cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A distortion-resistant routing framework for video traffic in wireless multihop networks

Traditional routing metrics designed for wireless networks are application-agnostic. In this paper, we consider a wireless network where the application flows consist of video traffic. From a user perspective, reducing the level of video distortion is critical. We ask the question "Should the routing policies change if the end-to-end video distortion is to be minimized?" Popular link-quality-based routing metrics (such as ETX) do not account for dependence (in terms of congestion) across the links of a path; as a result, they can cause video flows to converge onto a few paths and, thus, cause high video distortion. To account for the evolution of the video frame loss process, we construct an analytical framework to, first, understand and, second, assess the impact of the wireless network on video distortion. The framework allows us to formulate a routing policy for minimizing distortion, based on which we design a protocol for routing video traffic. We find via simulations and testbed experiments that our protocol is efficient in reducing video distortion and minimizing the user experience degradation.
Continuous monitoring of forest disturbance using all available Landsat imagery

A new change detection algorithm for continuous monitoring of forest disturbance at high temporal frequency is developed. Using all available Landsat 7 images in two years, time series models consisting of sines and cosines are estimated for each pixel for each spectral band. Dropping the coefficients that capture inter-annual change, time series models can predict surface reflectance for pixels at any location and any date assuming persistence of land cover. The Continuous Monitoring of Forest Disturbance Algorithm (CMFDA) flags forest disturbance by differencing the predicted and observed Landsat images. Two algorithms (single-date and multi-date differencing) were tested for detecting forest disturbance at a Savannah River site. The map derived from the multi-date differencing algorithm was chosen as the final CMFDA result, due to its higher spatial and temporal accuracies. It determines a disturbance pixel by the number of times “change” is observed consecutively. Pixels showing “change” for one or two times are flagged as “probable change”. If the pixel is flagged for the third time, the pixel is determined to have changed. The accuracy assessment shows that CMFDA results were accurate for detecting forest disturbance, with both producer's and user's accuracies higher than 95% in the spatial domain and temporal accuracy of approximately 94%.
DNS study on mechanism of small length scale generation in late boundary layer transition

Abstract It has been widely accepted that small length vortices, a key mechanism for late flow transition and turbulence generation, are generated by “large vortex breakdown”. However, according to our recent DNS results, the hairpin vortex structure remains very stable and never breaks down. We also recognize strong multiple level negative and positive spikes and consequent multiple level high shear (HS) layers near the bottom of the boundary layer. From our DNS results, we found a second sweep of the first level rings gathering energy from the inviscid region downdraft and generating positive spikes and consequent HS layers. With the instability of the HS layer, new vortex rings and consequent new sweeps are generated. Then, the second level negative and positive spikes and high shear layers are formed near the laminar sub-layer. According to our observation, all small length scales (turbulence) are found around high shear layers generated by multilevel positive spikes and the wall surface, especially near the bottom of the boundary layer, but no small length vortices are found generated by “large vortex breakdown”. This paper provides detailed description and analysis for the energy transfer paths and small length scale (turbulence) generation and sustenance observed by our DNS.
Appropriate Technology: The African Experience

This paper defines appropriate technology (AT) in the traditional fashion, describes the vast international AT network, summarizes the AT projects launched in Botswana and Ghana, discusses several other appropriate technologies and AT organizations in Africa, and suggests AT as the best, in some cases perhaps the only, technological alternative for Africa that could satisfy the dual requirements of efficiency and equity.
Toxicity and carcinogenicity of rotenone given in the feed to F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice for up to two years.

ABSTRACTToxicity and carcinogenicity studies of rotenone were conducted in F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice. Groups of 50 rats and 50 mice of each sex were given rotenone in their diet for up to 103 weeks. The doses were 0, 38, and 75 ppm for rats and 0, 600, and 1,200 ppm for mice. Reduction in body weight gain occurred in male and female mice given rotenone. No effects on survival were observed for rats of either sex or female mice. Survival of male mice at 1,200 ppm was significantly greater than that of controls (47/50 vs. 29/50). There were no observed nonneoplastic effects due to rotenone, and for male and female mice no neoplasms were induced by rotenone. Parathyroid adenomas occurred at a higher incidence (4/44) in male rats at 75 ppm than in the controls (1/41). Because these tumors are rare (historical rate in NTP studies is 0.3%), the increase in the incidence of these benign tumors may have been related to rotenone administration. Hepatocellular neoplasms were reduced (p<0.01) in males receiving 1,...
I think I can't: drink refusal self-efficacy as a mediator of the relationship between self-reported drinking identity and alcohol use.

