cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Why Johnny can't pentest: an analysis of black-box web vulnerability scanners

Black-box web vulnerability scanners are a class of tools that can be used to identify security issues in web applications. These tools are often marketed as "point-and-click pentesting" tools that automatically evaluate the security of web applications with little or no human support. These tools access a web application in the same way users do, and, therefore, have the advantage of being independent of the particular technology used to implement the web application. However, these tools need to be able to access and test the application's various components, which are often hidden behind forms, JavaScript-generated links, and Flash applications. This paper presents an evaluation of eleven black-box web vulnerability scanners, both commercial and open-source. The evaluation composes different types of vulnerabilities with different challenges to the crawling capabilities of the tools. These tests are integrated in a realistic web application. The results of the evaluation show that crawling is a task that is as critical and challenging to the overall ability to detect vulnerabilities as the vulnerability detection techniques themselves, and that many classes of vulnerabilities are completely overlooked by these tools, and thus research is required to improve the automated detection of these flaws.
Molecular Properties and Physiological Roles of Ion Channels in the Immune System

The discovery of a diverse and unique set of ion channels in T lymphocytes has led to a rapidly growing body of knowledge about their functional roles in the immune system. Here we review the biophysical and molecular characterization of K+, Ca2+, and Cl− channels in T lymphocytes. Potent and specific blockers, especially of K+ channels, have provided molecular tools to elucidate the involvement of voltage- and calcium-activated potassium channels in T-cell activation and cell-volume regulation. Their unique and differential expression makes lymphocyte K+ channels excellent pharmaceutical targets for modulating immune system function. This review surveys recent progress at the biophysical, molecular, and functional roles of the ion channels found in T lymphocytes.
Fatigue crack growth in fibre metal laminates with multiple open holes

The fatigue crack growth behaviour of hybrid S2-glass reinforced aluminium laminates (Glare) with multiple open holes was investigated experimentally and analytically. It was observed that the presence of multiple-site fatigue damage would increase crack growth rates in the metal layers as two propagating cracks converged. An analytical crack growth model was established for predicting crack growth rates based on empirical Paris equation. The effective stress intensity factor at crack tips is a function of mode I far-field stress intensity factor, crack opening stress intensity factor and effective non-dimensional stress intensity factor that incorporated the crack-bridging effect in fibre metal laminates. The predicted results under different applied stress can capture the trend of averaged crack growth rates in experiments, although deviation exists in the predictions.
Vouchers within Reason: A Child-Centered Approach to Education Reform

Observing the storm of recent debates around school vouchers, James G. Dwyer concludes that the welfare of children has been routinely subordinated to the interests and supposed rights of various groups of adults-parents, teachers, taxpayers, and advocates for ideological causes. Dwyer argues that a truly child-centered approach to education reform would yield dramatically different conclusions regarding the morality and constitutionality of government initiatives to improve public and private schooling in America.Dwyer makes the case that state funding of religious and other private schools is not only permissible, but mandatory, as a moral and constitutional right of the children already in private schools. In Vouchers within Reason, he also demonstrates the necessity of attaching to that funding robust standards for the content and nature of instruction and for treatment of students. These are just the sort of regulatory strings that most current supporters of vouchers fear.In the author's view, vouchers represent an opportunity for states to accomplish what they have been unable to do in the past-namely, to bring academic accountability to religious schools, many of which fail to provide a good secular education. He sees voucher programs that are now in place as morally irresponsible and clearly unconstitutional, however, because they require almost nothing of recipient schools in return for the funding. This book reorients the hot topic of universal school vouchers in a new and vital direction that may change the minds of scholars, educators, and policymakers alike.
Uncle Tom's Cabin in the Public Domain

What is the interaction between works of art and the public domain? Copyright owners would have us believe in the Romantic Era notion of pure creativity. Proponents of the public domain argue that new works are primarily developed from prior creations. This paper traces the history of Stowe's novel "Uncle Tom's Cabin," and identifies the interaction between the new text, prior and subsequent works, and social, political and cultural discourse.
Dust mitigation in the desert: Cleaning mechanisms for solar panels in arid regions

This review includes a comparative survey of cleaning mechanisms for solar power plants, with a focus on their application in arid regions. In these regions, dust accumulation can have a severe and detrimental effect on the productivity of solar arrays. The primary concern of this study is to address the need for a commercially viable cleaning solution and present candidate technologies that show promise in enabling solar technologies in the sun-rich, arid regions of the world. In addition to comparing the cleaning mechanisms categorically, specific examples from each category will be referenced to demonstrate the specific attributes of such tools. The survey will focus primarily on currently available product categories for the analysis, while developing technologies are reviewed for their potential strengths and weaknesses. The categories of cleaning solutions considered in this study include the following: manual cleaning, mechanized cleaning, hydraulic cleaning, installed robotic cleaning and deployable robotic cleaning.
Short- and Long-Term Changes in CA1 Network Excitability After Kainate Treatment in Rats

