cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Intracavity Techniques For High Reflectivity Phase Conjugation At 10 µm In Germanium And Inverted CO 2

Abstract We have generated phase-conjugate, 10 ym reflection from the grating established with counterpropagating waves in both germanium samples located within an oscillating TEA CCL laser cavity and in the CCL gain medium itself. The work in germanium is the first demonstration of nonlinear phase conjugation in the infrared and of intracavity degenerate 4-wave mixing. The work within the CO^ gain medium is the first demonstration of 10.6 ym phase conjugation in an inverted medium.2 In our first experiments we used a hybrid, single line, TEA laser with a peak output intensity of 2 MW/cm .A wedged germanium flat output mirror was reversed so that the Ge coupler, internal to the cavity, served as the nonlinear medium. This intracavity technique eliminated the difficulty of precisely aligning a pair of counter-propagating beams in the nonlinear sample. Using an infrared vidicon, we demonstrated that the place­ ment of an aberrator in the beam line had little effect on the germanium reflected signal, whereas the same aberrator in front of a reference mirror caused substantial distortion.In another set of experiments, we obtained conjugation utilizing the nonlinear properties of the resonance associated with the C0? gain medium itself, again utilizing the counterpropagating waves already present in the oscillating laser cavity. As an added bonus, when working with the nonlinearity of a partially saturated gain medium, the probe beam is amplified through "unused" gain volume on its way to the interaction region, giving rise to amplification of the conjugate signal as well. In this experimental set-up, our TEA laser was operated with low reflectance mirrors to reduce the circulating intensity within the laser cavity to only 1.5 MW/cm , approximately the saturation intensity where the reflectivity is maximized. The attenuated output of the laser passed through the beamsplitter back into the gain medium. The phase conjugate nature of the re­ flected light was confirmed by studying the spatial characteristics of the ueam in the presence of an aberrator in a manner similar to the germanium experiments.1 2 More detailed writeups of this work have appeared previously. 'References1. E. E. Bergmann, I. J. Bigio, B. J. Feldman, and R. A. Fisher, Opt. Lett. ,3, 82 (1978); R. A. Fisher and B. J. Feldman, Opt. Lett. <4, 140 (1979).2. I. J. Bigio, B. J. Feldman, R. A. Fisher, and E. E. Bergmann, Proceedings of the 1978 International Laser Conference, SPIE Vol. 168.
State Law and Standing Orders for Immunization Services

Introduction This study determined whether state laws permit the implementation of standing orders programs (SOPs) for immunization practice. SOPs are an effective strategy to increase uptake of vaccines. Successful SOPs require a legal foundation authorizing delegation of immunization services performed by a wide range of providers, administered to broad patient populations, in several settings. Without legal permission to administer vaccines, non-physician health professionals (NPHPs) are unable to provide preventive services. Methods From 2012 through 2013, researchers analyzed the legal environment in 50 states and the District of Columbia to determine whether NPHPs are authorized to (1) assess patient immunization status; (2) prescribe vaccines; and (3) administer vaccines under their own practice license or delegated authority. Laws governing the following NPHPs were included: (1) medical assistants; (2) midwives; (3) nurses in advanced practice; (4) registered, practical, and vocational nurses; (5) physician assistants; and (6) pharmacists. Additionally, the review determined which vaccines may be administered, permissible patient populations, and allowable practice settings for each category of NPHP. Results The laws are highly variable, and no state authorizes all NPHPs to conduct all elements of immunization practice for all patients. The laws frequently indicate where NPHPs may or may not administer vaccines and outline permissible vaccines, eligible patients, and required level of supervision. Conclusions The variation in the laws could potentially present a challenge to successful implementation of public health goals to improve immunization rates. Expanded authorization of SOPs in all states could increase health practitioners' ability to deliver recommended vaccines.
Biomarkers for bile acid diarrhoea in functional bowel disorder with diarrhoea: a systematic review and meta-analysis

There is no universally available laboratory test to diagnose bile acid diarrhoea (BAD). Objective To conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to identify a biomarker for idiopathic BAD in patients with functional bowel disorder (FBD) with diarrhoea. Design We searched multiple databases through 15 May 2015. Data were only available to estimate the diagnostic yield of each test (the prevalence of a positive test). Estimates were pooled across studies using the random effects model. Results We included 36 studies, enrolling 5028 patients (24 using 75 selenium homotaurocholic acid test ( 75 SeHCAT) retention of 75 SeHCAT retention ( Conclusions Overall, the test with the highest diagnostic yield conducted in the largest number of studies was 75 SeHCAT retention, which is not widely available in many countries outside Europe and Canada. Using different diagnostic tests, 25% (average) of patients with lower FBD with diarrhoea has evidence of idiopathic BAD. These tests serve to identify idiopathic BAD among patients with FBD with diarrhoea. Further studies are required to appraise the performance characteristics of tests for idiopathic BAD.
The use of modified unsaturated resins in structural RRIM composites

Developpement de resines non saturees utilisables dans le moulage par injection de reactifs renforces. On etudie un systeme avec des fibres continues unidirectionnelles
The Coming Revolution in Radiology: Beware and Prepare

Thomas Watson should be a familiar name to those interested in technology. In fact, it ought to be evocative of major changes in how we transfer information and ultimately organize work by dint of its identification with two individuals having that name. The first Thomas Watson was the assistant summoned by Alexander Graham Bell in the first telephone call. The second one was a long time CEO of IBM whose name was affixed to the computer that beat the star human performers in several games of Jeopardy.
Clinical Utility of Lactate Dehydrogenase in Determining the Severity of Hemolysis in Sickle Cell Anemia.

