cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Cost and Affordability Paradox of Transit-Oriented Development: A Comparison of Housing and Transportation Costs Across Transit-Oriented Development, Hybrid and Transit-Adjacent Development Station Typologies

AbstractThis study presents a comparison of housing and transportation costs (H+T) in 4,399 fixed-route transit station areas across the United States. Each station area is classified as a transit-oriented development (TOD), hybrid, or transit-adjacent development (TAD) based on walkability and housing density targets. Station areas with a Walk Score of 70 or greater and a gross housing density of 8 units per acre or more are classified as TOD. Station areas that meet just one of these criteria are classified as hybrids, and those that do not meet either of these criteria are categorized as TAD. The findings reveal a paradox that whereas TOD are more expensive places to buy and rent housing, they are more affordable than hybrids and TAD because the lower cost of transportation offsets housing costs. We argue that policies to increase the density and walkability of hybrid and TAD station areas, which account for two thirds of all station areas across the United States, should be a top priority for both hou...
Techniques for Enabling Efficient Location Discovery

We address two problems in this chapter: (1) how to maximally improve the accuracy of location discovery (LD) in static and mobile ad hoc networks by placing one or multiple additional nodes and (2) how to create and maintain location discovery infrastructure (LDI) for static and mobile users. For this purpose, we have developed two new types of methodology. The first one coordinates the construction of statistical models and optimization techniques, such that the models facilitate rapid and efficient optimization, which leverages the properties of the models. Specifically, we enforce that all our models are piecewise linear and monotonic, and all our algorithms employ piecewise Linear Programming. The second type of methodology uses constraint manipulation to create flexible LD that supports user objectives while balancing security and privacy. We have constructed four types of models: (1) distance measurement error models, (2) LD error models, (3) indoor and outdoor environment models, and (4) individual and group mobility models. Our approach is evaluated on sets of distance measurements produced by actual deployed networks, and we analyze the performance in terms of accuracy, scalability, security, and privacy.
CS-Based Secured Big Data Processing on FPGA

The four V's in Big data sets, Volume, Velocity, Variety, and Veracity, provides challenges in many different aspects of real-time systems. Out of these areas securing big data sets, reduction in processing time and communication bandwidth are of utmost importance. In this paper we adopt Compressive Sensing (CS) based framework to address all three issues. We implement compressive Sensing using Deterministic Random Matrix (DRM) on Artix-7 FPGA, and CS reconstruction using Orthogonal Matching Pursuit (OMP) algorithm on Virtex-7 FPGA. The results show that our implementations for CS sampling and reconstruction are 183x and 2.7x respectively faster when compared to previously published work. We also perform case study of two different applications i.e. multi-channel Seizure Detection and Image processing to demonstrate the efficiency of our proposed CS-based framework. CS-based framework allows us to reduce communication transfers up to 75% while achieving satisfactory range of quality. The results show that our proposed framework is 290x faster and has 7.9x less resource utilization as compared to previously published AES based encryption.
Abstract 401: Shortening of Action Potential Duration With Increased Work in Contracting Rabbit Heart

Studying heart function in contracting hearts at higher workloads provides crucial knowledge of cardiac performance in high-stress situations. Ratiometric optical mapping of fully loaded hearts is ...
The Staying Power of Injustice and the Prolonged History of the Trafficking of Indian Children in The Other Slavery

Review of Andres Resendez, The Other Slavery: The Uncovered Story of Indian Enslavement in America (2016), focusing on the relevance of the work for teachers of federal Indian law and comparing the historical trafficking of Indian women and children by white and Native slavers to the current practice of removal of Indian children from their homes.
Vehicle modeling and parameter estimation using adaptive limited memory joint-state UKF

Vehicle modeling is an essential part of controller design and validation. This is especially true for model-based control design approaches, such as model-predictive control (MPC), which require an accurate model for predicting the vehicle motion. In this paper we propose a new adaptive joint-state unscented Kalman filter (JUKF) to estimate the unknown vehicle parameters using experimentally collected data. We test the proposed algorithm using three nonlinear vehicle models of increased fidelity: a single-track model, a double-track model and a full 11-dof vehicle model. Simulation results validate the proposed algorithm.
Moyamoya tipping point: fatal bilateral MCA territory infarction following cocaine abuse.

