cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Single particle electron cryo-microscopy of a mammalian ion channel

The transient receptor potential (TRP) ion channel family is large and functionally diverse, second only to potassium channels. Despite their prominence within the animal kingdom, TRP channels have resisted crystallization and structural determination for many years. This barrier was recently broken when the three-dimensional structure of the vanilloid receptor 1 (TRPV1) was determined by single particle electron cryo-microscopy (cryo-EM). Moreover, this is the first example in which the near atomic resolution structure of an integral membrane protein was elucidated by this technique and in a manner not requiring crystals, demonstrating the transformative power of single particle cryo-EM for revealing high-resolution structures of integral membrane proteins, particularly those of mammalian origin. Here we summarize technical advances, in both biochemistry and cryo-EM, that led to this major breakthrough.
The relative importance of prey availability and intruder pressure in feeding territory size regulation by harriers, Circus cyaneus.

The relative importance of prey availability and intruder pressure in the regulation of harrier (Circus cyaneus) territory size was investigated over two years using analytical methods chosen to permit comparison with Myers et al. (1979) study of sanderlings (Calidris alba). Relationships between territory area and two variables, prey type (mice; large, medium, and small birds) and intruder type (conspecific neighbors, conspecific floaters, and heterospecific floaters), and the consistency of these relationships between years, also were examined. Individual harrier territory areas were highly variable, ranging from 7.8 to 1249 ha in 1984/1985, and 3.9 to 71.3 ha in 1985/1986. Of the prey variables, only mouse availability was significantly inversely correlated with territory area in both years, and slopes resulting from correlations between the logarithms of these two variables did not differ significantly from — 1, the expected result if harriers were adjusting mouse availabilities. The abundance of mice in conjunction with their greater ease of capture relative to birds made them functionally more available, and hence harriers' primary prey. This may explain why mice, rather than birds, were apparently the defended resource. Of the intruder variables, neighbor variables were most strongly inversely cortelatd with territory area. Partial correlation analyses to determine the relative importance of intruder pressure and prey availability in regulating territory size revealed that in 1984/1985, mouse availability and intruder pressure were relatively independent and each explained some variation in territory area, whereas in 1985/1986, mouse availability, rather than intruder pressure, significantly explained all variation in territory area. Possible explanations for why territory sizes of harriers appear to be regulated more closely by food density, whereas territory sizes of sanderlings appear to be regulated more closely by intruder pressure, are based upon differences in 1) neighbor effects, 2) environmental ronmental variability, and 3) accuracy of resource assessment by intruders. The variation in intruder rates and prey availabilities observed between years suggests the need to conduct studies over several years in order to assess accurately the relative importance of these variables in territory-size regulation.
Positive Health Psychology: An Interview with Shelley Taylor

Grant Jewell Rich is visiting instructor of psychology at Ohio State University-Mansfield, where he teaches a variety of courses including social psychology, research methods, and introductory psychology. Currently, he is guest editing a special issue of the Journal of Humanistic Psychology on "positive psychology." Shelley Taylor is professor of Psychology at the University of California, Los Angeles and has also taught at Harvard University. She has won numerous awards, including the Distinguished Scientist Award from the American Psychological Association. Her articles and book chapters have addressed a number of topics in social cognition and health psychology. She has authored or coauthored several textbooks. Currently, she is examining biological underpinnings of social support processes.
Spherical mapping for processing of 3D closed surfaces

Abstract The spherical harmonic (SPHARM) description is a powerful surface modeling technique used by many applications in biomedical imaging. However, earlier SPHARM studies employ a spherical parameterization procedure that can be applied only to voxel surfaces. This paper presents CALD, a new spherical parameterization algorithm that makes the SPHARM model applicable to general triangle meshes. The CALD algorithm starts from an initial mapping and performs novel local and global smoothing methods alternately until a solution is approached. This new algorithm can also be used for processing of 3D closed surfaces in many different areas, including medical image analysis, computer vision, and computer graphics.
Alkalinity of non-industrial cleaning products and the likelihood of producing significant esophageal burns

Abstract Alkaline cleaning products are a cause of serious esophageal injury. Over time, legislation has diminished the concentration of many such non-industrial solutions and solids; however several products presently do not list either the pH or relative concentrations of alkaline constituents. This study measures the pHs of several non-industrial cleaning products containing either ammonium chloride, sodium hydroxide, or potassium hydroxide. Three pH measurements were performed on each of 10 non-industrial alkaline cleaning products (eight liquid, two solid). Two 0.1% ammonium chloride solutions had pHs of 12.06 ± 0.00 and 12.06 ± 0.01, whereas a pH of 12.43 ± 0.00 was recorded in a 0.2% ammonium chloride solution. Concentrations of sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide were listed on only one of five liquid cleaning product labels. The pHs for these five products varied between 12.83 ± 0.009 and 13.50 ± 0.02. The pHs of three sodium hydroxide solutions differed from values reported in Micromedex (Micromedex Inc, Denver CO) by up to 0.32 pH units. Ten percent (v/v) solutions of two solid lye products had pHs of 13.62 ± 0.008 and 13.74 ± 0.02. The investigator found that selected non-industrial cleaning products, including ammonia solutions, retain the ability to cause clinically important esophageal damage.
Vocal tract imaging: a comparison of MRI and EBCT

