cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mannose receptor (MR) and Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) influence phagosome maturation during Leishmania infection

Leishmania enter macrophages through receptor-mediated phagocytosis and survive the harsh environment of a phagolysosome. Here, we investigated the interaction between mannose receptor (MR), Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), and Leishmania, and the subsequent impact on phagosome maturation. Leishmania parasites are able to delay phagosome maturation, not reaching full maturation until 5 hours post-engulfment. Here, maturation of Leishmania major- and Leishmania donovani-containing phagosomes proceeded as expected in the WT macrophages becoming LAMP1 positive by 6 hours. Interestingly, MR-/- macrophages become LAMP1 positive by ~2 hours and ~4 hours post-infection Leishmania-containing phagosomes lost LAMP1 expression and gained the early marker EEA1. LAMP1 expression was again observed by 6 hours. Leishmania LPG was essential for the delay in both WT and MR-/- macrophages but was not essential for the early maturation (2 hours) observed in MR-/- macrophages. Serum opsonization of Leishmania prior to infection induced identical phagosome maturation patterns in WT and MR-/- macrophages. In the absence of MyD88 or TLR2 on macrophages, Leishmania phagosomes matured significantly faster, becoming LAMP1 positive by ~1-2 hours. These studies add to the knowledge that phagosome maturation is influenced by multiple receptor-ligand interactions and signalling pathways.
Filipino nurses at Baylor University Medical Center: personal recollections.

(2001). Filipino Nurses at Baylor University Medical Center: Personal Recollections. Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings: Vol. 14, No. 4, pp. 406-409.
The Anti-Apartheid Movement and Its Impact on United States Companies to Withdraw from South Africa

The strategic thrust of the anti-apartheid movement in the United States was to force United States companies to disinvest in South Africa and to cease doing any business in that country. This strategy had widespread support among the anti-apartheid groups in the United States, and it was also supported by a vast majority of Black. South Africans. As companies began to adopt the strategy of divestment, critics pointed out its defects, only to be largely ignored.
Prognostic value of the heart rate profile during exercise in patients with atrial fibrillation.

AimsThis study aimed to investigate the correlation of heart rate profile during exercise with exercise capacity and heart failure occurrence in patients with atrial fibrillation compared with pati...
The Influence of Student Loan Debt on Financial Satisfaction

This research examined the influence of student loan debt on financial satisfaction using a sample of adults ages 18–54 from the 2015 National Financial Capability Study (NFCS). The study took advantage of the expanded set of variables related to student loan debt that was added to the 2015 wave of the NFCS survey. Results provided mixed evidence of student loan debt serving as an influential factor on consumer financial satisfaction. Whereas borrowing from multiple sources (federal and private) or private lenders only was associated with a lower likelihood of respondents indicating that they would make the same borrowing decisions, having student loan debt was not significantly associated with financial satisfaction. Implications for policy are considered.
Tissue-specific 3 prime-end adenylation of miR-125b mediates cell survival

Next-generation sequencing has uncovered microRNAs (miRNAs) that undergo sequence modifications, known as isomiRs. Their physiological significance, however, remains uncertain, partly because they generally comprise a small fraction of total miRNAs. Here we report that more than 60% of miR-125b, one of the most abundant miRNAs in vascular smooth muscle cells (vSMC), exists as an edited isoform containing a non-templated adenosine residue at the 3 prime-end (miR-125b+A). The properties of miR-125b+A, such as stability and subcellular localization, are similar to those of canonical miR-125b, but miR-125b+A more potently inhibits the expression of a subgroup of targets, including the apoptosis effector Caspase-6 (CASP6). In the CASP6 transcript, adenylated miR125b preferentially targets a conserved, atypical site, with an unusual 36 nucleotides loop between seed sequence and 3 prime-end supplementary site. PAP associated domain containing 2 (PAPD2) is responsible for monoadenylation of miR-125b. Downregulation of PAPD2 results in the conversion of miR-125b+A to miR-125b, derepression of CASP6, and sensitization of vSMC to apoptotic stimuli. Thus, atypical site recognition by a tissue-specific isomiR fulfills a pro-survival role.
Can Nonprobability Samples be Used for Social Science Research? A cautionary tale

Survey researchers and social scientists are trying to understand the appropriate use of nonprobability samples as substitutes for probability samples in social science research. While cognizant of the challenges presented by nonprobability samples, scholars increasingly rely on these samples due to their low cost and speed of data collection. This paper contributes to the growing literature on the appropriate use of nonprobability samples by comparing two online non-probability samples, Amazon’s Mechanical Turk (MTurk) and a Qualtrics Panel, with a gold standard nationally representative probability sample, the GSS. Most research in this area focuses on determining the best techniques to improve point estimates from nonprobability samples, often using gold standard surveys or census data to determine the accuracy of the point estimates. This paper differs from that line of research in that we examine how probability and nonprobability samples differ when used in multivariate analysis, the research technique used by many social scientists. Additionally, we examine whether restricting each sample to a population well-represented in MTurk (Americans age 45 and under) improves MTurk’s estimates. We find that, while Qualtrics and MTurk differ somewhat from the GSS, Qualtrics outperforms MTurk in both univariate and multivariate analysis. Further, restricting the samples substantially improves MTurk’s estimates, almost closing the gap with Qualtrics. With both Qualtrics and MTurk, we find a risk of false positives. Our findings suggest that these online nonprobability samples may sometimes be ‘fit for purpose,’ but should be used with caution.
Mixed-Metal Cluster Complexes from the Reactions of M3(CO)12 (M = Fe, Ru, Os) with the Unsaturated Complex Pt(IPr)(SnBut3)(H)

