cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Analysis of alcohol use disorders from the Nathan Kline Institute-Rockland Sample: Correlation of brain cortical thickness with neuroticism.

Abstract Background Although differences in both neuroanatomical measures and personality traits, in particular neuroticism, have been associated with alcohol use disorders (AUD), whether lifetime AUD diagnosis alters the relationship between neuroticism and neuroanatomical structures remains to be determined. Methods Data from 65 patients with lifetime AUD diagnoses and 65 healthy comparisons (HC) group-matched on age, sex and race were extracted from the Nathan Kline Institute − Rockland Sample data set. Each subject completed personality trait measures and underwent MRI scanning. Cortical thickness measures at 68 Desikan-Killiany Atlas regions were obtained using FreeSurfer 5.3.0. Regression analyses were performed to identify brain regions at which the neuroticism-cortical thickness relationship was altered by lifetime AUD status. Results As expected, AUDs had higher neuroticism scores than HCs. Correlations between neuroticism and cortical thickness in the left insula and right fusiform differed significantly across groups. Higher neuroticism score in AUD and the interaction between the insular cortical thickness-neuroticism correlation and AUD status were confirmed in a replication study using the Human Connectome Project data set. Conclusions Results confirmed the relationship between neuroticism and AUD and suggests that specific cortical regions, particularly the left insula, represent anatomic substrates underlying this association in AUD.
Tradition and Transition: The Journey of an iSchoolDeep in the Heart of Texas

The School of Information at the University of Texas at Austin (iSchool at UT-Austin) has evolved to be a unique program within the larger discipline of Library and Information Studies by incorporating traditional educational delivery while expanding the interdisciplinary nature of its faculty and curriculum. This article places our iSchool’s experiences within the narrative of the iSchool movement and points to various aspects of change, loss, and opportunity within the school’s history. The past and present status of both the graduate and undergraduate curricula at the iSchool at UT-Austin is described. We offer this story of the UT-Austin iSchool’s development as an example that helps deepen an understanding of the impact of such programs and their transformations on their students and faculty, as well as on the field of Library and Information Science (LIS).
Abstract 524: Extracellular Guanosine Regulates Extracellular Adenosine Levels

Extracellular adenosine modulates cardiovascular and renal function. While measuring extracellular purines in biological samples, we observed a correlation between levels of adenosine and guanosine. This observation led us to test the hypothesis that extracellular guanosine regulates extracellular adenosine levels in the cardiovascular and renal systems. Rat preglomerular vascular smooth muscle cells in culture were incubated with adenosine and/or guanosine. In the absence of added adenosine, exogenous guanosine (30 μmol/L) had little effect on extracellular adenosine levels, indicating that extracellular guanosine does not trigger the release or production of adenosine. Without added guanosine and 1 hour after adding 3 μmol/L of exogenous adenosine, extracellular adenosine levels were only 0.125 ± 0.020 μmol/L, indicating rapid disposition of extracellular adenosine by a monolayer of cells. In contrast, extracellular adenosine levels 1 hour after adding 3 μmol/L of adenosine plus guanosine (30 μmol/L) were 1.173 ± 0.061 μmol/L (9-fold higher; p Conclusion: Extracellular guanosine powerfully regulates extracellular adenosine levels by altering adenosine disposition and this occurs in many, perhaps most, cell types in the cardiovascular system and kidneys.
Sensitivity and Uncertainty Analysis of Counter-Flow Mechanical Draft Cooling Towers—II: Predictive Modeling

AbstractBased on the adjoint sensitivity models for the saturated case of the counter-flow cooling tower developed in the accompanying Part I, this work computed and analyzed the sensitivities, with respect to all of the 52 model parameters, of the following responses (i.e., model outputs of interest): the outlet air temperature, outlet water temperature, outlet water mass flow rate, and outlet air relative humidity. The sensitivity results indicate that, in general, all these response of interest are mostly sensitive to the boundary-related parameters (e.g., , , , , , and ) and also somewhat sensitive to those parameters (e.g., , , , , , , and ) that directly relate to the heat and mass transfer terms in the cooling tower model. The rankings of these parameters depend on the respective model responses. With the sensitivities known, the propagation of the uncertainties in the model parameters to the uncertainties in the model outputs are readily obtained. The uncertainties associated with the model output...
Resilience at the edge in cyber-physical systems

As the number of low cost computing devices at the edge of communication network increase, there are greater opportunities to enable innovative capabilities, especially in cyber-physical systems. For example, micro-grid power systems can make use of computing capabilities at the edge of a Smart Grid to provide more robust and decentralized control. However, the downside to distributing intelligence to the edge away from the controlled environment of the data centers is the increased risk of failures. The paper introduces a framework for handling these challenges. The contribution of this framework is to support strategies to (a) tolerate the transient faults as they appear due to network fluctuations or node failures, and to (b) systematically reconfigure the application if the faults persist.
Stimulus Control of Covert Behaviors (Urges)

