cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Development and Validation of a Calculator for Estimating the Probability of Urinary Tract Infection in Young Febrile Children.

Importance Accurately estimating the probability of urinary tract infection (UTI) in febrile preverbal children is necessary to appropriately target testing and treatment. Objective To develop and test a calculator (UTICalc) that can first estimate the probability of UTI based on clinical variables and then update that probability based on laboratory results. Design, Setting, and Participants Review of electronic medical records of febrile children aged 2 to 23 months who were brought to the emergency department of Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. An independent training database comprising 1686 patients brought to the emergency department between January 1, 2007, and April 30, 2013, and a validation database of 384 patients were created. Five multivariable logistic regression models for predicting risk of UTI were trained and tested. The clinical model included only clinical variables; the remaining models incorporated laboratory results. Data analysis was performed between June 18, 2013, and January 12, 2018. Exposures Documented temperature of 38°C or higher in children aged 2 months to less than 2 years. Main Outcomes and Measures With the use of culture-confirmed UTI as the main outcome, cutoffs for high and low UTI risk were identified for each model. The resultant models were incorporated into a calculation tool, UTICalc, which was used to evaluate medical records. Results A total of 2070 children were included in the study. The training database comprised 1686 children, of whom 1216 (72.1%) were female and 1167 (69.2%) white. The validation database comprised 384 children, of whom 291 (75.8%) were female and 200 (52.1%) white. Compared with the American Academy of Pediatrics algorithm, the clinical model in UTICalc reduced testing by 8.1% (95% CI, 4.2%-12.0%) and decreased the number of UTIs that were missed from 3 cases to none. Compared with empirically treating all children with a leukocyte esterase test result of 1+ or higher, the dipstick model in UTICalc would have reduced the number of treatment delays by 10.6% (95% CI, 0.9%-20.4%). Conclusions and Relevance UTICalc estimates the probability of UTI by evaluating the risk factors present in the individual child. As a result, testing and treatment can be tailored, thereby improving outcomes for children with UTI.
Exocytosis: Flow Routes and Kinetics as Related to Membrane Recycling

Processes to achieve transport and discharge of intracellular materials to the extracellular space (exocytosis) via cytoplasmic vesicles or vacuoles that fuse with the plasma membrane are fundamental to secretion and membrane recycling (Palade 1975; Fig. 1). Exocytotic discharge is involved in the release from secretory cells and tissues of a variety of proteins, enzymes, hormones, neurotransmitters, lipoproteins, serum and milk constituents, glycoproteins, polysaccharides, cell wall and glycocalyx materials, and encrusting and mucosubstances (Morre and Ovtracht 1977). Additionally, the formation, migration and fusion of secretory vesicles provide an extensively documented example of derivation of membrane materials from one cell component (the Golgi apparatus) and their addition to yet another cell component (the plasma membrane) to effect a physical transfer, i.e. membrane flow (see Morre et al. 1979 b for review). Thus, exocytosis represents a major source of plasma membrane and one of two partial (vectorial) pathways of membrane recycling potentially mediated by vesicle carriers (Fig. 1).
Summary and Research Needs

Environmental exposures to noxious chemicals—both natural and synthetic—at nonlethal levels have been ubiquitous for millennia and range from hydrogen sulfide from volcanoes and hot springs to products of combustion. The harnessing of fire for human uses was a milestone in our acceptance of close proximity to irritant substances. A number of syndromes and conditions have been described that are induced or exacerbated by exposures to irritant chemicals. Irritant asthma and irritant rhinitis are now well-characterized conditions that have a solid scientific underpinning. Respiratory irritants bind to nociceptors on sensory nerve c-fibers in the airway and induce the release of inflammatory mediators, as discussed in Chaps. 1 and 3. For a normal airway, higher doses are needed to induce significant inflammation than in susceptible individuals. The pathophysiology of the increased susceptibility is now established. Inflammation leads to a pathological remodeling of airways. The remodeled airway has a decreased threshold for irritant-induced inflammation. The susceptible airway has a proliferation of nerve fibers, desquamation of epithelial barriers, and lymphocytic infiltrates.
Galen's critique of rationalist and empiricist anatomy.

En reponse aux idees empiristes et rationaliste, Galien plaide pour un realisme critique qui respecte l'experience car pour apprendre et comprendre l'anatomie du corps, le biologiste doit dissequer
MYCOTOXIN PRODUCTION BY POSTHARVEST PATHOGENS OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES

Avoidance of mycotoxlns In fruits and vegetables depends upon a myriad of possible growing, handling, and storage procedures. Either the incidence of infection, the extent of fungal colonization of the commodity, or the extent of mycotoxin accumulation may be reduced. In any event, sound control measures must be based on knowledge of how and when fungal infection occurs, the conditions under which colonization occurs, and factors affecting accumulation of the mycotoxin. Control procedures must be economically feasible and compatible with good pomological practices.
Distinct Pathways Involved in S-Phase Checkpoint Control

