cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Commentary on the judgment of the ICTY Appeals Chamber in the case of Prosecutor v. Radislav Krstic

The author critically reviews the major issues dealt with on appeal in this important case, arguing that the law of genocide was mistated not only at the trial level but also on appeal. The international criminal tribunals (both for Rwanda and Yugoslavia) have failed to articulate a coherent jurisprudence on the law of genocide. The argument presented in this essay is taken to a more general level in the author's contribution to Paola Gaeta's recent edition of essays: The UN Genocide Convention: A Commentary (Oxford Commentaries on International Law).
Peripheral (deep) but not periventricular MRI white matter hyperintensities are increased in clinical vascular dementia compared to Alzheimer's disease.

Background and purpose Vascular dementia (VAD) is a complex diagnosis at times difficult to distinguish from Alzheimer's disease (AD). MRI scans often show white matter hyperintensities (WMH) in both conditions. WMH increase with age, and both VAD and AD are associated with aging, thus presenting an attribution conundrum. In this study, we sought to show whether the amount of WMH in deep white matter (dWMH), versus periventricular white matter (PVH), would aid in the distinction between VAD and AD, independent of age. Methods Blinded semiquantitative ratings of WMH validated by objective quantitation of WMH volume from standardized MRI image acquisitions. PVH and dWMH were rated separately and independently by two different examiners using the Scheltens scale. Receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curves were generated using logistic regression to assess classification of VAD (13 patients) versus AD (129 patients). Clinical diagnoses were made in a specialty memory disorders clinic. Results Using PVH rating alone, overall classification (area under the ROC curve, AUC) was 75%, due only to the difference in age between VAD and AD patients in our study and not PVH. In contrast, dWMH rating produced 86% classification accuracy with no independent contribution from age. A global Longstreth rating that combines dWMH and PVH gave an 88% AUC. Conclusions Increased dWMH indicate a higher likelihood of VAD versus AD. Assessment of dWMH on MRI scans using Scheltens and Longstreth scales may aid the clinician in distinguishing the two conditions.
Hydrogen Density of States Model for Amorphous Silicon and Alloys

It is proposed that hydrogen reactions near the growing surface control the structure of plasma-deposited amorphous silicon and its alloys. The model explains how the plasma influences the dangling bond density and silicon weak bond distribution, which are the main parameters influencing the electronic properties. ’The hydrogen interactions account for the dependence of the electronic structure on growth conditions, the transition to microcrystalline growth in hydrogen-rich plasmas, and the different electronic properties of a-Si:H alloys. The proposed growth mechanisms are closely related to the metastability phenomena which occur in bulk a-Si:H films.
Enhancing Inertial Navigation with Structure from Motion Trajectory Estimates

The ubiquitous nature of global positioning systems (GPS) has fostered the widespread integration of navigation into a multitude of applications, both civilian and military. One alternative for ensuring continued flight operations in the absence of GPS is vision-aided navigation, an approach that combines visual cues from a camera with an inertial measurement unit to estimate the navigation states of a moving body. The experiments presented in this paper are based on the Minor Area Motion Imagery dataset that recorded GPS data, inertial measurement data, and electrooptical imagery during flights over Wright-Patterson Air Force Base. The approach applied here combines traditional inertial measurements with trajectory estimates generated by the structure from motion (SfM) algorithm. A characterization of the trajectory estimates made by SfM in this work demonstrates that it provides zero mean velocity errors with a covariance of 20 m/s. The experiments presented here combine the SfM velocity estimates with simulated inertial data for 250 flights and show that this approach can limit the average navigation error to 100 meters over 30 minute trials without GPS, a significant increase over using an IMU alone. The impact of such results highlights the importance of developing robust navigation solutions that integrate modern computer vision approaches as a means of mitigating our increasing reliance on GPS.
Toward an orbital-free density functional theory of transition metals based on an electron density decomposition

To properly apply approximate kinetic energy density functionals (KEDFs) used in orbital-free density functional theory (OF-DFT) to the highly inhomogeneous electron density in transition metals, we introduce a decomposition scheme in which the electron density is partitioned into delocalized and localized parts, which makes it possible to apply a different physically justifiable KEDF to each density. Using this decomposition scheme, we demonstrate that OF-DFT is able to quantitatively reproduce Kohn-Sham- (KS-)DFT predictions of the basic bulk properties of many phases of Ag, as well as surface energies, vacancy formation energies, and elastic moduli of face-centered-cubic Ag. However, OF-DFT Ag-Al alloy properties differ substantially from those predicted by KS-DFT using nonlocal pseudopotentials. These errors are due to remaining inaccuracies in the Ag and Al local electron-ion pseudopotentials, as well as the oversimplified model KEDF used for treating the interaction KE term between the localized and the delocalized electron densities. Future extensions to improve the treatment of transition metals are briefly outlined.
Charge-Defect Thermodynamic Equilibrium and Metastable Defects in Amorphous Silicon

The thermodynamic equilibrium framework first presented at the Spring’ 91 MRS meeting is refined and applied. The effect of temperature on band gap is added, resulting in a larger estimate of the loss in entropy associated with dangling bond formation. The magnitude of the entropy loss is consistent with a structural rearrangement. At the temperatures of interest, dangling bond defect formation is exothermic with negative entropy and free energy changes. The thermodynamic framework was used to address some practical issues including the estimation of the saturated dangling bond density resulting from low temperature light soaking and the electronic energy levels of the various dangling bond charge states.
Influence of lymphocytic thyroiditis on iodine metabolism in the beagle.

