cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sex differences in the prognostic value of ER-β status in lung cancer survival.

Proc Amer Assoc Cancer Res, Volume 46, 2005 481 Estrogen receptors have been detected in both normal lung and at higher rates in lung tumor tissue, primarily in the form of estrogen receptor-beta (ER-β). Estrogen receptor status is routinely used as a prognostic factor for breast cancer patients, predicting treatment utility as well as survival. The prognostic value of ER-β in lung cancer was evaluated in cases selected from two population-based case-control studies in Metropolitan Detroit. One study is enrolling women aged 18-74 diagnosed with primary adenocarcinoma of the lung from 2001 forward, while the second study enrolled men and women aged 18-49 diagnosed with primary lung cancer 1990-2003. Paraffin-embedded lung tumor samples were obtained for 179 individuals in these studies from hospital pathology departments. One hundred and twenty-four samples were from females and 55 were from males. Information on tobacco use, estrogen use, environmental exposures and family history was collected through in-person interviews. Follow-up was obtained through the Detroit area SEER registry. Immunohistochemical staining was performed using a monoclonal mouse antibody specific for the ERβ1 isoform (MC1974S; Serotec). Minimum follow-up was set at 1 month; maximum follow-up was set at 5 years. Inclusion was limited to those subjects diagnosed before February 2004 to allow for at least one year of follow-up. Cox proportional hazard models were used to determine the contribution of ER-β status to survival, adjusting for age, race, stage at diagnosis, smoking status and pack-years of exposure. Analyses were stratified by sex. The mean length of follow-up was 18 months (range of 1-60 months). The overall 3-year survival rate was 20%, while the 5-year survival rate was 2%. 64% of women had ER-β positive tumors and 74% of men had ER-β positive tumors (p=0.27). ER-β positivity was associated with a 77% increased risk of death among women (HR=1.77; 95% CI 0.87-3.61), while among men, ER-β positivity significantly decreased risk of death by 56% (HR=0.44; 95% CI 0.20-0.95). In a subset of individuals with regional or distant stage disease, the sex differences in survival by ER-β status remained; the hazard ratio associated with ER-β positivity in women was 1.52 (95% CI 1.01-2.28) and in men was 0.88 (95% CI 0.58-1.31). Similar results were found among a subset of 130 subjects with adenocarcinoma histology. These findings suggest that ER-β status of lung tumors is associated with differential survival by sex.
Provisioning consistent policies in multilayer restoration

The plethora of new technologies and services such as MPLS, ATM, IP, SONET and WDM allows services to be restored at different layers and at different costs. Restoration schemes at multiple layers might collide, causing a race condition, where restoration agents at different layers keep trying to establish a connection. We define a model for restoration mechanisms at different layers and discuss a technique for automatically detecting conflicts. Our algorithm might be applied as a test before a failure occurs.
The effect of selected “desirable difficulties” on the ability to recall anatomy information

"Desirable difficulties" is a theory from cognitive science used to promote learning in a variety of contexts. The basic premise is that creating a cognitively challenging environment at the learning acquisition phase, by actively engaging learners in the retrieval of to-be-learned materials, promotes long-term retention. In this study, the degree of desirable difficulties was varied to identify how cognitively challenging the learning acquisition phase must be to benefit university-level students' learning of anatomy concepts. This is important to investigate as applied studies of desirable difficulties are less frequent than laboratory-based studies and the implementation of this principle may need to be tailored to the specific field of study, such as anatomy. As such, a read-read-read-read (R-R-R-R) condition was compared to read-generate-read-generate (R-G-R-G) and read-test-read-test (R-T-R-T) conditions. The three conditions varied in terms of how effortful the retrieval task was during the learning acquisition phase. R-R-R-R required little effort because participants passively read the materials four times. R-G-R-G required some effort to generate a response as participants completed a word fragment task during the learning acquisition phase. R-T-R-T was thought to be most demanding as participants performed a free recall task twice during the learning phase. With regard to the absolute amount of anatomy information recalled, the R-T-R-T condition was superior at both immediate and delayed (one week) assessment points. Thus, instructors and learners of anatomy would benefit from embedding more free recall components, or self-testing, into university-level course work or study practices.
GRAPHICS: FROM ALPHA TO OMEGA IN DATA ANALYSIS

Publisher Summary Innovative devices for summarizing data are an object of serious investigation today. Computer graphics makes their construction economically and temporally feasible for routine use. Few people will accept a graphical form of representation only if it summarizes information without any possible distortion. Class comparisons enable classes to be compared with each other and individuals with classes. For instance, one might want to see which diagnostic classes a patient appears to belong to and how he differs from the ideal in each, or one might want to compare how patients assigned to different classes of treatments have progressed after a certain amount of time. The database is visualized as one set of scalar variables and one set of classification variables. The scalar variables would include measures such as systolic blood pressure, yearly cost of health care, interorbital distance.
Heights of algebraic points lying on curves or hypersurfaces

