cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rheology of Apple Sauce: Effect of Apple Cultivar, Firmness, and Processing Parameters

Shear rate-shear stress data of 54 samples of apple sauce and their serums were determined, and power law parameters were derived for the data. The samples were from two apple cultivars (Rome Beauty and Rhode Island Greening) that were stored to three firmness values and processed utilizing three finisher screen sizes and speeds. Serum samples were mildly non-Newtonian, while the sauce samples were highly non-Newtonian fluids. Analysis of variance showed that apple cultivar, apple firmness and finisher screen opening accounted for a large variation in sauce consistency, while regression analysis showed that pulp content was important for the magnitude of the sauce consistency.
Description and Discrimination of Planar Shapes Using Shape Matrices

A shape descriptor has been developed which can describe a shape independent of its translation, rotation, and scaling. The description is in the form of a matrix and it is obtained by a polar quantization of a shape. The quantization process takes into consideration not only a shape's outer geometry but its inner geometry as well. The descriptor is information preserving and if the quantization parameters are selected properly, it is possible to reconstruct an original shape from its description. In this technique, shape discrimination is possible by a simple EXCLUSIVE-OR operation on shape descriptions.
Social Capital or Networks, Negotiations, and Norms? A Neighborhood Case Study

Social capital" has been critiqued as distracting attention from inequalities and policies that produce ill health. We support this critique insofar as social capital refers to the degree of trust and consensus in a locality, but find value in another dimension often included in the concept of social capital—social network ties and their associated communication patterns. We present a case study of Bushwick, a community of 100,000 people in Brooklyn NY, to suggest that the network aspect of "social capital" is useful to understand the active, on-the-ground processes by which residents of some neighborhoods beset by poverty, racial/ethnic subordination, and internal divisions (that themselves arise from inequalities and state policies) work out ways to defend their own and others' safety and health. We use a combination of population-representative survey data for young adults; sexual network survey data; and ethnography to show that Bushwick residents (including drug users and dealers) have used social network ties, communication, and normative pressures to reduce the extent to which they are put at risk by the drug trade and by drug-use-related HIV/AIDS in spite of conflicting interests, disparate values, and widespread distrust both of other community members and of dominant social institutions. This was done by "intravention" health communications, development of protective norms, informal nego- tiations, and other forms of adjustments within and among various groups— but it occured in the absence of trust or consensus in this community. We conclude both (1) that social network interpretations of "social capital" might be better conceptualized in dialectic terms as collective action to survive in a harsh social order, and (2) that the social capital theory emphasis on trust and consensus as important causal factors for lowering drug-related risks at the community level may be a romanticized and erroneous
The Konno aortoventriculoplasty for repeat aortic valve replacement.

Objective: To evaluate the outcome of aortic root augmentation by the Konno-aortoventriculoplasty technique as part of reoperative aortic valve replacement. Methods: Since 1983, 15 patients, 12 males and three females, had repeat aortic valve replacement (AVR) with concomitant Konno aortoventriculoplasty. Age ranged from 1.2 to 18 years (mean 12.5 years). The underlying anatomic diagnoses were valve and subvalvar aortic stenosis in 11, truncal valve insufficiency in one, endocarditis in one, Shone’s complex in one and severe aortic insufficiency associated with a ventricular septal defect in one patient. All patients had had previous AVR. The causes for reoperation were prosthetic valve stenosis due to growth in ten and paravalvular leak in one, homograft failure in two, xenograft failure in one, and left ventricular outflow tract obstruction (LVOTO) after mitral valve replacement in one patient. The mean size of explanted prostheses was 19.2 mm (13‐23 mm) while the mean size of the implanted prostheses was 24.3 mm (19‐27 mm) (P , 0:01). Previous aortic root enlargement had been performed in 11 patients in conjunction with AVR. The Manougian technique was used previously in two, Konno aortoventriculoplasty in eight, and both techniques in one patient. The newly implanted aortic valves were a homograft in one patient and mechanical prostheses in 14 patients. Results: There was one operative death (1 of 15 or 6.6%) in a 17.5 year old patient with previous AVR and posterior root enlargement, due to low cardiac output state. Follow-up ranged from 6 months to 17 years (mean 7.2 years). The only late death occurred in an 11.6-year-old patient due to prosthetic valve endocarditis. Two patients had complete heart block and had permanent pacemaker insertion (2 of 15 or 13.3%). One patient had pulmonary valve replacement because of combined stenosis and insufficiency 5 years after operation. All 13-surviving patients are asymptomatic at latest follow up. Conclusion: Konno aortoventriculoplasty with repeat AVR may be safely performed. Excellent results may be achieved despite previous aortic root enlargement. It is a good surgical option for complex LVOTO and may even reduce reoperation in children by allowing placement of a larger prosthesis. q 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Surfaciality: Some Poems by Fernando Pessoa, one by Wallace Stevens, and the brief Sketch of a Poetic Ontology