The reaction of Ru3(CO)12 with Pt(IPr)(SnBut3)(H) at 68 °C yielded the trigonal bipyramidal cluster Ru3Pt2(IPr)2(CO)12, 1, in 32% yield. The reaction of Os3(CO)12 with Pt(IPr)(SnBut3)(H) at 68 °C furnished the triosmium–monoplatinum cluster complex Os3Pt(IPr)(CO)12, 2, in 51% yield and the triosmium–diplatinum cluster complex Os3Pt2(IPr)2(CO)12, 3, in 19% yield. The reaction of Fe3(CO)12 with Pt(IPr)(SnBut3)(H) at room temperature resulted in cluster fragmentation to afford the diiron–monoplatinum cluster complex Fe2Pt(IPr)(CO)9, 4, in 44% yield. All four compounds were structurally characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analyses.
The Impact of Integrating Rapid PCR-Based Blood Culture Identification Panel to an Established Antimicrobial Stewardship Program in the United Arab of Emirates.

Abstract Background Studies have shown improvement in the outcome of blood stream infections (BSI) due to the use of Rapid PCR-Based Blood Culture Identification Panel (BCID) in Antimicrobial stewardship programs (ASP). There is currently no data on the use of BCID with ASP in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). Method Pre-post quasiexperimental study included hospitalized patients with BSI, their positive blood cultures on BCID were studied in 2 groups: conventional culture with ASP (AS), and BCID with ASP (BCID). The primary outcomes were time to first appropriate antimicrobial therapy, infection related length of stay (LOS), ICU admission, 14 days bacteremia recurrence and in-hospital mortality. Secondary outcomes were 30 days reinfection rate, hospital cost and ASP interventions. Results Out of total 477 positive blood cultures, 206 (AS and BCID) with real BSI were included. The time needed for organism identification was shorter in the BCID group than in the AS group (1.3 h vs. 51 h; P = 0.0002). BCID had a shorter time to appropriate antimicrobial therapy than AS (17.8 h vs.45 h; P = 0.0004). No statistical difference was observed in mortality rate, 14 days bacteremia recurrence, ICU admission, hospital cost, LOS or ASP interventions. Conclusion Implementing BCID to ASP significantly decreased the time needed to identify the organism and time to appropriate antimicrobial therapy. Similarly, LOS and hospital cost were reduced, however, the reduction was not statistically significant.
Reactive Power Injection and SOGI Based Active Anti-Islanding Protection Method

Distributed Generators (DGs) are required to be equipped with certain Anti-Islanding Protection (AIP) functions due to safety concerns. This paper proposes a novel AIP method based on reactive power injection and Second Order Generalized Integrators (SOGIs). The method is able to identify islanding under the worst case which is usually known as Non-Detection Zone (NDZ). The method shows a better performance in system frequency/angle measurement compared with traditional Phase Locked Loop (PLL) and uses a Double-SOGI topology for fast computation of harmonic amplitude instead of using Fourier Transformation. The detailed description of the proposed method is presented and its advantages over the current solutions are discussed. PLECS simulations as well as preliminary Hardware-In-Loop (HIL) simulations have been conducted to prove the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Breast Cancer: A Global Perspective

The 2001 American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) International Symposium, Breast Cancer: A Global Perspective, was conducted by members of the ASCO International Committee and additional speakers from around the world. An interactive format was chosen to: (1) learn how patterns of incidence, epidemiology, and causal biology relate to breast cancer around the world; (2) discuss the challenges in screening, diagnosis, and treatment of breast cancer, as well as its socioeconomic impact in various regions; (3) describe international differences in approach to and management of advanced breast cancer; and (4) discuss treatment in terms of hormone response, clinical research, and drug metabolism. After a brief introduction, each speaker gave an overview of breast cancer challenges and issues in their country, and discussed how the following case might be diagnosed and treated: A 44-year-old mother who presents with a finding of a painless breast lump and no prior history of breast masses, trauma, or surgery. Comments from a patient perspective were then presented, followed by a panel discussion and closing remarks. Co-chairs of this Symposium included Deborah Collyar (President, PAIR-Patient Advocates in Research) and Elizabeth Eisenhauer, MD (Director, Investigational New Drug Program, National Cancer Institute of Canada Clinical Trials Group). Speakers included Gilberto Schwartsmann, MD (South America), Monica Morrow, MD (North America), Daniel Vorobiof, MD (South Africa), Rakesh Chopra, MD (India), Klaus Hoeffken, MD (Eastern Europe), Russell Basser, MD (Australia), Susan Matsuko Shinigawa (patient perspective), and Larry Norton, MD (closing remarks).
Characterization of Encapsulant Degradation in Accelerated UV Stressed Mini-Modules with UV-cut and UV-pass EVA

