cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Wigner phase space distribution via classical adiabatic switching

Evaluation of the Wigner phase space density for systems of many degrees of freedom presents an extremely demanding task because of the oscillatory nature of the Fourier-type integral. We propose a simple and efficient, approximate procedure for generating the Wigner distribution that avoids the computational difficulties associated with the Wigner transform. Starting from a suitable zeroth-order Hamiltonian, for which the Wigner density is available (either analytically or numerically), the phase space distribution is propagated in time via classical trajectories, while the perturbation is gradually switched on. According to the classical adiabatic theorem, each trajectory maintains a constant action if the perturbation is switched on infinitely slowly. We show that the adiabatic switching procedure produces the exact Wigner density for harmonic oscillator eigenstates and also for eigenstates of anharmonic Hamiltonians within the Wentzel-Kramers-Brillouin (WKB) approximation. We generalize the approach to finite temperature by introducing a density rescaling factor that depends on the energy of each trajectory. Time-dependent properties are obtained simply by continuing the integration of each trajectory under the full target Hamiltonian. Further, by construction, the generated approximate Wigner distribution is invariant under classical propagation, and thus, thermodynamic properties are strictly preserved. Numerical tests on one-dimensional and dissipative systems indicate that the method produces results in very good agreement with those obtained by full quantum mechanical methods over a wide temperature range. The method is simple and efficient, as it requires no input besides the force fields required for classical trajectory integration, and is ideal for use in quasiclassical trajectory calculations.
A Numerical Three-Dimensional Model for the Contact of Rough Surfaces by Variational Principle

A new numerical method for the analysis of elastic and elastic-plastic contacts of two rough surfaces has been developed. The method is based on a variational principle in which the real area of contact and contact pressure distribution are those which minimize the total complementary potential energy. The present variational approach guarantees the uniqueness of the solution of the contact problem and significantly reduces the computation time as compared with the conventional matrix inversion method, and thus, makes it feasible to solve 3-D contact problem with large number of contact points. The model is extended to elastic-perfectly plastic contacts. The model is used to predict contact statistics for computer generated surfaces.
Stirring by swimming bodies

We consider the stirring of an inviscid fluid caused by the locomotion of bodies through it. The swimmers are approximated by non-interacting cylinders or spheres moving steadily along straight lines. We find the displacement of fluid particles caused by the nearby passage of a swimmer as a function of an impact parameter. We use this to compute the effective diffusion coefficient from the random walk of a fluid particle under the influence of a distribution of swimming bodies. We compare with the results of simulations. For typical sizes, densities and swimming velocities of schools of krill, the effective diffusivity in this model is five times the thermal diffusivity. However, we estimate that viscosity increases this value by two orders of magnitude.
The effect of interphase curing on interphase properties and formation

Fiber-optic evanescent wave FTIR spectroscopy was combined with phase imaging AFM to examine two thermosetting polymer matrix composite systems. The epoxy/NMA system data from the fiber-optic, evanescent wave FTIR analysis showed incomplete curing (∼75% complete) in the region near the fiber, but essentially complete (∼95% complete) curing in the bulk. Conversely, the unsaturated polyester system exhibited essentially complete curing (∼95% complete) both near the fiber and in the bulk material. For the same samples, phase imaging AFM indicated that the epoxy/NMA system had an ∼2.5 micron thick interphase, while the unsaturated polyester system showed no interphase between the fiber and the matrix. Therefore, the presence of the interphase in the epoxy/NMA system can be attributed to the incomplete curing next to the fiber. In addition, the systems chosen allowed the reactivity of adsorbed γ-APS coupling agent to be assessed simultaneously with polymer curing. For the epoxy/NMA system, the amine band decre...
A Monte Carlo solution of heat conduction and Poisson equations

A Monte Carlo method is developed for solving the heat conduction, Poisson, and Laplace equations. The method is based on properties of Brownian motion and Ito processes, the Ito formula for differentiable functions of these processes, and the similarities between the generator of Ito processes and the differential operators of these equations. The proposed method is similar to current Monte Carlo solutions, such as the fixed random walk, exodus, and floating walk methods, in the sense that it is local, that is, it determines the solution at a single point or a small set of points of the domain of definition of the heat conduction equation directly. However, the proposed and the current Monte Carlo solutions are based on different theoretical considerations. The proposed Monte Carlo method has some attractive features. The method does not require to discretize the domain of definition of the differential equation, can be applied to domains of any dimension and geometry, works for both Dirichlet and Neumann boundary conditions, and provides simple solutions for the steady-state and transient heat equations. Several examples are presented to illustrate the application of the proposed method and demonstrate its accuracy.
Transhistorical and Transcultural Theory

The issues in the controversy over "social psychology as history" are seen as resolvable through interdisciplinary work resulting in the development of comprehensive social theory. Such theory must interweave person, situation, social context, and sub cultures into a matrix of interacting structures and processes that cut across time periods.
Low-frequency Raman excitations in phase I of solid H 2 : Role of crystal fields

