cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Electrochemical conversion of lignin to useful chemicals.

Abstract Electrochemical conversion of waste lignin from pulping mills and biorefineries is an alternative renewable process for generating industrial chemicals that may afford better control over conversion than other catalytic or thermochemical processes because the electrode potential, and hence the reaction energetics, can be controlled. The authors report here electrochemical oxidation of lignin on a Co core/Pt partial shell nanoparticle alloy electrocatalyst, identify several oxidation products, and quantify oxidation product concentration as a function of oxidation time. Key results show that useful chemicals like heptane and apocynin are generated during the electrochemical oxidation of lignin. Some key oxidation product concentrations increase steadily over time, suggesting they are likely stable products that do not participate in other reactions. Concentrations of other oxidation products increase and then decrease with time, suggesting that they may participate in proceeding chemical or electrochemical reactions. Formation of other oxidation products like 1,3-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-benzene and 1,4-di-tert-butylphenol suggest oxidative decomposition initiated by hydroxyl radicals that are likely generated at the anode. Overall, the results suggest that electrochemical oxidation of lignin is complex, with possibly many competing homogeneous chemical and heterogeneous electrochemical reactions.
Clustering and classical analysis of clinical and placental phenotypes in fetal growth restriction and constitutional fetal smallness

This study aims to determine whether placental examination can be used to distinguish between pathologic fetal growth restriction (FGR) and constitutional fetal smallness. Data were extracted from a clinicoplacental database of high risk pregnancies during the period 1994-2013. These data were used to compare the 590 consecutive cases having birth weights below the 10th percentile with the 5201 remaining cases having gestational ages ≥20 weeks. The authors analyzed 20 clinical and 46 placental phenotypes using classical statistics, clustering analysis, and multidimensional scaling. Of the low-birth-weight babies, the following types of cases were compared: Four categories of placental phenotypes (those with features of poor uteroplacental perfusion, postuterine placental pathology, chronic inflammation, and a mixed category) better defined the presumably true FGR than did the clinical phenotypes. Maternal smoking and oligohydramnios were associated with fewer abnormal placental phenotypes than were maternal hypertensive diseases and abnormal Dopplers. Early-onset cases of fetal smallness clustered with placental features of poor uteroplacental perfusion, whereas late onset cases did not. Placental examination helps to retrospectively distinguish constitutionally small fetuses from those that are pathologically growth restricted. The latter correlate best with the clinical risk for FGR and with early-onset FGR. This correlation may have prognostic significance for the child and for future pregnancies, since hypoxic placental lesions can occur without clinical risk factors but with a tendency to recur in future pregnancies.
Climate Excitation of Polar Motion

Recently, Gross (2000) demonstrated that the Chandler wobble may be excited by a combination of oceanic and atmospheric processes during 1985–1996 using observational records and a general ocean circulation model. Aoyama and Naito (2001) suggest that the atmospheric wind and pressure variations by themselves maintain a major part of the observed Chandler wobble during the period 1983–1998. A coupled climate system model provides a synthetic climate record with temporal and spatial coverage not attainable with historical observational data, allowing for the evaluation of climate excitation of polar motion at longer timescales (such as the 30-year Markowitz wobble) and over a longer period. The U.S. Department of Energy’s Parallel Climate Model (PCM) has simulated the climate for 1870–1999 using historical atmospheric conditions. The ten historical simulations have been produced by varying the length of the spin-up. We present results of polar motion excitation from PCM oceanic, atmospheric, and hydrologie processes.
Virtual agent perception in large scale multi-agent based simulation systems

In this paper we discuss virtual agent perception in large scale open environment based MABS.
THE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

This chapter discusses the concepts of trigonometric functions. It primarily discusses angles, as they play a key role in trigonometry. It is useful to think of an angle as being generated by a half-line rotating about its end point, the vertex of the angle. The initial position of the half-line is referred to as the initial side and its final position as the terminal side. If an angle is generated by a clockwise rotation, it is said to be a negative angle; a counterclockwise rotation produces, by definition, a positive angle. Some conventions such as these are needed to set up a correspondence between real numbers and angles. An angle is said to be in standard position with respect to a coordinate system if the vertex is at the origin and the initial side lies along the positive x-axis. Moreover, the chapter obtains formulas for calculating derivatives of the trigonometric functions. It makes use of the limits to determine the derivative of the sine function and then, the derivatives of the other functions will follow easily from the differentiation formulas and known trigonometric relations. In addition, to compute the derivatives of the inverse trigonometric functions, the chapter describes the method of implicit differentiation coupled with the formulas developed for the derivatives of the trigonometric functions.
Luke Fildes's The Doctor , Narrative Painting, and the Selfless Professional Ideal

