cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Assortative Matching, Reputation, and the Beatles Breakup

Consider Becker's (1973) classic static matching model, with output a stochastic function of unobserved types. Assume symmetric incomplete information about types, and thus commonly observed Bayesian posteriors. Matching is then assortative in these Bayesian 'reputations' if the expected output is supermodular (i.e. complementary) in the underlying types. We instead consider a standard dynamic version of this general equilibrium world, and discover a near total meltdown of Becker's global result. We show that as the production outcomes grow, assortative matching is neither efficient nor an equilibrium for high enough discount factors. The rough reason is that patient individuals (or a patient social planner) seeking to maximize their reputation can achieve a more informative spread by matching non-assortatively. Specifically, for a labour-theoretic link, we link the technology to where Becker's result breaks down. We show assortative matching fails around the highest reputation agents for 'low-skill concealing' technologies. Finally we turn from the failure in the large to a simple implication in the small. Namely, our theory implies the dynamic result that high-skill matches (such as the Beatles) eventually must break up for 'low-skill concealing' technologies. Our results owe especially to two findings: (a) convexity of the Bellman value function due to learning undermines static match supermodularity; and (b) for a fixed policy in an optimal learning exercise, the second derivative of the Bellman value function explodes geometrically at extremes. The property is used critically to decide a horse race between productive and informational efficiency as the discount factor rises to 1.
Can't Myth Be Left Behind?

"...can't myth be left behind?" Carol Frost asks in her most recent collection, The Queen's Desertion. This beautiful and challenging book is filled with the intensely evocative imagery Frost fans have come to expect, but it's her concern with our attempts to make sense of our experience?of our lives and our deaths?that creates the urgency driving these poems. Is it possible to face both our mortality and our unlovely decline head on? If so, must we do that by leaving myth, replete with stories of divine origin and magical experience, behind? Frost makes use of three quite different poetic backdrops to explore her subject: 1) her mother's decline into dementia; 2) the complicated arena of contact between the natural and the civilized world, which calls into question our assumption of civilization's triumph; and 3) the truly natural world filled with creatures captive to the cycle of birth, ascendance, and decline. The first section of the book focuses on that great myth of child hood, the strong and unchanging parent. In poems based on her mother's illness, Frost conveys the pain of her loss in a rending phrase, "I have no mother," then goes on to describe "...Her differ ence? / a broken hive...a black bear in the bluebells / clawing the stinging air." She writes not only to express her grief, but to inhabit her mother's experience as dementia takes hold: "For a little while I knew? there was a door / a split in the wall, and I was two per sons..." But "Meanings fissured. Words hollowed. / It was like the thing with bees? / I swatted in front of my face / and hated them. Then there were none."
Connecting genetic variation to phenotypic clines.

From early allozyme work to recent genome-wide scans, many studies have reported associations between molecular markers and latitude. These geographic patterns are tantalizing because they hint at the possibility of identifying specific mutations responsible for climatic adaptation. Unfortunately, few studies have done so because these exciting first glances often prove extremely challenging to follow up. Many difficulties can hinder connecting genetic and phenotypic variation in this context, and without such links, distinguishing the action of spatially varying selection from the other evolutionary processes capable of generating these patterns can be quite thorny. Nevertheless, two papers in this issue report excellent progress in overcoming these obstacles and provide persuasive evidence supporting the involvement of specific natural variants in clinal adaptation of Drosophila melanogaster populations (Fig. 1). In the first paper, Paaby et al. (2010) describe replicated allele frequency clines for a coding polymorphism in the Insulin-like Receptor (InR) gene on two continents, findings that strongly point to selection acting at this locus and that likely reflect life history adaptation. McKechnie et al. (2010) report compelling functional evidence that cis-regulatory variation in the Dca (drosophila cold acclimation) gene contributes to an adaptive cline in wing size. Notably, these papers employ largely alternative and complementary approaches, and together they exemplify how diverse strategies may be interwoven to draw convincing connections between genotype, phenotype, and evolutionary process. Figure 1. Open Figure Download Powerpoint slide Drosophila melanogaster mating in the field. Credit: Annalise Paaby.
The Sylvian Fissure

Even though the pterional approach to skull-base lesions has become more widely used by neurosurgeons, significant separation of the frontal and temporal lobes by opening the sylvian fissure is often not done. However, as we have gained more experience, we have opened the sylvian fissure more and more. This has several benefits [3, 5]: (a) small vessels are not compressed by arachnoidal bands during retraction of the brain; (b) there is less resistance (and hence less brain-retractor pressure) to retraction of the frontal lobe; (c) traction on one lobe does not pull and injure the other lobe; (d) fewer bridging veins need be sacrificed; (e) the olfactory nerve usually can be preserved; and (f) there is minimal traction on perforating arteries and on an aneurysm.
Ultrastructural and cytochemical studies on the developing adhesive disc of Boston Ivy tendrils

