cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abortion Before & After Roe

We use unique data on abortions performed in New York State from 1971 to 1975 to demonstrate that women traveled hundreds of miles for a legal abortion before Roe. A 100-mile increase in distance for women who live approximately 183 miles from New York was associated with a decline in abortion rates of 12.2 percent whereas the same change for women who lived 830 miles from New York lowered abortion rates by 3.3 percent. The abortion rates of nonwhites were more sensitive to distance than those of whites. We found a positive and robust association between distance to the nearest abortion provider and teen birth rates but less consistent estimates for other ages. Our results suggest that even if some states lost all abortion providers due to legislative policies, the impact on population measures of birth and abortion rates would be small as most women would travel to states with abortion services.
Propofol versus midazolam/meperidine for outpatient colonoscopy: Administration by nurses supervised by endoscopists

Abstract Background: Propofol is under evaluation as a sedative for endoscopic procedures. Methods: Eighty outpatients (ASA Class I or II) undergoing colonoscopy were randomized to receive either propofol or midazolam plus meperidine, administered by a nurse and supervised by an endoscopist. Endpoints were patient satisfaction, procedure and recovery times, neuropsychological function, and complications. Results: The mean dose of propofol administered was 218 mg; mean doses of midazolam and meperidine were, respectively, 4.7 mg and 89.7 mg. Mean time to sedation was faster in the propofol patients (2.1 min vs. 7.0 min; p p p p Conclusion: For outpatient colonoscopy, propofol administered by nurses and supervised by endoscopists has several advantages over midazolam plus meperidine and deserves additional investigation. (Gastrointest Endosc 2002;55:815-25.)
PREVENTION OF HEMOLYSIS OF LARGE VOLUMES OF RED BLOOD CELLS SLOWLY FROZEN AND THAWED IN THE PRESENCE OF DIMETHYLSULFOXIDE.

Dimethylsulfoxide has been found to afford a major degree of protection to large volumes of human red blood cells against hemolysis from slow freezing and thawing. This protective action appears to be due to reduction of the degree to which solutes concentrate when pure cellular water is partially sequestered in the form of ice. The presence of hypotonic solutes in a DMSO-containing medium leads to cellular swelling. Cells swollen by such treatment have been found to be vulnerable to damage during storage in the frozen state. This effect has probably been encountered in the past but has not been previously documented as a cause of cellular death from freezing and thawing. A middle road can be found that prevents hemolysis from salt hyperconcentration as well as hemolysis of swollen cells during storage. By this means “units” of packed human red blood cells can be slowly frozen, stored for long periods at –85 C, and thawed with minimal hemolysis. This investigation was supported (in part) by the Public Health Service Research Grant #HE-05673–03 from the National Heart Institute, and Grant CRTY-5018 from the National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Public Health Service. This is publication #1137 of the Cancer Commission of Harvard University.
Novel centrosomal protein reveals the presence of multiple centrosomes in turkey ( Meleagris gallopavo) bnbn binucleated erythrocytes

The phenotype of the bnbn hemolytic anemia mutation in the domestic turkey is manifested as binucleation specifically in the definitive erythrocyte lineage, most likely as the consequence of anomolous centrosomal activity (Bloom et al., 1970; Searle and Bloom, 1979). Here we have identified in turkey two variants of the novel, centrosomally-associated erythroid-specific protein p23. One variant is Ca(2+)-sensitive and is highly homologous to its chick counterpart (Zhu et al., 1995, accompanying paper). The other, p21 is a truncated form resulting from a 62 amino acid deletion from the 3' end and a 40 amino acid insertion at the 5' end, and appears to lack Ca(2+)-sensitivity. These proteins are localized at the marginal band, centrosomes and nuclear membrane of differentiated erythrocytes. Anti-p23/p21 immunofluorescence revealed the presence of multiple centrosomes in bnbn erythrocytes. We therefore undertook a detailed genetic analysis to determine whether the p21 variant represented the bn mutation. Initial tests of normal BnBn and mutant bnbn individuals suggested that the p23/p21 proteins might be encoded by the Bn/bn genes. However, further genetic tests demonstrated independent segregation for these two genetic loci. Thus, these proteins are encoded by the heretofore undescribed genes, p23/p21, mapping to an autosomal locus in the turkey genome.
Experimental analysis of a number of stereo matching components using LMA

A stereo matching algorithm is described that combines new techniques with features of existing algorithms. The final version of the algorithm, called LMA (local matching algorithm), includes (1) a modified disparity gradient support computation that gathers support for each candidate match by examining other candidate matches in an adaptively sized window surrounding that match, (2) a new form of multiresolution that derives support for each match by searching adjacent resolution levels for candidate matches that have similar positions, orientations, and disparities, and (3) a new final consistency check called the area rule that tests each high-confidence match to ensure consistency with at least a minimum percentage of its neighboring high-confidence matches. The algorithm is built incrementally, and the effectiveness of each proposed component of the algorithm is demonstrated experimentally. >
Self-similarity and scaling behavior in nuclear collision