Since its introduction at the Royal Academy exhibition of 1891, Luke Fildes's painting The Doctor has earned that often hyperbolic adjective “iconic.” Immediately hailed as “the picture of the year” (“The Royal Academy,” “The Doctor,” “Fine Arts”), it soon toured the nation as part of a travelling exhibition, in which it “attracted most attention” (“Liverpool Autumn Exhibition”) and so affected spectators that one was even struck dead on the spot (“Sudden Death”). Over the following decades it spawned a school of imitations, supposed companion pictures, poems, parodies, tableaux vivants, an early Edison film, and a mass-produced engraving that graced middle-class homes and doctors' offices in Britain and abroad for generations to come and was reputedly the highest-grossing issue ever for the prominent printmaking firm of Agnew & Sons (Dakers 265–66). When Fildes died in 1927 after a career spanning seven decades and marked by many commercial successes and even several royal portraits, his Times obituary nonetheless bore “The Doctor” as its sub-headline (“Sir Luke Fildes”) and sparked a lively discussion of the painting in the letters column for several issues thereafter (“Points From Letters” 2, 4, 5 Mar. 1927). Although the animus against things Victorian in the early twentieth century shadowed The Doctor it never eclipsed it; by the middle of the century the painting was still being held up as the quasi-Platonic ideal of medical practice (“Bedside Manner,” “98.4”), gracing postage stamps, and serving ironically as the logo for both a celebration of Britain's National Health Service and a campaign against its equivalent in the United States. Appreciation of the painting in mid-century art historical circles was echoed in the popular press (“Victorian Art”), and The Doctor was singled out as a highlight of the reorganized Tate Gallery in 1957 (“Tate Gallery”), after which it settled into a sort of dowager status as a cornerstone of that eminent collection, where it is still in the regular rotation for public display. Since the mid-1990s it has been a recurring focus of discussion in both Medical Humanities journals and prominent medical professional organs such as the Lancet and the British Medical Journal, where a steady stream of articles still cite it as a sort of prelapsarian benchmark for the role and demeanor of the ideal medical practitioner.
New Models of International Agreement for Refugee Protection

In June 2016, the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) announced that more than 65 million persons have fled conflict and persecution. While certainly large in its own right, the n...
Binge-eating disorder and the outcome of bariatric surgery in a prospective, observational study: Two-year results.

Objective A previous study reported that preoperative binge-eating disorder (BED) did not attenuate weight loss at 12 months after bariatric surgery. This report extends the authors' prior study by examining weight loss at 24 months. Methods A modified intention-to-treat population was used to compare 24-month changes in weight among 59 participants treated with bariatric surgery, determined preoperatively to be free of a current eating disorder, with changes in 33 surgically treated participants with BED. Changes were also compared with 49 individuals with obesity and BED who sought lifestyle modification for weight loss. Analyses included all available data points and were adjusted for covariates. Results At month 24, surgically treated patients with BED preoperatively lost 18.6% of initial weight, compared with 23.9% for those without BED (P = 0.049). (Mean losses at month 12 had been 21.5% and 24.2%, respectively; P = 0.23.) Participants with BED who received lifestyle modification lost 5.6% at 24 months, significantly less than both groups of surgically treated patients (P < 0.001). Conclusions These results suggest that preoperative BED attenuates long-term weight loss after bariatric surgery. We recommend that patients with this condition, as well as other eating disturbances, receive adjunctive behavioral support, the timing of which remains to be determined.
Leadership and Resilience

Resilience can be defined as the ability to regain balance following exposure to an adverse event or events. Resilience is not an end state of being, but rather a process of adaptation and growth within a risky landscape. A resilient organization not only survives, but also thrives in an environment of change and uncertainty. Strong leadership that promotes cohesive and interdependent teams is a critical component of a resilient organization. Organizational resilience evolves over time as management and teams adhere to the mission and to the core values of the organization. What are the dimensions of resilience and why do some leaders and organizations adapt and sometimes grow even stronger following crisis? The answer is complex and multifaceted, involving numerous domains and mediating factors. In this chapter, we discuss the construct of resilience, its mediating factors and some of its most important psychological, biological, and social domains. We relate these factors to individual resilience, how they foster resilient leadership and contribute to resilient organizations.
A Near-Threshold Energy-Efficient ASK Transmitter for Biomedical Implants

A near-threshold amplitude shift keying (NT-ASK) transmitter for biomedical implants is presented in this paper. The ASK transmitter supports a 100-Mb/s baseband data rate with a carrier frequency of 2.4 GHz. The design incorporates an LC voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO), ASK modulator, and a class-E power amplifier. The carrier is generated by a low phase noise LC-VCO, and then directly modulated by an NT-ASK modulator. The modulated signal is amplified by a class-E power amplifier and transmitted through an inductive coil. The transmitter achieves a total power consumption of 1.65 mW at 0.5 V, an energy efficiency of 16.5 pJ/b, and a phase noise of −115.7 dBc/Hz at 1-MHz offset at a center frequency of 2.4 GHz. The output power level of the transmitter is −14 dBm. The ASK transmitter is implemented in a standard 0.13- $\mu \text{m}$ CMOS process with a core area of 0.63 mm2.
ADMM and Non-convex Variational Problems

