cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Differential Relationships Between Personal and Community Stressors and Children’s Neurocognitive Functioning

Early adversity can alter development of neurocognition, including executive cognitive and emotional regulatory functions. This is the first study to explore differential relationships between personal (physical and emotional abuse and neglect, school and parental stressors) and community (neighborhood problems and witnessing neighborhood violence) stressors and neurocognition. Predominantly Latino children (n = 553) aged 10 to 12 years completed tasks measuring intelligence, impulsivity, problem solving, cognitive flexibility, decision making, and emotion attributions. Adjusting for age and parent education, bivariate regression analyses found exposure to personal stressors to be associated with relative deficits in at least one neurocognitive function. Community stressors were related to relative deficits in emotion attributions and problem solving. In multivariate analyses, neglect was related to misattributions of emotion and IQ deficits, and physical abuse was related to problem solving. Community stressors were not correlated with neurocognition when viewed relative to personal stressors. Stressor types were differentially associated with performance on specific neurocognitive tasks.
Better Safe than Sorry: Interlinked Feedback Loops for Robust Mitophagy

In this issue of Molecular Cell, Heo et al. (2015) uncover a new mechanism of signal amplification during mitophagy through cooperative regulation of the TBK1 kinase and autophagy receptors.
Understanding homeschooling A better approach to regulation

Drawing from six years of qualitative research, this article analyzes the broad range of proposed and existing homeschool regulations throughout the United States. It argues that current homeschool...
Human Liver Neoplasia and Steroid Exposure

This study examines experience with over 250 liver tumors in young women. Most were oral contraceptive related. There were two distinct benign liver tumor types: focal nodular hyperplasia and liver...
Multivariate EWMA control charts using individual observations for process mean and variance monitoring and diagnosis

Most multivariate control charts in the literature are designed to detect either mean or variation shifts rather than both. A simultaneous use of the Hotelling T 2 and |S| control charts has been proposed but the Hotelling T 2 reacts to mean shifts, dispersion changes, and changes of correlations among responses. The combination of two multivariate control charts into one chart sometimes loses the ability to provide detailed diagnostic information when a process is out-of-control. In this research a new multivariate control chart procedure based on exponentially weighted moving average (EWMA) statistics is proposed to monitor process mean and variance simultaneously to identify proper sources of variations. Two multivariate EWMA control charts using individual observations are proposed to achieve a quick detection of mean or variance shifts or both. Simulation studies show that the proposed charts are capable of identifying appropriate types of shifts in terms of correct detection percentages. A manufactu...
Atomistic Simulation of Dislocation Motion as Determined by Core Structure

Two different interatomic potentials of the embedded atom type were used to study the relationships between dislocation core structure and mobility. Core structures were computed for a variety of dislocations in B2 NiAl. Several non-planar cores were studied as they reacted to applied stress and moved. The results show that in some cases, the dislocation core transforms to a planar structure before the dislocation glides, whereas in some other cases the core retains the non-planar structure at stresses sufficient to sustain glide. The effects of stoichiometry deviations on the core structure and motion were also studied.
Perceptual Distances and the Basic Color Term Encoding Sequence

Berlin and Kay (ibid.) and Kay and McDaniel (1978) for discussions concerning the naming of the "universal inventory of eleven color categories," including "primary," "derived," and "composite" types. We need to carefully define "encoding" and "basic color term." Normally in the literature the process of basic color term addition to a language is defined vaguely as the breakdown of composite categories into their component primaries and the subsequent naming of derived categories. Here, "to encode" means "to assign a basic color term to a noncomposite category, such that a one-to-one correspondence exists between category and name." The definition is useful in that it is explicit and conceptually equivalent to the "breakdown" definition; to break down a composite implies a simultaneous naming of its primaries. In addition, the definition allows the possibility of recognizing derived color categories in basic color
Results of a trans-discipline research structure for study of creativity/innovation in IS

A horizontally-oriented study of creativity/innovation for the IS discipline was begun in 1988 by the Center for Research on Creativity and Innovation at the University of Colorado, Colorado Springs. Since little research had been conducted on the subject of creativity in the IS field prior to that time, the research structure provided a way to cover the broad subject in a comprehensive manner in a relatively short time. The horizontal-oriented structure chosen was the 4-P's model of creativity: person, process, product and press (environment). Results of five seminal papers in those four components are summarized. The author then draws some conclusions that would not have been possible if the research had not be conducted in the horizontally-oriented framework-showing the value of an integrated, trans-discipline approach to research.
Cosmic background and space science at THz frequencies

This talk will summarize current theories and continuing experimental efforts to understand and quantify the origins of the Universe using millimeter and submillimeter wave instrumentation and techniques.
Dedifferentiated parosteal osteosarcoma with giant cell tumor component

Dedifferentiated parosteal osteosarcoma is characterized histologically by the admixture of low-grade fibroblastic osteosarcoma and a high-grade component typically resembling conventional osteosarcoma or malignant fibrous histiocytoma. We report an unusual distal femoral dedifferentiated parosteal osteosarcoma in which the dedifferentiated component resembled a giant cell tumor of bone. This phenotype is rarely described in the dedifferentiated component of a dedifferentiated parosteal osteosarcoma. The clinical, radiographic, and pathologic features of this unusual tumor are described to further expand the histologic spectrum of dedifferentiated parosteal osteosarcoma.
Who, What, Where and When to Treat!

