cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Adiabatic Computing Based Low-Power and DPA-Resistant Lightweight Cryptography for IoT Devices

Internet of Things (IoT) devices are mostly small and operate wirelessly on limited battery supply, and therefore have stringent constraints on power consumption and hardware resources. Lightweight cryptography (LWC) provides cryptographic solutions for resource-constrained IoT devices. LWC based IoT devices are vulnerable to side-channel attacks such as Differential Power Analysis (DPA). The existing CMOS-based countermeasures for DPA are not suitable for circuits working under energy constraints. Adiabatic logic is one of the promising computing paradigms to design energy-efficient and DPAresistant hardware. Therefore, we have investigated the usefulness of adiabatic logic for low-power and DPA-resistant LWC for IoT devices. In this paper, the PRESENT-80 LWC algorithm is used as a benchmark circuit. The PRESENT-80 algorithm is implemented using Symmetric Pass Gate Adiabatic Logic (SPGAL). SPICE simulations at 12.5 MHz validated that one round of PRESENT-80 implemented using SPGAL gates saves 83% and 91% of power consumption in comparison to CMOS and SABL (Sense Amplifier Based Logic) based implementations, respectively. The security of SPGAL based PRESENT-80 has been evaluated by performing a DPA attack through SPICE simulations. We proved that the SPGAL-based implementation of the PRESENT-80 algorithm is resistant to DPA attacks. Further, low-leakage nano-electronic device FinFET can provide powerefficient solutions for IoT devices. Therefore, the design of the PRESENT-80 algorithm using FinFET based SPGAL gates is also presented. The simulations proved that adiabatic FinFET circuits consume low-power and are more resistant to DPA attacks as compared to adiabatic CMOS circuits.
Genomics of Cardiac Arrhythmias

It has long been recognized that certain traits “run in families”, and arrhythmias are no exception. The most poignant examples are channelopathies and cardiomyopathies which can take the life of an otherwise healthy child. The current state of knowledge in channelopathies and cardiomyopathies is outlined in other chapters in this volume and the details of the specific genes in these diseases will not be discussed further here. Increasingly robust datasets also support the idea that genetic factors play a role in variable drug responses and in susceptibility to common arrhythmias notably atrial fibrillation (AF) and sudden cardiac death (SCD). Further, inexpensive and accurate genotyping and sequencing technologies introduced in the last decade are revolutionizing not only diagnostics and patient care, but are also introducing new complexities in interpretation of genetic test data with which physicians are only now becoming aware.
The Role of Group Dynamics in the Transformation of Society toward Democratic “Solidarity”

In order to develop the Marxist conception of a “classless society,” one where democratic practices and equality among all its members are realized, one must educate the existing society in interpe...
Academics’ “ambidextrous behavior” and doctoral science mentoring practices

Although academics (academic scientists) are the vanguards in mentoring doctoral science students, emergent science policies increasingly push academics to venture into industrial science work with industrial scientists. This puts academics in a situation of heightened role strain given that academic life is already exacting in terms of teaching, research, and service. Now, academics have to balance between intrinsic and extrinsic demands. In this paper, we examine how academics’ involvement in academic and in industrial science activities impacts how academic scientists mentor doctoral students. We introduce the idea of academics’ “ambidextrous behavior” and apply it in three scientific activities, namely: (1) formally collaborating in academic and in industrial research projects, (2) informally networking with academic and with industrial scientists, and (3) producing patents and publications. We test the hypothesis that academics, who exhibit ambidextrous behavior, manifest mentoring practices that differ from colleagues who do not exhibit such behavior. We adduce evidence from a face-to-face survey of 104 East Asian chemical science professors, and analyze data using principal component and regression analyses. Our results provide insights on how academics’ involvement in both academic and industrial science activities shapes the way doctoral students are mentored. Our work also exemplifies how the concept of ambidextrous behavior can be applied in examining aspects of scientific apprenticeship in academia at a time when knowledge production increasingly takes place at the intersecting sectors of Etzkowitz’s (Res Policy 27(8):823–833, 1998) Triple Helix science (i.e., academia, government, and industry).
Case of membranous oesophageal atresia.

