cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Factors affecting the length of time a jury deliberates: Case characteristics and jury composition

We examine the time it takes to reach a verdict (deliberation time) using a unique dataset on the deliberation times of actual juries in criminal and civil cases. Duration model results indicate that case complexity, the unanimity of verdicts and the process of voir dire affect deliberation times, whereas jury size, prior juror experience and the gender composition of juries are not significant correlates. The results shed empirical light on an important correlate of trial accuracy using real-world data, in contrast to previous research that employed mock jury data.
MIXING DISTRIBUTIONS PRODUCED BY MULTIPLICATIVE STRETCHING IN CHAOTIC FLOWS

Chaotically advected fluids are both a visual demonstration of stretching and folding leading to chaos and a prototypical example of a multiplicative process with weakly correlated steps. Complementary aspects of the process are studied by means of stretching calculations for different flows under both globally and partially chaotic conditions. Stretching is examined in two different ways: (i) as stretching plots, focusing primarily on stretching at small scales and on the comparison of the spatial distribution of stretching with dye structures and with unstable manifolds, and (ii) as time evolving probability density functions, analyzed using scaling techniques that renormalize the distributions by means of their moments. The first approach leads to the conclusion that the manifold structure generates the striation pattern observed in dye deformation experiments, and that both manifolds and dye patterns agree with stretching plots even at small scales. The second approach demonstrates that the multiplicative nature of stretching generates universal statistics which are reflected in self-similar scaling distributions.
Chromatin-associated heat shock proteins of Dictyostelium.

Abstract A heat shock response has been observed in a wide variety of eukaryotic organisms and may be universal. In Drosophila four heat shock proteins (hsp 22, 23, 26, and 27) have been found in nuclei ( A. Arrigo, S. Fakan, and A. Tissieres, 1980 , Develop. Biol. 78, 86–103). Eight heat shock-induced proteins of Dictyostelium discoideum were found to be preferentially localized in nuclei. They ranged in size from 26,000 to 32,000 daltons and could be recognized among the chromatin-associated proteins. Partial degradation of the chromatin released the low-molecular-weight heat shock proteins to the same extent as the histones. The heat shock response has been shown to result in protection of cells to the lethal effects of high temperature in a variety of organisms including Dictyostelium. We found that this response is extremely rapid in Dictyostelium being maximal by 30 min. The low-molecular-weight heat shock proteins enter the nuclei rapidly and so could play a role there in thermal protection. A mutant strain was isolated which is impaired in the protection afforded by a heat shock. This strain synthesizes most proteins normally but specifically fails to synthesize the low-molecular-weight heat shock proteins under conditions which result in their induction in wild-type cells.
Using College Placement Exams as Early Signals of College Readiness: An Examination of California's Early Assessment Program and New York's At Home in College Program.

This chapter highlights policies and practices associated with two postsecondary preparation programs that use college placement exams and specially designed courses to create better alignment between secondary and postsecondary institutions.
Web-based financial statements: hypertext links to footnotes and their effect on decisions

Abstract During the past 20 years, researchers have explored how differences in presentation format of information affect user decisions. Recently, the Internet has provided a new vehicle for companies to distribute a variety of financial information, including financial statements and annual reports. This exploratory study examines the effect of different presentation formats on users' judgments by studying the effect of hypertext links on users' decisions and predictions, the amount of information accessed, and the time used to make decisions. Two test companies (one large, one small) were used in the study. For the large company, the results show no differences when using financial statements prepared with or without hypertext links. For the small company, significant differences were found in predictions, the amount of information accessed, and the time to make decisions. These findings imply that under some circumstances, the use of hypertext links in financial statements may affect users' judgment processes.
Effect of continuous-infusion zidovudine therapy on neuropsychologic functioning in children with symptomatic human immunodeficiency virus infection.

Neuropsychologic function was assessed in 13 children with symptomatic human immunodeficiency virus disease (Centers for Disease Control Class P2), ranging in age from 14 months to 12 years. Before the initlation of treatment, eight patients were classified as having encephalopathy. Psychologic tests were administered both before and after 6 and 12 months of continuous-infusion azidothymidine (AZT; zidovudine) treatment. After 6 months of treatment a significant increase of 15.5(±3.3) IQ points was demonstrated in general cognitive functioning ( p
Maspin Functions as Tumor Suppressor by Increasing Cell Adhesion to Extracellular Matrix in Prostate Tumor Cells

ABSTRACTPurpose: Maspin, a unique member of the serine protease inhibitor family, shows tumor suppressing activity for breast cancer progression and metastasis. Few studies have directly linked maspin function to prostate cancer. We used prostate tumor cells derived from the TRAMP (transgenic adenocarcinoma of mouse prostate) prostate tumor model to study the tumor suppressive function of maspin in prostate cancer.Materials and Methods: Maspin cDNA was introduced via a retroviral plasmid into TRAMP C2N prostate tumor cells, which are aggressive and invasive in nature. We investigated the tumorigenesis of these stable cell lines in vitro by assessing the growth rate, anchorage independence and adhesion to extracellular matrix proteins such as fibronectin and laminin.Results: Stable cell lines expressing maspin had decreased tumorigenic potential, as assessed by anchorage independent growth in soft agar assay compared with controls. Maspin stable transfectants showed decreased metastatic potential, as evalu...
Asymptotic clarifications, generalizations, and concerns regarding an extended class of matched pairs tests based on powers of ranks

