cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Minimal kinematic boundary conditions for simulations of disordered microstructures

In simulations of representative volume elements (RVEs) of materials with disordered microstructures, commonly used rigid and periodic boundary conditions (BCs) introduce additional constraints, causing: (i) boundary effects, (ii) unrealistic stiff response, (iii) artificial wavelengths in the solution fields, and (iv) suppression of solutions with localized deformation that otherwise may occur in the simulation. In this paper we define the minimal kinematic boundary conditions such that only the desired overall strain is imposed on the RVE, with no other undesirable constraints. We prove that such BCs result in a unique solution for the linear elastic case, and that the uniqueness for nonlinear problems is dependent on the pointwise positive definiteness of the incremental stiffness tensor. Upon incorporating the minimal BCs into the finite element framework, we consider, as an example, two-dimensional, linear elastic, disordered polycrystals and perform a systematic study of the effects of boundary conditions while varying the RVE size and controlling the sampling error. The results demonstrate that the minimal BCs, applicable to a RVE of any shape, are superior to other BCs, in that they give more realistic overall behaviour, reduce the required size of the RVE, and eliminate the superficial wavelengths in the solution field, ubiquitous in simulations with other boundary conditions.
Laser assisted electro-deposition of earth abundant Cu2ZnSnS4 photovoltaic thin film

Abstract In this study, we introduce laser assisted electro-deposition (LAED) to deposit earth abundant Cu 2 ZnSnS 4 (CZTS) thin film solar cell material at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. It is found LAED results in much denser and larger CZTS crystals. Laser induced local photo-electrochemical reaction significantly increases the electro-deposition rate. The thermal effect of laser irradiation also improves the CZTS thin film quality by reducing the internal defects such as grain boundaries and inter-crystal gaps. An almost stoichiometric composition for the manufactured CZTS film. A post laser crystallization is applied to further improve crystal quality.
Stabilizing positive feed-forward control design for a DC power distribution system using a passivity-based stability criterion and system bus impedance identification

DC distribution systems consist of several feedback-controlled converters interconnected to form a complex power distribution system. While the analysis and design of a single power converter and its control is well understood, in a DC distribution system the situation is different. Analyzing and designing a complex multi-converter system in such a way as to guarantee both system stability and performance is a complex problem that was not fully solved in the past. Difficulties stem from a lack of adequate analysis and design tools, limited understanding of the problem, difficulties in applying the existing stability criteria, and the need for stabilizing converter controllers. To tackle all these difficulties, this paper presents how two recently proposed tools, i.e. the Passivity-Based Stability Criterion (PBSC) and the Positive Feed-Forward (PFF) control, can be used together with a System Identification technique to address system level stability issues in DC distribution systems. In particular, after the frequency-domain measurement of the system bus impedance is taken, a parametric model of the bus impedance can be obtained and used to design a stabilizing PFF control that imposes passivity of the overall bus impedance. If passivity of the overall DC bus impedance is ensured, stability is guaranteed as well. The method is experimentally validated on a system consisting of the cascade of two converters. Two series of results are presented: when we have knowledge of the system model, and when we treat the system as a “black-box”.
Diseases of the odontoid and craniovertebral junction with management by endoscopic approaches.

Abstract Surgical approaches to the craniovertebral junction (CVJ) can result in dysfunction of the upper aerodigestive tract. However, few data are available regarding the incidence of complications after such surgery. Evaluation of a CVJ lesion for treatment must establish the biology, transverse and longitudinal extent of the lesion, and the preoperative and postoperative stability of the spine. Endoscopic approaches to the CVJ, which should reduce the expected morbidity of an open transoral approach, have been described recently. This article reviews common pathologies of the CVJ and surgical approaches, and provides an evidence-based analysis of whether endoscopic approaches reduce velopharyngeal insufficiency.
Cost-Effectiveness and Net Benefit of Enhanced Treatment of Depression for Older Adults With Diabetes and Depression

OBJECTIVE—To determine the incremental cost-effectiveness and net benefit of a depression collaborative care program compared with usual care for patients with diabetes and depression. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—This article describes a preplanned subgroup analysis of patients with diabetes from the Improving Mood-Promoting Access to Collaborative (IMPACT) randomized controlled trial. The setting for the study included 18 primary care clinics from eight health care organizations in five states. A total of 418 of 1,801 patients randomized to the IMPACT intervention (n = 204) versus usual care (n = 214) had coexisting diabetes. A depression care manager offered education, behavioral activation, and a choice of problem-solving treatment or support of antidepressant management by the primary care physician. The main outcomes were incremental cost-effectiveness and net benefit of the program compared with usual care. RESULTS—Relative to usual care, intervention patients experienced 115 (95% CI 72–159) more depression-free days over 24 months. Total outpatient costs were $25 (95% CI −1,638 to 1,689) higher during this same period. The incremental cost per depression-free day was 25 cents (−$14 to $15) and the incremental cost per quality-adjusted life year ranged from $198 (144–316) to $397 (287–641). An incremental net benefit of $1,129 (692–1,572) was found. CONCLUSIONS—The IMPACT intervention is a high-value investment for older adults with diabetes; it is associated with high clinical benefits at no greater cost than usual care.
Arm movement experiments with joint space force fields using an exoskeleton robot

