cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
ANAESTHETIC PROPERTIES OF DIMETHYLTHIOUREA

We have examined dimethylthiourea. a potent scavenger of free radicals, for its anaesthetic properties in mice and rats. In mice, dimethyl-thiourea abolished the righting reflex at intra-peritoneal doses greater than 1.5 mg g−1 body-weight; in rats, it decreased the MAC value for isoflurane in a dose-dependent fashion. Dimethylthiourea 0.5 g kg−1 decreased isoflurane MAC by 23%; at a dose of 2.0-4.0 g kg−1, it abolished the response to tail clamp. Doses of 4.0 g kg−1 were lethal in the presence of isoflurane. A serum concentration of dimethylthiourea approximately 1 mg ml−1 produced a 50% reduction in isoflurane MAC. These anaesthetic properties of dimethylthiourea may influence experimental studies that examine the biochemical and physiological properties of this agent. (Br. J. Anaesth. 1993; 70: 456–458)
Phase II study of autologous transplantation with interleukin-2-incubated peripheral blood stem cells and posttransplantation interleukin-2 in relapsed or refractory non-Hodgkin lymphoma.

Abstract Previous work suggested that interleukin (IL)-2 can be used for eradicating residual disease in autologous grafts and for preventing recurrence. We report a phase II study of autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation with in vitro IL-2 incubation of peripheral blood stem cells and posttransplantation IL-2 in patients with recurrent or refractory non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Salvage chemotherapy consisted of ifosfamide and etoposide. Responding patients underwent autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation. IL-2-incubated stem cells were infused on day 0. IL-2 1 mIU/m2 was given from day 1 until day 28. Four monthly maintenance cycles of IL-2 4 mIU/m2 subcutaneously twice daily days 1 to 5 and days 8 to 11 were administered thereafter. Eighty-four evaluable patients were enrolled, and 60 proceeded to transplantation, of which 56 received IL-2-incubated stem cells. The average received dose of posttransplantation IL-2 was 30% to 50% of planned. Only 42 patients received maintenance IL-2. The average received maintenance dose of IL-2 was also approximately 30% of planned. Most dose reductions were due to toxicity or patient refusal. Three-year survival and progression-free survival for all registered patients were 43% (95% confidence interval [CI], 33%-53%) and 31% (95% CI, 21%-41%), respectively. For the 60 patients undergoing transplantation, they were 59% (95% CI, 46%-72%) and 44% (95% CI, 31%-57%), respectively. There was no relation between the dose of IL-2 received and outcome. Survival and disease-free survival of the study group were similar to those of a previous study cohort that received unmanipulated stem cells and no systemic IL-2. Administration of IL-2-incubated peripheral blood stem cells and intensive posttransplantation IL-2 was associated with considerable but rapidly reversible toxicity. No effect on long-term outcome was observed.
Automatic measurement of nonparticipatory stiffness in the perioral complex.

Purpose To detail a novel automated technology developed in the authors' laboratory to quantitatively and noninvasively measure perioral passive stiffness in order to consider the feasibility of fu...
Overexpression and purification of human calcitonin gene-related peptide-receptor component protein in Escherichia coli

Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is a neuropeptide secreted by the central and peripheral nervous system nerves that has important physiological functions such as vasodilation, cardiotonic actions, metabolic and pro-inflammatory effects. The CGRP receptor is unique among G-protein coupled receptors in that a functional CGRP receptor consists of at least three proteins: calcitonin like receptor (CLR), receptor activity modifying protein (RAMP1) and receptor component protein (RCP). RCP is a required factor in CGRP-mediated signal transduction and it couples the CGRP receptor to the signal transduction pathway. Here, we describe methods to overexpress and purify RCP for structure-function studies. Human RCP was cloned and overexpressed with a poly-histidine tag and as a maltose binding protein (MBP) fusion in Escherichia coli using commercially available expression vectors. While His tagged RCP is prone to aggregation, solubility is improved when RCP is expressed as a MBP fusion. Expression and purification procedures for these constructs are described. Results from these studies will facilitate structural analysis of human RCP, and allow further understanding of RCP function.
RADIOGRAPHIC SEARCH FOR ASBESTOS‐RELATED DISEASE IN A NAVAL SHIPYARD*

