cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Drone Operators, Cyber Warriors, and Prosthetic Gods

As has been remarked upon since its inception, to wage war on terror is to wage war not on an enemy, but on a concept. It should thus come as no surprise that this war has been waged conceptually. The Bush admin istration, operating under the concept of war-as-revenge, focused on man-hunting and network-dismantling, a focus that led to the extreme of warfare, the extreme of torture. The Obama administration, operating under the concept of war-as-risk-aversion, focused on troop-reduction and prison-dismantling, a focus that led to what is now seen as the opposite extreme of warfare, the extreme of “unmanned warfare.” Whereas war for President Bush was, paradoxically, capable of being fought with ever- expanding means for ever-narrowing ends — with torture being used in order to ultimately capture and kill one man — war for President Obama is instead, paradoxically, capable of being fought from ever-increasing distances with ever-decreasing personnel — with bots in the sky being used to replace boots on the ground.1 Even with the Obama administra tion having embraced the idea that “there’s an app for that” can be a rallying cry for replacing wartime as well as peacetime practices, freeing us up in both domains to pursue more meaningful activities while our software does the “dirty work,” there nevertheless remains the ever present feeling that war has not necessarily changed for the better.
Kinetically Trapped Two-Component Self-Assembled Adlayer

A two-component self-assembly process that results in three different compositional phases is observed and explained. Solutions containing various molar ratios of cobalt octaethylporphyrin (CoOEP) and coronene in phenyloctane were brought into contact with a clean Au(111) surface. At no relative concentration was coexistence of the CoOEP and coronene phase observed. Rather, at intermediate concentrations a new 1–1 surface structure (1 coronene to 1 CoOEP) is formed with sharp compositional boundaries. This behavior is unusual in that only weak van der Waals forces, slight variations in surface charge exchange, and steric effects stabilize the 1–1 structure and that it occurs where the solution concentration ratio is an order of magnitude different than the surface concentration. The nature of this 1–1 structure and the transitions between the three phases (pure CoOEP, 1–1, and pure coronene) were studied by variable temperature STM and by density functional theory (DFT). Adsorption energies for CoOEP and ...
Multiple Origins of Agriculture in Eurasia and Africa

An overview of the origins of agriculture cases known from Eurasia and Africa, with a brief survey of the Americas, documents only a few “centers” where subsistence based on founder crops and domesticated animals emerged, and where the additional “noncenters” were identified. By examining the evidence of plant exploitation and eventual cultivation practiced by Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene foragers in regions where the information is sufficiently detailed, together with the nature of their habitation sites, one can trace the common processes for the transition from hunting and gathering to farming communities who continued to exploit supplementary wild resources.
Baseline Predictors of Visual Outcome

Parents of infants presenting with a unilateral congenital cataract are likely to be exceptionally anxious and wondering about the possible visual outcome for their child. The purpose of the present analysis was to evaluate the extent to which baseline characteristics observable at the time of initial cataract surgery might allow the clinician to provide the family with realistic expectations. Of the attributes we considered, age at time of surgery and the availability of private insurance were the only two that showed an association with recognition visual acuity at age 4.5 years. Ultimately, it was only the presence of private insurance that yielded a significant contribution to a multiple regression model of the data.
Five Vindolanda Tablets, Soldiers, and the Law

That the Vindolanda tablets have provided us with an extraordinarily stimulating body of evidence is a truism, if ever there was one. But in particular, these inscribed scraps of wood offer the rare and tantalizing opportunity to compare many aspects of daily life (largely military, but also civilian) in the far northwestern corner of the Roman Empire with conceivably similar goings-on elsewhere.
Comparing Between-Row Mulchesin Organic Muskmelon and Squash—Year 1

Organic matter mulches are an important multi-purpose tool in organic agriculture. These suppress weeds by competing for sunlight, moisture, and nutrients, and improve soil health by reducing erosion and increasing soil organic matter. For crops such as muskmelon and squash, mulches protect fruit from moist soil that contributes to fruit rot.
Merely Political: Waldemar Gurian and Carl Schmitt’s Early Political-Theological Divide

In the midst of the dissolution of the Weimar Republic, the personal, the political and the theological collided for the German intellectuals who explored the areas of Church-state relations, constitutional law, intellectual history and cultural criticism. Carl Schmitt serves as a prime example of one for whom the consequences of professional political decisions threw into upheaval, and in many cases permanently ruined, friendships that had been formative to his development as a legal and political theorist. The obvious narrative is that Schmitt’s turn to National Socialism in 1932 caused many of his acquaintances, Catholic intellectuals who had adored his early work and who had in turn helped shape it, to abandon him entirely. Perhaps the most dramatic of these ruptures is that between Schmitt and his student, Waldemar Gurian, which seems to have been brought on by the former’s alliance with the Papen government and the publication of 1932s Legalitat und Legitimitat with its concept of the “total state.” However, this is an incomplete account of the friend-to-enemy transformation of this relationship, which, I would argue, begins not with National Socialism, but with the Church.
Tank bromeliads capture Saharan dust in El Yunque National Forest, Puerto Rico