Ultrastructural observations of the immature adhesive disc from tendrils of Boston Ivy showed that the peripheral cells, which are the presumptive contact layer, contain vacuoles of varied sizes which are filled with electron-dense aggregates. In small vacuoles, these deposits were appressed to the tonoplast and fusion of these small vacuoles with the large vacuoles apparently occurs. Cells from the central zone were largely parenchymatous. The vacuoles of many of these parenchyma cells contained electron-dense spheres and hemispheres of material either appressed to the tonoplast or within the vacuole lumen. In these cells, the vacuole-cytoplasm interface was characterized by a filiform network of interconnected membranes. Positive reactions with reagents for the identification of polyphenols indicate that the vacuoles of nearly all the peripheral cells and scattered cells of the central zone contain tanniniferous substances. Insoluble carbohydrates also occur in the vacuoles of the peripheral cells, but they contain little or no protein or lipid.
Generation of deletion derivatives by targeted transformation of human-derived yeast artificial chromosomes.

Abstract Mammalian DNA segments cloned as yeast artificial chromosomes (YACs) can be manipulated by DNA-mediated transformation when placed in an appropriate yeast genetic background. A "fragmenting vector" has been developed that can introduce a yeast telomere and selectable marker into human-derived YACs at specific sites by means of homologous recombination, deleting all sequences distal to the recombination site. A powerful application of the method uses a human Alu family repeat sequence to target recombination to multiple independent sites on a human-derived YAC. Sets of deletion derivatives generated by this procedure greatly facilitate restriction mapping of large genomic segments. Targeting recombination with single copy sequences, such as cDNAs, will have many additional applications. This approach establishes a paradigm for manipulation and characterization of mammalian DNA segments cloned as YACs.
Generalized roundness of the Schatten class, Cp

Abstract In the paper Generalized roundness and negative type, Lennard, Tonge, and Weston show that the geometric notion of generalized roundness in a metric space is equivalent to that of negative type. Using this equivalent characterization, along with classical embedding theorems, the authors prove that for p > 2 , L p fails to have generalized roundness q for any q > 0 . It is noted, as a consequence, that the Schatten class C p , for p > 2 , has maximal generalized roundness 0. In this paper, we prove that this result remains true for p in the interval ( 0 , 2 ) .
Nuclear phospholipase C gamma: punctate distribution and association with the promyelocytic leukemia protein.

The marriage between transducers of cell stress stimuli and their nuclear targets is likely to be achieved in part by some spatial-temporal compartmentalization of the relevant effectors. A candida...
Effect of Testosterone Propionate on Sex Differentiation in Pouch Young of Opossum

SummaryThe administration of testosterone propionate to the pouch young of the opossum induces development of a strange medley of the characters of both sexes. On the male side the phallus, wolffian duct, epididymis, rete, and the glands of the urinogenital sinus are all stimulated, and the effect is commonly greater in males than in females. Mullerian duct derivatives are also stimulated, however, but more so in the female. Differentiation of the gonads is not profoundly affected, and scrotum and pouch are entirely unresponsive. For most structures a sex factor apparently affects the degree of the response.
Community college health service programs: a progress report.

Abstract What progress has been made in improving the health service programs available to the millions of students attending the nation's public community colleges? This question was investigated by sending a follow-up survey to deans of students in 1977; the original study was done five years earlier and resulted in a national profile of health service programs at public two-year institutions. Some of the significant findings were: the percent of colleges offering health service programs has increased from 41.5% to 51.3%; the campus nurse continues to be the most common health professionals available to students; facilities are considered to be adequate and accessible; and a broad range of student health needs are met. New elements in the survey covered health education and mental health services, and these were positively evaluated. On the basis of survey results it was concluded that community colleges have made considerable progress in improving student health services, but there is still much to be ...
Resolved stars in nearby galaxies: Ground-based photometry of M81

Using the Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope (CFHT) we have obtained three closely spaced epochs of calibrated Blue Violet Red Infrared (BVRI) CCD imaging of two fields in M81, each known to contain a thirty-day Cepheid. Calibrated BVRI photometry of the brightest stars in these fields is presented. The slope of the luminosity function from the brightest 3-4 mag of the main-sequence blue plume is consistent with similar determinations of the apparent luminosity function in other resolved galaxies, thereby removing the one potential deviation from universality noted by Freedman in a photographic study of luminosity functions in nearby resolved galaxies. Under the assumption that the two Cepheids are representative, a reddening-law fit to the multiwavelength BVRI period-luminosity moduli give a true distance modulus of (m-M)sub 0 = 27.79 mag for M81, corresponding to a linear distance of 3.6 Mpc. An error analysis shows that the derived true distance modulus has a random error of +/- 0.28 mag (due to the photometric uncertainties in the BVRI data), with a systematic uncertainty of +/- 0.10 mag (accounting for the combined effects of unknown phasing of the data points, and the unknown positioning of these particular stars within the Cepheid instabiliy strip).
Effects of kaolin particle film on beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), oviposition, larval feeding and development on cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L.

