cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Does a Patient's Approach to Achieving Goals Influence His or Her Recovery Trajectory After Musculoskeletal Illness?

BACKGROUND The regulatory focus theory posits that, in general, people tend to be predominantly "promotion focused" or "prevention focused", and each individual's values and motivations influence which approach he or she may use when pursuing personal goals. People who are primarily promotion focused mostly see goals as opportunities to gain or advance (that is, play to win); people who are prevention focused mostly see goals as opportunities to stay safe (that is, play not to lose). Understanding the role of regulatory focus in the recovery of patients with orthopaedic conditions could provide novel insight into how surgeons can best communicate with patients to improve how they recover from illness or injury. QUESTION/PURPOSE Are improvements in pain intensity and disability over 6 months associated with a patient's levels of promotion focus or prevention focus? METHODS In this longitudinal observational study, we enrolled 144 patients with an upper extremity orthopaedic illness at a tertiary teaching hospital and followed them for 6 months. At baseline, patients completed validated self-reported measures of regulatory focus (Regulatory Focus Questionnaire), pain (Numerical Rating Scale), disability (the QuickDASH), and demographics. Assessments were repeated 6 months later, with 76% (110 of 144) of patients completing follow-up assessments. We examined whether regulatory focus was associated with recovery outcomes (level of pain and disability at 6 months). The patient's regulatory focus was graded as two numerical scores on separate promotion-focus and prevention-focus continuums. Each individual received a score on promotion focus and one on prevention focus.. RESULTS An individual's level of promotion (ΔR = 0.021; p = 0.03; small effect size), but not his or her level of prevention (ΔR = 0.003; p = 0.35; negligible effect size), was associated with improvement in disability over a 6-month period (R = 0.61; p < 0.001). Patients with high promotion (n = 20, b = 0.284; p = 0.001) had the greatest improvements in disability after 6 months compared with patients with moderate (n = 73, b = 0.422; p < 0.001) or low (n = 17, b = 0.561; p < 0.001) promotion. The levels of promotion (b = -0.22; p = 0.09) and prevention (b = -0.04; p = 0.65) were not associated with pain over time. CONCLUSIONS To support improvements in disability for patients with upper extremity orthopaedic conditions, surgeons' communication strategies, including explanations of diagnoses and recovery trajectories, should focus on increasing patients' level of promotion (for example, by emphasizing gains and promoting positive thinking), rather than prevention (for example, by providing reassurance and problem-solving what might go wrong). LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level II, prognostic study.
Moments of a Random Vector and of Linear and Quadratic Forms in a Random Vector

A considerable body of theory on point estimation of the parameters of linear models can be obtained using only some results pertaining to the first few moments of a random vector and of certain functions of that vector; it is not necessary to specify the random vector’s probability distribution. This chapter presents these moment results. In the first section, moments up to fourth order (mean vector, variance–covariance matrix, skewness matrix, and kurtosis matrix) are defined. In the second section, moments (up to second order) of linear and quadratic forms in a random vector are derived in terms of the moments (up to fourth order) of the random vector.
Factors associated with post-acute functional status and discharge dispositions in individuals with spinal cord injury.

Background Research has evaluated the effect of surgical timing on patient functional recovery in individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI); however, there is a critical need to assess how demographics, clinical characteristics, and process of care affect functional outcomes. Objective We examined the association between demographic, clinical, and process of care factors with post-acute functional status (locomotion and transfer mobility scores) and discharge disposition (home vs. institution) in individuals with SCI. Methods This study was a retrospective cohort analysis of the Pennsylvania Trauma Systems Outcomes Study (PTOS) database for individuals with traumatic SCI (N = 2223). We conducted multinomial and binomial logistic regression analyses to examine post-acute functional status and discharge disposition, respectively. Results The results indicated that older age, longer length of stay, lower Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), higher Injury Severity Score (ISS), and individuals with tetraplegia had significantly lower motor functional score at discharge from an acute hospital. In addition, older age, individuals with public-sponsored insurance, longer length of stay, lower GCS, and higher ISS had significantly higher odds of being discharged to an institution, as compared to home. Individuals of Hispanic ethnicity, as compared to White, had lower odds of being discharged to an institution. Conclusions The regression models developed in this study were able to better classify discharge destinations compared to the functional outcomes at discharge from the acute hospital. Further research is necessary to determine how these factors and their associations vary nationally across the US, which have the potential to inform trauma and acute care post-SCI.
Twist-free ultralight two-photon fiberscope enabling neuroimaging on freely rotating/walking mice