Abstract Dust from Saharan Africa commonly blows across the Atlantic Ocean and into the Caribbean. Most methods for measuring this dust either are expensive if collected directly from the atmosphere, or depend on very small concentrations that may be chemically altered if collected from soil. Tank bromeliads in the dwarf forest of El Yunque National Forest, Puerto Rico, have a structure of overlapping leaves used to capture rainwater and other atmospheric inputs. Therefore, it is likely that these bromeliads are collecting in their tanks Saharan dust along with local inputs. Here we analyze the elemental chemistry, including rare earth elements (REEs), of tank contents in order to match their chemical fingerprint to a provenance of the Earth's crust. We find that the tank contents differ from the local soils and bedrock and are more similar to published values of Saharan dust. Our study confirms the feasibility of using bromeliad tanks to trace Saharan dust in the Caribbean.
Insights into children's testimonial reasoning

Human testimony is a rich source of knowledge about the world, enabling us to acquire information about things both near and distant, available and unavailable, known and unknown. It also provides us with an opportunity to investigate children’s reasoning about the human informants who testify. In this chapter, we discuss the testimonial reasoning that supports children’s knowledge acquisition. We discuss both the evidential reasons (e.g., epistemic reliability) that children have to believe what they are told and the distinct interpersonal reasons (e.g., direct address) that children have to trust others. We suggest that children engage in a flexible reasoning process that recruits children’s understanding of intentional agency, one that empowers them to monitor epistemic and moral transgressions, but also to forgive excusable errors. We offer insight into new avenues for future research, with an interest in better specifying the reasoning that children apply to testimony, and the implications this has for understanding individual and cultural differences in testimonial learning.
Body fat calibration technology: Information sources for an age of increasing dieting, exercise and bariatric surgery

Abstract The national war on obesity has prompted a race among health sector companies for body composition instrumentation that is accurate, easy to use, and will be adopted as cost-effective by doctors used to relying largely on the rule-of-thumb Body Mass Index. Libraries serving science, engineering, and medicine will particularly benefit from a review of recent literature from two somewhat disparate professional groups involved in its development, use and evaluation: the “jocks”-exercise physiologists and sports trainers; and the “docs”-medicine's own obesity specialists, working with medical physicists and biomedical imaging engineers. Although both groups owe a historic debt to the tools and literature of physical anthropology, today, they share common ground mostly in journals of clinical nutrition. Collection development advice involving major reference works, compilations, and practical guides from all three currently contributing communities is provided.
Second-Order Diffraction in Short Waves

Asymptotic approximations are derived for the second-order potential and the resulting pressure forces acting on fixed vessels in monochromatic or bichromatic incident waves. These approximations are based on the short-wavelength assumption, with respect to the first-order incident waves. Comparisons are made with computations based on the second-order panel code WAMIT, to indicate the domains where the approximate results are useful.
Myopus schisticolor (Wood lemming)

The karyotypes were donated by Drs. H. Winking and A. Gropp, Lubeck, Germany and come from animals kept by Dr. F. Frank, Braunschweig, Germany which were originally captured near Nas, Sweden. C-banded karyotypes of a male (top), an XX female (middle) and an XY female (bottom) are here shown. G-banding and the complexities of the sex determining mechanism have been described by Fredga et al. (1976) and Wachtel et al. (1976). Chromosomes 5(p) and 12(p) have satellites. All chromosomes are identifiable by G-bands.
Conditional Simulation and the Value of Information

One option in decisionmaking under uncertainty is to reduce uncertainty by acquiring information. The decisionmaker will choose to acquire additional information if its value exceeds its cost. This paper describes the use of nested conditional simulation in implementing a Bayesian assessment of the value of information in an explicitly spatial setting. A simple example is given concerning the management of flood damage.
Renal tubule cell repair following acute renal injury

Experimental data suggests the recovery of renal function after ischemic or nephrotoxic acute renal failure is due to a replicative repair process dependent upon predominantly paracrine release of growth factors. These growth factors promote renal proximal tubule cell proliferation and a differentiation phase dependent on the interaction between tubule cells and basement membrane. These insights identify the molecular basis of renal repair and ischemic and nephrotoxic acute renal failure, and may lead to potential therapeutic modalities that accelerate renal repair and lessen the morbidity and mortality associated with these renal disease processes. In this regard, there is a prominent vasoconstrictor response of the renal vasculature during the postischemic period of developing acute renal failure. The intravenous administration of pharmacologic doses of atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) in the postischemic period have proven efficacious by altering renal vascular resistance, so that renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate improve. ANF also appears to protect renal tubular epithelial integrity and holds significant promise as a therapeutic agent in acute renal failure. Of equal or greater promise are the therapeutic interventions targeting the proliferative reparative zone during the postischemic period. The exogenous administration of epidermal growth factor or insulin-like growth factor-1 in the postischemic period have effectively decreased the degree of renal insufficiency as measured by the peak serum creatinine and has hastened renal recovery as measured by the duration of time required to return the baseline serum creatinine values. A similarly efficacious role for hepatocyte growth factor has also been recently demonstrated.
Progress in using threonine aldolases for preparative synthesis

