cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Characterization of Low-Frequency Oscillations in the Flowfield About an Iced Airfoil

Wind-tunnel measurements were used to identify and characterize the low-frequency oscillation present in the flowfield about an NACA 0012 airfoil with a horn-ice shape. This low-frequency mode was identified in the unsteady content of the airfoil lift coefficient and the corresponding Strouhal numbers compared well with those reported in the literature. To study the relationship between the ice-induced separation bubble dynamics and the airfoil circulation, the unsteady shear-layer reattachment location was determined using measurements from a surface-mounted hot-film array. At the low-frequency mode, the lift coefficient led the reattachment location by a phase of π/2. Additional characterization of the relationship between the unsteady shear-layer reattachment location and the unsteady airfoil pressure distribution was also completed, along with an analysis of the convective qualities of the low-frequency oscillation throughout the airfoil pressure distribution.
Fluoride distribution and biological availability in the fallout from Mount St. Helens, 18 to 21 May 1980

Concentrations of fluoride in the ash fallout in central Washington from the 18 May 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens varied severalfold, but none are high enough to constitute any immediate hazard to animal life. The heaviest fallout (Moses Lake) contained 113 parts per million (ppm) of acid-labile fluoride, but of this only 11 ppm was water-soluble and 20 ppm was available to rats. The fluoride concentrations in the urine of cattle feeding for 4 days on hay contaminated with this ash were essentially normal. Samples of ash from other areas generally had higher concentrations of acid-labile fluoride but lower concentrations of water-soluble fluoride. The concentration of water-soluble fluoride was inversely correlated with the coarseness of the fallout.
Management accounting information systems: a case of a developing country: Vietnam

This study discusses the relationship between management accounting information systems and the relevance and usefulness of those systems in hospitals in Vietnam. In particular, it investigates how hospitals have improved/intend to improve their accounting activities and how they have tried to implement known managerial (accounting) systems to improve efficiencies. The study shows the influence of management accounting in hospitals in an environment that is rapidly changing from centrally governed to a more open capital market environment. Based on survey data from 53 hospitals in Hanoi and surrounding provinces, the study reports whether those environmental changes have resulted in actual or planned changes in management accounting activities. Our results show that in response to environmental and regulatory changes, Vietnamese hospitals have improved accounting functions and are planning to continue their development further. However, the improvement is not always in-line with what is expected in wester...
Removing the superior colliculus silences eye movements normally evoked from stimulation of the parietal and occipital eye fields

Abstract After removal of the superior colliculus eye movements could no longer be electrically evoked from striate, prestriate of inferior parietal cortex. However, shifts of gaze induced by frontal eye-field stimulation were not disrupted by tectal surgery.
Classification versus inference learning contrasted with real-world categories

Categories are learned and used in a variety of ways, but the research focus has been on classification learning. Recent work contrasting classification with inference learning of categories found important later differences in category performance. However, theoretical accounts differ on whether this is due to an inherent difference between the tasks or to the implementation decisions. The inherent-difference explanation argues that inference learners focus on the internal structure of the categories—what each category is like—while classification learners focus on diagnostic information to predict category membership. In two experiments, using real-world categories and controlling for earlier methodological differences, inference learners learned more about what each category was like than did classification learners, as evidenced by higher performance on a novel classification test. These results suggest that there is an inherent difference between learning new categories by classifying an item versus inferring a feature.
Both massive upper and lower gastrointestinal hemorrhage secondary to tuberculosis

We report a case of gastrointestinal tuberculosis, presenting with both massive upper and lower gastrointestinal bleeding that required two emergency operations. Massive bleeding is rare in gastrointestinal tuberculosis because of associated obliterative endarteritis. Tuberculosis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of massive gastrointestinal bleeding in the appropriate clinical setting even in an immunocompetent patient.
Aspects of degradation spectra

Abstract Monte Carlo calculations are presented of degradation spectra associated with 100 keV electrons slowing down in model physical systems. The resultant spectra are compared with those predicted by the continuous approximation, and the differences are discussed. Transitio yields in mixtures are obtained and found amenable to a linear representation.
Grain growth and phase formation in ion irradiated/annealed thin Ni-Al alloys films

Ion irradiation and annealing studies were performed on Ni, Ni-20 at.%Al multilayers and Ni-20 at.%Al co-evaporated thin films. Xe{sup +} ions were used to irradiate the films and homogenize the multilayers at room temperature. Irradiation of alloy films formed a metastable, supersaturated solid solution of {gamma} phase and an HCP phase. Ion induced grain growth occurred in all films. A factor of 2 greater growth was observed in Ni--Al multilayers compared with coevaporated films irradiated to the same dose. The enhancement is attributed to a heat of mixing effect. Post irradiation annealing of the mixed multilayers formed {gamma}{prime}, the morphology of which was dependent upon the presence of Cu in the films due to substrate mixing from the support grid. 10 refs., 1 fig.
The Effects of Altering the Ceiling Criterion on the Passage Comprehension Test of the Woodcock Reading Mastery Tests

