cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Exploring the Potential of Assessment Efficacy in Sports Coaching

INTRODUCTION For the first author who has spent 30 years conducting coaching education, Hay et al.’s provocative “call to arms” promoting assessment as a crucial tool for enhancing coaching effectiveness is clearly “preaching to the choir.” The lack of systematic assessment to provide accountability and value in coaching education has been a problem for over three decades. In the early 1990’s, the first author was invited to speak about coaching evaluation to a Coaching Education Summit jointly sponsored by the United States Olympic Committee (USOC) and the American Coaching Education Program (ACEP). After an exhaustive literature review turned up no empirical research on the topic, he surveyed 20 regional high schools and 20 Northwest colleges to ask athletic directors what type of evaluation they conducted with their coaches. Except for won/loss record and parent/alumni complaints, coaching evaluation was neither based on any objective data nor conducted systematically. Thus, his talk was limited to speculating about how to evaluate coaches and suggesting three possible components to effective coach assessment, including: a) accurate identification and valid assessment of key coach competencies, b) a streamlined process that was easy to implement, and c) targeting of evaluation on formative assessment to enhance individual coaches’ development. In 1992, Tom Raedeke and the first author were asked to conduct a study for ACEP to compare coaching competences for two types of formal curricula used to train high-school coaches (i.e., coaches trained through general teacher education versus nonteachers who completed ACEP coaching education). The study required development of an evaluation tool to assess coaching effectiveness, and we constructed an exploratory instrument to measure coach competencies we termed the Coaching Success Questionnaire (CSQ). Regrettably, the CSQ was not psychometrically sound enough to generate stable coach competency factors, thus making accurate evaluation of the merits of these two types of coaching training curricula virtually impossible. This experience confirmed an obvious need for a coach assessment tool, but conflicting priorities delayed the further development of the CSQ for several decades.
Effects of the organization‐public relational gap between experiential and expected relationship outcomes : Relational gap analysis

Purpose – A monopolistic relationship between utilities and their customers creates a unique relational context in which the basic assumption of one's ability to terminate a relationship with an unsatisfactory relationship partner is violated. The purpose of this paper is to examine how attitudinal and behavioral outcomes are influenced by relational gap as the discrepancy between the expected relationships under deregulation and the experienced public relationships under monopolistic completion.Design/methodology/approach – With this purpose, an online survey was conducted with customers of a monopolistic utility provider; a sample of 1,145 adults living in the region was provided from an academic online panel database project for research participants, yielding a response rate of 32 percent.Findings – The key findings are that, among the four relational outcomes, control mutuality and satisfaction showed the biggest and significant shift to higher levels of performance expectations under competition tha...
Photosynthetic carbon metabolism during leaf ontogeny in Zea mays L.: Enzyme studies.

The activities of several enzymes, including ribulose-1,5-diphosphate (RuDP) carboxylase (EC 4.1.1.39) and phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) carboxylase (EC 4.1.1.31) were measured as a function of leaf age in Z. mays. Mature leaf tissue had a RuDP-carboxylase activity of 296.7 μmol CO2 g-1 fresh weight h-1 and a PEP-carboxylase activity of 660.6 μmol CO2 g-1 fresh weight h-1. In young corn leaves the activity of the two enzymes was 11 and 29%, respectively, of the mature leaves. In senescent leaf tissue, RuDP carboxylase activity declined more rapidly than that of any of the other enzymes assayed. On a relative basis the activities of NADP malic enzyme (EC 1.1.1.40), aspartate (EC 2.6.1.1) and alanine aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.2), and NAD malate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.37) exceeded those of both PEP and RuDP carboxylase in young and senescent leaf tissue. Pulse-chase labeling experiments with mature and senescent leaf tissue show that the predominant C4 acid differs between the two leaf ages. Labeling of alanine in senescent tissue never exceeded 4% of the total 14C remaining during the chase period, while in mature leaf tissue alanine accounted for 20% of the total after 60 s in 12CO2. The activity of RuDP carboxylase during leaf ontogeny in Z. mays parallels the development of the activity of this enzyme in C3 plants.
Promoter region of the human pro-α1(II)-collagen gene

We have isolated a genomic clone containing the 5'-terminal portion of the human pro-alpha 1(II)-collagen gene. This clone, HC2C, contains 10 kb of the gene and 6 kb of 5'-flanking sequences. It was selected by cross hybridization using a [32P]DNA probe containing the promoter region of the rat alpha 1(II)-collagen gene. We have determined the nucleotide sequence of the first exon and of 400 bp upstream. There is considerable homology between this human sequence and the corresponding rat sequence. As in the rat, the first exon contains a 155-bp untranslated segment and a 85-bp sequence coding for the signal peptide and a part of the N-propeptide of type-II procollagen. The segment preceding the transcription initiation site contains a conserved 'ATATAA' element, and several similar G + C-rich stretches. As in the rat gene, no 'CAT' element is evident between -70 and -120. We also find the sequence 5'-GTGGTCAGA-3' reported as an enhancer element in both viral and cellular genes, located around -290 bp. A high degree of homology exists between the atypical rat and human promoter structures; however, such homology is absent among the alpha 1(I), alpha 2(I) and alpha 1(III) promoters, which suggests that the unique alpha 1(II) sequences may be related to the specific expression of the alpha 1(II)-collagen gene.
Opportunities for Nonvolatile Memory Systems in Extreme-Scale High-Performance Computing

