cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Preparation of magnesium borohydride and diborane

A good yield (97%) of MgBH4 is obtained by interaction of magnesium hydrides with diborane in a glycol ether medium or a mixture of glycol ether and benzene (1:3) at 80°. Interaction of the borohydride with boron trichloride in benzene at ∼80° gives a 94% yield of diborane.
Statistical mechanics of protein folding by cluster distance geometry

This is our second type of model for protein folding where the configurational parameters and the effective potential energy function are chosen in such a way that all conformations are described and the canonical partition function can be evaluated analytically. Structure is described in terms of distances between pairs of sequentially contiguous blocks of eight residues, and all possible conformations are grouped into 71 subsets in terms of bounds on these distances. The energy is taken to be a sum of pairwise interactions between such blocks. The 210 energy parameters were adjusted so that the native folds of 32 small proteins are favored in free energy over the denatured state. We then found 146 proteins having negligible sequence similarity to any of the training proteins, yet the free energy of the respective correct native states were favored over the denatured state.
FROM NIETZSCHE'S PHILOSOPHY OF HISTORY TO KANT'S—AND BACK

Reflecting on Anthony Jensen's Nietzsche's Philosophy of History, this essay describes Jensen's account of the three-stage development of Nietzsche's historiographical practices and metahistorical positions: from his early philological writings, through The Birth of Tragedy, and into the mature philosophy of history that Jensen uncovers in Toward the Genealogy of Morality and Ecce Homo, which, so Jensen argues, consists in ontological realism combined with representational anti-realism. While Jensen notes the importance of a like-minded readership for the success of Nietzsche's historiographical projects, the essay asks whether Nietzsche did in fact have such a readership and further emphasizes that the Genealogy and Ecce Homo are structured in such a way that they seek to create one. A similar structure is identified in Kant's “Idea for a Universal History from a Cosmopolitan Perspective.” The essay concludes by reflecting on the significance of this similarity in light of the doctrines of eternal recurrence that are expressed in both Nietzsche's late writings and Kant's youthful cosmology.
Cryptic invasions of the crab Carcinus detected by molecular phylogeography

Coastal marine ecosystems world-wide are threatened by invasions of nonindigenous species. The ubiquity of marine sibling species identifiable only by genetic analysis suggests that many invasions are cryptic and therefore undetected, causing an underestimation of the actual number and impacts of invading species. We test this hypothesis with European crabs in the genus Carcinus that have invaded five regions globally. Partial 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequences confirm sibling species status of morphologically similar Atlantic C. maenas and Mediterranean C. aestuarii. Based on 16S rRNA haplotypes, crabs from California, New England and Tasmania were all C. maenas. However, we report the cryptic multiple invasion of both species in Japan and South Africa, where only C. aestuarii and C. maenas, respectively, were previously recognized.
Effects of the benzodiazepine inverse agonist RO19-4603 alone and in combination with the benzodiazepine receptor antagonists flumazenil, ZK 93426 and CGS 8216, on ethanol intake in alcohol-preferring (P) rats.

Abstract The present study investigated dose dependence and time course effects of the benzodiazepine (BDZ) partial inverse agonist, RO19-4603 (0.005–0.30 mg/kg) alone, and in combination with the BDZ receptor antagonists flumazenil, ZK 93426, and CGS 8216 (20 mg/kg) in selectively bred alcohol-preferring (P) rats provided a two-bottle choice test between ethanol (EtOH) (10% v/v), and a palatable saccharin (0.0125% g/v) solution. A single dose of R019-4603 as low as 0.009 mg/kg selectively reduced EtOH drinking during the initial 15 min of a 4 h access to 19−0% of control levels on day 1. The 0.08, 0.15 and 0.30 mg/kg doses of R019-4603 significantly reduced total EtOH intake in the 4 h access period to 57−45% of controls on day 1. On day 2, no R019-4603 injections were given; however, six of the seven doses of R019-4603 (0.009, 0.02, 0.04, 0.08, 0.15, and 0.30 mg/kg) continued to reduce EtOH intake to 42−3% of control levels at the initial 15 min interval, while the 0.005, 0.009, 0.08, and 0.30 mg/kg doses reduced total 4 h EtOH intake to 60-42% of controls. Saccharin intake was either not altered by R019-4603 or showed increases during the initial 15 min intervals and the total 4 h sessions on days 1 and 2. Food intake was also unaffected by R019-4603. The CGS 8216, but neither flumazenil nor ZK 93426, reliably reversed the RO19-4603-induced suppression of EtOH intake on days 1 and 2. That certain BDZ inverse agonists can attenuate motivated behavior for EtOH reinforcement over a prolonged time course may provide a possible therapeutic approach to reducing EtOH consumption associated with alcoholism.
Sports Medicine (Orthopaedic Surgery Essentials Series)

