cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
What Makes The Indian Bomb Tick

This chapter summarizes the history of India’ nuclear-weapons development program and the central factors that shaped it. The history is divided into four somewhat distinct phases, with the third culminating in the nuclear tests of May 1998. The chapter then chronicles unusually dramatic events of the fourth phase, beginning in 1999—the Lahore summit; the Kargil War; the draft nuclear doctrine. The chapter suggests that these events indicated some of the difficulties India would have adjusting to the benefits and liabilities of overtly possessing nuclear weapons. The chapter concludes by noting that after a fifty-year epoch, in which India took a singular approach to nuclear weapons, Indian strategists and officials are now on a slippery slope toward convergence with the dominant, realpolitik conception and management of nuclear weapons, which India always had derided as irrational, immoral, and excessively dangerous.
Microscopic and spectroscopic investigation of phase evolution within static and dynamic indentations in single-crystal silicon

Abstract Silicon undergoes multiple phase transformations during indentation, and its final phase depends primarily upon the rate of unloading. In this study, single-crystal silicon was subjected to static and dynamic indentations in order to evaluate the propensity for particular phase transformations as a function of unloading strain rate. Raman spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy were employed to map the phase distribution within and beneath the indent impression. It was found that silicon behavior is strongly dependent on unloading strain rate, with the preferred final phase switching from crystalline polytypes to nanocrystalline Si. The manuscript provides data in the intermediate strain rate range (10 3 –10 5 s −1 ) that is not currently available in literature and links published nanoindentation to shock testing results, crucial to predicting material response at a range of strain rates.
Mating system transitions in Solanum habrochaites impact interactions between populations and species

Summary In plants, transitions in mating system from outcrossing to self-fertilization are common; however, the impact of these transitions on interspecific and interpopulation reproductive barriers is not fully understood. We examined the consequences of mating system transition for reproductive barriers in 19 populations of the wild tomato species Solanum habrochaites. We identified S. habrochaites populations with self-incompatible (SI), self-compatible (SC) and mixed population (MP) mating systems, and characterized pollen–pistil interactions among S. habrochaites populations and between S. habrochaites and other tomato species. We examined the relationship between mating system, floral morphology, interspecific and interpopulation compatibility and pistil SI factors. We documented five distinct phenotypic groups by combining reproductive behavior with molecular data. Transitions from SI to MP were not associated with weakened interspecific reproductive barriers or loss of known pistil SI factors. However, transitions to SC at the northern range margin were accompanied by loss of S-RNase, smaller flowers, and weakened (or absent) interspecific pollen−pistil barriers. Finally, we identified a subset of SC populations that exhibited a partial interpopulation reproductive barrier with central SI populations. Our results support the hypothesis that shifts in mating system, followed by additional loss-of-function mutations, impact reproductive barriers within and between species.
Novel electric drive with power-regenerating capability: modeling and simulation

This paper provides a detailed modeling of the variable voltage variable frequency drive system (VVVF) proposed by previous research. The AC/DC converter performance at low speed is tested and propulsion drive startup has been evaluated. The ability of the drive to provide power regeneration has been investigated, and the simulations suggest that the VVVF drive would have the ability to support substantial levels of pulse loads.
Middle-power definitions: confusion reigns supreme

ABSTRACTRenewed interest in middle powers since the late 2000s has seen a surge in research. Yet an agreed definition is more elusive than ever. This compromises the ability to pursue meaningful research programs, communicate practical policy advice, and instruct future generations. Why is an agreed definition so elusive and how can this challenge be overcome? The author contends that the definition of the term ‘middle power’ has evolved to be less about discovering either ‘the meaning of a word’ or ‘the nature of a thing’ in the pursuit of knowledge, and more about persuasion, influence, coercion and, ultimately, the exercise of power. An alternative approach to definition offers the best hope to address this challenge. With this objective, the author first looks into the nature and criteria for definition in the social sciences. Second, he looks at the structure of contemporary attempts to redefine the term. Third, he analyses definitional ruptures to shed light on the rhetorical import of contests. Fin...
Financial market inclusion, shadow economy and economic growth: New evidence from emerging economies

Abstract This study is the first to examine the impact of the shadow economy on financial market inclusion simultaneously examining the short run and the long run. Using annual data from 1980 to 2013 for 18 selected merging economies we find that the shadow economy has significant short-run asymmetric effects on the financial market inclusion of a majority of emerging economies in our sample. We use the recent nonlinear cointegration approach (i.e., NARDL), which introduces nonlinearity into the model specification, to search for asymmetric effects of the shadow economy on financial market inclusion.
Ore-Scrap magnetic roasting. … A new basis for the beneficiation of iron ore

A completely new concept in magnetic roasting of iron ore—the use of scrap iron as a reductant—has been validated in batch and continuous laboratory experiments demonstrating iron recoveries of well over 90%.
2D ARFI and Viscoelastic Response (VisR) anisotropy imaging in skeletal muscle