Forty adolescent subjects were administered the Woodcock Reading Mastery Tests. The Passage Comprehension Test for each subject was rescored using three different ceiling criteria: (a) five errors in six consecutive responses, (b) five errors in seven consecutive responses and (c) three consecutive errors. The three scoring methods were found to be equivalent to the scoring method recommended in the Woodcock Manual in terms of internal consistency reliability. Strong positive correlations were found between raw scores obtained by the four scoring methods and between each group of raw scores and an external measure. Analysis of variance revealed statistically significant differences between the raw score means. Bivariate regression equations were provided to allow raw scores obtained with each of the three scoring methods to be adjusted so they can be used to obtain percentile ranks and equivalent scores. Two alternative scoring methods reduced to a statistically significant degree the mean number of items...
An ergonomic analysis of the ladder climbing activity

Abstract Injuries from slips, falls and overexertion during ladder climbing activities are common in both occupational and non-occupational environments. Little is known, however, about the task, equipment, and user parameters which may cause these injuries. In order to evaluate the hazards associated with ladder climbing, ten male subjects were tested under combinations of ladder rung separation, ladder slant, climbing speed, and climbing direction. Hand and foot forces, hand torques, torso muscle EMGs and hand and foot locations on the ladder rungs were recorded. A biomechanical model was developed which allowed the evaluation of dynamic joint moments and back forces. Study results include safety and biomechanical design guidelines relating to the effect of the task, equipment, and user parameters on climbing safety. Under the conditions studied there does not appear to be a significant slip hazard for people with reasonable strength and mobility. There may be a potential for climber grip strength to be exceeded under some field conditions and foot slip is possible during the use of vertical ladders. There is also the potential for localized fatigue in muscles acting at the elbow, hip and ankle joints during long climbs. The relatively high measured torso muscle IEMG suggests that certain ladder climbing activities may generate considerable back forces.
Could residual oil from the Exxon Valdez spill create a long-term population ''sink'' for sea otters in Alaska?

Over 20 years ago, the Exxon Valdez oil tanker spilled 42 million L of crude oil into the waters of Prince William Sound, Alaska, USA. At the time of the spill, the sea otter (Enhydra lutris) population inhabiting the spill area suffered substantial acute injuries and loss. Subsequent research has resulted in one of the best-studied species responses to an oil spill in history. However, the question remains: Is the spill still influencing the Prince William Sound sea otter population? Here we fit time-varying population models to data for the sea otter population of western Prince William Sound to quantify the duration and extent of mortality effects from the spill. We hypothesize that the patchy nature of residual oil left in the environment has created a source-sink population dynamic. We fit models using the age distributions of both living and dying animals and estimates of sea otter population size to predict the number of sea otters in the hypothesized sink population and the number lost to this sink due to chronic exposure to residual oil. Our results suggest that the sink population has remained at just over 900 individuals (95% CI: 606-960) between 1990 and 2009, during which time prime-age survival remained 2-6% below pre-spill levels. This reduced survival led to chronic losses of ;900 animals over the past two decades, which is similar in magnitude to the number of sea otter deaths documented in western Prince William Sound during the acute phase of the spill. However, the unaffected source population appears to be counterbalancing these losses, with the model indicating that the sea otter population increased from ;2150 individuals in 1990 to nearly 3000 in 2009. The most optimistic interpretation of our results suggests that mortality effects dissipated between 2005 and 2007. Our results suggest that residual oil can affect wildlife populations on time scales much longer than previously believed and that cumulative chronic effects can be as significant as acute effects. Further, source-sink population dynamics can explain the slow recovery observed in the spill-affected western Prince William Sound sea otter population and are consistent with available data.
Photoelectric recording of pigeon-peck responses to computer-driven visual displays

A small photocell mounted on a pigeon’s beak signalled the location of pecks to an oscilloscopic display. An on-line LINC computer produced the stimulus display and recorded responses. The method was developed for the study of visual search, but it is applicable to other perceptual or cognitive problems.
Aspects of the Biologic Decay Periods of Sodium in Normal and Diseased Man.