Our first aim will be to give an explicit version of a generalization of the results of Zhang and Zagier on algebraic points (x, y) with x + y + 1 = 0. Secondly, we will show that distinct algebraic points lying on a given curve of certain type can be distinguished in terms of some height functions. Thirdly, we will derive a bound for the number of points on such a curve whose heights are under a given bound and whose coordinates lie in a multiplicative group of given rank. 0. INTRODUCTION When K is a number field, let V = V(K) be the set of its places, and for v E V let I Iv be the absolute value belonging to v which extends the ordinary or a p-adic absolute value of Q. Further set lixi1v = Ixldv/d where d is the degree of K and dv is the local degree associated with v. The additive version of the product formula is that S log llxllv = 0 vEV for x E Kx. For such x set h(x) = Emax(0, log llxllv) = log ixivi, vEV vEV where the second equality follows from the product formula. Then h(x) is the absolute logarithmic height of x; it is independent of the number field K in which x is embedded. It is an old conjecture of Lehmer [2] that when x is of degree d over Q, and is not 0 or a root of 1, then (0.1) h(x) > ci/d with an absolute constant cl > 0. The best result in this direction is due to Dobrowolski [1] and says that h(x) > (c2/d) (log log d/ log d)3 if d 3. The example x = 21/d shows that (0.1) would be best possible. In contrast, there is the following Received by the editors March 27, 1995. 1991 Mathematics Subject Classification. Primary lIG30. The author was supported in part by NSF grant DMS-9401426. (?)1996 American Mathematical Society 3003 This content downloaded from 157.55.39.173 on Sun, 10 Apr 2016 04:47:51 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
The Complete Amino Acid Sequence of Two Types of Subtilisin, BPN' and Carlsberg

The complete amino acid sequences of subtilisins BPN' (Nagarse) and Carlsberg have been determined. Subtilisin BPN' consists of a single peptide chain of 275 amino acid residues, whereas the Carlsberg enzyme contains 274 residues and differs in a total of 83 residues. The enzymes are distinct from "serine proteinases" of animal origin. Amino acid replacements permit preliminary identification of areas critical for structure-function relationships and some assessment of possible genetic mechanisms which have led to differences in sequence.
Aquaculture in Ponds, Raceways, and Tanks

An earlier chapter discussed aquaculture in natural and modified systems, those systems requiring little or no input by man to achieve a desired production level. This chapter deals with more advanced culture systems, that is, those requiring significant inputs by man in terms of resources, energy, and investment. Confined fish culture may be carried out in ponds, raceways, or tanks. Many considerations determine which type system to use. These considerations are the subject of this chapter.
Urine Trouble: Drug Testing of Students and Teachers in Public Schools.

Non-individualized (so-called "random") drug testing in public schools presents issues of Constitutional law on both the federal and state levels, particularly with regard to citizens' freedom from "unreasonable searches and seizures." The trend toward increasing acceptance of such testing by the courts (and particularly the U.S. Supreme Court) stands in tension with public-health approaches to preventing abuse of psychoactive substances. This paper analyzes the major legal, social, and ethical challenges presented by random drug-testing in schools.
Aberrant commissural positioning, hooding, and thrombotic occlusion of right and left coronary ostia in the left sinus of valsalva associated with small coronary arteries: A newly described anomaly and a cause of sudden death in an adolescent

Reported is a triad of coronary artery anomalies associated with sudden and unexpected death in an adolescent occurring 10 hours after elective surgery. The abnormalities consisted of (1) the anomalous origins of both left and right coronary orifices in the left sinus of Valsalva, behind and through the commissure; (2) formation of a triangular septum between the upper portion of the commissure and the aorta, delineating a cul-de-sac which partially surrounded the coronary ostia; (3) small proximal coronary arteries. Development of a thrombus, putatively elicited by turbulence in the cul-de-sac, acted as a flutter valve to occlude both coronary ostia causing extensive acute myocardial infarction.
Cloaking with optimized homogeneous anisotropic layers

We present a method to reduce the scattering from arbitrary objects by surrounding them with shells composed of several layers of homogeneous anisotropic materials. An optimization procedure is used to find the material parameters for each layer, the starting point of which is a discretized approximation of a coordinate transformation cloaking shell. We show that an optimized, three-layer shell can reduce the maximum scattering of an object by as much as $15\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{dB}$ more than a 100-layer realization of a coordinate transformation cloaking shell. Moreover, using an optimization procedure can yield high-performance cloaking shell solutions that also meet external constraints, such as the maximum value of permittivity or permeability. This design approach can substantially simplify the fabrication of moderate-size cloaking shells.
Using a Multi-State Consortium Approach to Develop a Nutrition Training Program for Child Care Providers?

