cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Switching of metal–oxygen hybridization for selective CO2 electrohydrogenation under mild temperature and pressure

Artificial carbon fixation contributes to closing the anthropogenic carbon cycle. However, large-scale conversion of CO2 into selective products remains a challenge. Coupled thermal–electrochemical catalysis could offer an attractive approach to upgrading CO2 into value-added products if selective electrocatalysts and integrated devices were developed. Here we identify a mechanistic route to selectively producing either CO or CH4 with high selectivity (>95%) using Ir–ceria-based catalysts in an intermediate-temperature (400 °C) CO2 electrolyser that operates at low overpotential and ambient pressure. We show that tuning of the Ir–O hybridization by controlling the Ir speciation can alter the catalyst surface chemical environment, enabling the stabilization of specific transition states for the production of either CO or CH4 during electrocatalysis. By achieving CO2 electrohydrogenation in tandem with light-alkane electrodehydrogenation, we further demonstrate that such an advanced electrolyser could be extended to the upgrade of different carbon resources in one-step, significantly enhancing the techno-economic feasibilty of the process. Coupled thermal–electrochemical catalysis offers an attractive approach to upgrading CO2 into value-added products. Now, Ir–ceria-based catalysts in a protonic ceramic CO2 electrolyser are shown to selectively produce either CO or CH4 by tuning the Ir–O orbital hybridization.
Accounting for the Trump factor in modeling the COVID-19 epidemic: the case of Louisiana

Utilizing a SIRE model, I analyze the impact of the 'Trump factor', defined as the ratio of Republican to Democratic voters, in the spread of COVID-19 in the state of Louisiana. The principal findings are these: when the Trump factor is estimated with 2016 State election results, the share of infections peaks at around 40 percent, and the share of expired (deaths) plateaus at around 3.015 percent of the state's population. Utilizing 2020 State election data, the share of infections decreases slightly – to 39 percent – and the share of expired plateaus at 3.018 percent. If the Trump factor is measured utilizing 2020 National election results, the share of infections in Louisiana would only reach 12 percent of the population and the share of expired would stabilize at 2.254 percent, reflecting a decrease in the number of total deaths of roughly 23, 459 individuals. An important conclusion is that had Trump shown more interest, and relied more heavily, on the advice of his health experts to make public pronouncements about the pandemic, perhaps the evolution of the virus in the US would not have been as tragic and costly as it has been.
Citing Mockingbird: A Review of Judicial References to America's Best-Loved Novel

To Kill a Mockingbird, Harper Lee's 1960 Pulitzer Prize-winning novel is preparing to celebrate its 60th birthday. Like many other famous literary works, To Kill a Mockingbird has found its way into judicial opinions across the country. But for what proposition is it most often cited? This brief article reviews and synthesizes judicial citations to To Kill a Mockingbird in an attempt to find what the novel means to the judges that cite it.
Diterpenoid total synthesis, an A→B→C approach—VI

Abstract Reaction of 2,2-dimethyl-6-hydroxymethylenecyclohexanone ( 10 ) with hydroxylamine hydrochloride produces a mixture of the isomeric isoxazoles 11 and 13 . The less predominant of these ( 13 ) is the exclusive product from reaction of hydroxylamine hydrochloride with the isopropyl enol ether of 10 , and is converted by methoxide into 6-cyano-2,2-dimethylcyclohexanone ( 16 ). This cyano ketone ( 14 ) reacts with methyl vinyl ketone and base to form 10-cyano-4,4-dimethyl-Δ 5 -7-octalone ( 16 ), which is hydrogenated exclusively to the corresponding trans -7-decalone. The 8-hydroxymethylene derivative of octalone 16 is oxidized by 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyanoquinone to 10-cyano-4,4-dimethyl-8-formyl-Δ 5,8 -7-hexalone ( 20 ). The latter reacts with the sodium enolate of ethyl acetoacetate at both C-9 and C-5 to produce the tricyclic adduct 25 , but with t-butyl acetoacetate it undergoes Michael addition only at C-9. Treatment of the resulting adduct 21 with p -toluenesulfonic acid brings about cleavage of the t-butyl group, decar☐ylation, and aldol cyclodehydration to produce the tricyclic dienedione 22 . Dehydrogenation of the latter with dichlorodicyanoquinone produces the title keto phenol 23 . This sequence is a model for synthesis of various C-aromatic tricyclic diterpenoids.
Blues for New Orleans: Mardi Gras and America's Creole Soul

Reviewed Medium: book Authors: Roger D. Abrahams, with Nick Spitzer, John F. Szwed, and Robert Farris Thompson Year: 2006 Pages: 102 Publisher: University of Pennsylvania Press ISBN: 9780812239591 (hard cover). Prices: $22.50 US(hard cover).
A Wounded Discourse: The Poetics of Disease in Cristina Garcia's Dreaming in Cuban