A knowledge of the duration of time for which a radioactive element is retained in the, body has important significance physiologically in safety considerations and in dosage calculations in tracer studies and isotqpe radiation therapy. The biologic decay-life of sodium in man can be determined satisfactorily with the long half-life Naz2 (T>d = 3 yr.) but not with Naz4 (Tjg = 14.8 hr.). During the course of experiments Naz2, with an activity of such that 10,000,000 to 17,725,OOO disintegrations occurred per minute, was injected into each subject. A daily blood serum concentration of Naz2 was determined for from thirty to sixty consecutive days. All samples of urine were collected separately and the Na22 excretion determined for each. The subjects consisted of four control subjects free from cardiovascular and renal disease, six subjects with chronic congestive heart failure (two were slowly improving, two rapidly improving and two becoming worse) and two subjects with chronic glomerulonephritis of the nephrotic type. Since only the serum concentration of Naz2 and the rate of urine excretion of the radioelement were measured, it was not possible to know the time required to excrete one-half of the injected Naz2, the biologic half-life period(Bx), per se. Therefore, it was necessary to introduce the following terms:
Hemisphere dominance, cognitive complexity, and nonverbal sensitivity.

It was inferred from data of 115 male undergraduates that hemispheric specialization was involved in how accurately individuals decode nonverbal cues. Results were opposing for eye-dominance and eye-movement groups (left-eyed superioriry and left-movers' inferiority). There was no correlation between these two measures, which seem differentially sensitive. Cognitive complexity did not correlate with these measures.
Seniors' perceptions of prescription drug advertisements: A pilot study of the potential impact on informed decision making

Abstract Objective To conduct a pilot study exploring seniors’ perceptions of direct-to-consumer advertising (DTCA) of prescription drugs and how the advertisements might prepare them for making informed decisions with their physicians. Methods We interviewed 15 seniors (ages 63–82) individually after they each watched nine prescription drug advertisements recorded from broadcast television. Grounded Theory methods were used to identify core themes related to the research questions. Results Four themes emerged from the interviews about DTCA: (1) awareness of medications was increased, (2) information was missing or misleading and drugs were often perceived as more effective than clinical evidence would suggest, (3) most seniors were more strongly influenced by personal or vicarious experience with a drug – and by their physician – than by DTCA, and (4) most seniors were circumspect about the information in commercial DTCA. Conclusions DTCA may have some limited benefit for informed decision making by seniors, but the advertisements do not provide enough detailed information and some information is misinterpreted. Practical implications Physicians should be aware that many patients may misunderstand DTCA, and that a certain amount of time may be required during consultations to correct these misconceptions until better advertising methods are employed by the pharmaceutical industry.
Boys and literacies: What difference does gender make?

Book reviewed in this article: Boys and Literacy: Exploring the Issues. By Trisha Maynard. 2002. Boys, Literacies and Schooling: The Dangerous Territories of Gender-based Literacy Reform. By Leonie Rowan, Michele Knobel, Chris Bigum, and Colin Lankshear. 2002. “Reading Don't Fix No Chevys”: Literacy in the Lives of Young Men. By Michael W. Smith and Jeffrey D. Wilhelm. 2002. To Be a Boy, To Be a Reader: Engaging Teen and Preteen Boys in Active Literacy. By William G. Brozo. 2002.
Enhancing student reflection using Weblogs: lessons learned from two implementation studies

Various strategies have been recommended to foster student reflection as an important goal of education. In this paper, I describe two research studies where I implemented Weblogs to support student reflection in two graduate courses. In both studies students were provided with individual Weblog spaces to document thoughts, reflections and learning processes. The first study data from five student participants indicated that Weblogs were useful for archiving information and thinking; however, not all students engaged in the process of Weblogging regularly or in the process of reflection. The second study, implemented based on results of the first study, indicated that providing guidelines resulted in more consistent writing on the Weblogs. However, the quality and depth of posts still varied greatly and many students indicated the need for more guidance and structure for engaging in reflection on the Weblogs.
Measurement of glutamate and aspartate in Planaria.

Abstract Introduction The major excitatory neurotransmitters in the mammalian central nervous system are glutamate and aspartate. We developed a rapid and efficient method for the extraction and measurement of these amino acids in Planaria—a valuable model for mammalian processes because of their simple, centralized nervous system and similar neurotransmitter systems. Method The method utilized buffer extraction (perchloric acid containing 0.025% of l -cystine and Na2EDTA), simple derivatization, high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC), and fluorescence detection. Results The mean ± S.E.M. amounts of glutamate and aspartate were 322.6 ± 43.6 and 188.6 ± 27.6 pmol/mg-planarian, respectively. Discussion The method provides the ability to investigate changes in glutamate and aspartate in response to drug administration or withdrawal.
Steroid hormones and the brain: linking "nature" and "nurture".