This paper gives a close reading of a number of poems by Fernando Pessoa, in particular by his ‘heteronym’ Alberto Caeiro. On that basis, a poetic ontology focused on the concept of ‘surfaciality’ is sketched which is then made more concrete through a discussion of the concepts of understanding and interpretation in Heidegger’s Being and Time. As an elaboration of this ontology, the paper concludes with a close reading of important long poem by Wallace Stevens, ‘Description Without Place’.
EXAMINING PRESERVICE TEACHERS’ UNDERSTANDINGS ABOUT CLASSROOM ASSESSMENT

Current educational emphasis on accountability and assessment prompts attention to goals and strategies for classroom assessment of students’ learning. This study analyzes preservice teachers’ understandings about classroom assessment in social studies education. Participants who were enrolled in a secondary social studies methods course described three thematic purposes of classroom assessment: to assess factual knowledge and comprehension, to assess analytical thinking, and to target diverse learning styles. Findings illustrate how preservice teachers conceptualize classroom assessment both generally and when connected to specific historical and civic content. This article discusses implications for teacher educators to consider when integrating classroom assessment content into social studies methods courses.
The Central Anticholinergic Syndrome — Etiology, Diagnosis, and Management

The potentiation of the anticholinergic effects of one drug by another is frequently overlooked as a cause of acutely developing psychosis. This is not surprising considering that more than 600 drugs with significant anticholinergic properties are currently commercially available (Alpern and Marriot, 1973). This paper defines the central anticholinergic syndrome (CAS), its forms of presentation, etiology, pharmacology, and management.
Architecture, Caching, and Foreign Contacts at Chac (II), Yucatan, Mexico

The Puuc region of northern Yucatan was one of the most important areas of Maya civilization during the Terminal Classic florescent period. Despite its importance to Maya prehistory, there is little understanding of the times prior to the great cultural florescence. Eight seasons of research at Chac II provide new information regarding an important Maya center between the Classic and Terminal Classic periods (A.D. 300–800), including the changing nature of influence and contacts with foreign groups reaching central Mexico. The great antiquity of Chac, the presence of numerous substructures, and the variety of architectural styles in the Great Pyramid Plaza suggest that the site was an originator of the Early Puuc architectural style. It is argued that the major ritual offering below the central monument at the Gran Plaza re-creates the “turquoise” hearth reenacting the birth of the Fifth Sun at Teotihuacan. These new data are transforming understanding of the Puuc Maya and their relations with greater Mesoamerica.
SEASONAL DECLINES IN OFFSPRING FITNESS AND SELECTION FOR EARLY REPRODUCTION IN NYMPH-OVERWINTERING GRASSHOPPERS.

In this study, I examine the effects of natural and experimentally induced variation in life cycle timing on offspring fitness in Arphia sulphurea and Chortophaga viridifasciata, to understand the selective pressures shaping phenology in these two species of nymph-overwintering grasshoppers. Because these species lack embryonic diapause, hatching varies over a two month range under natural conditions. I used a cold treatment to delay hatching of some egg pods and extend the natural range of hatching dates. Due to the shorter time for growth and poorer growing conditions late in the fall, late-hatching nymphs of both species grew to a smaller size before winter and suffered higher overwinter mortality, compared to early nymphs. In addition, late nymphs that did survive the winter became reproductive later in the following year's breeding season. Size- dependent mortality of offspring during the winter is a strong selective pressure favoring early reproduction in these species. Female adult life history traits appear responsive to the seasonal declines in offspring fitness, in that late-maturing females began reproducing sooner after adult maturation and reproduced at a more rapid rate, even at the expense of having shorter adult longevity and producing fewer total egg pods. Experimental manipulations were crucial in understanding the fitness consequences of intrapopulation variation in the timing of specific life-cycle events for these species.
Parameter Selection for a Space Power Grid

This paper continues work on an evolutionary, revenue-generating approach to Space Solar Power. In previous work, a 3-stage, self-sustaining program was proposed, that enables growth to full Space Solar power in 20 to 30 years. The approach is to rst use a constellation of spacecraft in sun-synchronous orbits as a microwave power grid connecting renewable energy plants situated around the world. This step generates revenue primarily from the large temporal and geographic variations in cost and supply of electric power. It enables location of new renewable power plants in remote locations, and minimizes reserve needs for baseload qualication. In a second phase, replacements for the rst generation satellites would incorporate converters from solar power to microwave beams, followed by placement of large ultralight collectors in high orbits to beam sunlight directly to the converters. Recent developments have improved options in the near millimeter wave regime. In this paper, the Phase 1 architecture is altered to investigate the minimum power level at which the system will pay for itself in 30 years. Cost estimates are related to the published literature and shown to be conservative. Parameter choices are systematically related to the Net Present Value.
Effect of Midbrain Lesions on Ovulation and Adrenal Response to Stress in Female Rats.

