cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Accuracy Assessment and Calibration of Low-Cost Autonomous LIDAR Sensors

Abstract. A number of low-cost, small form factor, high resolution lidar sensors have recently been commercialized in an effort to fill the growing needs for lidar sensors on autonomous vehicles. These lidar sensors often report performance as range precision and angular accuracy, which are insufficient to characterize the overall quality of the point clouds returned by these sensors. Herein, a detailed geometric accuracy analysis of two representative autonomous sensors, the Ouster OSI-64 and the Livox Mid-40, is presented. The scanners were analyzed through a rigorous least squares adjustment of data from the two sensors using planar surface constraints. The analysis attempts to elucidate the overall point cloud accuracy and presence of systematic errors for the sensors over medium (
Secondary Causes of Myositis

The purpose of this paper is to comprehensively evaluate secondary causes of inflammatory myopathies (myositis) and to review treatment options. This review highlights recent advancements in our understanding of known causes of myositis, including newer drugs that may cause myositis such as checkpoint inhibitors and viruses such as influenza, HIV, and SARS-CoV2. We also discuss treatment for malignancy-associated myositis and overlap myositis, thought to be a separate entity from other rheumatologic diseases. Infections, drugs, rheumatologic diseases, and malignancies are important causes of myositis and are important to diagnose as they may have specific therapies beyond immunomodulatory therapy.
A Family Systems Curriculum: Evaluating Skills and Empathy.

Background and objectives Training residents in family-centered approaches offers an opportunity to investigate how learners translate skills to real clinical encounters. Previous evaluations of a family systems curriculum have relied on self-assessment and narrative reflection to assess resident learning. Assessment of learning using encounter observation and objective tools, including evaluation of empathy, allows for a deeper understanding of how residents transform curricular education into clinical practice. Methods We evaluated resident learning from a longitudinal family systems curriculum delivered during the third year of a four-year residency training program. Using the Family-Centered Observation Form (FCOF), we analyzed seven pre- and postcurriculum videotaped encounters for changes in family-centered interviewing skills. We assessed changes in empathy before and after the curriculum using the Jefferson Empathy Scale. Results There was a trend toward improvement in all family-centered skills, as measured by the FCOF, though the improvements were only statistically significant in the area of rapport building. Statistically significant improvement in empathy occurred for all participants. Narrative reflection demonstrated that residents found the curriculum valuable in ways that we were unable to objectively measure. Conclusions Training in family systems can enhance patient interactions and may improve empathy. Evaluation of family-centered skills is challenging and takes a significant amount of time and planning. The FCOF can help learners identify how to use family-centered concepts and skills in a typical family medicine outpatient visit. Further study is needed to determine whether patients seen by doctors who use family-oriented skills have better experiences or outcomes.
Dynamic Magnetic Resonance Imaging Provides Insightinto Upper Airway Mechanics in Obstructive Sleep Apnoea

This perspective should help in the interpretation of the paper: ‘Regional respiratory movement of the tongue is coordinated during...
Using global variance-based sensitivity analysis to prioritise bridge retrofits in a regional road network subject to seismic hazard

This paper presents a novel method for prioritising bridge retrofits within a regional road network subject to uncertain seismic hazard, using a technique that accounts for network performance whil...
Enhancement of shoot regeneration from cotyledon explants of Brassica rapa ssp oleifera through pretreatment with auxin and cytokinin and use of ethylene inhibitors

The presence of benzyladenine or naphthaleneacetic acid in seed germination medium markedly enhanced subsequent shoot regeneration from the base of the excised cotyledon explants of Brassica rapa cv. Horizon. Cotyledon explants from younger seedlings (3 or 4-day old) produced more shoots than those from older seedlings. Addition of the ethylene inhibitor aminoethoxyvinylglycine (1.0 μM) to the regeneration medium improved shoot regeneration three fold.
PREGNANCY IN THE PRESENCE OF TETRALOGY OF FALLOT. OBSERVATIONS ON TWO PATIENTS.

Abstract Two patients in their first pregnancy and with tetralogy of Fallot, proved by cardiac catheterization and angiocardiography, are presented. Both delivered successfully at term. In the first patient, age 16, the red blood cell count, hematocrit, arterial oxygen saturation and phonocardiogram had been examined frequently. A striking clinical improvement in the latter half of the pregnancy accompanied a rise of the hematocrit from 48 to 60 per cent. The pulmonic component of the second heart sound disappeared in the second trimester but was again recorded in the third, when the red blood cell concentration was again high. These data are discussed with special consideration of the role played by increased blood viscosity in the last trimester. The second patient, now 21 years old, had an augmented left ventricular volume load due to a Potts' operation 11 years earlier. The possible effects of this type of surgical intervention on patients with tetralogy of Fallot during pregnancy are discussed.
Trust maximization in social networks

Trust is a human-related phenomenon in social networks. Trust research on social networks has gained much attention on its usefulness, and on modeling propagations. There is little focus on finding maximum trust in social networks which is particularly important when a social network is oriented by certain tasks. In this paper, we propose a trust maximization algorithm based on the task-oriented social networks.
Experimental Pain Ratings and Reactivity of Cortisol and Soluble Tumor Necrosis Factor‐α Receptor II Following a Trial of Hypnosis: Results of a Randomized Controlled Pilot Study

