cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Analysis of Spemann organizer formation in Xenopus embryos by cDNA macroarrays

The understanding of vertebrate development has greatly benefited from the study of gastrulation in the Xenopus embryo. Over the years, the molecular dissection of the Spemann organizer has proven to be a very fruitful source for gene discovery. Here, we report a comprehensive screen of gene expression in the Xenopus gastrula using cDNA macroarrays. Nylon filters containing more than 72,000 cDNAs from a gastrula stage library were hybridized with differential probes from embryos in which organizer induction had been inhibited by reducing Nodal-related or maternal β-Catenin signaling. Combining the changes in gene expression levels caused by these two major signaling pathways in a single graph identified both known and novel dorsoventral regulated genes. The most highly enriched organizer-specific genes were the secreted molecules chordin and Xnr-3, followed by the transmembrane protein paraxial protocadherin (PAPC). Ventral-specific abundant cDNAs included S10-40-H5, members of the Hyaluronan synthase family, Xvent-2 and XFD2/FoxI1. A differential probe of dorsal and ventral lips identified many more organizer-specific cDNAs than the screens inhibiting Nodal-related and β-Catenin signaling, suggesting that additional, as yet uncharacterized signaling pathways, contribute to organizer formation. Finally, extension of this approach to the blastula preorganizer signaling center identified the transcription factor pintallavis/FoxA2 as a new preorganizer component.
Hardware and software fault tolerance: a unified architectural approach

A computer architecture, FTP-AP, has been designed that can efficiently implement N-version fault-tolerant software and still tolerate random hardware failures with extremely high coverage. A unified architectural approach extends a well-known hardware fault tolerant without violating the fundamental hardware fault-tolerance design principles, and it provides a possible solution to the problem of correlated software errors. >
Specimen Coherent Scattering and Compensator Defects in Ellipsometry

An imperfect optical component between the polarizer and analyzer is replaced by its ideal counterpart and an imperfection-containing plate. Such a procedure allows use of a previous analysis of imperfections in cell windows to deal with other component imperfections, excluding depolarization. For the conventional ellipsometric arrangement with the compensator set before reflection at ±π/4 azimuth to give near π/2 retardation, two-zone averaging yields a correct value of the ratio of the diagonal reflection coefficients in the presence of small spurious off-diagonal reflectances, i.e., the effects of p ↔ s coherent scattering due to specimen roughness, optical activity, etc., cancel in a two-zone average. A procedure is developed for correcting the effects of optical activity and birefringence in compensators, which do not cancel upon averaging over two conjugate zones. The one significant off-diagonal element in the analyzer Jones matrix does not appear in two-zone averages, to first order.
Phased-array beam steering by multiplex sampling

One approach to phased-array antenna beam forming and steering is to multiplex the element signals into a single channel. Appropriate "sampling" of the resulting multiplexed signal can provide electronically steered and shaped beams. This paper describes four practical system concepts for linear and ring arrays based on this approach and discusses significant interrelationships between the various concepts. For linear arrays of elements, the two alternatives are to frequency or time multiplex the element signals. Frequency multiplexing of the element signals produces time-multiplexed beam output signals, and time multiplexing the element signals produces frequency-multiplexed beam output signals. It is also shown here that appropriate correlation "sampling" may be used with either of these to produce easily one or more continuously and electronically steered signal bandwidth beam outputs. Ring arrays of elements may be multiplexed and "sampled" in a somewhat analogous pair of techniques. It is also pointed out that the beam steering in this case may be visualized as the linear phase steering of a set of linear phase modes into which the signal received at the array may be resolved. Ring array beam forming and steering may thus be directly understood in terms of the previous linear array techniques.
Application to radiative acoustics of Whitham's method for the analysis of non-equilibrium wave phenomena

An approximate method due originally to Whitham is applied to the study of acoustic waves propagating in a non-grey radiating and absorbing gas, assumed in local molecular equilibrium. The method, which has general applicability in the study of non-equilibrium wave phenomena, replaces the exact governing equation by a set of lower-order equations that can be solved analytically in many cases. The use of the method is demonstrated by reconsidering the onedimensional problems of (i) harmonic waves driven by a harmonic variation in either position or temperature of a planar wall and (ii) the discrete wave produced by the impulsive motion of a constant-temperature wall. The method greatly simplifies the mathematics for these problems, and comparaison of the results with those of earlier investigators shows the approximate method to be accurate. Moreover, the method allows us to obtain a more systematic and complete analytical solution of the second problem than has been obtained by more conventional methods.
Caveolin-1 and lipid microdomains regulate Gs trafficking and attenuate Gs/adenylyl cyclase signaling.