Recent studies pertaining to an extended class of matched pairs tests based on powers of ranks are discussed. Previous questions regarding the asymptotic properties for this class of tests are clarified and a generalization of this class is described. This generalization raises a previously unanticipated concern about whether or not the analytic comparisons resulting from these tests correspond with an intuitive notion of what is being compared.
Relating Cirrus Cloud Properties to Observed Fluxes: A Critical Assessment

Abstract The accuracy needed in cirrus cloud scattering and microphysical properties is quantified such that the radiative effect on climate can he determined. Our ability to compute and observe these properties to within needed accuracies is assessed, with the greatest attention given to those properties that most affect the fluxes. Model calculations indicate that computing net longwave fluxes at the surface to within ±5% requires that cloud temperature be known to within as little as ±3 K in cold climates for extinction optical depths greater than two. Such accuracy could be more difficult to obtain than that needed in the values of scattering parameters. For a baseline case (defined in text), computing net shortwave fluxes at the surface to within ±5% requires accuracies in cloud ice water content that, when the optical depth is greater than 1.25, are beyond the accuracies of current measurements. Similarly, surface shortwave flux computations require accuracies in the asymmetry parameter that are bey...
Peripheral pulmonary artery stenosis masquerading as pulmonary hypertension: A diagnostic and therapeutic challenge:

Isolated peripheral pulmonary artery stenosis presenting in adulthood is an uncommon cause of right ventricular hypertension and may be misdiagnosed as primary or thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. Treatment consists of balloon angioplasty and stenting of the affected vessels, although the procedure can be complicated by reperfusion pulmonary edema.
Guanine−Cytosine Base Pairs in Parallel-Stranded DNA: An ab Initio Study of the Keto−Amino Wobble Pair versus the Enol−Imino Minor Tautomer Pair

Doubly hydrogen bonded, “reverse Watson−Crick” thymine−adenine base pairs make possible the formation of parallel-stranded DNA double helices. Although the presence of guanine and cytosine reduces ...
a serious look at geoengineering

Possible responses to the problem of anthropogenic climate change fall into three broad categories: abatement of human impacts by reducing the climate forcings, adaptation to reduce the impact of altered climate on human systems, and deliberate intervention in the climate system to change the effects of anthropogenic forcing—geoengineering. Recent reports from the National Academy of Sciences [1991] and the Office of Technology Assessment [1991] aimed to provide a comprehensive look at possible responses to climate change. While they included geoengineering options, they failed to consider them systematically. We present the beginnings of a more systematic analysis and urge a balanced research program on geoengineering.
Meeting the standards - Testing and certification of medium-voltage control centers to arc-resistance standards

This article outlines the details surrounding the testing of medium voltage control center equipment to permit it to be certified to present arc-resistant standards. The intent of this article is to improve the understanding of the dynamics of an arc fault and how new arc-resistant equipment designs can protect personnel from exposure to electrical arc hazards in industrial settings.
Supporting systems QoS design and evolution through model transformations

We describe Quality of service pICKER (QUICKER), a model-driven QoS mapping toolchain for supporting the QoS design and evolution of systems software. QUICKER automates the mapping of QoS requirements onto middleware-specific QoS configuration options by (1) choosing appropriate subset of QoS options for given QoS policies and (2) assigning values to each of these selected QoS options. QUICKER also provides support for validating the generated QoS configurations and resolving any dependencies between them using model checking.
Space Weather Modeling Framework: A new tool for the space science community

[1] The Space Weather Modeling Framework (SWMF) provides a high-performance flexible framework for physics-based space weather simulations, as well as for various space physics applications. The SWMF integrates numerical models of the Solar Corona, Eruptive Event Generator, Inner Heliosphere, Solar Energetic Particles, Global Magnetosphere, Inner Magnetosphere, Radiation Belt, Ionosphere Electrodynamics, and Upper Atmosphere into a high-performance coupled model. The components can be represented with alternative physics models, and any physically meaningful subset of the components can be used. The components are coupled to the control module via standardized interfaces, and an efficient parallel coupling toolkit is used for the pairwise coupling of the components. The execution and parallel layout of the components is controlled by the SWMF. Both sequential and concurrent execution models are supported. The SWMF enables simulations that were not possible with the individual physics models. Using reasonably high spatial and temporal resolutions in all of the coupled components, the SWMF runs significantly faster than real time on massively parallel supercomputers. This paper presents the design and implementation of the SWMF and some demonstrative tests. Future papers will describe validation (comparison of model results with measurements) and applications to challenging space weather events. The SWMF is publicly available to the scientific community for doing geophysical research. We also intend to expand the SWMF in collaboration with other model developers.
A reassessment of labyrinthodont paleolatitudinal distributions

