cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Toward a systematic understanding of suggestion tactics in persuasive technologies

The unique capabilities of mobile, context-aware, networked devices make them an interesting platform for applying suggestion in persuasive technologies. Because these devices are nearly always with their owners, can sense relevant information about the context of their use, and nearly always have network access, they enable the principle of kairos, providing the right information at the best time. Relatively little work has examined providing opportunistic, right-time, right-place suggestions or notifications that encourage people to change their behavior. This paper first discusses some of the challenges facing designers incorporating suggestions into their persuasive technologies. We then review a set of relevant persuasive technologies, focusing primarily on technologies in the health domain. We then identify a design space that represents tactics for building persuasive technologies, particularly suggestion technologies. We then explore how this design space of suggestion tactics can be used to evaluate, compare, and inform the design of new persuasive technologies.
Implications for Arctic amplification of changes in the strength of the water vapor feedback

[1] One of the major climatic changes apparent over the Arctic Ocean has been the amplified rate at which air temperature has been increasing relative to the global mean. There are multiple factors which play roles in this amplification, including changes in sea ice/albedo, atmospheric circulation, clouds, and water vapor. We investigate the positive feedback on temperature caused by increasing downward longwave radiation flux (DLF) associated with increasing atmospheric precipitable water (PW). The Japanese 25-year Reanalysis and ERA-Interim reanalysis are used to examine the role of the DLF/PW component of the water vapor feedback loop on the enhanced warming in the Arctic between 1979 and 2011. We find a nonlinear relationship between DLF and PW, which suggests that the sensitivity of DLF to changes in PW varies by season, with the highest in winter and the lowest in summer. The positive trends in DLF and PW are widespread over the Arctic during autumn and spring but are centered mainly over the Atlantic sector in winter. The strength of the PW feedback loop depends on both the sensitivity of DLF to changes in PW and the change in PW during 1979–2011. If, in the future, PW were to increase significantly during winter in the central and Pacific sectors of the Arctic, there could be an expansion of Arctic amplification during winter. We also examine the effect of changes in cloud cover and find that such changes account for a much smaller proportion of the changes in DLF than does PW.
An on-chip autonomous microfluidic cooling system

An on-chip self-contained autonomous microfluidic cooling system, driven by a constant external rotating magnetic stirrer, has been developed using liquid-phase photopolymerization and nickel electroplating. A temperature-sensitive hydrogel, that acts in a way similar to an automotive clutch, provides the autonomous functionality. By controlling the rotation of the nickel impeller, the hydrogel effectively controls the pumping of cold water to cool the system when temperatures are high. Once cooled, the system autonomously stops pumping. The autonomous functionality and cooling effect of the system were observed at various heater temperature setpoints. Cooling temperatures ranging between 1.6/spl deg/C and 4.0/spl deg/C were exhibited by the system.
Cull Rates of Dairy Cattle with Antibodies to Bovine Leukemia Virus

Abstract The relationship of cull rate to age was investigated retrospectively in dairy cows with and without antibodies to bovine leukemia virus (BLV). Banked sera from eight annual herd tests on one 200-cow herd were tested for presence of BLV antibodies by agar-gel immunodiffusion using the Mr 51,000 glycoprotein antigen of BLV. Age-specific cull rates were computed for BLV-antibody-positive and antibody-negative cows yearly from 2 to 7 years of age. Cull rates, transformed by the Arc-sin square root, were analyzed by weighted regression. Transformed cull rates increased significantly as BLV-antibody-positive cows aged (one-tailed P = 0.023) but not as antibody-negative cows aged (one-tailed P = 0.59). A Mantel-Byar survival analysis showed significantly longer survival beyond 3.5 years of age among antibody-negative cows than among antibody-positive cows (P = 0.008).
Progressive ankylosis, a new skeletal mutation in the mouse

Progressive ankylosis, ank, a new recessive skeletal mutation causing a noninflammatory joint disease in mice is described. Preliminary observations suggest that three abnormal processes are involved: increased calcification of calcified cartilage and of joint tissues, hyperplasia of the cells and tissues of the joints, and degeneration within and around the tissues, tendons, and ligaments of the joints. The new mutation is closely linked, with about 4 percent recombination, to underwhite on chr 15.
It's all relative: Concentrated disadvantage within and across neighborhoods and communities, and the consequences for neighborhood crime

Abstract Purpose Prior studies have largely been unable to account for how variations in inequality across larger areas might impact crime rates in neighborhoods. We examine this broader context both in terms of the spatial area surrounding neighborhoods as well as the larger, city-level context. Although social disorganization, opportunity and relative deprivation theories are typically used to explain variations in neighborhood crime, these theories make differing predictions about crime when the broader areas that neighborhoods are embedded in are taken into account. Methods We use data from the National Neighborhood Crime Study for 7956 neighborhoods in 79 cities. Multi-level models with spatial effects are estimated to explain the relationship between crime and city and neighborhood social and economic resources. Results Disadvantage in the focal neighborhood and nearby neighborhoods increase neighborhood violent crime, consistent with social disorganization theory. However, relative deprivation provides a more robust explanation for understanding variation in property crime, as the difference in disadvantage between a neighborhood and nearby neighborhoods (or the broader community) explains higher levels of property crime. Conclusions Criminologists need to account for the larger context of nearby neighborhoods, as well as the broader city, when understanding the effect of relative deprivation on neighborhood-level property crime rates.
Indigenous AIDS Organizing and the Anthropology of Activist Knowledge

