cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Expression and chromosomal localization of a lymphocyte K+ channel gene.

Abstract We recently isolated a family of three closely related mouse K+ channel genes (MK1, MK2, and MK3) with coding regions contained in single uninterrupted exons. Here we have used patch-clamp recordings from Xenopus oocytes injected with mRNA to show that MK3 encodes a channel with biophysical and pharmacological properties indistinguishable from those of voltage-gated type n K+ channels in T cells. In addition, we used the polymerase chain reaction to demonstrate the presence of MK3 mRNA in T cells. These data suggest that MK3 may encode the T-cell voltage-gated type n K+ channel. We also show that MK3 and MK2 are localized on human chromosomes 13 and 12, respectively.
Implications of a precise Z-boson mass determination.

We show how a precise determination of the $Z$-boson mass combined with existing neutral-current data will tightly constrain the top-quark mass or imply new physics beyond the standard model.
Immunohistochemical Localization of GABA, GAD65, and the Receptor Subunits GABAAα1 and GABAB1 in the Zebrafish Cerebellum

Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is the principal inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. Its role is especially prominent in the cerebellum, where most neuron types are GABAergic. However, little is known about its function in the cerebellum of teleost fish, which is only partly homologous to its mammalian counterpart. Here, we investigated the expression and distribution of GABA, the GABA-synthesizing enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 (GAD65), and the receptor subunits GABA(Aalpha1) and GABA(B1) in the cerebellum of adult zebrafish. GABA and GAD65 presented a similar expression pattern that comprised the molecular layer, Purkinje cells and groups of presumed Golgi cells in the granular layer, both in the cerebellar corpus and valve. GABA(A) receptor subunits are principally found on fine radial fibers in the molecular layer, while GABA(B) receptor subunits localized prominently to the cell bodies of Purkinje cells in the ganglionic layer, and to their dendrites that span the molecular layer. These results are compared to the expression of the GABAergic system in the mammalian cerebellum.
Mental and behavioral health screening at preventive visits: opportunities for follow-up of patients who are nonadherent with the next preventive visit.

Objectives To determine the type of subsequent care received by children nonadherent with their next preventive visit and whether behavioral factors predict use of emergency or acute care in this population. Study design Data on 1703 children (4-16 years) screened at a preventive visit with the Pediatric Symptom Checklist (PSC)/Youth-PSC were examined to determine subsequent preventive care adherence (10-18 months later). Then, nonadherent children were monitored to determine whether they returned to their medical home for acute care, delayed preventive care, or visited the emergency department (ED). Multivariate analyses were conducted to determine whether demographic and behavioral factors predicted return to either acute care or ED care site. Results Of the 461 children who were nonadherent with a second preventive care visit, most (85%) subsequently returned for acute, emergency, or delayed preventive care in the same medical system. Predictors of acute care or ED use included behavioral health risk characteristics (positive PSC, counseling, referral, parental concern), as well as adolescent age, self-pay and public insurance status, and living in lower socioeconomic communities. Conclusions Pediatricians should consider acute care or ED visits as opportunities for mental health screening follow-up, and intervention in populations at high risk who miss preventive care.
Effect of isopropyl myristic acid ester on the physical characteristics and in vitro release of etoposide from PLGA microspheres.

The purpose of this paper was to study the effect of the isopropyl myristic acid ester (IPM) on the physicochemical characteristics of etoposide-loaded poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microspheres-specifically, the effects on the size and drug loading of the microspheres, the polymer matrix and surface morphology, and the release of etoposide from the microspheres. The experiment was structured to examine 2 IPM concentrations (25% and 50%) and 1 control (no IPM) at 2 different etoposide-loading percentages (10% and 5%). The microspheres were prepared using a single-emulsion solvent-extraction procedure. Samples from each batch of microspheres were then analyzed for size distribution. drug-loading efficiency, surface characteristics, in vitro release, and in vitro microsphere degradation. The incorporation of 50% IPM significantly increased (P .05) the drug-loading efficiency in comparison with the microspheres prepared without IPM. The microspheres containing 50% IPM were shown to significantly increase (P<.05) the release of etoposide from the microspheres at both etoposide concentrations. The microspheres prepared incorporating 25% IPM and 5% etoposide increased the in vitro release (P<.05) in comparison with the microspheres prepared without IPM. The 5% etoposide-PLGA microspheres showed a smooth, nonporous surface that changed to a dimpled. nonporous surface after addition of 25% IPM. During the in vitro degradation study, the IPM-containing microspheres slowly became porous but retained their structural integrity throughout the experiment.
To Be or Not to Be: That Isn't the Question! An Empirical Look at Online versus Traditional Brick-and-Mortar Courses at the University Level

The focal point of the study was the empirical investigation of student perceptions of and attitudes toward online education at the university level. Over 800 student participants completed a questionnaire designed to assess student self-ratings of their own experiences with online courses and to provide a broader view of students' perceptions of such courses. Questionnaire items were derived from the relevant literature and focused on the areas of online versus traditional course formats, the impact of online courses on group projects, quality of instruction, and student preferences regarding online course offerings. Managerial implications are presented and avenues for future research discussed.
Idiopathic osteonecrosis, hypofibrinolysis, high plasminogen activator inhibitor, high lipoprotein(a), and therapy with Stanozolol.