A simple model is used to explore issues related to self-similarity, intermittency, and scaling behavior in nuclear collisions. Both scaled factorial moments and power moments are considered in the investigation of these features. The product mass yields are used to construct probability distributions and generalized Renyi entropies. The scaling properties of the resulting Renyi entropies are studied. Both exponential and power law behavior are found. A discussion of dimensions associated with these scaling properties is also given. An analysis of some experimental data is presented.
Population structure of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.): a range-wide perspective from microsatellite DNA variation

Atlantic salmon (n = 1682) from 27 anadromous river populations and two nonanadromous strains ranging from south-central Maine, USA to northern Spain were genotyped at 12 microsatellite DNA loci. This suite of moderate to highly polymorphic loci revealed 266 alleles (5-37/locus) range-wide. Statistically significant allelic and genotypic heterogeneity was observed across loci between all but one pairwise comparison. Significant isolation by distance was found within and between North American and European populations, indicating reduced gene flow at all geographical scales examined. North American Atlantic salmon populations had fewer alleles, fewer unique alleles (though at a higher frequency) and a shallower phylogenetic structure than European Atlantic salmon populations. We believe these characteristics result from the differing glacial histories of the two continents, as the North American range of Atlantic salmon was glaciated more recently and more uniformly than the European range. Genotypic assignment tests based on maximum-likelihood provided 100% correct classification to continent of origin and averaged nearly 83% correct classification to province of origin across continents. This multilocus method, which may be enhanced with additional polymorphic loci, provides fishery managers the highest degree of correct assignment to management unit of any technique currently available.
Dok-1 independently attenuates Ras/mitogen-activated protein kinase and Src/c-myc pathways to inhibit platelet-derived growth factor-induced mitogenesis

The Dok adaptor proteins play key regulatory roles in receptor and non-receptor kinase-initiated signaling pathways. Dok-1, the prototype member of this family, negatively regulates cell proliferation elicited by numerous growth factors, including platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF). However, how Dok-1 exerts its negative effect on mitogenesis has remained elusive. Using Dok-1 knockout cells and Dok-1 mutants deficient in binding to specific Dok-1-interacting proteins, we show that Dok-1 interferes with PDGF-stimulated c-myc induction and Ras/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation by tethering different signaling components to the cell membrane. Specifically, Dok-1 attenuates PDGF-elicited c-myc induction by recruiting Csk to active Src kinases, whereupon their activities and consequent c-myc induction are diminished. On the other hand, Dok-1 negatively regulates PDGF-induced MAPK activation by acting on Ras-GAP and at least one other Dok-1-interacting protein. Importantly, we demonstrate that Dok-1's actions on both of these signaling pathways contribute to its inhibitory effect on mitogenesis. Our data suggest a mechanistic basis for the inhibitory effect of Dok-1 on growth factor-induced mitogenesis and its role as a tumor suppressor.
Chiral multiplets of heavy - light mesons

The recent discovery of a narrow resonance in ${D}_{s}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}$ by the BaBar Collaboration is consistent with the interpretation of a heavy ${J}^{P}{(0}^{+}{,1}^{+})$ spin multiplet. This system is the parity partner of the ground state ${(0}^{\ensuremath{-}}{,1}^{\ensuremath{-}})$ multiplet, which we argue is required in the implementation of ${\mathrm{SU}(3)}_{L}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{\mathrm{SU}(3)}_{R}$ chiral symmetry in heavy-light meson systems. The ${(0}^{+}{,1}^{+})\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{(0}^{\ensuremath{-}}{,1}^{\ensuremath{-}})+\ensuremath{\pi}$ transition couplings satisfy a Goldberger-Treiman relation, ${g}_{\ensuremath{\pi}}=\ensuremath{\Delta}{M/f}_{\ensuremath{\pi}},$ where $\ensuremath{\Delta}M$ is the mass gap. The BaBar resonance fits the ${0}^{+}$ state, with a kinematically blocked principal decay mode to $D+K.$ The allowed ${D}_{s}+\ensuremath{\pi},$ ${D}_{s}+2\ensuremath{\pi},$ and electromagnetic transitions are computed from the full chiral theory and found to be suppressed, consistent with the narrowness of the state. This state establishes the chiral mass difference for all such heavy-quark chiral multiplets, and precise predictions exist for the analogous ${B}_{s}$ and strange doubly heavy baryon states.
Formation of AlxGa1−xAs Alloy on the Semi-Insulating GaAs Substrate by Laser Bean Interaction

AlxGa1−xAs alloy was obtained on semi-insulating GaAs by laser beam interaction. For this purpose, thin layers (∼150 A) of AlAs and GaAs were deposited by MICVD on the semi-insulating undoped GaAs substrate and irradiated with a high power laser beam. For a certain critical value of incident power (7.1 watts/mm2), a layer of AlxGa1−xAs alloy was formed. The nature of the alloy was examined by Auger and Far infrared reflectance spectroscopy. The later technique reveals the characteristic mode of AlxGa1−xAs confirming its formation. Disorder induced LA mode was also observed.
Cutaneous mucormycosis resembling superficial granulomatous pyoderma in an immunocompetent host

