cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Polymerization kinetics of rac-lactide initiated with alcohol/stannous octoate using in situ attenuated total reflectance-fourier transform infrared spectroscopy: An initiator study

rac-Lactide polymerization kinetics in THF at 72 °C were monitored in real-time using mid-infrared ATR-FTIR spectroscopy, with diamond composite insertion probe and light conduit technology. Monomer concentration as a function of time was acquired using the 1240 cm−1 resonance associated with the COOC stretch. Polymerizations were initiated with either n-propanol (PrOH), ethylene glycol (EG), trimethylol propane (TMP), or pentaerythritol (PENTA) with the coinitiator stannous octoate (Sn(Oct)2). Polymerizations were found to be reversible at high monomer conversions, with a residual monomer concentration at 72 °C (345 K) of 0.081 M. The polymerizations were internally first-order with respect to monomer, indicating a constant concentration of propagating centers. For a typical reaction with [rac-LA]0 = 1.0 M, [PENTA]0 = 1.3 × 10−2 M, and [Sn(Oct)2] = 2.5 × 10−2 M, the first-order rate constant, kapp was measured as 1.8 × 10−4 s−1. First-order rate constants were determined to be independent of polymer architecture (i.e., initiator functionality) and proportional to [Sn(Oct)2] for [Sn(Oct)2]0/[ROH]0 ≪ 1, where [ROH]0 represents the initial concentration of initiating hydroxyl groups. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 797–803, 2009
Structural Studies on 3-Hydroxyanthranilate-3,4-dioxygenase: The Catalytic Mechanism of a Complex Oxidation Involved in NAD Biosynthesis.

3-Hydroxyanthranilate-3,4-dioxygenase (HAD) catalyzes the oxidative ring opening of 3-hydroxyanthranilate in the final enzymatic step of the biosynthetic pathway from tryptophan to quinolinate, the universal de novo precursor to the pyridine ring of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. The enzyme requires Fe2+ as a cofactor and is inactivated by 4-chloro-3-hydroxyanthranilate. HAD from Ralstonia metallidurans was crystallized, and the structure was determined at 1.9 A resolution. The structures of HAD complexed with the inhibitor 4-chloro-3-hydroxyanthranilic acid and either molecular oxygen or nitric oxide were determined at 2.0 A resolution, and the structure of HAD complexed with 3-hydroxyanthranilate was determined at 3.2 A resolution. HAD is a homodimer with a subunit topology that is characteristic of the cupin barrel fold. Each monomer contains two iron binding sites. The catalytic iron is buried deep inside the β-barrel with His51, Glu57, and His95 serving as ligands. The other iron site forms an Fe...
Students from divorced and blended families

Nielsen summarizes the research on the impact of parents' divorce and remarriage on elementary- and secondary-school students. By pointing out the shortcomings and discrepancies in the existing research, the author dispels several stereotypes often held by school personnel about students whose parents are divorced or remarried. Specifically, this article addresses the following questions: What factors affect grades and behavior after a divorce? How are children's attitudes toward divorce and family members assessed? In what ways can schools facilitate students' adjustment and academic performance after their parents divorce or remarry?
On Reliability Analysis of Open Source Software - FEDORA

Reliability analyses of software systems often focus only on the number of faults reported against the software. Using a broader set of metrics, such as problem resolution times and field software usage levels, can provide a more comprehensive view of the product. Some of these metrics are more readily available for open source products. We analyzed a suite of FEDORA releases and obtained some interesting findings. For example, we show that traditional reliability models may be used to predict problem rates across releases. We also show that security related reports tend to have a different profile than non-security related problem reporting and repair.
SEM defect review and classification for semiconductor device manufacturing

Manufacturing of semiconductor devices is an extremely complicated, time consuming, multi-stage process. In order to maintain acceptable yield levels, the production line must be continuously monitored. Scanning Electron Microscopes (SEMs) are employed by all advanced wafer fabrication lines (fabs) for imaging and review of sub-micron defects which may result in faulty circuits. Designed to greatly enhance the functions of a defect review SEM, the Applied Materials SEMVision cX is a fully automated defect review and classification system, that is able to generate a novel type of defect image, and to use the information in these images for automatic defect classification. A unique technology that was developed for this purpose is Multiple Perspective SEM Imaging (MPSI ), an electron detection method in which multiple detectors that differ in their spectral and spatial response, are employed such that multiple images (perspectives) containing complementary information are generated simultaneously. Optical inspection tools, such as the Applied Materials Compass , first scan semiconductor wafers, and generate a list of suspected defect locations, with their approximate coordinates. At the defect review SEM, this information is used for driving to each of the approximate locations, imaging the vicinity of the suspected defect, and comparing this MPSI image to a reference image, which is typically taken from a neighboring die. This comparison is known as redetection, and results in precise location and sizing of the defect, as well as elimination of inspection false alarms. After the defect is found, a third image may be generated in a smaller field of view and increased resolution, to be used in the automatic classification algorithms. The Automatic Defect Classification (ADC) system contains a primary layer of rule based classification, and a secondary customization layer. In the rule based classifier, a predefined set of analysis algorithms is employed for each defect, categorizing it into one of several universal classes for semiconductor defects, so called Core Classes, such as a particle, a scratch, missing pattern and more. The customization layer may be used to further refine these into user-defined classes, according to requirements which maybe specific to the process, the product or local conventions.
The application of micro-thermal analysis technique in the characterization of polymer blend