Objective. Current evidence supports the efficacy of hypnosis for reducing the pain associated with experimental stimulation and various acute and chronic conditions; however, the mechanisms explaining how hypnosis exerts its effects remain less clear. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and pro-inflammatory cytokines repre- sent potential targets for investigation given their purported roles in the perpetuation of painful condi- tions; yet, no clinical trials have thus far examined the influence of hypnosis on these mechanisms. Design. Healthy participants, highly susceptible to the effects of hypnosis, were randomized to either a hypnosis intervention or a no-intervention control. Using a cold pressor task, assessments of pain intensity and pain unpleasantness were collected prior to the intervention (Pre) and following the inter- vention (Post) along with pain-provoked changes in salivary cortisol and the soluble tumor necrosis factor-a receptor II (sTNFaRII). Results. Compared with the no-intervention control, data analyses revealed that hypnosis sig- nificantly reduced pain intensity and pain unpleas- antness. Hypnosis was not significantly associated with suppression of cortisol or sTNFaRII reactivity to acute pain from Pre to Post; however, the effect sizes for these associations were medium-sized. Conclusions. Overall, the findings from this ran- domized controlled pilot study support the impor- tance of a future large-scale study on the effects of hypnosis for modulating pain-related changes of the HPA axis and pro-inflammatory cytokines.
Optimal cloud use of quartic force fields: The first purely commercial cloud computing based study for rovibrational analysis of SiCH−

Commercial cloud computing (CCC) has the promise of an untold number of computing nodes available for the researcher as long as he or she has the financial means to absorb these costs and the administrative skills necessary to effectively utilize the resources. The key is finding how to maximize parallelization for a minimum of monetary and management costs. Previous work has shown that CCC resources are viable for use on large numbers of small-to-medium sized quantum chemical computations. Composite energy quartic force fields (QFFs) are a highly-attractive platform for subsequent testing of CCC resources to find the proper balance between time savings of the cloud versus monetary expenditure. Use of this type of potential energy surface has lead to highly-accurate rovibrational data in earlier work. QFFs use large numbers of stand-alone energies that have to be computed for various molecular geometries. At each geometry, different methods and/or basis sets are used to efficiently generate accurate representations of the nuclear potential. For this initial study, the small molecular anion, SiCH− of interest in astrochemistry, is chosen for analysis as it can be done cheaply on the cloud while still providing insight into the nature of CCC usage. Additionally, no rovibrational data exists for this molecule making it the first molecule quantum chemically computed purely via CCC tools. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Novel human cDNAs homologous to Drosophila Orct and mammalian carnitine transporters

The molecular basis of the transport of organic ions (which include such medically important compounds as drugs, toxins, and metabolites) has been intensively studied ever since the identification of the prototypical anion and cation transporters, OAT1 (originally cloned by us as NKT) and OCT1. Here we report the cloning of two novel putative organic ion transporters with 12 predicted membrane spanning segments that are most homologous to mammalian OCTNs (carnitine transporters) and to the Drosophila putative transporter, Orct, an intriguing correspondence that led us to name our sequences Fly-like putative transporters (Flipts). Another transporter we cloned has recently been identified as OAT5. Inclusion of Flipts reveals that the organic ion transporter family tree has trifurcated into three branches, one bearing Flipts, OCTNs, and fly transporters, and the other two bearing OATs and OCTs. Flipts are widely expressed in adult kidney, brain, muscle, and other tissues; in contrast, OAT1 is largely in kidney, and OAT5, in liver. In the embryo as well, Flipts are broadly distributed, whereas OAT5 was found only in fetal liver. Flipt expression patterns resemble those of the phylogenetically related OCTNs, suggesting that Flipts might also participate in carnitine transport, particularly in brain, which has relatively high Flipt expression, including EST matches from amygdala, hippocampus, and hypothalamus.
Online solution of state dependent Riccati equation for nonlinear system stabilization

A number of computational methods have been proposed in the literature for synthesizing nonlinear control based on state-dependent Riccati equation (SDRE). Most of these methods are numerically complex or depend on correct initial conditions. This paper presents a new and computationally efficient online method for the design of stabilizing control for a class of nonlinear systems based on state-dependent Riccati equation using a gradient-type neural network. Moreover, the proposed network is proven to be stable. The efficacy of this approach is demonstrated through illustrative examples for the proof of concept.
A Symposium on Values in Demographic Research: Discussion*