Indigenous AIDS activists join AIDS activists worldwide today in theorizing the AIDS pandemic as a construct of social relations of power. Their anti-colonial and transnational activism holds scholars accountable to studying how power structures the production of knowledge about AIDS. This essay first examines how Indigenous AIDS activists theorize the colonial and transnational conditions of AIDS, and challenge states and international agencies to respect the sovereignty of Indigenous communities and knowledges. The essay then cites Indigenous activist knowledge as inspiration for revisiting critiques of coloniality in anthropology, and their implications for the anthropology of AIDS. Anthropologists studying AIDS can respond to AIDS activists by addressing how colonial legacies shape the processes and products of research and writing. By working within intersubjective and reflexive relationships with people and communities affected by AIDS, anthropologists can enter accountable dialogue with AIDS activists and on that basis produce anti-colonial and transnational knowledge about AIDS.
Isolation, crystallization, and properties of Achromobacteraceae glutaminase-asparaginase with antitumor activity

Abstract Crystalline glutaminase-asparaginase with antitumor activity was prepared from an Achromobacteraceae soil isolate organism. This enzyme has l-glutaminase and l-asparaginase activity in a ratio of 1.2:1. The purification procedure provides an over-all yield of 40 to 60% from crude cell-free extract to homogeneous glutaminase-asparaginase and is adaptable to large scale isolation of the enzyme. Glutaminase-asparaginase is crystallizable from aqueous alcohol solutions in the absence of heavy metal cations. The highest yields of enzyme were obtained when cells were grown aerobically in a basal synthetic medium composed of l-glutamic acid, ammonium sulfate, trace minerals, and phosphate buffer. Glutaminase-asparaginase content remained relatively constant when the organism was at temperatures between 15 and 25°. Above 25° the enzyme content decreased with increasing temperature. The isoelectric point by isoelectric focusing of glutaminase-asparaginase on ampholytes is 8.43. The specific activity of homogeneous enzyme is 190 ± 20 i.u. per mg of protein and the E1%280 is 10.2. No carbohydrate or phospholipid was detected in the enzyme. No disulfide or sulfhydryl groups appear to be present on the enzyme. The Km values for l-glutamine and l-asparagine are 5.8 ± 1.5 x 10-6 and 4.8 ± 1.4 x 10-6 m, respectively. Glutaminase-asparaginase catalyzes the hydrolysis of the d isomers of glutamine and asparagine at about one-third the rate of the l isomers. The enzyme is not inhibited by ethyl-enediaminetetraacetate (0.1 mm), ammonia (10 mm), l-glutamate (30 mm), or l-aspartate (30 mm). 6-Diazo-5-oxo-l-norleucine which is not a substrate for the enzyme irreversibly inactivates glutaminase-asparaginase at very low concentrations. In contrast the l and d isomers of 5-diazo-4-oxonorvaline are attacked by the enzyme and are considerably poorer inhibitors.
Measurement and Characterization of “Resonance Friction” at High Sliding Speeds in a Model Automotive Wet Clutch

The friction forces between various lubricated “friction materials” and sapphire disks were measured using a new “high-speed” rotating disk attachment to the surface forces apparatus (SFA). Two different clutch lubricants and two different friction materials were tested at sliding speeds and normal loads from 5 to 25 m/s, and 0.2 to 1 N (nominal pressures ~1 MPa), respectively. The results show that “resonance friction”—characterized by large amplitude oscillatory (i.e., sinusoidal) vibrations, also known as shudder or chatter—dominates dynamical considerations at high sliding speed, replacing the smooth sliding or low-amplitude stick–slip that is characteristic of low speed/low load sliding. The characteristic (rotational) speeds or frequencies at which resonance friction occurs depend only on the coupled/uncoupled mechanical resonance frequencies of the loading and friction-sensing mechanisms. In contrast, the intensity of and time to enter/exit shudder depends strongly on the lubricating oil and, to a lesser extent, on the friction material. Physical–chemical analyses of the friction materials before and after testing showed that the samples undergo primarily structural rather than chemical changes. Our results provide new fundamental insights into the resonance friction phenomenon and suggest means for its control.
Spectrophotometric method for the determination of chlorine in organic compounds: A semimicro- and micromethod