The S-phase checkpoint is activated when DNA damage occurs during DNA synthesis or when DNA replication intermediates accumulate. Depending on the type and magnitude of damage, cells activate one of the three distinct S-phase checkpoint pathways: (1) an intra-S-phase checkpoint induced by double strand break, (2) a replication checkpoint by the stalled replication fork, and (3) a S–M checkpoint to block premature mitosis. These checkpoint pathways coordinate a network of signaling molecules and are thought to ensure the fidelity of the replicating genome.
Health information programming in public libraries: a content analysis

ABSTRACTHealth information programs, defined as library programs focusing on health-related topics, are an essential way for public libraries to reach out to their user communities, raising awarene...
Perceived Social and Built Environment Correlates of Transportation and Recreation-Only Bicycling Among Adults

Introduction Research on perceptions of environmental factors in relation to transportation and recreation bicycling is limited in the United States. We explored the association between perceived social and built environment factors with total, transportation, and recreation bicycling in a sample of adult bicyclists in Austin, Texas, and Birmingham, Alabama. The objective of this study was to examine the relationship between perceived social and built environment factors and domain-specific bicycling in a sample of adult bicyclists. Methods Adults aged 18 to 65 who rode a bicycle at least once in the past year completed an internet-based survey that was developed for this study to specifically assess correlates of bicycling; the study was conducted from October 2016 through January 2017. Perceived environmental factors assessed were residential density, traffic safety, destination, connectivity, safety from crime, aesthetics, and bicycle infrastructure. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to estimate the association of each perceived environmental factor (tertile 1, lowest; tertile 3, highest) with recreation-only and transportation bicycling. Effect modification of the relation between environmental factors and bicycling outcomes by sex was also examined. Results The final analytic sample size was 801 participants. All environmental factors examined, including residential density, traffic safety, destinations, connectivity, aesthetics, bicycle infrastructure, and safety from crime showed significantly direct associations with transportation bicycling. Traffic safety, destinations, aesthetics, and bicycle infrastructure showed significant direct and inverse associations with recreation-only bicycling. Effect modification by sex was identified with residential density; a significant direct association with recreation-only bicycling was seen among women. Conclusion These findings illustrate that bicycling for transportation is associated with different perceived environmental factors than is recreation-only bicycling, with some significant modification by sex. Comprehensive tools that assess the perceived environment for bikeability in the United States are warranted.
Abstract 522: VWF Inhibition by an RNA Aptamer Improves Functional Outcome Compared to rTPA in Ferric Chloride-induced Carotid Artery Thrombosis in Mice

Objective: To compare the functional effects of von Willebrand Factor (VWF) inhibition by RNA aptamer (T79) vs rTPA utilizing in vivo arterial thrombosis in mice. Approach and Results: We previousl...
Epidemiology of Anaphylaxis in Critically Ill Children in the United States and Canada

Background Anaphylaxis is a rapid-onset, multisystem, and potentially fatal hypersensitivity reaction with varied reports of prevalence, incidence, and mortality. There are limited cases reported of severe and/or fatal pediatric anaphylaxis. Objective This study describes the largest cohort of intensive care unit pediatric anaphylaxis admissions with a comprehensive analysis of identified triggers, clinical and demographic information, and probability of death. Methods We describe the epidemiology of pediatric anaphylaxis admissions to North American pediatric intensive care units (PICUs) that were prospectively enrolled in the Virtual Pediatric Systems database from 2010 to 2015. One hundred thirty-one PICUs in North America (United States and Canada) were queried for anaphylaxis International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision or International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision codes from the Virtual Pediatric Systems database from 2010 to 2015 in the United States and Canada. One thousand nine hundred eighty-nine patients younger than 18 years were identified out of 604,279 total number of patients admitted to a PICU in the database during this time frame. Results The primary outcome was mortality, which was compared with patient and admission data using Fisher exact test. Secondary outcomes (intubation, length of stay, mortality risk scores, systolic blood pressure, and pupillary reflex) were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test or Wilcoxon rank-sum test, as appropriate. One thousand nine hundred eighty-nine patients with an anaphylaxis International Classification of Diseases code were identified in the database. One percent of patients died because of critical anaphylaxis. Identified triggers for fatal cases were peanuts, milk, and blood products. Peanuts were the most common trigger. Children were mostly male when younger than 13 years, and mostly female when 13 years and older. Average length of stay was 2 days. There was a higher proportion of Asian patients younger than 2 years or when the trigger was food. Conclusions This is the largest study to describe pediatric critical anaphylaxis cases in North America and identifies food as the most common trigger. Death occurs in 1% of cases, with intubation occurring most commonly in the first hour. The risk for intensive care unit admission in children underscores the serious nature of anaphylaxis in this population.
High Quantum Yield Fluorescent Carbon Nanodots for detection of Fe (III) Ions and Electrochemical Study of Quenching Mechanism.