Primary cutaneous mucormycosis is uncommon and occurs mainly in immunosuppressed or diabetic patients or after localized trauma. We report a case of cutaneous mucormycosis in an immunocompetent man in whom no definite precipitating factors could be identified; initially, superficial granulomatous pyoderma was suspected clinically. The lesion was successfully treated with debridement, local wound care, parenteral administration of amphotericin B, and ultimately by surgical excision and split-thickness skin grafting.
Large-Scale Structured Eigenvalue Problems

Eigenvalue problems involving large, sparse matrices with Hamiltonian or related structure arise in numerous applications. Hamiltonian problems can be transformed to symplectic or skew-Hamiltonian problems and then solved. This chapter focuses on the transformation to skew-Hamiltonian form and solution by the SHIRA method. Related to, but more general than, Hamiltonian matrices are alternating and palindromic pencils. A SHIRA-like method that operates on alternating (even) pencils M −λ N and can be used even when N is singular, is presented.
Learning the face space-representation and recognition

This paper advances an integrated learning and evolutionary computation methodology for approaching the task of learning the face space. The methodology is geared to provide a framework whereby enhanced and robust face coding and classification schemes can be derived and evaluated using both machine and human benchmark studies. In particular we take an interdisciplinary approach, drawing from the accumulated and vast knowledge of both the computer vision and psychology communities, and describe how evolutionary computation and statistical learning can engage in mutually beneficial relationships in order to define an exemplar (absolute)-based coding of multidimensional face space representation for successfully coping with changing population (face) types, and to leverage past experience for incremental face space definition.
Life-cycle energy use and greenhouse gas emissions of production of bioethanol from sorghum in the United States

Background The availability of feedstock options is a key to meeting the volumetric requirement of 136.3 billion liters of renewable fuels per year beginning in 2022, as required in the US 2007 Energy Independence and Security Act. Life-cycle greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of sorghum-based ethanol need to be assessed for sorghum to play a role in meeting that requirement.
Five Linked Crises in the Contemporary World-System

This essay uses the evolutionary world-systems perspective to address questions about the current crises in the global system. This approach analyzes the structure and changing institutional nature of the whole world-system over the past 500 years, with attention to comparisons with earlier regional world-systems (Chase-Dunn and Lerro 2013). The main idea is that the waves of global integration have been driven by system-wide class and national struggles in which the elites of core states contend with one another and the most successful are those that can effectively deal with the resistance from below. This has produced a spiral of capitalism and socialism that has been connected with the rise and fall of hegemons.
The in vivo antiviral effect of CL246,738 is mediated by the independent induction of interferon-α and interferon-β

ABSTRACT An interferon (IFN) inducer and immunomodulator, CL246,738 [3,6-bis(2-piperidinoethoxy)acridine trihydrochloride], protected mice from lethal infection with Semliki Forest (SFV) and Banzi ...
An Audiospectrographic Study of Stridulation as an Isolating Mechanism in the Genus Berosus (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae)

Stress chirps of 12 species of Berosus studied in the laboratory have broad frequency ranges, and most species utilize a major part of the stridulatory file for a given stress chirp. Species occurring together have comparatively different chirps, but those of allopatric species are not always easy to distinguish. Premating sounds, or tremolos, of 4 of the species show greater interspecific differences than the stress chirps and differ from the chirps in several respects, notably timing. Premating sounds are clearly associated with courtship, as can be seen from the fact that sound usually precedes, but does not continue during or after successful mating and egg laying. The premating tremolos of Berosus spp. seem to be an important isolating mechanism. Study of the 30 or more families of beetles which produce sounds may show a similar correlation between acoustic and reproductive behavior.
Psychotherapy in the New Paradigms for Psychiatry

Psychiatry is confronting challenges to create sweeping new paradigms for itself. The author contends that the psychosocial knowledge and psychotherapeutic skills of the psychiatrist must be integral to those paradigms. Abandoning crude, descriptive diagnostic categories in favor of discrete, dimensional measures that personalize selective neurobiological treatment for each individual is part of one proposed paradigm-but psychotherapy, especially psychodynamic therapies, have provided personalized therapy for over a century, using nature's own resources (human relationships and communication) to modulate the patient's unique, fixed patterns of thought, emotion, and behavior regardless of DSM diagnosis. Similarly, beyond the genetic core, the role of development and experience in shaping mental health and illness includes both neurobiological and interpersonal processes that dynamically modulate neural networks and their mental epiphenomena. Psychosocial interventions, using natural pathways, are vital for both prevention and treatment. Another proposed paradigm embraces closer coordination of psychiatric services with primary care in organized systems, which would probably include non-medical psychotherapists as well. Psychiatrists cannot effectively oversee, supervise, partner, or consult with other physicians or therapists if they have no psychotherapeutic awareness. Even when the primary mode of treatment is biological, skilled handling of the doctor-patient relationship is vital to adherence, to helping the patient manage his or her personal life, and even to effectiveness of medication at recommended doses. There is no substitute for instruction and extensive first-hand experience in learning to conduct psychotherapy or psychologically informed patient care. In a psychiatric residency curriculum that is likely to contain greatly increased attention to clinical neuroscience, time for the psyche must be preserved. The new paradigm might require a lengthened residency or additional fellowship years, which must include appropriate attention to psychosocial learning and psychotherapeutic expertise.
Abstract 190: Targeting ceramide and endoplasmic reticulum-stress in vitamin E induced apoptosis in human breast cancer cells

