cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Qualitative Assessment of Primary Care Physicians' Perceptions about the Ethical and Social Implications of Offering Genetic Testing

Due to the increasing likelihood that new genetic tests will be incorporated into primary care, we investigated the preparedness of primary care physicians to offer such tests. As a follow-up to a national survey of physicians' knowledge and attitudes regarding genetics, we conducted five focus groups with a total of 39 survey respondents from 5 specialties and 4 states. Semi-structured questions were used to generate and guide discussion about participants' perceptions of (a) ethical obligations regarding genetic decision making and (b) barriers to widespread genetic testing. This article describes those perceptions. Participants believed that the goals of full disclosure and non-directiveness in genetic counseling were neither possible to achieve nor desirable in primary care. There were consistent gender differences, with female physicians reportedly deferring to patients in decision making more often than males. Participants seemed aware of the costs of genetic tests and the social risks to patients o...
Expressing territoriality in collaborative activity

Territoriality, the expression of ownership towards an object, can emerge when social actors occupy a shared social space. In my research, I extend the study of territoriality beyond previous work in physical space in two key ways: 1) the object in question is virtual and 2) the social context is an online community engaged in collaborative activity. To do this, I observe the emergence of characteristic territorial behaviors (e.g. marking, control, defense) within collaborative authoring and social tagging. My dissertation then uses these observations to construct a theoretical framework for online territoriality to provide researchers and designers of groupware with guidelines with which to encourage ownership expression when appropriate.
Evidence for recombination in Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Due to its mostly isolated living environment, Mycobacterium tuberculosis is generally believed to be highly clonal, and thus recombination between different strains must be rare and is not critical for the survival of the species. To investigate the roles recombination could have possibly played in the evolution of M. tuberculosis, an analysis was conducted on previously determined genotypes of 36 synonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 3,320 M. tuberculosis isolates. The results confirmed the predominant clonal structure of the M. tuberculosis population. However, recombination between different strains was also suggested. To further resolve the issue, 175 intergenic SNPs and 234 synonymous SNPs were genotyped in 37 selected representative strains. A clear mosaic polymorphic pattern ahead of the MT0105 locus encoding a PPE (Pro-Pro-Glu) protein was obtained, which is most likely a result of recombination hot spot. Given that PPE proteins are thought to be critical in host-pathogen interactions, we hypothesize that recombination has been influential in the history of M. tuberculosis and possibly a major contributor to the diversity observed ahead of the MT0105 locus.
Execution transactions for defending against software failures: use and evaluation

We examine the problem of containing buffer overflow attacks in a safe and efficient manner. Briefly, we automatically augment source code to dynamically catch stack and heap-based buffer overflow and underflow attacks, and recover from them by allowing the program to continue execution. Our hypothesis is that we can treat each code function as a transaction that can be aborted when an attack is detected, without affecting the application's ability to correctly execute. Our approach allows us to enable selectively or disable components of this defensive mechanism in response to external events, allowing for a direct tradeoff between security and performance. We combine our defensive mechanism with a honeypot-like configuration to detect previously unknown attacks, automatically adapt an application's defensive posture at a negligible performance cost, and help determine worm signatures. Our scheme provides low impact on application performance, the ability to respond to attacks without human intervention, the capacity to handle previously unknown vulnerabilities, and the preservation of service availability. We implement a stand-alone tool, DYBOC, which we use to instrument a number of vulnerable applications. Our performance benchmarks indicate a slow-down of 20% for Apache in full-protection mode, and 1.2% with selective protection. We provide preliminary evidence toward the validity of our transactional hypothesis via two experiments: first, by applying our scheme to 17 vulnerable applications, successfully fixing 14 of them; second, by examining the behavior of Apache when each of 154 potentially vulnerable routines are made to fail, resulting in correct behavior in 139 cases (90%), with similar results for sshd (89%) and Bind (88%).
Infrared Spectroscopy of Cationized Lysine and ε-N-methyllysine in the Gas Phase: Effects of Alkali-Metal Ion Size and Proton Affinity on Zwitterion Stability

The gas-phase structures of protonated and alkali-metal-cationized lysine (Lys) and e-N-methyllysine (Lys(Me)) are investigated using infrared multiple photon dissociation (IRMPD) spectroscopy utilizing light generated by a free electron laser, in conjunction with ab initio calculations. IRMPD spectra of Lys·Li+ and Lys·Na+ are similar, but the spectrum for Lys·K+ is different, indicating that the structure of lysine in these complexes depends on the metal ion size. The carbonyl stretch of a carboxylic acid group is clearly observed in each of these spectra, indicating that lysine is nonzwitterionic in these complexes. A detailed comparison of these spectra to those calculated for candidate low-energy structures indicates that the bonding motif for the metal ion changes from tricoordinated for Li and Na to dicoordinated for K, clearly revealing the increased importance of hydrogen-bonding relative to metal ion solvation with increasing metal ion size. Spectra for Lys(Me)·M+ show that Lys(Me), an analogue ...
What Is Drug Eruption

Simply put, a drug eruption is a skin eruption caused by a medication. So is it appropriate to use the term “drug eruption” alone clinically and/or histologically? A strong case can be made that the answer should be “no.”
Characterization of phospholipid mixed micelles by translational diffusion.

