cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Galaxy Evolution Explorer (GALEX). Its legacy of UV surveys, and science highlights

The Galaxy Evolution Explorer (GALEX) imaged the sky in the Ultraviolet (UV) for almost a decade, delivering the first sky surveys at these wavelengths. Its database contains far-UV (FUV, λ eff∼1528 A) and near-UV (NUV, λ eff∼2310 A) images of most of the sky, including deep UV-mapping of extended galaxies, over 200 million source measurements, and more than 100,000 low-resolution UV spectra. The GALEX archive will remain a long-lasting resource for statistical studies of hot stellar objects, QSOs, star-forming galaxies, nebulae and the interstellar medium. It provides an unprecedented road-map for planning future UV instrumentation and follow-up observing programs in the UV and at other wavelengths. We review the characteristics of the GALEX data, and describe final catalogs and available tools, that facilitate future exploitation of this database. We also recall highlights from the science results uniquely enabled by GALEX data so far.
Central blue clumps in elliptical galaxies of the hubble ultra deep field

Elliptical galaxies larger than 10 pixels in the Hubble Ultra Deep Field (UDF) were surveyed for internal structure; 30 out of 100 in a sample of 884 morphologically classified galaxies exhibit large blue clumps near their centers. Unsharp-masked images of the clearest cases are presented. The distributions of the clumps on color-color and color-magnitude diagrams are about the same as the distributions of isolated objects in the UDF with the same size, suggesting a possible accretion origin. In the few cases for which redshifts have been published, the clump masses and star formation ages were determined from stellar evolution models, as were the galaxy masses. The clump mass scales with galaxy mass, probably because of selection effects, and ranges from 106 to 108 M☉ for galaxies with masses from 109 to 1011 M☉. The clump star formation age ranges between 107 and 2 × 108 yr. With partial evaporation and core contraction in the intervening years, some of these clumps could resemble globular clusters today. Stars that evaporate will contribute to the field population in the elliptical galaxies.
Stable phase retrieval with low-redundancy frames

We investigate the recovery of vectors from magnitudes of frame coefficients when the frames have a low redundancy, meaning a small number of frame vectors compared to the dimension of the Hilbert space. We first show that for complex vectors in d dimensions, 4d?4 suitably chosen frame vectors are sufficient to uniquely determine each signal, up to an overall unimodular constant, from the magnitudes of its frame coefficients. Then we discuss the effect of noise and show that 8d?4 frame vectors provide a stable recovery if part of the frame coefficients is bounded away from zero. In this regime, perturbing the magnitudes of the frame coefficients by noise that is sufficiently small results in a recovery error that is at most proportional to the noise level.
Glass transition in a two-dimensional electron system in silicon

Large fluctuations of conductivity with time are observed in a low-mobility two-dimensional electron system in silicon at low electron densities ns and temperatures. A dramatic increase of the noise power (∝1/fα) as ns is reduced below a certain density ng, and a sharp jump of α at ns≈ng, are attributed to the freezing of the electron glass at ns=ng. The data strongly suggest that glassy dynamics persists in the metallic phase.
Design, fabrication and evaluation of an extremely light, small-size multiwire proportional chamber system

Abstract We introduce an extremely light, small-size multiwire proportional chamber (MWPC) system. Including its wire frames, the average thickness of the complete detector system, consisting of eight MWPCs, is 5% of a radiation length or 1.68 g/cm2. Its total weight is
The genomic landscape of polymorphic human nuclear mitochondrial insertions

The transfer of mitochondrial genetic material into the nuclear genomes of eukaryotes is a well-established phenomenon that has been previously limited to the study of static reference genomes. The recent advancement of high throughput sequencing has enabled an expanded exploration into the diversity of polymorphic nuclear mitochondrial insertions (NumtS) within human populations. We have developed an approach to discover and genotype novel Numt insertions using whole genome, paired-end sequencing data. We have applied this method to a thousand individuals in 20 populations from the 1000 Genomes Project and other datasets and identified 141 new sites of Numt insertions, extending our current knowledge of existing NumtS by almost 20%. We find that recent Numt insertions are derived from throughout the mitochondrial genome, including the D-loop, and have integration biases that differ in some respects from previous studies on older, fixed NumtS in the reference genome. We determined the complete inserted sequence for a subset of these events and have identified a number of nearly full-length mitochondrial genome insertions into nuclear chromosomes. We further define their age and origin of insertion and present an analysis of their potential impact to ongoing studies of mitochondrial heteroplasmy and disease.
Interactions Involving Drugs Used in Dental Practice

Clinical problems resulting from drug interactions are being seen with increasing frequency. The dentist must know what prescription and non-prescription drugs a patient is taking and be familiar with the properties of those drugs to prevent and detect interactions. Communication and cooperation between the dentist, physician, and pharmacist are essential in the provision of the most effective and the safest therapy for the patient. Potential interactions involving analgesics, antibiotics, and sedatives—the agents most commonly prescribed by dentists—are discussed.
On the Analysis of Firms' Cash Flows