Abstract A rapid semimicro and micro method for the determination of chlorine in organic compounds is described. Use is made of an oxygen flask combustion technique. The chlorine ions produced in the process of combustion are reacted with mercuric chloranilate to produce strongly colored chloranilic acid which is measured spectrophotometrically. Materials which have been successfully determined include those containing 0.1% to 50% chlorine. Sulfur, nitrogen, and phosphorus do not interfere.
Monitoring a clinical trial conducted under the Food and Drug Administration regulations allowing a waiver of prospective informed consent: The diaspirin cross-linked hemoglobin traumatic hemorrhagic shock efficacy trial

In 1996, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) enacted Rule 21 CFR section 50.24, which allows a narrow exception to the requirement for prospective informed consent from human research subjects in clinical trials investigating potentially beneficial therapies for acute, life-threatening conditions. The first clinical trial to be conducted under this rule was sponsored by Baxter Healthcare Corporation and approved by the FDA on November 21, 1996. This large, multicenter, randomized clinical trial was designed to compare the addition of diaspirin cross-linked hemoglobin (DCLHb) with standard care in the initial resuscitation of adults experiencing severe, uncompensated, traumatic hemorrhagic shock. Before the first planned interim analysis of the data, review of fatal adverse events revealed an imbalance in mortality between the 2 treatment groups. The Data Monitoring Committee (DMC) recommended suspension of patient enrollment 24 days later. Additional data collection and analyses confirmed the excess number of deaths in patients treated with DCLHb but failed to reveal the cause of these deaths. The trial was formally terminated after only 112 of the planned 850 patients had been enrolled. We review the events leading up to and the rationale behind the DMC recommendations for suspension of patient enrollment and trial termination. Although the DCLHb trial was unsuccessful in achieving its goals, the monitoring process worked well. Emergency research was facilitated by DMC oversight, and the interests of research subjects were protected by the actions of the DMC.
Dissolved and particulate Fe in a hydrothermal plume at 9°45′N, East Pacific Rise:: Slow Fe (II) oxidation kinetics in Pacific plumes

Production of Fe(III) particles in hydrothermal plumes is of fundamental importance to the long-term effect of hydrothermal circulation on seawater composition. To elucidate the fundamental controls on Fe redox kinetics and solution/particle partitioning in neutrally buoyant plumes, we sampled near-field (<3 km) plume particles at 9°45′N on the East Pacific Rise in 1996, returning in 1997 to sample both particulate and dissolved phases (0.40 μm filter). Concentrations of dissolved Fe varied from 320 to 20 nM in proximal (<0.3 km from vent site) to distal samples (1–3 km downfield), constituting ∼85–50% of total Fe, respectively. Based on vent fluid dilution factors calculated from dissolved Mn, a mass balance for vent fluid Fe at this site indicates that ∼65% of Fe is lost to particulate sulfide settling in the buoyant plume, and that particulate Fe in distal (1–3 km) samples is twice as concentrated as predicted from dilution of particles in proximal plume water. These observations are consistent with a calculated Fe(II) oxidation half-time of 3.3 h, long enough that Fe(III) colloid production and aggregation occurs primarily in the neutrally buoyant plume at relatively high dilutions, preventing generation of high particulate Fe concentrations (11–56 nM observed). A general investigation of Fe(II) oxidation rates in plumes worldwide gives Fe(II) oxidation half-lives as short as 17 min at some Atlantic sites, and as long as 6 h at some Pacific sites. The calculations indicate that the distribution of Fe particles in plumes depends chiefly on inter-basin differences in ambient deep water chemistry (primarily pH and dissolved O2) and on local currents driving plume dilution, and to a much lesser extent on variations in primary vent fluid composition. Long-term changes in thermohaline circulation or ocean biogeochemistry may therefore alter Fe dynamics and minor element fluxes associated with global hydrothermal activity, independent of variations in crustal production rates.
Determination and degradation of microquantities of acetate.

Abstract A rapid and specific spectrophotometric assay for microquantities of acetate is described. This method involves the conversion of acetate to citrate by CoA transferase, malate dehydrogenase, and citrate synthetase. The assay allows the determination of 5–60 nmoles of acetate. Procedures are described for determination of the total acetate present, the 14 C-acetate formed from labeled precursors, and the distribution of 14 C in the carbons of microquantities of acetate. The quantitative determination of both the total acetate and the 14 C-acetate is done by converting the acetate to citrate. Known tritiated acetate is added to the unknown 14 C-acetate prior to the enzymic conversion. From the amount of citrate and its 14 C and 3 H content, both the total acetate and the amount of 14 C in the acetate are calculated. The distribution of 14 C in the acetate is determined by conversion of the acetate to citrate and subsequent oxidation of the citrate to pentabromoacetone by treatment with KMnO 4 and KBr. A rapid semiquantitative assay of the 14 C in acetate may be accomplished under some circumstances by oxidation of the sample with KMnO 4 followed by ether extraction of the acetate.
Further fractionation of the asparaginyl-carbohydrate from ovalbumin☆

Abstract The asparaginyl-carbohydrate from ovalbumin has been further separated to give a total of seven fractions. Additional heterogeneity was found in this study with the subfractionation of the original AC-C and AC-D components to give AC-C 1 and AC-C 2 , and AC-D 1 and AC-D 2 , respectively. The compositions of the principal components were found to be the following: AC-C 1 (AsnGlcNAc 5 Man 3 ), AC-C 2 (AsnGlcNAc 4 Man 6 ), AC-D 1 (AsnGlcNAc 4 Man 4 ), and AC-D 2 (AsnGlcNAc 2 Man 6 ). The extent of the digestion of these AC fractions with exo-hydrolases is discussed in relation to the use of such asparaginyl-carbohydrates in studies of glycosyltransferase enzymes.
Prospective evaluation of the use of the thrombolysis in myocardial infarction score as a risk stratification tool for chest pain patients admitted to an ED observation unit.

