cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Incorporation of a clinical history into the interpretation process in a PACS environment

In a large-scale, multi-reader study to investigate questions surrounding the issue of the implementation of picture archiving and communications systems (PACS) into the modern radiology environment, we examined the effect that the incorporation of a clinical history into the reading process would have on levels of diagnostic accuracy. Because we wanted to test the inclusion of the clinical history in an environment as close to that of the clinical situation as possible, we defined "history" to be a concise, objective, and potentially computer-extractable version of what appears in the patient records, including a statement from the referring physician when this is available. In a series of studies, four radiologists interpreted 247 posteroanterior normal and abnormal chest images on conventional film both with and without accompanying patient histories; five radiologists read the same number of images presented on a high-resolution video workstation with and without clinical histories. There were no significant differences (p = .05) in diagnostic accuracy rates with or without clinical history for either the film or the workstation in cases of interstitial disease, nodules, or pneumothorax. Diagnostic accuracy for the radiologists as a group was not affected by the presence of the clinical history. We concluded that for the interpretation of these abnormalities, the incorporation of clinical history with images in the PACS environment should not be a major goal.© (1990) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Toward a more accurate and extensible colorimetry. Part I. Introduction. the visual colorimeter‐spectroradiometer. Experimental results

A bright ten-degree split-field colorimeter is used to study pairs of visually-matching lights. This colorimeter is coupled by quartz light pipe to a spectroradiometer, and yields accurate absolute spectral power distributions of every viewed light. Six normal human observers use three disparate sets of spectral primaries. In Part I of the article thorough descriptions of the instrument, its calibration, and experimental results are presented. (1) By the Maxwell method, sets of 28 three-band lights, each light matching a broadband reference-white light, are obtained. From these sets are found strong and unexpected dependence of perceived brightness per watt on spectral content, and large systematic errors in computed chromaticity (1964 CIE Observer). (2) From sets of white two-band lights, each matching the broadband reference light, large differences in wavelength of the visually complementary spectral lights, from those indicated by the 1964 CIE chromaticity diagram are found. (3) Sets of Maxwell-method and maximum-saturation-method color matching functions are obtained for each primary-set and for each observer. (4) Study, at the colorimeter, of perceived brightness of spectral lights in isolation yields three-component perceived-brightness-per-watt curves like those of Stiles and Crawford of 1933. (5) Perceived brightness of 3-band white mixtures always increased upon removal of any one of the three spectral components, in agreement with MacAdam's findings of 1950. (6) Visual tests were made of Grassmann's additivity assumption, and of Maxwell spot phenomena. Part II includes discussion of chromaticity and brightness errors and of other aspects of colorimetry problems-transformation of primaries, structure and shape of the chromaticity diagram, and normalization of color matching functions. Part III gives avenues of possible improvement and general comment.
Differential systems for eigenvalues of Fredholm integral equations

Abstract : The practical computational solution of nonhomogeneous Fredholm integral equations is extended to the eigenvalue problem for homogeneous integral equations. The eigenvalues and eigenfunctions are viewed at a fixed point as functions of the interval length. A complete set of ordinary differential equations is derived for these and other related quantities. Analogous systems of equations are developed for displacement kernels and Green's functions. Certain problems concerning the initial conditions remain. Two methods to circumvent this obstacle are discussed. (Author)
Challenges in the laboratory analyses of bleeding disorders

Standard coagulation assays such as the activated partial thromboplastin time and prothrombin time are sufficient to detect deficiencies in coagulation factors contributing to the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways, respectively. Deficiencies in factors VIII and IX can also be detected by one-stage and two-stage clotting assays. While these assays are instrumental in assessing the initiation of clot formation, sufficient formation of a clot is a continuous process that may be better studied by the use of a global hemostasis assay. Several global assays are currently being studied, including the thrombin generation assay, thromboelastography, clot waveform analysis, clot formation and lysis (CloFAL) assay, euglobulin clot lysis assay, thromboplastin generation assays and simultaneous thrombin and plasmin generation assays. This review will concentrate on the thrombin generation test, thromboelastography, the activated partial thromboplastin time waveform analysis and the CloFAL which measure the production of thrombin, as well as the kinetics of clot formation. As such, these global assays can provide greater insight into deficiencies in the mechanisms mediating hemostasis and fibrinolysis in patients with hemophilia, other bleeding disorders or even thrombophilia. These assays have been shown to be clinically relevant for assessing the response to treatment with bypassing agents (recombinant activated FVII and plasma-derived prothrombin complex concentrate) used for the hemostatic control of acute bleeding in patients with congenital hemophilia A/B. The limitations of standard coagulation assays and the use of global hemostasis assays to assess bleeding disorders and the clinical efficacy of bypassing agents will be discussed in detail.
The effect of vertical ion transport on the night-time E-region

