cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Growth patterns of Angus, Charolais, Charolais X Angus and Holstein X Angus cows from birth to maturity

Growth patterns of 182 cows [73 Angus (AA), 31 Charolais (CC), 38 Charolais X Angus (CA) and 40 Holstein X Angus (FA)] were studied from birth to maturity. Breed type significantly affected weight and condition at all ages. Crossbred cows were heavier than AA and lighter in weight than CC cows (P less than .01) at all periods. Differences between CA and FA cows were small. The CA cows were somewhat heavier than FA cows, but when weight was adjusted for condition, these two groups reversed rank at 56 and 68 mo. Differences in weight among breed types increased from birth to 44 mo and stabilized thereafter. Weights at early ages were influenced more by environmental effects than were weights at later ages. Adjustment for condition significantly reduced phenotypic variation in weight at all ages. Two growth models (Brody and Richards) were fitted to the weight-age data for each breed type. Differences in growth were expressed in terms of differences in mature weight and maturing rate. The AA cows were smallest at maturity and matured most rapidly; CC cows were largest and matured least rapidly. The FA and CA cows were intermediate and similar in mature size and maturing rate. Crossbreeding may have increased maturing rate somewhat when weights were not adjusted for condition. The four-parameter Richards model did not provide an appreciably better fit to the data than the three-parameter Brody model, and both models described early growth less adequately than later growth.
Exacerbation of sensorimotor dysfunction in mice deficient in Atp13a2 and overexpressing human wildtype alpha-synuclein.

Abstract Loss of function mutations in the gene ATP13A2 are associated with Kufor-Rakeb Syndrome and Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis, the former designated as an inherited form of Parkinson’s disease (PD). The function of ATP13A2 is unclear but in vitro studies indicate it is a lysosomal protein and may interact with the presynaptic protein alpha-synuclein (aSyn) and certain heavy metals. Accumulation of aSyn is a major component of lewy bodies, the pathological hallmark of PD. Atp13a2 -deficient (13a2) mice develop age-dependent sensorimotor deficits, and accumulation of insoluble aSyn in the brain. To better understand the interaction between ATP13A2 and aSyn, double mutant mice with loss of Atp13a2 function combined with overexpression of human wildtype aSyn were generated. Female and male wildtype (WT), 13a2, aSyn, and 13a2-aSyn mice were tested on a battery of sensorimotor tests including adhesive removal, challenging beam traversal, spontaneous activity, gait, locomotor activity, and nest-building at 2, 4, and 6 months of age. Double mutant mice showed an earlier onset and accelerated alterations in sensorimotor function that were age, sex and test-dependent. Female 13a2-aSyn mice showed early and progressive dysfunction on the beam and in locomotor activity. In males, 13a2-aSyn mice showed more severe impairments in spontaneous activity and adhesive removal. Sex differences were also observed in aSyn and 13a2-aSyn mice on the beam, cylinder, and adhesive removal tests. In other tasks, double mutant mice displayed deficits similar to aSyn mice. These results indicate loss of Atp13a2 function exacerbates the sensorimotor phenotype in aSyn mice in an age and sex-dependent manner.
How does access to formal finance affect household welfare dynamics?: Micro evidence from Nigeria.

Abstract The relationship between access to formal finance and poverty reduction lies at the heart of the development literature and policy discourse, particularly in developing countries, where access to financial services is often argued to have poverty-alleviating potential. Most of the stylised theoretical literature and empirical evidence, however, focus their efforts on the poverty-alleviating potential of access to finance at a given point in time, which ignores the dynamic and multidimensional nature of poverty. Using a nationally representative panel data set of households, this paper explores the effect of access to formal finance on household welfare dynamics in Nigeria between 201011 and 201213. Applying a bivariate probit model, which addresses the endogenous selection associated with households initial welfare status, our estimates indicate that controlling for the exogeneity of initial household status is relevant when exploring the implications of access to finance for welfare dynamics in Nigeria, as the exogenous treatment of the initial conditioning may distort the correlation coefficients of our estimates. Our results suggest that access to formal finance has poverty-reducing effects, as we found that initially poor households with access to finance were less likely to remain poor in the subsequent period. Also, initially non-poor households with access to finance were seen to face a lower probability of descending into poverty over the period, thus suggesting that access to finance plays a significant role in reducing transient poverty.
Enhanced intraphagocytic killing of Brucella abortus in bovine mononuclear cells by liposomes-containing gentamicin

Abstract In vitro intraphagocytic killing of Brucella abortus in bovine mononuclear leukocytes was enhanced by cationic, anionic, and neutral multilamellar liposomes-containing gentamicin. Free gentamicin not entrapped in liposomes and liposomes without antibiotic did not enhance intraphagocytic killing of B. abortus in bovine phagocytes. In vivo killing of B. abortus in guinea pigs was also enhanced by liposomes-containing gentamicin when compared to free gentamicin. Liposomes-containing alpha tocopherol acetate failed to enhance in vivo killing of B. abortus .
Inferential Design Theory: A Conceptual Outline

