cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A running controller for a powered transfemoral prosthesis

This paper describes a running controller for a powered knee and ankle prosthesis. The running controller was implemented on a powered prosthesis prototype and evaluated by a transfemoral amputee subject running on a treadmill at a speed of 2.25 m/s (5.0 mph). The ability of the prosthesis and controller to provide the salient features of a running gait was assessed by comparing the kinematics of running provided by the powered prosthesis to the averaged kinematics of five healthy subjects running at the same speed. This comparison indicates that the powered prosthesis and running controller are able to provide essential features of a healthy running gait.
Oxidative fluorination of aromatic compounds in liquid hydrogen fluoride

Abstract Toluene derivatives bearing electronegative substituents are cleanly fluorinated on the methyl group by reaction with lead dioxide or nickel dioxide in liquid HF. For example, 4-nitrotoluene gives in high yield a mixture of 4-nitrobenzyl fluoride and 4-nitrobenzal fluoride. Aromatic cation radicals are proposed as intermediates.
Reutilization of phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylethanolamine by the pulmonary surfactant system in 3-day-old rabbits.

Abstract Developing rabbits reutilize the phosphatidylcholine of surfactant with an efficiency of about 95%. The efficiency of reutilization of other components of surfactant have not been determined. 3-day-old rabbits were injected intratracheally with [3H]dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) mixed with unlabeled natural surfactant and either disaturated [3H]phosphatidylglycerol (DSPG) or [14C]dipalmitoylphosphatidyl-ethanolamine (DPPE). The recovery of [3H]DPPC, [14C]DPPE, and [32P]DSPG in the alveolar wash was measured at different times after injection. By plotting the ratio of [32P]DSPG to [3H]DPPC or [14C]DPPE to [3H]DPPC counts/min in the alveolar wash vs. time after injection we showed that these two phospholipids are reutilized less efficiently than phosphatidylcholine. Based on other studies, several assumptions were made about the kinetics of surfactant phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylglycerol. From the slopes of the semilog plots of total [14C]DPPE and total [32P]DSPG counts/min in the alveolar wash vs. time and these assumptions, we determined that these two phospholipids were reutilized at an efficiency of only 79%.
RECURRENCE PHENOMENON IN THE 24-HOUR VARIATION OF COSMIC-RAY INTENSITY

Changes of cosmic-ray intensity in 24-hour intervals were studied at four neutron monitor stations and for one ionization chamber in the geomagnetic latitude range 0\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}-52\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} N. There is evidence that the fluctuations in the 24-hour variation of cosmic-ray intensity have a recurrence tendency of 27-28 days. There does not appear to be, however, any unique relationship between this recurrence and the well-known recurrence in the amplitude of the mean daily intensity. The association of this phenomenon with 27 day recurring disturbances in the geomagnetic field is also investigated.
On the role of microcracks in the dynamic fracture of brittle materials

Abstract The dynamic fracture behavior of brittle materials is investigated. The morphology of the fracture surface is examined in detail in four polymers: polymethylmethacrylate, Solithane-113, Homalite-100 and poly-carbonate. The fracture surface markings are examined to determine the micromechanisms of fracture. This examination reveals clearly that the operative micromechanism that governs dynamic fracture in brittle materials is the nucleation, growth and coalescence of microcracks. Following a quantitative characterization of the microcracking patterns, a very simple nucleation and growth model is then put forward. Imposing nucleation and growth criteria based on the experimental observations, the simulation recreates the experimental observations, not only of the microscope surface features, but also of the macroscopic behavior such as the constancy of the crack speed.
Simulation Studies of Micro-Scale Gas Pumps Driven by Isolated Heating Elements Induced Thermal Creep Flows

The Knudsen Pump (or Knudsen Compressor) is an unconventional micro-scale gas pump driven by the rarefied gas phenomenon of thermal creep, which is commonly induced by applying a temperature gradient along the wall of thermal creep channels. Previous experimental and simulation results have demonstrated satisfactory performances for Knudsen Pumps using the “linear wall temperature” heating concept. Employing a different heating mechanism, the present work used an isolated heating element placed in front of but not in direct contact with the thermal creep channel. The thermal creep flow was then induced by this isolated heating element instead of the direct temperature gradient along the thermal creep channel wall. Using the DSMC (Direct Simulation Monte Carlo) simulation technique, cases with various heaters’ sizes and operating pressures were studied here to investigate the limitation of thermal creep flows induced by an isolated heater. The maximum pressure ratio in the simulation domain was found to be varied with the heater sizes. This preliminary study of the “isolated heater” heating mechanism is proven to be viable for driving the thermal creep flows and be used in Knudsen Pumps.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Fractional integration toolbox

The problems formulated in the fractional calculus framework often require numerical fractional integration/differentiation of large data sets. Several existing fractional control toolboxes are capable of performing fractional calculus operations, however, none of them can efficiently perform numerical integration on multiple large data sequences. We developed a Fractional Integration Toolbox (FIT), which efficiently performs fractional numerical integration/differentiation of the Riemann-Liouville type on large data sequences. The toolbox allows parallelization and is designed to be deployed on both CPU and GPU platforms.
Air exchange within the Buddhist cave temples at Yungang, China

