cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparison of methemoglobin formers in protection against the toxic effects of cyanide.

1. 1. Certain compounds that oxidize hemoglobin to methemoglobin (MHb) also protect against cyanide. 2. 2. Evidence presented here suggests that other mechanisms may be involved. 3. 3. Male Swiss ICR mice were pretreated intraperitoneally (i.p.) with various doses of primaquine phosphate (primaquine), WR6026 (6-methoxy-8-(6-diethylamino-hexylamino) lepidine dihydrochloride), WR238605 (8-[(4-amino-1-methylbutyl)amino]-2,6-dimethoxy-4-methyl-5-(3-trifluoromethylphenoxy) quinoline succinate), p-aminooctoyl-phenone (PAOP), or p-aminopropiophenone (PAPP). 4. 4. The compounds were administered 15 or 60 min before an intramuscular (i.m.) challenge with a 2 × LD50 dose (5.0–5.6 mg/kg) of sodium cyanide (NaCN). 5. 5. Twenty-four hr mortality was assessed and survivors were tested for motor incapacitation. 6. 6. Primaquine, PAPP and PAOP increased survival compared to untreated controls, while the other MHb formers were not effective (P < 0.05). 7. 7. PAOP is believed to form sufficient MHb only after 3 to 4 hr after administration; however it was found to be effective when administered 15 min before NaCN challenge in this study. 8. 8. This suggests that MHb formation may not be the only factor responsible for PAOP's anti-cyanide efficacy.
The ethics of selectively marketing the health maintenance organization.

Health Maintenance Organization (HMO) administrators have been accused of engaging in ‘selective marketing’. That is, through such strategies as tailoring the benefits package of the program or advertising in styles or in media that do not appeal to certain ‘undesirable’ audiences, the administrator can minimize the percentage of persons in the HMO who are heavy users of health care services.
Annular abscesses in surgical endocarditis: anatomic, clinical, and operative features

Background. The aim of this study was to determine patterns of anatomic, clinical, and operative features in surgical endocarditis (SE) with annular abscess (AA). Methods. The study consisted of a retrospective analysis of SE cases with AA between 1981 and 1997. Results. A total of 41 cases with AA were found in 106 consecutive SE cases. There was a higher incidence of AA in aortic (37 of 71 [52%]) (p < 0.01) compared to mitral (6 of 42 [14.3%]) or tricuspid (0 of 12) infections. However, the mitral abscesses had a greater tendency toward fistula or pseudoaneurysm formation (4 of 6 [67%]) than other valve abscess cavities (7 of 46 [15%]) (p < 0.01). Severe heart failure (p < 0.01), heart block (p < 0.05), and fistula/pseudoaneurysm (p < 0.001), were more often found in SE with AA than without. There were 46 separate aortic AA in 37 instances of aortic valve SE. Of these, 31 of 46 (67%) were less than 1 cm (group 1), 10 of 46 (22%) were large but confined to a given cusp annulus (group 2), 4 of 46 (8.6%) were large between multiple cusps (group 3), and 1 of 46 (2.2%) was circumferential (group 4). There were four instances of aortoventricular discontinuity. Group 1 abscesses were repaired by local closure without a patch significantly more often than the other groups. The mortality of SE with AA was significantly greater for larger AA (groups 3 and 4, 3 of 5 [60%]) than for smaller AA (groups 1 and 2, 0 of 36) (p < 0.001). There were six separate mitral AA in six instances of mitral SE, five requiring patch repair. The 30-day operative mortality for AA cases was 3 of 41 (7.3%) compared to 2 of 65 (3.1%) without AA. All AA mortalities involved large AA in the aortic valve position. Of 35 mechanical valves placed for AA, only one required subsequent removal for prosthetic endocarditis. Conclusions. Annular abscesses are most frequent in aortic AA, but fistulas/pseudoaneurysms are more frequent in mitral AA. Small to moderate aortic AA can be managed by local closure without an increased mortality compared to SE without AA. Patients with large aortic AA have a higher operative mortality. Mechanical prostheses are safe and effective for the majority of patients with AA.
Low temperature specific heat of B.C.C. solid solution alloys of Fe with Si, Ge and Sn

Abstract The electronic specific heat coefficient of b.c.c. Fe-alloys with Si, Ge and Sn was measured and it was found to vary little with the solute concentration. These results are similar to those previously obtained for Fe-Al alloys. They indicate that the effect of these non-transition element solutes cannot be described in terms of filling a more-or-less rigid d -band.
Pulmonary vein stenosis: expression of receptor tyrosine kinases by lesional cells.

