cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
STUDIES ON IMMUNE HUMAN HEMOLYSIS : I. THE KINETICS OF THE DONATH-LANDSTEINER REACTION AND THE REQUIREMENT FOR COMPLEMENT IN THE REACTION

The Donath-Landsteiner reaction was studied using low and high titer antisera and purified antibody, normal and PNH erythrocytes, and human serum complement. The requirement for complement in both the cold and warm phases of the reaction depended upon the level of antibody used and the sensitivity of the cells to hemolytic antibodies. Complement was not necessary in the cold phase using PNH cells and a potent source of antibody, but complement was required to be present at some stage if hemolysis were to occur. Optimal conditions for the cold phase were at 1°C. for 30 minutes at pH 7.4. Ca++ ions were required. Hemolysis in the warm phase occurred within one minute, was optimal at 32°C., and required Mg++. The relation of these observations to previous reports is discussed with respect to discrepant observations on the nature of the Donath-Landsteiner reaction.
Performance of Monolingual and Bilingual Five-Year-Olds under Varying Tense and Cue Conditions

Summary Twenty monolingual and 20 bilingual boys and girls responded to a series of colored drawings of simple activities in the present progressive and past tenses. One-half of the Ss responded to the task under conditions of Verbal Cues that made specific references to the time the activity took place; the other half responded without the presence of Verbal Cues. Results revealed highly significant differences on tense performance, a finding attributed to the structural and semantic differences of the present progressive and past tenses. Bilingual and monolingual children differed significantly in the way they utilized the Verbal Cues, suggesting that production does not represent the bilingual child's competence in the second language.
Proposal for holographic imaging through phase-distorting media without alignment.

Typically, techniques for holographic imaging through phase-distorting media involve a viewing step in which precise alignment is required between the distorting media and a holographic recording. Here a technique is proposed for using broad-spectrum distorting media that produces undistorted real and virtual images without alignment.
Rare Species and the Use of Indicator Groups for Conservation Planning

Indicators of biodiversity have been proposed as a potential tool for selecting areas for conserva- tion when information about species distributions is scarce. Although tests of the concept have produced var- ied results, sites selected to address indicator groups can include a high proportion of other species. We tested the hypothesis that species at risk of extinction are not likely to be included in sites selected to protect indica- tor groups. Using a reserve-selection approach, we compared the ability of seven indicator groups—freshwa- ter fish, birds, mammals, freshwater mussels, reptiles, amphibians, and at-risk species of those six taxa—to provide protection for other species in general and at-risk species in particular in the Middle Atlantic region of the United States. Although sites selected with single taxonomic indicator groups provided protection for between 61% and 82% of all other species, no taxonomic group provided protection for more than 58% of all other at-risk species. The failure to cover at-risk species is likely linked to their rarity. By examining the rela- tionship between a species' probability of coverage by each indicator group and the extent of its geographic range within the study area, we found that species with more restricted ranges were less likely to be protected than more widespread species. Furthermore, we found that although sites selected with indicator groups com- posed primarily of terrestrial species (birds and mammals) included relatively high percentages of those spe- cies (82-85%) they included smaller percentages of strictly aquatic species (27-55%). Finally, of both impor- tance and possible utility, we found that at-risk species themselves performed well as an indicator group, covering an average of 84% of all other species.
To Venus with spare parts

The Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) is studying the possibilities of developing a special spacecraft to fly to Venus to replace the more costly Venus Orbiting Imaging Radar (VOIR) mission. According to a recent JPL Newsletter, the new Venus Radar Mapper (VRM) spacecraft is to be constructed mainly of spare parts left over from other missions. The VRM is to be landed in the spring of 1988 by means of either the space shuttle/ two-stage inertial upper-stage (IUS) combination or, preferably, with the much more powerful shuttle/Centaur upper-stage rocket. Once boosted into orbit around Venus, the scientific objections of VRM are clear. Venus has about the same mass and composition as the earth, and yet little is known about its geology. It will be possible for the VRM to map Venus by radar from an elliptical orbit, which is a lower cost option than would have been possible with the VOIR. VRM will carry a synthetic aperture radar (SAR) that operates with variable angles ranging from 51° for the lowest altitudes (250 km) to 24° for the highest altitudes (1900 km). A total of about 92% of Venus' surface will be mapped at a resolution of 1 km/line or better.
RAPID IDENTIFICATION OF INFECTIOUS PANCREATIC NECROSIS VIRUS IN INFECTED CELL CULTURES BY IMMUNOPEROXIDASE TECHNIQUES

Direct and indirect immunoperoxidase (IP) techniques were evaluated for their potential in identifying infectious pancreatic necrosis (IPN) virus. Both techniques were shown to offer a relatively simple, rapid and efficient means for the specific identification of IPN virus in infected cells. The direct IP method resulted in less nonspecific staining; however, the indirect method was clearly specific and utilized commercially available reagents.
The problem with the copper Auger data for the high temperature superconductors