Low-frequency Raman spectra (up to $800{\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1})$ measured below 18 K are reported for the entire pressure range of phase I of para-hydrogen doped with low fractions of the ortho-modification. In addition to bands corresponding to the ${E}_{2g}$ optical phonon and the $J=2\ensuremath{\leftarrow}0$ rotational transitions, we observed a weak band attributed as ${S}_{0}(1).$ These spectra are employed to deduce information on the interactions that play a decisive role in bringing about the transition to the broken symmetry phase II. A new theoretical analysis is presented to understand the rotational Raman excitations and the role of various pairwise anisotropic interactions between ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ molecules. In order to explain the pressure dependence of the ${S}_{0}(0)$ and ${S}_{0}(1)$ bands, we infer that a fourth-harmonic crystal field is present. The frequencies of the ${S}_{0}(0)$ and ${S}_{0}(1)$ bands are used to reconstruct the respective crystal field parameter.
Depression of melting point for protective aluminum oxide films

Abstract The protective aluminum oxide film naturally formed on a surface of aluminum has a thickness in the range of 3–5 nm. Its melting causes loss of its continuity, which may significantly affect the ignition and combustion processes and their relative time scales. Melting of the alumina film also plays an important role when aluminum powders are used to prepare composites and/or being sintered. This letter quantifies depression of the melting point of an alumina film based on its nano-meter thickness. A theoretical estimate is supported by experiments relying on a detected change in the optical properties of naturally oxidized aluminum particles heated in an inert environment.
A MONOCHROMATIC NEUTRON FACILITY FOR (N,P) REACTIONS

Abstract A neutron facility for the study of (n,p) reactions was set up at the Indiana University Cyclotron Facility. The neutrons were produced by the reaction 7 Li(p,n) 7 Be. The energy spread of the neutron beam is dominated by the thickness of the 7 Li production target. At the (n,p) target the collimated neutron-beam intensity is about 10 5 n/s/cm 2 for a 1 μA proton beam at 120 MeV on a 7 Li target 100 mg/cm 2 thick. The distance between the neutron production target and the (n,p) target, 3.14 m, makes it possible by time-of-flight to eliminate neutrons degraded below the maximum energy by scattering. Protons from the (n,p) reaction are detected simultaneously at three laboratory angles (7.5°, 12.5°, and 17.5°), in three particle telescopes each consisting typically of three hyperpure Ge elements. All three telescopes are mounted in a common cryostat. Spectra are obtained at other angles including zero by magnetically deflecting the (n,p) protons. Spectra recorded at E n = 118 MeV for (n,p) reactions on several light nuclei are presented.
Bounded solutions to some classes of nonautonomous higher-order differential equations

In this paper we study and obtain under some reasonable assumptions the existence of bounded and pseudo-almost automorphic mild solutions to some classes of nonautonomous higher-order abstract differential equations on an infinite dimensional separable Hilbert space. To illustrate our abstract results, we discuss the existence of bounded and pseudo almost automorphic mild solutions to Sine–Gordon type boundary value problems.
A bipolar, two component laser-Doppler velocimeter

A fringe mode laser-Doppler velocimeter is described that instantaneously measures two orthogonal velocity components that have fluctuating signs. The optical system utilizes an equiangular configuration of three intersecting beams which allows measurements of the normal velocity component to be taken in close proximity to a wall. Acousto-optic frequency shifting of two beams is used to eliminate cross channel interference and to provide detection of the velocity polarity. The instrument is applicable to flows having velocities in the range of +or-1 mm s-1 to +or-10 m s-1.
Classroom-to-Home Connections: Young Children's Experiences with a Technology-Based Parent Involvement Tool.

Research Findings: DVD classroom newsletters are one proposed technology tool to promote classroom-to-home connections. The present study explored the experiences of prekindergarten children from predominantly Spanish-speaking homes with bilingual (English and Spanish) DVD classroom newsletters. On average, parents reported that children watched each DVD nearly 3 times. Interviews with children and other sources, including parent logs, teacher logs, and a teacher focus group, also captured children's experiences. Findings indicate that children have overall positive experiences with watching DVD classroom newsletters at home. Practice or Policy: Overall the findings support the use of DVD newsletters in prekindergarten programs as a way to create an opportunity to empower children, strengthen their digital literacy, extend the learning environment, and provide opportunities for meaningful conversations in the classroom and home.
Antibodies, Fc receptors and cancer

Since the first report of the successful use of a monoclonal antibody for the treatment of human B cell lymphoma in 1982, several antibodies have become incorporated into standard treatment protocols for cancer. One of the most important factors that determine antibody activity in vivo is the efficient interaction with cellular Fc-receptors on innate immune effector cells. It has become clear that the outcome of this interaction is influenced by several factors, such as the antibody isotype-specific affinity to activating and inhibitory receptors, the level of inhibitory FcgammaRIIB expression, and the composition of the sugar side chain attached to the antibody Fc-portion. These novel insights into antibody FcR interactions might be useful to produce the next generation of improved immunotherapeutic molecules.
Omeprazole: An Effective Drug for Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome

Most patients with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome can be treated effectively with the histamine H2-receptor antagonists cimetidine and ranitidine. To control gastric acid secretion, however, these drugs often have to be given in large doses at frequent intervals. Omeprazole inhibits gastric acid secretion by inhibiting the H+K+ATPase in the gastric parietal cell. Because omeprazole is a potent gastric antisecretory drug and has been shown to have a duration of action of up to 3 days in animals and humans, the present study was designed to evaluate the utility of this drug in the treatment of Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.
Implicit resummation of the perturbation series for multiphoton ionization using an effective Hamiltonian.

