cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Use of astronomical telescopes to measure aerosol pollution.

ASTRONOMICAL observatories are particularly suited for studies of the background aerosol content of the atmosphere for four reasons. (1) The observatories are usually in remote locations away from the lights and smoke of cities. (2) Most observatories have standard equipment designed to correct the measured light fluxes of stars for the loss of brightness in the passage through the atmosphere (in other words, to correct for atmospheric extinction). (3) There is good global coverage of observatories. (4) Observations of the extinction of starlight by the atmosphere have been made for nearly forty years and are available for re-analysis. The last point is particularly important because there are no other reliable records of the condition of the atmosphere in remote locations.
Pituitary Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone Receptors: Local Anesthetic Effects on Binding and Responses

Pharmacological agents are widely used to probe the mechanism of action of TRH. A number of these drugs behave as local anesthetics at high concentrations. The effect of local anesthetics on the binding of [3H]Me-TRH to specific receptors was studied using the GH4C1 line of rat pituitary tumor cells. [3H] Me-TRH binding was inhibited by classical local anesthetics with the order of potency (IC50 values): dibucaine (0.37 mm) > tetracaine (1.2 mm) > lidocaine (3.3 mm) > procaine and benzocaine (>10 mm). IC50 values for other drugs with local anesthetic properties that inhibited [3H]Me-TRH were: 100 μm trifluoperazine, 100 μm imipramine, 170 μm chlorpromazine, 300 μm verapamil, and 700 μm propranolol. Inhibition by tetracaine and verapamil increased as the pH was raised from 6 to 8.5, indicating that the free base form of the amine drugs was the inhibitory species, and the local anesthetic effect was greater at 37 C than at 24 C or 0 C. [3H]Me-TRH binding to receptors in isolated membranes was inhibited to t...
Gene array and protein expression profiles suggest post-transcriptional regulation during CD8+ T cell differentiation.

Peripheral CD8+ T cells circulate in a quiescent naive state until they are primed by specific antigen and differentiate into effector cells. In the effector state, CD8+ T cells acquire cytolytic activity and produce increased levels of cytokines such as interferon-γ. They also exhibit increased T cell receptor sensitivity, decreased CD28 dependence, and become inhibitable by CTLA-4 and other negative regulatory pathways. We hypothesized that one mechanism by which these two states are regulated is via differential expression of specific genes. To this end, basal gene expression profiles of naive and effector 2C TCR transgenic x RAG2−/− CD8+ T cells were analyzed using Affymetrix arrays representing 11,000 genes. Of the 177 differentially expressed known genes, 68 were expressed at higher levels in effector cells, but 109 were more abundant in naive cells, supporting the notion that the naive state is not passive. Expression of genes related to metabolism, actin cytoskeletal dynamics, and effector function increased with priming, whereas expression of putative anti-proliferative genes decreased. Semiquantitative reverse transcription-PCR was utilized as a secondary validation for selected transcripts, and Western blot analysis was used to examine protein expression for molecules of interest. Surprisingly, for 24 genes examined, 12 showed discordant protein versus mRNA expression. In summary, our study indicates that: 1) not only does the expression of some genes in naive CD8+ T cells become up-regulated upon priming, but the expression of other genes is down-regulated as well and 2) the complexities of T cell differentiation include regulation at the post-transcriptional level.
Assessment of breast tumor margins via quantitative diffuse reflectance imaging

A particular application of interest for tissue reflectance spectroscopy in the UV-Visible is intraoperative detection of residual cancer at the margins of excised breast tumors, which could prevent costly and unnecessary repeat surgeries. Our multi-disciplinary group has developed an optical imaging device, which is capable of surveying the entire specimen surface down to a depth of 1-2mm, all within a short time as required for intraoperative use. In an IRB-approved study, reflectance spectral images were acquired from 54 margins in 48 patients. Conversion of the spectral images to quantitative tissue parameter maps was facilitated by a fast scalable inverse Monte-Carlo model. Data from margin parameter images were reduced to image-descriptive scalar values and compared to gold-standard margin pathology. The utility of the device for classification of margins was determined via the use of a conditional inference tree modeling approach, and was assessed both as a function of type of disease present at the margin, as well as a function of distance of disease from the issue surface. Additionally, the influence of breast density on the diagnostic parameters, as well as the accuracy of the device, was evaluated.
Teaching as Assemblage: Negotiating Learning and Practice in the First Year of Teaching

Recent accountability policies seek to “grade” teacher preparation programs by the teaching evaluations of their graduates. This article addresses the problematic nature of the linear thinking unde...
Senior surfers 2.0: a re-examination of the older web user and the dynamic web

