cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Consistency and Konsistenz

A ground-motive for this study of some historical and metaphysical implications of the diagonal lemmas of Cantor and Godel is Cantor's insightful remark to Dedekind in 1899 that the Inbegriff alles Denkbaren (aggregate of everything thinkable) might, like some class-theoretic entities, be “inkonsistent”. In the essay's opening sections, I trace some recent antecedents of Cantor's observation in logical writings of Bolzano and Dedekind (more remote counterparts of his language appear in the First Critique), then attempt to relativize the notion of Inkonsistenz to ‘self-sufficient’ theories T which interpret ⌈themselves⌉. In effect, I argue that Godel's diagonal lemma suggests a sense in which metatheoretic notions of proof, well-foundeness and satisfaction are object-theoretically inkonsistent. With respect to Cantor's Inbegriff, for example, the lemma yields that any object-theoretic ‘reconstruction’ θ of ‘thinkability’ generates an ‘antidiagonal’ sentence τ, which one can paraphrase as ⌈Self-referential application of the assertion that ⌈self-reference is unthinkable⌉⌉ is unthinkable. This sentence is provably equivalent to ⌈its own⌉ ‘unthinkability’. In the essay's last sections, I offer a skeptical interpretation of the metatheoretical consistency, for any consistent and ‘self-sufficient’ scientific or mathematical theory T, of the theory T+⌝Con(T). In effect, this amounts to a preliminary study of one form of malign-genius-argument for such theories T: what should a miniature ‘metaphysical realist’ c in a model M of T+⌝Con(T) make of an encounter (perhaps indirect) with one of M's witnesses [‘nonstandard’ to ‘us’] of ⌝Con(T)? In response to this query, I argue The thought-experiment thus seems to yield a genuine metatheoretic counterpart of Duhem's traditional problem of the boundary conditions of object-theoretic consistency: ‘we’ cannot ‘know’ we are not c.
MICROBIOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF PRECOOKED BEEF PATTIES CONTAINING SOY PROTEIN

Beef patties of seven formulations, six containing soy protein concentrate and/or textured vegetable protein, were frozen either raw or immediately after they were precooked to an internal temperature of 60–65°C. Addition of soy protein had no effect of any practical significance on the microflora of the raw or precooked patties. Precooked patties of all formulations contained significantly (P < 0.05) lower aerobic plate counts (20° C) and MPN's of coli-forms, fecal coliforms, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus than the raw patties. E. coli and S. aureus could not be detected in 90% of the precooked patties. Clostridium perfringens was not detected in any of the precooked patties and was found in very low numbers in only 7% of the raw patties. Salmonellae were not detected in either the raw or precooked patties.
Resident Attitudes toward Black Bears and Population Recovery in East Texas

A successful species recovery relies on the support of local residents. Our goal was to assess attitudes toward black bears in a location where bears have not existed for several decades. We randomly surveyed East Texas residents to evaluate attitudes toward black bears and a potential bear population recovery. Positive attitudes toward bears were related to sex, age, participation in wildlife-related activities, residential tenure, land ownership, and knowledge about bears. However, substantial proportions of respondents indicated uncertainty regarding their attitudes about black bears and more than one-third of residents were unsure as to whether they supported increasing the local bear population. Lack of knowledge about black bears was the most commonly noted reason for uncertainty. These results suggest that opportunities exist for managers to address existing concerns about bears, assist residents with learning more about bears, and possibly help minimize potential for bear–human conflict.
Muscle Quality in Aging: a Multi-Dimensional Approach to Muscle Functioning with Applications for Treatment

Aging is often accompanied by declines in physical functioning which impedes older adults’ quality of life, sense of independence, and ability to perform daily tasks. Age-related decreases in skeletal muscle quantity, termed sarcopenia, have traditionally been blamed for these physical decrements. However, recent evidence suggests that the quality of muscle tissue may be more functionally relevant than its quantity. ‘Muscle quality’ has been emerging as a means to elucidate and describe the intricate intramuscular changes associated with muscle performance in the context of aging and sarcopenia. While muscle quality has most commonly been defined in terms of muscle composition or relative strength, at the core, muscle quality really describes muscle’s ability to function. Skeletal muscle displays a strong structure–function relationship by which several architectural characteristics factor into its functional capacity. This review describes the structural, physiological, and functional determinants of muscle quality at the tissue and cellular level, while also introducing other novel parameters such as sarcomere spacing and integrity, circulating biomarkers, and the muscle quality index. Muscle qualitative features are described from the perspective of how physical exercise may improve muscle quality in older adults. This broad, multidimensional perspective of muscle quality in the context of aging and sarcopenia offers comprehensive insights for consideration and integration in developing improved prognostic tools for research and clinical care, while also promoting translational approaches to the design of novel targeted intervention strategies designed to maintain function and mobility into late life.
BMR, DNA AND CELL SIZE IN PRE- AND POSTNATALLY DEPRIVED RATS