A term neonate presented to us with drooling of saliva and frothing from the mouth on day 2 of life. On examination, a 6F gastric tube was passed into the oesophagus, but met with an obstruction 11 cm from the gums. X-ray showed clear lung fields in the chest, absence of gastric shadow and paucity of gas in the abdomen. An oesophageal contrast study with iohexol demonstrated an atretic oesophageal pouch (figure 1). The clinical and radiological findings led to a preoperative …
Constraining the polarization content of gravitational waves with astrometry

Gravitational waves perturb the paths of photons, impacting both the time of flight and the arrival direction of light from stars. Pulsar timing arrays can detect gravitational waves by measuring the variations in the time of flight of radio pulses, while astrometry missions such as Gaia can detect gravitational waves from the time-varying changes in the apparent position of a field of stars. Just as gravitational waves impart a characteristic correlation pattern in the arrival times of pulses from pulsars at different sky locations, the deflection of starlight is similarly correlated across the sky. Here, we compute the astrometric correlation patterns for the full range of polarization states found in alternative theories of gravity and decompose the sky-averaged correlation patterns into vector spherical harmonics. We find that the tensor and vector polarization states produce equal power in the electric- and magnetic-type vector spherical harmonics, while the scalar modes produce only electric-type correlations. Any difference in the measured electric and magnetic-type correlations would represent a clear violation of Einstein gravity. The angular correlation functions for the vector and scalar longitudinal modes show the same enhanced response at small angular separations that is familiar from pulsar timing.
Grain Boundary Junctions in Microstructure Generated by Multiple Twinning

The microstructure of a Cu-Ni alloy after static recrystallization was investigated using electron backscatter diffraction in a scanning electron microscope and the existence of orientationally related clusters of crystallites formed by multiple twinning has been established. Grain boundary and triple junction character within the clusters are analyzed. While the outer boundaries of the cluster are crystallographically random, all the inner boundaries have Σ 3n misorientations. A newly developed crystallographic theory of triple junctions and multicrystallite ensembles consisting of CSL boundaries is used to describe the structure of the cluster. The presence of an α ≠ 1 triple junction is confirmed. Apparently, the microstructure of recrystallized materials susceptible to annealing twinning consists of multiple-twinned clusters. The cluster size cannot be reduced to the “grain size excluding twins.”
QUASIREGULAR MAPPINGS OF MAXIMAL LOCAL MODULUS OF CONTINUITY

We study the behavior of a K -quasiregular mapping near points where its local modulus of continuity has order 1=K. We prove that the mapping is spherically analytic at such points and is asymptotically a rotation on circles. This result is used to prove sharp distortion estimates, including a version of Schwarz's lemma.
Trends in utilization and in-hospital outcomes of high dose therapy and autologous stem cell transplantation among patients with AL amyloidosis in the United States.

e20000Background: While autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) leads to deep hematological responses in patients with AL amyloidosis (AL), high treatment related mortality may limit its use. R...
Performance of a computable phenotype for identification of patients with diabetes within PCORnet: The Patient-Centered Clinical Research Network.

Purpose PCORnet, the National Patient-Centered Clinical Research Network, represents an innovative system for the conduct of observational and pragmatic studies. We describe the identification and validation of a retrospective cohort of patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) from four PCORnet sites. Methods We adapted existing computable phenotypes (CP) for the identification of patients with T2DM and evaluated their performance across four PCORnet sites (2012-2016). Patients entered the cohort on the earliest date they met one of three CP categories: (CP1) coded T2DM diagnosis (ICD-9/ICD-10) and an antidiabetic prescription, (CP2) diagnosis and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) ≥6.5%, or (CP3) an antidiabetic prescription and HbA1c ≥6.5%. We required evidence of health care utilization in each of the 2 prior years for each patient, as we also developed an incident T2DM CP to identify the subset of patients without documentation of T2DM in the 365 days before t0 . Among a systematic sample of patients, we calculated the positive predictive value (PPV) for the T2DM CP and incident-T2DM CP using electronic health record (EHR) review as reference. Results The CP identified 50 657 patients with T2DM. The PPV of patients randomly selected for validation was 96.2% (n = 1572; CI:95.1-97.0) and was consistently high across sites. The PPV for the incident-T2DM CP was 5.8% (CI:4.5-7.5). Conclusions The T2DM CP accurately and efficiently identified patients with T2DM across multiple sites that participate in PCORnet, although the incident T2DM CP requires further study. PCORnet is a valuable data source for future epidemiological and comparative effectiveness research among patients with T2DM.
Photodynamic Activity of Vitamin-Chlorin Conjugates at Nanomolar Concentrations against Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cells

The synthesis and characterization of chlorin-based photosensitizers for potential applications in photodynamic therapy (PDT) of triple-negative breast cancer are described. The photodynamic efficacies of the synthesized chlorin-bexarotene (CBX) and its zinc and indium complexes were compared to those of the previously synthesized chlorin-biotin conjugates in triple-negative and triple-positive breast cancer cell lines. The chlorin-bexarotene (CBX) and chlorin-biotin (CBTN) aim to target the nuclear receptors and vitamin receptors, respectively, upregulated in malignant cancer cells. Cell survival assay in vitro indicated that the biotinylated chlorin is photoactive at the nanomolar concentration range against triple-negative breast cancer cell line, but has some dark toxicity at higher concentrations, while chlorin-bexarotene is photoactive at the nanomolar range at higher light dose with no observable dark toxicity at the highest concentration used. With the proper adjustment of concentration and light ...
High injection pressure diesel sprays from a piezoelectric fuel injector

