cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cooling rates of mid-ocean ridge lava deduced from clinopyroxene spherulites

Abstract We present a compositional analysis of spherulites and their surrounding groundmass in basaltic andesite lava samples collected from the Pacific–Antarctic Ridge. The spherulites consist of radiating dendritic branches of clinopyroxene, and contain abundant vesicles that are stretched parallel to the branches. Stretched vesicles require that the spherulites grew when the groundmass was liquid, and thus while it was hotter than its glass transition. Although chemical components incompatible in clinopyroxene should have been enriched in the melt by spherulite growth, no compositional variations occur at a scale larger than the 10 μm-wide slit aperture used for laser ablation ICP-MS. The absence of large-scale gradients implies that the spherulites grew faster than the elements could diffuse ~ 10 μm. Because diffusion is temperature controlled, cooling must have been rapid enough to prevent movement. If the spherulites nucleated when the melt was at between 1380 and 1223 K (i.e., undercooled by 0 to 157 K), then the constant concentrations of Li, Na, and K, the fastest diffusing elements analyzed, require temperature to have cooled faster than 10 6–7 K min − 1 . If, instead, the spherulites nucleated at undercoolings of 357 to 465 K (or as cold as 915 K, equal to the glass transition temperature), then the cooling rate could have been as slow as those inferred for glassy rinds on submarine lavas by relaxation geospeedometry. At all possible cooling rates, however, the spherulites must have grown as fast as ~ 10 3–5 μm s − 1 to reach their final sizes of 1.4 to 3.2 mm. We speculate that the rapid growth resulted from low kinetic barriers to clinopyroxene growth in the basaltic andesite melt.
Animal Models of Aging and Cognition

Human aging is associated with variable rates of cognitive decline. Aged laboratory animals, specifically rats and monkeys, show similar cognitive profiles when tested on species-appropriate behavioral tasks. Using these cognitively defined animal models, we now understand that normal aging is associated with disconnections between functionally related brain regions that support specific behaviors. We review recent work describing molecular and cellular mechanisms that lead to decreased connections between the aged hippocampus and associated cortical and basal forebrain neurons required for normal memory. We also discuss behavioral evidence that aging leads to impaired executive functions with concurrent changes to key neural substrates within the frontostriatal network. Collectively, these studies demonstrate that cognitive deficits in older individuals are related to modest, circuit-specific alterations and that data obtained from such animal models can help to better inform the design of future clinical studies and improve neuropsychiatric outcomes for older patients.
Practical design of transmission line tensions

PRECISE CALCULATIONS are seldom justified in the determination of the sags and the tensions of transmission lines, because the effect of many of the variables bearing on tension are indeterminate: no practical equation exactly describes a suspended cable; the conditions of conductor loading are, of necessity, idealized; the elastic properties of conductors are not constant; and additional errors are inevitable during construction. However, the catenary is taken as the form assumed by a suspended cable, the equation of which is $y=C\ {\rm cosh}{x\over C}$ .
ALTERNATIVE PROCESSING OF THE HUMAN AND MOUSE RALY GENES

Abstract A human homolog (RALY) of the mouse Raly gene was isolated and sequenced, and shown to encode a novel protein isoform containing a 16 amino acid in-frame insert in the variable region of the protein. Analysis of the corresponding region of the mouse Raly gene demonstrated that this novel protein isoform is also present in the mouse. Comparative analysis of RALY cDNA and EST sequences suggests the presence of additional alternatively processed RALY transcripts. As in the mouse, the human RALY gene is widely expressed as a 1.7-kb transcript.
Internalized weight stigma and its ideological correlates among weight loss treatment seeking adults

There are significant economic and psychological costs associated with the negative weight-based social stigma that exists in American society. This pervasive anti-fat bias has been strongly internalized among the overweight/obese. While the etiology of weight stigma is complex, research suggests that it is often greater among individuals who embrace certain etiological views of obesity or ideological views of the world. This investigation examined 1) the level of internalized weight stigma among overweight/obese treatment seeking adults, and 2) the association between internalized weight stigma and perceived weight controllability and ideological beliefs about the world ('just world beliefs', Protestant work ethic). Forty-six overweight or obese adults (BMI >or=27 kg/m2) participating in an 18- week behavioral weight loss program completed implicit (Implicit Associations Test) and explicit (Obese Person's Trait Survey) measures of weight stigma. Participants also completed two measures of ideological beliefs about the world ("Just World Beliefs", Protestant Ethic Scale) and one measure of beliefs about weight controllability (Beliefs about Obese Persons). Significant implicit and explicit weight bias was observed. Greater weight stigma was consistently associated with greater endorsement of just world beliefs, Protestant ethic beliefs and beliefs about weight controllability. Results suggest that the overweight/obese treatment seeking adults have internalized the negative weight-based social stigma that exists in American society. Internalized weight stigma may be greater among those holding specific etiological and ideological beliefs about weight and the world.
Functional morphology of the Conus proboscis (Mollusca: Gastropoda)