Lightweight and head-mountable scanning nonlinear fiberscope technologies offer an exciting opportunity for enabling mechanistic exploration of ensemble neural activities with subcellular resolution on freely behaving rodents. The tether of the fiberscope, consisting of an optical fiber and scanner drive wires, however, restricts the mouse’s movement and consequently precludes free rotation and limits the freedom of walking. Here we present the first twist-free two-photon fiberscope technology for enabling neuroimaging on freely rotating/walking mice. The technology equips a scanning fiberscope with active rotational tracking and compensation capabilities through an optoelectrical commutator (OEC) to allow the animal to rotate and walk in arbitrary patterns during two-photon fluorescence (TPF) imaging of neural activities. The OEC provides excellent optical coupling stability (<±1% fluctuation during rotation) and an extremely high torque sensitivity (<8mN⋅m). In addition, the new technology is equipped with a custom grating and prism to effectively manage the temporal properties of the femtosecond excitation pulses through the fiber-optic system, which improved neuroimaging signal by more than 2X. This TPF fiberscope imaging platform has been tested for in vivo imaging, and the results demonstrate that it enables reliable recording of calcium dynamics of more than 50 neurons simultaneously in the motor cortices of freely behaving mice in a twist-free fashion. With active tracking function of the OEC enabled, we observed considerable increase in both behavior and neural activities in the motor cortices of the mice during freely behaving neuroimaging experiments.
Existence and limiting behavior of min-max solutions of the Ginzburg–Landau equations on compact manifolds

We use a natural two-parameter min-max construction to produce critical points of the Ginzburg–Landau functionals on a compact Riemannian manifold of dimension $\geq 2$. We investigate the limiting behavior of these critical points as $\varepsilon \to 0$, and show in particular that some of the energy concentrates on a nontrivial stationary, rectifiable $(n-2)$-varifold as $\varepsilon \to 0$, suggesting connections to the min-max construction of minimal $(n-2)$-submanifolds.
Variant and Defective Interfering Parvoviruses

Growth of viruses in eukaryotic cells frequently results in production of variant viruses having altered or deleted genome sequences. Detailed study of these variants provides important information about virus growth and virus—host interactions. Variant genomes may arise through aberrant replication or recombination. In many cases, these variant genomes are encapsidated into virus particles. The physical structures and biological properties of such variants have important implications for the involvement of cis- or trans-acting functions of regions of the virus genome sequence in replication and particle assembly. Understanding the mechanisms by which variant genomes are generated may be a productive approach to analysis of some aspects of eukaryotic recombination.
The Lexus, The Olive Tree, and the Controversial Global "Democracy"

It is undisputed that the end of the Cold War brought with it a series of changes that have been labeled "globalization." To survive in this new world order, States are asked to redefine the purpose of their existence and to interact with international organizations and other States in a manner that would have been unthinkable in a world divided by the Iron Curtain. This premise, of course, is pass6 to those who have previously explored the character of this globalized world and have begun the process of identifying and making sense of what is found. What remains new, however, is the way this world is categorized, the boundaries that the globalized world provides and encourages, and the rules that States must abide by to keep pace with this fast moving, dynamic world. Thomas Friedman, in his book The Lexus and the Olive Tree, has defined the globalized world as one in which "free-market capitalism" reigns; where the progressive pace of technology pushes States to adopt democratic systems that promote the opening of financial markets on a massive scale.1 Friedman asserts that only one kind of State will successfully emerge from within a globalized world: a State whose political and economic structure is uniquely adapted to the globalized economic system-one that is, in fact, modeled entirely on the system of government and the economic regime of the United States.2 However, while Thomas Friedman's conceptualization of the globalized world and the innovations that have fostered it are comprehensive, in the sense that they thoroughly discuss the political and economic forces underlying this
The Nonexistence of a [207,4,165] Code over GF(5)

A divisibility theorem for codes meeting the Griesmer bound is used to establish that there is no [207, 4, 165] code over GF(5).
Is Justice the Primary Feature of the State? Adam Smith's Critique of Social Contract Theory

In light of the question of whether justice is the differentia specifica of the state, this paper reviews Smith's views on justice and social contract theory. The paper finds that Smith did not regard justice, what supposedly motivates agents to enter into a social contract with the sovereign, as the core of the polity. He rather explicitly criticized social contract theory a la John Locke. Smith argued that the state is not only based on the protection of rights, but is also founded on the principle of authority, which stems from the admiration of high-rank agents who have desirable traits.
Higher order Voronoi diagrams and distance functions in art and visualization

Higher order Voronoi diagrams provide a useful tool for studying problems where more than one nearest site is of interest. Understanding and visualizing higher order Voronoi diagrams is more difficult than ordinary Voronoi diagrams and requires intelligent solutions. In this chapter we discuss several rendering techniques using color, line and texture to visualize higher order Voronoi diagrams in two and three dimensions. Such approaches have several interesting characteristics such as providing useful multi-dimensional information when even a small portion of the figure is available.
The Role of Cytokines in Viral Infections

1 Introduction 2 Cytokines Induced during Viral Infections 3 Modulation of the Immune Response 4 Role of Cytokines in Specific Viral Infections 5 Cytokine Responses to Viral Infections of the Central Nervous System 6 Directed Cytokine Expression with Recombinant Viruses 7 Conclusion Keywords: cytokine role in viral infections; interferons; tumor necrosis factor; interleukin-1; interleukin-6; interleukin-7, 8, and 10; interleukin-4 and 12; HIV replication and pathogenicity
Real-time full-text clustering of networked documents

