cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ontogeny of food grasping in mouse lemurs: behavior, morphology and performance

In primates, grasping constitutes a vital function involved in many behaviors. Anatomical specializations of the prehensile extremities originated early-on in their evolution. However, the precise functional and ecological contexts that have driven this evolution remain unclear. Interspecific comparative studies show that a given morphology can induce different grasping behaviors and also that a given behavior can be performed using different morphological structures. In this context, an intraspecific ontogenetic approach offers the opportunity to describe the relations between patterns in grasping behavior and patterns of grasping morphology. We quantified manual grasping strategies and the associated morphometric (i.e. segments lengths) and performance (i.e. pull strength) traits for both limbs during the development of a small arboreal primate, the gray mouse lemur (Microcebus murinus). Our results show an early onset of grasping in young mouse lemurs. Moreover, younger individuals had relative longer hindlimbs (i.e. tibia and metatarsus) allowing them to have near-maximal levels of grasping strength. This very fast development despite an incomplete neuromuscular development highlights the importance of this grasping function directly after birth.
Reversal of Cirrhosis

Cirrhosis is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. In contrast with the traditional view that cirrhosis is irreversible, clinical and experimental studies suggest that the removal of the causative agent can lead to reversibility of early stages of cirrhosis. Patients with advanced fibrosis or cirrhosis may also benefit from targeted therapies that favor fibrosis resolution and restoration of a normal liver architecture. Cirrhosis is a dynamic process characterized by the accumulation of extracellular matrix proteins that distort the hepatic architecture by forming a fibrous scar and the subsequent development of nodules of regenerating hepatocytes. Regression of advanced liver fibrosis is associated with reabsorption of fibrous scar and the disappearance of collagen-producing myofibroblasts. To develop therapies that favor cirrhosis resolution, it is essential to identify the main molecular mechanisms that mediate the removal of the fibrosis scar. Key players in this process are hepatic stellate cells, macrophages, metalloproteinases, and their inhibitors. This chapter summarizes the current evidence that cirrhosis is potentially reversible, the mechanisms leading to fibrosis progression and resolution and the potential targeted therapies for patients with advanced fibrosis.
Double Penalized Semi-Parametric Signed-Rank Regression with Adaptive LASSO

In this paper, a semi-parametric regression model with an adaptive LASSO penalty imposed on both the linear and the nonlinear components of the mode is considered. The model is rewritten so that a signed-rank technique can be used for estimation. The nonlinear part consists of a covariate that enters the model nonlinearly via an unknown function that is estimated using B-splines. The author shows that the resulting estimator is consistent under heavy-tailed distributions and asymptotic normality results are given. Monte Carlo simulations as well as practical applications are studied to assess the validity of the proposed estimation method.
Heterogeneities at multiple length scales in 2D layered materials: From localized defects and dopants to mesoscopic heterostructures

Two-dimensional (2D) materials hold great promise for applications in optoelectronics, quantum information science, and energy conversion due to their remarkable properties imbued by their physical characteristics. Although heterogeneities in their intrinsic structure are the major challenges limiting their synthesis and predictable properties, they also provide a pathway to controllably tune the properties and broaden the potential of 2D materials. Heterogeneities that can be tailored, including defects, dopants, strain, edges, and layer stackings offer transformative opportunities in heterogeneous 2D materials through the introduction of novel properties for technological applications. This article provides a review of recent progress in studying heterogeneities in 2D materials. The review uses examples from our work to develop a strategy to understand the heterogeneities across multiple length scales to link the effect of heterogeneity at the nanoscale with the macroscale properties of 2D materials. We describe specific types of heterogeneities and explore novel synthesis and processing methods for their controlled production with example of the potential impact and applications enabled by their intriguing properties. Finally, we provide a perspective on how to extend the range of tunable properties through further engineering the heterogeneities in 2D materials.
A Second Bright Source Detected near SN 1987A

Speckle interferometry observations, made just 30 and 38 days after the explosion of SN 1987A (which was first seen in 1987 February 23), showed evidence of a bright source separated from the SN by only 60 mas. The reprocessing of that data, using new image reconstruction algorithms, has resulted in much cleaner images that not only clearly show the bright spot reported in 1987 but also show a second spot on the opposite side of the SN with a larger spatial separation. If the spots were ejected from the SN, then the velocities of the spots are relativistic; the second spot appears to be superluminal and must be blueshifted. We explore the consequences of these results on the geometry of the SN 1987A system, and we conclude that our observations may well be evidence of relativistic jets emanating from the supernova.
Wiring subcortical image-forming centers: Topography, laminar targeting, and map alignment

Abstract Efficient sensory processing is a complex and important function for species survival. As such, sensory circuits are highly organized to facilitate rapid detection of salient stimuli and initiate motor responses. For decades, the retina's projections to image-forming centers have served as useful models to elucidate the mechanisms by which such exquisite circuitry is wired. In this chapter, we review the roles of molecular cues, neuronal activity, and axon-axon competition in the development of topographically ordered retinal ganglion cell (RGC) projections to the superior colliculus (SC) and dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN). Further, we discuss our current state of understanding regarding the laminar-specific targeting of subclasses of RGCs in the SC and its homolog, the optic tectum (OT). Finally, we cover recent studies examining the alignment of projections from primary visual cortex with RGCs that monitor the same region of space in the SC.
Nuclear Data Sheets for A=153

