cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Insight into the kinetic stabilization of Al0.3CoCrFeNi high-entropy alloys

Abstract The AlxCoCrFeNi family of high entropy alloys (HEAs) has received considerable attention due to its promising thermal, mechanical, and corrosion-resistant properties which make it widely suited for aerospace and marine applications. While the formation of secondary phases has been studied at various annealing temperatures, the results have focused on the late stages of precipitation, highlighting the need for the analysis of the intermediate stage precipitation. Here we use in-situ heating in the transmission electron microscope (TEM) complemented by ex-situ characterization of bulk annealed specimens, thermodynamic calculations, and precipitation simulations to study the phase evolution of Al0.3CoCrFeNi. Due to the high density of nucleation sites in the thin film, in-situ TEM reveals the formation of an additional intermediate phase, Co-B2 at 550 °C, where hundreds of hours are predicted for this phase to be shown during ex-situ experiments. At higher annealing temperatures between 700 and 900 °C, in-situ TEM shows the formation of Cr-rich precipitates as the first intermediate phase, followed by NiAl precipitates that form co-precipitates. The formation of these precipitates occurs concurrently, contrary to the findings of previous studies. In conjunction with the in-situ and ex-situ TEM studies, thermodynamic calculations and precipitation simulations have been performed to predict the formation of these phases and are found to support the experimental results. The present work provides new insight into the microstructural evolution of HEAs and reveals the importance of intermediate stages of thermal evolution, enabling an enhanced predictive view of phase evaluation in this class of alloys.
Sources and Acceleration of Energetic Particles in Planetary Magnetospheres

Energetic particles in the magnetospheres of the solar system originate from various different sources, such as the solar wind, the planetary ionospheres as well as the moons and rings of the planetary systems. Important acceleration sites are the auroral regions, the magnetotail, and the equatorial regions of the magnetospheres where electric fields, wave-particle interactions and magnetic pumping are among the major acceleration mechanisms proposed. Over the last decade mass- and charge-sensitive particle spectrometers on satellites and space probes have collected a wealth of information about the relative contribution of the various particle sources and the major acceleration processes to the energetic particle populations. Emphasis will be put on recent studies of the source populations and the acceleration processes in the Earth’s auroral zones and magnetotail. Furthermore, the Jovian system with the largest magnetosphere and its unique mixture of particle sources with strong contributions from moons will be highlighted in some results from Ulysses. Subject headings: acceleration of particles — planets and satellites: general
Terminating Cancer by Blocking VISTA as a Novel Immunotherapy: Hasta la vista, baby

VISTA is an up-and-coming immune checkpoint molecule that can become the target of new cancer immunotherapy treatments. Immune cells in the tumor microenvironment can largely influence the progression of cancer through inhibitory and stimulatory pathways. Indeed, VISTA is expressed on many immune cells, including T cells, myeloid-derived suppressor cells, tumor-associated macrophages, and dendritic cells. VISTA has predominantly been shown to act in an immune-suppressing manner that enables cancer progression. This review will delve into results from preclinical murine studies of anti-VISTA monoclonal antibody treatments, bring together recent studies that detect VISTA expression on immune cells from patient tumors of various cancers, and discuss ongoing clinical trials involving VISTA.
Analysis and Implementation of Multiple-Receiver Wireless Power Transfer System

Wireless power transmission (WPT) systems research and development have in recent years gained significant attention for its possible future widespread applications. Load independence is one of the most desirable characteristics of a multi-load WPT system. This study develops a multi-load WPT system powered by a Class $E$ power amplifier driven by a buck converter at the transmitter side, which ensures stable power for each receiver load and high efficiency. By setting the transmitter current at a reference value and using a proportional-integral controller for adjustment of buck converter duty cycle to regulate the output DC voltage of buck converter to obtain a constant current of the transmitter. A constant output voltage is achieved in each receiver, and the power supplied to each load remains stable when other loads enter or leave the system. Theoretical analysis, simulation, and experimental verifications are presented to the proposed system. The simulation and experiment results show that when the number of loads changes in the system the power supplied to each load remaining stable and the system's efficiency can reach 90%.
“I’d Be Dead If I Didn’t Have this Class:” The Role of Leisure Education in College Student Development

Participation in recreation during college has been shown to positively impact student development; however, little to no research exists examining leisure activities within a for-credit classroom. The purpose of the study was to examine the role for-credit leisure education classes (leisure skill classes) have on student development at the university level. Focus groups were conducted with students currently enrolled in seven leisure skill classes. Two major themes emerged, motivation/benefits of leisure skill class enrollment and contributions to student development. Students were motivated to participate in the classes due to numerous benefits the class offered (i.e., able to try something new, reduced cost, health benefits, socialization, needing credit). In addition, the classes contributed to development by giving them the opportunity to become well-rounded students and future professionals. Practitioners should consider the multitude of benefits for-credit leisure skill classes can offer in a colle...
Hormonal control of insect ecdysis: endocrine cascades for coordinating behavior with physiology.

