cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Calcium Messenger Heterogeneity: A Possible Signal for Spike Timing-Dependent Plasticity

Calcium concentrations as well as time courses have been used to model the signaling cascades leading to changes in the strength of synaptic connections. Previous models consider the dendritic spines as uniform compartments regarding calcium signaling. However calcium concentrations can vary drastically on distances much smaller than typical spine sizes, and often downstream targets of calcium signals are often found exactly in these calcium nanodomains. Even though most downstream targets are activated by calcium via calmodulin, which is a diffusive molecule, the capacity of calmodulin to bind to its targets even when it is not fully loaded with calcium, allows its downstream cascade to be highly local. In this study, a model is proposed which uses the heterogeneity of calcium concentrations as a signal for spike-timing-dependent plasticity. The model is minimalistic and includes three sources of calcium in spines: NMDA receptors (NMDARs) and voltage gated calcium channels (VGCCs) and IP3 receptors (IP3Rs). It is based on the biochemical cascades and assumption of spatial locations of four calcium-dependent enzymes: calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) located near NMDARs, calcineurin (CaN) located near VGCCs, cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase (PDE) located near IP3Rs or NMDARs and adenylyl cyclase (AC), located between VDCCs and NMDARs. To quantify the changes in synaptic weights the model also includes a simple description of AMPA receptors insertion in the membrane and docking to the postsynaptic density (PSD). Two parameters of the model are tuned such that weight changes produced by either pre or postsynaptic firing alone are minimal. The model reproduces the typical shape of spike timing dependent plasticity (STDP) for spike doublets. If PDE is located near IP3Rs, the behavior for spike triplets is consistent with that observed in hippocampal cell culture; if near NMDAR, the behavior is similar to that observed in cortical L2/3 slices.
Helium production in copper by a thermal three-stage reaction

Abstract A three-stage reaction process has been identified in copper that produces significant 4He concentrations at high thermal neutron fluences. Cross sections have been determined for four reactions that allow us to calculate the total 4He production in copper for high-fluence irradiations in HFIR.
Measurement and electrophoretic study of melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)-like substances in human pregnancy urine.

ABSTRACT A procedure for the determination of melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)-like activity in human urine is reported. It consists of adsorption of the activity by Amberlite CG-50 cationic exchange resin at pH 3.5, elution of the adsorbed activity from the resin by IN ammonium hydroxide and the removal of an unidentified inhibitor by zone electrophoresis on Pevikon. The in vitro bioassay procedure using isolated Rana pipiens skin was used for the determination of the MSH-like activity. Minute quantities, 20–40 U, of MSH of human origin added to the urine specimen can be extracted with a recovery of 80%. The urine of normal men and nonpregnant women did not show any activity attributable to pituitary MSH. In the urine of normal pregnant women, 2 minor fractions resembling pituitary MSH's could be detected electrophoretically. The mean total value of these fractions from the urine specimens of 8 pregnant women was 13.3±4.3 MSH U/24 hr. The major portion of the MSH-like activity of pregnancy urine beha...
Fostering multimedia learning of science: Exploring the role of an animated agent's image

Research suggests that students learn better when studying a picture coupled with narration rather than on-screen text in a computer-based multimedia learning environment. Moreover, combining narration with the visual presence of an animated pedagogical agent may also encourage students to process information deeper than narration or on-screen text alone. The current study was designed to evaluate three effects among students learning about the human cardiovascular system: the modality effect (narration vs. on-screen text), the embodied agent effect (narration+agent vs. on-screen text), and the image effect (narration+agent vs. narration). The results of this study document large and significant embodied agent and image effects on the posttest (particularly retention items) but surprisingly no modality effect was found. Overall, the results suggest that incorporating an animated pedagogical agent - programmed to coordinate narration with gaze and pointing - into a science-focused multimedia learning environment can foster learning.
Medullary carcinoma of the thyroid metastatic to the skin: report of two cases

The skin is a rare site for metastases from the thyroid. We report 2 cases of skin metastases from a thyroid medullary carcinoma. This is the first report of metastasis to the skin from a medullary carcinoma. The diagnosis was confirmed by immunocytochemical studies performed on the skin biopsy specimens.
Simulation programming with Ada

This tutorial session deals with features of ADA which are of interest for formulating simulation problems. A general overview of ADA is given with emphasis on packages and tasking. A simulation package for discrete event simulation will be sketched.
The Positive Ethical Organization: Enacting a Living Code of Ethics and Ethical Organizational Identity

A vision of a living code of ethics is proposed to counter the emphasis on negative phenomena in the study of organizational ethics. The living code results from the harmonious interaction of authentic leadership, five key organizational processes (attraction–selection–attrition, socialization, reward systems, decision-making and organizational learning), and an ethical organizational culture (characterized by heightened levels of ethical awareness and a positive climate regarding ethics). The living code is the cognitive, affective, and behavioral manifestation of an ethical organizational identity. We draw on business ethics literature, positive organizational scholarship, and management literature to outline the elements of positive ethical organizations as those exemplary organizations consistently practicing the highest levels of organizational ethics. In a positive ethical organization, the right thing to do is the only thing to do.
Relaxed optimization for mode estimation in skid steering