In order to test the homogeneity assumption, which states that overt and covert behaviors obey the same laws, four subjects who reported covert smoking urges prior to engaging in the consummatory act of smoking were recruited to self-monitor urges and smoking behavior. The data from two subjects in Experiment 1 supported the view that urges are not artifactual byproducts of consummatory response occurrence, because frequencies of urges and smoking behavior were uncorrelated when subjects were asked not to smoke on alternate days. Stimulus control of urges was demonstrated in Experiment 2; urges were more likely in a situation that was associated with smoking than in a nonsmoking situation. This finding is consistent with the hypothesis that urges are reinforced by the associated consummatory act.
The Eating Quality of Meat: I—Color

Abstract The appearance of food is critical to its perception of quality and this is especially true for meat. Meat color is due to the protein myoglobin, and this heme-containing macromolecule continues to react within the postmortem myofiber sarcoplasm. The quantity and redox stability of myoglobin affect its perceived color, and these properties are influenced by a variety of factors that are endogenous and exogenous to meat. A thorough understanding of myoglobin chemistry/biochemistry is necessary to understand various color conditions observed in meat and for the purpose of developing processes for improved shelf-life extension and preservation of this nutrient-dense food.
Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis of the Brainstem as a Clinical Entity

Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) is a rare progressive neurological disorder of early adolescence caused by persistent infection of the measles virus, which remains prevalent worldwide despite an effective vaccine. SSPE is a devastating disease with a characteristic clinical course in subcortical white matter; however, atypical presentations of brainstem involvement may be seen in rare cases. This review summarizes reports to date on brainstem involvement in SSPE, including the clinical course of disease, neuroimaging presentations, and guidelines for treatment. A comprehensive literature search was performed for English-language publications with keywords "subacute sclerosing panencephalitis" and "brainstem" using the National Library of Medicine PubMed database (March 1981-September 2017). Eleven articles focusing on SSPE of the brainstem were included. Predominant brainstem involvement remains uncharacteristic of SSPE, which may lead to misdiagnosis and poor outcome. A number of case reports have demonstrated brainstem involvement associated with other intracranial lesions commonly presenting in later SSPE stages (III and IV). However, brainstem lesions can appear in all stages, independent of higher cortical structures. The varied clinical presentations complicate diagnosis from a neuroimaging perspective. SSPE of the brainstem is a rare but important clinical entity. It may present like canonical SSPE or with unique clinical features such as absence seizures and pronounced ataxia. While SSPE generally progresses to the brainstem, it can also begin with a primary focus of infection in the brainstem. Awareness of varied SSPE presentations can aid in early diagnosis as well as guide management and treatment.
Blood Typing Discrepancies

Blood typing discrepancies may be seen following both congenital and acquired chimerism and are most commonly encountered through blood bank testing that demonstrates ambiguous red blood cell (RBC) typing results. Congenital chimerism includes twin (placenta-associated) chimerism, dispermic chimerism, and tetragametic chimerism. Acquired chimerism may be the result of feto-maternal hemorrhage or may be iatrogenic, as a result of blood transfusion, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), or in vitro fertilization. When a chimeric etiology is suspected from laboratory testing, a thorough review of the clinical history is essential to identifying the likely cause. Further evaluation, particularly in cases of suspected congenital chimerism, may also include extended blood bank testing, human leukocyte antigen (HLA) typing, and molecular studies.
Physiological Assessment During Interventional Procedures

Angiography identifies minimal luminal diameter but does not calculate the minimal luminal area. The operator should keep in mind the limitations of angiography. A significant lesion may be missed due to its eccentric nature, location in a highly tortuous artery, ostial position, or length. In addition, moderate (50–70 %) lesions may be hemodynamically significant (see Fig. 4.1). Fractional flow reserve [FFR] provides objective evidence for functional significance. FFR-guided decision making provides better clinical outcomes when compared to angiography, and therefore every operator must be familiar with this technique.1
Wildfire Risk and Hazard in Northern Patagonia, Argentina

Extreme wildfire events and upward trends in areas burned since the early 1980s are now well documented for many tropical and temperate forest and woodland ecosystems. Wildfire events of large extent and extreme severity are often believed to be driven either by past land-use practices that have altered fuel types (e.g. logging or fire exclusion) or by climate changes that make fuels more prone to burning, or by a combination of both. The recent trend towards increased area burned in extreme wildfires is illustrated by recent events in the mid-latitude (c. 38–43°S) Andes. In the Patagonian-Andean region of Nothofagus (southern beech trees) forests, in the late 1990s and early 2000s wildfires occurred that were more extensive and more severe than any fires in recent memory (Veblen et al. 2008). For example, in Chile during the austral summer of 2001–2002 large, severe fires burned in the region of Araucaria forests (c. 38–39°30′ S) which were believed to be the most extensive fires in this region for at least the past 50 years. Likewise, in the nearby Nahuel Huapi NP (Argentina, c. 40°S) more area burned in 1998–1999 than in any previous fire season in the 50-year documentary record (Veblen et al. 2008). Although documentary records of fire and instrumental climate records inform our understanding of changes in fire occurrence and their potential relationships to climatic variation over the past c. 100 years, assessment of the relative contributions of land-use changes and climate variation to contemporary wildfire behavior requires longer-term data for which tree-ring methods are well suited.
The Integrated Pest Management Specialist

