cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Assessment of the current condition of structures using nondestructive, modeling, and parameter estimation techniques

Structures, however well designed, may experience excessive cycling or variations of design loads. These could result in higher stress levels causing accelerated deterioration or `wear' in these structures. Eventually, these types of deterioration may cause defects or damage in the structure. In case of a bridge, if not detected on time, these types of deterioration may result in catastrophic failures. This paper proposes to develop techniques that will determine the prevailing condition of a structure in a way that will indicate its structural integrity in a quantifiable manner. These techniques will assist in evaluating the existing condition of and will help to design a structure better as well. The performance of a structure can also be predicted by these methods. These techniques will include modeling of a structure, nondestructive testing, and utilization of statistical estimation methods. Most importantly, the methods will provide a `tool' for personnel in charge of the inspection of such structures, bridge inspectors for example, to perform inspections in a more objective and scientific way. Presently, these inspections are generally carried out visually and in a subjective manner. By taking a deflection and/or strain measurement at a point, a bridge inspector, with the help of a set of curves, will be able to quantify the existing condition of that structure compared to its original or new state. Equipped with this tool and periodic checking, an inspector will then be able to assess deterioration of a structure over time. Historical data will then be available for the inspection team to evaluate the performance of the structure. If the data show more than expected `wear,' appropriate action can be taken to avoid occurrences of damages or defects and in extreme cases total replacements of a structure. These actions will not only save resources such as money, material, and time, it may save lives as well.
Realization of Matrix Transfer Functions via a State-Space Approach

A state-space technique is presented for minimal realization of an impedance matrix or a voltage transfer function matrix without using integrators or the combination of integrators and multiwinding transformers. The Cauer II type passive RC ladder multiport and state-space concepts are employed for the realization. A new similarity transformation matrix is derived to transform a state-space equation in a RC-type Cauer second form into a state-space equation in a block companion form.
Concerning the structure of 7α,15β-dichloro-5α-cholest-8(14)-en-3β-ol, a novel inhibitor of cholesterol biosynthesis

Abstract Treatment of 3β-p-bromobenzoyloxy-14α, 15α-epoxy-5α-cholest-7-ene with gaseous HCI in chloroform at −25°C gave 3β-p-bromobenzoyloxy-7α, 15β-dichloro-5α-cholest-8(14)-ene in 93% yield. The structure of the latter compound was unequivocally established by the results of X-ray crystallographic analysis.
Basic theory of gas indicator tube calibration.

Abstract Theoretical mathematical expressions are developed for indicator tube calibration showing effects of gas concentration, sample volume, flow rate, tube diameter, grain size, and experimental errors. In the usual case the kinetic rate of gas sorption is controlling, and stain length is proportional to the logarithm of the product of gas concentration and sample volume. Flow rate must be precisely replicated. Formulas are given for other cases where partial and complete saturation of the stained portion of the indicator gel occur. These expressions should aid in optimal design and development as well as use of indicator tubes.
Opinion: Phenomenology of innovation

How do people experience innovation, from the inside? Psychologists such as Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi [1] offer metaphors such as “flow” and “being in the zone”, but phenomenology is not the same thing as psychology [2]. Phenomenology is a philosophical inquiry about what it is possible to access within ourselves, an investigation (in other words) into the structures of consciousness. Somehow, somewhere in the structures of consciousness – or we might say on the threshold of consciousness, new thoughts and ideas emerge like gifts from the sea. It makes sense for a scientist of innovation to understand the structures where this can be said to happen.
Studies on the smear technique for detecting virus antigens in an insect vector by use of fluorescent antibodies.

Abstract The direct and indirect methods with fluorescein-labeled antibodies were compared for the detection of wound-tumor virus (WTV) antigens in smears of leafhoppers Agallia constricta Van Duzee exposed to the virus. In order to obtain specific staining, commercial fluorescein-labeled sheep serum prepared against rabbit gamma globulin for use in the indirect method was passed through a DEAE cellulose column, a procedure known to remove fractions staining nonspecifically. The material that stained specifically by both methods was in the form of particles with brilliant yellow-green fluorescence. WTV-antiserum before and after conjugation had titers of 1 2560 and 1 320 , respectively, showing that some antibodies were either lost or inactivated during the conjugation procedure. For detection of WTV antigens in smears of exposed leafhoppers by the direct method, conjugated WTV antiserum could be diluted only to 1 2 , whereas by the indirect method unconjugated WTV antiserum was satisfactory at a dilution of 1 80 . Also there was much less non-specific fluorescence in smears of leafhoppers stained by the indirect method than by the direct method. Before discovering the superiority of the indirect method of staining the smears, 379 exposed leafhoppers were examined by the direct method. Of these 204 were positive and 134 negative both by smear test (direct method) and by transmission. Eighteen leafhoppers were positive by smear test but did not transmit WTV, and 23 leafhoppers did transmit but were negative by the smear test. Of 319 healthy leafhoppers smeared along with exposed leafhoppers, all, with one exception, which was scored a doubtful positive, were scored negative by the smear test.
CONGENITAL DYSERYTHROPOIETIC ANEMIA (CDA) TYPE IV

