cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Neural Network–Based Thickness Determination Model to Improve Backcalculation of Layer Moduli without Coring

Traditionally, deflection data from a falling weight deflectometer (FWD) test and thickness data from pavement coring are used to backcalculate layer moduli. In this study, instead of coring, a neural network (NN) model is developed to determine layer thickness from FWD time-deflection histories. Using the NN predicted thicknesses, layer moduli are backcalculated using a commercially available backcalculation software. For validation, backcalculated moduli are compared with the laboratory determined moduli. Results show that backcalculated moduli are nearly equal to the laboratory moduli. Thus, the inclusion of NN-based thickness data has the potential to replace pavement coring, which is very expensive, and/or to enable a backcalculation method to run with a reasonable assumption of thickness whenever coring information is not available.
The case against corporal punishment of children: Converging evidence from social science research and international human rights law and implications for U.S. public policy.

It will come as no surprise to readers that corporal punishment of children is a controversial issue throughout the United States, including within academia, in political arenas, and among the public at large. The academic debate is largely divided into those who argue that corporal punishment in some circumstances is effective and sometimes necessary to discipline children (Baumrind, 1996; Larzelere, 1993) and those who assert that there is very little benefit and rather a substantial risk of harm from using corporal punishment on children (Gershoff, 2002; Lytton, 1997; McCord, 1997; Straus, 2001). The debate also continues among the public, with popular press newspapers and magazines continuing to publish articles each year regarding the debate about pros and cons of using corporal punishment with children. In 2006 alone, articles appeared in American Baby (Lorenzi, 2006), Men’s Health (“Corporal Punishment,” 2006), The New York Times (Lyman, 2006), Parenting (O’Callaghan, 2006), Time (Paul, 2006), and USA Today (Jones, 2006), among many other similar publications. What may come as more of a surprise to Americans is that discussions of corporal punishment of children outside the United States have moved beyond
Maternity nurses' knowledge of factors promoting successful breastfeeding. A survey at two hospitals.

An investigator‐designed questionnaire was used to survey 53 RNs and LPNs at two urban hospitals concerning knowledge far support of breastfeeding mothers. Maternity nurses demonstrated limited knowledge, especially in drugs, maternal emotions, and neonatal physiology as related to breastfeeding. Level of education affected test scores positively; length of experience affected test scores negatively.
Vascular Studies of the Orbital Cavity

The orbital cavity is a dynamic region filled with pulsatile vascular structures. Newly developed ultrasonic-imaging equipment enables the physician to study the in-vivo motion of orbital tissues and their blood vessels to obtain pertinent diagnostic information relating to orbital diseases. Evidence of enhanced vascular activity is observed in endocrine ophthalmopathy and other orbital inflammatory conditions. Blood vessels within tumors help to localize the abnormalities and give clues relating to an accurate tissue diagnosis. These examinations are performed repeatedly and noninvasively in a clinical environment.
Restless Legs Syndrome in Patients with Irritable Bowel Syndrome: Response to Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth Therapy

Background Small intestinal bacterial over- growth (SIBO) occurs in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and fibromyalgia. Since restless legs syndrome (RLS) occurs with fibromyalgia, a link between IBS, SIBO, and RLS was studied. Methods BS patients with abnormal lactulose breath tests received rifaximin 1,200 mg day -1 for 10 days, followed by tegaserod 3 mg, long-term, and 1 month of zinc 220 mg day -1 and once-daily probiotic (N = 11) or rifaximin monotherapy (N = 2). IBS symptom improvement was assessed after rifaximin. RLS symptoms, IBS symptoms, and overall IBS global improvement were assessed at last posttreatment visit: 8/10 patients were followed long-term (mean, 139 days; range, 54-450 days). Results Ten of 13 patients exhibited ‡80% improvement from baseline in RLS symptoms. Five maintained complete resolution of RLS symptoms. Global gastrointestinal symptom improvement was great (n = 6), moderate (n = 5), or mild (n = 2). Conclusion This study suggests that SIBO associated with IBS may be a factor in some RLS patients and SIBO therapy provides long-term RLS improvement.
P-selectin, and not E-selectin, negatively regulates murine megakaryocytopoiesis.

To assess the role of P-selectin and E-selectin in megakaryocytopoiesis, in vitro assays were performed in animal models deficient in both adhesion receptors. There was a significantly greater number of IL-3-responsive megakaryocyte progenitors CFU (CFU-MK) and an increase in immature megakaryoblasts in response to IL-6 in the P-selectin-null mice compared with the wild-type controls. Furthermore, P-selectin-null mice showed a greater number of CFU-MK colonies derived from CD34 + cells in response to IL-3 or IL-3 plus stem cell factor. A significant shift in baseline ploidy with a reduction in 8N cells and an increase in 32N cells was also observed in the P-selectin-null mice. Secretion of the inhibitory growth factor TGF-β1 and not TGF-β2 was significantly lower in the supernatants of cultures containing bone marrow cells from P-selectin-deficient mice as compared with those from the wild-type control bone marrow cells. No differences in the responsiveness of murine CFU-MK, immature megakaryocytes, or 5-fluorouracil-selected stem cells to cytokines were observed in E-selectin-null mice as compared with the control mice. These studies indicate that the absence of P-selectin, and not E-selectin, resulted in an altered adhesion environment with subsequent expansion of megakaryocyte progenitors and immature megakaryoblasts, enhanced secretion of TGF-β1, and apparent increased responsiveness to inflammatory cytokines.
The Midway distributed shared memory system