Abstract Increasing injection pressure can increase combustion efficiency in direct injection (DI) diesel engines attributing to enhanced atomization. In this paper, a high pressure experimental setup was built to generate ultra-high fuel pressure. An intensification unit was used to magnify the pressure by about 10 times. Preliminary testing of the high pressure system produced a peak pressure of about 8700 bar. Due to the pressure limitation of the commercially available diesel fuel system, the maximum pressure tested in a practical piezoelectric fuel injector was 2500 bar. A high-speed imaging technique was used to visualize the fuel injection events and spray images were taken by a high speed camera for quantitative analysis. A Schlieren technique was used to visualize the shock waves generated during spray penetration. The near nozzle early stage spray development was also studied using a long distance microscope and an intensified charge coupled device (ICCD) camera. Results show that the spray penetration velocity increases with the increase of the injection pressure, while a higher injection pressure leads to a later opening of the piezoelectric injector. The spray angle first has a large value, then remains relatively steady throughout the injection process. Schlieren results clearly demonstrate detached shock waves during the spray penetration. The near nozzle results show that during the very early stage the spray penetration is quite linear for different injection pressures and the spray angle also appears to be very large at the beginning, which is consistent with the high-speed imaging results. Both high-speed imaging and near nozzle results were compared with published empirical equations. The high-speed imaging result shows a good match with the linear stage of empirical equation, while near nozzle result shows lower penetration velocity, indicating that there exists a very short “acceleration stage” for spray development at the starting moment of fuel injection.
INVESTIGATING THE MALE-DRIVEN EVOLUTION HYPOTHESIS USING GENOME WIDE POINT MUTATIONS IN HUMAN ALU REPEATS

Background: There is substantial evidence that replication*based nucleotide substitutions in primates occur more frequently in males than in females. There has been disagreement about the extent of this disparity. The human Alu repeats provide an ideal mechanism to further investigate the degree of replication*based error by providing tighter statistical boundaries on the male*to*female mutation ratio, α, in humans. Results: We analyze patterns of point mutations in Alu repeats across the entire human genome in order to elucidate the processes of mutation and fixation. This analysis provides substantial statistically bounded support for the accumulation of more point mutations in the Y chromosome compared to the X chromosome. We report a 99.99% confidence interval for human α between 1.280 and 1.289. Our results suggest that compared with eggs, sperm tend to carry a greater number of point mutations accumulated primarily during the production of gametes. Conclusion: Our results suggest that although mutation may be primarily replication driven (as previous studies suggest) the ob* served value of α does not exceed the threshold necessary to conclude that contributions of replication independ* ent factors are negligible. Keywords -ALU repeats, male*to*female mutation ratio
Mining Concise Datasets for Testing Satellite-Data-Based Land-Cover Classifiers Meant for Large Geographic Areas

Obtaining an accurate estimate of a land-cover classifier's performance over a wide geographic area is a challenging problem due to the need to generate the ground truth that represents the entire area, which may be thousands of square kilometers in size. The current best approach for solving this problem constructs a test set by drawing samples randomly from the entire area—with a human supplying the true label for each such sample—with the hope that the labeled data thus collected capture statistically all of the data diversity in the area. A major shortcoming of this approach is that, in an interactive session, it is difficult for a human to ensure that the information provided by the next data sample chosen by the random sampler is nonredundant with respect to the data already collected. In order to reduce the annotation burden caused by this uncertainty, it makes sense to remove any redundancies from the entire dataset before presenting its samples to the human for annotation. This article presents a framework that uses a combination of clustering and compression to create a concise-set representation of the land-cover data for a large geographic area. Whereas clustering is achieved by applying locality-sensitive hashing to the data elements, compression is achieved by choosing a single data element to represent a cluster. This framework reduces the annotation burden on the human and makes it more likely that the human would persevere during the annotation stage. We validate our framework experimentally by comparing it with the traditional random sampling approach using WorldView2 satellite imagery.
A Guide to Aging and Well-Being for Healthcare Professionals: Psychological Perspectives

This book provides practical evidence-based strategies that will help clinicians across a broad range of disciplines to address and discuss the main issues an aging person is likely to face and overcome if they are to maintain a sense of well-being as they age. Based on an extensive body of research, the relevant up-to-date knowledge for each topic is concisely presented, followed by practical, concrete, evidence-based suggestions as to how a healthcare provider might acknowledge and create a partnership with their clients to help the person increase their sense of well-being. Each chapter contains a list of key terms, a summary, and case examples that illustrate in realistic and humanistic ways how a person might present the concern being addressed and intervene. The specific challenges associated with aging that are addressed include: anxiety attached to an increasing awareness of mortality; retirement; the increasing number of losses of significant others; regrets; memory loss; the arrival of old-old age and feelings of loneliness, mattering insufficiently, and a loss of purpose; and finally, dealing with imminent death. This book is suitable for all health professionals who provide clinical services or advice to older adults including physicians (i.e. particularly in the specialties of internal medicine, family medicine, geriatrics, and geriatric psychiatry), nurses, social workers, psychologists, physical therapists, occupational therapists, and audiologists.
Family trees and pajama parties: the (un)intelligibility of gender in single-sex classrooms in the U.S.