Abstract Wettable, highly processed kaolin, a reflective white mineral, has been shown to reduce boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis grandis Boheman, damage to cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L., squares and foliage. In a series of laboratory and outdoor cage assays, kaolin was assessed for its effects on beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), oviposition, and larval feeding preference and development. In choice and no-choice assays, gravid beet armyworm females deposited 31% more ( P P
Learning Bayesian priors for depth perception

How the visual system learns the statistical regularities (e.g., symmetry) needed to interpret pictorial cues to depth is one of the outstanding questions in perceptual science. We test the hypothesis that the visual system can adapt its model of the statistics of planar figures for estimating three-dimensional surface orientation. In particular, we test whether subjects, when placed in an environment containing a large proportion of randomly shaped ellipses, learn to give less weight to a prior bias to interpret ellipses as slanted circles when making slant judgments of stereoscopically viewed ellipses. In a first experiment, subjects placed a cylinder onto a stereoscopically viewed, slanted, elliptical surface. In this experiment, subjects received full haptic feedback about the true orientation of the surface at the end of the movement. When test stimuli containing small conflicts between the circle interpretation as figure and the slant suggested by stereoscopic disparities were intermixed with stereoscopically viewed circles, subjects gave the same weight to the circle interpretation over the course of five daily sessions. When the same test stimuli were intermixed with stereoscopic views of randomly shaped ellipses, however, subjects gave progressively lower weights to the circle interpretation of test stimuli over five daily sessions. In a second experiment, subjects showed the same effect when they made perceptual judgments of slant without receiving feedback, showing that feedback is not required for learning. We describe a Bayesian model for combining multiple visual cues to adapt the priors underlying pictorial depth cues that qualitatively accounts for the observed behavior.
MALIGNANT T LYMPHOBLASTS BIND HUMAN IMMUNOGLOBULIN (Ig)

Human sera were tested by indirect immunofluorescence (IF) for antibodies to cells from 2 malignant T cell lines. By direct IF, these cells, like normal T cells, lacked surface Ig. However, when incubated with normal sera and then treated with fluoresceinated polyvalent anti-Ig, many cells showed patchy surface fluorescence, while similarly treated normal T cells from thymus and peripheral blood were negative, Surface fluorescence was also seen when malignant T cells obtained directly from 2 children with lymphoblastic lymphoma were first incubated in their own sera as well as in control sera. This indicates that positive staining reactions were not necessarily due to alloantibodies. Reactivity seemed related to serum Ig levels since negative or diminished reactions were seen with sera from many newborns and from patients with agammaglobulinemia, while sera from newborns with antenatal infections and elevated Ig levels gave positive reactions. When, following serum treatment, cells were stained for IgG, IgA and IgM, some sera resulted in positive staining for only one Ig class, whereas other yielded positive staining for 2 or all 3 immunoglobulins. These findings suggest that malignant T lymphoblasts differ from normal T cells by possessing surface receptors for Ig. These receptors may represent tumor-related antigens recognized by both the tumor host and by most normals.
A note on the knowledge and attitudes of professional groups toward child abuse

This study compares the child abuse-related knowledge and attitudes of pediatricians (n = 47), mental health professionals (n = 53), teachers (n = 104), and college students (n = 68). Mental health professionals were better informed than pediatricians; teachers and college students were the least knowledgeable. Knowledge was related significantly to amount of professional education and experience with abuse cases and was associated with less negative emotional reaction to abusive parents. On the basis of study results, additional abuse-related education is recommended for pediatricians and particularly for teachers.
Exploring Multidimensional Free Energy Landscapes Using Time-Dependent Biases on Collective Variables

A new implementation of the adaptive biasing force (ABF) method is described. This implementation supports a wide range of collective variables and can be applied to the computation of multidimensional energy profiles. It is provided to the community as part of a code that implements several analogous methods, including metadynamics. ABF and metadynamics have not previously been tested side by side on identical systems. Here, numerical tests are carried out on processes including conformational changes in model peptides and translocation of a halide ion across a lipid membrane through a peptide nanotube. On the basis of these examples, we discuss similarities and differences between the ABF and metadynamics schemes. Both approaches provide enhanced sampling and free energy profiles in quantitative agreement with each other in different applications. The method of choice depends on the dimension of the reaction coordinate space, the height of the barriers, and the relaxation times of degrees of freedom in the orthogonal space, which are not explicitly described by the chosen collective variables.
Thermal hysteresis of optical second harmonic in paraelectric BaTiO3

Abstract The SHG signal between 25 and 250°C was measured for a flux-grown single crystal, high-purity single-crystal fibers, and powder (0.5 μm average particle size) of BaTiO3. All three BaTiO3 sources showed a distinct symmetry-forbidden SHG signal with thermal hysteresis in the paraelectric phase. In the flux-grown crystal, annealing at temperatures above 140°C for 15 h causes the SHG signal in the paraelectric phase to disappear below the background noise level of the second-harmonic analyser. In the single-crystal fibers and powder the SHG signal is still observable at 250°C.
Activity selective SPIHT coding

