cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Probabilities of Pressure Heights Forecast by Graphical and Numerical Methods.

Abstract A statistical theory developed previously is applied to two prediction techniques: graphical integration of Estoque's baroclinic model and numerical integration of a barotropic model. In both instances, synoptic observations are regarded as samplings of the actual state at observation time. Probabilities of forecast height values to occur in specified height intervals at 500 and 1000 mb are computed with graphical aids. Analogous probabilities are obtained at 500 mb with aid of numerical methods. These are limiting probabilities whose values depend in part on network density and initial synoptic analysis. Forecast procedures are described. Examples of probability forecasts and verifications are presented. It is found that theoretical limiting probabilities compared successfully with empirical probabilities for several synoptic cases, showing closest agreement in the numerical technique. This and other results are discussed.
Influence of age, sex, balance, and sport participation on development of throwing by children in grades K-8.

The purpose of this study was to examine the contributions of age, sex, balance, and sport participation on development of kicking by children in Grades K-8. The subjects were 379 boys and 337 girls (ages 4 to 14) enrolled in a medium-sized school system in southeastern Maine. Each subject was individually assessed on kicking development and static and dynamic balance. All subjects completed a survey on their participation in school or community-sponsored soccer. To assess the independent effects of age, sex, static balance, dynamic balance, and sport participation within each grade, data were subjected to multiple regression analysis. Development of mature form was significantly related to sex (Grade 6: boys outperformed girls), static and dynamic balance (Grade 7), and age (Grade 6).
Absorption of theophylline from enteric coated and sustained release formulations in fasted and non‐fasted subjects

The influence of prior food ingestion, and also of varying fluid volumes, on plasma theophylline levels was examined following single oral doses of two sustained-release formulations, Theobid (260 mg) and Theo-Dur (200 mg) and one partially enteric-coated formulation, Choledyl (128 mg), to 9 healthy volunteers. Prior food ingestion tended to delay the absorption of theophylline from all formulations to a small extent. This effect was observed only at early sampling times, and plasma drug profiles were similar for all treatments within a particular formulation. Theobid and Theo-Dur gave rise to plasma profiles that were characteristic of sustained-release formulations, with mean Cmax values of 5.5-5.7 micrograms ml-1 (Theobid) and 2.8-3.2 micrograms ml-1 (Theo-Dur) occurring at 5.8-9.1 h after dosing. Choledyl gave rise to a longer absorption lag time than the other formulations but was subsequently absorbed at a faster rate yielding mean Cmax values of 3.2-3.5 micrograms ml-1 at 2.8-4.1 h. The intersubject variability in theophylline plasma levels, and also in most pharmacokinetic parameter values, was generally less following Theo-Dur compared to the other formulations.
Acetylation of Nrf2 by p300/CBP Augments Promoter-Specific DNA Binding of Nrf2 during the Antioxidant Response

To maintain intracellular redox homeostasis, genes encoding many antioxidants and detoxification enzymes are transcriptionally upregulated upon deleterious oxidative stress through the cis antioxidant responsive elements (AREs) in their promoter regions. Nrf2 is the critical transcription factor responsible for ARE-dependent transcription. We and others have previously demonstrated that Nrf2 is targeted for ubiquitin-mediated degradation by Keap1 in a redox-sensitive manner through modifications of distinct cysteine residues of Keap1. Here, we report that p300/CBP directly acetylates Nrf2 in response to arsenite-induced stress. We have identified multiple acetylated lysine residues within the Nrf2 Neh1 DNA-binding domain. Combined lysine-to-arginine mutations on the acetylation sites, with no effects on Nrf2 protein stability, compromised the DNA-binding activity of Nrf2 in a promoter-specific manner. These findings demonstrated that acetylation of Nrf2 by p300/CBP augments promoter-specific DNA binding of Nrf2 and established acetylation as a novel regulatory mechanism that functions in concert with Keap1-mediated ubiquitination in modulating the Nrf2-dependent antioxidant response.
Occupational Transformations in Urban and Regional Planning, 1960 to 1980

Utilizing data from the Bureau of the Census, this paper explores changes in the labor market demand for urban and regional planners over the last three decades. Specific aspects of that demand are considered: overall size, spatial distribution, and industrial composition Demand has increased dramatically since 1960, though it waned in the '70s, and it has generally paralleled regional shifts in population and employment. In sectoral terms, planners remain primarily government employees. The implications of these findings for planning research and education are briefly addressed.
Modulation of chondrocyte behavior through tailoring functional synthetic saccharide-peptide hydrogels.

