cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sculpting and Subversion of Membranes during Poliovirus in Assembly of RNA Replication Complexes and in Egress

Infection with many positive-strand RNA viruses dramatically remodels cellular membranes, resulting in the accumulation of double-membraned vesicles that resemble cellular autophagosomes. In this study, a single protein encoded by poliovirus, 3AB, reconstituted onto synthetic unilamellar liposomes is shown to be sufficient to induce the formation of double-membraned liposomes via the invagination of single-membraned liposomes. The ability of a single viral protein to produce structures of similar topology to cellular autophagosomes should facilitate understanding of both cellular and viral mechanisms for membrane remodeling. What is the purpose for the virus of constructing these structures? The cellular process of autophagy is involved not only in the generation of intracellular structures for the replication of viral RNA, but also for the nonlytic spread of viruses between cells, On the cytoplasmic face of the vesicles generated by membrane proliferation, RNA replication complexes are establlshed. These complexes include the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, a 52-kd protein that can oligomerize into two-dimensional arrays likely to form replicative surfaces on these membranes. The double-membraned topology of the vesicles is then utilized for the ‘unconventional secretion’ of cytoplasmic viruses from the cell without lysis. Membrane dynamics during Dengue virus will also be discussed, in which the assembly of viral particles is critically dependent on the process of autophagy
The Relationship of Injuries of the Leg, Foot, and Ankle to Proximal Thigh Strength in Athletes:

Rehabilitation programs designed to restore leg, ankle, and foot function following injury frequently ignore the proximal muscles. During athletics, these knee, hip, and trunk muscles derive much of their functional power from the foot and ankle. They also serve to integrate distal segment motions into a total movement pattern such as jumping, running, or kicking. The linkage system, which is a theoretical concept, describes the normal biomechanical and physiological interactions between proximal and distal musculoskeletal structures. Immobilization or injury of distal segments interrupts the normal generation, summation, and transmission of muscular forces across joints. Adequate measures must be taken to properly assess proximal structures for weakness and tightness and to prescribe specific exercises to prevent the migration of the effects of injury away from the involved segment.
Resource tangibility and patterns of interaction in a publicly funded health and human services network

This article examines a publicly funded mental health services network, focusing on the patterns of interaction in five resource-based subnetworks. We argue that the structure of network relationships can be explained by the nature of the resources that are at the source of the interaction. Depending on whether a particular resource is tangible or tacit, subnetwork structures will differ in predictable ways. We found that the pattern of interactions among network organizations in resource-based subnetworks appears to be dependent on the organizations controlling these resources (the Network Administrative Organization versus network members) as well as the nature of the resource (tangible versus knowledge based). Our research extends theory on network interactions as well as having implications for network practice.
Response to Comment on "Nervy Links Protein Kinase A to Plexin-Mediated Semaphorin Repulsion"

The comment by Ice et al . ([ 1 ][1]) questions conclusions we drew concerning the function of the Drosophila protein Nervy ([ 2 ][2]). They state that the polyclonal antibody anti-ETO Ab-1, directed against the mammalian ortholog of Nervy ETO/MTG8, does not recognize Drosophila Nervy. We purchased
An efficient molecular orbital approach for a simultaneous evaluation of the vibrational circular dichroism and absorption intensities

We present a procedure for evaluating vibrational circular dichroism and absorption intensities simultaneously, using finite electric field perturbation theory. In this procedure seven SCF calculations are sufficient to obtain all vibrational intensities. Preliminary calculations using CNDO wavefnctions are used to test the soundness of this procedure.
Comparison of impressions made in perforated and nonperforated rimlock trays.

Abstract A comparison was made of the accuracy of irreversible hydrocolloid impressions made in perforated and nonperforated rimlock trays. The distances between reference points on casts poured in the impressions were compared to those of the same reference points on master casts. The techniques of making impressions and pouring casts were controlled. An analysis of the data indicated no significant difference in impressions made in perforated and nonperforated rimlock trays.
Abstract 4212: Deep sequencing analysis of the ALK kinase domain identifies resistant mutations in relapse patients following crizotinib treatment.

ALK resistance mutations conferring resistance to Xalkori vary widely within the tyrosine kinase domain. So far, nine different acquired resistant mutations have been identified in the clinic, including 1151Tins, L1152R, C1156Y, F1174C, L1196M, G1202R, D1203N, S1206Y, and, G1296A. We developed a deep sequencing method using semiconductor sequencing technology to quickly detect resistance mutations within the ALK kinase domain in tumor biopsies. By bar-coding, we were able to sequence multiple samples in a single run. We have also developed an algorithm to determine assay noisy level and call mutations automatically. The assay sensitivity to call close to 1% mutated allele demonstrated by a titration experiment with a cell line harboring a know mutation. Genomic DNA analysis from relapsed patients revealed several known mutations. Our assay demonstrates robust and sensitive detection of ALK kinase mutations in NSCLC tumor samples and aids in the elucidation of resistance mechanisms pertinent to the clinical setting. Citation Format: Stephen Huang. Deep sequencing analysis of the ALK kinase domain identifies resistant mutations in relapse patients following crizotinib treatment. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4212. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-4212
Using Dabigatran in Patients With Stroke A Practical Guide for Clinicians

