cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On Decomposing Changes in Male- Female Wage Gap

Several researchers have used trend decomposition techniques to decompose the change in the wage gap between two groups. In contrast to the previous decomposition techniques which are flawed on both conceptual and technical grounds, this paper provides alternative decomposition methods which have clearer interpretations. The alternative decomposition is then applied to the May CPS from 1983 and 1993. The results from the empirical application in this two-period model show that the previous decomposition methods yield substantially lower estimates of the portion due to changes in characteristics, and therefore higher estimates of the portion due to changes in coefficients. This implies the conclusions drawn from previous methods might overstate the change in the wage gap attributable to decline in discrimination.
Integrated Deformable Boundary Finding Using Bayesian Strategies

Precise segmentation and analysis of underlying structures in an image is crucial for a variety of image analysis and computer vision applications including robot vision, pattern recognition and biomedical image processing such as image guided surgery, registration of multimodality images, cardiac motion tracking, etc. However, a robust identification and measurement of such structure is not always achievable by using a single technique that depends on a single image feature. Thus, it is necessary to make use of various image features, such as gradients, curvatures, homogeneity of intensity values, textures, etc. as well as model-based information (such as shape). Integration provides a way to make use of the rich information provided by the various information sources, whereby consistent information from the different sources are reinforced while noise and errors are attenuated. Integration is achieved in this work by using region information in addition to gradient information within the deformable boundary finding framework. The integration problem is framed in a Bayesian framework using shape and region priors to influence a gradient-based deformable boundary finding.
Identity in Digital Government

Identity and identifiers are tightly linked when both are confirmed on paper. In a world of paper, verified pseudonyms and conditional anonymity are impossibilities. Assumptions based on the paper identity system lead to flawed decisions in modern uses of failure-prone identifiers. In this paper I begin by arguing that the use of the word, "identity", masks important social and technical complexities in developing digital identifiers. I describe how identity functions in a paper realm. I use the case of a traffic stop to illustrate how assertions of identity can increase rather than mitigate risks when the distinctions between identification, attribute verification and identity are confused. I conclude that misuses of identifiers are decreasing, not increasing, security.
Nucleotide excision repair polymorphisms and risk of colorectal adenoma

Proc Amer Assoc Cancer Res, Volume 45, 2004 1494 Objectives. Cigarette smoking is a risk factor for colorectal adenoma. Nucleotide excision repair enzymes remove bulky damage caused by environmental agents, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, carcinogens found in cigarette smoke. Among participants randomized to the screening arm of the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian (PLCO) Cancer Screening Trial, we studied risk for advanced colorectal adenoma in relation to cigarette smoking and selected polymorphic variants in the nucleotide excision repair pathway . Methods. Cases (n= 773) were subjects with left-sided advanced adenoma (>1 cm in size, villous characteristics, high-grade dysplasia, or carcinoma in situ). Controls (n= 777) were screen-negative at sigmoidoscopy for left-sided polyps. DNA was extracted and assessed for polymorphic variants in ERCC2 (D312N, K751Q), ERCC4 (R379S, R415Q), ERCC5 (H1104D), XPC (R492H, A499V, K939Q), CCNH (V270A), Lig1 (5′UTR -7C>T), and Rad23B (A249V). Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to calculate age-, race-, and sex-adjusted odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results. None of the studied polymorphisms were independently associated with advanced adenoma risk. Recent smoking (current smoker or quit < 10 years ago) was associated with increased risk (OR=2.4, CI=1.8-3.2). XPC variants modified the effects of recent smoking on adenoma risk, with protective effects associated with the minor allele in XPC -492 (H) and XPC -499 (V) ( Pinteraction = .006 and .003, respectively). The three XPC variants were in linkage disequilibrium. Logistic regression analysis, including all three XPC polymorphisms in the same model, showed protective effects only for the XPC -499V variant among recent smokers ( Ptrend =0.05). The association with XPC -499V in recent smokers was consistent with an EM haplotype analysis, indicating protective effects for haplotypes that include the XPC -499V variant. Conclusions. Examining a spectrum of polymorphic variants in nucleotide excision repair genes, we found evidence that smoking-associated risks for advanced colorectal adenoma may be modified by polymorphisms in XPC , particularly XPC -499V. ![Figure][1] [1]: pending:yes
A Synthesis Approach to Uncertain Systems with Parametric uncertainties

A methodology is suggested for systematic synthesis of stbilizing controllers for a class of SISO systems with complex parameter uncertainties. This class of complex uncertain systems can be realized in state space form with perturbations in their system matrices. Therefore some well known techniques of robust control theory can be applied; in fact, the resulting stabilizing controllers are H infty -type.
Overlapping functions of the myogenic bHLH genes MRF4 and MyoD revealed in double mutant mice