With the recent explosion of available on-line information, query-based search engines (e.g., AltaVista) and manually constructed topical hierarchies (e.g., Yahoo!) have proven to be valuable. However, these tools alone are becoming inadequate as query results grow unwieldy and manual classi cation in topic hierarchies creates an immense information bottleneck. We address these problems with a system for topical information space navigation that combines query-based and taxonomic systems by employing Machine Learning to create dynamic document categorizations based on the full-text of articles that are germane to a user's query. Our system, named SONIA (Service for Organizing Networked Information Autonomously), has been implemented as part of the Stanford Digital Libraries Testbed [Gro95]. SONIA takes as input a list of document handles (generally URLs for Web documents, although other distributed data sources, such as DIALOG are supported) and employs a document retriever (i.e., Web crawler) capable of robust, real-time retrieval of the full text of up to 250 documents in parallel. Upon retrieving documents, SONIA parses the text into alphanumeric terms (i.e., words), and uses this term set to transform textual documents to a vector-based representation. The dimensions of each vector represent terms encountered in the text of the set of all the retrieved documents and feature values are simply the (normalized) count of that term in the given document. Since the number of distinct terms in text is very large (10 for even small collections), feature selection becomes necessary. SONIA uses multistage feature selection, using both Natural Language phenomena as well as statistical techniques to successfully reduce the feature set by as much as an order of magnitude or more. Initial feature selection involves stopword (non-meaningful term) removal. Next, SONIA employs a feature selection method based on a Zipf's Law analysis of word occurence over the collection of document vectors. Finally, a Term Frequency-Inverse Document Frequency (TFIDF) metric [SB87] is used to eliminate features (terms) that appear too (in)frequently to have much distinguishing power.
Integrating Feature Extraction and Memory Search

Reasoning from prior cases or abstractions requires that a system identify relevant similarities between the current situation and objects represented in memory. Often, relevance depends upon abstract, thematic, costly-to-infer properties of the situation. Because of the cost of inference, a case-retrieval system needs to learn which descriptions are worth inferring, and how costly tht inference will be. This article outlines the properties that make an abstract thematic feature valuable to a case-based reasoner, and recasts the problem of case retrieval into a framework under which a system can explicitly and dynamically reason about the cost of acquiring features relative to their information value.
Voltage Sensor Meets Lipid Membrane

Several crystal structures of the bacterial voltage-dependent Kchannel have provided intriguing insights into how voltage-dependent ion channels work. In his Perspective, MacKinnon provides a primer on how the voltage sensor of voltage-dependent Kchannels works, and updates the primer with new data provided by the latest spectroscopic study from Perozo9s group.
Deviant Citizenship: DREAMer Activism in the United States and Transnational Belonging

My analysis places the assertions of political presence by non-citizen immigrant youth in the U.S. (often referred to as DREAMers) within a rapidly globalizing world; this placement re-frames the DREAMers’ movement from a fight for U.S. citizenship to a broader critique of the limits and impossibility of liberal democratic citizenship, which claims to be all-inclusive. Increased transnational migration has brought into stark relief the inequality that current frameworks of nation-state citizenship, as a caste-system of rights, have codified. I am interested in the activism of immigrant youth as a place to explore where immigrants themselves are reasserting the right to politics. This reassertion privileges the social embeddedness of family ties and community above the notion of individual choice or individual rationality. In doing so, this articulation of politics is a critique of the liberal order by forcing the consideration of the contexts and structures that create migration, exploitation, and transnational communities of belonging.
The Student t-Test on the Mean

This is a famous example of how statistical methods can be contrived to overcome a problem of inadequate (in fact, missing) information.
Outpatient high-dose chemotherapy with autologous stem-cell rescue for hematologic and nonhematologic malignancies.

PURPOSEA prospective study to determine the feasibility of high-dose chemotherapy (HDC) and autologous stem-cell rescue (ASCR) in the outpatient setting.METHODSOne hundred thirteen consecutive patients underwent 165 cycles of HDC/ASCR for a variety of malignancies. HDC regimens were disease-specific. Initially, patients were hospitalized for HDC, discharged on completion, and maintained as outpatients unless toxicities required rehospitalization (subtotal outpatient transplantation [STOT]). Once this was established as safe, a total outpatient transplant (TOT) program was developed in which patients received all of the HDC, as well as supportive care, as outpatients. Patients who declined the outpatient programs received the same HDC and supportive care as inpatients.RESULTSIn 140 of 165 (85%) HDC cycles, patients agreed to participate in one of the outpatient transplant programs. Five patients in the STOT program could not be discharged from the hospital because of toxicities that developed during HDC; t...
Silverstein's Allure