Anthony A. Schepsis and Brian D. Busconi, editors. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 2006. 511 pages. $99.00. This book on sports medicine is one of eight in a series of subspecialty-based “first reads” for students, orthopaedic residents, and fellows in both orthopaedics and primarycare sports medicine. The stated goals are to provide readable essential information for general understanding in an approximately three-month rotation. The text is also written for physician assistants and nurse practitioners as well as physical therapists and athletic trainers interested in the care of athletes. The volume is divided into five sections: Special Issues, Medical Issues, Upper Extremity, Lower Extremity, and Rehabilitation. The chapters are commonly formatted according to the topics of pathogenesis (classification, pathophysiology, etiology, and epidemiology), diagnosis (history, physical examination, imaging), and treatment (medical decision-making, nonoperative and operative treatment, and postoperative management). The text itself is not referenced, but a few selected references are included at the end of each chapter for further reading. In general, there are ample figures, important tables on key information, and …
Campylobacterales ord. nov

Cam.py.lo.bac.ter.a' les. M.L. masc. n. Campylobacter type genus of the order; -ales ending to denote order; M.L. fem. n. Campylobacterales the Campylobacter order. Proteobacteria / Epsilonproteobacteria / Campylobacterales Keywords: Campylobacterales ord. nov; Campylobacter; Epsilonproteobacteria class. nov.
Realising the health and wellbeing of adolescents.

Investing in adolescents’ health and development is key to improving their survival and wellbeing and critical for the success of the post-2015 development agenda, argue Laura Laski and colleagues
Kant's and Hegel's Moral Rationalism: A Feminist Perspective

Moral philosophy has conceived of its task in many different ways throughout its history. One of these has been to articulate qualities of character, or Virtues/ which the morally good or morally admirable person will possess. This paper is a first step in an attempt to work out a feminist perspective on this aspect of moral philosophy and its history. I will focus on the moral philosophies of Kant and Hegel who exemplify different versions of a general orientation within moral philosophy which I call 'moral rationalism/ For the moral rationalist reason and rationality are at the center of the conception of the good or moral man (and I use the word 'man' here intentionally). The defining qualities of the morally admirable man include most of the following: rationality, self-control, strength of
The effect of BAL on distribution and metabolism of P32 and Sr90.

SummaryThe effectiveness of 2,3-dimer-captopropanol (British anti-lewisite) in increasing the elimination of injected P32 and Sr90 in mice was investigated. It is concluded that BAL is essentially without effect although, in the case of P32, the rate of uptake in bone appears to be reduced during the first hour. No such differences could be demonstrated after 24 hours.
Influence of Extracellular Calcium on the Metabolism of Arachidonic Acid in Alveolar Macrophages

Bovine alveolar macrophage metabolism of arachidonic acid (AA) via cyclooxygenase (CO) and lipoxygenase (LO) pathways is stimulus specific. Under standard conditions with RPMI-1640 media containing 0.4 mM Ca2+, the calcium ionophore A23187 stimulates the release of both CO and LO products, whereas opsonized zymosan and phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) selectively stimulate the CO pathway in these cells. We have examined the effect of varying the extracellular concentration of calcium (0-2.4 mM) on the profiles of AA metabolites secreted with differing stimuli. All stimuli caused the release of CO products, even in the absence of calcium in the media. The magnitude of release was correlated with increasing extracellular calcium concentrations, indicating some dependence of phospholipase activation on extracellular calcium. However, there were notable differences between stimuli regarding the magnitude of CO product formation and dependence on extracellular Ca2+. No 5-LO products were demonstrable with either zymosan or PMA at any concentration of extracellular calcium tested, and inhibition of CO by indomethacin did not result in 5-LO product formation for these stimuli. The production of 5-LO products in bovine alveolar macrophages by A23187 required extracellular calcium, demonstrating an absolute dependence for activation of the 5-LO pathway on an influx of extracellular calcium. Our results indicate that intracellular and extracellular Ca2+ have differing roles in the metabolism of AA down CO and LO pathways in bovine alveolar macrophages depending on the stimulus used. This regulation suggests that the pools of calcium required for activation of phospholipase A2 (PLA2) are not necessarily available for the 5-LO enzyme.
On the Scale and Efficiency of Wind Power Industry in China——A case study of Inner Mongolia

Based on the analysis of generator volume and the efficiency of hundreds of wind power plants in China from 2008 to 2010,we find that the scale and efficiency of wind power plants are all increasing,but the coefficient relationship is decreasing,and even shows some minus relationship. A further study on the biggest wind power plants in Inner Mongolia demonstrates that some abnormal phenomena exist in the installed capacity and the coefficient parameter of generator volume and efficiency is unstable. Therefore,the paper finally questions the ongoing wind power policy and offers some proposals.
On-line Coating Inspecting Device for Anticorrosion Pipe

This paper describes the structure,function and feature of an on-line coating inspection device for three layer PE pipe.Compared with ordinary on-line inspection device for three layer PE pipe,the new one has a support with two movable probes on it to realize separately on-line automatic defect inspection such as pinhole and holiday when pipe moves forward straightly or rotationally.It also has the functions of alarm,record,type,mark,and so on.The engineering practice proves that the de-vice increases inspection efficiency,ensures inspection accuracy,has the features of wide suitable diame-ter range and simple structure,and achieves a great deal in practical applications.
The quality of a surgeon defined by internal medicine and family practice physicians: a closed-ended survey with importance scale.