In Infants BMRs are lower In prenatal than in postnatal onset growth failure. The significance of this was Investigated In rats with similar types of growth failure by relating their BMR to body velght (BWt), combined organ (O: liver, kidney, heart, and brain) weight (OWt), DNA (ODNA), and protein (OPr). Mature rats were fed a 6% protein diet 1 month prior to and during mating, gestation, and lactation. Offsprings were fed 27% protein at weaning (A). Offsprings of normal rats were fed low protein from weaning to 10 weeks and high protein up to weight recovery (6). The Insult caused permanent stunting In group A rats; ¾ of group B rats had normal weights by 24 weeks. Sleeping BMRs were measured In 4 rats of each group before sacrificing, at weaning, 10, 16, and >16 weeks, and in litter-mates weekly up to maturity. The relation of the BMR with BWt, OWt, and OPr was curvl-linear; that with ODNA was linear. These relations were similar for normal controls. The BMR per BWt, OWt, and OPr decreased with age as cell size Increased. The insults affected ODNA and OPr of liver, kidney, and heart in both groups but not of brain. Recovery paralleled weight recovery. Recovery of cell size occurred first. The data show that the BMR reflects cell number rather than cell mass. Comparison of the BMRs suggests that the Insult of group A rats was not comparable to that which caused dwarfing In Infants with growth failure of prenatal onset.
The human pancreatic islet cells and their tumors. II. Ulcerogenic and diarrheogenic tumors

A comparative histologic examination of hematoxylin-eosin stained sections of 34 ulcerogenic tumors of the pancreas (UTP), 5 diarrheogenic tumors of die pancreas (DTP), 13 beta cell tumors, and 4 alpha cell tumors revealed two correlative features: all tumors characterized by a gyriform pattern of growth throughout the lesion were either of alpha or beta cell origin, and all but 1 of the tumors containing glandular formations were of either UTP or DTP type. No differential morphological features were found between the tumors which gave rise to metastases and those which did not. A combination of histochemical, ultrastructural, and biochemical studies easily differentiated UTP-DTP from alpha-beta cell tumors in most instances. Histochemical stains of 18 UTP and 4 DTP revealed that except for 1 DTP the tumors did not stain with reagents that differentiated normal islet cells. One of the 4 UTP tested gave a positive reaction with a direct immunofluorescent technique using fluoresceinated antibodies to gastrin. Ultrastructurally, all 22 tumors contained secretory granules; in most tumor cells these granules had a diameter range of 150–200 nm, but in others they were pleomorphic and larger (150–360 nm). In this study no morphological, histochemical, or ultrastructural differences were observed between UTP and DTP neoplasms.
Blueprint for development of the advanced practice psychiatric nurse workforce

The mental health system is inefficient and ineffective in providing behavioral health care services to the 1 in 4 Americans who have a mental illness or a substance abuse problem. Current health care reform initiatives present a significant opportunity for advanced practice psychiatric nurses-psychiatric mental health (APRN-PMH) to develop action-oriented recommendations for developing their workforce and thereby increasing access to high-quality and full-spectrum behavioral health care services. If endorsed by the professional nursing associations and the APRN-PMH workforce, the strategies presented in this paper provide a blueprint for developing the APRN-PMH workforce. Achieving these goals will significantly reform the APRN-PMH workforce, thereby contributing to the overall goal of supporting an integrated model of behavioral health care. No change has as much potential to influence the APRN-PMH workforce as the uniting of all APRN-PMHs in a "Blueprint for APRN-PMH Workforce Development."
Characteristic infrared absorption frequencies of organophosphorus compounds—II. PO(X) bonds

Abstract The characteristic infrared absorption frequencies associated with POH, POP and POC bonds are discussed. It is shown that the observed frequencies can be correlated with the overall chemical structure of the molecule, although not to the same extent as with the phosphoryl (PO) bond. In the case of the PO stretching vibration of the PO(H) bond, a linear relationship, between the vibration frequency and the sum of the phosphorus inductive (π) constants of the substituents attached to the phosphorus atom, is derived.
VIIRS polarization testing

The VIIRS instrument has a polarization sensitivity requirement. There is also a requirement that the instrument's polarization sensitivity and associated phase be measured and the uncertainties in the measured results meet requirements. Performing these measurements is conceptually straight forward. However real world complications associated with test equipment and polarization models do arise and are discussed in this paper.
Coronary risk factors measured in childhood and young adult life are associated with coronary artery calcification in young adults: The muscatine study

Abstract Objectives. This study was designed to estimate the prevalence of coronary artery calcification in young adult men and women and to examine the association between the presence of coronary artery calcification and coronary risk factors measured in childhood and young adult life. Background. Electron beam computed tomography is a sensitive, noninvasive method for detecting coronary artery calcification, a marker of the atherosclerotic process. Coronary artery calcification is associated with coronary risk factors in older adults. Methods. Subjects (197 men, 187 women) had coronary risk factors measured in childhood (mean age 15 years) and twice during young adult life (mean ages 27 and 33 years). Each underwent an electron beam computed tomographic study at their second young adult examination. Results. The prevalence of coronary artery calcification was 31% in men and 10% in women. Increased body size, increased blood pressure and decreased high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels were the coronary risk factors that showed the strongest association with coronary artery calcification. Significant odds ratios for coronary artery calcification, using standardized risk factor measurements at a mean age of 33 years in men and women, respectively, were 6.4 and 13.6 for the highest decile of body mass index, 6.4 and 6.4 for the highest decile of systolic blood pressure and 4.3 and 4.7 for the lowest decile of HDL cholesterol. Conclusions. Coronary artery calcification is more prevalent in men in this young adult population. Coronary risk factors measured in children and young adults are associated with the early development of coronary artery calcification. Increased body mass index measured during childhood and young adult life and increased blood pressure and decreased HDL cholesterol levels measured during young adult life are associated with the presence of coronary artery calcification in young adults.
The two meanings of a homophone

Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 Ss were presented with sentences whose main noun was either a homophone or not. Following each sentence, Ss were presented with a single noun and they had to indicate whether it was relevant to the sentence or not. More specifically, irrelevant probes following sentences containing homophones were either irrelevant with respect to both interpretations of the homophone or irrelevant with respect to the present interpretation of the homophone but relevant with respect to its other interpretation. The data suggest that people compare the main noun and the probe, and that in doing so they compute both entries of the homophone noun. No effect was found due to a variation in the delay between the presentation of the sentence and the presentation of the probe.
Fat-induced inflammation unchecked.

Increased dietary saturated fat intake can lead to detrimental effects on human health. In this issue of Cell Metabolism, Lichtenstein et al. (2010) show that by inhibiting lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity in mesenteric lymph nodes, Angiopoietin-like protein 4 (Angptl4) protects resident macrophages from dietary saturated fatty acid (SFA)-induced inflammation.
Use of weld toe stress singularities in evaluating stress intensity factors for welded details

The singular stress field of a transverse fillet weld toe is evaluated both analytically and numerically. A closed-form solution for the singular stress field is utilized for evaluating the stress intensity factor, K, of a crack emanating from the weld toe. The closed-form solution for the stress intensity factor is shown to be nearly identical with numerical results for two distinct crack paths. The closed-form solution provides new insight into the behaviour of the stress intensity factor for very short crack lengths, where much of the welded detail fatigue life is spent. The results have direct relevance to welded bridge details when assessing a cracked condition.
I. U.S. and Canada: Initial results reported

Reviews fibre optics applications which include power monitoring, video transmission, and data links. This part reports some first results from the United States and Canada.
Synthesis and N.M.R. spectra of methyl 2-deoxy-2-fluoro- and 3-deoxy-3-fluoro-α- and β-d-glucopyranosides

Methyl 3-deoxy-3-fluoro-alpha- and beta-D-glucopyranosides and alpha- and beta-D-glucofuranosides were prepared by methanolysis of 3-deoxy-3-fluoro-1,2:5,6-di-O-isopropylidene-alpha-D-glucofuranose. Crystalline 3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-2-deoxy-2-fluoro-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl chloride (2) and the corresponding glycosyl bromide (3) were prepared from 1,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-2-deoxy-2-fluoro-beta-D-glucopyranose (1). Reaction of 2 with methanol under the conditions of both silver triflate- and silver perchlorate-catalyzed glycosylation showed remarkable lack of stereoselectivity for the formation of the corresponding methyl alpha-glycoside, despite the presence at C-2 of the fluorine functionality presumably not capable of neighboring-group participation. Pure methyl 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-alpha- and beta-D-glucopyranosides were obtained by fractional crystallization from the mixture formed by methanolysis of 1. The structure of these substances as well as of several other derivatives of 2-deoxy-2-fluoro- and 3-deoxy-3-fluoro-D-glucose were verified by n.m.r. (1H, 13C, and 19F) spectroscopy.
Determination of the adsorption energy distribution of neutral and charged compouds onto endcapped silica-C18 adsorbent from polar liquid phases

The adsorption energy distributions (AED) of a few neutral and ionic compounds were determined onto Gemini-C18, an endcapped silica-C18 surface, from solutions of methanol and water. The adsorption data were accurately measured using the dynamic frontal analysis method. The adsorption heterogeneity of this surface toward neutral and ionic compounds was investigated by calculating the AED using the Expectation-Maximization algorithm. The calculations converged toward a well-defined AED in all cases. Neutral compounds adsorb on two distinct types of sites (with relatively low adsorption energies) while the ionic compounds adsorb on three distinct types of sites (two having a weak and one a strong adsorption energy). The combination of these results allows the selection of a satisfactory adsorption isotherm model and the correct prediction of the overloaded band profiles of these compounds, including those of the acido-basic compounds when eluted with a buffer having a weak capacity, e.g. when the ratio of the concentrations of the neutral and ionic conjugated species in the band and the mobile phase pH change during elution.
Studies on the nervus terminalis: Mammals

The nervus terminalis of mammals is made up in part, at least, of sympathetic fibers, and its ganglionic clusters contain sympathetic cells. The wide distribution and large number of fibers of the peripheral plexus (as noted by Brookover), in comparison with the small size of the central connections, resemble the relation of preganglionic fibers to the postganglionic fibers of the sympathetic system. This resemblance is strengthened by the occurrence of pericellular baskets on inany of the ganglion cells of the intracranial clusters.
Covariance Tapering for Likelihood-Based Estimation in Large Spatial Data Sets