Encapsulant browning and delamination are two common degradation modes in the crystalline silicon field exposed modules with ethyl vinyl acetate (EVA) as the encapsulant. Six mini-modules with two types of encapsulants: UV-cut (UVC) EVA and UV-pass (UVP) EVA, were exposed to an accelerated UV testing with total UV dosage of 800 kWh/m2 (between 300 nm – 400 nm) at different temperatures. The UVC mini-modules were maintained at 61°C, 66°C, and 73°C and the UVP mini-modules were maintained at 61°C, 67°C, and 70°C. UV fluorescence (UVF) imaging, cell-level Isc measurements, yellowness index measurements and reflectance measurements were performed intermittently to evaluate the cell performance. UVF images show an increased extent and intensity of browning in UVC mini-modules. The UVP mini-modules show delamination but no browning. The average Isc drop for three UVC and three UVP mini-modules were 2.0%, 3.7%, and 4.2%, and 3.1%, 4.4%, and 4.9%, respectively. Correspondingly, a yellowness index increase of 9.5, 12.4, and 17.2 for UVC and 0.28, 1.02, and 0.32 for UVP mini-modules was measured. The reflectance of UVC mini-modules showed an increase in the 500 nm – 700 nm wavelength range. The characterization results indicate that the EVA browning and delamination are the main degradation modes in UVC and UVP mini-modules, respectively.
The Insidious Work of the University: From Nationalism to Excellence to Entrepreneurialism1

“We are committed to grow the skills and competence of men and women who are or soon will be at the center of making decisions associated with strategic and operational security matters in the publ...
Response to Tavares et al., "Covariation analysis with improved parameters reveals conservation in lncRNA structures"

Abstract Tavares’ conclusions depend on an assumption that the statistic they use (RAFS) is an appropriate measure of RNA base pair covariation, but RAFS was not designed to measure covariation alone. RAFS detects positive signals in common patterns of primary sequence conservation in absence of any covariation. To illustrate the severity of the problem, we show that Tavares’ analysis reports “significantly covarying base pairs” in 100% identical sequence alignments with no variation or covariation. We use Tavares’ sequence alignment of HOTAIR domain 1 as an example to show that the base pairs they identify as significantly covarying actually arise from primary sequence conservation patterns. Their analysis still reports similar numbers of “significant covarying” base pairs in a negative control in which we permute residues in independent alignment columns to destroy covariation. There remains no significant covariation support for evolutionarily conserved RNA structure in the HOTAIR lncRNA or other lncRNA structures and alignments we have analyzed.
Terri Dean at Verizon Business (a)

A senior vice president of global communications for Verizon Business reads an e-mail from an employee responding to a recent communication effort. The employee, new to Verizon, is trying to connect the dots between the products and solutions he offers customers and how his role fits into the company's key strategic goals. This field-researched case, suitable for graduate students and executive education program participants, can be used to discuss what it means to lead with an “enterprise perspective.” Excerpt UVA-BC-0223 January 20, 2010 TERRI DEAN AT VERIZON BUSINESS (A) Although e-mails sometimes interrupted her workflow, Terri Dean, senior vice president of global communications for Verizon Business (VzB), smiled as she read this one. Dean's team had recently launched an internal employee communication campaign called the Verizon Business Story. The e-mail was from an employee responding to that communication effort. From: Khawaja, Omar Sent: Mon 3/31/2008 6:32 PM To: Dean, Terri P . . .
Structure of an anti-PEG antibody reveals an open ring that captures highly flexible PEG polymers

Polyethylene glycol (PEG) is a polymer routinely used to modify biologics and nanoparticles to prolong blood circulation and reduce immunogenicity of the underlying therapeutic. However, several PEGylated therapeutics induce the development of anti-PEG antibodies (APA), leading to reduced efficacy and increased adverse events. Given the highly flexible structure of PEG, how APA specifically bind PEG remains poorly understood. Here, we report a crystal structure illustrating the structural properties and conformation of the APA 6-3 Fab bound to the backbone of PEG. The structure reveals an open ring-like sub-structure in the Fab paratope, whereby PEG backbone is captured and then stabilized via Van der Waals interactions along the interior and exterior of the ring paratope surface. Our finding illustrates a strategy by which antibodies can bind highly flexible repeated structures that lack fixed conformations, such as polymers. This also substantially advances our understanding of the humoral immune response generated against PEG. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) is a widely used, biocompatible material, but can promote the development of anti-PEG antibodies. Here, crystal structures of an anti-PEG antibody binding fragment bound to PEG are reported and key binding residues are identified by site-directed mutagenesis.
HISTOPLASMOSIS IN NONDOMESTIC FELIDS: A REVIEW OF SIX CASES