PROFESSOR Cowgill has attempted to explore the influence of an individual's values upon the selection of a research problem, his research design, the presentation of data and his findings or conclusions. He has done this by a rather extensive examination of literature dealing with migration ranging from the sociologist to the novelist. By and large he exonerates the sociologist, particularly the contemporary sociologist, from this type of bias, although this may actually be an example of the influence of an individual's values or value judgments. It is really impossible to do justice to Professor Cowgill's paper both because of its length and its exhaustive citation of sources. But I believe that two points are pertinent. First, is it ever possible to reduce the question of migration to such simple terms as "Is migration good or bad?" The second point, subsumed under the first, and which incidentally Professor Cowgill did not neglect, is the influence of social change on attitudes toward migration. Professor Theodore Newcomb in his text, "Social Psychology," informs the student at the outset that certain types of questions such as, "Is war inevitable?" or, "Is man competitive ?" cannot be answered in the form in which they are asked. Rather, it is necessary to ask, "Is war inevitable given certain kinds of circumstances ?" or,
Vibrationally excited CO2 from the reaction of O atoms and adsorbed CO on platinum

Abstract Highly excited CO 2 is produced by the reaction O + CO ads / Pt CO 2 ↑ . Its infrared emission spectrum indicates that more than half of teh 4.1 eV exoergicity appears in asymmetric stretch vibration in a disiribution peaked roughly at level (009). CO 2 ↑ is destroyed by O atoms at high pressure (p  10 mTorr). The reaction dynamics and applications are discussed.
Roles of protein kinase C, Ca2+, Pyk2, and c-Src in agonist activation of rat lacrimal gland p42/p44 MAPK.

Purpose Although p42/p44 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) negatively modulates protein secretion stimulated by cholinergic and alpha(1D)-adrenergic agonists, it does not play a role in epidermal growth factor (EGF)-stimulated protein secretion. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the roles that protein kinase C (PKC), intracellular Ca(2+) ([Ca(2+)](i)), and nonreceptor tyrosine kinases Pyk2 and Src play in the activation of agonist- and EGF-stimulated MAPK activation. Methods Lacrimal gland acini were isolated by collagenase digestion and incubated with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) to activate PKC or ionomycin, a Ca(2+) ionophore. Acini were preincubated with the PKC inhibitors calphostin C or Ro-31-8220, EGTA to chelate Ca(2+), or the c-Src inhibitor PP1 before stimulation with the cholinergic agonist carbachol, the alpha(1D)-adrenergic agonist phenylephrine, or EGF. Activated MAPK, Pyk2, and c-Src amounts were measured by Western blot analysis. Results PMA and ionomycin significantly increased the activation of MAPK in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. Inhibition of PKC partially inhibited carbachol-stimulated MAPK activation while completely inhibiting phenylephrine- and EGF-stimulated MAPK activation. Chelation of Ca(2+) also partially inhibited carbachol-stimulated MAPK with no effect on phenylephrine- and EGF-stimulated MAPK activation. Carbachol increased the phosphorylation of Pyk2 on tyrosine 402 and c-src on tyrosine 416 in a time-dependent manner. The c-src inhibitor PP1 inhibited carbachol-stimulated phosphorylation of Pyk2. Conclusions It was concluded that cholinergic agonists use Ca(2+) and PKC to phosphorylate Pyk2 and c-Src, which subsequently stimulate MAPK activity. In contrast, alpha(1D)-adrenergic agonists and EGF do not use Pyk2 and Src but do use PKC to activate MAPK.
The contribution of small enterprises to employment growth in southern and eastern Africa

Abstract Expansion of employment in small enterprises has absorbed over 40% of the increase in the labor force in five countries of sub-Saharan Africa (Botswana, Kenya, Malawi, Swaziland and Zimbabwe). Most of this increase has come through start-ups of new enterprises. With regard to expansion among existing businesses, most do not grow. Among the 25% that have added to their work force, most grew only a little, but these small increases made a significant contribution in terms of job creation. While only about 1% graduated into intermediate size, this process also contributed substantial numbers of new jobs while providing the starting point for about half of today's intermediate-sized enterprises.
On the validity of the giant spin approximation and its application to single-molecule magnets

Abstract A giant spin Hamiltonian is often used to describe the low temperature magnetic behavior in single-molecule magnets (SMMs). By addressing only the ground state multiplet, the Hilbert space is reduced significantly allowing for numerical simulation of a wide body of experimental data. Analysis of the [Ni(hmp)(dmb)Cl]4 SMM using the giant spin model is compared to a four-ion model which addresses the local anisotropy associated with each of the magnetic Ni2+ ions, as well as the isotropic Heisenberg coupling between these ions. Higher-order giant spin Hamiltonian parameters that are absent in the individual ion parameterization appear when exchange coupling between the Ni2+ ions is introduced. Thus, a parameterization under the giant spin approximation is not purely a measure of anisotropic spin–orbit coupling, but instead a combination of interactions. Furthermore, the obtained parameters do not provide adequate insights into the physical processes within a SMM.
Malignant tumors of the small bowel in neonates presenting with perforation.

