cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Externalizing behavior severity in youths with callous-unemotional traits corresponds to patterns of amygdala activity and connectivity during judgments of causing fear-CORRIGENDUM.

Callous-unemotional (CU) traits characterize a subgroup of youths with conduct problems who exhibit low empathy, fearlessness, and elevated externalizing behaviors. The current study examines the role of aberrant amygdala activity and functional connectivity during a socioemotional judgment task in youths with CU traits, and links these deficits to externalizing behaviors. Functional magnetic resonance imaging was used to compare neural responses in 18 healthy youths and 30 youths with conduct problems and varying levels of CU traits as they evaluated the acceptability of causing another person to experience each of several emotions, including fear. Neuroimaging analyses examined blood oxygenation level dependent responses and task-dependent functional connectivity. High-CU youths exhibited left amygdala hypoactivation relative to healthy controls and low-CU youths primarily during evaluations of causing others fear. CU traits moderated the relationship between externalizing behavior and both amygdala activity and patterns of functional connectivity. The present data suggest that CU youths' aberrant amygdala activity and connectivity affect how they make judgments about the acceptability of causing others emotional distress, and that these aberrations represent risk factors for externalizing behaviors like rule breaking and aggression. These findings suggest that reducing externalizing behaviors in high-CU youths may require interventions that influence affective sensitivity.
Modeling Photoelectron Spectra of CuO, Cu2O, and CuO2 Anions with Equation-of-Motion Coupled-Cluster Methods: An Adventure in Fock Space

The experimental photoelectron spectra of di- and triatomic copper oxide anions have been reported previously. We present an analysis of the experimental spectra of the CuO–, Cu2O–, and CuO2– anions using equation-of-motion coupled-cluster (EOM-CC) methods. The open-shell electronic structure of each molecule demands a unique combination of EOM-CC methods to achieve an accurate and balanced representation of the multiconfigurational anionic- and neutral-state manifolds. Analysis of the Dyson orbitals associated with photodetachment from CuO– reveals the strong non-Koopmans character of the CuO states. For the lowest detachment energy, a good agreement between theoretical and experimental values is obtained with CCSD(T) (coupled-cluster with single and double excitations and perturbative account of triple excitations). The (T) correction is particularly important for Cu2O–. Use of a relativistic pseudopotential and matching basis set improves the quality of results in most cases. EOM-DIP-CCSD analysis of t...
Longitudinal assessment of ultrasound-guided complementary microRNA therapy of hepatocellular carcinoma.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the second-leading cause of cancer related deaths worldwide and new strategies to efficiently treat HCC are critically needed. The aim of this study was to assess the longitudinal treatment effects of two complementary miRNAs (miRNA-122 and antimiR-21) encapsulated in biodegradable poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) - poly ethylene glycol (PEG) nanoparticles (PLGA-PEG-NPs), administered by an ultrasound-guided and microbubble-mediated delivery approach in doxorubicin-resistant and non-resistant human HCC xenografts. Using in vitro assays, we show that repeated miRNA treatments resulted in gradual reduction of HCC cell proliferation and reversal of doxorubicin resistance. Optimized US parameters resulted in a 9-16 fold increase (p = 0.03) in miRNA delivery in vivo in HCC tumors after two US treatments compared to tumors without US treatment. Furthermore, when combined with doxorubicin (10 mg/kg), longitudinal miRNA delivery showed a significant inhibition of tumor growth in both resistant and non-resistant tumors compared to non-treated, and doxorubicin treated controls. We also found that ultrasound-guided miRNA therapy was not only effective in inhibiting HCC tumor growth but also allowed lowering the dose of doxorubicin needed to induce apoptosis. In conclusion, the results of this study suggest that ultrasound-guided and MB-mediated delivery of miRNA-122 and antimiR-21, when combined with doxorubicin, is a highly effective approach to treat resistant HCC while reducing doxorubicin doses needed for treating non-resistant HCC in longitudinal treatment experiments. Further refinement of this strategy could potentially lead to better treatment outcomes for patients with HCC.
Effects of Cooperation Games on Social Interactions of Students with Emotional and Behavioral Disorders

iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS v LIST OF TABLES x CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1 Inclusive Strategies 6 Cooperative Learning 9 Culturally-Relevant Pedagogy 10 Experiential Education 12 Statement of Problem 13 Purpose of the Study and Rationale 15 Research Questions 16 Definition of Terms 17 Limitations 20 CHAPTER TWO REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 22 Introduction 22 Social Interactions of Students with Emotional and Behavioral Disorders 24 Comparing Instructional Approaches for Students with Disabilities 33 Peer-Mediated Strategies 40 Social Skills Training 47 Cooperative Learning 55 Culturally-Relevant Pedagogy 71 Experiential Education 85 Chapter Summary 98 CHAPTER THREE METHODOLOGY 101 Overview 101 Research Questions 102 Participants 104 Setting 111 Instrumentation 112 Design and Procedures 114 Procedures for Reliability 123
Cold-induced "run-off" ribosomes of Acheta domesticus.