Just as all stones are not created equally, not all Urologists are trained the same! One should know that in 2013 there were 29,171 first-year residency positions offered to graduating medical students [1] and that there are only 239 urology resident spots each year. This number accounts for only 0.82 % of graduating medical students who go on to do a urology residency. With the few number of urology residencies, typically in university programs, urologists are general well trained. They are trained to do general urology after completing 1–2 years of general surgery and 3–4 years of urology residency. If a graduating urology resident wants to pursue further training in a particular subspecialty of urology, then they would pursue a fellowship. The fellowship for stone disease is an Endourology fellowship. In summary, a Urologist who has been training longer will generally have greater experience.
A short-wavelength photoreceptor class in a deep-sea shrimp

In the world of midwater, mesopelagic animals, downwelling sunlight is filtered by the overlying water to a limited waveband centered near 475 nm. Consequently, the visual pigments of most of these species absorb maximally between 450 and 500 nm. The only exceptions occur in some fishes, which have additional visual pigments absorbing at long wavelengths (550-580 nm) matched to their red bioluminescence. We now find that the mesopelagic decapod shrimp Systellaspis debilis has two visual pigments. One of these absorbs maximally in the expected range ($\lambda _{\max}$ = 498 nm). but the other is maximally sensitive at very short wavelengths, approaching the near-ultraviolet ($\lambda _{\max}$ = 410 nm). The discovery of a visual receptor class absorbing at such short wavelengths in a mesopelagic animal suggests that visual systems in the deep sea may be far more diverse, and potentially more complex, than previously suspected.
Evaluating articulation and phonological disorders when the clock is running

The clinical evaluation of communication is a key element in the therapeutic process. This paper describes an approach to an initial clinical evaluation of a preschool-aged child referred to a clin...
A cognitive-developmental approach to racial stereotyping and reconstructive memory in Euro-American children

To examine the role of cognitive skill and racial stereotyping in Euro-American children's processing of race-related information, 75 Euro-American children, aged 4–9 years, were asked to recall stories that were either consistent with or inconsistent with cultural racial stereotypes. In 6 trait stories, a Euro-American main character encounters both a Euro-American and an African American child. A negative trait is attributed to either the African American (stereotypic story) or the Euro-American child (counterstereotypic story). In 6 social relationship stories, main characters interact with neighbors, friends, or married couples, portrayed either intraracially (stereotypic) or interracially (counterstereotypic). Individual difference measures were used to assess subjects' racial stereotyping and their classification skill (ability to sort stimuli along multiple dimensions). As predicted, lower degrees of racial stereotyping and the ability to classify persons along multiple dimensions were associated with better memory for counterstereotypic stories. Implications for intervention programs aimed at reducing racial stereotyping are discussed.
Apparent Extinction of the Tiger Beetle, Cicindela hirticollis abrupta (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Cicindelinae)

Abstract The results of this study indicate the historic range of Cicindela hirticollis abrupta Casey was limited to only five sites within the Sacramento Valley of California. Extensive searches within and beyond its historic range along the Feather and Sacramento Rivers in 2001–2004 failed to find any individuals of this tiger beetle and very little suitable habitat. Another tiger beetle, C. o. oregona Dejean, which occurs in a much greater array of water edge habitats, was common at some sites. The cumulative effects from the Oroville and Shasta Dams, including loss and deterioration of sandy edge river habitats and prolonged high water levels, probably caused the extirpation of C. h. abrupta in the late 1980's to early 1990's.
MRI Tissue Segmentation Using a Variational Multilayer Approach

We propose novel piecewise-constant minimization models for three-dimensional MRI brain data segmentation into white matter, gray matter, and cerebrospinal fluid. The proposed approaches are based on a multilayer or nested implicit surface evolution in variational form, well adapted to this problem. We propose two models, with and without using prior spatial information. The prior information is in the form of a probabilistic brain atlas, encoding spatial information of these three anatomical structures. Extensive experimental results and comparisons with manual segmentation and with automated segmentation are presented, together with quantitative assessment.
The Appropriation of the Coaching with CARE Model with Preservice Teachers: The Role of Community.