Abstract Two cases of primary malignant small bowel tumours causing intestinal perforation in the neonatal period were treated by surgical excision only. Followup ( 5 1 2 years and 3 months) has failed to reveal recurrent disease in either case.
Variation in quality of caribou and reindeer forage plants associated with season, plant part, and phenology

Plant parts used as forage by caribou and reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) have been collected in conjunction with studies of foraging dynamics, nutrition, growth, and population ecology of this arctic ungulate over the course of several years in Alaska and other circumpolar areas. These samples were subjected to proximal analyses for percent nitrogen, phosphorus, sodium, carbohydrate, cell wall (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), lignin, cellulose, and residual ash, and treated to determine in vitro and nylon bag dry matter digestibility (DMD). Among winter vascular plant forage only carbohydrates showed a positive correlation with digestibility, wheras in summer nitrogen, phosphorus, and in some cases sodium, also are positively correlated with digestibility. Forage from shrubs and forbs in early summer had higher nitrogen and carbohydrate levels than later in the season, wheras graminoids show an increase in these levels during the first few weeks of growth. Floral parts during anthesis showed higher nitrogen, phosphorus, and carbohydrate levels and higher digestibility than corresponding leaf material. The annual dietary cycle is the product of adjustment of the physiological cycle to seasonal fluctuation in forage quality and quantity.
Excess volumes for (ethanol+water) at the temperatures (298.15 and 348.15) K and pressures (0.4, 5, and 15) MPa and at the temperature 323.15 K and pressures (5 and 15) MPa

Abstract An Anton-Paar vibrating-tube densitometer has been attached to the exit line of our high-temperature high-pressure isothermal flow calorimeter and used to measure the excess volume for (ethanol + water). Results are reported over the entire mole-fraction range at the temperatures (298.15 and 348.15) K and pressures (0.4, 5, and 15) MPa and at the temperature 323.15 K and pressures (5 and 15) MPa. The results at T = 198.15 K and p = 0.4 MPa are in good agreement with results reported in the literature for this mixture under ambient conditions.
Market-widening Shaping total market demand for French and American bicycles circa 1890

Despite advances in understanding markets from many perspectives, total market demand remains understudied. Influences on demand, such as conditions of product use, also remain neglected. Scholars ...
Patterns in the aggregate stability of Mancos Shale derived soils.

Abstract Salt and sediment contributions to the Colorado River and its tributaries pose economic and environmental concerns for the United States and Mexico. Land use decisions promoting the aggregation of Mancos Shale derived soils are one way to reduce the transportation of salts and sediments to water resources. We used a simple field test of soil aggregate stability to determine the site characteristics influencing the soil stability of sedimentary marine shale in the Gunnison Gorge National Conservation Area in Southwestern Colorado. Ninety-six 1 m 2 plots were intensively sampled to explore relationships between soil stability and the biological, chemical and physical site characteristics. Analysis of variance showed decreased soil stability when erosion features were present at a sample location suggesting the applicability of stability test results to the erosion potential of Mancos Shale derived soils ( p = 0.02). Analysis using generalized linear models with a negative binomial distribution and non-parametric regression tree models determined that the best predictor variable for soil stability was the percent cover of visible biological soil crust. Identifying the importance of biological soil crust in the stabilization of Mancos Shale soils is important for land use planning because biological soil crusts respond to changes in land use. The results of this study lead to improved interpretation of the field soil stability test and may assist in the definition of important ecological or functional thresholds in many arid and semiarid environments.
Development of the VCaP Androgen Independent Model of Prostate Cancer

Prostate epithelial cell growth is dependent on the presence of androgens, and transition of prostate cancer to an androgen-independent phenotype results in a highly aggressive, currently incurable cancer. We have developed a new preclinical model of androgen-independent prostate cancer derived from the VCaP prostate cancer epithelial cell line. VCaP cells were subcutaneously implanted and serially passaged in castrated male severe combined immunodeficient mice. Androgen independence was confirmed by WST-1 (a tetrazolium salt) cell proliferation assay in the absence or presence of dihydrotesterone (1-100 nM). VCaP androgen-sensitive cells responded dose dependently to dihydrotesterone, whereas VCaP androgen-independent cells did not alter their proliferation in response to dihydrotesterone. Gene expression of androgen receptor, B-cell lymphoma-2, prostate cancer antigen 3, prostate acid phosphatase, 6 transmembrane epithelial antigen of the prostate, and survivin was determined by polymerase chain reaction amplification. B-cell lymphoma-2 expression was up regulated in the VCaP androgen-independent lines compared to the VCaP androgen-sensitive, suggesting a possible mechanism of androgen independence. Furthermore, tumor-associated angiogenesis was assessed by immunofluorescence confocal microscopy of CD31. VCaP androgen-independent tumors showed enhanced angiogenesis compared to VCaP androgen-sensitive tumors. These results illustrate the development of a novel model of prostate cancer androgen independence and provide a new system to study angiogenesis and the transition to androgen independence.
Body mass and stage of breast cancer at diagnosis.