Micro-thermal analysis (TA) is an exciting new innovation in the field of materials characterization. It combines the visualization power of atomic force microscopy (AFM) with the characterization capabilities of TA. Micro-TA can be used to characterize materials and surfaces, and to visualize the spatial distribution of phases, components, and contaminants in samples such as polymer blends. When two or more polymers are combined (incompatible blend), the microstructure and morphology have a direct impact on the materials final mechanical and chemical properties. Knowledge of the size and distribution of these phases can lead to a better understanding, and ultimately optimization of mechanical properties. In this study, micro-TA is used to examine the uniformity of high-density polyethylene and polystyrene blend with composition 70/30 and 50/50 (by weight) using different blend methods, including physical blending, blending in an extruder, and blending on a Haake mixer. Since the compatibilizer are commonly used in the polymer industry, the effect of compatibilization of block copolymers on the uniformity of a 70/30 (by weight) blend of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and polystyrene (PS) is also investigated by micro-TA technique and the results are compared with that from other techniques, including scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Raman spectroscopy. The compatibilizers investigated are several block copolymers, including poly(styrene-b-ethylene), S-b-E; poly(styrene-b-ethylene/propene), S-b-EP; and poly(styrene-bethylene/butene-b-styrene). The results from micro-TA shows the similar trend that from SEM and Raman. The results shows that S-b-E block copolymer is the most effective compatibilizer among the compatibilizer tested, which decreases the domain size of the dispersed polystyrene phase while improving its dispersion in the polyethylene matrix. # 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Slow-light based control of interferometer sensitivity

A slow-light medium placed inside any interferometer can be used to reduce drastically its sensitivity. This can enhance the dynamic range of the interferometer, as well as increase the robustness of a servo system.
PARENTS' AND PHYSICIANS' PERCEPTIONS OF FACIAL PLASTIC SURGERY IN CHILDREN WITH DOWN'S SYNDROME

This study was designed to investigate both parents' and physicians' attitudes and perceptions concerning facial plastic surgery in persons with Down's syndrome. The results of this inquiry revealed that more physicians (63%) than parents (28%) feel that the children's facial features negatively affect their social development; most parents (85%) see their children well accepted by society whereas only 4% of physicians do so; approximately half of the physicians (51%) and parents (41%) thought that after hypothetical facial plastic surgery a child with Down's syndrome may accomplish more socially; the majority of the parents (92%) and physicians (76%) were concerned with the risk of the operation; and only 13% of parents but 44% of physicians indicated that facial plastic surgery should be done on children with Down's syndrome.
Potential use of warm butyl alcohol vapor as adjunct agent in the emergency treatment of sea water wet near-drowning

Abstract The short-term course of sea water wet near-drowning was studied in anesthetized rabbits breathing spontaneously. Therapeutic trials were incorporated using warm n-butyl alcohol vapor both in inspired air and in inspired oxygen. The purpose was to determine if butyl alcohol vapor might alleviate the hypoxemia of sea water aspiration, possibly by a defoaming action on the fine foam bubbles of alveolar origin in the lung edema even without tracheal foam being present. The findings from 20 rabbits without overt tracheal foam, that had aspirated 2.05 mL/kg of sea water and were placed 10-minutes postaspirationally into four different inhalational treatment groups, showed remarkable differences. Warm butyl alcohol vapor made by humidification of 7.5% solution at 31°C alleviated the hypoxemia. With vapor treatment for 15 minutes, mean arterial oxygen tension (P a O 2 ) was not significantly changed in the water vapor-air group, but increased significantly to 50.5 ± 4.6, 70.0 ± 8.9, and 146.7 ± 40.7 mm Hg in the butanol/water vapor-air, water vaporoxygen, and butanol/water vapor-oxygen groups, respectively. With treatment for 30 minutes, mean P a o 2 increased to 248.3 ± 38.0 mm Hg with butanol/water vapor-oxygen inhalations, but only to 91.2 ± 9.8 mm Hg with 100% water vapor-oxygen inhalations. Thus, the inspired vapor of butanol was much more effective in elevation of arterial blood oxygen pressures when combined with oxygen therapy over the values found when 100% water vapor-oxygen treatments were given. Respiratory and cardiac depressant effects from inspired butanol were not evident. Further investigation appearts warranted to determine if warm butyl alcohol vapor may prove useful as an adjunct emergency agent, to alleviate hypoxemia in sea water wet near-drowning.
MUCINOUS ADENOCARCINOMA OF PROSTATE

Primary mucinous adenocarcinoma of the prostate is rare. The presence of mucin in prostatic carcinoma is usually associated with decreased tumor aggressiveness and increased survival rates. When mucinous adenocarcinoma of the prostate is found, it is necessary to exclude extraprostatic primary sources particularly from the urinary bladder and the gastrointestinal tract.
Some observations and questions on the medical management of intermittent claudication.

