cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Hausa Lexicographic Tradition

Hausa, a major language of West Africa, is one of the most widely studied languages of Sub-Saharan Africa. It has a rich lexicographic tradition dating back some two centuries. Since the first major vocabulary published in 1843 up to the present time, almost 60 lexicographic works — dictionaries, vocabularies, glossaries — have been published, in a range of metalanguages, from English to Hausa itself. This article traces the historical development of the major studies according to their type and function as general reference works, specialized works, pedagogical works, and terminological works. For each work, there is a general discussion of its size, accuracy of the pho- nological, lexical, and grammatical information, and the adequacy of its definitions and illustrative material. A complete list of the lexicographic works is included. Opsomming: Die leksikografiese tradisie in Hausa. Hausa, 'n belangrike taal van Wes-Afrika, is een van die tale van Afrika suid van die Sahara wat die wydste bestudeer word. Dit het 'n ryk leksikografiese tradisie wat ongeveer twee eeue oud is. Van die eerste groot woordeboek wat in 1843 gepubliseer is tot die hede is ongeveer 60 leksikografiese werke — woordeboeke, naamlyste, woordelyste — gepubliseer in 'n reeks metatale van Engels tot Hausa self. Hierdie arti- kel gaan die historiese ontwikkeling van die groter studies aan die hand van hulle tipe en funksie as algemene naslaanwerke, gespesialiseerde werke, opvoedkundige werke, en terminologiese werke na. Vir elke werk is daar 'n algemene bespreking oor sy grootte, akkuraatheid van die fono- logiese, leksikale en grammatikale inligting, en die toereikendheid van sy definisies en illustratiewe materiaal. 'n Volledige lys van die leksikografiese werke is ingesluit.
High-Resolution 4.7 micron Keck/NIRSPEC Spectra of Protostars. I. Ices and Infalling Gas in the Disk of L1489 IRS

We explore the infrared M-band (4.7 μm) spectrum of the Class I protostar L1489 IRS in the Taurus molecular cloud. This is the highest-resolution wide-coverage spectrum at this wavelength of a low-mass protostar observed to date (R = 25,000; Δv = 12 km s^(-1)). A large number of narrow absorption lines of gas-phase ^(12)CO, ^(13)CO, and C^(18)O are detected, as well as a prominent band of solid ^(12)CO. The gas-phase ^(12)CO lines have redshifted absorption wings (up to 100 km s^(-1)), which likely originate from warm disk material falling toward the central object. Both the isotopes and the extent of the ^(12)CO line wings are successfully fitted with a contracting-disk model of this evolutionary transitional object. This shows that the inward motions seen in millimeter-wave emission lines continue to within ~0.1 AU of the star. The amount of high-velocity infalling gas is, however, overestimated by this model, suggesting that only part of the disk is infalling, e.g., a hot surface layer or hot gas in magnetic field tubes. The colder parts of the disk are traced by the prominent CO-ice band. The band profile results from CO in "polar" ices (CO mixed with H_2O) and CO in "apolar" ices. At high spectral resolution, the "apolar" component is, for the first time, resolved into two distinct components, likely due to pure CO and CO mixed with CO_2, O_2, and/or N_2. The ices have probably undergone thermal processing in the upper disk layer traced by our pencil absorption beam: much of the volatile "apolar" ices has evaporated, the depletion factor of CO onto grains is remarkably low (~7%), and the CO_2 traced in the CO-band profile was possibly formed energetically. This study shows that high spectral resolution 4.7 μm observations provide important and unique information on the dynamics and structure of protostellar disks and on the origin and evolution of ices in these disks.
Developing a typology of online Q&A models and recommending the right model for each question type

Although online Q&A services have increased in popularity, the field lacks a comprehensive typology to classify different kinds of services into model types. This poster categorizes online Q&A services into four model types – community-based, collaborative, expert-based, and social. Drawing such a distinction between online Q&A models provides an overview for how these different types of online Q&A models differ from each other and suggests implications for mitigating weaknesses and bolstering strengths of each model based on the types of questions that are addressed within each. To demonstrate differences among these models an appropriate service was selected for each of them. Then, 500 questions were collected and analyzed for each of these services to classify question types into four categories – information-seeking, advice-seeking, opinion-seeking, and non-information seeking. The findings suggest that information-seeking questions appear to be more suitable in either a collaborative Q&A environment or an expert-based Q&A environment, while opinion-seeking questions are more common in community-based Q&A. Social Q&A, on the other hand, provides an active forum for either seeking personal advice or seeking non-information related to either self-expression or self-promotion.
An efficient approach to crosstalk noise analysis at multiple operating modes

Crosstalk Noise analysis uses timing windows information for aggressor selection. Since switching activity changes across different operating modes of the chip, timing windows are also mode-specific. Large SOC designs often have multiple modes of operation, and to perform noise analysis at each mode will involve very high run times. In this paper, we propose an efficient method to perform noise analysis at multiple modes. The design is analyzed without using timing windows to identify a superset of noise nets. At each mode, coupling and propagated glitches are re-evaluated using mode specific timing windows and constraints. The method yields realistic results with low analysis time.
Mathematical modeling and global optimization of large-scale extended pooling problems with the (EPA) complex emissions constraints

