cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Predication of different stages of Alzheimer's disease using neighborhood component analysis and ensemble decision tree.

Abstract Background There is a spectrum of the progression from healthy control (HC) to mild cognitive impairment (MCI) without conversion to Alzheimer’s disease (AD), to MCI with conversion to AD (cMCI), and to AD. This study aims to predict the different disease stages using brain structural information provided by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data. New method The neighborhood component analysis (NCA) is applied to select most powerful features for prediction. The ensemble decision tree classifier is built to predict which group the subject belongs to. The best features and model parameters are determined by cross validation of the training data. Results Our results show that 16 out of a total of 429 features were selected by NCA using 240 training subjects, including MMSE score and structural measures in memory-related regions. The boosting tree model with NCA features can achieve prediction accuracy of 56.25% on 160 test subjects. Comparison with existing method(s) Principal component analysis (PCA) and sequential feature selection (SFS) are used for feature selection, while support vector machine (SVM) is used for classification. The boosting tree model with NCA features outperforms all other combinations of feature selection and classification methods. Conclusions The results suggest that NCA be a better feature selection strategy than PCA and SFS for the data used in this study. Ensemble tree classifier with boosting is more powerful than SVM to predict the subject group. However, more advanced feature selection and classification methods or additional measures besides structural MRI may be needed to improve the prediction performance.
Posterior cervical spine crisscross fixation: Biomechanical evaluation.

Abstract Background Biomechanical/anatomic limitations may limit the successful implantation, maintenance, and risk acceptance of posterior cervical plate/rod fixation for one stage decompression-fusion. A method of posterior fixation (crisscross) that resolves biomechanical deficiencies of previous facet wiring techniques and not reliant upon screw implantation has been devised. The biomechanical performance of the new method of facet fixation was compared to the traditional lateral mass plate/screw fixation method. Methods Thirteen human cadaver spine segments (C2-T1) were tested under flexion-compression loading and four were evaluated additionally under pure-moment load. Preparations were evaluated in a sequence of surgical alterations with intact, laminectomy, lateral mass plate/screw fixation, and crisscross facet fixation using forces, displacements and kinematics. Findings Combined loading demonstrated significantly lower bending stiffness (p Interpretation The crisscross technique of facet fixation offers immediate mechanical stability with resolution of increased flexural rotations induced by multi-level laminectomy. Many of the anatomic limitations and potentially deleterious variables that may be associated with multi-level screw fixation are not associated with facet wire passage, and the subsequent fixation using a pattern of wire connection crossing each facet joint exhibits a comparatively more uniform load distribution. Crisscross wire fixation is a valuable addition to the surgical armamentarium for extensive posterior cervical single-stage decompression-fixation.
A gendered account of Alcoholics Anonymous (AA’s) “Singleness of Purpose”

This study adopts a gendered perspective when looking at the tension within Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) over its singleness of purpose. Due to its very success, those with problems “other than alcoho...
Cynocephalus variegatus (Flying lemur) C. volans

Since flying lemurs are difficult to obtain and since we happened to have one specimen of each species, we decided to present both species in one folio. Judging from our meager data, the karyotypes of C. variegatus and C. volans appear identical.
Modes of Credit Market Regulation

Congress has enacted a wide range of laws that affect the provision of credit. This chapter provides an introduction to five types of federal laws that have been enacted to help overcome barriers to credit. These include laws on: disclosure (the Home Mortgage Disclosure Act and Truth in Lending Act); affirmative obligation (the Community Reinvestment Act); negative prohibition (the Equal Credit Opportunity Act); product regulation (the Homeowner's Equity Protection Act); and government subsidies (Federal Housing Administration home mortgage insurance, and the Government Sponsored Enterprises - Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, and the Federal Home Loan Bank system). I first set out a short theoretical framework, then I compare these modes of credit market regulation with one another. I also suggest cross-modal strategies to enhance enforcement of the norms underlying these laws. By cross-modal strategies, I mean initiatives undertaken under one regulatory authority to advance norms of another regulation. For example, disclosure can e used to enhance prohibitions regarding racial discrimination. Cross-modal strategies hold out the promise of improving how these different modes of credit market regulation can be mutually reinforcing. Given the scope of the topic, this brief treatment is necessarily tentative and suggestive.
Current and emerging separations technologies in biorefining

Abstract: This chapter provides an overview of separations technologies commonly employed in existing biorefineries as well as emerging separations technologies that are well poised to exhibit rapid growth in future biorefineries. Specifically, we focus on membrane-based separations, because they are becoming the separation platform of choice. In addition, we provide examples where electrochemically-driven processes could significantly reduce energy consumption during separations. We present several examples from our work, defining directions in separations technologies for integrated biorefineries.
Gonadal hormones and semen quality in male runners : a volume threshold effect of endurance training

