cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
"Incest--see under Oedipus complex": the history of an error in psychoanalysis.

This paper is intended as a contribution to the understanding of errors in our field. The title refers to the index entries "incest" in several classic psychoanalytic texts. In a way that is analogous to the defenses utilized by survivors of incest, psychoanalysis has both known and not known, avowed and disavowed, the traumatic impact of actual incest. It is argued that psychoanalysis erred in (a) focusing too heavily on the implications of incest for the Oedipus complex instead of its implications for every stage of development, and (b) missing out on the full and detailed description of the clinical pictures of incest victims and of treatment issues, including transference and countertransference. The author presents an overview of the history prompted by Masson's original attack on Freud for abandoning the "seduction hypothesis." Topics covered are: Freud's early papers, the Freud-Ferenczi controversy (1932), and the state of psychoanalytic awareness in the 1960's of the importance of actual incest. Certain features of our field make it all too likely that new errors can be generated that may similarly take decades to recognize and undo. These include the politics of our discipline, and negative attitudes toward systematic gathering and assessment of evidence.
Climate Change and Shifts in Potential Tree Species Range Limits in the Great Lakes Region

Abstract The model STASH (STAtic SHell) was used to generate current and future potential geographic ranges of ten important forest tree species within the Great Lakes region. This model uses bioclimatic variables to predict the suitable climate-space for tree species. Current climate values were derived from weather records, and two general circulation models (CGCM1 and HadCM2) predicted future climate scenarios. Shifts in potential ranges that were predicted by the two climate models were similar in direction, but different in magnitude. Important timber trees with southern limits within the Great Lakes region, including white, jack, and red pine, aspen, and yellow birch are predicted to retreat northward under both scenarios due to increasing summer temperatures. Under CGCM1, these trees are predicted to disappear from most of the region by the end of the century, whereas under HadCM2 they are predicted to contract 100 to 200 km from their southern range limits. A number of broadleaf trees (red oak, sugar maple, and beech) are expected to remain in the region and may gain potential habitat to the west. Broadleaf trees with current northern range limits within the Great Lakes region (black walnut and black cherry) are predicted to gain potential habitat to the north due to increases in growing degree-days and coldest month temperatures. Both trees are predicted to be able to grow throughout the region by the end of the century under CGCM1, and a less dramatic gain is predicted under HadCM2.
Microscopic Removal of Dens Invaginatus

Endodontic treatment for teeth that exhibit the dental anomaly, dens invaginatus, can be difficult due to the bizarre anatomy and relative inaccessibility of the diseased pulp tissue. Surgical intervention or extraction are common approaches to dealing with this condition. This article reports the treatment of an extreme form of dens invaginatus, employing the dental-operating microscope and the ultrasonic instrument. Removal of the entire anomalous structure and pulp tissue was possible, and conventional orthograde obturation was accomplished. Two and 4-yr follow-up radiographs show that healing has occurred. The article demonstrates that the anomalous structure of dens invaginatus is a separate entity from the rest of the tooth. This implies that in many instances it may be entirely removed to facilitate conventional endodontic therapy.
The Spatial Mismatch Hypothesis: Some New Evidence:

This paper uses commuting times and distance data from the Nationwide Personal Transportation Studies of 1977 to 1983-4 to re-evaluate the spatial mismatch hypothesis. Neither minorities nor low-income workers have longer commutes. In fact, their commuting patterns are very similar to those of workers in general. This also implies that minorities are not constrained by income or housing to live closer to work. However, women consistently have shorter worktrips. The spatial mismatch hypothesis receives no support from examination of commuting data.
Changes in hamster liver albumin synthesis during the development of cardiomyopathy.

Control (F1B) and cardiomyopathic (Bio 14.6) hamsters have been studied over an 11 month time interval, in an attempt to relate alterations in liver function with the onset of progressive heart damage. In most instances the parameters measured (e.g., liver weight, liver polysome content,in vitro polysome driven protein synthesis) were similar for both groups of animals. The exceptions appeared to be two Bio 14.6 animals that had liver hypertrophy, coupled with severe necrosis and liver damage. These livers had very low levels of virtually inactive polysomes and depicted many of the histopathological characteristics of hepatic ischemic injury known in humans to be associated with congestive heart failure. Our biochemical and histological data suggests that for the Bio 14.6 hamsters, progressive cardiomyopathy is associated with severe liver damage for only a few animals.
Characterization of acid catalytic domains for cellulose hydrolysis and glucose degradation.