In five patients with idiopathic osteonecrosis (ON) of the hip, four having hypofibrinolysis mediated by high plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-Fx), and one with high Lp(a), our specific aim was to determine whether therapy (Rx) with the anabolic-androgenic steroid, Stanozolol (6 mg/day), would normalize PAI-Fx and Lp(a) and thus potentially ameliorate ON. Prior to Rx, none of the four patients with high PAI-Fx could normally elevate tissue plasminogen activator (tPA-Fx) after 10 min venous occlusion at 100 mm Hg. After 12-18 weeks on Rx, PAI-Fx and stimulated tPA-Fx normalized in all four patients. Prior to Rx, mean (SD) stimulated tPA-Fx was low, 0.4 +/- 0.3 IU/ml (lower limit of normal 2.28 IU/ml). On Rx, stimulated tPA-Fx normalized, rising to 2.83 +/- 1.9 IU/ml, P = .004. Prior to Rx, mean (SD) basal PAI-Fx was high, 99 +/- 68 (upper limit of normal 26.9 U/ml), and fell on Rx to 22.5 +/- 22, P = .004. In two of the five patients normalization of hypofibrinolysis or high Lp(a) was accompanied by major symptomatic improvement. Prior to Rx, and 2 years after onset of unilateral hip pain, one of the four patients with high PAI-Fx and low stimulated tPA-Fx could walk only one block painfully. After 8 weeks on Stanozolol Rx, and continuing through 54 weeks on Rx, he walked 2 miles per day without pain, despite radiographic progression of ON. In three of the four patients with high PAI and with osteonecrosis present 0.3, 2, and 6 years prior to Stanozolol Rx, there was no clinical improvement after 14-156 weeks of Rx despite normalization of stimulated tPA-Fx and PAI-Fx. The fifth patient, 1 month after onset of disabling hip pain, had normal PAI-Fx but high Lp(a) (27 mg/dl), and MRI evidence of bone marrow edema ("transient osteoporosis").(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Cerebral performance category at hospital discharge predicts long-term survival of cardiac arrest survivors receiving targeted temperature management*.

Objective:Despite recent advancements in post–cardiac arrest resuscitation, the optimal measurement of postarrest outcome remains unclear. We hypothesized that Cerebral Performance Category score can predict the long-term outcome of postarrest survivors who received targeted temperature management d
Analysis of nutrient hepatic blood flow after 8-mm versus 16-mm portacaval H-grafts in a prospective randomized trial.

Background In previous unrandomized studies, we demonstrated that patients undergoing 8-mm diameter portacaval H-grafts with collateral ablation (partial shunts) have lower rates of portasystemic encephalopathy (PSE) postoperatively than patients undergoing total portacaval shunts. We postulated that nutrient hepatic blood flow was greater after partial shunts because 8-mm grafts preserved some portal flow. Methods To test this hypothesis, we analyzed hepatic hemodymunies in 18 of 30 randomized patients who consented to be studied after complete operative recovery, grouped according to shunt size. We measured nutrient hepatic blood flow using 99m-Tc-Mebrofenin tracer elimination kinetics, and fractionated it into its portal venous and hepatic arterial components. PSE was assessed by blinded observers. Stepwise logistic regression was used to select the variable that best predicted encephalopathy. From 1989 to 1993, we conducted a randomized, prospective trial of partial (8 mm) versus total (16 mm) portacaval H-grafts. Group differences were compared using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results Hepatic encephalopathy occurred in 2 of 10 patients with partial shunts versus 5 of 8 patients with total shunts. Nutrient hepatic blood flow was significantly higher for partial shunts compared with total shunts (403 ± 601 versus 243 ± 17mL/min). Three variables—nutrient hepatic blood flow, portal blood flow, and hepatic arterial flow—were analyzed by stepwise logistic regression. Nutrient hepatic blood flow was selected as the best predictor of hepatic encephalopathy. In this series, PSE did not occur in any patient with more than 325 mL/min of nutrient hepatic blood flow. Conclusion These findings provide a physiologic basis for clinical observations demonstrating a lower incidence of PSE with partial shunts and indicates the superiority of partial over total shunts. Partial shunts, by preserving portal flow, maintain higher nutrient hepatic blood flow than total shunts and thus minimize PSE rates.
A large deformation, rotation-free, isogeometric shell

Abstract Conventional finite shell element formulations use rotational degrees of freedom to describe the motion of the fiber in the Reissner–Mindlin shear deformable shell theory, resulting in an element with five or six degrees of freedom per node. These additional degrees of freedom are frequently the source of convergence difficulties in implicit structural analyses, and, unless the rotational inertias are scaled, control the time step size in explicit analyses. Structural formulations that are based on only the translational degrees of freedom are therefore attractive. Although rotation-free formulations using C0 basis functions are possible, they are complicated in comparison to their C1 counterparts. A Ck-continuous, k ⩾ 1, NURBS-based isogeometric shell for large deformations formulated without rotational degrees of freedom is presented here. The effect of different choices for defining the shell normal vector is demonstrated using a simple eigenvalue problem, and a simple lifting operator is shown to provide the most accurate solution. Higher order elements are commonly regarded as inefficient for large deformation analyses, but a traditional shell benchmark problem demonstrates the contrary for isogeometric analysis. The rapid convergence of the quadratic element is demonstrated for the NUMISHEET S-rail benchmark metal stamping problem.
Solid solution hardening of sapphire (α-Al2O3)

