cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bathymetry and Sediment Geometry of the Greater Antilles Outer Ridge and Vicinity

Detailed examination of 20,000 km of seismic reflection profiles and data on cores and abyssal currents suggests that the Greater Antilles Outer Ridge has been constructed by differential deposition of sediment from the Western Boundary Undercurrent above the seismic reflector, Horizon A. Deposition of acoustically stratified sediments under the eastern sector of the outer ridge was apparently terminated in the late middle Eocene when the incipient formation of the present Puerto Rico Trench cut off downslope sediment movement from the northeastern Antilles. At about the same time, the newly formed Western Boundary Undercurrent, possibly interacting with Antarctic Bottom Water entering from the South Atlantic, began to preferentially deposit acoustically transparent sediment to form the eastern outer ridge. Stratified sediments were deposited in the region of the present western outer ridge until the middle Miocene, when increased Antarctic Bottom Water flow apparently diverted the sediment-laden Western Boundary Undercurrent and produced a flow pattern which initiated deposition of the acoustically transparent sediment now forming the western ridge sector. Since that event, the resultant morphology of the Greater Antilles Outer Ridge has diverted the Western Boundary Undercurrent into a contour-following flow, causing further depositional construction of the entire outer ridge.
Asymmetries in political entry

Abstract This article explores the logic of political competition between interest groups. It is shown how a general model of group allocation of resources can be simplified to be equivalent with the well-known rent-seeking game model of government resource allocation. After the existence of equilibrium is investigated, comparative statics results illustrating the impact of changes in the players' preferences are presented. The analysis is conducted within the framework of a two person game and an ‘imperfectly discriminating’ government response to interest group pressure. The properties of Nash and Stackelberg equilibria are discussed.
Heat transfer enhancement in three-dimensional corrugated channel flow

The effect of three-dimensional hydrodynamics on the enhancement of steady, laminar heat transfer in corrugated channels is studied using a combination of analytical and numerical techniques. Reynolds numbers are considered in the range of 0 < Re < 250 to avoid unsteady flow. Two-dimensional sinusoidal corrugations with flow perpendicular to the corrugations is taken as the base. The heat transfer is higher than for flat plates due to the presence of recirculation zones ; there is increased advection near each stagnation point which, when combined with the asymmetry of the flow in the downstream direction, leads to a larger area-averaged heat transfer coefficient. In the three-dimensional case the corrugations are sinusoidal in two orthogonal directions. A small mean flow in the transverse direction leads to an increase in the heat transfer by allowing particles to cross between the recirculation zones and the main flow. As the transverse flow becomes stronger, the recirculation is destroyed and there is a corresponding decrease in heat transfer.
An information systems perspective of supply chain tool compatibility: the roles of technology fit and relationships

Among the primary tools of collaborative commerce are information technologies that are designed to improve flows along the supply chain. However, supply chain management software is not providing organizations with all its potential benefits. This study looks at three information technologies (i.e. group decision support systems, EDI and e‐commerce) that can be used to improve information flows and the factors that affect their adoption and use. These factors are divided into those related to the information technology itself and those related to maintaining the relationships that are important in managing supply chain linkages. Factors related to the technology fit such as return on investment, fit with users' needs, affordability of the technology and ability to secure the technology were found to be important in the use of these tools. The ability to secure SCM technologies currently appears to substitute for some level of trust from an information systems perspective. In the case of the most mature technology (i.e. EDI), the results show that trust is related to fit with user needs. The implications of these findings for managers who wish to adopt and implement these SCM tools are discussed. Further study of these factors is suggested, particularly as SCM tools become increasingly more collaborative.
Balloon rupture during peripheral stent implantation: A new technique for balloon retrieval

Balloon rupture is a known technical problem with implantation of vascular stents. In most cases, the ruptured balloon can be retrieved with simple maneuvers. In this case report, a peripheral balloon became trapped within an undeployed peripheral vascular stent and could not be removed by application of standard maneuvers. A novel approach to balloon retrieval was devised and undertaken with success. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Dimer acids: Gas chromatographic analysis

A gas chromatographic method is described for analyzing commercial polymerized fatty acids. The method determines unpolymerized acid, dimerized acid, and trimerized acid. Involved is an esterification to the methyl esters, followed by programed temperature gas liquid chromatography. Several years experience with this analysis has demonstrated its utility as a tool for quality control and research.
Unemployment dispersion and the allocative efficiency of the labor market

Abstract An idea that seems to gain recurrent popularity in the economics profession is that, because of technological change, changes in consumer demand, skill mismatches, and the like, the unemployed tend to become concentrated or trapped in particular geographic areas and that for these reasons unemployment rates have grown more disparate over time. This paper examines the theoretical conditions necessary for the above argument to hold and shows that such conditions are not consistent with the notion of a competitive labor market. The paper then examines various measures of unemployment-rate dispersion in order to determine whether or not unemployment rates have indeed drifted further apart over time. The empirical evidence presented indicates unequivocally that geographic unemployment rates are neither more nor less dispersed now than they were twenty years ago. The results, therefore, suggest that the competitive view of the labor market is appropriate and that the hypothesis that unemployment rates have become more dispersed over time because of structural imperfections in the labor market should be rejected.
Chromosomal instability in hereditary tyrosinemia type I.

