cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On the Role of Deterministic Fine-Grain Data Synchronization for Scientific Applications: A Revisit in the Emerging Many-Core Era

The design of microprocessor chip for high-end computing systems is moving towards many-core architectures with 10s or 100+ processing units. An important class of the target applications for such architectures are scientific numerical computations, many of which are intrinsically deterministic - that is for a given input a fixed output (result) should be produced no matter how the program is parallelized. It is critical that the read-after-write data dependencies in such programs should be implemented correctly and efficiently via fine-grain data synchronization. In this paper, we investigate the parallelization of three representative scientific computation kernels using fine-grain data synchronization supported by an recently proposed architectural mechanism for many-core chips, called Synchronization State Buffer (SSB) [25]. Using detailed simulation on a simulator for the IBM 160-core Cyclops-64 chip architecture with the SSB extension, our experiments demonstrate significant performance advantage of using fine-grain data synchronization based parallelization schemes for scientific workloads.
Ordered assembly of the V(D)J synaptic complex ensures accurate recombination

Recombination of gene segments at the immunoglobulin and T‐cell receptor loci requires that the RAG1 and RAG2 proteins bring together DNA signal sequences (RSSs) with 12‐ and 23‐bp spacers into a synaptic complex and cleave the DNA. A RAG1/2 multimer that can cleave both signals is shown to assemble on an isolated RSS, and the complementary RSS enters this complex as naked DNA. When RAG1/2 is allowed to bind 12 and 23 RSSs separately prior to their mixing, synaptic complex assembly and cleavage activity are greatly reduced, indicating that only a complex initially assembled on a single RSS leads to productive cleavage. RAG1/2 complexes assembled on 12 RSSs will only incorporate 23 partners, while complexes assembled on 23 RSSs show a 5‐ to 6‐fold preference for 12 partners. Thus, initial assembly on a 12 RSS most accurately reflects the strict 12/23 coupled cleavage observed in the cell. Additional cellular factors such as chromatin may ensure that RAG1/2 first assembles on a 12 RSS, and then a free 23 RSS enters to activate cleavage.
Remote estimation of surficial seafloor properties through the application Angular Range Analysis to multibeam sonar data

The variation of the backscatter strength with the angle of incidence is an intrinsic property of the seafloor, which can be used in methods for acoustic seafloor characterization. Although multibeam sonars acquire backscatter over a wide range of incidence angles, the angular information is normally neglected during standard backscatter processing and mosaicking. An approach called Angular Range Analysis has been developed to preserve the backscatter angular information, and use it for remote estimation of seafloor properties. Angular Range Analysis starts with the beam-by-beam time-series of acoustic backscatter provided by the multibeam sonar and then corrects the backscatter for seafloor slope, beam pattern, time varying and angle varying gains, and area of insonification. Subsequently a series of parameters are calculated from the stacking of consecutive time series over a spatial scale that approximates half of the swath width. Based on these calculated parameters and the inversion of an acoustic backscatter model, we estimate the acoustic impedance and the roughness of the insonified area on the seafloor. In the process of this inversion, the behavior of the model parameters is constrained by established inter-property relationships. The approach has been tested using a 300 kHz Simrad EM3000 multibeam sonar in Little Bay, NH. Impedance estimates are compared to in situ measurements of sound speed. The comparison shows a very good correlation, indicating the potential of this approach for robust seafloor characterization.
Performance impact of addressing modes on encryption algorithms

Encryption algorithms commonly use table lookups to perform substitution, which is a confusion primitive. The use of table lookups in this way is especially common in the more recent encryption algorithms, such as the AES finalists like Twofish and MARS, and the AES winner, Rijndael. Workload characterization studies indicate that these algorithms spend a significant fraction of their execution cycles on performing these table lookups, more specifically on effective address calculations. The study considers the five AES finalists (MARS, RC6, Rijndael, Serpent and Twofish) and studies the effect of different addressing modes that can be used to calculate the effective addresses during the table lookups. We report our findings for four different addressing modes and on varying width EPIC processors. The results indicate that speedups exceeding 2/spl times/ can be obtained when fast addressing modes are used.
In-Store Experiments to Determine the Impact of Price on Sales

This paper describes an experimentation methodology to measure how demand varies with price and the results of its application at a toy retailer. The same product is assigned dierent price-points in dierent store panels and the resulting sales are used to estimate a demand curve. We use a variant of the k-median problem to form store panels that control for dierences between stores and produce results that are representative of the entire chain. We use the estimated demand curve to find a price that maximizes profit. Our experiment yielded the unexpected result that demand increases with price in some cases. We present likely reasons for this finding from our discussions with retail managers. Our methodology can be used to analyze the eect of several marketing and promotional levers employed in a retail store besides pricing.
An assessment of producer precision dairy farming technology use, prepurchase considerations, and usefulness