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is 1 of the most common causes of cardioembolic strokes accounting for at least 100 000 strokes each year in the United States. Strokes due to AF tend to be larger and more severe than other types of ischemic strokes with a 30-day mortality rate up to 24%.1 Anticoagulation with warfarin can reduce the risk of stroke in patients with moderate- and high-risk AF by ≥65%,2 yet the use of warfarin is limited by a number of factors, including concerns about bleeding, the need for frequent international normalized ratio (INR) monitoring as well as significant and common food and drug interactions.3–6 In October 2010, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the direct thrombin inhibitor dabigatran for primary and secondary stroke prevention (and systemic emboli prevention) in patients with AF.7 It is used as a fixed dose medication in most circumstances (150 mg twice a day if creatinine clearance is >30 mL/min or 75 mg twice a day if creatinine clearance is 15–30 mL/min) and does not require routine blood testing nor does it have any important interactions with most foods and medications. Dabigatran is not a substrate, inducer, or inhibitor of the cytochrome P450 enzymes.8 It has the potential to greatly expand clinicians' and patients' willingness to use anticoagulation in patients with high-risk AF. Often there is a gap between a new medication being approved and its widespread use. This is still true when one considers the underuse of warfarin in patients with AF, although there are a number of reasons for this finding. Patients with AF are often cared for by various physicians and other healthcare professionals in a variety of specialty and primary care areas and settings. For example, 25% of patients with AF first present with …
Simulation—language—generated static checks for hybrid and analog simulations

Every simulation requires a good static check to be performed to insure that,initially, the equations being simulated match those of the analysis and, subsequently, to be sure that the analog computer's patchboards remain free from wiring errors. Custom arily the static check is prepared by hand using a desk calculator, since the time required for pro gramming a "one-shot" digital program is typically not a good investment. However, by utilizing the capabilities of a suitable simulation language (such as CSMP or DSL/91), digital static checks can be made economically in less time than that required for a hand-calculated check, especially in the case of hybrid computations. Also, with a little ingenuity, the efficiency of hybrid simulation can be greatly increased by combining the static-check calculation and automatic analog setup via the simulation-language static check. (Familiarity with analog programming and the use of simulation languages is assumed.)
Correlation maps: a compressed access method for exploiting soft functional dependencies

In relational query processing, there are generally two choices for access paths when performing a predicate lookup for which no clustered index is available. One option is to use an unclustered index. Another is to perform a complete sequential scan of the table. Many analytical workloads do not benefit from the availability of unclustered indexes; the cost of random disk I/O becomes prohibitive for all but the most selective queries.It has been observed that a secondary index on an unclustered attribute can perform well under certain conditions if the unclustered attribute is correlated with a clustered index attribute [4]. The clustered index will co-locate values and the correlation will localize access through the unclustered attribute to a subset of the pages. In this paper, we show that in a real application (SDSS) and widely used benchmark (TPC-H), there exist many cases of attribute correlation that can be exploited to accelerate queries. We also discuss a tool that can automatically suggest useful pairs of correlated attributes. It does so using an analytical cost model that we developed, which is novel in its awareness of the effects of clustering and correlation.Furthermore, we propose a data structure called a Correlation Map (CM) that expresses the mapping between the correlated attributes, acting much like a secondary index. The paper also discusses how bucketing on the domains of both attributes in the correlated attribute pair can dramatically reduce the size of the CM to be potentially orders of magnitude smaller than that of a secondary B+Tree index. This reduction in size allows us to create a large number of CMs that improve performance for a wide range of queries. The small size also reduces maintenance costs as we demonstrate experimentally.
Conductive damping of coronal motions

Time-dependent motions in the solar corona are subject to modification through conductive transport of thermal energy away from compression regions and into rarefaction regions. The evolution depends on how the energy is introduced - by an essentially thermal perturbation or by a density perturbation. The net effect of thermal conduction is to convert local kinetic energy in the transient into widely distributed thermal energy, which then may in turn be partially converted into kinetic energy of the bulk flow. Local motion in the transient is thereby damped. These effects are modeled here using a numerical solution of the time-dependent solar wind equations for single-fluid thermally conductive flow. The simulations of transient phenomena are made for ordinary collisional thermal conduction and compared with similar simulations done using polytropic flow. Between one and five solar radii, the gross character in the two cases is very similar. However, there are effects with thermal conduction that cannot be modeled with polytropic flow, illustrated here by temperature and velocity forerunners and a delayed and large-amplitude trailing velocity low. If thermal conduction is artificially inhibited by simple reduction of the thermal conduction coefficient, relative velocity amplitudes remain larger in approximate proportion to the amount the coefficient is reduced.
Total radiative intensity calculations for 100% H2 and 87% H2-13% He.