The Buddhist cave temples at Yungang, China, are subjected to rapid soiling due to the deposition of airborne particles onto the thousands of statues in those caves. During April 1991, temperatures and air exchange rates were measured at Caves 6 and 9 at Yungang in order to establish baseline parameters necessary for modeling the air flow that carries air pollutant particles into and out of the caves. Air flow through the caves was found to be governed by a natural convection flow pattern that is driven by the difference between the temperature of the outdoor air and the temperature of the interior walls of the caves. During the day, warm outdoor air enters the upper entrances to the caves, is cooled by the cave walls and flows out through the ground level exits from the caves, while during the night the situation is reversed. The average air velocity at the entrance of Cave 9 during the course of the experiment was 0.274 ms^(−1), amounting to an air exchange rate of 121 m^3 min^(−1), which achieves one complete air change within Cave 9 in only 4.3 min on average. Cave 6 is larger than Cave 9, and air flow through Cave 6 is restricted by the presence of the wooden temple structure that is built over the entrances to Cave 6, yielding times to achieve a complete air exchange within Cave 6 that are typically 4 times longer than at Cave 9 under the April conditions studied. A theoretical model has been developed that takes as input cave wall and outdoor air temperatures and then predicts indoor air temperatures as well as air velocities at the entrance to the caves. The model can be used to predict air flows through the caves in the presence of increased resistance to air flow such as may occur following the future installation of filtration systems for particle removal at the caves.
Pulsar spins from an instability in the accretion shock of supernovae

Rotation-powered radio pulsars are born with inferred initial rotation periods of order 300 ms (some as short as 20 ms) in core-collapse supernovae. In the traditional picture, this fast rotation is the result of conservation of angular momentum during the collapse of a rotating stellar core. This leads to the inevitable conclusion that pulsar spin is directly correlated with the rotation of the progenitor star. So far, however, stellar theory has not been able to explain the distribution of pulsar spins, suggesting that the birth rotation is either too slow or too fast. Here we report a robust instability of the stalled accretion shock in core-collapse supernovae that is able to generate a strong rotational flow in the vicinity of the accreting proto-neutron star. Sufficient angular momentum is deposited on the proto-neutron star to generate a final spin period consistent with observations, even beginning with spherically symmetrical initial conditions. This provides a new mechanism for the generation of neutron star spin and weakens, if not breaks, the assumed correlation between the rotational periods of supernova progenitor cores and pulsar spin.
Survival and SOS induction in cisplatin-treated Escherichia coli deficient in Pol II, RecBCD and RecFOR functions.

Abstract Cisplatin is a potent anticancer agent forming intrastrand-crosslinks in DNA. The efficacy of cisplatin in chemotherapy can be limited by the development of tumor resistances such as elevated DNA repair or damage tolerance. In Escherichia coli, cisplatin treatment causes induction of the SOS regulon resulting in elevated levels of DNA Pol II, DNA Pol IV, DNA Pol V, the cell division inhibitor SfiA (SulA), homologous recombination (HR) and DNA repair. In this work, the roles of Pol II and HR in facilitating resistance of E. coli to cisplatin are studied. SOS induction levels were measured by β-galactosidase assays in cisplatin-treated and untreated E. coli PQ30 that has the lacZ gene fused to the sfiA promoter. Comparative studies were carried out with derivatives of PQ30 constructed by P1 transduction that have transposon insertions in the polB gene, the recB gene blocking the RecBCD pathway of HR and genes of the RecFOR pathway of HR. Resistance of E. coli strains to cisplatin as determined by plating experiments decreased in the following order: parent PQ30 strain, polB > recO, recR, recF > recB. Both the RecBCD and RecFOR pathways of HR are important for survival when E. coli is exposed to cisplatin, because treatment of double mutants deficient in both pathways reduced colony forming ability to 37% in 6–9 min in comparison to 39–120 min for single mutants. Pol II and RecF appear to function in two distinct pathways to initiate replication blocked due to damage caused by cisplatin because function of Pol II was required for survival in mutants deficient in the RecFOR pathway after 2 h of cisplatin treatment. In contrast, Pol II was not required for survival in recB mutants. SOS induction was delayed in RecFOR deficient mutants but occurred at high levels in the recB mutant soon after cisplatin treatment in a RecFOR-dependent way. An SfiA independent, DNA damage dependent pathway is apparently responsible for the filamentous cells observed after cisplatin or MMC treatments of these SfiA defective strains.
Controlling laboratory binging among restrained eaters through self-monitoring and cognitive restructuring procedures