An adult Caucasian man with a history of polysubstance abuse was found unresponsive by the nursing staff at his rehabilitation centre and intubated by emergency medical services. On examination, he was stuporous, his eyes did not open to stimulation, his pupils were reactive, localised to pain with bilateral upper extremities and demonstrated triple flexion to noxious stimuli in the bilateral lower extremities. Urine toxicology was positive for cocaine metabolites. A CT scan of the head was performed, which showed possible hypodensities in the bilateral temporal lobes. MRI of the brain was performed to further characterise these hypodensities, and it revealed bilateral middle cerebral artery (MCA) infarction and generalised cerebral …
Adult Neurogenesis and Neuronal Subtype Specification in the Neocortex

It was long believed that the adult central nervous system (CNS) was incapable of generating new neurons or having neurons added to its post-mitotic circuitry. However, recent development of new experimental techniques and approaches has shown that the adult brain contains neural precursors (sometimes termed “neural stem cells”; comprising partially heterogeneous, fate-restricted progenitors plus theoretical primitive totipotent CNS “stem cells”) that are capable of generating new neurons, astroglia, and oligodendroglia. Understanding the specific controls over the generation of the wide diversity of neuronal subtypes (both projection neurons and local circuit interneurons), each with specific projection/efferent targets, afferent connectivity, functions, and neurotransmitters will be critical, as the field advances, toward directed and controlled differentiation of neural precursors, and toward potential cellular circuit repair for specific nervous system degenerative and acquired diseases of specific neuronal circuitry.
Welcome to the communications of the association for information systems

J.D. Edwards is a provider of the new generation of ERP and collaborative commerce solutions. This case study describes the challenges faced internally by the company to upgrade to the latest enterprise software it would sell to the world. Dubbed Project PROOF, the project started in June 2001 and was completed in November 2002. The perspectives of the CIO, the program manager, and other key personnel are presented. The case study highlights the issues that arise in an enterprise software implementation project. In addition, the case touches upon issues of project management, process redesign, and marketing. The case study uses a multimedia format to add richness and detail. Although J.D. Edwards was acquired in 2003, the issues discussed are relevant to current business practices.
Shear flocculation and carrier flotation of fine hematite

ABSTRACT Enhancement of particle size by particle aggregation is one of the methods that can be used to improve recovery during the flotation of fine particles. This paper describes the results of two such processes, shear flocculation and carrier flotation, for enhancing the flotation of fine hematite. The shear flocculation of fine hematite particles with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) collector was investigated as a function of the agitation rate of the suspension. The flotation separation of hematite and quartz is enhanced by this technique. In a second aspect of this investigation, pre-conditioned coarse hematite particles were added to the ore suspension to act as carrier particles for the fine hematite. The combined pulp is agitated to promote the coating of the reagentized coarse hematite with the fine hematite. Carrier flotation not only increase the recovery and grade of the hematite concentrate, but also cut the pre-flotation conditioning period by two-thirds over the flocculation/flotation process where no carrier particles were present.
Eight Concepts of Optimality

The notion of optimality and the processes of optimization are clearly pivotal in the areas of economics, engineering, management and business. These are mostly "constrained" problems where search for optimality relies on some form of evaluating of tradeoffs. There can be not tradeoffs along a single dimension: optimality is therefore a fundamentally multicriterion concept. Here we develop the notion of optimum as a welldefined balance among multiple criteria. We end up with the eight different, separate and mutually irreducible optimality concepts where the traditional single-objective optimality is only a special case.
Unimolecular Decomposition of n-C4H9 and iso-C4H9 Radicals

The kinetics of the unimolecular decomposition of the n-C4H9 radical has been studied experimentally in a heated tubular flow reactor coupled to a photoionization mass spectrometer. Rate constants for the decomposition were determined in time-resolved experiments as a function of temperature (560−620 K) and bath gas density ((3−18) × 1016 molecules cm-3) in two bath gases, He and N2. The rate constants are in the falloff region under the conditions of the experiments. Structures, vibrational frequencies, and barriers for internal rotations of n-butyl and iso-butyl radicals and their decomposition transition states were obtained by ab initio calculations using UHF/6-31G* and MP2/6-31G* methods. The results of ab initio calculation, together with the reanalysis of earlier studies of the reverse reactions, were used to create transition-state models of the reactions of unimolecular decomposition of n-butyl (1) and iso-butyl (2) radicals. Falloff behavior of reaction 1 was reproduced using master equation mod...
Does Biology Matter?: Lesbian Couples' Transition to Parenthood and Their Division of Labor

The effect of biological motherhood on parents' transition to parenthood and their division of labor is a much contested issue. This paper explores the impact of biological motherhood in a unique context—lesbian parenthood—where biological requirements can be analytically separated from gender effects. The analysis is based on a study of 25 middle-class lesbian couples' transition to parenthood and their division of labor. Each couple had at least one biological child under the age of six and all children were born within the context of the couples' relationship. I conducted in-depth interviews with each partner and all participants filled out a short questionnaire. The distinction between the biological and non-biological mother affected couples in three domains of motherhood: public, relational, and personal motherhood. Comothers countered public ignorance, social and legal invisibility, and the lack of biological connection to the child by sharing primary childcare and establishing a distinct parenting role within the family. The participants employed various models of the division of labor to provide one full-time mother for as long as economically possible. Desire to be with the child, economic considerations, and strong commitments to equality and shared motherhood rather than biological requirements informed decisions about leave strategies and long-term paid work arrangements. Time/availability proved to be the best predictor of involvement in family work. Conflicts erupted whenever one partner perceived the other as not doing her fair share of domestic work.
Early fire detection for underground diesel fuel storage areas.