Our main goal in this chapter is to discuss the application of Alternating Direction Methods of Multipliers (ADMM) to the numerical solution of non-convex (and possibly non-smooth) variational problems. After giving a relatively detailed history of the ADMM methodology, we will discuss its application to the solution of problems from nonlinear Continuum Mechanics, nonlinear Elasticity, in particular. The ADMM solution of the two-dimensional Dirichlet problem for the Monge-Ampere equation will be discussed also. The results of numerical experiments will be reported, in order to illustrate the capabilities of the methodology under consideration
A distributed multi-agent algorithm for topology control in mobile ad-hoc networks

Without requiring a fixed infrastructure, Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs) has many application areas, including sensor networks, vehicular networks, robot swarms, and disaster emergency networks. On the other hand, MANETs have dynamic topologies that could be disconnected because of the mobility of nodes. This paper presents an improved flocking algorithm to maintain the connectivity of a MANET using autonomous and intelligent agents. In the proposed flocking algorithm, agents modify their behavior parameters dynamically based on the size of their neighborhoods. A simulation study is conducted to investigate the performance of the new algorithm. Simulation results show that the algorithm outperforms earlier approaches.
Simulation and Optimization of the Tevatron Accelerator

The Tevatron accelerator, currently the particle accelerator with the highest energy in the world, consists of a ring with circumference of four miles in which protons are brought into collision with antiprotons at speeds very close to the speed of light. The accelerator currently under development at Fermilab represents a significant upgrade, but experienced significant limitations during initial operation. The correction of some of the problems that appeared using techniques of automatic differentiation are described. The skew quadrupole correction problems are addressed in more detail, and different schemes of correction are proposed.
All directions through the wall imaging using omnidirectional bi-static FMCW transceivers

This paper introduces a new technique for through the wall imaging capable of providing 360° image of building interiors and hidden objects behind the walls in a short time. To achieve high cross range resolution, a large and dense 2D synthetic aperture is formed by sampling the reflected signals at different locations in the imaging area using a moving receiver with omnidirectional antenna and then applying a beam forming technique. Using a synthetic aperture instead of a real aperture enables high mobility for the imaging system. An imaging system realizing the proposed method is introduced and a sample of imaging using the fabricated system is presented. The system is a wideband bi-static FMCW radar utilizing wideband circularly polarized omnidirectional antennas for both transmitter and receiver. It is shown that using antennas with orthogonal circular polarizations reduces the spurious images due to multiple reflections of the transmitted signal.
Skeletal Muscle Mitochondrial Function is Determined by Burn Severity, Sex, and Sepsis, and is Associated With Glucose Metabolism and Functional Capacity in Burned Children.

BACKGROUND Restoring normal mitochondrial function represents a new target for strategies aimed at mitigating the stress response to severe burn trauma and hastening recovery. Our objective was to investigate the determinants of skeletal muscle mitochondrial respiratory capacity and function and its association with glucose metabolism and functional capacity in burned children. METHODS Data from burned children enrolled in the placebo arm of an ongoing prospective clinical trial were analyzed. Mitochondrial respiratory capacity was determined in permeabilized myofibers by high-resolution respirometry on at least one occasion per participant. In subsets of patients, glucose kinetics and cardiorespiratory fitness (VO2peak) were also determined. Mixed multiple regression models were used to identify the determinants of mitochondrial respiratory function and to assess the relationship between mitochondrial respiration and both glucose control and functional capacity (VO2peak). MAIN RESULTS Increasing full-thickness burn size was associated with greater adjusted coupled (ATP-producing) respiration, adjusted for age, sex, sepsis, and time of testing (P < 0.01; n = 55, obs = 97). Girls had on average 23.3% lower coupled respiration (adjusted mean and 95% confidence of interval [CI], -7.1; -12.6 to -1.7 pmol/s/mg; P < 0.025) and 29.8% lower respiratory control than boys (adjusted mean and 95% CI, -0.66; -1.07 to -0.25; P < 0.01; n = 55, obs = 97). The presence of sepsis was associated with lower respiration coupled to ATP production by an average of 25.5% compared with nonsepsis (adjusted mean and 95% CI, -6.9; -13.0 to -0.7 pmol/s/mg; P < 0.05; n = 55, obs = 97), after adjustment for age, sex, full-thickness burn size, and time of testing. During a hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp, hepatic glucose release was associated with greater coupled respiration and respiratory control (P < 0.05; n = 42, obs = 73), independent of age, sepsis, full-thickness burn size, and time postinjury testing. Coupled respiration was positively associated with VO2peak after adjustment for age, full-thickness burn size, and time of exercise testing (P < 0.025; n = 18, obs = 25). CONCLUSIONS Burn severity, sex, and sepsis influence skeletal muscle mitochondrial function in burned children. Glucose control and functional capacity are associated with altered mitochondrial respiratory function in muscle of burn survivors, highlighting the relationship of altered muscle bioenergetics with the clinical sequelae accompanying severe burn trauma.
Healing the Heart: A Qualitative Study of Challenges and Motivations to Cardiac Rehabilitation Attendance and Completion among Women and Men