Abstract Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Title 40 Code of Federal Regulations Part 80.45: Complex Emissions Model [40CFR80.45, 2007] codifies a mathematical model of gasoline emissions for reformulated gasoline (RFG) as a function of eleven fuel properties. In this paper we propose an extended pooling problem to maximize the profit of blending reformulated gasoline on a predetermined network structure of feed stocks, intermediate storage tanks, and gasoline products subject to applicable environmental standards. A mixed-integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) model is introduced which is nonconvex due to the presence of bilinear, polynomial, and fractional power terms. A mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) relaxation of the extended pooling problem is proposed and we introduce several test cases from small to medium to large scale and solve them to global optimality. The large-scale test case involves 14 feed stocks, 5 pools, and 10 products and consists of 1104 continuous variables, 150 binary variables, and 640 nonlinear terms. The nonconvexities in the large-scale case study include 410 bilinear terms, 40 polynomial terms, and 10 terms raised to a fractional power.
The effects of different diffusion sources on silicon solar cell recombination properties

The effects of PH/sub 3/ and POCl/sub 3/ diffusion sources on recombination lifetimes and emitter saturation currents are compared. The relative costs associated with each, including material, capital, and safety costs, are examined. It is found that while both sources can produce equivalent high-performance cells, PH/sub 3/ may have a higher yield in this regard. Because the safety concerns regarding PH/sub 3/ can be addressed in a cost-effective manner, it has a cost advantage of POCl/sub 3/ when used for mass production. >
SELF‐APPRAISAL BASED UPON SUPERVISORY FEEDBACK

Self-appraisals of job performance have historically proven to be weakly related to appraisals conducted by supervisory personnel. Two studies sought to facilitate rater agreement by invoking supervisory performance feedback as a frame of reference for subordinate raters. In the first study, a sample of 401 branch managers from a large lending institution performed a conventional self-appraisal and an appraisal containing instructions referencing supervisory feedback (Feedback Based Self-Appraisal). Feedback Based Self-Appraisals exhibited significantly smaller leniency error, greater total rating variance, and more agreement with superior ratings than conventional self-appraisals. FBSAs produced small improvements over conventional self-appraisals in predicting objective criteria of managerial job performance. Study 2 examined FBSA-supervisory appraisal agreement for two samples of military organization personnel. The relative degree of feedback available in a work environment was found to moderate FBSA-superior agreement.
Numerical investigations of apatite 4He/3He thermochronometry

Apatite ^4He/^3He thermochronometry has the potential to constrain cooling histories for individual samples provided that several presently untested assumptions are valid. Here we simulate the sensitivity of ^4He/^3He spectra to assumptions regarding geometric model, crystallographic anisotropy, broken grain terminations, parent nuclide zonation, and the accuracy of results obtained from analyses of aggregates of multiple crystals. We find that ^4He/^3He spectra obtained from a cylinder with isotropic diffusion are almost indistinguishable from those obtained from an equivalent sphere with an equivalent initial ^4He distribution. Under similar conditions anisotropic diffusion from the cylinder can greatly bias ^4He/^3He spectra, but only if diffusion is >10 times faster in the axial than the radial direction. Existing data argue against anisotropy of this magnitude. We find that analysis of apatites with broken terminations will also bias ^4He/^3He spectra, but not greatly so. In contrast, we find that zonation of a factor of 3 in parent nuclide concentration produces ^4He/^3He spectra that deviate substantially from the homogeneous model. When parent nuclides are highly concentrated near the grain rim and/or cooling is fast, the resulting ^4He/^3He spectra will be readily identified as aberrant. However, more subtle zonation, higher concentrations in the grain interior, or samples that have cooled slowly regardless of zonation style can yield ^4He/^3He spectra that look acceptable but will lead to inaccurate thermochronometric interpretation if parent homogeneity is assumed. Finally, we find that analysis of an aggregate of crystals with identical ^4He distributions can yield ^4He/^3He spectra (and diffusion Arrhenius arrays) that are very different from those that would be obtained on the individual crystals if even small variations in He diffusion exist among the grains. Overall, our observations suggest that modeling tools that assume spherical geometry and isotropic diffusion are appropriate for interpreting apatite ^4He/^3He spectra. However, it is essential to analyze only individual crystals and to assess the degree of parent nuclide zonation in those crystals.
DOWNSTREAM CHANGES IN THE COMPOSITION OF THE PARASITE COMMUNITY OF FISHES IN AN APPALACHIAN STREAM

