cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bile Acid Metabolism

Bile acids are physiological agents that facilitate biliary secretion of lipids and metabolites, and intestinal absorption of fat and nutrients. Bile acids are also signaling molecules that activate nuclear receptors and cell signaling pathways to regulate hepatic lipid metabolism and homeostasis. Bile acids are synthesized from cholesterol in the liver, stored in the gallbladder, secreted to the intestine and reabsorbed in the ileum, and transported back to the liver. This physiological process of enterohepatic circulation of bile acids is regulated by a complex network of membrane transport systems in the hepatocytes, cholangiocytes, and enterocytes. Bile acid-activated nuclear receptors, farnesoid X receptor (FXR), pregnane X receptor (PXR), and vitamin D receptor (VDR), play critical roles in regulation of key regulatory genes involved in bile acid metabolism in the liver and intestine. The bile acid receptors also regulate lipid, glucose, drugs, and energy metabolism. Inborn errors of bile acid synthesis cause neonatal liver diseases. Disruption of bile flow causes cholestatic liver diseases. Bile acids are therapeutic agents that have great potential for treating cholestasis, gallstone, fatty liver, cardiovascular diseases, obesity, and diabetes in humans.
Recent Developments in Efforts to Address Global Financial Crises, and to Consolidate Capital, Liquidity Standards and Macro Prudential Policy Tools

It is frequently argued that the causes of financial crises are attributed to capital crises, liquidity crises and pro cyclical related issues. The focus accorded by the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision to capital requirements – as opposed to liquidity standards, has also provided further justification for evidence which corroborates a lack of sufficient focus on matters and factors which contribute in triggering a liquidity, and ultimately, banking crises.Whilst it is widely agreed and not disputed that capital and liquidity requirements both contributed to the most recent Financial Crisis, the extent to which Basel III addresses major/fundamental questions arising from the Crisis, provides further grounds for further debates.This paper considers the most recent efforts which have been undertaken by various standard setters, international organisations and supervisory agencies to address crises which may trigger global and devastating consequences, and to consolidate capital, liquidity standards and macro prudential policy tools.
Phase II study of bevacizumab in combination with cetuximab plus irinotecan in irinotecan-refractory colorectal cancer (CRC) patients who have progressed on a bevacizumab-containing regimen (The BOND 2.5 Study)

4087 Background: We previously showed that adding bevacizumab (bev) to cetuximab (cetux) plus irinotecan (IRI) in bev-naive, IRI-refractory CRC patients is feasible, and yielded a favorable respons...
3D+time left ventricular strain by unwrapping harmonic phase with graph cuts.

In previous work, a three-dimensional left ventricular strain throughout the cardiac cycle was reconstructed using a prolate spheroidal B-spline (PSB) method with displacement measurements obtained from unwrapped tagged MRI (tMRI) harmonic phase images. Manually placed branch cuts were required for each harmonic phase image to resolve phase inconsistencies and to guide the phase unwrapping (mSUP), which is both labor intensive and time consuming and therefore not proper for clinic application. In this paper, we present an automated graph cuts based phase unwrapping method for myocardium displacement measurement (caSUP) which can be used to compute 3D+time cardiac strain. A set of 8 human studies were used to optimize parameters of the energy function and another set of 32 human studies were used to validate the proposed method by comparing resulted strains with those from mSUP and a feature-based (FB) method using the same PSB strain reconstruction. The automated caSUP strains were close to the manual strains and only required 6 minutes after myocardium segmentation versus ~2 hours for the manual method.
PET imaging of AD transgenic mice at an early age with 18F-labeled hydroxyquinoline

1886 Objectives To evaluate [18F]2-fluoro-8-hydroxyquinoline( [18F]HOQ) for its in vitro binding properties to Zn, Aβ-Zn aggregates and PET imaging of plaques in AD (APP/PS1) transgenic mice at an early age. Methods High sensitivity CCD camera was used to study interaction of 2-F HOQ with Zn as conventional methods were not suitable. Complex (10 μL) placed on a quartz slide was exposed to 290 nm LED. Zn ion was titrated with increasing amount of 2-F HOQ. Aβ-Zn aggregates (100 nM) were incubated with increasing concentrations of [18F]HOQ for 30 min and activity bound to the aggregates was measured. Frozen brain sections of AD and control (WT) mice were incubated with [18F]HOQ (50 μCi/mL), washed and exposed to Phosphor Imaging Plate® for 2 h and images quantified as digital light units (DLU). Plaque density was measured by immunohistochemistry using NIH ImageJ software. AD and WT mice (n=4 per group), (ages: 4, 6 and 12 mo) were scanned in a Siemens Inveon® PET/CT scanner for 30 minutes immediately following i.v. injection. SUV values for various brain regions were determined using AMIDE® software and an MRI 3D mouse brain atlas. Results Liight intensity was highest for Zn:ligand (1:2) and reduced to background level on addition of EDTA. [18F]HOQ showed high binding affinity for Aβ-Zn (Kd=1.5 nM). DLU correlated with plaque density. Integrated brain activity over 10 min for cortex, olfactory bulbs and hippocampus had higher values compared to cerebellum and were higher (p Conclusions 2-F HOQ forms 2:1 complex with Zn. [18F]HOQ has high affinity for Aβ-Zn aggregates. Brain uptake by PET correlated with plaque density and differences were observed beginning at 4 months. [18F]HOQ may be useful in monitoring the disease progression in AD animal models and in assessing the efficacy of therapeutic agents. Research Support Worsham Fund and NIH (NIA) Grant# 1RC1AG0330
A Prospective Outcomes Study of Proton Therapy for Chordomas and Chondrosarcomas of the Spine

