cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
From transistors to light emitters

The report at the 1962 IRE Solid-State Device Research Conference (July, Durham, NH) of the generation and long-range transmission (and detection) of a recombination-radiation signal from a simple Zn-diffused GaAs p-n junction, a startling report, began the race to construct a semiconductor laser. The visible-spectrum II-V alloy GaAs/sub 1-x/P/sub x/ was in the middle of this activity and was (fall of 1962), with GaAs, a first semiconductor laser, not to mention the first laser in a semiconductor alloy or crystal that could be "tuned" in energy gap (and wavelength) from direct gap to indirect gap. The ternary GaAs/sub 1-x/P/sub x/, the prototype of all present-day III-V alloys used in heterojunction and quantum-well devices, established uniquely the importance of a direct gap for a laser and inevitably for light emitting diodes (LEDs). The events leading to the GaAs/sub 1-x/P/sub x/ laser, as well as, in slightly different form, the first practical LED, are described. The significance of the work of 1962-1963 in launching the semiconductor laser is described, and the reasons why the semiconductor laser (an "ultimate lamp") is predominant over all other forms of lasers.
In situ photosynthetic freezing tolerance for plants exposed to a global warming manipulation in the Rocky Mountains, Colorado, USA

Summary • This research tested the hypothesis that experimental infrared warming will reduce photosynthesis for the evergreen shrub Artemisia tridentata and the subalpine, herbaceous Erythronium grandiflorum exposed to an in situ experimental freezing event during the spring snowmelt period. • Photosynthetic tolerance of freezing was measured for plants growing under infrared (IR) warming at 3050 m in the Rocky Mountains, Colorado, USA. In situ freezing was imposed using cold nitrogen gas (from a pressurized container of liquid nitrogen) passed through a heat exchanger placed on top of stems and leaves. • Plant water potential, photosynthetic CO2 assimilation, and stomatal conductance to water vapor were higher for both species on IR-warmed compared with control plots. For A. tridentata, IR warming caused enhanced tolerance of in situ freezing temperatures. There was no difference in freezing tolerance for E. grandiflorum on control vs IR plots. • These results suggest that some species will not be negatively affected by freezing, whereas others may exhibit enhanced tolerance of subzero air temperatures, under a future warmer climate in which snowmelt occurs earlier in the year.
Relationship of Early-Onset Baldness to Prostate Cancer in African-American Men

Background: Early-onset baldness has been linked to prostate cancer; however, little is known about this relationship in AfricanAmericans who are at elevated prostate cancer risk. Methods: We recruited 219 African-American controls and 318 African-American prostate cancer cases. We determined age-stratified associations of baldness with prostate cancer occurrence and severity defined by high stage (T3/T4) or high grade (Gleason 7+.) Associations of androgen metabolism genotypes ( CYP3A4, CYP3A5, CYP3A43, AR-CAG, SRD5A2 A49T , and SRD5A2 V89L ), family history, alcohol intake, and smoking were examined by baldness status and age group by using multivariable logistic regression models. Results: Baldness was associated with odds of prostate cancer [OR = 1.69; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.05–2.74]. Frontal baldness was associated with high-stage (OR = 2.61; 95% CI, 1.10–6.18) and high-grade (OR = 2.20; 95% CI, 1.05–4.61) tumors. For men diagnosed less than the age of 60 years, frontal baldness was associated with high stage (OR = 6.51; 95% CI, 2.11–20.06) and high grade (OR = 4.23; 95% CI, 1.47–12.14). We also observed a suggestion of an interaction among smoking, median age, and any baldness ( P = 0.02). Conclusions: We observed significant associations between early-onset baldness and prostate cancer in African-American men. Interactions with age and smoking were suggested in these associations. Studies are needed to investigate the mechanisms influencing the relationship between baldness and prostate cancer in African-American men. Impact: African-American men present with unique risk factors including baldness patterns that may contribute to prostate cancer disparities. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 22(4); 589–96. ©2013 AACR . This article is featured in Highlights of This Issue, [p. 479][1] [1]: /lookup/volpage/22/479?iss=4
Chemical weathering and cation loss in a base-poor watershed