Neuron loss, axon sprouting, and the formation of new synaptic circuits have been hypothesized to contribute to seizures in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). Using the kainate-treated rat, we examined ...
Nutrition of Bacillus brevis ATCC 9999, the Producer of Gramicidin S

The nutrition of the gramicidin S (GS) producer Bacillus brevis ATCC 9999 was studied with respect to growth and antibiotic production. In a complex medium containing yeast extract and peptone, only glycerol, d-fructose, and meso-inositol contributed to growth, whereas other hexoses, pentoses, polyols, polysaccharides, and organic acids were inactive. Glycerol and fructose were inhibitory to GS formation; inositol had no effect. In chemically defined media containing a mixture of five amino acids (glutamine, methionine, proline, arginine, and histidine) necessary for good growth, again only glycerol, d-fructose, and meso-inositol served as effective carbon sources for growth. With respect to antibiotic formation, inositol was much poorer than glycerol or fructose. In the presence of glycerol and the five amino acids, addition of 0.1% l-phenylalanine specifically stimulated GS production. Growth kinetics in this defined medium showed two phases: early and rapid growth at the expense of the amino acid mixture, followed by glycerol utilization after a diauxic lag of 2 to 3 h; inositol utilization suffered a much longer lag period. GS formation was initiated after the diauxic lag. Ammonium sulfate was the best individual nitrogen source, but the combination of the five growth-stimulatory amino acids was more potent for GS production. The level of potassium phosphate influenced GS production. High levels stimulated the growth rate but progressively inhibited GS production. Methionine was the best sulfur source. A defined medium (F3/6) that supported rapid exponential growth (μ = 0.53 h−1) followed by progressively slower growth over a 30- to 40-h period was devised containing fructose, six amino acids, and mineral salts. GS formation was initiated as the cells left the exponential growth phase and reached high levels (1,500 mg of GS per liter; 0.19 mg of GS/mg of dry cell weight) after 40 to 50 h of incubation.
Cognitive consonance: complex brain functions in the fruit fly and its relatives

The fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, has become a model for the study of a growing number of human characteristics because of the power of its genetics. Higher cognitive functions, however, might be assumed to be out of reach for the little fly. But the cumulative history of cognitive studies in insects and some of their arachnid relatives, as well as specific probing of the capabilities of fruit flies, suggests that even in this ethereal realm these creatures have much to contribute. What are the degrees of sophistication in cognitive behavior displayed by these organisms, how have they been demonstrated, and what is their potential for understanding how our own brains work?
Uncoordinated (UNC)119: coordinating the trafficking of myristoylated proteins.

Abstract The mechanism by which myristoylated proteins are targeted to specific subcellular membrane compartments is poorly understood. Two novel acyl-binding proteins, UNC119A and UNC119B, have been shown recently to function as chaperones/co-factors in the transport of myristoylated G protein α-subunits and src-type tyrosine kinases. UNC119 polypeptides feature an immunoglobulin-like β-sandwich fold that forms a hydrophobic pocket capable of binding lauroyl (C12) and myristoyl (C14) side chains. UNC119A in rod photoreceptors facilitates the transfer of transducin α subunits (Tα) from inner segment to outer segment membranes by forming an intermediate diffusible UNC119–Tα complex. Similar complexes are formed in other sensory neurons, as the G proteins ODR-3 and GPA-13 in Caenorhabditis elegans unc-119 mutants traffic inappropriately. UNC119B knockdown in IMCD3 cells prevents trafficking of myristoylated nephrocystin-3 (NPHP3), a protein associated with nephronophthisis, to cilia. Further, UNC119A was shown to transport myristoylated src-type tyrosine kinases to cell membranes and to affect T-cell receptor (TCR) and interleukin-5 receptor (IL-5R) activities. These interactions establish UNC119 polypeptides as novel lipid-binding chaperones with specificity for a diverse subset of myristoylated proteins.
Computer science curriculum 2013: reviewing the strawman report from the ACM/IEEE-CS task force

Beginning over 40 years ago with the publication of Curriculum 68, the major professional societies in computing--ACM and IEEE-Computer Society--have sponsored various efforts to establish international curricular guidelines for undergraduate programs in computing. As the field has grown and diversified, so too have the recommendations for curricula. There are now guidelines for Computer Engineering, Information Systems, Information Technology, and Software Engineering in addition to Computer Science. These volumes are updated regularly with the aim of keeping computing curricula modern and relevant. In the Fall of 2010, work on the next volume in the series, Computer Science 2013 (CS2013), began. Considerable work on the new volume has already been completed and a first draft of the CS2013 report (known as the Strawman report) will be complete by the beginning of 2012. This panel seeks to update and engage the SIGCSE community in providing feedback on the Strawman report, which will be available shortly prior to the SIGCSE conference.
Acute Liver Failure with Thyrotoxicosis Treated with Liver Transplantation