Publisher Summary This chapter presents an overview of the ecdysis control system, emphasizing the lessons from ecdysis control that may help in understanding behavioral organization in animals in general. The first indication of a hormonal control over the ecdysis sequence came from studies on the giant silk moths, Hyalophora cecropia and Antheraea pernyi . Brain extirpation and implantation experiments within and between species showed that the brain controlled the timing of the behavior and could exert this control even if transplanted to the abdomen. Among insects, the wealth of variation in the factors that control ecdysis is evident at both the species and the stage level. Manduca and Drosophila have received the most attention in this regard, and there is only scattered information available for other species. In Manduca , ETH and PETH appear in the blood coincident with the onset of pre‐ecdysis movements. Experiments with isolated CNS preparations in Manduca show the onset of pre‐ecdysis motor bursts a few minutes after addition of the peptides and the pre‐ecdysis behaviors fail to appear in mutant Drosophila that lack a functional ETH gene. Temporal ordering is also evident in the interaction of the cells that produce and release the various modulators. A crucial feature of the behavioral program is that it occurs at the appropriate time relative to the developmental processes of the molt.
BEYOND ETHNIC ENCLAVES? EXPLORING THE SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF LATINO-OWNED EMPLOYER FIRMS IN TWO U.S. IMMIGRATION GATEWAYS

The Latino population in the United States has increased dramatically during the past several decades. However, Latino-owned businesses have been understudied. Even less is known about these firms’ spatial distribution. Built on an interdisciplinary literature on industrial locations and ethnic economies, this study examines how the development of ethnic minority–owned businesses is contingent on the local neighborhood as both a work site and habitat. Using a confidential national survey of ethnic minority–owned businesses in the United States, this study compares the spatial distribution of Latino-owned employer firms in the Miami and Atlanta metropolitan areas. Consistent with previous research, results from this study strongly reinforce the importance of a connection between ethnic population concentration and emergence of ethnic businesses. A concentration of local businesses and co-locating with other businesses, regardless of ethnicity, are very important as well. Such agglomeration effects seem particularly important for new immigration destinations like Atlanta where a favorable entrepreneurial environment is still being developed for ethnic minority businesses. However, the positive effects from co-locating with local businesses are not linear. A threshold effect and small count preferences are detected in the two study areas.
β,γ Unsaturated amino acids as irreversible enzyme inhibitors

IRREVERSIBLE enzyme inhibitors whose mechanisms of action are based on the kcat term rather than on Ks are highly specific. Inhibitors of this type possess hidden reactive moieties which are unmasked enzymatically. On generation, the reactive product engages in a chemical reaction with an active site residue resulting in irreversible inactivation of the enzyme. Thus, the enzyme produces its own irreversible inhibitor from a chemically unreactive substrate. Inhibitors of this type will be referred to as kcat inhibitors, and several synthetic inhibitors of this type have been reported1. Here I describe an example of a naturally occurring molecule which acts by this mechanism: specifically, the irreversible inhibition of soluble, pyridoxal linked, L-aspartate amino transferase by the bacterial toxin L-2-amino-4-methoxy-trans-3-butenoic acid (AMB) isolated from Pseudomonas aeruginosa2.
Global network of slow solar wind

The streamer belt region surrounding the heliospheric current sheet (HCS) is generally treated as the primary or sole source of the slow solar wind. Synoptic maps of solar wind speed predicted by the Wang-Sheeley-Arge model during selected periods of solar cycle 23, however, show many areas of slow wind displaced from the streamer belt. These areas commonly have the form of an arc that is connected to the streamer belt at both ends. The arcs mark the boundaries between fields emanating from different coronal holes of the same polarity and thus trace the paths of belts of pseudostreamers, i.e., unipolar streamers that form over double arcades and lack current sheets. The arc pattern is consistent with the predicted topological mapping of the narrow open corridor or singular separator line that must connect the holes and, thus, consistent with the separatrix-web model of the slow solar wind. Near solar maximum, pseudostreamer belts stray far from the HCS-associated streamer belt and, together with it, form a global-wide web of slow wind. Recognition of pseudostreamer belts as prominent sources of slow wind provides a new template for understanding solar wind stream structure, especially near solar maximum.
The Generation of Time-Dependent Neutron Transport Solutions in Infinite Media

The multiple collision technique as applied to the monoenergetic time-dependent neutron transport equation for pulsed plane source emission in an infinite medium is used to obtain the flux due to a pulsed point source in the same medium. This result is then integrated to determine the flux due to the corresponding pulsed line source problem. The semi-infinite albedo problem is also shown to be solvable using the multiple collision approach. A generalization to include delayed neutrons follows directly from the multiple collision treatment, as does an equivalence between a monoenergetic time-dependent problem and a particular stationary slowing down problem in infinite geometry. Results are tabulated and comparisons are made to provide benchmark solutions to the fundamental time-dependent transport problems considered and thus bridge the gap between theory and practice.
Epr of Low-Dimensional Systems

This paper will be broken down into four major sections: (1) a brief introduction to electron paramagnetic resonance (epr) studies in magnetically concentrated systems, (2) a discussion of epr studies of dimer, trimer and higher order clusters, particularly those involving transition metal ion complexes and the relationship of these studies to one and two dimensional systems, (3) epr studies of semi-dilute systems and finally, (4) a review of selected epr studies of one and two dimensional transition metal ion systems. The choice of topics is intended to provide not only an introduction to low dimensional epr studies for people of limited background in this area but also to provide some background materials for other speakers whose interests are related to these topics.
Adolescents' narrative use of orientations and codas.