Autopsy of a 4-year-old girl with hereditary tyrosinemia type I revealed a hepatocellular carcinoma in addition to cirrhosis and renal tubular dysplasia. Cytogenetic studies performed on a skin fibroblast culture demonstrated greatly increased chromosome breakage, which affected 71% of the cells. This suggests that the development of hepatoma, which is frequent in this syndrome, and the presence of dysplastic changes of hepatocytes in nontumorous liver are related to genetic instability caused by accumulation of intermediates of tyrosine catabolism, which are natural alkylating agents (e.g., maleylacetoacetate and fumarylacetoacetate). The other microscopic structural changes seen, such as renal tubular atypia, pancreatic islet cell hyperplasia, and focal necrosis of cortical neurons, may also be partly due to DNA damage caused by the accumulation of abnormal metabolites produced in patients with type 1 tyrosinemia.
Potential biomarkers for predicting outcomes in CABG cardiothoracic surgeries

The variations in recovery time, complications, and survival among cardiac patients who have undergone coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) procedures are vast. Many formulas and theories are used to predict clinical outcome and recovery time, and current prognostic predictions are based on medical and family history, lifestyle, co-morbidities, and performance status. The identification of biomarkers that provide concrete evidence supporting clinical outcome has greatly affected the field of medicine, helping clinicians in many medicine sub-specialties to forecast clinical course. Recent studies have discovered biomarkers that may be used as predictors of cardiac patients’ status post-cardiothoracic surgery, and the applications are numerous. In this review, we assess currently available cardiac biomarkers as predictors of clinical outcome for post-operative CABG patients. Data were collected from various studies in which cardiac biomarkers were measured in pre-operative and post-operative CABG patients.
Mitochondrial Fission is Mediated by Conformational Changes in the Dynamin-related Protein, Dnm1

DNM1, a dynamin-related protein, plays an essential role in mitochondrial fission in yeast. Dnm1 contains a GTPase, middle and GTPase-effector domains, similar to dynamin, but lacks the Pleckstrin homology (PH) and proline-rich domains that are essential for dynamin function during endocytosis. Previous studies show that Dnm1 forms spiral structures larger than dynamin (∼110 nm for Dnm1 vs. 50 nm for dynamin), and this increased diameter coincides with the size of mitochondrial constriction sites observed in vivo (1). Additionally, Dnm1 drives membrane tubulation and readily organizes into a helical array in the presence of liposomes. We have solved the three-dimensional structure of Dnm1-lipid tubes using single-particle helical reconstruction methods. These tubes have an overall diameter of ∼125 nm with close to 30 repeating subunits per turn. We observe no interaction between the Dnm1 protein and the lipid bilayer, consistent with the lack of a PH domain in Dnm1. The organization of the Dnm1 oligomer is similar to dynamin-lipid tubes, but significant differences exist that mediate an altered conformational change. When GTP is added to dynamin tubes, the helical array constricts from 50 nm to 40 nm (2). Dnm1 tubes, which have an initial diameter of ∼110 nm, rapidly constrict to less than 60 nm when GTP is added, and the protein quickly dissociates from the lipid bilayer. This work demonstrates that Dnm1 plays an active role in constricting the mitochondrial membrane during fission in a GTP-dependant manner. When compared with dynamin structures, Dnm1 provides a better understanding of the basic structural features essential for membrane fission.1. E. Ingerman et al., J Cell Biol 170, 1021 (2005).2. Y. J. Chen, et al., Nat Struct Mol Biol 11, 574 (2004).
IMAGING OF BREAST MASSES

The American College of Radiology Breast Imaging and Reporting Data System (ACR BI-RADS) defines a mass as a space-occupying lesion seen in at least two projections. This article focuses on the management of breast masses with mammography and ultrasonography. Recommended work-up pathways are modified for nonpalpable masses, palpable masses in women over the age of 30, and palpable masses in women under the age of 30. The suggested protocols are based on scientific peer-reviewed literature whenever possible, but when evidence based studies are not available, the author relies on expert opinion.
A Hierarchical Modeling System for computer networks

This paper describes the Hierarchical Modeling System (HMS). HMS is a tool - a unified and expandable system - which supports the development of analytic and simulator models of computer networks. The same system and workload descriptions can be interpreted as analytic queueing models with optimization techniques or as discrete event simulation models. The rationale behind the development of HMS is that high level analyses incorporating analytic techniques may be used in the early design phase for networks when many options are considered while detailed simulation studies of fewer design alternatives are appropriate during the later stages.
Fluorescence properties of natural phytoplankton populations