Vocal tract imaging for the vowels /i/ and /a/ using both EBCT and MRI was carried out for one subject (29 yr old male, native of midwestern United States) using an Imatron C-150 electron beam CT scanner and a GE Signa 1.5 Tesla scanner, respectively. Each image set was analyzed using a general display and quantitation package called VIDATM (Volumetric Image Display and Analysis). The image analysis consisted of segmenting the airspace from the surrounding tissue, obtaining a 3D vocal tract shape via shape based interpolation, and finally using an iterative bisection algorithm to determine the vocal tract area function. The results show that the 3D representations of the vocal tract shapes derived from EBCT show subtle deformations of the airway by articulatory structures and teeth that are not observed in the MRI based representations. Shaded surface renderings of each vocal tract shape and for each imaging technique are shown and the apparent trade-offs between the two imaging methods are discussed.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Liberty, Authority, Formality. Political Ideas and Culture, 1600–1900. Essays in Honour of Colin Davis

John Morrow and Jonathan Scott (eds), (Exeter and Charlottesville, VA: Imprint Academic, 2008), xv + 281 pp., £40 (hb), £17.95 (pb), ISBN 9781845401429 (hb) ISBN 9781845401351 (pb) This collection ...
Axis II psychopathology in individuals with traumatic brain injury.

Primary objectives:To determine the frequency and nature of post-TBI personality disorders (PDs) in a community-based sample of individuals with TBI.Research design:One hundred individuals with TBI were administered a structural clinical interview to determine Axis II psychopathology.Methods of procedures:The Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Personality Disorders, Clinician Version (SCID II) was used to determine 12 Axis II personality disorders. SCID II questions were modified so that symptom onset could be rated as occurring pre-injury vs. post-TBI. Data were analysed using student T-tests, chi-square analysis and one way analyses of variance.Outcomes and results:Pre-TBI PDs were diagnosed in 24% of the sample; antisocial PD and obsessive–compulsive PD were the most common diagnoses. Post-TBI, 66% of the sample met criteria for at least one PD, with PDs independent of TBI severity, age at injury, and time since injury. The most common post-TBI PDs were: borderline, avoidant, paranoid, obsessive–...
Chlorobis(pentafluorophenyl)alane: synthesis, crystal structure, and polymerization catalysis

Abstract Reaction of Al(C6F5)3 with 0.34 equiv CH2Cl2 cleanly produces chlorobis(pentafluorophenyl)alane (C6F5)2AlCl, the dimeric structure in the solid-state of which has been confirmed by X-ray diffraction studies. This chloroalane exhibits remarkable activity in polymerizations of styrene, e-caprolactone, and cyclohexene oxide.
The Meaning of Federalism in The Federalist: A Critical Examiniation of the Diamond Theses

Language poses a serious problem in political discourse when terms like federalism come to mean anything, everything, and nothing. An issue of some importance is how "confederation" was conceptualized in The Federalist, how that conceptualization was subject to critical analysis, especially in Federalist 15 and 16, and how the resolution of that critique contributed to the conceptualization of a federal system of governance. This essay was written in response to a re-reading of Martin Diamond's essay on '"The Federalist's View of Federalism." The position taken is that the theory of constitutional choice used to articulate the arguments in The Federalist provides the appropriate logic for construing the meaning offederalism despite the ambiguities of language contained in The Federalist.
Problems of beginning teachers: Comparing graduates of bachelor's and master's level teacher preparation programs

This study compares classroom problems of novice teachers who had completed either a traditional 4‐year baccalaureate or 1‐year graduate level preparation program. Problems encountered were remarkably similar. For both groups, the three most frequent problems are shared and identically ranked: (a) having adequate time for planning and preparation; (b) having every student work up to his or her ability; and (c) providing for individual learning differences. Of the 20 most frequently experienced problems for each group, 15 are common to both. Furthermore, problems these teachers encountered are highly comparable to those encountered by novice teachers of two decades ago. When viewed from a teacher development perspective, these results may indicate that beginning teachers have a similar set of problems to work through regardless of their preparation program. The results also indicate that graduates of a 1‐year master's level program are no more likely to encounter problems in their first years of teaching t...
Mainstreaming cold spray – push for applications

AbstractModern cold spray, first implemented 30 years ago, has since expanded rapidly in system designs and applications. While initially considered to be a method to deposit a ductile metal coating onto another metal, subsequent innovations in design and use have allowed new applications to areas as diverse as medical and electronics. This paper describes some new methods and applications that are currently being developed. Twenty-four new applications are presented, chosen to represent the diversity of actual and potential uses of cold spray technology.
Ca2+ and cyclic adenosine monophosphate involvement in radiographic contrast medium-induced renal vasoconstriction.