The use of abstracts, orientations and codas in narratives was studied in adolescents, using the Labov and Waletzky (1967) model. Subjects watched a film, then produced written narratives, and gave oral narratives to two peers. The orientation features of props, or objects, and activities of the film's actor, were used most often. Qualitative analysis revealed that subjects' references were accurate.
Cardiovascular effects and tolerance of adenosine versus regadenoson during cardiac MRI perfusion testing

Background Patients referred to cardiac MRI (CMR) for suspicion of obstructive coronary artery disease typically undergo vasodilator stress testing using either adenosine or regadenoson. Both of these agents are effective and have been evaluated for stress testing in both the CMR and nuclear medicine setting but the cardiovascular physiologic effects of each of these agents have not been well studied. Despite different pharmacokinetics, stress CMR protocols do not differ between agents, and it is truly unknown if the agents alter ventricular volumes, function and flow differently. In this study, we evaluated the physiologic cardiovascular effects of each of these agents over time in healthy volunteers.
Quantum and semi-classical transport in NEMO 1-D

The coupling of the fundamentally quantum mechanical nanoelectronic transport simulation through resonant tunneling diodes to semi-classical drift diffusion in the contacts is demonstrated. The coupling between the non-equilibrium Green function formalism used in NEMO to the drift diffusion equation is established by the use of spatially dependent quasi Fermi levels in the reservoirs. The charge distributions are computed quantum mechanically throughout the whole device using the full bandstructure sp3s* tight binding model that includes band non-parabolicity and band warping. The formalism is applied to the simulation of high current density resonant tunneling diodes. Low mobility contacts are shown to introduce a bi-stability in the negative differential resistance region.
Intrathecal Baclofen Therapy After Liver Transplant in a Patient With Crigler-Najjar Syndrome

Crigler-Najjar syndrome (CNS) is described as severe infantile, nonhemolytic, unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia and is divided into type I and type II according to the patient's response to phenobarbital treatment. Patients with type I CNS usually require a liver transplant. These patients often have spasticity and dystonia, both of which can be treated with intrathecal baclofen therapy. We present the case of a patient with CNS type I who underwent a liver transplant followed years later by intrathecal baclofen therapy. To our knowledge, this article provides the first report of a patient with CNS being treated for dystonia with an intrathecal baclofen pump. Despite his complicated history, this patient has remained medically stable after both interventions.
Plant Regeneration from Pea Leaflets Cultured in vitro and Genetic Stability of Regenerants.

Summary Bud and shoot formation and regeneration of complete plants have been achieved with immature and mature leaflets, at various frequency, under the influence of a range of cytokinin and auxin combinations. Immature leaflets, 0.9 to 1.8 mm in length, produced shoots in 26 to 38% explants on a medium containing 10.0 μM BA and NAA, IBA or IAA. A reduction in the frequency of bud and shoot regeneration to 7% in the presence of 10.0 μM each of BA + NAA was observed with mature leaflets. In the differentiation of buds and shoots, no stimulating effect of GA 3 has been observed. Combinations of cytokinins with picloram and 2,4-D suppressed organogenesis. Plant regeneration was influenced by genotype and temperatures. Seed-derived progeny of regenerants contained the normal diploid number of chromosomes (2 n = 14). Analysis of four isozymes, esterase, GDH, 6-PGD, and LAP, as well as nine genetically defined morphological characters indicated retention of genetic stability in the progeny of tisssue culture propagules.
Massive Open Online Proctor: Protecting the Credibility of MOOCs certificates

Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) enable everyone to receive high-quality education. However, current MOOC creators cannot provide an effective, economical, and scalable method to detect cheating on tests, which would be required for any certification. In this paper, we propose a Massive Open Online Proctoring (MOOP) framework, which combines both automatic and collaborative approaches to detect cheating behaviors in online tests. The MOOP framework consists of three major components: Automatic Cheating Detector (ACD), Peer Cheating Detector (PCD), and Final Review Committee (FRC). ACD uses webcam video or other sensors to monitor students and automatically flag suspected cheating behavior. Ambiguous cases are then sent to the PCD, where students peer-review flagged webcam video to confirm suspicious cheating behaviors. Finally, the list of suspicious cheating behaviors is sent to the FRC to make the final punishing decision. Our experiment show that ACD and PCD can detect usage of a cheat sheet with good accuracy and can reduce the overall human resources required to monitor MOOCs for cheating.
The developing environment for strategy formation in the smaller local authority

