cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Workshop on eye irritation testing: practical applications of non-whole animal alternatives

Abstract In November 1993, over 200 people from 14 nations participated in an IRAG workshop on eye irritation testing. The goal of the workshop was to set a course for the scientific approval and acceptance of non-whole animal alternatives to the Draize eye test. Through a retrospective review of existing in vitro and in vivo data by expert working groups, the endeavour examined the current status of practical application of in vitro alternatives used to predict eye irritation. Over 74 data sets from 59 laboratories were reviewed for approximately 26 different test methods. The submissions were illustrative of varied approaches and broad applications of in vitro assays. It was concluded that: (1) data are insufficient to support the total replacement of in vivo ocular irritancy testing with in vitro methods; (2) alternative methods to the in vivo standard (Draize) are currently being used extensively by industry as screens in the risk assessment process for product development; and (3) based on current practices for ocular irritancy testing, it appears that some models exist that may have the potential to reduce the need for new animal testing, provided they are validated and conducted under well defined conditions. Several recommendations are proffered to facilitate scientific review of in vitro and in vivo data sets in parallel: for example, basic research is encouraged to further identify mechanistic endpoints targeting human ocular injury; a chemical test bank is necessary for testing standards; an international data bank should be established; test batteries need to be identified that adequately test novel substances for safety; a third party needs to take the lead to identify promising tests and to facilitate validation studies; and international harmonization of method development, validation and acceptance should be given high priority. Grateful appreciation is conveyed to the many contributors to this complex endeavour.
Racial and ethnic differences in girls' sexual, marital, and birth expectations

This study examined the nature extent and socioeconomic determinants of racial and ethnic differences in adolescent girls desires about their future life course in the US. Data were obtained from a sample of girls in the 6th-8th grades who were attending one of 4 public junior high schools in suburban Southern California. The sample included Whites Blacks Hispanics and Southeast Asians; it also included 436 mothers and 574 girls. Findings from multiple classification analysis with controls for age indicate that girls of different race and ethnicity had different socioeconomic characteristics. Race and ethnicity had a significant effect on girls schooling/job aspirations and role-timing scores after controls for socioeconomic factors and age. Whites had the strongest desire to have children. Blacks perceived that they had the greatest risk of nonmarital births. Regression analyses reveal that for all except Hispanic girls older age and pessimistic job expectations were positively related to sexual activity intent. For Hispanic girls low marriage and first birth age for their mothers and low family income were positively related to sexual activity intent. Positive school and job aspirations for all girls were linked with a later desired age at first birth. A high perceived likelihood of a nonmarital birth was related to low family income for Hispanics and Whites with mothers low educational attainment for Blacks and with a history of Assistance for Families with Dependent Children payments for Asians. For all girls except Hispanics positive desires for school and jobs were related to low perceived risk of a nonmarital birth. One limitation of the study was the very small sample size among Asians.
The Effect of Intravenous Immunoglobulin on Inhibiting Peripheral Blood Lymphocyte Apoptosis in Acute Kawasaki Disease

Aim: To further explore the therapeutic mechanism of intravenous immunoglobulin(IVIG) for Kawasaki disease(KD). Method: Peripheral blood lymphocytes(PBLs) obtained from 26 children with KD and 20 age matched healthy children, were stimulated with anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody(mAb),and apoptotic cell percentage and DNA fragmentation were assayed at 0,12,24,48,72 hours in vitro. The patients belonged to 2 groups: One treated with aspirin combined with IVIG(n=16) and one treated with aspirin alone(n=10).PBLs were stimulated by phytohemagglutinin(PHA) to evaluate lymphocyte proliferative response. Results: Compared with normal controls, the apoptotic cell percentage and the DNA fragmentation were markedly decreased(p<0.001) and delayed in PBLs from KD patients. After IVIG treatment, the decreased percentage of apoptotic cell and delayed DNA fragmentation were restored to the state of the normal controls, accompanied by a fast clinical remission as compared to the Asp alone group. The lymphocyte proliferative response was also decreased 3-5 days after IVIG therapy (p<0.001). Conclusion: The results suggested that decreased PBL apoptosis might be involved in the pathogenesis of KD. The therapeutic mechanism of IVIG in KD may be partially due to the reversal of the inhibited lymphocyte apoptosis, and may have implications for other autoimmune diseases with inefficient lymphocyte apoptosis.
Dose Dependence of Chronic Positive Inotropic Effect of Vesnarinone in Patients With Congestive Heart Failure Due to Idiopathic or Ischemic Cardiomyopathy