SummaryCoagulating lesions in posterior portion of midbrain and level of rostral pons of female rats resulted in increased corticosterone secretion into adrenal venous effluent in response to surgical stress. Lesions in posterior diencephalon and rostral midbrain structures resulted in depressed corticosterone secretion. Adrenal ascorbic acid response to stress was not correlated with corticosterone response. Ovulation was blocked in rats with brain lesions in any of these areas where concomitant mammillary peduncle damage was present.
Lameness Treatment Rates in Wisconsin Dairy Herds

Few studies have documented lameness treatment rates in North American dairy herds. Case definition, ability to detect lame individuals and frequency of delivery of the hoof trimming program significantly impact the incidence of new and recurrent cases.
REFLECTIONS ON THE 2015 DECADE AWARD SOCIAL CAPITAL, NETWORKS, AND KNOWLEDGE TRANSFER: AN EMERGENT STREAM OF RESEARCH

We reflect on our 2005 article, “Social Capital, Networks, and Knowledge Transfer,” which received the Academy of Management Review Decade Award in 2015. We first discuss the origin of the idea for the paper and how it evolved during the rigorous review process. Then we identify the reasons for the article’s high number of citations by scholars worldwide and trace the research advances that have occurred since it was published. We show that research on the three main concepts in the article has expanded to a wide range of fields, far beyond the management discipline. In particular, a stream of research building on the framework proposed in the article has emerged.
Surface morphologies of He-implanted tungsten

Abstract Surface morphologies of tungsten surfaces, both polycrystalline and single-crystal [1 1 0], were investigated using SEM and FIB/SEM techniques after implantations at elevated surfaces temperatures (1200–1300 K) using well-characterized, mono-energetic He ion beams with a wide range of ion energies (218 eV–250 keV). Nanofuzz was observed on polycrystalline tungsten (PCW) following implantation of 100-keV He ions at a flux threshold of 0.9 × 1016 cm−2 s−1, but not following 200-keV implantations with similar fluxes. No nanofuzz formation was observed on single-crystal [1 1 0] tungsten (SCW), despite fluxes exceeding those demonstrated previously to produce nanofuzz on polycrystalline tungsten. Pre-damaging the single-crystal tungsten with implanted C impurity interstitials did not significantly affect the surface morphologies resulting from the high-flux He ion implantations. The main factor leading to the different observed surface structures for the pristine and C-implanted single-crystal W samples appeared to be the peak He ion flux characterizing the different exposures. It was speculated that nanofuzz formation was not observed for any SCW target exposures because of increased incubation fluences required for such targets.
SPRINT Results in Older Patients: How Low to Go?

In this issue of JAMA, Williamson and colleagues1 report the results of a preplanned, appropriately powered subgroup analysis of data from the Systolic Blood Pressure intervention Trial (SPRINT) in persons aged 75 years or older. SPRINT was a randomized, clinical, open-label study of community-dwelling older adults with systolic blood pressure (SBP) in the 130 to 180 mm Hg range in whom the effects of reducing SBP to less than 120 mm Hg (intensive treatment group) were compared with those associated with SBP lowering to less than 140 mm Hg (standard treatment group).2 The primary end point was a composite of cardiovascular disease (CVD) events, including myocardial infarction, acute coronary syndrome, heart failure, stroke, or death from cardiovascular causes. Exclusion criteria included diabetes, history of stroke or heart failure, and SBP less than 110 mm Hg after 1 minute of standing.
Creating Aging-Friendly Communities, by Andrew E. Scharlach and Amanda J. Lehning.

Concerted efforts to make cities or communities more supportive of people as they age have been launched in recent years on a global basis. Particularly notable among these initiatives is the World...
Systematic uncertainties in high-rate germanium data

For many nuclear material safeguards inspections, spectroscopic gamma detectors are required which can achieve high event rates (in excess of 106 s−1) while maintaining very good energy resolution for discrimination of neighboring gamma signatures in complex backgrounds. Such spectra can be useful for non-destructive assay (NDA) of spent nuclear fuel with long cooling times, which contains many potentially useful low-rate gamma lines, e.g., Cs-134, in the presence of a few dominating gamma lines, such as Cs-137. Detectors in use typically sacrifice energy resolution for count rate, e.g., LaBr 3 , or vise-versa, e.g., CdZnTe. In contrast, we anticipate that beginning with a detector with high energy resolution, e.g., high-purity germanium (HPGe), and adapting the data acquisition for high throughput will be able to achieve the goals of the ideal detector. In this work, we present quantification of Cs-134 and Cs-137 activities, useful for fuel burn-up quantification, in fuel that has been cooling for 22.3 years. A segmented, planar HPGe detector is used for this inspection, which has been adapted for a high-rate throughput in excess of 500k counts/s. Using a very-high-statistic spectrum of 2.4 × 1011 counts, isotope activities can be determined with very low statistical uncertainty. However, it is determined that systematic uncertainties dominate in such a data set, e.g., the uncertainty in the pulse line shape. This spectrum offers a unique opportunity to quantify this uncertainty and subsequently determine required counting times for given precision on values of interest.
Reconfigurable in-memory computing with resistive memory crossbar

