cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Thermographic Studies Of Catalytic Reactions

Infrared thermography has been used to study spatial temperature distributions on heterogeneous catalytic surfaces under ordinary reaction conditions. Thermograms of supported catalyst wafers, gauzes, and foils, obtained under steady-state and oscillatory conditions, showed the presence of marked thermal variations on the surface of the catalysts. In the case of supported catalysts, large temperature variations were observed under steady-state conditions, and thermograms show that hot spots with high activity seem to dominate the process. In such a case, conventional calculations of specific reaction rate and turnover numbers with the implicit assumption of spatial uniformity would be in error. Thermographic observation has shown that spatial variations of the rate of reaction on catalytic surfaces seem to be greater than was previously suspected, and the implications, both practical and theoretical, may be far reaching. This work was the first to use thermal imaging techniques in the study of spatial phenomena on catalytic surfaces under steady-state and dynamic conditions. The technique yields valuable information and is potentially a useful and inexpensive addition to the array of tools available to researchers for the understanding of catalytic processes. Thermography may be useful in the testing and screening of catalysts, and appears to be the only generally useful method for obtaining spatial information on catalytic surfaces under ordinary reaction conditions.
Optic-misalignment tolerances for the POINTS interferometers

We present the results of two parallel studies of the sensitivity of astrometric measurements to misalignment of each of the major optical assemblies in the POINTS instrument. Tilt and displacement of the optics lead to tilt, displacement, and defocussing of the starlight and metrology beams, giving rise to systematic errors. In one method, we derive analytic expressions for the lowest order dependence of the error on the misalignment, and evaluate them in the present interferometer design. In the second method, we use a commercial numerical ray tracing program to calculate the overall optical path travelled through the misaligned starlight and metrology paths; from those results, our own software determines the dependence of the residual error on the original misalignment. These sensitivities are compared to the analytic results for mutual verification. We also discuss the impact these results have had on the design of the instrument.
Reviving the Mediterranean Olive Community.

This article presents the findings of a collaborative investigation by six nongovernment organisations (NGOs) from five European-Mediterranean countries to identify a framework for reversing rural marginalisation in Mediterranean communities through sustainable forms of community-based agricultural development. The project brought together knowledgeable community organisations, farming communities and experts to address systemic problems that continue to threaten the survival of rural agricultural communities. The investigation resulted in a framework for community revitalisation based on the principles of fair trade. The framework is intended as a guide to developing individual community economies as well as to foster effective linkages among Mediterranean olive oil producer communities and consumer markets.
Anxiogenic action of benzodiazepine antagonists Ro 15-1788 and CGS 8216 in the rat

Ro 15-1788 and CGS 8216 are potent inhibitors of benzodiazepine (BDZ) binding in vitro and may antagonize BDZ effects in vivo. These compounds are less well characterized behaviorally, but, as BDZ antagonists, anxiety-producing (anxiogenic) effects may be hypothesized. This hypothesis was investigated using a conditioned spatial aversion test of anxiety in the rat. Both compounds produced an increase in spatial aversion. This may suggest that these compounds are potentially anxiogenic. The results of these experiments further suggest that the conditioned spatial aversion test may be sensitive to a range of compounds with demonstrable BDZ receptor affinity.
Barriers and facilitators of the use of mind-body therapies by healthcare providers and clinicians to care for themselves

Healthcare providers may experience a high level of stress, fatigue, and anxiety originating from different factors. Mind-body therapies, which include many interventions, have been proposed to alleviate these conditions. These interventions have been reported to decrease the level of stress, and the negative outcomes associated with these factors: high burnout rate, and poor quality of care for patients. Although research validating the effectiveness of healthcare providers' use of mind-body therapies to care for themselves is emerging, there is little focus on barriers and facilitators that healthcare providers encounter with these mind-body practices, thereby questioning the feasibility and sustainability of these interventions. As such, this systematic review examined the barriers preventing healthcare providers from using mind-body interventions to care for themselves and ways that it has been facilitated. Overall, 12 studies addressed the research question with a limited focus on the facilitators and barriers of the use of mind-body therapies.
Some Observations of Flow Patterns and Statistical Properties of Three Component Flows

Vertical air-water flows, solids-water flows and three component air-solids-water flows were investigated in a Three Component Flow Facility. Visual observations of the flow patterns show that three component flows undergo transition and can exhibit strong unsteady vortical motions. Measurements of the fluctuations in cross-sectionally averaged volume fraction measurements were made. The statistical properties of the fluctuations are presented in terms of their amplitude and coherent time scale in the form of the Signal To Noise Ratio (STNR) and the Time Constant (symbol), respectively. Remarkably, the solids-water flows and the dispersed bubbly air-water flows exhibit almost identical values of STNR for the same volume fraction. Equally remarkable in the linear relationship between the Time Constant and the mean bubble or particle velocity; this relationship is found to have the same constant of proportionality for both species in the well behaved disperse regime. In the two-component churn-turbulent and the three-component agitated vortical regimes, the variables (symbol) and STNR significantly deviate from their dispersed regime values. The onset of large coherent structures characteristic of these regimes is reflected by a rise in the amplitude of the fluctuations and a marked increase in their coherent time scale. The results of this study demonstrate the large information content in the fluctuations of the measured quantity, both as a flow regime indicator and as a measure of flow quantities in two- and three-component flows.
Synthesis and Electrochemistry of Tin(IV) Octaethylcorroles, (OEC)Sn(C6H5) and (OEC)SnCl