Vesnarinone is a novel oral agent that improves survival and symptoms of patients with dilated cardiomyopathy. Although it is thought to have positive inotropic effects, clinical data supporting this mechanism in patients with severe heart failure remain scant. The present study tested whether 3 months of oral vesnarinone therapy increases the inotropic state and whether this response is dose dependent. Twenty-one patients with dilated cardiomyopathy (New York Heart Association class III to IV) were randomized to 30 mg/day (n = 11) or to 60 mg/day (n = 10) of vesnarinone. Cardiac function was assessed before and after therapy by radionuclide ventriculography to measure left ventricular volume and flow and by noninvasive measurement of the central aortic pressure wave. The inotropic effect of vesnarinone was assessed by a recently validated index equal to the ratio of left ventricular maximal ventricular power divided by the square of end-diastolic volume (PWRmax/EDV2). This ratio is sensitive to inotropic change but is minimally altered by chamber loading. After 3 months of 60 mg/day therapy, PWRmax/EDV2 increased by 28 ± 32%. Ejection fraction and cardiac output also increased by 21 ± 14% and 14 ± 14%, respectively, and arterial load decreased by 10.5 ± 12.4% (all p <0.005). End-systolic volume also declined by 7 ± 10%, suggesting reverse remodeling. These changes were smaller and none achieved statistical significance at the 30 mg/day dose (e.g., 14.2 ± 35.4% for PWRmax/EDV2). Heart rate was unchanged with either dose. Thus, chronic vesnarinone treatment dose modestly raises the inotropic state and lowers afterload in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy in a dose-dependent fashion. (Am J Cardiol 1996;78:652–656)
Scaling impacts on environmental controls and spatial heterogeneity of soil organic carbon stocks

Abstract. The spatial heterogeneity of land surfaces affects energy, moisture, and greenhouse gas exchanges with the atmosphere. However, representing the heterogeneity of terrestrial hydrological and biogeochemical processes in Earth system models (ESMs) remains a critical scientific challenge. We report the impact of spatial scaling on environmental controls, spatial structure, and statistical properties of soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks across the US state of Alaska. We used soil profile observations and environmental factors such as topography, climate, land cover types, and surficial geology to predict the SOC stocks at a 50 m spatial scale. These spatially heterogeneous estimates provide a data set with reasonable fidelity to the observations at a sufficiently high resolution to examine the environmental controls on the spatial structure of SOC stocks. We upscaled both the predicted SOC stocks and environmental variables from finer to coarser spatial scales (s = 100, 200, and 500 m and 1, 2, 5, and 10 km) and generated various statistical properties of SOC stock estimates. We found different environmental factors to be statistically significant predictors at different spatial scales. Only elevation, temperature, potential evapotranspiration, and scrub land cover types were significant predictors at all scales. The strengths of control (the median value of geographically weighted regression coefficients) of these four environmental variables on SOC stocks decreased with increasing scale and were accurately represented using mathematical functions (R2 = 0.83–0.97). The spatial structure of SOC stocks across Alaska changed with spatial scale. Although the variance (sill) and unstructured variability (nugget) of the calculated variograms of SOC stocks decreased exponentially with scale, the correlation length (range) remained relatively constant across scale. The variance of predicted SOC stocks decreased with spatial scale over the range of 50 m to ~ 500 m, and remained constant beyond this scale. The fitted exponential function accounted for 98 % of variability in the variance of SOC stocks. We found moderately accurate linear relationships between mean and higher-order moments of predicted SOC stocks (R2 ∼ 0.55–0.63). Current ESMs operate at coarse spatial scales (50–100 km), and are therefore unable to represent environmental controllers and spatial heterogeneity of high-latitude SOC stocks consistent with observations. We conclude that improved understanding of the scaling behavior of environmental controls and statistical properties of SOC stocks could improve ESM land model benchmarking and perhaps allow representation of spatial heterogeneity of biogeochemistry at scales finer than those currently resolved by ESMs.
An individual differences analysis of interdimensional additivity in multidimensional scaling

Comparative judgments of the dissimilarity between schematic faces varying on 1, 4, 7, or 10 binary attributes were obtained under two instructional sets. Using the Tucker-Messick procedure, three subgroups of like-perceiving Ss were isolated and the nature of cue-utilization by each described. Perceptual independence of attributes was demonstrated both within and between instructional sets for Subgroups 1 and within instructional sets for Subgroup 2. The Subgroup 3 results indicated an interaction of the attributes. Data from the Shot cognitive elements test differentially characterized Subgroups 1 and 2, but did not uniquely characterize Ss requiring more complex models for the combination of attributes. The study illustrates the possible usefulness of an individual differences approach to the study of selective attention and information processing.
Histamine release and surface CD200R1 staining as sensitive methods for assessing murine mast cell activation

Mast cells are important effector cells of allergy and are involved in the pathology of many other diseases. Measurement of β-hexosaminidase activity, the most commonly used method for evaluation of murine mast cell activity, requires a large number of cells and thus is of limited utility for studying mast cells in mouse models of disease. In this study we evaluated the sensitivity of histamine release as compared to β-hexosaminidase activity in the measurement of mast cell activation. Whereas a minimum of 6×10(4) mast cells per ml were required to detect slight increases in β-hexosaminidase activity after anti-IgE and ionomycin stimulation, substantial increases in histamine release could be detected under the same activating conditions with as few as 480 mast cells per ml. These findings demonstrate that measurement of histamine release is substantially more sensitive than assessment of β-hexosaminidase activity for detecting mast cell activation. Additionally, we describe a novel flow cytometric method for detecting murine mast cell activation. When using 7.5×10(5) peritoneal cells per condition and gating on IgE+c-kit+cells, mast cell expression of surface CD200R1 increased after both IgE and non IgE-mediated activation. This flow cytometric procedure was uncomplicated and rapid, with increases in surface CD200R1 expression appearing after as little as 30 min of stimulation time. Measuring histamine release and surface CD200R1 expression are sensitive approaches for detection of murine mast cell activation. Further, both approaches can be done on unpurified peritoneal cell populations. By requiring low numbers of cells, these approaches are ideal for investigating mast cell activation in murine models of disease.
On the magnetic properties of cobalt substituted bovine superoxide dismutase derivatives.