Abstract With the increased use of mobile diesel-powered equipment in underground mines, the fire risk posed by underground diesel fuel storage areas is a concern. To reduce the risk associated with the storage and transfer of large quantities of diesel fuel in permanent underground mine storage areas, an experimental study was conducted to investigate the responses of different sensors for early detection of diesel fuel fires in a storage area. Fire sensors tested in this study were four carbon monoxide (CO) sensors, two smoke sensors, and one flame sensor. A series of fire tests were conducted in the NIOSH Safety Research Coal Mine, Bruceton, PA, using various fire sizes at different ventilation airflow velocities and fire locations. Response times for different sensors were analyzed, and the results suggest that the flame sensor and smoke sensors resulted in shorter response times in most tests compared to the CO sensors. Based on the test results, the appropriate sensor locations for early fire detection in a diesel fuel storage area were identified. The results of this study can help mining companies to select appropriate fire sensors for underground diesel fuel storage areas and improve the deployment of these sensors to ensure the safety of underground miners.
Relationship of Time-Activity-Adjusted Particle Number Concentration with Blood Pressure

Emerging evidence suggests long-term exposure to ultrafine particulate matter (UFP, aerodynamic diameter < 0.1 µm) is associated with adverse cardiovascular outcomes. We investigated whether annual average UFP exposure was associated with measured systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), pulse pressure (PP), and hypertension prevalence among 409 adults participating in the cross-sectional Community Assessment of Freeway Exposure and Health (CAFEH) study. We used measurements of particle number concentration (PNC, a proxy for UFP) obtained from mobile monitoring campaigns in three near-highway and three urban background areas in and near Boston, Massachusetts to develop PNC regression models (20-m spatial and hourly temporal resolution). Individual modeled estimates were adjusted for time spent in different micro-environments (time-activity-adjusted PNC, TAA-PNC). Mean TAA-PNC was 22,000 particles/cm³ (sd = 6500). In linear models (logistic for hypertension) adjusted for the minimally sufficient set of covariates indicated by a directed acyclic graph (DAG), we found positive, non-significant associations between natural log-transformed TAA-PNC and SBP (β = 5.23, 95%CI: -0.68, 11.14 mmHg), PP (β = 4.27, 95%CI: -0.79, 9.32 mmHg), and hypertension (OR = 1.81, 95%CI: 0.94, 3.48), but not DBP (β = 0.96, 95%CI: -2.08, 4.00 mmHg). Associations were stronger among non-Hispanic white participants and among diabetics in analyses stratified by race/ethnicity and, separately, by health status.
Low Frequency Alternating Current Block - A New Method to Stop or Slow Conduction of Action Potentials *

Finding a safe and effective method for blocking nerve fibers has been of particular interest of researchers in recent years. This paper presents a novel method of using low frequency alternating current to block nerve fibers. Presented are examples of phasic block in in-vivo earthworms, ex-vivo canine vagus and in-silico simulations using low frequency alternating current. Using this method onset activation, seen in kilohertz frequency block, is not seen. Blocking was achieved approximately 100 microamperes, in some cases, as opposed to milliamperes, reducing the possibility of toxic free radical buildup which eventually irreversibly damages the nerve. This paper provides evidence of a safe, effective and low power method for blocking nerve fibers.
Infrared ultrafast spectroscopy of solution-grown thin film tellurium

Several materials studied intensively in their bulk forms several decades ago have re-emerged in recent years in their thin film and monolayer manifestations. Tellurium, like black phosphorus, is one such elemental two-dimensional material with promising semiconducting properties for electronic and optoelectronic applications. To study fundamental carrier properties such as hot carrier relaxation and recombination, we performed ultrafast femtosecond pump-probe spectroscopy on thin flakes of solution-grown tellurium. To access the low band gap of tellurium, we used infrared, near-band-gap and below-band-gap probes to monitor the relaxation processes. Sweeping the probing wavelengths across the band gap helps to shed light on the anisotropic band structure of the material. We find that relaxation in flakes of 60--160 nm thickness is on the order of 100 s of picoseconds. Thinner flakes (10--20 nm), on the other hand, exhibit fast relaxation times of sub-20 ps. Radiative recombination is identified as the relaxation mechanism in thick flakes, whereas midgap trap states arising from surface defects and impurities are responsible for the fast relaxation in thin flakes. A diffusion-recombination model accounting for the surface defect and radiative recombinations explains the experimental data well.
Opioid usage patterns among Medicare pancreatic cancer patients according to palliative care utilization.