My essay, "A Wounded Discourse: The Poetics of Disease in Cristina Garcia's Dreaming in Cuban ," examines the implications of the overdetermination of disease in Garcia's novel. I argue that diseased and disabled bodies highlight the difficulties of expressing the fraught political relations between family members as well as between the United States and Cuba. As such, my analysis extends Edouard Glissant's theory of the organic relational systems of plant life to examine the relational aspects of human bodies. I argue that Garcia's deployment of ill bodies in rhizomatic terms subverts the dichotomized, incapacitating discourse surrounding the two nations. I also argue that current theories of disability studies must incorporate traditional, non-Western forms of knowledge about the body, health and disease in order to comprehend the transnational disability that marks the space between Cuba and the U.S.
Value of immune monitoring in gynecologic cancer patients receiving immunotherapy

Immunotherapy with nonspecific immunopotentiators such as Corynebacterium parvum is under study in several areas of gynecologic oncology. The efficacy of this new modality awaits the results of carefully done clinical trials designed to measure an improved effect on survival when this and similar agents are added to conventional therapy. This report deals with an attempt to demonstrate enhancement of the cell-mediated immune response in a small number of patients with advanced ovarian (18 patients) and cervical (12 patients) cancer who were treated with intravenous C. parvum in addition to either chemotherapy (Alkeran) or pelvic radiotherapy. Monitoring of the immune response was accomplished by skin testing, T-lymphocyte rosettes, B-lymphocyte rosettes, simulation of lymphocytes with mitogens (PHA and Con-A) and total lymphocyte counts. No distinct improvement in these parameters could be demonstrated as a result of immunotherapy with C. parvum. These results and the value of immune monitoring as currently performed are discussed.
Ceramics Potential in Automotive Powerplants

The paper addresses the potential that ceramic materials can play an important role in future automotive powerplants — both advanced heat engines and advanced battery systems. A number of related experimental programs are reviewed including ceramics for gasoline and diesel piston engines, gas turbine and Stirling Engines and sodium-sulfur batteries. A strong integrated program to develop ceramics technology is recommended.
Overexpression of manganese superoxide dismutase protects against mitochondrial-initiated poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-mediated cell death.

Mitochondria have recently been shown to serve a central role in programmed cell death. In addition, reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been implicated in cell death pathways upon treatment with a variety of agents; however, the specific cellular source of the ROS generation is unknown. We hypothesize that mitochondria-derived free radicals play a critical role in apoptotic cell death. To directly test this hypothesis, we treated murine fibrosarcoma cell lines, which expressed a range of mitochondrial manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) activities, with respiratory chain inhibitors. Apoptosis was confirmed by DNA fragmentation analysis and electron microscopy. MnSOD overexpression specifically protected against cell death upon treatment with rotenone or antimycin. We examined bcl-xL, p53 and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) to identify specific cellular pathways that might contribute to the mitochondrial-initiated ROS-mediated cell death. Cells overexpressing MnSOD contained less bcl-xL within the mi...
Evaluation of strength at the acrylic-pin interface for variably treated external skeletal fixator pins.

Objective: To report pullout force to failure at the acrylic–pin interface for variably treated 3.2 mm external skeletal fixator pins. Study Design: In vitro biomechanical evaluation. Sample Population: 3.2 mm external skeletal fixator pins in polymethylmethacrylate bars. Methods: 3.2 mm external skeletal fixator pins were used for each of 5 treatment groups: polished, unpolished, 3 notched, 5 notched, and machine knurled. Each pin was seated into a 2-cm-diameter acrylic connecting bar and tested in pullout force to failure. Each group consisted of 6 pins. The force required to remove the pins from the acrylic bar was measured and compared between groups. Results: Significant differences between treatment groups were determined (P<.05). Within a construct group failure mode was consistent. Fracture of the acrylic bar was only seen with knurled pin ends. Conclusions: When using 2 cm acrylic bars in external skeletal fixation (ESF), a knurled pin shaft or a pin surface with 5 notches should be considered to improve the overall stability of the ESF construct.
STOIC DISAGREEMENT AND BELIEF RETENTION

Propositions are generally thought to have a truth-value only relative to some parameter or sequence of parameters. Many apparently straightforward notions, like what it is to disagree or retain a belief, become harder to explain once propositional truth is thus relativized. An account of disagreement within a framework involving such ‘stoic’ propositions is here presented. Some resources developed in that account are then used to respond to the eternalist charge that temporalist propositions can't function as belief contents because they don't allow us to make adequate sense of what belief retention amounts to.
Interventions To Facilitate Auditory, Visual, and Motor Integration in Autism: A Review of the Evidence.

Evidence is reviewed on the prevalence of sensory and motor abnormalities in autism and the effectiveness of three interventions designed to address such abnormalities--sensory integration therapy, traditional occupational therapy, and auditory integration training. Although sensory processing and motor abnormalities are neither universal nor specific to autism, the prevalence of such abnormalities in autism is relatively high. There is, however, little controlled research on the effectiveness of interventions designed to address these abnormalities. Four objective outcome studies of sensory integration therapy were identified. These were of such small scale that no firm conclusions regarding efficacy could be made. No empirical studies of traditional occupational therapy in autism were found. Five studies of auditory integration training were found. Results of these studies provided no, or at best equivocal, support for the use of auditory integration training in autism.
Effect of Hydrogen Peroxide on the Physiology of Bifidobacterium thermophilum