One adult leopard (Panthera pardus) and five adult tigers (Panthera tigris) presented with a range of nonspecific clinical signs, including lethargy (6/6), mobility deficits (4/6), and hyporexia (3/6). Hematology and biochemistry revealed a hyperproteinemia characterized by hyperglobulinemia (4/6), hepatocellular enzyme activity increases (3/6), azotemia (3/6), leukocytosis (2/6), hyperbilirubinemia (2/6), or a combination of conditions. Further diagnostics and management varied with the presenting signs and clinicopathological findings, including supportive care, diagnostic imaging, and blastomyces urine antigen analyses. Two animals died, and four were euthanatized. Postmortem findings included granulomatous pneumonia (6/6), fibrinous pleural effusion (3/ 6), pericardial effusion (2/6), and diffuse icterus (1/6). Histopathology revealed round to oval structures with a thin clear wall and purple inclusions within cells of the mononuclear phagocyte system, consistent with Histoplasma capsulatum, in each animal. Disseminated histoplasmosis was found in five cases, with organisms present in the lung (5/5), liver (3/5), lymph nodes (3/5), spleen (2/5), bone marrow (2/5), thyroid (1/5), tongue (1/ 5), kidney (1/5), or a combination of organs. One tiger was found to have pulmonary histoplasmosis without evidence of disseminated infection. On the basis of clinical and pathological findings, histoplasmosis was diagnosed. This case series illustrates the difficulties in antemortem diagnosis of histoplasmosis on the basis of complete blood count, serum biochemistry profile, and antigen testing and underscores that histoplasmosis should be considered a differential diagnosis in any felid presenting with nonspecific clinical signs in endemic areas.
Hydrogen Refueling Station Consideration and Driver Experience in California

The recent growth in the California hydrogen fuel cell vehicle (FCV) market offers the opportunity to analyze how refueling stations that drivers use after some experience compare with those they i...
Review of Published Cases of Syncope and Sudden Death in Patients With Severe Aortic Stenosis Documented by Electrocardiography.

The ECG findings during sudden collapse (syncope or sudden death) in severe aortic stenosis (AS) are not well defined. We conducted a comprehensive review of the literature for ECG data during sudden collapse in patients with AS and provided a case report of our own. There were 37 published cases of syncope or sudden death in patients with severe AS which were documented by ECG. Brady- or ventricular arrhythmias were documented in 34 cases (92%). Bradyarrhythmia (n = 24; 71%) was more common at the time of collapse than ventricular tachyarrhythmia (n = 10; 29%). There was slowing of the sinus rate before bradyarrhythmia in the vast majority of patients with bradyarrhythmia but not in those presenting with ventricular tachyarrhythmia (75% vs 0%; p
Transistorverstärker mit Impulsanstiegszeiten von weniger als 5 ns

Eine der Hauptvoraussetzungen fur die Entwicklung zu immer schneller arbeitenden Geraten, besonders von Grosrechenmaschinen, wurde durch Transistoren erfullt, deren Grenzfrequenz 1 GHz erreicht. Ihr Einsatz zur Verstarkung von Nanosekundenimpulsen ist Gegenstand dieser Arbeit. Als Ergebnis wird uber zwei Verstarker berichtet werden, die fur den Betrieb eines Magnetschichtspeichers entworfen wurden.
Biorthonormal filter banks and the theory of transfer matrix inversion

Biorthonormal filter banks are essentially maximally decimated perfect reconstruction filter banks. The role of causal transfer matrices with anticausal inverses in biorthonormal filter bank theory has recently been recognized. These matrices help to characterize all biorthonormal filter banks in the FIR case; in the IIR case they are useful in finding stable anticausal inverses of analysis banks (when stable causal inverses do not exist), thereby enabling stable reconstruction of signals from subbands. This paper is dedicated to a discussion of the properties of transfer matrices with anticausal inverses. >
Development of Large Prebaked Anode Cells by Alcoa

The development history, design features and current results from Alcoa’s large prebaked anode cell designs; P-155, P-225 and A-697 are described. The P-155 and P-225 designs produced in the sixties optimized return on capital for the U. S. costs of that period. The redesign of P-155, designated A-697 adjusts this optimum to the costs of seventies. Redesign of the P-225 is underway.
Dual-channel strained-layer InGaAs-GaAs-AlGaAs WDM source with integrated coupler by selective-area MOCVD

Selective-area epitaxy has been shown to be an effective way to produce a monolithic multiple-wavelength laser source suitable for wavelength division multiplexing (WDM). In general the channel outputs of multiple-wavelength laser arrays have a spatial separation that is large in comparison to the core diameter of a single mode fiber. Therefore, external coupling is required to combine the outputs into a single fiber. In this work, we report the fabrication of a dual-channel strained-layer, InGaAs-GaAs-AlGaAs quantum well WDM laser with integrated waveguide output coupler by an atmospheric pressure metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) three-step selective-area growth process.
The Rise of Venture Philanthropy and the Ongoing Neoliberal Assault on Public Education: The Eli and Edythe Broad Foundation

Normal.dotm 0 0 1 42 245 UBC 2 1 300 12.0 0 false 18 pt 18 pt 0 0 false false false /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family:Times; mso-hansi-font-family:Times;} A crucial part of venture philanthropy’s aim to radically transform public schooling on the model of the market involves remaking administrator preparation on the corporate model. The Eli and Edith Broad Education Foundation is the most active and aggressive Venture Philanthropy with this focus. Normal.dotm 0 0 1 82 470 UBC 3 1 577 12.0 0 false 18 pt 18 pt 0 0 false false false /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family:Times; mso-hansi-font-family:Times;} Venture philanthropy initiatives including those of the Broad foundation need to be recognized for their hostility to public and critical forms of schooling as well as their alignment with the broader movement to privatize and dismantle public schooling. It is incumbent upon educators to challenge the promotion of retrograde positivism, the use of private money to steer public educational reform debates, and the corporate hijacking of public institutions especially at a moment when the central tenets of neoliberal ideology are revealed to be utterly untenable.
21-Gene recurrence scores: racial differences in testing, scores, treatment, and outcome.

