cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Language and memory: generalization as a part of understanding

This paper presents the Integrated Partial Parser (IPP), a computer model that combines text understanding and memory of events. An extended example of the program's ability to understand newspaper stories and make generalizations that are useful for memory organization is presented.
Correction to: Mother and Home Visitor Emotional Well-Being and Alignment on Goals for Home Visiting as Factors for Program Engagement.

The article “Mother and Home Visitor Emotional Well-Being and Alignment on Goals for Home Visiting as Factors for Program Engagement”, written by L. Burrell, S. Crowne, K. Ojo, R. Snead, K. O’Neill, F. Cluxton‑Keller and A. Duggan, was originally published electronically on the publisher’s internet portal (currently SpringerLink) on 31 May 2018 without open access.
An RSS-based method for path navigation in miniature robotic swarms

Swarm robots are designed with very limited sensing and computing capabilities to reduce the robots’ cost without sacrificing their functionality. These limited capabilities make it necessary to develop algorithms and methodologies to enable the robots to perform tasks such as tracking, following, or even navigating a path. This paper addresses the particular problem of a robot navigating a path specified by stationary beacon robots. We suggest a method that combines the radio signal strength with trigonometry to achieve an effective path navigation methodology. The performance analysis shows that the robot travels on average (1.5N + 1) segments to complete a path lined up by N beacons as opposed to 2.5N segments when using the traditional tracking algorithm.
A novel CDKN2A variant (p16L117P) in a patient with familial and multiple primary melanomas

Germline mutations in CDKN2A (p16) are commonly found in patients with family history of melanoma or personal history of multiple primary melanomas. The p16 tumor suppressor gene regulates cell cycle progression and senescence through binding of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK) and also regulates cellular oxidative stress independently of cell cycle control. We identified a germline missense (c.350T>C, p.Leu117Pro) CDKN2A mutation in a patient who had history of four primary melanomas, numerous nevi, and self-reported family history of melanoma. This particular CDKN2A mutation has not been previously reported in prior large studies of melanoma kindreds or patients with multiple primary melanomas. Compared with wild-type p16, the p16L117P mutant largely retained binding capacity for CDK4 and CDK6 but exhibited impaired capacity for repressing cell cycle progression and inducing senescence, while retaining its ability to reduce mitochondrial reactive oxygen species. Structural modeling predicted that the Leu117Pro mutation disrupts a putative adenosine monophosphate (AMP) binding pocket involving residue 117 in the fourth ankyrin domain. Identification of this new likely pathogenic variant extends our understanding of CDKN2A in melanoma susceptibility and implicates AMP as a potential regulator of p16.
Canine myxosarcomas, a retrospective analysis of 32 dogs (2003-2018).

Myxosarcomas are known to be classified as soft tissue sarcomas. However, there is limited clinical characterization pertaining specifically to canine cutaneous myxosarcomas in the literature. The objective of this study is to evaluate the local recurrence rate, metastatic rate and prognosis of canine myxosarcoma. A total of 32 dogs diagnosed with myxosarcoma via histopathology were included in this retrospective study. All dogs had surgical resection. No adjunct treatments were performed in 9 dogs, while 22 dogs also received either radiation therapy or chemotherapy, or a combination of both. One dog received only NSAID after surgery. Overall median survival time (MST) was 730 days (range 20–2345 days). The MST of dogs with a tumor mitotic count < 10/10 HPF was 1393 days (range 20–2345 days). The dogs with a tumor mitotic count of 10 or greater/10 HPF had a MST of 433 days (range 169–831 days). There was no significant difference of MST among different treatment modalities. Local recurrence was noted in 13 cases (40.6%) and the median time to recurrence was 115.5 days (range 50–1610 days). The median time to local recurrence in dogs with mitotic count of < 10/10 HPF was 339 days (range 68–1610 days) and in dogs with mitotic count of 10 or greater/10 HPF was 119 days (range 50–378). Metastasis to local lymph node or lung was noted in 8 cases (25%) with median time to metastasis of 158.5 days (range 0–643 days). Based on the results of this retrospective study, myxosarcoma may have a higher local recurrence rate and risk of metastasis to the local lymph nodes compared to other soft tissue sarcomas.
158. Determinants of variability in observed costs in spinal surgery episodes within the bundled care payment initiative