Cricket “run-off” ribosomes have a lower Mg2+ optimum and are approximately six times more active than other monomers in poly U-directed protein synthesis. Both differences can be eliminated by washing “run-off” ribosomes with 0.5 M NH4Cl. A component in the salt wash is capable of partially restoring the enhanced activity.
A Network Model of Automatic Gain Control in the Electrosensory System

In the electrosensory systems of weakly electric fish, descending pathways to a first-order electrosensory nucleus have been shown to influence the gain of its output neurons. To explain this gain control capability, we have previously proposed a neural mechanism involving the regulation of total membrane conductance via synaptic background activity. We have now incorporated this proposed neuron-level mechanism into a network-level model of automatic gain control. The model is based on the known circuitry of the electrosensory lateral line lobe (ELL) and associated brain regions in the brown ghost knife fish, Apteronotus leptorhynchus.
Proposal of a follow-up imaging strategy following Pipeline flow diversion treatment of intracranial aneurysms.

OBJECTIVEThere is currently no standardized follow-up imaging strategy for intracranial aneurysms treated with the Pipeline embolization device (PED). Here, the authors use follow-up imaging data for aneurysms treated with the PED to propose a standardizable follow-up imaging strategy.METHODSA retrospective review of all patients who underwent treatment for ruptured or unruptured intracranial aneurysms with the PED between March 2013 and March 2017 at 2 major academic institutions in the US was performed.RESULTSA total of 218 patients underwent treatment for 259 aneurysms with the PED and had undergone at least 1 follow-up imaging session to assess aneurysm occlusion status. There were 235 (90.7%) anterior and 24 posterior (9.3%) circulation aneurysms. On Kaplan-Meier analysis, the cumulative incidences of aneurysm occlusion at 6, 12, 18, and 24 months were 38.2%, 77.8%, 84.2%, and 85.1%, respectively. No differences in the cumulative incidence of aneurysm occlusion according to aneurysm location (p = 0.3...
Multidimensional access to financial services: Insights from Indonesia:

Although better access to financial services is known to lead to various economic opportunities, most studies have approached ‘access’ as a one-dimensional variable, such as availability of service...
Measures of Effective Cell-Based Therapy

Ischemic heart disease remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality despite advances in medical therapy and revascularization techniques. Born out of this burden of ischemic heart disease is a burgeoning body of literature in both the preclinical and clinical settings that demonstrates the benefits of cell therapy. Central to the acceptance of cell therapy as a viable treatment strategy is determining the fate of the cells employed, the overall effect on ventricular function, and, ultimately, clinical outcomes. Although these assessments are readily attainable through invasive hemodynamic studies and histological analysis in the preclinical setting, the use of clinical parameters and noninvasive imaging modalities have been employed in the clinical setting. In addition to establishing the safety of cell therapy by focusing on “hard endpoints,” such as death, myocardial infarctiion, arrhythmias, the efficacy of cell therapy in achieving the outcome of myocardial regeneration may be feasible through advances in magnetic resonance and nuclear imaging as well as echocardiography. This chapter will discuss potential strategies that have been employed and those strategies that should continue to be utilized in the assessment of the cardiac response to cell therapy.
EP943 Prognostic significance of pretreatment serum carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) level in epithelial ovarian cancer

Introduction/Background To evaluate the prognostic significance of pretreatment serum CEA level in epithelial ovarian cancer. Methodology This retrospective cohort study was carried out in 326 epithelial ovarian cancer patients at Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial hospital between 2008–2016. All patients had histopathological confirmed diagnosis and pretreatment measurements of serum CA125 and CEA value. Data acquired from medical records including age, FIGO stage, Histology type, tumor size and debulking status. Statistical analysis The difference between proportions was evaluated by chi-square test. Univariate survival curves for progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were estimated using Kaplan-Meier method. Multivariate Cox regression analysis was used to compare independent prognostic factors for PFS and OS. SPSS (version 20) was used for all statistical analyses. Results Our analysis showed the elevated pretreatment serum CEA value (cutoff 5 ng/ml) is an independent prognostic factor in epithelial ovarian cancer. These patients has lower PFS and OS compared with patients with normal CEA value. In multivariate analysis, FIGO stage, pretreatment CEA and CA125 value and debulking status are independent prognostic factors. The finding of CEA value as an independent prognostic factor was exception of tradition. CEA may carry prognostic information and this result may indicate that patients showing elevated value of pretreatment CEA could be included in high-risk group for recurrence. Currently, this study included extended and comprehensive database of relationship between epithelial ovarian cancer and serum CEA value. Conclusion Our study included all epithelial ovarian cancer patients with subgroup analysis and the detection of serum CEA value provided the convenience in clinical practice. Elevated pretreatment serum CEA value is an independent prognostic factor in epithelial ovarian cancer in both univariate and multivariate analysis. Disclosure Nothing to disclose.
Assessing the Importance and Cognition Level of ACCE’s Student Learning Outcomes: Industry, Educator, and Student Perceptions