A new experimental platform permits us to study a novel variety of issues of human motor control, particularly full 3-D movements involving the major seven degrees-of-freedom (DOF) of the human arm. We incorporate a seven DOF robot exoskeleton, and can minimize weight and inertia through gravity, Coriolis, and inertia compensation, such that subjects' arm movements are largely unaffected by the manipulandum. Torque perturbations can be individually applied to any or all seven joints of the human arm, thus creating novel dynamic environments, or force fields, for subjects to respond and adapt to. Our first study investigates a joint space force field where the shoulder velocity drives a disturbing force in the elbow joint. Results demonstrate that subjects learn to compensate for the force field within about 100 trials, and from the strong presence of aftereffects when removing the field in some randomized catch trials, that an inverse dynamics, or internal model, of the force field is formed by the nervous system. Interestingly, while post-learning hand trajectories return to baseline, joint space trajectories remained changed in response to the field, indicating that besides learning a model of the force field, the nervous system also chose to exploit the null space to minimize the effects of the force field on the realization of the endpoint trajectory plan. Further applications for our apparatus include studies in motor system redundancy resolution and inverse kinematics, as well as rehabilitation.
Ordered vs. unordered: a comparison of parallelism and work-efficiency in irregular algorithms

Outside of computational science, most problems are formulated in terms of irregular data structures such as graphs, trees and sets. Unfortunately, we understand relatively little about the structure of parallelism and locality in irregular algorithms. In this paper, we study multiple algorithms for four such problems: discrete-event simulation, single-source shortest path, breadth-first search, and minimal spanning trees. We show that the algorithms can be classified into two categories that we call unordered and ordered, and demonstrate experimentally that there is a trade-off between parallelism and work efficiency: unordered algorithms usually have more parallelism than their ordered counterparts for the same problem, but they may also perform more work. Nevertheless, our experimental results show that unordered algorithms typically lead to more scalable implementations, demonstrating that less work-efficient irregular algorithms may be better for parallel execution.
An efficient modeling approach for substrate noise coupling analysis

A computationally efficient and accurate substrate noise coupling model for heavily doped CMOS processes is presented and validated with simulations and experimental data. The model is based on Z parameters that are scalable with contact separation and size. This results in fast extraction of substrate resistances for large circuit examples. Several examples demonstrate that this approach can be orders of magnitude faster than currently available techniques for substrate resistance extraction. The computed substrate resistances are within 10% of numerical simulations.
Reading the Newspaper: Strategies and Politics of Reader Response, Chicago, 1912–1917

This article is about reader response to journalism during an important transitional period in the history of the American newspaper. It draws on a manuscript collection of letters sent by readers to James Keeley, editor of the Chicago Tribune and Chicago Herald in the early 20th century. It explores the strategies that readers used to make sense of what they read. The article's main argument is that reader response was often not idiosyncratic, but rather it was linked to interpretive communities, and these communities were influenced by political organizations. In other words, readers constructed their own meanings as they read, but this creative process was often guided by organized cultural and political power. Then as now, interest groups taught readers how to read their newspapers.
Children's Drawings and Attachment to Pets:

To help confirm the concept that distances placed between the self and other figures in children's drawings represent emotional distances, 242 pet-owning and 35 nonpet-owning kindergarteners through eighth graders drew pictures of themselves, a pet, and/or a family member. Owners drew pets significantly closer than family-figures although the younger the child, the greater the distance between self and pet. Older children drew themselves holding pets significantly more often, but younger children placed the family-figure between the self and the pet significantly more often. There were no significant gender differences in self-figure/pet-figure distances, but cats, dogs, caged animals, and farm animals were placed significantly closer to self-figures than were fish. Over-all, owners were clearly emotionally closer to pets than to family members, but nonowners were as close emotionally to family members as were owners.
Chronically Ill Midlife and Older Lesbians, Gay Men, and Bisexuals and Their Informal Caregivers: The Impact of the Social Context

With the exception of HIV care, informal caregiving of chronically ill lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) adults has received very limited attention in the extensive caregiving literature. This article reports on research that considered the social context of care and a dyadic caregiving approach for 36 chronically ill LGB adults ages 50 and older and their informal caregivers. In this study both discrimination and relationship quality were associated with depression among chronically ill LGB adults and their caregivers. Furthermore, preliminary findings suggested that relationship quality moderates the impact of discrimination as a risk factor for depression in chronically ill LGB adults. The authors discuss the implications of these findings for social policy and future research. Given the changing demographics in the United States with the aging of the baby boomers, as well as an increase in chronic illness, fostering better understanding of caregiving across diverse sexualities and families is critical.
Physics-driven Bayesian hierarchical modeling of the nanowire growth process at each scale