Two Sn(IV) corroles were synthesized and electrochemically examined. The investigated compounds are represented as (OEC)Sn(C6H5) and (OEC)SnCl, where OEC = trianion of 2,3,7,8,12,13,17,18-octaethylcorrole. (OEC)Sn(C6H5) represents the first example of a σ-bonded metallocorrole which does not undergo a metal-centered electrode reaction. Both compounds undergo three reversible one-electron oxidations, all of which occur at the conjugated macrocycle. The reduction of (OEC)SnCl involves an overall two electrons, with the product being spectroscopically identified as a Sn(II) corrole after bulk electrolysis of the starting compound. (OEC)Sn(C6H5) is reversibly reduced by a single electron to give a Sn(IV) corrole π-anion radical. The electrochemically measured HOMO−LUMO gap (defined as the absolute potential difference between the first-ring centered reduction and first ring-centered oxidation) is equal to 2.25 V in benzonitrile, a value which closely approximates what is observed for porphyrins containing oct...
Progressive damage and nonlinear analysis of pultruded composite structures

Abstract This study combines a simple damage modeling approach with micromechanical models for the progressive damage analysis of pultruded composite materials and structures. Two micromodels are used to generate the nonlinear effective response of a pultruded composite system made up from two alternating layers reinforced with roving and continuous filaments mat (CFM). The layers have E-glass fiber and vinylester matrix constituents. The proposed constitutive and damage framework is integrated within a finite element (FE) code for a general nonlinear analysis of pultruded composite structures using layered shell or plate elements. The micromechanical models are implemented at the through-thickness Gaussian integration points of the pultruded cross-section. A layer-wise damage analysis approach is proposed. The Tsai–Wu failure criterion is calibrated separately for the CFM and roving layers using ultimate stress values from off-axis pultruded coupons under uniaxial loading. Once a failure is detected in one of the layers, the micromodel of that layer is no longer used. Instead, an elastic degrading material model is activated for the failed layer to simulate the post-ultimate response. Damage variables for in-plane modes of failure are considered in the effective anisotropic strain energy density of the layer. The degraded secant stiffness is used in the FE analysis. Examples of progressive damage analysis are carried out for notched plates under compression and tension, and a single-bolted connection under tension. Good agreement is shown when comparing the experimental results and the FE models that incorporate the combined micromechanical and damage models.
Mn K-edge XANES and Kbeta XES studies of two Mn-oxo binuclear complexes: investigation of three different oxidation states relevant to the oxygen-evolving complex of photosystem II

Two structurally homologous Mn compounds in different oxidation states were studied to investigate the relative influence of oxidation state and ligand environment on Mn K-edge X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) and Mn Kβ X-ray emission spectroscopy (Kβ XES). The two manganese compounds are the di-μ-oxo compound [L‘2MnIIIO2MnIVL‘2](ClO4)3, where L‘ is 1,10-phenanthroline (Cooper, S. R.; Calvin, M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1977, 99, 6623−6630) and the linear mono-μ-oxo compound [LMnIIIOMnIIIL](ClO4)2, where L- is the monoanionic N,N-bis(2-pyridylmethyl)-N‘-salicylidene-1,2-diaminoethane ligand (Horner, O.; Anxolabehere-Mallart, E.; Charlot, M. F.; Tchertanov, L.; Guilhem, J.; Mattioli, T. A.; Boussac, A.; Girerd, J.-J. Inorg. Chem. 1999, 38, 1222−1232). Preparative bulk electrolysis in acetonitrile was used to obtain higher oxidation states of the compounds: the MnIVMnIV species for the di-μ-oxo compound and the MnIIIMnIV and MnIVMnIV species for the mono-μ-oxo compound. IR, UV/vis, EPR, and EXAFS spec...
Evaluation of the Effect of Cement Viscosity on Cement Mantle in Total Knee Arthroplasty