The authors describe the motivation, design, and performance of Midway, a programming system for a distributed shared memory multicomputer (DSM) such as an ATM-based cluster, a CM-5, or a Paragon. Midway supports a novel memory consistency model called entry consistency (EC). EC guarantees that shared data become consistent at a processor when the processor acquires a synchronization object known to guard the data. EC is weaker than other models described in the literature, such as processor consistency and release consistency, but it makes possible higher performance implementations of the underlying consistency protocols. Midway programs are written in C, and the association between synchronization objects and data must be made with explicit annotations. As a result, pure entry consistent programs can require more annotations than programs written to other models. Midway also supports the stronger release consistent and processor consistent models at the granularity of individual data items. >
Investigation of Liquid Flow in Microchannels

Liquid flow in microchannels is investigated both experimentally and numerically. The experiments are carried out in microchannels with hydraulic diameters from 244 to 974 µ ma tReynolds numbers ranging from 230 to 6500. The pressure drop in these microchannels is measured in situ and is also determined by correcting global measurements for inlet and exit losses. Onset of turbulence is verified by flow visualization. The experimental measurements of pressure drop are compared to numerical predictions. Results show that conventional theory may be used to predict successfully the flow behavior in microchannels in the range of dimensions considered here. Nomenclature Dh =h ydraulic diameter, µm f = Darcy friction factor H = microchannel height, µm L = microchannel length, mm l = characteristic size of eddies in turbulent flow, m P = pressure, Pa Q =v olume flow rate, m 3 /s Re =R eynolds number U =a verage velocity in microchannel, m/s u = characteristic velocity scale of eddies in turbulent flow, m/s W = microchannel width, µm x + = entrance length, mm α = aspect ratio, H/W � P = pressure difference, Pa δ = uncertainty e = dissipation rate, m 2 /s 3 η =K olmogorov length scale, m µ = fluid viscosity, N · s/m 2 ν = kinematic viscosity, m 2 /s ρ = fluid density, kg/m 3 app = apparent fd = fully developed conditions
Dual diagnosis of pemphigus vulgaris and connective tissue disease.

This is a retrospective analysis of patients with pemphigus vulgaris and connective tissue disease (CTD) present as systemic lupus erythematosus, mixed CTD, or both. Pemphigus vulgaris was severe, difficult to treat, but eventually responded to therapy, resulting in a remission. In 6 patients, the CTD was stable and controlled with symptomatic therapy, and in 7 patients required systemic therapy. Life-threatening systemic involvement in systemic lupus erythematosus or mixed CTD–such as renal, cardiac, and neurologic–were absent in these patients on 8 years (range 3-18 years) of follow-up. There are two limitations to this study. First, it is a retrospective study. Second, no other disease control groups were used for comparison purposes.
Adsorption of Bile Acids by Components of Alfalfa and Wheat Bran in Vitro

Adsorption of 2.5 mM and 5.0 mM cholic acid and deoxycholic acid by plant materials high in dietary fiber (alfalfa and wheat bran) and fractions derived from sequential extraction of plant material to remove various components was measured. Results tend to support the hydrophobic nature of adsorption and indicate a lack of macromolecular interactions between dietary fiber and bile acid micelles. Lignin appears to be an extremely important component in the interaction of dietary fiber with bile acids, but holocellulose also plays a significant role. Fractionation of dietary fiber sources may provide a method for study of the effects of specific components of dietary fiber which avoids some of the harsh isolaprocedures.
VASECTOMY AND HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS TYPE 1 IN SEMEN

AbstractPurpose: Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV) is cultured more often from seminal cells than seminal plasma. Because vasectomy causes dramatic reductions in seminal cells and also eliminates secretions from proximal sites in the male reproductive tract, vasectomy may change the potential infectiousness of semen.Materials and Methods: We used polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays to measure HIV ribonucleic acid (RNA) in seminal plasma and HIV deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) in seminal cells from 46 asymptomatic, seropositive men before and after vasectomy.Results: HIV RNA levels in semen correlated only weakly with blood levels (r = 0.22, p = 0.03). Of 183 semen specimens assayed for cell-free HIV RNA and proviral DNA 37 (20%) were positive for HIV RNA only, 41 (22%) were positive for HIV DNA only, and 18 (10%) were positive for RNA and DNA. Thus, detection of HIV RNA in seminal plasma was not associated with detection of HIV DNA in seminal cells. HIV RNA was present in 23 of 82 specimens (28%) (...
Phytoplankton light absorption of cultures and natural samples: comparisons using two spectrophotometers