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to build on a previous study of strategy in the public sector by Dereli in 2003. In the intervening period the environmental factors influencing local government's approach to strategy have changed considerably, particularly with the government's changed emphasis from best value to comprehensive performance assessment as its methodology for assessing local authorities. The impact of CPA on strategy formation in local authorities is the central focus of this study. The starting point for the research is the question of whether the tension between top‐down and bottom‐up strategy formation which was evident in the earlier study has disappeared, increased or been replaced by other tensions.Design/methodology/approach – The research involved semi‐structured interviews with Chief Executive Officers and middle managers in three smaller local authorities in England.Findings – The research found that living with a top‐down/bottom‐up tension in the creation of strategy is almo...
The Development of Visual Search in Infants and Very Young Children

In two experiments, 90 1- to 3-year-olds were trained in a new nonverbal task to touch a video screen that displayed a unique target resembling a popular television character. The target appeared among varying numbers of distractors that resembled another familiar television character and was either a uniquely colored shape (the feature search task) or a unique color-shape combination (the conjunction search task). Each correct response triggered a sound and produced four animated objects on the screen. Irrespective of age and experimental design (between-subjects or within-subjects), children's reaction time (RT) patterns resembled those obtained from adults in corresponding search tasks: The RT slope for feature search was flat and independent of distractor number, whereas the RT slope for conjunction search increased linearly with distractor number. These results extend visual search effects found with adults to infants and very young children and suggest that the basic perceptual processes underlying visual search are qualitatively invariant over ontogeny.
Self Organization in DNA-Loop-Extruding Enzymes

We consider DNA-organizing molecular machines consisting of two coupled and oppositely directed motors which act to extrude loops from the double helix that they move along, while excluding one another sterically. In the case where these machines do not dissociate from the DNA (infinite processivity), the steady-state loop distribution is exponential and is described by an effective statistical-mechanical ensemble. However, if enzyme dissociation-rebinding occurs at any finite rate (finite processivity), the steady state qualitatively changes to a highly ordered ¯¯stacked" configuration with suppressed fluctuations, with tight hairpin-like condensation of the underlying DNA. This steady-state behavior can be understood via an approximate mapping to the restricted solid-on-solid model in an external field. Possible experimental realizations of these types of molecular machines are discussed, with a focus on type I restriction enzymes and condensin complexes.
Identification and genetic localization of mRNAs from ovarian follicle cells of Drosophila melanogaster

Abstract RNA synthesis in ovarian follicles of Drosophila melanogaster was studied by methods which eliminate experimentally induced alterations in gene expression. Gel electrophoresis of follicular RNA, labeled after injection of precursors into females, revealed qualitative and quantitative differences in synthesis during the course of oogenesis. A highly heterogeneous group of poly(A)-containing RNAs is produced during much of the course of follicular development. However, post-vitellogenic stages synthesize a small number of stage-specific poly(A)-containing RNAs. During this period, RNA synthesis is known to take place primarily in the follicle cells, which are engaged in the production of the endochorion and exochorion. Two intense bands of nonmitochondrial poly(A) + RNA are labeled between stage 11 and early stage 13. The synthesis of a more heterogeneous group of very small poly(A)-containing RNAs characterizes the last part of oogenesis, stages 13 and 14. Evidence is presented to show that these RNAs are specifically localized in the follicle cells of the egg chamber. We propose that they represent mRNAs for chorion proteins. In situ hybridization of preparations of late stage poly(A)-containing RNA to salivary gland chromosomes revealed two major sites of complementarity, 7E11 and 12E, as well as several minor sites. Experiments in which RNAs were separated on gels prior to hybridization in situ suggested that both the major stage 12-specific RNA bands contained molecules which were complementary to DNA in the 7E11 region. It is particularly interesting that this site is within a small chromosomal interval known to contain the gene ocelliless . Females homozygous for ocelliless have been shown to produce structurally abnormal chorions (Johnson and King, 1974).
Response of Strains and Sexes of the Tobacco Budworm to Gamma Irradiation

The doses of Co60 irradiation required to sterilize strains and sexes of Heliothis virescens (F.), were found to vary. A dose of 30 krad caused 97, 75, and 12% reductions in the fertilities of strains which were classed as susceptible, intermediate, and resistant, respectively. Larger doses of irradiation were required to sterilize 24-hr-old adult males than were required to sterilize pupae within 48 hr of emergence; however, adult females were more susceptible than males.
Comparison of U-73,975 and cisplatin cytotoxicity in fresh cervical and ovarian carcinoma specimens with the ATP-chemosensitivity assay