We construct an effective Hamiltonian for an atom interacting with an oscillating electric field. This Hamiltonian yields a quasienergy eigenvalue that exactly reproduces the perturbation series through a given order, and that is also accurate in the high-intensity regime in the absence of resonances.
Glucose microsensor based on electrochemical deposition of iridium and glucose oxidase onto carbon fiber electrodes

Abstract Miniaturized glucose biosensors, prepared by electrochemical deposition of iridium and glucose oxidase (GOx), are characterized. The iridium network offers good retention of GOx and efficient preferential electrocatalytic detection of the liberated hydrogen peroxide at potentials lower than those of common interfering substances (the ascorbic acid signal actually shifts to a higher potential). The remarkable selectivity thus achieved towards the detection of glucose is coupled to a very fast response. Unlike analogous preparations of noble metal carbon fiber biosensors, a two-step electrodeposition process is required for the fabrication of Ir/GOx microelectrodes. The dependence of the biosensor response upon electrodeposition parameters, such as amounts of GOx and iridium or plating time is examined and optimized. Scanning electron microscopy is used to characterized the growth patterns of the iridium and Ir/GOx layers. The high selectivity associated with electrodeposited iridium matrices makes them very attractive for localizing other hydrogen-peroxide-liberating oxidases.
Synthesis and characterization of a series of zinc complexes stabilized by 1,1,3,3-tetraalkylguanidinate (TAG) ligands: [Zn(μ-TAG){N(SiMe3)2}]2

Abstract A series of novel structurally varied low-coordinate zinc complexes utilizing 1,1,3,3-tetraalkylguanidinate (TAG) ligands were synthesized and characterized. Li(TAG) and lithium bis-trimethylsilylamide, LiN(SiMe3)2, were successfully reacted with ZnCl2 in a 1:1 ratio to yield the corresponding dinuclear complexes with the general formula [Zn(μ-TAG){N(SiMe3)2}]2, where TAG = N C{N(CH2CH3)2N(CH3)2} (DEDMG, 1), (PYRDMG, 2), (PYRDEG, 3), (DPYRG, 4), (PIPDMG, 5) and (PIPDEG, 6). Compounds 1–6 were characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The bulk powders for all complexes were found to be in agreement with the crystal structures based on elemental analyses, FT-IR spectroscopy, and 1H and 13C NMR studies.
Gingival collagen biosynthesis in mongolism.

Collagen biosynthesis, as measured by conversion of 3–4 3H-proline to 3H-hydroxyproline, was studied in excised gingival samples utilizing an in vitro tissue slice incubation technique. Samples of clinically normal gingiva and gingiva affected by periodontitis were studied in ten mongoloid patients and eleven non-mongoloid mentally normal patients. High 3H-proline uptakes were found in all samples of mongoloid gingiva indicating a high level of collagen synthesis. A possible metabolic block in collagen maturation is suggested as an etiologic factor in the severe form of periodontitis observed.
Regulated Cutaneous Gene Delivery: The Skin as a Bioreactor

Epidermal keratinocytes can secrete polypeptides into the bloodstream, and they can be easily expanded in culture and genetically modified. It is thus possible to use epidermal keratinocytes for the systemic delivery of transgene products. Here we review the development of epidermal secretory systems, from cultured keratinocytes to skin grafts and transgenic mouse models. We also discuss a gene-switch approach for regulated cutaneous gene delivery.
What Has Happened to Organized Labor in Southern Africa

Why have labor movements in Mozambique, Zambia, and South Africa increasingly been marginalized from the economic debates that are taking place in their countries, even though they have supported ruling parties? Policy reforms such as trade liberalization, privatization, and revisions to labor legislation in all three countries partially account for the loss of power by organized labor as many scholars have claimed. Yet, these policy “adjustments” have also interacted with long-run, structural changes in production, distribution, and trade of goods as well as with processes of democratization to undermine the position of trade unions across much of southern Africa. The article explores this puzzle by first examining the different historical trajectories of organized labor in Mozambique, Zambia, and South Africa. It then analyzes how policy reforms, global restructuring, and democracy had similar consequences across all three cases; collectively, they produced declines in trade-union membership and weakened the influence of organized labor. Although trade unions face a number of daunting challenges, the conclusion traces emerging opportunities for labor to recover from its current malaise.
A reliable transport method for isolating Pasteurella haemolytica from bighorn sheep.

