cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Web-Based Framework for Improving Geriatric Education.

Despite the growth in the elderly population, physicians with special geriatric training and certification number only 9,000 out of 650,000 doctors in the United States. The flexibility and increasing availability of the Internet makes it an ideal avenue for addressing the educational needs of health care providers to improve the health and care of older adults. We performed an Internet search using popular search engines. This yielded between 321 and 358,000 websites about geriatrics and 164 to 175,000 about geriatric education. This paper reviews popular health and medical Web sites to determine geriatric educational content and proposes a structure for an "ideal" geriatric Web site that would provide resources and enhance training for allied health professionals, physicians in training and community doctors in practice. We also propose a framework addressing the design and content for developing a geriatric specific website. We use this framework to propose a prototype resource on falls and gait instability.
The Effects of British and American Trial Procedures on the Quality of Juror Decision-Making

Compared to American trial procedures, British procedures provide a less distracting environment in which jurors can process trial evidence. Relying on theories of persuasion, it was predicted that jurors viewing British procedures would be less affected by extra-evidentiary cues and would be more sensitive to evidence strength variations than jurors in American trials. Participants (N = 245) viewed a mock trial in which trial procedure, judge's nonverbal behavior, and evidence strength were varied. Participants judged the British procedures to be more civil and fair than American procedures but were less likely to find for the plaintiff. Although jurors recalled more trial facts when they viewed British procedures, they were not more sensitive to variations in evidence strength. There was some evidence that British procedures may increase the influence of judge's nonverbal behavior on juror judgments. The relative benefits of different trial procedures are discussed.
MULTIPLE RESPONSE PATTERNS TO OESTROGENIC STIMULATION IN THE AVIAN LIVER

Abstract The response patterns of vitellogenin, very low density lipoprotein-apoprotein B (apo VLDL-B), and serum albumin were examined following oestrogen administration to roosters. Vitellogenin synthesis was not detectable in the absence of hormone treatment, but increased to a maximum within 3–6 days following oestrogen treatment. The hormone-stimulated increase in vitellogenin synthesis was paralleled by the accumulation of vitellogenin mRNA. In contrast to the complete oestrogen-dependence of vitellogenin synthesis, an appreciable level of apo VLDL-B synthesis was seen in the absence of exogenous hormone treatment. Following oestrogen treatment, the hepatic synthesis of apo VLDL-B increased to an extent similar in magnitude to the increase in vitellogenin synthesis. In the case of apo VLDL-B, oestrogen appears to modulate the expression of a gene which is expressed to a significant extent in the absence of the hormone. In contrast to the positive effects of oestrogen on vitellogenin and apo VLDL-B, the hepatic content of serum albumin mRNA was seen to decrease following hormone treatment. Comparison of the response patterns of these proteins suggests that oestrogen may exhibit multiple modes of control over the expression of different genes within the same cell.
Whole-body MR imaging, bone diffusion imaging: how and why?

Whole-body MRI (W-B MRI) and diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) are two novel techniques that greatly facilitate the evaluation of many disorders of childhood. In the musculoskeletal system, these techniques primarily aid in the evaluation of the marrow, although there is increasing interest in the study of soft-tissue abnormalities with W-B MRI and of cartilage with DWI.
Use of the squared ranks test to test for the equality of the coefficients of variation

A distribution-free test for the equality of the coefficients of variation from k populations is obtained by using the squared ranks test for variances, as presented by Conover and Iman (1978) and Conover (1980), on the original observations divided by their respective expected values. Substitution of the sample mean in place of the expected value results in the test being only asymptotically distribution-free. Results of a simulation study evaluating the size of the test for various coefficient of variation values and probability distributions are presented.
A 2000 Kilometer per Second “Pristine” Post-asymptotic Giant Branch Wind in the Proto-planetary Nebula He 3-1475

We analyze (archival) Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph long-slit Hα spectra of the proto-planetary nebula He 3-1475. We find two remarkable blueshifted absorption features arising from the inner ~5 × 1016 cm of the nebula, revealing the presence of two different winds outflowing at high velocity from the central star. The kinematic age of these winds is only tens of years. We find that the fast wind is flowing with velocities in the range ~150-1200 km s-1 whereas the ultrafast wind is moving much faster (up to 2300 km s-1). The latter is highly collimated (length/width 7) close to the central star (~1016 cm) along a direction different from previous mass ejection axes and shows a radially increasing velocity. We identify the ultrafast wind with a "pristine" post-asymptotic giant branch (post-AGB) outflow that has not been (strongly) altered by its interaction with the AGB envelope. We discuss the implications of the spatiokinematic structure of this wind for current theories of the formation and shaping of planetary nebulae.
Fabrication and Characterization of Molecular Beam Epitaxy Grown Thin-Film GaAs Waveguides for Mid-Infrared Evanescent Field Chemical Sensing

