cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Extended x-ray-absorption fine-structure studies of Zn1-xMnxSe alloy structure.

Bond lengths, Debye-Waller factors, and site occupancy in the diluted magnetic semiconductor ${\mathrm{Zn}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{Mn}}_{\mathit{x}}$Se have been measured using extended x-ray-absorption fine structure. The nearest-neighbor bond lengths at both room temperature and low temperature (77 K) are found to be constant as a function of alloy composition within the experimental uncertainty of 0.01 \AA{}. Because the average cation-cation distance changes with Mn content, these results necessarily imply distortion of the tetrahedral bond angles. The anion sublattice is shown to suffer the largest distortion, but the cation sublattice also exhibits some relaxation. The repercussions of these results are discussed, in terms of the amount of cation and anion sublattice distortion at low temperature and its connection to the superexchange mechanism occurring between the ${\mathrm{Mn}}^{2+}$ ions and mediated by the intervening anion in ${\mathrm{Zn}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{Mn}}_{\mathit{x}}$Se.
Semiconductor composites: linear and nonlinear optical properties

Semiconductor clusters play an important role in our effort to understand how molecules evolve into bulk semiconductors. They also represent an interesting class of nonlinear optical material. We prepared and studied semiconductor composities in thin polymer films and zeolites, where the semiconductors can have sizes ranging from a few angstroms to hundreds of angstroms. We discuss the quantum size effect, their defect structures and nonlinear optical properties.
Study of the efficiency for ion transfer through bent capillaries

Discontinuous atmospheric pressure interfaces (DAPIs) with bent capillaries represent a highly simplified and flexible means for introducing ions into a vacuum manifold for mass analysis or gas phase ion reactions. In this work, a series of capillaries of different radians and curvatures were used with DAPI for studying the impact of the capillary bending on the ion transfer. The variation of transfer efficiency was systematically characterized for dry and solvated ions. The efficiency loss for dry ions was less than one order of magnitude, even with a three-turn bent capillary. The transfer of solvated ions generated by electrospray was found to be minimally impacted by the bending of the transfer capillary. For multiply protonated ions, the transfer efficiency for ions at lower charge states could be relatively well retained, presumably due to the lower reactivity associated with proton transfer reaction and the compensation in intensity by conversion of ions at higher charge states. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identification of behaviors and techniques for promoting autonomy in the operating room.

Background To further understand how faculty promote resident autonomy in the operating room (OR), we explored their perceptions, and those of senior residents, on the behaviors and techniques they employ to foster independence. Methods Twenty postgraduate year PGY4 and PGY5 residents were asked to list 3 general surgery faculty who give the most and least autonomy to residents in the OR. Two focus groups were conducted with residents to identify behaviors and techniques for promoting autonomy from the resident perspective. Individual semistructured interviews were conducted with top-rated and low-rated faculty to identify behaviors and techniques from the attending perspective. Results Behaviors and techniques faculty exhibit to promote increased autonomy included allowing residents time to struggle, letting residents begin case themselves, and forcing residents to think about steps of procedure before case. The main “triggers” for granting autonomy were increased familiarity and trust with resident's capabilities, how well resident comes prepared to OR, and faculty confidence that they can “fix anything.” Reasons why low-rated faculty seldom give autonomy included feeling a deep moral obligation for personally seeing patient through the operation, residents not coming fully prepared to perform case, and being young in their own maturation process. Conclusion Our results suggest that increased autonomy depends greatly on establishing a trusting relationship between faculty and resident; a partnership that can only happen when time is given for trust to mature. Program directors must work to refine the training paradigm in order to build relationships. Residents can also be coached to demonstrate increased OR preparedness.
A Systematic Comparison of Different HMM Designs for Emotion Recognition from Acted and Spontaneous Speech

In this work we elaborate the use of hidden Markov models (HMMs) for speech emotion recognition as a dynamic alternative to static modelling approaches. Since previous work on this field does not yet define a clear line which HMM design should be prioritised for this task, we run a systematic analysis of different HMM configurations. Furthermore, experiments are carried out on an acted and a spontaneous emotions corpus, since little is known about the suitability of HMMs for spontaneous speech. Additionally, we consider two different segmentation levels, namely words and utterances. Results are compared with the outcome of a support vector machine classifier trained on global statistics features. While for both databases similar performance was observed on utterance level, the HMM-based approach outperformed static classification on word level. However, setting up general guidelines which kind of models are best suited appeared to be rather difficult.
Responses of Peripheral Blood Flow to Acute Hypoxia and Hyperoxia as Measured by Optical Microangiography