Abstract In a laboratory analog procedure, this study evaluated the therapeutic effectiveness of self-monitoring and cognitive restructuring procedures on binge eating among restrained eaters. Sixty-two undergraduate women were identified as either restrained or unrestrained eaters by the Restrained Eating Questionnaire. The restrained subjects were randomly assigned to either the restrained control (RC), self-monitoring (SM), or cognitive restructuring (CR) conditions while the 14 unrestrained subjects formed the unrestrained control condition (UC). Subjects listened to either a five-minute SM, CR, or control audio-tape, consumed a 350-calorie milkshake, then tasted two eight-ounce servings of ice cream. The UC group consumed significantly fewer grams of ice cream than the RC group. The CR group consumed significantly fewer grams of ice cream than the RC group. These results suggest that cognitive restructuring procedures may be more effective than self-monitoring in reducing the magnitude of binge. Implications for therapeutic intervention are discussed.
Neurogenic bladder in normal pressure hydrocephalus

Abstract Five patients with normal pressure hydrocephalus who had urinary incotinence were found to have neurogenic bladders by cystometry. The bladder disturbance in this disorder should be considered the result of a specific defect of brain function and not just an artifact of gait disturbance or of dementia.
Susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus biofilms to reactive discharge gases

Formation of bacterial biofilms at solid-liquid interfaces creates numerous problems in both industrial and biomedical sciences. In this study, the susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus biofilms to discharge gas generated from plasma was tested. It was found that despite distinct chemical/physical properties, discharge gases from oxygen, nitrogen, and argon demonstrated very potent and almost the same anti-biofilm activity. The bacterial cells in S. aureus biofilms were killed (>99.9%) by discharge gas within minutes of exposure. Under optimal experimental conditions, no bacteria and biofilm re-growth from discharge gas treated biofilms was found. Further studies revealed that the anti-biofilm activity of the discharge gas occurred by two distinct mechanisms: (1) killing bacteria in biofilms by causing severe cell membrane damage, and (2) damaging the extracellular polymeric matrix in the architecture of the biofilm to release biofilm from the surface of the solid substratum. Information gathered from this study provides an insight into the anti-biofilm mechanisms of plasma and confirms the applications of discharge gas in the treatment of biofilms and biofilm related bacterial infections.
Item learning in cognitive skill training: effects of item difficulty.

Item difficulty effects in skill learning were examined by giving participants extensive training with repeated alphabet arithmetic problems that varied in addend size (e.g., C − D = ? is easy; C − J = ? is harder). Recognition memory for the items, as measured by interpolated recognition tests, was acquired early in training and was unaffected by item difficulty. Memory for the solutions to items, as measured by the participants’ strategy reports that they had retrieved, rather than computed, the solution, was acquired later and was affected by item difficulty. Solutions to easier items were learned earlier in training for both young adults (18–24 years) and older adults (60–75 years), superimposed on an overall lower level of solution learning in older participants. The results suggest that the formation of associations between problems and their solutions is effortful and shares limited processing resources with the computational demands of the problem.
Calculation of cyclic voltammetric responses for the catalytic reduction of substrates via intramolecular electron transfer within a catalyst-substrate complex formed on electrode surfaces

Cyclic voltammetric responses are calculated for the case where the reduction of a substrate proceeds only via intramolecular electron transfer to the substrate molecule when it is bound to reduced catalyst molecules present in a single monolayer on the electrode surface. The dependences of the voltammetric responses on the equilibrium constant for the formation of the catalyst-substrate complex, the rate of its formation and the rate of intramolecular electron transfer are discussed. Procedures are described for estimating the rate constant for the intramolecular electron transfer reaction and for discriminating between mechanistic possibilities.
Effects of Acute and Continuous Morphine Administration on Serum Glutamate Oxalacetate Transaminase and Glutamate Pyruvate Transaminase Activities in the Mouse

Abstract Mice were exposed continuously to morphine by implanting morphine pellets for 12 hr to 3 days. In mice receiving prolonged morphine pellet implantation, second and third morphine pellets were implanted at days 3 and 6, for a total of 9 days. Results showed morphine pellet implantation for 24 hr caused a 2-fold increase in glutamate oxalacetate transaminase (SGOT) and glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT) activities, as compared with those of the placebo control group. SGOT and SGPT activities were returned to control levels after 3–9 days of morphine pellet implantation. In mice implanted with a morphine pellet for 24 hr, both SGOT and SGPT activities returned to normal levels at 3 and 6 days after the removal of the morphine pellet. In mice receiving morphine pellet implantation for 24 hr with three concurrent administrations of naloxone. 40 mg/kg, s.c., the morphine pellet-induced elevations of SGOT and SGPT activities were attenuated significantly. Acute administration of morphine sulfate by both subcutaneous and intraventricular administration elevated SGOT and SGPT activities. The elevations of SGOT and SGPT activities caused by morphine pellet implantation were prevented completely by hypophysectomy and prevented partially by adrenalectomy. These results substantiate our previous morphological and biochemical findings that initial administration with morphine by either injection or pellet implantation may alter hepatic function and the action may be mediated through the central nervous system.
A mechanomolecular model for the movement of chromosomes during mitosis driven by a minimal kinetochore bicyclic cascade

During mitosis chromosomes use a complex network of dynamic microtubules to find the cell equator in preparation for division signals. The roles of cellular chemical signals in mechanisms driving mitotic chromosomal movements are not well understood. In this paper we propose a mathematical model of this process which incorporates a molecular scale model of kinetochore-microtubule interactions into a negative feedback loop between spindle forces and local kinetochore biochemical reactions. This system allows kinetochore biochemical reactions to control and coordinate chromosome movement thus providing a direct connection between mechanical signals and mitosis chemical species. Our feedback control model can recreate chromosome movement from prometaphase to anaphase in good agreement with experimental data.
Molecular activity underlying working memory.