Abstract The experimental results published before August 2020 from the various reaction and decay studies leading to nuclides of Z=55 to Z=72, 153Ba, 153La, 153Ce, 153Pr, 153Nd, 153Pm, 153Sm, 153Eu, 153Gd, 153Tb, 153Dy, 153Ho, 153Er, 153Tm, 153Yb, 153Lu, 153Hf in the A=153 mass chain have been reviewed. These data are summarized and presented, together with adopted level schemes and properties. This work is intended to supersede the previous evaluation of the A=153 nuclides by R.G. Helmer (2006He06), which was published in Nuclear Data Sheets 107, 507 (2006).
Inoculum Preparation Conditions Influence Adherence of Salmonella enterica Serovars to Red Leaf Lettuce (Lactuca sativa)

ABSTRACT Salmonella enterica has been increasingly linked to outbreaks involving consumption of fresh produce. Although researchers have identified genes whose products are involved in mediating S. enterica-plant interactions, the use of various experimental approaches, serovars, and plant types has generated variable and conflicting data. The purpose of this study was to determine whether conditions under which inocula are prepared for in vitro plant interaction studies influence the outcome of these studies. Seven S. enterica serovars were grown in media that differed in salinity and physical state with incubation at 25 or 37°C. These cultures were then used to inoculate red leaf lettuce, and adherent microbes were subsequently recovered. Although all Salmonella serovars were influenced by inoculum preparation conditions, the amount of variation differed. Analysis of pooled serovar data revealed that inocula prepared from either agar plates or biphasic cultures had higher levels of interaction with red leaf lettuce than those prepared from broth cultures. Incubation at 37°C enhanced adherence after 30 s or 5 days of contact time, and adherence after 1 h of contact time was increased in low-salt medium. Broth inoculum cultures were highly influenced by medium salinity and incubation temperature, whereas plate and biphasic inoculum cultures were only minimally affected. Therefore, inocula prepared from bacteria grown on plates or in biphasic culture would be most suitable for evaluation of strategies used to interfere with plant-Salmonella interactions. However, pooled data mask serovar-specific responses, and care should be taken when extrapolating these findings to individual serovars. The previous association of a serovar with outbreaks involving leafy greens was not correlated with levels of interaction with red leaf lettuce, suggesting that the occurrence of these serovars in or on these commodities does not reflect their fitness in the plant environment. HIGHLIGHTS
Flexible optoelectrical neural implants

With the advent of optical methods for stimulation and functional recording of neuronal activity in the brain, there is a growing need for fully flexible, ultracompact photonic devices for light delivery and light collection in brain tissue. In this paper, we will discuss our recent advances in designing a flexible optoelectronic neural implant platform that integrates passive and active optical components with electrical recording functionality. We leverage the exquisite optical and electrical insulation properties Parylene C, a biocompatible and flexible polymer to realize a fully functional optoelectrical neural interface.
Industrial Sector In February 2019 - Industrial Production Expectations

Negative demand dynamics registered in early 2019 has not so far told on the output, estimates of finished products stocks and industrial enterprises forecasts. The industrial sector preserves optimism of expectations regarding demand, output and employment. However, the investment plans began being short of optimism gained in the previous months.
Capturing Unmet Therapy Need Among Young Children With Developmental Delay Using National Survey Data

Abstract Objective Estimates of unmet therapy need based on parent report overlook the unmet needs of children with developmental delay (DD) whose parents do not first recognize a need for therapy. Using national survey, data we: 1) identified children with DD who likely need physical, occupational, or speech therapy services; 2) estimated the prevalence of overall unmet therapy need; and 3) examined factors associated with unrecognized therapy need and parent-reported unmet therapy need. Methods Criteria for DD were applied to children aged 0 to 4 years using the 2009–2010 National Survey of Children With Special Health Care Needs (NS-CSHCN). Multivariate logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with unrecognized or parent-reported unmet therapy need. Results Among 5349 children with special health care needs aged 0 to 4 years, 50.2% met our inclusion criteria for DD, 21.6% had overall unmet therapy need, 15.4% had unrecognized therapy needs, and 6.2% had parent-reported unmet therapy need. The adjusted odds of unrecognized therapy need were higher among black and Hispanic children, and children from other racial or ethnic groups than among white children (adjusted odds ratio 1.78 [95% confidence interval 1.23–2.57]). The odds of parent-reported unmet therapy need were higher for children lacking special education services. Conclusions Relying on parent-reported unmet therapy need, without considering children with DD whose therapy needs go unrecognized, likely underestimates overall unmet therapy need among children with DD. Exploring the mechanisms underlying racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic disparities in overall unmet therapy need should facilitate the development of effective interventions aimed at improving therapy access for children with DD.
Enriching the Diet In N-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Reduces Adiposity and Adipocyte Size in a Broiler Chick Model for Childhood Obesity