Using multiple case studies, Gordon Silverstein's Law's Allure (2009) examines the many ways in which courts interact with other governing institutions. He convincingly argues that legal advocates fare best when they use the leverage created by courtroom victories to increase their influence in other arenas, particularly legislatures. His more ambitious effort to explain when court intervention improves rather than displaces politics is less successful. He favors using court decisions as battering rams to break through the institutional barriers created by our allegedly outmoded Constitution. Such an open‐ended justification for judicial policy making places virtually no limits on the juridification that Silverstein decries for distorting democratic politics.
Nanoengineering of fluorescence-based chemical sensors using electrostatic self-assembly: thin films and micro/nanoshells

A general strategy for design and fabrication of nanoscale fluorescent sensors using electrostatic layer-by-layer assembly is presented. Using the approach of depositing oppositely-charged species onto colloidal micro/nanotemplates, two sensor systems employing fluorescent indicators and functional biomolecules are proposed: thin sensor films on solid carriers, and micro/nanocapsules containing sensing chemistry. Results demonstrating these concepts are described for ion (sodium and potassium), oxygen, and glucose sensors. The work suggests great potential for layer-by-layer architecture to fabricate nanostructured fluorescent sensors using nanoscale solid carriers and hollow microshells.
A comparative study of the seed germination biology of a narrow endemic and two geographically-widespread species of Solidago (Asteraceae). 6. Seed bank

Seeds of the geographically-widespread Solidago altissima and S. nemoralis and the narrow-endemic S. shortii were buried in pots of soil and placed in a glasshouse without temperature control. After 0.3–4.3 years of burial, some seeds (21–60%) of all three species were viable and they germinated to 75–100% during 2 weeks of incubation in light at 30/15°C. Soil samples collected from several population sites of S. altissima, S. nemoralis and S. shortii were placed in the glasshouse and monitored for seedling emergence. During the first, second, third, fourth, fifth and sixth springs, the number of S. altissima seedlings m−2 emerging was 108–1080, 8–494, 0–520, 0–69, 0–6 and 3, respectively, of S. nemoralis was 108–1122, 17–667, 0–42, 0–6, 0, 0 and 0, respectively, and of S. shortii was 61–1753, 0–25, 0–6, 0, 0 and 0, respectively. More seedlings emerged from disturbed than from non-disturbed soil, but the differences were not significant. Thus, although some seeds of all three species buried in pots remained viable in soil throughout the 4.3-year burial period, longevity was greater and size of seed bank larger in field-collected soil samples containing seeds of the geographically-widespread species than in those containing seeds of the narrow endemic. Although 34 studies have reported seeds of 17 species of Solidago present in soil seed banks, the present study is the first to show, conclusively that Solidago can form a persistent seed bank.
Sera from breast cancer patients contain an IgA antibody to a breast cyst fluid component

We have previously demonstrated that aspirated breast cyst fluids from women with benign breast disease contained a particulate component (BCF-PC) that reacted with antiserum to the murine mammary tumor virus (MuMTV). Since women with breast cancer contain antibodies and antigens reactive with MuMTV it was of interest to measure the immune response in breast cancer patients to the BCF-PC. Sera were obtained from breast cancer patients prior to surgery and 5 days postmastectomy, from women with benign breast disease and from healthy women. Analysis for antibody to the BCF-PC was by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. IgA from premastectomy breast cancer patients was significantly more reactive with the BCF-PC than was IgA from women in the other categories (P < 0.001). In contrast, IgG binding to the BCF-PC did not differ among the various groups. It was further demonstrated that the reactivity of IgA from any particular serum for the BCF-PC remained constant for different BCF-PC isolates. Other fractions of breast cyst fluids were unreactive with IgA from breast cancer patients. Determination of serum IgA levels in these women revealed that the mean IgA level was significantly higher in healthy women than in the other categories (P < 0.001). Individual IgA levels and levels of IgA antibody to the BCF-PC were found to be not correlated in breast cancer patients. These results indicate that the production of a specific IgA antibody to the BCF-PC increases in sera of patients with breast cancer. Lastly, it was shown that preincubation of patients' sera with disrupted MuMTV, but not intact MuMTV, severely reduced subsequent IgA binding to the BCF-PC. The analysis of sera for IgA antibody to the BCF-PC may be of value for the detection of breast cancer or its recurrence.
REM behavior disorder associated with familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

The association between RBD and synucleinopathies is well known. However, the association between RBD and other neuromuscular diseases has not been as well described. Our case study describes two siblings with familial ALS, confirmed by the identification of the L84F mutation in the SOD1 gene, and RDB. We hope this case study will promote future studies on the prevalence of this association and will stimulate research in identifying the underlying pathogenic mechanism.
Demodex folliculorum and Demodex brevis in cutaneous biopsies