Three threonine aldolases (TAs) were cloned and overexpressed in Escherichia coli (Aeromonas jandaeil-allo-threonine aldolase, E. colil-threonine aldolase and Thermotoga maritimal-allo-threonine aldolase). A Design of Experiments strategy was used to identify optimal reaction conditions for each enzyme. These conditions were used to characterize the substrate- and stereoselectivity of each TA toward a panel of aldehyde acceptors. In general, the A. jandaei TA performed best, and six representative conversions were scaled up 10-fold in order to develop downstream steps for product isolation. One key improvement was to treat the crude reaction product with Bacillus subtilis glycine oxidase, which eliminated residual starting material and significantly simplified product isolation. NMR studies were used to identify the major and minor diastereomers from the preparative-scale reactions and the absolute configurations for three representative cases.
Control technique for single phase inverter photovoltaic system connected to the grid

Abstract In photovoltaic system connected to the grid, the main goal is to control the power that the inverter injects into the grid from the energy provided by the photovoltaic generator. The power quality injected into the grid and the performance of the converter system depend on the quality of the inverter current control. In this paper, a control technique for a photovoltaic system connected to the grid based on digital pulse-width modulation (DSPWM) which can synchronize a sinusoidal output current with a grid voltage and control the power factor is proposed. This control is based on the single phase inverter controlled by bipolar PWM Switching and lineal current control. The electrical scheme of the system is presented. The approach is widely explained. Simulations results of output voltage and current validate the impact of this method to determinate the appropriate control of the system. A digital design of the control based on generator PWM using VHDL is proposed and implemented on Field-Programmable Gate Array “FPGA”. The functional structure of this system with digital control has been validated with experimental results.
Dynamic Inversion Based Navigation Algorithm for Furrow-Traversing Autonomous Crop Rover*

In this paper, we present a dynamic-inversion based navigation algorithm to autonomously drive the horticulture rover used for precision agriculture purposes along a narrow furrow without damaging the crops. The horticulture rover traverses the furrow by aligning itself with the centerline with the assistance of a real-time kinematic (RTK)-capable GPS as the location sensor. The results of the simulation whose critical parameters are obtained experimentally from the real system have proved that, the rover is able to correct itself back to the centerline of the course within 1 m distance along the furrow and maintain at the centerline with a fluctuation of less than 3 cm even with system uncertainty and noise, after a disturbance causing a lateral offset of 16 cm and a leavingcenterline heading of 2 degrees.
Piercings, tatoeages, brandmerken, scarificaties en andere vormen van lichaamsmodificatie

Sinds het eind van de jaren tachtig doet zich internationaal een opmerkelijk cultureel fenomeen voor: piercings, professionele tatoeages, scarificaties, brandmerken en andere vormen van lichaamsmodificatie worden steeds populairder. Behandelaars vragen zich vaak af of deze vormen van ‘lichaamskunst’, zoals ze soms worden genoemd, als zelfverwonding zijn te beschouwen. Deze vraag is niet eenvoudig te beantwoorden.
Influence of Dielectric Coatings on Pin-to-Rod Nanosecond-Pulsed Discharges in Phosphate-Buffered Saline

Plasma medicine is a rapidly expanding field that utilizes nonequilibrium plasma discharges at atmospheric conditions or in liquids for clinical applications. There is a significant interest in the production of plasma in the liquid phase for wastewater treatment, agricultural applications, and medical purposes. However, little investigation has been done about the effects of dielectric coatings on submerged electrodes, which is of significant interest to limit electrical current flow in the liquid. This article investigates the effect of different dielectric coatings, including aluminum oxide, parylene C, and bi-layer combinations, on plasma discharge characteristics in phosphate-buffered saline ( $\mathbf {\sigma = 18}$ mS/cm) from nanosecond high-voltage pulses. Observed results for aluminum oxide are consistent with past works, including micron-sized clusters of holes generated in the layer due to dielectric breakdown. A bi-layer combination of parylene C on top of aluminum oxide resulted in a longer lifetime for electrodes, possibly due to the melting/solidification behavior of the polymer, which may have a “healing” effect. The use of a thick parylene C layer resulted in a different, “creeping,” discharge regime, which is hypothesized to be similar to triple-gap discharge observed in space plasma physics and high-voltage insulators, in which the electric field is enhanced at the boundary of a conductor, dielectric, and a vacuum/fluid, resulting in discharge at this junction point. Temporally-resolved and high-spatial-resolution imaging are required for verification.
Unique decomposition into ideals for commutative Noetherian rings