Here we present laboratory measurements of phytoplankton absorption for cultures and natural water samples using two different spectrophotometers, an Ultrapath system and a double beam spectrophotometer equipped with an integrating sphere (Lambda 850). The Ultrapath system provides simplified optics with high throughput efficiency, portability, and is relatively less expensive in comparison to conventional spectrophotometers. A more robust algorithm for correction of pathlength amplification (β) for particles retained on filter paper was determined for Lambda 850 in comparison to the Ultrapath. The Lambda 850 β algorithm (ODs(λ) = 0.405 [ODf(λ)] + 0.475 [ODf(λ)]2 ; r2 = 0.973; n = 7395) showed species and size dependence as indicated by the LISST 100X and HPLC chlorophyll-a concentration data. A better agreement was observed between the two spectrophotometers for filter paper measurements (r2 = 0.991; slope = 0.958; n = 130 for cultures and r2 = 0.978; slope = 0.957; n = 349 for natural samples), than for suspensions (r2 = 0.960; slope = 0.915; n = 92 for cultures and r2 = 0.960; slope = 0.921; n = 27 for natural samples). The differences in measurement of suspensions between the spectrophotometers could be attributed to volume scattering function and acceptance angle of the waveguide detector.
Palaeobotanical evidence for a marked temperature increase following the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary

CORRESPONDENCE analysis of dicot leaf physiognomy of modern vegetational samples from a wide range of environments indicates that >70% of physiognomic variation corresponds to water or temperature factors, or both. Despite wide variation in single physiognomic characters, overall trends can be used to distinguish between samples from different climates. Some climate parameters are well correlated with changes in physiognomy, so that climate characteristics can be inferred from physiognomic analyses. Here I apply this climate–leaf analysis multivariate program (CLAMP) to leaf assemblages from the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary. The results indicate a fourfold increase in precipitation at the boundary and an increase in mean annual temperature of 10°C. These levels persisted for 0.5–1.0 Myr, after which prea-cipitation decreased to about three times the values for the latest Cretaceous, and the mean annual temperature decreased to 5–6°C above latest Cretaceous values.
Aod1 Controlling Day 3 Thymectomy-Induced Autoimmune Ovarian Dysgenesis in Mice Encompasses Two Linked Quantitative Trait Loci with Opposing Allelic Effects on Disease Susceptibility

Day 3 thymectomy (D3Tx) leads to a paucity of CD4(+)CD25(+) suppressor T cells, a loss of peripheral tolerance, and the development of organ-specific autoimmune disease in adult mice. Importantly, D3Tx does not lead to autoimmune disease in all mouse strains, indicating that this process is genetically controlled. Previously, we reported linkage of D3Tx-induced autoimmune ovarian dysgenesis (AOD) and its intermediate phenotypes, antiovarian autoantibody responsiveness, oophoritis, and atrophy, to five quantitative trait loci (QTL), designated Aod1 through Aod5. We also showed interaction between these QTL and H2 as well as Gasa2, a QTL controlling susceptibility to D3Tx-induced autoimmune gastritis. To physically map Aod1, interval-specific bidirectional recombinant congenic strains of mice were generated and studied for susceptibility to D3Tx-induced AOD. Congenic mapping studies revealed that Aod1 controls susceptibility to oophoritis and comprises two linked QTL with opposing allelic effects. Aod1a resides between D16Mit211 (23.3 cM) and D16Mit51 (66.75 cM) on chromosome 16. Aod1b maps proximal of Aod1a between D16Mit89 (20.9 cM) and D16Mit211 (23.3 cM) and includes the candidate genes stefin A1, A2, and A3 (Stfa1-Stfa3), inhibitors of cathepsin S, a cysteine protease required for autoantigen presentation, and the development of autoimmune disease of the salivary and lacrimal glands following D3Tx. cDNA sequencing revealed the existence of structural polymorphisms for both Stfa1 and Stfa2. Given the roles of cathepsins in Ag processing and presentation, Stfa1 and Stfa2 alleles have the potential to control susceptibility to autoimmune disease at the level of both CD4(+)CD25(+) suppressor and CD4(+)CD25(-) effector T cells.
Chronic dermatophyte infections. I. Clinical and mycological features

One hundred and six patients with chronic dermatophytosis unresponsive to griseofulvin were studied. Trichophyton rubrum was the causative organism in 93% of cases. Chronic dermatophyte infections caused by organisms other than T. rubrum occurred predominantly, but not exclusively, in patients with underlying diseases. Forty-nine percent of the patients had a personal or family history of atopy but other abnormalities included disorders of keratinization, collagen vascular disease and systemic steroid therapy. The commonest sites of infection were the palms and soles, as opposed to toe webs or groins in control patients with griseofulvin-responsive dermatophyte infections. A significant proportion of chronically infected patients had raised IgE levels. Only 11% of the chronically infected group showed delayed hypersensitivity responses to intradermal trichophytin but 58% showed immediate hypersensitivity responses to trichophytin as well as other fungal and non-fungal allergens.
Accurate insertion strategies using simple optical sensors