Abstract A summary of the L 3 VV Auger data reported for the high temperature superconductors is given. The variations and trends in the data for different materials and processing conditions are contrasted with those reported for the L 3 VV line shape of the copper dihalides and for the L 3 M 23 V Auger line shape of the superconductors. At least four different mechanisms involving shakeup or shakeoff in the intermediate core-hole state or in the Auger final state have been given in the literature to explain the existence of the satellite in the L 3 VV line shape. Contrasts are made with how this satellite varies compared with the XPS core level satellite. Advantages and drawbacks of each proposed mechanism are given, with the final state mixing model favored; but no firm conclusions are reached on which mechanism is acting.
Managing in uncertain economic times: The case for planning

Abstract The traditional organization format in most firms has been to separate production, marketing and distribution and accept a certain amount of friction at the interface of these functions. The price of this friction and the risks inherent in its acceptance make this an increasingly unattractive organizational alternative. New organizational structures that forecast, monitor and control materials flow between raw materials and customers in a systems context are required for intrafirm response and implementation to the challenges of a rapidly changing business environment. The article emphasizes these conclusions against the backcloth of a shortage aconomy.
Short-Term Study-Abroad Experience in Ireland: An Exercise in Cross-Cultural Counseling

International exchanges or study-abroad experiences can have lifelong impacts on students from various disciplines. This article describes the integration of a short-term study-abroad program to Ireland into two socio-cultural courses. The experience also offers course credit for major requirements in two programs. Through this two-week travel experience students are brought into intensive contact with educators, scholars, and community activists in Ireland and Northern Ireland and weigh differences and similarities in the social issues and services among the three countries. While the course is aimed at students in the counseling field, it also appeals to students majoring in criminal justice, sociology, women's studies, international studies, and political science.
Atmospheric deposition of organic carbon to Chesapeake Bay

Abstract The organic carbon content of wet and bulk deposition was measured from February through to December 1981 at four stations surrounding Chesapeake Bay. Organic carbon is removed from the atmosphere in association with both wet and dry deposition. Regional yearly wet and dry depositional rates were approximately equal, with a total yearly deposition rate of 11.3 g C m−2 y−1. Atmospheric deposition provides an important flux of organic material to Chesapeake Bay and must be considered if biogeochemical cycles are to be fully understood.
Zone of Autotoxic Influence around Established Alfalfa Plants

Interseeding alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) to thicken declining alfalfa stands is seldom successful due to autotoxicity. Our objective was to characterize the lateral zone of autotoxic influence around established plants. Experiments were conducted in South Missouri in alfalfa fields of 'Apollo' [Location 1 (L1)] and 'Cody' (L2) in 1992 and 'Cimarron' (L3) in 1993. Soils were Poynor cherty silt loam (loamy-skeletal over clayey, siliceous, mesic Typic Paleudult) at L1, Ashton silt loam (fine-silty, mixed, mesic Mollic Hapludalf) at L2, and Waben very cherty silt loam (loamy-skeletal, siliceous, mesic Ultic Hapludalf) at L3. Established alfalfa was killed in May with herbicide within 2 m of selected alfalfa test plants, and then 1 yr later, Cody alfalfa was seeded within 1 m around the test plants. Granular chlorpyrifos and seed treatment metalaxyl at planting did not improve alfalfa seedling establishment or yield. Seedlings were smaller (p < 0.05) near both live and dead test plants at L1, indicating mainly autotoxicity, but at L2, yield per plant was reduced more within 25 cm from live than from dead plants, indicating competition was involved. Clipping test plants more frequently at L3 did not improve establishment and reduced seedling yield for six of eight harvests. Seedling density and dry matter yield averaged 70 and 44% (p < 0.05) of the control, respectively, within 20 to 25 cm of test plants, an area equivalent to a stand density of 8 plants m -2 . The zone of influence around established alfalfa plants involves both competition and autotoxicity and needs to be considered in replant dedsions.
Precision neutrino physics with an intermediate baseline reactor neutrino experiment

We discuss the potential physics program of a reactor neutrino oscillation experiment with a baseline of L ∼ 20 ÷ 30 km. Depending on the actual values of the physical parameters entering the vacuum survival probability in a three active neutrino mixing scheme, and on the experimental conditions the experiment is conducted in, such a set-up may be sensitive to four and a half of such parameters. We comment on the impact on this physics program of the recently published new data from the SNO salt phase.
Efficient, High-Yield Route to Long, Functionalized p-Phenylene Oligomers Containing Perfluorinated Segments, and Their Cyclodimerizations by Zirconocene Coupling

Linear oligophenylene diynes containing 6, 9, and 12 phenylene rings were synthesized in high yields using the nucleophilic aromatic substitution (SNAr) of perfluoroarenes by aryllithium reagents as the key carbon−carbon bond-forming reaction. This reaction was demonstrated to proceed readily at low temperatures with sterically hindered substrates and in the presence of base-sensitive silylalkynyl groups. Diynes synthesized by this methodology were readily zirconocene-coupled into large dimeric macrocycles using the zirconocene reagent Cp2Zr(py)(Me3SiC⋮CSiMe3).
FUZZY QMODEL—A new approach for linear unmixing