This paper presents initial ideas toward a new design theory based on the Inferential Theory of Learning, recently developed in artificial intelligence. The theory views engineering design as a process of transforming the initial design specification and design background knowledge into the desired design. This process is performed using certain knowledge operators called ‘knowledge transmutations.’ Nine basic tenets of the theory are provided, and a system of 22 design knowledge transmutations is proposed. Individual transmutations are defined and explained using examples from the area of conceptual design of wind bracings in steel skeleton structures of tall buildings. The paper also contains initial conclusions and a discussion of future research.
SDSL: A Survey of Biological Applications

Site-directed spin labelling (SDSL) is a powerful method for investigating protein structure, function, and dynamics. SDSL involves adding a nitroxyl spin label at a specifically-placed amino acid residue in a peptide or protein. In most cases a sulfhydryl-specific spin label is bound to a cysteine side chain. Such specific placement monitors a local environment via the usual parameters of a nitroxyl spin label such as sensitivity to motion, spin-spin interaction and accessibility to other species that impact the relaxation time.
Carbon Nanostructures for Enhanced Photocatalysis for Biocidal Applications

In the last few decades, the demand for safer environmental conditions has increased dramatically. The burden of infectious diseases worldwide, related to contamination via contact with contaminated surfaces (fomites), is a growing issue. Globally, these infections are linked to an estimated 1.7 million deaths a year from diarrheal disease and 1.5 million deaths from respiratory infections [1]. Apart from hospitals, the problem has become a growing liability at places where food is prepared and handled [2], where there is a growing risk associated with the cross-contamination of edible goods and where large amounts are handled by a single facility [3]. Already many E. coli and Salmonella outbreaks have been recorded and linked to single a facility [2, 4, 5]. The problem of cross-contamination via surfaces can also be traced, in smaller scale, to households where common areas can accumulate pathogens that can potentially become a threat, especially to more sensitive population groups [6]. There are also biological threats in forms of dangerous epidemic outbreaks (Ebola and SARS) and biological warfare weapons (anthrax and smallpox). The need for effective and efficient disinfection is driving the industry in the development of a wide range of products. These products can currently be divided into three major categories:
Brachionus leydigii (Monogononta: Ploima) reported from the western basin of Lake Erie

Several species of non-indigenous planktonic invertebrates have historically been introduced to the Laurentian Great Lakes. Previous introductions of non-indigenous planktonic invertebrates to the Great Lakes have been crustacean zooplankton, specifically Cladocera and Copepoda. This report documents the first known occurrence of Brachionus leydigii var. tridentatus (Zernov, 1901) in Lake Erie and possibly the first detection of a non-indigenous rotifer species in the Laurentian Great Lakes. The specimen was collected from a U.S. EPA monitoring station in the western basin of Lake Erie on April 4, 2016.
Early assessment of right ventricular systolic function after pediatric heart transplant.

RV systolic function is important early after HT; however, it has not been critically assessed in children using quantitative measures. The aim of this study was to describe the most validated and commonly used quantitative echocardiographic measures of RV systolic function early after pediatric HT and to assess associations with qualitative function evaluation and clinical factors. RV systolic function was quantified on the first post-HT echocardiogram >24 hours after cardiopulmonary bypass using two-dimensional TAPSE, Tricuspid annular S', FAC, and MPI. In 145 patients (median age 7.6 years), quantitative RV systolic function was markedly abnormal: mean TAPSE z-score -8.43 ± 1.89; S' z-score -4.36 ± 1.22; FAC 24.4 ± 8.34%; and MPI 0.86 ± 0.51. Few patients had normal quantitative function: TAPSE (0%), S' (1.2%), FAC (9.4%), and MPI (28.4%). In contrast, 48.3% were observed as normal by qualitative assessment. Most clinical factors, including diagnosis, pulmonary vascular resistance, posttransplant hemodynamics, inotropic support, and rejection, were not associated with RV function. In this large pediatric HT population, TAPSE, S', FAC, and MPI were strikingly abnormal early post-HT despite reassuring qualitative assessment and no significant association with clinical factors. This suggests that the accepted normal values of these quantitative measures may not apply in the early post-HT period to accurately grade RV systolic function, and there may be utility in adapting a concept of normal reference values after pediatric HT.
Effect of dam removal on habitat use by spawning Atlantic salmon

Abstract By impeding migration and degrading habitat downstream, dam construction has caused population declines in many migratory fish populations. As part of the landlocked Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) restoration program in Lake Champlain, the Willsboro Dam was removed from the Boquet River, NY in 2015 providing an opportunity to study the effects of dam removal on spawning habitat quality and availability. Spawning habitat surveys were conducted downstream of the dam site in 2014, 2016 and 2017, and in historical spawning grounds upstream in 2016 and 2017. The habitat used was characterized by measuring depth, water velocity, and substrate size at each redd. Mean habitat use did not differ between upstream and downstream sites for any variables in 2016 and only differed for depth in 2017. However, the variance in depth and substrate used for spawning were lower at the upstream site in 2016, likely due to an abundance of habitat. In the downstream site, the mean and variance in depth at redds decreased after dam removal as did the variance in substrate size, increasing the habitat suitability of redds. When compared to literature data, habitat used upstream of the former dam was of medium quality in both 2016 and 2017, and improved downstream from low to medium quality in both column velocity and substrate size after dam removal. This study illustrates that positive shifts in the quality of habitat used can occur rapidly following dam removal by allowing access to suitable spawning habitat upstream and improving habitat downstream.
Retrospective Nested Case Control Study of the Impact of Immunosuppression on Post Transplant Malignancy among Adult Heart Transplant Patients