The hair follicle mites Demodex folliculorum and Demodex brevis are ubiquitous obligatory ectoparasites of man. We studied these mites in a consecutive series of skin biopsies submitted to a dermatopathology laboratory; 10% of all biopsies and 12% of all follicles contained demodectic mites. The prevalence of both species increased with age, but D. brevis had a lower prevalence. The face was most heavily infested by both species, but D. brevis had a wider distribution on the body. Males were more heavily infested than females with both species, the difference being strongest for D. brevis. Other ecologic characteristics noted include the type of follicles infested, follicular dilation, perifollicular inflammation, and the presence of a dense homogeneous eosinophilic material surrounding the mites. These data confirm ecologic and epidemiologic differences between the two species and emphasize that they should be distinguished in future studies of the roles these mites may play in a variety of disease states.
Comments on isosbestic and isoclinic points in spin labeling studies

Abstract The isoclinic point is defined as a common point of intersection of a set of derivative spectra. The relationship between isoclinic points in the derivative spectra and isosbestic points in the ESR absorption spectra is examined. Isoclinic points, like isosbestic points, are not absolute proof of internal linearity (e.g., equilibrium between two or more components described by a single parameter). It is shown that a series of derivative spectra exhibiting isoclinic points does not have to have originated from an internally linear system nor from a system with isosbestic points in the absorption spectra. Nonbaseline isoclinic points can, however, be regarded as useful indicators of internal linearity. Apparent isoclinic points, which occur when a set of first derivative spectra intersect at very nearly the same point, may or may not indicate the presence of an internally linear system.
Local climatic drivers of changes in phenology at a boreal-temperate ecotone in eastern North America

Ecosystems in biogeographical transition zones, or ecotones, tend to be highly sensitive to climate and can provide early indications of future change. To evaluate recent climatic changes and their impacts in a boreal-temperate ecotone in eastern North America, we analyzed ice phenology records (1975–2007) for five lakes in the Adirondack Mountains of northern New York State. We observed rapidly decreasing trends of up to 21 days less ice cover, mostly due to later freeze-up and partially due to earlier break-up. To evaluate the local drivers of these lake ice changes, we modeled ice phenology based on local climate data, derived climatic predictors from the models, and evaluated trends in those predictors to determine which were responsible for observed changes in lake ice. November and December temperature and snow depth consistently predicted ice-in, and recent trends of warming and decreasing snow during these months were consistent with later ice formation. March and April temperature and snow depth consistently predicted ice-out, but the absence of trends in snow depth during these months, despite concurrent warming, resulted in much weaker trends for ice-out. Recent rates of warming in the Adirondacks are among the highest regionally, although with a different seasonality of changes (early winter > late winter) that is consistent with other lake ice records in the surrounding area. Projected future declines in snow cover could create positive feedbacks and accelerate current rates of ice loss due to warming. Climate sensitivity was greatest for the larger lakes in our study, including Wolf Lake, considered one of the most ecologically intact ‘wilderness lakes’ in eastern North America. Our study provides further evidence of climate sensitivity of the boreal-temperate ecotone of eastern North America and points to emergent conservation challenges posed by climate change in legally protected yet vulnerable landscapes like the Adirondack Park.
Epitaxial oxidation of zirconium at various temperatures

Abstract Transmission electron microscopy on annealed zirconium thin films revealed epitaxial oxidation to ZrO 2 at estimated beam temperatures between 100° and 170°C. Oxidation study using a hot stage at temperatures ranging from 200° to 700°C resulted in instantaneous oxidation to monoclinic ZrO 2 . Direct observation of rhombohedrally-shaped dislocations possibly being the nucleation points for epitaxial oxidation on the (0001) plane were detected using a cold stage attachment at liquid-nitrogen temperatures of approximately −175°C. Zirconium hydride was definitely identified to be present in annealed zirconium foils by electron diffraction.
Measurement of the condensational growth of single hygroscopic acid aerosol droplets

Abstract The condensational growth of hygroscopic phosphoric acid droplets is quantified using a bihyperboloidal electrodynamic chamber. The droplet mass increase is determined from the direct current voltage required to balance the droplet at the null point of the electrodynamic field. The diameter of the droplet (15–65 μm) is measured using a 35 mm objective in conjunction with a calibrated image splitter. Dew point temperatures are monitored by a condensation type hygrometer and ambient temperatures are measured with a thermistor. Mass and diameter increases are measured over the relative humidity range from 5 to 80%. Comparison of data derived from this study compare favorably with existing data on the water activity of orthophosphoric acid solutions.
Metabolism of iron by normal and iron deficient rainbow trout