SummaryTracer studies of thyroidal 131I metabolism were conducted in beagles some of which had lymphocytic thyroiditis. The percentage of each thyroid lobe represented as epithelium, colloid, and stroma, as well as the severity of the lesions, was determined by microscopic examination. The high level of iodide in the commercial diet fed resulted in low thyroidal 131I uptake values in all animals. Dogs with severe thyroiditis had biological half-times (BT 1/2) of 131I significantly shorter than dogs with mild or no lesions. The maximum thyroidal uptake of 131I was significantly lower and also occurred earlier in dogs with severe thyroiditis. Fourteen months after one thyroid lobe was removed the BT 1/2 of 131I was shortened compared to values obtained in the intact dog.There is little colloid in thyroid glands affected with severe lymphocytic thyroiditis; hemithyroidectomy also results in a reduction of the relative amount of colloid with a corresponding increase in the percentage of epithelium in the oppo...
Analysis of monitoring results of iodized salt in Tongshan from 2006 to 2010

Objective:To understand iodized salt condition of household in Tongshan from 2006 to 2010,to provide scientific basis for prevention and control strategy.Methods: According to the "Jiangsu iodized salt monitoring program" to carry on the sampling examination and result analysis.Results: Total 1440 iodized salt samples were examined in 5 years,non-iodized salt rate is 2.50%,iodized salt coverage rate is 97.50%,iodized salt qualified rate is 96.51%,qualified iodized salt edible rate is 94.10%.Conclusion: The coverage rate and qualified rate of iodized salt and qualified iodized salt edible rate all attain the national standard in Tongshan from 2006 to 2010.
Teacher Efficacy and Disciplinary Expectations in Charter Schools: Understanding the Link to Teachers’ Career Decisions

ABSTRACTMuch scholarly work describes a culture of low expectations in low-income, urban schools, the challenges these teachers face managing student behavior, and why these problems so strongly influence teacher turnover. By contrast, some urban charter schools, particularly those associated with high achieving Charter Management Organizations (CMOs), are becoming well known for a culture of high expectations and seemingly effective yet controversial methods of managing student behavior. While there are many descriptions and critiques of these methods, little is known about how teachers themselves perceive student behavior or disciplinary methods, and how this impacts their career decisions. This exploratory study uses interviews with CMO and non-CMO teachers to describe how their career decisions and sense of success are affected by perceptions of student conduct, support dealing with behavior, and their school’s behavioral expectations. Strict disciplinary methods may benefit teachers in creating an or...
The future of psychoanalysis: challenges and opportunities.

(1990). The Future of Psychoanalysis: Challenges and Opportunities. The Psychoanalytic Quarterly: Vol. 59, No. 2, pp. 177-196.
Sustainable Urban Regeneration in Phoenix, Arizona: Implications for Multi-dimensional Governance

Human activity on earth and the increasing gregarious movement into cities are some of the most fascinating enterprises of mankind. This impact is difficult to measure, but (1971) and (2005) have defined it as a composite measure of population, affluence, technology and governance. Central to this equation is the long-term dimension of population impact and our ability to govern ourselves in order to minimize our impact on the planet. The sustainable development construct addresses intergenerational equity but also provides a framework to address city living and its regulatory milieu. Urban sustainability is now a major policy goal in many planning instruments and processes. Even though sustainable development means different things to different people, there is a consensus that sustainability is needed in order to achieve and maintain higher levels of economic prosperity, environmental quality and social responsiveness (Newman and Kenworthy (1999); (Berke (2002); (Gunder (2006).
Mohs Micrographic Surgery for the Treatment of Merkel Cell Carcinoma.

Background Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a rare, aggressive malignant neoplasm. Traditionally, wide local excision has been used for local control. However, the tissue-sparing capability of Mohs micrographic surgery (MMS) and the greater certainty of complete tumor removal offer a potential advantage over wide local excision if MMS offers acceptable cure rates. Objective This study aims to help elucidate management of MCC and includes one of the largest groups of patients from a single institution. Materials and methods This study is a retrospective chart review of 22 patients with cutaneous MCC treated with MMS at our practice over 20 years. Clinical characteristics and outcomes were examined. The study protocol conformed to the ethical guidelines of the 1975 Declaration of Helsinki as reflected in the approval by our institution's human research review committee. Results The overall local recurrence rate was 5% (1/22). The overall rate of biopsy-proven metastasis to regional lymph nodes was 14% (3/22). No cases of distant metastases were documented. Conclusion To our knowledge, this is the largest group of patients with MCC treated with MMS from a single institution and indicates that MMS may be a useful treatment modality for this rare aggressive disease.
A precise 360°-range phase detector based on an N-path filter