This paper explores how middle school youth in a single-sex education program created a social landscape that enabled disruptive gender play. The paper considers the possibility of transformative a...
Post-gel shrinkage, elastic modulus, and stress generated by orthodontic adhesives.

ABSTRACT Objectives: To measure post-gel shrinkage, elastic modulus, and flexural strength of orthodontic adhesives and to predict shrinkage stress using finite element analysis (FEA). Materials an...
Home climate change mitigation practices as gendered labor

Abstract Saving energy at home is often portrayed as the “low-hanging fruit” of climate change solutions, yet little is known about its labor or gendering. To understand these aspects of climate change mitigation more broadly, this research uses a case study of the U.S. transition to energy efficient lighting. The results show that even though using efficient bulbs is commonly portrayed as easy, it can involve six phases of additional labor. The case of CFLs indicates that home climate practices beyond light bulbs can add up to significant work, particularly when they require the navigation of toxic or complex shifts in materiality, specialized knowledge, and uncertainties. Because home climate practices like using CFLs are the kind of work traditionally performed by women, they can expand the gender “climate gap” and are often devalued in inequitable ways. This research illuminates the importance of making the labor and gendering of environmental practices visible.
Lotteries, knowledge, and inconsistent belief: why you know your ticket will lose

Suppose that I hold a ticket in a fair lottery and that I believe that my ticket will lose [L] on the basis of its extremely high probability of losing. What is the appropriate epistemic appraisal of me and my belief that L? Am I justified in believing that L? Do I know that L? While there is disagreement among epistemologists over whether or not I am justified in believing that L, there is widespread agreement that I do not know that L. I defend the two-pronged view that I am justified in believing that my ticket will lose and that I know that it will lose. Along the way, I discuss four different but related versions of the lottery paradox—The Paradox for Rationality, The Paradox for Knowledge, The Paradox for Fallibilism, and The Paradox for Epistemic Closure—and offer a unified resolution of each of them.
Joint Positioning-Communications System : Optimal Distributed Coherence and Positioning Estimators

Limited spectral access motivates radio technologies that are capable of performing multiple tasks simultaneously and efficiently cooperating with existing systems. We develop a joint positioning-communications system for a vehicular ad hoc network that simultaneously synchronizes distributed users, performs carrier-phase-accurate localization, and enables network communications. In this paper, we focus on two-way ranging methods for jointly estimating propagation delay and clock offset between the participating nodes in the network. We propose a family of novel one-shot methods to achieve distributed coherence and demonstrate that, for given conditions, such estimators reduce to a system of linear equations, hence, optimal. Here, we study the precision and computational complexity of two of these estimators using simulated flight paths and discuss their region of applicability.
Blood Grouping Tests for Non-Paternity

The use of blood grouping tests in disputed paternity, filial relationship, personal identification, forensic medicine, and other medicolegal problems has become increasingly frequent in the past twenty years [1–7]. Several recent articles concerned with pitfalls and exceptions in the interpretation of the laws pertaining to this highly accurate science have appeared [8–10]. Since the major medicolegal impact is in relation to disputed paternity, this report presents a study of an additional 1000 cases in this area. The previous report in 1963 [11] emphasized the fact that only 10 percent of defendants in paternity proceedings requested blood grouping tests to substantiate their denial, whereas a statistical study indicated that approximately 40 percent of men were in fact not the fathers in the actions brought before the courts. To fail to demand a blood grouping test is indeed to disregard a most important defense, and thus fail to provide the most substantial evidence of nonpaternity.
Multivariate analysis of predictive factors on postoperative mid-term right ventricular dysfunction in patients with repaired tetralogy of Fallot