14Background: Opioid pharmacotherapy is used to manage moderate and severe pain in palliative care (PC). Pain affects 80% pancreatic cancer patients older than 65 years. We assessed the opioid util...
Ultrafast Photofragmentation of Ln(hfac) 3 with a Proposed Mechanism for forming High Mass Fluorinated Products

The photo-induced dissociative-ionization of lanthanide complexes Ln(hfac)3 (Ln = Pr, Er, Yb) is studied using intense ultrafast transform limited (TL) and linearly chirped laser pulses in a time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectrometry setup. Various fluorine and Ln-containing high-mass fragments were observed in this experiment, including the molecular parent ion, which have not been seen with previous studies relying on relatively long-duration laser pulses (i.e., ns or longer). These new high-mass observations provide important formerly missing information for deducing a set of photo-fragmentation mechanistic pathways for Ln(hfac)3. An overall ultrafast control mechanism is proposed by combining insights from earlier studies and the fragments observed in this research to result in three main distinct photo-fragmentation processes: (a) ligand-metal charge transfer, (b) CF3 elimination, and (c) C-C bond rotation processes. We conclude that ultrafast dissociative-ionization could be a promising technique for generating high-mass fragments for potential use in material science applications.
Vaccination of aged mice with adjuvanted recombinant influenza nucleoprotein enhances protective immunity

Elderly individuals are highly susceptible to influenza virus (IAV) infection and respond poorly to influenza vaccines. Although the generally accepted correlate of protection following influenza vaccination is neutralizing antibody titers, cytotoxic T cell activity has been found to be a better correlate in the elderly. This suggests that vaccines designed to protect against influenza in the elderly should induce both humoral and cellular immunity. The co-induction of T cell immunity is additionally advantageous, as virus-specific T cells are frequently cross-reactive against different strains of IAV. Here, we tested the capacity of a synthetic TLR-4 adjuvant, SLA-SE (second-generation lipid adjuvant formulated in a squalene-based oil-in-water emulsion) to elicit T cell immunity to a recombinant influenza nucleoprotein (rNP), in both young and aged mice. IAV challenge of vaccinated mice resulted in a modest increase in the numbers of NP-specific CD4 and CD8 effector T cells in the spleen, but did not increase numbers of memory phenotype CD8 T cells generated following viral clearance (compared to control vaccinated mice). Cytotoxic activity of CD8, but not CD4 T cells was increased. In addition, SLA-SE adjuvanted vaccination specifically enhanced the production of NP-specific IgG2c antibodies in both young and aged mice. Although NP-specific antibodies are not neutralizing, they can cooperate with CD8 T cells and antigen-presenting cells to enhance protective immunity. Importantly, SLA-SE adjuvanted rNP-vaccination of aged mice resulted in significantly enhanced viral clearance. In addition, vaccination of aged mice resulted in enhanced survival after lethal challenge compared to control vaccination, that approached statistical significance. These data demonstrate the potential of SLA-SE adjuvanted rNP vaccines to (i) generate both cellular and humoral immunity to relatively conserved IAV proteins and (ii) elicit protective immunity to IAV in aged mice.
Surgical Management of Carotid Body Tumors

Abstract Objective: The goal was to review our experience in the management of carotid body tumors at a tertiary referral center. Methods: A retrospective review was performed of patients at University of California-Los Angeles Medical Center in whom carotid body tumor was diagnosed between 1973 and 1998. Results: Twenty-nine patients with 36 carotid body tumors were identified. Thirty-five operations were performed. Seventeen patients underwent preoperative embolization. The blood loss for these patients was less than for those without embolization. Five patients had preoperative cranial nerve deficits. Neurologic deficits were noted in 41% of patients immediately after surgery. In 24% of patients, the deficits were permanent. Conclusion: Surgical resection is the treatment of choice for carotid body tumors. Embolization immediately before surgery decreases blood loss and facilitates tumor removal. In our series, the risk of new postsurgical cranial nerve deficits was small. Observation of these tumors is not recommended because progressive growth is associated with increased risk of neurologic deficits. (Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2000;123:202–6.)
The ability root in Palestinian Arabic and its actuality entailment

The ability root in Palestinian Arabic (PA) licenses actuality entailments under perfective-marking, but not under imperfective-marking. In this, the root mirrors the behavior of similar expressions in other languages. However, further morphosyntactic environments that are unique to PA provide empirical arguments against certain theoretical accounts of actuality entailments, and show a robust correlation between aspect-shifting and actuality-entailment licensing.
Importance of applying treatment data to ascertain type 1 diabetes cases in health registries

We read with great interest the article by Casagrande and colleagues concerning the comparison of the survey-based algorithms to ascertain type 1 diabetes (T1D) in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) and the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS).1 Emphasizing the recent updates about the distribution of age at T1D onset is a great point in their work; however, an evidence-based comparison between the algorithms’ accuracy would have been useful to the reader. We had previously developed a treatment-based algorithm for identifying diabetes type in the NHANES after evaluating the magnitude of misclassification for each of the potential criteria for the classification from the epidemiologic evidence.2 We excluded age at the diabetes diagnosis criterion because of its high rate of misclassification in the ascertainment of T1D.3 4 Instead, we used ‘No use of oral hypoglycemic medication’, ‘Current insulin use’, and ‘Started taking insulin within a year after the diagnosis’ criteria.2 We agree with Casagrande et al that ‘No use of oral hypoglycemic medication’ alone is not enough …
From CAN to ROS: A Monitoring and Data Recording Bridge

