cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Gibraltar: A Reed-Solomon coding library for storage applications on programmable graphics processors

Reed–Solomon coding is a method for generating arbitrary amounts of erasure correction information from original data via matrix–vector multiplication in finite fields. Previous work has shown that modern CPUs are not well-matched to this type of computation, requiring applications that depend on Reed–Solomon coding at high speeds (such as high-performance storage arrays) to use hardware implementations. This work demonstrates that high performance is possible with current cost-effective graphics processing units across a wide range of operating conditions and describes how performance will likely evolve in similar architectures. It describes the characteristics of the graphics processing unit architecture that enable high-speed Reed–Solomon coding. A high-performance practical library, Gibraltar, has been prototyped that performs Reed–Solomon coding on graphics processors in a manner suitable for storage arrays, along with applications with similar data resiliency needs. This library enables variably resilient erasure correcting codes to be used in a broad range of applications. Its performance is compared with that of a widely available CPU implementation, and a rationale for its API is presented. Its practicality is demonstrated through a usage example. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. (Gibraltar is available at , along with sample applications to test it.)
Nuclear magnetic resonance shifts in paramagnetic metalloporphyrins and metalloproteins.

We report the first detailed investigation of the 1 H, 13 C, 15 N, and 19 F nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopic shifts in paramagnetic metalloprotein and metalloporphyrin systems. The>3500 ppm range in experimentally observed hyperfine shifts can be well predicted by using density functional theory (DFT) methods. Using spin-unrestricted methods together with large, locally dense basis sets, we obtain very good correlations between experimental and theoretical results: R 2 ) 0.941 (N ) 37, p < 0.0001) when using the pure BPW91 functional and R 2 ) 0.981 (N ) 37, p < 0.0001) when using the hybrid functional, B3LYP. The correlations are even better for C ) 0.995 (N ) 8, p < 0.0001, B3LYP), but are worse for C meso , in part because of the small range in C meso shifts. The results of these theoretical calculations also lead to a revision of previous heme and proximal histidine residue 13 C NMR assignments in deoxymyoglobin which are confirmed by new quantitative NMR measurements. Molecular orbital (MO) analyses of the resulting wave functions provide a graphical representation of the spin density distribution in the (Fe(TPP)(CN)2) - (TPP ) 5,10,15,20- tetraphenylporphyrinato) system (S ) 1 /2), where the spin density is shown to be localized primarily in the dxz (or dyz) orbital, together with an analysis of the frontier MOs in Fe(TPP)Cl (S ) 5 /2), Mn(TPP)Cl (S ) 2), and a deoxymyoglobin model (S ) 2). The ability to now begin to predict essentially all heavy atom NMR hyperfine shifts in paramagnetic metalloporphyrins and metalloproteins using quantum chemical methods should open up new areas of research aimed at structure prediction and refinement in paramagnetic systems in much the same way that DFT methods have been used successfully in the past to predict/refine elements of diamagnetic heme protein structures.
A solvability condition for finite groups with nilpotent maximal subgroups

Let G be a finite group with a nilpotent maximal subgroup S and let P denote the 2-Sylow subgroup of S . It is shown that if P ∩ Q is a normal subgroup of P for any 2-Sylow subgroup Q of G , then G is solvable.
The bus interface and paging units of the i860 microprocessor

The i860 microprocessor is a one-million-transistor, high-performance, 64-b RISC (reduced-instruction-set-computer)-based microprocessor. The performance of the i860 at 40 MHz is 83000 Dhrystones, 24 double-precision MWhetstones, and 10 double-precision MFLOPS on the Linpack benchmark. To support this rate of integer and floating-point execution a bus interface unit and paging unit were designed to provide the needed bus bandwidth. The bus and paging units, in conjunction with the internal data and instruction caches, can provide a 960-Mbyte internal instruction and data bus bandwidth, and a 160-Mbyte external bus bandwidth. >
A flight mechanics-centric review of bird-scale flapping flight

This paper reviews the flight mechanics and control of birds and bird-size aircraft. It is intended to fill a niche in the current survey literature which focuses primarily on the aerodynamics, flight dynamics and control of insect scale flight. We review the flight mechanics from first principles and summarize some recent results on the stability and control of birds and bird-scale aircraft. Birds spend a considerable portion of their flight in the gliding (i.e., non-flapping) phase. Therefore, we also review the stability and control of gliding flight, and particularly those aspects which are derived from the unique control features of birds.
Imprecise causality in large data sets

Computationally recognizing causal relationships in data is fundamentally important to good decision making. There are vast amounts of computer stored, multi-faceted data. Understanding how stored data items affect each other is crucial in making good decisions. The most important decisional information is an understanding of causal relationships. An abundance of digital data riches promise a profound impact in both the quality and rate of discovery and innovation in science and engineering, as well as in other societal contexts. Worldwide, researchers are producing, accessing, analyzing, integrating and storing massive amounts of digital data daily, through observation, experimentation and simulation, as well as through the creation of collections of digital representations of tangible artifacts and specimens. After the data is captured, it is made available for analysis. Analyzing large data collections for possible causal relationships is computationally difficult and speculative.
The effects of long-standing limb loss on anatomical reorganization of the somatosensory afferents in the brainstem and spinal cord.