The extended proboscis of the toxoglossan gastropod Conus may exceed four times its contracted length and 1.5 times the shell length. The proboscis wall consists of cuboidal epidermis and circular, crossed helical and longitudinal muscle layers. Between the proboscis wall and its lumen, free longitudinal muscles and nerves course through haemocoel. A thick layer of connective tissue and columnar epithelium surround the proboscis lumen. In C. Catus, muscle comprises about 70% of the volume of the proboscis (exclusive of its lumen) and haemocoel about 20%, in both moderately extended and contracted states. Differentiation along the length of the proboscis includes gradual replacement of muscle by connective tissue distally in the proboscis wall, and a subapical sphincter muscle that probably prevents back-slippage of the detached radular tooth prior to its use in feeding and aids injection of the tooth into the prey during capture.
Three-dimensional confocal microscopy of the living cornea and ocular lens

The three-dimensional reconstruction of the optic zone of the cornea and the ocular crystalline lens has been accomplished using confocal microscopy and volume rendering computer techniques. A laser scanning confocal microscope was used in the reflected light mode to obtain the two-dimensional images from the cornea and the ocular lens of a freshly enucleated rabbit eye. The light source was an argon ion laser with a 488 nm wavelength. The microscope objective was a Leitz X25, NA 0.6 water immersion lens. The 400 micron thick cornea was optically sectioned into 133 three micron sections. The semi-transparent cornea and the in-situ ocular lens was visualized as high resolution, high contrast two-dimensional images. The structures observed in the cornea include: superficial epithelial cells and their nuclei, basal epithelial cells and their 'beaded' cell borders, basal lamina, nerve plexus, nerve fibers, nuclei of stromal keratocytes, and endothelial cells. The structures observed in the in- situ ocular lens include: lens capsule, lens epithelial cells, and individual lens fibers. The three-dimensional data sets of the cornea and the ocular lens were reconstructed in the computer using volume rendering techniques. Stereo pairs were also created of the two- dimensional ocular images for visualization. The stack of two-dimensional images was reconstructed into a three-dimensional object using volume rendering techniques. This demonstration of the three-dimensional visualization of the intact, enucleated eye provides an important step toward quantitative three-dimensional morphometry of the eye. The important aspects of three-dimensional reconstruction are discussed.
Habitat mapping and conservation analysis to identify critical streams for Arizona's native fish

1. Arizona's native fish species are among the most imperilled fauna in North America. Knowing the current distribution of native fish and their habitat is critical to their management and conservation, but the last detailed mapping effort was more than 30 years ago and pre-dated computer mapping techniques. 2. Current distribution of 34 native fish species was modelled by identifying perennial stream segments for which species presence had been documented. A composite of these single-species maps displays a pattern of species richness that can inform conservation, especially when overlaid with maps of management status or invasive species. 3. The map overlays suggest that conservation priorities should include Eagle Creek, the Verde River and its tributaries, Aravaipa Canyon, the Virgin River and Black Draw, which together hold 63% of native fish species. Of the 32 streams that support five or more native species, 28 have at least one non-native fish species, indicating that a more aggressive programme of removing non-natives may be critical to maintaining those native populations. 4. The U.S. Forest Service and Native American tribes administer the majority of occupied stream habitat (30% and 27%, respectively). While private lands hold the third-highest amount of occupied habitat (19%), they control streams occupied by the greatest total number of native species (30). Conservationists should work more with private land owners, while also coordinating efforts with the U.S. Forest Service and North American tribes. 5. These data are publicly available (on the Internet, URL: www.azconservation.org) to encourage refinement and use. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Methoxyresorufin: an inappropriate substrate for cyp1a2 in the mouse∗

Abstract Hepatic microsomes derived from Cyp 1 a 2(−/−) knockout (KO) and parental strains of mice, C57BL/6N and 129Sv, were used to examine the specificity of methoxyresorufin and acetanilide as substrates for CYP1A2 activity. In addition, animals from each group were exposed to CYP1-inducing compounds. As expected, microsomes from untreated 1 a 2 KO mice did not have immunodetectable CYP1A2 protein; however, methoxyresorufin- O -demethylase (MROD, 25.5 ± 6.1 pmol/min/mg protein) and acetanilide-4-hydroxylation (ACOH, 0.64 ± 0.04 nmol/min/mg protein) activities were still present. Furthermore, induction of ethoxyresorufin- O -deethylase (EROD) by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo- p -dioxin (TCDD) in 1 a 2 KO mice was accompanied by a greater than 70-fold increase in MROD activity. In contrast, ACOH was only induced 2-fold by TCDD. As with 1 a 2 KO mice, the parental strains exposed to TCDD or 2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran (4-PeCDF) showed substantial EROD and MROD induction, whereas ACOH activity was induced to a lesser degree. PCB153 (2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl) resulted in low levels of both EROD and MROD induction. Results indicate that both substrates are subject to metabolism by non-CYP1A2 sources, and the apparent contribution of CYP1A1 activity to methoxyresorufin metabolism makes MROD unsuitable for differentiating CYP1A1 and CYP1A2 activities in the mouse.
Design of a graphene loaded slot antenna with 100∶1 bandwidth for wireless sensor applications