The spatial distribution of 6 parasite species (Myxobolus sp., Dactylogyrus sp., Sterliadochona ephemeridarum, Plagioporus sinitsini, Allopodocotyle chiliticorum, Allocreadium lucyae) was studied in 5 species of fishes (Oncorhynchus mykiss, Clinostomus funduloides, Notropis chiliticus, Rhinichthys atratulus, Semotilus atromaculatus) in Basin Creek, an Appalachian stream in North Carolina. Nonmetric multidimensional scaling and vector fitting were used to determine if the proximity of sampling sites was related to community similarity. Position along Basin Creek was significantly related to parasite community structure. Breaks in parasite community composition were imposed by waterfalls at upstream areas of Basin Creek that restricted distributions of C. funduloides, N. chiliticus, and S. atromaculatus and at the downstream limit of the study area by a break in the distribution of S. ephemeridarum coincident with the existence of a dam but were independent of suitable piscine host distributions. These discontinuities in parasite community composition imply that the relationship between proximity of sites and community similarity is predictive because distance between sites is related to the probability that fish at different sampling sites recruit parasites from different species pools. This relationship is not the same for all component communities.
A Comparative Statistical Profile of Kansas City Teaching Fellows

In this memo we compare Kansas City Teaching Fellows (KCTF) teachers with new public school teachers in the Kansas City Missouri School District (KCMSD) and the rest of Jackson County (ROJC). We make two types of comparisons: a) characteristics of teachers employed in academic year 2003-2004, including demographics, teaching field, and academic background, and b) the teacher retention from academic year 2002-2003 to academic year 2003-2004. This is a description of the data used in each analysis as well as a summary of some of the key findings.
Measuring and Optimizing Thermal Interface Material Performance for VR Heatsink Designs

With increasingly high powers on processors, memories, and chipsets, the voltage regulators (VR) become heavily loaded and a heatsink is often required to prevent overheating the surrounding components on the board. For VR heatsink designs, thermal interface silicone gap filler pads are often used and there is an increasing need to improve VR thermal solutions by reducing thermal resistance of the TIM. A series of TIM2 thickness and performance measurements based on thermal testing was performed in order to understand gap filler characteristics, optimize TIM performance, and utilize best retention design. By utilizing a VR thermal and mechanical test board in wind tunnel testing using the same VR heatsink, thermal performance of TIM2 using gap filler pads over a range of airflow velocities can be measured and compared. The study shows how the optimum TIM performance can be achieved by using the gap filler pads with appropriate thickness for the given designed heatsink standoff heights. The benefit of choosing the right thickness pads over others can be significant and is a valuable learning that can be applied to future VR heatsink designs. Furthermore, the silicone gap filler characteristics and its relationship to board bending and result TIM thickness and thermal performance are investigated and further improved. The learnings help understand the limitations and where the area of improvement can be for future VR heatsink designs.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Additives Promote Noyori-type Reductions of a β-Keto-γ-lactam: Asymmetric Syntheses of Serotonin Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors

Serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) pyrrolidinyl ether 2 was synthesized by employing a dynamic kinetic resolution (DKR) with enantio- and diastereoselective hydogenation on β-keto-γ-lactam 8 to afford β-hydroxy-γ-lactam 9 with 96% ee and 94% de. Reduction of 9 and purification via the dibenzoyl-(l)-tartaric acid diastereomeric salt 16 enriched the ee and de to 100%. While screening hydrogenation reaction systems with ruthenium-BINAP catalysts to prepare 9, it was found that adding catalytic HCl and LiCl enabled higher yields. In addition, the rate and equilibrium of the DKR-hydrogenation of 8 to give 9 was studied by online NMR and chiral HPLC, which indicated that one of the enantiomers of 8 was reducing faster to 9 than the equilibration of the stereocenter of 8.
HIV,HCV,Syphilis Infection Status of Drug Users in Jinniu District of Chengdu,2007-2009

Objective To investigate the infection status of HIV,HCV,syphilis of drug users in Jinniu district,to appraise the effect of comprehend measures to control AIDS for 3 years.Methods With the sentinel surveillance and positive surveillance combined,drug users in Jinniu district were conducted comprehend monitoring and questionnaire investigation,blood samples of sampling population were collected volunerably for HIV test.Results Totally 1 200 drug users were investigated,the total positive rate of HIV,syphilis and HCV was 3.50%,0.58% and 23.50% respectively,the positive rate of HIV in 2007,2008 and 2009 was 4.00%,4.75% and 1.75% respectively,in 2009 the positive rate of syphilis and HCV was 1.75% and 70.50%.Conclusion The measures to control the infection of HIV and HCV were effective,the surveillance and control as well as the health education to the susceptible people should be enhanced to control the AIDS transmission,ensure the security of medical blood transfusion and the stabilization of society.
Cold In-Place Recycling Characterization for Single-Component or Multiple-Component Binder Systems

AbstractCold in-place recycling (CIR) is a pavement rehabilitation technique that has been used for decades. During this time, single-component binder (SCB) systems have governed the market. Single-component binders are defined as those with one binder or two if the secondary binder dosage is 1% or less (e.g., 3% asphalt emulsion with 1% hydrated lime). In contrast, this paper investigates multiple-component binder (MCB) systems (e.g., 2.5% emulsion with 2% portland cement). This paper’s objective is threefold: (1) present a universal CIR design framework applicable to any cementitious and/or bituminous material; (2) demonstrate MCB sustainability advantages; and (3) conduct an extensive SCB and MCB characterization. Universal design framework components include specimen preparation, curing, and testing protocols. Nine binder combinations were tested for wheel tracking, permeability, modulus, strength, and cracking response. Cement SCBs yielded low cracking resistance, high rutting resistance, and favorab...
E-Mailed Prompts and Feedback Messages to Reduce Energy Consumption: Testing Mechanisms for Behavior Change by Employees at a Green University