Sapphire crystals doped with Cr and Ti (the latter as Ti3+ or Ti4+) have been deformed by basal slip at temperatures between 1300 and 1700 °C. For the isovalent solutes Cr3+ and Ti3+, the concentration dependence of the yield stress can be explained in terms of solution hardening theories based on obstacles causing symmetric strain fields due mainly to the solute size difference. For the aliovalent solute Ti4+, the solution hardening rate is much higher and can be explained in terms of the interaction of dislocations with charge-compensating defect complexes; it is shown that the elastic (tetragonal distortion) interaction is considerably more important than the electrostatic dipole interaction. Mit Cr and Ti dotierte Saphirkristalle (die letzteren als Ti3+ oder Ti4+) werden durch Basisgleiten bei Temperaturen zwischen 1300 und 1700 °C deformiert. Fur die isovalenten gelosten Cr3+-und Ti3+-Ionen, last sich die Konzentrationsabhangigkeit der Streckgrenze mit Losungsverfestigungstheorien auf der Grundlage von Hindernissen erklaren, die symmetrische Spannungsfelder, hauptsachlich infolge von Grosendifferenzen der gelosten Ionen, verursachen. Fur die aliovalenten gelosten Ti4+-Ionen ist die Verfestigungsrate viel hoher und kann mit der Wechselwirkung von Versetzungen mit ladungskompensierenden Storstellenkomplexen erklart werden; es wird gezeigt, das die elastische (tetragonale Verzerrung) Wechselwirkung wesentlich wichtiger als die elektrostatische Dipol-Wechselwirkung ist.
Spectral hole burning for pulse repetition frequency analysis

Abstract We demonstrate an optical processor based on spectral hole burning (SHB) that maps the carrier frequency into the time domain and the pulse repetition frequency (PRF) into the spatial domain by illuminating an SHB crystal with a signal beam that is scanned by a tilting mirror across a slice of the crystal. This time-to-space mapping makes it possible to measure signal envelopes with a resolution of 1 / T 1 = 100 Hz . A signal with a pulsed envelope engraves a vertical absorption grating with a spatial periodicity given by the product of the PRF and the scan velocity. Reading the grating, which the crystal stores for up to T 1 , with a collimated beam yields orders diffracted at angles proportional to the PRF, which are Fourier-transformed to produce spots displaced from the DC position by distances proportional to the PRF. Increasing the PRF increases the grating periodicity, causing the diffracted spots to move away from the DC position.
Laser pulse length dependence of internal energy transfer in UV-MALDI-MS

Recent internal energy (IE) measurements for various analytes in matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) have indicated that the amount of IE transferred to analytes not only depends on the matrix but also on the nature of the analyte. Common matrixes, such as α-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid (CHCA), 3,5-dimethoxy-4-hydroxycinnamic acid (sinapinic acid, SA), and 2,5-dihydroxy-benzoic acid (DHB), had been characterized as “cold” or “hot” according to the IEs of analyte ions produced in the corresponding MALDI plume. In this contribution, we present evidence that IE transfer in MALDI depends on the matrix, analyte, as well as on the laser pulse properties. A substituted benzylpyridinium salt as a thermometer molecule (TM) was investigated in CHCA, SA, and DHB matrixes. A nitrogen laser (4 ns pulse length) and a mode locked frequency tripled Nd:YAG laser (22 ps pulse length) were used as excitation sources at various fluences. Survival yields (SYs) of the analyte molecular ions were extracted from the spectra and the corresponding IEs were obtained from Rice–Ramsperger–Kassel–Marcus (RRKM) theory. The SYs indicate that the IEs of analyte ions in MALDI are analyte, matrix, and laser source dependent. The ion generation threshold fluences follow the same order for both lasers: CHCA<SA<DHB, but for the analyte the mode locked 3×ω Nd:YAG laser source requires a higher threshold fluence than the nitrogen laser. Despite the higher fluence, the SYs are generally higher (the corresponding IEs are lower) for the 3×ω Nd:YAG laser than for the nitrogen laser. The SYs of the TM molecular ions decrease with an increase of fluence for both the ns laser and the ps laser.
Influence of external barium and potassium on potassium efflux in depolarized frog sartorius muscles