Abstract A commutative ring R has the unique decomposition into ideals (UDI) property if, for any R-module that decomposes into a finite direct sum of indecomposable ideals, this decomposition is unique up to the order and isomorphism classes of the indecomposable ideals. In a 2001 paper, Goeters and Olberding characterize the UDI property for Noetherian integral domains, noting the almost local nature of the property and, in the case of a local domain, relating it to the structure of its integral closure. In a 2011 paper, Ay and Klingler obtain similar results for Noetherian reduced rings. In this paper, we examine the UDI property for arbitrary commutative Noetherian rings, establishing the same almost local nature of the property, and giving an example which shows that the local results do not extend to commutative Noetherian rings in general.
Plasma Cell Neoplasms (Including Plasma Cell Myeloma)

Plasma cell neoplasms (also known as plasma cell dyscrasias) are diseases in which abnormal plasma cells proliferate and form tumors in the bones or soft tissue of the body. It includes a spectrum of progressively worse diseases, clinically varying from asymptomatic to overtly symptomatic forms. Plasma cell neoplasms include monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS), plasma cell myeloma, plasmacytoma, monoclonal immunoglobulin deposition diseases, and plasma cell neoplasms with associated paraneoplastic syndrome.
How Much May COVID-19 School Closures Increase Childhood Obesity?

In a recent paper entitled, “COVID‐19 Related School Closings and Risk of Weight Gain Among Children” Rundle et al. (2020) proposed the COVID‐19 pandemic may increase obesity among American children because the pandemic, “will likely double out‐of‐school time this year for many children in the United States and will exacerbate the risk factors for weight gain associated with summer recess” (pg. 1). I add support to Rundle et al.’s argument by demonstrating that doubling of out‐of‐school time alone may lead to a sizable increase in childhood obesity.
Differences Between Neurosurgical Subspecialties in Telehealth Adoption.

The healthcare field has been faced with unprecedented challenges during the COVID 19 pandemic. Therefore, much like our colleagues in other subspecialties, the neurosurgical field was forced to adapt traditional practice patterns to ensure continued access to care for our patients. Part of this adaptation involved the implementation of a comprehensive telehealth program. Through the course of our telehealth implementation, we observed notable trends across neurosurgical subspecialties with regards to patient consent and satisfaction. This manuscript presents our department's experience and highlights key differences between neurosurgical subspecialties.
Use of a claims-based algorithm to estimate disease severity in the multiple sclerosis Medicare population.

Abstract Background/Objective To compare algorithm determined disease severity, risk of multiple sclerosis (MS) relapse, and MS-related hospitalization between the age-eligible and disability-eligible MS Medicare populations. Methods Using the Humana claims dataset (2013 - 2015), patients were divided into Medicare age-eligible and disability-eligible groups. A previously developed algorithm, which used MS symptoms and healthcare utilization to categorize MS disease severity into three groups (low, moderate, high) at baseline was employed. Flexible parametric and Cox proportional hazard models were used to estimate the risk for MS relapses and MS-related hospitalizations among the MS disease severity groups and the two eligibility cohorts in the follow-up period. Results Of the overall sample (N = 6,559), the majority (N = 4,813, 73.4%) were disability-eligible and in the low disease severity group (N = 4,468, 68.1%). In 10 of 16 disease severity algorithm predictors, the prevalence of these predictors was significantly (p Conclusion The disability-eligible Medicare population had a significantly higher prevalence of MS comorbidities and higher MS severity scores at baseline. In addition, they had a higher risk for MS-related relapses and MS-related hospitalizations in the follow-up period. It is important to account for disability status when assessing disease severity and healthcare utilization.
Formation of liquid phase and nanostructures in flash sintered ZnO

Abstract This study presents the effects of current density limit on flash sintering and the formation of nanostructures in undoped ZnO. The combination of high electric field and low current density (1 and 2 A/cm2) results in the formation of hot spots and fracture as well as ZnO nanostructures in the vicinity of the hot spots. Such phenomena were not observed in the case of higher current density limit of 3 A/cm2. A detailed microscopy analysis revealed that the growth of nanostructures initiated from liquid phase regions at the grain boundaries and within the grains.
Thrombolysis and Balloon Venoplasty for Subclavian Vein Thrombosis

Venous thrombosis due to thoracic outlet syndrome (VTOS) is often managed initially with thrombolysis since this provides some immediate relief of symptoms plus removing the thrombus allows for a more localized decompressive operation and decreases the risk of a pulmonary embolus. Thrombolysis can be achieved with either catheter directed infusion of a thrombolytic drug or by pharmacomechanical thrombolysis which uses mechanical devices to augment the thrombolytic effect and to help remove thrombus. Technical success rates are very high with only rare complications reported. Advances in pharmacomechanical technique have decreased both procedure times and use of thrombolytic drug.
Contraception and Reproductive Planning for Women With Cardiovascular Disease: JACC Focus Seminar 5/5.