Oxygen availability is regarded as a critical factor to metabolically regulate systemic blood flow. There is a debate as to how peripheral blood flow (PBF) is affected and modulated during hypoxia and hyperoxia; however in vivo evaluating of functional PBF under oxygen-related physiological perturbation remains challenging. Microscopic observation, the current frequently used imaging modality for PBF characterization often involves the use of exogenous contrast agents, which would inevitably perturb the intrinsic physiologic responses of microcirculation being investigated. In this paper, optical micro-angiography (OMAG) was employed that uses intrinsic optical scattering signals backscattered from blood flows for imaging PBF in skeletal muscle challenged by the alteration of oxygen concentration. By utilizing optical reflectance signals, we demonstrated that OMAG is able to show the response of hemodynamic activities upon acute hypoxia and hyperoxia, including the modulation of macrovascular caliber, microvascular density, and flux regulation within different sized vessels within skeletal muscle in mice in vivo. Our results suggest that OMAG is a promising tool for in vivo monitoring of functional macro- or micro-vascular responses within peripheral vascular beds.
Accelerator mass spectrometry: Is the future bigger or smaller?

Abstract Since its inception in the late 1970s, accelerator mass spectrometry has become a powerful tool for measurement of trace amounts of natural radionuclides. In this paper, we review recent advancements in AMS and discuss future directions of this powerful technique. We highlight some recent developments, including the introduction of smaller accelerators, novel detection systems and the development of new analytical capabilities. We believe that the future prospects for AMS measurements are practically unlimited and that AMS has a vital role to play in the exploration of space, where radionuclide measurements are a key factor in the understanding of processes on other planets.
Contribution of the photoperiod to circadian variations in serum cortisol and melatonin in boars

Four pubertal (25 wk) crossbred boars were used to evaluate the role of the photoperiod in the organization of secretion of cortisol and melatonin throughout a 24-hr period. Boars were exposed to a 16-hr photoperiod in an environmentally controlled room and temperature was kept constant at 22 C. For the first 15 d, the onset of the photophase (light phase) and scotophase (dark phase) was 0200 hr and 1800 hr, respectively (ON2). During the final 15 d, the onset of the photophase and scotophase was advanced by 6 hr (0800 hr and 2400 hr, respectively; ON8). Samples of serum were obtained from catheterized boars at hourly intervals for 24 hr between the 14th to 15th d in both ON2 and ON8 photoperiods. Samples of serum were frozen and later assayed for cortisol and melatonin. The data were normalized to the clock time of onset of the photophase, fit to polynomial equations, and the profiles of cortisol and melatonin in ON2 and ON8 were tested for heterogeneity of regression. A circadian rhythm of cortisol was observed in both ON2 and ON8 and the fitted profiles were parallel, suggesting that the rhythm had shifted with the 6-hr shift in lights-on, lights-off. Generally, higher concentrations were observed during the late subjective evening and scotophase, whereas lower concentrations occurred about 6 to 10 hr after onset of the photophase. Although the profiles of melatonin did not differ in ON2 and ON8, there was no evidence of a nocturnal rise in melatonin in either treatment. It is suggested that some characteristic of the photoperiod organizes the circadian rhythm of cortisol in boars, but melatonin is not secreted in a rhythmic fashion in long photoperiods.
Research Review: Social motivation and oxytocin in autism – implications for joint attention development and intervention

Background and Scope The social motivation hypothesis (SMH) suggests that individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are less intrinsically rewarded by social stimuli than their neurotypical peers. This difference in social motivation has been posited as a factor contributing to social deficits in ASD. Social motivation is thought to involve the neuropeptide oxytocin. Here, we review the evidence for oxytocin effects in ASD, and discuss its potential role in one important social cognitive behavior.
Natural antisense transcripts regulate the neuronal stress response and excitability

Neurons regulate ionic fluxes across their plasma membrane to maintain their excitable properties under varying environmental conditions. However, the mechanisms that regulate ion channels abundance remain poorly understood. Here we show that pickpocket 29 (ppk29), a gene that encodes a Drosophila degenerin/epithelial sodium channel (DEG/ENaC), regulates neuronal excitability via a protein-independent mechanism. We demonstrate that the mRNA 3′UTR of ppk29 affects neuronal firing rates and associated heat-induced seizures by acting as a natural antisense transcript (NAT) that regulates the neuronal mRNA levels of seizure (sei), the Drosophila homolog of the human Ether-a-go-go Related Gene (hERG) potassium channel. We find that the regulatory impact of ppk29 mRNA on sei is independent of the sodium channel it encodes. Thus, our studies reveal a novel mRNA dependent mechanism for the regulation of neuronal excitability that is independent of protein-coding capacity. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.01849.001
The simulated countercurrent moving bed chromatographic reactor: a catalytic and separative reactor

Abstract A novel reactor design which simulates countercurrent reaction chromatography is described. Rapid separation of products from reactants allows high conversions in both equilibrium limited and low per pass conversion reactions. Two studies of solid catalyzed reactions are reviewed. Application of this technology to a mesitylene hydrogenation reaction shows an increase in conversion from 40% (at equilibrium, 473 K) to over 80%. A modified reactor configuration applied to the oxidative coupling of methane to ethane and ethylene shows a 12 fold increase in conversion for this low per pass conversion reaction, with yields twice that reporter in conventional reactors.
From Random Fields to Classical or Generalized Continuum Models

