cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Difference between Blackstone-Like Error Ratios and Probabilistic Standards of Proof

Statements regarding the ratio of erroneous acquittals to erroneous convictions are often thought to have clear implications for standards of proof. For example, Blackstone's comment that “it is better that ten guilty persons escape, than that one innocent suffer’ is believed by many to imply a precise numerical value for proof beyond a reasonable doubt. Specifically, jurors should vote to convict only if they are at least 91 % certain of the defendant's guilt. Unfortunately, the belief that this decision threshold will lead to the desired ratio of judicial errors is simply incorrect. Depending on (a) the accuracy with which juries discriminate between truly innocent and truly guilty defendants and (b) the proportion of defendants who are truly guilty, this probabilistic standard of proof may lead to any ratio of judicial errors, including those favoring conviction of the innocent over acquittal of the guilty. Although standards of proof cannot be equated with error ratios in a simple manner, the problem lies not with probabilistic decision thresholds but with the desire to achieve a certain error ratio.
Nanos and Pumilio have critical roles in the development and function of Drosophila germline stem cells

The zinc-finger protein Nanos and the RNA-binding protein Pumilio act together to repress the translation of maternal hunchback RNA in the posterior of the Drosophila embryo, thereby allowing abdomen formation. nanos RNA is localized to the posterior pole during oogenesis and the posteriorly synthesized Nanos protein is sequestered into the germ cells as they form in the embryo. This maternally provided Nanos protein is present in germ cells throughout embryogenesis. Here we show that maternally deposited Nanos protein is essential for germ cell migration. Lack of zygotic activity of nanos and pumilio has a dramatic effect on germline development of homozygous females. Given the coordinate function of nanos and pumilio in embryonic patterning, we analyzed the role of these genes in oogenesis. We find that both genes act in the germline. Although the nanos and pumilio ovarian phenotypes have similarities and both genes ultimately affect germline stem cell development, the focus of these phenotypes appears to be different. While pumilio mutant ovaries fail to maintain stem cells and all germline cells differentiate into egg chambers, the focus of nanos function seems to lie in the differentiation of the stem cell progeny, the cystoblast. Consistent with the model that nanos and pumilio have different phenotypic foci during oogenesis, we detect high levels of Pumilio protein in the germline stem cells and high levels of Nanos in the dividing cystoblasts. We therefore suggest that, in contrast to embryonic patterning, Nanos and Pumilio may interact with different partners in the germline.
Transdiagnostic and disorder-specific models of intergenerational transmission of internalizing pathology.

Background Numerous studies have supported an association between maternal depression and child psychiatric outcomes, but few have controlled for the confounding effects of both maternal and offspring co-morbidity. Thus, it remains unclear whether the correspondence between maternal and offspring depressive and anxiety disorders is better explained by associations between shared features of maternal and offspring internalizing disorders or by specific effects exerted by unique aspects of individual disorders. Method Pairs of mothers and offspring overselected for maternal depression (n = 815) were assessed at offspring age 15 years for anxiety and depressive disorders; 705 completed a follow-up at offspring age 20 years. For both mothers and offspring, structural equation modeling was used to distinguish transdiagnostic internalizing pathology – representing the overlap among all depressive and anxiety disorders – from diagnosis-specific forms of pathology. To discriminate between general versus specific pathways of intergenerational transmission of psychopathology, we examined (a) the general association between the maternal and offspring internalizing factors and (b) the correlations between maternal and offspring diagnosis-specific pathology for each disorder. Results For mothers and offspring, a unidimensional latent variable model provided the best fit to the correlations among depressive and anxiety disorders. The maternal transdiagnostic internalizing factor strongly predicted the corresponding factor among offspring. In addition, the unique component of post-traumatic stress disorder among offspring was significantly related to the analogous unique component among mothers, but specific components of other maternal disorders, including depression, did not predict corresponding offspring pathology. Conclusions Results suggest that intergenerational transmission of internalizing disorders is largely non-specific.
Survival methods: additional topics.

Survival analysis concerns outcome variables that are the times to the occurrence of events such as myocardial infarction, hospitalization for heart failure, or death. Rao and Schoenfeld1 give an excellent account of frequently used techniques in survival analysis, including Kaplan–Meier estimation of a single survival distribution, the log-rank test for comparing 2 survival distributions, and Cox’s proportional-hazards model (PHM) for assessing the affect of multiple predictors on survival. Our article delves more deeply into the methodology, emphasizing the use of time-dependent covariates both as devices for assessing the fit of a model and as risk predictors in their own right. We review the accelerated life model as an important alternative to the PHM. We address the analysis of event-time data when individuals may experience multiple events and the use of combined end points. We describe the use of cumulative incidence curves as an alternative to Kaplan–Meier estimation in situations involving competing risks. Finally, we mention some issues related to the analysis of quality of life and cost-effectiveness data in survival studies. Recall that the hazard function h(t) for an event at time t is the instantaneous event rate among t subjects who have not yet experienced the event. It is related to the survivor function (probability of not yet having experienced the event), S(t), by the expression h(t)=−[1/S(t)]dS(t)/dt (Rao and Schoenfeld1). Cox’s model states that the hazard function for an individual with covariates x1, x2, …, x3 takes the form equation ![Formula][1] where h(t) is the so-called baseline (or reference) hazard and the xj are covariates. Model 1 implies that the ratio of the hazard functions for 2 individuals is constant over time because the term h(t) cancels from the ratio and the other terms are free of t. … [1]: /embed/graphic-1.gif
Cabbage seedpod weevil (Ceutorhynchus assimilis, Paykull) management by trap cropping and its effect on parasitism by Trichomalus perfectus (Walker) in oilseed rape.

