cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Insulin and insulin-like growth factor II suppress neuropeptide Y release from the nerve terminals in the paraventricular nucleus: a putative hypothalamic site for energy homeostasis

It has been recently recognized that a distinct signaling pathway in the hypothalamus is involved in the stimulation of feeding in mammals. Neuropeptide Y (NPY), a member of the pancreatic polypeptide family, is the most potent orexigenic signal, and its secretion in discrete hypothalamic sites increases in response to insulinopenia produced by food deprivation or experimental diabetes. To establish the site of interaction between the hypothalamus and the pancreas, we examined the effects of insulin on NPY release in vivo and in vitro from hypothalamic sites known to be involved in feeding behavior. In the first study we evaluated the effects of peripheral insulin injections (1 U/kg.day, sc) on NPY levels in seven hypothalamic nuclei in food-deprived (FD) and ad libitum-fed rats. Whereas food deprivation for 3 days increased NPY levels in the medial preoptic area, paraventricular nucleus (PVN), and arcuate nucleus, insulin injections, which did not alter blood glucose levels, returned NPY levels to the control range selectively in the PVN. NPY levels in the hypothalamic nuclei remained unchanged after insulin injections in ad libitum-fed rats. The in vivo NPY release in the PVN of FD rats, evaluated by the push-pull cannula technique, also decreased in response to peripheral insulin injections. Finally, the effects of insulin, insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), and IGF-II on NPY release in vitro from the microdissected PVN and two central neighboring sites, the ventromedial nucleus and the median eminence-arcuate nucleus, of FD rats were evaluated. Both insulin (0.67 or 6.7 nM) and IGF-II (0.7 or 7.0 nM) decreased the release of NPY in a dose-dependent manner only from the PVN. On the other hand, IGF-I (0.07 or 7.0 nM) failed to alter the basal PVN NPY efflux. As the PVN is richly innervated by NPY-containing nerve terminals, the results of these in vivo and in vitro studies suggest that the site of insulin action on the hypothalamic NPY network may reside at the level of PVN nerve terminals or at the interneurons in contact with NPY nerve terminals. Although insulin may have a direct effect in reducing NPY release from the PVN, the effectiveness of IGF-II in decreasing NPY release from the PVN raises the possibility that insulin's action may also be mediated via hypothalamic IGF-II neuronal pathways.
pH Induced increase in cyclic GMP reactivity with cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinases☆

Abstract Cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinases have been found which exhibit an enhanced capacity to bind cyclic GMP at acidic values of pH. The binding of cyclic GMP to a protein kinase from skeletal muscle, eluted as a single peak from DEAE cellulose columns, is inversely proportional to pH between the values of 7 to 4; the enzyme exhibits a 5 fold greater ability to bind cyclic [ 3 H]-GMP (10 −8 M) at pH 4.0 than 7.0. Protein kinases prepared from skeletal or uterine muscle, eluted as the first of two peaks from DEAE cellulose, exhibited similar pH dependent changes in specificity for cyclic GMP as determined by inhibition of cyclic [ 3 H]-AMP binding. Acidic pH did not appreciably enhance the binding of cyclic [ 3 H]-AMP to kinases prepared from aged skeletal muscle or kinase eluted as the second peak from DEAE cellulose.
Chaotic differentiation operators on harmonic functions and simple connectivity

We characterize the simple connectivity of a planar region in terms of the dynamics of differentiation operators on the space of complex-valued harmonic functions on the region.
Geometry Optimization with an Infinite Basis Set

We show that geometries can be optimized directly at a level corresponding to extrapolation to an infinite basis set. Numerical examples demonstrate that geometries obtained with gradients extrapolated to the infinite-basis limit agree well with geometries calculated with much bigger basis sets than those used for the calculation. The method may also be used to calculate reaction paths or classical trajectories directly at the extrapolated infinite-basis limit.
2014 Hans O. Mauksch Address: Neoliberalism and Higher Education How a Misguided Philosophy Undermines Teaching Sociology

This article argues that neoliberalism is a critical public issue influencing the apparently private troubles of college students and teachers. For example, earning a college degree has become ever...
Uncertainties in vibrational amplitudes

Abstract A method is presented for calculating the Cartesian displacement dispersions from the uncertainties of force constants and their correlation coefficients. Selected examples of uncertainty caused by vibrational coupling of modes are shown for a least-squares refined force field (1,2,4-trichlorobenzene and monochlorobenzene) and an assumed force field (coumarin) where the reliability of the transferred force constants is doubtful. The advantage of determining the displacement uncertainties prior to consideration of their possible physical significance is graphically illustrated.
Temporal and spatial differences in septation during synchronous mycelium and bud formation by Candida albicans