Though the Web and those who use it have changed considerably in the last decade, a digital divide between older and younger users persists. Older users still use the Web less than younger users, and more commonly experience significant usability issues when they do. With the emergence of Web 2.0 technologies, we have the ability to close that divide and ensure the Web is universally usable for people of all ages. It requires taking what we know of "senior surfer" requirements and applying them to Web 2.0 interfaces. This paper examines the changing nature of the Web, the Senior Web user, and assesses how Web 2.0 technologies can - but do not yet - improve universal access for everyone. Pilot studies support these hypotheses; future studies are planned to further examine these issues.
Serological responses of patients with lepromatous and tuberculoid leprosy to 30-, 31-, and 32-kilodalton antigens of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Sera from patients with lepromatous and tuberculoid leprosy were examined in immunoblot assays for antibodies to Mycobacterium tuberculosis culture filtrate antigens. Antibodies to 30- and 31-kilodalton proteins were present in 88 and 81%, respectively, of 16 patients with lepromatous disease and absent in 16 patients with tuberculoid disease. Antibodies to a 32-kilodalton protein were found in 12 and 38% of lepromatous and tuberculoid patients, respectively. These reactivities may be useful for distinguishing lepromatous and tuberculoid leprosy. Images
Improved luminescence from quantum-dot nanostructures embedded in structurally engineered (In,Ga)As confining layers

Efficient luminescence of quantum-dot nanostructures embedded in active regions of lasers is important for low-threshold current density devices. This paper discusses an approach for structurally engineering confining (In,Ga)As layers into which InAs quantum dots are inserted to enhance their emission efficiency. It is shown that by inserting the dots at the center of compositionally graded In/sub x/Ga/sub 1-x/As layers, the relative emission efficiency can be increased by nearly an order of magnitude over the emission of dots inside a constant composition (In,Ga)As structure. This enhancement is thought to be a result of the high structural and optical quality of the confining layers.
High power quantum cascade lasers: A room temperature reality

Summary form only given. Mid- and far-infrared diode laser sources have been used in spectroscopic applications for a number of years. Historically, however, the application of these devices has been hindered by low output power and the need for cryogenic refrigeration. The quantum cascade laser, being an unipolar device, does not suffer from the same nonradiative mechanisms that have limited most mid- and far-infrared laser sources. Despite some intrinsic inefficiency due to a shorter carrier lifetime and higher optical losses than near-infrared bipolar diodes, this technology is now capable of both room temperature and high power operation over a significant portion of the mid- and far-infrared spectral region. With potential for multiwatt arrays, many more, especially remote, applications have started to become feasible. This talk will go through some of the development cycle at the Center for Quantum Devices that has led to the demonstration of high-power, continuous-wave quantum cascade laser diodes. While the focus will be mostly on continuous operation, quasi-cw operation will also be given as an alternative for even higher average power delivery. In conclusion, the current limitations to diode performance will be discussed, as well as possible near- and long-term solutions.
Appendix CHESS 4.5: Competition in 1976

The Northwestern chess program entered two tournaments in 1976. The first was the Fourth Annual Paul Masson American Chess Championships held in California on July 24 and 25. The second was the Seventh Annual ACM Computer Chess Championship held at Houston on October 19–21. The same version of the program which had competed in the 1975 National Computer Chess Championship at Minneapolis (see Chapter 1) was entered in both tournaments. In 1976, however, the program was run on a more powerful computer, a large scale Control Data Cyber 170 system.
MB49 murine urothelial carcinoma: molecular and phenotypic comparison to human cell lines as a model of the direct tumor response to bacillus Calmette-Guerin.

Purpose: The mouse urothelial carcinoma cell line MB49 is widely used as an in vitro and in vivo model of urothelial carcinoma. Little comparative data exist on the molecular and phenotypic responses of this cell line relative to human cell lines. We compared the effect of bacillus Calmette-Guerin on the MB49 cell line relative to responses previously observed in the human urothelial carcinoma lines T24 (ATCC®) and 253J.Materials and Methods: Molecular end points in MB49 cells after bacillus Calmette-Guerin exposure were signaling pathway activation (NF-κB, AP1 and C/EBP), gene expression (IL-6 and p21), HMGB1 release/responsiveness and gene expression profiling at 6 hours. Phenotypic response end points were direct cytotoxicity using dye exclusion, viability on MTT assay, apoptotic sensitivity and cell cycle compartmentalization.Results: NF-κB, AP1, C/EBP, IL-6 and p21 reporter constructs were activated in MB49 cells in response to bacillus Calmette-Guerin. Gene expression profiles showed an inflammatory...
Correlates of a clinical classification schema for the arthritis helplessness subscale

We examined the categorization of the helplessness subscale of the Arthritis Helplessness Index (AHI) into clinical ranges analogous to laboratory values, and the predictive validity of these cutoff scores over a 2-year period. Data were obtained via questionnaires mailed every 6 months over 5 time periods to 368 patients who had been diagnosed as having rheumatoid arthritis. The results demonstrate that patients classified as low helpless were distinct from those classified as normal. In turn, those classified normal were distinct from high helpless patients on numerous measures of beliefs, affect, behavior, and symptom severity. Even after 2 years, the 5-item helplessness subscale identified distinct clinical courses for these 3 groups.
The Daughter-Guarding Hypothesis: Parental Influence on, and Emotional Reactions to, Offspring's Mating Behavior