BACKGROUND: African American (AA) women experience higher breast cancer mortality than white (W) women. These differences persist even among estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancers. The 21-gene recurrence score (RS) predicts recurrence in patients with ER-positive/lymph node-negative breast cancer according to RS score—low risk (RS, 0-18), intermediate risk (RS, 19-31), and high risk (RS, >31). The high-risk group is most likely to benefit from chemotherapy, to achieve minimal benefit from hormonal therapy, and to exhibit lower ER levels (intrinsically luminal B cancers). In the current study, the authors investigated racial differences in RS testing, scores, treatment, and outcome. METHODS: Tumor registry data from 3 Atlanta hospitals identified women who were diagnosed with breast cancers during 2005 through 2009. Medical record abstraction provided information on RS and other tumor/treatment factors. Statistical analyses used chi-square/exact tests and logistic regression. RESULTS: Of 2186 patients, including 1192 AA women and 992 W women, 853 women had stage I or II, ER-positive/lymph node-negative disease and, thus, were eligible for RS testing (AA = 372 [31.2%]; W = 481 [48.5%]; P < .0001); and 272 women (31.8%) received testing (AA = 76 [20.4%]; W = 196 [40.7%]; P < .0001). Tumors were distributed into the following groups according to risk: low risk (n = 133), medium risk (n = 113), and high risk (n = 26). The mean RS did not differ by race, but risk groups did (low-risk group: 46.1% vs 50% for AA women and W women, respectively; high-risk group: 15.8% vs 7.1%, respectively; P = .043). In multivariate analyses, AA race (odds ratio, 3.6) was associated independently with high risk scores. CONCLUSIONS: AA women were half as likely as W women to receive 21-gene RS testing but were 2-fold more likely to be categorized as high risk. The current data suggested that testing guidelines are not applied equivalently, testing bias may attenuate racial differences in RS, and disparate outcomes may be explained in part by differences in RS, although compliance and pharmacogenomics also may play a role. Cancer 2012;. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
Linux Routers: A Primer For Network Administrators

(NOTE: Each chapter concludes with a Summary.) Preface. Introduction. 1. ROUTING BUILDING BLOCKS. Router Hardware. The Environment around Your Router. Distributions -Router Software. 2. IP, Ethernet, And Tele Hony Basics. Routing 101. Ethernet 101 -Switches and Hubs. WA Basics 101. 3. Silicon -A Lan Route. Configuring a LAN Router. IP Aliasing for Multinetting. IP Monitoring Tools. The mii-diag Utility. LRP -The Linux Router Project. 4. Erbium -An Extranet Router. Erbium 's Design. IP Masquerading Concepts. Linux 's netfilter -Concepts. Masquerading and AT with net filter. 5. Zinc -A Frame Relay Router. Frame Relay Basics -DLCIs, PVCs, and CIRs. Linux WA Adapters. Linux and WANPIPE for Frame Relay. Troubleshooting Frame Relay with WANPIPE. MRTG -Monitoring Link Utilization. LRP with WANPIPE. 6. Cesium and Xenon -Tunneling Routers. Linux and Token Ring. Cesium 's Environment. The iproute2 Toolset. FreeS/WAN -An IPsec Implementation for Linux. A Brief Introduction to IPv6 on Linux. 7. Oxygen -Internet Route. Connecting to the Internet. General Network Security Measures. IP Firewalling. Notification Systems. 8. Californium -Satellite Office Router. CHDLC Router Topology. Conserving Bandwidth -Caches and Slaves. Replacing Servers -Multifunction Routers. Linux Traffic-Shaping Walkthrough. Remote System Support. 9. Hafnium -Internet Services Router. Allowing Access to the Outside -Proxying. Redirection of IP Traffic -Smoke and Mirrors. General Internet Services on Routers. Dynamic Routing Daemons. OSPF Walkthrough Using Zebra. Emergency Down Procedures. 10. Ye Olde Kernel Shop E -Linux 2.2.X. IP Accounting. Conditional IP Forwarding for Linux. 345 10.3 IP Packet Filtering for Linux 2.2.x. IP Masquerading with the 2.2 Kernel. Configuring IP Masquerading for Linux 2.2.x. Using IP Masquerading Every Day. Kernel Port Forwarding -High Wizardry. 11. Conclusion. A. Helpful Links. B. Building The Linux Kernel. C. Testing Strategies And Vmware. D. Ethics And Other Considerations. E. GNU General Public License. Glossary. Bibliography. Index.
Rape and Persuasive Definition