We have examined the time and location of the first septa formed by cells of Candida albicans when such cells were induced to grow synchronously as either mycelial or budding cultures. Synchronous growth was initiated by inoculating stationary-phase cells into an amino acid medium with a pH of either 6.5 or 4.5. Septa were visualized with the fluorescent stain Calcofluor. Evidence is presented that: (1) During both synchronous mycelium and bud formation, lightly staining septa first appear and 30 to 40 minutes later abruptly convert to darkly staining septa. (2) Although the times of evagination for mycelium and bud formation are the same, the times of septum formation differ. During bud formation the average septum forms very close to the time of initial evagination; during mycelium formation the average septum forms 30 minutes after evagination. (3) The location of septum formation differs. During bud formation, the septa invariably form at the junction of the mother cell and bud; during mycelium formation, the average septum forms in the tube approximately 2 μm from the junction of mother cell and tube. (4) During mycelium formation, the average septum forms when the mycelium is approximately 7 μm in length, and no tube elongation occurs between septum and mother cell once the initial septum is formed. A mutant strain, M11, is also described which begins to form a mycelium under conditions conducive to mycelium formation, but upon septation generates a bud distal to the septum.
Book review: Computational explorations in cognitive neuroscience: understanding the mind by simulating the brain by O'Reilly, R. C., & Munakata, Y.

Abstract Randall C. O'Reilly is an assistant professor in the Department of Psychology and Institute of Cognitive Science at the University of Colorado at Boulder. In 1996, he received his Ph.D. in psychology from Carnegie Mellon University under the supervision of Professor James L. McClelland. From 1996 to 1997, Randall O'Reilly was awarded a McDonnell–Pew Cognitive Neuroscience Postdoctoral Fellowship to study at the Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He has served on several National Institutes of Health grant peer review panels and is currently an associate editor of the journal Cognitive Science . Professor O'Reilly's primary research interests are concerned with understanding the biological basis of cognitive processes through a variety of methodologies including computational and formal models of the biological bases of cognition. Yuko Munakata is an associate professor in the Department of Psychology at the University of Denver. In 1996, she received her Ph.D. in psychology from Carnegie Mellon University under the supervision of Professor James L. McClelland. Professor Munakata is a panel member of the NIH Biobehavioral and Behavioral Processes Study Section, a recent recipient of the Boyd R. McCandless Young Scientist Award (American Psychological Association), and Co-Editor (with M. Johnson and R. O. Gilmore) of the book Brain Development and Cognition: A Reader (2nd ed.). From 1996 to 1997, Yuko Munakata was awarded a McDonnell–Pew Cognitive Neuroscience Postdoctoral Fellowship to study at the Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Professor Munakata's primary research interests are concerned with the development and evaluation of neural network models and other representational systems for the purposes of understanding human cognitive development. Richard M. Golden is associate professor of psychology, cognitive science, and electrical engineering at the University of Texas at Dallas. Professor Golden is currently a member of the editorial boards of the journals Neural Networks , Neural Processing Letters , and the Journal of Mathematical Psychology , which focus upon computational and mathematical analyses of neurally inspired mathematical models. He is also a member of the Governing Board of the Society for Text and Discourse and the author of the book Mathematical Methods for Neural Network Analysis and Design . Professor Golden's primary research interests are concerned with the development and evaluation of formal models of higher level cognitive processes through a variety of methodologies from fields such as dynamical systems theory, optimization theory, statistical pattern recognition, and computational cognitive neuroscience.
ENVIRONMENTAL OCCURRENCE AND MASS SPECTRAL IDENTIFICATION OF ETHYLENE GLYCOL DERIVATIVES

Abstract Ethylene glycol derivatives are commonly used, commercial products. Surprisingly, there have been very few reported incidences of environmental contamination caused by these compounds even though their commercial production is quite high. Since few mass spectra of these chemicals are in reference collections, their proper identification could have been simply overlooked. Mass spectral characteristics of these compounds are outlined, along with methods for their exact structural determination.
Looking beyond 'information provision': the importance of being a kiosk operator in the sustainable access in rural India (SARI) project, Tamilnadu, India

Development projects based on Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) attract significant funding support. Many such projects are initiated on the premise that ICTs can play an important role in reducing acute information asymmetries in low-income regions. Advocates of ICT-based projects hope that the provision of information will lead to effective markets and economic development. However, is it in their role as information providers that ICT-based projects shape the most change? Based on my research on an ICT-based project called Sustainable Access in Rural India in Tamilnadu, I argue that change in this project was shaped less by the provision of information to an entire community than by the spaces for interaction that the project opened up specifically for female kiosk operators. In their role as intermediaries between the state and citizens, operators in this project started to see the state differently and were, in turn, perceived differently by the village community.
Cerebral radiation necrosis: A review of the pathobiology, diagnosis and management considerations