A technique for using an N-path filter to precisely measure the phase difference between a pair of periodic signals with the same frequency is presented. It is shown that using the N-path filter and a variable delay cell within a feedback circuit allows for accurate measurement of the phase difference for a two-decade range of amplitude of one of the signals. Simulations demonstrate sub-1° phase resolution for 100 MHz input signals with amplitudes as low as 10 mV. The circuit dissipates 12.6 mW from a 1.8 V supply.
SOCIAL-COGNITIVE PREDICTORS OF FIRST-YEAR COLLEGE PERSISTENCE: The Importance of Proximal Assessment

Early withdrawal from college can present problems for students and educators. In an effort to broaden our understanding of factors associated with students' persistence in higher education, we examined the ability of variables from Social Cognitive Career Theory assessed before college and during students' second semester to predict first-year college persistence. Hierarchical logistic regression analyses revealed that academic ability/past performance and social-cognitive variables assessed during students' second semester were significant predictors of first-year persistence. However, academic ability/past performance was the only precollege predictor significantly related to persistence. Implications for institutional assessment, intervention, and research are presented.
The Life and Times of Lady Gaga

Because this study is focused on analyzing the social conditions of the rise to fame of Lady Gaga, a brief overview of the singer’s life and career is useful to explore as a necessary background for the remainder of the book. Lady Gaga was born and raised in New York City as Stefani Germanotta. This chapter describes the period from her early rise in the New York club scene to the time when she achieved her first success in the world of popular music. Separate attention is paid to Lady Gaga’s own perceptions and notions of fame and how they are reflected in her work.
A Quasi-chemical Model for Bacterial Spore Germination Kinetics by High Pressure

High pressure processing (HPP) is an emerging non-thermal technology that is growing exponentially in use worldwide for the pasteurization of commercial foodstuffs. At combinations of elevated pressures and temperatures, HPP inactivates bacterial spores, but HPP has not yet been implemented commercially for food sterilization. Studies of the mechanisms of bacterial spore inactivation by HPP using primarily spores of Bacillus species have shown that spore germination precedes inactivation, with the release of dipicolinic acid from the spore core as the rate-determining step. Investigations probing spore resistance to and germination by HPP using Bacillus subtilis, a number of selected B. subtilis mutants, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, and Clostridium difficile spores have compiled a wealth of detailed mechanistic information, while also accumulating abundant germination kinetics data that has not previously been analyzed by predictive models. Presently, we devise a “quasi-chemical” model for bacterial spore germination dynamics by HPP. This quasi-chemical germination model (QCGM) hypothesizes a three-step mechanism and derives a set of ordinary differential equations to model the observed germination dynamics. The results with this model are viewed in the context of historical studies of spore activation, germination, and inactivation, with an eye toward potentially integrating differential equation models for germination and inactivation into a single, comprehensive model for spore dynamics by HPP. With the increasing use of high hydrostatic pressure to investigate mechanisms of bacterial spore resistance and physiology, the QCGM results help promote the efficient control of bacterial spores, whether for the inactivation of Clostridium botulinum spores in low-acid foods or aerosolized Bacillus anthracis spores on textiles used in protective clothing, tents, or shelters.
Power-delay product based resource library construction for effective power optimization in HLS

In this paper we propose that the degree of optimization achievable in High Level Synthesis (HLS) with module or function-unit (FU) selection is significantly dependent on how the mix of FUs in the HLS library are parameterized. In particular, for the problem of power minimization under a latency constraint, our proposal is that appreciably more power optimization is possible when: 1) the FUs for each functional type have a wide range of both power and delay metrics, and 2) their pair-wise power-delay product ratios are close to 1, say, in the range [0.8, 1.25], than when these criteria are not satisfied. We also briefly show that it is possible to achieve these parameter ranges for arithmetic functions, which form the bulk of FUs in HLS problems, due to: a) the variety of designs that have been proposed for such functions; b) the flexibility of combining different design approaches in a hierarchical manner to yield hybrid designs that satisfy the aforementioned parameter constraints in case the original designs do not. We provide a probabilistic rationale for our aforementioned hypothesis, and further bolster it empirically by constructing different FU libraries that either meet or do not meet the above FU parameter criteria. Using a new state-of-the-art power-driven simulated annealing based algorithm PSA for scheduling, binding and module or FU selection, we consistently find that the power consumption of designs using libraries that meet our criteria are significantly lower than those that do not, including when the former have fewer different power-speed FUs per function type (and thus a smaller solution space) than the latter.
Carotid Endarterectomy in Women: Challenging the results from NASCET and ACAS.