Abstract Carbon nanodots (CNDs) offer potential applications in photocatalysis, optoelectronics, bio-imaging, and sensing due to their excellent photoluminescence (PL) properties, biocompatibility, aqueous solubility, and easy functionalization. Recent emphasis on CNDs in the selective detection of metal ions is due to the growing concern for human and environmental safety. In this work, two types of fluorescent carbon nanodots (CNDs) are synthesized economically from ethylene diamine (E-CNDs) or urea (U-CNDs) in a single step microwave process. The as-prepared CNDs exhibit excellent PL at an excitation wavelength of 350 nm with a quantum yield of 64% for E-CNDs and 8.4% for U-CNDs with reference to quinine sulfate. Both E-CNDs and U-CNDs demonstrate high selectivity towards Fe (III) ions among different metal ions, by fluorescence quenching in a dose dependent manner. The limit of detection of E-CNDs and U-CNDs is observed to be 18 nM and 30 nM, respectively, in the linear response range of 0–2000 μM with a short response time (seconds). The CNDs detect Fe (III) ions in tap water and serum sample with no spiking and the recovery was ~100% with the Fe (III) samples. Cellular internalization studies confirm the localization of the CNDs and the optical imaging sensing of Fe (III) ions inside living cells. A charge transfer fluorescence quenching mechanism, specifically between the CNDs and Fe (III), is proposed and examined using cyclic voltammetry. The overall characteristics of the E-CNDs provides a potential sensing platform in highly sensitive and selective detection of Fe (III) ions.
Effect of roughness on the rheology of concentrated non-Brownian suspensions: A numerical study

We numerically investigate the effects of the particle surface roughness on the rheological properties of dense suspension of non-Brownian rough particles. We use the Ball–Melrose approximation to calculate the hydrodynamic interactions and an elastic-plastic monoasperity model with normal load dependent coefficient of friction to model the contact dynamics and the friction between the particles. We successfully reproduce the shear thinning behavior in non-Brownian suspensions, which is often observed in experiments. The relative viscosity and the normal stress difference increase with the roughness of the particles. These findings show satisfactory agreement with recent experiments. We also fit our data to the Maron–Pierce law to predict the relative viscosity with varying volume fractions and roughness. The jamming volume fraction decreases with the particle roughness owing to the increase in effective particle radii and the average coefficient of friction with roughness. The jamming fraction is also dependent on the stress and increases with stress. This directly leads to an increase in the relative viscosity with roughness in suspensions of rough non-Brownian particles. These findings suggest that accurate modeling of the contact dynamics and friction is crucial to accurately simulate the rheological behavior of dense suspensions subjected to shear flow.We numerically investigate the effects of the particle surface roughness on the rheological properties of dense suspension of non-Brownian rough particles. We use the Ball–Melrose approximation to calculate the hydrodynamic interactions and an elastic-plastic monoasperity model with normal load dependent coefficient of friction to model the contact dynamics and the friction between the particles. We successfully reproduce the shear thinning behavior in non-Brownian suspensions, which is often observed in experiments. The relative viscosity and the normal stress difference increase with the roughness of the particles. These findings show satisfactory agreement with recent experiments. We also fit our data to the Maron–Pierce law to predict the relative viscosity with varying volume fractions and roughness. The jamming volume fraction decreases with the particle roughness owing to the increase in effective particle radii and the average coefficient of friction with roughness. The jamming fraction is also de...
Talking About Sustainability in Teacher Preparation in Finland and the United States

This article reports on empirical research findings from a case study of teacher education in Finland and the United States. A sociological perspective was deployed for investigating how the concept of sustainability was addressed in two teacher education programs. One of the programs was located in Finland and the other in the US. The study was carried out in 2015 and 2016. Seventeen semi-structured, open-ended, audio-recorded interviews form the core of the research materials. A thematic analysis of interviews was conducted for identifying articulations related to sustainability in subject-matter specialized teacher preparation. Findings from this study contribute to research on teacher preparation. Notably, by articulating how context-specific culture and social norms contribute to local models of teacher education. Findings from this study indicate that teacher training practices in Finland have encouraged students to articulate sustainability in relation to critical thinking, whereas in the US, sustainability has been articulated in relation to social justice. The key point supported by the evidence is that sustainability was by teachers and teacher educators conceptualized as being about the popularization of knowledge about ecology and biodiversity. The kind of communication that was by teachers and teacher educators described as effective for popularizing knowledge about scientific phenomena were forms of teaching that expanded on content-specific knowledge by connecting it to ethical and civic frameworks of the societies in which students live.
Lumbar arachnoiditis: Does imaging associate with clinical features?