Abstract This paper considers the effect of vertical ion transport on the ionization distribution of the night-time E -region. The nature and magnitude of the tidal velocities and of the recombination coefficient, which enter into the calculations, are obtained from various sources, both experimental and theoretical. It is shown that vertical ion transport is of importance in the night-time E -region and that this factor is capable of explaining certain heretofore anomalous experimental observations pertaining to the night-time E -layer.
Functional Outcomes Following Chemoradiotherapy for Head and Neck Cancer

Objective To study functional outcomes following concurrent chemoradiotherapy of head and neck cancer. Methods A retrospective chart review assessed diet, feeding tube use, and tracheotomy pretreatment and 3, 6, 12, and 24 months posttreatment. Results Of 196 patients who underwent chemoradiotherapy between 1990 and 2002, 148 (76%) required feeding tubes immediately posttreatment; 150 (77%) required nutritional support at 3 months. By 12 months, 92% were tube-free and 83% resumed near-normal diet. Of 17 patients (9%) with tracheotomy posttreatment, 71% were decannulated by 6 months. Stage IV disease strongly predicted prolonged feeding tube use and slow recovery of diet; age ≥60 also predicted slow recovery. Primary site, gender, and radiotherapy schedule did not predict functional recovery after adjusting for stage and age. Conclusion Few patients required tracheotomy before or during chemoradiotherapy. Many patients required feeding tubes and nutritional support for several months following therapy, but most were tube-free and eating near-normal diets within 1 year. EBM rating: C.
“It’s Their World, so You’ve Just Got to Get Through”: Women’s Experiences of Parole Governance

This article brings together research on parole governance with women’s experiences of reentry. In particular, drawing on longitudinal qualitative interviews with a group of women leaving prison and returning to their communities, the present study highlights the way parole structures women’s reintegration efforts post-incarceration. The women’s experiences highlight how parole governance intersects, conflicts with, and complicates their efforts to return to their communities and transition out of the gaze of the penal state.
Rosuvastatin protects against podocyte apoptosis in vitro

Background. Clinical studies suggest that statins reduce proteinuria and slow the decline in kidney function in chronic kidney disease. Given a rich literature identifying podocyte apoptosis as an early step in the pathophysiological progression to proteinuria and glomerulosclerosis, we hypothesized that rosuvastatin protects podocytes from undergoing apoptosis. Regarding a potential mechanism, our lab has shown that the cell cycle protein, p21, has a prosurvial role in podocytes and there is literature showing statins upregulate p21 in other renal cells. Therefore, we queried whether rosuvastatin is prosurvival in podocytes through a p21-dependent pathway. Methods. Two independent apoptotic triggers, puromycin aminonucleoside (PA) and adriamycin (ADR), were used to induceapoptosisinp21 +/+andp21 −/−conditionallyimmortalized mouse podocytes with or without pre-exposure to rosuvastatin. Apoptosis was measured by two methods:Hoechst33342stainingandfluorescence-activatedcell sorting (FACS). To establish a role for p21, p21 levels were measured by western blotting following rosuvastatin exposure and p21 was stably transduced into p21 −/− mouse podocytes. Results. Rosuvastatin protects against ADR- and PAinduced apoptosis in podocytes. Further, exposure to rosuvastatin increases p21 levels in podocytes in vitro. ADR induces apoptosis in p21 −/− mouse podocytes, but rosuvastatin’s protective effect is not seen in the absence of p21. Reconstituting p21 in p21 −/− podocytes restores rosuvastatin’s prosurvival effect. Conclusion. Rosuvastatin is prosurvival in injured podocytes. Rosuvastatin exerts its protective effect through a p21-dependent antiapoptotic pathway. These findings suggest that statins decrease proteinuria by protecting against podocyte apoptosis and subsequent podocyte depopulation.
Effect of Pre or Postnatal Exposure to Ethanol on the Total Number of Neurons in the Principal Sensory Nucleus of the Trigeminal Nerve: Cell Proliferation and Neuronal Death

Early exposure to ethanol reduces the number of neurons in many CNS structures in vivo. The present study determined whether such reductions are caused by the death of neurons. Three groups of ethanol-treated rats were prepared: those exposed to ethanol from gestational day (G) 11 to G19 (during the period of neuronal generation and migration), from postnatal day (P) 4 to P12 (during the period of synaptogenesis), or from P31 to P39 [after the mature structure and function of neurons in the principal sensory nucleus (PSN) of the trigeminal nerve was established]. During these times, pregnant dams or pups were fed a liquid ethanol-containing diet that produced peak blood ethanol concentrations of 137–157 mg/dl. The number of PSN neurons in mature rats exposed to ethanol pre- or postnatally was determined using stereological procedures. The number of PSN neurons was also calculated for rats pair-fed an isocaloric liquid control diet or fed chow and water ad libitum. The volume of the PSN was not affected by pre- or postnatal ethanol exposure. The number of PSN neurons, however, was significantly affected by ethanol exposure in a time-dependent manner. Prenatal exposure lead to a 27.1 % decrease in neuronal number. Early postnatal exposure led to a smaller decrease (-15.1%), and late postnatal exposure had no affect on the number of PSN neurons. These data show not only that ethanol directly depresses the proliferation of neuronal precursors, but also that ethanol causes the death of neurons during the period of synaptogenesis.
Three-Dimensional Chip Stack With Integrated Decoupling Capacitors and Thru-Si Via Interconnects

In this letter, the integration of CMOS-compatible thru-Si via (TSV) interconnects with deep-trench decoupling capacitors is demonstrated. Reliability test is performed with a 65-nm CMOS test chip on top of a 3-D Si interposer chip that contains 10 000 TSV interconnects. Multilayer stacking is also demonstrated, and capacitance density of 280 nF/mm2 is achieved with two-layer Si interposer chip stacks.
Quantitative Research Attitudes and Research Training Perceptions among Master's-Level Students.