To the Editor I read with great interest the editorial by Jialal and Sokoll.1 The authors beautifully presented an erudite concise summary of the biochemistry, nomenclature, history, and clinical utility of lactate dehydrogenase (LD), also abbreviated, perhaps erroneously, as LDH. They concluded that the clinical utility of LD is limited to confirm hemolysis and serve as a tumor marker. The purpose of this letter is to elaborate on the role of LD in other disorders and in the hemolysis associated with sickle cell anemia (SS). In thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP), LD values used to play a major role in its diagnosis and management. Today, however, the diagnosis of TTP and response to therapy depend on the presence of severe deficiency (activity <10%) of von Willebrand factor cleaving enzyme, also known as ADAMTS13 (a disintegrin-like and metalloprotease with thrombospondin type 1 motif 13). Thus, an ADAMTS 13 activity of more than 10% rules out TTP despite a coexistent elevated level …
Amorphous Silicon Selenium Alloy Film Deposited Under Hydrogen Dilution

Amorphous silicon selenium alloy films were prepared by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition with hydrogen dilution. The flow rate ratio of hydrogen to silane was about 8:1. Amorphous silicon selenium alloy was found to have an optical bandgap ranging from 1.7 eV to 2.0 eV depending on the selenium concentration in the films. The light to dark conductivity ratios of the alloy films are ~ 104. The optical and electrical properties, Urbach tail energy and sub-bandgap photo response spectroscopy of the alloy film were investigated. The film quality of the alloy deposited with hydrogen dilution is greatly improved comparing to that of the alloy film deposited without hydrogen dilution. The electron spin resonance experiment shows that selenium atom is a good dangling bond terminator.
Shadow Judges: Staff Attorney Adjudication of Prisoner Claims

Prisoners bring over twenty percent of the civil cases filed in federal district courts. This litigation implicates civil rights and habeas corpus. Prisoners’ civil litigation can protect individual liberties and even require that an incarcerated person be set free. Because most prisoners (around 93%) proceed pro se in their federal civil litigation, they are already at a disadvantage. In addition to being unrepresented, prisoner plaintiffs suffer in other ways. Local rules, general orders, and even district courts’ job postings suggest that when a case is brought by a pro se prisoner, judicial tasks that must be preformed in the case, from administration to adjudication, are delegated to non-judicial pro se staff. As a result, an incarcerated plaintiff’s case, brought in the same district court as a non-incarcerated plaintiff’s, may be decided by a court employee who works as part of the court’s “pro se staff,” while a non-incarcerated plaintiff’s case will be decided by a magistrate or district court judge. The Supreme Court’s recent Wellness International decision drew attention to delegation of Article III claims to non-Article III judges in the bankruptcy realm. There, the Court rigorously weighed the impact of the structural error caused by delegation to judges who do not enjoy fixed salaries or life tenure. But delegation of the judicial power in the prisoner litigation context is still hiding in plain sight. This article is the first to consider the scope of the delegation to pro se staff, and the separation of powers concerns caused by delegation of the judicial power to pro se staff. It argues that local procedure has enabled the delegation, and that it has gone too far. Local procedure crafts rules for prisoner litigation that conflict with federal law. When federal courts overreach in this manner, their rulemaking exceeds the limited rulemaking authority Congress has delegated to the judiciary. Moreover, the local procedure violates federal policy, which generally disfavors allowing non-judicial actors to perform judicial tasks. The article concludes with recommendations about how to solve the delegation problem. The local procedure and the pro se staff it creates could be eliminated. Congress alone would be left with the responsibility to create additional procedure for prisoner litigation, or to refrain from doing so. A more moderate approach would publicize the identity of pro se staff as well as the nature of the work the staff undertakes. At a minimum, pro se staff should be brought out of the shadows.
Internal Echographic Patterns of Abdominal Masses

The establishment of characteristic internal echographic patterns in abdominal neoplasms and diseased organs has been difficult and their existence is controversial.
The relationship of androgen receptor levels to androgen responsiveness in the Dunning R3327 rat prostate tumor sublines.