Weathering of minerals in soils provides important plant nutrients and consumes acidity, yet mineral weathering is difficult to observe and quantify. We derived present-day weathering flux estimates for soil minerals in a forested watershed in central New Hampshire using a geochemical mass balance. The Cone Pond watershed is characterized by low-alkalinity surface waters and acidic Spodosols developed on a thin mantle of locally derived till, making it susceptible to continued inputs of acid precipitation. Weathering reactions were developed on the basis of observed patterns of mineral abundance in the soil profile and measured mineral chemistry. The dissolution of approximately 171 mol ha −1 yr −1 of plagioclase feldspar is the predominant weathering reaction at Cone Pond. Weathering fluxes of hornblende, biotite, chlorite, and potassium feldspar ranged from 3 to 20 mol ha −1 yr −1 , an order of magnitude lower. When normalized to their abundances in the soil, however, hornblende and chlorite had the fastest weathering rates, as measured by cation release. Chemical weathering, mainly of plagioclase, resulted in the neutralization of only 52% of incoming acidity. Furthermore, silicate weathering could only account for the release of about 53 mol ha −1 yr −1 of Ca, compared to the observed net output (stream loss minus bulk precipitation input) of 75 mol ha −1 yr −1 . On the basis of these observations and a companion study, we conclude that current acid inputs exceed the ability of Cone Pond soils to neutralize hydrogen ion, and that depletion of approximately 22–53 mol ha −1 yr −1 of Ca from labile soil pools is occurring in this area. The rate of Ca depletion is one-third to one-eighth of the rate estimated for a more base-rich watershed nearby.
The Modular Ocean Data Assimilation System (MODAS)

The Modular Ocean Data Assimilation System (MODAS) is used by the U.S. Navy for depiction of three- dimensional fields of temperature and salinity over the global ocean. MODAS includes both a static climatology and a dynamic climatology. While the static climatology represents the historical averages, the dynamic cli- matology assimilates near-real-time observations of sea surface height and sea surface temperature and provides improved temperature and salinity fields. The methodology for the construction of the MODAS climatology is described here. MODAS is compared with Levitus and Generalized Digital Environmental Model climatologies and with temperature and salinity profiles measured by SeaSoar in the Japan/East Sea to illustrate MODAS capabilities. MODAS with assimilated remotely sensed data is able to portray time-varying dynamical features that cannot be represented by static climatologies.
Sliding wear of nanocrystalline Ni-W: Structural evolution and the apparent breakdown of Archard scaling

Abstract Sliding wear of nanocrystalline Ni–W alloys with grain sizes of 3–47 nm, a range which spans the transition in deformation mechanisms from intra- to inter-granular, has been studied through pin-on-disk wear testing. The extreme conditions produced during sliding wear are found to result in structural evolution and a deviation from Archard scaling for the finest grain sizes; in the finest nanocrystalline materials wear resistance is higher than would be expected based on hardness alone. The repetitive sliding load is found to lead to a modest amount of grain growth and grain boundary relaxation, which in turn leads to local hardening in the wear track. Analysis of the dynamic microstructure suggests that it is produced primarily as a result of local plasticity and is not principally due to frictional heating.
The association between cyber victimization and subsequent cyber aggression: the moderating effect of peer rejection

Adolescents experience various forms of strain in their lives that may contribute jointly to their engagement in cyber aggression. However, little attention has been given to this idea. To address this gap in the literature, the present longitudinal study examined the moderating influence of peer rejection on the relationship between cyber victimization at Time 1 (T1) and subsequent cyber aggression at Time 2 (T2; 6 months later) among 261 (150 girls) 6th, 7th, and 8th graders. Our findings indicated that both peer rejection and cyber victimization were related to T2 peer-nominated and self-reported cyber aggression, both relational and verbal, after controlling for gender and T1 cyber aggression. Furthermore, T1 cyber victimization was related more strongly to T2 peer-nominated and self-reported cyber aggression at higher levels of T1 peer rejection. These results extend previous findings regarding the relationship between peer rejection and face-to-face aggressive behaviors to the cyber context. In addition, our findings underscore the importance of utilizing multiple methods, such as peer-nomination and self-report, to assess cyber aggression in a school setting.
Synthetic aperture radar automatic target recognition using adaptive boosting

We propose a novel automatic target recognition (ATR) system for classification of three types of ground vehicles in the MSTAR public release database. First, each image chip is pre-processed by extracting fine and raw feature sets, where raw features compensate for the target pose estimation error that corrupts fine image features. Then, the chips are classified by using the adaptive boosting (AdaBoost) algorithm with the radial basis function (RBF) net as the base learner. Since the RBF net is a binary classifier, we decompose our multiclass problem into a set of binary ones through the error-correcting output codes (ECOC) method, specifying a dictionary of code words for the set of three possible classes. AdaBoost combines the classification results of the RBF net for each binary problem into a code word, which is then "decoded" as one of the code words (i.e., ground-vehicle classes) in the specified dictionary. Along with classification, within the AdaBoost framework, we also conduct efficient fusion of the fine and raw image-feature vectors. The results of large-scale experiments demonstrate that our ATR scheme outperforms the state-of-the-art systems reported in the literature.
Osmotic water permeability of Necturus gallbladder epithelium.