The prefrontal cortex is necessary for directing thought and planning action. Working memory, the active, transient maintenance of information in mind for subsequent monitoring and manipulation, lies at the core of many simple, as well as high-level, cognitive functions. Working memory has been shown to be compromised in a number of neurological and psychiatric conditions and may contribute to the behavioral and cognitive deficits associated with these disorders. It has been theorized that working memory depends upon reverberating circuits within the prefrontal cortex and other cortical areas. However, recent work indicates that intracellular signals and protein dephosphorylation are critical for working memory. The present article will review recent research into the involvement of the modulatory neurotransmitters and their receptors in working memory. The intracellular signaling pathways activated by these receptors and evidence that indicates a role for G q -initiated PI-PLC and calcium-dependent protein phosphatase calcineurin activity in working memory will be discussed. Additionally, the negative influence of calcium- and cAMP-dependent protein kinase (i.e., calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII), calcium/diacylglycerol-activated protein kinase C (PKC), and cAMP-dependent protein kinase A (PKA)) activities on working memory will be reviewed. The implications of these experimental findings on the observed inverted-U relationship between D 1 receptor stimulation and working memory, as well as age-associated working memory dysfunction, will be presented. Finally, we will discuss considerations for the development of clinical treatments for working memory disorders.
A short rating scale as a potential measure of pattern A behavior.

A CERTAIN pattern of overt behavior (Pattern A) has been described [l] which is associated with manifestations of coronary heart disease (CHD) in men under the age of 55. People who exhibit this pattern of overt behavior are more hard driving, ambitious, and time conscious than are slower moving, less aggressive, more easy going (Pattern B) individuals. Thus far the pattern has been identified and assessed by means of a standard interview [2], a questionnaire [3], and a performance battery [4]_ Identification of the pattern explicitly depends upon behavior at the overt level. It might be expected that observation of one’s own behavior should lead to fairly accurate ratings of at least some aspects of Pattern A behavior. A simple, objectively scored rating scale used to measure familial similarity 151 might thus serve as a crude index of Pattern A behavior. This is a report of preliminary findings using this measure. The measure has 14 rating scales. Each scale is composed of two adjectives or phrases separated by a line 13 in. in length. Each pair was chosen to represent two kinds of contrasting behavior. One of the descriptions was thought to reflect Pattern A behavior; the other, to represent Pattern B behavior. In the listing which follows, the description thought to be typical of Pattern A is italicized. The items, in the order that they appeared on a mimeographed form, were: (1) Never late-casual about appointments; (2) Not competitive-Very competitive, (3) Anticipates what others are going to say (nods, interrupts, finishes for them)-Good listener, hears others out (4) Always rushed-Never feels rushed, even under pressure: (5) Can wait patiently -Impatient when waiting; (6) Goes “all out”-Casual; (7) Takes things one at a timeTries to do many things at once, thinks about what he’s going to do next; (8) Emphatic in speech (may pound desk)-Slow, deliberate talker; (9) Wants good job recognised by others-Only cares about satisfying himself no matter what others may think; (10) Fast (eating, walking, etc).-Slow doing things; (11) Easy going-Hard driving; (12) ‘Sits’ on feelings--Expresses fielings; (13) Many interests-Few interests outside work; and (14) Satisfied with job-Ambitious.
High-Dose Delayed Urogram in the Detection of the Occult Ectopic Ureter

Summary Two cases of unilateral and 2 of bilateral ureteral duplication with ectopy are presented. Five of 6 ectopic renal segments were visualised directly without instrumentation by means of high-dose urograms with delayed films. This technique is recommended in the investigation of possible ureteral ectopy. We are grateful to Mr Guy Baines of Birmingham for referring Case 2 and also to Mr J. Gordon Smart of Leicester for the loan of radiographs in Case 4.
Angiotensin receptors--evolutionary overview and perspectives.

Abstract The structure of the angiotensin molecule has been well preserved throughout the vertebrate scale with some amino acid variations. Specific angiotensin receptors (AT receptors) that mediate important physiological functions have been noted in a variety of tissues and species. Physiological and pharmacological characterization of AT receptors and, more recently, molecular cloning studies have elucidated the presence of AT receptor subtypes. Comparative studies suggest that an AT receptor subtype homologous to the mammalian type 1 receptor subtype (AT 1 ), though pharmacologically distinct, is present in amphibians and birds, whereas AT receptors cloned from teleosts show low homology to both AT 1 and AT 2 receptor subtypes. Furthermore, receptors differing from both the AT 1 -homologue receptor and AT 2 receptor exist in some non-mammalian species. This may suggest that the prototype AT receptor evolved in primitive vertebrates and diverged to more than one type of AT receptor subtype during phylogeny. Furthermore, phenotypic modulation of AT receptors appears to occur during individual development/maturation.
Common genetic variation in the glucokinase gene (GCK) is associated with type 2 diabetes and rates of carbohydrate oxidation and energy expenditure

