cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Organizational citizenship behavior research in hospitality: current status and future research directions.

ABSTRACT Organizational citizenship behaviors (OCBs) are discretionary workplace behaviors not recognized directly by a formal reward system; yet they promote effective functioning in the organization. Exhibition of OCBs has been linked to improved organizational performance and employee performance evaluation scores. Although approximately 200 articles have been published since the term OCB was first coined in 1983, fewer than a dozen articles have appeared in the area of hospitality. This article discusses various theories underlying OCB research, summarizes OCB research in hospitality, and suggests future research directions for OCB research in the hospitality industry.
Calpain activity and expression are increased in splenic inflammatory cells associated with experimental allergic encephalomyelitis

Since calcium-activated neutral proteinase (calpain) activity and expression are significantly increased in activated glial/inflammatory cells in the central nervous system of animals with autoimmune demyelinating diseases, this enzyme may also play a role in peripheral organ systems in these diseases. In this study, the activity and expression of calpain and the endogenous inhibitor, calpastatin, were evaluated at transcriptional and translational levels in spleens of Lewis rats with acute experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) prior to the onset of clinical symptoms. Calpain activity and translational expression were increased by 475.5% and 44.3% respectively, on day 4 post-induction in adjuvant controls and animals with EAE. These levels remained elevated compared to normal controls on days 8 and 12. Calpastatin translational expression was similarly increased at these time points although transcriptional expression was not significantly altered at any time following induction of EAE. Likewise, transcriptional expression of mu-calpain was unchanged following induction, while small increases in m-calpain transcriptional expression were observed on days 2 and 8. Most calpain expression was observed in activated splenic macrophages at day 8 post-induction even though activated T cells were also calpain positive. In spinal cords of animals with EAE, calpain expression was significantly increased in rats with severe disease compared to those exhibiting only mild symptoms at day 12 post-induction. Thus, prior to symptomatic EAE, increased calpain activity and expression in peripheral lymphoid organs may play an important role in T cell migration and subsequent disease progression.
A built-in calibration system with a reduced FFT engine for linearity optimization of low power LNA

A digital built-in calibration (BIC) system with a power and area optimized on-chip fast Fourier transform (FFT) engine is presented to automatically adjust the linearity of a tunable RF low-noise amplifier (LNA) operating at 2.4GHz. An envelope detection circuit is used to extract the linearity characteristics at low frequencies, enabling the sampling and digital signal processing at low rates. To compensate the low gain of an envelope detector and to enhance reliability of spectral analysis, an RF amplifier is designed between the LNA and the envelope detector. The output of the envelope detector is digitized before the spectrum calculation with the integrated FFT for estimation of the third-order intermodulation (IM3) distortion specification of the LNA. The digitally-assisted closed-loop calibration scheme is demonstrated with simulations using a two-tone test with 1MHz tone spacing, a 512-point FFT engine, a 10-bit analog-to-digital converter model, and digital blocks operating with a 51.2MHz clock frequency. The total time required for calibration is 485μs including delays of 1.2μs to allow settling of the LNA output after capacitor array changes for tuning. In order to validate the proposed BIC technique with device mismatch effects, Monte Carlo simulations are performed with the same condition at transient simulations, where the results are well matched with the optimum IM3 component values calculated at the output node of LNA. The digital blocks were implemented using a standard 0.13μm CMOS technology.
Fiscal policy, the terms of trade, and the external balance

Abstract The effects of fiscal policies on the terms of trade and the external balance are analysed. The external balance is decomposed into changes in the ownership of world wealth across residents of each country, and changes in the distribution of world wealth represented by assets located in each country. It is shown that a rise of government expenditure on the foreign good deteriorates the home country's terms of trade but improves its net foreign asset position. Whether a reduction in equity taxes improves or deteriorates the external balance depends upon the magnitude of a fiscal transmission effect.
Ubiquinone (coenzyme Q10) binding sites: Low dielectric constant of the gate prevents the escape of the semiquinone

Abstract The photosynthetic reaction center (RC) from purple bacteria is frequently used as a model for the interaction of ubiquinones (coenzyme Q) with membrane proteins. Single-turnover flash activation of RC leads to formation of the semiquinone (SQ) of the secondary acceptor quinone after odd flashes and quinol after even flashes. The ubiquinol escapes the binding site in ⩽1 ms, while the SQ does not leave the binding site for at least 5 min. Observed difference between these times suggests a large energetic barrier for the SQ. However, high apparent dielectric constant in the vicinity of the quinone ring (⩾25) results in a relatively small electrostatic energy of SQ stabilization. To resolve this apparent contradiction I suggest that a significant part of the kinetic stabilization of the SQ is achieved by the special topology of the binding site in which quinone can exit the binding site only by moving its headgroup toward the center of the membrane. The large energetic penalty of transferring the charged headgroup to the membrane dielectric can explain the observed kinetic stability of the SQ.
G Protein-Coupled Receptors Involved in GnRH Regulation: Molecular Insights from Human Disease