We have measured the magnetic susceptibility in the temperature range 1.4–77°K of three derivatives of bovine superoxide dismutase in which Co2+ was substituted for Zn2+: (1) 2Co2+ — in which Co2+ binds to the normal Zn2+ site and the Cu2+ site is unoccupied, (2) 2Co2+2Cu2+ — in which the Zn2+ site is occupied by Co2+ and the copper sites contains Cu2+ and (3) 2Co2+2Cu+ — which is the reduced form of the second derivative. The 2Co2+ protein exhibits Curie paramagnetism indicating S′ = 12 and the zero-field splitting must be greater than ⪞20 cm−1. The same propeties have been observed with the 2Co2+2Cu+-protein. By contrast, the 2Co2+2Cu2+-derivative exhibits relatively little paramagnetism, some of which arises from non-specifically associated metal ions. The lower susceptibility is due to antiferromagnetic coupling between Co2+ and Cu2+, and the magnitude of the coupling constant is probably ⪢5 cm−1.
Variation in Ferulic Acid Concentration among Diverse Barley Cultivars Measured by HPLC and Microspectrophotometry

Ferulic acid (FA) is a low molecular weight phenolic acid that is a common component of the outer layers of cereal grains. It has been implicated in resistance to both insect and fungal pathogens. The FA concentrations of 18 cultivars of 2-row and 6-row barleys, grown in 2 locations, were quantified by HPLC analysis following acid hydrolysis. The FA concentrations ranged from 365 to 605 μg/g dry weight. The concentration of FA varied significantly among the different cultivars of barley. A genetic basis for FA levels is inferred by the similar ranking of the cultivars in both locations. FA levels were also measured by the absorbance at 340 nm of the acid-hydrolyzed extract, and in situ detection of fluorescence intensity of the ground grain using a UMSP80 microspectrofluorimeter. Both of these methods are more rapid than HPLC and may allow the practical screening of FA concentrations in numerous barley lines.
Androgyny, depression, and self-esteem in irish homosexual and heterosexual males and females

An examination was made of the following research questions: (a) Do Irish homosexuals and heterosexuals differ in the frequency of their classification in sex-role categories? (b) Is sexual orientation related to psychological adjustment? (c) Is androgyny related to psychological adjustment? Subjects were 112 Irish men and women who were administered Bem's Sex-Role Inventory, Rosenberg's Self-Esteem Scale, Zung's Self-Rating Depression Scale, and a questionnaire. Results indicated that Irish homosexuals were classified more frequently than Irish heterosexuals as androgynous. Homosexuals did not differ from heterosexuals in self-esteem or depression scores. Among these Irish subjects, psychological sex-role category is a more powerful influence on psychological health than actual sexual orientation. It is not whether you are homosexual or heterosexual that affects your psychological health, but how you perceive your own psychological masculinity and femininity.
Neon ion radiotherapy: Results of the phase I/II clinical trial

Neon ion radiotherapy possesses biologic and physical advantages over megavoltage X rays. Biologically, the neon beam reduces the oxygen enhancement ratio and increases relative biological effectiveness. Cells irradiated by neon ions show less variation in cell-cycle related radiosensitivity and decreased repair of radiation injury. The physical behavior of heavy charged particles allows precise delivery of high radiation doses to tumors while minimizing irradiation of normal tissues. In 1979 a Phase I-II clinical trial was started at Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory using neon ions to irradiate patients for whom conventional treatment modalities were ineffective. By the end of 1988 a total of 239 patients had received a minimum neon physical dose of 1000 cGy (median follow-up for survivors 32 months). Compared with historical results, the 5-year actuarial disease-specific survival (DSS5) and local control (LC5) rates suggest that neon treatment improves outcome for several types of tumors: a) advanced or recurrent macroscopic salivary gland carcinomas (DSS5 59%; LC5 61%); b) paranasal sinus tumors (DSS5 69%; LC5 69% for macroscopic disease); c) advanced soft tissue sarcomas (DSS5 56%, LC5 56% for macroscopic disease); d) macroscopic sarcomas of bone (DSS5 45%; LC5 59%); e) locally advanced prostate carcinomas (DSS5 90%; LC5 75%); and f) biliary tract carcinomas (DSS5 28%; LC5 44%). Treatment of malignant gliomas, pancreatic, gastric, esophageal, lung, and advanced or recurrent head and neck cancer has been less successful; results for these tumors appear no better than those achieved with conventional x-ray therapy. These findings suggest that Phase III trials using the neon beam should be implemented for selected malignancies.
Mechanisms and state of the art of transcranial magnetic stimulation.

