cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Aging and slow dynamics in SrxBa1-xNb2O6

The uniaxial ``relaxor'' ferroelectric ${\mathrm{Sr}}_{x}{\mathrm{Ba}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Nb}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{6}$ (SBN) is found to crossover from holelike to cumulative aging as it is cooled into the frozen relaxor regime. The cumulative aging contrasts sharply with the behavior of cubic relaxors, supporting ideas that the spin-glasslike aging in cubic relaxors is connected with polarization components orthogonal to the net ferropolarization. In the relaxor regime, small dc fields are found to suppress much of the dissipative response, similar to long-time aging. Pyroelectric currents are measured, along with limits on pyroelectric noise, allowing limits to be set on dynamically coherent domain sizes. Large nonlinear susceptibilities are found near the freezing transition.
Review of the Internal-External Control Construct as a Personality Variable

This review of recent research concerning Rotter's concept of internal-external control of reinforcement is divided into 12 areas: the Internal-External (I-E) Control Scale, personality, attempts t...
Inflation Adjustments to Income in Entry and Exit Price Systems

There are different views on the way in which price level adjustments might be made in the income account. Pratt (1988) noted that adjustments might be made in respect of individual assets or as a single adjustment to the opening capital. Multiple adjustments are commonly believed to be necessary when monetary assets are separated from non-monetary assets. An hypothesis is presented here that may explain why accounting theorists have believed (erroneously) that inflation affects monetary items differently from non-monetary items. Some complexities are considered and questions raised about the appropriateness of definitions of purchasing power and wealth.
On-label and off-label drugs used in the treatment of male infertility

Infertility affects 6.1 million U.S. couples—representing 10% of reproductive-age adults and 15% of all couples trying to conceive. Half of the time, infertility is the result of an abnormal semen analysis or other male factors, with 40%–50% of these infertile men diagnosed with idiopathic or nonclassifiable infertility. While the role of hormone therapy for men with an identified abnormality is well defined, the literature remains inconclusive and controversial regarding hormone manipulation using empirical (off-label) medical therapies for men with idiopathic infertility. This manuscript reviews the commonly used off-label medications used to treat idiopathic male factor infertility: clomiphene citrate, letrozole/anastrozole, exogenous androgens, and pentoxifylline.
In vitro suppression of erythropoiesis by bone marrow adherent cells from some patients with fungal infection

We present evidence that alterations in marrow adherent cell (M phi) function may play a role in the suppression of erythropoiesis in some patients with fungal infection. Bone marrow (BM) cells from 12 normals and 10 patients with histoplasmosis were cultured in plasma clots before and after removal of M phi. BM from five patients (Group A) produced normal numbers of erythroid colonies (EC). In the remaining patients (Group B), smaller numbers of EC were detected (P less than 0.01). Removal of M phi from BM of normals and Group A patients resulted in decreased growth of EC. In contrast, M phi depletion of BM from patients in Group B resulted in greater EC formation (P less than 0.01). When normal M phi were admixed with normal or patients' BM-M phi, enhanced EC formation resulted. Whereas, at similar concentrations, M phi from group B patients caused inhibition of EC formation (P less than 0.005). The erythro-regulatory function of M phi, including the inhibitory action of patients' M phi, was mediated via a soluble agent(s) since media conditioned by M phi mimicked the action of these cells. Three patients in Group B were restudied 14 months after treatment with amphotericin B, when blood parameters had returned to normal. At this time, normal patterns of EC formation and M phi activity were observed.
Procarcinogen activation and hormonal control of cell proliferation in differentiated primary adult rat liver cell cultures.

CONCERTED interactions among hormones and nutrients control animal cell proliferation1. For example, in the rat, insulin, glucagon, glucocorticoid, parathyroid hormone, iodothyronines and amino acids regulate normal hepatic proliferation—a prominent system for studying epithelial cell growth control2. Endocrine and nutritional factors also modify the efficiency with which chemicals produce experimental tumours in these animals notably, the induction of hepatomas by aromatic amines8. We report here observations with a novel primary monolayer adult rat liver culture system which may prove helpful towards studying these interactions under defined conditions4. These cells proliferate in response to hormones and nutrients; they maintain differentiated hepatic functions such as albumin and arginine biosynthesis for at least 8–10 days after plating; and they metabolise the procarcinogen N-2-acetylaminofluorene (AAF) into a proximate form, N-hydroxy-AAF (ref. 5).
Nonlinear and hysteretic exchange bias in antiferromagnetically coupled ferromagnetic bilayers

We report observations of nonlinear and hysteretic exchange bias in antiferromagnetically coupled hard/soft ferromagnetic bilayers. In such systems, the hard ferromagnetic layer acts as a tunable biasing layer replacing the antiferromagnet used in conventional exchange bias structures. It is shown that the reported behavior is due to the reciprocity of the exchange bias effect in conjunction with the presence of locally varying interfacial exchange which causes a preferential magnetization of the weakly exchange-coupled tuning regions during the exchange bias setting stage.
Growth and Inactivation of Microorganisms Isolated from Ultrapasteurized Egg