Despite significant advances in nanoscience, current physical models are unable to predict nanomanufacturing processes under uncertainties. This research work aims to model the nanowire (NW) growth process at any scale of interest. The main idea is to integrate available data and physical knowledge through a Bayesian hierarchical framework with consideration of scale effects. At each scale the NW growth model describes the time–space evolution of NWs at different sites on a substrate. The model consists of two major components: NW morphology and local variability. The morphology component represents the overall trend characterized by growth kinetics. The area-specific variability is less understood in nanophysics due to complex interactions among neighboring NWs. The local variability is therefore modeled by an intrinsic Gaussian Markov random field to separate it from the growth kinetics in the morphology component. Case studies are provided to illustrate the NW growth process model at coarse and fine sc...
On the importance of geometric nonlinearity in finite-element simulations of trabecular bone failure.

The finite element method, which has been successfully applied to studies of the elastic properties of trabecular bone, is now being used to simulate its failure. These simulations have used a geometrically linear (linear kinematic) approximation to the total stiffness matrix; nonlinear terms in the total stiffness matrix have been excluded from the computation in order to achieve efficiency. Because trabecular bone appears to be a slender (i.e., geometrically nonlinear) structure, we studied the validity of the linear kinematic approximation for simulating its failure. Two cases, designed to bracket the extremes of stability behavior, were explored: a single representative spicule of trabecular bone (case 1) and a volume of trabecular bone consisting of relatively low aspect ratio members (case 2). For case 1, geometrically linear (GL) and nonlinear (GNL) analyses were performed with two different materials models: a plastic damage model and a brittle damage model. When GNL terms were included in the total stiffness matrix, we found that load-path bifurcation preceded tissue failure regardless of the form of the damage model. This bifurcation was the result of a complex coupling between material yield and structural instability. The nature of this coupling was highly sensitive to the form of the damage model. None of these behaviors was observed in the linear analyses, where failure was insensitive to the form of the damage model and where structural instabilities were prevented from occurring. For case 2, compressive loading of a volume of trabecular bone, geometric nonlinear effects were pronounced. There was a bifurcation in load response that resulted in large apparent strain to failure. The GL simulations, on the other hand, precluded this bifurcation. We hypothesize that trabecular bone is a geometric nonlinear structure; nonlinear terms must be included in the total stiffness matrix to accurately simulate its failure.
Entropy, divergence and distance measures with econometric applications

This paper provides a unified treatment of various entropy, divergence and distance measures and explores their applications in the context of econometric estimation and hypothesis testing.
Survival, Growth, and Ecosystem Dynamics of Displaced Bromeliads in a Montane Tropical Forest1

ABSTRACT Epiphytes generally occupy arboreal perches, which are inherently unstable environments due to periodic windstorms, branch falls, and treefalls. During high wind events, arboreal bromeliads are often knocked from the canopy and deposited on the forest floor. In this study, we used a common epiphytic tank bromeliad, Guzmania berteroniana (R. & S.) Mez, to determine if fallen bromeliads can survive, grow, and reproduce on the forest floor and evaluate the potential impact of adult dispersal on plant and soil nutrient pools. Bromeliads were transplanted to and from tree stems and the forest floor and monitored intensively for six months; survival, growth, and impacts on ecosystem nutrient pools were followed on a subset of plants for 16 months. Six months after transplanting, bromeliad mortality was low (3%), and 19 percent of study individuals had flowered and produced new juvenile shoots. Mortality on the subset of plants followed for 16 months was 14–30 percent. Although survival rates were relat...
THE PHOTOCHEMICAL BASIS OF ANIMAL HELIOTROPISM

1. Experiments on the heliotropic orientation of Limulus were made which confirmed Loeb's photochemical theory of animal heliotropism proposed first in 1888 and 1889 in experiments on insects, and later in experiments on other forms of animals. 2. It is shown that these animals are oriented by light in such a way that the product I x t x cos alpha is the same for the symmetrical photosensitive elements of the eyes or the skin, where I is the intensity of the light, t the duration of illumination, and alpha the angle of incidence of the light at the surface element of the photosensitive organ. 3. When this equation holds, the products of decomposition by light must be the same in symmetrical elements of the eyes or skin, and the influence of these products of decomposition on the tension of symmetrical muscles of the locomotor organs of the animal must be the same. As a consequence the animal must move in the path of light, either to or from the source of light.
Model fitting procedures for nonlinear factor analysis using the errors-in-variables parameterization

Traditional factor analysis and structural equation modeling use models which are linear in latent variables. Here, a general parametric nonlinear factor analysis model is introduced. The identification problem for the model is discussed, and the errors-invariables parametrization is proposed as a solution. Two general procedures for fitting the model are described. Tests for the goodness of fit of the model are also proposed. The usefulness and comparison of the model fitting procedures are studied based on a simulation.
Preventing and controlling human noroviruses in South Carolina long-term care facilities: An analysis of institutional policies and procedures.