Eleven high mileage runners (HR) (108.0 +/- 4.5 km.wk-1), 9 moderate mileage runners (MR) (54.2 +/- 3.7 km.wk-1) and 10 sedentary controls (SC) of similar age (28.3 +/- 1.5 yr) were studied to evaluate the effects of volume of endurance training on reproductive function in male runners. Levels of reproductive, adrenal and thyroid hormones were measured during a 1-hr period of serial blood sampling (q20 min) and urinary excretion of 24-hr luteinizing hormone (uLH) was determined on two separate days. Semen exams and sperm penetration of standard cervical mucus (Penetrak) were performed 2-5 times. Levels of total testosterone (TT) and free testosterone (FT) were significantly lower in HR (15.3 +/- 1.3 nmol.l-1 and 60.2 +/- 5.1 pmol.l-1) compared to MR (21.4 +/- 1.6 nmol.l-1 and 86.0 +/- 6.1 pmol.l-1) and SC (19.5 +/- 0.9 nmol.l-1 and 75.9 +/- 3.6 pmol.l-1). No differences (p > 0.05) were found in uLH, serum LH, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and prolactin (PRL) among the three groups. No other hormonal differences (p > 0.05) were observed among the groups. Total motile sperm count and density were lower (p < 0.05) in HR than SC. Decreased (p < 0.0006) sperm motility and an increased (p < 0.004) population of immature sperm and round cells were observed in HR compared to MR and SC. Sperm penetration of bovine cervical mucus was also decreased (p < 0.024) in HR compared to SC. Volume of training, defined by km.wk-1 run, was significantly correlated to sperm motility, density and number of round cells.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Bringing stakeholders together to articulate multiple value dimensions of ecosystem services

Abstract Ecosystem services are embedded with multiple values. Capturing and integrating plural perspectives when conducting ecosystem services studies is a recognized need and yet a challenge. This paper proposes a participatory approach that fosters articulation of values allowing the integration of different value dimensions to inform decision-making processes, an important challenge that has been gaining traction in the field of ecosystem services research. Using participation as a value articulating institution, stakeholder groups of the Portuguese marine and coastal Arrabida Natural Park were engaged in a participatory process that included a collaborative workshop to articulate value dimensions expressed by ecological, economic and social criteria in two different contexts: the assessment of project alternatives for regulating access to beaches and recreational activities and a conflict related with allocation of coastal vineyard areas. Results demonstrate that the proposed deliberative process fostered changes in participants’ initial mental models and created new insights, namely by generating additional alternatives, expanding perceptions on affected ES, and helping the formalization of multiple evaluation criteria and decision rules, thus supporting decision-making in marine and coastal protected areas.
Making a Living My Way: Necessity-driven Entrepreneurship in Resource-Constrained Communities

Entrepreneurship has long been used to create self-employment opportunities to guard against career uncertainty. Yet, little is known about how social technologies impact the day-to-day work of entrepreneurs in resource-constrained contexts. We performed a qualitative study involving interviews with 26 micro-entrepreneurs in Detroit and observations of entrepreneurship events. We found that micro-entrepreneurs in Detroit are often pushed into entrepreneurship in response to unexpected life disruptions, barriers to employment, and desire to benefit the community. Their resource-constrained contexts shape how they use social technologies, such as sharing economy tools and social media groups, particularly with respect to privacy, safety, and professional agency. We expand the discussion in CSCW around what it means to be an entrepreneur and provide implications for how social technologies can be designed to better meet the employment needs of people in resource-constrained communities.
Self-report and neurophysiological indicators of emotion processing and regulation in social anxiety disorder.

Abstract Individuals with social anxiety disorder (SAD) report less habitual reappraisal and more frequent suppression compared to healthy controls (HC). However, it is unclear whether a neurophysiological index of emotional reactivity, the late positive potential (LPP), is aberrant in SAD or whether self-reported reappraisal or suppression relates to the LPP during on-line emotion reactivity and reappraisal. Participants with SAD (n = 51) and HC (n = 31) completed an Emotion Regulation Task. Emotion reactivity and regulation were measured via LPP when viewing negative images (‘Look Negative’) and when using a cognitive strategy to reduce negative affect (‘Reappraise Negative’). Participants also completed a self-report measure of habitual reappraisal and suppression. SAD participants displayed heightened LPP for ‘Look Negative’ compared to HC. However, LPP for online reappraisal was comparable between groups. Self-reported suppression predicted the LPP during ‘Look Negative’ in HC, and there was a trend-level relationship in SAD. LPP findings suggest targeted reappraisal approaches may benefit individuals with SAD.
Essential programming concepts: the redesign of the introductory programming course

Enrollments in Computer Science programs have dropped sharply since 2001 at all levels of higher education throughout the nation. The presenters will discuss roadblocks to student success and interest in Computer Science. The discussion will include the innovative techniques and strategies they have employed at their respective colleges to succeed in the face of this challenging trend and demonstrate a tutorial developed to support this initiative."
Trident Warrior Buoy Testing