Efflux of42K+ was measured in frog sartorius muscles equilibrated in depolarizing solutions with external K+ concentrations ([K+] o ) between 75 and 300mm and NaCl concentrations of 60, 120, or 240mm. For several combinations of KCl and NaCl, steady-state internal potentials (V i) were the same for different [K+] o . For the range ofV i examined, K+ efflux occurs principally through the K+ inward rectifier channels. When external K+ is removedV i remains constant for 2 to 3 hr because of the high membrane conductance to Cl−, but K+ efflux drops by about one order of magnitude. External Ba2+ in the presence or absence of external K+ produces an inhibition of K+ efflux described by a relation of the formu=(u1/(1+C)[Ba2+] o ))+u 2, whereu is the uninhibited fraction of K+ efflux;u 1, u2 andC are constants; andu 1+u2=1.C depends both on [K+] o andV i. When [K+] o ≥75mm, increasing [K+] o at constantV i reduces Ba2+ sensitivity. For constantV i≥−30 mV, Ba2+ sensitivity is less when [K+] o =0 than when [K+] o ≥75mm. When [K+] o =0, Ba2+ sensitivity decreases asV i is made more positive. The dependence of the Ba2+ sensitivity onV i at constant [K+] o is greater when [K+] o =0 than when [K+] o ≥75mm. Both the activation of K+ efflux by external K+ and the Ba2+ inhibition of K+ efflux can be explained on the basis of two membrane control sites associated with each channel. When both sites are occupied by K+, the channels are in a high flux state. When one or both sites are empty, the channels are in a low, nonzero flux state. When Ba2+ occupies either site, K+ efflux is further reduced. The reduction of Ba2+-sensitivity by increasing [K+] o at high [K+] o is attributable to the displacement of Ba2+ from the control sites by K+. The increased Ba2+ sensitivity produced by going from [K+] o =0 to [K+] o >-75mm whenV i≥−30 mV is attributable to states in which Ba2+ occupies one site and K+ the other when [K+] o ≠0. The smallerV i dependence of the Ba2+ sensitivity when [K+] o ≥75mm compared to [K+] o =0 is attributable to the necessity that Ba2+ displace K+ at the control sites when [K+] o is high but not when [K+] o =0.
A major haplotype block at the rho-associated kinase 2 locus is associated with a lower risk of hypertension in a recessive manner: the HYPGENE study.

A Major Haplotype Block at the Rho-Associated Kinase 2 Locus Is Associated with a Lower Risk of Hypertension in a Recessive Manner: The HYPGENE Study
Effect of local x-irradiation on growth capacity of mouse kidney.

SummaryIn adult female CF no. 1 mice, kidney enlargement after unilateral nephrectomy is a consequence mainly of hypertrophy. New cell formation as evidenced by an increase in total DNA content of the kidney may be a contributing factor in young animals but this becomes negligible with increasing age. The compensatory response occurring after uninephrectomy in the adult mouse is quite radioresistant, whether irradiation occurs immediately or 5 days post-operatively. This contrasts with the well-known radiosensitivity of cell renewal systems.
Technology management in organizations

This article presents a review of the book “Technology Management in Organizations,” by Urs E. Gattiker.
A naturally occurring isoform inhibits parathyroid hormone receptor trafficking and signaling

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) regulates calcium homeostasis and bone remodeling through its cognitive receptor (PTHR). We describe here a PTHR isoform harboring an in-frame 42-bp deletion of exon 14 (Δe14-PTHR) that encodes transmembrane domain 7. Δe14-PTHR was detected in human kidney and buccal epithelial cells. We characterized its topology, cellular localization, and signaling, as well as its interactions with PTHR. The C-terminus of the Δe14-PTHR is extracellular, and cell surface expression is strikingly reduced compared with the PTHR. Δe14-PTHR displayed impaired trafficking and accumulated in endoplasmic reticulum. Signaling and activation of cAMP and ERK by Δe14-PTHR was decreased significantly compared with PTHR. Δe14-PTHR acts as a functional dominant-negative by suppressing the action of PTHR. Cells cotransfected with both receptors exhibit markedly reduced PTHR cell membrane expression, colocalization with Δe14-PTHR in endoplasmic reticulum, and diminished cAMP activation and ERK phosphorylation in response to challenge with PTH. Δe14-PTHR forms heterodimers with PTHR, which may account for cytoplasmic retention of PTHR in the presence of Δe14-PTHR. Analysis of the PTHR heteronuclear RNA suggests that base-pair complementarity in introns surrounding exon 14 causes exon skipping and accounts for generation of the Δe14-PTHR isoform. Thus Δe14-PTHR is a poorly functional receptor that acts as a dominant-negative of PTHR trafficking and signaling and may contribute to PTH resistance. © 2011 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
ADSA Presidential Report

Considerable change in the dairy food system and ADSA has occurred in the last few years. Consolidation and budget reduction are very familiar to all of us working in or for dairy farms and processing plants, and for allied companies and universities. This business and financial climate presents tremendous challenges for nonprofit organizations such as ADSA. Instead of several financial supporters for a meeting symposium or donors for an awards program, perhaps only one or two are left in some instances. It is more of a financial challenge for scientists to attend meetings and especially to make sure that the next generation (our graduate and undergraduate students) attends the meetings and participates in the scientific and educational dialogue. Many professional societies have dwindling membership and participants in their programs and publications. I am pleased to report that ADSA membership actually is up about 6% over the last 5 years (4,736 in 2002 vs. 4,473 in 1998). This is in large part due to increased numbers of graduate student members (520 vs. 111, in 2002 vs. 1998) resulting from a special reduced-rate membership enticement as part of meeting registration. Postdoctoral members doubled from a similar enticement program. However, corporate and institutional (libraries) members each declined about 6% over the last 5 years; professional memberships have dropped about 5% over this same time period. During the last 5 years the ADSA Board has been engaged in discussions about declining and changing membership demographics and how ADSA should prepare for its future. In my opinion, the organization needs a plan of how it will respond to the unknown eventualities of the future. Will external influences dictate the Association’s future and the degree to which it successfully services the dairy food system, or will
Financial Innovation, Deposit Deregulation, and the US M1-GNP Link