Background Long-term care (LTC) facilities are the number one setting for human norovirus (HuNoV) outbreaks in the United States (60%). Methods We aimed to determine alignment of policies and procedures in LTC facilities in South Carolina with Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommendations and to determine readability based on Federal Plain Language Guidelines and Microsoft Word readability statistics. Results Most facilities (n = 21) had procedures for hand hygiene, but recommendations for handwashing events and duration varied greatly. Less than half (n = 11) had separate procedures devoted to HuNoV outbreak control. Fifteen required disinfection of bodily fluids. Seven had procedures for exclusion of sick staff during an outbreak. Both hand hygiene and bodily fluid cleanup procedures had low mean scores for readability. Mean Flesch Reading Ease and Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level for both procedures were in the range of difficult to understand. Conclusion Most LTC policies and procedures were not consistent with CDC recommendations for HuNoV. Moreover, readability of all procedures is needed so LTC workers can easily understand and implement prevention and control procedures.
Pegasus in the Cloud: Science Automation through Workflow Technologies

The Pegasus Workflow Management System maps abstract, resource-independent workflow descriptions onto distributed computing resources. As a result of this planning process, Pegasus workflows are portable across different infrastructures, optimizable for performance and efficiency, and automatically map to many different storage systems and data flows. This approach makes Pegasus a powerful solution for executing scientific workflows in the cloud.
Risk Exposure and Risk Management at Korea First Bank

This case is ideal for analyzing the currency, liquidity, operating, interest-rate and other types of risk that a bank faces, especially a bank in emerging markets as it was hit during the Asian crisis of 1997. The students can also learn and apply the KMV model to estimate bankruptcy risk.
Formation of Isolated Zn Vacancies in ZnO Single Crystals by Absorption of Ultraviolet Radiation: A Combined Study Using Positron Annihilation, Photoluminescence, and Mass Spectroscopy

Positron annihilation spectra reveal isolated zinc vacancy (${V}_{\mathrm{Zn}}$) creation in single-crystal ZnO exposed to 193-nm radiation at $100\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{mJ}/{\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ fluence. The appearance of a photoluminescence excitation peak at 3.18 eV in irradiated ZnO is attributed to an electronic transition from the ${V}_{\mathrm{Zn}}$ acceptor level at $\ensuremath{\sim}100\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{meV}$ to the conduction band. The observed ${V}_{\mathrm{Zn}}$ density profile and hyperthermal ${\mathrm{Zn}}^{+}$ ion emission support zinc vacancy-interstitial Frenkel pair creation by exciting a wide 6.34 eV Zn-O antibonding state at 193-nm photon---a novel photoelectronic process for controlled ${V}_{\mathrm{Zn}}$ creation in ZnO.
The Urbanistic Symbols in Stefan Kucharski's Jerusalem, the City of the Great King

Jeruzalem miasto Krola Wielkiego to jeden z tekstow Stefana (wlaśc. Hieronima) Kucharskiego (1595-1653). Dzielo zachowalo sie co najmniej w dwoch wersjach, znajduje sie w tzw. kopiariuszu lubelskim (Archiwum Polskiej Prowincji Karmelitow Bosych w Krakowie, rkps nr 246, s. 287-302) oraz zbiorze pt. Rozne cwiczenia lubo nauki duchowne i wyklady przez Wielebnego Ojca Stefana od świetej Teresy […] , napisane (Archiwum Biblioteki Siostr Karmelitanek Bosych w Krakowie, rkps nr 62, karty 44r-47v). Ow „wyklad” skierowany byl najpewniej do siostr karmelitanek bosych. Podejmuje zagadnienia natury mistycznej, traktuje o sposobach zamieszkiwania Boga w czlowieku. W tekście Kucharskiego metafora jest chyba najwazniejszym i najcześciej uzywanym środkiem literackiego przekazu. Nacechowana symbolicznie miejska przestrzen posluzyla autorowi jako swoista alegoria, wyrazająca poglądy antropologiczne i teologiczne.
The Difference Between Brand Origin Knowledge and Brand Origin Perception: An Examination of Country-of-Origin Effects in the LCD TV Industry