The Long Beach Shipyard underwent a chest x-ray survey of 6640 employees, or 88.6% of the total shipyard population, to determine the level of asbestotic changes. For computer classification purposes, the findings were divided into five groups: abnormal findings consistent with inhalation of asbestos fiber; normal; pulmonary fibrosis, nonspecific, questionable; and other findings not related to asbestosis. Asbestos-related abnormal findings, were encountered in 1061 workers, or 16.0%. No change was noted in 4806, or 72.4%. Pulmonary fibrosis was encountered in 140, or 2.1%. Other abnormalities not related to the inhalation of free asbestos fiber were encountered in 624, or 9.4%. The interpretation was questionable in nine individuals, or 0.1%. Of the male employees, 17.2% were positive for asbestos-related chest x-ray changes, and four women, or 0.8%, showed comparable findings. Of the men, 71.5% had normal chest x-rays, and 83.3% of the 402 women demonstrated normal films. Positive x-ray changes for asbestosis were encountered in a linear relationship when viewed by age of the worker. Employees aged 25--29 years exhibited 1.3% positive findings, and this level increased to a maximum of 38.2% positives among workers aged 65 years and over. Normal chest films descended, conversely, in a linear relationship. Similarly, the percentage of positive findings for asbestos-related disease increased in a linear configuration with length of service. Persons with 2--6 years of asbestos contact displayed 12.4% positive findings, while individuals with 22-26 years of work at the shipyard manifested 37.0% positive chest film findings. Although the shipyard was operational between 1943 and 1949, the system of allocation of badge numbers precludes the inclusion of these 7 years of work among persons who had had at least 26 years of service. When studied by work site, dividing the subjects into production and nonproduction personnel, it was found that production workers accounted for 74.5% of the asbestos-positive films. Overall, the 780 production workers manifested 11.8% of the positive findings of all persons studied, while nonproduction employees accounted for 4.1% of the positives out of the population studied. A figure that approximates the total finding of asbestos-related disease is 16.0%.
Edge structure preserving image denoising

Image denoising is important in image analysis. It is often used for pre-processing images so that subsequent image analysis is more reliable. Besides noise removal, one important requirement for image denoising procedures is that they should preserve true image structures, such as edges. This paper proposes a novel denoising procedure which can preserve edges and major edge features (e.g., angles of the edges). Our method is based on nonparametric estimation of a discontinuous surface from noisy data, in the framework of jump regression analysis, because a monochrome image can be regarded as a surface of the image intensity function and such a surface has discontinuities at the outlines of objects. Numerical studies show that this method works well in applications, compared to some existing image denoising procedures.
Management of neck metastasis with carotid artery involvement.

Objectives: To demonstrate aggressive management of neck metastasis adherent to the internal or common carotid artery using sound oncologic principles while minimizing the significant risk of complications. Study Design: Our 13 year experience of treating patients with recurrent or residual neck metastasis adherent to the internal or common carotid artery was retrospectively reviewed. Methods: Angiography was used in patients who demonstrated fixation of the carotid artery on examination or imaging, followed by balloon test occlusion and single photon emission computer tomography (SPECT) scanning. The majority of carotid resections were reconstructed with a vein graft, especially if there was insufficient collateral cerebral circulation. Radical resection of the soft tissue including the carotid artery was performed followed by 15 to 20 Gray of electron beam delivered directly to the deep tissue. More recently, the carotid has been permanently occluded preoperatively, if possible. The assessment of the cerebral circulation and management of the carotid artery were analyzed as was survival, site of recurrence, and complications. Results: Fifty-eight charts were reviewed. The majority of patients (41) had their carotid artery reconstructed at time of resection, and the remaining had either the artery ligated or permanently occluded preoperatively. Strokes occurred in 11 patients. The median disease-specific survival was 12 months, with 24% of patients dying from distant metastasis. Conclusions: The high risk of complications, loss of life's quality, and mortality must be balanced against the natural history of the disease if left untreated. The decision is a heavy burden for the patient, family, and head and neck surgeon.
Reliability-limiting defects in AlGaN/GaN HEMTs

Low-frequency noise measurements and density functional theory calculations are combined to show that N-anti-site and C impurity defects can lead to changes in the low frequency noise of GaN/AlGaN HEMTs fabricated with three typical process conditions. Implications for device reliability are discussed.
Analog neural network implementations using active, distributed charge injection techniques

Implementation and circuit design issues related to active, charge-based neural network cells are discussed. Motivation for the implementation of neural systems in analog VLSI hardware using MOS charge modulation techniques is presented, and a specific circuit design for charge-injection synapses is discussed. Capacitive weight storage and charge updating are discussed. The overall architecture for a two-layer feedforward network using these techniques is presented. Simulation and experimental results indicate that charge-based analog neural computation schemes may offer significant advantages over classical static analog or digital implementations of neural systems. >
Molecular and biochemical characterization of three WD-repeat-domain-containing inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatases in Arabidopsis thaliana.

Type II inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatases (5PTases) in animals and yeast have been known to be important for regulating inositol and phospholipid signaling by hydrolyzing phosphate from both inositol polyphosphates and phosphoinositides. However, the molecular and biochemical properties of type II 5PTases in plants have not yet been studied. In this report, we show that three Arabidopsis genes, At5PTasel2, At5PTasel3 and At5PTasel4, encode proteins with a 5PTase domain and a WD-repeat domain, a novel combination present only in plant 5PTases. We demonstrate that these genes are differentially expressed in Arabidopsis organs and At5PTasel3 is induced in response to ABA and wounding treatments. Our biochemical studies reveal that although both At5PTasel2 and At5PTasel3 exhibit phosphatase activity toward only Ins(1,4,5)P 3 , At5PTasel4 hydrolyzes phosphate from PI(4,5)P 2 , PI(3,4,5)P 3 and Ins(1,4,5)P 3 with the highest substrate affinity toward PI(4,5)P 2 . All three At5PTases require Mg 2 + for their phosphatase activities. Our molecular and biochemical characterization of three WD-repeat-domain-containing At5PTases provides a foundation for further elucidation of their cellular functions in Arabidopsis.
Elliptic Airfoil Stall Analysis With Trailing Edge Slots