P203 Purpose: The randomized trials have clearly demonstrated the benefits of carotid endarterectomy in specific symptomatic and asymptomatic patients. However, the short and long-term benefits in women appear to be less clear, and the role of CEA among women remains uncertain. The purpose of our study was to evaluate and compare the outcomes in women and men after CEA. Methods: Over a recent 21 year period 1204 CEAs were performed, of which 465 (39%) were in women and 739 (61%)in men. Complete follow-up was available in 80% of patients. Results: Women were more likely to be hypertensive, and had a greater incidence of diabetes. The mean age at CEA was 68.5 ± 9.5 years for women and 68.0 ± 8.5 years for men. Operative mortality rates were nearly identical for symptomatic (women, 0.3% vs men, 0.8%) and asymmptomatic (women, 0.0% vs 0.8%)patients. Perioperative stroke rates were similar for symptomatic (women, 2.9% vs 4.5%) (p=0.27) and asymptomatic (women, 0.6% vs. men, 1.2%) (p=0.66) patients. Life-table stroke-free rates at 1, 5, and 8 years were similar for symptomatic women and men, 96% vs. 93%, 89% vs. 89%, and 83% vs. 85% (p>0.10), and asymptomatic women and men, 98% vs. 97%, 97% vs. 92%, and 97% vs. 86% (p>0.11). Long-term survival rates at 1, 5, and 8 years were higher for symptomatic women compared to men, 96% vs. 92%, 88% vs. 76%, and 67% vs. 58% (p=0.06), and for asymptomatic women as compared to men, 97% vs. 96%, 92% vs. 75%, 79% vs. 58% (p=0.01 > 5 years). As a result, stroke-free survival rates at these follow-up intervals were increased for symptomatic women compared to men, 93% vs. 89%, 76% vs. 73%, and 64% vs. 58% (p>0.11), and asymptomatic women as compared to men, 95% vs. 93%, 89% vs. 76%, and 77% vs. 64% (p>0.07). Conclusion: The results from our study challenge the conclusions from the NASCET and ACAS regarding the lack of benefit of CEA in women. Female gender did not adversely affect early or late survival, stroke-free, or stroke-free mortality rates following CEA. We conclude that CEA can be performed safely in women with symptomatic and asymptomatic carotid artery disease, and physicians should expect comparable benefits in women and men undergoing CEA.
3-Dimensional Printing and Rapid Device Prototyping

Regardless of economic classification, humanity as a whole finds itself in a perpetual state of change and development that is nurtured by our intrinsic need as a species to consistently innovate in order to develop novel solutions to society’s most pressing issues. In this perpetual state of change, elements such as our innate drive for intellectual inquiry and curiosity serve as impetuses for innovation. This intellectual inquiry and curiosity that is innately embedded in our human nature, provides a foundation for technological advancement in today’s modern society. One particular technology that has recently grown exponentially is that of rapid prototyping (RP) otherwise known as 3-dimensional (3D) printing. 3D printing technology has seen a myriad of advancement since its initial inception in the early 1980s, and has been radically transformed with the advent of the Internet and innovations in the computer and software technology. With these rapid advancements in this technology coupled with continued research and development, these printing technologies have become more financially feasible and have vastly expanded in their respective interventional applications and capacities. Whereas 3D printers used to cost tens of thousands of dollars only a decade ago, these printing devices can now be purchased for hundreds of dollars (Hostettler in Technologies for development. Berlin: Springer, 2015). In addition, the scaling and applications of this technology has rapidly expanded, in which these units can be utilized to print mono-synthetic small-scale models to that of full-sized automobile parts (Hostettler in Technologies for development. Berlin: Springer, 2015).
Mobilization of Hematopoietic Stem Cells in Patients with Multiple Myeloma Utilizing Growth Factor Combined with Plerixafor

Plerixafor is a CXCR4 blocker preventing its binding to the stromal cell-derived factor 1 (SDF-1) and promoting hematopoietic stem cell mobilization. Plerixafor is well tolerated as a subcutaneous injection and, in a randomized phase 3 study the combination of G-CSF and plerixafor was found to be vastly superior to G-CSF alone for mobilization of autologous CD34+ cells in patients with multiple myeloma. Plerixafor can overcome several of the factors associated with poor mobilization making mobilization possible for nearly all patients with multiple myeloma (MM). It remains to be determined whether plerixafor completely negates the need of chemotherapy mobilization in MM and what is the most cost effective strategy for its use. Plerixafor is also able to mobilize MM cells creating a opportunity for chemosensitization.
Frequency characterization of flow magnitude and phase in resonant microfluidic circuits

The classic electric-hydraulic analogy has been utilized to create microfluidic equivalents of electrical circuits that find applications in lab-on-a-chip and microTAS devices. Despite the continued use of the analogy in pedagogy and for scientific discovery, a thorough experimental validation of this classic analogy using standard electrical characterization techniques has not been performed. In this work, we present two independent methods for assessing the magnitude and phase of harmonic flow in microfluidic networks with deformable features: (1) a custom stroboscopic epifluorescence setup for measuring flow in the channel via bead tracking, and (2) a novel diaphragm-lens optical vibration sensor for estimating flow in the deformable feature. We show that magnitude and phase frequency responses quantitatively match model predictions for series and parallel resonant RLC microfluidic devices. Through this work, we demonstrate the tools and techniques for simultaneous measurement of flow magnitude and phase in microfluidic resonant devices with the goal to further corroborate the electric analogy for two archetypal electrical circuits and to allow quantitative characterization of more complex circuits in the future.
Tau-U: A Quantitative Approach for Analysis of Single-Case Experimental Data in Aphasia.