Aseptic loosening of the tibial implant remains one of the major reasons of failure in Total Knee Arthroplasty (TKA). The cement viscosity at the time of application to the bone is of great importance to ensure a long-term success of the arthroplasty, as it influences the cement penetration and stability of the prosthesis. Currently, there are number of cements available with a wide range of viscosities and set times. High viscosity faster-setting cements may significantly reduce operating room times. However, the concern is that this positive feature may be at the expense of decreased penetration into the bone, and hence reduced stability of the construct. The use of four cement types ((DePuy II (DePuy Inc. Warsaw, IN), Endurance (DePuy Inc. Warsaw, IN), Simplex-P (Stryker Corp Kalamazoo, MI), and Palacos (Zimmer, Inc, Warsaw, IN)) were compared and evaluated during TKA using surrogate tibiae, with respect to the depth of cement penetration according to the Knee Society Total Knee Arthroplasty Roentgenographic Evaluation System. On radiographic analysis of the implanted surrogate tibiae, it was found that Simplex had the maximum commulative penetration of 19.2 mm in seven zones in Mediolateral view, and 12.7 mm in three zones in anteroposterior view. In zone seven, the difference was statistically significant when comparing Simplex with Palacos (11 mm vs 4.6 mm, two-tailed P value = 0.035), somewhat significant with Depuy 2 (11 mm vs 6 mm, two tailed P value = 0.08), but the different was not significant when compared with Endurance (11 mm vs 10 mm, two-tailed P value = 0.6345). In Zone 5, the difference was statistically significant with Simplex vs Endurance (0.3 mm vs 2.2 mm, P = 0.028), and with Simplex vs Depuy 2 (0.3 mm vs 2.17 mm, P = 0.012). This study enhances the understanding of the relation between cement viscosities and cement penetration into cancellous bone during TKA.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Acoustic emission monitoring for the diamond machining of oxygen-free high-conductivity copper

Abstract The fabrication of high-quality optical lenses and reflectors demands the ultraprecision cutting of materials using micron to submicron uncut chip thicknesses ( a c ). At this scale, surface topography is influenced significantly by the interaction between the cutting tool and grain orientation and boundary effects. In the past, several researchers verified this effect using techniques and sensors such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and force sensors. In this study, micro-scratching tests on coarse-grained, oxygen-free high-conductivity (OFHC) copper were performed using both increasing and constant depths of cut. The topography of the surfaces was characterized and verified using SEM and optical microscopy after micro-etching of the workpiece. Acoustic emission (AE) was used to explore the grain orientation and grain boundary effect in the precision cutting process. Due to its high signal-to-noise ratio at very low depths of cut, AE is a leading sensing technology for monitoring precision machining processes. In this investigation, differences in material properties such as change in grain orientation and grain boundary crossing are monitored during diamond cutting of OFHC copper using AE sensing. The results show that AE has excellent sensitivity and can indicate the local change in material characteristics.
Exact solution of a model of condensed-phase electron transfer with non-Condon effects

Non-Condon effects are important in the analysis of electron transfer in many systems coupled to a condensed-phase environment. We detail a novel condensed-phase electron transfer Hamiltonian that extends the spin-boson model to account for non-Condon effects. We show that the relevant reduced system density matrix dynamics can be calculated exactly for a particular class of bath Hamiltonians and system-bath couplings. An explicit formula for the long-time behavior of these systems is derived. We show that they exhibit non-Boltzmann long-time behavior that is independent of temperature, and depends on the system Hamiltonian and the initial system density matrix.
Impact of electronic funds transfer systems on networks

Networks for electronic funds transfer systems have very high volumes of transactions to be processed. This means that changes must be made in EFT message-switching computer hardware. High volumes also mean that a transaction-oriented executive must be used. Terminal requirements will vary, depending on whether the transactions are paper-based or paperless transfers of funds. Integrating financial transactions with retail transactions with an electronic point-of-sale subsystem is a real systems challenge. Such a system must provide total control for the financial institution and improved point-of-sale productivity for the supermarket.
Twist solitons in ordered phases of n-alkanes

Twist solitons are important topological defects in the crystalline and rotator phases of normal alkanes and polyethylene (PE). They facilitate molecular motion along the stem axis in crystalline lamellae, as well as molecular rotation in rotator phases RI and RII. Here, we determine the conformation, formation energy, mobility, and fluctuation free energy of twist solitons in n-alkanes and PE by a combination of techniques, including all-atom simulations and analytical/numerical calculations. We find the soliton formation energy to be about 15 kT for the crystal, 4 kT for RI, and only about kT in the RII phase. We model stochastic transport of solitons across a PE crystalline lamella, and compute a jump rate for stems at 350 K of 30000 s−1, comparable to NMR results; in the RI phase of C23 n-alkanes, we predict a jump rate of 1.5 × 1010s−1, comparable to molecular dynamics (MD) observations. We calculate corrections due to twist fluctuations, which reduce the soliton free energy by of order kT. Thus the RII phase should be regarded as a phase in which molecules twist freely with essentially no barrier.
INTERFERENCE BETWEEN COHERENT EMISSIONS IN THE MEASUREMENT OF ATOMIC LIFETIMES.

It is pointed out that the (zero-field) oscillations seen in the decay curves for atoms excited by beam-foil collisions may be due to interference of light from different fine-structure levels; the interference can only be seen, however, if light of different polarizations is detected with different sensitivity.
Dietary diversity and subsequent cause-specific mortality in the NHANES I epidemiologic follow-up study.