Abstract : Our long term goals are to improve our ability to characterize and forecast ocean surface waves. Most all at-sea Naval operations depend on knowledge of the conditions of the sea surface in one form or another. This includes the forecasting of EM/RF propagation near the ocean-surface as sea surface roughness has a profound influence on transmission characteristics. The world s oceans are data poor with respect to in-situ wave observations that are suitable for assimilation into, and verification with, operational global wave models (WAM, WaveWatch III). Data that is routinely available to models are satellite-based and have their own set of challenges. For example, remote sensing of the surface wave field using techniques such as radar altimetry or synthetic aperture radar (SAR) provides some measure of bulk wave properties, such as significant wave height or mean wave direction, and can be used to adjust global wave models. However, the techniques suffer from several issues: poor spectral resolution (e.g., differentiating swell vs. seas); the estimation of wave height is dependent on semiempirical models or modulation transfer functions that have inherent errors: and the satellite repeat time over a particular region of the ocean is too long to reliably improve. Global wave models suffer additional challenges as the wind forcing terms are derived from models (COAMPS, NOGAPS) that have their own set of data sparse challenges, and wave-current interactions are typically neglected due to poor measurements of ocean surface currents.
Traumatic Brain Injury and Cognition

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) represents a common occurrence that places the brain at risk. This chapter first deals with the various definitional issues related to TBI, where the principal definitional challenges occur with mild injuries, often referred to as concussions. While the majority who sustain a mild TBI recover and may not have any lasting effects from the injury, even mild injuries may increase the risk of neuropsychiatric disorders later in life. One explanation for the adverse effects of TBI is the vulnerability of certain brain regions in the frontal and temporal lobes that relate to emotional and cognitive control. Moderate-to-severe TBI is association with considerable risk for adverse outcome and major disability. The chapter reviews some neuroimaging findings that demonstrate brain damage and how such neuropathology relates to changes in physical functioning, cognition, and behavior. How brain injuries may affect different domains of cognitive and behavioral functioning are discussed. The chapter concludes with an exploration of contemporary treatment for the physical, emotional, and cognitive effects from TBI.
Correlates of death during outpatient treatment for opioid use disorder: A national study.

Abstract Background As the burden of opioid use disorder (OUD) increases in the United States, manifold federal and state initiatives have sought to increase access to treatment for OUD, which includes behavioral and pharmaceutical treatment modalities. Although the evidence base for outpatient treatment for OUD—including medications for opioid use disorder—is substantial, few studies have examined the risk factors for fatality during treatment for OUD. Methods Treatment Episode Data Set-Discharges (TEDS-D) data were used to evaluate correlates of death during outpatient treatment for OUD in 2016. To determine the correlates of mortality during an outpatient treatment for OUD, we constructed a pooled logistic regression model, stratified by use of medication for opioid use disorder (MOUD), to control for the duration of time in treatment and to identify the independent characteristics that may lead to differences in the odds of mortality during treatment. Findings 1861 (0.8%) of 235,745 outpatient treatment episodes for OUD included in our analysis resulted in fatality. Many factors correlated with death during treatment were similar for individuals who did and did not receive MOUD. However, non-White race was only significantly associated with decreases in fatality in non-MOUD treatment episodes. Male sex and reported intravenous drug use at admission were associated with fatality only for treatment episodes that did not involve MOUD. Conclusions In this national study of outpatient treatment episodes for OUD, we found differences in age, sex, region, drug use history, treatment setting, and treatment history significantly affected the risk of death during treatment. As more people become engaged with treatment, facilities should work toward delivering optimal treatment for all patients regardless of personal characteristics.
Nontraditional School Enrollment in Transgender and Gender-Diverse Youth.

Abstract Purpose This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of online and homeschool attendance in transgender and gender-diverse (TGD) youth. Methods Caregivers of 12- to 17-year-olds participated in a phone survey about school attendance. Subjects included TGD youth receiving care in a gender health clinic and youth receiving care in a pediatric endocrinology/diabetes (PED) clinic. Results Parents of 83 TGD and 83 PED youth participated in the study. Current/past enrollment in a nontraditional school setting was higher among TGD than PED youth (37.3% vs. 19.3%; p = .01). In addition, 14.5% of TGD and 7.2% of PED youth had transferred between traditional school settings (public, private, and charter) for psychosocial reasons. Conclusions Approximately half of the TGD youth had either attended a nontraditional school setting or changed schools for psychosocial reasons, compared with approximately one fourth of PED youth (51.8% vs. 26.5%, p = .001). This suggests that traditional school environments present significant psychological difficulties for TGD adolescents.
Management of Chronic Rhinosinusitis with Nasal Polyposis in the Era of Biologics.