The majority of reproductive-age women with cardiovascular disease are sexually active. Early and accurate counseling by the cardiovascular team regarding disease-specific contraceptive safety and effectiveness is imperative to preventing unplanned pregnancies in this high-risk group of patients. This document, the final of a 5-part series, provides evidence-based recommendations regarding contraceptive options for women with, or at high risk for, cardiovascular disease as well as recommendations regarding pregnancy termination for women at excessive cardiovascular mortality risk due to pregnancy.
Energy Saving in Residential Buildings by Using Heat Load Calculations

When it comes to sizing air conditioning appliances, cooling load measurements are important. It is essential to have the accurate value of cooling loads and seasonal cooling requirements of houses when developing energy-efficiency and clean energy-sources cooling systems for buildings. Accurate methods for measuring heat loads are important for equipment collection, system configuration, and system construction. The energy sources architecture for buildings becomes more efficient with the aid of reliable data on heating loads and seasonal heating demands. The current study emphasizes the relationship between heating load values and building insulation thermal properties; as a result, a mathematically adjusted method of measuring heating load values and seasonal heating demands of residential buildings is established. The latest findings are linked to ASHRAE guidelines are ventilation system design, it accepts all the indoor air quality, minimizes the ventilation rates, and minimizes all the adverse health effects from most of the occupants.
Assessing the impact of 4-oxo-2-nonenal on lactate dehydrogenase activity and myoglobin redox stability

Abstract Lipid oxidation products, like α, β-unsaturated aldehydes, can react with proteins and influence meat quality. Two such key end products are 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4-HNE) and 4-oxo-2-nonenal (4-ONE). These compounds are far more stable than the lipid hydroperoxides from which they form; so, they can diffuse from the site of generation and cause extensive cellular damage and oxidative pathology. Glycolytic enzymes involved in the reduction of metmyoglobin (e.g., lactate dehydrogenase) are highly reactive with 4-HNE, and subsequently become less functional. Other aldehydes, such as 4-ONE, are more reactive than 4-HNE with certain functional groups/moieties including mercapto groups and arginine residues of glycolytic enzymes. Yet, little research has considered the influence of 4-ONE on an in-vitro meat model system. Findings from this study establish that 4-ONE causes loss of lactate dehydrogenase activity compared to 4-HNE at similar effective concentrations. Myoglobin, when incubated with 4-ONE, exhibited a loss in its redox stability at pH 5.8. Both 4-HNE and 4-ONE were found to be potent covalent modifiers of myoglobin, disrupting functional and structural morphology of bovine heart mitochondria. This study reveals that 4-ONE is a novel and highly toxic chemical species, which causes damage to mitochondrial structure and impairment of myoglobin's redox stability.
Generation of 3X FLAG-tagged human embryonic stem cell (hESC) line to study WNT-induced β-catenin DNA interactions (HVRDe009-A-2).

Abstract In the canonical WNT signaling pathway, active WNT signaling results in the nuclear translocation of β-catenin where it regulates target gene expression. As a tool to understand these β-catenin DNA interactions, we used a CRISPR/Cas9 based approach to engineer a human embryonic stem cell line (hESC) harboring a 3X FLAG sequence fused to the C-terminus of β-catenin. Engineered cells displayed a characteristic hESC morphology, expressed pluripotency-associated markers, retained tri-lineage differentiation potential, and had a normal euploid karyotype. This cell line represents a valuable tool to dissect the transcriptional mechanisms by which WNT signalling regulates pluripotent cell fate.
African Pygmy Hedgehog (Atelerix albiventris) and Sugar Glider (Petaurus breviceps) Sedation and Anesthesia

African pygmy hedgehogs and sugar gliders are common zoologic companion animals frequently presented to veterinarians for routine preventive care and illness. Given their small size, intravascular access, intubation, and monitoring can be challenging, and hypothermia is a common problem during chemical immobilization. Studied injectable sedation options are limited, but can provide an alternative to general anesthesia for minor procedures. Anesthetic induction and maintenance are most commonly performed with inhalant anesthetics, such as isoflurane or sevoflurane. Preparation of all necessary equipment and emergency drugs before chemical immobilization increases the chance of a successful procedure.
Multivalent RNA Aptamers That Inhibit CTLA-4 and Enhance Tumor Immunity

The potency of cancer immunotherapy can be enhanced by administration of high-avidity ligands specific to receptors expressed on T cells. Antibodies or cytokines are the main agents used in such capacity. Antibody-mediated inhibition of cytotoxic T cell antigen-4 (CTLA-4) function in mice augments antitumor immunity and could serve as an important adjunct in cancer immunotherapy. However, antibody-based therapy used in the setting of chronic diseases such as cancer poses significant cost, manufacturing, and regulatory challenges. Here we describe the development of RNA aptamers that bind CTLA-4 with high affinity and specificity. These aptamers inhibit CTLA-4 function in vitro and enhance tumor immunity in mice. Moreover, assembly of the aptamers into tetrameric forms significantly enhances their bioactivity in vitro and in vivo. These results demonstrate that aptamers can be used to manipulate the immune system for therapeutic applications and that multivalent versions of aptamers may be particularly potent agents in vivo.
The bifurcating neuron: building block for a new generation of artificial neural networks