Epidemiological studies suggest that enriching prenatal and perinatal diets in long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC n-3 PUFA) may be a tool with which to reduce adiposity, improve met...
Independent predictors of survival and the impact of repeat surgery in patients undergoing surgical treatment of spinal metastasis

Object Surgery for spinal metastasis is considered palliative, and postoperative survival is often less than a year. Recurrence of metastatic lesions is quite common, and it remains unclear whether repeat surgery is effective. In this study, the authors assessed independent predictors for survival at 6 months, 1 year, and 2 years after surgery, and examined whether repeat surgery for recurrence of spinal metastasis influenced survival rates. Methods Retrospective review of the electronic medical records was performed to identify a consecutive population of adult patients who underwent surgery for spinal metastasis during the period 2005–2011. Utilizing a Cox proportional hazard regression model, the authors assessed independent predictors and risk factors for survival at 6 months, 1 year, and 2 years after surgery. In addition, the impact of repeat surgery on survival was specifically assessed via multivariable analysis. Results A total of 99 patients were included in the final analysis. The overall mean ...
There is More to Quality than Continuous Improvement: Listening to Plato

Continuous improvement programs that view quality in a quantitative manner are adequate for incremental improvement of processes, products, and services in an existing technological environment. However, breakthrough improvement that results in paradigm..
Nationalism and the Contingency of the Religious Return among Second‐Generation Palestinian Immigrants in the United States: A Chicago Case Study

Drawing on dozens of in-depth life-history interviews and extensive participant observation in mosques and community centers, this article probes the interaction of religion and nationalism in the formation of individual identities within the Palestinian immigrant community in Chicago, Illinois since the late 1980s. The analysis focuses on three individuals who represent distinct approaches to negotiating the relationship of religion and nation. The first approach is context-adaptive, responding and accommodating to the diverging moral assumptions that underlie the ethos of religious and secular spaces. The second approach entails a transition from secular-nationalism to a type of Islamic nationalism or even Islamic secularism. The third approach resists both forms of nationalism, seeking a transcendent Islam in which ethnicity and nation recede within a new religious humanism. The core argument throughout is that processes of religious return, often analyzed in relation to transnational trends, take diverse and indeterminate forms. This fact results from the shaping effects of a range of “secular” factors — gender, generation, class, family dynamics, intercommunal interactions, traumatic events — which register within the specific local settings of ordinary life.
The Interaction of Pyridoxamine 5-Phosphate with Aspartate Aminotransferase

Abstract The binding of pyridoxamine 5-phosphate to the enzyme aspartate aminotransferase from pig heart was investigated by fluorescence spectroscopy. The substantial decrease in fluorescence intensity at 390 mµ that follows the interaction of pyridoxamine 5-phosphate with the apoenzyme was used to determine the affinity constant. The effect of pH on the stability of the apoenzyme-pyridoxamine 5-phosphate complex was examined and it is shown that at neutral pH the complex is characterized by an association constant of 1.5 x 107 m-1. These studies provide information on the firmness of binding of pyridoxamine 5-phosphate to the active site on the enzyme.
Child and Family Resilience: A Call for Integrated Science, Practice, and Professional Training

Science and practice focused on child resilience and family resilience have deep and intertwined roots, yet there have been surprisingly few efforts to systematically integrate the theory, findings, and implications of these two traditions of work. In this article, the authors discuss parallels in concepts and processes that link the sciences of child and family resilience and the potential of relational developmental systems theory to provide an integrative framework for understanding and promoting resilience in children and families. The authors describe components of an integrated approach to child and family resilience, highlighting examples from recent research, and discuss implications for research, practice, and professional training.
Determination of three different pools of reduced one-carbon-substituted folates. 1. A study of the fundamental chemical reactions.

Abstract The reduced one-carbon-substituted derivatives of folic acid can be grouped in three pools according to their response to acid treatment. Pool 1 is made up of N 5 , N 10 -methylene-tetrahydrofolic acid and unsubstituted dihydro- and tetrahydrofolic acid which at pH 1.0 and subsequent exposure to air cleave to p -aminobenzoylglutamic acid. Pool 2 is made up by the acid-stable N 5 -methyl-tetrahydrofolic acid, and pool 3 includes N 5 , N 10 -methenyl-tetrahydrofolic acid, N 10 -formyltetrahydrofolic acid, N 5 -formyltetrahydrofolic acid, and N 5 -formiminotetrahydrofolic acid, all of which convert to the stable N 5 , N 10 -methenyl-tetrahydro form when acid treated. Conditions are described to selectively cleave the C 9 -N 10 bond of the folates of pool 1, pools 1 + 2, and pools 1 + 2 + 3. The cleaved pools are quantitated as the Bratton-Marshall azo dyes of p -aminobenzoylglutamate. The uncleaved pools are converted to Bratton-Marshall-negative products. Pool 1 is determined by converting pool 2 to 4a-hydroxy-5-methyltetrahydrofolic acid and pool 3 to N 10 -formylfolic acid, both Bratton-Marshall negative, by 10% hydrogen peroxide oxidation at pH 6.0. Pools 1 + 2 are cleaved with 0.015% hydrogen peroxide and 0.1% potassium permanganate at pH 9.0 which convert the N 5 -methyltetrahydrofolic acid to the acid-cleavable N 5 -methyl-dihydrofolic acid. Pool 3 oxidizes to the Bratton-Marshall-negative N 10 -formylfolic acid. Pools 1 + 2 + 3 are cleaved by first reducing pool 3 to N 5 -methyltetrahydrofolic acid with sodium borohydride followed by oxidation at pH 9.0 to its acid-labile dihydro form. Determination of the poly-γ-glutamyl chain length of each pool is possible by chromatographing the azo- p -aminobenzoylpolyglutamates with authentic synthetic markers.
Nucleic Acid-Sensing TLRs as Modifiers of Autoimmunity