The Controller Area Network (CAN) bus protocol is used in modern vehicles for sharing messages between several control units within a vehicle. CAN bus messages are encoded with unknown scheme and decoding these messages provide unlimited access to valuable information that is used in many autonomous vehicles applications. This paper proposes a ROS based package (CAN-to-ROS) for monitoring, recording, and real-time and offline decoding of CAN bus messages. The package is developed in the ROS framework to add modularity and ease of integration with other software, and it is written in C++ to guarantee speed of the execution during run-time. For realtime decoding of CAN bus data, CAN-to-ROS package used in conjunction with other library called Libpanda that provide access to CAN bus message from a vehicle. The package was evaluated and tested on a Raspberry Pi with real CAN bus data from a Toyota RAV4. The results confirm the capabilities of CAN-to-ROS package and resulted in using the package in other research projects.
Kitchen Matters: Virtual materials science outreach through food and cooking

The kitchen is our best home laboratory. Inspired by this, we launched Kitchen Matters, a new outreach program that uses home cooking experiments to explore materials science. After a year of virtual outreach, we reflect on making materials science come alive, even with our audience half a world away.
Alternative strategies for the synthesis of [11C]ER176 for PET imaging of neuroinflammation.

Abstract [11C]ER176 is a next generation PET radioligand for imaging 18 kDa translocator protein, a biomarker for neuroinflammation. The goal of this work was to investigate alternative strategies for the radiochemical synthesis, purification, and formulation of [11C]ER176. An optimized tri-solvent high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) protocol is described to separate the hydro-de-chlorinated byproduct from [11C]ER176. A newly implemented solid phase extraction work-up efficiently removed HPLC solvent while maintaining chemical purity and overall radiochemical yield and purity. This new HPLC purification and final formulation was completed within 40 min, providing 2.7 ± 0.5 GBq of [11C]ER176 at end of synthesis with 1400 ± 300 GBq/μmol molar activity while meeting all specifications for radiopharmaceutical quality control tests for human research use.
A role of somatostatin and its receptor, SSTR4, in the migration of hepatic oval “stem” cells

Proc Amer Assoc Cancer Res, Volume 47, 2006 4362 Somatostatin (SST) is a regulatory peptide that activates G protein-coupled receptors comprised of five members (SSTRs 1-5). Recently it has been demonstrated that SST can act as a chemoattractant for hematopoietic precursor cells. We hypothesized that SST could be a chemoattractant for hepatic oval cell (HOC)s by stimulating somatostatin receptor (SSTRs). Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blot assay showed an increased expression of SST in the 2-acetyl-aminofluorene (2AAF)/partial hepatectomy (PHx) HOC induction model. Immunohistochemical staining revealed the expression of SST in 2AAF/PHx-treated rat liver, as compared to normal liver. RT-PCR results showed that SSTR1, 2, 4, and 5 expression were up-regulated in HOCs, as compared to normal hepatocytes and liver. However, SSTR4 was the only subtype expressed exclusively by HOCs. Gene expression for SSTR4 determined by quantitative real-time PCR showed a significant increase during HOC activation, peaking approximately seven days post PHx. Western blot assay and immunohistochemical staining confirmed the expression of SSTR4 by HOCs. Proliferation and BrdU incorporation assays demonstrated that SST did not affect the proliferation of HOCs, while the migration assay established that SST could exert chemotactic effect for HOCs, and this function was abrogated by pretreatment with anti-SSTR4 antibody. SST stimulated the rearrangement of actin filaments in HOCs, whereas reorganization of actin filaments was not observed in non-treated or anti-SSTR4 antibody-treated HOCs. In addition, the increased phosphorylation of AKT and PAK1 was observed in SST-treated HOCs. However, this phosphorylation was decreased when HOCs were pretreated with anti-SSTR4 antibody. These data demonstrate that SST induces the migration of HOCs through SSTR4, and this effect appears to be mediated via the PI3 kinase/ AKT/PAK1 signaling pathway.
Direct and indirect resource utilisation by the construction sector: The case of the USA since World War II

The study of resource utilisation by the construction sector which focuses on direct inputs only is of limited value for the understanding of the construction sector’s role in the national economy. Although the construction sector mobilises a significant proportion of national resources through direct purchases, its total impact on the national economy is considerably greater. This impact can be gauged with the aid of input-output analysis, which provides a general framework for the study of resource utilisation by the construction sector in the context of sectoral interdependence.
Constructing Good Aliens and Good Citizens: Legitimizing the War on Terror(ism)