Maximum likelihood is an attractive method of estimating covariance parameters in spatial models based on Gaussian processes. But calculating the likelihood can be computationally infeasible for large data sets, requiring O(n3) calculations for a data set with n observations. This article proposes the method of covariance tapering to approximate the likelihood in this setting. In this approach, covariance matrixes are “tapered,” or multiplied element wise by a sparse correlation matrix. The resulting matrixes can then be manipulated using efficient sparse matrix algorithms. We propose two approximations to the Gaussian likelihood using tapering. One of these approximations simply replaces the model covariance with a tapered version, whereas the other is motivated by the theory of unbiased estimating equations. Focusing on the particular case of the Matern class of covariance functions, we give conditions under which estimators maximizing the tapering approximations are, like the maximum likelihood estimat...
Training visual efficiency in myopic persons

Abstract Twenty-four myopic college students were paired into groups based on degree of visual impairment using the Snellen Illiterate E. One member of each pair was then assigned to a no-treatment control group or a training program composed of fading, social reinforcement and performance feedback. Results on trained stimuli (Snellen Illiterate E) were significantly different across experimental conditions at posttest while differences across experimental conditions at posttest on untrained stimuli (Snellen Letters) were not significant. The implications of these data are discussed with reference to areas for additional research.
Retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in normal human eyes.

Purpose: To measure the histologic thickness of the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) in normal human eyes. Methods: Human eyes were obtained at autopsy within 6 hours postmortem. The retina was dissected into four quadrants and serially sectioned in historesin. The RNFL thickness was measured histologically in all four quadrants at the disc margin and at regular intervals from the disc margin. Measurements of the RNFL thickness also were obtained at the fovea and in the retinal periphery. Results: Ten eyes of ten white individuals were studied. Age (mean ± standard deviation) was 53.1 ± 19.6 years (range, 18-76 years). For the eyes studied, the disc area (mean ± standard deviation) and cup:disc ratio (mean ± standard deviation) were 1.92 ± 0.1 mm 2 and 0.3 ± 0.08, respectively. Mean superior, inferior, nasal, and temporal RNFL thickness at the disc margin was 405, 376, 372, and 316 µm, respectively. In all four quadrants, the RNFL thickness decreased with increasing distance from the disc margin. The average superior and inferior RNFL thickness was inversely related to age ( P = 0.033, P = 0.097, respectively). The average RNFL thickness was not related to disc area. The average RNFL thickness just superior, inferior, nasal, and temporal to the foveola was 27, 34, 26, and 12 µm, respectively. The average RNFL thickness just posterior to the ora serrata in the superior, inferior, nasal, and temporal retinal periphery was 8 to 11 gym. Conclusion: The peripapillary RNFL thickness in humans is thicker than that seen in nonhuman primates. The thinnest peripapillary RNFL is in the region of the papillomacular bundle. These data can be used to determine the accuracy of NFL analyzers in obtaining in vivo RNFL thickness measurements.
Cystine Storage Disease with Aminoaciduria and Dwarfism (LIGNAC—FANCONI DISEASE): INTRODUCTION

Summary Fourteen children suffering from cystine storage disease with aminoaciduria (Lignac-Fanconi disease) have been studied i n the last 3 years, and the results are described in a series of eight papers of which this first paper contains a short review of the literature, some general remarks on aminoaciduria, cystinuria and cystine storage, and a brief statement on some of the results obtained and conclusions reached. Publications by Lignac, Fanconi, Beuiner and Wepler, and others, as well as our own observations, lead us t o the conclusion that Lignac's disease (cystine storage disease) and Fanconi's syndrome of childhood (nephrotic glycosuric dwarfism) are one and the same disease. At the present time this disease cannot be identified with similar syndromes in which cystine storage has been excluded. The variability of nearly every symptom in Lignac-Fanconi disease is stressed. The most reliable diagnostic features besides dwarfing are cys tine storage and aminoaciduria of a characteristic pattern. Cystine storage can be demonstrated in vivo by slit-lamp investigation in cornea and conjunctiva, as well as in bone marrow and lymph glands, and the cystine can be identified in biopsy material by microscopy, X-ray crystallography and chromatography. The aminoaciduria is accompanied by aminoacidaemia, and the characteristic pattern in urine is best shown by paper chromatography. The differentiation from other forms of aminoaciduria, such as that of newborn infants and classical cystinuria, is discussed. Reasons are given why cystine storage and aminoaciduria are regarded as the result not of kidney dysfunction but of a prerenal disturbance of the whole aminoacid metabolism, probably situated within the reticulo-endothelial system.
The university and approaches to problems of state and local governments

