cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Large-Eddy/Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes Simulations of Sonic Injection into Mach 2 Crossflow

Computational predictions of transverse injection of air, helium, and ethylene into a Mach 1.98 crossflow of air are presented. A hybrid large-eddy simulation/Reynolds-averaged Navier―Stokes turbulence model is used. A blending function, dependent on modeled turbulence variables, is used to shift the turbulence closure from the Menter t-ω model near solid surfaces to a Smagorinsky subgrid model in the outer part of the incoming boundary layer and in the jet mixing zone. The results show reasonably good agreement with time-averaged Mie-scattering images of the plume structure for both helium and air injection and with experimental surface pressure distributions, even though the penetration of the jet into the crossflow is slightly overpredicted. Predictions of ethylene mole fraction at several transverse stations within the plume are in good agreement with time-averaged Raman-scattering mole-fraction data. The model results are used to examine the validity of the commonly used assumption of the constant turbulent Schmidt number in the intense mixing zone downstream of the injection location. The assumption of a constant turbulent Schmidt is shown to be inadequate for jet mixing dominated by large-scale entrainment.
Dynamic phase boundary of a moving Bragg glass

Abstract Pulsed transport measurements were used to study the dynamics of vortices in NbSe 2 . The time dependence of vortex response defines a dynamic phase diagram that includes a moving Bragg glass regime. In this state the response time exhibits a universal power law dependence on the saturation velocity.
Convergence of Padé approximants to quasianalytic functions beyond natural boundaries

Abstract We prove that the Pade approximants to a certain class of quasianalytic functions converge beyond a natural boundary of the function.
Effects of Chemical Protective Clothing and Heat Stress on Army Helicopter Pilot Performance

The U.S. Army Aeromedical Research Laboratory investigated performance of helicopter pilots flying in both temperate and hot weather, with and without various types of chemical protective clothing ...
Modeling metal bioaccumulation in a deposit-feeding polychaete from labile sediment fractions and from pore water

Estuarine sediments are often highly enriched in particle-reactive metal contaminants and because aquatic animals have often been shown to acquire metals predominantly from their diet, benthic animals feeding on deposited or resuspended sediments may also accumulate metals through this uptake pathway. Laboratory experiments were performed in which the surface deposit-feeding polychaete, Nereis succinea, was exposed to As(+5), Cd, and Cr(+3) in pore water or in estuarine sediments with and without enrichment with algal debris. These experiments generated metal uptake parameters (assimilation efficiency of ingested metal [AE], uptake rate constant of dissolved metal, efflux rate constants following dietary or aqueous metal exposures) used in a kinetic model of metal bioaccumulation. The model showed that > 97% of the body burden of these metals is accumulated through ingested sediment. The kinetic model was further modified to consider the geochemical fractionation of the metals in the sediments because metals bound to some fractions were shown to be unavailable to these polychaetes. The modified model substituted the AE term for each metal by the percentage of metal extracted in neutral and weak acid exchangeable fractions (termed "carbonex" fraction) multiplied by the slope of the regression between the metal AE and its fractionation in carbonex. The modified model generated predictions of As, Cd, and Cr body burdens in polychaetes at three different estuarine sites that matched independent field observations at these sites (r²=0.84 for sediments without organic enrichment, r²=0.87 with organic enrichment). Model predictions that relied on total metal concentrations showed weaker relationships (r²=0.11-0.50). This study adds to the evidence for the dominance of dietary uptake of metals in aquatic animals and identifies a key sedimentary fraction of metals that can account for bioavailability of sediment-bound metals.
Time development of acoustic bullets, wave-zone form of focus wave modes, and other solutions of the acoustic equations

1407_40It has previously been shown that all causal finite energy solutions of the time-dependent acoustic and Maxwell's equations have forms which, except for a factor (1/r), behave like one-dimensional solutions propagating outward along each radial direction (or ray) when the time and distances are large. The region where the one-dimensional form dominates is called the wave zone. The authors have previously given exact solutions of the acoustic and Maxwell's equations in which the solutions in the wave zone differ from zero only for rays in a right circular cone and for a given finite radial interval within the cone. The exact solutions are called 'bullets' because asymptotically they represent packets of energy which are 'shot' through the cone which is a kind of 'rifle.' In the present paper it is shown graphically how the exact solution in the acoustic case develops into its wave zone form with increasing time. Also considered are solutions of the acoustic equations such as the focus wave mode solutions, and the wave zone forms are given. These solutions are compared with each other and with the bullets in the wave zone region.
The Political Context of Real Estate Development Central City Rebuilding in Berlin