Isothermal radiative intensity calculations for 100% H2 and 87% H2-13% He are presented for temperatures of 10,000-25,000 K, density ratios of .0001 to .1, and path lengths of 1.0-30.0 cm. The actual spectral details of the absorption coefficient were computed for 16,000 points from 240 to 30,000 A by summing the various line and continuum radiative processes at each point. This method should result in a very accurate calculation of radiative emission, including an accurate accounting for reabsorption due to overlapping lines.
Undesigning technology: considering the negation of design by design

Motivated by substantive concerns with the limitations and negative effects of technology, this paper inquires into the negation of technology as an explicit and intentional aspect of design research within HCI. Building on theory from areas including philosophy and design theory, this paper articulates a theoretical framework for conceptualizing the intentional negation of technology (i.e., the undesign of technology), ranging from the inhibition of particular uses of technology to the total erasure or foreclosure of technology. The framework is then expanded upon to articulate additional areas of undesigning, including self-inhibition, exclusion, removal, replacement, restoration, and safeguarding. In conclusion a scheme is offered for addressing questions concerning the disciplinary scope of undesign in the context of HCI, along with suggestions for ways that undesigning may be more strongly incorporated within HCI research.
The early migrations of Wuchereria bancrofti in Culex fatigans

Abstract 1. 1. Within 45 minutes after Culex fatigans feeds on a person whose blood contains Microfilaria bancrofti, exsheathed larvae are seen outside the stomach, having apparently passed through the undamaged wall of the viscus to enter the abdominal cavity. 2. 2. In St. Croix within 2 hours after such a feed newly arrived larvae are found in the thorax of the insect. 3. 3. Between 10 and 18 hours, possibly longer or shorter according to climatic conditions, larvae mass in large numbers and are found to be very active in the anterior part of the midgut of the insect. Reversed persistalsis of the viscus may or may not play a part in the movements of the parasites along this structure. 4. 4. The penetration by the parasites through the walls of the midgut to the exterior has been observed. 5. 5. Thus exsheathed W. bancrofti larvae from the stomach of Culex fatigans may reach the thorax by the abdominal route or later, and probably in larger numbers, by the route of the anterior midgut. 6. 6. By modifying well known methods of dissection and staining, a technique has been devised whereby permanent preparations may be made which illustrate some of the foregoing facts.
Designing System Dualities: Characterizing a Web-Supported Professional Development Community

In this article we focus on the challenges we have encountered in attempting to support the development of an online community of practice for grade 5-12 mathematics and science teachers. Specifically, this project involves the design and evaluation of an electronic knowledge network, the Inquiry Learning Forum (ILF), a web-based professional development system designed to support a community of practice (CoP) of in-service and preservice mathematics and science teachers who are creating, reflecting upon, sharing, and improving inquiry-based pedagogical practices. This research examines the interplay among a variety of variables that characterize the dynamics of building a social network through which participating teachers will seek to share and improve their pedagogical practices. Our research suggests that designing for virtual communities involves balancing and leveraging complex dualities from the "inside" rather than applying some set of design principles from the "outside." This research provides a...
Survey of helmet tracking technologies

Helmet-mounted sight systems track the helmet angular orientation, thereby allowing the user to readily point weapons and sensors or to cue viewing among crew members. Most helmet- mounted display applications require that the helmet orientation be measured so that the displayed information can be properly presented. Helmet-mounted sights, also referred to as head trackers or helmet trackers, have been mechanized using a variety of technologies, each having apparent advantages. The leading technology candidates include magnetic, electro- optic, and ultrasonic head tracking systems. The selection of a particular concept is usually dependent on the specific application and the associated operational requirements. A technology overview is presented describing various electro-optic, ultrasonic, and magnetic mechanizations that have been developed. The performance characteristics are summarized with an indication of the strengths and weaknesses inherent in each approach.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Studies of the Fermi surface of V3Si by 2D ACAR measurements

Abstract We report two-dimensional angular correlation of annihilation radiation (2D ACAR) measurements using positrons in single crystals of V 3 Si. Anisotropic structure commensurate with the reciprocal lattice is observed and attributed to the complex Fermi surface (FS). A simple geometrical model for the FS is developed and compared with folded ACAR distributions. The results of a 3D reconstruction are compared with recent band calculations.
Genotypic Selection of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus in Macaque Infants Infected Transplacentally