(1990). Financial Innovation, Deposit Deregulation, and the US M1-GNP Link. Applied Economics: Vol. 22, No. 11, pp. 1525-1535.
Sex differences in psychosocial correlates of concurrent substance use among heterosexual, homosexual and bisexual college students

AbstractBackground: College students identifying as Lesbian, Gay or Bisexual (LGB) are at increased risk for substance use. Few studies have assessed correlates of concurrent substance use, which increases the risk for substance use disorders. Objectives: The current study aimed to (1) examine differences in substance use among male and female sexual minorities and (2) explore the impact of psychosocial factors on the relationship between sexual identity and concurrent substance use. Methods: A web-based survey assessing health behavior, psychosocial characteristics, attitudes and demographics was administered to students from six colleges in the southeastern US. A total of 4840 students responded to the survey; 2.9% reported a homosexual identity (n = 111) and 3.5% reported a bisexual identity (n = 135). Multivariable modeling was used to assess the relationship between sexual identity and the number of substances used, adjusting for demographic and psychosocial factors. Results: Bisexual females were si...
An improved method of preparing rat brain synaptic membranes. Eliminatio of a contaminating membrane containing 2′,3′-cyclic nucleotide 3′-phosphohydrolase activity

Synaptosomes were prepared from rat cortex by subjecting a washed crude mitochondrial pellet to centrifugation first on discontinuous Ficoll-isotonic sucrose gradients and then on discontinuous sucrose gradients. The synaptosome fraction, collected from the 7.5-14% Ficoll band (II), was further separated into two additional fractions, designated IIA and IIB, which bank at the 0.32-1.05 M and at the 1.05-1.6 M sucrose interfaces, respectively. Electron microscopic analysis showed that fraction IIB contained synaptosomes and extra terminal mitochondria and was essentially free of membrane fragments. Further characterization showed that IIB contained 69% of the protein and 83% of the lactic dehydrogenase activity of fraction II and had a specific activity of a 2',3'-cyclic nucleotide 3'-phosphohydrolase approximately 1% of that obtained with myelin. Fraction IIA had approximately 50% the specific activity of the 2',3'-cyclic nucleotide 3'-phosphohydrolase found in myelin. Synaptic plasma membranes were prepared by lysing fraction IIB in 1 mM sodium phosphate, 0.1 mM EDTA at pH 8.5 and subjecting this preparation to centrifugation on a discontinuous sucrose density gradient. Enzymatic analysis indicated that membranes banding at the 0.6-0.8 M sucrose interface had high specific activities of plasma membrane enzymes (e.g. acetylcholinesterase, ATPase, 5'-nucleotidase). The specific activity of the (Na+ + K+)-ATPase in the purified membrane preparation was 8-fold higher than that in the original homogenate. Specific activities of various marker enzymes indicated that the composition of these membrane preparations for the most part was synaptic plasma membranes, approximately 7% mitochondrial outer membranes and 3% a membrane containing 2',3'-cyclic nucleotide 3'-phosphohydrolase activity. The polypeptide compositions of three possible contaminating membranes and of synaptic membranes were compared by electrophoresis in 6-20% gradient polyacrylamide gels in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. Whereas mitochondrial and myelin membranes had distinct compositions, the compositions of the microsomal and synaptosomal plasma membranes were similar. Synaptic plasma membranes contained at least 27 polypeptides; the three major polypeptides had molecular weights of 103,000; 54,000; and 50,000. The major polypeptides of soluble synaptosomal proteins had molecular weights of 54,000 and 42,000.
Deep-Sea Tephra from the Azores during the past 300,000 Years: Eruptive Cloud Height and Ash Volume Estimates

Background and Purposes Deep-sea tephra has been studied intensively because of its diverse geological uses. Tephra studies provide information on petrochemistry and petrogenesis, volcanicity and regional tectonism, possible climatic variation, magnetic properties, ambient wind directions and velocities, regional tephrochronology, depositional processes and origin of volcanogenic sediments, eruptive cloud heights, chemical correlation of tephra layers between land and abyssal regions, and micro-morphological indications on glass shards of eruptive cloud heights. Hitherto, deep-sea tephrochronology was based solely on visible ash layers in cores, Limiting Identification to a downwind distance of, 1,000 km. By using our technique for the separation and counting of deep-sea dispersed tephra (Huang and others, 1975a), we have obtained evidence that a single ash layer can be correlated between cores 3,000 km apart at high latitudes in the South Pacific (Huang and others, 1973, 1975b). The downwind particle-size variations can be used to estimate eruptive cloud heights and paleoexplosivities (Shaw and others, 1974; Huang and others, 1975b).
C. S. Sargent’s crataegus (Rosaceae) types from western Pennsylvania