I N (:ONI’RAS’I to xurqical manaqemcnt of intermittcnt claudication when the arterial occlusive lesion can actuall>lx remo\,ed or circum\-cnted by grafting, medical management off‘ers nothing“specific.“’ -3 Since such surscrv is often impossit)le, undesiral)lc or unsuccessful,i,i we are usually compelled to resort to medical managemcrnt for this olxtinatc symptom. In an effort to improve the medical managcmcnt of intermittent claudication \ve have tjern stud>-inx its natural history, raising some questions as to its pathologic physiolog) and re\tinq some 01’ the drugs reported as IIcing helpful in its treatnlent.
Women's Work And Public Policy: A History of the Women's Bureau, U.S. Department of Labor, 1945-1970

Laughlin (history and women's studies, Metropolitan State U., Minneapolis) provides an institutional history of the Women's Bureau, a division of the US Department of Labor, and the role it has played in the struggle for equal rights. She focuses on the post-World War II era, showing how its traditi
Hydrolysis of Thionopeptides by the Aminopeptidase from Aeromonas proteolytica: Insight into Substrate Binding†

A series of l-leucine aniline analogues were synthesized that contained either a carbonyl or thiocarbonyl as a part of the amide bond. Additionally, the para-position on the phenyl ring of several substrates was altered with various electron-withdrawing or donating groups. The kinetic constants Km and kcat were determined for the hydrolysis of each of these compounds in the presence of the aminopeptidase from Aeromonas proteolytica (AAP) containing either Zn(II) or Cd(II). The dizinc(II) form of AAP ([ZnZn(AAP)]) was able to cleave both carbonyl and thiocarbonyl containing peptide substrates with similar efficiency. However, the dicadmium(II) form of AAP ([CdCd(AAP)]) was unable to cleave any of the carbonyl-containing compounds tested but was able to cleave the thionopeptide substrates. This is consistent with the borderline hard/soft nature of Zn(II) vs Cd(II). The trends observed in the Km values suggest that the oxygen atom of the amide bond directly interacts with the dinuclear active site of AAP. He...
Thermal denaturation and circular dichroism properties of sheared and unsheared chromatins

Nicolini et al. [I] recently reported that the circular dichroism spectrum of chromatin solubilized by strong shear forces differs markedly from the circular dichroism spectrum (corrected for differential scattering) of ‘unsheared’ chromatin prepared simply by suspending a swollen chromatin gel. Their results suggest that chromatin solubilized by shearing may not be appropriate to use for physical measurements. Unfortunately the huge size of the chromatin fragments in the ‘unsheared’ preparation of Nicolini et al. [ I] seriously complicates study of some physical properties (such as circular dichroism) and makes hydrodynamic investigations virtually impossible. Noll et al. [2] introduced the use of a short exposure of nuclei to micrococcal nuclease as an alternative to shear solubilization. This procedure avoids subjecting a chromatin gel to shear forces and has the additional benefit of solubilizing only chromatin. One disadvantage of the nuclease procedure is that the DNA molecules in the released chromatin fragments vary widely in the molecular weight [2] . This variation would greatly complicate hydrodynamic studies of chromatin as well as fractionation schemes based on chromatography or sedimentation. Strong shear forces can be used to reduce the size heterogeneity of DNA samples, but Noll et al. [2] reported that shearing nuclease-released chromatin results in a
Zero Effects in Substance Abuse Programs Avoiding False Positives and False Negatives in the Evaluation of Community-Based Programs

The evaluation of community-based programs poses special design and analysis problems. The present article focuses on two major types of errors that can occur in such evaluations: false positives—i...
Does hydronephrosis predict the presence of severe vesicoureteral reflux

We hypothesized that, in patients with vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) grade IV or V, hydronephrosis will likely be found, if the patient has a full bladder during the renal ultrasound examination. Eight hundred thirty-seven patients were included in the study. Patients ranged in age from <1 month to 18.7 years, with a median age of 1.3 years. Five hundred sixty-nine were female and 268 were male. In this retrospective study, each patient underwent a voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG) and a renal ultrasound examination. The presence of hydronephrosis and bladder filling status in 131 renal units with VUR grade IV or V was evaluated. Sensitivity and specificity for hydronephrosis to detect the presence of VUR grades IV and V were 60 and 92 %, respectively. Positive predictive value and negative predictive value were 74 and 87 %, respectively. Odds ratios for the relationship between hydronephrosis and severe VUR was significant (p = 0.046). Conclusion: In patients with grade IV or V VUR, hydronephrosis will be observed in the presence of a full bladder. Therefore, a renal ultrasound could be considered a screening test to decide on performing a VCUG.
Effects of perinatal rearing environments upon survival probability and body weight in the rat.