Tissue mechanical anisotropy has been shown to be diagnostically relevant in numerous clinical applications. Anisotropy can be assessed using acoustic radiation force-based techniques, including Acoustic Radiation Force Impulse (ARFI) and Viscoelastic Response (VisR) ultrasound. In this work, ARFI peak displacement (PD), as well as VisR relative elasticity (RE) and relative viscosity (RV), were implemented to image mechanical anisotropy in ex vivo porcine posas major muscle. Two psoas major samples were imaged in this work. The first sample was imaged whole. The second sample was sectioned into a 1 cm-diameter cylinder (with cylinder height oriented along the muscle fibers) and embedded into an isotropic gelatin phantom for imaging. ARFI and VisR were performed on both muscle samples using a linear array transducer mounted to a translation and rotation stage. By rotating the transducer 90o as it stepped across a 2D imaging field of view, PD, RE, and RV were measured along and across muscle fibers. Then, the ratios of PD, RE, and RV measurements made along versus across the muscle fibers were calculated, and these ratios were parametrically rendered in to 2D images representing degree of anisotropy. In the whole psoas major, PD anisotropy ratio was 1.08 +− 0.11, the RE anisotropy ratio was 0.94 +− 0.09 and the RV ratio was 0.94 +− 0.08. These PD and RE anisotropy ratios suggest that the longitudinal shear elastic modulus was greater than the transverse shear elastic modulus, which agrees with previous studies on muscle anisotropy. The RV results suggest that the longitudinal viscous modulus was greater than the transverse viscous modulus. Similar PD, RE, and RV anisotropy ratios were measured in the embedded psoas major section, and contrast ratios were 0.21, 0.14, and 0.30 for PD, RE and RV 2D anisotropy images, respectively. CNR for PD, RE, and RV anisotropy images were 3.26, 2.09 and 2.41, respectively. These results demonstrate that ARFI and VisR anisotropy imaging are relevant for delineating the spatial distribution of anisotropic features in tissue.
Nurse-to-nurse shift handoffs on medical-surgical units: A process within the flow of nursing care.

Aims and objectives To qualitatively investigate the medical-surgical nurse shift handoff as a process within the workflow of the exchanging nurses. Specifically, this study sought to identify the ideal handoff, ways the handoff deviated from ideal, and subsequent effect on nursing care. Background The functions as well as information content of the handoff have been studied. However, typical studies look at the handoff as an isolated activity utilising nurse perceptions as the primary measure of quality. Design Semi-structured focus groups were conducted to discuss nurses' perspectives on ideal handoffs, ways handoffs deviate from the ideal including frequent and significant deviations and the effects on subsequent care. Methods Twenty-one medical-surgical nurses participated in one of five audio-taped focus group sessions. Three sessions were conducted at hospital A; two sessions at unaffiliated hospital B. The general inductive approach was used to analyse verbatim transcripts. Transcript segments relevant for answering the research questions were coded as ideal or not ideal. Conceptual themes were then developed. Result Two major themes were identified: teams/teamwork and constructing and communicating a shared understanding of the patients' conditions. The importance of nurse preparatory activities was revealed including the incoming nurses reading patients' health records and outgoing nurses rounding on patients. The impact of shared expectations was identified across the team, where teams include, in addition to the two nurses, the electronic health record, other hospital staff and patients/families with a bedside handoff. New potential nurse-centred process and outcome measures were proposed. Conclusions Evaluating handoffs by their effect on the nursing performance both during and after the handoff offers a new framework to objectively assess handoff effectiveness. Relevance to clinical practice The handoff is a process which may significantly affect the incoming nurse's transition into and administration of nursing care.
Concussion: Predicting Recovery

Identifying athletes at risk for protracted recovery following a sport-related concussion (SRC) is an important part of concussion management. Consensus statements outline several factors that are purported to contribute to SRC recovery; however, many of these factors lack empirical support and warrant additional research. The purpose of this chapter is to (1) describe best practice for returning an athlete to play following SRC, (2) provide an overview of studies that examine SRC recovery, and (3) present empirical support for factors that predict prolonged recovery following SRC.
Abstract P6-13-07: Chemotherapy with and without trastuzumab or no treatment in elderly patients with HER2 amplified breast cancer at a single center