Abstract The objective of this study was to determine whether androgen receptor levels in a transplantable animal model of prostatic adenocarcinoma correlated with androgen responsiveness of the tumor. This is the first comparative study of androgen receptor levels in 3 subcellular compartments (cytosol, nuclear salt-extractable and nuclear salt-resistant fractions) of 4 Dunning R3327 rat prostatic adenocarcinoma sublines that vary in their response to androgen ablation. Tumors were harvested from intact adult male rats in order to best approximate the human clinical setting in which receptor levels are quantitated prior to androgen ablative therapy. Only the nuclear salt-resistant (nuclear matrix) and total nuclear androgen receptor contents were significantly different among all tumor sublines. The properties of the tumors studied and their nuclear salt-resistant androgen receptor levels were as follows: H tumor—well-differentiated, slow growing, androgen-dependent, 63 ± 11 fmol./mg. DNA; HI tumor—well-differentiated, slow growing, androgen-insensitive, 19 ± 8 fmol./mg. DNA; G tumor—poorly-differentiated, fast growing, androgen-sensitive, 195 ± 42 fmol./mg. DNA; and AT-2 tumor—anaplastic, fast growing, androgen-insensitive, no detectable receptors. There was no apparent quantitative relationship between androgen receptor content and tumor growth rates, which varied considerably irrespective of the androgen responsiveness of the tumor. However, there was a qualitative relationship between nuclear salt-resistant or total nuclear receptor content and androgen responsiveness. Higher levels of receptor (H and G tumor sublines) were associated with responsiveness to androgen ablation (cessation or slowing of growth, respectively), whereas lower levels of receptor (HI and AT-2 sublines) were associated with androgen insensitivity. These observations, based on relatively homogeneous tumors, may have important implications for human prostatic cancers which appear to be composed of heterogeneous cell populations.
Subtraction Technique in the Diagnosis of Abdominal Abscesses

The number of false-positive gallium scans (gallium in the gastrointestinal tract) and false-negative scans (gallium not labeling abdominal inflammatory masses) can be reduced by employing subtraction techniques that accurately localize isotopically labeled organs such as liver, spleen, stomach, upper gastrointestinal tract, kidney, and bladder, using a gamma camera with an on-line computer. A gallium scan is performed first. Then without repositioning, the patient receives a Tc-99m-labeled radiopharmaceutical to label liver, spleen, gastrointestinal tract, kidney, and bladder. Software that allows one to superimpose or subtract the Tc-99m-labeled organ onto the gallium scan, thus accurately defining its borders, is described. This method is helpful in evaluating regions of the abdomen generally obscured by normal gallium uptake in organs, such as liver or spleen, and in outlining abdominal masses with no gallium uptake.
Valence Bond Methods: Rings of hydrogen atoms

In this chapter we examine some results for four model systems consisting of rings of H atoms. These calculations show how the number of atoms in a complex reaction may influence rates of reaction, particularly through the activation energy. The systems are as follows. Four H atoms in a rectangular geometry of D 2 h symmetry. The rectangle is characterized by two distances, RA and RB . We map out a region of the ground state energy for this four-electron system as a function of the two distances. Six H atoms in a hexagonal geometry of D 3 h symmetry. This is not a regular hexagon, in general, but, like the system of four H atoms, is characterized by two distances we also label RA and RB . These two distances alternate around the ring. We also calculate the map of the ground state energy for this six-electron system. Eight H atoms in an octagonal geometry of D 4 h symmetry and the specific shape characterized by the RA and RB variables as above. For this larger system we only determine the saddle point with respect to the same sort of variables. Ten H atoms in a decagonal geometry of D 5 h symmetry and the RA and RB variables. Again, we determine only the saddle point. Since the geometries of these systems are in most regions not regular polygons, we will symbolize them as (H 2 ) n , emphasizing the number of H 2 molecules rather than the total number of atoms.
Benjamin Nathans responds to Olga Gershenson's “The Jewish Museum and Tolerance Center in Moscow: Judaism for the masses”

Dear Editors,Professor Olga Gershenson’s essay about the Jewish Museum and Tolerance Center (JMTC)1 suggests that historical museums are “institutions that both reflect and reproduce their societie...
The ϱ parameter in a expansion

Abstract The ϱ parameter is calculated to all orders in the top mass and leading order in an 1 N c expansion, where Nc is the number of colors. The result agrees with the natural extrapolation from perturbation theory. Some consequences of our results are discussed. In particular, from the consistency requirement ϱ>0, a bound mt
Information technology management of university education: Part 3. A methodology for information system design and development