This study explored master's-level counseling students' (N = 804) perceptions of training in the Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs (2009) Research and Program Evaluation standard, and their attitudes toward quantitative research. Training perceptions and quantitative research attitudes were low to moderate, with no statistical differences across program accreditation or specialty area. Implications and possibilities for future research are discussed.
Technology Transfer and Public Policy

Figures and Tables Preface Introduction Technology Transfer and Economic Development: A Framework for Policy Analysis by Yong S. Lee Cross-National Case Studies U.S. Science and Technology Policy in Cross-National Perspective by Leonard L. Lederman Toward an American Industrial Technology Policy by Renee J. Johnson and Paul Teske Technology Transfer Strategies and Economic Development in South Korea by Sung Deuk Hahm and Christopher Plein Technology Transfer and Agricultural Development in West Africa by R. James Bingen and Brent Simpson American University-Industry Interaction University Technology Transfer and the Problems of Conflict of Interest by Gary Matkin Translating Academic Research to Technological Innovation by Yong S. Lee and Richard Gaertner Patterns of University-Industry Interaction by Dianne Rahm Technology Transfer and Faculty Attitudes by Yong S. Lee Federal Lab-Industry Interaction Cooperative Research and Development Agreements by Evan Berman The Cooperative Technology Paradigm: An Assessment by Barry Bozeman Policy Toward Civil-Military Integration by Linda Brandt Emerging Sources of Technology and Technical Information by J. David Roessner and Anne Wise Conclusion: Lessons Learned by Yong S. Lee Appendix Bibliography Index
Cingulate hypoactivity in cocaine users during a GO-NOGO task as revealed by event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging

Although extensive evidence exists for the reinforcing properties of drugs of abuse such as cocaine, relatively less research has addressed the functional neuroanatomical correlates of the cognitive sequelae of these drugs. We present a functional magnetic resonance imaging study of a GO-NOGO task in which successful performance required prepotent behaviors to be inhibited. Significant cingulate, pre-supplementary motor and insula hypoactivity was observed for both successful NOGOs and errors of commission in chronic cocaine users relative to cocaine-naive controls. This attenuated response, in the presence of comparable activation levels in other task-related cortical areas, suggests cortical and psychological specificity in the locus of drug abuse-related cognitive dysfunction. The results suggest that addiction may be accompanied by a disruption of brain structures critical for the higher-order, cognitive control of behavior.
Life experiences of instability and sexual risk behaviors among high-risk adolescent females

CONTEXT: Understanding the interplay of multiple contexts of adolescents' sexual risk behaviors is essential to helping them avoid pregnancy and STDs. Although a body of research has identified multiple individual- and family-level variables associated with adolescents' sexual risk behaviors, relatively few studies have examined relationships between these behaviors and latent indicators of unstable, chaotic environments. METHODS: In 2007-2008, a sample of 241 sexually active adolescent females who were at high risk for pregnancy and STDs were recruited through two school-based clinics and two community clinics in Minneapolis and St. Paul. Confirmatory factor analysis was used with baseline data to specify latent constructs of individual risk and family disengagement. Structural equation models examined longitudinal relationships between baseline measures of these constructs and sexual risk behaviors assessed six months later. RESULTS: The latent construct of individual risk encompassed substance use, violence perpetration, violence victimization and having witnessed violence; that of family disengagement included family disconnection, poor family communication and perceived lack of safety at home. Baseline level of individual risk was positively associated with number of male sex partners six months later (path coefficient, 0.2); it was not associated with consistent condom use at follow-up. Level of family disengagement was negatively associated with condom use consistency six months later (-0.3), but was not associated with number of male sex partners. CONCLUSIONS: To meet the health needs of vulnerable adolescents, health systems should incorporate coordinated and interdisciplinary services that acknowledge adolescents' relevant familial and social contexts. Language: en
Introduction to the GPR for Hydrogeology and Groundwater Problems Special Issue of JEEG