Real estate supply and demand appear to be largely market forces, but in fact they are shaped by public policies on the local and national level. Berlin is an example of a city whose central city property market has been heavily influenced by policies growing out of the extraordinary circumstances attending German reunification. Both the local state and the federal government have taken steps that have either inten tionally or inadvertently impacted the demand for and supply of property; often the various arms of the state have acted at cross-purposes in pursuing their goals.Demand for commercial real estate has been pushed by the new interest in Berlin accompanying the decision to make it the capital of united Germany. Federal subsidies designed to encourage investment in the former East Germany have further fuelled demand. The supply of central property has been shaped by the political and legal issues surrounding privatization of the state-owned holdings in the city's eastern half, and the unclear poli...
Low-Noise Discrete Preamplifiers For InSb IR Detectors

For many applications, for example, in ground-based astronomy, detector systems using small arrays or small numbers of discrete IR. detectors are very useful. In particular, systems using indium antimonide (InSb) detectors are approaching background-limited performance throughout most of their useful wavelength band of 1 to 5 μm. The general requirements of preamplifiers for background-limited performance of InSb IR detector systems are presented. These amplifiers require a cryogenic Field-effect transistor (FET) first stage to achieve this level of performance. The electrical and thermal design tradeoffs of such amplifiers are presented. The noise performance of transimpedance amplifiers (TIAs) is estimated from a noise model. Measurements of noise voltage and noise current versus temperature are presented for a sample of commercially available junction FETs (JFETs). It is concluded that if JFETs with reasonably low values of noise voltage are selected, then the IR TIA system noise will be dominated by an input noise current from the JFET, typically 5 x 1047 A/.117z at 10-Hz frequency. Most significantly, this source appears to be correlated over temperature with the input noise voltage. This suggests that the voltage and current noise sources are caused by the same mechanism. A JFET selection procedure is proposed that includes a minimum of low-temperature testing.
A mathematical model for estimating available safe egress time in fires

A mathematical Model for estimating the time available for safe egress from a fire is formulated. The model simulates the conditions which develop during the course of an enclosure fire. Since life safety considerations are primary, the simulation model which is adopted focuses attention only on phenomena which develop between the times of fire ignition and onset of hazardous conditions. This allows significant simplifications in modeling which may not be otherwise justified. Using computed variables of a simulated fire scenario of interest, times of fire detection and onset of hazard which are deduced from realistic detection and hazard criteria would be estimated. The Available Safe Egress Time (ASET) would be defined as the length of the time interval which separates these two events. Quantitative specifications for a variety of detection and hazard criteria are identified. Results of exercising the model are presented, and ASET estimates are obtained for a wide variety of realistic fire scenarios. A comparison between experimental results of a multi-room fire test and prediction of the single-room model suggest that the model has potential utility in providing practical simulations of multi-room fire environments.
An exploration of the impact of culture on the economy: an empirical study of unemployment

Abstract The role of culture in economic affairs was first recognized by Max Weber who attributed the rise of modern capitalism to the Protestant ethic. More recently, the contribution of cultural factors to economic success or failure in different countries or regions of the world has been documented. The present paper joins this effort by demonstrating the impact of culture on unemployment empirically. The national character traits of neuroticism and extraversion were added to a regression analysis of unemployment developed by Nickell (1998) . The results showed that extraversion was significantly correlated with unemployment in 18 industrialized nations, and it also altered the original list of significant explanatory variables for national levels of unemployment.
Energy Partitioning Studies of CO and NO Chemisorption on the Pd(111) Surface

A bond-by-bond partitioning of the electron energy within the p(2 × 2)-CO/Pd(111) and p(2 × 2)-NO/Pd(111) chemisorption systems has been used to demonstrate a preference for CO and NO chemisorption in hollow sites. The changes in bonding within the adsorbate and within the surface that accompany formation of the chemisorption bond are quantified using Hamilton population analysis: a partitioning of the electron energy among the atoms and bonds. In this way, the preference for CO and NO chemisorption in hollow sites is seen to result from the inability of the increased reduction in bonding within both the adsorbate and surface to counter the increase in surface−adsorbate bonding with increasing adsorbate coordination. By comparison with CO chemisorption, the chemisorption of NO is characterized by stronger surface−adsorbate bonding on all sites; principally the result of increased mixing between the NO(2π) orbitals and the surface d band. Increased mixing between the NO(2π) orbitals and the surface d band...
Crop yields in a geoengineered climate

Deflection of sunlight could compensate for the warming induced by increased greenhouse gases. However, the effects of such geoengineering on food security are highly uncertain. Now research using high-carbon-dioxide, geoengineering and control climate simulations suggests that solar-radiation management in a high-carbon-dioxide world generally causes crop yields to increase.
Distortion of ion structures by field asymmetric waveform ion mobility spectrometry.