The concentration dependence of the translational self diffusion rate, Ds, has been measured for a range of micelle and mixed micelle systems. Use of bipolar gradient pulse pairs in the longitudinal eddy current delay experiment minimizes NOE attenuation and is found critical for optimizing sensitivity of the translational diffusion measurement of macromolecules and aggregates. For low volume fractions � (� ≤ 15% v/v) of the micelles, experimental measurement of the concentration dependence, combined with use of the Ds = Do(1-3.2λ� ) relationship, yields the hydrodynamic volume. For proteins, the hydrodynamic volume, derived from Ds at infinitely dilute concentration, is found to be about 2.6 times the unhydrated molecular volume. Using the data collected for hen egg white lysozyme as a reference, diffusion data for dihexanoyl phosphatidylcholine (DHPC) micelles indicate approximately 27 molecules per micelle, and a critical micelle concentration of 14 mM. Differences in translational diffusion rates for detergent and long chain phospholipids in mixed micelles are attributed to rapid exchange between free and micelle-bound detergent. This difference permits determination of the free detergent concentration, which, for a high detergent to long chain phospholipid molar ratio, is found to depend strongly on this ratio. The hydrodynamic volume of DHPC/POPC bicelles, loaded with an M2 channel peptide homolog, derived from translational diffusion, predicts a rotational correlation time that slightly exceeds the value obtained from peptide 15 N relaxation data.
BALANCING SELECTION ON ELECTROPHORETIC VARIATION OF PHOSPHOGLUCOSE ISOMERASE IN TWO SPECIES OF FIELD CRICKET : GRYLLUS VELETIS AND G. PENNSYLVANICUS

Two species of crickets, Gryllus veletis and G. pennsylvanicus, share six electrophoretic mobility classes for the enzyme phosphoglucose isomerase (PGI), despite evidence from other genetic markers that the two species are not closely related within eastern North American field crickets. Moreover, the frequencies of the two most common PGI electrophoretic classes (PGI-100 and PGI-65) covary in sympatric populations of these species in the eastern United States, suggesting that PGI may be subject to trans-specific balancing selection. To determine the molecular basis of the electrophoretic variation, we characterized the DNA sequence of the Pgi gene from 29 crickets (15 G. veletis and 14 G. pennsylvanicus). Amino acid substitutions that distinguish the electrophoretic classes are not the same in the two species, and there is no evidence that specific replacement substitutions represent trans-specific polymorphism. In particular, the amino acids that diagnose the PGI-65 allele relative to the PGI-100 allele differ both between G. veletis and G. pennsylvanicus and within G. pennsylvanicus. The heterogeneity among electrophoretic classes that covary in sympatric populations coupled with analysis of patterns of nucleotide variation suggest that Pgi is not evolving neutrally. Instead, the data are consistent with balancing selection operating on an emergent property of the PGI protein.
PRC Coporations, Garnishee Orders and Transnational Insolvency

Recent litigation before the courts in England and Hong Kong involving a PRC state-owned enterprise (China Tianjin International Economic and Technical Cooperative Corp.) highlights the practical benefits of utilizing insolvency proceedings as a means of international debt enforcement.
Kinetics of Thermal Growth of Ultra‐Thin Layers of SiO2 on Silicon Part II . Theory

The thermally activated growth of oxide on silicon as a function of time obeys a linear‐parabolic relationship, the linear part of which stems from interface limited reactions. In Part I of this paper, it has been reported that this linear part cannot result from a single rate‐limiting reaction step, because the order of the over‐all reaction rate differs for different substrate orientations at a fixed temperature and varies for a given orientation as a function of temperature. A kinetic model for the reaction between silicon and oxygen at the interface is now presented to account for the experimental data . Two parallel, competing reactions are postulated to occur. In the first of these, molecular oxygen reacts directly with silicon to form silicon dioxide and atomic oxygen; the second reaction involves the dissociation of O2. The atomic oxygen thus formed, may either react with silicon or recombine to molecular oxygen. An analysis of the data shows that a difference in the activation energies (i.e., 1.91 vs. 0.58 eV) associated with these competing reaction steps is responsible for the shift in their relative importance as a function of temperature.
Variable Nitrification Rates Across Environmental Gradients in Turbid, Nutrient-Rich Estuary Waters of San Francisco Bay

Understanding rates of nitrogen cycling in estuaries is crucial for understanding their productivity and resilience to eutrophication. Nitrification, the microbial oxidation of ammonia to nitrite and nitrate, links reduced and oxidized forms of inorganic nitrogen and is therefore an important step of the nitrogen cycle. However, rates of nitrification in estuary waters are poorly characterized. In fall and winter of 2011–2012, we measured nitrification rates throughout the water column of all major regions of San Francisco Bay, a large, turbid, nutrient-rich estuary on the west coast of North America. Nitrification rates were highest in regions furthest from the ocean, including many samples with rates higher than those typically measured in the sea. In bottom waters, nitrification rates were commonly at least twice the magnitude of surface rates. Strong positive correlations were found between nitrification and both suspended particulate matter and ammonium concentration. Our results are consistent with previous studies documenting high nitrification rates in brackish, turbid regions of other estuaries, many of which also showed correlations with suspended sediment and ammonium concentrations. Overall, nitrification in estuary waters appears to play a significant role in the estuarine nitrogen cycle, though the maximum rate of nitrification can differ dramatically between estuaries.
SMART on FHIR: a standards-based, interoperable apps platform for electronic health records