Abstract The feasibility of managing the cabbage seedpod weevil (Ceutorhynchus assimilis, Paykull) in winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus, L.) using an early-flowering trap crop was studied during four seasons near Griffin, GA, USA. The trap crop consisted of an autumn-planted winter type variety with an autumn-planted spring type variety of B. napus which flowered two to three weeks before the main crop. The trap crop system was compared to conventional winter oilseed rape production without insecticidal control or with control of C. assimilis using esfenvalerate. The conventional control treatment greatly reduced adult numbers during flowering and larval pod infestations in all years and prevented losses of grain yield in two years and of grain quality in three of the four years. The trap crop treatment reduced adult numbers during flowering by about 60% in 1994 and 80% in 1995, and it reduced larval infestations in pods by 60% in 1995, but not in the other three years. Trap cropping also did not prevent significant losses in grain yield in any year. Greater than 96% of the larval parasitoids recovered from C. assimilis were Trichomalus perfectus (Walker). The conventional use of esfenvalerate during bloom indirectly reduced T. perfectus numbers because of a reduction in the number of available hosts, but the parasitoid typically attacked a greater proportion of remaining host larvae. The trap crop treatment did not adversely affect parasitism of C. assimilis by T. perfectus, but did not reliably control C. assimilis damage in autumn-sown oilseed rape. A trap crop system may be effective with lower populations of C. assimilis, but to be feasible in the USA, effective C. assimilis adulticides such as esfenvalerate must be registered for use on oilseed rape.
Vertical Sleeve Gastrectomy Improves Glucose and Lipid Metabolism and Delays Diabetes Onset in UCD- T2DM Rats

Vertical sleeve gastrectomy (VSG) has gained interest as a low morbidity bariatric surgery, which is effective in producing weight loss and causing type 2 diabetes resolution. However, the efficacy of VSG to prevent the onset of type 2 diabetes has not been previously investigated. VSG or sham surgery was performed on 2-month-old prediabetic male University of California Davis-type 2 diabetes mellitus rats. Sham-operated animals were either sham-operated ad libitum fed (S-AL) or were weight-matched to VSG-operated animals (S-WM). Diabetes onset was determined by weekly nonfasting blood glucose measurements. Animals underwent oral glucose tolerance tests at 1 and 4 months after surgery and indirect calorimetry at 1.5 months after surgery. VSG surgery significantly delayed diabetes onset compared with both S-AL and S-WM animals. VSG-operated animals ate 23% less and weighed 20% less than S-AL. Energy expenditure did not differ between VSG-operated animals and controls. Results from the oral glucose tolerance tests demonstrate improved glucose tolerance and islet function in VSG-operated animals compared with S-AL and S-WM. Nutrient-stimulated glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1, GLP-2, and peptide YY excursions were greater in VSG-operated animals. VSG surgery resulted in decreased fasting plasma insulin, ghrelin and lipid concentrations, and markedly higher fasting plasma adiponectin and bile acid concentrations, independent of body weight. Increases of circulating bile acid concentrations were due to selective increases of taurine-conjugated bile acids. Thus, VSG delays type 2 diabetes onset in the University of California Davis-type 2 diabetes mellitus rat, independent of body weight. This is potentially mediated by increases of circulating bile acids, adiponectin, and nutrient-stimulated GLP-1 secretion and decreased circulating ghrelin concentrations.
A binary decision tree implementation of a boosted strong classifier

Viola and Jones [1] proposed the influential rapid object detection algorithm. They used AdaBoost to select from a large pool a set of simple features and constructed a strong classifier of the form {∑jαjhj(x) ≥ θ} where each hj(x) is a binary weak classifier based on a simple feature. In this paper, we construct, using statistical detection theory, a binary decision tree from the strong classifier of the above form. Each node of the decision tree is just a weak classifier and the knowledge of the coefficients αjis no longer needed. Also, the binary tree has a lot of early exits. As a result, we achieve an automatic speedup that always makes the rapid Viola and Jones algorithm rapider.
Patterns in root trait variation among 25 co-existing North American forest species