Introduction Trastuzumab with systemic chemotherapy has shown an improvement in outcomes for patients (pts) with HER2 amplified/overexpressed (HER2+) breast cancer. Pts enrolled onto trials were young with a minority of pts at ≥65 years (yrs) of age. Herein, we report the administration of systemic treatment (ST) (chemotherapy and/or trastuzumab) verus no treatment in elderly pts at a single center. Methods Patients ≥65 yrs with stage I-III HER2+ (defined as IHC 3+ or FISH >2.0) breast cancer, treated at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center between 2000-2012, were retrospectively identified from our database. Clinicopathologic features were retrieved and co-morbidity indexes (CI) were calculated. Pts were divided by hormone receptor (HR) (defined as ER >10% and/or PR >10%) status into HER2+HR- and HER2+HR+. Each group was further divided by use of ST into: chemotherapy and trastuzumab (CT+T), chemotherapy alone (CT) or no systemic treatment (No Rx). Patients receiving neoadjuvant ST or trastuzumab only as ST were excluded from the KM analysis. Primary objective was to identify patterns of treatment recommendation in the elderly population. We explored disease-free survival (DFS) as estimated using the Kaplan-Meier (KM) method. Results We identified 300 pts ≥65 yrs with HER2+ tumors. 128 (42.7%) were HER2+HR- and 172 (57.3%) were HER2+HR+. The median follow-up for all patients was 6.1 years (range, 0.07-16.7). In the HER2+HR- group, 63 (49.2%) patients received CT+T, 25 (19.5%) CT alone, and 40 (31.3%) had no Rx. Anthracycline based chemotherapy was administered to 57/88 (65%) of patients on CT. Women receiving chemotherapy with or without trastuzumab were younger (65-70 vs >70 years of age) (p=.002) and had more advanced tumor stages (p=.003). Their respective 5-yr DFS KM estimates were 0.84, 0.80, and 0.61 (logrank p=0.06). In the HER2+HR+ group, 77 (44.8%) patients received CT+T, 22 (12.8%) CT alone, and 73 (42.2%) had no Rx. Anthracycline based chemotherapy was administered to 51/99 (51%) of patients on CT. Endocrine therapy was given to 153/172 (89%) of the total cohort. Women receiving chemotherapy with or without trastuzumab were younger (p Conclusions At a single center, in the elderly populations at ≥65 years of age with HER2+ HR- and HER2+HR+ breast cancer, pts who received systemic treatment were younger and had higher stage of disease than those who received no treatment. In an exploratory analysis, there appeared to be a benefit of systemic treatment in pts in the HER+HR- group. Citation Format: Muhsen S, Dang C, Plitas G, Seier K, Stempel M, Patil S, Morrow M, El-Tamer M. Chemotherapy with and without trastuzumab or no treatment in elderly patients with HER2 amplified breast cancer at a single center [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2017 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2017 Dec 5-9; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P6-13-07.
Coordinate regulation of the individual ribosomal RNA operons in Escherichiacoli

Abstract When Escherichia coli is growing in steady state with doubling times of 40 minutes or 20 hours, during shift up conditions, or under conditions of relaxed control of RNA synthesis, all rRNA cistrons are transcribed equally.
Effects of Group Membership and Size Distribution within a Group on Growth Rates of Juvenile Sablefish Anoplopoma fimbria

Group membership can confer both advantages and disadvantages to growth in juvenile fishes. The balance between costs and benefits of social interactions can shift depending on such factors as the composition of the group (density and size disparity) and the availability of food. We examined the effect of these factors on absolute growth and growth depensation in juvenile sablefish, Anoplopoma fimbria. Increasing density and increasing size disparity had little influence on absolute growth rates of juvenile sablefish and the effects of these social factors were not modified by ration level. In experiments testing density effects, absolute growth did not differ among groups of 1, 3, or 10 fish held at high rations, but at low rations single fish exhibited a different pattern of size-dependent growth compared to fish in groups. In experiments testing disparity effects, absolute growth did not differ between groups with an even size distribution and groups with a mixed size distribution. The relative size of an individual within a group, i.e., small, medium, or large, also did not modify growth, despite evidence of higher chasing behavior in mixed size distributions. Although the growth of small fish was not diminished in the presence of large fish, negative impacts of size disparity were expressed in high levels of cannibalism, which occurred in 42% of groups with a mixed size distribution. Significant growth depensation over time occurred in the density experiment, but not in the size disparity experiment, possibly due to the shorter duration of the latter experiment. We suggest that growth depensation was generated by individual variability in growth capacity rather than social effects on growth rates. Schooling behavior, measured by group cohesion indices, increased with fish size and was higher in groups with an even vs. a mixed size distribution. These results for sablefish are consistent with other schooling species in which growth variability is determined by exploitative competition and/or genetic variability in growth capacity rather than interference competition.
Genealogies of horror: three stories of slave-women, motherhood, and murder in the Americas

This article examines three cases of infanticide committed by slave women in the Americas – Margaret Garner (1856) of Ohio, Ignacia (1868) of Parana, Brazil, and Justina (1878) of Rio de Janeiro. T...
Close-Space Sublimated CdTe Solar Cells with Co-Sputtered CdS x Se 1-x Alloy Window Layers

Thin film CdTe solar cells devices are fabricated using homogenous alloys of CdS-CdSe, deposited by a co-sputter process and of varying compositions, as the window layer materials. After close-space sublimation of the CdTe layer and subsequent device finishing processes, the cells are characterized in terms of electo-optical performance as well as structural and compositional properties.
Acute Renal Failure Secondary to Inadvertent Propylene Glycol Overdose with Single-Day High-Dose Vitamin D (Stosstherapy)