The heterogeneous disorder, CDA, is characterized by ineffective erythropoiesis and ultrastructural alterations of late erythroblasts. Three major types have been described: Type I with macrocytosis, Type II (HEMPAS) with abnormal RBC antigens,and Type III with gigantoblasts. Studies of RBC antigens, metabolism, lipids, ferrokinetics, in vitro erythroid colony formation, and globinchain synthesis were performed in a 15 year old male with atypical CDA. Ferrokinetics showed ineffective erythropoiesis, chromium survival was shortened, bone marrow revealed 25-35% 2-3 lobed late normoblasts, and electron microscopy showed dyserythropoiesis but no “double membranes” or internuclear bridges. Acidhemolysis tests with 20 ABO compatible sera were negative and hemolysis by anti-I, anti-i, or hemolytic anti-B was not increased. Activity of i matched that of fetal cells. Increased membrane phosphatidyl choline (36%, normal 29%) and decreased sphingomyelin (19%, normal 27%) were noted. The ratio of α and β chain synthesized by peripheral blood and BM RBC was normal; glycolytic intermediates and enzymes were normal except for pyruvatekinase. Erythroid colony formation in vitro was normal; dyserythropoiesis was not observed. The findings are compatible with CDA Type IV, a rare disorder with morphologic features of Type II but lacking abnormal serology. Attempts to apply distinctive ultrastructural features to CDA may be misleading.
Altered Proliferative Response by T Lymphocytes of Ly-6A (Sca-1) Null Mice

Ly-6A is a murine antigen which is implicated in lymphocyte activation and may be involved in activation of hematopoietic stem cells. Antibody cross-linking studies and antisense experiments have suggested that Ly-6A is a lymphocyte coactivation molecule. To better understand the function of Ly-6A, we used gene targeting to produce Ly-6A null mice which are healthy and have normal numbers and percentages of hematopoietic lineages. However, T lymphocytes from Ly-6A–deficient animals proliferate at a significantly higher rate in response to antigens and mitogens than wild-type littermates. In addition, Ly-6A mutant splenocytes generate more cytotoxic T lymphocytes compared to wild-type splenocytes when cocultured with alloantigen. This enhanced proliferation is not due to alterations in kinetics of response, sensitivity to stimulant concentration, or cytokine production by the T cell population, and is manifest in both in vivo and in vitro T cell responses. Moreover, T cells from Ly-6A–deficient animals exhibit a prolonged proliferative response to antigen stimulation, thereby suggesting that Ly-6A acts to downmodulate lymphocyte responses.
African American workers and southern visitors at antebellum Saratoga Springs

The New York state resort of Saratoga Springs was virtually unique in the antebellum United States as a venue where slave owners, fleeing the pestilential diseases of the plantation, confronted free black workers, drawn by the easy availability of seasonal work. The interactions of this odd pairing, preserved in a few fragmentary texts, reveal a considerable degree of negotiation. Antebellum black workers at Saratoga often substituted everyday acts of rebellion for the perceived futility of open attacks on individuals or institutions of domination. If their self‐assertion did not translate into substantial economic or social gains, neither were they a particularly servile or degraded class. For Southerners, the spa was a liminal site filled with pleasurable and frightening possibilities in complete contrast to plantation life. Although planters often returned to the South confirmed in their racial and sectional fears, both groups found the resort a congenial place to experiment with new roles and new atti...
Proof, reliability, and mathematical knowledge

With respect to the confirmation of mathematical propositions, proof possesses an epistemological authority unmatched by other means of confirmation. This paper is an investigation into why this is the case. I make use of an analysis drawn from an early reliability perspective on knowledge to help make sense of mathematical proofs singular epistemological status.
Simulating crowds with balance dynamics

The dynamics of walking dramatically influences the behaviors of pedestrians, yet few details of human biomechanics and walking control are addressed in crowd animations developed for virtual environments and scientific applications. People cannot stop or start instantaneously and their movements reflect an attention to balance as well as other environment-driven goals. This work seeks to fill the void between full-scale, computationally expensive models of articulated human motion and simplified particle/cell models used in many multiagent simulations. Comparison of our pedestrian model results with those published elsewhere reveals that this work preserves phenomena like self-organization, lane formation, and semi-circular crowding at exits [Helbing et al. 2002]. Furthermore, our pedestrian model enables novel behaviors such as tripping, stumbling, and falling which permit animating more extreme scenarios; for example, earthquakes, where translational forces significantly affect pedestrian and crowd dynamics.
Evaluation of risks from urban air pollutants in the southeast Chicago area.