Lipid rafts and caveolae are specialized membrane microdomains implicated in regulating G protein-coupled receptor signaling cascades. Previous studies have suggested that rafts/caveolae may regulate β-adrenergic receptor/Gαs signaling, but underlying molecular mechanisms are largely undefined. Using a simplified model system in C6 glioma cells, this study disrupts rafts/caveolae using both pharmacological and genetic approaches to test whether caveolin-1 and lipid microdomains regulate Gs trafficking and signaling. Lipid rafts/caveolae were disrupted in C6 cells by either short-term cholesterol chelation using methyl-β-cyclodextrin or by stable knockdown of caveolin-1 and -2 by RNA interference. In imaging studies examining Gαs-GFP during signaling, stimulation with the βAR agonist isoproterenol resulted in internalization of Gαs-GFP; however, this trafficking was blocked by methyl-β-cyclodextrin or by caveolin knockdown. Caveolin knockdown significantly decreased Gαs localization in detergent insoluble lipid raft/caveolae membrane fractions, suggesting that caveolin localizes a portion of Gαs to these membrane microdomains. Methyl-β-cyclodextrin or caveolin knockdown significantly increased isoproterenol or thyrotropin-stimulated cAMP accumulation. Furthermore, forskolin- and aluminum tetrafluoride-stimulated adenylyl cyclase activity was significantly increased by caveolin knockdown in cells or in brain membranes obtained from caveolin-1 knockout mice, indicating that caveolin attenuates signaling at the level of Gαs/adenylyl cyclase and distal to GPCRs. Taken together, these results demonstrate that caveolin-1 and lipid microdomains exert a major effect on Gαs trafficking and signaling. It is suggested that lipid rafts/caveolae are sites that remove Gαs from membrane signaling cascades and caveolins might dampen globally Gαs/adenylyl cyclase/cAMP signaling.
Meta-analysis of secure randomised controlled trials of β-blockade to prevent perioperative death in non-cardiac surgery

Background Current European and American guidelines recommend the perioperative initiation of a course of β-blockers in those at risk of cardiac events undergoing high- or intermediate-risk surgery or vascular surgery. The Dutch Echocardiographic Cardiac Risk Evaluation Applying Stress Echocardiography (DECREASE) family of trials, the bedrock of evidence for this, are no longer secure. We therefore conducted a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials of β-blockade on perioperative mortality, non-fatal myocardial infarction, stroke and hypotension in non-cardiac surgery using the secure data. Methods The randomised controlled trials of initiation of β-blockers before non-cardiac surgery were examined. Primary outcome was all-cause mortality at 30 days or at discharge. The DECREASE trials were separately analysed. Results Nine secure trials totalling 10 529 patients, 291 of whom died, met the criteria. Initiation of a course of β-blockers before surgery caused a 27% risk increase in 30-day all-cause mortality (p=0.04). The DECREASE family of studies substantially contradict the meta-analysis of the secure trials on the effect of mortality (p=0.05 for divergence). In the secure trials, β-blockade reduced non-fatal myocardial infarction (RR 0.73, p=0.001) but increased stroke (RR 1.73, p=0.05) and hypotension (RR 1.51, p<0.00001). These results were dominated by one large trial. Conclusions Guideline bodies should retract their recommendations based on fictitious data without further delay. This should not be blocked by dispute over allocation of blame. The well-conducted trials indicate a statistically significant 27% increase in mortality from the initiation of perioperative β-blockade that guidelines currently recommend. Any remaining enthusiasts might best channel their energy into a further randomised trial which should be designed carefully and conducted honestly.
A quantitative analysis of posterolateral approaches to the ventral thoracic spinal canal

Abstract Background context Various posterolateral approaches exist to access ventral thoracic spinal canal pathologies. Selecting the optimal surgical approach requires sound understanding of the exposure and working angle afforded by each approach. Purpose The purpose of this study was to quantify exposure of the ventral spinal canal with various posterolateral thoracic spinal approaches and to determine how regional anatomical differences affect measurements. Study design This is a quantitative anatomical cadaveric study. Methods Four fresh cadaveric C7–L1 specimens were used with a saline infusion model to mimic in vivo thecal sac dimensions. Using stereotactic navigation, we measured exposure (expressed as percentage of total width) and maximum approach angle of the ventral spinal canal without thecal sac retraction after each surgical condition: laminectomy (L), 50% medial facetectomy (MF), transpedicular (TP), costotransversectomy (CTV), and lateral extracavitary (LE). The thoracic spine was divided into four regions (T1–T2, T3–T6, T7–T10, and T9–T12). A two-sided paired t test was used. Results At T1–T2, visualized exposures were 25.8%, 31.5%, 42.3%, 45.1%, and 46.8%, respectively, after each surgical condition. Costotransversectomy and LE did not provide significant increase in exposure compared with the preceding condition. At T3–T6, exposures were 19.1%, 29.6%, 38.7%, 44.4%, and 44.5%, respectively. Only LE did not provide significant increase in exposure compared with the preceding condition. At T7–T10, visualized exposures were 17.9%, 30.6%, 39.9%, 44.9%, and 53.3%, respectively. All successive surgical conditions provided a significant increase in exposure. At T11–T12, visualized exposures were 14.2%, 25.8%, 43.1%, 47.7%, and 52.7%, respectively. Only LE did not provide a significant increase in exposure compared with the preceding condition. Each successive surgical condition provided a significantly increased lateral approach angle compared with the preceding condition, except LE at T1–T2. Maximum approach angle was more favorable at T1–T2 for L, MF, TP, and CTV compared with other thoracic regions. Conclusions Medial facetectomy and TP approaches provide significantly increased exposure of the ventral spinal canal at all thoracic regions. Costotransversectomy provided significantly increased exposure compared with TP at T3–T12. Lateral extracavitary only provided significantly increased exposure compared with CTV at T7–T10. The results of this study can be used preoperatively to determine the optimal approach based on quantitative measurements and region-specific anatomical differences.
Extending the School Grounds?—Bullying Experiences in Cyberspace

