cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Working in small family businesses: empirical comparisons to non‐family businesses

Members of the owning family of a small family firm are reputed to experience special problems, most notably specific types of conflicts and outcomes associated with them. This analysis uncovered more advantages than disadvantages, however, when family members were compared to non-family members of the same firms and to members of similar non-family-owned businesses. Previous literature had not used comparison groups and may have been based upon a subset of family businesses that differs systematically from family firms in general and from this study's sample specifically. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Simulation of a wind energy conversion embedded system

Flux and torque estimators are designed and simulated to validate their use for a wind energy conversion system at different wind speeds. The model formed by a wind turbine-gear-induction generator is used for the estimator models' derivation. Simulation results are provided indicating good estimator design and operation.
Meridional Transport across a Zonal Channel: Topographic Localization

Experiments are performed using a two-layer isopycnic numerical model in a zonal channel with a large meridional topographic ridge in the lower layer. The model is forced only by a steady meridional volume transport in the upper layer, and develops a current structure similar to the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. Meridional volume flux across time-mean geostrophic streamlines is found to be due to a combination of the geostrophic eddy bolus flux and the lateral Reynolds stress. The proportion of each depends on the strength of the forcing. The Reynolds stress increases with the forcing, while the bolus flux is relatively constant. Topography localizes the eddy fluxes at and downstream of the topography, where eddy energies are greatest. The strength of the zonal transport is governed by the onset of baroclinic instability and so is relatively insensitive to the strength of the meridional transport.
Human skin detection in the visible and near infrared

Skin detection is a well-studied area in color imagery and is useful in a number of scenarios to include search and rescue and computer vision. Most approaches focus on color imagery due to cost and availability. Many of the visible-based approaches do well at detecting skin (above 90%) but they tend to have relatively high false-alarm rates (8%-15%). This article presents a novel feature space for skin detection in visible and near infrared portions of the electromagnetic spectrum. The features are derived from known spectral absorption of skin constituents to include hemoglobin, melanin, and water as well as scattering properties of the dermis. Fitting a Gaussian mixture to skin and background distributions and using a likelihood ratio test detector, the features presented here show dominating performance when comparing receiver-operating characteristic curves (ROCs) and statistically significant improvement when comparing equal error rates and area under the ROC (AUC). A detection/false-alarm probability of 98.6%/1.1% is achieved for the averaged equal error rate (EER). EER values for the proposed feature space show a 5.6%-11.2% increase in detection probability with a 6.0%-11.6% decrease in false-alarm probability compared to well performing color-based features. The AUC shows a 0.034-0.173 increase in total area under the curve compared to well performing color-based features.
Invasion speeds with active dispersers in highly variable landscapes: Multiple scales, homogenization, and the migration of trees

The distribution of many tree species is strongly determined by the behavior and range of vertebrate dispersers, particularly birds. Many models for seed dispersal exist, and are built around the assumption that seeds undergo a random walk while they are being carried by vertebrates, either in the digestive tract or during the process of seed storage (caching). We use a PDF of seed handling (caching and digesting) times to model non-constant seed settling during dispersal, and model the random component of seed movement using ecological diffusion, in which animals make movement choices based purely on local habitat type instead of population gradients. Spatial variability in habitat directly affects the movement of dispersers and leads to anisotropic dispersal kernels. For birds, which can easily move many kilometers, habitat changes on the scale of tens of meters can viewed as rapidly varying. We introduce multiple scales and apply the method of homogenization to determine leading order solutions for the seed digestion kernel (SDK). Using an integrodifference equation (IDE) model for adult trees, we investigate the rate of forest migration. The existing theory for predicting spread rates in IDE does not apply when dispersal kernels are anisotropic. However, the homogenized SDK is isotropic on large scales and depends only on harmonically averaged motilities and modal rates of digestion. We show that speeds calculated using the harmonic average motility accurately predict rates of invasion for the spatially variable system.
Will China be a New Type of Great Power

How will China’s rise to great power status affect its foreign policy and world order? This article argues that China’s future policies will depend on how it defines its identity relative to the United States and other powers, and how others respond to China’s self-definition. For insights, I draw on social identity theory (SIT), from social psychology, which holds that states seek to maintain a positive but distinctive identity. China wants to restore its previous status as a great power, but at the same time to preserve its culture and norms, without assimilating Western liberal values. According to SIT, states that want to improve their status may pursue social mobility, social competition, or social creativity. Social creativity seeks to attain pre-eminence in a different domain from that of the leading powers. Social creativity—the strategy that China has generally followed since the end of the Cold War— appears to be the most desirable and feasible path for China’s rise and peaceful integration into the international system.
COMMODITY-PRICE VOLATILITY AND EXTERNAL RISK: IMPLICATIONS FOR THE MACROECONOMIES OF CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE

Summary: In an era of increased global risk and the possibility of international “contagion,” managers worldwide must be cognizant of the role that various types of volatility might have on their countries and regions. In particular, statistical analysis can provide estimates of the macroeconomic implications of shocks to foreign asset and commodity prices. This study performs such an analysis, applying time-series econometric modelling to analysis of four Central European countries (Bulgaria, Croatia, Hungary, and Poland), as well as Russia and Ukraine. Using monthly data and applying Vector Autoregressive (VAR) time-series methods, this study first models oil-price volatility and real effective exchange-rate volatility. We then study the effects of these volatility terms and of changes in U.S. stock prices on credit growth, output growth, and the currency markets of our set of European countries. Overall, Granger Causality tests show that risk does have a strong impact on the region’s economies, but that the effects differ from country to country. For example, U.S. stock-price declines uniformly put pressure on the region’s currencies. At the national level, oil-price volatility puts pressure on the zloty and also contributes to Polish growth, and also hurts Russian growth. Our findings therefore offer the region’s industries insights into their exposure to global risk and the global macroeconomy.
Prognostic marker discordance between breast and axilla in patients with early breast cancer.

e11618 Background: Adjuvant systemic treatment of breast cancer is primarily determined by tumor prognostic markers (ER, PR, HER2) obtained on primary breast cancer. Several studies have shown a di...
On a continuum theory of dislocation equilibrium

Abstract A continuum theory of dislocations is suggested which is capable of predicting the equilibrium distributions of a large number of screw dislocations in anisotropic beams with arbitrary cross-section. The theory leads to a boundary value problem with unknown boundary. The problem is solved for isotropic beams with circular cross-sections and thin rectangular cross-sections. The solution for circular cross-sections is compared with the results of numerical simulations by [Weinberger, C. R., 2011. The structure and energetics of, and the plasticity caused by, Eshelby dislocations, International Journal of Plasticity, 27, 1391–1408]. An extension of the theory to equilibrium of edge dislocations is discussed.
The morality of nuclear deterrence : obstacles on the road to coherence

This essay critically assays four recent attempts to furnish a moral justification for nuclear deterrence: the success thesis, the just war thesis, the argument from the “supreme emergency,” and the exceptionalist thesis. By entering into critical dialogue with representatives of these arguments I hope to show that the current confidence in the morality of nuclear deterrence is ill-conceived. Chief among the logical and practical difficulties plaguing these arguments are the following. (1) The success thesis rests on the fallacy of post hoc, ergo propter hoc reasoning. Nor does the assertion of the past success of deterrence furnish guarantees of future effectiveness. (2) Representatives of the just war thesis either establish conditions for accepting deterrence that are incoherent with their judgments about use (e.g., U.S. Catholic bishops) or develop a theory of deterrence that cannot be morally institutionalized (e.g., David Hollenbach). (3) The argument for the supreme emergency eclipses moral convention in the nuclear age. (4) The attempt to salvage the supreme emergency according to a classical theory of community rests on a fundamental disanalogy between the Aristotelian polis and modern nation-states. Moreover, it opens the door for a double standard to evaluate the methods of war.
The State of the Arte: Ecclesiastical Literature on the Northern Frontier of New Spain

ABSTRACTAn examination of the grammars of indigenous languages of northern Mexico compiled by Jesuit and Franciscan missionaries during the colonial period reveals that the Latinate grammar model used was not slavishly followed, as is often assumed. Moreover, these grammar and related materials provide the groundwork for contributions to disciplines other than linguistics' such as the study of culture change, historiography, and ethnohistory.The heuristic use of Latinate grammatical theory in the grammars sampled here reflects the pragmatic concerns of the missionary confronted with a monolingual speech community. Grammatical theory was as essential frontier technology as medicine, architecture and civil engineering. A person in an initial contact situation needed an efficient means of learning the new language and recording it for posterity. Latinate grammatical theory was used to expedite communication along the expanding frontier.
The Effects of Horrific Trauma on Children and Youth

At all times in human history and in all places on earth, children have experienced horrific traumatic experiences. Some of these experiences are sudden, short lived, and individual, such the one described above. Other events are sudden, short lived but common to a large number of children. The 9/11 attack, the Katrina Hurricane, and the Tsunami in Asia are examples of this kind of shared trauma.
TLR4: The Winding Road to the Discovery of the LPS Receptor

![][1] In 1989, Charles Janeway gave the introduction to the Cold Spring Harbor Symposium on Quantitative Biology, in which he proposed a revolutionary framework for immune recognition whereby pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) are recognized by pattern recognition receptors ([
Learning from our Successes

There are successes in the field of explicit parallel systems. Linda1 is an example. We defend this claim by listing some non-trivial requirements for success and showing how Linda fills the bill.
A Comparison of Outcomes Between Open Hysterectomy and Robotic-Assisted Hysterectomy for Endometrial Cancer Using the National Cancer Database

