cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Habitual vigorous exercise and primary cardiac arrest: effect of other risk factors on the relationship.

To determine if the relationship between habitual vigorous exercise and primary cardiac arrest (PCA) is modified by the presence of other risk factors, we investigated 133 male cases of PCA, 25-75 years of age, without prior heart disease or co-morbidity, and 133 controls, identified from the same community. Persons who did not engage in high-intensity leisure-time activity for more than 20 min per week were classified as non-vigorous. The risk of PCA was more than doubled for non-vigorous males, both in the presence and absence of other risk factors taken individually, i.e. age greater than or equal to 60, hypertension, cigarette smoking, obesity, and family history. The incidence of PCA attributable to lack of vigorous activity was greatest for older, hypertensive, or obese males; for each of these subgroups, it exceeded 19 cases/10,000 persons/yr. Efforts to discourage clinically healthy persons at risk of PCA from continuing to engage in vigorous exercise may be inappropriate.
Quantum dots: Resonant energy-transfer sensor.

The potential uses of inorganic quantum dots in biolabelling and sensing could be expanded through their ability to function as resonant energy-transfer donors. Novel quantum dot–protein sensors may be the way ahead.
1293 FORAMEN OVALE ATRIAL SEPTAL RATIO: EVIDENCE FOR DIFFERENT PATHOGENIC MECHANISMS IN CONGENITAL HEART DEFECTS

Foramen ovale atrial septal ratio in-utero is directly proportional to transatrial blood flow. We now studied FO:AS in defects with VSD or intact ventricular septum (IVS) to ascertain patterns of intracardiac blood flow. Included were 11 normal hearts, 12 isolated perimembranous VSD, 8 coarctation of the aorta (COA) IVS, 10 COA with VSD, 6 type B interrupted aortic arch (IAA), 4 pulmonary atresia IVS, 7 pulmonary atresia VSD, and 10 tetralogy of Fallot. From planimeter measurements of atrial septal and foramen ovale area, we calculated FO:AS. These data presented as x±SD were analyzed by ANOVA. The area of the atrial septum was similar among the groups. FO:AS ratio were: normal heart .24±.07; isolated VSD, .40±.06; COA IVS, .15±.07; COA VSD, .34±.07; IAA, .36±.12; pulmonary atresia IVS, .38±.10; pulmonary atresia VSD, .11±.08; tetralogy of Fallot .19±.06. Thus, defects with intact ventricular septum are associated with a predictable variation in FO:AS ratio suggesting that hemodynamics are an important pathogenetic mechanism in these defects. Conversely, defects with VSD have a discordant FO:AS ratio suggesting that other mechanisms such abnormal conotruncal septation maybe the primary abnoramlity. These results emphasize the defects classified by anatomic similarities may have different pathogenic mechanisms.
Ultraproducts which are not Saturated

In this paper we continue our study, begun in [5], of the connection between ultraproducts and saturated structures. If D is an ultrafilter over a set I, and is a structure (i.e., a model for a first order predicate logic ℒ), the ultrapower of modulo D is denoted by D-prod. The ultrapower is important because it is a method of constructing structures which are elementarily equivalent to a given structure (see Frayne-Morel-Scott [3]). Our ultimate aim is to find out what kinds of structure are ultrapowers of . We made a beginning in [5] by proving that, assuming the generalized continuum hypothesis (GCH), for each cardinal α there is an ultrafilter D over a set of power α such that for all structures , D-prod is α+-saturated.
10C. Shared Integrative Medicine Medical Visits for Type II Diabetes Mellitus: A Case Study Presentation

Focus Areas: Integrative Approaches to Care, Supporting Behavioral Change Diabetes affects approximately 26 million adults and is a leading cause of death and disability in the United States (CDC, 2011). Diabetes disproportionately affects individuals from lower socioeconomic status groups, the same individuals with limited access to healthcare resources (CDC, 2011). Thus, there is a critical need to provide affordable and effective care to these at-risk individuals. In order to meet this need, we developed and implemented a unique integrative medicine (IM) “Shared Medical Visit” approach to diabetes management at a Free Health Clinic. This initiative uses IM techniques and tenants to improve the health and well-being of low-income men and women with Type II diabetes mellitus. The Shared Medical Visit model allows patients to provide and receive social support and learn from others' experiences while receiving high-quality medical care. Visits occur monthly and include 8 to 15 patients, 1 IM physician, and 1 Clinic Primary Care Physician (PCP). The IM physician leads the 90-minute group while the PCP provides individual, private visits as needed. The IM physician's goals are to promote healthy group dynamics, respect, and healthy behavior change. The visits provide several interventions, including nutrition education (eg, whole foods), healthy cooking demonstrations, and food tastings; mind-body stress reduction exercises (eg, mindfulness, breath-work); and physical activity (eg, walking groups). While we did not formally assess outcomes, group members subjectively reported an increased sense of community, appreciation of food tastings, and overall health improvement. One participant reported improved hemoglobin A1C, less medication use, and understanding how stress and sleep contribute to glucose control. The nurse manager reported that participants who attend these visits keep their clinic appointments more often than those who do not. Groups are consistently filled and have been running continuously for 21 months. Plans are underway to formally assess the impact of the group visits on health outcomes.
Efficient Capital Project Selection Through a Yield-Based Capital Budgeting Technique