Objective In early 2010, Harvard Medical School and Boston Children’s Hospital began an interoperability project with the distinctive goal of developing a platform to enable medical applications to be written once and run unmodified across different healthcare IT systems. The project was called Substitutable Medical Applications and Reusable Technologies (SMART). Methods We adopted contemporary web standards for application programming interface transport, authorization, and user interface, and standard medical terminologies for coded data. In our initial design, we created our own openly licensed clinical data models to enforce consistency and simplicity. During the second half of 2013, we updated SMART to take advantage of the clinical data models and the application-programming interface described in a new, openly licensed Health Level Seven draft standard called Fast Health Interoperability Resources (FHIR). Signaling our adoption of the emerging FHIR standard, we called the new platform SMART on FHIR. Results We introduced the SMART on FHIR platform with a demonstration that included several commercial healthcare IT vendors and app developers showcasing prototypes at the Health Information Management Systems Society conference in February 2014. This established the feasibility of SMART on FHIR, while highlighting the need for commonly accepted pragmatic constraints on the base FHIR specification. Conclusion In this paper, we describe the creation of SMART on FHIR, relate the experience of the vendors and developers who built SMART on FHIR prototypes, and discuss some challenges in going from early industry prototyping to industry-wide production use.
Near-infrared operating lamp for intraoperative molecular imaging of a mediastinal tumor

Background Near-Infrared (NIR) intraoperative molecular imaging is a new diagnostic modality utilized during cancer surgery for the identification of tumors, metastases and lymph nodes. Surgeons typically use headlamps during an operation to increase visible light; however, these light sources are not adapted to function simultaneously with NIR molecular imaging technology. Here, we design a NIR cancelling headlamp and utilize it during surgery to assess whether intraoperative molecular imaging of mediastinal tumors is possible.
The response of polymer optical fiber (POF) to cyclic loading for the application of a POF sensor for automotive seat occupancy sensing

The goal of this research aimed to develop an accurate and reproducible textile-based optical fiber sensor for automotive seat occupancy. In our previous publication, the response of perfluorinated (PF) graded index (GI) polymer optical fibers (POFs) (62.5/750 and 62.5/490 μm) to bending and tensile loading was investigated. In this study, the response of the PF GI POFs to cyclic loading was investigated. The repeated loading and unloading the POF sensor would experience due to car vibrations and multiple uses by seat occupants, might cause fatigue failure to the POF sensor. The results showed that the Cytop-1 did not show any permanent deformation up to 500 cycles at strain rates 4 and 60 mm/min at a gage length of 76.2 mm in its elastic sensitive strain region. The Cytop-2 showed permanent deformation at 3.5% strain after 500 cycles at a gage length of 76.2 mm. Thus, the Cytop-1 was found out to be more appropriate to be used as an optical fiber sensor for automotive seat occupancy sensing relative to t...
Cell Assay Development with Upconverting Chelates

This paper reports progress on performing a cell-based assay for the detection of EGFR on cell surfaces with upconverting chelates. A431 cells are labeled with europium DOTA and imaged using an upconverting microscope.
Trend Analysis: Evolution of Tidal Volume Over Time for Patients Receiving Invasive Mechanical Ventilation

Since the publication of the original landmark trial detailing the mortality benefits of low tidal volume ventilation among patients with the acute respiratory distress syndrome (non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema) (Amato et al. in The New England Journal of Medicine 342(18):1301–1308), epidemiological studies have demonstrated that tidal volumes used for mechanically ventilated patients in medical intensive care units have become lower over time (Esteban et al. in American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 177(2):170–177; Esteban et al. in American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 188(2):220). Because patients with heart failure (cardiogenic pulmonary edema) have been systematically excluded from studies investigating low tidal volume mechanical ventilation, the benefit of a low tidal volume strategy among cardiac patients is unclear. We sought to determine whether evidence supporting use of low tidal volumes in patients with non-cardiogenic edema has been generalized into the care of patients with cardiogenic pulmonary edema.
Concurrent Use of Aspirin with the Fludarabine, Cyclophophamide, Rituximab (FCR) Regimen Improves Outcome in Patients with Relapsed/Refractory CLL.