Purpose The purpose of this study is to evaluate usage patterns and outcomes of women who underwent open hysterectomy (OH) versus robotic assisted-hysterectomy (RAH) for the treatment of endometrial cancer. Methods Women with nonmetastatic endometrial adenocarcinoma diagnosed between 2010 and 2012, who either underwent an OH or RAH, were selected from the National Cancer Database. The χ2, Fisher exact, or Mann-Whitney U tests were used where appropriate to compare outcomes between groups. Multivariable logistic regression was used to analyze for predictors for RAH and other outcome variables. Results A total of 43,985 women were included in this study with a median age of 61 years. Of these, 23,872 (54.3%) underwent RAH and 20,113 (45.7%) underwent OH. The usage of RAH increased from 43.0% in 2010 to 63.8% in 2012 (P Conclusions In this large, hospital-based analysis, RAH was associated with decreased length of stay, lower readmission rates, and less perioperative mortality. However, socioeconomic status continues to remain a barrier to equal treatment allocation. Overall survival was improved with RAH, but the follow-up is limited, and this finding must be interpreted with caution.
The WAMI Rural Hospital Project. Part 1: Historical and theoretical underpinnings.

This set of six manuscripts describes the content and impact of the WAMI Rural Hospital Project (RHP), a research and development effort supported by the W.K. Kellogg Foundation, designed to improve the delivery of health services in six rural communities in the Pacific Northwest and Alaska. The major objective of the RHP--an activity which spanned a four-year period from 1985 through 1988--was to assist the project communities in improving the financial stability and quality of care of their local health care systems. Special attention was directed at helping the communities determine and implement an appropriate scope of health services, improve management and governance of the local health care enterprise, recruit and retain additional health personnel, and increase the extent to which community residents used local health services. In this first section we discuss the historical antecedents and conceptual underpinnings of the RHP and describe the five principal phases of the project. These include: (1) selection of communities for participation in the RHP, (2) comprehensive analysis of the health care system in each community, (3) community health services planning, including the development of comprehensive strategic plans, (4) implementation of techniques to improve local health services, and (5) project dissemination and evaluation. A pre-test, post-test model was employed to assess qualitative and quantitative changes in a variety of key measures of health system performance, including organization and management, scope of services, fiscal viability of the rural hospital, and utilization and patient satisfaction with health services in each community. The results of this evaluation constitute the balance of this report.
Micro and Macro Changes in a Stainless Steel Catalyst during Reduction of NO

A newly constructed 304 stainless steel recycle batch reactor was found to be significantly reactive to NO above 250°C. The extent of reactivity depended upon pretreatment schedules used and whether the reactor surfaces were in ah oxidized or reduced state. This work suggests that a breakdown of the protective chromium oxide surface caused by cyclic oxidizing and reducing atmospheres leads to the development of a large surface roughness. Further work with supported iron and chromium oxides substantiates this mechanism.
Transport properties of the solid polymer electrolyte system P(EO)nLiTFSI

LBNL-44445 Preprint !ERNEST ORLANDO LAWRENCE !BERKELEY NATHONAL LABORATORY Transport Properties of the Solid Polymer Electrolyte System P(EO)nLITFSI Ludvig Edman, Marca M. Doeff, Anders Ferry, John Kerr, and Lutgard C. De Jonghe Materials Sciences Division November 1999 Submitted to Journal ofPhysical ChemistryB r (')Cl T1 ..... 0 rT1 '1 (1) ::u ( )1I1rT1 A SzB III 0 rT1 c+C+ tu lO zo..--- C+' o ::stSl tTl ~r rO tu '1 0 III r OJ Z r I ~::u :c:(1) o .j::o .j::o I t tTl
Automatic Tuning of Data-Intensive Analytical Workloads

Modern industrial, government, and academic organizations are collecting massive amounts of data ("Big Data") at an unprecedented scale and pace. The ability to perform timely and cost-effective analytical processing of such large datasets in order to extract deep insights is now a key ingredient for success. These insights can drive automated processes for advertisement placement, improve customer relationship management, and lead to major scientific breakthroughs. Existing database systems are adapting to the new status quo while large-scale dataflow systems (like Dryad and MapReduce) are becoming popular for executing analytical workloads on Big Data. Ensuring good and robust performance automatically on such systems poses several challenges. First, workloads often analyze a hybrid mix of structured and unstructured datasets stored in nontraditional data layouts. The structure and properties of the data may not be known upfront, and will evolve over time. Complex analysis techniques and rapid development needs necessitate the use of both declarative and procedural programming languages for workload specification. Finally, the space of workload tuning choices is very large and high-dimensional, spanning configuration parameter settings, cluster resource provisioning (spurred by recent innovations in cloud computing), and data layouts. We have developed a novel dynamic optimization approach that can form the basis for tuning workload performance automatically across different tuning scenarios and systems. Our solution is based on (i) collecting monitoring information in order to learn the run-time behavior of workloads, (ii) deploying appropriate models to predict the impact of hypothetical tuning choices on workload behavior, and (iii) using efficient search strategies to find tuning choices that give good workload performance. The dynamic nature enables our solution to overcome the new challenges posed by Big Data, and also makes our solution applicable to both MapReduce and Database systems. We have developed the first cost-based optimization framework for MapReduce systems for determining the cluster resources and configuration parameter settings to meet desired requirements on execution time and cost for a given analytic workload. We have also developed a novel tuning-based optimizer in Database systems to collect targeted run-time information, perform optimization, and repeat as needed to perform fine-grained tuning of SQL queries.
A biomechanical comparison of all-inside cruciate ligament graft preparation techniques