Purpose To evaluate the effectiveness of definitive or adjuvant external beam proton therapy on survival in patients with chordomas and chondrosarcomas of the spine. Methods and Materials Between March 2007 and May 2013, 51 patients with a median age of 58 years (range, 22-83 years) with chordoma (n=34) or chondrosarcomas (n=17) of the sacrum (n=21), the cervical spine (n=20), and the thoracolumbar spine (n=10) were treated with external beam proton therapy to a median dose of 70.2 Gy(RBE) [range, 64.2-75.6 Gy(RBE)] at our institution. Distant metastases, overall survival, cause-specific survival, local control, and disease-free survival were calculated. Results The mean follow-up time was 3.7 years (range, 0.3-7.7 years). Across all time points, 25 patients experienced disease recurrence: 18 local recurrences, 6 local and distant recurrences, and 1 distant metastasis. The 4-year rates of overall survival and cause-specific survival were 72%; disease-free survival was 57%, local control was 58%, and freedom from distant metastases was 86%. The median time to local progression was 1.7 years (range, 0.2-6.0 years), and the median time to distant progression was 1.6 years (range, 0.2-6.0 years). The risk factors for local recurrence were age ≤58 years (62% vs 26%; P =.04) and recurrence after prior surgery (29% vs 81%; P =.01). Secondary cancers developed in 2 patients: B-cell lymphoma 5.5 years after treatment and bladder cancer 2 years after treatment. We observed the following toxicities: sacral soft tissue necrosis requiring surgery (n=2), T1 vertebral fracture requiring fusion surgery (n=1), chronic urinary tract infections (n=1), surgery for necrotic bone cyst (n=1), and grade 2 bilateral radiation nephritis (n=1). Conclusion High-dose proton therapy controls more than half of spinal chordomas and chondrosarcomas and compares favorably with historic photon data. Local progression is the dominant mode of treatment failure and may be reduced by treating patients at the time of initial diagnosis. The impact of age is a novel finding of this study.
An efficient and accurate solver for large, sparse neural networks

The mammalian brain has about 1011 neurons and 1014 synapses, with each neuron presenting complex intra-cellular dynamics. The huge number of structures and interactions underlying nervous system function thus make modeling its behavior an extraordinary computational challenge. One strategy to reduce computation time in networks is to replace computationally expensive, stiff models for individual cells (such as the Hodgkin-Huxley equations and other conductance-based models) with integrate-and-fire models. Such models save time by not numerically resolving neural behavior during its action potential; instead, they simply detect the occurrence of an action potential, and propagate its effects to postsynaptic targets appropriately. Thus, a complicated system of continuous ordinary differential equations is replaced with a simpler, but discontinuous, differential equation. However, accurate existing methods for integrating discontinuous ordinary differential equations (ODEs) scale poorly with problem size, requiring O(N2) time steps for a system with N variables. The underlying challenge is that discontinuities introduce O(dt) errors to conventional time integration schemes, thus requiring very small time steps in the vicinity of a discontinuity [1]. In this work, we propose a method to reduce this computational load by embedding local network "repairs" within a global time-stepping scheme. In addition, high-order accuracy can be achieved without requiring the global time step to be bounded above by the minimum communication delay, as is currently required in the hybrid time-driven/event-driven scheme used by NEST [2]: this allows more powerful exploitation of exact subthreshold [3,4] and quadrature-based [5] integration schemes. If the underlying network is sufficiently sparse the algorithm, Adaptive Localized Replay (ALR), will attain time complexity O(N) (Figure ​(Figure1A).1A). We apply our method to a network of integrate-and-fire neurons that simulates dynamics of a small patch of primary visual cortex (Figure ​(Figure1B)1B) [5,6]. Figure 1 (A) Comparison of runtime for a fully event-driven ("Full Replay") and ALR methods, for integrate-and-fire networks of various system sizes N. (B) Raster plot of a 32 × 32 grid of V1 model neurons responding to a drifting grating stimulus. Inset: ...
Knowledge-Based Reasoning in Integrated Resistance Management: The Colorado Potato Beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

The Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), is one of 13 insect and mite species in which development of insecticide resistance has become “critical.” In this paper, we review methods for controlling this important agricultural pest while managing insecticide resistance. Many of these strategies were incorporated into an integrated pest management (IPM) program for northeastern potato growers and encapsulated in a knowledge-based expert system (PotatoES). Three years of field trails evaluating the IPM expert system’s ability to act as a surrogate for a human specialist, its capability to manage Colorado potato beetle resistance development in experimental and commercial fields, and its impact on crop yields and production economics were conducted. Comparison of management recommendations made by PotatoES with those of a human IPM specialist demonstrated a high degree of agreement. Under experimental field conditions, Colorado potato beetle insecticide resistance development was always best managed in populations controlled with the IPM program. In commercial production settings, the expert system resulted in similar (under low insect pressure) or superior (under higher insect pressure) control of resistance development compared with grower practices. Implementation of the IPM program in commercial production was more expensive than standard practices, but resulted in higher crop yields and greater net profits. These results demonstrate the potential utility of know ledge-based approaches to integrated resistance management by showing that these systems can capture and faithfully represent the specialized crop, insect, and disease management knowledge of experienced individuals; manage resistance better than traditional insecticide application regimes; manage a crop profitably; and be practically used as a treatment in a field trial and, as such, be validated in terms of their worth in agricultural decision support.
Subarachnoid epithelial cyst of the cerebellum: immunohistochemical and ultrastructural studies

This report describes the immunohistochemical and ultrastructural studies of a subarachnoid epithelial cyst of the cerebellum found incidentally at autopsy of a 76-year-old man. The cyst was composed of an inner epithelial layer, a middle connective tissue layer and an outer arachnoid membrane. The epithelial layer was strongly positive for cytokeratin, carcinoembryonic antigen and epithelial membrane antigen, but negative for glial fibrillary acidic protein, S-100 protein, neuron-specific enolase and vimentin. Ultrastructurally, the epithelial layer had four distinct types of cells: ciliated cells, non-ciliated cells with coated microvilli, basal cells with tonofilaments and desmosomes, and cells with dense-core secretory granules (Kulchitsky cells). The latter two types of cells have not been described previously in epithelial cysts of the CNS. The lining epithelium closely resembled the upper respiratory epithelium. The findings suggest that the cyst was of endodermal rather than neuroectodermal origin.
Surgical correction of renovascular hypertension.

The role of surgical revascularization in the management of patients with renal artery disease has changed as a result of the advent of transluminal angioplasty, better surgical results in older patients with atherosclerosis, enhanced appreciation of advanced renal artery disease as a correctable cause of renal failure, and general surgical improvements. Surgical revascularization is the treatment of choice for several types of patients, and excellent results continue to be achieved in properly selected cases.
Narcissistic personality organization and "reparative" leadership.

(1980). Narcissistic Personality Organization and “Reparative” Leadership. International Journal of Group Psychotherapy: Vol. 30, No. 2, pp. 131-152.
Influence of MoS2 on the Rolling Contact Performance of Bearing Steels in Boundary Lubrication: A Different Approach

Effective lubrication has been achieved under vacuum conditions by employing MoS2 as a solid lubricant. The primary reason for its ability to reduce friction is attributed to its crystal structure, which allows easy shearing of MoS2 layers. This research explores the possibilities of utilizing MoS2 in soluble and insoluble forms to improve the performance of tribological systems. In this study, spherical rolling elements were coated with Ti–MoS2 and their tribological performance was evaluated in a ball-on-rod tribometer operating in boundary-lubricated (PAO ISO 10 oil) conditions. The results of these tests were compared with similar tests performed on uncoated steel specimens using PAO ISO 10 oil with and without a molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate (MoDTC) additive. The L50 fatigue lives of M50 rods tested against Ti–MoS2 coated balls were found to be similar to those obtained from tests performed on uncoated steel specimens using oil with MoDTC (1 wt%); that is, the L50 fatigue lives of M50 rods were improved by more than a factor of 2 in both cases. Tribofilms generated on M50 rods during testing with Ti–MoS2 coated balls in neat oil and uncoated balls in MoDTC (1 wt%) mixed oil were observed to be similar. Wear track analysis on M50 rods tested against Ti–MoS2 coated balls indicated that the tribofilms are mixtures of MoS2 and amorphous hydrocarbon (a-C:H). A possible mechanism for the formation of the a-C:H on the counterface is proposed based on the experimental investigations in this study. Further, it is concluded that the Ti–MoS2 coating on the spherical rolling elements functions as an MoS2 additive source to the lubricating oil rather than as a tribological coating.
Search for flavor-changing neutral currents in top quark decays at ATLAS

ATLAS results are presented on a search for flavor-changing neutral currents (FCNC) in top quark decays at the LHC. Events are searched for where a pair of top quarks is produced and one decays through the Standard Model t → Wb mode while the other decays through the FCNC mode t → qZ . Leptonic final states are used in which both the W – and Z -bosons decay leptonically, yielding final states with three leptons and two jets. The observed events are consistent with the expected backgrounds from Drell-Yan and diboson production and a limit on the FCNC branching ratio of top quarks to qZ is set.
Effects of In-Feed Chlortetracycline Prophylaxis in Beef Cattle on Animal Health and Antimicrobial-Resistant Escherichia coli.