Abstract State agencies administering the Child and Adult Care Food Program (CACFP) identified a need for training resources providing basic information on best practice in the operation of the CACFP. A task force of representatives from several state CACFP agencies met to define priority content areas based on the needs of CACFP child care sponsors in participating states. Specific content areas identified included nutrition needs of young children, menu planning, food preparation, food safety, managing mealtime with young children, nutrition education, and CACFP recordkeeping requirements. Flexible materials were needed that could be used in group training, one-on-one training, or self-instruction, reflecting the variety of situations through which child care training is provided. The task force identified video lessons as the most appropriate training format, with each video accompanied by camera-ready bulletins providing detailed information on the lesson topic. States contracted with the National Food Service Management Institute (NFSMI) to develop materials meeting these needs with extensive input from the Task Force. The program, called Care Connection, was completed in January 1998 and is now available through the NFSMI. The intended end-users of the program are CACFP child care sponsors and center directors, who can utilize it to train child care home providers and center staff on best practice in nutrition, feeding young children, and operating the CACFP.
Disney in Science Fiction Land

In the wake of a highly successful and publicized series of articles on space travel in Collier's magazine, Walt Disney commissioned a group of episodes on the subject for his new television show Disneyland. These episodes, grouped under the show's Tomorrowland theme, employed many of the experts involved in the Collier's series, combined the Disney studio's strength in animation with live action, and set about making the facts of space science entertaining for a family audience. The shows, however, also demonstrated shifting attitudes toward science and technology at Disney, as the early efforts at emphasizing the educational aspects of the episodes eventually gave way to overblown dramatizations and even trivializations of the cultural concern with space exploration. An early and demonstrably serious concern with issues of "tomorrow" was gradually transformed into little more than an entertaining "fantasy."
The Convergence of Counseling and Psychiatric Genetics: An Essential Role for Counselors.

Research in psychiatric genetics shows that many mental disorders commonly seen by counselors are associated with the presence of specific genes. Although findings in gene research call for some changes in the way counselors approach intervention, in most cases, the importance of the counseling profession's core commitments is underscored. This article introduces the field of psychiatric genetics, clarifies the importance of counseling interventions in gene-associated mental disorder, and highlights practice questions stimulated by growing knowledge in pychiatric genetics.
Isolated Peripheral Pulmonary Artery Stenoses in the Adult

Background Isolated peripheral pulmonary artery stenosis (PPS) in the adult is rare and frequently unsuspected. We review in this article our experience with 12 adult patients with isolated PPS, half of whom had been previously diagnosed with chronic pulmonary thromboembolic disease. Methods and Results The presentation, evolution, and management of 12 adults with isolated PPS, 17 to 51 years of age (mean, 36.2±9.7 years), were evaluated. Presenting symptoms were dyspnea and fatigue. Three patients had New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class III or greater. Lung perfusion scans revealed multiple segmental abnormalities in flow distribution in all patients. Oxygen desaturation at rest was present in 4 patients. At catheterization, right ventricular (RV) pressure was suprasystemic in 2 patients, systemic in 1, and more than half-systemic in 7. All had multiple bilateral nonuniform stenoses in segmental and subsegmental arteries. Balloon pulmonary angioplasty (BPA) to decrease RV hypertension and ...
Interpersonal Attraction and Repeated Exposure to Rewarders and Punishers

An experiment was conducted in an effort to clarify the nature of the relationship between frequency of exposure and interpersonal at traction. Subjects were visually exposed to one another during each trial of a modified prisoner's dilemma game in which subjects' out comes were controlled by the experimenter. The frequency of these visual encounters was varied, as was the nature of the monetary outcomes from the gaming trials (rewards vs. punishments) and the attribution of re sponsibility for these outcomes (partners responsible vs. non-responsi ble). Measures of attraction indicated that, overall, more frequently viewed others were preferred to those less frequently seen. This ex posure effect was most strongly obtained when the other subjects were viewed as personally responsible for delivering rewards, while either no effect or a weak negative exposure effect was found in the responsible- punish condition.
Efficacy of the fungi Hirsutella minnesotensis and H. rhossiliensis from liquid culture for control of the soybean cyst nematode Heterodera glycines

Hirsutella minnesotensis and H. rhossiliensis are endoparasites of nematodes, and their biological control potential against Heterodera glycines when cultured and applied on corn grits has been reported. In this study, the potential of liquid cultures of the two fungi was evaluated in two glasshouse experiments. Both liquid culture at 0.2, 0.4 and 0.8 g of fresh mycelium/300 cm3 soil (per pot) and solid culture at 1% (corn grits: soil, w/w) reduced nematode egg population densities in both autoclaved and unheated soils as compared with soil-only control or corn-grits control. However, the liquid culture at 0.2–0.8 g of mycelium/pot appeared to be more effective in reducing the nematode population than the solid culture of 1%. Hirsutella rhossiliensis resulted in lower nematode population density than H. minnesotensis only in unheated soil in one experiment. The soil heat treatment generally increased the nematode population density but did not affect percentage reduction of the nematode population density as compared with respective controls, except that reduction by H. rhossiliensis was greater in unheated soil than heat-treated soil in one experiment. Percentage of second-stage juveniles (J2) parasitised by fungi at the end of the experiment (60 days after planting) was generally higher with H. minnesotensis than with H. rhossiliensis. The percentage parasitism was positively correlated with initial fungal inoculation level. The soil heat treatment increased fungal parasitism in one experiment but not in the other. Plant growth was unaffected by treatments except that the soil heat treatment increased plant shoot weight as compared with unheated soil in one experiment.
Effect of perceived motivation on the assignment of blame and punishment to rapists by female respondents