Abstract Abstract A yield-based capital budgeting methodology is presented that provides capital project evaluations consistent with shareholder wealth maximization under the assumptions of perlect capital markets and cash flows known with certainty. The methodology is derived by adjusting a modified rate of return technique proposed originally by Lin and more recently in another form by Beaves. Hence, the Lin/Beaves method is examined and an interpretation is suggested for both its investment base and its return measure. Being based upon the Lin/Beaves method, the adjusted methodology shares the economic interpretations associated with both the investment base and the return measure of the Lin/Beaves method. As a result, the adjusted methodology both appropriately evaluates capital projects and provides a return measure with a clear interpretation.
Acute intracranial subdural hematoma following a lumbar CSF leak caused by spine surgery.

Study Design. Case report. Objective. To report a case of an acute intracranial subdural hematoma that formed due to cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak following lumbar surgery. Summary of Background Data. Intracranial hypotension may occur when CSF is removed from the subarachnoid space. Intracranial subdural hematoma formation has been observed following significant CSF drainage during lumbar puncture or ventricular shunt placement. However, formation has been described only twice in the literature following spine surgery. Methods. Retrospective review of the patient’s medical record and head CT imaging. Results. A 55-year-old woman underwent lumbar surgery for failed back syndrome. Intraoperatively, a dural tear was noted and repaired. One week later, she developed expressive aphasia, and CSF drainage from her lumbar wound was noted. A head CT revealed an acute intracranial subdural hematoma with mass effect. Evacuation of the hematoma occurred via craniotomy, and the lumbar dura was repaired intraoperatively. Conclusions. We report the rare case of an acute intracranial subdural hematoma caused by a CSF leak following lumbar surgery. This report illustrates the potential morbidity associated with CSF leaks occurring after spinal surgery.
Tachycardia during the valsalva maneuver: a sign of normal diastolic filling pressures

Alteration of the loading conditions during the Valsalva maneuver is a helpful ancillary method in the noninvasive assessment of diastolic filling of the heart by Doppler echocardiography. When tachycardia is induced by the maneuver, mitral inflow velocity curves may become uninterpretable because of E velocity (the initial early diastolic velocity on the transmitral flow velocity curve) and A velocity (the velocity at atrial contraction on the transmitral flow velocity curve) wave fusion. To determine the clinical significance of the E velocity and A velocity wave fusion, our study assessed the relation between the heart rate response induced by the Valsalva maneuver and the left ventricular filling pressures measured during cardiac catheterization. In all, 77 patients performed the maneuver during continuous hemodynamic and electrocardiographic monitoring. The ratio between the baseline R-R interval and the shortest R-R interval during the maneuver was calculated. A ratio value higher than 1.1 was predictive of a pre-A pressure of less than 18 mm Hg (94% positive predictive value). Reflex tachycardia during the Valsalva maneuver and subsequent fusion of the E velocity and A velocity waves on the mitral velocity curves is a sign of normal left ventricular filling pressures.
Development of elastic fibers of nuchal ligament, aorta, and lung of fetal and postnatal sheep: an ultrastructural and electron microscopic immunohistochemical study.

The morphogenesis of elastic fibers of the nuchal ligament, aorta, and lung of sheep was studied by light microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and immunohistochemical methods for the detection of elastin. The degree of maturation of the amorphous materials of elastic fibers was assessed morphologically in preparations stained by the tannic acid and periodic acid methenamine-silver methods. With both of these methods, the amorphous components of mature fibers stained less intensely than did those of immature fibers. Elastic fibers in early stages of development consisted of many microfibrils and few, small, branching masses of immature amorphous material. Thicker fibers were formed by the coalescence of growing masses of amorphous materials. In late stages of formation of elastic fibers, the mature amorphous materials were associated with few microfibrils; and they were partially surrounded by immature amorphous materials associated with many microfibrils. Antielastin antibody reacted evenly with amorphous materials in very early stages of elastic-fiber development, but reacted only with the other zones of amorphous materials in later stages; it also reacted with the microfibrils in all stages. These findings were interpreted as indicating that the microfibrils were associated with small amounts of elastin on their surfaces. This conclusion is in agreement with ultrastructural observations showing (1) that development of microfibrils precedes that of the amorphous material and (2) that the microfibrils adjacent to the immature amorphous materials are covered with small amounts of tannnic acid-positive amorphous materials. These observations suggest that microfibrils serve as sites for elastin deposition, both in early elastogenesis and in subsequent growth of elastic fibers. However, the nature of the interaction between elastin and microfibrils remains unknown.
Photoprotons from medium and heavy elements