Summary:In 1985, Barker et al. built a transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) device with enough power to stimulate dorsal roots in the spine. They quickly realized that this machine could likely also noninvasively stimulate the superficial cortex in humans. They waited a while before using their d
Acute Lethality for Mice Following Administration of Cyclophosphamide with Barbiturates

SummaryThe simultaneous administration of cyclophosphamide and pentobarbital resulted in a rapid onset of death for BALB/c mice. When the drugs were given 1 hr apart, in either order, the mice survived. Pentobarbital lethality was potentiated in a parallel manner by 375 mg cyclophosphamide/kg. Hexobarbital and phenobarbital successfully substituted for pentobarbital in eliciting enhanced lethality when administered with cyclophosphamide. Cyclophosphamide increased the duration of sedation elicited by each barbiturate. Pretreatment of mice with multiple phenobarbital injections diminished the lethal action of subsequent challenge with cyclophosphamide and pentobarbital. However, mice pretreated with phenobarbital were hyperreactive to cyclophosphamide alone. The 9000g liver supernatant fraction derived from cyclophosphamidetreated mice was about equal in metabolizing aminopyrine as was the 9000 g liver supernatant fraction derived from normal mice. Cyclophosphamide had a minor effect on the amount of pento...
On the construction of reductive Lie-admissible algebras

We discuss a method to construct reductive Lie-admissible algebras which is based on the construction of nonassociative algebras with a specified simple Lie algebra D of derivations. As special cases, we construct two classes of reductive Lie-admissible algebras (A,∗) of dimensions 7 and 8 with D=sl(3) and D=G2, and determine their associated reductive Lie algebras g−=A−⊕sl(3) and g−=A−⊕G2. The split octonion, para-octonion, 7-dimensional simple Malcev algebra and simple Lie algebras of type A3, G2, B3 arise from this construction. Representations of simple Lie algebras play a main role.
Selective ion exchange of palladium on alumina-silica composite oxides

Abstract The selective ion exchange of palladium tetraamine with the negatively charged surface of silica or alumina components of an alumina over silica composite oxide was studied. Depending on solution pH, the ion exchange was directed either only on silica or on both silica and alumina. The partitioning of adsorbed palladium on the surface of silica and alumina components was estimated by a quantitative analysis of hydrogen consumption curves using temperature-programmed reduction. The significance of the results of this work arises from the potential use of composite alumina/silica as an alternative catalyst support for selective alkyne and alkadiene hydrogenation, a reaction that is extremely sensitive to support acidity. By aqueous impregnation, Al 2 O 3 can be dispersed on SiO 2 to form composite materials. Due to differences in their point of zero charges (pzc ), active metals can be preferentially dispersed on either alumina or silica using different solution pH's. The support acidity can be easily moderated with different Al 2 O 3 to SiO 2 ratios for optimum catalyst performance.
Pulmonary Artery Endothelial Cell Phenotypic Alterations in a Large Animal Model of Pulmonary Arteriovenous Malformations After the Glenn Shunt

Background Longevity of the superior cavopulmonary connection (SCPC) is limited by the development of pulmonary arteriovenous malformations (PAVM). The goal of this study was to determine whether phenotypic changes in pulmonary artery endothelial cells (PAEC) that favor angiogenesis occur with PAVM formation. Methods A superior vena cava to right pulmonary artery connection was constructed in 5 pigs. Pulmonary arteries were harvested at 6 to 8 weeks after surgery to establish cultures of PAEC and smooth muscle cells, to determine cell proliferation, gene expression, and tubule formation. Abundance of proteins related to angiogenesis was measured in lung tissue. Results Contrast echocardiography revealed right-to-left shunting, consistent with PAVM formation. While the proliferation of smooth muscle cells from the right pulmonary artery (shunted side) and left pulmonary artery (nonshunted side) were similar, right PAEC proliferation was significantly higher. Expression profiles of genes encoding cellular signaling proteins were higher in PAECs from the right pulmonary artery versus left pulmonary artery. Protein abundance of angiopoietin-1, and Tie-2 (angiopoietin receptor) were increased in the right lung (both p 2 , respectively; p Conclusions These findings demonstrate that PAVMs developed in a clinically relevant animal model of SCPC concomitantly with differential changes in PAEC proliferative ability and phenotype. Moreover, there was a significant increase in the angiopoietin/Tie-2 complex in the right lung, which may provide novel therapeutic targets to attenuate PAVM formation after a SCPC.
Zero-Temperature Attenuation and Transverse Spin Dynamics in Fermi Liquids. I. Generalized Landau Theory

This is the first in a series of papers on a consistent microscopic theory of transverse dynamics in spin-polarized or binary Fermi liquids. We start from exact microscopic equations in Green's functions at zero temperatures and consider slightly inhomogeneous perturbations. The transverse dynamics is described by an integral equation in a 4D momentum space with inevitable spatial and temporal non-localities. This equation can be reduced only to a set of two coupled equations for partial transverse densities corresponding to independent contributions to a transverse magnetic moment from transverse components of slightly tilted up and down spins. It is shown that, in contrast to previous phenomenological theories of polarized Fermi liquids, these equations reduce to a single Landau-like kinetic equation only in cases of low polarization or density. This implies the existence of two different sorts of (attenuating) transverse quasi-particles. The molecular field (an analog of a Landau function) has a form of a 4-component non-local operator. This interaction operator is expressed via the off-diagonal component of the exact irreducible vertex with the help of some integral equation, and cannot be given, as it is usually assumed, as any limit of the full vertex. The proper Landau-like phenomenological approach corresponding to our exact microscopic equations, should operate with two types of attenuating transverse quasi-particles each oscillating between its Fermi surface and some other 3D surface in a 4D momentum space. The dephasing of inhomogeneous precession between two different types of dressed transverse quasi-particles leads to an inhomogeneous broadening which manifests itself as a peculiar zero-temperature relaxation.
The Vitamin D Connection to Pediatric Infections and Immune Function