Human diets tend to be complex mixtures of foods and nutrients. Therefore, we examined the relation of a measure of overall diet quality (independent of intake of individual foods or nutrients) with mortality from cardiovascular disease (CVD), cancer, and non-CVD, non-cancer (other) causes.We used data from the NHANES I Epidemiologic follow-up study (n = 10,337; median follow-up time = 14 years; age 25-74 years at baseline), and included 988 CVD, 571 cancer, and 910 other cases. The 24-hour dietary recalls obtained at baseline were scored for quality using a dietary diversity score (DDS). The DDS (range 0-5) counts the number of major food groups–dairy, meat, grain, fruit, and vegetable consumed daily.Age-adjusted risk of mortality from all three causes (except cancer in women) was inversely related with DDS in both men and women. Adjustment for multiple covariates attenuated the relative risk estimates slightly for CVD and cancer mortality, but markedly for other mortality.The results are suggestive of a...
Cross-sectionally derived hysterectomy prevalence for correcting uterine and ovarian cancer incidence rates and probabilities

Abstract PURPOSE: This paper presents a cross-sectional method for deriving age-specific hysterectomy prevalence. The influence of hysterectomy prevalence on uterine and ovarian cancer incidence rates and probabilities is illustrated. METHODS: Hysterectomy prevalence estimates are derived from cross-sectional data using a life table method. Analysis is based on hysterectomy data from the Utah Hospital Discharge Data Base and cancer cases recorded by the Utah Cancer Registry, 1995–1997. RESULTS: Correction for hysterectomy prevalence increases cancer incidence rates, more so at older ages, such that by ages 85 and older the increase is 92% for uterine cancers of the cervix and corpus, and 17% for ovarian cancer. Over the life span, correction for hysterectomy prevalence increases the estimated number per 100,000 developing these diseases by 195 (from 603 to 798) for uterine cervical cancer, 1,553 (from 2,580 to 4,133) for corpus uterine cancer, and 911 (1,674 to 2,585) for ovarian cancer. CONCLUSIONS: The utility of the cross-sectional method for deriving hysterectomy prevalence is that it does not require several years of data to obtain reasonable estimates. Correction for hysterectomy prevalence has a large effect on the cancer rates and probabilities, providing a more accurate representation of the risk and burden of these cancers.
State Funding of Higher Education: A New Formula.

Over the last century, functions and activities of the higher education sector in the USA have changed dramatically. As the premise of institutional funding remains unchanged, states' burden on higher education funding continues to grow. With increasing pressure for more funding from state agencies coupled with the growing demand for ‘less government,’ states find it difficult to support higher education institutions at an ever-increasing level. Higher education administrators are quick to blame state legislators for lack of sufficient funds for institutional growth and quality improvement. Heavy dependence on state support is quite detrimental to operational viability of higher education institutions. Therefore, securing financial stability of higher education institutions should be a major priority among higher education policymakers. In this context, this paper presents a new funding formula that can be adopted by any state.
A Comprehensive Review of Reproductive Egg Donation Web Sites

Reproductive egg donation is a growing business in the United States, serving an estimated one in five couples who experience reproductive challenges in their lifetime. Reproductive egg agencies are increasingly utilizing the Internet to inform and recruit potential donors. Considerable variability in the portrayals of the medical process, comprehensive disclosure of the medications involved, and the style of appeals employed by such agencies exists on many of the most popular web sites analyzed. This research provides a comprehensive review of the information provided to potential donors. Implications for research, policy, and practice are discussed.
Factors associated with parental intentions for male human papillomavirus vaccination: results of a national survey.

Background In October 2009, a quadrivalent vaccine for human papillomavirus (HPV) was licensed in the United States for males aged 9 to 26 years. The attitudes and beliefs of parents play a critical role in uptake of this vaccine because parental consent is typically required for adolescent HPV vaccination. This study aimed to determine attitudes about, and intention for, male HPV vaccination among a national sample of parents and to evaluate the effect of different types of messages regarding benefits of male HPV vaccination on these outcomes. Methods A nationally representative sample of parents completed a cross-sectional survey shortly before licensure of the HPV vaccine for men. Parents of boys (n = 1178) were asked questions about future intent to vaccinate their sons against HPV after randomly receiving one of 2 different messages about the potential benefits of male HPV vaccination. Results Survey completion rate was 62%. Most parents (90%) believed that male HPV vaccination was generally important. However, only 51% of parents of boys intended to have their own sons vaccinated against HPV. The strongest predictors of vaccination intent included high perceived benefits of being vaccinated and low perceived barriers to vaccination. Black race and having less than a high school education were also associated with higher vaccination intent, but only among parents of adolescents (9-17 years), not among parents of younger boys (0-8 years). There were no differences in parental intentions or beliefs between the different message groups. Conclusions There is a significant discrepancy between parents' general support of male HPV vaccination and their intentions to have their own sons vaccinated. Our results highlight the beliefs and attitudes associated with increased parental intention for male HPV vaccination.
IS GRATITUDE AN ALTERNATIVE TO MATERIALISM