Abstract Energy and angular distributions of protons produced by electron bombardment of targets of Nb, In, Ta, and Au were measured. Yield curves as a function of electron energy up to 40 MeV were measured for Nb, In, and Ta, The angular distributions are strongly forward for Ta and Au, less so for Nb, and slightly backward for In. The energy distributions are fairly smooth, functions except in the case of Ta where two peaks are observed at about 9.5 and 11.5 MeV. The yields were analyzed by means of a calculated number of photons (real and virtual) accompanying the electron through the target, and the following photoproton cross sections integrated over photon energy were obtained: Nb, 230 MeV · mb; In, 90 MeV · mb; Ta, 60 MeV · mb; and Au, 75 MeV · mb; the results have an estimated accuracy of ±25%.
A Psychogenesis of Color-Based Racism: The Implications of Colonialism for People of Color

Influenced by European colonization people of color have internalized a disdain for dark skin i.e.: color-based racism. In addition to the historical literature and litigation color-based racism is here substantiated empirically. The contingency coefficient reflected a moderate correlation between the variables, therefore the null hypothesis was rejected and the research hypothesis was accepted. To educate Psychologists about the significance of color-based racism among people of color will require an acknowledgement of its existence. In the aftermath, people of color and the practitioners who serve them will move Psychology to the next level of service technol-ogy.
Electrochemical detection of acetylcholine and choline: application to the quantitative nonradiochemical evaluation of choline transport

The development of analytical methods for determining the cholinergic biomarkers acetylcholine (ACh) and choline (Ch) is important for assessing their role in neurological and cognitive functions. In this review, electrochemical (EC) strategies to detect ACh and Ch are summarized and compared to other analysis methods. Recent research focusing on the development of a versatile nonradiochemical in vitro assay to evaluate Ch transport is also described. The assay coupled to analysis by capillary electrophoresis (CE) with indirect EC detection at an enzyme-modified microelectrode affords exceptional selectivity and sensitivity. Femtomole or lower mass detection limits for ACh (1 fmol) and Ch (100 amol) have been readily achieved, opening up a new range of possible experiments for investigating transport or turnover of Ch and ACh in neurobiological systems. The value of this method is illustrated through the evaluation of the pharmacological efficacy and mode of inhibition of a new class of quaternary ammonium alkyl-substituted catechol-based inhibitors of high-affinity choline transport (CHT). This microanalytical approach is particularly useful when knowledge of endogenous concentrations of Ch or ACh is desired or when the amount of available compounds or the sample size is limited. A brief description of the principles of CE is also provided.
Beta-amyloid deposition and paired helical filament formation: Which histopathological feature is more significant in Alzheimer's disease?

Clinicopathological, biochemical, immunochemical and molecular biological studies of beta amyloid and neurofibrillary changes have been recently described by this and other laboratories. Although amyloid deposition is present in every AD brain, it is also present, sometimes in great quantities, in nondemented individuals. On the other hand, paired helical filament formation in perikarya (neurofibrillary tangles) and the neuropil of the cerebrum appears to be the histopathological feature that is most characteristic of AD.
Dexamethasone, cyclophosphamide, idarubicin and etoposide (DC‐IE): a novel, intensive induction chemotherapy regimen for patients with high‐risk multiple myeloma

We evaluated toxicities and responses to a novel, dose intensive and time sequenced, chemotherapy programme (DC-IE) in 45 patients with high-risk myeloma. DC-IE consisted of: dexamethasone (days 1-4); cyclophosphamide (day 5); idarubicin and etoposide (days 8-10). Complete response (CR) was achieved in four patients, six patients achieved near complete responses (nCR) and 21 patients achieved a partial remission (PR). Overall response rate was 76% (CI 56-94%) for newly diagnosed patients (n = 21) and 62% (CI 36-81%) for relapsed/refractory patients (n = 24). Toxicities were limited to myelosuppression; two patients died of sepsis during neutropenia (4%). DC-IE is active and tolerable for high-risk multiple myeloma, including patients with relapsed or refractory disease to anthracycline containing regimens.
Indomethacin-induced intestinal inflammation.

Indomethacin induces inflammation of the small-intestinal mucosa leading to ulceration in patients. In rats we examined this untoward drug effect by measuring changes inde novo macromolecular synthesis and morphology during exposure to indomethacin given as a single oral dose of 15 mg/kg. Indomethacin alone induced diffuse jejunoileal mucosal inflammation accompanied by spotty ulceration. These lesions were not observed at 2 and 6 hr after administering the drug but were apparent by 24 hr. By 72 hr the intestinal inflammation had intensified, and there were multiple perforating ulcers, extensive adhesions, and peritonitis in the moribund animals.De novo DNA synthesis was increased approximately fourfold by 24 hr and ninefold by 72 hr; RNA synthesis was nearly doubled by 24 hr and nearly trebled by 72 hr; protein synthesis increased about fourfold at 24 hr and eightfold at 72 hr. Both the histological lesions and the macromolecular synthetic changes induced by indomethacin were prevented by 16,16-dimethyl prostaglandin E2 and by broad-spectrum antibiotics but not by dexamethasone, prednisolone, or colchicine. Neither ligation of a mesenteric arterial branch nor administration of vasopressin induced the intestinal inflammatory lesions seen with indomethacin. The predominant mechanism involved in indomethacin ulceration of the gut appears to be acute inflammation rather than ischemia.
Evidence for the release of arachidonic acid through the selective action of phospholipase A2 in thrombin-stimulated human platelets.