Skid-steered vehicles, by design, must skid in order to maneuver. The skidding causes the vehicle to behave discontinuously as well as introduces complications to the observation of the vehicle's state, both of which affect a controller's performance. This paper addresses estimation of contact state by applying switched system optimization to estimate skidding properties of the skid-steered vehicle. In order to treat the skid-steered vehicle as a switched system, the vehicle's ground interaction is modeled using Coulomb friction, thereby partitioning the system dynamics into four distinct modes, one for each combination of the forward and back wheel pairs sticking or skidding. Thus, as the vehicle maneuvers, the system propagates over some mode sequence, transitioning between modes over some set of switching times. This paper presents a technique for estimating a mode sequence by optimizing a relaxation of an infinite dimensional representation of switched systems. The switching times themselves may then be estimated using switching time optimization techniques.
The improvement of grown oxides for the surface protection of III–V compounds

Abstract Native oxides on the III–V compound semiconductors are mechanically soft, and some oxides absorb water. Thus these oxides do not provide adequate protection against abrasion or from the environment. In this paper we discuss the possibility of improving the properties of the grown oxides by implanting silicon, aluminum, hafnium or tantalum into the substrate before oxidation. As examples, we show that hafnium and aluminum implanted into InP and GaAs are incorporated into the anodic and thermal oxides.
Atmospheric Emission Spectra Obtained From The Equator To The South Pole

A liquid helium cooled grating spectrometer system designed and constructed for field operations was used to obtain atmospheric emission spectra from California to the South Pole. Details of the design of the instrument are discussed and samples of the spectra obtained are presented.© (1980) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Towards automated provisioning of secure virtualized networks

We describe a secure network virtualization framework that helps realize the abstraction of Trusted Virtual Domains (TVDs), a security-enhanced variant of virtualized network zones. The framework allows groups of related virtual machines running on separate physical machines to be connected together as though there were on their own separate network fabric and, at the same time, helps enforce cross-group security requirements such as isolation, confidentiality, security, and information flow control. The framework uses existing network virtualization technologies, such as Ethernet encapsulation, VLAN tagging, and VPNs, and combines and orchestrates them appropriately to implement TVDs. Our framework aims at automating the instantiation and deployment of the appropriate security mechanism and network virtualization technologies based on an input security model that specifies the required level of isolation and permitted network flows. We have implemented a prototype of the framework based on the Xen hypervisor. Experimental evaluation of the prototype shows that the performance of our virtual networking extensions is comparable to that of the standard Xen configuration.
Androgen Receptor Roles in Insulin Resistance and Obesity in Males: The Linkage of Androgen-Deprivation Therapy to Metabolic Syndrome

Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the most frequently diagnosed malignancies in men. Androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT) is the first-line treatment and fundamental management for men with advanced PCa to suppress functions of androgen/androgen receptor (AR) signaling. ADT is effective at improving cancer symptoms and prolonging survival. However, epidemiological and clinical studies support the notion that testosterone deficiency in men leads to the development of metabolic syndrome that increases cardiovascular disease risk. The underlying mechanisms by which androgen/AR signaling regulates metabolic homeostasis in men are complex, and in this review, we discuss molecular mechanisms mediated by AR signaling that link ADT to metabolic syndrome. Results derived from various AR knockout mouse models reveal tissue-specific AR signaling that is involved in regulation of metabolism. These data suggest that steps be taken early to manage metabolic complications associated with PCa patients receiving ADT, which could be accomplished using tissue-selective modulation of AR signaling and by treatment with insulin-sensitizing agents.
SOME REFLECTIONS ON SCHOOL FINANCIAL REFERENDA: A RESPONSE