Region V of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has conducted a comprehensive study of cancer risks from urban exposure to air pollutants in the Southeast Chicago area. This study estimated emissions of a list of 30 air carcinogens from a broad range of nontraditional, as well as traditional, source types. Using dispersion modeling and applying the appropriate unit risk factors and population data, this study estimated the risks at each receptor location and the total number of cancer cases attributable to air pollution in the area. This analysis estimated that current concentrations would cause 77 cases of cancer over the next 70 years, an average risk of 2.0 × 10−4. Contributions from different source types and different pollutants were estimated. The total contribution from nontraditional source types was less than 0.3 percent. Although these estimates are highly uncertain, the study does suggest the nature and general magnitude of cancer risks from air pollution in the urban area studied.
Thermal instability of Olivine-type LiMnPO4 cathodes

The remarkable thermal stability of LiFePO{sub 4} and its charged counterpart, FePO{sub 4}, have been instrumental in its commercialization as a lithium ion battery cathode material. Despite the similarity in composition and structure, and despite the high thermal stability of the parent compound, LiMnPO{sub 4}, we find that the delithiated phase Li{sub y}MnPO{sub 4}, (which contains a small amount of residual lithium), is relatively unstable and reactive toward a lithium ion electrolyte. The onset temperature for heat evolution in the presence of 1M LiPF{sub 6} in 1:1 ethylene carbonate/propylene carbonate is around 150 C, and the total evolved heat is 884 J/g, comparable to that produced under similar conditions by charged LiCoO{sub 2} electrodes.
MRA contextual-recovery extension of smooth functions on manifolds

Abstract In a recent paper, the first author introduced an MRA (multi-resolution or multi-level approximation) approach to extend an earlier work of Chan and Shen on image inpainting, from isotropic diffusion to anisotropic diffusion and from bi-harmonic extension to multi-level lagged anisotropic diffusion extension. The objective of the present paper is to extend and generalize this work to nonstationary smooth function extension to meet the goal of inpainting missing image features, while matching the existing image content without apparent visual artifact. Our result is formulated as an MRA contextual-recovery extension for the completion of smooth functions on manifolds by deriving an error formula, from which sharp error estimates can be derived. A novel estimate for the biharmonic operator derived in this paper is a formulation of the error bound in terms the volume, as opposed to the diameter, of the image hole.
Scientific and engineering articles published by elementary school students inI Wonder (1992-2000)

I Wonder: The Journal for Elementary School Scientists is published by the Heron Network (Madison, WI) to promote scientific discourse among elementary students.I Wonder is unique in providing a forum for elementary students that is analogous to print journals in the scientific community. Our analysis of articles published inI Wonder offers an overview of the journal as a tool for promoting authentic inquiry and an examination of scientific and engineering projects published by these students. This analysis ofI Wonder articles provides an opportunity to see how students are responding to inquiry instruction.
Quality characteristics of chunked and formed hams from pale, average and dark muscles were improved using an ammonium hydroxide curing solution.

Abstract Cooking yield, cooked pH, purge loss, moisture, lipid oxidation, external and internal color, break strength and elongation distance were assessed for pale (PALE), average (AVG) and dark (DARK) inside hams injected with either a control cure solution (CON) or BPI-processing technology cure solution (BPT). Following enhancement, muscles were chunked, vacuum tumbled, smoked and cooked to 66 °C. Cooked ham pH was 6.49 for DARK, 6.40 for AVG, and 6.30 for PALE, respectively (P
Mechanisms of resistance to potato leafhopper,Empoasca fabae (Harris), in potato

Potato genotypes were evaluated for resistance to natural infestations of the potato leafhopper,Empoasca fabae (Harris), in the field. Characterization of Type A and B glandular trichomes, phenolic properties of Type A trichomes, glycoalkaloid content and composition,E. fabae adult and nymph infestation, leaf damage (hopperburn), yield, and yield reduction were determined on genotypes PI 473331 and PI 473334 (accessions ofSolatium berthaultii (Hawkes)), NY123 and Q174-2 (advanced hybrids), and Elba and Allegany (commercial cultivars). Regarding the Type A trichome, PI 473334 was most pubescent, followed by PI 473331, both had high levels of enzymatic browning; on PI 473334 no glycoalkaloids were detected, while on PI 473331 solamargine and solasonine were present. Those genotypes were the least infested by adults; moreover, nymphs were never found on their leaves. PI 473331 and Q174-2 possess Type B trichomes, the latter had levels of Type A trichome comparable to the first and to NY123, while displaying high levels of phenolic oxidation of Type A and very low levels of glycoalkaloids. Although Q174-2 had intermediate infestation ofE. fabae, it suffered a yield reduction comparable to the control cultivar Allegany. The density of Type A trichomes of NY123 was relatively low, even though the browning assay results were significantly elevated. Foliage of this genotype was found to contain the four types of glycoalkaloids studied at high levels.Empoasca fabae infestation on NY123 was intermediate, and it yielded well on infested plots, but suffered an intermediate yield reduction. Elba presented densities of Type A similar to NY123. It suffered the lowest yield reduction despite its high levels of leafhopper infestation and hopperburn. Its tolerance might be associated with its phenology, since it is a late-maturing cultivar. High scores of the modified enzymatic browning assay were correlated with high infestation and high leaf damage. Results indicated a significant correlation between leafhopper infestation and hopperburn.
Nematode community development early in ecological restoration: The role of organic amendments

