cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Intracerebral hemorrhage: pathophysiology and management.

Objectives To review the pathophysiologic basis for intensive care management of patients with intracerebral hematoma and to present management strategies based on that analysis. Data sources Review of English language scientific and clinical literature using BRS Colleague search. Study selection Pertinent literature was selected to demonstrate physiologic principles, the clinical presentation, and the natural history of intracerebral hematoma. All clinical treatment trials were reviewed. Data extraction Literature was reviewed to summarize physiologic principles and the results of clinical trials. The suggested medical management is based on the results of clinical trials and the applications of pathophysiologic principles. Data synthesis Spontaneous intracerebral hematomas acutely increase intracranial volume and reduce intracranial compliance, thus potentially increasing intracranial pressure and reducing cerebral perfusion. Therefore, any physiologic perturbation that could increase cerebral blood volume (hypercarbia, hypoxia, vasodilation) or reduce cerebral perfusion (hypotension) should be avoided. Acute hypertension may be a response to increased intracranial pressure and should be treated conservatively. Treatment of increased intracranial pressure is accomplished initially with hyperventilation, but this approach should be replaced rapidly with cerebrospinal fluid drainage alone or in combination with osmotic therapy employing diuretics, osmotic agents, or hypertonic saline to produce a state of hyperosmolality and euvolemia. Although the role of surgery remains controversial, it may be helpful in selected patients. Careful attention to pulmonary and metabolic status and to the consequences of therapy is required. Outcome is primarily determined by hemorrhage size, location, and initial level of consciousness. Stereotaxic aspiration of hematomas is a promising new therapy. Conclusions The primary injury from intracerebral hemorrhage is exacerbated by disturbed intracranial physiology. Management should include principles that improve intracranial compliance and reduce intracranial pressure.
A Review of The Wisdom of Whores: Bureaucrats, Brothels and the Business of AIDS

Review of: The Wisdom of Whores: Bureaucrats, Brothels and the Business of AID S; Elizabeth Pisani; (2008) . W. W. Norton & Co., New York. 372 pages.
In front of us

The care of patients is an information-intensive activity in which a large number of decisions must be made. Through the support of more rapid, less expensive, and better decisions, workstations can contribute positively to the science, the art, and the economics of health-care. They have greatest potential value when they have access to a large amount of information relevant to the decisions which must be made jointly by patients and their care providers. Technological and psychological barriers to the acceptance of workstations are becoming increasingly surmountable. Workstations may increase patients' satisfaction with the care they are provided, reduce the total cost of care, and reduce the cost of clinical information to third parties, by economically enabling comprehensive, up-to-date, and accurate medical records from which information can be rapidly and cheaply extracted and made accessible to all who need to use it.
Development and Validation of a Mathematical Model of Microfilm Formation in Atomization Cooling of Micromachining

Traditional flood cooling processes can cause problems in micromachining due to the collision force between the fluid stream and the tool being greater in magnitude than the cutting forces. The traditional processes produce insufficient cooling rates and are unable to effectively evacuate chips from the cutting zone. Atomization-based cooling addresses these issues through high evaporative cooling rates, low impact forces, and the use of a high velocity air stream to clear the cutting zone of chips. This paper presents a probabilistic model to determine the thickness of a microfilm forming on a rotating cylindrical surface, such as a microturning workpiece or a microendmill, and the relative importance of system parameters on film formation. The rate of microfilm formation is dependent upon droplet losses in the tube, at the nozzle, and the scatter of the atomized spray. Droplet diameters and Weber numbers in the tube and at the cylinder were experimentally determined and modeled as lognormally distributed. Parameters investigated in this model are fluid and mist properties (surface tension and droplet size) and system parameters (delivery tube air velocity, spray air velocity, spray geometry, cylinder diameter, and cylinder rotational velocity). A maximum film thickness effect was found for the variables of delivery tube velocity, droplet diameter, and surface tension with a value for each variable that provided a thickest film. As the variables increased or decreased from that value the film thickness decreased.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Catalytic CO2 Hydrogenation to Formate by a Ruthenium Pincer Complex

This paper reports the hydrogenation of carbon dioxide to formate catalyzed by the Ru pincer complex Ru(PNN)CO(H) (PNN = 6-(di-tert-butylphosphinomethylene)-2-(N,N-diethylaminomethyl)-1,6-dihydropyridine). Stoichiometric studies are presented that support the feasibility of the individual steps in a proposed catalytic cycle for this transformation. The influence of base and solvent on catalyst performance is explored. Overall, under optimized conditions (using diglyme as the solvent and potassium carbonate as the base) up to 23,000 turnovers of formate and a turnover frequency of up to 2,200 h–1 can be achieved.
Towards practicable sensors using one-dimensional nanostructures