The myogenic basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) genes - MyoD, Myf5, myogenin and MRF4 - exhibit distinct, but overlapping expression patterns during development of the skeletal muscle lineage and loss-of-function mutations in these genes result in different effects on muscle development. MyoD and Myf5 have been shown to act early in the myogenic lineage to establish myoblast identity, whereas myogenin acts later to control myoblast differentiation. In mice lacking myogenin, there is a severe deficiency of skeletal muscle, but some residual muscle fibers are present in mutant mice at birth. Mice lacking MRF4 are viable and have skeletal muscle, but they upregulate myogenin expression, which could potentially compensate for the absence of MRF4. Previous studies in which Myf5 and MRF4 null mutations were combined suggested that these genes do not share overlapping myogenic functions in vivo. To determine whether the functions of MRF4 might overlap with those of myogenin or MyoD, we generated double mutant mice lacking MRF4 and either myogenin or MyoD. MRF4/myogenin double mutant mice contained a comparable number of residual muscle fibers to mice lacking myogenin alone and myoblasts from those double mutant mice formed differentiated multinucleated myotubes in vitro as efficiently as wild-type myoblasts, indicating that neither myogenin nor MRF4 is absolutely essential for myoblast differentiation. Whereas mice lacking either MRF4 or MyoD were viable and did not show defects in muscle development, MRF4/MyoD double mutants displayed a severe muscle deficiency similar to that in myogenin mutants. Myogenin was expressed in MRF4/MyoD double mutants, indicating that myogenin is insufficient to support normal myogenesis in vivo. These results reveal unanticipated compensatory roles for MRF4 and MyoD in the muscle differentiation pathway and suggest that a threshold level of myogenic bHLH factors is required to activate muscle structural genes, with this level normally being achieved by combinations of multiple myogenic bHLH factors.
Studies on the role of peroxy and hydroperoxy groups in polymer photodegradation

Interactions of carbonyl singlet and triplet excited states with peroxides and hydroperoxides were examined in order to ascertain the reasons why the latter two compounds act as nearly diffusion controlled quenchers of ketone-containing polymer photodegradation. From singlet state fluorescence quenching and laser flash photolysis measurements of triplet decays, direct interaction with the carbonyl excited states was ruled out. These processes occurred with rate constants at least one to two orders of magnitude below the diffusion controlled limit. Trapping of the 1,4-biradical precursor to chain scission, thereby preventing its disproportionation was also tentatively eliminated. Results obtained using benzoyl peroxide suggest that quencher photodissociation into alkoxy radicals might represent the key step in the quenching of ketone-containing polymer photodegradation.
Oxygen Pressure Acid Leaching of Vanadium Slag

Oxygen pressure acid leaching process was used to extract vanadium from vanadium slag (Panzhihua steelmaking plant of China). The single factor experiment was finished and the effects of temperature, leaching time, liquid to solid ratio, stirring speed, initial concentration of sulfuric acid, and were investigated on the leaching rate of vanadium, titanium and iron. The leachate and residue were characterized by ICP, XRF, XRD, SEM and EDX. The experiment results indicate when temperature is 140 °C, leaching time is 120 min, liquid to solid ratio is 20:1(ml:g), stirring speed is 500 rpm, initial acid concentration is 200 g/L, oxygen partial pressure is 0.5 MPa, and particle size is -0.075~+0.055 mm, leaching rate of vanadium is 97.89% and the content of vanadium in the residue is 0.586%. Leaching rate of titanium and iron is 12.78% and 94.45% respectively. Vanadium could be extracted effectively through the oxygen pressure acid leaching process.
Novel approaches to low‐cost MRI

This paper presents a combination of speculative approaches, some related to earlier work and some apparently novel, which show great promise in providing a new class of MRI machines that would be considerably less expensive. This class would have advantages and disadvantages as compared to existing MRI, over and above that of low cost. The disadvantages include the apparent inability to perform classic spectroscopy, and limited flexibility in the area of selective excitation. The advantages include a fundamental immunity to inhomogeneity and susceptibility problems, the ability to create a wide class of machines that are designed for specific anatomy-related applications, the ability to design open machines for physician access, and improved capability for high speed imaging. Generic to all of the methods presented are a pulsed polarizing field and an oscillatory read-out bias field. The pulsed field initially polarizes the magnetic moments. Since it is not on during the readout operation it has negligible homogeneity requirements since changes in the field amplitude will merely shade the image intensity. During readout a relatively low bias field is used. To enable the use of a relatively inhomogeneous bias field, an oscillatory field is used that has a zero average value. This prevents any long-term buildup of phase errors due to a frequency error associated with inhomogeneity. Thus the average bias frequency will be determined solely by the frequency rather than the amplitude of the bias field. Three methods are described, all including the above features. The first two involve imaging in the laboratory frame, while the third involves imaging in the rotating frame. The second approach requires no RF excitation and the third approach uses RF bias and gradient signals. Some approaches to slice selection are described.
A Continuum Lagrangian Sensitivity Analysis for Metal Forming Processes with Applications to Die Design Problems