To understand viral and host factors that contribute to transplacental transmission of human immunodeficiency virus, we developed an animal model using pregnant female macaques infected with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV). Pregnant females were inoculated intravenously during midgestation with either a well-characterized primary isolate of SIV (SIV/DeltaB670) or a combination of SIV/DeltaB670 and the macrophage-tropic molecular clone SIV/17E-Fr. The viral genetic diversity in five infected female macaques and their in utero-infected infants was analyzed. All of the mothers harbored a genetically diverse virus population at parturition, whereas a single genotype from the maternal quasispecies was identified in the infants at birth. Only one of two variants was found in the infants: SIV/17E-Fr (two cases) or a genotype contained within the SIV/DeltaB670 quasispecies (three cases). The macrophage-tropic properties of both transmitted genotypes were suggested by productive replication in primary rhesus macrophage cultures in vitro and the clonal presence in central nervous system tissue of infected monkeys with encephalitis. These observations provide compelling evidence for both genotypic and phenotypic selection in transplacental transmission of SIV and suggest a critical role for macrophages in fetal infection in utero.
Evidence for elevated and spatially variable geothermal flux beneath the West Antarctic Ice Sheet

Heterogeneous hydrologic, lithologic, and geologic basal boundary conditions can exert strong control on the evolution, stability, and sea level contribution of marine ice sheets. Geothermal flux is one of the most dynamically critical ice sheet boundary conditions but is extremely difficult to constrain at the scale required to understand and predict the behavior of rapidly changing glaciers. This lack of observational constraint on geothermal flux is particularly problematic for the glacier catchments of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet within the low topography of the West Antarctic Rift System where geothermal fluxes are expected to be high, heterogeneous, and possibly transient. We use airborne radar sounding data with a subglacial water routing model to estimate the distribution of basal melting and geothermal flux beneath Thwaites Glacier, West Antarctica. We show that the Thwaites Glacier catchment has a minimum average geothermal flux of ∼114 ± 10 mW/m2 with areas of high flux exceeding 200 mW/m2 consistent with hypothesized rift-associated magmatic migration and volcanism. These areas of highest geothermal flux include the westernmost tributary of Thwaites Glacier adjacent to the subaerial Mount Takahe volcano and the upper reaches of the central tributary near the West Antarctic Ice Sheet Divide ice core drilling site.
Spatially adaptive classification of hyperspectral data with Gaussian processes

Automated classification of land cover types based on hyper-spectral imagery often involves a large geographical area, but class labels are available for only small portions of the entire area. Moreover, the spectral signature of the same land cover class may vary substantially over different locations. When a classifier is trained on a specific geographical location and applied to other areas, it often performs poorly because of such spatial variation of spectral signatures. In this paper, we propose a novel framework for classification of hyper-spectral data: a Gaussian-Process Maximum-Likelihood (GP-ML) model where the mean of each spectral band is spatially modeled using a Gaussian process. Our framework provides a practical and effective way to model spatial variations of high dimensional data such as hyperspectral images for classification problems.
Dendritic Cells for Cancer Immunotherapy

The mainstay of cancer treatment remains surgery, radiotherapy, and cytotoxic chemotherapy, which are associated with significant side effects. Cancer immunotherapy, the manipulation of the immune system to eliminate tumor cells, has been considered for several decades as an alternative to these therapies. Among immunotherapeutic modalities, the perspective of using dendritic cell vaccines to stimulate antitumor immunity has shown some promises but also limitations. Dendritic cells are the most potent antigen-presenting cells of the immune system, playing a pivotal role in the initiation and regulation of tumor-specific immune responses as they are endowed with the unique ability to take up, process, and present tumor antigens to CD4+ or CD8+ T lymphocytes. Dendritic cells also contribute to the activation of natural killer cells and to the orchestration of humoral immunity. This unique capability has been widely exploited in cancer vaccination approaches against a variety of malignancies. However, tumors commonly develop so-called “immune escape” mechanisms including the secretion of immunosuppressive ­molecules and/or the promotion of immunosuppressive cells such as regulatory T cells that impair dendritic cell functions and therefore compromise the success of dendritic cell vaccination. Specific radio- or chemoimmunotherapeutic manipulations can blunt tolerogenic cells and revert the cancer-induced immunosuppressive environment into a pro-inflammatory context that can enhance dendritic cell capability to effectively prime and sustain antitumor immune responses.
Multiparametric MRI (mpMRI): Guided Focal Therapy

Approximately one in seven men will be diagnosed with prostate cancer during his lifetime. PSA screening has been blamed for increased rates of cancer detection, leading to subsequent overtreatment of disease. Overuse of definitive therapy has produced significant burdens, including excess costs, increasing patient morbidities, and decreased quality of life. Thus, there has been an increasing interest in minimally invasive focal therapies to treat prostate cancer. Advances in image-guided therapy have begun to emerge—utilizing the accurate tumor localization and improved disease staging of multiparametric MRI (mpMRI). MpMRI-guided therapies can potentially achieve equivalent oncologic efficacy to traditional whole gland therapies such as surgery and radiation, while avoiding the side effects of conventional treatment. The purpose of this chapter is to review briefly the basis of various focal therapy techniques such as cryotherapy, high intensity focused ultrasound, and laser interstitial therapy, and to discuss the results of recent clinical trials that demonstrate early outcomes in patients with prostate cancer treated with these methods.
Influence on Growth of Thyroactive Iodocasein.