Recent research suggests that most consumers are not very concerned about the national origin of products (Arndt 2004; Liefeld 2004). Arndt (2004) reports that in a study by TeleNation, 70% of respondents do not care to find out where a product was made and 57% reported that it had no influence on their purchase decision. Liefeld (2004) found that only 1.4% of consumers explicitly acquired a product’s country of origin prior to purchase, and only about 6% knew prior to the purchase. In contrast, 88.8% reported that they did not know a product’s origin and suggested that they had no interest in finding out. Similarly, two recent studies examining consumers’ brand origin recognition accuracy showed that consumers’ knowledge of brands’ origin is rather limited. Samiee, Shimp, and Sharma (2005) found that US respondents were only able to identity the correct country origin for 35% of examined brands. In a similar examination albeit of UK consumers and focusing exclusively on microwave oven brands, Balabanis and Diamantopoulos (2008) found that their respondents were only able to correctly identify 27% of the brands’ origin in their study. These studies suggest that consumers have very little knowledge of where brands are from, and more importantly they really do not seem to care.
Join Merge of Excel Spreadsheet

Excel because of its simple,easy to use,for people to deal with data management and provides a very good platform.It contains very rich functions,both dealing with complex forms of data,you can filter and query data,however,when it comes to practical use in many forms associated with screening,Excel becomes powerless.In this paper,Vb.net OleDbConnection class,the Excel spreadsheet as an external data source,through Dataview the Rowfilter,two Excel tables to achieve off the joint.
Real-time Network Backup System Based on Linux Kernel

This paper presents a real-time network backup system(RTNB) based on Linux kernel,and implements a prototype based on linux-2.4.19 kernel.The prototype system is working in the kernel,and it is transparent to user.At the entrance of the device driver layer,each block is encapsulated to be a three-domain element(data,block number,block size),and the element is transported to the remote backup server.RTNB system implements a partition-to-partition backup from local server to backup server,when the file systems of both sides are the same.The experimental results show that the time spending of storage of both synchronous backup and asynchronous backup are little longer than that of local storage when the bandwidth is 100 Mbps,and the efficiency is satisfying.
Combinations of paclitaxel and etoposide in the treatment of lung cancer

Paclitaxel (Taxol; Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, NJ) and etoposide are two chemotherapy agents with broad cytotoxic activity but different mechanisms of action and resistance. Previous in vitro studies of their combined cytotoxicity have yielded conflicting results. We evaluated the effects of drug scheduling in cell growth inhibition in lung and breast human cancer cell lines. A clonogenic assay with either simultaneous or sequential 24-hour incubation of paclitaxel and etoposide was used to assess growth inhibition, and the combination index was used to evaluate drug interactions. In these studies, including the A549 human lung cancer cell line, mild antagonism (combination index, > 1) was observed with concurrent exposure of paclitaxel and etoposide, but synergism (combination index, < 1) was observed when the drugs were incubated sequentially. In view of the wide range of antitumor activity of both paclitaxel and etoposide, and the potential importance and clinical impact of optimizing drug doses and schedules, we recently completed a phase I study with the following objectives: (1) to determine the maximum tolerated dose of paclitaxel given intravenously on day 10 after 10 days of oral etoposide and (2) to investigate the toxicity profile of this combination of agents. Three consecutive cohorts consisting of a total of 29 patients with various measurable or assessable tumors were treated with paclitaxel by intravenous infusion over 3 hours after receiving 10 days of etoposide 50 mg orally twice daily. Conclusions for this clinical study were that the combination was feasible and tolerable and had demonstrated antitumor activity in a group of mostly pretreated patients. The recommended doses for phase II studies were etoposide 50 mg twice daily for 10 days followed by paclitaxel 150 mg/m2 intravenously over 3 hours. A phase II study in patients with extensive small cell lung cancer, with appropriate translational studies, has been initiated.
The January 4, 1989, Earthquake in Bluffton, South Carolina, and its Tectonic Implications

An earthquake of magnitude 2.8 occurred on January 4, 1989, at 9:39:01.47 UTC (4:39 am EST) near Bluffton, in the lower South Carolina Coastal Plain, a region of low seismicity. More than seventy people in the Bluffton-Hilton Head area reported either hearing or feeling this early morning event. Historically, there have been three earthquakes, two of which had a MMI ≥ V, near Savannah, 25 km southwest of this earthquake. Recent discoveries of earthquake induced liquefaction features in the Bluffton area suggested that this area had been subjected to large ground motion in the past. Together, these data lead to the preliminary inference of a possible seismic source zone near Bluffton.
Optical determination of temperature and concentrations of homogeneous turbulent gas mixtures

Abstract In this study, a previously developed inverse radiation model for a single gas species is extended to mixtures of the combustion gas species CO2, H2O and CO. Time-averaged transmissivities and their root-mean-square (rms) values are successfully related to time-averaged temperatures, species concentrations and their rms values by considering interactions between turbulence and radiation (TRI). The sensitivity of the rms transmissivity spectra to all the parameters to be retrieved are examined and optimal wavenumber ranges for retrieving turbulent scalars of the gas mixtures are discussed. To validate the models, measured spectra are synthesized for different combinations of species concentrations, temperatures, turbulent intensities, pressure path length and turbulent length scales. Results show that mean and rms temperature and species concentrations and other turbulent scalars can be retrieved accurately from turbulent transmissivity measurements as long as the turbulent intensity is below 15% and the pressure path length for the gas mixture is less than 60 bar · cm.
Simulated Keratometry Repeatability in Subjects with and without Down Syndrome.

