cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Auroral electron spectra in the atmosphere

Abstract An approximate analytic description of the energy spectrum of auroral electrons at any atmospheric depth is derived for incident spectra of arbitrary shape. The practical application of this expression describing the spectrum is illustrated by the calculation of energy deposition vs altitude profiles.
Capital Reallocation and Growth

Heterogeneity is ubiquitous in firm-level and sectoral data. Equilibrium models, how-ever, typically assume a representative firm, as in Andrew B. Abel and Olivier J. Blanchard (1983). The representative firm paradigm leaves no role for the distribution of capital. We model capital reallocation in a general equilibrium model with two sectors. Capital adjustment costs capture illiquidity in our model, similar to Hirofumi Uzawa’s (1969) capital installation technology. We follow Fumio Hayashi (1982) in assuming that the production technology is linearly homogeneous, which allows us to focus on the sectoral distribution of capital, separately from the level of total capital. The two sectors may have different levels of productivity, and we show that the distribution of capital between the two sectors is the single state variable gov-erning investment, growth, and valuation in the economy.We analytically characterize prices and quan-tities, including investment, growth, the interest rate, and the price of capital (Tobin’s
Computational study of the release of H2 from ammonia borane dimer (BH3NH3)2 and its ion pair isomers.

High-level electronic structure calculations have been used to map out the relevant portions of the potential energy surfaces for the release of H2 from dimers of ammonia borane, BH3NH3 (AB). Using the correlation-consistent aug-cc-pVTZ basis set at the second-order perturbation MP2 level, geometries of stationary points were optimized. Relative energies were computed at these points using coupled-cluster CCSD(T) theory with the correlation-consistent basis sets at least up to the aug-cc-pVTZ level and in some cases extrapolated to the complete basis set limit. The results show that there are a number of possible dimers involving different types of hydrogen-bonded interactions. The most stable gaseous phase (AB)2 dimer results from a head-to-tail cyclic conformation and is stabilized by 14.0 kcal/mol with respect to two AB monomers. (AB)2 can generate one or two H2 molecules via several direct pathways with energy barriers ranging from 44 to 50 kcal/mol. The diammoniate of diborane ion pair isomer, [BH4-]...
Nitrogen Dissolution in Sodium Alkaline‐Earth Metaphosphate Melts

Phosphorus oxynitride glasses were prepared by remelting (5O –X)Na2O ·XBaO · 50P2O5, X = 0, 10, 20, 25, and 30, and 30Na2O · 20MO · 50P2O5, M = Mg, Ca, Sr, and Ba‘, glasses in anhydrous ammonia. The nitrogen content depends upon the temperature and time of remelting in ammonia and the concentration and size of the alkaline-earth ion. Nitriding the starting glass decreased the dissolution rate in deionized water and thermal expansion coefficient and increased the dilatometric softening temperature and refractive index. The dissolution rate of the base glass in deionized water depended upon the concentration and size of the alkaline-earth ion, but for nitrided glasses, it was essentially independent of the alkaline-earth cation. The thermal expansion coefficient for all the oxynitride glasses decreased with increasing alkaline-earth concentration and cation field strength.
Hydrothermal Preparation and Morphology Characteristics of Y3Fe5O12

The influences of processing parameters such as mineralizer, temperature, and nonstoichiometry on reaction product and morphology were investigated in the hydrothermal synthesis of yttrium iron garnet, Y 3 Fe 5 O 12 (YIG). A cubic YIG phase was synthesized successfully under hydrothermal conditions of 200°C and 6 h from yttrium and iron hydroxide coprecipitates obtained by adjusting the pH to 10.5 using NH 4 OH. The other mineralizer, NaOH, was not effective in forming the garnet phase. Nonstoichiometric compositions utilizing excess Y content tended to increase the yield of the garnet phase, but did not affect the morphology. Different morphology characteristics were observed by changing the synthesis temperature. Isometric YIG particles disappeared at a relatively high temperature of 250°C, resulting in irregular star-shaped particles of YIG due to the preferential orientation during particle growth.
Classical origins of stabilization in circularly polarized laser fields

We investigate the interaction of a two-dimensional model atom with an intense, high-frequency circularly polarized laser pulse. As the laser intensity is increased, the ionization rate initially increases, then decreases dramatically, with the electron wave function developing an asymmetric ring form which rotates with the electric field. We provide evidence that this wave form is due to localization of the electron onto nonlinear classical structures. (c) 2000 The American Physical Society.
Exploring the Replicability of a Study's Results: Bootstrap Statistics for the Multivariate Case.