Driven by recent advances in resistive random-access memory (RRAM), there have been growing interests in exploring alternative computing concept, i.e., in-memory processing, to address the classical von Neumann bottlenecks. Despite of their great promise in improving performance and energy efficiency, most existing works are built on the inherent matrix-vector multiplication capability of RRAM crossbar structure, and thus lack the flexibility to adapt to future market/technology induced changes in data-intensive applications. To address these challenges, we propose an in-memory reconfigurable architecture based on RRAM crossbar structure. For the first time, it achieves a full programmability across computation and storage, and thereby provides more flexibilities of partitioning the hardware resources based on applications' needs. We further develop two complete CAD design flows to facilitate development of applications written in hardware description languages (HDLs) for our architecture, based on: 1) adaption from existing tool set developed for FPGA, 2) a custom tool design optimized towards the new architecture. Our experiments show that, both design flows are effective in exploiting flexible resources offered by our architecture and thus achieves better efficiency than state-of-art FPGAs (30% improvement in performance with 66% reduction in area). In addition, compared to adapted design flow, our custom design flow achieves speedup by 3.3×, and further improves mapping quality.
Potential assessment of methane and heat production from geopressured–geothermal aquifers

Geopressured–geothermal aquifers of the US Gulf Coast contain a significant amount of geothermal energy and dissolved methane. This study investigates the effect of brine reinjection on the production of heat and methane from these aquifers. First, the range of uncertainty of aquifer properties was inspected to build the reservoir model of typical aquifers. A sensitivity analysis was then performed to find favorable conditions for production with and without reinjection, and the economic criteria for both scenarios were defined. This study concludes that reinjection has several advantages, such as increasing the sustainability of production, reducing reservoir connectivity risk, and disposing of produced brine in the same formation.
Spontaneous Occlusion of a Vein of Galen Malformation: A Case Report and Proposed Mechanism

A vein of Galen malformation (VGM) is a rare condition of the pediatric population. Our patient was diagnosed with VGM on intrauterine ultrasound. At birth, she was noted to have multiple congenital heart defects but no signs of congestive heart failure, and intervention was delayed. Our patient presented at 4 months of age with worsening hydrocephalus due to the enlargement of the VGM. A ventricular peritoneal shunt was placed. At 26 months of age, our patient was taken for embolization of the VGM. Cerebral angiography showed no VGM. We present that changes in hemodynamics after shunt placement lead to the thrombosis of the VGM.
Development and deployment of Autonomous scale Submarine Models for hydrodynamic testing of U.S. Navy submarine maneuvering characteristics

Understanding the hydrodynamic maneuvering capabilities of our Navy's submarines is a vital aspect of submarine design and in-service life. In the Hydrodynamics Testing Branch at the Naval Surface Warfare Center, Carderock Division (NSWCCD), autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) that are scale models of the Navy's submarines are developed to provide high fidelity data on maneuvering characteristics. These vehicles not only function as AUVs with a standard suite of navigation functionality, but they also perform a vehicle maneuver to replicate the full scale submarine's capability and collect hundreds of channels of data that are used for analysis and simulation validation. The Autonomous Submarine Models are tested in unique indoor and outdoor facilities that provide extensive technological and personnel support for vehicle maneuvering testing and analysis. This paper describes the technology and innovations that are used in the hydrodynamic testing of autonomous scale models of our Navy's submarines including control, navigation, data collection, and test deployment.
Role of Platelet-Derived Transforming Growth Factor-β1 and Reactive Oxygen Species in Radiation-Induced Organ Fibrosis

Abstract Significance: This review evaluates the role of platelet-derived transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 in oxidative stress-linked pathologic fibrosis, with an emphasis on the heart and kidney, by using ionizing radiation as a clinically relevant stimulus. Current radiation-induced organ fibrosis interventions focus on pan-neutralization of TGF-β or the use of anti-oxidants and anti-proliferative agents, with limited clinical efficacy. Recent Advances: Pathologic fibrosis represents excessive accumulation of collagen and other extracellular matrix (ECM) components after dysregulation of a balance between ECM synthesis and degradation. Targets based on endogenous carbon monoxide (CO) pathways and the use of redox modulators such as N-acetylcysteine present promising alternatives to current therapeutic regimens. Critical Issues: Ionizing radiation leads to direct DNA damage and generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), with TGF-β1 activation via ROS, thrombin generation, platelet activation, and pr...
The positivity effect: a negativity bias in youth fades with age

Relative to younger adults, older adults attend to and remember positive information more than negative information. This shift from a negativity bias in younger age to a preference for positive information in later life is termed the ‘positivity effect.’ Based on nearly two decades of research and recent evidence from neuroscience, we argue that the effect reflects age-related changes in motivation that direct behavior and cognitive processing rather than neural or cognitive decline. Understanding the positivity effect, including conditions that reduce and enhance it, can inform effective public health and educational messages directed at older people.
Destabilization, Propagation, and Generation of Surfactant-Stabilized Foam during Crude Oil Displacement in Heterogeneous Model Porous Media

