cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Privacy Preservation Using Multiple Mix Zones

In this chapter, we investigate the optimal multiple mix zones placement problem for location privacy preservation. We model the area covered by location-based services as a graph, where all vertices (POIs) are considered as candidates for mix zone deployment. In order to protect mobile users from side information based inferential attacks, we propose to use pairwise vertex association to characterize the linkability of the POIs along a user’s trajectory on the map. To achieve maximum privacy preservation, we formulate the optimization problem with the objective of maximizing the overall discontinuity of all possible trajectories on the road network and subject to deployment cost, traffic density, and differentiated privacy priority constraints. For each road segment and intersection, the traffic density effect in terms of entropy is also taken into account. We design three heuristic algorithms corresponding to different traffic scenarios and privacy preservation levels as practical and efficient solutions to the NP-hard optimization problem. Through extensive simulations based on realistic mobile user data traces, we demonstrate that our solution yields satisfactory performance in reducing the success rate of inferential attacks. The mathematical modeling and performance results presented in this chapter offer both theoretical and practical guidance to multiple mix zones placement in mobile networks for protecting users’ location privacy.
Node Structure and Training

In this chapter the basic node structure and node training algorithm used in the model are developed. In the current model, the basic node is a Threshold Logic Unit (TLU), or more specifically, a Linear Threshold Unit (LTU). The standard LTU is a thresholded linear equation that is used for the binary categorization of feature patterns. The primary learning process for a node is the perceptron training algorithm. Although neither the representation nor the training strategy is explicitly biological, an LTU is a standard (simplified) model of neural computation, and perceptron training is sufficiently similar to classical conditioning to be of interest. Possible neural mechanisms for perceptron training have been worked out to a considerable extent. Both the node representation and the training algorithm are sufficiently simple to permit a significant amount of analysis. Variations on the basic model are considered and possible extensions to deal with continuous input values are explored.
Sorption/Desorption of Organic Pollutants from Complex Mixtures: Modeling, Kinetics, Experimental Techniques and Transport Parameters

Sorption/desorption is one of the most important processes influencing movemement of organic pollutants in natural systems. Sorption with reference to a pollutant is its transfer from the aqueous phase to the solid phase; on the other hand, desorption is its transfer from the solid phase to the aqueous phase. Similar to all interphase mass-transfers, the sorption/desorption process can be defined by the final-phase equilibrium of the pollutant at the aqueous-solid phase interface and the time required to approach final equilibrium.
A systematic examination of ligand basicity effects on bonding in palladium(0)- and palladium(II)-ethylene complexes

Abstract The impact of ancillary ligand basicity on the binding and activation of ethylene in a series of [(L)Pd0(C2H4)] and [(L)PdII(C2H4)]2+ complexes (where L = substituted 1,10-phenanthroline ligands) has been studied with density functional theory using natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis, energy decomposition analysis (EDA-NOCV), and molecular orbital (MO) analysis. With palladium(0), metrics of ethylene C C bond activation are strongly correlated with increasing ligand basicity, including the C C bond length and vibrational frequency, the magnitude of Pd(0) → ethylene(π∗) NBO donation, and the Wiberg C C bond index. In contrast, ethylene(π) → Pd(0) donation is not strongly influenced by ligand basicity, which is manifested in strong correlations between Pd(0) → ethylene(π∗) donation and both C C bond length and ν(CC). EDA-NOCV results show that the [(L)Pd0]-(C2H4) interaction energy is dominated by Coulombic attraction and enhanced slightly with more electron-donating ligands. MO analysis demonstrates that a linear increase in the energy of the filled [(L)Pd0] HOMO with ligand pKa is directly correlated with the enhanced [(L)Pd0] → ethylene(π∗) donation. For the [(L)PdII(C2H4)]2+ adducts, C C bond lengthening and weakening is roughly half the amount observed with Pd0, with ligand substitution having a negligible impact. NBO analysis confirms that ethylene activation is dominated by ethylene(π) → PdII donation, which is enhanced with electron-withdrawing ligands while PdII → ethylene(π∗) donation decreases with less basic ligands. EDA-NOCV results show that the [(L)PdII]2+-(C2H4) interaction energy is also dominated by Coulombic attraction and is enhanced by more electron-withdrawing ligands, largely as a result of a concurrent increase in ethylene(π) → [(L)PdII]2+ stabilization and a decrease in Pauli repulsion. Finally, MO analysis indicates an electrophilic ethylene moiety due to substantial stabilization of both the alkene π- and π∗-orbitals through interaction with the [(L)PdII]2+ fragment.
Liver repair and regeneration after ischemia-reperfusion injury is associated with prolonged fibrosis.

This study is the first to assess pathology of liver fibrosis during the reparative process after ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. Here we show that profibrotic gene expression increased in the l...
Impact of weekend admission on hospital length of stay and organ failure in pediatric leukemia patients at free-standing U.S. children’s hospitals.