Contrary to earlier belief, the genetic constitution of each cell of the body (“nature”) is subject to modulation by environmental factors (“nurture”) which act throughout the life of the organism to shape the individual characteristics. The nervous system adapts and changes with the environment that the organism experiences through genomic activity controlled by chemical messengers from other nerve cells and from endocrine secretions. The nervous system expresses receptors for a number of circulating hormones, and the location of these hormone receptors has revealed a great deal about the neuroanatomy of neuroendocrine and behavioral control processes. The brain controls the endocrine system through the hypothalamus and pituitary gland, and it responds to circulating hormones throughout each stage of life. These effects begin during early development (eg., sexual differentiation of the brain; effects of maternal or neonatal stress). They continue in adult life in response to cyclic events (eg., season of year; time of day, controlling reproduction and daily activity-sleep rhythms of behavior); and they also include the behavior of other animals which alters hormone output. Hormones also operate during the aging process and under conditions which induce neural damage such as hypoxia and stress. This overview summarizes involvement of steroid hormones of gonads and adrenals in many of these processes and also examines the features of the genomic activity which is modified by these hormones. This area of research is fruitful because it brings together molecular, anatomical, physiological and behavioral approaches in an attempt to understand the longterm plasticity of the nervous system.
Micro-environmental characteristics of filamentous algal communities in flowing freshwaters

SUMMARY. 1. Filamentous algae in flowing freshwaters can represent a spatially and temporally distinct sub-habitat for epiphytic diatom communities. This sub-habitat is described in a low discharge, spring-fed stream with extensive filamentous green algal mats, and in a tuft of Cladophora glomerata (L.) Kutzing from a large river. 2. Oxygen micro-electrodes, a thermistor current velocity probe, a standard pH probe and water chemistry were employed to assess spatial heterogeneity. Temporal patterns of epiphyte colonization were evaluated on filamentous artificial substrates. 3. There were steep spatial gradients in the low discharge stream. At mid-day, O2 ranged from 0–1.5 times air-saturated O2 concentrations, pH varied from 7.25–8.0, and current velocity spanned 0–0.5 m s−1. Areas near the surface of algal mats had high O2, pH and current velocity. These patterns were correlated with epiphyte community structure. 4. In the interior of C. glomerata tufts O2 concentration was raised and current velocity depressed compared to the surrounding water, even when external current velocity was as high as 0.4 m s−1. 5. After thirty-five days of colonization of artificial substrate in the low discharge environment, epiphyte communities were similar to those on filamentous atgae. Epiphyte diversity on artificial substrates subsequently decreased compared to natural substrates as did the similarity between the types on substrates, suggesting that microscale renewal of epiphyte habitat (growth of filamentous algae) maintains high epiphytic diversity.
A statistical basis for multiobjective calibration

Mathematical models are very powerful tools for improving the understanding of environmental systems. However, the output of such models usually deviates systematically from observations, and this bias is typically larger than the measurement error. These problems are mainly caused by the fact that the model is based on a simplified description of systems mechanisms that does not fully capture the real complex environment. Such errors lead to incorrect or biased estimates of parameters, model predictions, and uncertainties associated with these results. Furthermore, there is no objective way to decide how much bias to accept in each of several model outputs. A statistical (Bayesian) description of bias can address the former problem, and scientists use specialized calibration techniques to find good but unquantified compromises between bias in model outputs (multiobjective calibration). However, there is no straightforward way to estimate uncertainties in parameters and model predictions in such calibration techniques.
Social–Emotional Factors Affecting Achievement Outcomes Among Disadvantaged Students: Closing the Achievement Gap

Despite concentrated efforts at improving inferior academic outcomes among disadvantaged students, a substantial achievement gap between the test scores of these students and others remains (Jencks & Phillips, 1998; National Center for Education Statistics, 2000a, 2000b; Valencia & Suzuki, 2000). Existing research used ecological models to document social-emotional factors at multiple levels of influence that undermine academic performance. This article integrates ideas from various perspectives in a comprehensive and interdisciplinary model that will inform policy makers, administrators, and schools about the social-emotional factors that act as both risk and protective factors for disadvantaged students' learning and opportunities for academic success. Four critical social-emotional components that influence achievement performance (academic and school attachment, teacher support, peer values, and mental health) are reviewed.
Epidermal growth factor-urogastrone receptor: selective alteration in simian virus 40 transformed mouse fibroblasts.