If we [women] have not stopped rape, we have redefined it, we have faced it, and we have set up the structures to deal with it for ourselves. [T]he definition of rape, which has in the past always been understood to mean the use of violence or the threat of it to force sex upon an unwilling woman, is now being broadened to include a whole range of sexual relations that have never before in all of human experience been regarded as rape. In 1989 the philosopher and self-described feminist Christina Sommers published a short essay — ‘an opinion piece,’ she called it — that was eventually developed into and published as a philosophical article. In this essay Sommers criticized ‘feminist philosophers’ (her term) for being ‘oddly unsympathetic to the women whom they claim to represent.’ Specifically, Sommers accused these philosophers of ignoring the ‘values of the average woman’ and of being caught up in an ‘ideological fervor.’ To emphasize her point that the so-called feminist philosophers have lost touch with ‘the average woman,’ Sommers wrote that ‘One must nevertheless expect that many women will continue to swoon at the sight of Rhett Butler carrying Scarlett O'Hara up the stairs to a fate undreamt of in feminist philosophy.’
Quantum critical response function in quasi-two-dimensional itinerant antiferromagnets

Neutron scattering data show that the magnetic response function in the quantum critical region for two different materials, an iron-based superconductor and a heavy fermion compound, compare well to a universal theory.
The Role of Trust in Information Integrity Protocols

Paradoxically, one of the most important  and at the same time, probably one of the least understood  functions performed by information integrity protocols is to transfer trust from where it exists to where it is needed. Initially in any protocol, there are at least two types of trust: trust that designated participants, or groups of participants, will faithfully execute their assigned function in the protocol and trust in the integrity of the transfer mechanism(s) integral to the protocol. Consequently, almost all protocols enforce a set of restrictions as to who may exercise them  either spelled out explicitly or left implicit in the protocol specification. In addition there may be unanticipated or even unacceptable groupings of participants who can also exercise the protocol as a result of actions taken by some of the participants reflecting trusts that exist among them. Formal methods are developed to analyze trust as a fundamental dimension in protocol analysis and proof.
Cyclooxygenase‐2: A novel molecular target for the prevention and treatment of head and neck cancer

Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), an enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of prostaglandins, is overexpressed in a variety of premalignant and malignant conditions, including oral leukoplakia and squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Increased levels of COX-2 may contribute to carcinogenesis by modulating xenobiotic metabolism, apoptosis, immune surveillance, and angiogenesis. In experimental models, newly developed selective COX-2 inhibitors suppress the formation of tumors, including tongue cancer. These findings provided a rationale for a number of chemoprevention trials that are underway. Selective COX-2 inhibitors also suppress the growth and metastases of established tumors and enhance the anticancer activity of both radiotherapy and chemotherapy in experimental animals. In this review, evidence is presented that inhibition of COX-2 represents a promising strategy to prevent or possibly treat human head and neck cancers.
Electrical, thermal, and photo properties of poly(phenylene vinylene) precursors: I. Laser-induced elimination reactions in precursor polymer films

The elimination reaction of polyelectrolyte films of poly(phenylene vinylene) precursor polymers into the fully conjugated chain was induced by irradiation with an Ar+ laser emitting at 514.5 nm. The experiments were conducted using as cast precursor polyelec-trolyte films of both the unsubstituted poly(phenylene vinylene), H-PPV, and its 2,5-dimethoxyphenylene derivative, DMEO-PPV. Precursor polymer films impregnated with an azosulfonic dye, which had a strong absorption at the laser emission wavelength, were also irradiated. The elimination reaction was followed by comparing the elemental analysis and the infrared and visibleultraviolet spectra of the irradiated and nonirradiated areas. With the unsubstituted PPV film no elimination was detected even at power fluence levels up to approximately 350 W/cm-2, but elimination and conversion to the conjugated polymer could be observed at 10 W/cm-2 when the dye was present. For DMEO-PPV the elimination reaction occurred with or without dye impregnation, and similar marking threshold values were measured in both cases. The molecular mechanism used to explain such observations and the possible application in the area of microelectronics are also discussed. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Analysis of the diode characteristics using the thermodynamic theories

Abstract In this paper, the current–voltage characteristic of the p–n junction diode is modeled using the theories of thermodynamics. In this study a two-sided p–n junction diode is modeled where both the n- and p-type currents as well as the recombination current are considered. To ensure accuracy, the model's equations were solved numerically. The resulting model is a physical model based on the law of conservation of energy. Nevertheless, it is simple and can be easily customized for any device structure. The results from this study show that this model can accurately predict the diode performance.
Remote endarterectomy: Lessons learned after more than 100 cases