In the past two decades, an increasing body of evidence has demonstrated that several G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR)-ligand pairs are critical for normal human reproductive development and function. Patients harboring genetic insults in either the receptors or their cognate ligands have presented with reproductive disorders characterized by varying degrees of GnRH deficiency. These disorders include idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (IHH) and Kallmann Syndrome (KS). Conversely, mutations in some of these ligand-receptor pairs have been associated with accelerated reproductive maturation, manifested as central precocious puberty (CPP). To date, a series of elegant studies have characterized four GPCRs that play important roles in the neuroendocrine control of human reproductive development and function: GnRHR, KISS1R, PROKR2 and NK3R. Furthermore, these studies provide insights into the mechanisms by which mutations in these receptors give rise to reproductive disease phenotypes. This report will review mutations identified in GPCRs involved in the neuroendocrine control of the human reproductive axis with the aims of elucidating structure-function relationships of these GPCRs and identifying correlations between these structure-function relationships and the genotypic-phenotypic characterization of the patients.
56.4: Post Spacer Technology for TFT/LCD

IBM has developed and already has started production of high screen quality and reliable TFT/LCD panels for vibration stress by Post Spacer(PS) technology. PS now is mandatory for 1) high contrast panel because of no degradation by light leakage which ball spacer has, 2) High quality IPS panel because of uniform cell GAP, 3) thin glass(0.5mm) panel because of wide margin for vibration stress.
Reading Strategies Teachers Say They Use.

One Of the undergraduate courses for which I have primary responsibility at my institution is entitled Teaching Reading in the Content Area. It is the only literacy course middle and secondary preservice teachers are required to take. Required courses are not always easy to teach, and the content specialists (social studies, science, English, mathematics, foreign language) who take my course would rather focus on their content area. In order to maintain student interest I must frequently reexamine my curriculum and my personal motivation for teaching this course. Do I choose the elements of my curriculum because I have the academic freedom to make that choice? Do I teach what I do because it is part of my job description and I am required to do so? Do I teach what I do because I truly believe it is important and relevant? Fortunately I am able to say yes to all of these questions. However, I am most passionate about the third one because I have a son, George, who has a learning disability. George is bright, athletic, and social, but for all of his 14 years reading has been a struggle and the thought of reading out loud in class, painful. "My heart starts to pound," he said, "and my hands get all sweaty when I have to read. I get so nervous I can hardly think."
Spectral Analysis of the Effective Temperature in Passive Solar Buildings

The effective temperature, a linear combination of a building's enclosure temperature, mean radiant temperature, and the ambient temperature, is a measure of the thermal comfort inside a building. Results from an analytical study of the relationship between the effective temperature, glazing areas, and thermal energy storage in passive solar buildings are presented in this paper. Spectral analysis is used to find the effective temperature response of a mixed-direct and indirect-gain passive solar building to Typical Meteorological Year (TMY) weather data. The response is given by the complex product of the building transfer functions and the weather inputs. Results are presented for the sensitivities of the maximum, minimum, and average daily effective temperature to changes in the direct and indirect gain glazing area and thermal energy storage.
Cyclobutanone-3,3-d2 and Trimethylene-2,2-d2

An efficient five-step synthesis of cyclobutanone-3,3-d2 is reported. This ketone gives direct access through laser flash photolysis to the trimethylene-2,2-d2 diradical. The life-time of trimethylene-2,2-d2 provides an experimental showing that trimethylene and deuterium-labeled trimethylene diradicals decay to form cyclopropanes, rather than propenes. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Diagnostic accuracy of serum hyaluronic acid, FIBROSpect II, and YKL-40 for discriminating fibrosis stages in chronic hepatitis C.

Diagnostic Accuracy of Serum Hyaluronic Acid, FIBRO Spect II, and YKL-40 for Discriminating Fibrosis Stages in Chronic Hepatitis C
Celiac Disease Diagnosis and Management: A 46-Year-Old Woman With Anemia

Celiac disease is one of the most prevalent autoimmune gastrointestinal disorders, but as the case of Ms J illustrates, diagnosis is often delayed or missed. Based on serologic studies, the prevalence of celiac disease in many populations is estimated to be approximately 1% and has been increasing steadily over the last 50 years. Evaluation for celiac disease is generally straightforward and uses commonly available serologic tests; however, the signs and symptoms of celiac disease are nonspecific and highly heterogeneous, making diagnosis difficult. Although celiac disease is often considered a mild disorder treatable with simple dietary changes, in reality celiac disease imparts considerable risks, including reduced bone mineral density, impaired quality of life, and increased overall mortality. In addition, a gluten-free diet is highly burdensome and can profoundly affect patients and their families. For these reasons, care of individuals with celiac disease requires prompt diagnosis and ongoing multidisciplinary management.
Jak2 Is Necessary for Neuroendocrine Control of Female Reproduction