Graphene is a monolayer of carbon atoms which exhibits remarkable electronic and mechanical properties amenable to photonic and sensor applications. While the plasmonic nature of graphene at terahertz frequency has been widely reported, investigations on the practical utility of graphene in antennas have been very sparse. In particular, losses in graphene significantly limit the radiation performance of microwave antennas fabricated entirely using graphene. In this paper, a dual-port printed slot antenna is designed with graphene film used as an overlay in the microstrip feed line for broadband impedance matching. Antenna losses are minimized by confining the film to a small area outside the radiator. Through simulations, the effect of varying the surface impedance of the graphene film is parametrically examined to demonstrate 100% impedance bandwidth centered at 3.5 GHz. The proposed antenna design, selectively using graphene away from the antenna surface, is very attractive to configuring low-power wireless sensor nodes.
Beliefs in realistic and unrealistic control: assessment and implications

Scales were constructed to measure perceived control over controllable events (realistic control) and perceived control over uncontrollable events (unrealistic control). Internal reliability, test-retest reliability, and discriminant validity of both scales were adequate. Study 1 measured perceived personal control over hassles that judges rated on general controllability. For hassles very high in controllability, perceived personal control was related to belief in realistic control but not to belief in unrealistic control; for hassles very low in controllability, perceived personal control was related to belief in unrealistic control but not to belief in realistic control. Study 2 showed that participants high in unrealistic control belief (but not those high in realistic control belief) persevered more on a task that was in part uncontrollable. Study 3 showed that the combination of low realistic control belief and high unrealistic control belief predicted poorer future health, particularly for participants who have reported the experience of many negative events and/or hassles. The conditions under which unrealistic control results in maladaptive outcomes are discussed.
Growing season length as an indicator of climatic variations

The growing season is considered by some to be a simple and yet significant indicator of the impact of hemispheric temperature variations at the local level. Yet, the effect of the use of different definitions of the growing season has never been determined. In the present paper, time series of the length of differently defined growing seasons at four Wisconsin stations are compared. The results show that their lengths have fluctuated in a variety of patterns over the past 80 years. Two growing seasons which showed a significant trend did not agree on its direction. The reason for this disparity is that trends in maximum and minimum temperatures are not necessarily of the same sign at different times of the year. These findings suggest that the length of the growing season is not the simple climatic indicator it has been assumed to be.
Factors Influencing Practice Area Preference in Occupational Therapy

ABSTRACT Declining numbers of occupational therapists and students are choosing to practice in the area of mental health. A longitudinal study was conducted using a class of 20 Professional Masters students to investigate the factors that influence a student's practice area preference at six points, ranging from pre-admission to selection of the first job. The results indicate that pre-admission and level II fieldwork experiences were the most influential factors in practice area preference. Patient population was found to be a positive influence related to the level II fieldwork experience and the most important factor when selecting the first job. Since mental health courses were reported to have a more negative influence on the preference for practice in mental health, educators may need to focus more attention on improving students' experiences in these courses.
Strength in Process: Using Concept Mapping to Inform Community Coalition Development

This study reports on the use of Concept Mapping to delineate a conceptual framework germane to the planning and initial formation of tri-county rural diabetes coalition in a southeast US community. The focus of the tricounty coalition is to reduce diabetes-related inequalities in vulnerable populations. After a review of pertinent literature on community coalitions, this article explicates Concept Mapping processes utilized to plan and organize the formation of a coalition, offers analyses of the results, and discusses implications for current and future practices pertaining to community coalition work.
Monte-Carlo simulations of linear polarization in clumpy OB-star winds

Observations of linear polarization in OB-star winds can in principle be used to constrain the characteristics of wind clumping. However, models exploring this possibility have so far been restricted to the single-scattering or few-clump cases. We present preliminary results from a new Monte-Carlo radiative transfer code, which suffers from neither of these limitations. Application of the code to P Cygni indicates that previous models have underestimated the degree of clumping in the star’s wind.
Hierarchies Based on Objects of Finite Type

Shoenfield [8] has shown that a hierarchy for the functions recursive in a type-2 object can be set up whenever E 2 (the type-2 object that introduces numerical quantification) is recursive in that type-2 object. With a restriction that we will discuss in the next paragraph, Moschovakis [4, pp. 254–259] has solved the analogous problem for type-3 objects. His method seems to generalize for any type-n object, where n ≥ 2 . We will solve this same problem of finding hierarchies based on type- n objects by a different method. Instead of using ordinal notations for indexing stages of hierarchies, as do Shoenfield and Moschovakis, we will define notation-independent stages.
A review of Wolff-Michael Roth’s “In search of meaning and coherence: A life in research”

