larger alkyl hydroperoxides, and computational studies demonstrate that the major product ion, HO-, is formed via a concerted elimination mechanism that appears to be general to all alkyl hydroperoxides possessing an α-hydrogen. This mechanism represents a base-mediated decomposition of alkyl hydroperoxides in the gas phase that may have important implications for solution and biochemical reactions. The reverse reaction, CH3OO- + HF is also efficient (k = 2.43 × 10-9 cm3 s-1). The major product ensemble HO- + CH2O + HF (81%) is identical to that of the forward reaction, and represents a novel neutral-catalyzed decomposition of the anion.
Trials with a Transponding Acoustic Fish Tag tracked with an Electronic Sector Scanning Sonar

A TRANSPONDING acoustic fish tag has been developed for use with the ARL scanner which is fitted to the Ministry of Agriculture's research vessel Clione. The design and installation of the ARL scanner have been described already1,2. The sonar transmitter floodlights a volume of sea, 30° in one plane by 10° in the other, by transmitting an acoustic pulse which lasts 100 µs, two or four times per second. This gives a range resolution of 7.5 cm and maximum ranges of 366 m and 183 m respectively. A receiving beam is swept over the same volume 10,000 times per second, with a resolution of 0.33° in the 30° plane. Thus, with this beam sweeping in the horizontal plane, a plan position display (CRT) is obtained of targets in midwater or of features on the seabed. The mode of operation can be changed so that the beam scans in the vertical instead of the horizontal plane. In this case the depth of a target can be obtained as well as a profile of the seabed.
Prenatal diagnosis and postnatal resection of intraabdominal enteric duplications

Abstract Purpose The high definition provided by modern imaging techniques allows the delineation of fetal anatomy with unprecedented accuracy. The early prenatal detection of enteric duplications is possible and facilitates a prompt postnatal treatment strategy, thereby, decreasing the risk of potential complications. Materials and Methods We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of all patients treated at our institution with a prenatally diagnosed intraabdominal enteric duplication between 2001 and 2009. Results Eighteen patients were included in the series. The diagnosis was made as early as 20 weeks of gestational age and included gastric duplications (3 cases), jejunoileal duplications (11 cases), and duodenal duplications (4 cases). None of the patients had prenatal complications. Two patients had associated intestinal malrotation, whereas the remaining 16 had no other malformations. Postnatally, 14 patients had an uneventful clinical course until the time of surgery, 3 patients had complications within the first 2 weeks of life that required emergency surgery, and 1 patient who had been lost to follow-up presented with duodenal obstruction at 3 years of age. Four patients underwent laparoscopic resection. Conclusion Because intraabdominal enteric duplications can cause complications, we believe that prenatally diagnosed enteric duplications should be resected after birth.
High-performance Ge:Ga arrays for the far infrared

We report on progress in the construction of highly sensitive arrays of germanium photoconductors for operation at wavelengths between 40 to 120 micrometers . This technology is being developed for future astronomical missions in the far infrared such as SIRTF. We are evaluating construction techniques that will allow us to build 32 X 32 format arrays that are reliable and suitable to be qualified for space flight, while retaining the excellent performance of a prototype we have built and tested previously. We review the technical issues in constructing large format far infrared arrays, along with a description of the approaches that have been adopted in a prototype array to deal with these issues. We report on the development of two advanced methods to interconnect the detectors and readouts, that allow the extension of the Z-plane concept to larger formats: (1) Flex cable and (2) tape automated bonding. Both methods are being evaluated in a detailed series of laboratory experiments, including the electrical performance of the integrated readout/interconnect systems, thermal performance, ease of assembly of completed arrays, and mechanical ruggedness. These approaches will be discussed in terms of their use both with readouts that need to operate at temperatures above those acceptable for the detectors (approximately 20 K) and with readouts that can operate close to the detector temperature (approximately 2 K).
Genetics of Somatic Mammalian Cells: Linkage Studies with Human–Chinese Hamster Cell Hybrids

Genetics of Somatic Mammalian Cells: Linkage Studies with Human–Chinese Hamster Cell Hybrids
Joint Substation-Transmission Line Vulnerability Assessment Against the Smart Grid

Power grids are often run near the operational limits because of increasing electricity demand, where even small disturbances could possibly trigger major blackouts. The attacks are the potential threats to trigger large-scale cascading failures in the power grid. In particular, the attacks mean to make substations/transmission lines lose functionality by either physical sabotages or cyber attacks. Previously, the attacks were investigated from substation-only/transmission-line-only perspectives, assuming attacks can occur only on substations/transmission lines. In this paper, we introduce the joint substation-transmission line perspective, which assumes attacks can happen on substations, transmission lines, or both. The introduced perspective is a nature extension to substation-only and transmission-line-only perspectives. Such extension leads to discovering many joint substation-transmission line vulnerabilities. Furthermore, we investigate the joint substation-transmission line attack strategies. In particular, we design a new metric, the component interdependency graph (CIG), and propose the CIG-based attack strategy. In simulations, we adopt IEEE 30 bus system, IEEE 118 bus system, and Bay Area power grid as test benchmarks, and use the extended degree-based and load attack strategies as comparison schemes. Simulation results show the CIG-based attack strategy has stronger attack performance.
Consequences of a morphological defense: growth, repair and reproduction by thin-and thick-shelled morphs of Nucella emarginata (Deshayes) (Gastropoda: Prosobranchia)