Summary • Ephemeral roots have essential roles in plant and ecosystem functioning. In forests, roots account for a major component of carbon cycling, yet few studies have examined ranges of root trait variation and how different species vary in root form and function in these communities.  Root branching intensity, specific root length (SRL; root length per unit dry mass), root diameter, tissue density, phenolic concentration and nitrogen concentration were determined for the finest two root orders of 25 co-existing North American woody species sampled from mature plants in a single forest community. Trait correlations and multivariate patterns were examined to evaluate the most important trait differences among species.  Branching intensity, SRL, and phenolic concentration varied most widely among species (coefficient of variation (CV) = 0.42, 0.57 and 0.58, respectively). Species predominately forming ectomycorrhiza (EM) had a higher branching intensity than those forming arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) with mycorrhizal types correctly predicted in c. 70% of individual observations by branching intensity alone. There was notably no correlation between SRL and nitrogen. Variation in SRL among species mapped partially along phylogenetic lines (consistency index (CI) = 0.44), with remaining variation attributable to differences in species’ ecological specialization.  Variation found in root traits suggests different nutrient acquisition strategies within this community, which could have potential species-level effects on carbon and mineral nutrient cycling.
Growth of melanoma brain tumors monitored by photoacoustic microscopy

Melanoma is a primary malignancy that is known to metastasize to the brain and often causes death. The ability to image the growth of brain melanoma in vivo can provide new insights into its evolution and response to therapies. In our study, we use a reflection mode photoacoustic microscopy (PAM) system to detect the growth of melanoma brain tumor in a small animal model. The melanoma tumor cells are implanted in the brain of a mouse at the beginning of the test. Then, PAM is used to scan the region of implantation in the mouse brain, and the growth of the melanoma is monitored until the death of the animal. It is demonstrated that PAM is capable of detecting and monitoring the brain melanoma growth noninvasively in vivo.
Crossing Borders: The Role of Discourse Diversity in Multicultural Education

AbstractIn today’s complex, multicultural world, discourses and language vernaculars are more diverse than ever. Educational institutions often privilege the historically dominant vernacular (such as white middleclass English which is sometimes called “Standard English”). This language bias disadvantages students form working class and ethnically diverse communities. An examination of the debates on discourse and power in the US will have applicable suggestions for multicultural education in other parts of the world. Because of educational privileges granted to White European families, they still make up the majority of US students attending university. The privileging of “Standard English” assures that the transmission of knowledge and framing of educational goals favors those who share this discourse practice. Effective multicultural teachers deploy discourse that is an invented hybrid - neither formal professional English nor the primary community discourses of the students in their classes. It is a mi...
Asbestosis and lobar site of lung cancer

OBJECTIVE—To assess the evidence for the hypothesis that lung cancer has a predilection for the lower lobes in workers with asbestosis. METHOD—A review of the available literature with relevant information. RESULTS—Six published reports were analysed. In four studies limited to series of cases with diagnoses of asbestosis, three showed lower lobe predominance of lung cancer whereas the fourth study included cases in which the radiographic readings did not meet the usual criterion of profusion for asbestosis. One cohort study showed lower lobe predominance; the other reported only 33% lower lobe cancers compared with 20% in unexposed controls. CONCLUSION—There is some support for the hypothesis but more studies are needed. Keywords: asbestos; asbestosis; lung cancer
Victories for Empiricism, Failures for Theory: Medicine and Science in the Seventeenth Century

For millennia, learned physicians tried to develop theoretical principles that would guide their therapeutic actions. The most enduring foundations were built on the discourse of the four elements, four qualities, four humours, six non-naturals, and the ways these combined to yield individual temperaments and constitutions. As these fundamentals came under attack in the seventeenth century, empiricism and medical specifics once again seemed the best method of finding certainty in therapy. This was no simple change in “method” proposed by the learned, however, since the developing medical marketplace gave empirics many new opportunities for promoting their views and forcing the rest to take account of them. Does this transition in medicine also apply to “science” more generally, giving prominence to those “matters of fact” that have gained our attention in recent years? The case is made for answering “yes.”
The life cycle of Halimedusa typus , with discussion of other species closely related to the family Halimedusidae (Hydrozoa, Capitata, Anthomedusae)

The little-known Anthomedusa Halimedusa typus has been collected from several locations in California, Oregon, and British Columbia on the Pacific coast of the United States. The adult medusa is redescribed based on new observations of living material and is found to have capitate tentacles. Polyps of H. typus were raised several times after spawning field-collected medusae in the laboratory; the cultures on one occasion lived for more than a year. The capitate polyp is solitary and very tiny, emerging from a basal perisarc measuring 200-300 µm in diameter. One cultured polyp produced a medusa, which is described. The taxonomic positions of several other morphologically-similar Anthomedusae in the Capitata are compared and discussed here. Tiaricodon coeruleus and Urashimea globosa are moved from the Polyorchidae to the Halimedusidae, and the similarity of Boeromedusa auricogonia (Boeromedusidae) to all of these medusae and to the genera Polyorchis, Scrippsia and Spirocodon of the family Polyorchidae is considered. The group of species under consideration is basically restricted to the Pacific Ocean, except for T. coeruleus and U. globosa, which have also been collected in the south Atlantic and south Atlantic/Antarctic. It is noted that medusae of the Halimedusidae are typically found quiescent near the surface, whereas those of the Polyorchidae either rest on the bottom or must continue pulsating to stay up in the water column, indicating a basic underlying difference in buoyancy and resultant behavior between the medusae in these two families.
Measuring the impact of cancer: a comparison of non-Hodgkin lymphoma and breast cancer survivors