Circulation control (CC) is a high-lift methodology that can be used on a variety of aerodynamic applications. This technology has been in the research and development phase for over sixty years primarily for fixed wing aircraft where the early models were referred to as “blown flaps”. Circulation control works by increasing the near surface velocity of the airflow over the leading edge and/or trailing edge of a lifting surface This phenomenon keeps the boundary layer jet attached to the wing surface thus increasing the lift generated on the surface. The circulation control airflow adds energy to the lift force through conventional airfoil lift production and by altering the circulation of stream lines around the airfoil. For this study, a 10:1 aspect ratio elliptical airfoil with a chord length of 11.8 inches and a span of 31.5 inches was inserted into the West Virginia University Closed Loop Wind Tunnel and was tested at varying wind speeds (80, 100, and 120 feet per second), angle of attack (zero to sixteen degrees), and blowing coefficients, ranging from 0.0006 to 0.0127 depending on plenum pressure. By comparing the non-circulation controlled wing with the active circulation control data, a trend was found as to the influence of circulation control on the stall characteristics of the wing for trailing edge active control. For this specific case, when the circulation control is in use on the 10:1 elliptical airfoil, the stall angle decreased, from eight degrees to six degrees, while providing a 70% increase in lift coefficient. It should be noted that due to the trailing edge location of the circulation control exit jet, a “virtual” camber is created with the free stream air adding length to the overall airfoil. Due to this phenomena, the actual stall angle measured increased from eight degrees on the un-augmented airfoil, to a maximum of twelve degrees.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Axons break in animals lacking β-spectrin

Axons and dendrites can withstand acute mechanical strain despite their small diameter. In this study, we demonstrate that β-spectrin is required for the physical integrity of neuronal processes in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Axons in β-spectrin mutants spontaneously break. Breakage is caused by acute strain generated by movement because breakage can be prevented by paralyzing the mutant animals. After breaking, the neuron attempts to regenerate by initiating a new growth cone; this second round of axon extension is error prone compared with initial outgrowth. Because spectrin is a major target of calpain proteolysis, it is possible that some neurodegenerative disorders may involve the cleavage of spectrin followed by the breakage of neural processes.
Treatment of drug-resistant Shigella infections

Since the introduction of sulfonamides in the late 1930s, selective pressure and the widespread dissemination of mobile genetic elements conferring antimicrobial resistance have forced clinicians to seek successive agents for the treatment of multidrug-resistant shigellosis. Over the decades, the principal antibiotics used to treat Shigella infections have included tetracycline, chloramphenicol, ampicillin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and nalidixic acid. Presently, ciprofloxacin, azithromycin, and ceftriaxone serve as the mainstays of treatment, although growing evidence has documented decreased susceptibility or full resistance to these agents in some regions. With diminishing pharmaceutical options available, there is an enhanced need for preventive measures in the form of improved sanitation and hygiene standards, strict use of currently effective agents, and a safe and effective licensed vaccine.
Economic Efficiency of Short-Term Versus Long-Term Water Rights Buyouts

Because of the decline of the Ogallala Aquifer, water districts, regional water managers, and state water officers are becoming increasingly interested in conservation policies. This study evaluates both short-term and long-term water rights buyout policies. This research develops dynamic production functions for the major crops in the Texas Panhandle. The production functions are incorporated into optimal temporal allocation models that project annual producer behavior, crop choices, water use, and aquifer declines over 60 years. Results suggest that long-term buyouts may be more economically efficient than short-term buyouts.
Influence of Large-Scale Initial Oceanic Mixed Layer Depth on Tropical Cyclones*

Abstract The influence of spatial variations of the oceanic mixed layer depth (OMLD) on tropical cyclones (TCs) is investigated using a coupled atmosphere–ocean model. The model consists of a version of the Naval Research Laboratory limited area weather prediction model coupled to a simple 2½-layer ocean model. Interactions between the TC and the ocean are represented by wind-induced turbulent mixing in the upper ocean and latent and sensible heat fluxes across the air–sea interface. Four numerical experiments are conducted with different spatial variations of the unperturbed OMLD representing idealizations of broad-scale patterns observed in the North Atlantic and North Pacific Oceans during the tropical cyclone season. In each, the coupled model is integrated for 96 h with an atmospheric vortex initially of tropical storm intensity embedded in an easterly mean flow of 5 m s−1 and located over an oceanic mixed layer that is locally 40 m deep. The numerical solutions reveal that the rate of intensificatio...
A general balanced lossy transmission line model for SPICE