For extreme-scale high-performance computing systems, system-wide power consumption has been identified as one of the key constraints moving forward, where DRAM main memory systems account for about 30 to 50 percent of a node's overall power consumption. As the benefits of device scaling for DRAM memory slow, it will become increasingly difficult to keep memory capacities balanced with increasing computational rates offered by next-generation processors. However, several emerging memory technologies related to nonvolatile memory (NVM) devices are being investigated as an alternative for DRAM. Moving forward, NVM devices could offer solutions for HPC architectures. Researchers are investigating how to integrate these emerging technologies into future extreme-scale HPC systems and how to expose these capabilities in the software stack and applications. Current results show several of these strategies could offer high-bandwidth I/O, larger main memory capacities, persistent data structures, and new approaches for application resilience and output postprocessing, such as transaction-based incremental checkpointing and in situ visualization, respectively.
Melting phase relation of nominally anhydrous, carbonated pelitic-eclogite at 2.5–3.0 GPa and deep cycling of sedimentary carbon

We have experimentally investigated melting phase relation of a nominally anhydrous, carbonated pelitic eclogite (HPLC1) at 2.5 and 3.0 GPa at 900–1,350°C in order to constrain the cycling of sedimentary carbon in subduction zones. The starting composition HPLC1 (with 5 wt% bulk CO2) is a model composition, on a water-free basis, and is aimed to represent a mixture of 10 wt% pelagic carbonate unit and 90 wt% hemipelagic mud unit that enter the Central American trench. Sub-solidus assemblage comprises clinopyroxene + garnet + K-feldspar + quartz/coesite + rutile + calcio-ankerite/ankeritess. Solidus temperature is at 900–950°C at 2.5 GPa and at 900–1,000°C at 3.0 GPa, and the near-solidus melt is K-rich granitic. Crystalline carbonates persist only 50–100°C above the solidus and at temperatures above carbonate breakdown, carbon exists in the form of dissolved CO2 in silica-rich melts and as a vapor phase. The rhyodacitic to dacitic partial melt evolves from a K-rich composition at near-solidus condition to K-poor, and Na- and Ca-rich composition with increasing temperature. The low breakdown temperatures of crystalline carbonate in our study compared to those of recent studies on carbonated basaltic eclogite and peridotite owes to Fe-enrichment of carbonates in pelitic lithologies. However, the conditions of carbonate release in our study still remain higher than the modern depth-temperature trajectories of slab-mantle interface at sub-arc depths, suggesting that the release of sedimentary carbonates is unlikely in modern subduction zones. One possible scenario of carbonate release in modern subduction zones is the detachment and advection of sedimentary piles to hotter mantle wedge and consequent dissolution of carbonate in rhyodacitic partial melt. In the Paleo-NeoProterozoic Earth, on the other hand, the hotter slab-surface temperatures at subduction zones likely caused efficient liberation of carbon from subducting sedimentary carbonates. Deeply subducted carbonated sediments, similar to HPLC1, upon encountering a hotter mantle geotherm in the oceanic province can release carbon-bearing melts with high K2O, K2O/TiO2, and high silica, and can contribute to EM2-type ocean island basalts. Generation of EM2-type mantle end-member may also occur through metasomatism of mantle wedge by carbonated metapelite plume-derived partial melts.
Ritz method for the anharmonicity of the type γx2m

The generality of the Ritz—Givens—Householder method for finding the first few energy levels of the Schroedinger operator has been emphasized. The anharmonicity of the type γx 2m has been considered as an illustration. This method can be extended to a more general class of problems, even possibly to the ones involving the Dirac operator.
Site-Specific Magnetic Assembly of Nanowires for Sensor Arrays Fabrication

Ni nanowires with 30 nm and 200 nm in diameter were synthesized by electrodeposition using anodized aluminum nanotemplates as scaffolds. After synthesis, nanowires were assembled across ferromagnetic electrodes by magnetic fore interaction between nanowires and ferromagnetic electrodes. Simulation results indicated that a local magnetic field strength at the tip of electrodes can be increased by a factor of 2.5 by fabricating needle-type electrode compared to a standard rectangular-shape electrode. The resistance of the nanowire interconnect increased as the applied voltage was raised due to joule heating.
Preliminary results from a multi-wavelength time domain optical molecular imaging system