Thin-film GaAs waveguides were designed and fabricated by molecular beam epitaxy for use in mid-infrared (MIR) evanescent field liquid sensing. Waveguides were designed to facilitate the propagation of a single mode at a wavelength of 10.3 microm emitted from a distributed feedback quantum cascade laser, which overlaps with molecular selective absorption features of acetic anhydride. The characterization of the waveguides shows transmission across a broad MIR band. Evanescent field absorption measurements indicate a significant sensitivity enhancement in contrast to multimode planar silver halide waveguides.
Left-ventricle boundary detection from nuclear medicine images

We present here a new algorithm for segmentation of nuclear medicine images to detect the left-ventricle (LV) boundary. In this article, other image segmentation techniques, such as edge detection and region growing, are also compared and evaluated. In the edge detection approach, we explored the relationship between the LV boundary characteristics in nuclear medicine images and their radial orientations: we observed that no single brightness function (eg, maximum of first or second derivative) is sufficient to identify the boundary in every direction. In the region growing approach, several criteria, including intensity change, gradient magnitude change, gradient direction change, and running mean differences, were tested. We found that none of these criteria alone was sufficient to successfully detect the LV boundary. Then we proposed a simple but successful region growing method—Contour-Modified Region Growing (CMRG). CMRG is an easy-to-use, robust, and rapid image segmentation procedure. Based on our experiments, this method seems to perform quite well in comparison to other automated methods that we have tested because of its ability to handle the problems of both low signal-to-noise ratios (SNR) as well as low image contrast without any assumptions about the shape of the left ventricle.
1st INCF Workshop on Neuroanatomical Nomenclature and Taxonomy

The goal of this workshop was to agree on a general strategy for developing a systematic, useful, and scientifically appropriate framework for neuroanatomical nomenclature. The workshop focused on general principles that will serve as a basis for future decisions on implementation strategies. The report discusses the problems arising from the use of different parcellation schemes and use of different terminologies and highlights the need of a universal vocabulary for describing the structural organization of the nervous system. Workshop participants encourage the creation of an International Coordinating Committee for Neuroanatomical Nomenclature and propose short- and long-term goals for such a committee.
A Note on the Kinetic Energy Balance of the Zonal Wind Systems

Broadly speaking, there are two processes that may produce the needed transport of angular momentum from the zones of surface easterlies to those of surface westerlies. One is a largescale mean convective process, with axending motions in lower latitudes and descending motions in higher latitudes. The other is the largexale eddy motions. Although some types of mean meridional circulations might be able to account for the necessary transport, the existence of such circulations is hard to establish observationally. On the other hand , the investigations conducted at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and at the University of California have demonstrated that the eddy process not only produces enough angular momentum transfer but also produces sufficient transfer of energy to maintain the atmosphere in radiational equilibrium. This suggests that the general circulation is maintained mainly by the large-scale eddy process. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1951.tb00799.x
The republic of federal scientific publication: The not-so-public domain*

Abstract This article examines the forces that have made federal scientific publication an essentially private enterprise. Particular attention is paid to the rise of the scientific community in the American political system. The period under review begins roughly with 1941 and American involvement in World War II, which coincides with the establishment of the Office of Scientific Research and Development (ORSD). The article examines OSRD’s method of conducting federal scientific research, its contractual system, and the new publishing paradigm that it engendered. The article concludes in the 1960s with congressional efforts to revise provisions in Title 17, the
High flow priapism secondary to internal urethrotomy treated with embolization.

Priapism is defined as the state of prolonged engorgement or erection of the penis not related to sexual desire or stimulation.1 Priapism is classified into 2 categories based on the underlying pathophysiological mechanism—low flow or ischemic, and high flow or nonischemic.1 High flow priapism is an uncommon clinical entity. The vast majority of cases are caused by perineal or penile trauma, which can result in penile artery laceration and the formation of an arteriocavernous fistula.2 Iatrogenic high flow priapism has been described during treatment of erectile dysfunction with intracorporeal injections.2 We report a case of iatrogenic high flow priapism secondary to transurethral surgery. The patient was successfully treated with selective embolization.
Self-similar analysis of turbulent hydrodynamic and temperature boundary layers

The symmetry properties of turbulent temperature and dynamic boundary layers are studied using the apparatus of the Lie group theory. Self-similar forms of independent variables and sought functions are derived for flows of the “boundary layer” type and three models of turbulent viscosity. A simple method is suggested for the calculation of turbulent flows of this type. The results are given of analytical solutions of simplified boundary layer equations in a self-similar form.
Some Limitations on the Accuracy of Electronic Differential Analyzers

Electronic differential analyzers, or simulators, employ computing elements which must be physically realizable electric circuits, and this fact introduces unavoidable errors into the differential-equation solutions. These errors are investigated mathematically for the general case of differential equations with constant coefficients. It is found that in certain cases an error of 1 per cent can be introduced by an adder bandwidth 2,000 times the highest frequency in the differential-equation solution.
β-Adrenergic Receptor Antagonists Accelerate Skin Wound Healing EVIDENCE FOR A CATECHOLAMINE SYNTHESIS NETWORK IN THE EPIDERMIS