Abstract A cloned SV 40-transformed cell line (214 CSC; T-antigen positive), derived from a cloned AL/N mouse embryo flbroblast cell line, exhibits a marked reduction (up to 90%) in receptors for epidermal growth factor-urogastrone (EGF-URO), compared with the parent nontransformed AL/N 210 C cells; in contrast, the insulin receptors are the same in both cell types. Concomitant with the reduction in EGF-URO receptors, there is a marked increase in the affinity constant, K a , for EGF-URO in the transformed cells ( K a = 2.0 ± 0.2 × 10 9 M −1 ) compared with the parent cells ( K a = 5.6 ± 0.6 × 10 8 M −1 ). The selective reduction in EGF-URO receptors in the 214 CSC cells cannot be attributed to cell density changes, to ligand degradation, or to the presence of receptor-blocking or destroying substances in the growth medium of the 214 CSC cells. EGF-URO binding was also markedly reduced in a second SV 40-transformed subclone (215 CSC; T-antigen positive) and in a spontaneously transformed cell line (219 CT; T-antigen negative) derived from a tumor produced by injection of AL/N 210 C. A third non-SV 40-transformed subclone (213 CSC; T-antigen negative) displayed only minimal reduction in EGF-URO binding. The EGF-URO receptors of both the parent AL/N 210 C and 214 CSC cells were labeled with a 125 I-EGF-URO-photoaffinity reagent, and were analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and affinity chromatography using lectin-agarose derivatives. In both cell types, when photolabeling was performed at 24 °C, a specifically labeled major constituent of about 170,000 M r and a minor constituent of about 195,000 M r were detected; photolabeling at 0 °C or for short time periods at 24 °C yielded the 195,000 M r , component. Photolabeling of both components was abolished in the presence of an excess of unlabeled EGF-URO. The specifically photolabeled (24 °C) components from both AL/N 210 C and 214 CSC cells were adsorbed by Rincinis communis, Lens culinaris , and wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) columns, but not by soybean agglutinin columns. Whereas a portion of the photolabeled receptor from AL/N 210 C cells was bound by concanavalin A columns, the photolabeled receptor from 214 CSC cells did not bind to this lectin. We conclude that, in addition to other transforming agents, SV 40 virus can cause a marked quantitative and qualitative change in the cellular receptor for EGF-URO, and that this change may relate to changes in the oligosaccharide portion of the receptor molecule.
Velocity analysis from large offset seismic records

One of the most important problems in applied geophysics is to extract velocities of compressional and shear waves, using the observed data collected at the Earth's surface or in boreholes. Unfortunately, in a typical seismic experiment, we do not have enough information to uniquely recover seismic velocities as functions ofx, y, andz. Thus, in the paper, a simplified model of the Earth (a stack of horizontal homogeneous layers) is considered and a critical discussion of modern techniques for processing reflection arrivals is presented.
10 Soyfoods, isoflavones and risk of colonic cancer: a review of the in vitro and in vivo data

Soy foods and soybean components have received considerable attention of late for theirpotential role in reducing cancer risk. Although the relationship between soy intake and the risk of breast and prostate cancer has been the focus of most interest, the relationship between soy intake and other cancers, including colorectal cancer, has also been studied. Several anti-carcinogens have been identified in soybeans, but most enthusiasm for the potential anti-cancer effects of soy undoubtedly stems from work involving soybean isoflavones. Isoflavones have a limited distribution in nature, and, for practical purposes, soyfoods are the only nutritionally relevant dietary source of these phytochemicals. Isoflavones are weak oestrogens but possess other potentially important biological attributes independent of their ability to bind to the oestrogen receptor. The isoflavone genistein inhibits the growth of most types of hormone-dependent and hormone-independent cancer cells in vitro, including colonic cancer cells. Several mechanisms for the in vitro anti-cancer effects of genistein have been proposed, including effects on signal transduction. A number of epidemiological studies, primarily of Asian origin, have examined the relationship between soy intake and the risk of colorectal cancer. Although these studies provide little support for a protective effect of soy, concerns have been raised about the completeness of the soy intake data, since soy was not the focus of these studies and most of this research was conducted prior to the recent interest in the anti-cancer effects of soy. The effect of soy/isoflavone intake has also been studied in rodents, but again these data are conflicting and provide only modest support for a protective effect. Although the relationship between soy intake and colonic cancer risk is certainly worthy of further investigation, there is, at the moment, very limited support for soy exerting a protective effect against this type of cancer.
Volume and enthalpy profiles of CO rebinding to horse heart myoglobin.

Carbon monoxide binding to myoglobin was characterized using the photothermal beam deflection method. The volume and enthalpy changes coupled to CO dissociation were found to be 9.3±0.8 mL mol )1 and 7.4±2.8 kcal mol )1 , respectively. The correspond- ing values observed for CO rebinding have the same magnitude but opposite sign: DV=)8.6±0.9 mL mol )1 and DH=)5.8±2.9 kcal mol )1 . Ligand rebinding occurs as a single conformational step with a rate constant of 5·10 5 M )1 s )1 and with activation enthalpy of 7.1±0.8 kcal mol )1 and activation entropy of )22.4±2.8 cal mol )1 K )1 . Activation parameters for the ligand binding correspond to the activation param- eters previously obtained using the transient absorption methods. Hence, at room temperature the CO binding to Mb can be described as a two-state model and the ob- served volume contraction occurs during CO-Fe bond formation. Comparing these results with CO dissocia- tion reactions, for which two discrete intermediates were characterized, indicates differences in mechanism by which the protein modulates ligand association and dissociation.
Trends in hospitalization for community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in New York City, 1997-2006: data from New York State's Statewide Planning and Research Cooperative System.