This study is part of a longitudinal, multiphase study on development of literacy mentoring practices particularly with regard to the cooperating teacher. This paper reports on the findings from the first year of the study during which cooperating teachers (CT) participated in a master's program focused on coaching and mentoring while mentoring preservice teachers completing their elementary education degree inside a literacy specialization cohort. Drawing on observational and interview data and employing an activity theory framework, we examine the ways the CTs' involvement in a community of peers and faculty who met regularly in courses was instrumental their appropriation of a model of mentoring known as coaching with CARE. Analysis indicated that coursework, particularly two courses taken during the first year, offered multiple spaces that functioned as ways for participants to work through tensions that arose as the CTs moved across activity systems (from their coaching community at the university to...
Insecticide resistance among populations of almond moth and Indianmeal moth (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in stored peanuts

Field strains of almond moth, Cadra cautella (Walker), and Indianmeal moth, Plodia interpunctella (Hubner), collected from peanut storage facilities were tested for resistance to dichlorvos, malathion, pirimiphos-methyl, chlorpyrifos-methyl, and synergized pyrethrins. Evidence of dichlorvos resistance was present in 1 of 6 almond moth strains and all 16 Indianmeal moth strains tested. Malathion resistance was severe. The almond moth strain most resistant to dichlorvos was also resistant to pirimiphos-methyl and chlorpyrifos-methyl. One other almond moth strain showed resistance to chlorpyrifos-methyl. There were no clear indications of resistance in Indianmeal moth strains to pirimiphos-methyl or chlorpyrifos-methyl. Resistance to synergized pyrethrins was not severe. None of 7 almond moth strains and 20 Indianmeal moth strains tested had >5.4-fold resistance to synergized pyrethrins.
Faculty Attitudes Towards Open Access Publishing, E-Print Servers and Institutional Repositories

This qualitative study investigates how faculty gather information for teaching and research and their opinions on open access approaches to scholarly communication. Despite generally favorable reactions, a perceived lack of peer review and impact factors were among the most common reasons for not publishing through open-access forums. Cette etude qualitative examine comment les membres du corps professoral recueillent l’information pour l’enseignement et la recherche, et leurs opinions envers les approches de la communication scientifique a libre acces. Malgre des reactions generalement favorables, le manque percu de revision par les pairs et les facteurs d’impact comptent parmi les motifs habituellement evoques pour ne pas publier sur ces tribunes a libre acces.
Beyond Advocacy Mapping the Contours of Victim Work

In contrast to works on victim advocacy in specific organizational contexts, this article introduces the term “victim work” to capture the vast array of victim-related roles and tasks that have pro...
Stereochemical Consequences of Vinylpyruvate Hydratase-Catalyzed Reactions.

A stereochemical analysis has been carried out on two vinylpyruvate hydratases (VPH), which convert 2-hydroxy-2,4-pentadienoate to 2-keto-4S-hydroxypentanoate in meta-fission pathways. Bacterial strains with this pathway can use aromatic compounds as sole sources of energy and carbon. The analysis was carried out using the 5-methyl and 5-chloro derivatives of 2-hydroxy-2,4-pentadienoate with the enzymes from Pseudomonas putida mt-2 (Pp) and Leptothrix cholodnii SP-6 (Lc). In both organisms, VPH is in a complex with the preceding enzyme in the pathway, 4-oxalocrotonate decarboxylase (4-OD). In D2O, a deuteron is incorporated stereospecifically at the C-3 and C-5 positions of product by both Pp and Lc enzymes. Accordingly, the complexes generate (3S,5S)-3,5-[di-D]-2-keto-4S-hydroxyhexanoate and (3S,5R)-3,5-[di-D]-2-keto-4R-hydroxy-5-chloropentanoate (4R and 5R due to a priority numbering change). The substitution at C-5 (CH3 or Cl) or the source of the enzyme (Pp or Lc) does not change the stereochemical ou...
Operations Optimization of Nuclear Hybrid Energy Systems

Nuclear hybrid energy systems (NHESs) have been proposed as an effective element to incorporate high penetration of clean energy (e.g., nuclear and renewable). This paper focuses on the operations ...
Sensitizing tumor cells to immune-mediated cytotoxicity.

The molecular basis underlying tumor destruction in vivo by specific antitumor CD8+T cells remains unclear. We propose that the local production of certain tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-family members (death ligands) may be more important for tumor destruction in vivo than previously thought. Also, the apoptotic response of some tumor cells to the TNF-family member TRAIL can be augmented by the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib (Velcade). Thus, bortezomib may sensitize tumor cells to T cell-mediated cytotoxicity and could potentially improve the beneficial effects of immunotherapy.
Parenting Stress, Readiness to Change, and Child Externalizing Behaviors in Families of Clinically Referred Children