The influence of maternal environment during two portions of the preweaning period on the development of rat pups was assessed. During hr 1–12 of life pups were (a) placed in a warming oven, (b) with a 10-day lactating female, or (c) with their own mother. At hr 12, pups from each group were either returned to their own mother or given to a 10-day lactator. Two different functional roles of the mother were found. During the first 12 hr of life her presence enhanced survival probability at weaning, but did not have a great effect upon body growth, while her presence after hr 12 was the critical determiner of weight gain. These results demonstrate the importance of mother-young synchrony during two phases of the preweaning period for maximal survival and growth of the neonatal rat.
Analysis of a metamodel to estimate complexity of using a domain-specific language

This paper considers the complexity of building models by analyzing the structure of the metamodel that defines a domain-specific modeling language. An algorithm is presented that generates a state model to produce at least one instance of every model in the metamodel, and the complexity of that state model provides insight into the complexity of the modeling language.
Hyperfine Structure in Ionized Bismuth

The hyperfine structure of several lines in the spectra of Bi II and Bi III have been determined. A method which facilitates the analysis of partially resolved line patterns is described. The level separations obtained from the analysis are compared with theoretical formulas showing the inadequacy of the present theory for the interaction of external electrons with nuclear spin.
Biomass measurement by inductive permittivity

An electrodeless, inductive permittivity probe is shown to reliably indicate fermentation biomass. By designing the probe based on electromagnetic induction, the electrode polarization artifact-common to electrode-based permittivity measurements of conductive solutions-is eliminated. The measurement of viable biomass concentration (X(V)) is precise and linear, with negligible interference, as shown for two bacteria, two yeasts, and two mammalian cells. The permittivity spectra often can be described by the three parameters of the Cole-Cole equation: the maximum (low-frequency) permittivity, the characteristic frequency (f(C)), and the Cole-Cole alpha. The f(C) and alpha have potential as relative indicators of cell size and morphology, respectively. (c) 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 55: 289-304, 1997.
Surface-Induced Dissociation of Ions Produced by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization in a Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometer

Intermediate pressure matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) source was constructed and interfaced with a 6-T Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer (FT-ICR MS) specially configured for surface-induced dissociation (SID) studies. First MALDI−SID results in FT-ICR are presented, demonstrating unique advantages of SID over conventional FT-ICR MS ion activation techniques for structural characterization of singly protonated peptide ions. Specifically, we demonstrate that SID on a diamond surface results in a significantly better sequence coverage for singly protonated peptides than SORI-CID. A combination of two effects contributes to the improved sequence coverage: shattering of peptide ions on surfaces opens up a variety of dissociation channels at collision energies above 40 eV, and second, wide internal energy distribution deposited by collision with a stiff diamond surface provides an efficient mixing between the primary reaction channels that are dominant at low inter...
Photodisintegration of the Deuteron by 95-Mev Bremsstrahlung

Photoprotons produced by irradiating deuterium gas with betatron x-rays have been detected with stacks of unsupported Ilford emulsions. The differential cross section was determined for photon energies between 20 and 65 Mev and for seven angles of proton emission. The observed angular distributions are well fitted by $f(\ensuremath{\theta})=(\ensuremath{\alpha}+{sin}^{2}\ensuremath{\theta})(1+2\ensuremath{\beta}cos\ensuremath{\theta})$. The experimental results for angular distribution and total cross section have been compared with theoretical predictions assuming a purely central force. Striking departures from the central force theory are observed as the photon energy increases from 20 Mev.
Establishing the credibility of simulations

A procedure is proposed to promote the acceptance of a simulation model. The procedure actively involves potential users of the simulation. Several alterna tive approaches for the statistical analysis of the experimental results are suggested. Two contrasting experiences in applying the procedure to actual simulation projects are discussed.
Response from Corina, Neville and Bavelier

Mazoyer et al.[22xThe cortical representation of speech. Mazoyer, B.M et al. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 1993; 5: 467–479Crossref | PubMedSee all References[22]contrasted passive listening of French (the subject native language) to passive listening to an unfamiliar language, Tamil. While overall left perisylvian sites showed greater activation, RH activation was observed in left and right superior temporal lobe and left and right temporal poles. Price et al. (Ref. [23xHearing and saying: the functional neuroanatomy of auditory word processing. Price, C.J et al. Brain. 1996; 119: 919–931Crossref | PubMed | Scopus (333)See all References[23], experiment 3) reported limited RH activation in a condition contrasting listening to lists of single words with listening to backwards words. In several reading tasks, RH activity has also been observed. Activity in the middle portion of the superior temporal sulcus of the RH has been reported by Bavelier et al.[24xSentence reading: an fMRI study at 4T. Bavelier, D et al. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 1997; 9: 664–686Crossref | PubMedSee all References[24]when English native speakers read well-formed sentences contrasted with the presentation of consonant strings. Bavelier et al. suggest aspects of semantic encoding may engage right temporal lobe areas. Stromswold et al.[25xLocalization of syntactic comprehension by positron emission tomography. Stromswold, K et al. Brain Lang. 1996; 52: 452–473Crossref | PubMed | Scopus (418)See all References[25]compared rCBF during the reading of syntactically complex sentences. Significant activation was observed in right middle temporal gyrus when subjects read syntactically complex sentences compared to less complex constructions. In a related finding, Just et al.[26xBrain activation modulated by sentence comprehension. Just, M.A et al. Science. 1996; 274: 114–116Crossref | PubMed | Scopus (718)See all References[26]reported both left and RH activity in a task requiring reading of sentences with increasing syntactic complexity. They reported activity in both left and RH sites (corresponding to Broca's and Wernicke's areas) that was modulated by sentence complexity, though the RH activity was approximately 25% of the amount of activity observed in the left-hemisphere sites. These authors speculate that while the left hemisphere is usually the primary site of language comprehension, the right hemisphere may be recruited in times of high demand.
‘Truly We Have a Good Heritage’: Musical Mediations in a Yoruba Christian Diaspora