Summary form only given. The bifurcating neuron concept offers potential through: preservation of the time-dimension; exhibiting a wide-range of firing modalities similar to those observed in physiological studies of the living neuron and can bifurcate between these firing modalities depending on the nature of its activation, behaving thereby as a complex encoder of the spatiotemporal activity of its synaptic inputs; offering structural simplicity and therefore readily constructed. These attributes of the bifurcating neuron are discussed using one simple possible optoelectronic realization. It is shown how it exhibits, depending on the nature of its input, phase-locked periodic firing, quasi-periodic firing, bursting, erratic or chaotic firing, and extinction in addition to conventional sigmoidal dependence of firing frequency on activation potential. >
Subtilisin Carlsberg I. AMINO ACID COMPOSITION; ISOLATION AND COMPOSITION OF PEPTIDES FROM THE TRYPTIC HYDROLYSATE

The amino acid composition of subtilisin Carlsberg has been determined and is in good agreement with the 274 residues found by sequence studies in the protein. From a tryptic hydrolysate, it was possible to resolve the peptides into a series of fractions by gradient elution from Dowex 50. After further purification, there were obtained the 14 tryptic peptides, accounting for the complete composition of the protein. In addition, some peptides resulting from secondary cleavage were isolated. A peptide containing a bond susceptible to trypsin was obtained in pure form. The compositions and properties of these peptides are reported.
Strategies for the purification of recombinant proteins

Publisher Summary An understanding of the function of a gene requires that the investigator produce, isolate, and characterize the gene product. Proteins, unlike nucleic acids, are generally not amenable to a ‘‘one-size-fits-all’’ approach to purification. Recombinant proteins may be used for a variety of purposes ranging from laboratory reagents to therapeutics and vaccines intended for human or veterinary use. It is the intended use of the product, therefore, that will define what is meant by purity and the strategies that will lead to a successful outcome. No one wants to expend precious time and resources on what appears to be an unnecessary effort. However, focusing on short-term research needs without considering the possibility of future commercialization with its associated regulatory requirements can lead to costly mistakes and delays down the road. The requirements of the regulatory agencies begin at the time of discovery, and to ignore them is folly. The chapter focuses on current trends and methods for the purification of recombinant proteins and the regulatory concerns and issues.
Adaptations for Teaching Software Development with Extreme Programming: An Experience Report

Extreme Programming (XP) and other Agile Methods are gaining increasing attention for their ability to successfully deliver quality software on time and on budget. These methods embrace the human aspects of software development placing special value on communication and work environment. This paper explores the experience of teaching a three credit hour Software Design and Development course using a development methodology based upon Extreme Programming. Overall, Extreme Programming appears to be a good fit to the academic setting with some adjustments. Adaptations are suggested for both Extreme Programming and the typical class structure to improve the match.
Modeling the search landscape of metaheuristic software clustering algorithms

Software clustering techniques are useful for extracting architectural information about a system directly from its source code structure. This paper starts by examining the Bunch clustering system, which uses metaheuristic search techniques to perform clustering. Bunch produces a subsystem decomposition by partitioning a graph formed from the entities (e.g., modules) and relations (e.g., function calls) in the source code, and then uses a fitness function to evaluate the quality of the graph partition. Finding the best graph partition has been shown to be a NP-hard problem, thus Bunch attempts to find a sub-optimal result that is "good enough" using search algorithms. Since the validation of software clustering results often is overlooked, we propose an evaluation technique based on the search landscape of the graph being clustered. By gaining insight into the search landscape, we can determine the quality of a typical clustering result. This paper defines how the search landscape is modeled and how it can be used for evaluation. A case study that examines a number of open source systems is presented.
The human genome project: A reply to Rosenberg

In this paper we discuss the scientific value of the human genome project. To what extent is the data obtained by sequencing the entire human genome useful in the gene dicovery process? Responding to Alex Rosenberg' skepticism about the value of such data, we maintain that brute sequence data is much more useful than he suggests.
Fast motion detection for thin client compression

State-of-the-art lossless compression methods have enabled thin client computing across wide area networks which is rapidly gaining momentum. While these compression methods exploit redundancies typically found in synthetic images, none of them exploits large blocks often occurring verbatim in sequences of display updates because detecting movements of such blocks is computationally demanding. In this paper, we present a novel algorithm for detecting block movements in image sequences that is fast enough for interactive logins. We also integrate our algorithm into TCC, the best previously known codec for thin client computing. In the presence of motion, our new codec, TCC-M, typically compresses 50 to 950 times more efficiently than TCC. It also reduces the end-to-end latency of scrolling Web pages at DSL speeds by a factor of 5.
Pre- Versus Post-Decisional Deliberation and Goal Commitment: The Positive Effects of Defensiveness