Objective Most of patients with repaired tetralogy of Fallot (rTOF) survived in long-term,but existed with generally decreased exercise capacity,right ventricular (RV) dilatation owing to RV dysfunction.The case-control study is intended to investigate predictive factors on postoperative RV dysfunction in rTOF patients.Methods 46 rTOF patients and 46 age-matched healthy volunteers were studied.With age-matched t test,firstly found that the systolic (St'),early diastolic (Et'),and late diastolic(At') peak velocities at lateral tricuspid of annulus in patients are lower than those in controls (P ＜0.05).Then According to median of St'as cut-off,rTOF patients were divided into group A (St'＜ 7 cm/s,19 cases) and group B (St≥7 cm/s,27 cases).Uni-factor regression analysis was done to examine the possible relationships between baseline variables and postoperative right ventricular dysfunction.Variables with P ＜ 0.1 were then included in the multiple linear regression analysis to assess the "best" subset in predicting postoperative RV dysfunction.Results The multivariate analysis found that only pulmonary regurgitation (PR) degree (P =0.043,OR =0.023,95％ CI 0.001-0.889) and age at repair (P =0.040,OR =1.678,95％ CI between 1.023-2.752) predict mid-term RV dysfunction in rTOF patients.Othervariables (i.e.McGoon ratio,postoperative RV and LV systolic pressure ratio,mid-term RV systolic pressure and so on) did not predict postoperative RV dysfunction.Deceased in late diastolic peak velocity at lateral tricuspid of annulus (At') and St'were the characteristic of postoperative RV dysfunction.Conclusion RV dysfunction in rTOF patients was severity and included passive relaxation function and contraction function.An appropriate surgery intended to relieve pulmonary regurgitation is an effective strategy of sustaining TOF patients'postoperative RV function. Key words: Tetralogy of Fallot ; Ventricular function, right ; Echocardiography, Doppler
Advances in Human Stem Cells and Genome Editing to Understand and Develop Treatment for Fragile X Syndrome

Fragile X syndrome (FXS), the most common genetic form of autism spectrum disorder, is caused by deficiency of the fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP). Despite extensive research using animal models, understanding how FMRP regulates human brain development and function remains a major challenge. Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) offer powerful platforms for studying mechanisms of human diseases and for evaluating potential treatments. Genome editing, particularly the CRISPR/Cas9-based method, is highly effective for generating models to study genetic human diseases. Here we summarize how hPSCs and genome editing provide much-needed models for studying the genetic underpinnings, cellular mechanisms, and neuropathology that are unique to human FXS. The use of hPSCs and genome editing also provides an essential platform for therapeutic development in FXS.
Characterizing Probability of Wildfire Ignition Caused by Power Distribution Lines

This paper proposes a modeling approach for characterizing the probability of wildfire ignition caused by faults on power distribution systems. The proposed model serves as a starting point in research literature to illustrate, from an analytical perspective, the many factors that influence wildfire ignitions in power distribution systems. This paper presents the series of events that leads to power-system-related wildfire ignitions, and characterizes the wildfire ignition probability as a combination of the probability that a fault occurs along a power distribution line segment, and the probability that the fault results in the sustained ignition of a vegetation fuel bed surrounding the line. The proposed model integrates a variety of data including environmental conditions, power system protection settings, and power system line flows. A case study is performed on the IEEE 33-bus distribution system using observed historical weather data from a high-threat fire district in California. The California case study is utilized to investigate the effects of three primary factors (wind speed, line congestion, and relay protection) on wildfire ignition probability.
Behaviorally-mediated trophic cascade attenuated by prey use of risky places at safe times

The mere threat of predation may incite behavioral changes in prey that lead to community-wide impacts on productivity, biodiversity, and nutrient cycling. The paucity of experimental manipulations, however, has contributed to controversy over the strength of this pathway in wide-ranging vertebrate systems. We investigated whether simulated gray wolf (Canis lupus) presence can induce behaviorally-mediated trophic cascades, specifically, whether the ‘fear’ of wolf olfactory cues alone can change deer foraging behavior in ways that affect plants and soils. Wolves were recently removed from the Cedar Creek Ecosystem Science Reserve (Minnesota, USA), such that consumptively mediated predator effects were negligible. At 32 experimental plots, we crossed two nested treatments: wolf urine application and herbivore exclosures. We deployed camera traps to quantify how white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) adjusted their spatiotemporal habitat use, foraging, and vigilance in response to wolf cues and how these behavioral changes affected plant productivity, plant communities, and soil nutrients. Weekly applications of wolf urine significantly altered deer behavior, but deer responses did not cascade to affect plant or soil properties. Deer substantially reduced crepuscular activity at wolf-simulated sites compared to control locations. As wolves in this area predominantly hunted during mornings and evenings, this response potentially allows deer to maximize landscape use by accessing dangerous areas when temporal threat is low. Our experiment suggests that prey may be sensitive to ‘dynamic’ predation risk that is structured across both space and time and, consequentially, prey use of risky areas during safe times may attenuate behaviorally-mediated trophic cascades at the predator–prey interface.
Basic Ultrasound Needling Techniques

This chapter is a review of proper use and handling of ultrasound needling techniques. This includes the various approaches and types of needles which can be used with ultrasound. In addition, as how to correctly position one’s self to achieve success when utilizing ultrasound in clinical practice.
An Overview of Organoid and 3-Dimensional Models in Multiple Myeloma.