Abstract Objectives Lumbar arachnoiditis is a rare and debilitating neurologic disorder with multiple etiologies and a spectrum of imaging and clinical characteristics. Prior reports have anecdotally claimed that no association exists between findings of arachnoiditis observed on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and those assessed clinically. The purpose of this study was to determine if MRI features of lumbar arachnoiditis associate with the clinical findings of the disorder. Patients and methods Twenty eight patients with lumbar arachnoiditis reported on MRI between 2012 and 2018 were retrospectively identified. A variety of MRI and clinical features of lumbar arachnoiditis were cataloged for these patients based on common findings discovered through literature review. Imaging findings included cauda equina nerve root contour and thickening, adhesion location, level of involvement, enhancement, and Delamarter group. Clinical findings included demographics, etiology, symptom dynamics, and signs/symptoms. Fisher’s exact tests were used to determine associations between the imaging and clinical features of lumbar arachnoiditis. Results In general, MRI findings did not associate with the clinical features of lumbar arachnoiditis with a few exceptions. Most notably, confounding lumbar pathology was associated with symptom dynamics (p = 0.004) and nerve root contour was associated with motor and sensory symptoms (p = 0.01). The suspected arachnoiditis etiology of the majority of patients was either post-operative or post-infectious in nature. Conclusion MRI findings in lumbar arachnoiditis offer limited insight into the clinical presentation of the disorder.
What's my Share? The Use of Borrower Accounting Information by Loan Syndicate Participants

Participant lenders in syndicated loans depend on information collected by the lead lender for borrower screening and monitoring, as the lead lender is primarily responsible for ex-ante due diligence in evaluating borrowers. This gives rise to both moral hazard and adverse selection concerns within the syndicate. We investigate whether participant lenders use borrower accounting reports to mitigate these information frictions. We find that participant lenders’ SEC EDGAR searches of borrower filings are positively associated with their shares of the syndicated loan, consistent with mitigation of intra-syndicate information asymmetry. This association is stronger for searches of current period filings and 10-K/Qs, and weaker when the lead lender is more reliable and when the borrower’s information environment is richer. This novel evidence enhances our understanding of the role of accounting information in facilitating deal formation in syndicated loan markets.
Supreme Court Unity and Public Opinion: An Experimental Study

The notion that judicial unanimity increases a decision’s popular acceptance while dissents may fuel political resistance is one that is often contemplated but rarely tested. It is clear from the writings of several federal judges and Supreme Court justices, including Learned Hand, Charles Evan Hughes, Edward White, and Earl Warren, that this is a commonly held belief in judicial circles. However, the scholarly evidence that Court opinions can move public opinion at all, a necessary precondition for this effect, is mixed. This paper addresses the question with an experimental research design. In the experiment, subjects were given manipulated articles covering the Supreme Court’s decision in Kelo v. City of New London. Although the Court actually decided the case by a five-to-four vote, the size of the majority varied across experimental treatment groups. The subjects were then surveyed to measure their attitudes toward the decision, the policy it advanced, and the Court as an institution. The results showed that, for the most part, the level of consensus did not impact the participants’ opinions, and where it did, it did so in a manner inconsistent with existing theory.
The US should listen to scientists about how to counter influence from China

The US government has attempted to counter foreign influence on American research by pursuing criminal investigations into scientists linked to China. Xiaoxing Xi — 2020 recipient of the American Physical Society’s Andrei Sakharov Prize — believes that non-criminal approaches, such as those recommended by the independent group JASON, address the problem better.
The clinical presentation and outcome of aortic coarctation associated with left ventricular inflow and outflow tract lesion in adult patients: Shone syndrome and beyond

Abstract Background Aortic coarctation (AoCoa) is a congenital stenosis of aorta, which often co-exists with other congenital heart defects. Many studies have shown the importance of regular follow-up in these patients however there is scarcity of knowledge relating to the impact of left ventricle inflow lesions (LVIT) and left ventricle outflow track lesions (LVOT). The aim of this study is to evaluate the impact of isolated AoCoa with LVIT and/or LVOT on haemodynamic, morbidity and mortality. Methods We have retrospectively analysed clinical data of all adult AoCoa patients who underwent echocardiography between 2010-2018 in our centre. Outcome measures included death, number of hospitalisations for cardiac causes, development of cardiac arrhythmia, new prescription of HF medication. Results A total of 406 AoCoa patients were included and were followed for a median 4.2 years. At baseline, 38% patients had AoCoa alone, 54% patients had LVOT, 3% patients had LVIT, and 5% patients had mixed LVIT and LVOT, including patients with Shone syndrome. Patients with mixed LVIT and LVOT had the highest mortality of the four groups and the highest heart failure-related morbidity. Moreover, they were the most prone to have a higher indexed LA volume compared to patients with no LVOT (p=0.0001). During follow-up, 13 patients died, of which 21% patients were from the mixed LVIT and LVOT group. Conclusions AoCoa patients with a combination of LVIT and LVOT including Shone complex are associated with a significantly higher morbidity and mortality compared to AoCoa alone.
Microresonator-switch-based silicon-photonic true-time-delay beamforming circuit for RF phased-array antennas