Many data sets can be viewed as a collection of samples representing mixtures of a relatively small number of end members. When end members are present in the sample set, the algorithm QMODEL by Klovan and Miesch can efficiently determine proportionate contributions. EXTENDED QMODEL by Full, Ehrlich, and Klovan was designed to deduce the composition of realistic end members when the end members are not represented by samples. However, in the presence of high levels of random variation or outliers not belonging to the system of interest, EXTENDED QMODEL may not be reliable inasmuch as it is largely dependent on extreme values for definition of an initial mixing polyhedron. FUZZY QMODEL utilizes the fuzzy c-means algorithm of Bezdek to provide an alternative initial mixing polyhedron. This algorithm utilizes the collective property of all the data rather than outliers and so can produce suitable solutions in the presence of noisy or “messy” data points.
Distributional inequalities and Landau's proof of the Weierstrass theorem

Abstract Distributional inequalities are shown to determine analytic, geometric, and convergence properties of the “Landau type polynomials” for a continuous function on a compact interval.
Finestructure of Elevated Stable Layers Observed by Sounder and In Situ Tower Sensors

Abstract A study of the finestructure within elevated stable atmospheric layers is described. The observational program consisted of measurements made with fast-response turbulence sensors on a carriage traversing a 300 m tower and comparison of the carriage data with data from acoustic and radar echo sounders. Some supporting observations using a free balloon-borne sensor of the temperature structure parameter are also shown. The layers studied were found to be composed of sheets and layers in temperature, humidity and wind reminiscent of the sheet and layer structures often reported in lakes, estuaries and the oceans. Finestructure in the profiles of temperature and humidity are very highly correlated within elevated stable layers. The sheets are generally accompanied by thin zones of very large temperature and humidity structure parameter, apparently the result of Kelvin-Helmholtz instability, that account for the strong returns from these zones recorded by short wavelength radar and acoustic sounders....
Estimating grain and straw nitrogen concentration in grain crops based on aboveground nitrogen concentration and harvest index

Simulating grain (N g ) and straw (N s ) nitrogen (N) concentration is of paramount importance in cropping systems simulation models. In this paper we present a simple model to partition N between grain and straw at harvest for barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), maize (Zea mays L.), and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor Moench). The principle of the model is to partition the aboveground N at physiologic maturity based on the relative availability of biomass and N to the grain. The inputs for the model are the harvest index (HI), representing the relative availability of biomass to the grain, and the aboveground N concentration (N t ) at harvest, representing the availability of N. The model has five parameters, of which four (the maximum and minimum achievable grain and straw N concentrations) are readily available; the parameter C requires calibration. The model was calibrated and tested for these four species without differentiating genotypes within species. The testing included diverse experiments in wheat; comparing observed and estimated N g the relative RMSE ranged from 3 to 10% (five experiments) and was 31% in one experiment in which the estimated N g exceeded consistently the observed values. For barley, maize, and sorghum, the data availability for testing was limited, but the model performed well (relative RMSE values of 7, 7, and 18%, respectively). Therefore, the model proposed seems to be robust. It remains to be determined if the parameters and the method are useful to discriminate genotypic differences in N g within a species and if the method can be applied to legume crops.
Design and characterization of a low air flow nebulizer

A low flow nebulizer based on air atomization at the confluence of two liquid jets and one air jet was designed, built and characterized. The results show the generator capable of producing relatively high concentrations of less than 10 µm AED aerosols at air flow rates of 1.5 LPM or less. Furthermore, it is stable, simple to build and operate.
Stochastic macroeconomic control with non-identical control intervals☆

Abstract David Kendrick (1976) has recently suggested that dynamic control schemes which economists have applied to macroeconomic models generally rest on the stringent assumption that monetary and fiscal policy are executed with the same frequency. Kendrick observes: ‘The Federal Reserve Board can make monetary policy decisions fairly quickly. However, fiscal decisions are made by the President, but must then go to Congress, and back to the President. No control theory application has yet taken account of the difference in timing between the policy-making actions.’ This paper recognizes that agents having non-identical control intervals are involved in controlling the macroeconomy and examines the role of monetary and fiscal policies in this context.
Longitudinal correlates of fatigue in multiple sclerosis.