This study examined the relationship between self-reported drinking identity (SRDI), defined as how closely individuals believe drinking is a crucial aspect of their identity (Conner, Warren, Close, & Sparks, 1999), and alcohol use by considering drink-refusal self-efficacy (DRSE) as a potential mediator. Based on previous findings, we expected that SRDI would be negatively associated with DRSE and positively associated with drinking, and that DRSE would be negatively linked with drinking. Further, we expected that DRSE would mediate the association between SRDI and drinking. Participants included 1069 undergraduate students (M age = 22.93 years, SD = 6.29, 76.25% female) from a large southern university who completed computer-based study materials. Gender was associated with SRDI, each of the DRSE subscales, and drinking, indicating that males report greater SRDI, lower DRSE, and increased alcohol consumption. Consistent with expectations, SRDI was negatively linked with DRSE and positively linked with drinking. DRSE subscales were negatively associated with drinking. Further, four measurement models for latent variables were tested for SRDI and each of the three DRSE subscales. Results showed that the emotional relief and social subscales of DRSE mediated the association between SRDI and drinking, however this mediating relationship did not emerge for the opportunistic subscale. Implications of these results are discussed.
Experimental observation of high-rate buckling of thin cylindrical shape-memory shells

We investigate the buckling behavior of thin cylindrical shape-memory shells at room temperature, using a modified split Hopkinson bar and an Instron hydraulic testing machine. The quasi-static buckling response is directly observed using a digital camera with a close-up lens and two back mirrors. A high-speed Imacon 200 framing camera is used to record the dynamic buckling modes. The shape-memory shells with an austenite-finish temperature less than the room temperature, buckle gradually and gracefully in quasi-static loading, and fully recover upon unloading, showing a superelastic property, whereas when suitably annealed, the shells do not recover spontaneously upon unloading, but they do so once heated, showing a shape-memory effect. The gradual and graceful buckling of the shape-memory shells is associated with the stress-induced martensite formation and seems to have a profound effect on the unstable deformations of thin structures made from shape-memory alloys.
On seeing the forest and the trees: The need for contextual analysis in evaluating drunk driving policies☆

Abstract The literature on the impact of drunk driving policies is in a state of flux. Causal assessments of the effects of increased legal threat have generally revealed only a temporary suppression of alcohol-impaired driving. And yet, there is also “circumstantial” evidence of stable compliance in Scandinavia and of a relatively long-term decline in drinking-driving casualties in the United States. Moreover, there is scattered evidence that we may have underestimated the capacity of heavy drinkers to exercise drinking-driving control. In a further examination of these divergent findings, the present paper provides a “contextual analysis” of the theoretical and methodological assumptions which seem to undergird assessments of drunk driving policy. It is concluded that most of the contradictions are not inherent in the evidence but reside, instead, in the epistemological assumptions that are brought to bear on the evidence.
Effect of zinc deficiency and food restriction in the pig on erythrocyte fragility and plasma membrane composition.

Abstract Neonatal pigs (3 groups of 6) were fed for 28 days one of three diets, a low zinc diet (4.6 mg/kg) ad libitum (−ZnAL), an adequate zinc diet (103 mg/kg) ad libitum (+ZnAL) or the latter diet restricted (+ZnRF) to allow gain comparable to those fed −ZnAL. Osmotic fragility was measured, and erythrocyte membranes were isolated and analyzed for zinc, phospholipid fatty acids, and SDS-PAGE protein profiles. The −ZnAL diet produced severe zinc deficiency that resulted in increased osmotic fragility and decreased membrane zinc concentration, compared to +ZnAL. The linoleic acid contents of both phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidyl-ethanolamine were decreased while that of oleic acid was increased. The cholesterol/phospholipid ratio was higher than that of the +ZnAL group. of the membrane proteins, band 3 was lower while ankyrin was higher than those of the +ZnAL group. Relative to the abnormal fragility, decreased membrane zinc is considered most significant.
He4 on copper: Some effects of preadsorbed noble-gas layers

We have made adsorption measurements of He4 on a copper sponge preplated with a series of noble-gas layers. The behavior of the isosteric heat of adsorption and the partial molar entropy of submonolayer He4 on these substrates is presented and discussed. The general behavior is of a rapid decrease in the average entropy of the helium as helium coverage is increased, on all substrates. Changing the substrate seems only to change scaling factors in the behavior of the helium film.
Optically detected nuclear magnetic resonance at the sub-micron scale

Abstract Nuclear magnetic resonance is arguably one of the most powerful techniques available today to characterize diverse systems. However, the low sensitivity of the standard detection method constrains the applicability of this technique to samples having effective dimensions not less than a few microns. Here, we propose a novel scheme and device for the indirect detection of the nuclear spin signal at a submicroscopic scale. This approach—for which the name Dipolar Field Microscopy is suggested—is based on the manipulation of the long-range nuclear dipolar interaction created between the sample and a semiconductor tip located close to its surface. After a preparation interval, the local magnetization of the sample is used to modulate the nuclear magnetization in the semiconductor tip, which, in turn is determined by an optical inspection. Based on results previously reported, it is shown that, in principle, images and/or localized high-resolution spectra of the sample can be retrieved with spatial resolution proportional to the size of the tip.
Choledocholithiasis management in rural America: health disparity or health opportunity?