An embedded image coder that provides very effective progressive image transmission and a high degree of spatial scalability while achieving superior visual performance to SPIHT is presented. A new partitioning structure combined with scale-based wavelet weights achieves a significance reordering that codes more significant information belonging to the lower frequency bands earlier in the bitstream when compared to SPIHT. This reordering provides substantial improvements in progressive transmission, spatial scalability, and PSNR, especially at low bit rates. Further visual gains are achieved by exploiting human visual system (HVS) characteristics to weight wavelet coefficients according to their perceptual importance, causing a reordering of the coefficients. The activity selective SPIHT coder provides higher perceptual quality and higher PSNRs than SPIHT at low bit rates, and comparable visual quality with slightly lower PSNRs at high bit rates.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Interoperability for digital libraries worldwide

Discusses the history and current directions of interoperability in different parts of computing systems relevant to Digital Libraries
Forming of Al-doped ZnTe epilayers grown by molecular beam epitaxy

Abstract We have studied the effects of forming (annealing under bias) on Al-doped ZnTe epilayers grown by molecular beam epitaxy. These experiments verify the existence of forming effects at the temperatures and biases assumed in a model of this method of contacting lightly doped, wide band gap II–VI materials. Such contacts are of particular interest in light emitting structures requiring contacts to II–VI materials, such as ZnSe:N, which cannot be doped to high carrier concentrations. The structures we studied in these experiments consisted of thin (generally 800 A) layers of ZnTe doped with Al concentrations of 1.9 × 10 19 cm -3 , grown on p-type ZnTe substrates and contacted with Zn applied in situ. We studied changes in the current-voltage characteristics of these devices during and after forming at 210°C under biases less than 1.5V.
Docking Flexible Peptide to Flexible Protein by Molecular Dynamics Using Two Implicit-Solvent Models: An Evaluation in Protein Kinase and Phosphatase Systems

Reliable prediction of protein−ligand docking pose requires proper account of induced fit effects. Treating both the ligand and the protein as flexible molecules is still challenging because many degrees of freedom are involved. Peptides are one type of ligand that are particularly difficult to study because of their extreme flexibility. In this study, we tested a molecular dynamics-based simulated-annealing cycling protocol in docking peptides to four protein kinases and two phosphatases using two implicit-solvent models: a distance-dependent dielectric model (e(r) = 4r) and a version of the Generalized Born model termed GBMV. We found that the simpler e(r) = 4r model identified docking pose better than the more expensive GBMV model. In addition, rescoring structures obtained from one implicit-solvent model with the other identified good docking poses for all six systems studied. Including protein energy in scoring also improved results.
IDENTIFICATION OF THE NATIVE NIT2 MAJOR NITROGEN REGULATORY PROTEIN IN NUCLEAR EXTRACTS OF NEUROSPORA CRASSA

The nit-2 gene of Neurospora crassa encodes the major nitrogen regulatory protein which acts in a positive fashion to activate the expression of many different structural genes during conditions of nitrogen limitation. An E. coli-expressed NIT2/β-Gal fusion protein binds specifically to DNA in vitro by recognizing GATA core elements. Nuclear extracts prepared from a wild-type N. crassa strain contain a protein factor which displays all of the properties expected for the native NIT2 protein. The native NIT2 protein in nuclear extracts binds with high affinity to DNA fragments which contain two GATA elements, weakly to fragments with a single GATA element, and fails to bind to DNAs which lack these sequences. The DNA binding ability of the protein factor in nuclear extracts is efficiently blocked by a polyclonal antibody developed against the zinc-finger region of NIT2 protein. Western blot analysis with the anti-NIT2 antiserum revealed a specific protein with a size of approximately 110,000 daltons, in excellent agreement with the predicted size of NIT2. Both the specific NIT2 DNA binding activity and the protein detected by Western blot are totally lacking in nuclear extracts of a nit-2 rip mutant strain. These results all support the conclusion that the native NIT2 protein in Neurospora cells has been identified. The NIT2 protein is localised in nuclei and could not be detected in the cytoplasmic fraction of cells subjected to nitrogen derepression or nitrogen repression, indicating that the nuclear import of NIT2 is not regulated.
Surgical pathology of native valve endocarditis in 310 specimens from 287 patients (1985-2004).