HE PRECEDING paper, . . A Critique of Cataldo and Holm," attempts to make a number of criticisms of our article on school financial elections (1983). While most of the points focus on issues of research design, our critic also attempts to promote social choice theory as the most fruitful approach to the study of school financial referenda. Before commenting on this alternative formulation, we will respond to the main technical issues our critic raises. 1. Our use of Pearson's "r" on nominal and ordinal data was inappropriate. We acknowledge that we did not always use pure textbook standards in choice of statistics. Preliminary analysis of our data showed that the direction and magnitude of the observed relationships were basically unaffected by the statistic employed. We chose Pearson's "r" since it is best known by our readers, and to fit our objectives of ranking the independent variables in order of importance and determining the unique contribution of the most important ones. 2. We did not mention sample size. Sample size was mentioned three times: on page 623 where a response rate of 88 percent was reported based on 523 completed interviews from a sample total of 602; in Table 2 which reported results of a regression analysis based on an N of 264; and in Table 3 which reported the results of a commonality analysis based on an N of 272. 3. Three of our variables - religion, desegregation and legitimacy -were not analyzed separately. These three variables were analyzed separately on three different occassions, with the results clearly reported in Tables 1, 3 and 4. 4. We overlooked the review of the relevant literature contained in Piele and Hall (1973). This publication was cited three times, most prominently in the very first sentence of the article where we noted that this book provides a useful summary of the socioeconomic and attitudinal literature on school financial referenda. 5. We improperly omitted the effects of political party and the press. Both political parties studiously avoided taking a position on the issue, and the nonpartisan school board barely campaigned for its own levy. In the absence of partisan political mobilization, it made little sense to test for party influence. Newspaper endorsements can influence elections for public office at all levels, but their ability to influence local referenda outcomes is unclear. In any event, neither Cleveland daily took a strong enough position on the levy to include this variable in our study. 6. We failed to study non-voting. We chose to study voting. 7. We used a modified version of the SRC political efficacy scale without justifying the modification. The modified version was pretested and
Effect of nanoconfinement on kinetics of cross-linking reactions: a molecular simulation study.

We have used molecular dynamics simulations to study the effect of nanoconfinement on the kinetics of cross-linking reactions. Specifically, a bead–spring model is used to carry out reactive molecu...
Heparin is procoagulant in the absence of antithrombin

21Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign,Urbana, Illinois, USA2Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana,Illinois, USADear Sir,Antithrombin is a serine protease inhibitor that inactivates thrombin, factor Xa (FXa) and othercoagulation proteases. The inhibitory activity of AT is enhanced many fold by heparin orendothelial cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) ( 1) and a variety of non-humanorigin proteoglycans exhibit anticoagulant activity (2,3). Approximately 30% of heparinmolecules in pharmaceutical preparations of unfractionated heparin (UFH) contain a specificsulfated pentasaccharide sequence that confers high affinity binding to AT (1), but less than5% of endothelial HSPG molecules bind AT (5,6). Heparins and HSPGs are highly anionicand they bind to many other proteins, including growth factors, extracellular matrix proteins,selectins, lipoproteins, cytokines and chemokines. As a result, HPSGs have a wide variety ofnonanticoagulant effects, including influences on platelet function, cell adhesion,inflammation, apotosis, angiogenesis, and development (1,4).A recent report by Liu et al. (8) described the procoagulant activity and ability to abrogatetissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) function by AV513, a non-anticoagulant sulfatedproteoglycan (NASP) of plant origin. Studies in our laboratory suggest that AV513 acceleratesthrombin generation through promoting the activation of factor V (FV) (9). We also recentlyreported that polyphosphate (polyP), a linear polymer of inorganic phosphate ( 10), is a potentprocoagulant (11). PolyP accelerates blood coagulation by promoting FV activation. PolyPalso profoundly abrogates the function of tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI). This appearsto be secondary to accelerated FVa generation, since FXa is protected from inhibition by TFPIwhen incorporated into the prothrombinase complex ( 12). The combined effects of polyP resultin an earlier peak in thrombin generation without changing the total amount of thrombingenerated (11). We now report that, in the absence of AT, heparins demonstrate procoagulantactivity similar of that of polyP.Tissue factor-induced clotting in plasma immunodepleted of AT was slightly accelerated whenUFH was added, but heparin markedly accelerated clot formation triggered by FXa. (Figure1A). Maximal procoagulant activity occurred at a concentration of about 1 U/mL UFH. On theother hand, clotting time triggered by thrombin was prolonged by UFH in AT-deficient plasma(Figure 1A), presumably due to heparin-enhanced thrombin inhibition by heparin cofactor II(HCII). In plasma deficient in both AT and HCII, the addition of UFH resulted in very mildprolongation of clotting times initiated by thrombin (Figure1B), but when clotting was initiatedby FXa, addition of UFH shortened the time to clot formation (Figure 1B). These findings
Ultrastructure of the gastric mucosa of normal laboratory ferrets

Ultrastructure of gastric glandular tissue of ferret for studies of physiological and pharmacological response of mammalian gastric mucosa
Relationships between bond energies in coordinatively unsaturated and coordinatively saturated transition-metal complexes: a quantitative guide for single, double, and triple bonds

Presentation d'une methode pour la conversion des energies de liaison M + -X dans les complexes insatures en energies de liaison M + -X appropries aux composes organometalliques satures. L'analyse est basee sur les pertes d'energie d'echange et promotionnelle qui accompagnent la formation de liaisons covalentes. Cette methode permet la prediction des energies de liaison metal-coordinat ou le coordinat est soit un hydrocarbure soit un hydrogene
Differentiation of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase isozymes and morphogenesis in Blastocladiella emersonii.