An electrophysiological technique that is sensitive to small changes in cell water content and has good temporal resolution was used to determine the hydraulic permeability (Lp) of Necturus gallbladder epithelium. The epithelial cells were loaded with the impermeant cation tetramethylammonium (TMA+) by transient exposure to the pore-forming ionophore nystatin in the presence of bathing solution TMA+. Upon removal of the nystatin a small amount of TMA+ is trapped within the cell. Changes in cell water content result in changes in intracellular TMA+ activity which are measured with intracellular ion-sensitive microelectrodes. We describe a method that allows us to determine the time course for the increase or decrease in the concentration of osmotic solute at the membrane surface, which allows for continuous monitoring of the difference in osmolality across the apical membrane. We also describe a new method for the determination of transepithelial hydraulic permeability (Ltp). Apical and basolateral membrane Lp's were assessed from the initial rates of change in cell water volume in response to anisosmotic mucosal or serosal bathing solutions, respectively. The corresponding values for apical and basolateral membrane Lp's were 0.66 x 10(-3) and 0.38 x 10(-3) cm/s.osmol/kg, respectively. This method underestimates the true Lp values because the nominal osmotic differences (delta II) cannot be imposed instantaneously, and because it is not possible to measure the true initial rate of volume change. A model was developed that allows for the simultaneous determination of both apical and basal membrane Lp's from a unilateral exposure to an anisosmotic bathing solution (mucosal). The estimates of apical and basal Lp with this method were 1.16 x 10(-3) and 0.84 x 10(-3) cm/s.osmol/kg, respectively. The values of Lp for the apical and basal cell membranes are sufficiently large that only a small (less than 3 mosmol/kg) transepithelial difference in osmolality is required to drive the observed rate of spontaneous fluid absorption by the gallbladder. Furthermore, comparison of membrane and transepithelial Lp's suggests that a large fraction of the transepithelial water flow is across the cells rather than across the tight junctions.
Fault-tolerant grid services using primary-backup: feasibility and performance

The combination of grid technology and Web services has produced an attractive platform for deploying distributed applications: grid services, as represented by the Open Grid Services Infrastructure (OGSI) and its Globus toolkit implementation. As the use of grid services grows in popularity, tolerating failures becomes increasingly important. This work addresses the problem of building a reliable and highly-available grid service by replicating the service on two or more hosts using the primary-backup approach. The primary goal is to evaluate the ease and efficiency with which this can be done, by first designing a primary-backup protocol using OGSI, and then implementing it using Globus to evaluate performance implications and tradeoffs. We compared three implementations: one that makes heavy use of the notification interface defined in OGSI, one that uses standard grid service requests instead of notification, and one that uses low-level socket primitives. The overall conclusion is that, while the performance penalty of using Globus primitives - especially notification - for replica coordination can be significant, the OGSI model is suitable for building highly-available services and it makes the task of engineering such services easier.
Percutaneous coronary interventions with stents in cardiac transplant recipients.

Background Allograft coronary vasculopathy is a major cause of death beyond the first year after cardiac transplantation. The aim of this study was to review our experience with percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with stents in cardiac transplant recipients. Methods We identified patients who were treated with PCI using stents. Patient characteristics, procedure information and clinical outcomes were assessed for these patients by review of their medical records. We also compared results for those who had bare metal stents vs those who had drug-eluting stents. Results Forty patients from our program's 865 cardiac transplant recipients received a total of 78 coronary stents. There were 35 males (87.5%) and 5 females (12.5%). The indication for PCI was progressive asymptomatic coronary vasculopathy in 18 patients (45%), angina in 5 (12.5%), acute myocardial infarction (MI) in 4 (10%) and congestive heart failure (CHF) in 6 (15%). Primary success ( p = 0.27). Conclusions In cardiac transplant recipients, PCI with stents can be performed with high rates of primary success. Restenosis rates are higher compared with PCI in native coronary arteries. A trend toward less restenosis with drug-eluting stents was observed, which needs to be confirmed in larger studies.
Pro forma disclosure practices of firms applying IFRS

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is empirically investigate the pro forma disclosure behavior of US-listed foreign firms applying International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). Design/methodology/approach – The annual earnings press releases of US-listed foreign firms on the New York Stock Exchange are analyzed to compare the effect that reporting standard (specifically IFRS) has on pro forma disclosure frequency, disclosure characteristics and benchmarking. Findings – US-listed foreign firms applying IFRS report pro forma disclosures more frequently than firms using the USA’s generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP), but less opportunistically. Originality/value – This paper extends Epping and Wilder’s (2011) study and contributes to the pro forma disclosure literature by providing a cross-country analysis of non-GAAP disclosure based on reporting standard (IFRS or US GAAP). Understanding the non-GAAP disclosure of firms applying IFRS is useful to investors and regulators, as more countrie...
Optical efficiencies of large particles of arbitrary shape and orientation