Field asymmetric waveform ion mobility spectrometry (FAIMS) is emerging as a major analytical tool, especially in conjunction with mass spectrometry (MS), conventional ion mobility spectrometry (IMS), or both. In particular, FAIMS is used to separate protein or peptide conformers prior to characterization by IMS, MS/MS, or H/D exchange. High electric fields in FAIMS induce ion heating, previously estimated at <10 °C on average and believed too weak to affect ion geometries. Here we use a FAIMS/IMS/MS system to compare the IMS spectra for ESI-generated ubiquitin ions that have and have not passed FAIMS and find that some unfolding occurs for most charge states. These data and their comparison with the reported protein unfolding in a Paul trap imply that at least some structural transitions observed in FAIMS, or previously in an ion trap, are not spontaneous. The observed unfolding is similar to that produced by heating of ∼50 °C above room temperature, consistent with the calculated heating of ions at FAIM...
Resolution uniformity and sensitivity of the NIH ATLAS small animal PET scanner: comparison to simulated LSO scanners without depth-of-interaction capability

Positron emission tomography (PET) scanners designed to image animals the size of rats and mice should possess simultaneously high and uniform spatial resolution and high sensitivity. ATLAS (Advanced Technology Laboratory Animal Scanner), a 6.0 cm diameter effective transverse field-of-view (FOV), 2 cm axial FOV ring-type research scanner seeks these goals by surrounding the animal with eighteen 15 mm deep, LGSO (7 mm)/GSO (8 mm) phoswich detector modules. A Monte Carlo simulation was used to compare the variation of resolution across the FOV and the absolute central point source sensitivity (ACS) of ATLAS to similar systems comprised only of LSO arrays of different depths with no depth-of-interaction (DOI) capability. For ATLAS radial spatial resolution deteriorated by 27% from the center to 3 cm off-axis. Scanners comprised of 15 mm deep, 10 mm deep and 7 mm deep LSO crystals deteriorated by 100%, 51%, and 20%, respectively, over the same distance. Simulated ACS (absorbed energies /spl ges/250 keV) for ATLAS was 2.0% and for the 15 mm, 10 mm deep and 7 mm deep LSO scanners 2.4%, 1.5%, and 0.9%, respectively. Radial resolution loss 3 cm off-axis and ACS measured for the actual ATLAS scanner were similar to the values obtained by simulation (27% resolution loss, 1.8% ACS). The phoswich design thus achieves good resolution uniformity over a 6 cm FOV while preserving sensitivity compared to equivalent non-DOI LSO scanners with a range of crystal depths.
Thermal enhancement of IC packages

Plastic package thermal enhancement techniques that improve the heat dissipating capabilities of the packages are available to IC package design engineers. Evaluations of these techniques have been performed using test structure measurements and thermal FEA modeling. The techniques studied include the use of additional metal traces on the PCB to spread the heat away from the package, the use of heat slugs and heat spreaders inside the package to enhance heat transfer to the package leads and package body, and the use of high thermal conductivity mold compounds to improve thermal performance. Package types ranged from 8 pin SOIC's to 208 PQFP's with a broad range of chip sizes. Details of the measurement and modeling techniques are given with comparison of the models to the experimental results in many instances. >
Liposome Disposition In Vivo VI: Delivery to the Lung

The effect of negatively charged liposome components and vesicle size on the time course and dose dependency of liposome disposition in mice was studied with a view to optimizing liposome delivery to the lung. The disposition of large multilamellar liposomes was followed using 125I-labeled p-hydroxybenzamidine phosphatidyl ethanolamine. Of the three negatively charged liposome compositions studied (phosphatidyl choline-X-cholesterol-alpha-tocopherol, molar ratio: 4:1:5:0.1; X = phosphatidyl serine, dipalmitoyl phosphatidic acid, or phosphatidyl glycerol), phosphatidyl serine liposomes resulted in the greatest accumulation in lungs. Lung levels decreased up to 95 h postdose, at which time 6% of the liposome dose present at 2 h still remained. The disposition of phosphatidyl serine-containing liposomes was independent of dose for the range 0.04-21 mumol/animal. When liposomes containing phosphatidyl choline were prepared using a variety of extrusion and dialysis conditions, a strong link between liposome size and lung accumulation was revealed. A maximum lung accumulation of 30.9% of the administered dose was achieved with no detectable gross pathological lung lesions up to 24 h postdose.
Does California need Delaware? Explaining Indonesian, Chinese, and United States support for legality compliance of internationally traded products

The purpose of this paper is to shed light on the emergence and institutionalization of a unique form of transnational business governance (TBG): legality verification (LV) systems, which track products along global supply chains. Instead of imposing wide ranging global standards commonly applied through “gold standard” certification systems, LV helps domestic governments enforce their own laws. Three processes help explain why Indonesia (as a producer), China (as a manufacturer) and the United States (as a consumer) moved, in the 2000s, from lukewarm interest or opposition to formalized support: how triggers enabled by economic interdependence are pulled; how ceding of instrument/process state sovereignty may reinforce substantive sovereignty; and historical institutional processes that shift organizational interests and problem definitions. Looking backward, the empirical results are consistent with a “Delaware effect” in which economic globalization is asserted to lead to a “ratcheting down” of environmental and social standards. Looking forward, we theorize about, and identify the conditions through which, widespread coalitions in support of the institution of LV, may pave the way for a “ratcheting up” process that is consistent with, but nuances, Vogel's “California effect.”
Structural annotation of search queries using pseudo-relevance feedback

Marking up queries with annotations such as part-of-speech tags, capitalization, and segmentation, is an important part of many approaches to query processing and understanding. Due to their brevity and idiosyncratic structure, search queries pose a challenge to existing annotation tools that are commonly trained on full-length documents. To address this challenge, we view the query as an explicit representation of a latent information need, which allows us to use pseudo-relevance feedback, and to leverage additional information from the document corpus, in order to improve the quality of query annotation.
Catalytic dioxygen activation by Co(II) complexes employing a coordinatively versatile ligand scaffold.