Obesity is a well-known risk factor for postmenopausal breast cancer. In contrast, the relationship between obesity and stage of breast cancer at diagnosis is less clear. We hypothesized that increased breast size in obese women may delay discovery of breast tumors. Thus, the purpose of our study was to examine whether there is an association between body mass and stage of breast cancer at diagnosis using hospital medical records. Newly diagnosed breast cancer cases (n = 966) in the Baltimore metropolitan area from 1991 to 1997 were included in our study. Patient information including age, ethnicity, weight, height and pathology data were obtained from hospital medical records. High body mass was significantly associated with late stage of breast cancer at diagnosis. Women who were obese (body mass index [BMI] > or = 27.3) were more likely to be at an advanced stage at diagnosis compared with women with a BMI of < 27.3 (multivariate-adjusted odds ratio [OR] 1.57, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.15-2.14). The association between body mass and stage at diagnosis was stronger among women younger than 50 years (OR 2.34, 95% CI 1.34-4.08) compared with women 50 years or older (OR 1.30, 95% CI 0.89-1.91). Our study suggests that higher body mass is associated with advanced stage of breast cancer at diagnosis. This finding may be of considerable concern, given the increasing prevalence of obesity in women in the United States and the poor prognosis associated with late-stage tumors.
Hydrothermal Melting of Shales

PT curves for the beginning of melting of five analysed shales in the presence of water vapour under pressure are 20° C. to 40° C. higher than the corresponding curve for granite. About 150° C. above the beginning of melting, the shales are half-melted; this is higher than the liquidus curve of most granites. Refractive indices of the quenched liquids (1·495–1·505) indicate a granitic or granodioritic composition. Quartz, cordierite, mullite, hypersthene, anorthite, etc., are developed in the partially fused shales. Partial fusion of shales by a granitic magma, even if superheated, would produce a liquid no more basic than granodiorite. The chemical characteristics of the shales are compared with average igneous rocks, and there appears to be no possibility that fusion of shales could produce a basaltic magma. Complete fusion would produce a melt with composition distinct from normal igneous magmas.
Counting k -projections of a point set

Abstract A k-projection of a set of n points N in the plane is an orthogonal projection revealing at most k points. We prove a variety of upper and lower bounds on υk(n), the maximum number of distinct k-projections for point sets of size n.
Programmable modification of cell adhesion and zeta potential in silica microchips.

Spatial patterning of thin polyacrylamide films bonded to self-assembled monolayers on silica microchannels is described as a means for manipulating cell-adhesion and electroosmotic properties in microchips. Streaming potential measurements indicate that the zeta potential is reduced by at least two orders of magnitude at biological pH, and the adhesion of several kinds of cells is reduced by 80–100%. Results are shown for cover slides and in wet-etched silica microchannels. Because the polyacrylamide film is thin and transparent, this film is consistent with optical manipulation of cells and detection of cell contents. The spatial patterning technique is straightforward and has the potential to aid on-chip analysis of single adherent cells.
Gingival hyperplasia associated with the administration of amlodipine to dogs with degenerative valvular disease (2004-2008).

Background: Calcium channel blocking drugs, usually nifedipine and less often amlodipine, have been reported to cause gingival hyperplasia (GH) in humans. Hypothesis: Amlodipine, a dihydropyridine calcium channel blocking drug, can cause GH when administered chronically to older small dogs with degenerative valvular disease. Animals Studied: From January 2004 to May 2008, 82 client-owned dogs with degenerative valvular disease and left atrial dilatation were treated with amlodipine in combination with spironolactone and enalapril and followed for >6 months. Methods: Retrospective study. A chronological observation of GH in 2 dogs treated with amlodipine in 2004 and 2006 prompted the study. Patient histories and medical records of each dog treated with amlodipine for degenerative valvular disease from January 2004 to May 2008 were reviewed. Results: GH was observed by clients and the authors in 7 of 82 (8.5%) dogs. Histologic confirmation of the diagnosis was made in 2 dogs. The minimum duration of treatment before diagnosis of GH was 5 months. GH began to resolve within 2 weeks of discontinuing amlodipine and resolution was complete within 6 months. Amlodipine administration was reinstituted in 1 dog in which GH had resolved, and GH reoccurred within 4 months. Conclusion and Clinical Importance: Long-term administration of amlodipine to dogs with degenerative valvular disease may cause GH in a small percentage of patients. GH resolves quickly after withdrawal of amlodipine treatment.
An evaluation of a compiler optimization for improving the performance of a coherence directory

Both hardware-controlled and compiler-directed mechanisms have been proposed for maintaining cache coherence in large-scale shared-memory multiprocessors, but both of these approaches have significant limitations. We examine the potential performance improvement of a new software-hardware controlled cache coherence mechanism. This approach augments the run-time information available to a directory-based coherence mechanism with compile-time analysis that statically identifies write references that cannot cause coherence problems and writes that should be written through to memory. These references are marked as not needing to send invalidation messages to thereby reduce the network traffic produced by the directory while maintaining cache consistency. For those memory references that are ambiguous, due to conditional branches, or due to the need for complex data flow analysis, for instance, the compiler conservatively marks the references and relies on the hardware directory to ensure coherence. Trace-driven simulations are used to emulate the compile-time analysis on memory traces and to estimate potential performance improvement that could be expected from a compiler performing this optimization on the Perfect Club benchmark programs. By reducing the number of invalidations, this optimized directory scheme is capable of reducing the processor-memory network traffic by up to 54 percent compared to an unoptimized directory mechanism. In addition, the overall miss ratio can be reduced up to 42 percent due to a corresponding reduction in the number of write misses.
Identification and characterization of all-trans-retinoic acid receptor transcripts and receptor protein in human neuroblastoma cells