Materialistic strivings have been implicated as a cause of unhappiness. Gratitude, on the other hand – both in its manifestations as a chronic affective trait and as a more temporary emotional experience – may be a cause of happiness. In the present paper we review the empirical research on the relationships among materialism, gratitude, and well-being. We present new correlational data on the gratitude–materialism relationship and propose that gratitude may have the potential to reduce materialistic strivings and consequently diminish the negative effects of materialistic strivings on psychological well-being. We conclude with some recommendations for future research on the relationships among gratitude, materialism, and well-being.
An experimental study of room-temperature rate-sensitivity, creep and relaxation of AISI type 304 stainless steel

Abstract T he spuniaxial viscoplastic behavior of AISI Type 304 stainless steel was investigated by tensile tests at various strain-rates (10−8−10−2s−1), and by short-term creep and relaxation tests up to 5 h. Instantaneous large changes in strain-rate were also performed during monotoniC and cyclic loading. A servocontrolled testing machine and displacement measurement on the specimen gage length were used for all tests. The results show significant rate-sensitivity, creep and relaxation. Test histories involving loading and unloading with positive loads up to 15% strain show that the relaxation behavior in the plastic range depends only on the strain-rate preceding the relaxation test and is independent of the strain magnitude. Also, the relaxation behavior is uniquely related to the stress changes corresponding to instantaneous large changes in the strain-rate during tensile tests. Completely reversed strain-controlled loading gradually changes the stress change/strain-rate change behavior. Annealed specimens and specimens loaded to a cyclic steady-state differ not only in their work-hardening characteristics but also in their rate-dependent behavior. In the cyclic steady-state, different hysteresis loops are traced for different strain-rates with fully reversible transitions from one hysteresis loop to another under strain-rate changes. These results support the notion that the viscoplastic behavior can be represented by piecewise nonlinear viscoelasticity.
The impact of plug-in vehicles on greenhouse gas and criteria pollutants emissions in an urban air shed using a spatially and temporally resolved dispatch model

Abstract With the introduction of plug-in vehicles (PEVs) into the light-duty vehicle fleet, the tail-pipe emissions of GHGs and criteria pollutants will be partly transferred to electricity generating units. To study the impact of PEVs on well-to-wheels emissions, the U.S. Western electrical grid serving the South Coast Air Basin (SoCAB) of California is modeled with both spatial and temporal resolution at the level of individual power plants. Electricity load is calculated and projected for future years, and the temporal electricity generation of each power plant within the SoCAB is modeled based on historical data and knowledge of electricity generation and dispatch. Due to the efficiency and pollutant controls governing the performance of the Western grid, the deployment of PEVs results in a daily reduction of greenhouse gases (GHGs) and tail-pipe emissions, especially in the critical morning and afternoon commute hours. The extent of improvement depends on charging scenarios, future grid mix, and the number and type of plug-in vehicles. In addition, charging PEVs using wind energy that would otherwise be curtailed can result in a substantial emissions reduction. Smart control will be required to manage PEV charging in order to mitigate renewable intermittencies and decrease emissions associated with peaking power production.
A TWO-STRAIN TUBERCULOSIS MODEL WITH AGE OF INFECTION ∗

Long periods of latency and the emergence of antibiotic resistance due to incomplete treatment are very important features of tuberculosis (TB) dynamics. Previous studies of two-strain TB have been performed by ODE models. In this article, we formulate a two-strain TB model with an arbitrarily distributed delay in the latent stage of individuals infected with the drug-sensitive strain and look at the effects of variable periods of latency on the disease dynamics.
The Mechanism of Action of Inhibitors of Bacterial Two-component Signal Transduction Systems

Two-component signal transduction systems allow bacteria to sense and respond rapidly to changes in their environment leading to specific gene activation or repression. These two-component systems are integral in the ability of pathogenic bacteria to mount and establish a successful infection within the host and, consequently, have been recognized as targets for new anti-microbial agents. In this paper, we define the site and mechanism of action of several previously identified inhibitors of bacterial two-component systems. We show that the most potent inhibitors target the carboxyl-terminal catalytic domain of the sensor kinase and exert their affect by causing structural alterations of the kinase leading to aggregation. Recognition of this phenomenon has important implications for the development of novel inhibitors of two-component systems and should facilitate the rapid identification and elimination of compounds with nonspecific affects from medicinal chemistry drug discovery programs.
A realistic evaluation of consistency algorithms for replicated files