We investigated relationships among parenting stress, parental readiness to change, and child externalizing behaviors in a sample of clinically referred families. Additionally, parenting stress was investigated as a potential moderator of the relationship between parental readiness to change and child externalizing behaviors. Sixty-nine parents of clinically referred children completed measures of parenting stress, readiness to change, and child externalizing behaviors. We found that child externalizing behaviors, specifically hyperactivity/impulsivity and oppositionality, had a significant positive relationship with parental readiness to change and parenting stress. Child conduct disorder symptoms did not significantly relate to parental readiness to change. Parenting stress emerged as a significant moderator of the relationship between child externalizing behaviors and parental readiness to change, such that at low levels of parenting stress, readiness to change increased as level of child externalizing behaviors increased. However, at high levels of parenting stress, parental readiness to change remained high and constant irrespective of level of child externalizing behaviors. The findings from this small pilot study have significant implications for clinicians and researchers. The parents most ready to engage in child mental health services may be those with high levels of parenting stress, regardless of the severity of the child’s behaviors. These parents may benefit from learning stress management strategies in addition to receiving intervention services for their children. Researchers should further examine the clinical utility of measuring readiness to change in families of children with behavior problems.
Disruption of the microbiota across multiple body sites in critically ill children

Despite intense interest in the links between the microbiome and human health, little has been written about dysbiosis among ICU patients. We characterized microbial diversity in samples from 37 children in a pediatric ICU (PICU). Standard measures of alpha and beta diversity were calculated, and results were compared with data from adult and pediatric reference datasets. Bacterial 16S rRNA gene sequences were analyzed from 71 total tongue swabs, 50 skin swabs, and 77 stool samples or rectal swabs. The mean age of the PICU patients was 2.9 years (range 1–9 years), and many were chronically ill children that had previously been hospitalized in the PICU. Relative to healthy adults and children, alpha diversity was decreased in PICU GI and tongue but not skin samples. Measures of beta diversity indicated differences in community membership at each body site between PICU, adult, and pediatric groups. Taxonomic alterations in the PICU included enrichment of gut pathogens such as Enterococcus and Staphylococcus at multiple body sites and depletion of commensals such as Faecalibacterium and Ruminococcus from GI samples. Alpha and beta diversity were unstable over time in patients followed longitudinally. We observed the frequent presence of “dominant” pathogens in PICU samples at relative abundance >50%. PICU samples were characterized by loss of site specificity, with individual taxa commonly present simultaneously at three sample sites on a single individual. Some pathogens identified by culture of tracheal aspirates were commonly observed in skin samples from the same patient. We conclude that the microbiota in critically ill children differs sharply from the microbiota of healthy children and adults. Acknowledgement of dysbiosis associated with critical illness could provide opportunities to modulate the microbiota with precision and thereby improve patient outcomes.
ER-Stress-Induced Suppression of HLA-E on Bortezomib-Evading Malignant Plasma Cells Dramatically Enhances Their Susceptibility to NK Cell Killing: Identification of an Achilles Heel in Myeloma Cells That Can be Utilized to Prevent Disease Relapse Following Bortezomib Treatment

Abstract Although the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib has significantly improved the survival of patients with multiple myeloma (MM), most patients treated with this drug eventually develop progressive disease. Recent data indicate that MM cells can evade bortezomib-induced cell death by undergoing autophagy as a consequence of endoplasmatic reticulum (ER)-stress triggered by proteasome inhibition. Here we show that bortezomib-evading MM cells become highly sensitized to killing by natural killer (NK) cells via ER-stress-induced reduction of the NK cell inhibitory molecule HLA-E that is normally expressed at high levels on the surface of MM cells. High-resolution flow cytometry-based assays revealed augmented NK cell recognition and degranulation against bortezomib-exposed MM cells (3 fold higher compared to untreated MM controls) was restricted to NK cells exclusively controlled by the HLA-E-binding inhibitory receptor NKG2A (NKG2ASP NK cells) (Figure 1). In contrast, due to unchanged high expression of other HLA class I molecules on the surface of bortezomib-exposed MM cells there was no augmentation in degranulation by NK cells controlled by other inhibitory HLA class I-binding receptors, such as killer immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs). Compared to their non-expanded counterparts, ex vivo expanded NK cells have previously been shown to have an increased proportion of NKG2ASP NK cells (50% vs 25%, p Download : Download high-res image (37KB) Download : Download full-size image Figure 1 . Degranulation of NK cell subsets against myeloma cells exposed to bortezomib. NT; No target NK cell killing of bortezomib-exposed myeloma cells. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Genome-wide analysis of allele frequency change in sunflower crop-wild hybrid populations evolving under natural conditions.