Analysts generally view the income statement as the centerpiece of financial reporting. It supplies the primary data in the forecasting of subsequent periods' earnings. To appreciate the primary data, analysts must assess the impact of the underlying accounting principles on reported eamings: not all components of eamings have the same predictive consequences. Of particular concern is the distinction between accruals and cash flows. Its mix influences the perceived "quality of eamings".' To sort out the effect of accruals versus cash flows and the quality of eamings, analysts naturally tum their attention to the statement of cash flows.2 Any attempt to assess a firm's quality of eamings through an analysis of generally accepted accounting principles' (GAAP's) statement of cash flows gives rise to new questions. First, it is unclear whether GAAP's narrow concept of cash is relevant. Second, the dichotomy between operating and financial activities is arguably too arbitrary. (An increase in accounts payable could be viewed as a financing rather than as an operating activity.) More generally, GAAP's way of assigning transactions to the three major categories (operating, investing, financing) can be challenged and second-guessed.^ Setting aside these classification problems, equity analysts still face a more basic issue. Unlike the income statement, the GAAP statement of cash flows lacks a bottom line. While there seems to be a general consensus that "cash from operations" should provide the starting point, it is far from clear what analysts are supposed to do next. Neither textbooks nor practice provide much of a guide. In other words, analysts lack access to a roadmap that takes them from the beginning of a cash flows analysis to the end. And the end ought to indeed correspond to a bottom line, in a spirit no different from the way eamings correspond to a bottom line for the income statement. With such a cash flow bottom line, one can proceed to assess the quality of eamings and estimate eamings on a recurring basis. This paper proposes that the analysis and evaluation of cash flows is best done when based on what is referred to as modified cash accounting (MCA). MCA's structural underpinnings rest on a "regular" financial reporting framework. The critical attribute of MCA concems the assets/liabilities recognized. MCA includes only cash and other assets/liabilities judged to approximate cash (or the negative thereof). Hence the word "modified" is shorthand for the idea that there can be assets/liabilities other than cash because these are deemed sufficiently similar to
The photophysical behavior of d6 complexes having nearly isoenergetic MLCT and ligand localized excited states

Abstract A large number of second- and third-row d6 transition metal complexes with N-heterocyclic ligands have been prepared in which the lowest energy excited state is a metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) state. In some of these complexes ligand localized (IL) excited states exist which are of the same spin multiplicity as the MLCT state and are energetically accessible from the 1MLCT state. Several complexes have been examined which exhibit luminescence from two states in frozen matrices. In fluid solutions, however, only a few examples exist of complexes having two non-equilibrated triplet excited states. This article provides a brief overview of the experimental methods commonly used in the analysis of triplet excited state formation and relaxation in transition metal complexes having coexisting triplet excited states. In addition, descriptive examples are given of complexes for which both 3IL and 3MLCT states can be populated following excitation into the 1MLCT state.
A statistical analysis of intergalactic medium transmission approaching reionization

We use a ?CDM hydrodynamic cosmological simulation in a 9.6 comoving Mpc box to examine the evolution of the intergalactic medium transmissivity from z = 2.5 up to the epoch of reionization (z 6.5). Ionization is due to a uniform ultraviolet background from an evolving mix of stellar and QSO populations. We synthesize noiseless H I Ly? absorption spectra by casting lines of sight through our continuously evolving box and analyze the statistical properties of the transmitted flux. We find a smooth evolution of the effective optical depth of the form ?eff ? 4.16?0.02 up to reionization. During reionization, the mean transmission and variance sharply deviate from an extrapolated smooth evolution. This introduces large margins of error that would require an unobtainable number of lines of sight to minimize. Subsampling in "high" and "low" transmission lines of sight results in either inferring the continuation of a smooth profile or underestimating the global transmissivity during reionization, respectively. Nonetheless, the end of an opacity phase transition of the intergalactic medium correlates well with the redshift when both the mean and variance sharply deviate from a smooth profile. The lower bound estimates of the flux variance in this work also suggest that it is a more sensitive tool than the mean transmission in mapping reionization. In addition to optical transmission, we derive the "dark gap" length distribution, which is in agreement with observations. We also find a positive correlation between the mean gap optical depth and the gap length.
External beam radiotherapy for stage T1/T2 prostate cancer: how does it stack up?