Abstract The release of arachidonic acid from thrombin-stimulated platelets can be attributed to the action of phospholipase A2 on membrane phospholipid. Previously, analysis of individual subclasses of phospholipid demonstrated that 1- acyl -2-[ 3 H] arachidonoyl -sn- glycerophosphocholine and to a lesser degree 1- acyl -2-[ 3 H] arachidonoyl -sn- glycerophosphoethanolamine were the main source of [3H]arachidonic acid in thrombin-stimulated cells. In the present work, 1,2-diacyl phospholipid subclasses were analyzed as 1,2-diacylglycerobenzoates by high-pressure liquid chromatography in order to analyze arachidonate release as mass changes in individual molecular species of phospholipid. Following thrombin stimulation (5 U/ml, 5 min, 37°C) all arachidonoyl-containing molecular species of 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerophosphocholine decreased in mass and [3H]arachidonate content by almost 50%, while those of 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerophosphoethanolamine decreased by 20%. The mass change was substantial and indicated that these phospholipids are a major source of arachidonate in stimulated cells. No variation was seen in the other non-arachidonate-containing molecular species of either subclass. Thus, deacylation of membrane 1,2-diacylglycerophosphocholine and 1,2-diacylglycerophosphoethanolamine by phospholipase A2 is selective for those molecular species of phospholipid containing arachidonic acid, suggesting that a certain proportion of arachidonoyl-containing molecular species of phospholipid are compartmentalized with the platelet membrane proximal to the site of action of this enzyme. These studies demonstrate that the human platelet is a cell poised and specialized to release rapidly substantial amounts of arachidonic acid upon stimulation.
Carotid artery transposition for repeated arterial pressure measurements.

Abstract A technique for the preparation of animals to allow chronic, percutaneous recording of arterial blood pressure is presented. We feel this method is superior to the carotid loop in our hands for the following reasons: (1) no problem with infection, necrosis of skin flaps, or carotid blowout has been encountered; (2) shorter delay (10–13 days compared to more than 20 days) between construction and use; (3) both carotids are prepared, giving one the option to alternate sides for pressure measurements, reducing the risk of occlusion by repeated punctures of one vessel.
Modification of low density lipoprotein metabolism by growth factors in cultured vascular cells and human skin fibroblasts Dependence upon duration of exposure

Abstract The influences of specific growth factors upon binding, internalization and degradation of low density lipoproteins (LDL) were investigated in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells and skin fibroblasts. Plateletderived growth factor (PDGF) and fibroblast growth factor (FGF) significantly stimulated the binding of LDL to high affinity receptors of smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts. The effects of enhanced binding were reflected in elevated rates of internalization and degradation of LDL. FGF and PDGF elicited a mitogenic response as measured by [3H]thymidine autoradiography, indicating that altered LDL metabolism was associated with entry into the cell cycle. When fibroblasts were exposed to mitogen for periods long enough to commit the cells to the growth cycle, after which growth factor was removed before addition of LDL however, enhanced LDL binding to cycling fibroblasts appeared to be dependent upon the length of the period of exposure to growth factors in the early part of the cell cycle. LDL binding was stimulated in the presence of PDGF or FGF but not after their removal within 8 h of entry into the cell cycle. Exposure to the growth factors for 16 h or longer resulted in stimulation of LDL metabolism whether or not mitogens were present at the cell surface. PDGF and FGF, therefore, appear to exert a direct influence upon LDL receptor expression in addition to that mediated via the cell cycle.
Fast failure analysis and yield enhancement: an integrated approach

This paper describes the integrated fast failure analysis/yield enhancement system used at Motorola's MOS-12 fab, established with the goal of providing high speed diagnostics and feedback. This goal was achieved through tight integration of in-fab inspection tools with electrical test equipment, out-of-fab analytical tools, and software tools. At this facility, the use of common file formats permits data exchange between wafer inspection tools, optical review stations, SEM, FIB, and electrical work bench testers. Wafer images generated at all diagnostic tools are stored on a video archival/retrieval system (VARSTM). Correlation is a powerful tool for reducing failure analysis time and increasing failure analysis efficiency. By overlaying in-line inspection data with process, parametric, sort bin, and bitmap data, the locations of potential killer defects are rapidly identified. Physical failure analysis is performed on selected correlated failures to confirm the cause of device failures. Using analytical instruments with full wafer capability, in-line inspection or bitmap information are used to quickly locate the defects of interest. This approach has been successfully used to significantly reduce FA time compared with traditional FA methods. Fast failure analysis/yield enhancement is demonstrated with three case studies.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The Hall effect in the silver-palladium alloy system

Abstract Room-temperature Hall coefficient measurements have been made on the silver-palladium alloy system. The effective number of conduction electrons calculated using a one-band model is compared with that obtained for the copper-nickel alloy system and a similarity in behavior is found. The results cannot be explained using any of the multiband models proposed to date for the Hall coefficient.
Simultaneous analysis of choline and acetylcholine levels in rat brain by pyrolysis gas chromatography.