Abstract The consequences of interpopulational variation in shell thickness were investigated by comparing, in laboratory conditions, growth, repair, and reproduction by Nucella emarginata (Deshayes) from thick-shelled and thin-shelled populations found in and near Bodega Bay, California. Snails were subjected to standardized shell damage or were unmanipulated, and were then isolated in the laboratory and fed barnacles ad libitum. After 34 days, there were no differences between thick and thin-shelled snails in shell growth or repair, both measured perpendicular to the apertural lip. The mean number of offspring/capsule/ female did not differ between shell morphs, but thin-shelled females produced more egg capsules and thus more offspring. Thick-shelled females produced larger capsules and thus allocated more capsular resources/ embryo. These differences may reflect decreased reproductive allocation by thick-shelled Nucella , relative to thin-shelled morphs, as a consequence of increased resource allocation to shell growth and maintenance.
Differences in endosomal targeting of human β1- and β2-adrenergic receptors following clathrin-mediated endocytosis

The beta(2)-adrenergic receptor (beta(2)AR) undergoes agonist-mediated endocytosis via clathrin-coated pits by a process dependent on both arrestins and dynamin. Internalization of some G protein-coupled receptors, however, is independent of arrestins and/or dynamin and through other membrane microdomains such as caveolae or lipid rafts. The human beta(1)AR is less susceptible to agonist-mediated internalization than the beta(2)-subtype, and its endocytic route, which is unknown, may be different. We have found that (i) co-expression of arrestin-2 or -3 enhanced the internalization of both subtypes whereas co-expression of dominant-negative mutants of arrestin-2 or dynamin impaired their internalization, as did inhibitors of clathrin-mediated endocytosis. (ii) Agonist stimulation increased the phosphorylation of beta(2)AR but not beta(1)AR. (iii) In response to agonist, each subtype redistributed from the cell surface to a distinct population of cytoplasmic vesicles; those containing beta(1)AR were smaller and closer to the plasma membrane whereas those containing beta(2)AR were larger and more perinuclear. (iv) When subcellular fractions from agonist-treated cells were separated by sucrose density gradient centrifugation, all of the internalized beta(2)AR appeared in the lighter endosomal-containing fractions whereas some of the internalized beta(1)AR remained in the denser plasma membrane-containing fractions. (v) Both subtypes recycled with similar kinetics back to the cell surface upon removal of agonist; however, recycling of beta(2)AR but not beta(1)AR was inhibited by monensin. Based on these results, we propose that the internalization of beta(1)AR is both arrestin- and dynamin-dependent and follows the same clathrin-mediated endocytic pathway as beta(2)AR. But during or after endocytosis, beta(1)AR and beta(2)AR are sorted into different endosomal compartments.
Vulvitis and vaginitis

Although the vulva and vagina are embryologically and histologically different, proximity results in inflammatory conditions which commonly affect both regions. Patients often confuse 'vulvitis' and 'vaginitis' in characterizing symptoms. It is the job of the clinician to recognize inflammatory conditions specific to vulva and vagina, as well as to understand that inflammatory conditions can often involve both areas. This review of recent literature does not pretend to be comprehensive. Rather, it highlights specific conditions and research questions of recent interest.
An evaluation of indoor and outdoor biological particulate matter

Abstract The incidences of allergies, allergic diseases and asthma are increasing world wide. Global climate change is likely to impact plants and animals, as well as microorganisms. The World Health Organization, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, U.S. Department of Agriculture, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change cite increased allergic reactions due to climate change as a growing concern. Monitoring of indoor and ambient particulate matter (PM) and the characterization of the content for biological aerosol concentrations has not been extensively performed. Samples from urban and rural North Carolina (NC), and Denver (CO), were collected and analyzed as the goal of this research. A study of PM 10 ( 2.5 ( d -glucan and protein). Concentrations of these bioaerosols were reported as a function of PM size fraction, mass and volume of air sampled. The results indicated that higher concentrations of biologicals were present in PM 10 than were present in PM 2.5 , except when near-roadway conditions existed. This study provides the characterization of ambient bioaerosol concentrations in a variety of areas and conditions.
Alterations in dermal collagen in ultraviolet irradiated hairless mice.