Peg-in-hole insertion is not only a longstanding problem in robotics but the most common automated mechanical assembly task. In this paper the authors present a high precision, self-calibrating peg-in-hole insertion strategy using several very simple, inexpensive, and accurate optical sensors. The self-calibrating feature allows the authors to achieve successful dead-reckoning insertions with tolerances of 25 microns without any accurate initial position information for the robot, pegs, or holes. The program the authors implemented works for any cylindrical peg, and the sensing steps do not depend on the peg diameter, which the program does not know. The key to the strategy is the use of a fixed sensor to localize both a mobile sensor and the peg, while the mobile sensor localizes the hole. The authors' strategy is extremely fast, localizing pegs as they are en route to their insertion location without pausing. The result is that insertion times are dominated by the transport time between pick and place operations. >
International Migration at the Dawn of the Twenty-First Century: The Role of the State

This note reviews recent theoretical and empirical work on the determinants and efficacy of state immigration policies to draw conclusions about the future direction of policy regimes throughout the globe and their likely effects. An age of increasingly restrictive immigration policies is emerging, but it is still unclear how effective these policies will be in controlling the volume and composition of international migration. States can be located along a continuum of efficacy with respect to the imposition of restrictive policies. Unfortunately virtually all research done to date has focused on the effectiveness of restrictive policies in major immigrant-receiving developed countries. More research needs to be done to determine just how effective restrictive immigration policies can be under varying degrees of state capacity.
Quantitative identification of erosional Lake Bonneville shorelines, Utah

Abstract Although the major shorelines of Pleistocene Lake Bonneville have been recognized for more than 100 years, less prominent shorelines have proven difficult to quantitatively identify and correlate since the time of G. K. Gilbert. By applying the Savitzky–Golay filter and methodology of Hare et al. to high resolution LiDAR data of selected erosional shorelines, five distinct, correlatable shorelines between the well-described Bonneville and Provo shorelines on the transgressive limb of the Lake Bonneville hydrograph are documented. The results provide a framework for determining whether these transgressive features represent lake oscillations or stillstands during the height of the Last Glacial Maximum in the eastern Great Basin of the western United States with possible attendant paleoclimate implications.
Expanding RTEMS to a Multiuser System by Using Security Tags

This paper discusses a research project that develops enhanced security protections for operating systems running on security enhanced microprocessors. Security tagging schemes are promising mechanisms for enhancing the security of computer systems. The idea of tagging schemes is to attach metadata tags to memory and registers to carry information about the data being tagged. This paper summarizes the features of these new microprocessors and discusses the use of these features in the design of enhanced operating system security for an exemplary real time operating system.
Cancer Stem Cells: Dynamic Entities in an Ever-Evolving Paradigm

The CSC hypothesis postulates that there is a hierarchy of cellular differentiation within cancers and that the bulk population of tumor cells is derived from a relatively small population of multi-potent neoplastic stem-like cells (CSCs). This tumor-initiating cell population plays an important role in maintaining tumor growth through their unlimited self-renewal, therapeutic resistance, and capacity to propagate tumors through asymmetric cell division. Recent findings from multiple laboratories show that cancer progenitor cells have the capacity to de-differentiate and acquire a stem-like phenotype in response to either genetic manipulation or environmental cues. These findings suggest that CSCs and relatively differentiated progenitors coexist in dynamic equilibrium and are subject to bidirectional conversion. In this review, we discuss emerging concepts regarding the stem-like phenotype, its acquisition by cancer progenitor cells, and the molecular mechanisms involved. Understanding the dynamic equilibrium between CSCs and cancer progenitor cells is critical for the development of novel therapeutic strategies that focus on depleting tumors of their tumor-propagating cell population.
From IM to Collaboration

As library service providers for distance learners, we are constantly searching for ways to assist them in their use of library resources. Virtual (real-time chat) reference is yet another tool to ...
Effect of detergents and homogenization on adenosine kinase and adenosine deaminase of human erythrocyte ghosts.

SummaryDetergent treatment and homogenization enhance adenosine kinase activity but do not affect adenosine deaminase activity in red cell ghosts. Furthermore, adenosine kinase activity is lost during blood storage whereas adenosine deaminase and detergent activation of adenosine kinase are unaffected. Adenosine kinase was not saturated at substrate concentrations as high as 750 μM whereas saturation occurs at 10 μM in intact ghost cells. Finally, adenosine kinase and deaminase activities are not altered by detergent treatment of hemolysates. These findings suggest that membrane disruption exposes previously inaccessible sites for adenosine kinase activity although the possibility of two separate adenosine kinases has not been ruled out.
SCREENING WITH ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY OR STRESS TESTING IN ASYMPTOMATIC USAF AVIATORS- NOT EFFICACIOUS

The efficacy of cardiac screening programs for individuals in competitive athletics and high-risk occupations such as commercial and military aviation continues to be highly debated. Prior to 2008, all United States Air Force (USAF) pilot applicants underwent screening echocardiography and some form
ELUCIDATING THE ONCOGENIC ROLE OF ATRX DEFICIENCY IN GLIOMA