One reason conventional chemical control methods (i.e., pesticide applications according to a predetermined calendar schedule or without use of monitoring and regular control action criteria) have been so popular and are often only reluctantly abandoned by growers, government personnel, homeowners, and others having pest problems is the relative ease with which they can be used. Just about all that is required for their use is acquaintance with the application equipment and safety precautions and the ability to read a label or a calendar.
The effect of lifelong exercise frequency on arterial stiffness

Key points This study examined the effect of different 'doses' of lifelong (>25 years) exercise on arterial stiffening (a hallmark of vascular ageing) in older adults. There are clear dose-dependent effects of lifelong exercise training on human arterial stiffness that vary according to the site and size of the arteries. Similar to what we have observed previously with ventricular stiffening, 4-5 days week-1 of committed exercise over a lifetime are necessary to preserve 'youthful' vascular compliance, especially of the large central arteries. Casual exercise training of two to three times per week may be sufficient for middle-sized arteries like the carotid to minimize arterial stiffening with ageing. However, there is little effect of exercise training on the small-sized peripheral arteries at any dose. Abstract Central arterial stiffness increases with sedentary ageing. While near-daily, vigorous lifelong (>25 years) endurance exercise training prevents arterial stiffening with ageing, this rigorous routine of exercise training over a lifetime is impractical for most individuals. The aim was to examine whether a less frequent 'dose' of lifelong exercise training (four to five sessions per week for > 30 min) that is consistent with current physical activity recommendations elicits similar benefits on central arterial stiffening with ageing. A cross-sectional examination of 102 seniors (>60 years old) who had a consistent lifelong exercise history was performed. Subjects were stratified into four groups based on exercise frequency as an index of exercise 'dose': sedentary: fewer than two sessions per week; casual exercisers: two to three sessions per week; committed exercisers: four to five sessions per week; and Masters athletes: six to seven sessions per week plus regular competitions. Detailed measurements of arterial stiffness and left ventricular afterload were collected. Biological aortic age and central pulse wave velocity were younger in committed exercisers and Masters athletes compared to sedentary seniors. Total arterial compliance index (TACi) was lower, while carotid β-stiffness index and effective arterial elastance were higher in sedentary seniors compared to the other groups. There appeared to be a dose-response threshold for carotid β-stiffness index and TACi. Peripheral arterial stiffness was not significantly different among the groups. These data suggest that four to five weekly exercise sessions over a lifetime is associated with reduced central arterial stiffness in the elderly. A less frequent dose of lifelong exercise (two to three sessions per week) is associated with decreased ventricular afterload and peripheral resistance, while peripheral arterial stiffness is unaffected by any dose of exercise.
Chemical Modification of Matrix Resin Networks with Engineering Thermoplastics. 1. Phenolic Hydroxyl Terminated Poly(Aryl Ether Sulfone)-Epoxy Systems,

Functionally terminated bisphenol-A polysulfone oligomers were used in the modification of Epon Resin 828/4,4′-diamino-diphenylsulfone (DDS) network system. Phenolic hydroxyl terminated PSF oligomers were first capped with a large excess of bisphenol-A diglycidyl ether or Epon Resin 828 at both ends and then the resulting system was cured with DDS, in a two-step process. During these studies molecular weight and the amount of PSF oligomers incorporated into the network were varied and their effect on the overall properties of the resulting systems were investigated. The capping and curing reactions were followed by using FT-IR and NMR spectroscopy, GPC, HPLC and DSC techniques. As a function of the oligomer molecular weight, SEM studies showed the formation of two-phase structures with ductile PSF particles dispersed in the continuous epoxy matrix. Mechanical characterization and fracture toughness measurements showed a remarkable increase in KIC or gIC values of the modified networks over that of control, without significant loss in the modulus. This work would appear to be one of the first studies where well bonded ductile glassy modifiers have significantly improved the fracture toughness of highly crosslinked networks.
Are Citizenship Tests Necessarily Illiberal

In recent years, many philosophers have argued that it is inherently illiberal to make citizenship for migrants conditional on a test. On these arguments, liberalism itself demands either that no test be administered, or that the test be so easy as to serve merely a symbolic function. In this paper, I make two claims in response to these ideas. The first is that a citizenship test - even a difficult one - is not inherently illiberal, when what is tested for reflects the actual backdrop of knowledge and history required for responsible participation in political discourse. The second is that we have reason to be suspicious of any existing citizenship test, but for reasons of prudence, rather than liberal principle. Existing political elites can be relied upon to make citizenship tests reflect not what is actually required for political agency, but what those elites would like to see reinforced and rein scribed as part of the national identity. Thus, we are right to be wary of citizenship tests - not because liberalism condemns them, but because of predictable moral failures on the part of those charged with writing such tests.
Using 3 Health Surveys to Compare Multilevel Models for Small Area Estimation for Chronic Diseases and Health Behaviors.