Abstract Chronic exposure of the skin to sunlight results in severe dermal connective tissue damage that is characterized by the basophilic degeneration of collagen and the accumulation of an elastotic material. The aim of this study was to identify changes in collagen (the major structural protein of the skin) in ultraviolet irradiated mouse skin using immunochemical and biochemical techniques. Specific antibodies directed against the aminopropeptide of type III procollagen were used in immunofluorescence and immunoblotting studies. Immunofluorescent staining of irradiated and nonirradiated mice skin showed that the aminopropeptide of type III procollagen was distributed throughout the dermis in a pattern similar to that observed for type I collagen. Extracts of irradiated (5 and 10 weeks) and nonirradiated skins were then subjected to immunoblotting techniques. Levels of pN α 1 type III procollagen (measured by radioimmunoassay) were reduced in the extracts prepared from skins of mice that were irradiated for 5 and 10 weeks. Immunoelectron microscopy verified the loss of pN α 1 type III procollagen in irradiated skin. Collagen fibers of nonirradiated skin demonstrated normal labeling with antibody directed against the amino-propeptide of type III procollagen. In contrast, collagen fibers of 10 week irradiated skin failed to label with this antibody. The pN α 1 type III collagen is known to coat type I collagen fibers of normal skin. Therefore, its absence from the surface of type I collagen fibers of irradiated skin may play a role in the development of the elastotic material.
Effect of pulsatility on oxygen transport to the human arterial wall

Oxygen transfer in fully-developed, pulsating, laminar flow in rigid and distensible tubes was simulated as part of a study of vessel-wall hypoxia and atherogenesis. The model used for the computations is based on dimensions and flows in the human thoracic aorta. The pulsatile velocity fields employed are based on those of Womersley with the modification that the radial convection is written relative to the moving wall. Womersley-type pulsatility, superposed on an axial Poiseuille flow, was found to negligibly affect oxygen transport to the wall. Caution should be exercised, however, in extending this conclusion to the complex pulsatility in actual living vessels.
Modal and Nonmodal Symmetric Perturbations. Part I: Completeness of Normal Modes and Constructions of Nonmodal Solutions

Abstract It is shown that the classic normal modes for symmetric perturbations in a layer of vertically sheared basic flow can be classified into three types: paired growing and decaying modes, paired slowly propagating modes, and paired fast propagating modes. In the limit of vanishing growth rate (or frequency), the paired growing and decaying (or slowly propagating) modes degenerate into paired stationary and linearly growing modes. Degeneracies occur only on a discrete set (which is infinite but has zero measure) in the wavenumber space when the Richardson number is smaller than one. A nonmodal solution is not affected by the degenerate modes unless the solution is horizontally periodic and contains wavenumbers at which the degeneracy occurs. The classic modes and degenerate modes form a complete set in the sense that they contain all the wavenumbers and thus can construct any admissible nonmodal solutions. The mode structures are analyzed by considering the slopes of their slantwise circulations rela...
Wafer probing at W-band

A W-band (75-110 GHz) wafer probe is presented. The probe uses ridge-trough waveguide to transition from a rectangular waveguide input to coplanar waveguide used on the probe board output. Research was conducted on radiation loss and moding in coplanar waveguide to minimize insertion loss and maintain a coplanar mode. The probe is shown to work successfully and data is presented for W-band HEMTs.
Testosterone Therapy of Male Eunuchoids III. Sublingual Administration of Testosterone Compounds

As stated in the first paper of this series (1) entitled, ‘Implantation of testosterone compounds in cases of male eunuchoidisn’, “the effectiveness of an endocrine preparation is measured best by its capacity to restore normal function in a characteristic endocrinopathy caused by its deficiency. Eunuchoidism, or male hypogonadism, is the clinical state in which the primary deficiency resides in the testes, and therefore it represents an ideal clinical condition for testing the effectiveness of an androgenic substance.” The clinical efficacy of parenteral administration of testosterone propionate in the treatment of male eunuchoidism and of adult forms of male hypogonadism has been confirmed abundantly. For the past 4 or 5 years this testosterone preparation in oil has been available commercially. The effectiveness of implanting pellets of crystalline testosterone compounds, principally methyl testosterone, has been reported (1). It was demonstrated that in some respects the continuous absorption from suc...
UV‐induced second readout of LiF thermoluminescent dosimeters in the therapeutic dose range

A previously developed technique for reading out LiF thermoluminescent dosimeters(TLD) a second and subsequent time by means of ultraviolet (UV)‐induced repopulation of dosimetry traps was studied to determine the feasibility of maintaining a second readout capability in a radiotherapy clinical setting. It was found that with grouping of the TLDs according to second readout sensitivity, the UV‐induced readout attained a precision comparable to that of the initial readout. However, the UV‐induced TL response retained a strong previous dose memory following a standard high‐temperature anneal, and routine calibration before each reuse is recommended.
Sleep maintenance insomnia complaints predict poor CPAP adherence: A clinical case series.