Abstract The “anomalous diffraction” approximation of van de Hulst is extended to new particles and orientations thereof. It predicts the extinction and absorption efficiencies, Kext and Kabs, of particles larger than the wavelength and of refractive index not too different from that of the medium. Existing expressions for the normally oriented thin disc and long thin cylinder are found to be equally applicable to the same particles when arbitrarily oriented if the particle parameters are redefined. Geometrical relations are used to prove that van de Hulst's expressions for the homogeneous sphere also describe the ellipsoid of revolution of arbitrary axial ratio and orientation if the particle size parameter is suitably redefined. Numerical solutions of the basic relations for Kext are outlined and illustrated. They are applicable to particles of almost any shape, gross internal structure, and orientation. To support the extension of this “large particle” approximation, its domain is re-examined in terms of the conditions needed for ray propagation within the particle. These conditions can define how sophisticated an optical model of the particle should be. If the particle used is not too large, they can also justify the representation of a nonspherical particle by a spherical model. New expressions and methods are used to determine the effects of random particle orientation on effective K values of various particles. Random orientation is found to cause many nonspherical particles to behave optically almost like spherical particles of equal volumes.
Dynamic somite cell rearrangements lead to distinct waves of myotome growth

The myogenic precursors responsible for muscle growth in amniotes develop from the dermomyotome, an epithelium at the external surface of the somite. In teleosts, the myogenic precursors responsible for growth have not been identified. We have used single cell lineage labeling in zebrafish to show that anterior border cells of epithelial somites are myogenic precursors responsible for zebrafish myotome growth. These cells move to the external surface of the embryonic myotome and express the transcription factor Pax7. Some remain on the external surface and some incorporate into the fast myotome, apparently by moving between differentiated slow fibres. The posterior cells of the somite, by contrast, elongate into medial muscle fibres. The surprising movement of the anterior somite cells to the external somite surface transforms a segmentally repeated arrangement of myogenic precursors into a medio-lateral arrangement similar to that seen in amniotes.
Alteration assemblages in the Miller Range and Elephant Moraine regions of Antarctica: Comparisons between terrestrial igneous rocks and Martian meteorites

The weathering products present in igneous terrestrial Antarctic samples were analyzed, and compared with those found in the four Miller Range nakhlite Martian meteorites. The aim of these comparisons was to determine which of the alteration phases in the Miller Range nakhlites are produced by terrestrial weathering, and what effect rock composition has on these phases. Antarctic terrestrial samples MIL 05031 and EET 96400, along with the Miller Range nakhlites MIL 03346 and 090032, were found to contain secondary alteration assemblages at their externally exposed surfaces. Despite the difference in primary mineralogy, the assemblages of these rocks consist mostly of sulfates (jarosite in MIL 05031, jarosite and gypsum in EET 96400) and iddingsite-like Fe-clay. As neither of the terrestrial samples contains sulfur-bearing primary minerals, and these minerals are rare in the Miller Range nakhlites, it appears that SO42−, possibly along with some of the Na+, K+, and Ca+ in these phases, was sourced from wind-blown sea spray and biogenic emissions from the southern ocean. Cl enrichment in the terrestrially derived “iddingsite” of MIL 05031 and MIL 03346, and the presence of halite at the exterior edge of MIL 090032, can also be explained by this process. However, jarosite within and around the olivine-bound melt inclusions of MIL 090136 is present in the interior of the meteorite and, therefore, is probably the product of preterrestrial weathering on Mars.
Radiation and coupling studies of finite-size dual polarized vivaldi arrays using a domain decomposition FEM

Increasing functionality demands along with tightened constraints on RF-front-end size, weight and cost, has shifted architectures from multi-system to single yet multifunctional system designs. One of the significant challenges of such systems lays on the design of multifunctional radiators. UWB antenna apertures (arrays) can meet the demands of such designs because they offer large bandwidth, gain and scan volume and can be easily reconfigured by dynamically partitioning the aperture and controlling the element or sub-array excitation. Among others, dual-polarized tapered slot (Vivaldi) arrays are very attractive candidates because they offer large bandwidths (4:1 and upwards), scan volume (typical 50deg-elevation) and polarization diversity. The design of such arrays has been traditionally done using ldquoperiodic cellrdquo (infinite array) approximations in conjunction with full-wave (FEM or BEM) solvers, because large computational savings in terms of meshing and solution are achieved [1]. Infinite array approximation, although very successful for large arrays, it ignores truncation effects, that can have prominent affects at the lower bands of UWB antennas. Moreover, in a multifunctional aperture setting, periodic cell solutions can not be used to predict important design merits such as inter or intra array or sub-array coupling. Presently, the study of such affects has been done either using experiments [4] or supercomputer simulations using traditional full-wave methods eg. FEM, BEM and FDTD [2] The purpose of this paper is to firstly study the radiation behavior of isolated finite arrays under various excitations by quantifying truncations effects, and secondly to quantify inter-array coupling effects. Simulations will be done on commodity workstations via a rigorous yet efficient domain decomposition finite element (DD-FEM) method proposed in [3].
Matched Cohort Analysis of the Effects of Limb Remote Ischemic Conditioning in Patients with Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