Microorganisms which survived and grew at 4° or 10°C in ultrapasteurized, aseptically packaged liquid whole egg were isolated and identified. Growth at 4° and 10°C, and inactivation from 50 to 70°C, of selected isolates were evaluated in ultrapasteurized egg. Bacillus circulans and a Pseuriomonas species grew well at 4°C. with generation times of 1.0 and 0.3 days, respectively. Enterococcus fuecalis and B. circulans were the most heat resistant isolates studied. Because B. circulans grew at 4°C and was relatively heat resistant it would be a useful test organism for many applications while E. faecalis would be useful since it was heat resistant and would grow rapidly when the storage temperature is less than ideal.
Virtual Product Design Using Innovative Mechatronic Techniques for Global Supply Chain

Global economic pressures have influenced industries to reduce budgets and look for innovative solutions. New product development procedures, especially in automotive, aerospace, industries today deploy increasingly sophisticated solutions to streamline and speed up product development as well as to improve overall product quality. With new digital factory layout tools and improved 3-D visualizations, manufacturers can digitally design and validate full factories in up to half the time previously required to do the job. Virtual product design procedures involving simulation of complex systems allows designers to develop system without finalizing the hardware. The simulation procedure can be as “what if” scenario when the hardware doesn’t exist. There are two critical issues to consider: speed and complexity. Trade-offs between simulation speed and the level of accuracy is necessary because of system resources available. As the simulation becomes faster with faster processors but the use of multicore systems help simulation. The interactive modeling is crucial to the design process, and it can occur in a mixed environment where real and virtual objects are combined. The key aspect of the virtual environments is that the visual representation of system partitioning and interaction lends itself to mechatronic applications. They also reduce system complexity from a developer’s standpoint, allowing concentration on the application details. Virtual simulations enable everyone to work on development before the first prototype is completed. Engineers can validate the entire operating cycle for the machine by driving the simulation with control system logic and timing. With industries leading all-digital design, validation, and commissioning of factory automation devices, virtual commissioning of factory-floor layout is becoming important. This paper will examine in detail the capability can offer manufacturers the ability to digitally design and layout either new factories or assembly lines much more quickly without putting any physical equipment into place, a method that can cut the time needed for such tasks. The paper discusses a strategy to take that virtual world into the physical world, but also being able to tie it back, so that information that would come from the shop floor could make it back to design.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Smashing new results on aspectual framing: How people talk about car accidents

How do people describe events they have witnessed? What role does linguistic aspect play in this process? To provide answers to these questions, we conducted an experiment on aspectual framing. In our task, people were asked to view videotaped vehicular accidents and to describe what happened (perfective framing) or what was happening (imperfective framing). Our analyses of speech and gesture in retellings show that the form of aspect used in the question differentially influenced the way people conceptualized and described actions. Questions framed with imperfective aspect resulted in more motion verbs (e.g. driving), more reckless language (e.g. speeding), and more iconic gestures (e.g. path gesture away from the body to show travel direction) than did questions framed with perfective aspect. Our research contributes novel insights on aspect and the construal of events, and on the semantic potency of aspect in leading questions. The findings are consistent with core assumptions in cognitive linguistics, including the proposal that linguistic meaning, including grammatical meaning, is dynamic and grounded in perceptual and cognitive experience.
Protected Clinical Teaching Time and a Bedside Clinical Evaluation Instrument in an Emergency Medicine Training Program

In a process that has evolved over the last four years, the Emory University Emergency Medicine Education Committee has developed an "academic attending" teaching shift incorporating a formatted lecture series with a clinical evaluation exercise (CEE). The program structures the approach to clinical teaching at the bedside, provides an objective clinical evaluation tool specific to emergency medicine residents, and provides targeted learning for medical students and residents rotating in the emergency department (ED). The CEE instrument was designed to be quick and efficient, satisfy requirements of assessment of the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) general competencies, and incorporate the language of the "Model of the Clinical Practice of Emergency Medicine." The original program called for unstructured bedside teaching three days a week, by faculty freed from clinical duties, combined with a limited series of introductory emergency medicine lectures. The program proved more successful when concentrated in a once weekly structured educational program. The prepared, repeating lecture series has been expanded to include many of the most common ED presenting chief complaints and has significantly advanced a curriculum for medical students and visiting interns. A CEE was developed to evaluate and provide immediate feedback to residents on many of the core ACGME competencies. The CEE has been successfully used to structure the bedside educational encounter. This dedicated non-clinical "teaching" shift appears effective in meeting the educational goals of the authors' academic ED. This is a description of the program and its evolution; the program has not been formally evaluated.
Automatic Tissue Classification for High-resolution Breast CT Images Based on Bilateral Filtering.