ABSTRACTE-mail is a common mechanism for communication within organizations. Extending prior research on effects of informational messages on behavior change, the present study evaluated effects of e-mailed prompts and feedback on energy consumption at a green university. A nonconcurrent multiple baseline design was used to evaluate the effects of messages to occupants of 5 campus buildings over a period of 12 weeks. Energy consumption changes were tracked using the university’s energy dashboard. Results and implications for further research and organizational behavior change efforts are discussed.
Sidney’s Conception of Liberty

Algernon Sidney1 had a much less flattering perception of Cromwell, whom he viewed as another “Caesar” or “Tarquin.”2 Tarquin was the first Roman king to rule without the consent of the people (sine jussu populi),4 and Sidney believed that England’s early Saxon monarchs had also once been elected, omnium consensu,4 to rule under laws approved by their Germanic senate and people.5 So the ancient Greeks, Italians, Gauls, Germans, Spaniards, and Carthaginians had all been “free nations” because they refused to let their princes be “masters of their lives and goods,” while the Assyrians, Medes, Arabs, Egyptians, Turks, “and others like them” lived in slavery, because their masters were “restrained by no law.”6 Sidney’s Discourses Concerning Government followed Cicero and Machiavelli in defining basic liberty as “an independency upon the will of another,” and free nations as those where “potentiora erant legum quam hominum imperia” (“the rule of laws was greater than the commands of men”).7
Comparison of Ambulatory, High-Dose, Intravenous Diuretic Therapy to Standard Hospitalization and Diuretic Therapy for Treatment of Acute Decompensated Heart Failure

Innovative treatment strategies for decompensated heart failure (HF) are required to achieve cost savings and improvements in outcomes. We developed a decision analytic model from a hospital perspective to compare 2 strategies for the treatment of decompensated HF, ambulatory diuretic infusion therapy, and hospitalization (standard care), with respect to total HF hospitalizations and costs. The ambulatory diuretic therapy strategy included outpatient treatment with high doses of intravenous loop diuretics in a specialized HF unit whereas standard care included hospitalization for intravenous loop diuretic therapy. Model probabilities were derived from the outcomes of patients who were treated for decompensated HF at Brigham and Women's Hospital (Boston, MA). Costs were based on Centers for Medicare and Medicaid reimbursement and the available reports. Based on a sample of patients treated at our institution, the ambulatory diuretic therapy strategy was estimated to achieve a significant reduction in total HF hospitalizations compared with standard care (relative reduction 58.3%). Under the base case assumptions, the total cost of the ambulatory diuretic therapy strategy was $6,078 per decompensation episode per 90 days compared with $12,175 per 90 days with standard care, for a savings of $6,097. The cost savings associated with the ambulatory diuretic strategy were robust against variation up to 50% in costs of ambulatory diuretic therapy and the likelihood of posttreatment hospitalization. An exploratory analysis suggests that ambulatory diuretic therapy is likely to remain cost saving over the long-term. In conclusion, this decision analytic model demonstrates that ambulatory diuretic therapy is likely to be cost saving compared with hospitalization for the treatment of decompensated HF from a hospital perspective. These results suggest that implementation of outpatient HF units that provide ambulatory diuretic therapy to well-selected subgroup of patients may result in significant reductions in health care costs while improving the care of patients across a variety of health care settings.
Ground-Water Problems in Open-Pit and Underground Mines

Ground water constitutes a significant operational problem and potential hazard in open-pit and underground mining. The pressure of ground water in geologic discontinuities adversely affects the safety of height and slope angles of open-pit mines, justifying measures to reduce ground-water pressures in their vicinity. The principal hazard in underground mining and tunneling arises from massive inflows of ground water when the mine unexpectedly intersects large, water-bearing geologic discontinuities; normal inflows are on the order of 2.5 tons of water per ton of rock mined. In tunneling, pilot drilling ahead of the advancing face is used to detect such discontinuities, which can then be sealed by ring drilling and cover grouting. Extensive deformations resulting from large areas of unsupported roof make such grouting ineffective in many mine excavations. Surprisingly few data are available with which to calculate the permeability of rock masses at depth. Two sets of data quoted yielded permeabilities of 0.8 x 10/sup -9/ m/s for tunnels, and 1.6 x 10/sup -6/ m/s for mined excavations, at a depth of about 1.5 km below surface and before the permeability of the rock mass is enhanced by deformations induced by mining. The difference between these values may be attributed tomore » local reductions in the permeability of the rock mass by the grouting of major discontinuities in tunneling, which is not done ordinarily in mining. Where precautions such as regional dewatering,installation of watertight bulkheads, and adequate spare pumping capacity are not sufficient to cope with potential inflows in mining, the extent of the unsupported roof in mines must be broken by regularly spaced pillars, so that pilot drilling and cover grouting can be done. 7 figures.« less
Coronary angiography and computed tomography in situs inversus totalis

(2011). Coronary Angiography and Computed Tomography in Situs Inversus Totalis. Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings: Vol. 24, No. 4, pp. 309-310.
Factors associated with adverse outcomes in patients with traumatic intracranial hemorrhage and Glasgow Coma Scale of 15.