The immune system requires precise regulation of activating and inhibitory signals so that it can mount effective responses against pathogens while ensuring tolerance to self-components. Some of the most potent activation signals are triggered by innate immune molecules, particularly those in the TLR family. Recent studies have shown that engagement of TLRs plays a significant role in both innate and adaptive immunity. This review focuses on the ways that TLR function might contribute to the etiology of lupus-like syndromes in the context of an autoimmune-prone environment. By considering the sources, localization, and expression of both nucleic acids and the molecules that bind them, we discuss several ways that innate immunity can play a role in the development of systemic autoimmunity.
Responses to Fasting and Glucose Loading in a Cohort of Well Children with Spinal Muscular Atrophy Type II.

Objective To examine the impact of fasting and glucose tolerance on selected metabolic variables in children with spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) type II in a well state, secondary to reports of glucose regulation abnormalities in SMA. Study design In this prospective pilot study, 6 children aged 7-11 years with SMA type II participated in an oral glucose tolerance test and a supervised medical fast during 2 overnight visits at the University of Utah. At baseline, a dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry scan was performed to determine body composition. Laboratory test results were obtained at baseline and in response to the respective interventions. Data analysis was descriptive. Prefasting and postfasting data were evaluated using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Results Based on the dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry scan, all 6 children were variably obese at baseline. All 6 exhibited hyperinsulinemia, and 3 of 6 met formal American Diabetes Association criteria for impaired glucose tolerance. According to homeostatic insulin resistance calculations, 5 of the 6 participants were insulin-resistant. All 6 participants tolerated a monitored fast for 20 hours without hypoglycemia (blood glucose Conclusion Children with SMA type II defined as obese using objective variables are at increased risk for impaired glucose tolerance regardless of whether or not they visually appear obese. Further studies are needed to determine the prevalence of impaired glucose tolerance and tolerance for fasting within the broader heterogeneous SMA population and to develop appropriate guidelines for intervention.
Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase from illuminated buckwheat hypocotyls and production of monoclonal antibodies

Abstract Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) was purified to apparent homogeneity from illuminated buckwheat hypocotyls. The purification process involved ammonium sulphate fractionation, gel filtration, ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-Bio-Gel, and chromatofocusing on PBE 94. The purified enzyme had a M r of 330 000 ± 16 500 with a subunit size of M r 85 000 ± 4000. Optimal activity of the enzyme was observed at pH 8.8. An apparent K m value of 157 μM was determined for phenylalanine which was the only substrate utilized by the enzyme. Antibodies against the buckwheat PAL were developed using standard monoclonal techniques. A preparation containing antibodies from three monoclonal lines was able to precipitate 100% of the enzyme activity from crude buckwheat extracts. Western blots showed immunorecognition of proteins with M r of 70 000; 65 000; and 55 000 in addition to the PAL subunit of M r 85 000. These additional proteins appeared to be degradation products of PAL.
Implicatures in Discourse: The Case of Spanish NP Anaphora

Implicatures in Discourse examines Spanish conversations and oral narratives in order to seek support for a pragmatic theory of anaphora. Blackwell argues that the use of anaphoric expressions may be considered conversational implicatures that give rise to inferences of coreference and non-coreference. Her analysis shows how speakers abide by Levinson's 'neo-Gricean' principles of Quantity, Informativeness, and Manner, but that grammatical, semantic, cognitive, and pragmatic constraints interact with the neo-Gricean principles, influencing anaphora use and interpretation. The study also reveals how mutual knowledge, including familiarity with Spanish social and cultural norms, enables interlocutors to use and comprehend minimal referring expressions, which cultural outsiders may not be able to interpret. While drawing on earlier work on anaphora and reference, this book offers a fresh look at discourse anaphora, and sheds light on the ways in which speakers felicitously use and interpret anaphoric expressions in a variety of communicative contexts.
The influence of electronic sound effects on learning from televised and live models