Abstract The paleolatitudinal distributions of labyrinthodont amphibians during Late Paleozoic and Trissic times are recalculated, using paleomagnetic data mode available since the earlier tabulations by Irving and Brown (1964, 1966). New fossil materials from Australia and Antarctica and paleomagnetic data from continental landmasses not treated in earlier accounts are added to the data. While results are generally similar to those of Irving and Brown, diversity and abundance in middle and high Triassic paleolatitudes are greater than has been though. Unlike Canoniferous and Permian data, which show the expected pattern of maximum diversity in paleoquatorial regions with diminution at progressively higher paleolatitudes, the Triassic data show a normal distribution about a mid-paleotitudinal mean. The possible errors in assumptions of paleodistributional studies and relevant biases of the fossil record are discussed.
Vitamin B12 and choline synthesis from glycine in vivo.

Abstract The effect of vitamin Bi12 on choline synthesis from glycine was studied in 2–3-day-old baby pigs fed an α-protein synthetic milk ration containing 2.2% glycine, 0.8% methionine, and less than 0.01% choline. In the groups receiving vitamin B12, histological examination of the livers revealed no fatty infiltration characteristic of a choline deficiency; whereas, in the B12-deficient groups all the animals had markedly fatty livers. These results indicate that vitamin B12 is required for the synthesis of methyl groups from glycine and that glycine will serve as a methyl source only in the presence of B12.
Fusing completing models to improve accuracy

Inductive modeling or "machine learning" algorithms are able to discover structure in high-dimensional data in a nearly automated fashion. These adaptive statistical methods-from decision trees and polynomial networks, to projection pursuit models, additive networks, and cascade correlation neural networks-repeatedly search for, and add on, the model component judged best at that state. Because of the huge model space of possible components, the choice is typical greedy. In fact, it is usual for the analyst and algorithm to be greedy at three levels: when choosing: 1) a term within a model, 2) a model within a family (class of method), and 3) a family within a collection of techniques. It is better in each stage, we argue, to "take a longer view" to: 1) consider terms in larger sets, 2) merge competing models within a family, and 3) to fuse information from disparate models, making the combination more robust. Example benefits of fusion are demonstrated on a challenging classification dataset, where one must infer the species of a bat from its chirps.
Evoked and Spontaneous Purinergic Junctional Ca2+ Transients (jCaTs) in Rat Small Arteries

Confocal microscopy of fluo-4 fluorescence in pressurized rat mesenteric small arteries subjected to low-frequency electrical field stimulation revealed Ca2+ transients in perivascular nerves and novel, spatially localized Ca2+ transients in adjacent smooth muscle cells. These muscle Ca2+ transients occur with a very brief latency to the stimulus pulse (most <3 ms). They are wider (approximately 5 micro m) and last longer (t(1/2), 145 ms) than Ca2+ sparks. They are abolished by the purinergic receptor (P2X) antagonist suramin, but they are totally unaffected by the alpha1 adrenoceptor antagonist prazosin or by capsaicin (which inhibits the function of perivascular sensory nerves). We conclude that these novel Ca2+ transients represent Ca2+ entering smooth muscle cells through P2X receptors activated by ATP released from sympathetic nerves, and we therefore call them "junctional Ca2+ transients" or jCaTs. As expected from spontaneous neurotransmitter release, jCaTs also occur spontaneously, with characteristics identical to evoked jCaTs. Visualization of sympathetic neurotransmission shows that purinergic components dominate at low frequencies of sympathetic nerve fiber activation.
Intestinal Sugar Transport in Experimental Diabetes

The increased sugar transport was examined in the isolated small intestine of streptozotocin-diabetic rats. In the small intestine of these animals, the rate of glucose absorption in vivo is slightly increased, but not that of galactose of 3-O-MG (3-O-Methylglucose); however, in the isolated small intestine, the mucosal-toserosal but not the serosal-to-mucosal flux of glucose, galactose, and 3-O-MG is increased. The enhanced sugar transport is due neither to the direct toxic effect of streptozotocin nor to a lack of circulating insulin. It is not the result of an increased intraepithelial sugar metabolism. Hyperglycemia, produced by i.v. glucose infusion, generates the same increase of the intestinal sugar transport as experimental diabetes but the high blood sugar has to be maintained for 4 h before the intestinal effect appears. Hyperglycemia and hypergalactosemia enhance the intestinal transport of glucose, galactose, and 3-O-MG, but not that of fructose; the transport of the latter is increased by hyperfructosemia. The enhanced intestinal sugar transport produced by high blood sugar is inhibited by phloretin but not by phlorizin and is completely eliminated in cycloheximide-treated animals. It is proposed that sustained high blood sugar induces the synthesis of new carrier sites which are most likely located in the basolateral membrane.
Establishment and characterization of a megakaryoblast cell line with amplification of MLL