Abstract Background Although CPAP is a highly efficacious treatment for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), low adherence presents a significant challenge for sleep medicine clinicians. The present study aimed to evaluate the relationship between insomnia symptoms and CPAP use. We hypothesized that pre-treatment insomnia complaints would be associated with poorer CPAP adherence at clinical follow-up. Methods This was a retrospective chart review of 232 patients (56.5% men, mean age=53.6±12.4years) newly diagnosed with OSA (mean AHI=41.8±27.7) and prescribed CPAP in the Johns Hopkins Sleep Disorder Center. Difficulty initiating sleep, difficulty maintaining sleep, and early morning awakening were measured via three self-report items. CPAP use was measured via objective electronic monitoring cards. Results Thirty-seven percent of the sample reported at least one frequent insomnia complaint, with 23.7% reporting difficulty maintaining sleep, 20.6% reporting early morning awakening and 16.6% reporting difficulty initiating sleep. After controlling for age and gender, sleep maintenance insomnia displayed a statistically significant negative relationship with average nightly minutes of CPAP use ( p p Conclusions To our knowledge, these are the first empirical data to document that insomnia can be a risk factor for poorer CPAP adherence. Identifying and reducing insomnia complaints among patients prescribed CPAP may be a straightforward and cost-effective way to increase CPAP adherence.
Changes in bovine milk secretion following intramammary infusions of concanavalin A, oyster glycogen, or water.

Abstract Effects of sterile intramammary infusion of Concanavalin A on milk secretion were contrasted with infusion of oyster glycogen or water. Twenty-four cows were infused intramammarily with 100mg Concanavalin A, oyster glycogen in 20ml water, or with 20ml water alone. Concentrations of lactose, somatic cells, immunoglobulins G and A, serum albumin, and activity of N-acetyl-B-D-glucosaminidase were determined in milk. Blood N-acetyl-B-D-glucosaminidase activity and concentrations of blood immunoglobulins G and A and serum albumin were determined. Oyster glycogen and concanavalin A caused inflammation in treated quarters; peak elevations of milk somatic cell counts, serum albumin, immunoglobulin G concentrations, and N-acetyl-B-D-glucosaminidase activity were at 12 to 36h following treatment. Milk production and lactose concentration were reduced by oyster glycogen and Concanavalin A. Selective indices of relative accumulation of milk immunoglobulins decreased following Concanavalin A and oyster glycogen, whereas the N-acetyl-B-D-glucosaminidase activity selective index generally remained unchanged. Inflammation reduced the selective accumulation of immunoglobulins, and absence of change in the N-acetyl-B-D-glucosaminidase selective index indicated that blood is not a major source of milk N-acetyl-B-D-glucosaminidase.
Effects of prenatal cocaine exposure on special education in school-aged children.

Increased use of cocaine in the United States in the 1980s turned the scientific community toward studying the children of mothers who used cocaine during pregnancy. Initial legal and social stigma attached to mothers who abused cocaine during pregnancy and their “crack kids” who were feared to be “brain damaged”1,2 has been tempered by evidence that the risk for serious congenital malformations or medical complications in newborns with prenatal cocaine exposure (PCE) is minimal3; however, little is known about the potential long-term neurodevelopmental effects of PCE. Previous studies revealed varying effects of PCE on behavior4–6 and cognitive outcomes.7–13 Longitudinal follow-up studies of the intelligence of these children suggested that cocaine effects are apparent but more subtle than originally feared.14 Inconsistencies in the cocaine literature have been described and may be attributable to methodologic issues such as small sample size; confounding of cocaine exposure with exposure to other drugs; lack of biochemical verification for exposure status and levels; and lack of adequate control for demographic variables such as prenatal care, socioeconomic status (SES), and out-of-home placement.14,15 There are few studies of school function in children with PCE. Teacher rating of school behavior suggested increased behavior problems in children with PCE in some5,6,16 but not all studies.17 Studies have reported adverse effects of PCE on language in children aged 2.5 to 9.5 years,14,18–24 whereas others have not25,26; however, there are no studies of use of school-based speech and language services in this group. One study of school performance showed no effects of PCE on grade progression, grade point average, or standardized test.27 We provide the first report of enrollment in special education of children with PCE. These services require significant school funding and teacher resources. On the basis of these findings, we hypothesized that PCE is associated with higher rates of enrollment in special education and the need for support services at 7 years, especially speech and language services.
Tomonaga-Luttinger liquid correlations and Fabry-Perot interference in conductance and finite-frequency shot noise in a single-walled carbon nanotube