Abstract Background Few large studies have documented the clinical and pathologic features of native valve endocarditis (NVE) independently from prosthetic valve endocarditis (PVE). Methods A retrospective study of medical records of all patients undergoing operation for NVE at Mayo Clinic in Rochester, MN (1985–2004), was performed. Medical records were reviewed from 287 patients for demographics, infecting organism, and comorbidities. Microscopic slides from 310 valves were reviewed for features of infection. Results The study cohort included 287 patients, with age ranging from 9 to 87 years (mean, 54), yielding 310 valves. Most (73%) were from men, and 84% were regurgitant. Risk factors included bicuspid aortic valve (23%), dental manipulation (20%), mitral valve prolapse (18%), diabetes mellitus (16%), and others ( Conclusion NVE affected men nearly three times as frequently as women. Diabetes mellitus emerged as a prevalent (and previously underrecognized) risk factor for NVE. The most common infecting organisms were streptococci and staphylococci. Microorganisms were identified histologically in the majority of active endocarditis cases.
Educating Diverse Computing Students at the University of Virginia

Through curricular reform, outreach programs, and other diversity initiatives, the percentage of women undergraduate computing majors at the University of Virginia has increased from 8 to 21 percent over the past 10 years.
A study of work values of computer education in accounting

Abstract Integration of computers into the accounting curriculum has received tremendous attention in the recent years. This study investigates the value of this type of computer use. A questionnare was distributed to a random sample of both accounting faculty at AACSB accredited universities and accounting students attending a U.S. University. Student participants were stratified by class standings. The survey instrument included a 25-item list derived from the inventory of work values used by researchers to measure individuals' attitudes toward particular subjects. Despite an overall positive feeling towards the use of microcomputers, the results showed a definite attitudinal change among students. That is, as students used a computer as an aid in performing their accounting assignments, their enthusiasm dampened significantly. In addition, these findings demonstrated that as students move up in their class standings their appreciation of work values of computer education is enhanced. On the other hand, a comparison of students with faculty revealed that students generally rated work values of microcomputers greater than accounting faculty.
Effects of common carp on phosphorus concentrations, water clarity, and vegetation density: a whole system experiment in a thermally stratified lake

Although numerous studies have investigated the impacts of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) on aquatic ecosystems, the effects of this species on nutrient cycling, water clarity, and vegetation density have rarely been addressed in whole lakes, especially in those that stratify. In this study, we documented changes in total phosphorus, water clarity, and aquatic vegetation density in a stratified eutrophic lake while we reduced carp biomass from 300 to 40 kg/ha. Carp removal was associated with an increase in vegetation density, an increase in springtime water clarity, a decline in early season chlorophyll a, and a decline in total suspended solids. However, neither clarity nor chlorophyll a improved during the summer months. Carp removal also had no apparent effect on total phosphorus, which increased rapidly in the summer both before and after carp removal, and was seemingly driven by abiotic internal loading. The lack of a decline in phosphorus following carp removal suggests that despite their high biomass, carp may sometimes play a relatively minor role in nutrient transport from benthic sediments in stratified eutrophic lakes. Their removal is nonetheless beneficial for improving water clarity and restoring macrophyte communities in such systems.
On belief content and that-clauses

Abstract: This paper is about the relations between the contents of our beliefs and the contents of the sentences used in the that-clauses of our belief ascriptions. Loar has argued that any inference from sameness or difference of correct belief ascription to sameness or difference of belief content is illegitimate. In contrast, I defend a requirement (the Logic Requirement) that the logical properties of the sentence embedded in a belief ascription should, on that occasion of use, match the logical properties of the belief content ascribed.
Antiplatelet and anticoagulation medications and the surgical patient

Abstract Background Acute coronary syndrome affects more than 750,000 Americans per year, and antiplatelet agents are the cornerstones of treatment. Atrial fibrillation affects 2.4 million patients in the United States, and venous thromboembolism occurs in 1 to 2 per 1,000 adults per year. Anticoagulants are commonly prescribed to affected patients. Surgeons are commonly called upon to care for patients taking medications that affect normal coagulation. It is important that the surgical community has a fundamental understanding of these agents’ pharmacology, which may impact patients’ clinical course. Methods A review of recent literature on pharmacologic agents that affect coagulation was performed. Results A number of medications that alter normal coagulation were reviewed in this article including their pharmacologic properties and reversal strategies. Conclusions There are a variety of medications that affect a patient’s coagulation ability, including many newer agents on the market. This review provides surgeons with the knowledge needed to assist in caring for individuals receiving these drugs.
Helodermin, but not cholecystokinin, somatostatin, or thyrotropin releasing hormone, acutely increases thyroid blood flow in the rat.