We examined the terminations of sensory afferents in the brainstem and spinal cord of squirrel monkeys and prosimian galagos 4± 8 years after a therapeutic forelimb or hindlimb amputation within 2 months of birth. In each animal, the distributions of labeled sensory afferent terminations from remaining body parts proximal to the limb stump were much more extensive than in normal animals. These sprouted afferents extended into the portions of the dorsal horn of the spinal cord as well as the cuneate and external cuneate nuclei of the brainstem (forelimb amputees) or spinal Clarke’s column (hindlimb amputee) related to the amputated limb. Such reorganization in sensory afferents along with reorganization of the motor efferents to muscles (Wu and Kaas, J Neurosci 19: 7679± 7697, 1999, Neuron 28: 967± 978, 2000) may provide a basis for mislocated phantom sensations of missing forelimb movements accompanying actual shoulder movements during cortical stimulation or movement imagery in patients with amputations.
Social Work and Ethnic Minorities' Social Development in the People's Republic of China

China's ethnic minorities may require specific social policies to support their unique development, so that they may share in the country's common development and progress. By integrating principles from social development and social work, this article identifies and discusses strategies with potential for supporting minority development and progress.
Electrical Conductivity Imaging of Active Layer and Permafrost in an Arctic Ecosystem, through Advanced Inversion of Electromagnetic Induction Data

Characterizing the spatial variability of active layer and permafrost properties is critical for parameterizing process-rich models that simulate feedbacks from Arctic ecosystem to a changing climate. Because of the sensitivity of electrical conductivity (EC) measurements to moisture content, salinity, and freeze state and the ease of collecting electromagnetic induction (EMI) data with portable tools (e.g., EM38, GEM2, or DUALEM) over large regions, EMI surveys hold great potential for Arctic ecosystem characterization. However, estimation of subsurface EC distribution from such data is challenging because of the insufficient amount of information such data provide towards finding a unique solution. The non-uniqueness problem is often approached by fixing inversion constraints and initial models without a clear understanding of their possible effects on the obtained results. Here we developed a direct search method, which involves a grid-based evaluation of one-dimensional layered model parameters, to estimate EC distribution from EMI data and evaluate the influence of prior constraints, data information content, and solution non-uniqueness. We applied the new method to EMI data acquired in Barrow, AK, as part of the Department of Energy Next-Generation Ecosystem Experiments (DOE NGEE–Arctic). Results demonstrate the success of the developed approach for estimating models that reproduce recorded data within a specified range of uncertainty at each measurement location, as well as the value of different types of constraints. Importantly, the method can be used to quickly investigate the need for and effects of different priors at numerous measurement locations, since the time-consuming simulation of the EMI signals from the multidimensional search grid is performed only once.
Japan before Perry: A short history

By 1853 Japan had been transformed from a sparsely populated land of nonliterate tribal peoples into an elaborately structured commercial society sustaining massive cities and a varied array of sophisticated cultural production. In this authoritative survey, Conrad Totman examines the origins of Japanese civilization and explores in detail the classical, medieval, and early-modern epochs, weaving interpretations of the major themes in Japan's cultural and political development into a rich historical narrative.
Paragenesis and Geochronology of the Nopal I Uranium Deposit, Mexico

Uranium deposits can, by analogy, provide important information on the long-term performance of radioactive waste forms and radioactive waste repositories. Their complex mineralogy and variable elemental and isotopic compositions can provide important information, provided that analyses are obtained on the scale of several micrometers. Here, we present a structural model of the Nopal I deposit as well as petrography at the nanoscale coupled with preliminary U-Th-Pb ages and O isotopic compositions of uranium-rich minerals obtained by Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS). This multi-technique approach promises to provide ''natural system'' data on the corrosion rate of uraninite, the natural analogue of spent nuclear fuel.
How to Build a High-Quality Library Collection in a Multi-Format Environment: Centralized Selection at University of Wyoming Libraries

ABSTRACTIn recent decades, the composition of academic library collections has shifted toward electronic formats, resulting in a more complicated publication landscape to be navigated by selectors. Additionally, the workload of public services librarians has become more weighted toward instruction and research support, putting more pressure on the time of liaison librarians tasked with collection development responsibilities. These shifts have prompted academic institutions, including University of Wyoming Libraries, to consider a restructuring of collection development responsibilities. This article describes the evolution and implementation of a centralized model of selection at UW Libraries.
The Block Distribution Given a Point Multivariate Normal Distribution