BACKGROUND: Bullying is a national public health problem affecting millions of students. With the rapid increase in electronic or online communication, bullying is no longer limited to schools. The goal of the current investigation was to examine the overlap among targets of, and the similarities between, online and in-school bullying among Internet-using adolescents. Additionally, a number of common assumptions regarding online or cyberbullying were tested. METHODS: An anonymous Web-based survey was conducted with one thousand four hundred fifty-four 12- to 17-year-old youth. RESULTS: Within the past year, 72% of respondents reported at least 1 online incident of bullying, 85% of whom also experienced bullying in school. The most frequent forms of online and in-school bullying involved name-calling or insults, and the online incidents most typically took place through instant messaging. When controlling for Internet use, repeated school-based bullying experiences increased the likelihood of repeated cyberbullying more than the use of any particular electronic communication tool. About two thirds of cyberbullying victims reported knowing their perpetrators, and half of them knew the bully from school. Both in-school and online bullying experiences were independently associated with increased social anxiety. Ninety percent of the sample reported they do not tell an adult about cyberbullying, and only a minority of participants had used digital tools to prevent online incidents.
Reflection phase characterizations of the EBG ground plane for low profile wire antenna applications

Mushroom-like electromagnetic band-gap (EBG) structures exhibit unique electromagnetic properties that have led to a wide range of electromagnetic device applications. This paper focuses on the reflection phase feature of EBG surfaces: when plane waves normally illuminate an EBG structure, the phase of the reflected field changes continuously from 180/spl deg/ to -180/spl deg/ versus frequency. One important application of this feature is that one can replace a conventional perfect electric conductor (PEC) ground plane with an EBG ground plane for a low profile wire antenna design. For this design, the operational frequency band of an EBG structure is defined as the frequency region within which a low profile wire antenna radiates efficiently, namely, having a good return loss and radiation patterns. The operational frequency band is the overlap of the input-match frequency band and the surface-wave frequency bandgap. It is revealed that the reflection phase curve can be used to identify the input-match frequency band inside of which a low profile wire antenna exhibits a good return loss. The surface-wave frequency bandgap of the EBG surface that helps improve radiation patterns is very close to its input-match frequency band, resulting in an effective operational frequency band. In contrast, a thin grounded slab cannot work efficiently as a ground plane for low profile wire antennas because its surface-wave frequency bandgap and input-match frequency band do not overlap. Parametric studies have been performed to obtain design guidelines for EBG ground planes. Two novel EBG ground planes with interesting electromagnetic features are also presented. The rectangular patch EBG ground plane has a polarization dependent reflection phase and the slotted patch EBG ground plane shows a compact size.
Speech Therapy for the Treatment of Functional Respiratory Disorders

Speech therapy for the treatment of functional respiratory disorders serves as an efficient and effective means to resolving vocal cord dysfunction, chronic cough, and dysfunctional breathing patterns. Education regarding the laryngeal and respiratory mechanisms is an essential first step in treating such disorders. Various speech therapy techniques are tailored to the individual patient’s needs and trigger situations. As the patient population is homogenous in diagnosis, but diverse in etiologies, triggers and contributing factors, specialized training in treatment techniques aids the clinician in recognizing treatment barriers, ways to desensitize hyper-functional respiratory responses, and ensures their ultimate resolution. This chapter offers an explanation and application of commonly used techniques, considerations for vocal hygiene and abuse/misuse, questions for comprehension, and case studies with video presentations.
Climate change goals: where to begin?

Colin Challen's editorial “Playing climate change poker” (20 July 2007, p. 295) has a very apt title. As a British parliamentarian who chairs the All Party Parliamentary Climate Change Group, he obviously feels very good about the impressive goals set in the recent UK Draft Climate Change Bill.
Analysis of CT in Preoperative Diagnosis of Colon Cancer and Postoperative Recurrence

Objective To investigate the clinical value of CT on preoperative diagnosis of colon cancer and diagnosis of postoperative recurrence. Methods Thirty patients with colon cancer admitted by the inpatient department of the hospital from June, 2013 to June, 2014 were selected as research subjects, who were subject to preoperative condition assessment by stages and monitoring of postoperative recurrence through CT, and simultaneously CT diagnosis were evaluated with pathological diagnosis as the standard. Results The comparison between preoperative staging accuracies of CT in the diagnosis of colon cancer at Period I and Period Ⅱ and diagnosis results of histopathologic tissue satisfied χ2=14.97 and 16.13 respectively, the comparison between postoperative staging accuracies at Stage Ⅰ and Stage Ⅱ and diagnosis results of histopathologic tissue satisfiedχ2=66.33 and 39.32(average P0.05), and the differences were statistically significant. Both diagnostic accuracies in StageⅢ and Stage Ⅳbefore operations were 100.00%. Conclusions CT could be used for the assessment of preoperative staging of colon cancer, evaluate the recurrence and metastasis, demonstrate the tumor infiltrating of the adjacent tissue, and prompt the metastasis of lymph nodes and distant organs. The diagnostic accuracy of CT is high and deserve widely used in clinical.
(Ward’s) Ten Principles of Effective Mentoring