Purpose Tau-U is a quantitative approach for analyzing single-case experimental design (SCED) data. It combines nonoverlap between phases with intervention phase trend and can correct for a baselin...
Zebrafish as a model to investigate the effects of exercise in cancer

Emerging data indicates that exercise may regulate cancer pathogenesis, but the mechanisms underpinning how it regulates the tumor as well as surrounding microenvironment are poorly understood. Dissecting this complex, highly integrated physiology requires model systems which accurately recapitulate key aspects of human response to exercise, yet permit rapid and unbiased genetic interrogation of relevant pathways. The zebrafish has emerged as a new model for cancer due to its high resolution in vivo imaging and capacity for large-scale, unbiased screening approaches. Here, we have developed a set of tools to study the effects of exercise in a zebrafish model of melanoma. Using a flow chamber, we studied the effects of endurance exercise bouts (3-6 hour/d, 5d/wk for 1 to 3 wks) in both larval and adult zebrafish. The regimen was well tolerated, with no unexpected toxicities or changes in survival. When the zebrafish were transplanted with ZMEL1-GFP melanoma cells, we found that endurance exercise over a 2-week period led to a significant decrease in cancer growth in the larval zebrafish. As zebrafish cancer models show strong conservation in human disease, our findings have direct application to understanding the human exercise/cancer relationship.
Estimation Variance of Global Recoverable Reserve Estimates

New developments are presented which put the prediction of the variance of global recoverable reserve estimates into the framework of existing geostatistical theory. Predictive formulas are developed and some promising initial results are presented on the use of these new formulas for two simulated deposits.
Abstract PR14: Immune cell transcript levels, metastatic progression, and survival in osteosarcoma: A comparative transcriptome analysis

Background: Human osteosarcoma (OS) is a rare bone disease primarily affecting children and adolescents that has proven challenging to study, due both to its rarity and its genetic heterogeneity. OS is very common in large-breed dogs and can be genetically induced in mice, making the disease ideal for comparative genomic analyses across species. The overall survival rate of patients with OS is ~60% in patients under 30 years old and only ~30% for patients aged 50 years or older---rates that have not significantly improved over the past two decades. Understanding how intertumor transcriptional variation is conserved across species and associated with progression to metastasis resulting in patient death will enable us to more efficiently develop effective strategies to manage OS and improve therapy. Methods and Findings: Transcriptional profiles of OS tumors and cell lines derived from humans (n=49), mice (n=103), and dogs (n=34) were generated using RNA sequencing. We identified conserved intertumor transcriptional variation present in tumor sets from all 3 species, comprising gene clusters associated with cell cycle/mitosis and with the presence/absence of immune cells. Further, we developed a novel Gene Cluster Expression Summary Score (GCESS) technique to quantify intertumor transcriptional variation and demonstrate that these GCESS values are associated with patient outcome. Specifically, we show that human OS tumors with GCESS values indicative of decreased immune cell presence are associated with metastasis and poor survival. These results were validated in an independent human OS tumor cohort and in 15 different tumor data sets obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Conclusions: Utilizing GCESS-based analyses of primary OS tumors to characterize the extent to which immune cells are absent and the tumor cells are undergoing mitosis may provide key information to identify novel drug targets, better inform therapeutic decisions, and improve overall survival for OS patients. This abstract is also being presented as Poster A07. Citation Format: Milcah Scott, Nuri Temiz, Anne Sarver, Rebecca LaRue, Susan Rathe, Jyotika Varshney, Natalie Wolf, Branden Moriarity, Timothy Obrien, Logan Spector, David Largaespada, Jaime Modiano, Subbaya Subramanian, Aaron Sarver. Immune cell transcript levels, metastatic progression, and survival in osteosarcoma: A comparative transcriptome analysis [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Conference on Advances in Sarcomas: From Basic Science to Clinical Translation; May 16-19, 2017; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2018;24(2_Suppl):Abstract nr PR14.
Reimagining the First Amendment: The Assembly Clause as a substantive right

ABSTRACTThe right to protest is central to democratic participation. This essay suggests that recent attempts to use the right to assemble as a doctrinal hook to better protect protest are correct ...
Development and validation of a quality appraisal tool for validity studies (QAVALS).