Purpose Post-transplant malignancy is diagnosed in approximately 18% of heart transplant (HTx) recipients and is a leading long-term cause of death among these patients. The association between exposure to rabbit anti-thymocyte globulin (rATG), a polyclonal depleting antibody used for its immunomodulatory activity, and incidence of malignancy in HTx is unclear. Methods This is a single-center, retrospective chart review of all HTx recipients who received rATG induction between October 1, 2008 and December 31, 2015. ICD-9 codes were used to identify HTx patients who were diagnosed with any malignancy post-transplant (cases). A nested, case-control study design was used to determine the relative risk of rATG exposure with the incidence of malignancy post-transplant. Cancer cases were matched to controls in a 1:2 method based on age, sex, Epstein Barr Virus donor/recipient status, and year of transplant. Secondary analyses amongst 1:2 matches examined the impact of maintenance immunosuppression exposure on cancer risk using a weighted equation composed of the drug dose, duration, and trough values when applicable. Results Of the 126 patients included in the study, 25 developed malignancy. These 25 patient cases were matched to 50 control patients. The primary endpoint was to evaluate the association of rATG on the risk of malignancy. The median cumulative rATG dose in milligrams (mg) between groups was 365mg in cases and 465mg in controls (OR 0.94, 95% CI 0.79 - 1.11, p=0.46). The cumulative dose of rATG in mg/kg was 4.7 mg/kg in cases vs. 5.7 mg/kg in controls (OR 0.96, 95% CI 0.82 - 1.12, p=0.59). By both univariate and multivariate analyses, there were no statistically significant differences in malignancyassociated with the usage of or quantified exposure to tacrolimus, sirolimus, cyclosporine, or mycophenolate mofetil, although sirolimus showed anti-oncotic trends. Conclusion The results of this study demonstrate current rATG dosing strategies may not singularly be associated with malignancy development as previous dosing strategies suggested. Additional investigations are needed to explore the multiple factors associated with post-transplant malignancy as well as the possible modulating effect of sirolimus.
Identifying County-Level All-Cause Mortality Rate Trajectories and Their Spatial Distribution Across the United States.

Introduction All-cause mortality in the United States declined from 1935 through 2014, with a recent uptick in 2015. This national trend is composed of disparate local trends. We identified distinct groups of all-cause mortality rate trajectories by grouping US counties with similar temporal trajectories. Methods We used all-cause mortality rates in all US counties for 1999 through 2016 and estimated discrete mixture models by using county level mortality rates. Proc Traj in SAS was used to detect how county trajectories clustered into groups on the basis of similar intercepts, slopes, and higher order terms. Models with increasing numbers of groups were assessed on the basis of model fit. We created county-level maps of mortality trajectory groups by using ArcGIS. Results Eight unique trajectory groups were detected among 3,091 counties. The average mortality rate in the most favorable trajectory group declined 29.4%, from 592.3 deaths per 100,000 in 1999 to 418.2 in 2016. The least favorable mortality trajectory group declined 3.4% over the period, from 1,280.3 deaths per 100,000 to 1,236.9. We saw significant differences in the demographic and socioeconomic profiles and geographic patterns across the trajectory categories, with favorable mortality trajectories in the Northeast, Midwest, and on the West Coast and unfavorable trajectories concentrated in the Southeast. Conclusions County-level disparities in all-cause mortality rates widened over the past 18 years. Further investigation of the determinants of the trajectory groupings and the geographic outliers identified by our research could inform interventions to achieve equitable distribution of county mortality rates.
The Catholic Worker Movement and Racial Justice: A Precarious Relationship

The Catholic Worker Movement, widely known for its critique of violence and capitalism in American culture, has largely neglected racism. This seems surprising because its urban houses of hospitality, staffed mostly by middle-class whites, provide material resources disproportionately to impoverished African Americans. The movement's embodiment as a white movement and the failure of its founders (Dorothy Day and Peter Maurin) to prioritize racial justice has impeded its ability to adequately confront racism. This article contrasts the ways in which racism was addressed by the founders with the way it was addressed by two prominent African American Catholic Workers. The article includes a new Catholic Worker narrative to explain the movement's relationship with racial justice and offer suggestions for ways the movement can mine its own rich resources to become an authentically anti-racist movement.
Due Dates and Loan Periods: The Impact on Faculty and Graduate Research

Loan periods provided by lending institutions vary greatly from the traditional 30 days to a generous 120 days. This study attempts to determine if the length of interlibrary loan (ILL) loan period...
Distributed Storage Investment in Power Networks