Abstract Soil food web structure is an integral component of ecosystem function, but there are few strategies orientated towards managing its development in restoration projects. The objective of this study was to direct nematode community structure and function through the application of organic amendments to the soil of an urban landfill remediation project using native grassland vegetation. We used a 2 × 3 factorial design in which an organic amendment was added to the soil at different locations (incorporated versus surface-applied) and amounts (none, light, heavy). Nematode and plant community structure were monitored over three growing seasons to determine the rate and direction of change. Surface application of organic amendments supported greater grass and total plant densities compared to incorporated amendment treatments, but plant density did not vary with amendment amount. Total nematode density, family diversity and family richness were not affected by the amendment treatments, but both family richness and seasonal nematode density increased over the duration of the experiment. Other descriptors of nematode community development (Structure, Maturity, and Plant Parasite Indexes) were not influenced by either amendment amount or location, but varied significantly over time. Contrary to expectations, the surface amendment treatments significantly increased bacterivorous, plant parasitic, omnivorous and predator nematode densities, but had no influence on fungi/root-tip feeding nematodes. Also contrary to our hypotheses, the surface treatments had smaller Channel Index and greater Enrichment Index values relative to the incorporated treatments during the first 15 month of the experiment. We hypothesize that the surface amendments are indirectly affecting the structure of the nematode community by promoting greater plant density, thus increasing the concentration of high-quality organic matter (such as root exudates) in the soil. This promotes the development of a nematode community dominated by opportunistic groups that respond rapidly to increased resource availability. Future studies should aim to distinguish between the organic amendment's direct function as a potential food source for the soil biota versus their indirect role as an environmental variable, including their capability to alter the availability of plant-derived resources.
Effects of a sustained insulin infusion upon glucose uptake and oxygenation of the ovine fetus.

Summary: The effect of insulin upon fetal metabolism is an important question to resolve, bearing in mind that the metabolic effects of insulin on the fetus could differ both quantitatively and qualitatively depending upon the degree and duration of the hyperinsulinemia. The present study was designed to determine whether the effect of fetal hyperinsulinemia on umbilical glucose uptake could be sustained over several days of infusion with various levels of insulin. An unexpected outcome of the study was the observation that this procedure was accompanied by the development of fetal hypoxia. Fetal glucose/oxygen quotients (G/O2) increased during fetal insulin infusions from a mean of 0.48 during the control period to 0.71 when fetal insulin levels were less than 80 micro units/ml (P < 0.01) and to 0.85 when fetal insulin levels were greater than 200 micro units/ml (P < 0.001). The increase in G/O2 occurred within 4 hr of infusion in all cases (P < 0.005) and was sustained for the duration of the infusions. The increase in G/O2 was due to a significant rise in the arteriovenous differences of whole blood glucose across the umbilical circulation (P < 0.001). Oxygen content differences across the umbilical circulation also increased during infusion (P < 0.005). This was due primarily to a significant and progressive decline in the fetal arterial oxygen content (P < 0.001). By 24 hr after the insulin had been stopped, the oxygen content rose and returned to pre-infusion values by the 3rd day of recovery. Fetal plasma glucose concentration fell during insulin infusion (P < 0.001) and rebounded sharply to levels significantly higher than control values (P < 0.001) within 4 hr after the infusion was stopped. The plasma glucose returned to control values by the 3rd day of recovery. Insulin levels ranged from 0–16 micro units/ml during control periods and from 48–1166 micro units/ml during infusion. There was a significant positive correlation between the G/O2 quotient and the log of fetal insulin concentration. There was a negative correlation between the fetal arterial oxygen content and insulin concentration. Five twin pairs were studied in which one twin served as control and the other as the infusion subject. The values of glucose, G/ O2, and arteriovenous differences of glucose and oxygen were significantly different between the infused and control twin fetuses within 4 hr of infusion and the oxygen content was significantly lower in the infused twin by 24 hr of infusion. There were no significant differences in these measurements between the twins before infusion. Speculation: Insulin infusions of several days duration into the fetal lamb cause a sustained increase in umbilical glucose uptake and a decrease in fetal arterial oxygen content. The progressive decline in fetal arterial oxygen content during infusion may be due to an increase in fetal oxygen consumption. The effect of insulin upon fetal oxygenation may be one of the pathophysiologic factors contributing to the increased intrauterine death rate of infants of diabetic mothers.
To Believe or not to Believe? A College Student Explores Knowledge and Attitudes about Evolution at her School

After interviewing 17 students and four teachers at Drew University, a college of 1,400 undergraduates which I attend, I found that whereas most express a belief in evolution, many display a hesitancy to embrace the theory entirely. Instead, most students choose to believe only in evolution within lineages and not on a larger scale, specifically in the creation of new species. Teachers at the school explain that their experiences at Drew are similar to those they have experienced at other colleges they have taught at and discuss their methods for introducing the subject in the classroom and the significance of learning evolution. Furthermore, whereas it is easy for students to avoid taking biology classes that would expose them to the theory, I discuss what students look for when taking biology courses and preconceptions teachers must help students overcome when exposing them to evolution.
The Dislike of Regular Plurals in Compounds: Phonological Familiarity or Morphological Constraint?