Background Choledocholithiasis (CDL) management is dictated by local expertise, individual training, and availability of appropriate staff. This study evaluates the management of CDL between urban and rural communities. Materials and Methods Patients undergoing inpatient management of CDL were identified from the 2007 Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project. Availability of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) was determined from the 2007 American Hospital Association survey. The proportion of common bile duct exploration (CBDE), ERCP, or percutaneous (PERC) interventions were compared across census regions and National Centers for Health Statistics (NCHS) urban–rural classes. The NCHS urban–rural classification scheme divides counties from most populous (NCHS 1) to rural (NCHS 6). Proportions were compared using the 95% confidence interval (95%CI) approach. Results We estimated 111,021 CDL hospitalizations in the U.S. in 2007. Of these, 67% had a coded intervention. Intervention frequencies were similar across census regions. Comparisons across NCHS classes revealed higher proportions of ERCP in urban areas (NCHS 1–4) while a higher proportion of CBDE was seen in rural areas (NCHS 5–6). ERCP availability was high in metropolitan areas (available in 35%–44% of hospitals NCHS 1–4) and low in rural areas (25% of NCHS 5 hospitals and 5% NCHS 6). PERC management was similar across NCHS classes. Conclusions Rural hospitals and communities need surgeons trained in CBDE, where ERCP expertise may not be readily available. Feasible ways of expanding ERCP coverage to the nation’s rural areas need to be explored. These observations may impact surgical training at least for those targeting careers in rural surgery.
Use of ultrasonic arrays for piping inspection

Ultrasonic inspection is frequently used to detect defects in structures during manufacturing, maintenance, and service. Traditionally the inspection is performed by manually or robotically scanning the surface with a single ultrasonic transducer. A flexible ultrasonic transducer array represents an innovative solution to many of the problems associated with traditional ultrasonic inspections. The flexible array consists of hundreds of ultrasonic pulser-receivers in a 2D arrangement that can be tailored to the geometry of the part to be inspected. The inspection is performed by placing the array on the inspection surface and activating each pulser-receiver in turn under computer control. Advantages of the flexible array include ease of use, rapid automated inspection, vacuum coupling to the surface, and ability to conform to curved surfaces. Since the array elements are at fixed locations, the inspection results can always be displayed as easy to interpret C-scan images. This paper describes the flexible ultrasonic array inspection systems and discusses potential piping inspection applications.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Neural Sliding-Mode Control of Engine Torque

Abstract In this paper, we investigate the applications of neural sliding-mode control method to automotive engine control. The scheme of neural sliding-mode control is realized by two parallel neural networks. The first neural network estimates the equivalent control term and the other one generates the corrective control term. The goal of the present learning control design of automotive engines is to track the commanded torque under various operating conditions. Using the data from a test vehicle with a V8 engine, we have developed a neural network engine model and neural network controllers based on the idea of sliding-mode control to achieve optimal torque control. In simulation studies of the neural sliding-mode design method, very good transient performance and fast speed of convergence have been observed. In this process, the tedious task of parameter tuning by trial-and-error has been eliminated. Distinct features of the present technique are the controller's real-time adaptation capability based on observed real vehicle data and its rapid convergence which allow the neural network controller to be further refined and improved in real-time vehicle operation through continuous learning and adaptation.
Nature of antigens and antibodies in immune complexes isolated by staphylococcal protein A from plasma of melanoma patients

Immune complexes (IC) were isolated from plasma of melanoma patients by absorption to staphylococcal protein A and subsequent elution with MgCl2. The isolated ICs were purified by precipitation with polyethylene glycol and sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation after radioiodination with 125I. The purified ICs were dissociated and radiolabeled antigen/antibody components were separated by ultracentrifugation at low pH (2.6). Under these conditions, about 72% radioactivity of the purified IC remained in the light-density region as a wide band. After neutralization, 26%–60% radioactivity in the region of 5S sedimentation bound to immobilized autologous immunoglobulins, as opposed to a maximum of 23% to immobilized immunoglobulins from human normal serum. Significant levels (73%–77%) of radioactivity in 7S region bound to rabbit anti-human IgG immunobeads. Immunoprecipitation of the antigen fraction by allogeneic anti-melanoma and rabbit anti-melanoma antibodies followed by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed the presence of a fetal antigen (FA) and a melanoma tumor-associated antigen (TAA). In addition, the presence of auto-antigen(s) was indicated by using autologous antibody in immunoprecipitation. Immunoglobulins (IgG) isolated from purified IC bound to cultured melanoma, sarcoma, and normal fibroblasts, although the binding to sarcoma and normal fibroblasts could be inhibited by preincubation of isolated IgG with soluble FA but not with soluble melanoma TAA. Thus, results of this investigation provide evidence that circulating IC in melanoma patients are composed of at least IgG and different antigens, and some of these antigens are produced by their tumor.
High-Resolution Spectropolarimetry: A New Atmospheric Remote Sensor