Abstract An online survey to identify producer precision dairy farming technology perception was distributed in March 2013 through web links sent to dairy producers through written publications and e-mail. Responses were collected in May 2013 and 109 surveys were used in statistical analysis. Producers were asked to select parameters monitored by technologies on their farm from a predetermined list and 68.8% of respondents indicated technology use on their dairies (31.2% of producers not using technologies). Daily milk yield (52.3%), cow activity (41.3%), and mastitis (25.7%) were selected most frequently. Producers were also asked to score the same list of parameters on usefulness using a 5-point scale (1=not useful and 5=useful). Producers indicated (mean ± SE) mastitis (4.77±0.47), standing estrus (4.75±0.55), and daily milk yield (4.72±0.62) to be most useful. Producers were asked to score considerations taken before deciding to purchase a precision dairy farming technology from a predetermined list (1=not important and 5=important). Producers indicated benefit-to-cost ratio (4.57±0.66), total investment cost (4.28±0.83), and simplicity and ease of use (4.26±0.75) to be most important when deciding whether to implement a technology. Producers were categorized based on technology use (using technology vs. not using technology) and differed significantly across technology usefulness scores, daily milk yield (using technologies: 4.83±0.07 vs. not using technologies: 4.50±0.10), and standing estrus (using technologies: 4.68±0.06 vs. not using technologies: 4.91±0.09). The same categories were used to evaluate technology use effect on prepurchase technology selection criteria and availability of local support (using technologies: 4.25±0.11 vs. not using technologies: 3.82±0.16) differed significantly. Producer perception of technology remains relatively unknown to manufacturers. Using this data, technology manufacturers may better design and market technologies to producer need.
Self-Concepts of Japanese-American Children

The self-concept of Japanese-American and White American fourth- through sixth-grade children was measured using a modification of the Piers-Harris Children's Self Concept Scale. This study centered upon comparisons between the two ethnic groups, with special interest in the physical self-concept. Nine items dealing with the physical self-concept that were thought to be especially sensitive to Japanese-American populations were used with the original Piers-Harris Children's Self Concept Scale. Significant results between the two groups were found only on the three physical self-concept scores. The Japanese-American children scored significantly lower than the White American children on all three physical scores. No significant differences were demonstrated on any of the other subscales or the composite score.
Using state machines to model and manage requirements changes and specification changes

Requirements change management is one of the most complex and difficult problems to deal with in requirements elicitation and tracking. It is generally not understood how a specific change propagates through the specification and into implementation. In this paper, we propose to capture requirements changes as a series of atomic specification changes, and utilize state machines to model and manage those changes. We give a comprehensive treatment of state machine modifications with global impact, and propose twelve algorithms for managing all possible atomic requirements changes to a sequence-based specification. Finally, we demonstrate how to apply the proposed theory with a safe controller example.
Soil water and nitrogen dynamics in dryland cropping systems of Washington State, USA

Understanding the fate of soil water and nitrogen (N) is essential for improving crop yield and optimizing the management of water and N in dryland cropping systems. The objective of this study was to evaluate how conventional (CT) and no-till (NT) cropping systems affect soil water and N dynamics. Soil water and N were monitored in 30 cm increments to a depth of 1.5 m for 2 years at growers’ fields in two different agroclimatic zones of Washington State (USA): (1) the annual cropping region with a mean annual precipitation of more than 500 mm (Palouse site) and (2) the grain-fallow cropping region with mean precipitation below 350 mm (Touchet site). In each zone, a CT and a NT cropping system were chosen. All sites had an annual cropping system, except for the CT site in the drier area, which was under a traditional winter wheat/fallow rotation previous to the study. At Palouse, the volumetric water content in the top 1.5 m of the soil throughout the year was about 0.05–0.1 m 3 m −3 less under CT as compared to NT, indicating improved seasonal accumulation and distribution of soil water under NT. Cropping systems modeling indicated, that during winter, surface runoff occurred in the CT system, but not under NT. The differences in soil water dynamics between CT and NT were mainly caused by differences in surface residues. Dynamics of NO3 − -N at Palouse were similar for NT and CT. At Touchet, differences in soil moisture between NT and CT were less than 0.05 m 3 m −3 . Under NT, high levels of NO3 − -N, up to 92 kg NO3-N ha −1 , were found after harvest below the root zone between 1.5 and 2.5 m, and were attributed to inefficient use or over-application of fertilizer. In both climatic zones, grain yield was positively correlated with evapotranspiration. © 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
The structural implications of a unilateral facial skeletal cleft: a three-dimensional finite element model approach.

Abstract Objective: For children born with a unilateral facial skeletal cleft, oral motor function is impaired and skeletal development and growth are asymmetrical with regard to the midsagittal plane. This study was designed to verify that a unilateral skeletal cleft and its dimensions (i.e., depth and width) affect the severity of the asymmetric stress and strain distribution within the maxilla. Methods: A three-dimensional finite element model of a normal maxilla was developed from pediatric, subject-specific computerized tomography scan data. A clefting pattern then was introduced to simulate varying degrees of deformity in geometry, with the bone properties and boundary conditions held constant. The asymmetric index was introduced to quantify the asymmetrical stress and strain distribution within the maxilla with regard to the midsagittal plane. Results: The unilateral skeletal cleft led to a nonuniform, asymmetric stress and strain distribution within the maxilla: intensified on the noncleft side an...
Locally mounted process gas analyzing system