Abstract Background Primary pulmonary vein stenosis (PVS) is a progressive disorder of infants. Although catheter based intervention and chemotherapy are used to manage the disorder, the benefit of these approaches is reduced considerably by restenosis. The nature of the intimal cells causing the occlusive lesions in PVS is poorly understood. Methods Seven PVS cases were studied with antibodies for smooth muscle actin (SMA), muscle-specific actin (MSA), monoclonal desmin, S100 protein, CD31, CD34, CD45RO, CD68, CD99, Ki-67 (MIB-I), and with antibodies directed against several receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK), including platelet-derived growth factor alpha and beta receptor (PDGFR-α and -β), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR), vascular endothelial growth factor 1 and 2 receptor (VEGFR), and stem cell factor receptor (c-kit). Results Lesional cells stained strongly and diffusely with SMA and MSA, but not for macrophage, lymphocyte, endothelial markers, or for Ki-67. RTK expression was strong and diffuse for PDGFR-α and -β, FGFR, and VEGFR-2. Lesional cells stained for VEGF and PDGF β receptor was phosphorylated. Conclusions The histologic appearance, and the strong diffuse immunoreactivity for smooth muscle markers, indicates that the intimal lesional cells are myofibroblast-like. Expression of various receptor tyrosine kinases and some ligands suggests an autocrine or paracrine role of these proteins in the pathogenesis of the intimal occlusive lesion in PVS.
Estimation of a Mean When One Observation May Be Spurious

Two procedures for estimating the mean of a normal distribution when one of the observations may be spurious are presented. Given a sample of size n assumed to have been obtained from a normal population with mean μ and known variance σ2 it is possible that one of the observed values is distributed as N(μ + bσ, σ2). A weighted estimator for μ is proposed, and a weighing function based on the largest absolute deviation from the sample mean is obtained, A modification of the weighted estimator is also considered. The mean square errors of both estimation procedures are obtained for samples of size 3 and are used as a basis for evaluating their performances. The performances of the estimators relative to the sample mean, and to other estimators that have been proposed, are presented.
Mutant p53 may selectively suppress glial specific proteins in pluripotential human neuroectodermal tumor cells

The p53 gene is mutated in pluripotential human neuroectodermal tumor DAOY cells which express both glial and neuronal markers. In most cells, nuclear m-p53 immunostaining was intense while cytoplasmic glial specific proteins (GSPs) were present at low levels. Conversely, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and glutamine synthetase (GS) were expressed in the few cells devoid of nuclear m-p53 immunoreactivity. The level of neuron specific enolase (NSE) staining was low and not different between p53 positive and p53 negative cells. Therefore, a selective, mutually exclusive expression relationship exists between cytoplasmic GSPs and nuclear m-p53. Upon treatment with epidermal growth factor (EGF) and dibutyrylcyclic AMP, overall cytoplasmic GFAP and GS levels were increased while nuclear p53 was suppressed but a mutually exclusive expression pattern between these proteins was maintained. In cells which also express NSE, GFAP was selectively stimulated suggesting that nuclear expression of m-p53 and cytoplasmic expression of GSPs may be functionally related.
A framework for allocating greenhouse gas emissions from electricity generation to plug-in electric vehicle charging

Abstract This paper describes a number of different allocation methods for assigning greenhouse gas emissions from electricity generation to charging plug-in electric vehicles. These methods for calculating the carbon intensity of electricity are discussed in terms of merits and drawbacks and are placed into a framework to aid in understanding the relation with other allocation methods. Three independent decisions are used to define these methods (average vs. marginal, aggregate vs. temporally-explicit, and retrospective vs. prospective). This framework is important because the use of different methods can lead to very different carbon intensities and studies or analyses that do not properly identify the methods used can confuse policymakers and stakeholders, especially when compared to other studies using different methods.
Influence of discrete step size on wind setup component of storm surge

Open coast storm surge water levels consist of wind setup due to wind shear at the water surface; a wave setup component caused by wind induced waves transferring momentum to the water column; an atmospheric pressure head component due to the atmospheric pressure deficit over the spatial extent of the storm system; a Coriolis forced setup or setdown component due to the effects of the rotation of the earth acting on the wind driven alongshore current at the coast; a possible seiche component due to resonance effects initiated by moving wind system, and, if astronomical tides are present, an astronomical tide component (although the tide is typically considered to be a forced astronomical event and not really a direct part of the external wind-driven meteorological component of storm surge). Typically the most important component of a storm surge is the wind setup component, especially on the U.S. East Coast and the Gulf of Mexico shorelines. In many approaches to storm surge modeling, a constant depth approximation is invoked over a limited step size in the computational domain. The use of a constant depth approximation has received little attention in the literature although can be very important to the resulting magnitude of the computed storm surge. The importance of discrete step size to the wind setup storm surge component is considered herein with a simple case computation of the wind setup component on a linear slope offshore profile. The present study findings show that the constant depth approximation to wind setup storm surge estimation is biased on the low side (except in extremely shallow water depths) and can provide large errors if discrete step size is not sufficiently resolved. Guidance has been provided on the error that one might encounter for various step sizes on different slopes.
Activity Profiles of Single Neurons in Caudal Anterior Cingulate Cortex During Trace Eyeblink Conditioning in the Rabbit