The linear properties of the multivariate normal distribution make it the most straighforward model for obtaining conditional distributions. Problems of multiple integration have been solved through a Monte-Carlo type approach, thus rendering the multigaussian approach fully operational for the estimation of local reserves and associated spatial distributions.
Chapter 1: Evidence and Logic

from Field, Alexander J. (2001), Altruistically Inclined: The Behavioral Sciences, Evolutionary Theory, and the Origins of Reciprocity. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
The Detection of Submicrogram Quantities of Carcinogenic Polynuclear Hydrocarbons Using Electron Capture

The ionization detector of a Barber-Colman Model 20 instrument has been converted to an electron-capture detector by applying a potential of 10.5 V from batteries and reversing the polarity of the electrometer.
Surgical treatment of adolescent internal condylar resorption (AICR) with articular disc repositioning and orthognathic surgery in the growing patient—a pilot study

The aim of this study was to better understand how surgical repositioning and stabilization of anteriorly displaced articular discs using the Mitek mini-anchor technique affects condylar growth in growing patients with adolescent internal condylar resorption (AICR). Twenty-two adolescent patients diagnosed with AICR and anterior temporomandibular disc displacement were compared to untreated control subjects without AICR matched for age, sex, and Angle classification. Pre-surgical (T1 and T2) and post-surgical (T3 and T4) mandibular tracings were superimposed on natural stable structures to evaluate the horizontal, vertical, and total changes in the position of condylion. The treated group showed an overall decrease in condylar height pre-surgically and statistically significant changes in condylar growth direction between the pre- and post-surgical observation periods. Pre-surgically, the treated group showed significantly more posterior condylar growth than the control group; they also showed inferior condylar growth, while the controls showed superior growth. Controls and patients in the treated group showed no significant differences in condylar growth post-surgically. Adolescent patients diagnosed with AICR and anterior disc displacement treated with mandibular ramus and maxillary osteotomies, along with Mitek anchors to reposition internally deranged discs, showed post-surgical normalization of condylar growth.
Thermotogae class. nov.

Ther.mo.to' gae. M.L. fem. pl. n. Thermotogales type order of the class; dropping the ending to denote a class; M.L. fem. pl. n. Thermotogae the class of Thermotogales. Thermotogae / Thermotogae Keywords: Thermotogae class. nov.; Thermotogales; Thermotogae phy. nov.
How to discharge a patient in the AM.

Whatever the reasons for postponing discharge planning, the consequences can be overwhelming for the patient and detrimental to the hospital. At the University of California San Diego Medical Center, the director of the patient education department and I gathered fiscal and creative resources to develop a new approach to solving the problem. We designed the Discharge Planning Education Package, including a handbook containing everything you need to know about coordinating a patient's discharge and follow-up care, plus posters, tear-off pads, and two videotapes. The tapes, "The Surprise Discharge" and "Discharge in the AM," offer a humorous look at discharge-planning gone awry. In inservice sessions, the laughter generated by the tapes creates a receptiveness to using the entire discharge planning package. The package has been well received at UCSD and at several other healthcare institutions in other parts of the country. Since we've been using the Discharge Planning Education Package at UCSD, we find that nurses have become more involved in coordinating patients' discharges. Attendance at weekly dischargeplanning meetings is at an all-time high. Physicians and other members of the team have begun planning alternate care arrangements long before discharge. Nurses are documenting realistic discharge criteria on admission. And our quality-assurance scores for discharge-planning activities are higher than ever. O
A Comparison of Functional and Morphological Adaptations in the Common Murre (Uria aalge) and Thick-Billed Murre (Uria lomvia)

This investigation utilizes the techniques of functional anatomy to determine adaptive differences between two closely-related species, the Common Murre (Uria aalge) and the Thick-billed Murre (Uria lomvia). While the Thick-billed Murre predominates in the far north (many breeding localities within the Arctic Circle), and the Common Murre is more successful to the south (the only breeding murre in the British Isles, the Faeroes, and along the Pacific coast of the US and British Columbia), the two species overlap broadly in their breeding and wintering ranges. And although they have been the objects of numerous ecological investigations, no consensus has developed concerning their niche differentiation. For Novaya Zemlya and Seven Islands (USSR), where both species occur, Uspenski (1956) emphasizes shortage of nesting sites rather than food as a limiting factor, thus implying that food differences are unimportant or nonexistent. Belopol'skii (1957) classifies Uria aalge as a "stenophage" (i.e., narrowly restricted in its food preferences) that feeds almost exclusively on pelagic fish. Conversely, he regards Uria lomvia as a "polyphage," capable of switching to zooplankton and bottom fish. However, Tuck (1960) on the basis of existing information concluded that there is no distinct food spectrum for either species, and felt that their diets consist of whatever small fish are available.
Neural Influences on Bullfrog Renal Functions

AbstractThe present investigations suggest that α-adrenergic mechanisms may be involved in the control of glomerular and tubular functions of bullfrog kidneys. Hypothalamic lesions did not appreciably affect the antidiuretic response of bullfrogs to dehydration. Phenoxybenzamine reversed the antidiuresis in dehydrated intact bullfrogs. We also performed experiments in which bullfrog kidneys were perfused through the dorsal aorta and renal portal veins in situ. In such perfused kidneys, the renal portal perfusate did not reach the glomeruli. Phenoxybenzamine applied to the arterial perfusate blocked the antidiuretic effect of norepinephrine and produced diuresis and increased renal perfusion. The same response was observed with pithing or destruction of the spinal cord and central nervous system. Phenoxybenzamine given through the left renal portal perfusion would reach the tubules of the left kidney. It produced diuresis and natriuresis in the treated kidney but not the right control kidney. We conclude t...
11 ANTI-INFLAMMATORY EFFECTS BY DIFFERENT GROUPS OF OXIDIZED PHOSPHOLIPIDS.