Cellulolytic enzymes consist of a catalytic domain, a linking peptide, and a binding domain. The paper describes research on carboxylic acids that have potential as catalytic domains for constructing organic macromolecules for use in cellulose hydrolysis that mimic the action of enzymes. The tested domains consist of the series of mono-, di-, and tricarboxylic acids with a range of pK(a)'s. This paper systematically characterizes the acids with respect to hydrolysis of cellobiose, cellulose in biomass, and degradation of glucose and compares these kinetics data to dilute sulfuric acid. Results show that acid catalyzed hydrolysis is proportional to H+ concentration. The tested carboxylic acids did not catalyze the degradation of glucose while sulfuric acid catalyzed the degradation of glucose above that of water alone. Consequently, overall yields of glucose obtained from cellobiose and cellulose are higher for the best carboxylic acid tested, maleic acid, when compared to sulfuric acid at equivalent solution pH.
Economic and Engineering Factors Affecting Generating Unit Size

In this paper we report the results of an extensive study on unit size for baseload coal-fired generating units conducted at the Electric Power Research Institute. The effect of economic and engineering factors which influence the determination of optimal unit size for generation expansion is studied. A nonlinear programming model is developed to study the interaction between unit characteristics and system characteristics. Numerical examples from this and other models are presented to highlight the influence of various factors. In addition, a computer simulation model of generation expansion is used to study the dynamic effect of various factors on unit size decisions.
Acute partial transverse myelitis with normal cerebral magnetic resonance imaging: transition rate to clinically definite multiple sclerosis.

Objective: To determine the long-term risk of developing clinically definite multiple sclerosis (CDMS) in patients with acute partial transverse myelitis (APTM) and normal cerebral magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. Methods: We retrospectively studied 30 consecutive patients with clinical evidence of APTM. Patients with symmetric severe acute transverse myelitis were considered to have complete transverse myelitis and were excluded. All patients underwent spinal and cerebral MRIs, 13 underwent cerebrospinal fluid analysis and 11 patients underwent evoked potential studies. Various other studies were performed to assess for connective tissue disease and causes of APTM other than demyelinating disease. Results: After an average follow-up of 61 months, all laboratory and clinical evidence, including relapse history, indicated that three patients developed lesions on cerebral MRI and could be classified as CDMS by either Poser criteria (two patients) or MacDonald criteria (one patient). Relapses limited ...
The Rutgers Drawing Test as a Midyear Kindergarten Predictor of End-of-Kindergarten Readiness for First Grade

For a sample of 297 Kindergarten children predominantly of Anglo descent, the Rutgers Drawing Test (RDT) given in late January (midyear) was shown to correlate .64 with total scores of the Metropolitan Readiness Tests (MRT), Form A, and .26 to .66 with scores on its subtests administered in late May (end of school year). It would appear that the RDT was a valid midyear predictor of readiness for the first grade as measured by the MRT at the end of the Kindergarten year.
Side Effects and Aftereffects of Immersion in Virtual Environments

Immersive Virtual Environment (VE) technology, also known as virtual reality, is being touted as an important new medium for education and training. Other potential applications involve communications, medicine, architecture, astronomy, data handling, teleoperation, and entertainment. A threat to the successful application of this technology is that some users of VE systems suffer unwanted side effects and aftereffects similar to, but not limited to, symptoms of motion sickness. These effects may degrade training effectiveness and jeopardize user safety and well-being. This paper describes the incidence and severity of symptoms we recorded during four different experiments which examined VE training applications. The experiments involved a variety of tasks, simulated environments, and VE systems. We administered a 28 item questionnaire that addressed symptoms related to nausea, eye strain, and dizziness. Significant variation was observed across individuals. In each experiment some users, between 4 and 16...
Evidence for Simultaneous Protein Interactions between Human Rad51 Paralogs

In yeast, the Rad51-related proteins include Rad55 and Rad57, which form a heterodimer that interacts with Rad51. Five human Rad51 paralogs have been identified (XRCC2, XRCC3, Rad51B/Rad51L1, Rad51C/Rad51L2, and Rad51D/Rad51L3), and each interacts with one or more of the others. Previously we reported that HsRad51 interacts with XRCC3, and Rad51C interacts with XRCC3, Rad51B, and HsRad51. Here we report that in the yeast two-hybrid system, Rad51D interacts with XRCC2 and Rad51C. No other interactions, including self-interactions, were found, indicating that the observed interactions are specific. The yeast Rad51 interacts with human Rad51 and XRCC3, suggesting Rad51 conservation since the human yeast divergence. Data from yeast three-hybrid experiments indicate that a number of the pairs of interactions between human Rad51 paralogs can occur simultaneously. For example, Rad51B expression enhances the binding of Rad51C to XRCC3 and to HsRad51D, and Rad51C expression allows the indirect interaction of Rad51B with Rad51D. Experiments using 6xHis-tagged proteins in the baculovirus system confirm several of our yeast results, including Rad51B interaction with Rad51D only when Rad51C is simultaneously expressed and Rad51C interaction with XRCC2 only when Rad51D is present. These results suggest that these proteins may participate in one complex or multiple smaller ones.
Redistributing the energy tax burden in the Philippines