Remote ischemic conditioning (RIC) is a powerful innate response to transient subcritical ischemia that protects against severe ischemic insults at distant sites. We have previously shown the safety and feasibility of limb RIC in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) patients, along with changes in neurovascular and cerebral metabolism. In this study, we aim to detect the potential effect of an established lower-limb conditioning protocol on clinical outcomes of aSAH patients. Neurologic outcome (modified Rankin Scale (mRS)) of patients enrolled in a prospective trial (RIPC-SAH) was measured. A matching algorithm was applied to identify control patients with aSAH from an institutional departmental database. RIC patients underwent four lower-limb conditioning sessions, consisting of four 5-min cycles per session over nonconsecutive days. Good functional outcome was defined as mRS of 0 to 2. The study population consisted of 21 RIC patients and 61 matched controls. There was no significant intergroup difference in age, gender, aneurysm location, clipping vs coiling, Fisher grades, Hunt and Hess grades, or vasospasm. RIC was independently associated with good outcome (OR 5.17; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.21-25.02). RIC also showed a trend toward lower incidence of stroke (28.6 vs. 47.5%) and death (4.8 vs. 19.7%). Lower-limb RIC following aSAH appears to have a positive effect in the functional outcomes of patients with aSAH. While this effect is consistent with prior preclinical studies, future trials are necessary to conclusively evaluate the effects of RIC for aSAH.
Activation of NK Cell Responses and Immunotherapy of Cancer

Monoclonal antibodies, including rituximab, are a mainstay in the therapy of cancer; however, there is much we do not understand about their mechanisms of action. In vitro analysis, animal models, and clinical trials suggest signaling, complement, and cellular cytotoxicity, each playing a role. Increasing evidence indicates that these mechanisms of action do not operate in isolation and that there are considerable interactions, some synergistic and some antagonistic, between mechanisms that can impact on the efficacy of therapy. An improved understanding of the relative importance of each mechanism, and how these mechanisms interact in various clinical scenarios, is vital if we are to make a highly valuable approach to cancer therapy even better.
Trajectory of a concept: “Corporatism” in the study of Latin American politics

In Latin America in Comparative Perspective, Peter H. Smith, ed. (Westview, 1995), Chapter 6. Trajectory of a Concept: ”Corporatism” in the Study of Latin American Politics A David Collier BEGINNING IN THE 19705, ”corporatism” came to be a major focus of attention in research on Latin America} Analysts employed the concept to refer both to a pattern of interest group politics that is monopolistic, hierarchically ordered, and structured by the state and to a broader cul- tural and ideological tradition of the region that they viewed as patrimo- nial and statist. The concept commanded great attention, as it seemed to provide a valuable analytical tool for scholars concerned with the author- itarian regimes emerging in Latin America during this period. In addi- tion, the understanding of political relationships suggested by this concept appeared to offer a useful alternative, or at least an important supplement, to pluralist models widely used in the United States. Hence, corporatism has been subject to much theoretical debate, and the concept has been applied in many empirical studies. In this chapter I explore the trajectory of corporatism as a concept in the Latin American field. The analysis is based on the premise that schol~ ars should occasionally step back and take stock of the major concepts with which they work. In any area of research, new concepts may ini- tially be embraced with great enthusiasm, and, at times, with unrealistic expectations about the degree of insight they will provide. Subsequently, these concepts may be relegated to the domain of outmoded ideas, some- times with ‘considerable loss of learning and neglect of accumulated insight. In the face of this potential problem, it is useful periodically to assess the evolution of concepts and attempt a codification of what has been accomplished. - 135
Benchmarking key-value stores on high-performance storage and interconnects for web-scale workloads

Leveraging a distributed key-value based caching layer has proven to be invaluable for scalable data-intensive web applications. With the emergence of high-performance storage (e.g. SSD) and interconnects (e.g. InfiniBand) on modern clusters, several efforts are being made to design high-performance key-value stores that can operate well with ‘RAM+SSD’ hybrid storage architecture. This has made it essential for us to design micro-benchmarks that are tailored to evaluate these upcoming, hybrid designs. In this paper, we study popular web-scale and cloud serving workloads, to identify different application-specific aspects, including commonly occurring data request distributions, update patterns, and environmental factors, that affect the performance of hybrid key-value stores. Based on these characterization studies, we propose a micro-benchmark suite that can be used to study high-performance, hybrid key-value stores on modern clusters, from the perspectives of both the application and the key-value store. We demonstrate its ease-of-use using database-integrated and stand-alone execution modes. Performance evaluations with different Memcached distributions, such as SSD-Assisted RDMA-Memcached, fatcache, and twemcache, over different networks/protocols, show that ‘SSD+RDMA’ can significantly enhance the performance of Memcached for various read-only and read-heavy workloads, that are representative of several common web-scale workloads.
The Path of Least Resistance: Intertemporal Choice and its Relationship to Choices, Preferences, and Beliefs