Abstract This essay discusses the Asaphs of Seraph, a Yoruba Christian organization based in the United States whose primary activity consists of holding an annual convention for current and former members of Cherubim and Seraphim churches in Nigeria. I examine how the Asaphs of Seraph use musical performances and media to circulate Yoruba Christian forms of practice and subjectivity. Through an analytic focus on processes of mediation and circulation, I explore how the Asaphs of Seraph produce and maintain diasporic consciousness and community through the use of religious music.
Paraganglioma of the thoracic spinal cord

Paraganglioma arising in the thoracic extradural space is an uncommon tumor, with only four cases previously reported. The authors review the clinical and pathological features of thoracic paraganglioma and compare them to the more common paraganglioma of the cauda equina.
Use of antimicrobial drugs in developing countries

The era of antimicrobial therapy is now in its seventh decade. The major scientific discoveries made during this period have saved of countless lives and markedly reduced the morbidity of infectious diseases. These achievements are now threatened by the global emergence of resistant strains. The process is fostered by the remarkable genetic diversity and transfer of resistance among microbes, the selective forces of antibiotic use, and powerful socioeconomic and marketing forces. It is doubtful that development of new drugs will adequately address the problem. The only measures which might slow the development and transmission of resistant microorganisms are those that decrease the global burden of infectious diseases. This requires improved sanitation, nutrition and immunization, hospital infection control and strategies that will diminish the inappropriate and excessive promotion and use of antibiotics. Physicians, pharmacists and consumers need to be better informed about how to use antibiotics and the dangers of inappropriate use. The multinational and local pharmaceutical companies must become more responsible for their products and promotional practices. The current situation is bleak. It will undoubtedly will get worse as the burden of resistant microorganisms continues to increase.
Determinants of PAC Participation Among Large Corporations

Political scientists and other researchers have begun to focus increasingly on the role of interest groups in American politics. In particular, they have devoted increasing attention to the political representation of institutional interests. Several studies have been published that examine various aspects of business political action committees. However, there has been a tendency to treat business PACs as pervasive or homogenous, despite the fact that most businesses do not have a PAC. This study has attempted to address this deficiency by examining the determinants of PAC participation among Fortune-ranked firms in the 1981-1982 election period. Using an exploratory expected benefits-costs framework, the study empirically tests hypotheses on the effect of organizational and contextual factors on the probability of a corporation having an active PAC. The results support several hypotheses and suggest that the expected benefits and costs of PAC activity affect a corporation's decision to form a PAC.
A Structural Model for the Large Subunit of the Mammalian Mitochondrial Ribosome

Protein translation is essential for all forms of life and is conducted by a macromolecular complex, the ribosome. Evolutionary changes in protein and RNA sequences can affect the 3D organization of structural features in ribosomes in different species. The most dramatic changes occur in animal mitochondria, whose genomes have been reduced and altered significantly. The RNA component of the mitochondrial ribosome (mitoribosome) is reduced in size, with a compensatory increase in protein content. Until recently, it was unclear how these changes affect the 3D structure of the mitoribosome. Here, we present a structural model of the large subunit of the mammalian mitoribosome developed by combining molecular modeling techniques with cryo-electron microscopic data at 12.1 A ˚ resolution. The model contains 93% of the mitochondrial rRNA sequence and 16 mitochondrial ribosomal proteins in the large subunit of the mitoribosome. Despite the smaller mitochondrial rRNA, the spatial positions of RNA domains known to be involved directly in protein synthesis are essentially the same as in bacterial and archaeal ribosomes. However, the dramatic reduction in rRNA content necessitates evolution of unique structural features to maintain connectivity between RNA domains. The smaller rRNA sequence also limits the likelihood of tRNA binding at the E-site of the mitoribosome, and correlates with the reduced size of D-loops and T-loops in some animal mitochondrial tRNAs, suggesting co-evolution of mitochondrial rRNA and tRNA structures.
Larval infestation levels of pecan bud moth, Gretchena bolliana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), in relation to cultivar and position on the tree.