Background Bypass procedures have been the mainstay of treatment of extensive external iliac and superficial femoral artery (SFA) occlusive disease, particularly total occlusions. Since the early 1990s, reports from Europe have espoused the virtues of endarterectomy of the superficial femoral and iliac arteries from a small groin incision, but adoption in the United States has been limited. Over the past 4 years, we have explored the technical challenges and durability of this procedure and report our findings. Methods Remote endarterectomy from an inguinal incision was the primary treatment option for all patients considered surgical candidates for vascular reconstruction of the external iliac and superficial femoral arteries. All data were entered into an outcomes database prospectively and reviewed retrospectively. After the procedure, duplex ultrasound surveillance was performed quarterly the first year and semi-annually thereafter. Results Remote endarterectomy was the planned procedure in 133 patients. The mean age was 68 years, 68% were men, and 31% were diabetic. The indications for the procedure were claudication in 57% and limb salvage in 43%. In 16 patients (12%), technical issues precluded the completion of the remote endarterectomy and a bypass was performed. Successful retrograde iliac endarterectomy was performed in 7 patients, SFA endarterectomy in 105 patients, and combined retrograde iliac and antegrade SFA in 5 patients. The average duration of the procedure was 162 minutes ± 69 minutes (SD). Half of the patients were discharged on the first postoperative day, and the average length of stay was 2.52 days. The mean follow-up was 19 months, with a primary patency of 70% at 30 months by life-table analysis. Limb salvage was 94%. Conclusions Remote endarterectomy is a viable and durable alternative to standard bypass procedures. It has equivalent patency to published results of bypass or endovascular procedures of the external iliac and superficial femoral arteries and may soon replace bypass as the preferred procedure for long-segment occlusions of these vessels.
Object Recognition with Generic Self Organizing Feature Extractors and Fast Gabor Wavelet Transform

This paper presents a biologically inspired object recognition algorithm that is tolerant to two dimensional (2D) affine transformations such as scaling and translation in the image plane and three-dimensional (3D) transformations of an object such as illumination changes and rotation in depth. The algorithm achieves this goal by extracting object features using Gabor wavelets and self-organizing maps in a hierarchical manner. Object features are learned in an unsupervised way which is consistent with the feature learning process in the visual cortex. The algorithm is analyzed for robustness. A support vector machine (SVM) classifier is used to test the classification efficiency of the algorithm.
What Constitutes Good Mathematics Teaching and How it Develops: Nine High School Teachers’ Perspectives

Scholars of decades past, current researchers, and various reform documents all deal, directly or indirectly, with the question of what constitutes good mathematics teaching. Often good teaching is situated in the context of broader educational goals, such as preparing literate citizenry. Researchers generally define good teaching implicitly with attention to various processes such as reasoning and problem solving. In a series of three interviews, we examined nine experienced and professionally active teachers’ views of good mathematics teaching and how it develops. The interviews were couched in the context of the teachers mentoring student teachers. In general, these teachers thought good teaching requires a sound knowledge of mathematics, promotes mathematical understanding, engages and motivates students, and requires effective management skills. Furthermore, the teachers felt that good teaching is developed from experience, education, personal reading and reflection, and interaction with colleagues. Experience was considered the primary contributor. The article compares and contrasts the teachers’ notions of good teaching with those of various scholars and researchers and positions stated in various reform documents.
Tractive device effects on soil physical properties

Abstract Soil compaction can alter the root environment positively or negatively, depending on soil physical properties and weather conditions. Track-type tractors have the potential for causing less soil compaction because the tracks usually have a greater surface area than wheels for tractors with equivalent power ratings. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of tracked and wheeled tractors on soil physical properties related to the plant rooting environment. Plots were established on a Chequest silty clay loam (Typic Haplaquoll) in Lee County, IA in 1984. Plots were moldboard plowed to a depth of 200 mm and disked to a depth of 125 mm prior to trafficking, and field cultivated to a depth of 100 mm after trafficking. Soil cores (75 mm in diameter) were taken in August 1987 at 50–125 mm and 125–200 mm depths from untrafficked areas and areas trafficked by a steel-tracked crawler, rubber-tracked crawler, two wheel drive tractor, and four wheel drive tractor. Measurements included bulk density, saturated conductivity, air-filled porosity, and pore-size distribution. The untrafficked soil cores had lower bulk densities than trafficked cores at both depths, but lower bulk density was associated with lower ground pressure only for the 50–125 mm depth. Air-filled porosity at field capacity (1.0 m tension) followed the same trends as bulk density. The greater porosity of the untrafficked cores, compared with the trafficked cores, at both depths was owing to the presence of pores with greater than 30 μm equivalent pore diameters. Among trafficked treatments, cores from the upper depth of the steel-tracked crawler plots had greater porosity for 60–300 μm pore diameters compared with cores from the wheeled tractor plots. Generally, the wheeled tractors (with ground pressures of about 125 kPa) created a more compacted condition in the soil than the track-type tractors (with ground pressures of 30–40 kPa) at the upper depth, but physical property differences in trafficked cores below the 125 mm depth were minimal.
Statistical properties of the circle map