Conventional statistical significance tests do not inform the researcher regarding the likelihood that results will replicate. One strategy for evaluating result replicability is to employ a "boots...
On a symplectic generalization of Petrie’s conjecture

Motivated by the Petrie conjecture, we consider the following questions: Let a circle act in a Hamiltonian fashion on a compact symplectic manifold (M, ω) which satisfies H 2i (M ; ℝ) = H 2i (ℂℙ n ,ℝ) for all i. Is H j (M ; ℤ) = H j (ℂℙ n ;ℤ) for all j? Is the total Chern class of M determined by the cohomology ring H * (M; Z)? We answer these questions in the six-dimensional case by showing that H j (M ; ℤ) is equal to H j (ℂℙ 3 ; ℤ) for all j, by proving that only four cohomology rings can arise, and by computing the total Chern class in each case. We also prove that there are no exotic actions. More precisely, if H*(M; ℤ) is isomorphic to H*(ℂℙ 3 ; ℤ) or H*(G 2 (ℝ 5 ); ℤ), then the representations at the fixed components are compatible with one of the standard actions; in the remaining two cases, the representation is strictly determined by the cohomology ring. Finally, our results suggest a natural question: Do the remaining two cohomology rings actually arise? This question is closely related to some interesting problems in symplectic topology, such as embeddings of ellipsoids.
LAMPF NUCLEON-NUCLEON PROGRAM

NN activities at LAMPF are summarized. Measurements with p+p are now focusing on inelastic spin transfer and spin correlations. There should be good coverage of np spin correlations by 1986. Additional facilities are outlined for polarized beam nucleon and nuclear physics. 15 references.
Price premiums for journal quality and journal governance: Evidence from economics journals

Abstract We quantify the impacts of journal governance (for-profit status, society affiliation, and publisher), quality (impact factor and citations), and costs on the institutional subscription prices of the core economics journals. Empirical results show that quality has a much smaller influence.
Time Variation in Analyst Optimism: An Investor Sentiment Explanation

Many studies have documented that analyst forecasts are overly optimistic on average. Using quarterly observations from 1984 to 2002, this article shows that forecasts exhibit optimism for most of the quarters under examination, but the level of optimism varies substantially over time. More important, after correcting the measurement problem caused by price, this article does not find optimism greatly diminished during most of the 1990s. However, consistent with previous findings, the period of 1999 to 2000 displays pessimistic forecasts, especially for large firms and growth firms. The macroeconomic factor does not have significant impact on analyst optimism. In contrast, the time-varying investor sentiments measured by 2 Chicago Board Options Exchange (CBOE) put-call ratios, and the cross-sectional skewness in the forecast errors, play an important role in explaining the time variation in analyst optimism. Finally, analysts track institutional investor sentiment more closely, except for small firms.
A mapping mechanism to support bitmap index and other auxiliary structures on tables stored as primary B+-trees

Any auxiliary structure, such as a bitmap or a B+-tree index, that refers to rows of a table stored as a primary B+-tree (e.g., tables with clustered index in Microsoft SQL Server, or index-organized tables in Oracle) by their physical addresses would require updates due to inherent volatility of those addresses. To address this problem, we propose a mapping mechanism that 1) introduces a single mapping table, with each row holding one key value from the primary B+-tree, as an intermediate structure between the primary B+-tree and the associated auxiliary structures, and 2) augments the primary B+-tree structure to include in each row the physical address of the corresponding mapping table row. The mapping table row addresses can then be used in the auxiliary structures to indirectly refer to the primary B+-tree rows. The two key benefits are: 1) the mapping table shields the auxiliary structures from the volatility of the primary B+-tree row addresses, and 2) the method allows reuse of existing conventional table mechanisms for supporting auxiliary structures on primary B+- trees.This paper presents the mapping mechanism, its possible application in supporting various auxiliary structures on primary B+-trees, and a case study describing its use for supporting bitmap indexes on index-organized tables in Oracle9i. The case study demonstrates that the proposed mapping mechanism allows us to reuse existing bitmap index technologies with minimal changes. It also includes a comparison between bitmap and non-bitmap (B+- tree) index performance on index-organized tables for both single-table queries and star queries. The analytical and experimental studies show that the method is storage efficient, and (despite the mapping table overhead) provides performance benefits that are similar to those provided by bitmap indexes implemented on conventional tables.
Three modern enemies of science: materialism, existentialism, constructivism

Considers that of the three ideologies – materialism, existentialism and constructivism – that materialism is the least scientific. Believes that it has caused the greatest harm by virtue of political control. Sees existentialism as more hostile to science but with its negative impact limited to theology and literature, whilst constructivism is considered anti‐scientific and may, via its influence on education, be the promoter of “the new slavery”. Discusses these assertions through consideration of scientific methodology evolving five principles which are applied to each of the three ideologies introduced.
String junctions and BPS states in Seiberg-Witten theory

Abstract We argue that certain BPS states in the D3-brane probe realization of N = 2 SU(2) Super-Yang-Mills theory correspond to multi-pronged strings connecting the D3-brane to the background 7-branes. This provides a physical realization of the decay of these states on the curve of marginal stability, and explains their absence in the strong coupling regime.
Easy preparation of a cyclobutanone ketal via a radical cyclization. The gem-dialkoxy effect