In this third and concluding paper on the information technology management of university education, the authors present a methodology for the life–cycle design of an information system to support university executive and management functions. The methodology is based on the characterization of representative university functions (Part 1) and on case studies in four universities (Part 2).
Comparison of the loop technique with incision and drainage for soft tissue abscesses: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Abstract Introduction Skin and soft tissue infections are a common presentation to the emergency department. Traditional management of abscesses involves a linear incision through the center of the abscess with packing placed. The loop drainage technique (LDT) is an alternate approach that may reduce pain and scarring, as well as decrease the number of follow up visits needed. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to compare the efficacy of the LDT with conventional incision and drainage (CID) in the treatment of soft tissue abscesses. Methods PubMed, CINAHL, Scopus, the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and bibliographies of selected articles were assessed for all retrospective, prospective, or randomized controlled trials comparing the LDT to CID with an outcome of treatment failure, as defined by the individual study. Data were double extracted into a predefined worksheet and quality analysis was performed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool. Data were summarized and a meta-analysis was performed with subgroup analyses by adult versus pediatric age groups. Results This systematic review identified four studies comprising 470 total patients. Overall, the CID technique failed in 25 of 265 cases (9.43%). The LDT failed in 8 of 195 cases (4.10%). There was an odds ratio of 2.63 (95% CI 1.04 to 6.63) in favor of higher failures in the CID group. Funnel plot analysis demonstrated no evidence of publication bias. Subgroups analysis by age group demonstrated improved efficacy of the LDT in pediatric patients, but the adult subgroup did not reach statistical significance. Discussion The existing literature suggests that LDT is associated with a lower failure rate than CID. However, the data is limited by small sample sizes and predominantly retrospective study designs. Given the potential for less pain, decreased scarring, and lower associated healthcare costs, this technique should be considered for the treatment of skin and soft tissue abscesses in the ED setting, but further studies are needed.
Noise-tolerant deep learning for histopathological image segmentation

Inhomogeneous color distribution and intensity impose major difficulty in fully automated histopathological image (histo-image) segmentation. In this paper, we propose a novel deep learning framework for histo-image segmentation. We innovate a noise-tolerant layer to the output layer of a deep learning image segmentation framework U-Net, which alleviates the requirement of accurately segmented training images and enables “unsupervised” histo-image segmentation by taking noisy segmentation results of traditional image segmentation algorithms as the training outputs. We implement noise-tolerant U-Net for histo-image segmentation to study Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD), a muscle degenerative disease. Performance comparison with traditional algorithms and the original U-Net demonstrates the great potential of the proposed noise-tolerant U-Net for histo-image segmentation.
Robust Stability Region of a Microgrid Under Parametric Uncertainty Using Bialternate Sum Matrix Approach

This paper analyzes the robust stability of a mixed source microgrid comprised of a synchronous generator-based distributed energy resource (DER) and an inverter-based DER. Few studies conducted recently indicated that power system stabilizers (PSSs) are advantageous for damping local oscillations of synchronous generator-based DERs. However, stability issues may arise due to interaction of the parameters of PSS and system. This paper proposes a method to determine the stability region for the system when any two parameters are considered uncertain based on robust control theory. A sufficient condition for robust stability is presented using bialternate sum matrix of the system with uncertain parameters. The bialternate sum matrix approach is compared with a branch and bound approach presented in earlier studies. These two methods are shown to yield identical results for a single machine infinite bus system. However, the proposed bialternate sum matrix approach requires far less computational effort. Therefore, it is applied to determine the stability region for the operation of mixed source microgrid in both grid-connected and islanded modes.
ONCOGENES AND PROTO-ONCOGENES | Overview

Many cancer cells contain genetic mutations and alterations that are responsible for tumorigenesis. Dominant molecular alterations lead to the formation of genes known as oncogenes and proto-oncogenes. The activities of these genes cause critical modifications in the cell cycle necessary for tumorigenesis. These include abnormalities in self-sufficiency of growth signals; evading apoptosis; insensitivity to antigrowth signals; limitless replicative potential; sustained angiogenesis; and tissue invasion and metastases. A few that are recognized for their role in lung cancer, include the c-Met, and c-Kit receptor tyrosine kinases, as well as the ERBB, the RAS, the MYC, and the BCL-2 genes. The c-Met and c-Kit proto-oncogenes act through the modulation of growth factors and their cognate receptors in lung cancer, and also through the production of autocrine and paracrine growth stimulation loops. The ERBB proto-oncogenes are also a group of transmembrane receptor tyrosine kinases which, together with their ligands, constitute a potential growth stimulatory loop, particularly for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The RAS proto-oncogenes regulate processes in signal transduction pathways. The MYC proto-oncogenes encode nuclear products which target the RAS signal transduction. The BCL-2 proto-oncogene protects against apoptosis and its expression is higher in small cell lung cancer (75–95%) than in NSCLC. Recent advances in the understanding of the oncogenes and proto-oncogenes involved in lung cancer biology have led to the development of numerous molecularly targeted therapies, which are beginning to play a great role in the treatment and prevention of lung cancer.
Solid Tumor Stem Cells – Implications for Cancer Therapy

Cancer stem cells (CSC) that drive tumor initiation and growth through self-renewal and differentiation have been identified in cancers of the hematopoietic lineage and certain solid tumors. Recent findings point to a specific relationship of such tumorigenic minority populations to therapeutic resistance and neoplastic progression. Furthermore, initial proof-of-concept has been established that specific targeting of CSC for cell killing is sufficient to halt experimental tumor growth. These findings indicate that such novel strategies could be suited to improve conventional cytotoxic therapies, which are believed to spare refractory tumor initiators responsible for recurrence and metastasis. Here, we review the currently available scientific evidence in support of the CSC model of tumor development, and discuss the implications of this emerging concept for tumor biology and cancer therapy.
The Frontal Arousal Rhythm (FAR) is an ictal pattern: A case report