The main motivation for developing a stochastic multiscale mechanics stems from the recognition that the material microstructure/composition is, in general, random and involves two or more scales. These issues are discussed here from the standpoint of (i) random fields of material properties, and (ii) the choice of classical versus non-classical continua. The topic (i) hinges on a theoretical approach based on a Hill-Mandel condition which, for any body
Atrial Flutter with 1:1 A-V Conduction*

To date, there have been fewer than 50 cases of atrial flutter with 1:1 A-V conduction documented in the English literature.1 The purpose of this paper is to emphasize the diagnostic facets of this relatively uncommon rapid ectopic rhythm and to review the pharmacology of the various therapeutic agents used in its treatment. Two additional cases of 1:1 atrial flutter are reported, one occurring in a patient with chronic constrictive pericarditis.
Mechanical stimulation by osmotic and hydrostatic pressure activates Drosophila oocytes in vitro in a calcium-dependent manner.

Embryogenesis in vertebrates and marine invertebrates begins when a mature oocyte is fertilized, resulting in a rise in intracellular calcium (Ca2+) that activates development. Insect eggs activate without fertilization via an unknown signal imparted to the egg during ovulation or egg laying. One hypothesis for the activating signal is that deformation of eggs as they pass through a tight orifice provides a mechanical stimulus to trigger activation. Ovulation could produce two forms of mechanical stimulus: external pressure resulting from the passage of oocytes from the ovary into the narrow oviducts, and osmotic pressure caused by hydration-induced swelling of the oocyte within the oviducts. Ovulation could also trigger activation by placing the oocyte in a new environment that contains an activating substance, such as a particular ion. Here, we provide the first evidence that Drosophila oocytes require Ca2+ for activation, and that activation can be triggered in vitro by mechanical stimuli, specifically osmotic and hydrostatic pressure. Our results suggest that activation in Drosophila is triggered by a mechanosensitive process that allows external Ca2+ to enter the oocyte and drive the events of activation. This will allow exploitation of Drosophila genetics to dissect molecular pathways involving Ca2+ and the activation of development.
Valuation rings and simple transcendental field extensions

If a valuation ring V on a simple transcendental field extension K0(X) is such that the residue field k of V is not algebraic over the residue field k0 of V0=V∩K0, then for k0 a perfect field it is shown that k is obtained from k0 by a finite algebraic followed by a simple transcendental field extension.
What's new in pediatric intensive care.

Purpose:To provide an update on new developments in the field of pediatric intensive care.Results:Pediatric intensive care and acute medicine continues to grow internationally with improving intensive care unit mortality rates (2.4% in the United States) and a positive effect on child survival from
Outcrossing in celery (Apium graveolens).

Isozyme marker loci were used to measure outcrossing in artificial and natural populations of celery (Apium graveolens). In three separate experiments involving populations of uniform density and flowering time, outcrossing rate ranged from 47 to 87% and the mean was 71.4%. In a wild population, outcrossing was estimated at 32.4 and 53.1%, using different homozygotes as the fixed female, and the weighted mean was 49.4%. A slight correlation of outcrossing rate with population density was observed. Mean outcrossing rates estimated from departures from panmictic expectations at polymorphic isozyme loci among open-pollinated plant introductions were 67.6% (celeries), 79.8% (celeriacs), and 85.1% (smallages). Based on these results, it was concluded that celery is best described as intermediate with respect to self- and cross-pollination.
The will to win: Determinants of public support for the drug war in Belize

The premise of this paper is that the drug war cannot be won without the public's full commitment. Based on a random sample of households (n=532) in Belize City, public attitudes are analyzed to assess the degree of support for drug enforcement. The findings show strong support for drug education as well as for increasing criminal sanctions and the size of the police force. Support fades, however, as drug enforcement is militarized. The significant determinants of public support are education, gender, attitudes toward the police, fear of property crime, and neighborhood crime prevalence. The paper closes by offering two concrete ways to build public support for drug enforcement.
Sphincter of Oddi manometry and post-ERCP acute pancreatitis.