The ligand bis(2-isobutyrylamidophenyl)amine has been prepared and used to stabilize both mononuclear and dinuclear cobalt(II) complexes. The nuclearity of the cobalt product is regulated by the deprotonation state of the ligand. Both complexes catalytically oxidize triphenylphosphine to triphenylphosphine oxide in the presence of O2.
Choline acetyltransferase: purification and characterization.

Choline acetyltransferase catalyzes the synthesis of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine and is the specific enzyme marker for cholinergic neurons. This review summarizes and discusses different purification procedures, as well as the characteristics of this important enzyme. Explanations for conflicting or controversial results concerning this enzyme are also discussed.
Viewpoint Dialogue to Bridge the Gap: The Challenges of Women in Islam

It is such a pleasure to be with all of you in this inspirational setting. Special thanks to the President of the Policy Studies Organization, Dr. Paul Rich, and to Professor Mohammed Aman for availing me of this opportunity to dialogue and exchange ideas with all of you on challenges facing women in Arab and Muslim societies and what I describe as the magic touch of the three “E”s of empowerment: Education, Equality, and Economic Enabling. In the early fourth century B.C., the great philosopher Plato concluded that “education could cultivate good qualities in individuals.” In 1798, a scholar known as Condorcet wrote The Progress and the Human Mind, in which he proposed that women should be declared eligible for elections in the growing body of self-governing systems to ensure fair, democratic practice. In the early years of Islam, a female Muslim scholar known as al-Shifa used to teach reading and writing to Muslim men and women. Moreover, Amara BintalRahman was known as the best narrator of Islamic jurisprudence. Following the death of Prophet Muhammad in 632 A.D., she ran a school where she taught men and women about Islamic laws. This should not come as a surprise to any of us, since as early as 610 A.D., when the Qur‘an was revealed to Prophet Muhammad, the first message from the Angel Gabriel to the Prophet was “read,” and when the Prophet asked the Angel how can he read when he was illiterate, the Angel replied that he should read in the name of the Lord wh o...c reates humankind from a clot. The Angel said that the Lord was most generous, taught by the pen, and taught man what he did not know.This was the first revelation that sends a clear message to all believers. It is the miracle of education.In fact,the meaning of the word Qur‘an means “recitation or reading.” If we analyze the Qur‘anic verse, it is clear that reading and writing are the progressive mechanisms to build a civilized community without differentiating between men or women. Both women and men are addressed on equal basis as clearly emphasized: “If any do deeds of righteousness, be male or female, and have faith, they will enter heaven, and no injustice will be done to them” (Qur‘an 4:124). Hence, it was not a surprise that in early Islam, women were active political participants in casting their votes, known as bai‘ah as clearly mentioned in the Qur‘an
Integrating non-proprietary workstations into proprietary systems

Abstract ‘Clinical workstations’, increasingly described as pivotal components of information systems for patient care, can be characterized as providing several major functions: access to data, presentation of data, computation (including medical decision logic), entry of data, and combinations of the above, integrated appropriately for various clinical situations. Because workstation technology is developing rapidly on many fronts and the demands on health-care organizations are growing, it is increasingly unlikely that any single total-system solution can effectively meet the needs. This paper discusses some of the issues pertinent to the integration of non-proprietary workstations with proprietary hospital systems. The approach of a particular vendor, the role of a meta-database, user interface design standards, and some problems consequent to the new technologies are discussed.
On-chip cross talk-the new signal integrity challenge

Deep submicron digital CMOS circuits are exposed to a new signal integrity challenge, the on-chip crosstalk. Omitting the effects of crosstalk can lead to functional failure of these devices. Due to CMOS chip complexities manual analysis and interconnect changes are impractical and an automated tool is required. The paper describes a practical CAD solution to the problem after giving a detailed discussion of modeling the on-chip crosstalk.
The finite capacity dial-a-ride problem