We compared three transport methods for the recovery of Pasteurella haemolytica from pharyngeal swabs collected under field conditions from 42 bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) in one captive and three free-ranging populations. Transport methods included: Amies medium with charcoal, transported on ice, and cultured on blood agar within 24 hr; direct plating on blood agar, transported on heating pads, and incubated at 37 C within 8 hr of collection; and phosphate buffered glycerol (PBG), transported on dry ice, and stored at − 70 C for 10 days before culture. Isolates of P. haemolytica were recovered from all 42 bighorn sheep with a mean (±SE) of 1.2 ± 0.1 (Amies), 1.3 ± 0.1 (blood agar), and 1.3 ± 0.1 (PBG) isolates per swab. No statistical differences (P > 0.05) were observed in the recovery of P. haemolytica isolates among the transport methods. However, based on our experience and results of this study, we recommend that if submission of samples to the laboratory is likely to be delayed, pharyngeal swabs...
Sovereign Debt, Austerity, and Regime Change: The Case of Nicolae Ceausescu’s Romania

Historically, high sovereign debt and austerity policies have coincided with regime-changing popular uprisings. Nicolae Ceausescu’s Romania was no exception. Why, when faced with a sovereign debt c...
The influence of community context on the decision to enter a nursing home

Abstract The purpose of this research was to examine the association between community context (rural versus urban residence) and the reasons older adults (65+) decide to enter a nursing home. Personal interviews were conducted using open-ended questions with a sample of new admissions, or their proxies, in nine rural and nine urban nursing homes (N = 113). Responses were subjected to content analysis, which identified five categories of reasons that we labeled as: (1) Experiencing Sudden Events: some elders described a sudden unexpected event (such as a fall or serious illness) that caused them to be unable to continue to live in a community setting; (2) Changing Family Circumstances: some elders described family changes that reduced family members' capacity to meet their needs; (3) Needing Skilled Care; some elders reported an increased need for skilled health care providers, like nurses and rehabilitative therapists; (4) Receiving Pressure from Others: some elders reported being “told to” enter a nursing home by a “significant other;” and (5) Living in Fear: some elders expressed apprehension about continuing to live in their community. Residential differences emerged in the frequency with which specific reasons were cited for nursing home admissions. These findings improve our understanding of the reasons for entering a nursing home described by older adults, highlighting the influence of residence.
Is Attitude a Key Factor to Consider When Designing Physical Activity Interventions for Black Adolescent Girls A Review

Chronic diseases continue to be disproportionately higher in Black women in comparison with other ethnic groups, with physical inactivity being linked to the growing incidences of many of these dis...
A comparison of subcortical and cortical damage on short-term visual and auditory memory

Abstract Eleven Korsakoff patients (due to alcoholism) were compared to normal controls and patients with cortical damage on tests of short-term visual and auditory memory as well as a visual learning task. Like right hemisphere patients, Korsakoffs had severe memory deficits on all visual tasks, but unlike the right hemisphere groups they also evidenced memory deficits on the auditory tasks. Qualitative error analyses indicated that the Korsakoff patients made more perseverative errors than did the cortical groups with quantitatively similar memory deficits.
Anhidrosis after anterior retroperitoneal approach for L4-L5 artificial disc replacement.

Description of injury to the sympathetic nervous system after the anterior approach to the lumbosacral spine remains restricted to reports of retrograde ejaculation in males occurring in 2% to 20% of patients. The authors describe a 46-year-old female who presented with low back pain for several years due to degenerative disk disease at L4–L5 that had been treated with an L4–L5 artificial disc replacement though a left anterior retroperitoneal approach. She has had an excellent outcome with complete resolution of her back pain, but noticed the development of dryness of her left lower limb with anhidrosis and skin breakdown, which has caused persistent discomfort. The complication had persisted at her 1-year follow up. Damage to the sympathetic system may often go unrecognized but present with subtle symptoms, as described in the present report. Sympathetic injury in women is often not addressed and remains unrecognized except for a few reports of vaginal dryness or anaesthesia. A short description of this unusual and underappreciated complication, which may be a cause of discomfort despite successful surgery, is presented.
Ego Depletion and the Humean Theory of Motivation

By what capacities do human beings engage in intentional action? Humeans about motivation claim that the source of all action is desire. Volitionalists claim that action has two distinct sources, one in the will and one in desire. Recent work suggests that volitionalism has some empirical support. Roy F. Baumeister and colleagues have argued for a phenomenon called “ego depletion”. They argue that some aspect of the self exerts volition in a number of different contexts. The main evidence for this claim is that experimental subjects who engage in acts of self-regulation are less likely to engage in similar actions on later tests. The evidence calls for a reformulation of the Humean theory, not a rejection of it. And the reformulation is one that still has interest for metaethics. Many philosophers are interested in the Humean theory of motivation because they believe that it has implications for the correct theory of normative practical reasons. Here I argue that if the Humean theory of motivation was ever a threat to the objectivity of morality, it still is.
Distribution of Selected Halogenated Organic Compounds Among Suspended Particulate, Colloid, and Aqueous Phases in the Mississippi River and Major Tributaries