BACKGROUND CONTEXT As the overall cost of health care and its proportion of gross domestic product (GDP) continue to rise, bundled payment initiatives have been developed as a response in order to simultaneously decrease costs and improve outcomes. These initiatives have been successfully implemented in the field of hip and knee arthroplasty, where treatment algorithms are standardized and predictable. Few have looked at the applicability of bundled care payments to the complicated and often unstandardized field of spine surgery. The goal of our study was to quantify realized costs across episodes of care in commonly performed spinal surgeries and identify variability within proposed bundles. PURPOSE To delineate observed costs and understand variability within proposed spine bundles using an internal dataset. OUTCOME MEASURES Observed costs incurred in each episode of care within the bundled care initiative. METHODS Three bundles were identified as well as their respective diagnosis-related groups (DRG). The three bundles consisted of non-fusion neck and back surgery (DRG 518, 519, 520), cervical spinal fusion (DRG 471, 472, 473), and non-cervical spinal fusion (DRG 459, 460). Total costs per episode were calculated for all episodes beginning first quarter 2014 to the third quarter of 2016. Total costs per episode were compared to CMS target prices in 2018 real dollars. Subanalyses were performed to define the variability within each bundle as well as to identify outliers. RESULTS A total of 591 episodes of care were identified over 11 financial quarters: 145 non-fusion neck and back surgeries, 185 cervical fusion episodes, and 261 non-cervical fusions. The average cost per episode across these 11 quarters was $39,953.94 (SD $27,284.76), $65,499.07 (SD $36,909.95), and $78,241.24 (SD $35,899.00), respectively. There was statistically significant inter-DRG variability within each bundle (p CONCLUSIONS Bundled payment care initiatives may have a role in spinal surgery if standardized treatment algorithms can be implemented and outliers can be minimized. Our analysis showed significant intra-bundle and inter-DRG variability. Postacute care contributed the most to the variability and appears to be the most modifiable factor in an effort to decrease costs. Professional fees also contributed to variability in spine episodes (contrasting to arthroplasty) though only within fusion episodes. Outliers alone may dictate the economic viability of bundled care initiatives. Further analysis is required to be able to predict and modify variables that lead to significant deviation from the norm. FDA DEVICE/DRUG STATUS This abstract does not discuss or include any applicable devices or drugs.
Establishing Absolute Lymphocyte Count Thresholds for Further Review of Peripheral Blood Lymphocytosis to Judiciously Screen for Monoclonal B-Cell Populations in Older Adults.

Objectives Lymphocytosis may represent either a lymphoproliferative disorder (LPD) or a reactive process. The absolute lymphocyte count (ALC) threshold for further evaluation of lymphocytosis is not well established. Methods We prospectively performed flow cytometry on blood samples from patients 50 years or older with ALCs of 4.0 × 109 cells/L or greater without a history of an LPD. Results Monoclonal B-cell populations were found in 34 (19.1%) of 178 cases, with incidence increasing with age. In patients younger than 75 years, no monoclonal B-cell population was identified in patients with ALCs less than 4.4 × 109 cells/L, while such clones were found below and above this threshold in patients 75 years and older. Conclusions These findings support a threshold for smear review and flow cytometry no lower than 4.4 × 109 cells/L in patients younger than 75 years and a threshold as low as 4.0 × 109 cells/L in patients 75 years and older.
President's Column: Librarian Faculty Status, Maureen Sullivan, and You

ACRL-LA President Karen Niemla takes a look at the issue of librarian faculty status ALA President Maureen Sullivan's recent comments regarding librarian faculty status.
A Comparative Study of Rurality and Urbanicity on Access to and Satisfaction with Services for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders

Little is known about services for children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) living in rural areas. The purpose of this study was to examine parent report of access to and satisfaction with ser...
Mix It Up? The Influence of Team Composition on Employee Perceptions of Stressors in a Post-Merger Environment:

Organizational restructuring that follows mergers can be stressful for employees. Heterogeneous team structures may intensify merger-related stressors, as legacy company serves as a faultline, whic...
A Bourdieusian Approach to Educational Leadership in Culturally Diverse Schools

As student populations become increasingly diverse, there is urgency to explain relationships between leaders and students from culturally diverse backgrounds. While many leadership scholars have recently drawn attention to student diversity and the need for culturally responsive leadership, few researchers have theorized leadership from a Bourdieusian perspective. A Bourdieuian perspective explains leadership-student relations considering capital, fields, and habitus. We argue these concepts are essential for contemporary leadership theory, policy, and practice in diverse schools. Capital is at the core of Bourdieu’s theory of social reproduction. ( Bourdieu, P. (1977a). Cultural reproduction and social reproduction. In Karabel, J. & Halsey, A.H. (Eds.), Power and ideology in education (pp. 487–511), New York: Oxford.) argues upper-class students are advantaged not by the merit of their experiences but by the unequal value bestowed to these experiences by schools. He introduces the concept of habitus as the dispositions acquired through life experiences in different dimensions, and theorizes that the social world is divided into fields. Each field has a set of practices, and people who dominate and are dominated. Using habitus and field, researchers can examine the dispositions, traits, and practices of school leaders, as they operate across a number of fields, each with different power structures and properties. This chapter lays the groundwork for theorizing relationships among individual educational leaders and increasingly pluralistic communities so as to further inform empirical research. We construct a framework grounded in the theoretical logic of sociology beyond organizational and critical theories that explains relationships between leaders and students from culturally diverse backgrounds
Abstract 2349: Comparison of the blood, bone marrow, and cerebrospinal fluid metabolomes in children with acute leukemia

Background: Children with acute leukemia (AL) are at risk for relapse, treatment toxicity, second neoplasms, and death. Understanding host and tumor response to therapy is necessary to achieve high survival rates and minimize adverse effects. Metabolomics, the characterization of small molecules in a biological system, may be useful for monitoring treatment response. In support of this, we previously identified metabolites in bone marrow (BM) plasma associated with end-induction minimal residual disease (MRD) and in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) associated with fatigue. Because procedures for obtaining BM and CSF are invasive and subject patients to risk, we sought to determine whether the BM and CSF metabolomes of children undergoing therapy for AL were correlated with the blood metabolome. Methods: Blood plasma, BM, and CSF were collected at the end-induction from 11 patients with newly diagnosed AL treated at Texas Children9s Hospital (Houston, TX). Global metabolomic profiling was performed by Metabolon (Durham, NC), using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry according to published methods. We assessed the number and type (e.g. lipid, amino acid) of metabolites in each sample. For each metabolite identified in ≥2 samples from ≥2 patients, we computed Spearman rank correlation coefficients to estimate the pairwise correlations between blood, BM, and CSF. Results: Patients were predominantly male (N=7) and Latino (N=9). Ten were diagnosed with B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia and one with mixed phenotype acute leukemia. Among 670 metabolites detected in ≥2 blood and BM plasma samples, 370 (58%) demonstrated moderate to strong correlations (Spearman9s rho ≥0.5) and 317 (47%) were significant at p Conclusions: There is substantial correlation between the blood and BM plasma metabolomes at end-induction among children with ALL, including metabolites putatively associated with early treatment response. Correlations between CSF and blood or BM plasma are weaker, implying that the CSF metabolome is distinct. The blood plasma metabolome may approximate the BM but not CSF metabolome in children with ALL. Citation Format: Jeremy M. Schraw, J.P. Woodhouse, Melanie B. Bernhardt, Olga A. Taylor, Terzah M. Horton, Michael E. Scheurer, Mehmet F. Okcu, Karen R. Rabin, Philip J. Lupo, Austin L. Brown. Comparison of the blood, bone marrow, and cerebrospinal fluid metabolomes in children with acute leukemia [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2021; 2021 Apr 10-15 and May 17-21. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2021;81(13_Suppl):Abstract nr 2349.
Synthesis and styrene copolymerization of novel trisubstituted ethylenes: 11. Halogen ring-substituted propyl 2-cyano-3-phenyl-2-propenoates