We and others recently identified loss-of-function mutations in the ATRX gene as core components of a highly recurrent molecular signature characterizing adult diffuse astrocytoma. ATRX deficiency has also been implicated in large subsets of pediatric glioma, neuroblastoma, and pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor. ATRX is a SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling factor, which appears to play a crucial role in heterochromatin maintenance, particularly at telomeres. Its dysfunction has been correlated with genomic instability and DNA replications stress, along with abnormal telomere elongation. Interestingly, germline mutations in ATRX do not cause cancer, but are instead associated with neurodegeneration and mental retardation. To further elucidate the pathogenic role of ATRX in glioma, we first assessed its expression level across different glioma subtypes. As expected, ATRX expression was lost in virtually all IDH-mutant gliomas without 1p/19q codeletion (primarily astrocytomas), but was universally maintained in IDH-wild type tumors (primarily glioblastomas), and 1p/19q co-deleted tumors (oligodendrogliomas). Interestingly, we found that ATRX-mutant gliomas were not universally negative for ATRX, with some tumor cells retaining expression. This finding, which we have confirmed by deep sequencing, suggests that ATRX mutations do not confer a strong proliferative advantage per se, but instead predispose cellular subclones to transformative events downstream, perhaps through genomic destabilization and DNA copy number alteration. To investigate issues of clonality and DNA copy number further, we have performed single cell sequencing on a number of ATRX-mutant gliomas, identifying several distinct subclones within each sample, and are in the process of integrating focused genotyping data for ATRX and other relevant genes. We are also in the process of a detailed investigation into the epigenomic and transformative consequences of ATRX deficiency using disease-relevant in vitro and in vivo modeling systems. Characterizing the pathogenic cascade induced by ATRX deficiency will provide crucial insights into therapeutic development for a number of tumor entities, including diffuse astrocytoma.
SSL Protocol and Its Application

SSL protocol is the security protocol used in IP socket layer of TCP/IP,which can fill up the deficiency of TCP/IP protocol. The SSL protocol is widely used in internet bank and electronic business to insure the security of data. However,it can not prove the non-repudiation of trading. We develop the security control or security agent software to improve the security of SSL protocol.
Growth performance, serum hormones, and metabolite responses before and after weaning in lambs weaned at 42 days of age: effect of preweaning milk and postweaning alfalfa or grass hay diets

Fourteen fall-born lambs were used to determine the effects of diet before and after weaning on intake, growth, serum hormones, and metabolite profiles. Before weaning, lambs were intensively sampled for 6 h at 35 and 42 d of age. Before sample collection, lambs were allowed to suckle, and milk intake was recorded. At 42 d of age, lambs were weaned and randomly allotted to ad libitum access to either alfalfa or grass hay. Blood samples were collected at 49 and 56 d of age for 6 h. Milk intake did not differ (P greater than .10) between groups. After weaning, lambs fed alfalfa hay consumed more (P less than .05) hay and had greater (P less than .05) ADG than lambs fed grass hay. Postweaning diet had no effect (P greater than .10) on serum insulin, growth hormone (GH), insulin:GH ratio, prolactin, cortisol, glucose, or nonesterified fatty acids (NE-FA) concentrations. Lambs consuming alfalfa had higher (P less than .05) serum urea nitrogen (SUN) at 49 and 56 d of age than lambs consuming grass. At 35 and 42 d of age, (P less than .05) serum insulin and insulin:GH ratio were higher (P less than .05) after milk intake than at 49 and 56 d of age after hay intake. Serum GH was higher (P less than .05) in lambs at 35 and 42 d of age for 2 h postfeeding, but by h 3 through 5, lambs consuming milk had lower (P less than .05) values than lambs consuming hay.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Nigerians Boxers in Britain: The Creation of a Sporting Diaspora

This paper investigates boxing as it developed in Nigeria and how several boxers branched onto the Atlantic circuit, travelling to, and living in, Liverpool from the late 1940s through the early years of independence. It will explore how boxing shaped and gave rise to new ideas of masculinity and of ethnic and national consciousness. While not all Nigerians who migrated to Liverpool won championships, many earned enough money while in Liverpool to return to Nigeria to open businesses, buy urban property or rural land for cultivation, and pay for bridewealth, while many lived the rest of their days in England. For instance, Abraham Adeyemi Jones learned to be a mechanical engineer, and Dick Tiger used his money from Liverpool to pay his bridewealth and buy several properties in Lagos. The exploits of those who left for Liverpool were continually replayed in Nigerian newspapers. Examples like these show the importance of boxing in Liverpool to upward social mobility, using money and skills to create opportunities denied to boxers in Nigeria. Thus, this Atlantic circuit was important in creating sporting ties within the British Empire, for social ascendancy for many Nigerian boxers, for the recognition of Nigerian sporting achievement internationally, and the expansion of the Nigerian diaspora.
Substance and Change in Congressional Ideology: NOMINATE and Its Alternatives