ObjectiveTo determine the predictors of longitudinal changes in fatigue based on pain, mood, and neurological impairment across multiple sclerosis (MS) subtypes.BackgroundFatigue is the most common symptom of MS but remains poorly understood. The New York State Multiple Sclerosis Consortium (NYSMSC) database offers a unique opportunity to longitudinally assess a variety of potential fatigue correlates in a very large and diverse MS sample.Design/MethodsThis study examined baseline and 1-year follow-up data on 2768 patients drawn from the NYSMSC database regarding fatigability, pain, depressive symptoms, MS subtype, and expanded disability status scale (EDSS). Correlates and predictors of fatigue were assessed in correlational and multiple regression analyses.ResultsBaseline fatigue, pain, and depression accounted for 34.6% of the variance in 1-year follow-up fatigue scores. Fatigue was lower in relapsing–remitting subjects than in other MS subtypes. Fatigue consistently correlated at baseline and follow-u...
Developmental changes in the molecular weight of heterogeneous nuclear RNA

The size distribution of heterogeneous nuclear RNA (hnRNA) in the sea urchin embryo changes markedly during early development. Measurement of cleavage (4.5 h) to late gastrula (40 h) hnRNA by sedimentation in aqueous and denaturing solvent indicates that in the stages tested cleavage (4.5 h) hnRNA is smallest and rotating blastula (13 h) hnRNA is largest. The molecular weight of cleavage hnRNA is calculated to be about one-third that of rotating blastula hnRNA. Sedimentation of early embryo hnRNA in denaturing solvent to disaggregate complexes demonstrated mean S values lower than those obtained in aqueous solvent.
Inhibition of spontaneous acetylcholine secretion by 2‐chloroadenosine as revealed by a protein kinase inhibitor at the mouse neuromuscular junction

1. Previous studies have reported discrepancies in the potencies of A(1) adenosine receptor agonists at mouse motor nerve terminals. In addition, conflicting results on the role of protein kinase A (PKA) in mediating the inhibitory effects of A(1) receptor agonists have been published. We thus decided to investigate the possibility of endogenous control of adenosine receptor sensitivity by protein kinases, using a variety of protein kinase inhibitors in conjunction with the adenosine receptor agonist 2-chloroadenosine (CADO). 2. CADO, at the concentration employed previously to study spontaneous ACh release in the mouse (1 microM), did not inhibit spontaneous ACh release in our experiments. However, a higher concentration of CADO (10 microM) produced highly statistically-significant reductions in spontaneous ACh release. 3. In the presence of the non-selective protein kinase inhibitor, H7 (50 microM), the potency of CADO was increased such that 1 microM CADO now reduced spontaneous quantal ACh release to approximately 63% of control. 4. Both H7, and the selective PKA inhibitor, KT5720 (500 nM) prevented increases in ACh release produced by CPT cyclic AMP (250 microM), suggesting these kinase inhibitors were blocking PKA. In contrast to H7, however, KT5720, did not reveal an inhibitory effect of 1 microM CADO. A number of other non-selective PKA inhibitors also failed to increase the potency of CADO. 5. The results suggest that an endogenous H7-sensitive process modulates the sensitivity of the mouse A(1) adenosine receptor and that the inhibitory effects of CADO are independent of cyclic AMP accumulation or PKA inhibition.
The mesopontine rostromedial tegmental nucleus: an integrative modulator of the reward system

The mesopontine rostromedial tegmental nucleus (RMTg) is a newly discovered brain structure thought to profoundly influence reward-related pathways. The RMTg is prominently GABAergic, receives dense projections from the lateral habenula and projects strongly to the midbrain ventral tegmental area and substantia nigra compacta. It receives additional afferent connections from widespread brain structures and sends additional strong efferent connections to a number of non-dopaminergic brainstem structures and, to a lesser extent, the forebrain. Projection neurons of the RMTg have been shown to express Fos in response to aversive stimuli and/or reward omission and psychostimulant drug administration. This review will first recount how the RMTg was discovered and then describe in greater detail what is known about its neuroanatomical relationships, including afferent and efferent connections, neurotransmitters, and receptors. Finally, we will focus on what has been reported about its function.
Anterior urethral polyp associated with hematuria in six-year-old child

Anterior urethral polyps are rare, occur only in male patients, and have been associated with obstruction, terminal hematuria, and enuresis. We believe this is the fifth reported case of anterior urethral polyp associated with terminal hematuria. The radiographic findings, treatment, and pathology are reviewed.
Hierarchical Search for Parsing

Both coarse-to-fine and A* parsing use simple grammars to guide search in complex ones. We compare the two approaches in a common, agenda-based framework, demonstrating the tradeoffs and relative strengths of each method. Overall, coarse-to-fine is much faster for moderate levels of search errors, but below a certain threshold A* is superior. In addition, we present the first experiments on hierarchical A* parsing, in which computation of heuristics is itself guided by meta-heuristics. Multi-level hierarchies are helpful in both approaches, but are more effective in the coarse-to-fine case because of accumulated slack in A* heuristics.
A Late-Time Optical Detection of SN 1985L in NGC 5033

An apparent late-time optical recovery of SN 1985L (Type II-L) in the Sb galaxy NGC 5033 is presented and discussed. An Hα emission point source is found within 1'' of both SN 1985L's historically reported position 70'' west and 55'' north of NGC 5033's center and its late-time, radio-measured position. This Hα source is not visible on V-band or narrow red continuum (7000 ± 125 A) images, but is detected using a 6510 A filter (FWHM = 30 A). Its detection at 6510 A can be attributed to blueshifted Hα emission because of a broad (±5000 km s-1) Hα line profile like that seen in late-time Type II-L spectra. The SN 1985L source has an estimated total Hα flux of (5 ± 1) × 10-16 ergs cm-2 s-1, making it, at a distance of 13 Mpc, about as luminous as the late-time Hα emission from SN 1970G. The presence of Hα emission from SN 1985L suggests that it has a spectrum similar to that of other comparably aged Type II-L supernovae, and further helps establish a late-time radio-optical link for this subclass of Type II events.
The departmental rating game: Measure of quantity or quality?