Background We used a multilevel regression and poststratification approach to generate estimates of health-related outcomes using Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System 2013 (BRFSS) data for the 500 US cities. We conducted an empirical study to investigate whether the approach is robust using different health surveys. Methods We constructed a multilevel logistic model with individual-level age, sex, and race/ethnicity as predictors (Model I), and sequentially added educational attainment (Model II) and area-level poverty (Model III) for 5 health-related outcomes using the nationwide BRFSS, the Massachusetts BRFSS 2013 (a state subset of nationwide BRFSS), and the Boston BRFSS 2010/2013 (an independent survey), respectively. We applied each model to the Boston population (2010 Census) to predict each outcome in Boston and compared each with corresponding Boston BRFSS direct estimates. Results Using Model I for the nationwide BRFSS, estimates of diabetes, high blood pressure, physical inactivity, and binge drinking fell within the 95% confidence interval of corresponding Boston BRFSS direct estimates. Adding educational attainment and county-level poverty (Models II and III) further improved their accuracy, particularly for current smoking (the model-based estimate was 15.2% by Model I and 18.1% by Model II). The estimates based on state BRFSS and Boston BRFSS models were similar to those based on the nationwide BRFSS, but area-level poverty did not improve the estimates significantly. Conclusion The estimates of health-related outcomes were similar using different health surveys. Model specification could vary by surveys with different geographic coverage.
Mitochondrial Volume Control

Mitochondria lead a precarious existence within the cell, requiring dynamic regulation of matrix volume in order to survive, even under normal physiological conditions (Garlid, 1980). As a mechanism for maintaining the structural and functional integrity of mitochondria, volume control involves nothing less than the preservation of the machinery of oxidative phosphorylation.
Creating Value with Proto-Research Persona Development

To stay competitive in marketplace, companies have to design compelling products that are successfully adopted by their intended users. To achieve this goal, companies must establish and validate a shared understanding of their customer base. In this paper we propose a persona development process for creating value in an organization. This process, which can be conducted relatively quickly and cost-effectively, provides a roadmap for continual assessment of organizational understanding of customer base. It creates value for companies by allowing them (1) to build consensus internally around their customers’ needs, goals, and preferences, and (2) to validate/test the accuracy of the assumptions they make about their customers. We tested this process in a fortune 500 company. Our results suggest that our process is both effective and efficient in establishing a shared understanding of the customer base and in testing the accuracy of assumptions made by organizations about their customers.
The forced registration of hedge funds in the United States

This article recounts the history of hedge fund regulation in the United States over the last century, including Congressional legislation as well as legal cases mounted both by and against the Securities and Exchange Commission. Traditional arguments for and against hedge fund regulation are discussed. The article argues that neither hedge funds nor their managers should be regulated—whether directly or indirectly. Rather, financial or trusted advisors who recommend these products to investors should bear the regulatory burden.
Lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation leads to acute elevations in pro-inflammatory cytokine expression in a mouse model of Fragile X syndrome.

Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is a neurodevelopmental disorder caused by a single genetic mutation in the Fmr1 gene, serving as the largest genetic cause of intellectual disability. Trinucleotide expansion mutations in Fmr1 result in silencing and hypermethylation of the gene, preventing synthesis of the RNA binding protein Fragile X mental retardation protein which functions as a translational repressor. Abnormal immune responses have been demonstrated to play a role in FXS pathophysiology, however, whether these alterations impact how those with FXS respond to an immune insult behaviorally is not entirely known. In the current study, we examine how Fmr1 knockout (KO) and wild type (WT) mice respond to the innate immune stimulus lipopolysaccharide (LPS), both on a molecular and behavioral level, to determine if Fmr1 mutations impact the normal physiological response to an immune insult. In response to LPS, Fmr1 KO mice had elevated hippocampal IL-1β and IL-6 mRNA levels 4 h post-treatment compared to WT mice, with no differences detected in any cytokines at baseline or between genotypes 24 h post-LPS administration. Fmr1 KO mice also had upregulated hippocampal BDNF gene expression 4 h post-treatment compared to WT mice, which was not dependent on LPS administration. There were no differences in hippocampal protein expression between genotypes in microglia (Iba1) or astrocyte (GFAP) reactivity. Further, both genotypes displayed the typical sickness response following LPS stimulation, demonstrated by a significant reduction in food burrowed by LPS-treated mice in a burrowing task. Additional investigation is critical to determine if the transient increases in cytokine expression could lead to long-term changes in downstream molecular signaling in FXS.
Bone Density and Trabecular Morphology at Least 10 Years After Gastric Bypass and Gastric Banding

Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) instigates high-turnover bone loss in the initial 5 years after surgery, whereas skeletal changes after adjustable gastric banding (AGB) are less pronounced. Long-term skeletal data are scarce, and the mechanisms of bone loss remain unclear. We sought to examine bone density and microarchitecture in RYGB and AGB patients a decade after surgery and to determine whether prior published reports of bone loss represent an appropriate adaptation to new postsurgical weight. In this cross-sectional study, 25 RYGB and 25 AGB subjects who had bariatric surgery ≥10 years ago were matched 1:1 with nonsurgical controls for age, sex, and current body mass index (BMI). We obtained bone mineral density (BMD) by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), volumetric BMD and microarchitecture by high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography (HR-pQCT), trabecular morphology by individual trabecular segmentation, and metabolic bone laboratory results. As compared with BMI-matched controls, RYGB subjects had significantly lower hip BMD, and lower total volumetric BMD at the distal radius and tibia. Substantial deficits in cortical and trabecular microarchitecture were observed in the RYGB group compared to controls, with reduced trabecular plate bone volume fraction and estimated failure load at both the radius and tibia, respectively. Bone turnover markers CTX and P1NP were 99% and 77% higher in the RYGB group than controls, respectively, with no differences in serum calcium, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, or parathyroid hormone. In contrast, the AGB group did not differ from their BMI-matched controls in any measured bone density, microarchitecture, or laboratory parameter. Thus, RYGB, but not AGB, is associated with lower than expected hip and peripheral BMD for the new weight setpoint, as well as deleterious changes in bone microarchitecture. These findings suggest that pathophysiologic processes other than mechanical unloading or secondary hyperparathyroidism contribute to bone loss after RYGB, and have important clinical implications for the long-term care of RYGB patients. © 2020 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Association between in vitro fertilization and ischemic placental disease by gestational age

Objective To evaluate the association between in vitro fertilization (IVF) and ischemic placental disease (IPD), stratified by gestational age. Design We performed a secondary analysis of a retrospective cohort study of deliveries. Setting Deliveries were performed over 15 years at a single tertiary hospital. Patient(s) We included all parturients who had a live born infant or an intrauterine fetal demise (IUFD). Intervention(s) We compared pregnancies resulting from IVF cycles to non-IVF pregnancies. Main Outcome Measure(s) The primary outcomes were preterm and term IPD (preeclampsia, placental abruption, small-for-gestational age infant [SGA], or an intrauterine fetal demise [IUFD] due to placental insufficiency). Result(s) Of the 69,084 deliveries during the study period, 3,763 (5.4%) were conceived with IVF. The incidence of preterm delivery was 32.6% in IVF pregnancies and 10.8% in non-IVF pregnancies. Multiple gestations were more common in IVF pregnancies. Compared to non-IVF pregnancies, IVF pregnancies were more likely to develop both preterm and term IPD, even after adjustment for maternal age and parity. The risk of preterm IPD was 4 times higher (95% confidence interval, 3.7–4.4) in patients who underwent IVF compared with those who did not undergo IVF. Among parturients who delivered at ≥37 weeks of gestation, IVF pregnancies had 1.7 times the risk of term IPD (95% confidence interval, 1.6–1.9) compared with non-IVF pregnancies. Conclusion(s) IVF was strongly associated with preterm IPD. We found a similar, but attenuated, association between IVF and term IPD. The stronger association with preterm IPD suggests an association between IVF and placental insufficiency.
Assessment of a comprehensive naloxone education program's impact on community member knowledge and attitudes on a college campus.

Access to naloxone is a priority for reducing opioid overdose deaths. Although participants who receive naloxone training are able to successfully administer it, the impact of training on community...
Elements of Lattice Games

Partial order and lattice formalize the idea of direction of movement. Correspondence and fixed point provide the mathematical underpinning for best choices and equilibrium. A lattice game is a strategic game in which players have lattice action spaces. Foundations of monotone games are set in this framework. Concepts from the theory of normal form games provide the tools to analyze and predict outcomes in lattice games. The theory of lattice games develops these ideas and a diversity of examples highlights their applications.
The Rural/Nonrural Divide? K–12 District Spending and Implications of Equity-Based School Funding:

In the 2013–2014 school year, the state of California implemented a new equity-minded funding system, the Local Control Funding Formula (LCFF). LCFF increased minimum per-pupil funding for educatio...
Nickel-based superalloy single crystals fabricated via electron beam melting