Abstract : A continuum sensitivity analysis is presented for large inelastic deformations and metal forming processes. The formulation is based on the differentiation of the governing field equations of the direct problem and development of weak forms for the corresponding field sensitivity equations. Special attention is given to modelling of the sensitivity boundary conditions that result due to frictional contact between the die and the workpiece. The contact problem in the direct deformation analysis is modelled using an augmented Lagrangian formulation. To avoid issues of non-differentiability of the contact conditions, appropriate regularizing assumptions are introduced for the calculation of the sensitivity of the contact tractions. The proposed analysis is used for the calculation of sensitivity fields with respect to various process parameters including the die surface. The accuracy and effectiveness of the proposed method are demonstrated with a number of representative example problems. In the die design applications, a Bezier representation of the die curve is introduced. The control points of the Bezier curve are used as the design parameters. Comparison of the computed sensitivity results with those obtained using the direct analysis for two nearby dies and a finite difference approximation indicate a very high accuracy of the proposed analysis. The method is applied to the design of extrusion dies that minimize the standard deviation of the material state in the final product or minimize the required extrusion force for a given reduction ratio. An open-forging die is also designed which for a specified stroke and initial workpiece produces a final product of desired shape.
Behavior of default-risk premiums for corporate bonds and commercial paper

Abstract The question addressed in this paper is whether default-risk premiums for short-term and for long-term securities behave differently over time. The question is important because it affects decisions by corporations and state and local governments as to the maturity structure of their debt. It also affects decisions by investors as to the maturity and the type and grade of security in which they invest. Several hypotheses have been advanced about the behavior of default-risk premiums for different maturities. The purpose of this paper is to test these hypotheses empirically with a set of data heretofore unused. In so doing, new insights are gained into the behavior of default-risk premiums for different maturities.
Simultaneous modeling of the impact of treatments on alcohol consumption and quality of life in the COMBINE study: a coupled hidden Markov analysis

Background Clinical trials for alcoholism have historically regarded alcohol consumption as the primary outcome. In a subset of trials, quality of life has been considered as a secondary outcome. Joint latent-variable modeling techniques may provide a more accurate and powerful simultaneous analysis of primary and secondary outcomes in clinical trials. The goal of the present study was to evaluate longitudinal associations between treatment status, alcohol consumption, and quality of life in the Combined Pharmacotherapies and Behavioral Interventions for Alcohol Dependence (COMBINE) study.
Uncovering trends in gene naming.

We take stock of current genetic nomenclature and attempt to organize strange and notable gene names. We categorize, for instance, those that involve a naming system transferred from another context (for example, Pavlov’s dogs). We hope this analysis provides clues to better steer gene naming in the future.
Mechanical properties and corrosion susceptibility of dual-phase steel in concrete

Abstract This paper presents preliminary results on the mechanical and corrosion properties of a Fe-2Si-0.1C-0.1Nb dual-phase ferrite martensite (DFM) steel embedded in concrete. Previous research has shown that these steels can attain higher tensile strengths, higher energy absorption, more ductility, better fatigue toughness, weldability, and better corrosion resistance than conventional reinforcement (re-bar) steels. This investigation shows that Fe-2Si-0.1C-0.1 Nb DFM steels with approximately 18% martensive volume, when embedded in small concrete beams and subjected to an accelerated corrosive environment, are more resistant to corrosion than standard billet reinforcement and may offer considerable potential as a new economical steel for concrete reinforcement.
Electron microscopic study of somatotropic and lactotropic pituitary cells of the Syrian hamster.

Somatotropic (STH) and lactotropic (LTH) cell types of the Syrian hamster's adenohypophysis are readily identified by electron microscopy. Pituitaries of growing and lactating animals were studied to establish the identity of these cell types. The pituitaries of normal, gonadectomized and thyroidectomized adult male and female hamsters were also examined. Distribution of these cell types was determined by examining all blocks of half the gland in adults and of the whole gland in immature animals. Electron microscopic fields were systematically photographed and cell types counted. The STH and LTH cells are distinguished by the size of the secretory granules which measure maximally 300 and 700 mμ, respectively. A marked predominance of STH and LTH cells is present in the intact adult female gland. Approximately equal numbers of STH and LTH cells are seen in the female gland, whereas, there are significantly fewer LTH cells in the male adenohypophysis. The proportion of the gland comprising STH cells, however, appears to be constant in both male and female. Both cell types are distributed throughout the gland with no regional localization.
Enhancing consumer acceptance of new processing technologies

Abstract The acceptance of a technology depends on the consumer's perception of benefits and risks. These include the impact of the technology on taste, convenience, nutritional value, the perceived safety of the process or technology, the magnitude of the risk the technology reduces, and the effect of the technology on the environment. Public acceptance is influenced by perceived credibility of data, rigor of regulatory policy, impartial action of regulators, and demonstrated responsibility of industry. This paper will focus on consumer demand and response to new technologies. Industrial relevance New technologies that successfully address technical problems may face barriers in marketing and consumer acceptance. This paper highlights factors to consider in the development and introduction of products processed by unfamiliar or controversial technologies.
The Collapse of the Gold Exchange Standard

viet Union. If that were true (and I very much doubt itl) Montana itself would have to be a very open economy in order to profit from them. One can easily imagine the problems this state would have if the financial apparatus in the United States broke down. But the position of Montana vis-at-vis the United States is not very different from that of many nations in the world confronted with the threat of international financial breakdown.
Natural Killer Cell Activity of Lymphocytes Exposed to Ovine, Type I, Trophoblast Interferon