This study examined the assignment of blame in rape episodes by female observers. When the rapist's behavior was described as caused by intrapsychic, as compared with organic factors, greater blame was assigned to the rapist. A greater degree of causal attribution to factors external to the rapist occurred with organic, as compared with intrapsychic, causation. Ratings of the severity of punishment deserved by the rapist differed significantly as a function of both intrapsychic versus organic causation and whether the rape was characterized as sexually versus aggressively motivated.
IMMEDIATE AND EARLY EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL SEPTAL ABLATION ON THE RIGHT HEART AND LEFT ATRIUM

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is classically considered a disease of the left ventricle (LV) and consequently several studies have examined the effect of alcohol septal ablation (ASA) on LV structure and function. A comprehensive analysis of whether ASA affects the non-LV chambers in the
Pharmacokinetic and toxicity considerations in the use of neoadjuvant chemotherapy for bladder cancer.

Introduction: Neoadjuvant cisplatin-based combination chemotherapy remains the standard of care for surgically fit patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC). However, significant practice variability exists both in the use of neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) and in the utilized regimens.Areas covered: This review summarizes the available evidence on the pharmacokinetic, toxicology and efficacy considerations for determining appropriate neoadjuvant therapy in MIBC. This article consists of material obtained via PubMed, Medline and EMBASE literature searches up to November 2014.Expert opinion: The role of NACT in MIBC cancer is well established. Common barriers to the successful use of NACT are the toxicities of therapy, the presence of underlying renal dysfunction, the time delay to definitive surgery and the potential for an inadequate treatment effect. The key finding from published NACT trials is that patients who successfully attain a complete pathologic response at the time of radical cystect...
Photoluminescence in polycrystalline GaAs AT 5K

Photoluminescence at 5K is used to measure the radiative recombination in a potential solar cell material -- polycrystalline GaAs. In some samples the elecron-hole pair recombination is extremely efficient, yielding luminescence intensities up to 40% of that of monocrystalline GaAs. These samples are characterized by a peak at approximately 1.49eV, which is similar to that observed in the monocrystalline GaAs. However in other samples a broad, less intense band at approximately 1.47eV is seen.
Cognitive differences in end user searching of a CD-ROM index

Cognitive abilities of fifty university students were tested using eight tests from the Kit of Factor-Referenced Cognitive Tests. All students searched for references on the same topic using a standard computerized index, and performance in the searches was analyzed using a variety of measures. Effects for cognitive differences, as well as for differences in demographic characteristics and knowledge, were identified using multiple regression. Perceptual speed had an effect on the quality of searches, and logical reasoning, verbal comprehension, and spatial scanning abilities influenced search tactics. It is suggested that information retrieval systems can be made more accessible to users with different levels of cognitive abilities through improvements that will assist users to scan lists of terms, choose appropriate vocabulary for searching, and select useful references.
LUNAR PROSPECTOR: FIRST RESULTS AND LESSONS LEARNED☆

Abstract Lunar Prospector, the first competitively selected mission in NASA's Discovery Program, is conducting a one-year orbital survey of the Moon's composition and structure. Launched on January 6 1998, the suite of five instruments is measuring water/ice to a sensitivity of 50 ppm (hydrogen), detecting key elemental constituents, gas release events and mapping the Moon's gravitational and magnetic fields. The mission is described with emphasis on the first scientific results and lessons learned from managing a very low cost project. A mission overview and systems description is given along with final mission trajectories. Lessons learned from government–industry teaming, new modes of project management, and novel contractual arrangements are discussed. The suite of five instruments (neutron spectrometer, alpha particle spectrometer, gamma-ray spectrometer, electron reflectometer and magnetometer) is outlined with attention to final technical performance as well as development on a constrained budget and schedule. A review of our novel approaches to education and public outreach is discussed and a summary with suggestions and implications for future missions is provided.
Modeling McRuer delay and gain parameters within recorded aircraft state data

A study was conducted to identify potential markers for low- and high workload within continuous control data. These markers include derived parameters, such as error, as well as modeled parameters. With respect to the modeled parameters, a parameter tracking system has been developed for modeling the gain and delay with which pilots respond to deviations from desired state values, such as altitude, course, and speed. The system models these parameters based on the McRuer crossover model where the mean-squared error between the modeled parameters and the actual values has been minimized. Several potentially distinguishing markers for identifying excessively low- and high workload levels were found, including measures of error duration, extent, and modeled parameters of operator gain and delay.
Attachment culture of human retinoblastoma cells: Long-term culture conditions and effects of dibutyryl cyclic AMP