Suspended particulate, colloid, and aqueous phases were separated and analyzed to determine spatial variation of specific organic compound transport associated with each phase in a dynamic river system. Sixteen sites along the Mississippi River and its major tributaries were sampled at low-flow conditions to maximize the possibility of equilibrium. Across the solubility range studied, the proportion transported by each phase depended on the compound solubility, with more water-soluble compounds (dacthal, trifluralin) transported predominantly in the aqueous phase and less-water soluble compounds (polychlorinated biphenyls, chlordane-related compounds) transported predominantly in the particulate and colloid phases.
Diabetic Ketoacidosis as First Presentation of Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in Adult

A 54-year-old white female with hypothyroidism presented with abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. She was found to have diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and admitted to our hospital for treatment. Laboratory workup revealed positive antiglutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies and subsequently she was diagnosed with latent onset autoimmune diabetes in adult (LADA). She was successfully treated with insulin with clinical and laboratory improvement. Diagnosis of LADA has been based on three criteria as given by The Immunology of Diabetes Society: (1) adult age of onset (>30 years of age); (2) presence of at least one circulating autoantibody (GADA/ICA/IAA/IA-2); and (3) initial insulin independence for the first six months. The importance of this case is the unlikely presentation of LADA. We believe that more research is needed to determine the exact proportion of LADA patients who first present with DKA, since similar cases have only been seen in case reports. Adult patients who are obese and have high blood sugar may deserve screening for LADA, especially in the presence of other autoimmune diseases. Those patients once diagnosed with LADA need extensive diabetic education including potentially serious events such as diabetic ketoacidosis.
Mexican American Female Enrollment in Graduate Programs: A Study of the Characteristics That May Predict Success:

Mexican American women are among the most poorly educated of all U.S. citizens. Although the gap is narrowing, their gains have not kept pace with the increase in population. Research indicates that only a small number of Mexican American women complete a 4-year degree and even fewer go on to enter a graduate program. However, there has been little research on the characteristics that contribute to the enrollment in graduate studies of the few who do go beyond the 4-year degree. The primary goal of this study was to determine the characteristics that contribute to Mexican American women continuing their education in graduate studies.
An American enterprise? British participation in US food relief programmes (1914–1923)

This article examines a particularly fraught zone where the British and American conceptions of food aid and moral guidance conflicted – the former enemy nations of Austria and Germany. These countries were considered special cases for food relief, not only because the British and American public had little interest in feeding their former foes, but also because each was seen by aid officials as societies that might succumb to social revolution if food security was not established. While the Americans had established a massive child-feeding operation in Europe under the auspices of the American Relief Administration's European Children's Fund and with US government financing, Austria, and especially Germany, posed unique challenges, given the public relations problem in Allied nations with aid to former enemies. To meet these challenges, the Society of Friends (Quakers) became a major player in the food aid schemes in Austria and Germany because, as known pacifists, the Friends championed the non-partisan...
Internally stable nonlinear systems with disturbances: a parameterization

This paper deals with the control of a nonlinear system whose output is subjected to an additive disturbance. The main result is a simple parameterization of the set of all system responses that can be obtained through internally stable control of the given system. The parameterization provides a clear indication of the effects of the disturbance on the response of the stabilized closed loop system. The class of achievable responses is determined by the "numerator" of a right coprime fraction representation of the system being controlled. >
A Life History Model for Peppered Chub, a Broadcast-Spawning Cyprinid

Abstract We estimated age-specific fecundity and survival rates for peppered chub Macrhybopsis tetranema from the Canadian River, New Mexico and Texas. We used these estimates to construct a life history matrix model that assumed age-0 survival was related to river discharge. Model predictions agreed well with the observed abundance of peppered chub for the 6-year period from 1996 to 2001. Based on the Akaike information criterion, this model received greater support from observed catches of peppered chub than did two alternative null models (one null model assumed a static or fixed population and the other assumed a population with a constant growth rate over the 6-year study period). Elasticity analysis showed that the peppered chub population growth rate was most sensitive to changes in age-0 survival (elasticity = 0.48) and age-1 fecundity (elasticity = 0.44). We performed sensitivity simulations to determine the effect of parameter uncertainty on the observed elasticities. Based on 1,000 simulations,...
Shift- and rotation-invariant object reconstruction using the bispectrum