A new lossy, coupled, balanced transmission line model is presented. The model is described in general SPICE primitives, operates in AC and transient modes, and executes faster and more accurately than previous commercially available models.
Mathematical Modeling and Numerical Methods for Induction Logging Applications

Magnetic induction tools are used widely in the oil-field service industry to determine the spatial distribution of resistivity in geological formations. Each tool is 2 – 3 m in length and contains transmitting and receiving magnetic dipoles. The tool is inserted into a well and is pulled through it; during this process the tool responses (the magnetic field at receivers) are being logged. Results then are interpreted as follows: a parametric medium model is prescribed, and its parameters are selected so that the modeled tool responses closely parallel real logs. This process demands the numerical simulation of tools in a chosen medium model.
An Overview of Pb-free, Flip-Chip Wafer Bumping Technologies

To meet the European Union Restriction of Hazardous Substances requirements and the continuing demand for lower costs, finer pitch, and high-reliability flip-chip packaging structures, considerable work is going on in the electronic industry to develop leadfree solutions for flip-chip technology. In this paper, various solder-bumping technologies developed for flip-chip applications are reviewed with an emphasis on a new wafer-bumping technology called C4NP (Controlled-Collapse-Chip-Connect New Process). Several inherent advantages of C4NP technology are discussed over other technologies. This paper will also discuss the recent development and implementation of lead-free C4 interconnections for 300 mm wafers demonstrated at IBM. In addition, some metallurgical considerations associated with C4NP technology are discussed.
Microbial Synergy via an Ethanol-Triggered Pathway

We have discovered a microbial interaction between yeast, bacteria, and nematodes. Upon coculturing, Saccharomyces cerevisiae stimulated the growth of several species of Acinetobacter, including, A. baumannii, A. haemolyticus, A. johnsonii, and A. radioresistens, as well as several natural isolates of Acinetobacter. This enhanced growth was due to a diffusible factor that was shown to be ethanol by chemical assays and evaluation of strains lacking ADH1, ADH3, and ADH5, as all three genes are involved in ethanol production by yeast. This effect is specific to ethanol: methanol, butanol, and dimethyl sulfoxide were unable to stimulate growth to any appreciable level. Low doses of ethanol not only stimulated growth to a higher cell density but also served as a signaling molecule: in the presence of ethanol, Acinetobacter species were able to withstand the toxic effects of salt, indicating that ethanol alters cell physiology. Furthermore, ethanol-fed A. baumannii displayed increased pathogenicity when confronted with a predator, Caenorhabditis elegans. Our results are consistent with the concept that ethanol can serve as a signaling molecule which can affect bacterial physiology and survival.
Compact low phase imbalance broadband attenuator based on SiGe PIN diode

A compact low phase imbalance broadband attenuator has been proposed and fabricated in a standard 0.18-um SiGe BiCMOS process. This inductor-less attenuator takes advantage of high linearity and low junction capacitance of the SiGe PIN (P-type Intrinsic N-type) diodes to achieve comparable performances with its GaAs counterparts. Symmetrical placement of PIN diodes in reference and attenuation paths ensures low phase imbalance between different attenuation states. T-type resistive network is employed for small chip size and separate DC biases for each bit are implemented to minimize leakage through the parasitic diodes between P-sub and N-well of the PIN diodes. This attenuator, including pads, occupies 0.85×0.412 mm2. It has 8 attenuation states with a 1 dB step. The average insertion loss is 9.2 dB for the reference path and the phase variation for different states is −4.1 to 2.4°, which is the lowest among recently reported broadband attenuators.
Digital Cheating and Plagiarism in Schools

Cheating is not a new phenomenon, yet the ways that students cheat and their attitudes toward cheating have changed. The Internet age has brought tremendous opportunities for students and teachers in teaching and learning, and yet it has also brought challenges to academic integrity. This article discusses various reasons why young people cheat and points out that young people are developing a more lax attitude toward cheating online, thus making it important for teachers to address this issue and to develop strategies to combat digital plagiarism in the classroom. The article provides teachers with specific ideas to deal with digital plagiarism in schools, such as building a social community on- and offline to help students understand the concept of plagiarism, using antiplagiarism software packages in combination with punishment, and cultivating an atmosphere that encourages ethical behavior on the Internet.
Modeling the Risk of a Failed Wind Turbine Blade Impacting a Power Transmission Line

Wind turbine installations are generally situated in proximity to power transmission lines that integrate generated power into the grid. Failure of a wind turbine that results in a blade or blade fragment thrown from the rotor can result in impact with a transmission line and lead to significant transmission line damage. The work reported here creates a mathematical model to assess the risk of this type of failure event occurring as a function of wind turbine characteristics and the relative position of the power transmission line. A comprehensive rotor blade flight dynamic simulation tool comprised of a rigid body representation with 6 degrees of freedom is used. The model generates full three dimensional motion of a failed wind turbine blade from release of the wind turbine blade at the point of failure to impact. Monte Carlo simulation is used to generate impact statistics including the probability that a failed wind turbine blade will impact a transmission line. A set of simulation results are generated for a nominal 1.5 MW wind turbine with a 50 m transmission height. Simulation results show that large blade fragments have relatively high transmission line impact probabilities for small offset distances while small blade fragments have overall lower impact probabilities but are spread over a larger offset distance range. Transmission line impact probability is also a strong function not only of the offset distance but also the orientation of the transmission line relative to the wind turbine and the atmospheric wind velocity vector.
Notch Suppresses Angiogenesis and Progression of Hepatic Metastases