Polarimetry within a spectral line or band is proposed as a new atmospheric remote sensor, particularly for clouds and hazes. The limitations of conventional absorption/emission spectroscopy and photopolarimetry are discussed. The selective formation and behavior of intensity and polarization lines is analyzed under a variety of atmospheric and scattering conditions. The technique, limitations and advantages of Fourier Transform Spectroscopy are reviewed as a prelude to the proposed approach. Experimental results obtained at the telescope for the planet Venus are presented as evidence for the existence, behavior and effects of line polarization. Fourier Transform Spectropolarimetry provides means for separating the effects of scattering from those of absorption, probing the internal properties of clouds and hazes, and studying the detailed wavelength dependence of polarization with variable spectral resolutions from low to high.
Feeding sites for extractive foraging by the aye-aye, Daubentonia madagascariensis

The aye-aye, Daubentonia madagascariensis, uses its middle digit to tap on woody sources in search of subsurface cavities containing prey. The acoustical properties of these cavities are thought to be important to this percussive foraging, but the contributions of cavity size, configuration, and contents to efficient prey capture are not known. The purpose of this study was to characterize these cavities and their residents. An analysis of foraged trees at two sites in Madagascar revealed that many of the foraged cavities are mines bored by large cerambycid beetle larvae. Apparently cerambycids, as well as inquiline residents of their mines, are major targets of aye-aye foraging behavior. The larvae bore extended mines that course approximately parallel to the long axes of the trees in which they reside. The orientation and large size of the mines offer an acoustical trail that the aye-aye may follow to its prey. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Policy research at the congress: A case study of a research unit at the U.S. senate

The Survey and Statistical Analysis section (SSA) of the U.S. Senate Computer Center is analyzed as a case study of a unit that provides information to the U.S. Congress. Most information processed by the SSA is either gathered or analyzed using sociological research methods. This article discusses the activities of the SSA, uses of SSA information by the Senate, certain special issues affecting policy research for the Senate (the adversarial nature of the Senate, the unsuitability of Neyman-Pearson hypothesis testing, and the ethics of participating in the misinterpretation of data), and the place of sociology in the activities of the SSA. Some attention is given to the skills that are utilized by the SSA in conducting its research.
Family transmission of depressive symptoms: Replication across caucasian and african american mother-child dyads

This study examined the longitudinal association between maternal and child depressive symptoms, as well as the role of mother-child relationship quality as a mediator of this association. The proposed model was examined across two samples that varied by ethnicity, economic status, and age, among other variables. The findings indicated that maternal depressive symptoms predicted child depressive symptoms and progression of child depressive symptoms over a 2-year period. However, little support was found for mother-child relationship quality mediating the longitudinal association between maternal and child depressive symptoms in either sample. The replication of findings across the two samples provides strong support for the generalizability of the family transmission of depressive symptoms from mother to child. Clinical implications of findings for the development of prevention and intervention efforts aimed at mildly to moderately distressed Caucasian and African American families are discussed.
Effect of testosterone on insulin stimulated IRS1 Ser phosphorylation in primary rat myotubes--a potential model for PCOS-related insulin resistance.

BACKGROUND Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is characterized by a hyperandrogenic state and frequently develops skeletal muscle insulin resistance. We determined whether testosterone adversely affects insulin action by increasing serine phosphorylation of IRS-1(636/639) in differentiated rat skeletal muscle myotubes. The phosphorylation of Akt, mTOR, and S6K, downstream targets of the PI3-kinase-IRS-1 complex were also studied. METHODS Primary differentiated rat skeletal muscle myotubes were subjected to insulin for 30 min after 16-hour pre-exposure to either low (20 ng/ml) or high (200 ng/ml) doses of testosterone. Protein phosphorylation of IRS-1 Ser(636/639), Akt Ser(473), mTOR-Ser(2448), and S6K-Thr(389) were measured by Western blot with signal intensity measured by immunofluorescence. RESULTS Cells exposed to 100 nM of insulin had increased IRS-1 Ser(636/639) and Akt Ser(473) phosphorylation. Cells pre-exposed to low-dose testosterone had significantly increased insulin-induced mTOR-Ser(2448) and S6K-Thr(389) phosphorylation (p<0.05), and further increased insulin-induced IRS-1 Ser(636/639) phosphorylation (p = 0.042) compared to control cells. High-dose testosterone pre-exposure attenuated the insulin-induced mTOR-Ser(2448) and S6K-Thr(389) phosphorylation. CONCLUSIONS The data demonstrated an interaction between testosterone and insulin on phosphorylation of intracellular signaling proteins, and suggests a link between a hyperandrogenic, hyperinsulinemic environment and the development of insulin resistance involving serine phosphorylation of IRS-1 Ser(636/639). These results may guide further investigations of potential mechanisms of PCOS-related insulin resistance.
Asteroid: scalable online memory diagnostics