The cellular fluorescence of chlorophyll a in natural phytoplankton was measured during vertical profiling in marine coastal waters. The ratio of in situ fluorescence to chlorophyll a concentration, which was considered as an index of cellular fluorescence, varied over a wide range, with large changes occurring both within the water column and between profiling sites. The variations were caused in part by an inhibition in the fluorescence of cells exposed to intense sunlight. The inhibition, which occurred at irradiances exceeding 0.15 langley (ly)/min, led to diel fluctuations in the fluorescence of those phytoplankton near the sea surface. The remaining variations were independent of changes in temperature, but were unexplained. Both light-dependent and light-independent variations in cellular fluorescence will affect the accuracy of the continuous, fluorometric measurement of in vivo chlorophyll.
G-CSF and CD34+ Progenitor Cells in Hematopoietic Grafts: Too Fertile for Human Cytomegalovirus

Smith et al. (2010) establish a humanized mouse model of latent host and cellular tropism of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection and examine the effects of granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (GCSF) on human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) reactivation in vivo. HCMV-infected circulating CD34 + myeloid cells populate end organs such as the liver and differentiate into cells capable of supporting lytic infection.
Current status of chess — the Cornell high energy synchrotron source

Abstract This paper reviews the status of CHESS through its three-year construction period, which ends in the fall of 1981. Included are a brief description of beam lines, monochromators, station instrumentations and support facilities. Our experiences with source size and stability over the last year are reported, along with planned fall revisions and running schedule.
Photolysis of gramicidin A channels in lipid bilayers

Abstract We have tested the hypothesis that peptide tryptophan groups can control the ionic conductance of transmembrane channels. We report here that single gramicidin A channels change conductance state when the peptide tryptophans are flash photolyzed with ultraviolet light. The current flow through planar lipid bilayers containing multiple gramicidin A channels decreases irreversibly when exposed to ultraviolet light. The current-loss action spectrum peaks sharply at the 280 nm absorption maximum of the gramicidin A tryptophans. Gramicidin channel sensitivity to ultraviolet light is found to be about 20-fold higher than that of frog node sodium channels which is even more than expected based on the high tryptophan content of gramicidin. Channels which survive an ultraviolet light exposure exist in a wide variety of different low-conductance forms. The broad distribution of the single channel conductance of these partially photolyzed channels is attributable to the loss of different combinations of the dimer's normal complement of eight tryptophans per channel. Flash photolysis of single channels results in discrete conductance state changes. Partially photolyzed single channels manifest a further conductance cascade when exposed to a second flash of ultraviolet light. Analysis of the photolysis conductance turn-off process indicates that gramicidin A is a multistate electrochemical unit where the peptide tryptophan groups can modulate the flow of ions through the transmembrane channel.
Central nervous system involvement in adult acute lymphocytic leukemia.

Central nervous system (CNS) involvement is identified at the time of diagnosis in less than 5% of children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) [1]. However, prior to the institution of adequate CNS prophylaxis, it was a major obstacle to cure in childhood ALL as 50–75% of patients would eventually relapse in the CNS [1, 2]. The routine use of CNS prophylaxis has improved the long-termprognosis of patients, and CNS relapse occurs in less than 10% of patients treated with contemporary protocols [3]. Effective means of CNS prophylaxis include cranial irradiation, intrathecal chemotherapy (IT), and high-dose systemic chemotherapy (HDCT) with agents that can cross the blood-brain barrier [4]. A risk-oriented approach has been developed for childhood CNS prophylaxis, in an attempt to reduce the occurrence of CNS relapse while minimizing the potentially serious adverse effects of radiotherapy and chemotherapy [4].
Evolution of the Olympus Mons Caldera, Mars

Synoptic images of the Martian volcano Olympus Mons are of a quality and quantity that are unique for mars and, somewhat surprisingly, are appreciably better than image data that exist for many volcanoes on Earth. Useful information about the evolution of shield volcanoes on Earth can thus be derived from the investigation of this extraterrestrial example. We have used shadow-length measurements and photoclinometrically derived profiles to supplement and refine the topographic map of the Olympus Mons caldera. As much as 2.5 km of collapse took place within the 80×65 km diameter caldera and the elevation of the caldera rim varies by almost 2.0 km (low around the oldest collapse events, high around the youngest). An eight-stage evolutionary sequence for the caldera of Olympus Mons is identified which shows that caldera subsidence was a longterm process rather than the near-instantaneous event that has been interpreted from comparable terrestrial examples. Tectonic features on the caldera floor indicate a transition from an extensional environment (graben formation) around the perimeter of the caldera to compression (ridge formation) towards the caldera center. This transition from a compressional to extensional environment is surprisingly sudden, occurs at a radial distance of ∼17 km from the caldera center, and is import because it can be used to infer that the magma chamber was relatively shallow (thought to be at a depth of <∼16 km beneath the caldera floor; Zuber and Mouginis-Mark 1990). Ample evidence is also found within the Olympus Mons caldera for solidified lava lakes more than 30 km in width, and for the localzed overturning and/or withdrawal of lava within these lakes.
Parathion exposure studies. A gas chromatographic method for the determination of low levels of p-nitrophenol in human and animal urine