ABSTRACT Concerns have been raised that in-feed chlortetracycline (CTC) may increase antimicrobial resistance (AMR), specifically tetracycline-resistant (TETr) Escherichia coli and third-generation cephalosporin-resistant (3GCr) E. coli. We evaluated the impact of a 5-day in-feed CTC prophylaxis on animal health, TETrE. coli, and 3GCrE. coli. A control group of cattle (n = 150) received no CTC, while a CTC group (n = 150) received in-feed CTC (10 mg/lb of body weight/day) from the 5th to the 9th day after feedlot arrival. Over 25% (38/150) of the animals in the control group developed illnesses requiring therapeutic treatment with antimicrobials critically important to human medicine. Only two animals (1.3%) in the CTC group required such treatments. Fecal swab and pen surface occurrences of generic E. coli (isolated on media that did not contain antimicrobials of interest and were not isolated based on any specific resistance), TETrE. coli, and 3GCrE. coli were determined on five sampling occasions: arrival at the feedlot, 5 days posttreatment (5 dpt), 27 dpt, 75 dpt, and 117 dpt. On 5 dpt, TETrE. coli concentrations were higher for the CTC group than the control group (P IMPORTANCE The occurrence of human bacterial infections resistant to antimicrobial therapy has been increasing. It has been postulated that antimicrobial resistance was inevitable, but the life span of the antimicrobial era has been prematurely compromised due to the misuse of antimicrobials in clinical and agricultural practices. Direct evidence relating the use of antimicrobials in livestock production to diminished human health outcomes due to antimicrobial resistance is lacking, and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration has taken an approach to maximize therapeutic efficacy and minimize the selection of resistant microorganisms through judicious use of antimicrobials. This study demonstrated that prophylactic in-feed treatment of chlortetracycline administered for 5 days to calves entering feedlots is judicious, as this therapy reduced animal morbidity, reduced the use of antimicrobials more critical to human health, and had no long-term impact on the occurrence of antimicrobial-resistant E. coli.
Intersectionality of Race, Ethnicity, Gender, and Age on Criminal Punishment:

Race, ethnicity, gender, and age are core foci within sociology and law/criminology. Also prominent is how these statuses intersect to affect behavioral outcomes, but statistical studies of interse...
Transforming the fisheries: neoliberalism, nature, and the commons

Patrick Bresnihan’s Transforming the Fisheries provides an insightful account of the quest for sustainable fisheries in Ireland and the liberal undercurrents that are shaping the process. Though at...
Association of Type 1 Diabetes vs Type 2 Diabetes Diagnosed During Childhood and Adolescence With Complications During Teenage Years and Young Adulthood.

Importance The burden and determinants of complications and comorbidities in contemporary youth-onset diabetes are unknown. Objective To determine the prevalence of and risk factors for complications related to type 1 diabetes vs type 2 diabetes among teenagers and young adults who had been diagnosed with diabetes during childhood and adolescence. Design, Setting, and Participants Observational study from 2002 to 2015 in 5 US locations, including 2018 participants with type 1 and type 2 diabetes diagnosed at younger than 20 years, with single outcome measures between 2011 and 2015. Exposures Type 1 and type 2 diabetes and established risk factors (hemoglobin A 1c level, body mass index, waist-height ratio, and mean arterial blood pressure). Main Outcomes and Measures Diabetic kidney disease, retinopathy, peripheral neuropathy, cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy, arterial stiffness, and hypertension. Results Of 2018 participants, 1746 had type 1 diabetes (mean age, 17.9 years [SD, 4.1]; 1327 non-Hispanic white [76.0%]; 867 female patients [49.7%]), and 272 had type 2 (mean age, 22.1 years [SD, 3.5]; 72 non-Hispanic white [26.5%]; 181 female patients [66.5%]). Mean diabetes duration was 7.9 years (both groups). Patients with type 2 diabetes vs those with type 1 had higher age-adjusted prevalence of diabetic kidney disease (19.9% vs 5.8%; absolute difference [AD], 14.0%; 95% CI, 9.1%-19.9%; P P = .02), peripheral neuropathy (17.7% vs 8.5%; AD, 9.2%; 95% CI, 4.8%-14.4%; P P P P = .62). After adjustment for established risk factors measured over time, participants with type 2 diabetes vs those with type 1 had significantly higher odds of diabetic kidney disease (odds ratio [OR], 2.58; 95% CI, 1.39-4.81; P =.003), retinopathy (OR, 2.24; 95% CI, 1.11-4.50; P = .02), and peripheral neuropathy (OR, 2.52; 95% CI, 1.43-4.43; P = .001), but no significant difference in the odds of arterial stiffness (OR, 1.07; 95% CI, 0.63-1.84; P = .80) and hypertension (OR, 0.85; 95% CI, 0.50-1.45; P = .55). Conclusions and Relevance Among teenagers and young adults who had been diagnosed with diabetes during childhood or adolescence, the prevalence of complications and comorbidities was higher among those with type 2 diabetes compared with type 1, but frequent in both groups. These findings support early monitoring of youth with diabetes for development of complications.
The Complex Genetic Basis of Congenital Heart Defects