Purpose of Study Increased levels of oxidized phospholipids generated by oxidation of shed cell membranes have been recently detected in the local circulation and related to the development of acute lung injury and cardiac ischemia. Previous studies have demonstrated that oxidized 1-palmitoyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine (OxPAPC) enhances basal endothelial cell (EC) barrier properties. This study characterized anti-inflammatory effects and barrier regulation in human pulmonary artery EC induced by OxPAPC-like products containing choline (OxPAPC), serine (OxPAPS), ethanolamine (OxPAPE), and glycerophosphate (OxPAPA) head groups. Methods Barrier-protective properties and anti-inflammatory effects of oxidized phospholipids were characterized using in vitro models of thrombin- and LPS-induced barrier dysfunction. EC permeability changes were assessed by measurements of transendothelial electrical resistance (TER). EC monolayer integrity and cytoskeletal remodeling were evaluated by immunofluorescent analysis of actin rearrangement. Activation of small GTPases was measured by in vitro pull down assays. Summary All four groups, OxPAPC, OxPAPA, OxPAPS, and OxPAPE, caused sustained concentration-dependent increases in TER accompanied by unique remodeling of actin cytoskeleton characterized by zip-like actin projections and formation of intercollated peripheral actin structures. Remarkably, oxidized phospholipids significantly enhanced recovery phase in thrombin-challenged EC monolayers, which was assessed by TER measurements and immunofluorescent analysis of paracellular gap formation. In addition, EC pretreatment with oxidized phospholipids had protective effect against thrombin- and LPS-induced permeability monitored by TER measurements. Moreover, oxidized phospholipids attenuated thrombin-induced small GTPase Rho activation and myosin light chain phosphorylation, which was accompanied by increased levels of activated Rac and Cdc42. Conclusions These results demonstrate for the first time barrier-protective effects elicited by different groups of cell membrane-derived oxidized phospholipids associated with acute lung or cardiac injury and suggest a role for phospholipid polar headgroups in modulation of barrier-protective and anti-inflammatory properties of oxidized phospholipids. AHA SDG (A.A.B.), HL76259, HL75349 (K.G.B.).
Control of ammonia formation from ATP in a multienzyme system of liver in presence of uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation.

An in vitro system composed of isolated rat liver mitochondria and an AMP deaminase-containing cytoplasmic protein fraction has been employed for the study of the effect of uncouplers on the enzymic conversion of ATP to IMP + NH 4 + . Under these conditions one main pathway of ATP degradation is operative. It was shown that this metabolic sequence is initiated by activation of latent mitochondrial ATPase by uncouplers. Under uncoupled conditions, mitochondrial adenylate kinase converts ADP to AMP, which is almost quantitatively converted to IMP + NH 4 + by cytoplasmic AMP deaminase. Oligomycin, which has no effect on AMP deaminase or adenylate kinase but counteracts the activating effect of uncouplers on mitochondrial ATPase, inhibits the ATP → IMP + NH 4 + pathway by blocking the initiating step. An ATP-dependent activation of AMP-deaminase by Mg ++ has been demonstrated. Relevance of these mechanisms to molecular control of cellular events is discussed.
Analyzing Decision Making Situations: A Conceptual Foundation

This research-in-progress paper discusses a conceptual paradigm, the problem-situation model (psm). The psm is designed to clarify the problem-solving process (psp) generally used by marketing decision makers. Hopefully, it will help decision makers link the cause and effect relationships that must be uncovered before detailed problems can be solved.
Atomically-thin layered films for device applications based upon 2D TMDC materials

Abstract This review seeks to cover recent developments in research on 2D layered materials, specifically transition-metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs), from a thin film perspective. Based upon materials which have a long and fruitful history, these TMDCs may provide significant opportunities for device applications in their atomically thin form.
Customized Real-Time Interior-Point Methods for Onboard Powered-Descent Guidance