Memory diagnostics play an important role in addressing the worsening resilience problem for DRAM main memory. As device scales reach the extremes of physical limits, memory is becoming more prone to transient and permanent errors. Online memory diagnostics can be used as part of a comprehensive strategy to mitigate errors. This paper presents a new approach, Asteroid, to incorporate memory diagnostics in a system actively serving a workload. The approach dynamically adjusts itself to workload behavior and resource availability to maximize test thoroughness and minimize performance overhead. In a 16-core enterprise server, Asteroid has modest overhead of 1% to 4% for workloads with low to high memory demand.
Hepatitis C–Associated Cryoglobulinemic Glomerulonephritis With Crystalline Deposits

Infection with hepatitis C virus has been associated with a number of extrahepatic manifestations, including kidney disease. Of the glomerular pathologic states described with hepatitis C virus infection, cryoglobulinemic glomerulonephritis is the most prevalent. On kidney biopsy, cryoglobulinemic glomerulonephritis has a variable appearance, with a membranoproliferative pattern of injury as the most common light microscopic finding. Ultrastructurally, curved and paired microtubules are the most characteristic finding, but these also can be variable. We present a case of cryoglobulinemic glomerulonephritis with distinct and highly unusual ultrastructural findings.
Remodelling of adult cardiac muscle cells in culture: dynamic process of disorganization and reorganization of myofibrils.

The myofibrils of adult rat cardiac muscle cells in long-term culture initially break down and later reassemble into mature myofibrils. The objective of this study is to examine the disorganization process of myofibrils and to determine how disorganized myofibrillar proteins, myosin, titin, actin, and α-actinin are reorganized into mature myofibrils in adult cells. Atter dismantlement of myofibrils during initial culture period (24–72 h), myofibrillar proteins became disorganized into amorphous form. These proteins later were observed in vesicular, amorphous, and nonstriated fibrillar forms. Some vesicular structures, containing mainly myosin, titin, α-actin, and α-actinin were observed on the outer surfaces of the cell and outside the cell body. Such vesicles containing F-actin were rare. Punctate structures of α-actinin emerged from the pre-existing amorphous α-actinin along with the appearance of mostly titin periodicities. The periodicities of α-actinin later became prevalent, followed by the appearance of periodicities of actin. α-actinin provided an initiation point on which titin and actin became associated, forming titin-associated I-Z-I structures. Titin traversed the I-bands on either side of the Z-line. The phalloidin-stained I-Z-I structures bound to antibodies to muscle specific sarcomeric proteins (titin, α-actin, α-actinin). The differentiation of myosin periodicities lagged behind those of titin, α-actinin, and actin although presarcomeric structures of immunolabelled titin and myosin were very closely linked in their distributions in the formative myofibrils. Variations in the temporal sequence of emergence of periodicities of α-actinin and myosin were observed among certain myocytes. Also observed was the variation of the temporal sequence of emergence of titin and actin periodicities among different myocytes and within a single myocyte. Even in the late stage of culture (30 days), when the cell body was packed with myofibrils, the myocytes contained remnants of amorphous myofibrillar proteins.
Eyes in the Domestic Sky: An Assessment of Sense and Avoid Technology for the Army's "Warrior" Unmanned Aerial Vehicle

The Program Manager of the Army's Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) awarded a contract for the Extended Range Multipurpose (ERMP) Unmanned Aerial System (UAS) to General Atomics Aeronautical Systems Inc (GA-ASI), nicknamed the "Warrior." Given the size, performance, range and endurance of the system, the Warrior system can be reasonably expected to operate within and require access to the National Airspace (NAS) and/or unrestricted airspace of host nations. Therefore, it must have posses an equivalent level of safety to that of a manned aircraft. Our project involves identifying sense and avoid requirements necessary to avoid collisions and potential technologies necessary for the Warrior ERMP to obtain routine access to the NAS. We evaluate SAA requirements and define criteria specific to the Warrior consistent with FAA guidelines. We then show potential technologies to meet SAA requirements specific to the airframe. Finally, our research submits a recommendations for the Army in its pursuit of effective sense and avoid technology. We used standard systems engineering practices to complete this project for our client.
Structure and optical properties of iron oxide films prepared by a modified wet-chemical method

Abstract Iron oxide (α-Fe 2 O 3 ) films were prepared in isopropyl alcohol with the addition of different concentrations of acetic acid (AcOH). The agglomeration properties of nano-particulated iron oxides and hydroxides precipitated from isopropyl alcohol–water solutions differ from those obtained by precipitation from aqueous solution. Subsequent aging of the precipitated oxides and hydroxides in a weak solution of acetic acid modifies their micro/nanostructure. X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy results demonstrate that use of an isopropyl–water reaction medium produces a material with improved dispersion behavior. The homogeneity of films prepared from the reaction products aged in acetic acid (AcOH) shown to depend on the concentration of acetic acid employed. Increasing concentration of AcOH promotes the coarsening of the nanoparticles and the porosity reduction. Optical spectroscopy analysis indicates that band gap of the materials is ∼2.16 eV, which expected for α-Fe 2 O 3 . The crystal structure, morphology and optical absorption studies confirm that it is an efficient method to produce high quality iron oxide films.
Semantic radicals contribute to the visual identification of Chinese characters