Twenty years ago, chromosomal abnormalities were the only identifiable genetic causes of a small fraction of congenital heart defects (CHD). Today, a de novo or inherited genetic abnormality can be identified as pathogenic in one-third of cases. We refer to them here as monogenic causes, insofar as the genetic abnormality has a readily detectable, large effect. What explains the other two-thirds? This review considers a complex genetic basis. That is, a combination of genetic mutations or variants that individually may have little or no detectable effect contribute to the pathogenesis of a heart defect. Genes in the embryo that act directly in cardiac developmental pathways have received the most attention, but genes in the mother that establish the gestational milieu via pathways related to metabolism and aging also have an effect. A growing body of evidence highlights the pathogenic significance of genetic interactions in the embryo and maternal effects that have a genetic basis. The investigation of CHD as guided by a complex genetic model could help estimate risk more precisely and logically lead to a means of prevention.
Life history aspects of carp (Pisces : Cyprinidae) in a dam lake ecosystem: current status and future needs

An increase in aquaculture production may have positive effects on both food resources and a country’s economy. Carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) is the most common cyprinid species in Turkey and accounts for approximately one-fifth of total inland water aquaculture production. However, carp production in Turkey has decreased in recent years. Changes in carp population of Hirfanli Dam were compared with previous studies in similar and different habitats worldwide. The population structure, growth and reproduction of carp were investigated. The length–weight relationships for the carp population of Hirfanli Dam indicated negative allometric growth in males and females, but the condition factor was greater for these carp than carp elsewhere. Asymptotic length and the growth coefficient were 89.42cm and 0.071year–1. Fecundity was positively correlated with fork length, total weight, gonad weight and age. The carp population of Hirfanli Dam evaluated in the present study appeared to have a lower fecundity and smaller egg diameter compared with other carp populations.
A DFIG Islanding Detection Scheme Based on Reactive Power Infusion

A lot of research has been done on photovoltaic (the "PV") power system islanding detection in recent years. As a comparison, much less attention has been paid to islanding in wind turbines. Meanwhile, wind turbines can work in islanding conditions for quite a long period, which can be harmful to equipments and cause safety hazards. This paper presents and examines a double fed introduction generation (the "DFIG") islanding detection scheme based on feedback of reactive power and frequency and uses a trigger signal of reactive power infusion which can be obtained by dividing the voltage total harmonic distortion (the "THD") by the voltage THD of last cycle to avoid the deterioration of power quality. This DFIG islanding detection scheme uses feedback of reactive power current loop to amplify the frequency differences in islanding and normal conditions. Simulation results show that the DFIG islanding detection scheme is effective.
A Community Forestry Model Linking Research, Management, Education, and Stakeholder Engagement: Case Study Results from the Town of Weston, Massachusetts, USA

Forested land in the eastern United States is owned by a complex mix of public and private owners, often with highly varied objectives and uses. There is an increasing trend at local scales of community forestry programs that use community-based decision making to determine what type of management will occur on town-owned forests. Within the suburban town of Weston, Massachusetts, this type of coordinated approach has been ongoing for nearly 4 decades. This article describes the integration of forest ecology and management research, including a forest inventory and long-term monitoring program, to educate townspeople about their forests, engage students in ecological research, and provide data that the town can use to make informed management decisions. This article presents a novel model for a research-based community forestry program, results from the first inventory and plot measurement period, and describes how other towns can use this type of program to supplement existing active forest management, or provide a baseline for future management. Results are applicable to municipalities that own forest land, as well as land trusts or other private entities that wish to manage their forests using a community based forestry model.
Cultural differences in anterior cingulate cortical response to prediction error

Previous studies have shown cultural differences in the behavioral and neural processes of perspective taking and social emotional processing. It is less clear whether culture influences cognitive functions that do not explicitly involve face perception, group membership or social interactions. Here, we addressed this issue by imaging 29 Asians and 168 European Americans while they performed a stop signal task (SST)—a behavioral paradigm widely used to study cognitive control. In the SST participants responded to a frequent go signal and interrupted their response to an infrequent stop signal. Imaging data were processed by published routines implemented in Statistical Parametric Mapping. Behaviorally Asians and European Americans did not differ in SST performance measures, including the go and stop success rates, go and stop signal reaction time, and the sequential effect, an index of performance monitoring and behavioral adjustment. In a Bayesian model of the SST performance, we identified regional responses to stimulus prediction error (expecting go while encountering stop signal or vice versa) and showed that the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) responded to Bayesian prediction error, a surprise signal. Importantly, compared to European Americans, Asians showed higher dACC response to prediction error in a voxelwise analysis examined at a corrected threshold. This finding suggested that, although an increased response to surprise did not impact behavioral performance, Asians appeared to exhibit higher arousal to a salient signal than European Americans, a process likely mediated by midbrain catecholaminergic system. This finding supports racial cultural differences in cognitive and affective processes that go beyond the domains of social emotions, and adds to a growing literature of cultural neuroscience.
Anterior restoration longevity among nursing facility residents: a 30‐year retrospective study