There is a growing interest within universities in the operation of state and local governments, and in the services they provide. An example of this interest is the Program for Urban and Policy Sciences (UPS) at the State University of New York at Stony Brook. Since its inception two years ago, it has been the operating policy of the Program to direct its principal research activities to real and immediate problems facing state and local governments in the New York area. In each of the collaborative efforts undertaken with an outside agency, we have seen our role as that of both problem analysts and catalytic agents for bringing about change. This means our faculty and students actively participate in the policy formulation and policy implementation processes. A case study of a cooperative effort undertaken with the Environmental Protection Administration of New York City illustrates these ideas. We believe that a successful university program should combine research with real world experience; the university should encourage the faculty to broaden the scope of their activities; and students, particularly those from minorities, should be trained for professional careers as planning and program analysts.
Etiology of leukocyte adhesion deficiency-associated periodontitis revisited: not a raging infection but a raging inflammatory response

In leukocyte adhesion deficiency type I, neutrophils fail to adhere to blood vessel walls and thus cannot transmigrate to peripheral tissues. Leukocyte adhesion deficiency type I patients invariably experience an aggressive form of generalized periodontitis, which has been historically attributed to defective neutrophil surveillance of the periodontal infection. This time-honored notion has now been challenged by a recent study, which showed that the underlying etiology involves a dysregulated host response that leads to overexpression of the proinflammatory and bone-resorptive cytokine IL-17.
Offset compensation scheme for analogue LMS adaptive FIR filters

Offset voltage in the adapting part of an analogue LMS adaptive filter, caused by clock feedthrough, causes serious degradation of the convergence and error performance of the filter. A compensation scheme for the clock-induced offset is described. Simulation results at both algorithmic and circuit level are presented.
Identification of a functional interaction between the transmembrane protein Smoothened and the kinesin-related protein Costal2.

The hedgehog (Hh) family of morphogens plays important instructional roles in the development of numerous metazoan structures [1]. Consistent with the role Hh homologs play in cell fate determination, aberrant Hh signaling results in numerous human pathologies. Hh signal transduction is initiated when Hh binds to its receptor Patched (Ptc) [2, 3], activating the transmembrane protein Smoothened (Smo)[4, 5]. Smo transmits its activation signal to a microtubule-associated Hedgehog signaling complex (HSC). At a minimum, the HSC consists of the Kinesin-related protein Costal2 (Cos2), the protein kinase Fused (Fu), and the transcription factor Cubitus interruptus (Ci) [6–11]. In response to HSC activation, the ratio between repressor and activator forms of Ci is altered, determining the expression levels of various Hh target genes [11–13]. The steps between Smo activation and signaling to the HSC have not been described. Here, we describe a functional interaction between Smo and Cos2, which is necessary for Hh signaling. We propose that this interaction is direct and allows for activation of Ci in response to Hh. This work fills in the last major gap in our understanding of the Hh signal transduction pathway by suggesting that no intermediate signal is required to connect Smo to the HSC.
Predictors of acquiring a nosocomial bloodstream infection on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.

Abstract Purpose: The aim of this study was to identify independent predictors of acquiring a nosocomial bloodstream infection (BSI) during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). Methods: This retrospective cohort consisted of 202 neonates treated with ECMO from 1989 to 1998 at the author' institution. Data collected included patient demographics, primary and secondary diagnoses, white blood cell counts, antibiotic usage, presence of central lines, operative procedures, and outcome. Surveillance blood cultures were drawn daily from the circuit using sterile technique to identify acquired pathogens. Statistical analyses included logistic regression, Cox proportional regression analysis, and discriminate analysis. Results: There were 1,245 blood cultures drawn on 202 patients (6.2 cultures per patient), and a nosocomial BSI was identified in 7 patients (3.4%) during this 10-year span. These were infections that were neither present nor incubating on admission. Pre-ECMO diagnoses of patients who had a nosocomial BSI while on bypass included group B beta-hemolytic streptococcal sepsis (n = 2), herpes simplex viral sepsis (n = 1), congenital diaphragmatic hernia (n = 2), persistent pulmonary hypertension (n = 1), and congenital heart disease (n = 1). The median time on ECMO before obtaining a positive culture was 390 hours. The infectious agents responsible for these BSIs included Staphylococcus epidermidis (n = 5), Staphylococcus aureus (n = 1), and Escherichia coli (n = 1). The major factor associated with acquiring a nosocomial BSI on ECMO was the duration of bypass (391 v 141 hours, P =.002). Additionally, patients in the BSI group were more likely to have had an arterial catheter in place (16 v 7 days, P =.009) and to have received more screening blood cultures (16 v 6 cultures, P P =.03). Conclusions: The only predictor of acquiring a nosocomial BSI on ECMO was the duration of support for greater than 10 days. Because classical predictors of infection are unreliable while the patient is on ECMO, the authors suggest that obtaining daily surveillance blood cultures beginning on the tenth day should be performed with prolonged ECMO courses. The authors confirmed previous reports of the association between a prolonged ECMO course and a high mortality rate. However, the authors speculate that, in actuality, the primary diagnosis leads to the prolonged course of support and is the major factor in the infant' demise. J Pediatr Surg 36:487-492. Copyright © 2001 by W.B. Saunders Company.
Discovering 13C NMR, 1H NMR, and IR Spectroscopy in the General Chemistry Laboratory through a Sequence of Guided-Inquiry Exercises