In 2014, the American Council for Construction Education (ACCE), the leading accreditation body for construction degree programs, formally approved new student learning outcome (SLO) based standard...
Graphene-like BC6N nanosheets are potential candidates for detection of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in human breath: A DFT study

Abstract In this work, we employ first-principles density functional theory calculations and nonequilibrium Green's function formalism to investigate the potential application of graphene-like borocarbonitride BC6N) for high-performance volatile organic compound (VOC) sensors used for human breath analysis. The adsorption behaviors of several VOCs (acetone, ethanol, methanol, formaldehyde, and toluene) and interfering gases in exhaled breath (carbon dioxide and water) are examined. The BC6N monolayer is a semiconductor with a bandgap of 1.228 eV. It is discovered that all the above gas molecules are physisorbed on the pristine BC6N sheet. The energy bandgap of pristine BC6N is slightly altered after interaction with the gas molecules. It is revealed that introducing a single carbon vacancy in the BC6N sheet can significantly increase the adsorption energies of the gas molecules. The modification of current-voltage responses due to VOC's disclose that the sensor shows high sensitivity, selectivity and short recovery for ethanol. Our results suggest that defective BC6N is a compelling and feasible candidate for chemiresistive sensors for applications in room temperature breath analysis of VOCs.
Prolonged Second Stage of Labor and Anal Sphincter Injury in a Contemporary Cohort of Term Nulliparas.

Objective This study aimed to assess whether a prolonged second stage of labor is an independent predictor of obstetric anal sphincter injury (OASI) in a contemporary cohort of nulliparous and term parturients, and to evaluate whether predelivery factors can accurately predict OASI. Study Design This was a nested case-control study within a cohort of consecutive nulliparous term parturients with a singleton gestation who underwent a vaginal delivery at a single institution between January 2014 and January 2015. Cases were defined as women with a third- or fourth-degree laceration at the time of delivery, and controls were women without a third- or fourth-degree laceration. A prolonged second stage was defined as a second stage of ≥3 hours. Univariable and multivariable regression analyses were performed to examine the relationship between prolonged second stage of labor and third- or fourth-degree lacerations. Receiver operator curves were developed to assess the predictive capacity of predelivery information for third- and fourth-degree lacerations. Results Of 1,197 births, 63 women had third- or fourth-degree lacerations (5.3%). With each additional hour of the second stage, the rate of OASI increased, with 2.9% of women with a second stage of 5 hours (p Conclusion Prolonged second stage of labor is a predictor of OASI, after adjustment for operative vaginal delivery. A model using predelivery risk factors has a reasonable prediction of OASI. Key Points
A Career in Physics

Over the course of my career, I have had the opportunity to work on a wide variety of problems in condensed matter physics, benefiting from superb collaborators and environments full of inspiring c...
Not Light, but Fire

In his 1852 speech, What To the Slave is the Fourth of July? Frederick Douglass (1852) charged his audience to go beyond the conventional debate and rhetoric surrounding race relations in America. ...
Engineering Graduates Perceived Preparedness for the First Three-Months of Work in Industry

This study explores recent engineering graduates’ perceptions of preparedness during their first twelve weeks at work. Drawing on data from a multi-site, longitudinal, U.S.-based study, we analyze quantitative survey data collected weekly from two cohorts of participants during their first three months of work; an average of 83 participants provided survey responses each week, for a total of 998 responses and an average of 8.9 surveys per participant. Participants were asked to rate, on a scale of one to seven, how prepared they felt for given list of activities (e.g. CAD, technical calculations, report writing); the list of activities was derived from common activities in capstone design courses explicitly intended to mirror workplace tasks. The results indicate that participants generally felt well-prepared for their work in industry. In addition, perceived preparedness increases over the first three months of work as participants spend more time on the job. There are no significant differences in perceived preparedness by site, but women report significantly lower levels of preparedness (p<0.05) than men across all months. The findings suggest that in their transition to work, the participants in this study, while clearly recognizing their need to learn a great deal, also identified significant ways in which their education, and particularly their capstone design courses, prepared them for full-time engineering work. Set against persistent industry reports highlighting lack of preparedness among new graduates, the perceptions of the graduates themselves suggests that the definition of and expectations around preparedness may vary widely based on perspective and context, and more work is needed to understand what the term means to the various constituents involved.
A social network analysis approach for contact tracing in the hospital setting