6598 Background: In adult leukemia patients, weekend admission is associated with increased inpatient mortality. We used a U.S. cohort of pediatric leukemia patients to evaluate the impact of weeke...
IMPROVEMENT OF GUARANTEES FOR THE SUPPORT OF the RIGHTS of MINORs IN CRIMINAL PROCEDURES BY IMPLEMENTing the IDEAS OF JUVENILE JUSTICE: LEGAL ASPECTS

Russia's accession to the Council of Europe and the signing of relevant international agreements contributed to the development of regulations on the rights of a child and branching juvenile law in the Russian legal system. Meanwhile, it should be pointed out that processes of legal regulation in the field of the formation of the legislative basis of juvenile law are in some way incomplete, which is the result of the imperfection of the existing legal acts affecting the rights and interests of minors. The issue of the expediency of creating juvenile justice in Russia is being discussed for a long time in the legal papers and at the legislative level. The provision on the formation of juvenile justice was included in the 1991 Concept of Judicial Reform in the Russian Federation. Later, different authors worked out several draft Laws on Juvenile Justice. At parliamentary hearings in the State Duma, the prospects of creating juvenile courts in the system of courts of general jurisdiction were considered. Meanwhile, such close attention to the indicated problem does not have a significant impact on the increasing child and adolescent crime in the country. The plurality of the above-mentioned legal problems and their multifaceted nature necessitate improvement of justice in relation to minors. This raises a number of theoretical, legal, practical and ethical issues that require studying and adopting relevant decisions at the legislative level. Therefore, studies that allow analyzing the current Russian criminal procedure legislation from the point of view of the possibility of functioning of juvenile justice on its basis relying on international legal standards are really urgent. The criminal procedure legislation in the Russian Federation as a whole is focused on continuous improvement in the context of ensuring the maximum number of procedural guarantees of the legality of criminal proceedings, as well as observance of human rights with the application of their minimum restrictions, including in relation to such category of persons involved in criminal proceedings as minors. In this article, the authors consider the institution of juvenile justice as an additional guarantee of securing the rights of minors in criminal proceedings in Russia, propose the ways to address current and debatable aspects of this problem. The paper analyzes the current criminal procedural legislation, decisions of the Plenums of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation as well as the judgements of the courts in specific cases concerning the problems of the study. In the study of individual topics of the issue, scientific literature as well as statistical data have been used. The conclusions and proposals made in the work are aimed at improving the current legislation of the Russian Federation and law enforcement practice, and can also be used in the educational process.
Comparing Adaptive Prior and Posterior Inflation for Ensemble Filters Using an Atmospheric General Circulation Model

AbstractSampling errors and model errors are major drawbacks from which ensemble Kalman filters suffer. Sampling errors arise because of the use of a limited ensemble size, while model errors are d...
Durability of Portland-limestone cement-based materials to physical salt attack

Abstract Because salt solution ingress is governed by permeability and diffusivity and because salt crystallization pressure is directly related to pore size, changes in cement composition and hydrated microstructure may influence the durability of cement-based materials in salt-laden environments in complex ways. Here, performance of portland limestone cement (PLC) and ordinary portland cement (OPC) mortars exposed to sodium sulfate and calcium nitrate salt solutions was assessed, relative to their pore structure and sorptivity. At high w/b (0.60), increased salt crystallization damage was observed in the PLC mortar and was linked to its refined pore structure. At low w/b (0.40) performance was similar and was attributed to higher tensile strength and the inability of the salts to penetrate smaller pores. These results show that a w/b of 0.40 should provide adequate protection from capillary rise and evaporation-induced salt crystallization in both PLC and OPC mortar, but that at higher w/b differences in performance are possible.
A two-dimensional logic for diagonalization and the a priori

Two-dimensional semantics, which can represent the distinction between a priority and (one kind of) necessity, has wielded considerable influence in the philosophy of language. In this paper, I axiomatize the dagger ($$\dagger $$) operator of Stalnaker’s “Assertion” (1978) in the formal context of two-dimensional modal logic. The language contains modalities of actuality, necessity, and a priority, but is also able to represent diagonalization, a conceptually important operation in a variety of contexts, including models of the relative a priori and a posteriori often appealed to Bayesian and Gricean contexts. Finally, I sketch the prospects for extending this two-dimensional upgrade to other kinds of modal logics for natural language.
High-order Strictly Local Swarms

In physical realizations of Swarms, the interactions are restricted to short range in order to avoid time-delays and complexity of connections. However, short-range interactions restrict the Swarm to low-order equations. In order to take full advantage of the possibility of producing patterns generated by higher order differential equations while maintaining physical locality of interaction, and hence guarantee no communication time delays, we have recast the model so that only nearest neighbor interactions are considered. The tradeoff is that each Swarm unit updates n variables (a multi-channel process) where n is the order of the differential equation. We show by simulation and experiments on systems of microprocessors that the multi-channel algorithm converges and that the rate of convergence is not slower than for the standard Swarm algorithm. Hence, strictly local high-order Swarms appear to be practically realizable.
Comprehensive Read Margin and BER Analysis of One Selector-One Memristor Crossbar Array Considering Thermal Noise of Memristor With Noise-Aware Device Model