Abstract Background The Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) score has shown use in predicting 30-day and 1-year outcomes in emergency department (ED) patients with potential acute coronary syndrome. Few studies have evaluated the TIMI score in risk stratifying patients selected for the ED observation Unit (EDOU). Risk stratification of patients in this group could identify those at risk for significant cardiac events. Our goal was to evaluate TIMI use for risk stratification in this population and compare outcomes among differing scores. Methods A prospective observational study with 30-day telephone follow-up for a 12 month period. Baseline data, outcomes related to EDOU stay, admission, and 30-day outcomes were recorded. TIMI scores were calculated for each patient placed in EDOU. TIMI score was not utilized in the decision to place patients in observation. Results N = 552. Composite outcomes recorded were myocardial infarction, revascularization, or death either during the EDOU stay, inpatient admission, or the 30-day follow-up. Eighteen composite outcomes were recorded: stent (12 patients), coronary artery bypass graft (3 patients), myocardial infarction and stent (2 patients), and myocardial infarction, and coronary artery bypass graft (1 patient). Distribution by TIMI score was: 0 (102 patients), 1 (196), 2 (142), 3 (72), 4 (27), and 5 (5). Risk of composite outcome increased by score: 0 (1%), 1 (2.6%), 2 (2.1%), 3 (6.9%), 4 (11.1%), and 5 (20%). Those with an intermediate risk score (3-5) were also more likely to require admission (15.4% vs 9.8%, P = .048). Conclusion The TIMI risk score may serve as an effective risk stratification tool among chest pain patients selected for EDOU placement. Patients with intermediate-risk by TIMI may be considered for inpatient admission and/or more aggressive evaluation and therapy.
Subinhibitory cerulenin inhibits staphylococcal exoprotein production by blocking transcription rather than by blocking secretion

Cerulenin is an antibiotic that inhibits fatty acid synthesis by covalent modification of the active thiol of the chain-elongation subtypes of β-ketoacyl-acyl carrier protein synthase. It also inhibits other processes that utilize essential thiols. Cerulenin has been widely reported to block protein secretion at sub-MIC levels, an effect that has been postulated to represent interference with membrane function through interference with normal fatty acid synthesis. This study confirms the profound reduction in extracellular proteins caused by low concentrations of the antibiotic, and shows by Northern blot hybridization that this reduction is due to interference with transcription. By exchanging promoters between entB, a gene that is inhibited by cerulenin, and entA, a gene that is not, it was also shown that the antibiotic does not block secretion. Subinhibitory concentrations of cerulenin were also found to block transcriptional activation of at least two regulatory determinants, agr and sae, that function by signal transduction. Interference with the activation of these and other regulatory determinants probably accounts for much of the inhibitory effect on exoprotein production of sub-MIC concentrations of cerulenin.
Beta instability in 113Cd

Abstract Evidence of beta instability has been found in 113 Cd, the heavier of the last remaining pair of apparently stable odd-A isobars. An electrolytically refined and distilled sample of enriched 113 Cd metal was compared in an anticoincidence-shielded counter with a natural Cd metal “blank”. A positive net counting rate was obtained, indicating with at least 96 per cent certainty that 113 Cd is unstable. The counting efficiency was determined by counting 87 Rb samples of known disintegration rates. A half-life for 113 Cd of (9·3 ± 1·9) × 10 15 yr is assigned.
Effect of induced molting on the course of infection and transmission of Salmonella enteritidis in white Leghorn hens of different ages.

Abstract Previous work in the authors' laboratory had shown that inducing molt using a 2-wk feed removal protocol in 58- to 84-wk-old White Leghorn hens increased the severity of intestinal infection by Salmonella enteritidis (SE). As susceptibility to infection can be influenced by age, a study was conducted to compare the effect of the feed removal on infection by SE in 20-, 40-, and 74-wk-old hens. Birds were orally infected with 5 to 10 × 106 SE on Day 4 of fast and were sampled for SE shedding 3, 10, 17, and 24 days later. Significantly higher numbers of SE were shed in fasted birds on Day 3 (20 and 40 wk of age), Day 10 (40 and 74 wk of age), and Day 17 (74 wk of age). Transmission of SE to uninfected, contact-exposed birds was observed in all three trials for both the fed and fasted groups. However, significantly more fasted contact-exposed birds became positive for SE on Day 3 (20-wk-old), Day 10 (74-wk-old), and Day 17 (74-wk-old). Significantly more SE was also shed in these fasted contact-exposed birds on Day 3 (20-wk-old), Day 10 (all age groups), and Day 17 (74-wk-old). The current results indicate that the fasting conditions used to induce a molt in hens increase the shedding of SE in direct-infected and contact-exposed hens and this effect does not appear to be affected by age.
H-Ion Catalysis by Clays