A chip-scale silicon PIC-based tunable delay line using a 10-by-15 microring resonator array with integrated photodetectors and thermo-optic switching elements was implemented and experimentally characterized.
Modeling of Recuperators, Combustion Chambers, Afterburners

This category of components includes recuperators, preheaters, regenerators, intercoolers, and aftercoolers. Within these components the process of heat exchange occurs between the high and low temperature sides. The working principle of these components is the same ([1], [2], [3]). However, different working media are involved in the heat transfer process. More recently recuperators are applied to small and medium size gas turbine engines to improve their thermal efficiency. The exhaust thermal energy is used to warm up the compressor exit air before it enters the combustion chamber. A typical recuperator consists of a low pressure hot side flow path, a high pressure cold side flow path, and the wall that separates the two flow paths. A variety of design concepts are used to maximize the heat exchange between the hot and the cold side by improving the heat transfer coefficients. A cold side flow path may consist of a number of tubes with turbulators, fin pins, and other features that enhance the heat transfer coefficient. Based on the individual recuperator design concept, hot gas impinges on the tube surface in cross flow or counter flow directions. The working media entering and exiting the recuperator is generally combustion gas that exits the diffuser (hot side) and air that exits the compressor (cold side).
A Critical Race Feminist Perspective on Prostitution & Sex Trafficking in America

This Article is one of the first to apply critical race feminism (CRF) to explore prostitution and sex trafficking in the United States. Several scholars have applied critical race feminism to explore several forms of sexual exploitation, including sexual harassment, domestic violence, and rape, but have yet to extend this discourse into the debate on prostitution and sex trafficking. Legal scholars have addressed prostitution and sex trafficking as gender oppression, while others have acknowledged the role of race in prostitution and trafficking in America. But few have considered prostitution from a critical race perspective, i.e., one that considers how race and gender intersect with other systems of oppression together to marginalize people of color in America. This Article applies critical race feminist theory to argue that racism intersects with other forms of structural oppression to obscure choice for people of color in America’s prostitution industry. America’s commercial sex industry perpetuates structural race, gender, and class-based inequalities. Racism and structural oppression trap a disproportionate number of women of color and girls of color into prostitution. Racism coerces women of color to engage in prostitution and obscures their consent. A critical race feminist lens informs our understanding of how traditional feminist discourse about prostitution has not fully considered the role of race, structural racism, and intersectional oppression in both the scholarly and policy discourse on prostitution. In contrast to dominant feminist narratives about prostitution, a critical race feminist perspective calls upon scholars and policymakers to focus on the role of racism and structural state sanctioned factors that push marginalized people of color into prostitution.
A 3 nV//sup n/ square root Hz, DC-precise, JFET operational amplifier

An amplifier topology and design techniques that enable JFETs to achieve ultra-low-noise, high-DC-precision performance on a par with bipolar transistors, while retaining their inherently lower input current errors, are presented. The amplifier combines a voltage noise of 3 nV/ nth root Hz and a current noise of 5.4 fA/ nth root Hz, both at 1 kHz, with high DC precision: V/sub os/ 5*10/sup 6/, and common-mode rejection ratio >or=100 dB. These results are achieved by a new trimming technique. >
Protecting unattended computers without software

In many environments, users log in to workstations and then leave them unattended. Rather than trying to stop users from doing what comes naturally, this paper suggests a simple, hardware-based system that can protect computers in such an environment from unauthorized use by people with physical access to the monitor and keyboard. Requirements for the system are described some design issues are discussed, and a sketch of a design for an initial prototype is provided, together with an assurance argument for it. A prototype implementing many of the concepts described has been built; two dozen copies of a second prototype are soon to be installed in an office environment.
Syringocystadenocarcinoma Papilliferum in Situ: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

Syringocystadenocarcinoma papilliferum is an exceedingly rare malignant neoplasm of the apocrine glands. There are only about half a dozen cases reported in the literature with one case being an in situ lesion. A 32-year-old Nigerian female presented with a 1-cm, hyperpigmented, slow-growing verrucous nodule located on her mid-posterior neck. The lesion had been present since birth. Histopathological examination revealed bilocular cystic cavities with papillary projections lined by double layers of epithelium. The luminal layer was composed of columnar cells with decapitation-type secretion. The fibrovascular stroma within the papillary projections contains numerous plasma cells with some lymphoid cells. The cystic cavities showed close apposition to the epidermis of the skin with focal, keratinizing squamous epithelium lining that was contiguous to the infundibular epithelium in foci. Necrosis en masse was present within the tumor. There were focal areas of solid aggregates of tumor cells with crowded, pleomorphic, and hyperchromatic nuclei. Many mitoses, some of them atypical, were identified. The tumor was confined within the cystic cavities with no dermal invasion. A diagnosis of syringocystadenocarcinoma papilliferum in situ was made.
Palladium nanowire hydrogen sensor