In the last few years there has been a growing interest in the use of small animal optical molecular imaging systems to conduct preclinical studies. Most of these imaging systems are based on continuous wave (CW) technology to measure the bioluminescence or fluorescence light intensity from optical probes in small animals. The eXplore Opti TM is currently the only commercially available imaging system based on time domain (TD) technology. In addition to measuring the light intensity, the TD approach provides extra information to help determine the depth and concentration of optical probes in small animals. Furthermore, the TD approach uniquely allows the fluorescence lifetime of a fluorophore-based optical probe to be measured. Recently, our single wavelength eXplore-Opti TM system has been upgraded to a multi-wavelength (eXplore Optix TM -MX) system with the addition of 3 laser wavelengths and corresponding filters. This has enabled us to image a variety of fluorophores for different preclinical applications. Preliminary results evaluating the performance of the eXplore-Opti TM -MX are presented employing fluorophores with different spectral and lifetime characteristics.
Televangelism and the mediated charismatic relationship

Abstract This article formulates a generic analytical-conceptual framework for understanding the relational form that underlies televangelism. A distinction is made between pure charisma, routinized charisma, and pseudo-charisma. Pseudo-charisma underlies televangelism. Three characteristics of televangelism alter the nature of the charismatic relationship: (1) the absence of physical presence, (2) the nonreflexive nature of the television medium, and (3) the decontextualized nature of the relationship. These three medium-related characteristics transform a pure or routinized charismatic relationship into a pseudo-charismatic relationship. The analysis revolves around a comparison of televangelism with its historical predecessor, urban revivalism. Televangelism serves as an exemplar of the more general transformation of the charismatic relationship when mediated by television.
Spatiotemporal Compound Wavelet Matrix Framework for Multiscale/Multiphysics Reactor Simulation: Case Study of a Heterogeneous Reaction/Diffusion System

We present a mathematical method for efficiently compounding information from different models of species diffusion from a chemically reactive boundary. The proposed method is intended to serve as a key component of a multiscale/multiphysics framework for heterogeneous chemically reacting processes. An essential feature of the method is the merging of wavelet representations of the different models and their corresponding time and length scales. Up-and-downscaling of the information between the scales is accomplished by application of a compounding wavelet operator, which is assembled by establishing limited overlap in scales between the models. We show that the computational efficiency gain and potential error associated with the method depend on the extent of scale overlap and wavelet filtering used. We demonstrate the method for an example problem involving a two-dimensional chemically reactive boundary and first order reactions involving two species.
Mechanisms of social reciprocity in three primate species: Symmetrical relationship characteristics or cognition?

Abstract Agonistic intervention behavior was observed in captive groups of chimpanzees ( Pan troglodytes ), rhesus monkeys ( Macaca mulatta ), and stumptail monkeys ( M. arctoides ). Reciprocity correlations of interventions were determined while removing from the data the effects of several symmetrical relationship characteristics, that is, matrillineal kinship, proximity relations, and same-sex combination. It was considered likely that if significant reciprocity persisted after controlling for these characteristics, the reciprocity was based on cognitive mechanisms. Statistical significance was tested by means of recently developed matrix permutation procedures. All three species exhibited significant reciprocity with regard to beneficial interventions, even after controlling for symmetrical traits. Harmful interventions were, however, reciprocal among chimpanzees only. This species showed a "revenge system", that is, if A often intervened against B, B did the same to A. In contrast, both macaque species showed significantly inversed reciprocity in their harmful interventions: if A often intervened against B, B rarely intervened against A. Further analysis indicates that the strict hierarchy of macaques prevents them from achieving complete reciprocity. Compared to chimpanzees, macaques rarely intervene against higher ranking group members. The observed contrast can be partially explained on the basis of differences in available space, as indicated by a comparison of indoor and outdoor living conditions for the chimpanzee colony. Yet, even when such spatial factors are taken into account, substantial behavior differences between chimpanzees and macaques remain.
Direct calculation of delocalization and resonance energies using truncated LMOs

Abstract The small “tails” of energy-localized SCF LMOs have been truncated to give TLMOs which are then symmetrically orthogonalized to obtain OTLMOs with a variational energy E (OTLMO). The “delocalization energy” DE = E (SCF)- E (OTLMO) is found to be reasonable when characteristic LMO hyperconjugation-delocalization corrections, HDCs, and geometry-change corrections, GCCs, are considered. The “resonance energy” is defined to be RE = DE -GCC- HDC i , e.g., for benzene − RE ≅90−23−3(8)=43 kcal mol −1 is estimated for the π-electrons, which is close to earlier estimates. We also estimate RE (CO 2 )= −149 kcal mol −1 , and RE (H 2 CCCH 2 )=−6 kcal mol −1 . Through using isodesmic reactions, errors due to electron correlation and incompleteness of basis sets are hopefully largely eliminated. The HDCs are also reasonable. We treat the delocalization energies of C 6 H 6 , CO 2 , H 2 CCCH 2 , C 2 H 4 , C 2 H 6 , H 2 CO and CH 4 .
Advanced Turbine-Generator Controls