Crop-wild hybridization occurs in numerous plant species, and could alter the genetic structure and evolutionary dynamics of wild populations. Studying crop-derived alleles in wild populations is also relevant to assessing/mitigating the risks associated with transgene escape. To date, crop-wild hybridization has generally been examined via short-term studies, typically within a single generation, focusing on few traits or genetic markers. Little is known about patterns of selection on crop-derived alleles over multiple generations, particularly at a genome-wide scale. Here, we documented patterns of natural selection in an experimental crop × wild sunflower population that was allowed to evolve under natural conditions for two generations at two locations. Allele frequencies at a genome-wide collection of SNPs were tracked across generations, and a common garden experiment was conducted to compare trait means between generations. These data allowed us to identify instances of selection on crop-derived alleles/traits and, in concert with QTL mapping results, test for congruence between our genotypic and phenotypic results. We found that natural selection overwhelmingly favors wild alleles and phenotypes. However, crop alleles in certain genomic regions can be favored, and these changes often occurred in parallel across locations. We did not, however, consistently observe close agreement between our genotypic and phenotypic results. For example, when a trait evolved towards the wild phenotype, wild QTL alleles associated with that trait did not consistently increase in frequency. We discuss these results in the context of crop allele introgression into wild populations and implications for the management of GM crops. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Transparency and Reuse in Digital Innovation Contests: A Simulation Study

This paper examines reuse patterns in transparent multi-staged contests, in which a crowd of developers can reuse others’ designs when developing a novel digital application. They compete for the b...
Dispersion-tailored Metasurfaces and Meta-lenses

We report dispersion-tailored metasurfaces in the visible, including an achromatic meta-lens capable of keeping a constant focal length within a continuous bandwidth. The dispersion of meta-lenses can also be tailored with tunable Abbe numbers.
Strategies for the development of animal models for bipolar disorder: new opportunities and new challenges.

The paucity of appropriate animal models for bipolar disorder is repeatedly mentioned as one of the critical factors hindering research into the pathophysiology of the disorder and the development of truly novel treatments. Recent advances in our understanding of the biological basis of bipolar disorder can be used to identify and develop better models. One possibility that is discussed in a separate chapter of this book is the use of molecular biology techniques to develop animals with targeted mutations related to genes implicated in the disorder. However, the development of such animals may not be enough for usable and helpful models. Additional strategies should, therefore, be combined with targeted mutation methodology to develop good model animals and good tests that will significantly impact our ability to further explore the underlying biology of bipolar disorder and to develop better drugs and treatments.
Multimodal Neuroimaging Differences in Nicotine Abstinent Smokers Versus Satiated Smokers.

INTRODUCTION Research on cigarette smokers suggests cognitive and behavioral impairments. However, much remains unclear how the functional neurobiology of smokers is influenced by nicotine state. Therefore, we sought to determine which state, be it acute nicotine abstinence or satiety, would yield the most robust differences compared with nonsmokers when assessing neurobiological markers of nicotine dependence. METHODS Smokers (N = 15) and sociodemographically matched nonsmokers (N = 15) were scanned twice using a repeated-measures design. Smokers were scanned after a 24-hour nicotine abstinence and immediately after smoking their usual brand cigarette. The neuroimaging battery included a stop-signal task of response inhibition and pseudocontinuous arterial spin labeling to measure cerebral blood flow (CBF). Whole-brain voxel-wise analyses of covariance were carried out on stop success and stop fail Stop-Signal Task contrasts and CBF maps to assess differences among nonsmokers, abstinent smokers, and satiated smokers. Cluster correction was performed using AFNI's 3dClustSim to achieve a significance of p < .05. RESULTS Smokers exhibited higher brain activation in bilateral inferior frontal gyrus, a brain region known to be involved in inhibitory control, during successful response inhibitions relative to nonsmokers. This effect was significantly higher during nicotine abstinence relative to satiety. Smokers also exhibited lower CBF in the bilateral inferior frontal gyrus than nonsmokers. These hypoperfusions were not different between abstinence and satiety. CONCLUSIONS These findings converge on alterations in smokers in prefrontal circuits known to be critical for inhibitory control. These effects are present, even when smokers are satiated, but the neural activity required to achieve performance equal to controls is increased when smokers are in acute abstinence. IMPLICATIONS Our multimodal neuroimaging study gives neurobiological insights into the cognitive demands of maintaining abstinence and suggests targets for assessing the efficacy of therapeutic interventions.
Events That Help and Hinder Family–Teacher Communication Within SWPBIS: A Qualitative Analysis:

To explore family–professional partnership within schoolwide positive behavioral interventions and supports (SWPBIS), we conducted a qualitative analysis of the perceptions of family members of stu...
Argininosuccinate synthetase 1 (ASS1) expression and response to arginine deprivation with ADI-PEG20 in human papillomavirus (HPV)-positive head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC).

e17041 Background: Proteomic studies determined that ASS1, the metabolic enzyme which catalyzes the penultimate step of arginine biosynthesis, is differentially expressed in HNSCC tumors with respe...
Multiomics-based strategies for taming intestinal inflammation in the neonate

Purpose of reviewThe purpose of this review is to discuss evolving research into intestinal inflammatory responses as they relate to the developing microbiome and to provide insights into developing multiomic tools that are being used to describe these relationships. Intestinal inflammatory conditio
Genetic Determinants of Familial and Hereditary Prostate Cancer