Abstract A new method for the facile synthesis of cyclobutanones, the key step of which is a radical cyclization to generate the four-membered ring, is reported. In addition, a comparison of the gem -dialkyl and gem -dialkoxy effects in radical cyclizations to give cyclobutane systems shows that in this system the gem -dialkoxy effect is the larger.
A crustal magnetization model for the magnetic field of Mars: A preliminary study of the Tharsis Region

Crustal magnetic field anomalies are calculated at several altitudes above the Tharsis region on Mars assuming a source region consisting of uniformly magnetized subsurface volcanic constructs. The subsurface structure is consistent with a proposed model for the evolution of the Tharsis province based on geologic and tectonic evidence. The maximum thicknesses of subsurface volcanic deposits are constrained by gravity and topography data. Mean magnetization intensities are assumed to be comparable to those of SNC meteorites. Because reversals of the former Martian dynamo are neglected, the calculated field magnitudes may represent an upper limit on actual fields to be expected above the Tharsis region. Maximum field magnitudes at 300 km altitude are in the range 1–5 nT and would be marginally detectable by an orbiting magnetometer.
Stability of some soft x-ray monochromator crystals in synchrotron radiation

Abstract The stability in synchrotron radiation of β-alumina and beryl has been investigated by exposing the crystals in a white beam at CHESS operating at 5.2 GeV electron energy over a period of ∼ 100 h at an average radiant power of 28 W/cm 2 . Rocking curves at the CuK α energy were used to monitor the diffraction properties before and after exposure to synchrotron radiation. A Si(220) crystal was used as the first crystal. It was found that both materials exhibit no catastrophic material failure. β-alumina is clearly proven stable with no degradation of its rocking characteristics. There was in fact indication of reflectivity improvement after exposure. Results on beryl are not conclusive because the starting material (a mineral specimen) had a lot of inherent microstructural and crystallographic defects. Rocking curves in the soft X-ray region at 10.5 A were also determined using a (10 1 0) RAP crystal as first crystal. A 19-layer 50 A d-spacing Nb-C sputtered film was also characterized for comparison.
On circle rotations and the shrinking target properties

We generalize the monotone shrinking target property (MSTP) to the $s$-exponent monotone shrinking target property ($s$MSTP) and give a necessary and sufficient condition for a circle rotation to have $s$MSTP. &nbsp Using another variant of MSTP, we obtain a new, very short, proof of a known result, which concerns the behavior of irrational rotations and implies a logarithm law similar to D. Sullivan's logarithm law for geodesics.
Optimal Load Distribution for Two Industrial Robots Handling a Single Object

The load distribution problem for two coordinating industrial robots handling a single object is studied. When two industrial robots grasp a single object, the total number of degrees of freedom is usually greater than six. Thus, the joint torques of two robots for a required motion of the object is not unique. The redundant degrees of freedom may be used to optimize certain kind of performance. The least energy consumption is selected as the optimization criterion. Optimal algorithms without and with a bound on the joint torques are investigated. The results show that the algorithms are computationally complicated and not suitable for real-time applications. Alternatively, optimal algorithms are proposed for load distribution with minimum exerted forces on the object. These algorithms require less computational time, which makes them attractive for real-time applications. >
Cooperative liquidation under competitive stress

Competitive environments encourage cooperatives to liquidate by distributing equity to their members, often by raising the transfer prices paid for member raw product. We provide a method of detecting when such liquidation activity begins. In the process, we derive the arbitrage-free price bounds of a broad class of forward contracts typical of seasonal and speciality agricultural markets. The bounds are illustrated for the failed Tri-Valley Growers, once the largest fruit/vegetable cooperative in the USA. We show that Tri-Valley began liquidation years before it was detectable through conventional means. Implications are drawn for the expanding competitive pressures accompanying EU enlargement. Oxford University Press and Foundation for the European Review of Agricultural Economics 2009; all rights reserved. For permissions, please email journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org, Oxford University Press.
Domestic minor sex trafficking and the detention-to-protection pipeline

Notable discursive changes are afoot with respect to individuals, particularly sex trade–involved youth in the United States. Where once they may have been profiled as juvenile offenders, they are now, thanks to widespread attention to human trafficking, provisionally viewed by law enforcement and their non-state allies as potential victims of domestic minor sex trafficking, replete with traumatic pasts and turbulent family histories that authorize state intervention. This article examines how anti-trafficking policies have been discursively re-imagined to expand policing and rehabilitative interventions for youth. Drawing on in-depth interviews and ethnographic observations, it tracks the discursive sites and spaces in which criminal justice and social justice agendas have coalesced to assist youth and further assesses how attention to domestic minor sex trafficking has simultaneously authorized a multiprofessional detention-to-protection pipeline.
Hazard avoidance in wireless sensor and actor networks