Heart disease is the leading cause of death in the United States. Given that cardiovascular rehabilitation (CR) participation is the best secondary prevention of cardiac mortality, it is important to understand the challenges and motivations people experience while taking part in rehabilitation. The present qualitative study explored the treatment experiences of 20 women and 20 men at urban and rural rehabilitation clinics in Minnesota. Participants were equally divided based on the number of CR session completed (less than or equal to 18 vs. more than 18). The study’s primary aim was to articulate similarities and differences in the CR treatment experiences by gender. Data were gathered from individual interviews and analyzed using an inductive content analysis. Findings revealed that both women and men view CR as a means to move forward from their cardiac incident and achieve good health. Women were more likely than were men to be motivated by a perceived obligation to CR staff and improved quality of life. Men, in comparison, identified their commitment to CR as a need to complete a task. The study findings can help inform the design of rehabilitation programs and strengthen patient-centered interventions to enhance participation in treatment.
Use of Sugammadex in a Patient With Myotonic Dystrophy

One of the challenges during the perioperative care of patients with myotonic dystrophy is the reversal of neuromuscular blocking agents. Agents that inhibit acetylcholinesterase, such as neostigmine, may precipitate myotonia, and are therefore relatively contraindicated. Sugammadex is a novel pharmacologic agent, which encapsulates rocuronium or vecuronium, thereby reversing their effect. We report anecdotal experience with the use of sugammadex to reverse neuromuscular blockade in a patient with myotonic dystrophy. Concerns with the reversal of neuromuscular blockade in patients with myotonic dystrophy are presented, previous reports of the use of sugammadex in similar clinical scenarios are reviewed, and its advantages are discussed.
A 16Gb/s/pin 8Gb GDDR6 DRAM with bandwidth extension techniques for high-speed applications

Recently the demand for high-bandwidth graphic DRAM, for game consoles and graphic cards, has dramatically increased due to the development of virtual reality, artificial intelligence, deep learning, autonomous driving cars, etc. These applications require greater data transfer speeds than pervious devices, GDDR5 [1] and GDDR5X [2], which are limited to 12Gb/s/pin. This paper introduces an 8Gb GDDR6 operating at up to 16Gb/s/pin. To exceed the prior speed limit various bandwidth extension techniques are proposed. WCK is driven with a dividing scheme to overcome speed limitations and to reduce power consumption. In addition, a dual-band architecture with different types of nibble drivers is proposed in order to cover stability of CML-to-CMOS in all frequency regions; CML nibble is used for high-speed, while CMOS nibble is used for low-speed. A DC-split scheme is implemented for duty-cycle correction and skew compensation. The bandwidth of the high-frequency divider is extended by using a proposed mode-changed flip-flop. The receiver uses a loop-unrolled one-tap decision-feedback equalizer (DFE) designed to eliminate channel inter-symbol interference (ISI). A two-stage pre-amplifier is also used for bandwidth extension. The transmitter uses a 4:1 multiplexer using a half-rate sampler, where a 1UI pulse is unnecessary to minimize the full-rate operation. To secure on-chip signal transmission characteristic, the bandwidth limitation of transistor in a DRAM process is extended by adopting an on-chip feedback EQ filter.
Sperm Motility Activation and Chemoattraction

Publisher Summary This chapter provides a general discussion on sperm motility activation and chemoattraction. Under natural circumstances in sexually reproducing species, sperm motility is critical to fertilization and thus, for the continuation of a species. Several events important for successful fertilization in many species rely on adequate sperm motility—namely, (1) Penetration of the extracellular matrix surrounding eggs, (2) directed motility in response to factors released from the egg or closely associated structures, and, (3) migration through the female reproductive tract or within an environment such as water or seawater. In general, sperm motility is activated at ejaculation as a consequence of changes in intracellular ion concentrations. The external signals that initiate these events, and thus flagellar beating, differ among species according to the environment in which fertilization occurs. Sperm chemoattraction is defined as the movement of spermatozoa in response to a chemical signal toward the source of that signal. This form of motility is reported in many evolutionarily diverse species. This chapter concludes that sperm motility is a complex phenomenon that is responsive to the external cellular environment. Factors regulating motility such as changes in extracellular ion concentrations and secreted products from the male and/or female reproductive systems, activate sperm cell signaling involving changes in cyclic nucleotides, calcium, and protein phosphorylation/dephosphorylation in diverse species. In the conceptual model of sperm motility, the aspects describing both the plasma membrane and the final axoneme are poorly defined.
Some Topics in Linear Estimation

It must be with some trepidation that one ventures to speak about the problems of linear estimation to an audience already well familiar with the overwhelmingly more difficult nonlinear filtering problem. However, perhaps to compensate for this spectacle, the organizers have given me the opportunity to speak first, with considerable latitude in the choice of my topics.
Urban Cultural Policymaking in the United States: Using GIS to Foster Participation