Globally, there has been increasing attention paid to vitamin D deficiency and its treatment. Vitamin D stosstherapy with high-dose ergocalciferol in a single day is reemerging as a potential treatment option. We present an as yet unreported complication of acute renal injury due to propylene glycol toxicity in a 7-month infant treated with vitamin D stosstherapy. The product label for the vitamin D used for this patient states it is dissolved in propylene glycol (PG), but the amount is not listed on this or other US ergocalciferol liquid products that contain PG. Caution should be used when considering vitamin D stosstherapy with liquid ergocalciferol products available in the United States.
Emergence and distinction of classes in XRD data via machine learning

The material-specific information contained in X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements make it attractive for the detection of threats in airport baggage. Spatially-localized XRD signatures at each voxel in a bag may be obtained with a snapshot via coded aperture XRD tomography, but measurement unceratinty due to data processing and low SNR can lead to loss in information. We use machine learning and non-linear dimension reduction to identify threat and non-threat items in a way that overcomes these variations in the data. We observe the emergence of clusters from the data, possibly providing new prospects for XRD-based classification. We further show improved performance using machine learning methods relative to a conventional, correlation-based classifier in the low-SNR regime.
Cell Imaging Using Glass-Air Disordered Optical Fiber and Deep Learning Algorithms

LED-illuminated cell imaging is demonstrated by combining a glass-air disordered transmission optical fiber with a deep learning algorithm. Artifact-free cell images can be recovered after being transmitted through a meter-long fiber sample. © 2019 The Author(s)
Comparison of arterial and venous implantable Doppler postoperative monitoring of free flaps: Systematic review and meta‐analysis of diagnostic test accuracy

BACKGROUND Early detection of vascular compromise following free flap microsurgical reconstruction is essential. This can lead to timely reoperations and flap salvage. Both arteries and veins are monitored postoperatively with implantable ultrasound Dopplers based on surgeon preference with no consensus as to which method is best. This systematic review and meta-analysis compared arterial to venous implantable Dopplers for postoperative monitoring of microsurgical free flap reconstruction. METHODS Five databases (MEDLINE via PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and Scopus) were systematically and independently searched. PRISMA and Cochrane guidelines were strictly followed. Clinical characteristics, donor and recipient sites, specific arterial or venous vessels, diagnostic data, outcomes, and complications were recorded. RESULTS The seven studies included in the meta-analysis were published from 1994 to 2018, with results from 38 of the possible 64 outcomes and complications queried. A total of 763 flaps with implantable Doppler probes on 527 arteries and 388 veins were included in the study. Compared to patients monitored with venous implantable Dopplers, arterial monitoring was associated with a risk of false-positives reduced by 74% (RR:0.26, 95% CI:0.12, 0.55, I2 = 40%, p = .0004) and risk of signal loss reduced by 63% (RR:0.37, 95% CI:0.24, 0.59, I2 = 26%, p < .0001). Patients being monitored with a venous implantable Doppler did not show significantly different sensitivities, specificities, true-positives, false-negatives, true-negatives, positive predictive values, negative predictive values, time to signal loss, take-backs, salvage rates, flap failures, flap failure rates, arterial, venous, vascular, and hematoma compromise compared to an arterial implantable Doppler. CONCLUSION These findings suggest arteries may be the best vessels to monitor when using an implantable Doppler following free flap microsurgical reconstruction. Caution is advised when interpreting these findings for clinical significance due to no significant differences in take-backs, SR, flap failures, and FFR.
Self-healing thermoplastic-toughened epoxy

Abstract A thermoplastic resin poly(bisphenol A-co-epichlorohydrin) (PBAE) is blended with a high glass transition temperature (Tg) epoxy matrix to serve as both a toughening additive and a healing agent in combination with an encapsulated solvent. Microcapsules are coated with poly(dopamine) (PDA) to improve the thermal stability and retain the core solvent during curing at 180 °C. The fracture toughness of the high Tg epoxy (EPON 828: diamino diphenyl sulfone) is doubled by the addition of 20 wt % PBAE alone and tripled by the addition of both microcapsules and the thermoplastic phase. Self-healing is achieved with up to 57% recovery of virgin fracture toughness of the toughened epoxy. Healing performance and fracture toughness of the self-healing system remain stable after aging 30 days. The relative amount of thermoplastic phase and the presence of solvent-filled microcapsules influence the storage modulus, Tg, and healing performance of the polymer.
Meta-analysis of cyathostomin species-specific prevalence and relative abundance in domestic horses from 1975–2020: emphasis on geographical region and specimen collection method