Abstract In the present study, we investigated whether peptides located within the thyroid gland, but not directly found in nerve fibers associated with blood vessels, might influence thyroid blood flow. Specifically, we evaluated the effects of helodermin, cholecystokinin (CCK), somatostatin (SRIF) and thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) given systemically on thyroid blood flow and circulating thyroid hormone levels. Blood flows in the thyroid and six other organs were measured in male rats using 141 Ce-labeled microspheres. Circulating thyrotropin (TSH) and thyroid hormone levels were monitored by RIA. Helodermin (10 −10 mol/100 g BW, i.v. over 4 min) markedly elevated thyroid blood flow (52 ± 6 vs. 10 ± 2 ml/min · g in vehicle-infused rats; n = 5). Blood flows to the salivary gland, pancreas, lacrimal gland and stomach (but not adrenal and kidney) were also increased during helodermin infusions CCK, SRIF, and TRH were without effect on blood flows to the thyroid and other organs even though these peptides were tested at higher molar doses than helodermin. Helodermin, CCK, or SRIF did not affect thyroid hormone or plasma calcium levels. As expected however, plasma TSH and T 3 levels were increased at 20 min and 2 h, respectively, following TRH infusions. Since helodermin shares sequence homology with VIP, we next compared the relative effects of these two peptides on thyroid and other organ blood flows. VIP (10 −11 mol/100 g BW, i.v.) was more potent in increasing blood flows to the thyroid, salivary gland, and pancreas than an equimolar dose of helodermin. This study shows that while helodermin, like VIP, has the ability to increase thyroid and other organ blood flows, it appears to be a less potent vasodilator.
Emerging Adults’ Expectations for Pornography Use in the Context of Future Committed Romantic Relationships: A Qualitative Study

Using qualitative content analysis from the written comments of 404 primarily heterosexual college students, we examined (1) their expectations for pornography use while mar- ried or in a committed long-term relationship and (2) variations by gender. Four prominent groups emerged. A majority of men (70.8 %) and almost half of women (45.5 %) reported circum- stances (alone or with their partners) wherein pornography use was acceptable in a relationship and several conditions for, and consequences associated with, such use also emerged. Another group (22.3 % men; 26.2 % women) viewed pornography use as unacceptable because of being in a committed relationship whereas a third group (5.4 % men; 12.9 % women) reported that pornography use was unacceptable in any context or circum- stance. A final group emerged of a few women (10.4 %) who stated that a partner's use of pornography was acceptable, but they did not expect to use it personally. Implications for rela- tionship education among emerging adults and future research on pornography use within the context of romantic relationships are discussed.
Estimated future HIV prevalence, incidence, and potential infections averted in the United States: a multiple scenario analysis.

Objectives: To estimate the potential future burden of HIV in the United States under different intervention scenarios. Methods: We modeled future HIV incidence, prevalence, and infections averted using 2006 estimates of HIV incidence (55,400 new infections per year), prevalence (1,107,000 persons living with HIV), and transmission rate (5.0 per 100 persons living with HIV). We modeled 10-year trends for 3 base-case scenarios (steady incidence, steady transmission rate, declining transmission rate based on the 2000-2006 trend) and 2 intensified HIV intervention scenarios (50% reduction in transmission rate within 10 and 5 years). Results: Base-case scenarios predicted HIV prevalence increases of 24%-38% in 10 years. Reducing the transmission rate by 50% within 10 years reduces incidence by 40%; prevalence increases 20% to an estimated 1,329,000 persons living with HIV Halving the transmission rate within 5 years reduces incidence by 46%; prevalence increases 13%, to 1,247,000. Although in year 10 incidence is similar regardless of the intervention time frame, more infections are averted when halving the transmission rate within 5 years. Conclusions: HIV prevalence will likely increase creating additional demands for health care services. These analyses are instructive for setting HIV prevention goals for the nation and assessing potential cost savings of intensified HIV prevention efforts.
Response to selection for reduced grain saponin content in quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.)

Abstract A major impediment to expanding production of the traditional pseudocereal quinoa outside its Andean center of origin is the high level of grain saponin in early-maturing daylength-neutral lines which can be grown at higher latitudes. Screening of South American quinoa accessions in Colorado revealed significant among-plant within-cultivar variation for grain saponin content in some lines; heritability for the trait was estimated at 0.37 based on parent–offspring regression. Three cycles of pedigree selection did not reduce population means or identify any family which was consistently low saponin, although among pooled progeny the proportion of plants with less than 1 mg g −1 grain saponin increased from 3.57% in the S 1 to 11.1% in the S 4 . Skewed progeny distribution frequencies, continued segregation for grain saponin content, and the persistence of high-saponin individuals in all generations indicated that dominance effects are a major component of genetic variance for the trait. Due to the allotetraploid nature of quinoa, fixed heterozygosity at loci controlling saponin content may also occur. Given the limited response to selection, quinoa breeders may wish to use alternative methods for reducing grain saponin levels in the crop.
Space and radiation protection: scientific requirements for space research

Ionizing radiation poses a significant risk to humans living and working in space. The major sources of radiation are solar disturbances and galactic cosmic rays. The components of this radiation are energetic charged particles, protons, as well as fully ionized nuclei of all elements. The biological effects of these particles cannot be extrapolated in a straightforward manner from available data on x-rays and gamma-rays. A radiation protection program that meets the needs of spacefaring nations must have a solid scientific basis, capable not only of predicting biological effects, but also of making reliable estimates of the uncertainty in these predictions. A strategy leading to such predictions is proposed, and scientific requirements arising from this strategy are discussed.
Effect of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) treatment drugs on GI-101A breast tumor cell growth