Scant research has examined how individuals attempt to influence others' mating decisions. Parents are a special case because of their genetic relatedness to, and power over, their children. This paper tests the Daughter-Guarding Hypothesis: humans possess adaptations that motivate (1) protecting their daughter's sexual reputation, (2) preserving their daughter's mate value, and (3) preventing their daughters from being sexually exploited. Using two data sources, young adults and their parents, we found that parents were more likely to control their daughters' mating decisions. Parents were more likely to control their daughters' sexual behavior; parents reported more emotional upset over daughters' sexual activity; parents controlled their daughters' mate choice more than their sons'. The results support several hypothesized design features of the Daughter-Guarding hypothesis.
Outreach to International Campuses: Removing Barriers and Building Relationships

The Rochester Institute of Technology (RIT), located in western New York, strives to deliver the same quality library services to its students and faculty located across the globe as those living in the Rochester area. In addition to an array of distance courses and online programs, RIT also has international campuses located in Kosovo, Croatia, and Dubai. Students at these campuses have access to the wealth of resources maintained by the RIT Library but are often unfamiliar with what is available and how to use those resources. Teaching and supporting students in the use of the available resources is a challenge considering distances and time zones, but also overcoming differences in culture can be an additional contributing factor impeding usage. Utilizing a blend of technology tools to provide real-time instruction; annual in-person librarian visits to the campuses; virtual library office hours; Web-based tutorials; subject and course level library guides; multiple forms of communication; and library i...
Carboxypeptidase H in the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system: evidence for processing and activation of a prohormone-processing enzyme during axonal transport

Investigations of peptide precursor processing in nerve cells, including studies on prooxytocin and provasopressin processing in the rat hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system, show that prohormone processing occurs during axonal transport of maturing secretory vesicles. Recent studies (Fricker et al., 1989; Rodriguez et al., 1989) show that carboxypeptidase H (CPH), one of several proteases required for prohormone processing, is synthesized as a proenzyme that presumably requires activation. To determine if pro-CPH, like prohormone precursors, is processed and activated during axonal transport, we have analyzed the molecular forms of CPH present at several levels in the rat hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system. These biochemical and immunochemical studies showed that the supraoptic nucleus (SON), a region enriched in neuronal cell bodies, possesses primarily an inactive 65-kDa species of CPH. The median eminence and pituitary stalk regions that are enriched in axons possess both the inactive 65-kDa and the active 55-kDa forms of CPH, and nerve terminals of the posterior pituitary contain primarily the active 55-kDa CPH. These results support the hypothesis that pro-CPH is processed and activated during axonal transport from neuronal perikarya of SON to nerve terminals of the posterior pituitary. Furthermore, analysis of immunoreactive CPH in the rat and bovine pituitary showed that each tissue possessed different relative amounts of zymogen compared to mature forms of CPH, suggesting that tissue-specific processing of pro- CPH occurs. Thus, the biosynthesis of active peptide hormones requires the simultaneous processing of proenzyme and prohormone.
Temperature stable, low-phase noise 2 GHz dielectric resonator oscillator

The results of a rigorous analysis of a state-of-the-art 2 GHz dielectric resonator oscillator (DRO) are presented. The performance of the DRO was determined by measuring the phase noise, loaded quality factor, and frequency-versus-temperature response of the oscillator. These test results represent the lowest reported phase noise for a 2 GHz DRO, with the oscillator exhibiting single sideband phase levels of -100 dBc/Hz and -126 dBc/Hz at carrier offset frequencies of 100 Hz and 1 kHz, respectively. A superb frequency-versus-temperature response is shown. The DRO exhibits a frequency stability of 1.31 p.p.m./K over the temperature range +55 degrees C to -45 degrees C. >
Broadening the horizon of treatment or is the grass always greener on the other side

I n this issue, Costa reviews in great detail the ever popular topic of targeted therapies in cancer. The information presented appears on first blush to be overwhelming and incomprehensible. However, this is the current treatment paradigm of cancer and soon to be applied to other chronic diseases which have similar and often identical cellular targets. So, the question is, how does this relate to palliative medicine and hospice care? The answer is as follows.
Merger to Monopsony: AT&T, T-Mobile, and the Clayton Act

In a pivotal antitrust decision, Cellular South, Inc. v. AT&T Inc., 821 F. Supp. 2d 308 (D.D.C. 2011), the United States District Court for the District of Columbia allowed Sprint and Cellular South to pursue their suits to enjoin AT&T's proposed acquisition of T-Mobile. These suits posed a significant barrier to the merger of AT&T and T-Mobile. The ability of Sprint and Cellular South to pursue their claims represents a modest but important victory against the domination of the American wireless industry by an emerging AT&T/Verizon duopoly.
Porosity Studies on Some Oil Furnace Blacks