Data are often replicated in distributed systems to protect them against site failures and network malfunctions. When this is the case, an access policy must be chosen to insure that a consistent view of the data is always presented. Voting protocols guarantee consistency of replicated data in the presence of any scenario involving non-Byzantine site failures and network partitions. While Static Majority Consensus Voting protocols use static quorums, Dynamic Voting protocols, like Dynamic Voting and Lexicographic Dynamic Voting, dynamically adjust quorums to changes in the status of the network of sites holding the copies.The availabilities of replicated data managed by these three protocols are compared using a simulation model with realistic parameters. Dynamic Voting is found to perform better than Majority Consensus Voting for all files having more than three copies while Lexicographic Dynamic Voting performs much better than the two other protocols for all eleven configurations under study.
Mechanisms of Channel Activation in GLIC

GLIC is a pentameric proton-gated ion channel with an EC50 at pH of 5.0. It remains unclear which regions of GLIC are responsible for channel activation. In this study, we explore two potential regions by combining mutagenesis/functional experiments with computations using the Perturbation-based Markovian Transmission (PMT) model. The first region involves inter-subunit salt bridges between the C-loop (E177 and D178) and β5 (D91) of the complementary side. The second region (N152, D153, and D154) was part of the cavity identified crystallographically for anesthetic ketamine binding (Pan, Chen, et.al, Structure, 20, 1463, 2012). Mutations in the first region (D91N, E177Q, D178N) removed salt bridges and resulted in an increase of the EC50 (decreased pH to 4.8), suggesting the importance of the salt bridges in stabilizing the open-channel conformation, as confirmed by the less closed C-loop in the X-ray crystal structure. The mutation in the second region (N152C) resulted in a decreased of the EC50 (increased the pH to 5.4), presumably due to more flexibility for the protonation of D153 and D154. Using the PMT model, which provides time dependent information on the pathway of signal propagation, we found that perturbations to the first and second regions propagated through two different paths to the pore-lining TM2. The perturbation to the first region travels mainly from loop C, down β10 and β7 to the Cys-loop, and on to TM1 and TM3, which together affect TM2. The perturbation in the second region starts in the middle of the F-loop, travels down along the F-loop into the TM2-TM3 linker, and then to TM2. Taken together, our results reveal residues important to channel activation and allosteric signal pathways. Supported by NIH (R01GM066358, R01GM056257, R37GM049202, and T32GM075770).
Increased production of extracellular polysaccharide by Porphyridium cruentum immobilized in foam sheets

Large-size plate bioreactors were used to compare the production of extracellular polysaccharide by the red microalga Porphyridium cruentum when grown in suspension and in a foam sheet. A well-defined illuminated area and unidirectional light propagation allowed us to generate information that is better quantified when expressed in terms of illuminated area. This is essential for meaningful comparison of data, especially considering that for a well-designed and managed bioreactor, the culture production rates are believed to be light limited. At the same level of illumination, the culture immobilized in foam showed double the production rate of extracellular polysaccharide compared with the culture in suspension. The saturation level of biomass density per unit of illuminated area was eight times higher for the immobilized culture compared with the culture in suspension. Despite the increased biomass density for the immobilized culture, an increase in the light level above the optimum found for the culture in suspension reduced the extracellular polysaccharide production, suggesting that the photo-inhibition light level was surpassed.
Production of Moralities and the Politics of Normal: AIDs Discourses and Practices in Poland

In the days and weeks following the Pope's death in April of this year, public space in Poland became a staging ground for displays of respect and mourning for the man who had come to embody ideas of Polish national identity and pride for several decades. The streets of Warsaw were decorated with three flags that hung from offices, homes, and government buildings: the Polish national flag, the Warsaw city flag, and the Vatican flag; strips of black cloth were added to the Polish flag, symbolizing this national loss; candles and flowers provided colorful and visible impromptu memorials throughout the city; and pictures of the Pope, supplied for free in one of the national newspapers, appeared in store and apartment windows, and a gigantic, five story picture of the Pope was even hung on the "famous" Palace of Science and Culture in the center of Warsaw. During the week-long official national mourning, everyday at noon all public transportation stopped in observance of a minute of silence; hip-hop and dance radio stations changed a week's worth of programming in order to broadcast classical, jazz, and "easy listening" music; masses were celebrated in public squares, attended by tens of thousands of people, who traveled to Warsaw from all over the country. Street vendors quickly began selling framed pictures ofthe Pope, accented with a black stripe in the corner to mark that the Pope had died. The fans of rivaling Polish soccer teams even declared a truce in the name of national solidarity. The passing of the Pope bore witness to grand and public displays of the often repeated idea that to be Polish is to be Catholic, as well as a sense of "belonging" to Poland.
Clinician Gestalt Estimate of Pretest Probability for Acute Coronary Syndrome and Pulmonary Embolism in Patients With Chest Pain and Dyspnea