An anonymously completed, closed-ended questionnaire with an importance scale was sent to physicians to assess which qualities were important in their selection of a surgeon. Differences in proportions of rankings that were designated "extremely important" were assessed by binomial logistic regression was used. Null hypotheses were rejected if P 0.05). Surgeons' character, equipment, and staffing of the facility were ranked extremely important, whereas training of the surgeon or the appearance of the facility was not.
Bladder and bowel management for the child with spinal cord dysfunction.

AbstractSummary: Bladder and bowel management can be a challenge to adults and children with spinal cord dysfunction. Children are especially challenging due to their everchanging growth and developmental considerations. Bladder/ bowel incontinence can bring about teasing from a child's peers and Iead to social isolation. The achievement of continence is a major developmentallandmark in the formation of social autonomy in children. Providing education and implementation of bladder/ bowel management programs is essential for a child with neuragenie bladder/ bowel. This article provides a general overview of common bladder and bowel management options for children with spinal cord dysfunction. Both traditional and innovative management options for the bladder and bowel will be described. Age-appropriate expectations and factors to assess child readiness as weil as patient and family educational strategies to promote independence when implementing bladder and bowel programs are described.
Mutations in Nature Conferred a High Affinity Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-Bisphosphate-binding Site in Vertebrate Inwardly Rectifying Potassium Channels.

All vertebrate inwardly rectifying potassium (Kir) channels are activated by phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) (Logothetis, D. E., Petrou, V. I., Zhang, M., Mahajan, R., Meng, X. Y., Adney, S. K., Cui, M., and Baki, L. (2015) Annu. Rev. Physiol. 77, 81–104; Furst, O., Mondou, B., and D'Avanzo, N. (2014) Front. Physiol. 4, 404–404). Structural components of a PIP2-binding site are conserved in vertebrate Kir channels but not in distantly related animals such as sponges and sea anemones. To expand our understanding of the structure-function relationships of PIP2 regulation of Kir channels, we studied AqKir, which was cloned from the marine sponge Amphimedon queenslandica, an animal that represents the phylogenetically oldest metazoans. A requirement for PIP2 in the maintenance of AqKir activity was examined in intact oocytes by activation of a co-expressed voltage-sensing phosphatase, application of wortmannin (at micromolar concentrations), and activation of a co-expressed muscarinic acetylcholine receptor. All three mechanisms to reduce the availability of PIP2 resulted in inhibition of AqKir current. However, time-dependent rundown of AqKir currents in inside-out patches could not be re-activated by direct application to the inside membrane surface of water-soluble dioctanoyl PIP2, and the current was incompletely re-activated by the more hydrophobic arachidonyl stearyl PIP2. When we introduced mutations to AqKir to restore two positive charges within the vertebrate PIP2-binding site, both forms of PIP2 strongly re-activated the mutant sponge channels in inside-out patches. Molecular dynamics simulations validate the additional hydrogen bonding potential of the sponge channel mutants. Thus, nature's mutations conferred a high affinity activation of vertebrate Kir channels by PIP2, and this is a more recent evolutionary development than the structures that explain ion channel selectivity and inward rectification.
Sarah and Angelina Grimké

In this joint letter to Sarah Douglass, Sarah Grirnke’s earnestly religious style contrasted with Angelina’s more pragmatic account of their work. However, both letters reflected the momentum that had begun to propel them forward. And both sisters expressed hope about the potential for change in the near future. Sarah Douglass headed the only academy for black girls in Philadelphia. She and her mother, Grace, were founding members of the Philadelphia Female Anti-Slavery Society. They sat on the “colored bench” in the Grimkes’ Quaker meeting house.
Zinc Induces Dendritic Cell Tolerogenic Phenotype and Skews Regulatory T Cell–Th17 Balance

Zinc (Zn) is an essential metal for development and maintenance of both the innate and adaptive compartments of the immune system. Zn homeostasis impacts maturation of dendritic cells (DCs) that are important in shaping T cell responses. The mechanisms by which Zn regulates the tolerogenic phenotype of DCs remain largely unknown. In this study, we investigated the effect of Zn on DC phenotype and the generation of Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs) using a model of Histoplasma capsulatum fungal infection. Exposure of bone marrow-derived DCs to Zn in vitro induced a tolerogenic phenotype by diminishing surface MHC class II (MHCII) and promoting the tolerogenic markers, programmed death-ligand (PD-L)1, PD-L2, and the tryptophan degrading enzyme, IDO. Zn triggered tryptophan degradation by IDO and kynurenine production by DCs and strongly suppressed the proinflammatory response to stimulation by TLR ligands. In vivo, Zn supplementation and subsequent H. capsulatum infection supressed MHCII on DCs, enhanced PD-L1 and PD-L2 expression on MHCII(lo) DCs, and skewed the Treg-Th17 balance in favor of Foxp3(+) Tregs while decreasing Th17 cells. Thus, Zn shapes the tolerogenic potential of DCs in vitro and in vivo and promotes Tregs during fungal infection.
The Logic of Receptivity