Abstract Gas chromatographic analysis of the tertiary amines resulting from either chemical (1,2) or heat-catalyzed (3,4) removal of a quarternary methyl group from choline esters has provided a sensitive chemical assay for acetylcholine (ACh) in various tissues. In order to study ACh turnover using precursor labeling techniques it is also necessary to measure the level of free choline in tissue. Recent publications on the level of choline in the central nervous system (5,6) and on the role its uptake plays in the regulation of ACh synthesis in cholinergic neurons have also stimulated interest in the measurement of choline. Methods for simultaneous analysis of choline and ACh employing chemical demethylation have previously been published (7). The present paper describes the modification of a previous method (4) which is necessary for simultaneous analysis of choline and ACh by pyrolysis gas chromatography. These modifications are required because endogenously occurring amounts of choline are not reproducibly precipitated as the eneiodide salt from aqueous solutions and choline cannot be quantitatively converted to its tertiary amine analog by pyrolysis. It is therefore quantitatively isolated and converted to a choline ester prior to gas chromatographic analysis.
A somitic Wnt16/Notch pathway specifies haematopoietic stem cells

Haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are a self-renewing population of cells that continuously replenish all blood and immune cells during the lifetime of an individual. HSCs are used clinically to treat a wide array of diseases, including acute leukaemias and congenital blood disorders, but obtaining suitable numbers of cells and finding immune-compatible donors remain serious problems. These difficulties have led to an interest in the conversion of embryonic stem cells or induced pluripotent stem cells into HSCs, which is not possible using current methodologies. To accomplish this goal, it is critical to understand the native mechanisms involved in the specification of HSCs during embryonic development. Here we demonstrate in zebrafish that Wnt16 controls a novel genetic regulatory network required for HSC specification. Non-canonical signalling by Wnt16 is required for somitic expression of the Notch ligands deltaC (dlc) and deltaD (dld), and these ligands are, in turn, required for the establishment of definitive haematopoiesis. Notch signalling downstream of Dlc and Dld is earlier than, and distinct from, known cell-autonomous requirements for Notch, strongly suggesting that novel Notch-dependent relay signal(s) induce the first HSCs in parallel to other established pathways. Our results demonstrate that somite-specific gene expression is required for the production of haemogenic endothelium.
Fos expression during the estradiol-induced gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) surge of the ewe: induction in GnRH and other neurons

The protein product of the protooncogene c-fos was used as a marker of cellular activation in an attempt to identify those neurons in the preoptic area and hypothalamus that participate in generation of the estradiol-induced surge of GnRH in the ewe. GnRH- and Fos-expressing cells were identified immunocytochemically, and the percent of coexpression was determined in three states: mid-luteal phase (low GnRH release, n = 6); short-term ovariectomy (high episodic GnRH release, n = 6); and induced GnRH surge (high sustained release, n = 8). To induce the GnRH surge, a follicular phase rise in circulating estradiol was simulated in a physiological model for the estrous cycle. Serum LH was measured as an indicator of GnRH release. In the luteal phase, LH was basal, indicating low GnRH secretion. Few cells expressed Fos; these were not GnRH cells. Despite high intermittent GnRH release in short-term ovariectomized ewes, GnRH cells did not express Fos. During the surge (sustained high GnRH release), 41 +/- 8% of...
On two methods of bias reduction in the estimation of ratios

SUMMARY Quenouille's method of bias reduction, based on splitting the sample at random into groups, is applied to estimation of ratios and the optimum choice of the number of groups, g, is investigated assuming a model. It is shown that both the bias and variance of the estimator are decreasing functions of g. The estimator is compared with a modified ratio estimator assuming the same model. Durbin (1959) has applied Quenouille's (1956) method of bias reduction to the estimation of ratios. Suppose r denotes the customary ratio estimator of the form r = y/x based on n observations whose bias is en-' + O(n-2) where c is a constant and x and x are unbiased estimators of the population mean of the characters 'y' and 'x' respectively. Let the sample be divided at random into g groups, each of size p, where n = pg. Let rj denote the ratio estimator calculated from the sample after omitting the jth group (i.e. based on p(g -1) observations). Then the estimator (g-1) a 1 g rQ=ygr- 2 ~ rJ=- rQj, 1 Y j=i Y j=i
Sarcoidosis of the tongue. Report of a case.