It can never be overemphasized the importance of understanding noise in electronics. However, it has not been deeply considered in memristor-based circuits and systems, while there have been tons of efforts to utilize the memristors to improve the present computing system. This article presents comprehensive read margin and bit-error-rate (BER) analyses, where the noise contributions from the memristor and selector devices are fully considered. The analyses provide an accurate BER estimation of a huge crossbar array (CBA) based on a I-V measurement of a single device, which considerably accelerates the engineering time for device and system by eliminating full-array level noise simulations from the iteration loop. Generic noise-aware device models of memristor and selector are also proposed in this paper, and the validity of the analyses is verified from CBA based on the device models.
Characterization of UMi028-A-1 stem cell line that contains a CRISPR/Cas9 induced hearing loss-associated variant (V60L (c.178G > T)) in the P2RX2 gene.

Abstract UMi028-A-1 hiPSC line contains a CRISPR/Cas9-induced heterozygous, hearing loss-associated variant (V60L (GTA > TTA)) in the Purinergic Receptor P2X2 (P2RX2) gene. This line, derived from an unaffected male iPSC line, has been successfully characterized for its cellular and genetic properties. The c.178G > T variant in P2RX2 is associated with non-syndromic, dominant, progressive hearing loss. Once differentiated into inner ear cell types, UMi028-A-1 will serve as a resource for understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying hearing loss and serve as a potential platform for testing therapeutic approaches to restore inner ear function.
Amendment and Soil Type Controls Water-Soluble Phosphorus Recovery from Manure

A laboratory incubation study was conducted for 35 days to determine the water-soluble phosphorus (WSP) recovery from manure treated soils as influenced by four amendments, spent lime, gypsum, leon...
What’s the use?: on the uses of use, by Sara Ahmed, North Carolina, Duke University Press, 2019: by Sara Ahmed, North Carolina, Duke University Press, 2019, xiii + 281 pp., US$26.95 (paperback), ISBN: 978-1-4780-0650-3

‘Use’ is a sturdy, indispensable, and yet underappreciated word. In What’s the Use?: On the Uses of Use, Sara Ahmed offers an optimistic reading of how use can be recuperated to reveal the voice of...
A Series of Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Flexor Tenosynovitis Infections and Cost of Treatment

Background Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are rare but potentially devastating causes of musculoskeletal infection and impairment in immunocompetent patients. Purpose Given the sparse body of literature surrounding these infections, we describe a series of patients with and the cost of treatment of upper extremity NTM infections. Patients and Methods In a retrospective review of seven patients with NTM infections of the upper extremity treated at a university hospital from 2010 to 2019, we assessed patient demographics, exposures, infection characteristics, management course, outcomes, and costs of treatment. Results Insidious pain and swelling were the most common clinical manifestation of infection. Despite coupled surgical and medical management, recurrence was common. Two patients required amputation, and three others had lasting functional deficits. The most common pathogen was Mycobacterium avium complex (5 of 7). The estimated median charge related to management was $85,126 with a range from $8,361 to $1,66,229. Conclusions The treatment of NTM infections is complex and expensive. Diagnosis is usually delayed, which further complicates the management of these patients who often suffer from lasting debilitation. Due to its potentially devastating course, NTM infection should be considered and tested for whenever flexor tenosynovitis is suspected. Regardless of initial presentation, our experience suggests that a protocol of serial surgical debridement immediately after tissue diagnosis is necessary for optimal outcomes. Furthermore, NTM infections require collaboration with infectious disease colleagues to guide antimicrobial regimens based on susceptibility testing and therapeutic drug monitoring for the recommended 6 to 12 months of therapy after the final operative debridement. Level of Evidence This is a Level IV, case series study.
Genomics of Plant Gene Banks: Prospects for Managing and Delivering Diversity in the Digital Age

Gene bank collections are at a pivotal point in their history. We review their development and explain how their role is changing with new technologies in computation and analytics and the widespread application of whole genome sequencing for characterizing genetic diversity. Development of genomics technologies is likely to significantly alter the way we search for, use, and valorize plant genetic resources (PGR) in the future. The prospect of searching for alleles of agronomic importance is not far off. We review genomics/ sequencing approaches used to catalog genomic variation and their analytical methods useful in describing diversity in PGR. Importantly, we review how population genomics approaches can be used to characterize diverse collection accessions and the way in which genomic data can help provide information on identity, integrity, and population history for samples maintained in gene banks. We explore sampling approaches used to capture variation within and among accessions. We review case studies of diverse crop systems that provide important examples of how genomic data can be used to both provide critical information for agronomic variation for breeders and provide characterization information integral to managing this diversity. Lastly, we describe how gene banks can be positioned more centrally in the ecosystem of breeding and gene discovery projects acting both as a resource of genetic diversity and a consumer data describing of functional variation. These trends are likely to transform gene banks from merely germplasm service providers to interactive biodiversity informatics research centers.
Methylation of the serotonin transporter gene moderates the depressive subjective effect of cocaine.