A new cell line with megakaryoblastic features, designated UoC-M1, was established from the malignant cells of a 68-year-old patient with acute myeloid leukemia. The patient's leukemic cells reacted with alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase and acid phosphatase and expressed CD7, CD24, CD34, CD38, CD45, HLA-DR and CD61. Cytogenetic analysis of the patient's malignant cells (and of the UoC-M1 cells) showed a human, male hypodiploid karyotype with many chromosome rearrangements and marker chromosomes. Spectral karyotyping (SKY) analysis complemented the G-banded karyotyping and clarified several chromosomal translocations and identified the marker chromosomes. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and SKY analysis demonstrated that one marker chromosome contained three segments of chromosome 9 interspersed with three segments of chromosome 11, as well as a portion of chromosome 19. FISH analysis with a probe for MLL revealed that the UoC-M1 cells contained four copies of the MLL gene. Southern blot analysis determined that the MLL gene had a germline profile while Northern and Western analyses showed that the MLL mRNAs and protein were of the appropriate sizes. This is the first report of amplification of the MLL gene which may be an additional mechanism of leukemogenesis or disease progression.
Prostate Specific Antigen after Gonadal Androgen Withdrawal and Deferred Flutamide Treatment

AbstractPurpose: We assess the impact of deferred flutamide treatment on the serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) level in patients with localized or metastatic cancer.Materials and Methods: The study included 45 patients with localized cancer and 50 with metastatic cancer with an increasing (87) or stable (8) PSA level after gonadal androgen withdrawal.Results: Of 40 evaluable patients with localized cancer and 50 with metastatic cancer 32 (80 percent) and 27 (54 percent), respectively, had a PSA decrease of 50 percent or more of baseline during flutamide treatment (p = 0.014). Among patients with localized cancer actuarial analysis of freedom from PSA elevation during flutamide treatment favored those with a 50 percent or greater PSA decrease (p = 0.006) but in patients with metastatic cancer the analysis revealed no significant difference.Conclusions: The relative density of tumor cells that are dependent on adrenal androgen after gonadal androgen withdrawal may be greater in patients with localized c...
Mediating messiness: expanding ideas of flexibility, reflexivity, and embodiment in fieldwork

This article aims to help researchers think about some big-picture challenges that occur in the early stages of fieldwork. In particular, we address the transition from a clear, concise research proposal to the often complicated, messy initiation of a project. Drawing on autobiographical accounts of our own PhD research projects, we focus on dilemmas that may arise for researchers guided by feminist epistemology and methodology. First, we discuss parameters regarding acceptable changes to original research plans and questions. Noting that the carefully planned proposal may dramatically change as fieldwork begins, we draw on feminist literatures to expand and concretize the notion of flexibility in the research process. Second, we puzzle out the relationship between theory, epistemology, and method as the researcher delves into her fieldwork. As logistical challenges may take priority, theoretical and epistemological concerns may temporarily wane. Third, we consider the many ways in which the researcher’s personal and field life bleed into each other to shape the conduct of research. We emphasize the importance of considering ‐ prior to research as well as during ‐ what the concepts of reflexivity and embodiment mean in fieldwork, especially for the researcher in terms of personal needs and logistical realities. Finally, while we suggest that there are certain unique pressures that shape the early stages of the field research period for PhD students, we conclude the article by focusing on ways in which lessons learned during our own experiences might be broadly useful for any researchers in the beginning stages of fieldwork.
Node-pore sensing: a robust, high-dynamic range method for detecting biological species

Resistive-pulse sensing (RPS), which is based on measuring the current pulse produced when a single particle transits a pore or channel, is an extremely versatile technique used to determine the size and concentration of cells and viruses and to detect single molecules. A major challenge to RPS is dynamic range: smaller particles in a heterogeneous sample can go undetected because of low signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) and the fact that the pore size must be commensurate with that of the largest particles. Here, we describe a fundamentally different pore that provides an unprecedented dynamic detection range, from tens of nanometers to several microns in size, without the need for pre-sorting or filtration. Because of its unique geometry – nodes inserted along the channel – our pore produces distinct electronic signatures that overcome low SNRs. We demonstrate the power of our device by directly detecting and enumerating human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in human plasma.
DNA methylation-based biomarkers for early detection of non-small cell lung cancer: an update