ABSTRACT Objective We describe a young woman with previously undiagnosed thyrotoxicosis who presented with acute liver failure (ALF). Methods We present a case report and review the relevant literature. Results An extensive evaluation excluded possible causes of ALF other than thyrotoxicosis. The management of thyrotoxicosis posed several unique challenges in the setting of ALF, particularly because we did not want to use potentially hepatotoxic thionamides. The patient was treated with prednisone and propranolol and was started on potassium iodide when she was listed for liver transplantation. She underwent an uncomplicated liver transplant and subsequent thyroidectomy and is doing well. Conclusion This well-characterized case describes thyrotoxicosis as a possible cause of ALF after thoroughly excluding other possible causes and illustrates the challenges of simultaneously managing both disorders. To our knowledge, this is the first report of ALF possibly resulting from untreated thyrotoxicosis that was successfully treated with liver transplantation. (Endocr Pract. 2013;19:e57-e60)
Biodegradation at the Seafloor: Ultrahigh Resolution FT-ICR Mass Spectral Characterization of Natural Petroleum Seeps

ABSTRACT We report the first resolution, identification, and characterization of nickel and vanadyl porphyrins simultaneously in weathered oil samples derived from natural seeps in Southern Califor...
Mechanical properties of stainless steel orthodontic archwires

Abstract Sixty orthodontic archwire product/size combinations were studied from six manufacturers in simple bending and uniaxial tension. Data were obtained for wire diameters, elastic moduli, yield strength, tensile strength, and elongation at break. In addition the flexibility, the resilience, and the ratio of yield strength/ultimate tensile strength were determined. Results show that, in general, these parameters equal or exceed other values reported in the metallurgical literature and that the wire diameter has some influence on the parameters, presumably as a result of the cold work-strain hardening process. Among the various products investigated some were different and, for orthodontic purposes, were superior to alternative products. Within a given product the scatter of different wire sizes was often substantial and precluded more detailed interpretations of subgroups from being made.
Culture, Critical Theory, and Reproductive Illness Behavior in Haiti

While folk and biological medical systems have come to be recognized and discussed as cultural systems, insufficient attention has been directed toward clarifying the understanding of culture appropriated by medical anthropology. Utilizing research findings on reproductive illiness behavior among Haitian women, this article discusses the limitations of the medical culturalist perspective and argues instead for a critical understanding of culture that is attentive to the shaping influence of political economy, history, and social relations on human experience. Folk illness categories and symptoms among Haitian women are found to reflect changes in these three contexts.
Steam generator repair

Abstract This paper briefly describes the various maintenance techniques carried out on the French PWR steam generators. The major applications have arisen due to the occurrence of primary side stress corrosion cracking problems at various transition regions of the Inconel 600 tubing. Reference is also made to several other applications not directly concerned with the tubing.
Subarachnoid extension of primary intracerebral hemorrhage is associated with fevers

Background Extension of hemorrhage into the subarachnoid space in primary intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) has recently been associated with poor outcomes, although the mechanisms underlying that association are uncertain. The objectives of this study are to confirm the association between fever and poor outcomes after ICH, and to determine whether subarachnoid hemorrhage extension (SAHE) is associated with fevers.
Sound levels for neonates in transit

Sound levels were measured in a neonatal intensive care nursery as well as during transport in ambulance, rotary wing, and fixed wing aircrafts. In the nursery, under usual conditions, the sound levels were between 58 and 70 dB; while in transit, they were invariably higher, particularly in rotary wing aircraft (>90 dB). The observations suggest that neonates in transit are exposed to potentially hazardous sound levels. Provision of means to attenuate the sound is desirable as a part of stabilization of infants during transport.
Spin and statistics of solitons and J -Homomorphism

The deep connection between the spin and statistics of solitons and homotopy groups is clarified by usingJ-Homomorphism.
A Large Gas-Phase Stripping Device to Investigate Rates of PAH Evaporation from Airborne Diesel Soot Particles

To provide insights into the kinetics of mass transfer between the gas and particle phases, evaporation rates of SOCs from particle surfaces are needed. In this study, the authors investigated the evaporation rates of selected polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from fresh diesel soot particles. A 1967 Mercedes sedan (Model 200D) engine was the source of diesel emissions for the first experiment, and a 1979 Mercedes sedan (Model 300SD) was used for the second experiment. Both cars were operated at 100-200 rpm, generally idling with occasional and momentarily applied loads. (A)
Problems with Paleocene Palynozones in the Rockies: Hell's Half Acre Revisited