Abstract Patients with mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) with associated intracranial injury, or complicated mTBI, are at risk of deterioration. Clinical management differs within and between institutions. We conducted an exploratory analysis to determine which of these patients are unlikely to have an adverse outcome and may be future targets for less resource intensive care. This single center retrospective cohort study included patients presenting to the ED with blunt complicated mTBI between January 2001 and December 2010. Patients with a Glasgow coma score (GCS) of 15, an initial head CT with a traumatic abnormality, and a repeat head CT within 24 h were eligible. We defined the composite adverse outcome as death within two weeks, neurosurgical procedure within two weeks, hospitalization > 48 h, and worsened second head CT. Classification and Regression Tree methodology was used to identify factors associated with adverse outcomes. Of 1011 patients with two head CTs performed in a 24-h period, 240 (24%) had complicated mTBI and GCS 15. Of these, 56 (23%) experienced the composite adverse outcome defined above. Age, headache, and subarachnoid hemorrhage, correctly classified 93% of patients with an adverse outcome. No instance of death or neurosurgical procedure was missed. Our analysis highlighted three factors associated with adverse outcomes in persons who have complicated mTBI but a GCS of 15. Absence of these risk factors suggests low risk of adverse outcomes, and may suggest that a patient is safe for discharge home. Additional research is required before utilizing these findings in clinical practice.
Helium-4 grinds to a halt on caesium surfaces

Macroscopically thick films of liquid helium-4 will not form on caesium surfaces at very low temperatures. Above 2 K, thick films of 4He are stable, but below this temperature only films thinner than a few atomic layers can form. This transition from a thin to a thick film at a certain temperature is termed a wetting transition. It is only on caesium that 4He undergoes such a transition – on all other surfaces thick 4He films are stable at all temperatures.
Outpatient endometrial aspiration: an alternative to methotrexate for pregnancy of unknown location.

Background Pregnancies of unknown location with abnormal beta-human chorionic gonadotropin trends are frequently treated as presumed ectopic pregnancies with methotrexate. Preliminary data suggest that outpatient endometrial aspiration may be an effective tool to diagnose pregnancy location, while also sparing women exposure to methotrexate. Objective The purpose of this study was to evaluate the utility of an endometrial sampling protocol for the diagnosis of pregnancies of unknown location after in vitro fertilization. Study Design A retrospective cohort study of 14,505 autologous fresh and frozen in vitro fertilization cycles from October 2007 to September 2015 was performed; 110 patients were diagnosed with pregnancy of unknown location, defined as a positive beta-human chorionic gonadotropin without ultrasound evidence of intrauterine or ectopic pregnancy and an abnormal beta-human chorionic gonadotropin trend ( 2 ) or laparoscopy. Results Across 8 years of follow up, among women with pregnancy of unknown location, failed intrauterine pregnancy was diagnosed in 46 patients (42%), and ectopic pregnancy was diagnosed in 64 patients (58%). Clinical variables that included fresh or frozen embryo transfer, day of embryo transfer, serum beta-human chorionic gonadotropin at the time of sampling, endometrial thickness, and presence of an adnexal mass were not significantly different between patients with failed intrauterine pregnancy or ectopic pregnancy. In patients with failed intrauterine pregnancy, 100% demonstrated adequate postsampling beta-human chorionic gonadotropin declines; villi were identified in just 46% (n=21 patients). Patients with failed intrauterine pregnancy had significantly shorter time to resolution (negative serum beta-human chorionic gonadotropin) after sampling compared with patients with ectopic pregnancy (12.6 vs 26.3 days; P Conclusion With the use of this safe and effective protocol of endometrial aspiration with Karman cannula, a large proportion of women with pregnancy of unknown location are spared methotrexate, with a shorter time to pregnancy resolution than those who receive methotrexate.
Military Resuscitation: Lessons from Recent Battlefield Experience