Advanced turbine-generator controls contribute to the utility industry's goal of producing reliable electric power at low cost. This paper describes how the microprocessor-based controllers and monitors aid turbine-generator ?Operational flexibility, load cycling, two shift position ?Network stability, fast recovery from load rejection ?Operator guidance or relief from critical duties Specifically, microprocessor-based controllers calculate critical thermal quantities in the turbine, make and implement decisions, and control turbine startup, loading, and unloading through the positioning of main steam valves.
Is the concept of informed consent applicable to clinical research involving critically ill patients

Informed consent is a process through which patients or their surrogates authorize medical interventions or involvement in research. The concept of informed consent is supported by ethical principles and legal tradition in the United States. It grew in importance during the 20th century because of documented abuse of research subjects, which led to its codification in federal consent requirements for clinical research. For the most part, the concept and the codification are based on a model of competent patients who are capable of informed decision-making and can communicate their wishes. However, most critically ill patients are incompetent and cannot communicate easily. As a result, family members usually must give consent for them. Yet family members frequently are unavailable, and when they are available, they may not know the patient's wishes. Furthermore, family members may not be legally authorized to give consent for research involvement under state law. For these and other reasons, it has been argued that the concept of informed consent is not applicable to clinical research involving the critically ill and that such consent is not necessary in certain circumstances. Yet, for all its inadequacies, the concept of informed consent and the federal consent requirements should be retained because they promote respect for patients and their right of self-determination and because investigator discretion is not adequate. Stronger research oversight may be as important as informed consent in protecting patient welfare.
Accuracy assessment of widely used orbit error approximations in satellite altimetry

From simulations, the orbit error can be assumed to be a slowly varying sine wave with a predominant wavelength comparable to the Earth's circumference. Thus, one can derive analytically the error committed in representing the orbit error along a segment of the satellite ground track by a bias; by a bias and tilt (linear approximation); or by a bias, tilt, and curvature (quadratic approximation). The result clearly agrees with what is obvious intuitively, i.e., (1) the fit is better with more parameters, and (2) as the length of the segment increases, the approximation gets worse. But more importantly, it provides a quantitative basis to evaluate the accuracy of past results and, in the future, to select the best approximation according to the required precision and the efficiency of various approximations.
Mitigation of pixel scaling effects in CMOS image sensors

Over the last decade, the pixels that make up CMOS image sensors have steadily decreased in size. This scaling has two effects: first, the amount of light incident on each pixel decreases, reducing the photodiode signal and making optical efficiency, i.e., the collection of each photon, more important. Second, spatial optical crosstalk increases because diffraction comes into play when pixel size approaches the wavelength of visible light. To counter these two effects, we have investigated and compared three methods for guiding incident light from the microlens down to the photodiode. Two of these techniques rely on total internal reflection (TIR) at the boundary between dielectric media of different refractive indices. The first involves filling the central pixel area with a high-index dielectric material, while in the second approach, material between the pixels is removed and air is used as a low-index cladding. The third method uses reflection at a metal-dielectric interface to confine the light. Simulations were performed using commercial finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) software on a realistic 1.75 μm pixel model for on-axis as well as angled incidence. We evaluate the optical efficiency and spatial crosstalk performance of these methods compared to a reference pixel and examine the influence of several design parameters.
On the convergence of nonstationary algorithms modeled by point-to-set maps

A general convergence theorem is introduced and proven for nonstationary algorithms modeled by point-to-set maps. Our result is an extension of the general convergence theorem due to Tishyadhigama et al. (1979).
From Scholarly Dialogue to Social Movement: Considerations and Implications for Peace through Commerce

While Peace through Commerce (PTC) started as a conversation among a small group of scholars it has grown into an increasingly robust movement, giving rise to conferences, books, journal articles, and dialogue between scholars, managers, practitioners, government officials, and civil society actors, all of whom share an interest in the potential of commerce to foster greater peace. Because social movement scholarship explores the ability of collective interests to achieve social change it provides a useful lens through which to consider PTC’s maturation and, more broadly, the rise of scholarly conversations into social movements its. Increasingly, social movement theory has been used to describe and better understand a diverse range of social and organizational changes (Strang and Il Jung, 2005) including academic endeavors (Hambrick and Chen, 2008). I draw on social movement theory to characterize the rise of PTC and to consider its future growth. I also suggest broader implications for the transition of academic dialogue as it attains movement status.
Postdates pregnancy in an indigent population: the financial burden.