Abstract Genetic variation in the serotonin transporter (SLC6A4) has been shown to moderate the acute subjective effects of cocaine. Methylation of the SLC6A4 gene is associated with decreased transcription of the serotonin transporter, leading to increased serotonin in the synapse. In this study, methylation of the SLC6A4 gene was investigated in the moderation of the subjective effects of cocaine. Non-treatment-seeking cocaine-dependent individuals (N = 53) were intravenously administered cocaine (40 mg) and saline in a randomized order. The subjective effects of cocaine were self-reported using a visual analog scale starting prior to the administration of cocaine (−15 min) or saline and up to 20 min after infusion. Participants were evaluated for methylation of the SLC6A4 promoter region and 5-HTTLPR genotype. A series of ANCOVAs for SLC6A4 methylation (high/low) were run for each of ten subjective and three cardiovascular effects controlling for age, sex [utilizing the sex-determining region Y protein (SRY)], and population structure (determined from ancestry informative markers and STRUCTURE software). Participants with SLC6A4 hypermethylation reported greater subjective response to cocaine for ‘depressed’ relative to participants with SLC6A4 hypomethylation (experiment-wise p =.002). These findings indicate that SLC6A4 methylation moderates the ‘depressed’ subjective effect of cocaine in non-treatment-seeking cocaine-dependent participants.
Dynamic and static fatigue of a machinable glass ceramic

The dynamic and static fatigue behavior of a machinable glass ceramic was investigated to assess its susceptibility to stress corrosion-induced delayed failure. Fracture mechanics techniques were used to analyze the results so that lifetime predictions for components of this material could be made. The resistance to subcritical crack growth of this material was concluded to be only moderate and was found to be dependent on the size of its microstructure.
Synthesis through Unification

Given a specification and a set of candidate programs (program space), the program synthesis problem is to find a candidate program that satisfies the specification. We present the synthesis through unification (STUN) approach, which is an extension of the counter-example guided inductive synthesis (CEGIS) approach. In CEGIS, the synthesizer maintains a subset S of inputs and a candidate program \(\mathtt {Prog}\) that is correct for S. The synthesizer repeatedly checks if there exists a counterexample input c such that the execution of \(\mathtt {Prog}\) is incorrect on c. If so, the synthesizer enlarges S to include c, and picks a program from the program space that is correct for the new set S.
Multi-sited governance of large-scale land acquisitions: mapping and evaluating the terrain.

Recent spikes in commodity prices, the growing appetite for primary commodities among emerging economies, growing interest in biofuels and speculations over future returns to land and its products have led to a renewed interest in farmland in the global South. With highly publicized risks and polarized “win-lose” narratives, so-called “land grabbing” has become an important focus of transnational governance activity. In juxtaposition to those seeing large-scale land acquisitions as inherently risky or undesirable, some argue for the potential opportunities they engender—provided risks can be mitigated through improved governance. This paper explores this argument through a systematic analysis of the formal features of the multi-sited governance mechanisms in place to guide agricultural investment and govern its social and environmental effects. The intent is not to discount the importance of informal norms and practices or the so-called “lived experience of governance,” nor the argument that such land acquisitions are inherently flawed irrespective of the “discipline imposed on them.” Rather, the paper aims to explore the merits of the arguments advanced by the pro-investment camp, and to explore the extent to which the emerging global governance architecture is set up to deliver on the purported benefits of large-scale agricultural investment. Results suggest that serious weaknesses in the substantive scope, reach and/or implementation mechanisms in all of the reviewed governance mechanisms pose a serious risk to the likely effectiveness of the emerging governance architecture in minimizing risks and leveraging benefits. Addressing these weaknesses is an obvious first step for bolstering the credibility of those advocating that governance is the solution.
Sex Differences: Summarizing More than a Century of Scientific Research

In this volume, Ellis et al. have compiled a massive com-pendiumofcitationsforreportedsexdifferences.Referencescited are located on a compact disc that accompanies thebook. Ellis et al. placed few constraints on the research theyreport, including human and nonhuman animal studies, aswell as all age groups. Approximately 18,000 studies arecited,someofwhichreportmorethanonesexdifference,fora total of about 30,000 citations. These are condensed into1,920 tables, organized with the intent of updating as newstudies are published.Tables are divided into rows by the direction of the sexdifference, or no signiﬁcant difference, and into columns byage:‘‘infant’’(inhumans,
The Incorporation of Added Metal Atoms into Structures of Reaction Intermediates on Catalytic Metal Surfaces