This sequence of three guided-inquiry labs is designed for a second-semester general chemistry course and challenges students to discover basic theoretical principles associated with 13C NMR, 1H NMR, and IR spectroscopy. Students learn to identify and explain basic concepts of magnetic resonance and vibrational spectroscopy; collect and interpret sets of 13C NMR, 1H NMR, and IR spectra; and correctly identify functional groups and chemical structures for a variety of simple organic compounds. Student survey data, along with in-lab observations of student interactions, lead to the conclusion that these lab experiences enhance student interest, increase communication between students, and improve their ability to explain and correct their own misconceptions.
Evaluation of a rapid protein analyzer for determination of protein in milk and cream

Accurate and rapid measurement of the protein content of milk is important from both a product quality and an economic standpoint. The Sprint rapid protein analyzer (CEM Corporation, Matthews, NC) is a commercial system based on a dye-binding technique and can be used for rapid measurement of protein in foods. The objective of the present study was to compare the Sprint method with the reference method (Kjeldahl method). Milk and cream samples were analyzed in duplicate for true protein and crude protein (CP) using the reference method as well as the rapid method. Method comparison statistics (regression analysis, graphical representation, standard deviation of residuals, repeatability, and so on) were used to evaluate the agreement between the 2 methods. Regression coefficients and the intercepts were not significantly different from 1 and zero for CP measurement in milk and cream, respectively. The average coefficient of variance between the duplicate CP measurements for the Sprint method was found to be 0.40, 0.49, and 0.76 for milk, light cream, and heavy cream, respectively. True protein measurement in milk and cream also followed a similar trend. Overall, there exists a sufficient level of agreement between the Sprint rapid protein analyzer and Kjeldahl method for true protein and CP measurement of milk and cream samples.
Repeated Administration of Amphetamine or Cocaine Does Not Alter AMPA Receptor Subunit Expression in the Rat Midbrain

We previously reported that ventral tegmental area (VTA) dopamine neurons are supersensitive to AMPA when recorded three days after discontinuing repeated amphetamine or cocaine administration. By increasing dopamine cell activity, this may contribute to the induction of behavioral sensitization. The goal of this study was to determine if increased sensitivity to AMPA reflects increased AMPA receptor expression in the midbrain. Immunolabeling for GluR1, GluR2, GluR2/3, and GluR4 was quantified by immunohistochemistry with 35S-labeled secondary antibodies in VTA, substantia nigra, and a transitional area. First, rats were treated for five days with saline or amphetamine (5 mg/kg) and killed three or 14 days after the last injection. No significant changes in immunolabeling were observed for any subunit at either withdrawal time. GluR1 immunolabeling was further examined in rats killed 16–18 hrs or 24 hrs after a single injection of amphetamine or repeated injections of saline, amphetamine (5 mg/kg × 5 days) or cocaine (20 mg/kg × 7 days). No significant differences were observed in any region. Finally, neither repeated amphetamine or cocaine administration significantly altered GluR1 mRNA levels as quantified by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Our results suggest that enhanced responsiveness of VTA dopamine neurons to AMPA after withdrawal from repeated stimulant administration involves mechanisms more complex than increased expression of AMPA receptor subunits.
Big data analytics with applications

In this paper, recent developments on the Internet of Things (IoT) and its applications are surveyed, and the impact of newly developed Big Data (BD) on manufacturing information systems is especia...
A note of network equilibrium and noncooperative games

Abstract Rosenthal has shown that a user-optimized transportation network is equivalent to a pure Strategy Nash equilibrium when the network flows are discrete. Noting that most network equilibrium theorists take flows to be continuous, we extend this result to the nondiscrete case. We prove that a continuous flow, user-optimized network is a pure-strategy Nash equilibrium in a game with a continuum of pure strategies. Our “game”, however, differs from Rosenthal's in its players, strategies, and payoffs. For instance, the players in our model are not the motorists, but the origin-destination pairs. Some possible applications and extensions of our results are discussed.
Statistics and characteristics of cloud‐to‐ground lightning with multiple ground contacts

[1] During the summer of 1997, 386 cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning flashes were recorded on videotape near Tucson, Arizona. Within this sample, 136 flashes (35%) struck the ground in two or more places that were separated by tens of meters or more. Within this subset of 136, which we term “multiple channel flashes” (MCFs), 88 exhibited two or more separate and distinct channels between the cloud base and the ground, a type that we term a “new channel flash” (NCF); 37 forked or produced channels that struck the ground in two or more places and shared a common channel at higher altitudes, a type that we term an “altered channel flash” (ACF); and 11 exhibited both types of behavior. The ratio of NCFs to ACFs in Arizona was 99/48 or 2.1, a value that is consistent with measurements in Florida after allowing for differences in the cloud base heights. Altogether, the 386 CG flashes produced 558 different strike points; therefore, the average number of strike points per CG flash was 1.45. 67% of the new strike points were produced by the second stroke in the flash, and 72% of the changes in channel geometry occurred after there had been just one stroke in the previous channel. Ten of the 48 ACFs (21%) developed along a visible branch of the previous channel, and seven of the 136 MCFs (5%) contained strokes that reilluminated the first channel after a second channel had formed. The presence of a long, continuing luminosity during the initial three or more consecutive video frames appeared to lower the probability of forming either a new or altered channel on the second stroke (from 47% to 33%), but the statistics are limited, and our ability to identify individual strokes is biased by poor time resolution.
Edgar Allan Poe: A Case Description of the Marfan Syndrome in an Obscure Short Story