English speakers disfavor compounds containing regular plurals compared to irregular ones. Haskell, MacDonald and Seidenberg (2003) attribute this phenomenon to the rarity of compounds containing words with the phonological properties of regular plurals. Five experiments test this proposal. Experiment 1 demonstrated that novel regular plurals (e.g., loonks-eater) are disliked in compounds compared to irregular plurals with illicit (hence less frequent) phonological patterns (e.g., leevk-eater, plural of loovk). Experiments 2–3 found that people show no dispreference for compounds containing nouns that merely sound like regular plurals (e.g., hose-installer vs. pipe-installer). Experiments 4–5 showed a robust effect of morphological regularity when phonological familiarity was controlled: Compounds containing regular plural nonwords (e.g., gleeks-hunter, plural of gleek) were disfavored relative to irregular, phonologically-identical, plurals (e.g., breex-container, plural of broox). The dispreference for regular plurals inside compounds thus hinges on the morphological distinction between irregular and regular forms and it is irreducible to phonological familiarity.
A historical review of the epilepsy surgery program at the University of Illinois Medical Center: The contributions of Bailey, Gibbs, and Collaborators to the refinement of anterior temporal lobectomy

Abstract Many individuals and groups have contributed to the development and refinement of anterior temporal lobectomy (ATL). A review of the unique contributions of the University of Illinois surgical program, a program that began in 1947, reveals the first systematic attempt to treat intractable nonlesional psychomotor epilepsy by ATL. The university's surgical program was part of an organized program of multidisciplinary research designed to determine the neurobehavioral outcome of the procedure. This article reviews the events leading up to the initiation of the surgical program, the creation of the surgical group and their procedures, and the information that resulted from the program.
What Counts as the Politics and Practice of Security, and Where? Devolution and Immigrant Insecurity after 9/11

If critical geopolitics seeks to upend practices of statecraft as well as mainstream research about it, then the danger is that it does so in terms of spatial structures of intelligibility provided...
Age changes in the weight of the thyroid glands of swine from birth to eight years

Abstract A study has been made of the weight changes of the thyroid gland with age increase in 149 swine of known ages. Fourteen different pure bred and breed crosses were employed. Regression equations and curves for absolute thyroid weight, relative thyroid weight and body weight changes with age are given for the individual observations in three age groups: 1 day-8 weeks, 2–12 months and 1–8 years. The regression of absolute thyroid weight on body weight, independent of age, is also given. The regression equations can be used for the prediction of normal thyroid gland weight in studies where thyroid weight may be altered by various experimental procedures.
A Correlation of Venous Blood Concentrations and Spinal Fluid Concentrations of Xylocainereg; and Citanestreg; During Peridural Analgesia

SUMMARY I. A study of the venous blood concentration of various doses and concentrations of Xylocaine and Citanest with or without the addition of epinephrine which follows the peridural administration of these agents indicate the following: 1 The systemic toxicity of Xylocaine is lower than suggested by some authors. This is indicated by the relatively low venous blood concentration which follows the administration of moderate to large doses. 2 Citanest possesses a lower systemic toxicity than Xylocaine and it is probably more rapidly metabolized. 3 It is not logical to utilize weight in determining the dose of local anesthetic agents to administer peridurally. 4 There is no correlation between blood concentrations of these local anesthetic agents and the blood count or hemoglobin values. 5 It is the total dose rather than the concentration of these anesthetic agents which determines the venous blood levels. 6 Epinephrine 1:200,000 markedly reduces systemic toxicity by decreasing absorption from the peridural space. 7 The maximum concentration of these agents occurs in approximately 20 minutes in the venous blood. II. A study of the spinal fluid concentrations of Xylocaine and Citanest which develop during peridural or spinal anesthesia indicates the following: 1 The concentrations of local anesthetic agents in spinal fluid which follow peridural injection are low and consequently are not believed to be of significance in the production of peridural analgesia. 2 The concentration of local anesthetic agents in spinal fluid remains rather high for considerable periods of time following intrathecal injection. 3 There is no relationship between the segmental levels of analgesia and the concentration of local anesthetic agents in spinal fluid during peridural or spinal anesthesia. 4 Citanest has greater penetration power or diffusion capacity than Xylocaine. 5 Citanest, in comparable doses, produces longer duration of action than Xylocaine whether injected intrathecally or peridurally.
Hypercalcemic effect of catecholamines and its prevention by thyrocalcitonin.