Abstract Objectives. To determine the impact of radiation dose on the response of Stage T1/T2 prostate cancer to external beam radiation therapy and to contrast the modern-day clinical and biochemical control rates to those seen after radical prostatectomy or permanent iodine-125 seed implants. Methods. The study cohort consisted of 643 patients with palpable Stage T1/T2, NX/N0, M0 prostate cancer treated with external beam radiotherapy between 1987 and 1995. No patient received neoadjuvant or adjuvant androgen ablation. The radiotherapy isocenter dose ranged from 60 to 78 Gy, with a mean of 67 and a median of 66. Median follow-up was 43 months. The primary end point was freedom from relapse or rising prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level. Results. The patients were divided into two dose groups with the cutpoint based on the mean and median values, and prior analyses. There were 354 patients treated to radiation doses of 67 Gy or less and 289 treated to doses greater than 67 Gy. Those receiving the higher doses had a significantly greater 4-year freedom from failure rate of 87% versus 67% ( P Conclusions. Very high freedom from failure rates were achieved when the radiation dose to the prostate was above 67 Gy. These rates are promising when compared to published radical prostatectomy series and most permanent iodine-125 seed implant series in which patients were stratified by pretreatment PSA. Further follow-up is needed to confirm that these promising results are sustained.
Public good differentiation and the intensity of tax competition

We show that, in a setting where tax competition promotes efficiency, variation in the extent to which firms can use public goods to reduce costs brings about a reduction in the intensity of tax competition. This in turn brings about a loss of efficiency. In this environment, a ‘minimum tax’ counters the reduction in the intensity of tax competition, thereby enhancing efficiency. ‘Split-the-difference’ tax harmonization also potentially enhances efficiency but would not be agreed upon by governments because it lowers the payoff to at least one of them. This paper also presents an explanation for how traditionally high-tax countries have continued to set taxes at a relatively high rate even as markets have become more integrated.
Iterative Equalization using Improved Block DFE for Synchronous CDMA Systems

Iterative equalization using optimal multiuser detector and optimal channel decoder in coded CDMA systems improves the bit error rate (BER) performance tremendously. However, given large number of users employed in the system over multipath channels causing significant multiple-access interference (MAI) and intersymbol interference (ISI), the optimal multiuser detector is thus prohibitively complex. Therefore, the sub-optimal detectors such as low-complexity linear and non-linear equalizers have to be considered. In this paper, a novel low-complexity block decision feedback equalizer (DFE) is proposed for the synchronous CDMA system. Based on the conventional block DFE, the new method is developed by computing the reliable extrinsic log-likelihood ratio (LLR) using two consecutive received samples rather than one received sample in the literature. At each iteration, the estimated symbols by the equalizer is then saved as a priori information for next iteration. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed low-complexity block DFE algorithm offers good performance gain over the conventional block DFE.
Cancellation of Esophageal Electrocardiograms

Cancellation of juxtacardiac esophageal electrocardiograms, as demonstrated in this study, indicates certain limitations of the equivalent cardiac dipole hypothesis. A new and more fundamental theory developed here shows that in large measure cancellation occurs because the cancellation network is in effect a relatively insensitive electrocardiographic connection, and because there is always prior assurance that a given complex can be completely canceled at any 2 desired instants during the cycle. The new theory also explains the paradox that proximity electrocardiograms can be canceled even though local action currents exert a relatively powerful influence on such leads.
Testing Accuracy and Reliability of MAC Readers to Measure Arterial Travel Times

Media Access Control (MAC) Readers are a relatively accurate and inexpensive way to collect travel time data. This study utilizes a research-driven MAC Reader developed at Florida Atlantic University. Thus, it investigates the impact of factors that may affect the readings such as location of Bluetooth devices and MAC Readers, approaching speed of vehicles with Bluetooth devices, and antennae type. The results indicate that MAC Readers resemble travel times collected by other methods, Bluetooth devices placed in the vehicle’s dashboard are detected more easily, vehicles traveling at lower speeds are detected more reliably, and Omni-directional antenna are detected more successfully.
Laser vibrometry measurements for dynamic testing of an inflatable strut

Composite booms are an emerging low weight structural alternative for on-orbit satellites. With any satellite, vibrational control of the structure is a concern. Using traditional measurement techniques, possible inaccuracies may result due to the lightweight natures of the composite boom. Laser vibrometry techniques are investigated in this paper as an alternative to standard accelerometer measurements. The advantages of non contact measurement are presented in two different experimental setups. Using the dynamic measurements obtained from these experiments, a positive feedback controller is developed to attenuate the vibration of the strut.
Mean flow refraction corrections for the Kirchhoff method

pitch rate of 210.5 deg/s, which is the value of q in Fig. 3 corresponding to p = 0 in the unconstrained case. Computed PSS solutions for the roll rate and sideslip in this case are also shown in Figs. 1 and 2. The  gures show that multiple attractors persist even with the additional pitch rate constraint. The aircraft shows a jump at da ’ 212 deg at the saddle-node bifurcation point that occurs for (a, b) ’ (24, 1) deg. It follows that even when the elevator is used to maintain constant pitch rate in a rapid VVR maneuver, the rudder does not suppress sideslip for large da.
From New States of Matter to a Unification of Light and Electrons