Poole and Rosenthal's NOMINATE scores have been a boon to the study of Congress, but they are not without limitations. We focus on two limitations that are especially important in historical applications. First, the dimensions uncovered by NOMINATE do not necessarily have a consistent ideological meaning over time. Our case study of the 1920s highlights the challenge of interpreting NOMINATE scores in periods when party lines do not map well onto the main contours of ideological debate in political life. Second, the commonly used DW-NOMINATE variant of these scores makes assumptions that are not well suited to dealing with rapid or non-monotonic ideological change. A case study of Southern Democrats in the New Deal era suggests that a more flexible dynamic item-response model provides a better fit for this important period. These applications illustrate the feasibility and value of tailoring one's model and data to one's research goals rather than relying on off-the-shelf NOMINATE scores.
Immune signaling-based Cascade Propagation approach re-stratifies HNSCC patients

The availability of high-throughput genomic assays and rich electronic medical records allows us to identify cancer subtypes with greater accuracy and resolution. The integration of multiplatform, heterogenous, and high dimensional data remains an enormous challenge in using big data in bioinformatics research. Previous methods have been developed for patient stratification, however, these approaches did not incorporate prior knowledge and offer limited biology insight. New computational methods are needed to better utilize multiple types of information to identify clinically meaningful subtypes. Recent studies have shown that many immune functional genes are associated with cancer progression, recurrence and prognosis in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Therefore, we developed a novel immune signaling based Cascade Propagation (CasP) subtyping approach to stratify HNSCC patients. Unlike previous stratification methods that use only patient genomic data, our approach makes use of prior biological information such as immune signaling and protein-protein interactions, as well as patient survival information. CasP is a multi-step stratification procedure, composed of a dynamic network tree cutting step followed by a mutational stratification step. Using this approach, HNSCC patients were first stratified into clinically relative subgroups with different survival outcomes and distinct immunogenic features. We found that the good outcome of a subgroup of HNSCC patients was due to an enhanced immune response. The gene sets were characterized by a significant activation of T cell receptor signaling pathways, in addition to other important cancer related pathways such as PI3K and JAK/STAT signaling pathways. Further stratification of patients based on somatic mutation profiles detected three survival-distinct subnetworks. Our newly developed CasP subtyping approach allowed us to integrate multiple data types and identify clinically relevant subtypes of HNSCC patients.
TEAVIISARI - A TOOL FOR BENCHMARKING SAFETY PROMOTION AND INJURY PREVENTION ON LOCAL LEVEL

Background In Finland, municipalities are responsible for promoting the health and welfare of their residents. Safety promotion and injury prevention are an integral part of health promotion on various fields of municipal action. Description of the problem Until the launch of TEAviisari, a nationwide benchmarking tool for the management, planning and evaluation of health promotion capacity building (HPCB), there has been very little accurate and comparable nationwide information on health promoting activities in different sectors in Finnish municipalities. Results Aiming to make measures taken by local authorities visible and to provide information on actions that promote better public health on local level, TEAviisari is based on a generic HPCB framework. The framework consists of seven dimensions: commitment, management, monitoring and needs assessment, resources, common practices, participation and core functions. Safety and injury related topics covered in TEAviisari include but are not limited to prevention of home and leisure accident injuries, inspection of health and safety at schools, home-school collaboration to promote safety, prevention and monitoring of accidents and injuries at school, compiling a local safety plan, evaluating older person’s housing safety and having expertise on health and safety technology and assistive devices. The results show that differences between municipalities and schools exist in all topics. The data can be viewed on municipal level or on various geographical or administrative levels. Data for single schools are shown with the permission of the school. Conclusions TEAviisari shows that it is possible to assess the HPCB of municipalities, serving as a tool for the local government while making it transparent to the residents. Web-based user interface provides a quick access to relevant, interpreted information for decision-makers. TEAviisari is free of charge and available at http://teaviisari.fi in Finnish, Swedish and English.
Wanted: The Outlaw Lives of Billy the Kid & Ned Kelly . Lamar Series in Western History. By Robert M. Utley.

Wanted: The Outlaw Lives of Billy the Kid & Ned Kelly . Lamar Series in Western History. By Robert M. Utley. (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2015. ix + 223 pp. Illustrations, maps, bibliographical essay, index. $30.00.) The latest biography by renowned western historian Robert M. Utley is actually two for the price of one. In this one volume he describes the lives of two of the best-known folk heroes in the English-speaking world: New Mexico’s Billy the Kid and New South Wales’s Ned Kelly. In the first half of the book, Utley succinctly summarizes the sequence of events that launched one of America’s most popular outlaws into legend. He follows that with … montdawn{at}msn.com
The horizons of technological control: automated surveillance in the New York subway

Surveillance technologies may be capable of monitoring a domain, but they need a sufficiently orderly domain to monitor. This article examines the secretive effort to institute artificial-intellige...
Neutron Resonance Spectroscopy in Natural Copper

High resolution measurements of the total neutron cross section from 200 eV to ∼50 keV in natural copper have been performed using time-of-flight techniques. From the R-matrix analysis of the data,...
Examination of Neighborhood Disadvantage and Sleep in a Multi-Ethnic Cohort of Adolescents