What constitutes quality in graduate education? The most widely accepted definition has been proposed by Cartter who asked recognized scholars to rate departmental excellence in 30 disciplines. Cartter's instructions to the raters could have allowed the influence of a “halo effect” to operate. This is an error in rating which is produced when the particular characteristics being rated are contaminated by the rater's notion of the general worthiness of the object being rated. This study demonstrated that the halo effect related to size variables occurred in the Cartter study.
Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase of the bovine retina: activity, subcellular distribution and kinetic parameters.

— High phosphodiesterase activity for cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP was found in subcellular fractions of the bovine retina with more rapid hydrolysis of cyclic GMP than cyclic AMP in each fraction. Rod outer segments (ROS) and the supernatant fraction had highest activity. High enzyme activity remained associated with ROS membranes through several steps of purification by gradient centrifugation. A complex kinetic pattern was observed for cyclic AMP hydrolysis by the supernatant fraction yielding two values for Km; a simple kinetic pattern was observed with cyclic GMP hydrolysis in supernatant and for both cyclic nucleotides in preparations of purified outer segments. Phosphodiesterase activity of outer segments was enhanced by Mg2+. Mn2+ and inhibited by EDTA. Cyclic AMP had relatively little effect on the hydrolysis of cyclic GMP in supernatant or ROS while cyclic GMP inhibited hydrolysis of cyclic AMP in both fractions.
Lymphoid Cell Responses to Bacterial Cell Wall Components: Murine B‐Cell Responses to a Purified Cell Wall Moiety of Actinomyces

A mitogenic component, designated fraction C (Fr C), has been purified from a mutanolysin enzyme digest of Actinomyces cell walls by CM Sephadex C-25 ion-exchange and G-100 gel filtration chromatography. Good mitogenic responses were obtained with Fr C over a broad dose range with peak mitogenesis seen with 500 micrograms/culture. Fraction C (mol. wt. = 35,000-40,000) consists of 75% carbohydrate and 23% protein, is non-dialysable, resistant to heat, lysozyme or protease treatment, and partially sensitive to base, and all mitogenic activity is destroyed by either periodate or acid treatment. Fraction C is a B-cell mitogen since it induced responses in nude (nu/nu) and nu/+ BALB/c spleen cell cultures and purified splenic B-cell cultures, but did not stimulate purified splenic T-cell cultures. Similar mitogenic fractions for B cells have been obtained from cell walls of A. naeslundii and from a human isolate of A. viscosus. Good polyclonal IgM synthesis and plaque-forming cell responses to hapten or erythrocytes were obtained in vitro with the purified cell wall fractions derived from all three Actinomyces strains studied. These results indicate that the Actinomyces cell wall possesses a carbohydrate-rich component which activates B cells and may represent a common determinant of this genus.
Vaginal occlusion induced by cancer therapy

Two adolescent girls with acquired vaginal occlusion and resultant hematometracolpos are presented. Both are long-term survivors of childhood malignancies, who prior to multiagent chemotherapy and pelvic irradiation had normal uteri by imaging. Both were amenorrheic post therapy. Routine follow-up computed tomography (CT) scans to monitor their malignancies demonstrated unexpected cystic pelvic masses, subsequently diagnosed as hematometracolpos.
State constraints and singular solutions to penalty function optimization problems.

The penalty function method has received wide attention in state constrained optimization problems. This method usually involves increasing the weight on the penalty function without bound. Herein, examples are presented which show that direct application of the necessary conditions from the penalty function method does not give the optimal solution in the limit or otherwise when singular solutions are not considered. A theorem is proved which shows that a singular solution to a penalty function problem is optimal on the state constraint in the case a solution of the original optimization problem exists. This leads to the concept of compatible state and control constraints; and, the conclusion that if the constraints are not compatible and if the singular solution to the penalty function is not optimal, then the solution from the usual penalty function necessary conditions is not optimal or even suboptimal.
Medial collateral ligament reconstruction with allograft using a double-bundle technique

Medial collateral ligament (MCL) reconstruction has been a topic of controversy in regard to the need for surgical reconstruction as well as the type of surgical reconstruction to be performed. Combined anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and MCL reconstruction has been found to be associated with a higher incidence of postoperative arthrofibrosis than isolated ACL reconstruction; performing these reconstructions in a staged format has been proposed to avoid this devastating complication. We present a technique for MCL reconstruction that physiometrically re-establishes both anterior and posterior stabilizing components of the MCL and is performed with a limited soft-tissue dissection. This technique can easily be combined with an ACL allograft or hamstring reconstruction without need for staged or significantly delayed procedure. The technical details of this technique allow for stable fixation of an allograft reconstruction to allow for immediate postoperative knee range of motion with low patient morbidity because of the limited surgical approach.
Sick and Tired: How molecular regulators of human sleep schedules and duration impact immune function