Study objective Pretest probability helps guide diagnostic testing for patients with suspected acute coronary syndrome and pulmonary embolism. Pretest probability derived from the clinician's unstructured gestalt estimate is easier and more readily available than methods that require computation. We compare the diagnostic accuracy of physician gestalt estimate for the pretest probability of acute coronary syndrome and pulmonary embolism with a validated, computerized method. Methods This was a secondary analysis of a prospectively collected, multicenter study. Patients (N=840) had chest pain, dyspnea, nondiagnostic ECGs, and no obvious diagnosis. Clinician gestalt pretest probability for both acute coronary syndrome and pulmonary embolism was assessed by visual analog scale and from the method of attribute matching using a Web-based computer program. Patients were followed for outcomes at 90 days. Results Clinicians had significantly higher estimates than attribute matching for both acute coronary syndrome (17% versus 4%; P Conclusion Compared with a validated machine-based method, clinicians consistently overestimated pretest probability but on receiver operating curve analysis were as accurate for pulmonary embolism but not acute coronary syndrome.
IMMUNOLOGIC MEMORY CELLS OF BONE MARROW ORIGIN INCREASED BURST SIZE OF SPECIFIC IMMUNOCYTE PRECURSORS

Individual immunocompetent precursor cells of (C57BL/10 x C3H)F1 mouse marrow generate, on transplantation, three to five times more antibody-forming cells localized in recipient spleens during secondary than during primary immune responses. The increased burst size is immunologically specific since antigens of horse and chicken erythrocytes and of Salmonella typhimurium do not cause this effect in marrow cells responsive to sheep red blood cells. Both sensitized and nonsensitized precursors require the helper function of thymus-derived cells and antigen for the final steps of differentiation and maturation. The burst size of primed precursor cells is the same after cooperative interactions with virgin or educated helper cells of thymic origin. The greater potential of these marrow precursors may be attributable to self-replication and migration before differentiation into antibody-forming descendants. In fact, the progeny cells of primed precursor units are distributed among a multiplicity of foci, whereas those of nonimmune precursors are clustered into one focus. The described properties of specifically primed marrow precursors are those underlying immunologic memory. It remains to be established whether memory cells are induced or selected by antigens and whether the thymus plays a role in this process.
Multiple Caretaking of Infants and Young Children: An Area in Critical Need of a Feminist Psychological Anthropology

Multiple caretaking of infants and young children, although nearly universal, remains controversial in the United States. Why? This article addresses that question by first reviewing some of the pertinent cross-cultural record on multiple child care and then by drawing on my own and others' research in India as a case study. The article critiques some of the Western developmental and psychoanalytic assumptions that underlie beliefs that exclusive mothering is essential to a child's well-being and argues that a feminist psychological anthropology is required to address these important issues about child care in American society and to help normalize multiple child care in both practice and theory.
Hardware-software co-design of resource constrained systems on a chip

We present a hardware-software codesign methodology for resource constrained SoC fabricated in a deep submicron process. The novelty of the methodology consists in contemplating critical hardware and layout aspects during system level design for latency optimization. The effect of interconnect parasitic and delays is considered for characterizing bus speed and data communication times. The methodology permits coarse and medium grained resource sharing across tasks for execution speedup through superior usage of hardware. We offer experiments for the proposed codesign methodology, including a JPEG SoC.
Mechanical ventilation of patients with acute lung injury.

The passage of 30 years since the initial description of the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) has brought substantial insight into its epidemiology and pathophysiology, yet the condition continues to be devastating and treatment remains largely supportive. Management of respiratory failure in ARDS typically requires ventilatory assistance. In this arena, advances in our understanding of the pathophysiology of acute lung injury have resulted in modifications of traditional approaches to mechanical ventilation and to the development of novel ventilatory modes and adjunctive measures. Many of these newer techniques remain controversial, few being convincingly studied in adequately powered and controlled randomized clinical trials. This article addresses the current understanding of mechanical ventilation in acute lung injury, focusing on practical issues and emphasizing the relationship to lung structure and pathophysiology.
Surgical treatments for Parkinson's disease.

OBJECTIVE This article reviews surgical treatments for Parkinson9s disease, emphasizing aspects pertinent to family physicians: rationale for and description of surgeries, patient selection issues, and outcome expectations. QUALITY OF EVIDENCE No published series describes long-term follow up of a randomized controlled study of any surgery for Parkinson9s disease. Some reports, however, describe thorough but brief follow up of functioning in small numbers of patients following surgery. MEDLINE articles were identified using Parkinson9s disease, surgery, pallidotomy, thalamotomy, stimulation, grafting, and transplantation as search words. Articles chosen for this paper described patients with systematic follow up using accepted validated rating scales. MAIN MESSAGE Reported series show impressive improvements to patients undergoing lesioning, stimulation, and grafting surgery for Parkinson9s disease. These patients are typically severely disabled but highly selected, and follow up is brief. Stereotactic lesioning (pallidotomy and thalamotomy), deep brain stimulation (thalamic, and elsewhere) and grafting (striatal) can be performed safely, but results vary greatly among centres. CONCLUSIONS Certain Parkinson9s disease patients might benefit from surgery. Ideal candidates for pallidotomy experience motor fluctuations with disabling levodopa-induced dyskinesias. Tremors resistant to antiparkinsonian medications sometimes respond to thalamotomy or thalamic stimulation. Other parkinsonian syndromes, dementias, and difficulties with gait and balance respond poorly to unilateral pallidotomy. Bilateral deep brain stimulation procedures could benefit "midline" dysfunction.
High temperature continuous-wave operation of 1.3-1.55 /spl mu/m VCSELs with InP/air-gap DBRs