Conclusions The rate of post-ERCP acute pancreatitis was 13% higher in patients who had SOM compared with those who did not have this procedure at ERCP. However, comparing the two groups based on multiple variables and adjusting for differences using statistical methodology, SOM was not an independent risk factor for postprocedural pancreatitis.
The care of amblyopia in the four to ten year old child

Amblyopia, commonly known as “lazy eye” is a functional loss of visual acuity in one eye. It may occur in a deviating eye in unilateral strabismus and is called strabismus amblyopia. The other type of functional amblyopia is termed deprivation amblyopia and occurs when a blurred image is present in one eye during the early developmental years and causes a cortical deficiency. Amblyopia from both causes is estimated to have total incidence in the population of from 1% to 2%. Treatment of the condition is by, 1. prescription of corrective lenses. 2. re-establishing alignment and binocularity where strabismus is present and 3. the use of vision therapy and occlusion to help the amblyopic patient to correctly aim the eccentrically fixating fovea and to environmentally “tune” the cortical calls in the visual cortex where deprivation is the etiological factor. The deficient monocular acuity can be expected to be essentially normalized in 80 to 90% of functional amblyopes in a treatment period of three to six months. Early diagnosis and treatment is generally felt to achieve a more rapid result with a larger recovery of the deficient monocular acuity but this does not preclude improvement in amblyopia at later ages. To withhold treatment is clearly negligence and abuse of a child since either of the functional amblyopic conditions are so damaging to normal child growth and development. The four to ten year age range is a very appropriate period for visual therapy to remediate this condition.
Magnetic behavior of lower hydrides of Y6Mn23 and Th6Mn23

Abstract Earlier studies have revealed dramatic changes in the magnetic behavior of Y6Mn23 and Th6Mn23 on hydrogen absorption. Y6Mn23 is ferrimagnetically ordered while Y6Mn23H≈22 exhibits antiferromagnetic ordering. In contrast, Th6Mn23 is a Pauli paramagnet while Th6Mn23H≈30 is ferrimagnetically ordered. We have now examined the magnetic behavior of lower hydrides of Y6Mn23 and Th6Mn23. It is observed that magnetic ordering, possibly of the ferrimagnetic type, still persists in Y6Mn23H≈10. This material also shows anomalies in magnetization at low temperature. Th6Mn23H17.6 is observed to be magnetically ordered with a low Curie temperature and a small magnetic moment per formula unit.
Key to Arvicoline (''Microtine'' rodents) and Arvicoline-like Lower First Molars Recovered from Late Wisconsinan and Holocene Archaeological and Palaeontological Sites in Eastern North America

Abstract Identification of Arvicoline (Microtine) rodent molars from archaeological and palaeontological sites is especially desirable because they are conspicuous, frequently recovered in quantity, often contemporaneous with occupation, good palaeoenvironmental indicators, and morphologically distinct. In many cases, the rodent taxa themselves comprised a portion of the archaeological resource base. However, inter- and intra-site comparisons are valid only when consistent, standardized taxonomic criteria have been applied. Therefore, qualitative and quantitative methods are presented to differentiate the lower first molars (m1s) of ten Arvicoline genera (and their component species where possible) that resided east of the Rocky Mountains from the early Holocene to the present. Upper second and third molars (M2 and M3) are used in specific identification within Microtus .
Perturbational approach to the electron correlation cusp applied to helium-like atoms

A recently proposed perturbational approach to the electron correlation cusp problem Sirbu, I.; King, H. F. J Chem Phys 2002, 117, 6411–6416 is tested in the context of three spherically symmetrical two-electron systems: helium atom, hydride anion, and a solvable model system. The interelectronic interaction is partitioned into long- and short-range components. The long-range interaction, lacking the singularities responsible for the electron correlation cusp, is included in the reference Hamiltonian. Accelerated convergence of orbital-based methods for this smooth reference Hamiltonian is shown by a detailed partial wave analysis. Contracted orbital basis sets constructed from atomic natural orbitals are shown to be significantly better for the new Hamiltonian than standard basis sets of the same size. The short-range component becomes the perturbation. The low-order perturbation equations are solved variationally using basis sets of correlated Gaussian geminals. Variational energies and low-order perturbation wave functions for the model system are shown to be in excellent agreement with highly accurate numerical solutions for that system. Approximations of the reference wave functions, described by fewer basis functions, are tested for use in the perturbation equations and shown to provide significant computational advantages with tolerable loss of accuracy. Lower bounds for the radius of convergence of the resulting perturbation expansions are estimated. The proposed method is capable of achieving sub-μHartree accuracy for all systems considered here. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2003
Numerical modeling of optical coherent transient processes with complex configurations—II. Angled beams with arbitrary phase modulations

This work is a continuation of the development of the theoretical model for optical coherent transient (OCT) processes with complex configurations. A theoretical model for angled beams with arbitrary phase modulation has been developed based on the model presented in our previous work for the angled beam geometry. A numerical tool has been devised to simulate the OCT processes involving angled beams with the frequency detuning, chirped, and phase-modulated laser pulses. The simulations for pulse shaping and arbitrary waveform generation (AWG) using OCT processes have been performed. The theoretical analysis of programming and probe schemes for pulse shaper and AWG is also presented including the discussions on the rephasing condition and the phase compensation. The results from the analysis, the simulation, and the experiment show very good agreement.
Family stress management following acute myocardial infarction: an educational and skills training intervention program