The scheme of palynostratigraphic zonation most widely applied to interbasinal correlation of Paleocene rocks in the Rocky Mountain region of North America is fundamentally flawed. In its initial publication (based on juglandaceous fossil pollen), basic principles of biostratigraphy were violated, the taxonomy was typological, and the phylogenetic analysis was methodologically unsound. Youngest parts of Paleocene time were not sampled during development of the zonation, and the basal two zones involved strata of Cretaceous age. Implications of paleoenvironmental influences on sequences of palynostratigraphic occurrences were not considered. Subjective assertions at many levels remain neither verifiable nor falsifiable, because data from specimens utilized in the published formulation of Paleocene palynozones P1–P6 cannot be reliably tied in their defining area to identifiable stratigraphic sequences at known positions in actual rocks. A rigorous and geologically useful palynological zonation for Paleocene strata in the Rockies is possible, and its development should be pursued. Procedurally, however, any such scheme must (1) be constructed according to sound principles of biostratigraphy; (2) contain accurate information about locations and stratigraphic positions of all samples; and (3) provide publicly accessible and verifiable taxonomic data on compositions of all samples.
Amino Acid Sequence of a New Type of Toxic Phospholipase A2 from the Venom of the Australian Tiger Snake (Notechis scutatus scutatus)

Abstract Venom from the common tiger snake, Notechis scutatus scutatus , contains several toxic acidic proteins which promote hypotension and hemorrhage in mice. One of these toxins, HT e , has a phospholipase A 2 (PLA 2 ) amino acid sequence. It contains 125 amino acids rather than the 119/120 found in other N. s. scutatus PLA 2 s, because it also has the loop of residues (62-66) found in helix D of pancreatic PLA 2 s, the γ-subunit of taipoxin, and the D-subunit of textilotoxin. High sequence identity is found between the first 57 and the last 25 amino acids of HT e and other N. s. scutatus PLA 2 s. In the central section containing the pancreatic loop and the β-wing, sequence similarity with other N. s. scutatus PLA 2 s is low. The β-wing amino acids are highly homologous to taipoxin-γ. HT g , an isoform of HT e , has a sequence almost identical to that of HT e in the central section. Neuropharmacological and neurophysiological studies show that HT e blocks neuromuscular transmission, but it does not produce blockade by virtue of a selective action on nerve endings. Instead, the toxin acts both on nerve and on muscle. Unlike taipoxin-γ and textilotoxin-D, HT e and HT g are not glycosylated and are not otherwise modified. HT e , HT g , and the other acidic proteins hydrolyze the synthetic PLA 2 substrate, 3-octanoyloxy-4-nitrobenzoic acid, as well as L-α-phosphatidylcholine.
Determining the cost of common equity capital: The direct method

Abstract One of the most critical aspects of the corporate capital budgeting process is the determination of a proper “hurdle rate” or “cut-off” rate to employ in the screening of proposed uses of funds. This hurdle rate is now commonly referred to in both industry and the literature of financial management as the cost of capital. General agreement on how to measure the equity component of the cost of capital (i.e., the cost of common equity) has not yet been achieved by either practitioners or theorists. A unique approach that shows considerable promise differs from the abstract mathematical techniques typically used. It involves quizzing directly a sample of the corporation's existing common stockholders as to their dividend and capital gain expectations. Proper interpretation of the responses can provide top corporate management with an estimate of the cost of equity capital, as represented by the returns (expected) by shareholders. Thus, top level management has more complete information from the firm's owners on the returns that are expected from the investment of retained earnings.
Changes in inpatient child psychiatry: consequences and recommendations.

Abstract The Psychiatric Inpatient Unit for children has evolved into a specialized setting for comprehensive diagnostic evaluation and brief intervention. This development has coincided with major changes in the nature of the patients admitted, the funding of inpatient care, and the availability of community resources. These factors have altered the way psychiatrists work with patients and their families and have had consequences for staff morale, milieu, training, and continuity of care. A series of steps to address these consequences is recommended, including the development of a full spectrum of rehabilitative services coordinated by a central agency. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry , 1988, 27, 4:397–403.
Dual inhibition of phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase/Akt and mammalian target of rapamycin signaling in human nonsmall cell lung cancer cells by a dietary flavonoid fisetin