A method for the determination of low levels of PNP in rat and human urine was developed. The method involves acid hydrolysis of urine, extraction with benzene, derivatization of PNP with diazoethane, silica gel column chromatographic cleanup and gas chromatographic determination of the ethyl ether of PNP using an electron capture detector. Recoveries of fortified rat and human urine samples averaged in the range of 85–97%. The limits of detectability were 0.05 ppm for rat urine and 0.02 ppm for human urine. The method was applied to the analysis of PNP in urine of rats exposed to 0.1 and 0.01 LD50 of parathion.
Saturation of the Paramagnetic Resonance of a V Center

The saturation of the paramagnetic resonance of the ${(\mathrm{halogen})}_{2}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ complex (${V}_{K}$ center) in the alkali halides has been studied. The saturation of the absorption signal (${\ensuremath{\chi}}^{\ensuremath{'}\ensuremath{'}}{H}_{1}$) versus ${H}_{1}$ is obtained over a 60-db power range for KCl, KBr, and LiF at 78\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. Portis' theory of inhomogeneous saturation has been generalized by omitting the assumption that the individual spin packet width is very much smaller than the envelope width. Methods are developed to determine independently from a given experimental saturation curve the spin-packet width $\frac{1}{{T}_{2}}$, the spin-lattice relaxation time ${T}_{1}$, and the product ${T}_{1}{T}_{2}$. For KCl and LiF values of ${T}_{2}$, ${T}_{1}$ and ${T}_{1}{T}_{2}$ are determined for the different hyperfine lines of the ${V}_{K}$ center spectrum. For KBr only the product ${T}_{1}{T}_{2}$ could be obtained. From the results it is concluded that the spin-packet width is not limited by ${T}_{1}$. For KCl at 78\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, ${T}_{1}\ensuremath{\sim}7{T}_{2}$; for LiF, ${T}_{2}$ is two orders of magnitude or more less than ${T}_{1}$ and depends in a complicated manner on the external magnetic field and the angle between the ${V}_{K}$ center axis and the external field.
Physiological concentrations of bile salts inhibit recovery of ischemic-injured porcine ileum

We have previously shown rapid in vitro recovery of barrier function in porcine ischemic-injured ileal mucosa, attributable principally to reductions in paracellular permeability. However, these ex...
Kinesthetic coordination of a movement sequence in humans

Abstract This experiment examined whether kinesthetic input could be used to coordinate a ‘movement sequence’, a series of sequentially executed joint rotations. In this experiment, human subjects extended the elbow at a constant velocity and opened the hand as the elbow passed through a predetermined angle, as in throwing. Subjects were able to open the hand at the prescribed elbow angle, even though they received no visual feedback and they could not predict when the elbow would reach this angle. The only remaining source of information about elbow angle was kinesthetic input. Being able to control the internal timing of our movement sequences with kinesthetic input may be important to the way we move.
Genetic models for plant pathosystems.

Deterministic, discrete time, genetics models for a resistant plant host and a virulent pathogen are developed and analyzed. The original model was developed by Leonard in 1977 for a single gene with haploid pathogens and diploid hosts [Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 287 (1977) 207]. The original model is generalized to diploid hosts and pathogens with incomplete dominance of the heterozygote. In addition, the single gene model is extended to two genes and a stochastic model with random selection values is formulated and simulated. It is shown using local stability properties that stability of the polymorphic equilibrium is indeterminant; the equilibrium is non-hyperbolic. The original model of Leonard has this same property. However, with random selection values, solutions tend to converge toward the polymorphic equilibrium.
The Colonial Doubling, or the Challenge for Colonial Authority

This essay discusses R.M. Minke’s (partial) presence in Pramoedya Ananta Toer’s The Buru Quartet. The quartet starts with signs exhibiting the triumph of Western colonialism in the Dutch East Indies. The Western-educated Minke acknowledges the superiority of Western science and technology. He writes in Dutch, the signifier of the colonial authority. This essay examines Minke’s adoption of Western culture and the colonial representation where his (partial) presence challenges the authority of colonial discourse. Framed within Bhabha’s theory of hybridity, this essay will find out how the colonial discourse is always in the state of splitting which menaces the colonial authority.
A two-dimensional mesh moving technique for time-dependent partial differential equations

Abstract We discuss an adaptive mesh moving technique that can be used with a finite difference or finite element scheme to solve initial-boundary value problems for systems of partial differential equations in two space dimensions and time. The mesh moving technique is based on an algebraic node movement function determined from the geometry and propagation of regions having significant discretization error indicators. Our procedure is designed to be flexible, so that it can be used with many existing finite difference and finite element methods. To test the mesh moving algorithm, we implemented it in a system code with an initial mesh generator and a MacCormack finite difference scheme on quadrilateral cells for hyperbolic vector systems of conservation laws. Results are presented for several computational examples. The moving mesch scheme reduces dispersive errors near shocks and wave fronts and thereby reduces grid requirements necessary to compute accurate solutions while increasing computational efficiency.
Height, ethnicity, and the incidence of diabetes: the San Antonio Heart Study