Wolff-Michael Roth’s In Search of Meaning and Coherence: A Life in Research, presents a selection of his previously published key works layered with current commentary and analysis. In this book review, we explore themes that emerge through the text to trace Roth’s development as a theoretician and as a researcher. We recommend this book for all those who are interested in Wolff-Michael Roth and the trajectory of his career, in particular those who are just beginning their journey towards academic scholarship.
Plasma estrone-sulfate assessment of reduced estrogen production during treatment of metastatic breast carcinoma

Abstract Highly sensitive and specific estrogen assays are required to monitor the hormonal effects of surgical adrenalectomy or pharmacologic estrogen suppresion in postmenopausal women with breast carcinoma. Because the levels of plasma estrone-sulfate are 10-fold higher than its unconjugated counterpart, we developed a radioimmunoassay for estrone-sulfate to quantitate the minimal estrogen concentrations expected under conditions of endocrine gland ablation. After establishing normal ranges, we compared plasma estrone- sulfate levels and urinary conjugated estrone basally and after surgical adrenalectomy or aminoglutethimide (estrogen suppression) therapy in 23 postmenopausal women with breast carcinoma. In response to either therapy, the plasma levels of estrone-sulfate fell by 63.5–79.2% (p
Sulforaphane Inhibits Mitochondrial Permeability Transition and Oxidative Stress

Exposure of mitochondria to oxidative stress and elevated Ca(2+) promotes opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (PTP), resulting in membrane depolarization, uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation, and potentially cell death. This study tested the hypothesis that treatment of rats with sulforaphane (SFP), an activator of the Nrf2 pathway of antioxidant gene expression, increases the resistance of liver mitochondria to redox-regulated PTP opening and elevates mitochondrial levels of antioxidants. Rats were injected with SFP or drug vehicle and liver mitochondria were isolated 40h later. Respiring mitochondria actively accumulated added Ca(2+), which was then released through PTP opening induced by agents that either cause an oxidized shift in the mitochondrial redox state or directly oxidize protein thiol groups. SFP treatment of rats inhibited the rate of pro-oxidant-induced mitochondrial Ca(2+) release and increased expression of the glutathione peroxidase/reductase system, thioredoxin, and malic enzyme. These results are the first to demonstrate that SFP treatment of animals increases liver mitochondrial antioxidant defenses and inhibits redox-sensitive PTP opening. This novel form of preconditioning could protect against a variety of pathologies that include oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in their etiologies.
A Study of Convective Velocity in Supersonic Jets Using MHz Rate Imaging

MHz-rate flow visualization and Planar Doppler Velocimetry (PDV) measurements were carried out in Mach 1.3 and 2.0 axisymmetric jets with Reynolds number based on the nozzle exit diameter of over 10 6 using a burst mode laser and a pair of high-speed CCD framing cameras. Determination of convective velocity from flow visualization using planar space-time correlation reveals strong evidence of bias due to distinct artificial seeding gradients resulting from partial seeding of the flow (i.e. seeding of the mixing region, but not the jet core and the ambient). This bias can be somewhat rectified if the measurements are restricted to the early part of the shear layer growth, where the structures are relatively coherent and the correlation level is high and contains a distinct peak. The bias can be nearly eliminated if the entire flow field is seeded and PDV, rather than flow visualization, is used to determine the convective velocity. Under these circumstances, the measured convective velocity agrees very well with theoretical predictions.
Beam wander considerations in imaging polarimetry

To make accurate imagin polarimetry measurements, it is imperative that the individual polarization images comprising a data set are spatially well registered. Both the Stokes Imaging Polarimeter at the University of Alabama in Huntsville and the Multispectral IR Stokes Imagining Polarimeter at Night Vision Laboratories use a rotating quarter-wave linear retarder followed by a fixed linear polarizer to measure Stokes vector images. The rotating retarder cause small amounts of image wander at the detector array. In this paper, we quantify the effects of this image wander on the calculated polarization parameters, and present data indicating the maximum acceptable image wander for typical scenes.
Fat-free plain yogurt manufactured with inulins of various chain lengths and Lactobacillus acidophilus

Inulin is a prebiotic food ingredient that increases the activity of Lactobacillus acidophilus, increases calcium absorption, and is a good source of dietary fiber. The objective was to determine the effect of short, medium, and long chain inulins on the physicochemical, sensory, and microbiological characteristics of fat-free plain yogurt containing L. acidophilus. Inulins of short (P95), medium (GR), and long (HP) chain lengths were incorporated at 1.5% w/w of the yogurt mix. Viscosity, pH, syneresis, sensory properties (flavor, body and texture, and appearance and color), L. acidophilus counts, and color (L*, a*, and b*) of yogurts were determined at 1, 11, and 22 d after yogurt manufacture. The P95 containing yogurt had a significantly lower pH than the remaining yogurts, higher flavor scores than the yogurt containing HP, and comparable flavor scores with the control. The yogurts containing HP had less syneresis than the control and a better body and texture than the remaining yogurts. Yogurts containing prebiotics of different chain lengths had comparable L. acidophilus counts with each other but higher counts than the control. However, inulins of various chain lengths did not affect viscosity, color, and product appearance. Chain length of prebiotics affected some quality attributes of probiotic yogurts.
SAS 99 – consideration of fraud in a financial statement audit: a new auditing standard