Purpose To investigate the role of extracellular Ca 2+ and cyclic 3′-5′ adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), a known second messenger promoting smooth muscle relaxation, in preventing renal vasoconstriction induced by radiographic contrast medium (RCM). Materials and Methods Isometric contractions of rabbit renal artery were elicited by potassium chloride and increasing concentrations of meglumine/sodium diatrizoate. To determine the contribution of extracellular Ca 2+ , nifedipine, a blocker of voltage-dependent L-type Ca 2+ channels (VDCC), was applied. The contribution of cAMP was investigated by applying the nonspecific phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitors papaverine and theophylline and the specific PDE inhibitor milrinone, all of which prevent degradation of cAMP. Forskolin, an activator of cAMP by stimulating adenylyl cyclase (AC), was also investigated. Results RCM elicited contractions that were 24.5% of the KC1 control contraction, which was reduced by nifedipine (100 μmol/L) by 34.7%. Papaverine, theophylline, and milrinone inhibited RCM-induced contractions by 69.8%, 64.3%, and 43.7%, respectively. Forskolin reduced the response by 82.2%. Conclusion Ca 2+ influx through VDCC partially contributes to RCM-induced renal artery vasoconstriction. Intracellular cAMP appears to be an important second messenger pathway for prevention of this response. These findings emphasize the role of second messenger systems involved in adverse RCM effects and the potential prevention of these effects.
Acceleration, gamma, and theta guidance for abort landing in a windshear

This paper is concerned with the guidance of abort landing trajectories in a windshear. First, optimal trajectories are determined by minimizing the peak value of the altitude drop. Then, two guidance schemes, approximating the optimal trajectors, are developed: acceleration guidance (based on the relative acceleration) and gamma guidance (based on the absolute path inclination). From numerical experiments, it appears that both the acceleration guidance and the gamma guidance yield trajectories that are close to the optimal trajectory. In addition, a theta guidance scheme (modified constant pitch guidance) is developed that is superior to the constant pitch guidance in terms of the altitude loss and the survival capability in severe windshears.
Inhibitor-resistant class A beta-lactamases: consequences of the Ser130-to-Gly mutation seen in Apo and tazobactam structures of the SHV-1 variant

A bacterial response to the clinical use of class A β-lactamase inhibitors such as tazobactam and clavulanic acid is the expression of variant β-lactamases with weaker binding affinities for these ...
A monoclonal antibody to dopamine β-monooxygenase: Detection of biosynthetic intermediates

A monoclonal antibody to dopamine beta-monooxygenase (DBH) has been produced by an in vitro immunization technique. This antibody has been found to react with an epitope common to both soluble DBH (SDBH) and membrane-bound DBH (MDBH). A single CNBr fragment contains this antigenic site. Examination of electrophoretograms of chromaffin granule membrane and lysate by the immunoblot procedure revealed additional complexity. A 58-KDa polypeptide in low abundance was stained which could not be detected with the polyclonal antiserum. Chemical deglycosylation of SDBH produces two new polypeptides of 67 and 58 KDa. The entirety of this data suggests that the 58-KDa band is an unglycosylated form of DBH, proteolytically cleaved after biosynthesis.
Optimizing image reconstruction of tissue blood flow by diffuse correlation tomography

In this work, we analyze the image reconstruction problem within the first order Rytov approximation and optimize the image reconstruction by looking at the singular value spectrum of the "weight matrix". We show that the optimal data is from the tail of the temporal intensity autocorrelation curve by investigating the condition number. Furthermore, by doing a standard L-curve analysis, we find the optimal regularization constant (Tikhonov regularization). Images from simulated data are shown to illustrate the advantage of the optimization process.
Epidemiology of Catastrophic Spine Injuries in High School, College, and Professional Sports

Sporting events are the fourth most common cause of spinal cord injuries in the United States. They are the third leading cause in patients younger than 30 years of age. Catastrophic cervical spinal trauma leads to most of these injuries with the key mechanism involving an axial force to a slightly flexed spine. Several sports have a greater risk of catastrophic spinal injuries: football, ice hockey, cheerleading, wrestling, swimming and diving, snow skiing and snowboarding, rugby, and baseball. This article reviews the available epidemiologic data concerning these sports and the catastrophic spinal cord injuries associated with them.
INSULIN THERAPY IN TYPE II DIABETES : WHO NEEDS IT, HOW MUCH OF IT, AND FOR HOW LONG?