PROBLEM: A member of newly described interferon (IFN) family, ovine trophoblast protein one (oTP-1, now named as ovine type I trophoblast interferon, oTIFN), is a major secretory product of sheep conceptuses during days 11–21 of pregnancy. Type I trophoblast IFN shares high amino acid and nucleotide sequence homology with other mammalian IFN-αs and has functional characteristics of IFNs such as antiproliferative, immunosuppressive, and antiviral activities. Moreover, oTIFN is responsible for the antiluteolytic signaling for early pregnancy recognition in sheep. It has been reported that natural killer (NK) cells are recruited to the pregnant uterus and contribute para-immunotrophic effects on growth and differentiation of the conceptus (embryo/fetus and associated membranes). Because IFNs are potent modulators of NK cell activity, the present study examined interactions between oTIFN and sheep and pig NK cells. METHODS: A 51Cr release assay was used to evaluate the effects of various concentrations of oTIFN and IFN-α on sheep and pig NK cell activity against K562 and HeLaS3 cells in vitro. Dosages were tested at four effector to target cell ratios. RESULTS: These data provide the first evidence that oTIFN is a potent NK cell activator in vitro. Recombinant human IFN-α, (rhIFN-α) and oTIFN increased (P 400 AVU/ml) of oTIFN were needed to increase (P < 0.01) porcine NK cell cytotoxicity. This suggests that oTIFN has some species specificity in activating NK cells. The augmentation of NK cell activity by 100 AVU/ml of oTIFN was effectively neutralized by an anti-oTIFN monoclonal antibody (HL-98) at a dilution of 1:800. CONCLUSIONS: Results of the present study clearly indicate that oTIFN is as active as rhIFN-α, for activating NK cells in vitro. Immune cells, especially those recruited to the pregnant uterus by conceptus secretory products,−may be stimulated/activated by trophoblast IFNs. However, the function of activated NK cells during early pregnancy remains to be determined.
Relaxed Arakawa-Schubert - A parameterization of moist convection for general circulation models

A simple implementation of the Arakawa and Schubert (1974) cumulus parameterization is presented. The major simplification made is to 'relax' the state toward equilibrium each time the parameterization is invoked, rather than requiring that the final state be balanced, as in the original Arakawa-Schubert implementation. This relaxed Arakawa-Schubert (RAS) scheme is evaluated in off-line tests using the Global Atmospheric Research Program (GARP) Atlantic Tropical Experiment (GATE) Phase III data. The results show that RAS is equivalent to the standard implementation of Arakawa-Schubert but is more economical and simpler to code. RAS also avoids the ill-posed problem that occurs in Arakawa-Schubert as a result of having to solve for a balanced state.
Systematic static shadow detection

A systematic static shadow detection algorithm for color images is presented in this paper. The image is modeled by an undirected graph and the shadow detection is achieved through maximizing the graph probability using the EM algorithm. Further analysis shows the connection between our model and the relaxation-labeling (RL) model. Experiments clearly indicate that our method is superior to a state-of-the-art shadow detection algorithm.
Pairs of intrinsic defects in III–V semiconductors: Electronic states and interaction energies☆

Abstract The electronic properties of pairs of intrinsic defects involving vacancies and antisites in the III–V systems GaAs, GaP, AlAs, InP, and InAs are studied. The electronic states of these defect pairs as well as the total electronic interaction energies between the two defects are evaluated. Calculations are performed using the recursion method and are based on tight-binding Hamiltonians.
Adaptive polygonalization of implicitly defined surfaces

A method for finding an adaptive polygonal approximation of an implicitly defined surface is presented. For algebraic surfaces, the method yields an approximation guaranteed accurate to within some user-specified tolerance of the actual surface. This polygonalization can then be rendered using standard shaded polygon drawing techniques. A method for eliminating or improving the aspect ratios of the 'skinny' polygons that often arise in traditional polygonalization methods is also presented. This method has proved particularly useful in the creation of polygonalization for finite-element analysis. >
Decentralization versus State Collapse: Explaining Russia's Endurance

The non-collapse of post-Soviet Russia suggests that state disintegration is not a function of the degree of central control or the balance of power between the center and the periphery, but of the existence and effectiveness of institutions that mediate center-periphery grievances. The article examines four such institutional factors (unavailable under communism) that have enabled the Russian Federation to survive socio-economic and political challenges to state integrity in the 1990s: (1) the ability of the center to provide selective incentives to the regions and the regions' ability to engage in strategic bargaining; (2) disincentives for external support to regional separatists; (3) diffusion of civic separatism; and (4) center-periphery checks and balances. While the balance of power between Moscow and the regions is likely to wax and wane, the robustness of these four factors and the commitment of Russia's political elites to problem-solving through multilateral compromises and bargaining emerge as...
On an inverse problem in optimal control