A large amount of unmounted material ofCrataegus (Rosaceae) at Carnegie Museum (CM) was studied and found to include types of species described by C. S. Sargent from western Pennsylvania. These are of interest because Sargent'sCrataegus types were previously thought to be only at the Arnold Arboretum (A). Sargent's method of choosing types (designating a living “type tree” and citing several specimens collected from it) is discussed and clarified.Crataegus types at A were compared with the material at CM. An annotated list of the western Pennsylvania types in both herbaria is presented.
Dynein Function in T Cell MTOC Translocation and Vesicle Movements

Binding of T cells to antigen-presenting cells triggers translocation of the T cell microtubule organizing center (MTOC) and secretory vesicles to the immunological synapse, processes that are essential for T cell effector function. Data from localization and functional studies indicate that MTOC translocation and secretory vesicle movement rely on discrete pools of dynein. For example, we show that siRNA knockdown of dynactin blocks secretory vesicle accumulation but not MTOC translocation. In order to dissect how dynein is involved, we used in vivo molecular trap technology to sequester dynein intermediate and light chains (DIC and DLCs, respectively). In Jurkat cells expressing the traps, we demonstrated that the target protein co-immunoprecipitated with the trap in the presence but not absence of AP20187 (Ariad). In scoring MTOC translocation in activated Jurkat-Target pairs, addition of AP20187 reduced the values to 37% of positive controls in cells expressing the DIC trap and to 52% of control values in cells expressing the DLC LC8 trap. No effect was observed with the DLC TcTex trap, with or without the drug. Finally, we show that Lissencephaly1 protein (Lis1), a dynein-binding protein that is involved in polarized nuclear movements and spindle orientation, also appears to be important for MTOC polarization. Lis1 is recruited to the immunological synapse and co-immunoprecipitates with dynein. To test whether Lis1 is important for MTOC translocation, we prepared truncated Lis1 constructs containing GFP linked to either the N-terminal homodimerization domain or the C-terminal WD repeat domain. In activated Jurkat-Target pairs, MTOC translocation was reduced to 26% of the positive controls in Jurkat cells expressing the N-terminal domain and to 10% of the positive controls in cells expressing the WD repeat domain. Ongoing studies aim to determine the impact of Lis1 and DLCs on vesicle movements.
Remarks on Environmental data archives and their use in monitoring the US/Mexican border area

Abstract Lo Presti and O'Brien described the use and limitations of the EPA's toxic release inventory data in monitoring the US Mexican border area. Efforts like theirs are critical in assessing the environmental impact of industrialization along the border. Their report serves as a model for archive-based environmental studies of other geographic regions.
Controllability of Differential Systems in Differential Rings

We present a number of properties of differential equations in a unital associative ring equipped with a derivation operation. The controllability problem is stated, and conditions for its solvability are established.
Recurrent pyogenic cholangitis.

Abstract Background: Recurrent pyogenic cholangitis is a complex biliary tract disease characterized by intrahepatic pigment stones, endemic to Southeast Asia and seen with increasing frequency in the United States. The purpose of this study was to review the management of this disorder in a county hospital. Methods: A retrospective review of 45 patients with recurrent pyogenic cholangitis evaluated between 1984 and 1995. The clinical and surgical management of patients with localized versus bilateral hepatolithiasis were compared. Results: The prevalence of recurrent pyogenic cholangitis at our hospital has more than doubled since 1983. Fourteen of 45 patients (31%) had bilateral disease and required more abdominal computed tomography scans ( P P P P P Conclusions: The effective treatment of recurrent pyogenic cholangitis requires definition of the patients’ intrahepatic distribution of disease, prior to surgical intervention, and the coordinated efforts of gastroenterologists, radiologists, and surgeons.
Beyond phonics: Integrated decoding and spelling instruction based on word origin and structure

In this paper, the relevance of word structure knowledge to decoding and spelling instruction is discussed. An explicit, discussion oriented, direct approach to teaching decoding and spelling based on word origin and structure results in improved reading and spelling. This instruction leads students to a comparison and contrast of letter-sound correspondences, syllable patterns, and morpheme patterns in English words of Anglo-Saxon, Romance, and Greek origin.
Global priorities for women: A bibliography of resources and research strategies

Abstract The objective of this bibliography is to illustrate the diversity of library resources on the global issues affecting women addressed by the United Nations' sponsored Fourth World Conference on Women, Beijing, China, September 4–15, 1995. Originally developed in 1994 for a forum held at San Francisco State University to increase awareness of global women's issues and to provide input to the official U.S. delegation to the Beijing conference, this guide covers the topics addressed by the U.N. conference and those that were presented to the workshops at the San Francisco State University forum. We have arranged this bibliography according to the following broad categories: reference sources, U.N.conferences on women, economics, education, environment, health, human rights/law,immigration/migration, politics/power, violence, and the information highway. A wide range of library resources, both in printed and electronic formats, is emphasized. Importantly, various search strategies which enable the researcher to find relevant books, articles, reports, and statistics on global issues affecting women are highlighted, This bibliography of resources and strategies is intended to point the way rather than provide a comprehensive list of titles. At the end of the bibliography is a list of the print and electronic sources used to identify the publications cited. These sources are representative of those typically found in medium to large academic libraries in the U.S.
Dynamical geochemistry of the Hawaiian plume