The circle map provides a generic model for the response of damped, nonlinear oscillators to periodic perturbations. As the parameters are varied this dynamical system exhibits transitions from regular, ordered behavior to chaos. In this paper the regular and irregular behavior of the circle map are examined for a broad range of nonlinearities and frequencies which span not only the regular and transition regimes, which have been studied extensively, but also the strongly nonlinear, chaotic regime. We discuss the bistable behavior (split bifurcations) associated with maps with multiple extrema that gives rise to two disjoint attractors which can be periodic or chaotic and to the low order periodic orbits emerging from chaos via tangent bifurcations. To describe the chaotic behavior we use a statistical description based on a path integral formulation of classical dynamics. This path integral method provides a convenient means of calculating statistical properties of the nonlinear dynamics, such as the invariant measure of the average Lyapunov exponent, which in many cases reduce to analytic expressions or to numerical calculations which can be completed in a fraction of the time required to explicitly iterate the map.
Observation of Light Confinement by Defects in Optically-induced Photonic Lattices

Both one- and two-dimensional optically-induced photonic lattices with single-site negative defects are realized experimentally, in which light confinement as defect modes is clearly demonstrated. Our experimental results are in good agreement with theoretical predictions.
Effect of ion removal on the solubility of rat brain proteins in chloroform-methanol mixtures.

—The amount of chloroform-methanol-soluble protein obtained from rat brain tissue homogenates which have been subjected to washing by repeated contrifugation or dialysis is a several-fold greater than that obtained from untreated homogenates. The increase consequence of the removal of loosely bound electrolytes during the process of centrifugation or dialysis: little or no increase is observed upon (a) the addition of the supernatant, the ashed supernatant, or the diffusate to the washed homogenate; (b) the addition of inorganic salts to the washed homogenate; or (c) washing of the homogenate with a salt solution. The previously observed effect of sucrose in increasing the amount of chloroform–methanol-soluble protein obtained from subcellular fractions is apparently superimposed upon the effect of the removal of salts.
Impurity dynamics in a one-dimensional chain

The behavior of an impurity spin in a one-dimensional chain is investigated using the Glauber model. Two different types of impurities are considered and exact expressions for the average spin of the impurity, given that the impurity was initially excited out of equilibrium, are found. The behavior of these models is discussed in detail and their relevance to other physical situations is considered.
Implementing best practices in pressure ulcer care: the role of continuous quality improvement.

Pressure ulcers are a common problem among nursing home residents that contribute significantly to the morbidity and mortality of care. Increasingly, evidence suggests that many of these pressure ulcers can be prevented, and the treatment of existing pressure ulcers improved, through the implementation of best practices. These best practices in the prevention and treatment of pressure ulcers have been identified and widely disseminated among clinicians practicing in nursing homes. Yet dissemination does not ensure adoption, particularly for something as complex as pressure ulcer care in nursing homes where successful methods for implementing best practices have not been consistently identified. The adoption of best practices and the corresponding reduction in pressure ulcer rates, though, is a priority that has been identified by diverse national organizations including the Department of Health and Human Services as part of its Healthy People 2010 initiative and the Strategic Framework Board for the National Quality Measurement and Reporting System. Industrial models of quality improvement, known as continuous quality improvement (CQI) or total quality management, are being advocated as an important mechanism for promoting the implementation of best practices in medical care. A number of studies have now specifically evaluated the impact of CQI on pressure ulcer care in nursing homes. However, whether CQI can lead to the implementation of best practices for pressure ulcers remains controversial. We now review this evidence and its implications for clinicians practicing in nursing homes.
Centroid-moment tensor solutions for January–March, 2000

Abstract Centroid-moment tensor solutions are presented for 250 earthquakes that occurred during the first quarter of 2000. The solutions are obtained using corrections for aspherical earth structure represented by a whole mantle shear velocity model SH8/U4L8 of Dziewonski and Woodward [Dziewonski, A.M., Woodward, R.L., 1992. Acoustic imaging at the planetary scale. In: Emert, H., Harjes, H.-P. (Eds.), Acoustical Imaging. Plenum Press, Reading MA, Vol. 19, pp. 785–797]. A model of an elastic attenuation of Durek and Ekstrom [Durek, J.J., Ekstrom, G., 1996. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am. 86, 144–158] is used to predict the decay of the waveforms.
Oomycete fungi associated with ulcerative mycosis in menhaden, Brevoortia tyrannus (Latrobe).

. Deep necrotic ulcers in Atlantic menhaden, Brevoortia tyrannus (Latrobe), were consistently associated with the presence of oomycete fungi. These organisms were found in over 95% of all lesions both early and late. More than one species of fungus appears to be involved, indicating that these organisms are secondary to some other stressor. However, all characteristically elicit an atypical intense granulomatous inflammatory response and do not behave pathologically as typical oomycetes. Our observation that these fungi appear to be the only organisms consistently present in the earliest stages of the disease indicates that some non-infectious stressor may be responsible for initiating the lesions and subsequently allowing the fungi to induce this atypical response.
Preparation of immobilized lactase. Continued studies on the enzymatic hydrolysis of lactose.

A soluble fungal lactase (lactase-W) of greater activity that the previously available fungal lactase (lactase-M) has been covalently coupled to ZrO2-coated porous glass particles and 1 mm diameter porous TiO2 particles. The immobilized lactase-W appears to give results similar to the lactase-M except for the operational half-life. At 30°C the half-life of the lactase-M appears to exceed that of the lactase-W by approximately 100 days under operational conditions.