Breast tissue classification can provide quantitative measurements of breast composition, density and tissue distribution for diagnosis and identification of high-risk patients. In this study, we present an automatic classification method to classify high-resolution dedicated breast CT images. The breast is classified into skin, fat and glandular tissue. First, we use a multiscale bilateral filter to reduce noise and at the same time keep edges on the images. As skin and glandular tissue have similar CT values in breast CT images, we use morphologic operations to get the mask of the skin based on information of its position. Second, we use a modified fuzzy C-mean classification method twice, one for the skin and the other for the fatty and glandular tissue. We compared our classified results with manually segmentation results and used Dice overlap ratios to evaluate our classification method. We also tested our method using added noise in the images. The overlap ratios for glandular tissue were above 94.7% for data from five patients. Evaluation results showed that our method is robust and accurate.
Health effects of relocation following disaster: a systematic review of the literature

This paper reviews the literature on the effects of post-disaster relocation on physical and mental heath, and develops a conceptual framework to guide future research. Forty articles were selected for full-text review and incorporation into the conceptual framework. Twenty-four articles were reviewed for results and methodology. These overwhelmingly tracked mental health outcomes. Only four (16 per cent) focused on physical health. Eight of ten showed an association between relocation and psychological morbidity. Certain outcomes (such as mortality, injury and cardiovascular disease risk factors) revealed inconsistent results, but these were rarely studied. Despite the frequency of post-disaster relocation and evidence of its effect on psychological morbidity, there is a relative paucity of studies; the few examples in the literature reveal weak study designs, inconsistent results, and inattention to physical health impacts and the challenges facing vulnerable populations. Further research guided by theory is needed to inform emergency preparedness and recovery policy.
"What We Know & What We Seek: Strategic Orientation, Knowledge Stock, Ambidexterity and Performance"

Ambidexterity is seen as an important organizational mechanism through which two contradictory types of learning – exploration and exploitation – can be simultaneously pursued and balanced. These t...
Dynamics of ion desorption from the liquid—vapor interface of water

Abstract The dynamics of desorption of a small ion from the liquid—vapor interface of water is calculated using molecular dynamics trajectories and compared with several theoretical models which are based on a one-dimensional diffusion on the potential of mean force. The diffusion model is in reasonable agreement with the trajectory calculations if the exact (molecularly derived) potential of mean force is used. In contrast, the use of an approximate electrostatic model for the potential of mean force under-estimates the desorption rate.
IR imaging using uncooled microcantilever detectors.

Abstract Uncooled bimaterial microcantilever detectors were fabricated and used to obtain infrared (IR) images of objects at temperatures ranging from room temperature to a few hundred °C. Images were obtained using both single 50 μm×50 μm microcantilever IR detectors and arrays of microcantilever detectors. Thermal radiation from the target object was imaged onto the detector and the resulting temperature change caused microcantilever bending due to the bimaterial effect. This micromechanical bending was measured using two different non-contact optical readout techniques and IR images were obtained. A smaller size (20 μm×20 μm) microcantilever IR detector was also used to capture IR images of near room temperature objects.
On the absorption of the hard component of the cosmic radiation

Abstract A phenomenological theory of absorption of mesotrons in the atmosphere and in dense materials at and below sea-level is given. The calculations are based on the following assumptions: (1) absorption due entirely to energy loss caused by electric interactions of charged particles and to spontaneous decay, (2) the localization of mesotron production in an equivalent layer 10 per cent. below the top of the homogeneous atmosphere, and (3) neglect of scattering. From the absorption of vertically incident mesotrons in thick layers of rock the energy distribution in the formation layer is deduced. The energy distribution at sea-level is then determined, without approximations in the analysis, and compared with observations. It is shown that fair agreement is obtained for any reasonable value of the proper lifetime but that a value of about 2 × 10 −6 sec. allows the most favorable comparison of the calculated results and the data. The integral energy distribution and the angular distribution at sea-level are obtained. For the latter it is assumed, as is plausible, that the initial angular distribution is isotropic and that the primary energy distribution is independent of the original direction of motion. The agreement between calculated and observed angular distributions is very satisfactory. The absorption in lead and in light materials for vertically incident mesotrons at sea-level is considered. The need for a more precise definition of equivalent thicknesses is pointed out and the stopping powers of lead and light substances are compared. The absorption in lead is calculated and comparison with the data indicates a slightly larger absorption than is found theoretically. However, the absorption at large lead thicknesses (over 100 cm.) and the qualitative behavior of the absorption coefficient with increasing depth below sea-level are in accord with experiment. The consideration of absorption above sea-level indicates that there should be appreciable mesotron production at elevations comparable to that of Mt. Evans (4,300 meters). This is borne out by recent observations.
A novel concept for reconfigurable frequency selective surfaces based on silicon switches