SummaryImmature virgin female mice were treated with thyroactive iodocasein by both oral and subcutaneous administration and their growth compared to that of controls. The treated animals gained significantly more in body weight and in total length than the non-treated controls.
A New Radiation -Hardened Satellite Onboard LAN Based on IEEE Std 1394

This paper provides an assessment of the capabilities of a radiation -hardened IEEE -1394 local area netwo rk ( LAN ). Included are a short comparative overview to the two high -speed data bus contenders for space use, a synopsis of IEEE 1394, and lessons learned in developing radiation -hardened ASICs and the 1394 software driver from COTS products. The rad -hard f light ASICs are three chips – the link layer controller (LLC), the digital physical layer (DPHY), and the analog physical layer (APHY). A single 100 MHz (S100) 1394 node has been developed on a cPCI 3U printed circuit board including the 1394 chipset, galv anic isolation circuitry, and local power sources. A dual node card has been developed on a 6U circuit board and includes a cPCI bridge required to address the two 1394 LLCs. These 1394 cards have been tested with commercial 1394 cards and Windows drivers , as well as other FT1394 ASIC protoboards and the flight software driver . The 1394 software driver developed for space requires less than 250 kbytes of CPU memory ( excluding instrument data buffer space ) to handle two nodes. This driver has demonstrated tr ansfer rates up to 63 Mbps using a UDP/IP transfer protocol in asynchronous mode . By using stack tree or broken ring topologies for 1394 interconnections, a very fault -tolerant onboard LAN can be created. Microminiature space quality connectors and cables for the LAN which meet the stringent 1394 transmission line requirements and spacecraft EMC requirements have been developed and qualified .
Vago-Insulin and Sympathetico-Adrenal Systems, Their Mutual Relationship. II. Reaction to Cocaine and Bulbocapnine.

Summary1. Subcutaneous injection of cocaine hydrochloride causes hyperglycemia in normal rats and hypoglycemia in adrenalectomized rats. If the vagi are sectioned subdiaphragmatically in the adrenalectomized rats, there is no significant change in blood sugar. If the vagi are cut subdiaphragmatically in normal animals, there is a greater increase in blood sugar than in animals with intact vagi. 2. Similar results are obtained with bulbocapnine phosphate. 3. These results are interpreted to mean that cocaine and bulbocapnine although acting quite differently on the somatic nervous system have a similar action on the autonomic system. They stimulate both the vago-insulin and the sympathetico-adrenal system. The effect on the latter predominates in the normal animal.
The Spotted Bat In Utah

Records of spotted bats from Utah are reviewed. Three lactating females and one adult male Euderma maculatum were mist netted after midnight at a waterhole in Garfield County, Utah, from 10 to 18 August 1964. The collecting site is described, associated bat species are mentioned and behavior and habits of Euderma are discussed. Two stomachs contained 100% small moths lacking heads, legs and wings.
Optimal scheduling of large-scale price-maker energy storage

This paper describes optimal scheduling of large-scale price-maker energy storage and revenue maximization for storage owners. With the penetration of storage eminent, the sizing and scheduling of the storage system must be studied to fully benefit from this enabling technology. Energy storage systems are attractive for providing various services to the electrical grid. Energy arbitrage, being one of them, enables electricity demand to be temporally decoupled from generation. While small-scale storage systems should be considered as price-taker, large-scale aggregated storage can affect the price by increasing and decreasing the required power on the generation side. Purchasing and selling power at the spot price can create a revenue based on the power transferred and the difference in price between two periods. The paper derives a dispatch schedule based on the current load and the forecasted average demand to maximize the storage owner's revenue and discusses the effect of size on price making mechanisms.
Current situation of pest control operation in Nanjing

Objective To understand the status of pest control operation(PCO) in Nanjing.Methods Sample survey was conducted.Results Seventeen PCO organizations were choosed for the survey.There were some obvious problems as lack of professionals,poor education and practical skills and ignorance of personal prevention found in the surveyed PCO organizations.Conclusion The pest control operations should improve service and standardize the technology.The operation associations should strengthen the industry managements.
Pentosan inhibits angiogenesis in vitro and suppresses prostate tumor growth in vivo

Pentosan polysulfate (PPS) is a highly negatively charged polysaccharide which has activity against multiple tumor types in the preclinical setting. We demonstrate here that Pentosan inhibits the growth of the anaplastic Dunning R3327 rat prostate adenocarcinoma MAT-LyLu when treatment was started when the tumor was not palpable but has little effect against established tumors. This inhibition may be mediated by the effect of Pentosan on endothelial cells. Pentosan, in combination with hydrocortisone, inhibits endothelial cell motility and tubule formation in vitro and inhibits capillary formation in the chicken chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay. These data suggest that Pentosan may be a potent inhibitor of tumor-associated angiogenesis and may be an effective agent for the prevention and/or suppression of prostate cancer growth.
Pharmacogenetics of Cytochrome P450 Enzymes