A typical wireless sensor network performs only one action: sensing the environment. Our requirement for intelligent interaction with the environment has led to the emergence of Wireless Sensor and Actor Networks (WSANs), where a group of sensors, actors, and a central coordination entity (sink) linked by wireless medium perform distributed sensing and acting tasks. In order to provide tight coupling between sensing and acting, an effective coordination mechanism is required among sensors and actors. In this context, we identify the problem of ''hazards'', which is the out-of-order execution of queries and commands due to a lack of coordination between sensors and actors. We identify four types of hazards and show with an example application, the undesirable consequences of these hazards. We also identify and enumerate the associated challenges in addressing hazards. In this context, we discuss the basic design needed to address this problem efficiently. We propose a distributed and fully localized hazard-free approach that addresses the problem and the associated challenges based on the design. Through analytical studies and simulations we study the performance of the proposed solution and two basic strategies, and show that the proposed solution is efficient for a variety of network conditions.
A bidirectional neural interface SoC with an integrated spike recorder, microstimulator, and low-power processor for real-time stimulus artifact rejection

This paper presents a neural interface system-on-chip (SoC) featuring combined spike recording, electrical microstimulation, and real-time stimulus artifact rejection (SAR) for bidirectional interfacing with the nervous system. The SoC integrates a spike-recording front-end with input noise voltage of 3.42 μVrms (0.5 Hz---50 kHz), microstimulating back-end for delivering charge-balanced monophasic or asymmetric biphasic current pulses of <100 μA with passive discharge, and μW-level digital signal processing (DSP) unit for real-time SAR based on template subtraction. The DSP unit initializes its embedded 16b, 4 K static random-access memory with the first recorded stimulus artifact to reduce the operation time in generating an accurate artifact template signal for subtraction. Fabricated in AMS 0.35 μm 2P/4M CMOS, the 3.1 × 3.1-mm2 SoC has been characterized in benchtop tests and neurobiological experiments with isolated buccal ganglia of an Aplysia californica (a marine mollusk). The SoC can successfully remove mV-range stimulus artifacts with duration up to ~115 ms from the contaminated neural data in real time and recover µV-range extracellular neural spikes that occur on the tail end of the artifacts. The average root-mean-square (rms) value of the pre-processed stimulus artifact is reduced by a factor of ~24---30 post-processing, with DSP unit power consumption of <25 µW from 1.5 V.
Silicon-tethered Heck reaction

Abstract An approach to the synthesis of semicyclic dienes is described. The method employs a silicon-tethered version of the Heck reaction.
Harmonics optimization of the voltage balancing control for multilevel converter/inverter systems

This paper presents a novel control method to lower the harmonic components of the conventional voltage balancing control for the multilevel converters. The harmonic components in the voltage balancing control theory are analyzed in detail. A revised control method based on the line-line voltage redundancy of the three-phase inverter is proposed to lower the harmonic components of both the converter and inverter side. The proposed method can significantly reduce the harmonic components while keeping the switching frequency nearly the same. Simulation and experimental results are provided to show the validity of the theory.
The Crystal Structure of a Potassium Channel— A New Era in the Chemistry of Biological Signaling

The similarity to crown ethers is apparent when the arrangement of the oxygen atoms of the carbonyl groups of the protein backbone in the structure of the potassium channel (see schematic drawing of a section of the structure) found in the bacterium Streptomyces lividans is considered. This particular part of the channel pore acts as the selectivity filter, with the permeability of the channel for K+ being as much as 10 000 times greater than for the Na+ ion. In fact, in this area of the structure two K+ ions are located, a feature that enables high flux through the channel.
A multifidelity approach for the construction of explicit decision boundaries: application to aeroelasticity

This paper presents a multifidelity approach for the construction of explicit decision boundaries (constraints or limit-state functions) using support vector machines. A lower fidelity model is used to select specific samples to construct the decision boundary corresponding to a higher fidelity model. This selection is based on two schemes. The first scheme selects samples within an envelope constructed from the lower fidelity model. The second technique is based on the detection of regions of inconsistencies between the lower and the higher fidelity decision boundaries. The approach is applied to analytical examples as well as an aeroelasticity problem for the construction of a nonlinear flutter boundary.
R-process nucleosynthesis in shocked surface layers of O-Ne-Mg cores

We demonstrate that rapid expansion of the shocked surface layers of an O-Ne-Mg core following its collapse can result in r-process nucleosynthesis. As the supernova shock accelerates through these layers, it makes them expand so rapidly that free nucleons remain in disequilibrium with α-particles throughout most of the expansion. This allows heavy r-process isotopes including the actinides to form in spite of the very low initial neutron excess of the matter. We estimate that yields of heavy r-process nuclei from this site may be sufficient to explain the Galactic inventory of these isotopes.
A Modern View of the Dwarf Nova Z Chamaeleontis