Why do we need to sleep? What regulates when we sleep? And what dictates the number of hours we require? These are often viewed as three separate biological questions. Here, we propose they share molecular etiologies, whereby regulators of sleep schedules and sleep duration also govern the physiological purposes of sleep. To support our hypothesis, we review Mendelian human genetic variants sufficient to advance sleep-wake onset (PER2) and shorten sleep length (DEC2), and evaluate their emerging roles in immune responses that may rely on a sound night of slumber.
For Whom the Tunnel Be Tolled: A Four-Factor Model for Explaining Willingness-to-Pay Tolls

Abstract This research examines citizen acceptance of tolls and road pricing, and specifically focuses on determinants of the individual’s expressed willingness-to-pay tolls to use a tunnel express lane that would be free of traffic delays. We answer the research question “What factors influence citizens’ willingness-to-pay tolls” by empirically estimating a four factor model of willingness-to-pay: (a) direct benefit to the respondent; (b) relative cost over time; (c) community concern; and (d) political and environmental liberalism. We use data about citizen perceptions from the Life in Hampton Roads Survey, a survey of residents of Hampton Roads, Virginia. We find that willingness-to-pay is primarily driven and motivated by self-interest, through a balancing of benefit to cost relative to individual income and frequency of use. In addition, concern for the community also contributes to willingness-to-pay tolls. The individual’s perception of government’s trustworthiness, a reflection of political and environmental beliefs, also influences the extent to which an individual is willing to pay tolls.
Prevention of HIV-1 glycoprotein transport by soluble CD4 retained in the endoplasmic reticulum

The envelope glycoprotein (gp120/41) of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) attaches the virus to the cellular CD4 receptor and mediates virus entry into the cytoplasm. In addition to being required for formation of infectious HIV, expression of gp120/41 at the plasma membrane causes the cytopathic fusion of cells carrying the CD4 antigen. The expression of gp120/41 is therefore an ideal target for therapeutic strategies designed to combat AIDS. Here we show that expression of a soluble CD4 molecule, mutated to contain a specific retention signal for the endoplasmic reticulum, blocks secretion of gp120 and surface expression of gp120/41, but does not interfere with transport of wild-type CD4. By blocking transport of the HIV glycoprotein, this retained CD4 molecule prevents the fusion of CD4 cells that is normally caused by the HIV glycoprotein. Expression of the retained CD4 molecule in human T cells might therefore be useful in the intracellular immunization procedure suggested by Baltimore.
Stereoselective iodolactonization of acyclic unsaturated 3-hydroxyacids

Abstract A stereoselective method for preparing 3-hydroxy-4-alkyl-γ-lactones is reported. iodolactonization of 3-hydroxy-4-alkenoic acids produces predominantly the thermodynamically less stable 3,4-cis products, which undergo methanolysis to threo -epoxyalcohols.
Signal-to-Memory Mapping Analysis for Multimedia Signal Processing

The storage requirements in data-dominant signal processing systems, whose behavior is described by array-based, loop-organized algorithmic specifications, have an important impact on the overall energy consumption, data access latency, and chip area. Finding the optimal storage of the usually large arrays from these behavioral specifications is an important step during memory allocation. This paper proposes more efficient algorithms for the intra-array storage mapping models of De Greef (De Greef, et al., 1997) and Troncon (Troncon, et al., 2002), resulting in an implementation several time faster than the original ones.
Multi-wavelength signal variability in the active galactic nuclei Markarian 421 at keV and TeV energies

Abstract A preliminary study is presented of the temporal variability of the blazar Markarian 421 using data derived from the Whipple 10 m telescope and the RXTE satellite from the 2001 observing season. A flux correlation study for the source as derived from Whipple and RXTE’s ASM is presented and used as argument for more dedicated multi-wavelength campaigns, some of which are currently underway. A dedicated RXTE observing campaign from 2001 is reanalyzed to study the temporal and related spectral variability of the source during quiescence and outburst.
Catecholamine-sensitive ventricular tachycardia.

Catecholamine-sensitive ventricular tachycardia (VT) refers to a ventricular tachyarrhythmia triggered by adrenergic stimulation. Previous descriptions of the syndrome have labeled it exerciseinduced VT in the absence of ischemia, VT with normal coronary arteries, and right ventricular tachycardia. Catecholamine-sensitive VT may be a better term than exercise-induced VT, since some of these arrhythmias occur with minimal or no physical exercise, even though the patient may be experiencing a catecholamine surge. Catecholamine-sensitive VT may be recognized by a number of common features. It is important for the physician to recognize this syndrome, as the indications for diagnostic procedures and therapy differ significantly from those of the majority of patients resuscitated from sustained VT or ventricular fibrillation. A classification scheme is proposed for catecholamine-sensitive VT (Table I). Common features of type I are summarized in Table II. Patients with ventricular arrhythmias related to exercise-induced ischemia or that occur in the presence of ischemia represent an entirely different substrate, with other implications for evaluation and therapy. The present discussion will focus on the population with type I catecholamine-sensitive VT in the absence of ischemia. Five cases of catecholamine-sensitive VT are described (Table III) and are compared to previous series (Table IV).*-l2
Theoretical cantilever lengths versus clinical variables in fifty-five clinical cases.