Over the past thirty years, cultural policy efforts in the United States moved from the national to the local level. This change created the need to integrate cultural policy into the overall urban policymaking process. Building from the literature about participatory democracy, this case study of Madison, Wisconsin, explores two possible scenarios of how a Geographical Information System (GIS) could be utilized to integrate cultural policy in the city policymaking process while empowering the public to participate. First, GIS offers a map to educate the public about the structure of urban policymaking; second, GIS organizes comparative data to inform the public about the current situation of their community. The paper concludes with a word of caution about participatory theory.
Resilience Assessment of Overhead Power Distribution Systems under Strong Winds for Hardening Prioritization

AbstractDuring extreme weather and other emergency conditions, the safety and resilience of the overhead power distribution system is essential for communities. Quick detection of damaged poles and...
Field parasitism and host specificity of Oobius primorskyensis (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), an egg parasitoid of the emerald ash borer (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) in the Russian Far East

Abstract Oobius primorskyensis Yao and Duan (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) is a recently described egg parasitoid of the emerald ash borer (EAB), Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire, from the Russian Far East. To support the potential introduction of this new parasitoid for biocontrol of EAB in North America, we surveyed EAB eggs on infested green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh) trees in the Russian Far East and documented the rate of EAB egg parasitism by O. primorskyensis. After establishing quarantine colonies of O. primorskyensis in the United States, we tested the parasitoid against eggs of 30 taxa of insects, mostly native North American wood-boring beetles in the families Buprestidae and Cerambycidae plus one unidentified weevil, one predatory coccinellid, one pentatomid and one moth. Field observations showed that EAB egg parasitism rate ranged from 23 to 44% in the Russian Far East and O. primorskyensis was the only egg parasitoid recovered from the parasitized eggs collected there. Quarantine testing showed that O. primorskyensis attacked seven out of nine Agrilus species, but not any of the other non-target species tested. Percentage parasitism of A. anxius (40%) and A. cephalicus (30%) was comparable to parasitism of their corresponding EAB (positive) control (29–30%). However, percentage parasitism of the other five attacked species (A. bilineatus, A. egenus, A. fallax, A. macer, and A. oblongus) were significantly less (4–17%) than for the EAB control (60–90%). These results indicate that the host specificity of O. primorskyensis may be limited to species phylogenetically closely related to EAB, such as those in the genus Agrilus. Additional testing is needed to determine whether the eggs of other buprestid genera are utilized by the species as well.
Human adaptation to latency in teleoperated multi-robot human-agent search and rescue teams

Abstract Teleoperation of unmanned vehicles in high stress environments has been a subject of research in many domains, which focus primarily on system and operator performance. Unmanned ground vehicles for rescue, also known as search and rescue robots, serve as extensions of responders in a disaster, providing real-time video and other relevant information about the situation. However, physically separating responder and robot introduces latency between the human input provided to the unmanned vehicle to execute an operation and the subsequent response provided by the system. This latency (lag or time delay) is determined by the distance and the bandwidth of the connection between the operator and the unmanned vehicle. Automating these systems may mitigate the effect of latency to an extent; however, this has its own consequences, such as leaving the responder out of the loop, which subsequently leads to detrimental effects on situational awareness. This research investigates the relationship between latency and the performance of the human operator of a teleoperated robot at different levels of system complexity and the effect of different levels of automation on this relationship. Eighty participants operated one or two unmanned teleoperated robots to complete two search and rescue tasks. The study utilized a 2 × 2 × 2 mixed-subjects experimental design with the automation level and latency level being the between-subjects factors and the system complexity (controlling one or two robots) being the within-subjects factor. The dependent variables were operator performance, perceived workload, and the subjective rating of trust with automation. A latency of 500 ms showed a significant decrease in performance in time to complete the task and a significant increase in the perceived physical workload. Both the automation level and latency level moderated the system complexity effect on the subjective rating of trust in the robotic system. The level of trust decreased over time in the one-robot condition as opposed to no change in the two-robot condition. The error rate decreased over time at different rates based on the number of robots or the latency level. Based on the results of the study, several design implications are suggested for improving performance including adding features to the automation that will allow the operator to use common strategies and providing necessary information using multiple sensory channels. Future research directions are also proposed.
What Is the FAFSA? An Adult Learner Knowledge Survey of Student Financial Aid Jargon.

Although adult learners (aged 25–34) have comprised over 33% of all enrolled students in US institutions of higher education, researchers have consistently found adult learners are under-supported ...
Energy Status and Body Composition Across a Collegiate Women's Lacrosse Season.