Objective. To describe trends in hospitalizations with community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) infection in New York City over 10 years and to explore the demographics and comorbidities of patients hospitalized with CA-MRSA infections.Design. Retrospective analysis of hospital discharges from New York State’s Statewide Planning and Research Cooperative System database from 1997 to 2006.Patients. All patients greater than 1 year of age admitted to New York hospitals with diagnosis codes indicating MRSA who met the criteria for CA-MRSA on the basis of admission information and comorbidities.Methods. We determined hospitalization rates and compared demographics and comorbidities of patients hospitalized with CA-MRSA versus those hospitalized with all other non-MRSA diagnoses by multivariable logistic regression.Results. Of 18,226 hospitalizations with an MRSA diagnosis over 10 years, 3,579 (20%) were classified as community-associated. The CA-MRSA hospitalization rate incre...
The effects of polymorphisms on human gene targeting

DNA mismatches that occur between vector homology arms and chromosomal target sequences reduce gene targeting frequencies in several species; however, this has not been reported in human cells. Here we demonstrate that even a single mismatched base pair can significantly decrease human gene targeting frequencies. In addition, we show that homology arm polymorphisms can be used to direct allele-specific targeting or to improve unfavorable vector designs that introduce deletions.
GLAUCOUS GULL PREDATION OF GOSLINGS ON THE YUKON-KUSKOKWIM DELTA, ALASKA

Abstract Glaucous Gulls (Larus hyperboreus) nesting on the Yukon-Kuskokwim (Y-K) Delta frequently prey on juvenile waterfowl. We collected 434 Glaucous Gulls from late June to early August 1994 to examine diet. Identification of undigested prey tissue, based on DNA microsatellite loci, showed three species of goslings in gull stomachs: Emperor Goose (Chen canagica), White-fronted Goose (Anser albifrons), and Cackling Canada Goose (Branta canadensis minima). Gulls that nested inland and were collected >1.6 km from the coast accounted for approximately 70% of the total gull predation on Emperor and Canada Geese, and 96% on White-fronted Geese. Our stratified sample of gull stomachs and aerial survey estimates of population size and distribution of gulls and juvenile geese enabled extrapolation of species-specific predation rates to the entire Y-K Delta. We estimated that a minimum of 21 000 Emperor Goose, 34 000 Canada Goose, and 16 000 White- fronted Goose goslings were consumed by 12 600 Glaucous Gulls du...
Teaching in Cyberspace: Online Versus Traditional Instruction Using a Waiting-List Experimental Design

To test the effectiveness of an online introductory psychology course, we randomly assigned students to a large, traditional course or to an online course from a population of students who indicate...
National Lung Screening Trial: Variability in Nodule Detection Rates in Chest CT Studies

There was substantial variability among National Lung Screening Trial radiologists in false-positive rates and nodule counts; readers with higher false-positive rates had modestly increased sensitivity.
Analysis of design tradeoffs for diplay case evaporators

A model for simulating a display case evaporator under frosting conditions has been developed, using a quasi-steady and finite-volume approach and a Newton-Raphson based solution algorithm. It is capable of simulating evaporators with multiple modules having different geometries, e.g. tube and fin thicknesses and pitch. The model was validated against data taken at two-minute intervals from a well-instrumented medium-temperature vertical display case, for two evaporators having very different configurations. The data from these experiments provided both the input data for the model and also the data to compare the modeling results. The validated model has been used to generate some general guidelines for coil design. Effects of various geometrical parameters were quantified, and compressor performance data were used to express the results in terms of total power consumption. Using these general guidelines, a new prototype evaporator was designed for the subject display case, keeping in mind the current packaging restrictions, tube and fin availabilities. It is an optimum coil for the given external load conditions. Subsequently, the validated model was used in a more extensive analysis to design prototype coils with some of the current tube and fin spacing restrictions removed. A new microchannel based suction line heat exchanger wasmore » installed in the display case system. The performance of this suction line heat exchanger is reported.« less
Clostridium difficile colitis: correlation of CT findings with severity of clinical disease.