Vitamin E consists of eight plant-derived forms classified as tocopherols (α, β, Δ, γ) and tocotrienols (α, β, Δ, γ) which have a chromanol ring and a saturated and unsaturated aliphatic side chain, respectively. The anti-cancer actions of tocopherols and tocotrienols are limited to the gamma and delta forms. Here, we report that both γ-tocopherol (γT) and γ-tocotrienol (γT3) display potent anti-cancer actions with γT3 being more potent. Both forms target similar pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic pathways. γT and γT3 induced apoptosis in human breast cancer cells by enhancing death-receptor DR5 mediated activation of caspase-8 and mitochondria dependent caspase-9, as well as by activating ER-stress markers: GADD153/ C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), GRP-78, ATF-4 and eIF2α. JNK and CHOP are involved in DR5 mediated apoptosis triggered by both vitamin E forms. γT and γT3 decreased protein levels of anti-apoptotic factors c-FLIP, BCl-2 and survivin. Since ceramide is a known upstream inducer of ER-stress and downstream mediator of death receptor apoptotic pathway mediators, treatments with γT and γT3 were conducted in the presence of specific inhibitors of sphingomyelin hydrolysis, de novo ceramide pathways and ER-stress in order to distinguish between the pathways modulated by the vitamin E forms. Data show that both γT and γT3 induced apoptosis via activation of sphingomyelin hydrolysis and the de novo ceramide pathways; however, activation of the ER-stress pathway contributed to apoptosis induced by γT3 only. Taken together, our data suggest that γT3s more potent apoptotic effects in comparison to γT are due to the ability of γT3 to activate ER stress pathways. This better understanding of the anti-cancer properties and mechanistic actions by these two natural occurring agents in vitro provides the necessary impetus to test them in combination with other known anti-cancer agents in pre-clinical xenograft studies to identify novel and safer therapeutic strategies. Research funded by The Clayton Foundation for Research. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 190. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-190
Effect of Stimulant Medication on Growth

Twenty-nine studies of growth in height of children (22) and late adolescents (7) with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) treated with stimulant medication were reviewed at the University of Sydney, Australia.
Adenosine kinetics in canine coronary circulation

Adenosine kinetics in the coronary circulation were investigated in anesthetized closed-chest dogs by analysis of multiple-indicator dilution experiments. During simultaneous intracoronary bolus in...
Creating home–school partnerships: examining urban and suburban teachers’ practices, challenges, and educational needs

This study examines suburban and urban teachers’ family involvement practices, challenges they face in involving families, and their educational needs. A questionnaire was administered to 89 teachers. Data were coded using a constant comparative analysis. Codes were analyzed to determine the number of teachers whose responses fell into each category and by comparing suburban and urban teachers’ responses. Results of this study suggest that although urban and suburban teachers share some similarities in terms of their practices, challenges, and needs, a number of differences were evident. Overall, suburban teachers’ responses were more detailed and included specific strategies. We also found that urban teachers’ interests in further education did not necessarily align with the areas in which they reported challenges.
Innovation (Fighting against the Current)

Scientific breakthroughs, especially those that create new pharmaceutical markets, are usually unanticipated, occurring outside the boundaries of corporate planning. The people who make such breakthroughs rarely think or act within the normal patterns of expected scientific behavior, thereby raising serious administrative challenges. Innovative results, in turn, challenge accepted modes of research and development, and may even redefine the nature of the pharmaceutical product. Whether innovations are exploited and adopted therefore depends largely on the degree to which research directors create opportunities for innovative behavior and incorporate into their long-term planning options for unexpected developments. The nature of the challenges and opportunities are illustrated by a series of brief case studies concerning pharmaceutical breakthroughs such as beta blockers, Valium, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and combinatorial chemistry. Strategies for fostering innovation from the discovery of pregnant problems to ensuring corporate acceptance of novel solutions are suggested based upon the case studies. These include focusing on problem- and process-driven, rather than product-driven, research; fostering basic, rather than applied, research; hiring non-traditionally trained individuals; decentralizing research and its oversight; creating, rather than responding to, markets; and promoting bottom-up R&D, rather than top-down.
Membership Marketing: A Success Story at the American Medical Association

In the most recent edition of his book, Marketing for Nonprofit Organizations, Kotler discusses membership marketing in a variety of organizations.
Determinants of couple agreement in U.S. fertility decisions.