The skin is our primary defense against noxious environmental agents. Upon injury, keratinocytes migrate directionally into the wound bed to initiate re-epithelialization, essential for wound repair and restoration of barrier integrity. Keratinocytes express a high level of beta2-adrenergic receptors (beta2-ARs) that appear to play a role in cutaneous homeostasis as aberrations in either keratinocyte beta2-AR function or density are associated with various skin diseases. Here we report the novel finding that beta-AR antagonists promote wound re-epithelialization in a "chronic" human skin wound-healing model. beta-AR antagonists increase ERK phosphorylation, the rate of keratinocyte migration, electric field-directed migration, and ultimately accelerate human skin wound re-epithelialization. We demonstrate that keratinocytes express two key enzymes required for catecholamine (beta-AR agonist) synthesis, tyrosine hydroxylase and phenylethanolamine-N-methyl transferase, both localized within keratinocyte cytoplasmic vesicles. Finally, we confirm the synthesis of epinephrine by measuring the endogenously synthesized catecholamine in keratinocyte extracts. Previously, we have demonstrated that beta-AR agonists delay wound re-epithelialization. Here we report that the mechanism for the beta-AR antagonist-mediated augmentation of wound repair is due to beta2-AR blockade, preventing the binding of endogenously synthesized epinephrine. Our work describes an endogenous beta-AR mediator network in the skin that can temporally regulate skin wound repair. Further investigation of this network will improve our understanding of both the skin repair process and the multiple modes of action of one of the most frequently prescribed class of drugs, hopefully resulting in a new treatment for chronic wounds.
Shape-preserving, multiscale interpolation by univariate curvature-based cubic L 1 splines in cartesian and polar coordinates

We investigate C1-smooth univariate curvature-based cubic L1 interpolating splines in Cartesian and polar coordinates. The coefficients of these splines are calculated by minimizing the L1 norm of curvature. We compare these curvature-based cubic L1 splines with second-derivative-based cubic L1 splines and with cubic L2 splines based on the L2 norm of curvature and of the second derivative. In computational experiments in Cartesian coordinates, cubic L1 splines based on curvature preserve the shape of multiscale data well, as do cubic L1 splines based on the second derivative. Cartesian-coordinate cubic L1 splines preserve shape much better than analogous Cartesian-coordinate cubic L2 splines. In computational experiments in polar coordinates, cubic L1 splines based on curvature preserve the shape of multiscale data better than cubic L1 splines based on the second derivative and much better than analogous cubic L2 splines. Extensions to splines in general curvilinear coordinate systems, to bivariate splines in spherical coordinate systems and to nonpolynomial splines are outlined.
1/f noise: a window to HFET stability

A new stability criterion for heterojunction field effect transistors (HFETs) is introduced and discussed in terms of our own stress-induced degradation experiments on the GaN varieties. The new criterion explains how to choose the sheet conductance of the 2 DEG electron plasma in the channel and the temperature dependence of the spontaneous polarization in the gate insulation for maximal stability against stress-induced degradation. According to this criterion, for maximal stability against thermal breakdown, the sheet conductance is chosen to be in a well defined vicinity of the resonance of the optical phonons with the plasma frequency of the electrons in the channel. The first steps toward studying this concept experimentally have been taken by monitoring the 1/f noise of the HFETs both at baseband and through phase noise, i.e., with exponential modulation, and comparing to the extent possible at this point with the results of the quantum 1/f noise calculation. Our measurements of 1/f noise on pristine devices and on stressed devices, degraded by sustained high drain bias, show that even a small 8% decrease in the maximal drain current produces some 5- 10 dB increase in the 1/f noise power. The latter is thus a much more sensitive indicator of damage. The quantum electrodynamic (QED)- and quantum lattice-dynamic (QLD) quantum 1/f noise formulas have been refined for the case of AlGaN/GaN HFETs through a better definition of the coherence parameters s and s'.
Low-molecular Weight Heparin Induces In Vitro Trophoblast Invasiveness: Role of Matrix Metalloproteinases and Tissue Inhibitors

Heparin is used widely for the prevention of pregnancy loss in pregnant women with thrombophilia. However, it is still unknown if heparin may be able to affect trophoblast functions. Therefore, we investigated the hypothesis that low-molecular weight heparin (LMWH) might regulate in vitro trophoblast invasiveness and placental production of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitors (TIMPs). In the first-trimester placental tissue, the MMP-9 expression was observed in both villous and extravillous cytotrophoblast cells, and MMP-2 mainly in villous cytotrophoblast. In human choriocarcinoma cells (JAR), MMP-2 was the dominant form. Heparin significantly enhanced both pro-MMPs and the active forms, and increased Matrigel invasiveness of extravillous trophoblast and choriocarcinoma cells. In choriocarcinoma cells the heparin effect was also indirect, inducing a significant decrease in TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 protein expressions and mRNAs. The present data suggest that the increase in trophoblast invasion by heparin is due to a specific protein playing a role in placental invasion. These observations may help in understanding the effects of heparin treatment during pregnancy.
Applications of Electron Channeling Contrast Imaging for the Rapid Characterization of Extended Defects in III–V/Si Heterostructures