The Notch pathway plays multiple key roles in tumorigenesis, and its signaling components have therefore aroused great interest as targets for emerging therapies. Here, we show that inhibition of Notch, using a soluble receptor Notch1 decoy, unexpectedly caused a remarkable increase in liver metastases from neuroblastoma and breast cancer cells. Increased liver metastases were also seen after treatment with the γ-secretase inhibitor PF-03084014. Transgenic mice with heterozygous loss of Notch1 demonstrated a marked increase in hepatic metastases, indicating that Notch1 signaling acts as metastatic suppressor in the liver microenvironment. Inhibition of DLL1/4 with ligand-specific Notch1 decoys increased sprouting of sinusoidal endothelial cells into micrometastases, thereby supporting early metastatic angiogenic growth. Inhibition of tumor-derived JAG1 signaling activated hepatic stellate cells, increasing their recruitment to vasculature of micrometastases, thereby supporting progression to macrometastases. These results demonstrate that inhibition of Notch causes pathologic activation of liver stromal cells, promoting angiogenesis and growth of hepatic metastases. Our findings have potentially serious implications for Notch inhibition therapy. Cancer Res; 75(8); 1592–602. ©2015 AACR .
The longitudinal relaxation time (T1) of the intracellular 23Na NMR signal in the isolated perfused rat heart during hypoxia and reoxygenation

Each of six perfused rat hearts was subjected to 30 min of hypoxia followed by 60 min of reoxygenation. Inversion-recovery data on the intracellular Na NMR signal, differentiated by a shift reagent, 6 mM Dy(PPP)2, were obtained every 5 min, and T1 values were calculated. The T1 of the intracellular Na signal did not show any significant change either during hypoxia or upon reoxygenation, although the level of Nai increased about 50%. Such an increase of total Nai, is expected to reduce the observed relaxation rate by diluting the fraction of Nai, ions that interact with intracellular polyelectrolytes. The observed constancy of T1 in our study is explained on the basis of the typical values of the dissociation constants of sodium ions, in aqueous solutions, in interaction with polyelectrolytes. Although the constancy of intracellular sodium T1 during hypoxia may preclude the utilization of T1, weighting for the monitoring of pathology, its determination could be important for setting optimal acquisition times in high time-resolution experiments. © 1992 Academic Press, Inc.
On the interpretation of ‘deviant utterances’

In a recent issue of this journal, Fowler (I969) has sought to establish that the interpretation of deviant utterances is essentially 'a performance skill' (76). This thesis is only partially valid: it is true of some kinds of deviant utterances, but it is untrue of others. In order to see the problem clearly, it is first necessary to draw a terminological distinction which Fowler does not explicitly make. As Bar-Hillel has pointed out (i967: 537-538), it is useful to distinguish between SENTENCES (strings of formatives generated by a grammar and assigned a semantic interpretation by the grammar's semantic component) and UTTERANCES (actual performances of sentences); and to reserve the term UNGRAMMATICAL for the former and DEVIANT for the latter. Paralleling these distinctions are two senses in which the term INTERPRETATION is generally used: (i) it refers to the competence-related knowledge which involves the operation of the semantic component of the grammar (upon sentences), but (2) it may also refer to the performance-related ability to interpret an actual spoken utterance (by matching it somehow with a sentence). 1 Fowler's thesis for deviant utterances is that they are understood through a process of mapping them into nondeviant utterances which in turn derive their meanings from the semantic interpretations of the sentences with which they can be matched. Fowler's arguments concerning stylistic inversions in poetry (8i f.) do indeed demonstrate that part of the task of 'imposing' an interpretation on such deviant utterances as cummings's with up so floating many bells down must involve some such mapping process. However, at least two other types of deviant utterances seem better accounted for by viewing them as realizations in performance of ungrammatical strings, the strings themselves being interpreted by the semantic component of the grammar. One such type is what can be termed REGULAR VARIANTS; a second type is what Chomsky has called DERIVATIVELY GENERATED strings (I965: 227, n. 2). Regular variants are utterances which are members of a set of utterances which deviate from the utterances of a language in a systematic way. In English this
Multi-GHZ modeling and characterization of on-chip power delivery network

On-chip PDN consists of power grid and the intentional decap. In this paper, we demonstrate a technique to determine the on-chip PDN model for a chipset. 2D TLM approach can be used up-to several GHz.
Control of Cerebellar Nuclear Cells: A Direct Role for Complex Spikes?