An analysis of data from 8,450 women interviewed in 1988 for the National Survey of Family Growth finds that teenagers, never-married women, black women and those with less than a high school education are less likely than other women to have a birth that is jointly desired by both partners; 29%, 35%, 45% and 51% of births, respectively, are wanted by both partners, compared with an overall average of 69%. Third and higher order births are also less likely than earlier births to be jointly planned--58%, compared with 69% of first births and 76% of second births. In situations in which the birth is not jointly planned, black women, unmarried women, teenagers and women having third or higher order births are all significantly more likely than other women in their race, marital status, age and birth-order categories to have a birth when the man's preference is unknown. Never-married women are significantly more likely than married women to have a birth when the woman desires one but the man does not, while black women are significantly more likely than white women to have a birth that the man wanted but that the woman did not.
Decoupled, consistent node removal and edge sparsification for graph-based SLAM

Graph-based SLAM approaches have had success recently despite suffering from ever-increasing computational costs due to the need of optimizing over the entire robot trajectory. To address this issue, in this paper, we advocate the decoupling of marginalization (node removal) and sparsification (edge reduction) to allow for short-term retention of dense factors induced by marginalization while enabling us to spread the computation of these two operations over time. In particular, we analytically show that during marginalization, the correct choice of linearization points in constructing dense marginal factors is to use the relative (local), instead of global, state estimates in the Markov blanket of the marginalized node, which has lacked a general consensus in the literature. Furthermore, during sparsification, we determine an online sparse topology through sparsity-regularized convex optimization, which guides us to construct consistent sparse factors to best approximate the original dense factors across the Markov blanket. The proposed approach is tested extensively on both 2D and 3D public datasets and shown to perform competitively to the state-of-the-art algorithms.
Monitoring and depth of strategy use in computer‐based learning environments for science and history

Background Self-regulated learning (SRL) models position metacognitive monitoring as central to SRL processing and predictive of student learning outcomes (Winne & Hadwin, 2008; Zimmerman, 2000). A body of research evidence also indicates that depth of strategy use, ranging from surface to deep processing, is predictive of learning performance. Aims In this study, we investigated the relationships among the frequency of metacognitive monitoring and the utilization of deep and surface-level strategies, and the connections between these SRL processes and learning outcomes across two academic domains, science and history. Sample This was a secondary data analysis of two studies. The first study sample was 170 undergraduate students from a University in the south-eastern United States. The second study sample consisted of 40 US high school students in the same area. Methods We collected think-aloud protocol SRL and knowledge measure data and conducted both structural equation modelling and path analysis to investigate our research questions. Results Findings showed across both studies and two distinct academic domains, students who enacted more frequent monitoring also enacted more frequent deep strategies resulting in better performance on academic evaluations. Conclusions These findings suggest the importance of measuring not only what depth of strategies learners use, but also the degree to which they monitor their learning. Attention to both is needed in research and practice.
Revisiting the diffusion mechanism of helium in UO 2 : A DFT+ U study

Abstract The understanding of migration properties of helium atoms after their generation through α -decay of actinides in spent nuclear fuels is important for the safety of nuclear fuel storage and disposal. The diffusion of helium in UO 2 is revisited by using the DFT+ U simulation methodology employing the “ U -ramping” method to address the issue of metastable energy states. A novel diffusion mechanism by helium interstitials, the “asymmetric hop” mechanism, is reported and compared to other diffusion mechanisms including an oxygen vacancy mediated mechanism and available experimental diffusion data. The new mechanism is shown to be the dominant one over a wide temperature range.
Biological Models for Neurosurgical Training in Microanastomosis

Cerebrovascular neurosurgeons must be proficient in microvascular operative techniques. Complex microvascular surgical skills are needed for the treatment of many cerebrovascular pathologies, including moyamoya disease, complex aneurysms, intracranial and extracranial stenosis of large vessels, and iatrogenic vascular injuries. Microvascular techniques should be developed before they are needed in the operating room so that neurosurgeons are prepared when presented with a cerebrovascular problem or emergency.
Neurointervention in Ophthalmologic Disorders

It is not uncommon for the ophthalmologist to be the first to diagnose neurological pathology. Some of these conditions will be amenable to catheter-based neurointervention. Among these conditions, cerebral aneurysms and carotid-cavernous fistulas are the two most common conditions. Idiopathic intracranial hypertension is another disease that may be amenable to neurointerventional treatment, although its role remains controversial. Cerebral aneurysms have been described in previous chapters (see Chaps. 10 and 11) and only the ophthalmologic manifestations are described here. The remainder of the chapter will focus on the anatomy, clinical presentation, imaging characteristics, and management of the carotid-cavernous fistula and idiopathic intracranial hypertension.
Resources Available for Patient Evaluation