The problem of optimizing linear-stationary control systems subject to quadratic performance indices and bounded control effort constraints is studied. This problem was first proposed by Letov [1]. His solution, however, has been found to be valid only in some special cases [3]. In this paper, necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of the optimal control laws of the saturation type are developed. It is shown that the weighting factors in the performance index have to be chosen in a particular manner, and the plants have to satisfy certain conditions to yield an optimal saturation type control law. As the weighting on the control effort in the performance index is decreased, the optimal solution approaches a bang-bang type singular control.
Berkeley’s Contingent Necessities

The paper provides an account of necessary truths in Berkeley based upon his divine language model. If the thesis of the paper is correct, not all Berkeleian necessary truths can be known a priori.
A density functional study of defect migration in gadolinium doped ceria.

Oxygen ion conductivity of doped ceria is observed to be two-three orders of magnitude higher than yttria stabilized zirconia, the most widely used solid electrolyte material at temperatures below 600 °C. Gadolinium doped ceria (GDC) is known to be one of the most promising solid electrolyte materials for operation of solid oxide fuel cells below 600 °C. To understand the atomic defect migration in GDC, we have used total energy calculations within the framework of density functional theory to follow oxygen vacancy migration in GDC. We report activation energies for various oxygen vacancy migration pathways in GDC. Oxygen vacancy formation and migration were evaluated for first, second, and third nearest neighbor positions to a Gd3+ ion. Due to the comparable ionic radii of Gd3+ and host Ce4+ ions, the first nearest neighbor site with respect to the dopant cation is found to be the most favorable oxygen vacancy formation site. The migration pathway where the vacancy migrates from a second to first nearest neighbor is found to be most favorable. The calculated activation energies for oxygen vacancy migration in GDC are compared against the reported measured and calculated values from the literature. This work will provide a foundation for the development of a kinetic lattice Monte Carlo model for vacancy diffusion in GDC, which will improve the understanding of oxygen ion conductivity in doped ceria.
Evolution of a system undergoing multiphoton ionization

We describe an efficient method for solving the time-dependent Schroedinger equation for an atomic system subject to an oscillating radiation field. The method is based on solving the Schroedinger equation in momentum space, which obviates the need to impose artificial boundaries, and facilitates the extraction of the rapidly varying part of the wavefunction. We present results of a test application to a one-dimensional system with atomic potential −exp(−|x|/a0).
Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in surface and treated waters of Louisiana, USA and Ontario, Canada.

Abstract A newly developed analytical method was used to measure concentrations of nine pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in samples from two surface water bodies, a sewage treatment plant effluent and various stages of a drinking water treatment plant in Louisiana, USA, and from one surface water body, a drinking water treatment plant and a pilot plant in Ontario, Canada. The analytical method provides for simultaneous extraction and quantification of the following broad range of PPCPs and endocrine-disrupting chemicals: naproxen; ibuprofen; estrone; 17β-estradiol; bisphenol A; clorophene; triclosan; fluoxetine; and clofibric acid. Naproxen was detected in Louisiana sewage treatment plant effluent at 81–106 ng/l and Louisiana and Ontario surface waters at 22–107 ng/l. Triclosan was detected in Louisiana sewage treatment plant effluent at 10–21 ng/l. Of the three surface waters sampled, clofibric acid was detected in Detroit River water at 103 ng/l, but not in Mississippi River or Lake Pontchartrain waters. None of the other target analytes were detected above their method detection limits. Based on results at various stages of treatment, conventional drinking-water treatment processes (coagulation, flocculation and sedimentation) plus continuous addition of powdered activated carbon at a dosage of 2 mg/l did not remove naproxen from Mississippi River waters. However, chlorination, ozonation and dual media filtration processes reduced the concentration of naproxen below detection in Mississippi River and Detroit River waters and reduced clofibric acid in Detroit River waters. Results of this study demonstrate that existing water treatment technologies can effectively remove certain PPCPs. In addition, our study demonstrates the importance of obtaining data on removal mechanisms and byproducts associated with PPCPs and other endocrine-disrupting chemicals in drinking water and sewage treatment processes.
Absence of resolution degradation in X-ray lithography for l from 4.5 nm to 0.83 nm

Abstract We have investigated the effect of Auger and photoelectrons on the resolution of x-ray lithography by comparing exposures made in PMMA with CK, CuL, and AlK x-rays. For all three wavelengths the same high-contrast mask was used, and in each case a 30nm-linewidth mask pattern was faithfully replicated without apparent linewidth reduction. These experimental results, which are at variance with numerous published assumptions and predictions concerning the effect of photoelectrons on pattern replication, are consistent with the Monte Carlo calculation of Murata (1985) which shows that energy dissipation falls off by 3dB at 5nm from the point of x-ray absorption.
The effect of MTMS on the optical properties of TEOS synthesized gels doped with thionin