The value created by aggregating behind-the-meter distributed energy storage devices for grid services depends on how much storage is in the system and the power network operation conditions. To understand whether market-driven distributed storage investment will result in a socially desirable outcome, we formulate and analyze a network storage investment game. By explicitly characterizing the set of Nash equilibria (NE) for two examples, we establish that the uniqueness and efficiency of NE depend critically on the power network conditions. Furthermore, we show it is guaranteed that NE support social welfare for general power networks, provided we include two modifications in our model. These modifications suggest potential directions for regulatory interventions.
The Effect of Hospital Transfer on Patient Outcomes After Rehabilitation for Spinal Injury

Objective Spine fractures, including associated spinal cord injury, account for 3%–6% of all skeletal fractures annually in the United States. Patients who undergo interhospital transfer after injury may have a greater likelihood of nonroutine disposition, longer hospital stay, and higher cost. We evaluated the effects of patient transfer on functional outcomes after spine trauma. Methods Patients were treated after acute traumatic spine injury at a rehabilitation hospital in 2011–2017. Compared patients were those directly admitted to the tertiary hospital or transferred from a community hospital. Results A total of 188 patients (mean age 46.1 ± 18.6 years, 77.1% men) were evaluated, including 130 (69.1%) directly admitted and 58 (30.9%) transferred patients. The most common levels of injury were at C5 (19.1%) and C6 (12.2%), and most injuries were American Spinal Injury Association injury severity score grade D (33.2%) or grade A (32.1%). No statistical difference in age, injury pattern, timing from injury to surgery, or rehabilitation length of stay was seen between admitted and transferred patients. A significant improvement in ambulation distances was seen at discharge for directly admitted compared with transferred patients (447.7 ± 724.9 vs. 159.9 ± 359.5 feet; P = 0.005). However, no significant difference primary outcomes, namely American Spinal Injury Association injury severity score distribution (P = 0.2) or Functional Independence Measures (Δ30.9 ± 15.9 vs. 30.1 ± 17.1; P = 0.7), were seen between admitted and transferred patients at time of rehabilitation discharge. Conclusions Interhospital transfer status did not diminish time to rehabilitation after injury or reduce functional recovery, suggesting early surgical treatment in community settings may have merit prior to transfer.
Noninvasive Ventilation for Critically Ill Subjects With Acute Respiratory Failure in the Emergency Department.

BACKGROUND: We aimed to investigate the association between noninvasive ventilation (NIV) initiated in the emergency department and patient outcomes for those requiring invasive mechanical ventilation so that we could understand the effect of extended NIV use (ie, > 4 h) prior to invasive mechanical ventilation on patient outcomes. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective single-center cohort study at an academic tertiary care hospital center. All emergency department patients with acute respiratory failure requiring invasive mechanical ventilation and admission to the ICU within 48 h of initial presentation over a 24-month period were included. RESULTS: Subject characteristics, ventilator parameters, and clinical course were captured via electronic query, respiratory billing data, and standardized chart abstraction. A total of 431 subjects with acute respiratory failure requiring invasive mechanical ventilation within 48 h of arrival were identified, of whom 115 (26.7%) were exposed to NIV prior to invasive mechanical ventilation, with a median duration of 4 h (interquartile range 1.9–9.3). Based on a multivariable model controlling for covariates, any NIV exposure prior to invasive mechanical ventilation was not associated with an increased odds of persistent organ dysfunction or death. However, in the subset of subjects exposed to NIV, extended NIV use (ie, > 4 h) prior to invasive mechanical ventilation was associated with increased odds of persistent organ dysfunction or death (odds ratio 4.11, 95% CI 1.51–11.19). Extended NIV use was also associated with increased odds of in-hospital mortality (odds ratio 4.02, 95% CI 1.51–10.74). CONCLUSIONS: Although any exposure to NIV prior to invasive mechanical ventilation did not appear to affect morbidity and mortality, extended NIV use prior to invasive mechanical ventilation was associated with worse patient outcomes, suggesting a need for additional study to better understand the ramifications of duration of NIV use prior to failure on outcomes. Given this early timeframe for intervention, future studies should be collaborations between the emergency department and ICU.
Feasibility study of surface motion tracking with millimeter wave technology during radiotherapy.