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons represent the final common output of signals from the brain that regulates reproductive function. A wide range of environmental factors impact GnRH neuron activity including disease, stress, nutrition, and seasonal cues, as well as gonadal steroid hormones. The CNS response is thought to be mediated, at least in part, through intermediate signaling molecules that affect GnRH neuronal activity. In vitro, GnRH neuronal cell lines respond to a variety of ligands that activate the Jak (Janus-activated kinase)/STAT (signal transducers and activators of transcription) intracellular signaling pathway. To determine its biological function in reproduction, we used Cre (cAMP response element)/LoxP technology to generate GnRH neuron-specific Jak2 conditional knock-out (Jak2 G−/−) mice. GnRH mRNA levels were reduced in Jak2 G−/− mice when compared with controls, while the number of GnRH neurons was equivalent, indicating a reduction in GnRH gene expression. Secretion of GnRH is also reduced as basal serum luteinizing hormone (LH) levels were significantly lower in female Jak2 G−/− mice while the pituitary responded normally to exogenous GnRH. Preovulatory LH surge levels were blunted in Jak2 G−/− mice, which was correlated with reduced GnRH neuronal activation as assessed by c-Fos. However, the activation of GnRH neurons following release from estrogen-negative feedback is retained. Female Jak2 G−/− mice exhibited significantly delayed puberty and first estrus, abnormal estrous cyclicity, and impaired fertility. These results demonstrate an essential role for Jak2 signaling in GnRH neurons for normal reproductive development and fertility in female mice.
Association between mineralization and zones of deep-seated faults in the Soviet Northeast

(1981). Association between mineralization and zones of deep-seated faults in the Soviet Northeast. International Geology Review: Vol. 23, No. 11, pp. 1275-1281.
An Aggregate-Level Examination of the Caseload Pressure Hypothesis

The idea that guilty pleas may be encouraged by time-conscious attorneys to process court caseloads expediently implies that some defendants may be influenced to forego their constitutional right to trial. If true, these defendants may be denied an adequate determination of legal guilt. Building on previous research, this paper presents a more thorough aggregate level test of the caseload pressure hypothesis than has previously been offered. Controlling for variation in structural and procedural characteristics across 101 Illinois circuit courts, this study supports the idea that felony caseload pressures significantly covary with felony guilty plea rates. Also, this relationship was stable between 1973 and 1984.
Early central nervous system evolution: an era of skin brains?

The central nervous system (CNS) in different animals develops under the control of genes that are often conserved both structurally and functionally. The question of whether such conservation means that the common ancestor of all bilateral animals had an anatomically complex CNS is controversial. Recently, a hemichordate was found to express homologues of many of these genes in a rostrocaudal order resembling that in Drosophila and vertebrates. Surprisingly, however, the hemichordate genes are expressed not in a localized CNS, but in widespread epidermal domains pervaded by a basiepidermal nerve net. Here, I discuss the implications of this discovery for CNS evolution.
Subsidy strategies for energy technologies

Abstract The principal types of direct consumer subsidies to encourage the commercialization of unconventional energy sources (solar, conservation, synthetic fuels) are investigated. Although such subsidies can be justified on grounds that the prices to consumers of conventional energy alternatives do not reflect their full social costs, they all have serious drawbacks. Basically those subsidy schemes that are easy to administer encourage inefficient consumer behaviour while subsidies schemes that are efficient raise intractable problems of measurement. Subsidies for unconventional energy provide energy below its full social cost, thus giving the wrong price signals to the consumer. It would be more rational and effective to tax conventional energy up to its full social cost.
Nutrient-sensing pathways and metabolic regulation in stem cells

Stem cells exert precise regulation to maintain a balance of self-renewal and differentiation programs to sustain tissue homeostasis throughout the life of an organism. Recent evidence suggests that this regulation is modulated, in part, via metabolic changes and modifications of nutrient-sensing pathways such as mTOR and AMPK. It is becoming increasingly clear that stem cells inhibit oxidative phosphorylation in favor of aerobic glycolysis for energy production. Recent progress has detailed the molecular mechanisms of this metabolic phenotype and has offered insight into new metabolic pathways that may be involved in stem cell homeostasis.
Translating Extranuclear Steroid Receptor Signaling to Clinical Medicine

The existence and function of extranuclear steroid receptors (SR) to rapidly modulate signal transduction is now acknowledged as present in cells and organs throughout the body. Work over the past 15 years has defined key mechanisms that are required for sex steroid receptors to traffic to the plasma membrane, but mechanisms of localization in other cell organelles such as mitochondria is still unclear. Signaling by membrane-localized SR has now been reported to impact many aspects of adult organ functions, while the roles in organ development are under investigation. In hormone-responsive cancers, both extranuclear and nuclear sex steroid receptors appear to collaborate in the regulation of some key genes that promote malignancy. Here, I review what is understood about the impact of extranuclear steroid receptor signaling to mitigate or promote disease processes.
CHROMOSOME BREAKAGE AND SISTER CHROMATID EXCHANGE ANALYSIS IN COMPUTER OPERATORS.