Abstract Thionin doped silicate gels, initially synthesized with tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS), were modified by incorporating a second precursor, methyltrimethoxysilane (MTMS). The optical spectra revealed the formation of a second band in thionin gels containing over 50% MTMS. These new bands for the absorption and fluorescence spectra were found to reside at 560 nm and 665 nm, respectively. According to the behavior of thionin dissolved in aqueous solutions, it was readily deduced that these newly formed peaks were a result of dimers. Furthermore, FTIR spectroscopy revealed that gels synthesized with MTMS possess a significantly lower concentration of SiOH groups than gels prepared from TEOS. Due to the reduction in SiOH concentration, the polarity of the gel was decreased which accounted for the blue shifts in the fluorescence spectrum of thionin doped gels synthesized with raised MTMS contents. Finally, dye aggregation was suggested to be the result of fewer sites provided by the organically modified gels.
Systematic Implementation of a Tier 2 Behavior Intervention

Schools are increasingly adopting tiered models of prevention to meet the needs of diverse populations of students. This article outlines the steps involved in designing and implementing a systematic Tier 2 behavior intervention within a tiered service delivery model. An elementary school example is provided to outline the identification, implementation, and data-based decision-making process. Recommendations are provided for teachers related to supporting the effective and systematic implementation of Tier 2 behavior supports.
Notes on the Evolution of Design Thinking: A Work in Progress

As with most living organisms, you can trace design's growth through its family tree. This article takes a look at the evolution of design and design thinking—all the way from the Arts & Crafts movement to the Eames chair and cradle-to-cradle design.
Micro-Electromechanics of Sensor Patches of Free Paraboloidal Shell Structronic Systems

Distributed sensing of structural states is essential to vibration control, health monitoring and shape control of precision structronic systems. Paraboloidal shells of revolution are widely used in aerospace, telecommunication, etc. structures. However, distributed sensing of paraboloidal shell structures is rarely investigated over the years. Micro-sensing characteristics, sensor segmentation, sensor placements, shell geometric parameters, etc. of deep/shallow paraboloidal shells are evaluated in this study. Signal generation of generic distributed sensors laminated on paraboloidal shells is defined; microscopic signal components of segmented sensor patches laminated on deep/shallow paraboloidal shells with free boundary conditions are analyzed. Parametric studies of microelectromechanics and microscopic signal generations of segmented sensor patches reveal detailed modal sensing signal generation and efficiency of segmented sensor patches laminated at various shell locations of three paraboloidal shells (i.e., a shallow, a standard, and a deep).Copyright © 2002 by ASME
del(2)(p23): A new recurrent abnormality in acute myeloid leukemia

In two patients with acute myeloid leukemia, we found a new chromosome abnormality: del(2)(p23) which was detected in 13% and 50% of studied bone marrow cells, respectively. In patient one, del(2p) was an additional abnormality to t(8;21), while patient two had del(2p) as the sole abnormality. Based on our observation and a review of the literature we propose that del(2p) is a new recurrent chromosome abnormality for acute myeloid leukemia.
Genetic, endocrine, and viral aspects of AKR leukemogenesis.

Summary In the AKR strain of mice a high incidence of spontaneous lymphoid leukemia develops before 12 months of age. Genetic, viral, and endocrine factors interact during development to produce the syndrome. Many of the deficiencies of AKR mice are associated with gene action in chromosome 17, at or near the major histocompatibility locus. It is suggested that low steroid levels and high thyroxin levels during an early period of development are an essential part of the syndrome. Specifically, induction of a polymerase enzyme and regulation of the extent of its action by hormones are postulated to favor appearance of C-type particles and accumulation of a population of undifferentiated lymphoid stem cells. Immunodeficiency and leukemic transformation result.
The Anthropology of Busyness

Since the 1990s scholars have paid increasing attention to the competing demands of work and family in the US. The result has been a literature that focuses on time, without reference to the content of activities. This article, based on several years of fieldwork with dual career middle class families, explores the activities that drive busyness and those activities undertaken to cope with its effects. The latter include both a set of practices adopted by individuals and longer term efforts to build technological, social, and ideological infrastructures to enable coping. There is thus a tacit work of managing busy everyday lives that is social in nature and salient to anthropology.
Problems in designing and implementing culturally relevant mental health services for Latinos in the U.S.