The availability of resources to aid in the assessment of chemical hazards as etiologic agents of disease is limited. Resources are slowly expanding, however, and the nature of these is discussed.
Modeling Drug Exposure Data in Electronic Medical Records: an Application to Warfarin

Identification of patients' drug exposure information is critical to drug-related research that is based on electronic medical records (EMRs). Drug information is often embedded in clinical narratives and drug regimens change frequently because of various reasons like intolerance or insurance issues, making accurate modeling challenging. Here, we developed an informatics framework to determine patient drug exposure histories from EMRs by combining natural language processing (NLP) and machine learning (ML) technologies. Our framework consists of three phases: 1) drug entity recognition - identifying drug mentions; 2) drug event detection - labeling drug mentions with a status (e.g., "on" or "stop"); and 3) drug exposure modeling - predicting if a patient is taking a drug at a given time using the status and temporal information associated with the mentions. We applied the framework to determine patient warfarin exposure at hospital admissions and achieved 87% precision, 79% recall, and an area under the receiver-operator characteristic curve of 0.93.
Foundations of Friendship Between the Chinese and the Americans

I gladly join the members and friends of the Immigrants’ Protective League in celebrating the repeal of the Chinese Exclusion Laws by the Congress of the United States. All Chinese people, here and elsewhere, will gladly join with you in this celebration and in expressing to members of the present Congress our warm and deep appreciation for this action. The repeal of the Exclusion Laws means the removal of the last, but not the least, impediment to the friendship between the peoples of our two countries.
Thermodynamics of Food Freezing

Freezing is one of the more common processes for the preservation of foods. Though it has been recognized as a preservation technique for several hundred years, the major developments in its utilization have occurred only in the last century. It is well known that lowering the temperature reduces the activity of microorganisms and enzyme systems, thus preventing deterioration of the food product. In addition to the influence of temperature reduction on microorganisms and enzymes, crystallization of the water in the product tends to reduce the amount of liquid water in the system and inhibit microbial growth or enzyme activity in the secondary action.
Reduced Occupancy of the Oxygen-Evolving Complex of Photosystem II Detected in Cryo-Electron Microscopy Maps

Computational simulations of electrostatic potentials (ESPs), based on atomistic models and independent atomic scattering factors, have remained challenging when applied to the oxygen-evolving complex (OEC) of photosystem II (PSII). Here, we overcome that challenge by using an ESP function obtained with density functional theory and atomic coordinates for the OEC of PSII obtained by optimization of the dark-adapted S1 state. We find that the ESP is much higher for the OEC than for the nearby reference side chain of amino acid residue D1-H190. In contrast, experimental ESP maps recently published for two PSII-light-harvesting complex II super-complexes show that the ESP of the OEC is approximately half the value of the D1-H190 side chain. The apparent disparity is attributed to a reduced 31-38% occupancy of the OEC, likely associated with its reduction by electron scattering.
PSYCHROPHILIC BACTERIA AND KEEPING QUALITY OF PASTEURIZED DAIRY PRODUCTSl1,2

Summary A study was made showing relationship between post-pasteurization contamination of milk and cream and increase in bacterial count of bottled and paper carton products during storage at 45 F...
Investigating Private Labels’ Success Against National Brands in the Men’s Razor Category

This paper will focus on the private labels and national brands that make up the men’s razor category within the shaving industry. Factors that affect both the success of private label brands and create roadblocks for them will be assessed and applied to CVS’s private label brand Blade by incorporating Hoch and Banerji’s study on private label brands’ success with Varadarajan, DeFanti and Busch’s research regarding the strength of brand portfolios. Blade will be compared to national razor brands that it competes against in CVS stores, with a specific compare and contrast to Schick, its direct competitor. This analysis has a particular focus on the United States razor market due to the dearth of drugstore chains in Europe that offer private label brands. This paper investigates how a private label brand in a large category can gain greater market share and effectively compete with the popular national brands.
The softening factor cb of commercial titanium alloy wires

Abstract The strain-rate sensitivity exponent m and activation volume υ∗ are often used to characterize the strain-rate sensitivity of strength behavior in metals and alloys. Complications can aris...
Search Engine Optimization and Business Communication Instruction: Interviews With Experts:

Search engine optimization (SEO), or the set of practices involved in attaining a high ranking in search engine results, is a web writing skill that requires more attention in business communicatio...
A Systematic Literature Review on the Use of Deep Learning in Software Engineering Research.