Ontology and method are interdependent but not identical. Their relation can be presented from the standpoint of either. The difficulties of a constitutive theory explain the necessity of a distinct methodological articulation of the structure of originary philosophy. The constitutive temptation conceals the necessary independence of methodological considerations. From the side of method, an ontological orientation presents a parallel error. This orientation treats its objects at so general and abstract a level that the specificity of distinct theoretical domains cannot be analysed. Method is replaced by theory. Categories like genesis and normativity, the originary structure, or the modern principle of immanence cannot be imposed arbitrarily on any and every subject and object.1 Categorical difference cannot be overlooked in the (justified) philosophical concern that subject and object be explicitly homogeneous to one another. A philosophical method must be able to articulate the grounds of its applicability and the domain to which it necessarily must be applied.
Prebiotics and Probiotics

Intestinal flora encompasses at least 500 different types of bacteria living in symbiosis with their host. The dominant microflora in the stomach is Gram-positive bacteria; while in the distal small intestine and the colon is Gram-negative type. The most important intestinal bacteria are bacteroides, bifidobacteria, Enterobacteraceae, lactobacilli, Gram-positive cocci, Clostridium species and eubacteria. Bacterial population in intestinal contents increase in a distal direction in the gastro-intestinal tract from 103–104/mL in the stomach to 106– 107/mL in the distal ileum and 1011–1012/mL in the colon.
Capital Control Liberalization and Stock Market Development

There may be a price to pay (in terms of inefficient coverage) if competition among health insurers is encouraged as a way to give patients greater choice and to achieve better control over insurance providers. Adverse selection can be defined as strategic behavior by the more informed partner in a contract against the interest of the less informed partner(s). In the health insurance field, this manifests itself through healthy people choosing managed care and less healthy people choosing more generous plans. Drawing on theoretical literature on the problem of adverse selection in the health insurance market, Belli synthesizes concepts developed piecemeal over more than 20 years, using two examples and revisiting the classical contributions of Rothschild and Stiglitz. He highlights key insights, especially from the literature on "equilibrium refinements" and on the theory of "second best." The government can correct spontaneous market dynamics in the health insurance market by directly subsidizing insurance or through regulation; the two forms of intervention provide different results. Providing partial public insurance, even supplemented by the possibility of opting out, can lead to second-best equilibria. The same result holds as long as the government can subsidize contracts with higher-than-average premium-benefit ratios and can tax contracts with lower-than-average premium-benefit ratios. Belli analyzes the following policy options relating to the public provision of insurance: - Full public insurance. - Partial public insurance with or without the possibility of acquiring supplementary insurance and with or without the possibility of opting out. In recent plans implemented in Germany and the Netherlands, where competition among several health funds and insurance companies was promoted, a public fund was created to discourage risk screening practices by providing the necessary compensation across risk groups. But only "objective" risk adjusters (such as age, gender, and region) were used to decide which contracts to subsidize. Those criteria alone cannot correct the effects of adverse selection. Regulation can exacerbate the problem of adverse selection and lead to chronic market instability, so certain steps must be taken to prevent risk screening and preserve competition for the market. Belli considers the following three policy options for regulating the private insurance market: - A standard contract with full coverage. - Imposition of a minimum insurance requirement. - Imposition of premium rate restrictions. This paper - a product of Public Economics, Development Research Group - is part of a larger effort in the group to improve social service delivery in developing countries. The author may be contacted at pbelli@hsph.harvard.edu or pbelli1@worldbank.org.
Technical and Economic Performance Metrics for CCUS Projects: Example from the East Canton Consolidated Oil Field, Ohio, USA

Abstract A cost-benefit analysis is presented to evaluate the economic feasibility of carbon dioxide-enhanced oil recovery in Ohio. Integrating Ohio-specific data with reservoir performance and economic models, the analysis is applied to an oilfield in Ohio to illustrate application of the methodology. A break-even correlation is presented that may serve as a stand-alone metric for project screening purposes to determine the price conditions at which carbon dioxide becomes a viable purchase for EOR and a marketable asset for power plants with capture technology.
Beyond the dinner table: Who's having breakfast, lunch and dinner family meals and which meals are associated with better diet quality and BMI in pre-school children?

Objective Having frequent family dinners is associated with better diet quality in children; however, it is unknown whether the frequency of certain family meal types (i.e. dinner) is more strongly associated with better child weight and diet quality compared with other meal types (i.e. breakfast, lunch). Thus, the current study examined the frequency of eating breakfast, lunch or dinner family meals and associations with pre-school children’s overall diet quality (HEI-2010) and BMI percentile. Design Cross-sectional baseline data (2012–2014) from two randomized controlled childhood obesity prevention trials, NET-Works and GROW, were analysed together. Setting Studies were carried out in community and in-home settings in urban areas of Minnesota and Tennessee, USA. Subjects Parent–child (ages 2–5 years) pairs from Minnesota (n 222 non-Hispanics; n 312 Hispanics) and Tennessee (n 545 Hispanics; n 55 non-Hispanics) participated in the study. Results Over 80 % of families ate breakfast or lunch family meals at least once per week. Over 65 % of families ate dinner family meals ≥5 times/week. Frequency of breakfast family meals and total weekly family meals were significantly associated with healthier diet quality for non-Hispanic pre-school children (P<0·05), but not for Hispanic children. Family meal frequency by meal type was not associated with BMI percentile for non-Hispanic or Hispanic pre-school children. Conclusions Breakfast family meal frequency and total weekly family meal frequency were associated with healthier diet quality in non-Hispanic pre-school children but not in Hispanic children. Longitudinal research is needed to clarify the association between family meal type and child diet quality and BMI percentile.
The Role of Microbiota in Retinal Disease