Electron channeling contrast imaging (ECCI) is a nondestructive diffraction-based scanning electron microscopy (SEM) technique that can provide microstructural analysis similar to transmission electron microscopy (TEM). However, because ECCI is performed within an SEM and requires little to no sample preparation, such analysis can be accomplished in a fraction of the time. Like TEM, ECCI can be used to image a variety of extended defects and enables the use of standard invisibility criteria to provide further defect characterization (e.g., Burgers vector determination). Here, we use ECCI to characterize various extended defects, including threading dislocations, misfit dislocations, and stacking faults, in heteroepitaxial GaP/Si(1 0 0) samples. We also present applications for which ECCI is particularly well suited compared with conventional methods. First, misfit dislocations are surveyed via ECCI across the radius of a 4-in GaP/Si wafer, yielding a proof-of-concept rapid (∼3 h) approach to large-area defect characterization. Second, by simply wet etching away a portion of a thick epitaxial GaP-on-Si layer, we use ECCI to image specific targeted interfaces within a heterostructure. Both of these applications are prime examples of how ECCI is a compelling alternative to TEM in circumstances where the required sample preparation would be prohibitively time-consuming or difficult.
Debates, divisions, and decisions: recombinant DNA advisory committee (RAC) authorization of the first human gene transfer experiments.

Abstract Possibly the most far-reaching, controversial research currently being conducted in the international biological science community involves human gene therapy experimentation. In this paper, I report the dynamics of the political process which ultimately found the Recombinant DNA Advisory Committee (RAC) of the National Institutes of Health approving for the first time protocols of this genre. A full appreciation of the policy-making dialogue shows that significant participants perceived the process from very different vantage points regarding the way in which the American political system works and the way in which it ought to work. I argue that, if we are to understand how the RAC should proceed in orchestrating a human gene therapy policy agenda, then we must flesh out and critically analyze these competing vantage points. To that end, I postulate seven possible "action models" for characterizing how protocol assessments of the type at issue might be developed given the nature of our politics, reaching the conclusion that one of these models holds out the most promise for synthesizing efficaciously the key factors involved. In conclusion, I discuss how the RAC might profitably employ this preferred strategy in these and other cases.
Photo-optical Instrumentation and Reduction Theory for the Airborne Astrographic Camera System

The Airborne Astrographic Camera System The Airborne Astrographic Camera System (AACS) represents a unique approach to the problem of observing reentry trajectories and associated parameters from airborne observing stations. The basic principles employed by the system are the same as those with which one approaches the problem of trajectory computation using ground-based ballistic cameras. The observation of re-entry trajectories using groUnd-based cameras has become a rather well-defined and precise science, and has concurrently become a rather specialized art. Thus, it is not difficult to grasp the nature of the problems confronting investigators in the field of airborne trajectory observation who found the details of the ground-based approach rather difficult to apply to the airborne problem.© (1967) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Relation of radiolarian distributions to subsurface hydrography in the North Pacific

Abstract Based on opening-closing net plankton collections, the vertical and horizontal distributions of some triplyean radiolarian species have been plotted for the eastern North Pacific. In a mid-ocean profile of the upper 400 m, there emerge: (1) a zone including subarctic near-surface waters and extending southward at greater depths, (2) a narrow zone to the south concentrated above the first zone, and (3) a zone yet farther south ranging from the surface to a lower boundary that shoals northward. These zones correspond generally to the following respective hydrographic features: (1) the Subarctic Water Mass and the Intermediate Water, centered on a salinity minimum, (2) an unnamed mid-latitude zone characterized by a salinity maximum above the salinity minimum and (3) the warm, high salinity, Central Water Mass. Toward the North American continent, distributions of species from the two more northern (and deeper) zones overlap as the respective water masses become mixed in the California Current. The southernmost (and shallowest) zone retains hydrographic and biologic continuity as a surface layer at the outer edge of the California Current. Semi-closed circulation systems in the hydrographic zones provide physical and biological continuity within the zones with minor interchange among them. The horizontal distributions of these radiolarians in the upper 150 m are comparable to those of other kinds of plankton in the same area, and they are generally consistent, hydrographically, with previously reported distributions of the same species in other oceans.
Two-stage adaptive noise cancellation for slowly fluctuating signals

A modification to a recently proposed two-stage adaptive noise canceller that extends its applicability from intermittent-signal applications to applications in which the signal fluctuates slowly relative to noise fluctuations is presented.
Infection of Human Airway Epithelia with H1N1, H2N2, and H3N2 Influenza A Virus Strains