Prostate cancer can be divided into three groups: hereditary, familial, and sporadic. Positive family history is a strong epidemiological risk factor for prostate cancer. Gene–environment interactions also play a crucial role in cancer development. Hereditary prostate cancer is demonstrated only in 5 % of cases with family history, whereas familial prostate cancer accounts for about 13–25 % of cases. Apart from RNaseL-, ElaC2-, MSR1-, HOXB13- as well as low number of cytosine-adenine-guanine (CAG) repeats in the androgen receptor (AR) gene, there are no other identified high-risk genetic variants which might be considered responsible for hereditary prostate cancer.
Interactive Crowds: Real-Time Crowdsourcing and Crowd Agents

Crowdsourcing using independent tasks provides an effective means of leveraging human intelligence to solve discretized problems. However, this model cannot handle acquiring input on an ongoing task from workers. In order to expand the power of crowd algorithms, we present an overview of approaches to continuous real-time crowdsourcing that engages workers for longer periods of time, allowing workers to receive feedback from the system as the task evolves due to their and other’s input. We describe how models of continuous crowdsourcing can be used to enable task completion using both synchronous and asynchronous groups of workers. We then explore a new model of continuous real-time crowdsourcing called a “crowd agent” that allows groups of workers to interact with users and their environment as if they were a single individual. This model provides a means of abstracting away the collective in crowdsourcing by making it appear as a single intelligence.
Relative Robust and Adaptive Optimization

Robust optimization has emerged in the operations research literature as a tractable and practical way to model uncertainty in optimization problems. Early approaches focused on relative worst-case...
IMPACT OF PATIENT PROSTHESIS MISMATCH IN THE REPRISE III RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL

Patient-prosthesis mismatch (PPM) is common after aortic valve replacement but its significance is controversial. Though PPM has been linked to worse outcomes post SAVR, its impact after TAVR is still unclear. We present 3-year outcomes in REPRISE III by degree of PPM. In REPRISE III, 912 patients
Introduction: Come to The Dark Side

Comedians experience darkness in their personal lives. Some adopt dark personae. Others develop stage acts that revolve around a variety of dark topics. However, at some point, darkness must be reconciled with light and wit for humor to result. Unfortunately, the paradox of tragedy and comedy has regularly been resolved too simply in popular accounts of the dark sides of stand-up comedians. Too often all roads lead to their supposedly “dark and troubled minds.” Rather than resolve the paradox of tragedy and comedy in this fashion, the editors of this volume present a series of essays that wrestle with incongruities of light and dark. The result is an account of the dark side of stand-up that is often surprising, nuanced, and ultimately tragicomic, rather than predictably tragic.
Chapter 2 – Vector Calculus

Publisher Summary This chapter presents results from vector analysis that pertains to integration. A major reason to study vector functions over a surface is to measure flux. Flux is an important concept in electricity and magnetism. An intuitive way to visualize flux is the passage of a fluid through a membrane. The divergence and curl are two of the most important operators in vector calculus. One way of presenting them is to define them in terms of mathematical formulas. The line integral of a vector field over a path gives the tendency of the vector field to follow that path. This is often called the circulation of the vector field along the path. A positive circulation indicates the movement with the direction of the vector field.
Design of high-performance curling mascara through utilization of smart thermoresponsive polymer.

Objective In this study, methoxy poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(D,L-lactide), or mPEG-PLA, was used as the smart thermoresponsive polymer in our mascara formulation. The utility of mPEG-PLA in a mascara formulation was investigated by a stepwise build-up in an oil in water (O/W) emulsion. The experimental results may pave the way to a strategy of developing more cosmetic formulation with thermoresponsive shape memory polymers (SMPs). Method mPEG-PLA was first incorporated in a simple emulsion for rheological evaluation such as shear flow viscosity and small deformation oscillation measurements over the relevant temperature settings to mascara application. Then, wax and pigment were incorporated to complete the basic formulation as an O/W mascara and evaluated rheologically as before. Finally, the formulation was applied by a heated mascara applicator to false lashes to evaluate its curing and lifting effect. Results With 0.8% concentration of mPEG-PLA, the viscosity was able to increase from 0.20 Pas·s to 1.00 Pas·s. At 1.0% concentration of mPEG-PLA, the emulsion samples with mineral oil were evaluated from 55°C to 25°C for its storage modulus (G') and were found to have a consistent shear-thinning characteristic across all temperature range. The sample containing the polymer (M-1) arrived at a markedly higher elasticity when compared against the sample without (M-0). The same result holds true for the set of samples formulated with beeswax instead of mineral oil. When the formulations were applied with a heated mascara applicator on false eyelashes, the formulation containing mPEG-PLA was found to produce a more pronounced and longer-lasting curl. Conclusion This preliminary rheological study of an O/W mascara containing mPEG-PLA demonstrated that thermoresponsive SMP can be added to enhance the curl and lifting effect of a mascara formulation.
Correlations between triaxial shapes and formation history of dark matter haloes