Publisher Summary Cytochromes P450 (CYP) is a family of heme-containing enzymes used to make cholesterol, steroids, and other important lipids. CYPs also play a major role in the metabolism of endogenous and exogenous compounds, including prescription medications and dietary substances. All CYPs require molecular oxygen and NADPH, which needs to be transferred to the CYP by a suitable donor (i.e., cytochrome P450 reductase). These enzymes are called mixed function oxidases because they insert one atom of oxygen into an organic substrate, while the other oxygen is reduced to water. The CYPs are membrane-bound proteins located in either the mitochondrial inner membrane or the smooth endoplasmic reticulum of hepatocytes, but they can also be found in the gut mucosa, kidney, lung tissue, skin, and brain. CYP proteins are categorized into families and subfamilies based on sequence similarities. Humans have 18 families and 43 subfamilies of CYP genes. CYP nomenclature is based on naming them with CYP, followed by a number indicating the gene family, a letter indicating the subfamily, and a number for the gene. CYP genetic polymorphisms play an important role in interindividual differences in drug metabolism and may one day become the standard of care before patients are placed on any drug therapy.
Groups, Polar Spaces and Related Structures

The purpose of this report is to give a simplified and more or less systematic account of certain developments at the interface between finite group theory and combinatorial theory. At the present time it is virtually possible to characterize the graphs associated with the so-called classical groups on the basis of an exceedingly crude graph-theoretic hypothesis. Such a theorem commands an obvious relevance to finite group theory since it may be used as a tool for diagnosing the presence of a “classical group” -that is, to tell whether a finite group G contains one of the groups PGU(n,q2) PSOe (n,q),(e=±1) or PSp(2n,q). Of course in this case, the crudity (or simplicity, if one prefers) of the graph-theoretic hypothesis means that such a graph is more easily realized within a finite group, and this feature serves in making such a diagnostic tool more widely applicable. The phrase “virtually possible to characterize” appears above because certain extremal cases and certain rather tight open cases are also present. To be more specific, graphs which contain a vertex lying on an edge with every remaining vertex, and any generalized quadrangle may also appear along with the “classical-group-graphs” in the conclusion of the theorem.
Influence of chronic kidney disease on warfarin therapy for atrial fibrillation.

Dr Carrero and colleagues1 evaluated the influence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) on the efficacy and safety of warfarin therapy in a population with atrial fibrillation and recent myocardial infarction. Previous studies have found that warfarin, when added to aspirin or dual antiplatelet therapy, is associated with increased risk of major bleeding.2,3 We thus find it surprising that, in this registry-based Swedish investigation, no excess bleeding risk was observed in warfarin users across stages of CKD. Accordingly, the characteristics of the study population deserve careful examination.
Time-shifting vs. appointment viewing: the role of fear of missing out within TV consumption behaviors

The current study employed a national sample in order to investigate the phenomenon of fear-of-missing-out (FoMO), the apprehension associated with the fear that other people are having a pleasurable experience that one is not a part of. The current study investigated the role that FoMO plays in TV viewing habits, particularly binge-watching and the consumption of one-time megaevents. Results indicated that FoMO predicts the pace at which people choose to watch TV, social media use as it relates to TV, and whether they are likely to watch some one-time TV programs—such as sporting events like the Super Bowl.
Testing emissions equivalency metrics against climate policy goals

Abstract The climate impacts of energy technologies are frequently assessed using equivalency metrics, which convert emissions of multiple greenhouse gases to a common scale. Numerous metrics have been proposed that incorporate, in different ways, information about the time-dependent impacts of gases. However, more focus has been placed on proposing metrics than on testing their performance in real-world use cases. Here we present a testing approach that simulates how metrics would affect the selection of energy technology portfolios that comply with a CO2-equivalent emissions cap. Unintended radiative forcing outcomes can occur, emphasizing the need to test metrics in a practical context. We demonstrate the approach for policies designed to limit radiative forcing and discuss extensions to limits on temperature or economic impacts. Metric performance is evaluated by (i) how much actual radiative forcing overshoots the intended stabilization level and (ii) the level of energy consumption permitted. We use this testing approach to study a variety of metrics based on an estimated radiative forcing stabilization time under two climate policy goals. We find that these goal-inspired metrics, if chosen carefully, can exhibit performance improvements over the standard global warming potential (GWP) while maintaining its transparency and ease-of-use. These alternative metrics can significantly reduce the overshoot in radiative forcing observed with the GWP, at a small cost in energy consumption. Moreover, simple metrics can exhibit similar performance improvements to more complex ones.
Social welfare maximization by optimal toll design for congestion management: models and comprehensive numerical results