Abstract Tailoring three-dimensional (3D) biomaterial environments to provide specific cues in order to modulate function of encapsulated cells could potentially eliminate the need for addition of exogenous cues in cartilage tissue engineering. We recently developed saccharide–peptide copolymer hydrogels for cell culture and tissue engineering applications. In this study, we aim to tailor our saccharide–peptide hydrogel for encapsulating and culturing chondrocytes in 3D and examine the effects of changing single amino acid moieties differing in hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity (valine (V), cysteine (C), tyrosine (Y)) on modulation of chondrocyte function. Encapsulated chondrocytes remained viable over 21 days in vitro. Glycosaminoglycan and collagen content was significantly higher in Y-functionalized hydrogels compared to V-functionalized hydrogels. Extensive matrix accumulation and concomitant increase in mechanical properties was evident over time, particularly with the presence of Y amino acid. After 21 days in vitro, Y-functionalized hydrogels attained a modulus of 193 ± 46 kPa, compared to 44 ± 21 kPa for V-functionalized hydrogels. Remarkably, mechanical and biochemical properties of chondrocyte-laden hydrogels were modulated by change in a single amino acid moiety. This unique property, combined with the versatility and biocompatibility, makes our saccharide–peptide hydrogels promising candidates for further investigation of combinatorial effects of multiple functional groups on controlling chondrocyte and other cellular function and behavior.
Threading Immobilized DNA through a Solid-State Nanopore with a Tip

Nanopores have been of interest for scientific research in addition to medical applications since they have the ability to detect and characterize single biomolecules with potentially high throughput and low cost. The Scanning Probe Microscope (SPM) method has sub-nanometer spatial resolution. We have constructed a combined SPM-solid state nanopore apparatus to study the capture and release process of lambda-DNA by a voltage biased solid-state nanopore. By tethering the DNA to an fiber tip in ionic solution, we can control the position of one end of the DNA molecule precisely, allowing us to study the DNA capture and release distance from the nanopore. We also have detected DNA sticking to the nanopore mouth without translocation through, it produced small current blockage, and we can study this process with one DNA molecule repetitively. This tethered DNA nanopore sensing method will provide a means to slow DNA translocation, allowing more detailed features of single DNA molecules to be studied, and potentially can be used with all types of nanopores with single-biomolecule sensitivity at controlled translocation rates.
What's in a name? Minorities, identity, and politics in Bulgaria

From the 1970s until 1990, the Islamic minorities of Bulgaria had no public voice, no organizational infrastructure, and, indeed, few shared visible symbols of community and history. The past three years have seen the emergence and empowerment of an ethnic political movement, the rise of politicized Turkish ethnicity, and the construction of a sense of a national Moslem community. This paper will examine the background and causes for this remarkable transformation from persecuted minority to political power brokers. Politicized ethnicity in the case of Bulgaria, rather than being a constant force waiting to surface whenever not suppressed, is best viewed as the outcome of specific political and economic policies. While the potential for conflict in Bulgaria remains, in many respects the present political scene shows that ethnic militancy need not mean conflict.
Focus Issue: Drug Discovery

This week’s issues of Science and Science’ s STKE focus on issues related to the development of therapeutics, including new methods for identifying drug targets and the goal of personalized medicine based on an individual9s genetics. STKE specifically looks at the roles the RNAi can play in the drug target identification process, how understanding the genetics behind disease can lead to new options for therapeutic intervention, and how analysis of the signaling network may provide insight for personalized medicine.
Faceted design of channels for low-dispersion electrokinetic flows in microfluidic systems.

A novel methodology for designing microfluidic channels for low-dispersion, electrokinetic flows is presented. The technique relies on trigonometric relations that apply for ideal electrokinetic flows, allowing faceted channels to be designed using common drafting software and a hand calculator. Flows are rotated and stretched along the abrupt interface between adjacent regions having differing specific permeabilitya quantity with dimensions of length that we introduce to derive the governing equations. Two-interface systems are used to eliminate hydrodynamic rotation of bands injected into channels. Regions bounded by interfaces form faceted flow “prisms” with uniform velocity fields that can be combined with other prisms to obtain a wide range of turning angles and expansion ratios. Lengths of faceted prisms can be varied arbitrarily, simplifying chip layout and allowing the ability to reduce unwanted effects such as transverse diffusion and Joule heating for a given faceted prism. Designs are demonstra...
Worker perceptions of procedural justice in workers’ compensation claims: Do unions make a difference?

The differences between union and nonunion workers’ perceptions of the fairness of the workers’ compensation claims process are examined. The hypothesis tested is that union members should perceive this process as more fair due to union “voice.” The data were collected in a survey of injured workers in Michigan who had filed a workers’ compensation claim. The empirical results indicate that unions have little impact on the perceived fairness of the claims process and that the main contribution of unions is the provision of a complaint mechanism.
A study of ayahuasca use in North America.