Studies were made of some of the properties of a NADP-specific Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase present in the OC and RS cells of the aquatic fungus, Blastocladiella emersonii, the former harvested at their generation time and the latter at their morphological point of no return. A more detailed analysis was then made of the distribution of soluble and bound forms of the dehydrogenase during the exponential growth and subsequent differentiation of the RS cell, as well as the changes which occurred in the isozymes of this enzyme during the same developmental period. The results, together with some related, previously published work, were discussed with emphasis on the relation between biochemical and morphological differentiation in B. emersonii.
Enhancement of R123 Pool Boiling by the Addition of N -hexane

This paper presents the heat transfer data used to file international patent WO 94/18282. The data consisted of pool boiling performance of a GEWA-TTM surface for three fluids: (1) pure R123, (2) R123/n-hexane (99/1), and (3) R123/n-hexane (98/2). The heat flux and the wall superheat were measured for each fluid at 277.6 K. A (47 + 7)% increase over the pure R123 heat flux was achieved with the addition of 1% mass hexane to R123. Similarly, the R123/hexane (99/2) mixture gave a maximum percent heat flux enhancement over pure R123 of (29 ± 7)%. The boiling was filmed with a 16 mm high-speed camera. The observations were used to describe various boiling modes on the GEWA-TTM surface. The addition of hexane to pure R123 caused a simultaneous reduction in the bubble diameter and increase in the site density. The increase in site density enhanced the boiling despite the reduction in bubble size. Presumably, the site density enhancement was caused by a layer enriched in hexane at the heat transfer surface. The addition of hexane to R123 also improved natural convection. The natural convection was influenced by the greater thermal conductivity of the excess layer which may have contained 55% mass hexane.
Not all information is created equal

Granziano & Kastner's account of consciousness as a process based on knowledge of what others are attending to does explain conscious access to spatial location. However, it fails to account for consciousness of the many object attributes that an external observer cannot infer from the subject's gaze.
The nature of particulate thyroid proteins in an experimental rat thyroid tumor.

Abstract Particulate proteins from microsomes have been studied in a rat thyroid tumor. The tumors were labeled in vivo with intraperitoneal injection of [ 14 C]leucine or 125 I-. A large proportion (20–50%) of the radioactivity, either 14 C or 125 I-, was particulate and associated with the nuclear or microsomal pellets. Proteins released by deoxycholate from microsomes were analyzed by density gradient centrifugation and tested with a rabbit anti-rat thyroglobulin serum. It was found that 60% of the proteins labeled with 125 I and 30% of those labeled with 14 C had a sedimentation rate of 12 S. The 12-S fractions reacted with anti-thyroglobulin serum. Density gradient centrifugation patterns of soluble proteins labeled with 14 C or 125 I for 30 min-18 h showed that 125 I is incorporated into 19-S thyroglobulin, whereas no more than 10% of [ 14 C]leucine was found in the 19-S protein. The remaining 80–90% of the radioactivity had a sedimentation rate of 3–8 S. We conclude that in this tumor a large proportion of thyroglobulin or its precursors is in the microsomes, whereas soluble thyroglobulin is low or absent possibly due to a deficiency in the mechanism for release of protein from endoplasmic reticulum.
Protonation dynamics of the alpha-toxin ion channel from spectral analysis of pH-dependent current fluctuations

To probe protonation dynamics inside the fully open alpha-toxin ion channel, we measured the pH-dependent fluctuations in its current. In the presence of 1 M NaCl dissolved in H2O and positive applied potentials (from the side of protein addition), the low frequency noise exhibited a single well defined peak between pH 4.5 and 7.5. A simple model in which the current is assumed to change by equal amounts upon the reversible protonation of each of N identical ionizable residues inside the channel describes the data well. These results, and the frequency dependence of the spectral density at higher frequencies, allow us to evaluate the effective pK = 5.5, as well as the rate constants for the reversible protonation reactions: kon = 8 x 10(9) M-1 s-1 and koff = 2.5 x 10(4) s-1. The estimate of kon is only slightly less than the diffusion-limited values measured by others for protonation reactions for free carboxyl or imidazole residues. Substitution of H2O by D2O caused a 3.8-fold decrease in the dissociation rate constant and shifted the pK to 6.0. The decrease in the ionization rate constants caused by H2O/D2O substitution permitted the reliable measurement of the characteristic relaxation time over a wide range of D+ concentrations and voltages. The dependence of the relaxation time on D+ concentration strongly supports the first order reaction model. The voltage dependence of the low frequency spectral density suggests that the protonation dynamics are virtually insensitive to the applied potential while the rate-limiting barriers for NaCl transport are voltage dependent. The number of ionizable residues deduced from experiments in H2O (N = 4.2) and D2O (N = 4.1) is in good agreement.
The dalitz-pair spectrum in Σ0→Λ+e++e−

Measurement of the relative Σ-Λ parity by means of the process Σ0→Λ+e−+e+ is considered. Spectra of the Dalitz pairs are given as functions of the « mass », energy partition, and opening angle of the pair. Form factors for the Σ-Λ-γ vertex are assumed constant and the validity of this approximation is affirmed by an analysis similar to the Frazer-Fulco treatment of the nucleon form factors.
Stabilized images: Further evidence for central pattern processing