Abstract The foregoing case clearly demonstrates that sarcoidosis is often diagnosed by exclusion of tuberculosis, syphilis, mycosis, leprosy, and amyloidosis. A biopsy should always be performed. The presence of giant-cell inclusions, such as asteroid and Schaumann bodies, although not diagnostic, is suggestive of sarcoid and may suggest viral etiology.
Eosinophilia of Dystrophin-Deficient Muscle Is Promoted by Perforin-Mediated Cytotoxicity by T Cell Effectors

Previous investigations have shown that cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) contribute to muscle pathology in the dystrophin-null mutant mouse (mdx) model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy through perforin-dependent and perforin-independent mechanisms. We have assessed whether the CTL-mediated pathology includes the promotion of eosinophilia in dystrophic muscle, and thereby provides a secondary mechanism through which CTLs contribute to muscular dystrophy. Quantitative immunohistochemistry confirmed that eosinophilia is a component of the mdx dystrophy. In addition, electron microscopic observations show that eosinophils traverse the basement membrane of mdx muscle fibers and display sites of close apposition of eosinophil and muscle membranes. The close membrane apposition is characterized by impingement of eosinophilic rods of major basic protein into the muscle cell membrane. Transfer of mdx splenocytes and mdx muscle extracts to irradiated C57 mice by intraperitoneal injection resulted in muscle eosinophilia in the recipient mice. Double-mutant mice lacking dystrophin and perforin showed less eosinophilia than was displayed by mdx mice that expressed perforin. Finally, administration of prednisolone, which has been shown previously to reduce the concentration of CTLs in dystrophic muscle, produced a significant reduction in eosinophilia. These findings indicate that eosinophilia is a component of the mdx pathology that is promoted by perforin-dependent cytotoxicity of effector T cells. However, some eosinophilia of mdx muscle is independent of perforin-mediated processes.
Strategies for mapping and identifying quantitative trait loci specifying behavioral responses to alcohol.

Most responses to alcohol in both humans and animals are heritable, and this genetic sensitivity to ethanol is determined by multiple genes. However, the number of genes, their identifies, and just how they determine susceptibility to the actions of alcohol are unknown. Herein, we describe a multistage strategy for mapping quantitative trait loci (QTLs) using recombinant inbred strains and F2 mice. Precise mapping of the chromosome positions of these QTLs should increase our understanding of the genetic causes for individual differences in behavioral sensitivity to alcohol by (1) identifying genomic markers associated with sensitivity to alcohol, (2) allowing the genes specifying behavior to be cloned by position, and (3) elucidating candidate genes demonstrating linkage to markers associated with behavioral responses to alcohol. Syntenic conservation between the mouse and human genomes should facilitate the eventual mapping and cloning of these gene may allow the development of gene therapies or other therapeutic interventions for management or prevention of alcoholism and alcohol abuse.
Three-Dimensional Effects for a Ship Experiencing Large Amplitude Roll Motion

Recent advancements have been made to consider the effects of large amplitude motions for roll damping models used for numerical ship motion performance assessments. These advancements have been focused on the development and expansion of models for potential flow simulation tools with sectional formulations. However, additional 3D effects due to vortex shedding, flow convection downstream, waves, and bilge keel emergence and submergence during large roll motion may be important, but are typically neglected in the sectional formulations. A series of RANS computations were performed for both 2D and 3D conditions of large amplitude ship roll motion, with and without forward speed, and in calm water and in waves. Comparisons were made to available experimental data for the 2D calm water conditions at zero-speed. These results were then assessed with the 3D conditions to develop improved understanding of additional 3D effects, including forward speed and waves, which should be considered for future developments of strip-theory approaches for ship motions prediction.
p90 Ribosomal S6 Kinase and p70 Ribosomal S6 Kinase Link Phosphorylation of the Eukaryotic Chaperonin Containing TCP-1 to Growth Factor, Insulin, and Nutrient Signaling

Chaperonin containing TCP-1 (CCT) is a large multisubunit complex that mediates protein folding in eukaryotic cells. CCT participates in the folding of newly synthesized polypeptides, including actin, tubulin, and several cell cycle regulators; therefore, CCT plays an important role in cytoskeletal organization and cell division. Here we identify the chaperonin CCT as a novel physiological substrate for p90 ribosomal S6 kinase (RSK) and p70 ribosomal S6 kinase (S6K). RSK phosphorylates the β subunit of CCT in response to tumor promoters or growth factors that activate the Ras-mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. CCTβ Ser-260 was identified as the RSK site by mass spectrometry and confirmed by site-directed mutagenesis. RSK-dependent Ser-260 phosphorylation was sensitive to the MEK inhibitor UO126 and the RSK inhibitor BID-1870. Insulin weakly activates RSK but strongly activates the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)-mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway and utilizes S6K to regulate CCTβ phosphorylation. Thus, the Ras-MAPK and PI3K-mTOR pathways converge on CCTβ Ser-260 phosphorylation in response to multiple agonists in various mammalian cells. We also show that RNA interference-mediated knockdown of endogenous CCTβ causes impaired cell proliferation that can be rescued with ectopically expressed murine CCTβ wild-type or phosphomimetic mutant S260D, but not the phosphorylation-deficient mutant S260A. Although the molecular mechanism of CCTβ regulation remains unclear, our findings demonstrate a link between oncogene and growth factor signaling and chaperonin CCT-mediated cellular activities.
Capacity of SIMO systems over non-identically independent Nakagami-m channels