Little data is available regarding the energy and nutritional status of female collegiate team sport athletes. Twenty female NCAA Division II lacrosse athletes (mean ± SD: 20.4 ± 1.8 years; 68.8 ± 8.9 kg; 168.4 ± 6.6 cm; 27.9 ± 3% body fat) recorded dietary intake and wore a physical activity monitor over four consecutive days at five different time points (20 days total) during one academic year. Body composition, bone health, and resting metabolic rate were assessed in conjunction with wearing the monitor during off-season, pre-season, and season-play. Body fat percentage decreased slightly during the course of this study (p = 0.037). Total daily energy expenditure (TDEE) (p 0.05). Athletes self-reported a moderate negative energy balance (366–719 kcal/day) and low energy availability (22.9–30.4 kcal/kg FFM) at each measurement period throughout the study. Reported caloric and macronutrient intake was low given the recorded energy expenditure and macronutrient intake recommendations for athletes. Athletic support staff should provide athletes with appropriate fueling strategies, particularly during pre-season training, to adequately meet energy demands.
The Escherichia coli mannitol permease as a model for transport via the bacterial phosphotransferase system.

The bacterial phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent carbohydrate phosphotransferase system (PTS) consists of several proteins whose primary functions are to transport and phosphorylate their substrates. The complexity of the PTS undoubtedly reflects its additional roles in chemotaxis to PTS substrates and in regulation of other metabolic processes in the cell. The PTS permeases (Enzymes II) are the membrane-associated proteins of the PTS that sequentially recognize, transport, and phosphorylate their specific substrates in separate steps, and theEscherichia coli mannitol permease is one of the best studied of these proteins. It consists of two cytoplasmic domains (EIIA and EIIB) involved in mannitol phosphorylation and an integral membrane domain (EIIC) which is sufficient to bind mannitol, but which transports mannitol at a rate that is dependent on phosphorylation of the EIIA and EIIB domains. Recent results show that several residues in a hydrophilic, 85-residue segment of the EIIC domain are important for the binding, transport, and phosphorylation of mannitol. This segment may be at least partially exposed to the cytoplasm of the cell. A model is proposed in which this region of the EIIC domain is crucial in coupling phosphorylation of the EIIB domain to transport through the EIIC domain of the mannitol permease.
Activation of Phosphoinositide-Specific Phospholipase C by Ligands in the Presence of Guanine Nucleotides

Our interest in this area arose from studies on the mechanisms by which vasopressin andα1-catecholamine agonists activate rat hepatocyte glycogen phosphorylase and gluconeogenesis. In 1973 we postulated thatα-adrenergic stimulation of gluconeogenesis in rat hepatocytes was not secondary to elevations of cyclic AMP (Tolbertet al., 1973). Since we found no evidence for an involvement of cyclic GMP in hepatic glycogenolysis (Pointeret al., 1976), we next focused on calcium as a possible second messenger. Michell (1975) in a seminal review suggested that phosphoinositide turnover was linked to elevations in in tracellular calcium. Kirket al. (1977) soon found that vasopressin specifically stimulated the uptake of32 P into phosphoinositides of rat liver. Fain (1978) postulated that vasopressin increased the breakdown of phosphatidylinositol resulting in release of “trigger” calcium that mediated the activation of glycogen phosphorylase. Subsequently we found that vaso pressin increased the breakdown of phosphatidylinositol in the plasma membrane (Lin and Fain, 1981). Wallaceet al. (1982) were able to show a direct activation of phosphatidylinositol breakdown after addition of vasopressin to isolated rat liver plasma membranes incubated in buffer containing deoxycholate. However, Michellet al. (1981) suggested that vasopressin preferentially stimulated the breakdown of phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) and this was linked in some way to elevations in intracellular Ca2+ . This hypothesis turned out to be correct. There was a period when some investigators thought that all the increases in phosphoinositide breakdown in the liver, including even that of PIP2, were secondary to elevations of intracellular calcium (Extonet al., 1983).
Preoperative Endoscopic and Radiologic Evaluation of Bariatric Patients: What Do They Add?

Preoperative esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) and barium swallow (BS) are commonly performed for evaluation in bariatric surgery patients. The routine use of these modalities has been controversial. A retrospective review of a prospectively maintained database was performed to include primary bariatric surgery patients between March 2013 and August 2016. Two hundred nine patients were included. All the patients underwent preoperative EGD and BS. The mean age was 43.12 years and BMI 46.4 kg/m2. Reflux symptoms were present in 58.5% of patients. Preoperative EGD revealed abnormalities in 87.5% of patients: esophagitis (54.5%), Barrett’s esophagus (5.3%), dysplasia (1%), and gastritis (51%). Endoscopic evidence of HH was documented in 52.2% of patients while only 34% of patients had evidence of HH in their BS. Of the asymptomatic patients, 80.2% had abnormal EGD. Helicobacter pylori on biopsy was found in 17.2% patients, out of which 47.2% were asymptomatic. Based on EGD findings, the choice of surgical procedure was changed in 3.34% of patients. Repair of HH was performed in 107 patients, with 68.2% (n = 73) symptomatic patients and 31.8% (n = 34) asymptomatic patients. On ROC analysis, EGD was better predictive of the presence of HH (AUC = 0.802, OR 5.20, p = < 0.0001) and symptoms were a poor indicator for GERD. Preoperative EGD is abnormal in the majority of patients regardless of their symptoms. EGD is the only modality that can provide tissue sample, which can potentially determine the type of bariatric surgery. Given the low diagnostic accuracy of BS, its routine use can be eliminated.
COMPARISON OF OUTCOMES BETWEEN INTRAVASCULAR ULTRASOUND-GUIDED VS. ANGIOGRAPHY-ALONE APPROACH IN STENTING OF UNPROTECTED LEFT MAIN CORONARY ARTERY: A META-ANALYSIS