This smart gas chromatograph (SGC) can be handled just like an ordinary transmitter. The SGC offers quick response to process changes and high-speed analysis of process gases. The SGC is designed to be mounted close to the process, to enhance responsiveness and speed. The SGC requires a rugged construction that would ensure reliable performance in the field. We took measures to improve the SGC's vibration and temperature resistance. To improve the vibration resistance, we used a silicon chip thermal conductive detector instead of the conventional filament thermal conductive detector. To improve the temperature resistance, we adopted a temperature sensor to compensate for temperature changes. Compared to conventional process gas chronatographs, the SGC reduces the process gas replacement time and enhances the response time to process changes. The SGC is a revolutionary process analyzing instrument featuring high reliability and ease of use. >
DIET, GROWTH, BODY SIZE, AND REPRODUCTIVE POTENTIAL OF THE TEXAS RIVER COOTER (PSEUDEMYS TEXANA) IN THE SOUTH LLANO RIVER, TEXAS

I studied diet and life-history attributes of a population of the Texas river cooter (Pseudemys texana) in the South Llano River, a southern tributary of the Colorado drainage in southcentral Texas. Turtles were primarily herbivorous, consistent with other reports of diets of Pseudemys spp. Volumes of samples from flushing stomachs did not show the expected 3:1 log-log correlation with length of plastron, suggesting that the technique may vary in reliability as a function of body size. Length of plastron ranged from 78 to 161 mm in adult males and from 213 to 241 mm in adult females. Four clutches averaged 8.4 eggs, which averaged 41.9 mm in length and 26.9 mm in width. Compared to congeners, P. texana is small-bodied with large eggs and a high degree of sexual dimorphism in size. Data from other populations of P. texana suggest that the turtles in the South Llano are exceptionally small-bodied.
Siblings in Adulthood and Old Age

Although the topic of sibling relationships in adulthood and old age has received relatively little research attention in the past, an increase in research interest in this area over the past decade has paralleled the surge in research on sibling relationships in childhood and adolescence. However, studies of adult siblings have been, for the most part, broadly focused empirical explorations. These research findings will be examined in this chapter.
Non-Destructive Evaluation Method Based On Dynamic Invariant Stress Resultants

Most of the vibration based damage detection methods are based on changes in frequencies, mode shapes, mode shape curvature, and flexibilities. These methods are limited and typically can only detect the presence and location of damage. Current methods seldom can identify the exact severity of damage to structures. This paper will present research in the development of a new non-destructive evaluation method to identify the existence, location, and severity of damage for structural systems. The method utilizes the concept of invariant stress resultants (ISR). The basic concept of ISR is that at any given cross section the resultant internal force distribution in a structural member is not affected by the inflicted damage. The method utilizes dynamic analysis of the structure to simulate direct measurements of acceleration, velocity and displacement simultaneously. The proposed dynamic ISR method is developed and utilized to detect the damage of corresponding changes in mass, damping and stiffness. The objectives of this research are to develop the basic theory of the dynamic ISR method, apply it to the specific types of structures, and verify the accuracy of the developed theory. Numerical results that demonstrate the application of the method will reflect the advanced sensitivity and accuracy in characterizing multiple damage locations.
Cost Interactions in Activated Sludge Systems

Using a dynamic mathematical model, it is shown that the partial operation cost of an activated sludge plant can vary as much as several thousand dollars per week depending upon mean cell retention time. It is shown that the least cost operating strategy will depend on sludge disposal cost, oxygen transfer cost, and digester gas value. Of key importance is operation flexibility which can allow treatment system operation at various mean cell retention times. Digester gas value can be a significant factor in determining least cost operating strategy.
Revision of the Lower Ordovician (lower Floian; Tulean) pliomerid trilobite Protopliomerella , with new species from the Great Basin, western USA

New field sampling of classic Ibexian sections in the Great Basin has resulted in the discovery of several new species assignable to the pliomerid trilobite genus Protopliomerella Harrington, 1957. The genus was originally monotypic and based on Protopliomerops contracta Ross, 1951. Protopliomerella pauca Demeter, 1973, was later added, but it is shown herein to be a junior subjective synonym of P. contracta. The material originally assigned to Protopliomerella contracta by Ross belongs to as many as three distinct, stratigraphically separate species. New species include P. stegneri, P. bowlesi, P. kerouaci, P. seegeri, and P. okeeffeae. Two additional new species are not well enough known to name and are reported in open nomenclature. The phylogenetic status of Protopliomerella, as thus conceived, is ambiguous and the taxon may be rendered paraphyletic by the genera Pseudocybele Ross, 1951, and Lemureops McAdams and Adrain, 2009.
Chemostratigraphy of an Ordovician–Silurian carbonate platform: δ13C records below glacioeustatic exposure surfaces