Abstract Statement of problem. Cantilever loading increases loads distributed to implants, potentially causing biomechanical complications. The implemented length is often less than what is considered to be optimal. Purpose. This study investigated the effects of clinical variables on predicted cantilever lengths. Theoretically, calculated maximum cantilever was defined as the length that would not cause gold screw loosening or fatigue failure. The variables investigated included number and distribution of implants, arches placed, and the clinician's "optimal" cantilevers. Material and methods. Implant and prosthesis location coordinates of 55 clinical cases were determined from casts. The distribution of an applied 143 N vertical load to implants was calculated through the Skalak model for more than 500 loading sites. Gold screw joint overload was assumed to occur at 200 and 250 N in compression and tension. Calculated lengths were compared with clinical variables. Results. For a set number of implants, the relationship between calculated cantilever length and anterior-posterior spread was linear. The sum of length on both sides versus prosthesis length between the most distal implants was linear, regardless of the number of implants. Predicted satisfaction was defined as calculated length greater than the clinicians' optimal length. Satisfaction rates were 100%, 56%, 33%, 8%, and 0% for cases supported by 8 and 7, 6, 5, 4, and 3 implants (44% overall), respectively. Ninety-eight percent of cases with anterior-posterior spreads greater than 11.1 mm were satisfied. Conclusion. Within the limitations of the model, predicted complications of the gold screw joint may be reduced if: (1) cantilever length is less than calculated from linear equations, and (2) anterior-posterior spread is greater than 11.1 mm. (J Prosthet Dent 2000;83:332-43.)
Effects of Ion Dose on the Morphology and Crystallization of Amorphous Germanium

1.5 MeV Kr{sup +} irradiation of polycrystalline Ge at room temperature, and subsequent annealing were carried out with in situ TEM observations. After a Kr{sup +} dose of 1.2{times}10{sup 14} ions/cm{sup 2}, Ge in the electron transparent region was completely amorphized. Continuous irradiation of the amorphized Ge resulted in a high density of small cavities. These cavities, first observed after 7{times}10{sup 14} ions/cm{sup 2} with an average diameter of {approximately}3 nm, grew into large ({approximately}50 nm) irregular-shaped holes, transforming the irradiated Ge into a sponge-like material after 8.5{times}10{sup 15} ions/cm{sup 2}. The crystallization temperature and the morphology of the crystallized Ge after annealing were found to be dependent on the Kr{sup +} dose. The sponge-like structure was retained after crystallization at {approximately}600{degrees}C. 18 refs., 6 figs.
ULTRAFAST NONEQUILIBRIUM SPIN DYNAMICS IN A FERROMAGNETIC THIN FILM

An ultrafast time-resolved magneto-optical pump probe is applied to study spin-relaxation processes in a ferromagnetic ${\mathrm{CoPt}}_{3}$ alloy film. Following spin-selective photoexcitation with circularly polarized femtosecond pulses, transient Kerr ellipticity tracks the evolution of the nonequilibrium spin system. We isolate two distinct processes: a subpicosecond component due to the relaxation of coherently spin polarized electrons, and a slower component (\ensuremath{\sim}10 psec) associated with the evolution of the thermalized spin distribution and the photoinduced transient magnetization.
Symptoms of Musculoskeletal Disorders among Tattoo Artists

Despite the widespread popularity of tattoos in the U.S. and worldwide, little consideration has been given to the occupational risk factors that tattoo artists face. Tattoo artists are exposed to many of the same risk factors faced by occupations such as dentistry and cosmetology, including prolonged static work postures and sustained gripping of hand held tools. However, no research has evaluated the extent to which the tattooing profession is adversely affected by its occupational demands. Utilizing a survey of tattoo artists, this research sought to benchmark the prevalence of symptoms commonly associated with the development of musculoskeletal disorders. The survey results revealed that tattoo artists experience high levels of discomfort in the lower back, neck, shoulders, and upper extremities and that these levels significantly exceed discomfort reported in professions that expose workers to similar ergonomic risk factors.
Effects of clonazepam and ethosuximide on the responding of pigeons under a fixed-consecutive-number schedule with and without an external discriminative stimulus