The 14th International Conference on Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR2012) was held in Shanghai, China, June 4–8, 2012. It was chaired by Tongji University Professor Xiongyao Xie. The Conference had 235 attendees from 27 countries and regions, among which were many young researchers including 45 graduate students. Nearly 180 papers were presented in both oral and poster sessions. The review process was rigorous, thanks to the work of about 90 reviewers coordinated by three Technical Co-Chairs, Prof. Lanbo Liu, Prof. Motoyuki Sato, and Dr. Fannian Kong. The Proceedings are available through the IEEE digital repository (Liu et al., 2012). Two young researchers, Mr. Hai Liu of Tohoku University and Ms. A. Klotzsche of Research Center, Juelich, Germany, received the Excellence of Research award by an international review committee for the quality of the work they presented. The most significant scientific findings and important technical developments …
Resistance of Wheat to the Yellow Sugarcane Aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae)

In the greenhouse, resistance to the yellow sugarcane aphid, Sipha flava (Forbes), was transferred from Triticum tauschii (Coss.) Schmal to wheat, Triticum aestivum (L.) by standard wheat breeding procedures. Backcross F2 and F3 data indicated that a single dominant gene confers resistance.
Impacts of Shading on Sponge-Cyanobacteria Symbioses: A Comparison between Host-Specific and Generalist Associations

The marine sponge Lamellodysidea chlorea contains large populations of the host-specific, filamentous cyanobacterium Oscillatoria spongeliae. Other marine sponges, including Xestospongia exigua, contain the generalist, unicellular cyanobacterium Synechococcus spongiarum. The impact of cyanobacterial photosynthesis on host sponges was manipulated by shading these sponge-cyanobacteria associations. If cyanobacteria benefit their hosts, shading should reduce this benefit. Chlorophyll a concentrations were measured as an index of cyanobacterial abundance. After two weeks, shaded L. chlorea lost more mass than controls, while shaded and control X. exigua did not lose a significant amount of mass. Chlorophyll a concentrations in shaded X. exigua were lower than in controls, but were not significantly different between shaded and control L. chlorea. In addition, L. chlorea shaded in situ lost over 40% of their initial area, but did not differ in chlorophyll a concentrations from controls. These results suggest that Oscillatoria symbionts benefit their host sponges in a mutualistic association. Synechococcus symbionts may be commensals that exploit the resources provided by their sponge hosts without significantly affecting sponge mass. When shaded, Synechococcus symbionts may be consumed by their hosts or may be able to disperse from this unfavorable environment. These data support the hypothesis that more specialized symbionts provide a greater benefit to their hosts, but hypotheses concerning the dispersal abilities of these symbionts remain to be explored. Sponge-cyanobacteria symbioses provide model systems for investigating the costs and benefits of symbiosis and the roles of dispersal, environmental conditions, and phylogenetic history in determining the specificity of endosymbionts for their hosts.
How Taxol/paclitaxel kills cancer cells

Taxol (generic name paclitaxel) is a microtubule-stabilizing drug that is approved by the Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of ovarian, breast, and lung cancer, as well as Kaposi's sarcoma. It is used off-label to treat gastroesophageal, endometrial, cervical, prostate, and head and neck cancers, in addition to sarcoma, lymphoma, and leukemia. Paclitaxel has long been recognized to induce mitotic arrest, which leads to cell death in a subset of the arrested population. However, recent evidence demonstrates that intratumoral concentrations of paclitaxel are too low to cause mitotic arrest and result in multipolar divisions instead. It is hoped that this insight can now be used to develop a biomarker to identify the ∼50% of patients that will benefit from paclitaxel therapy. Here I discuss the history of paclitaxel and our recently evolved understanding of its mechanism of action.
A Cylinder Template Method for Sampling Fish Surfaces

1 The method described recovers an average of four times more viable micro-organisms from fish surfaces than the swab method. 2 Some advantages and disadvantages of the method are listed.
An Indicator of Marriage Dissolution by Marriage Cohort

A divorce rate by marriage cohort for each year married up to ten years is developed, using data from the Divorce Registration Area. The results differ considerably from the period divorce rate, the divorces in a year per 1,000 married women. The period rate declined from 11 in 1948 to 9 in 1958 and then increased in the next nine years back to 11, forming a "U." During this period, the cumulative percent divorced of cohorts married nine years has been fairly stationary. There were 15.8 divorces per 100 for the cohort married nine years in 1958. By 1964 this rate had increased irregularly 1 percentage point to 16.8. Since then, the rate for those completing nine years of marriage has increased only to 17.5, showing remarkable stability. he most sensitive available indicator of marriage dissolution is the rate of divorces and annulments per 1,000 married women, aged 15 years and over (National Center for Health Statistics, 1968 :2.5). This is a statistic based upon an aggregation of * The indicator of family dissolution presented here is part of a larger study, Indicators of Change in the American Family, to be published by the Russell Sage Foundation. I am grateful to Eleanor Bernert Sheldon and to the Trustees of the Russell Sage Foundation for supporting this work on social indicators. I am indebted also to Mrs. Carol O'Shaughnessy for assisting with statistical computations for this study, and to Miss Mary Ann Ferguson for typing the text. Alexander A. Plateris of the National Center for Health Statistics provided valuable advice and recent data. This content downloaded from 157.55.39.145 on Wed, 20 Jul 2016 04:44:14 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms MARRIAGE DISSOLUTION BY COHORT 357 Rate per 1,000 Married Women 15
A theory for the free-convective burning of a condensed fuel particle☆