This experiment combined selective adaptation conditions with stabilized retinal images in order to provide support for the hypothesis that whole pattern fading of images reflects the operation of supraretinal pattern processing units. Pattern preadaptation was shown to enhance or suppress complete image fading when compared to light adaptation. The effects were demonstrated both when a single eye was adapted and tested and when one eye was adapted and the other was tested. This was taken as strong support for the notion that whole fades reflect pattern processing beyond the retina.
Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Residential Dust: Sources of Variability

We characterized the variability in concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) measured in residential dust. Vacuum cleaner samples were collected from 289 homes in the California Childhood Leukemia Study during two sampling rounds from 2001 to 2010 and 15 PCBs were measured by high resolution gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Median concentrations of the most abundant PCBs (i.e., PCBs 28, 52, 101, 105, 118, 138, 153, and 180) ranged from 1.0–5.8 ng per g of dust in the first sampling round and from 0.8–3.4 ng/g in the second sampling round. For each of these eight PCBs, we used a random-effects model to apportion total variation into regional variability (6–11%), intraregional between-home variability (27–56%), within-home variability over time (18–52%), and within-sample variability (9–16%). In mixed-effects models, differences in PCB concentrations between homes were explained by home age, with older homes having higher PCB levels. Differences in PCB concentrations within homes were explain...
Using the theory of reasoned action to determine physicians' intention to measure body mass index in children and adolescents

Abstract Background Over the past few decades, childhood obesity has become a major public health issue in the United States. Numerous public and professional organizations recommend that physicians periodically screen for obesity in children and adolescents using the body mass index (BMI). However, studies have shown that physicians infrequently measure BMI in children and adolescents. Objectives The purpose of this study was to use the theory of reasoned action (TRA) to explain physicians' intentions to measure BMI in children and adolescents. The study objectives were to (1) determine if attitude and subjective norm predict physicians' intention to measure BMI in children and adolescents; (2) determine if family physicians and pediatricians differ in terms of theoretical factors; and (3) assess differences in behavioral beliefs, outcome evaluations, normative beliefs, and motivation to comply among physicians based on their level of intention to measure BMI. Methods A cross-sectional mailed survey of 2590 physicians (family physicians and pediatricians) practicing in 4 states was conducted. A self-administered questionnaire was designed that included items related to the TRA constructs. The association between the theoretical constructs was examined using correlation and regression analyses. Student's t test was used to determine differences between family physicians and pediatricians on theoretical constructs and to compare the underlying beliefs of nonintenders with intenders. Results The usable response rate was 22.8%. Less than half (44%) of the physicians strongly intended to measure BMI in children and adolescents. Together, the TRA constructs attitude and subjective norm explained up to 49.9% of the variance in intention. Pediatricians had a significantly ( P P Conclusion The TRA is a useful model in identifying the factors that are associated with physicians' intentions to measure BMI.
Variations in atomic structure of liquid bismuth clusters

A large number of elemental and compound semiconductors in bulk form become metallic upon melting due to changes in the local atomic structure occurring in the transition from the solid to the liquid state. We report studies of the vibrational properties of liquid Bi clusters that suggest that for the smaller sizes this atomic structure transition does not occur. Using interference enhanced Raman spectroscopy, in situ studies of bismuth ultrathin films, supported on weakly interacting carbon substrates, have been performed. Changes in the vibrational spectra with liquid cluster size have been correlated with ex situ transmission electron microscopy to estimate a critical size below which densification of the structure does not occur. For various models this yields clusters of diameter in the range of \ensuremath{\sim}45\char21{}75 \AA{}.
Incrementally extensible hypercube networks and their fault tolerance

The incrementally extensible hypercube or IEH graph, a generalization of the hypercube, was introduced in [1]. It is shown that IEH graphs are incrementally extensible in steps of 1, optimally fault tolerant and its diameter is logarithmic in the number of nodes. Moreover, for any given number of nodes, the difference of the maximum and the minimum degree of a node in the graph is @? 1; i.e., the graph is almost regular. We also analyze these graphs in presence of node failures. We develop a fault tolerant routing algorithm which can compute a minimal path between two arbitrary nodes in an IEH graph in the presence of the maximum number of allowable faults. We also determine the fault diameter of the graph. Thus, we show that the IEH graphs, while they can be defined for any integer number of computing nodes, retain all the desirable properties of regular hypercubes including fault tolerance and a tight fault diameter.
Visualizing your key for secure phone calls and language independence