This paper uses an aggregate modelling approach to assess the impacts of a redistribution of the taxes and duties that currently exist on crude oil and refined petroleum products on the Philippine economy. The approach used in the analysis consists of a general equilibrium model composed of fourteen producing sectors, fifteen consuming sectors, three household categories classified by income and a government. The effects of replacing the taxes and duties on crude oil and refined petroleum products with a more broad based tax on manufacturing and service sectors output on prices and quantities are examined. The results are revealing. For example, the consequences of redistributing the tax burden away from petroleum products to the manufacturing and service sectors of the Philippine economy will be an increase in output by all producing sectors of about 3.5 percent or about 2.4 hundred billion Philippine pesos, a rise in the consumption of goods and services by about 6.1 percent or 1.6 hundred billion Philippine pesos, a rise in total utility by 6.9 or 1.9 hundred billion Philippine pesos, and virtually no change in tax revenue for the government. When subjected to a sensitivity analysis, the results are reasonably robust with regard to the assumption of the values of the substitution elasticities. That is, while the model's equilibrium values do vary in response to different assumptions of the values of these elasticities, the fluctuations are not so enormous to suggest that the model is unrealistically sensitive to these parameters.
Communication and Information Technologies

The American Sociological Association section on Sociology and Computing, as it was named from 1995 to 2002, faced repeated challenges during the decade of the 1990s. This article traces changes in the sociological audiences concerned with computing during that decade and discusses how they influenced the way the section coped with the routinization of computer use in sociology, the rise of MicrosoftWindows, the increasing use of computers in teaching, and the rise of the Internet.
Methanol electrochemical oxidation at nanometer-scale PtRu materials

The electrochemical oxidation of CH 3 OH at nanometer-scale PtRu catalyst materials is reported. Comparisons are made between the properties of a Johnson Matthey (JM) PtRu black sample (50 at.% Ru (X Ru 0.5)) and PtRu particles (2-6 nm, nominally X Ru 0.5) prepared by sonication under anhydrous conditions. Cyclic voltammetry and in situ infrared spectroscopy measurements show the catalysts are active for the oxidation of 0.5 M CH 3 OH in 0.1 M HClO 4 at temperatures between ambient and 70 °C. The sonochemically prepared PtRu sample displayed properties characteristic of bulk PtRu alloys with X Ru 0.5. Evidence for phase separation of Pt and Ru was observed in CO stripping voltammetry from the JM catalyst adsorbed at low metal loadings (20 μg/cm 2 ) on bulk Au electrodes. Per gram of catalyst, the JM material was more active toward CO 2 formation and displayed greater resistance to poisoning by adsorbed CO than the sonochemically prepared material during ambient temperature oxidation of 0.5 M CH 3 OH in 0.1 M HClO 4 .
Genetic variation among epizootic hemorrhagic disease viruses in the southeastern United States: 1978-2001.

Abstract The epizootic hemorrhagic disease (EHD) viruses, which are endemic in the southeastern United States, are the causative agents of an important clinical disease in wild and captive ruminants. In order to elucidate the molecular epidemiology of EHD serotype 2, the sequences of portions of the S10 and L2 gene segments (which encode the NS3 viral egress protein and the VP2 surface protein, respectively) of viral isolates made from white-tailed deer over 23 years(1978–2001) were determined and compared using phylogenetic analyses. Both loci demonstrated very little genetic variation among isolates, with a 94–100% nucleotide identity among isolates at the S10 locus (98–100% amino acid conservation), and an 89.1–100% identity among isolates at the L2 locus (87.6–100% amino acid conservation). The grouping of isolates within the resulting cladograms appeared nearly random with respect to time of isolation and geographic origin. One exception to this was a distinctive grouping of some isolates from 1996 to 1997, which formed a separate subclade in both the S10 and L2 cladograms.
Notch Signaling in CD4 and CD8 T Cell Development

Because Notch often acts in concert with other signaling pathways, it is able to regulate a diverse set of biological processes in a cell-context dependent manner. In lymphocytes, Notch is essential for specifying the T cell fate and for promoting early stages of T cell differentiation. At later stages of development, Notch signaling is proposed to direct CD4 versus CD8 T lineage commitment. This hypothesis has been challenged by recent studies of conditional Presenilin-deficient mice showing that Notch promotes the selection and maturation of CD4 and CD8 T cells by potentiating TCR signal transduction in immature thymocytes. While similar conclusions have not been reported with conditional mutation of other downstream mediators of Notch activation, it appears that functional inhibition may not have been achieved at a comparable stage of development and/or analogous issues have not been addressed. The differences also question whether in thymocytes Notch signals only through the canonical pathway. Further study of conditional mutants, signaling intermediates, and transcriptional regulators are needed to elucidate how Notch facilitates TCR signaling in generating mature T cells.
Conformationally gated switching between superexchange and hopping within oligo-p-phenylene-based molecular wires

We observe well-defined regions of superexchange and thermally activated hopping in the temperature dependence of charge recombination (CR) in a series of donor−bridge−acceptor (D−B−A) systems, where D = phenothiazine (PTZ), B = p-phenylene (Phn), n = 1−4, and A = perylene-3,4:9,10-bis(dicarboximide) (PDI). A fit to the thermally activated CR rates of the n = 3 and n = 4 compounds yields activation barriers of 1290 and 2030 cm-1, respectively, which match closely with theoretically predicted and experimentally observed barriers for the planarization of terphenyl and quaterphenyl. Negative activation of CR in the temperature regions dominated by superexchange charge transport is the result of a fast conformational equilibrium that increasingly depopulates the reactive state for CR as temperature is increased. The temperature dependence of the effective donor−acceptor superexchange coupling, VDA, measured using magnetic field effects on the efficiency of the charge recombination process, shows that CR occur...
A critique of Jaynes' maximum entropy principle