Abstract Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the comparative financial burden of twice-weekly fetal testing from 41 weeks of gestation until delivery, as compared with early dating ultrasound evaluation in an indigent population. Study Design: All women who were seen for antepartum testing for postdating pregnancy at Lyndon Baines Johnson Hospital were enrolled. Patient age, parity, gestational age at initiation of prenatal care, the number of prenatal visits, gestational age at first ultrasound scan, and the number of biophysical profiles that were performed before delivery were recorded. The labor and delivery database was searched for all deliveries at >41 weeks of gestation. The charge for a single ultrasound scan at Results: One hundred twenty-seven subjects with postdated pregnancy were enrolled (mean age, 25.2 years; median parity, 0 [range, 0-6]). The mean gestational age at the initiation of prenatal care was 21.2 ± 10.5 weeks. Forty-seven women (38.0%) initiated care at 41 weeks of gestation. The estimated financial burden of antenatal testing of 341 patients from 41 weeks to delivery was calculated to be $252,118, compared with $902,538 for a single ultrasound scan at 20 weeks for the entire population of 1638 patients. The estimated financial burden of current practice (10% of patients with no prenatal care, 38% of patients with examination at Conclusion: Patients who were seen for postdate antepartum testing in an indigent population lack early initiation of prenatal care and early ultrasound scans. Because on average only 1.5 biophysical profiles are performed per patient before delivery, routine early ultrasound scanning and routine induction at 41 weeks of gestation would add considerable financial burden to the system. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 2003;188:1214-6.)
Reactive silica: VIII. Methoxylation of silica using trimethoxymethane

Abstract Trimethoxymethane (TMM) sorption by severely and partially dehydroxylated, as well as fully deuterated silicas, was followed by infrared spectroscopic techniques. TMM is physically adsorbed at 25 °, interacting with surface silanols to yield a hydroxyl shift of 350 cm−1. The weakly adsorbed TMM can be removed at 25 °. Near 300 ° the reaction SiOH + HC(OCH3)3 → SiOCH3 + CH3OOCH + CH3OH becomes dominant, and all accessible surface hydroxyls are readily removed in the 300–500 ° range. Above 500 ° the thermal decomposition of TMM is dominant. These decomposition products, as well as hydrolysis products, play a minor role in modifying silica surfaces in the 25–275 ° range, most effects being caused by methanol contaminant.
Thomas Hall Shastid (1866–1947): America's forgotten historian of ophthalmology

The American Encyclopedia of Ophthalmology [1] was edited by Casey A. Wood (1856-1942), of Chicago, and was published in 18 volumes between 1913 and 1921. It encompassed the whole of ophthalmology and more than 100 different ophthalmologists wrote various sections. Thomas Hall Shastid (1866-1947) was a major author and his contributions were exceeded only by those of Wood. Shastid provided over 500,000 words in 3,000 biographies, a first-class 375-page history of ophthalmology, a 150-page section on legal relations in ophthalmology (published in 1916 as a separate book[2]), and other sections describing a variety of topics. Shastid probably wrote somewhat more than ten percent of the 18 volumes. Today his biographies and history are nearly the sole items of lasting value in the Encyclopedia. Between 1918 and 1926 he wrote a number of biographies in the American Journal of Ophthalmology, which named him a collaborator in 1918, when the third series originated with Edward Jackson as editor. Between 1923 and 1926 he wrote three novels [3-5]. After 1925 Shastid stopped writing biographies for the American Journal of Ophthalmology and was no longer listed on the editorial board as a collaborator. He wrote two lengthy autobiographies [6, 7], a number of essays and books condemning war [8-10], abbreviated histories of ophthalmology, and a number of popular articles on ophthalmic topics [11-14].
The effect of transferrin polymorphisms on iron metabolism.

The effect of five different transferrin variants (TFv1, TFv2, TFv3, TFv4, and TFv5) on the hemoglobin level, mean corpuscular volume (MCV), ferritin level, percent transferrin saturation (%TS), and the unsaturated iron binding capacity (UIBC) was investigated in subjects with defined HFE haplotypes, 919 persons undergoing health screening and 113 patients with clinical hemochromatosis. The most common variant is TFv4; the population distribution of this variant was also studied. None of the variants were found to have an effect on any of the parameters of iron metabolism that were investigated. Moreover, the frequency of these variants in patients with clinically significant hemochromatosis was no different from that in the general population. We conclude that these polymorphisms in transferrin do not play a role in the expression of hemochromatosis, nor do they produce any other significant changes in iron metabolism.
Metal ion-molecule kinetics at combustion temperatures: The reaction of Ca+ with O2

Abstract The high-temperature photochemistry (HTP) technique, previously used for reactions of neutral species, has been adapted to the study of atomic metal ion-molecule reactions. Ca+ ions were generated by 193 nm multi-photon photolysis of calcium acetyl acetonate and its pyrolysis fragments. The relative ion concentrations were monitored by laser-induced fluorescence at 393.4 nm. Ar was used as the bath gas. The data for the Ca+ + O2 + M → CaO2+ + M association reaction (1) are fitted by k1(907–1425 K) = 3.5 × 10−32 exp(+3161 K/T) cm6 molecule−2 s−1. Combining with an approximate k1(296 K) value in the literature leads to k1(296–1425 K) = 5.8 × 10−22 (T/K)−2.9 exp(−601 K/T) cm6 molecule−2 s−1. Over much of the observed temperature range reaction (1) has much smaller rate coefficients than the corresponding neutral Ca association reaction. Reaction (1) is shown to behave very similarly to the O2 association reaction with neutral K atoms, with which Ca+ is iso-electronic. This suggests that the initial step is ion-pair complex formation of the superoxide Ca2+(O2)−, which is also consistent with results from density functional calculations. The k1 values are rationalized via Troe’s unimolecular formalism, which leads to good accord with the experiments.
Promoting Successful Transitions: What Can We Learn From RTI to Enhance Outcomes for All Students?