Foam flooding in porous media is of increasing interest due to its numerous applications such as enhanced oil recovery, aquifer remediation, and hydraulic fracturing. However, the mechanisms of oil-foam interactions have yet to be fully understood at the pore level. Here, we present three characteristic zones identified in experiments involving the displacement of crude oil from model porous media via surfactant-stabilized foam, and we describe a series of pore-level dynamics in these zones which were not observed in experiments involving paraffin oil. In the displacement front zone, foam coalesces upon initial contact with crude oil, which is known to destabilize the liquid lamellae of the foam. Directly upstream, a transition zone occurs where surface wettability is altered from oil-wet to water-wet. After this transition takes place, a strong foam bank zone exists where foam is generated within the porous media. We visualized each zone using a microfluidic platform, and we discuss the unique physicoche...
Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Features Identified by Unsupervised Machine Learning on Optical Coherence Tomography Scans Predict Glaucoma Progression.

Author(s): Christopher, Mark; Belghith, Akram; Weinreb, Robert N; Bowd, Christopher; Goldbaum, Michael H; Saunders, Luke J; Medeiros, Felipe A; Zangwill, Linda M | Abstract: Purpose:To apply computational techniques to wide-angle swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT) images to identify novel, glaucoma-related structural features and improve detection of glaucoma and prediction of future glaucomatous progression. Methods:Wide-angle SS-OCT, OCT circumpapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (cpRNFL) circle scans spectral-domain (SD)-OCT, standard automated perimetry (SAP), and frequency doubling technology (FDT) visual field tests were completed every 3 months for 2 years from a cohort of 28 healthy participants (56 eyes) and 93 glaucoma participants (179 eyes). RNFL thickness maps were extracted from segmented SS-OCT images and an unsupervised machine learning approach based on principal component analysis (PCA) was used to identify novel structural features. Area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) was used to assess diagnostic accuracy of RNFL PCA for detecting glaucoma and progression compared to SAP, FDT, and cpRNFL measures. Results:The RNFL PCA features were significantly associated with mean deviation (MD) in both SAP (R2 = 0.49, P l 0.0001) and FDT visual field testing (R2 = 0.48, P l 0.0001), and with mean circumpapillary RNFL thickness (cpRNFLt) from SD-OCT (R2 = 0.58, P l 0.0001). The identified features outperformed each of these measures in detecting glaucoma with an AUC of 0.95 for RNFL PCA compared to an 0.90 for mean cpRNFLt (P = 0.09), 0.86 for SAP MD (P = 0.034), and 0.83 for FDT MD (P = 0.021). Accuracy in predicting progression was also significantly higher for RNFL PCA compared to SAP MD, FDT MD, and mean cpRNFLt (P = 0.046, P = 0.007, and P = 0.044, respectively). Conclusions:A computational approach can identify structural features that improve glaucoma detection and progression prediction.
Laboratory testing of Hemostasis

Hemostasis is the result of a complex interaction between vessels, platelets, and coagulation proteins that stops bleeding (primary hemostasis, coagulation) while maintaining blood flow in the vessel (fibrinolysis).
An On-line Thévenin Equivalent Estimation Algorithm and its Application to Condition Monitoring

A simple and reliable voltage stability analysis method is to use a Thevenin equivalent model to represent the electrical connection to a load center. Assuming fixed values of the Thevenin voltage and reactance during some interval, a power-voltage (PV) curve analysis can be performed to find the voltage collapse point and stability margin during the observation period. In this paper, an on-line estimation method is proposed to repeatedly compute the Thevenin equivalent voltage and reactance of a power system at regular intervals or on demand using measured values and forgetting factors. The method is validated with simulated PMU data and with 24-hour SCADA data at a wind hub on a medium voltage transmission system in the U.S. western interconnection.
Franchisee Cooperation: The effects of justice perception, trust, and affective commitment

Building on relational governance and social exchange theories, we develop a model of the direct effect of justice perception on citizenship behavior in a franchising context. Additionally, we inco...
Workforce Issues in Geriatrics in Rural America

To describe recent approaches by federal agencies to expand the rural healthcare workforce through training in geriatrics and gerontology. Publicly available information on federally funded training and continuing education programs was identified and these programs and initiatives described. Traditional training programs that expose learners to rural environments continue to be supported while new models of training and workforce development have emerged. Federal agencies have a lead role in supporting interprofessional training, adapting new technologies in curricula and facilitating academic, private, and public investments in the workforce. Veterans Health Administration has also undertaken a systematic evaluation strategy across various models with the goal of promoting broad dissemination and implementation. These training and continuing education models have reported successes and continue to be evaluated as innovations that may be broadly adopted to address the healthcare needs of older rural-dwelling populations.
Copper-Catalyzed [4+2] Cycloaddition of 9H-Cyclohepta[b]pyridine-9-one and Electron-Rich Alkenes

9H-Cyclohepta[b]pyridin-9-one was used as a diene cycloaddition partner to construct [3.2.2] bicycles in a copper-catalyzed [4+2] cycloaddition. Oxygen- and nitrogen-substituted terminal, disubstit...
A rare case of melorheostosis of the hand in a pediatric patient.