Introduction Self-report instruments such as the Impact of Cancer (IOC) are designed to measure quality of life (QOL) impacts that cancer survivors attribute to their cancer experience. Generalizability of QOL findings across distinct diagnostic categories of survivors is untested. We compare measurement of the impact of cancer using the IOC instrument in breast cancer (BC) survivors (n = 1,188) and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) survivors (n = 652).
A realtime software solution for resynchronizing filtered MPEG2 Transport stream

With the increasing demand and popularity of multimedia streaming applications over the current Internet, manipulating MPEG streams in a real-time software manner is gaining more and more importance. In this work, we studied the synchronization problem that arises when a gateway changes the data content carried in an MPEG2 Transport stream. In short, the distance between original time stamps will be changed non-uniformly when the video frames are resized, and decoders will fail to reconstruct the encoding clock from the resulting stream. We propose a cheap software real-time approach to solve this problem, which basically reuses the original time stamp packets and adapts their distance to accommodate the changes in bit rate. Experimental results from a real-time HDTV stream filter shows that our approach is correct and efficient.
When values and behavior conflict: Moral pluralism and intrapersonal moral hypocrisy.

The authors review the various ways moral hypocrisy has been defined and operationalized by social psychologists, concentrating on three general types: moral duplicity, moral double standards, and moral weakness. While most approaches have treated moral hypocrisy as an interpersonal phenomenon, requiring public claims, preaching (versus practicing), or judgments of others (versus oneself), this paper also considers intrapersonal moral hypocrisy – that is, conflicts between values and behavior that may exist even in the absence of public pronouncements or judgments. Current attempts to understand and combat intrapersonal moral hypocrisy are aided by moral pluralism, the idea that there are many different moral values, which may come into conflict both between and within individuals. Examples are given to illustrate how taking into account individual differences in values can help to reduce moral hypocrisy. The authors close by considering the possibility that in a pluralistic world, reducing intrapersonal moral hypocrisy might not always be a normatively desired end goal.
Spectral Characteristics of Acylsilanes

Abstract The spectra of a series of aliphatic and aromatic acylsilanes were recorded using ir, uv, 1H, 13C, and 29Si nmr techniques. The spectra of analogous ketones and an amide and phosphamide were also recorded to permit direct comparison. The silanes consistently exibited a downfield shift of 30 ppm for the 13C nmr carbonyl resonances relative to their all-carbon analogs. Similarly, the phosphamide carbonyl resonance showed a 40 ppm downfield shift relative to the corresponding amide. These results are interpreted as indicating multiple bond character in the Si-CO and P-CO bonds.
Multivariate Calibration of Infrared Spectra for Quantitative Analysis Using Designed Experiments

The principal component regression (PCR) and partial least-squares (PLS) methods are used to calibrate and validate models for quantitative prediction of the composition of mixtures from FT-IR spectra. An experimental system of two- and three-component mixtures of xylene isomers was sampled with the use of statistical experimental designs. For two-component mixtures, the prediction error of independent validation samples decreased with increasing numbers of design points in the calibration. Four design points were needed to achieve a prediction accuracy of 0.0013 weight fraction. For three-component mixtures, a Scheffe {3,3} simplex lattice design, which has ten design points, achieved an equivalent accuracy of 0.002 weight fraction. There was little difference in performance between PLS and PCR computations. The results demonstrate the application of statistical methodology to the calibration of infrared spectra and show the importance of including an adequate number of samples in the calibration. The F test on the residual spectrum is shown to be a valuable tool for the identification of spurious data.
Human heterosubtypic immunity to influenza A virus: evidence from case studies during the 1957 pandemic

Evaluation of: Epstein SL: Prior H1N1 influenza infection and susceptibility of Cleveland Family Study participants during the H2N2 pandemic of 1957: an experiment of nature. J. Infect. Dis. 193, 49–53 (2006). Heterosubtypic immunity (HSI) to influenza A virus (IAV) occurs when some degree of protection to infection is afforded by prior infection with a different subtype of IAV (i.e., a strain with serologically non-crossreactive surface glycoproteins). The existence of HSI, although well-documented in mice, is uncertain in humans. In order to examine HSI in humans, Epstein retrieved data from the Cleveland Family Study, a study of 60 families with school-aged children. Importantly, these families were monitored for illness during 1947–1957, the end of which coincided with the Asian IAV pandemic caused by the introduction of the H2N2 strain into human populations. Culture-positive IAV infection rates were compared between adults and children. Interestingly, many more children became infected during the 19...
Male perception of women in oral and maxillofacial surgery.