Percutaneous coronary artery intervention (PCI) for unprotected left main coronary artery (LMCA) has emerged as a viable option with outcomes comparable to coronary artery bypass grafting in certain patient populations. Intravascular ultrasound has played an important role in optimizing PCI results
Human Rights Teaching: Snapshots from Four Countries.

This article examines how some schools with ethnically diverse student populations are teaching about, for, and through human rights. The author conducted a secondary analysis of qualitative data from a multi-site study, which included secondary schools serving students from immigrant backgrounds in four countries: Denmark, Germany, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom (England and Scotland). The author found that schools taught about the history of human rights, rights in terms of national constitutions, and violations of human rights in the Global South; she observed fewer examples of human rights discourse addressing national and local issues. Across schools, students experienced respect of their human rights, through voicing their opinions and contributing to school-level decisions primarily on school councils. Some students developed knowledge, skills, and dispositions for exercising their rights and respecting others’ rights as they deliberated issues and took civic action locally and globally.
Multi-sensor lensless imaging: synthetic large-format sensing with a disjoint sensor array

We demonstrate a lensless diffuser-based camera array for large field-of-view imaging. Images are captured from multiple disjoint sensors and the synthetic large format sensing area is recovered by solving a compressive sensing inverse problem.
Review of Wang (2019): Multilingualism and translanguaging in Chinese language classrooms

This article reviews Multilingualism and translanguaging in Chinese language classrooms 978-3-030-02529-8
Frontoparietal network activity during model-based reinforcement learning updates is reduced among adolescents with severe sexual abuse.

Abstract Trauma and trauma-related disorders are characterized by impaired learning processes, including reinforcement learning (RL). Identifying which aspects of learning are altered by trauma is critical endeavor, as this may reveal key mechanisms of impairment and potential intervention targets. There are at least two types of RL that have been delineated using computational modeling: model-free and model-based RL. Although these RL processes differentially predict decision-making behavior, most research has examined the impact of trauma on model-free RL. Currently unclear whether model-based RL, which involves building abstract and nuanced representations of stimulus-outcome relationships, is impaired among individuals with a history of trauma. The present study sought to test the hypothesis of impaired model-based RL among adolescent females exposed to assaultive trauma. Participants (n = 60; 29 without a history of assault and 31 with a history of assault with and without PTSD) completed a three-arm bandit task during fMRI acquisition. Two computational models compared the degree to which participants’ task behavior fit the use of a model-free versus model-based RL strategy. Although a history of assaultive trauma did not predict poorer model-based RL, greater sexual abuse severity predicted less use of model-based compared to model-free RL. Additionally, severe sexual abuse predicted less left frontoparietal network encoding of model-based RL updates. Altered model-based RL, which supports goal-directed behavior, may be an important route through which clinical impairment emerges among individuals with a history of severe sexual abuse and should be examined further in future studies.
Investigation of material response to atmospheric re-entry exposure of sub-structural Ti-6Al-4V components recovered from Space Shuttle Columbia

Abstract Aluminum and titanium char-layer deposits discovered on overhead windows recovered from the Space Shuttle Columbia accident revealed unexpected material response. It was observed that titanium melted and deposited before aluminum: behavior inconsistent with their relative melting temperatures. In close proximity to the windows, payload bay door (PLBD) latch rollers, containing Ti-6Al-4V, exhibited significant thermal damage that could not be explained by re-entry heating alone. The roller was considered a likely source of the deposition as damage was localized to the titanium region and the component was evaluated to identify features of ignition and/or combustion. A second examination was conducted on arc-jet samples obtained from a previous work that studied Ti-6Al-4V combustibility in a simulated re-entry environment. The samples were compared to the analysis of the PLBD roller and both exhibited features suggestive of titanium combustion. The PLBD roller possessed microstructural similarities to the arc-jet specimens that reacted more aggressively to the simulated environment.
Practical Advice Regarding the Reliability of the Patient Educational Materials Assessment Tool for Health Educators.

The quality of patient education materials is an important issue for health educators, clinicians, and community health workers. We describe a challenge achieving reliable scores between coders whe...
Association of abdominal muscle area and density with glucose regulation: The multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis (MESA).