Lung cancer is one of the most commonly occurring malignancies. It has been reported that mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is phosphorylated in lung cancer and its activation was more frequent in tumors with overexpression of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt. Therefore, dual inhibitors of PI3K/Akt and mTOR signaling could be valuable agents for treating lung cancer. In the present study, we show that fisetin, a dietary tetrahydroxyflavone inhibits cell growth with the concomitant suppression of PI3K/Akt and mTOR signaling in human nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells. Using autodock 4, we found that fisetin physically interacts with the mTOR complex at two sites. Fisetin treatment was also found to reduce the formation of A549 cell colonies in a dose-dependent manner. Treatment of cells with fisetin caused decrease in the protein expression of PI3K (p85 and p110), inhibition of phosphorylation of Akt, mTOR, p70S6K1, eIF-4E and 4E-BP1. Fisetin-treated cells also exhibited dose-dependent inhibition of the constituents of mTOR signaling complex such as Rictor, Raptor, GβL and PRAS40. There was an increase in the phosphorylation of AMPKα and a decrease in the phosphorylation of TSC2 on treatment of cells with fisetin. We also found that treatment of cells with mTOR inhibitor rapamycin and mTOR-siRNA caused decrease in phosphorylation of mTOR and its target proteins which were further downregulated on treatment with fisetin, suggesting that these effects are mediated in part, through mTOR signaling. Our results show that fisetin suppressed PI3K/Akt and mTOR signaling in NSCLC cells and thus, could be developed as a chemotherapeutic agent against human lung cancer.
Vertical FDI versus outsourcing: The role of technology transfer costs

Abstract The effect of technology transfer cost on the choice between horizontal foreign direct investment (FDI) and licensing is well established. We explore this “make or buy” decision in the offshoring context when offshore input production involves costly technology transfer. The burden of technology transfer cost that falls on the sourcing firm depends not only on the technological complexity of the offshored input but also on the mode of organizing offshoring. Outsourcing entails low technology transmission cost but a higher distortion in input production by the arm's length supplier while vertical FDI involves a higher technology transmission cost but a lower distortion in input production by the affiliated supplier. Contrary to the existing literature, we find that, irrespective of the type of good, outsourcing is the preferred mode at higher ends of technological complexity.
SU-FF-I-11: Inter-Observer Variability of Mesothelioma Area Measurements On CT Scans

Purpose: The measurement of mesothelioma is a crucial component of the assessment of disease response to therapy. Current standards for response assessment utilize summed linear measurements acquired on three CT sections. The purpose of this work was to evaluate area measurements as a metric for response assessment, specifically through the study of the inter‐observer variability of such measurements.Method/Materials: One CT scan from each of 21 mesothelioma patients was collected. Using a computer interface, three radiologists contoured the visible disease on three CT sections containing visible disease. The radiologists were able to inspect the full CT scan, but were only able to contour specified sections. The resulting 189 area measurements (three radiologists, three sections per patient, 21 patients) were compared using a random‐effects analysis of variance model to assess relative inter‐observer variability. The 63 sums of three section measurements per patient were also analyzed, since these sums of areas are more clinically relevant for response assessment. Results: When each radiologist's measurements were compared with the average of the other two radiologists'measurements, moderate correlation was observed (r‐values of 0.64 to 0.94). The 95% confidence interval for relative inter‐observer variability of section area measurements was [−81.3%, +433.7%], spanning a range of 515.0%. For the summed area measurements (three sections per patient), the 95% confidence interval for relative inter‐observer variability was [−68.8%, +220.7%], spanning a range of 289.3%. Conclusion: The inter‐observer variability in area measurements of mesothelioma tumor spans a range that encompasses the response categories of the original WHO bi‐dimensional response criteria, as well as extrapolations of the RECIST response categories to two dimensions. Manual area measurements may not be a robust means of response assessment in mesothelioma patients, thus motivating future research in more precise semi‐automated segmentation methods.
Cellular Uptake and Photodynamic Activity of Protein Nanocages Containing Methylene Blue Photosensitizing Drug

This study reports that photosensitizers encapsulated in supramolecular protein cages can be internalized by tumor cells and can deliver singlet oxygen intracellularly for photodynamic therapy (PDT). As an alternative to other polymeric and/or inorganic nanocarriers and nanoconjugates, which may also deliver photosensitizers to the inside of the target cells, protein nanocages provide a unique vehicle of biological origin for the intracellular delivery of photosensitizing molecules for PDT by protecting the photosensitizers from reactive biomolecules in the cell membranes, and yet providing a coherent, critical mass of destructive power (by way of singlet oxygen) upon specific light irradiation for photodynamic therapy of tumor cells. As a model, we demonstrated the successful encapsulation of methylene blue (MB) in apoferritin via a dissociation-reassembly process controlled by pH. The resulting MB-containing apoferritin nanocages show a positive effect on singlet oxygen production, and cytotoxic effects on MCF-7 human breast adenocarcinoma cells when irradiated at the appropriate wavelength (i.e. 633 nm).
Beneficial effects of adriamycin on Wistar-Furth Wilms' tumor.