This study provides an overview of the new Auditing Standards No. 99, 'Consideration of Fraud in a Financial Statement Audit', discusses how the accounting industry is expected to adhere to the standard, and provides general guidance of the responsibilities and anti-fraud activities that are expected of the management in this new standard.
Genetic network identifies novel pathways contributing to atherosclerosis susceptibility in the innominate artery

Atherosclerosis, the underlying cause of cardiovascular disease, results from both genetic and environmental factors. In the current study we take a systems-based approach using weighted gene co-expression analysis to identify a candidate pathway of genes related to atherosclerosis. Bioinformatic analyses are performed to identify candidate genes and interactions and several novel genes are characterized using in-vitro studies. We identify 1 coexpression module associated with innominate artery atherosclerosis that is also enriched for inflammatory and macrophage gene signatures. Using a series of bioinformatics analysis, we further prioritize the genes in this pathway and identify Cd44 as a critical mediator of the atherosclerosis. We validate our predictions generated by the network analysis using Cd44 knockout mice. These results indicate that alterations in Cd44 expression mediate inflammation through a complex transcriptional network involving a number of previously uncharacterized genes.
Physics perspectives for the belle detector

We present the possible improvements for the sin 2φ1 determination and the preliminary results on searches for rare B meson decays which will be used in a next future for CP violation study. The perspectives for the accelerator and the possible upgrade of the detector are reported.
Rearrangement of Rhenium Allyl Vinyl Ketone Complexes

The isomerization of parallel−perpendicular allyl vinyl ketone complex C5H5(CO)Re(η2,η2-H2CCHCH2COCHCHCH2CMe3) (2) to the diastereomeric perpendicular−parallel complex C5H5(CO)Re(η2,η2-H2CCHCH2COCHCHCH2CMe3) (6) occurred without formation of an unsaturated intermediate trappable by either PMe3 or 13CO. The rearrangement of exo-C5H5(CO)Re[η2,η2-CH2CHCH(CH3)COCHCHCH2CMe3] (8-exo) occurred with retention of stereochemistry at rhenium and with enantioface inversion of both complexed alkenes. The kinetically formed parallel−perpendicular isomer 8-exo rearranged by sequential enantioface inversion of the vinyl π-bond to give parallel−parallel intermediate exo-C5H5(CO)Re[η2,η2-CH2CHCH(CH3)COCHCHCH2CMe3] (12-exo) and then enantioface inversion of the allyl π-bond to form the perpendicular−parallel isomer exo-C5H5(CO)Re[η2,η2-CH2CHCH(CH3)COCHCHCH2CMe3] (9-exo). Enolization of allyl vinyl ketone complexes was observed, but is not required for the isomerization. C−H insertion mechanisms involving a net hydrogen migr...
Immunodiffusion in gels containing erythrocyte antigen-II: Analysis of experiments involving the diffusion of antiserum from a circular well.

Abstract We present a new way to analyze the data from hemolytic plaque experiments which involve the diffusion of antiserum from a circular well into an agar gel containing either red blood cell (RBC) antigen or hapten covalently coupled to RBC. The analysis allows one to determine the diffusion coefficient of the antibodies in the gel and also gives qualitative information about the range of avidities which characterize the antiserum. We analyze data from published experiments which use anti-sheep RBC antiserum and find that: (1) the diffusion coefficient for IgM in a 0·8% agar gel is 4·0 × 10 −8 cm 2 /sec, a value which is considerably smaller than the diffusion coefficient in water; and (2) that the antiserum-RBC equilibrium constants, K , span a wide range from those that represent very strong interactions ( K ⪢ 5·5 × 15 7 M −1 ) to those representing very weak interactions ( K ⪡ 5 × 10 −7 M −1 ). We discuss the analysis of experiments which use antiserum against conjugated hapten and show how, if the RBCs in the gel are sparsely haptenated, the experiments can be used to determine the quantity KE , where K is the average affinity of the antiserum and E the number of hapten molecules per RBC. We outline the theory on which the analysis is based and present a simple intuitive picture, that of hindered diffusion in the gel. By hindered diffusion we mean that after an initial transitory period the antibodies in the gel appear to undergo a pure diffusion, but with a reduced diffusion coefficient D ∗ = D 2 /(1 + Kϱ 0 ) , where D 2 is the true diffusion coefficient in the gel, K the antibody-binding site affinity and ϱ 0 the density of binding sites.
Is minimally invasive heart valve surgery a paradigm for the future

During the past 5 years, there has been considerable progress in the development of less invasive techniques for heart valve surgery. Both aortic and mitral valve surgery can now be performed through small chest wall incisions. Recent evidence confirms patient benefit with minimally invasive heart valve surgery. Although several approaches can be used, a partial upper sternotomy offers several advantages for minimally invasive heart valve surgery.
The impact of general education on criminal justice pedagogy

In recent years, colleges and universities have been reexamining their missions in light of criticisms of their core curricula. These concerns prompted Memphis State University to implement a new general education curriculum. Several courses offered by the Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice were approved for inclusion in the curriculum. Rather than focusing solely on disciplinary content, these courses develop basic academic competencies while exposing students to social science methodology used in the study of crime and criminal justice. This approach facilitates reasoned, analytic study of the social problem of crime and mechanisms of social control.
The effects of glutathione and vitamin E on iron toxicity in isolated rat hepatocytes.