Abstract Abstract 2904 Background: Aspirin is known to induce apoptosis in B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) cells in a dose and time dependent manner (Gil et al. Blood 1998). Aspirin generates DNA fragmentation, caspase activation, and proteolytic cleavage of PARP independent of its effect on cyclooxygenase. However, no clinical trials have been conducted to explore whether aspirin affects CLL treatment. Therefore, we investigated the effect of aspirin in patients with relapsed/refractory CLL who received salvage chemoimmunotherapy with the FCR during the years 1999 to 2012 at MD Anderson Cancer Center. Methods: In this analysis of 280 patients, progression-free survival (PFS) was defined as the time interval between the starting date of FCR treatment and the date of disease progression or death, and overall survival (OS) was defined as the time interval between the start of FCR treatment and the date of death due to any cause. The probabilities of PFS and OS were estimated using the Kaplan -Meier algorithm and were compared among subgroups of patients using the log-rank test. The Cox proportional hazards regression model was used to assess the association between patient characteristics and OS or PFS. Results: Data analysis was conducted at a median of 4 years. Among a total of 280 patients, 230 (82%) experienced disease progression and 204 (73%) patients died. The median PFS was 1.7 years (95% CI=1.6 to 2.3 years) and the median time to death was 4.0 years (95% CI=3.5 to 4.7 years). Forty-one patients (14.6%) were on aspirin before and during therapy and 239 patients (85.4%) were not. Aspirin users were older (P=0.025), less number of prior treatments (p=0.049), more exposure to rituximab (p=0.001), higher absolute lymphocyte count (p=0.049). Other clinicopathologic variables were comparable between aspirin users and non-users. Of note, there were no difference in platelet counts present at the start of FCR treatment between aspirin users and non-users; thrombocytopenia was present at the start of FCR treatment in 34% (14/41) of aspirin users compared to 33% (80/239) non-users (chi-square p=0.93). Thirty out of 41 aspirin users (61.2%) experienced disease progression compared to 198 out of 239 non-users (82.8%). Twenty eight out of 41 aspirin users (68.3%) died compared to 175 out of 239 non-users (73.2%). The concurrent use of aspirin with FCR regimen was associated with a favorable PFS (log-rank p=0.001; Figure 1 .) and OS (log-rank p=0.004; Figure 2 .). A 53% reduced risk in PFS (HR=0.47, 95% CI=0.31–0.73, p Conclusion: Concurrent use of aspirin with salvage FCR regimen improved PFS and OS in patients with relapsed/refractory CLL. Prospective randomized trials to evaluate the clinical benefits of aspirin in CLL are warranted. Download : Download high-res image (36KB) Download : Download full-size image Download : Download high-res image (35KB) Download : Download full-size image Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Evaluation of CIDP Diagnostic Criteria and Treatment Responses (P3.141)

OBJECTIVE: Compare the various diagnostic criteria of chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP) with the different treatment response. BACKGROUND: Diagnostic criteria for CIDP have been used for many years in clinical trials. There is limited use of these criteria in clinics due to time constraints and unknown usefulness of these criteria in predicting treatment response. METHODS: A retrospective chart review of CIDP patients at the University of Kansas Medical Center seen between 2008 and 2014 was performed after obtaining local IRB approval. The clinical, electrodiagnostic, and treatment information was obtained. We determined the diagnostic criteria (2010 EFNS, AAN AIDS Task Force, Saperstein, INCAT) fulfilled by the patient. We defined the treatment response based on treating physician’s impression of change, patient -reported functional improvement or one point grade change in MRC. RESULTS: Total patients 53, 15 were excluded due to inadequate data. Mean age 51.5, male 22(58[percnt]), female 16(42[percnt]). Elevated CSF protein was seen in 18/23(78[percnt]). Twenty-eight (73[percnt]) fulfilled EFNS definite criteria, 5(13.16 [percnt]) EFNS probable, 10(26.3[percnt]) AAN, 20(52.6[percnt]) INCAT, 20(52.6[percnt]) Saperstein criteria. Treatment response in patients who fulfilled EFNS definite/probable criteria included 20/22(90.1[percnt]) to IVIG, 5/8(62.5[percnt]) to IV or oral steroids, 2/4(50[percnt]) to PLEX, 2/3(66.7[percnt]) to mycophenolate mofetil; among patients who fulfilled AAN criteria, 8/9(88.9[percnt]) to IVIG, 2/3(66.7[percnt]) to IV or oral steroids, and 1/1(100[percnt]) to mycophenolate; among patients who fulfilled INCAT criteria, 10/15(66.7[percnt]) to IVIG, 5/7(71.4[percnt]) to IV or oral steroids, 2/3(66.7[percnt]) to PLEX, and 1/2(50[percnt]) to mycophenolate; among patients who fulfilled Saperstein criteria 12/17(70.6[percnt]) to IVIG, 4/6(66.7[percnt]) to IV or oral steroids, 1/2(50[percnt]) to PLEX, and 1/2(50[percnt]) to mycophenolate. The single patient who received Imuran did not respond. CONCLUSION: While CIDP criteria can similarly predict IVIG treatment response, the EFNS 2010 criteria are more sensitive for the diagnosis of CIDP. Disclosure: Dr. Roach has nothing to disclose. Dr. Pasnoor has nothing to disclose. Dr. Statland has nothing to disclose. Dr. Dimachkie has received personal compensation for activities with Pfizer, Depomed, Merck, CSL-Behring, Nufactor, Biomarin, Baxter and Catalyst as a consultant, speaker, and advisory board member. Dr. Barohn has received personal compensation for activities with Grifols & Genzyme, Speakers Bureau, NuFactor as speaker and consultant. Dr. Veerapaneni has nothing to disclose. Dr. Jawdat has nothing to disclose. Dr. Dick has nothing to disclose.
Grading financial toxicity based upon its impact on health-related quality of life (HRQol).