Mexican Americans are more obese and have more diabetes than non-Hispanic whites, but are also shorter. Height is used in some diabetes prediction models. Therefore, we examined the effect of height on the relationship between ethnicity and incident diabetes. Incident diabetes was ascertained in 1730 participants in the San Antonio Heart Study (age range, 25-64 years) after 7.4 years of follow-up. Height predicted diabetes in neither men (odds ratio [OR] × 1 SD, 1.14 [0.85-1.51]) nor women (OR × 1 SD, 0.88 [0.70-1.11]) after adjusting for age and ethnicity. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for predicting diabetes of a model that included waist circumference (in men, 0.775; in women, 0.781) was similar to that of models that included waist circumference + height (in men, 0.775, P = .702; in women, 0.783, P = .680) or waist-to-height ratio (in men, 0.764, P = .161; in women, 0.783, P = .619). The OR of incident diabetes according to ethnicity was lower in the model that was adjusted for the waist-to-height ratio than in the model that accounted only for waist circumference (in women, 1.45 [0.86-2.46] vs 1.84 [1.10-3.08], P < .001; in men, 2.00 [1.11-3.58] vs 2.74 [1.52-4.95], P < .001). In conclusion, the addition of height to adjust waist circumference does not increase the ability of waist circumference to predict diabetes, but may be useful in exploring differences in diabetic risk between populations of different race/ethnicity.
Spectrophotometric molybdenum determination with thiolactic acid.

Abstract A quick, selective method for molybdenum(VI) is based on the formation of a yellow thiolactic acid complex. The complex is formed at pH 1.0–1.6, and the absorbance is measured at 365 nm.
An alternative and expedient synthesis of radioiodinated 4-iodophenylalanine.

Abstract Radiolabeled amino acids have been used extensively in oncology both as diagnostic and therapeutic agents. In our pursuit to develop radiopharmaceuticals to target breast cancer, we were interested in determining the uptake of radioiodinated 4-iodophenylalanine, among other labeled amino acids, in breast cancer cells. In this work, we have developed an alternative method for the synthesis of this agent. The novel tin precursor, (S)-tert-butyl 2-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)-3-(4-(tributylstannyl)phenyl)propanoate (3) was synthesized from the known, corresponding iodo derivative. Initially, the labeled 4-iodophenylalanine was synthesized from the above tin precursor in two steps with radiochemical yields of 91.6±2.7% and 83.7±1.7% (n=5), for the radioiodination (first) and deprotection (second) step, respectively. Subsequently, it was synthesized in a single step with an average radiochemical yield of 94.8±3.4% (n=5). After incubation with MCF-7 breast cancer cells for 60 min, an uptake of up to 49.0±0.7% of the input dose was seen; in comparison, the uptake of [14C]phenylalanine under the same conditions was 55.9±0.5%. Furthermore, the uptake of both tracers was inhibited to a similar degree in a concentration-dependent manner by both unlabeled phenylalanine and 4-iodophenylalanine. With [14C]phenylalanine as the tracer, IC50 values of 1.45 and 2.50 mM were obtained for Phe and I-Phe, respectively, and these values for [125I]I-Phe inhibition were 1.3 and 1.0 mM. In conclusion, an improved and convenient method for the synthesis of no-carrier-added 4-[⁎I]phenylalanine was developed and the radiotracer prepared by this route demonstrated an amino acid transporter-mediated uptake in MCF-7 breast cancer cells in vitro that was comparable to that of [14C]phenylalanine.
A focused overview of anorexia nervosa and bulimia: Part I—Etiological issues

The origin of eating disorders as a major mental illness may be explored by investigating several related concepts. Examination of biological, social, and psychological perspectives facilitates understanding of these disorders; neurobiological origin may be especially enlightening because of its exciting relevancy to new developments in the study and understanding of mental illness in general. This focus on the neurobiology of eating disorders may better explain the relationship between the eating disorders and the mood disorders, particularly major depression. Through the understanding of this relationship, new avenues of treatment possibilities are open, consistent with interventions and pharmacological developments in the treatment of major depression. In Part I, etiological theories of anorexia nervosa and bulimia will be defined and briefly explored. For the purposes of this article, the discussion of eating disorders will focus on the classification as specified in DSM-III-R (American Psychiatric Association, 1987) specifically limited to the categories of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa.
METALLOPEPTIDE DESIGN : TUNING THE METAL CATION AFFINITIES WITH UNNATURAL AMINO ACIDS AND PEPTIDE SECONDARY STRUCTURE