In over 40 years of doing my best to serve as a mentor to others, I have sometimes been effective and sometimes ineffective. As I gained more experience, got a little older, and learned not to let my ego do so much of the talking, I came to be a better listener, to ask better questions, and not to assume that every person who sought my advice would be able to do the same things I would do, or would even want to do them. While I have a ways to go to be a more effective mentor, what I have learned is that effective mentoring follows principles. Following Moses’ numerical lead, below I provide ten principles that summarize what I’ve learned. Under each principle, I discuss why it matters and its implications for practice. While these principles are gender neutral, in my discussions below the principles, I address some issues that may affect females and males differently.
Abstract 081: Intracerebroventricular (ICV) Infusion of Angiotensin-(1-7) Lowers Blood Pressure and Improves Autonomic Function in Antenatal Betamethasone Exposed Sheep

We have previously shown that antenatal betamethasone exposure in sheep is associated with a deficiency in angiotensin (Ang)-(1-7) levels in the cerebrospinal fluid of these betamethasone exposed (BMX) sheep and impaired baroreflex sensitivity for control of heart rate (BRS) by 6 weeks of age followed by persistent suppression of the reflex and elevation in mean blood pressure (MAP) by 6 months of age. In this study we sought to determine if supplementation of Ang-(1-7) administered via continuous infusion into the lateral ventricle of 4 month old BMX lambs (1-7, n=4) at a dose of 1.25ug/kg/hr for 1 week would improve the BRS, heart rate variability (HRV) and lower MAP and blood pressure variability (BPV). The control group received ICV artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF, n=4). MAP and heart rate were recorded continuously via femoral arterial catheters and digitized before and one week after the ICV infusion. Both blood pressure and heart rate were analyzed to obtain measures of spontaneous BRS, HRV and BPV in the frequency and time domain. There were no differences in any of the measures between the two groups at baseline and no changes in the aCSF group after 1 week of ICV aCSF administration. Meanwhile, Ang-(1-7) ICV treatment significantly improved all measures of BRS compared to baseline, (HFa, 5.3±0.9 vs. 2.4±0.5 ms/mm Hg, p=0.03) and sequence ALL (6.5±1.6 vs. 1.9±0.9 ms/mm Hg, p=0.01). Ang-(1-7) also improved HRV measured as rMSSD (11.6±1.6 vs. 7±1.2 ms at baseline, p=0.04). Ang-(1-7) administration lowered MAP by 11.5 mm Hg (p
La santé des migrants à la frontière gréco-macédonienne

At the border between Greece and Macedonia, a transit camp for refugees is turning into a permanent camp. The management of the health emergency is assured by international teams from several humanitarian organisations, including the French Red Cross. The organisation of the care team, the cultural differences and the lack of resources are just some of the factors to be considered.
In situ measurement of ferric iron in lunar glass beads using Fe-XAS

Abstract Through use of a new X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy (XAS) calibration for Fe 3+ analysis in silicate glasses, the first direct measurements of ferric iron in natural lunar picritic glasses are presented. Lunar glass beads from the Apollo sample collection contain up to 60.0% Fe 3+ . No correlation with melt chemical properties, such as Mg# or weight % TiO 2 , or physical properties, such as bead diameter, was observed. Fe 3+ /ΣFe is negatively correlated with NBO/T. These elevated Fe 3+ /ΣFe values reflect eruption and post-eruption oxidation due to magmatic degassing of H or OH. Glass beads observed to be zoned to lower Fe 3+ /ΣFe rims may represent a subsequent reduction in the lunar vacuum prior to cooling through the glass transition temperature.
Designing Opportunities to Learn Mathematics Theory-Building Practices.

Mathematicians commonly distinguish two modes of work in the discipline: Problem solving, and theory building. Mathematics education offers many opportunities to learn problem solving. This paper explores the possibility, and value, of designing instructional activities that provide supported opportunities for students to learn mathematics theory-building practices. It begins by providing a definition of these theory-building practices on the basis of which to formulate principles for the design of such instructional activities. The paper offers theoretical arguments that theory-building practices serve not only the synthesizing role that they play in disciplinary mathematics, but they also have the potential to enrich learners’ reasoning powers and enhance their problem solving skills. Examples of problem sets designed for this purpose are provided and analyzed.
The Relationship between Religious Beliefs and the Accounting and Economic Practices of a Society: Evidence from the Dead Sea Scrolls

This study explores the Dead Sea Scrolls to demonstrate how Essene socio-religious values shaped their accounting and economic practices during the late Second Temple period (ca. first century BCE to 70 CE). Our primary focus is on the accounting and commercial responsibilities of a leader within their community – the Examiner. We contend that certain sectarian accounting practices may be understood as ritual/religious ceremony and address the performative roles of the Essenes' accounting and business procedures in light of their purity laws and eschatological beliefs. Far from being antithetical to religious beliefs, we find that accounting actually enabled the better practice and monitoring of religious behavior. We add to the literature on the interaction of religion with the structures and practices of accounting and regulation within a society.
Dark current reduction in microjunction-based double electron barrier type-II InAs/InAsSb superlattice long-wavelength infrared photodetectors.