In the obscure short story “A Tale of the Ragged Mountains,” Edgar Allen Poe meticulously described a character with features remarkably consistent with the Marfan syndrome. This description appeared in fiction >50 years before the celebrated index description in the published medical research by Professor Antoine Marfan in Paris in 1896.
Wave characteristics of carbon nanotubes

Abstract The research in the manuscript studies the wave characteristics in carbon nanotubes (CNTs) via beam theories. First, the material properties used in the beam models for the analysis of CNTs are proposed from the discrete atomic nature of CNTs. Secondly, the comparison of wave solution in a single walled carbon nanotube (SWNT) by Euler–Bernoulli beam model and Timoshenko beam model is conducted. The applicability of the two beam models is discussed from the numerical simulations. In addition, the difference of the two beam models on the terahertz frequency range is presented to show the significance of applying an appropriate continuum model in studying the wave propagation in CNTs. Thirdly, Timoshenko beam model is employed to study the wave propagation in a double walled carbon nanotube (DWNT) via a simple single beam theory by assuming co-axial motion of the two tubes, and a double beam theory accounting for van der Waals. The size effect of the DWNT on the wave solution by different beam theories is discussed as well. The feasibility of applying the simple single beam theory and the double beam theory is discussed through numerical simulations. It is hoped that the research in the manuscript may present a benchmark in the study of wave propagations in carbon nanotubes.
Calcified Mitral Valve Annulus: Prosthesis Insertion

We describe a technique for insertion of a mitral valve prosthesis in the presence of a heavily calcified annulus. The valve leaflets are used for securing the prosthesis, and both the anterior and posterior chordae tendineae and papillary muscle complexes are preserved.
Genetic Location-Based Social Networks (G-LBSN)

Despite much advances in both general and targeted Social Network Services (SNS) and Location-Based Social Networks (LBSN), there is currently a void in literatures on SNS that form temporary social networks to address specific problems and employ intelligent classification of members and coordination of tasks toward goal oriented action. In this position paper, we present Genetic Location-Based Social Networks (G-LBSN) which is a new concept in social networking where temporary social networks, to address specific problems, are formed. Unique characteristics of G-LBSN include: (a) formation of temporary social networks (each network has a life time which spans from its inception until the problem is solved); (b) classification of members based on their proximity to given locations, their contribution to the solution, and their availability; (c) assignment of tasks to selected members; and (d) coordination and supervision of members activities and the progress toward a solution.
Cell kinetics simulation languages.

The use of stochastic simulation languages in cell kinetics research is discussed. Two special purpose simulation languages; CELLSIM and CELLGROW are described and example problems are presented.
A note on the logic of signed equations

A signed ∑-equation is an expression of the form t ≈ t′ or t ≉t′, where t and t′ are ∑-terms (for some ranked set ∑). We characterize those classes of ∑-algebras which are models of a set of signed ∑-equations. Further we consider the problem of finding a complete deductive system analogous to equational logic for the logical consequence operation restricted to signed equations.
Dense sets and the projection theorem for acoustic harmonic waves in a homogeneous finite depth ocean

The scattering of a ‘plane wave’ off a submerged body situated in an ocean of finite depth is investigated. The index of refraction is considered to be depth-independent. It is shown that the far field is not unique; hence, the problem of determining the shape of an object from its far field is not well-posed. If solutions are sought among a restricted class of problems the ‘dense set’ property implies that the problem can be made well-posed.
Changes in markers of ovarian reserve and endocrine function in young women with breast cancer undergoing adjuvant chemotherapy.

BACKGROUND: Premenopausal women undergoing chemotherapy are at risk for amenorrhea and impaired fertility. The objective of the current study was to assess levels of mullerian inhibitory substance (MIS), estradiol (E2), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and menstrual status, in women undergoing chemotherapy. METHODS: A nested prospective cohort study was conducted in women aged <40 years with breast cancer (BC) who were undergoing adjuvant chemotherapy (n = 26). Serum MIS, FSH, and E2 were measured before chemotherapy (baseline) and at Weeks 6, 12, 36, and 52. Controls were 134 age-matched women with known fertility. Hormone levels were compared between the cases and controls at baseline. Differences between amenorrhea and age subgroups were tested using the nonparametric Wilcoxon 2-sample test using a 2-sided α of 0.05. RESULTS: Subjects with BC and age-matched controls had similar baseline MIS levels (median, 0.94 ng/mL vs 0.86 ng/mL;, P > .05). Serum MIS decreased significantly at 6 weeks and remained suppressed for 52 weeks. E2 levels decreased, and FSH levels increased during chemotherapy; however, at 52 weeks, the levels returned to baseline. At 52 weeks, only 1 patient had MIS above the lower normal range, 15 had return of menstrual function, 11 had premenopausal levels of FSH, and 13 had follicular phase levels of E2. In women aged 35 years, 50% were amenorrheic. Amenorrheic and menstruating women were found to have similar MIS values at baseline and follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: In young women with BC, chemotherapy decreases MIS rapidly and dramatically. Rapid reductions in MIS do not appear to be predictive of subsequent menstrual function. Ovarian reserve and endocrine function may be affected differently by chemotherapy. Cancer 2010. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
Identification of FOXO targets that generate diverse features of the diapause phenotype in the mosquito Culex pipiens