Purpose Continuous monitoring of patient movement is crucial to administering safe radiation therapy (RT). Conventional optical approaches often cannot be used when the patient's surface is blocked by immobilization devices. Millimeter waves (mmWaves) are capable of penetrating nonconductive objects. In this study, we investigated using mmWave technology to monitor patient surface displacements, as well as breathing and cardiac phases, through clothing and body fixtures. Methods A mmWave device was mounted inside the bore of a ring-based radiotherapy linear accelerator and pointed at a reflective surface on top of the couch. Measurements were obtained at displacements of 10, 7.5, 5.0, 2.5, and 1.0 mm at heights 100, 150, and 200 mm below isocenter. Submillimeter displacements were performed at a height of 200 mm. Additionally, millimeter and submillimeter displacements were measured with and without a gown and body mold placed between the surface and the sensor. The device was programmed to transmit chirp signals at 77-81 GHz. The subject's surface was detected by fast Fourier transform (FFT) of the reflected chirp signal within a rough range bin. Fine displacements within that range bin were calculated through phase extraction and phase demodulation. The displacement data were sent through two separate bandpass filters with passbands of 0.1-0.6 and 0.8-2.0 Hz to obtain the subject's breathing and cardiac waveforms, respectively. The breathing and cardiac measurements were compared to those of a Vernier Respiration Monitor Belt and an electrocardiogram (EKG), respectively, to assess validity. Results The device was able to detect millimeter and submillimeter displacements as small as 0.1 mm, as well as monitor displacement with an accuracy within 1 mm in the presence of an obstructive object. The device's breathing and cardiac waveforms exhibited a strong phase correlation between the respiration monitor belt (ρ = 0.9156) and EKG (ρ = 0.7895), respectively. Conclusions The mmWave device can monitor surface displacements with an accuracy better than 0.1 mm without obstructions and better than 1 mm with obstructions. It can also provide real-time monitoring of breathing and cardiac waveforms simultaneously with high correlation with traditional respiratory and cardiac monitoring devices. Overall, mmWave technology demonstrates potential for motion monitoring in the field of radiation oncology.
Can machine learning improve the model representation of TKE dissipation rate in the boundary layer for complex terrain

Abstract. Current turbulence parameterizations in numerical weather prediction models at the mesoscale assume a local equilibrium between production and dissipation of turbulence. As this assumption does not hold at fine horizontal resolutions, improved ways to represent turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) dissipation rate (e) are needed. Here, we use a 6-week data set of turbulence measurements from 184 sonic anemometers in complex terrain at the Perdigao field campaign to suggest improved representations of dissipation rate. First, we demonstrate that a widely used Mellor, Yamada, Nakanishi, and Niino (MYNN) parameterization of TKE dissipation rate leads to a large inaccuracy and bias in the representation of e. Next, we assess the potential of machine-learning techniques to predict TKE dissipation rate from a set of atmospheric and terrain-related features. We train and test several machine-learning algorithms using the data at Perdigao, and we find that multivariate polynomial regressions and random forests can eliminate the bias MYNN currently shows in representing e, while also reducing the average error by up to 30 %. Of all the variables included in the algorithms, TKE is the variable responsible for most of the variability of e, and a strong positive correlation exists between the two. These results suggest further consideration of machine-learning techniques to enhance parameterizations of turbulence in numerical weather prediction models.
25–53 GHz ultra-wideband high-isolation passive balanced duplexer on 0.18-μm BiCMOS for 5G applications

A new ultra-wideband millimetre-wave passive balanced duplexer (DUX), employing a lumped-element Wilkinson power divider and grounded-centre-tap transformer, has been developed using 0.18- μ m BiCMOS process for fifth generation operations at 28, 37, 39 GHz, and beyond. The developed DUX is configured single-ended transmitter (TX) and antenna (ANT) ports and differential receiver (RX) port. It has an inherent matching at TX, RX and ANT ports, high TX–RX isolation, and highly balanced differential RX waveforms, and is ready for direct integration with a differential low-noise amplifier. Analysis has been performed to confirm the DUX's characteristics and assess its performance. Measured isolation from TX to each single-ended RX port is higher than 50 and 40 dB from dc-20 GHz and dc-60 GHz, respectively. Measured insertion loss from TX to antenna is better than 6.3 dB across 13–53 GHz. Measured insertion loss from ANT to differential RX port is lower than 13.8 dB from 25 to 57 GHz with 10.8 dB at 40 GHz. The core chip only occupies 0.3 mm2.
Virginia Woolf and Gertrude Stein: Two Modernist Women Writing as Dogs

This chapter will analyze two white, Anglo-American modernist women writers’ relation to the status great writer by reading together Virginia Woolf’s Flush and Gertrude Stein’s The Geographical History of America, in which two of the most important modernist women write as dogs. Even though Woolf and Stein were both highly privileged, not just by race and class, and by their shared position at the center of two of the most important modernist circles or movements—Bloomsbury in England and the Parisian avant-garde—it was nonetheless a struggle for both of them to claim the status of great writer. The work of both Stein and Woolf is full of animals, and this chapter examines why it is only in the early 1930s that animals, specifically dogs—one of the two species of companion animal with which humans feel the closest bond—become useful to Stein’s and Woolf’s self-constructions as great women writers. Replacing the patriarch, a dog who is the co-creator of the powerful woman writer becomes a queer co-conspirator in the modernist woman writer’s claim to literary authority.
Equivalency of peroxyacetic acid to chlorine as a shell egg sanitizing rinse.