Friedman and Shimony exhibited an anomaly in Jaynes' maximum entropy prescription: that if a certain unknown parameter is assumed to be characterized a priori by a normalizable probability measure, then the prior and posterior probabilities computed by means of the prescription are consistent with probability theory only if this measure assigns probability 1 to a single value of the parameter and probability 0 to the entire range of other values. We strengthen this result by deriving the same conclusion using only the assumption that the probability measure is @s-finite. We also show that when the hypothesis and evidence to which the prescription is applied are expressed in certain rather simple languages, then the maximum entropy prescription yields probability evaluation in agreement with one of Carnap's @l-continuum of inductive methods, namely @l = ~. We conclude that the maximum entropy prescription is correct only under special circumstances, which are essentially those in which it is appropriate to use @l = ~.
Ophiolite emplacement on to continental margins

RECENT work on west Newfoundland ophiolites supports Elliott's1 contention that the mechanics of emplacement of oceanic crust and upper mantle on to continental margins (‘obduction’) is no different from the emplacement of thrust sheets in any foreland thrust belt. Evidence to this effect comes from the presence of minor structures found along the thrust fault surfaces separating the various structural slices, as well as from other related minor structures—hitherto unrecorded in ophiolite suites—that have been found within the thrust sheets themselves. These reveal a very specific kind of information about the mechanics of ophiolite transportation and, without reference to the forces causing emplacement, they imply that many of the processes involved in the motion of ophiolite thrust sheets are equivalent to those typical of foreland thrust belts—due consideration being given to basic differences in the material properties of the rocks involved.
Perceptual antecedents of user attitude in electronic commerce

This paper examines three cognitive antecedents of Web user attitude toward a commercial website -- perceived informativeness, perceived entertainment, and perceived irritation. We tested the theoretical relationships between the three cognitive antecedents, attitude toward the site, and intention to return to the site using Partial Least Squares (PLS) with data collected in a field study of three e-commerce websites. The model explains a high percentage of the variance in attitude toward the site and intention to return and all the coefficients in the model are significant. We conclude that both perceived informativeness and perceived entertain-ment are significantly and positively related to attitude toward the site, while perceived irritation is significantly and negatively related to attitude toward the site. We also conclude that attitude toward the site is significantly and positively related to a user's intention to return to the site.
Flags of Our Fathers: Voting on Confederate Symbols in the State of Georgia

Participants in a special election held in the State of Georgia on 2 March 2004 voted overwhelmingly in favor of adopting a newly designed state flag that no longer incorporated a divisive Confederate symbol. We analyze the legislative politicking that defined the voters’ options as well as the outcome of popular voting on the flag design across Georgia’s 159 counties. We find the referendum’s results to have been determined largely by demography (education, race, and population density) and by the level of support in 2002 for the two gubernatorial candidates who played significant roles in the flag controversy.
Developmental Features of the Therapeutic Community: Imprints—Actions and Discoveries

(1997). Developmental Features of the Therapeutic Community: Imprints—Actions and Discoveries. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs: Vol. 29, PIONEERING TREATMENT AND RECOVERY MODELS, pp. 145-148.
Are There Two States at the Iota

Abstract Predictions of a “nearest-neighbor-mixing” model for radially excited pseudoscalar nonets suggest that there are two pseudoscalar states nearly degenerate and possibly overlapping in this mass region. Only one may be produced strongly in radiative ψ decay, but both should be produced coherently with well-defined relative phases in hadronic reactions. Very different mass spectra and Dalitz plots should be observed in this mass region for radiative ψ decay, vector-pseudoscalar ψ decays, pion-induced reactions, kaon-induced reactions with vector exchange and kaon-induced reactions with tensor exchange. Detailed analyses of all these modes of pseudoscalar production should provide interesting information on quarkonium structure and the possible existence and mixing of glueballs.
Prospects for Voter Registration Reform: A Report on the Experiences of the Human SERVE Campaign

SERVE attempts to persuade governors, county executives, and mayors to issue executive orders directing that voter registration services be made available at reception desks in public facilities, and to persuade the directors of voluntary health and social agencies to establish similar services. By this means, it would become possible to register to vote at unemployment and welfare offices, hospitals and public health centers, daycare centers and family planning clinics, senior citizen centers and agencies for
B Cell Receptor Signal Transduction in the GC Is Short-Circuited by High Phosphatase Activity