Radiation therapy forms one of the building blocks of the multi-disciplinary management of patients with brain tumors. Improved survival following radiation therapy may come with a cost, including the potential complication of radiation necrosis. Radiation necrosis impacts the quality of life in cancer survivors, and it is essential to detect and effectively treat this entity as early as possible. Significant progress in neuro-radiology and molecular pathology facilitate more straightforward diagnosis and characterization of cerebral radiation necrosis. Several therapeutic interventions, both medical and surgical, may halt the progression of radiation necrosis and diminish or abrogate its clinical manifestations, but there are still no definitive guidelines to follow explicitly that guide treatment of radiation necrosis. We discuss the pathobiology, clinical features, diagnosis, available treatment modalities, and outcomes in the management of patients with intracranial radiation necrosis that follows radiation used to treat brain tumors.
Minimum-Phase Transfer-Function Synthesis

This paper presents a means for realizing a minimum-phase transfer-function H(p) to within a constant multiplier, provided that H(p) has no poles on the j \omega -axis including infinity. The network is in ladder form, without coupled coils, and every coil has an associated series resistance if H(j \omega) \neq 0 for any finite \omega Synthesis is illustrated for the specification of resistance termination at input and output, and for the specification of a resistor-capacitor termination at both ends. Regardless of the complexity of H(p) , the synthesis problem can always be reduced to the problem of synthesizing driving-point functions that are no more complicated than the ratio of quadratic polynomials in p . The method to be described is an extension of constant-resistance ladder network synthesis.
Comparative biochemical studies on human placental cord and adult sera used in tissue culture.

Abstract A comparative analysis between human adult serum and placental cord serum, both used in tissue culture, showed that adult serum contains higher concentrations of total proteins, lipoproteins, and glycoproteins. These differences were found to be statistically significant. Among the free amino acids, lysine in cord serum was approximately three times that found in adult serum. The biological significance of these findings is briefly discussed.
Interaction between cytoplasmic (Ca2+—Mg2+) ATPase activator and the erythrocyte membrane

Human red blood cells (RBC) contain a cytoplasmic, nonhemoglobin protein which activates the (Ca2+-Mg2+)ATPase of isolated RBC membranes. Results presented in this paper confirm that activation of (Ca2+-Mg2+)ATPase is associated with binding of the cytoplasmic activator to the membrane. Binding of the cytoplasmic activator is reversible and dependent on ionic strength and Ca2+. Cytoplasmic activator is sensitive to trypsin but is not degraded when intact RBC are exposed to trypsin. Cytoplasmic activator does not modify the (Ca2+-Mg2+)-ATPase of membranes from RBC exposed to activator prior to hemolysis. Thus, the activator is located in the cell and appears to act by binding to the inner membrane surface.
Comorbid substance use disorder in women with bipolar disorder associated with criminal arrest.

Objectives: Previous research has indicated that comorbid substance abuse in patients with bipolar disorder (BPD) is strongly linked to criminal arrest. This study was conducted to further evaluate possible gender differences in substance use and risk of criminality in BPD. Methods: Subjects were selected from all inmates with a DSM-IV diagnosis of BPD type I at Los Angeles County correctional facility. As a comparison, a sample of Los Angeles County patients with BPD type I who had not been arrested during the course of their psychiatric treatment within LA County was identified. The county's Management Information System (MIS) was utilized to obtain primary and secondary diagnoses as well as demographic information. Results: The odds of having a comorbid substance use diagnosis for arrested female patients was more than 38 times that for community female patients (odds ratio = 38.75). Women were more likely to have been arrested for violent and substance use charges; men were more likely to have been arrested for theft and miscellaneous charges. Conclusions: Substance abuse appears to be a significant risk factor for arrest in patients with BPD and is especially significant for women with BPD. Our study suggests that comorbid BPD and substance use in women may significantly increase the risk of criminal arrest.
Agammaglobulinemia associated with BCR⁻ B cells and enhanced expression of CD19.

Expression of a BCR is critical for B-cell development and survival. We have identified 4 patients with agammaglobulinemia and markedly reduced but detectable B cells in the peripheral circulation. These B cells have an unusual phenotype characterized by increased expression of CD19 but no BCR. The cells are positive for CD20, CD22, and CD38, but not for Annexin 5 or activation markers, including CD69, CD83, or CD86. EBV lines derived from these B cells lack functionally rearranged immunoglobulin heavy-chain transcripts, as shown by PCR–rapid amplification of cDNA ends (PCR-RACE). Analysis of BM from 2 of the patients showed a severe reduction in the number of pro-B cells as well as pre-B cells. Functionally rearranged heavy-chain transcripts were identified, indicating that machinery to rearrange immunoglobulin genes was intact. Flow cytometry of B-lineage cells suggested accelerated acquisition of maturation markers in early B-cell precursors and increased phosphorylation of signal transduction molecules. Further, expression of TdT, a molecule that is normally down-regulated by a functional pre-BCR complex, was decreased. We hypothesize that the accelerated maturation, increased expression of CD19, and lack of a BCR were due to the constitutive activation of the BCR signal transduction pathway in these patients.
Solvent-Dependent Lithium Bridging in Allenyl-Propargyllithium Reagents.