Abstract Chromosome breakage analysis with Mitomycin C (MMC) and sister chromatid exchanges (SCE) were obtained on 10 computer operators with computer exposure for a minimum of 3 hours per day for 4 years and 10 control subjects matched for age and personal lifestyle. No difference was found between the two groups in the total number of chromatid and chromosome aberrations in cells grown at 48 and/or 96 hours in Mitomycin C (20 or 50 ng/ml‐final concentration). The average number of SCE per cell in approximately 30 cells from each person was 6.4±1.1 (mean ± standard deviation) for the computer operators and 9.2 ± 1.6 for the controls. This difference was significant (p <.001). The replicative index was significantly higher (p<.01) in computer operators than in control subjects. The number of SCE appeared not to be influenced by the years of computer exposure. Additional studies with larger sample sizes will be needed to identify if significant differences exist in cell kinetics and sister chromatid exchan...
The role of neuropeptide processing enzymes in endocrine (prostate) cancer: EC 3.4.24.15 (EP24.15).

The zinc metalloendopeptidase EC3.4.24.15 [EP24.15, thimet oligopeptidase], a neuropeptide processing enzyme, is central to the formation and degradation of many bioactive peptides in the neural proteome, and is highly expressed in normal prostate. EP24.15 actions are increased in androgen-dependent prostate cancer compared to androgen-independent; augmented by androgen treatment, and inhibited by clinical GnRH analogs. The “neural” prostate includes: neuropeptides, cognate receptors and processing enzymes regulating signaling of peptide-mediated neural inputs.
Dynamic Structural and Chemical Responses of Energetic Solids

Understanding the dynamic responses of energetic materials is central to evaluating the energetic and chemical performance as well as development of novel energetic solids. These include thermal, mechanical and chemical processes in a relevant temporal (ns-to-μs) and spatial (atomistic-to-micro) scales. In this paper, we describe our recent developments of time-resolved characterization techniques capable of probing real-time structural and chemical evolutions across single event, metal combustions and intermetallic reactions. The methods utilize highspeed microphotography, spectro-pyrometry, and synchrotron x-ray powder diffraction and determine in-situ the particle sizes, temperatures and structures in μs time resolution. These timeresolved data provide insights into the fragmentation dynamics, thermal history, phase transitions, reaction mechanisms, and chemical kinetics governing these exothermic metal combustions and intermetallic reactions.
Recruitment and derecruitment characteristics of motor units in a hand muscle of young and old adults.

The significant decline in motor neuron number after ∼60 yr of age is accompanied by a remodeling of the neuromuscular system so that average motor unit force increases and the ability of old adult...
Effect of Fatigue Precracking on Crack Engagement during Sonic IR Testing

A series of sonic IR tests were performed on modified eccentrically-loaded single edge tension [ESE(T)] specimens in which crack lengths were nominally identical, but the precracking load history used to develop the sharp cracks used in the tests was varied from specimen to specimen. A measure for crack engagement length, defined as the length of crack that develops heat during sonic IR inspection was established for these tests. The result suggest that, in a certain regime, crack engagement length correlates with fatigue opening load, which is the stress intensity factor at which the crack front is fully open during the fatigue precracking. The implication of this is that laboratory test results for sonic IR should be performed with test specimens that have undergone careful precracking procedures, and that these procedures should be reported with test results.
The rhetorical situation revisited

(1993). “The rhetorical situation revisited”. Rhetoric Society Quarterly: Vol. 23, No. 2, pp. 30-40.
Orbital emphysema after nose blowing.

rbital emphysema is the abnormal condition in which ir is present within the orbit (1). The literature is replete ith cases of orbital emphysema caused by trauma to the rbit (2–4). A few cases document orbital emphysema ccurring spontaneously without the presence of a ecent trauma (5–7). Most of these cases are uncomlicated, and the patients have good outcomes. Howver, in a few instances permanent optic nerve damage an occur (8 –11). No consensus currently exists on ow to manage orbital emphysema. The following is a ase report of a patient who developed unilateral orital emphysema resulting from injury to the lamina apyracea after nose blowing.
Efficient network authentication protocols: lower bounds and optimal implementations

Research in authentication protocols has focused largely on developing and analyzing protocols that are secure against certain types of attacks. There is little and only scattered discussion on protocol efficiency. This paper presents results on the lower bounds on the numbers of messages, rounds, and encryptions required for network authentication. For each proven lower bound, an authentication protocol achieving the bound is also given, thus proving that the bound is a tight bound if the given optimal protocol is secure. Moreover, we give impossibility results of obtaining protocols that are simultaneously optimal with respect to the numbers of messages and rounds.
Study of Two Phase Flow Breakup Behavior for Application to Solid Rocket Motor Nozzle