Acid clays prepared by electrodialysis or by treatement with dilute (< about 0.1N) mineral acid solutions were largely Al-saturated, and had little catalytic effect on ester hydrolysis and sucrose inversion. On the other hand, clays exhaustively treated with cold 1N HCl were largely H-saturated, and served as effective H-ion catalysts. When various quantities of clay were used as catalysts, reaction rates were proportional to the concentration of H-ions in the system.
An embarrassment of niches: the many covalent modifications of histones in transcriptional regulation.

An embarrassment of niches: the many covalent modifications of histones in transcriptional regulation
Effectiveness of Lithium Nitrate in Mitigating Alkali-Silica Reaction in the Presence of Fly Ashes of Varying Chemical Compositions

AbstractIn this study, quantitative analysis of the combined effects of fly ash and lithium admixture in mitigating alkali-silica reaction (ASR) in portland cement mortars prepared with Spratt limestone was investigated. The results from this investigation suggested that mortar bar expansions could be correlated with specific oxide(s) content in the fly ash through exponential relationships. The dosage of lithium nitrate required for ASR mitigation in mortars containing fly ashes having CaO content less than 23.50% was found to be less than that in the control mortars. Since lithium nitrate was found to be effective in reducing the expansions of control (no fly ash) mortars and mortars containing fly ashes, economic solutions can be obtained in both. However, the use of lithium nitrate was not needed for mortars containing fly ashes having CaO content less than 14.40%. A linear relationship between the oxide content of fly ash and the lithium dosage was found to exist, that can be used to optimize the lit...
The Drosophila abelson proto-oncogene homolog: Identification of mutant alleles that have pleiotropic effects late in development

The Abelson gene in Drosophila (abl) consists of ten exons extending over 26 kb of genomic DNA. The DNA sequence encodes a protein of 1520 amino acids with sequence homology to the human c-abl proto-oncogene product, beginning at the amino terminus and extending 656 amino acids through the region essential for tyrosine kinase activity. Mutant lesions in the abl gene were identified first by their failure to complement chromosomal deletions that overlap the abl DNA sequence and then by rescue of the mutant phenotypes with an abl minigene in transgenic flies. Elimination of abl zygotic function by mutations produces some recessive lethality at the pharate adult pupal stage, and mutant adults with reduced longevity, reduced fecundity, and an irregular pattern of retinal cells.
Eaten to death

Macro-autophagy (hereafter referred to as autophagy) delivers cytoplasmic material to the lysosome for degradation, and has been implicated in many cellular processes, including stress, infection, survival and death. Although the regulation and role of autophagy in stress, infection and survival is apparent, its involvement during cell death remains relatively unclear. In this review, we highlight what is known about the role that autophagy can play during physiological cell death, and discuss the implications of better understanding cellular destruction that involves autophagy.
Stability Of Laser Beams In A Structured Environment

Parametric instabilities of laser radiation in a structured space plasma environment have been surveyed. We compute approximate thresholds and growth rates for stimulated Raman scattering, stimulated Brillouin scattering, stimulated Compton scattering, and modulation/filamentation processes.
Factors associated with feeding difficulties in the very preterm infant.

Aim To investigate early medical and family factors associated with later feeding risk in preterm infants.
SOS methods for demonstrating dissipativity for switched systems

Dissipativity is a valuable tool for analysis and synthesis of dynamical systems, however, the search for an appropriate storage function to show the property is often not straightforward. This paper uses sum of squares (SOS) optimization methods to determine whether a nonlinear or switched system is dissipative. This is especially useful for switched systems where notions of dissipativity involve finding multiple storage functions. Examples and relevant software code are provided to illustrate these methods.
Household water conservation challenges in Blagoevgrad, Bulgaria: a descriptive study

Residential water conservation programmes can play an important role in water management planning; yet, in spite of water shortages, such programmes have rarely been implemented in Bulgaria. This paper examines the obstacles and opportunities for household water conservation in Blagoevgrad, Bulgaria. Key informant interviews, focus groups, and a questionnaire were employed in collecting data regarding attitudes toward water management and conservation in Blagoevgrad. Results indicate a general lack of knowledge among residents regarding water saving devices and practices. The local water company has not placed a high value on water conservation education. Nevertheless, most residents show positive attitudes toward water conservation and a readiness to adopt water saving practices.
Passive 3D imaging with quasi-rotating PSFs

Quasi-rotating point spread functions (QPSFs) are engineered three-dimensional (3D) point spread functions (PSFs) for high efficiency 3D imaging systems. QPSFs have over 30 times higher light throughput efficiency than strictly rotating PSFs.
Immunohistochemical demonstration of neuron specific enolase (NSE) on cutaneous nerves: Comparative study using NSE and 5-100 protein antibodies on denervated skin