Nanomaterials, including nanoparticles, nanowires, nanotubes etc., are the object of much well deserving attention by researchers and the public alike. Because of their novel properties associated with their typically large surface to volume ratios and finite- or quantum-size effects, they offer an avenue of exploration for new and interesting physics, chemistry, biology and materials science. Before it is possible to take advantage of these materials, an understanding of their fundamental properties is needed. Even with an understanding of these properties, in order to create practicable devices, the details of how changes in these fundamental properties (e.g., band-structures) manifest themselves as changes in practically measurable properties (e.g., the current-voltage characteristics) is needed. This review article will examine some recent work that focused on these issues. The first topic is the use of mats of gold-nanoparticle-decorated GaN nanowires as a gas sensor. The second and third developed the theory of using carbon nanotubes as elements of real-world sensors for ions and magnetic fields.
Dynamics of a microcapillary discharge plasma using a soft x-ray laser backlighter

We have used the new technique of soft x-ray laser shadowgraphy in combination with traditional plasma emission spectroscopy and theoretical modeling to study the dynamics of a plasma column created by a discharge through a 380 mm diameter evacuated microcapillary. The transient microcapillary plasma was imaged with high-spatial and temporal resolution using a tabletop discharge pumped 46.9-nm laser backlighter. Model computations show that the sharp boundary observed between the absorbent and transparent regions of the shadowgrams is defined by the spatial distribution of weakly ionized ions that are strongly photoionized by the probe laser. The plasma was observed to rapidly evolve from an initially nonuniform distribution into a column with good azimuthal symmetry and minimum density on axis [computed electron density on axis n(e)=(1-3)x10(19) cm(-3)]. This concave electron density profile constitutes a plasma waveguide for laser radiation. Heated solely by Joule dissipation from relatively small excitation currents (1.5 kA), this dense plasma reaches substantial electron temperatures of T(e)=15-20 eV as a result of the absence of significant hydrodynamic losses and reduced radiation losses caused by large spectral line opacities. The results illustrate the potential of tabletop soft x-ray lasers as a new plasma diagnostic tool.
Locating a High-Volume Memory Device Fabrication Facility: A Global Study

This project assessed the costs associated with wafer fabrication and developed a heuristic for general semiconductor site decisions. After studying several theoretical models, the Capstone team used discrete choice analysis and the multinomial conditional logit model for its evaluation. Using empirical research, the team identified a set of variables that may have influenced past location decisions. These variables were used in the model to compare the likelihood of locating in one country among a set of possible choices. The team approximated the conditional logit model with the statistical package SAS/STAT and assessed the results for statistical merit and possible conclusions. The completed analytical framework identified capital subsidies, water availability, and labor quality as the influential variables based on statistical significance. This project is a joint effort between student teams from the Darden School of Business and the School of Engineering and Applied Science at the University of Virginia.
Dendritic cells in the recognition of intestinal microbiota

Mucosal dendritic cells (DCs) constantly survey the luminal microenvironment which contains commensal microbiota and potentially harmful organisms regulating pathogen recognition and adaptive as well as innate defense activation. Distinct mechanisms are beginning to emerge by which intestinal antigen sampling and handling is achieved ensuring specificity and contributing to redundancy in pathogen detection. Distinct DC subsets are associated with these mechanisms and regulate specific innate or adaptive immune responses to help distinguish between commensal microbiota, pathogens and self antigens. Understanding DC biology in the mucosal immune system may contribute to the unraveling of infection routes of intestinal pathogens and may aid in developing novel vaccines and therapeutic strategies for the treatment of infectious and inflammatory diseases.
Torsion and flexure of a prismatic isotropic beam using the boundary element method

Abstract A boundary element solution procedure is developed for studying the coupled torsion and flexure problem of an isotropic beam having an arbitrary cross section. The torsion and flexure problems are formulated using the St. Venant semi-inverse method. The development of the boundary element procedure for the solution of the coupled flexure–torsion problem is presented. A three-node isoparametric boundary element is used to allow an accurate geometric representation of cross-sections having curved boundaries. A formulation for calculation of the cross-sectional geometrical properties (centroid, area, moments of inertia, etc.) and the elastic properties (shear center location, shear correction factor, torsional rigidity) is shown. A formulation is developed for shear stress calculation at any point in the cross section. Numerical results for cross-sectional geometric and elastic properties of six different cross-sectional shapes and shear stress calculations are presented to demonstrate the efficiency and accuracy of the method.
Functionally specific renal sympathetic nerve fibers: role in cardiovascular regulation

The sympathetic nervous system provides differentiated regulation of the functions of various organs. This differentiated regulation occurs through mechanisms that operate at multiple sites within the classic reflex arc: peripherally at the level of afferent input stimuli to various reflex pathways, centrally at the level of interconnections between various central neuron pools, and peripherally at the level of efferent fibers targeted to various effectors within the organ. In the kidney, increased renal sympathetic nerve activity regulates the functions of the intrarenal effectors: the tubules, the blood vessels, and the juxtaglomerular granular cells. This enables a physiologically appropriate coordination between the circulatory, filtration, reabsorptive, excretory, and renin secretory contributions to overall renal function. Anatomically, each of these effectors has a dual pattern of innervation consisting of a specific and selective innervation by unmyelinated slowly conducting C-type renal sympathetic nerve fibers and an innervation that is shared among all the effectors. This arrangement facilitates maximum flexibility in the coordination of the tubules, the blood vessels, and the juxtaglomerular granular cells so as to produce physiologically appropriate responses to a variety of homeostatic requirements.
A Helix-Spindle model for ontological engineering