Aims/hypothesis Glucokinase (GCK) plays a role in glucose metabolism and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. Rare mutations in GCK cause MODY. We investigated whether common variation (minor allele frequency ≥0.01) in GCK is associated with metabolic traits and type 2 diabetes.
Effects of magnesium pemoline on food and water intake in rats

A decrease in food intake appears following single injections of placebo or magnesium pemoline. Continued placebo injections do not produce this decrease while continued magnesium pemoline injections do maintain this decreased food consumption. Water consumption is not altered by these injections.
Low energy pion absorption in nuclear matter

The absorption rate for a low energy pion in infinite nuclear matter has been calculated in the random phase approximation. It is found that particle-hole plus phonon states can play as important a role as that played by two-particle--two-hole states. The calculated imaginary part of the optical potential is compared with the results of recent phenomenological analyses.
Simple, clickable protocol for atomic force microscopy tip modification and its application for trace ricin detection by recognition imaging.

A simple two-step protocol for modification of atomic force microscopy (AFM) tip and substrate by using a “click reaction” has been developed. The modified tip and substrate would be applied to detect trace amounts of ricin by using atomic force microscopy. A key feature of the approach is the use of a PEG (polyethylene glycol) derivative functionalized with one thiol and one azide ending group. One end of the PEG was attached to the gold-coated AFM tip by a strong Au−thiol bond. The azide group hanging at the other end of the immobilized PEG was used for the attachment of an antiricin antibody modified with an alkyne group using a “click reaction”. The latter reaction is highly efficient, compatible with the presence of many functional groups and could proceed under mild reaction conditions. In a separate step, ricin was immobilized on the gold substrate surface that was modified by active esters. For this process, a novel bifunctional reagent was employed containing an active ester and a thioctic acid m...
Projection Synthetic Discriminant Function Performance

Synthetic discriminant functions (SDFs) allow distortion invariance to be achieved in optical correlators, thus making such systems more practical. The synthesis of four different types of SDFs is reviewed. Their performance in extensive projection tests on 144 images is presented, together with initial performance tests in the presence of noise. This distortion-invariant and shift-invariant pattern recognition algorithm can also be implemented digitally.
On a class of nash‐solvable bimatrix games and some related nash subsets

This work is concerned with a particular class of bimatrix games, the set of equilibrium points of which games possess many of the properties of solutions to zero-sum games, including susceptibility to solution by linear programming. Results in a more general setting are also included. Some of the results are believed to constitute interesting potential additions to elementary courses in game theory.
Self-intersections of offsets of quadratic surfaces: Part II, implicit surfaces

The paper investigates self-intersections of offsets of implicit quadratic surfaces. The quadratic surfaces are the simplest curved objects, referred to as quadrics, and are widely used in mechanical design. In an earlier paper, we have investigated the self-intersections of offsets of explicit quadratic surfaces, such as elliptic paraboloid, hyperbolic paraboloid and parabolic cylinder, since not only are they used in mechanical design, but also any regular surface can be locally approximated by such explicit quadratic surfaces. In this paper, we investigate the rest of the quadrics whose offsets may degenerate, i.e. the implicit quadratic-surfaces (ellipsoid, hyperboloid, elliptic cone, elliptic cylinder and hyperbolic cylinder). We found that self-intersection curves of offsets of all the implicit quadratic surfaces are planar implicit conics and their corresponding curve on the progenitor surface can be expressed as the intersection curve between an ellipsoid, whose semi-axes are proportional to the offset distance, and the implicit quadratic surfaces themselves.
The impacts of technology: a re-evaluation of the STIRPAT model

The STochastic Impacts by Regression on Population, Affluence and Technology (STIRPAT) model has become a widely employed methodological approach within social science research, largely used to understand the complex relationships between human social systems and the non-human environment. The general assumption of the model is that anthropogenic environmental impacts are a multiplicative function of population, affluence, and technology. While previous STIRPAT research has examined the impact of technology in terms of urbanization, estimating the specific effect of urban population, we argue that this measure is better understood as a proxy for modernization. As an alternative, we frame urbanization as a multidimensional driver of environmental change, and we operationalize the technology dimension through cross-national data on impervious surface area, or what we call ‘terrestrial technology’. To demonstrate the potential of this example for environmental sociology, we draw from political economy to sho...
A theorem to determine the spatial containment of a point in a planar polyhedron

Abstract A theorem is presented which addresses the containment of a point within a polyhedron composed of planar faces. The theorem provides a basis for a point-in-polyhedron algorithm. The algorithm uses information contained in a winged-edge representation of the polyhedron. If the test point is closer to a face of the polyhedron than to any other face, vertex, or edge, then the test is based on the orientation of the face. If the point is closer to an edge (vertex) than to any other face, vertex, or edge, then the test is based on the classification of the edge (vertex). The classification of edges and vertices can be performed in a preprocessing step. The resultant algorithm has the advantages of being simple and robust.
A simulation based methodology for modeling a university Research Support Service System