We present a detailed theoretical investigation of transport through a single-walled carbon nanotube (SWNT) in good contact to metal leads where weak backscattering at the interfaces between SWNT and source and drain reservoirs gives rise to electronic Fabry-Perot (FP) oscillations in conductance and shot noise. We include the electron-electron interaction and the finite length of the SWNT within the inhomogeneous Tomonaga-Luttinger liquid (TLL) model and treat the nonequilibrium effects due to an applied bias voltage within the Keldysh approach. In low-frequency transport properties, the TLL effect is apparent mainly via power-law characteristics as a function of bias voltage or temperature at energy scales above the finite level spacing of the SWNT. The FP frequency is dominated by the noninteracting spin-mode velocity due to two degenerate subbands rather than the interacting charge velocity. At higher frequencies, the excess noise is shown to be capable of resolving the splintering of the transported electrons arising from the mismatch of the TLL parameter at the interface between metal reservoirs and SWNT's. This dynamics leads to a periodic shot-noise suppression as a function of frequency and with a period that is determined solely by the charge velocity. At large bias voltages, these oscillations are dominant over the ordinary FP oscillations caused by two weak backscatterers. This makes shot noise an invaluable tool to distinguish the two mode velocities in the SWNT.
Transient-Voltage Characteristics of Silicon Power Rectifiers

The behavior of ten types of silicon rectifiers under transient voltages was studied experimentally. The steady-state peak reverse voltage (PRV) ratings of these rectifiers were from 300-1200 V, and the half-cycle average current ratings were from 25-300 A. The study shows that, at least for the samples tested, the transient-voltage withstand capability of a silicon rectifier does not have any correlation with its PRV rating. A silicon rectifier may be damaged by a transient voltage lower than its PRV rating while it is carrying current in the forward direction. The transient-voltage withstand capability can also be widely divergent for different types of rectifiers of the same PRV rating. It is proposed that the transient-voltage withstand capability of each type of silicon rectifier should be specified along with its steady-state PRV rating.
Local Human Services Provision by Religious Congregations: A Community Analysis

This study examines how religious congregations in one community responded to the new federalism of the Reagan era. One hundred and twenty-eight congregations were surveyed to determine their parti...
Temporal Lobe Epilepsy and the BDNF Receptor, TrkB

Brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) regulates diverse neuronal functions and plasticity, and its expression is increased by seizures. Here we review the evidence that actions of BDNF at TrkB receptors contribute to temporal lobe epilepsy. In addition, regulation of BDNF by steroid hormones might explain syndromes such as catamenial epilepsy. For an expanded treatment of this topic see Jasper's Basic Mechanisms of the Epilepsies, Fourth Edition (Noebels JL, Avoli M, Rogawski MA, Olsen RW, Delgado-Escueta AV, eds) published by Oxford University Press (available on the National Library of Medicine Bookshelf [NCBI] at www. ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books).
Prevention of osteoporosis: Treatment of estradiol deficiency

Estradiol (E2) plays a major role in maintaining women's skeletal integrity. Loss of bone mass is a regular occurrence with E2 deficiency, regardless of etiology. Estrogen-dependent bone loss follows a predictable pattern. Initially, it is quite rapid, preferentially affecting trabecular bone, which may decrease by 5-8% annually, whereas compact or cortical bone decreases by 1-3% annually. After 10-15 years of E2 deficiency, the rate of loss each year decreases; however, by that time, skeletal mass may be one-third to one-half of its youthful level. Because of the resultant skeletal fragility, even minimal trauma can produce fractures of the spine and wrist. After an additional 10-15 years of bone loss, hip fractures occur with alarming frequency. Timely restoration of E2 levels can prevent estrogen-dependent bone loss and can reduce significantly the risk of fracture. Studies show that 2 mg of E2 administered orally is an adequate dose; 1 mg will suffice if it is combined with a high dietary calcium intake. High calcium intake without estrogen is not effective in preventing the accelerated loss of bone that occurs in the years immediately after menopause. Long-term studies confirm that postmenopausal women who regularly use estrogen have greater bone mass and fewer osteoporotic fractures. Physicians should be encouraged to treat all estrogen-deficient women, particularly those who appear to be at higher risk for osteoporosis.
Organic farmers or conventional farmers: Where's the money?

Abstract There is growing evidence that organic farming is a rapidly expanding economic sector in the U.S. However, an unanswered question is whether organic farmers are better off than conventional farmers when it comes to farm household income. Using large farm-level data and a matching estimator, this study explores the relationship between organic certification and farm household income with its various components. Contrary to expectations, certified organic farmers do not earn significantly higher household income than conventional farmers. Though certified organic crop producers earn higher revenue, they incur higher production expenses as well. In particular, certified organic producers spend significantly more on labor, insurance, and marketing charges than conventional farmers. The results suggest that the lack of economic incentives can be an important barrier to conversion to organic farming.
Scaling laws for dielectric window breakdown in vacuum and collisional regimes