Abstract Cells from the Y-79 human retinoblastoma line were successfully grown as long-term monolayer cultures in serum-supplemented or serum-free, defined medium after pretreatment of the substrate with poly- d -lysine and fibronectin. A significant proportion of the cells differentiated morphologically in serum-free, defined medium as well as in serum-containing medium after treatment with dibutyryl cyclic AMP (dbcAMP). In the defined medium, approximately 30% of the cells showed development of long, ramifying processes, consistent with putative neuronal differentiation. Addition of dbcAMP in the defined medium resulted in an increasing number of differentiating cells (up to 50%); scattered flat cells were observed as well. Treatment of serum-supported cultures with dbcAMP resulted in a larger proportion (10%) of flat cells. Attempts to differentiate the cells with retinoic acid were unsuccessful. These results show that Y-79 cells can grow in attachment culture and differentiate into at least two distinct morphological cell types as well as offering an interesting system for studying the factors controlling growth and differentiation in human tumor cells in vitro.
On the surface complexation model of the oxide-aqueous solution interface

Abstract The recent chemical models that describe oxide-aqueous solution reactions in terms of surface complexes are examined. It is shown that chemical thermodynamics can give a self-contained description of these reactions without hypotheses concerning the molecular structure of the interfacial region. Surface complexation models that combine concepts of coordination chemistry with those in electrical double-layer theory are attempts at molecular theory to account for the observed thermodynamic behavior of surface species. These models can be interpreted as applications of a statistical mechanical van der Waals model, according to which charged surface species interact mutually through a mean electric field created by themselves. The van der Waals model shows that the electrical double-layer parameters which appear in expressions for conditional equilibrium constants in surface complexation models represent contributions of the mean electric field to the rational activity coefficients of surface species.
Electrophysiology and ultrastructure of cultured human proximal tubule cells

Electrophysiology and infrastructure of cultured human proximal tubule cells. The present study was undertaken to determine if cultures of human proximal tubule cells would retain in vivo properties inherent to this segment in the intact nephron. Ussing chamber studies demonstrated that these cultured cells generated transepithelial potential differences of approximately -2.0mV and resistances of 0.310 KΩ · cm 2 , supporting the concept that the proximal tubule is a "leaky" epithelium. The electrical properties did not change when the cells were exposed to amiloride (10 −4 M), but did respond to acetazolamide (10 −4 M), consistent with responses known to occur in proximal tubules. Ultrastructural analysis of these cells demonstrated features indicative of proximal tubule cells. When grown on permeable supports, where apical and basolateral growth medium compartments were maintained separate from each other; the cells were noted to undergo increased differentiation with morphological evidence of cell polarity. Freeze fracture analysis demonstrated well-formed tight junction strands and segregation of unique numbers of intramembrarious particles in apical, lateralj and basal membranes. The replicas also demonstrated the presence of aggregates thought to represent gap junctions, structures which occur exclusively in the proximal segment of the human nephron. These observations provide evidence that this human cell culture model originates from the human proximal tubule and retains, in culture, many of the properties associated with proximal tubule cell function and structure in vivo.
Diesel Engine Particulate Emissions: A Comparison of Mobility and Microscopy Size Measurements

Abstract Sub-micron particulates emitted from diesel engines have serious negative effects on human health and environment. Accurate characterizations of such particulate matter based on independent diagnostic techniques are necessary to monitor, regulate, and model atmospheric pollution levels. The relevant sizes, in addition to mass, are of special interest as they determine the transport, toxic, optical, chemical, and deposition properties of particulates. While there is abundant information in the aerosol literature on the apparent size distributions of diesel particulates measured with mobility sizers, it is unclear how well such commercial instruments can characterize aggregated particles due to spherical interpretation and potential alterations of physical properties within extensive sampling and dilution lines. In this study, these experimental concerns were assessed by comparing equivalent size measurements from a differential mobility analyzer to the actual physical dimensions and morphologies obtained from direct TEM observations of particulates sampled from the exhaust of a diesel engine with rapid thermophoretic deposition technique. Because mobility analyzers yield an overall equivalent particulate size, the measured mobility sizes were much larger than the microscopy spherule diameters, which dictate the available surface area for their interactions with the surrounding atmosphere. Mobility size distributions were also narrower with smaller sizes compared to the TEM aggregate measurements. The average mobility diameters were found to be approximately half the average microscopy aggregate gyration diameters for the present diesel engine operating conditions. Some of the differences in fractal dimension of diesel soot aggregates were also discussed in view of the present experimental results.
Normative tables for the F‐K index of the MMPI based on a contemporary normal sample

Recent work with the F-K index of the MMPI has reaffirmed its usefulness for identifying dissimulation. However, the potential usefulness of any index of malingering is dependent on its frequency of occurrence in the normal population. This article presents normative tables for the F-K index based on a contemporary normative sample of 335 normal women and 304 normal men.
A model for signal transmission in an ear having hair cells with free-standing stereocilia. IV. Mechanoelectric transduction stage.