The ten years since the first publications on the human microbiome project have brought enormous attention and insight into the role of the human microbiome in health and disease. Connections between populations of microbiota and ocular disease are now being established, and increased accessibility to microbiome research and insights into other diseases is expected to yield enormous information in the coming years. With the characterization of the ocular microbiome, important insights have already been made regarding corneal and conjunctival tissues. Roles for non-ocular microbiomes in complex retinal diseases are now being evaluated. For example, the gut microbiome has been implicated in the pathogenesis of uveitis. This short review will summarize the few studies linking gut or oral microbiota to diabetic retinopathy (DR), glaucoma, and age-related macular degeneration (AMD). We will also conjecture where the most significant findings still remain to be elucidated. Finally, we will propose the gut-retina axis, related but distinct from the gut-brain axis.
Plate-based assay of AP-3 traffic in budding yeast

AP-3 (adaptor complex 3) mediates traffic between late Golgi or endolysosomal organelles, and late endolysosomal organelles. In mammals, mutations in AP-3 cause Hermansky-Pudlak Syndrome type 2, cyclic neutropenias, and a form of epileptic encephalopathy. In budding yeast, AP-3 carries cargo directly from the trans-Golgi to the lysosomal vacuole. Despite the pathway9s importance, yeast-based selections and screens for AP-3 mutants have not been available. We now report GNSI, a synthetic, genetically-encoded reporter that allows rapid plate-based assessment of AP-3 functional deficiency, using either colorimetric or growth phenotype readouts. This system identifies defects in both the formation and consumption of AP-3 carrier vesicles and will be adaptable to high-throughput screening in both plate array and liquid batch culture formats. A plasmid encoding GNSI has been deposited in the Addgene repository.
Carboxylation reactions and photosynthesis of carbon compounds in isolated mesophyll and bundle sheath cells of Digitariasanguinalis (L.) Scop

Abstract Bundle sheath and mesophyll cells were successfully separated from fully developed leaves of Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop. to study the photosynthetic metabolism of these distinct cell types. Ribulose-1,5-diphosphate and ribose-5-phosphate enhanced CO2 fixation by bundle sheath cells and had little effect on CO2 fixation in mesophyll cells. In contrast, pyruvate induced CO2 fixation in mesophyll cells and had no effect in bundle sheath cells. Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase is localized in mesophyll cells and ribulose-1,5-diphosphate carboxylase is localized in bundle sheath cells. The results establish that mesophyll cells fix CO2 by a β-carboxylation while the bundle sheath cells fix CO2 by carboxylation of ribulose-1,5-diphosphate.
Regulation by Metabolic Substrates

Metabolic substrates are used to produce energy (mainly glucose, fatty acids, amino acids, and their byproducts) and to synthesize larger molecules (e.g., amino acids used for protein synthesis). As already discussed in the context of nutritional influences, provision of metabolic substrates in the diet generally results in protein anabolism. However, because food intake changes the levels of many metabolic substrates and hormones, it is not obvious from the response to meals how each metabolic substrate influences protein metabolism. This chapter defines the role of individual metabolic substrates.
Organizational Failure and the Political Economy of Water Resources Management

This chapter presents a political-economic interpretation of the legislative history of governmental intervention in Western water resource systems. In the context of regulatory behavior, a theory is presented explaining certain behavioral regularities exhibited by the political-economic forces underlying water resource management. The basis for organizational failures that often has led to serious waterlogging problems or severe damage to aquifers is developed. It is argued that these organizational failures may also explain deterioration of soil and water quality and other harmful environmental impacts.
J. C. Quick and L. E. Tetrick (eds): Handbook of Occupational Health Psychology, 2nd ed