We present a method to visualize and authenticate a cryptographically negotiated key for a secure phone call. That is, each caller is presented with a graphical representation of the key and through verbal interaction (i.e., side-channel authentication) they describe what they see. If they agree, the key is authenticated and the secure media session continues. The strength of the approach lies in the vocal recognition of the callers, and their ability to confirm the image displayed by their system. The necessary degree of visual recognition is achieved by using basic shapes, color and count. People, regardless of language or age, can easily identifying these images. Our experience shows that they can communicate what they see with little effort and terminate the call when they differ. We believe that this approach reverses the current trend in security to divest users from the underlying cryptographic principles supporting secure systems by abstracting these principles to a comprehensible and visual form. This paper demonstrates that visualization and the human factor can play a pivotal role in establishing a secure communication channel. This short paper discusses how a key is visualized and provides some initial user feedback. We have named this approach the Short Authentication SymbolS VisuallY (SASSY.)
Remote Sensors Using Hybrid Phase-Conjugator/Modulators

We describe the use of a single crystal of BaTiO3 as a phase-conjugator/modulator. This class of retromodulator is alignment-free, simple, and passive. By applying a time-varying electric field across a self-pumped phase conjugate mirror, simultaneous wave-front reversal and temporal modulation encoding occur within the same volume. With modest signal fields (-4120 V/cm) we observe 100% depth-of-phase modulation, with a measured bandwidth in excess of 1 MHz (scalable to >10 GHz), and with excellent conjugation fidelity. Furthermore, we observe a conjugate reflectivity of -73% using this simple geometry. Applications of such devices to remote free-space and fiber sensors and to phase-conjugator resonator configurations are discussed.
Overview of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: Biology, staging, and treatment

The Revised European-American Classification of Lymphoid Neoplasms was recently developed to address the shortcomings of the National Cancer Institute Working Formulation and to establish a common classification system that could be used internationally. The Revised European-American Classification of Lymphoid Neoplasms classification is a major improvement over previous systems and has been shown to define "real" clinical entities that can be diagnosed by expert hematopathologists. Important advances also have recently been made in the staging of lymphomas with the development of the International Prognostic Index, which accurately defines prognostic subgroups and can be used to identify patients who may benefit from more aggressive experimental treatment. With respect to treatment, there remains considerable controversy over the most effective options for patients with indolent lymphomas. However, several novel approaches appear very promising, including monoclonal antibody-based therapy, particularly radioimmunotherapy and purine analogues. In patients with aggressive lymphomas, the treatment options are less controversial. Combination chemotherapy remains the standard of care, but relapse with the development of drug resistance continues to be a problem. Recent data suggest that high-dose therapy with stem cell support may be the treatment of choice for patients with relapsed aggressive lymphomas that remain chemosensitive.
A technique for determining the proportion of the clonogenic cells in s phase in emt6 cell cultures and tumors.

The survival of cultured EMT6 cells was examined after treatment with hydroxyurea (HU) or high specific activity tritiated thymidine (3H-TdR). The concentrations of the agents, duration of exposure to the agents, and post-exposure treatment of the cultures were found to influence the cell survival; the effects of these factors are reported. Conditions were defined under which the proportions of cells killed by HU and by 3H-TdR were the same and were also the same as the proportion of labeled cells seen on autoradiographs of cultures labeled with small doses of 3H-TdR. Under these conditions, either 3H-TdR or HU could be used to determine the proportion of the clonogenic cells in S phase. Single cell suspensions prepared from solid EMT6 tumors were treated in vitro with HU or 3H-TdR, using the conditions found optimal for each agent with cultured cells. The proportion of the tumor cells killed by treatment with HU in vitro was the same as the proportion killed by HU in vivo and as the proportion labeled by 3H-TdR in vivo, and incubation of tumor cell suspensions with HU in vitro appeared to provide a valid measurement of the proportion of clonogenic tumor cells in S phase. Incubation of tumor cell suspensions with 3H-TdR in vitro proved difficult to perform and the results were relatively unreliable because of severe problems with reutilization of 3H-TdR during the incubation for colony formation.
The Road to 2005: The Policy of Economic Modernisation

The article employs an historical institutionalist, path dependent approach to analyse the modernisation of German economic policy. It investigates several critical junctures dating to the origins of the Federal Republic and argues that German policy makers' difficulty in undertaking contemporary reform is rooted in deeply embedded organised capitalist institutions and ideas. While economic modernisation in Germany was and is still clearly necessary, Anglo-American neoliberal models have little chance of either economic or political success. Rather, it suggests that if successful economic modernisation is to take place in Germany it will likely take an organisational form that is congruent with familiar German institutions. However, this organised capitalist model would also need to be accompanied by a set of ideas congruent with early 21st century economic circumstances.
Metaphors for Literacy: A Cultural Model of White, Middle-Class Parents

Abstract This study integrates sociocognitive, sociocultural, and sociolinguistic approaches to investigate the “normative” cultural model of literacy held by 15 White, middle-class parents of kindergarten children. Through qualitative analysis of interviews to expose ideological effects, I examine the recurring metaphors used by these parents. I argue that these metaphors do not constitute these parents’ understanding; rather, the metaphors are governed by three propositional cultural schemas about literacy. This article addresses one of those schemas in which reading books—a literary form of literacy—is linguistically indirectly indexed as moral worth. This White, middle-class emphasis on book reading as a prototypical literacy, following Bourdieu, is a marker of distinction of the proponent’s social class membership. Further, institutions designed to facilitate the literacy of children and families construct identical discourses; teaching children “to read” becomes secondary to the primary goal of reshaping the moral character of families, particularly nonmainstream and minoritized families.
The fibronectin-binding MSCRAMM FnbpA of Staphylococcus aureus is a bifunctional protein that also binds to fibrinogen.