The scaling laws for the initiation time of radio frequency (rf) window breakdown are constructed for three gases: Ar, Xe, and Ne. They apply to the vacuum, to the multipactor-triggered regime, and to the collisional rf plasma regime, and they are corroborated by computer simulations of these three gases over a wide range of pressures. This work elucidates the key factors that are needed for the prediction of rf window breakdown in complex gases, such as air, at various pressures.
Getting more for less: a new opponent color technique for two-channel color displays

A new technique is described for making color liquid crystal displays with only two color channels. Red and white channels were tried first, expanding upon the photographic approach of Edwin Land. A test image simulating the liquid crystal display was produced on a standard color cathode ray tube. With shades of red and white arranged in alternating diagonals of a checkerboard pattern, observers saw more colors than predicted by simple color mixtures of red and white — for example green was seen by all observers. But why white and red channels? One brightness and one color opponent channel (one which switches between opposing colors such as red and cyan) better describes the major two components in the color vision system. A test image with one white channel and one opponent red/blue channel in a checkerboard pattern gave rise to an even wider range of colors than did the Land-type display. Photographic print and slide film versions of the displays also showed the effects. In the liquid crystal display, the opposing colors can be produced by using a dichroic polarizer. Such two-channel displays have the advantages of higher spatial resolution or lower cost than conventional color displays. A prototype liquid-crystal two-channel display should be developed.
A CASE OF DIABETES INSIPIDUS OCCURRING AS A SEQUEL TO EPIDEMIC ENCEPHALITIS

Although diabetes insipidus is a syndrome rarely seen (14 per 100,000 cases, Fitz [1]), the condition presents many interesting changes from the standpoint of pathological physiology. The condition may appear during recovery from many of the acute infectious diseases and in the last few years diabetes insipidus has been reported with increasing frequency following epidemic encephalitis. Many of the cases occurring as a sequel to this condition present certain symptoms which appear to differ from those seen in other cases of diabetes insipidus. The following case admitted to the medical wards of the Colorado General Hospital is one of this type and we believe a report of it will not be without interest to endocrinologists and internists. The literature on the general subject of diabetes insipidus has been reviewed recently in a number of admirable papers (2) (3) and (4), and will not be considered at length here.
Social Impact Assessment and Fisheries

Abstract Social impact assessment methodologies and models have been developed and applied to environmental resource areas other than fisheries. Social impact assessments determine the costs and benefits of proposed conservation and management plans and assist in designing and administering policy. Support for assessments in fisheries has lagged behind that in forestry and water resource management. The lack of an understanding of the role of social impact assessment in fishery conservation and management has hampered the development of social and cultural data bases that can be used to examine the distributional consequences of fishery management plans. An integrated assessment and evaluation process provides a coordinated system for determining the costs and benefits of policy implementation and project outcomes. Social assessments can be used to explore the historical, cultural, economic-ecological, and demographic impacts of management plans. Adequate social impact assessments require comparative data...
Synthesis and Characterization of Amphiphilic Cyclic Diblock Copolypeptoids from N-Heterocyclic Carbene-Mediated Zwitterionic Polymerization of N-Substituted N-carboxyanhydride.

N-Heterocyclic carbene (NHC)-mediated ring-opening polymerization of N-decyl-N-carboxylanhydride monomer (De-NCA) has been shown to occur in a controlled manner, yielding cyclic poly(N-decylglycine)s (c-PNDGs) with polymer molecular weights (MW) between 4.8 and 31 kg mol–1 and narrow molecular weight distributions (PDI < 1.15). The reaction exhibits pseudo-first-order kinetics with respect to monomer concentration. The polymer MW increases linearly with conversion, consistent with a living polymerization. ESI MS and SEC analyses confirm the cyclic architectures of the forming polymers. DSC and WAXS studies reveal that the c-PNDG homopolymers are highly crystalline with two prominent first-order transitions at 72–79 °C (Tm,1) and 166–177 °C (Tm,2), which have been attributed to side chain and main chain melting, respectively. A series of amphiphilic cyclic diblock copolypeptoids [i.e., poly(N-methylglycine)-b-poly(N-decylglycine) (c-PNMG-b-PNDG)] with variable molecular weight and composition were synthesi...
An Operational Definition of Color Preference

(1964). An Operational Definition of Color Preference. The Journal of Psychology: Vol. 57, No. 1, pp. 195-199.
Being and Having an Identity: Catherine Opie

In this essay Catherine Opie's social documentary photographic work is interpreted as a persuasive visual commentary on the mutual and constituting relationships between subjects and their context. Opie became particularly well known for her exploration of gender, sexuality, and queer identities. However, a midcareer survey of her work at the Guggenheim New York made clear that her work expands much beyond. Whether in her portraits of gay families across America, performance S&M artists, surfers, or modern highway complexes, Opie unsettles and demands that we question what we think we know. Considering her body of work as a whole reveals the relevance and importance of identity politics.
Homogeneous catalysis. [TiCp2(CF3SO3)2] and [ZrCp2(CF3SO3)2THF], fast and efficient catalysts for the Mukaiyama cross-aldol reaction