This paper presents a method of characterizing liquid breakup phenomena using a probability distribution flow pattern and compares CFD results of a straight channel two-phase flow using k-e, SST k-ω and Reynolds Stress Model (RSM). Examination of liquid breakup level is essential for solving erosion phenomenon of solid fuel rocket motor (SRM), due to their use aluminum based solid propellants. During the propellant combustion, the aluminum oxidizes into alumina (Al2O3), which tends to agglomerate into molten droplets under a certain flow conditions. The molten droplets can then impinge on the combustion chamber walls, and flow along the nozzle wall. Such agglomerated aluminum leads to erosive damages to the geometry of de Laval nozzle and reduces the SRM propulsion performance. The volume fraction (VF) contour of the liquid can be used as the raw data for time average flow VF contour of straight channel. The flow shows the probability distribution of two-phase boundary which is mostly controlled by the features of different turbulence models. Those results will be used for future comparison to two-phase flow experiment as model selection reference of SRM two-phase supersonic flow simulation.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Compression effects in mercury porosimetry

Abstract The accuracy of pore size information obtained from mercury porosimetry is often adversely affected by sample compression. Pore filling and compression are difficult to separate in a conventional intrusion experiment. However, we show that by performing an intrusion experiment on a sample sealed in an impermeable membrane (i.e., isostatic compaction), the effects of compression can be ascertained. Using this approach, the volume change associated with pore collapse compression was found to be proportional to P− 1 3 . Partial correction of intrusion data is accomplished by subtracting αP− 1 3 from the intrusion data, where α is a constant related to the solid matrix strength and is obtained from the slope in the linear region of a plot of volume versus P− 1 3 .
The subjective familiarity of English homophones.

College students rated 828 homophonic words (words with the same pronunciation but different spellings) in terms of subjective familiarity. High interrater reliability was obtained, and the ratings correlated well with other published familiarity measures (r=.85). The familiarity ratings also correlated highly with log transforms of Kucera and Francis’s (1967) printed frequency measures (r= 75). However, many words of equal log frequency varied widely in rated familiarity, and vice versa. To determine which of these two factors was the better predictor of verbal performance, we orthogonally varied the two in a lexical decision task and found that, for words of moderate frequency, rated familiarity was by far the better predictor. We conclude that even though printed frequency and rated familiarity generally covary, printed frequency is a less reliable index of the underlying psychological construct, word familiarity.
The effect of subcortical lesions on production and alleviation of hemiballic or hemichoreic movements

Abstract Seven cases of hemiballismus and hemichorea treated by chemopallidectomy and chemothalamotomy were presented as a contribution to the search for a formulation of physiopathological as well as therapeutic concepts. Results of surgical subcortical lesions in these cases were studied together with those reported previously by several authors. Study of these data enabled us to reach the following conclusions: 1. (1) Hemichoreic and hemiballic symptomatology can be permanently alleviated by placement of lesions in the globus pallidus and/or ventrolateral nucleus of the thalamus and subjacent structures. Distal choreic movements seem more difficult to arrest than proximal ballistic components. 2. (2) Alleviation can be obtained in patients with these dyskinesias independently of the etiology or evolution of these syndromes. Pallidectomy or thalamectomy may become an emergency surgical procedure for acute hemiballismus in exhausted patients and in cases where spontaneous recovery seems unlikely. 3. (3) No significant differences could be established between thalamic or pallidal location. However, some data seem to indicate that the effect of lesions in the ventrolateral nucleus of the thalamus and underlying structures is more immediate and complete. In the last three cases of our series, subcortical lesions were surgically placed for alleviation of the symptoms of postencephalitic parkinsonism and ‘triggered’ hemiballic manifestations. These cases were considered of considerable importance because their study was supplemented in two instances by post mortem anatomical analysis of the brain. The assessment of previous anatomo-pathological as well as experimental evidence have led us to the following physio-pathological suggestions: 1. (1) No consistent explanation of the hemiballic and hemichoreic manifestations in terms of focal neuroanatomical areas can be sustained. 2. (2) In spite of previously described surgical results produced by lesions of the thalamus, pallidum, corticospinal paths and locus niger, the lesions cannot always arrest or reduce the hyperkinesia. On the contrary, similar lesions can ‘trigger’ hyperkinetic manifestations at least under certain conditions such as, occasionally, pathology of postencephalitic parkinsonism. 3. (3) Results following a surgical lesion will depend on the underlying pathology of each brain. 4. (4) Surgical alleviation of the dyskinesia seems to lie in a non-specific effect of the lesion, i.e. , in a change of the particular abnormal functional situation which, for each given brain, originally led to hemiballismus or hemichorea.
Torands: Planar Polyazamacrocyclic Ligands for Metal Ions

A series of macrocyclic ligands related to hexaaza[l8]- annulene form stable complexes with alkali metal and alkaline earth ions. A planar, substituent-solubilized “torand”, consisting of multiply fused pyridine rings, has been synthesized and has been found to sequester calcium from a dilute source.
The higher classification of the Ephemeroptera and its evolutionary basis