16 Background: Financial toxicity (FTox) is an important symptom. We hypothesized that FTox can be graded based on statistically significant and clinically meaningful changes in HRQoL. Methods: FTox was assessed by the COST (COmprehensive Score for financial Toxicity) in 2 sets of cancer patients (pts). Set 1(S1): pts with Stage IV cancers on chemotherapy. Gradations of FTox were determined by ROC analyses based on conventions for clinically meaningful small (0.2), medium (0.5) and large (0.8) effect sizes (e.s.) for the FACT-G HRQoL instrument. Demographics, income, mood disorders (POMS), and symptoms (EORTC QLQ-C30) were collected. We computed η2 (Eta squared) to estimate the magnitude of the variability in HRQoL explained by specific symptoms. Set 2 (S2): pts and survivors with thyroid cancer within 3 years of diagnosis. In S2, HRQoL was assessed by the thyroid-specific City of Hope HRQoL measure. Results: A total of 600 cancer pts were assessed (233 in the S1 and 367 in the S2). S1: the median COST va...
The Racial Politics of Congressional Cafeterias

This article narrates through the racial history of U.S. congressional dining facilities to reveal how race orders the organization of space and labor in the U.S. Capitol. I build upon existing theories of racialized space, developing a more robust account of how rules, labor, and space constitute raced organizations. Over the past 150 years, at least three different epochs categorize and define lawmakers’ understanding of race, racism, and the status of African Americans. The trajectory of black legislative workers from Reconstruction, the New Deal, and the Post-Civil Rights Eras does not suggest a linear progression to the attainment of equal rights, instead it shows that political gains are easily reversed and how institutional rules are used to legitimate inequality. Specifically, data shows that labor and space are privatized to accommodate white supremacy and usurp workers’ political and economic rights. Furthermore, this historical analysis documents how institutional rules inside raced organizations change to reflect the current period of racialization and incorporate a more dynamic understanding of how raced organizations evolve. Finally, this article designates congressional dining facilities as an important site of political protest for the advancement of African American political rights both in and outside of the Capitol.
Row-by-Row Coding Schemes for Inter-Cell Interference in Flash Memory

Inter-cell interference (ICI) is a significant cause of errors in flash memories. In single-level cell (SLC) flash memory, ICI arises when 1 0 1 patterns are programmed either in the horizontal or vertical directions. Since data pages are written sequentially in horizontal wordlines, one can mitigate the effects of horizontal ICI by applying conventional constrained codes that forbid the 1 0 1 pattern. This approach does not address the problem of vertical ICI, however. In this paper, a row-by-row coding technique that eliminates vertical 1 0 1 patterns while preserving the sequential wordline programming order is presented. This scheme, though efficient, necessarily suffers a rate loss of almost 20%. We therefore propose another coding scheme, combining a weak constraint on vertical 1 0 1 patterns with a systematic error-correcting code, that can mitigate vertical ICI errors while achieving a higher overall coding rate, provided that the vertical ICI error probability is sufficiently small. Some extensions for multi-level cell (MLC) flash memory are discussed as well.
Recurrent Epileptic Auras As a Presenting Symptom of Alzheimer's Disease.

Seizures are a common co-morbidity during the course of Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) and in a subset of patients may be one of the presenting symptoms. In this case series we highlight three patients with recurrent medically refractory epileptic auras whose work up ultimately lead to the diagnosis of AD. All 3 patients underwent prolonged EEG, serial neuropsychological testing, FDG-PET, CSF AD biomarkers and MRI. CSF biomarkers were particularly helpful in two cases. These cases highlight the importance of having a high index of suspicion for AD in new onset “idiopathic” epilepsy in the elderly.
Towards completing the cyclopropenylidene cycle: rovibrational analysis of cyclic N3+, CNN, HCNN+, and CNC.

The simple aromatic hydrocarbon, cyclopropenylidene (c-C3H2), is a known, naturally-occurring molecule. The question remains as to whether its isoelectronic, cyclic, fellow aromatics of c-N3+, c-CNN, HCNN+, and c-CNC− are as well. Each of these are exciting objects for observation of Titan, and the rotational constants and vibrational frequencies produced here will allow for remote sensing of Titan's atmosphere or other astrophysical or terrestrial sources. None of these four aromatic species are vibrationally strong absorbers/emitters, but the two ions, HCNN+ and c-CNC−, have dipole moments of greater than 3 D and 1 D, respectively, making them good targets for rotational spectroscopic observation. Each of these molecules is shown here to exhibit its own, unique vibrational properties, but the general trends put the vibrational behavior for corresponding fundamental modes within close ranges of one another, even producing nearly the same heavy atom, symmetric stretching frequencies for HCNN+ and c-C3H2 at 1600 cm−1. The c-N3+ cation is confirmed to be fairly unstable and has almost no intensity in its ν2 fundamental. Hence, it will likely remain difficult to characterize experimentally.
AnatomiCuts: Hierarchical clustering of tractography streamlines based on anatomical similarity