For a long time, people believe that all possible states of matter are described by Landau symmetry-breaking theory. Recently we found that string-net condensation provide a mechanism to produce states of matter beyond the symmetry-breaking description. The collective excitations of the string-net condensed states turn out to be our old friends, photons and electrons (and other gauge bosons and fermions). This suggests that our vacuum is a string-net condensed state. Light and electrons in our vacuum have a unified origin - string-net condensation.
Diaryl-dialkyl-substituted pyrazoles: regioselective synthesis and binding affinity for the estrogen receptor

We have developed two novel series of tetrasubstituted pyrazoles, embodying 1,3-diaryl-4,5-dialkyl or 3,5-diaryl-1,4-dialkyl substitution patterns. The scope of a regioselective method, developed by us earlier, was expanded to allow the synthesis of the first series of these tetrasubstituted pyrazoles directly from α,β-unsaturated ketones. The binding affinity of some of these pyrazoles for the estrogen receptor (ER) subtypes ERα and ERβ is very high, and the overall affinity pattern suggests the importance of three phenol substituents for high affinity, ERα-selective binding.
Pseudorandom number generation and space complexity

Recently, Blum and Micali [3] described a pseudorandom number generator that transforms each m-bit seed to an ink-bit pseudorandom number, for any integer k. Under the assumption that the discrete logarithm problem cannot be solved by any polynomial-size combinational logic circuit, they show that the pseudorandom numbers generated are good in the sense that no polynomial-size circuit can determine the t th bit given the I st through ( t l ) st bits, with better than 50% accuracy. Yao [12] has shown, under the same assumption about the nonpolynomial complexity of the discrete logarithm problem, that these psuedorandom numbers can be used in place of truly random numbers by any polynomial-time probabilistic Turing machine. Thus, given a time n k probabilistic Turing machine M and given any e > 0, a deterministic Turing machine can simulate M by cycling through all seeds of length n*, giving a deterministic simulation in time 2 he, an improvement over the time 2 nk taken by the obvious simulation. Yao also shows that other problems, for example, integer factorization, can be used instead of the discrete logarithm in the intractability assumption.
Theory of vibrationally inelastic electron scattering from oriented molecules

The electron scattering cross sections, both elastic and vibrationally inelastic, have been calculated using the $X\ensuremath{\alpha}$ multiple-scattering method for ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$, ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$, and CO. The accuracy of the calculational scheme is tested by comparing to data from gas-phase measurements. Good agreement is found between theory and experiment. The formalism is then applied to molecules with fixed orientation by freezing out the rotational motion. The differential inelastic scattering cross sections for vibrational excitation exhibit a variety of angular patterns depending upon the molecule and the energy and direction of the exciting electrons. In all cases which have been calculated, the cross section for vibrational excitation is dominated by negative-ion resonances. The angular distribution patterns reflect the symmetry of these ionic states. These calculations indicate the possibilities of using the characteristics of the inelastic-cross-section patterns as a function of the exciting electrons' energy and direction to study molecules adsorbed on a surface.
Rethinking equal access: Agency, quality, and norms

In 2005 the Global Health Council convened healthcare providers, community organizers, policymakers and researchers at Health Systems: Putting Pieces Together to discuss health from a systems perspective. Its report and others have established healthcare access and quality as two of the most important issues in health policy today. Still, there is little agreement about what equal access and quality mean for health system development. At the philosophical level, few have sought to understand why differences in healthcare quality are morally so troubling. While there has been considerable work in medical ethics on equal access, these efforts have neglected health agency (individuals' ability to work toward health goals they value) and health norms, both of which influence individuals' ability to be healthy. This paper argues for rethinking equal access in terms of an alternative ethical aim: to ensure the social conditions in which all individuals have the capability to be healthy. This perspective requires that we examine injustices not just by the level of healthcare resources, but by the: (1) quality of those resources and their capacity to enable effective health functioning; (2) extent to which society supports health agency so that individuals can convert healthcare resources into health functioning; and (3) nature of health norms, which affect individuals' efforts to achieve functioning.
Cyclic sets in multidimensional voting models

Abstract Simple majority rule usually does not yield an unambiguous consistent outcome. Assuming a characterization of the set of potential outcomes as Rn and an odd number of voters with quasiconcave preferences, a unique, nonempty set of majority rule cycles exists. Sufficient conditions are established for the top cycle set to encompass the entire policy space. Generalized quadratic utility functions satisfy these conditions.
A combinatorial version of Sylvester's four-point problem

J.J. Sylvester's four-point problem asks for the probability that four points chosen uniformly at random in the plane have a triangle as their convex hull. Using a combinatorial classification of points in the plane due to Goodman and Pollack, we generalize Sylvester's problem to one involving reduced expressions for the long word in S"n. We conjecture an answer of 1/4 for this new version of the problem.
"Health courts" and accountability for patient safety.