Since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, the State of Delaware has implemented various strategies including a stay-at-home order, mask-wearing requirements in public places, and community-based testing to control the spread of the disease. Health systems across the U.S. have taken actions including symptom monitoring and screening for visitors and healthcare workers, providing personal protection equipment (PPE), and contact tracing of confirmed infected individuals to provide maximum possible protection for healthcare workers. Despite such efforts, there remains a significant risk of intra-hospital transmission of COVID-19. Healthcare workers who contact patients with COVID-19 or were exposed to the disease in the community may transmit the infection to coworkers in the inpatient setting. In addition to universal and case-based precautions to prevent exposure and disease transmission, contact tracing is essential to minimizing the impact of outbreaks among healthcare workers and the community. A rapid increase in cases can quickly diminish hospital infection control and prevention program capacity to perform high-quality contact tracing. This article will describe an approach using the application of social network analysis (SNA) and Electronic Medical Records (EMR) to enhance the current efforts in COVID-19 contact tracings.
Qualification of a passive catalytic module for hydrogen mitigation

The advantage of passive catalytic modules for hydrogen mitigation during core-melt accidents, as compared with active devices like forced-flow recombiners or ignitors, is given by the high reliability of operation and the elimination of potentially violent combustion events. An important step in the qualification of a passive catalytic module system is the determination of the total required capacity and its distribution at various locations in the containment. Experiments and analytic modeling work were performed to qualify the installation of a system of catalytic modules for a large dry pressurized water reactor (PWR) containment. The operational capacity of a prototype catalytic module was determined experimentally, and a corresponding model correlation was developed and integrated into the GOTHIC containment code. This modified code was validated against experimental data. As an application, predictions of the effects, resulting from backfitting a large, dry PWR containment with 50 catalytic modules, were done using the modified code. The catalytic modules keep the hydrogen concentrations below a level of 10% where violent deflagrations could be expected. Local higher concentrations near the release location are inert due to associated low oxygen and high steam concentrations. A proper distribution of the modules in the containment guarantees full mixing ofmore » the atmosphere due to natural convective currents.« less
Intergenerational transmission of violence, self-control, and conjugal violence: a comparative analysis of physical violence and psychological aggression

This paper is a sequel to Avakame (1998), a study which sought to determine whether (a) violence in families of origin affects males' psychological aggression toward wives, and (b) whether the intergenerational transmission effect is solely direct or mediated by Gottfredson and Hirschi's concept of self-control. The current research extends these questions to females' psychological aggression as well as males' and females' physical violence. The models were estimated using data from the 1975 National Family Violence Survey. Like its precursor, results of the present research suggest that it is useful to (a) distinguish between mothers' and fathers' violence and (b) recognize that the intergenerational transmission of violence may be mediated by self-control. Specifically, results suggested that, whether considering physical violence or psychological aggression, fathers' violence is most likely to exert the direct social learning effect.
Synthesizing neural networks by sequential addition of hidden nodes

Presents a fast training algorithm with which one can sequentially determine the needed hidden nodes and the values of the associated weights for classification and pattern recognition. This new approach addresses problems in backpropagation and other gradient descent training algorithms. These problems include long training times, and the determination of the proper number of hidden nodes. We mitigate these difficulties by sequentially extracting important attributes of the training data in training each hidden node. The proposed algorithm separates the network training into the training of each layer of the network. The input layer is designed to partition the input data space using linear discriminant functions. The training starts from one hidden node. By applying a linear discriminant algorithm, a separable subset of the data is deleted from the training set. The remaining data is carried over to the training of the next hidden nodes. A hidden node is added to the network when it is needed because the classification performance on the training set is not yet good enough. Thus the training data set is reduced sequentially while the training is in progress. Each node of the output layer performs a logic function of the binary outputs of the hidden nodes. The training algorithm for the output layer is same as Boolean minimization. >
Contract Incentives and Effort

In a prevailing employment contract the agent receives a proportional split of commissions. Alternatively, the agent receives a contract paying 100% of revenue above a fixed payment to the firm. In this contract the firm has a prior payment position, similar to a landlord or lender. The coexistence of these equity-only and debt-equity type contracts allows testing incentives for productivity and effort for real estate licensees in the United States. Hourly wages and productivity are increasing in the agent's split, up to and including 100%. Effort as measured by hours worked are positively affected by the split. The contract incentives motivate productivity and induce effort without requiring monitoring.
Thyroid genomics: refining diagnosis, prognosis and treatment

“The overarching theme derived from this study is that papillary thyroid carcinoma represents a more diverse and heterogeneous group of tumors than previously recognized.”
Orthogonal harmonic analysis of fractal measures

We show that certain iteration systems lead to fractal measures admitting an exact orthogonal harmonic analysis. Overview We study properties of pairs of Borel measures on R simultaneously generalizing Fourier series and the Fourier transform. We show that certain fractal measures fall within the class of measures admitting generalized Fourier series. The class of fractal measures considered in this paper are obtained from an affine iteration construction leading to self-affine measures μ with support in R. The affine maps are determined by a given expansive d × d matrix and a finite set of translation vectors. We show that the corresponding L-space L(μ) has an orthonormal basis of exponentials e λ·x, indexed by vectors λ in R, provided certain geometric conditions hold for the affine system.
Intrinsic fluctuations of the proton saturation momentum scale in high multiplicity p+p collisions