Abstract Additive manufacturing technologies have emerged as potentially disruptive processes whose possible impacts range across supply chain logistics, prototyping, and novel materials synthesis. Numerous works illustrate the ability to control microstructure in fusion based processes and a few recent authors have even produced single crystals. However, a number of questions remain open regarding the process window which enables printing of single crystals. Furthermore, it has been observed that these additively manufactured single crystals exhibit a preferred 〈 011 〉 secondary orientation parallel to the scanning direction. In this work we investigate the fabrication conditions that enable printing of single crystals via electron beam melting. A space filling design of experiments is utilized to efficiently explore the fabrication space. Single crystals are successfully obtained using both commercially available powders and custom melt alloys. Microstructures obtained via these exploratory experiments exhibited a continuum of columnar structures ranging from weakly textured polycrystals, near single crystal, and fully single crystalline material. Complex geometry experiments are performed to study the grain selection mechanism. We find that the grain selection mechanism is independent of the bulk scale geometry and must therefore be driven by local heat transfer and solidification dynamics. Furthermore, grain selection is shown to be driven by competing driving forces; one which prefers epitaxial growth and another which is driven by the imposed processing conditions.
Barium and titanium dithiocarbamates as precursors for colloidal nanocrystals of emerging optoelectronic materials

The synthesis and structures of N,N-dialkyldithiocarbamate complexes of barium are reported; the compounds crystallize as one-dimensional coordination polymers. In combination with a titanium dithiocarbamate precursor, the compounds are demonstrated as competent single-source precursors for the solution-based preparation of colloidal BaTiS3 nanorods.
The Public-Use Question as a Takings Problem

Government officials regularly use the power of eminent domain to benefit private entities, and just as regularly justify their actions with post hoc assertions about the need to promote "economic development." In Hawaii Housing Authority v. Midkiff, the Supreme Court reaffirmed that the Fifth Amendment demands broad deference to a government's decision to exercise the power of eminent domain. Midkiff makes clear that "public use" challenges are subject to rational basis review; so long as a taking can be justified by some conceivable public purpose, it will be upheld. Yet in recent years, a number of courts have put the government to its proof-requiring a demonstrated connection between the challenged taking and the particular purpose used to justified it. In so doing, these courts refused to allow the government to avail itself of the "conceivability" safety valve provided by rational basis review, a standard that requires approval of any taking that might serve the public interest in some theoretically possible way. In other words, these cases may have been wrongly decided. A central conclusion of this Article, however, is that they were not wrongheaded. This Article will show that the courts' instincts were sound, and that Midkiff needs to be supplemented with precisely the kind of means-ends scrutiny employed in these recent cases. This conclusion proceeds from an analogy to a different kind of "takings" claim. While the public-use limitation on the takings power has been widely regarded as a dead letter at least since Midkiff (notwithstanding the abovementioned surprises), standards for evaluating so-called "regulatory" takings have evolved substantially. Importantly, after Nollan v. California Coastal Commission and Dolan v. City of Tigard, the government may not demand that a property owner cede title to property in exchange for regulatory approval unless it establishes that the exaction demanded is "roughly proportional" to the impact of the proposed development. Although the exactions cases did not overrule Midkiff, they may have something important to say about the public use problem. One federal court of appeals judge has suggested that "considerable tension" exists between the deference required in public use cases and the heightened scrutiny of exactions. Recent public use cases provide real-world evidence of this tension. Despite the fact that current law precludes inquiry into whether a compensated taking is calibrated to advance its asserted purpose, each these courts took pains to distinguish Midkiff so as to require the government to establish a means-ends connection similar to that demanded by Nollan and Dolan. This Article examines whether this jurisprudential move should be formalized - that is, whether a version of the means-ends review required of exactions should extend to public use cases. Specifically, it explores (1) whether the justifications for heightened means-ends scrutiny of exactions are present when the government acquires land by eminent domain, and, (2) what such scrutiny might look like in a public use case.
Fault Tolerance in an Inner-Outer Solver: A GVR-Enabled Case Study

Resilience is a major challenge for large-scale systems. It is particularly important for iterative linear solvers, since they take much of the time of many scientific applications. We show that single bit flip errors in the Flexible GMRES iterative linear solver can lead to high computational overhead or even failure to converge to the right answer. Informed by these results, we design and evaluate several strategies for fault tolerance in both inner and outer solvers appropriate across a range of error rates. We implement them, extending Trilinos’ solver library with the Global View Resilience (GVR) programming model, which provides multi-stream snapshots, multi-version data structures with portable and rich error checking/recovery. Experimental results validate correct execution with low performance overhead under varied error conditions.
Increasing prostate cancer screening in African American men with peer-educator and client-navigator interventions.