Germinal centers (GCs) generate memory B and plasma cells, which are essential for long-lived humoral immunity. GC B cells with high-affinity B cell receptors (BCRs) are selectively expanded. To enable this selection, BCRs of such cells are thought to signal differently from those with lower affinity. We show that, surprisingly, most proliferating GC B cells did not demonstrate active BCR signaling. Rather, spontaneous and induced signaling was limited by increased phosphatase activity. Accordingly, both SH2 domain-containing phosphatase-1 (SHP-1) and SH2 domain-containing inositol 5 phosphatase were hyperphosphorylated in GC cells and remained colocalized with BCRs after ligation. Furthermore, SHP-1 was required for GC maintenance. Intriguingly, GC B cells in the cell-cycle G(2) period regained responsiveness to BCR stimulation. These data have implications for how higher-affinity B cells are selected in the GC.
The Oral History Interview and Reports of Imagined Interactions

The oral history interview is a semi-structured narrative in which married couples describe events in their marriage, problems in the marriage, and their philosophy about marriage. The interview is particularly helpful for unhappy couples since a number of therapeutic benefits and functions are served, including: catharsis, modeling of positive marital behaviors, ordering of relational events, reflection on the meaning of events, and identification of themes that characterize the marriage. In addition, couples discuss the role of Imagined Interactions (II) or covert dialogues within their marriages in which individuals imagine discussing issues with their spouses. Imagined Interactions simultaneously keep the relationship and conflict alive insofar as thought is centered on the partner and relational issues.
Alchemy: transmuting base alloy specifications into implementations

Alloy specifications are used to define lightweight models of systems. We present Alchemy, which compiles Alloy specifications into implementations that execute against persistent databases. Alchemy translates a subset of Alloy predicates into imperative update operations, and it converts facts into database integrity constraints that it maintains automatically in the face of these imperative actions.In addition to presenting the semantics and an algorithm for this compilation, we present the tool and outline its application to a non-trivial specification. We also discuss lessons learned about the relationship between Alloy specifications and imperative implementations.
The ubiquitin-protein ligase Nedd4 targets Notch1 in skeletal muscle and distinguishes the subset of atrophies caused by reduced muscle tension

Ubiquitination-dependent proteolysis is a fundamental process underlying skeletal muscle atrophy. Thus, the role of ubiquitin ligases is of great interest. There are no focused studies in muscle on the ubiquitin ligase Nedd4. We first confirmed increased mRNA expression in rat soleus muscles due to 1-14 days of hind limb unloading. Nedd4 protein localized to the sarcolemmal region of muscle fibers. Hind limb unloading, sciatic nerve denervation, starvation, and diabetes led to atrophy of soleus, plantaris, and gastrocnemius muscles, but only unloaded and denervated muscles showed a marked increase in Nedd4 protein expression. This increase was strongly correlated with decreased Notch1 expression, a known target of Nedd4 in other cell types. Overexpression of dominant negative Nedd4 in soleus muscles completely reversed the unloading-induced decrease of Notch1 expression, indicating that Nedd4 is required for Notch1 inactivation. Overexpression of wild-type Nedd4 in soleus muscles of weight bearing rats caused a decrease in Notch1 protein, indicating that Nedd4 is sufficient for Notch1 down-regulation. To further show that Notch1 is a Nedd4 substrate in muscle, conditional overexpression of Nedd4 in C2C12 myotubes induced ubiquitination of Notch1. This is the first finding of a Nedd4 substrate in muscle and of an ubiquitin ligase, the activity of which distinguishes disuse from cachexia atrophy.
Adult-Onset Ligneous Conjunctivitis with Detection of a Novel Plasminogen Gene Mutation and Anti-Plasminogen IgA Antibody: A Clinicopathologic Study and Review of Literature

AbstractPurpose: To report a novel plasminogen gene mutation and detection of anti-plasminogen antibodies in a patient with ligneous conjunctivitis successfully treated with 60% fresh frozen plasma (FFP). Methods: Retrospective data collected on a 45-year-old Caucasian female presenting with unilateral chronic membranous lesions. Results: Laboratory investigation demonstrated decreased plasminogen antigen level, plasminogen activity, and rate of plasminogen activation by u-PA or t-PA, and elevated plasminogen activator inhibitor-1. Anti-plasminogen IgG and IgA antibodies were detected. DNA analysis revealed a novel Asp432Asn heterozygous missense mutation in the plasminogen gene (exon 11). The patient was treated with topical 60% FFP, achieved complete remission after four months, and remained membrane-free for over five years of follow-up. Conclusions: A novel plasminogen gene mutation, deficiency of plasminogen antigen and activity, and anti-plasminogen IgG and IgA antibodies were identified in a patien...
Transfer efficiency for airless painting systems