Three subtypes of influenza A virus cause human disease: H1N1, H2N2, and H3N2. Although all result in respiratory illness, little is known about how these subtypes infect differentiated airway epithelia. Therefore, we assayed A/PR/8/34 (H1N1), A/Japan/305/57 (H2N2), and X31 (H3N2) influenza virus strains for binding and infection on fully differentiated primary cultures of airway epithelia isolated from human bronchus, grown on semiporous filters at an air-liquid interface. In this model system, viral infectivity was highest when virus was applied to the apical versus the basolateral surface; Japan was most infectious, followed by PR8. The X31 strain showed very low levels of infectivity. Confocal microscopy and fluorescence-resonance energy transfer studies indicated that Japan virus could enter and fuse with cellular membranes, while infection with X31 virions was greatly inhibited. Japan virus could also productively infect human trachea explant tissues. These data show that influenza viruses with SAalpha2,3Gal binding specificity, like Japan, productively infect differentiated human airway epithelia from the apical surface. These data are important to consider in the development of pseudotyped recombinant viral vectors for gene transfer to human airway epithelia for gene therapy.
QUALITATIVE BEHAVIOR AND STABILITY OF SOLUTIONS OF A HYBRID SYSTEM

In this paper we consider a certain two-dimensional system of delay differential equations with piecewise constant arguments. We find conditions under which this system has constant solutions; i.e. equilibrium points, and their behavior and stability properties. We also find conditions under which certain of these solutions have a type of chaotic behavior. This paper contains results for more general systems than were dealt with in a previous paper [9].
Assets and child well-being in developed countries

Abstract Although there is no universal approach to offering Child Development Accounts (CDAs), this paper introduces a framework for an age-based conceptual model that describes how such accounts might influence indicators of child well-being. With a focus on optimal age-appropriate development beginning at birth and ranging through young adulthood, the model incorporates research from multiple disciplines to include direct effects, indirect effects and critical milestones. We review empirical evidence from national datasets (primarily from the United States, but including research from other developed countries) to provide a context for this framework. This conceptual and empirical backdrop provides a starting point from which to critique key dimensions of CDA policy and consider potential implications of such an approach. Suggestions for future research are offered.
The effect of S-D hybridization on charge and spin contact densities in noble and transition metals

Abstract The influence of s-d hybridization on the noble and transition metals is investigated with emphasis on Knight shifts, conduction electron isomer shifts and internal conversion constants. The results rely on an analytic fit of an augmented plane wave calculation, employing an 1 dependent Hartree-Fork potential, for Cu and is taken as characteristic of the transition as well as noble metals. While the contact spin density appropriate to Knight shifts is characteristically less than the free atom valence s electron value, the conduction electron contact charge density, appropriate to isomer shift and internal conversion experiments, exceeds the free atom value. This is in accord with recent internal conversion experiments and is associated with volume renormalization of the s components of the wave functions. The contact charge density, unlike a Knight shift, heavily samples the bottom
Ascending HNN extensions of residually finite groups can be non-Hopfian and can have very few finite quotients

Abstract We produce two examples demonstrating that an ascending HNN extension of a finitely generated residually finite group need not be residually finite. The first example has very few quotients. The second example is not Hopfian.
Marijuana Use as a Coping Response to Psychological Strain: Racial, Ethnic, and Gender Differences Among Young Adults

After tobacco and alcohol, marijuana is the most frequently used and abused substance. Its use is particularly prevalent among young adults, aged 18 to 25. This study examines the role strain plays in chronic (as opposed to recreational) marijuana use. Three theoretical perspectives are included in this analysis: General Strain Theory, Social Learning, and Self Control. Data from the 2001 National Household Survey of Drug Abuse are used to determine the relative effects of peers (social learning), strain (general strain theory), and favorable attitudes toward risk-taking (self control). Data is divided into subsamples on the basis of gender. Logistic Regression analysis suggests that males are more likely to be chronic users, and that psychological strain, social learning, and low self control are significant factors associated with chronic use. Furthermore, strain has a stronger effect on chronic use for minority group members, as does a propensity to risky behavior. Social learning has a stronger effect...
The impact of standardized models, programming interfaces, and protocols on shipboard power system

Electric Power Research Institute's (EPRI) control center application programming interface (CCAPI) proposed the common information model (CIM) as the common information exchange model, which provides an excellent platform for representing the components of a power system. This paper discusses using CIM for data modeling for ship power system (SPS) analysis. Features include the ClM to accommodate shipboard analysis systems. Detailed data models for a pulsed load and an active filter are presented and validated through simulation in Matlab. The general process to extend CTM for SPS is briefly outlined. Further efforts are underway to develop a ClM based shipboard baseline test case to standardize modeling terminology.
Sex-Specific Activation of Cell Death Signalling Pathways in Cerebellar Granule Neurons Exposed to Oxygen Glucose Deprivation Followed by Reoxygenation