Microjunction InAs/InAs1−xSbx type-II superlattice-based long-wavelength infrared photodetectors with reduced dark current density were demonstrated. A double electron barrier design was employed to reduce both bulk and surface dark currents. The photodetectors exhibited low surface leakage after passivation with SiO2, allowing the use of very small size features without degradation of the dark current. Fabricating microjunction photodetectors (25 × 25 µm2 diodes with 10 × 10 µm2 microjunctions) in combination with the double electron barrier design results in a dark current density of 6.3 × 10−6 A/cm2 at 77 K. The device has an 8 µm cut-off wavelength at 77 K and exhibits a quantum efficiency of 31% for a 2 µm-thick absorption region, which results in a specific detectivity value of 1.2 × 1012 cm·Hz1/2/W.
On the Relation between Institutional Statuses and Technical Artifacts: A Proposed Taxonomy of Social Kinds

ABSTRACTTechnical artifacts do not seem particularly continuous with institutional statuses. If statuses are defined in terms of their constitutive rules, as Searle maintains, then disassociation is always possible – someone or something can satisfy those rules without being able to realize the functional effects that are associated with that status. The gap between technical artifacts and Searlean statuses suggests the possibility of an additional social kind, which I call, following Muhammad Ali Khalidi, a ‘real social kind’. However, the placement of real social kinds between technical artifacts and statuses recommends a reconfiguration of Khalidi’s most abstract characterization of the notion. This reconfiguration also lends support to his surprising claim that money is a real social kind.
Automated cross-sectional shape recovery of 3D branching structures from point cloud

Abstract Many applications rely on scanned data, which can come from a variety of sources: optical scanners, coordinate measuring machines, or medical imaging. We assume that the data input to these applications is an unorganized point cloud or mesh of vertices. The objective may be to find particular features (medical diagnostics or reverse engineering) or comparison to some reference geometry (e.g. dimensional metrology). This paper focuses on the feature fitting of a segmented point cloud, specifically for branched, organic structures or structural frames, and targets non-monolithic geometries. In this paper, a methodology is presented for the automated recovery of cross-sectional shapes using centrally located curves. We assume a triangulated surface mesh is generated from the scanned point cloud. This surface mesh is the starting point for our methodology. We then find the curve skeleton of the part which abstractly describes the global geometry and topology. Next after segmenting the curve skeleton into non-branching segments, orthogonal planes to the curve skeleton segments, at preset or adaptive intervals, make slices through the surface mesh edges. The intersection points are extracted creating a 2D point cloud of the cross section. A number of application specific post-processing operations can be performed after obtaining the 2D point cloud cross sections and the curve skeleton paths including: calculations such as area or area moments of inertia, feature fitting or recognition, and digital shape reconstruction. Case studies are presented to demonstrate capabilities and limitations, and to provide insight into appropriate uses and adaptations for the presented methodology.
An Examination of Dissertation Research: The Relationship between Gender, Methodological Approach, and Research Design.

In the fields of public administration, policy, and public affairs, more women are earning PhD degrees and entering male-dominated academic and public sector job markets. This trend raises question...
Influence of Ionic Composition of the Medium on Acetylcholinesterase Conformation

The recent crystallographic analysis of a dimeric glycophospholipid form of AchE from Torpedo californica (Sussman et al., 1991) provides an ideal opportunity for comparing the catalytic behaviour and recognition properties of the enzyme with its atomic structure. The globular subunit is determined to be an α/s protein containing numerous crossover motifs of the type s-α-s or s-loop-s. The catalytic residue, Ser 200, resides 4 A above the base of a 20 A deep cavity - or gorge - lined with numerous aromatic amino acid residues accounting for approximately 40 percents of the active center surface. A catalytic charge-relay triad comprising Ser 200-His 440-Glu327 is identified. Quite surprisingly, only few net negative amino acid residues are found within the gorge: Asp 285 and Glu 273 at the top, Asp 72 about half-way into the gorge, and G1u 199, proximal to Ser 200, near the base. Overall, the atomic coordinates afford a picture of the active center as that of a deep, highly aromatic cavity, rich in pi-electron density. No evidence exists for an anionic choline-binding locus situated approximately 5 A from Ser 200.
Effects of Thyroidectomy and Triiodothyronine Administration on Rat Liver Alcohol Dehydrogenase