Proposals that medical malpractice claims be removed from the tort system and processed in an alternative system, known as administrative compensation or ‘health courts,’ attract considerable policy interest during malpractice ‘crises,’ including the current one. This article describes current proposals for the design of a health court system and the system's advantages for improving patient safety. Among these advantages are the cultivation of a culture of transparency regarding medical errors and the creation of mechanisms to gather and analyze data on medical injuries. The article discusses the experiences of foreign countries with administrative compensation systems for medical injury, including their use of claims data for research on patient safety; choices regarding the compensation system's relationship to physician disciplinary processes; and the proposed system's possible limitations.
Approximately rational consumer demand and ville cycles

Abstract Small deviations from optimizing behavior can have substantial effects on economic equilibria. This paper analyzes deviations from optimization in consumer demand. We show how a measure of the Slutsky asymmetry of a demand function is related to the rate at which real income can rise along a smooth revealed preference cycle. We also relate the Slutsky asymmetry measure to the minimum distance between the given demand function and a function that is derivable from utility maximization. The results yield simple quantitative revealed preference interpretations for violations of Slutsky symmetry while suggesting how to compare the sizes of revealed preference inconsistencies.
Reductions in ozone concentrations due to controls on variability in industrial flare emissions in Houston, Texas

Abstract High concentrations of ozone in the Houston/Galveston area are associated with industrial plumes of highly reactive hydrocarbons mixed with NOx. The emissions leading to these plumes can have significant temporal variability, and photochemical modeling indicates that the emissions variability can lead to increases and decreases of 10–50 ppb, or more, in ozone concentrations. Therefore, in regions with extensive industrial emissions, accounting for emission variability can be important in accurately predicting peak ozone concentrations, and in assessing the effectiveness of emission-control strategies. This work compares the changes in ozone concentrations associated with two strategies for reducing flare emissions in Houston, Texas. One strategy eliminates the highest emission flow rates, that occur relatively infrequently, and a second strategy reduces emissions that occur at a nearly constant level. When emission variability is accounted for in air quality modeling, these control scenarios are both predicted to be much more effective in reducing the expected value of daily maximum ozone concentrations than if similar reductions in the mass of emissions are made and constant emissions are assumed. The change in the expected value of daily maximum ozone concentration per ton of emissions reduced, when emissions variability is accounted for, is 5–10 times the change predicted when constant (deterministic) inventories are used. Strategies that eliminate the infrequent largest emissions are more effective at reducing the highest localized ozone concentrations than changes in nearly constant emissions.
The interactome of the atypical phosphatase Rtr1 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

The phosphatase Rtr1 has been implicated in dephosphorylation of the RNA Polymerase II (RNAPII) C-terminal domain (CTD) during transcription elongation and in regulation of nuclear import of RNAPII. Although it has been shown that Rtr1 interacts with RNAPII in yeast and humans, the specific mechanisms that underlie Rtr1 recruitment to RNAPII have not been elucidated. To address this, we have performed an in-depth proteomic analysis of Rtr1 interacting proteins in yeast. Our studies revealed that hyperphosphorylated RNAPII is the primary interacting partner for Rtr1. To extend these findings, we performed quantitative proteomic analyses of Rtr1 interactions in yeast strains deleted for CTK1, the gene encoding the catalytic subunit of the CTD kinase I (CTDK-I) complex. Interestingly, we found that the interaction between Rtr1 and RNAPII is decreased in ctk1Δ strains. We hypothesize that serine-2 CTD phosphorylation is required for Rtr1 recruitment to RNAPII during transcription elongation.
Handle number one links and Generalized Property "R"

It is shown that if the exterior of a link L in the three sphere admits a genus 2 Heegaard splitting, then L has Generalized Property R.
Exploring the cosmic dark ages with the next generation of space- and ground-based facilities

This paper reviews our current understanding of the process of re-ionization of the Universe, focusing especially on those models where re-ionization is caused by UV radiation from massive stars. After reviewing the expected properties of stars at zero metallicity, I discuss the properties of primordial HII regions and their observability
SmI2-promoted Reformatsky-type coupling reactions in exceptionally hindered contexts.

Highly substituted, very hindered enones were synthesized using a two-step procedure that utilizes a diiodosamarium-promoted Reformatsky-type coupling and dehydration using Martin sulfurane. Both α-chloro- and α-bromoketones were coupled with a variety of carbonyl nucleophiles to form the intermediate β-hydroxyketones, occurring with excellent diastereoselectivity, favoring the syn isomer (R1 = Me). This technique complements other methods and enables the preparation of enones outside of the scope of current olefination methodology.
Signal/noise enhancement strategies for stochastically estimated correlation functions

We develop strategies for enhancing the signal/noise ratio for stochastically sampled correlation functions. The techniques are general and offer a wide range of applicability. We demonstrate the potential of the approach with a generic two-state system and then explore the practical applicability of the method for single hadron correlators in lattice quantum chromodynamics. In the latter case, we determine the ground state energies of the pion, proton, and delta baryon, as well as the ground and first excited state energy of the rho meson using matrices of correlators computed on an exemplary ensemble of anisotropic gauge configurations. In the majority of cases, we find a modest reduction in the statistical uncertainties on extracted energies compared to conventional variational techniques. However, in the case of the delta baryon, we achieve a factor of 3 reduction in statistical uncertainties. The variety of outcomes achieved for single hadron correlators illustrates an inherent dependence of the method on the properties of the system under consideration and the operator basis from which the correlators are constructed.
Front-end electronics for imaging detectors