This paper deals with a patient with the Frontal Arousal Rhythm (FAR), a rare rhythmic pattern usually seen in young children awakening from sleep, with a history of seizures. In this patient, subtle clinical changes were observed on the video during the pattern, consisting of a sequence of brief eye lid flutter, chewing, increased inspiration and upper lip quivering. This exact sequence was seen on three successive occasions lasting for 6, 9, and 10 sec. The conclusion is the FAR is not just a sign of seizure disorder, but is actually an ictal pattern.
Conclusions and directions for future work

We will reflect on what has been achieved and outline what we believe to be the major avenues for future research that have been opened by the work presented here. Roughly, the ultimate goal is to construct flexible protocols under the refined models of Chapters 4 and 8. The starting point, however, is to develop our understanding of how to construct systems that support sensing for various concrete goals of interest. In short, we believe that the “scaffolding” of such concrete goals and protocols is essential to provide the context in which meaningful improvements in the protocols’ efficiency can be developed. Given such concrete examples, the respective models of Chapters 4 and 8 provide rather different directions of research. The main challenge raised by Chapter 8 is to obtain richer kinds of feedback that allow richer classes of protocols to be learned efficiently, whereas the main challenge of Chapter 4 lies in the design of servers that are “easy to use” with respect to some “natural” distribution on protocols. We will see that this latter question seems quite closely related to the problem of designing usable computer interfaces.
Applications and Mode of Action of Formaldehyde Condensate Biocides

Publisher Summary This chapter deals with the applications and mode of action of formaldehyde (FA) condensate biocides. The reactivity of FA has made possible the synthesis of a wide variety of adducts, including animals, formals, and methylols. As a group, they exhibit compatibility with cosmetics, metalworking fluids, adhesives, paints, and wood. They exhibit stability from acid to alkaline pH depending on the nature of the adduct. Their selection is based on the environmental pH and the rate of FA release desired. For the most of the part, with a few exceptions, the mode of action of the FA adduct is FA itself. The extent of activity is a function of the avidity of FA for the adduct and the biological molecule initially hit. Resistance development, especially to animals, is stoichiometrically related to FA resistance. Microbial resistance to FA should be anticipated. The known mutagenicity of FA may also contribute to the increased resistance in the progeny of survivors. Knowledge of mode of action of FA makes it possible to utilize mixtures to extend the spectrum of these compounds.
Modeling complex temporal composition of actionlets for activity prediction

Early prediction of ongoing activity has been more and more valuable in a large variety of time-critical applications. To build an effective representation for prediction, human activities can be characterized by a complex temporal composition of constituent simple actions. Different from early recognition on short-duration simple activities, we propose a novel framework for long-duration complex activity prediction by discovering the causal relationships between constituent actions and the predictable characteristics of activities. The major contributions of our work include: (1) we propose a novel activity decomposition method by monitoring motion velocity which encodes a temporal decomposition of long activities into a sequence of meaningful action units; (2) Probabilistic Suffix Tree (PST) is introduced to represent both large and small order Markov dependencies between action units; (3) we present a Predictive Accumulative Function (PAF) to depict the predictability of each kind of activity. The effectiveness of the proposed method is evaluated on two experimental scenarios: activities with middle-level complexity and activities with high-level complexity. Our method achieves promising results and can predict global activity classes and local action units.
Other Housing Topics

In this chapter I examine some other important aspects of the housing market. In Section 1, I present a model of tenure choice and identify the considerations that determine whether an individual will rent or own. The considerations of interest are people's wealth, time path of income, and institutional factors. In Section 2, we examine search in the housing market. There appears to be no one model that contains enough of the critical aspects of the housing market to present on its own, so I focus on identifying the critical aspects. In the final section, I outline some considerations for analyzing racially separated housing markets.
Pharmacokinetics of human recombinant C1-esterase inhibitor and development of anti-drug antibodies in healthy dogs.

Abstract Complement-mediated intravascular hemolysis occurs in canine immune-mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA). Complement inhibitors such as recombinant C1 esterase inhibitor (rC1-INH) might prevent this process and alter the disease course. This study aimed to characterize the pharmacokinetics of a single 500 IU IV dose of rC1-INH in 8 healthy beagle dogs, evaluate the dogs for any adverse effects of drug administration, and determine whether rC1-INH administration induces anti-drug antibody formation. Serum rC1-INH concentrations were measured using a commercial functional ELISA at baseline and at 10, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120, 240, 360, 480, 600, 720, 960, and 1440 min post drug administration. Complete blood counts were conducted at baseline, 720 and 1440 min. Western blot analysis, using rC1-INH as the target antigen was used to detect anti-drug antibodies in 14-day serum samples. No adverse clinical reactions were noted following rC1-INH administration. Pharmacokinetic modelling suggested that the peak C1-INH concentration achieved is 0.21 IU/mL and that C1-INH concentration is significantly greater than baseline for 100 min following injection. A robust antibody response was detected which suggests that rC1-INH should not be re-administered after an initial course. Clinical trials of rC1-INH in dogs with intravascular IMHA are now warranted.
Gendered Futures in Higher Education: Critical Perspectives for Change