Lung cancer is the number one cancer killer in the United States. This disease is clinically divided into two sub-types, small cell lung cancer, (10–15% of lung cancer cases), and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC; 85–90% of cases). Early detection of NSCLC, which is the more common and less aggressive of the two sub-types, has the highest potential for saving lives. As yet, no routine screening method that enables early detection exists, and this is a key factor in the high mortality rate of this disease. Imaging and cytology-based screening strategies have been employed for early detection, and while some are sensitive, none have been demonstrated to reduce lung cancer mortality. However, mortality might be reduced by developing specific molecular markers that can complement imaging techniques. DNA methylation has emerged as a highly promising biomarker and is being actively studied in multiple cancers. The analysis of DNA methylation-based biomarkers is rapidly advancing, and a large number of potential biomarkers have been identified. Here we present a detailed review of the literature, focusing on DNA methylation-based markers developed using primary NSCLC tissue. Viable markers for clinical diagnosis must be detectable in 'remote media' such as blood, sputum, bronchoalveolar lavage, or even exhaled breath condensate. We discuss progress on their detection in such media and the sensitivity and specificity of the molecular marker panels identified to date. Lastly, we look to future advancements that will be made possible with the interrogation of the epigenome.
Percolation theory in the design of artificial dielectrics

Percolation theory presents the electromagnetic engineer with a novel approach for the modeling of random particle dispersions. Its ability to model realistic manufacturing processes in terms of their stochastic behavior and to yield the effective media parameters for the permittivity and the permeability of the aggregate structure make it a powerful tool in the design of synthetic electromagnetic materials. However, the results are cast in such a form that it is difficult to separate the probabilistic contributions from the purely electromagnetic effects. If properly recast into the language of artificial dielectrics, the percolation theory model should separate into two effects: a probabilistic model of the dispersion, which yields the mean geometry of the array of particles (or clusters), and an electromagnetic model of the properties of that assemblage of particles (or clusters) resulting from the interaction of their intrinsic properties with the geometry of the array. In other words, the stochastic model of percolation theory should be reducible to a deterministic model of a classic artificial dielectric. That reduction is presented for the specific case of the permittivity of a dispersion of conducting particles in a dielectric binder at a sample volume fraction. Similarities to the behavior of a classic frequency selective surface are demonstrated as a distributed circuit model is determined for the dispersive behavior predicted by percolation theory.
Reply to Angius and Primiero on Software Intensive Science

This paper provides a reply to articles by Nicola Angius and Guiseppe Primiero responding to our paper “Software Intensive Science” (Symons and Horner, Philosophy and Technology, 2014).
Review of Rating Scales that Measure Parent-Infant Interaction:

Social interaction between infants and parents serves as the foundation for later development. Infants with disabilities and their parents may, at times, experience difficulty in engaging in positi...
A Multi-Leveled Approach to Intrusion Detection and the Insider Threat

When considering Intrusion Detection and the Insider Threat, most researchers tend to focus on the network architecture rather than the database which is the primary target of data theft. It is understood that the network level is adequate for many intrusions where entry into the system is being sought however it is grossly inadequate when considering the database and the authorized insider. Recent writings suggest that there have been many attempts to address the insider threat phenomena in regards to database technologies by the utilization of detection methodologies, policy management systems and behavior analysis methods however, there appears to be a lacking in the development of adequate solutions that will achieve the level of detection that is required. While it is true that Authorization is the cornerstone to the security of the database implementation, authorization alone is not enough to prevent the authorized entity from initiating malicious activities in regards to the data stored within the database. Behavior of the authorized entity must also be considered along with current data access control policies. Each of the previously mentioned approaches to intrusion detection at the database level has been considered individually, however, there has been limited research in producing a multileveled approach to achieve a robust solution. The research presented outlines the development of a detection framework by introducing a process that is to be implemented in conjunction with information requests. By utilizing this approach, an effective and robust methodology has been achieved that can be used to determine the probability of an intrusion by the authorized entity, which ultimately address the insider threat phenomena at its most basic level.
A review of recent trends in machine diagnosis and prognosis algorithms

Machine diagnosis represents fault condition monitoring that may be discrete or continuous and may include preset limit i.e. false alarms, such as green (good), yellow (warning) and red (failure) light indicators to notify low lubrication or low pressure levels. Machine prognosis represents set of activities performed based on diagnostic information to maintain its intended operating condition before complete failure. Avoidance of complete failure i.e. sudden breakdowns is desired since it causes economical misfortune to manufacturing companies. There are many literatures available on diagnostic and prognostic models and tools. This paper intends to review and summarize various techniques, models, and its applications. Also, develop a methodology how some of the techniques can be applied to robotic assembly process in an automotive assembly system.
Black hole information, unitarity, and nonlocality

The black hole information paradox apparently indicates the need for a fundamentally new ingredient in physics. The leading contender is nonlocality. Possible mechanisms for the nonlocality needed to restore unitarity to black hole evolution are investigated. Suggestions that such dynamics arise from ultra-Planckian modes in Hawking's derivation are investigated and found not to be relevant, in a picture using smooth slices spanning the exterior and interior of the horizon. However, no simultaneous description of modes that have fallen into the black hole and outgoing Hawking modes can be given without appearance of a large kinematic invariant, or other dependence on ultra-Planckian physics. This indicates that a reliable argument for information loss has not been constructed, and that strong gravitational dynamics is important. Such dynamics has been argued to be fundamentally nonlocal in extreme situations, such as those required to investigate the fate of information.
Period-3 motions to chaos in a periodically forced duffing oscillator with a linear time-delay