Background: Appraisal of methodological quality of included studies is an important component of conducting systematic reviews. Although several quality appraisal tools are available for interventi...
Short-Term Therapy Groups for Schizophrenics

Schizophrenia is a mental condition characterized by a disorder in thinking. Thought content frequently is disturbed and leads to psychotic symptoms such as hallucinations (hearing voices or seeing things that are not there) and delusions (beliefs that are not supported by reality). The thought process also is affected, leading to looseness in associating one idea to another. Because of the disturbances in thinking, schizophrenics often are unable to relate meaningfully with other people, resulting in a social isolation or inappropriate behavior. As a consequence of these problems, many schizophrenics have difficulties maintaining employment and generally are found at the lower ends of the socioeconomic spectrum, further compounding their difficulties. Although many of these patients have exacerbations of their symptoms that cause them to be hospitalized, the previously mentioned difficulties usually persist even between such acute episodes. For this reason, schizophrenia is seen as a chronic disorder, and it is very difficult for these patients to maintain a normal existence even when functioning optimally.
The Contingent Value of Entrepreneurs’ Political Capital: Evidence from China

ABSTRACTWho benefit from a transitioning economy, entrepreneurs who are politically connected or disconnected? Market transition theory and power conversion theory offer two divergent answers. Our ...
Gastropod Cells In Vitro

Publisher Summary Class Gastropoda (snails, slugs, and their allies) is the most successful of the molluskan classes as measured by ecological diversity. The earliest attempts to cultivate gastropod cells in vitro were done using either homologous hemolymph or simple artificial media to support the explanted tissues. More recently, during efforts to establish cell lines from Biomphalaria glabrata, several investigators have attempted to dissociate cells. Primary cultures of kidney cells have been reported for Cepaea memoralis, a land pulmonate snail. The axenic cultivation of endoparasites in vitro is frequently difficult because of the fastidious needs of the organisms. The development of gastropod cell lines has proved to be an expensive, time-consuming, and frustrating endeavor. Neurobiologists have utilized in vitro techniques to study both secretory and electrical activities of neurons isolated from central nervous system ganglia of Aplysia, the sea hare.
A Real Polynomial for Bipartite Graph Minimum Weight Perfect Matchings.

In a recent paper, Beniamini and Nisan gave a closed-form formula for the unique multilinear polynomial for the Boolean function determining whether a given bipartite graph $G \subseteq K_{n,n}$ has a perfect matching, together with an efficient algorithm for computing the coefficients of the monomials of this polynomial. We give the following generalization: Given an arbitrary non-negative weight function $w$ on the edges of $K_{n,n}$, consider its set of minimum weight perfect matchings. We give the real multilinear polynomial for the Boolean function which determines if a graph $G \subseteq K_{n,n}$ contains one of these minimum weight perfect matchings.
The Correlation Between Visibility and Medical Staff Collaborative Communication in Emergency Departments.

Objectives:This study empirically investigates the correlation between visibility and nurses and physicians’ collaborative communication in emergency departments (EDs). The researchers hypothesized...
Azithromycin in the Treatment of Preterm Prelabor Rupture of Membranes Demonstrates a Lower Risk of Chorioamnionitis and Postpartum Endometritis with an Equivalent Latency Period Compared with Erythromycin Antibiotic Regimens.

Objective. To determine if antibiotic regimens including azithromycin versus erythromycin has an impact on pregnancy latency and development of clinical chorioamnionitis in the context of preterm prelabor rupture of membranes. Study Design. We conducted a prospective observational cohort study and followed all women receiving antibiotic regimens including either azithromycin or erythromycin in the context of preterm prelabor rupture of membranes. Primary outcomes were the duration of pregnancy latency period and development of chorioamnionitis. Secondary outcomes included neonatal sepsis with positive blood culture, cesarean delivery, postpartum endometritis, and meconium-stained amniotic fluid. Results. This study included 310 patients, with 142 receiving the azithromycin regimen and 168 receiving the erythromycin regimen. Patients receiving the azithromycin regimen had a statistically significant advantage in overall rates of clinical chorioamnionitis (13.4% versus 25%, ), neonatal sepsis (4.9% versus 14.9%, ), and postpartum endometritis (14.8% versus 31%, ). In crude and adjusted models, when comparing the azithromycin group with the erythromycin group, a decreased risk was noted for the development of clinical chorioamnionitis, neonatal sepsis, and postpartum endometritis. Pregnancy latency by regimen was not significantly different in crude and adjusted models. Conclusion. Our study suggests that latency antibiotic regimens substituting azithromycin for erythromycin have lower rates and decreased risk of clinical chorioamnionitis, neonatal sepsis, and postpartum endometritis with no difference in pregnancy latency.
Co-occurring Use of Cannabis and Tobacco and the Presence of Acute Respiratory Symptoms among Young Adult Light and Intermittent Smokers.

Cannabis use and intermittent smoking are becoming increasingly prevalent among young adults. Thus, identifying health consequences of co-occurring use of these substances represents an emerging re...
Intestinal Aspergillosis: Systematic Review on Patterns of Clinical Presentation and Management

Background: Intestinal aspergillosis (IA) is a rare entity primarily discovered in immunocompromised patients. Because of its low incidence, IA is not considered routinely in the differential of ab...
Sensory satellite glial Gq-GPCR activation alleviates inflammatory pain via peripheral adenosine 1 receptor activation.