Clinical records and abdominal CT scans from 64 patients with documented Clostridium difficile disease were reviewed to determine if any correlation existed between CT findings of colitis and severity of clinical disease. Clostridium difficile disease was documented with stool toxin titre levels and CT scans were performed within 3 days of stool sample. Clinical disease severity was estimated by tabulating the degree of fever, WBC count, frequency and duration of diarrhoea. Thirty-nine of 64 patients showed CT evidence of colitis of which 28/39 showed evidence of focal colitis and 11/39 had pancolitis. CT findings suggesting colitis included colinic wall thickening (39 patients), nodular mucosal thickening (11 patients), the ‘accordion pattern’ (3 patients), pericolonic oedema (27 patients) and ascites (10 patients). Twenty-five of 64 patients showed no CT evidence of colitis. The clinical severity of disease did not statistically differ (P 11 000 mm3. CT changes with Cl. difficile disease correlate poorly with the clinical severity. This and negative findings do not exclude the disease.
Defect-induced plating of lithium metal within porous graphene networks

Lithium metal is known to possess a very high theoretical capacity of 3,842 mAh g(-1) in lithium batteries. However, the use of metallic lithium leads to extensive dendritic growth that poses serious safety hazards. Hence, lithium metal has long been replaced by layered lithium metal oxide and phospho-olivine cathodes that offer safer performance over extended cycling, although significantly compromising on the achievable capacities. Here we report the defect-induced plating of metallic lithium within the interior of a porous graphene network. The network acts as a caged entrapment for lithium metal that prevents dendritic growth, facilitating extended cycling of the electrode. The plating of lithium metal within the interior of the porous graphene structure results in very high specific capacities in excess of 850 mAh g(-1). Extended testing for over 1,000 charge/discharge cycles indicates excellent reversibility and coulombic efficiencies above 99%.
Transition from a strong-yet-brittle to a stronger-and-ductile state by size reduction of metallic glasses

Amorphous metallic alloys, or metallic glasses, are lucrative engineering materials owing to their superior mechanical properties such as high strength and large elastic strain. However, their main drawback is their propensity for highly catastrophic failure through rapid shear banding, significantly undercutting their structural applications. Here, we show that when reduced to 100 nm, Zr-based metallic glass nanopillars attain ceramiclike strengths (2.25 GPa) and metal-like ductility (25%) simultaneously. We report separate and distinct critical sizes for maximum strength and for the brittle-to-ductile transition, thereby demonstrating that strength and ability to carry plasticity are decoupled at the nanoscale. A phenomenological model for size dependence and brittle-to-homogeneous deformation is provided. A long-standing goal in engineering is to create better structural materials with enhanced useful properties for particular applications, commonly attained by constructing specific microstructures. Typical examples include martensites for strengthening, reinforced concrete for toughening and cellular structures for energy absorption. It was recently reported that extrinsic size also strongly affects crystalline properties at the submicrometre scale 1,2 , providing the opportunity to use feature size as a design parameter in attaining superior mechanical properties.
A modified maximum tangential stress criterion for determination of the fracture toughness in bi-material notches – Part 1: Theory

Article history: Received June 6, 2014 Accepted 2 August 2014 Available online 4 August 2014 The effect of first nonsingular stress term of elastic stress field on fracture toughness around bimaterial notch tip is studies in this paper. First, a modified maximum tangential stress criterion (MMTS) is proposed for determination of the fracture toughness at the tip of the interface notches. The proposed criterion takes into account the effect of first nonsingular stress term as well as the singular stress terms. Then, the effect of I-stress on determination of the fracture toughness is studied analytically. Finally, the proposed criterion is applied on a finite element (FE) simulated laboratory specimen. A very good correlation was observed between the FE results and theoretical predictions. © 2014 Growing Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Nuclear magnetic resonance studies of hydrogen in amorphous silicon

Proton and deuteron NMR in hydrogenated amorphous silicon yield quantitative measures of species-specific structural configurations and their dynamics. Populations of silicon-bonded and molecular hydrogens correlate with photovoltaic quality, doping, illumination/dark anneal sequences, and with infrared and other characterizations. High quality films contain substantial populations of nanovoid-trapped molecular hydrogen.
Thermally driven phase-change microactuation

This paper describes a microactuation scheme based on thermally driven liquid-vapor phase-change in a partially filled sealed cavity. A test structure for studying this system has been designed and fabricated. The cavity is 900 /spl mu/m by 900 /spl mu/m by 300 /spl mu/m in size with a thin, 600 /spl mu/m by 800 /spl mu/m grid-shaped heater located on the floor of the cavity and elevated approximately 8 /spl mu/m above it. The heater is composed of open diamond-shaped unit cells defined by 12-/spl mu/m-wide, 3-/spl mu/m-thick bulk-silicon beams, giving an overall electrical heater resistance of 3-10 /spl Omega/. Using methanol as the cavity fluid with partial filling, drive levels of 10 mW sustain a 1.2-Atm pressure rise within the cavity. Real-time measurements demonstrate a pressure response time on the order of 100 ms for an input power of 100 mW. Simulated pressure response calculations indicate the potential for an optimized response time on the order of 40 ms at this power level. >
Chief Justice Roberts's Individual Mandate: The Lawless Medicine of NFIB v. Sebelius