ABSTRACT Multiple myeloma is a hematological malignancy of differentiated B cells that resides primarily in bone marrow niches. Its interaction with the microenvironment is known to provide a survival advantage and plays an important role in drug resistance. Despite the increased efficacy of new treatment drugs, clinical results oftentimes fall short of in vitro observations, and this disease remains incurable. Conventional 2-dimensional cultures used to perform chemosensitivity assays and the established multiple myeloma cells lines commonly used do not replicate the conditions seen in vivo. This review presents various 3-dimensional culture platforms for myeloma that attempt to overcome this obstacle by incorporating aspects of the tumor microenvironment. The unique features of each model and contributions they have provided in personalized medicine, tumor physiology, and chemosensitivity assays will be summarized.
Data Siphoning Through Advanced Persistent Transmission Attacks At The Physical Layer

Data at the physical layer transmits via media such as copper cable, fiber optic, or wireless. Physical attack vectors exist that challenge data confidentiality and availability. Protocols and encryption standards help obfuscate but often cannot keep the data type and destination secure, with limited insight into confidentiality and integrity. We will investigate the feasibility of developing an awareness and integrity protocol to help mitigate physical side-channel attacks that lead to eavesdropping of data communication and denial-of-service.
What the Thermophysical Property Community Should Know About Temperature Scales

Temperature scales have evolved through many decades to more accurately represent the thermodynamic temperature. This creates challenges for those who study thermophysical properties, because the temperatures given for literature data may not correspond to the latest international scale. The resulting differences are small, but not necessarily negligible, especially for reference-quality work. Here, we describe the temperature scales that might be encountered in the literature and give guidance for converting them to the International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90). We pay special attention to the liquid-helium scales used for cryogenic work, where a potentially confusing number of different scales has been used. Advice is given for avoiding common mistakes in dealing with temperature scales in the context of thermophysical property data, including the responsibility of experimentalists to fully document their reported temperatures and the responsibility of modelers to document their handling of any temperature-scale issues.
The impact of social distancing during the COVID-19 pandemic on rates of pediatric idiopathic intussusception.

The causes of idiopathic ileocolic intussusception are unknown, with infection as the most likely culprit. Recently, social distancing measures were implemented during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic to decrease transmissible infectious diseases, creating an opportune setting to study the role of infection on the pathogenesis of intussusception on a population level. To investigate the impact of social distancing on intussusception. We retrospectively reviewed air contrast enemas and pylorus ultrasounds performed between March 2010 and March 2021 to identify cases of ileocolic intussusception and hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (HPS), using the latter as a negative control. The study time frame was divided into two periods: pre-pandemic (March 2010–February 2020) and pandemic (April 2020–March 2021). The number of cases that occurred in these two time periods were compared using the Poisson regression model. Of the 407 cases of idiopathic ileocolic intussusception identified, 396 occurred in the pre-pandemic time period (mean = 39.6 per 12-month period) and 11 occurred in the 12-month pandemic time period. The mean monthly number of intussusceptions showed a decline of 72% (95% confidence interval [CI] 49–85%) between the pre-pandemic and pandemic time periods (3.3 vs. 0.9 monthly cases; P < 0.001). In contrast, the mean monthly number of HPS did not differ significantly (P = 0.19). Social distancing—imposed to curb the spread of infection during the COVID-19 pandemic—resulted in a significant decline in ileocolic intussusception, lending strong support to the theory that infection is the dominant cause of intussusception.
Computerized paired associate learning performance and imaging biomarkers in older adults without dementia.

This cross-sectional study examined whether performance on the computerized Paired Associate Learning (PAL) task from the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery is associated with amyloid positivity as measured by Positron Emission Tomography, regional volume composites as measured by Magnetic Resonance Imaging, and cognitive impairment. Participants from the BIOCARD Study (N = 73, including 62 cognitively normal and 11 with mild cognitive impairment; M age = 70 years) completed the PAL task, a comprehensive clinical and neuropsychological assessment, and neuroimaging as part of their annual study visit. In linear regressions covarying age, sex, years of education and diagnosis, higher PAL error scores were associated with amyloid positivity but not with medial temporal or cortical volume composites. By comparison, standard neuropsychological measures of episodic memory and global cognition were unrelated to amyloid positivity, but better performance on the verbal episodic memory measures was associated with larger cortical volume composites. Participants with mild cognitive impairment demonstrated worse cognitive performance on all of the cognitive measures, including the PAL task. These findings suggest that this computerized visual paired associate learning task may be more sensitive to amyloid positivity than standard neuropsychological tests, and may therefore be a promising tool for detecting amyloid positivity in non-demented participants.
Fracture initiation at sharp notches under mode I, mode II, and mild mixed mode loading