Some recent photometric and spectroscopic results for this “ultrashort” period system are summarized, and several straightforward consequences of these results for our understanding of the evolution of cataclysmic binaries are pointed out: The space motion of Z Cha is characteristic of the old disk population. The white dwarf cannot be composed primarily of He, unless it grew by accretion by at least 20%. The inferred masses of the component stars, combined with the usual gravitational quadrupole formula, probably do not suffice to explain the inferred rate of mass transfer, even in quiescence. The secondary star does not lie on the computed evolutionary tracks in the period - mass diagram of Paczynski and Sienkiewicz.
CONSUMPTION, SENTIMENT, AND ECONOMIC NEWS

This paper investigates the influence of economic news on consumer sentiment, and examines whether “news shocks”—changes in coverage that would not be expected from incoming data on economic fundamentals—have aggregate effects. Using monthly U.S. data and a structural vector autoregression, I find that (1) sentiment is affected by news shocks; (2) after filtering out effects of news shocks, shocks to sentiment still have positive effects on consumer spending; and (3) news shocks influence both spending and unemployment in significant, though transitory ways. These results are consistent with other evidence of a role of nonfundamental factors in aggregate fluctuations. (JEL E21, E32, D12)
Russell's Bismarck: Acquaintance Theory and Historical Distance

The role of acquaintance in Bertrand Russell’s theory of descriptions is antithetical and, indeed, antagonistic toward the practice and assumptions of history. In his 1910 paper “Knowledge by Acquaintance and Knowledge by Description,” Russell attempts to reconcile direct acquaintance (or its inability to determine the personal self of others) with a descriptive knowledge that is both logical and personal. Russell tries to reconcile the internal and external worlds, attempting to explain access to impersonal knowledge inside a framework that doesn’t allow acquaintance with physical objects—he distorts the historical space between researcher and subject. In so doing, he argues for the superiority of acquaintance as an arbiter of knowledge, narrowly avoiding solipsism and wrongly devaluing the most basic of historiograhpical assumptions. His conception creates false historical goals and distorts the space of historical distance, illustrated in this paper through the American slavery studies of Herbert Aptheker, Stanley Elkins, and Kenneth Stampp.
Seeing and seeing-as

This paper highlights the importance of the interrelationships between language, context, practice and interpretation. These interrelationships should be of interest to artificial intelligence researchers working in multi-disciplinary teams in areas such as knowledge-based systems, speech and vision. Attention is drawn to the importance of Part II, section xi of Wittgenstein’s Philosophical investigations for understanding the enormous complexity of the concept of seeing and how it is woven into an understanding of language and of human relations.
Routing messages with release time and deadline constraints

Abstract The problem of determining whether a set of real-time messages can be routed in a network is considered. Each message has five parameters-origin node, destination node, length, release time, and deadline. The complexity of the problem is considered under various restrictions of four parameters-origin node, destination node, release time, and deadline. It is shown that if the network is a arbitrary directed graph, the problem is NP-complete even when all four parameters are fixed; i.e., the messages have identical values in all four parameters. Motivated by the complexity of the problem, we consider a simple network-a unidirectional ring. For nonpreemptive transmission, it is shown that the problem is solvable in polynomial time if three of the four parameters are fixed, but becomes NP-complete if only two of them are fixed. The same kind of complexity results hold for preemptive transmission, except for the following two cases: (1) identical origin nodes and release times and (2) identical destination nodes and deadlines. The complexity of these two cases remains open. The issue of whether there is an optimal on-line algorithm is also considered. It is shown that no such algorithm can exist unless all of the remaining three parameters are fixed.
Calcium signaling of chondrocytes under osmotic stress and mechanical stimulation

Chondrocytes play a critical role in cartilage remodeling by mediating the biosynthesis, organization, and modification of extracellular matrix (ECM). They are highly sensitive to the surrounding mechanical and osmotic environments. One of the earliest responses of chondrocytes to stimuli is a transient oscillation in intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+] i ). The major objective of this study was to investigate and compare the Ca2+ signaling of chondrocytes, including both primary cells and chondrogenic cell line, under mechanical stimulus and osmotic stress. The roles of seven essential pathways in Ca2+ signaling were further examined. Cells were stained with calcium indicator and monitored under confocal microscopy. The results suggested that i) the two types of cells have different calcium signaling mechanisms; ii) mechanical stimulation and osmotic stress employ different mechanisms to initiate calcium responses; iii) osmotic stress could be the major regulation mechanism on the metabolisms of chondrocytes in daily activities.
A comprehensive metric for evaluating component commonality in a product family

The competitiveness in today's market forces many companies to rethink the way they design (and redesign) products. Instead of developing one product at a time, many manufacturing companies are developing families of products to provide enough variety for the marketplace while keeping costs relatively low. Although the benefits of commonality are widely known, many companies are still not taking full advantage of it when developing new products or redesigning existing ones. One reason is the lack of appropriate methods and useful metrics to assess a product family based on commonality and diversity. Although many component-based commonality metrics have been proposed in the literature, they do not help resolve the trade-off between commonality and diversity in a product family and do not capture enough information to be very useful during product family design and redesign. In this paper, we propose the Comprehensive Metric for Commonality (CMC) to evaluate the design of a product family on a 0–1 scale ba...
The First Neurology Book: De Cerebri Morbis... (1549) by Jason Pratensis