Triple correlations and their Fourier transforms, called bispectra, have properties desirable for image-sequence analysis and reconstruction. Specifically, the triple correlation of a two-dimensional sequence is shift invariant, vanishes for symmetric probability-distribution-function processes including Gaussian random processes of unknown covariance, and can be used to recover the original sequence uniquely to within a linear phase shift. Discrete analysis is carried out for a deterministic signal in an additive random-noise field. This approach yields discrete algorithms for implementation and permits explicit treatment of the additive noise. Recursive and least-squares fast-Fourier-transform-based algorithms for reconstructing a two-dimensional discrete Fourier transform from the bispectrum are reviewed in detail. While phase retrieval using the least-squares algorithm requires phase unwrapping, the recursive method requires a more simple correction. The bispectrum is applied to the estimate of a randomly translating or rotating object from a sequence of noisy images. The technique does not require solution of the correspondence problem, which is the primary advantage. The method works in low signal-to-noise-ratio cases, when conventional solutions to estimating the object correspondence may fail. Experimental results presented include application of the method to a sequence of infrared images.
Autoinhibition of endothelial nitric-oxide synthase. Identification of an electron transfer control element.

The primary sequences of the three mammalian nitric- oxide synthase (NOS) isoforms differ by the insertion of a 52–55-amino acid loop into the reductase domains of the endothelial (eNOS) and neuronal (nNOS), but not inducible (iNOS). On the basis of studies of peptide derivatives as inhibitors of ⋅NO formation and calmodulin (CaM) binding (Salerno, J. C., Harris, D. E., Irizarry, K., Patel, B., Morales, A. J., Smith, S. M., Martasek, P., Roman, L. J., Masters, B. S., Jones, C. L., Weissman, B. A., Lane, P., Liu, Q., and Gross, S. S. (1997) J. Biol. Chem. 272, 29769–29777), the insert has been proposed to be an autoinhibitory element. We have examined the role of the insert in its native protein context by deleting the insert from both wild-type eNOS and from chimeras obtained by swapping the reductase domains of the three NOS isoforms. The Ca2+concentrations required to activate the enzymes decrease significantly when the insert is deleted, consistent with suppression of autoinhibition. Furthermore, removal of the insert greatly enhances the maximal activity of wild-type eNOS, the least active of the three isoforms. Despite the correlation between reductase and overall enzymatic activity for the wild-type and chimeric NOS proteins, the loop-free eNOS still requires CaM to synthesize ⋅NO. However, the reductive activity of the CaM-free, loop-deleted eNOS is enhanced significantly over that of CaM-free wild-type eNOS and approaches the same level as that of CaM-bound wild-type eNOS. Thus, the inhibitory effect of the loop on both the eNOS reductase and⋅NO-synthesizing activities may have an origin distinct from the loop's inhibitory effects on the binding of CaM and the concomitant activation of the reductase and ⋅NO-synthesizing activities. The eNOS insert not only inhibits activation of the enzyme by CaM but also contributes to the relatively low overall activity of this NOS isoform.
In vivo electrophysiological responses of pedunculopontine neurons to static muscle contraction

The pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) has previously been implicated in central command regulation of the cardiorespiratory adjustments that accompany exercise. The current study was executed to begin to address the potential role of the PPN in the regulation of cardiorespiratory adjustments evoked by muscle contraction. Extracellular single-unit recording was employed to document the responses of PPN neurons during static muscle contraction. Sixty-four percent (20/31) of neurons sampled from the PPN responded to static muscle contraction with increases in firing rate. Furthermore, muscle contraction-responsive neurons in the PPN were unresponsive to brief periods of hypotension but were markedly activated during chemical disinhibition of the caudal hypothalamus. A separate sample of PPN neurons was found to be moderately activated during systemic hypoxia. Chemical disinhibition of the PPN was found to markedly increase respiratory drive. These findings suggest that the PPN may be involved in modulating respiratory adjustments that accompany muscle contraction and that PPN neurons may have the capacity to synthesize muscle reflex and central command influences.
Size and power in mammals.

The relationship between basal metabolism P and body mass M of 391 mammalian species has been analysed by least-squares regression, robust regression and covariance analyses. This relationship is a power function: P = aMb, where the mass exponent b is 0.678 +/− 0.007 (mean +/− S.D.) and the mass coefficient a takes different values. Theory of measurement revealed that the 2/3 mass exponent is due to an underlying dimensional relationship between the primary quantity of mass and the secondary quantity of power. This paper shows that the 2/3 mass exponent is not the physiological problem of interest. It is not the slope of the metabolic regression line, but its location in the mass/power plane, that must be explained. This location is given by the value of the mass coefficient, the explanation of which is, and remains, the central question in comparative physiology.
CO2 migration in saline aquifers: Regimes in migration with dissolution

We incorporate CO2 dissolution due to convective mixing into a sharp-interface mathematical model for the post-injection migration of a plume of CO2 in a saline aquifer. The model captures CO2 migration due to groundwater flow and aquifer slope, as well as residual trapping and dissolution. We also account for the tongued shape of the plume at the end of the injection period. We solve the model numerically and identify three regimes in CO2 migration with dissolution, based on how quickly the brine beneath the plume saturates with dissolved CO2. When the brine saturates slowly relative to plume migration, dissolution is controlled by the dimensionless dissolution rate. When the brine saturates “instantaneously” relative to plume migration, dissolution is instead controlled by the solubility of CO2 in brine. We show that dissolution can lead to a several-fold increase in storage efficiency. In a companion paper, we study migration and pressure limitations on storage capacity [Szulczewski et al., GHGT
Insulin secretion, glucose production, and insulin sensitivity in underweight and normal-weight volunteers, and in underweight and normal-weight cancer patients: A Clinical Research Center Study☆