Abstract The highly buoyant combustion of a condensed spherical fuel particle is studied theoretically using boundary layer and flame sheet approximations. Self-similar solutions with the same Grashof scaling law are obtained for the bottom stagnation and the lateral regions. These solutions are used to generate the leading two terms of a series expansion solution for the flow. The solution provides an explicit expression for the mass burning rate along the droplet periphery up to the point of boundary layer separation. The predicted overall burning rates for Grashof numbers expected in buoyant droplet combustion are considerably larger than those predicted by spherical symmetry models. It is also shown that the d2 law is not applicable to buoyant combustion. Instead, a variation of the form d(R 2 ) dt ∼ R 3 4 is predicted. The upper spherical segment of the particle where wake flame combustion occurs is only treated qualitatively by comparison with pool burning liquids. The streamlines in the boundary layer and the induced inviscid flow are obtained and superimposed to provide an overall description of the gas flow field.
A thermodynamic and crystallographic study of complexes of the highly preorganized ligand 8-hydroxyquinoline-2-carboxylic acid

The metal ion complexing properties of the ligand HQC (8-hydroxyquinoline-2-carboxylic acid) are reported. The structures of [Zn(HQCH) 2 ]·3H 2 O (1) and [Cd(HQCH) 2 ]·3H 2 O (2) were determined (HQCH = HQC with phenol protonated). Both 1 and 2 are triclinic, space group PI, with Z = 2. For 1 a = 7.152(3), b = 9.227(4), c = 15.629(7) A, α = 103.978(7)°, β = 94.896(7)°, y = 108.033(8)°, R = 0.0499. For 2 a = 7.0897(5), b = 9.1674(7), c = 16.0672(11) A, α = 105.0240(10)°, β = 93.9910(10)°, y = 107.1270(10)°, R = 0.0330. In 1 the Zn has a distorted octahedral coordination geometry, with Zn-N of 2.00 and 2.15 A, and Zn-O to the protonated phenolic oxygens of 2.431 and 2.220 A. The structure of 2 is similar, with Cd-N bonds of 2.220 and 2.228 A, with Cd-O bonds to the protonated phenolate oxygens of 2.334 and 2.463 A. The structures of 1 and 2, and isomorphous Ni(II) and Co(II) HQC complexes reported in the literature, show very interesting short (<2.5 A) O-O distances in H-bonds involving the protons on the coordinated phenolates and lattice water molecules. These are discussed in relation to the possible role of short low-energy H-bonds in alcohol dehydrogenase in mediating the transfer of the hydroxyl proton of the alcohol to an adjacent serine oxygen. The formation constants for HQC are determined by UV-Visible spectroscopy at 25 °C in 0.1 M NaClO 4 with Mg(II), Ca(II), Sr(II), Ba(II), La(III), Gd(III), Zn(II), Cd(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), and Pb(II). These show greatest stabilization with metal ions with an ionic radius above 1.0 A. This is as would be expected from the fact that HQC forms two five-membered chelate rings on complex-formation, which favors larger metal ions. The ligand design concept of using rigid aromatic backbones in ligands to achieve high levels of preorganization, and hence the high logK values (for a tridentate ligand) and strong metal ion selectivities observed for HQC, is discussed.
Demonstration of PV modules with lightweight mounting systems on commercial rooftops

Lightweight mounting systems reduce hardware and labor costs associated with a typical rooftop PV installation. PVMC fabricated innovative lightweight mounts for PV modules that eliminated traditional racking and ballasting materials. Seven (7) prototype systems (each system < 3 kW) using rigid and flexible PV modules from multiple manufacturers were deployed on TPO (Thermoplastic Polyolefin), EPDM (Ethylene Propylene Diene Monomer), and standing seam metal roofs. A Prototype Demonstration Facility (PDF) consisting of a mock roof at ground level was built to deploy these PV systems and allow easy installation and maintenance access. The prototype PV systems are under electrical monitoring to determine the effects of the mounting mechanism on the performance of PV modules.
Isogeometric analysis for parameterized LSM-based structural topology optimization

In this paper, we present an accurate and efficient isogeometric topology optimization method that integrates the non-uniform rational B-splines based isogeometric analysis and the parameterized level set method for minimal compliance problems. The same NURBS basis functions are used to parameterize the level set function and evaluate the objective function, and therefore the design variables are associated with the control points. The coefficient matrix that parameterizes the level set function is set up by a collocation method that uses the Greville abscissae. The zero-level set boundary is obtained from the interpolation points corresponding to the vertices of the knot spans. Numerical examples demonstrate the validity and efficiency of the proposed method.
Intravenous amino acid tolerance studies in humans.