1. 1. Iron metabolism in normal and iron deficient rainbow trout was studied after intraperitoneal injection of 59Fe. 2. 2. In both groups most of the 59Fe was absorbed from the peritoneal cavity within 24 hr and equilibrium between the plasma 59Fe pool and that of the tissues was attained 8 days after i.p. injection. 3. 3. Liver iron, the main storage pool in trout, was reduced from the control level of 185 μg/g to <100μg/g 16 days after bleeding, whereas, splenic iron stores were unaffected. 4. 4. In iron deficient fish the RBC 59Fe content increased to 70–80% of the injected dose by day 16 compared to 50% in controls. 5. 5. This was attributed to the difference in reticulocyte count which was 10–20% for the bled fish and 2–3% in controls. 6. 6. Some iron accumulated by erythrocytes is temporarily stored as non-heme iron by these cells. 7. 7. An average of 15% of the i.p. injected 59Fe was taken up by hepatic tissue of control fish and remained there throughout the 30 day study. 8. 8. In iron deficient trout liver radioiron was reduced from a high of 15% on day 2 to <1% of the initial dose by day 16 post bleeding. 9. 9. There was essentially no detectable loss of 59Fe in the urine or feces of either normal control or iron deficient fish.
Osteocyte RANKL: New Insights into the Control of Bone Remodeling

The idea that osteoblasts, or their progenitors, support osteoclast formation by expressing the cytokine receptor activator of NFkB ligand (RANKL) is a widely held tenet of skeletal biology. Two recent studies provide evidence that osteocytes, and not osteoblasts or their progenitors, are the major source of RANKL driving osteoclast formation in cancellous bone. The goal of this review is to highlight the results of these new studies and discuss their implications for our understanding of bone remodeling.
Domain Restrictions For Distributive Quantification in Mandarin Chinese

The topic of this paper is distributive quantification in Mandarin Chinese and how it is constrained. The starting point is the two adverbial expressions, dou and quan, both of which are often translated as ‘all’. Despite their syntactic and semantic similarities, closer examinations reveal that the occurrence of quan is more restricted than that of dou. While we concur with the view that dou can function as a distributive operator, we argue that quan itself is neither distributive nor quantificational. Its sole semantic function is to restrict the domain of distributive quantification. The incompatibility of quan in various environments is attributed to this single reason: quan is merely a domain regulator for distributivity.
Recall as a function of language style

Abstractness was used as an independent variable to measure the effect of language style upon the recall of oral messages. It was found that the greater the abstractness of the message, the less the amount of recall.
Alterations of multiple tumor suppressor genes (p53 (17p13), p16INK4 (9p21), and DBM (13q14)) in B‐CELL chronic lymphocytic leukemia

B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) samples were screened for alterations in multiple tumor suppressor genes (p53 (17p13), p16 INK4 (9p21), and disrupted in B-cell malignancy (DBM) (13q14)) by using poly-merase chain reaction-based assays. Eleven percent (11 of 96) of the B-CLL cases analyzed in this study and a previous study had mutations in the p53 gene. In contrast, analysis of the p 16 gene showed none of 80 B-CLL cases had mutations and five cases (6%) had homozygous deletions. Deletions of 13q14 (DBM) occurred in 18% (17 of 96) of patients surveyed. Thus, 28 of 96 cases showed an alteration in one or more of the three tumor suppressor loci examined. However, cases with p53 mutations rarely showed simultaneous loss of DBM. Our results suggest that inactivation of the tumor suppressor genes p53 and DBM may be mutually exclusive, thus providing alternate pathways for tumor development in B-CLL patients. © 1995 Wiley- Liss, Inc.
Distributional Survey of the Reinhardt Site (33PI880), Pickaway County, Ohio. A Strategy for Deciphering the Community Structure of a Fort Ancient Village

There is currently a paucity of Fort Ancient sites with deciphered settlement structures. If settlement structure is reflective of social organization, then a larger sample of sites is needed to evaluate extant models of Fort Ancient social development. A distributional survey of the Reinhardt site, a Middle Fort Ancient habitation in the Middle Scioto Valley, Ohio is proposed as a model of efficient, multi-staged investigation that can aid in detection and interpretation of community structure. By combining an intensive surface collection and a 10 -×-20 -m grid of small volumetric shovel test units, I was able to discern a probable small plaza (circa 40 -m diameter) and a partial, relatively wide habitation ring (>30 m). I argue that this strategy can be usefully employed in a variety of situations to increase our understanding of variability in settlement organization in general, and specifically for the Late Prehistoric agricultural societies of the Middle Ohio Valley.
Pressure-Induced Coordination Changes in Alkali-Germanate Melts: An in Situ Spectroscopic Investigation

The structure of liquid Na2Ge2O5·H2O, a silicate melt analog, has been studied with Raman spectroscopy to pressures of 2.2 gigapascals. Upon compression, a peak near ∼240 wavenumbers associated with octahedral GeO6 groups grows relative to a peak near ∼500 wavenumbers associated with tetrahedral GeO4 groups. This change corresponds to an increase in octahedral germanium in the liquid from near 0% at ambient pressures to >50% at a pressure of 2.2 gigapascals. Silicate liquids plausibly undergo similar coordination changes at depth in the Earth. Such structural changes may generate decreases in the fusion slopes of silicates at high pressures as well as neutrally buoyant magmas within the transition zone of the Earth's mantle.
PROSTHETIC MANAGEMENT OF LARGE NASAL SEPTAL DEFECTS