Abstract In a character decision task, phonetic compound targets (composed of a semantic radical and a phonetic component) followed primes that shared (a) the target's radical and were semantically related (R+S+), (b) the target's radical and were not semantically related (R+S−), (c) no radical but were semantically related (R−S+), and (d) no radical and were not semantically related (R−S−). Target radicals also varied as to the number of compounds in which they appeared (i.e., combinability). When targets followed primes immediately (Experiment 1; SOA 243 ms), target latencies following R+S− primes were slowed relative to R−S− controls but those following R+S+ and R−S+ primes were facilitated equivalently. Increases in combinability significantly reduced decision latencies. When 10 items separated primes and targets (Experiment 2), facilitation was evident only after R+S+ primes. Results indicate that one type of component, the semantic radical, is processed in the course of Chinese character recognition and that orthographic similarity due to repetition of a radical is not an adequate account.
Space-time evolution of nuclear reactions probed by two-proton intensity interferometry.

An approximate relation is derived which allows the calculation of the two-proton correlation function for any reaction model capable of predicting the classical single-particle phase-space distribution or Wigner function in the exit channel. The sensitivity of the calculated two-proton correlation functions to source radii and lifetimes is illustrated with simple parametrizations. More realistic calculations are presented for two different regimes of emission time scales: slow particle evaporation from equilibrated compound nuclei, as predicted from the Weisskopf formula, and fast nonequilibrium particle emission in intermediate-energy nucleus-nucleus collisions, as predicted from the Boltzmann-Uehling-Uhlenbeck transport equation.
Effect of manganese and lanthanum on spontaneous release of acetylcholine at frog motor nerve terminals.

ELECTRICAL or potassium-induced depolarization of the motor terminals causes a great increase in the release of acetylcholine as judged by the increase in the rate of appearance of miniature end plate potentials (MEPPs)1,2. Liley2 has shown that calcium is required for this enhanced release of acetylcholine to occur. In contrast, the spontaneous MEPPs continue to occur in calcium-free medium1,3, though a depression in their frequency after prolonged treatment of the muscle with ethylene-diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) in calcium-free medium has also been reported4.
Ice Hockey Facility Safety: Litigated Case Studies Involving Ice Hockey Injuries

This paper will discuss the duties facility owners and operators owe participants and spectators in the ice skating and ice hockey environment. These duties have been established by case law, standards in the industry, and the safety and risk management literature in sports and recreation. There will also be a discussion of court cases that illustrate the importance of incorporating risk management principles and industry standards into operating procedures. The consequences, when these principles are not followed, will also be addressed based on results of litigated cases.
Comprehensive vs. comprehensible classifiers in logical analysis of data

The main objective of this paper is to compare the classification accuracy provided by large, comprehensive collections of patterns (rules) derived from archives of past observations, with that provided by small, comprehensible collections of patterns. This comparison is carried out here on the basis of an empirical study, using several publicly available data sets. The results of this study show that the use of comprehensive collections allows a slight increase of classification accuracy, and that the ''cost of comprehensibility'' is small.
Electromagnetic energies of nuclei and the nuclear compton amplitude

Abstract The electromagnetic energy of a nucleus is derived in perturbation theory, which relates this quantity to the amplitude for the forward scattering of virtual photons on a nucleus (nuclear Compton amplitude). Using the gauge invariance of this amplitude, the energy is separated into Coulomb and transverse components. Our formalism, although basically nonrelativistic, admits corrections of order ( v c ) 2 to the nuclear charge operator. The energy is further separated into one-body terms, related to the n - p mass difference, and two-body terms which lead to the Breit interaction and the nuclear Lamb shift. These results are then related to electron scattering sum rules in the manner of Cottingham. Mesonic contributions to the electromagnetic energy are also discussed.
Pupillary Assessment of Sensory Block Level during Combined Epidural/General Anesthesia

BackgroundCurrently, no reliable method exists to determine the level of sensory block during combined epidural/general anesthesia. However, the pupil dilates markedly in response to noxious electrical stimulation during general anesthesia. Presumably, sensory block produced by epidural anesthesia d
Coordination Control for Haptic and Teleoperator Systems