For many years dentistry was traditionally a maledominated profession. However, gradually this disparity has decreased so that in 2010 the national dental school enrollment was 54% male and 46% female, with 15 schools having at least 51% female students. Nevertheless, the number of women in oral and maxillofacial surgery (OMS) remains low. A recent study by Brunner and Campbell that looked at OMS as a career for women from the student and program director standpoints suggested that some bias remains against women in OMS residency programs and that they left residence programs at a higher rate than men. A study by Rostami et al performed in 2010 also showed that some female OMS residents and practitioners still experienced a level of bias. Although the authors’ previous study showed that some women perceived discrimination during residency or as practicing surgeons, these findings were reported from the female perspective. The purpose of the present studywas to investigate themaleOMSpractitioner, program director, and resident perception of women in residency programs or as practice associates. Such information can be useful in providing a more welcoming environment for women in the specialty.
A Comparison of Sensorimotor Development among Infants in India and the United States

To investigate the influence of differential experiences on sensorimotor development, 154 full-term infants reared in urban settings (83 Indian, 71 United States) between 7 and 12 months of age were administered portions of the Casati-Lezine sensorimotor series. Results indicated small but significant group differences at 9 to 10 and 11 to 12 months of age on hidden object and intermediaries tasks. Differences noted on the hidden object task were attributed more to care-giver behavior in the test situation than to infant capability. The intermediaries task, object and support, was the major group differentiator according to discriminant analyses. These differences were attributed to a subtle task demand which may be more difficult for infants whose gross motor explorations are temporarily limited by care-giving practices.
The impact of just-in-time implementation and ISO 9000 certification on total quality management

In this paper, we examine the impact of just-in-time (JIT) implementation and International Standards Organization (ISO) 9000 certification (as specified by the original standards of the early 1990s) on quality management efforts of manufacturing firms. Responding firms in the study were grouped into four categories based on their ISO 9000 and JIT orientation: 1) firms that are ISO 9000 certified but have not implemented JIT (ISO firms ); 2) firms that are ISO 9000 certified and have implemented JIT (ISO-JIT firms); 3) firms that have implemented JIT but are not ISO 9000 certified (JIT firms); and 4) firms that have not implemented JIT and are not ISO 9000 certified ( traditional firms). These groups were compared along 13 plant-level total quality management (TQM) implementation elements and five TQM outcome measures using MANCOVA procedure. Analyses resulted in distinct sets of firms reflecting the impact of the ISO-JIT orientation on its TQM implementation and TQM outcomes. Results support the contingency view that a firm's ability to implement effective TQM practices is enhanced: 1) marginally by ISO 9000 efforts; 2) significantly by JIT implementation; and 3) most by conjoint ISO-JIT efforts (though not much more significantly than JIT implementation alone). These insights have significant practical implications for firms investing in JIT implementation, ISO 9000 certification, and TQM implementation. Interestingly, our study conducted in mid-1990s and its empirical findings lend a strong support for the recent transformation of the original ISO 9000 requirements into the current ISO 9001:2000 framework.
PATTERNS OF REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS AND GENETIC VARIABILITY IN A TRANSLOCATED IGUANA POPULATION

Using microsatellite analysis, we investigated the reproductive success and genetic structure of a translocated colony of the Bahamian iguana (Cyclura cychlura inornata) 10-yr post introduction. We investigated the reproductive success of the founder males to determine if all were contributing equally to the descendant gene pool. We compared the genetic diversity in the founder population with that in the incipient, translocated population to determine if the number of translocated individuals was sufficient to retain the genetic diversity derived from the source population. In 1999, the estimated population size for the translocated colony was between 75 and 90 individuals. Blood was taken from 35 iguanas (16 males, 18 females, and 1 juvenile) of mixed age, including the four original translocated males and three of the four original translocated females. Of the eight polymorphic microsatellite loci in C. cychlura, only five were polymorphic in C. c. inornata. With two exceptions, the low average allelic...
Speech outcomes in adolescents with cleft lip and palate.

Abstract Speech results were surveyed in 110 adolescent patients with clefts: 53 with unilateral cleft lip and palate, 46 with bilateral cleft lip and palate, and 11 with isolated clefts of the secondary palate. Only 12 of the 110 teenagers had received consistent team care from infancy. The early physical management was impossible to reliably determine in the remaining 98. Speech was normal in 22.7%, characterized by a variety of problems in approximately 66%, and a complete habilitative failure in 10.9%. Cleft palate and craniofacial teams who first encounter incompletely managed cases in the teenage years are faced with complex and interrelated challenges of providing appropriate physical management, speech habilitation, and psychosocial support, including determination of that approach which will be most likely to assure future compliance with treatment recommendations to each child and family.
Proximal Femoral Osteotomy