In this paper, bifurcation trees of period-3 motions to chaos in a periodically excited, Duffing oscillator with a linear delay are investigated through the Fourier series. The analytical solutions of period-m motions are presented and the stability and bifurcation of such period-m motions in the bifurcation trees are discussed by eigenvalue analysis. Two independent symmetric period-3 motions were obtained, and the two independent symmetric period-3 motions are not relative to chaos. Two bifurcation trees of period-3 motions to chaos are presented through period-3 to period-6 motion. Numerical illustrations of stable and unstable period-3 and period-6 motions are given by numerical and analytical solutions. The complicated period-3 and period-6 motions exist in the range of low excitation frequency.
Predicting Adolescents' Intake of Fruits and Vegetables

Abstract Objective To explore potential predictors of adolescents'fruit and vegetable intake by expanding on current theory and drawing from other adolescent research. Design This research reports on baseline and interim data from a school-based intervention study. Data were collected through surveys administered to students at the beginning and end of their 7th grade year. Setting The students attended 16 public schools in Minnesota. Participants Data were collected on 3878 students; approximately half were female and 67% were white. All students in the 7th grade cohort were invited to participate in the surveys and over 94% completed both surveys. Variables Measured Our dependent variable, fruit and vegetable intake, was assessed by a validated fruit and vegetable food frequency scale. Predictive factors assessed included parenting style, spirituality/religiosity, depressive symptoms, and other commonly assessed predictors. Analysis Generalized linear mixed model regression. Omnibus test of association using P Results Subjective norms, barriers, knowledge, usual food choice, parenting style, spirituality /religiosity, and depressive symptoms were statistically significant predictors of intake. The model explained about 31% of the variance in fruit and vegetable consumption. Conclusions and Implications To better understand adolescents' fruit and vegetable intake, we must explore novel predictors. Our results need to be replicated, and more exploratory research in this field is needed.
Peridynamic-models using finite elements for shock and vibration reliability of leadfree electronics

Electronic packages subjected to drop and shock have been simulated using alternative theory known as peridynamic theory in the realm of FEM. In peridynamics, problems are formulated in terms of integral equation which is a substitute to conventional solid mechanics theory where problems are formulated in terms of partial differential equations. This alternative approach is more potent than conventional finite-element method because the integral equations remain valid even at discontinuities which enables to model crack initiation and crack propagation which can occur at multiple locations simultaneously. Previously, Agwai [2008] has demonstrated the use of peridynamic models using EMU code. In this paper, a peridynamic-theory based drop and shock model has been developed via finite element code using truss elements [Macek 2007]. The method enables the implementation of peridynamic theory in a commercial finite-element platform. Model predictions of peridynamic-models have been validated with experimentation for leadfree solder alloys system.
A Meta-Analysis of Trait–Behavior Correlations in Argumentativeness and Verbal Aggression:

This article addresses controversy over the validity of two popular scales used to measure trait argumentativeness and verbal aggressiveness. The first half of the article offers a rejoinder to the...
Searching for Evidence-Based Practice A Survey of Empirical Studies on Curricular Interventions Measuring and Reporting Fidelity of Implementation Published During 2004-2013

In an environment of accountability, the development of evidence-based practices is expected. To demonstrate that a practice is evidence based, quality indicators of rigorous methodology should be ...
Comparison of Tall Fescue (Cyperales: Gramineae) to Other Cool-Season Turfgrasses for Tolerance to European Chafer (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)

Three cultivars of tall fescue, Festuca arundinacea Schreb., were compared with three cultivars each of fine fescue (Festuca spp.), Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.), and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) to evaluate tolerance to root-feeding by European chafer grubs, Rhizotrogus majalis (Razoumowsky). Potted turfgrasses were infested with initial densities equivalent to 33 or 66 grubs per 0.1 m2 on 19 August 2000. More grubs were added in late September and October, bringing the total to 66 or 143 grubs per 0.1 m2. Plant growth, root loss, weight gain, and survival of grubs were measured. The experiment was repeated in fall of 2001 with an initial density of 66 grubs per 0.1 m2. The proportion of root mass lost as a result of grub feeding was a function of turf species, root growth, grub survival, and grub growth during the test. Grubs gained the most weight and consumed the most roots when feeding on fine fescue. Fine fescue suffered the greatest percentage of root loss in 2000, despite having the most rapid root growth and largest mass in control pots. Cultivars of tall fescue appeared to be the most tolerant of grub feeding, having the smallest reduction in root mass in both years. Data from fine fescue, Kentucky bluegrass, and perennial ryegrass cultivars were not as consistent as tall fescue, because for some cultivars root growth and grub survival were different between years. We also found that grubs increased in mass by 20% when the mass of available roots was doubled.
Dysfunctional tubular endoplasmic reticulum constitutes a pathological feature of Alzheimer’s disease