The all-inside cruciate ligament graft preparation technique has become popular due to its utility in sparing a growing physis, preserving a tendon in ACL surgery, and/or reduction of pain. However, few studies have compared graft preparation techniques to determine the ideal construct for cruciate ligament reconstruction. We sought to compare biomechanical properties of two quadrupled all-inside cruciate ligament graft preparation techniques and three alternative all-inside graft preparation techniques that may be used when the available tendon is too short to be quadrupled. Fifty porcine extensor tendons were evenly divided into five groups (n = 10) representing all-inside graft preparation techniques, including two quadrupled (Quad-A, Quad-B) and three alternative methods (Tripled, Folded, Two-Doubled). Each graft construct underwent preconditioning (10 loading cycles from 20 to 50 N at 0.1 Hz), cyclic loading (500 loading cycles from 50 to 250 N at 1.0 Hz) and load-to-failure (tension applied at 20 mm/min). Quad-A and Quad-B demonstrated no significant differences in cyclic displacement (10.5 ± 0.3 vs 11.7 ± 0.4 mm; p = 0.915), cyclic stiffness (1086.2 ± 487.3 vs 460.4 ± 71.4 N/mm; p = 0.290), pullout stiffness (15.9 ± 4.3 vs 7.4 ± 4.4 N/mm; p = 0.443), ultimate failure load (641.2 ± 84.7 vs 405.9 ± 237.4 N; p = 0.672), or ultimate failure displacement (47.3 ± 6.7 vs 55.5 ± 0.7 mm; p = 0.778). The mean cyclic displacement of the Two-Doubled group was significantly greater than the Quad-A (29.7 ± 2.2 vs 10.5 ± 0.3 mm; p < 0.001), Quad-B (29.7 ± 2.2 vs 11.7 ± 0.4 mm; p < 0.001), Tripled (29.7 ± 2.2 vs 11.3 ± 0.2 mm; p < 0.001), and Folded group (29.7 ± 2.2 vs 13.3 ± 0.2 mm; p < 0.001). There were no other statistically significant differences between the three alternative all-inside graft preparation techniques. The current study demonstrates the biomechanical properties of two quadrupled all-inside graft constructs, Quad-A and Quad-B, are not significantly different. When the available tendon is of insufficient length, the Two-Doubled group demonstrated more than twice the cyclic displacement of all other graft preparation techniques, and is therefore not recommended for use in all-inside cruciate ligament reconstruction.
High Sensitivity Vibrational Mode Detection with Doppler Raman Spectroscopy

We present Doppler Raman, a novel detection technique for coherent Raman scattering that offers improved sensitivity and readily detects low frequency modes from 10cm−1 to 1500cm−1 for use in studying biological systems.
A History of the Indian Economy in Asian and Global Contexts, 1810s–2010s

A grim temporal trajectory unfolded in the course of the nineteenth century in terms of the great divergence in the economic fortunes of Europe and Asia. Contrary to popular misconceptions, there was nothing ancient about Asia’s poverty. The decade of the 1810s was a watershed during which Indian artisanal products lost their ability to compete in the global marketplace. China tea replaced Indian textiles as the most valuable commodity in the Company’s trade, increasingly paid for by Indian opium rather than New World silver. The early twenty-first century is emerging as the moment of re-convergence with some prospects of Asia outstripping Europe and the West on key indicators of economic performance. This chapter narrates and explains the economic decline and rise of India during the preceding two centuries in a comparative and connective Asian and global context. It offers a careful account and explanation of different phases of poverty and prosperity.
LVAD Patients with RV Failure Pre-Heart Transplant Have Reduced Post-Transplant Survival