A large volume of research and literature has been written about employee health during the past several decades. A preponderance of occupational health publications have focused on the primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention of work-related musculoskeletal, neurologic, dermatologic, and pulmonary disorders. Although important in terms of employee health and productivity, relatively little information has been published on the psychological aspects of employee and organizational health. The specialized field of occupational health psychology develops, maintains, and promotes the health of employees through the prevention of injury and illness [1]. These factors made the publication of the 2nd edition of the Handbook of Occupational Health Psychology (Handbook) both timely and necessary. The Handbook was edited and written by eminent experts in the field of occupational health psychology. Part I of the book reviewed the mission and history of occupational health psychology, important chapters for those readers unfamiliar with this discipline. Part II discussed various models and frameworks for occupational stress, savoring eustress, controlling occupational health and safety hazards, organizational wellness, and cross-cultural occupational health psychology. Part III reviewed causes and risks such as corporate safety climate, work-family life balance, and work schedules. Part IV was particularly interesting in that it discussed symptoms and disorders such as job-related burn-out, cardiovascular disease, and substance abuse from the unique perspective of an occupational health psychologist. Interventions and treatments for disorders associated with psychological etiologies were subsequently examined in Part V. The last second, Part VI, summarized research designs and a strategy to evaluate occupational health psychology programs. The Handbook is unquestionably an authoritative, stateof-the-art resource on occupational health psychology. It is chock full of references and is evidence-based. Overall, the book reads like a refereed review article, offering much in the way of information, but little in terms of practical application in real-world settings. Despite this shortcoming, the Handbook would be an excellent resource for researchers, scholars, students, and practitioners in occupational health psychology, in addition to occupational health specialists in other disciplines, disability case managers, and policymakers.
Electronic Health Record-Based Screening for Substance Abuse

Abstract Existing methods of screening for substance abuse (standardized questionnaires or clinician's simply asking) have proven difficult to initiate and maintain in primary care settings. This a...
liberalism 2.0 and the Rise of China: Global Crisis, Innovation and Urban Mobility

As the twenty-first century unfolds, human life has been increasingly occupied by technological innovations that are highly intelligent, digitized, and automated. During this time, US-centric neoli...
Development of 15 microsatellite loci in the endangered Streptanthus glandulosus subsp. niger (Brassicaceae).

Premise of the Study The endangered Streptanthus glandulosus subsp. niger (Brassicaceae) is endemic to a single peninsula in California and threatened by fragmentation. We developed microsatellite markers to investigate genetic diversity in the two extant populations and the degree to which they have diverged from one another. Methods and Results We used Illumina HiSeq high-throughput sequencing to develop 15 microsatellite markers, 14 of which were polymorphic. These di- and trinucleotide repeats yielded one to 11 alleles per locus in 61 plants across the two populations. Levels of observed and expected heterozygosities ranged from 0.108 to 0.946 and 0.257 to 0.839, respectively. We demonstrated cross-amplification in a second rare subspecies, S. glandulosus subsp. secundus, and in the widespread congener S. tortuosus. Conclusions These are the first microsatellites reported for this subspecies, and they will aid in the inclusion of genetic information in conservation planning. Cross-amplification was demonstrated in two related taxa, including one of conservation concern.
The Economic Burden of Crime: Evidence from Mexico

I estimate the impact of the recent and unprecedented surge in drug-related violence in Mexico on the labor market outcomes of Mexican workers. Using a nationally representative longitudinal data set that allows me to account for unobserved time-invariant heterogeneity, I find that there is a negative relationship between local violence and labor market outcomes. Self-employed individuals are the most sensitive to a violent environment, with men experiencing significantly reduced earnings and productivity, while women decrease their hours of work or exit the labor force entirely. I also find suggestive evidence that fear of victimization plays an important role explaining these changes.
Transport and retention of Molybdenum(VI) on iron oxide-coated sand: A modified multi reaction model

Abstract In this investigation, batch and miscible displacement experiments were performed to investigate the pH-dependent effect on retention and transport of Mo(VI) on iron oxide-coated sand (IOCS). Measured results indicated that Mo(VI) sorption was strongly nonlinear and kinetically controlled, where the amount of Mo(VI) sorbed and its reaction rates increased with decreasing solution pH. Mo(VI) breakthrough curves (BTCs) obtained at varying pHs were asymmetrical in shape and exhibited different degree of tailing, where mobility of Mo(VI) was lowest under acidic condition (pH 4.0) and highest under alkaline condition (pH 7.5). In this study, based on extended Freundlich equation, we proposed a modified multi-reaction model (M-MRM) including a pH term, which was utilized to describe pH-dependent sorption and transport process. From the goodness-of-fit of modeling results, the M-MRM model provided a good prediction for Mo(VI) retention and transport datasets on IOCS. In comparison to numerical surface complexation models (SCMs), the proposed M-MRM is relatively less complex and requires fewer parameters. Moreover, it is simpler to integrate reaction transport equations into kinetic models to simulate non-equilibrium transport behavior. Our work provided a unified kinetic model to describe pH-dependent sorption and transport in IOCS.
Paddling the Pupils: The Legality (or Not) of Corporal Punishment in Schools

Corporal punishment against children as a disciplinary tool in the classroom occurs in many countries, despite the 1990 adoption of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) and despite a surge in unpopularity of the practice. What accounts for the legality of corporal punishment in schools globally? In this paper, we offer one of the few cross-national analyses by examining factors associated with the use of corporal punishment in schools. Employing a dataset of 192 countries from 1970 to 2016, we find that while country ratification of the CRC often leads to subsequent bans of corporal punishment, common law countries are significantly less likely to ban corporal punishment in schools than their civil law counterparts. Additionally, countries where women are politically empowered are more likely to ban corporal punishment. These findings shed light on emerging international patterns in protection of the rights of children.
Morphometric Differences in the Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve in Patients with Vocal Fold Paralysis