Pathological features in Alzheimer's brains include mitochondrial dysfunction and dystrophic neurites (DNs) in areas surrounding amyloid plaques. Using a mouse model that overexpresses reticulon 3 (RTN3) and spontaneously develops age-dependent hippocampal DNs, here we report that DNs contain both RTN3 and REEPs, topologically similar proteins that can shape tubular endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Importantly, ultrastructural examinations of such DNs revealed gradual accumulation of tubular ER in axonal termini, and such abnormal tubular ER inclusion is found in areas surrounding amyloid plaques in biopsy samples from Alzheimer's disease (AD) brains. Functionally, abnormally clustered tubular ER induces enhanced mitochondrial fission in the early stages of DN formation and eventual mitochondrial degeneration at later stages. Furthermore, such DNs are abrogated when RTN3 is ablated in aging and AD mouse models. Hence, abnormally clustered tubular ER can be pathogenic in brain regions: disrupting mitochondrial integrity, inducing DNs formation and impairing cognitive function in AD and aging brains.
REVIEW: THE OLFACTORY NERVOUS SYSTEM OF TERRESTRIAL AND AQUATIC VERTEBRATES

Animals in their natural milieu are surrounded by odors. These odors are rich source of information, and are perceived by sophisticated olfactory systems, that have evolved over time. The sense of smell helps species to localize prey, evade predators, explore food and recognize viable mates. In humans, memoirs, thoughts, emotions, and associations are more readily reached through the sense of smell than through any other channel. This suggests that olfactory processing is imperative and may differ fundamentally from processing in other sensory modalities. The molecular age in olfaction initiated in 1991 with the significant discovery of a large, multigene family of olfactory receptors in rat by Linda Buck and Richard Axel (Buck and Axel, 1991). The first cloned olfactory receptors consisted of a diverse repertoire of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) with seven-trans membrane topology, and they were sparsely expressed in the olfactory epithelium. This Nobel Prize worthy pioneering discovery, together with availability of modern techniques and numerous completely sequenced genomes opened the way to characterize the gene families of olfactory receptors through exhaustive computational data mining in different species genome as well as by in vitro biology. In this review, I will explain about the two main model organism of olfactory perceptions, zebrafish and mouse.
NueDexta: A Treatment for Pseudobulbar Affect

Edited byMarian W. Roman, PhD, RN, PMHCNS-BCUniversity of Tennessee, College of Nursing, Knoxville, Tennessee, USAEdited byDeborah Antai-Otong, MS, PMHCNS-BC, FAANDepartment of Veterans Affairs Med...
Enhanced Electrocatalytic Activities of PtCuCoNi Three-Dimensional Nanoporous Quaternary Alloys for Oxygen Reduction and Methanol Oxidation Reactions

Control of morphology and composition could precisely and efficiently alter the catalytic properties of Pt-based materials, improving the electrocatalytic activity and durability. Here we proposed a rapid, controllable synthesis of three-dimensional PtCuCoNi quaternary alloys with low Pt-group metal, which were directly synthesized by reducing metal precursors in aqueous solution. The resultant quaternary alloys show excellent oxygen reduction and methanol oxidation reaction activities in acid solution. By rational tuning of the composition of PtCuCoNi alloys, they achieved a mass activity of 0.72 A/mgPt on the basis of Pt mass for oxygen reduction reaction. Moreover, the durability is also higher than that of commercial Pt/C catalyst. These PtCuCoNi quaternary alloys characterized by three-dimensional porous nanostructures hold attractive promise as substitutes for carbon-supported Pt catalysts with improved activity and stability.
Realistic modeling of low quantum defect lasers

Near resonant pumping of solid-state lasers offers the potential for high efficiency and minimal thermal loading. These lasers inherently operate in the regime where fluorescent cooling plays an important role. Here a model is developed to optimize efficiency and minimize heating for these laser systems. The model incorporates realistic background absorption and excitation quenching. Beyond the conventional laser modeling, this s includes both radiative cooling and fluorescence trapping. The model is illustrated with simulations of Yb:YAG lasers.
Electronic Structure of Native Point Defects in ZnGeP2

First-principles calculations are presented for various native point defects in ZnGeP2 using a full-potential linearized muffin-tin orbital method in the local density approximation to density functional theory. Under Zn-poor conditions, the lowest Gibbs energy defects are found to be the Gezn antisite and Vzn. The VGe is found to have high energy of formation under any chemical potential conditions and is unstable towards formation of a Vzn and ZnGee pair. It is shown that the % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+- % feaagKart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn % hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngB % PrgifHhDYfgasaacH8srps0lbbf9q8WrFfeuY-Hhbbf9v8qqaqFr0x % c9pk0xbba9q8WqFfea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8fr % Fve9Fve9Ff0dmeaabaqaciGacaGaaeqabaWaaeaaeaaakeaacaWGwb % Waa0baaSqaaiaadQfacaWGUbaabaGaeyOeI0caaaaa!3B72! $$V_{Zn}^ - $$ cannot account for the ALI EPR spectrum commonly associated with this vacancy and an alternative model consisting of a Vzn–Gezn–Vzn is tentatively proposed.
Simulation of Deflagration-to-Detonation Transition in Premixed CH 4 -Air in Large-Scale Channels with Obstacles