Purpose LVAD patients with right ventricular (RV) dysfunction are prioritized on the heart transplant waiting list, however the post-transplant survival of this group is less well characterized. We aimed to determine RV dysfunction effect on post-operative survival. Methods We performed a retrospective review of the 2005-2018 OPTN/UNOS registry for candidates ≥ 18 years of age waitlisted for first-time isolated heart transplantation post LVAD implantation. Candidates were stratified based upon having RV dysfunction defined as having liver dysfunction or by the need for RVAD or IV inotropes. Results 8,379 candidates met inclusion criteria including 978 LVAD BTT patients with RV dysfunction and 7,401 BTT patients without. Compared with non-RV dysfunction patients, LVAD BTT patients with RV dysfunction were younger (median age 53 vs 56, p 0.05). Pre-transplant liver dysfunction, however, was an independent predictor of worse survival (HR 1.56, 95% CI 1.30-1.86, p Conclusion Pre-heart transplant RV failure in LVAD BTT patients is associated with decreased post-transplant survival. This survival difference is driven primarily by pre-transplant liver failure likely reflecting increased severity of RV dysfunction. While these patients currently have priority in organ allocation, future studies should evaluate candidate optimization prior to organ acceptance to improve post-transplant outcomes, particularly among patients showing signs of liver failure
Cancer Molecular and Functional Imaging

Tumor detection at early stage is the key to successful and effective treatment. When tumors are diagnosed in MRI and CT imaging, it is well far advanced beyond the initial phases. Molecular imaging will detect major characteristics of tumor at an earlier stage. After detecting the cancerous cells, the proceeding step would be finding the most effective therapy based on biologic and genetic characteristic of tumor cells and interfering immune pathways to improve outcome. Molecular imaging as a rapidly evolving field routinely uses labeled probes that are injected into the patient’s body. The imaging agents are detectable by imaging devices and generate body or tissue pictures based on agent distribution. The pattern of agent distribution allows physicians to understand the function of organs and tissues within the body. Various molecular imaging techniques such as PET/CT, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), bioluminescent imaging (BLI), and fluorescence imaging (FLI) are applied for tracking immune and stem cell. We will discuss development and utilization of each modality separately.
Tumor suppressor p53 independent apoptosis in HT-29 cells by auransterol from Penicillium aurantiacobrunneum

Abstract Colorectal cancer is the third leading cause of cancer related-death in the United States. Search for new alternatives to treat this type of cancer is necessary. In a previous report, auransterol from Penicillium aurantiacobrunneum showed cytotoxicity in HT-29 cancer cells. Thus, the goal of this study was to examine the potential cytotoxic mechanism of auransterol in HT-29 cells. Real-time cytotoxicity of auransterol was determined in HT-29 colon cancer cells, using the SRB assay. Loss of MTP, overproduction of ROS, cell cycle, cell migration, and caspase activity were analyzed. Western blot analysis was used to evaluate protein expression. Auransterol reduced cell proliferation rate in a time and concentration-dependent manner, with an IC50 value > 100, 49.1 and 23.8 μM at 24, 48 and 72 h of treatment, respectively. After 24 h of treatment, 50 μM of auransterol induced loss of MTP, overproduction of ROS, increased caspase activity, induced cell cycle G1 phase accumulation and inhibition of migration in HT-29 cells compared to control. These results were supported by protein upregulation of Cyt c, BAX, PARP-1, p21 and procaspase-3, and downregulation of Bcl-2 with no modifications in procaspase-7 and p53. The cytotoxic effect of auransterol in HT-29 colon cancer cells is mediated by mitochondrial apoptosis independent of p53 activation, cell cycle G1 phase arrest, and inhibition of cell migration. This work encourages further preclinical and clinical studies of auransterol and suggests auransterol as a good candidate for colorectal cancer treatment.
Perinatal diet influences health and survival in a mouse model of leukemia

The goal of the current study was to determine the role of maternal diet in the perinatal period on the health and survival of the offspring. AKR/J mice, a model described to be susceptible to leukemia development, was used where females were maintained on either standard diet (SD), high sucrose diet, Western diet, or calorie restriction (CR) as they were mated with SD-fed males. Body weights, pregnancy rates, litter size, and litter survival were used as markers of successful pregnancy and pup health. Data indicated that maternal diet had significant effects on litter size, early pup survival, and early pup body weights. As pups matured, the makeup of their respective maternal diet was a predictor of adult metabolic health and survival. Overall, these results suggest that perinatal maternal diet is an important determinant of the health and survival of the offspring and that these effects continue well into adulthood, strongly correlating with lifespan.
Evangelical indigenous radio stations in Colombia: Between the promotion of social change and religious indoctrination:

This article refutes dominant views that define evangelical indigenous media as intrinsic tools for religious indoctrination. The case of the Colombian Misak community shows that evangelical radio ...
Measuring nurses' health policy participation: WSPPIR instrument development and psychometric evaluation