Purpose To assess the repeatability of simulated keratometry measures obtained with Zeiss Atlas topography for subjects with and without Down syndrome (DS). Methods Corneal topography was attempted on 140 subjects with DS and 138 controls (aged 7-59 years). Subjects who had at least three measures in each eye were included in analysis (DS: n = 140 eyes (70 subjects) and controls: n = 264 eyes (132 subjects)). For each measurement, the steep corneal power (K), corneal astigmatism, flat K orientation, power vector representation of astigmatism (J0, J45), and astigmatic dioptric difference were determined for each measurement (collectively termed keratometry values here). For flat K orientation comparisons, only eyes with >0.50 DC of astigmatism were included (DS: n = 131 eyes (68 subjects) and control: n = 217 eyes (119 subjects)). Repeatability was assessed using (1) group mean variability (average standard deviation (SD) across subjects), (2) coefficient of repeatability (COR), (3) coefficient of variation (COV), and (4) intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Results The keratometry values showed good repeatability as evidenced by low group mean variability for DS versus control eyes (≤0.26D vs. ≤0.09D for all dioptric values; 4.51° vs. 3.16° for flat K orientation); however, the group mean variability was significantly higher in DS eyes than control eyes for all parameters (p ≤ 0.03). On average, group mean variability was 2.5 times greater in the DS eyes compared to control eyes across the keratometry values. Other metrics of repeatability also indicated good repeatability for both populations for each keratometry value, although repeatability was always better in the control eyes. Conclusions DS eyes showed more variability (on average: 2.5×) compared to controls for all keratometry values. Although differences were statistically significant, on average 91% of DS eyes had variability ≤0.50D for steep K and astigmatism, and 75% of DS eyes had variability ≤5 degrees for flat K orientation.
The Ribosome Alters the Folding of a Multidomain Nascent Protein

Protein folding is often studied in the context of full-length polypeptides in solution. However, the post-translational folding pathway may not recreate the pathway of folding when a protein is being synthesized by the ribosome. The effects of the ribosome and the rate of translation on folding are not well understood, partially due to the difficulty of probing the nascent chain without also affecting the ribosome. Using optical tweezers, we can look in detail at the nascent chain at the single-molecule level with minimal perturbation to the ribosome. Previous studies have shown that the ribosomal surface can act electrostatically to slow the kinetics of folding. Those studies used a linker to vary the distance from the surface and did not look at changes in sequence availability or multidomain proteins. To further understand cotranslational folding, we are studying the folding pathway of a two-domain calcium-binding protein calerythrin. Our results show that the full-length protein in solution folds robustly through a C-domain intermediate, but truncated versions of the protein can fold to an N domain or a misfolded state. During translation, the C-terminal residues required for native folding are not yet available, but the other observed intermediates could fold, in principle. By observing the folding at various sequence positions, and thus nascent chain lengths, we found that the ribosome can not only slow folding, but can also affect the unfolding rates, particularly increasing the unfolding rate of the misfolded state. The ribosome thus prevents the formation of this unproductive state via two mechanisms: decreasing the probability of folding and decreasing the stability of the folded state. This study gives further insight into the importance of the ribosome to regulate protein structure, and opens up new questions about the interplay between elongation and folding.
Characterization of thermal transport properties of Ag/BaTiO3 composites using hot disk: Numerical simulations

Abstract In this study, a micromechanics model was considered for simulating transient heat transfer response and predicting various thermal properties, such as thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity and heat capacity, of composite materials, mimicking the hot disk experimental technique. The micromechanics analyses can give insights with regards to variations in the field variables, i.e. temperature and heat flux, in the hot disk experiment for composite materials. The micromechanics model was generated by randomly placing reinforcement particles within a square matrix medium. The effects of heat source geometry were studied, and the convergence behavior in particle size was investigated. These investigations reveal that, the size of the reinforcement particles should be small relative to the hot disk sensor to extract enough information in characterizing the homogenized material properties of the composite in the hot disk experimental technique. To study the effects of small perturbation in input data on the estimation of the material constants, sensitivity analysis was conducted. Both sensitivity analysis and micromechanics model predictions showed that the prediction accuracy for the effective thermal conductivity is higher than that for effective thermal diffusivity. This conclusion is equivalently applicable to the experimentally measured effective properties obtained by the hot disk technique. The newly presented micromechanics model was used to predict the various effective thermal properties of silver/barium titanate (Ag/BaTiO 3 ) composite. The predictions were then compared to both the experimental and numerical results reported in the literature.
Mining Knowledge Graphs From Text