AIMS Previous characterisation of body composition as a type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) risk factor has largely focused on adiposity, but less is known about the independent role of skeletal muscle. We examined associations between abdominal muscle and measures of glucose regulation. MATERIALS AND METHODS Cross-sectional analysis of 1,891 adults enrolled in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. Multivariable regression assessed associations between abdominal muscle area and density (measured by computed tomography) with fasting glucose, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and prevalent T2DM (fasting glucose ≥126 mg/dL or medication use). RESULTS In minimally adjusted models (age, sex, race/ethnicity, income), a 1-SD increment in abdominal muscle area was associated with higher HOMA-IR (β = 0.20 ± SE 0.03; 95%CI: 0.15, 0.25; P < 0.01) and odds of T2DM (OR = 1.47; 95%CI: 1.18, 1.84; P < 0.01), while higher density was associated with lower fasting glucose (-4.49 ± 0.90; -6.26, -2.72; P < 0.01), HOMA-IR (-0.16 ± 0.02; -0.20, -0.12; P < 0.01), and odds of T2DM (0.64; 0.52, 0.77; P < 0.01). All associations persisted after adjustment for comorbidities and health behaviours. However, after controlling for height, BMI, and visceral adiposity, increasing muscle area became negatively associated with fasting glucose (-2.23 ± 1.01; -4.22, -0.24; P = 0.03), while density became positively associated with HOMA-IR (0.09 ± 0.02; 0.05, 0.13; P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Increasing muscle density was associated with salutary markers of glucose regulation, but associations inverted with further adjustment for body size and visceral adiposity. Conversely, after full adjustment, increasing muscle area was associated with lower fasting glucose, suggesting some patients may benefit from muscle-building interventions.
Jetstream2: Accelerating cloud computing via Jetstream

Jetstream2 will be a category I production cloud resource that is part of the National Science Foundation’s Innovative HPC Program. The project’s aim is to accelerate science and engineering by providing “on-demand” programmable infrastructure built around a core system at Indiana University and four regional sites. Jetstream2 is an evolution of the Jetstream platform, which functions primarily as an Infrastructure-as-a-Service cloud. The lessons learned in cloud architecture, distributed storage, and container orchestration have inspired changes in both hardware and software for Jetstream2. These lessons have wide implications as institutions converge HPC and cloud technology while building on prior work when deploying their own cloud environments. Jetstream2’s next-generation hardware, robust open-source software, and enhanced virtualization will provide a significant platform to further cloud adoption within the US research and education communities.
Ion Transporter Gene Families as Physiological Targets of Natural Selection During Salinity Transitions in a Copepod.

Salinity is a key factor that structures biodiversity on the planet. With anthropogenic change, such as climate change and species invasions, many populations are facing rapid and dramatic changes ...
First-Order Deformations

We start by introducing the Hilbert scheme, which will be a model for the other situations, and which will provide us with examples as we go along. Then in Section 2 we discuss deformations over the dual numbers for Situations A, B, and C. In Section 3 we introduce the cotangent complex and the T i functors, which are needed to discuss deformations of abstract schemes (Situation D) in Section 5. In Section 4 we examine the special role of nonsingular varieties, using the infini-tesimal lifting property and the T i functors. We also show that the relative notion of a smooth morphism is characterized by the vanishing of the relative T 1 functors.
The Price of Capital in the AK Model

The AK model predicts that the growth rate of income and the investment rate should move in lockstep. Jones (1995) rejected such an empirical regularity, but under the implicit premise that the price of capital is constant. I propose a parsimonious methodology to adjust the investment rate for the variations in the price of capital and use such a methodology to test the AK model using data on fifty countries during the period 1950-2000. Contrary to Jones, I fail to reject the prediction of the model in the majority of the cases, but the frequency of rejections is only marginally affected by the variations in the price of capital.
Scribes, ancient Near East

In the ancient Near East only a small number of people, almost all of them men, were literate. Keywords: ancient Near East history; education; social history
The Virtues of Childhood Sexual Abuse and Marital Infidelity in Marie-Jeanne Roland's Mémoires particuliers (1795)

M a r i e J e a n n e r o l a n d i s c o n s i d e r e d the first French woman autobiographer in the modern sense, a distinction earned by the unusual openness to sexual revelation exhibited in her Memoires particuliers (Private memoirs), written in the prisons of the Terror during the French Revolution and left unfinished when its author was guillotined on 8 November 1793. Born in 1754, Marie-Jeanne Phlipon had enjoyed a bourgeois existence as an only child in Paris. Her father was a skilled engraver, and her parents provided her with an excellent education that included private tutors. While her marriage to the intellectually gifted Jean-Marie Roland gave her access to the company of a number of fascinating if minor figures of the French Enlightenment, it was the upheaval of the Revolution that made Roland herself a public figure. Her work behind the scenes as a speech and letter writer and overall advisor for her husband’s Girondin Party became a source of scandal in the revolutionary press when the Girondin delegates to the National Assembly were attacked for attempting to foil the will of the people by avoiding a vote on the execution of King louis XVI in the National Assembly. Once associated with Robespierre and considered representatives of the far left wing of the Revolution, the Girondins were recast as royalist anti-Republicans,