Retinoic acid (RA) induces the differentiation of tumor cells of neural origin and may do so by binding to one or more nuclear receptor proteins. We have identified transcripts and nuclear RA receptor (RAR) protein in a clonal line of human neuroblastoma cells that differentiate in response to RA. Prior to any exposure to RA, LA1-15n cells express two transcripts for RAR alpha (approximately 3.6 and approximately 2.7 kb) as well as low levels of transcript for RAR beta (approximately 3.4) and RAR gamma (approximately 2.8 kb). Exposure of LA1-15n cells to RA leads to the induction of a approximately 2.9-kb RAR beta mRNA, whereas the expression of transcripts for RARs alpha and gamma does not change appreciably. The 2.9-kb RAR beta transcript is increased by 4 h (8-fold) and continues to increase for 24-48 h (40- to 60-fold). The RA-associated increase in RAR beta mRNA in LA1-15n cells is not diminished by the addition of the protein synthesis inhibitor, cycloheximide, but is abolished by the addition of the RNA synthesis inhibitor, actinomycin D. In addition to RAR transcripts, LA1-15n cells contain a nuclear protein with the requisite characteristics of a RAR. The nuclear protein binds all-trans-[3H]RA with high affinity (Kd approximately 0.2 nM). The nuclear protein sediments at approximately 4S, which is consistent with the molecular mass deduced from RAR cDNAs (approximately 50,000 Da). The nuclear protein is clearly distinguishable from a all-trans-[3H]RA-binding protein found in the cytosolic fraction of LA1-15n cells. The cytosolic protein sediments at approximately 2S on sucrose density gradients, consistent with the expected molecular mass of the cellular retinoic acid-binding protein (approximately 16,000 Da). The nuclear [3H]RA-binding protein binds to DNA-cellulose and to the RAR beta response element. These results support the hypothesis that RARs are present in human neuroblastoma cells and may be involved in human neuroblastoma cell differentiation. They also demonstrate that RA markedly influences the expression of steady-state levels of mRNA for one of its own receptors, the RAR beta.
Comment on `Relativistic mean field study of light medium nuclei away from the beta stability'

The contributions of tensor coupling of vector mesons in the relativistic mean field approximation in S. K. Patra and C. R. Prahavot, Phys. Rev. C 44, 2252 (1991), is shown to be incorrect. When these contributions can have sizable effect is also indicated.
Oxaliplatin: A new agent for colorectal cancer

For nearly 40 years, the medical treatment of colorectal cancer had been limited to the fluoropyrimidines until the recent development of irinotecan (CPT-11). In the past decade, a new agent has appeared, oxaliplatin. This third-generation platinum compound has synergistic activity with 5-fluorouracil and is non-cross-resistant with 5-fluorouracil, CPT-11, and other platinum agents. Numerous clinical trials in Europe have demonstrated the activity of oxaliplatin in patients with untreated and refractory metastatic colorectal cancer. Nevertheless, the US Food and Drug Administration recently denied approval for oxaliplatin as first-line treatment of colorectal cancer because of a lack of clear-cut survival advantage in clinical trials. Additional clinical trials in patients with colorectal cancer are ongoing in the United States and will test the activity of oxaliplatin in the metastatic and adjuvant setting. These studies will define the role for what appears to be a very useful and important agent.
Ethylene and plant responses to stress

When plants are subject to a variety of stresses they often exhibit symptoms of exposure to ethylene. Although this relationship usually results from induction of ACC synthase thus raising the concentration of the precursor of ethylene, it is now apparent that there are numerous other ways that stresses produce ethylene-like symptoms. This complex relationship between stress and ethylene-like symptoms is here termed the stress ethylene syndrome. ACC synthase exists as a multi-gene family whose individual members are differentially regulated, many by various stresses. In addition, ACC oxidase, AdoMet synthetase, enzymes in the Yang methionine cycle, and enzymes that conjugate ACC are regulated by stress. In more unusual cases, ethylene production is not increased by stress or may be reduced. There is evidence for stress effects on perception of ethylene and the potential exists that some steps of the ethylene signal transduction pathway may be influenced by stress. Because of the variability possible in the stress ethylene syndrome, it continues to be studied for a number of stresses and species. In particular, attention is being given to wounding, mechanical stress, drought, heat and water deficit stress, chilling, air pollution, chemical and salt stress, and low O 2 stress. It is becoming more apparent that a number of stress responses involve interactions with other hormones.
Comparison of C-reactive protein and white blood cell count with differential in neonates at risk for septicaemia.