Abstract Melorheostosis, a rare mesenchymal dysplasia of bone, generally affects about 0.001% of people globally with about 400 cases total being reported. Melorheostosis of the hand, especially in the pediatric population, has been seldom reported. Previous studies have investigated potential genetic mutations associated with melorheostosis however, questions still remain regarding effective treatment options for this disease. This case report describes a unique case of pediatric melorheostosis of the hand and further clarifies current theories on melorheostosis with regards to pathogenesis, best treatment practices, and future research.
Leveraging the signature of heterotrophic respiration on atmospheric CO 2 for model benchmarking

Abstract. Spatial and temporal variations in atmospheric carbon dioxide ( CO2 ) reflect large-scale net carbon exchange between the atmosphere and terrestrial ecosystems. Soil heterotrophic respiration (HR) is one of the component fluxes that drive this net exchange, but, given observational limitations, it is difficult to quantify this flux or to evaluate global-scale model simulations thereof. Here, we show that atmospheric CO2 can provide a useful constraint on large-scale patterns of soil heterotrophic respiration. We analyze three soil model configurations (CASA-CNP, MIMICS, and CORPSE) that simulate HR fluxes within a biogeochemical test bed that provides each model with identical net primary productivity (NPP) and climate forcings. We subsequently quantify the effects of variation in simulated terrestrial carbon fluxes (NPP and HR from the three soil test-bed models) on atmospheric CO2 distributions using a three-dimensional atmospheric tracer transport model. Our results show that atmospheric CO2 observations can be used to identify deficiencies in model simulations of the seasonal cycle and interannual variability in HR relative to NPP. In particular, the two models that explicitly simulated microbial processes (MIMICS and CORPSE) were more variable than observations at interannual timescales and showed a stronger-than-observed temperature sensitivity. Our results prompt future research directions to use atmospheric CO2 , in combination with additional constraints on terrestrial productivity or soil carbon stocks, for evaluating HR fluxes.
Engagement With Project ECHO to Increase Medication-Assisted Treatment in Rural Primary Care.

Objective:The purpose of this study was to understand the barriers and facilitators that affect engagement with Project ECHO (Extension for Community Healthcare Outcomes) to implement medication-as...
Virtual Illusion: Comparing Student Achievement and Teacher and Classroom Characteristics in Online and Brick-and-Mortar Charter Schools:

As researchers continue to examine the growing number of charter schools in the United States, they have focused attention on the significant heterogeneity of charter effects on student achievement...
Post-transcriptional regulation of human endogenous retroviruses by RNA-Binding Motif Protein 4, RBM4

Abstract The human genome encodes for over 1,500 RNA-binding proteins (RBPs), which coordinate regulatory events on RNA transcripts (Gerstberger et al., 2014). Most studies of RBPs concentrate on their action on mRNAs that encode protein, which constitute a minority of the transcriptome. A widely neglected subset of our transcriptome derives from integrated retroviral elements termed endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) that comprise ~8% of the human genome. Some ERVs have been shown to be transcribed under physiological and pathological conditions suggesting that sophisticated regulatory mechanisms to coordinate and prevent their ectopic expression exist. However, it is unknown whether RBPs and ERV transcripts directly interact to provide a post-transcriptional layer of regulation. Here, we implemented a computational pipeline to determine the correlation of expression between individual RBPs and ERVs from single-cell or bulk RNA sequencing data. One of our top candidates for an RBP negatively regulating ERV expression was RNA-Binding Motif Protein 4 (RBM4). We used PAR-CLIP to demonstrate that RBM4 indeed bound ERV transcripts at CGG consensus elements. Loss of RBM4 resulted in elevated transcript level of bound ERVs of the HERV-K and -H families, as well as increased expression of HERV-K envelope protein. We pinpointed RBM4 regulation of HERV-K to a CGG-containing element that is conserved in the long terminal repeats (LTRs) of HERV-K-10 and -K-11, and validated the functionality of this site using reporter assays. In summary, we identified RBPs as potential regulators of ERV function and demonstrate a new role for RBM4 in controlling ERV expression. Significance Statement The expression of endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) appears to have broad impact on human biology. Nevertheless, only a handful of transcriptional regulators of ERV expression are known and to our knowledge no RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) were yet implicated in positive or negative post-transcriptional regulation of ERVs. We implemented a computational pipeline that allowed us to identify RBPs that modulate ERV expression levels. Experimental validation of one of the prime candidates we identified, RBM4, showed that it indeed bound RNAs made from ERVs and negatively regulated the levels of those RNAs. We hereby identify a new layer of ERV regulation by RBPs.
Universal Expositions: Behind the Scenes and Beyond the Fairgrounds (Response Essay)

This essay comments on the articles collected for this special issue about international expositions in France. It finds four major themes for new directions in exposition studies. First is the lon...
Sex-dependent pheromonal effects on steroid hormone levels in sea lampreys (Petromyzon marinus).