Abstract It is generally accepted that the internal area arising from pores in an oxidized carbon black does not contribute to performance characteristics in rubber. While such pores are available to nitrogen, commonly used in evaluating surface area, they do not appear to be accessible to an elastomer molecule. Thus in predicting performance from area measurements one should consider the external area. Of course, for a non porous black the external and total (BET) area will be identical. In the past, the electron microscope provided the only independent means of evaluating external area. However, with the development of oil furnace blacks, particularly the more recent grades of high structure, identification and measurement of individual particles becomes more difficult and the electron microscope procedure less reliable. However, in recent years the so called “t curve” procedure has come into prominence and appears to provide a useful comparative method for detecting porosity and, to a degree, its exten...
EFFECT OF ADRENAL STEROIDS UPON PLASMA VOLUME OF INTACT AND ADRENALECTOMIZED DOGS.

SummaryTwenty-four-hour fasted, intact dogs given 250 ml of 0.9% saline by stomach tube readily increase their plasma volumes due to rapid intestinal absorption of salt and water. Adrenalectomized dogs are unable to increase their plasma volume when subjected to similar treatment but promptly respond to saline plus adrenal steroids by rapid rise in volume. Intact dogs deprived of food and water for extended periods likewise markedly increase their plasma volume when given glucocorticoids by vein. Mineralocorticoids have no effect on the plasma volume of dogs receiving either tap water or saline orally during the brief time set by these experiments. The experiments indicate that certain adrenal steroids appear to be involved in the active transport of certain electrolytes (presumably sodium) and water across cellular membranes.
Direct measurement of lattice dynamics and optical phonon excitation in semiconductor nanocrystals using femtosecond stimulated Raman spectroscopy.

We report femtosecond stimulated Raman spectroscopy measurements of lattice dynamics in semiconductor nanocrystals and characterize longitudinal optical (LO) phonon production during confinement-enhanced, ultrafast intraband relaxation. Stimulated Raman signals from unexcited CdSe nanocrystals produce a spectral shape similar to spontaneous Raman signals. Upon photoexcitation, stimulated Raman amplitude decreases owing to experimentally resolved ultrafast phonon generation rates within the lattice. We find a $\ensuremath{\sim}600\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{fs}$, particle-size-independent depletion time attributed to hole cooling, evidence of LO-to-acoustic down-conversion, and LO phonon mode softening.
Tribological Performance of Magnetron Sputtered Molybdenum Nitride Film on N-Permeated Piston Ring

Molybdenum nitrided film about 4 μm thick was deposited on nitrogen-permeated piston ring making use of magnetron sputtering. The outer surfaces of the piston rings with and without the MoN films were observed on a scanning electron microscope, while the phase and elemental compositions of the MoN film were determined by means of X-ray diffraction and Auger electron spectroscopy, respectively. The friction and wear behaviors of the piston rings with and without the MoN film sliding against a cast iron cylinder bore specimen at elevated temperature and under the lubrication of GF-3 category full-formulated engine oil were investigated on an SRV friction and wear tester. The morphologies of the worn surfaces of the piston rings and the counterpart cylinder bores were observed on a scaning electron microscope, while the elemental compositions thereon were determined by means of energy dispersive X-ray analysis. Moreover, the wear scar depth and area of the lower cylinder bore specimen were determined on a profilometer. It was found that the N-permeated piston ring coated with MoN recorded a smaller friction coefficient which reached stable state within a short duration as compared with the piston ring without the MoN film, and the wear of the frictional pair was also significantly decreased in the former case. This was because the MoN film of an extremely large hardness was not liable to abrasive wear and had good compatibility with the counterpart cylinder bore surface as well.
Basic Data of Beagle Dog

Objective To obtain the basic data of physiological and biochemical characteristics of Beagle dog's blood which are in different sex and age,and the weight of main organs and their coefficient of 8～12 months beagle dogs were measured,for pharmaceutical and toxicological experimental references.Methods Blood samples were taken from over 3000 Beagle dogs of different age and sex.Physiological and biochemical characteristics were examined by HITACHI-7020 automatic chemistry analyzer and SWELAB-AC920EO automatic hematology analyzer.The weight of main organs and their coefficient of 128 beagle dogs were measured.Results and Conclusion Basic data of physiological and biochemical characteristics of different sex and age,and the weight of main organs and their coefficient of Beagle dog's were obtained.
Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3β Inhibition Improves Myocardial Angiogenesis and Perfusion in a Swine Model of Metabolic Syndrome.