An increasingly popular set of techniques adopted by software engineering (SE) researchers to automate development tasks are those rooted in the concept of Deep Learning (DL). The popularity of such techniques largely stems from their automated feature engineering capabilities, which aid in modeling software artifacts. However, due to the rapid pace at which DL techniques have been adopted, it is difficult to distill the current successes, failures, and opportunities of the current research landscape. In an effort to bring clarity to this cross-cutting area of work, from its modern inception to the present, this paper presents a systematic literature review of research at the intersection of SE & DL. The review canvases work appearing in the most prominent SE and DL conferences and journals and spans 84 papers across 22 unique SE tasks. We center our analysis around the components of learning, a set of principles that govern the application of machine learning techniques (ML) to a given problem domain, discussing several aspects of the surveyed work at a granular level. The end result of our analysis is a research roadmap that both delineates the foundations of DL techniques applied to SE research, and likely areas of fertile exploration for the future.
Immune Mechanisms Orchestrate Tertiary Lymphoid Structures in Tumors Via Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts

Tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS) are lymphoid aggregates resembling secondary lymphoid organs found at sites of inflammation. TLS have been identified in tumors (TA-TLS), where they are associated with enhanced patient survival, but the mechanisms underlying their formation are unknown. We show here that TA-TLS development in murine melanomas is orchestrated by fibroblasts with characteristics of lymphoid tissue organizer cells that are induced by tumor necrosis factor receptor signaling. Fibroblast organization into reticular networks is initiated by CD8 T-cells, but full TA-TLS development depends on CXCL13-mediated recruitment of B-cells that express lymphotoxin-α1/β2. Some of these elements were also overrepresented in TA-TLS of human tumors. Immune checkpoint blockade induced more and larger TA-TLS that were more often organized with discrete T- and B-cell zones. This work provides a platform for manipulating TA-TLS as a cancer immunotherapy strategy.
RGB pixel-block point-cloud fusion for object detection

This paper explores a multimodal deep learning network based on SqueezeSeg. We extend the standard SqueezeSeg architecture to enable camera and lidar fusion. The sensor processing method is termed pixel-block point-cloud fusion. Using co-registered camera and lidar sensors, the input section of the proposed network creates a feature vector by extracting information from a block of RGB pixels from each point in the point-cloud that is also in the camera’s field of view. Essentially, each lidar point is paired with neighboring RGB data so the feature extractor has more meaningful information from the image. This fusion method adds rich information on object color and texture from the camera data to enhance the overall performance. The image pixel blocks will not only add color information to the lidar data, but it will also add information about texture. The proposed pixel-block point-cloud fusion method yields better results than single-pixel fusion.
Gabapentin and intrathecal morphine combination therapy results in decreased oral narcotic use and more consistent pain scores after posterior spinal fusion for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis.

BACKGROUND Gabapentin and intravenous patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) can reduce postoperative pain scores, postoperative opioid use, and time to completing physical therapy compared to PCA alone after posterior spinal fusion (PSF) for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). Gabapentin combined with intrathecal morphine has not been studied. The primary purpose of this retrospective study was to evaluate whether perioperative gabapentin and intrathecal morphine provide more effective pain control than intrathecal morphine alone after PSF for AIS. METHODS Patients aged 11 to 18 years who underwent PSF for AIS were identified. Patients who received intrathecal morphine only (ITM group) were matched by age and sex to patients who received intrathecal morphine and perioperative gabapentin (ITM+GABA group). The ITM+GABA group received gabapentin preoperatively and for up to 2 days postoperatively. Both groups received oxycodone and the same non-narcotic adjuvant medications. RESULTS Our final study group consisted of 50 patients (25 ITM, 25 ITM+GABA). The ITM+GABA group had significantly lower mean total oxycodone consumption during the hospitalization (0.798 vs 1.036 mg/kg, P<0.015). While the ITM group had a lower mean pain score between midnight and 8 am on POD 1 (2.4 vs 3.7, P=0.026), pain scores were significantly more consistent throughout the postoperative period in ITM+GABA group. The ITM+GABA group experienced less nausea/vomiting (52% vs 84%, P=0.032) and pruritus (44% vs 72%, P=0.045). Time to physical therapy discharge and length of hospital stay were similar. CONCLUSION Addition of gabapentin resulted in reduced oral opioid consumption and more consistent postoperative pain scores after PSF for AIS. The patients who received intrathecal morphine and gabapentin also experienced a lower rate of nausea/vomiting and pruritus. TRIAL REGISTRATION All data was collected retrospectively from chart review, with institutional IRB approval. Trial registration is not applicable.
The Innovation and Limitations of Arbitral Courts