Acquisition of trace eyeblink conditioning involves the association of a conditioned stimulus (CS) with an unconditioned stimulus (US) separated by a stimulus-free trace interval. This form of conditioning is dependent upon the hippocampus and the caudal anterior cingulate cortex (AC), in addition to brain stem and cerebellar circuitry. Hippocampal involvement in trace eyeblink conditioning has been studied extensively, but the involvement of caudal AC is less well understood. In the present study, we compared neuronal responses from rabbits given either paired (trace conditioning) or unpaired (pseudoconditioning) presentations of the CS and US. Presentation of the CS elicited significant increases in neuronal activity at the onset of both trace conditioning and pseudoconditioning. A robust CS-elicited neuronal response persisted throughout the first 2 days of trace conditioning, declining gradually across subsequent training sessions. In contrast, the magnitude of the CS-elicited excitatory response during pseudoconditioning began to decline within the first 10 trials. Neurons exhibiting excitatory responses to the CS during trace conditioning also exhibited excitatory responses to the US that were significantly greater in magnitude than US-elicited responses during pseudoconditioning. CS-elicited decreases in neuronal activity became more robust over the course of trace conditioning compared to pseudoconditioning. Reductions in activity during the CS interval consistently preceded excitation in both training groups, suggesting that the CS-elicited decreases in neuronal activity may serve to increase the signal-to-noise ratio of the excitatory response to the tone. Taken together, these data suggest that the caudal AC is involved early in trace eyeblink conditioning and that maintenance of the CS-elicited excitatory response may serve to signal the salience of the tone.
Biochemical comparison of estrogen receptors of the hamster hypothalamus and uterus.

Comparison of the soluble estradiol receptor proteins in the hypothalamus and uterus of the golden Syrian hamster revealed that both have sedimentation coefficients of 8S in a low ionic strength buffer and migrate similarly on analytical disc-gel electrophoresis in both 5% and 7% acrylamide gels. The competition of [3H]-17beta-estradiol binding by unlabeled estrogenic as well as nonestrogenic compounds was similar with the receptors present in the two tissues. The affinity constants for the hypothalamic and uterine receptors were 4.3 X 10-9M-1 and 1.6 X 10-10M-1, respectively; the number of binding sites when expressed on an equivalent protein basis (i.e. 1 mg/ml) was 0.18 X 10-10M and 3.1 X 10-10M, respectively. Identical amounts of soluble receptors with similar sedimentation characteristics were found in hypothalami from male and female animals gonadectomized 64 h prior to use. A titration of binding sites in the uteri of intact and ovariectomized animals revealed decreased binding in the supernatant preparation from intact animals, probably due to the presence of bound endogenous unlabeled hormone.
The role of the neuropeptide somatostatin on methamphetamine and glutamate-induced neurotoxicity in the striatum of mice.

A large body of evidence shows that methamphetamine (METH) causes sustained damage to the brain in animal models and human METH users. In chronic users there are indications of cognitive and motor deficits. Striatal neuropeptides are in a position to modulate the neurochemical effects of METH and consequently striatal neural damage. Somatostatin (SST) is an intrinsic striatal neuropeptide that has been shown to inhibit glutamate transmission; glutamate is integral to METH toxicity and contributes to nitric oxide (NO) synthesis. We hypothesize that SST will protect from METH by inhibition of NO synthesis and thus reducing oxidative stress. To this end, the SST analogue octreotide (OCT) was microinjected into the striatum prior to a systemic injection of METH (30 mg/kg). We then assessed 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT), an indirect index of NO production, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) protein levels (dopamine terminal marker) and Fluoro-Jade C positive cells (degenerating cells). The SST agonist OCT dose dependently attenuated the METH-induced accumulation of striatal 3-NT. Moreover, pretreatment with OCT effectively mitigated cell death but failed to protect dopamine terminals. Next we co-infused OCT and NMDA and measured 3-NT and Fluoro-Jade C staining. Treatment with OCT had no effect on these parameters. The data demonstrate that SST attenuates the METH-induced production of NO protecting the striatum from the METH-induced cell loss. However, SST failed to prevent the toxicity of the dopamine terminals suggesting that pre- and post-synaptic striatal damage occur via independent mechanisms.
High efficiency thermoelectric conversion with beta″-alumina electrolytes, the sodium heat engine

Abstract The Sodium Heat Engine is a new device for direct thermoelectric conversion. It uses sodium beta″-alumina to form a high temperature, thermally regenerative concentration cell for elemental sodium. Results of current-voltage and efficiency experiments using test cells up to 100 cm 2 are reported. Test electrodes reveal an effective “polarization” corresponding to 0.02−0.04 ohm × cm 2 for sodium and porous metal electrode interfaces with sodium beta″-alumina.
A model for predicting the influence of moisture stress on crop losses caused by ozone

Abstract Estimates of crop losses caused by ambient ozone are usually based on results from fumigation experiments performed on adequately watered crops. However, drought frequently affects crop growth, and moisture stress has been found to retard the appearance of ozone injury. To evaluate the effect of drought, a model was constructed that computes the influence of moistures stress on yield losses caused by ozone. The model calculates dry matter yield as the product of seasonal transpiration and transpiration efficiency (yield/transpiration) and incorporates current knowledge of the interaction between moisture stress and ozone. By simulating the progression of ozone effects and water use throughout the season, the model predicts relative yield for any given pattern of weather and ozone exposure. The model was calibrated and run for soybean ( Glycine max (L.) Merr.) using soil characteristics, weather, and ozone inputs from the Corn Belt states (Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Missouri, and Ohio). Reductions in the losses caused by ozone were predicted compared to those expected for adequately watered soybean. The results also indicate that declines in transpiration associated with ozone damage may influence the ozone × water stress interaction.
How cytotoxic T cells manage to discriminate nonself from self at the nonapeptide level.