The solution structures of two allenyl−propargyllithium reagents (6-Li and 7-Li) which give 13C NMR chemical shifts intermediate between those expected for the allenyl and propargyl isomers have been studied by the Saunders isotope perturbation technique. Variable equilibrium isotope shifts were detected, showing that these reagents adopt structures ranging from equilibrating localized allenyl- and propargyllithium reagents (1A ⇌ 1B) to equilibrating unsymmetrically bridged structures (11) and symmetrically bridged structures (2), depending mostly on the details of solvation.
Invited Paper Photorefractive Effect In BaTiO 3 :Fe

High-purity BaTiO 3 single crystals (with transition-metal ion impurity levels well below 1016 cm-3 ) and a series of iron-doped BaTiO 3 crystals with iron concentrations ranging from 5 to 1000 ppm were grown. These crystals were annealed in oxidizing and reducing atmospheres and their photorefractive properties characterized. A thermodynamic defect model was used to predict changes in the valence state of the iron as a function of annealing temperature, oxygen partial pressure and iron concentration. It was found that the "pure" crystals were photorefractive and that the saturation diffraction efficiency of gratings established in both the doped and the undoped crystals increased when the crystals were annealed in reducing atmospheres, but did not scale with the concentration of iron in the crystals. The evidence suggests that variable-valent iron ions are not the dominant photorefractive centers in these samples.
Similarities Among the Shapes of Writing and Their Effects on Learning

Writing systems are usually studied in terms of the level of language that they represent, with little attention to the shapes that are used to do so. Those shapes are not random or accidental, however. They tend to be similar to one another within a script. Many of the Latin letters have a roughly vertical stem or hasta with an appendage or coda to the right. This arrangement is more common than one with the coda on the left of the hasta. We present data to show that young children are generally better at copying and writing from memory shapes such as and , which have the typical arrangement with the coda on the right, than those such as and , which do not. The results suggest that children start to learn about the statistics of the letter shapes before they know how or that these shapes represent language.
The determination of picomole levels of 5-hydroxytryptamine and dopamine inAplysia, Tritonia and leech nervous tissues

Abstract Methods have been presented for the determination of two biogenic amines (5-HT and DA) in nervous tissues of various invertebrates. The sensitivity of these methods is such that 2 and 4 pmoles of 5-HT and DA, respectively, can be measured quantitatively. Results have been presented on the levels of these amines in individual ganglia and nerve trunks of Aplysia, Tritonia and leech and in isolated Retzius cells of the leech.
Educating software executives: a doctorate in software management

This presents a model that integrates "best theory and practice" into a doctoral program focused on the development of leaders for the software industry. The advantage of a study centered on improvement of the software process should be intuitively obvious. This provides an overview, a model, and a course array.
Biologic Tissue Sampling With Untethered Microgrippers

Even with advances in non-invasive diagnosis of diseases such as cancer or inflammatory diseases, tissue biopsy coupled with histopathologic examination remains the gold standard in establishing an accurate diagnosis.1–2 Generally, effective tissue diagnosis is fundamentally based on biopsying lesions that are suspicious based on visual inspection. Nevertheless, numerous mucosal conditions, such as dysplasia in ulcerative colitis or Barrett’s esophagus, are not always readily recognizable visually, and thus mandate surveillance protocols that involve random biopsies.3 To effectively sample large organs such as the colon, numerous biopsies are required,4 which can be time consuming. Moreover, due to the size of current forceps and the associated mucosal trauma and to the serial operation of the forceps, the number of random biopsies that can be realistically carried out is limited. Consequently, the current standard of care for cancer surveillance in ulcerative colitis patients is performed with at least 33 sequential biopsies (4-quadrant biopsies every 10 cm), which we estimate cumulatively samples less than 0.3% of colonic mucosa. The low sampling coverage may be ineffective at detecting precancerous or cancerous lesions, especially for early, small lesions that are also the most treatable.
Fragmentation Energetics of Clusters Relevant to Atmospheric New Particle Formation

The exact mechanisms by which small clusters form and grow in the atmosphere are poorly understood, but this process may significantly impact cloud condensation nuclei number concentrations and global climate. Sulfuric acid is the key chemical component to new particle formation (NPF), but basic species such as ammonia are also important. Few laboratory experiments address the kinetics or thermodynamics of acid and base incorporation into small clusters. This work utilizes a Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer equipped with surface-induced dissociation to investigate time- and collision-energy-resolved fragmentation of positively charged ammonium bisulfate clusters. Critical energies for dissociation are obtained from Rice–Ramsperger–Kassel–Marcus/quasi-equilibrium theory modeling of the experimental data and are compared to quantum chemical calculations of the thermodynamics of cluster dissociation. Fragmentation of ammonium bisulfate clusters occurs by two pathways: (1) a two-ste...
British Reforms, Commercial Agriculture, and Agrarian Distress in India