The deflagration-to-detonation (DDT) transition of a stoichiometric methane-air gas mixture in a channel with obstacles is simulated using a reduced single-step reaction mechanism. The parameters of this chemical model are calibrated to produce properties of laminar flames and planar detonation waves that correspond to existing experimental and theoretical data. The model is further calibrated using experimental data of DDT in obstructed tubes. Two distinct regimes of flame propagation are identified: the “quasidetonation” regime characterized by repeated initiations and failures of detonations and the “choking” regime for which DDT does not occur. The development of a flame into a particular propagation regime depends on the channel geometry. The physical mechanisms controlling the DDT are found to be the same as those identified for hydrogen-air mixtures, namely the formation of strong shock waves and Mach stems that locally raise the temperature in a region of unburned fuel above the ignition point, although the initiation of detonations depends strongly on the model parameters.
Terminal information for data link

The Automatic Terminal Information Service (ATIS) has often been mentioned as a candidate application of Mode Select Beacon System Data Link. The ATIS message for a given airport contains the local weather, runways in use, hazards, and other operating information. It is composed by controllers in the tower cab and is presently disseminated as a continuous voice broadcast. Dissemination of ATIS in text form by data link would reduce the pilot's work load by making the message easier to comprehend. The FAA and the MITRE Corporation have been exploring the design of a work station for the airport tower cab that would generate a both text form of ATIS suitable for transmission by data link and a corresponding voice version; the latter would be needed to maintain the current voice service. The work station will automatically present the controller with the latest weather observation and allow the controller to edit the weather and other information. It is intended that the prototype ATIS work station will be evaluated in an operational setting at the Atlantic City, NJ, Airport. A significant part of this effort has been the identification of a vocabulary for ATIS messages and the estimation of the degree to which any vocabulary would need to be adapted for use at various airports. The vocabulary is necessary for encoding ATIS for data link transmission, and for generating the voice output. Most of the vocabulary for ATIS at any airport will be the same, particularly the weather vocabulary. However, the vocabulary that deals with operations and procedures specific to a given airport must be adapted to each airport. The adaptation requirement affects the efficiency of encoding schemes for data link transmission that depend on dictionaries in avionics. This paper discusses the preliminary vocabulary proposed for the Atlantic City Airport, the size and required adaptation of ATIS vocabularies, the implications for data link coding of ATIS messages, and the prototype work station intended to generate data link ATIS.
Rethinking Race and Power in Design-Based Research: Reflections from the Field

ABSTRACTParticipatory design-based research continues to expand and challenge the “researcher” and “researched” paradigm by incorporating teachers, administrators, community members, and youth throughout the research process. Yet, greater clarity is needed about the racial and political dimensions of these collaborative research projects. In this article, we focus on how race and power mediate relationships between researchers and communities in ways that significantly shape the process of research. Using the notion of politicized trust as a conceptual lens, we reflect on two distinct participatory design projects to explore how political and racial solidarity was established, contested, and negotiated throughout the course of the design process. Ultimately, this article argues that making visible how race and power mediate relationships in design research is critical for engaging in ethical and sociopolitically conscious relationships with community partners and developing theoretical and practical knowl...
Practical Implications of Optimizing an Active Floor Vibration Controller

Lightweight steel floor systems, utilizing typical bay sizes while supporting few non-structural elements, are prone to disturbing levels of floor vibration due to walking excitation. Even though design criteria exist to assess and avoid this problem, decisions based on cost are often made to construct a floor that is prone to excessive vibration. These floors are very difficult to fix by conventional means without great disruption to the occupants. Active control, using a velocity feedback loop and a proof mass actuator to deliver the force, has proven to be a very effective repair with little disruption to the occupants. Perhaps the greatest barrier to wider implementation of this repair technique is cost. To keep costs down while obtaining the best performance possible, it is important to understand the dynamic behavior and interaction of all the elements. This paper explains the important parameters in designing an active control system. Then specific hardware is described and utilized in implementing an active control system in an occupied building.
Review of the Antares laser fusion facility

The Antares CO2 laser fusion facility was completed in Nov. 1983. In its present design configuration, it is a two-amplifier 24-beam machine capable of delivering 20 kJ from each amplifier. The front end oscillator and preamplifiers deliver 90-120 J to each amplifier. The electron-gun sustained power amplifiers operate at a pressure of 1800 Torr with a gas mix of CO2:N2, 4:1 at a gas discharge voltage of Vgas≃500 kV. Electron-gun voltages are Veg≃500.