The United States government's declared and orchestrated war on terrorism has internal as well as external dimensions. Externally, it has identified or attempted to identify the terrorist threat with particular nation states, such as Afghanistan and Iraq. But much of the war has been fought internally. Because the enemy could reside anywhere, even within the United States and within those states that the United States would never accuse of sponsoring or even condoning terrorism, the war against terrorism requires allies to turn inward to rout out the enemy. For the United States at least, the revision and deployment of immigration law and policy has played an important role in that inward turn.This article approaches the internal war on terrorism by contextualizing it historically, particularly within the history of United States immigration law and policy that has attempted simultaneously to expand and enrich the polity and to exclude or deport "bad aliens," or those aliens seen as posing a threat to the security or cultural unity of the United States. The events surrounding September 11, 2001 brought back into the fore questions about what groups of aliens, and even citizens, are most likely to pose threats to that security and unity. Of course, September 11 was not the first threat experienced by the United States that provoked a response affecting noncitizens, as well as citizens whose loyalty was questioned. If citizens and noncitizen immigrants had begun to take for granted certain civil rights and liberties before September 11, doing so required forgetting -- or at least assuming that Chinese exclusion, immigration quota systems, Japanese internment, an the McCarthy era were securely of the past. For many Muslim residents, forgetting was not possible. The 1996 Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act, which disproportionately affected Arab Muslims, was a recent reminder of the shadow of suspicion that antiterrorist measures could cast on their lives.Part I studies the history of United States immigration law and policy, and other related areas of law, for various lines that have been drawn to distinguish bad aliens from good aliens. Part II discusses how, in the context of the McCarthy era, some of the same demarcations were used to distinguish good from bad citizens based on presumed affiliations with bad aliens or enemy states. Part III focuses on the war on terrorism in the wake of September 11, and contends that the distinctions between good and bad aliens from each of the previously studied historical periods have influenced official and unofficial state imagination of, and response to, the terrorist threat. Part IV argues that the responses to the threat function to legitimize the war on terrorism, and describes that process.
The foundations of information push and pull

Information push and information pull have recently emerged as useful concepts to describe the operation of distributed information resources. Information push, in particular, is becoming closely associated with intelligent agent functionality. Loosely speaking, if a user requests and receives a very specific piece of information, this is information pull. If information is sent in anticipation of the user’s need, or the agent’s response includes information not directly solicited, then the situation is characterized as information push. Intuitively, junk mail (electronic or paper), television newscasts and wirefeeds are examples of information push. New web services such as Pointcast and Informant are examples of more selective push technologies. Web browsing, library searches, and telephone white pages are traditional examples of information pull. Clearly, these categorizations can be ambiguous and are easily lost in semantics. The main goal of this paper is to formalize these concepts and describe a mathematical framework around which further work can be more precise. Specifically, we develop a stochastic framework based on Markov models to describe an ambient environment and an agent system. Depending on the relationships between the environment, the agent and the user’s performance criterion, a continuum of possible information push and pull scenarios can be described. Some basic analytic results concerning the operation of a push/pull information system are derived.
Dealing with Increased Variability of Spring Temperatures in Temperate Deciduous Orchard Crops

Abstract Productivity of temperate deciduous crops is potentially more vulnerable to climate change than many annual crops because temperate deciduous crops flower and set crops at the beginning of the growing season when temperatures vary greatly. The fruit development periods (time between bloom and harvest) of many fruit tree species (peach and nectarine ( Prunus persica ), plum ( Prunus salicina ), prune ( Prunus domestica ), sweet cherry ( Prunus avium ), almond ( Prunus dulcis ), pear ( Pyrus communis )) are inversely related to accumulated heat during the first month after bloom – the higher the accumulated heat, the shorter the fruit development period (Fig. 1). The fruit development period of a cultivar can vary among years by as much as 30 days and most of the effects on development occur during the early stages of fruit development. Thus, spring temperatures can have significant effects on fruit sizes and/or tree yields because, during warm springs, rates of fruit growth cannot keep up with rates of fruit development when spring temperatures are excessively high. In recent years spring temperature variability appears to be increasing. While historic mean growing degree hour (GDH) accumulations in the month after peach tree bloom in California were around 6000 GDH, recently 3 years have registered accumulations over 8000 GDH and one year was above 9000 GDH. This caused early harvests and problems with fruit size. A harvest prediction model has been developed to help growers cope with these variable weather events ( http://fruitsandnuts.ucdavis.edu/Weather_Services/Harvest_Prediction__About_Growing_Degree_Hours/ ). In addition, prolonged temperatures > 27 o C occurring during bloom have also negatively affected fruit set of prunes ( Prunus domestica ) and sweet cherries ( Prunus avium ). California prune production is especially vulnerable because it is dependent a single cultivar. Breeding efforts are under way to spread the bloom period and decrease the risk of sporadic warm spells during spring (Table 1).
Heavy drinking relates to positive valence ratings of alcohol cues.