Abstract The Wilms' tumor (Wistar-Furth, Columbia University) animal model kills the host in a predictable period of time, associated with widespread metastases (lungs, liver, spleen) regardless of the route of tumor transplantation. Actinomycin D in single or multiple doses has previously been shown to increase survival, reduce the primary tumor weight, as well as the number of metastases in this experimental model. The model thus has close similarity to man. The present report describes a remarkable effect of adriamycin in this animal system. The beneficial results are, however, limited by severe dose-related drug toxicity. Nevertheless, faced with recurrent or metastatic lesions following prior current conventional clinical therapy, based on the present experimental results, we believe adriamycin treatment should be given serious clinical consideration.
Glucose enhancement of memory in patients with probable senile dementia of the Alzheimer's type

Attempts to attenuate the severe memory deficits in patients with SDAT have been largely unsuccessful, particularly in patients at advanced stages of the disease. Recent evidence indicates that glucose administration enhances memory in generally healthy aged rodents and humans. The present experiment demonstrates that glucose administration improves memory in moderately to severely demented patients with probable SDAT. Glucose ingestion significantly enhanced performance on several tests including orientation, word recognition and recall, narrative prose, and face recognition after glucose ingestion. Thus, the results extend enhancement of memory with glucose from generally healthy rodent and human populations to patients with probable SDAT.
A DNA polymorphism for lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) is associated with high density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations in baboons.

We investigated the effects of a polymorphic PvuII site in the gene for lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) on serum high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and apolipoprotein A-I (apo A-I) concentrations in a population of 750 pedigreed baboons. We also tested for genotype by diet interactions using data on HDL-C and apo A-I concentrations on two diets (chow and high-cholesterol, saturated fat). A significant (P < 0.001) association between the LCAT genotypes and HDL-C levels was observed. On both diets, animals homozygous for the less common allele had HDL-C levels that averaged 18–19% lower than animals homozygous for the more common allele. HDL-C levels of the heterozygotes were intermediate. The LCAT RFLP accounted for approximately 5% of the variation in HDL-C levels on the two diets. We observed no strong evidence for an LCAT genotype by diet interaction effect.
Fibronectin adsorption to nanopatterned silicon surfaces

This study investigated the adsorption of fibronectin to a rectangular diffraction grating silicon surface with 350 nm period and a corrugation depth of 90 nm. Results demonstrated a significantly positive effect on the fibronectin binding.
Integrated description of protein dynamics from room-temperature X-ray crystallography and NMR

Detailed descriptions of atomic coordinates and motions are required for an understanding of protein dynamics and their relation to molecular recognition, catalytic function, and allostery. Historically, NMR relaxation measurements have played a dominant role in the determination of the amplitudes and timescales (picosecond–nanosecond) of bond vector fluctuations, whereas high-resolution X-ray diffraction experiments can reveal the presence of and provide atomic coordinates for multiple, weakly populated substates in the protein conformational ensemble. Here we report a hybrid NMR and X-ray crystallography analysis that provides a more complete dynamic picture and a more quantitative description of the timescale and amplitude of fluctuations in atomic coordinates than is obtainable from the individual methods alone. Order parameters (S2) were calculated from single-conformer and multiconformer models fitted to room temperature and cryogenic X-ray diffraction data for dihydrofolate reductase. Backbone and side-chain order parameters derived from NMR relaxation experiments are in excellent agreement with those calculated from the room-temperature single-conformer and multiconformer models, showing that the picosecond timescale motions observed in solution occur also in the crystalline state. These motions are quenched in the crystal at cryogenic temperatures. The combination of NMR and X-ray crystallography in iterative refinement promises to provide an atomic resolution description of the alternate conformational substates that are sampled through picosecond to nanosecond timescale fluctuations of the protein structure. The method also provides insights into the structural heterogeneity of nonmethyl side chains, aromatic residues, and ligands, which are less commonly analyzed by NMR relaxation measurements.
PARTICIPATION OF THE STRETCH REFLEX IN HUMAN PHYSIOLOGICAL TREMOR

Microneurographic studies were made of normal human muscle spindle afferent activity to evaluate the role played by these endings, and by the segmental stretch reflex, in various types of physiological tremor. Primary endings are sufficiently sensitive to respond to the minute tremulous movements normally seen in contracting muscles. Human muscle spindle endings appear to possess the same non-linear sensitivity to small stretches as has been reported for cat muscle spindles. The findings also support the notion that the segmental stretch reflex plays an important role in enhanced physiological tremor, in so far as it tends to synchronize the motor outflow in such a way as to produce rhythmical contractions properly timed to reinforce the mechanical resonant properties of muscle spindle endings, the stretch reflex also serves to damp the larger oscillations of finger or hand which result from a brisk tap or muscle twitch. There is no evidence for alpha-gamma co-activation in these enhanced physiological tremors.
Development of methodology for optimum design of structures at elevated temperatures

This paper surveys a number of activities aimed at applying optimum design techniques to structures where high temperatures are important design considerations. An improved variant of fully-stressed design (FSD), denoted thermal fully-stressed design (TFSD), is described which converges significantly faster than FSD for problems where thermal stresses are comparable in magnitude to mechanical stresses. Second, an optimality criterion is described for sizing structures subjected to temperature constraints. Simultaneous requirements on strength and temperatures are handled by two different techniques: (1) a state-of-the-art mathematical programming method and (2) the optimality criterion technique for temperature constraints combined with FSD for strength constraints. A method is described to optimize the insulation and ply thicknesses of an insulated composite panel with a time-varying temperature applied to the outer surface of the insulation and a general set of in-plane loads applied to the panel.
The Purdue pegboard: Normative data on 1334 school children