The effect of thyroidectomy on the activity of liver alcohol dehydrogenase and on the rate of ethanol elimination was determined in the rat. Thyroidectomy resulted in a marked increase in liver alcohol dehydrogenase activity. Three isoenzymes of alcohol dehydrogenase activity were demonstrated in thyroidectomized animals by starch gel electrophoresis, as compared with two in sham-operated control animals. Triiodothyronine administration decreased the enzyme activity in control animals, and suppressed the enhanced activity in thyroidectomized animals. Inhibition of alcohol dehydrogenase by triiodothyronine in vitro was found to be competitive with respect to NAD+ and uncompetitive with respect to ethanol in both contrast and thyroidectomized animals. Thyroidectomy did not result in any changes in the rate of ethanol elimination. The cytosolic free NAD+/NADH ratio decreased after ethanol administration in both control and thyroidectomized animals, while the mitochondrial-free NAD+/NADH ratio decreased only in the control animals. These results indicate that the thyroid is a repressor of liver alcohol dehydrogenase activity. A defect in the transfer of reducing equivalents from the cytosol to the mitochondria appears to limit the rate of ethanol elimination in thyroidectomized animals with increased liver alcohol dehydrogenase activity.
Resolution in Electron Tomography

Traditionally, in computed tomography practiced in radiology, the resolution of the reconstruction is expressed in terms of the number of evenly spaced projections required for the faithful reconstruction of an object that has a given diameter (see equation (10) below).The tacit assumption is that projection data have a sufficient spectral signal-to-noise ratio (SSNR) in the whole frequency range in order to reproduce the object faithfully. In electron microscopy, the situation is dramatically different, as the electron dose limitations result in very low SSNR in the individual projections. The suppression of signal is particularly severe in high spatial frequencies, where the signal is affected by the envelope function of the microscope and the high amount of ambient noise, as well as in some low spatial frequency regions (due to the influence of the contrast transfer function (CTF) of the electron microscope). In single-particle reconstruction, a satisfactory level of the SSNR in the 3D reconstruction is achieved by including a large number of 2D projections (tens to hundreds of thousands) that are averaged during the reconstruction process. Except for rare cases (Boisset et al., 1998), the angular distribution of projections is not an issue, as the large number of molecules and the randomness of their orientations on the support grid all but guarantee uniform coverage of angular space. The concern is whether the number of projections per angular direction is sufficient to yield the desired SSNR or whether the angular distribution of projections is such that the oversampling of the 3D Fourier space achieved during the reconstruction process will yield the desired SSNR.
A Modern Epidemic: Increasing Pediatric Emergency Department Visits and Admissions for Headache

Abstract Objective Headaches represent 0.9% to 2.6% of visits to a pediatric emergency department (PED). We noted a trend of increasing visits for headache in our tertiary care PED and sought to further characterize this trend. Methods We identified PED visits with International Classification of Disease, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification diagnoses for headache at 25 hospitals in Pediatric Health Information System between 2003 and 2013. To further characterize demographics and treatment trends over time we used the electronic health record in our emergency department to identify children ages four to 18 between January 2007 and December 2014 with International Classification of Disease, Ninth Revision codes for headache: a random sample of 50 visits per year were chosen for chart review. Results Pediatric Health Information System visits for headache increased by 166% (18,041 in 2003 and 48,020 in 2013); by comparison, total PED visits increased by 57.6%. The percent admission increased by 300% (2020 admissions in 2003 and 8087 admissions in 2013). At our hospital, headache visits increased 111% from 896 visits in 2007 to 1887 visits in 2014; total PED visits increased 30.2%. The admission percentage for headache increased 187% with 156 admissions in 2007 and 448 in 2014. Management over time differed in the frequency of head computed tomography which decreased 3.7% per year (r = −0.93, 95% CI −0.99, −0.64) from 34% in 2007 to 18% in 2014. Conclusion Pediatric emergency department visits for headache are increasing and a growing proportion of these patients are admitted. This finding identifies a potential patient population to target for interventions to improve outpatient management and reduce pediatric emergency department utilization.
On the Momentum Budget of the Quasi-Biennial Oscillation in the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model

AbstractThis study documents the contribution of equatorial waves and mesoscale gravity waves to the momentum budget of the quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) in a 110-level version of the Whole Atmo...
CHAPTER 8 – Social Learning: Synergy and Songbirds

This chapter focuses on the use of multiple contexts to provide multiple chances to capture synergistic effects. The aim is to reflect some of the problems that one faces while the learning that one studies is social. One reason that birdsong researchers may have been less concerned about the details of social housing is that many laboratory studies are preceded or accompanied by investigations in the animal's natural habitat, affording a biologically pleasing view of behavior in both natural and artificial contexts. With time and technological advancement, however, the focus of studies devoted to vocal learning in songbirds has shifted from the birds themselves to their songs, regardless of the setting in which the song is performed. The ability to see vocal behavior in considerable acoustic detail in sonagrams has made looking at the singer seem less pressing. The challenge now is to create contexts in which neither scientists nor their subjects are deprived of the chance to watch animals connect.
Sound radiation by supersonic unstable modes in hypersonic blunt cone boundary layers. II. Direct numerical simulation