A positive family history of alcohol use disorders (FH) is a robust predictor of personal alcohol abuse and dependence. Exposure to problem-drinking models is one mechanism through which family history influences alcohol-related cognitions and drinking patterns. Similarly, exposure to alcohol advertisements is associated with alcohol involvement and the relationship between affective response to alcohol cues and drinking behavior has not been well established. In addition, the collective contribution that FH, exposure to different types of problem-drinking models (e.g. parents, peers) and personal alcohol use have on appraisal of alcohol-related stimuli has not been evaluated with a large sample. We investigated the independent effects of FH, exposure to problem-drinking models and personal alcohol use on valence ratings of alcohol pictures in a college sample. College students (n = 227) completed measures of personal drinking and substance use, exposure to problem-drinking models, FH and ratings on affective valence of 60 alcohol pictures. Greater exposure to non-familial problem-drinkers predicted greater drinking among college students (beta = 0.17, P Language: en
Visible light mediated photoredox reactions catalyzed by recyclable PIB-bound ruthenium photoredox catalysts

This report describes the preparation of a PIB-bound Ru(II)-bipyridine complex [Ru(PIB-bpy)3Cl2], and its use as a recyclable photoredox catalyst to carry out both oxidative C–C bond cleavage of aldehydes and [2 + 2] cycloaddition of bis(enone)s. While this polymer-supported Ru catalyst could be successfully recovered and reused for 5 cycles with no loss of catalytic activity and with leaching levels of ca. 1% of the charged catalyst for these reactions, other reactions like photodimerization or alkyl halide synthesis that require a more polar solvent medium for successful reactions of the low molecular weight catalyst proceeded either with varying selectivity or in low yield because of solubility limitations of the PIB-supported catalyst in the more polar solvents that are often used for this chemistry.
Catecholamines in the Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis Reciprocally Respond to Reward and Aversion

Background Traditionally, norepinephrine has been associated with stress responses, whereas dopamine has been associated with reward. Both of these catecholamines are found within the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST), a brain relay nucleus in the extended amygdala between cortical/limbic centers, and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Despite this colocalization, little is known about subsecond catecholamine signaling in subregions of the BNST in response to salient stimuli. Methods Changes in extracellular catecholamine concentration in subregions of the BNST in response to salient stimuli were measured within the rat BNST with fast-scan cyclic voltammetry at carbon-fiber microelectrodes. Results A discrete subregional distribution of release events was observed for different catecholamines in this nucleus. In addition, rewarding and aversive tastants evoked inverse patterns of norepinephrine and dopamine release in the BNST. An aversive stimulus, quinine, activated noradrenergic signaling but inhibited dopaminergic signaling, whereas a palatable stimulus, sucrose, inhibited norepinephrine while causing dopamine release. Conclusions This reciprocal relationship, coupled with their different time courses, can provide integration of opposing hedonic states to influence response outputs appropriate for survival.
A new objective function to build seismic networks using differential evolution

Natural phenomena such as earthquakes have caused devastating effects in different cities around the word. To prevent a great disaster, it is necessary to construct seismic stations at strategical locations to warn population. Many Disaster Alert Systems (DAS), such as the Seismic Alert System of Mexico City (SAS) [4] or the Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis (DART II) [11], were located not based in earthquake or tsunami data, but simply by spacing the sensors more or less evenly around the contour of the Pacific Ocean. The objective of a DAS is simple: to emit an alert as fast as possible, in order to warn the population as early as possible. According to a new location of its seismic stations, the SAS could issue a longer warning time. This research focuses on designing the locations of seismic sensing stations maximizing the “warning time”; that is, the gap between the time when an earthquake is detected and the alert is launched, and the arrival time of the disaster. Since locating these stations is basically a numerical problem, in this research, the authors propose a new objective function to maximize the warning time using a differential evolution algorithm. In order to perform the experiments and validate the efficiency of the algorithm, it was considered the epicenters of recorded earthquakes located in the State of Guerrero, Mexico. This data is used in the objective function to set the fitness value of a candidate solution. The main disasters targeted in this paper are earthquakes, but this research can be extended easily to tsunamis or volcanic eruptions alert systems, locating telecommunications antennas, etc.
PERCEIVING AND THINKING: THEIR INTERRELATIONSHIP AND ORGANISMIC ORGANIZATION*

“The problems which would be raised here are old enough; there is no immediate danger of their solution.”1
Interaction between clozapine and a lipophilic α1-adrenergic agonist

Acute intraperitoneal injection of clozapine produced marked hypothermia and ataxia in Swiss-Webster mice. These two effects were almost completely blocked by the lipophilic alpha 1-adrenergic agonist, St 587, but not by the peripherally-acting alpha 1 agonist methoxamine. It was inferred that these effects of clozapine are central in origin and probably resulted from alpha 1 adrenergic blockade. However, since prazosin, a selective alpha 1-adrenergic antagonist did not elicit either hypothermia or ataxia in mice it became clear that the alpha 1 adrenergic blocking effect of clozapine is not entirely responsible for these effects, but has a major contributory role in their production. Both clozapine and prazosin inhibited the d-amphetamine-induced locomotor stimulation in mice. St 587 did not significantly reduce this amphetamine-blocking effect of clozapine. It was inferred that this response to d-amphetamine involving the release of mesolimbic dopamine is distinct from the other two St 587-sensitive responses. The hypothermic and ataxic effects of clozapine developed complete tolerance after just four days of treatment, but ten days of such treatment was required for the development of tolerance to the amphetamine-blocking effect of clozapine. The possible relationships between St 587-sensitive and insensitive effects of clozapine and its antipsychotic property are discussed.
Routing policies in named data networking