Purpose of review Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis (CRSwNP) is a phenotypic designation of the broader condition of chronic rhinosinusitis. The advent of targeted biologics has shown promise in targeting different aspects of the inflammatory pathway, yet there remains a lack of consensus on the correct timing and use of these medications. This review seeks to provide a concise update of the available literature on the pathophysiology of CRSwNP, the evolution and cost utility of biologics as it pertains to management of patients with CRSwNP, and evidence for each available biologic and its use in CRSwNP. Recent findings There are two biologics with FDA approval for use in CRSwNP: dupilumab and omalizumab. Recent clinical trials of other biologic therapies targeting type 2 inflammatory pathways have also demonstrated efficacy both in symptom scores and nasal polyp reduction. However, studies have questioned the cost utility of these medications compared to other interventions. Furthermore, timing of use with respect to other interventions including surgery remains challenging.
Endocrine Regulation of the Mucosal Immune System in the Female Reproductive Tract

Abstract Ovarian sex hormones have a critical role in regulating all aspects of the mucosal immune system of the human and animal female reproductive tract. Consisting of the innate and adaptive immune systems, the upper (fallopian tubes, uterus, and endocervix) and lower (ectocervix and vagina) systems are precisely regulated by estradiol (E 2 ) and progesterone (P 4 ) to optimize conditions for successful pregnancy and protection against sexually transmitted diseases. This review aims to examine the effects of E 2 and P 4 on innate, humoral, and cellular immunity in the reproductive tracts of human and rodent, pointing out unique similarities and differences that exist in terms of immune cell distribution and function, chemokine, cytokine and antimicrobial secretion, immunoglobulin production and transport, and antigen presentation. The studies presented indicate that endocrine control of immune system in the upper and lower reproductive tract is separate and distinct and that immune function at each site must be analyzed in the context of the unique contributions that each makes to procreation and to maternal and fetal protection against potential pathogens.
The Future’s not Bright: Rereading Aeneid 6.725-51

Abstract The juxtaposition of the Catalogue of Heroes and Anchises’ presentation of the fate of souls immediately preceding it in Book 6 of the Aeneid is a meaningful one. Building on Feeney’s ‘paradox’ regarding the juxtaposition, this paper reinterprets the Catalogue by way of extrapolating from Anchises’ speech possibly profound implications regarding Rome’s future heroes. The problem is that that speech is ambiguous. Drawing on different Greek eschatological models for help in discerning the metaphysical interpretive possibilities of Anchises’ portrait, I show that the Greek rubrics do not in fact solve but contribute to the ambiguity of the passage. But they contribute in a meaningful way by rerouting the line of inquiry away from attempting either to pinpoint a singular philosophical influence or to determine once and for all what a soul’s fate is. Rather we are invited to reflect on how the very vagueness functions. This paper posits that reading Anchises’ speech through each of the philosophical models leads us to question whether Rome’s future heroes were so bright after all.
ELECTRONIC DATA FROM GPO: ITS FINANCIAL IMPACT ON DEPOSITORY LIBRARIES

The Depository Library Program was established to provide government information to the general public. The libraries that are appointed to this program assume complete fiscal responsibility for providing this service. Recent policy decisions within the federal government evidence a trend toward a continuing decline in the availability of nonelectric government information. Depository libraries need to increase their budgets to maintain bibliographic, physical, and intellectual access to this information as costs rise.
Comparison study of the treatment of unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma with Y-90 SIR-Spheres and Y-90 TheraSphere

1201 Objectives To evaluate the efficacy and safety of resin microsphere Y-90 SIR-Spheres (SIRTex Medical Ltd.) and glass microsphere Y-90 TheraSphere (MDS Nordion Inc.) treatment in patients (pts) with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Methods 61 pts with unresectable HCC underwent Y-90 SIR-Spheres (37 pts, median age 67) or Y-90 TheraSphere (24 pts, median age 70) treatment. Tc-99m MAA imaging was used to evaluate lung shunting and SPECT/CT was used for determination of the prescribed dose. The median activity of Y-90 SIR-Spheres and Y-90 TheraSphere delivered were 1.19 and 2.25 GBq, respectively. The response was assessed by CT and/or MRI. Results For Y-90 SIR-Spheres treatment, 9 pts (24.3%) had positive responses (PR), 14 pts (37.8%) had stable disease (SD), and 14 pts (37.8%) had progression of disease (PD). Y-90 TheraSphere treatment showed higher PR (7 pts, 29.2%) and SD (10 pts, 41.7%) rates and lower PD rate (7 pts, 29.2%). There was no incidence of radiation hepatitis or treatment-induced liver failure. 7 SIR-Spheres infusions only delivered 63-92% of prescribed dose due to flow stasis. All TheraSphere treatment completed the infusions. Conclusions Y-90 microsphere radioembolization is a useful modality in the treatment of patients with unresectable HCC. Y-90 TheraSphere appears more effective than Y-90 SIR-Spheres in the treatment of HCC
An Outreach Program Improved Osteoporosis Management After a Fracture