In this chapter, we review the dynamic nature of catalytic metal surfaces and the effects of metal incorporation into surface reaction intermediates on their reactivity. Scanning tunneling microscopy allows the direct observation of surface reconstruction and dynamic reorganization of surfaces during adsorption, desorption, and surface reaction, and therefore, provides a powerful tool to relate the surface structures of adsorbed layers to reactivity when combined with quantitative temperature-programmed reaction spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and other tools. The incorporation of added metal atoms to the structure of adsorbates and reaction intermediates is a general surface phenomenon not restricted to more open, higher free energy single crystal planes, but also occurring on close-packed surfaces of low free energy. Metal atom incorporation into the surface oxide appears to be a guide to the possibility of incorporation of metal atoms into the structure of other intermediates. Added metal atoms can stabilize the structures of reaction intermediates and play an important role in their surface reactions. These observations dictate that the participation of added metal atoms be considered as a paradigm in metal catalyzed reactions, significantly affecting the theoretical treatment of these processes.
Parental race as symbolic and social capital: teacher evaluations of part-white biracial and monoracial minority students

As the number of biracial individuals in the US continues to grow, so does research focused on them. While some of this literature examines how biracials fare on a host of social outcomes, little research examines whether part-white biracials are able to use their whiteness as a resource to gain additional resources or rewards. This research seeks to close this gap. Using data from the 1st grade wave of the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study-Kindergarten-Class (ECLS-K), I examine whether the parental involvement of white mothers of black/white and Hispanic/white biracial students leads to higher teacher ratings for these children compared to their monoracial minority counterparts. I find the involvement of white mothers results in higher teacher ratings for part-white biracial children, but only when the teacher is white. I conclude that whiteness serves as a symbolic and social capital resource that enhances biracial educational outcomes when it is invoked.
Africa's Ogun: Old World and New

Africa's Ogun: Old World and New. Second edition. Sandra T. Barnes. ed. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1997. 390 pp.
MANAGERS' TACTICS OF INFLUENCE: PERCEPTIONS OF REGULAR AND TEMPORARY EMPLOYEES

The paper concerns managers' perceived influence tactics with regular and temporary employees. 156 subordinates completed the Behavioral Alteration Techniques Scale. Mean ratings of managers' use of tactics of influence with regular employees were significantly higher than those with temporary employees on 9 of the 22 measured techniques.
The hypothalamic distribution of the stria terminalis in the rat

Despite numerous painstaking studies of normal brain material, and a considerable amount of experimental work by the use of anterograde degeneration methods, the hypothalamic distribution of the stria terminalis has remained a controversial subject. In their fundamental descriptive studies, Johnston18, Berkelbach van der Sprenkel3, Gurdjian12, Humphrey16 and others could identify two major contingents of amygdalo-hypothalamic stria fibers (Johnston’s fourth and second subdivisions, synonymous with, respectively, the precommissural or supracommissural, and preoptic or postcommissural stria components of later workers), but the generally small fiber caliber precluded an accurate tracing of these fiber groups through the intricate hypothalamic fiber plexus. Even Cajal’s5 Golgi studies led no farther than the statement (Vol. II, p. 723) that the stria (‘voie de projection de l’ecorce temporale’) distributes itself to the ventral hypothalamic region (‘region sous-thalamique la plus inferieure’) where its axons ramify in the suprachiasmatic region in an elongated cell territory ventral and caudal to the anterior commissure, the ‘noyau interstitiel de la voie de projection de l’ecorce temporale’. Elsewhere (Vol. II, p. 479), Cajal suggests the ‘noyaux superieur ou posterieur du tuber’ (probably the dorsomedial nucleus and the ventral premammillary nucleus) as likely sites of stria fiber termination.
Synthesis of high specific activity R-and S- warfarin-3H

4-Hydroxy-3-[3-oxo-1-(3-bromophenyl)butyl]-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one (3′ -bromowarfarin) was synthesized and resolved into its enantiomers by formation of the d-10-camphorsulfonate diastereoisomers, which were separated by liquid chromatography and hydrolyzed. The pure enantiomers were reduced with tritium gas to yield R- and S-4-hydroxy-3-[3-oxo-1-(phenyl-3-3H)butyl]-2H-l- benzopyran-2-one (R- and S-warfarin-3′-3H) of specific activity 31.2 and 24.9 Ci/mmole, respectively. The compounds have been used to develop a stereoselective radioimmunoassay for warfarin enantiomers.
An Activity for Demonstrating the Concept of a Neural Circuit.

College students in two sections of a general psychology course participated in a demonstration of a simple neural circuit. The activity was based on a neural circuit that Jeffress proposed for loc...
Should hypogonadal men who are suboptimally responsive to testosterone gel switch to another gel preparation

Should hypogonadal men who are suboptimally responsive to testosterone gel switch to another gel preparation?
Glycosylated polypeptides of soybean root endomembranes

Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, plasma membrane and mitochondria vesicles were isolated from the roots of four-day-old dark-grown soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr. cv. Wells II] seedlings and characterized by marker enzyme analyses. Glycoproteins of enriched membrane fractions were identified by concanavalin A (con A)-peroxidase staining of polypeptides separated by two-dimensional IEF-SDS-PAGE and transferred to nitrocellulose.
Real-Time Power Management of Integrated Power Systems in All Electric Ships Leveraging Multi Time Scale Property