Hydrogen peroxide was used as a source of OH-free radicals to study their effects on the physiology of Bifidobacterium thermophilum (ATCC 25866). H2O2 reduced the production of lactate in the absence of iron at [H2O2] = 250−855 μM; however, lactate production could be fully restored in these cells when they were freed of H2O2. Several potential free radical scavengers were not able to abate the effect of H2O2 on lactate production. Fe(OH)3 binding by the cells, which was used to detect cellular surface damage, was not affected by [H2O2] of up to 830 μM in the absence of exogenous iron. Growth of bifidobacteria could be reduced by [H2O2] as low as 41 μM, but growth resumed as the H2O2 disappeared from the medium. At high initial H2O2 concentrations (600 μM), at which no growth was observed for as long as 48 h, the cells remained viable and resumed growth in the absence of H2O2. It was concluded that H2O2 was bacteriostatic with respect to B. thermophilum at H2O2 concentrations used in this study, but wheth...
The volunteer military and the rest of the iceberg

Most discussions of the volunteer military have concentrated upon either the social costs of conscription or the level of entry pay needed to attract sufficient numbers of volunteers. These studies have neglected the impact of movement toward a volunteer military on the management of the military force as a whole. The central theme of this paper is that many of the largest personnel problems are exacerbated, if not caused by, the incentive system. Many of these incentives—incorporated in the pay and retirement structure and the training and utilization patterns for personnel—were developed for historic reasons that are no longer applicable. With the introduction of a volunteer military, mistakes in the personnel system become more costly. Adjustment of the most perverse incentives could lead to a self-correction of many glaring problems.
COMMENT ON MARDEN (2013): “REANALYSIS AND EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE INDICATE THAT THE EARLIEST TRACE FOSSIL OF A WINGED INSECT WAS A SURFACE SKIMMING NEOPTERAN”

Marden's (2013) reanalysis of Knecht et al. (2011) suggesting that specimen SEMC-F97 is the result of the skimming behavior of a neopteran insect and, more importantly, fossil evidence of "… surface skimming as a precursor to the evolution of flight in insects" (Marden 2013) is found to be deficient on three fronts: (1) the principal specimen was never viewed firsthand which led to significant morphological misinterpretations; (2) poorly designed and executed neoichnological experiments led to incredulous results; and (3) the assumption that this specimen is fossil evidence supporting the surface skimming hypothesis of the origin of insect flight despite the fact that since its induction into the literature that hypothesis has been refuted based on significant paleontological, phylogenetic, genetic, and developmental evidence.
Do Null Subjects (mis-)Trigger Pro-drop Grammars?

Native speakers of English regularly hear sentences without overt subjects. Nevertheless, they maintain a [ $$-$$ pro] grammar that requires sentences to have an overt subject. It is proposed that listeners of English recognize that speakers reduce predictable material and thus attribute null subjects to this process, rather than changing their grammars to a [ $$+$$ pro] setting. Mack et al. (J Memory Lang 67(1):211–223, 2012) showed that sentences with noise covering the subject are analyzed as having null subjects more often with a first person pronoun and with a present tense—properties correlated with more predictable referents—compared to a third person pronoun and past tense. However, those results might in principle have been due to reporting null subjects for verbs that often occur with null subjects. An experiment is reported here in which comparable results are found for sentences containing nonsense verbs. Participants preferred a null subject more often for first person present tense sentences than for third person past tense sentences. The results are as expected if participants are responding to predictability, the likelihood of reduction, rather than to lexical statistics. The results are argued to be important in removing a class of mis-triggering examples from the language acquisition problem.
A freezing method for cell fusions to distribute and reduce labor and permit more thorough early evaluation of hybridomas

A method is described whereby cell fusions can be bulk-frozen shortly after the hybridization step. Recoveries are shown to be comparable to those obtained for control hybridomas cultured without freezing. Advantages are discussed in terms of labor distribution and antibody assay and evaluation strategies. It is further shown that peritoneal feeder cell preparations can be conveniently frozen as a means of workload reduction.
Probing subdiffraction limit separations with plasmon coupling microscopy: concepts and applications

Due to their advantageous material properties, noble metal nanoparticles are versatile tools in biosensing and imaging. A characteristic feature of gold and silver nanoparticles is their ability to sustain localized surface plasmons that provide both large optical cross-sections and extraordinary photophysical stability. Plasmon coupling microscopy takes advantage of the beneficial optical properties and utilizes electromagnetic near-field coupling between individual noble metal nanoparticle labels to resolve subdiffraction limit separations in an all-optical fashion. This Tutorial provides an introduction into the physical concepts underlying distance dependent plasmon coupling, discusses potential experimental implementation of plasmon coupling microscopy, and reviews applications in the area of biosensing and imaging.
LOCALIZATION OF NUMA PROTEIN ISOFORMS IN THE NUCLEAR MATRIX OF MAMMALIAN CELLS