Abstract Class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens are confronted with an apparently insurmountable dilemma. Each should show a binding preference to a common enough variety of nonapeptides, so that one relevant nonapeptide can be found in at least every other viral protein to provoke a cytotoxic T-cell response. By so doing, however, the chance of that viral T epitope being self is greatly increased. Examination of human and viral nonapeptides preferred by HLA-B27 led to the following conclusions. (i) In normal cells, peptide fragments originating from 5000 or more diverse proteins vie for a finite number of class I MHC sites. Consequently, only those nonapeptides having the optimal binding affinity to a given class I MHC antigen can gain access to the plasma membrane. (ii) Tolerance is rendered only to those host nonapeptides with the optimal binding affinity. (iii) Because of the above noted tolerance, viral nonapeptides with the optimal binding affinity are invariably ignored. (iv) Viral T epitopes actually chosen are always second-echelon nonapeptides that are endowed with slightly less than the optimal binding affinity to a given class I MHC antigen. (v) Since such second-echelon nonapeptides would not gain access to the plasma membrane in normal cells, the issue of self or nonself is rendered irrelevant by this choice. (vi) Since viral T epitopes are of this type, cytotoxic T-cell responses against infected cells are expected to be effective only when a few viral proteins are made in large amounts at the expense of host proteins.
Effects of uncertainty in the reaction of the hydroxyl radical with nitrogen dioxide on model-simulated ozone control strategies

Abstract We evaluated the effect of a 20% reduction in the rate constant of the reaction of the hydroxyl radical with nitrogen dioxide to produce nitric acid (OH+NO 2 →HNO 3 ) on model predictions of ozone mixing ratios ([O 3 ]) and the effectiveness of reductions in emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOC) and nitrogen oxides (NO x ) for reducing [O 3 ]. By comparing a model simulation with the new rate constant to a base case scenario, we found that the [O 3 ] increase was between 2 and 6% for typical rural conditions and between 6 and 16% for typical urban conditions. The increases in [O 3 ] were less than proportional to the reduction in the OH+NO 2 rate constant because of negative feedbacks in the photochemical mechanism. Next, we used two different approaches to evaluate how the new OH+NO 2 rate constant changed the effectiveness of reductions in emissions of VOC and NO x : first, we evaluated the effect on [O 3 ] sensitivity to small changes in emissions of VOC (d[O 3 ]/d E VOC ) and NO x (d[O 3 ]/d E NO x ); and secondly, we used the empirical kinetic modeling approach to evaluate the effect on the level of emissions reduction necessary to reduce [O 3 ] to a specified level. Both methods showed that reducing the OH+NO 2 rate constant caused control strategies for VOC to become less effective relative to NO x control strategies. We found, however, that d[O 3 ]/d E VOC and d[O 3 ]/d E NO x did not quantitatively predict the magnitude of the change in the control strategy because the [O 3 ] response was nonlinear with respect to the size of the emissions reduction. We conclude that model sensitivity analyses calculated using small emissions changes do not accurately characterize the effect of uncertainty in model inputs (in this case, the OH+NO 2 rate constant) on O 3 attainment strategies. Instead, the effects of changes in model inputs should be studied using large changes in precursor emissions to approximate realistic attainment scenarios.
Foxa3 (Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 3γ) Is Required for the Regulation of Hepatic GLUT2 Expression and the Maintenance of Glucose Homeostasis during a Prolonged Fast

The winged helix transcription factors, hepatocyte nuclear factors 3α, -β, and -γ (HNF-3, encoded by the Foxa1, -a2, and -a3genes, respectively), are expressed early in embryonic endoderm and play important roles in the regulation of gene expression in liver and pancreas. Foxa1 has been shown to be required for glucagon secretion in the pancreas, whereas Foxa2 is critical for the regulation of insulin secretion in pancreatic β-cells. Here we address the role of Foxa3 in the maintenance of glucose homeostasis. Mice homozygous for a null mutation in Foxa3appear normal under fed conditions. However, when fasted,Foxa3 −/− mice have a significantly lower blood glucose compared with control mice. The fasting hypoglycemia inFoxa3 −/− mice could not be attributed to defects in pancreatic hormone secretion, ketone production, or hepatic glycogen breakdown. Surprisingly, mRNA levels for several gluconeogenic enzymes were up-regulated appropriately in fastedFoxa3 −/− mice, despite the fact that the corresponding genes had been shown to be activated by FOXA proteins in vitro. However, the mRNA for the plasma membrane glucose transporter GLUT2 was decreased by 64% in the fasted and 93% in the fed state, suggesting that efflux of newly synthesized glucose is limiting in Foxa3 −/− hepatocytes. Thus, Foxa3 is the dominating transcriptional regulator of GLUT2 expression in hepatocytes in vivo. In addition, we investigated the hepatic transcription factor network inFoxa3 −/− mice and found that the normal activation of HNF-4α, HNF-1α, and PGC-1 induced by fasting is attenuated in mice lacking Foxa3.
Effects of aerobic versus anoxic conditions on glutamine synthetase activity in eelgrass (Zostera marina L.) roots: regulation of ammonium assimilation potential