Abstract The paper presents a methodology for modeling a university Research Support Service System (RSSS). RSSS effectiveness is measured in terms of net research time available to researchers, response time of support services, and the cost to provide services. The model consists essentially of delineating each function of the RSSS as a network and simulating flow of researcher generated inputs through the network in order to collect statistics necessary to compute performance measures. The analysis concerns system performance changes in response to procedural modifications in the institution, removal of external procedural constraints imposed on the system, and changes in organizational configuration. The model can prove to be a valuable asset to the present-day RSSS managements in examining their Research Support Service Systems or developing similar models.
A SYSTEM FOR DESCRIBING BIRD SONG UNITS

ABSTRACT Bird song researchers have not agreed on a common set of units of analysis by which birds' songs of various different species might be described. Analysis of 50 papers reveals 28 unit designations and considerable variation in their application despite only three different methods for identifying units. The lack of consensus on units arises from the fact that units generated by the same methods at different levels of organization are given different names. A method for designating bird song units is offered for discussion which uses the concept of level of organization to stress the fundamental unanimity of method. It is hoped that consideration of this method will lead ultimately to greater standardization in the protocols by which researchers generate and name bird song units.
Ultrafast charge separation due to excited state symmetry breaking in dimers of push-pull perylenes

Photoexcitation of chromophoric dimers constrained to a symmetric π-stacked geometry by their molecular structure usually produce excimers independent of solvent polarity, while dimers with edge-to-edge perpendicular π systems undergo excited-state symmetry breaking in highly polar solvents leading to intradimer charge separation. We present direct evidence for symmetry breaking in the lowest excited singlet state of a symmetric cofacial dimer of 9-(N-pyrrolidinyl)-1,6-bis(3,5-di-tert-butylphenoxy)perylene-3,4-dicarboximide (5PMI) in the low-polarity solvent toluene to produce a radical ion pair quantitatively. This dimer, cof-5PMI 2 , was synthesized by attaching two 5PMI chromophores via imide groups to a xanthene spacer. For comparison, a linear symmetric dimer, lin-5AMI 2 , was prepared in which the 5PMI chromophores are linked end-to-end via a N-N single bond between their imides. The edge-to-edge π systems of the 5PMI chromophores within lin-5PMI, are perpendicular to one another. Ground-state absorption spectra of both 5PMI dimers show exciton coupling, which is consistent with the orientation of the 5PMI chromophores relative to one another. Ultrafast transient absorption spectroscopy following excitation of the dimers with 400-nm, 80-fs laser pulses shows that quantitative intradimer electron transfer occurs in cof-5PMI 2 in toluene with τ = 0.9 ps, followed by charge recombination to ground state with τ = 780 ps. Similar measurements on lin-5PMI 2 reveal that photoinduced electron transfer does not occur in toluene, but occurs in more polar solvents such as 2-methyltetrahydrofuran, wherein τ = 4.5 ps for charge separation and τ = 660 ps for charge recombination. Excited-state symmetry breaking in 5PMI dimers provides new routes to biomimetic charge separation and storage assemblies that can be more easily prepared and modified than those based on multiple tetrapyrrole macrocycles.
Maximum Likelihood Regression of Rank-Censored Data

Abstract Linear regression is a common method for analyzing continuous, cardinal data, but it is inappropriate when the dependent variable is an ordinal ranking. The model proposed for analyzing these data sets is the general linear model u = Xβ + e, where the rank of the dependent variable u is observed instead of its value. A description is given for a numerical algorithm to evaluate the likelihood function that is efficient enough to permit maximum likelihood estimation of normalized regression coefficients. This algorithm can be modified to evaluate the cumulative distribution function of any multivariate normal random vector with nonsingular tridiagonal covariance matrix. Large sample properties of the maximum likelihood estimator are provided in the Appendix. Finite sample properties of the estimator are examined in a Monte Carlo experiment, and the exact finite sample distribution in one particular case is analyzed. The model is applied to voter preference data from a Louis Harris poll.
An experimental study of the effects of aerosols on diffuse and direct solar radiation received during the summer near Chicago.

Abstract Measurements of diffuse and direct irradiance at the surface of the earth under cloudless skies have been taken during the summer at a primarily-rural location in the Midwestern U.S.A. Based on observations taken under extremely clean skies, simple empirical expressions of the direct component I and the diffuse component D, as a function of solar zenith angle σ, provide a basis for ready comparison with more-turbid conditions. A particularly sensitive indicator of turbidity is the ratio D I , which is found to vary with wind direction at the measurement site in a manner such that considerably greater turbidity is found with southwest winds than with northwest winds. The data indicate that the gain in D associated with increased turbidity compensates for the attenuation of I by an amount that varies from 58% of the loss at θ = 65° to 70% at θ = 37.5°. If purely single-scattering processes and simple reflection from a surface with an albedo of 0.17 are assumed, it can be shown that the effect of adding suspended particles to the troposphere is to increase the effective albedo of the earth, with the magnitude of this increase being strongly dependent on the zenith angle.
Increasing concentration of subsurface brines with depth