This review will discuss the current methods employed in military trauma systems to care for combat casualties, with emphasis on what is referred to in NATO doctrine as “Role 1” and “Role 2” medical support—that is, care of the war-injured patient at the point of injury and, slightly further “upstream” in the trauma system in a forward, mobile trauma system. Tactical Combat Casualty Care is continuously updated by the Joint Trauma System in a rigorous manner. New technologies and procedures are constantly being investigated and adapted to the tactical demands of the battlefield. The most significant recent developments are the introduction of tranexamic acid, the advent of 1:1:1 blood product therapy, widespread use of tourniquets, and lyophilized or “freeze-dried” plasma to overcome the barriers inherent in frozen plasma. Current doctrine in military medicine is the ultimate expression of damage control resuscitation. Realities of the modern battlefield often necessitate novel approaches to care that emphasize mobility over robustness and temporizing measures over definitive. While these methods would perhaps seem suboptimal to the civilian trauma surgeon, the preventable mortality in the recent conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan was lower than for any other modern war [1], and fell after the lessons of the early phases of the wars lead to development of the prehospital guidelines developed by the Committee on Tactical Combat Casualty Care (TCCC), now overseen by the Joint Trauma System (JTS) [2, 3]. The JTS oversees the delivery of trauma care to war-wounded personnel from point of injury to convalescence in the continental USA. It regularly updates its clinical practice guidelines [3]. Controlling hemorrhage, the primary cause of preventable battlefield deaths (>80%) [4, 5] is the primary goal in TCCC and the JTS. Far from being applicable only to combat trauma, the lessons learned in the recent wars have tangible benefits in disaster response and mass civilian trauma, particularly in this age of seemingly random mass shootings in the US and assorted terror attacks in Europe and throughout the world. This review will describe the system in which the US Armed Forces delivers care to patients injured on the modern battlefield, the tenants that guide that care, and the scientific basis for the most current developments in the field.
Field-Controlled Electrical Switch with Liquid Metal.

When immersed in an electrolyte, droplets of Ga-based liquid metal (LM) alloy can be manipulated in ways not possible with conventional electrocapillarity or electrowetting. This study demonstrates how LM electrochemistry can be exploited to coalesce and separate droplets under moderate voltages of ~1–10 V. This novel approach to droplet interaction can be explained with a theory that accounts for oxidation and reduction as well as fluidic instabilities. Based on simulations and experimental analysis, this study finds that droplet separation is governed by a unique limit-point instability that arises from gradients in bipolar electrochemical reactions that lead to gradients in interfacial tension. The LM coalescence and separation are used to create a field-programmable electrical switch. As with conventional relays or flip-flop latch circuits, the system can transition between bistable (separated or coalesced) states, making it useful for memory storage, logic, and shape-programmable circuitry using entirely liquids instead of solid-state materials.
Tecido estrangeiro, hábitos locais: indumentária, insígnias Reais e a arte da conversão no início da Era Moderna do Reino do Congo

Da decisao do rei de abracar o catolicismo na virada do seculo XVI ate o avanco do colonialismo imperialista do final do seculo XIX, os homens e mulheres do reino do Congo na Africa central criativamente misturaram, fundiram e redefiniram formas visuais locais e estrangeiras, pensamento religioso e conceitos politicos numa visao de mundo original, coerente e em constante evolucao do cristianismo congo. Praticas de vestimenta e, em especial, insignias reais demonstram a astuciosa conversao do reino sob o impeto de seus monarcas e aristocratas. Atraves de suas vestimentas e insignias a elite do reino combinou e remodelou o estrangeiro e o local, o velho e o novo, materiais e emblemas nos arautos de poder, riqueza e, inevitavelmente, historia crista no Congo. Proponho utilizar o conceito de espaco de correlacao como elemento-chave para analisar essas elaboradas transformacoes religiosas, politicas e materiais, em evolucao constante, de forma a estabelecer um foco minucioso em objetos culturais tais como indumentaria, chapeus, espadas e imagens religiosas.
Big Data and Privacy Issues

With the advent of social networks, mobile technologies, smart phones, tablet devices, Web 2.0, prospective semantic Web, geolocation technologies and machine to machine communications (M2M) we are faced with a never before seen amount of Data -thus Big Data. We are also witnessing leap improvements in the data mining, machine learning techniques that will enable the analysis of this Big Data to come up with results that may be utilized for a plethora of purposes by the individuals, enterprises and even governments. As a result of these major changes we are sailing in uncharted territories from the perspective of Privacy and Data Protection of the individuals. Proper mitigation of the aforementioned issues necessitates a coherent effort within the domains of technology and policy to come up with legislations and regulations that will support the tech developments but at the same time fulfill the Privacy and Data Protection requirements of individuals.
Special Abstract Section: 2011 National Conference in Sales Management

Each year, Pi Sigma Epsilon sponsors the National Conference in Sales Management (NCSM) in conjunction with its annual convention. JPSSM is pleased to present this special section containing the abstracts of the papers presented at the 2011 NCSM, which was held in Orlando, FL, March 30–April 2.
Lipid-DNA conjugates for cell membrane modification, analysis, and regulation

ABSTRACTLipids and DNAs are two major building blocks of life. Interestingly, by chemically linking these two natural compounds together, synthetic lipid-DNA conjugates exhibit several attractive f...
Breaking Scaling Relationships in CO2 Electroreduction with Isoelectronic Analogs [Fe4N(CO)12]− and [Fe3MnO(CO)12]−

[Fe4N(CO)12]− and [Fe3MnO(CO)12]− have the same total electron count and overall charge, as well as similar reduction potentials of −1.21 and −1.17 V vs SCE in MeCN, respectively. Both clusters for...
Scaling Up Deep Neural Network Optimization for Edge Inference.