The use of carbon isotope stratigraphy to construct time lines for stratigraphic correlation requires synchronous changes in carbon isotope ratios (δ 13 C) to be preserved in carbonate-dominated strata. Such changes are commonly interpreted to reflect primary secular variation in ocean chemistry. However, negative δ 13 C anomalies developed in Pliocene–Pleistocene carbonate platforms following glacioeustatic sea-level fall due to remineralization of terrestrial biomass during meteoric diagenesis. These anomalies are similar in structure and magnitude to some Neoproterozoic δ 13 C records, opening the possibility that the Neoproterozoic δ 13 C anomalies have a meteoric origin derived from a large terrestrial biosphere. Here we test the hypothesis that a large terrestrial biosphere existed prior to the Silurian–Devonian land-plant radiation by examining δ 13 C records of subaerial exposure surfaces formed in a shallow-water carbonate platform during the Ordovician–Silurian icehouse. The exposure surfaces include an unconformity at the Ordovician-Silurian boundary with terra rossa and dissolution-collapse breccia, and a lower Silurian quartz sand layer feeding a 50-m-deep system of karst pipes. There is no evidence for δ 13 C depletion beneath either exposure surface. Strontium concentrations in the rocks are low (10–120 ppm) and covary with δ 18 O; oxygen isotope ratios, however, do not positively correlate with δ 13 C. Our results suggest that there was no significant terrestrial biosphere during Ordovician–Silurian time, and by extension, that Neoproterozoic negative carbon isotope anomalies cannot be explained by meteoric diagenesis.
Heat Capacity for the Binary System of Quercetin and Poly(vinylpyrrolidone) K30

Solid dispersions and mixtures of quercetin and poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) K30 are studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and heat capacity (C p ) measurements. The IUPAC name for PVP is 1-ethenylpyrrolidin-2-one, and that for quercetin is 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-3,5,7-trihydroxy-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one. A solid dispersion is found in the region of w 1 0.5. where w 1 is the mass fraction of quercetin. The C p data is correlated to temperature T by a polynomial equation, and changes in enthalpy and entropy were calculated from C p . The C p data is valuable in the evaluation of drug efficiency.
Analysis of "Administrative Monopoly" Theory——A Bit of Experience from Recent Series of Speeches of Comrade Xi Jinping

In recent years,there are some Chinese to disparage state-owned enterprises by using the pretext of "administrative monopoly",and these viewpoints are harmful to the development of state-owned enterprises.Currently,we should firmly stick to the basic economic system with the subject of public-owned economy and co-development of diversified economic systems.Under the condition of obvious deterioration or loss of subjective position of public-owned economic system,the public-owned economy is more needed to be enlarged,especially those large or monopoly state-owned enterprises,so that China can reenergize the subject by taking public-owned economic system as main body and the basic economic system with Chinese characteristics.
Basis of Protein Stabilization by K Glutamate: Unfavorable Interactions with Carbon, Oxygen Groups

Abstract Potassium glutamate (KGlu) is the primary Escherichia coli cytoplasmic salt. After sudden osmotic upshift, cytoplasmic KGlu concentration increases, initially because of water efflux and subsequently by K + transport and Glu − synthesis, allowing water uptake and resumption of growth at high osmolality. In vitro, KGlu ranks with Hofmeister salts KF and K 2 SO 4 in driving protein folding and assembly. Replacement of KCl by KGlu stabilizes protein-nucleic acid complexes. To interpret and predict KGlu effects on protein processes, preferential interactions of KGlu with 15 model compounds displaying six protein functional groups—sp 3 (aliphatic) C; sp 2 (aromatic, amide, carboxylate) C; amide and anionic (carboxylate) O; and amide and cationic N—were determined by osmometry or solubility assays. Analysis of these data yields interaction potentials ( α -values) quantifying non-Coulombic chemical interactions of KGlu with unit area of these six groups. Interactions of KGlu with the 15 model compounds predicted from these six α -values agree well with experimental data. KGlu interactions with all carbon groups and with anionic (carboxylate) and amide oxygen are unfavorable, while KGlu interactions with cationic and amide nitrogen are favorable. These α -values, together with surface area information, provide quantitative predictions of why KGlu is an effective E. coli cytoplasmic osmolyte (because of the dominant effect of unfavorable interactions of KGlu with anionic and amide oxygens and hydrocarbon groups on the water-accessible surface of cytoplasmic biopolymers) and why KGlu is a strong stabilizer of folded proteins (because of the dominant effect of unfavorable interactions of KGlu with hydrocarbon groups and amide oxygens exposed in unfolding).
Free probability on W^{*}-dynamical systems determined by GL_{2}(\mathbb {Q} _{p}): generalized Hecke algebras