PREVIEWPatients with type II diabetes mellitus are usually not dependent on insulin for prevention of ketosis or maintenance of life. However, they often benefit from insulin therapy to control symptoms or correct disordered metabolism, and a temporary course may be used to adjust glucose control. In this article, Dr Skyler discusses underlying concepts that direct insulin therapy in type II diabetes. He also summarizes the present state of combination therapy in which insulin is paired with another glucose-lowering agent.
A High Gain, Time-Resolving Spectrograph for the Diagnosis of Laboratory Simulated Reentry

To increase the sensitivity of a time-resolving spectrograph, a four-stage, magnetically focused, cascade type image intensifier was coupled to an electron scanning image converter. A radiant intensity gain of more than 500, enough to permit the study of far wake radiation, has been achieved, along with sufficient spectral resolution for the determination of temperature and electron density profiles in the flow behind a hypervelocity object. An example of wake temperature results from the time-resolved vibrational bands of CN is presented.
On the Specific Role of Microstructure in Governing Cyclic Fatigue, Deformation, and Fracture Behavior of a High-Strength Alloy Steel

In this paper, the results of an experimental study that focused on evaluating the conjoint influence of microstructure and test specimen orientation on fully reversed strain-controlled fatigue behavior of the high alloy steel X2M are presented and discussed. The cyclic stress response of this high-strength alloy steel revealed initial hardening during the first few cycles followed by gradual softening for most of fatigue life. Cyclic strain resistance exhibited a linear trend for the variation of elastic strain amplitude with reversals to failure, and plastic strain amplitude with reversals to failure. Fracture morphology was the same at the macroscopic level over the entire range of cyclic strain amplitudes examined. However, at the fine microscopic level, the alloy steel revealed fracture to be essentially ductile with features reminiscent of predominantly “locally” ductile and isolated brittle mechanisms. The mechanisms governing stress response at the fine microscopic level, fatigue life, and final fracture behavior are presented and discussed in light of the mutually interactive influences of intrinsic microstructural effects, deformation characteristics of the microstructural constituents during fully reversed strain cycling, cyclic strain amplitude, and resultant response stress.
Multicomponent nematic systems with doped gold nanoparticles

We study the dispersion of gold nanoparticles in binary systems of two homologues of cyanobiphenyl liquid crystals (nCB with n = 5, 6). Using differential scanning calorimetry method, we show that the studied systems have much lower crystal-nematic transition temperatures as compared to the pure nematics transition points, and nematic-isotropic liquid transition temperatures are within the range of pure nematics transition points. Using electrical and dielectric measurements, we reveal that the studied multicomponent mixtures have significantly less threshold voltages and switching off times for Fredrick’s transition (display parameters) as compared to the pure nematics’ values. We propose that this improvement of nematics’ display parameters is due to the effect of doped nanoparticles on nematics’ material parameters.
RhoA-induced cytoskeletal tension controls adaptive cellular remodeling to mechanical signaling

The ability to measure real-time mechanosensitive events at the subcellular level in response to discrete mechanical stimulation is a critical component in understanding mechanically-induced cellular remodeling. Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) were transfected with RhoA constructs (wild type, dominant negative or constitutively active) or treated with ML-7 to induce specific cytoskeletal tension characteristics prior to mechanical stimulation. Tensile stress was applied to live VSMC using an atomic force microscope probe functionalized with extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins. The ECM induces selective integrin activation and focal adhesion formation, enabling direct manipulation of cortical actin through an active ECM–integrin–actin linkage. Therefore, locally induced mechanosensitive events triggered downstream activation of intracellular signaling pathways responsible for actin and focal adhesion remodeling throughout the cell. Integration of mechanical stimulation with simultaneous fluorescence imaging by spinning-disk confocal and total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy enabled visualization and quantification of molecular dynamic events at the sub-cellular level in real-time. Results provide evidence that the pre-existing cytoskeletal tension affects the actomyosin apparatus which in turn coordinates the ability of the cell to adapt to the externally applied stress. RhoA activation induced high cytoskeletal tension that correlated with increased stress fiber formation, cell stiffness, integrin activation and myosin phosphorylation. In contrast, blocking Rho-kinase or myosin function was characterized by low cytoskeletal tension with a decreased level of stress fiber formation, lower cell stiffness and integrin activation. Our findings show that VSMC sense and adapt to physical microenvironmental changes by a coordinated response of the actomyosin apparatus necessary to establish a new homeostatic state.
Transportation infrastructure and regional economic development in China

This study examines the trend of transportation investment and analyzes the effect of transportation investment on regional economic development in China. Results from cross-section analysis indicate that those provinces that have invested more in transportation infrastructure tend to have greater output.
Effects of trans Fatty Acid Isomers upon Essential Fatty Acid Deficiency in Rats.