Abstract Staphylococcus aureus is an important pathogen capable of causing a wide spectrum of diseases in humans and animals. This bacterium expresses a variety of virulence factors that participate in the process of infection. These include MSCRAMMs (microbial surface componentsrecognizing adhesive matrixmolecules) that mediate the adherence of the bacteria to host extracellular matrix components, such as collagen, fibronectin (Fn), and fibrinogen (Fg). Two Fn-binding MSCRAMMs, FnbpA and FnbpB, have been previously identified. The Fn binding activity has been localized to the ∼40-amino acid residue D repeats in the C-terminal part of these proteins. However, no biological activity has yet been attributed to the N-terminal A regions of these proteins. These regions exhibit substantial amino acid sequence identity to the A regions of other staphylococcal MSCRAMMs, including ClfA, ClfB, and SdrG (Fbe), all of which bind Fg. This raises the question of whether the Fn-binding MSCRAMMs can also bind specifically to Fg. In this report, we show that a recombinant form of the A region of FnbpA does specifically recognize Fg. We localize the binding site in Fg for recombinant FnbpA to the γ-chain, in particular to the C-terminal residues of this polypeptide, the site also recognized by ClfA. In addition, we demonstrate that recombinant FnbpA can compete with ClfA for binding to both immobilized and soluble Fg. By the use of surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy and fluorescence polarization, we determine the dissociation equilibrium constant for the interaction of recombinant FnbpA with intact immobilized Fg and with a synthetic C-terminal γ-chain peptide, respectively. Finally, by overexpressing FnbpA in a mutant strain of S. aureus that lacks the expression of both ClfA and ClfB, we show that native FnbpA can mediate the interaction of S. aureus with soluble Fg.
Nutrient Uptake by ‘Alamo’ Switchgrass Used as an Energy Crop

Field studies were conducted in 2000 and 2001 to examine yields and nutrient removal by Alamo switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) grown at eight locations within five states in the upper southeastern USA. Plots, which had been established for >5 years as part of a larger study, were cut either once (late fall) or twice (midsummer and late fall). Plots cut once received 50 kg N per hectare per year, while twice-cut plots received 100 kg N per hectare per year. Nutrient concentrations of and nutrient removal by harvested biomass were determined. Partitioning of nutrients into leaf and stem fractions was determined at the time of the midsummer harvest in 2000. Biomass production during 2000 and 2001 averaged 15.9 Mg/ha per year across all sites and was as high as 21.7 Mg/ha per year at one site. Two cuttings plus the additional 50 kg N per hectare did not generally increase seasonal yields; and, in one quite productive location, that management caused a yield reduction. Nitrogen removal with two cuts was much higher than with a single cut due largely to the higher N content in the midsummer harvest. Over the 2 years, twice as much N was removed with the two annual cuts as with one cut. Nitrogen removal exceeded the amounts of N applied in both managements, suggesting N was being supplied via mineralization or other processes. Phosphorus removal also increased significantly with the two-cut management. Seasonal K and Ca removals were more similar between the two managements. Nitrogen and P concentrations generally declined basipetally in tillers, with older leaves and internodes having lower concentrations of both nutrients. Potassium was more uniformly distributed than N throughout the tiller components (leaf and stem). Calcium was higher in older leaf blades. Levels of soil P, K, and Ca at most locations appeared not to be limiting biomass production and were adequate for long-term productivity.
Robotic Arc Welding: Research in Sensory Feedback Control

Robotic arc welding and its dependence on sensory feed-back control for successful application is discussed. Problems unique to arc weld sensing are identified and sensor requirements are categorized as a function of welding design requirements, joint imperfections, weld shape deviations, and process characteristics. The two most prevalent approaches of weld sensing, i.e., optical and through-the arc sensing, are covered.
Vitamin a Fortification Efforts Require Accurate Monitoring of Population Vitamin A Status to Prevent Excessive Intakes

Eradicating vitamin A deficiency and its related sequelae are important to ensure global health. Various vitamin A status indicators are available, but the most commonly used are not sensitive to changes in body reserves of vitamin A, which concentrate in the liver. Serum retinol concentrations can be misleading in some groups of individuals because of lack of sensitivity to total liver reserves. In addition to vitamin A supplementation to preschool children, many countries add preformed vitamin A to a variety of foods in the process of fortification. Indirect indicators that work in the excessive to hypervitaminotic range of liver reserves are needed to monitor such programs. High liver stores have been determined in countries with on-going sugar fortification programs. The retinol isotope dilution test, using deuterium or 13C, is the only current indirect indicator that works in the excessive range of liver reserves. Evaluating population vitamin A status needs to move beyond the measurement of serum retinol concentrations to ensure that we are not tipping the vitamin A scale too far in the wrong direction with the implementation of multiple interventions in the same population groups.
Digital Optical Processing