In this paper, we generalize classical Hecke algebras \(\mathcal {H}(G_{p})\) over the generalized linear groups \(G_{p} = GL_{2}(\mathbb {Q}_{p})\) induced by the p-adic number fields \(\mathbb {Q}_{p}\), for primes p. For a given group \(G_{p},\) construct a suitable semigroup \(W^{*}\)-dynamical system \((M, \sigma (G_{p}), \pi ),\) where M is a fixed von Neumann algebra, and \( \pi \) is a semigroup-action of the \(\sigma \)-algebra \(\sigma (G_{p})\) of \( G_{p}\) acting on M. By constructing the corresponding crossed product \( W^{*}\)-algebra \(M \times _{\pi } \sigma (G_{p})\) generated by \((M, \sigma (G_{p}), \pi ),\) we study free probability on the \(W^{*}\) -subalgebra \(\mathcal {H}_{M}(G_{p})\) of \(M \times _{\pi } \sigma (G_{p})\) . One can understand our von Neumann algebra \(\mathcal {H}_{M}(G_{p})\) as a generalized \(*\)-algebra over both M and a Hecke algebra \(\mathcal {H} (G_{p}),\) for a prime p.
Rupture of GORE-TEX neochordae 10 years after mitral valve repair

The current non-resectional paradigm in mitral valve (MV) repair emphasizes the use of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) for artificial chordal replacement. While excellent long-term durability of repair using PTFE neochordae has been established, there have been rare reports of neochordal rupture at various times after surgery. We report a case of artificial chordal rupture 10 years after anterior mitral leaflet repair, necessitating reoperation. This complication may have been precipitated by maldistributed intracardiac tensile forces as a consequence of a malpositioned annuloplasty band.
Data Visualization: A Guide to Visual Storytelling for Libraries: ,Edited by Lauren Magnuson (Ed.), Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2016, 214 pp., $95 (hardcover), $94.99 (e-book), ISBN: 978-1-4422-7110-4 (hardcover), 978-1-4422-7112-8 (e-book).

Creating data visualization documents can be divided into four plateaus: acquire and collect, filter and refine, format and process, and then publish. Lauren Magnuson has compiled chapters that inc...
3D plasmonic nanoarchitectures for extreme light concentration

Plasmonic nanomaterials are known to concentrate incident light to their surfaces by collective electron oscillation. Plasmonic hot-spot refers to locations where electromagnetic fields are particularly enhanced relative to the incident field. Traditional plasmonic nanomaterials are 1D (e.g., colloidal nanoparticles) or 2D (lithographically patterned nanostructure arrays) in nature, which typically result in sparse field concentration patterns. To improve efficiency and better utilization of hot-spots, we investigate 3D plasmonic nanoarchitecture where abundant hot-spots are formed in a 3D volumetric fashion, a feature drastically departing from traditional nanostructures.
“Toll-free” pathways for production of type I interferons

Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) are recognized by different cellular pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs), which are expressed on cell membrane or in the cytoplasm of cells of the innate immune system. Nucleic acids derived from pathogens or from certain cellular conditions represent a large category of PAMPs/DAMPs that trigger production of type I interferons (IFN-I) in addition to pro-inflammatory cytokines, by specifically binding to intracellular Toll-like receptors or cytosolic receptors. These cytosolic receptors, which are not related to TLRs and we call them “Toll-free” receptors, include the RNA-sensing RIG-I like receptors (RLRs), the DNA-sensing HIN200 family, and cGAS, amongst others. Viruses have evolved myriad strategies to evoke both host cellular and viral factors to evade IFN-I-mediated innate immune responses, to facilitate their infection, replication, and establishment of latency. This review outlines these “Toll-free” innate immune pathways and recent updates on their regulation, with focus on cellular and viral factors with enzyme activities.
Towards a BIBFRAME Implementation: The bibliotek-o Framework

bibliotek-o is a framework for modeling bibliographic metadata as linked data. Consisting of the BIBFRAME ontology at its core, the bibliotek-o ontology defines fragments of external ontologies and an application profile specifying the recommended implementation of these ontologies. This report presents the background and motivation behind the bibliotek-o framework, including an overview of the model, ontology principles and best practices guiding its development, a description of aligned tooling under development, and a report on the project’s status and outputs. A small sample of discrete patterns in which bibliotek-o deviates from BIBFRAME is provided to demonstrate motivations and modeling principles. Our goal is to illustrate the strengths of BIBFRAME, while suggesting areas where BIBFRAME should evolve to a more streamlined and expressive model. We aim to encourage feedback and community engagement in ongoing development of the framework outlined in this paper.
Building Capacity in Infection Prevention and Antimicrobial Stewardship in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: the Role of Partnerships Inter-countries

Antimicrobial resistance is increasing globally at a rapid pace, and patients in low- and middle-income countries are at high risk. The need for inter-country partnerships with the ultimate goal of building capacity in the fields of infection prevention and antimicrobial stewardship in these settings is of utmost importance. Reciprocal, long-term, supported relationships between collaborators from low- and middle-income countries and high-income countries will have high benefit to all partners. This paper looks at recent literature in antimicrobial stewardship and infection prevention and offers recommendations for building sustainable partnerships benefitting all collaborators working to reduce antimicrobial resistance.
Absolute Energy Standards for Van de Graaff Accelerators