Palladium nanowires, synthesized by template-nanomanufacturing techniques, has been studied for hydrogen gas sensing applications at room temperature. In this study parallel arrays of Pd nanowires were fabricated by electrodeposition from an aqueous plating solution onto an HOPG surface. The nanowires were then transferred onto a polystyrene film and silver electrical contact pads were fabricated by shadow masking. The morphology of the nanowires was analyzed using atomic force microscope (AFM) in noncontact mode and the diameter of the observed nanowires was measured to be approximately 250nm. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images revealed that the nanowires fabricated by this procedure were parallel and continuous. Experimental results indicated that the sensors are highly sensitive to hydrogen, showing a two-order change in conductance. The morphology of the nanowires was analyzed using SEM and AFM in order to understand the properties responsible for the high sensitivity of the nanowires. SEM images showed that the nanowires contain nanogaps in absence of H/sub 2/. On, exposure to H/sub 2/ palladium absorbed hydrogen resulting in the expansion of Pd grains. This expansion results in the closing of the nanogaps. The expansion occurred due to the phase transition from alpha to beta and the palladium lattice expansion.
Self-Reported Personality Variability Across the Social Network Is Associated With Interpersonal Dysfunction

We describe 2 studies (n=52 and n=82) examining variability in perceptions of personality using a social network methodology. Undergraduate participants completed self-report measures of personality and interpersonal dysfunction and then subsequently reported on their personalities with each of 30 members of their social networks. Results across the 2 studies found substantial variability in participants' perceived personalities within their social networks. Measures of interpersonal dysfunction were associated with the amount of variability in dyadic ratings of personality, specifically Agreeableness and Openness to Experience. Results suggest that personality variability across interpersonal contexts may be an important individual difference related to social behavior and dysfunction.
Effective Intramural Publicity

(1978). Effective Intramural Publicity. Journal of Physical Education and Recreation: Vol. 49, No. 2, pp. 46-47.
Characterization of the Antigenic Determinants of Cholera Toxin Subunits

The antigenic specificity of purified preparations of A subunit, B subunit, alpha chain, and gamma chain of cholera toxin was studied by double immunodiffusion and radioimmunoassay with antisera produced in rabbits and mice. Rabbits immunized with A subunit produced serum antibodies which were capable of binding radiolabeled A subunit, alpha chain, and B subunit. Rabbits immunized with alpha chain produced serum antibodies that would bind radiolabeled alpha chain and A subunit. Rabbits immunized with the B subunit produced serum antibodies monospecific for the B subunit. The gamma chain did not elicit measurable antibodies in rabbits or mice as evidenced by radioimmunoassay or double immunodiffusion. A sensitive competitive radioimmunoassay was developed in which the B subunit could inhibit binding of radiolabeled A subunit and alpha chain with either antisera prepared against A subunit or alpha chain. Neither the A subunit nor the alpha chain could inhibit binding of B subunit with the antiserum prepared against B subunit. In addition, selected elution fractions obtained during A- and B-subunit purification were used to immunize groups of mice. Mice responded to immunization with the elution fractions of A subunit by producing anti-A-subunit and anti-B-subunit serum antibody responses, whereas mice immunized with elution fractions of B subunit produced only antibodies specific for the B subunit. An equimolar amount of the two resulting protein peaks was used to immunize two groups of rabbits. Rabbits immunized with A subunit, produced a serum anti-B subunit response equal to that of rabbits immunized with the B subunit. Rabbits immunized with equimolar concentrations of A and B subunits were observed to be equally protected against intestinal loop challenge with Vibrio cholerae Inaba V86. The A subunit, not the B subunit, was biologically active when tested by the S49 mouse lymphosarcoma cell test. These studies provide additional evidence supporting the hypothesis that the A subunit, specifically of alpha chain, of cholera toxin contains antigenic determinants in common with the B subunit.
Autocracies and Terrorism: Conditioning Effects of Authoritarian Regime Type on Terrorist Attacks

Although empirical research has generally demonstrated that democracies experience more terrorism than autocracies, research suggests that this depends upon complex institutional differences that go beyond the democracy-autocracy divide. This study examines these differences, linking institutions to strategies of coercion and co-optation. Using zero-inflated negative binomial regression estimations on Geddes' (2003) autocratic regime-type data for 161 countries between 1970 and 2006, we find that single-party authoritarian regimes consistently experience less domestic and international terrorism relative to military autocracies and democracies. This finding is robust to a large number of specifications, underscoring the explanatory power of regime type for predicting terrorism. Our explanation for these findings is that party-based autocracies have a wider range of coercion and co-option strategies that they can employ to address grievance and dissent than do other, more strategically restricted, regimes.
Gingival crevicular fluid myeloperoxidase at periodontitis sites