Abstract Root glutamine synthetase (GS; EC 6.3.1.2) activity was measured daily (0 to 4 days) for eelgrass ( Zostera marina L.) plants held under continuous darkness rooted in sediments, continuous darkness without sediments, continuous light without sediments, and control light/dark cycle (Control L/D). Roots experiencing prolonged aerobiosis exhibited lower activity in vitro than controls, whereas roots experiencing prolonged anoxia exhibited increased activity. Plants held in darkness without sediments had activity intermediate between controls and anoxic roots. One-hour pretreatment of root extracts with ATP slightly reduced in vitro glutamine synthetase activity, whereas pretreatment with ADP and AMP increased activity ≈50%. While glutamine synthetase activity increased with higher adenylate energy charge (AEC) in the reaction mixture, pretreatment of enzyme extracts at high adenylate energy charges decreased subsequent activity relative to pretreatment at lower energy charges. One-hour pretreatment with l -alanine (Ala) had little effect on enzyme activity. Pretreatment with l -glutamine (Gln), l -glutamate (Glu), and γ-amino butyric acid (GABA) increased activity ≈75%. Incubation of excised roots under anoxic conditions for 24 h nearly doubled enzyme activity. However, addition of cycloheximide to anoxic root incubations lessened or prevented the increase in activity. It appears that enhanced glutamine synthetase activity following periods of root anoxia results from interactions with metabolites that fluctuate between aerobic and anoxic conditions, particularly adenylates, and from de novo synthesis of glutamine synthetase or some other protein synthesis-dependent process.
Socrates on How Wrongdoing Damages the Soul

There has been little scholarly attention given to explaining exactly how and why Socrates thinks that wrongdoing damages the soul. But there is more than a simple gap in the literature here, we shall argue. The most widely accepted view of Socratic moral psychology, we claim, actually leaves this well-known feature of Socrates’ philosophy absolutely inexplicable. In the first section of this paper, we rehearse this view of Socratic moral psychology, and explain its inadequacy on the issue of the damaging consequences of wrongdoing. We then go on to provide our own account of the way in which injustice damages the soul, and then draw conclusions about how Socratic moral psychology should be understood.
Effect of Maternal Hypothyroidism and Triiodothyronine on the Fetus and Newborn in Rats

Of 36 adult female rats studied 19 were radiothyroidectomized; 3 weeks later all rats were bred. Radiothyroidectomized rats were divided into Groups I–III. Group I was untreated. Maternal weight gain was not noted until day 9 and was steady thereafter. Group II rats were treated with triiodothyronine up to the first day of pregnancy, but were hypothyroid during gestation (elevated TSH and low T3). Group III rats were treated with T3 up to the day of delivery. The pregnancy, its outcome, and TSH and T3 levels were similar to the normal controls (Group VI). Pregnancy, its outcome, and TSH and T3 levels were not different from controls when T3 was given to normal rats up to day 1 of pregnancy (Group IV). T3 concentrations were elevated in the normal rats which were given T3 continuously up to the day of delivery (Group V). However, the animals did not appear to be thyrotoxic and TSH was not suppressed. The size of the litters of Group I mothers was significantly less than in other groups and this difference ...
Trickle irrigation of cotton: Effect on soil chemical properties

The management of soil salinity and sodicity in the root zone (0–150 cm) of Panoche clay loam soil was studied during three consecutive growing seasons in a field experiment designed to determine the water requirement of Acala SJ-2 cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) under trickle irrigation in the western San Joaquin Valley of California. The trickle irrigation treatments (20, 40, 60, 80 and 100% of the previous day's pan evaporation, PE) were imposed on each of three preplant furrow irrigation depths of 0, 190 and 380 mm. The electrical conductivity, EC, of the irrigation water ranged from 0.4 to 0.5 dS m−1 unless groundwater had to be mixed with the surface supply; this practice raised the EC to 0.6–0.9 dS m−1 for short time periods. The unadjusted sodium adsorption ratio, SAR, of the irrigation water averaged < 4. Soil salinity, as measured by ECe, was < 5 dS m−1 and sodicity, as measured by SARe, was < 15 in the root zone. Changes in these soil chemical properties were more related to the amount of preplant irrigation at the lower (< 40% PE) trickle-irrigation levels than at the higher levels. Results suggest that soil salinity and sodicity can be maintained at acceptably low levels by appropriate preplant irrigation with consideration to amount of winter rainfall; even when during the season only sufficient trickle irrigation is given to meet crop water requirements without regards to leaching needs. The lint cotton yields over the 3-year period ranged from 357 to 1542 kg ha−1; the corresponding applied water ranged from 175 to 744 mm.
Refuge from violence: establishing shelter services for battered women.