The higher classification of the extant Ephemeroptera of the world is reviewed. The suborders Schistonota (to include the Baetoidea, Leptophlebioidea, and Ephemeroidea) and Pannota (to include the Ephemerelloidea, Caenoidea, and Prosopistomatoidea) are introduced and defined on the basis of thoracic structure and other characters. The families Ephemerellidae and Tricorythidae are removed from the Leptophlebioidea and placed as the Ephemerelloidea. The phyletic basis for this classification and the evolutionary history of the superfamilies is presented. The Siphlonuridae and Leptophlebiidae are paraphyletic groups as constituted. All extant mayfly lineages take their origin within the Siphlonuridae and their derivations are discussed. The Leptophlebiidae gave rise to the Ephemeroidea. Classificatory modifications in the makeup of the Siphlonuridae, Siphlaenigmatidae, Baetidae, Ametropodidae, Oligoneuriidae, Ephemerellidae, and Tricorythidae are discussed. On the basis of phyletic intermediacy, the Siphlaenigmatinae is recognized as a subfamily of Baetidae, and the Isonychiinae and Coloburiscinae are recognized as subfamilies of Oligoneuriidae.
Early white-matter abnormalities of the ventral frontostriatal pathway in fragile X syndrome

Aim Fragile X syndrome is associated with cognitive deficits in inhibitory control and with abnormal neuronal morphology and development. Method In this study, we used a diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) tractography approach to reconstruct white-matter fibers in the ventral frontostriatal pathway in young males with fragile X syndrome (n=17; mean age 2y 9mo, SD 7mo, range 1y 7mo–3y 10mo), and two age-matched comparison groups: (1) typically developing (n=13; mean age 2y 3mo, SD 7mo, range 1y 7mo–3y 6mo) and (2) developmentally delayed (n=8; mean age 3y, SD 4mo, range 2y 9mo–3y 8mo). Results We observed that young males with fragile X syndrome exhibited increased density of DTI reconstructed fibers than those in the typically developing (p=0.001) and developmentally delayed (p=0.001) groups. Aberrant white-matter structure was localized in the left ventral frontostriatal pathway. Greater relative fiber density was found to be associated with lower IQ (Mullen composite scores) in the typically developing group (p=0.008). Interpretation These data suggest that diminished or absent fragile X mental retardation 1 protein expression can selectively alter white-matter anatomy during early brain development and, in particular, neural pathways. The results also point to an early neurobiological marker for an important component of cognitive dysfunction associated with fragile X syndrome.
Structural and Electronic Properties of TXF-TCNQ (X ˭ S, Se, Te)

Abstract We report the crystal structure and physical properties of TTeF-TCNQ, compare the electrical conductivities of TXF-TCNQ (X ˭ S, Se, Te) by performing tight-binding band calculations on TXF-TCNQ, and examine the differences in the packing patterns of TXF-TCNQ (X ˭ S, Se, Te) by carrying out ab initio SCF-MO/MP2 calculations on appropriate model systems. The electrical conductivity of TXF-TCNQ increases as X varies from S to Se to Te. This increase is primarily caused by the conductivity enhancement in the donor stacks. In TXF-TCNQ (X ˭ S, Se) the C-H bonds of both the donor and the acceptor molecules make intermolecular contacts shorter than the van der Waals radii sums, but in TTeF-TCNQ only the C-H bonds of the donor molecules do. This difference in the packing patterns was rationalized on the basis of the C-H…X and N(sp)…X (X ˭ S, Se, Te) contact interaction energies estimated by ab initio SCF-MO/MP2 calculations on H3C-H…XH2 and H-C≡N…XH2.
On-line algorithms for 2-coloring hypergraphs via chip games

Abstract Erdos has shown that, for all k -hypergraphs with fewer than 2 k −1 edges, there exists a 2-coloring of the nodes so that no edge is monochromatic. Erdos has also shown that, when the number of edges is greater than k 2 2 k +1 , there exist k -hypergraphs with no such 2-coloring. These bounds are not constructive, however. In this paper, we taken an “on-line” look at this problem, showing constructive upper and lower bounds on the number of edges of a hypergraph which allow it to be 2-colored on-line . These bounds become particularly interesting for degree- k k -hypergraphs, which always have a good 2-coloring for all k ⩾10 by the Lovasz Local Lemma. In this case, our upper bound demonstrates an inherent weakness of on-line strategies by constructing an adversary which defeats any on-line 2-coloring algorithm using degree- k k -hypergraphs with (3 + 2 √2) k edges.
Free vibration of circular footing on elastic foundations