Glial fibrillary acidic protein expressing (GFAP+) glia modulate nociceptive neuronal activity in both the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and the central nervous system (CNS). Resident GFAP+ glia in dorsal root ganglia (DRG) known as satellite glial cells (SGCs) potentiate neuronal activity by releasing pro-inflammatory cytokines and neuroactive compounds. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that SGC Gq-coupled receptor (Gq-GPCR) signaling modulates pain sensitivity in vivo using Gfap-hM3Dq mice. Complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA) was used to induce inflammatory pain, and mechanical sensitivity and thermal sensitivity were used to assess the neuromodulatory effect of glial Gq-GPCR activation in awake mice. Pharmacogenetic activation of Gq-GPCR signaling in sensory SGCs decreased heat-induced nociceptive responses and reversed inflammation-induced mechanical allodynia via peripheral adenosine A1 receptor activation. These data reveal a previously unexplored role of sensory SGCs in decreasing afferent excitability. The identified molecular mechanism underlying the analgesic role of SGCs offers new approaches for reversing peripheral nociceptive sensitization.
Delta-doped EMCCDs for sub-orbital and space based missions

Scientists are constantly pushing the boundaries, discovering new frontiers of exploration of the Universe; as space missions pursue these challenges it places a greater demand on detector technology advancement. I will present the status of our delta-doped Electron Multiplying CCD (EMCCD) for a UV multi-object spectrograph, the Faint Intergalactic Redshifted Emission Balloon (FB-2). FB-2 demonstrates this new technology, in a low risk suborbital environment, to prove the performance of EMCCDs for future space missions and Technology Readiness Level (TRL) advancement. It uses a new generation controller for counting photons from Nuvucameras. Part of this endeavor will be testing EMCCDs in a radiation environment; initial results will presented in this paper. EMCCDs have proven to be a versatile technology due to its photon counting (PC) capabilities to achieve extremely low readout noise (<< 1 electron). I will present results from the most recent flight and recent noise optimization.
Acute post-injury blockade of α2δ-1 calcium channel subunits prevents pathological autonomic plasticity after spinal cord injury.

Summary After spinal cord injury (SCI), normally innocuous visceral or somatic stimuli can trigger uncontrolled reflex activation of sympathetic circuitry, causing pathological dysautonomia. We show that remarkable structural remodeling and plasticity occur within spinal autonomic circuitry, creating abnormal sympathetic reflexes that promote dysautonomia. However, when mice are treated early after SCI with human-equivalent doses of the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drug gabapentin (GBP), it is possible to block multi-segmental excitatory synaptogenesis and abolish sprouting of autonomic neurons that innervate immune organs and sensory afferents that trigger pain and autonomic dysreflexia (AD). This “prophylactic GBP” regimen decreases the frequency and severity of AD and protects against SCI-induced immune suppression. These benefits persist even 1 month after stopping treatment. GBP could be repurposed to prevent dysautonomia in at-risk individuals with high-level SCI.
Not All Feedback is Created Equal: How Appreciation and Attention Affect Knowledge Contribution

We conducted two studies in different cultures to examine how two types of feedback, appreciation and attention, affect users’ decisions to make voluntary knowledge contributions to electronic networks of practice (ENP). Appreciation is reflected in positive ratings, votes, and helpfulness evaluations. Attention is reflected in the number of views of contributed content. The first study used clickstream data from a college application ENP in China, where information seekers can read asynchronously posted information and request synchronous consultations with volunteers. The second study was a controlled online experiment in the United States where we assessed users’ willingness to asynchronously answer questions in a college application ENP. In both studies, greater appreciation increased continued knowledge contribution, but greater attention without sufficient appreciation negatively affected contributions. We conclude that appreciation and attention show distinctive yet intertwined impacts on knowledge contributions in ENP in two different cultures across both synchronous and asynchronous participation.
Does Idiosyncratic Risk Deter Short-Sellers? Evidence from the Chinese Stock Market

This study uses a unique event, the introduction of short-selling in the Chinese stock market, to examine whether idiosyncratic risk deters investors from selling short on negative information. In the first two weeks after short-selling is allowed, stocks with relatively higher idiosyncratic risk are associated with relatively less short-selling. Moreover, even though prices decline on average during the first two weeks of short-selling, such price declines are less pronounced for stocks with relatively higher idiosyncratic risk. In subsequent weeks, however, stocks with relatively higher idiosyncratic risk experience relatively lower returns. Overall, the findings provide strong support for the idea advanced by Shleifer and Vishny (1997) that idiosyncratic risk deters arbitrageurs with negative information from taking short positions in overvalued stocks. The results of the study are not driven by outliers and are robust to controls for dispersion of analyst opinions, liquidity, transaction cost, market capitalization, and stock cross-listing.
Game Theoretic Hardware Trojan Testing Under Cost Considerations