Achieving positive postschool outcomes continues to be a challenge for many students. These challenges are compounded for students with disabilities, even years after the Individuals With Disabilities Education Act (1990; IDEA) required systematic transition planning. In this era of accountability through high-stakes testing, schools and families may feel that they are sidelined to stand by helplessly as students—particularly those with special needs—experience life-altering circumstances such as high dropout rates, underemployment and unemployment, failure to access continuing education, and dependent living situations. To find practical and relevant suggestions for promoting successful transitions and enhancing postschool outcomes for all students, the authors examine the emerging tiered-intervention paradigm known as response to intervention.
A Comparison of the Physiological Activity of Thiophene Isomers

For comparative purposes, data on the activity of 2- and 3-substituted thiophene derivatives have been recalculated in terms of the activity and toxicity of the phenyl analog as unity.
Asymptotic joint distribution of the largest roots of several multivariate F matrices I. Quasi-independent case

Abstract An asymptotic expansion of the joint distribution of k largest characteristic roots CM(i)(SiS0−1), i = 1,…, k, is given, where S'is and S0 are independent Wishart matrices with common covariance matrix Σ. The modified second-approximation procedure to the upper percentage points of the maximum of CM(i)(SiS0−1), i = 1,…, k, is also considered. The evaluation of the expansion is based on the idea for studentization due to Welch and James with the use of differential operators and of the perturbation procedure.
Structure of the Flow within the Coastal Boundary Layer of the Great Lakes

Abstract Properties of the nearshore flow have been observed in some detail in Douglas Point, Lake Huron. Time series flow data obtained from a network of current meters deployed in a coastal chain perpendicular to the local shoreline have been analyzed to resolve the mean flow properties, horizontal turbulence characteristics and the kinetic energy (in the mean flow and fluctuations) within the coastal boundary layer. The variability of these parameters as a function of the distance from shore for an episode during which persistent short-parallel currents prevailed for several days has revealed two distinct boundary layers, an inner boundary layer dominated by bottom and shore friction (FBL—frictional boundary layer) and an outer boundary layer as a consequence of the adjustments of inertial oscillations to the lateral boundary (IBL—inertial boundary layer). If one takes the width of the frictional boundary layer as the distance to the point where the kinetic energy of currents peak, it is ∼2 km at Dougl...
Generating Explanations for Goal‐Based Decision Making*

As information systems make the transition from decision support to decision making, there will be a concomitant need for the programs to explain or justify their actions. Without such explanations, humans will not readily cede authority to a machine. This paper describes an automated decision-making program, VOTE, which generates natural language explanations for its decisions in both English and French. The program domain is Congressional roll call voting. VOTE simulates voting decisions of specific members of the United States House of Representatives on given bills. VOTE's natural language generation facility is also used by the underlying databases to interpret the knowledge representations. These underlying knowledge representations are described and applications of this decision making model to the general business domains of strategic planning, investment, and marketing are suggested.
Melatonin Is a Potent Inhibitor for Myeloperoxidase

Myeloperoxidase (MPO) catalyzes the formation of potent oxidants that have been implicated in the pathogenesis of various diseases including atherosclerosis, asthma, arthritis, and cancer. Melatonin plays an important part in the regulation of various body functions including circadian sleep rhythms, blood pressure, oncogenesis, retinal function, seasonal reproduction, and immunity. Here, we demonstrate that melatonin serves as a potent inhibitor of MPO under physiological-like conditions. In the presence of chloride (Cl-), melatonin inactivated MPO at two points in the classic peroxidase cycle through binding to MPO to form an inactive complex, melatonin-MPO-Cl, and accelerating MPO compound II formation, an inactive form of MPO. Inactivation of MPO was mirrored by the direct conversion of MPO-Fe(III) to MPO compound II without any sign of compound I accumulation. This behavior indicates that melatonin binding modulates the formation of MPO intermediates and their decay rates. The Cl- presence enhanced the affinity of MPO toward melatonin, which switches the enzyme activity from peroxidation to catalase-like activity. In the absence of Cl-, melatonin served as a 1e- substrate for MPO compound I, but at higher concentration it limited the reaction by its dissociation from the corresponding complex. Importantly, melatonin-dependent inhibition of MPO occurred with a wide range of concentrations that span various physiological and supplemental ranges. Thus, the interplay between MPO and melatonin may have a broader implication in the function of several biological systems. This dual regulation by melatonin is unique and represents a new means through which melatonin can control MPO and its downstream inflammatory pathways.
Undergraduate Research in French Phonetics