Abstract The Purdue Pegboard provides an excellent test of fine motor coordination. Unfortunately, extensive data have not been collected from children. Accordingly, most examiners use the instrument subjectively ‐ relying on their impressions and experience regarding normal and abnormal performance. To enhance the efficacy of this valuable instrument, the author and his assistants collected data from 1334 normal school children (663 boys and 671 girls) ages 5–16. The group was divided into half‐year age groups. For each half‐year group means, standard deviations, and percentile ranks are provided, enabling the examiner to quantify a patient's score on this valuable test of fine motor coordination. In order to ascertain whether the instrument's use in the MBD diagnostic battery is justified, the scores of the normal children were compared with those of 212 children (145 boys and 67 girls) with well‐diagnosed neurologically based learning disabilities (MBD)
Investigation of defects in highly photosensitive germanosilicate thin films

Germanosilicate glasses exhibit a significant photosensitive response which has been linked to the presence of oxygen-deficient germanium point defects in the glass structure. Based on this correlation, highly photosensitive thin films have been engineered which demonstrate the largest reported ultraviolet-induced refractive index perturbations (An) in an as-synthesized material. Our thin-film fabrication process avoids the use of hydrogen sensitizing treatments and, thus, yields stable films which retain their predisposition for large photosensitivity for over one year of storage. Understanding the nature of the defects in such films and their relationship to charge trapping and enhanced photosensitivity is of paramount importance in designing and optimizing the materials. Toward this end, our films have been studied using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), capacitance-voltage, and optical bleaching and absorption spectroscopies. We find experimental evidence suggesting a model in which a change in spin state and charge state of isolated paramagnetic neutral Ge dangling bonds form either diamagnetic positively or negatively charged Ge sites which are largely responsible for the charge trapping and photosensitivity in these thin films. We present experimental data and theoretical modeling to support our defect model and to show the relevance of the work.
Reducing measurement uncertainty drives the use of multiple technologies for supporting metrology

Perhaps never before in semiconductor microlithography has there been such an interest in the accuracy of measurement. This interest places new demands on our in-line metrology systems as well as the supporting metrology for verification. This also puts a burden on the users and suppliers of new measurement tools, which both challenge and complement existing manufacturing metrology. The metrology community needs to respond to these challenges by using new methods to assess the fab metrologies. An important part of this assessment process is the ability to obtain accepted reference measurements as a way of determining the accuracy and Total Measurement Uncertainty (TMU) of an in-line critical dimension (CD). In this paper, CD can mean any critical dimension including, for example, such measures as feature height or sidewall angle. This paper describes the trade-offs of in-line metrology systems as well as the limitations of Reference Measurement Systems (RMS). Many factors influence each application such as feature shape, material properties, proximity, sampling, and critical dimension. These factors, along with the metrology probe size, interaction volume, and probe type such as e-beam, optical beam, and mechanical probe, are considered. As the size of features shrinks below 100nm some of the stalwarts of reference metrology come into question, such as the electrically determined transistor gate length. The concept of the RMS is expanded to show how multiple metrologies are needed to achieve the right balance of accuracy and sampling. This is also demonstrated for manufacturing metrology. Various comparisons of CDSEM, scatterometry, AFM, cross section SEM, electrically determined CDs, and TEM are shown. An example is given which demonstrates the importance in obtaining TMU by balancing accuracy and precision for selecting manufacturing measurement strategy and optimizing manufacturing metrology. It is also demonstrated how the necessary supporting metrology will bring together formerly unlinked technology fields requiring new measurement science. The emphasis on accuracy will increase the importance and role of NIST and similar metrology organizations in supporting the semiconductor industry in this effort.
SNR improvement for multiinjection time‐resolved high‐resolution CE‐MRA of the peripheral vasculature

Peripheral MR angiography (MRA) should ideally provide images over a large field of view with high spatial resolution and adequate temporal resolution to accommodate differences in regional filling times. Image subtraction is usually used to remove background signals. In examination protocols involving multiple injections at multiple sites, previously injected contrast present in the mask image provides a substantial decrease in the subtraction image signal. Bolus chase methods avoid this problem but provide limited time for acquisition of high-resolution images at each station. We present here a technique applied to peripheral angiography that provides high spatial and temporal resolution while maintaining high SNR in multiple injection examinations. Undersampled projection imaging was used to increase spatial resolution relative to a previously reported technique using a Cartesian acquisition technique. Late acquisition of high spatial frequencies and temporal matched-filtering were used to increase spatial resolution and SNR, respectively. Temporal correlation analysis was applied to permit multistation examinations without mask subtraction, thus providing an additional gain in SNR relative to multistation subtraction methods. Quantitative analysis is provided to evaluate the signal and noise behavior in the matched-filtering process due to multiinjection and mask subtraction.
ISOSPIN CONSTRAINTS ON SEMI-INCLUSIVE NEUTRINO REACTIONS AND THEIR HADRONIC ANALOGS.