Aim To measure nurses' health policy participation by developing and psychometrically testing the Waddell Spectrum for Policy Participation Influence and Research (WSPPIR) Instrument. Design Instrument development; based on a nursing conceptual framework. Methods This four-phase study was conducted in 2018 to estimate content validity, construct validity, and internal consistency reliability of the WSPPIR instrument. Phase 1- item generation for the multi-dimensional concept of health policy participation as described in WSPPIR theory. Phase 2- a content validity index was calculated based on ratings by seven experts. Phase 3- cognitive interviews of five nurses. Phase 4- 306 Registered Nurses completed the WSPPIR instrument. Exploratory factor analysis was used to identify and to estimate construct validity, Cronbach's alpha was calculated to estimate internal consistency reliability. Results The 38-item WSPPIR Instrument consists of five subscales (Professional Nursing Organizations; Health Care Delivery Systems: Organizations that Deliver Health Care Services; Governance Levels: City/Town, State, National, Global; Valuing Health and Policy; Influence Skills) and exhibits adequate estimates of reliability and content and construct validity, as a measure nurses' health policy participation. Conclusion As efforts to enhance nurses' health policy participation continue globally, the WSPPIR instrument should be useful in measuring individual nurses' health policy participation and benchmarking health policy participation for the nursing profession at large. Impact The WSPPIR instrument will be useful to individual nurses, educators, and the profession as we work to systematically and strategically increase nurses' participation in and influence on health policy.
500kVA Hybrid Solid State Transformer (HSST): Design and Implementation of the SST

This paper presents the design and implementation of a solid-state transformer (SST) that forms a part of a larger Hybrid Solid State Transformer (HSST). The HSST comprises of a high-power line frequency transformer (LFT) and a medium voltage SiC SST. The SST is based on a soft-switched dual-active bridge topology. Recently developed 7.2kV/60A SiC Austin SuperMOS devices are used as the medium voltage switches. The predicted SST efficiency at 500VRMS and 125A is 98.01 %, and the net HSST efficiency is estimated at 98.43 % at 500kVA. The MV SST has been tested at power of 10kW and results show a high efficiency of 97%.
Industry 4.0 and Insurance 4.0

Insurance 4.0 is not only part of the industry 4.0 model. It has value in itself as a way to innovate the business models of insurance. This chapter presents the history of the development of insurance over time, revolutionizing together with the changes in the industrial and social world. The chapter presents an integrated model for industry 4.0 and insurance 4.0 and details all their components. The model includes eight factors. It is critical to understand and make better use of insurance 4.0 for the organization’s real innovation. This chapter also analyzes the challenges, opportunities, and benefits of insurance 4.0.
Agency Deference after Kisor v. Wilkie

In Bowles v. Seminole Rock & Sand Co. and Auer v. Robbins the Supreme Court directed federal courts to defer to an agency’s interpretation of a vague or ambiguous rule. After two decades of criticism that those decisions effectively transferred law-interpreting power from Article III courts to unelected agency officials, the Court granted review last term in Kisor v. Wilkie to decide whether to overturn Seminole Rock and Auer. A badly fractured Court decided to completely rewrite those decisions, rather than overturn them. In essence, Kisor turned Seminole Rock and Auer into Chevron deference. Yet, the Court did not decide whether the Administrative Procedure Act forbids giving an agency any deference when it construes a law, so the Court has simply kicked the can down the road for perhaps a few more terms. This Article will summarize Kisor and explain what it portends for administrative law. The Article will also discuss the answers to three questions that will arise in the application of Kisor and Chevron: (1) What effect does a statute known as the Congressional Review Act have on the deference issue; (2) should an agency’s interpretation of its organic statute and own rules receive deference, not in an administrative proceeding or a civil lawsuit, but in a criminal prosecution; and (3) is there a basis for treating differently the interpretations adopted by so-called “executive” and “independent” agencies.
Scale-dependent tipping points of bacterial colonization resistance

ABSTRACT Bacteria are efficient colonizers of a wide range of secluded micro-habitats, such as soil pores1–3, skin follicles4, dental cavities5,6 or crypts in gut-like environments7–9. Although numerous factors promoting or obstructing stable colonization have been identified10–14, we currently lack systematic approaches to explore how population stability and resilience depend on the scale of the micro-habitat. Using a microfluidic device to grow bacteria in crypt-like incubation chambers of systematically varied lengths, we found that the incubation scale can sensitively tune bacterial colonization success and resistance against invaders. Small crypts are un-colonizable, intermediately sized crypts can stably support dilute populations, while beyond a second critical lengthscale, populations phase-separate into a dilute and a jammed region. We demonstrate that the jammed state confers extreme colonization resistance, even if the resident strain is suppressed by an antibiotic. Combined with a flexible biophysical model, we show that scale acts as an environmental filter that can be tuned via the competition between growth and collective cell motion. More broadly, our observations underscore that scale can profoundly bias experimental outcomes in microbial ecology15–18. Systematic, flow-adjustable lengthscale variations may serve as a promising strategy to elucidate further scale-sensitive tipping points19–21 and to rationally modulate the stability and resilience of microbial colonizers22.
A micro-sociological theory of adjustment to loss.