Cyathostomins infect virtually all horses, and concomitant infections with 10 or more species per horse is standard. Species-specific knowledge is limited, despite potential species bias in development of disease and anthelmintic resistance. This is the first meta-analysis to examine effects of geographical region and cyathostomin collection method on reported composition of cyathostomin communities. Thirty-seven articles published in English in 1975 or later, in which adults of individual species were systematically enumerated, were included. Seven regions; North America, South America, eastern Europe, western Europe, northern Europe, southern Africa, and Oceania, and three cyathostomin collection methods; (i) standard necropsy recovery from the large intestine, (ii) critical test collection from post-treatment feces and necropsy, and (iii) diagnostic deworming recovery solely from post-treatment feces, were considered. Generalized mixed linear models analyzed the effects of region and collection method on species-specific prevalence and relative abundance. Species richness was analyzed by mixed linear models. Definitively, the most prevalent and relatively abundant species were Cylicocyclus nassatus (prevalence = 93%, relative abundance = 20%), Cylicostephanus (Cys.) longibursatus (93%, 20%), and Cyathostomum catinatum (90%, 16%). A bias toward horses with high infection intensities and cyathostomin collection from feces resulted in North American critical tests and eastern European diagnostic deworming overestimating the species-specific prevalence and underestimating the relative abundance of rare/uncommon species compared to respective intra-regional standard necropsies. North American critical tests underestimated species richness due partially to identification key errors. Inter-regional standard necropsy comparisons yielded some species-specific regional differences, including a significantly higher Cys. longibursatus prevalence and relative abundance in North America (92%, 33%) than in eastern Europe (51%, 7%) (P > 0.0001). Localization of critical tests to North America and diagnostic deworming to Eastern Europe precluded expansive ‘region by collection method’ interaction analyses. We provide substantial data to inform study design, e.g. effect and study size, for cyathostomin research and highlight necessity for method standardization and raw data accessibility for optimal post-factum comparisons.
Fluid-particle drag force measurements from particle-resolved CFD simulations of flow past random arrays of ellipsoidal particles

Abstract The lack of constitutive drag laws for non-spherical particles represents a current gap in simulating fluid-particle flows, even though such non-spherical shapes are encountered in numerous applications. Some previous studies have applied spherical drag models to non-spherical particles, while others have used ad-hoc methods to account for particle shapes. However, the present work demonstrates the need to develop dedicated non-spherical drag laws, given the limitations of these previous ad-hoc approaches. In the present study, single-phase computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations of fluid flow over random arrays of ellipsoids are used to directly calculate the fluid-particle drag forces. By varying the particle shape, orientation, solid fraction, and fluid-flow velocity (Reynolds number), this work probes the variables that would be important for future model development. A preliminary non-spherical drag model is proposed based on the CFD results, which illustrates the functional dependency of the non-spherical drag on particle aspect ratio and orientation.
Measurement Process Optimization in Using Lock-in Thermography for Fault Localization of CoWos Packages

This paper mainly investigation on defect localization application of CoWos (Chip on Wafer on Substrate) packaging through lock-in thermography. When failure samples are rare, it is necessary to use non-destructive Thermal EMMI to detect hot spots, and determine the defect Z-depth of CoWos packaging by lock-in thermography and PFA (Physical failure analysis) methods. We found that at different lock-in frequencies, the amplitudes of the hot spots were basically 10mK, but during the second exposure of 3 minutes at different frequencies, the phase differed greatly, and not even every lock-in frequency could detect the effective hot spots. It is considerable to select the appropriate lock-in frequency to get the optimal hot spot for the fault. In this paper, the concept of standard deviation is introduced into the optimal choice of hot spots. The frequency with the minimum standard deviation of phase is selected as optimal condition for failure localization. The lock-in thermography can not only quickly determine the Z-depth of fault refer to good pin or phase of each structure of CoWos chip, but also select optimal hot spot XY coordinate through the standard deviation of phase. An optimal lock-in frequency of certain hot spot on die or substrate layer are identified through a series of experiments. It is noticeable that optimal hot spot through the minimum standard deviation of phase can impove the accuracy of fault location and the success rate of subsequent physical analysis.
Intuition and Attitudes toward Women

Intuition is an ancient mode of deriving knowledge that many Westerners feel has all but disappeared within most present-day humans, but there are still many instances of intuitive practices by indigenous people throughout the world. One such occurrence was demonstrated during the December 2004 Asian tsunami that devastated much of the shoreline bordering the Indian Ocean resulting in the loss of more than 200,000 lives.
The International Tax Regime: A Centennial Reconsideration

The international tax regime is almost a hundred years old. The two principles it is based on (the benefits principle and the single tax principle) were developed in the 1920s and 1930s. The regime functioned reasonable well until the 1980s, where globalization led to tax competition that undermined its principles. As the OECD is reconsidering the regime in the context of the BEPS and MAATM projects, now is a good time to rethink the fundamentals. Upon reconsideration, it is clear that the regime cannot function without multilateral consensus, and that such consensus is easier to achieve among source countries in the case of passive income and residence countries in the case of active income. This, in turn, suggests that the priorities underlying the benefits principle need to be reversed.
Tasks, Talents and Taxes

This paper considers the normative implications of technical change for tax policy design. A task-to-talent assignment model of the labor market is embedded into an optimal tax problem. The impacts of technical change on wage growth across talents and the substitutability of talents across tasks emerge as key drivers of policy.The sources of technical change are measured. Evidence of polarization in the demand for tasks and a twisting of the task-talent productivity function with low talents catching up in simple tasks and falling behind in more complex ones is found.The optimal policy response is to reduce marginal income taxes at the bottom and middle of the income distribution. Transfers to the bottom of the income distribution should be reduced.
Optical frequency-shift-keying (FSK) encoded pulses for high-capacity label switching applications