Severe malnutrition (< 65% ideal body weight [IBW]) is associated with reduced insulin secretion, decreased receptor affinity, and glucose intolerance. To characterize the abnormality of mild malnutrition in terms of insulin action, both the insulin sensitivity index and insulin secretion were measured in 15 underweight and 15 normal-weight volunteers. Ten patients had localized squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck, and 20 were normal controls. After a 10-hour overnight fast, all volunteers were studied using Bergman's modified intravenous (IV) glucose tolerance test (IVGTT). Body weight and diagnosis were compared using a 2 x 2 ANOVA. The acute insulin response to IV glucose was reduced in normal-weight and underweight cancer patients by approximately 40% to 50% (P < .05). Both groups of cancer patients had a significantly reduced rate of glucose disposal (1.25 +/- 0.29 and 1.27 +/- 0.23 %/min) compared with the healthy volunteers (1.82 +/- 0.21 and 1.81 +/- 0.24 %/min, respectively, P < .05). Glucose production (GP) was significantly increased in the underweight cancer patients versus the weight-matched volunteers (13.9 +/- 1.3 v 10.8 +/- 0.5 micromol/kg/min, P < .05). Normal-weight and underweight cancer patients had a 32% to 44% reduction in insulin sensitivity (P < .05). In contrast to the effects of cancer, underweight controls had twice the insulin sensitivity compared with normal-weight controls (P < .01). Since insulin secretion decreased in underweight controls, the increased insulin sensitivity may have been due to an increased insulin action and to factors associated with leanness.
Notes Toward Refining the Postcolonial Optic

This piece represents a counter-response to the responses offered to the Post colonial Bible in the last issue of the Journal. It pursues the three main points raised by the respondents to the volume as a whole: pedagogy, teaching Biblical Studies with the postcolonial optic as central; solidarity, doing postcolonial analysis in the light of other discourses of resistance and emancipation; applicability, deploying the postcolonial optic with awareness of differences in historical contexts and imperial/colonial formations. In so doing, the piece engages in a necessary and ongoing refinement of the postcolonial project of interpretation in Biblical Studies.
Speech motor learning: preliminary data.

L'A. cherche a determiner si les aspects de l'articulation, chez des patients atteints de troubles neurologiques presentant egalement des difficultes dans la production de la parole, changent avec la pratique d'exercices d'apprentissage moteur de la parole. L'A. cherche egalement a voir si les changements observes sont similaires chez des sujets adultes en bonne sante
NATIONAL CONTEXTS AND DYNAMICS OF MARRIED WOMEN's EMPLOYMENT REENTRY: The Cases of Japan and Taiwan

Previous research has paid little attention to how the national context shapes women's work trajectories. In this study, I examine the rate of married women's labor force reentry in Japan and Taiwan, using event history data constructed from the 1995 Social Stratification and Social Mobility (SSM) Survey for the former and the 1996 Social Change (SC) Survey for the latter. The analysis reveals that Japanese women's timing of reentry reflects changes in their family roles, independent of the duration of work interruption. By contrast, the processes of Taiwanese women's employment return are less closely tied to family stages, but show patterns of duration dependence. These findings indicate that national contexts impact the dynamics of women's labor force reentry after marriage because of their differences in work–family conflict and the time sensitivity of the cost of nonemployment. These contextual differences also influence the effects of other determinants of women's rate of return, including education...
Surface Stress Generation During Formation of Alkanethiol Self-assembled Monolayer (SAM)

Micro-machined cantilevers coated with self-assembled monolayers (SAM) of alkanethiols are being utilized as sensing elements for new generation of high-sensitivity chemical and biological sensors. Presence of chemical species is detected by resolving the surface stress change associated with absorption/adsorption of analyte molecules on the sensitized cantilever. Challenges to widespread use of micromechanical cantilever sensors are: susceptibility to vibrations, integration in a single device and understanding the mechanism governing surface stress generation. In the current work, surface stress development associated with formation of self-assembled-monolayers of alkanethiols was characterized using curvature interferometry. In order to understand the molecular mechanism underlying the surface stress generation, a multi-scale model is developed to predict the surface stress generated during absorption of the alkanethiols on a gold film.
The Drosophila boundary element-associated factors BEAF-32A and BEAF-32B affect chromatin structure.