The authors describe a novel concept for reconfigurable frequency selective surfaces based on metallic dipole and cross-dipole elements connected by switches on an exposed silicon substrate. As the conductivity of silicon can be varied over a large dynamic range by photonic excitation, it represents a good candidate substrate material for producing effective switches. The genetic algorithm was used to obtain optimal performance of the switch with respect to variations of the geometric and electrical parameters of the design for desired excitation frequencies. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 49: 109–114, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.22041
Can quarks always be confined by a linear potential

It is demonstrated on the basis of the Dirac equation that quarks cannot be confined by a vector gluon potential of the form(r/r0)a or[ln(r/r0]a, a>0, if the quark-gluon interaction conserves parity. In order to confine quarks with the parity-conserving interaction, the effective gluon potential must be a pseudovector or a scalar. These are shown in a simple Yang-Mills field with theSU(2) group.
Infusing Qualitative Traditions in Counseling Research Designs

Research traditions serve as a blueprint or guide for a variety of design decisions throughout qualitative inquiry. This article presents 6 qualitative research traditions: grounded theory, phenomenology, consensual qualitative research, ethnography, narratology, and participatory action research. For each tradition, the authors describe its purpose and key characteristics, outline commonly associated fieldwork activities, describe analytic approaches within the tradition, and then discuss strengths and challenges of the approach.
IRAK1 serves as a novel regulator essential for lipopolysaccharide-induced interleukin-10 gene expression.

Being one of the key kinases downstream of Toll-like receptors, IRAK1 has initially thought to be responsible for NFκB activation. Yet IRAK1 knock-out mice still exhibit NFκB activation upon lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge, suggesting that IRAK1 may play other un-characterized function. In this report, we show that IRAK1 is mainly involved in Stat3 activation and subsequent interleukin-10 (IL-10) gene expression. Splenocytes from IRAK1-deficient mice fail to exhibit LPS-induced Stat3 serine phosphorylation and IL-10 gene expression yet still maintain normal IL-1β gene expression upon LPS challenge. Mechanistically, we observe that IRAK1 modification upon LPS challenge leads to its modification, nuclear distribution, and interaction with Stat3. IRAK1 can directly use Stat3 as a substrate and cause Stat3 serine 727 phosphorylation. In addition, nuclear IRAK1 binds directly with IL-10 promoter in vivo upon LPS treatment. Atherosclerosis patients usually have elevated serum IL-10 levels. We document here that IRAK1 is constitutively modified and localized in the nucleus in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells from atherosclerosis patients. These observations reveal the mechanism for the novel role of IRAK1 in the complex Toll-like receptor signaling network and indicate that IRAK1 regulation may be intimately linked with the pathogenesis and/or resolution of atherosclerosis.
Ion-ion two-stream instability in multispecies laser-produced plasma

Experimental observations of the high-energy ions (g 10 keV/Z), expanding from a laser-produced plasma, have shown strong evidence of coronal electrostatic fields. In this paper, it is shown by a linear analysis that a multispecies streaming plasma can be subject to a two-stream ion-ion instability leading to density modulations. The effect of the charge-to-mass ratio on growth rate for different species accelerated by the same background electric field has been investigated. The theoretical model is consistent with experimental observations.
FACTORS AFFECTING THE SODIUM CHLORIDE EXTRACTABILITY OF MUSCLE PROTEINS FROM CHICKEN BREAST, TROUT WHITE AND LOBSTER TAIL MUSCLES

The amount of protein extracted from chicken breast muscle at low salt (0–50 mM NaCl) increased as the salt concentration of the extracting solutions increased. The addition of 10 mM sodium phosphate buffer pH 7 (Pi) caused a marked increase in protein extractability at all salt concentrations. A particular polypeptide chain of about 150,000 daltons appeared to be particularly sensitive to the extraction conditions. At high salt (0.6M NaCl, 50 mM sodium phosphate buffer pH 7.0) a second extraction still contained significant amounts of protein. The amount of protein extracted was maximized at a 1/20 dilution. On the other hand, the protein extract-ability of trout white muscle, showed a smaller Pi effect and very little dependence on low salt concentration. The protein extractability of lobster flexor muscle showed little change with either increased salt or Pi. For all three muscles extraction over time with either high or low salt remained essentially constant after the first day with the most protein being extracted from lobster muscle and the least from chicken muscle.
Significance of Leaf Phosphorus Remobilization in Yield Production in Soybean

The remobilization of mineral nutrients from vegetative to reproductive structures may influence plant productivity by affecting the timing and/or rates of leaf senescence. Experiments were conducted to ascertain the importance of P remobilization, particularly from leaves, in seed production of soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr. cv. McCall). For two separate greenhouse experiments, plants were grown in pots of soil that contained three levels of P fertility (P1, P2, and P3) that provided deficient, optimum, and supraoptimum P nutrition, respectively(.)
Gluon distribution function inside the nucleon and critical tests of asymptotically free gauge theories