This longitudinal retrospective cohort study evaluated implementation of an intervention to improve management of osteoporosis after a fracture in a nonprofit group-model health maintenance organization (HMO) in the U.S. Pacific Northwest with 480,000 members and electronic medical record data. Participants were female HMO members aged 67 and older who sustained a qualifying clinical fracture(s) and who had not received a bone mineral density (BMD) measurement or osteoporosis treatment in the 12 months before the fracture (N = 3,588). Phase 1 included outreach to clinicians and patients; Phase 2 added clinician and staff incentives. Primary outcome was "osteoporosis management"-receipt of a BMD measurement or osteoporosis medication in the 6 months after an index fracture. Before the intervention, 13.4% (95% confidence interval (CI) = 12.0-14.8%) of patients had received osteoporosis management, and the time trend was not significant. Post-intervention, the probability of osteoporosis management increased on average 3.1% (95% CI = 2.6-3.5%) every 2 months throughout both study phases without a significant added improvement in Phase 2. Improvement varied according to clinic and was less likely for patients with dementia. Overall, the probability of osteoporosis management increased from the baseline level of 13.4% to 44.0% (95% CI = 40.0-48.0%) by the end of the study period (20 months post-intervention). The study found that an outreach program to primary care providers and patients improved the management of osteoporosis after a fracture. If widely implemented, this intervention could substantially improve the secondary prevention of osteoporosis. More-individualized interventions may be necessary for high-risk subgroups.
Voyager 2 at Neptune and Triton

Voyager 2 completed its “grand tour” of the outer solar system in 1989 by returning the first in situ observations of Neptune, its rings, and its satellites. The probe revealed that the Neptunian system is dynamic and diverse. Major discoveries include atmospheric bands and large storms on Neptune, the existence and orientation of Neptune's magnetic field, a system of four dark rings, six small satellites, and the geologically spectacular and active surface of Neptune's largest moon, Triton. The observations offer important clues to the origin and evolution of the Neptunian system and the outer solar system and raise many new questions.
Steroid maintenance is associated with an increased risk of infections but has no effect on patient and graft survival in pancreas transplantation: A retrospective review of the UNOS database.

Abstract Introduction The appropriateness of steroid maintenance in pancreas transplantation is unproven. The current literature is insufficient due to small numbers, short follow-up and sparse data. Methods Data from the UNOS database on adults ≥18 years old, who received pancreas and kidney-pancreas transplants between January 1996 and March 2014 were analyzed (n = 27,077). Two groups were evaluated: (a) Steroids Induction only (n = 4391) and (b) Steroid maintenance (n = 22,686). One-, 3-, 5-, 10-, and 15-year unadjusted patient and graft survival rates were compared. A Cox proportional hazards model was used to determine what patient factors were associated with these outcomes. Results There were differences in patient survival at 1 and 3 years and in graft survival at 3 and 5 years. There was a higher rate of infectious complications in the maintenance group, but after controlling for several recipient factors, whether a patient received steroid maintenance or not, was not significantly associated with the risk of death or graft failure. Conclusion The use of maintenance steroids is significantly associated with an increased risk of infectious complications, but no difference in patient death or graft failure after controlling for multiple recipient factors. There is also no benefit with the use of steroid maintenance after pancreas transplantation.
Endogenic carbonate sedimentation in Bear Lake, Utah and Idaho, over the last two glacial-interglacial cycles

Sediments deposited over the past 220,000 years in Bear Lake, Utah and Idaho, are predominantly calcareous silty clay, with calcite as the dominant carbonate mineral. The abundance of siliciclastic sediment indicates that the Bear River usually was connected to Bear Lake. However, three marl intervals containing more than 50% CaCO 3 were deposited during the Holocene and the last two interglacial intervals, equivalent to marine oxygen isotope stages (MIS) 5 and 7, indicating times when the Bear River was not connected to the lake. Aragonite is the dominant mineral in two of these three high-carbonate intervals. The high-carbonate, aragonitic intervals coincide with warm interglacial continental climates and warm Pacifi c sea-surface temperatures. Aragonite also is the dominant mineral in a carbonate-cemented microbialite mound that formed in the southwestern part of the lake over the last several thousand years. The history of carbonate sedimentation in Bear Lake is documented through the study of isotopic ratios of oxygen, carbon, and strontium, organic carbon content, CaCO 3 content, X-ray diffraction mineralogy, and HCl-leach chemistry on samples from sediment traps, gravity cores, piston cores, drill cores, and microbialites. Sediment-trap studies show that the carbonate mineral that precipitates in the surface waters of the lake today is high-Mg calcite. The lake began to precipitate highMg calcite sometime in the mid‐twentieth century after the artifi cial diversion of Bear River into Bear Lake that began in 1911. This diversion drastically reduced the salinity and Mg 2+ :Ca 2+ of the lake water and changed the primary carbonate precipitate from aragonite to high-Mg calcite. However, sediment-trap and core studies show that aragonite is the dominant mineral accumulating on the lake fl oor today, even though it is not precipitating in surface waters. The isotopic studies show that this aragonite is derived from reworking and redistribution of shallow-water sediment that is at least 50 yr old, and probably older. Apparently, the microbialite mound also stopped forming aragonite cement sometime after Bear River diversion. Because of reworking of old aragonite, the bulk mineralogy of carbonate in bottom sediments has not changed very much since the diversion. However, the diversion is marked by very distinct changes in the chemical and isotopic composition of the bulk carbonate. After the last glacial interval (LGI), a large amount of endogenic carbonate began to precipitate in Bear Lake when the Pacifi c moisture that fi lled the large pluvial lakes of the Great Basin during the LGI diminished, and Bear River apparently abandoned
Rule-based semantic summarization of instructional videos