The best laid plans for social and economic transformation often fail, fare badly, suffer poor implementation, take a century or more to succeed, or deceptively mask other motivations. Those deviat...
Guidelines for facilitating systemic change in school districts

This paper opens by addressing the emerging need for systemic change in K-12 school systems, with consideration given to requirements for new mindsets on educational change. Given the history of less than successful attempts at educational change, the need exists for a guidance system which helps change facilitators to guide school districts and communities through a systemic change process. The paper describes the characteristics and elements of a systemic change guidance system which builds on the principles of process facilitation and systems design. It examines in detail the integral values or beliefs related to facilitation and systemic change, the types of events (sets of activities) typically needed, and the processes which form the guidance system. Also discussed is the process used to create the guidance system. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Alignment of Single-Case Design (SCD) Research with Individuals Who Are Deaf or Hard of Hearing with the What Works Clearinghouse Standards for SCD Research.

The authors assessed the quality of single-case design (SCD) studies that assess the impact of interventions on outcomes for individuals who are deaf or hard-of-hearing (DHH). More specifically, the What Works Clearinghouse (WWC) standards for SCD research were used to assess design quality and the strength of evidence of peer-reviewed studies available in the peer-reviewed, published literature. The analysis yielded four studies that met the WWC standards for design quality, of which two demonstrated moderate to strong evidence for efficacy of the studied intervention. Results of this review are discussed in light of the benefits and the challenges to applying the WWC design standards to research with DHH individuals and other diverse, low-incidence populations.
Dietary Behaviors and Oral-Systemic Health in Women

The impact of dietary behaviors and food consumption and their relation to oral health are significant public health issues. Women and men exhibit different dietary behaviors. Understanding the influences of dietary behaviors on oral health from the perspective of gender disparities, however, is limited. This article provides the intersections of dietary factors and oral-systemic health for which women are at greater risk than men. Topics include the effect of dietary choices on oral health disparities seen in female patients. Interventional strategies at the local and community level that are designed to influence the balance between dietary habits and oral-systemic health are discussed.
The Tristan on-line isotope separator facility☆

Abstract The Tristan facility consists of an isotope separator and associated nuclear spectroscopy equipment located at the Ames Laboratory Research Reactor. It is used for on-line studies of short-lived neutron-rich nuclides produced by fission of enriched 235U. The facility is first described in terms of the target and neutron irradiation system along with the associated transport line. Next, the isotope separator is described with emphasis placed on developments of components for on-line operation, and results obtained from tests for mass purity. Ion beam handling to several detector stations through the use of a switching magnet is discussed along with a description of the stations. Also included are the design considerations of a moving tape collector and its drive electronics; retention measurements on tape material; control unit for time sequencing of beam, data accumulation, and tape transport; detector station for study of delayed neutrons; and a high-resolution π 2 β- ray spectrometer. Some of the operational experiences over an eight-year period are discussed.
Reducing price fluctuation in continuous double auctions through pricing policy and shout improvement

Auction mechanism design is a subfield of game theory dedicated to manipulating the rules of an auction so as to achieve specific goals. The complexity of the dynamics of auctions, especially continuous double auctions, makes it difficult to apply the usual analytic game-theoretic methods to do this. This paper takes an experimental approach, searching a parameterized space of possible auction types, and presents a new pricing policy for continuous double auctions. The paper further demonstrates how this policy, together with a shout improvement rule, helps to reduce the fluctuation of transaction prices in auctions involving agents with minimum intelligence while keeping the overall efficiency high.
Proton radiography: its uses and resolution scaling

A new technique in charged particle radiography was invented in 1995 at Los Alamos National Laboratory utilizing the 800MeV proton beam at the Los Alamos Neutron Science Center (LANSCE).At present proton radiography (pRad) has proven to be useful in the study of explosives driven dynamic phenomena, and quasi-static systems such as metal eutectics. For static objects, tomographic imaging has been demonstrated with possible use to study failure mechanism in materials such as nuclear fuel pellets. The basic principles of pRad will be presented along with selected representative results.
Ineffiient Hiring in Entry-Level Labor Markets

Hiring inexperienced workers generates information about their abilities. If this information is public, workers obtain its benefits. If workers cannot compensate firms for hiring them, firms will hire too few inexperienced workers. I determine the effects of hiring workers and revealing more information about their abilities through a field experiment in an online marketplace. I hired 952 randomly-selected workers, giving them either detailed or coarse public evaluations. Both hiring workers and providing more detailed evaluations substantially improved workers' subsequent employment outcomes. Under plausible assumptions, the experiment's market-level benefits exceeded its cost, suggesting that some experimental workers had been inefficiently unemployed.
Cross-layered design of security scheme for cooperative MIMO sensor networks

Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) systems employ multiple antennas to provide extremely high spectral efficiencies through space multiplexing and link reliability through space diversity for wireless communication. Since it is unrealistic to equip multiple antennas to small and inexpensive nodes, virtual/cooperative MIMO technology that enables distributed single-antenna systems cooperating on data transmission and reception as a multiple antenna array is a promising technique and has attracted many researchers. A virtual MIMO network can be formed by clustering a network of single-antenna nodes, where each cluster is called a virtual MIMO node and the single-antenna nodes in a cluster are called as primary nodes which cooperate on data transmission and reception [1–4].
Taurine Supplementation of Plant Derived Protein and n-3 Fatty Acids are Critical for Optimal Growth and Development of Cobia, Rachycentron canadum

We examined growth performance and the lipid content in juvenile cobia, Rachycentron canadum, fed a taurine supplemented (1.5 %), plant protein based diet with two fish oil replacements. The first fish oil replacement was a thraustochytrid meal (TM + SOY) plus soybean oil (~9 % CL) and the second was a canola oil supplemented with the essential fatty acids (EFA) docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and arachidonic acid (ARA) (~8 % CL). The diet using the thraustochytrid meal plus soybean oil performed equivalently to the fish oil diet; both resulting in significantly higher growth rates, lower feed conversion ratios, and higher survival than the supplemented canola oil diet, even though all three diets were similar in overall energy and met known protein and lipid requirements for cobia. The poor performance of the canola oil diet was attributed to insufficient addition of EFA in the supplemented canola oil source. Increasing levels of EFA in the supplemented canola oil above 0.5 g EFA kg−1 would likely improve results with cobia. When fish fed either of the fish oil replacement diets were switched to the fish oil control diet, fatty acid profiles of the fillets were observed to transition toward that of the fish oil diet and could be predicted based on a standard dilution model. Based on these findings, a formulated diet for cobia can be produced without fish products providing 100 % survivorship, specific growth rates greater than 2.45 and feed conversion ratios less than 1.5, as long as taurine is added and EFA levels are above 0.5 g EFA kg−1.
Integration of representation into goal-driven behavior-based robots

An architecture that integrates a map representation into a reactive, subsumption-based mobile robot is described. This fully integrated reactive system removes the distinction between the control program and the map. The method was implemented and tested on a mobile robot equipped with a ring of sonars and a compass, and programmed with a collection of simple, incrementally designed behaviors. The robot performs collision-free navigation, dynamic landmark detection, map construction and maintenance, and path planning. Given any known landmark as a goal, the robot plans and executes the shortest known path to it. If the goal is not reachable, the robot detects failure, updates the map, and finds an alternate route. The topological representation primitives are designed to suit the robot's sensors and its navigation behavior, thus minimizing the amount of stored information. Distributed over a collection of behaviors, the map itself performs constant-time localization and linear-time path planning. The approach is qualitative and robust. >
A tutorial review of economic model predictive control methods

An overview of the recent results on economic model predictive control (EMPC) is presented and discussed addressing both closed-loop stability and performance for nonlinear systems. A chemical process example is used to provide a demonstration of a few of the various approaches. The paper concludes with a brief discussion of the current status of EMPC and future research directions to promote and stimulate further research potential in this area.
Comment on “Path-integral virial estimator based on the scaling of fluctuation coordinates: Application to quantum clusters with fourth-order propagators” [J. Chem. Phys. 123, 104101 (2005)]

The comment attempts to clarify what constitutes a safe use of the Feynman-Kac formula for the purpose of deriving estimators through formal differentiation of the density matrix.
Mapping of the galactose genes of Escherichia coli by transduction with phage P1

Abstract A cluster of genes for galactose metabolism lies on the Escherichia coli linkage map as follows: -threonine-leucine-proline-lactose-adenine-galactose-prophage 82-prophage λ-prophage 434-tryptophan-. The order of 15 galactose-negative mutants of E. coli has now been studied by means of three-point crosses carried out with transduction by P1 phage. Prophage 82 was used as a closely linked marker. The galactose-negative mutants are all jointly transduced with prophage 82 by P1 so that their close linkage to each other and to prophage 82 is confirmed. The most probable sequence of the genes in the galactose region is shown to be kinase-transferase-operator and epimerase-prophage 82. A recombinant between the phages 82 and λ has been prepared and characterized. This phage, called 82 hybrid, has the immunity specificity of 82 but the host range of λ.
Monolayers of silver nanoparticles decrease photobleaching: application to muscle myofibrils.