A model is described for mechanoelectric transduction in hair cells with free-standing stereocilia in the alligator lizard cochlea. The model relates the angular displacement of the stereocilia to the receptor potential in the absence of the hair cell's membrane capacitance whose effect is considered elsewhere (Leong and Weiss, 1985, in preparation). The model consists of two parts: a population of membrane ionic channels and an electric network that relates the channel conductance to the equivalent resistance of the hair cell. The membrane ionic channels tend to open when the stereociliary tuft is displaced toward the kinocilium (or basal body) and tend to close when the tuft is oppositely displaced. The fraction of channels that is open for a given tuft displacement is governed by Boltzmann statistics and the energies of open and closed configurations of the channels are separated by a single energy barrier whose height depends on the angular displacement of the stereociliary tuft. The resulting channel conductance is a hyperbolic-tangent type function of the angular displacement of the stereociliary tuft. The channel conductance is coupled to the rest of the hair cell by an equivalent electric network containing constant resistance and a capacitance. The Thevenin equivalent resistance change across the basolateral membrane of the hair cell, called the transducer function, is also a hyperbolic-tangent type function of angular displacement. The parameters of the channel conductance and the values of resistances in the hair-cell electric model determine the scale factors and the location of the operating point of this hyperbolic-tangent type function. The hyperbolic-tangent type function is a specific example of a class of monotonically decreasing and saturating, or sigmoidal, transducer functions. The spectral properties of sigmoidal transducer functions are examined for sinusoidal angular displacements of amplitude theta. General results are obtained for arbitrary sigmoidal transducer functions; particular results are obtained for the hyperbolic-tangent type function. General conclusions concerning spectral components of the resistance change include: all spectral components are independent of the frequency of the angular displacement; the constant or DC component can be positive or negative; the fundamental component is 180 degrees out of phase with the angular displacement, i.e. the resistance decreases when the stereocilia are displaced towards the kinocilium; for small values of theta, the magnitude of the nth harmonic tends to grow as theta n for n greater than 0; the zeroth harmonic or DC component grows as theta 2.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
A unified elasto-viscoplasticity model for clays, part I: Theory

Abstract A unified elasto-viscoplasticity model is formulated for describing the stress-strainpore pressure-time behavior of saturated cohesive soils under general three-dimensional stress conditions. The limit surface and the conjugated static yield surface (elastic domain) form the basic framework from which the time- (aging and creep) and rate- effects can be conveniently accounted for by using a single internal state variable - preconsolidation pressure. The attendant evolution law for the internal state variable is formulated on the basis of phenomenological characteristics presented by Leroueil, et al, (1985) [1]. A detailed review of macroscopic characteristics of clays and mathematic derivations of the proposed viscoplasticity theory are presented in this paper.
Professional development of the early childhood education teaching workforce in the United States: an overview

Resulting from a fragmented landscape of policies for and uneven investments in the early childhood education (ECE) field in the United States, the qualifications of the ECE teaching workforce are typically quite low. This article first reviews the history and status of the ECE teaching workforce in the United States, focusing on the evolution of the field, current demographic characteristics of the teaching workforce and the pathways to professional development and professional preparation of the teaching workforce. The authors then discuss the legacies of this history and policy landscape: a lack of quality, equity and sustainability. Offering a re-conceptualization of professional development within the context of systems thinking, the article concludes with a discussion of innovations and challenges with which the field contends relative to workforce development.
Surface tension of hydrous silicate melts: Constraints on the impact of melt composition

Abstract The first step in magma degassing is the nucleation of gas bubbles. The ability of magma to nucleate bubbles is moderated by its surface tension, which is thought to vary with melt composition, temperature, and H2O content. Numerous experimental studies of bubble nucleation in silicate melts have quantified surface tension, but those experiments have been run at different temperatures and used melts with different dissolved H2O contents. The influence of bulk melt composition may thus be masked. In this study, we decompress hydrous silicate melts that range from phono-tephrite to high-silica rhyolite to investigate conditions needed to trigger homogeneous bubble nucleation. Importantly, dissolved water contents are very similar amongst the melts, and all were decompressed at 1150–1200 °C, isolating the influence of melt composition on bubble nucleation. Despite the 25 wt.% range in SiO2 content, both the total pressure drop and the degree of supersaturation needed to trigger bubble nucleation vary a little. Because supersaturation varies little, σ for all melts falls to fall within a relatively narrow range of 0.065 to 0.080 N m− 1. In addition, σ for an even wider range of anhydrous melts is nearly constant, although five times higher. It thus appears that the bulk composition of silicate melt has little impact on σ. It is also known that the variation in σ with temperature is minor, and thus most differences between measured σ values probably result from differences in H2O content.
Asthma and Allergic Rhinitis in Adoptees and Their Adoptive Parents