The presence of neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and S-100 protein, which are nerve specific proteins, was immunohistochemically investigated on the cutaneous nerves. NSE was found in the axons of the cutaneous nerve bundles and the terminal axons in the Meissner and Pacinian corpuscles of the normal human and macaque skin. S-100 protein was found in the Schwann cells, lamellar cells of the Meissner corpuscles, and inner core cells of the Pacinian corpuscles. After denervation of the ulnar nerve on macaque, NSE on axons of the cutaneous nerves and Meissner and Pacinian corpuscles was completely disappeared in the 5th digit. However, S-100 protein was still maintained in the Schwann cells and Meissner and Pacinian corpuscles in the same digit. From these results, we conclude that the comparative immunohistochemical staining of NSE and S-100 protein is simple and reliable method to demonstrate the cutaneous nerves in normal and pathological conditions.
How applied research can save sociologists from themselves

In this paper I argue that the selection of appropriate statistical procedures is at best haphazard without a careful consideration of the consequences of one’s research, and that significant distortions often will result when applied concerns are ignored. I advance the hypothesis that typical conceptions of basic research in sociology preclude the proper use of statistics. From this it follows that mainstream, quantitative sociology can begin to save itself only by taking seriously the question of applications.
Patient-Physician Language Concordance and Lifestyle Counseling Among Spanish-Speaking Patients

Objective Patient-physician language discordance is associated with worse quality of healthcare for patients with limited English proficiency. Patients with language-discordant physicians have more problems understanding medical situations. The impact of patient-physician language concordance on lifestyle counseling among Spanish-speaking patients is not known. Methods We performed a retrospective medical record review and identified 306 Spanish-speaking patients who used interpreter services between June 2001 and June 2006 in two Boston-based primary care practices. Our primary outcome was counseling on exercise, diet, and smoking. Our main predictor of interest was patient-physician language concordance. Results Patients with language-concordant physicians were more likely to be counseled on diet and physical activity compared to patients with language-discordant physicians. After adjustment for age, sex, insurance status, number of primary care visits, and comorbidity score, these differences in counseling persisted for diet [odds ratio (OR) = 2.2, CI 1.3–3.7] and physical activity (OR = 2.3, CI 1.4–3.8). There was no significant difference with regard to discussion of smoking (OR = 1.3, CI 0.8–2.1). Conclusions Spanish-speaking patients are more likely to discuss diet and exercise modification if they have a Spanish-speaking physician compared to those having a non-Spanish-speaking physician. Further research is needed to explore whether matching Spanish-speaking patients with Spanish-speaking providers may improve lifestyle counseling.
Fat Oxidation in Experimental Animal Diets.

SummaryStudies on the keeping quality of fats in different food mixtures have indicated certain prooxidant and antioxidant characteristics among the dietary components. The relative keeping time of fats added to various dietary mixtures is given and the importance of careful preservation of experimental diets is stressed.
Self-constructed tree-shape high thermal conductivity nanosilver networks in epoxy

We report the formation of high aspect ratio nanoscale tree-shape silver networks in epoxy, at low temperatures (<150 °C) and atmospheric pressures, that are correlated to a ∼200 fold enhancement of thermal conductivity (κ) of the nanocomposite compared to the polymer matrix. The networks form through a three-step process comprising of self-assembly by diffusion limited aggregation of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) coated nanoparticles, removal of PVP coating from the surface, and sintering of silver nanoparticles in high aspect ratio networked structures. Controlling self-assembly and sintering by carefully designed multistep temperature and time processing leads to κ of our silver nanocomposites that are up to 300% of the present state of the art polymer nanocomposites at similar volume fractions. Our investigation of the κ enhancements enabled by tree-shaped network nanocomposites provides a basis for the development of new polymer nanocomposites for thermal transport and storage applications.
APPROACHES TO MENTAL ILLNESS IN SOVIET SOCIETY: SOME COMPARISONS AND CONJECTURES*

The Sovi et belief, recently expressed to Adlai Stevenson, that the single-mindedness of the Russians to build their country was one of the major sociological factors deterring mental illness (13) is, of course, one of these vague statements for public consumption that admit of little empirical verification. And yet, the evidence suggests that presently mental -illness is not a central medical concern, or at least is not considered the salient problem it is in the United States. This may be due to a real difference in mental illness in the two
The independent origin of a queen number bottleneck that promotes cooperation in the African swarm-founding wasp, Polybioides tabidus