The patient was properly identified by anesthesia and positioned supine on the flat table. Anesthesia was administered. The hip was bumped and prepped/draped in the usual fashion. A longitudinal incision was made from the tip of the greater trochanter, 8 in. along the shaft. The fascia lata was divided in line with the incision. The vastus lateralis was detached from its origin at the vastus ridge and retracted anteriorly with a homan retractor placed directly on the anterior femur.
Issues in ABET accreditation: panel discussion

This panel will discuss issues related to accreditation of computing programs by ABET through the Computing Accreditation Commission. Topics that will be discussed include the requirements for accreditation, preparing for accreditation and re-accreditation, and assessment models that met with success.
Are NFL Arrestees Violent Specialists or High Frequency Offenders or Both

ABSTRACTAlthough recent research showed that NFL players have a higher violent crime arrest rate, it remains unclear whether, at the individual-level, NFL players who are arrested are specializing in violent crimes or whether their involvement in violence is driven largely by their high frequency of offending. Using two publically available databases on NFL player arrests, our results show that high frequency offending is rare among the arrested NFL players, that non-white players are more chronic than white players, and that the likelihood of violence is largely driven by high frequency offending—especially among non-white players. Importantly, there appears to be no specialization-in-violence among this sample of arrested NFL players.
The Periodicity and Collection of the Chrysargyron

As is the case with many institutions of 1a e antique taxation, the tax on commercial activity - normally referred to as the [...] in Greek sources - is known to us from several different types of sources, the connection of which to each other poses many difficulties.
2.1 An integrated 0.56THz frequency synthesizer with 21GHz locking range and −74dBc/Hz phase noise at 1MHz offset in 65nm CMOS

Spectra from 0.5 to 0.6THz play critical roles in planetary science, astrophysics and radio-astronomy as various chemical species including water, nitrates (NO2, N2O, NH3) and organics (CH4 and HCN) can either absorb or reflect radiation in this frequency regime. Accordingly, NASA and ESA have developed a wide range of spectroscopic sounding instruments to investigate our solar system. Current LO chains for spectroscopic receivers are implemented with discrete III–V devices and heavy waveguide assemblies. For instance, the 600GHz NASA PISSARRO spectrometer for Europa begins with a 33GHz PLL, tripled to 100GHz, doubled to 200GHz, and then tripled again to 600GHz via multiple waveguides. This LO chain occupies over 3000cm3, weighs 2.5kg, and consumes 11.5W of DC power.
The role of social work in contemporary home care planning.

Patients on home care are increasingly being required to assume responsibility for sophisticated medical technology. Social changes, such as deinstitutionalization, and financial trends, such as prospective reimbursement, serve to fuel the momentum of home care. Trends affecting the American family, such as increased mobility and changing women’s roles, contribute to stress in the face of increasing responsibilities for home care. It is the role of the medical social worker to find creative solutions in coordinating transfer of the patient from a hospital-based team to a multiplicity of nursing agencies, vendors, and social service agencies providing care in the home. Counseling the patient and family in making temporary or permanent adjustments is essential in the preparation for home care. There is an acute need for further research on the psychosocial consequences of sophisticated medical care in the home.
Statistical Lengths of Rubberlike Hydrocarbon Molecules

Abstract It has been known for some time that the pure hydrocarbons of balata (or gutta-percha) and natural rubber have the same chemical composition and chemical properties. Both balata and rubber appear to be polymers of isoprene, (C5H8)n, with the same degree of unsaturation. Their physical properties are sufficiently different, however, to make it clear that their structures must differ in some important respect. Since the molecules contain numerous double bonds, it has been suggested that rubber and balata are geometric isomers. Every fourth bond in a rubber or balata molecule is a double bond, so it follows that the possibilities for geometric isomerism are considerable. It was proposed by Meyer and Mark that natural rubber hydrocarbon has a structure for which the molecular chain is cis with respect to all of the double bonds. Balata (or gutta-percha) is then supposed to have a trans-structure throughout, this view having been verified by Fuller and Bunn. It is the purpose of the present paper to c...
The Effect of High Levels of an Antibiotic on Egg Weight and Shell Quality During Hot Weather

Abstract EXPERIMENTAL evidence that eggs laid by chickens kept under high air temperatures have thinner, more easily broken, shells than those laid when air temperatures are low or moderate was apparently first reported by Bennion and Warren (1933). Since then investigators have reported negative results in attempting to improve shell quality during hot weather by the feeding of calcium gluconate or calcium lactate or relatively high levels of calcium carbonate or vitamin D, or by increasing blood calcium through intramuscular injections of parathyroid extract. The effect of some of the antibiotics in the diet of layers on the weight and shell quality of their eggs has also been studied. Chin and Brant (1953) found that chlortetracycline at the levels of 5, 10, 20, and 40 ppm. of diet did not improve shell thickness as determined with a micrometer, or egg weight. Gabuten and Shaffner (1952 Gabuten and Shaffner (1954) observed that procaine penicillin at …
Performance of an Axial Flow Turbine Driven by Multiple Pulse Detonation Combustors