Infants rapidly accrue information via imitation from multiple sources, including television and electronic toys. In two experiments, we examined whether adding sound effects to video or live demonstrations would influence imitation by 6-, 12-, and 18-month-olds. In Experiment 1, we added matching and mismatching sound effects to target actions presented by a televised model. We found that 6-month-olds reproduced the target actions regardless of whether the sound effects were matched or mismatched, whereas 12- and 18-month-olds reproduced the actions only when the sound effects were matched. In Experiment 2, we added matching sound effects to target actions presented by a live model. The addition of sound effects disrupted imitation performance by 6-, 12-, and 18-month-olds. Overall, imitation provides a clear behavioral measure of rapid changes in learning from television and electronic toys during infancy. These findings have practical implications for producers and parents regarding learning in the digital age and theoretical implications regarding the development of integrated action-perception representational systems.
Linking Spatial Pattern and Biophysical Parameters of Urban Vegetation by Multitemporal Landsat Imagery

Rapid urbanization has profoundly transformed the urban vegetation structure and its biophysical condition throughout the world. This research examined the spatial pattern and temporal dynamic of different vegetation types in relation to two biophysical parameters of urban vegetation, the leaf area index and fraction of photosynthetically active radiation, through remote sensing techniques in the Baltimore-Washington corridor area from 1990 to 2010. The results show that the productivity of urban vegetation was affected by the urbanization and the associated fragmentation processes. These results help us track the vegetation changes caused by urbanization and anthropogenic land surface change.
Development of pendant drop mechanical analysis as a technique for determining the stress–relaxation and water-permeation properties of interfacially polymerized barrier layers

Interfacial polymerization (IP) involves the formation of solid polymeric films at the interface between aqueous and immiscible organic solutions via an interfacial polycondensation reaction between complementary monomeric reactants present in the two solutions. IP films are very thin (<0.25 μm) and form effective barrier layers in interfacially polymerized thin-film composite membranes. Considerable difficulties are encountered in applying conventional characterization techniques to such unsupported IP thin films. This article describes the development of a novel technique, pendant drop mechanical analysis (PDMA), which can be used to study the mechanical and transport behavior of unsupported IP films. Experiments were conducted on films formed in a PDMA apparatus via the IP polymerization of m-phenylene diamine and trimesoyl chloride (TMC). Stress–relaxation data obtained via PDMA were fitted with the Williams–Watts equation, and the results indicated a statistically significant dependence of the model parameters on the TMC concentration. Permeation experiments also demonstrated a statistically significant dependence of the membrane constant on the TMC concentration. The results provide unique insights regarding the relationship between structure and performance in unsupported IP films and suggest that network formation is enhanced in a concentration range of 0.1–0.3 wt % TMC. Although refinements are required, PDMA appears to be a promising technique for identifying optimum IP reaction conditions and assessing corresponding mechanical and transport characteristics. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 90: 2618–2628, 2003
Partitioning Behavior and Off‐Flavor Thresholds in Cookies from Plastic Packaging Film Printing Ink Compounds

Absolute off-flavor thresholds were determined for six solvents in a high fat cookie by a combination of sensory evaluation and gas chromatographic analysis for solvents. Thresholds at 25°C were toluene (1.2 ppm), butanone-2 (5 ppm), ethyl acetate (7 ppm), hexane (24 ppm), propanol-2 (37 ppm), 2-methoxy ethanol (63 ppm). Partition coefficients were also determined for these solvents in the cookies and in polypropylene packaging film to estimate the concentration in the film that could produce off-flavor in the cookies.
Quasi real-time microwave holography

Abstract The advantages of real-time microwave holography are reviewed. Real-time capabilities require real-time acquisition of the raw hologram data and real-time retrieval of images from the collected data. This paper examines in detail the acquisition of microwave hologram data by double circular scanning of a single reciever in the context of quasi real-time operation. The principle of the double circular scan is presented and the effect of this sampling format on the retrieved image analyzed. Optical bench simulation of hologram recording employing this sampling format is also presented. It is shown that such a scanning format has the attractive properties of economy, speed (≃1 holographic frame/sec) and excellent retrieved image quality. Finally, the compatibility of the double circular scan format with scanned transmitter-receiver holography is discussed in the context of practical low-cost systems.
The Beginning of the End for Microarrays

Two complementary approaches, both using next-generation sequencing, have successfully tackled the scale and the complexity of mammalian transcriptomes, at once revealing unprecedented detail and allowing better quantification.
Threshold collision-induced dissociation of hydrated cadmium (II): Experimental and theoretical investigation of the binding energies for Cd2+(H2O)n complexes (n = 4–11)

Abstract The first experimentally determined hydration energies of Cd 2+ (H 2 O) n complexes, n = 4–11, are measured using threshold collision-induced dissociation in a guided-ion-beam tandem mass spectrometer coupled with an electrospray-ionization source. Kinetic-energy-dependent cross-sections are obtained and analyzed to yield 0 K thresholds for losing one water ligand. The threshold measurements are converted to 298 K values to give the hydration enthalpies and free energies for sequentially losing one water. Trends in these values and calculations at the MP2(full)/SD/6-311+G(2d,2p)//B3LYP/SD/6-311+G(d,p) level are consistent with the inner-solvent shell of Cd 2+ being six waters.
Phosphorus fractions and fate of phosphorus-33 in soils under plowing and no-tillage.