The degree to which an individual prefers small immediate versus larger delayed rewards serves as a powerful predictor of their impulsivity towards a number of different kinds of rewards. Here we test the limits of its predictive ability within a variety of cognitive and social domains. Across several large samples of human subjects we find a preference for the path of least resistance in the choices, preferences, and beliefs of individuals who prefer smaller more immediate rewards (steeper discounters). First, steeper discounters used more automatic/less controlled choice strategies, giving more intuitive but incorrect responses on the Cognitive Reflection Test (replicating previous findings); employing a suboptimal probability matching heuristic for a one-shot gamble (rather than maximizing their probability of reward); and relying less on optimal planning in a two-stage reinforcement learning task. Second, steeper discounters preferred to consume information that was less complex and multi-faceted, as suggested by their self-reported Need for Cognitive Closure, their use of short-form social media (i.e., Twitter), and their preferred news sources (in particular, whether or not they preferred National Public Radio over other news sources). Third, steeper discounters had interpersonal and religious beliefs that are associated with reduced epistemic complexity: they were more likely to believe that the behavior of others could be explained by fixed rather than dynamic factors, and they held stronger beliefs in God and in the afterlife. Together these findings provide evidence for a link between individual differences in temporal discounting for monetary rewards and preferences for the path of least resistance (e.g., more automatic modes of processing) across a variety of domains. In so doing, they point toward a more unified account of cognitive style and its influence on judgments and decisions related to academic, occupational, and social success.
Reinventing fractions and division as they are used in algebra: the power of preformal productions

In this paper, we explore algebra students’ mathematical realities around fractions and division, and the ways in which students reinvented mathematical productions involving fractions and division. We find that algebra students’ initial realities do not include the fraction-as-quotient sub-construct. This can be problematic because in algebra, quotients are almost always represented as fractions. In a design experiment, students progressively reinvented the fraction-as-quotient sub-construct. Analyzing this experiment, we find that a particular type of mathematical production, which we call preformal productions, played two meditational roles: (1) they mediated mathematical activity, and (2) they mediated the reinvention of more formal mathematical productions. We suggest that preformal productions may emerge even when they are not designed for, and we show how preformal productions embody historic classroom activity and social interaction.
Calibrating the Eighth Amendment: Graham, Miller, and the Right to Mental Healthcare in Juvenile Prison

Young people locked up in juvenile prisons have an enormous need for mental healthcare, one which juvenile prisons have consistently found themselves unable to meet. As a result, many incarcerated young people end up being denied the care they deserve. Yet for years, courts have implemented a confused, haphazard doctrine to evaluate youth right to mental healthcare claims - likely because the quasi-criminal nature of the system frustrates any more straightforward application. The constitutional tests that courts apply vary widely between jurisdictions, with some courts deriving tests from the Fourteenth Amendment, others from the Eighth, and many fashioning a standard somewhere in between. This has not only led to unpredictability between cases, but also led courts to express a troubling indifference to the unique needs and vulnerabilities of mentally ill youth.Recent developments in the Eighth Amendment’s youth sentencing doctrine have opened the door to reconsidering how courts evaluate these claims. The Supreme Court’s decisions in Graham v. Florida and Miller v. Alabama emphasize the important differences between youth defendants and adults. Those differences do not disappear once the judge’s gavel falls. This Comment argues that courts should, at the very least, apply a more protective Eighth Amendment test to the right to mental healthcare claims of incarcerated youth, a test informed by the Court’s decisions in Graham and Miller. Doing so would not only increase doctrinal consistency; it would also take one small step toward addressing the urgent need for mental healthcare in modern juvenile prisons.This Comment proposes a model for one such youth-informed test. The test acknowledges the real kinship between youth and adult prisons in its application of the Eighth Amendment to youth claims. Yet the test’s modified, objective standard enables courts to more clearly focus on the unique problems that such claims raise. Hopefully, in doing so, youth prisoners will finally have the means to argue for a level of mental healthcare that may begin to match their need.
Monitor-to-monitor temporal correlation of air pollution and weather variables in the North-Central U.S.

Monitor-to-monitor temporal correlation of air pollution and weather variables in the North-Central U.S.
Phase Equilibria and Crystal Growth in the Alkali Antimonate Systems Sb2O4-NaSbO3/ Sb2O4-KSbO3/, and Sb2O4-NaSbO3-NaF.