This investigation was undertaken to determine the relationship between the amount of the polymorphoruclear leukocye (PMN) cnzyme mycloperoxidasc (MPO) in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) collected from periodontius sites before and after root planning and (1) gingival drsease status described by clinical indices. (2) the quantity of GCF. and (3) differential dark-field coums of Subgingival plaque microorganisms. Similar measurements except dark-field microbial counts, were made at sites with minimal signs of periodontal disease. Higher levels of GCF MPO occurred at periodontals sites. Reduced enzyme activity fooled instrumentation therapy. The reduced enzyme activity, however, was not specifically associated with decreases in clinical indices. GCF MPO was only weakly dependent of GCF volume Consequently a major portion of the greater GCF MPO observed before root planning reflected a characteristic of the lesion other than a difference in GCF volume. Before therapy more GCF MPO was noted at sites with a greater number of subgingival plaque microorganisms. However, there was no relationship between GCF MPO and the proportion of spirochetes, mobile and rod forms in the samples. These data support the conclusion that the quantity of GCF MPO reflects factors other than those associated with clinical parameters commonly used to assess inflammatory periodontal disease.
Rapeseed, sunflower, and soybean meal supplementation of calf rations

Abstract Forty-eight Holstein calves were divided into three equal groups and fed starter rations supplemented with rape-seed meal, sunflower meal, or soybean meal from birth to 14 wk of age. Each calf received alfalfa-brome hay ad libitum and up to 3.64 kg whole milk/day until weaned at 68.2 kg body weight. Daily starter dry-matter intake was lower for rapeseed, .67 kg/calf, than .92 and .99 kg for sunflower and soybean rations. Average daily gain (kg) and feed efficiencies (kg feed dry matter/kg gain) for calves fed rapeseed, sunflower, or soybean meals were .58, .64, .65, and 3.10, 2.96, 3.08. Digestible dry matter of soybean and rapeseed was higher than sunflower: 75 and 74 vs. 68%. Protein digestibilities for rapeseed, sunflower, and soybean meals were 79, 82, and 82%. Large variations occurred in amounts of rumen ammonia, blood urea, and blood ammonia. Rapeseed and sunflower meals can be used successfully as protein supplements in calf starter rations though the former may be unpalatable.
The Impact of AIDS on a Gay Community: Changes in Sexual Behavior, Substance Use, and Mental Health

This report describes progress made to date on a study of the impact of the AIDS epidemic on the gay community of New York City. Using a model of the life stress process described by Barbara Dohrenwend and her colleagues, the AIDS epidemic was conceptualized as a community stressor resulting in two key stress-inducing events: death of loved ones due to AIDS and potential illness and death of oneself due to infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). It was hypothesized that these stressors would be significantly related to three domains of health outcomes: sexual behavior, drug and alcohol use, and psychological distress. Descriptive trends over time are provided for both the health outcome variables and the stressor variables. Cross-sectional analyses for 3 years of data provide evidence in support of the main hypothesis. The implications of these findings are discussed from the standpoints of methodology, public health, and the psychology of stress processes in community settings.
Novel soft-photon analysis of $ppγ$ below pion-production threshold

Abstract A novel soft-photon amplitude is proposed to replace the conventional Low soft-photon amplitude for nucleon-nucleon bremsstrahlung. Its derivation is guided by the standard meson-exchange model of the nucleon-nucleon interaction. The new amplitude provides a superior description of ppγ cross section data for kinematic conditions where the Low amplitude disagrees with potential-model calculations.
Human radiolabeled mass balance studies: objectives, utilities and limitations

The determination of metabolic pathways of a drug candidate through the identification of circulating and excreted metabolites is vitally important to understanding its physical and biological effects. Knowledge of metabolite profiles of a drug candidate in animals and humans is essential to ensure that animal species used in toxicological evaluations of new drug candidates are appropriate models of humans. The recent FDA final guidance recommends that human oxidative metabolites whose exposure exceeds 10% of the parent AUC at steady-state should be assessed in at least one of the preclinical animal species used in toxicological assessment. Additional toxicological testing on metabolites that have higher exposure in humans than in preclinical species may be required. The metabolite profiles in laboratory animals and humans are generally accomplished by mass balance and excretion studies in which radiolabeled drugs are administered to these species. The biological fluids are collected, analysed for total radioactivity and evaluated for a quantitative profile of metabolites. Thus, these studies not only determine the rates and routes of excretion but also provide very critical information on the metabolic pathways of drugs in preclinical species and humans. In addition, these studies are required by regulatory agencies for the new drug approval process. Despite the usefulness of these radiolabeled mass balance studies, there is little concrete guidance on how to perform or assess these complex studies. This article examines the objectives, utilities and limitations of these studies and how these studies could be used for the determination of the metabolite exposure in animals and humans.
RELEASE OF TSH BY ORAL ADMINISTRATION OF SYNTHETIC PEPTIDE DERIVATIVESWITH TRF ACTIVITY1

It has long been considered that one of the drawbacks to the routine clinical use of the hypothalamic releasing factors for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes (when they would become available) would be that they could not be administered per os, being polypeptides – which usually are susceptible to proteolytic enzymes to be found in the gastrointestinal tract. The observation that the half life of the hypothalamic releasing factors is of only a few minutes, a fact probably related to the existence of enzymatic plasma inactivation, indeed demonstrated in the case of hypothalamic TRF (1,2,3,4) is another somewhat unfortunate circumstance when considering the possible clinical application and uses of these substances. Furthermore, it has long been recognized that availability of synthetic products would be a requisite for any clinical studies and/or use in view of the extremely small quantities of the natural substances of hypothalamic origin available from extraction methods.
The inadequacy of punch-excised melanocytic lesions: sampling through the block for the determination of "margins".