AIM To assess factors influencing anterior dental restoration longevity among the institutionalized elderly. METHODS Among a sample of Eastern Iowa nursing facility dental patients, one anterior restoration placed from 1985 to 2014 was selected at random from each subject. Kaplan-Meier survival curves were generated, with restoration failures defined as subsequent restorative codes involving the same surface; endodontic procedures; or extractions. Bivariate and multivariable Cox proportional hazards modeling were performed. RESULTS In multivariable analyses, the 1985 to 1999 cohort (n = 496) had longer restoration survival in in females < 75 years old versus males < 75 years old (P = 0.016), males ≥75 years old (P = 0.026) and females ≥75 years old (P = 0.030); one- versus three-surface restorations (P < 0.001); and restorations placed by faculty/residents versus pre-doctoral students (P = 0.009). The 2000 to 2014 cohort (n = 521) had longer restoration survival in females < 75 years old versus males ≥75 years old (P = 0.012) and females ≥75 years old (P = 0.019); residents who paid out-of-pocket versus those on Medicaid (P = 0.019); and composite resin versus glass ionomer cement restorations (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Knowing how long restorations last, and what factors affect their longevity, could improve treatment planning, informed consent, and communication with residents and caregivers, and also help inform practice guidelines for restorative care among the institutionalized elderly.
The immunochemical basis of hypersensivity and immunity

This review is intended as a general survey of some basic contributions to the field of allergy and immunology particularly from the point of view of immunochemical principles, with certain aspects treated in detail for illustration. The literature cited is chiefly from English and American sources, in part because it is difficult enough to be conversant with articles in a rapidly expanding area limited by a single language. Many highly significant contributions have been omitted because of this as well as limitations of space and time.
Sitagliptin for prevention of stress hyperglycemia in patients without diabetes undergoing general surgery: A pilot randomized study.

Abstract Aim We investigated if a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor, sitagliptin, can prevent perioperative stress hyperglycemia in patients without prior history of diabetes mellitus undergoing general surgery. Methods This double-blind pilot trial randomized general surgery patients to receive sitagliptin (n = 44) or placebo (n = 36) once daily, starting one day prior to surgery and continued during the hospital stay. The primary outcome was occurrence of stress hyperglycemia, defined by blood glucose (BG) >140 mg/dL and >180 mg/dL after surgery. Secondary outcomes included: length-of-stay, ICU transfers, hypoglycemia, and hospital complications. Results BG >140 mg/dL was present in 44 (55%) of subjects following surgery. There were no differences in hyperglycemia between placebo and sitagliptin (56% vs. 55%, p = 0.93). BG >180 mg/dL was observed in 19% and 11% of patients treated with placebo and sitagliptin, respectively, p = 0.36. Both treatment groups had resulted in similar postoperative BG (148.9 ± 29.4 mg/dL vs. 146.9 ± 35.2 mg/dL, p = 0.73). There were no differences in length-of-stay (4 vs. 3 days, p = 0.84), ICU transfer (3% vs. 5%, p = 1.00), hypoglycemia Conclusion Preoperative treatment with sitagliptin did not prevent stress hyperglycemia or complications in individuals without diabetes undergoing surgery.
Design and baseline characteristics of the eValuation of ERTugliflozin effIcacy and Safety CardioVascular outcomes trial (VERTIS-CV)

Background Ertugliflozin is an inhibitor of sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 (SGLT2), approved in the United States and European Union to improve glycemic control in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The VERTIS cardiovascular (CV) outcomes trial ( NCT01986881 ) has a primary objective to demonstrate non-inferiority of ertugliflozin versus placebo on major adverse CV events: time to the first event of CV death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, or nonfatal stroke. Secondary objectives are to demonstrate superiority of ertugliflozin versus placebo on time to: 1) the composite outcome of CV death or hospitalization for heart failure (HF); 2) CV death; and 3) the composite outcome of renal death, dialysis/transplant, or doubling of serum creatinine from baseline. Methods Patients ≥40 years old with T2DM (HbA1c 7.0–10.5%) and established atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) of the coronary, cerebral, and/or peripheral arterial systems, were randomized 1:1:1 to once daily double-blind placebo, ertugliflozin 5 mg or 15 mg added to existing therapy. Results 8246 patients were randomized and 8238 received at least 1 dose of investigational product. Mean age was 64.4 years, 11.0% were ≥75 years old, and mean diabetes duration was 12.9 years with screening HbA1c of 8.3%. At entry, coronary artery disease, cerebrovascular disease, and peripheral arterial disease were present in 76.3%, 23.1%, and 18.8% of patients, respectively. HF was present in 23.1%, and Stage 3 kidney disease in 21.6% of patients. Conclusion The results from the VERTIS-CV trial will define the CV and renal safety and efficacy of ertugliflozin in patients with T2DM and ASCVD.
Career Mentoring in Online Communities: Seeking and Receiving Advice from an Online Community