We give the first non-trivial approximation algorithm for the Capacitated Dial-a-Ride problem: given a collection of objects located at points in a metric space, a specified destination point for each object, and a vehicle with a capacity of at most k objects, the goal is to compute a shortest tour for the vehicle in which all objects can be delivered to their destinations while ensuring that the vehicle carries at most k objects at any point in time. The problem is known under several names, including the Stacker Crane problem and the Dial-a-Ride problem. No theoretical approximation guarantees were known for this problem other than for the cases k=1, /spl infin/ and the trivial O(k) approximation for general capacity k. We give an algorithm with approximation ratio O(/spl radic/k) for special instances on a class of tree metrics called height-balanced trees. Using Bartal's recent results on the probabilistic approximation of metric spaces by tree metrics, we obtain an approximation ratio of O(/spl radic/k log n log log n) for arbitrary n point metric spaces. When the points lie on a line (line metric), we provide a 2-approximation algorithm. We also consider the Dial-a-Ride problem in another framework: when the vehicle is allowed to leave objects at intermediate locations and pick them up at a later time and deliver them. For this model, we design an approximation algorithm whose performance ratio is O(1) for tree metrics and O(log n log log n) for arbitrary metrics. We also study the ratio between the values of the optimal solutions for the two versions of the problem. We show that unlike in k-delivery TSP in which all the objects are identical, this ratio is not bounded by a constant for the Dial-a-Ride problem, and it could be as large as R(k/sup 2/3/).
Risk Assessment in Critically Ill Patients Awaiting Transplantation: a Step Forward

Despite the advent of mechanical circulatory support, orthotopic heart transplantation (OHT) is still the long-term therapy of choice in selected patients with refractory heart failure. Most centers have experienced a change in ‘‘referral epidemiology’’ as increasingly sicker patients are being encountered with advanced heart failure symptoms refractory to inotropic therapy and with concomitant end-organ dysfunction. The reasons for this dramatic shift are elusive but are undoubtedly in part due to the lack of recognition among general clinicians that symptom control does not often translate into improved long-term prognosis in the contemporary cohort of late-stage heart failure patients. Importantly, the long endorsed classification of functional capacity using the New York Heart Association system is no longer optimal since pharmacological and device-based therapy have broadened the phenotypic presentation of late-stage heart failure. Clinicians now face a spectrum of phenotypes within the ‘‘advanced heart failure’’ group ranging from cardiogenic shock to impending shock, inotropic dependency with end-organ failure to intropic dependency without end-organ dysfunction, intermittently stable symptomatic states with recurrent and frequent decompensation, or chronic persistent symptoms resulting in substantial morbidity. The INTERMACS scale was a clinical attempt to further refine and stratify these myriad presentations of patients with late-stage heart failure undergoing left ventricular assist device (LVAD) implantation. The primary intent of this endeavor was to help stratify the appropriate population most likely to benefit from LVAD therapy but also to allow the community of clinicians to develop a communication strategy to convey disease severity. Using a linear scale from 1-7, the INTERMACS scale differentiates patients in a stepwise fashion from the sickest patients with shock (1) and organ hypoperfusion, requiring inotropic therapy, percutaneous mechanical circulatory support, and invasive hemodynamic monitoring, to those patients who suffer significant
His36Pro point-mutated proteolipid protein retained in the endoplasmic reticulum of oligodendrocytes in the Shaking pup

The shaking pup (shp) is a canine mutation that affects the myelin protein proteolipid protein (PLP) and its smaller and less abundant isoform, DM20, with proline replacing histidine36, resulting in a severe myelin deficiency in the central nervous system. We present evidence that the mutation leads to disrupted trafficking of the shp PLP/DM20 within oligodendrocytes. Immunohistochemical studies revealed significantly reduced levels of PLP/DM20 and other major myelin components such as myelin basic protein (MBP), myelin associated glycoprotein (MAG), and 2′,3′-cyclic nucleotide 3′-phosphodiesterase (CNP) in shp myelin. The distribution of shp PLP/DM20 proteins were altered and mostly retained in perinuclear cytoplasm and proximal processes, which co-localized with distended rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) within oligodendrocytes. No abnormal accumulation of MAG, MBP, or CNP in the cell body was found. These results suggest that mutated PLP/DM20 in the shp could be selectively retained in RER, causing disruption of their translocation to the periphery to myelinate axons. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Glipizide: A Second‐generation Sulfonylurea Hypoglycemic Agent; Pharmacology, Pharmacokinetics and Clinical Use

Glipizide is a second-generation sulfonylurea in which the substitutions on the arylsulfonylurea nucleus are large, relatively nonpolar groups. This chemical change increases the intrinsic hypoglycemic activity of the molecule 100-fold on a weight basis compared to first-generation agents. In addition, the pharmacokinetic properties, spectrum and severity of side effects and metabolism of this agent are somewhat different from those of first-generation sulfonylureas. The most important component of the antidiabetic action of glipizide is its effect in potentiating insulin action. Glipizide-mediated increases in nutrient-stimulated insulin secretion may contribute to its antidiabetic action. The drug is effective in controlling the blood glucose in patients with noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. It is at least as effective as and probably more effective than first-generation sulfonylureas in controlling hyperglycemia in diabetes. Glipizide is relatively free of serious side effects and is contraindicated principally in patients with significant liver or kidney disease.
Degenerate discontinuity-induced bifurcations in tapping-mode atomic-force microscopy