THAT an undergraduate should have been able to complete a scholarly piece of phonetic research in French seems worthy of notice. Miss Mary Plummer, of the class of 1940 of Wilson College, chose as her problem in laboratory phonetics for honors' credit in French the following: The question of length in the approximations of the same vowel in French and English. Realizing the great difference between like vowels in the two languages, due to the diphthongization of the English vowel, Miss Plummer set out to see if "because of this interior difference in composition, English vowels are longer in reality, or if we pronounce them so rapidly that the whole is of the same length or even shorter than the pure, undiphthonged French vowels."
CHARACTERIZATION OF THE ANTERIOR PITUITARY FACTOR WHICH ANTAGONIZES GONADOTROPHINS

The anterior pituitary contains a substance (or substances), tentatively called the “antagonist,” which, on intraperitoneal administration, reduces the ovarian response to simultaneously administered gonadotrophins. During purification of anterior pituitary hormones this factor has most consistently been associated with the gonadotrophic fractions and in particular with the interstitial cell stimulating hormone (ICSH). Evidence is here presented which indicates that antagonism is not, however, an intrinsic property of sheep ICSH but is due to an undetermined substance which follows closely during purification and is still present in preparations of ICSH with a minimal effective dose of 1 μg. The antagonistic properties characteristic of partially purified follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) have been shown to disappear on continued purification.
A Description of the Previously Unknown Male of Cyrtolobus griseus Van Duzee

Apparently, the male of Cyrtolobus griseus Van Duzee (Stud. N.A. Memb. 90.16, 1908) has never been described. The following is a description of a male which is here designated the allotype. This specimen was collected in the University of Wisconsin Arboretum, Madison, July 21, 1950 from bur oak ( Quercus macrocarpa Michx.). The allotype is in the author's collection.
Evaluation of the CO2 laser for porcelain laminate etching

Research has shown that CO2 laser energy can both fuse and etch enamel, the effect being dependent on the exposure parameters utilized. Such energy can also fuse dental porcelains, but it is not known whether porcelain can be etched by CO2 laser. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether CO2 laser energy can be utilized to etch porcelain laminates, an effect necessary for resin bonding. Porcelain laminate disks 10 mm in diameter were prepared. The disks were each numbered and divided into quadrants with a small carbide high speed bur. Six disks were utilized, each quadrant receiving a single laser exposure for a total of 24 exposures. Each exposure was at either 10 or 15 W for .01, .05, or .10 seconds, with a focal spot of either 0.8 or 0.35 mm. This range of exposures includes those exposures which cause enamel etching. Two exposures were made at each combination of exposure parameters. Each disk was prepared for scanning electron microscopy and viewed at 75X to examine the exposure sites. All 24 exposure sites were examined and no definite etching was observed.
Comparison of opioid and alpha-2 adrenergic receptor location and density in the horse and dog using radioligand binding.

As a result of the observed behavioral differences between dogs and horses in response to opioid and α-2 adrenergic agonists, we tested the hypothesis that the distribution, density, and subtype of opiate and α-2 adrenergic receptors within the central nervous system (CNS) are significantly different between the horse and the dog. Brain tissue was obtained following euthanasia as a secondary use of tissue from three dogs (3 years of age) at 126 days post-surgery and from three horses (2–5 years of age) at 72 days post-surgery. Animals were opioid- and α-2 agonist-free at the time of euthanasia. The brains were removed, sectioned coronally into 1 cm slabs, frozen in methylbutane cooled by liquid nitrogen, and stored at −70.5 °C. Receptor autoradiography was performed using established techniques. [3H]DAMGO, [3H]U-69593, and [3H]RX821002 were used for μ-opiate, κ-opiate, and α-2 adrenergic binding assays, respectively. Binding densities (fmol mg−1 protein binding) were not affected by differences in brain size. Species differences were analyzed separately for each major brain region by Repeated Measures anova for subregions followed by Fisher's protected LSD. p < 0.05 was considered significant. Only significant differences were reported. There was higher binding of μ-opiate receptors in the frontal cortex, left somatosensory cortex, colliculus (mid-brain), and granule cell layer of the cerebellum of the horse than that of the dog. There was higher binding to κ-opiate receptors in the frontal cortex of the dogs compared to the horses, whereas binding to κ-opiate receptors in the cerebellum was higher in horses. Binding to α-2 adrenergic receptors in the mid-brain was significantly higher in the dog than the horse. There was higher binding in the dorsomedial and dorsolateral periaqueductal grey matter of the dog as compared to the horse. These results suggest a neuroanatomical basis for the differences in opioid and α-2 adrenergic pharmacodynamics observed between horses and dogs.
Evaluation of a commercial enzyme immunoassay kit for rotavirus detection

A commercial enzyme immunoassay kit (Rotazyme) was compared to electron microscopy for the detection of rotavirus in stool specimens collected during diarrhea outbreaks at day care centers in Houston. EIA was more sensitive than EM and detected SA-11 rotavirus which titered 2.0 X 10(3) PFU/ml.
Direct electron transfer in immobilized flavoenzyme chemically modified graphite electrodes