Abstract Although grief is a reaction to a social loss, it has been viewed almost exclusively through the lens of individual psychology and not sociology. In this article, we suggest that more attention to sociological aspects of grief is warranted. We propose a micro-sociological theory of bereavement and grief to complement, not replace, psychological perspectives. We assert that bereavement represents a state of loss-associated social deprivations (e.g. social disconnection). Furthermore, we postulate that addressing social deprivations (e.g. enhancing social connection) will lessen severity of distressing, disabling grief and, thereby, promote adjustment to loss. Future research is needed to test our theory and the hypotheses that follow from it in the service of promoting adaptation to bereavement.
Streamer Evaporation

Streamer evaporation is the consequence of heating in ideal MHD models because plasma is weakly contained by the magnetic field. Heating causes inflation, opening of field lines, and release of solar wind. It was discovered in simulations and, due to the absence of loss mechanisms, the ultimate end point is the complete evaporation of the streamer. Of course streamers do not behave in this way because of losses by thermal conduction and radiation. Heating is also expected to depend on ambient conditions. We use a global MHD model with thermal conduction to examine the effect of changing the heating scale height. We also extend an analytic model of streamers developed by Pneuman (1968) to show that steady streamers are unable to contain plasma for temperatures near the cusp greater than ∼ 2 × 106 K.
‘Nothing to practice’: Julius Eastman, queer composition, and Black sonic geographies:

I trace the musical performances and life of Black, queer composer Julius Eastman, considering Eastman’s oeuvre as a heterotopia defined by both revolutionary freedom and tragic capture. Eastman li...
An Alternative to Hadamard Codes — One Error for the Price of Existence

For any prime power q we construct a nonlinear code consisting of 8q codewords, each codeword having length 4q, and with minimum distance 2(q − 1). When compared to a Hadamard code of the same size it is shown that the new code corrects at most one error less, irrespective of q. Hadamard codes, however, are not known to always exist, whereas the new codes exist always.
The U.S. Antipollution polices: An application of externality theory

This chapter discusses the U.S. antipollution polices. The government's antipollution strategy attempts to reduce pollution at the source as well as clean up the existing pollution, and it has targeted both conventional and toxic (hazardous) pollutants. Economists are highly critical of the federal antipollution legislation because it pays almost no attention to the theory of externalities. The government has chosen a command-and-control (CAC) approach in which polluters are forced to adopt certain abatement technologies approved by the federal environmental protection agency (EPA) and/or the states' regulatory agencies to meet legislated air- or water-quality standards. The only major exception to the CAC approach is the control of sulfur dioxide (SO2) emissions from the electric utilities, which, since 1990, is being achieved by means of marketable pollution permits. The marketable permits are similar to taxes and subsidies and can lead to efficient reductions of pollution. The chapter concludes with a discussion on several defensive antipollution strategies.
Incentive Theory and Changes in Reward

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on incentive theory and changes in reward. Changes in incentive motivation are essential aspects of contemporary theories of learning, but little attention has been paid to the rate at which such changes take place. If the incentive motivation is mediated by a response mechanism, then the laws of classical conditioning would suffice to describe incentive change effects. Incentive motivation is only one of the conceptual determinants of instrumental performance, and hence cannot be measured directly. Nevertheless, it is assumed that choice between two alternatives that are otherwise equivalent can be used to index their relative incentive values. The rate at which incentive motivation changes in response to a change in the reward conditions was evaluated empirically in the chapter by using a choice procedure with rats as subjects. The assumption of invariant rates of change in incentive motivation is a tenable one. When the incentive value of the reward received after a response differs from the preexisting incentive motivation for that response, an appropriate change occurs at a rate that is more or less independent of prior experimental history.
The Effects of Demographic Trends on Consumption, Saving and Government Expenditures in the U.S.

This paper reviews and analyzes forecasts of the Social Security trust funds, government spending, medical expenditures, and other elements of aggregate income and spending. According to these forecasts, the aging of the U.S. population will require some increases in taxes to support the retirement system. It should reduce the saving rate, and the composition of output will change. By themselves, these changes seem manageable. However, the direct effects of aging are completely dominated by the projected increases in medical expenditures. Although medical costs interact with aging, most of the increases are not related to aging. Even the moderately high forecast of medical spending will require that all increases in output between now and 2020 be devoted to the consumption of medical services, allowing no increase in any other component of consumption.
Asian Americans and Consumption

Asian Americans are gaining attention as an important consumer group. Asian American consumption is a complicated phenomenon that reflects both the desires and the needs of this diverse population. Owing to the large number of Asian Americans from immigrant backgrounds, their consumption is influenced by connections with their countries of origin. Asian American youths are active consumers of transnational cultural products and their consumption leads to the blending of cultural forms. Keywords: consumption; globalization; transnationalism
The recent decline of Montastraea annularis (complex) coral populations in western Curaçao: a cause for concern?