Abstract Although the experience of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is a family affair, relatively little has been available to guide stress and distress reduction efforts focusing on all members of the family compared to the somewhat larger literature addressing stress management interventions with cardiac patients. This article provides a conceptual background for a specific behavioral therapy approach to family stress management in dealing with the sequelae of AMI for all family members with the goal of reducing morbidity for all family members as they cope with ongoing survivorship issues. The family intervention program is described and its pilot implementation discussed. Evaluation of the pilot suggests that an individually tailored focus for that subset of families at higher risk for elevated, persistent distress may be the most cost-effective use of such a family intervention program.
Comparison of analysis techniques for multiwavelength DIAL

Differential absorption LIDAR (DIAL) with multiple wavelengths provides capabilities for separately identifying and quantifying chemicals in mixtures that are impossible for conventional two-line DIAL. It also permits several choices about how to convert individual laser pulse returns into estimates of gas concentrations. These choices concern both averaging techniques and procedures for fitting averaged data to library spectra of possible gases. The purpose of this paper is to compare several analysis options using real data taken with 8 or 10 mid-wave IR wavelengths in field test. The options fall naturally into two groups, as implied above. The first group comprises ways to combine data averaging with ratioing. The second group comprises various maximum-likelihood estimators and least-squares fits of the averaged data. Several options arise in the second group because data is taken at multiple wavelengths; for two-line DIAL there would be only a single option in this second group. This paper compares the result of field data analysis for these two groups of options. The properties of the data acquired by the multi-line DIAL system are first described. Then the three averaging/ratioing techniques are discussed. The various options for extracting concentration estimates from averaged data are compared. Finally, the implications for remote sensing data analysis are discussed.
Poly(A) polymerase and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase activities in normal and crown gall tumor tissue cultures of tobacco

Abstract Normal and crown gall tumor tissue cultures of tobacco had poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase associated with the chromatin and two poly(A) polymerases (separable by DEAE-Sephadex A-25 chromatography) with the soluble fraction. The two poly(A) polymerases resembled mammalian enzymes in molecular mass (65–70 kDa), KmATP (0.1–0.2 mM), primer and substrate preference (poly(A) and ATP, respectively), pH optimum (8–8.5), cation requirement (0.25 mM Mn2+/l mM Mg2+ = 5–15), inhibition by 3'-dATP and spermine and lack of inhibition by α-amanatin. Likewise the tobacco tumor tissue contained 4-times higher activities of both poly(A) polymerases and 6-times higher activity of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase as compared to the normal tissue indicating their enhanced function in transformed cells.
Using ordination to analyze the composition and structure of urban forest islands

Abstract Ordination is used here to analyze variations in the structure and composition of urban forest islands in St. Paul, Minnesota. Important differences are found between lowland and upland forests and between mown and unmown upland forests. The ordination reveals compositional gradients which vary somewhat from gradients described for non-urban forests in the same region. This suggests that different successional trends are occurring here. Insights into present conditions and future trends in these forests gained from the ordination are used to suggest possible management strategies for a variety of goals.
Technical Note-A Last Word on L = λW

This note gives a rigorous proof of the queuing formula L = λW, using as hypotheses only that the limiting averages, λ and W, exist and are finite. The proof is related to one given in a previous paper by the author that used a discounted analogue and Tauberian theorems. The proof in the present paper, however, is direct and avoids the use of transforms. Some comments are offered on the relation between the proof and the heuristic arguments for L = λW commonly encountered in the literature.
Robust Control Design using Nonlinear Constrained Optimization

This paper presents a systematic for designing robust low-order controllers using nonlinear constrained optimization, This method is applied to the control of a two mass-spring system representing a generic model of an uncertain dynamical system with non-colocated sensor and actuator. A step-by-step design procedure is presented resulting in a final design, a second-order compensator, that satisfy all the requirements stated in the benchmark design problem #1.
Long-lasting memory deficits in children recovered from Reye's syndrome.

Abstract Twenty-six children, ages 7–18 years, were tested for possible memory impairments following Reye's syndrome (RS). The RS group was matched to a normal control group on race, age, SES, and estimated IQ. The Wechsler Memory Scale (with delayed recall) and two depth-of-processing tests were administered. For the control group, the mean MQ-IQ difference was +2, while the MQ-IQ difference for the RS group was -14. This proved to be highly significant. Short-term memory and long-term memory scores were significantly lower for the RS group, with verbal memory tasks being most affected.
Response of a General Circulation Model to a Sea Temperature Perturbation