Abstract Sea lampreys (Petromyzon marinus) are basal vertebrates that exhibit reproductive control via a hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. The function and evolution of the hypothalamic and pituitary peptide hormones are well studied in this species, whereas the functions of classical sex steroid hormones have not been well established due to their low or non-detectable plasma levels. Sea lamprey pheromone 3-keto petromyzonol sulfate (3kPZS) has been shown to increase while 3-keto allocholic acid (3kACA) decreases plasma 15α-hydroxyprogesterone (15αP) levels in prespermiating males (PSM) but not in preovulatory females (POF). However, spermiating male washings that contain both 3kPZS and 3kACA facilitate spawning in both sexes. Therefore, we wondered if the effects of pheromones on POF were elicited by classical steroid hormones such as progesterone, androstenedione, testosterone and estradiol. We hypothesized that waterborne 3kACA and 3kPZS differentially alter steroid hormone levels in prespawning sea lampreys. We determined the sex differences and pheromonal effects on steroid hormone levels in prespawning sea lampreys using sensitive ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) methods. Some PSM became spermiating (SM) at the time of sample collection, and those data were treated as a separate group. We found that males contained more androstenedione and progesterone in the gonad and more estradiol and testosterone in the plasma than POF, whereas POF contained more gonadal testosterone than males (no detectable gonadal testosterone). In POF, 3kPZS decreased gonadal androstenedione but increased gonadal progesterone and plasma estradiol, whereas 3kACA only increased gonadal progesterone levels. Exposure to 3kPZS for 4 h increased plasma 15αP in POF and SM, and gonadal 15αP in POF. Interestingly, 3kACA or 3kPZS depleted gonadal or plasma 15αP in PSM at various time points. On the other hand, both pheromones had no significant effect on androstenedione, progesterone or estradiol levels in males. Plasma testosterone levels did not change after pheromone exposure in both sexes. We conclude that sea lamprey pheromones 3kACA and 3kPZS induced differential steroidal responses in POF, PSM and SM.
Sympatric and allopatric differentiation delineates population structure in free-living terrestrial bacteria

ABSTRACT In free-living bacteria and archaea, the equivalent of the biological species concept does not exist, creating several barriers to the study of the processes contributing to microbial diversification. As such, microorganisms are often operationally defined using conserved marker genes (i.e., 16S rRNA gene) or whole-genome measurements (i.e., ANI) to interpret intra-specific processes. However, as in eukaryotes, investigations into microbial populations must consider the potential for interacting genotypes among individuals that are subjected to similar environmental selective pressures. Therefore, we isolated 26 strains within a single bacterial ecotype (equivalent to a eukaryotic species definition) from a common habitat (leaf litter) across a regional climate gradient and asked whether the genetic diversity in a free-living soil bacterium (Curtobacterium) was consistent with patterns of allopatric or sympatric differentiation. By examining patterns of gene flow, our results indicate that microbial populations are delineated by gene flow discontinuities and exhibit evidence for population-specific adaptation. We conclude that the genetic structure within this bacterium is due to both adaptation within localized microenvironments (isolation-by-environment) as well as dispersal limitation between geographic locations (isolation-by-distance).
Perspective-Taking With Deictic Motion Verbs in Spanish: What We Learn About Semantics and the Lexicon From Heritage Child Speakers and Adults

In English, deictic verbs of motion, such as come can encode the perspective of the speaker, or another individual, such as the addressee or a narrative protagonist, at a salient reference time and location, in the form of an indexical presupposition. By contrast, Spanish has been claimed to have stricter requirements on licensing conditions for venir ("to come"), only allowing speaker perspective. An open question is how a bilingual learner acquiring both English and Spanish reconciles these diverging language-specific restrictions. We face this question head on by investigating narrative productions of young Spanish-English bilingual heritage speakers of Spanish, in comparison to English monolingual and Spanish dominant adults and children. We find that the young heritage speakers produce venir in linguistic contexts where most Spanish adult speakers do not, but where English monolingual speakers do, and also resemble those of young monolingual Spanish speakers of at least one other Spanish dialect, leading us to generate two mutually-exclusive hypotheses: (a) the encoding of speaker perspective in the young heritage children is cross-linguistically influenced by the more flexible and dominant language (English), resulting in a wider range of productions by these malleable young speakers than the Spanish grammar actually allows, or (b) the young Spanish speakers are exhibiting productions that are in fact licensed in the grammar, but which are pruned away in the adult productions, being supplanted by other forms as the lexicon is enriched. Given independent evidence of the heritage speakers' robust Spanish linguistic competence, we turn to systematically-collected acceptability judgments of three dialectal varieties of monolingual adult Spanish speakers of the distribution of perspective-taking verbs, to assess their competence and adjudicate between (a) and (b). We find that adults accept venir in contexts in which they do not produce it, leading us to argue that (a) venir is not obligatorily speaker-oriented in Spanish, as has been claimed, (b) adults may not produce venir in these contexts because they instead select more specific motion verbs, and (c) for heritage bilingual children, the more dominant language (English) may support the grammatically licensed but lexically-constrained productions in Spanish.
A Radical Doctrine: Abolitionist Education in Hard Times