This paper reports an evaluation of an ambitious, year-long staff development program in which an attempt was made to disseminate a short-term, goal-oriented service approach-the task-centered model- throughout a state welfare department. The program includes workshops with line staff and supervisors, and a more intensive training component with a group of volunteer staff members who applied the model in the field. The impact of training was assessed by independent judges who analyzed samples of case records from periods prior to and following the program. In addition to prepost comparisons, changes in the practice of staff who had received more intensive training were compared with changes in the practice of remaining staff. Although some evidence of a training effect was found, the findings faied to demonstrate that the program had made a substantial impact on staff practice. Recommendations are offered that might help trainers avoid pitfalls in conducting programs of this type.
L5, the most electronegative subfraction of plasma LDL, induces endothelial vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 and CXC chemokines, which mediate mononuclear leukocyte adhesion

We have previously reported that L5, the most negatively charged subfraction of plasma low-density lipoprotein (LDL), induces mononuclear leukocyte (MNC) adhesion under flow conditions in vitro when endothelial cells are incubated with L5. The present study was undertaken to identify responsible adhesion molecules and chemokines. LDL isolated from patients with homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia was separated into five distinct subfractions by high-capacity ion-exchange chromatography. Differentially expressed mRNA between human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) incubated (for 22h) with the earliest subfraction (L1: 20 microg/ml) and the latest and most negatively charged subfraction (L5: 20 microg/ml) was identified by DNA microarray analysis using three independent sets of RNA. mRNA consistently upregulated by L5 included VCAM-1 (2.3-fold) and CXC chemokines GRO-alpha (2.3), GRO-beta (4.6), IL-8 (2.5), ENA-78 (2.3), GRO-gamma (1.6) and GCP-2 (1.5). These results were validated by Northern analysis, semi-quantitative RT-PCR or ELISA. Blocking studies using monoclonal antibodies revealed that both primary capture and stable adhesion of MNC to HUVEC and human aortic endothelial cells (HAEC) incubated with L5 was mediated by VCAM-l/alpha4 integrin, whereas GRO and its receptor CXCR2 were involved in the stable adhesion of MNC to L5-treated HAEC.
Maturational Constraints on Language Development

This article reviews the second language research on age-related differences, as well as first language work needed to disambiguate some of the findings. Five conclusions are drawn, (a) Both the initial rate of acquisition and the ultimate level of attainment depend in part on the age at which learning begins. (b) There are sensitive periods governing language development, first or second, during which the acquisition of different linguistic abilities is successful and after which it is irregular and incomplete. (c) The age-related loss in ability is cumulative (not a catastrophic one-time event), affecting first one linguistic domain and then another, and is not limited to phonology, (d) The deterioration in some individuals begins as early as age 6—not at puberty as is often claimed. (e) Affective, input, and current cognitive explanations for the reduced ability are inadequate. The capacity for language development is maturationally constrained, and its decline probably reflects a progressive loss of neural plasticity, itself possibly associated with increasing myelination.
Mobilization and extracellular release of granular enzymes from human leukocytes during phagocytosis: inhibition by colchicine and cortisol but not by salicylate

Granular (lysosomal) enzymes are released from phagocytizing human leukocytes and are believed to be important in the tissue damage of acute inflammation. Antiinflammatory drugs such as colchicine, cortisol, and salicylate have been reported to “stabilize” isolated lysosomes or to inhibit degranulation within cells. These drugs, by altering mobilization of granular enzymes within cells, might be expected to affect the release of these enzymes outside of cells. Human blood leukocytes, isolated by dextran sedimentation, were incubated in autologous serum-buffer media, with or without colchicine (2.5 × 10−5M), cortisol (5 × 10−4M), Na salicylate (2.2 × 10−3M), or acetylsalicylic acid (10−3M), for 30 minutes, 37.5° C, and then with or without heat-killed staphylococci. Both cellular and extracellular activities of granular enzymes (lysozyme, acid phosphatase, cathepsin) were measured. Both intracellular mobilization and extracellular release of granular enzymes by phagocytizing leukocytes are inhibited by colchicine and cortisol. Salicylate, contrary to suggestions based on studies with isolated lysosomes from liver, did not show these effects. These results may account in part for antiinflammatory effects of colchicine and cortisol, but not of salicylate.
Tyrosine kinase inhibitors: rationale, mechanisms of action, and implications for drug resistance.

Tyrosine kinases play a role in normal cellular regulatory processes. However, aberrant tyrosine kinase activity can lead to cellular transformation and can be causally associated with tumor maintenance and progression. In the last few years, high-throughput screening and the use of combinatorial, computational, and medicinal chemistry have led to the identification of small molecules that compete with the adenosine triphosphate binding site of the catalytic domain of several oncogenic tyrosine kinases. Some of these compounds are highly specific to a single tyrosine kinase, while others can inhibit several homologous kinase pockets simultaneously. At a practical level, the relative promiscuity of these inhibitors against more than one oncogenic tyrosine kinase may have clinical merit as well as implications for host tissue toxicity. Many of these small molecules are in different stages of preclinical and clinical development against several solid tumors and will be discussed.
Gender Schemas and the Salience of Gender: Individual Differences in Nonreversal Discrimination Learning.