Experimental studies were carried out to investigate the performance of a hybrid propulsion system integrating an axial flow turbine with multiple pulse detonation combustors. The integrated system consisted of a circular array of six pulse detonation combustor (PDC) tubes exhausting through an axial flow turbine. Turbine component performance was quantified by measuring the amount of power generated by the turbine section. Direct comparisons of specific power output and turbine efficiency between a PDC driven turbine and a turbine driven by a traditional steady flow combustor were made. It was found that the PDC driven turbine had comparable performance to that of a steady burner driven turbine across the operating map of the turbine.
The productive cellulase binding capacity of cellulosic substrates

Cellulosic biomass is the most promising feedstock for renewable biofuel production; however, the mechanisms of the heterogeneous cellulose saccharification reaction are still unsolved. As cellulases need to bind isolated molecules of cellulose at the surface of insoluble cellulose fibrils or larger aggregated cellulose structures in order to hydrolyze glycosidic bonds, the "accessibility of cellulose to cellulases" is considered to be a reaction limiting property of cellulose. We have defined the accessibility of cellulose to cellulases as the productive binding capacity of cellulose, that is, the concentration of productive binding sites on cellulose that are accessible for binding and hydrolysis by cellulases. Productive cellulase binding to cellulose results in hydrolysis and can be quantified by measuring hydrolysis rates. In this study, we measured the productive Trichoderma reesei Cel7A (TrCel7A) binding capacity of five cellulosic substrates from different sources and processing histories. Swollen filter paper and bacterial cellulose had higher productive binding capacities of ∼6 µmol/g while filter paper, microcrystalline cellulose, and algal cellulose had lower productive binding capacities of ∼3 µmol/g. Swelling and regenerating filter paper using phosphoric acid increased the initial accessibility of the reducing ends to TrCel7A from 4 to 6 µmol/g. Moreover, this increase in initial productive binding capacity accounted in large part for the difference in the overall digestibility between filter paper and swollen filter paper. We further demonstrated that an understanding of how the productive binding capacity declines over the course of the hydrolysis reaction has the potential to predict overall saccharification time courses. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2017;114: 533-542. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The role of corrosion product deposition in galvanic corrosion of aluminum/carbon systems

Abstract This study is concerned with the role of corrosion product deposition in the galvanic corrosion between aluminum and Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer matrix composite (CFRP). The galvanic corrosion of a high voltage conductor assembly consisting of a cylindrical CFRP rod surrounded by tightly wound aluminum wires has been investigated through experimental work and modeling. The main corrosion product is Al(OH)3, which presents as a gelatinous substance in the crevices between the Al wires. The formation of Al(OH)3 was observed to coincide with the decay in the galvanic corrosion current. A new analytical model was developed to investigate if the decay could be caused by corrosion products restricting the transport of oxygen to the cathode. Modeling of the oxygen diffusion through the deposited corrosion products generated galvanic corrosion rates that agreed well with the experimental measurements after an early exponential decay period. The findings suggest that the corrosion product deposition may be the most important galvanic corrosion rate controlling mechanism in this geometry and similar geometries.
Antiadhesion Therapy in Rheumatoid Arthritis

A novel therapeutic approach for systemic inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis is directed towards adhesion receptors. Interactions mediated by adhesion receptors govern the recruitment of inflammatory cells into inflammatory sites, such as the rheumatoid synovium, and the activation of immunocompetent cells. Therefore, adhesion receptors may be valuable therapeutic targets for immunologically driven, systemic inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis. For example, antiadhesion therapy might hinder the ability of arthritogenic T cells to access the synovium and perpetuate the inflammatory response. Alternatively, inhibition of adhesion receptors might modulate the function of immunocompetent cells already present in the inflamed synovium, thereby attenuating the progression of disease.
‘There is a Reason’: A Call to Re-Consider the Relationship between Charity and Social Justice

Contemporary academic discourse on social justice increasingly urges the elision of aspects of ‘charity’ from the concept. Writing in the context of liberation theology discourse in particular, the author agrees with the need to prioritize social-justice-centred frameworks but argues for an explicit theorization of (true) charity as a vital element within them. The argument is informed by ethnographic engagement with a group of young, low-income Zimbabwean migrants in Johannesburg. It is inspired in particular by attending to how charitable action features in their narratives as a source of dignity and motivation that enables them to work towards a bright future, as well as contributing towards their day-to-day survival.
Reactivation of the p90RSK–CDC25C Pathway Leads to Bypass of the Ganetespib-Induced G2–M Arrest and Mediates Acquired Resistance to Ganetespib in KRAS-Mutant NSCLC