The purpose of this paper is to present a bi-level-based optimization model and develop a genetic algorithms (GA)-based method to solve the optimal toll design with elastic demand problem for congestion management and to determine the second-best linked-based optimal toll locations and toll levels simultaneously. The upper-level subprogram is to maximize the total social welfare given certain toll level constraints. The lower level subprogram is a traditional user equilibrium problem with elastic demand. The proposed GA model is applied to the Sioux Falls network, which has 76 links and 24 OD-pairs, assuming homogeneous users. Comprehensive numerical results including solutions achieved under continuous tolling and discrete tolling schemes, tolling on optimized links and tolling on heuristically selected most congested links are carefully presented and compared. The impact of value of time and the elastic demand sensitivity are also comprehensively investigated.
Use of mycophenolate mofetil to treat immune-mediated skin disease in 14 dogs – a retrospective evaluation

Background Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) is a lymphocytotoxic immunosuppressive agent used in human and companion animal medicine for the treatment of immune-mediated disease. Mycophenolate mofetil is reported to have reduced myelotoxicity and hepatotoxicity when compared to azathioprine. Objectives It was hypothesized that treatment with MMF as a secondary agent with glucocorticoids would be effective in treating immune-mediated skin disease. In addition, adverse effects associated with the drug are reported. Animals Fourteen dogs from a hospital population diagnosed with immune-mediated skin disease. Methods A retrospective review of medical records from 2010 to 2015 was used to identify dogs with immune-mediated skin disease that were treated with MMF. Results All dogs were treated with MMF (mean dose 14.7 mg/kg twice daily) in conjunction with glucocorticoids. Ten of 14 cases showed positive results, with complete remission in eight cases and partial remission in two cases. Mean time to remission was 5.7 weeks. Therapy was discontinued in one case (perianal fistula) due to lack of response. Adverse events were noted in six cases and included diarrhoea (n = 6), haematochezia (n = 2), vomiting (n = 3) and papilloma formation (n = 1). Therapy was discontinued in two cases with diarrhoea. Mycophenolate mofetil was discontinued in an additional case because of a diagnosis of neoplasia. All other adverse events were self-limiting or easily medically managed. No hepatotoxicity or bone marrow suppression was noted. Conclusion This study supports the use of MMF as a second-line immunotherapeutic in immune-mediated skin disease in dogs.
Social Perceptions in Computer Science and Implications for Diverse Students

The barriers to diversity in computer science (CS) are complex, consisting of both structural and social barriers. In this paper, we focus on social perceptions for students in grades 7-12 in the U.S. using surveys of nationally representative samples of 1,672 students, 1,677 parents, 1,008 teachers, 9,805 principals, and 2,307 superintendents. Building on qualitative work by Lewis, Anderson, and Yasuhara [1,2], we sought to understand social beliefs regarding students' fit and ability as well the external context. We examined these factors' relationships to students' interest. The results are consistent with the current body of research on gender differences in social perceptions in CS. They also identify new findings for race/ethnicity, specifically Black and Hispanic students. As K-12 CS expands, these findings could inform differentiation strategies in equitably engaging students.
A Case Study: Multivariate Properties of Bentonite in Northeastern Wyoming

Principal component factor analysis is applied to multivariate physical properties of bentonite clay for seventy-eight samples taken from the Northern Black Hills District. The semi-variogram for any linear combination of the physical properties is shown to be approximated by a function of five constant vector factors and five uncorrelated, factor-weight semi-variograms. This concise summary of the interdependent structure for the physical properties of bentonite serves as a convenient basis for studies of economic value which can be updated as economic conditions change.
Repeatability and Meaningful Change of CPET Parameters in Healthy Subjects

ABSTRACTIntroduction/PurposeCardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) plays an important role in clinical medicine and research. Repeatability of CPET parameters has not been well characterized, but is important to assess variability and determine if there have been meaningful changes in a given CPET
Distances from Planetary Nebulae

The [O III] 5007 planetary nebula luminosity function (PNLF) occupies an important place on the extragalactic distance ladder. Since it is the only method that is applicable to all the large galaxies of the Local Supercluster, it is uniquely useful for cross-checking results and linking the Population I and Population II distance scales. We review the physics underlying the method, demonstrate its precision, and illustrate its value by comparing its distances to distances obtained from Cepheids and the Surface Brightness Fluctuation (SBF) method. We use the Cepheid and PNLF distances to 13 galaxies to show that the metallicity dependence of the PNLF cutoff is in excellent agreement with that predicted from theory, and that no additional systematic corrections are needed for either method. However, when we compare the Cepheid-calibrated PNLF distance scale with the Cepheid-calibrated SBF distance scale, we find a significant offset: although the relative distances of both methods are in excellent agreement, the PNLF method produces results that are systematically shorter by about 15%. We trace this discrepancy back to the calibration galaxies and show how a small amount of internal reddening can lead to a very large systematic error. Finally, we demonstrate how the PNLF and Cepheid distances to NGC 4258 argue for a short distance to the Large Magellanic Cloud, and a Hubble Constant that is about 8% larger than that derived by the HST Key Project.
Pneumatosis intestinalis in solid organ transplant recipients