Abstract Background. Few African American men participate in prostate cancer screening, although they have higher prostate cancer incidence and mortality rates. Methods. This study documents the benefits of two educational methods; the peer‐educator method and the client‐navigator method, in increasing their participation. Results. Sixty‐one percent of the 1,211 African American men who received an educational program on prostate cancer participated in the free prostate cancer screening. Men who received the peer‐educator method intervention, which included a testimony in support of prostate cancer screening given by an African American man, were more likely to participate, p = 0.04, than were men who received a standard educational program. Also, men who received the client‐navigator method intervention, which included 1) a phone call aimed at overcoming screening barriers and 2) reminders for screening, were more likely to participate, p = 0.0001. Conclusions. More African American men will participate ...
Induction of alkaline phosphatase activity in HeLa cells. Inhibition by xanthine derivatives and thermostability studies.

Abstract The induction of alkaline phosphate activity in HeLa cells by 5-iodo-2′-deoxyuridine (IUdR) or hydrocortisone was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner by the addition of the xanthine derivatives caffeine, theophylline or 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine to the culture medium during the 72 hr of the induction. Pretreatment with theophylline from −24 to 0 hr or treatment from 0 to 24 hr with any of the xanthine derivatives was ineffective in inhibiting alkaline phosphatase induction produced by treatment with IUdR from 0 to 72 hr. The induction of alkaline phosphatase activity produced by treatment with hydrocortisone from 0 to 72 hr was inhibited by pretreatment with theophylline from −24 to 0 hr, although this inhibition was only about 60 per cent as great as that seen with treatment from 0 to 72 hr. As judged by heat inactivation studies, IUdR predominantly increased the heat-labile form of alkaline phosphatase activity, while hydrocortisone predominantly increased the heat-stable form. Regardless of the inducer used, the xanthine derivatives mainly decreased the heat-stable form of alkaline phosphatase activity. Treatment with imidazole over a 72-hr period produced over a 2-fold induction of alkaline phosphatase activity, which could be inhibited completely by concurrent treatment with theophylline.
Protozoa as Agents Responsible for the Decline of Xanthomonas campestris in Soil

Abstract A streptomycin-resistant mutant of Xanthomonas campestris was used to assess the persistence of the plant pathogen in soil and the changes in populations that might be important for its survival. In soil into which large numbers of the organism were introduced, a marked decline in its abundance occurred, but after about 1 week its population density reached a level of about 105 and did not continue to fall during the test period. No such marked decline was evident in sterile soil inoculated with X. campestris. The bacterium did not lose viability if starved for carbon or inorganic nitrogen. Although abundant in soil, the numbers of propagules capable of producing antibiotics or lytic enzymes active against X. campestris did not increase coincident with the pathogen's decline, and no increase in tartrate-extractable toxins was observed. Neither bdellovibrios nor bacteriophages active against the xanthomonad were found in the soil, but a marked increase in the frequency of protozoa paralleled the phase of rapid diminution in the X. campestris population. In actidione-treated soil, in which protozoan activity was severely limited, the high cell density of the pathogen was maintained. On the basis of these data, it is concluded that predation by protozoa is responsible for the abrupt fall in frequency of the bacterium in natural soil.
Personalized medicine: selected web resources.

Information about personalized medicine abounds, yet it is difficult to comprehensively search for information on this topic due to the broadness of the term “personalized medicine, ” the variety of terms that are used to describe this concept, the vast amount of pertinent journal articles and Web sites, and the fast pace of developments in this field, A selected list of Web sites is provided as a starting place for information about concepts, terminology, projects, databases, tools, and stakeholders related to personalized medicine.
Evaluation of magnetic resonance imaging issues for a wirelessly powered lead used for epidural, spinal cord stimulation.

Objective The objective of this investigation was to evaluate magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) issues (magnetic field interactions, MRI-related heating, and artifacts) for a wirelessly powered lead used for spinal cord stimulation (SCS). Materials and Methods A newly developed, wirelessly powered lead (Freedom-4, Stimwave Technologies Inc., Scottsdale, AZ, USA) underwent evaluation for magnetic field interactions (translational attraction and torque) at 3 Tesla, MRI-related heating at 1.5 Tesla/64 MHz and 3 Tesla/128 MHz, and artifacts at 3 Tesla using standardized techniques. MRI-related heating tests were conducted by placing the lead in a gelled-saline-filled phantom and performing MRI procedures using relatively high levels of radiofrequency energy. Artifacts were characterized using T1-weighted, spin echo (SE), and gradient echo (GRE) pulse sequences. Results The lead exhibited minor magnetic field interactions (2 degree deflection angle and no torque). Heating was not substantial under 1.5 Tesla/64 MHz (highest temperature change, 2.3°C) and 3 Tesla/128 MHz (highest temperature change, 2.2°C) MRI conditions. Artifacts were moderate in size relative to the size and shape of the lead. Conclusions These findings demonstrated that it is acceptable for a patient with this wirelessly powered lead used for SCS to undergo MRI under the conditions utilized in this investigation and according to other necessary guidelines. Artifacts seen on magnetic resonance images may pose possible problems if the area of interest is in the same area or close to this lead.
Viruses carry antiviral cargo