Abstract Eighty-one subjects who used ayahuasca at least once in North America answered a lengthy set of open-ended questions and completed the 81-item After the Spiritual Experience Questionnaire. An additional 50 ayahuasca users were interviewed in person. The data for this study represent ayahuasca experience based on more than 2,267 ceremonies. A comparison group of 46 people attending a Catholic spiritual retreat weekend also completed the After the Spiritual Experience Questionnaire. A factor analysis of this questionnaire yielded three factors: Joy in Life, Relationship to the Sacred and Toxic Feelings. Although the ayahuasca users had significantly higher scores on the first two factors, the two groups had modest mean differences indicating a similar response to two very different spiritual experiences. This key finding strongly supports the view that ayahuasca users are engaged in an authentic process as spiritual in nature as that of the retreatants. The qualitative data revealed that ayahuasca ...
Bandwagon, Snob, and Veblen Effects in the Theory of Consumers' Demand

I. The nature of the problem, 183. — II. Functional and nonfunctional demand, 188. — III. The bandwagon effect, 190. — IV. The snob effect, 199. — V. The Veblen effect, 202. — VI. Mixed effects, 205. — VII. Conclusion, 206.
DEVELOPING A TOOL FOR UNIFIED COGNITIVE MODELING USING A MODEL OF LEARNING AND UNDERSTANDING IN YOUNG CHILDREN

To reduce the complexity of studying a parallel mechanism for natural language learning and understanding which supports both utterance and discourse processing, we propose a computational model demonstrating the performance of a young language user just starting to construct one and two word utterances. This model is constructed using discoveries from both connectionism and symbolic research which guided the construction of our own cognitive modeling system. This system consists of 1) a cognitive theory, 2) a cognitive and a computational architecture, and 3) the support environment necessary to construct concurrent symbolic-based cognitive models using a multi-agent environment. After providing the discourse performance of the resulting model, we also address the pragmatic consideration of building and supporting the resulting modeling system and language model on a cluster of SMP computers.
Effect of inertia on drop breakup under shear

A spherical drop, placed in a second liquid of the same density and viscosity, is subjected to shear between parallel walls. The subsequent flow is investigated numerically with a volume-of-fluid continuous-surface-force algorithm. Inertially driven breakup is examined. The critical Reynolds numbers are examined for capillary numbers in the range where the drop does not break up in Stokes flow. It is found that the effect of inertia is to rotate the drop toward the vertical direction, with a mechanism analogous to aerodynamic lift, and the drop then experiences higher shear, which pulls the drop apart horizontally. The balance of inertial stress with capillary stress shows that the critical Reynolds number scales inversely proportional to the capillary number, and this is confirmed with full numerical simulations. Drops exhibit self-similar damped oscillations towards equilibrium analogous to a one-dimensional mass-spring system. The stationary drop configurations near critical conditions approach an inviscid limit, independent of the microphysical flow- and fluid-parameters.
Taking the satisfaction (and the life) out of life satisfaction

The science of well-being studies an evaluative kind, well-being, which raises natural worries about the ability of empirical research to deliver. This paper argues that well-being research can provide important information about how people are doing without entangling itself very deeply in controversial normative claims. Most life satisfaction research, for instance, purports only to tell us how people see their lives going relative to what they care about – something most people can agree is important, whatever their theory of well-being. At the same time, such research can mislead if it does not in fact have the significance it seems to have. Life satisfaction measures in fact have this problem: life satisfaction attitudes have deep in-principle limitations in their ability to reflect the subjective quality of people's lives, for instance because they are only weakly constrained by the facts about how people see their lives going. You might, e.g., reasonably be satisfied with your life even if you thin...
MORPHOLOGICAL STUDIES OF THE NYMPHAEACEAE. XII. THE FLORAL BIOLOGY OF CABOMBA CAROLINIANA

Observations have been made on the pollination ecology of Cabomba caroliniana Gray in Texas. Flowers are trimerous with morphologically similar perianth parts. The adaxial corolla spurs are nectariferous and attract small Diptera (e.g. Notiphila cressoni and Hydrellia bilobifera). Anthesis occurs for 2 consecutive days with flowers opening about 10:00 a.m. and closing around 4 p.m. on each day. First-day flowers have short, indehiscent stamens and longer pollenreceptive stigmata which arch outward over the nectaries. In 2nd-day flowers the stamens have elongated to the level of the stigmata and extrorse dehiscense occurs above the nectaries. Stigmata of 2nd-day flowers are pressed together at the center of the flower and are nonreceptive to pollen. Insects attracted to 2nd-day flowers in search of nectar become dusted with pollen (due to the position and extrorse dehiscence of the anthers) and as insects fly to 1st-day flowers, achieve cross-pollination by virtue of the stigmata position over the nectaries. Seed anatomy is similar to that of other nymphaeaceous genera (i.e., abundant perisperm, little cellular endosperm, a haustorial nucellar "tube," and a small dicotyledonous embryo). Pollination morphology and comparative xylem anatomy support the segregation of Cabomba from the Nymphaeaceae, sensu stricto. The anatomical correlations between seeds and the myophilous pollination syndrome (found elsewhere in Nymphaeaceae, sensu lato), however, suggest a phyletic relationship.
Two- and three-dimensional asteroid ocean impact simulations