(2005). Gendered Futures in Higher Education: Critical Perspectives for Change. The Journal of Higher Education: Vol. 76, No. 1, pp. 114-116.
Impact of absolute lymphocyte count on prognosis of aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphoma.

e19034Background: Multiple studies have attempted to identify parameters to predict prognosis and overall survival (OS) in Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL). Revised International Prognostic Index (R-IPI)...
Theoretical Model of Lipid Peroxidation Kinetics for Complexes of Cytochrome c and Cardiolipin with Participation of Antioxidants

It is represented the kinetic model of lipid peroxidation process take place in the lipid membranes owing to a peroxidase activity of the complexes of cytochrome c and cardiolipine. The theoretical description of the studied kinetics includes two pathways: enzymatic and non-enzymatic, and takes into account the presence of direct-acting antioxidant: the molecules that act as the free radical scavengers, directly exhibiting a relatively high antiradical activity. The enzymatic pathway includes the reactions involving the complexes of cytochrome c and cardiolipin. The non-enzymatic pathway includes the reactions involving the free lipid radicals and antioxidant molecules. The obtained system of differential equations allows to simulate the kinetics of the lipid peroxidation process both accounting the inhibitory effect of the antioxidant and without it, and to test the antiradical activity of various types of antioxidants, as well as to find some unknown kinetic parameters by performing a comparison of the theoretical kinetic curves with the experimental ones.
Identifying adverse childhood experiences in pediatrics to prevent chronic health conditions

Despite evidence that over 40% of youth in the United States have one or more adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), and that ACEs have cumulative, pernicious effects on lifelong health, few primary care clinicians routinely ask about ACEs. Lack of standardized and accurate clinical assessments for ACEs, combined with no point-of-care biomarkers of the "toxic stress" caused by ACEs, hampers prevention of the health consequences of ACEs. Thus, there is no consensus regarding how to identify, screen, and track ACEs, and whether early identification of toxic stress can prevent disease. In this review, we aim to clarify why, for whom, when, and how to identify ACEs in pediatric clinical care. To do so, we examine the evidence for such identification; describe the efficacy and accuracy of potential screening instruments; discuss current trends in, and potential barriers to, the identification of ACEs and the prevention of downstream effects; and recommend next steps for research, practice, and policy.
Surgical management of pediatric renin-mediated hypertension secondary to renal artery occlusive disease and abdominal aortic coarctation.

Abstract Background Renovascular hypertension (RVH) associated with renal artery and abdominal aortic narrowings is the third most common cause of pediatric hypertension. Untreated children may experience major cardiopulmonary complications, stroke, renal failure, and death. The impetus of this study was to describe the increasingly complex surgical practice for such patients with an emphasis on anatomic phenotype and contemporary outcomes after surgical management as a means of identifying those factors responsible for persistent or recurrent hypertension necessitating reoperation. Methods A retrospective analysis was performed of consecutive pediatric patients with RVH undergoing open surgical procedures at the University of Michigan from 1991 to 2017. Anatomic phenotype and patient risk factors were analyzed to predict outcomes of blood pressure control and the need for secondary operations using ordered and binomial logistic multinomial regression models, respectively. Results There were 169 children (76 girls, 93 boys) who underwent primary index operations at a median age of 8.3 years; 31 children (18%) had neurofibromatosis type 1, 76 (45%) had abdominal aortic coarctations, and 28 (17%) had a single functioning kidney. Before treatment at the University of Michigan, 51 children experienced failed previous open operations (15) or endovascular interventions (36) for RVH at other institutions. Primary surgical interventions (342) included main renal artery (136) and segmental renal artery (10) aortic reimplantation, renal artery bypass (55), segmental renal artery embolization (10), renal artery patch angioplasty (8), resection with reanastomosis (4), and partial or total nephrectomy (25). Non-renal artery procedures included patch aortoplasty (32), aortoaortic bypass (32), and splanchnic arterial revascularization (30). Nine patients required reoperation in the early postoperative period. During a mean follow-up of 49 months, secondary interventions were required in 35 children (21%), including both open surgical (37) and endovascular (14) interventions. Remedial intervention to preserve primary renal artery patency or a nephrectomy if such was impossible was required in 22 children (13%). The remaining secondary procedures were performed to treat previously untreated disease that became clinically evident during follow-up. Age at operation and abdominal aortic coarctation were independent predictors for reoperation. The overall experience revealed hypertension to be cured in 74 children (44%), improved in 78 (46%), and unchanged in 17 (10%). Children undergoing remedial operations were less likely (33%) to be cured of hypertension. There was no perioperative death or renal insufficiency requiring dialysis after either primary or secondary interventions. Conclusions Contemporary surgical treatment of pediatric RVH provides a sustainable overall benefit to 90% of children. Interventions in the very young (
Changes in Health Care Use and Outcomes After Turnover in Primary Care.