Abstract High multiplicity events in p+p collisions are studied using the theory of the Color Glass Condensate. We show that intrinsic fluctuations of the proton saturation momentum scale are needed in addition to the sub-nucleonic color charge fluctuations to explain the very high multiplicity tail of distributions in p+p collisions. The origin of such intrinsic fluctuations is presumably non-perturbative in nature. Classical Yang Mills simulations using the IP-Glasma model are performed to make quantitative estimations. We find that fluctuations as large as O (1) of the average values of the saturation momentum scale can lead to rare high multiplicity events seen in p+p data at RHIC and LHC energies. Using the available data on multiplicity distributions we try to constrain the distribution of the proton saturation momentum scale and make predictions for the multiplicity distribution in 13 TeV p+p collisions.
VIRUS-LIKE PARTICLES ASSOCIATED WITH CHLOROLEUKEMIA IN THE RAT.

SummaryAn electron microscopic study of non-inbred Wistar rats with acute myelogenous leukemia has revealed the presence of intercellular particles with the morphologic features usually ascribed to...
Scanning fiber endoscope prototype performance

Minimally invasive medical procedures require flexible endoscopes that are thinner than existing devices while delivering high resolution images. The scanning fiber endoscope (SFE) described meets these requirements. Prototype SFEs with a 2 mm diameter distal tip envelope and better than 10 micron resolution have been developed.
Atom trapping with a thin magnetic film

We have created a {sup 87}Rb Bose-Einstein condensate in a magnetic trapping potential produced by a hard disk platter written with a periodic pattern. Cold atoms were loaded from an optical dipole trap and then cooled to Bose-Einstein condensation on the surface with radio-frequency evaporation. Fragmentation of the atomic cloud due to imperfections in the magnetic structure was observed at distances closer than 40 {mu}m from the surface. Attempts to use the disk as an atom mirror showed dispersive effects after reflection.
Elastostatics of Cubic Boxes Subjected to Pressure

Abstract : This paper deals with the experimental stress and strain analysis of cubic boxes subjected to pressure. The models manufactured had inside-span-to-wall-thickness ratios varying from approximately 5 to 14. All internal corners had circular fillets. The experimental analysis was conducted using electrical strain gages, brittle coatings and photoelasticity. Results, given parametrically by means of families of curves representing normalized stresses are applicable to boxes of any size, made of any elastic material, provided the span-to-wall-thickness ratio falls within the range studied. Results' obtained using the theory of structures approach are included for comparison purposes and presented in a form useful to designers.
Modeling Heat Transfer During Furnace Fire Exposures

Thermal modeling is an important aspect in evaluating the fire resistance of a structure subjected to a furnace exposure. A common approach for predicting temperatures in thermo-structural modeling is with an effective emissivity meant to account for radiation exchange between surfaces of different temperature (“shadow effect”), radiation from gas participating media, and surface emissivity. Several methods have been proposed using gas radiation only models to provide a basis for the choice of effective emissivity, but no evaluations have considered the gas interaction and surface-to-surface interactions in understanding the controlling behavior. In this paper an analytical model was developed for net-radiation in a three surface enclosure filled with an isothermal medium to investigate the role of surface radiation exchange versus gas radiation effects. As expected, surface-to-surface radiation dominates at lower gas emissivity since radiation is not attenuated by the gases, while gas radiation dominates at higher emissivities. With furnace environments produced using clean burning processes, a methodology for predicting thermal response of complex structures in furnace tests based on radiation exchange was used to predict experimental data for steel-concrete floor systems. The furnace exposure was modeled using the Abaqus Version 6.10EF-1 built-in radiation exchange model and convection interaction. All predicted temperatures of the structural element were within 5% of the measured temperatures. This indicates the model without gas participating media effects reasonably predicts the radiation exchange between surfaces of the test article and furnace, and it accounts for the shadow effect.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
The effects of strain on the microwave performance of SiGe HBTs

The results of a theoretical study of the effects of the strain on the cutoff frequencies of SiGe HBTs are presented. The influence of the strain on the base resistance and transit time, and through them on high-frequency performance, was taken into account. The positive role played by the strain is demonstrated.
Use of vegetated drainage ditches and low-grade weirs for aquaculture effluent mitigation: I. Nutrients