The catalysts [TiCp2(CF3SO3)2] and [ZrCp2(CF3SO3)2THF] are fast and efficient catalysts for the Mukaiyama cross-aldol reaction involving both ketones and aldehydes and the catalysis is promoted by binding of the carbonyl group to the metal after dissociation of triflato ligands.
New Statistical Tests for Detecting Disparate Impact Arising From Two-Stage Selection Processes

Statistical evidence of a significant difference between the performance of a protected group and the majority on a preemployment exam is often critical when a court decides whether the exam has a disparate impact, that is, whether the exam has a disproportionate adverse impact on minority candidates. In many cases, the hiring or promotion process consists of two steps. Since disparate impact can occur at each step, parties submitting evidence may use statistical tests at each stage without accounting for a potential multiple comparisons problem. Because different courts have focused on data concerning either one or the other step or a composite of both, they have reached opposite conclusions when faced with similar data. After illustrating the issues, two two-step tests are recommended to alleviate the problem. The large sample properties of these tests are obtained. A simulation study shows that in most situations, the new tests have higher power than the ones in current use.
Desorption of oxygen and its influence on the electrical properties of CdS single crystal platelets

Abstract The thermally stimulated desorption of oxygen in ultra-high vacuum is studied utilizing Joule's heating of the CdS crystal and monitoring the desorption spectrum with a mass spectrometer. The crystal temperature is observed directly using the shift of the obsorption edge. The CdS platelets can be classified into two groups. Class I crystals have a desorption maximum at ∼ 405°K (corresponding to 0.9 eV) and a broad desorption spectrum between 450 and 700°K, and how an increase of the photo- and dark-current by up to six orders of magnitude with successive oxygen desorption. The conduction changes are reversible with oxygen adsorption, provided the CdS platelet is not heated above 620°K for a few seconds. Otherwise, Class I crystals are transformed into Class II crystals, which show a slightly different desorption spectrum, and very little change of the electrical conductance after desorption. At least 3 × 1015 atoms/cm2 of oxygen are desorbed from the surface of both types of crystals. The large conductance changes of Class I crystals are explained by an electronic sensitization and charge compensation in a more conductive surface-near layer of at most 10−5 cm thickness. In Class II crystals the surface-near layer is less conductive than the crystal bulk, the electrical properties of which can be only slightly influenced by oxygen desorption; the oxygen may act here as recombination center. The two classes are identical to the Gross-Novikov classes of CdS.
THE EFFECT OF PEPTONE ON THE PERIPHERAL CIRCULATION

1. Injection of a solution of peptone directly into the artery of the leg of a dog is followed by an abrupt increase in leg volume. This is of short duration and is quickly followed, usually in less than ½ minute, by a decrease in the volume of the limb below that previous to the injection. 2. The phases of the leg volume curve bear a fairly definite relation to the changes in arterial pressure. 3. These results, therefore, indicate that the long continued low arterial pressure in peptone shock, and probably in anaphylactic shock, may be hastened but is not maintained by peripheral dilatation, and suggest that there is an impounding of the blood in some other part of the body.
Diabetes, obesity and erectile dysfunction: field overview and research priorities.

Purpose: We provide an overview of basic, clinical and epidemiological research in the field of erectile dysfunction and important research priorities presented at the 2009 National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases symposium on Urological Complications of Diabetes and Obesity.Materials and Methods: Experts in molecular biology, physiology, pharmacology, clinical trials, epidemiology and urological surgery highlighted current knowledge on erectile dysfunction associated with diabetes mellitus and obesity.Results: Predictable associations between erectile dysfunction, and poor diabetic control and modifiable risk factors, including body mass index, have not yet been translated into randomized trials in the United States. The relationship between erectile dysfunction and metabolic syndrome, and surrogate markers for erectile dysfunction requires further investigation. Basic research aimed at discovering disease mechanisms and therapeutic targets has focused on autonomic neuropathy, vas...
Preparation of 17β-hydroxy-[1ξ,2ξ-3H2]4,6-Androstadien-3-one

17β-Hydroxy-[1ξ,2ξ-3H2]4,6-androstadien-3-one was prepared by the selective reduction of 17β-hydroxy-1,4,6-androstatrien-3-one in benzene with tritium over 5% palladium on carbon. After purification by thin layer chromatography and high pressure liquid chromatography, the specific activity was at least 37 Ci/mmol, and the radiochemical purity was greater than 96%.
Environmental Sequence Data from the Sargasso Sea Reveal That the Characteristics of Genome Reduction in Prochlorococcus Are Not a Harbinger for an Escalation in Genetic Drift