Abstract The free vibration of a circular plate on an elastic foundation is analyzed by using Vlasov's two-parameter model. The natural frequencies of the system under axisymmetric conditions are determined. In the region of the plate, the general solution is represented by Bessel functions. Modified wave equations are used to predict the harmonic motion of the elastic foundation. Since the region outside of the plate is infinite, a reflected wave is not produced, thereby eliminating the need to consider a wave moving toward the plate. Finally, the effects of various parameters of the plate and the foundation on the natural frequencies system are discussed.
Mid-infrared reflectance and transmittance measurements in the laboratory using field instruments

This paper discusses methods developed for measuring the reflectance and transmittance of solid materials in the laboratory using instruments designed for the field. Having the ability to use field instruments to obtain lab-quality measurements negates the need for redundant instrumentation. In our work we use an ABB MR170 Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroradiometer to collect infrared spectra of natural and manmade surfaces in a variety of terrains and environments. Our laboratory protocols are optimized for the 3-14μm region of the electromagnetic spectrum. We describe our measurement protocols and present sample data.
CCD/CMOS hybrid FPA for low light level imaging

We present a CCD / CMOS hybrid focal plane array (FPA) for low light level imaging applications. The hybrid approach combines the best of CCD imaging characteristics (e.g. high quantum efficiency, low dark current, excellent uniformity, and low pixel cross talk) with the high speed, low power and ultra-low read noise of CMOS readout technology. The FPA is comprised of two CMOS readout integrated circuits (ROIC) that are bump bonded to a CCD imaging substrate. Each ROIC is an array of Capacitive Transimpedence Amplifiers (CTIA) that connect to the CCD columns via indium bumps. The proposed column parallel readout architecture eliminates the slow speed, high noise, and high power limitations of a conventional CCD. This results in a compact, low power, ultra-sensitive solid-state FPA that can be used in low light level applications such as live-cell microscopy and security cameras at room temperature operation. The prototype FPA has a 1280 x 1024 format with 12-um square pixels. Measured dark current is less than 5.8 pA/cm 2 at room temperature and the overall read noise is as low as 2.9e at 30 frames/sec.
Probing the air flow within the wake downwind of a building by means of a tracer technique.

Abstract Sulfur hexafluoride, an inert, gaseous tracer detected by means of electron-capture gas chromatography, was used to probe the air flow within the wake downwind of a 12m high, three-story building. A reverse-flow circulation was observed with a longitudinal extent downwind of about three building heights; the extent of the recirculation on the roof was confined to less than one-half the width of the building from the downwind edge. The recirculating velocities in the wake were estimated to be about 0.1–0.3 those of the prevailing wind at the top of the building. The wake downwind of the building was found to be well-mixed in all three dimensions and exhibited a characteristic exponential dilution time of approximately 1 min. Some practical contamination problems relating to the wake were also examined, including direct infiltration of the tracer into the building.
Attracting carnivorous arthropods with plant volatiles: The future of biocontrol or playing with fire?

Abstract Herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) are potent attractants for entomophagous arthropods and researchers have long speculated that HIPVs can be used to lure natural enemies into crops, reestablishing predator–prey relationships that become decoupled in disturbed agricultural habitats. This speculation has since become reality as the number of field trials investigating HIPV-mediated attraction and its consequences for pest suppression has risen dramatically over the past 10 years. Here, I provide an overview of recent field efforts to augment natural enemy populations using HIPVs, with emphasis on those studies manipulating synthetic compounds in controlled-release dispensers, and outline a prospectus for future research needs. Specifically, I review and discuss: (i) choice of compounds and release rates; (ii) functional changes in predator and parasitoid communities; (iii) non-target effects; (iv) mechanisms of attraction and prey suppression; (v) spatial- and landscape-level considerations; (vi) context-dependent responses; and (vii) temporal stability of attraction.
Phosphatidylinositol 4-Phosphate Controls Both Membrane Recruitment and a Regulatory Switch of the Rab GEF Sec2p

Summary Sec2p is the guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) that activates the Rab GTPase Sec4p on secretory vesicles. Sec2p also binds a Rab acting earlier in the secretory pathway, Ypt32-GTP, forming a Rab GEF cascade. Ypt32p and the Sec4p effector Sec15p (a component of the exocyst complex) compete for binding to Sec2p. Indeed Ypt32p initially recruits Sec2p, but subsequently allows a handoff of active Sec2p/Sec4p to Sec15p. Intriguingly, Golgi-associated phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PI4P) works together with Ypt32-GTP in this context. PI4P inhibits Sec2p-Sec15p interactions, promoting recruitment of Sec2p by Ypt32p as secretory vesicles form. However, PI4P levels appear to decline as vesicles reach secretory sites, allowing Sec15p to replace Ypt32p as vesicles mature. In this way, the regulation of PI4P levels may switch Sec2p/Sec4p function during vesicle maturation, from a Rab GEF recruitment cascade involving Ypt32p to an effector positive feedback loop involving Sec15p.
Improving high-speed SerDes performance using passive microwave filters along package traces