Using a forward-lockstep build-test process that combines theoretic and pragmatic approaches to ontology building.
Synchronization state buffer: supporting efficient fine-grain synchronization on many-core architectures

Efficient fine-grain synchronization is extremely important to effectively harness the computational power of many-core architectures. However, designing and implementing finegrain synchronization in such architectures presents several challenges, including issues of synchronization induced overhead, storage cost, scalability, and the level of granularity to which synchronization is applicable. This paper proposes the Synchronization State Buffer (SSB), a scalable architectural design for fine-grain synchronization that efficiently performs synchronizations between concurrent threads. The design of SSB is motivated by the following observation: at any instance during the parallel execution only a small fraction of memory locations are actively participating in synchronization. Based on this observation we present a fine-grain synchronization design that records and manages the states of frequently synchronized data using modest hardware support. We have implemented the SSB design in the context of the 160-core IBM Cyclops-64 architecture. Using detailed simulation, we present our experience for a set of benchmarks with different workload characteristics.
Logo and cognition: A theoretical foundation ☆

Abstract Despite a growing body of research on the cognitive effects of Logo, a clear theoretical foundation for such study has not emerged. This paper presents a Sternbergian theoretical foundation for the investigation of cognitive effects of Logo environments (including a rationale for expecting such effects) and reviews research relevant to validating the efficacy of this foundation. Although firm conclusions cannot be drawn from this research corpus, initial results appear promising, and it is suggested that those responsible for implementations and investigations of Logo environments consider utilizing Sternberg's (1985) componential theory as a theoretical base.
Infant behaviors influence mothers' provision of responsive and directive behaviors.

Mother–infant interactions are important to infant development because they are predictive of infants’ social, cognitive, and language development (Lamb, Bornstein, & Teti, 2002; Tamis-LeMonda, Bornstein, & Baumwell, 2001). Because maternal responsive and directive behaviors are associated with differential infant outcomes, it is important to investigate influences on mothers’ provision of responsive and directive behaviors. Yet, the dyadic interaction literature is predominantly unidirectional from maternal behavior to infant outcomes. Therefore, the current study examined infant initiating behaviors and consequent maternal responses in a sample of 26 13-month-old infants and their mothers, videotaped during 5 min of free-play. Findings revealed that infants produced a variety of initiatives, and that these different infant initiatives prompted differential patterns of maternal responsive versus directive behaviors. Further, results of analyses of divergent types of maternal directive behaviors – Responsive Directives, ReDirectives, and Intrusive Directives – also may help clarify major discrepancies in the current literature regarding the positive and negative effects of maternal directiveness.
A scheme for lunar inner core detection

[1] Very precise measurements of the lunar gravity field could detect a solid inner core. For synchronous rotation, the equator planes of the inner core and mantle should be tilted with respect to the ecliptic plane and precess along that plane with the same 18.6 yr period. Generally, two different tilts would cause a static inner core gravity field to appear as small periodic (27.212 d) variations in the mantle-referenced C21 and S21 coefficients. Tidal variations also contribute to the C21 variation so a much improved k2 Love number would be required. Model computations suggest that the inner core signature is likely to be very small requiring sensitive gravity measurements. In principle, a signature analogous to the Moon's should be present for other synchronous satellites with interior liquid layers and also Mercury.
The knowledge system of a firm: social capital for explicit, tacit and potential knowledge

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to bring clarity to the concept of social capital in the value creation in firms from the knowledge management perspective. To discuss the social characteristics of different types of knowledge.Design/methodology/approach – Based on a review of the literature, it is argued that different types of knowledge have the distinctive logic of value creation and social capital. Social capital is seen as a network of individuals with shared norms, beliefs and trust.Findings – The social network structure for explicit knowledge is centralized and maintained by clearly defined rules, beliefs in high quality and trust in organizational hierarchy. The social network structure for tacit knowledge is distributed and maintained by the norms of reciprocity, beliefs in lifelong learning and an incremental trust. Finally, the social network structure for emergent, potential knowledge is decentralized and maintained by liberal norms, beliefs in innovativeness and an enabling type of tru...
Differential Regulation of Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase and Nuclear Factor-κB Signal Transduction Pathways by Hydrogen Peroxide and Tumor Necrosis Factor