Abstract U-73,975 (U-73), a closely related synthetic analogue of the antitumor agent CC-1065, acts by binding tightly in the minor groove of DNA. A comparison was made between the cytotoxicity of U-73 and cisplatin (DDP) on 11 fresh cervical and 7 fresh ovarian carcinoma specimens. The ATP-chemosensitivity assay as previously described (Sevin et al. Gynecol. Oncol. 31, 191–204, 1988) was used to determine the cytotoxic effect of U-73 and DDP. IC 50s were calculated using regression analysis. The mean IC 50s for U-73 and DDP were 519 pg/ml and 2918 ng/ml, respectively, for the cervical carcinoma specimens and 324 pg/ml and 2649 ng/ml, respectively, for the ovarian carcinoma specimens. Significance comparing U-73 and DDP for cervical and ovarian tissue was demonstrated with P in vitro data, U-73 appears to be a very promising antitumor agent for cervical and ovarian carcinoma.
Bilingual Social Workers: Language and Service Complexities

Bilingual social workers deal with a range of language and service complexities. However, little is known about how their language skills are used by agencies. This paper reports on a qualitative study of the work experiences of 26 bilingual social workers in San Diego County. The findings suggest that agency administrators need to identify and test for the language skill set that bilingual workers need to possess. Moreover, bilingual workers need ongoing training to enhance their professional language skills. Finally, for the purpose of retention and workload equity, pay differentials and workload adjustments should be considered for bilingual workers.
Improving scalability by self-archiving

The newer generation of web browsers supports the client-side database, making it possible to run the full web application stacks entirely in the web clients. Still, the server side database is indispensable as the central hub for exchanging persistent data between the web clients. Assuming this characterization, we propose a novel web application framework in which the server archives its database states at predefined periods then makes them available on the web. The clients then use these archives to synchronize their local databases. Although the main purpose is to reduce the database scalability bottleneck, this approach also promotes self-archiving and can be used for time traveling. We discuss the consistency properties provided by this framework, as well as the tradeoffs imposed.
Quantitative gas—liquid chromatography of histidine☆

Quantitative gas-liquid chromatography of histidine, using N-TFA n-butyl ester derivatives and histidine converted trimethylsilyl derivative
Structural and chemical properties of grass lignocelluloses related to conversion for biofuels

Grass lignocelluloses, such as those in corn and switchgrass, are a major resource in the emerging cellulose-to-ethanol strategy for biofuels. The potential bioconversion of carbohydrates in this potential resource, however, is limited by the associated aromatic constituents within the grass fiber. These aromatics include both lignins, which are phenylpropanoid units of various types, and low-molecular weight phenolic acids. Structural and chemical studies over the years have identified the location and limitation to fiber degradation imposed by a variety of these aromatic barriers. For example, coniferyl lignin appears to be the most effective limitation to biodegradation, existing in xylem cells of vascular tissues. On the other hand, cell walls with syringyl lignin, e.g., leaf sclerenchyma, are often less recalcitrant. Ferulic and p-coumaric acids that are esterified to hemicellulosic sugars constitute a major limitation to biodegradation in non-lignified cell walls in grass fibers, especially warm season species. Non-chemical methods to improve bioconversion of the lignocelluloses through modification of aromatics include: (1) use of lignin-degrading white rot fungi, (2) pretreatment with phenolic acid esterases, and (3) plant breeding to modify cell wall aromatics. In addition to increased availability of carbohydrates for fermentation, separation and collection of aromatics could provide value-added co-products to improve the economics of bioconversion.
A sightability model for correcting visibility and availability biases in standardized surveys of breeding burrowing owls in southwest agroecosystem environments

Unbiased estimates of burrowing owl populations (Athene cunicularia) are essential to achieving diverse management and conservation objectives. We conducted visibility trials and developed logistic regression models to identify and correct for visibility bias associated with single, vehicle-based, visual survey occasions of breeding male owls during daylight hours in an agricultural landscape in California between 30 April and 2 May 2007. Visibility was predicted best by a second-degree polynomial function of time of day and 7 categorical perch types. Probability of being visible was highest in the afternoon, and individuals that flushed, flew, or perched on hay bales were highly visible (>0.85). Visibility was lowest in agricultural fields (<0.46) and nonagricultural vegetation (<0.77). We used the results from this model to compute unbiased maximum likelihood estimates of visibility bias, and combined these with estimated probabilities of availability bias to validate our model by correcting for visibility and availability biases in 4 independent datasets collected during morning hours. Correcting for both biases produced reliable estimates of abundance in all 4 independent validation datasets. We recommend that estimates of burrowing owl abundance from surveys in the southwest United States correct for both visibility and availability biases. © 2011 The Wildlife Society.
Excellent local control rates and distinctive patterns of failure in myxoid liposarcoma treated with conservation surgery and radiotherapy.