SummaryA mixture of the 10 indispensable amino acids has been injected intravenously in normal human male subjects and the plasma levels of these 10 acids as well as the urinary excretion, prior and at various intervals subsequent to the injection, were determined microbiologically. The pattern of amino acids excreted is shown to bear no relationship to that infused.
Zonation in Allomyces Arbuscula

1. Zonation in Allomyces arbuscula, represents a periodic massing of hyphae and reproductive structures.2. Under the conditions ordinarily obtaining in the laboratory, there is a diurnal rhythm in ...
Abstract 4554: A docking domain directed inhibitor targeting ERK regulated F-site substrates.

Extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) are ubiquitously expressed in almost all tissues and cell types. Accordingly, ERK1/2 regulate a diversity of cellular processes by phosphorylating more than 150 substrate proteins. With its constitutive activation being frequently implicated in human malignancies, ERK has been an appealing target in anti-cancer drug development. However, currently available ERK1/2 inhibitors are ATP-competitive. Since these ERK inhibitors block all ERK functions, the potential for side effects in normal tissues and cells may limit their potential of being developed into therapeutic agents. To overcome this limitation, we used a combination of computational and experimental methods to develop small molecular weight inhibitors that target ERK-substrate docking domains. Here we report the identification, characterization and optimization of a compound with a thienyl benzenesulfonate scaffold that specifically inhibits substrates containing an F-site or DEF (docking site for ERK, FXF) motif. Our X-ray crystallography data showed that this compound bound to a pocket in the vicinity of the F-site docking domain on ERK. Biological analysis further demonstrated that this compound and its analogs could preferentially inhibit phosphorylation and function of F-site-containing ERK substrates, and that these compounds preferentially inhibited growth of melanoma cells harboring a V600E B-Raf mutant. Additionally, this compound was shown to inhibit the phosphorylation of specific PKC isoforms via an ERK dependent mechanism. These findings represent the first identification and validation of chemicals that selectively inhibit ERK substrates and signaling events through ATP-independent mechanisms. These compounds have potential utility for elucidating the complex biological roles of ERK1/2 and development into novel anti-cancer agents. Citation Format: Jun Zhang, Taiji Oashi, Ramin Samadani, Kerrick Nevels, Kimberly Burkhard, Deva Priyakumar, Prabhu Raman, Steven Fletcher, Edvin Pozharsky, Paul Shapiro, Alexander MacKerell. A docking domain directed inhibitor targeting ERK regulated F-site substrates. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4554. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-4554
Identities and congruences of the Ramanujan type

Let P(n) denote the number of unrestricted partitions of the positive integer n. Ramanujan conjectured that (1.1) if . He also indicated that such congruences could be deduced from identities of the type
The Cultural Spectrum

Culture! Westerners often use this word to mean a taste for the fine arts, music and other aesthetic matters. But it has a much broader meaning, namely, the shared values, language and traditions that define a particular group of people, be they Australian aborigines, black Americans, or the ancient Greeks. Culture is learned as a child, and as children we each learned from those around us a particular set of rules, beliefs, priorities and expectations that moulded our world into a meaningful whole. That is our culture. It tells us what is correct, expected, normal and right. It explains the world for us. It gives meaning and purpose to our lives. Culture is the socially determined mental framework in which we live. It is our Weltanschauung, our worldview, our abstract conception of reality.
Social Media Usage in Nonprofit Wrestling Organizations: A Cross-Platform Analysis

ABSTRACTThis case study examined the social media use of USA Wrestling during the 2014 National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I Wrestling Championships in the United States. We performed a cross-platform content analysis of the organization’s Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, and Instagram accounts during the 3 days of the event using a relationship-marketing framework. In addition, we conducted qualitative interviews with employees involved with the National Governing Body’s social media implementation. Results indicated predominant use of Twitter and YouTube, with 375 posts occurring during the 3-day event as compared with 8 posts on Facebook and Instagram, cumulatively. Such an approach contradicted interviewees’ responses on the popularity of Facebook. Overall, the organization placed particular emphasis on information-sharing posts across the 4 platforms pertaining to wrestling and athletes during the event. We discuss the theoretical and practical implications for wrestling-related organizations.
Analysis of Charge Transport and Device Performance in Organic Photovoltaic Devices with Active Layers of Self-Assembled Nanospheres

Nanoparticle (NP) assemblies are particularly appealing as active layers of organic photovoltaic (OPV) devices because their aqueous synthesis reduces the usage of chlorinated solvents and because the nanoparticle size, ratio, and internal structure can be controlled precisely. Understanding quantitatively the effects of active layer nanostructure on charge carrier transport in NP-assembly-based OPV devices is crucial in order to optimize device performance. Toward this end, in this study, we report results of numerical simulations of electron and hole transport in OPV devices with active layers consisting of P3HT:PCBM nanoparticle assemblies based on deterministic charge carrier transport models. The models account for the dynamics of bounded electron–hole pairs and free charge carriers, as well as trapped charge carrier kinetics, self-consistently with the electric field distribution in the device active layer. The models reproduce both transient photocurrents from time-of-flight (TOF) experiments and s...
The Utilization of Recycled Thermoplastic Composites for Civil and Military Load Bearing Applications