This paper presents a new onboard-implementable, real-time convex optimization-based powered-descent guidance algorithm for planetary pinpoint landing. Earlier work provided the theoretical basis of convexification, the equivalent representation of the fuel-optimal pinpoint landing trajectory optimization problem with nonconvex control constraints as a convex optimization problem. Once the trajectory optimization problem is convexified, interior-point method algorithms can be used to solve the problem to global optimality. Though having this guarantee of convergence motivated earlier convexification results, there were no real-time interior point method algorithms available for the computation of optimal trajectories on flight computers. This paper presents the first such algorithm developed for onboard use and flight-tested on a terrestrial rocket with the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory and the NASA Flight Opportunities Program in 2013. First, earlier convexification results are summarized and the result...
Addiction to cyberspace: virtual reality gives analysts pause for the modern psyche

Analysts have been concerned for decades about the unforeseen psychological impacts of technology. The rapid developments during the past 15 years have brought issues related to cyberspace front an...
Surfactant-induced Marangoni transport of lipids and therapeutics within the lung

Understanding the fundamentals of surface transport on thin viscous films has important application in pulmonary drug delivery. The human lung contains a large-area interface between its complex fluid lining and inhaled air. Marangoni flows driven by surface tension gradients along this interface would promote enhanced distribution of inhaled therapeutics by carrying them from where they are deposited in the upper airways, along the fluid interface to deeper regions of the lung. Motivated by the potential to improve therapies for acute and chronic lung diseases, we review recent progress in modeling and experimental studies of Marangoni transport induced by the deposition of surfactant-containing microliter drops and liquid aerosols (picoliter drops) onto a fluid interface. The roles of key system variables are identified, including surfactant solubility, drop miscibility with the subphase, and the thickness, composition and surface properties of the subphase liquid. Of particular interest is the unanticipated but crucial role of aerosol processing to achieve Marangoni transport via phospholipid vesicle dispersions, which are likely candidates for a biocompatible delivery system. Progress in this field has the potential to not only improve outcomes in patients with chronic and acute lung diseases, but also to further our understanding of surface transport in complex systems.
State feedback controller sparsification via a notion of non-fragility

In this paper, a notion of non-fragility is introduced for a state feedback controller which stabilizes a linear time-invariant (LTI) system. Then, lower and upper bounds on such a non-fragility are derived. Based on such derived bounds on non-fragility, a sparsification procedure is proposed to get sparsified state feedback controllers. Investigating the various numerical experiments, it is observed the proposed method is applicable to large-scale systems consisting of thousands of states. Additionally, it is shown in some case studies, the (non-fragilty)-based sparsification procedure outperforms a well-respected existing method in terms of sparsity-performance tradeoff behavior. Also, considering a set of sparse stabilizing state feedback controllers, a tradeoff between upper bound on non-fragility and sparsity level of such state feedback controllers is visualized.
ENDOTHELIN 1 GRADIENT- A MARKER FOR PULMONARY HYPERTENSION AND ADVERSE ONE YEAR OUTCOMES IN HFPEF

Endothelin 1 (ET1) is cleared by pulmonary vascular bed, however, in heart failure the production of ET1 may exceed clearance. Thus, ET1 gradient between wedge and venous sample can potentially be a marker of increasing pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) in heart failure patients. However, the
Prognostic Validation of a Neural Network Unified Physics Parameterization

Weather and climate models approximate diabatic and sub-grid-scale processes in terms of grid-scale variables using parameterizations. Current parameterizations are de- signed by humans based on physical understanding, observations and process modeling. As a result, they are numerically efficient and interpretable, but potentially over-simplified. However, the advent of global high-resolution simulations and observations enables a more robust approach based on machine learning. In this letter, a neural network (NN) based parameterization is trained using a global-scale cloud-resolving simulation. The NN predicts the apparent sources of heat and moisture averaged onto (160 km)^2 grid boxes. A numerically stable scheme is obtained by minimizing the prediction error over multiple time steps rather than single one. In prognostic single column model tests, this scheme outperforms the Community Atmosphere Model by reducing both long-term bias and short-term errors.
Derivation of Oligodendrocyte Progenitor Cells from Human Embryonic Stem Cells

The directed differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells into specific, determined, and high-purity cell types can provide a means to study the cellular and molecular mechanisms of development and to generate cells for potential therapeutic applications. The ability to derive homogeneous cell populations obviates the need for transgene expression or cell sorting methods and can improve selection efficiency, lineage differentiation, cell viability, and clinical utility. Compared to undifferentiated pluripotent stem cells, high-purity cell phenotypes for clinical therapeutic strategies are expected to enhance engraftment, potentiate clinical efficacy, and decrease the risk of adverse effects such as dedifferentiation or teratoma formation. Clinical interest in the derivation of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells from pluripotent stem cells is based on research that demonstrates the effectiveness of progenitor cell transplants to improve outcomes after spinal cord injury. Here, we describe a protocol to generate oligodendroglial lineage-specific cells in high purity from human embryonic stem cells.
Cluster Catalysis. Homogeneous Catalytic Oxidation of Carbon Monoxide and of Ketones with Molecular Oxygen Using Complexes of Rhodium(0), Iridium(I), and Platinum(0)