Incidence of pecan bud moth, Gretchena bolliana (Slingerland), larvae on five pecan cultivars, Carya illinoensis (Wang.) K. Koch, and the water hickory, C. aquatica (Michx. f.) Nutt., was evaluated in the nursery. ‘Gloria Grande’ and ‘Stuart’ had significantly larger populations of bud moth than ‘Elliott’, ‘Sumner’, and ‘Desirable’. Numbers of bud moth larvae on orchard trees were significantly higher in the top third of the tree than in the bottom two-thirds, but no directional effect was observed.
Sunspot numbers and area-weighted united states monthly temperature and precipitation

Spectral analyses were made of derived area-index series of areas subject to extreme temperatures and precipitation as well as cross-spectral analyses of the area-index series with double sunspot cycle (Zurich) numbers. Superposed epoch analyses also were made of area-index series versus various double-sunspot cycle phases. Area series for wet and dry Junes, warm Junes, defined June drought, and warm Januaries all show statistically significant double sunspot cycle (∼21 year) periodicities. The 21-year cycle of above-normal June precipitation is most striking and has not received previous recognition.
Nitrogen adsorption and native contamination on Fe(211) surfaces

Abstract Nitrogen adsorption has been studied on clean Fe(211) surfaces. Negligible adsorption occurred at low or room temperature. However, a surface with particular contamination showed appreciable adsorption. Heating a clean surface in nitrogen resulted in a small surface N concentration with a (2 × 5) structure, but since the same occurred after heating a nitrogen-rich surface region in a high vacuum, it indicates that internal N diffuses to the surface at heating temperatures as low as 580 K. Since there is no clear evidence that any appreciable adsorption occurs from 80 to 580 K, speculation about a special site existing for initial adsorption, such as the C7 site, is not supported. Internal chlorine was detected on the surface after heavy exposures of nitrogen, hydrogen or oxygen, indicating that complex interactions occur with gases in the sub-surface region. Because used catalysts in ammonia catalysis show the presence of C and O, the structures on Fe(211) formed with internal contaminants S, C and external O were studied. Various ordered structures were found to form at fractional monolayer concentrations, and cannot be excluded from being involved in the catalysis process.
The 1.9 Å structure of human α-N-acetylgalactosaminidase: The molecular basis of Schindler and Kanzaki diseases

α-N-acetylgalactosaminidase (α-NAGAL; E.C. 3.2.1.49) is a lysosomal exoglycosidase that cleaves terminal α-N-acetylgalactosamine residues from glycopeptides and glycolipids. In humans, a deficiency of α-NAGAL activity results in the lysosomal storage disorders Schindler disease and Kanzaki disease. To better understand the molecular defects in the diseases, we determined the crystal structure of human α-NAGAL after expressing wild-type and glycosylation-deficient glycoproteins in recombinant insect cell expression systems. We measured the enzymatic parameters of our purified wild-type and mutant enzymes, establishing their enzymatic equivalence. To investigate the binding specificity and catalytic mechanism of the human α-NAGAL enzyme, we determined three crystallographic complexes with different catalytic products bound in the active site of the enzyme. To better understand how individual defects in the α-NAGAL glycoprotein lead to Schindler disease, we analyzed the effect of disease-causing mutations on the three-dimensional structure.
Semantic-feature variability and the spacing effect

Two experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis that the spacing effect in free recall results from greater semantic-feature variability across distributed repetitions than massed repetitions. In Experiment I, induced variation in semantic context for repeated items eliminated the spacing effect; whereas, a corresponding manipulation of formal context (Experiment II) was ineffective in reducing the standard massed- versus distributed-presentation difference. It is argued that the spacing effect is a result of fluctuations in semantic-feature encoding when item repetitions are distributed during acquisition.
86 The Prevention of Prolonged Apnea as a Complication of Prematurity

Hypoxia secondary to apnea has been suggested as one cause of neurological abnormalities in surviving premature infants. If hypoxia is, in part, responsible for brain damage, prevention by a simple and reliable means would be important. Using an impedance plethysmograph incorporating an alarm system the respiratory patterns of 15 normal premature infants and 7 infants recovering from the respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) weighing 862–2552 gm have been continuously monitred for 5–16 days. In 7 infants we obtained simultaneous ECG tracings. The duration of apneic periods >30 s, ECG changes, and arterial blood gases were measured and the appearance of the infant and the nature of the stimulus required to re-initiate respiration was recorded. A total of 217 apneic periods of > 30 s were observed in the 22 infants. 6 infants (3 with healing RDS) had > 10 apneic episodes. Apneic periods began at end expiration and were rare in infants weighing > 1750 g. More frequent apneic periods at higher incubator temperatures were sometimes noted. When simultaneous ECG tracings were obtained marked cardiac slowing was noted within 10–15 s of the onset of apnea. Bradycardia ( 30 s) was associated with suggestive evidence of hypoxia (loss of muscle tone, cyanosis and mottling) whereas apnea of < 20 s duration was not. This study suggests apnea is more frequent than previously noted and is poorly tolerated after 20 s. Utilizing an apnea alarm, hypoxia with resultant brain damage may be prevented. (SPR)
SHEDS applications to high average power lasers