We prospectively compared the diagnostic value of C-reactive protein (CRP) and white blood cell counts for detection of neonatal septicaemia. Sensitivity and specifity in receiver operating characteristics, and positive and negative predictive value of CRP and white blood cell count were compared in 195 critically ill preterm and term newborns clinically suspected of infection. Blood cultures were positive in 33 cases. During the first 3 days after birth CRP elevation (sensitivity 75%, specifity 86%), leukopenia (67%/90%), neutropenia (78%/80%) and immature to total neutrophil count (I/T) ratio (78%/73%) were good diagnostic parameters, as opposed to band forms with absolute count (84%/66%) or percentage (79%/71%), thrombocytopenia (65%/57%) and toxic granulations (44%/94%). Beyond 3 days of age elevated CRP (88%/87%) was the best parameter. Increased total (84%/66%) or percentage band count (79%/71%) were also useful. Leukocytosis (74%/56%), increased neutrophils (67%/65%), I/T ratio (79%/47%), thrombocytopenia (65%/57%) and toxic granulations had a low specifity. The positive predictive value of CRP was 32% before and 37% after 3 days of age, that of leukopenia was 37% in the first 3 days.
Non-farm income, gender, and inequality: evidence from rural Ghana and Uganda

Abstract This paper examines how the distribution of earnings in rural Ghana and Uganda differs by income type and by gender. We find that non-farm earnings contribute to rising inequality, but that lower income groups also benefit due to strong overall growth in non-farm earnings. The inequality-inducing effect is driven by self-employment income; wage income, on the other hand, reduces inequality. The tendency of non-farm income to contribute to inequality is greater among female-headed households for whom self-employment is important and non-farm opportunities more constrained. Determinants of non-farm income are estimated and appear to be strongly related to location, education, age, and distance to market. Estimates of the linkages to agriculture in Ghana are weaker than expected, showing the non-farm sector to be functioning more as an alternative activity to agriculture than as a complement.
Response of linear systems to stationary bandlimited non-Gaussian processes

Abstract A method is developed for calculating statistics of the state of a linear system subjected to an arbitrary stationary bandlimited non-Gaussian process. The method is based on the representations of the input process obtained from a Shanon’s sampling theorem and Monte Carlo simulation. It is shown that the system output at a time t can be approximated by a finite sum of deterministic functions of t with random coefficients given by equally spaced values of the input process over a window of finite width centered on t . The number of terms in the sum depends on both input and system memory. Numerical examples show that the proposed method is simple to implement, efficient, accurate, and can also be applied to input process that are not bandlimited.
Effects of angle of attack on transonic flutter of a supercritical wing

On montre qu'un accroissement de l'angle d'attaque modifie considerablement les caracteristiques de flottement transsonique qui sont favorables ou non suivant le nombre de Mach et l'angle d'attaque
P2-S9.08 Baby daddy sex as a risk factor for HIV/STDs

Background Concurrent sexual relationships increase the likelihood of exposure to HIV/STDs. Sexual patterns among poor urban African-American (AA) women may help to explain the disproportionate incidence of HIV/STDs seen in this population. Single women with children by multiple fathers may engage in unprotected sex with the fathers of their children; these men are called Baby Daddies. Baby Daddy sex as a risk factor is complicated and based in a sexual reality grounded in poverty and power. This analysis focused on women who have continued sexual relationships with the father of their children in addition to other sexual relationships. We explored the psychosocial factors surrounding women who engage in unprotected Baby Daddy sex. Methods We conducted in-depth interviews with AA women living in low-income housing projects in Houston, TX. Study participants were at least 18 years old and involved in multiple sexual relationships. Interviews were conducted in participants9 homes and lasted 1½ h. Each interview was digitally-recorded and transcribed verbatim. Participants were paid $20 US for their time. Qualitative analysis was conducted using MAXQDA10 software. We identified and organised codes, categories, and themes to form a comprehensive picture of the behaviours of our sample. Results Our sample included 26 AA women aged 21 to 40 years. Themes that emerged illustrated the contextual environment of women9s sexual decisions and included: financial insecurity, parenting, relationship ideals, loneliness, and baby daddy sex. Participants characterised their choice to have unprotected baby daddy sex through the following categories: trust/bond based on shared child, love, compensation for financial support of children, pleasure, and longing for past relationship. These findings identified the importance and implied intimacy of the baby daddy relationships and suggested reasons for unprotected sex. Conclusions These findings indicate risk implications because they add concurrent sexual relationships with unprotected sex, thus increasing the potential for exposure and transmission of HIV/STDs. More importantly, this study reflects the lasting importance of a relationship resulting in children and how that relationship influences sexual health. Interventions that focus on poor urban AA women in Houston should acknowledge the cultural constructions of both sexuality and relationships in this population, both related to socioeconomic and power inequalities.
Has Consultation Achieved Its Primary Prevention Potential

Since the practice of consultation first began, primary prevention has been posited as an important outcome. In this article the empirical basis for this element of consultation is examined. It is concluded that consultation's preventive benefits should not be oversold, as at this time there is only emerging evidence for this aspect of the process.
Distributed Generation of NASA Earth Science Data Products