Abstract This paper documents the existence of degenerate bifurcation scenarios in the low-contact-velocity dynamics during tapping-mode atomic-force microscopy. Specifically, numerical analysis of a model of the microscope dynamics shows branch point and isola bifurcations associated with the emergence of two families of saddle–node bifurcation points along a branch of low-amplitude oscillations. The paper argues for the origin of the degenerate bifurcations in the existence of a periodic steady-state trajectory that (i) achieves tangential contact with a discontinuity surface in a piecewise smooth model of the cantilever response and (ii) retracts from the surface under variations in either direction along a line segment in parameter space. Specifically, the discontinuity-mapping technique is here rigorously applied to a general situation of such degenerate contact showing the codimension-two nature of these bifurcations for appropriately chosen parameter values. The discontinuity-mapping-based normal form derived here is a novel extension of that derived in Dankowicz and Nordmark (2000) [28] in the case that (ii) does not hold. In addition, the paper includes a quantitative reflection on the relative importance of discontinuities in the attractive and repulsive force components in producing the predicted bifurcations.
Socioeconomic indicators of heat-related health risk supplemented with remotely sensed data

Extreme heat events are the number one cause of weather-related fatalities in the United States. The current system of alert for extreme heat events does not take into account intra-urban spatial variation in risk. The purpose of this study is to evaluate a potential method to improve spatial delineation of risk from extreme heat events in urban environments by integrating sociodemographic risk factors with estimates of land surface temperature derived from thermal remote sensing data. Comparison of logistic regression models indicates that supplementing known sociodemographic risk factors with remote sensing estimates of land surface temperature improves the delineation of intra-urban variations in risk from extreme heat events. Thermal remote sensing data can be utilized to improve understanding of intra-urban variations in risk from extreme heat. The refinement of current risk assessment systems could increase the likelihood of survival during extreme heat events and assist emergency personnel in the delivery of vital resources during such disasters.
Time-preserving grating monochromators for ultrafast extreme-ultraviolet pulses

We analyze the time response of single-grating monochromators for application to extreme-ultraviolet ultrashort pulses. It is shown that time-preserving monochromators can be realized in a single-grating configuration if the number of illuminated grooves is the minimum for a given resolution and the grating time response is close to the Fourier limit for such a resolution. Two different grating configurations are compared: the classical diffraction mount (CDM) and the off-plane mount (OPM). We shown that the CDM is preferred for single-grating monochromators with relatively long time responses, i.e., 100-200 fs, while the OPM is suitable for ultrashort time responses in the 10-50 fs range to realize femtosecond time-preserving monochromators.
Signal separation using circular arrays

Signal separation algorithms can be utilized to improve channel capacity of mobile communication systems with frequency re-use. Blind source separation of signals received using circular antenna arrays is compared with that received using linear antenna arrays. Circular antenna arrays can be better concealed than their linear counterpart, and do have a 360 degrees field of view. Techniques for improving the performance of source separation algorithms for circular arrays through interpolation are implemented. The interpolated arrays are proposed as alternative base station receivers for mobile communication systems.
A spectral vanishing viscosity method for stabilizing viscoelastic flows

A new method for stabilizing viscoelastic flows is proposed suitable for high-order discretizations. It employs a mode-dependent diffusion operator that guarantees monotonicity while maintaining the formal accuracy of the discretization. Other features of the method are: a high-order time-splitting scheme, modal spectral element expansions on a single grid, and the use of a finitely extensible non-linear elastic-Peterlin (FENE-P) model. The convergence of the method is established through analytic examples and benchmark problems in two and three dimensions, and unsteady flow past a three-dimensional (3D) ellipsoid is studied at high Reynolds number.
Epigallocatechin-3-gallate targets cancer stem-like cells and enhances 5-fluorouracil chemosensitivity in colorectal cancer

Resistance to cytotoxic chemotherapy is a major cause of mortality in colorectal cancer (CRC) patients. A small subset of cancer cells, termed "cancer stem cells" (CSCs), are believed to be key contributors of chemoresistance and tumor recurrence. Recently, epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), an active catechin present in green tea, has been shown to suppress CSC growth in various cancers, but whether it can specifically target CSCs and subsequently sensitize chemoresistant CRC cells to standard of care chemotherapeutic treatments remains unknown. Herein, we investigated the chemosensitizing effects of EGCG in 5-fluorouracil (5FU)-resistant (5FUR) CRC cells and spheroid-derived CSCs (SDCSCs), and interrogated the underlying molecular mechanisms responsible for its chemopreventive activity. EGCG enhanced 5FU-induced cytotoxicity and inhibited proliferation in 5FUR cell lines through enhancement of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. The 5FUR cells showed higher spheroid forming capacity compared to parental cells, indicating higher CSC population. EGCG treatment in these cells resulted in suppression of SDCSC formation and enhanced 5FU sensitivity to SDCSCs. Furthermore, EGCG suppressed Notch1, Bmi1, Suz12, and Ezh2, and upregulated self-renewal suppressive-miRNAs, miR-34a, miR-145, and miR-200c, which are some of the key pathways targeted in 5FUR CRC cells. These findings were validated in vivo, wherein EGCG treatment resulted in inhibited tumor growth in a SDCSC xenograft model. Collectively our data provide novel and previously unrecognized evidence for EGCG-induced sensitization to 5FU through targeting of CSCs in CRC. Our data highlight that in addition to its chemopreventive ability, EGCG may serve as an adjunctive treatment to conventional chemotherapeutic drugs in CRC patients.
Performance Analysis of Majority Vote Combiner for Multiple Classifier Systems