In the United States, all shell eggs processed under the USDA Agricultural Marketing Service voluntary grading standards must receive a shell sanitizing rinse of 100-200 ppm chlorine or its equivalent after leaving the washing process. A study was conducted to determine the concentration of peroxyacetic acid (PAA) which would be equivalent to 100-200 ppm chlorine (Cl) in reducing target organisms under the required washing conditions for shell eggs. Three isolates of Salmonella spp. (Enteritidis, Braenderup, and Typhimurium), as well as Enterobacter cloacae were used as inocula. Sanitizing treatments were negative control; deionized water; 100 and 200 ppm Cl; and 50-500 ppm PAA (7 concentrations). Considering all isolates tested, 100 and 200 ppm chlorine had 2.6 and 2.3 log cfu/mL cultural organisms remaining on shell surface; 50 and 100 ppm peracetic acid had 1.9 and 1.0 log cfu/mL cultural organisms remaining, respectively, compared with untreated control average of 3.8 log cfu/mL (P 250 ppm did not produce significant reductions in microbial populations as PAA concentration increased. Culturing for the prevalence of viable and injured organisms, 400-500 ppm PAA resulted in fewer eggs (P < 0.0001) being positive for Salmonella spp. E. cloacae was culturable via enrichment from 99.4% of inoculated eggs, regardless of sanitizer treatment. The results of this study indicate that 50-100 ppm PAA is equivalent to 100-200 ppm chlorine in reducing egg surface microorganisms. The use of 400-500 ppm PAA resulted in a lower incidence of viable, but not culturable, Salmonella spp. on the shell surface. E. cloacae resulted in almost 100% viable, but not culturable, organism recovery for all sanitizing treatments and should be considered as an indicator organism when studying processing facility sanitation procedures.
Monetary Policy during the Coronavirus Crisis Address to the Israel Economic Association Conference

The Bank of Israel began planning for the coronavirus crisis even before anyone could assess the extent to which the crisis would develop. On February 2, in the entire world outside of China, there was one death as a result of the coronavirus, and just 146 verified cases of the disease. On that day, I gave instructions for the Bank of Israel to establish an interdepartmental team to begin analyzing the implications of the crisis for the Israeli economy. Since then, the pace of developments has been exponential. A great many things that none of us ever imagined have taken place, and the Bank of Israel found itself taking steps that, at the beginning of February, had seemed almost fanciful. Even though the Bank of Israel was very active both in its role as economic advisor to the government and in its supervisory roles, my address today will focus on the central bank’s classic function— monetary policy.
Police Militarization and Public Perceptions: Exploring Residents’ Attitudes in Kismaayo, Somalia

How can one encourage greater public cooperation with police forces and improve their legitimacy during times of protracted conflict and fragile governance? Can police militarization play a role in...
Navigating the multidimensionality of social media presence: ethical considerations and recommendations for psychologists

To date, the American Psychological Association Ethical Standards and Code of Conduct does not include direct guidance about how psychologists should navigate social media. Given the variety of rol...
Customer Segmentation and Customer Value Proposition: The First Critical Task of Strategy

The Delta Model regards customer segmentation as the starting point for a creative strategy. If we are in a situation where we feel we need to consider a significant change in our strategy, this is our chance to rethink what we are doing and to redirect the organization toward a more constructive future. It is in here where our innovative capabilities are going to be tested. The final output of this process will clearly indicate whether we are going to depart from the inertia and momentum carried over from our past activities and will in fact determine a novel way of reconstructing the business.
Breaking the cycle demonstration project: using a quasi-experimental analysis to test the “worst of both worlds” hypothesis and risk principle

Objectives The purpose of this study was to test the “worst of both worlds” hypothesis and the risk principle in a sample of drug-involved offenders enrolled in the Breaking the Cycle (BTC) demonstration project, an intensive drug intervention implemented in Birmingham, Alabama, Jacksonville, Florida, and Tacoma, Washington.
Hecke Operators and Frobenii

This chapter contains an elementary discussion of Hecke operators and Frobenii operating on locally constant systems on A g , and we do not pretend to have proved any serious theorem here. Difficulties arise on two sides: in geometry, with the Lefschetz trace formula for Hecke correspondences and in the harmonic analysis, with the Selberg trace formula for automorphic representations of the symplectic group. Both call for further work.
Projection retrieval: Theory and algorithms

We consider the fundamental problem of determining a low-rank orthogonal projection operator P from measurements of the form || Px||. First, we leverage a nonembedding result for the complex Grassmannian to establish and analyze a lower bound on the number of measurements necessary to uniquely determine every possible P. Next, we provide a collection of particularly few measurement vectors that uniquely determine almost every P. Finally, we propose manifold-constrained least-squares optimization as a general technique for projection retrieval.
The Ordinary Course of Business Defense in Bankruptcy Preference Actions: Methods OfComparison

One of the most uncertain and undefined sections of the Bankruptcy Code is Section 547(c)(2), dealing with the ordinary course of business defense. Section 547 of the Bankruptcy Code allows courts to review certain payments made by the debtor within ninety days prior to a debtor filing for bankruptcy. This period is called the preference period. A preference action seeks to claw back the payments made by the debtor during the preference period, however, a creditor can defeat a preference action by raising one of the avoidance defenses enumerated in Section 547(c).Specifically, the uncertainty surrounding the ordinary course of business defense stems from which method of comparison should be used, and the circuits are split as to the use of either the average approach or the range approach. The average approach compares the average of the transactions made in the preference period to the average of the transactions in the pre-preference period to determine if the payments were consistent. In comparison, the range approach compares the range of the transactions made during the preference period to the range of transactions in the pre-preference period.This Note provides an in-depth analysis and comparison of the average and range approach, specifying the strengths and weaknesses of each. This Author then advances a new embellishment to the range approach that will help eliminate ambiguity in the ordinary course of business defense. Briefly, this Author argues that a statistical method known as "trimming" should be used to eliminate aberrant transactions, and that the pre-preference period range should be computed without these transactions. This will result in a more accurate depiction of the business relationship between the debtor and creditor, while also providing clarity and certainty in the ordinary course of business defense.
EVALUATION OF POTENTIAL ELUANTS FOR NON-ACID ELUTION OF CESIUM FROM SPHERICAL RESORCINOL-FORMALDEHYDE RESIN