Diffusion MRI tractography produces massive sets of streamlines that contain a wealth of information on brain connections. The size of these datasets creates a need for automated clustering methods to group the streamlines into meaningful bundles. Conventional clustering techniques group streamlines based on their spatial coordinates. Neuroanatomists, however, define white-matter bundles based on the anatomical structures that they go through or next to, rather than their spatial coordinates. Thus we propose a similarity measure for clustering streamlines based on their position relative to cortical and subcortical brain regions. We incorporate this measure into a hierarchical clustering algorithm and compare it to a measure that relies on Euclidean distance, using data from the Human Connectome Project. We show that the anatomical similarity measure leads to a 20% improvement in the overlap of clusters with manually labeled tracts. Importantly, this is achieved without introducing any prior information from a tract atlas into the clustering algorithm, therefore without imposing the existence of any named tracts.
Giving Students a Seat at the Table: Using Team-Based Learning to 'Teach' Criminal Law

Perhaps in no other time since the release of the MacCrate and Carnegie Foundation Reports has the need for innovation in legal education been so critical. Since 2010, most law schools have faced challenges meeting their enrollment targets as the total number of students entering law school have dropped. With a drop in applications, many law schools have seen the traditional metrics of LSAT scores and median undergraduate G.P.A.’s drop as schools have struggled to fill classroom seats. Nationally, the percentage of first-year law students with scores of 149 or lower on the LSAT rose from 14.2 percent in 2010 to 22.5 percent in 2013. Unsurprisingly, as it has become easier to be admitted to law school, bar passage rates have dropped. Faced with declining bar passage rates, most law schools have added academic success programs that offer students assistance in preparing to take the bar exam. Seeking a way to address these challenges in the 1L year, in 2016 I redesigned my 1L criminal law class using the Team-Based Learning (TBL). Introduced at the undergraduate level more than twenty years ago by Professor Larry Michaelsen, TBL is now used in a wide variety of disciplines. The appeal of TBL is that it structures classroom learning to “go beyond simply covering content and focus[es] on ensuring that students have the opportunity to practice using course concepts to solve problems. Teaching a large 1L class with close to 100 students, TBL offered me a way to ensure that all my students were engaged with analyzing and applying the course material, rather than simply writing down notes. In a TBL classroom, lecture time is minimal, as students spend the bulk of the class time working in groups on problem-based exercise. The instructor’s main role is not to lecture, but rather to design a constructive learning environment. The primacy of group learning in TBL classrooms leads to higher levels of student engagement, increased excitement in the classroom, and higher level of performance on standardized exams. It is important to note that, although use of TBL in law school classrooms is not yet widespread, other faculty have pioneered its use.
The LPSAT Engine & Its Application to Resource Planning

Compilation to boolean satisfiability has become a powerful paradigm for solving AI problems. However, domains that require metric reasoning cannot be compiled efficiently to SAT even if they would otherwise benefit from compilation. We address this problem by introducing the LCNF representation which combines propositional logic with metric constraints. We present LPSAT, an engine which solves LCNF problems by interleaving calls to an incremental simplex algorithm with systematic satisfaction methods. We describe a compiler which converts metric resource planning problems into LCNF for processing by LPSAT. The experimental section of the paper explores several optimizations to LPSAT, including learning from constraint failure and randomized cutoffs.
Impact of occupational footwear during simulated workloads on energy expenditure

Limited research exists on the physiological demands of occupational footwear. Therefore, the purpose of this investigation was to examine the impact of tactical boots (TB) (0.5 kg) and steel-toed ...
Hypobaric hypoxia exposure in rats differentially alters antidepressant efficacy of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors fluoxetine, paroxetine, escitalopram and sertraline.

Treatment-resistant depression, a chronic condition that affects 30% of depressed patients on antidepressants, is highly linked to suicidal behavior. Chronic hypoxia exposure via living at altitude (hypobaric hypoxia) or with chronic hypoxic diseases is demographically linked to increased risk for depression and suicide. We previously demonstrated that housing rats at altitude for a week incrementally increases depression-like behavior in the forced swim test (FST) in females, but not males. In animal models, high altitude exposure reduces brain serotonin, and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) can lose efficacy when brain serotonin levels are low. To address whether residence at moderate altitude is detrimental to SSRI function, we examined SSRI efficacy in the FST after a week of housing rats at altitudes of 4500 ft. or 10,000 ft. as compared to at sea level. In females, the tricyclic antidepressant desipramine (positive control) functioned well in all groups, increasing latency to immobility and decreasing immobility, by increasing climbing. However, the SSRIs fluoxetine, paroxetine and escitalopram were ineffective in females in all groups: only paroxetine improved swimming in the FST as expected of a SSRI, while all three unexpectedly reduced climbing. Fluoxetine was also ineffective in male rats. Sertraline was the only SSRI with antidepressant efficacy at altitude in both females and males, increasing swimming, climbing and latency to immobility, and reducing immobility. Hypobaric hypoxia thus appears to be detrimental to efficacy of the SSRIs fluoxetine, paroxetine and escitalopram, but not of sertraline. Unlike the other SSRIs, sertraline can improve both serotonergic and dopaminergic transmission, and may be less impacted by a hypoxia-induced serotonin deficit. A targeted approach may thus be necessary for successful antidepressant treatment in patients with depression who live at altitude or with chronic hypoxic diseases, and that sertraline may be the SSRI of choice for prescription for this population.
An Overview of “SCMA II”