The ability to tune the metal binding affinity of small peptides through the incorporation of unnatural multidentate α-amino acids and the preorganization of peptide structure is illustrated. Herein, we describe the exploitation of a family of α-amino acids that incorporate powerful bidentate ligands (bipyridyl and phenanthrolyl groups) as integral constituents of the residues' side chains. The residues involved are the 6-, 5-, and 4-substituted (S)-2-amino-3-(2,2‘-bipyridyl)propanoic acids (1, 6Bpa; 2, 5Bpa; 3, 4Bpa), (S)-2-amino-3-(1,10-phenanthrol-2-yl)propanoic acid (4, Fen), and a novel neocuproine-containing α-amino acid, (S)-2-amino-3-(9-methyl-1,10-phenanthrol-2-yl)propanoic acid (5, Neo). Within this family of amino acids, variations in metal binding due to the nature of the ring system (2,2‘-bipyridyl or 1,10-phenanthrolyl) and the point of attachment to the amino acid β-carbon are observed. Additionally, the underlying peptide architecture significantly influences binding for peptides that incl...
Sexists, racists, and other classes of classifiers: Form and function of “...Ist” accusations

An “. . . ist” accusation indicts an individual as a racist, sexist, or other “. . . ist” whose thoughts and/or acts discriminate on the basis of class membership. The self‐reflexively paradoxical structure of “. . . ist” accusations precludes refutation, but response is possible. Pragmatic and moral implications of alternative responses to “. . . ist” accusations are evaluated.
Laminar jet contraction and velocity distribution in immiscible liquid-liquid systems

Abstract The flow behavior of a Newtonian liquid jet injected vertically into an immiscible Newtonian liquid phase is analyzed. Boundary-layer type approximations are used to simplify the general equations, and an approximate momentum-integral type numerical solution is obtained. This solution predicts the velocity distribution in each phase and the jet radius. The effects on jet behavior of the five dimensionless groups needed to characterize the gravitational, interfacial tension and viscous forces are shown. In particular the importance of the continuous phase viscosity is demonstrated. Experimental measurements of jet radius confirm the essential features of the analysis and illustrate the shortcomings of the approximate solution.
X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscope studies of processed rice hull silica

The structure and composition of processed rice hull ash were studied to better understand its adsorption of the soy oil components, lutein and free fatty acids. The silica-rich ash was composed largely of low order cristobalite and tridymite in the form of opal CT, with variable particle size. On heating of the ash there was conversion to a more ordered form of opal C, fusing of particles, and loss of potassium. Acid washing, following heating, also removed potassium and slightly reduced particle size further. Crystal form, particle size, particle fusion and potassium content may be important factors influencing ash adsorption of soy oil components.
Study of the molecular recognition of aptamers selected through ovarian cancer cell-SELEX.

Background Ovarian cancer is the most lethal gynecological malignancy, and the ovarian clear cell carcinoma subtype (OCCA) demonstrates a particularly poor response to standard treatment. Improvements in ovarian cancer outcomes, especially for OCCA, could be expected from a clearer understanding of the molecular pathology that might guide strategies for earlier diagnosis and more effective treatment. Methodology/Principal Findings Cell-SELEX technology was employed to develop new molecular probes for ovarian cancer cell surface markers. A total of thirteen aptamers with Kd's to ovarian cancer cells in the pico- to nanomolar range were obtained. Preliminary investigation of the targets of these aptamers and their binding characteristics was also performed. Conclusions/Significance We have selected a series of aptamers that bind to different types of ovarian cancer, but not cervical cancer. Though binding to other cancer cell lines was observed, these aptamers could lead to identification of biomarkers that are related to cancer.
The Effects of Geographic Familiarity and Map Complexity on Mental Rotation

The present study examined the effects of stimulus complexity and geographic familiarity upon mental rotation while simultaneously engaging participants in a simulated flight task. Nineteen licensed pilots (16 men and 3 women) participated in a mental rotation task. Results indicated a piecemeal strategy was used with maps representing an unfamiliar geographic area. Further, an exploratory analysis indicated that unfamiliar condition participants may have used a strategy described by Loftus (1978), in which two rotations are performed - the first from the cue orientation to the nearest cardinal direction, and the second from the cardinal direction to the target orientation. Those in the familiar condition used a nonrotational strategy (i.e., a piecemeal comparison between the presented map and their cognitive map) to perform the rotation task. Unfamiliar condition flight performance was more affected by the experimental manipulations. This suggests that cognitive transformations performed on unfamiliar ge...
α-Synuclein Can Function as an Antioxidant Preventing Oxidation of Unsaturated Lipid in Vesicles†