Background Inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK‐3β) has been reported to be cardioprotective during stressful conditions. Methods and Results Pigs were fed a high‐fat diet for 4 weeks to develop metabolic syndrome, then underwent placement of an ameroid constrictor to their left circumflex artery to induce chronic myocardial ischemia. Two weeks later, animals received either: no drug (high cholesterol control group [HCC]) or a GSK‐3β inhibitor (GSK‐3β inhibited group [GSK‐3βI]), which were continued for 5 weeks, followed by myocardial tissue harvest. Coronary blood flow and vessel density were significantly increased in the GSK‐3βI group compared to the HCC group. Expression levels of the following proteins were greater in the GSK‐3βI group compared to the HCC group: vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1 , vascular endothelial cadherin, γ‐catenin, β‐catenin, protein kinase B, phosphorylated forkhead box O1, and superoxide dismutase 2. Conclusions In the setting of metabolic syndrome, inhibition of GSK‐3β increases blood flow and vessel density in chronically ischemic myocardium. We identified several angiogenic, cell survival, and differentiation pathways that include β‐catenin signaling and AKT/FOXO1, through which GSK‐3β appears to improve vessel density and blood flow. These results may provide a potential mechanism for medical therapy of patients suffering from coronary artery disease and metabolic syndrome.
Papago Burden Baskets in the Arizona State Museum

ABSTRACTKeehos (kiahas) are burden baskets formerly made and used by Papago and Pima Indians of southern Arizona. All-over and generally four-part designs were produced in the lace-like coil-without-foundation weave; these patterns were emphasized by rubbing red and blue coloring over them. Desert plants supplied materials for this all-purpose carrying basket.
Antiandrogen Monotherapy in the Treatment of Prostate Cancer

The development and subsequent normal physiologic function of the adult prostate gland is heavily dependent upon the presence of androgens. Although between 70% and 90% of testosterone is produced by the testicles, under certain circumstances the contribution by the adrenal glands can also be of importance. For the last 80 years, it has been known that removal of male hormones by surgical or medical castration, or inhibition of their activities by the administration of female hormones, can drastically influence the development of benign and malignant prostate tissue.
Mental Health Court Participants' Perspectives of Success: What Key Outcomes Are We Missing?

ABSTRACTMental health court research has largely assessed program effectiveness using criminal recidivism as an indicator of success. The present study expands this literature by exploring mental health court participants' perceptions of how the mental health court impacted them. We analyzed in-depth interviews with 26 participants from 2 different mental health courts using thematic analysis. Participants identified four salient successes that they perceived to result from mental health court participation: improved psychiatric stability, sobriety, improved relationships, and increased engagement in life and mental health. While reduced substance use and “staying out of trouble” were seen as successes, participants also reported recovery-oriented outcomes like improved relationships with family, mood stability, increased patience, ability to care about others, and greater understanding of mental illness as measures of their success. Although recidivism is an indicator of success, future mental health cou...
Subcutaneous Photovoltaic Infrared Energy Harvesting for Bio-implantable Devices

Wireless biomedical implantable devices on the millimeter-scale enable a wide range of applications for human health, safety, and identification, though energy harvesting and power generation are still looming challenges that impede their widespread application. Energy scavenging approaches to power biomedical implants have included thermal, kinetic, radio frequency, and radiative sources. However, the achievement of efficient energy scavenging for biomedical implants at the millimeter-scale has been elusive. Here, we show that photovoltaic cells at the millimeter-scale can achieve a power conversion efficiency of more than 17% for silicon and 31% for GaAs under 1.06 $\mu \text{W}$ /mm2 infrared irradiation at 850 nm. Finally, these photovoltaic cells demonstrate highly efficient energy harvesting through biological tissue from ambient sunlight, or irradiation from infrared sources such as used in present-day surveillance systems, by utilizing the near infrared transparency window between the 650- and 950-nm wavelength range.
A New Approach to Impacting the Construction Industry

Construction industry performance (schedule, budget, and customer satisfaction) has not improved over the last 20 years. This investigation proposes that academic/industry research using actual project data may have more impact on improving industry performance than traditional survey-based research. The authors utilize the CIB and CIB W117 platforms to proliferate the concept of academic/industry test results to increase the impact on the construction industry. The authors propose to use the existing journal and then share the journal papers on an online platform (ResearchGate.net) ensuring a faster proliferation of the key academic/industry test results into the academic research community. The mechanism of the academic/industry test results will have more of an impact on industry practices than the traditional publication systems, which concentrate on literature reviews and surveys to collect industry opinions and analyze the information to change industry practices. The proliferation of industry research results will create transparency in the construction industry and the academic research community.
Neonatal Weight Matters: An Examination of Weight Changes in Full-Term Breastfeeding Newborns During the First 2 Weeks of Life:

Background:Weight changes in the early weeks of life are important indicators of newborn wellness. Yet, little is known about weight loss patterns for breastfeeding newborns.Research aim:This study aimed to compare weight changes and exclusive breastfeeding rates in newborns who lost ≤ 7% and > 7% of their body weight after birth.Methods:A prospective, observational cohort study was completed. Newborns who lost ≤ 7% made up Group 1 and newborns who lost > 7% of birth weight made up Group 2. Mothers used a digital scale to weigh their newborns daily until 14 days of life. Newborn intake and outputs were also recorded.Results:Mean (with standard deviation in parentheses) weight loss for all newborns (N = 151) was 7.68% (2.35%). Newborns in Group 1 (n = 67) lost 5.7% (0.99%) and newborns in Group 2 lost 9.3% (1.87%). More than half of healthy, full-term newborns (56%) lost > 7%. On Day 14, the exclusive breastfeeding rate for newborns in Group 2 was significantly less than for those in Group 1 (60% vs. 82%; ...
Social Support and Self-Reported Quality of Life China’s Oldest Old

In this chapter, we explore how social support affects self-reported quality of life for the elderly (aged 80 and above) in China. We use data from the first wave of the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS) conducted in 1998. Our results show clearly that all sources of social support are beneficial to quality of life. One’s living arrangement, as one measure of social support, plays an important role. The elderly who live alone report the lowest quality of life. Paradoxically, the elderly who live in nursing homes report a higher quality of life than those living with children.We examined this paradox by comparing the differences in characteristics of those living in nursing homes and those living with children. Finally, we discuss the implications of these results for societies that are experiencing rapid aging as a result of sharp fertility declines.
A Model of Antitrust Regulatory Strategy

There is a great deal of literature concerning the law and economics of antitrust, but relatively little concerning its application and strategic management by regulators. There is even less literature that considers antitrust within a broad and systematic framework of analysis. Such a framework needs to take account of the following factors: (1) the character and goals of antitrust law; (2) the political environment; (3) the operating capabilities and limitations of the regulator; (4) the relationship of the agency to other organizations; and (5) the relationship of all these factors. Strategic management involves the fundamental decisions and actions that shape and guide what an organization is, what it does, and why it does it. It requires a broad approach that emphasizes an organization’s mission and the means of attaining that mission, while being aware of the future implications of present decisions. Accordingly, the strategy of an organization focuses on the role and activities of the regulator as a whole, and on the relationship of individual cases and matters to the general approach of the regulator. This Article provides a model for the analysis of the strategy, organization, and management of antitrust agencies, based on the variables above and their interrelationships. It does not set out a specific strategy or organization plan, but rather a framework to use in devising such a plan. To accomplish this goal, this Article will use models commonly utilized in the analysis of business strategies, adapted to take account of the special features of the antitrust regulatory world.1 An application of the model is made in relation to Australia’s experience of a period of vigorous enforcement of the antitrust law, focusing on some of the links between the increased activities of the regulator and the political environment.2 The Article also includes a
Animal experimental research design in critical care

Limited translational success in critical care medicine is thought to be in part due to inadequate methodology, study design, and reporting in preclinical studies. The purpose of this study was to compare reporting of core features of experimental rigor: blinding, randomization, and power calculations in critical care medicine animal experimental research. We hypothesized that these study design characteristics were more frequently reported in 2015 versus 2005. We performed an observational bibliometric study to grade manuscripts on blinding, randomization, and power calculations. Chi-square tests and logistic regression were used for analysis. Inter-rater agreement was assessed using kappa and Gwet’s AC1. A total of 825 articles from seven journals were included. In 2005, power estimations were reported in 2%, randomization in 35%, and blinding in 20% (n = 482). In 2015, these metrics were included in 9, 47, and 36% of articles (n = 343). The increase in proportion for the metrics tested was statistically significant (p < 0.001, p = 0.002, and p < 0.001). Only a minority of published manuscripts in critical care medicine journals reported on recommended study design steps to increase rigor. Routine justification for the presence or absence of blinding, randomization, and power calculations should be considered to better enable readers to assess potential sources of bias.
Student Teaching Abroad: Intercultural Learning in Context and a Changing Approach to U.S. Educator Preparation

This chapter examines the unique kind of learning that teacher education students engage in when they complete their student teaching placements abroad. Drawing on qualitative interviews with two returnee Education majors who participated in their first of two required teaching placements locally in the United States and their second in Northern Ireland, evidence of deeper, thoughtful reflection in the international placement is detailed. One of the major outcomes of the international teaching experience was more culturally empathetic teaching practices and the incorporation of activities, in their professional positions, that encourage their U.S. pupils to routinely consider global perspectives. Also included in the chapter is discussion of what prompted these individuals to choose student teaching abroad over traditional placements, and connections are drawn between their goals and their learning outcomes. Finally, the author delves into the increasing number of student teaching abroad opportunities that are available to U.S. Education majors and how this fact reflects a shift in the field of teacher education, as there is recognition that infusing cross-cultural experiences into educator preparation programs is immensely valuable and indeed necessary.
The morphology of euphausiid mandibles used to assess selective predation by blue whales in the southern sector of the California Current System