Building on Gollwitzer’s (1990) mindset theory of action phases, it is proposed that the effects of deliberation on subsequent goal commitment are moderated by people’s pre- versus post-decisional status. A balanced deliberation and impartial assessment of pros and cons is expected to reduce goal commitment in pre-decisional individuals, whereas a partial, defensive deliberation and a focus on the pros should strengthen goal commitment in post-decisional individuals. Indeed, in Study 1, deliberation on the pros and cons of pursuing a focal goal promoted stronger reported goal commitment in participants who had decided to pursue this goal, but reduced goal commitment for people who had not yet made such a decision. In Study 2, the same pattern of results emerged when goal commitment was assessed in terms of planning to act on the goal rather than by mere self-report. Study 3 replicated findings using a different decision status manipulation and an objective measure of commitment. Moreover, it explored the underlying process and provided evidence that it is the defensive focus on the pros of goal pursuit that drives post-decisional deliberation’s strengthening effects on goal commitment. Finally, results of Studies 4 and 5 suggested that the increase in commitment produced by defensive post-decisional deliberation is consequential. It was found to differentially strengthen conflicting behavioral intentions (Study 4), and to drive real-life behavior by promoting goal-directed action (Study 5). Implications for mindset theory, goal commitment theory, and decision making are discussed.
THREE NEW SPECIES OF EOHAUSTORIUS (AMPHIPODA, HAUSTORIIDAE) FROM THE OREGON COAST

[Beschrieben werden drei neue Amphipoden Spezies der Gattung Eohaustorius von der Kuste Oregons (U.S.A.). Diese Spezies besiedeln, zusammen mit Eohaustorius washingtonianus, die gleichen Sandstrande mit geringen Unterschieden in ihrer vertikalen Verbreitung. Die vier Arten werden in Bezug auf ihre morphologischen und okologischen Eigenschaften verglichen. Eine Ubersicht uber Eohaustorius, aus dem Ostpazifischen Ozean welche die genannten neuen Spezies einschliesst, wird vorgelegt., Beschrieben werden drei neue Amphipoden Spezies der Gattung Eohaustorius von der Kuste Oregons (U.S.A.). Diese Spezies besiedeln, zusammen mit Eohaustorius washingtonianus, die gleichen Sandstrande mit geringen Unterschieden in ihrer vertikalen Verbreitung. Die vier Arten werden in Bezug auf ihre morphologischen und okologischen Eigenschaften verglichen. Eine Ubersicht uber Eohaustorius, aus dem Ostpazifischen Ozean welche die genannten neuen Spezies einschliesst, wird vorgelegt.]
Cytologic evidence of corneal diseases with limbal stem cell deficiency

Purpose: To determine which human corneal diseases show similar abnormal corneal surfaces, characterized by conjunctival epithelial ingrowth (conjunctivalization), vascularization, and chronic keratitis (i.e., a constellation of signs termed limbal stem cell dysfunction [deficiency], which have been noted in experimental rabbit models). Methods: A total of 134 impression cytology specimens of the perilimbal region collected from 1984 to 1994 were reviewed. Limbal deficiency was diagnosed if conjunctival goblet cells were found on the corneal surface. Results: Ninety-four patients were found to have limbal deficiency. Category 1 comprised 53 patients with a clear history showing limbal stem cell destruction by chemical/thermal burns, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, multiple surgeries and cryotherapies, contact lens wear, and severe microbial keratitis. Patients in category 2 (n = 41), did not have such a history, but gradual loss of stem cell functions overtime was disclosed and included diverse causes such as aniridia, multiple endocrine deficiencies, neurotrophic keratopathy, peripheral inflammatory keratopathy or limbitis, and idiopathy. The 40 remaining patients with suspicious findings did not have limbal deficiency. Conclusions: Impression cytology can be used to diagnose and monitor corneal diseases with limbal deficiency, which manifest distinct clinical problems and are generally poor candidates for penetrating keratoplasty. The identification of category 1 diseases allows one to consider limbal (stem cell) transplantation for surface reconstruction. The presence of category 2 diseases indicates that limbal stem cell functions can be modulated by developmental, hormonal, neuronal, vascular, and inflammatory factors in the limbal stroma.
Resistance to Temptation among Boys and Girls

24 kindergarten and second grade children, equally represented by sex and by grade, were randomly selected and presented with a free-play, resistance to temptation (RTT) situation. They were admonished not to play with a group of attractive toys but were encouraged to play with a group of dull, uninteresting, broken toys while left alone in the play-room. The measure of RTT was the length of time the children refrained from touching the tabooed toys. Girls showed significantly more RTT (p < .02). There was no difference between grade levels, and sex differences were not dependent upon grade level.
Nucleic Acids and Information Transfer