In the United States of America, the year 2020 will be remembered as a year of sorrow, infection, greed, violence, loss, devastation, protest, resistance, and death. The tragedies of this year were...
Design and Optimization of 650V/60A Double-Sided Cooled Multichip GaN Module

Wide bandgap (WBG) semiconductors have become the ultimate choice for future high-performance power electronics energy conversion due to their superior material properties compared to traditional silicon power devices. Gallium nitride (GaN) high electron mobility transistor (HEMT) offers very fast switching capability enabling the designer to push switching frequency to the MHz range. Traditional device packaging becomes a limiting factor in fully harnessing the benefits offered by these advanced power devices, and thus, improved and advanced packaging structures are a must to bridge the gap between GaN devices and their applications. A co-design, co-optimization method has been followed to develop a double-sided cooled, gate driver integrated 650V/60A GaN half-bridge phase-leg power module. Power loop inductance and thermal resistance per die is optimized to 0.91 nH and 0.31°C/W which is verified using thermal simulation and experimental result.
Rewritten Opinion: Burton v. State

Rewritten concurring opinion in Burton v. State, 49 So.3d 263 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 2010), holding that the trial court applied the incorrect legal rule when it ordered Ms. Burton’s continued hospitalization and involuntary medical treatment, and finding that its order was not supported by competent and substantial evidence as required under Florida law.
Fight the Virus and Fight the Bias: Asian Americans’ Engagement in Activism to Combat Anti-Asian COVID-19 Racism

The global COVID-19 pandemic reinforced anti-Asian biases, accompanied by the rise of violence against Asians. We examined Asian Americans? engagement in activism to combat anti-Asian racism and advance their community using the situational theory of problem solving (STOPS) and two additional factors?past discrimination and subjective norms. Asian American activism includes social media, political, and advocacy actions. Structural equation modeling was conducted with data from online survey responses of 240 Asian Americans. Our results suggest pathways from Asian Americans? past racism experiences to political and advocacy actions via three perceptual factors in STOPS (problem, involvement, constraint recognition), subjective norms, and expression of opinion on social media.
What are the comparative benefits and harms of augmentation treatments in major depression

The majority of depressed patients do not experience sufficient response to their initial antidepressant medication. Augmentation strategies, particularly the use of atypical antipsychotics to augment selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), have proliferated over the last 15 years, and 2 atypical antipsychotics, aripiprazole and quetiapine, have received US Food and Drug Administration approval for adjunctive therapy in treatment-resistant depression. Alternatively, data in treatment-resistant depression exist for most of the atypicals and for other treatments, including lithium, bupropion, methylphenidate, pindolol, and buspirone.
Energy Planning in a Big Data Era: A Theme Study of the Residential Sector

With a focus on planning for urban energy demand, this chapter re-conceptualizes the general planning process in the big data era based on the improvements that non-linear modeling approaches provide over mainstream traditional linear approaches. First, it demonstrates challenges of conventional linear methodologies in modeling complexities of residential energy demand. Suggesting a non-linear modeling schema to analyzing household energy demand, the paper develops its discussion around repercussions of the use of non-linear modeling in energy policy and planning. Planners and policy-makers are not often equipped with the tools needed to translate complex scientific outcomes into policies. To fill this gap, this chapter proposes modifications to the traditional planning process that will enable planning to benefit from the abundance of data and advances in analytical methodologies in the big data era. The conclusion section introduces short-term implications of the proposed process for energy planning (and planning, in general) in the big data era around three topics of: tool development, data infrastructures, and planning education.
Peer support among consumers of professional mental health services: Implications for practice, policy, and research

Peer-support services have become increasingly prevalent in mental health; consumers now deliver many services once provided by professional mental health providers. Recognizing this key asset in mental health consumers' service environment is critical for social workers. This exploratory study examines differences among 311 consumers of professional mental health services, half of whom also used peer-support services. The two groups (peer support compared with non-peer-support) were compared on a number of dimensions related to their utilization of and satisfaction with professional mental health services. Users of peer-support services perceived greater availability of professional services and used more professional services, but found professional services to be less useful than those not participating in peer support. No differences between the two groups were found for overall satisfaction with professional services. Findings related to policy, practice, and research are discussed.
Cotton (Gossypium) plant residue for industrial fuel.: An economic assessment

Abstract Decreasing fossil fuel supplies have prompted research into alternative sources of fuels worldwide, including the use of biomass and agricultural residues. This paper considers the use of cotton (Gossypium) plant residue as a supplemental fuel source for a power generating plant in Southern Arizona. Potential supply is estimated and market conditions are analyzed. Partial budgets are used to estimate break-even market price of residue as a basis for comparison with commonly used fossil fuels. Though one particular cotton plant residue harvesting method results in a lower market price for residue than coal, supply constraints and switching costs may deter adoption of residue-based fuel by the power plant.