Author(s): Nickels, CF; Sala, LM; Ohman, MD | Abstract: We describe the mandibular morphology of the eight most abundant euphausiid species in the California Current and report regression relationships between mandible size and body total length. We applied these species-specific characters to the mandibles recovered from fecal samples of 18 blue whales (Balaenoptera musculus (Linnaeus, 1758)) collected between 1998 to 2015 off Southern California to test for selective feeding on the euphausiid assemblage. The diets of blue whales were consistently and overwhelmingly dominated by the large neritic euphausiid Thysanoessa spinifera Holmes, 1900, even when other species were present or dominant in closely collected net samples. More than 99% of the ingested euphausiids were longer than 10 mm, indicating that blue whales in this region are highly selective by prey species and size class, and dependent upon aggregations of juveniles or adults of a limited number of coastally associated euphausiid species.
Impact Ionization and Interface Trap Generation in 28-nm MOSFETs at Cryogenic Temperatures

The characterization of impact-ionization (II) and stress-induced damage in 28-nm bulk n-channel MOSFETs is used to identify the mechanisms for carrier-induced interface trap generation (ITG) from 300 K to 77 K. The energy-driven paradigm of hot carrier effects is used to study carrier-induced ITG and its temperature dependence, and to analyze the influence of electron-electron scattering (EES) on carrier-induced degradation of ultra-short channel devices. The analysis clearly illustrates the significant role of EES in the hot (i.e., high-energy) carriers single particle mechanism of ITG, as well as its contribution to the cold (i.e., low-energy) carriers multiple particle mechanism of ITG. This is evidenced through extractions of ITG lifetime as a function of temperature and stress current from measurements of 28 nm n-channel devices. We apply a simple model to discuss the impact of EES on the experimentally observed trends for II and ITG rates.
Longitudinal Examination of Relations between School- and Home-Based Parent Involvement and GPA across Ethnic Groups

The transition to adolescence is associated with decreases in student achievement. One factor that may mitigate these decreases is parent involvement. The present study examined whether ethnicity, type of involvement (school-based involvement [SBI] vs. home-based involvement [HBI]), and their interaction predicted GPA. This study, using data from the High School Longitudinal Study, examined whether type of involvement (SBI vs. HBI) and ethnicity predicted adolescents’ grade point average (GPA). Employing random coefficient growth curve modelling, we examined whether time, ethnicity, and SBI and HBI at grade 9 predicted adolescents’ levels of GPA from grade 9 to 12. The initial effect of time (from grade 9 to grade 10) was significant, with GPA declining across ethnic groups. The initial decline attenuated from grades 10 to 12. With the exception of Asian Americans, SBI was significantly positively associated with GPA. Over and above SBI, HBI was consistently positively associated with subsequent GPA across ethnic groups. These associations of SBI and HBI with GPA persisted across time. The findings are consistent with past research, although that research did not examine HBI and SBI simultaneously, high school students specifically, and GPA over time. The non-significant association of GPA with SBI for Asian Americans may be due to different peer processes and beliefs about education. Because HBI has similar associations across groups, and because it predicts unique variance in GPA over and above SBI, it may be important for parents of high schoolers to pursue, regardless of ethnicity.
Maternal cardiovascular-related single nucleotide polymorphisms, genes, and pathways associated with early-onset preeclampsia.

Introduction Preeclampsia is a medical condition complicated with hypertension and proteinuria during pregnancy. While preeclampsia affects approximately 5% of pregnancies, it remains without a cure. In addition, women who had preeclampsia during pregnancy have been reported to have an increased risk for cardiovascular disease later in life. However, the disease etiology and molecular mechanisms remain poorly understood. The paucity in the literature on preeclampsia associated maternal cardiovascular risk in different ethnic populations also present a need for more research. Therefore, the objective of this study was to identify cardiovascular/metabolic single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), genes, and regulatory pathways associated with early-onset preeclampsia. Materials and methods We compared maternal DNAs from 31 women with early-onset preeclampsia with those from a control group of 29 women without preeclampsia who delivered full-term normal birthweight infants. Women with multiple gestations and/or known medical disorders associated with preeclampsia (pregestational diabetes, chronic hypertension, renal disease, hyperthyroidism, and lupus) were excluded. The MetaboChip genotyping array with approximately 197,000 SNPs associated with metabolic and cardiovascular traits was used. Single nucleotide polymorphism analysis was performed using the SNPAssoc program in R. The Truncated Product Method was used to identify significantly associated genes. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis and Ingenuity Causal Network Analysis were used to identify significantly associated disease processes and regulatory gene networks respectively. Results The early-onset preeclampsia group included 45% Filipino, 26% White, 16% other Asian, and 13% Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islanders, which did not differ from the control group. There were no SNPs associated with early-onset preeclampsia after correction for multiple comparisons. However, through gene-based tests, 68 genes and 23 cardiovascular disease-related processes were found to be significantly associated. Associated gene regulatory networks involved cellular movement, cardiovascular disease, and inflammatory disease. Conclusions Multiple cardiovascular genes and diseases demonstrate associations with early-onset preeclampsia. This unfolds new areas of research regarding the genetic determinants of early-onset preeclampsia and their relation to future cardiovascular disease.
Development Arrested: The Blues and Plantation Power in the Mississippi Delta

Clyde Woods. New York, NY: Verso, 2017. xiv and 354 pp., map, photos, notes, index. $22.95 paper (ISBN 978-1-84467-561-6).Verso has republished Development Arrested in paperback form. It has been t...
Plasticity and Clonality of Cancer Cell States.