Objectives:Injury to the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN), if severe enough, can result in vocal fold paralysis. Reinnervation surgery can improve patient outcomes, but previous studies have reporte...
Reliability and security of implantable and wearable medical devices

Abstract Implantable and wearable medical devices (IWMDs) are used for monitoring, diagnosis, and therapy of an ever-increasing range of medical conditions, leading to improved quality of life and outcomes for patients. Advances in the use of IWMDs have been accompanied, and in great part enabled, by increases in their functional complexity, wireless connectivity to allow for postdeployment monitoring, and programmability to allow therapy to be tuned to the evolving needs of each patient. These factors have also led to a rapid growth in concerns about reliability and security of IWMDs, as underscored by recent trends in warnings and recalls of IWMDs due to failures, and a series of successful attacks on IWMDs demonstrated by academic researchers and the hacker community. The unique usage models of IWMDs and the need to provide very high levels of reliability and security under very stringent resource constraints set them apart from other classes of computing platforms. In this chapter, we present the reliability and security challenges faced by designers of IWMDs. We discuss how patient safety and privacy can be compromised by failures of, and security attacks on, the electronic hardware and software within IWMDs. We survey the potential solutions that have been proposed to address these challenges and discuss their merits and limitations.
Efficient Energy funneling in hybrid quasi-2D perovskites: from light emitting diodes to lasers (Conference Presentation)

Quasi-2D Ruddlesden-Popper halide perovskites with a large exciton binding energy, self-assembled quantum wells and high quantum yield draw attention for optoelectronic device applications. Thin films of these quasi-2D perovskites consist of a mixture of domains having different dimensionality, allowing energy funneling from lower-dimensional nanosheets (narrower bandgap domains) to three-dimensional nanocrystals (wide bandgap domains). Here, the quality of quasi-2D perovskite (PEA)2(FA)3Pb4Br13 is controlled by solution engineering. Grazing-incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering (GIWAXS) measurements were conducted to study the crystal orientation, and transient absorption spectroscopy (TAS) measurements were conducted to study the charge carrier dynamics. Our data show that the highly oriented 2D crystals have a faster energy transfer to the low bandgap regime (< 0.5 ps) compared to less oriented films. High-performance LEDs can be realized with these 2D films. Finally, amplified spontaneous emission is achieved with an ultralow threshold of 4.16 μJ/cm2 and distributed feedback lasers are realized. Our results show that it is important to control the morphology and spatial domain distribution of the quasi-2D films to achieve efficient energy transfer, which is a critical requirement for optoelectronic devices.
Proxy Advisor Influence in a Comparative Light

The reform of proxy advisors is on the U.S. regulatory agenda, with debate focusing on the extent of influence that these actors exert over institutional investors and corporate managers. But the debate examines the U.S. position in isolation from other systems. If we broaden our focus, we see that the factors usually cited for proxy advisors’ influence exist similarly in the United Kingdom but that proxy advisors there exert significantly weaker influence than they do in the United States. Why this difference when we would expect a similar role for proxy advisors in both systems based on the presence of the usual explanatory factors? This article examines this question, identifying other explanations — the role of institutional investor trade groups, the level of agreement on governance best practices, the strength of shareholder rights, and the role of the State — to help explain proxy advisors’ greater influence in the United States. The article then explores the implications of this analysis for proxy advisor reform in the United States.
Program Development, Testing, and Debugging

The normal stages of a program’s life cycle are: (i) Initial conception, formulation of requirements, (ii) Overall design of a program that will meet these requirements. (iii) Detailed design and coding. (iv) Program review, with rework and extension as needed to clarify, simplify, or improve efficiency. (v) Development of a test plan, testing and debugging, removal of errors, and retest. (vi) Operational use of program. (vii) Enchancement and repair during continuing operational use. (viii) Retirement.
James M. Clyde, D.D.S., M.S.A.: The Canadian-American who rescued the Chicago Post-Graduate School of Anaesthesia.

Abstract The Chicago Post-Graduate School of Anaesthesia (PGSA) commenced with the opening of the Columbian Exposition, eight miles north of that Chicago World's Fair in May of 1893. When PGSA founder Samuel J. Hayes, D.D.S., M.S.A., forsook Chicago to tend to his moribund son back in Pittsburgh, Hayes’ fellow professor, James M. Clyde, D.D.S., M.S.A., kept the PGSA from closing.
Compound heterozygous splicing CDON variants result in isolated ocular coloboma

Ocular coloboma is caused by failure of optic fissure closure during development and recognized as part of the microphthalmia, anophthalmia, and coloboma (MAC) spectrum. While many genes are known to cause colobomatous microphthalmia, relatively few have been reported in coloboma with normal eye size. Genetic analysis including trio exome sequencing and Sanger sequencing was undertaken in a family with two siblings affected with bilateral coloboma of the iris, retina, and choroid. Pathogenic variants in MAC genes were excluded. Trio analysis identified compound heterozygous donor splice site variants in CDON, a cell-surface receptor known to function in the Sonic Hedgehog pathway, c.928 + 1G > A and c.2650 + 1G > T, in both affected individuals. Heterozygous missense and truncating CDON variants are associated with dominant holoprosencephaly (HPE) with incomplete penetrance and Cdon-/- mice display variable HPE and coloboma. A homozygous nonsense allele of uncertain significance was recently identified in a consanguineous patient with coloboma and a second molecular diagnosis. We report the first compound heterozygous variants in CDON as a cause of isolated coloboma. CDON is the first HPE gene identified to cause recessive coloboma. Given the phenotypic overlap, further examination of HPE genes in coloboma is indicated.
Large domain movements through the lipid bilayer mediate substrate release and inhibition of glutamate transporters.