Abstract Front-end electronics for imaging detectors with large numbers of pixels (10 5 –10 7 ) is reviewed. The noise limits as a function of detector capacitance and power dissipation are presented for CMOS technology. Active matrix flat panel imagers (AMFPIs) are discussed and their potential noise performance is illustrated.
Volcán Reventador's unusual umbrella

[1] Photographs of a volcanic column in a recent eruption of Reventador show a prominently scalloped umbrella that is unlike any umbrella previously documented on a volcanic column. We propose that the scallops in this umbrella are the result of a turbulent Rayleigh–Taylor (RT) instability, a type of fluid instability with no precedents in volcanology. Negative buoyancy drives this instability, and we ascribe the unusual negative buoyancy of the Reventador umbrella to the fact that the Reventador column fed on a cool co-ignimbrite cloud. From the wavelength of the scallops, we estimate a value for the eddy viscosity of the umbrella, νd ≈ 4,000 m2/s, the first such value to be inferred directly from an observation in the field. Collapse of the umbrella back to the ground could result in a previously unrecognized hazardous flow. We hope this work will elicit new reports on scalloped umbrellas and further study of the characteristics and evolution of such umbrellas.
Response moments of dynamic systems with modal interactions

Abstract Statistical response moments of two-degree-of-freedom systems with quadratic and cubic non-linearities to zero-mean Gaussian white noise are determined. The cases of two-to-one, one-to-one and three-to-one autoparametric resonances are investigated. Ito stochastic calculus is used to derive general first order ordinary differential equations describing the evolution of the response moments. The response-moment equations are an infinite hierarchy set due to the non-linearities. Gaussian and non-Gaussian closure schemes are used to close this set, leading, respectively, to 14 and 69 equations for the lower order response moments. Guided by the narrowband nature of the response of lightly damped systems, the number of response-moment equations is reduced for the case of non-Gaussian closure by a factor of approximately two. The results obtained by using the reduced scheme are in good agreement with those obtained by using the full 69 equations. The results reveal major discrepancies between the Gaussian and non-Gaussian closure schemes. Close to autoparametric resonance, stationary bimodal solutions exist, and energy shifts between the two modes. However, the response does not display the saturation phenomenon for the case of a two-to-one autoparametric resonance. The results are applied to a shallow arch, a string and a hinged-clamped beam.
Realistic analysis of some randomized algorithms

Abstract Many problems such as primality testing can be solved efficiently using a source of independent, identically distributed random numbers. It is therefore customary in the theory of algorithms to assume the availability of such a source. However, probabilistic algorithms often work well in practice with pseudo-random numbers; the purpose of this paper is to offer a justification for this fact. The results below apply to sequences generated by iteratively applying functions of the form f ( x ) = αx + β (mod p ) to a randomly chosen seed x and estimate the probability that a predetermined number of trials of an algorithm will fail. In particular, the following bounds hold: 1. For finding square roots modulo a prime p , a failure probability of O (log p /√ p ) ). 2. For testing p for primality, a failure probability of 0(p - 1 4 +ϵ) , for any ϵ > 0. (In both cases, the number of trials is about 1 2 log p .) The analysis uses results of Andre Weil concerning the number of points on algebraic curves defined over finite fields.
Spitzer Heritage Archive

The Spitzer Heritage Archive will host all the raw and final reprocessed science and calibration data products from the observations made by Spitzer Space Telescope. The interactive web interface will give users the tools to search the database and explore their search results interactively. We also reuse the existing software and services and pay close attention to the re-usability of the newly developed system, making it easy to expand and adopt new technology in the future. This paper discusses our design principles, system architecture, reuse of the existing software, and reusable components of the system.
Strategy, Choice of Performance Measures, and Performance

We examine the relationship between quality‐based manufacturing strategy and the use of different types of performance measures, as well as their separate and joint effects on performance. A key part of our investigation is the distinction between financial and both objective and subjective nonfinancial measures. Our results support the view that performance measurement diversity benefits performance as we find that, regardless of strategy, firms with more extensive performance measurement systems—especially those that include objective and subjective nonfinancial measures—have higher performance. But our findings also partly support the view that the strategy‐measurement “fit” affects performance. We find that firms that emphasize quality in manufacturing use more of both objective and subjective nonfinancial measures. However, there is only a positive effect on performance from pairing a qualitybased manufacturing strategy with extensive use of subjective measures, but not with objective nonfinancial me...
Biomass Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle for heat and power at ethanol plants.