Long-term performance and extended service life are issues of vital importance to the Department of Defense (DoD). The DoD seeks alternative construction materials to replace more traditional materials, such as wood and steel, for heavily loaded infrastructure to combat this expensive corrosion and bio-degradation problem. Recently, two military bridge installations were completed, composed entirely of a reinforced thermoplastic composite lumber (RTCL) material that is capable of supporting the load of an M1 Abrams tank at approximately 64,410 kg (71 tons). The RTCL material selected for these applications is polypropylene (PP) coated fiberglass blended with high-density polyethylene (HDPE). Advantages of using RTCL include the following qualities: corrosion, insect, and rot resistance; no toxic chemical treatments required to increase service life; environmentally friendly; diversion of waste plastics from landfills; reduction of deforestation, green house gases, and global warming. RTCL has many advantages but does behave differently than traditional materials and certain properties must be addressed during the design stage. Both bridges are continually monitored, have performed well over the first year and a half, and are more cost-effective than any other construction material. Details of the material, design considerations, and construction are reviewed.
Software Quality Assurance Management

Recent government software initiatives have made it mandatory for industry to increase its emphasis on software quality. Ford Aerospace & Communications Corporation recognized the need for software product excellence eight years ago, and established a program of planned and systematic activities to determine, achieve, and maintain the required software quality. This session will present progress made, lessons learned, potential pitfalls of establishing a software quality assurance program, and sustaining it. Topics to be discussed will include: Establishing policies, standards and procedures; Elements of the SQA program; Attracting and retaining qualified software professionals; Independent reporting; Gaining top management and customer support; Overcoming organizational resistance to change; Do's and don't's of problem escalation; and where do we go from here?
Hematopoietic Stem Cell Defects in Novel Fanconi Anemia Mouse Models

Abstract Fanconi Anemia (FA) is an autosomal recessive disease characterized by congenital defects, crosslinker hypersensitivity, progressive bone marrow failure, and a defect in hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) function. There are thirteen known Fanconi Anemia genes (A, B, C, D1, D2, E, F, G, I, J, L, M, N) and disruption of these genes appears to account for a variable degree of HSC dysfunction. Another gene (Usp1), encoding a deubiquitinating enzyme which is not a FA gene per se, is a critical regulator of the FA pathway. Understanding the mechanism of action of the FA proteins may allow better diagnosis and treatment for Fanconi Anemia and other aplastic anemia patients. Here, we have characterized mouse models for FA, including Fancd2−/− and Usp1 −/− mice. Similar to a previously reported Fancd2 mouse model (Houghtaling S et al, Genes & Development , 17:2021–2035, 2003), the Fancd2−/− mice developed in our laboratory displayed FA phenotypes including cellular hypersensitivity to mitomycin C (MMC), hypogonadism and reduced fertility. Interestingly, Usp1−/− mice developed for the first time in our laboratory exhibited severe FA phenotypes, with increased cellular hypersensitivity to MMC, 80% perinatal lethality, testicular atrophy, and depletion of germ cells. Quantitative assessment of the Fancd2 protein expression in the bone marrow using the AQUA imaging system demonstrated low levels of Fancd2 staining in the Lin+ cells compared to the Lin− cells in wild-type (WT) mice, with an absence of Fancd2 expression in the Fancd2 −/− mice. Analysis of hematopoietic parameters in both the Fancd2 and Usp1 mouse models showed normal white blood cell counts and normal hemoglobin levels in the peripheral blood. However, bone marrow from Fancd2−/− mice as well as Usp1−/− mice exhibited phenotypic and functional differences compared to the bone marrow from WT mice. Multiparameter flow cytometric analysis of bone marrow revealed increased frequencies of MEPs (megakaryocyte-erythroid progenitors) in Usp1−/− mice and decreased frequencies of LSK (Lin-Sca-1+Kit+) population in Fancd2−/− mice in comparison to WT controls. In addition, bone marrow from both Fancd2−/− mice and Usp1−/− mice contained significantly reduced frequencies of late-developing day 28 CAFCs (cobblestone area-forming cells) compared to the bone marrow from WT mice. Furthermore, lethally irradiated recipients transplanted with bone marrow from Fancd2−/− or Usp1−/− mice showed reduced donor-type blood cell chimerism at 16 weeks post-transplant, compared to the recipients transplanted with WT bone marrow. Collectively, our data indicate that mice deficient in Fancd2 or Usp1 have hematopoietic stem cell defects and that these mouse models can be useful for development of therapeutics for FA.
CONSEQUENCES OF INCARCERATION FOR GANG MEMBERSHIP: A LONGITUDINAL STUDY OF SERIOUS OFFENDERS IN PHILADELPHIA AND PHOENIX*