Abstract The concentration of deep subsurface brines of the chloride-calcium chemical type normally increases with depth. In many areas the increase is linear over thousands of feet vertically. The rate of increase ranges between 15,000 and 100,000 p.p.m. 1,000 ft. (50–300 mg/l/m). In the Gulf Coast this relationship reverses at great depths. Here, however, the presence of abnormal fluid pressures indicates that processes of compaction and diagenesis are not yet complete. Any hypothesis to account for the chemical composition of these brines must explain the linear nature of the increase in concentration with depth.
Multilevel Monte Carlo simulation of Coulomb collisions

We present a new, for plasma physics, highly efficient multilevel Monte Carlo numerical method for simulating Coulomb collisions. The method separates and optimally minimizes the finite-timestep and finite-sampling errors inherent in the Langevin representation of the Landau-Fokker-Planck equation. It does so by combining multiple solutions to the underlying equations with varying numbers of timesteps. For a desired level of accuracy @e, the computational cost of the method is O(@e^-^2) or O(@e^-^2([email protected])^2), depending on the underlying discretization, Milstein or Euler-Maruyama respectively. This is to be contrasted with a cost of O(@e^-^3) for direct simulation Monte Carlo or binary collision methods. We successfully demonstrate the method with a classic beam diffusion test case in 2D, making use of the Levy area approximation for the correlated Milstein cross terms, and generating a computational saving of a factor of 100 for @e=10^-^5. We discuss the importance of the method for problems in which collisions constitute the computational rate limiting step, and its limitations.
Student Reflections on the Journey to Being a Supervisor

Doctoral students in counselor education and supervision programs take a course specific to clinical supervision as part of their doctoral course work. The transition from supervisee to supervisor occurring during this course can be challenging, as it is frequently the first time that students are asked to provide supervision to counselors in training. The purpose of this qualitative research was to gain information about the process of doctoral students' development from supervisees into supervisors. Significant themes emerged from the data related to the transition of becoming supervisors: the importance of creating the supervisory relationship and the need for further supervisory skills.
Symptom distress in advanced cancer patients with anxiety and depression in the palliative care setting

Mood disorders are among the most distressing psychiatric conditions experienced by patients with advanced cancer; however, studies have not shown a direct association of physical symptoms with depression and anxiety. The purpose of this study is to determine the relationship between the frequency and intensity of patients’ physical symptoms and their expressions of depression and anxiety. We retrospectively reviewed the records of 216 patients who had participated in three previous clinical trials conducted by our group. We assessed patients’ demographic data using descriptive statistics. We analyzed physical symptom frequency and intensity using the Edmonton Symptom Assessment System (ESAS) and anxiety and depression using the respective subscales of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS-A and HADS-D). Sixty-two percent were male; the median age was 59 years (range 20–91 years). Seventy nine (37%) of the patients had depressive mood (HADS-D ≥ 8), and 94 (44%) had anxiety (HADS-A ≥ 8). Patients with depressive mood expressed higher frequency of drowsiness (68/78, 64%; p = 0.0002), nausea (52/79, 66%; p = 0.0003), pain (74/79, 94%; p = 0.0101), dyspnea (68/79, 86%; p = 0.0196), worse appetite (72/79, 91%; p = 0.0051), and worse well-being (78/79, 99%; p = 0.0014) and expressed higher intensity of symptoms (ESAS ≥ 1) [median (Q1–Q3)] including drowsiness [4 (3–7), p = 0.0174], fatigue [7 (5–8), p < 0.0001], and worse well-being [6 (5–7), p < 0.0001]. Patients with anxiety expressed higher frequency of nausea (59/94, 57%; p = 0.0006), pain (88/94, 89%; p = 0.0031), and dyspnea (84/94, 96%, p = 0.0002) and expressed a higher intensity of pain [6 (3–8), p = 0.0082], fatigue [6 (5–8), p = 0.0011], worse appetite [6 (4–8), p = 0.005], and worse well-being [5 (3–7), p = 0.0007]. Spearman’s correlation showed a significant association between HADS-A and HADS-D and other symptoms in the ESAS. Spearman’s correlations of HADS with ESAS-Anxiety and ESAS-Depression were 0.56 and 0.39, respectively (p < 0.001). Expression of physical symptoms may vary in frequency and intensity among advanced cancer patients with anxiety and depression. Patients expressing high frequency and intensity of physical symptoms should be screened for mood disorders in order to provide treatment for these conditions. More research is needed.
Influential observations, diagnostics and discovery tests

A Bayesian approach is presented for influential observations and predictive discordancy diagnostics. Tests of significance based on predictive distributions are devised to test the discordancy of an observation. Examples illustrating the methods are provided.
Intramolecular Electron Transfer Initiated Cation and Radical Formation through Carbon−Carbon Bond Activation