All-electric ships (AES), enabled by integrated power systems (IPS), have been pursued for both commercial and military applications to meet the increasing ship-board power demand and environmental sustainability initiatives. They necessitate real-time power management (PM) for dynamic reconfiguration to support system critical operations in the event of dynamic load change or IPS component failures. The nonlinear, large scale trajectory optimization problem associated with IPS, along with the non-analytical nature of IPS model, makes many existing methods inadequate in meeting the real-time requirements. In this paper, we develop a methodology that exploits time scale separation, a characteristic associated with IPS dynamics, to achieve real-time optimization. In parallel, a dynamic model of the IPS with gas turbine and fuel cell as power plants is developed that captures the relevant dynamics but is simple enough for real-time optimization. The tradeoffs between the computational efficiency and optimization accuracy are analyzed. The optimization results for IPS PM on a real-time simulator are reported, which illustrate the real-time feasibility of the proposed optimization strategy.
The euro–dollar exchange rate defies prediction

Abstract The paper reviews the diverging views held across the Atlantic on the prospects of creating the euro before its creation and on the prospects of its success afterwards. The paper then goes on to show that the euro-dollar exchange rate generally defied prediction. The reason is to be found in the inability of the modeling exercise to consider all the fundamental forces at work and the fact that news and other unexpected events have been practically impossible to model precisely.
Simulating extreme-mass-ratio systems in full general relativity

We introduce a new method for numerically evolving the full Einstein field equations in situations where the spacetime is dominated by a known background solution. The technique leverages the knowledge of the background solution to subtract off its contribution to the truncation error, thereby more efficiently achieving a desired level of accuracy. We demonstrate the method by applying it to the radial infall of a solar-type star into supermassive black holes with mass ratios $\ensuremath{\ge}{10}^{6}$. The self-gravity of the star is thus consistently modeled within the context of general relativity, and the star's interaction with the black hole computed with moderate computational cost, despite the over five orders of magnitude difference in gravitational potential (as defined by the ratio of mass to radius). We compute the tidal deformation of the star during infall, and the gravitational wave emission, finding the latter is close to the prediction of the point-particle limit.
The Content and Organization of Communication about Object Locations

Abstract Four experiments investigated how the communication task and the structure of the environment influence the content and organization of messages about object locations. Subjects placed objects in a multi-level space and later wrote down messages about the object locations. In Experiments 1 and 2, subjects treated the tasks of giving directions about how to find the objects and describing where the objects were differently. Hierarchically organized directions usually started with the most general spatial unit, but descriptions usually started with the most specific spatial unit. Experiments 3 and 4 examined how the spatial relation between the object and the small and large landmarks influenced the order in which landmarks were mentioned. Subjects almost always mentioned large landmarks before small landmarks when the object was on the large landmark and next to the small landmark. In contrast, subjects mentioned large landmarks before small landmarks only about half of the time when the object was on the large landmark and in, on, or underneath the small landmark. Together, the communication task and the organization of landmarks determined the extent to which spatial messages were hierarchically organized. Findings are discussed in terms of what they tell us about the pragmatics of spatial communication and conceptual biases in coding object locations.
Differential Expression of the Arabidopsis Nia1 and Nia2 Genes : Cytokinin-Induced Nitrate Reductase Activity Is Correlated With Increased Nia1 Transcription and mRNA Levels

Nitrate reductase (NR) activity increased up to 14-fold in response to treatment of Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings with the cytokinin benzyladenine. NR induction was observed in seedlings germinated directly on cytokinin-containing medium, seedlings transferred to cytokinin medium, and seedlings grown in soil in which cytokinin was applied directly to the leaves. About the same level of induction was seen in both wild-type and Nia2-deletion mutants, indicating that increased NR activity is related to the expression of the minor NR gene, Nia1. The steady-state Nia1 mRNA level was increased severalfold in both wild-type and mutant seedlings after benzyladenine treatment. Transcript levels of the Nia2 gene, which is responsible for 90% of the NR activity in developing wild-type seedlings, did not show any changes upon cytokinin treatment. Nuclear run-on assays demonstrated that Nia1 gene transcription increased dramatically after cytokinin treatment.
Myth, history and language in the Andes

The Language of the Inka since the European Invasion. By BRUCE MANNHEIM. Foreword by Paul Friedrich. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1991. Pp. xvii, 326. El retorno de las huacas. Estudios y documentos sobre el Taki Onqoy. Siglo XVI. Edited by LUIS MILLONES. Lima: Instituto de Estudios Peruanos and Sociedad Peruana de Psicoanalisis, 1990. Pp. 450. The Huarochiri Manuscript: A Testament of Ancient and Colonial Andean Religion. Translation from the Quechua by FRANK SALOMON and GEORGE L. URIOSTE. Annotations and introductory essay by FRANK SALOMON. Transcription by GEORGE L. URIOSTE. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1991. Pp. ix, 273. 500 anos de mestizaje en los Andes (Senri Ethnological Studies no. 33). Edited by HIROYASO TOMOEDA and LUIS MILLONES. Osaka: Museo Nacional de Etnologia, 1992. Pp. 189. The History of a Myth: Pacaritambo and the Origins of the Inkas. By GARY URTON. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1990. Pp. x, 172.
COMPETITIVE EXCLUSION AMONG THREE PLANKTONIC BLUE-GREEN ALGAL SPECIES1,2