The Van de Graaff accelerator provides a useful instrument for the determination of nuclear reaction Q-values and thus for the measurement of nuclidic mass-differences. This unique accelerator is usually operated so as to have beam energy-homogeneity of the order of one part in several thousand. To use particle beams of such precisely defined energy to determine nuclidic mass-differences however, it is necessary to ascertain, in an absolute manner, the energy of the particles. This paper will present the work done at Rice University on establishing such an energy standard. All of the Rice work has been on simple energy standards. It is our view that the calibration measurement of energy should be a simple one; they should all be laboratory standards that can be easily reproduced anywhere with a minimum of effort. Nevertheless, target preparation techniques are very important and it is unfortunate that space will not allow this subject to be discussed here. Professor Herb has discussed some aspects of this problem in a preceeding paper.
Localization of Streptomycin-Resistance in the 30s Ribosome of E. coli. Mode of Action of Cycloheximide

Among the members of the family of antibiotics, a considerable number of compounds interfere with protein synthesis through their interaction with ribosomes [1, 2]. In several cases, their gross mode of action is fairly well understood today. However, due to our ignorance of the ribosomal structure the molecular mechanisms of their various effects on the proper functioning of ribosomes in protein synthesis are still far from being intelligible. It is the concern of this paper to review briefly our present knowledge of the biochemical properties of two antibiotics specifically affecting protein synthesis in bacterial and mammalian systems, respectively, and the determination of their loci of action on the corresponding ribosomes. Streptomycin, as the antibotic interfering with protein synthesis in bacteria, and cycloheximide, as the drug impairing protein synthesis in mammalian cells, respectively, are the compounds which will be described.
Design Based on Hierarchical Decomposition and Ensemble Methods

This chapter presents a variety of examples of fairly complex systems that can be given quite elegant constructions using the concepts developed in the previous chapters. The key concept is to decompose a system in a top down manner so that a hierarchically constructed container is obtained. This enables the required behavior to be implemented with ensemble methods at each level.
Thrombocytosis Portends Adverse Prognosis in Colorectal Cancer: A Meta-Analysis of 5,619 Patients in 16 Individual Studies.

Aim The current study aimed to determine the prognostic significance of thrombocytosis in patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) by a meta-analysis of the literature. Patients and methods The meta-analysis followed the 2009 guidelines of Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses. A systematic literature review was conducted from PubMed and Web of Science for articles published up to May 15, 2015. Sixteen studies with a total of 5,619 patients met the inclusion criteria. Hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals were retrieved from the original articles, calculated from the published Kaplan-Meier survival curves, or the corresponding authors were contacted for additional information. Heterogeneity was assessed using the I2 statistic and Chi-square tests. Publication bias was assessed by Begg's funnel plot, Egger's linear regression test and trim-and-fill method. Sensitivity analysis was performed to validate the reliability. Results Thrombocytosis is associated with shorter overall, disease-free and cancer-specific survival. Overall survival is reduced in patients with thrombocytosis regardless of their clinical tumor stage, and ethnicity. Shortened disease-free survival is associated with elevated platelet count in the non-specific stage (I-IV), localized tumor (stage I-III), and in the Asian patient population. Thrombocytosis is further associated with reduced cancer-specific survival in the non-specific stage and in Asian patients. Finally, thrombocytosis is significantly related to female patients, colon tumor location, T3-4 stage, lymph node positivity, metastasis, undifferentiated histology and lymphatic involvement. Conclusion Thrombocytosis portends adverse prognosis in CRC, and may serve as a clinically useful marker to facilitate risk stratification and guide postoperative management.
Can They Do that to Me?! Does the Eighth Amendment Protect Children's Best Interests?

Children are our nation’s most valuable resource and also arguably our most vulnerable population. Recent decisions by the Supreme Court, including Roper v. Simmons (2005), Graham v. Florida (2010), and J.D.B. v. North Carolina (2011) indicate its willingness to consider the special characteristics of children in determining their rights; but, by and large, the Court’s analysis does not hinge on the best interests of the child. Can They Do That to Me?! Does the Eighth Amendment Protect Children’s Best Interests? explores case law in the public school and juvenile justice system arenas and concludes that a child-centered approach to punishment will yield better results for everyone – society, parents, and children.
Photodehydrocyclizations in stilbene-like compounds—III

Abstract Photodehydrocyclizations in stilbene-like compounds take place only if the sum of the free valence numbers of the atoms concerned in the cyclization step exceeds in the excited state, a value of 1. If more than one cyclization is possible the photoconversion follows the pathway for which ΣF* is maximal; if ΔΣF* for various cyclizations is smaller than 0·1 a second product is sometimes formed. These rules also bold if only non planar and no planar products can arise. If planar as well as non planar compounds can be formed the main product is as a rule a planar polycyclic aromatic, even if ΣF* for its formation is lower than for other cyclizations. Sometimes but not always, a non planar product (with higher ΣF*) is found as a side product. The applicability of these rules in the planning of synthetic procedures for polycyclic aromatics is illustrated in the preparation of several new compounds (e.g. the four isomeric benzo hexahelicenes).
Identification of a novel diagnostic gene expression signature to discriminate uterine leiomyoma from leiomyosarcoma