α-Synuclein, a presynaptic protein associated with Parkinson's disease, is found as both soluble cytosolic and membrane-bound forms. Although the function of α-synuclein is unknown, several observations suggest that its association with membranes is important. In the present study we investigated the effect of α-synuclein on lipid oxidation in membranes containing phospholipids with unsaturated fatty acids. The kinetics of lipid oxidation were monitored by the change in fluorescence intensity of the dye C11-BODIPY. We find that monomeric α-synuclein efficiently prevented lipid oxidation, whereas fibrillar α-synuclein had no such effect. Our data suggest that the prevention of unsaturated lipid oxidation by α-synuclein requires that it bind to the lipid membrane. The antioxidant function of α-synuclein is attributed to its facile oxidation via the formation of methionine sulfoxide, as shown by mass spectrometry. These findings suggest that the inhibition of lipid oxidation by α-synuclein may be a physiolog...
Oxygen isotope study of a Precambrian banded iron-formation, Hamersley Range, Western Australia

Abstract Oxygen isotope ratios were determined for quartz, magnetite, ankerite, siderite, riebeckite, hematite and talc in samples of banded iron-formation from the Dales Gorge Member of the Brockman Iron Formation and for quartz, dolomite and calcite in samples of the Wittenoom Dolomite and Duck Creek Dolomite Formations, all from the Hamersley Range area of Western Australia. Additionally, in order to interpret the measured isotope ratios, isotopic fractionations for oxygen between quartz, siderite and magnetite and between these minerals and water as a function of temperature were calculated, using a combination of spectroscopic and thermodynamic data and constraints set by experimental determinations of the fractionations. The Dales Gorge Member was found to have undergone isotopic exchange between minerals at a temperature estimated on the basis of the isotopic fractionations to be above 270°C and probably less than 310°C, during burial metamorphism. At these temperatures quartz and the carbonates were almost completely equilibrated with one another, while hematite apparently underwent negligible exchange. Magnetite may have undergone exchange in some samples but not others, as a result of permeability variations, or it may have been as resistant to exchange as hematite. Riebeckite, and probably talc as well, were also subject to exchange, but to a lesser degree or on a smaller scale than quartz and the carbonates. Hematite formed at temperatures of 140°C or below. Magnetite appears to have formed at temperatures above 140°C, and possibly over a range of temperatures between about 180 and 300°C. The Wittenoom Dolomite and Duck Creek Dolomite samples show apparent lack of equilibrium, due to incomplete exchange or to retrograde effects. A chert from the Wittenoom Dolomite, along with two samples from the Marra Mamba Iron Formation, with δ18O values of + 24%. can be considered to set a lower limit of about −11%. on the δ18O value of the ocean 2.2 × 109 yr ago. Internal fractionations in the Wittenoom Dolomite chert sample may be interpreted as yielding an upper limit on this oceanic δ18O value of − 3.5%.
Beta-Gamma Directional Correlation Measurement in As 76

The $\ensuremath{\beta}\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\gamma}$ directional correlation of the first forbidden nonunique ${2}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ \ensuremath{\rightarrow} ${2}^{+}$ $\ensuremath{\beta}$ transition of ${\mathrm{As}}^{76}$ was measured at ten $\ensuremath{\beta}$ energies ranging from 1.33 to 2.18 MeV. The angular correlation coefficient ${A}_{2}(W)$ varies from 0.076\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.005 to 0.106\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.005 in this energy range. The modified ${B}_{\mathrm{ij}}$ approximation was used to investigate the structure of the first excited state in ${\mathrm{Se}}^{76}$. A configuration of either ${({f}_{\frac{5}{2}})}^{\ensuremath{\pi}}{({g}_{\frac{9}{2}})}^{2}$ or ${({f}_{\frac{5}{2}})}^{4}{({g}_{\frac{9}{2}})}^{\ensuremath{\nu}}$ is in agreement with the experimental data. In the first case the ${g}_{\frac{9}{2}}$ shell would have 2 neutrons with seniority 2, while an even number of $\ensuremath{\pi}$ protons with seniority 0 are in the ${f}_{\frac{5}{2}}$ shell. The other possibility would mean 4 protons in the ${f}_{\frac{5}{2}}$ shell with seniority 2 and an even number of $\ensuremath{\nu}$ neutrons with seniority 0 in the ${g}_{\frac{9}{2}}$ shell. The values $\ensuremath{-}4.2l~Vl~\ensuremath{-}3.2$ and $\ensuremath{-}2.8l~Yl~\ensuremath{-}2.2$ for the nuclear matrix-element parameters are consistent with experimental data.
Alcohols, Ethers, Carbohydrates, and Related Compounds Part V.2 The Bohlmann Torsional Effect†