SummaryFeeding weanling male rats a diet free of essential fatty acid (EFA), containing 1% cholesterol, 2% sulfasuxidine, and 1% hydrogenated coconut oil for 3.5 months induced an EFA deficiency accompanied by severe testicular degeneration. The degeneration was partially corrected by supplementation with linoleate or linseed oil for 3 weeks. However, sperm were not found in the epididymis in any case. Trans isomers of linoleic acid were unable to induce recovery of the testis. The trans isomers inhibited growth, worsened the skin condition, and were found to be deposited in the animal fat.
Dopaminergic neurons: Reversal of effects elicited by γ-butyrolactone by stimulation of the nigro-neostriatal pathway

In vivo studies demonstrate that administration of γ-butyrolactone, a precursor of γ-hydroxybutyric acid causes a rapid increase in endogenous levels of striatal dopamine and an increase in tyrosine hydroxylase activity measured by following the short term accumulation of dihydroxyphenylalanine. The increase in dopamine produced by GBL is blocked by stimulation of the nigro-neostriatal pathway. If dopamine is allowed to accumulate for 30 min following administration of GBL this increased dopamine can be released by stimulation of the nigro-neostriatal pathway. Maintenance of neuronal activity in the nigro-neostriatal pathway by continuous stimulation at a physiological frequency of 3/s effectively blocks the ability of GBL to cause an increase in tyrosine hydroxylase activity in the striatum on the stimulated side. Tyrosine hydroxylase activity in the non-stimulated contralateral striatum is increased over 100% by administration of GBL. Stimulation of the nigroneostriatal pathway 30 min after GBL administration causes about a 500% increase in the accumulation of dihydroxyphenylacetic acid in the striatum on the stimulated side. These results suggest that the increased dopamine is present in a pool which is releasable by neuronal stimulation and is subsequently exposed to MAO. These results are also consistent with the hypothesis that GBL activates tyrosine hydroxylase and increases endogenous dopamine levels primarily by blocking impulse flow in central dopaminergic neurons.
What HIV-Positive MSM Want from Sexual Risk Reduction Interventions: Findings from a Qualitative Study

To facilitate the development of a tailored intervention that meets the needs of HIV-positive men who have sex with men (HIV-positive MSM), we conducted formative research with 52 HIV-positive MSM. We sought to (a) identify major barriers to consistent condom use, (b) characterize their interest in sexual risk reduction interventions, and (c) elicit feedback regarding optimal intervention format. Men identified several key barriers to consistent condom use, including treatment optimism, lessened support for safer sex in the broader gay community, challenges communicating with partners, and concerns about stigmatization following serostatus disclosure. Many men expressed an interest in health promotion programming, but did not want to participate in an intervention focusing exclusively on safer sex. Instead, they preferred a supportive group intervention that addresses other coping challenges as well as sexual risk reduction. Study results reveal important considerations for the development of appealing and efficacious risk reduction interventions for HIV-positive MSM.
Who do you trust? The impact of facial emotion and behaviour on decision making

During social interactions, we use available information to guide our decisions, including behaviour and emotional displays. In some situations, behaviour and emotional displays may be incongruent, complicating decision making. This study had two main aims: first, to investigate the independent contributions of behaviour and facial displays of emotion on decisions to trust, and, second, to examine what happens when the information being signalled by a facial display is incongruent with behaviour. Participants played a modified version of the Trust Game in which they learned simulated players’ behaviour with or without concurrent displays of facial emotion. Results indicated that displays of anger, but not happiness, influenced decisions to trust during initial encounters. Over the course of repeated interactions, however, emotional displays consistent with an established pattern of behaviour made independent contributions to decision making, strengthening decisions to trust. When facial display and behaviour were incongruent, participants used current behaviour to inform decision making.
Unemployment, Well-Being, and Wage Curves in Eastern and Central Europe

Abstract The paper studies the labor markets of 23 transition countries from eastern and central Europe—Albania, Armenia, Belarus, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, East Germany, Estonia, Georgia, Hungary, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania Macedonia, Moldova, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Ukraine, and Yugoslavia. It uses new micro-data from a large number of surveys on over 200,000 randomly sampled individuals from these countries for the years 1990–1997. The microeconometric structure of unemployment regression equations in the nations of eastern Europe appears to be similar to the industrialised west. Estimation of east European wage curves produces a local unemployment elasticity of between –0.1 and –0.3. This is somewhat larger in absolute terms than has been found elsewhere. On a variety of attitudinal measures, eastern Europeans said they were less contented than their western European counterparts. The strongest support for the changes that have occurred in eastern Europe is to be found among men, the young, the most educated, students, and the employed and particularly the self-employed. Support for market reforms is particularly low amongst the unemployed who were found to be particularly unhappy on two well-being measures. J. Japan. Int. Econ. , December 2001, 15 (4), pp. 364–402. Department of Economics, Dartmouth College, New Hampshire 03755; and NBER.
Observations on seismic wave equation and reflection coefficient symmetries in stratified media

Summary. The equations describing seismic waves in a stratified earth have a number of symmetry properties, one of which has recently been used by Garmany to derive a simple expression for the inverse of the matrix of eigen- vectors appearing in the solution of the equations. We review these symmetries of the wave equation in several notations to demonstrate that the property used by Garmany is distinct from the usual symmetries found in the seismological literature. Like the others, the new symmetry has implications for the reflection and transmission properties of a medium. These implications are briefly reviewed in order to show how the new symmetry is placed relative to the others. A limited discussion of the physical origins of the symmetries is given and, though the overall picture is incomplete, it is noted that the new symmetry yields conservation of energy for reflection/ transmission at a single interface in all types of media (anisotropic, lossy, etc.).
Postnatal Hepatic Fatty Acid Oxidative Capacity of Preterm Pigs Receiving TPN Does Not Differ from That of Term Pigs and Is Not Affected by Supplemental Arachidonic and Docosahexaenoic Acids