Abstract Large nasal septal defect is defined as a defect that exceeds in size a stretched nostril. Large nasal septal defects cannot be closed by hard acrylic resin nasal septal obturators because of access and path-of-insertion problems. However, obturation can be achieved by construction of a nasal stent that fits into one of the nasal cavities. This article describes a procedure used to manage a large nasal septal defect with an intranasal heat-processed acrylic resin stent. The medial wall of the stent indirectly allows for the partition of the two nasal cavities. The stent is rendered patent to allow for comfortable breathing. The impression making and construction of these stents is not difficult. These nasal stents indirectly separate the two nasal cavities and effective obturation of large nasal septal defects is achieved. (J Prosthet Dent 1997;77:335-8.)
Low-loss quasi-planar ridge waveguides formed on thin silicon-on-insulator

Low-loss, quasi-planar ridge waveguide structures have been designed and fabricated in silicon-on-insulator material with waveguide propagation losses of <0.7dB∕cm at 1550nm, and a Q∼106 measured in a ring resonator configuration. These structures offer tight vertical field confinement with scalable bending losses, and should be of interest for integration with both active and passive components. Waveguides were fabricated using optical lithography and processing compatible with silicon electronics.
In vivo hemolytic potency and binding of chlorpromazine to plasma protein and erythrocytes of rat and dog (38579).

SummaryIt was demonstrated by equilibrium dialysis that dog red cells have a greater ability to bind chlorpromazine than rat red cells. Dog plasma was shown to have a greater ability to bind chlorpromazine than rat plasma although this difference was not statistically significant. In the presence of CPZ (10-3M), the 50% hemolysis time of dog red cells suspended in homologous plasma or in 0.9% buffered NaCl solution was much greater than that of rat red cells treated in the same manner. The 50% hemolysis time of dog red cells suspended in homologous plasma was considerably shortened when they were suspended in rat plasma. Conversely, an increase in the 50% hemolysis time was obtained when rat red cells were suspended in dog plasma. Several possibilities for the slower rate of CPZ-induced hemolysis of dog red cells as compared to rat has been discussed in the present report.This research was supported by a grant from Academic Senate Research Division at University of California, Davis. We wish to thank Mr. ...
Clinical and environmental influences on metabolic biomarkers collected for newborn screening.

Objectives Identifying common clinical and environmental factors that influence newborn metabolic biomarkers will improve the utilization of metabolite panels for clinical diagnostic medicine.
Electrostatics and hydration at the homeodomain-DNA interface: chemical probes of an interfacial water cavity.

Abstract Electrostatics and hydration of a homeodomain-DNA complex are dissected by chemical modification. Selective neutralization of phosphate charges by methylphosphonate substitution demonstrates the differential importance of short- and long-range electrostatic interactions. Whereas the footprint of direct contacts is in accord with crystal structures, interference is also observed at non-contacted sites. Such sites adjoin a novel interfacial water cavity in the major groove. Non-contacted phosphodiester groups in the cavity are proposed to contribute to long-range ordering of an extended protein-water-DNA interface. Use of isolated S p and R p methylphosphonate diastereomers demonstrates that interference at this extended interface is stereoselective and charge-independent. Attenuation of protein binding presumably reflects groove-specific reorganization of bound water. Surprisingly, such attenuation can exceed that due to neutralization of a direct phosphate-side-chain salt bridge. These results support the hypothesis that hydration of an interfacial cavity functions as a non-covalent extension of the DNA surface. Stereospecific interrogation of bound water by chemical synthesis provides a general method to assess the coupling between solvation and DNA recognition.
Chronology and regulation of gene expression of RANKL in the rat dental follicle

Tooth eruption in the rat requires bone resorption resulting from a major burst of osteoclastogenesis on postnatal day 3 and a minor burst of osteoclastogenesis on postnatal day 10 in the alveolar bone of the first mandibular molar. The dental follicle regulates the major burst on postnatal day 3 by down-regulating its osteoprotegerin (OPG) gene expression to enable osteoclastogenesis to occur. To determine the role of receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B ligand (RANKL) in tooth eruption, its gene expression was measured on postnatal days 1-11 in the dental follicle. The results show that RANKL expression was significantly elevated on postnatal days 9-11 in comparison to low expression levels at earlier time-points. As OPG expression is high at this latter time-point, this increase in RANKL expression would be needed for stimulating the minor burst of osteoclastogenesis. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha enhances RANKL gene expression in vitro and it may be responsible for up-regulating RANKL in vivo. Transforming growth factor-beta1 and interleukin-1alpha also enhance RANKL gene expression in vitro but probably have no effect in vivo because they are maximally expressed early. Bone morphogenetic protein-2 acts to down-regulate RANKL expression in vitro and, in vivo, may promote alveolar bone growth in the basal region of the tooth.
Minimization of quantitative errors for analysis of vapor-phase infrared spectra measured at different temperatures by partial least squares regression

Abstract The vapor-phase infrared spectra of mixtures of o-, m-, and p-xylene exhibit significantly overlapped spectral features. Quantitative multicomponent analysis of these vapor-phase spectra was performed by partial least squares (PLS) regression. The errors introduced by the temperature dependence of band widths in vapor-phase samples can be minimized by including spectra measured over the temperature range expected for the unknown samples in the calibration set. The PLS model was calculated on the basis of 124 spectra of different xylene calibration samples measured at different temperatures and optimized by cross validation. The error in concentration of mixtures of the xylenes measured in this way was improved to about ±1% for each component at temperatures between 35° and 65°C, an improvement of about a factor of five over the case where the calibration spectra were all measured at 35°C.
Analysis of factors influencing kinetics of herpes simplex virus transcription utilizing recombinant virus.