Although people frequently seek mentoring or advice for their career, most mentoring is performed in person. Little research has examined the nature and quality of career mentoring online. To address this gap, we study how people use online Q&A forums for career advice. We develop a taxonomy of career advice requests based on a qualitative analysis of posts in a career-related online forum, identifying three key types: best practices, career threats, and time-sensitive requests. Our quantitative analysis of responses shows that both requesters and external viewers value general information, encouragement, and guidance, but not role modeling. We found no relation between the type of requests and features of responses, nor differences in responses valued by requesters versus external viewers. We present design recommendations for supporting online career advice exchange.
Tumor necrosis factor‐α inhibitor‐induced psoriasis in juvenile idiopathic arthritis patients

Background/objectives The development of psoriasis while on tumor necrosis factor inhibitors (TNFi) is a paradoxical effect of agents that treat psoriasis. There is a paucity of data available on this entity in juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA). Our objectives were to determine the prevalence of TNFi-induced psoriasis in patients with JIA at two pediatric centers, and psoriasis response to therapeutic modifications. Methods We performed retrospective chart review on patients with JIA treated with TNFi (adalimumab, etanercept, infliximab) who developed psoriasis. TNFi-induced psoriasis was defined as an incident diagnosis of psoriasis after starting a TNFi. Patients with personal histories of psoriasis prior to TNFi therapy were excluded. Following diagnosis, responses to medication changes were defined based on physician assessments. Results Nine of 166 (5.4%) patients on TNFi for JIA were diagnosed with TNFi-induced psoriasis. All cases were female. One had a family history of psoriasis. The median age was 10 (range 2-16) years. Five (55%) patients experienced scalp psoriasis, including four (44%) with alopecia. Two (22%) patients achieved significant improvement after switching to different classes of biologic agents, while three (33%) patients had significant improvement following discontinuation of biologic therapy. One of five patients who switched to a different TNFi had complete resolution, while four had worsening symptoms or partial improvement. Conclusions Our findings demonstrate the prevalence of TNFi-induced psoriasis in JIA at two centers. Though larger studies are needed, our data suggest discontinuation of TNFi or biologic class switching should be considered as treatment strategies in select patients.
Virus Survival in Wastewater Treated Soils

ABSTRACT Data derived from laboratory experiments and field studies related to virus adsorption to, movement through, and survival in soils is presented. Problems associated with transfer of laboratory data to field situations are discussed.
The Dominated Integral of Functions of Two Variables

The dominated integral of a function of two real variables is introduced along the lines of [2].
The emergency care model: A new paradigm for skilled nursing facilities

The population of individuals age 65 and older is increasing in the United States. One third of these individuals will utilize nursing home care before death. Nursing home residents ("NHR") average 1.8 emergency department visits annually. Improving the quality of nursing home care is of vital importance. This project describes a new paradigm for the management of acute emergent health issues affecting NHR. The model features a multidisciplinary team coordinated by emergency providers resulting in a 55% reduction in unplanned hospital admissions compared to skilled nursing facility regional data. Additionally, a reduction in ancillary lab costs was observed. Implementation of this paradigm on a national scale could result in a projected cost savings in excess of $10 billion per year for the Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services ("CMS").
Parental Concerns about Newborn Feeding Post Hospital Discharge.

Background Post hospital discharge newborn feeding education mostly focuses on breastfeeding and is primarily targeted at term infants. Preterm and late-preterm infants are at risk for poor feeding postdischarge, and feeding challenges are common after discharge from the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). Families often have questions about feeding their infants after hospital discharge. Purpose The goal of this project was to collect data on what questions parents have about feeding their baby after discharge and what strategies may be helpful to improve feeding experiences. These data were intended to inform plans to offer a no-cost newborn feeding clinic for all new parents after hospital discharge. Methods A speech-language pathologist attended a preexisting lactation support group to meet with families and provide feeding support. The speech-language pathologist collected data on types of questions parents asked, education provided, and changes made during the visit to improve feeding experiences. Results Sixty-eight families were seen in the first 6 months of the clinic. Fifty-eight were families of babies cared for in the well baby nursery; 10 were families of graduates from the NICU. Seventy-five percent of the infants were born full-term. Maternal questions focused primarily on bottles and recognizing satiety. The most commonly provided changes included trials of different bottles or positions to improve infant comfort during feedings. Clinical implications New parents often have questions about breastfeeding and bottle feedings after going home. Using these data, a decision was made to continue the no-cost infant feeding support group to address questions and provide guidance to parents after hospital discharge.
Post‐Acute Care Locations: Hospital Discharge Destination Reports vs Medicare Claims