Abstract Passage of the Community Mental Health Centers Act in 1963 by the U.S. Congress reflected a new concern with providing mental health services to previously underserved communities, many of them minority communities in the inner cities, and a new goal of primary prevention through social change. It has been assumed that utilization by non-white, non-middle class patients will increase when services are “culturally relevant”. One group which has consistently underutilized mental health services is Latinos, who comprise the second largest—and fastest growing—minority in the U.S. Three constituencies active in planning mental health services for Latino populations are: (1) governmental funding agencies, (2) social scientists, and (3) Latino activists. They have each approached the issue of cultural relevance in mental health service delivery from different perspectives: governmental funding agencies stressed geographic proximity to services; social scientists pointed out the need to recognize indigenous. folk belief systems and practitioners; Latino activists saw the key to cultural relevance in staffing patterns providing bilingual, bicultural staff. While many would uncritically accept these assumptions, the three constituencies involved in planning and delivering mental health services have frequently clashed and actual changes in service delivery have been difficult to implement. A case study which illustrates the difficulty of implementing—and defining—culturally relevant services in a Mexican/Chicano community mental health center is presented. Directions for future research to develop and evaluate culture-specific treatment modalities are suggested.
Magnetotunneling in interband tunnel structures

We examine the effect of in-plane magnetic fields on transport properties of InAs/GaSb/AlSb-based resonant interband tunneling (RIT) structures and barrierless resonant interband tunneling structures using the multiband k\ensuremath{\cdot}p quantum transmitting boundary method [Y. X. Liu et al., Phys. Rev. B 54, 5765 (1996)]. In interband tunnel structures with GaSb quantum wells, the primary peak found in the current-voltage characteristic is due to the coupling of InAs conduction-band electrons to quantized GaSb light-hole states, and a weaker shoulder peak typically shows up as the result of coupling to quantized GaSb heavy-hole states. We find that in-plane magnetic fields can enhance this electron-heavy-hole coupling, resulting in a more pronounced shoulder peak in the current-voltage characteristic. Qualitative agreement between our calculations and experimental data on RIT structures offers strong evidence for hole-mixing induced electron-heavy-hole coupling in interband tunnel structures.
Full Weight of Evidence as Opposed to Selective Emphasis: A Response to the Critique by Gredler and Shields

L'auteur utilise un droit de reponse pour venir defendre son etude qui portait sur la rencontre entre Dewey et Vygotsky, en mettant en cause la methodologie employee par ses detracteurs, leur interpretation des faits ainsi que la retranscription des citations utilisees.
A Statistical Test of Compatibility of Data Sets to a Common Dose-Response Model

Abstract Quantitative estimates of cancer risk generally involve low-dose extrapolation based on an exponential dose-response model for dichotomous response data. Frequently more than one data set is available. If a careful analysis of the biological issues indicates that more than one of the available data sets could be used in the quantitative estimate of cancer risk, it is reasonable to think of combining the data. Before combining data, however, it would be prudent to test whether the data sets are compatible with a common dose-response model. If they are not, it could be concluded that an underlying biological factor is responsible. If they are statistically compatible, the decision to combine data sets based on biological issues would be reinforced. A statistical test based on the generalized likelihood ratio method is proposed for evaluating the compatibility of different data sets with a common dose-response model. This method of constructing a statistical test and the associated asymptotic theory is consistent with the approach used by GLOBAL86(R. B. Howe, K. S. Crump, and C. Van Landingham, GLOBAL86; A Computer Program to Extrapolate Quanta/Animal Toxicity Data to Low Doses, K. S. Crump & Co., Ruston, LA, 1986) for estimating the confidence limits that are used as a basis for quantitative estimates.
Synthesis of [11C]Iressa as a new potential PET cancer imaging agent for epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase.

Abstract Iressa (Gefitinib) is an orally active inhibitor of epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase (EGFR-TK) involved in cell signal transduction processes critical to proliferation, apoptosis, repair, and angiogenesis of cancer cells. [11C]Iressa was first designed and synthesized as a new potential positron emission tomography (PET) cancer imaging agent for EGFR-TK in 30–40% radiochemical yield with 4.0–6.0 Ci/μmol specific activity at end of bombardment (EOB).
Satellite glial cells penetrate neurosecretory cells to perinuclear position in the goldfish preoptic area

Abstract Some goldfish neurosecretory cells have plasma membrane invaginations filled by processes of surrounding satellite glial cells (SCs) that produce trophospongium-like multicellular neuron—glial aggregates. Some penetrating SC processes approach the neuronal nucleus, reaching to within ∼40 nm of the outer nuclear membrane. Gap junctions were found in one freeze-fracture replica through an apparent neuronal—glial aggregate, suggesting that neuron—glial gap junctions may be present. The extensive covering and penetration of these neurons by SCs suggests trophic relationships and communication by undetermined modalities between neurons and glia. The common close proximity of invaginated SC processes to the neuronal nucleus may indicate that information is transmitted between SCs and the nucleus. Some SCs abut against the basal lamina of large blood vessels and contain dense vesicles, either secretory or lysosomal.
SOLITONS FROM SUPERSYMMETRY