When cooperation is based on shared genetic interests, as in most social insect colonies, mechanisms which increase the genetic similarity of group members may help to maintain sociality. Such mechanisms can be especially important in colonies with many queens because within-colony relatedness drops quickly as queen number increases. Using microsatellite markers, we examined the Old World, multiple-queen, swarm-founding wasp Polybioides tabidus which belongs to the ropalidiine tribe, and found that relatedness among the workers was four times higher than what would be expected based on queen number alone. Relatedness was elevated by a pattern of queen production known as cyclical oligogyny, under which, queen number varies, and daughter queens are produced only after the number of old queens has reduced to one or a very few. As a result, the queens are highly related, often as full sisters, elevating relatedness among their progeny, the workers. This pattern of queen production is driven by collective worker control of the sex ratios. Workers are three times more highly related to females than to males in colonies with a single queen while they are more equally related to males and females in colonies with more queens. As a result of this difference, workers will prefer to produce new queens in colonies with a single queen and males in colonies with many queens. Cyclical oligogyny has also evolved independently in another group of swarm-founding wasps, the Neotropical epiponine wasps, suggesting that collective worker control of sex ratios is widespread in polistine wasps.
Consistency checking for mode function computation of a multilayered dielectric waveguide

For a waveguide consisting of multiple layers of dielectric material, a mode eigenfunction of the waveguide can be computed either from the outer-most layer inward or from the inner-most layer outward once the guide wavenumber is known. The guidance condition requires that the eigenfunction of a mode is independent of these two different computation procedures. This requirement can be used for checking the accuracy of numerical computation. When significant discrepancies between these two procedures were observed during a recent revision of a waveguide mode based tropospheric propagation program, it was found that one of the two procedures converged to the mode eigenfunction much faster. This consistency condition has been utilized successfully to relax the requirement on eigenvalue accuracy by identifying the procedure which converges to the correct mode eigenfunction faster.
Preparation and characterization of plasma-polymerized styrene thin films

Plasma-polymerized styrene (PPS) thin films (several hundred to several thousand A thick) have been prepared under a variety of discharge conditions in a tubular reactor inductively coupled to a radio frequency (13.56 MHz) power supply. Studies have focussed on the correlation of deposited polymer structure, evidenced both at the film surface (via XPS analysis) and in the bulk polymer (via transmission FT–IR analysis) with controllable plasma parameters (coupled rf power, monomer flow rate, monomer pressure). It has been determined that the relative number of phenyl rings incorporated into the film intact is an inverse function of the power per styrene molecule ratio. Polymer deposition rate was found to be a strong function of styrene flow rate and substrate temperature. Plausible elements of the styrene plasma polymerization mechanism will be considered.
Transglutaminase Cross‐Linking of the τ Protein

Tissue transglutaminase (EC 2.3.2.13) is a calcium-activated enzyme that cross-links specific substrate proteins into insoluble, protease-resistant, high molecular weight complexes. Because the neurofibrillary tangles in Alzheimer disease have similar biochemical characteristics, and because the microtubule-associated protein tau is the predominant component of these structures, the substrate properties of tau with respect to transglutaminase were investigated. Bovine tau and recombinant human tau isoforms rapidly form high molecular weight, cross-linked polymers on incubation with transglutaminase. Polyamine incorporation assays indicate that bovine tau is an excellent substrate of transglutaminase, with a Km of 10.4 +/- 2.2 microM and a Vmax of 40.9 +/- 4.5 nmol/mg of enzyme/min. Individual recombinant human tau isoforms are not equivalent with respect to transglutaminase, as the smallest isoform T3 (352 amino acids) is not as good a substrate as the larger isoforms T4 (383 amino acids) and T4L (441 amino acids). To determine which segments of the tau protein are susceptible to modification by transglutaminase, tau was labeled with [3H]putrescine by transglutaminase and proteolyzed with alpha-chymotrypsin, and the breakdown products were analyzed. These experiments demonstrate that the enzyme modifies tau at only one or a few discrete sites, primarily in the carboxyl half of the molecule. Thus, the reaction is specific for only a small number of the many glutamine residues in tau. Furthermore, a tau deletion construct (T264) containing a portion of the microtubule-binding domains, which is a substrate of transglutaminase, cannot be cross-linked by the enzyme. This provides evidence that the cross-linking reaction is specific, and requires that the substrates be appropriately associated for cross-linking to occur.
Tests Don't Measure Jobs: The Meaning of Content Validation

Murphy (2009) confounds content validation with analysis of job relatedness. According to Murphy (and, to be fair, much of the literature on employee selection), content validation involves a ‘‘detailed comparison between the content of the test and the content of the jobs’’ (p. 453). Tests don’t measure jobs. They measure attributes of a job candidate—ones that we identify as important to performance on the job. Content validation should apply to the items constituting the measure of each attribute and their relevance to and representativeness of the attribute in question (e.g., Haynes, Richard, & Kubany, 1995; Schriesheim, Cogliser, Scandura, Lankau, & Powers, 1999). For example, applying content validation to a measure of the attribute customer service orientation would involve ensuring that the items in the measure are relevant to and representative of the precise definition of the attribute. Job relatedness, on the other hand, can refer to (a) the predictive relation between a test and performance on the job or (b) the relation between the attributes measured by the test battery and the attributes required to perform the job (see Arthur & Villado, 2008; Guion & Highhouse, 2006). Murphy is suggesting that a is not necessarily always associated with b. Although this suggestion is provocative, it is not the same thing as saying content validation is irrelevant to validity. Content adequacy is different from job relatedness.
Some aspects of melanin biology: 1950-1975.