Pneumatosis intestinalis (PI) is an uncommon medical condition in which gas pockets form in the walls of the gastrointestinal tract. The mechanism by which this occurs is poorly understood; however, it is often seen as a sign of serious bowel ischemia, which is a surgical emergency. Since the early days of solid organ transplantation, PI has been described in recipients of kidney, liver, heart, and lung transplant. Despite the dangerous connotations often associated with PI, case reports dating as far back as the 1970s show that PI can be benign in solid organ transplant recipients. This is an important observation, as operative intervention in these patients carries greater risk than surgical procedures in the general population. The higher operative risks in the transplant population are partly due to their immunosuppressed status and poor wound healing. Furthermore, no clear consensus exists on the optimal management of PI. Various treatment strategies such as bowel rest, antibiotics, and parenteral feeding have been implemented with similar levels of success. With the increasing use of solid organ transplantation, PI is being recognized with increasing frequency. In this review, we provide a summary of the incidence, presentation, diagnosis, and management of PI, particularly as it affects recipients of solid organ transplantation.
Feminist Aims and a Trans-Inclusive Definition of “Woman”

In “Amelioration and Inclusion: Gender Identity and the Concept of Woman,” Katharine Jenkins argues that Sally Haslanger’s focal analysis of gender problematically excludes nonpassing trans women from the category “woman.” However, Jenkins does not explain why this exclusion contradicts the feminist aims of Haslanger’s account. In this paper, I advance two arguments that suggest that a trans-inclusive account of “woman” is crucial to the aims of feminism. I claim that the aims of feminism are to understand and combat women’s oppression. First, I argue that denial of trans identities reinforces cultural ideas that perpetuate both transphobic violence and sexual violence against women. Consequently, a feminist account of “woman” that fails to respect trans identities indirectly contributes to the oppression of women. Second, I prove that nonpassing trans women are oppressed as women through the internalization of sexual objectification. I then conclude that an account of “woman” that excludes nonpassing trans women cannot successfully advance a complete understanding of women’s oppression.
The Legal Speaker and Writer at the New Millennium, with an Application to Justice Souter

In "Hurley" (the Boston Parade case), Justice Souter writes for a unanimous Supreme Court to strike down on First Amendment grounds the application of a Massachusetts anti-discrimination law, which protects (inter alia) gays and lesbians, to organizers of the parade. Certain prose oddities, together with the striking form of the opinion, signal Justice Souter's stress in rising to the occasion of permitting private prejudice to win the day on Boston's public thoroughfares. This essay analyzes closely the verbal and structural choices that evoke a distance or space between the adjudicator's detectable sense of justice in the case and his complex mustering of doctrine to parade towards the opposite outcome. Key words: Souter, parade, expression, GLIB, law and literature
IL-1 promotes α-epithelial Sodium Channel (α-ENaC) expression in murine lung epithelial cells: involvement of NF-κB

Intra-amniotic exposure to proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1 (IL-1) correlates with a decreased incidence of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) in infants following premature birth. At birth, inadequate absorption of fluid from the fetal lung contributes to the onset RDS. Lung fluid clearance is coupled to Na+ transport via epithelial sodium channels (ENaC). In this study, we assessed the effects of IL-1 on the expression of ENaC, particularly the α-subunit which is critical for fetal lung fluid clearance at birth. Cultured mouse lung epithelial (MLE-12) cells were treated with either IL-1α or IL-1β to determine their effects on α-ENaC expression. Changes in IL-1-induced α-ENaC levels in the presence of IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra), cycloheximide, NF-κB inhibitor, and MAP kinase inhibitors were investigated. IL-1α and IL-1β independently induced a significant increase of α-ENaC mRNA and protein after 24 h compared to untreated cells. IL-1-dependent increases in α-ENaC protein were mitigated by IL-1ra and cycloheximide. IL-1 exposure induced NF-κB binding activity. Attenuation of IL-1-induced NF-κB activation by its inhibitor SN50 decreased α-ENaC protein abundance. Inhibition of ERK 1,2 MAPK significantly decreased both IL-1α and β-induced α-ENaC protein expression whereas inhibition of p38 MAPK only blocked IL-1β-induced α-ENaC protein levels. In contrast, IL-1-induced α-ENaC protein levels were unaffected by a c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) inhibitor. Our results suggest that in MLE-12 cells, IL-1-induced elevation of α-ENaC is mediated via NF-κB activation and in part involves stimulation of the ERK 1,2 and p38 MAPK signaling pathways.