Objectives Administrative records such as Medicare fee-for-service (FFS) claims provide accurate information on services paid for by Medicare. However, the increasing availability of electronic health records means many researchers may be inclined to rely on data coded in hospital information systems rather than claims. The current quality and accuracy of hospital reports on the use of post-acute care (PAC) services are not known. Design This study examined differences in the PAC use between hospital discharge status recorded on Medicare Provider and Analysis Review inpatient hospital records and claims for PAC services. Setting In addition to assessments of the three types of Medicare-reimbursed PAC (home health agency [HHA], skilled nursing facility [SNF], and inpatient rehabilitation facility [IRF]), the analysis also considered home without PAC services as a default discharge location. Participants The analysis was conducted using data for FFS beneficiaries who participated in the Medicare Current Beneficiary Survey and had one or more inpatient hospitalizations from 2006 to 2011. Measurements This study measured discrepancies between hospital-reported discharges to PAC and PAC use based on Medicare claims. Results The study found that, on average, 27.9% of hospital reports of discharging to Medicare-covered PAC services were not substantiated by Medicare PAC claims. Among all the discharge pathways, discharging to HHAs had the highest discrepancy rate (29.6%), followed by IRFs (14.7%) and SNFs (13.8%). Conclusion The study results call for cautions about the extent to which the reported discharge locations on hospital claims may differ from actual PAC services used. Assuming that Medicare FFS claims were complete and accurate, researchers using the discharge status reported on Medicare hospital claims should be aware of possible measurement errors when using hospital-reported discharge locations. J Am Geriatr Soc 68:847-851, 2020.
Obtaining oblique technique source-to-skin distances for irregular field (Clarkson) calculations: the Mayo Off-axis Distance Indicator.

Abstract Significant dose inhomogeneities may exist between the supraclavicular fossa (SCF) and the internal mammary chain (IMC) regions in the irregular L-shaped (hockey stick) field associated with breast cancer treatments. This dose inhomogeneity exists, in part, because of a positive air gap in the SCF and a negative air gap in the IMC locations. Independent of treatment technique, [i.e., whether anterior-posterior (AP) or oblique fields are used], accurate source-to-skin distance (SSD) values for the SCF, IMC, and axilla are necessary when doing an irregular field (Clarkson) dose calculation. However, when an oblique technique is used to treat the hockey stick field, obtaining non-central-axis SSDs is not as straightforward as when an AP technique is employed. The “Mayo Off-axis Distance Indicator” was constructed to slide into the blocking tray slot of the simulator or treatment machine. This mechanical measuring device provides quick and accurate SSD measurements for non-central-axis points under either AP or, more importantly, oblique treatment conditions.
Information at the Threshold of Interpretation: Science as Human Construction of Sense

This text will first discuss the great and productive “linguistic turn” that originated in Logic, at the end of the nineteenth century. After Turing’s work on the Logical Computing Machine (1936–1950) and Shannon’s theory (1948), Brillouin attributed information content to Maxwell’s demon’s action (1956), with a scientific invention and, in my opinion, a touch of humor, thus granting to inert matter an intelligent activity capable of inverting entropy. Moreover, since the 1950s, many identified the digital elaboration of data with human intelligence and some projected the processing of information onto inert matter. In the same years, DNA was identified as the complete information carrier of phylogenesis and ontogenesis. In these approaches, an ambiguity has been arbitrarily played out, and a threshold has been sometimes crossed, sometimes not; first, in Logic and Computing, between “formal principles of proof” or of computation and their “semantics” (their mathematical meaning); then in Biology, between elaboration of information and biological dynamics in their context. Today, well beyond classical Artificial Intelligence on discrete data types, Brillouin’s invention and Deep Learning on continuous mathematical structures are the new loci of confusion between knowledge construction and transmission or processing of information. Yet, the construction of human knowledge is even more radically by-passed and science dehumanized when information is directly embedded in a world that is viewed as a massive information processor. The remarkable scientific and economic productivity of our new observable, information, must instead be seen in the context of our human, ecosystemic and historical activities, in order to subordinate it to interpretation and meaningful action that enrich and do not strip the sense from our forms of knowledge and life. To this purpose, we must strictly distinguish between information, as formal elaboration and transmission of signs, and information as production of “meaning” in our active friction on reality.
Auditory event-related potentials index faster processing of natural speech but not synthetic speech over nonspeech analogs in children

Given the crucial role of speech sounds in human language, it may be beneficial for speech to be supported by more efficient auditory and attentional neural processing mechanisms compared to nonspeech sounds. However, previous event-related potential (ERP) studies have found either no differences or slower auditory processing of speech than nonspeech, as well as inconsistent attentional processing. We hypothesized that this may be due to the use of synthetic stimuli in past experiments. The present study measured ERP responses during passive listening to both synthetic and natural speech and complexity-matched nonspeech analog sounds in 22 8-11-year-old children. We found that although children were more likely to show immature auditory ERP responses to the more complex natural stimuli, ERP latencies were significantly faster to natural speech compared to cow vocalizations, but were significantly slower to synthetic speech compared to tones. The attentional results indicated a P3a orienting response only to the cow sound, and we discuss potential methodological reasons for this. We conclude that our results support more efficient auditory processing of natural speech sounds in children, though more research with a wider array of stimuli will be necessary to confirm these results. Our results also highlight the importance of using natural stimuli in research investigating the neurobiology of language.