Ion Exchange column loading and elution of cesium from spherical resorcinol-formaldehyde resin have been conducted for two potential non-acid eluants -(NH{sub 4}){sub 2}CO{sub 3} and CH{sub 3}COONH{sub 4}. The results revealed encouraging cesium elution performance. 100% elution was achieved in at most 22 hours ({approx}28 bed volumes) of elution. Elution performance was fairly high at 6 hours ({approx}8 bed volumes) of elution for some of the eluants and also practically comparable to the benchmark acid eluant (HNO{sub 3}). Hence, it is quite possible 100% percent elution will be closer to the 6th hour than the 22nd hour. Elution is generally enhanced by increasing the concentration and pH of the eluants, and combining the eluants.
Direct recovery of ion beam energy using magnetic electron suppression I. Analysis of ORNL energy recovery experiments

Abstract The charge-exchange neutralization efficiency of positive ion-based neutral beams used in plasma heating applications decreases as the beam energy increases. Direct energy recovery from the remaining charged particles can be accomplished by electrostatically decelerating the positive ions; the space-charge neutralizing electrons are constrained from being accelerated by the application of a transverse magnetic field. A finite difference nonlinear sheath analysis is used to analyze the transverse magnetic field electron suppression experiments carried out at Oak Ridge National Laboratory in the early 1980s. A double plasma model, which assumes an equilibrium Boltzmann distribution of electrons at both the neutralizer potential and the ion collector potential, is used to study the experimental data obtained from operating 40 keV, 10 A ion beam energy recovery experiments. The effects of the magnetic field strength, ion “boost” energy, and ion beam current density are examined in detail.
Interactive effects of proactive personality and display rules on emotional labor in organizations

Emotional labor is the management of emotional displays that happens in the context of a work role. Past research has shown that organizational display rules (standards for emotions that should be shown and hidden from customers) influenceemotionallabor,butlittleresearchhasexaminedtheindividualdifferencesthat make employees more or less responsive to these display rules. The present study drawsonconceptsfromthecontroltheorymodelof emotionallabortoaddressthis limitation by examining the moderating role of proactive personality. Results indicatethatproactiveindividualsarehighlyresponsivetodifferenttypesofdisplayrules that prompt the use of different emotional labor strategies,highlighting the importance of how display expectations are framed for employees.
Axial CT recognition of anteroposterior displacement of fourth ventricle.

The recognition of anterior or posterior displacement of the fourth ventricle on axial computed tomography (CT) has proven to be difficult because the apparent position of this structure is variable and dependent on scanning angle. In most cases direct visualization of a lesion and its relationship to normal anatomic structures allows for the correct assessment. However, in some instances it would be advantageous for lesion localization to be able to identify relatively subtle displacements of the fourth ventricle. This is possible on CT by determining the position of this structure relative to Twining9s line (the line between the tuberculum sellae and torcula). The position of the fourth ventricle, tuberculum sellae, and torcula relative to an arbitrary fixed point can be established in virtually all cases, and thus the position of the fourth ventricle relative to Twining9s line can be determined. In a control group of 100 patients with normal CT examinations, the ratio of the distance from the tuberculum sellae to the center of the fourth ventricle and the distance from the tuberculum sellae to torcula (Twining9s line) was between 0.47 and 0.53. In 66% of the cases the ratio was 0.49-0.51. THere were 54 posterior fossa masses evaluated by this technique. Determination of fourth ventricular position by this method proved to be of particular value in recognizing brainstem glioma, and in determining the site of origin of laterally placed posterior fossa masses.
Catalyst Deactivation/Regeneration