We present a new content-based approach to summarize instructional videos. We first redefine "scene" in instructional videos. Focusing on one dominant scene type, that of handwritten lecture notes, we define semantic content as "ink pixels", and present a low-level retrieval technique to extract this content from each frame with consideration of various occlusion and illumination effects. "Key frames" in this video genre are redefined as a set of frames that cover the semantic content, and the fluctuating amount of visible ink is used to drive a heuristic real-time key frame extraction method. A rule-based method is also provided to synchronize key frames with audio. We extend our method to the extraction of key frame hierarchies. We show its application to a 17-minute (30K frames) instructional video sequence, resulting in seven key frames. These techniques create tunable instructional summaries over a wide and dynamically varying range of compression factors.
Radiation Quenching of Radio- and Radiothermo-Luminescence of ZnS Phosphors, II. Trapping Process

The thermoluminescence of ZnS:Cu:Cl phosphors after irradiation by 4.5 MeV electrons from a linear accelerator or by γ-rays of Co 60 was compared with that obtained by near uv light. Three main peaks appear usually. It was found that the ratio of the green peak height at 120-160°K to one at 190-220°K are little dependent on the kind and intensity of radiation and on the excitation time, while for the blue component, the ratio obtained after excitation by γ-rays or 4.5 MeV electrons is smaller than that obtained after uv-excitation. A reduction of the ratio of the blue component to the green one is also observed in the spectra of radio-thermoluminescence of the hexagonal and hexagonal like phosphors. The results are explained by employing the model on radiation quenching formerly proposed and the nature of traps is discussed.
Emergency mental health care for youth in Washington State: qualitative research addressing hospital emergency departments' identification and referral of youth facing mental health issues.

Objectives: The purpose of this formative research was to gain a better understanding of how Washington State hospital emergency departments (EDs) identify and refer children and adolescents with mental health concerns. Increased understanding of emergency mental healthcare for youth will lead to the development and implementation of strategies and policies that enhance the system of providing mental health services to children and adolescents. Methods: We conducted structured group interviews, a form of qualitative research, with ED, social work, and mental health administrators and providers in 9 hospitals in Washington State. Results: Interviews reflected a systemwide lack of emergency mental health services for youth, as well as a lack of coordination between the larger mental health system and hospital ED. In addition, we identified issues specific to the hospital/ED such as insufficient availability of social work and mental health staff, lack of mental and behavioral health screening tools, lack of knowledge of available mental health services, and lack of clarity about the ED's role in identification of mental health concerns. Conclusions: Specific interventions should be developed, implemented, and evaluated to increase coordination between the ED and the larger mental health system. This should include methods for increasing ED staff knowledge of available and accessible mental health services for youth, perhaps through an online system. In addition, the role of the ED in identifying youth facing mental health issues should be clarified, and a brief, nonintrusive screening tool for identifying emergency mental health concerns should be developed.
Molecular testing in lung carcinoma: Quo vadis?

The development of molecular targeted therapies with small-molecule inhibitors of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) has resulted in new therapeutic options for patients with advanced stage lung cancer. Certain clinical characteristics have been associated with an increased likelihood of response to EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs; women, never smokers, East Asian ethnicity, and adenocarcinoma histology). Furthermore, several molecular events can also affect the efficacy of these therapies. Activating mutations in EGFR exons 18 through 21 (insert deletions in exon 19 and the single L858R point mutation in exon 21 being the most common) seem to be more reliable predictors of response than clinical features and are associated with increased response and survival after TKI therapy.1–3 In contrast, K- ras mutations, insertion mutations or T790M point mutations in exon 20 of EGFR , and MET amplification are negative predictors of response.4–6 These observations have resulted in numerous retrospective studies that correlate patient response to the molecular profile of lung adenocarcinomas. Unfortunately, different methodological approaches have been used for EGFR assessment, including DNA mutational analysis, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) or chromogenic in situ hybridization (CISH) for gene copy number changes, and immunohistochemical analysis for protein expression. Not surprisingly, reported results are inconsistent, reflecting the lack of standardization of the method and interpretation criteria. In general, EGFR FISH and DNA mutation analyses are the 2 most extensively studied methods for selection of candidates for …
UREASE DISTRIBUTION IN PLANTS: GENERAL METHODS