Background Since the highest risk for the development of atopic disease is in early life, environmental risk factors need to be separated from the genetic component in this high risk period. Adoptees removed at birth and placed in adoptive families present a way to separate environmental and genetic factors at this early susceptible age. Method An opportunity for a pilot study of asthma and allergic rhinitis in adoptive families was presented when a psychiatrist (RC) was planning a behavioral study of young adult adoptees and their adoptive parents. A detailed questionnaire about allergic rhinitis and asthma was added after the psychiatrists' interview. Placement was not influenced by a history of allergy in adoptive or natural parents. The adoptee and at least one adoptive parent completed questionnaires in 367 families. The adoptees had been removed at birth and placed in the adoptive family within 3 months (83% within 1 month). Results Compared with adoptive families without asthma or allergic rhinitis, an adoptive mother with asthma or rhinitis, when the adoptive father was not affected, increased the risk for asthma in the adoptee (OR = 3.2, P P P P Conclusion This should be considered a pilot or feasibility study since subjects could not be examined or tested. Finding a risk for atopic respiratory disease or asthma associated with adoption by parents with asthma or allergic rhinitis suggests that further well planned adoptee studies should be made.
Divergent selection for nodule aspartate aminotransferase and asparagine synthetase activities in alfalfa

Root nodule aspartate aminotransferase (AAT) and asparagine synthetase (AS) catalyze synthesis of the two primary nitrogenous compounds translocated from alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) nodules. The objectives of this research were to (i) determine the heritability of nodule AAT and AS activities, (ii) evaluate the effect of selection for AAT and AS activities on characteristics associated with N 2 fixation, and (iii) assess relationships among nodule characteristics, N concentration, and plant dry weight(.)
Intrathecal corticosteroids might slow Alzheimer's disease progression.

Anti-inflammatory drugs for treatment and prevention of Alzheimer’s disease have to date proved disappointing, including a large study of low-dose prednisone, but higher dose steroids significantly reduced amyloid secretion in a small series of nondemented patients. In addition, there is a case report of a patient with amyloid angiopathy who had complete remission from two doses of dexamethasone, and very high dose steroids are already used for systemic amyloidosis. This paper presents the hypothesis that pulse-dosed intrathecal methylprednisolone or dexamethasone will produce detectable slowing of Alzheimer’s progression, additive to that obtained with cholinesterase inhibitors and memantine. A protocol based on treatment regimens for multiple sclerosis and central nervous system lupus is outlined, to serve as a basis for formulating clinical trials. Ultimately intrathecal corticosteroids might become part of a multi-agent regimen for Alzheimer’s disease and also have application for other neurodegenerative disorders.
Creating a Pharmacist-Managed Anticoagulation Clinic: An Example of a Joint Endeavor between a Community Hospital and a College of Pharmacy:

Collaborative practice between pharmacists and physicians is an important component of the evolving role of the pharmacist providing outpatient anticoagulation clinical services. Multiple issues should be addressed before the implementation of such services, including ensuring state laws and regulatory agencies’ requirements are met. When a collaborative agreement is formed, the support of hospital services is vital to develop an outpatient anticoagulation clinic. The authors wish to offer this legal and regulatory process that evolved over a 5-year time period as an overview of potential areas to address when beginning a pharmacist-managed anticoagulation clinic. Our clinic example was between a community hospital and college of pharmacy faculty practitioners, but many of the principles can be extrapolated to other pharmacist practitioners not associated with a college of pharmacy. Throughout the article, we will briefly share the rationale and benefits of collaborative practice, with the main focus bein...
Biological Sciences: Transmitter Release by Presynaptic Impulses in the Squid Stellate Ganglion

IN spite of phylogenetic differences, the vertebrate (frog) myoneural junction and the giant synapse in the squid stellate ganglion have similar characteristics of transmitter release1–8. In this article I report quantitative data on this similarity, on the roles of Ca2+ and Mg2+, and the dependence on temperature.
Growth promotion and inhibition by antibiotic-producing fluorescent pseudomonads on citrus roots