This study examined the acute toxicity of ferrous sulfate on rat hepatocyte suspensions, the correlation between lipid peroxidation and cell death, and the roles of glutathione and vitamin E in protecting against iron toxicity. Incubation with ferrous sulfate for 2 h produced lipid peroxidation, but did not decrease cell viability in the hepatocytes. When diethyl maleate (DEM) was added to deplete cellular glutathione concentrations, ferrous sulfate treatment (2.0–5.0 mM) did cause cell death and lipid peroxidation developed more extensively, suggesting that iron-mediated hepatotoxicity is influenced by glutathione content. Reduced glutathione (GSH), N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and α-tocopherol (vitamin E), alone and in combination, were added to hepatocyte suspensions in an attempt to protect cells against iron-induced damage. In iron–DEM-treated cells, GSH and NAC treatment increased viability by 43 and 36%, respectively, but only the combination of the two agents reduced lipid peroxidation (53% decrease). Vitamin E treatment reduced lipid peroxidation by 39% and also increased cell viability by 12%. The greatest protection against iron-induced lipid peroxidation occurred with the combination of GSH, NAC and vitamin E, which reduced lipid peroxidation by 94% in iron-treated cells, and by 98% in iron–DEM-treated cells. However, this combination did not prevent iron-induced cell death, although it did increase viability by 18%. These results suggest that iron-induced cell death may not be dependent upon lipid peroxidation, at least in short-term exposures. The results also suggest an interaction between GSH and vitamin E in protecting against lipid peroxidation.
Characterization of the vitelline envelope of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus

The vitelline envelope (VE) is an extremely thin, acellular, proteinaceous coat that surrounds the extracellular surface of sea urchin eggs. Despite previous studies on VE composition, structure and function, our understanding to the envelope is still incomplete at the molecular level. We have isolated VE components from intact, unfertilized Strongylocentrotus purpuratus eggs by reduction with alkaline dithiothreitol-see water solutions and have characterized the macromolecules by SDS-PAGE. There were eight major glycoprotein bands, including two high molecular weight components at 265 and 300 kDa, and several minor components. We have revealed, by lectin blot analysis, that most components contain mannose, while a subset of glycoproteins contain fucose and N-acetylglucosamine; galactose and sialic acid were also detected. The components in the VE preparations were compared with cell surface complex preparations by immunoblot analysis, using antisera against a VE preparation, a 305 kDa electrophoretically purified VE glycoprotein and an extracellular portion of the sea urchin egg recombinant 350 kDa sperm receptor. Serum against the recombinant sperm receptor reacted with a component of approximately 350 kDa on blots, but did not react with the 300 kDa component found in VE preparations. Therefore, we suggest these two glycoproteins are not the same.
Shell Egg Quality as Affected by Arasan in the Diet

Abstract THIS laboratory has previously reported the adverse effects on egg production of tetramethylthiuram disulfide (TMTD), the active fungicidal component of Arasan 2 (Waibel et al., 1955). When this compound was added to the diet of laying hens at levels up to 150 parts per million, reproductive rate was reduced in direct relation to the dietary level of TMTD. In addition, a high proportion of eggs showed little or no calcification over the shell membranes. Observation in a number of commercial flocks had indicated that Arasan also adversely affected the overall quality of those eggs classed as “hard-shelled.” Therefore, in the experiment of Waibel et al. (1955), data were collected to study more precisely this aspect of the problem. METHODS Seven groups of S.C. White Leghorn hens containing eight birds per group were maintained in wire-floored batteries. A standard all-mash laying ration containing no TMTD was fed to ail groups during a …
Response to Letter Regarding Article, “Cardiac Amyloidosis: A Treatable Disease Often Overlooked”

I appreciate the interest of Dr van Galen and colleagues in my recent review of cardiac amyloidosis, but fear that they have misread my statement on the value of prophylactic use of the implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) in patients with light chain-derived amyloidosis as well as misinterpreted the admittedly sparse literature on this topic. Contrary to their statement that I considered the efficacy of a prophylactic ICD to be “negligible” in this population, the review clearly states that such a device is “rarely effective.”1 These terms …
Solving the Enigma of Microtine “Cycles”