Abstract Reactive oxygen metabolites are increasingly recognized for their ability to stimulate signal transduction pathways. This is important because these oxidants are frequently generated at sites of inflammation. However, little is known about the manner in which reactive oxygen species may selectively stimulate distinct signaling pathways. We have examined this question by stimulating mesothelial cells with hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) as a model oxidant stimulus. The response to H 2 O 2 was examined by measuring the activation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2) and the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signal transduction pathways. We found that H 2 O 2 stimulated activity of the ERK1/2 pathway in a dose- and time-dependent manner. The ability of H 2 O 2 to activate ERK1/2 was similar to that found with tumor necrosis factor (TNF) stimulation. The oxidant effect was inhibited by various reactive oxygen scavengers. An inhibitor of mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase, the upstream kinase that activates ERK1/2, inhibited the oxidant effect. The superoxide anion (O 2 − ) also stimulated ERK1/2 activity. In contrast, H 2 O 2 did not stimulate proteolysis of IκB-α and induced only a small degree of NF-κB nuclear translocation. Stimulation of the cells with O 2 − also induced a minimal degree of NF-κB activation. TNF was a potent stimulus for IκB-α proteolysis and NF-κB activation, demonstrating that the cells did have a functional NF-κB pathway. These results suggest that oxidants may selectively stimulate certain pathways, thereby preserving some specificity of the signaling process. Furthermore, different cell types and distinct signaling pathways within cells may demonstrate unique profiles in the manner in which they respond to oxidant stimulation.
Estimation of Cellular Adhesion Forces Using Mean Field Theory

A complete understanding of the interaction of the cell with the surrounding substrate requires a quantitative understanding of the force with which they adhere to the matrix. Using mean field theory, we provide a new and robust method to calculate this force of cellular adhesion to a ligand coated substrate in a system that contains receptors, ligands and solvent. Our calculations incorporate molecular conformations, long and short range interactions and solvent entropic effects that regulate adhesion in native environments. The results of our calculations provide a set of testable quantitative predictions that will guide future experimental endeavors.
Perception of disease severity in adolescents diagnosed with neurofibromatosis type 1

Abstract Purpose To examine the relationship between adolescents' families' perception of the severity of neurofibromatosis (NF1) and the clinical severity of NF1, a genetic condition with variable manifestations. Methods The Perception of Severity of Chronic Illness (PSCI) questionnaire was administered to 56 parents of 47 adolescents with NF1. Each participant was asked one open-ended question regarding the challenges of living with NF1. Scores assessing the clinical severity of NF1 were assigned by health care providers in the NF Clinic. Correlation coefficients and paired t -test were used to evaluate the relationship between the clinical severity and the families' perceptions. Qualitative data were reviewed and grouped into themes. Results Parental perceptions were correlated with the degree of medical (r = 0.3116, p p p p p p Conclusions Families dealing with more medical, cognitive, and behavioral complications of NF1 perceive the impact of the condition on daily life as being greater than those families with fewer complications. The quantitative and qualitative results of this study have several implications for the clinical care of adolescents with NF1 and their families.
Center-surround organization in bipolar cells: symmetry for opposing contrasts.

Intracellular recordings were obtained from 73 cone-driven bipolar cells in the light-adapted retina of the tiger salamander ( Ambystoma tigrinum ). Responses to flashes of negative and positive contrast for centered spots and concentric annuli of optimum spatial dimensions were analyzed as a function of contrast magnitude. For both depolarizing and hyperpolarizing bipolar cells, it was found that remarkably similar responses were observed for the center and surround when comparisons were made between responses of the same response polarity and thus, responses to opposite contrast polarity. Thus, spatial information and contrast polarity appear to be rather strongly confounded in many bipolar cells. As a rule, the form of the contrast/response curves for center and surround approximated mirror images of each other. Contrast gain and C 50 (the contrast required for half-maximal response) were quantitatively similar for center and surround when comparisons were made for responses of the same response polarity. The average contrast gain of the bipolar cell surround was 3–5 times higher than that measured for horizontal cells. Contrast/latency measurements and interactions between flashed spots and annuli showed that the surround response is delayed by 20–80 ms with respect to that of the receptive-field center. Cones showed no evidence for center-surround antagonism while for bipolar cells, the average strength of the surround ranged from about 50% to 155% of the center, depending on the test and response polarity. The results of experiments on the effects of APB (100 μM) on depolarizing bipolar cells suggest that the relative contribution of the feedback pathway (horizontal cell to cones) and the feedforward pathway (horizontal cell to bipolar cell) to the bipolar surround varies in a distributed manner across the bipolar cell population.
Dependent Venous Contrast Pooling and Layering: A Sign of Imminent Cardiogenic Shock

1All authors: Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Health Systems and University of Michigan Hospitals, B1 132F Taubman Center, 1500 E Medical Center Dr., TC 2910, Ann Arbor, MI 48109. Address correspondence to P. Cronin. ontrast-enhanced CT is widely used for assessment of a broad spectrum of thoracic and abdominal conditions. Findings of sudden cardiac arrest during CT examination have been reported [1]. Lack of flow during a fully arrested state causes pooling and layering of contrast material in the major dependent areas of the venous system, such as the inferior vena cava (IVC) and the major tributaries of the hepatic veins. We describe two cases of dependent venous contrast pooling shown on CT as early indicators of imminent circulatory failure and death.
Heating and freezing experiments on aqueous fluid inclusions in anhydrite: Recognition and effects of stretching and the low-temperature formation of gypsum