Using a monoclonal antibody 2D3 generated against a kinetochore-enriched human chromosome preparation, we identified a high molecular mass protein with nuclear staining in interphase and polar staining of the pericentriolar region in the mitotic spindle. Initially termed centrophilin, this protein associates with the minus-ends of spindle microtubules (MT) and appears to be important in spindle organization [Tousson et al., 1991: J. Cell Biol. 112:427–440]. Comparison of a partial cDNA sequence obtained for centrophilin with the full length cDNA sequence of nuclear mitotic apparatus protein (NuMA) [Compton et al., 1992: J. Cell Biol. 116:1395–1408; Yang et al., 1992: J. Cell Biol. 116:1303–1317] has indicated that NuMA and centrophilin are the same protein. Using a polyclonal NuMA antibody, we have provided further evidence that NuMA exists as iso-forms as shown by peptide mapping and immunoblots. Sequential fractionation experiments along with immunofluorescence, immunoblotting, and EM immunogold labeling have demonstrated that NuMA isoforms are novel components of nuclear core filaments. Thus, NuMA, a long coiled-coil protein, appears to have dual functions in interphase and mitosis during the cell cycle. In interphase, NuMA likely plays a structural role in the nucleoskeleton that may be important in nuclear organization and functions, whereas in mitosis, NuMA appears to be associated with spindle MT organization and chromosome positioning. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Contributions of resuspended soil and road dust to organic carbon in fine particulate matter in the Midwestern US

Abstract Considerable uncertainty still exists regarding the contribution of resuspended soil and road dust to PM2.5 organic carbon (OC) in US urban areas. Contributing factors are the limited knowledge of the OC content of resuspended soils and road dusts, and the variability of the ratio of OC to traditional soil markers such as silicon and aluminum. This study investigates the composition of resuspended soils and road dusts in the Midwestern US, and the contributions of these soils to atmospheric PM2.5 OC. Paved road dust and soil samples were resuspended in a residence chamber from which PM2.5 size fractions were collected and analyzed to generate source profiles. Differences significant to 1 standard deviation were observed in the mass ratios between OC, and silicon and aluminum across different soil types which were larger between soil types within each city (61–97%), than between samples of the same soil type collected in different cities (29–57%). CMB 8.2 source apportionment results revealed large biases in soil apportionments, but these did not greatly affect the overall OC apportionments in six Midwest cities due to the small contributions of soil to total OC (ranging between 0.01 and 0.1 μg m−3). Apportionments of total PM2.5 mass were more greatly affected: biases up to 0.7 μg m−3 for total PM2.5 masses ranging between 7 and 14 μg m−3 were observed when soil profiles were interchanged.
On probability intervals

Abstract The apparent failure of individual probabilistic expressions to distinguish between uncertainty and ignorance, and between certainty and confidence, have swayed researchers to seek alternative formalisms, where confidence measures are provided explicit notation. This paper summarizes how a causal networks formulation of probabilities facilitates the representation of confidence measures as an integral part of a knowledge system that does not require the use of higher order probabilities. We also examine whether Dempster-Shafer intervals represent confidence about probabilities.
The Political Scientist as Expert Witness

Political scientists serve in courtrooms as expert witnesses on many topics related to their professional training: elections, same-sex marriages, employer sanctions for hiring undocumented aliens, school desegregation, political asylum requests, property rights, and racial profiling, among many others. It is not by chance that we—the authors—have chosen to testify as experts in cases concerning elections (see also Cain 1999). Election-related cases compose a large percentage of all cases involving political scientists brought to court: a study of references to expert testimony by political scientists in published federal district court decisions from 1950 through 1989 reports that 61% involved election law issues (Leigh 1991). Our replication of this study for the period of 2000 through December 18, 2010, reveals that 74% of such cases (28 of 38) involved election law issues. These cases involved issues of minority vote dilution, redistricting, alternative election systems (cumulative and limited voting), campaign financing, voting equipment and invalid ballots, voter registration, nominating petition requirements, and a number of other issues.
Rapamycin decreases DNA damage accumulation and enhances cell growth of WRN-deficient human fibroblasts

Werner syndrome (WS), caused by mutations at the WRN helicase gene, is a progeroid syndrome characterized by multiple features consistent with accelerated aging. Aberrant double-strand DNA damage repair leads to genomic instability and reduced replicative lifespan of somatic cells. We observed increased autophagy in WRN knockdown cells; this was further increased by short-term rapamycin treatment. Long-term rapamycin treatment resulted in improved growth rate, reduced accumulation of DNA damage foci and improved nuclear morphology; autophagy markers were reduced to near-normal levels, possibly due to clearance of damaged proteins. These data suggest that protein aggregation plays a role in the development of WS phenotypes and that the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 pathway is a potential therapeutic target of WS.
SIMULTANEOUS REACTIONS OF CO, NO, O2 AND NH3 ON Pt/γA12O3 CATALYST IN A TUBULAR REACTOR

Abstract A reliable method to continuously monitor NH3 in a gas stream containing CO—NO—O2 and H2O has been developed. The method is based on a quantitative oxidation of NH3 to NO on a Pt catalyst. The extent of this reaction is affected by temperature, excess oxygen present, and space-velocity. There is a significant effect of inlet O2 concentration on extent of various reactions in the CO—NO—O2—H2O system on a Pt/γAl2O3 catalyst. At fixed space-velocity and catalyst temperature, and for fixed reactor inlet concentrations of CO and NO. there is negligible CO—NO reaction either in the absence of oxygen or in the presence of excess oxygen. However, short of the stoichiometric amount of O2 required for CO oxidation, there is appreciable CO—NO (and possibly also CO—NO—H2O) reaction whose extent increases with increasing oxygen concentration. This increase is especially dramatic in a narrow window of O2: concentrations near the stoichiometric point. Interestingly enough, near the stoichiometric point, self-su...
Minimization of the Makespan with a Discrete-Time State−Task Network Formulation