Supersymmetry transformations constitute a new, powerful technique of generating families of isospectral potentials. We show that isospectral families of reflectionless potentials provide surprisingly simple expressions for the pure multi-soliton solutions of the KdV and other nonlinear evolution equations.
Wheat Bran Oil and Its Fractions Inhibit Human Colon Cancer Cell Growth and Intestinal Tumorigenesis in Apcmin/+ Mice

This study was designed to investigate the cancer preventive activities of wheat bran (WB) oil. We studied the colon cancer preventive effects of WB oil and its subfractions in the Apc(min/+) mouse model, a recognized mouse model for human colorectal cancer, and used human colon cancer cell lines (HCT-116 and HT-29) to identify possible active fractions in WB oil. Our results showed that the oil fraction of WB was more active than the water fraction against the growth of human colon cancer cell lines and that 2% WB oil significantly inhibited the overall tumorigenesis by 35.7% (p < 0.0001) in the Apc(min/+) mouse model. The WB oil was further fractioned into nonpolar lipids and phytochemicals and the phytochemical fraction was fractionated into phytosterols and phytosterol ferulates, 5-alk(en)ylresorcinols, and unidentified constituents by normal phase silica gel column chromatography. Results on cell culture showed that the phytochemical fraction had a higher inhibitory effect on HCT-116 human colon cancer cells than that of WB oil, whereas the nonpolar lipid fraction had less growth inhibitory effectiveness. However, neither fractions showed a stronger inhibition than WB oil in the Apc(min/+) mouse model. The current results demonstrate, for the first time, the intestinal cancer preventive activity of WB oil. The active ingredients, however, remain to be identified.
Calcium induced reversible alterations in excitation-contraction coupling in verapamil treated rat myocardium.

We studied the effects of a calcium channel blocking agent, verapamil (V) (2 to 10 μg/ml), in the presence of increasing external calcium on simultaneously recorded transmembrane electrophysiological properties and mechanical function of rat myocardium. Left ventricular papillary muscles from male Fischer 344 rats were studied electrically, by standard microelectrode techniques, and mechanically in an isolated tissue bath at 30°C. Control (0 μg/ml V+2.4 m m Ca2+)=C, action potential duration at 50% and 75% repolarization (D50ap and D75ap) recorded from papillary muscles were short (14.1±0.75 ms; 33.3±2.7 ms) compared with recordings from papillary muscles subjected to increasing doses of verapamil (2,4,6,8, or 10 μg/ml) +2.4 m m Ca2+=V, (17.3±0.77 ms; 121.4±8.9 ms: 10 μg/ml) (P m ))=VCa, D50ap and D75ap decreased but still remained significantly longer than control D50ap and D75ap (15.1±0.77 ms; 110.1±7.9 ms). Developed tension (Td), time to peak developed tension (TPT), time to one-half relaxation (T1/2R) and resting tension (Tr) decreased as a function of verapamil concentration. Although TPT and T1/2R returned toward C values when external calcium was increased, Tr continued to decrease while Td increased above control levels. A significant correlation was found between measured parameters of contraction and transmembrane action potential for C and VCa muscles. However, in V muscles no significant correlation was observed between these same mechanical and electrical parameters. In conclusion, verapamil causes a dramatic prolongation of the transmembrane action potential, decreased developed force, resting tension, time to peak tension and time to one half relaxation. The correlation observed between mechanical and electrical parameters in C muscles was lost in V preparations. However, a significant correlation between mechanical and electrical events was restored in VCa fibers. In addition, VCa fibers demonstrated marked augmentation of force development. Thus, the effects of verapamil may be two-fold; (1) external—a simple blockade of calcium entry and (2) internal-modulation of mechanical kinetic properties.
In vivo effect of zinc on iron-induced ferritin synthesis in rat liver

Abstract The effect of excess (0.75%) dietary zinc on the induction of rat liver ferritin synthesis by intraperitoneal injection of iron was studied in vivo . Ferritin was isolated by a chromatographic method from livers of control-fed and 0.75% zinc-fed rats which had been given iron with a trace level of 59 Fe, followed at various time intervals to 23 h by a 2-h pulse dose of [ 14 C]leucine. The labeled precursors were used to study the effect of zinc toxicity on the formation of the iron micelle and of the protein moiety of ferritin in response to iron administration. Iron injection resulted in an increase in total ferritin iron, total ferritin 59 Fe activity, and total ferritin protein from livers of both groups of rats. However, the ratio of iron: protein of the ferritin from the zinc-fed rats was approximately one-third that of ferritin from the controls. This ratio remained essentially constant throughout the induction period in both groups of rats. Thus, excess dietary zinc results in the the formation of an “iron-poor ferritin”. Zinc toxicity does not appear to interfere with the incorporation of [ 14 C]amino acids into ferritin, indicating that zinc-fec rats can synthesize ferritin de novo in response to iron administration. Evidence is obtained which suggests that the turnover rate of ferritin iron and ferritin protein of the zinc-fed rats may be faster than that of controls. Zinc does not seem to be associated with purified ferritin from zinc-fed rats, although partially purified ferritin fractions from these rats do contain large amounts of zinc.