Reviewed will be the DARPA program on high efficiency diode pumps for solid state lasers. ADHELS will be described having a goal of developing a scalable architecture for an all-diode HEL.
A fault-tolerant technique for Delta-connected vector-control AC motor-drives

A fault-tolerant technique valid for both open-loop and vector-control motor-drive systems is introduced in this paper. The technique is merely presented for AC motors with Delta-connected circuits in their stator windings. Hence, it enables the operation of the three phase motor upon a failure in one of its phases without the need of a special fault detection algorithm. This technique is to significantly mitigate torque pulsations, which are caused by an open-Delta configuration in the stator windings. The performance of the fault-tolerant technique was experimentally verified using a 5-hp 460V induction motor-drive system and the results are presented in this paper.
Patient-physician communication about out-of-pocket costs.

ContextOut-of-pocket costs account for approximately one fifth of health care expenditures and are increasing. Previous research suggests that these costs are associated with medication nonadherence and considerable economic burden among some patients. Little is known about patient-physician communication regarding these costs.ObjectiveTo identify patients' and physicians' beliefs and practices regarding discussions of out-of-pocket costs.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsCross-sectional paired surveys of 133 general internists and 484 of their outpatients, aged 18 years or older, in 3 academic and 18 community general medicine practices in the Chicago metropolitan area, March-November 2002.Main Outcome MeasuresPatient and physician beliefs regarding discussions of out-of-pocket costs, frequency and predictors of discussions, and physician recognition of patient burden from out-of-pocket costs.ResultsSixty-three percent of patients reported a desire to talk with their physician about their out-of-pocket costs, and 79% of physicians believed that patients in general want to discuss these costs. By contrast, only 35% of physicians and 15% of patients reported ever having discussed the study patient's out-of-pocket costs. Multivariate analysis indicated that discussions were significantly more likely to occur with patients burdened by their out-of-pocket costs (prevalence ratio [PR], 2.55; 95% confidence intervals [CI], 1.62-3.76) and with those patients seen in a community practice (PR, 5.19; CI, 1.86-8.93). Among patients burdened by out-of-pocket costs, physicians were substantially more likely to recognize this burden when a prior discussion regarding out-of-pocket costs had taken place (80% vs 51%).ConclusionsAmong respondents, both patients and physicians believed that discussions of out-of-pocket costs were important, yet these discussions occurred infrequently. Physician communication with patients about out-of-pocket costs may be an important yet neglected aspect of current clinical practice. Further research should identify the prevalence of this problem in broader populations, investigate its causes, and evaluate the impact of enhanced communication about out-of-pocket costs on patient satisfaction, utilization of care, and outcomes.
Antifibrinolytic Therapy in Intracranial Hemorrhage

Preclinical Research Treatment options for intracranial hemorrhage include surgery, blood pressure control, and hemostatic medications. Antifibrinolytics are hemostatic medications that interrupt the pathway leading to the breakdown of fibrin clots, thereby stabilizing the latter. The primary antifibrinolytics in use are tranexamic acid and epsilon-aminocaproic acid, both of which are lysine analogs. These medications have been used with some success in cardiac surgery, trauma, and menorrhagia. In the intracranial hemorrhage literature, antifibrinolytics have been studied mostly in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. While early trials in subarachnoid hemorrhage showed decreased rebleeding rates with consequently increased risk of stroke, newer studies using medical vasospasm prevention and shorter treatment durations have demonstrated a potential for clinical utility. There are also data supporting the use of antifibrinolytics in traumatic brain injury. Antifibrinolytics are less promising agents for hemostasis in subdural, epidural, and intraparenchymal hemorrhages.
Jump Frequency of Cd Tracer Atoms in β-Mn

The jump frequency of Cd tracer atoms in pure and Al-doped b-Mn was determined from measurements of quadrupole relaxation using the method of perturbed angular correlation of gamma rays. The jump frequency of Cd in b-Mn containing about 4.5 at.% Al had an activation enthalpy of 0.67(3) eV. In pure b-Mn at 950 K, the jump frequency was a factor about 8 larger than the value of 9.2 MHz in the alloy. Information was also obtained about the sluggish kinetics of the a-Mn to b-Mn polymorphic transformation.
Who are the multichannel shoppers and how do they perform?: Correlates of multichannel shopping behavior

We develop a conceptual framework, which identifies the customer-level characteristics and supplier factors that are associated with purchase behavior across multiple channels. We also propose that multichannel shoppers provide benefits as measured by several customer-based metrics. We conduct an empirical analysis of our propositions using the customer database of a high technology hardware and software manufacturer. We find that customers who buy across multiple product categories, initiate more contacts with the firm, have past experience with the supplier through the online channel, have longer tenure, purchase more frequently, are larger and receive communication from the supplier through multiple communication channels, especially through highly interpersonal channels. We also find evidence for a nonlinear relationship between returns and multichannel shopping, and that there is a positive synergy towards multichannel shopping when customers are contacted through various communication channels. Customers who shop across multiple transaction channels provide higher revenues, higher share of wallet, have higher past customer value, and have a higher likelihood of being active than other customers.We derive several implications for managers who wish to target customers for a multichannel strategy.
Bone Disease in Cholestatic Liver Disease