Abstract Sea temperature anomalies which departed from the December climatic mean by approximately 2C off the coast of Newfoundland were inserted into the NCAR six-layer, 5° mesh, general circulation model of the atmosphere in order to test the model's response to small perturbations in sea surface temperature. The response of the model to the anomalies was analyzed with respect to pressure patterns, heat flux, and cyclone frequency, path and intensity. This response was compared with a statistical analysis of the response of the atmosphere to similar sea temperature anomalies based on approximately 80 years of observations as described by Ratcliffe and Murray. Analyses of the anomaly experiments are preceded by an analysis of the basic (control) statistics for both model and atmosphere. The most pronounced discrepancies between the two were noted in cyclone statistics. A calculation with double horizontal resolution greatly improved the model features. Detailed comparison was complicated by the fact that...
RIVER RECREATION: PUBLIC ACCESS VS. RIPARIAN RIGHTS1

ABSTRACT: The issues involved in the conflict between the rights of the public and those of riparian landowners are examined by reviewing the public access situation with regard to inland streams in the State of Virginia. Consideration is given to the legal framework defining access rights and to the attitudes of riparian landowners regarding the access question. Existing provisions of law suggest only limited recognition of public rights, but this law is incompletely developed. A considerably broader concept of public rights could be developed within the existing framework due to the existence of unresolved questions. The analysis of landowner attitudes is based on a survey of a sample of riparian owners chosen from throughout the state. The questionnaire used in the survey contained 123 questions in a variety of areas, including landowners' perceptions of public rights, problems encountered as the result of recreational water use, attitudes toward state designation and protection of scenic rivers, and the acceptability of alternatives for increasing public access. Although the survey results indicate substantial acceptance of the concept of public use, the landowners expressed concern over governmental control of land use and did not indicate a generally acceptable means for increasing public use.
Human resource management, manufacturing strategy, and firm performance

This study examines two alternative views—universal and contingency—of the human resources (HR)-performance relationship in manufacturing settings. Results from a survey of 97 plants primarily support a contingency approach to human resource management (HRM). An HR system focused on human capital enhancement was directly related to multiple dimensions of operational performance (i.e., employee productivity, machine efficiency, and customer alignment), but subsequent analysis revealed that this main effect was predominately the result of linking human-capital-enhancing HR systems with a quality manufacturing strategy. Other manufacturing strategies also moderated the HR-performance relationship.
The anatomy of conflict and the politics of identity in two cooperative salmon management regimes

Last in a gauntlet of fisheries, indigenous fisheries were often curtailed due to concerns over the conservation of the salmon run. Cooperative management institutions have emerged recently as alternative management structures, often intended to empower marginalized groups and to distribute decision-making authority. Two case studies are examined where cooperative management approaches have emerged. One considers the tribes of the Puget Sound region in Washington, the other the Native Alaskans in the Kuskokwim River drainage. In both cases, resource-based conflicts provided the impetus for the emergence of cooperative management. However, these regimes have not eliminated conflicts nor have they necessarily reduced their frequency. The results of a comparative analysis of the two case studies indicate that management institutions can be structured to facilitate the emergence of cooperation and to make conflicts more amenable to resolution.
Beyond Tutoring: After-School Literacy Instruction

One of the greatest challenges facing teachers is accommodating struggling, diverse, and at-risk readers. Even with the use of effective, research-based techniques, many children fail to make adequ...
Use of allogenic (iliac) corticocancellous graft for Le Fort I interpositional defects: technique and results.

Purpose We performed a retrospective review of a consecutive series of 50 patients who had undergone Le Fort I with interpositional grafting during a 3-year period. Materials and Methods Maxillary repositioning included horizontal advancement and vertical and transverse change to the extent that an interpositional graft was considered necessary. Allogenic (iliac) corticocancellous bone was used in all cases. Each patient underwent analytic model planning to document the maxillary vector change data points. The recorded data served as an indicator of the osteotomy site gaps requiring grafting. Standardized photographs in centric relation at a minimum of 12 months after treatment were analyzed to measure overjet, overbite, midline position, and first molar lateral occlusion. Specific maxillary region wound healing parameters were reviewed. Results The patients’ mean age at surgery was 32 years (range 15 to 60). Analytic model planning clarified that the study patients had an average of 8 mm horizontal advancement, 2 mm vertical lengthening, and 2 mm of transverse expansion. The data confirmed a favorable occlusion at a minimum of 1 year after surgery with maintenance of a normal overjet (49 of 50 patients, 98%), normal overbite (48 of 50 patients, 96%), planned dental midline positioning (45 of 50 patients, 90%), and ideal first molar lateral occlusion (48 of 50 patients, 96%) for most patients. None of the study patients sustained wound healing complications. Also, no cases of postoperative sepsis or viral illness developed. Conclusions The results of the present study have confirmed that iliac corticocancellous allograft has minimal systemic or recipient site complications and can be safely used to fill complex 3-dimensional interpositional defects associated with Le Fort I osteotomy and/or repositioning.
Intracerebral hemorrhage after fibrinolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction.