Leiomyosarcomas are rare, aggressive tumors, which exhibit a poor prognosis regardless of stage. Pre-operative diagnosis can be difficult as leiomyosarcoma can mimic features of the more common, benign uterine leiomyoma. The goal of this study was to identify specific molecular markers to discriminate between uterine leiomyosarcomas and leiomyomas to facilitate timely, accurate diagnosis and treatment. Gene expression profiles of three leiomyosarcomas, leiomyomas, and normal myometrial tissue samples were analyzed using the Affymetrix Human Gene 1.0 ST Array. GC-robust multiarray average calculation and ANOVA statistical testing were used to identify differentially expressed genes. Sixty genes, with functional roles in tumor progression or suppression, exhibited divergent expression profiles in leiomyosarcomas and leiomyomas, compared to normal myometrium. Differential RNA and protein levels of seven genes, with the most discriminatory expression patterns, were confirmed by RTPCR and immunohistochemistry in an additional 10 leiomyosarcoma and 20 leiomyoma independent samples. CHI3L1, MELK, PRC1, TOP2A, and TPX2 were overexpressed in leiomyosarcomas, while HPGD and TES were overexpressed in leiomyomas. Distinguishing leiomyosarcomas from leiomyomas represents a diagnostic challenge, particularly in the context of minimally invasive surgery. The unique gene expression signatures identified in this study may accurately differentiate between these tumor types at the earliest stage and provides potential prognostic factors and novel therapeutic targets for the treatment of leiomyosarcoma.
Fuzzy Feedback Control for Dynamic Traffic Routing

Fuzzy logic can be used effectively to deal with uncertainty in decision-making processes. Fuzzy control is based on the fuzzy set theory proposed by Zadeh [1, 2, 3]. There are three major ways to design fuzzy controllers. In the first method, the controller tries to emulate a human-like control action by transforming linguistic terms into fuzzy variables [4–7]. The second method is to develop heuristic based fuzzy controllers. In the third method, the traffic network is represented as a fuzzy system and a control is designed by analyzing the fuzzy model. In this paper, we employ the second method.
Alcohol and cigarette use affecting the relationship between work-life conflict and physical health

Poor worker health is estimated to cost employers more than half a trillion dollars per year in lost productivity [Japsen, B. (2018, November 15). Poor worker health costs U.S. employer’s half tril...
4 – Primitive Models

Publisher Summary This chapter provides an overview of the primitive models. One of the methods of developing a model is to follow the Leibnizian approach, that is, to invoke the well-established laws of nature and develop mathematical relations from them. One can follow the Lockean approach. When a well-tested law is not readily apparent, this is a powerful approach to follow. The chapter discusses the interdependence of model building and data gathering phases in the study of complex phenomena. The example used demonstrates a synthesis of several ideas. First, the time element has been introduced. Second, the methodology of using intuition, heuristic arguments, graphical procedures, and systematic computational algorithms has been demonstrated. The example illustrates how the need arises to refine and modify a model after it is initially determined. Another example illustrates the methods of formalizing the ever-exciting problems, such as puzzles, on the one hand, and the equally challenging problems of building models of social systems on the other hand.
Limitations of the SEASAT SAR in High Sea States

Although the spectral analysis of SEASAT SAR imagery has shown qualitatively good agreement with independent surface spectral measurements, quantitative two-dimensional ocean energy spectra from SAR imagery remain an elusive goal. The exact relationship between the ocean wave energy spectrum and the corresponding SAR image spectrum constitutes the central problem of much recent research. This chapter outlines a systematic approach to estimation of ocean wave spectra from SAR image spectra based on recent analysis of SEASAT SAR digital data. The effect of the various wave-imaging mechanisms, the stationary scatterer resolution response function, and the moving scatterer resolution response function are considered. Corrections for the latter two effects are applied to actual SAR image spectra. Particular attention is paid to the degradation of the azimuth component of SAR spectra in moderate to high sea states by the moving scatterers, which limit the ability of the SAR to image azimuthtraveling waves. This effect is quantitatively modeled and predictions of the model are shown to agree with actual SAR spectra. Corrections for the moving scatterer resolution response function are shown to result in better estimation of the position of remote storm sources.
A Simulated Graphical Interface for Integrating Patient-Generated Health Data From Smartwatches With Electronic Health Records: Usability Study

Background: Wearable technology, such as smartwatches, can capture valuable patient-generated data and help inform patient care. Electronic health records provide logical and practical platforms for including such data, but it is necessary to evaluate the way the data are presented and visualized. Objective: The aim of this study is to evaluate a graphical interface that displays patients’ health data from smartwatches, mimicking the integration within the environment of electronic health records. Methods: A total of 12 health care professionals evaluated a simulated interface using a usability scale questionnaire, testing the clarity of the interface, colors, usefulness of information, navigation, and readability of text. Results: The interface was positively received, with 14 out of the 16 questions generating a score of 5 or greater among at least 75% of participants (9/12). On an 8-point Likert scale, the highest rated features of the interface were quick turnaround times (mean score 7.1), readability of the text (mean score 6.8), and use of terminology/abbreviations (mean score 6.75). Conclusions: Collaborating with health care professionals to develop and refine a graphical interface for visualizing patients’ health data from smartwatches revealed that the key elements of the interface were acceptable. The implementation of such data from smartwatches and other mobile devices within electronic health records should consider the opinions of key stakeholders as the development of this platform progresses.
Controlled Light Environment and Elevator Wagon for a Machine-Vision Sugarcane Sorting System : Hardware for Machine-Vision

This is a paper explaining the use, design, and implementation of two pieces of hardware being utilized in a sugarcane sorting system. One is a wagon in which the base can move up and down, thereby creating a constant height for the top piece of a pile. The second is a controlled light environment in which a color camera can take consistent detail-rich pictures.
Tuberculosis and carcinoma of the lung.