We have performed a series of simulations of asteroid impacts into an ocean using the SAGE code from Los Alamos National Laboratory and Science Applications International Corporation. SAGE is a compressible Eulerian hydrodynamics code with continuous adaptive mesh refinement. We have used realistic equations of state for the atmosphere, water, the oceanic crust, and the mantle. In two dimensions, we simulated asteroid impactors moving at 20 km/s vertically through an exponential atmosphere into a 5 km deep ocean. The impactors were composed of dunite (3.32 g/cc) or iron (7.8 g/cc) with diameters from 250 m to 1 km. In our three-dimensional runs we simulated asteroids of 1 km diameter moving at 20 km/s at angles of 45 and 30 degrees from the horizontal. All impacts, including the oblique ones, produce large underwater cavities with nearly vertical walls followed by a collapse starting from the bottom and subsequent vertical jetting. Substantial amounts of water are vaporized and lofted high into the atmosphere. In the larger impacts, significant amounts of crustal and even mantle material are lofted as well. Tsunamis up to a kilometer in initial height are generated by the collapse of the vertical jet. These waves are highly complex in form, and interact strongly with shocks propagating through the water and the crust. The tsunami waves are followed out to 100 km from the point of impact. Their periods and wavelengths show them to be intermediate type waves, and not (in general) shallow-water waves. At great distances, the waves decay more rapidly than the inverse of the distance from the impact point, ignoring sea-floor topography. The impacting body is highly fragmented and its remains lofted into the stratosphere with the water vapor and crustal material. In the oblique impacts, the initial asymmetry of the transient crater and crown do not persist beyond a tsunami propagation length of 50 km.
Transfer plate radioassay using adsorbed anti-insulin antibody to detect insulin secreted by islet cell cultures

Abstract A solid-phase radioimmunoassay for detection of insulin synthesized by islet cell clones is described. This assay employs anti-insulin antibody adsorbed onto fenestrated polyvinyl chloride 96-well plates (‘transfer plates’). The calibrated aperture in the bottom of each transfer plate well permits fluid to enter the wells when transfer plates are lowered into microculture wells containing insulin. With this assay it is possible to rapidly screen hundreds of islet cell cultures for insulin production. We have used this assay to facilitate cloning of the RIN rat insulinoma cell line. The assay readily detects insulin synthesis by RIN cells and [ 125 I]insulin is not displaced by culture medium from cells which do not produce insulin. The transfer plate format should be applicable to semiautomate other radioimmunoassays.
MEMS for measuring deflection, acceleration, and ice sensing on rotorcraft

Smart MEMS (MicroElectroMechanical Systems) in the form of integrated sensors and actuators offer significant potential for many rotorcraft applications. Sensing of flex beam deflection and acceleration, ice formation and deicing are major candidate areas where smart conformal MEMS based sensors can be exploited by the rotorcraft community. The major technical barrier of the present day smart structures technology is the need for wired communication between sensors and actuators in the rotating system and controllers, data storage units, and cockpit avionics. Many proposed sensors and actuators are commonly distributed either along the blade length or, in the active flap devices, out near the 75% blade radial station. Also they are not conformal to the airfoil shape of the rotor blades. The communication between rotating and fixed systems is typically accomplished using complex slip ring assemblies transferring electronic information down through the rotor shaft. Although advances have been made in wired communication, these complex assemblies are essentially similar to test hardware and present numerous reliability and maintainability limitations when implemented on a production scale. Considering these limitations, development of a wireless means of communication through a new generation of conformal sensors with built-in antenna, akin to telemetry, could have a dramatic beneficial payoff for rotorcraft applications. In this paper, an integration of IDT (inter digital transducer) microsensors and MEMS sensors is presented.
Technique for the evaluation of double excitation of atoms by fast charged particles

A technique for evaluating cross sections for two-electron excitation in collisions of atoms with fast particles of charge ${\mathit{Z}}_{\mathit{p}}$ is presented. The atomic wave function is approximated by a sum of pair products of one-electron wave functions, with the coefficients chosen by diagonalizing the fully correlated two-electron Hamiltonian. Thus spatial correlation is included in both the asymptotic and scattering regions by using these configuration-interaction (CI) wave functions for initial, intermediate, and final states. Use of CI wave function also allows the first-order contributions to be expressed in closed, analytical form. Both the energy-conserving and energy-nonconserving parts of the second-order amplitude are evaluated. The former (a correlated generalization of the independent-electron approximation) is analytical and the latter is a one-dimensional integral. In helium it is found that the double-excitation cross sections are sensitive to the sign of the projectile charge, but that the energy region where this sensitivity is of the same order as for double ionization is 0.1 to 0.5 MeV/amu, whereas the latter has peak charge sensitivity at 1.5 MeV/amu. Comparison is made with some experimental results.
Deletion of Internal Sequences Results in Tobacco Mosaic Virus Defective RNAs That Accumulate to High Levels without Interfering with Replication of the Helper Virus