Implementation of water management practices could be a strategy for reducing mass discharge from aquaculture production. Of greatest concern is the delivery via discharge of excess loads of nitrogen and phosphorus to downstream systems and their effects on ecological impairments. This study assessed effects of consecutive low-grade weirs on chemical retention of aquaculture pond effluent in a single, vegetated drainage ditch. Two control (without weirs) and nine treatment (with weirs) discharges were conducted September to October 2012 at the Mississippi State University South Farm Aquaculture Facility. From discharge to drainage ditch outlet, control discharges had a 154% increase in soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) load, whereas total phosphorus (TP), total ammonia nitrogen (TAN), and nitrate (NO3−-N) loads decreased (47%, 43%, and 63%, respectively). Additionally, concentrations of TP (F = 4.59, P = 0.02) and TAN (F = 6.70, P < 0.001) in control discharges were significantly decreased. In treatment discharges, nutrient mass loads decreased across all analytes (80% SRP, 86% TP, 89% TAN, 89% NO3−-N). Treatment discharges’ concentrations of TP, nitrite, and NO3−-N (F = 4.95, P = 0.01; F = 2.91, P = 0.06; F = 5.18, P = 0.01, respectively), were significantly reduced while SRP concentrations increased significantly (F = 12.60, P < 0.001). Changes in concentration were further analyzed with additional fixed effects of distance to weir 1, number of discharges prior, initial effluent concentration, and flow rate; initial effluent concentrations were shown to have a significant negative effect on TP (F = 4.28, P < 0.001) and NO3−-N (F = 2.41, P = 0.02) concentration decrease. Results of this study indicate utilizing a ubiquitous landscape feature such as a vegetated drainage ditch with installed low-grade weirs has the potential to reduce nutrient mass loads moving downstream and can be added as a promising effluent mitigation strategy for aquaculture.
2D Thermal Imaging of VCSEL Arrays by Thermoreflectance Microscopy

High resolution thermoreflectance microscopy is used to profile thermal effects in single VCSELs and arrays. Relative thermal resistance, thermal lensing, and thermal coupling effects are reported.
Interfamily Transfers to Beginning and Elderly Families

Interfamily grants contribute to the economic well-being of families. This research focuses on the transfer of resources to beginning and elderly families. The data used in this study were collected through personal interviews with 75 beginning and 75 elderly families in Bernalillo County, New Mexico. The purpose of this study was to compare the annual economic contribution of interfamily grants received by beginning and elderly families. There was no difference in dollar value between the two groups in the categories of money, goods, and services. However, there was a significant difference (p < 0.01) in the total dollar value of grants received. The average annual dollar value of interfamily grants received by the beginning families was $2,665 while the elderly families received an average of $944.
Relation of Sodium Balance to Arterial Pressure During Drug-Induced Saluresis

Serial determinations of plasma volume and urinary sodium excretion were determined during saluresis in 20 hypertensive patients. Although the diuretics produced a decrease in plasma volume and an increase in urinary sodium excretion in all patients, there was no direct relationship between the decrease in plasma volume and the fall in arterial pressure. Concomitant administration of dextran solution prevented the reduction in plasma volume but did not prevent the fall in arterial pressure. Similarly, replacement of plasma volume with dextran solution at the peak of hypotension following the diuretics had no effect on the reduced arterial pressure. Concomitant administration of hypertonic saline solution with the diuretic prevented the fall in arterial pressure, and the replacement of urinary sodium loss at the peak of hypotension returned the arterial pressure to control values when the sodium administered exceeded the urinary sodium loss. It would seem that in the hypertensive sodium depleted state a direct relationship exists between arterial pressure and sodium balance. Thus, a positive sodium balance is associated with a rise in arterial pressure, whereas a negative sodium balance is associated with a fall in arterial pressure. The data suggest also that the decreased pressor response during saluresis is due more to the production of negative sodium balance than to a decrease in plasma volume.
Kalman Filter Residual-Based Integrity Monitoring Against Measurement Faults

This paper introduces a new Kalman filter-based method for detecting sensor faults in linear dynamic systems. In contrast with existing sequential fault-detection algorithms, the proposed method enables direct evaluation of the integrity risk, which is the probability that an undetected fault causes state estimate errors to exceed predefined bounds of acceptability. The new method is also computationally efficient and straightforward to implement. The algorithm’s detection test statistic is established in three steps. First, the weighted norms of current and past-time Kalman filter residuals are defined as generalized non-centrally chisquare distributed random variables. Second, these residuals are proved to be stochastically independent from the state estimate error. Third, current-time and past-time residuals are shown to be mutually independent, so that the Kalman filter-based test statistic can be recursively updated in real time by simply adding the current-time residual contribution to a previously computed weighted norm of past-time residuals. The Kalman filter-based integrity monitor is evaluated against worst-case fault profiles, which are also derived in this paper. Finally, performance analyses results are presented for an example application of aircraft precision approach navigation, where differential ranging signals from a multiconstellation satellite navigation system are filtered for positioning and carrier phase cycle ambiguity estimation.
Direct Validation of Active Solute Transport Induced by Dynamic Loading of Porous Hydrated Media