Abstract Biomass Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (BIGCC) technology can be used to generate process heat and significant amounts of electricity at dry-grind ethanol facilities by utilizing the ethanol process co-products and other biomass sources. These systems can reduce fuel costs for ethanol plants, improve the renewable energy balance of dry-grind ethanol production, and provide reliable renewable electricity for process use and for sale to the local utility. An Aspen Plus model of the dry-grind ethanol process is used as the basis for a subsequent gasification system model. A twin fluidized bed steam gasification configuration based on the SilvaGas process is used to generate synthesis gas. The results show that a dry-grind ethanol facility with a capacity of 190 million liters per year could produce 30.4 MWe of power while supplying all its process heat needs using ethanol co-products and corn cobs. This configuration results in a three fold improvement in the amount of renewable energy produced per unit of fossil energy used compared to a conventional ethanol production process using natural gas.
Scattering in the quenched approximation

We study, in the quenched approximation, Luscher's relation between pion scattering lengths and the finitevolume energy of two pions at rest. The quenched relation is drastically different from the full theory one; in particular, “enhanced finite-volume corrections” of order L0 = 1 and L−2 occur at one loop (L is the linear size of the box), due to the special properties of the η′ in the quenched approximation. Numerical examples show that the size of these effects can be substantial.
Poleward heat transport in the ocean

The large-scale transport of heat and carbon by the ocean circulation play an important role in the Earth's climate. Progress in developing realistic models of this process is reviewed. Sufficient numerical experiments have been carried out to indicate the role of subgrid scale mixing of temperature and salinity in the transport behavior of the models. The vertical component of subgrid diffusion in the models is essential for determining the amplitude of the thermohaline circulation of the ocean. In the case of simple geometries, poleward heat transport in models is approximately proportional to vertical mixing to the two-thirds power. The horizontal component of the diffusion appears to play almost no role in the poleward transport of heat as long as the value is less than 10 3 m 2 /s. At low values of horizontal diffusion and viscosity, mesoscale eddies are generated spontaneously in the models through baroclinic and barotropic instability. In analogy with the atmosphere one would expect these mesoscale disturbances to play an important role in poleward heat transport. The results of numerical experiments show that this may not be the case. The mesoscale eddies in the models generate mean flows which tend to cancel the eddy fluxes in much the same way that eddy-mean flow compensation occurs for atmospheric disturbances in the lower stratosphere. DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0889.1991.t01-1-00009.x
A Modeling Investigation of Thermal and Strain Induced Recovery and Nonlinear Hardening in Potential Based Viscoplasticity

Specific forms for both the Gibb's and the complementary dissipation potentials were chosen such that a complete potential based multiaxial, isothermal, viscoplastic model was obtained. This model in general possesses three internal state variables (two scalars associated with dislocation density and one tensor associated with dislocation motion) both thermal and dynamic recovery mechanisms, and nonlinear kinematic hardening. This general model, although possessing associated flow and evolutionary laws, is shown to emulate three distinct classes of theories found in the literature, by modification of the driving threshold function F. A parametric study was performed on a specialized nondimensional multiaxial form containing only a single tensorial internal state variable (i.e., internal stress). The study was conducted with the idea of examining the impact of including a strain-induced recovery mechanism and the compliance operator, derived from the Gibb's potential, on the uniaxial and multiaxial response. One important finding was that inclusion of strain recovery provided the needed flexibility in modeling stress-strain and creep response of metals at low homologous temperatures, without adversely affecting the high temperature response. Furthermore, for nonproportional loading paths, the inclusion of the compliance operator had a significant influence on the multiaxial response, but had no influence on either uniaxial or proportional load histories.
Trend-reverting fluctuations in the life-cycle model☆

Abstract Aggregate time series provide evidence of short-term dynamic adjustment that appears to be governed by complex or negative real eigenvalues. This finding is at odds with the predictions of reasonably parameterized, convex one-sector growth models with complete markets. We study life-cycle economies in which aggregate saving depends non-trivially on the distribution of wealth among cohorts. If consumption goods are weak gross substitutes near the steady-state price vector, we prove that the unique equilibrium of a life-cycle exchange economy converges to the unique non-monetary steady state via damped oscillations. We also discuss examples and extensions.
Bis(oxazoline) derived cationic aqua complexes: highly effective catalysts for enantioselective Diels-Alder reactions.

Abstract Cationic aqua complex derived from bidentate inda-box ligand and Cu(ClO 4 ) 2 ·6H 2 O is an excellent catalyst (5–10 mol%) for enantioselective (92–99% ee ) Diels–Alder reactions of cyclopentadiene and various bidentate dienophiles.
Period fissioning and other instabilities of stressed elastic membranes.