Forty-three strains of feeder root colonizing fluorescent pseudomonads from rough lemon (Citrus jambhiri Lush.) roots were examined for effects on rough lemon and sweet orange (Citrus sinensis Osbeck) seedlings. Plants inoculated with a single bacterial soil-drench had, after 10 months, a range of stimulatory (to 116%) and inhibitory effects (to 52%). Stimulatory bacteria particularly increased growth of root systems. Cultivar-specific inhibition and stimulation was evident in inoculations of rough lemon and sweet orange seedlings. Populations of fluorescent rhizobacteria on inoculated and noninoculated, as well as on stimulated and nonstimulated seedlings, did not differ significantly (10.8×106 to 30.3×106 CFU/g root). Population of fluorescent rhizobacteria on seedlings were higher than populations on feeder roots from grove trees (2.8 to 5.7×106 CFU/g). Ninety-four and 81% of 251 fluorescent strains produced antibiotics against the fungusGeotrichum candidum and the bacteriumErwinia stewartii, respectively. Antibiotic activities of 90% of the antibiotic producing strains were repressed by Fe3+, indicating siderophore production. In comparison, only 9.6 and 15% of 94 randomly selected nonfluorescentPseudomonas strains were antibiotic producers. Differences between stimulatory and inhibitory or neutral bacteria were not apparent from antibiosis tests. On the basis of physiological tests,Pseudomonas putida was the most abundant (>62%) pseudomonad species on rough lemon roots. Growth stimulating strains appeared to be in bothP. putida andP. fluorescens groups. FewP. aeruginosa strains were identified on citrus roots.
Combining CMPO and HEH[EHP] for Separating Trivalent Lanthanides from the Transuranic Elements

Combining octyl(phenyl)-N,N-diisobutyl-carbamoylmethylphosphine oxide (CMPO) and 2-ethylhexylphosphonic acid mono-2-ethylhexyl ester (HEH[EHP]) into a single process solvent for separating transuranic elements from liquid high-level waste is explored. The lanthanides and americium can be co-extracted from HNO3 into 0.2 mol/L CMPO + 1.0 mol/L HEH[EHP] in n-dodecane. The extraction is relatively insensitive to the HNO3 concentration within 0.1–5 mol/L HNO3. Americium can be selectively stripped from the CMPO/HEH[EHP] solvent into a citrate-buffered N-(2-hydroxyethyl)ethylenediaminetriacetic acid solution. Separation factors >14 can be achieved in the range pH 2.5–3.7, and the separation factors are relatively insensitive to pH—a major advantage of this solvent formulation.
Trabecular bone ontogeny in the human proximal femur

Ontogenetic changes in the human femur associated with the acquisition of bipedal locomotion, especially the development of the bicondylar angle, have been well documented. The purpose of this study is to quantify changes in the three-dimensional structure of trabecular bone in the human proximal femur in relation to changing functional and external loading patterns with age. High-resolution X-ray computed tomography scan data were collected for 15 juvenile femoral specimens ranging in age from prenatal to approximately nine years of age. Serial slices were collected for the entire proximal femur of each individual with voxel resolutions ranging from 0.017 to 0.046 mm depending on the size of the specimen. Spherical volumes of interest were defined within the proximal femur, and the bone volume fraction, trabecular thickness, trabecular number, and fabric anisotropy were calculated in three dimensions. Bone volume fraction, trabecular number, and degree of anisotropy decrease between the age of 6 months and 12 months, with the lowest values for these parameters occurring in individuals near 12 months of age. By age 2-3 years, the bone volume, thickness, and degree of anisotropy increase slightly, and regions in the femoral neck become more anisotropic corresponding to the thickening of the inferior cortical bone of the neck. These results suggest that trabecular structure in the proximal femur reflects the shift in external loading patterns associated with the initiation of unassisted walking in infants.
Elevation of dipeptidylpeptidase iv activities in the prostate peripheral zone and prostatic secretions of men with prostate cancer: possible prostate cancer disease marker.

ABSTRACTPurpose: Dipeptidylpeptidase IV (DPIV) is a multifunctional type II plasma membrane glycoprotein with serine-type exopeptidase activity that is secreted by the prostate and increased in prostate cancer. We determined whether changes in DPIV activities in prostatic tissue zones and expressed secretions were associated with the presence of cancer.Materials and Methods: Expressed prostatic secretion (EPS), and biopsy of the transition (TZ) and peripheral (PZ) zones were collected from men undergoing ultrasound guided prostate biopsy. DPIV activities were measured by glypro-p-nitroanalide hydrolysis.Results: DPIV activities were significantly higher in TZ than in PZ tissues in men with no evidence of malignancy. However, activities in EPS were negatively associated with TZ volume and positively associated with PZ volume. Mean and median DPIV activities in EPS from men with biopsy determined cancer were significantly higher than in men with no evidence of malignancy. DPIV activities in TZ and PZ biopsi...
Serologic response of harbor seals (Phoca Vitulina) to vaccination with a recombinant canine distemper vaccine

Morbilliviruses pose a significant threat to marine mammal populations around the world and have been associated with multiple epizootics in pinnipeds and cetaceans. As part of a preventive veterinary medical program, five harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) in a managed collection were vaccinated with a recombinant canarypox-vectored canine distemper virus vaccine. The vaccine was evaluated for safety (by monitoring seals for local and systemic adverse effects and by testing for shedding of the canarypox vector) and efficacy (by testing for serum neutralizing antibodies). None of the seals showed signs of local or systemic adverse reactions to the vaccination. Three seals vaccinated once did not seroconvert, but the recombinant vaccine induced a persistent serum virus neutralizing titer (12 mo) in the two seals that were vaccinated twice, 1 mo apart.