To improve pediatric care of preterm infants, a better understanding of the metabolic processes associated with immaturity is needed. To this end, preterm and term pigs were delivered and administered either a control, a low-PUFA [0.3 and 0.6% of total lipids as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and arachidonic acid (AA), respectively], or a high-PUFA (5 and 11% of total lipids as DHA and AA, respectively) parenteral solution. Hepatic oxidative capacity and carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT) mRNA and activity in the presence or absence of malonyl-CoA were determined after 6 d. Oxidation of [1-(14)C]-palmitate or [1-(14)C]-glucose was similar in liver homogenates isolated from preterm and term pigs receiving the control solution. Oxidative capacity for either substrate did not differ with parenteral solution in preterm pigs, whereas in term pigs, glucose oxidation was 64% greater when the high-PUFA solution was administered relative to the control (P < 0.05). In preterm pigs, CPT I mRNA determined after 6 d of parenteral feeding were 1.5-fold greater (P < 0.05) than newborn estimates irrespective of solution administered, whereas CPT I mRNA were only greater for term pigs receiving the low- and high-PUFA solutions (66 and 115%, respectively; P < 0.05) relative to newborn estimates. Malonyl-CoA-sensitive CPT activity did not differ between preterm and term pigs or parenteral solution. Postnatal adaptations demonstrated by parenterally fed term neonates are present following preterm birth and are not improved by the provision of DHA and AA to parenteral solutions.
Humanistic Testing and Assessment

Humanistic psychology’s tradition of controversy regarding the worth of psychological testing and assessment is reviewed. Assessment is defined as a process involving qualitative professional judgments integrating information from various sources and necessarily guiding all professional activities, whether performed explicitly or implicitly. Testing, as delineated from assessment, is just one potential source of assessment input that may provide formally gathered qualitative and/or quantitative information. Arguments against testing and assessment as legitimate activities within humanistic psychological practice are countered, concluding that testing and assessment can be congruent with humanistic ideals when focused on growth, subjectivity, agency, the centrality of the role of both the assessor and client as coparticipants, and a view of the person as a whole with inherent value.
The Art and Science of Nursing: Similarities, Differences, and Relations

The terms art and science are significant for the practice of nursing. These two concepts have a particular meaning and their defining char acteristics help to illuminate the nature of nursing practice. An under standing of each term is foundational to the comprehension of similari ties and differences and to an understanding of the complex relation played out in nursing practice. Nursing as an art form has three major components—medium, process, and product. The science consists of the systematized knowledge. Both nursing's art and its science are essential for excellence in the performance of nursing's mission. There is a delicately balanced movement between art and science portrayed by experienced nurses that transcends as it uses the differences between these two forms.
Effects of invasive, non-indigenous plant species on ecosystem processes: lessons from Florida.

Individual plant species that modify ecosystem properties have traditionally been thought to be uncommon in natural systems. I hypothesize that many invasive non- indigenous species do alter these properties at several scales. The non-indigenous plant species in Florida considered the most invasive by the Florida Exotic Pest Plant Council are examined for this capability through review of the available literature. Out of 31 species total, 12-20 (39-64%) potentially alter the ecosystem properties of geomorphology, hy- drology, biogeochemistry, and disturbance. When population-level properties that indicate superior competitive ability of the invading species are examined, 13-24 (42-77%) of the species are included, with the majority of species showing traits capable of modifying natural systems at both ecosystem and community/population scales. This review suggests that ecosystem alteration may be relatively common among invasive non-indigenous spe- cies. However, much of the current information is anecdotal. Empirical studies directly examining the effects of species on ecosystem and smaller-scale processes are necessary, and highly invasive species may be particularly appropriate for such research. Further, as non-indigenous species homogenize the global flora, they may also homogenize the local flora by increasing the representation of ruderal species. Where ecosystem processes have been altered, site restoration likely will require both control of the invader(s) and recovery of processes.
Determination of Mercury's 88 day libration and fluid core size from orbit