Earlier work by others has shown that the catecholamines, epinephrine and isoproterenol, can raise blood calcium levels in parathyroidectomized but not intact rats, and can restrict the hypocalcemic effect of injected thyrocalcitonin (TCT). The present findings support this earlier work, further showing that such catecholamines can produce hypercalcemia in rats after removal of the thyroid gland by acute thyroparathyroidectomy (TPTX) and indicating that these drugs may raise blood calcium by mobilizing calcium from bone.
Permetalated aromatic compounds

Abstract Permetalated aromatic compounds, wherein all aromatic hydrogens in an aromatic molecule are replaced by metal substituents, represent an extremely rare class of molecules. A critical examination of the literature might lead to the conclusion that permetalated aromatic compounds possess limited thermodynamic stability due to strong electrostatic repulsion between adjacent carbanionic sites. However, a recent report detailing the synthesis of hexalithiobenzene, coupled with recent studies on permetalated metallocenes, demonstrate that permetalated aromatic compounds can possess excellent thermodynamic stability. The present state of knowledge concerning the structure and reactivity of hexalithiobenzene, decalithioruthenocene, and decakis(chloromagnesio)ruthenocene is described. The remarkable stability of the existing permetalated compounds implies that many new permetalated systems should be easily synthesized.
Denial: A conceptual analysis

The term denial is used in nursing to describe a client's behavior. A random sample of 18 articles published in English from 1990 to 1999 was identified for conceptual analysis using Rogers' methodology. The 2 main definitions identified ranged from an adaptive to maladaptive coping process. Anxiety or perceived threats evolving from situational or maturational crises were antecedents. Events that followed typically resulted in either positive or negative outcomes. Related concepts used most often were avoidance, unrealistic hopefulness, and repression.
Impact, outreach, connections [President's Message]

I am anticipating this issue's deadline for my column as I fly back from San Juan, Puerto Rico, after attending the first meeting of the 2009 IEEE Technical Activities Board (TAB). San Juan, as an aside, is the second-oldest European-established city in the Americas (and if you're the kind of trivia buff who wants to know what's the first one, the answer can be found below!).
Commonsense concepts of phenomenal consciousness: Does anyone care about functional zombies?

It would be a mistake to deny commonsense intuitions a role in developing a theory of consciousness. However, philosophers have traditionally failed to probe commonsense in a way that allows these commonsense intuitions to make a robust contribution to a theory of consciousness. In this paper, I report the results of two experiments on purportedly phenomenal states and I argue that many disputes over the philosophical notion of ‘phenomenal consciousness’ are misguided—they fail to capture the interesting connection between commonsense ascriptions of pain and emotion. With this data in hand, I argue that our capacity to distinguish between ‘mere things’ and ‘subjects of moral concern’ rests, to a significant extent, on the sorts of mental states that we take a system to have.
Temperature dependence of the near UV absorption spectra and photolysis products of ethyl nitrate

Abstract The UV absorption cross sections for ethyl nitrate were measured as a function of temperature between 265 and 340 nm by using cavity ring-down spectroscopy. Absorption cross sections increased with temperature between 238 and 298 K. The variation with temperature was greater at longer wavelengths. Photodissociation product channels of ethyl nitrate at 308 nm were determined using an excimer laser and a cavity ring-down spectrometer. C2H5O + NO2 were the sole photoragmentation products with a quantum yield of 1.0 ± 0.1, independent of temperature. Atmospheric implications are discussed.
“. . . Not in the quality business.” A case study of contemporary television production

This paper was made possible by the cooperation of Universal City Studios and producers Richard Levinson and William Link, along with Michael Rhodes, and—most importantly— the director, Walter Doniger. This team gave the writer complete access to all meetings prior to production, all production work, and all post‐production operations. The program, (Ellery Queen—"The Case of the Black Falcon"), was filmed in October, 1975 and shown by NBC on January 4, 1976. J. W. Ravage is a member of the Department of Communications at the University of Wyoming.
Relationship between Escherichia coli B titer and the level of deoxycytidylate deaminase activity induced on bacteriophage T2r + infection.

Abstract The activities of six bacteriophage T2r+-induced enzymes (thymidylate synthetase, deoxycytidylate deaminase, thymidylate kinase, deoxycytidylate hydroxymethylase, deoxycytidine pyrophosphatase, and dihydrofolate reductase) were measured after dilution of phage-infected Escherichia coli B from 8 × 108 to 2 × 108 cells per ml. The only enzyme activity altered was that of deoxycytidylate deaminase, which increased three- to fourfold. Conversely, the rapid concentration of cells from 2 × 108 to 8 × 108 per ml did not result in a reduction in deaminase activity. Although an enhancement in aeration reduced the response of deoxycytidylate deaminase to cellular dilution, the influence of potential metabolic inhibitors or activators could not be shown. The change in deoxycytidylate deaminase activity appeared to be associated with an altered translational event, since the increase could not be prevented by rifampin but was blocked effectively by chloramphenicol and hydroxylamine. In addition, antibody to the T2 phage-induced deoxycytidylate deaminase demonstrated that the increase in enzyme activity was associated with a corresponding increase in radioactive leucine incorporated into the enzyme antigen.
Collision kernel and interatomic potential