Sixty-seven 3–6-year-old children, identified as gender schematic and aschematic, completed a nonreversal discrimination learning task. This task permits examination of children's abilities to attend selectively to particular dimensions of a multidimensional stimulus. Gender typing and size of stimulus were the relevant target dimensions. Gender schematic children required significantly more trials to criterion when the shift was from sex type to size of stimulus, and significantly fewer trials to criterion when the shift was from size to sex type of stimulus, than did aschematic children. Gender aschematic children's performance was relatively unaffected by type of stimulus dimension. Results support predictions of the differential salience of the gender dimension to gender schematic and aschematic children.
Deposition of 7Be to Bermuda and the regional ocean: Environmental factors affecting estimates of atmospheric flux to the ocean

[1] The distribution of 7Be in ocean surface waters is used as tracer of upper ocean transport and atmospheric deposition processes. However, there is very little ocean deposition data available to characterize the temporal and spatial input of 7Be to the oceans and test model results. Here we measure the deposition of 7Be in bulk collectors at two sites at Bermuda over a span of nearly 2 years (April 2007 to January 2009) and compare these rates to the flux required to sustain the inventory of 7Be measured in the nearby Sargasso Sea. The Tudor Hill collector site undersampled (by ∼40%) both the rainfall compared to other Bermuda sites and the 7Be flux required for the ocean inventory. On the other hand, the 7Be flux captured at the Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences station site (0.048 dpm cm−2 d−1) matched that expected from the ocean observations. Previously measured long-term atmospheric concentration of 7Be in surface air at Bermuda was used to estimate deposition velocities and scavenging ratios, and our estimates in this marine environment were found to be similar to those measured in continental regions. The deposition of 7Be to the oceans is overwhelmingly determined by wet processes; dry deposition to the ocean surface accounts for only a few percent, at most, of the total deposition to the ocean. We place these measurements in a longer-term and large-scale spatial context by using climatological rainfall data on Bermuda and ocean rainfall estimates from the Global Precipitation Climatology Program and Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission.
"Targeting" schizophrenia in mice.

The greatest challenge of schizophrenia research remains the identification of the multiple, common, interacting, and moderately penetrant mutations that interfere with the highly complex function of human brain and result to this devastating disease. The inaccessibility of the human central nervous system to experimental manipulations and the paramount difficulties in identifying genes for schizophrenia has led researchers to generate mouse models for candidate genes using gene-targeting approaches. Although such mouse models have proven very useful in deciphering the causes of several diseases of the central nervous system (such as neurodegenerative diseases), their use in dissecting the biology of schizophrenia is still in its infancy. We argue that progress in this direction depends highly on progress in human genetic studies and requires careful and critical interpretation of the accumulating data.
Relation between the regulation of DNA synthesis and the production of two secreted glycoproteins by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate in 3T3 cells and in phorbol ester nonresponsive 3T3 variants

12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA), a potent tumor promoter, acts similarly to growth factors by selectively increasing the rate of production of the secreted proteins, mitogen regulated protein (MRP) and major excreted protein (MEP) by murine 3T3 cells. MRP, a 34 kilodalton (kDa) glycoprotein, is a member of the prolactin-growth hormone family of proteins. MEP, a 39 kDa glycoprotein, is a lysosomal thiol protease that is also secreted. The aim of our investigation was to determine the relation between increases in MRP and MEP production and the initiation of DNA synthesis in response to mitogens. The TNR-9 cell line is a variant of 3T3 cells in which growth factors, but not TPA and teleocidin, stimulate DNA synthesis and cell division. Using [35S]methionine to metabolically label proteins and SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to resolve the proteins, we found that growing cultures of 3T3 and TNR-9 cells responded equally well to TPA and teleocidin with increased rates of production of MRP and MEP. By contrast, the responses of quiescent TNR-9 cells to these tumor promoters in the increased production of MRP and MEP was greatly diminished compared with quiescent 3T3 cells. The changes in production of MRP in response to tumor promoters in quiescent and growing cells paralleled similar changes in the level of MRP mRNA. In summary, the ability to TPA and teleocidin to increase the rate of production of MRP and MEP correlated with the ability of these tumor promoters to stimulate DNA synthesis in quiescent 3T3 and TNR-9 cells. Evidently the biochemical condition that distinguishes TNR-9 from 3T3 cells and that limits the ability of tumor promoters to stimulate the production of MEP and MRP, and perhaps also DNA synthesis in TNR-9 cells occurs only when the cells are quiescent.
A Ka-band chirped-pulse Fourier transform microwave spectrometer

Abstract The design and performance of a new chirped-pulse Fourier transform microwave (CP-FTMW) spectrometer operating from 25 to 40 GHz (Ka-band) is presented. This spectrometer is well-suited for the study of complex organic molecules of astronomical interest in the size range of 6–10 atoms that have strong rotational transitions in Ka-band under pulsed jet sample conditions (Trot = 1–10 K). The spectrometer permits acquisition of the full spectral band in a single data acquisition event. Sensitivity is enhanced by using two pulsed jet sources and acquiring 10 broadband measurements for each sample injection cycle. The spectrometer performance is benchmarked by measuring the pure rotational spectrum of several isotopologues of acetaldehyde in natural abundance. The rotational spectra of the singly substituted 13C and 18O isotopologues of the two lowest energy conformers of ethyl formate have been analyzed and the resulting substitution structures for these conformers are compared to electronic structure theory calculations.
A unified synthetic strategy to the Cryptocarya family of natural products exploiting Anion Relay Chemistry (ARC).