Over the past 20 y, a resurgence in vitamin D deficiency and nutritional rickets has been reported throughout the world, including the United States. Inadequate serum vitamin D concentrations have also been associated with complications from other health problems, including tuberculosis, cancer (prostate, breast, and colon), multiple sclerosis, and diabetes. These findings support the concept of vitamin D possessing important pleiotropic actions outside of calcium homeostasis and bone metabolism. In children, an association of nutritional rickets with respiratory compromise has long been recognized. Recent epidemiologic studies clearly demonstrate the link between vitamin D deficiency and the increased incidence of respiratory infections. Further research has also elucidated the contribution of vitamin D in the host defense response to infection. However, the mechanism(s) by which vitamin D levels contribute to pediatric infections and immune function has yet to be determined. This knowledge is particularly relevant and timely, because infants and children seem more susceptible to viral rather than bacterial infections in the face of vitamin D deficiency. The connection among vitamin D, infections, and immune function in the pediatric population indicates a possible role for vitamin D supplementation in potential interventions and adjuvant therapies.
Least-square methods in abstract pattern recognition☆

Abstract One approach to abstract pattern recognition is to represent the discriminant functions such that they are characterized by linearly appearing parameters, e.g., a general multivariate polynomial. This paper discusses a class of methods for deriving values for these parameters given a finite set of samples of each pattern class; the methods discussed are those which use least-square or least-mean-square approximation to an unknown probability density or partially specified discriminant function. The algorithms which result are feasible for the solution of complex problems using a general-purpose digital computer. This viewpoint emphasizes the common denominator of many procedures in abstract pattern recognition.
Excited State Competition in fac-[ReI(dppz)(CO)3(py-PTZ)]+

Following ReI → dppz (dppz is dipyrido[3,2-a:2‘,3‘-c]phenazine) metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) excitation of fac-[Re(dppz)(CO)3(py-PTZ)]+ (py-PTZ is 10-(4-picolyl)phenothiazine), there is a dynamic competition between intramolecular electron and energy transfer. Laser flash photolysis at 420 nm in 1,2-dichloroethane produces the MLCT excited state fac-[ReII(dppz.-)(CO)3(py-PTZ)]+*. It undergoes intramolecular energy transfer to give the dppz-localized ππ* excited state [ReI(3dppz)*(CO)3(py-PTZ)]+ (3ππ*) in competition with electron transfer to give the redox-separated state (RS) [ReI(dppz.-)(CO)3(py-PTZ.+)]+. The ππ* state decays to the ground state with k = 1.7 × 104 s-1 (τ = 60 ± 15 μs) and the RS state decays with k = 9.1 × 106 s-1 (τ = 110 ± 10 ns). The competition ratio for formation of the two is [RS]/[3ππ*] ∼ 2.4. Subsequent 3ππ* → RS interconversion is slow even though the process is favored by 0.43 eV.
Impedances of thin and layered systems: cells with even or odd numbers of interfaces.

Impedance data, e.g., system responses, from perturbing small amplitude applied sinusoid signals of near DC to high kilohertz frequencies, give chemical information. Analysis of frequency-dependent imaginary and real impedance proceeds from equivalent analog circuit elements to chemical and physical significance determined from many model systems. Already, it is possible to interpret bulk transport processes, surface kinetic effects, diffusion phenomena, and dependencies on the type of contacts: symmetric ion contact, symmetric metal contact or asymmetric metal-ion interfaces, and cell design; even (battery or sensor) and odd numbered (constrained junction or immiscible liquid) interfaces in a system. These analyses cover the chemical origins, locations and meanings of the lumped resistances, capacitances and transmission lines that are introduced by engineers in their strict analog interpretations of the impedance data.
Laboratory study using paper mill lime mud for agronomic benefit

Abstract Annual ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) is an important cool-season forage grass in the southeastern US. Since large portions of soils in this region are too acidic for optimum ryegrass production, there exists an opportunity to use lime mud waste from numerous regional pulp and paper mills as an agricultural liming material. In this study, four lime mud application rates, 2.25 (L1), 4.51 (L2), 9.01 (L3), and 22.50 (L4) ton ha−1, dry weight basis, and a control (L0) were evaluated for response to ryegrass growth during the first 6 weeks to estimate an optimum application range over the testing soil for future field test. Results indicated that applied lime mud slowed ryegrass germination and seedling emergence, with differences of whole plant length among treatments L0–L4 significant only during the first three weeks. Differences of whole plant dry weight among treatments L0–L4 reduced thereafter. The initial soil pH increase due to the lime mud application dropped in treatments L1–L4 by the end of the 6-week experiment. The optimum lime mud application range was estimated between L2 and L3, which provided higher ryegrass yields (kg ha−1) of 84 and 80 over 77 of the control and complied with the Code of Federal Regulation, CFR 40 Part 503 for land application.
Muon capture in a general class of weak models