Abstract Deletion of certain internal sequences of the tobacco mosaic tobamovirus (TMV) genome was required to create replication-defective RNAs (dRNA) that were replicatedin transby TMV. All dRNAs that accumulated to detectable levels were missing nucleotides 3420–4902, which appeared to constitute a core region that inhibited replicationin trans.Deletion of additional sequences resulted in dRNAs that varied tremendously in ability to be replicated from none to levels exceeding that of the helper viral RNA. Accumulation of dRNA negative- and positive-stranded RNAs of each dRNA paralleled those of the helper virus. Negative-stranded RNA accumulation of both helper and dRNA ceased at the same early time in the infection while synthesis of both positive-stranded RNAs continued, suggesting that both dRNAs and helper virus RNAs were synthesized from the same pool of replicase complexes. Positive- to negative-stranded RNA ratios for the dRNAs were similar to, or slightly greater than the wild-type helper virus. Full-length dRNAs were not supportedin transby a replication-competent helper virus. Even though some of the artificially constructed dRNAs accumulated to levels exceeding the level of the helper virus, none appreciably affected the replication of the helper virus, suggesting that the dRNAs are produced from “excess” replicase capacity.
The interactive effects of request form and speaker status on judgments of requests

The interactive effects of request form and speaker status on judgments of requests were investigated in a laboratory study of metapragmatics. College students (N=132) read scenarios in which speakers made requests of them. Speakers were higher in status, peers, or lower in status than the subjects, and the requests were imperatives with semantic aggravators, embedded imperatives, or permission directives with semantic softeners. Subjects rated the speakers with respect to how rude/polite, humble/arrogant, and powerful/weak they were being. Significant interactions were obtained for the first two ratings, indicating that the speaker status effect was stronger with permission directives than with the other requests. These findings suggest that listeners view unexpectedly indirect requests as more impolite and sarcastic than requests used in other situations and, more generally, that language meaning is a function of both form and context.
SP0108 Promoting physical activity through mass media: A health communications campaign promoting physical activity among people with arthritis in the united states

Enticing people with arthritis to increase their physical activity is a priority for both clinicians and public health practitioners. However, our collective efforts have been marginally effective; in the United States, 44% of people with arthritis report no leisure time activity, in comparison to 36% of the population without arthritis. In addition to physical activity counseling available from clinicians, physical activity messages in the general media can motivate people with arthritis to increase their physical activity. Describing the required activity levels in concrete understandable terms, addressing the unique concerns of people with arthritis, and highlighting the most desired potential benefits of physical activity can make mass media messages more motivating, and can potentially increase effectiveness of clinician physical activity counseling. In 2010 the CDC Arthritis Program released a revised version of the health communications campaign Physical Activity. The Arthritis Pain Reliever . The revised campaign was based on 5 rounds of audience research (24 focus groups; 91 individual interviews) on physical activity-related attitudes, perceptions, and preferences among people with arthritis. The campaign was designed to change physical activity-related knowledge, confidence, and behavior among people with arthritis. The revised campaign was pilot-tested in 4 communities and evaluated with a post-test only community-based survey. Results of the pilot-test surveys of people with self-report of doctor-diagnosed arthritis (N=1,214) indicate that the campaign was able to capture audience attention (42% read/heard something about relieving arthritis pain with physical activity in the last month) and increased physical activity or intention to be physically activity (16% increased physical activity in past month in response to something they heard or read, and 41% were somewhat or very likely to increase physical activity in next month). This presentation will describe the revised communications campaign materials and highlight key learnings from the formative research that were used to revise the campaign materials. The physical activity-related challenges, facilitators, and preferred descriptors that emerged from the audience research may also be useful in shaping individual physical activity-related counseling and instructional materials. Disclosure of Interest None Declared
On the optimal shape of compressed rotating rod with shear and extensibility

Abstract In this paper, the optimal shape of a compressed rotating rod which maintains stability against buckling is presented. In the rod modeling, extensibility along the rod axis and shear stress is taken into account. Using Pontryagin's maximum principle, the optimization problem is formulated with a fourth order boundary value problem. The optimally shaped compressed rotating (fixed-free) rod has a finite cross-sectional area on the free end. This shape is qualitatively different from that suggested by the Bernoulli–Euler theory with zero cross-sectional area on the free end. In addition, the Bernoulli–Euler theory overestimates the buckling load, and this effect is more significant in the optimally shaped rod than for the corresponding constant cross-sectional rod consisting of the same material volume and length. In order to show this effect, it is necessary to use a generalized constitutive model which takes real material properties, such as axial extensibility and shear stress into account. Particularly, the solution of this generalized problem, obtained for thin rods, approaches the classical solution predicted by the Bernoulli–Euler theory.
Transition and Reflection in the Use of Health Information: The Case of Pediatric Bone Marrow Transplant Caregivers

The impact of health information on caregivers is of increasing interest to HCI/CSCW in designing systems to support the social and emotional dimensions of managing health. Drawing on an interview study, as well as corroborating data including a multi-year ethnography, we detail the practices of caregivers (particularly parents) in a bone marrow transplant (BMT) center. We examine the interconnections between information and emotion work performed by caregivers through a liminal lens, highlighting the BMT experience as a time of transition and reflection in which caregivers must quickly adapt to the new social world of the hospital and learn to manage a wide range of patient needs. The transition from parent to 'caregiver' is challenging, placing additional emotional burdens on the intensive information work for managing BMT. As a time of reflection, the BMT experience also provides an occasion for generative thinking and alternative approaches to health management. Our study findings call for health systems that reflect a design paradigm focused on 'transforming lives' rather than 'transferring information.'
Long-term oral verapamil therapy in patients with rest angina