We study the shapes of elastic membranes under the simultaneous exertion of tensile and compressive forces when the translational symmetry along the tension direction is broken. We predict a multitude of morphological phases in various regimes of a two-dimensional parameter space $(ϵ,\ensuremath{\nu})$ that defines the relevant mechanical and geometrical conditions. These parameters are, respectively, the ratio between compression and tension, and the wavelength contrast along the tension direction. The predicted patterns emerge through new transition and instability mechanisms and include several types of irregular and smooth cascades composed of wrinkles and sharp folds. In particular, the hierarchical morphology predicted under high tension and large wavelength contrast $(ϵ⪡1,\ensuremath{\nu}⪢1)$, explains recent experimental observations on ultrathin membranes floating on liquid.
Catalysis Application of Metal (Rh, Ir) Quinonoid Complexes

Many metal quinonoid complexes have been synthesized and studied due to their interesting properties. Quinonoid molecules can participate in proton-coupled inter-molecular redox reactions. By combining metals with quinonoid molecules, the resulting π-bonded metal complexes can experience proton-coupled intra-molecular redox process between metal and quinonoid molecules. As a result of these intra-molecular redox reactions, positive, neutral, and anionic π-bonded quinonoid metal complexes are reversibly formed and are isolated with relative ease. Many applications of metal quinonoid complexes have been studied relevant to coordination networks, nano-chemistry, surface chemistry, anti-cancer agents, and luminescent materials. Catalysis applications of metal quinonoid complexes had not been shown before 2005. New catalytic applications of π-bonded quinonoid rhodium complex are reviewed. In addition, both homogeneous and heterogeneous catalyses by metal (Rh, Ir) quinonoid complex are discussed.
A retraction theorem for topological fundamental groups with application to the Hawaiian earring

Abstract A characterization of regular topological fundamental groups yields a ‘no retraction theorem’ for spaces constructed in similar fashion to the Hawaiian earring.
Channel scaling of hybrid GaN MOS-HEMTs

Abstract In this paper, we have studied the effect of systematic downscaling of MOS channel length of the performance of the hybrid GaN MOS-HEMT with numerical simulations. The improvement in on-state conduction, together with concomitant short channel effects, including drain induced barrier lowering (DIBL) is quantitatively evaluated. A specific on-resistance of 2.1 mΩ cm 2 has been projected for a MOS channel length of 0.38 μm. We also have assessed the impact of high- k gate dielectrics, such as Al 2 O 3 . In addition, we have found that adding a thin GaN cap layer on top of AlGaN barrier can help reducing short channel effects.
Use of the alveolar-arterial oxygen gradient in the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism

Abstract background: Arterial blood gas (ABG) values and the alveolar-arterial oxygen (A-a) gradient are sensitive indicators of pulmonary pathology. Alone, they are not diagnostic of pulmonary embolism (PE), but they may be useful in excluding the diagnosis of PE if their values fall within the normal range. The purpose of this study was to determine the diagnostic value of a normal A-a gradient in ruling out PE. patients and methods: The Derivation Set came from the records of all patients at Cleveland MetroHealth Medical Center who received a ventilation/perfusion (V/Q) scan for suspected PE in 1988 or 1989. Demographic and clinical data were obtained that included risk factors, symptoms, signs, and laboratory tests. A-a gradients were calculated using a standard equation, a normal gradient was defined as less than or equal to (age/4 + 4). The A-a gradient was examined before and after controlling for PE risk factors. The Validation Set was comprised of patients who had V/Q scans in 1987 and 1990. results: Among the 873 patients in the Derivation Set, 540 had simultaneous room air ABG determinations. Of these patients, 109 (20%) had a discharge diagnosis of PE. Only 1 of 57 (1.8%; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.9%–10.7%) patients without a history of PE or deep venous thrombosis (DVT) and with a normal A-a gradient had PE. Among the 805 V/Q patients in the Validation Set, 489 had simultaneous room air/ ABG determinations. Of these, 75 (15%) had PE. Only 1 of 54 (1.9%; 95% CI: 0.1%–11.2%) patients without a history of PE or DVT and with a normal A-a gradient had PE. conclusions: A normal A-a gradient among patients without a history of PE or DVT makes the diagnosis of PE unlikely. Further diagnostic evaluation may be unnecessary in this subgroup of patients.
Incorporating Uncertainty in Admissible Regions for Uncorrelated Detections

Admissible region methods for initial orbit determination are generally implemented without considering the contributions of uncertainty in observations or observer state when computing the admissible region. In this paper, a generalization of the admissible region approach is introduced that more accurately accounts for uncertainty in the constraint hypothesis parameters used to generate the admissible region. Considering the uncertainty to have Gaussian distributions, the proposed relationship between provided information uncertainty and admissible region uncertainty results directly in an analytical probability distribution function. The methodology is extended to account for admissible regions with multiple overlapping constraint hypotheses. The proposed approach is applied to an example optical detection to demonstrate the quality of the approximation and the sensitivity of the resulting distribution to typical errors.
Alternatives to the Seesaw:. Extra Z's and Constraints on Large Extra Dimensions

Alternatives to the traditional grand unified theory seesaw for neutrino masses are briefly described. These include the possibility of large extra dimensions and various possibilities for models involving an extra U(1)′ gauge symmetry. The difficulty of observing Majorana phases in neutrinoless double beta decay is also briefly commented on.