Purpose To evaluate the local control rates and patterns of metastatic relapse in patients with localized myxoid liposarcoma treated with conservation surgery and radiotherapy (RT). Patients and Methods Between 1960 and 2003, 127 patients with non-metastatic myxoid liposarcoma were treated with conservation surgery and RT at our institution. The median patient age was 39 years (range, 14–79 years). Of the 127 patients, 46% underwent preoperative RT (median dose, 50 Gy) and 54% underwent postoperative RT (median dose, 60 Gy). Also, 28% received doxorubicin-based chemotherapy as a part of their treatment. Results The median follow-up was 9.1 years. The overall survival rate at 5 and 10 years was 87% and 79%, respectively. The corresponding disease-free survival rates were 81% and 73%. The local control rate at ≥5 years was 97%. The actuarial rate of distant metastases at 5 and 10 years was 15% and 24%, respectively. Of the 27 patients who developed distant metastases, 48% did so in the retroperitoneum, 22% in other extrapulmonary soft tissues, 22% in the lung, 15% in bone, and 4% in the liver. Conclusion The results of our study have shown that RT and conservation surgery for localized myxoid liposarcoma provide excellent local control. Distant metastatic relapse tended to occur in the retroperitoneum and other nonpulmonary soft tissues. Therefore, staging and surveillance imaging should include the abdomen and pelvis, as well as the thorax, for patients with localized myxoid liposarcoma.
L-S coupling and the magnetic moment of 6 Li from three-body models

Recently, the shell structure of6Li was calculated from three-body models (αpn) where the only input is the required nucleon-nucleon and alpha-nucleon interactions. There it was learned, within the framework ofj-j coupling for the two valence nucleons with their coordinate's origin on the alpha particle, that orbitals beyond thep-shell, e.g. thes-d shell, play a significant role in the structure of6Li. In the present work, we extend these calculations to thef-shell. Thef-shell orbital probabilities add ∼4% to the normalization, thus bring all the models to within 3–5% of complete convergence. We then use thej-j coupling orbital amplitudes up to thef-shell to construct the corresponding amplitudes forL-S coupling. We find theL-S orbital probabilities, and compare them with theL-S component probabilities calculated directly by recoupling the three-body wave function from its “natural” Jacobi-coordinate form. The6Li magnetic moment is determined from the directL-S probabilities. The most realistic models yield magnetic moments about 2.5% higher than experiment.
Systematic review of disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs for juvenile idiopathic arthritis

Treatment of juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) with disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) may improve outcomes compared to conventional therapy (e.g., non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, intra-articular corticosteroids). The purpose of this systematic review was to evaluate the comparative effectiveness and safety of DMARDs versus conventional therapy and versus other DMARDs. A systematic evidence review of 156 reports identified in MEDLINE®, EMBASE®, and by hand searches. There is some evidence that methotrexate is superior to conventional therapy. Among children who have responded to a biologic DMARD, randomized discontinuation trials suggest that continued treatment decreases the risk of having a flare. However, these studies evaluated DMARDs with different mechanisms of action (abatacept, adalimumab, anakinra, etanercept, intravenous immunoglobulin, tocilizumab) and used varying comparators and follow-up periods. Rates of serious adverse events are similar between DMARDs and placebo in published trials. This review identified 11 incident cases of cancer among several thousand children treated with one or more DMARD. Few data are available to evaluate the comparative effectiveness of either specific DMARDs or general classes of DMARDs. However, based on the overall number, quality, and consistency of studies, there is moderate strength of evidence to support that DMARDs improve JIA-associated symptoms. Limited data suggest that short-term risk of cancer is low.
Chemical stability of biological samples subjected to proton-reaction analysis

The kinetic energy of charged particles is rapidly degraded into large amounts of heat in the target; if biological samples are bombarded, chemical decomposition may result. A simple least-squares straight-line fitting procedure was applied to test the chemical stability of freeze-dried, compressed samples of human lung, brain andE. coli, under bombardment with a 0.33–0.48 μA beam of 0.7 MeV protons. The method showed no significant damage in these conditions, and also estimated the meximum length of ‘safe’ bombardment to be approximately 50 min. The samples were being subjected to proton-reaction analysis for ratios13C/12C and N/C when the least-squares test was performed; however, this method may be easily adapted to check- and roughly predict — sample stability in practically any activation, prompt-reaction, or related analysis based on charged-particle bombardment.
Illinois Business Incorporations, 1816–1869

Usage of the corporate business form during the frontier period of Illinois history is tabulated in this study as a basis for comparisons with incorporation movements experienced by older and more economically developed states.
Gravity in one dimension: Stability of a three particle system

The autonomous dynamical system consisting of parallel planes of constant mass density moving under their mutual gravitational attraction is of interest for testing diverse astrophysical models of gravitational relaxation. The simplest non-integrable system consists of three sheets. In this paper the dynamics and stability of this one-dimensional “solar system” is systematically investigated. A linear transformation of the coordinates reduces the problem to that of a falling body constrained by oblique boundaries. By constructing a Poincare surface of section, it is found that regions of stability and chaos coexist. This behavior is predicted by the KAM theorem for systems having “smoother” trajectories in phase space, but does not apply here because of the discontinuity in acceleration experienced by each sheet during an encounter. The results of numerical experiments indicate that chaotic regions may be associated with trajectories which contain nearly triple collisions of the three particles.
In vitro assays to predict the pathogenicity of mineral fibers.