Minimum tillage may alter soil P fractions through the application of P fertilizers and the deposition of organic matter on the surface rather than being incorporated into the soil. This study was conducted to determine whether no-tillage (NT) systems affected soil organic and inorganic P fractions and the transformation of P from residues applied to soils. Surface soils (0-2 cm) under NT and conventional tillage (CT) were sampled from three long-term research sites. Inorganic and organic P was measured in the NaHCO 3 , microbial, NaOH, NaOH after sonication, HCl, and residual fractions extracted sequentially. Soybean (Glycine max L.) residues labeled with P were added to soils, incubated, and extracted periodically, and 33 P was counted in the different P fractions. Levels of 31 P in NT were higher in some of the fractions compared with CT; however, there was no consistency in 31 P fractionation across soil types due to tillage in any of the inorganic and organic fractions, At the start of incubation, 56 to 82% of the applied P was extracted in the resin fraction in the three soils. Resin- 33 P followed a three-parameter single exponential decay model with a corresponding increase in other pools depending on soil. The increase in these pools followed a quadratic model in the three soils. By the end of the incubation period, the NaOH fraction accounted for the majority of the P released from the labile resin pool. An increase in the calcium phosphate pool occurred in the calcareous soil. Tillage had no effect on the fate of P released from soybean residues during the incubation period.
Phase equilibrium predictions for polar and hydrogen bonding mixtures

Abstract The Perturbed-Hard-Chain Theory (PHCT) has been generalized to treat pure compounds and mixtures with polar forces (dipoles and quadrupoles) as well as hydrogen bonding. The generalization to polar compounds is based on the perturbation expansion for anisotropic molecules by Gubbins and coworkers. The effects of hydrogen bonding are taken into account using an approach similar to that of Heidemann and Prausnitz. With these two generalizations, accurate mixture VLE and LLE predictions can be made, even for highly non-ideal systems, using pure component parameters alone.
A 42-ft grazing-incidence vacuum spectrograph

Abstract A 42-ft, grazing-incidence, vacuum spectrograph has been constructed at the California Institute of Technology. The optical system is of conventional design with the slit, concave ruled grating, and cylindrical plate holder 139 cm long, all mounted on a Rowland circle with a radius of a little over 21 ft (6·5 m). The wavelength range is from about 5–120 A and the linear dispersion ranges from 26·6 mm/A at 5 A to 6·61 mm/A at 110 A. The angle of grazing incidence of the radiation on the grating is less than one degree. A detailed description is given of the mechanical structure of the instrument and the method of focusing. A discussion of the ruled gratings which have been used, both successfully and unsuccessfully, is included.
Valuable, but not maximal: it's time behavior therapy attend to its behaviorism

The field of behavior therapy is not in touch with itself in terms of its overarching behaviorism. Many erroneously consider its basic behaviorism to have been radical behaviorism and continue to look to develop behavior therapy (including behavior analysis and behavioral assessment) within that framework. But that approach turns out to be much less than maximal because there is a more advanced, better developed behaviorism within which to conduct and project the field. There is much that behavior therapy is not doing in practice and research because it is not making full use of that behaviorism foundation.
Resuscitative strategies to maintain homeostasis during damage control surgery

Background: Successful outcome from damage control surgery (DCS) depends as much on elements of resuscitation and non-operative management as on details of the procedure itself. The early management of patients in haemorrhagic shock has undergone substantial revision in the past decade and is now known as ‘haemostatic resuscitation’. Methods: An updated literature review describing the anaesthetic and resuscitative management of patients with active, ongoing traumatic haemorrhage was distilled to present the current knowledge of the pathophysiology, recommended treatments and areas of active controversy. Results: Current practice in military and civilian trauma centres is described, along with the degree of evidence in support of clinical decisions. Resuscitation of patients with ongoing traumatic haemorrhage has changed substantially in the past two decades. Optimal management now includes deliberate hypotension to minimize blood loss, early use of blood products (especially plasma) and administration of antifibrinolytic therapy. Areas of debate include the role of clotting factor concentrates and depth of anaesthesia. Conclusion: Resuscitation strategies during DCS may be as important as the anatomical repair itself. Recommendations include avoidance of hypothermia, maintenance of a lower than normal blood pressure, and early support of the coagulation system in patients likely to require massive transfusion. Controversies include the optimal ratio of plasma to red blood cells for empirical resuscitation, the ideal role of clotting factor concentrates, and the potential benefit of early, deep anaesthesia. Future research will centre on the complex interaction between the humoral elements of coagulation and the vascular endothelium that regulates perfusion, clotting and integrity of the circulation. Copyright © 2011 British Journal of Surgery Society Ltd. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Inelastic neutrino-nucleon scattering and the q2 dependence of Regge residue functions