The goals of this conference (and those of “SCMA I”) [FB1992] were three fold. i) To expose statisticians to the statistical challenges posed by the explosive growth in the amount and complexity of astronomical data and in astrophysical theory and experimentation during the second half of this century. ii) To expose astronomers to developments in statistical methodology which might be helpful in the analysis of astronomical data iii) To introduce the two communities to each other with a view to the establishment of fruitful collaborations.
A New Interlinear Translation of the Iliad

A Naples manuscript of Iliad scholia also contains a student’s partial translation and commentary, independent of other early translations but typical of their ad verbum approach.
Crossing Boundaries: Exploring Metaleptic Transgressions in Contemporary Picturebooks

The use of metafictive devices in children's literature, in particular contemporary picturebooks, has been explored by numerous scholars working from different theoretical and disciplinary backgrounds. In particular, metafiction is often described as oppositional to traditional children's literature which often produces stable, knowable, readable texts which set out to seduce the child reader. Unlike traditional, linear narratives, metafiction highlights the constructed nature of fictional texts and calls attention to the distinction between fictional storyworlds and the real world of the reader. The purpose of this article is to share the results of a variation of qualitative content analysis, what we are calling multimodal content analysis (MMCA), to systematically investigate the ways authors, illustrators, and publishers use various metaleptic transgressions, or the devices used for breaching, disrupting, or transgressing of narrative, rhetorical, and ontological boundaries in the rendering of a fictional narrative in contemporary narrative picturebooks.
Using Heat as a Predictor of CO2 Breakthrough in Highly Heterogeneous Reservoirs

Author(s): Jayne, RS; Zhang, Y; Pollyea, RM | Abstract: Injecting supercritical CO2 into the subsurface changes the temperature, pressure, and geochemistry of the storage reservoir. Understanding these perturbations within the reservoir may be used to monitor the CO2 plume during a carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) project. Here we analyze results from 1-D, 2-D, and 3-D numerical modeling studies to investigate how the thermal signature of the CO2-water system evolves during CCS. These models show that the thermodynamic processes of the CO2-water system results in a characteristic thermal profile within a homogeneous storage reservoir during a CO2 injection. This thermal signature is characterized by warming front of up to 4n°C, which is caused by CO2 dissolution and migrates contemporaneously with free-phase CO2 migration. When reservoir properties are highly heterogeneous, this thermal front travels well ahead of free-phase CO2, thus implying that thermal monitoring may be an effective predictor of CO2 breakthrough.
Reaction kinetics of a water-soluble palladium–β-cyclodextrin catalyst for a Suzuki–Miyaura cross-coupling in continuous flow

In the present study, a capillary microreactor experiment was designed to study the kinetics of a sample Suzuki–Miyaura coupling using a water-soluble Pd–β-cyclodextrin (Pd–β-CD) catalyst. A water–ethanol solvent system was explored as a potential reaction medium for easy separation of organic species and the metal catalyst, as well as fluid delivery in a continuous microfluidic system. The biphasic, liquid–liquid cross-coupling using the natural product as a ligand was examined for the first time in continuous flow. Mass transfer limitations were concluded to be negligible by estimation of the Hatta number ≪0.02. A catalytic cycle with a third order oxidative addition step was proposed and verified by measurement of the kinetics at different temperatures and residence times. The oxidative addition step was discovered to be the rate determining step, while the activation energy was determined to be 50.1 ± 4.7 kJ mol−1, or less than previously reported values of the free energy barrier of the oxidative addition transition state in the range of 60 to 113 kJ mol−1. A possible explanation is the dual site catalyst design, which may cooperate to lower the free energy barrier. The use of natural products as ligands for the Suzuki–Miyaura coupling has the potential to advance green chemistry and manufacturing of useful fine chemicals, materials, natural products, and pharmaceuticals.
Physical health and functioning

Abstract The health care field has greatly increased its understanding of the importance of behavior and lifestyle to physical health, as well as the importance of physical health to psychological functioning. The holistic, biopsychosocial approach requires the integration of knowledge regarding physical health and functioning into a comprehensive understanding of behavioral health care. This chapter begins with an overview of epidemiological data regarding life expectancy, causes of death, and the prevalence of the most common medical conditions that people struggle with. The high prevalence of chronic medical disease is noted, along with the prevalence of co-occurring mental illness and physical disease. The underlying causes of chronic medical disease have major implications for people’s health and are also briefly reviewed.
Exogenously applied ABA induced changes in physio-biochemical attributes in selected rice varieties under osmotic stress