In the framework of asymptotically free gauge theories, we express the ${q}^{2}$ dependence of each (Nachtmann) moment of the structure function $\ensuremath{\nu}{W}_{2}$ in terms of independently measurable quantities plus one unknown\char22{}the gluon matrix element. Comparison of the theoretical expressions with deep-inelastic scattering data (i) provides stringent tests of the usefulness of gauge theories (quantum chromodynamics) in contemporary hadron physics, and (ii) offers the natural way to measure the gluon distribution inside the nucleon (within the framework of such theories). The procedure relies on an explicit study of the precise connection between basic gauge-field-theoretic formulas and the parton distribution functions, including that of the gluon. We also suggest a practical method to deduce the latter from available data.
Surface particle detection for the 0.07-μm generation and beyond

ABSTRACT The detection ofsurface particles has become important in contamination control over the years. However, the minimumparticle size required to be detected has been becoming smaller as IC geometries shrink Current visible-light detectionsystems can detect particles down to around 60 um in polystyrene-latex-equivalent size and so should be adequate forgeometries down to around 0. 1 8 pm, but a quick glance at the National Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors shows thatgeometries are expected to become as small as 0.07 pm in a little over ten years, requiring the ability to detect particlesaround 20 nm in diameter. This is beyond the capability ofcurrent visible4ight scanners, so the Semiconductor ResearchCorporation has recently commissioned our group to conduct research into the limits of optical defect detection and potentialof alternative detection technologies. This research centers on short-wavelength optical systems and scanned electron-beamsystems as the most likely candidate technologies for high-speed nanoparticle detection. In this paper we develop a modelfor the analysis ofthe performance ofhypothetical short-wavelength surface inspection systems and examine the manifolddifficulties involved with using those wavelengths. The properties of scattering in the transitional region between the UVand X-ray regimes are also examined.Keywords: surface inspection, defect detection, nanoparticles, ultraviolet light scattering, X-ray scattering
Cervical esophageal webs: association with gastroesophageal reflux.

Background: We investigated whether there is a significant association between cervical esophageal webs and gastroesophageal reflux on pharyngoesophagography.
Biomechanical Concepts Applicable to Minimally Invasive Fracture Repair in Small Animals

Understanding the basic biomechanical principles of surgical stabilization of fractures is essential for developing an appropriate preoperative plan as well as making prudent intraoperative decisions. This article aims to provide basic biomechanical knowledge essential to the understanding of the complex interaction between the mechanics and biology of fracture healing. The type of healing and the outcome can be influenced by several mechanical factors, which depend on the interaction between bone and implant. The surgeon should understand the mechanical principles of fracture fixation and be able to choose the best type of fixation for each specific fracture.
Recent Advances in High Solids Coatings

Abstract The following three items are general market needs in coatings and paints: 1. Air pollution control 2. Energy, materials, and labor saving 3. Higher levels of performance Developments of new techniques and materials are expected to meet these market needs.
The microwave spectra of the weakly bound complex between carbon monoxide and cyanoacetylene, OC HCCCN

Abstract The rotational spectra of OC HCCCN, OC DCCCN have been recorded using pulsed-jet Fourier transform microwave spectroscopy. Accurate molecular constants have been obtained and agree with the results from IR spectroscopy. OC HCCCN is hydrogen-bonded in a linear configuration. The 13 C, the 15 N, and the 18 O, isotopologues for both the OC HCCCN and OC CCCN complexes have been observed in natural abundance. The fully substituted molecular structure of the carbon monoxide cyanoacetylene complex has been determined.
RAPE AND SOCIAL STRUCTURE

It has been suggested by Svastolga (1962) that rape is more common in communities where the number of females as compared to the number of males is relatively low. This means that legitimate sexual outlets with females will be relatively less available and so the males will turn to illegitimate outlets relatively more often. However, there has been no good test of this hypothesis. Svastolga himself merely compared urban and rural areas for the sex ratio and the incidence of rape, but his findings are clearly confounded by the urban-rural variable. T o test this hypothesis more adequately, the incidence of rape by state in the USA for 1970 was correlated with the sex ratio, these data coming from the U. S. Bureau of the Census (1970). The product-moment correlation was 0.12 (df = 48) and did not reach statistical significance. Amir (1971) has noted that rape is more common among blacks than among whites. Indeed, the correlation over the states of the USA between the proportion of blacks in the state and the incidence of rape was 0.22 (df = 48, one-tailed p < 0.10). However, the correlation between the incidence of rape and the sex ratio for the black population of each state was -0.26 (df = 48, onetailed p < 0.05), which is in a direction opposite to the hypothesis of Svastolga. I t appears that there are presently no data to support the hypothesis that rape is more common where there are relatively fewer females available.
Experimental Philosophy of Art