An optical processor which performs binary arithmetic operations can combine the parallel processing capacity of optical systems with the accuracy and programmability inherent to digital processors.) Such a Digital Optical Processor (DOP) will be useful in many image processing applications as well as in solving problems which are two-dimensional in nature. A DOP must first convert the analog images into binary images via an optical A/D converter and then process these binary images through an Optical Logic Unit (OLU). The DOP must also contain optical memory devices to store intermediate results of computation and a control unit to direct the operation of all the components mentioned above. Complex digital operations can be achieved by using the OLU and optical memory repeatedly under the direction of the control unit. One such structure which requires a minimum of hardware is shown in Figure 1. In this paper we will summarize briefly the worK done at UCSD on all these components of a DOP.© (1980) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
La sombra del padre es alargada: la Relación de la descendencia de Garci Pérez de Vargas del Inca Garcilaso

The Relacion de la descendencia de Garci Perez de Vargas by Inca Garcilaso de la Vega is a genealogic account written around 1596 and addressed to his distant relative, Garci Perez de Vargas, whose homonymous ancestor was a famous warrior, right hand of the medieval king San Fernando, during the Catholic conquest of Seville in the late thirteenth century. Among the family anecdotes included in the Relacion, the author mentions a well-known episode of the First Castilian Civil War: The assassination of King Don Pedro, committed by his brother, Enrique, with the assistance of the French knight Beltran Caclin (Bernard du Guesclin), allows Garcilaso to depict Pedro's loyal and virtuous knight, Men Rodriguez de Sarabia, another eminent relative of both the elder Garci Perez and Garcilaso. My hypothesis is that Garcilaso uses this exemplary anecdote to replace a traumatic episode of his life: the alleged treason of his own father during the civil war in Peru, an event that determined his failure when requesting...
Strings on a plane

Abstract Some features for a model of strings moving in 2 + 1 spacetime dimensions are discussed that suggest applications to the quantum Hall effect. These features include edge-state configurations and anyons.
Electron Transport and Anode Heating Due to Field Emission From Carbon Nanotubes

Carbon nanotubes (CNT) are being considered for field emission applications because of their low turn-on voltage and ability to support large current densities. The localization of emission and large currents from CNTs result in significant anode heating. The present work investigates the electron energy distribution at the anode surface through simulation of the field emission process and the trajectory of electrons across the vacuum gap. Field emission is modeled by Fowler-Nordheim-like expressions where the emission site is assumed to be a ring with the diameter of a nanotube. The electron trajectory is determined through a Monte Carlo simulation including Coulomb interactions between electrons. Results indicate that the electron beam spreads due to Coulomb interaction, but that the initial ring is preserved. In fact, the ring diameter at the anode spreads to 3μ per 10μ of vacuum gap in a field of 10 Vμm. This estimate matches well with reported observations. Further, the spreading becomes more significant with increased fields due to the higher current density of field emitted electrons.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
The chromatographic determination of glucosamine with ninhydrin.

Abstract The identification of glucosamine in the presence of two polyhydroxy carboxylic acids on chromatograms irrigated with butanolpyridine solvents has been effected with ninhydrin. The amine sugar does not respond to aniline hydrogen phthalate under similar conditions. N-Acetylglucosamine responds to aniline hydrogen phthalate except in the presence of galacturonic acid. A modified irrigating solvent is suggested which may preclude the possibility of interference by amino acids with analyses for glucosamine.
Forecasting the Effects of Health Reform on US Physician Workforce Requirement: Evidence From HMO Staffing Patterns

This article provides an estimate of the effects of health reform on the US physician workforce requirement. Its basic methodology is to extrapolate current patterns of staffing within managed care plans to the reshaped health care system of the year 2000. In this analysis it is assumed that 40% to 65% of Americans will be receiving care from integrated managed care networks in the near future, and that all citizens will be covered by some type of health insurance. On the basis of these assumptions, this article forecasts that in the year 2000, (1) there will be an overall surplus of about 165000 patient care physicians; (2) the requirement and supply of primary care physicians will be in relative balance; and (3) the supply of specialists will outstrip the requirement by more than 60%. In summation, it appears that national health reform—based largely on an expansion of managed care networks—will have significant impact on the US physician workforce. Concerns have been raised by others that health system reform's shift toward more primary and preventive care will be stymied by workforce availability. This study underscores this concern to some degree. However, the evidence presented herein suggests that the issue is not so much a primary care provider shortage as a specialty care surplus. (JAMA. 1994;272:222-230)