Calcium channel blocking agents have been shown to be beneficial in treatment of both rest and effort angina syndromes.1*2 Improvement occurs in patients with and without demonstrated coronary artery spasm. In a short-term controlled trial, patients presenting with rest angina and ST shifts showed significant reduction in angina frequency, nitroglycerin consumption, and episodes of ST segment shifts with verapamil compared to placebo.3 We found similar initial results in another placebocontrolled trials in patients with either ST depression or elevation presenting to the coronary care unit4 Although these experiences suggest that verapamil can reduce the frequency of rest angina associated with ST shifts, only short-term results have been reported. This apparent success in initial management of rest angina was achieved under conditions associated with hospitalization in the coronary care unit. It remains to be shown that continued treatment with verapamil on an ambulatory basis is an effective, safe, and practical therapeutic approach for this subset of patients with ischemic heart disease. Accordingly, the purpose of the current report was to evaluate effectiveness and safety of continued administration of verapamil in the ambulatory phase of treatment of patients with rest angina. The study was specifically designed to answer questions relative to therapeutic response, compliance, need for hospitalization, and other practical aspects of the ambulatory care of this subset of patients. We also felt that it was important to determine whether or not the short-term in-hospital response could be used to predict the long-term ambulatory response.
Elevated basal and abnormal thyrotropin-releasing hormone-induced thyroid-stimulating hormone secretion in chronic alcoholic men with liver disease.

Basal levels of serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). T3, T4, free T3 and free T4 were measured in 40 chronic alcoholic men and in 31 normal volunteers. Their serum TSH responses to provocative thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) stimulation were then examined serially: in chronic alcoholics, every 5 days for a total of 3 studies; in 25 of the normal volunteers, before and 72 hr after daily ingestion of ethanol (2 cc/kg/day). Basal serum TSH levels were increased in the alcoholic men (3.5 ± 0.2 μU/ml) (mean ± SEM) compared to those of the normal controls (1.7 ± 0.1) (p < 0.01). Both basal serum T3 and T4 levels (T3, 0.89 ± 0.10 ng/ml; T4, 7.0 ± 0.4 μg/dl) were reduced in the alcoholic men when compared to those of the normal controls (T3,1.20 ± 0.03 ng/ml; T4, 8.6 ± 0.3 μg/dl) (p < 0.01 and p < 0.05, respectively). Basal serum free T3 levels were reduced in the alcoholic men (169 ± 22 pg/dl) compared to the normal controls (380 ± 18) (p < 0.01). In contrast, basal serum free T4 levels were increased in the alcoholics (4.0 ± 0.2 ng/dl) compared to those of the normal controls (2.9 ± 0.1) (p < 0.01). In response to TRH, the serum TSH levels of the alcoholic men achieved a peak of 13.5 ± 0.9 μU/ml compared to 14.9 ± 0.9 for the normal controls (no significant difference). Despite better nutrition and alcohol abstinence associated with hospitalization for 10 days, no improvement in either the basal levels of TSH, T3, and T4 or the TSH responses to provocative TRH was observed in the alcoholic men studied. In normal volunteers, ethanol had no effect on the basal or TRH-stimulated levels of serum TSH and thyroid hormones.
Transport mechanisms of the cornea: characterization of barrier permselectivity

Corneal permselectivity was investigated in vitro by measurement of membrane electrokinetic potentials generated either by ionic concentration gradient (diffusion potential) or hydrostatic pressure gradient (streaming potential). Studies on the effect of pH on these potentials indicates dual-selective character to passage of ions across the cornea. The magnitude and polarity of the selectivity are controlled by the degree of protonation of ionizable sites within the cornea. The cornea presents an isoelectric point (pI) of 3.2. At physiological pH and pH above pI, the cornea behaves as if it is negatively charged and allows preferential passage of positive ions with respect to negative ions. Below pI, the reverse is valid. Lowering the ionic strength of the bathing solutions results in an increase in membrane ionic discrimination as well as membrane electrical resistance. Tissue viability and integrity, the two important membrane properties involved in the overall transport process, were investigated. The mechanisms and the significance of membrane pennselectivity to epithelial drug transport are discussed.
Relationship between mitochondrial matrix volume and cellular volume in response to stress and the role of ATP-sensitive potassium channel.

Background—Cardiac myocytes demonstrate significant swelling and associated reduced contractility in response to stress that is prevented by the ATP-sensitive potassium channel opener, diazoxide (DZX) via an unknown mechanism. One proposed mechanism of cardioprotection is mitochondrial matrix swelling. To establish the relationship between mitochondrial and cellular volume during stress, this study examined the effect of DZX on mitochondrial volume. Methods and Results—Isolated mouse mitochondria were exposed to the following solutions: Tyrode, isolation buffer, cardioplegia (CPG)±DZX±ATP-sensitive potassium channel inhibitor, 5-hydroxydecanoate, and metabolic inhibition (MI)±DZX±5-hydroxydecanoate. Mitochondrial volume was measured. DZX resulted in significant mitochondrial swelling (P<0.0001 versus Tyrode). MI and CPG resulted in significant mitochondrial swelling compared with baseline volume. The addition of DZX did not alter the response of mitochondrial volume to CPG (P=0.912) but increased swelling...
Synchrotron Polarization and Synchrotron Self-absorption Spectra for a Power-law Particle Distribution with Finite Energy Range