Abstract Direct electron transfer between covalently immobilized flavoenzymes and a cyanuric chloride-modified graphite electrode is observed via differential pulse voltammetry. L-Amino acid oxidase and xanthine oxidase display peaks arising from the reduction of flavin adenine dinucleotide. Peak current enhancements are observed for both covalently attached enzymes compared to their free and adsorbed state voltammograms. Studies concerning flavin removal and reconstitution indicate that xanthine oxidase contains multiple flavin chromophores which are nonequivalent.
Chloroplast Lineages in Disjunct Western North American Populations of Swertia perennis (Gentianaceae)

Swertia perennis s. l. ranges discontinuously across Eurasia to the mountains of western North America in a series of geographic isolates sometimes recognized as distinct taxa. We sequenced the chloroplast trnL intron, the trnL-trnF intergenic spacer, and the trnH-psbA spacer from 26 North American populations of S. perennis, two Altai populations, and ten outgroup taxa, and analyzed these data with previously published sequences. Combined data from trnL, trnL-trnF, and trnH-psbA yielded 11 distinct haplotypes from North America and two from the Altai. Phylogenetic analyses resolve rooted phylogenies of chloroplast lineages within North American S. perennis. In our sample, some lineages have well-characterized, non-overlapping geographic ranges. Further sampling will likely reveal additional haplotypes and polymorphism within populations or geographic areas, but this study lays a foundation for investigations of phylogenetic biogeography in S. perennis and co-distributed species.
Heritage Preservation as a Public Duty: The Abbé Grégoire and the Origins of an Idea

Public responsibility for the conservation of artifacts of historic or aesthetic value is now acknowledged everywhere. One way or another the state will ensure preservation of a Stonehenge or a Grand Canyon as well as a great many lesser cultural icons. We have names for such things "heritage" and "cultural property" are two of them; "patrimony" is a European counterpart but these words have no very specific meaning. Many, but by no means all, of the objects we feel constrained to protect are old. They include human artifacts as well as natural objects or places. Though it is customary to say that no one has a right to destroy those things comprising our heritage, many such items, especially works of art, are held and enjoyed as ordinary private goods without public access or regulation of any kind. This inconsistency illustrates the paradox of historical preservation. As uncontroversial as heritage preservation may appear when one thinks of historic monuments and artistic masterworks, the idea of an officially designated culture seems greatly at odds with modern sensibilities. The very idea of government involving itself in cultural life raises the unwelcome specter of censorship on one side and official propaganda on the other. In addition, there is the more general question of cultural policy as a tool of a paternalistic state that aspires to make its citizens good, a notion that has lost all cachet in our time. In short, state cultural policies appear to be out of harmony with modern ideas about the role of government. Nonetheless they flourish. Obviously there is some very strong attraction to the idea of a common heritage: a people and a community bound together in some shared enterprise with shared values. How did protection of cultural values come to be viewed as a proper public concern in a modern world centered on the liberty and autonomy of the individual? The pages that follow trace out one historical strand of the story in the hope of casting some light into this
On “Television Criticism”: The Pursuit of the Critical Examination of a Popular Art

“Television criticism” occupies an uncertain place relative to other critical traditions and the sociological frameworks through which critics' roles have been studied relative to cultural production. Those who write daily columns about television play an important role in cultural production despite the differentiation of the television critic, the outlets in which they write, and the challenges of writing about a predominantly commercial form. This article examines the historical development of journalistic television criticism in the United States, including the establishment of the Television Critics Association (TCA), which has served as a significant organization in countering networks' efforts to control critical assessments of television. The article draws from a rich early literature that examined the work of critics in television's initial years as well as interviews with critics who have written about the medium for the past two decades, and a three-week participant observation of the TCA press...
In Sickness and in Health: Implications for Employers when Bipolar Disorders are Protected Disabilities

This paper explores the potential conflict between employment protections afforded to individuals with bipolar disorder, and employers’ obligations to maintain a safe working environment for others in the workplace. Both the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) and the Americans with Disabilities Act Amendments Act of 2008 (ADAA) provide workplace protections to those employees or applicants who are classified as qualified individuals with a disability. A disability is “a substantial impairment—a physical or mental impairment—in a major life activity that would substantially limit that major life activity.” ( 42 U.S.C. §§ 12102(1)(A)-(C)), and “mental impairment” is defined to include individuals with bipolar disorder (42 U.S.C. § 1630.2(h)(2)). These statutes further impose a requirement on employers to make reasonable accommodations for such individuals. In essence, they protect the bipolar employee from any discrimination in the workplace based on their disability, to include harassment by coworkers. However, employers may find themselves caught on the horns of a dilemma. Depending on the nature and severity of the bipolar employee’s conduct toward coworkers, they may also be exposed to liability for harm done to coworkers under negligent retention laws, or even the anti-harassment provisions of other equal employment statutes. If a bipolar employee’s negative behaviors toward coworkers are sufficiently severe or pervasive, they can result in coworkers suffering harassment sufficient to constitute actionable conduct under the ADA. To reduce exposure to litigation, employers must understand both their obligations under the ADA, and the nature of bipolar disorder.