The shape of dark matter haloes plays a critical role in constraining cosmology with upcoming large-scale structure surveys. In this paper, we study the correlations between the triaxial shapes and formation histories in dark matter haloes in the MultiDark Planck 2 N-body cosmological simulation. We find that halo ellipticity is strongly correlated with halo properties that serve as proxies of halo formation history, such as halo concentration and the peak-centroid offset. In particular, the correlation between halo ellipticity and halo concentration is nearly independent of the halo density peak height. We present a simple model for the correlation between halo ellipticity and concentration using conditional abundance matching, and provide fitting formulae for the multi-dimensional distributions of triaxial halo shape as a function of halo peak height. We apply our halo shape model to gauge the effects of halo ellipticity and orientation bias on the excess surface mass density profiles in cluster-size halos. Our model should be useful for exploring the impact of triaxial halo shape on cosmological constraints in upcoming weak lensing surveys of galaxy clusters.
Indigenous Psychologies of Spirituality: Remembering, Excavating, and Individuating

The domination of the Western paradigm for psychology of religion research has muted and perhaps distorted the voice of indigenous spiritualities. The chapter begins with a brief history that remembers the critical players who contributed to the emergence of indigenous psychologies of religion and spirituality. Indigenous researchers have wondered what kind of psychology is implicit in ancient religions long before modern psychology emerged on the scene. In a following section, the author will report on a study that excavates the impact of cultural niches on cognition and emotions and the influence on religious expression and sources of help. The final section will examine how indigenous communities individuate and adapt to their host culture in terms of individualism, collectivism, and neocolonialism.
Barriers Down: How American Power and Free-Flow Policies Shaped Global Media.: Diana Lemberg. New York, NY: Columbia University Press, 2019, 304 pp., ISBN No. 9780231182164 (hardcover).

Barriers Down weaves an interdisciplinary story of communications in the post-World War II world by centering media producers, the U.S. and global policymakers, and the emerging academic mass commu...
Passive Investing: Luck or Patience?

Passive investing over relatively long time-periods is a strategy followed by many individuals. In this paper, empirical evidence is presented beginning January 1950 that demonstrates that the success of this strategy is dependent not only on the length of the investment horizon, but also by the date of the initial investment. 10, 20, and 30-year periods are examined for both a lump sum initial investment and then for a monthly annuity investment. Longer horizons are shown to decrease the chance of an overall loss on a portfolio. However, different initial investment dates result in a wide range of ending portfolio values.
Spontaneous recovery in a patient with acquired thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP): observation of a 'subclinical' TTP state.

Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) is a thrombotic microangiopathy that can have high mortality rates without prompt treatment. Standard treatment is urgent plasma exchange (PLEX), which lea...
Cancer-Associated Neurogenesis and Nerve-Cancer Cross-talk.

In this review, we highlight recent discoveries regarding mechanisms contributing to nerve-cancer crosstalk and the effects of nerve-cancer crosstalk on tumor progression and dissemination. High intratumoral nerve density correlates with poor prognosis and high recurrence across multiple solid tumor types. Recent research has shown that cancer cells express neurotrophic markers such as nerve growth factor, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, and glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor and release axon guidance molecules such as Ephrin B1 to promote axonogenesis. Tumor cells recruit new neural progenitors to the tumor milieu and facilitate their maturation into adrenergic infiltrating nerves. Tumors also rewire established nerves to adrenergic phenotypes via exosome-induced neural reprogramming by p53-deficient tumors. In turn, infiltrating sympathetic nerves facilitate cancer progression. Intratumoral adrenergic nerves release noradrenaline to stimulate angiogenesis via vascular endothelial growth factor signaling and enhance the rate of tumor growth. Intratumoral parasympathetic nerves may have a dichotomous role in cancer progression and may induce Wnt-β-catenin signals that expand cancer stem cells. Importantly, infiltrating nerves not only influence the tumor cells themselves but also impact other cells of the tumor stroma. This leads to enhanced sympathetic signaling and glucocorticoid production, which influences neutrophil and macrophage differentiation, lymphocyte phenotype, and potentially lymphocyte function. Although much remains unexplored within this field, fundamental discoveries underscore the importance of nerve-cancer crosstalk to tumor progression and may provide the foundation for developing effective targets for the inhibition of tumor-induced neurogenesis and tumor progression.
Correlation equation for evaluating energy consumption and process performance of brackish water desalination by electrodialysis