In the context of linear elasticity, a stress singularity of the type Knrδ(δ<0) may exist at sharp re-entrant corners, with an intensity Kn. In general the order of the stress singularity δ and the stress intensity differ for symmetric (mode I) and antisymmetric (mode II) loading. Under general mixed-mode loadings, the magnitudes of the mode I and II intensities fully characterize the stress state in the region of the corner. A failure criterion based on critical values of these intensities may be appropriate in situations where the region around the corner dominated by the singular fields is large compared to intrinsic flaw sizes, inelastic zones, and fracture process zone sizes. We determined the mode I and II stress intensities for notched mode I tensile specimens and notched mode II flexure specimens using a combination of the Williams (1952) asymptotic method, dimensional considerations, and detailed finite element analysis. We carried out a companion experimental study to extract critical values of the mode I and II stress intensities for a series of notched polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) tensile and flexure specimens with notch angles of 90-. The data show that excellent failure correlation is obtained, in both mode I and II loading, through the use of a single parameter, the critical stress intensity. We then analyzed and tested a series of T-shaped structures containing 90- corners. The applied tensile loading results in mixed-mode loading of the 90- corners. Failure of the specimens is brittle and can be well-correlated with a critical mode I stress intensity criterion using the results of the notched mode I tensile tests. This is attributed to large difference in the strength of the stress singularities in modes I and II: δ= -0.4555 and -0.0915 for modes I and II for a 90- notch. As a result, the mode I loading dominates the failure process for the 90- corner in the T-structure.
Statistical Significance Testing in Second Language Research: Basic Problems and Suggestions for Reform

Traditions of statistical significance testing in second language (L2) quantitative research are strongly entrenched in how researchers design studies, select analyses, and interpret results. However, statistical significance tests using p values are commonly misinterpreted by researchers, reviewers, readers, and others, leading to confusion regarding the actual findings of primary studies and critical challenges for the accumulation of meaningful knowledge about language learning research. This paper outlines the basic challenges of accurately calculating and interpreting statistical significance tests, explores common examples of incorrect interpretations in L2 research, and proposes strategies for resolving these problems.
The Role of Location of Subconcussive Head Impacts in fMRI Brain Activation Change

Monte-Carlo permutation analysis was used to identify sets of head impacts most predictive of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) changes in football players. The relative distribution of impact location was found to be more predictive of brain activation changes than the number of impacts, suggesting that fMRI changes are related to systematic playing style.
Maximizing Expected Utility and the Rule of Long Run Success

Axioms on the preference ordering of infinite sequences of a finite number of prizes are used to derive utility indices for these prizes which are constant up to positive linear transformations and satisfy certain conditions. These utility indices and “the rule of long run success” which is formally stated in the paper are then used to determine how an individual should rank lotteries assigning the different prizes with given probabilities. The implications of our results are finally discussed in relation to the von Neumann-Morgenstern axioms and a contention made by M. Allais in his 1953 Econometrica paper.
Superconductivity and magnetism in the series R2Fe3Si5 by Mössbauer and magnetization measurements

Members of the R2Fe3Si5 series become either superconducting or magnetically ordered depending on whether the metal atom R( = rare earth, Y or Sc) is diamagnetic or paramagnetic respectively. We have taken Mossbauer effect and magnetization measurements to determine the magnetic state of the iron and the nature of the superconducting electrons. 57Fe Mossbauer measurements on the Sc, Dy and Er compounds all showed two partially resolved, quadrupole split spectra at all temperatures from 300 K to 1.5 K, indicating that there is no resolvable magnetic interaction at the iron site. No major change in the spectrum of Dy2Fe3Si5 was observed in passing through its antiferromagnetic ordering temperature of ∼4 K. Measurements in an applied field of 5.6 T set an upper limit of 0.03 μB for the iron moment in Sc2Fe3Si5. However, measurements at 4.2 K in fields up to 7 T for the Dy compound gave an internal field ∼9% smaller than the applied field and linear with applied field. This corresponds to an induced moment at the iron site of ∼0.07 μB at 7 T applied field. The 161Dy Mossbauer resonance clearly showed the onset of magnetic order around 4 K and the magnetic moment Dy at 1.5 K was found to be 7.0±0.2 μB consistent with the magnetization measurements. The nature of the superconducting electrons in the R2Fe3Si5 series is discussed in the light of available measurements.
Fatty acid synthetases in Euglena gracilis.