Abstract Inelastic neutrino-nucleon scattering is considered within the context of Harari's duality model. It is argued that the Regge residue function associated with the vector-axial-vector interference term should be rapidly damped at large | q 2 |. A causal representation is used to show a rapidly damped residue function is consistent with scale invariance and Regge asymptotic behavior. The scaling function F 3 ( ω ) is then show to approach a non-zero constant as ω = | q 2 |/ ν → 0 in contrast to previously suggested behavior.
The capacity contract: Locke, disability, and the political exclusion of “Idiots”

Underlying Locke's social compact is a capacity contract that hinges political membership on rational capacity. Unlike the sexual and racial contracts that enforce domination, Locke's capacity contract promises both exclusion and democratic solidarity. This twofold interpretation follows from Locke's treatment of disability and, in particular, his construction of idiocy as both fundamentally human and analogous to nonhuman animals. As a domination contract, the capacity contract marks some bodies as more vulnerable than others and strips them of political membership to safeguard political legitimacy. The democratic capacity contract, however, sees vulnerability as an essential marker of human life that prompts men to form the social compact to counteract everyday injustices.
Dorsal-Ventral Pattern of Delta Trafficking Is Established by a Snail-Tom-Neuralized Pathway

The intracellular trafficking of the Notch ligand Delta plays an important role in the activation of the Notch pathway. We have addressed the snail-dependent regulation of Delta trafficking during the plasma membrane growth of the mesoderm in the Drosophila embryo. We show that Delta is retained in endocytic vesicles in the mesoderm but expressed on the surface of the adjacent ectoderm. This trafficking pattern requires Neuralized. We developed a protocol based on chromosomal deletion and microarray analysis that led to the identification of tom as the target of snail regulating Delta trafficking. Snail represses Tom expression in the mesoderm and thereby activates Delta trafficking. Overexpression of Tom abolishes Delta trafficking and signaling to the adjacent mesoectoderm. Loss of Tom produces mesoderm-type Delta trafficking in the entire blastoderm epithelium and an expansion of mesoectoderm gene expression. We propose that Tom antagonizes the activity of Neuralized and thus establishes a sharp mesoderm-mesoectoderm boundary of Notch signaling.
On the LET dependence of thermally stimulated exoelectron emission

Abstract If the emission rate of low-energy electrons from the surface of irradiated ionic crystals is plotted as a function of temperature, a characteristic curve with one or several peaks which are related to the surface trap distribution, is obtained. It has been observed that the peak ratio in some materials such as CaSO 4 , SrSO 4 and BaSO 4 is different after exposure to alpha and to gamma radiation. The fading kinetics also depend on LET. This effect is of interest for several dosimetric applications of thermally stimulated exoelectron emission.
Defining Useful Limits for Spectral Reflectance Measures in Corn

ABSTRACT Recent work has shown that spectral measurements from a corn (Zea mays L.) canopy can be used to reliably predict differences in growth and nutrient status. Most researchers have found that the accuracy of this assessment increases as the season progresses. In contrast, real differences upon which to base management decisions need to be measured as early in the season as possible due to the time restrictions associated with fertilizer and chemical application equipment and weather. The objectives of this research were to evaluate the relationship between Normalized Difference Vegetative Index (NDVI) measurements and corn biomass and grain yield and to define upper and lower limits for effectively using NDVI measurements to make in-season management decisions in corn. Forage biomass and grain yield from eight field studies conducted in the Coastal Plain of Virginia in 2005 were compared to indirect measures of spectral reflectance and leaf area index (LAI). The NDVI was well correlated with vegeta...
Psychiatry education programs for nonpsychiatrist physicians: a 10-year perspective.

Abstract Among the various efforts of the National Institute of Mental Health to utilize available manpower in the early detection and treatment of people with emotional disorder is the development of postgraduate educational programs for nonpsychiatrist physicians. In 1955 the first JAMA issue devoted to annual continuing education programs listed a total of 31 psychiatry courses available to nonpsychiatrist physicians in the United States. 1 Each subsequent annual issue has indicated that the number of psychiatry courses offered has exceeded the number offered by any other specialty, until 1970 when internal medicine closed the gap on psychiatry. 2 In its peak year, 1969, psychiatry offered 263 continuing education courses for nonpsychiatrist physicians, most of which were NIMH-supported. 3 The authors' own program is entering its 12th year. It extends into central and southern California as well as Arizona and lists 413 enrollees receiving almost 10,000 total instructional hours yearly. The trends in our own program may be applicable to newly emerging ones, and our experience should be of benefit to those program directors seeking some guidelines in overall planning, implementation, and evaluation.
Kinetic Stress Testing and the Influence of Long-Time Anneals on the Behavior of IZO Thin Film Transistors