Studying single molecules in a cell has the essential advantage that kinetic information is not averaged out. However, since fluorescence is faint, such studies require that the sample be illuminated with the intense light beam. This causes photodamage of labeled proteins and rapid photobleaching of the fluorophores. Here, we show that a substantial reduction of these types of photodamage can be achieved by imaging samples on coverslips coated with monolayers of silver nanoparticles. The mechanism responsible for this effect is the interaction of localized surface plasmon polaritons excited in the metallic nanoparticles with the transition dipoles of fluorophores of a sample. This leads to a significant enhancement of fluorescence and a decrease of fluorescence lifetime of a fluorophore. Enhancement of fluorescence leads to the reduction of photodamage, because the sample can be illuminated with a dim light, and decrease of fluorescence lifetime leads to reduction of photobleaching because the fluorophore spends less time in the excited state, where it is susceptible to oxygen attack. Fluorescence enhancement and reduction of photobleaching on rough metallic surfaces are usually accompanied by a loss of optical resolution due to refraction of light by particles. In the case of monolayers of silver nanoparticles, however, the surface is smooth and glossy. The fluorescence enhancement and the reduction of photobleaching are achieved without sacrificing the optical resolution of a microscope. Skeletal muscle myofibrils were used as an example, because they contain submicron structures conveniently used to define optical resolution. Small nanoparticles (diameter ∼60 nm) did not cause loss of optical resolution, and they enhanced fluorescence ∼500-fold and caused the appearance of a major picosecond component of lifetime decay. As a result, the sample photobleached ∼20-fold more slowly than the sample on glass coverslips.
Precursor polyproteins of moloney murine leukemia virus

Abstract Four cell clones infected with and producing Moloney murine leukemia virus were examined with regard to the synthesis of viral internal structural proteins or group antigens (‘gag’), the reverse transcriptase (‘pol’) and the viral envelope proteins (‘env’). The size, properties and antigenic determinants of the various precursors were, in general, similar to those precursors that have been characterized in Rauscher murine leukemia virus-infected cells. However, the mobility of the Moloney envelope precursor was significantly different from that observed in the Rauscher murine leukemia virus system. The Moloney murine leukemia virus envelope precursor had an apparent molecular weight of 85 000 (gPr85env) compared to 90 000 (gPr90env) for the Rauscher murine leukemia virus precursor. In addition one of the Moloney ‘gag’ precursors (Pr85gag) comigrated with gPr85env in sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels. Comigration of these precursors was demonstrated by analysis of immunoprecipitates with monospecific antisera directed against either p30 or gp69/71 and by labeling studies using [3H]glucosamine, which has been shown to label the glycoprotein precursor. The mobilities of the Moloney virus ‘gag-pol’ precursor read-through proteins in sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels were very similar to the Rauscher murine leukemia virus Pr200gag-pol except in one case. Processing of the Moloney murine leukemia virus precursors occurred in the presence of cycloheximide at concentrations that inhibit protein synthesis 98%. However, the processing of precursor Pr65gag and Pr200gag-pol was partially inhibited by cycloheximide treatment. No such effect was observed with the processing of gPr85env.
The Goodpasture Autoantigen: STRUCTURAL DELINEATION OF TWO IMMUNOLOGICALLY PRIVILEGED EPITOPES ON α3(IV) CHAIN OF TYPE IV COLLAGEN

The family of type IV collagen comprises six chains numbered α1 through α6. The α3(IV) NC1 domain is the primary target antigen for autoantibodies from patients with anti-basement membrane disease and Goodpasture syndrome. Earlier peptide studies suggested that the last 36 amino acids of the α3 NC1 domain probably contains one recognition site for Goodpasture autoantibodies, and an algorithm analysis of secondary structure from a later study predicted a second possible upstream epitope near the triple helix junction. We have used several analytic approaches to evaluate the likelihood of two immunologic epitopes for the Goodpasture antigen. In our first set of studies, peptide antibodies directed against these two putative regions co-inhibited Goodpasture autoantibodies binding to denatured human α3(IV) NC1 monomer by nearly 80%, with the helix-junction region of the α3 NC1 domain contributing 26% of the binding sites and the C-terminal region contributing the remaining 50%. Second, both of these candidate regions are normally sequestered within the associated α3(IV) NC1 hexamer but become more visible for binding by anti-peptide antibodies upon their dissociation, a property that is shared by the Goodpasture autoantibodies. Third, segment deletions of recombinant α3 NC1 domain further confirmed the presence of two serologic binding sites. Finally, we looked more closely at the C-terminal binding region of the α3(IV) NC1 domain. Since the lysines in that region have been previously advanced as possible contact sites, we created several substitutions within the C-terminal epitope of the α3 NC1 domain. Substitution of lysines to alanines revealed lysines 219 and 229 as essential for antibody binding to this distal site; no lysines were present in the NC1 part of the helix-NC1 junction region. Substitutions involving arginine and cysteines to alanines in the same C-terminal region did not produce significant reductions in antibody binding. In summary, our findings characterize two Goodpasture epitopes confined to each end of the α3 NC1 domain; one is lysine-dependent, and the other is not. We propose, as a hypothetical model, that these two immunologically privileged regions fold to form an optimal pathogenic structure within the NC1 domain of the α3 chain. These sites are subsequently concealed by NC1 hexamer assembly of type IV collagen.
The Application of Investment Criteria