The marine cyanobacterium Prochlorococcus MED4 has the smallest sequenced genome of any photosynthetic organism. Prochlorococcus MED4 shares many genomic characteristics with chloroplasts and bacterial endosymbionts, including a reduced coding capacity, missing DNA repair genes, a minimal transcriptional regulatory network, a marked AT% bias, and an accelerated rate of amino acid changes. In chloroplasts and endosymbionts, these molecular phenotypes appear to be symptomatic of a relative increase in genetic drift due to restrictions on effective population size in the host environment. As a free-living bacterium, Prochlorococcus MED4 is not known to be subject to similar ecological constraints. To test whether the high-light-adapted Prochlorococcus MED4 is experiencing a reduction in selection efficiency resulting from genetic drift, we examine two data sets, namely, the environmental genome shotgun sequencing data from the Sargasso Sea and a set of cyanobacterial genome sequences. After integrating these data sets, we compare the evolutionary profile of a high-light Prochlorococcus group to that of a group of Synechococcus (a closely related group of marine cyanobacteria) that does not exhibit a similar small-genome syndrome. The average pairwise dN/dS ratios in the high-light-adapted Prochlorococcus group are significantly lower than those in the Synechococcus group, leading us to reject the hypothesis that the Prochlorococcus group is currently experiencing higher levels of genetic drift.
Wafer-level calibration of stress sensing test chips

Piezoresistive sensors are a powerful tool for measurement of surface stress states in semiconductor die used within electronic packages. A new wafer-level method for calibrating on-chip piezoresistive stress sensors is presented, in which an entire circular silicon wafer (potentially containing hundreds of fabricated stress sensing chips) is supported on its edge as a simply supported plate and loaded using a uniform pressure. Resistors across the surface of the wafer can then be probed using a standard automated probe station with computer-controlled positioners. The capabilities and limitations of the method have been established and discussed. A typical calibration procedure and the theory needed to determine the piezoresistive coefficients from the raw experimental data have been presented. Finally, the new method has been applied in the laboratory to extract the coefficient /spl pi//sub 44/ of p-type silicon. >
A New PNS Code for Chemical Nonequilibrium Flows

A new parabolized Navier-Stokes (PNS) code has been developed to compute the hypersonic laminar flow of a multicomponent, chemically reacting mixture of thermally perfect gases over two-dimensional and axisymmetric bodies. The new PNS code solves the gas dynamic and species conservation equations in a coupled manner using a noniterative, implicit, space-marching finite-difference method. The conditions for well-posedness of the space-marching method have been derived from an eigenvalue analysis of the governing equations. The code has been used to compute hypersonic laminar flow of chemically reacting air over wedges and cones. The results of these computations are in good agreement with the results of reacting boundary-layer calculations.
The Power of Reinsurance in Health Insurance Exchanges to Improve the Fit of the Payment System and Reduce Incentives for Adverse Selection

Risk adjustment and reinsurance protect plans against risk of losses and contend with adverse selection in the new health insurance Exchanges. This article assesses the power of reinsurance in the context of other plan payment features, including prospective and concurrent risk adjustment. Using data from the Medicare Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS) to draw an “Exchange population,” we simulate the contribution of reinsurance to improving the fit of the payment system to plan costs and to mitigating incentives for adverse selection for groups of enrollees with selected chronic illnesses. Modest reductions in attachment points equate the payment-system fit of retrospective to concurrent risk adjustment. Reinsurance is very powerful in fitting payments to costs and moderately effective in dealing with selection incentives.
Differential flux of macrophage inflammatory protein-2 and cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant from the lung after intrapulmonary delivery

Previously we showed that cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant (CINC), but not macrophage inflammatory protein-2 (MIP-2), is detected in plasma after intratracheal challenge with LPS or the particular chemokines. To further understand the differences between CINC and MIP-2 flux from the lung, we attempted to detect the two chemokines in isolated erythrocytes and leukocytes in rats after intratracheal LPS challenge. In response to intratracheal LPS, we found both CINC and MIP-2 in isolated erythrocytes and leukocytes, suggesting that MIP-2 produced in the LPS-challenged lung entered the circulation like CINC. To assess the relative flux of CINC and MIP-2 from the intra-alveolar compartment into the blood, experiments were performed in rats implanted with vascular catheters in which both chemokines were either injected intratracheally (5 μg) or infused intravenously (20 ng/min) and subsequently measured in plasma or with the cellular elements. Both chemokines appeared in the blood following intratracheal injection, with CINC detected in plasma and cells but MIP-2 only detected in the cellular fraction of blood. Infusion of both chemokines allowed detection of MIP-2 and CINC in plasma and with the cellular elements, which allowed us to calculate clearance for each chemokine and to assess CINC and MIP-2 rates of appearance (Ra) following intratracheal injection. On the basis of plasma and whole blood clearance, CINC Ra was more than sevenfold and fourfold higher, respectively, than MIP-2 Ra. This analysis indicates that differences exist in the rate of flux of CINC and MIP-2 across the epithelial/endothelial barrier of the lung, despite similar molecular size.