We study muon capture by /sup 12/C in a general class of weak models. There is always a parameter characteristic of the weak model that can be extracted in a nuclear-model-independent way from the average polarization P/sub av/, the longitudinal polarization P/sub L//sup N/ and the asymmetry ..cap alpha.. in the angular distribution of recoils. For a less general class of models the asymmetry ..cap alpha.. is unnecessary. Using the experimental values of P/sub L//sup N/ and P/sub av/ we get a lower bound for the mass of the right-handed gauge boson of the left-right-symmetric model, M/sub W//sub R/> or =2.5ML, in a nuclear-model-independent way. The dependence of this bound on the experimental values is also discussed.
Plant Hormones and Signaling: Common Themes and New Developments

About 200 plant biologists convened in Keystone, Colorado, for the "Plant Hormones and Signaling" symposium, which was organized by Joanne Chory, Joe Ecker, and Mark Estelle. The meeting was run concurrently with the "Plant Innate Immunity" symposium organized by Jonathan Jones and Jane Glazebrook. In this report, we summarize the progress in plant hormones and signaling.
The effect of intermittent-release intraperitoneal chemotherapy on wound healing.

Abstract OBJECTIVE: Our purpose was to study the effect on wound healing when intraperitoneal chemotherapy was instilled on a daily basis. STUDY DESIGN: Intraperitoneal carboplatin, Taxol, or saline solution was instilled daily into 70 rats after they underwent laparotomy. The animals were killed and analyzed for adhesions. An area measuring 5 × 5 cm including the incision was also harvested for biomechanical testing. The wound thickness was measured, and the Shore Western Materials Testing System (Monrovia, Calif.) was used to test the force required to break the wound, the stress, and the stiffness. RESULTS: Groups of 10 rats received saline solution control, carboplatin 6 mg/kg, 7 mg/kg, 8 mg/kg, or Taxol 2.5 mg/kg, 3.0 mg/kg, or 3.5 mg/kg. The total dose was divided into seven equal amounts, administered daily. No significant adhesions developed in any of the animals. The carboplatin group experienced no significant decrease in wound thickness whereas the higher-dose Taxol group had a significant decrease in thickness from 1.06 mm to 0.72 mm ( p = 0.02). The wound-breaking strength (force) also decreased for the highest-dose Taxol group from 710 gm to 411 gm ( p = 0.02). The wound stiffness was also decreased from 69 gm/mm to 46 gm/mm ( p = 0.01). The other measured parameters for both the Taxol and carboplatin groups were not significantly decreased when compared with those of controls. CONCLUSION: The immediate instillation of divided daily carboplatin did not influence wound strength whereas the use of Taxol on a similar schedule significantly decreased wound strength. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 1997;176:819-25.)
Experimental Analysis of Journal Bearings Undergoing Oscillatory Motion

A series of experiments is carried out on a grease-lubricated, heavy loaded journal bearing undergoing oscillatory motion to examine its thermal field. The history of temperature measurement and the friction coefficient are monitored. The finite element method is employed using ANSYS to simulate the temperature history with input of the friction coefficient result. Experiment and simulation show good agreement.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Information Pursuit in Financial-Statement Analysis: Effects of Choice, Effort, and Disaggregation

Prior research provides evidence that financial-statement users weight information less heavily in judgment when that information is provided in a less accessible format (e.g., information disclosed in a footnote or less important financial statement rather than being recognized on the income statement (Maines and McDaniel 2000)). We provide evidence that, conditional on users performing the analysis necessary to transform the financial statements to appear as if disclosed information had been recognized, users may weight that information more heavily than it would have been if it had been recognized. Our experiments are set in the context of constructive capitalization of operating leases. The first experiment manipulates three variables that we hypothesize will contribute to this effect: choice to use transformed financial statements, effort spent on the transformation process, and disaggregation of the transformed financial statements. We provide evidence that, in the constructive-capitalization setting we operationalize, effort and disaggregation encourage greater weight on transformed information. The second experiment focuses on the effort effect and replicates it with additional controls. These results have implications for standard setters who consider the relative benefits of recognition and disclosure, and for financial-statement users who transform financial statements as part of their analyses.
The effect of five organophosphorus insecticides on survival and temperature tolerance in the copepod, Macrocyclops albidus (Copepoda: Cyclopidae)

Macrocyclops albidus were exposed for 24 hours to ABATE®, fenthion, malathion, methyl parathion, and chlorpyrifos at concentrations of 1, 5, 10, 25, and 50 parts per billion (ppb). Exposure to chlorpyrifos resulted in the greatest mortality to M. albidus; concentrations of 25 and 50 ppb caused 100% mortality. The thermal tolerance was lowered significantly by all chemicals at concentrations from 1 to 50 ppb.
On combined frequency oscillations of the forced Van der Pol oscillator