Introduction, 76. — I. Structural factors, 77. — II. Calculation of the social benefit of individual investments, 79. — III. Investment criteria reexamined, 85. — IV. Summary and conclusions, 94.
Executive functioning as a mediator of conduct problems prevention in children of homeless families residing in temporary supportive housing: a parallel process latent growth modeling approach.

A culturally diverse sample of formerly homeless youth (ages 6–12) and their families (n = 223) participated in a cluster randomized controlled trial of the Early Risers conduct problems prevention program in a supportive housing setting. Parents provided 4 annual behaviorally-based ratings of executive functioning (EF) and conduct problems, including at baseline, over 2 years of intervention programming, and at a 1-year follow-up assessment. Using intent-to-treat analyses, a multilevel latent growth model revealed that the intervention group demonstrated reduced growth in conduct problems over the 4 assessment points. In order to examine mediation, a multilevel parallel process latent growth model was used to simultaneously model growth in EF and growth in conduct problems along with intervention status as a covariate. A significant mediational process emerged, with participation in the intervention promoting growth in EF, which predicted negative growth in conduct problems. The model was consistent with changes in EF fully mediating intervention-related changes in youth conduct problems over the course of the study. These findings highlight the critical role that EF plays in behavioral change and lends further support to its importance as a target in preventive interventions with populations at risk for conduct problems.
Exploring Innovative Entrepreneurship and Its Ties to Higher Educational Experiences

The purpose of this paper was to explore innovative entrepreneurship and to gain insight into the educational practices and experiences that increase the likelihood that a student would graduate with innovative entrepreneurial intentions. To this end, we administered a battery of assessments to 3,700 undergraduate seniors who matriculated in the spring of 2007; these students attended one of five institutions participating in this study. Results showed that, after controlling for a host of personality, demographic, educational, and political covariates, taking an entrepreneurial course and the assessments faculty use as pedagogical strategies for teaching course content were significantly related to innovation intentions. Implications for higher education stakeholders are discussed.
New data postprocessing for e-beam projection lithography

In electron beam projection lithography (EPL), one of the most crucial tasks is to develop a data post-processing system, namely, a specific tool to expose a faithful pattern for every subfield on the wafer based on the pattern layout data. This system includes two basic flows. The 1st flow is common for reticle fabrication, and the 2nd flow is unique for EPL. During the 2nd flow, based on the LSI pattern data, electron optics space-charge effect correction will be automatically and rapidly executed and output to the EPL system in order to adjust parameters such as focus, magnification, rotation and astigmatism. In addition, this system should perform such tasks as segmentations of subfields (including complementary division), arrangement of stripes and reticlets, and alignment mark insertion. For proximity effect correction, we will first use a pattern shape modulation first. Shape modification at stitching boundaries is also investigated. In summary, to achieve conformable EPL delivery to customers, a new data post- processing system is developed in collaboration with some suppliers.
Variance Estimation Using Replication Methods in Structural Equation Modeling With Complex Sample Data

This article discusses replication sampling variance estimation techniques that are often applied in analyses using data from complex sampling designs: jackknife repeated replication, balanced repeated replication, and bootstrapping. These techniques are used with traditional analyses such as regression, but are currently not used with structural equation modeling (SEM) analyses. This article provides an extension of these methods to SEM analyses, including a proposed adjustment to the likelihood ratio test, and presents the results from a simulation study suggesting replication estimates are robust. Finally, a demonstration of the application of these methods using data from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study is included. Secondary analysts can undertake these more robust methods of sampling variance estimation if they have access to certain SEM software packages and data management packages such as SAS, as shown in the article.
Central Gulf of Alaska Shelf

The arcuate central Gulf of Alaska Shelf extends from Kayak Island in the southeast to Resurrection Bay in the southwest (Fig. 5-1). The shelf is only 30 km wide in the southeast and broadens gradually to over 100 km in the southwest. An interesting feature of the shelf is the presence of a small island, Middleton Island, located near the shelf slope. In the northeast, the shelf receives the discharge of the Copper River, one of the large Alaskan rivers, and the Bering River. These rivers have formed an unusual delta of Holocene sediments. The delta not only progrades seaward but also extends parallel to the shore over a distance of 100 km and is separated from the open shelf by a chain of barrier islands.