The ergodic capacity of single input multiple output (SIMO) wireless communication systems over Nakagami-m fading channels is available in the literature for the case of identically independent distributed (i.i.d.) subchannels. However, the non- identically independent Nakagami-m case is more practical and has not been considered in the literature. In this paper, we derive an analytical expression for the ergodic capacity of SIMO wireless communication systems over non-identically independent Nakagami-m subchannels. We also derive an expression for the capacity of i.i.d. Nakagami-m case which requires much less computational time as compared to expressions reported in literature. Numerical results are presented and verified via Monte-Carlo simulation.
Solvent effect on some imine-carboxyl complexes

A modified Born equation is used to estimate the solvent effect on the complexation of imine and carboxyl ions. The method is tested for its ability to predict solvation energies by comparing the experimental solvation energies of the fluoroacetic acid and of the fluoroacetate ion to the calculated values. It is found that the method predicts fairly accurate solvation energies
Availability Demonstration Testing

This paper presents a procedure for conducting an availability demonstration test (ADT) under the assumption that time to failure and time to repair are both exponentially distributed. The procedure yields a test plan consisting of the required number of failures that must be observed, and the required ratio of total observed repair time to total observed failure time. The test is designed to meet stated levels of producer and consumer risk. Solutions require the use of numerical integration, but can easily be implemented using mathematics software or spreadsheets. The approach should be useful to both producers and consumers who want to define a system test for which availability is the primary performance measure of interest. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The mechanics of budding and copulation in saccharomyces

Abstract The yeast cell contains a nucleus whose rigid centrosome carries a band of Feulgen-positive chromatin (centrochromatin) on its surface. The first step in budding is the formation of the bud by an extension of the centrosome over which the cell wall persists. Next the nuclear vacuole extends a process into the bud which contains the chromosomes. Finally the centrochromatin divides directly and the cells separate; a plug either of centrosome or cytoplasm sealing the bud pore. The cytoplasm, the centrosome, the centrochromatin and the nuclear wall are autonomous non genic organelles which never originate de novo . Copulation is the reverse of budding. The centrosomes fuse first; the cytoplasms mix; the nuclear vacuoles fuse by processes which travel along the fused centrosomes; and finally the centrochromatins fuse to form a single band. Figures 1–12. Drawings of budding yeast cells fixed in Schaudinn's fluid and stained with iron alum hemotoxylin, mounted in balsam. The cell wall is not visible due to the clearing action of the balsam. Except for Figure 5, the chromosomes and the nucleolus in the nuclear vacuole have been completely destained. The bud scar described by Barton is shown clearly at the end of the cell distal from the centrosome. The nuclear vacuole is usually forced into the extrusion formed by the bud scar. Since the cell wall is not visible, the plug of material connecting bud and mother cell as shown in Figure 12, fits into the cell wall and probably corresponds to the plug in the bud scar described by Barton. The details of the budding process are described in the text. Figures 13–18. Copulating yeast cells stained with Barrett's hemotoxylin and aceto-orcein and mounted in the stain. Chromosomes are visible in the nuclear vacuoles. The centrosome is usually visible and often appears to have a core which stains differentially. Except in Figure 16, the centrochromatin is visible as darkly stained material; in some cases surrounded by a clear zone. The “thick waisted” form of the cells identifies them as derived from recent copulations and distinguishes them from budding cells. The process of copulation is discussed in the text.
Turning passive detection systems into field experiments: an application using wetland fishes and enclosures to track fine-scale movement and habitat choice

Understanding habitat selection and movement remains a key question in behavioral ecology. Yet, obtaining a sufficiently high spatiotemporal resolution of the movement paths of organisms remains a major challenge, despite recent technological advances. Observing fine-scale movement and habitat choice decisions in the field can prove to be difficult and expensive, particularly in expansive habitats such as wetlands. We describe the application of passive integrated transponder (PIT) systems to field enclosures for tracking detailed fish behaviors in an experimental setting. PIT systems have been applied to habitats with clear passageways, at fixed locations or in controlled laboratory and mesocosm settings, but their use in unconfined habitats and field-based experimental setups remains limited. In an Everglades enclosure, we continuously tracked the movement and habitat use of PIT-tagged centrarchids across three habitats of varying depth and complexity using multiple flatbed antennas for 14 days. Fish used all three habitats, with marked species-specific diel movement patterns across habitats, and short-lived movements that would be likely missed by other tracking techniques. Findings suggest that the application of PIT systems to field enclosures can be an insightful approach for gaining continuous, undisturbed and detailed movement data in unconfined habitats, and for experimentally manipulating both internal and external drivers of these behaviors.
Drugs and Chemicals that Affect the Endocrine System

The mammalian endocrine system is very dynamic, and undergoes frequent physiological fluctions due to diurnal variations and cyclical hormonal feedback systems. Both hormonal modulations and chemic...
Effect of Choice on Cognitive and Affective Engagement