Abstract A number of mineral dusts are associated with the development of inflammation in lung and pulmonary interstitial fibrosis. In an effort to find alternative approaches to animal testing, cells (rat alveolar macrophages, hamster tracheal epithelial cells, rat lung fibroblasts) of the respiratory tract have been evaluated for cytotoxic and metabolic changes after exposure to fibers (defined as a greater than 3 : 1 length to diameter ratio) and particles. In all bioassays, fibrous materials provoked greater biological responses in cells in comparison to non-fibrous, chemically similar particulates at identical concentrations. For example, release of superoxide (O−·2) from alveolar macrophages (AMs) was increased (in comparison to that observed in untreated cells) after exposure to the fibers, crocidolite asbestos, erionite, Code 100 fiberglass and sepiolite. Riebeckite, mordenite and glass particles elicited minimal generation of O2·− at similar concentrations of dusts. In hamster tracheal epithelial (HTE) cells, fibers such as chrysotile asbestos, crocidolite, and Code 100 fiberglass caused increased release of 51Chromium in comparison to the particles antigorite, riebeckite and glass. Another area of exploration is the measurement of collagen and non-collagen protein in a cell line (RL-82) of rat lung fibroblasts as an indication of the fibrogenic potential of minerals. Crocidolite asbestors caused an increase in the ratio of cell-associated collagen to non-collagen protein in these cell types whereas glass beads did not affect biosynthesis of collagen. Results suggest that abattery of in vitro assays can be used to screen the capability of minerals to elicit cell damage and inflammatory changes in the respiratory tract.
TATA-binding protein-independent initiation: YY1, TFIIB, and RNA polymerase II direct basal transcription on supercoiled template DNA

YY1 is a zinc finger transcription factor whose DNA-binding motif exhibits the properties of an initiator element. Only three factors were required to direct specific basal transcription on a supercoiled template DNA carrying the YY1 initiator: YY1, general transcription factor IIB, and RNA polymerase II. This minimal in vitro reaction did not require the TATA-binding protein (TBP). We propose that, under appropriate conditions, YY1 can function like TBP, as a factor that binds to the core promoter and recruits the polymerase to the initiation complex.
Effects of anti-white matter serum on myelin and lipid synthesis in brain prisms

Abstract Tissue prisms prepared by chopping whole mouse brain maintained respiratory capacity and ultrastructural integrity for 3 h in vitro. Normal rabbit serum (ca. 25%) caused no morphological change but inhibited the synthesis of galactolipids by the prisms. Heating the serum abolished the inhibition. Complement containing anti-white matter rabbit serum destroyed myelin and inhibited galactolipid synthesis to a greater degree than did normal serum. Structures other than myelin were unaffected by the antiserum. Incubation in the presence of heated anti-white matter serum eliminated the myelin destruction but resulted in specific morphological changes characterized by the doubling of the myelin lamellae at the intraperiod line. Immunoperoxidase studies suggest specific binding of immunoglobulin to components of myelin located at the intraperiod line. These changes were similar to those found in organotypic cultures. Heated antiserum did not inhibit galactolipid synthesis but addition of complement (normal guinea pig serum) to the heated antiserum restored only that portion of the inhibition which exceeded that caused by normal serum. Heat labile factors in normal rabbit serum which inhibit myelin lipid synthesis in the prisms must be corrected for in studies in which the heating of serum is used to demonstrate that the effect is complement dependent. The prisms system is simpler than that of organotypic cultures and may be useful in the study of myelinotoxic factors.
Automobile trauma in pregnancy: Prevention and treatment

Abstract Trauma remains a significant problem for pregnant women. This article discusses the physiology, emergency management, and prevention of injury in pregnant automobile accident victims. The following are the most important messages: 1. 1) The mere presence of pregnancy should not alter initial emergency trauma resuscitation and subsequent management. 2. 2) Similarly, pregnancy should not discourage obtaining x-rays necessary for appropriate diagnosis of trauma victims. 3. 3) Following trauma, the sympathetic responses of the mother divert blood flow away from the pregnant uterus and other “nonvital” organs. Under such circumstances, the fetus may become hypoxic and die, even while the maternal vital signs remain within normal limits. 4. 4) An experienced labor nurse should be assigned to the trauma victim as soon as possible, and the electronic fetal monitor should be applied by and observed by this nurse until stabilization of the victim has occurred and the patient is admitted to the hospital. 5. 5) The patient's obstetrician should be brought into the emergency care management as soon as possible—one of his/her assignments is to be the physician/advocate for the fetus. 6. 6) Placental separation occurs frequently in trauma victims, and in some situations maternal clinical signs may not be evident. Under such circumstances, there is usually some evidence of fetal compromise. 7. 7) Pregnant women and all children should use automobile restraint systems.
Urinary excretion of taurine in epilepsy