Abstract The herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) transcription program is a regulated cascade in which early and late phases of gene expression are separated by viral DNA replication. While promoters controlling expression of transcripts encoding immediate–early proteins contain virus-specific cis -acting elements, these are in the context of cellular promoter elements, and the promoters controlling expression of other viral transcripts contain only cellular cis -acting elements. We had developed and continue to refine a general method for the production of recombinant viruses in which modified promoters can be inserted into nonessential loci within the viral genome through homologous recombination. This approach has been especially useful in defining the features of model promoters of the various kinetic classes. Our work suggests that class-specific differences in promoter architecture are critical factors in the ability of the cellular transcription machinery to form stable preinitiation complexes at various phases of infection and, thus, mediate kinetic class-specific transcription. Early (β) promoters contain a TATA box and upstream activation elements while sequences downstream of the TATA homology are dispensible for transcription. Late transcripts can be catagorized as either leaky–late (βγ) or strict late (γ) depending on whether they are readily detectable prior to viral DNA replication. Promoters controlling both types are clearly distinct from early ones in that sequences near the transcription start site which resemble consensus mammalian initiator elements are required along with the TATA box and activator elements. Strict late promoters do not contain elements upstream of the TATA box but include what appears to be a class specific element downstream of the transcription start site.
Local and global changes in cytosolic free calcium in neutrophils during chemotaxis and phagocytosis.

Abstract Neutrophils are capable of undergoing rapid directed movement up a concentration gradient of chemoattractant culminating in the phagocytosis of a target. We have developed a system to make rapid photometric measurements and ratio images of cytosolic free calcium ([Ca2+]i) in human neutrophils loaded with the fluorescent Ca2+-sensitive indicator Fura-2 during these processes. In our system neutrophils undergo chemotaxis toward and phagocytosis of IgG and IgM-coated sheep erythrocytes attached to a surface. During chemotaxis and phagocytosis, repetitive transients in [Ca2+]i take place. Accompanying the transients during phagocytosis is a localized [Ca2+]i increase in the periphagosomal region. This localized increase is more apparent in cells phagocytosing particles coated with both IgG and IgM than with IgM alone. No consistent localization of increased [Ca2+]i is seen in cells solely undergoing chemotaxis. The imaging techniques described here allow the observation of [Ca2+]i changes over regions of several μm2 in a cell with a time resolution of approximately 0.5 s. [Ca2+]i gradients extending over regions greater than approximately 4 μm2 and lasting at least 1 s can be reliably detected.
Histological study of effects of relaxin on the bovine cervix.

Abstract Cattle were treated with relaxin following sensitization with progesterone, diethylstilbestrol, or both, and a histological study of cervical biopsies undertaken to determine the cellular changes produced by relaxin. Results were then compared with cervical changes which occur during natural parturition. Cervical tissue from cattle injected with relaxin following sensitization with progesterone showed muscle fiber elongation and a small amount of fluid infiltration; those with relaxin following injections of diethylstilbestrol showed more pronounced infiltration ; and cattle which received relaxin after being primed with both progesterone and diethylstilbestrol showed muscle fiber elongation and a large amount of fluid uptake, with consequent relaxation and dilatation of the cervical passage. Cattle which received only relaxin showed muscle fiber elongation but no fluid increase. Cervical tissue from an animal following normal parturition yielded results comparable to cervical tissues treated with relaxin following sensitization with progesterone and diethylstilbestrol.
Experimental cutaneous primary infection with Cryptococcus neoformans (Sanfelice) Vuillemin.

1. Subcutaneous inoculation into the forelegs of hamsters withC. neoformans following trauma as well as subcutaneous inoculation into the abdominal wall led to infection with dissemination.
Chromatography of xanthines on ion-exchange resins

Abstract Short columns of a 4% crosslinked cation-exchange resin gave good chromatography of xanthines, including caffeine, theophylline and hypoxanthine, and related polar aromatic compounds. Elution volumes and sequences can be modified by changing pH, solvent composition and resin counter-ion. A macroporous cation-exchange resin showed exaggerated counter-ion effects. A method is described for determining caffeine and theophylline in blood serum, using the 4% crosslinked resin with aqueous sodium phosphate eluent of pH 7.5; the temperature was 65°. Detection limits are 10 ng and less.