Modern inter-domain routing with BGP is based on policies rather than finding shortest paths. Network operators devise and implement policies affecting route selection and export independently of others. These policies are realized by tuning a variety of parameters, or knobs, present in BGP. Similarly, NDN, a information-centric future Internet architecture, will utilize a policy-based routing protocol such as BGP. However, NDN allows a finer granularity of policies (content names rather than hosts) and more traffic engineering opportunities.This work explores what routing policies could look like in an NDN Internet. We describe the knobs available to network operators and their possible settings. Furthermore, we explore the economic incentives present in an NDN Internet and reason how they might drive operators to set their policies.
Metallicity and gap states in tunneling to Fe clusters in GaAs(110).

We report the characteristics of tunneling to a GaAsO 10) substrate with distinct, nanometer-size Fe clusters, as a function of distance from and size of the clusters. We show that Fe clusters of volumes ∼ 150 A3, corresponding to ≃13 atoms, are observed to be nonmetallic with a gap at the Fermi level. Larger clusters with > 35 atoms begin to show metallic characteristics. We observe a continuum of cluster-induced gap states in tunneling to the GaAs substrate surrounding the metallic Fc clusters. The decay length of these states has a minimum decay of 3.4 A at midgap and diverges at the valence- and conduction-band edges.
The suprachiasmatic nuclei stimulate evening ACTH secretion in the rat.

Abstract The effect of bilateral lesions of the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) on the circadian rhythm in ACTH was studied in rats that were adrenalectomized and implanted with a subcutaneous corticosterone (B) pellet. Rats were chronically cannulated to allow for repeated blood sampling. In rats with B pellets, bilateral lesions of the SCN eliminated the circadian rise in plasma ACTH seen in sham-lesioned animals. This is consistent with the idea that the SCN stimulate ACTH secretion in the evening.
Long-term stability of sulfur dioxide permeation tube standard reference materials

A series of NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology) sulfur dioxide permeation tubes from several Standard Reference Materials (SRMs 1625 and 1627) were studied for their long-term permeation characteristics at temperatures of 20, 25 and 30°C. It was found that contrary to previous reports the steady-state permeation rate was not constant, but showed a very slight downward trend with time. During the day-to-day use of such devices the downward trend in permeation rate is small enough to go unnoticed. In addition, the permeability at 30°C and permeability activation energy of SO2 in FEP-Teflon are also evaluated for tubes that were part of the National Institute of Standards and Technology permeation tube SRM inventory from 1982 to 1989.
Exercise and global well-being in community-dwelling adults with fibromyalgia: a systematic review with meta-analysis.

Exercise has been recommended for improving global-well being in adults with fibromyalgia. However, no meta-analysis has determined the effects of exercise on global well-being using a single instrument and when analyzed separately according to intention-to-treat and per-protocol analyses. The purpose of this study was to fill that gap. Studies were derived from six electronic sources, cross-referencing from retrieved studies and expert review. Dual selection of randomized controlled exercise training studies published between January 1, 1980 and January 1, 2008 and in which global well-being was assessed using the Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire (FIQ) were included. Dual abstraction of data for study, subject and exercise program characteristics as well as assessment of changes in global well-being using the total score from the FIQ was conducted. Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane bias assessment tool. Random-effects models and Hedge's standardized effect size (g) were used to pool results according to per-protocol and intention-to-treat analyses. Of 1,025 studies screened, 7 representing 5 per-protocol and 5 intention-to-treat outcomes in 473 (280 exercise, 193 control) primarily female (99%) participants 18-73 years of age were included. Small, statistically significant improvements in global well-being were observed for per-protocol (g and 95% confidence interval, -0.39, -0.69 to -0.08) and intention-to-treat (-0.34, -0.53 to -0.14) analyses. No statistically significant within-group heterogeneity was found (per-protocol, Qw = 6.04, p = 0.20, I 2 = 33.8%; intention-to-treat, Qw = 3.19, p = 0.53, I 2 = 0%) and no between-group differences for per-protocol and intention-to-treat outcomes were observed (Qb = 0.07, p = 0.80). Changes were equivalent to improvements of 8.2% for per-protocol analyses and 7.3% for intention-to-treat analyses. The results of this study suggest that exercise improves global well-being in community-dwelling women with fibromyalgia. However, additional research on this topic is needed, including research in men as well as optimal exercise programs for improving global well-being in adults.