• In 1549, Jason Pratensis publishedDe Cerebris Morbis... (DCM), the first separate book on the general subject of neurologic disease. The publication ofDCMreflected two trends in 16th century medicine: (1) interest in the anatomy and function of specific organs, and (2) retranslation of the works of Galen, who emphasized the primacy of the brain in behavioral and motor functions. Brain diseases inDCMwere classified in terms of symptom complexes. Some of the 33 chapters discuss tremor, tetanus, vertigo, epilepsy, and hemicrania. Concepts of diseases, and their pathogenesis and treatment, reflected the writings of Greek, Roman, and Arabic authors, as well as newer concepts of astrology and pharmacy that were prevalent during the Renaissance. There were few new bed-side or clinical observations inDCM. However,DCMis an important text, crystallizing several 16th century trends to provide the first compendium of brain disorders.
UNIVERSALITY AT THE EDGE OF THE SPECTRUM IN WIGNER RANDOM MATRICES

We prove universality at the edge for rescaled correlation functions of Wigner random matrices in the limit n→+∞. As a corollary, we show that, after proper rescaling, the 1th, 2nd, 3rd, etc. eigenvalues of Wigner random hermitian (resp. real symmetric) matrix weakly converge to the distributions established by Tracy and Widom in G.U.E. (G.O.E.) cases.
Generalized diversity-multiplexing tradeoff of half-duplex relay networks

Diversity-multiplexing trade-off has been studied extensively to quantify the benefits of different relaying strategies in terms of error and rate performance. However, even in the case of a single half-duplex relay, which seems fully characterized, implications are not clear. When all channels in the system are assumed to be independent and identically fading, a fixed schedule where the relay listens half of the total duration for communication and transmits the second half combined with quantize-map-and-forward relaying (static QMF) is known to achieve the full-duplex performance [1]. However, when there is no direct link between the source and the destination, a dynamic decode-and-forward (DDF) strategy is needed [2]. It is not clear which one of these two conclusions would carry to a less idealized setup, where the direct link can be neither as strong as the other links nor fully non-existent. In this paper, we provide a generalized diversity-multiplexing trade-off for the half-duplex relay channel which accounts for different channel strengths and recovers the two earlier results as two special cases. We show that these two strategies are sufficient to achieve the diversity-multiplexing trade-off across all channel configurations, by characterizing the best achievable trade-off when channel state information (CSI) is only available at the receivers (CSIR). However, for general relay networks we show that a generalization of these two schemes through a dynamic QMF strategy is needed to achieve optimal performance.
Behavior of Compression-Loaded Composite Panels with Stringer Terminations and Impact Damage

The results of an analytical and experimental study of graphite-epoxy stiffened panels with impact-damaged stringer terminations are presented. Five stitched graphite-epoxy panels with stiffeners with a gradual reduction in either thickness or height were examined. Panels were analyzed using finite element analysis and tested by loading them in axial compression to a predetermined load. The panels were then subjected to impact damage and loaded to failure. Axial midplane strains, surface strains, interlaminar strains and failure results are discussed.
B-decays in the heavy-quark expansion

Progress in the theoretical description of B -meson decays in particular decays to light hadrons is reviewed. The factorization properties of such decays can be analyzed using the soft-collinear effective theory. Applications of the effective theory to both inclusive and exclusive decays are discussed.
Mechanical properties of a fiberglass prepreg system at cryogenic and other temperatures

The compressor driving the flow in the National Transonic Facility, which is nearing completion at the Langley Research Center, has 25 fiberglass blades. E-glass cloth with a pre-impregnated epoxy resin has been selected as the material for the fan blades because of its low cost, high damping, and fatigue resistance. A complete characterization is presented of this fan blade fiberglass system at temperatures of 367 K, room temperature, and 89 K. The characterization test results suggest that the material follows the general trends of metals and other glass-reinforced plastics at cryogenic temperatures. A slight diminution in strength was observed at the elevated temperature. The tests included the following: tensile, compression, fatigue, inplane shear, interlaminar shear, thermal expansion, creep, and thermal cycle.
Higher plasma vitamin D is associated with reduced risk of Clostridium difficile infection in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases.