New results pertaining to combined frequency oscillations of the forced Van der Pol oscillator are derived. Conditions are given on the degree of detuning for which the results are valid. The results obtained are related to those obtained by Adler and Cartwright. Adler's equation is generalized and Cartwright's qualitative result relating to "line drifts" is quantified.
FASTBUS Dual-Port Memory and Display Diagnostic Module

A dual-port FASTBUS memory module has been designed as a diagnostic tool for both Crate and Cable Segments.
Behaviors of Female Eretmocerus sp. nr. californicus (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) Attacking Bemisia argentifolii (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) on Sweet Potato

Behaviors of Eretmocerus sp. nr. californicus Howard females on Bemisia argentifolii Bellows & Perring infesting sweet potato, Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam, were described and quantified. Walking speeds of up to 1.3 mm/s were calculated for females searching for host whitefly nymphs on sweet potato leaves. Females encountered all host stages during searching with approximately the same relative frequency as their relative abundance (average of 17.03% of hosts available were encountered). Females also arrested and antennated all of the host stages with the same relative frequency as their encounter rate (62.8%). Females showed a clear and significant preference for probing second instars over all other stages. Of the hosts probed, females chose all stages for oviposition with the same relative frequency. Successful exsertion of the ovipositor under a host nymph occurred after initial probes 12 times and after repeated probing attempts 15 times. Oviposition occurred under 13.5% of the hosts assessed by antennation; however, 20 of the 27 (74%) nymphs under which the ovipositor was exserted received an egg. Females spent 41% of the total time in searching, host assessment, probing, and oviposition; the remainder of the time (59%) was spent host feeding, grooming, and resting.
FURTHER EVIDENCE OF THE TOXICITY OF NaCl INCREASED BLOOD PRESSURE AND MORTALITY IN THE SPONTANEOUSLY HYPERTENSIVE RAT

The spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) of Okamoto and Aoki (4) develops significant hypertension without added dietary salt. Many patients with hypertension have little or no alteration in blood pressure from increments or decrements of salt intake. Such observations have led to a widespread belief that dietary NaCl is important in hypertensives only if blood pressure changes are observed after changes in NaCl intake. Such a simplistic view of hypertension fails to take into account the possibility that morbidity and mortality might be lowered by restricting dietary NaCl, without a concomitant lowering of blood pressure. The effect of a high NaCl intake for periods up to 1 yr has been studied in the SHR with the following conclusions: (a) NaCl accelerated the rate at which hypertension developed in both sexes. (b) The ultimate levels of blood pressure reached by males on either high or low salt diets were similar, however. (c) In females, (1) on high NaCl the average blood pressure ultimately became indistinguishable from males whereas (2) on low NaCl pressure remained significantly lower than that of males. (d) The addition of NaCl to the regimen had a devastating effect on mortality of both sexes and was not directly correlated with the level of blood pressure. Earlier reports were reviewed bearing on the possibility that NaCl is inimical to blood vessels without a necessary relationship to its hypertensinogenic effect. It was concluded that restriction of dietary NaCl would reduce morbidity and mortality in hypertension, whether or not blood pressure was reduced by such measures.
Optimal design of the generalized three-parameter aperture distribution by the Emperor-selective genetic algorithm

This paper presents a novel approach for automatic design of optimal aperture field distribution based on the versatile three-parameter (3-P) model. Numerical results show that with the Emperor selective genetic algorithm (EMS-GA) only a few iterations are needed to obtain satisfactory design results.
Corticotropin-releasing factor in olivocerebellar climbing-fiber system of monkey (Saimiri sciureus and Macaca fascicularis): parasagittal and regional organization visualized by immunohistochemistry

An antiserum directed against the human form of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) was utilized for immunohistochemical visualization of the distribution of this peptide in the inferior olivary nucleus and cerebellum of 2 monkey species (Saimiri sciureus, Macaca fascicularis). Colchicine pretreatment was not used. In both species, immunoreactivity was evident in the vast majority of neurons in the inferior olivary nucleus, with perikarya in the medial accessory olive exhibiting especially intense staining. In cerebellum, no labeled perikarya were present, but immunoreactive axons exhibiting the morphological characteristics of climbing fibers and their collaterals were observed in cortical and nuclear structures. In the cortex, most labeled axons were confined to the molecular and Purkinje cell layers. In the sagittal plane, individual axonal arbors originated from thick, isolated axons at the base of the molecular layer and repeatedly ramified as they extended toward the cortical surface. In coronal sections, only thin, paired profiles were present. Labeled processes also formed efflorescences in the granular layer of cortex and were evident as highly arborized axons in cerebellar nuclei. In each of these instances, the labeled elements resembled climbing fibers or their collaterals as visualized by other methods. Other labeled processes in the granular layer exhibited the morphological characteristics of mossy fiber axons. Immunoreactive, climbing-fiber-like axons were present in the molecular layer throughout the major regions of cerebellar cortex. However, the most intensely labeled of these axons were strikingly clustered within particular regions and parasagittal domains. In the vermis and intermediate zone, intensely labeled axons were present only within parasagittal zones similar in location to those defined by climbing fiber innervation from the medial accessory olive. Intensely labeled axons were also densely but uniformly distributed within the uvula, the medial region of the dorsal paraflocculus, and the dorsal region of the pyramis, areas that receive their climbing fiber input primarily from the medial accessory olive. Labeled fibers were much less dense and were not clustered in the lateral hemispheres. The present observation of CRF-like immunoreactivity in the monkey olivocerebellar pathway is compatible with the previous observation of CRF mRNA within olivary neurons of rat, baboon, and human (Young et al., 1986) and with recent immunohistochemical findings in rat (Sakanaka et al., 1987; Palkovits et al., 1987), cat (Cummings et al., 1988; Kitahama et al., 1988), sheep (Cummings et al., 1988), and human (Powers et al., 1987).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
A tutorial on multisensor integration and fusion