Phase equilibrium diagrams have been constructed from experimental data for the systems Sb2O4-NaSbO3, Sb2O4-KSbO3, and Sb2O4-NaSbO3-NaF. The system Sb2O4-NaSbO3 contains only an intermediate pyrochlore type solid solution with a maximum melting point of 1490 °C at a Na:Sb atom ratio of 3:5. The Sb2O4-KSbO3 system contains in addition to the pyrochlore phase a compound 3K2O • 5Sb2O5 which melts congruently at about 1450 °C and two polymorphs of K2O • 2Sb2O5. The low temperature form of K2O • 2Sb2O5 was found to be monoclinic P21/c with a = 7.178, b = 13.378, c = 11.985 A, β = 124°10'. The melting point of Sb2O4 was found to be 1350 ± 5 °C and NaSbO3 and KSbO3 both melt congruently at 1555 ± 5 °C and 1410 ± 5 °C respectively. The previously reported cubic form of KSbO3 was found to be a K+ deficient phase stabilized by reaction with atmospheric moisture. A similar cubic phase which appears to be a good Na+ ion conductor can be synthesized in the ternary system NaSbO3-Sb2O4-NaF.
Liquid evaporation-driven folding of graphene sheets

We propose a theory of folding graphene sheets from rapid evaporation of its liquid suspension. Using an energy criterion that contains the competition among bending energy of graphene sheets, surface energy of graphene sheets and liquid and their interfacial energy, and binding energy of folded graphene sheets, we are able to quantitatively correlate folded three-dimensional (3D) graphene structures with both geometric size and surface wettability of original graphene sheets. Theoretical predictions of folded 3D graphene patterns and sizes agree well with the parallel molecular dynamics simulations. Our theory is of immediate interest to the study of crumpling/folding original two-dimensional structures to 3D shapes through evaporation of a liquid suspension.
Introduction: American Medical Research Expedition To Everest

several chapters of this book describe work carried out during the course of the 1981 American Medical Research Expedition to Everest. The purpose of this brief introduction is to give some of the background to this unusual expedition.
Return to work after coronary artery bypass operation

A societal cost-benefit argument has been made for the coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) operation. Most patients experience improvement in symptoms and many can return to a productive livelihood. To estimate the rate of return to work and identify the factors influencing that outcome, we analyzed the work status before and after operation in a follow-up of 105 patients undergoing CABG operations in a new teaching hospital. Overall, relief or improvement in angina was accomplished in 92% of patients, and there was a 10% net increase to the work force after operation. Of all variables studied, preoperative work status was found to be the most statistically significant predictor of the postoperative return to work; other factors associated with return to work included symptomatic relief or improvement, age, and educational level. Preoperative and postoperative means of support did not play a major role in determining work outcome.
Employer Branding: Preliminary Thinking on the Role of Corporate Sponsorship

Corporate sponsorship of sports, arts and causes has been seen as a consumer communications platform for decades but has only more recently been valued as an internal marketing tool oriented toward employees. It is argued here that corporate sponsorship can also play a role in employer branding for potential employees. As pieces of information about a company, the sponsorships a company holds may play a role in communicating about the psychological and functional benefits of employment. Preliminary findings from a pilot study and first study are presented. While the ordering of information about a company (company-sport, sport-company) and its sponsorship of sport did not influence employer attractiveness, supplying an articulating statement did. Participants viewing webpages of the company and sponsored sport and reading a linking statement that signaled the social orientation of the company and sport found the company to be more socially oriented. On the other hand, reading an innovative linking statement did not change perceptions of the employer given the same materials.
The 26S Proteasome of the Resurrection Plant Tortula ruralis : Cloning and Characterization of the TrRPT2 Subunit

Tortula ruralis is an important experimental system for the study of plant desiccation tolerance. EST gene discovery efforts utilizing desiccated gametophytes have identified a cDNA TrRpt2 encoding a predicted polypeptide with significant similarity to the 26S proteasome regulatory subunit IV. TrRPT2, the 446 amino acid deduced polypeptide, has a predicted molecular mass of 49.6 kDa, and a predicted pI of 8.15. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that previously characterized RPT2 polypeptide sequences could be reproducibly grouped into 3 major clades and that TrRPT2 forms a discrete evolutionary group. RNA blot hybridizations were used to analyze TrRpt2 expression in response to: 1) desiccation and rehydration, 2) abscisic acid-treatment, 3) increased NaCl concentration, and 4) NaCl-shock. TrRpt2 steady-state mRNA transcript levels are unchanged in response to all treatments and the gene is constitutively expressed.
Impact of DPP-4 inhibition on acute and chronic endothelial function in humans with type 2 diabetes on background metformin therapy:

Cell culture and animal work indicate that dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibition may exert cardiovascular benefits through favorable effects on the vascular endothelium. Prior human studies eva...
Tropical Boundary Layer

In this chapter we shall present a brief outline of the tropical boundary layer. This is the region of the atmosphere where the air/sea and air/land interactions take place and the surface fluxes of heat, momentum and moisture are generated and vertically distributed. Its structure is very important for studies of tropical convection and tropical disturbances, especially hurricanes, the ITCZ, waves and low-level jets, all of which require a detailed knowledge of the lowest 1km of the atmosphere.
Effect of stimulus level on the temporal response properties of the auditory nerve in cochlear implants.