Supersonic modes, previously thought to be insignificant due to their smaller amplitude than Mack’s traditional second mode, occur in hypersonic boundary layers when a disturbance travels supersonically with respect to the mean flow outside the boundary layer, causing outward-radiating acoustic waves. Very few previous studies perform Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS) of supersonic modes and instead rely on Linear Stability Theory (LST). This combined LST and DNS study investigates supersonic modes in Mach 5 flow over a blunt cold-wall cone. An LST analysis was performed in Paper I [C. P. Knisely and X. Zhong, “Sound radiation by supersonic unstable modes in hypersonic blunt cone boundary layers. I. Linear stability theory,” Phys. Fluids 31, 024103 (2019)], whereas DNS is the focus of Paper II. The overall goal is to determine the mechanism of supersonic modes and the conditions under which they exist. Compared to previous pure LST studies, DNS provides the advantage of making fewer limiting assumptions and can resolve interactions between modes. The results here indicate the excitation of supersonic modes via modal interactions not resolved with LST, suggesting the inadequacy of pure LST analyses concerning supersonic modes. Unsteady DNS results verified supersonic modes in the flow with wall-to-free-stream temperature ratio Tw/T∞ = 0.2, lending credence to the modes’ physical existence. However in the case of Tw/T∞ = 0.667, sound radiation was also found in DNS while LST predicted a stable supersonic mode. The mechanism for supersonic modes is attributed to a modal interaction between mode F1, mode S, and the slow acoustic spectrum. Therefore, it is necessary to perform combined LST and DNS studies of supersonic modes to reliably predict their presence and impact on transition to turbulence.
Split tolerance permits safe Ad5-GUCY2C-PADRE vaccine-induced T-cell responses in colon cancer patients

The colorectal cancer antigen GUCY2C exhibits unique split tolerance, evoking antigen-specific CD8+, but not CD4+, T-cell responses that deliver anti-tumor immunity without autoimmunity in mice. Here, the cancer vaccine Ad5-GUCY2C-PADRE was evaluated in a first-in-man phase I clinical study of patients with early-stage colorectal cancer to assess its safety and immunological efficacy. Ten patients with surgically-resected stage I or stage II (pN0) colon cancer received a single intramuscular injection of 1011 viral particles (vp) of Ad5-GUCY2C-PADRE. Safety assessment and immunomonitoring were carried out for 6 months following immunization. This trial employed continual monitoring of both efficacy and toxicity of subjects as joint primary outcomes. All patients receiving Ad5-GUCY2C-PADRE completed the study and none developed adverse events greater than grade 1. Antibody responses to GUCY2C were detected in 10% of patients, while 40% exhibited GUCY2C-specific T-cell responses. GUCY2C-specific responses were exclusively CD8+ cytotoxic T cells, mimicking pre-clinical studies in mice in which GUCY2C-specific CD4+ T cells are eliminated by self-tolerance, while CD8+ T cells escape tolerance and mediate antitumor immunity. Moreover, pre-existing neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) to the Ad5 vector were associated with poor vaccine-induced responses, suggesting that Ad5 NAbs oppose GUCY2C immune responses to the vaccine in patients and supported by mouse studies. Split tolerance to GUCY2C in cancer patients can be exploited to safely generate antigen-specific cytotoxic CD8+, but not autoimmune CD4+, T cells by Ad5-GUCY2C-PADRE in the absence of pre-existing NAbs to the viral vector. This trial (NCT01972737) was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov on October 30th, 2013. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01972737
Do Small Local Governments Fare Well? A Survey of Villages in New York:

Public administration studies have not adequately discussed governance challenges for small local governments. Given that more than 10% of villages have, unprecedentedly, voted on dissolution in Ne...
Birth characteristics of children who used early intervention and special education services in New York City.

Background Early intervention (EI) and special education (SE) are beneficial for children with developmental disabilities and/or delays and their families, yet there are disparities in service use. We sought to identify the birth characteristics that predict EI/SE service use patterns. Methods We conducted a retrospective cohort study using linked administrative data from five sources for all children born in 1998 to New York City resident mothers. Multinomial regression was used to identify birth characteristics that predicted predominant patterns of service use. Results Children with service use patterns characterized by late or limited/no EI use were more likely to be first-born children and have Black or Latina mothers. Children born with a gestational age ≤31 weeks were more likely to enter services early. Early term gestational age was associated with patterns of service use common to children with pervasive developmental delay, and maternal obesity was associated with the initiation of speech therapy at the time of entry into school. Conclusions Maternal racial disparities existed for patterns of EI/SE service use. Specific birth characteristics, such as parity and gestational age, may be useful to better identify children who are at risk for suboptimal EI use.
Cost-Effectiveness of Esketamine Nasal Spray for Patients With Treatment-Resistant Depression in the United States.