We demonstrate the combination of optical FSK modulated label with the on-off-keying modulated payload on the same carrier of optical pulses. The scheme has advantage of supporting ultra-high-capacity label switching applications.
A phase I study of Femcap® used with and without spermicide: Postcoital testing

The objectives of the study were to assess the ability of the Femcap, a new vaginal contraceptive device made of silicone and designed to fit snugly around the cervix to prevent the penetration of sperm into midcycle cervical mucus when used with and without spermicide; and to compare it with the standard contraceptive diaphragm used with spermicide. Eight women underwent two baseline cycles of postcoital testing in which no device was used, followed by three test cycles in which Femcap with spermicide, Femcap with nonspermicidal lubricant (K'Y gel) or the Ortho All-Flex diaphragm with spermicide was used. The sequence of testing cycles was randomized. In each cycle, condoms were used prior to midcycle, then a midcycle cervical mucus specimen was examined to ensure midcycle characteristics and the absence of sperm. Each woman then had intercourse using either no device (baseline cycles) or the prescribed device (test cycles) and returned 2-3 h afterwards. Cervical mucus was again assessed for adequacy and the presence of spermatozoa. The average number of progressively motile sperm seen per high power field was as follows: first baseline cycle, 18.0; second baseline cycle, 17.8; test cycle with Femcap used with nonspermicidal lubricant, 0.1; test cycle with Femcap used with spermicide, 0.2; and test cycle with the diaphragm used with spermicide, 0.0. There was no significant difference between baseline cycles or among test cycles in the average number of progressively motile sperm seen (p > 0.05). The average number of progressively motile sperm seen in each test cycle did, however, differ significantly from the average number seen in either baseline cycle (p < 0.05). Femcap, used with either a spermicidal lubricant or a nonspermicidal lubricant, appears to be comparable with the diaphragm used with spermicide in preventing sperm from entering midcycle cervical mucus.
Screw Compressor Characteristics for Helium Refrigeration Systems

The oil injected screw compressors have practically replaced all other types of compressors in modern helium refrigeration systems due to their large displacement capacity, minimal vibration, reliability and capability of handling helium's high heat of compression.At the present state of compressor system designs for helium systems, typically two-thirds of the lost input power is due to the compression system. Therefore it is important to understand the isothermal and volumetric efficiencies of these machines to help properly design these compression systems to match the refrigeration process. This presentation summarizes separate tests that have been conducted on Sullair compressors at the Superconducting Super-Collider Laboratory (SSCL) in 1993, Howden compressors at Jefferson Lab (JLab) in 2006 and Howden compressors at the Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) in 2006. This work is part of an ongoing study at JLab to understand the theoretical basis for these efficiencies and their loss mechanisms, as well ...
In-package pasteurization of ready-to-eat meat and poultry products

Abstract: In-package thermal pasteurization is a widely used processing method to eliminate foodborne pathogens in packaged ready-to-eat foods. The chapter first gives an overview of the microbial concerns that are associated with ready-to-eat foods. It then describes factors such as product configuration in package and processing time–temperature combinations that affect the effectiveness of in-package pasteurization. The chapter concludes with a review of published studies to further the technology of in-package pasteurization.
Imaging evaluation of treated benign bone tumours

A number of benign bone tumours can be treated with curettage and packing with either bone cement or graft. It is essential that the radiologist be familiar with both the normal and abnormal post-operative imaging appearance of these treated tumours. Through the use of numerous imaging examples, we aim to provide a pictorial review of the expected post-operative appearance of benign bone tumours treated with curettage and packing, as well as the imaging features of recurrence, the most common potential complication.
Chemical composition of T-21 silica tubing and implications for neutron activation analysis

T-21 silica, a commonly used encapsulation material in neutron activation analysis of small samples, was analyzed by INAA to determine trace levels of the following impurities: Na, Sc, Cr, Fe, Co, Ni, Zn, Br, Sb, La, Ce, Sm, Tb, Hf and Au. In the unprocessed form supplied by the manufacturer, pieces of T-21 weighing 50 mg contain ∼6·10−2 μg Na; ∼9·10−3 μg Fe; ∼3·10−7–7·10−6 μg light REE, Sc and Hf and ∼4·10−8 μg Tb and Au. In a series of glass-blowing steps, in which unfiltered gases were used for fuel, and cleaning steps, in which reagent grade aqua regia was used, irradiation vials were produced which contain higher average levels of Sc, La, Sm, Tb and Hf, by factors ranging from 1.3 for Sm to 11.5 for La, and lower average levels of Co, Na and Fe, by factors of 1.4, 2.0 and 4.0, respectively, than the unprocessed material. These contamination levels lead to blank corrections of 21% for La, 2.6% for Ce and 3.0% for Hf in 40 μg samples of refractory inclusions from carbonaceous chondrites, if counted in their irradiation vials.
Marks of Oppression: A Postcolonial Reading of Paul's Stigmata in Galatians 6:7