In this paper, two controllers are developed for nonlinear haptic and teleoperator systems for coordination of the master and slave systems. The first controller is proven to yield a semi-global asymptotic result in the presence of parametric uncertainty in the master and the slave dynamic models provided the user and the environmental input forces are measurable. The second controller yields a global asymptotic result despite unmeasurable user and environmental input forces provided the dynamic models of the master and slave are known. These controllers rely on a transformation and a flexible target system to allow the master system's impedance to be easily adjusted so that it matches a desired target system. This work also offers a structure to encode a velocity field assist mechanism to provide the user help in controlling the slave system in completing a pre-defined contour following task. For each controller, Lyapunov-based techniques are used to prove that both controllers provide passive coordination of the haptic/teleoperator system when the velocity field assist mechanism is disabled. When the velocity field assist mechanism is enabled, the analysis proves the coordination of the haptic/teleoperator system.
The Impact of Cell Phone Noncoverage Bias on Polling in the 2004 Presidential Election

Despite concerns that the accuracy of pre-election telephone polls would be harmed by the omission of voters who could be reached only by cell phone, most national polls performed well in predicting President George W. Bush’s reelection, and state polls were generally accurate as well. The national exit poll conducted by the National Election Pool found that 7% of electionday voters had cell phone service but no land line; younger voters were far more likely to be cellonly: 19% among those 18-24 and 20% among those 25-29. Within these two youngest age cohorts, cell-only voters were significantly more likely to be single and childless. While cellonly voters were more supportive of John Kerry than voters overall, they were similar to voters within their own age cohort. Because of this, pre-election telephone surveys that weighted their data appropriately by age were not significantly biased by the absence of the cell-only voters.
Making logistic regression a core data mining tool with TR-IRLS

Binary classification is a core data mining task. For large datasets or real-time applications, desirable classifiers are accurate, fast, and need no parameter tuning. We present a simple implementation of logistic regression that meets these requirements. A combination of regularization, truncated Newton methods, and iteratively re-weighted least squares make it faster and more accurate than modern SVM implementations, and relatively insensitive to parameters. It is robust to linear dependencies and some scaling problems, making most data preprocessing unnecessary.
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Risk of Stress, Urge and Mixed Urinary Incontinence

Purpose: To improve the understanding of the etiological relation between type 2 diabetes and urinary incontinence, we examined associations between diabetes and urinary incontinence type in 71,650 women 37 to 79 years old in the Nurses' Health Study and the Nurses' Health Study II.Materials and Methods: From 1976 to 2000 in the Nurses' Health Study and 1989 to 2001 in the Nurses' Health Study II participants reported diagnoses of type 2 diabetes. Women with incident urinary incontinence at least weekly were identified from 2000 to 2002 in the Nurses' Health Study and 2001 to 2003 in the Nurses' Health Study II. We pooled data from the 2 cohorts, and estimated odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals using multivariable logistic regression adjusting for age, parity, body mass index, smoking, hysterectomy, functional limitations, menopausal status, postmenopausal hormone use, incontinence promoting medications and study cohort.Results: The incidence of at least weekly urinary incontinence was 5.3% (3,612 o...
Influence of Long Terminal Repeat and Env on the Virulence Phenotype of Equine Infectious Anemia Virus

The molecular clones pSPeiav19 and p19/wenv17 of equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) differ in env and long terminal repeats (LTRs) and produce viruses (EIAV(19) and EIAV(17), respectively) of dramatically different virulence phenotypes. These constructs were used to generate a series of chimeric clones to test the individual contributions of LTR, surface (SU), and transmembrane (TM)/Rev regions to the disease potential of the highly virulent EIAV(17). The LTRs of EIAV(19) and EIAV(17) differ by 16 nucleotides in the transcriptional enhancer region. The two viruses differ by 30 amino acids in SU, by 17 amino acids in TM, and by 8 amino acids in Rev. Results from in vivo infections with chimeric clones indicate that both LTR and env of EIAV(17) are required for the development of severe acute disease. In the context of the EIAV(17) LTR, SU appears to have a greater impact on virulence than does TM. EIAV(17SU), containing only the TM/Rev region from the avirulent parent, induced acute disease in two animals, while a similar infectious dose of EIAV(17TM) (which derives SU from the avirulent parent) did not. Neither EIAV(17SU) nor EIAV(17TM) produced lethal disease when administered at infectious doses that were 6- to 30-fold higher than a lethal dose of the parental EIAV(17). All chimeric clones replicated in primary equine monocyte-derived macrophages, and there was no apparent correlation between macrophage tropism and virulence phenotype.
Artificial neural network based electric peak load forecasting

An artificial neural network (ANN) approach to electric peak load forecasting is presented. The ANN is used to learn the relationship among past, current, and future temperatures and peak loads. In order to provide the forecasted load, the ANN interpolates among the load and temperature data in a training data set. The average absolute error of 24-hour ahead forecasts in a test on actual utility data is shown to be 2.04%. Compared to other regression methods, the ANN allows more flexible relationships between temperature and load pattern. >
Influence of Hen Age and Number of Inseminated Sperm on the Number of Holes Hydrolyzed in the Inner Perivitelline Layer of Turkey Eggs