This article focuses on the causes, mechanisms, prevention, modeling, and treatment (experimental and theoretical) of deactivation. The causes of deactivation are basically of three kinds: chemical, mechanical, and thermal. The five intrinsic mechanisms of catalyst decay, (1) poisoning, (2) fouling, (3) thermal degradation, (4) chemical degradation, and (5) mechanical failure, vary in their reversibility and rates of occurrence. Poisoning and thermal degradation are generally slow, irreversible processes while fouling with coke and carbon is generally rapid and reversible by regeneration with O2 or H2. Catalyst deactivation is more easily prevented than cured. Poisoning by impurities can be prevented through careful purification of reactants. Carbon deposition and coking can be prevented by minimizing the formation of carbon or coke precursors through gasification, careful design of catalysts and process conditions and by controlling reaction conditions to minimize effects of carbon and coke formation on activity. Sintering is best avoided by minimizing and controlling the temperature of reaction. Regeneration of deactivated catalysts is possible for many catalytic processes and is widely practiced. Modeling and experimental assessment of deactivation processes are useful in providing (1) accelerated simulations of industrial processes, (2) predictive insights into effects of changing process variables on activity, selectivity, and life, (3) estimates of kinetic parameters needed for design and modeling, (4) estimates of size and cost for scale-up of a process, and (5) a better understanding of the basic decay mechanisms. Accordingly, there are important economic benefits that can be derived by from investments in these activities. Keywords: catalyst coking; catalyst poisoning; catalyst sintering; catalyst regeneration; catalyst reactivation; catalyst rejuvenation; catalyst redispersion; catalyst deactivation; catalyst degradation; catalyst decay; catalyst inactivation
Recent Contributions to Business History: The United States

In the last two decades or so a new field of teaching and research, business history, has made its appearance. Like other fields of interdisciplinary origin it remains ill defined, and its literature exhibits the many points of view of its devotees, among whom are to be found historians, economists, students of administration, corporate officers, public relations men, and free-lance writers in search of drama. Consequently, we find wide variations in both analytical quality and historical accuracy and balance among the works. Very few of the studies approach the ideal of blending detailed historical investigation, meaningful analysis, and effective presentation, yet many nonetheless have marked interest. In this paper I shall endeavor, not to note in a comprehensive manner the many works, but rather to comment on how some of them have illuminated certain aspects of economic history, economics, and administration.
Catalase Activity of Psychrophilic Bacteria Grown at 2 and 30 C

Catalase activity was measured in resting-cell suspensions of psychrophilic bacteria grown at 2 and at 30 C. Enzyme activity decreased in both cell-suspension types as harvest age increased. At comparable physiological age, cells grown at 2 C had more catalase than cells grown at 30 C.
Suprapubic catheterization complicated by bowel perforation

Inadvertent bowel injury can occur when utilizing trocar cystotomy technique for the placement of a suprapubic catheter. The authors present a patient who had a suprapubic catheter placed through a stab incision at the time of vaginal pelvic reconstruction for procidentia. Her presentation did not include the typical signs of peritonitis, but was characterized by low urine output and regression of bowel function due to ileus and third-spacing in the peritoneal cavity. The potential risk factors for bowel injury in this patient are enumerated and techniques to minimize the risk of bowel perforation are discussed. The risk of bowel injury is reduced by choosing a catheter introducer that minimizes impedance while piercing tissues, and by using a rigid cystoscope for visualization of the suprapubic trocar during entry into the bladder.
Intersexuality and the Law: Why Sex Matters. By Julie A. Greenberg. New York: New York University Press, 2012. 169 pp. $32.00 cloth.

Intersexuality and the Law: Why Sex Matters. By Julie A. Greenberg. New York: New York University Press, 2012. 169 pp. $32.00 cloth.For nearly fifteen years, Julie Greenberg's scholarship has illuminated the complex legal and social issues faced by intersex individuals. Her new book, Intersexuality and the Law, synthesizes and develops upon her previous scholarship. It not only provides a comprehensive review of the law's past and present treatment of intersexuality, but also offers strategic suggestions for the future and, perhaps most importantly, democratizes the debate by making it accessible to those without legal training. Greenberg uses (and I have used) the term "intersex" to refer to individuals "with a congenital condition whose sex chromosomes, gonads, or internal or external sexual anatomy do not fit clearly into the binary male/ female norm" (p. 1). She, however, acknowledges and discusses the fact that some have advocated replacing the term "intersex" with "disorders of sex development" ("DSD").The book is divided into three parts. Part I describes the historical perception of intersex individuals as " 'freaks' " (p. 11), as well as the historical treatment of intersex infants through genitalnormalizing surgeries. Greenberg's descriptions illustrate the stereotyping inherent in doctors' sex-selection processes: For infants with XY chromosomes, the size of the penis was generally determinative, whereas for infants with XX chromosomes, the focus was on reproductive capacity. While practices have improved and the feminization of XY infants is now less common, Greenberg reports that many doctors continue to perform surgeries, without regard for the possibility that they may be destroying the ability to experience sexual satisfaction. Recognizing that intersex individuals are not monolithic in their views of the surgeries, Greenberg carefully assesses the circumstances under which doctors should legally be able to operate. She explains that informed consent doctrine is designed to protect patient autonomy, but that when minors are involved parents often have substantial latitude to make decisions. After exploring the competing rights and potentially conflicting interests of intersex infants and their parents, Greenberg makes two recommendations: first, that judicial approval be required prior to any surgery that will result in sterility and, second, that some type of safeguard be implemented prior to other surgeries.Part II assesses the legal mechanisms for sex determination in three contexts: marriage, official documentation, and housing and bathroom use. Beginning with marriage, Greenberg situates the issues faced by intersex individuals within the broader context of social opposition to same-sex marriage-which, she explains, is the driving force behind the law's strict adherence to sex-based distinctions. …