Publisher Summary The chapter discusses of nucleic acid and the possible role of nucleic acid in the process of genetic information transfer. Recent findings indicate that the DNA helix may also be conserved during the in vitro synthesis of DNA. The nucleic acids cause crosslinking of DNA, which cannot then be thermally denatured, indicating that the strands of the helix remain in register. It is shown that the DNA so treated can serve as a primer for in vitro DNA synthesis, using DNA polymerase. The chapter discusses the conserved DNA unit in information transfer, such as (a) conservation of the double helix in DNA and RNA synthesis and (b) denaturation and annealing experiments. The chapter also discusses the problems that arise in the synthesis of RNA, by DNA, and in the reading of the amino acid code messages contained in the RNA. The problems considered are: (1) how are the starting and the finishing points for the synthesis of RNA, either complementary or noncomplementary, indicated along the DNA template; (2) how does the RNA polymerase recognize the DNA chain that has to be used as a template if the RNA is single-stranded; (3) how does the ribosome or the entire protein-synthesizing system recognize the information, containing RNA molecule, and read its message in the correct direction.
The mitochondrial DNA A8344G mutation in Leigh syndrome revealed by analysis in paraffin-embedded sections: revisiting the past.

In 1975, we presented the results of a study on a family with a constellation of features that included a chronic spinocerebellar syndrome, neuropathologically proven Leigh syndrome, and sudden death in infancy or childhood affecting several members over three generations. Inheritance was thought to be autosomal dominant. Twenty years later, we reinterpreted the inheritance pattern as maternal. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) extracted from paraffin-embedded brain samples from the proband revealed the A8344G myoclonic epilepsy and ragged-red fiber (MERRF) mutation as the molecular basis for this multifaceted neurological syndrome. This re-evaluation of archival material is an instructive example of "medical archeopathology."
The Order of the Poems in Encina´s 1496 Cancionero

Juan del Encina was one of the first Spanish poets to take advantage of the printing press. His 1496 Cancionero has many features distinctive of print culture, such as a proper title page and table of contents. Another feature facilitated by printing is the canonical ordering of the love poems, which are arranged in such a way that the earlier poems provoke ironic readings of the later ones. Encina also creates irony by pretending that conventional metaphorical references are actually mimetic. The irony in turn is generally directed against the male point of view in a courtly love situation. The near-term result is a profeminism that serves as a safely traditional way to mask a dissent from aristocratic values in general, but the ultimate literary effect is to turn the reader's attention away from the poems as the record and product of particular social occasions, and to the poems as literary texts, the consequence of the poet's rhetorical capacity to create them.
Dexamethasone-sensitive and -insensitive responses during in vitro differentiation of Friend erythroleukemia cells.

Abstract We have investigated the mechanism(s) by which dexamethasone inhibit DMSO-induced Friend erythroleukemia cell differentiation in vitro. In particular, we examined the effects of dexamethasone on (a) the early events of differentiation such as cell volume alterations and ‘memory response’ and (b) the onset of biochemical events associated with terminal erythroid cell differentiation. By analysing kinetics of commitment of Freind cells to terminal erythroid differentiation on a clonal basis, we have observed that dexamethasone inhibited the completion of the latent period (time elapsed prior to commitment) and impaired “memory” (ability of inducer-treated cells to continue differentiation after a discontinuous exposure to inducer). Treatment of Friend cells with dexamethasone did not prevent the occurence of DMSO-induced alterations in cell volume. However, dexamethasone treatment prevented a series of biochemical events with terminal Friend cell differentiation. These include the decrease in the rate of both cytoplasmic and nuclear RNA synthesis as well as the induction of cytidine deaminase activity and hemoglobin synthesis. These data indicate the dexamethasone-sensitive process(es) operate during the early stages of Friend cell differentiation and that they are responsible for the inhibition of terminal erythroid maturation. These dexamethasone-sensitive processes, however, appear to be different from those regulating cell volume alterations during the earyl steps of DMSO-induced Friend cell differentiation.
Tritium Risk Assessment

Estimates of the health risks in humans from low-level exposure to tritium are presented. The health risks considered are those for cancer, genetic effects, and developmental abnormalities from exposures in utero. Because direct risk information for these effects is not available from human exposures to tritium, the following approach was used. Excess risks for the effects given following low-level exposure to x rays or gamma rays were estimated from available human epidemiological data using appropriate dose-rate effectiveness factors. These human-risk estimates for low-level x rays or gamma rays were then multiplied by the appropriate best-estimate relative biological effectiveness for tritium, taking into account differences in effectiveness of comparison radiations. The resultant lifetime risk coefficients for low-level exposure to tritiated water are as follows. For cancer mortality, the most probable risk (50th percentile) is 81 x 10(-6) mGy-1 and the 90% confidence interval is 38 to 185 x 10(-6) mGy-1. For genetic effects in the first generation after exposure the risk is 7.9 x 10(-6) mGy-1, with a 90% confidence interval of 3.8 to 16.3 x 10(-6) mGy-1. For developmental effects from low-level tritiated water exposures in utero, the risk is uncertain but is estimated to be < 400 x 10(-6) mGy-1. The risks from exposure to organically bound tritiated molecules are estimated to range from values that are similar to those for tritiated water to about a factor of 2 higher.