Objective:This study aimed to estimate the cost-effectiveness of esketamine, a novel intranasally dosed antidepressant, for patients in the United States with treatment-resistant depression.Methods...
Utility of polysomnography and video swallow studies in the management of pediatric patients with congenital idiopathic bilateral vocal fold dysfunction

Abstract Objectives Congenital idiopathic bilateral vocal fold dysfunction (BVFD) is an uncommon cause of neonatal stridor and respiratory distress postnatally. Approximately 50% of affected neonates or infants will historically require tracheostomy for this condition. Timing and candidacy for tracheostomy in BVFD patients is often subjective and poorly understood. Polysomnography (PSG) and video swallow studies (VSS) may be helpful in the management of patients with BVFD prior to tracheostomy by quantifying their degree of upper airway obstruction during sleep and feeding dysfunction while awake. Methods We performed a single-institution retrospective case series of BVFD patients from 2000 to 2018 who had postnatal PSGs performed prior to tracheostomy. Demographics, gestational age, and VSS results prior to PSG were recorded for all patients. Findings from PSGs included non-REM AHI, REM AHI, oxygen nadir, % total sleep time (TST) O2 52 torr. Rates of post-PSG tracheostomy, gastrostomy tube (G-tube) placement, and home O2 supplementation were noted for all patients. Results From 2000 to 2018, 12/46 (26%) BVFD patients had postnatal PSGs performed prior to tracheostomy. Median patient age at BVFD diagnosis, VSS, and PSG was 5.5 days, 12.5 days, and 17.5 days, respectively. Mild, moderate, and severe obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) was found in 7/12, 3/12, and 4/12 patients, respectively. Hypercapnia (ETCO2 >52 torr) was found in 5/12 patients on PSG while hypoxemia (SpO2 4% TST) was not found in any patient. VSS results demonstrated normal swallowing, inconsistent laryngeal penetration, and silent aspiration in 7/12, 2/12, and 3/12 patients, respectively. Tracheostomy and G-tube placement was performed in 3/12 and 2/12 patients, respectively. There was no association between the severity of OSA or any PSG abnormality, VSS findings, and the performance of tracheostomy in any BVFD patient. Conclusions OSA was found in all BVFD patients undergoing postnatal PSG at our institution while feeding dysfunction was found in approximately 50% of patients. The presence of feeding dysfunction, severe OSA, or any PSG abnormality was not individually associated with the subsequent performance of a tracheostomy in our patients. PSG is likely useful in supporting but not supplanting one's clinical decision-making in the management of patients with congenital idiopathic BVFD.
Geometric models reveal behavioral and neural signatures of transforming naturalistic experiences into episodic memories

Abstract The mental contexts in which we interpret experiences are often person-specific, even when the experiences themselves are shared. We developed a geometric framework for mathematically characterizing the subjective conceptual content of dynamic naturalistic experiences. We model experiences and memories as trajectories through word embedding spaces whose coordinates reflect the universe of thoughts under consideration. Memory encoding can then be modeled as geometrically preserving or distorting the shape of the original experience. We applied our approach to data collected as participants watched and verbally recounted a television episode while undergoing functional neuroimaging. Participants’ recountings all preserved coarse spatial properties (essential narrative elements), but not fine spatial scale (low-level) details, of the episode’s trajectory. We also identified networks of brain structures sensitive to these trajectory shapes. Our work provides insights into how we preserve and distort our ongoing experiences when we encode them into episodic memories.
YBCO-on-Kapton: Material for High-Density Quantum Computer Interconnects With Ultra-Low Thermal Loss

Development of practical quantum computers would require 1000's of qubits and equally large number of read-out, bias and drive lines. New materials that combine low passive loss and good RF properties are needed. Here we report performance of signal interconnects comprised of high-temperature YBCO films that are exfoliated from a metal substrate and transferred to a E-Kapton tape. The technology offers low-loss transition between 60 K to sub-mK environments and interfacing with off-shelf flexible silicon electronics. We demonstrate <1 dB/m attenuation at 6 GHz at 77 K. The microstrip assemblies demonstrated no degradation upon multiple cycling to liquid Nitrogen and conduction cooling down to 18 K. We discuss the design of a practical high-density signal cable with passive loss well below 1 μW per line. The YBCO-on-Kapton technology offers a practical pathway to large error-corrected quantum computing systems.
Student reactions to traumatic material in literature: Implications for trigger warnings

Introduction While trigger warnings have garnered significant debate, few studies have investigated how students typically respond to potentially triggering material. Method In this study, three hundred and fifty-five undergraduate students from four universities read a passage describing incidences of both physical and sexual assault. Longitudinal measures of subjective distress, PTSD symptoms, and emotional reactivity were taken. Results Greater than 96% of participants read the triggering passage even when given a non-triggering alternative to read. Of those who read the triggering passage, those with triggering traumas did not report more distress although those with higher PTSD scores did. Two weeks later, those with trigger traumas and/or PTSD did not report an increase in trauma symptoms as a result of reading the triggering passage. Conclusions Students with relevant traumas do not avoid triggering material and the effects appear to be brief. Students with PTSD do not report an exacerbation of symptoms two weeks later as a function of reading the passage.