Although numerous studies have been made on enzymes with the purpose of elucidating the intermediary metabolism of various substances, such as the fats, carbohydrates, and proteins, the metabolic changes undergone by the enzymes, that is, their synthesis, storage, and decomposition have received scant attention. Of course the metabolism of an enzyme could be discussed only superficially until a few years ago, because its composition was totally unknown. The discovery by Sumner (2:2) that an enzyme, urease, possessing the properties of a globulin, could be obtained in a crystalline state, marked the beginning of a new era in enzyme chemistry. Likewise, the methods developed by Linderstr0m-Lang and Holter (13) for the application of quantitative histochemistry to enzymes, have led away from a study of gross structures to a more intimate study of tissues and even of cells. The purpose of the present investigation was to follow the changes in the content and distribution of urease throughout the life cycles of the two leguminous plants which, so far as known, are the richest in their content of this enzyme, namely, the soy bean and the jack bean. The most sensitive tests for most proteins are valueless below a dilution of one part in 10,000. Urease can be detected in much greater dilutions than this. Advantage was taken of the catalytic nature of the enzyme to select certain histological staining reagents which would reveal the presence of the enzyme directly within the cells. By means of these reagents it is possible to study the changes of urease activity taking place during the histological development of the plant. Since the number of cells per organ (for example, the leaf) does not change greatly after an early stage in the development of that organ, one can study, by analyzing organs of different ages, the progressive changes in urease content of cells of increasing age. It was hoped that the data would not only reveal the course of urease metabolism but would also clarify a number of other problems as well. Considering urease as a protein, one can follow the metabolism of a protein of specific constitution throughout the life history of a plant. If the assumption be made that the main portion of the protoplasmic framework of a cell
Vasculature of soybean racemes with altered intraraceme competition

Abscission probability differs among floral positions within soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] racemes, with proximal flowers much less likely to abscise than distal flowers. The objectives of this research were to measure phloem and xylem areas within the rachises of developing soybean racemes, to determine if the sizes of the vascular tissue areas in distal regions were associated with flower abscission and pod development, and to determine if removal of proximal pods affects vascular tissues areas in distal regions of the racemes. Williams 82' soybean plants were grown in the field in 1985 and 1986 and tagged when the flower at raceme position 1 (most proximal) opened (...)
Effect of ventromedial hypothalamic lesions on the secretion of somatostatin, insulin, and glucagon by the perfused rat pancreas.

Abstract Somatostatin, insulin, and glucagon secretion by the perfused pancreas were studied in adult female rats 10 days after ventromedial hypothalamic (VMH) lesions and in sham operated controls to assess the role of their hypothalamic control. Insulin secretion was significantly greater in VMH-lesioned rats both under basal conditions and after stimulation by theophylline and arginine plus theophylline. Basal glucagon secretion was greater in VMH-lesioned rats as was the glucagon response to theophylline alone and in combination with arginine. Basal somatostatin secretion was similar in VMH and control rats but somatostatin secretion induced by theophylline and by arginine plus theophylline was significantly increased in VMH-lesioned rats. Both the pancreatic content and concentration of somatostatin were increased in VMH-lesioned rats. These results indicate the presence of hyperresponsiveness of A, B, and D cells following VMH destruction and provide new evidence for a role of the hypothalamus in the regulation of pancreatic somatostatin secretion.
Lymphoproliferative disorders after paediatric heart transplantation: a multi-institutional study

Summary Background Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders (PTLD) are an important cause of morbidity and mortality after organ transplantation. We sought to better define the prevalence, pathology, current therapeutic approaches, and outcomes of PTLD in a large group of children who had received heart transplants. Methods We assessed data on patients followed up at 19 centres in the Pediatric Heart Transplant Study (PHTS) from 1993 to 2002. Probability of freedom from PTLD was assessed along with details of presentation, pathology, treatment, and outcomes. Risk factors for survival and event-free survival were investigated. Findings Of 1184 primary transplant recipients, 56 (5%) developed PTLD. Probability of freedom from PTLD was 98% at 1 year, 94% at 3 years, and 92% at 5 years. Mean time to PTLD was 23·8 months. Most common sites of disease were gastrointestinal tract (n=22, 39%) and respiratory system (n=14, 25%). Histology was polymorphic in 35 (65%) and monomorphic in 19 (35%). 47 of 48 cases were of B-cell origin, 39 of 45 (87%) were Epstein-Barr virus positive. Probability of survival was 75% at 1 year, 68% at 3 years, and 67% at 5 years after diagnosis. Death from graft loss was as frequent as death from PTLD. Interpretation About 5% of paediatric heart-transplant recipients develop PTLD, almost always of B-cell lineage and driven by Epstein-Barr virus. Although many achieve satisfactory outcomes, mortality remains substantial with death due to progressive disease and allograft loss. Advances in management should focus on strategies to protect the allograft as well as improved therapies for PTLD.
The severely mentally Ill in General Hospital psychiatric units

Analysis of data from the NIMH Survey of Discharges from Non-Federal General Hospitals found that severely mentally ill patients (those with schizophrenia, other psychoses, paranoia, and major affective disorders) became an increasingly larger proportion of general hospital discharges between 1970 and 1980, with more change observed between 1975 and 1980. This seems to confirm that general hospital care is replacing at least some of the care previously provided in State mental hospitals. There has been an increase in beds in nongovernment-owned general hospitals and a decrease in beds in state hospitals. In addition, while discharge referrals from government general hospitals for severe patients were made predominantly to state hospitals in 1970, in 1980 this was rarely the case.
Self-assembled chitin nanofiber templates for artificial neural networks