A novel algorithm is proposed for the minimization of the makespan of multipurpose batch plants using the state−task network (STN) formulation. The algorithm involves the solution of successive feasibility problems, where the time horizon is extended until a feasible schedule for the given demand is found. To exploit the tight LP relaxation of the STN formulation, a production maximization problem (subject to the given demand) is solved at each iteration, and the algorithm terminates when the first feasible solution is found. The algorithm is guaranteed to find an optimal solution, and if integer cuts are used, it can provide many alternative solutions. The algorithm appears to be computationally efficient for many classes of problems and process networks of medium complexity.
Polarizability extraction for rapid computation of Fano resonance in nanoring lattices

Rapid modeling of far-field Fano resonance supported by lattices of complex nanostructures is possible with the coupled dipole approximation (CDA) using point, dipole polarizability extrapolated from a higher order discrete dipole approximation (DDA). Fano resonance in nanostructured metamaterials has been evaluated with CDA for spheroids, for which an analytical form of particle polarizability exists. For complex structures with non-analytic polarizability, such as rings, higher order electrodynamic solutions must be employed at the cost of computation time. Point polarizability is determined from the DDA by summing individual polarizable volume elements from the modeled structure. Extraction of single nanoring polarizability from DDA permitted CDA analysis of nanoring lattices with a 40,000-fold reduction in computational time over 1000 wavelengths. Maxima and minima of predicted Fano resonance energies were within 1% of full volume elements using the DDA. This modeling technique is amenable to other complex nanostructures which exhibit primarily dipolar and/or quadrupolar resonance behavior. Rapid analysis of coupling between plasmons and photon diffraction modes in lattices of nanostructures supports design of plasmonic enhancements in sustainable energy and biomedical devices.
Temperature independent birefringence in polarization maintaining photonic crystal fiber

We have analyzed the temperature dependent birefringence of a polarization maintaining photonic crystal fiber. A temperature dependent birefringence coefficient, dB/dt for a commercially available polarization maintaining photonic crystal fiber was found to be approximately -2.0 times 10-9 /K and can be made smaller.
Corticotropin releasing factor in the rat colon: expression, localization and upregulation by endotoxin

Little is known about CRF expression and regulation in the rat colon compared to the brain. We investigated CRF gene expression, cellular location, and regulation by endotoxin and corticosterone in the male rat colon at 6 h after intraperitoneal (ip) injection. CRF mRNA level, detected by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was 2.3-fold higher in the distal than proximal colon and 4.4-fold higher in the proximal colonic submucosa plus muscle layers than in mucosa. CRF immunoreactivity was located in the epithelia, lamina propria and crypts, and co-localized with tryptophan hydroxylase, a marker for enterochromaffin (EC) cells, and in enteric neurons. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 100 μg/kg, ip) increased defecation by 2.9-fold and upregulated CRF mRNA by 3.5-fold in the proximal and 2.1-fold in the distal colon while there was no change induced by corticosterone as monitored by quantitative PCR. LPS-induced increased CRF mRNA expression occurred in the submucosa plus muscle layers (2.5-fold) and the mucosa of proximal colon (1.9-fold). LPS increased significantly CRF immunoreactivity in the submucosal and myenteric plexuses of proximal and distal colon compared to saline groups. These results indicate that in rats, CRF is expressed in both proximal and distal colon and more prominently in enteric neurons of the submucosa plus muscle layers and subject to upregulation at the gene and protein levels by LPS through corticosteroid independent pathways. These data suggests that colonic CRF may be part of the local effector limb of the CRF1 receptor mediated colonic alterations induced by acute stress.
Temperature dependence of x-ray photoemission spectra: Fermi-sea recoil effects

Abstract The effect of temperature on the asymmetry of the X-ray photoemission lineshape of a metal or heavily doped semiconductor is evaluated using a simple one-dimensional model to describe the conduction electrons. Temperature dependent recoil processes are found to be significant for k B T>E F /4, and could be observed in heavily-doped semiconductors, but not in metals at room temperature.
Photoacoustic generation of anisotropic pressure waves through photodissociation of Cl(2).