We have derived asymptotic forms for the degree of polarization of the optically thin synchrotron and for synchrotron self-absorption (SSA) spectra assuming a power-law particle distribution of the form N(γ) ~ γ–p with γ1 < γ < γ2, especially for a finite high-energy limit, γ2, in the case of an arbitrary pitch angle. The new results inferred concern more especially the high-frequency range x η2 with parameter η = γ2/γ1. The calculated SSA spectra concern instantaneous photon emission where cooling effects are not considered. They have been obtained by also ignoring likely effects such as Comptonization, pair creation and annihilation, as well as magnetic photon splitting. To that aim, in addition to the two usual absorption frequencies, a third possible one has been derived and expressed in terms of the Lambert W function based on the analytical asymptotic form of the absorption coefficient, αν, for the high-frequency range ν ν2 (with ν2 the synchrotron frequency corresponding to γ2). We have shown that the latter frequency may not have realistic applications in astrophysics, except in the case of an adequate set of parameters allowing one to neglect Comptonization effects. More detailed calculations and discussions are presented.
Comorbid Psychiatric and Substance Abuse Disorders: Recent Treatment Research

Psychiatric comorbidity is defined as the co-occurrence of a psychiatric disorder in a patient with a substance use disorder. Psychiatric disorders in substance abuse patients can antedate the substance use disorder or be a consequence of the substance abuse. There is emerging evidence that drug use in adolescence may alter the onset of certain psychiatric disorders in vulnerable individuals. Patients with concurrent comorbid disorders present special challenges for the substance abuse treatment system in terms of diagnosis and management because each disorder has the capability of exacerbating the other. This manuscript is a summary of an ISAM symposium that featured three speakers who discussed the following topics: 1. Etiology and treatment of comorbid psychiatric and substance use disorders in adolescents; 2. Treatment of ADHD and substance use disorders in adults; 3. Effects of substance abuse on the onset, severity, and treatment of schizophrenia. Recommendations for further research will be presented.
Optical Network Security: Countermeasures in View of Channel Attacks

The WDM next generation optical network, in addition to link protection and restoration, will exhibit fast channel protection and service restoration strategies. As a consequence, how fast a failure or a severe degradation is detected will determine the amount of information lost if one considers that each WDM channel transports 10 Gbps or more. In addition to this, the next generation optical network will be vulnerable to malicious attacks to eavesdrop, mimic the source or cause denial of service. In this paper we present a method and a strategy that, in conjunction with a fast and intelligent proactive protocol, can be used to perform fast channel self-restoration, in view of degradations/failures, or countermeasures in view of malicious channel attacks.
High Court Recruitment of Female Clerks: A Comparative Analysis of the U.S. Supreme Court and the Supreme Court of Canada

In this article, we systematically analyze the available data on SCOTUS clerk appointments to more thoroughly investigate the gender disparity in the hiring practices of its justices across the time period, 1941 to 2011, and compare this data, whenever possible, to that collected for the SCC from 1967 to 2007. In doing so, we are especially interested in exploring the impact of justice ideology and justice gender on individual decisions to hire female clerks. We maintain that the gender imbalance that has characterized the U.S. Supreme Court's composition might, at least partially, account for the discrepancy between the number of male and female clerks that have worked for this Court. It may also explain the notable relationship between a justice's ideology and his or her decision to hire female clerks.
Environment analysis: A neglected stage of instructional design

Environment analysis is a recognized but undeveloped step in the instructional design process. To date, no systematic process or criteria exists for analyzing instructional environments. This paper defines the concept of environment analysis and lists the factors, questions, and tools that can be used to apply the process to instructional design projects.
The Effect of Angle Restriction on the Topological Characteristics of Minicircle Networks

Networks of topologically linked minicircle polymers are found in diverse natural systems and are a subject of intense research in nanotechonology. In a recent report the authors introduced a new theoretical model to study the effects of polymer density on the formation and on the topological properties of minicircle networks. Three key topological characteristics were identified in the formation and characterization of a network: the critical percolation density, the average saturation density and the mean valence of the network. In this work we report how these characteristics change when an orientation bias is imposed on the minicircles forming the network. We observe that such restrictions have significant effects on the key topological characteristics of the network. In particular while the effects of restriction of the tilting angle can be predicted we find that those of the azimuthal angle can have somewhat unexpected results.
Abstract 2930: Silencing MCT4 inhibits GBM growth, HIF response, and CD133-positive fraction in a lactate-independent fashion.