We present a detailed study of the influence of the form and strength of the interatomic potential on the one-dimensional elastic collision kernel W(v/sub z//sup prime/,v/sub z/), a quantity of interest in the study of the effects of velocity-changing collisions on laser spectroscopic line shapes. We find that the absolute magnitudes of collision kernels are very sensitive while normalized collision kernels are moderately sensitive to the potential form used. This indicates the importance of employing realistic interatomic potentials and reliable differential cross sections in the accurate determination of collision kernels. For the case of the Lennard-Jones (12,6) potential, we found a universal semiclassical Lennard-Jones (SCLJ) analytical model function, which is the combination of a semiclassical expression for small to medium scattering angles and a classical expression for large scattering angles, capable of providing correct average quantum-mechanical behaviors of differential cross sections for all scattering angles. This greatly facilitates the (often time-consuming) numerical evaluation of the collision kernel integrals and exhibits the correct collision kernel line profiles.
BETA 2 INTEGRIN-DEPENDENT TYROSINE PHOSPHORYLATION OF PAXILLIN IN HUMAN NEUTROPHILS TREATED WITH TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR

The focal adhesion protein paxillin undergoes tyrosine phosphorylation in response to signals mediated by integrins, neuropeptides and oncogene products, possibly via activation of the focal adhesion-associated kinase, p125FAK. In the present work, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF) stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation of paxillin in human neutrophils. Cell adhesion and participation of the beta 2 integrin CD18 were necessary, but not sufficient, for the response. Adherent neutrophils also tyrosine phosphorylated paxillin in response to phorbol ester, formylmethionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine and opsonized bacteria. In contrast, p125FAK was constitutively tyrosine phosphorylated in a manner unaffected by adherence and/or TNF. Thus, cytokines and microbial products are among the stimuli that can induce the tyrosine phosphorylation of paxillin, and kinases other than p125FAK may be responsible. This is the first identification of paxillin and p125FAK in human cells and neutrophils, and one of the few identifications of a specific protein that undergoes tyrosine phosphorylation in response to any agonist in neutrophils or in response to TNF in any cell.
Blast Resistance Capacity of Reinforced Concrete Slabs

This paper presents the basis of a procedure to estimate the explosive charge weight and stand-off distance to impose certain levels of damage on reinforced concrete (RC) structures. A series of experiments were also conducted to confirm its applicability for assessing the blast resistance capacity of RC slabs. Test results showed that the procedure was accurate in predicting the explosive charge weight and stand-off distance to impose a given damage level on the tested RC slabs. This main conclusion was derived because a reasonable agreement was observed between the damage levels selected for assessment and the damage levels observed during testing.
Correlation of combustor acoustic power levels inferred from internal fluctuating pressure measurements

Combustion chamber acoustic power levels inferred from internal fluctuating pressure measurements are correlated with operating conditions and chamber geometries over a wide range. The variables include considerations of chamber design (can, annular, and reverse-flow annular) and size, number of fuel nozzles, burner staging and fuel split, airflow and heat release rates, and chamber inlet pressure and temperature levels. The correlated data include those obtained with combustion component development rigs as well as engines.
Ga4/7 promotes stem growth and flowering in a genetic line of Aquilegia x hybrida Sims

‘Rose-White’ is a unique genetic line of Aquilegia x hybrida Sims that will flower without a cold period, does not have an extended juvenile growth phase, and is responsive to gibberellin treatment. Plants treated at the 7-leaf stage with GA4/7 bolted and flowered 20 days earlier than untreated plants. Gibberellin treatment did not increase the growth rate (leaves/day), but induced flowering after the production of fewer leaves. Plant height and the number of flowers per plant increased significantly. GA4/7 treatment delayed flower senescence and abscission. Flower longevity was extended 3-fold when compared to untreated plants. Treatment response was more pronounced at lower temperatures (19°C day/12°C night) than at higher growing temperatures (24°C day/19°C night). GA3 was much less effective than GA4/7 in promoting flowering, and there was no response to benzyladenine.
Hedonic prices, price indices and housing markets

Abstract This paper extends hedonic price analysis to the formation of housing price indices measuring variation within a metropolitan area. In forming these indices fifteen submarkets, heterogeneous across time and space, are described within a short-run equilibrium model. Linear functional forms are generally rejected using a method proposed by Box and Cox. Aggregation of hedonic price coefficients into standardized units yields significantly higher housing prices in the central city than in its suburbs, as well as differential effects of structural and neighborhood improvements among submarkets.
A new algorithm for context-based biomedical diagram similarity estimation