In recent years, governments from the state of Delaware to the Emirate of Dubai have created institutions specially designed to adjudicate transnational commercial disputes. These institutions are hybrids between courts and arbitration, or “arbitral courts.” Arbitral courts seek to adapt the most popular features of arbitral tribunals and courts in order to accommodate the growing challenges of such cases. There is much to applaud about the innovation of arbitral courts. But it is important to consider what limits should cabin this innovation. Arbitral courts unsettle the traditional distinctions between public and private adjudication, and this blurring has significant consequences not only for understanding the state of the evolving international judicial system, of which U.S. courts have historically been an important part, but also for the future of legitimacy and transparency in dispute resolution around the world. Arbitral courts often claim legitimacy on grounds that combine arbitrators’ and courts’ claims to legitimacy. The legitimacy of arbitration mostly flows from parties’ consent to the arrangement, whereas courts’ legitimacy, at least those courts situated within democracies, derives more broadly from social compacts and customs, including from the democratic legitimacy of the state. Standing at the crossroads of public and private adjudication, however, arbitral courts could abuse their position by exercising jurisdiction in contexts beyond the scope of what gives them legitimacy (e.g., parties’ consent) or by closing off public access. There is a significant risk that they will do both of these things. Like arbitration centers’ rules, arbitral courts’ rules tend to be flexible. The courts often have substantial discretion over issues like whether to join third parties who have not consented to jurisdiction and whether to grant parties’ requests to keep the proceedings and decisions confidential, which tends to result in keeping proceedings secret. Exercising exorbitant jurisdiction and proceeding in secret, however, could undermine an arbitral court’s reputation for evenhandedness, its perceived legitimacy, and its potential to develop transnational law. In light of these risks, I offer two suggestions for arbitral courts looking to build their own legitimacy and to contribute to improvements in judicial institutional design. First, arbitral courts should restrict their jurisdiction in light of their hybridized source of legitimacy that draws on their resemblance to both a court and an arbitral tribunal. Second, arbitral courts should prioritize the public nature of proceedings and decisions and not defer to parties’ requests for confidentiality.
Sociocultural Determinants of Parental Involvement in Sex Education

AbstractA survey of parental involvement in sexual communication and instruction of children showed significant associations with socio-cultural factors. Data were collected through questionnaire interviews as part of an evaluation of a school-based sex education course. Fifty-eight parents were questioned in their homes regarding the kind and degree of communication with their children about sexuality, efforts to influence their children's sexual behavior, and attitudes toward the sex education course. Significant differences were found with respect to sociodemographic factors, ethnicity, religiosity, and qualities of the parent-child relationship. Most importantly, the gender of both parent and child influenced the nature of parent-child interaction regarding sexuality. The findings have implications for evaluation of parental response to sex education programs.
Continuity of care: A patient-centered model

Abstract A patient-centered model for the delivery of mental health services to acute psychiatric patients is described. This model may also be applicable to more comprehensive delivery systems. Mental health systems usually are centered around separate staff and physical locations of various units. The psychiatric patient's sensitivity to disruptions of the environment may respond favorably to a system of patient-staff continuity, which avoids fragmentation of care. The patient-centered care model allows the treatment staff to follow patients throughout the entire course of their treatment program. Impressions are that this model results in a marked decrease in acting out, suicide gestures, and other regressive manifestations at the time of transfer from one phase of the program to another. Specific issues of patient care account-ability, patient follow-through, and compliance with treatment recomendations, and cost-effectiveness are also discussed. In addition, staff satisfaction and professional growth are enhanced by the ability to follow patients and families through all phases of their treatment. Decreased staff turnover and increased interdisciplinary communication can enhance staff growth as well as patient care.
Funktion der Niere

In der Niere wird ein Ultrafiltrat des Plasmas durch die Capillaren der Glomerula in die Tubuli der Niere abgegeben (glomerulare Filtration, Primarharn). Wenn dieses Filtrat die Tubuli passiert, wird sein Volumen vermindert und seine Zusammensetzung durch tubulare Riickresorption (Resorption von Wasser und gelosten Stoffen aus der tubularen Flussigkeit) und tubulare Sekretion (Sekretion geloster Stoffe in die tubulare Flussigkeit) verandert und der definitive Harn gebildet.
Nonphotoreactivating Repair of Ultraviolet Light-Damaged Transforming Deoxyribonucleic Acid by Micrococcus lysodeikticus Extracts

Elder, Robert L. (Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md.), and Roland F. Beers, Jr. Nonphotoreactivating repair of ultraviolet light-damaged transforming deoxyribonucleic acid by Micrococcus lysodeikticus extracts. J. Bacteriol. 90:681–686. 1965.—Extracts from Micrococcus lysodeikticus repair Haemophilus influenzae transforming deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) damaged by ultraviolet light radiation. The repair is demonstrable over a wide dose range, with a constant dose reduction factor for a given concentration of DNA. The active component in the crude extract may be separated into a heat-stable dialyzable and a heat-labile nondialyzable component. The dialyzable fraction contains at least one component which appears to limit the maximal level of repair. Mg2+ ions are required for the repair process.
Development in underwater robotics

This paper is written as a survey paper summarizing the current state-of-the-art and discussing future research directions in the area of underwater robotics. The topics discussed include: dynamics and modelling, intelligent systems, sensors, and control.
Product Development And Cost Management Using Target Costing: A Discussion And Case Analysis

This paper discusses the use and process of target costing for product development and cost management and why it should be used in product planning. To explain the target costing process, benefits, and problems with its use, the authors utilize a case study of a poultry processing company manufacturing home meal replacements for sale through supermarkets.