Importance Disruptions of continuity of care may harm patient outcomes, but existing studies of continuity disruption are limited by an inability to separate the association of continuity disruption from that of other physician-related factors. Objectives To examine changes in health care use and outcomes among patients whose primary care physician (PCP) exited the workforce and to directly measure the association of this primary care turnover with patients’ health care use and outcomes. Design, Setting, and Participants This cohort study used nationally representative Medicare billing claims for a random sample of 359 470 Medicare fee-for-service beneficiaries with at least 1 PCP evaluation and management visit from January 1, 2008, to December 31, 2017. Primary care physicians who stopped practicing were identified and matched with PCPs who remained in practice. A difference-in-differences analysis compared health care use and clinical outcomes for patients who did lose PCPs with those who did not lose PCPs using subgroup analyses by practice size. Subgroup analyses were done on visits from January 1, 2008, to December 31, 2017. Exposure Patients’ loss of a PCP. Main Outcomes and Measures Primary care, specialty care, urgent care, emergency department, and inpatient visits, as well as overall spending for patients, were the primary outcomes. Receipt of appropriate preventive care and prescription fills were also examined. Results During the study period, 9491 of 90 953 PCPs (10.4%) exited Medicare. We matched 169 870 beneficiaries whose PCP exited (37.2% women; mean [SD] age, 71.4 [6.1] years) with 189 600 beneficiaries whose PCP did not exit (36.9% women; mean [SD] age, 72.0 [5.0] years). The year after PCP exit, beneficiaries whose PCP exited had 18.4% (95% CI, −19.8% to −16.9%) fewer primary care visits and 6.2% (95% CI, 5.4%-7.0%) more specialty care visits compared with beneficiaries who did not lose a PCP. This outcome persisted 2 years after PCP exit. Beneficiaries whose PCP exited also had 17.8% (95% CI, 6.0%-29.7%) more urgent care visits, 3.1% (95% CI, 1.6%-4.6%) more emergency department visits, and greater spending ($189 [95% CI, $30-$347]) per beneficiary-year after PCP exit. These shifts were most pronounced for patients of exiting PCPs in solo practice, whose beneficiaries had 21.5% (95% CI, −23.8% to −19.3%) fewer primary care visits, 8.8% (95% CI, 7.6%-10.0%) more specialty care visits, 4.4% more emergency department visits (95% CI, 2.1%-6.7%), and $260 (95% CI, $12-$509) in increased spending. Conclusions and Relevance Loss of a PCP was associated with lower use of primary care and increased use of specialty, urgent, and emergency care among Medicare beneficiaries. Interrupting primary care relationships may negatively impact health outcomes and future engagement with primary care.
A high-resolution protein architecture of the budding yeast genome.

The genome-wide architecture of chromatin-associated proteins that maintains chromosome integrity and gene regulation is not well defined. Here we use chromatin immunoprecipitation, exonuclease digestion and DNA sequencing (ChIP–exo/seq)1,2 to define this architecture in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We identify 21 meta-assemblages consisting of roughly 400 different proteins that are related to DNA replication, centromeres, subtelomeres, transposons and transcription by RNA polymerase (Pol) I, II and III. Replication proteins engulf a nucleosome, centromeres lack a nucleosome, and repressive proteins encompass three nucleosomes at subtelomeric X-elements. We find that most promoters associated with Pol II evolved to lack a regulatory region, having only a core promoter. These constitutive promoters comprise a short nucleosome-free region (NFR) adjacent to a +1 nucleosome, which together bind the transcription-initiation factor TFIID to form a preinitiation complex. Positioned insulators protect core promoters from upstream events. A small fraction of promoters evolved an architecture for inducibility, whereby sequence-specific transcription factors (ssTFs) create a nucleosome-depleted region (NDR) that is distinct from an NFR. We describe structural interactions among ssTFs, their cognate cofactors and the genome. These interactions include the nucleosomal and transcriptional regulators RPD3-L, SAGA, NuA4, Tup1, Mediator and SWI–SNF. Surprisingly, we do not detect interactions between ssTFs and TFIID, suggesting that such interactions do not stably occur. Our model for gene induction involves ssTFs, cofactors and general factors such as TBP and TFIIB, but not TFIID. By contrast, constitutive transcription involves TFIID but not ssTFs engaged with their cofactors. From this, we define a highly integrated network of gene regulation by ssTFs. A ChIP–exo method is used to define the genome-wide positional organization of proteins associated with gene transcription, DNA replication, centromeres, subtelomeres and transposons, revealing distinct protein assemblies for constitutive and inducible gene expression.
A High-Power Dual Six-Port Automatic Network Analyzer for Determining Biological Effects of RF and Microwave Radiation

The design, calibration and performance of a high-power (1 to 1000W) automatic network analyzer based on the six-port concept are described for the 10 to 100 MHz range. Imprecision in measuring reflection coefficient Gamma is 0.0001 in magnitude and 0.005/ |Gamma| degrees in phase. Corresponding estimated systematic errors are 0.001 and 0.1/ |Gamma| degrees. Imprecision in measuring power is 0. 01% of range (20W, 200W, or 1000W) with an estimated systematic error of 1. 25% of reading.
Engineering Purely Nonlinear Coupling between Superconducting Qubits Using a Quarton.