Although experimental philosophers have been busy kindling fires under well-worn armchairs in areas of philosophy as varied as epistemology, normative ethics, theories of reference, and the free will controversy, the philosophy of art has remained largely untouched.1 As Denis Dutton observes: "There is precious little reference to empirical psychology in contemporary philosophical aesthetics, almost as if philosophers of art have wanted to protect their patch from incursions by psychologists."2 I intend to show how techniques borrowed from experimental psychology can bring light as well as warmth to the old debate over "What is art?" The first section of my article addresses the relevance of experimental research to theories of art. The second summarizes data
Advances in Utilizing Cyanobacteria for Hydrogen Production

Cyanobacteria are photoautotrophic prokaryotes with a remarkable metabolic flexibility. Many species of cyanobacteria produce hydrogen, and the efficiency of this process can be improved by genetic engineering. Isolated photosynthetic complexes of cyanobacteria that are capable of light absorption and charge separation can be utilized in hydrogen-producing devices that are driven by solar energy. As photosynthetic microorganisms, cyanobacteria present a unique opportunity for creating low cost systems for hydrogen production in vivo and in vitro. This review is focused on recent advances in cyanobacterial hydrogen research.
Anionic CH⋅⋅⋅X− Hydrogen Bonds: Origin of Their Strength, Geometry, and Other Properties

CF3H as a proton donor was paired with a variety of anions, and its properties were assessed by MP2/aug-cc-pVDZ calculations. The binding energy of monoanions halide, NO3−, formate, acetate, HSO4−, and H2PO4− lie in the 12–17 kcal mol−1 range, although F− is more strongly bound, by 26 kcal mol−1. Dianions SO42− and HPO42− are bound by 27 kcal mol−1, and trianion PO43− by 45 kcal mol−1. When two O atoms are available on the anion, the CH⋅⋅⋅O− H-bond (HB) is usually bifurcated, although asymmetrically. The CH bond is elongated and its stretching frequency redshifted in these ionic HBs, but the shift is reduced in the bifurcated structures. Slightly more than half of the binding energy is attributed to Coulombic attraction, with smaller contributions from induction and dispersion. The amount of charge transfer from the anions to the σ*(CH) orbital correlates with many of the other indicators of bond strength, such as binding energy, CH bond stretch, CH redshift, downfield NMR spectroscopic chemical shift of the bridging proton, and density at bond critical points.
A new proof of the Kac-Kazhdan conjecture

This is a pre-copy-editing, author-produced PDF of an article accepted for publication in [International Mathematics Research Notices] following peer review. The definitive publisher-authenticated version [International Mathematics Research Notices (2006) Vol. 2006 : article ID 27091, pp.1-5 pages] is available online at: http://imrn.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/2006/27091/27091.
COUNSELING IN INDUSTRY: A SELECTED REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE

This paper reviews the literature on counseling in business and industry. It summarizes what is known about (a) the extent to which personal and career counseling services exist within industry and (b) the effectiveness of various counseling programs in dealing with specific employee problems or concerns. The review is divided into three major sections. The first describes various programs and research involving counseling for personal problems. This is followed by a summary of efforts by industry to provide various forms of career counseling and guidance. Finally, the last section offers several conclusions about the current state of counseling in industry and discusses some implications for future research and evaluation such as the need for more clarity in what is typically referred to as counseling, increased specification of objectives and outcome criteria, comparison of different types of counseling approaches, a broader examination of the extensiveness of counseling in industry, and a higher standard for practitioner-oriented magazines which publish articles about counseling in industry.
Bounds and approximations for elastodynamic wave speeds in tetragonal media

This paper presents an analytical study of elastodynamic waves propagating along an arbitrary direction in anisotropic materials with tetragonal symmetry. Upper and lower bounds are developed on the wave speeds through an additive decomposition of the acoustic tensor into an associated hexagonal counterpart and a rank-one modification, the eigenproperties of which can be determined analytically. The bounds are obtained by applying the minimax property of eigenvalues. Linear approximations of the wave speeds are obtained from a first-order expansion of the eigenvalues of the acoustic tensor, with respect to a tetragonality index, about the value of that index for which tetragonal symmetry degenerates to hexagonal symmetry. A numerical example shows that the linear approximations agree remarkably well with the exact values of the wave speeds.
Evaluation of Regression Splines: A Multi-criteria Decision Analysis Approach

Approaches to analyzing statistical data can be classified as either confirmatory or exploratory. Confirmatory data analysis requires the explicit specification of one or more hypotheses by the researcher followed by the testing of these hypotheses. In this project we aim to develop a knowledge discovery via data mining (KDDM) process model based context-aware multi-criteria framework for selecting the most appropriate causal explanatory model based on the researchers subjective preferences including accuracy, simplicity, the relative importance of variables in his/her tentative research model, relative preferences for inclusion of some causal relationships.
Stereospecific synthesis of β-dglucopyranosyl (dihydrogen phosphate)