Abstract The requirements for determining the existence and size of the suspected fluid outer core of Mercury are discussed. The moment of inertia Cm of Mercury's solid mantle and crust can be calculated from the amplitude of the 88 day forced libration in longitude and some auxiliary information, since the fluid core will not follow this motion unless its viscosity is much higher than expected. The libration amplitude can be determined from camera observations of the surface near periherm during the Mercury Orbiter mission, provided that the spacecraft location and the camera attitude are measured sufficiently well. The accuracies required are roughly 15 m in the spacecraft coordinate normal to the (polar) orbit plane and 15 arcsec in the camera attitude for 10% accuracy in Cm. The fluid core radius follows from Cm plus the total moment of inertia C and models for the composition and thermal history of the planet. Since maintaining a fluid core appears to require having perhaps 2 or 3% sulfur in the core, determination of the existence and size of the core will provide vital information on mixing of materials between different parts of the solar nebula. In this paper, the accuracy achievable for determining the spacecraft location with an X-band transponder system, as is planned for the mission, is investigated. A very preliminary covariance analysis was carried out based on 65 independent arcs starting every 10 days during the mission, with 6 h of tracking data around periherm for each arc. Gravity field coefficients up to degree and order 26 were solved for, and the effects of uncertainties in the other coefficients up to degree and order 36 were “considered”, along with the effects of uncertainties in some additional parameters. Six of the eight parameters included in the radiation pressure model were “considered” rather than solved for in order to make sure that model uncertainties were allowed for adequately. The 1 m assumed range measurement uncertainty was treated as a bias for each arc rather than a random error. The spacecraft location determination accuracy was found to be consistent with the requirements for measuring Cm to 10% or better accuracy if C m C is about 0.5, as suggested by current models.
Requirement of MTA1 in ATR-mediated DNA damage checkpoint function

MTA1 (metastasis-associated protein 1), an integral component of the nucleosome remodeling and deacetylase complex, has recently been implicated in the ionizing radiation-induced DNA damage response. However, whether MTA1 also participates in the UV-induced DNA damage checkpoint pathway remains unknown. In response to UV radiation, ATR (ataxia teleangiectasia- and Rad3-related) is the major kinase activated that orchestrates cell cycle progression with DNA repair machinery by phosphorylating and activating a number of downstream substrates, such as Chk1 (checkpoint kinase 1) and H2AX (histone 2A variant X). Here, we report that UV radiation stabilizes MTA1 in an ATR-dependent manner and increases MTA1 binding to ATR. On the other hand, depletion of MTA1 compromises the ATR-mediated Chk1 activation following UV treatment, accompanied by a marked down-regulation of Chk1 and its interacting partner Claspin, an adaptor protein that is required for the phosphorylation and activation of Chk1 by ATR. Furthermore, MTA1 deficiency decreases the induction of phosphorylated H2AX (referred to as γ-H2AX) and γ-H2AX focus formation after UV treatment. Consequently, depletion of MTA1 results in a defect in the G2-M checkpoint and increases cellular sensitivity to UV-induced DNA damage. Thus, MTA1 is required for the activation of the ATR-Claspin-Chk1 and ATR-H2AX pathways following UV treatment, and the noted abrogation of the DNA damage checkpoint in the MTA1-depleted cells may be, at least in part, a consequence of dysregulation of the expression of these two pathways. These findings suggest that, in addition to its role in the repair of double strand breaks caused by ionizing radiation, MTA1 also participates in the UV-induced ATR-mediated DNA damage checkpoint pathway.
Experimental detection and reception performance for uplink underwater acoustic communication using a remote, in-air, acousto-optic sensor

Covert communications between underwater and aerial platforms would increase the flexibility of surface and air vehicles engaged in undersea warfare by providing a new netcentric warfare communications capability and could have a variety of commercial and oceanographic applications. Research into an acousto-optic sensor shows promise as a means for detecting acoustic data projected toward the water surface from a submerged platform. The laser-based sensor probes the water surface to detect perturbations caused by an impinging acoustic pressure field. Experimental studies were conducted to demonstrate acousto-optic sensor feasibility for obtaining accurate phase preserved recordings of communication signals across the air-water interface. The recorded surface velocity signals were transferred to an acoustic communications receiver that used conventional acoustic telemetry algorithms such as adaptive equalization to decode the signal. The detected, equalized, and decoded bit error rate performance is presented for hydrostatic and more realistic, hydrodynamic water surface conditions
Traverse Performance Characterization for the Mars Science Laboratory Rover

It is anticipated that the Mars Science Laboratory rover, named Curiosity, will traverse 10–20 km on the surface of Mars during its primary mission. In preparation for this traverse, Earth-based tests were performed using Mars weight vehicles. These vehicles were driven over Mars analog bedrock, cohesive soil, and cohesionless sand at various slopes. Vehicle slip was characterized on each of these terrains versus slope for direct upslope driving. Results show that slopes up to 22 degrees are traversable on smooth bedrock and that slopes up to 28 degrees are traversable on some cohesive soils. In cohesionless sand, results show a sharp transition between moderate slip on 10 degree slopes and vehicle embedding at 17 degrees. For cohesionless sand, data are also presented showing the relationship between vehicle slip and wheel sinkage. Side by side testing of the Mars Exploration Rover test vehicle and the Mars Science Laboratory test vehicle show how increased wheel diameter leads to better slope climbing ability in sand for vehicles with nearly identical ground pressure. Lastly, preliminary data from Curiosity's initial driving on Mars are presented and compared to the Earth-based testing, showing good agreement for the driving done during the first 250 Martian days.
Sexual self-concept in sexually abused homeless adolescents

This study explored gender differences, sexual self-concept and life on the street among homeless adolescents who self-reported a history of sexual abuse. Individual interviews were conducted with 13 adolescents (six males and seven females) aged 18–20 years. There were salient themes shared by both males and females (vulnerability, sexual harassment, survival sex), and one theme specific to bisexual adolescents. Both males and females described aspects of their vulnerability related to being male or female. More than half the participants also described incidents of sexual harassment. In addition, both males and females stated that females needed the protection of males. Only one theme specific to youth with a bisexual orientation emerged related to the advantages of being bisexual. The findings indicate that sexual maturation takes place within the context of social and cognitive changes that can profoundly influence an individual's ability to develop a healthy sexual self-concept, including sexual awar...
A phase I study of a combination of anti-CD19 and anti-CD22 immunotoxins (Combotox) in adult patients with refractory B-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukaemia.