Photodissociation of diatomic molecules by linearly polarized radiation in general produces an anisotropic distribution of recoiling atomic fragments. When a short burst of radiation dissociates a gas at low pressure, the collective linear momenta of the individual recoiling photofragments add at any point in space to act as a macroscopic pressure wave, the impulse corresponding to which can be detected by a sensitive microphone. We report here detection of anisotropic pressure waves from photodissociation of Cl2 with 355-nm radiation. The experimental data show the pressure wave to be peaked in a direction perpendicular to the polarization direction of the incident radiation, indicating a predominantly perpendicular transition moment in Cl2 at this wavelength.
In vitro Inhibition of Peptide Synthesis and GTP Hydrolysis by Cycloheximide and Reversal of Inhibition by Glutathione

THE inhibition of protein synthesis by cycloheximide seems to occur at some stage later than the formation of aminoacyl-tRNA and its subsequent transfer to the ribosome1. Studies of the action of cycloheximide on intact cells2,3 have led to the proposal that the inhibitor has two sites of action at the ribosome level, one involving chain initiation and the other chain elongation. Using a cell-free protein-synthesizing system, we4 have observed that cycloheximide can inhibit polysome aggregation in much smaller doses than are needed to prevent chain elongation. With this system, we also observed that the action of the inhibitor on chain elongation could be partially reversed by adding high concentrations of glutathione to the incubation medium. This communication presents evidence that the site of this action of cycloheximide and its reversal by glutathione is the sulphydryl-dependent enzyme transferase II. Skogerson and Moldave5 have suggested that transferase II is identical with translocase, an enzyme responsible for transferring the peptidyl-tRNA from the acceptor to the peptidyl site on the ribosome, with concomitant hydrolysis of GTP. We have now demonstrated that this specific hydrolysis of GTP is inhibited by cycloheximide, and that this effect can also be partially reversed by raising the concentration of glutathione in the medium.
Direct observation of the internal excitation in the products of the two-body recombination of carbon monoxide and tungsten pentacarbonyl

Abstract A transient infrared spectrum observed following the photolysis of gas phase W(CO) 6 in the presence of CO is shown to be due to internally excited W(CO) 6 * formed by the two-body recombination of W(CO) 5 and CO. The internal excitation is shown to be predominantly vibrational.
Estimates of particle flux and reworking at the deep-sea floor using234Th/238U disequilibrium

Abstract Because of high specific activities of excess234Th (t1/2 = 24.1 days) on suspended particles in the deep sea, this nuclide is potentially an extremely sensitive indicator of particle inputs and dynamics at the seafloor. Measurements were made at two deep-sea sites in order to examine this potential. Inventories of excess234Th at a low-current hemipelagic mud site (3990 m) in the Panama Basin were∼ 1.5 (September, ′81) and∼ 2.5 (June, ′82) dpm/cm2. The steady state fluxes to the seafloor calculated from these inventories are in rough agreement with radionuclide fluxes measured in sediment traps. Small-scale (∼ 100m) spatial variability in inventories implies biologically significant heterogeneity in particle inputs. Sediment from the continental rise site in the northwest Atlantic (2800 m), a site with higher current velocities than the Panama Basin, had an inventory of∼ 1.9dpm/cm2. This inventory is also in rough agreement with predictions made on the basis of nearby sediment trap data. Particle mixing coefficients of∼ 30cm2/yr calculated at the Pacific and Atlantic sites are similar to those in shallow water deposits but could reflect disturbance during handling. Based on210Pb data from the Panama Basin, sediment from below∼ 6cm is mixed at a rate∼ 10 × slower than the near-surface sediment to a depth of at least 20 cm. Agreement between234Th predicted mixing rates at the Panama Basin site with210Pb profiles and in-situ experiments with glass bead tracers implies that these rates are real. Although the diffusion of dissolved234Th into deep-sea sediments complicates interpretations,234Thxs distributions in bottom sediments offer a useful adjunct to sediment traps for investigation of particle dynamics near the deep-sea floor.
Does indian epistemology concern justified true belief

Of the various topics which are taken up in classical Indian philosophy, prdmanyavdda, equated with epistemology in the critical literature, strikes the Western philosopher of today as being most akin to something of deep concern to him. On the basis of the translations of the Sanskrit literature provided in the best contemporary expositions of Indian thought, questions about the nature of knowledge and truth appear to be clearly broached in Indian texts, and the intricacies of some of the analyses to be found in those texts rival the intricacies of analysis as practiced by the best of recent and living Anglo-American professional philosophers. In my opinion the most outstanding exposition of Indian thinking on the topic of prâmânyavâda is to be found in the work of Jitendranath Mohanty, and most notably in his ground-breaking book, Gangesa's Theory of Truth.1 In his Introduction to a translation of the (Jnapti) Prâmânya section of Gangesa's Tattvacintdmani Mohanty first disambiguates a number of key terms and lays out in exemplary fashion the issues which appear to separate the two sides in the classical polemic concerning whether the awareness of prâmânya is "intrinsic" (svatah) or "extrinsic" (paratah). This review distinguishes the positions not only of the many important Indian systems involved — Mimamsâ, Advaita and Nyaya — but also succinctly identifies the positions of subschools within these as well as the opinions of individual philosophers found in their writings. This Introduction is followed by a faithful translation of Gangesa's chapter with copious explanatory remarks without which the Tattvaeintâmani, extremely laconic in its style, could not be understood by anyone not initiated into Sanskrit and Navyanyaya. The entire volume is a tour de force, a subtle, critical illumination of the most intricate kind of materials calling for that rare combination, brilliance as Indologist and philosopher rolled into one. Though the paper that now follows takes issue with some of Mohanty's conclusions, this in no way should be thought to mitigate against what I have just said about the book. It is only because of rare efforts such as his that it becomes possible to push further into important matters and argue issues in a fashion that promises to provide general insights.
A Process View of Causality