In this essay I examine Gal. 6.17 in hopes of recovering an interpretation of Paul that demonstrates Paul's self-identity as a slave. To be more specific, I investigate Gal. 6.11-17 in light of current studies in postcolonialism, in order to see the influences that the Roman Empire had upon Paul in regard to Paul's understanding of his stigmata ('marks'). The purpose of this article is (1) to evaluate the contemporary historical and social-scientific interpretations of the stigmata and argue for the importance of understanding these 'marks' in light of ancient rhetoric, (2) I will argue to situate this discussion within a postcolonial dialogue with a specific definition of postcolonialism that rejects overly simplistic 'dualistic' rubrics and investigates a text looking for domination/coordination/subordination relationships, (3) reconsider Paul's stigmata in light of the slavery metaphor by comparing Paul's stigmata to the ancient slave concept of basanos , and (4) offer a new interpretation of the stigmata as it reveals Paul's suppressed status as a colonized Jew looking for an alternative language to express his deep need for a master worthy of his loyalty. The results may be less than desirable, but I hope to both make people aware of the slave metaphor, and stimulate thought as to other meaningful metaphors that might be considered to understand Paul's relationship to Christ as it is conceived within a postcolonial optic.
The goals of University research

The university is viewed as an institution for sharpening men's intellectual abilities and focusing them on mankind's basic problems. Research seeks knowledge as a step toward understanding.
Patterns of Doppler recordings and its relationship to varicocele in infertile men.

Summary Incompetence of the testicular vein appears to be the basic pathology of testicula dysfunction in varicocele. Doppler recording is a very sensitive method for detecting this reflux even when varicocele is not evident clinically. One hundred and seventy-eight men with infertility were studied. The presence of reflux in the pampiniform plexus as demonstrated by Doppler recording was compared with clinical varicocele. Reflux patterns were recorded on graph paper and various grades of reflux were observed. The three grades of reflux identified varied between a momentary reflux during vigorous Valsalva manœuvre to significant reflux on minimal increase in intra-abdominal pressure brought about by normal respiration and deep breathing. Ninety-four per cent of the patients with clinical signs C varicocele had refluxes of grade 2 and 3 on Doppler study. Forty per cent of the patients without clinical evidence of varicocele were found to have reflux of grade and 2 in the testicular veins.
Agronomic and seed characteristics of soybean with reduced phytate and palmitate

Nonruminant animals fed soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] meal cannot metabolize the P that is in the form of phytate. A soybean line CX1834-1-6 was developed that had a major reduction in phytate P and a concomitant increase in the inorganic P that is available to nonruminants. The objective of this study was to determine the impact of low phytate (LP) on agronomic and seed traits of lines with reduced palmitate in the seed oil. A population of soybean was developed by crossing CX1834-1-6 to a reduced-palmitate line B01769B019 and backcrossing the F 1 plants to B01769B019. Twenty BC 1 F 2 -derived lines with LP and reduced palmitate and 20 lines with normal phytate (NP) and reduced palmitate from the population were evaluated at three Iowa environments in 2003. The LP lines had a mean seedling emergence that was 22.3 percentage units less than the NP lines. Although the plant density of the LP lines was less than the NP lines, the mean yield of the two types was not significantly different. The palmitate and stearate content of the LP lines was significantly greater than that of the reduced-palmitate parent. The reduced emergence and greater saturate content of the LP lines may make it difficult to develop acceptable cultivars for production of LP soybean meal and low-saturate oil.
Ca2+ buffer sites in intact bovine rod outer segments: introduction to a novel optical probe to measure ionic permeabilities in suspensions of small particles.

The nature of the Ca2+ buffer sites in intact rod outer segments isolated from bovine retinas (ROS) was investigated. The predominant Ca2+ buffer in intact ROS was found to be negatively charged groups confined to the surface of the disk membranes. Accordingly, Ca2+ buffering in ROS was strongly influenced by the electrostatic surface potential. The concentration of Ca2+ buffer sites was about 30mm, 80% of which were located at the membrane surface in the intradiskal space. A comparison with observations in model systems suggests that phosphatidylserine is the major Ca2+ buffer site in ROS. Protons and alkali cations could replace Ca2+ as mobile counterions for the fixed negatively charged groups. At physiological ionic strength, the total number of these diffusible, but osmotically inactive, counterions was as large as the number of osmotically active cations in ROS. The surface potential is dependent on the concentration of cations in ROS and can be measured with the optical dye neutral red. Addition of cations to the external solution led to the release of the internally bound dye as the cations crossed the outer membrane. The chemical and spectral properties of the dye enable its use as a real-time indicator of cation transport across the outer envelope of small particles in suspension. In this study, the dye method is illustrated by the use of well-defined ionophores in intact ROS and in liposomes. In the companion paper this method is used to describe the cation permeabilities native to ROS.
A six-legged rover for planetary exploration