Intracerebral hematoma may complicate treatment of acute myocardial infarction in patients treated with fibrinolytic agents. We studied the clinical presentation and computed tomographic characteristics.We studied eight patients with lobar intracerebral hematomas after fibrinolytic treatment of acute coronary occlusion. All patients had electrocardiographic and laboratory evidence of acute myocardial infarction and were treated with tissue plasminogen activator or streptokinase followed by heparin infusion to prevent reocclusion. Computed tomography scans of 17 patients with cerebral hemorrhage from other causes were used for comparison.For most patients, outcome was fatal within hours of the ictus. Computed tomography scans showed superficially large lobar hematomas in six patients. One patient had a putaminal hemorrhage, and one had a vermis hemorrhage. Multiple sites of intracerebral hemorrhage were noted in three patients. Fluid levels inside the hematoma suggesting continuing hemorrhage into multiple...
The Fagerström test for nicotine dependence: do revisions in the item scoring enhance the psychometric properties?

Despite widespread use, considerable literature has shown that the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND; Heatherton, Kozlowski, Frecker, & Fagerstrom, 1991) has questionable psychometric properties, generally reflecting relatively poor properties of reliability and validity. One factor that may be affecting the psychometric qualities of the scale is the use of a dichotomous, forced-choice response format for certain items, in which respondents are asked to answer each question with a Yes or No response. This scoring approach is especially problematic when used to measure dimensional constructs, such as nicotine dependence, in which a dimensional construct is forced into a categorical construct. The purpose of the current study was to examine whether revising the response format utilized in the FTND would lead to an enhancement in the psychometric properties of this scale. This question was examined by removing the forced-choice response criteria on items 2, 5, and 6 of the FTND and revising the response options to reflect a 4-point Likert response set (0 = never, 1 = sometimes, 2 = most of the time, 3 = always). Participants consisted of 343 smokers from the community. Results revealed that the revised scoring approach resulted in a significant incremental improvement in scale reliability and enhanced convergent validity, showing a stronger association with smoking outcomes than the FTQ or FTND. Findings are discussed in terms of recommendations for scale revision and usage.
The molecular structure of an O-silyl ketene acetal

Abstract The structure of E-[[1-(1,1-dimethylethoxy)-1-propenyl]oxy](1,1-dimethylethyl)diphenyl silane (1), as determined by single crystal x-ray diffraction analysis, is described.
Measure theory and weak König's lemma

We develop measure theory in the context of subsystems of second order arithmetic with restricted induction. We introduce a combinatorial principleWWKL (weak-weak Konig's lemma) and prove that it is strictly weaker thanWKL (weak Konig's lemma). We show thatWWKL is equivalent to a formal version of the statement that Lebesgue measure is countably additive on open sets. We also show thatWWKL is equivalent to a formal version of the statement that any Borel measure on a compact metric space is countably additive on open sets.
A central limit theorem for some special complex-valued probability densities

Abstract We describe the behavior of the n-fold convolutions[formula] under a suitable scaling as n → ∞ , where f is an integrable complex-valued function on R . We consider only the unstable case and only two typical examples in that case. In the first example f is defined by f(t) = exp{i|t|p − |t|q} and in the second one by f(t) = exp{i|t|p sgn(t) − |t|q}, where p and q are real numbers such that 2 ≤ p
The Road to Wholeness in Medicine and Public Health

Doctors make mistakes. Mistakes kill people. We have developed methods to catch and reduce individual, momentary and idiosyncratic errors. But none of it helps to correct the shared biases of whole communities of scientists or practitioners. This article is concerned with these errors, conceptual errors that afflict a whole science or discipline. The big errors that have affected both science and policy fall into several kinds: errors of fragmentation, treating the study of a part as if sufficient for understanding the whole and confining the study within a single discipline; errors of static thought, ignoring history both of the object of study and of our thinking about it; errors of level, imagining that the small is more fundamental than the large; errors of homogeneity, the failure to recognize that all things are internally heterogeneous and that that is the source of process. There is a growing recognition of the need for complex understanding and the need to assimilate the universality of change. B...
Cytochrome oxidase activity in the auditory system of the mouse: A qualitative and quantitative histochemical study

Detailed qualitative and quantitative determinations of cytochrome oxidase activity in the central auditory system of BALB/cJ mice were obtained at the light microscopic level. Cytochrome oxidase activity was determined using quantitative densitometry calibrated with standards of spectrophotometrically assayed enzymatic activity. This was done together with a cobalt-intensified histochemical procedure using fresh-frozen brains without perfusion-fixation. The resulting method showed improved sensitivity and allowed quantification of histochemical labeling as actual enzyme activity units. Adjacent sections were processed for either Nissl, fiber or Golgi stains to correlate the histochemical labeling with tissue morphology. The more peripheral auditory nuclei showed primarily somatic labeling with specific cell types showing predominant reactivity. However, higher auditory structures, including the inferior colliculus, medial geniculate and auditory cortex, showed predominantly neuropil reactivity. Comparison of mean cytochrome oxidase activities for the 27 auditory regions quantified revealed a trend for decreasing activity from the brainstem to the forebrain in central lemniscal structures. The extra-lemniscal auditory regions at each level showed lower activity than the corresponding lemniscal regions. The regions with the higher activity values showed around 10 times the labeling density of the white matter, indicating the high sensitivity of the method. The darkly labeling auditory structures were clearly delineated from surrounding neural regions, supporting the concept that basal levels of oxidative metabolic capacity are larger for the auditory system. It was concluded that the quantitative approach to cytochrome oxidase histochemistry may be applied successfully to the mouse brain. The normative data presented may be used as a starting point for other investigations of the effects of experimental manipulations on the metabolic activity of the auditory system.
Solvent strength studies on polystyrene-divinylbenzene columns