SUMMARY Although domination of 1 species in an algal community has often been attributed to toxic effects, nutrient exhaustion can also lead to competitive exclusion among algal species. The bacteria-associated blue-green algae Microcystis aeruginosa, Nostoc muscorum, and Phormidium foveolarum were cultivated in Zehnder-Gorham's medium No. 11 individually and in their combinations. The growth rates of Microcystis and of Nostoc were reduced by the presence of Phormidium. This detrimental effect was apparently not due to formation of any toxic or allelopathic matter. It was caused by the reduction of iron and trace metal concentrations in the medium by Phormidium to levels too low for normal growth of Microcystis and Nostoc. Work with the axenic forms of the 3 algal species also indicated a lowering of iron and trace element concentrations by Phormidium to levels not sufficient for sustained growth of Microcystis and Nostoc. Thus, bacteria played no significant role in this example of competitive exclusion.
Structures of BmrR-Drug Complexes Reveal a Rigid Multidrug Binding Pocket and Transcription Activation through Tyrosine Expulsion

BmrR is a member of the MerR family and a multidrug binding transcription factor that up-regulates the expression of the bmr multidrug efflux transporter gene in response to myriad lipophilic cationic compounds. The structural mechanism by which BmrR binds these chemically and structurally different drugs and subsequently activates transcription is poorly understood. Here, we describe the crystal structures of BmrR bound to rhodamine 6G (R6G) or berberine (Ber) and cognate DNA. These structures reveal each drug stacks against multiple aromatic residues with their positive charges most proximal to the carboxylate group of Glu-253 and that, unlike other multidrug binding pockets, that of BmrR is rigid. Substitution of Glu-253 with either alanine (E253A) or glutamine (E253Q) results in unpredictable binding affinities for R6G, Ber, and tetraphenylphosphonium. Moreover, these drug binding studies reveal that the negative charge of Glu-253 is not important for high affinity binding to Ber and tetraphenylphosphonium but plays a more significant, but unpredictable, role in R6G binding. In vitro transcription data show that E253A and E253Q are constitutively active, and structures of the drug-free E253A-DNA and E253Q-DNA complexes support a transcription activation mechanism requiring the expulsion of Tyr-152 from the multidrug binding pocket. In sum, these data delineate the mechanism by which BmrR binds lipophilic, monovalent cationic compounds and suggest the importance of the redundant negative electrostatic nature of this rigid drug binding pocket that can be used to discriminate against molecules that are not substrates of the Bmr multidrug efflux pump.
Single shot dual energy reverse geometry X-radiography

Abstract Reverse Geometry X-radiography (RGX) 1 imaging uses a unique configuration of X-ray source, object, and X-ray detector to produce nearly scatter-free high-resolution digital images. With the system produced by Digiray, one can obtain a resolution of over 71p/mm with an acquisition time of 1 s for a 1024 × 1024 resolution scan covering a 25 cm diameter area. The simplicity of the detector required for imaging allows more advanced radiographic imaging techniques to be easily and inexpensively employed such as dual energy imaging.
Wide-line NMR study of silicon-nitrogen compounds☆

Abstract (Me3Si)2NSi(Me)NCl3−N (N = 0, 1, 2, 2, 3), (Me3Si)2NH, [(Me)2ClSi]2NH, and [(Me)2ClSiNSiMe2]2 were studied by wide line NMR over the temperature range 77–300°K. The experimental line widths and second moments were calculated from the NMR absorption spectra. Theoretical line shapes and second moments were calculated for various motions to determine the actual inter-molecular and intra-molecular motions present. In particular, rotation of MeNCl3−NSi (N = 1, 2, 3) groups about the SiN bond was studied. Powder X-rays were taken for the five crystalline compounds over the same temperature range to study possible phase changes. Activation energies were calculated for the various motions found to be present, and an attempt was made to correlate the barriers to rotation of the MeNCl3−NSi- groups about their SiN bond with changes in the symmetry of dπ-pπ bonding about the SiN bond. However, it was not possible to show any definite correlation and the differences in the barriers were best explained by differences in the intermolecular barriers.
Cynicism: A factor in corrections work

Abstract Cynicism has long been known to be a characteristic in police work. A research study was undertaken to determine levels of cynicism commonly found among corrections workers. A twenty-question cynicism test, based on the one used by Niederhoffer in his study of New York City police officers, was used, but it was modified to fit the correctional setting. Results indicated a moderately high level of operating cynicism in corrections officers, especially in those who work in “treatment” institutions.
Bile acid biotransformation rates of selected gram-positive and gram-negative intestinal anaerobic bacteria

Abstract Treatment of whole cell suspensions of Eubacterium aerofaciens and Bacteroides fragilis with lysozyme resulted in a marked increase (>100-fold) in the rates of biotransformation of cholate to 7-ketodeoxycholate (7-KD) in the former but only a 2-fold increase in the latter bacterium. In B. fragilis the total activity of both NAD-dependent 7-α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (7-α-OHSDH) and bile salt hydrolase (BSH) increase markedly during the stationary growth phase. Both enzymes were found in the spheroplast lysate and the Triton-soluble washed membrane fractions but only BSH was found in the spheroplast medium.
The time-based word length effect and stimulus set specificity.