Spray transfer efficiency (TE) is defined as the mass fraction of sprayed paint which is deposited on the intended target, the remainder of the sprayed paint becomes undesirable overspray. The relationship between TE and gun supply pressure (or paint mass flow rate), gun-to-target distance, gun traverse speed, the angle of the spray gun relative to the target (gun-to-target angle), plus spray cone angle is reported herein for a typical fan spray system. Experimental results indicate that spray momentum rate (SMR) and droplet size dictate the TE for the various combinations of parameters considered here. The key finding is that TE correlates with SMR and spray mean drop size (Sauter mean diameter, or D32) via an expression of the form TE=a+b SMR − c (SMR)2+d D32, where a, b, c, and d are coefficients, determined by fitting the experimental data, and SMR is estimated via SMR=m2/ρA, where the paint mass flow rate m, the paint density is ρ, and the gun exit orifice effective tip cross sectional area is A. This expression accounts for physical phenomena that govern sprayed droplet deposition characteristics, such as entrainment, bounce-back, and drop size. Experimental results also show that, for the range of parameters studied, gun traverse speed has no effect on TE, but increasing the angle of the spray gun relative to the target (gun-to-target angle), increasing the spray cone angle, or increasing the gun-to-target distance will decrease TE.
Non-Labeled Cell Tracking Velocimetry for Biological Flows

A tracking algorithm was developed to study the velocity field of flagellated bacteria, Serratia marcescens, swarming on a soft agar plate. Average velocities for local regions regularly arranged over the entire flow field were investigated rather than those for individual bacterium. The velocity field of the bacteria typically featured the combination of curvilinear translation and vortex modes. They repeated these patterns for a short time period, forming several groups and dissipating. To further investigate the flow patterns generated by the collective motion of the swarming bacteria, the velocity field on the swarm was spatially correlated.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Examination of the implant-abutment interface after fatigue testing.

Abstract Purpose. This study examined potential differences in detorque values of abutment screws after fatigue testing when the dimensions between external implant hexagon and internal abutment hexagon were altered or the implant external hexagonal shape was eliminated. Material and Methods. Three subsets (N = 10) of NobelBiocare implants were assessed: (1) standard external hexagon (R), (2) modified hexagon (M), and (3) circular (C) platform geometry. Thirty Procera machined abutments with 25-degree angulated loading platforms were manufactured. Abutments were retained with gold Unigrip abutment screws tightened to 32 N/cm with an electronic torque controller. Vertical scribes across the implant—abutment interface allowed longitudinal displacement evaluation. A carousel-type fatigue testing device delivered dynamic loading forces between 20 and 200 N for 5,000,000 cycles, or the approximate equivalent of 5 years in vivo mastication, through a piston to the abutment platform. Macroscopic and radiographic examination of the implant/abutment specimens was performed. The abutment screws were removed and the detorque values recorded. Bearing surfaces were examined microscopically. Results. No abutment looseness or longitudinal displacements at the implant—abutment interface were noted. Radiographic examination demonstrated no indication of screw bending or displacement. The mean detorque values for R, M, and C were 14.40 ± 1.84 N/cm, 14.70 ± 1.89 N/cm, and 16.40 ± 2.17 N/cm, respectively. The analysis of variance demonstrated significant differences between only designs R and C ( P =.031). Conclusion. Increasing the vertical height, or degree of fit tolerance, between the implant external hexagon and the abutment internal hexagon or completely eliminating the implant external hexagon did not produce a significant effect on the detorque values of the abutment screws after 5,000,000 cycles in fatigue testing, or the equivalent of 5 years' of mastication for the implant/abutment specimens evaluated. (J Prosthet Dent 2001;85:268-75.)
The mass spectra of N-adamantoylpeptides†

The N-adamantoyl derivatives of the esters of twenty-one di-peptides and eight tri-peptides containing the amino acids glycine, alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, proline, phenylalanine, glutamic acid, lysine, histidine, serine, threonine, methionine, S-benzylcysteine and tyrosine were prepared and their mass spectra determined. The spectra of all compounds were suitable for amino acid sequence determination. Mixtures containing N-adamantoyl dipeptide and tripeptide methyl esters were separated by thin-layer chromatography and the components identified by high resolution mass spectrometry. The mass spectrometric features of N-adamantoyl peptide esters are discussed and compared with those of other N-acyl peptide derivatives.
Foreign Inspired Courts as Agencies of Peace in Troubled Societies. A Plea for Realism and for Creativity.

Paper presented at the United Nations Conference “Rebuilding Legality. The Case of Somalia” held in Rome December 11-13, 2001.
Total synthesis of 5, 12-dihydroxy-6,10-,8,14--eicosatetraenoic acid (5,12-di-HETE) (), a new human metabolite of arachidonic acid

Abstract A synthesis of 5 S ,12 S -di-HETE ( 2 ) is reported which confirms the proposed structure and stereochemistry for this biologically active, natural eicosanoid.
The concept of validity and the validation process