Abstract Stereospecific opening of the Brigl anhydride, namely, 3,4,6-tri- O -acetyl-1,2-anhydro-α- d -glucopyranose, by hydrogen (dibenyl phosphate) afforded 3,4,6-tri- O -acetyl-β- d -glucopyranosyl (dibenzyl phosphate). This was subjected to debenzylation, followed by deacetylation, to furnish β- d -glucopyranosyl (dihydrogen phosphate), isolated as the crystalline brucine salt having physical constants in agreement with those reported in the literature.
Longitudinal Effects of Domestic Violence on Employment and Welfare Outcomes

This study uses longitudinal data spanning 13 years from a study of 234 adolescent mothers to evaluate the effects of cumulative domestic violence on employment and welfare use before and after welfare reform. Domestic violence increased the odds of unemployment after welfare reform, but not before; domestic violence had no effect on welfare use during any time period. Psychological distress after welfare reform was associated with unemployment, but not with welfare outcomes. Thus, the authors found that the direct effect of domestic violence on unemployment is not mediated by concurrent level of psychological distress. The relationship of psychological distress to unemployment exists only for those with a history of domestic violence. Cumulative domestic violence can have negative effects on economic capacity many years after the violence occurs, suggesting that policymakers recognize the long-term nature of the impact of domestic violence on women's capacity to be economically self-reliant.
Ocular surface and glaucoma therapy

Purpose The use of anti-glaucoma medications is often associated with ocular adverse reactions. These undesirable effects may lead to reduced quality of life, poor adherence or even treatment discontinuation in patients with glaucoma. This presentation summarizes currently available data relating to the effect of topical anti-glaucoma preparations on the ocular surface. Results Anti-glaucoma medications most commonly contain benzalkonium chloride (BAK) as a preservative. In vivo animal studies together with in vitro experiments have demonstrated various dose dependent adverse effects of BAK. Clinical studies have also shown an increased incidence of adverse events associated with BAK and have demonstrated that withdrawal of the preservative reduces these effects. Conclusion Collectively, these data suggest that use of preservative-free anti-glaucoma treatments have clinically relevant benefits for patients.
Effect of Pay-for-Performance Incentives on Quality of Care in Small Practices With Electronic Health Records: A Randomized Trial

Importance Most evaluations of pay-for-performance (P4P) incentives have focused on large-group practices. Thus, the effect of P4P in small practices, where many US residents receive care, is largely unknown. Furthermore, whether electronic health records (EHRs) with chronic disease management capabilities support small-practice response to P4P has not been studied. Objective To assess the effect of P4P incentives on quality in EHR-enabled small practices in the context of an established quality improvement initiative. Design, Setting, and Participants A cluster-randomized trial of small ( Interventions Incentivized clinics were paid for each patient whose care met the performance criteria, but they received higher payments for patients with comorbidities, who had Medicaid insurance, or who were uninsured (maximum payments: $200/patient; $100 000/clinic). Quality reports were given quarterly to both the intervention and control groups. Main Outcomes and Measures Comparison of differences in performance improvement, from the beginning to the end of the study, between control and intervention clinics for aspirin or antithrombotic prescription, blood pressure control, cholesterol control, and smoking cessation interventions. Mixed-effects logistic regression was used to account for clustering of patients within clinics, with a treatment by time interaction term assessing the statistical significance of the effect of the intervention. Results Participating clinics (n = 42 for each group) had similar baseline characteristics, with a mean of 4592 (median, 2500) patients at the intervention group clinics and 3042 (median, 2000) at the control group clinics. Intervention clinics had greater adjusted absolute improvement in rates of appropriate antithrombotic prescription (12.0% vs 6.1%, difference: 6.0% [95% CI, 2.2% to 9.7%], P = .001 for interaction term), blood pressure control (no comorbidities: 9.7% vs 4.3%, difference: 5.5% [95% CI, 1.6% to 9.3%], P = .01 for interaction term; with diabetes mellitus: 9.0% vs 1.2%, difference: 7.8% [95% CI, 3.2% to 12.4%], P = .007 for interaction term; with diabetes mellitus or ischemic vascular disease: 9.5% vs 1.7%, difference: 7.8% [95% CI, 3.0% to 12.6%], P = .01 for interaction term), and in smoking cessation interventions (12.4% vs 7.7%, difference: 4.7% [95% CI, −0.3% to 9.6%], P = .02 for interaction term). Intervention clinics performed better on all measures for Medicaid and uninsured patients except cholesterol control, but no differences were statistically significant. Conclusions and Relevance Among small EHR-enabled clinics, a P4P incentive program compared with usual care resulted in modest improvements in cardiovascular care processes and outcomes. Because most proposed P4P programs are intended to remain in place more than a year, further research is needed to determine whether this effect increases or decreases over time. Trial Registration clinicaltrials.gov Identifier:NCT00884013
A Case Study of Schooling Practices at an "Escuela Secundaria" in Mexico.