Strong nonlinear coupling of superconducting qubits and/or photons is a critical building block for quantum information processing. Because of the perturbative nature of the Josephson nonlinearity, linear coupling is often used in the dispersive regime to approximate nonlinear coupling. However, this dispersive coupling is weak and the underlying linear coupling mixes the local modes, which, for example, distributes unwanted self-Kerr nonlinearity to photon modes. Here, we use the quarton to yield purely nonlinear coupling between two linearly decoupled transmon qubits. The quarton's zero ${\ensuremath{\phi}}^{2}$ potential enables an ultrastrong gigahertz-level cross-Kerr coupling, which is an order of magnitude stronger compared to existing schemes, and the quarton's positive ${\ensuremath{\phi}}^{4}$ potential can cancel the negative self-Kerr nonlinearity of qubits to linearize them into resonators. This ultrastrong cross-Kerr coupling between bare modes of qubit-qubit, qubit-photon, and even photon-photon is ideal for applications such as single microwave photon detection, ultrafast two-qubit gates, and readout.
Persistent deficiencies in the measurement and reporting of tobacco use in contemporary genitourinary oncology clinical trials.

Abstract Smoking is a causal or contributory factor for nearly all genitourinary cancers and exerts significant influence on treatment, quality of life, and survival outcomes. In order to understand the influence smoking has on the outcomes of contemporary therapies, pertinent smoking-related data must be systematically collected and report. We sought to determine how often and how rigorously smoking status is collected and reported in publications of clinical trials in genitourinary cancers by conducting a systematic review. Our initial search yielded 622 articles, 354 of which met criteria. The vast majority of included studies (91.8%) did not report any details about trial participants’ smoking status. When included, 96.3% of studies reported baseline status qualitatively. No studies used a validated measurement instrument or reported change in participants’ smoking status over the study period. Absence of the collection and reporting of smoking-related data precludes further study of how smoking impacts outcomes and highlights an important deficiency in GU oncology clinical trial design.
Theoretical analysis of unsteady convective heat transfer from a flat plate with time-varying and spatially-varying temperature distribution

Abstract Convective heat transfer due to laminar, incompressible flow past a flat plate has been extensively researched due to applications in a variety of engineering systems. In several cases, such as thermal management of Li-ion cells and phase change based energy storage, the flat plate temperature may vary as a function of both time and space, and the resulting plate heat flux is of interest. This paper presents an integral method based analytical model for predicting the heat flux distribution from a flat plate with a time-varying and spatially-varying temperature. Third-order Karman-Pohlhausen polynomial forms of velocity and temperature distributions are used in the integral energy equation to derive an ordinary differential equation that predicts the plate heat flux distribution in response to an arbitrary time- and space-dependent plate temperature distribution. The generalized results derived here are shown to reduce to previously reported results for special cases of only time-dependent or only spatially varying or constant plate temperature. Results are also shown to be in good agreement with finite-element simulations. The analytical model developed here is used to predict the plate heat flux in response to realistic plate temperature distributions that may be encountered in practical applications. These results improve the fundamental understanding of an important convective heat transfer process, and may help in the design and optimization of a broad variety of engineering systems involving convective heat transfer.
Primary Versus Metastatic Malignant Melanoma

This chapter is devoted to the various histologic appearances of metastatic melanoma. The presence of an in situ component or an associated nevus is supportive of a primary tumor. In some instances, the distinction requires clinicopathological correlation. Special emphasis will be placed on sarcomatoid metastases, the presence of host response, and the evaluation of satellite nodules that can be distinguished from in-transit metastases. Likewise the distribution and nature of host response will be analyzed to help clarifying the differences between the host responses to the primary tumor in contrast to a metastasis.
Apologies as Intellectual Property Remedies: Lessons from China

It is a frequent refrain that “the world is shrinking.” In this same vein, the global influence of China is clearly rising. Chinese businesses are becoming more prominent in the global market, and as such, the influence and effect of Chinese law is likewise gaining in import. Chinese intellectual property law is no different.One notable aspect of Chinese intellectual property law is the availability of apology as a remedy. Despite a culture that places a high value on apology, and considerable legal scholarship and precedent regarding apology as remedy, many in the United States scoff at the notion of introducing apology as a remedy in U.S. intellectual property law. There are, however, limits to the effectiveness of injunctions and damages (currently the predominant remedies in U.S. intellectual property law), and tangible benefits to apology. This Article uses Chinese intellectual property law as an example and addresses the limits of the current U.S. intellectual property regime, as well as the potential benefits of a change. The Article concludes that it is time for the United States to learn from beyond its boundaries in order to provide just recourse in intellectual property disputes.
A Demographic View of Limits on Life-Span

Longevity The Biology and Demography of Life Span. By James R. Carey . Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, 2003. 304 pp. $75, £49.95. ISBN 0-691-08848-9. Paper, $29.95, £19.95. ISBN 0-691-08849-7. Drawing on his life-history studies of Mediterranean fruit flies, Carey presents a framework for determining the key factors that govern mortality and life-span in humans and other animals.