The question of what modulates the firing of the cerebellar nuclei (CN) is one to which we presently have a surprisingly incomplete answer. Because most synaptic input to the CN originates from Purkinje cells (PCs), and simple spikes (SSs) are far more numerous than complex spikes (CSs), SSs are generally thought to be the dominant influence on the CN. However, evidence, reviewed here, suggests that this appears not to be the case in some physiologically important situations. As an alternative, we propose that CS activity may have at least as significant an effect on CN firing as do SSs. In particular, we suggest that CS activity has a role in controlling the bursts CN neurons show during various movements, during sleep states, and under ketamine–xylazine anesthesia. The ability to perform this role rests on the fact that CSs can be highly synchronized among PCs that project to the same CN neuron. Specifically, we suggest that synchronized CSs help determine the temporal course of the CN bursts, most often their offset, and that SSs and activity from cerebellar afferents may modulate the specific firing pattern within each burst. This joint control of CN activity may help explain anomalies present in the standard model for synaptic control of CN activity in which determination of CN firing patterns is attributed primarily to SSs.
Development of characterization techniques for X-band accelerator structures

The recent effort to develop accelerator structures for the Next Linear Collider (NLC), requires an accompanying development of accurate and efficient techniques to characterize these structures at different phases of development. At SLAC, we have been developing different microwave techniques to verify predictions from computer simulations in the design phase, to insure that the machined cells are within the design tolerances, and finally, to confirm overall RF performance of the completed structure. For this final test, a semi-automated system was built to implement the bead-pulling technique under traveling-wave conditions. This technique maps the phase and amplitude of the axial electric field along the structure.
Effects of model resolution on the interpretation of satellite NO 2 observations

Abstract. Inference of NOx emissions (NO+NO2) from satellite observations of tropospheric NO2 column requires knowledge of NOx lifetime, usually provided by chemical transport models (CTMs). However, it is known that species subject to non-linear sources or sinks, such as ozone, are susceptible to biases in coarse-resolution CTMs. Here we compute the resolution-dependent bias in predicted NO2 column, a quantity relevant to the interpretation of space-based observations. We use 1-D and 2-D models to illustrate the mechanisms responsible for these biases over a range of NO2 concentrations and model resolutions. We find that predicted biases are largest at coarsest model resolutions with negative biases predicted over large sources and positive biases predicted over small sources. As an example, we use WRF-CHEM to illustrate the resolution necessary to predict 10 AM and 1 PM NO2 column to 10 and 25% accuracy over three large sources, the Four Corners power plants in NW New Mexico, Los Angeles, and the San Joaquin Valley in California for a week-long simulation in July 2006. We find that resolution in the range of 4–12 km is sufficient to accurately model nonlinear effects in the NO2 loss rate.
Identification of cloud phase from PICASSO-CENA lidar depolarization: a multiple scattering sensitivity study

Abstract A fast Monte Carlo simulation scheme is developed to assess the impact of multiple scattering on space-based lidar backscattering depolarization measurements. The specific application of our methodology is to determine cloud thermodynamic phase from satellite-based lidar depolarization measurements. Model results indicate that multiple scattering significantly depolarizes backscatter return from water clouds. Multiple scattering depolarization is less significant for non-spherical particles. There are sharp contrasts in the depolarization profile between a layer of spherical particles and a layer of non-spherical particles. Although it is not as obvious as ground-based lidar observations, it is likely that we can identify cloud phase not only for a uniform cloud layer, but also for overlapping cloud layers where one layer contains ice and the other water droplets.
Coexistence of Digeorge Syndrome and Tangier Disease in a One-Year-Old Infant. Case Report and Review of the Literature

Tangier Disease (TD), a rare autosomal disorder, is characterized by low plasma cholesterol, decreased or absent A-I apolipoprotein and normal or elevated plasma triglycerides. TD was diagnosed antemortem by serologic and electrophoretic studies. Careful examination of the organs at autopsy showed the presence of lipid-laden macrophages, the hallmark of TD, only in the rectosigmoid mucosa, and not in other organs usually affected in TD. These findings indicate that the widespread distribution of lipid deposits may be absent in patients with TD early in life. In addition, DiGeorge syndrome (DGS) was recognized at autopsy by absence of the thymus and presence of only one parathyroid, thus explaining the multiple opportunistic infections during life.
An Overview of the Power 775 Supercomputer Water Cooling System

Back in 2008 IBM reintroduced water cooling technology into its high performance computing platform, the Power 575 Supercomputing node/system. Water cooled cold plates were used to cool the processor modules which represented about half of the total system (rack) heat load. An air-to-liquid heat exchanger was also mounted in the rear door of the rack to remove a significant fraction of the other half of the rack heat load; the heat load to air. The next generation of this platform, the Power 775 Supercomputing node/system, is a monumental leap forward in computing performance and energy efficiency. The compute node and system were designed from the start with water cooling in mind. The result, a system with greater than 96% of it’s heat load conducted directly to water; a system that, together with a rear door heat exchanger, removes 100% of it’s heat load to water with no requirement for room air conditioning. In addition to the processor, memory, power conversion, and I/O electronics conduct their heat to water. Included within the framework of the system is a disk storage unit (disc enclosure) containing an interboard air-to-water heat exchanger. This paper will overview the water cooling system featuring the water conditioning unit and rack manifolds. Advances in technology over this system’s predecessor will be highlighted. An overview of the cooling assemblies within the server drawer (i.e. central electronics complex,) the disc enclosure, and the centralized (Bulk) power conversion system will also be given. Further, techniques to enhance performance and energy efficiency will also be described.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
The Simulacrum System as a Construct for Mass Spectrometry of Triacylglycerols and Others