A frequently expressed opinion is that despite massive efforts the multi-annual cycles in density exhibited by many microtine rodents remain mysterious; moreover, understanding awaits completion of one or a few clever experiments or elegant mathematical models that will discredit all but the one true hypothesis. I contend in this brief, personal essay that, on the contrary, we are actually quite close to an adequate understanding of microtine cycles. This optimistic perspective requires that we adopt a multi-factorial model of vole demography, a position that allows us to comprehend how many extrinsic and intrinsic factors act synergistically and sequentially to produce the density changes we observe. I argue that this approach is not only supported by a modern systems view of reality, but is consistent with the extensive data base accumulated over a 60 year period. A multi-factorial perspective is illustrated by data for Microtus californicus , a well-studied species that shows considerable geographic and temporal variation in demographic pattern. At least eight key factors (four extrinsic and four intrinsic) are required to explain the multi-annual cycles in this species. The resulting model is complex, but not chaotic or non-testable.
Reading Ethiopia Through Russian Eyes : Political and Racial Sentiments in the Travel Writings of Alexander Bulatovich, 1896-1898

It is hard to imagine so many contrasts united in one person, as are united in the Abyssinian character. Their character is like the nature around them-where precipices, cliffs, mountains and plains alternate among one another, and cold is mixed with tropical heat. If I allow myself a rather free comparison, this is how I would characterize the Abyssinian. He is talented and receptive, like a Frenchman. With his practicality, with the way he deals with those he has conquered and his governmental abilities, he is like an Englishman. His pride is like that of a Spaniard. By his love for his faith, his mildness of character and tolerance, he is like a Russian. By his commercial abilities, he is like a Jew. But in addition to all these characteristics, he is very brave, cunning, and suspicious (Seltzer 2000:73).For us, Abyssinia can present the following interest. Having cast a glance at the map of Central Africa and on the borders of the Ethiopian Empire, you can easily see that being located in the vicinity of the Middle Nile, halfway between Egypt and the great lakes, which belong to England, Abyssinia, which is expanding each year more and more and taking large tracts of land which had been free-rich and densely populated territory-must become the natural and main enemy of England in Central Africa. England is also our enemy. To help the enemy of our enemy, to make him as much stronger as possible-that is our main goal in Abyssinia (Seltzer 2000:144).
Contribution of diffraction dissociation to the A dependence of inclusive pion-fragmentation data

Analysis of data on the coherent production of ..pi../sup +/..pi../sup +/..pi../sup -/ in ..pi../sup +/-nucleus collisions shows that it is the diffraction-dissociation channels which are largely responsible for the enhancement seen in the A dependence of inclusive pion production at x/sub Feynman/roughly-equal0.7. In the A/sup ..cap alpha../ parametrizations, coherent contributions may effect the value of ..cap alpha.. up to 15%, due to their different target dependence. After removal of the contribution to the data of these channels, the A dependence of the invariant cross sections exhibits the same universality as seen in incident-proton data. The significance of these results is discussed.
Theory of the angular distribution of molecular fragments produced on photodissociation of optically active molecules

It is shown that the angular distribution of molecular photofragments produced on absorption of polarized light by a mixture of randomly oriented dextrorotatory and levorotatory optical isomers contains an anomalous term due to the presence of unequal numbers of each isomer. The effect is closely related to the forward-backward dissymmetry discovered recently in the angular distribution of photoelectrons ejected from a sample of optically active molecules or molecular negative ions. All terms in the angular distribution are of order $\ensuremath{\alpha}$, and previous analysis of the photoelectron angular distribution has shown that the anomalous term can be comparable in magnitude to the ordinary terms.
The distribution of histological subtypes of renal tumors by decade of life using the 2004 WHO classification.

Purpose: The 2004 World Health Organization histological classification of renal tumors reflects our understanding of the underlying molecular determinants of renal tumors. We reviewed all partial and radical nephrectomy specimens at Barnes-Jewish Hospital to determine if the distribution of renal tumor histological subtypes varies by decade of life using the new scheme.Materials and Methods: A total of 1,043 consecutive cases of renal masses operated on for presumed malignancy from 1989 to 2003 were identified. All specimens were rereviewed by a single pathologist (MFS) and classified by the 2004 WHO scheme. In addition to decade of life and histological subtype, gender, tumor size and pathological tumor stage were analyzed.Results: Analysis demonstrated an association between histological subtype and decade of life (p <0.001). The proportions of clear cell renal cell carcinoma (p = 0.008) and angiomyolipoma (p <0.001) decreased while the proportions of oncocytoma (p <0.001) and papillary renal cell carc...
Selective Dimerization of a C2H2 Zinc Finger Subfamily

The C2H2 zinc finger is the most prevalent protein motif in the mammalian proteome. Two C2H2 fingers in Ikaros are dedicated to homotypic interactions between family members. We show here that these fingers comprise a bona fide dimerization domain. Dimerization is highly selective, however, as homologous domains from the TRPS-1 and Drosophila Hunchback proteins support homodimerization, but not heterodimerization with Ikaros. Ikaros-Hunchback selectivity is determined by 11 residues concentrated within the α-helical regions typically involved in base recognition. Preferential homodimerization of one chimeric protein predicts a parallel dimer interface and establishes the feasibility of creating novel dimer specificities. These results demonstrate that the C2H2 motif provides a versatile platform for both sequence-specific protein-nucleic acid interactions and highly specific dimerization.
Fiber type-specific autoantibodies in a dog with eosinophilic myositis