Neuronal death pathways following hypoxia–ischaemia are sexually dimorphic, but the underlying mechanisms are unclear. We examined cell death mechanisms during OGD (oxygen-glucose deprivation) followed by Reox (reoxygenation) in segregated male (XY) and female (XX) mouse primary CGNs (cerebellar granule neurons) that are WT (wild-type) or Parp-1 [poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1] KO (knockout). Exposure of CGNs to OGD (1.5 h)/Reox (7 h) caused cell death in XY and XX neurons, but cell death during Reox was greater in XX neurons. ATP levels were significantly lower after OGD/Reox in WT-XX neurons than in XY neurons; this difference was eliminated in Parp-1 KO-XX neurons. AIF (apoptosis-inducing factor) was released from mitochondria and translocated to the nucleus by 1 h exclusively in WT-XY neurons. In contrast, there was a release of Cyt C (cytochrome C) from mitochondria in WT-XX and Parp-1 KO neurons of both sexes; delayed activation of caspase 3 was observed in the same three groups. Thus deletion of Parp-1 shunted cell death towards caspase 3-dependent apoptosis. Delayed activation of caspase 8 was also observed in all groups after OGD/Reox, but was much greater in XX neurons, and caspase 8 translocated to the nucleus in XX neurons only. Caspase 8 activation may contribute to increased XX neuronal death during Reox, via caspase 3 activation. Thus, OGD/Reox induces death of XY neurons via a PARP-1-AIF-dependent mechanism, but blockade of PARP-1-AIF pathway shifts neuronal death towards a caspase-dependent mechanism. In XX neurons, OGD/Reox caused prolonged depletion of ATP and delayed activation of caspase 8 and caspase 3, culminating in greater cell death during Reox.
CMU sidewalk navigation system: a blackboard-based outdoor navigation system using sensor fusion with colored-range images

We describe the CMU Sidewalk Navigation System, which can drive a vehicle in the outdoor environment of the CMU campus. The system includes all modules necessary for outdoor navigation .. modules for route planning, local path planning, vehicle driving, perception, and map data. The perception module uses sensor fusion with color and rage data to analyze complex outdoor scenes accurately and efficiently. 2. System Architecture for the Outdoor Navigati0.n System
Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1-Mediated Inhibition of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor α Expression During Hypoxia

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are nuclear hormone-binding proteins that regulate transcriptional responses to peroxisome proliferators and structurally diverse fatty acids. PPARs have been implicated in a wide variety of functions, including lipid homeostasis and inflammatory responses. In this study, we examined the expression of PPAR-alpha in response to ambient hypoxia. Initial studies using microarray analysis of intestinal epithelial mRNA revealed that hypoxia rapidly down-regulates PPAR-alpha mRNA and protein in epithelial cells in vitro and in vivo. Subsequent studies revealed that the PPAR-alpha gene bears a DNA consensus motif for the transcription factor hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1). EMSA analysis revealed that ambient hypoxia induces HIF-1alpha binding to the HIF-1 consensus domain of PPAR-alpha in parallel to HIF-1 nuclear accumulation, and antisense depletion of HIF-1alpha resulted in a loss of PPAR-alpha down-regulation. The PPAR-alpha ligand pirinixic acid (WY14643) functionally promoted IFN-gamma-induced ICAM-1 expression in normoxic epithelia, and this response was lost in cells pre-exposed to ambient hypoxia. Such results indicate that HIF-1-dependent down-regulation of PPAR-alpha may provide an adaptive response to proinflammatory stimuli during cellular hypoxia. These studies provide unique insight into the regulation of PPAR-alpha expression and, importantly, provide an example of a down-regulatory pathway mediated by HIF-1.
Silicon surface modification with trialkoxysilyl-functionalized star-shaped polymers

The synthesis of trimethoxysilane end-capped linear polystyrene (PS) and star-branched PS and subsequent silicon (Si) surface modification with linear and star polymers are described. Trimethoxysilane terminated PS was synthesized using sec-butyl lithium initiated anionic polymerization of styrene and subsequent end-capping of the living anions with p-chloromethylphenyl trimethoxysilane (CMPTMS). 1 H and 29 Si NMR spectroscopy confirmed the successful end-capping of polystyryllithium with the trimethoxysilane functional group. The effect of a molar excess of end-capper on the efficiency of functionalization was also investigated, and the required excess increased for higher molar mass oligomers. Acid catalyzed hydrolysis and condensation of the trimethoxysilane end-groups resulted in star-branched PS, and NMR spectroscopy and SEC analysis were used to characterize the star polymers. This is the first report of core-functionalized star-shaped polymers as surface modifiers and the first comparative study showing differences in surface topography between star and linear polymer modified surfaces. Surface-sensitive techniques such as ellipsometry, contact angle goniometry, and AFM were used to confirm the attachment of star PS, as well as to compare the characteristics of the star and linear PS modified Si surfaces. The polymer film properties were referenced to polymer dimensions in dilute solution, which revealed that linear PS chains were in the intermediate brush regime and the star-branched PS produced a surface with covalently attached chains in the mushroom regime.
The effects of uranium speciation on the rate of U(VI) reduction by Shewanella oneidensis MR-1