Transition metal compounds have been widely used as reagents and catalysts in the oxidation of organic compounds. One approach is to use a complex having the metal ion in a high oxidation state, and to use the compound as a stoichiometric oxidant. A second method is to use molecular oxygen as oxidant and to initiate an autoxidation reaction by using a metal ion which will readily undergo a one electron oxidation. Among the former reagents, two commonly used compounds are the potassium salts of the dichromate and permanganate ions. These compounds will oxidize a wide variety of organic functional groups while the metal ion is reduced to a lower oxidation state. Since it is difficult to re-oxidize these metals back to their highest oxidation state these compounds are always used as oxidants in a stoichiometric reaction. Potentially it is advantageous to use molecular oxygen as oxidant because of its availability and because there is no large concentration of metal containing waste products remaining after reaction. The problems to be overcome when using molecular oxygen as oxidant are ones regarding reactivity and selectivity. Molecular oxygen is kinetically inert to most organic compounds, and when activated to react as an oxidant the problem then becomes one of diverting a free radical autoxidation reaction toward a specific function, and avoiding complete combustion of the organic compound to carbon dioxide and water.
Amyloidogenesis induced by diet cholesterol and copper in a model mouse for Alzheimer's disease and protection effects of zinc and fluvastatin.

Abstract Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is one of the severe chronic diseases characterized with amyloid beta (Aβ) aggregation and formation of senile-plaque (SP) like structures. Numerous risk factors including trace metals and cholesterol in diet have been identified as potential players for the onset of Aβ aggregation. To further illustrate the effects of copper and cholesterol in AD pathology, we employed an AD model mouse strain (Tg2567) and examined the histological and biochemical changes in the mouse brains and blood. When supplied with 0.1 mg/L copper in drinking water and 2% cholesterol in the food, the mice showed significant deposit of amyloid beta (Aβ) and SP plaque formation in hippocampus and temporal cortex regions in their brains. These mice also showed elevated superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and increased ceruloplasmin (CP) concentration, and reduced glutathione peroxidase (Gpx) activity in the blood. The physiological function tests indicated these mice were significantly impeded on learning and memory. We further examined the counteracting effects of 0.1 mg/L zinc and 1.0 mg/L fluvastatin (Cholesterol-lowering drug). The combination of zinc and fluvastatin effectively reversed the copper/cholesterol caused memory loss, anatomic amyloid deposits and the biochemical changes in the blood. This work provides more evidence of high-level cholesterol and copper as risk factors to trigger amyloid aggregation and mental dementia; zinc and reduction of food cholesterol levels can protect the animals from amyloid accumulation and learning impairment. The beneficial outcomes of zinc and fluvastatin could hint some potential usages in preventive measures for high-risk AD individuals, but further rigorous test are needed.
‘I wish I had a regular job’: An exploratory study of entrepreneurial regret

Abstract In this exploratory study, we examined the extent to which practicing entrepreneurs regret entering entrepreneurship, the antecedents of regret, and the impact this has on their exit intentions. While business underperformance can stimulate regret, regretful thinking can also be stimulated by other variables related to well-being such as health and marital status. As expected, the findings indicate that entrepreneurs who were less satisfied with their business' performance experienced more intense regret. However, those entrepreneurs who had poorer health also experienced more intense regret. Additionally, married female and unmarried male entrepreneurs experienced more regret compared to their counterparts. Regretful thinking in turn increases exit intention. Implications for research and practice are discussed.
New Design Paradigm for Color Control in Anodically Coloring Electrochromic Molecules

A new paradigm is established for the design of conjugated anodically coloring electrochromic molecules. It is shown that through crossconjugation the electronic energy levels of the radical cation state may be controllably tuned independent of the neutral state. It is shown how cross-conjugation can be used to tune the radical cation state independent of the neutral state. Manipulating the oscillator strengths of radical cation transitions allows for tuning of the color by shifting the λmax of the low-energy absorption by over 400 nm. The neutral states of these molecules are UV absorbing, providing solutions that are colorless with L*a*b* values of 100, 0, 0. They are oxidized to vibrantly colored radical cations with absorptions that span the visible spectrum, creating green, yellow, and red chromophores. These molecules are then mixed to create transmissive, colorless blends that switch to opaque black solutions.
Estimation of Viscoelastic Properties of Tissue with Arbitrary Power-Law Attenuation

Attenuation in soft solids are governed by power laws with non-integral exponents. Attenuation is a critical component for correctly modeling the wave propagation physics. For nonlinear waves, in particular nonlinear shear waves, it important to model the two competing effects accurately i.e. the generation of higher harmonics due to nonlinearity and its decay due to attenuation. Current numerical methods can model a linear attenuation power law using a single Kelvin or Maxwell body. In this work a collection of Maxwell bodies is used to model power laws with non-integral exponents, which is more general. Also, the nonlinear propagation of shear waves modeled using a system of hyperbolic PDEs together with the relaxation mechanisms is simulated using a custom high order finite volume method: piecewise parabolic method. The numerical method is validated using a set of power laws with different non-integral exponents, and also the dispersion incurred due to causality is validated. Further, attenuation law obtained from linear experiments of shear wave propagation in fresh porcine brain were used to validate the method. This method can be used to accurately determine the other unknown parameters like nonlinearity of soft tissues in brain, liver etc.
Towards an Understanding of College Students' Perceptions of Smart Home Devices.