Proceedings: AACR 104th Annual Meeting 2013; Apr 6-10, 2013; Washington, DC Glioblastomas (GBM) contain a hypoxic core surrounded by proliferative cells. Our group and others have shown that GBM stem cells favor a hypoxic microenvironment, and it is believed that many reside in the tumor core. Conventional therapies target the tumor bulk, but may spare stem cells in the hypoxic niche. To patch this therapeutic loophole, we sought to target the GBM stem cell microenvironment by identifying genes that are important for survival in hypoxia. We identified monocarboxylate transporter 4 (MCT4) as one of the most upregulated genes in our GBM neurosphere lines in response to hypoxia. Clinically, GBM patients with a two-fold or more upregulation of MCT4 have a significantly shorter survival (p = 0.036) than patients with intermediate expression. Consistent with this data, MCT4 upregulation correlated with the aggressive mesenchymal subset of GBM (p<0.0001). Using immunohistochemical analysis, we also found that MCT4 protein levels are increased in high-grade as compared to lower grade astrocytomas (p<0.0001), confirming the clinical importance of MCT4. To test the requirement for MCT4 under hypoxia in vitro, we silenced MCT4 in neurospheres using lentiviruses encoding short hairpin RNA (shRNA) specific for MCT4. Cell growth was inhibited in hypoxia by ∼60% in HSR-GBM1 and ∼70% in JHH-GBM10 in these neurosphere lines following MCT4 knockdown. Interestingly, while MCT4 was expressed at lower levels in normoxia, silencing it in 21% oxygen also significantly inhibited growth. CD133-positive stem-like cells expressed a significantly higher amount of MCT4 compared to CD133-negative cells, and decreased proliferation in vitro following MCT4 silencing was associated with reduced CD133-positive stem-like cells and increased apoptosis. This suggests that MCT4 is critical for the survival of CD133-positive stem-like cells under hypoxia, and its inhibition targets the stem cell pool in the hypoxic niche in tumors. Importantly, MCT4 silencing also slowed GBM intracranial xenograft growth in vivo (p=0.009). Interestingly, while multiple earlier studies had identified and characterized MCT4 as a lactate exporter, we found that both extracellular and intracellular lactate levels did not change following MCT4 silencing. Instead, MCT4 inhibition led to downregulation of the HIF (Hypoxia-Inducible Factor) response, reducing HIF target gene expression and pointing to a potential novel lactate-independent function of MCT4 and a unique mechanism for growth inhibition in malignant gliomas. Citation Format: Kah Suan Lim, Kah Jing Lim, Brent A. Orr, Antoinette C. Price, Charles G. Eberhart, Eli E. Bar. Silencing MCT4 inhibits GBM growth, HIF response, and CD133-positive fraction in a lactate-independent fashion. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2930. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-2930
Influence of Driver Distractions on the Likelihood of Rear-End, Angular, and Single-Vehicle Crashes in Missouri:

Driver distraction has been associated with a higher likelihood of crash involvement. Crash data from the state of Missouri for the years 2001 to 2006 revealed that the highest number of distraction-related crash incidents occurred while drivers were using cell phones or other electronic devices or had passengers in the car. A multinomial logit model was used to predict the odds that a driver with a specific type of distraction would be involved in one of the most frequent crash types, rear-end, angular, or single-vehicle collision, in comparison with each other. Results showed that distractions could have varying influences on crash type. More specifically, passenger-related and cell phone distractions are more likely in angular crashes; for other electronic device-related distractions, the most probable type of crash is a single-vehicle crash. Inferences made in this study should be considered in light of the fact that the data were limited in the number of reported distractions and the study was conduc...
Of Market Failure, Voluntary Failure, and Third-Party Government: Toward a Theory of Government-Nonprofit Relations in the Modern Welfare State

Despite the fact that gouernment in the United States relies more heavily on nonprofit organizations than on its own instrumentalities to deliver government- funded human services, and that nonprof...
HORMONAL MONITORING AND SIDE EFFECTS OF PRENATAL DEXAMETHASONE (DEX) TREATMENT FOR 21-HYDROXYIASE DEFICIENCY CONGENITAL ADRENAL HYPERPIASIA (CAH)

Maternal Dex therapy for fetal CAH at 1-1.5 mg daily initiated between 5-8 weeks gestation and continued to birth, resulted in normal genital outcome, mild virilization, and significant genital virilization in the three CAH newborns treated, and significant side effects in the three mothers, including excess weight gain (9-26 Ibs greater at 35-37 weeks gestation compared to previous full-term pregnancies), glucose intolerance, facial hirsutism, and Cushingoid features including moon-face, plethora, markedly discolored striae on arms, abdomen, breast, and thighs, which resulted in permanent scarring. In addition, hypertension, epigastric pain, and emotional lability were noted, but not consistently. Amniotic fluid 17-OH Progesterone, androstenedione, and testosterone, were elevated in all three Dex treated cases. Maternal EI level was consistently suppressed in the case with the normal genital outcome, and were initially unsuppressed in the cases with mild and severe genital virilization. Conclusion: Dex therapy for prenatal treatment of CAH at a dose of 1-1.5 mg daily was associated with significant maternal side effects. Amniotic fluid steroid levels may not be useful, while maternal serum E1 level may be useful for therapeutic monitoring of fetal CAH, this however requires further investigation.