Combining rules in Multiple Classifier Systems (MCS) play a central role in shaping their performance (classification error probability). Many theoretical works are developed to predict the performance using different combining rules. Some of the developed works assumed that classifiers' outputs are independent, however in practice an ensemble of classifiers shows dependent behavior between each other. In this work, a theoretical model is derived for estimating the misclassification error probability of MCS based on majority vote combiner. In the derivation, we assumed that each classifier produces at its output an estimation of the posterior class probability that has a Gaussian distribution. In addition, we assumed that each classifier has two classes, and the outputs of classifiers are dependent and identically distributed. We validated our model using computer simulations. Results show that the ensemble performance is highly sensitive to class variance while exhibits a smoother behavior against class mean. Also, results show that as the correlation among classifiers' outputs increases, the probability of classification error degrades exponentially. The trend continues until the performance reaches the behavior of a single classifier regardless of the number of base classifiers used in the ensemble. The proposed model provides a better understanding of the behavior of majority vote combiner in MCS.
Peritoneal Dialysis Kinetics

Traditionally, for patients maintained with peritoneal dialysis (PD), the level of blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, and other clinical and laboratory data have been used to judge the adequacy of treatment. Because of the relatively high mortality rates in patients maintained with continuous PD, in the United States and the high failure rate of PD itself, concern has been raised about both the adequacy of PD and its measurement. Underdialysis could be a cause of morbidity and mortality that may be masked by a reduction in protein intake that also lowers the BUN, giving a false sense of security. The peritoneal equilibration test (PET) is widely applied to classify an individual patient's peritoneal membrane permeability but when used alone, the PET is not a measure of adequacy. Currently, for both hemodialysis and PD, the near universally accepted method of quantification is Kt/V urea , an index of small molecule clearance also known as the fractional urea clearance per dialysis. The continuous or near continuous nature of PD requires a different interpretation of Kt/V, which is usually expressed on a weekly basis using a different set of standards. The currently accepted minimum is 1.7 per week for continuous dialysis (CAPO) with somewhat higher values for intermittent PD. Measurement of Kt/V for PD patients is more direct than for hemodialyzed patients but also more tedious and subject to some pitfalls. A representative clearance must be obtained from dialysate collected preferably over a 24-hour period, and an independent measure of the patient's urea volume or total body water is required. The latter is usually estimated from anthropometric data. The average rate of net protein catabolism, an index of protein nutrition, can be calculated from the urea generation rate obtained from the same 24-hour dialysate collection and normalized to the patient's urea volume, similar to PCRn measured in hemodialyzed patients. An allowance for loss of protein in the dialysate is accomplished by application of the Randerson equation, which is similar to the Borah equation used for hemodialysis. Prospective controlled trials are necessary to examine the relationship between nutrition and dialysis dosage. The hope of the future is that prospective studies of dialysis adequacy, including a full clinical assessment of each patient, will help to establish the optimal dose of PD that will eliminate both the short-term and the long-term complications of uremia and allow a proper focus on other common causes of morbidity and mortality that are associated with the loss of kidney function.
Modification of the action of pilocarpine by adrenergic blocking agents.

SummaryPilocarpine is not an equivalent substitute for parasympathetic nerve stimulation of the rat parotid gland when protein composition of the secretion is considered. Levels of amylase for example are appreciably higher with pilocarpine than with auriculo-temporal nerve stimulation. It has been found that Inderal, an agent which blocks adrenergic beta receptors, reduces amylase levels of pilocarpine-evoked saliva to levels observed with auriculo-temporal stimulation; on the other hand, Inderal does not modify amylase levels observed with auriculo-temporal stimulation. It is concluded that pilocarpine while having some actions that are parasympathomimetic has additional effects which involve stimulation of adrenergic receptor sites.
Assessing People's Knowledge and Beliefs About Dietary Supplements

Many Americans have turned to dietary supplements for help in losing weight despite the significant health risks associated with their use. This study examines what people know and believe about di...
The effectiveness of intervention programs for perpetrators and victims of intimate partner violence.

ion of Data Four of the authors (CE, CM, RS, & KW) abstracted all study data. All study information and results were checked and confirmed by a senior author (CE or CM).
Polysulfide-Blocking Microporous Polymer Membrane Tailored for Hybrid Li-Sulfur Flow Batteries