Recent advances in the biology of mammalian pigmentation are reviewed. The multicellular epidermal melanin unit (melanocyte and associated pool of keratinocytes) rather than the melanocyte alone forms the focal point for melanin metabolism within mammalian epidermis. Within an epidermal melanin unit, melanosomes are synthesized by melanocytes and transferred to keratinocytes where they are degraded as they ascend to the epidermal surface. During the past 25 years, technical advances in biology and biochemistry have fostered a multi- disciplinary approach to research on mammalian pigmentation. Emphasizing this perspective, we have examined the current state of knowledge of the form and function of epidermal melanin units from the levels of biologic organization ranging from the molecules relevant to melanin synthesis through the skin as a totally integrated system. To an unusual degree, advances in melanin pigmentation have resulted from the integration of clinical medicine and basic science.
Identification of a Novel Protein Regulating Microtubule Stability through a Chemical Approach

To identify novel proteins regulating the microtubule cytoskeleton, we screened a library of purine derivatives using mitotic spindle assembly in Xenopus egg extracts as an assay. Out of a collection of 1561 compounds, we identified 15 that destabilized microtubules without targeting tubulin directly, resulting in small spindles. Affinity chromatography with one compound, named diminutol, revealed a potential target as NQO1, an NADP-dependent oxidoreductase. A role for NQO1 in influencing microtubule polymerization was confirmed through inhibition studies using known inhibitors and immunodepletion. Therefore, this chemical approach has identified a novel factor required for microtubule morphogenesis and cell division.
The role of reaction affinity and secondary minerals in regulating chemical weathering rates at the Santa Cruz Soil Chronosequence, California

In order to explore the reasons for the apparent discrepancy between laboratory and field weathering rates and to determine the extent to which weathering rates are controlled by the approach to thermodynamic equilibrium, secondary mineral precipitation and flow rates, a multicomponent reactive transport model (CrunchFlow) was used to interpret soil profile development and mineral precipitation and dissolution rates at the 226 ka marine terrace chronosequence near Santa Cruz, CA. Aqueous compositions, fluid chemistry, transport, and mineral abundances are well characterized (White et al., 2008, GCA) and were used to constrain the reaction rates for the weathering and precipitating minerals in the reactive transport modeling. When primary mineral weathering rates are calculated with either of two experimentally determined rate constants, the nonlinear, parallel rate law formulation of Hellmann and Tisser and [2006] or the aluminum inhibition model proposed by Oelkers et al. [1994], modeling results are consistent with field-scale observations when independently constrained clay precipitation rates are accounted for. Experimental and field rates, therefore, can be reconciled at the Santa Cruz site. Observed maximum clay abundances in the argillic horizons occur at the depth and time where the reaction fronts of the primary minerals overlap. The modeling indicates that the argillic horizon at Santa Cruz can be explained almost entirely by weathering of primary minerals and in situ clay precipitation accompanied by undersaturation of kaolinite at the top of the profile. The rate constant for kaolinite precipitation was also determined based on model simulations of mineral abundances and dissolved Al, SiO{sub 2}(aq) and pH in pore waters. Changes in the rate of kaolinite precipitation or the flow rate do not affect the gradient of the primary mineral weathering profiles, but instead control the rate of propagation of the primary mineral weathering fronts and thus total mass removed from the weathering profile. Our analysis suggests that secondary clay precipitation is as important as aqueous transport in governing the amount of dissolution that occurs within a profile because clay minerals exert a strong control over the reaction affinity of the dissolving primary minerals. The modeling also indicates that the weathering advance rate and the total mass of mineral dissolved is controlled by the thermodynamic saturation of the primary dissolving phases plagioclase and K-feldspar, as is evident from the difference in propagation rates of the reaction fronts for the two minerals despite their very similar kinetic rate laws.
Polymer Nomenclature and Structure: A Comparison of Systems Used by CAS, IUPAC, MDL, and DuPont. 1. Regular Single-Strand Organic Polymers

Polymer nomenclature styles and structure representation systems described, recommended, or used by Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS), the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC), MDL Information Systems, Inc. (MDL), and DuPont are compared and contrasted. Structure-based versus source-based nomenclature and structural representations are discussed. The types covered in this paper (part 1 of 4) are regular single-strand organic homo- and copolymers. Nomenclature styles and structural representations of end groups are included.
Prothrombin Complex Concentrate Versus Fresh-Frozen Plasma for Reversal of Coagulopathy of Trauma: Is There a Difference?

Introduction The development of coagulopathy of trauma is multifactorial associated with hypoperfusion and consumption of coagulation factors. Previous studies have compared the role of factor replacement versus FPP for reversal of trauma coagulopathy. The purpose of our study was to determine the time to correction of coagulopathy and blood product requirement in patients who received PCC+FFP compared with patients who received FFP alone.