Drought is the most catastrophic abiotic stress that affect plant growth and development. Plant initiates alterations at physiological, biochemical and molecular levels to combat deleterious effects of drought in which abscisic acid, play a pivotal role. The present investigation was conducted to investigate how abscisic acid modulates different biochemical traits under osmotic stress. Twenty-one days old seedlings were exposed to osmotic stress, exogenously applied abscisic acid and the combination of both osmotic stress and abscisic acid to study the influence of abscisic acid on biochemical traits under moisture stress. The results reveals that abscisic acid has no influence on leaf water potential, however, it has active role in increasing osmolytes like proline. {Delta}1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase and proline dehydrogenase remained unresponsiveness to ABA that indicates ABA-independent regulation of these two enzymes but the activity of {Delta}1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthesase and Ornithine-{delta}-aminotransferase was enhanced (3 fold) in response to abscisic acid. Antioxidative enzymes increased (catalase-2.5 fold; peroxidase-3 fold and SOD-6 fold) in response to abscisic acid and osmotic stress, gave an insight of the regulation of these traits under the influence of abscisic acid. Aldehyde oxidase remained unresponsive to abscisic acid but showed enhanced expression when both abscisic acid and osmotic stress was applied suggest its ABA-independent regulation. The information provided here has significance in understanding the regulation of different catabolite that play important role in drought tolerance and can be implemented for the development of drought-tolerant varieties.
Evolution of ischemia and neovascularization in a murine model of full thickness human wound healing.

Translation of wound healing research is limited by the lack of an appropriate animal model, due to the anatomic and wound healing differences in animals and humans. Here, we characterize healing of grafted, full-thickness human skin in an in vivo model of wound healing. Full-thickness human skin, obtained from reconstructive operations, was grafted onto the dorsal flank of NOD.Cg-KitW41J Tyr + Prkdcscid Il2rgtm1Wjl /ThomJ mice. The xenografts were harvested 1 to 12 weeks after grafting, and histologic analyses were completed for viability, neovascularization, and hypoxia. Visual inspection of the xenograft shows drying and sloughing of the epidermis starting at week four. By week 12, the xenograft appears healed but has lost 63.05 ± 0.24% of the initial graft size. There is histologic evidence of epidermolysis as early as 2 weeks, which progresses until week 4, when new epidermis appears from the wound edges. Epidermal regeneration is complete by week 12, although the epidermis appears hypertrophied. An initial increase of infiltrating immune mouse cells into the xenograft normalizes to baseline 6 months after grafting. Neovascularization, as evidenced by positive staining for the proteins human CD31 and alpha smooth muscle actin, is present as early as 2 weeks after grafting at the interface between the xenograft and the mouse tissue. CD31 and alpha smooth muscle actin staining increased throughout the xenograft over the 12 weeks, leading to greater viability of the tissue. Likewise, there is increased Hypoxia Inducible Factor 1-alpha expression at the interface of viable and nonviable tissue, which suggest a hypoxia-driven process causing early graft loss. These findings illustrate human skin wound healing in an ischemic environment, providing a timeline for use of full thickness human skin after grafting in a murine model to study mechanisms underlying human skin wound healing.
Evaluating the impact of watershed development and climate change on stream ecosystems: A Bayesian network modeling approach.

Abstract A continuous-variable Bayesian network (cBN) model is used to link watershed development and climate change to stream ecosystem indicators. A graphical model, reflecting our understanding of the connections between climate change, weather condition, loss of natural land cover, stream flow characteristics, and stream ecosystem indicators is used as the basis for selecting flow metrics for predicting macroinvertebrate-based indicators. Selected flow metrics were then linked to variables representing watershed development and climate change. We fit the model to data from two river basins in southeast US and the resulting model was used to simulate future stream ecological conditions using projected future climate and development scenarios. The three climate models predicted varying ecological condition trajectories, but similar worst-case ecological conditions. The established modeling approach couples mechanistic understanding with field data to develop predictions of management-relevant variables across a heterogeneous landscape. We discussed the transferability of the modeling approach.
Community Adversity and Utilization of Psychotropic Medications Among Children in Foster Care

The objective of this study was to examine the association between community adversity and psychotropic use among children in foster care in one US state. This study uses a cross-sectional design integrated foster care and Medicaid administrative data with data from Kids Count, the US Census, and the Area Health Resource File. There were 4,334 children ages 5-18 in foster care in 2014. We used K-means cluster analysis grouped state counties using indicators of school performance, juvenile justice involvement, and food insecurity. Chi-square tests assessed significance between psychotropic medication and community adversity cluster. A generalized linear mixed model assessed the relationship between psychotropic use and community adversity cluster, accounting for individual-level and cluster-level factors. Children in foster care living in high adversity communities were significantly less likely to use psychotropic medication (p < .0001). Future research can investigate the specific community factor influencing judicious use of psychotropic medication and the impact on children outcomes.