Motivation: Diagrams embedded in the biomedical literature convey rich contents, which often concisely and intuitively highlight key thesis of a research article. Despite their vital importance and informative clues for biomedical literature navigation and retrieval; currently, we miss an effective computational method for automatically understanding and accessing these valuable resources. Proposed Method: To address the aforementioned gap, we propose a novel context-based algorithm for estimating the similarity between a pair of biomedical diagrams. The main difference of the proposed algorithm with respect to the existing methods lies in the new algorithm’s incorporation of the semantic context associated with diagrams in their source documents into the diagram similarity estimation process. In addition, the new approach also performs a series of advanced image processing and text mining operations to comprehensively extract the semantic content graphically encoded inside diagram images. Results: The new algorithm can be deployed as a reusable component providing a fundamental function for building many advanced, semantic-aware applications on biomedical diagram processing. As a case study, in our experiments, we demonstrate the advantage of the new algorithm for diagram retrieval. A set of biomedical diagram search and ranking experiments were conducted, where the performance of the new method was compared with that of five peer methods. The comparison results demonstrate the performance superiority of the new algorithm with all peer methods with statistical significance. Contact:songhua.xu@njit.edu, shengjianqiang@163.com or lnslxn@mail.sysu.edu.cn.
The Black Market in History and Memory: German Perceptions of Victimhood from 1945 to 1948

Using recent scholarship on memory and German identity formation as a springboard, this article examines the illicit trade that flourished in the immediate postwar period to probe the creation of a community of fate, one that emphasized its victimhood. It explores both contemporary perceptions and the memory of the black market from multiple viewpoints, the occupiers, the Germans and the Displaced Persons (DPs). Rather than treating the illicit trade as solely one activity, it explains its gradations, in terms of what was exchanged, by whom, and the perceived morality of the exchange. This approach highlights the disconnection between ubiquitous participation by Germans in illicit trade and their memories of it as primarily a foreign phenomenon. In other words, Germans saw their trading outside of official channels as necessary and moral, whereas the trade by foreigners, either DPs or occupation troops, was seen as both exploitative and immoral. Given the high visibility of Jews among the DPs, it also provides a window into the continuation of antisemitism in the immediate postwar period. It argues that the conjunction in 1948 of the currency reform, the noticeable drop in black market activity, and the emigration of Jewish DPs have cemented two of the prevailing myths of the postwar period: the economic miracle and Jews as black marketers.
PBB: An environmental contaminant in michigan

The accidental introduction of the fire retardant polybrominated biphenyl (PBB) into the food chain of Michigan in 1973 provides an example of an insidious, slowly developing, and still continuing technological catastrophe. Hartsough's transactional model of natural disasters is utilized to provide a conceptual framework to describe the psychological effects of the PBB crisis. Following this model, the event (toxic chemicals within the food chain) led to the quarantine of 576 farms, destruction of millions of animals and dairy products, and losses in the range of $100–$200 million. Appraisal was slow and continued for years. Stresses were created both by the event and by public response to the event. Traditional community systems provided little assistance in coping, and political action was required before services were provided. In spite of a high prevalence of depressive symptoms and somatic complaints, research results regarding psychological and physical effects of PBB poisoning have been equivocal and, at times, contradictory. Hartsough's model points to possible intervention points that may have improved the response to the event and yielded fewer negative outcomes for the victims. Suggestions are offered to improve the model for application to future technological catastrophes.
On adaptively trained neural networks

In this paper a new procedure to adaptively adjust weights in a layered neural network is proposed. Nonlinear programming techniques are used in order to properly calculate the new weight set. This methodology can be used for time varying models with no necessity of retraining One of the main features of our approach concerns the designer flexibility to control a trade off problem between fitting new incoming data and causing minimum damage to the information related to the original data set. We analyze the solution existence.
AZF1 Is a Glucose-Dependent Positive Regulator of CLN3 Transcription in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Transcription of the CLN3 G(1) cyclin in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is positively regulated by glucose in a process that involves a set of DNA elements with the sequence AAGAAAAA (A(2)GA(5)). To identify proteins that interact with these elements, we used a 1-hybrid approach, which yielded a nuclear zinc finger protein previously identified as Azf1. Gel shift and chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments show that Azf1 binds to the A(2)GA(5) CLN3 regulatory sequences in vitro and in vivo, thus identifying a transcriptional regulatory protein for CLN3 and a DNA sequence target for Azf1. We show that glucose-induced expression of a reporter gene driven by the A(2)GA(5) CLN3 regulatory sequences is dependent upon the presence of AZF1. Furthermore, deletion of AZF1 markedly reduces the transcriptional induction of CLN3 by glucose. In addition, Azf1 can induce reporter expression in a glucose-specific manner when artificially tethered to a promoter via the DNA-binding domain from Gal4. We conclude that AZF1 is a glucose-dependent transcription factor that interacts with the CLN3 A(2)GA(5) repeats to play a positive role in the regulation of CLN3 mRNA expression by glucose.
Recent advancements in sputter-type heavy negative ion sources

Significant advancements have been made in sputter-type negative ion sources which utilize (1) direct surface ionization or (2) a plasma to form the positive ion beam used to effect sputtering of samples containing the material of interest. Typically, such sources can be used to generate unstable beam intensities of a few microamperes to several milliamperes from all chemically active elements, depending on the particular source and the electron affinity of the element in question. An introduction to the fundamental processes underlying negative ion formation by sputtering from a low-work-function surface is presented. Several sources which reflect the progress made in this technology are described. >