Transport pathways play a key role in maintaining cellular metabolic activity in biological tissues. Efforts to maintain or enhance the transport of nutrients may prove beneficial to the maintenance of native or development of engineered tissue. Various studies have investigated the potential of dynamic mechanical loading to increase the uptake and desorption rates of solutes in articular cartilage [1, 2]. Recently, a novel concept has been theoretically suggested that such dynamic loading of porous deformable media may additionally yield higher steady state concentrations of solutes, beyond those achieved by passive diffusion [3]. The first experimental evidence that dynamic loading can significantly enhance solute uptake over passive diffusion was recently reported for a model system of dextran in agarose hydrogels [4]. The results of this experimental study [4] were interpreted in the context of the earlier theoretical predictions [3], though a direct validation of theory with experiments has not yet been attempted. Therefore, the current study focuses on directly validating the theoretical framework by independently measuring the mechanical and transport properties of agarose hydrogels and dextran solutions experimentally, and substituting these values into the theory to evaluate the predicted solute uptake. These predictions are then compared to the previously reported experimental measurements of uptake of dextran in agarose under dynamic loading [4], for several gel concentrations and solute molecular weights.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
A SOLUTION to the EQUATIONS GOVERNING HEAT TRANSFER IN AGITATING LIQUID/PARTICULATE CANNED FOODS

A semi-analytical (concerning the particle temperature) semi-numerical (concerning the fluid temperature) solution to the differential equations governing heat transfer to axially rotating liquid/particulate canned foods was obtained using Duhamel's theorem and a numerical 4th-order Runge-Kutta scheme. This solution avoids some of the shortcomings of earlier solutions such as the requirement for constant heating medium temperature, the need for empirical formulas, or the use of unrealistic assumptions regarding the fluid temperature. the agreement between the proposed solution and limiting case analytical results was very good. A maximum fluid temperature difference of less than 2C was momentarily observed at the beginning of heating; differences between particle surface temperatures were even smaller. Comparison between predicted values and experimental data from the literature showed good agreement only as far as the fluid temperature was concerned; particle surface temperatures deviated significantly.
Forgetting Those Painful Moments

We all know that memories fade-although not always as quickly as we would like. What molecular and cellular processes underlie forgetting? In this issue of Neuron, Schwaerzel et al. indicate that extinction of an odor memory in Drosophila may involve the same neurons as those involved in forming the memory.
Distinguished Dissenters and Opposition to the 1919-1920 Red Scare

This study traces the activity of an important civil liberties coalition which developed in response to the 1919-1920 "Red Scare", a time when national and state governments used the fear of Russian Communism to justify persecution of left-wing organizations, and mass deportation of suspect radical aliens. The threats to freedom of speech and due process of law were so severe that influential people organized a loose but highly effective civil liberties movement to block passage of draconian sedition laws and rescue thousands of innocent aliens from deportation. The book examines the political strategy and follows its networking from the American Civil Liberties Union and Harvard Law School to the United States Department of Labor and federal courts. The historical narrative provides a basis for the development of a theory of opposition to cycles of political repress, the "libertarian check," and provides an opportunity to evaluate the strengths and limitations of civil liberties in the United States.
Infrared absorption by small amorphous quartz spheres.

Optical constants for fused quartz were determined from 1400 cm−1 to 400 cm−1. Three absorption bands were observed in the infrared for amorphous quartz powder dispersed in KBr. These same bands, somewhat altered in shape and in peak position, were seen in amorphous SiO2 smoke particles in air. Two of these bands were determined to be due to surface modes. Measurements agreed well with calculated peak positions and relative peak heights, but were broader and lower than those predicted by theory. The observed broadening could not be attributed to the size or shape of the individual particles.
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor increases activity of NR2B-containing N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors in excised patches from hippocampal neurons.

Growth factors, including members of the neurotrophin gene family, play a central role in the regulation of neuronal survival and differentiation during development. In addition to these relatively long-term actions of neurotrophins, recent studies have shown that these factors also rapidly modulate synaptic transmission. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), in particular, regulates both pre- and postsynaptic aspects of hippocampal synaptic transmission. The postsynaptic effects include an increase in glutamate responsiveness, mediated by the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) glutamate receptor subtype. It is not clear, however, where BDNF-trkB signal transduction is initiated, because trkB receptors are located in both pre- and postsynaptic membranes. In the present study, we used excised membrane patches from cultured hippocampal neurons to determine whether BDNF directly modulates postsynaptic NMDA receptor activity. The results indicate that acute exposure to BDNF increases NMDA single channel open probability via postsynaptic trkB receptors and that this effect is dependent on the presence of the NR2B subunit of the NMDA receptor.
Formation of Mercuric Sulfide in Soil