The purpose of this paper is to sketch a view of causality that is compatible with some of the characteristic tenets of process philosophy. In this endeavor, I hope to add something useful to our understanding of causality, and at the same time to shed some light on the nature of process philosophy in general. Process philosophy has been described as an attempt to take time and continuity seriously.’ The view of causality to be elaborated here does likewise, and in that respect it is fundamentally compatible with process philosophy. This “process” view will be shown to be diametrically opposed to Hume’s view, which may be seen as an attempt to exclude the notions of time and continuity from the notion of causality. It is hoped that in understanding the implications of Hume’s views, an added appreciation of the basic beliefs of process philosophy will be acquired.
Correlation between parental perception and actual childhood patterns of bicycle helmet use and riding practices: Implications for designing injury prevention strategies☆

Abstract Background/Purpose: Bicycle injuries account for 10% of all pediatric traumatic deaths. Bicycle helmets have proven to decrease morbidity and mortality, yet trauma data show low helmet use among injured children. However, owning a bicycle helmet does not universally result in a child wearing a helmet. Furthermore, we hypothesize that parental perception of their children's use of the bicycle helmet may not reflect accurately true utilization by their child. To investigate this hypothesis the authors examined both parents' and their children's reports of bicycle ownership, supervision, riding patterns, and helmet use. Methods: A random sample of grade 5 and 6 students (ages 8 to 12) and their parents were surveyed about bicycle ownership, riding patterns, supervision, and helmet use. The children and their guardians responded independently to the questionnaire. Statistical analysis was performed using the χ 2 test when indicated. Results: Eighty-eight of 102 children (86%) responded. This represented 56% girls and 44% boys aged 8 to 12 years. Sixty-nine of 90 (77%) of the parents returned the survey. Ninety-six percent of the children owned a bicycle. A total of 87.5% of children owned a bicycle helmet. Eighty percent of the time children ride their bicycles on the road or sidewalk, with less then 20% on marked trails or parks. Parents reported that their children wear a helmet 90% of the time. In contrast, children report no helmet use in up to 61% of riding instances ( P Conclusions: Bicycle and bicycle helmet ownership is high among this study group. There is a significant possibility that children will ride unsupervised, in at-risk situations, without wearing a helmet. Parental perceptions about bicycle helmet use by their children may not accurately reflect true utilization. In this study group parents appear as poor role models for their children. Injury prevention strategies need to focus on children and adults to improve effectiveness. J Pediatr Surg 36:763-766. Copyright © 2001 by W.B. Saunders Company.
Peripheral neuroepithelioma in childhood

Peripheral neuroepithelioma is a rare and controversial neoplasm that may occur at any age. Fifteen of the 38 previously reported cases have involved children from birth to 17 years of age. The authors observed the course of a 3-month-old girl who presented with an enlarging mass in the left arm and manifested hepatic metastases at the time of diagnosis. The urinary level of vanillylmandelic acid (VMA) was moderately elevated. The primary lesion was excised and metastatic foci showed response to a regimen of vincristine, cyclophosphamide, Adriamycin (doxorubicin), and cisplatin. However, tumor recurred in the brain and liver and the child died 14 months after diagnosis. At autopsy, there was no involvement of adrenal glands or sympathetic ganglia and the liver contained numerous involuted lesions as well as active metastases. It is suggested that this is a unique neoplasm, derived from neural crest but distinct from neuroblastoma, which can be characterized by peripheral origin, a histologic pattern of confluent pseudorosettes, and aggressive clinical behavior.
Vaginal Configuration on MRI after Abdominal Sacrocolpopexy and Sacrospinous Ligament Suspension

An MRI study was conducted to compare the vaginal configuration of women who had undergone sacrospinous fixation with transvaginal needle suspension or abdominal sacrocolpopexy with retropubic colposuspension with that of normal controls. MRI examination demonstrated that in normal controls the lower vagina formed an acute angle (mean 53°) with the pubococcygeal line and intersected the upper vagina at a mean angle of 145°. In the abdominal repair group the lower vagina intersected the pubococcygeal line at a mean angle of 57° and joined the upper segment at a mean angle of 137°. In the vaginal repair group the lower vagina intersected the pubococcygeal line at a mean angle of 54° and joined the upper segment at a mean angle of 220°. Our study demonstrated that abdominal sacrocolpopexy with retropubic colposuspension more closely restored the vagina to its normal configuration, whereas sacrospinous fixation with transvaginal needle suspension creates an abnormal vaginal axis.
Targeted glycomics by selected reaction monitoring for highly sensitive glycan compositional analysis