In this paper, we consider the problem of testing integrated circuits (ICs) to check for the presence of hardware Trojans from a game theoretic perspective. Under consideration of complex cost structures involved in the testing process, the paper analytically characterizes the Nash Equilibrium (NE) strategy of a malicious manufacturer for inserting a hardware Trojan into a manufactured IC and that of a defender for testing the acquired IC to check for the presence of Trojans. The paper first considers the defender, who incurs testing costs, to be capable of testing one Trojan type and analytically characterizes the NE of such a scenario. The paper also considers the scenario where the defender can test an IC to check for the presence of multiple types of Trojans under a cost budget constraint and analytically characterizes the NE of such a game. Numerous numerical results are presented in the paper that provide important insights into the game theoretic strategies presented.
AC-Scan: Microprocessors are ready But Where is the Infrastructure?

Scan and High-Speed defects simply don’t go together Scan has long been associated with slow-speed operation or low-speed designs. Using scan for detecting at-speed defects for 300 MHz + designs – speeds that are typical of microprocessors will not work in practice. Shifting fast will create excessive noise and require more power than the package can handle. Shifting slow creates the problem of correctly switching to at-speed clocks between shifts. The power grid of a large design may not be able to handle the excessive current drawn for a few at-speed functional clock cycles. Then there is the problem of scan putting the design in non-functional states – that can possibly expose non-functional paths (or false paths) to the ATPG tool. Should we be throwing chips that fail non-functional paths? Leave scan where it belongs – stuck at the stuck-at faults. Focus energies on developing an automated functional test pattern generation and validation environment.
A programmable timing device for neurophysiological studies of the auditory system

To study the effects of stimulus duration on neural responses, it is essential to be able to modify stimulus timing paradigms rapidly. A four-channel programmable timing device (PTD) has been designed to provide flexible and accurate data-acquisition timing protocols, PTD outputs are used to control data-acquisition and stimulus-generation peripherals. Four attributes of the timing protocol are programmable: trial duration, stimulus duration, stimulus onset delay, and a number of trials. The use of the PTD has allowed for a more detailed description of dorsal cochlear nucleus unit-response properties. >
Sovereign Wealth Funds, Transnational Law, and the New Paradigms of International Financial Relations

International financial relations have largely been defined by cross-border trade, foreign direct investments, and global banking relations. This paper demonstrates that another activity, sovereign investments by special vehicles known as sovereign wealth funds, is rapidly redefining the traditional paradigms, providing both opportunities for further integration of the financial markets as well as posing particular challenges for policy makers.
Symposium: The Civil Rights Roots of Tinker's Disruption Tests

This past spring marked the fortieth anniversary of Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District, the landmark student speech case in which the Supreme Court held that three students were protected by the First Amendment when they wore black armbands in their Des Moines, Iowa public schools to protest the Vietnam War. Looking at Supreme Court precedent alone, it would seem as though the Tinker tests were created out of whole cloth: the substantial or material disruption, reasonable anticipation of such disruption, and rights of others tests did not have much of a basis in earlier Supreme Court decisions. But, the district court in Tinker had employed the first two of these tests. For authority, it had looked to the Fifth Circuit’s decisions six weeks prior in two cases involving high school students’ speech about civil rights: Burnside v. Byars and Blackwell v. Issaquena County. Aside from Tinker’s citations to Burnside and Blackwell, those two cases the roots of Tinker’s disruption tests have largely been lost to history. Accordingly, this Article scrutinizes Burnside and Blackwell, considers lower courts’ applications of and retreat from the Burnside/Blackwell actual disruption test in the student speech context, and analyzes the presence of Burnside and Blackwell in the Tinker district court opinion and in various drafts of the Tinker Supreme Court opinion. Struggles for students’ speech rights and battles waged by the Civil Rights Movement rarely are seen as intertwined strands of history, but this Article demonstrates that the student free speech rights articulated in Tinker are built upon the struggles of the Civil Rights Movement.
A Comment on "Subsidisation" of Urban Public Transport and the Mohring Effect

Van Reeven (2008) argues that the Mohring effect is not relevant to the determination of transit subsidies because a profit-maximising monopolist would supply frequencies that are the same as, or greater than, those that are socially optimal. We find that his results depend on the reduction or elimination of the effect of fares on demand, causing optimal prices to be indeterminate within broad ranges. Consequently, his model is an unsatisfactory tool for discussing subsidies in general, and the optimal combination of fare and frequency in particular.
Semiautomated Method for Serum Pepsinogen Determination

An automated fluorometric determination of tyrosine has been adapted to the measurement of pepsinogen in body fluids. Preparation of the hemoglobin substrate and methods of incubation are similar to those previously described. The major technical improvement is the elimination of precipitation and filtration; instead, dialysis has been incorporated into the automated procedure for determination of tyrosine and tyrosine-containing peptides. This method provides a reliable, simple technique for use with large numbers of serum specimens.