Aqueous fluid inclusions in anhydrite that are frozen during microthermometry commonly develop new daughter crystals. Heating these inclusions induces the new daughter crystals to decompose. Repeated cycles of crystal growth and decomposition may result in morphological changes of the fluid inclusions. This phenomenon of new mineral growth, presumed to represent the low-temperature hydrate, gypsum, has been recognized for over 20 years. Nevertheless, its occurrence and its significance to the determination of inclusion salinities are not widely appreciated. Similarly, the potential of inclusions in anhydrite to stretch when overheated is commonly assumed, yet tests demonstrating the phenomenon have not been reported. Changes in the ice melting temperature of aqueous inclusions in anhydrite before and after gypsum formation were documented, showing that hydration of the host anhydrite may significantly lower the ice melting temperature and increase the salinity of the residual inclusion fluid. Heating inclusions to induce gypsum to decompose results in the release of bound water, restoring the inclusions to their original salinity. The homogenization temperatures of inclusions that have undergone these phenomena are generally unchanged, indicating that the inclusions' specific volumes are unchanged. However, heating aqueous inclusions in anhydrite more than ten degrees or so above their homogenization temperature commonly results in stretching. Therefore, those who study aqueous inclusions in anhydrite must avoid the determination of ice melting temperatures if new gypsum daughter crystals are present, and must determine homogenization temperatures sequentially with rising temperature to avoid overheating and stretching.
Regulation of the human P-selectin promoter by Bcl-3 and specific homodimeric members of the NF-kappa B/Rel family.

P-selectin, an adhesion receptor for leukocytes, is constitutively expressed by megakaryocytes and endothelial cells. Synthesis of P-selectin is also increased by some inflammatory mediators. We characterized a previously identified κB site (-218GGGGGTGACCCC-207) in the promoter of the human P-selectin gene. The κB site was unique in that it bound constitutive nuclear protein complexes containing p50 or p52, but not inducible nuclear protein complexes containing p65. Furthermore, the element bound recombinant p50 or p52 homodimers, but not p65 homodimers. Methylation interference analysis indicated that p50 or p52 homodimers contacted the guanines at positions −218 to −214 on the coding strand and at −210 to −207 on the noncoding strand. Changes in the three central residues at −213 to −211 altered binding specificity for members of the NF-κB/Rel family. Mutations that eliminated binding to NF-κB/Rel proteins reduced by ~40% the expression of a reporter gene driven by the P-selectin promoter in transfected bovine aortic endothelial cells. Overexpression of p52 enhanced P-selectin promoter activity, and co-overexpression of Bcl-3 further induced promoter activity in a κB site-dependent manner. In contrast, overexpression of p50 repressed promoter activity; this repression was prevented by co-overexpression of Bcl-3. Similar phenomena were observed with reporter gene constructs driven by two tandem P-selectin κB sequences linked to the SV40 minimal promoter. These data suggest that Bcl-3 differentially regulates the effects of p50 and p52 homodimers bound to the κB site of the P-selectin promoter. This site may be a prototype for κB elements in other genes that bind specifically to p50 and/or p52 homodimers.
Impact of Metals on Macroinvertebrate Assemblages in the Forgotten Stretch of the Rio Grande

The objective of this study was to examine how changes in the benthic macroinvertebrate community structure and a variety of abiotic variables, such as conductivity and sediment metal concentrations, are modified along the Forgotten River stretch of the Rio Grande. This stretch receives industrial effluent, raw sewage, and agricultural return flow from the El Paso (TX, USA)-Ciudad Juarez (CHI, Mexico) metroplex and then flows relatively undisturbed for 320 km before its next significant input. The high degree of use, followed by the 320-km undisturbed stretch, makes the Forgotten River a unique study site to examine downstream attenuation of contaminants and other abiotic variables to determine their potential effects on macroinvertebrates. Five different sites along the Forgotten Stretch were sampled over a 2-year period. Metal concentrations were low throughout the stretch and were predominantly correlated to percent sediment organic matter rather than explained spatially. Several sensitive invertebrate species, such as Leptophlebiidae, increased in relative abundance downstream, whereas the percentage of tolerant invertebrates decreased. Nonmetric multidimensional scaling separated the macroinvertebrate communities upstream from those downstream, with the more sensitive species being found predominantly downstream and more tolerant taxa associated upstream. Additionally, there was a distinct seasonal gradient to the community. The most important drivers of the community assemblage appear to be distance downstream and seasonality, as well as water conductivity and concentrations of sediment cadmium, which was the only metal that exceeded protective criteria. This study did not provide evidence of the downstream attenuation of heavy metals in the sediments in the Forgotten Stretch; however, downstream changes in macroinvertebrates toward more sensitive taxa suggests that other, unmeasured contaminants might be affecting biological communities in this isolated stretch of an international waterway.
Effect of vitamin E on reoxygenation injury experienced by isolated rat hepatocytes.