High temperature CW operation of electrically pumped 1.3-1.55 /spl mu/m MQW VCSELs using top and bottom InP/air-gap DBRs with record low threshold current density is demonstrated.
Thinking through the Pilbara

ABSTRACTMainstream, place-based theories of economic development presume that there is a common set of stages of economic development that all territories (should) pass through. This perspective presents ‘resource peripheries’ such as the Pilbara as deviations from this norm. Based on a brief visit to the Pilbara, and drawing on economic geographical concepts of the socio-spatial dialectic and socio-spatial positionality, I contest such a ‘northern’ reading of development possibilities. Thinking through the Pilbara, I identify two substantial shifts in socio-spatial positionality. As the Pilbara has become more interconnected with the now increasingly Northeast Asian core of globalising capitalism, Western Australia has become increasingly resource oriented and prosperous; a strategy to be assessed on its own terms rather than through Rostowian eyes. The emergence of FIFO (fly-in/fly-out) labour has been accompanied by novel geographies of connectivity within Australia, shifting positionalities and creati...
Music and Imagination

When we inquire into the nature of works of art we can see at a glance that there is a good deal of evidence against aesthetic idealism, the view that artworks are, in the final analysis, imaginary objects in the minds of their creators. We believe, for instance, that the National Gallery not only contingently but in some sense necessarily weighs more than merely the sum of the empty building, the people in it, and the assorted fixtures. This sum must also include the weight of canvases, the oils on them, carved stone and marble, and so on, all of which add up to substantially more than nothing, which is at least the approximate weight of imaginary things. We know that it takes considerably more than a verbal utterance or acoustical blast to transport an artwork, and we also know that a visit to the gallery is not going to amount to an afternoon spent with wax figures of unicorns, flying horses, present and bald kings of France or, for that matter, talking teapots. In short, intuition protests against the idealist theory that if works of art are imaginary objects, they cannot be the things we go to see in the gallery; and if they are imaginary objects then, like a waxen Peter Pan, they are surely not art. Mellon and Meinong simply have different kinds of collections.
Integrating voice recognition technology with inspection of integrated circuits

Applying voice recognition technology to a manufacturing environment has provided an advanced and practical means of data collection. Accurate real-time data are gathered without the use of labor-intensive paperwork and data entry. In the manufacturing of integrated circuits at Motorola, voice technology has proved to be beneficial in the inspection process, where hands and eyes remain busy performing the primary task. The integration of voice-recognition technology with the inspection process, as implemented in the Voice Activated Data Entry System (VADES), allowed the information to be recorded and entered into a database without interruption of the inspection process. This resulted in a 23% improvement in productivity, elimination of nonvalue-added clerical tasks, and immediate availability of inspection information. Data accuracy achieved was 100%. The system received excellent acceptance from the inspectors. >
Contribution of anaerobic energy expenditure to whole body thermogenesis

Heat production serves as the standard measurement for the determination of energy expenditure and efficiency in animals. Estimations of metabolic heat production have traditionally focused on gas exchange (oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide production) although direct heat measurements may include an anaerobic component particularly when carbohydrate is oxidized. Stoichiometric interpretations of the ratio of carbon dioxide production to oxygen uptake suggest that both anaerobic and aerobic heat production and, by inference, all energy expenditure – can be accounted for with a measurement of oxygen uptake as 21.1 kJ per liter of oxygen. This manuscript incorporates contemporary bioenergetic interpretations of anaerobic and aerobic ATP turnover to promote the independence of these disparate types of metabolic energy transfer: each has different reactants and products, uses dissimilar enzymes, involves different types of biochemical reactions, takes place in separate cellular compartments, exploits different types of gradients and ultimately each operates with distinct efficiency. The 21.1 kJ per liter of oxygen for carbohydrate oxidation includes a small anaerobic heat component as part of anaerobic energy transfer. Faster rates of ATP turnover that exceed mitochondrial respiration and that are supported by rapid glycolytic phosphorylation with lactate production result in heat production that is independent of oxygen uptake. Simultaneous direct and indirect calorimetry has revealed that this anaerobic heat does not disappear when lactate is later oxidized and so oxygen uptake does not adequately measure anaerobic efficiency or energy expenditure (as was suggested by the "oxygen debt" hypothesis). An estimate of anaerobic energy transfer supplements the measurement of oxygen uptake and may improve the interpretation of whole-body energy expenditure.