This paper presents a simple dynamical model for melting and trace element distribution in the Hawaiian mantle plume. I model the plume as a partially molten stagnation point flow against the oceanic lithosphere, and obtain solutions for the temperature, melt migration rate, and trace element concentration within it. Trace element concentrations in the melt exceed simple batch melting predictions by up to 70%. The magnitude of this effect depends strongly on the solid-melt partition coefficientK. Trace elements with differentK therefore experience a “dynamical fractionation” within the plume, and incompatible trace element ratios such asLa/Ce always exceed the batch melting predictions. I suggest a simple model for plume-lithosphere interaction in which melts from these two sources mix in proportions determined by thermodynamic constraints. The model can explain the composition of basalts from Haleakala if the degree of melting of the lithosphereF1 decreases with time from roughly 10% for tholeiites to 2% for alkalic basalts. These values are considerably higher than previous estimates ofF1 < 1%, and imply correspondingly smaller and more realistic values (∼ 10 km) for the thickness of the melted part of the lithosphere. Partial melting of additional depleted sources such as the asthenosphere is therefore not required by the Haleakala data. Estimates ofF1 are highly sensitive to the values chosen for the partition coefficients, however, and should therefore be interpreted with caution.
Differential gene expression in mouse liver associated with the hepatoprotective effect of clofibrate.

Pretreatment of mice with the peroxisome proliferator clofibrate (CFB) protects against acetaminophen (APAP)-induced hepatotoxicity. Previous studies have shown that activation of the nuclear peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-alpha (PPAR{alpha}) is required for this effect. The present study utilizes gene expression profile analysis to identify potential pathways contributing to PPAR{alpha}-mediated hepatoprotection. Gene expression profiles were compared between wild type and PPAR{alpha}-null mice pretreated with vehicle or CFB (500 mg/kg, i.p., daily for 10 days) and then challenged with APAP (400 mg/kg, p.o.). Total hepatic RNA was isolated 4 h after APAP treatment and hybridized to Affymetrix Mouse Genome MGU74 v2.0 GeneChips. Gene expression analysis was performed utilizing GeneSpring (registered) software. Our analysis identified 53 genes of interest including vanin-1, cell cycle regulators, lipid-metabolizing enzymes, and aldehyde dehydrogenase 2, an acetaminophen binding protein. Vanin-1 could be important for CFB-mediated hepatoprotection because this protein is involved in the synthesis of cysteamine and cystamine. These are potent antioxidants capable of ameliorating APAP toxicity in rodents and humans. HPLC-ESI/MS/MS analysis of liver extracts indicates that enhanced vanin-1 gene expression results in elevated cystamine levels, which could be mechanistically associated with CFB-mediated hepatoprotection.
A Domain of Unital Channels

In this paper we prove the space of unital qubit channels is a Scott domain. In the process we provide a simple protocol to achieve Holevo capacity for these channels.
Nurses’ Implementation of Guidelines for Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia From the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

• BACKGROUND Ventilator-associated pneumonia accounts for 47% of infections in patients in intensive care units. Adherence to the best nursing practices recommended in the 2003 guidelines for the prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention should reduce the risk of ventilator-associated pneumonia. • OBJECTIVE To evaluate the extent to which nurses working in intensive care units implement best practices when managing adult patients receiving mechanical ventilation. • METHODS Nurses attending education seminars in the United States completed a 29-item questionnaire about the type and frequency of care provided. • RESULTS Twelve hundred nurses completed the questionnaire. Most (82%) reported compliance with hand-washing guidelines, 75% reported wearing gloves, half reported elevating the head of the bed, a third reported performing subglottic suctioning, and half reported having an oral care protocol in their hospital. Nurses in hospitals with an oral care protocol reported better compliance with hand washing and maintaining head-of-bed elevation, were more likely to regularly provide oral care, and were more familiar with rates of ventilator-associated pneumonia and the organisms involved than were nurses working in hospitals without such protocols. • CONCLUSIONS The guidelines for the prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention are not consistently or uniformly implemented. Practices of nurses employed in hospitals with oral care protocols are more often congruent with the guidelines than are practices of nurses employed in hospitals without such protocols. Significant reductions in rates of ventilatorassociated pneumonia may be achieved by broader implementation of oral care protocols. (American Journal of Critical Care. 2007;16:28-38)
Vascular Disease of the Spinal Cord

Vascular disease of the spinal cord is a relatively rare condition but can have serious repercussions for neurological function. Spinal cord infarction generally presents with sudden onset of myelopathy. It may result from many causes, including systemic hypotension, fibrocartilaginous embolization, or as a complication of aortic surgery and other rarer conditions. There are few acute interventions to change the course of the disease. Dural arteriovenous fistulas are more insidious and may cause gradual spinal cord dysfunction over many years before diagnosis. They are, however, amenable to surgical and endovascular repair. The rehabilitation outcomes of these conditions are variable and related primarily to the degree of initial deficit and the interval from onset to definitive treatment.
A forward body-biased-low-leakage SRAM cache: device and architecture considerations