A construct called a simulacrum is defined that provides all possible solutions to a sum of two mass spectral abundances, based on values (abundances) or ratios of those values. The defined construct is applied to atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry (MS) of triacylglycerols (TAG). A simulacrum has precisely defined components, specifically a simulacrum sum, four Possibilities to Observe, two Cases, and eight solutions. A simulacrum with no restrictions is the First General Form of a Simulacrum. When one value is specified to be 1 (as in MS), the construct is called a Unit Simulacrum, also called the First Specified Form of a Simulacrum. When one value is 1 and no value can be greater than 1 (the two specifications dictated by mass spectrometry), the construct is called the Second Specified Form of a Simulacrum, or the Mass Spectrometry Simulacrum. Simulacra are used with three Critical Ratios calculated from raw abundances in mass spectra of TAG to provide structural information about the degree of unsaturation in TAG, the identity and quantity of regioisomers, and other structural characteristics. Three-level-deep nested simulacrum solutions yield the recently reported Updated Bottom Up Solution, from which the protonated molecule, [MH](+), and all diacylglycerol-like fragments, [DAG](+), of TAG can be reproduced from the Critical Ratios. Thus, the simulacrum solutions constitute a reduced data set in which more information is provided in fewer values than raw abundances, such that the Critical Ratios constitute a compact library of mass spectra.
Techniques to Mitigate the Effects of Congenital Faults in Processors

It is getting increasingly difficult to verify processors and guarantee subsequent reliable operation. The complexity of processors is rapidly increasing with every new generation, leading to an increase in the number of design defects, ie. logical bugs in RTL. Simultaneously, with every new generation, process variations are making it tougher to ensure timing closure, leading to an increased susceptibility to timing faults. In this thesis we characterize and propose solutions to mitigate the effects of such congenital faults. Now, for RTL bugs, the problem is compounded by the fact that some of the bugs are not reproducible. Due to several sources of non-determinism in the system like interrupts and i/o, variable bus latencies, memory refresh, etc., it is getting tougher to reproduce failures due to design defects. We propose a mechanism, CADRE, which eliminates these sources of non-determinism with negligible performance overhead and modest storage overhead. Nonetheless, some bugs will still slip through into production versions. To recover from such bugs, we propose dynamic on-chip reconfigurable logic, Phoenix, which can download bug signatures, and detect and recover from them. Phoenix has 0.05% area overhead and 0.48% wiring overhead. To redress the problem of process variation we propose a model of how parameter variation affects timing errors. The model successfully predicts the probability of timing errors under different process and environmental conditions for both SRAM and logic units. We verify this model with experimental data obtained in prior work. Using this model we introduce a novel framework that shows how microarchitecture techniques can mitigate variation-induced errors and even trade them off for power and processor frequency. Several such techniques are analyzed—in particular, a high-dimensional dynamic-adaptation technique that maximizes performance when there is slack in variation-induced error rate and power. The results show that our best combination of techniques increases processor frequency by 61% on average, allowing the processor to cycle 26% faster than without variation. Processor performance increases by 44% on average, resulting in a performance that is 18% higher than without variation—at only a 12.5% area cost.
Use of Behavioral Sciences in Social Work Education

Basic problems in the use of the behavioral sciences and of the content of social work ed sciences in social work education may be ucation without first recognizing that in categorized as at least four in number. They ternal divisions and divisiveness currently are the problems of segments, identity, se- characterize both fields, lection, and reintegration for use. These Social work educators, concerned ulti four classifications provide boundaries and mately with the modification of conditions a sequence for this paper. Under the head- under which man's life becomes stressful, ing of "segments," I shall refer to the com- must search widely for basic knowledge partmentalization of both graduate social about such conditions. The compartments work education and of the behavioral sci- of the biological, psychological, and social enees, situations which complicate efforts to sciences are multiple. Arguments as to first use the latter in the former. The term "iden- cause among specialists in soma, in psyche, tity" introduces a proposal as to what the and in social systems mystify the social integrated pieces of graduate social work worker who daily sees clients with bodies, education are, in behavioral science terms, with memories and motives, responding The section on "selection" brings us to il- and adding to a society's cultural, economic, lustrative questions to guide our sorties into and political pressures, past and present, the literature of the behavioral sciences. It is the nature of all sciences to delimit
Cloud Federation Management and Beyond: Requirements, Relevant Standards, and Gaps

In cloud computing, "hybrid cloud" and "community cloud" are established jargon. These concepts, however, actually entail federation, that is, the ability to securely share compute resources. Cloud federation has been investigated at all levels of the system stack--infrastructure as a service (IaaS), platform as a service (PaaS), and software as a service (SaaS). To better understand how to accomplish secure cloud federation, the author identifies six fundamental federation requirements, six deployment models, examines relevant existing standards, and discusses areas where further work needs to be done on best practices, tooling, and standards. The author notes that federation isn't specific to on-demand cloud resources and can be used to manage arbitrary services at any level in the system stack for a wide spectrum of application domains. Hence, federation has far-reaching implications for the scale and scope of cloud-based, and bare-metal-based, collaborations.
Reduction of LDL-cholesterol: important at all ages.