Knowledge graphs have become an increasingly crucial component in machine intelligence systems, powering ubiquitous digital assistants and inspiring several large scale academic projects across the globe. Our tutorial explains why knowledge graphs are important, how knowledge graphs are constructed, and where new research opportunities exist for improving the state-of-the-art. In this tutorial, we cover the many sophisticated approaches that complete and correct knowledge graphs. We organize this exploration into two main classes of models. The first include probabilistic logical frameworks that use graphical models, random walks, or statistical rule mining to construct knowledge graphs. The second class of models includes latent space models such as matrix and tensor factorization and neural networks. We conclude the tutorial with a critical comparison of techniques and results. We will offer practical advice for novices to identify common empirical challenges and concrete data sets for initial experimentation. Finally, we will highlight promising areas of current and future work.
Mid-infrared Photonic Chips for Real-time Breath Biomarkers Analysis

Real-time gas analysis on-a-chip was demonstrated using a mid-infrared (mid-IR) microcavity. Optical apertures for the microcavity were made of ultrathin silicate membranes embedded in a silicon chip using the complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) process. CH4, CO2, and N2O were selected as analytes due to their strong absorption bands at λ = 3.25 – 3.50 µm, 4.20 – 4.35 µm.
Facile Synthesis of a Pentiptycene-Based Highly Microporous Organic Polymer for Gas Storage and Water Treatment.

Rigid H-shaped pentiptycene units, with an intrinsic hierarchical structure, were employed to fabricate a highly microporous organic polymer sorbent via Friedel–Crafts reaction/polymerization. The ...
Carrier density control of magnetism and Berry phases in doped EuTiO3

In materials with broken time-reversal symmetry, the Berry curvature acts as a reciprocal space magnetic field on the conduction electrons and is a significant contribution to the magnetotransport properties, including the intrinsic anomalous Hall effect. Here, we report neutron diffraction, transport, and magnetization measurements of thin films of doped EuTiO3, an itinerant magnetic material, as a function of carrier density and magnetic field. These films are itinerant antiferromagnets at all doping concentrations. At low carrier densities, the magnetoresistance indicates a metamagnetic transition, which is absent at high carrier densities (>6 × 1020 cm−3). Strikingly, the crossover coincides with a sign change in the spontaneous Hall effects, indicating a sign change in the Berry curvature. We discuss the results in the context of the band structure topology and its coupling to the magnetic texture.
Der Begriff der linearen Programmierung

Im Sommer 1949 fand an der Universitat Chikago mit Unterstutzung der Cowles Commission for Research in Economics eine Konferenz statt, auf der Mathematiker, Wirtschaftswissenschaftler und Statistiker von Hochschulen und verschiedenen Regierungsstellen uber Forschungen berichteten, bei denen die Methode der linearen Programmierung benutzt wurde. Die betrachteten Probleme erstreckten sich von der Planung wechselnder Bodenbewirtschaftung bis zur Planung grosraumiger militarischer Aktionen, von der Festlegung von Schiffsrouten zwischen den Hafen bis zur Beurteilung des Warenflusses zwischen Industrien der Volkswirtschaft. Die groste Uberraschung war dabei, das die berichtete Forschung wahrend der zwei vorangegangenen Jahre durchgefuhrt worden war (siehe Literaturverzeichnis, [Koopmans, 1951-1]).
Exacerbations of COPD

• The contemporary definition of an acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD) is an event in the natural course of the disease characterized by a change in the patient’s baseline dyspnoea, cough, and/or sputum beyond the day-to-day variability sufficient to warrant a change in management. • Acute exacerbations of COPD are associated with enormous cost, increased rate of decline of lung function in continuous smokers, poor quality of life, and high mortality. • A trial of noninvasive mechanical ventilation (bi-level Positive Airway Pressure or bi-level PAP) should be attempted in patients with progressive respiratory acidosis, impending respiratory failure, or markedly increased work of breathing due to AECOPD because bi-level PAP is associated with success rates of 80–85% due to reduced intubation rates, lower rates of nosocomial infections, and improved mortality. • Aggressive prevention and management of AECOPD are important to help reduce the cost, morbidity, and mortality associated with these episodes.
Using a text analysis and categorization tool to generate Bayesian belief networks for use in cognitive social simulation from a document corpus