Self-assembled chitin nanofibers were applied as a biomimetic extracellular matrix for the attachment of primary neuronsin vitro. Chitin nanofiber surfaces were deacetylated to form 4 nm and 12 nm diameter chitosan nanofibers that were coupled with poly-D-lysine (PDL) to examine combinatory effects and structurally analyzed by atomic force microscopy. The chitosan substrates were then employed for mouse cortical neuron cultures to examine their capabilities to support cell attachment, neurite coverage and survival. The 4 nm chitosan nanofibers improved single cortical neuron attachment compared to the 12 nm chitosan fibers and bare glass substrates, illustrating the improved adhesive properties of the surface. Importantly, the 4 nm chitosan nanofibers with PDL supported 37.9% neuron viability compared to only 13.5% on traditional PDL surfaces after a 7-day culture period, illustrating significantly improved long-term cell viability. The nanofibrillar chitosan surface could provide an alternative substrate for in vitroprimary neuron cultures to serve as artificial neural networks for diagnostics and therapeutics.
The Perceptions of Ethical and Sustainable Leadership

Sustainable and ethical leadership in the financial industry expand in importance since the financial crisis of 2007–2009. This research examined the level of sustainable and ethical leadership of leaders in mortgage loan originator (MLO) organizations, as perceived by loan originators. The Perceived Leadership Survey (PLIS) developed by Craig and Gustafson (Leadersh Q 9(2):127–145, 1998) and the Sustainable Leadership Questionnaire (SLQ) developed by McCann and Holt (Int J Sustain Strat Manage 2(2):204–210, 2011) were utilized for this research. The survey results yielded high levels of both ethical and sustainable leadership. Employees also felt their leadership was encouraging ethical and sustainable behavior. However, correlations between the PLIS and SLQ did not prove to be dependent or closely correlated.
Technical note: Tree truthing: How accurate are substrate estimates in primate field studies?†

Field studies of primate positional behavior typically rely on ground-level estimates of substrate size, angle, and canopy location. These estimates potentially influence the identification of positional modes by the observer recording behaviors. In this study we aim to test ground-level estimates against direct measurements of support angles, diameters, and canopy heights in trees at La Suerte Biological Research Station in Costa Rica. After reviewing methods that have been used by past researchers, we provide data collected within trees that are compared to estimates obtained from the ground. We climbed five trees and measured 20 supports. Four observers collected measurements of each support from different locations on the ground. Diameter estimates varied from the direct tree measures by 0–28 cm (Mean: 5.44 ± 4.55). Substrate angles varied by 1–55° (Mean: 14.76 ± 14.02). Height in the tree was best estimated using a clinometer as estimates with a two-meter reference placed by the tree varied by 3–11 meters (Mean: 5.31 ± 2.44). We determined that the best support size estimates were those generated relative to the size of the focal animal and divided into broader categories. Support angles were best estimated in 5° increments and then checked using a Haglof clinometer in combination with a laser pointer. We conclude that three major factors should be addressed when estimating support features: observer error (e.g., experience and distance from the target), support deformity, and how support size and angle influence the positional mode selected by a primate individual. individual. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Meeting Report: Soft-X-ray Photon-in and Photon-out Spectroscopy: New Frontier

Advanced photon-in and photon-out soft-X-ray spectroscopy is emerging as a powerful new experimental tool in areas ranging from atomic and molecular physics to materials, molecular environmental, a...
Geometric optimization in presence of contact singularities

The stress singularity of a sharp wedge contacting a frictionless half plane can be avoided by changing the wedge shape. Shape optimization is accomplished with the geometric strain method (GSM), an optimality criterion method. Several numerical examples are provided for different materials in the wedge and half plane to avoid stress singularity near the sharp corner of the wedge. Optimum wedge shapes are obtained and critical corner angles are compared with the angles from analytical contact mechanics. Numerical results are well matched to analytical and experimental results. It is shown that shape optimization by GSM is a useful tool to reshape the wedge and to avoid a stress singularity. The method applies to more general geometries where the singular behavior would be difficult to avoid by classical means. V ID] [E] f [K] NE ne P PG P
A comparison of structural and electronic characteristics among subphthalocyanine and phthalocyanine complexes

Abstract Molecular orbital calculations are used to analyze factors that lead to structural differences among a series of four subphthalocyanine and two phthalocyanine complexes. The effects of changing the central atom from boron to aluminum and from carbon to silicon are elucidated for the corresponding subphthalocyanine complexes. In addition, carbon and silicon phthalocyanine complexes are compared. Results of the calculations suggest that the complexes assume a concave or planar conformation depending on the relative size of the central atom and the cavity, irrespective of electronic factors. The nature of the bonding between the central atom and the subphthalocyanine macrocycle is also investigated.