Stability testing of indium-zinc oxide under extreme conditions is necessary before the metal oxide can be deemed a reliable alternative to a-Si as channel layer in thin film transistors (TFTs). In this paper, we apply thermal stress under positive and negative gate bias stress creating practical application conditions. This stress scenario gives greater insight into thermally activated defects in the presence of an electrical field. Operational temperatures of 20 °C, 50 °C, and 80 °C are used, and a more rapid degradation of the devices is seen with increased temperatures. Kink and dip are observed due to the donor-like trapped charges increasing the subthreshold swing and acceptor-like trapped charges reducing the ON current, respectively. Post fabrication, long-time anneals for 12-, 24-, 36-, 48-, and 60-h at low temperatures (150 °C) are performed to alleviate defects. The 48-h annealed TFTs show remarkable stability under extreme temperatures and electric fields maintaining a high ON-OFF ratio (~108) after 104 s. This is attributed to the reduced density of charges in acceptor-like trap states, modeled to reduce by 58% from a 12-h anneal and to insignificant extent over a 48-h anneal.
Small-mammal herbivore control of secondary succession in New England tidal marshes

Secondary succession is impacted by both biotic and abiotic forces, but their relative importance varies due to environmental drivers. Across estuarine salinity gradients, physical stress increases with salinity, and biotic stresses are greater at lower salinities. In southern New England tidal marshes spanning a landscape-scale salinity gradient, we experimentally examined the effects of physical stress and consumer pressure by mammalian herbivores on secondary succession in artificially created bare patches. Recovery was slower in marshes exposed to full-strength seawater, where physical stress is high. Compared to full-strength salt marshes, recovery in low-salinity marshes was much faster and was influenced by small-mammal consumers. At lower salinities, small mammals selectively ate and prevented the establishment of several native and two invasive, nuisance species (Typha angustifolia and Phragmites australis) but were unable to control the expansion of established P. australis stands. By controlling the establishment of competitively dominant species and the trajectory of secondary succession in low-salinity marshes, small mammals may play a cryptic keystone role in estuarine plant communities and are a critical, overlooked consideration in the conservation and management of estuarine marshes.
Modeling effects of granules on the start-up of anaerobic digestion of dairy wastewater with Langmuir and extended Freundlich equations

The effects of granules-inocula on the start-up of anaerobic reactors treating dairy manure were studied in a batch-fed reactor. The effects of start-up period and ratio of granules to feed were analyzed. Results indicated that the effects of start-up period could be described by Langmuir model, while the Extended Freundlich model could be used to model the effects of ratio of granules to feed on cumulative biogas production. In addition, transmission electron microscopes (TEM) and scanning electron microscope analysis were conducted to elucidate the distribution of microbial population and micro-colonies in granules and manure. From the TEM micrographs analyses, the ratios the Syntrophobacter and methanogens in granule and manure were shown to be 1.57 ± 0.42 and 0.22 ± 0.20, respectively. These results demonstrated that granules-inocula could reduce the period required for onset of biogas by 25%.
An Efficient Fault Recovery Algorithm in Multiprocessor Mixed-Criticality Systems

Recent years, there is an increasing interest of integrating mixed-criticality functionalities onto a shared computing platform in automotive, avionics and the control industry. The benefits of such an integration include reduced hardware cost and high computational performance. Also, new challenges appear as a result of the integration since interferences across tasks with different criticalities are introduced and these interferences could potentially lead to catastrophic results. Failures are likely to be more frequent due to the interferences. Hence, it is becoming increasingly important to deal with faults in mixed-criticality systems. Although several approaches have been proposed to handle failures in mixed-criticality systems, they come either with a high cost due to a hardware replication (spatial redundancy) or with a poor utilization due to re-execution (time redundancy). In this paper, we study a scheme that provides fault recovery through task reallocations in response to permanent faults in multiprocessor mixed-criticality systems. We present an algorithm to minimize the number of task reallocations while retaining the promise that the most critical applications continue to meet their deadlines. The performance evaluation of the proposed algorithm is carried out by comparing it with two baseline algorithms. In order to evaluate the performance of algorithms from the perspective of mixed-criticality systems, we choose the state of art metric called ductility to formally measure the effects of deadline misses for tasks with different criticality levels. Under this metric, a high-criticality task is considered more important than all low-criticality tasks combined. The simulation results confirm the effectiveness of our proposed algorithm in both minimizing the number of task reallocations and retaining the promised performance of high-criticality tasks.
A Fluorescent Lectin Test for Mold in Raw Tomato Juice

Fungal (mold) contamination is an important indieator of low quality raw product in the processing tomato industry. A quantitative lectin assay was developed that was less expensive, faster, and more precise than the industry standard Howard mold count. This assay, based on a fluorescent-labeled lectin isolated from wheat germ, had a selective affinity for the chitin in fungal cell walls. Assay values were correlated with mold comamination for 4 fungal species: Alternaria alternata (r 2 = 0.91), Cladosparium herbarum (r 2 = 0.75), Fusarium asysporum (r 2 = 0.97), and Stemphylium botryosum (r 2 = 0.99). Combining all 4 species, the lectin assay bad a strong correlation (r 2 = 0.76) with a lincarized Howard mold count.
Correlation Functions for β =1 Ensembles of Matrices of Odd Size

Using the method of Tracy and Widom we rederive the correlation functions for β=1 Hermitian and real asymmetric ensembles of N×N matrices with N odd.