Abstract The pathogenic role of lipid peroxidation in the reperfusion injury of the liver is still controversial. This study was performed to determine whether the damage caused by oxygen free radicals during reoxygenation in perfused rat hepatocytes is related to lipid peroxidation. Superoxide anion was detected by lucigenin-enhanced chemiluminescence. Lipid peroxidation and cell injury were assessed by the release of malondialdehyde and lactic dehydrogenase. Upon reoxygenation following 2.5 h of anoxia, isolated hepatocytes generated considerable amount of O 2− . Following O 2− formation, a significant increase in malondialdehyde release was measured. Cell injury was temporally delayed relative to O 2− generation, but preceded the occurence of a significant lipid peroxidation. Treatment with Vitamin E abolished lipid peroxidation but had no effect upon superoxide anion formation and cell injury. These results suggest that in perfused rat hepatocytes non-peroxidative mechanisms are more important than peroxidative mechanisms in the pathogenesis of the early phases of reoxygenation injury.
Boundary-layer separation at a free streamline. Part 1. Two-dimensional flow

The boundary-layer flow just upstream of the trailing edge of a flat plate is studied when a free streamline is attached to the edge. The separation at the edge occurs with an infinitely favourable pressure gradient and is characterized by a skin friction which is proportional to the inverse eighth power of the distance from the edge. The proportionality factor for the first-order term is independent of the upstream boundary-layer flow. The streamwise velocity profile at separation is non-analytic near the wall Y = 0, and starts with the term .
Molecular mechanisms underlying K+ current downregulation in canine tachycardia-induced heart failure

Heart failure (HF) is characterized by marked prolongation of action potential duration and reduction in cellular repolarization reserve. These changes are caused in large part by HF-induced K+ cur...
Empirical Bernstein Boosting

Concentration inequalities that incorporate variance information (such as Bernstein’s or Bennett’s inequality) are often significantly tighter than counterparts (such as Hoeffding’s inequality) that disregard variance. Nevertheless, many state of the art machine learning algorithms for classification problems like AdaBoost and support vector machines (SVMs) extensively use Hoeffding’s inequalities to justify empirical risk minimization and its variants. This article proposes a novel boosting algorithm based on a recently introduced principle—sample variance penalization—which is motivated from an empirical version of Bernstein’s inequality. This framework leads to an efficient algorithm that is as easy to implement as AdaBoost while producing a strict generalization. Experiments on a large number of datasets show significant performance gains over AdaBoost. This paper shows that sample variance penalization could be a viable alternative to empirical risk minimization.
Liquid‐Phase Catalytic Transfer Hydrogenation of Furfural over Homogeneous Lewis Acid–Ru/C Catalysts

The catalytic performance of homogeneous Lewis acid catalysts and their interaction with Ru/C catalyst are studied in the catalytic transfer hydrogenation of furfural by using 2-propanol as a solvent and hydrogen donor. We find that Lewis acid catalysts hydrogenate the furfural to furfuryl alcohol, which is then etherified with 2-propanol. The catalytic activity is correlated with an empirical scale of Lewis acid strength and exhibits a volcano behavior. Lanthanides are the most active, with DyCl3 giving complete furfural conversion and a 97 % yield of furfuryl alcohol at 180 °C after 3 h. The combination of Lewis acid and Ru/C catalysts results in synergy for the stronger Lewis acid catalysts, with a significant increase in the furfural conversion and methyl furan yield. Optimum results are obtained by using Ru/C combined with VCl3 , AlCl3 , SnCl4 , YbCl3 , and RuCl3 . Our results indicate that the combination of Lewis acid/metal catalysts is a general strategy for performing tandem reactions in the upgrade of furans.
Changes in symptom reflux association using dynamic pH thresholds during ambulatory pH monitoring: an observational cross‐sectional study

Symptom reflux association (SRA) assesses symptoms associated with reflux events defined by pH <4.0, but limited symptoms associate with reflux events. We evaluated the impact of alternate pH thresholds on SRA in a large ambulatory pH database. Acid exposure time (AET), reflux events, and associated symptoms (within 2 minutes following a reflux event) were extracted from ambulatory pH studies performed off antireflux therapy (722 patients, 49.1 ± 0.5 years, 66.8% F) over a 7-year period. Symptom association probability (SAP) and symptom index (SI) were calculated at pH 3.5, 4.0, 4.5, and 5. Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) were generated using SRA at any pH as gold standard; areas under the curve (AUCs) were determined. Discordant cases were reanalyzed to determine changes in SRA and predictors of change using multivariate regression. At pH 4.0, 41% had a positive SAP, and 34% had a positive SI. While there was sustained gain in SI positivity from acidic to more weakly acidic pH thresholds, SAP positivity was highest at pH 4.5. On ROC analysis, performance characteristics were best at pH 4.0 (AUC 0.97) for SAP, and at pH 4.5 and 5.0 (AUC 0.92-0.94) for SI. On multivariate logistic regression adjusting for age, gender, and change in AET and reflux events, only number of associated symptoms predicted change in SRA (P < 0.0001). Changing pH thresholds for reflux events augments SRA by increasing reflux events associated with existing symptoms, while symptom recording remains the principal determinant of SRA.
Synthesis and in vitro evaluation of new analogues as inhibitors for phosphodiesterase 10A