Abstract Eggs from young turkey breeder hens have a higher rate of early embryonic mortality (EEM) than eggs from older hens. Preliminary field data indicated that increased sperm concentration decreased the incidence of EEM in eggs from young hens. Possible explanations for decreased EEM following insemination with more concentrated sperm may include altered sperm binding and hydrolyzing of the inner perivitelline layer (IPVL) of eggs from hens of different ages. The current study examined differences in the number of sperm penetration (SP) holes hydrolyzed in the IPVL in hens at 2 different ages when inseminated with 25, 50, 100, 200, 400, or 800 million viable sperm. Hens (12/treatment) were inseminated on d 14 and 21 after photostimulation (32 and 33 wk of age) and were inseminated again at 12 and 13 wk of egg production (44 and 45 wk of age). The SP holes hydrolyzed in the IPVL were counted in the 1,098 eggs produced in the 3 wk following each insemination period. The number of SP holes hydrolyzed in the IPVL was significantly (P ≤ 0.05) greater in younger hens than older hens. Furthermore, the number of SP holes was significantly greater (P ≤ 0.01) with the 400 and 800 million insemination doses as compared with the other 4 insemination doses. There was no interaction between hen age and sperm insemination dose. In conclusion, the absence of an interaction between hen age and insemination dose suggests that factors other than numbers of sperm binding to the IPVL influence EEM. These factors may be a combination of oviduct influences and IPVL properties that change as the hen ages.
4.4.1 On Motivating People to Implement Systems Engineering

Start by doing what's necessary; then do what's possible, and suddenly you are doing the impossible1. This paper concentrates on the human aspect in Systems Engineering (SE), and describes the tailored SE approach the California High-Speed Train System (CHSTS) project took in introducing and implementing SE principles while working with various stakeholders including federal regulators, state agencies, consultants, contractors, managers, peers and suppliers. Today the CHSTS project is applying various SE tools and methods, such as stakeholder management, concept documents, operational scenarios, requirements management (RM) including RM tools, requirements verification traceability matrices (RVTM), system architectures, interface management, verification and validation, version management, process tailoring, and others. The CHSTS is considered a large infrastructure project (LIP). Numerous studies have been performed, and papers written, about the value of Systems Engineering [1]. However, LIPs in general follow a different path, using the construction industry specific Plans, Specifications and Estimates (PS&E) approach. Large infrastructure projects have been reluctant to fully embrace and implement Systems Engineering principles, often for reasons similar to that depicted in Figure 1. Figure 1. Applying Systems Engineering to Large Infrastructure Projects [2] Download figure to PowerPoint This paper builds on technical papers previously submitted to INCOSE [3, 4], but focuses rather on the soft skills that were used to lead the client, management and peers to introduce and implement Systems Engineering principles. The paper will also address the gradual development of individual SE activities into a comprehensive Systems Engineering approach that will achieve the necessary, the possible and, ultimately, the impossible.
Interrupting the Discourse A Response to Reid and Valle

Reid and Valle (in this issue) illustrate how discourse within the field of learning disabilities (LD) determines what can and cannot be said and shapes what counts as knowledge or truth. Because basic assumptions about disability often remain unquestioned, Reid and Valle ask us to focus on the epistemological foundations of the field of LD. They demonstrate how discourse, far from being simply an academic or abstract theoretical pursuit, has direct material consequences for people labeled as having LD. In this response, I highlight some of the ways that the discourse in the LD field is getting in the way of truly transforming education for all learners and impeding our ability to ask the hard questions about our own complicity in issues such as the overrepresentation of students of color and the inaccessibility of general education learning environments.
Genome-wide coexpression dynamics: Theory and application

High-throughput expression profiling enables the global study of gene activities. Genes with positively correlated expression profiles are likely to encode functionally related proteins. However, all biological processes are interlocked, and each protein may play multiple cellular roles. Thus the coexpression of any two functionally related genes may depend on the constantly varying, yet often-unknown cellular state. To initiate a systematic study on this issue, a theory of coexpression dynamics is presented. This theory is used to rationalize a strategy of conducting a genome-wide search for the most critical cellular players that may affect the coexpression pattern of any two genes. In one example, using a yeast data set, our method reveals how the enzymes associated with the urea cycle are expressed to ensure proper mass flow of the involved metabolites. The correlation between ARG2 and CAR2 is found to change from positive to negative as the expression level of CPA2 increases. This delicate interplay in correlation signifies a remarkable control on the influx and efflux of ornithine and reflects well the intrinsic cellular demand for arginine. In addition to the urea cycle, our examples include SCH9 and CYR1 (both implicated in a recent longevity study), cytochrome c1 (mitochondrial electron transport), calmodulin (main calcium-binding protein), PFK1 and PFK2 (glycolysis), and two genes, ECM1 and YNL101W, the functions of which are newly revealed. The complexity in computation is eased by a new result from mathematical statistics.