Lab measurement and simulation results are presented to show how passive capacitive microwave filters along flip-chip package traces can be used to overcome the capacitive discontinuity at the output port of SerDes transceivers to improve link performance. The technique is further developed to demonstrate its ability to shape the near-end eye pattern to improve its height and/or jitter at different data rates up to 17Gbps. The benefits of the technique for devices which deploy many 10's or 100's of SerDes links are highlighted.
A single-bubble model for sodium expulsion from a heated channel

Abstract A single-bubble model for expulsion of sodium from a reactor coolant channel due to flow blockage or loss of flow transients has been developed. The governing energy and momentum equations are numerically coupled throughout the voiding process. An analytic solution is obtained for the energy transport across the upper and lower liquid-vapor interfaces, while a simplified set of finite difference equations is used to determine the heat transport within the fuel pin and across the liquid film adhering to the clad surface. Results of parametric calculations are presented for blockage transients, considering the effects of power density and fuel pin heat capacity as well as liquid superheat and the presence of liquid film on the expulsion process.
Synthesis of quantitative and qualitative evidence for accident analysis in risk-based highway planning

Accident analysis involves the use of both quantitative and qualitative data in decision-making. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate the synthesis of relevant quantitative and qualitative evidence for accident analysis and for planning a large and diverse portfolio of highway investment projects. The proposed analysis and visualization techniques along with traditional mathematical modeling serve as an aid to planners, engineers, and the public in comparing the benefits of current and proposed improvement projects. The analysis uses data on crash rates, average daily traffic, cost estimates from highway agency databases, and project portfolios for regions and localities. It also utilizes up to two motivations out of seven that are outlined in the Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century (TEA-21). Three case studies demonstrate the risk-based approach to accident analysis for short- and long-range transportation plans. The approach is adaptable to other topics in accident analysis and prevention that involve the use of quantitative and qualitative evidence, risk analysis, and multi-criteria decision-making for project portfolio selection.
Sound propagation in superfluid 3He B

Abstract This review describes sound propagation in the normal state and the superfluid B phase of 3He. The l=1 nature of Cooper pairing in superfluid 3He leads to a complex collective mode spectrum. A number of the collective modes couple to sound. The expressions for the collective mode frequencies are derived using a phenomenological theory. Cryogenic and ultrasonic measurement techniques are briefly discussed, followed by a review of the results of sound propagation experiments, in particular those that show coupling to the collective modes. The effects of fields, textures and dispersion are also reviewed.
Influence of Cloning by Chromatin Transfer on Placental Gene Expression at Day 45 of Pregnancy in Cattle

Abstract Poor success rates in somatic cell cloning are often attributed to abnormal early embryonic development as well as late abnormal fetal growth and placental development. Although promising results have been reported following chromatin transfer (CT), a novel cloning method that includes the remodeling of the donor nuclei in vitro prior to their transfer into enucleated oocytes, animals cloned by CT show placental abnormalities similar to those observed following conventional nuclear transfer. We hypothesized that the placental gene expression pattern from cloned fetuses was ontologically related to the frequently observed placental phenotype. The aim of the present study was to compare global gene expression by microarray analysis of Day 44–47 cattle placentas derived from CT cloned fetuses with those derived from in vitro fertilization (i.e. control), and confirm the altered mRNA and protein expression of selected molecules by qRT-PCR and immunohistochemistry, respectively. The differentially expressed genes identified in the present study are known to be involved in a range of activities associated with cell adhesion, cell cycle control, intracellular transport and proteolysis. Specifically, an imprinted gene, involved with cell proliferation and placentomegaly in humans (CDKN1C) and a peptidase that serves as a marker for non-invasive trophoblast cells in human placentas (DPP4), had mRNA and protein altered in CT placentas. It was concluded that the altered pattern of gene expression observed in CT samples may contribute to the abnormal placental development phenotypes commonly identified in cloned offspring, and that expression of imprinted as well as trophoblast invasiveness-related genes is altered in cattle cloned by CT.
Ab initio calculation of phosphorus NMR chemical shifts in the gauge including atomic orbital method

Abstract Ab initio calculations in the gauge including atomic orbital (GIAO) method are reported for seventeen phosphorus-containing molecules, where a [6s, 5p, 2d] basis has been employed for phosphorus and generally the 6-311G(d, p) basis for other atoms. The isotropic shifts cover a range of over 1200 ppm and show good agreement (on average 20–30 ppm, 2–3% of the shift range) with experimental gas phase data. Although the amount of comparative data is small, the GIAO method compares well with other gauge-including methods.
Base multiplicity in compact and generalized compact spaces

Abstract We show that a compact Hausdorff space is metrizable if it has a base B such that every countably infinite subset of X is contained in at most countably many members of B . We show that the same statement for countably compact spaces is consistent with and independent of ZFC . These results answer questions stated by Arhangel'skii et al. [Topology Appl. 100 (2000) 39–46]. We prove some strenthenings of these theorems. We also consider generalizations of our results to higher cardinalities as well as to wider classes of spaces.