Redox flow batteries (RFBs) present unique opportunities for multi-hour electrochemical energy storage (EES) at low cost. Too often, the barrier for implementing them in large-scale EES is the unfettered migration of redox active species across the membrane, which shortens battery life and reduces Coulombic efficiency. To advance RFBs for reliable EES, a new paradigm for controlling membrane transport selectivity is needed. We show here that size- and ion-selective transport can be achieved using membranes fabricated from polymers of intrinsic microporosity (PIMs). As a proof-of-concept demonstration, a first-generation PIM membrane dramatically reduced polysulfide crossover (and shuttling at the anode) in lithium–sulfur batteries, even when sulfur cathodes were prepared as flowable energy-dense fluids. The design of our membrane platform was informed by molecular dynamics simulations of the solvated structures of lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI) vs lithiated polysulfides (Li2Sx, where ...
Possibility of correcting image cytometric nuclear DNA (ploidy) measurements in tissue sections. Insights from computed corpuscle sectioning and the reference curve method.

Objective To describe, validate and apply a computer simulation of corpuscle sectioning to determine which assumptions are compatible with the possibility of correction. Study design A computer program was written in PASCAL and run on a personal computer. Results Correction is practical in the case of spherical nuclei with homogeneous intranuclear DNA and a constant internuclear DNA concentration, even if section thickness is uneven or inaccurate. Correction is not possible in the case of marked nuclear ellipticity: mild cases are correctable, although subpopulations in a mixed-ploidy sample would not be distinguished. Correction is possible in the case of spherical (but not ellipsoidal) nuclei with a variable internuclear DNA concentration, and subpopulations in a mixed-ploidy sample would be distinguishable if sufficiently different. If the DNA is markedly concentrated in one part of the nucleus, overcorrection results. Conclusion The results clarify the factors that limit correction of image cytometric measurements of ploidy in tissue sections. A new method of correcting ploidy measurements in tissue sections is usable.
Effect of varying carbohydrate and fat content of milk replacer on body composition of Holstein bull calves

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of varying concentrations of dietary fat and carbohydrate on changes in body composition of Holstein bull calves fed under isocaloric and isonitrogenous intake conditions. Thirty-two calves were assigned to a randomized block design with three dietary treatments, eight calves per treatment, and one baseline group of eight calves. Animals were reared from birth to 85 kg live BW (SEM = 0.57). All calves began treatments between 2 and 6 d of age. Three different milk replacer treatment diets were designed to deliver 14.8 (low fat, LF), 21.6 (medium fat, MF), or 30.6% of DM (high fat, HF) fat; 55.3, 46.7, or 35.4% of DM lactose; and 23.5, 24.8, or 27.0% of DM CP, respectively. Gross energy values were 4.62, 5.09, and 5.77 Mcal/kg for the LF, MF, and HF milk replacers, respectively. From d 1 to 14, calves were offered 0.24 Mcal intake energy/kg BW 0.75 , adjusted weekly based on increases in BW, and 0.28 Mcal intake energy/kg BW 0.75 from d 15 to slaughter. Dry feed was not offered. Dry matter, energy, CP, and fat intakes were 55.2 kg, 257.6 Mcal, 13.0 kg, and 8.2 kg; 52.8 kg, 268.8 Mcal, 13.1 kg, and 11.4 kg; and 46.8 kg, 270.3 Mcal, 12.6 kg, and 14.3 kg for the LF, MF and HF treatments, respectively. Energy and CP intakes did not differ among treatments (P = 0.63 and 0.79, respectively). Fat and DMI were different among treatments (P = 0.001 and 0.02, respectively). Empty BW gains were 0.61, 0.61, and 0.65 kg/d for LF, MF, and HF, respectively, and were not different among treatments (P = 0.27). Empty body CP, water, and ash gain were not different among treatments (P = 0.65, 0.99, and 0.57, respectively). Empty body retained energy and fat gain were 27.2 and 57.7% greater for calves fed the HF than for those fed the LF diet (P = 0.06 and 0.006, respectively). Fat as a percentage of the whole empty body on a water-free basis was lower for calves consuming the LF diet (28.6%) than for those fed the HF diet (34.6%), whereas percentage of CP on an empty body, water-free basis was greater for calves consuming the LF diet (59.2%) than for those fed the HF diet (54.9%) (P = 0.006). The results of this study demonstrated that, under isocaloric and isonitrogenous intake conditions, equivalent dietary energy from fat compared to carbohydrate, above 15% fat, has no beneficial purpose unless additional fat deposition is required in the animal. Further, the data demonstrate significant changes in body composition independent of growth rate.
Dielectric methods for investigation of complex formation in liquids

Boule has described recently a method for characterizing the dielectric relaxation and complex formation in solutions of polar molecules in a nonpolar complexing solvent.1 This work reports complementary procedures which may be used when long live complexes are formed between two polar or one polar and one nonpolar molecules in solutions containing a large amount of noninteracting nonpolar solvent. Two experimental systems are analyzed in detail below.