Abstract We measured the kinetics of U(VI) reduction by Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 under anaerobic conditions in the presence of variable concentrations of either EDTA or dissolved Ca. We measured both total dissolved U and U(VI) concentrations in solution as a function of time. In separate experiments, we also measured the extent of U(VI) adsorption onto S. oneidensis in order to quantify the thermodynamic stabilities of the important U(VI)–bacterial surface complexes. In the EDTA experiments, the rate of U(IV) production increased with increasing EDTA concentration. However, the total dissolved U concentrations remained constant and identical to the initial U concentrations during the course of the experiments for all EDTA-bearing systems. Additionally, the U(VI) reduction rate in the EDTA experiments exhibited a strong correlation to the concentration of the aqueous U4+–EDTA complex. We conclude that the U(VI) reduction rate increases with increasing EDTA concentration, likely due to U4+–EDTA aqueous complexation which removes U(IV) from the cell surface and prevents UO2 precipitation. In the Ca experiments, the U(VI) reduction rate decreased as Ca concentration increased. Our thermodynamic modeling results based on the U(VI) adsorption data demonstrate that U(VI) was adsorbed onto the bacterial surface in the form of a Ca–uranyl-carbonate complex in addition to a number of other Ca–free uranyl complexes. The observed U(VI) reduction rates in the presence of Ca exhibit a strong negative correlation to the concentration of the Ca–uranyl-carbonate bacterial surface complex, but a strong positive correlation to the total concentration of all the other Ca–free uranyl surface complexes. Thus, the concentration of these Ca–free uranyl surface complexes appears to control the rate of U(VI) reduction by S. oneidensis in the presence of dissolved Ca. Our results demonstrate that U speciation, both of U(VI) before reduction and of U(IV) after reduction, affects the reduction kinetics, and that thermodynamic modeling of the U speciation may be useful in the prediction of reduction kinetics in realistic geologic settings.
The Accelerator-Breeder, an Application of High-Energy Accelerators to Solving Our Energy Problems

The rising costs of U235 and other fossil fuels, and the schedule for implementing the breeder reactor have renewed interest in the utilization of accelerators for breeding U233 or Pu239. This paper discusses some of the basic accelerator parameters and choices to be made in order to meet the technical and economic requirements of such a facility.
Cost-effectiveness of stress-echocardiography.

Assessment of cost issues has assumed increasing importance in cardiology, as it has in all medicine. As managed care organizations, Medicare, and other payers have come under increased pressure to contain rising health care costs, physicians have been increasingly forced to justify their clinical decisions by relying on evidence-based medicine and outcomes research. Accordingly, proponents of particular diagnostic or treatment strategies need to evaluate these strategies not only by clinical outcomes, but also by cost and cost-effectiveness. 18,26 Stress echocardiography (stress echo), which includes both exercise echocardiography and pharmacologic stress (usually dobutamine) echocardiography is a relatively new diagnostic testing strategy that has rapidly assumed an important role in cardiovascular diagnosis. 51 The diagnostic accuracy is similar to that of stress nuclear (SN) studies, such as exercise single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and dipyridamole-SPECT. Because it is one of several potentially useful diagnostic procedures in cardiovascular medicine, stress echo should be evaluated not simply in terms of its effectiveness in diagnosing coronary artery disease (CAD) and assessing prognosis, effectiveness of treatment, and myocardial viability, but should also be examined in terms of relative costs and benefits compared with other diagnostic modalities. 5
Kate Chopin's Quarrel with Darwin before The Awakening

In the hundred years since Kate Chopin began to publish her stories, she has been praised for her achievements as a local colorist, reviled for her shocking portrayal of woman's consciousness, forgotten, rediscovered, and – in a crescendo of critical acclaim over the last quarter century -celebrated as the pre-eminent feminist in American fiction. But she has never received the credit she deserves as a writer who constantly addressed the most profoundly disturbing of all the questions that troubled Western thought during her time. Although her biographers and critics have long known that she read the new natural history, few have imagined that she took it seriously. In fact, her ten years' work was a prolonged and progressively troubled meditation on the meaning of humanity after the successive shocks of The Origin of Species (1859), The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex (1871), and The Expression of Emotions in Man and Animals (1872).
Prior knowledge driven Granger causality analysis on gene regulatory network discovery.