Analysis of mercury-contaminated soil from the flood plain of East Fork Poplar Creek (EFPC) in Oak Ridge, TN, using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) with energy- and wavelength X-ray dispersive spectroscopy (EDS/WDS) and a transmission electron microscope (TEM) with select area electron diffraction (SAED) revealed the presence of submicron, crystalline mercuric sulfide (HgS) in the form of metacinnabar. The HgS formed in place after the deposition and burial of mercury-contaminated soils. A reaction path model developed to describe the geochemical evolution of the soil redox conditions during flooding predicted that the resultant pe and pH of the soil would be within the stability range of HgS. The reaction of mercury with other metal sulfides or sulfhydryl groups in the soil may have also contributed to the formation of HgS. The formation of HgS is significant to the remediation efforts at EFPC because the toxicity, leachability, and volatility of mercury in soils is dependent on the solid phase spec...
The Very Stable Boundary Layer on Nights with Weak Low-Level Jets

Abstract The light-wind, clear-sky, very stable boundary layer (vSBL) is characterized by large values of bulk Richardson number. The light winds produce weak shear, turbulence, and mixing, and resulting strong temperature gradients near the surface. Here five nights with weak-wind, very stable boundary layers during the Cooperative Atmosphere–Surface Exchange Study (CASES-99) are investigated. Although the winds were light and variable near the surface, Doppler lidar profiles of wind speed often indicated persistent profile shapes and magnitudes for periods of an hour or more, sometimes exhibiting jetlike maxima. The near-surface structure of the boundary layer (BL) on the five nights all showed characteristics typical of the vSBL. These characteristics included a shallow traditional BL only 10–30 m deep with weak intermittent turbulence within the strong surface-based radiation inversion. Above this shallow BL sat a layer of very weak turbulence and negligible turbulent mixing. The focus of this paper i...
Syntheses of [2‐14C] 2,5′‐anhydro‐3′‐azido‐3′‐deoxythymidine and [2‐14C] 2,5′‐anhydro‐3′‐azido‐2′,3′‐dideoxy‐5‐iodouridine: Inhibitors of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV‐1)

The syntheses of [2-14C] 2,5′-anhydro-3′-azido-3′-deoxythymidine and [2-14C] 2,5′-anhydro-3′-azido-2′,3′-dideoxy-5-iodouridine in a one pot operation under mild conditions are described.
Vibrational spectra and conformations of 2-fluoroethylamine

Abstract The i.r. (4000-200 cm −1 ) and Raman (4000-50 cm −1 ) spectra of gaseous and solid 2-fluoroethylamine have been recorded along with the Raman spectra of the neat liquid and a TMS solution. These data have been interpreted on the basis of at least four conformations in the gas phase and one conformation in the crystalline solid. Conformers identified as Gg ′ and Gt which exhibit intramolecular hydrogen bonds are the most stable forms in the gas phase and coexist with the Gg and Tg conformers. In the condensed phases, intermolecular hydrogen bonding becomes a dominant factor, and only the Gg conformer remains in the solid. The conformer stabilities determined here are discussed in terms of theoretical calculations and experimental data for similar molecules.
Origins of Cumulative Culture

Representations in the minds of 21st-century Londoners include concepts—derivatives trading, personal computer, suicide bomber—that could not have been entertained by their 11th-century counterparts; in contrast, we can reasonably guess that the concepts in the minds of chimpanzees and capuchins separated by centuries, or even millennia, are not very different from one another. What is it about our species that allows for the gradual accumulation of knowledge (see the figure)? On page 1114 of this issue, Dean et al. ( 1 ) take an important step toward understanding the psychological underpinnings of human cumulative culture.
The BTeV RICH Front End Electronics

We report on the design and testing of novel mixed analog and digital front end ASICs custom made for the single photon detectors considered for the BTeV RICH system. The key features are reviewed, as well as results achieved using electronics bench tests and beam studies.
MAXIMUM-INTENSITY VOLUMES FOR FAST CONTOURING OF LUNG TUMORS INCLUDING RESPIRATORY MOTION IN 4DCT PLANNING

Purpose To assess the accuracy of maximum-intensity volumes (MIV) for fast contouring of lung tumors including respiratory motion. Methods and Materials Four-dimensional computed tomography (4DCT) data of 10 patients were acquired. Maximum-intensity volumes were constructed by assigning the maximum Hounsfield unit in all CT volumes per geometric voxel to a new, synthetic volume. Gross tumor volumes (GTVs) were contoured on all CT volumes, and their union was constructed. The GTV with all its respiratory motion was contoured on the MIV as well. Union GTVs and GTVs including motion were compared visually. Furthermore, planning target volumes (PTVs) were constructed for the union of GTVs and the GTV on MIV. These PTVs were compared by centroid position, volume, geometric extent, and surface distance. Results Visual comparison of GTVs demonstrated failure of the MIV technique for 5 of 10 patients. For adequate GTVMIVs, differences between PTVs were Conclusion Maximum-intensity volumes are a good first estimate for target volume definition including respiratory motion. However, it seems mandatory to validate each individual MIV by overlaying it on a movie loop displaying the 4DCT data and editing it for possible inadequate coverage of GTVs on additional 4DCT motion states.