Abstract In 2 experiments, the authors examined the effect of choice on cognitive task performance and affective engagement. The enhanced cognitive engagement hypothesis (ECE) predicted that choice would increase cognitive engagement as measured by performance on a cognitive task such as solving a crossword puzzle or writing an essay. The enhanced affective engagement hypothesis (EAE) predicted that choice would have a positive effect on attitude and effort. Experiment 1 indicated that choice had no positive effect on cognitive engagement but had a positive effect on attitude and effort Experiment 2 showed that self-paced readers who were given a choice of how long to study spent less time and performed more poorly on cognitive measures than researcher-paced readers who did not have a choice. Measures of attitude indicated positive affective engagement associated with choice of study time. Findings from Experiments 1 and 2 supported the EAE but did not support the ECE.
Note: On the Value of Function Evaluation Location Information in Monte Carlo Simulation

The point estimator used in naive Monte Carlo sampling weights all the computed function evaluations equally, and it does not take into account the precise locations at which the function evaluations are made. In this note, we consider one-dimensional integration problems in which the integrand is twice continuously differentiable. It is shown that if the weights are suitably modified to reflect the location information present in the sample, then the convergence rate of the Monte Carlo estimator can be dramatically improved from order n-1/2 to order n-2, where n is the number of function evaluations computed.
Large‐volume paracentesis in nonedematous patients with tense ascites: Its effect on intravascular volume

In patients with portal hypertension and tense ascites, large-volume paracentesis improves patient comfort and may improve systemic hemodynamics. However, it has been avoided in nonedematous patients because of concern for complications, including intravascular volume depletion. In this study, 12 nonedematous patients with chronic liver disease, portal hypertension and tense ascites underwent 14 large-volume (5-liter) paracenteses for the relief of discomfort and/or respiratory distress. Plasma volume was measured directly by a dilution method with 125I-labeled human serum albumin prior to and at 24 or 48 hr after 13 of the paracenteses. All patients felt better postparacentesis. No dizziness, hypotension, tachycardia, encephalopathy or change in mean serum sodium, creatinine or blood urea nitrogen occurred. Two patients experienced a decrease in hematocrit, which was not explained by blood loss or increase in plasma volume. Mean plasma volume was 3,713 +/- 129 ml (55.1 +/- 1.5 ml per kg ideal body weight) preparacentesis and 3,684 +/- 136 ml postparacentesis, the difference being -0.78% (p = 0.48, NS). Our results suggest that 5-liter paracentesis in nonedematous patients with tense portal hypertension-related ascites improves patient comfort and is not associated with a decrease in measured plasma volume.
Examining ethnic violence and partition in Bosnia-Herzegovina

Abstract A number of scholars have argued that the separation of ethnic groups is the best way to resolve ‘ethnic wars’, or wars in which the primary cleavage is coded as ethnic. This partitionist view identifies ethnic mixing as the root of conflict, and partitionists thus prescribe policies that will ‘unmix’ ethnic groups—the drawing of new borders and potential population transfers. This paper argues that the partitionist position misidentifies ethnicity and demographics as the cause of conflicts. Using examples from the war in Bosnia from 1992 to 1995, I demonstrate how a more dynamic approach to examining conflict can better illustrate the complex and contingent emergence of the boundary activation mechanism that produces violence. I conclude with an argument that policy prescriptions should incorporate dynamism into their structures. The Dayton Agreement's durability nearly 10 years after the war's end demonstrates the merits of flexible policies, as opposed to the draconian measures prescribed by t...
eTune: A Power Analysis Framework for Data-Intensive Computing

Data-intensive workloads demand a large portion of data center resources and consume massive amounts of energy. Energy conservation for data-intensive computing requires enabling technology to provide detailed and systemic energy information and to identify the energy inefficiencies in the underlying system hardware and software. In this work, we address this need and present eTune, a fine-grained, scalable power analysis framework for data-intensive computing on large-scale distributed systems. eTune leverages the fine-grained component level power measurement and the hardware performance monitoring counters (PMCs) on modern computer components and statistically builds power-performance correlation models. Using the learned models, eTune implements a software-based power estimator that runs on computer nodes and reports power at multiple levels including node, core, memory, and disks with a high accuracy. The conducted case studies with MapReduce applications reveal detailed energy behaviors of typical execution phases and data movements and provide insights on energy optimization via algorithm designs and resource allocations.
Numerical calculation of compact torus equilibria

Abstract A method is presented for the calculation of a MHD equilibrium for an axisymmetric compact torus. The plasma pressure is assumed to be a scalar quantity. The plasma and magnetic fields are determined by given adiabatic quantities, entropy, poloidal and toroidal magnetic flux. The equilibrium calculation proceeds by alternating between the solution of the 2-D Grad-Shafranov equation and a 1-D flux surface average of this equation. The 2-D calculation utilizes flux surface coordinates and finite elements. The poloidal flux function ψ is computed on an approximate flux surface coordinate system (χ, λ). The points describing the χ surface are moved to coincide with the surface of constant ψ. The 1-D step computes the volume enclosed by each surface. The calculation is necessary due to the equilibrium being specified by adiabatic quantities. Three examples of equilibria computed by this method are represented, two spheromaks and one field reversed configuration (FRC).