Serum from a 2-year-old male Belgian sheepdog with eosinophilic myositis, which particularly affects the masticatory muscles, was tested for the presence of muscle-specific autoantibodies. Control type 2 temporalis muscle fibers were selectively stained following incubation with the patient's serum and staphylococcal protein A conjugated to horseradish peroxidase (SPA-HRPO). Likewise, type 2 fibers in the patient's temporalis muscle were selectively stained with SPA-HRPO. The same staining procedures applied to limb muscle did not result in fiber staining. Proteins isolated from the temporalis and triceps brachii muscles of a normal dog were separated under denaturing conditions by one-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The separated proteins were transferred onto nitrocellulose paper and incubated with either sera from the patient, normal dogs, or neuromuscular disease controls. Subsequent incubation with peroxidase-conjugated goat anti-dog IgG demonstrated antibodies to at least four proteins of the temporalis muscle (myosin heavy chain and three unidentified proteins) when incubated with the patient's serum but not with the controls. Under all conditions, antibodies to the proteins of the triceps brachii were not detected. These findings establish the presence of autoantibodies to specific temporalis muscle proteins that may initiate the myonecrosis and inflammatory response as well as limit the distribution of the response.
Antennal transcriptome profiles of anopheline mosquitoes reveal human host olfactory specialization in Anopheles gambiae.

Two sibling members of the Anopheles gambiae species complex display notable differences in female blood meal preferences. An. gambiae s.s. has a well-documented preference for feeding upon human hosts, whereas An. quadriannulatus feeds on vertebrate/mammalian hosts, with only opportunistic feeding upon humans. Because mosquito host-seeking behaviors are largely driven by the sensory modality of olfaction, we hypothesized that hallmarks of these divergent host seeking phenotypes will be in evidence within the transcriptome profiles of the antennae, the mosquito’s principal chemosensory appendage. To test this hypothesis, we have sequenced antennal mRNA of non-bloodfed females from each species and observed a number of distinct quantitative and qualitative differences in their chemosensory gene repertoires. In both species, these gene families show higher rates of sequence polymorphisms than the overall rates in their respective transcriptomes, with potentially important divergences between the two species. Moreover, quantitative differences in odorant receptor transcript abundances have been used to model potential distinctions in volatile odor receptivity between the two sibling species of anophelines. This analysis suggests that the anthropophagic behavior of An. gambiae s.s. reflects the differential distribution of olfactory receptors in the antenna, likely resulting from a co-option and refinement of molecular components common to both species. This study improves our understanding of the molecular evolution of chemoreceptors in closely related anophelines and suggests possible mechanisms that underlie the behavioral distinctions in host seeking that, in part, account for the differential vectorial capacity of these mosquitoes.
Plastic anisotropy in fcc single crystals in high rate deformation

The deformation behavior of a single face-center cubic (fcc) crystal is plastically anisotropic. For example, some test results have shown that loading in the [111] direction produces a higher flow stress than loading in the [100] direction [1,2]. The microstructures, such as the dislocation structure and shape of the cells formed during the deformation, are different as well [2]. Similar orientation results have been found in polycrystalline samples. While a Schimd factor analysis (i.e., slip systems are activated according to the resolved shear stresses on slip planes) can be used to explain single-crystal anisotropy via a “geometric effect”, it misses the “material effect” provided by the directionality of dislocation substructures. As dislocations generate, accumulate, and organize into low energy structures, the internal stress state changes, which is inhomogeneous and could favor dislocation glide on some slip systems while preventing glide on others, regardless of their Schmid factors. Most tests for anisotropy of single and polycrystals are conducted at quasi-static rates. Under dynamic strain rates, while the geometric effects remain unchanged, the material effects may be enhanced. Investigating their effects on deformation behavior may be challenging because of the difficulties in observing isolated groups of dislocations and measuring microstructure evolution in these conditions. Dislocation dynamics (DD) simulations directly model the generation, motion, and interaction of dislocations. With relatively few input parameters, they can be used to calculate the collective behavior of dislocations, microstructural formation, and mechanical properties. Our previous studies [3,4] have shown that dislocation inertial effects are important at high rates (> 10 3 s 1 ), and that cross slip plays a major role both in dislocation generation and annihilation processes. These studies were for only one crystal orientation. In this study [5], we apply the DD method to understand plastic anisotropy by applying uniaxial tensile strain along one of the three directions, [100], [111] and [¯, and at a prescribed constant rate of ˙ = 10 4 , 10 5 , and 10 6 s 1 . We use a cubic simulation volume with an edge length of 5µm and a randomly generated initial dislocation microstructure. The material is assumed to be elastically isotropic. These simulations enable us to have a detailed quantitative analysis of the orientation-dependent dislocation microstructural evolution and macroscopic stress-strain behavior. At every ˙ , the flow stress under [111]-loading is higher than that for [ ¯-loading and both are higher than [100]-loading (Fig. 1