Deep neural networks (DNNs) have been increasingly deployed on and integrated with edge devices, such as mobile phones, drones, robots and wearables. To run DNN inference directly on edge devices (a.k.a. edge inference) with a satisfactory performance, optimizing the DNN design (e.g., network architecture and quantization policy) is crucial. While state-of-the-art DNN designs have leveraged performance predictors to speed up the optimization process, they are device-specific (i.e., each predictor for only one target device) and hence cannot scale well in the presence of extremely diverse edge devices. Moreover, even with performance predictors, the optimizer (e.g., search-based optimization) can still be time-consuming when optimizing DNNs for many different devices. In this work, we propose two approaches to scaling up DNN optimization. In the first approach, we reuse the performance predictors built on a proxy device, and leverage the performance monotonicity to scale up the DNN optimization without re-building performance predictors for each different device. In the second approach, we build scalable performance predictors that can estimate the resulting performance (e.g., inference accuracy/latency/energy) given a DNN-device pair, and use a neural network-based automated optimizer that takes both device features and optimization parameters as input and then directly outputs the optimal DNN design without going through a lengthy optimization process for each individual device.
A cognitive inspired method for assessing novelty of short-text ideas

In creativity research a typical problem is that of assessing the novelty of ideas or solutions generated by many people to open ended problems. For datasets larger than a few hundreds, human assessment of novelty becomes time consuming and error prone. Existing novelty detection methods such as: distance based text similarity or language model approaches do not work well for small datasets. Moreover, when compared to human novelty ratings, these approaches fail to capture the same cognitive processes or biases. We are proposing a novel cognitive model inspired by a leaky accumulator decision making models for detecting novel ideas from short text. The model is applied on a collection of ideas generated in a group brainstorming experiment. It evaluates an idea term by term and it accumulates surprise and relevance. The final novelty decision is taken at the end of each idea by means of a threshold. An important component of the model is a small domain dataset which is used to evaluate the surprise of a term’s context compared to common domain knowledge. The model is compared with other methods: feature based classifiers, tf-idf similarity distance, and pretrained language models (ULMFIT).
Deurbanization and Rural Development

The concept of deurbanization and rural development is the practice of transforming urbanization into the rural area to mitigate the urban congestion to secure an ecologically balanced community. Therefore, deurbanization and rural development are being thus proposed to exercise through the implementation of sustainability tools in all sectors in our daily lives which are environmentally friendly and resource efficient throughout the life cycle to maximize the achievement of economic value to build a resilience community. Subsequently, deurbanization and rural development must be secured by implementing cutting-edge metrics of sustainability considering the following five major sectors: (1) environment, (2) energy, (3) building, (4) infrastructure and transportation, and (5) water supply. Simply deurbanization and rural development can be defined as the combined method of transformation and implementation of green planning, designing, and developing of all sectors of environment, energy, building, infrastructure, and water by conducting advanced research and environmentally friendly technology to reduce the stress on urban area in order to build a balanced environment on earth.
Short-term chemosensory distortions and phantoms in COVID-19

Author(s): Gurrola, Jose G; Chang, Jolie L; Roland, Lauren T; Loftus, Patricia A; Cheung, Steven W | Abstract: ObjectiveTo identify differentiation features of chemosensory dysfunction in COVID-19 infection and their primary drivers.Study designCross-sectional cohort comparison.MethodsA national anonymous survey was used to query participants regarding nasal symptoms and chemosensory dysfunction including sensitivity levels, and presence or absence of distortions and phantoms within the 6-week time window surrounding their COVID-19 testing and survey completion.ResultsThree-hundred and sixty-four respondents who reported COVID-19 positive (COVID+; n = 176) or COVID-19 negative (COVID-; n = 188) test results completed the survey. The COVID+ cohort had higher occurrence rates for: (a) chemosensory sensitivity impairments (67.0% vs 30.3%; P l .01), where the rate of complete loss of smell (anosmia) or taste (ageusia) was higher (35.8% vs 4.8%; P l .01), and (b) chemosensory distortions (39.8% vs 19.1%; P l .01), where the rate of anosmia or ageusia with distortions was also higher in the COVID+ cohort (19.9% vs 2.7%; P l .01). Occurrence rates in the two cohorts were similar for chemosensory phantoms (COVID+ 17.0%, COVID- 18.6%; P = .70) and nasal discharge or stuffiness in the presence of sensitivity impairment (COVID+ 63.6%, COVID- 52.6%; P = .17).ConclusionChemosensory dysfunction in COVID-19 is associated with higher rates of smell or taste sensitivity impairments and distortions. Higher rates of anosmia and ageusia drive these key findings. Chemosensory phantoms and nasal symptoms in the presence of sensitivity impairment occur at rates that should demand clinical attention, but they do not appear to be specific to COVID-19 positivity.Level of evidence2b.
Reduction of falls in a rat model of PD falls by the M1 PAM TAK-071.