The processes $\ensuremath{\nu}(\overline{\ensuremath{\nu}})+\mathrm{target}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\mathrm{hadron}+\ensuremath{\mu}(\overline{\ensuremath{\mu}})+\mathrm{anything}$ are considered in the cases where the hadron selected has $I=\frac{1}{2} or 1$. Inequalities are given which follow from the conventional assignment of isospin to the weak current (for $\ensuremath{\Delta}S=0, 1$) and the charge-symmetry conditions for the $\ensuremath{\Delta}S=0$ current. $\ensuremath{\nu}d$ and $\overline{\ensuremath{\nu}}d$ processes with $\ensuremath{\Delta}S=1$ yield an equality if the hadron selected has $I=1$. The hadronic analogs of these reactions are also discussed; bounds are given for ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}+p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\mathrm{hadron}+\mathrm{anything}$, which are stronger than those previously reported.
The use of bevacizumab to palliate symptomatic ascites in patients with refractory ovarian carcinoma

Abstract Objective To evaluate our experience with the use of bevacizumab in patients with heavily pretreated recurrent ovarian carcinoma who have symptomatic ascites. Methods Four patients were identified who were previously heavily pretreated for recurrent ovarian carcinoma. Each had symptomatic ascites and required frequent therapeutic paracenteses. Each was treated with bevacizumab with the intent to palliate symptomatic ascites. Clinical data including demographic data and clinicopathologic variables was abstracted. Results The four patients demonstrated symptomatic relief of ascites. Toxicity was manageable in all patients with no grade 3/4 toxicity observed. In addition to symptomatic relief of ascites, no therapeutic paracenteses were required after initiation of therapy with bevacizumab. Conclusions Bevacizumab may be a viable palliative option in patients with end stage ovarian carcinoma who have symptomatic ascites.
Applications of the group of equations of motion of a polytropic gas

Abstract The machinery of Lie theory (groups and algebras) is applied to the system of equations governing the unsteady flow of a polytropic gas. The action on solutions of transformation groups which leave the equations invariant is considered. Using the invariants of the transformation groups, various symmetry reductions are achieved in both the steady state and the unsteady cases. These reduce the system of partial differential equations to systems of ordinary differential equations for which some closed-form solutions are obtained. It is then illustrated how each solution in the steady case gives rise to time-dependent solutions.
Optical/SAR image registration based on cross-correlation with multi-scale and multi-direction Gabor characteristic matrixes

Optical/SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar) image registration is one of the key technologies in image fusion or image guidance with SAR imaging. Generally we implement characteristic extraction and scene matching on image registration with optical and SAR images. This paper presents a new heterogeneous optical/SAR image registration method. Firstly we implement directional Frost filtering on SAR image so that we can reduce coherent speckle and keep the details of the edges and textures. Secondly we carry out the Gaussian gradient image of the optical and SAR image respectively. Then we extract characteristics from the two Gaussian gradient images using two-dimensional multi-scale and multi-direction Gabor filters respectively and then form two Gabor characteristic matrixes. Finally we implement NCC (normalized cross-correlation) matching on the two characteristic matrixes. The experiment result shows that the heterogeneous image registration method mentioned in this paper has preferable robustness and accuracy. (4 pages)
Diazepam potentiation by glycine in pentylenetetrazol seizures is antagonized by 7-chlorokynurenic acid

Abstract This study evaluated a possible mechanism by which glycine potentiates the activity of diazepam (DZP) and valproic acid (VAL) against the clonic seizures induced by pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) in rats. Neither 7-chlorokyburenic acid (7-CLKYNA)_nor strychnine in doses of 10, 50, or 100 nmol ICV significantly altered the clonic seizure response to PTZ. However, 7-CLKYNA (100 nmol, ICV), but not strychnine (100 nmol, ICV), antagonized the anticonvulsant activity induced by coadministration of DZP (1.0 mg/kg, IP) and glycine (40 mmol/kg, PO). Neither 7-CLKYNA (100 nmol, ICV) nor strychnine (100 nmol, ICV) significantly altered the anticonvulsant activity induced by coadministration of VAL and glycine. 7-CLKYNA (100 nmol, ICV) had no effect on the anticonvulsant activity of DZP or VAL in the absence of glycine. These results provide evidence that the glycine potentiation of the anticonvulsant activity of DZP in clonic seizures induced by PTZ may be mediated by the strychnine-insensitive glycine receptor.