Radical cations can be formed in a spatially and temporally controlled manner by appending a sacrificial photooxidant to an easily oxidized substrate, leading to intramolecular electron transfer upon irradiation. The anthraquinone carboxyl group is an effective photooxidant that can promote single electron oxidation from an appended arene. The resulting intermediates undergo a cleavage reaction through carbon−carbon bond activation to provide either cations or radicals that react to form a range of products.
Three Perspectives Regarding What Works and Does Not Work in Therapy: A Comparison of Judgments of Clients, Nurse-Therapists, and Uninvolved Evaluators

Abstract Background: Uninvolved evaluators have primarily determined the effectiveness of therapeutic interventions in outpatient mental health therapy whereas participant perspectives have been missing in the literature. Objective: The focus of this study was to compare the perspectives of participating nurse therapists and clients with those of uninvolved marriage, family, and child therapists (family therapists) regarding effective interventions. Design: A phenomenological study of eight matched pairs of clients and nurse-therapists, in which participants critiqued effective and ineffective therapeutic interventions seen in videotaped outpatient sessions, was completed. In this follow-up study, the videotapes were shown to family therapists, and their perspectives were compared with those of the nurse-therapists and clients. Results: Evaluative commentary from nurse-therapists and clients consistently agreed in content and scope as well as degree of conviction. Reflections of the family therapists frequently differed from those of the clients or nurse-therapists. Conclusion: Participants in a therapy session are best able to evaluate the effectiveness of therapeutic interventions. (J Am Psychiatr Nurses Assoc [2001]. 7, 13-21.)
Electrostatics of membrane systems- A non-statistical approach to cellular membrane systems

Abstract A systematic approach to electrostatic membrane models is developed on the basis of biological evidence and surface chemical data. Applying the principles of electrostatics to chemical and physical models of bimolecular lipid membranes allows the evaluation of first-order electrical field effects in biological membranes. The usefulness of these first-order effects and application to a number of biological phenomena is considered. These effects are shown to be of importance in determination of the equation of state for bilayers, and in determination of the behaviour of macromolecules at distances up to 104A from the membrane.
REJUVENATION OF MELOSIRA GRANULATA (BACILLARIOPHYCEAE) RESTING CELLS FROM THE ANOXIC SEDIMENTS OF DOUGLAS LAKE, MICHIGAN, II. ELECTRON MICROSCOPY 1

Detailed cytological changes that accompany the rejuvenation of resting cells of Melosira granulata were studied with the electron microscope. Dormant and viable cells that we previously classified as the condensed state generally contain definable chloroplasts, mitochondria, a nucleus and other cytoplasmic remnants. However, there appears to be a continuous cytoplasmic degradation spectrum and some cells which appear intensely colored with the light microscope have discontinuous chloroplast membranes and few other cytoplasmic remnants. Rejuvenation of viable dormant cells is initially accompanied by the accumulation of both lipids and polyphosphates. In the earliest stages of expansion, these storage products are dispersed throughout the cell. In later stages of expansion, the lipids appear to be coalesced into larger droplets which are easily identified at the light microscope level. The fully expanded stage is characterized by the normal complement of organelles and their arrangement at the periphery of the cells and central cytoplasmic bridge. These cells appear both anabolically and catabolically active as evidenced by the abundance of endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes and secretory and lytic vesicles. Prior to cell division, both lipids and polyphosphates a re reduced or absent in the cells. The ultrastructural features of the dormant, condensed state in resting cells of M, granulata are similar to those described for hypnospores. A rejuvenation sequence that produces cytological features common to resting state formation could provide a population of cells which could easily revert should environmental conditions become adverse.
N-myc oncogene expression in porcine renal development and oncogenesis.

ABSTRACT: N-myc oncogene expression was characterized in porcine kidneys to investigate the potential role of this gene in normal renal development and oncogenesis. N-myc RNA expression was detected in porcine kidneys from birth until 5 wk of age, which corresponds to the time when glomerular differentiation is completed. Immunohistochemical studies revealed that N-myc protein was selectively expressed in the primordia of renal proximal tubule epithelial cells. These cells were cultured in vitro and continued to express N-myc for a limited time. Comicroinjection of a mutant ras oncogene and N-myc into these cells led to focus formation in soft agar, loss of contact inhibition, and the establishment of an immortalized cell line. These findings support a multistep model of renal oncogenesis that involves overexpression of N-myc.
A fast procedure for generating normal random variables

A technique for generating normally distributed random numbers is described. It is faster than those currently in general use and is readily applicable to both binary and decimal computers.
Indirect Suggestions Through Personalized Fairy Tales for Treatment of Childhood Insomnia

Abstract Two cases of childhood insomnia, successfully treated with indirect hypnotic suggestions, are described. The suggestions were presented through the medium of an audio cassette recording of a childhood fairy tale. The fantasies are designed for each child; favorite objects and characters are woven into the story and successful adaptation to the child's particular psychosocial stress is demonstrated through the actions and words of the fantasy characters. After playing the audiotape at bedtime for six consecutive nights, the maladaptive behaviors related to going to bed were successfully eliminated.