Background Dermatopathologists often are asked by clinicians to report margins on punch excisions of melanocytic lesions. Objective We sought to determine the adequacy of surgical margins on melanocytic lesions submitted with intention of complete excision using punch removal technique. Methods We conducted prospective analysis of surgical margins on 266 consecutive patients who underwent attempted complete removal of 405 melanocytic nevi submitted as punch and fusiform excisions. Results Of 206 nonbisected punch excisions, 127 (62%) had final positive margins. Of 159 bisected punch excisions, 76 (48%) had final positive margins. Of 40 elliptical excisions, two (5%) had final positive margins. Limitations Information on the perilesional rim of nonpigmented skin included in the excision was not available. Conclusions Of punch excisions, 56% had positive margins. Importantly, 30% of these punch excised specimens were negative on initial levels but had positive margins after extensive sectioning, affirming that fusiform excisions are the preferred method to evaluate margins in melanocytic lesions.
Chasing Success: Health Sector Aid and Mortality

Summary As many cases studies show, successful public health measures are being implemented in many places around the globe, and country-level mortality has fallen significantly in recent decades in all but a few countries. Are the two linked? Does development assistance for health (DAH) improve, on balance, recipient countries’ mortality trajectory? Using a new data source containing DAH on 96 high mortality countries, the regression analysis shows no effect of DAH on mortality. Other types of aid, including water development, also have no effect. Economic growth, on the other hand, has a strong negative effect on mortality. These findings confirm and build upon recent work by Williamson (2008) and are shown to be robust to a variety of sensitivity analyses and alternative model specifications and estimation methods. This analysis also shows that the effectiveness of DAH has not increased over time, even as the level of that funding has increased fourfold, though spending on infectious diseases and family planning may have caused small reductions in mortality. Furthermore, even though it is encouraging that DAH has tended to go where the need is highest, it also goes to states that have experienced the greatest mortality reductions in the recent past. In other words, DAH appears to be following success, rather than causing it.
Bridging physical and virtual worlds with tagged documents, objects and locations

A compelling and provocative vision of the future was presented in Pierre Wellner's video and article on the Digital Desk [8, 9]. Physical office tools such as pens, erasers, books, and paper were seamlessly integrated (or at least almost seamlessly!) with computational augmentation and virtual tools, using projection and image processing. His work, and now our most recent efforts (reported in this paper and [1, 3, 5]), are directed at more seamlessly bridging the gulf between physical and virtual worlds; an area which we believe represents a key future path for the design of user interfaces. A goal of this work is to seamlessly blend the affordances and strengths of physically manipulatable objects with virtual environments or artifacts, thereby leveraging the particular strengths of each.The goal of this video is to visually present scenarios of a number of working physical prototypes we have designed and built which computationally augment everyday objects to support casual interaction using natural manipulations. Unlike previous work [2, 4, 8, 9], we have tried to build invisible interfaces that have little reliance on specialized single-user environments and/or display projection, or custom-designed objects. To this end, we start with everyday objects and embed computation in them in the ubiquitous computing tradition founded at PARC [6, 7]. We have combined four technologies (RFID identifier tags and readers, RF networking, infrared beacons, and portable computing) in a seamless and tightly integrated way. This combination has not been discussed in the literature and is only now being experimented with in research labs working on user interface design.
Triphenylmethane, a possible moderator material

New challenges in neutron scattering result in an increased demand in novel moderator concepts. The most direct way to address the problem would be to change the moderator material itself. However the range of available neutron moderator materials is small. In this paper, we discuss triphenylmethane, a possible moderator material especially promising for cold neutron moderator applications. Our investigations include a parallel experimental and theoretical approach ranging from cross-section measurements and inelastic neutron spectroscopy to molecular modeling.
Education inputs, student performance and school finance reform in Michigan

Abstract This paper estimates the impact of the Michigan school finance reform, Proposal A , on education inputs and test scores. Using a difference-in-difference estimation strategy, I find that school districts in Michigan used the increase in educational spending generated through Proposal A to increase teacher salaries and reduce class size to a smaller extent. Then, using the foundation allowance created by Proposal A as an instrument, I estimate the causal effect of increased spending on 4th and 7th grade math scores for two test measures – a scaled score and a percent satisfactory measure – and find positive effects of increased spending on 4th grade test scores. A 60% increase in spending increases the percent satisfactory score by one standard deviation. The positive impact of expenditures on test performance seems largely due to higher teacher salaries.