The effects of the anticonvulsant drugs clonazepam and ethosuximide were examined in pigeons performing under a fixed-consecutive-number schedule with and without an added external discriminative stimulus. Under these schedules, food was delivered whenever subjects responded between and 8 and 12 times on one response key (work key), and then responded once on a second response key (reinforcement key). For one group, an external discriminative stimulus signalled completion of the response requirement on the work key, while no stimulus change was programmed for the other group. Clonazepam (0.06–0.75 mg/kg) produced dose-dependent decreases in percentage of reinforced runs and rate of responding for both groups. The magnitude of the accuracy-decreasing effect was generally greater in the group without the external discriminative stimulus. For this group, the higher doses of clonazepam produced pronounced increases in switching to the reinforcement key before completing the minimum requirement of eight consecutive responses on the work key. No consistent patterns of errors were evident for the subjects with the added external discriminative stimulus. Although ethosuximide (20–160 mg/kg) produced dose-dependent decreases in rate of responding, it had little effect on the percentage of reinforced runs or the run length distributions. These findings are consistent with previous reports indicating that clonazepam, but not ethosuximide, substantially disrupts performance under operant tasks requiring conditional discriminations. These data also suggest that the addition of an external discrimination stimulus attenuates the disruptive behavioral effects of clonazepam.
Changes in brain glucose levels and glucose transporter protein isoforms in alcohol- or nicotine-treated chick embryos

Abstract Suppression of fetal brain growth during pregnancy as the result of maternal smoking or alcohol consumption leads to significant problems for the offspring as well as for the society who must care for these individuals. Chronic maternal intake of cigarette smoke is frequently observed in humans and studies using animal models suggest that in utero nicotine exposure is an important component of the growth suppression that results. Similarly, maternal consumption of alcohol (ethanol) has a profound, negative effect on fetal growth. The developing fetal central nervous system (CNS) is sensitive to the growth inhibitory effect of nicotine or alcohol and morphological as well as functional CNS deficits may result from fetal exposure. Using an embryonic chick model which minimizes drug-induced changes in maternal nutrition and behavior, the studies presented here indicate that nicotine or alcohol exposure during early embryonic development inhibits brain growth to a degree comparable to that seen in the rest of the organism, i.e., there was no `brain sparing' in this model. Glucose content per milligram tissue was markedly decreased in brains of the nicotine-treated embryos but was not significantly different in the alcohol-exposed embryos. Western blots of fetal brain glucose transporter protein isoforms showed no change in the Glut 3 transporter content in the growth suppressed brains compared to vehicle-treated brains. The Glut 1 55 kilodalton (kd) isoform protein content was significantly decreased in the nicotine-treated brains but unchanged in the ethanol-treated brains, while the reverse was true for the Glut 1 45 kd isoform. Thus, the changes in the 55 kd isoform protein content were correlated with tissue glucose levels in the ethanol- and nicotine-treated embryos.
Urban Identity in Medieval English Towns

Throughout the later Middle Ages, English towns continued to augment both their legal privileges and the physical spaces in which they exercised them. Urban officials struggled to define civic identity as distinct from the rural, noble, and ecclesiastical power that surrounded them. Four case studies from Exeter, Shrewsbury, Norwich, and York allow in-depth explorations to be made of the ways in which towns defined physical and juridical space through lawsuits. The disputes and their pursuit before the law show clearly how urban space impacted territorial, legal, and ethnic identity in late medieval society.
Modified Scree Test: Further Considerations on Its Application to Delphi Study Data.

A recent Delphi study on recreational boating safety priorities is used as an illustrative example to further explore the utility of applying the modified scree test to Delphi data. After a brief overview of the Delphi method, the scree test's applicability is discussed in light of the work by Keith Zoski and StephenJurs, and the caveatspresented byJamesAltschuld and Phyllis Thomas. The procedures used in this present scree test then are described. The potential utility of the scree test, and Delphi studies in general, to evaluation research are noted.
Recent Insights into Dosing Diuretics for Acute Decompensated Heart Failure

Acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) is a major problem among the elderly requiring frequent hospitalizations. Although the vast majority of patients with ADHF require loop diuretic therapy to control symptoms, guidelines for their use have been driven primarily by small nonrandomized trials and observational studies. Ongoing debate has centered on the risks of adverse effects including renal dysfunction and the most appropriate method of administration to minimize these risks. Recently, a large prospective randomized trial, the Diuretic Optimization Strategies Evaluation (DOSE), addressed these issues. This article will review the findings of this trial and the implications for clinical practice.
The absolute stereochemistry of several cis-dihydrodiols microbially produced from substituted benzenes

Abstract The absolute stereochemistry of a series of 3-substituted cis -dihydrodiols obtained by microbial oxidation of toluene, ethylbenzene, chlorobenzene, and biphenyl has been assigned from chemical and spectrophotometric studies. ϱ-Halogenated toluenes also have been investigated as substrates in these oxidations, and the corresponding cis -dihydrodiols isolated. Implications from the observation that some of the cis -dihydrodiols are racemic are discussed. Oxidation of an olefin, (±)-3-methylcyclohexene, by these microorganisms leads only to cis -diols whose absolute stereochemistry about the hydroxyl-bearing carbons is the same as that found for the cis -dihydrodiols formed from the aromatic substrates.