The concept of validity and validation has undergone a period of re-examination (Tenopyr, 1977; Guion, 1980; Landy, 1986). This is par ticularly true with respect to criterion-related validity. Almost 40 years ago, Cronbach, Meehl, and their colleagues introduced a validity taxon omy to guide "consumers" of psychological tests in the evaluation of those tests (Cronbach & Meehl, 1955). This taxonomy included three modal validity designs: criterion-related validation, construct oriented validation, and content-oriented validation. Criterion-related validation had two sub-categories?concurrent and predictive. The essence of this approach was to demonstrate that one could infer something about ac tual job performance from test scores. Construct-oriented validation was both broader and less clearly delimited. In this approach, one would demonstrate the validity of inferences about a test score by illuminating the meaning of that test score through analyses that defined the mean ing of that test score. These definitional analyses usually involved the presentation of statistical evidence about the extent to which the test in question was (and was not) associated with other measures. This pat tern of associations was dubbed the nomological network. Content ori ented validation was based on a logic of domain sampling. The notion was that if it could be demonstrated that test items were reasonable samples of the actual job or work domain, then the relationship between test scores and performance was axiomatic. The important point to keep in mind for each of these designs is that they were thought to assist in documenting the validity of inferences about test scores but not the val idity of a test itself. It is generally accepted that tests do not possess validity but that validity refers to inferences. As is all too commonly the case, these three modal validation de
Three-dimensional perceived-shape representation fusing range data and fuzzy-like segmented image data

A fusion technique is presented for 3-D representation. The fusion involves laser range data and segmented image data, using human expertise related to the environment. In particular, the range data may contain noise due to reflections on sloped surfaces or long open corridors; the proposed approach removes the noise by using human expertise from 3-D environments. This method could be utilized either by an autonomous robot in an unknown environment, or by an inspection machine in a complex manufacturing environment, or by a visual navigation device used by blind people. Additional applications for this technique are to correct measurement deficiencies in a laser scan and to provide a true color and 3-D perceived-shape representation for a given object in a modeling environment.
Torus symmetry of compact self-dual manifolds

We classify compact anti-self-dual Hermitian surfaces and compact four-dimensional conformally flat manifolds for which the group of orientation preserving conformal transformations contains a two-dimensional torus. As a corollary, we derive a topological classification of compact self-dual manifolds for which the group of conformal transformations contains a two-dimensional torus.
Field-Level Financial Assessment of Contour Prairie Strips for Enhancement of Environmental Quality

The impacts of strategically located contour prairie strips on sediment and nutrient runoff export from watersheds maintained under an annual row crop production system have been studied at a long-term research site in central Iowa. Data from 2007 to 2011 indicate that the contour prairie strips utilized within row crop-dominated landscapes have greater than proportionate and positive effects on the functioning of biophysical systems. Crop producers and land management agencies require comprehensive information about the Best Management Practices with regard to performance efficacy, operational/management parameters, and the full range of financial parameters. Here, a farm-level financial model assesses the establishment, management, and opportunity costs of contour prairie strips within cropped fields. Annualized, depending on variable opportunity costs the 15-year present value cost of utilizing contour prairie strips ranges from $590 to $865 ha−1 year−1 ($240–$350 ac−1 year−1). Expressed in the context of “treatment area” (e.g., in this study 1 ha of prairie treats 10 ha of crops), the costs of contour prairie strips can also be viewed as $59 to about $87 per treated hectare ($24–$35 ac−1). If prairie strips were under a 15-year CRP contract, total per acre cost to farmers would be reduced by over 85 %. Based on sediment, phosphorus, and nitrogen export data from the related field studies and across low, medium, and high land rent scenarios, a megagram (Mg) of soil retained within the watershed costs between $7.79 and $11.46 mg−1, phosphorus retained costs between $6.97 and $10.25 kg−1, and nitrogen retained costs between $1.59 and $2.34 kg−1. Based on overall project results, contour prairie strips may well become one of the key conservation practices used to sustain US Corn Belt agriculture in the decades to come.
CO 2 DIAL measurements of water vapor

CO(2) lidars have heretofore been used to measure water vapor concentrations primarily using the 10R(20) line at 10.247 microm, which has a strong overlap with a water vapor absorption line. This paper discusses the use of that line as well as other CO(2) laser lines for which the absorption coefficients are weaker. The literature on measurement of water vapor absorption coefficients using CO(2) lasers is reviewed, and the results from four laboratories are shown to be generally consistent with each other after they are normalized to the same partial pressure, temperature, and ethylene absorption coefficient for the 1P(14) CO(2) laser line; however, the agreement with the Air Force Geophysics Laboratory's HITRAN and FASCOD 2 spectral data tapes is not good either for the water vapor absorption lines or for the water vapor continuum. Demonstration measurements of atmospheric water vapor have been conducted using the Mobile Atmospheric Pollutant Mapping System, a dual CO(2) lidar system using heterodyne detection. Results are discussed for measurements using three sets of laser line pairs covering a wide range of water vapor partial pressures.
Memory-side prefetching for linked data structures for processor-in-memory systems

This paper studies a memory-side prefetching technique to hide latency incurred by inherently serial accesses to linked data structures (LDS). A programmable engine sits close to memory and traverses LDS independently from the processor. The engine can run ahead of the processor because of its low latency path to memory, allowing it to initiate data transfers earlier than the processor and pipeline multiple transfers over the network. We evaluate the proposed memory-side prefetching scheme for the Olden benchmarks on a processor-in-memory system. For the six benchmarks where LDS memory stall time is significant, the memory-side scheme reduces execution time by an average of 27% compared to a system without any prefetching. Compared to a state-of-the-art processor-side software prefetching scheme, the memory-side scheme reduces execution time in the range of 20-50% for three of the six applications, is about the same for two applications, and is worse by 18% for one application. We conclude that our memory-side scheme is effective, but a combination of the processor- and memory-side prefetching schemes is best and provide a qualitative framework to determine when either scheme should be used.
Numerical study of the oscillations of a non-spherical bubble in an inviscid, incompressible liquid. Part II: the response to an impulsive decrease in pressure