1)Three cases are reported of co-existing tuberculosis and carcinoma of the lung. All cases were diagnosed during life; all cases were diagnosed too late for surgery. 2)The diagnosis of carcinoma in the presence of pulmonary tuberculosis depends on the same studies as in the absence of tuberculosis—x-ray, bronchoscopy, cell-block of sputum and pleural fluid, biopsy of suspected metastatic nodes, and exploratory thoractomy. The history is of diminished value, because the symptoms may be caused by tuberculosis as well as by carcinoma. 3)Carcinoma should be suspected when symptoms are out of proportion to the size of the tuberculous lesion, when there is unexplained dyspnoea or pain, or when x-ray shows an area of atelectasis. The diagnosis of carcinoma in the presence of pulmonary tuberculosis is usually made too late because it is not suspected.
Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) improves spatial learning in aged Fischer 344 rats

Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) increases choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) activity in the septohippocampal system of aged rats. Since the septohippocampal system has been implicated as a neurobiological substrate for spatial learning, the effects of GDNF were tested in aged, spatial learning-impaired Fisher 344 rats. Aged rats were characterized as spatial learning “impaired” or “unimpaired” using several indices of performance in the Morris water maze, and they were then given GDNF (100-µg bolus; icv) or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). Six days after the GDNF or PBS injection, rats returned to water maze training, which continued until a spatial bias criterion was met. Immediately after meeting the criterion, rats were tested in a cue learning version of the task. GDNF significantly improved spatial learning in aged impaired rats, but not aged unimpaired or young rats. It did not alter cue learning rate for any group, nor did it alter swim speed. These data suggest that GDNF may support the integrity of neurons in the septum and hippocampus of aged rats.
Personality and Intelligence in the Psychodiagnostic Process

Formal intelligence and personality measures have contributed immeasurably to the psychodiagnostic process. Intelligence measures, for instance, virtually defined the diagnosis of mental retardation for much of this century (Kamphaus, 1993). Similarly, personality measures have been widely used for psychological diagnosis since first being proven useful after World War I, when the Woodworth Personal Data Sheet was found to be practical for the diagnosis of what is currently called posttraumatic stress disorder (Kamphaus & Frick, in press). Today, however, the relationship between intelligence and personality testing and diagnosis is less direct, as diagnostic systems become increasingly behavior based.
Norm Index Computations

We begin by considerations of general abelian groups, which will be used both in the local and global case. We recall the index relation $$(A:B) = (A^f :B^f )(A_f :B_f ),$$ (1) if \(A \supset B \) are abelian groups, f is a homomorphism of A.
Religion, Aging, and Health: Historical Perspectives, Current Trends, and Future Directions

ABSTRACT This paper summarizes the history of gerontological research on religion and health. Through the 1970s, work was sporadic, neither programmatic nor theory-driven. In the 1980s, gerontologists began exploring religion more systematically. The 1990s brought institutional recognition and support, including from the NIH. Since 2000, religious research has become integrated into the mainstream of gerontology. Findings implicate religious constructs as determinants of numerous psychosocial, health, and well-being outcomes, and theories have been proposed for these effects in older adults and throughout the life course. Recent emphasis on longitudinal research, sophisticated methodologies, and creative assessment of religiousness point to exciting research frontiers.
Transmission electron microscopy and diffractometry of materials

Diffraction Geometry and the X-Ray Powder Diffractometer.- The TEM and Its Optics.- Scattering.- Inelastic Electron Scattering and Spectroscopy.- Diffraction from Crystals.- Electron Diffraction and Crystallography.- Diffraction Contrast in TEM Images.- Diffraction Lineshapes.- Patterson Functions and Diffuse Scattering.- High Resolution TEM Imaging.- Dynamical Theory.- Appendix.
Beyond Rock and Roll: The Economic Impact of the Grateful Dead on a Local Economy

For-profit popular music concerts, a seldom studied event, may create sizeable economic impacts in a local economy. Using information from a survey of more than 1,000 concert goers to a Grateful Dead performance in Las Vegas and RIMS II multipliers, we estimate income and employment impacts. We conclude that the potential large spill-overs effects of such an event should not be ignored.
A time-domain fixed-point approach to the design of robust controllers for vehicular systems

The authors look at robust controllers for vehicular systems, namely, controllers that generate prescribed reference tracking in systems with uncertain parameters and structured disturbances. The basic objective is a design procedure based entirely on time-domain formulations and fixed point techniques in Banach space L infinity . An illustrative design is given for typical braking and acceleration systems. >