Novel agents are needed for patients with refractory and relapsed acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL). Combotox is a 1:1 mixture of two immunotoxins (ITs), prepared by coupling deglycosylated ricin A chain (dgRTA) to monoclonal antibodies directed against CD22 (RFB4-dgRTA) and CD19 (HD37-dgRTA). Pre-clinical data demonstrated that Combotox was effective in killing both pre-B-ALL cell lines and cells from patients with pre-B ALL. A clinical study of paediatric patients in which 3 of 17 patients with ALL experienced complete remission, supported the preclinical work and motivated this study. This study was a Phase I, dose-escalation trial using Combotox in adults with refractory or relapsed B-lineage-ALL. A cycle consisted of 3 doses, with one dose given every other day. Dose levels were 3, 5, 6, 7 and 8 mg/m2 per dose. Seventeen patients, aged 19-72 years, were enrolled in this multi-institution study. The maximum tolerated dose was 7 mg/m2/dose (21 mg/m2/cycle) and vascular leak syndrome was the dose-limiting toxicity. Two patients developed reversible grade 3 elevations in liver function tests. One patient achieved partial remission and proceeded to allogeneic stem cell transplantation. All patients with peripheral blasts experienced decreased blast counts following the administration of Combotox. Thus, Combotox can be safely administered to adults with refractory leukaemia.
Effects of Supplemental Yeast Fermentation Product on Performance of Early-Weaned Calves on Pasture and Measures of Stress and Performance during a Feedlot Receiving Period1

Abstract The objective of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of a supplemental yeast fermentation product (YFP) on performance of early-weaned calves. Twenty-four calves were early weaned (66 ± 11 d of age) and randomly allocated to 8 ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) pastures (January to May) and then moved onto 8 stargrass (Cynodon spp.) pastures (May to August). All calves received concentrate supplement (14 and 75% CP and TDN, respectively) at a rate of 1.0% BW daily. Two treatments were randomly allocated to calf groups consisting of a dried YFP (28 g/d of Diamond V XP per calf; Diamond V, Cedar Rapids, IA), or an isonitrogenous corn and cottonseed meal mixture (control). Average herbage mass, in vitro OM digestibility and CP, and calf ADG did not differ among treatments during ryegrass and stargrass grazing. Upon the conclusion of grazing, half of the calves within each treatment were loaded onto a livestock trailer and transported for a period of 24 h. Upon return, calves were allocated within supplement and transportation treatment into 12 individual drylot pens (2 calves per pen), and feed DMI and calf ADG were determined for 30 d. Plasma concentrations of the acute phase proteins ceruloplasmin and haptoglobin were determined on d 0, 1, 5, 9, 16, and 23 after transportation. Transportation and dietary treatment did not affect DMI, ADG, and plasma concentrations of haptoglobin or ceruloplasmin. The results of this study suggest that supplemental YFP may not be effective for enhancing early-weaned calf performance while on pasture or upon entry into the feedlot.
A mixed mushroom control material to facilitate inter-laboratory harmonization of mushroom composition analyses

A wide range of nutrients and health-promoting non-nutrient components in mushrooms are a subject of international research, but specific reference materials to facilitate comparison of results among laboratories are lacking. Commercially available food matrix reference materials do not contain components unique to mushrooms (e.g., ergosterol, vitamin D2, chitin, beta-glucans, agaritine, ergothioneine). A mixed mushroom control material (CM) (homogeneous mixture of 15 types of mushrooms) was prepared and characterized for selected components, including proximates (moisture, protein, ash), total folate, folate vitamers, ergosterol, ergosterol metabolites, vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol), amino acids, total dietary fiber, agaritine, elements (sodium, potassium, phosphorous, magnesium, calcium, iron, copper, manganese, zinc), riboflavin, niacin, thiamin, vitamin B6, pantothenic acid. Subsamples of the CM are available to qualified laboratories from the Food Analysis Laboratory Control Center at Virginia Tech (Blacksburg, VA, USA), to be assayed concurrently with mushroom samples for which food composition data will be published along with results for the CM. Implementation of this CM should facilitate comparison of published data on mushroom composition and health benefit among species, and biodiversity within species by serving as common control sample that allows the separation of analytical variability from true differences in sample composition determined at different laboratories.