Glutamate transporters are essential players in glutamatergic neurotransmission in the brain, where they maintain extracellular glutamate below cytotoxic levels and allow for rounds of transmission. The structural bases of their function are well established, particularly within a model archaeal homologue, sodium and aspartate symporter GltPh. However, the mechanism of gating on the cytoplasmic side of the membrane remains ambiguous. We report Cryo-EM structures of GltPh reconstituted into nanodiscs, including those structurally constrained in the cytoplasm-facing state and either apo, bound to sodium ions only, substrate, or blockers. The structures show that both substrate translocation and release involve movements of the bulky transport domain through the lipid bilayer. They further reveal a novel mode of inhibitor binding and show how solutes release is coupled to protein conformational changes. Finally, we describe how domain movements are associated with the displacement of bound lipids and significant membrane deformations, highlighting the potential regulatory role of the bilayer.
8-azaadenosine and 8-chloroadenosine are not selective inhibitors of ADAR

The RNA editing enzyme ADAR, is an attractive therapeutic target for multiple cancers. Through its deaminase activity, ADAR edits adenosine to inosine in dsRNAs. Loss of ADAR in some cancer cell lines causes activation of the type I interferon pathway and the PKR translational repressor, leading to inhibition of proliferation and stimulation of cell death. As such, inhibition of ADAR function is a viable therapeutic strategy for many cancers. However, there are no FDA approved inhibitors of ADAR. Two small molecules have been previously described as inhibitors of ADAR: 8-azaadenosine and 8-chloroadenosine. Here we show that neither molecule is a selective inhibitor of ADAR. Both 8-azaadenosine and 8-chloroadenosine show similar toxicity to ADAR-dependent and independent cancer cell lines. Furthermore, the toxicity of both small molecules is comparable between cell lines with knockdown of ADAR and cells with unperturbed ADAR expression. Treatment with neither molecule causes activation of PKR. Finally, treatment with either molecule has no effect on A-to-I editing of an ADAR substrate. Together these data show that 8-azaadenosine and 8-chloroadenosine are not suitable small molecules for therapies that require selective inhibition of ADAR, and neither should be used in preclinical studies as ADAR inhibitors.
Predicting Effective Dielectric Properties of Composites for Nonlinear Transmission Lines using Effective Medium Theories and CST Microwave Studios

We present computational and theoretical assessments on the effective dielectric properties of the nonlinear composites comprised of ferroelectric ceramic inclusions (barium strontium titanate (BST)) and/or ferromagnetic inclusions (nickel zinc ferrite (NZF)) in a linear host to serve as materials for nonlinear transmission lines (NLTLs). We compare classical effective medium theories (EMTs) and computational models using CST Microwave Studio (CST MWS) to predict the dielectric and magnetic properties of the composites in the linear region to measurements. The composite models in CST MWS agree well with measurements and the Lichtenecker rule for NZF composites, while classical EMTs generally fail to estimate effective properties for the cases with high volume loadings and strong dielectric contrast.
Disease mechanisms of X-linked cone dystrophy caused by missense mutations in the red and green cone opsins.

Cone photoreceptors are responsible for the visual acuity and color vision of the human eye. Red/green cone opsin missense mutations N94K, W177R, P307L, R330Q, and G338E have been identified in subjects with congenital blue cone monochromacy or color-vision deficiency. Studies on disease mechanisms due to these cone opsin mutations have been previously carried out exclusively in vitro, and the reported impairments were not always consistent. Here we expressed these mutants via AAV specifically in vivo in M-opsin knockout mouse cones to investigate their subcellular localization, the pathogenic effects on cone structure, function, and cone viability. We show that these mutations alter the M-opsin structure, function, and localization. N94K and W177R mutants appeared to be misfolded since they localized exclusively in cone inner segments and endoplasmic reticulum. In contrast, P307L, R330Q, and G338E mutants were detected predominately in cone outer segments. Expression of R330Q and G338E, but not P307L opsins, also partially restored expression and correct localization of cone PDE6α' and cone transducin I³ and resulted in partial rescue of M-cone-mediated light responses. Expression of W177R and P307L mutants significantly reduced cone viability, whereas N94K, R330Q, and G338E were only modestly toxic. We propose that although the underlying biochemical and cellular defects caused by these mutants are distinct, they all seem to exhibit a dominant phenotype, resembling autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa associated with the majority of rhodopsin missense mutations. The understanding of the molecular mechanisms associated with these cone opsin mutants is fundamental to developing targeted therapies for cone dystrophy/dysfunction.