The objective of this work is the development of Grid-based approaches through which NASA data centers can become active participants in serving data users by transforming archived data into the specific form needed by the user. This approach involves generating custom data products from data stored in multiple NASA data centers. We describe a prototype developed to explore how Grid technology can facilitate this multi-center product generation. Our initial example of a custom data product is phenomena-based subsetting. This example involves production of a subset of a large collection of data based on the subset's association with some phenomena, such as a mesoscale convective system (severe storm) or a hurricane. We demonstrate that this subsetting can be performed on data located at a single data center or at multiple data centers. We also describe a system that performed customized data product generation using a combination of commodity processors deployed at a NASA data center, Grid technology to access these processors, and data mining software that intelligently selects where to perform processing based on data location and availability of compute resources. This demonstration also suggests that we could create a catalog of phenomena related data at multiple data centers, in which the catalog can contain references to the original data in different locations. The catalog is important to providing other users with efficient access to the data belonging to the identified phenomenon.
Reproduction Responses of Broiler-Breeders to Anticoccidial Agents

Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of anticoccidial agents on production and reproduction of broiler breeders. In Experiment 1, nicarbazin (NCZ) was fed at 20, 50, and 100 ppm. There was no depression in egg production, egg weight, or fertility from feeding these levels. As level of NCZ increased, there was a linear decrease in hatchability. The amount of 4,4'-dinitrocarbanilide (DNC) in the egg yolks increased linearly as the levels of NCZ went up; the degree of egg-shell depigmentation was directly related to the level of NCZ fed starting at 50 ppm. Experiment 2 utilized a different strain of broiler breeders. Halofuginone (3 ppm), maduramicin (5 ppm), monensin (100 ppm), narasin (70 ppm), NCZ (125 ppm), robenidine (33 ppm), and salinomycin (60 ppm) were fed to broiler breeders at the levels listed. Only NCZ reduced egg production. Narasin induced a reduction in egg weight. Both narasin and salinomycin caused a significant drop in hatchability. Feeding NCZ also induced a rapid and more severe decrease in hatchability. Monensin was the only anticoccidial agent that reduced fertility. Halofuginone, maduramicin, and robenidine had no biologically significant effect on henday production, egg weight, hatch of fertile eggs, or shell depigmentation. Feeding NCZ at 125 ppm caused a complete bleaching of brown-shell eggs by the 3rd consecutive day of treatment; but 7 days after NCZ was withdrawn from the feed, pigmentation returned to the pretreatment level.
QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF METMYOGLOBIN AND TOTAL PIGMENT IN AN INTACT MEAT SAMPLE USING REFLECTANCE SPECTROPHOTOMETRY

SUMMARY— A technique for determining the relative quantities of oxymyoglobin, metmyoglobin and total pigment concentration at the surface of on intact meat sample was developed. A Beck-man DK-2 spectrophotometer with reflectance attachment was used and spectra were recorded on the RA scale. The sample port of the spectrophotometer was modified so that a uniform and high intensity light beam measuring 0.5 × 0.6 cm reached the surface being evaluated. A sample holder was constructed so that known proportions of oxygenated and oxidized meat could be exposed to the light beam. A family of curves representing varying known amounts of metmyoglobin and oxymyoglobin were obtained. The height of the peak at 632 nm (ΔRA632) was directly related to the amount of metmyoglobin at the surface of the meat sample. For 100% oxymyoglobin, ΔRA632 was at a minimum and equal to RA750. For 100% metmyoglobin, ΔRA632 was at a maximum and the height of the response depended upon the amount of total pigment present. A linear relation was obtained when ΔRA362 was plotted against percent metmyoglobin or against total pigment determined by the Hornsey (1956) method. The method requires making two readings of the meat samples at a single wave length. One reading of the sample followed by one reading of the same sample after oxidation with K3 Fe(CN)6 provides a quantitative evaluation of the metmyoglobin concentration and the total heme pigment concentration. The accuracy of the method may be improved by making multiple readings.
Memory for Specific Visual Details can be Enhanced by Negative Arousing Content.

Abstract Individuals often claim that they vividly remember information with negative emotional content. At least two types of information could lead to this sense of enhanced vividness: Information about the emotional item itself (e.g., the exact visual details of a snake) and information about the context in which the emotional item was encountered (e.g., the fact that the snake was sitting on a branch in a forest). The present study focused on the former, investigating how exposure duration at study and emotional content of an object affected the likelihood of remembering an item’s specific visual details. Participants studied neutral objects (e.g., a barometer) and negative arousing objects (e.g., a grenade) and were later shown either the identical object or a different photo of the same type of object (e.g., another barometer). Across two experiments, emotional content enhanced the likelihood that specific visual details were remembered: Individuals were more likely to correctly indicate that an item was identical to the object studied earlier if it was an emotional object than if it was a neutral object. This memory benefit for the emotional items was most robust when items were shown for longer exposure durations (500 or 1000 ms) rather than only briefly (for 250 ms). Thus, with sufficient processing time, negative arousing content appears to enhance the likelihood that visual details are remembered about an object.
Ab initio energetics of transition metal ordering in decagonal Al–Co–Cu

Abstract We perform ab initio total energy calculations for approximants to a model of decagonal Al–Co–Cu. These calculations support previously proposed chemical ordering of Co and Cu atoms along tile edges. Preferred arrow orientations are identified and shown to obey a subset of the single-arrow Penrose matching rules.