This editorial refers to ‘Risk factor exposure in individuals free from cardiovascular disease differs according to age at first myocardial infarction’[†][1], by K. Gransbo et al ., on page 1977. The pathobiology of atherosclerotic vascular disease and the risk factors that lead to its development have now been studied for a full century. It is well established that age is the most important risk factor; atherosclerotic vascular disease is rare in males under the age of 35 years and females under the age of 45, and the prevalence increases progressively thereafter. In order to study how atherosclerotic vascular lesions vary with age, considerable attention has focused on the extracranial arterial system, because this system can be assessed accurately and non-invasively by ultrasound. In addition, a relatively common treatment, coronary endarterectomy, provides atherosclerotic plaques for detailed analysis. In an asymptomatic population aged 55.4 ± 8.7 years studied by Fabris et al ., carotid plaques were detected by ultrasonography in 39%. The prevalence of the plaques and the severity of stenosis both increased with age. Among the other risk factors for the development of carotid plaques were male sex, serum cholesterol, and diabetes.1 Redgrave et al . carried out histological assessment of carotid plaques in 526 patients undergoing endarterectomy and observed that both the presence of large lipid cores and the severity of plaque calcification increased with age, while the overall amount of fibrous tissue in the plaques decreased.2 van Oostrom and colleagues also studied carotid arterial plaques in 383 patients aged 39–89 years.3 With increasing age, plaques became more ‘vulnerable’; they contained fewer smooth muscle cells and more evidence of inflammation. … [1]: #fn-2
Molecular and clinical prognostic factors for favorable outcome following surgical resection of adult intramedullary spinal cord astrocytomas

Abstract Objective Intramedullary spinal cord astrocytomas are uncommon but important entities. Aggressive surgical resection is believed to be critical to prevent subsequent neurological deterioration; however, the prognostic significance of numerous patient and molecular variables remains unclear. We sought to investigate the clinical and molecular factors associated with outcomes following surgical resection of adult spinal cord astrocytomas. Methods A consecutive retrospective chart review of all patients who underwent intramedullary spinal cord astrocytoma resection at a single tertiary-care institution between January 1996 and December 2011 was conducted. Molecular data collected included p53 mutation status, proliferative activity (Ki-67), 1p/19q chromosome loss, and EGFR amplification. Multivariable logistic and Cox proportional hazards regression were used to identify variable associated with postoperative outcomes. Results Among 13 patients undergoing surgical resection followed for a median of 54 months, 54% experienced improvement in neurological status, while 15% remained unchanged and 31% deteriorated. Following resection, the 5-year local control (LC), progression-free survival (PFS), and overall survival (OS) rates were 83%, 63%, and 83%. Median PFS time was found to be 5.6 years. Multivariable regression revealed limited characteristics associated with postoperative outcomes, though no molecular characteristics were found to be prognostic. Older age at surgery predicted decreased probability of PFS (HR 0.91, 95% CI 0.81–0.99, p =0.03) and trended towards predicting lack of neurological improvement (OR 0.94, 95% CI 0.83–1.02, p =0.21) and decreased OS (HR 0.93, 95% CI 0.81, 1.03, p =0.15). Preoperative motor symptoms (OR 0.12, 95% CI p =0.14) and adjuvant chemotherapy (OR 0.07, 95% CI p =0.12) also trended towards predicting lack of neurological improvement. Conclusion Age was the only patient variable found to have a statistically significant association with profession-free survival and no other factors were significantly associated with postoperative outcomes. These findings were limited by a relatively small sample size; thus, future studies with increased power investigating the prognostic effects of molecular characteristics could provide further clarity in identifying patients most likely to benefit from surgical resection.
Scutellospora hawaiiensis: A new species of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus from Hawaii

Scutellospora hawaiiensis, a species common in coastal sand dunes of Hawaii, is described. The pale orange-brown to red-brown spores have six walls; an outermost unit wall (1.2-2.0 um thick) appressed to a laminated wall (0.8-2.2 um), a coriaceous wall (2.8- 4.8 um), a new type of wall (the "notching wall") (0.5- 1.6 um), whose broken edges consist of a series of rectangular and V-shaped notches, resembling a torn linen cloth, a coriaceous wall (2.0-3.3 um) and a thick amorphous wall (3.0-4.0 um, expanding up to 88 um when crushed in acidic mountants).