A subset of non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC) are dependent upon oncogenic driver mutations, including the most frequently observed driver mutant KRAS, which is associated with a poor prognosis. As direct RAS targeting in the clinic has been unsuccessful to date, use of Hsp90 inhibitors appeared to be a promising therapy for KRAS-mutant NSCLC; however, limited clinical efficacy was observed due to rapid resistance. Furthermore, the combination of the Hsp90 inhibitor (Hsp90i), ganetespib, and docetaxel was tested in a phase III clinical trial and failed to demonstrate benefit. Here, we investigated the mechanism(s) of resistance to ganetespib and explored why the combination with docetaxel failed in the clinic. We have not only identified a critical role for the bypass of the G2-M cell-cycle checkpoint as a mechanism of ganetespib resistance (GR) but have also found that GR leads to cross-resistance to docetaxel. Reactivation of p90RSK and its downstream target, CDC25C, was critical for GR and mediated the bypass of a G2-M arrest. Overexpression of either p90RSK or CDC25C lead to bypass of G2-M arrest and induced ganetespib resistance in vitro and in vivo Moreover, resistance was dependent on p90RSK/CDC25C signaling, as synthetic lethality to ERK1/2, p90RSK, or CDC25C inhibitors was observed. Importantly, the combination of ganetespib and p90RSK or CDC25C inhibitors was highly efficacious in parental cells. These studies provide a way forward for Hsp90 inhibitors through the development of novel rationally designed Hsp90 inhibitor combinations that may prevent or overcome resistance to Hsp90i. Mol Cancer Ther; 16(8); 1658-68. ©2017 AACR.
Common Core State Standards and Students with Severe Disabilities: An Introduction to the Special Issue:

This paper introduces a special issue of Research and Practice for Persons with Severe Disabilities, entitled “Common Core State Standards and Students with Severe Disabilities.” The Common Core St...
Herbivores and natural enemies of brassica crops in urban agriculture

Urban agriculture has been growing in popularity around the globe. As more land is allocated to urban agriculture, there is a greater need to understand arthropod herbivores and natural enemies in these sites. The area and production type of urban agriculture could influence the risk of pest outbreaks, since larger food production areas are hypothesized to host more abundant herbivore populations. To determine the potential for pest outbreaks, we sampled for pests and above-ground natural enemies at three types of sites with variable amounts of cultivated areas: residential gardens, community gardens, and urban farms. We focused on pests of brassica, a widely cultivated crop family attacked by cabbageworms and aphids. We investigated the relationships of garden characteristics and surrounding land cover on natural enemies and herbivores of brassica. More herbivores and plant damage were expected in larger community gardens and urban farms. However, herbivore populations were low across sites and not explained by garden characteristics or area of production. Herbivory on brassica averaged less than 15% at all sites. Limited plant damage and low herbivore numbers may be attributed to the positive effects of garden flowers on parasitoids and high numbers of parasitoids and generalist predators across sites. Garden area and floral resources had positive relationships with natural enemy abundance, although community composition was similar across sites. Since arthropod natural enemies were abundant across all types of food production, this suggests that urban agriculture is a beneficial habitat that could support regulating ecosystem services such as biological control.
Timing of eating in adults across the weight spectrum: Metabolic factors and potential circadian mechanisms

Timing of eating is recognized as a significant contributor to body weight regulation. Disruption of sleep-wake cycles from a predominantly diurnal (daytime) to a delayed (evening) lifestyle leads to altered circadian rhythms and metabolic dysfunction. This article reviews current evidence for timed and delayed eating in individuals of normal weight and those with overweight or obesity: although some findings indicate a benefit of eating earlier in the daytime on weight and/or metabolic outcomes, results have not been uniformly consistent, and more rigorous and longer-duration studies are needed. We also review potential circadian mechanisms underlying the metabolic- and weight-related changes resulting from timed and delayed eating. Further identification of such mechanisms using deep phenotyping is required to determine targets for medical interventions for obesity and for prevention of metabolic syndrome and diabetes, and to inform clinical guidelines regarding eating schedules for management of weight and metabolic disease.
Urban and Rural Challenges

After the end of the Civil War and the end of slavery in the southern United States, large numbers of people of African descent fled plantations in search of better opportunities in the northern United States. The African American great migration is characterized as a mass exodus of former slaves and their descendents from southern rural states such as Georgia, Texas, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Arkansas to urban centers such as Chicago, New York, Detroit, and Washington, D.C., from approximately the turn of the twentieth century through the 1930s (Trotter, 1991). Although it seemed like an ideal plan, many found that they continued to face job, housing, and social discrimination even after relocating. Furthermore, although social welfare policies and programs were extended to the majority of those in the nation, Blacks were systematically disenfranchised (Tice & Perkins, 2001).
Altered immune environment in Lynch syndrome-related endometrial cancer: Implications for immunotherapy?

5582Background: Microsatellite instable (MSI) colon tumors associated with germline defects in mismatch repair genes (Lynch syndrome) have shown increased tumor immunogenicity and improved survival...
Input Shaping for Vibratory Systems Using Deadbeat State Feedback Control

A general algorithm is developed for input shaping on the basis of the deadbeat state feedback control theory in discrete-time. This algorithm is easily extended to generate input sequence robust to parametric uncertainties in a flexible structure. Numerical results are presented for systems with one and two vibratory modes.Copyright © 2018 by ASME