Abstract The retention behavior of a series of non-polar solutes on two polystyrene-divinylbenzene high-performance liquid chromatography supports was studied. The solvent strength of several organic solvents was measured over a range of solvent compositions. Poor peak symmetry was observed for some solvents, and this appears to be correlated with the ability of the solvent to swell the polymer. Addition of a solvent that cna swell the polymer to another solvent which cannot usually improves peak shape. The observed improvement in peak symmetry also correlates with the ability of the ternary mixture to decrease the void volume of the column.
Periphyton production in Fort River, Massachusetts

SUMMARY. The primary production and general ecology of a periphyton community of a New England, lowland stream were studied over a seventeen-month period. Temperature, light, periphyton chlorophyll-α, and community structure were monitored regularly. Seasonally distinct chlorophyll peaks coincided with the light maximum in early May, just prior to the appearance of leaves of riparian trees, and again in autumn after terrestrial leaf fall. During midwinter, despite low light and temperature levels and high stream discharge, mean chlorophyll concentrations remained similar to summer values. A mathematical expression relating periphyton photosynthesis per unit chlorophyll-α to temperature, light and periphyton density was established with submersible light-dark chambers in situ. Survey data collected over the study period were employed in the empirical equation to estimate seasonal variations in periphyton primary production. Weekly mean daily estimates of periphyton gross production ranged from < 0.1 g O2 m−2, during midwinter, to 6.5 g O2 m−2 during early May. Estimated annual periphyton gross production and respiration were 0.58 and 1.27 kg O2 m−2, respectively. Factors influencing seasonal variations of Fort River periphyton standing crop are discussed.
Porosity and density of ordinary chondrites: Clues to the formation of friable and porous ordinary chondrites

Densities and porosities of meteorites are physical properties that can be used to infer characteristics of asteroid interiors. We report density and porosity measurements of 42 pieces of 30 ordinary chondrites and provide a quantification of the errors of the gas pycnometer method used in this study. Based on our measurements, we find that no significant correlation exists between porosity and petrologic grade, chemical group, sample mass, bulk and grain density, or shock level. To investigate variations in porosity and density between pieces of a meteorite, we examined stones from two showers, Holbrook and Pultusk. Examination of nine samples of Holbrook suggests relative homogeneity in porosity and density between pieces of this shower. Measurements of three samples of Pultusk show homogeneity in bulk density, in contrast to Wilkison and Robinson (2000), a study that reported significant variations in bulk density between 11 samples of Pultusk. Finally, examination of two friable ordinary chondrites, Bjurbole and Allegan, reveal variability in friability and porosity among pieces of the same fall. We suggest that friable ordinary chondrites may have formed in a regolith or fault zone of an asteroid.
A randomized control study of the effectiveness of video instruction for the acquisition of basic laparoscopic surgical skill

Introduction Instructional videos can improve performance, retention, and maintenance of skills. We sought to measure the effectiveness of video instruction in laparoscopy by comparing traditional simulation teaching to an instructional video module. Methods Twenty-eight surgical interns were randomized to receive either traditional teaching of a brief lecture, modeling and guided skills practice or video instruction using an electronic distributive model paired with individual practice. Content for both arms focused on navigation skills with a 30 degree laparoscope. A profile survey was collected as well as baseline and post-testing using a virtual reality camera navigation skill module. Results were analyzed using a Mann Whitney U test. Results There were 14 subjects in each study arm. The two groups were similar in age (28.2, 27.7), video game experience (0.23, 0.5 average hours per week), and laparoscopic experience during internship (7.6, 1.8 cases). At baseline, the video and control groups did not differ by time to completion in seconds (261 vs. 253, p=0.77), percent of time horizon maintained (72.6 vs. 65.1, p=0.34), or number of targets missed (3.14 vs. 2.92, p=0.66). After the intervention, both the video (261 vs. 188, p Conclusions Video instruction of basic laparoscopic camera navigation provides similar improvement in surgical trainees performance as compared with traditional simulation teaching. Utilizing video instruction to augment simulation skill acquisition instruction could reduce faculty time for teaching and has important implications for simulation curricula.