Electrically evoked compound action potentials (ECAPs) have been used to examine temporal response patterns of the auditory nerve in cochlear implant (CI) recipients. ECAP responses to individual pulses in a pulse train vary across stimulation rates for individual CI users. For very slow rates, auditory neurons have ample time to discharge, recover, and respond to each pulse in the train. As the pulse rate increases, an alternating ECAP-amplitude pattern occurs. As the stimulation rate increases further, the alternating pattern eventually ceases and the overall ECAP amplitudes are diminished, yielding a relatively stochastic state that presumably reflects a combination of adaptation, desynchronization, and facilitation across fibers. Because CIs operate over a range of current levels in everyday use, it is important to understand auditory-nerve responses to pulse trains over a range of levels. The effect of stimulus level on ECAP temporal response patterns in human CI users has not been well studied. The first goal of this study was to examine the effect of stimulus level on various aspects of ECAP temporal responses to pulse-train stimuli. Because higher stimulus levels yield more synchronous responses and faster recovery, it was hypothesized that: (1) the maximum alternation would occur at slower rates for lower levels and faster rates at higher levels, (2) the alternation depth at its maximum would be smaller for lower levels, (3) the rate that produces a stochastic state (‘stochastic rate’) would decrease with level, (4) adaptation would be greater for lower levels as a result of slower recovery, and (5) refractory-recovery time constants would be longer (slower) for lower levels, consistent with earlier studies. The second goal of this study was to examine how refractory-recovery time constants relate specifically to maximum alternation and stochastic rate. Data were collected for 12 ears in 10 CI recipients. ECAPs were recorded in response to each of 13 pulses in an equal-amplitude pulse train ranging in rate from 900–3500 pps for three levels (low, medium, high). The results generally supported hypotheses 1–4; there were no significant effects of level on the refractory-recovery time constants (hypothesis 5). When data were pooled across level, there was a significant negative correlation between alternation depth and refractory recovery time. Understanding the effects of stimulus level on auditory-nerve responses may provide further insight into improving the use of objective measures for potentially optimizing speech-processing strategies.
The Aversive Properties of Withdrawing Positive Reinforcement: A Review of the Recent Literature

Using as a reference point those paradigms (punishment, CER, avoidance, and escape) which have commonly employed electric shock as an aversive stimulus, this paper reviews those studies which have attempted to assess the aversive properties of withdrawing positive reinforcement. While the evidence cited suggests that withdrawing positive reinforcement can function as an aversive event, it is pointed out that there is a need for resolving the contradictions that still exist. Several suggestions are offered which might lead to clarification of the problems inherent in this area.
‘Young men like these … ’: The Volunteer Corps and the Emergence of the Settler Community in Colonial Natal

AbstractIn his description of the men of Natal's volunteer corps who fought against the Hlubi at Bushman's Pass in 1873, Jeff Guy contended that Natal's volunteers attempted ‘to demonstrate their abilities as men of the frontier and […] to defend the more vulnerable’. This paper will attempt to clarify Guy's argument that volunteering was ‘a feature of settler society’. Acting as a continuation of the military traditions and systems that were gaining popularity in Britain, volunteering became a means through which the white citizens of Natal were able to take part in the protection of the colony while remaining viable members of the colonial civilian community. Because of their consistent and sizable place within the white colonial community and the growing concerns for colonial violence in Natal, the volunteers became the idealised form of white everyman's contributions to the protection of the colonial state. The defence and security of the colonial state, in the eyes of many within Natal, rested on the...
Dividing the Tubular Gut: Generation of Organ Boundaries at the Pylorus

The discrete organs that comprise the gastrointestinal tract (esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine) arise embryonically by regional differentiation of a single tube that is initially morphologically similar along its length. Regional organ differentiation programs, for example, for stomach or intestine, involve signaling cross-talk between epithelium and mesenchyme and result in the formation of precise boundaries between organs, across which dramatic differences in both morphology and gene expression are seen. The pylorus is a unique area of the gut tube because it not only marks an important organ boundary in the tubular gut (the stomach/intestinal boundary) but is also the hub for the development of multiple accessory organs (liver, pancreas, gall bladder, and spleen). This chapter examines: (a) our current understanding of the molecular and morphogenic processes that underlie the generation of the dramatic epithelial tissue boundary that compartmentalizes stomach and intestine; (b) the tissue interactions that promote development of the accessory organs in this area; and (c) the molecular interactions that specify patterning of the pyloric sphincter. Though the focus here is primarily on the mouse as a model organism, the molecular underpinnings of organ patterning near the pylorus are shared by chick and frog. Thus, further study of these conserved developmental programs could potentially shed light on the mechanisms underlying human pyloric malformations such as infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis.
The use of Indium-111 Platelet Scintigraphy in Man: Comparisions with in Vitro Tests and in Vivo Platelet Function — A Five — Year Experience

This paper reports data collected from 540 patients between July 1978 and July 1983. For the first four years, studies were performed at the Hospitals of the University of Oklahoma Health Science Center and then continued in the last year at Yale University School of Medicine and at the West Haven VA Medical Center. A small number of patients have been studied at St. Raphael’s Hospital in New Haven, Connecticut.