A tutorial introduction to the subject of multisensor integration and fusion is presented. The role of multisensor integration and fusion in the operation of intelligent systems is defined in terms of the unique type of information multiple sensors can provide. Multisensor integration is discussed in terms of basic integration functions and multisensor fusion in terms of the different levels at which fusion can take place. Numerical examples are given to illustrate a variety of different fusion methods. Speculations concerning possible research future directions and a guide to survey and review papers in the area of multisensor integration and fusion are presented. >
Orcutt receives Ewing Medal

The 1994 Maurice Ewing Medal was presented to John A. Orcutt at the Fall Meeting in San Francisco last December. The medal recognizes significant contributions to understanding physical, geophysical, and geological processes in the ocean and outstanding service to the marine sciences.
Local Minima and Convergence in Low-Rank Semidefinite Programming

The low-rank semidefinite programming problem LRSDPr is a restriction of the semidefinite programming problem SDP in which a bound r is imposed on the rank of X, and it is well known that LRSDPr is equivalent to SDP if r is not too small. In this paper, we classify the local minima of LRSDPr and prove the optimal convergence of a slight variant of the successful, yet experimental, algorithm of Burer and Monteiro [5], which handles LRSDPr via the nonconvex change of variables X=RRT. In addition, for particular problem classes, we describe a practical technique for obtaining lower bounds on the optimal solution value during the execution of the algorithm. Computational results are presented on a set of combinatorial optimization relaxations, including some of the largest quadratic assignment SDPs solved to date.
Spirituality and Support for Family Presence During Invasive Procedures and Resuscitations in Adults

BACKGROUND Many health care professionals believe that they provide holistic care. The role of spirituality, a known variable of holism, has not been explored in relation to the support among health care professionals for family presence during invasive procedures and resuscitative efforts in adults. OBJECTIVE To determine the relationship between spirituality of health care professionals and their support for family presence during invasive procedures and resuscitative efforts in adults. METHODS In this descriptive correlational study, 108 participants (physicians, physician assistants, and nurses) completed the Howden Spirituality Assessment Scale and a survey to measure their support for family presence. RESULTS A significant positive relationship was found between spirituality and support for family presence during resuscitative efforts in adults (r = 0.24, P = .05) and a significant negative correlation was found between support for family presence and the age of the health care professional (r = - 0.27, P = .01). No significant correlations were found between any of the study variables and invasive procedures in adults. CONCLUSIONS Adopting a more holistic perspective may support family presence, especially during resuscitative efforts in adults. Allowing the option for patients' families to remain present promotes holistic family-centered care.
Meeting calcium recommendations during middle childhood reflects mother-daughter beverage choices and predicts bone mineral status.

Background: Longitudinal data regarding the influence of beverage intakes on calcium adequacy are lacking. Objective: This study evaluated calcium intake from ages 5 t o9ya s a function of mother-daughter beverage choices and as a predictor of bone mineral status. Design: Intakes of energy, calcium, milk, sweetened beverages, fruit juices, and non-energy-containing beverages were measured with the use of three 24-h dietary recalls in 192 non-Hispanic white girls aged 5, 7, and 9 y and their mothers. Calcium intakes from ages 5 to 9 y were categorized as either meeting or falling below recommended adequate intakes (AIs). The girls’ bone mineral status was assessed with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry at age 9 y. Results: The mean 5-y calcium intake was related to bone mineral density at ag e9y( 0.27, P 0.001). The girls who met the AI for calcium were not heavier (P 0.83) but had higher energy intakes (P 0.0001) than did the girls who consumed less than the AI. Compared with the girls who consumed less than the AI, the girls who met the AI consumed, on average, almost twice as much milk (P 0.0001), had smaller decreases in milk intake (P 0.01), and consumed 18% less sweetened beverages (P 0.01) from ages 5 to 9 y; the 2 groups did not differ significantly in juice and non-energycontaining beverage intakes. The girls who met the AI were also served milk more frequently than were the girls who consumed less than the AI (P 0.0001) and had mothers who drank milk more frequently (P 0.01) than did the mothers of the girls who consumed less than the AI. Conclusions: These findings provide new longitudinal evidence that calcium intake predicts bone mineral status during middle childhood and reflects mother-daughter beverage choice patterns that are established well before the rapid growth and bone mineralization observed in adolescence. Am J Clin Nutr 2004;79:698 –706.