Background Our study focuses on discovering gene regulatory networks from time series gene expression data using the Granger causality (GC) model. However, the number of available time points (T) usually is much smaller than the number of target genes (n) in biological datasets. The widely applied pairwise GC model (PGC) and other regularization strategies can lead to a significant number of false identifications when n>>T.
Factors of Addiction New Jersey Correctional Population

Most state inmates incarcerated under the jurisdiction of the New Jersey Department of Corrections are driven to crimes by drug abuse. Understanding the factors contributing to addiction is the first step in developing strategies for successful inmate reintegration. This study presents an analysis of inmate addiction and factor association using multivariate analysis procedures on 2003 New Jersey male inmate addiction data to identify significant demographic and criminal justice factors and to quantify the relative proportion of risk of addiction likelihood via the odds ratio measure. Significant factors identified include age, race, county of offense, controlled dangerous substances possession, burglary, robbery, and other nonviolent offenses. Odds ratios are presented for significant single factors and among subclass groups of multilevel variables. A statistically interesting and socially important multifactor analysis is performed for insight into particular subgrouping factors. Black offenders in thei...
Cytokines in the evolution of Graves' ophthalmopathy

Infiltration of the retroocular space by inflammatory cells and the accumulation of glycosaminoglycans are histological characteristics of Graves' ophthalmopathy. Various cytokines, released by infiltrating immunocompetent cells and resident connective tissue cells, play a pivotal role in the evolution of this disease. The predominant cytokines secreted by orbital T cells during the course of the disease may govern the activity and stage of the local autoimmune process. Cytokine effects of potential relevance to the pathogenesis of Graves' ophthalmopathy include their ability to stimulate orbital fibroblasts to proliferate and secrete excess quantities of glycosaminoglycans. The edema associated with these hydrophilic macromolecules is directly responsible for many of the characteristic clinical features of the disease. In addition, certain cytokines induce or enhance the expression on orbital fibroblasts of immunomodulatory proteins. We review current evidence supporting the notion that cytokines are central to the development and evolution of Graves' ophthalmopathy.
Multifractal Analysis of a Lobed Mixer Flowfield Utilizing the Proper Orthogonal Decomposition

We use the theory of multifractal measures to throw a fresh perspective on the data analysis of velocity time traces in a lobed mixer flow. A lobed mixer is a device that enhances mixing through secondary flows and streamwise vorticity. A specially designed rake of hot wires with high spatial resolution was used to collect the streamwise velocity data. Through the use of the proper orthogonal decomposition, a basic knowledge of the coherent structures, on an energy weighted basis, was studied. The instantaneous velocity traces that are necessary for calculating the generalized fractal dimensions are reproduced from the ensemble average measurements taken from the proper orthogonal decomposition. We compute the generalized fractal dimensions Dq and the /(a) multifractal spectrum of several proper eigenmodes for data samples from the velocity time trace of several hot-wire probes at different energy levels. This is a marked departure from previous multifractal theory applications to self-similar cascades that mainly dealt with the dissipation fields of turbulent kinetic energy. In the course of this exposition it will be pointed out that in certain cases a single dimension D\ may suffice to capture the entire spectrum of scaling exponents for the velocity time trace. We verify that in such cases the location of the hot-wire probes imply a lack of intermittency .
Influence of avalanche-photodiode dead time on the security of high-speed quantum-key distribution systems

We study the correlation in the shifted key induced by the dead time of Geiger-mode avalanche photodiodes (APDs) in quantum cryptographic systems. A simultaneous hold-off of the APDs (SHA) technique eliminates these correlations.
Metropolitan Open‐Space Protection with Uncertain Site Availability

Urban planners acquire open space to protect natural areas and provide public access to recreation opportunities. Because of limited budgets and dynamic land markets, acquisitions take place sequentially depending on available funds and sites. To address these planning features, we formulated a two-period site selection model with two objectives: maximize the expected number of species represented in protected sites and maximize the expected number of people with access to protected sites. These objectives were both maximized subject to an upper bound on area protected over two periods. The trade-off between species representation and public access was generated by the weighting method of multiobjective programming. Uncertainty was represented with a set of probabilistic scenarios of site availability in a linear-integer formulation. We used data for 27 rare species in 31 candidate sites in western Lake County, near the city of Chicago, to illustrate the model. Each trade-off curve had a concave shape in which species representation dropped at an increasing rate as public accessibility increased, with the trade-off being smaller at higher levels of the area budget. Several sites were included in optimal solutions regardless of objective function weights, and these core sites had high species richness and public access per unit area. The area protected in period one depended on current site availability and on the probabilities of sites being undeveloped and available in the second period. Although the numerical results are specific for our study, the methodology is general and applicable elsewhere.
The Role of Ocean in the Response of Tropical Climatology to Global Warming: The West–East SST Contrast

Abstract A theory of tropical climatology is used to study the role of ocean in the response of tropical climatology to global warming. Special emphasis is given to the response of the west–east SST contrast along the equator. The transient response of tropical sea surface temperature to a global warming is shown to have two distinctive stages: a fast surface adjustment stage of years and a slow thermocline adjustment stage of decades. Under a global warming heat flux that does not vary much in space, the initial response is always an enhanced west–east SST contrast. The final equilibrium response, however, depends on the effective latitudinal differential heating. The west–east SST contrast increases for an enhanced latitudinal differential heating, and vise versa.