Abstract The effect of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) treatment drugs on PKC (protein kinase C) activity and cell growth was studied using GI-101A breast tumor cells. Both hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) and prednisone treatments significantly increased the PKC activity in GI-101A cells after 60 min. Treatment of cells with a combination of HCQ/prednisone also produced the highest increase in PKC activity following 60 min incubation. When the GI-101A cells were treated with the same drugs, HCQ (10 ng/ml) prednisone (10 ng/ml) and HCQ/prednisone combination (10 ng/ml of each), for 72 hr the total PKC activity in the cells was significantly elevated and consequently the GI-101A cell growth was stimulated. As a result of drug induced cell growth stimulation the total number of cells in the treatment groups increased significantly compared to the non-treated controls. Interestingly HCQ and prednisone treatment induced cell growths were completely blocked by PKC specific inhibitor chelerythrine (50 μM). Our results suggest that HCQ and prednisone treatment can induce GI-101A cell growth via activating PKC.
Using ethnographic methodology in substance abuse treatment outcome research

Abstract The purpose of this article is to argue for a greater inclusion of ethnography as an adjunctive methodology within the context of traditional substance abuse treatment outcome studies. First we describe what is meant by “ethnographic methodology,” then discuss the various methodological elements of ethnographic research that are relevant to substance abuse research. A number of suggested applications of ethnographic research pertaining to a substance abuse treatment outcome context are then presented. The article concludes with a discussion about how ethnographic methods can enhance and broaden our understanding of important questions relating to substance abuse treatment processes and outcomes.
Dynamical Analysis of the Nonlinear Growth of the m=n=1 Resistive Internal Mode

A dynamical analysis is presented that self-consistently takes into account the motion of the critical layer, in which the magnetic field reconnects, to describe how the $m=n=1$ resistive internal kink mode develops in the nonlinear regime. The amplitude threshold marking the onset of strong nonlinearities due to a balance between convective and mode coupling terms is identified. We predict quantitatively the early nonlinear growth rate of the $m=n=1$ mode below this threshold.
The nucleotide sequence of the 5′ untranslated region of human γ-globin mRNA

The nucleotide sequence of the entire 5' untranslated region of human gamma-globin mRNA has been determined. This was accomplished by analyzing complementary DNA (cRNA) synthesized from the mRNA with reverse transcriptase. The CDNA was labeled at its 3' end with 32"p using terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase, digested with the restriction endonuclease Hae III and the end-labeled fragment isolated ans sequenced by the method of Maxam and Gilbert. Including the initiation codon AUG, the 5' untranslated region of human gamma-globin mRNA contains 57 nucleotides, compared to 41 in alpha- and 54 in beta-globin mRNA. There is very little homology between alpha and gamma sequences in the 5' region. There is considerable homology between beta- and gamma-globin mRNAs in the regions proximal and distal to the initiation codon, but the entire sequence shows less homology than the human and rabbit beta-globin mRNAs. The hexanucleotide sequence CUUCUG is found near the 5' ends of all three human globin mRNAs, suggesting a possible role of this sequence or ribosomal binding. Both guanosine and cytidine were found at the 19th nucleotide position from the 5' end of the gamma mRNA. We believe this heterogeneity arises from the difference in nucleotide sequence between the A gamma and G gamma loci.
Couple, double, toil and trouble: A computer assisted study of two coupled CSTRs

Abstract A study of the dynamic behavior of two coupled nonisothermal CSTRs carrying out an irreversible first-order reaction is presented. In particular, we study the case where the behavior of both—not necessarily identical—reactors is oscillatory when uncoupled. Emphasis is placed on the way the dynamics develop with increasing coupling strength from the asymptotic limit of weak coupling where the behavior can be deduced from that of the individual reactors. The detailed two-parameter study provides a coherent framework in which many previous experimental and computational studies can be consistently integrated. A scenario of common dynamic features emerges, which is independent of the order of the reaction, whether the reaction is isothermal or catalytic, the details of the mechanism, or the particular form of the coupling. A strong qualitative relation between this framework and the dynamic behavior of periodically forced chemical reactors is also noted.
Heat insoluble cryoglobulin associated with gangrene in multiple myeloma.