The concept of a smart home has evolved over several decades. There are many advantages and potential advantages of smart homes, smart home devices and smart living. There are also disadvantages, risks and concerns with smart home devices. There has been significant work examining adults’ perceptions of smart home technologies and devices, particularly in adults over the age of 40 in the areas of energy policy and assistive technologies. There has not been as much work examining perceptions of adults under the age of 40. The goal of this research is to further understand college students’ familiarity with smart home devices, use of smart home devices, willingness to use such devices, and the perceived advantages and disadvantages of smart home devices. This study extends previous research by gathering college students’ perceptions of smart home devices. The results of this study suggest that most of the college students surveyed perceived some usefulness and potential benefits of smart home devices, but they also had many concerns. Less than half of the college students surveyed indicated a desire to use smart home devices. A deeper understanding of younger adults’ perceptions, expectations, and concerns may assist device manufacturers, researchers, and potential users of smart home devices. Further work is needed in this area.
Classic Hodgkin lymphoma with initial extranodal osseous presentation: a case report and literature review

Initial extranodal osseous presentation of Classic Hodgkin lymphoma (CHL) is extremely rare. The present study describes a case of CHL in an 11-year-old male presenting with lower back and right hip pain. Radiologic imaging showed a solitary lytic lesion involving the L5 vertebrae and sacrum. Pathologic examination led to a diagnosis of extranodal osseous CHL and further workup proved bone marrow and nodal disease. Diagnosis of extranodal osseous CHL is challenging, especially in this age group and location. When confronted with a solitary lytic bone lesion in a young patient, more common benign and neoplastic entities enter the differential diagnosis and include osteomyelitis, Langerhans cell histiocytosis, epithelioid hemangioma of bone, leukemia, and anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) among others, with extranodal osseous CHL being one of the less common entities in the differential diagnosis. This case report raises the awareness of extranodal osseous CHL as one of the entities to consider when confronted with a solitary lytic bone lesion in a young patient.
High-Efficiency Low-Profile Feeds for UWB Arrays

A 5-21 GHz fixed beam array system based on a novel radial LTCC feed and a PUMA array is presented. Through simulations it was found that total efficiency (antenna and feed) is >70%, with VSWR mostly less than 3 even for very small (18 element) arrays. The overall profile of the 4:1 bandwidth feed is less than 0.3 wavelengths at the highest frequency.
Thiol-based direct threat sensing by the stress-activated protein kinase Hog1

The yeast stress-activated protein kinase Hog1 is best known for its role in mediating the response to osmotic stress, but it is also activated by various mechanistically distinct environmental stressors, including heat shock, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and arsenic. In the osmotic stress response, the signal is sensed upstream and relayed to Hog1 through a kinase cascade. Here, we identified a mode of Hog1 function whereby Hog1 senses arsenic through a direct physical interaction that requires three conserved cysteine residues located adjacent to the catalytic loop. These residues were essential for Hog1-mediated protection against arsenic, were dispensable for the response to osmotic stress, and promoted the nuclear localization of Hog1 upon exposure of cells to arsenic. Hog1 promoted arsenic detoxification by stimulating phosphorylation of the transcription factor Yap8, promoting Yap8 nuclear localization, and stimulating the transcription of the only known Yap8 targets, ARR2 and ARR3, both of which encode proteins that promote arsenic efflux. The related human kinases ERK1 and ERK2 also bound to arsenic in vitro, suggesting that this may be a conserved feature of some members of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family. These data provide a mechanistic basis for understanding how stress-activated kinases can sense distinct threats and perform highly specific adaptive responses.
The 5-Factor Modified Frailty Index Predicts Complications, Hospital Admission, and Mortality Following Arthroscopic Rotator Cuff Repair

Introduction The purpose of this study is to evaluate the utility of the modified frailty index-5 (mFI-5) as a predictor for postoperative complications in patients undergoing arthroscopic rotator cuff repair (RCR). Methods The National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database was queried for patients undergoing arthroscopic RCR between 2006 and 2016. The mFI-5, a 5-factor score comprising comorbid diabetes, hypertension, congestive heart failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and functional status limiting independence, was calculated for each patient. Multivariate logistic regression models were used to evaluate the mFI-5 score as a predictor for complications including medical complications, surgical-site infections, hospital admission, discharge to a facility, and mortality. Results In total, 24,477 patients met criteria for inclusion. The mFI-5 was a strong predictor for medical complications (P Conclusions The mFI-5 is a sensitive tool for predicting life-threatening medical complications, hospital admission, increased length of stay, adverse discharge, and mortality following arthroscopic RCR. The 5 comorbidities comprising the mFI-5 are easily obtained through the patient history, making it a practical clinical tool for identifying high-risk patients, informing preoperative counseling, and improving value-based health care. Level of Evidence Level III, prognostic.
Developing Measurement-Based Care for Youth in an Outpatient Psychiatry Clinic: The Penn State Psychiatry Clinical Assessment and Rating Evaluation System for Youth (PCARES-Youth)