This paper presents a forward body-biasing (FBB) scheme for active leakage power reduction in cache memories. We utilize super high V/sub T/ (threshold voltage) devices to suppress the leakage power in unselected portions of a cache while fast operation is achieved by dynamically forward body-biasing the selected SRAM cells. In order to generate a super high V/sub T/ device, the 2D halo doping profile was optimized by considering different nanometer regime leakage mechanisms. The transition latency and energy overhead associated with FBB could be minimized by (i) waking up the SRAM cells ahead of the access and (ii) exploiting the cache access pattern. The combined device-circuit-architecture level techniques offer 64% total leakage reduction and 7.3% improvement in bitline delay compared to a previous state-of-the-art low-leakage SRAM technique.
Photonic Challenges and Present Status of Networks in Japan

Photonic network technologies have been rapidly adopted for core, metro, access and home networks in Japan. Current photonic challenges include implementation of 100 Gb/s Ethernet and integration with wireless radio frequency technologies.
Fast functional simulation: an incremental approach

In an effort to speed up simulation, a novel algorithm,, called incremental simulation evaluates the circuit components that can be affected directly or indirectly by design changes, utilizing the information generated during the previous simulation to reduce the number of component evaluations to a minimum. The authors describe the design and implementation of the incremental algorithm for logic or functional simulation, which substantially improves the run-time performance over existing simulators by using the incremental property of the hardware design process. >
Parameter estimation of incomplete data in competing risks using the EM algorithm

Consider a system which is made up of multiple components connected in a series. In this case, the failure of the whole system is caused by the earliest failure of any of the components, which is commonly referred to as competing risks. In certain situations, it is observed that the determination of the cause of failure may be expensive, or may be very difficult to observe due to the lack of appropriate diagnostics. Therefore, it might be the case that the failure time is observed, but its corresponding cause of failure is not fully investigated. This is known as masking. Moreover, this competing risks problem is further complicated due to possible censoring. In practice, censoring is very common because of time and cost considerations on experiments. In this paper, we deal with parameter estimation of the incomplete lifetime data in competing risks using the EM algorithm, where incompleteness arises due to censoring and masking. Several studies have been carried out, but parameter estimation for incomplete data has mainly focused on exponential models. We provide the general likelihood method, and the parameter estimation of a variety of models including exponential, s-normal, and lognormal models. This method can be easily implemented to find the MLE of other models. Exponential and lognormal examples are illustrated with parameter estimation, and a graphical technique for checking model validity.
A Cross-Layer Design for End-to-End On-Demand Bandwidth Allocation in Infrastructure Wireless Mesh Network

Wireless mesh networks have gained significant academic and industry attentions in the recent years. Supporting quality of service in wireless mesh networks is an important and challenging task which involves both medium access control and network layer design. In this paper, we investigate the problem of end-to-end on-demand bandwidth allocation in infrastructure wireless mesh networks. We formulate it as a combinatorial optimization problem, and prove that it is NP- hard. We present a polynomial time 2-approximation algorithm, MCRS (minimum consumption routing and scheduling), based on the concepts of consumption level for routing and bottom set for scheduling. Comprehensive simulation results show that MCRS achieves better performance than traditional methods based on minimum hop routing.
Invasion impacts local species turnover in a successional system

Exotic plant invasions are often associated with declines in diversity within invaded communities. However, few studies have examined the local community dynamics underlying these impacts. Changes in species richness associated with plant invasions must occur through local changes in extinction and/or colonization rates within the community. We used long-term, permanent plot data to evaluate the impacts of the exotic vine Lonicera japonica. Over time, species richness declined with increasing L. japonica cover. L. japonica reduced local colonization rates but had no effect on extinction rates. Furthermore, we detected significant reductions in the immigration of individual species as invasion severity increased, showing that some species are more susceptible to invasion than others. These findings suggest that declines in species richness associated with L. japonica invasion resulted from effects on local colonization rates only and not through the competitive displacement of established species.
Residual Scarring From Hidradenitis Suppurativa: Fractionated CO2 Laser as a Novel and Noninvasive Approach

Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a chronic, relapsing, inflammatory skin condition that can have a significant psychosocial impact, both with the active disease and with residual scarring. Although a wide variety of treatment options exist for HS, to our knowledge there are no reported modalities aimed specifically at treating HS scarring. We describe the case of an adolescent female who received medical management of intramammary HS followed by successful treatment with fractionated 10 600-nm carbon dioxide laser for her residual cribriform scarring. We believe there is great potential for the use of fractionated carbon dioxide laser to improve short- and long-term psychosocial outcomes of HS, promote physical scar remodeling, and possibly alter the disease process itself.
Controllable energy recovery for a smart PVRO desalination system

Photovoltaic reverse osmosis (PVRO) systems are a viable clean water source for many underserved communities. PVRO systems often use batteries and fixed recovery ratio energy recovery devices to operate at a constant (non-optimal) pressure. An alternate approach that eliminates expensive batteries and greatly increases water production is to optimally control the operation of the system in real-time to respond to variations in solar radiation and water conditions. This paper presents the development of a computer-controlled energy recovery device (ERD) for PVRO systems. It allows for optimal control of both the RO operating pressure and recovery ratio using an integrated computer-controlled variable nozzle/Pelton generator system. Analytical models are developed for the variable nozzle, Pelton bucket and Pelton turbine. These models are validated using a custom designed experimental system. The efficiency of the components is evaluated to demonstrate the capability of this key device for smart PVRO systems.