Shallow leeward reefs off the western end of Curacao are dominated by extensive populations of M. annularis (complex). These species are larger in size (mean= 66 cm diameter) than all other species, with few small colonies ( 10 cm observed within transects, and most exhibited low levels of partial mortality (mean=22.5%). These species were less abundant (38% of all colonies) in 2005. Partial mortality among live colonies of M. annularis and M. faveolata increased by 85% (mean = 42% partial mortality) and numerous dead colonies of M. faveolata and M. annularis were observed; M. franksi colonies were generally in excellent condition (14% partial tissue mortality). A high prevalence of coral diseases (3-30%) was documented among M. annularis and M. faveolata, while all other species were less frequently affected. Yellow band disease (YBD) emerged shortly after the 1995 bleaching event, and rapidly spread throughout all depths, with the highest prevalence between 1997-1999. YBD caused slow rates of mortality (≤1 cm/month), but multiple focal lesions appeared on individual colonies, and these progressively radiated outward as they killed the colonies. By 2005, 44% of the tagged corals were dead; the remainder exhibited active YBD infections (21%) or were in remission (31.6%) but were missing on average >90% of their tissue. Although the incidence of YBD has declined since 2000, white plague (WP) prevalence was unusually high (4-12%) in 2001 and 2005, with affected colonies exhibiting recent mortality of up to 70%. Dead Montastraea spp. surfaces are being colonized by other corals, including poritids, agaricids, and other faviids, while recruits of M. annularis (complex) are absent. If diseases and other biotic stressors persist on these reefs, M. annularis and M. faveolata populations may undergo a decline similar to that observed in the 1980s among Caribbean acroporids. Rev. Biol. Trop. 54 (Suppl. 3): 45- 58. Epub 2007 Jan. 15.
2-Deoxyglucose Studies of Stimulus Coding in the Brainstem Auditory System of the Cat

Publisher Summary This chapter presents the variations in response of hindbrain and midbrain auditory nuclei in awake cats to neural effects of variations in onset, frequency, and intensity of tones. In an experiment decribed in the chapter, the interpretation of 2- Deoxyglucose (DG)-autoradiographs showed that a sharp line of 2-DG labeling in the inferior colliculus illustrates the precision of afferent projections onto the inferior colliculus from other structures without necessarily revealing the intrinsic organization or input–output transformations of the colliculus itself. 2-DG locates sites of high afferent activity, whereas electrophysiology locates sites of high cell discharge, which usually means high efferent activity. The frequency-specific band in the IC is probably transmitted from the contralateral dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN) implies, in turn, that the frequency-specific band seen in the DCN probably includes its pyramidal cells—the major source of DCN efferent to the IC. The proportion of frequency-nonspecific tissue and the proportion of neurons with broad tuning curves increase as the system is ascended. Neither the 2-DG materials nor electrophysiological studies provide any support for the idea that tone with frequencies too low to be place encoded by the cochlea ever become place encoded at a higher level. This conclusion seems to hold for frequency and intensity throughout the larger brainstem auditory nuclei at least and also for sound onset at each nucleus except the lower layers of the DCN and possibly the medial superior olive (MSO).
The Solar Component of the Atmospheric 14 C Record

Heliomagnetic modulation of the cosmic ray flux causes variations in annual 14C production during the 11 yr solar cycle. Sunspot, auroral, and 10Be records suggest that century type 14C oscillations are also primarily influenced by the sun rather than climate. The history of decadal and bi-decadal 14C production rates during the past 9700 years, as derived from the 14C content in tree-rings using a carbon reservoir model, indicates at least two recurring patterns of solar change. Increases in 14C production rate that peak at 30% and last ca. 280 years (“Sporer types”) are repeated 8 times at irregular intervals while similar fluctuations that last only ca. 200 years (“Maunder types”) are found 9 times. The decadal and bi-decadal records of atmospheric Δ14C and model-derived 14C production rates, with long-term trend removed, are displayed in 1000 yr intervals.
Detecting Complex Dependencies in Categorical Data

Locating and evaluating relationships among values in multiple streams of data is a difficult and important task. Consider the data flowing from monitors in an intensive care unit. Readings from various subsets of the monitors are indicative and predictive of certain aspects of the patient’s state. We present an algorithm that facilitates discovery and assessment of the strength of such predictive relationships called Multi-stream Dependency Detection (MSDD). We use heuristic search to guide our exploration of the space of potentially interesting dependencies to uncover those that are significant. We begin by reviewing the dependency detection technique described in [3], and extend it to the multiple stream case, describing in detail our heuristic search over the space of possible dependencies. Quantitative evidence for the utility of our approach is provided through a series of experiments with artificially-generated data. In addition, we present results from the application of our algorithm to two real problem domains: feature-based classification and prediction of pathologies in a simulated shipping network.