A unified synthetic strategy to the Cryptocarya family of natural products has been achieved employing four-component fragment unions in a “single flask” exploiting Anion Relay Chemistry (ARC). Functionalization of the ARC adducts permits rapid construction of five polyhydroxylated di- and tetrahydropyrone natural products of the Cryptocarya class (1–5), in a total of 7–9 steps from commercially available materials.
Is salt sensitivity of blood pressure linked to the cardiometabolic syndrome

ardiovascular disease remains a major health problem in the industrialized world and is rapidly gaining a foothold in the Third World. We have learned a great deal about the antecedents of these disor-ders over the past half century, but that has not markedly reduced the occurrence of these illnesses. Obesity, elevated blood pressure (BP), and increased lipids and glucose are considered important contrib-uting factors to cardiovascular events and have reached epidemic proportions in our society. Increasing evidence is available that links these components, and the term cardiometabolic syndrome has been used by many to describe their coexistence. Both genetic and environmental causes have been implicated. However, these fac-tors are broad descriptors for a variety of abnormalities that may not necessarily be linked. This review will focus on possible relationships between one BP phenotype, salt sensitivity, and the components of the cardiometabolic syndrome.The salt sensitivity phenotype has been demonstrated to have a variety of eti-ologies, including genetic susceptibility, myriad physiologic alterations at the level of the vasculature or the kidney, nutri-tional factors, and other causes.
The Effects of Air Preheat and Number of Orifices on Flow and Emissions in an RQL Mixing Section

This study was motivated by a goal to understand the mixing and emissions in the rich-burn/quick-mix/lean-burn (RQL) combustor scheme that has been proposed to minimize the formation of oxides of nitrogen (NOx) in gas turbine combustors. The study reported in this paper was a reacting jet-in-crossflow experiment at atmospheric pressure in a cylindrical duct. The jets were injected from the perimeter of the duct through round-hole orifices into a fuel-rich mainstream flow. The number of orifices investigated in this study gave over- to optimum to underpenetrating jets at a jet-to-mainstream momentum-flux ratio of 57. The size of individual orifices was decreased as their number increased to maintain a constant total area. The jet-to-mainstream mass-flow ratio was held constant at 2.5. The experiments focused on the effects of the number of orifices and inlet air preheat and were conducted in a facility that provided the capability for independent variation of jet and main inlet air preheat temperature. The number of orifices was found to have a significant effect on mixing and the distributions of species, but very little effect on overall NOx emissions, suggesting that an aerodynamically optimum mixer may not minimize NOx emissions. Air preheat was found to have very little effect on mixing and the distributions of major species, but preheat did increase NOx emissions significantly. Although the air jets injected in the quick-mix section of a RQL combustor may comprise over 70% of the total air flow, the overall NOx emission levels were found to be more sensitive to mainstream air preheat than to jet stream air preheat.
The Breadth of Teaching Commitment in Radiology Departments: A National Survey

Purpose The aim of this study was to investigate the teaching effort and associated resources across variously sized academic and nonacademic hospitals across the country. Methods A simple survey was constructed and distributed nationally to academic and nonacademic radiology departments of attending-level radiologists with residency programs. The survey queried human and financial resources used for education in the department or division in comparison with compensated human and financial resources for this effort. Results Sixty institutions across the country were surveyed, with 40 surveys returned from 35 unique institutions, representing a 67% response rate. All respondents reported performing teaching duties. The average teaching in departments was 30 hours per week, including teaching a wide scope of constituents, including trainees, colleagues, and allied staff members. The majority of teaching was spent on teaching medical students, residents, and fellows as well as referring physicians at multidisciplinary rounds. The commitment of dedicated full-time equivalent staff members and funding to teaching was limited, with 45% of respondents without dedicated full-time equivalents for teaching and just over 7% of the teaching funded. Eighty percent of institutions surveyed provided some amount of weekly academic time during which many staff members carried out their teaching preparations. Conclusions Respondent radiology departments reported significant resource and manpower allocations to teaching efforts, in particular to trainees and referring physicians. However, limited compensation or incentives are allocated to this effort with regard to both human and financial resources. Compensated, allotted staff academic time may help offset the lack of dedicated educational resources to the teaching effort of radiology departments.
Is QT interval prolongation harmful? A regulatory perspective.

Drugs that prolong the QT interval may increase the risk of torsades de pointes, a potentially lethal ventricular arrhythmia. In recent years, spontaneous reports have highlighted these complications in patients receiving certain antihistamines (e.g., terfenadine or astemizole) or an agent for the treatment of incontinence (terodiline). Examination of these reports has revealed that hepatic disease or concomitant therapy with ketoconazole or macrolide antibiotics may increase the risk of QT prolongation or torsades in patients receiving terfenadine. In patients receiving astemizole, doses exceeding that recommended or concomitant therapy with ketoconazole or macrolide antibiotics have been implicated in the increased risk of these complications. With terodiline (which remains investigational in the United States), the risk of QT prolongation and torsades are of particular concern in the frail elderly, who are most likely to be treated with this agent. A possible explanation for the elevated risk may be marked increases in the elimination half-life and serum level of the drug in this group. The lessons learned from the experiences with these drugs hold implications for the future development of agents that prolong the QT interval and suggest the need for dose-response relation data and metabolic evaluations to define the subpopulations at particular risk.