After the U.S. Supreme Court in National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius held nearly all of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act constitutional, praise rained down on Chief Justice John Roberts. The Chief Justice’s lead opinion broke with his usual conservative allies on the Court by upholding the Act’s individual mandate under the Taxing Clause. Numerous academic and popular commentators have lauded the Chief Justice for his political courage and institutional pragmatism. In this essay, Professor Magarian challenges the heroic narrative surrounding the Chief Justice’s opinion. The essay contends that the opinion is, in two distinct senses, fundamentally lawless. First, the opinion is lawless in a normative sense. The Chief Justice’s analyses of the Commerce Clause and the Necessary and Proper Clause make no contribution to his ultimate decision to uphold the mandate. Including those analyses in his opinion therefore flouts essential norms of constitutional judicial review. In addition, the opinion is normatively lawless to the extent it willfully abdicates legal analysis in order to defuse politically grounded complaints about judicial activism. The Court has legitimately made that sort of tradeoff at times, but those instances differ decisively from NFIB, and in any event the Chief Justice’s attempt at institutional stewardship appears largely unsuccessful. Second, the opinion is lawless in a descriptive sense. Every part of the opinion fails to state or to defend adequately some important legal conclusion. The Chief Justice’s discussions of the Commerce Clause and the Necessary and Proper Clause literally contain no law, because they state no conclusion necessary to the Court’s decision. His Taxing Clause discussion neglects to justify key premises about both the application of the Anti-Injunction Act and the scope of the taxing power. The final part of the Chief Justice’s opinion, which dramatically weakens the Act’s expansion of Medicaid under the Spending Clause, suffers from crucial ambiguities about the nature of the constitutional violation and the scope of the remedy. Professor Magarian concludes that the lawlessness of Chief Justice Roberts’ opinion in NFIB, far from exemplifying courage and pragmatism, provides a cautionary model of how the Supreme Court should not decide cases.
Perceived Cohesion in Small Groups: Adapting and Testing the Perceived Cohesion Scale in a Small-Group Setting

The six-item Perceived Cohesion Scale (PCS) was created to measure perceived cohesion in groups. However, only large groups were used to assess the validity and reliability of the measure, leaving in question the use of the PCS with small groups. This study adapts the measure of cohesion to the small-group arena. Results provide support for the validity and reliability of the adapted measure for use within the small group.
Increasing Social Interaction among Adolescents with Intellectual Disabilities and Their General Education Peers: Effective Interventions.

Research indicates that peer interaction can have a substantial impact on the lives of adolescents with disabilities. However, social interaction among adolescents with intellectual disabilities and their general education peers typically occurs infrequently in secondary schools. This paper provides a critical analysis of twenty-six empirical interventions aimed at promoting social interaction among adolescents with intellectual disabilities and their general education peers in middle and high school settings. Findings are analyzed with regard to intervention components; student characteristics; interaction settings; measures of interaction; observation procedures; experimental designs; intervention components; and measures of generalization, social validity, and treatment integrity. Based upon findings from this literature, we present recommendations to guide future research and the development of effective social interaction interventions for adolescents with intellectual disabilities in middle and high...
Early behavioral development and temperamental traits in mother- vs peer-reared rhesus monkeys

Behavioral characteristics (“traits”) of 24 mother-reared and 24 nursery/peer-reared rhesus monkey infants were assessed via rating scales from the third through the seventh month of life while housed with their rearing partners, and from months 8–10 after all animals had been placed in novel peer groups. The animals were also tested at 8 months of age on the Bayley Scales of Infant Development adapted for nonhuman primates. During the early period effects noted were primarily developmental. Peer-reared animals were rated as increasingly less cautious and more attentive to the outside environment over time, while mother-reared infants declined in ratings of dependence on their mothers. All animals were rated as increasingly active and excitable, and less fearful, over time. For the period of months 8–10, peer-reared animals showed higher confidence ratings in month 10, and all animals showed a decline in attachment to cagemates. Mother-reared animals showed more hostility to the examiner during Bayley testing, whereas peer-reared animals showed more fear. Sex effects included greater ratings for independence from mothers, greater activity over both the early and later periods, greater excitability, greater attentiveness to the extra-cage environment, less cautiousness, and better performance on one Bayley problem for females.
Is the distribution-free sample bound for generalization tight?

A general relationship is developed between the two sharp transition points, the statistical capacity which represents the memorization, and the universal sample bound for generalization, for a network composed of random samples drawn from a specific class of distributions. This relationship indicates that generalization happens after memorization. It is shown through one example that the sample complexity needed for generalization can coincide with the capacity point. For the worst case, the sample complexity for generalization can be on the order of the distribution-free bound, whereas, for a more structured case, it can be smaller than the worst case bound. The analysis sheds light on why in practice the number of samples needed for generalization can be smaller than the bound given in term of the VC-dimension. >