To survive the rigors and isolation of planetary exploration, an autonomous rover must be competent, reliable, and efficient. This paper presents the Ambler, a six-legged robot featuring orthogonal legs and a novel circulating gait, which has been designed for traversal of rugged, unknown environments. An autonomous software system that integrates perception, planning, and real-time control has been developed to walk the Ambler through obstacle strewn terrain. The paper describes the information and control flow of the walking system, and how the design of the mechanism and software combine to achieve competent walking, reliable behavior in the face of unexpected failures, and efficient utilization of time and power.
Ligand exchange reactions in the preparation of trans-[PtCl2(Olefin)(L)] complexes

Abstract In the usual preparation of trans -[PtCl 2 (olefin)(L)] complexes, where L is a neutral base such as isoquinoline or pyridine, adventitious free L contaminates the complex. It is important to remove the free base before meaningful 1 H NMR spectra can be obtained. This can be achieved by treatment of a solution of the complex with a cationic exchange resin, or more conveniently, by extraction of the solution with HBF 4 .
Overcoming the Multiplex Disadvantage by Using Maximum-Likelihood Inversion:

A maximum-likelihood estimator, derived under quantum-noiselimited measurement conditions, is used to obtain wavenumber-ordered spectra produced by a model Michelson interferometer. The estimator is tested on a number of synthetic interferograms, and results are compared to similar spectra obtained by using the Fourier (cosine) transform. It is found that the maximum-likelihood inversion method does not result in white noise in the spectrum estimate when the spectrum is sparse. It thus may be used to circumvent the main disadvantage in multiplexed spectrometer measurements using quantum-noise-limited detectors for emissionbased measurements. It is also found that maximum-likelihood inversion methods can be used to obtain spectrum estimates with greater peak-width resolution than those found by using Fourier transforms. The methods produce optical spectrum estimates that are relatively free of artifacts associated with the Fourier transform. The method is extended to include measurements with both quantum noise and additive white noise. Results obtained by using the quantum-noise-limited and normal noise maximum-likelihood spectrum estimation methods suggest that both the multiplex-disadvantage and the Gibbs phenomenon effects may be reduced by limiting the parameter space. The main problem with the maximum-likelihood method is the relatively long times required to obtain spectrum estimates.
Identification and Validation of Novel Therapeutic Targets for Multiple Myeloma

In vitro and in vivo models have been developed that have allowed for delineation of mechanisms of multiple myeloma (MM) cell homing to bone marrow (BM); tumor cell adhesion to extracellular matrix proteins and BM stromal cells; and cytokine-mediated growth, survival, drug resistance, and migration within the BM milieu. Delineation of the signaling cascades mediating these sequelae has identified multiple novel therapeutic targets in the tumor cell and its BM microenvironment. Importantly, novel therapies targeting the tumor cell and the BM, as well as those targeting the tumor cell or BM alone, can overcome the growth, survival, conventional drug resistance, and migration of MM cells bound to BM using both in vitro and in vivo severe combined immunodeficiency mouse models of human MM. These studies have translated rapidly from the bench to the bedside in derived clinical trials, and have already led to the United States Food and Drug Administration approval of the novel proteasome inhibitor bortezomib fo...
Alternative approach to protein structure prediction based on sequential similarity of physical properties

The relationship between protein sequence and structure arises entirely from amino acid physical properties. An alternative method is therefore proposed to identify homologs in which residue equivalence is based exclusively on the pairwise physical property similarities of sequences. This approach, the property factor method (PFM), is entirely different from those in current use. A comparison is made between our method and PSI BLAST. We demonstrate that traditionally defined sequence similarity can be very low for pairs of sequences (which therefore cannot be identified using PSI BLAST), but similarity of physical property distributions results in almost identical 3D structures. The performance of PFM is shown to be better than that of PSI BLAST when sequence matching is comparable, based on a comparison using targets from CASP10 (89 targets) and CASP11 (51 targets). It is also shown that PFM outperforms PSI BLAST in informatically challenging targets.
Increasing risk of glacial lake outburst floods as a consequence of climate change in the Himalayan region

The greater Himalayan Mountains host the largest snow covered area outside the polar regions and serves as the source for some of the major fluvial systems of the world. The region acts as the lifeline for approximately 10% of the world’s population. The terrain is geologically active, highly susceptible to climate change processes and plays a significant role in global hydro-meteorological cycles and biodiversity. With the increasing impacts of climate change to the glaciers and ice caps during the past few decades, people living in the Himalayas have become vulnerable to a higher risk of floods, avalanches and glacial lake outburst floods(GLOFs). This study reviewed the work carried out by earlier researchers to understand the history and science of GLOFs and their potential risk to the communities in the Himalayanbelt, particularly in Pakistan.
A Cadence-based design environment for single flux quantum circuits

The semiconductor industry standard computer-aided-design (CAD) tool Cadence has been calibrated for a 3 /spl mu/m Niobium technology in order to design and build superconductive single flux quantum (SFQ) circuits. The top-down design methodology includes Verilog functional simulation, schematic capture, graphic layout, functional verification, design rule checking, electrical rule checking, and layout-vs.-schematic verification. This design framework has been used successfully at the University of Rochester in designing more than 15 elementary SFQ cells and three large scale digital and mixed-signal SFQ circuits, demonstrating significant improvement in both design efficiency and accuracy.