Abstract Additional properties of two previously described (Delo, J., Ernst-Fonberg, M. L., and Bloch, K. (1971) Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 143, 384; Ernst-Fonberg, M. L., and Bloch, K. (1971) Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 143, 392) fatty acid synthetases (I and II) from Euglena gracilis are reported. The algal organism is now shown to contain another fatty acid synthetase (III). This system is ACP-dependent and elongates acyl-CoA derivatives from C10 to C18 to longer chain ACP thioesters. Synthetase III occurs in soluble form both in dark- and light-grown cells and in the latter is localized in the chloroplast. Evidence is presented that the two ACP-dependent synthetases (II and III) from Euglena operate in conjunction to furnish the fatty acids required for chloroplast membranes.
Survey measures of first‐ and second‐order competences

Research summary: This study tests and validates survey measures of first- and second-order competences in order to foster cumulative empirical research and theoretical refinement in the area of dynamic capabilities. Data from two informants and two time periods for a sample of publicly traded U.S. manufacturing firms are used to examine the convergent, discriminant, and nomological validity, and the reliability of scales to measure various levels and types of competences. Findings suggest that customer competence, technological competence, marketing competence, and R&D competence are related but distinct dimensions, evidencing strong validity and reliability. Qualifying this empirical support, it was found that items regarding manufacturing operations and facilities seemed to measure aspects unrelated to the focal competences, and that marketing competence had no relation to future market-resource accumulation. Managerial summary: This study enhances understanding and measurement of dynamic capabilities, in particular, marketing and R&D second-order competences. Marketing and R&D second-order competences are a firm's ability to build new competences to serve new markets or use new technologies, respectively. The ability of a firm to add new market-related resources (such as brands and distribution channels) and technological resources (such as patents and engineering skills) helps it cope with environmental change and grow in new directions. For firms in stable environments, being able to serve new markets and use new technologies provide opportunities for growth. For firms in turbulent environments, these skills are a matter of survival. Using data collected from publicly traded U.S. manufacturing firms, this study tests and validates questions that can be asked in questionnaires presented to management. It finds that even if a firm has strong skills in serving current customers and great technology, it may not be able to go after new markets or technologies. The survey questions tested here could be used not only by other researchers, but also by practitioners. Managers, management consultants, and industry association advisors could use the scales as diagnostic instruments or to perform benchmarking. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Articulating Learning Disabilities in the Digital Age

In a 1986 study published in the Learning Disability Quarterly, Simmons and Kame'enui examined information found in popular periodicals about learning disabilities (LD) in an effort to understand what people learn about LD from these high-readership sources. After more than 20 years, advances in technology have brought significant changes to how people obtain and disseminate information. Therefore, we revisited the findings of Simmons and Kame'enui by investigating information about LD presented on the Internet. An analysis of the contents of 23 websites suggested that medically based etiologies are most frequently associated with LD, supporting the 1986 results. Unlike the 1986 findings, however, the interventions found on the Internet include a variety of educational supports designed to promote the success of students with LD in the general education environment. Situated in the context of the digital age, implications for LD organizations and future research are provided.
Prevention of Recurrent Ischemic Priapism with Ketoconazole: Evolution of a Treatment Protocol and Patient Outcomes

Abstract Introduction The management of recurrent ischemic priapism (RIP) is not clearly defined. Ketoconazole (KTZ) is used to treat RIP and produces a temporary hypogonadal state to suppress sleep-related erections (SREs), which often evolve into episodes of ischemic priapism in this population. Aim We review our experience to prevent RIP using KTZ and present our outcomes using a decreased dose regimen. Methods A retrospective chart review and phone survey of 17 patients with RIP was performed. KTZ inhibits adrenal and gonadal testosterone production with a half-life of 8 hours. By suppressing testosterone levels, SREs are interrupted. We compared our previous protocol of three times daily (TID) KTZ dosing with prednisone for 6 months with our current regimen of initiating KTZ 200 mg TID with prednisone 5 mg daily for 2 weeks and then tapering to KTZ 200 mg nightly for 6 months. Main Outcome Measures The primary outcome was the prevention of RIP using KTZ. Secondary outcomes included side effects secondary to KTZ use and patient satisfaction. Results All men experienced daily or almost daily episodes of prolonged, painful erections prior to starting KTZ. The mean number of emergency room (ER) visits per patient prior to starting KTZ was 6.5. No patient required an ER visit for RIP while on KTZ. Sixteen of 17 patients (94%) had complete resolution of priapism while on KTZ with effects noted immediately after starting therapy and no reported sexual side effects attributed to KTZ. One man stopped therapy after 4 days because of nausea/vomiting. Fourteen of 16 men eventually discontinued KTZ after a median duration of 7 months. Twenty-nine percent reported no recurrent priapic episodes after discontinuing. A total of 78.6% had partial or complete resolution of symptoms persisting after KTZ was discontinued with a mean post-treatment follow-up of 36.7 months. Conclusion No reliable effective preventative therapy has been identified for RIP. In our relatively sizable single-center experience, KTZ appears to be a reasonably effective, safe, and inexpensive treatment to prevent RIP while preserving sexual function. We now recommend our tapered dose regimen listed above. After 6 months, we recommend stopping the medication as we have found a majority of patients will not need to resume nightly KTZ. Hoeh MP and Levine LA. Prevention of recurrent ischemic priapism with ketoconazole: Evolution of a treatment protocol and patient outcomes. J Sex Med 2014;11:197–204.