Summary Background Patients with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) have an increased risk of clostridium difficile infection (CDI). Cathelicidins are anti-microbial peptides that attenuate colitis and inhibit the effect of clostridial toxins. Plasma calcifediol [25(OH)D] stimulates production of cathelicidins. Aim To examine the association between plasma 25(OH)D and CDI in patients with IBD. Methods From a multi-institutional IBD cohort, we identified patients with at least one measured plasma 25(OH)D. Our primary outcome was development of CDI. Multivariate logistic regression models adjusting for potential confounders were used to identify independent effect of plasma 25(OH)D on risk of CDI. Results We studied 3188 IBD patients of whom 35 patients developed CDI. Patients with CDI-IBD were older and had greater co-morbidity. The mean plasma 25(OH)D level was significantly lower in patients who developed CDI (20.4 ng/mL) compared to non-CDI-IBD patients (27.1 ng/mL) (P = 0.002). On multivariate analysis, each 1 ng/mL increase in plasma 25(OH)D was associated with a 4% reduction in risk of CDI (OR 0.96, 95% CI 0.93–0.99, P = 0.046). Compared to individuals with vitamin D >20 ng/mL, patients with levels <20 ng/mL were more likely to develop CDI (OR 2.27, 95% CI 1.16–4.44). The mean plasma 25(OH)D in patients with CDI who subsequently died was significantly lower (12.8 ± 8.1 ng/mL) compared to those who were alive at the end of follow-up (24.3 ± 13.2 ng/mL) (P = 0.01). Conclusions Higher plasma calcifediol [25(OH)D] is associated with reduced risk of C. difficile infection in patients with IBD. Further studies of therapeutic supplementation of vitamin D in patients with inflammatory bowel disease and C. difficile infection may be warranted.
Bypass to Turbulence in Hydrodynamic Accretion: Lagrangian Analysis of Energy Growth

Despite observational evidence for cold neutral astrophysical accretion disks, the viscous process that may drive the accretion in such systems is not yet understood. While molecular viscosity is too small to explain the observed accretion efficiencies by more than 10 orders of magnitude, the absence of any linear instability in Keplerian accretion flows is often used to rule out the possibility of turbulent viscosity. Recently, the fact that some fine-tuned disturbances of any inviscid shear flow can reach arbitrarily large transient growth has been proposed as an alternative route to turbulence in these systems. We present an analytic study of this process for three-dimensional plane wave disturbances of a general rotating shear flow in Lagrangian coordinates and demonstrate that large transient growth is a generic feature of nonaxisymmetric disturbances with near radial leading wavevectors. The maximum energy growth is slower than quadratic but faster than linear in time. The fastest growth occurs for two-dimensional perturbations and is only limited by viscosity, and ultimately by the disk vertical thickness. After including viscosity and vertical structure, we find that, as a function of the Reynolds number , the maximum energy growth is approximately 0.4(/ log )2/3 and put forth a heuristic argument for why 104 is required to sustain turbulence in Keplerian disks. Therefore, assuming that there exists a nonlinear feedback process to replenish the seeds for transient growth, astrophysical accretion disks must be well within the turbulent regime. However, large three-dimensional numerical simulations running for many orbital times, and/or with fine-tuned initial conditions, are required to confirm Keplerian hydrodynamic turbulence on the computer.
The Political Economy of FEMA Disaster Payments

A central contribution of public choice theory to the analysis of government activity is in viewing the activities of government, not as determined by some single altruistic dictator, but rather as the result of a process involving individual political agents who react to the incentives they face. Federal disaster relief, administered by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), is one activity that is ripe for political influence due to the process of disaster declaration and relief. After a disaster strikes a particular state, the governor makes a request to the president for disaster assistance. Following a governor’s request, the president then decides whether to declare the state or region a disaster area. Only after a disaster has been declared by the president can disaster relief be given. FEMA is in charge of determining the level of relief funding for the area, but additional appropriations are determined by congress in cases requiring large amounts of funding beyond FEMA’s allocated budget. The Act which governs the rules of federal disaster declaration and expenditures gives the president the authority to declare a disaster without the approval of congress.
Modeling the interactions of bacteria and Toll-like receptor-mediated inflammation in necrotizing enterocolitis

Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a severe disease of the gastrointestinal tract in premature infants, characterized by a disrupted intestinal epithelium and an exaggerated pro-inflammatory response. Since the activation of Toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4) blocks cell migration and proliferation and contributes to an uncontrolled inflammatory response within the intestine, this receptor has been identified as a key contributor to the development of NEC. Toll-like receptor-9 (TLR9) has been shown to sense bacterial genome components (CpG DNA) and to play an anti-inflammatory role in NEC. We present in vitro results demonstrating direct inhibition of TLR4 activation by CpG DNA, and we develop a mathematical model of bacteria–immune interactions within the intestine to investigate how such inhibition of TLR4 signaling might alter inflammation, associated bacterial invasion of tissue, and resulting outcomes. The model predicts that TLR9 can inhibit both the beneficial and detrimental effects of TLR4, and thus a proper balance of action by these two receptors is needed to promote intestinal health. The model results are also used to explore three interventions that could potentially prevent the development of NEC: reducing bacteria in the mucus layer, administering probiotic treatment, and blocking TLR4 activation. While the model shows that these interventions would be successful in most cases, the model is also used to identify situations in which the proposed treatments might be harmful.
The Role of Endoscopic Ultrasonography in the Evaluation of Pancreatico-Biliary Cancer