Abstract We consider the response of a gas bubble in an inviscid, incompressible fluid, to a rapid, impulsive change of the ambient pressure, from some initial value down to a minimum and then back up to the initial value. The most important result is the sharp decrease in the amplitude of volume oscillations which results from finite amplitude coupling between the purely radial and shape modes. When the bubble has a steady shape that is non-spherical, there can be resonance between radial mode oscillations and one of the shape modes. This contributes to growth of the resonant shape mode from an initial spherical shape, and produces a ‘phase-lock’ with the two modes either in-phase or π radians out-of-phase. For in-phase conditions, this leads ultimately to a geometric amplification of higher-order shape modes and a sharp decrease in the amplitude of the volume oscillations. The same geometric amplification mechanism also appears in the absence of mean shape deformation (and thus 1:1 resonance), but only if there is another mechanism for the appearance of shape modes. There is also no phase-locking when there is no mean deformation, and so the importance of the geometric amplification effect is greatest whenever the phase difference between P0 and P2 is small.
Corticotropin-releasing factor activates c-fos, NGFI-B, and corticotropin-releasing factor gene expression within the paraventricular nucleus of the rat hypothalamus.

Studies examining the regulation of hypothalamic CRF biosynthesis have provided substantial information regarding the relevance of this peptide in neuroendocrine homeostasis. However, the consequences of elevated CRF levels within the mammalian central nervous system on regulation of CRF production within the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus remain unclear. The expression of the immediate early gene c-fos has been used and validated as a marker for neural systems activated by a variety of extracellular stimuli and has been especially useful when examining activation of central neuroendocrine systems such as those involved in the response to stressful stimuli. The present study investigates the effects of injecting CRF into the lateral ventricle of conscious rats, firstly on the expression of two separate immediate early genes, c-fos and NGFI-B within the hypothalamic PVN, and secondly on the expression of CRF mRNA itself, as determined by quantitative in situ hybridization. Expression of ...
TNF potentiates anticancer activity of bortezomib (Velcade) through reduced expression of proteasome subunits and dysregulation of unfolded protein response

Bortezomib (Velcade) exploits proteasome inhibition as a unique mechanism of anticancer activity. The effectiveness of bortezomib is, however, limited, therefore, the search for therapeutic regimens combining bortezomib with other agents. In the present work we demonstrate enhanced anticancer activity of bortezomib by its combination with tumor necrosis factor (TNF) in the experimental model of C-26 colon carcinoma in mice. This interaction likely relies on the induction of a dysregulated response to ER stress, leading to apoptosis of cancer cells, evidenced by caspase-3 cleavage, p53 accumulation as well as increased SAPK/JNK phosphorylation. ER stress induced by the combination of TNF and bortezomib is corroborated by upregulation of BiP, PDI and calnexin as well as cleavage of caspase-12; however, in contrast to the classic pathway, it is also associated with decreased phosphorylation of eIF2 alpha and prevention of XBP-1 splicing. TNF prevented the upregulation of Hsp27 induced by bortezomib, which may contribute to enhanced ER stress. Moreover, TNF interfered with bortezomib-induced upregulation of distinct subunits of the 26S proteasome. Bortezomib concentration used in this study was not sufficient to prevent TNF from inducing nuclear translocation of p65/RelA; however, the combination of both agents reduced total p65/RelA levels. Combined treatment of tumor-bearing mice with bortezomib and TNF not only inhibited tumor growth but also significantly prolonged animal survival. Therefore, combination of bortezomib with TNF is an attractive option for further clinical studies.
Heat transfer in boundary-layer flows past a flat plate with a step-in wall-heat flux

Abstract The problem of heat transfer from a flat plate having a step in wall heat flux is investigated directly, rather than by superposition of step wall temperature solutions. The results obtained in this way have a concise form which is much better suited for making superposition calculations than results given by the latter method. Numerical results of the two methods are in good agreement.
Frame analysis with panel zone deformation

Abstract Conventional analyses of frameworks are usually carried out without considering the effect of panel zone deformation on frame behavior. As a result, center-to-center distances rather than clear spans are used for the lengths of the members. As is evident from experimental studies, the effect of panel zone deformation has a pronounced influence on frame behavior. In particular, the strength and drift of the frame will be affected if panel zone deformation is taken into consideration in the analysis. In this paper, various deformation modes of the panel zone are identified. A simple model which can be used to represent all these modes is then presented. The validity of this model is established by comparison with experiments on joint subassemblages. Finally, a two-bar frame with different behavioral joint models is analyzed numerically to demonstrate the importance of using realistic models in frame analysis.