Abstract Electrodialysis (ED) is an electro-driven desalination technology that relies on the selective transport of ions through ion exchange membranes. Though several approaches have been developed to model and evaluate the performance of ED, mechanistic ion-transport models, which rigorously solve the fundamental Nernst-Planck equation, remain some of the most reliable and utilized. However, complexity of the involved transport phenomena prevents analytical solutions of such models, and numerical solutions can be prohibitively intensive. Here, we use an equivalent circuit analogue to derive a simple correlation equation that predicts the energetic performance of ED for brackish water desalination. Specifically, our correlation equation predicts the specific energy consumption of ED for a given productivity, set of desalination parameters (i.e., feed salinity, salt removal, water recovery), and system properties. The correlation equation demonstrates robustness in predicting the specific energy consumption across a wide range of operational parameters, showing excellent agreement with a Nernst-Planck ion-transport model and literature-reported experimental data. Furthermore, we use the developed correlation equation to show the dependence of the specific energy consumption on the productivity, highlighting the tradeoff between the thermodynamic energy efficiency and desalination rate of the ED process. Overall, our developed correlation equation provides a convenient alternative to computationally intensive mechanistic models for performance analysis of the ED process.
Locating the Isolator Shock-Train Leading Edge with Limited Pressure Information

Real-time detection and control of the isolator shock-train leading edge (STLE) is important to the performance of high-speed air-breathing engines, such as dual-mode scramjets. Typically, the STLE...
6 – Sedimentation and thickening

This chapter discusses the basic principles of batch and continuous settling, and applies it to the analysis of the operation of industrial thickeners. The solids content of a slurry can be increased using sedimentation techniques. The natural tendency of the solids to settle under the influence of gravity is exploited to remove some of the water from the slurry. When the particles that make up the slurry are small, the settling is quite slow and special techniques are required to achieve a separation. Because of the slow rates of settling that are commonly encountered, comparatively large equipment is required. Thickening is an important process for the partial dewatering of comparatively dense slurries. Essentially, the slurry is allowed to settle under gravity but the particles are so close together that they hinder each other during settling, and they tend to settle as a mass rather than individually. The rate of settling is a fundamental characteristic of the slurry, which must be determined experimentally for each slurry under appropriate conditions of flocculation, in order to design and size an appropriate thickener.
Amino acid-nucleotide interactions on an insoluble solid support: I. A simple model of the amino acid acceptor terminus of a tRNA

Abstract Adenosine 5′-monophosphate (AMP) can be attached to Merrifield resin [Merrifield, R. B. (1963) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 85, 2149–2154; commercially available as Bio-Beads SX-2, Bio-Rad Laboratories, Richmond, Calif., U.S.A.] via a covalent linkage which subsequently can be cleaved under non-destructive conditions. The polymer-bound AMP (Compound I) in pyridine reacts with N,N′- dicarbobenzoxy- dl -[2- 14 C]phenylalanine anhydride (Compound II) to produce polymer-bound 2′( or 3′)-O-(N- carbobenzoxy- dl -[2- 14 C]phenylalany)- adenosine 5′-monophosphate(Compound III). Similarly, the [1-14C]glycine analog of Compound III and the related cytidine 5′-monophosphate (CMP) derivatives have been prepared. The relative ease of preparation of these compounds indicates that glycine is more reactive than phenylalanine and that both amino acids combine with adenosine more readily than with cytidine. The resemblance between these polymer adducts and the acceptor terminus of a tRNA is such that the observed differences in reactivity as measured even in pyridine may be important in terms of molecular selectivity and chemical evolution.
Generation of 3-D glioblastoma-vascular niche using 3-D bioprinting

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), a malignant brain tumor, frequently exploit microvessels as guides for migration. Understanding cell-cell interaction between vascular cells and GBM cells may suggest a new therapeutic direction. We developed physiological 3-D glioma-vascular niche model to investigate this cell-cell interaction using 3-D bioprinting technology. In the model, patient-derived GBM cell cluster was closely located to fluidic vessel. The influence of microenvironmental factors (matrix composition) has been tested in order to provide better control on 3-D cell behavior in future research. The 3D vascular niche platform can be adapted to other biological systems and will be used as a valuable tool to model cell-cell interactions and to control microenvironment in other systems.
Solving various types of economic dispatch problem using Bees algorithm

This paper presents an application of Bees Algorithm (BA) for solving various types of Economic Dispatch (ED) problem. Complete ED problem formulation prohibited, operating zones, ramp-rate limits, and non-smooth or non-convex cost functions arising from the use of multiple fuels should be taken into consideration. To show its efficiency, the Bee algorithm is applied to solve various types ED problems of power systems. The simulation results obtained from the BA are compared to those achieved from the conventional approaches, such as simulated annealing (SA) genetic algorithm (GA), tabu search (TS) algorithm and particle swarm optimization (PSO). The experimental results show that the BA approach is able to obtain higher quality solution efficiently and faster computational time than the conventional approaches.
Context-Free Grammars and Languages

You may have seen something like the following used to give a formal defini-tion of a language. This notation is sometimes called BNF for Backus-Naur form.
Asking the Experts: Engaging Students in Self-Assessment and Goal Setting through the Use of Portfolios.

In this article, we show what happens when students are asked to tell some of what they know about something on which they are experts—them— selves. In particular, students' views of their own learning and personal literacy goals are shared. The article discusses reasons for engaging students in self assessment and goal setting through the use of portfolios. Recommended strategies and procedures to support both processes are also presented.