Accurate staging of pancreatico-biliary cancer is essential for surgical planning and for identification of locally advanced and metastatic disease that is incurable by surgery. The complex regional anatomy of the pancreatico-biliary system makes histologic diagnosis of malignancy at this region difficult. The ability to position the endoscopic ultrasound transducer at endoscopy in direct proximity to the pancreas and the bile duct, combined with the use of fine-needle aspiration, enables accurate preoperative staging of cancer, especially cancer too small to be characterized by CT or MRI. Endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) identifies patients unlikely to be cured by surgery due to vascular invasion or regional nodal metastasis, thereby limiting procedure-related morbidity and mortality. This article focuses on the utility and recent advances of EUS in the evaluation of pancreatico-biliary cancer.
Vinci: A service-oriented architecture for rapid development of Web applications

Abstract Vinci is a local-area service-oriented architecture (SOA) designed for rapid development and management of robust Web applications. Based on XML document exchange, Vinci is designed to complement and interoperate with wide-area SOAs such as SOAP/UDDI and .NET. This paper presents the Vinci architecture, the rationale behind its design, and an evaluation of its performance. Specifically, we show how systems architected with Vinci are developed quickly, scaled effortlessly, and easily moved from prototype to production.
Electrophilic α-Thiocyanation of Chiral and Achiral N-Acyl Imides. A Convenient Route to 5-Substituted and 5,5-Disubstituted 2,4-Thiazolidinediones

Electrophilic α-thiocyanation of N-acyl carboximides using N-thiocyanatosuccinimide and hydrolytic cyclization of the adducts affords 5-substituted and 5,5-disubstituted 2,4-thiazolidinediones in good overall yields. α-Thiocyanation of chiral N-acyl carboximides proceeds with excellent diastereoselectivity, although partial racemization occurs during subsequent cyclization.
Mesoscale waves as a probe of Jupiter's deep atmosphere.

Images from the Voyager north/south mapping sequences were searched for waves. A remarkable class of mesoscale waves was identified, with the following features: (1) the wavetrains are usually aligned zonally, i.e., wavecrests are north-south; (2) the average wavelength is 300 km with a standard deviation of only 20%; (3) the wavetrains are long; (4) the waves occur within 25 degrees of the equator, the bulk being at the equator itself; (5) the waves are centered at the extrema (in latitude) of the zonal flow; and (6) the meridional extent of the waves is typically 1 degree of latitude. These observations are interpreted as evidence of gravity waves propagating vertically within a leaky duct. A three-level model is assumed composed of a stable duct which extends up to the base of the NH3 cloud deck near 600 mb. Above this is a thin wave-trapping region characterized by a Richardson number Ri less than 1/4 and containing a critical level, where the local value of the zonal flow velocity equals the phase speed of the wave. This in turn is overlain by a stable region, representing the tropopause region and stratosphere.
On the independence of the value function for stochastic differential games of the probability space

Abstract We show that the value function in a stochastic differential game does not change if we keep the same space ( Ω , F ) but introduce probability measures by means of Girsanov’s transformation depending on the policies of the players. We also show that the value function does not change if we allow the driving Wiener processes to depend on the policies of the players. Finally, we show that the value function does not change if we perform a random time change with the rate depending on the policies of the players.
Origin and Evolution of the Unusual Object 1996 PW: Asteroids from the Oort Cloud?

The unusual object 1996 PW was discovered on 1996 August 9 by the Near-Earth Asteroid Tracking automated search camera operating from Haleakala in Hawaii. Although asteroidal in appearance, it was soon determined that the object is in a near-parabolic orbit similar to that of a long-period comet. No object that was not an active comet has ever been discovered on such an eccentric orbit. The discovery of 1996 PW prompted us to examine and evaluate its possible origins, including the intriguing possibility that it is an asteroid from the Oort cloud. Current models for the formation of the Oort cloud argue that most of the material there should be from the Uranus-Neptune region and thus cometary, not asteroidal, in composition. We better quantify these models and show that approximately 1% of the Oort Cloud population should be asteroids. We find that 1996 PW has almost certainly been a resident of the Oort cloud. However, we find it equally likely that 1996 PW is an extinct comet or an asteroid. Although not conclusive, our results represent a significant change in our understanding of the Oort cloud, because they suggest that the ejection process sampled material from as close to the Sun as the asteroid belt in the primordial solar nebula and hence much warmer formation temperatures than previously thought. This diverse sample is preserved in the Oort cloud.
Elastic Theory of Defects in Toroidal Crystals

We report a comprehensive analysis of the ground-state properties of axisymmetric toroidal crystals based on the elastic theory of defects on curved substrates. The ground state is analyzed as a function of the aspect ratio of the torus, which provides a non-local measure of the underlying Gaussian curvature, and the ratio of the defect core energy to the Young modulus. Several structural features are discussed, including a spectacular example of curvature-driven amorphization in the limit of the aspect ratio approaching one. The outcome of the elastic theory is then compared with the results of a numerical study of a system of point-like particles constrained on the surface of a torus and interacting via a short-range potential.