Abstract A series of analogues were synthesized by optimizing the structure of papaverine. The in vitro PDE10A binding affinity (IC50) values for these new analogues were measured; for compounds that have IC50 value less than 60 nM for PDE10A, the binding affinities (IC50 value) for PDE3A and PDE3B were tested. Of these analogues, compounds 6a, 6b, 6n, 8b, 8c and 11 displayed relatively higher PDE10A potency with IC50 value in the range of 28–60 nM. The most potent compound 1-(4-(2-(2-fluoroethoxy)ethoxy)-3-methoxybenzyl)-6,7-dimethoxyisoquinoline (8c) has the IC50 value of 28 ± 1.2 nM for PDE10A, 2200 ± 437 nM for PDE3A and 2520 ± 210 nM for PDE3B. Compared to papaverine, compound 8c displayed similar PDE10A potency but improved selectivity to PDE10A versus PDE3A and PDE3B. To identify high potent PDE10A inhibitor, further optimization of the structures of these analogues is necessary.
Evaluating diagnostic accuracy in appendicitis using administrative data.

Background Research techniques using administrative data have been used to assess quality of care in the management of appendicitis, but their validity has not been assessed. This study assessed the validity of a research technique using administrative data to determine whether patients undergoing an appendectomy actually had appendicitis or if they had a negative appendectomy (NA). Materials and methods A retrospective study of patients at Group Health Cooperative of Puget Sound undergoing appendectomy from 1991–1999 was conducted to compare the accuracy of administrative codes with data abstracted from medical records. Results Of 1823 nonincidental appendectomies (mean age 31 ± 18.6 years, 49.6% female), 280 did not have appendicitis by criteria applied to administrative data (15.4%). The accuracy of this method for determining appendicitis was determined by medical record evaluation revealing sensitivity (98.6%), specificity (48.6%), positive predictive value for appendicitis (83.8%), and negative predictive value for NA (70.4%). When the administrative-data technique did not classify a patient as having had appendicitis, chart-abstracted data indicated appendicitis in 6.4%, and an incorrectly labeled incidental appendectomy in 23.2%. The administrative-data technique for detecting NA erroneously included many cases of incidental appendectomy and missed many cases of clinically confirmed NA. More than half of clinical NAs were missed by the administrative technique. Conclusions In this setting, the sensitivity of administrative-data techniques for the detection of appendicitis was excellent, but their adequacy for identifying patients undergoing NA was limited. The use of this technique as a quality measure should be reconsidered.
Modeling of dual frequency capacitively coupled plasma sources utilizing a full-wave Maxwell solver: II. Scaling with pressure, power and electronegativity

The trend in dielectric etching in microelectronics fabrication with capacitively coupled plasmas is the use of multiple frequencies where a high frequency (HF, tens to hundreds of MHz) dominates ionization and a low frequency (LF, a few to tens MHz) is used to control ion energy distributions to the wafer. Process parameters, such as pressure, gas mixture and LF and HF power deposition, are important to determining the uniformity of the plasma and properties of ions incident on the wafer. In this paper, we report on a computational investigation of the consequences of these parameters on uniformity and ion energy distributions to the wafer in a dual frequency capacitively coupled plasma reactor sustained in Ar/CF4 gas mixtures. Due to the coupling of finite wavelength, electromagnetic skin, electrostatic edge and electronegative effects, there are no simple scaling laws for plasma uniformity. The plasma uniformity is ultimately a function of conductivity and energy relaxation distance of electrons accelerated by electric fields in and near the sheath. There is a strong second-order effect on uniformity due to feedback from the electron energy distributions (EEDs) to ionization sources. The trends from our parametric study are correlated with the spatial variation of the HF electric field, to the total power deposition and to the spatial variation of EEDs and ionization sources.
Congenital Midline Nasofrontal Mass Two Case Reports With a Clinical Review

Because of aberrant embryologic development, encephalocele, nasal dermoid, and glioma may present as a nasofrontal midline mass in a newborn infant. Though uncommon, vascular malformation or hemangioma in the nasofrontal region may present similarly. The correct diagnosis and early management of a nasofrontal mass is imperative because complications such as brain herniation, hypertelorism, or cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea may ensue, resulting in poor facial or visual development, recurrent meningitis, and brain abscess. Nasofrontal encephalocele and midline frontal vascular malformation are rare congenital abnormalities presenting as a midline nasofrontal mass. We report two neonatal cases, one a frontoethmoidal encephalocele and another, a frontal vascular malformation. Both had uncomplicated surgical interventions. The physical findings and clinical review are presented. The diagnostic approach toward midline nasofrontal mass is discussed.
Extracting geometry from digital models in a cultural heritage digital library

This paper describes research to enhance the integration between digital models and the services provided by the document management systems of digital libraries. Processing techniques designed for XML texts are applied to X3D models, allowing specific geometry to be automatically retrieved and displayed. The research demonstrates that models designed on object-oriented paradigms are most easily exploited by XML document management systems.
SISCOM in children with tuberous sclerosis complex-related epilepsy.