Insulin and juvenile hormone signaling direct entry of the mosquito Culex pipiens into its overwintering adult diapause, and these two critical signaling pathways appear to do so by converging on the regulation of forkhead transcription factor (FOXO). Diapause is a complex phenotype, and FOXO emerges as a prime candidate for activating many of the diverse physiological pathways that generate the diapause phenotype. Here, we used ChIP sequencing to identify direct targets of FOXO. The nearest gene in a 10-kb region surrounding a predicted binding site was extracted for each binding site, resulting in a dataset containing genes potentially regulated by FOXO. By selecting candidate genes based on their functional relevance to diapause, we identified five gene categories of potential interest, including stress tolerance, metabolic pathways, lifespan extension, cell cycle and growth regulation, and circadian rhythms. Twelve targets were prioritized for further analysis, 10 of which were validated by ChIP-quantitative PCR and quantitative real-time PCR. These 10 genes activated by FOXO are highly up-regulated during diapause and are thus strong candidates for implementation of the diapause syndrome.
Recycling strategies to enhance the commercial viability of CIS photovoltaics

Recycling of photovoltaic (PV) modules at the end of their useful life is important for the success of commercializing PV technologies. There are economic, regulatory and technical issues related to recycling; these are addressed here in a case study o f recycling CuInSe2 (CIS) PV modules, which is focused on: economics of the use and re-use of materials; regulations on environmental disposal and waste handling; logistics and economics of recycling and disposing of products by industries face d with comparable environmental issues; and a workable program of the PV industry of the future. The main conclusions are that there are potential regulatory hurdles but these can be overcome by paying attention to module design elements. In the case of l arge installations, collection of decommissioned PV modules is feasible with current infrastructure, whereas collection from small remote installations is problematic. Collecting and consolidating used PV modules will be simplified if modules are returned to the manufacturer or to a contracted recycling center as ‘products’ destined for refurbishment and/or re-use. The projected cost of recycling CIS PV modules ranges from 0 to 0.08 US$ W−1, depending on the specific methods, participants and regulations of recycling.
Material property inequalities in viscoelasticity

Abstract In dealing with viscoelastic materials certain material property inequalities are used to define the glass transition temperature. These inequalities have often been interpreted as an indication of a second-order phase transition. It is shown here that this is not the case and that the inequalities come about as a natural consequence of a minimum property of the Gibbs free energy.
MOLECULAR STRUCTURE AND PHOTODECARBONYLATION OF 2,3,4,5- TETRAPHENYLCYCLOPENTANONE

— Clemmensen reduction of tetracyclone yields r-2,t-3,t-4,c-5-tetraphenylcyclopentanone, the structure of which was established by x-ray crystallography. Photodecarbonylation of this molecule results in the formation of cis- and trans-stilbenes and minor amounts of tetraphenykyclobutane. The stilbenes are initially formed in comparable yield, but secondary photoisomerization results in cw-rich mixtures. Stepwise photodecarbonylation is proposed to yield triplet meso- 1,2,3,4-tetraphenylbutane-diyl which undergoes nonstereoselective elimination in preference to cyclization. The intermediacyof the same biradical in the photodimerization stilbene can be effectively eliminated on the basis of stereochemical evidence.
Race, Space, and the Urban South: Then and Now

More than half a century after Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka and the Civil Rights Movement, the cities at the heart of America’s racial conflict with itself have changed socioeconomically, culturally, and politically. Although many of these changes resulted in quality–of-life improvements for racial minorities, some questions remain about lingering bastions of segregation in the South. Using a critical race theory (CRT) lens, in this article we investigate four cities that were important to the Civil Rights Movement—Greensboro, North Carolina, Little Rock, Arkansas, Memphis, Tennessee, and Montgomery, Alabama—to examine demographic, economic, and sociocultural trends and how they affect racial minority groups. We find that, despite considerable improvement in terms of poverty rate, unemployment, and income, blacks continue to remain substantially behind whites in these cities, indicating that desegregation and access to opportunity has done little to close the black-white opportunity gap.
Changing physician behavior: half‐empty or half‐full?

Physicians can significantly impact both the quality and the cost of health care. Thus, it is not surprising that there is great interest in modifying physician behavior. There have been three main methods used to alter physician behavior: education, motivation, and facilitation. This article reviews the success of these methods.