This article reports results of a qualitative study conducted at a public escuela secundaria (U.S. grades 7, 8, and 9) in Guadalajara, Mexico, during the spring of 2010. As the second phase of an ongoing project, the main goal was to learn from direct classroom observation about the most prevalent teaching and institutional practices at this level of education in a region from which large numbers of English learners arrive in the United States every year. Findings contribute to the limited existing knowledge about the school culture typical of Mexican schools, which includes warm relationships between teachers and students across content areas, the infusion of technology in curriculum and assessment, and the active role of parents in school governance. Practical information presented in this article may help U.S. teachers better understand the prior educational experiences of Mexican-born students and design effective instruction that facilitates their adjustment to cultural norms, routines, and expectations in U.S. classrooms.
A Failure to Support the Relationships of Selected Traits and Hypnotic Responsiveness in Drama Students

Abstract A number of characteristics of drama students were investigated in order to discover relationships with the generally high hypnotic responsiveness of drama subjects. Correlations between Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale, Form C scores and J. Hilgard's imaginative involvement, Tellegen and Atkinson's absorption scale, number of acting classes and acting roles, and peer and instructor ratings of subject's involvement in acting were insignificant. Limitations of the study were discussed.
Overlap assumptions for assumed probability distribution function cloud schemes in large‐scale models

[1] Cloud vertical structure influences the fluxes of precipitation and radiation throughout the atmosphere. This structure is not predicted in large-scale models but is instead applied in the form of “overlap assumptions.” In their current guise, overlap assumptions apply to the presence or absence of clouds, and new data sets have led to the development of empirical formulations described by exponential decay from maximum to random overlap over a characteristic length scale. At the same time, cloud parameterizations in many large-scale models have been moving toward “assumed PDF” schemes that predict the distribution of total water within each grid cell, which will require overlap assumptions that may be applied to cells with specified internal variability. This paper uses a month-long cloud-resolving model simulation of continental convection to develop overlap assumptions for use with assumed PDF cloud schemes in large-scale models. An observing system simulation experiment shows that overlap assumptions derived from millimeter-wavelength cloud radar observations can be strongly affected by the presence of precipitation and convective clouds and, to a lesser degree, by limited sampling and reliance on the frozen turbulence assumption. Current representations of overlap can be extended with good accuracy to treat the rank correlation of total water in each grid cell, which provides a natural way to treat vertical structure in assumed PDF cloud schemes. The scale length that describes an exponential fit to the rank correlation of total water depends on the state of the atmosphere: convection is associated with greater vertical coherence (longer scale lengths), while wind shear decreases vertical coherence (shorter scale lengths). The new overlap assumptions are evaluated using cloud physical properties, microphysical process rates, and top-of-atmosphere radiative fluxes. These quantities can be reproduced very well when the exact cloud structure is replaced with its statistical equivalent and somewhat less well when the time mean vertical structure is imposed. Overlap formulations that treat total water can also be used to determine the variability in clear-air relative humidity, which might be used by convection and aerosol parameterizations.
Identification of electron and hole picosecond trapping processes in doped a-Si:H

Abstract Using the picosecond pump and probe technique we identify the electron and hole contributions to the photomodulation response in doped a -Si:H. We have found that electron trapping in doping related defects is about 50 times faster than hole trapping regardless of doping type and concentration, temperature, light exposure or the energy level of the traps. This is an intrinsic property of a -Si:H which originates from a larger electron hopping rate among localized states in the conduction band-tail due to a larger extent of the electron wave function.
Ammonium Ion Concentration in the Primitive Ocean

If ion exchange on clay minerals regulated the cationts in the primitive ocean as it does in the present ocean, the pH would have been 8 and the K + concentration 0.01M. Since NH 4 + and K + are similar in their claymineral equilibria, the maximum NH 4 + concentration in the primitive ocean would also have been 0.01M. An estimate of the minimum NH 4 + concentratin is 1 x 10 -3 M, based on the reversible deamination of aspartic acid and the assumption that aspartic acid is necessary for the origin of life. The rate of this nonenzymic deamnination is rapid on the geological time scale.
Solvation dynamics of C153 in supercritical fluoroform: a simulation study based on two-site and five-site models of the solvent.

Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of a probe solute (coumarin C153) in supercritical fluoroform are used to study time-dependent solute−solvent interactions. We study the dynamics of solvent reorganization in response to electronic excitation of C153 at a temperature of 1.03 Tc (the critical temperature) and a series of densities above and below the critical density. Simulations of a two-site and five-site models of fluoroform are presented and compared. The time-dependent solvation response after solute electronic excitation is studied in the two cases, and the five-site results present an earlier onset of exponential decay that is closer to what is expected to be the experimental response. This is confirmed by comparison to experiment. In addition to obtaining the solvation response from nonequilibrium MD trajectories, approximate solvation responses were obtained from equilibrium time correlations of the fluctuations in the solvation energy change in the presence of ground- and excited-state solutes....
An iterative solution to the four-peg Tower of Hanoi problem

One of the variations of the Towers of Hanoi puzzle allows for p pegs, and for four pegs the solution to this variation is shown to have a simple structure which can be used to derive an iterative solution to the problem.