The Bohlmann effect, in its original context, occurred when, on a carbon attached to an amine nitrogen, there was a C-H bond anti-coplanar to the nitrogen lone pair. A negative hyperconjugation between the lone pair and that C-H bond (a transfer of electron density from the lone pair into the C-H σ* orbital) led to the bond becoming weaker, stretching, and having its stretching frequency in the infrared shifted lower by 100-150 cm - 1 . In the generalized Bohlmann effect, one does not need specifically a hydrogen, but an alkyl group (for example) will serve as well. Quantum mechanical calculations (at any level) show this effect clearly, both for the hydrogen case and for the sp 3 carbon as the attached electron-accepting atom. The C-H bond stretches by about 0.005 A, and a C-C bond similarly stretches by about 0.007 A. If one replaces the amine nitrogen with an ether (or alcohol) oxygen, a similar effect is noted. The bond (C-H or C-C) anti to a lone pair on oxygen stretches, and its stretching frequency is reduced. The reduction of the stretching frequency in the ether or alcohol case is partly compensated by the increase in stretching frequency resulting from the electronegativity of the attached oxygen, so the spectroscopic effect is less dramatic in ethers than in amines. A similar effect can be shown to occur in fluorides, but it has no stereochemical consequences. An exo-Bohlmann torsional effect was also uncovered in this work. An alkyl group on the oxygen or nitrogen atom, on the other side away from the area where the Bohlmann effect is occurring, suffers a reduction in the size of its torsional barrier. This is still one further example of the "effects" that complicate organic chemistry, which must be taken into account if molecular mechanics is to give a good representation of molecular structural behavior.
(Dis)solving Bosnia: John Moore's Behind Enemy Lines and Danis Tanovic's No Man's Land

Self‐congratulatory Hollywood products such as Welcome to Sarajevo (1997), Wag the Dog (1997), and Behind Enemy Lines (2001) tend to simplify the Bosnian conflict by creating an easily demonized Other and re‐creating an historically false interventionist West. John Moore's Behind Enemy Lines, for instance, readily accommodates the paradigms of the Hollywood action hero genre so that its male protagonist Chris Burnett, predictably acting on his own, might engage in the Bosnian conflict in a manner in which the West never did. The film culminates with his ascendance via helicopter past the statue of an angel on a mountain. He thus both literally and metaphorically transcends the conflict in order to provide photographic evidence of Serbian genocide against an oddly Americanized Bosnian civilian population, as if such evidence of genocide did not already historically exist in abundance from a variety of news services. In contrast, films made by actual ex‐Yugoslavians, such as Vukovar (1994), Pretty Village, ...
THE EVOLUTION OF INSECT‐MEDIATED SELF‐POLLINATION FROM AN OUTCROSSING SYSTEM IN CALYPTRIDIUM (PORTULACACEAE)

Calyptridium monospermum (Portulacaceae) comprises two biological races visited by different groups of insects. One race, pollinated by a bumblebee, Bombus vosnesenskii (Apidae), is outcrossing, while the other race is pollinated casually by a variety of other insects whose visits result in insect-mediated self-pollination and geitonogamy within the inflorescence. Insect-mediated selfing is also the mode of pollination in the closely related species, C. umbellatum. While all plants of both species are self-compatible, insect visitation is necessary for good seed set. Selfing populations of C. monospermum exhibit many floral adaptations for insectmediated self-pollination which parallel those of the selfing C. umbellatum, while retaining vegetative characteristics typical of C. monospermum. These floral traits involve flower color and odor, style and stamen orientation, size of stigmatic surfaces, number of pollen grains produced, density of open flowers on inflorescences, and presence or absence of protogyny. Artifical pollination experiments show that these floral adaptations are effective in increasing the probability of insect-mediated self-pollination. Insect-mediated selfing in C. umbellatum and in some populations of C. monospermum is encouraged and probably made necessary by the inconstant pollinating behavior of the insects which visit these plants, as shown by the large percentage of non-Calyptridium pollen recovered from the bodies of insects captured while visiting these plants. CALYPTRIDIUM MONOSPERMUM Greene and C. umbellatum (Torr.) Greene (Portulacaceae) are two common, closely related, but largely reproductively isolated, rosette forming, perennial herbs of montane areas of western North America. Both species are self-compatible, but seed production is dependent upon insect visitation. Evidence presented in this paper shows that while insect visitation in the majority of populations of C. monospermum results in cross-pollination, insect visitation in C. umbellatum and in some populations of C. monospermum results in self-pollination. This self-pollination consists of pollen transfer within one flower (autogamy), as well as pollen transfer between different flowers of the same crowded inflorescence (geitonogamy). This evidence was obtained from field and laboratory studies of 19 populations of C. monospermum and 24 of C. umbellatum (Fig. 1), covering most of the range of these species (exact localities in Hin
The influence of displacement damage on deuterium permeation in 316 stainless steel

Abstract A new permeation system for in situ measurements of the effect of radiation damage on both gas and plasma-driven hydrogen permeation through metal foils has been developed. The source of displacement damage was a beam of 16 MeV carbon ions whose range was significantly greater than the 4 μm foil thickness. Initial ion-driven deuterium permeation results for 316 stainless steel show no evidence for radiation-enhanced effects for temperatures in the range 200–400°C and displacement damage rates of 0.5 dpa/day. An upper limit for the radiation enhancement of the diffusion coefficient of 100%/(dpa/day) has been established. Good agreement between this data and a transport parameter calculation modified to handle gases has been obtained.