Purpose Neighborhood-level socioeconomic disadvantage and lower individual-level socioeconomic status are associated with poorer sleep health in adults. However, few studies have examined the association between neighborhood-level disadvantage and sleep in adolescents, a population at high-risk for sleep disturbances.
Intellectual Property Rights, Innovation and Development: Is Asia Different?:

For decades, economic policymakers in developing countries have resisted pressure to strengthen their intellectual property rights (IPR) systems. Many of them have pointed to the success of high-te...
Diel Variation in Detection and Vocalization Rates of King (Rallus elegans) and Clapper (Rallus crepitans) Rails in Intracoastal Waterways

Abstract. Surveys for secretive marsh birds could be improved with refinements to address regional and species-specific variation in detection probabilities and optimal times of day to survey. Diel variation in relation to naive occupancy, detection rates, and vocalization rates of King (Rallus elegans) and Clapper (R. crepitans) rails were studied in intracoastal waterways in Virginia, USA. Autonomous acoustic devices recorded vocalizations of King and Clapper rails at 75 locations for 48-hr periods within a marsh complex. Naive King and Clapper rail occupancy did not vary hourly at either the marsh or the study area level. Combined King and Clapper rail detections and vocalizations varied across marshes, decreased as the sampling season progressed, and, for detections, was greatest during low rising tides (P < 0.01). Hourly variation in vocalization and detection rates did not show a pattern but occurred between 7.8% of pairwise comparisons for detections and 10.5% of pairwise comparisons for vocalizati...
Interaction of a trailing vortex with an oscillating wing

A technique of particle image velocimetry is employed to characterize the flow structure of a trailing vortex incident upon the tip region of an oscillating wing (plate). The amplitude and velocity of the wing are nearly two orders of magnitude smaller than the wing chord and free stream velocity, respectively. Depending upon the outboard displacement of the incident vortex relative to the wing tip, distinctive patterns of upwash, downwash, and shed vorticity are observed. These patterns are a strong function of the phase of the wing motion during its oscillation cycle. At a given phase, the wing oscillation induces upwash that is reinforced by the upwash of the incident vortex, giving a maximum net upwash. Conversely, when these two origins of upwash counteract, rather than reinforce, one another during the oscillation cycle, the net upwash attains minimum value. Analogous interpretations hold for regions of maximum and minimum net downwash located outboard of the regions of upwash. The magnitude and scale of the vorticity shed from the tip of the wing are directly correlated with the net upwash, which takes different forms related to the outboard displacement of the incident vortex. As the location of the incident vortex is displaced towards the wing tip, both the maximum upwash and the maximum vorticity of the tip vortex initially increase and then decrease. For the limiting case where the incident vortex impinges directly upon the tip of the wing, there is no tip vortex or induced region of upwash. Furthermore, at small values of vortex displacement from the wing tip, the position of the incident vortex varies significantly from its nominal position during the oscillation cycle. All of the foregoing features are interpreted in conjunction with the flow topology in the form of streamlines and critical points, superposed on patterns of vorticity. It is shown that despite the small amplitude of the wing motion, the flow topology is fundamentally different at maximum positive and negative values of the velocity of the wing tip, that is, they are not symmetric.
An integrated approach to place Green Infrastructure strategies in marginalized communities and evaluate stormwater mitigation

Abstract Increasing urbanization augments impervious surface area, which results in increased run off volumes and peak flows. Green Infrastructure (GI) approaches are a decentralized alternative for sustainable urban stormwater and provide an array of ecosystem services and foster community building by enhancing neighborhood aesthetics, increasing property value, and providing shared green spaces. While projects involving sustainability concepts and environmental design are favored in privileged communities, marginalized communities have historically been located in areas that suffer from environmental degradation. Underprivileged communities typically do not receive as many social and environmental services as advantaged communities. This research explores GI-based management strategies that are evaluated at the watershed scale to improve hydrological performance by mitigating storm water run off volumes and peak flows. GI deployment strategies are developed to address environmental justice issues by prioritizing placement in communities that are underprivileged and locations with high outreach potential. A hydrologic/hydraulic stormwater model is developed using the Storm Water Management Model (SWMM 5.1) to simulate the impacts of alternative management strategies. Management scenarios include the implementation of rain water harvesting in private households, the decentralized implementation of bioretention cells in private households, the centralized implementation of bioretention cells in municipally owned vacant land, and combinations of those strategies. Realities of implementing GI on private and public lands are taken into account to simulate various levels of coverage and routing for bioretention cell scenarios. The effects of these strategies are measured by the volumetric reduction of run off and reduction in peak flow; social benefits are not evaluated. This approach is applied in an underprivileged community within the Walnut Creek Watershed in Raleigh, North Carolina.
It's Time to Reinvigorate the Constitutional Claim for Physician Assistance in Dying

Since the Supreme Court's 1997 rejection of constitutional challenges to state bans on physician-assisted dying (PAD), dying patients' constitutional claims have been summarily rejected. This has been so whether the claimants rely on federal or state constitutional provisions relating to liberty and equal protection of the laws. I argue here that developments in end-of-life jurisprudence and practice over the last 21 years provide a foundation to refine and reinvigorate constitutional claims for PAD.
Silhouette: Identifying YouTube Video Flows from Encrypted Traffic