Abstract Osteopenia in the form of osteoporosis is a common clinical problem associated with chronic cholestatic liver disease, and clinical morbidity from atraumatic fractures is increasing as more patients with PBC and PSC undergo succesful liver transplantation. In the absence of symptomatic fractures, the clinical diagnosis may not be evident and must be sought by specific means to assess bone mineral density. The clinical problem has now been defined, but much remains unknown, from etiologic mechanisms to effective therapies. At present, it seems reasonable to provide aggressive supportive therapy in an attempt to maximize skeletal well-being until more effective therapies for osteopenia become available.
Flavonoids in seeds and grains: physiological function, agronomic importance and the genetics of biosynthesis

Flavonoids are secondary metabolites that are present at high levels in most plant seeds and grains. These compounds appear to play vital roles in defence against pathogens and predators and contribute to physiological functions such as seed maturation and dormancy. At the same time, particular subclasses of flavonoids, such as the proanthocyanidins (condensed tannins), negatively impact the use of seeds and grains in animal feed and can add undesirable qualities to food products for human consumption. This article presents an overview of investigations into the physiological and agronomic aspects of seed and grain flavonoids as well as a review of molecular genetic studies, particularly in maize, Arabidopsis and soybean, where mutants deficient in flavonoid biosynthesis provide useful tools for stydying the metabolic machinery underlying the accumulation of these compounds in reproductive structures.
Synthesis of 14C-labeled indole-3-acetylaspartic acid

The synthesis of indole-3-acetyl-2-14C-N-aspartic acid from carrier-free indole-3-acetic acid-2-14C (54.5 mCi/mmole) and bis-t-butyl-l-aspartic acid was accomplished by coupling with dicyclohexylcarbodiimide followed by removal of the ester blocking groups by treatment with 2 N NaOH.
Subcellular tyrosinase activity in Fortner's malignant melanoma.

SUMMARY. —Biochemical and macromolecular characterizations of Fortner's melanotic melanoma of Syrian (golden) hamsters and of B-16 melanotic mouse melanoma were made using the Warburg manometric technique for estimation of the subcellular distribution of tyrosinase activity. The results showed that the major amount of tyrosinase activity was located in the soluble fraction of Fortner's malignant melanoma. This differs from the B-16 melanoma in which the major activity was in the large granule fraction with virtual absence of activity in the soluble fraction. Substantial increase in the tyrosinase activity of Fortner's melanoma fractions was observed after prolonged incubation. The biological significance of this delay in attaining Vmax is discussed.
Do Lax Environmental Regulations Attract Foreign Investment

There has been considerable controversy over the empirical significance of the theoretically predicted pollution haven hypothesis. Generally, empirical papers have failed to find an effect on industrial location of weaker or stricter environmental regulations. In this paper we find strong confirmation of theoretical predictions. We present a statistical test of the impact of environmental regulations on the capital movement of polluting industries. The empirical study is conducted by examining foreign direct investment (FDI) of several US industries, representing industries with high pollution control costs (chemicals and primary metals) as well as industries with more modest pollution control costs (electrical and non-electrical machinery, transportation equipment, and food products). At issue is the effect of the laxity of environmental regulation on FDI. As laxity is not directly observed, we posit two equations, one for FDI determination and one for pollutant emissions, a variable positively correlated with the unobserved variable. We use aggregate national sulfur emissions as the pollutant. Using instruments for the unobserved variable, the statistical results show that the laxity of environmental regulations in a host country is a significant determinant of FDI from the US for heavily polluting industries and is insignificant for less polluting industries.
Scaling and Coarsening in Epitaxial Growth

The results of recent theoretical and simulational studies of submonolayer and multilayer homoepitaxial growth are discussed. In the submonolayer regime, the results of kinetic Monte Carlo simulations are presented and shown to provide a quantitative explanation for the variation of the submonolayer island density, critical island size, island-size distribution and morphology as a function of temperature and deposition rate found in recent experiments. In multilayer growth, a realistic model for homoepitaxial growth on fcc and bcc lattices which takes into account the correct crystal structure is reviewed. The effects of instabilities which lead to mound formation and coarsening are discussed and a unified picture of the effects of attractive and repulsive interactions at ascending and descending steps on surface morphology and island nucleation is presented. An accurate prediction of the observed mound angle for Fe/Fe(100) deposition is obtained analytically and by kinetic Monte Carlo simulations. The general dependence of the mound angle, and mound coarsening behavior on temperature, deposition rate, and strength of the step barrier in bcc(100) and fcc(100) growth is also presented and compared with recent experiments.