The word length effect is the finding that short items are remembered better than long items on immediate serial recall tests. The time-based word length effect refers to this finding when the lists comprise items that vary only in pronunciation time. Three experiments compared recall of three different sets of disyllabic words that differed systematically only in spoken duration. One set showed a word length effect, one set showed no effect of word length, and the third showed a reverse word length effect, with long words recalled better than short. A new fourth set of words was created, and it also failed to yield a time-based word length effect. Because all four experiments used the same methodology and varied only the stimulus sets, it is argued that the time-based word length effect is not robust and as such poses problems for models based on the phonological loop.
Lower extremity stiffness: implications for performance and injury.

Abstract Background. Lower extremity stiffness is thought to be an important factor in musculoskeletal performance. However, too little or too much stiffness is believed to increase the risk of musculoskeletal injury. Purpose. To provide a current update of the lower extremity stiffness literature as it pertains to both performance and injury. Summary. It appears that increased stiffness is beneficial to performance. As well it appears that there may be an optimal amount of stiffness that allows for injury-free performance. There is some evidence that increased stiffness may be related to bony injuries and decreased stiffness may be associated with soft tissue injuries. Further investigations should evaluate the relationship between stiffness and injury prospectively. Initial reports suggest that stiffness can be modified in response to the external environment or verbal cues. Relevance. A greater understanding of the role of stiffness in both performance and injury will provide a stronger foundation for the development of optimal training intervention programs.
Modeling ground slate knife production and implications for the study of household labor contributions to salmon fishing on the Pacific Northwest Coast

Abstract Despite longstanding anthropological concerns with the origins of intensive delayed-return subsistence economies and the timing of the development of increasingly complex political systems on the Northwest Coast, the use and production of slate knives—one of the most archaeologically visible tools used to process seasonally available salmon—has received little attention in the archaeological literature. This can be attributed, in part, to the persistence of artifact typologies that have failed to generate behavioral implications for variability in slate artifact assemblages. In this article, I use data derived from ethnographic, experimental, and actualistic research to develop an approach to the classification of slate artifacts expected of knife-production activities. Emphasis is placed on framing slate knife production as a temporally emergent and situated activity, but also as an operational sequence that can be modeled due to regularity in the decisions and motions expected of tool makers producing functionally specific tools. Using slate assemblages recovered during the partial excavation of seven Late and Contact period Coast Salish houses in southern British Columbia, I then evaluate and demonstrate the utility of this approach by considering variability in household labor contributions to salmon fishing.
Water, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen isotopes in glasses from the ca. 1340 A.D. eruption of the Mono Craters, California: Constraints on degassing phenomena and initial volatile content

Water and molecular carbon dioxide concentrations, the speciation of water, and hydrogen isotope ratios have been measured in a series of obsidians from the ca. 1340 A.D. eruption of the Mono Craters chain in central California. Obsidians were collected from domes and pyroclastic deposits. The maximum water contents of the obsidian clasts from the pyroclastic deposits generally declined as the eruption proceeded, but at most stratigraphic levels the obsidians display a range of water contents. The water contents of the obsidians from domes are lower than those from the pyroclastic beds. The D/H ratio varies monotonically with the total water content. The proportions of water dissolved in these glasses as hydroxyl groups and as molecules of water vary smoothly with total water content. Dissolved molecular carbon dioxide contents are low, but roughly proportional to total water content. The proportions of molecular water and hydroxyl groups in the obsidians from the pyroclastic phase of this eruptive cycle indicate temperatures of 500–600°C, much lower than magmatic temperatures. We propose that these glasses are samples of the cool glassy margins (e.g., roof, walls) of the feeder systems of the volcanoes caught up in the explosive eruption. The water contents of the glasses are interpreted in terms of the pressure (i.e., depth) at which they were frozen into the glassy rind. Modelling of the hydrogen isotopes and CO_2/H_2O ratios of the obsidians suggests that degassing of the magma initially approached that of a closed system, but changed to an open system when explosive eruptions ceased and the domes were extruded quiescently. These models also suggest that the parental rhyolitic magmas from which the erupted glasses were derived contained significant amounts of both water and carbon dioxide and imply that a vapor phase is present throughout the evolution of silicic magmas. Basaltic magma underplating rhyolitic magma in a crustal magma chamber could be the source of the CO_2.