The development of glycomics increasingly requires the detection and quantification of large numbers of glycans, which is only partially achieved by current glycomics approaches. Taking advantage of selected reaction monitoring to enhance both sensitivity and selectivity, we report here a strategy termed targeted glycomics that enables highly sensitive and consistent identification and quantification of diverse glycans across multiple samples at the same time. In this proof-of-principle study, we validated the method by analyzing global N-glycans expressed in different systems: single proteins, cancer cells, and serum samples. A dynamic range of three orders of magnitude was obtained for the detection of all five glycans released from ribonuclease B. The limit of detection of 80 attomole for Man(9)GlcNAc(2) demonstrated the excellent sensitivity of the method. The capability of the strategy to identify diverse glycans was demonstrated by identification and detection of 162 different glycans and isomers from pancreatic cancer cells. The sensitivity of the method was illustrated further by the ability to detect eight glycans from 250 cancer cells and five glycans released from 100 cancer cells. In serum obtained from rabbits fed control diet or diet enriched with 2% cholesterol, differences to 42 glycans were accurately measured and this indicates that this strategy might find use in studies of biomarker discovery and validation.
Multiple Roles of Gi/o Protein-coupled Receptors in Control of Action Potential Secretion Coupling in Pituitary Lactotrophs

G(i/o) protein-coupled receptors, signaling through G protein-dependent and protein-independent pathways, have prominent effects on secretion by modulating calcium signaling and regulating the size of the releasable secretory pool, the rates of exocytosis and endocytosis, and de novo synthesis. Pituitary cells fire action potentials spontaneously, and the associated calcium influx is sufficient to maintain prolactin (PRL) release but not gonadotropin release at high and steady levels for many hours. Such secretion, termed intrinsic, spontaneous, or basal, reflects fusion of secretory vesicles triggered by the cell type-specific pattern of action potentials. In lactotrophs, activation of endothelin ET(A) and dopamine D(2) receptors causes inhibition of spontaneous electrical activity and basal adenylyl cyclase activity accompanied with inhibition of basal PRL release. Agonist-induced inhibition of cAMP production and firing of action potentials is abolished in cells with blocked pertussis toxin (PTX)-sensitive G(i/o) signaling pathway. However, agonist-induced inhibition of PRL release is only partially relieved in such treated cells, indicating that both receptors also inhibit exocytosis downstream of cAMP/calcium signaling. The PTX-insensitive step in agonist-induced inhibition of PRL release is not affected by inhibition of phosphoinositide 3-kinase and glycogen synthase kinase-3 but is partially rescued by downregulation of the G(z)alpha expression. Thus, ET(A) and D(2) receptors inhibit basal PRL release not only by blocking electrical activity but also by desensitizing calcium-secretion coupling.
Models for Delivering Survivorship Care

Survivors of adult cancer face lifetime health risks that are dependent on their cancer, cancer treatment exposures, comorbid health conditions, genetic predispositions, and lifestyle behaviors. Content, intensity, and frequency of health care that addresses these risks vary from survivor to survivor. The aims of this article are to provide a rationale for survivor health care and to articulate a taxonomy of models of survivor care that is applicable to both community practices and academic institutions.
Olefin impurity effect on n-pentane bimolecular isomerization over WOx/ZrO2

Abstract Depending on the catalyst used, the reaction conditions and the molecules converted, alkane isomerization proceeds via a monomolecular or a bimolecular mechanism. n -Pentane isomerizes via both mechanisms which makes it an excellent probe molecule. In this study, n -pentane isomerization was investigated using WO x /ZrO 2 . Propylene and 1-pentene were co-fed separately to study the effect on n -pentane isomerization and it was identified that only 1-pentene increases the isomerization selectivity to isopentane. Our results support the model of a bimolecular mechanism that proceeds via a C 10 intermediate on Zr-WO x Bronsted sites.
Paraseinura (Nematoda: Aphelenchoididae), a New Genus From East Pakistan

L'auteur donne la diagnose d'un nouveau genre de nematodes trouve dans l'inflorescence pourrie d'un bananier. Le nouveau genre se differencie de Seinura par la presence d'un gubernaculum, de bases sclerotisees des levres, et l'absence d'un bouton basal du stylet. Rhadinaphelenchus cocophilus, qui possede egalement un gubernaculum, se differencie par la structure de la region labiale et par la possession d'un "vulval flap" et d'un "bursal flap".
Identification and characterization of endothelin binding sites in rat renal papillary and glomerular membranes

Abstract The present study was designed to identify and characterize specific endothelin binding sites in membranes of rat renal papillae and glomeruli which appear to be target tissues for this new peptide hormone. Saturation binding studies indicate that the sites have a high and uniform affinity. The dissociation constants averaged 662 ± 151 and 1309 ± 123 pM and the receptor densities 7666 ± 920 and 5831 ± 348 fmol/mg protein for papillary and glomerular membranes, respectively. Endothelin 1, endothelin 3 and sarafotoxin all inhibited [ 125 I]-endothelin binding with IC 50 ' s in the 100–300 pM range, whereas unrelated peptides, namely angiotensin II, atrial natriuretic peptide, and platelet-derived growth factor failed to compete for [ 125 I]-endothelin binding. Deletion of the carboxyterminal tryptophan in endothelin 1 reduced its affinity for glomerular binding sites by 2 orders of magnitude. Specific endothelin binding to these membranes was maximal at pH 4 and was markedly inhibited as the pH was raised above 8. When [ 125 I]-endothelin is covalenthy linked to glomerular membrane binding sites, SDS-PAGE of these solubilized membranes followed by autoradiography reveals a predominant specifically labeled band of 45 kDa. Whether this band represents a subunit of the endothelin receptor(s), the receptor proper, or an intracellular endothelin binding protein remains to be determined.