Video streaming traffic often dominates mobile wireless networks, forcing Internet Service Providers (ISPs) to deploy video shaping to identify and then manage traffic during congested periods Unfortunately, the increasing use of end-to-end encryption (e.g., TSL/SSL) makes it difficult to identify video flows even with deep packet inspection. As an alternative, this paper presents Silhouette -- a real-time, lightweight video classification method suitable for ISP middle-boxes. Silhouette uses only flow statistics (i.e., "shape") for video identification making it payload-agnostic, effective for identifying video flow even when encrypted. Preliminary results with pre-classified YouTube traffic shows the promise of the Silhouette approach, yielding high identification accuracy over a range of video content and encoding qualities.
Early Childhood Inclusion: Teacher Perception of the Supports Needed to Fully Include Children with Special Needs

Inclusion of children with disabilities in early childhood settings remains a goal for many early care and education centers and professionals. In this study, the perceptions of supports needed to accomplish this goal were examined. Early childhood teachers from a university-based child care center, which is inspired by the schools in Reggio Emilia, Italy, were interviewed and asked to explore their feelings and thoughts on fully including children with disabilities in their classrooms. An examination of their perceptions led to the identification of four major themes: a) everyone is valuable in the classroom community, b) additional training is needed, c) support from administrators, peers, specialists, and therapists, d) experience fosters success. From these themes the researcher found that teachers felt support from administrators(staffing, policies and procedures, time for meetings), peers, and on-site consultants, additional training, and an over arching philosophy of accepting differences were crucial to successful inclusion. The participants also indicated that all new teachers, whether in pre-service or through inservice should have access to these supports and be provided with information about the benefits and positive experiences of others who have included a child with a disability into their classroom. This study will add to the continuing discussion of early childhood inclusion and provide additional information for programmatic decision making within a
Control design in cyber-physical fluid–structure interaction experiments

Abstract Cyber-physical fluid dynamics is a hybrid experimental–computational approach to study fluid–structure interaction (FSI). It enables on-the-fly changes to structure inertia, damping, stiffness, and even kinematic constraints by replacing traditional elastically-mounted structures with actuators and a controller. The control design plays a central role in matching the closed-loop dynamics of the cyber-physical structure (CPS) to those of the desired structure. Control designs based on traditional proportional–integral–derivative (PID) and post-modern H ∞ control are presented. The controllers are synthesized to match the linearized desired structural dynamics (or the input–output response) but no assumption of linearity is levied on the fluid behavior. To quantify the matching of input–output response, a CPS deviation index is defined based on H ∞ norms. To evaluate and compare the performance of the control designs, two well-known FSI instabilities are considered, galloping and aeroelastic flutter. These FSI instabilities represent convenient test cases because they can be analyzed with linear aerodynamic models. Comparing the critical instability flow velocity and oscillation frequency of the CPS with different control designs and the desired mechanical structure demonstrates that the internal structure of the controller is crucial to fully matching the response of the desired structure. H ∞ model-matching control with admittance causality is found to be the most adept control design for the CPS.
Paradigms for Language Theory

Two paradigms for language theory are characterized and compared with each other in this essay:1 (1) The recursive paradigm. According to it, language is considered as a rule-governed process. In the simplest case, language is studied by means of recursive rules, hence the title.2 (2) The strategic paradigm. According to it, language is considered as a goal-directed process. In the simplest case, language is studied by means of the strategic rules governing a game-like process.
A Comparison of Serum versus Heparinized Plasma for Routine Chemistry Tests

Heparinized plasma and serum were assayed simultaneously, and a t test for paired or dependent values was used to evaluate the statistical significance of any difference found. No significant difference between serum and plasma was found for alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, amylase, total bilirubin, BUN, calcium, CO2, creatine phosphokinase, creatinine, or glucose. Method-dependent differences were found for chloride, cholesterol, and lactic dehydrogenase. Statistically significant but clinically unimportant differences were found for alkaline phosphatase, albumin, phosphorus, sodium, triglyceride, and uric acid. Statistically significant and clinically important differences were found for potassium and total protein. Potassium was higher in serum, with a mean difference of 0.38 mEq./l. Total protein was higher in plasma, with a mean difference of 0.24 Gm./dl. Heparinized plasma should be used for electrolyte determinations and may be substituted for serum for the determination of other blood constituents.
Neurogenesis in Zebrafish Embryo Cell Cultures

We have carried out experiments to determine the role of FGF in early neurogenesis in zebrafish embryo cell cultures. In the presence of bFGF the level of krox-20 expression was very low while transcripts of another neurogenesis marker, the “engrailed” gene, en-3, were absent. Moreover, we could not detect transcripts of wnt-1 in cells grown in the presence of bFGF and the expression levels of other early neural markers were lower then in the absence of bFGF. In zebrafish it has been shown that wnt-1 is involved in the formation of the midbrain-hindbrain boundary and may influence differentiation of neural crest cells. Our results suggest that the presence of bFGF suppresses the expression of early neural markers in primary cultures of zebrafish.