In the molecular arms race between viruses and their host cells, each side employs multiple strategies to deal with the other. Whereas the host has sophisticated antiviral signaling programs to combat viral infection, viruses use their own proteins to subvert these host defenses. Viruses are often lauded for these clever evasion tactics. However, the host may also have its own brand of molecular chicanery. On pages 1232 and 1228 of this issue, Gentili et al. ( 1 ) and Bridgeman et al. ( 2 ), respectively, show that during infection, a host cell–derived antiviral molecule is packaged inside viral particles. As a stowaway, the antiviral factor is poised to trigger immune defense pathways upon infection of another host cell.
System identification and modeling of non-stationary signals using the Wold-Cramer representation

In this paper we present an application of the Wold-Cramer representation of non-stationary signals to system identification and modeling. According to the Wold-Cramer representation, a non-stationary signal can be expressed as an infinite sum of sinusoids with time-varying random magnitudes and phases. For the identification of linear time-invariant (LTI) systems, we relate the Wold-Cramer representations of the system's input and output to obtain estimates of the magnitude and phase frequency responses of the system. Our procedure permits the identification of non-minimum phase systems. Furthermore, we show that when the system output is noisy, and the noise is stationary it is possible to avoid the effects of the noise in the identification. If the noise is non-stationary and Gaussian, one needs to consider the evolutionary bispectrum, recently introduced by Priestley, to get rid of the noise. The analysis also provides a model for a non-stationary signal, as the output of a cascade of a linear time-varying and a linear time-invariant systems with stationary white noise as input. To illustrate our procedure, we present a simulation of the identification of a non-minimum phase system. >
Presleep Autonomic Arousal as a Distinguishing Factor in Type of Sleep Pattern

A subsample of 33 subjects classified by interview as unusual sleepers were asked to record their sleep in the morning and stress and heart rate at bedtime (index of physiological arousal). Increased physiological activity was expected in long sleepers because they had been identified as worriers, i.e., show activated physiological arousal. These data were recorded for a month, but no statistically significant differences for the long sleepers were noted.
Brief report: Neuroimaging in autism: The state of the science 1995

Since its advent just over 10 years ago, many researchers have used magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to try to identify brain anomalies characteristic of the autistic spectrum disorders (ASD). This review address the following questions relative to ASD:What structural anomalies of the brain have been identified by MRI? Why are these collective findings inconclusive? Where should neuroimaging research go from here? It should be noted that the vast majority of MRI scans performed is ASD are clinically interpreted as “normal,” without obvious structural abnormalities (Filipek, Kennedy, & Caviness, 1992).
Normal-state hall effect and resistivity measurements of YBa2Cu3O x -films with different oxygen content

A series ofc-axis oriented YBa2Cu3O x -films with different oxygen content were prepared by laser deposition. The oxygen contentx was determined by X-ray diffraction and by resonant Rutherford-back-scattering (RRBS) measurements. Thec-axis length in these films of YBa2Cu3O x is about 0.5% larger compared to bulk values. We describe transport measurements in magnetic fields up to 7 Tesla between room temperature andT c in samples with an oxygen content between the orthorhombic-to-tetragonal transition (x≈6.4) and full oxygenation (x≈7). The ratio ρ/R H was investigated with respect to the “two-dimensional Luttinger liquid” theory and the model of the “two-dimensional ionic metal”. We report on deviations from the expected quadratic temperature behaviour of ρ/R H , especially in films with high oxygen content.
SCRIBAL VARIATION AND THE MEANING OF THE HOUMA AND WENXIAN COVENANT TEXTS' IMPRECATION MA YI FEI SHI 麻夷非是

The article presents the findings of a survey of the imprecation phrase ma yi fei shi 麻夷非是 and its variations, as written (using brush and ink) on several thousand excavated covenant texts ( mengshu 盟書) from Houma 侯馬 and Wenxian 溫縣. I argue that the findings support Zhu Dexi 朱德熙 and Qiu Xigui 裘錫圭's analysis of the phrase as mi yi bi shi 靡夷彼氏 “Wipe out that shi ” ( shi , I suggest, referring to the covenantor and his direct male descendants). Through comparison of scribal hands, I demonstrate that those variations which do not fit this analysis were produced by a small number of scribes and, in almost all cases, can be shown to be errors. I conclude that such variations are generally unreliable and do not require us to reject Zhu and Qiu's analysis. These examples suggest that formulaic, possibly archaic, stock phrases, such as this imprecation, were liable to be misinterpreted, even during the period in which they were in use. Identification of scribal hands and scribal errors was essential to this analysis, demonstrating not only the importance of this methodology in such research, but also the potential value of these particular materials for furthering our understanding of scribal habits and text reproduction in early China.