In addition to the disease-defining motor symptoms, patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) exhibit gait dysfunction, postural instability, and a propensity for falls. These dopamine (DA) replacement-resistant symptoms in part have been attributed to loss of basal forebrain (BF) cholinergic neurons and, in interaction with striatal dopamine (DA) loss, to the resulting disruption of the attentional control of balance and complex movements. Rats with dual cholinergic-DA losses (“DL rats”) were previously demonstrated to model PD falls and associated impairments of gait and balance. We previously found that the muscarinic M1-positive allosteric modulator (PAM) TAK-071 improved the attentional performance of rats with BF cholinergic losses. Here, we tested the hypotheses that TAK-071 reduces fall rates in DL rats. Prior to DL surgery, female rats were trained to traverse a rotating straight rod as well as a rod with two zigzag segments. DL rats were refamiliarized with such traversals post-surgery and tested over 7 days on increasingly demanding testing conditions. TAK-071 (0.1, 0.3 mg/kg, p.o.) was administered prior to daily test sessions over this 7-day period. As before, DL rats fell more frequently than sham-operated control rats. Treatment of DL rats with TAK-071 reduced falls from the rotating rod and the rotating zigzag rod, specifically when the angled part of the zigzag segment, upon entering, was at a steep, near vertical angle. TAK-071 may benefit complex movement control, specifically in situations which disrupt the patterning of forward movement and require the interplay between cognitive and motor functions to modify movement based on information about the state of dynamic surfaces, balance, and gait.
Photodynamic Therapy for Benign Cutaneous Neurofibromas Using Aminolevulinic Acid Topical Application and 633 nm Red Light Illumination

Background: Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) has no current effective treatments beyond surgery. Topical photodynamic therapy (PDT) has the potential to provide a less invasive treatment modality. Ob...
How Political is the Spread of COVID-19 in the United States?

We investigate the difference in the spread of COVID-19 between the states won by Donald Trump (Red) and the states won by Hillary Clinton (Blue) in the 2016 presidential election, by mining transportation patterns of US residents from March 2020 to July 2020. To ensure a fair comparison, we first use a K-means clustering method to group the 50 states into five clusters according to their population, area and population density. We then characterize daily transportation patterns of the residents of different states using the mean percentage of residents traveling and the number of trips per person. For each state, we study the correlations between travel patterns and infection rate for a 2-month period before and after the official states reopening dates. We observe that during the lock-down, Red and Blue states both displayed strong positive correlations between their travel patterns and infection rates. However, after states reopened we find that Red states had higher travel-infection correlations than Blue states in all five state clusters. We find that the residents of both Red and Blue states displayed similar travel patterns during the period post the reopening of states, leading us to conclude that, on average, the residents in Red states might be mobilizing less safely than the residents in Blue states. Furthermore, we use temperature data to attempt to explain the difference in the way residents travel and practice safety measures.
Design of Magnetic-Resonance-Based Contact-Less Power Transfer System for Moving Robot

In this paper, a contact-less power charger for robot applications is studied and developed. Contact-less charging can be achieved by a separable magnetic-transformer design. The transformer primary core is in the charger unit and the secondary core is in the robots. The transformer air-gap is equal to the distance between these two parts. By theoretical analysis, software simulations and circuit implementation, the relationships between the transformer’s coupling coefficient and the core geometry and gap are formulated. In addition, a high-efficiency circuit topology for the studied contact-less charger is fulfilled. It is anticipated that the research results of this paper can contribute to the development of the contact-less charging techniques for robot systems.
Brief of Digital Humanities and Law Scholars as Amici Curiae in Authors Guild v. Google

How Copyright Law Could Make or Break the Future for Digital Humanities. This case raises many legal, technical, and epistemological issues related to the future of higher education, research, and scholarship – especially those efforts that seek to take advantage of “big data” analytics and methodologies. Advances in computer technology and the availability of digital texts will allow scholars of the humanities a chance to do what biologists, physicists and economists have been doing for decades – analyze massive amounts of data. Large-scale quantitative projects like those being undertaken at the Stanford Literary Lab are unearthing previously unknowable information about individual works, and entire genres of literature. Researchers working in Information Retrieval frequently use text mining and computer-aided classification to identify and retrieve relevant documents. Using similar techniques, researchers in the Digital Humanities are able to identify and retrieve relevant texts, often from unlikely places. Humanities researchers can thereby expand their traditional study of a few canonical works to a study of any one of the several million books in the larger archive of literary history - an archive that has hitherto remained hidden because of the limitations of humans’ reading capacity. In this amicus brief scholars from disciplines including law, computer science, linguistics, history and literature ask the court to consider the impact on this vital area of research when ruling on the legality of mass digitization. Specifically, the brief addresses whether United States copyright law should stand as an obstacle to statistical and computational analysis of the millions of books owned by the nation’s great university libraries. The brief argues that, just as copyright law has long recognized the distinction between protection for an author’s original expression (e.g., the narrative prose describing the plot) and the public’s right to access the facts and ideas contained within that expression (e.g., a list of characters or the places they visit), the law must also recognize the distinction between copying books for expressive purposes (e.g., reading) and nonexpressive purposes, such as extracting metadata and conducting macroanalyses. We amici urge the court to follow established precedent with respect to Internet search engines, software reverse engineering, and plagiarism detection software and to hold that the digitization of books for text-mining purposes is a form of incidental or intermediate copying to be regarded as fair use as long as the end product is also nonexpressive or otherwise non-infringing. This brief updates the brief filed in Authors Guild v. HathiTrust.