Gang members are overrepresented among incarcerated populations in the United States. The link between incarceration and gang membership is beyond dispute, but serious questions remain about the causal mechanisms underlying this relationship. In this study, we develop and test theoretical models—origination, manifestation, and intensification—that focus on whether gang membership is exogenous or endogenous to incarceration. We used 7 years of monthly life calendar data nested within an 11-wave longitudinal study of 1,336 serious offenders in Philadelphia and Phoenix to examine the effects of incarceration on gang membership. Multilevel models indicated that offenders were more likely to be in gangs while incarcerated in jail and prison settings than when not, although longer spells of incarceration corresponded with prolonged gang membership only in Phoenix. Incarceration in juvenile facilities maintained adverse between- and within-individual effects on gang membership only in Phoenix. Additional descriptive findings revealed that gang status was durable to transitions into and out of incarcerated settings, and that more offenders exited than entered gangs while incarcerated. We situate these findings within our theoretical models and the body of knowledge on incarceration, concluding with a call for future research that is focused on the symbiosis between gangs in street and incarcerated settings.
What can Sjögren's syndrome-like disease in mice contribute to human Sjögren's syndrome?

For decades, Sjogren's syndrome (SS) and Sjogren's syndrome-like (SS-like) disease in patients and mouse models, respectively, have been intensely investigated in attempts to identify the underlying etiologies, the pathophysiological changes defining disease phenotypes, the nature of the autoimmune responses, and the propensity for developing B cell lymphomas. An emerging question is whether the generation of a multitude of mouse models and the data obtained from their studies is actually important to the understanding of the human disease and potential interventional therapies. In this brief report, we comment on how and why mouse models can stimulate interest in specific lines of research that apparently parallel aspects of human SS. Focusing on two mouse models, NOD and B6·Il14α, we present the possible relevance of mouse models to human SS, highlighting a few selected disease-associated biological processes that have baffled both SS and SS-like investigations for decades.
Ash formation, deposition, corrosion, and erosion in conventional boilers

The inorganic components (ash-forming species) associated with coals significantly affect boiler design, efficiency of operation, and life span of boiler parts. During combustion in conventional pulverized fuel boilers, the inorganic components are transformed into inorganic gases, liquids, and solids. This partitioning depends upon the association of the inorganic components in the coal and upon combustion conditions. The inorganic components are associated as mineral grains and as organically associated elements, and these associations of inorganic components in the fuel directly influence their fate upon combustion. Combustion conditions, such as temperature and atmosphere, influence the volatility and the interaction of inorganic components during combustion and gas cooling, which influences the state, size, and composition distributions of the particulate and condensed ash species. The intermediate species are transported with the bulk gas flow through the combustion system, during which time the gases and entrained ash are cooled. Deposition, corrosion, and erosion occur when the ash intermediate species are transported to the heat-transfer surface, react with the surface, accumulate, sinter, and develop strength. Research over the past decade has significantly advanced understanding of ash formation, deposition, corrosion, and erosion mechanisms. Many of the advances in understanding and predicting ash-related issues can be attributed to the advanced analytical methods used to determine the inorganic composition of fuels and resulting ash materials. These new analytical techniques have been the key to elucidation of the mechanisms of ash formation and deposition. This information has been used to develop algorithms and computer models to predict the effects of ash on combustion system performance.
An integrated system for modeling tree and stand survival

Traditionally, separate models have been used to predict the number of trees per unit area (stand-level survival) and the survival probability of an individual tree (tree-level survival) at a certain age. This study investigated the development of integrated systems in which survival models at different levels of resolution are related in a mathematical structure. Two approaches for modeling tree and stand survival were considered: deriving a stand-level survival model from a tree-level survival model (approach 1) and deriving a tree survival model from a stand survival model (approach 2). Both approaches rely on finding a tree diameter that yields a tree survival probability equal to the stand-level survival probability. The tree and stand survival models from either approach are conceptually compatible with each other but not numerically compatible. Parameters of these models can be estimated either sequentially or simultaneously. Results indicated that approach 2, with parameters estimated sequentially...
Raw Multichannel Processing Using Deep Neural Networks

Multichannel automatic speech recognition (ASR) systems commonly separate speech enhancement, including localization, beamforming, and postfiltering, from acoustic modeling. In this chapter, we perform multichannel enhancement jointly with acoustic modeling in a deep-neural-network framework. Inspired by beamforming, which leverages differences in the fine time structure of the signal at different microphones to filter energy arriving from different directions, we explore modeling the raw time-domain waveform directly. We introduce a neural network architecture which performs multichannel filtering in the first layer of the network and show that this network learns to be robust to varying target speaker direction of arrival, performing as well as a model that is given oracle knowledge of the true target speaker direction. Next, we show how performance can be improved by factoring the first layer to separate the multichannel spatial filtering operation from a single-channel filterbank which computes a frequency decomposition. We also introduce an adaptive variant, which updates the spatial filter coefficients at each time frame based on the previous inputs. Finally, we demonstrate that these approaches can be implemented more efficiently in the frequency domain. Overall, we find that such multichannel neural networks give a relative word error rate improvement of more than 5% compared to a traditional beamforming-based multichannel ASR system and more than 10% compared to a single-channel waveform model.