While intratumoral heterogeneity has been extensively studied in terms of genetic alterations and phenotypic properties such as drug resistance, only recently has single-cell RNA-seq begun to expose the remarkable transcriptional diversity within tumors. A recent study of glioblastoma by Neftel et al. supports the emerging notion of cancer cell states and demonstrates their plasticity.
Additive manufacturing of functionally graded metallic materials using laser metal deposition

Abstract Functionally graded materials (FGMs) have attracted much research interest in the industry due to their graded material properties, which result from gradually distributed compositions or structures. In recent years, metallic FGMs have been widely studied, and additive manufacturing (AM) has become an important approach to build metallic FGMs. This paper aims to provide an overview of the research progress in metallic FGMs fabricated by laser metal deposition (LMD), an AM process that is widely used in metallic materials. Firstly, the unique material properties and advantages of FGMs are introduced. Then, typical recent findings in transition path design, fabrication, and characterization for different types of metallic FGMs via LMD are summarized and discussed. Finally, challenges in fabricating metallic FGMs via LMD are discussed, and other related aspects in the area of FGMs such as model representation and numerical simulation are proposed for further investigation.
A Language for Programmable Hardware Security

No paper or presentation is available, but information on the "inherently secure processor" developed by Draper Laboratory can be found here: https://www.draper.com/explore-solutions/inherently-secure-processor
Posting the story of your sexual assault online: a phenomenological study of the aftermath

Silence and shame often surround incidents of sexual violence. As technology and social media spawn movements for survivors to speak about their experiences, it is unknown if public online disclosu...
PEEK interbody devices for multilevel anterior cervical discectomy and fusion: association with more than 6-fold higher rates of pseudarthrosis compared to structural allograft.

OBJECTIVE Common interbody graft options for anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) include allograft and polyetheretherketone (PEEK). PEEK has gained popularity due to its radiolucent properties and a modulus of elasticity similar to that of bone. PEEK devices also result in higher billing costs than allograft, which may drive selection. A previous study found a 5-fold higher rate of pseudarthrosis with the use of PEEK devices compared with structural allograft in single-level ACDF. Here the authors report on the occurrence of pseudarthrosis with PEEK devices versus structural allograft in patients who underwent multilevel ACDF. METHODS The authors retrospectively reviewed 81 consecutive patients who underwent a multilevel ACDF and had radiographic follow-up for at least 1 year. Data were collected on age, sex, BMI, tobacco use, pseudarthrosis, and rate of reoperation for pseudarthrosis. Logistic regression was used for data analysis. RESULTS Of 81 patients, 35 had PEEK implants and 46 had structural allograft. There were no significant differences between age, sex, smoking status, or BMI in the 2 groups. There were 26/35 (74%) patients with PEEK implants who demonstrated radiographic evidence of pseudarthrosis, compared with 5/46 (11%) patients with structural allograft (p < 0.001, OR 22.2). Five patients (14%) with PEEK implants required reoperation for pseudarthrosis, compared with 0 patients with allograft (p = 0.013). CONCLUSIONS This study reinforces previous findings on 1-level ACDF outcomes and suggests that the use of PEEK in multilevel ACDF results in statistically significantly higher rates of radiographic pseudarthrosis and need for revision surgery than allograft. Surgeons should consider these findings when determining graft options, and reimbursement policies should reflect these discrepancies.
Chapter 10 – Recovered Paper

Publisher Summary Recovered paper, or waste paper, can come from a number of different sources, including internally at the paper mill. A number of different terms are used to indicate when in the life cycle of the paper that it is returned for recycling. Recovered paper collection is done in a number of different ways, depending on the type of paper being collected and the source of the paper. In general, preconsumer recycled paper is easier to collect as it tends to be concentrated in specific manufacturing locations and also tends to be much more homogeneous. These collections, often of the form of cuttings, trimmings and over issues, are typically baled and packaged directly at the collection site with little additional processing needed. Paper recycling is a key raw material for the papermaking process, representing a significant portion of the fiber used. However, because of the degradation of the fibers through the papermaking and recycling process, the limit to the amount of paper being recycled is slowly being approached. In addition, there are a number of grades of paper that are currently not recycled and will not be in the foreseeable future. This is particularly true for such personal care products such as toweling and tissue. Future improvements in recycling will need to deal mainly with the fiber quality issues.