Evidence that taurine (2-aminoethanesulfonic acid) is related to the epilepsies is supported by work with both experimental animals and hurmans. It may function as a neurotransmitter or modulator of neurotransmission. Investigators using an automated amino acid analyzer reported lower mean urinary taurine excretion among epileptics. However, Rao et al. reported higher taurine excretion among epileptics using an older method. Analyses of the same epileptic and control urines by both methods coupled with paper and molecular size chromatography indicate that substances in addition to taurine are co-eluted with taurine using the older method, yielding spuriously high values. The resolution of this disparity is important because the urinary excretion of taurine may reflect primarily the influence of taurine transport alleles which may be polygenic components in the idiopathic epilepsies.
Observations on the Reactivity of −2‐Thiobarbituric Acid‐Reactive Substances in Dried Whole Egg Powder

SUMMARY The production of 2-thioharhituric acid-reactive substances (TBRS) during storage of dried whole egg powders was temperature- and time-dependent. Some of the TBRS occurred as a hound form with egg proteins, the lipo-protein fraction contained considerably more bound TBRS than did the other water-soluble proteins. Malonaldehyde (MA), as an example of TBRS, was more reactive than glucose with egg white proteins.
Characterization of via connections in silicon circuit boards

Conducting vias, isolated by silicon dioxide from a bulk silicon wafer and used to interconnect stripline transmission lines on opposite surfaces of the wafer, are analyzed. The net VSWR (virtual standing wave ratio) and insertion loss for a single via and the crosstalk or coupling between two nearby vias are determined as a function of geometry, frequency, and silicon resistivity. For small via dimensions and frequencies up to 1 GHz, the analysis predicts low VSWR and low insertion loss, provided the silicon resistivity is greater than about 100 Omega -cm. It is shown that crosstalk can be small, and is mostly due to inductive coupling. >
Improved representation of situational awareness within a dismounted small combat unit constructive simulation

Modeling and simulation has been established as a cost-effective means of supporting the development of requirements, exploring doctrinal alternatives, assessing system performance, and performing design trade-off analysis. The Army's constructive simulation for the evaluation of equipment effectiveness in small combat unit operations is currently limited to representation of situation awareness without inclusion of the many uncertainties associated with real world combat environments. The goal of this research is to provide an ability to model situation awareness and decision process uncertainties in order to improve evaluation of the impact of battlefield equipment on ground soldier and small combat unit decision processes. Our Army Probabilistic Inference and Decision Engine (Army-PRIDE) system provides this required uncertainty modeling through the application of two critical techniques that allow Bayesian network technology to be applied to real-time applications. (Object-Oriented Bayesian Network methodology and Object-Oriented Inference technique). In this research, we implement decision process and situation awareness models for a reference scenario using Army-PRIDE and demonstrate its ability to model a variety of uncertainty elements, including: confidence of source, information completeness, and information loss. We also demonstrate that Army-PRIDE improves the realism of the current constructive simulation's decision processes through Monte Carlo simulation.
Tunable diode laser-pumped Tm,Ho:YLF laser operated in continuous-wave and Q-switched modes

Tunable continuous-wave and pulsed laser output was obtained from a Tm-sensitized Ho:YLiF4 crystal at subambient temperatures when longitudinally pumped with a diode laser array. A conversion efficiency of 42 percent and slope efficiency of approximately 60 percent relative to the absorbed pumped power have been achieved at a crystal temperature of 275 K. The emission spectrum was etalon tunable over a range of 16/cm centered at 2067 nm with fine tuning capability of the transition frequency with crystal temperature at measured rate of -0.03/cm/K. Output energies of 0.22 mJ per pulse and 22 ns pulse duration were recorded at Q-switch frequencies that correspond to an effective upper laser level lifetime of 6 ms, and a pulse energy extraction efficiency of 64 percent.
A game-theoretic price determination algorithm for utility companies serving a community in smart grid

Distributed power network is the major trend of future smart grid, which contains multiple non-cooperative utility companies who have incentives to maximize their own profits. The energy price competition forms an n-person game among utility companies where one's price strategy will affect the payoffs of others. More interestingly, the use of dynamic energy pricing schemes incentivizes homeowners to consume electricity more prudently in order to minimize their electric bill. In this paper, two models of price determination are introduced for utility companies under different assumptions. In the first model, a Nash equilibrium solution is presented and the uniqueness of Nash equilibrium point is proved. The second model accounts for more sophisticated factors such as the cost of energy generation and the homeowner's reaction to the change of energy usage as a factor of energy price. Although it is no longer possible to prove the uniqueness of Nash equilibrium for the second model, we present a practical solution in which no utility company can increase its expected profit by adjusting the price function. Experimental results show the effectiveness of our two models both in reliability of solution and in runtime.