Identification of a single epileptogenic focus in patients with tuberous sclerosis complex is a challenge. Noninvasive imaging modalities, including subtraction ictal single-photon emission computed tomography coregistered to magnetic resonance imaging (SISCOM), have been used to determine the dominant epileptogenic focus for surgical resection. We assessed whether complete resection of SISCOM hyperperfusion abnormality correlates with seizure-free outcome in 6 children with tuberous sclerosis complex-related epilepsy. The median seizure onset age was 4 months (range 1 day to 16 months). The age at surgery ranged from 8 months to 13 years. A dominant SISCOM hyperperfusion focus was identified in 5 patients with multiple tubers. SISCOM provided additional localizing information for epilepsy surgery in 3 patients with nonlocalizing or discordant electrophysiologic and neuroimaging findings. At a minimum of 2 years’ follow-up, 3 patients were free of seizures overall. Freedom from seizures was associated with complete resection of SISCOM abnormality in 2 patients. These findings demonstrate that SISCOM can be useful in identifying the epileptogenic zone and in guiding the location and extent of epilepsy surgery in children with tuberous sclerosis complex and multifocal abnormalities. In children with tuberous sclerosis complex and intractable epilepsy, complete resection of the SISCOM hyperperfusion abnormality is associated with freedom from seizures.
Molecular characterization, reactivation, and depletion of latent HIV

Antiretroviral therapy is unable to eliminate HIV infection in a small, long-lived population of latently infected T cells, providing a source for renewed viral replication following cessation of therapy. Analysis of individual latently infected cells generated in the SCID-hu (Thy/Liv) mouse demonstrated no functional viral RNA produced in the latent state. Following reactivation viral expression was dramatically increased, rendering the infected cells susceptible to an anti-HIV immunotoxin. Treatment with the immunotoxin in conjunction with agents that activate virus expression without inducing cell division (IL-7 or the non-tumor-promoting phorbol ester prostratin) depleted the bulk of the latent reservoir and left uninfected cells able to respond to subsequent costimulation. We demonstrate that activation of latent virus is required for targeting by antiviral agents and provide the basis for future therapeutic strategies to eradicate the latent reservoir.
External factors impacting hospital evacuations caused by Hurricane Rita: the role of situational awareness.

UNLABELLED: Introduction The 2005 Gulf Coast hurricane season was one of the most costly and deadly in US history. Hurricane Rita stressed hospitals and led to multiple, simultaneous evacuations. This study systematically identified community factors associated with patient movement out of seven hospitals evacuated during Hurricane Rita. METHODS: This study represents the second of two systematic, observational, and retrospective investigations of seven acute care hospitals that reported off-site evacuations due to Hurricane Rita. Participants from each hospital included decision makers that comprised the Incident Management Team (IMT). Investigators applied a standardized interview process designed to assess evacuation factors related to external situational awareness of community activities during facility evacuation due to hurricanes. The measured outcomes were responses to 95 questions within six sections of the survey instrument. RESULTS: Investigators identified two factors that significantly impacted hospital IMT decision making: (1) incident characteristics affecting a facility's internal resources and challenges; and (2) incident characteristics affecting a facility's external evacuation activities. This article summarizes the latter and reports the following critical decision making points: (1) Emergency Operations Plans (EOP) were activated an average of 85 hours (3 days, 13 hours) prior to Hurricane Rita's landfall; (2) the decision to evacuate the hospital was made an average of 30 hours (1 day, 6 hours) from activation of the EOP; and (3) the implementation of the evacuation process took an average of 22 hours. Coordination of patient evacuations was most complicated by transportation deficits (the most significant of the 11 identified problem areas) and a lack of situational awareness of community response activities. All evacuation activities and subsequent evacuation times were negatively impacted by an overall lack of understanding on the part of hospital staff and the IMT regarding how to identify and coordinate with community resources. CONCLUSION: Hospital evacuation requires coordinated processes and resources, including situational awareness that reflects the condition of the community as a result of the incident. Successful hospital evacuation decision making is influenced by community-wide situational awareness and transportation deficits. Planning with the community to create realistic EOPs that accurately reflect available resources and protocols is critical to informing hospital decision making during a crisis. Knowledge of these factors could improve decision making and evacuation practices, potentially reducing evacuation times in future hurricanes. Downey EL , Andress K , Schultz CH . External factors impacting hospital evacuations caused by Hurricane Rita: the role of situational awareness. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2013;28(3):1-8 . Language: en