Measurement-based care (MBC) is an evidence-based approach to improving outcomes of mental health services. There is considerable interest in implementing it in clinical practice settings. However,...
Compact Oxygen Sensor for Motorcycles: Concept of Simple Heaterless Sensors

The concept and evaluation results of the compact heaterless O2 sensor (activated with exhaust gas heat) that is suitable for the fuel injection (FI) system for small motorcycles are introduced. To realize the heaterless, low-temperature operation at 280 °C is achieved using high ion conductive solid electrolytes and low interface resistance electrodes, and the element temperature could be kept at 350 °C and above during an actual vehicle EC mode driving by a small thin element and a high heat-receiving cover. As a result, early rises in temperature and early activation with the heaterless O2 sensor are made possible at engine cold starting.
Chapter 3.10 – A progressive quadratic failure criterion for a laminate*

Publisher Summary The application of failure criteria to laminated composites is a critical step in the determination of the strength and safety of a point in a structure under combined loading conditions. The chapter presents the predictions of failure envelopes and stress/strain curves for various composite laminates. The failure criteria are empirical. The quadratic criterion for its accuracy, ease of use, flexibility, and scalar representation is more favored. More data for wide-ranging combinations of stresses seem to agree with the quadratic criterion than with any other criterion. Nonhomogeneous stresses within a structure may induce a complicated failure scenario, whereby one ply at a point can initiate failure and affect other plies at the same point or the same ply at a neighboring point. After the first-ply failure, the stiffness of the ply is reduced by either matrix or fiber failures. The strength of the laminate at the same point is evaluated again to see if the laminate can carry an additional load. This ply-by-ply analysis progresses until the ultimate strength of the laminate is reached. The process can be extended to structures subjected to nonhomogeneous stresses where both ply-by-ply and point-to-point strength analyses are progressively applied.
Spatial mapping influences navigation in Entomacrodus striatus

We tested the orientation capabilities during jumping in blackspotted rockskippers (Entomacrodus striatus). Amphibious fish routinely navigate between terrestrial and aquatic habitats and use eithe...
A Novel Method for Quantification of Surgical Gown Permeability.

Transmission of blood-borne pathogens between patients and health care professionals, including the AIDS virus and hepatitis B, is a significant concern of the medical community. Surgical gowns and drapes represent a major barrier for protection against possible transmission of blood and blood-borne pathogens. In order to predict the effectiveness of gown fabrics as transport barriers, we developed a laboratory apparatus to quantify the liquid permeability of five commercially available surgical gown fabrics challenged with blood under conditions mimicking those measured during pressing and leaning motions. This Pressing/Leaning Simulator represents a simple, inexpensive, and reproducible test to quantify the amount of blood transport across a fabric during surgery or other medical procedure. These data will assist gown users in selecting the appropriate gown and gown manufacturers in developing gowns that present an adequate moist transfer barrier for the duration of a gowns intended use.
The White Panther – Rare exposure to Amanita multisquamosa causing clinically significant toxicity

To the Editor,The mushroom genus Amanita includes over 200 North American species. Some are edible, however some are toxic and potentially fatal if ingested [1]. Amanita multisquamosa is known as t...
Oncologist phenotypes and associations with response to a behavioral intervention to increase serious illness conversations.

12126Background: Interventions to increase serious illness conversations (SICs) between oncologists and patients may improve goal-concordant care, patient mood and quality of life. Randomized studi...
Should a Course of Prophylactic Probiotics Accompany Inpatient Antibiotic Treatment for Adults

To the Editor: Hospital censuses are at historic highs due to Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). As a result, we are experiencing an increased length of inpatient stays and prolonged treatments with antibiotics and steroids in our elderly patients who suffer the most from this illness.
Fourier transform infrared study of reptation dynamics

The FT‐IR dichroism method was used to measure the orientation relaxation of various uniaxially strained monodisperse molecular weight atatic polystyrene samples. This orientation relaxation process can be described as the length of the chain, L, or minor chain, which escapes by self‐diffusion from its initial oriented ‘‘tube’’. It forms a random oriented Gaussian coil and does not contribute to the measured orientation function. The orientation function used is that of normalized orientation function. Since the molecular weight used is much greater than the critical molecular weight of entanglement, the experiment provides a good study of the reptation model of deGennes and Doi‐Edwards. From the reptation model, the minor chain, L, is given in terms of molecular weight, M, and time, t, as L∼t1/2M−1/2; thus, the normalized Hermans orientation function, F(t,M) is obtained as F(t,M)=1−α t1/2M−3/2. The results of experiments show good agreement with the reptation model for different vibrational frequencies.