Binding sites for the Drosophila boundary element-associated factors BEAF-32A and -32B are required for the insulator activity of the scs′ insulator. BEAF binds to hundreds of sites on polytene chromosomes, indicating that BEAF-utilizing insulators are an important class in Drosophila. To gain insight into the role of BEAF in flies, we designed a transgene encoding a dominant-negative form of BEAF under GAL4 UAS control. This BID protein encompasses the BEAF self-interaction domain. Evidence is provided that BID interacts with BEAF and interferes with scs′ insulator activity and that BEAF is the major target of BID in vivo. BID expression during embryogenesis is lethal, implying that BEAF is required during early development. Expression of BID in eye imaginal discs leads to a rough-eye phenotype, and this phenotype is rescued by a third copy of the BEAF gene. Expression of BID in salivary glands leads to a global disruption of polytene chromatin structure, and this disruption is largely rescued by an extra copy of BEAF. BID expression also enhances position-effect variegation (PEV) of the wm4h allele and a yellow transgene inserted into the pericentric heterochromatin of chromosome 2R, while a third copy of the BEAF gene suppresses PEV of both genes. These results support the hypothesis that BEAF-dependent insulators function by affecting chromatin structure or dynamics.
Crystal blocking in heavy ion reactions

Abstract The crystal blocking technique for measuring short lifetimes (10−18 s) was developed during the 1960s from the study of the channeling effect. Early blocking lifetime measurements involved light ion resonance reactions yielding typical lifetime values of the order of 10−17 s. Recently, studies on heavy-ion induced fission and fusion have extended the technique into the 10−18 to 10−19 s scale. In this work measurements of fusion for 16O + Ge are presented for bombarding energies around 8 MeV/nucleon. Also measurements of the projectile fragmentation of 44 MeV/nucleon 40Ar + Ge are discussed. In all reactions studied the presence of particle evaporation is the dominant mechanism that determines the reaction times of ~10−18 s measured with the blocking technique.
Teaching NeuroImages: “Subarachnoid hemorrhage” from decreased contrast elimination after therapeutic hypothermia

A 50-year-old woman underwent therapeutic hypothermia after a witnessed cardiac arrest and cardiac catheterization. A 24-hour head CT (figure 1) showed diffuse hyperattenuation in the subarachnoid space and was reported as subarachnoid hemorrhage. Repeat CT at 48 hours (figure 2) showed significant clearing of the “subarachnoid hemorrhage.”
Equations of Motion for Multiple-Rigid-Body Systems via Symbolic Manipulation

N recent years, spacecraft designers have become increasingly involved with the dynamics of multiple-rigi dbody systems. When a spacecraft is modeled as a collection of two or more rigid bodies, the derivation of the associated equations of motion becomes laborious and subject to careless errors if performed by hand. Accordingly, much attention has been directed toward the development of techniques for generating equations of motion by digital computer. One of the earliest attempts at formulating equations of motion for multiple-rigid-body systems is attributable to Hooker and Margulies,1 who derived dynamical equations for the attitude motion of an arbitrary number n of pointconnected rigid bodies, the only restriction on the configurations included in this treatment being that chains of connected bodies must not form closed loops. The dynamical equations of Newton and Euler were written for each body, and a procedure was described for the elimination of "constraint torques" that arise at connection points having associated with them only one or two rotational degrees of freedom, thus yielding a set of 3n second-order scalar differential equations of motion for the system. A similar set of equations was obtained by Roberson and Wittenburg.2 Later, Hooker 3 devised a method for eliminating the constraint torques in such a way as to reduce the total number of equations from 3/7 to the number of rotational degrees of freedom of the system. Velman4 and Russell,5 using a different approach, chose not to isolate each of the n pointconnected rigid bodies individually, but instead constructed vector equations of motion for n different subsets of bodies, including, ultimately, a complete set of equations for the entire system. Features of both the discrete-body and nestedbody approaches were combined by Frisch 6 in deriving a set of equations which forms the basis for a digital computer program. Other simulation programs have been developed by Fleischer7 and Fleischer and Likins8 based upon Refs. 1 and 3. More recently, Huston and Passserello9 have made use of Lagrange's form of D'Alembert's principle as developed by Kane10 and have, consequently, avoided the necessity of considering nonworking interbody constraint forces and torques in their derivation of the equations of motion and corresponding computer program.
On the propagation of nonlinear acoustic waves in viscous and thermoviscous fluids

Abstract Acoustic travelling waves are studied in the context of nonlinear propagation in Newtonian fluids. First, we examine the one-dimensional (1D) versions of four weakly-nonlinear acoustic models, all of which admit known travelling wave solutions (TWS)s in the form of Taylor shocks. Next, we derive the exact, but implicit, kink-type TWS of the compressible 1D Navier–Stokes equations under the homentropic assumption. Then, using three simple metrics, we numerically compare the TWSs of the former with that of the latter. It is shown that, while results for gases are mixed, in the case of liquids, the simple Burgers’ equation yields the TWS that best approximates the profile of the Navier–Stokes equations. Lastly, an energy analysis of the weakly-nonlinear models is carried out, connections between the models are noted, and new critical values of the physical parameters are presented.