Cognitive social simulation provides a promising means of gaining insight into a particular area of interest for a given population, but the data to instantiate these models must be gleaned from disparate data sources. Methods and tools to efficiently leverage information regarding a population of interest from a document corpus are required. This paper provides an overview of the use of Sandia National Laboratory's Text Analysis Extensible Library (STANLEY) to categorize a body of documents to create Bayesian belief networks that can be used as cognitive models within social simulation.
The Price of Privacy for Low-rank Factorization

In this paper, we study what price one has to pay to release \emph{differentially private low-rank factorization} of a matrix. We consider various settings that are close to the real world applications of low-rank factorization: (i) the manner in which matrices are updated (row by row or in an arbitrary manner), (ii) whether matrices are distributed or not, and (iii) how the output is produced (once at the end of all updates, also known as \emph{one-shot algorithms} or continually). Even though these settings are well studied without privacy, surprisingly, there are no private algorithm for these settings (except when a matrix is updated row by row). We present the first set of differentially private algorithms for all these settings. Our algorithms when private matrix is updated in an arbitrary manner promise differential privacy with respect to two stronger privacy guarantees than previously studied, use space and time \emph{comparable} to the non-private algorithm, and achieve \emph{optimal accuracy}. To complement our positive results, we also prove that the space required by our algorithms is optimal up to logarithmic factors. When data matrices are distributed over multiple servers, we give a non-interactive differentially private algorithm with communication cost independent of dimension. In concise, we give algorithms that incur {\em optimal cost across all parameters of interest}. We also perform experiments to verify that all our algorithms perform well in practice and outperform the best known algorithm until now for large range of parameters.
Characterizing the "sweet spot" for the preservation of a T-cell line using osmolytes

This study examined the post-thaw recovery of Jurkat cells cryopreserved in single osmolyte solutions containing sucrose, glycerol or isoleucine, as well as in a combination of the three osmolytes. Cell response was determined using low temperature Raman Spectroscopy and variation in post-thaw recovery with composition was analyzed using statistical modeling. Post-thaw recovery of Jurkat cells in single osmolyte was low. A combination of the osmolytes displayed a non-linear relationship between composition and post-thaw recovery, suggesting that interactions exist between the different solutes. The post-thaw recovery for an optimized multicomponent solution was comparable to that observed using 10% dimethyl sulfoxide and a cooling rate of 1 °C/min. Statistical modeling was used to characterize the importance of each osmolyte in the combination and test for interactions between osmolytes. Higher concentrations of glycerol increase post-thaw recovery and interactions between sucrose and glycerol, as well as sucrose and isoleucine improve post-thaw recovery. Raman images clearly demonstrated that damaging intracellular ice formation was observed more often in the presence of single osmolytes as well as non-optimized multi-component solution compositions.
Healthcare in the Age of Interoperability: The Promise of Fast Healthcare Interoperability Resources

The first article of this series (see "About This Series") mentioned that, after the success of its new messaging standard for electronic health record (EHR) systems, Health Level 7 (HL7) found it difficult to develop and widely deploy a standard for the rich representation of clinical data for use in patient care. This was due, in large part, to the complexity of medicine and the resulting complexity of the clinical terminologies developed to represent it.
The renewable wave energy resource in coastal regions of the Florida peninsula

Abstract Recently there has been a global effort to increase the utilization of renewable energy resources. In this study, we use observed data to estimate the ocean wave power available in coastal Florida. We find that average values ranging from 2.073 to 6.939 kW/m are available annually. It is shown that these values vary spatially; regions in the Atlantic Ocean have more available wave power than those in the Gulf of Mexico. Average annual wave power also varies temporally, likely due to meteorological events, indicating that changes in the climate may have significant impacts on available wave power. Available wave power is estimated using a spectral wave power equation, which requires sparsely available spectral wave density data. Wave power is more commonly estimated using a standard wave equation, which simplifies the required parameters to wave heights and wave periods. Here, we use both equations in order to assess the impact of this simplification. We find that the estimated wave power values calculated using the two equations differ considerably; using the simplified equation underestimates available wave power by an average of 17%. The degree of underestimation varies spatially, thus we recommend using the spectral wave power equation for ocean wave power assessment whenever possible.
Dual language programs: an exploration of bilingual students’ academic achievement, language proficiencies and engagement using a mixed methods approach

Employing a mixed-methods research design, this study examines how a newly designed dual language program in an urban school advances language proficiencies among Spanish-English bilingual 6th grad...
Open Microfluidic Capillary Systems.

Open microfluidic capillary systems are a rapidly evolving branch of microfluidics where fluids are manipulated by capillary forces in channels lacking physical walls on all sides. Typical channel ...
Confirmation of the Ability of the Personal Report of Communication Apprehension-24 (PRCA-24) to Predict Behavioral Indicators of Social Interaction

One of the major criticisms of personality and trait research is its over-reliance on self-report measures and the lack of evidence illustrating these measures’ ability to accurately predict behavi...