Cryoglobulins are immunoglobulins that have tendency to precipitate in temperatures below 37 degrees C and dissolve with rewarming. Monoclonal cryoglobulins are usually associated with a distinct hematological disorder and often are asymptomatic. Heat insoluble cryoglobulin has been described with Sjogren's syndrome and glomerulonephritis but, not with multiple myeloma. Severe sensitivity to cold occurs with high thermal insolubility of the cryoprotein, with dramatic symptoms when exposed to minimal lowering of the temperature. We report a case of a 49 year old man with multiple myeloma and an unusual type I cryoglobulin that caused occlusive gangrene. The cryoglobulin appeared as a milky white precipitate that was resistant to re-suspension and did not dissolve at 37 degrees C. Immunoelectrophoresis of the cryoglobulin, which dissolved at 56 degrees C, showed it to be composed of a monoclonal IgG kappa protein (3.5 g/dl). Unlike most high thermal insoluble cryoglobulin, cold associated symptoms were not seen. In addition to steroids, plasmapheresis was initiated thrice a week with albumin fluid replacement. Plasmapheresis caused a marked decline in cryocrit levels from 21% to less than 0.5% in 9 days after 4 procedures with resolution of the gangrene of the feet and after 6 treatments, vasculitic symptoms improved dramatically. The cryoglobulin test was negative 2 weeks after initiation of treatment. The patient was treated for the myeloma and there was no recurrence of occlusive symptoms. Proper laboratory procedure and careful examination and handling of cryoglobulinemic samples facilitate detection of unusual cryoglobulins. This is a unique report of multiple myeloma with gangrene of lower extremities that has a heat insoluble cryoglobulin.
Paediatric gastroenterology: EGD for children with abdominal pain: the jury is still out.

Reports from a large, prospective study in paediatric patients suggest that oesophagogastroduodenoscopy is valuable for diagnosis in children with chronic abdominal pain. Nonetheless, the vast majority of children with chronic abdominal pain will have a functional gastrointestinal disorder, and no test is needed to achieve this diagnosis.
Compartmental models with multiple sources of stochastic variability: The one-compartment models with clustering

Previous compartmental models have introduced variability either at the particle or at the replicate level. This paper integrates both types of variability through the concept of clustering. The paper develops two different, general clustered models, each with time-dependent hazard rates for the clusters and for the particles within the clusters, and each with random initial number and sizes of clusters. The coefficient of variation of the total number of particles,CV[X(t)], for either model is shown to be bounded below, under very broad conditions, by the coefficient of variation of the initial number of clusters,CV[c(0)]. This high relative variability of the clustered models makes them potentially very useful in kinetic modeling. In many applications, binding and clustering are common phenomena, and two applications of the models to such phenomena are breifly outlined.
Musculoskeletal sensitization and sleep: chronic muscle pain fragments sleep of mice without altering its duration.

Study objectives Musculoskeletal pain in humans is often associated with poor sleep quality. We used a model in which mechanical hypersensitivity was induced by injection of acidified saline into muscle to study the impact of musculoskeletal sensitization on sleep of mice. Design A one month pre-clinical study was designed to determine the impact of musculoskeletal sensitization on sleep of C57BL/6J mice. Methods We instrumented mice with telemeters to record the electroencephalogram (EEG) and body temperature. We used an established model of musculoskeletal sensitization in which mechanical hypersensitivity was induced using two unilateral injections of acidified saline (pH 4.0). The injections were given into the gastrocnemius muscle and spaced five days apart. EEG and body temperature recordings started prior to injections (baseline) and continued for three weeks after musculoskeletal sensitization was induced by the second injection. Mechanical hypersensitivity was assessed using von Frey filaments at baseline (before any injections) and on days 1, 3, 7, 14, and 21 after the second injection. Results Mice injected with acidified saline developed bilateral mechanical hypersensitivity at the hind paws as measured by von Frey testing and as compared to control mice and baseline data. Sleep during the light period was fragmented in experimental mice injected with acidified saline, and EEG spectra altered. Musculoskeletal sensitization did not alter the duration of time spent in wakefulness, non-rapid eye movement sleep, or rapid eye movement sleep. Conclusions Musculoskeletal sensitization in this model results in a distinct sleep phenotype in which sleep is fragmented during the light period, but the overall duration of sleep is not changed. This study suggests the consequences of musculoskeletal pain include sleep disruption, an observation that has been made in the clinical literature but has yet to be studied using preclinical models.
Confocal scanning laser microscopy of benign and malignant melanocytic skin lesions in vivo.

Abstract Background: The ability of physicians for early diagnosis of cutaneous melanomas is less than perfect, prompting research into noninvasive methods for diagnosis. Objective: Our purpose was to evaluate confocal scanning laser microscopy (CSLM) for noninvasive imaging of benign and malignant melanocytic lesions in vivo. Methods: Forty pigmented skin lesions (including adjacent normal skin as control) in vivo were imaged with near-infrared CSLM. The confocal images were correlated to histopathology. Results: Nuclear, cellular, and architectural detail in the epidermis and superficial dermis is imaged with high resolution and contrast. Melanin causes the cytoplasm of pigmented cells to appear bright. Melanocytic nevi had cohesive nests of uniformly circular cells and increased microvascular blood flow. Melanomas had a polymorphous cytologic structure, containing atypical, pleomorphic cells in disarray and irregular dendritic cells. Conclusion: CSLM is capable of identifying distinct patterns and cytologic features of benign and malignant pigmented skin lesions in vivo. CSLM may be useful to noninvasively discriminate benign and malignant lesions in vivo. (J Am Acad Dermatol 2001;45:365-76.)