Novel trisubstituted ethylenes, ring-substituted propyl 2-cyano-3-phenyl-2-propenoates, RPhCH=C(CN)CO2C3H7 (where R is 4-chloro-3-fluoro, 2-fluoro-5-iodo, 2-fluoro-6-iodo, 2-trifluoromethyl, 3-trif...
Network analyses of the impact of visual habitat structure on behavior, demography, genetic diversity, and gene flow in a metapopulation of collared lizards (Crotaphytus collaris collaris)

Abstract Networks consist of nodes interconnected by edges. Network theory provides many tools for analyzing a variety of biological problems. We apply various types of networks to investigate the interaction of habitat structure, social behavior, genetic diversity, dispersal, and gene flow in Ozark collared lizards (Crotaphytus collaris collaris) on glades, open rocky habitats imbedded in a woodland matrix, that constitute a well-studied metapopulation since 1984. Open bedrock is an important resource for these visually oriented animals for predation, territorial defense, and mating. By constructing behavioral networks among the lizards on a glade we show that the distribution of open bedrock within a glade, which influences visual openness, significantly influences the lizards’ social behavior, particularly male aggression. We use network analysis to show that subdivision of the bedrock by visual barriers allows males to monopolize the subsequent partitions. Using a measure of bedrock distribution within glades that can be obtained from remotely sensed data, we assessed the impact of visual openness on 132 glade populations, finding significant effects on population size, within-glade genetic diversity, dispersal networks, and gene flow networks. This work shows how a structural feature of the landscape can influence behavior, demography, and the distribution of genetic variation over space. We show how these significant effects can be modeled and predicted from remotely sensed data that allows an efficient and cost-effective way of prioritizing different areas for restoration and preservation of genetic variation in collared lizards in the Ozarks. This work also illustrates the flexibility of networks to analyze a multifaceted problem in evolutionary, ecological, and conservation biology.
Long term outcomes of sporadic large fundic gland polyps: a single-center experience.

BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS Sporadic fundic gland polyps (FGP) are the most common type of gastric polyp, reported in 0.8%-1.9% of patients undergoing Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD). Data on long-term outcomes of large FGP is limited. We aim to study the natural history of sporadic large (≥ 10 mm) FGPs. PATIENTS AND METHODS All adults who underwent EGD for any indication from April 2014 to December 2019 at a tertiary care center were retrospectively assessed, and patients with FGP (≥10mm) were identified. Data on baseline characteristics and long-term outcomes were recorded. Follow-up data were recorded for patients who underwent repeat endoscopy to evaluate for rates of dysplasia and cancer. RESULTS A total of 4,000 patients with a diagnosis of FGP were screened and 132 large, biopsy-proven FGPs were included in the final analysis. The most common indication for EGD was gastroesophageal reflux disease (61%). During a follow-up period of 3.2 years, the rate of dysplasia, was 4.0%. Subgroup analysis based on size (10-19 mm and ≥ 20 mm) showed no significant difference in overall outcomes. CONCLUSION Repeat EGDs for surveillance should not be routinely performed since large (≥10 mm) sporadic FGPs are mostly benign without significant malignant potential.
You Really Need Help: Exploring Expert Reasons for Intervention During Block-based Programming Assignments

In recent years, research has increasingly focused on developing intelligent tutoring systems that provide data-driven support for students in need of assistance during programming assignments. One goal of such intelligent tutors is to provide students with quality interventions comparable to those human tutors would give. While most studies focused on generating different forms of on-demand support, such as next-step hints and worked examples, at any given moment during the programming assignment, there is a lack of research on why human tutors would provide different forms of proactive interventions to students in different situations. This information is critical to know to allow the intelligent programming environments to select the appropriate type of student support at the right moment. In this work, we studied human tutors’ reasons for providing interventions during two introductory programming assignments in a block-based environment. Three human tutors evaluated a sample of 86 struggling moments identified from students’ log data using a data-driven model. The human tutors specified whether and why an intervention was needed (or not) for each struggling moment. We analyzed the expert tags and their consensus discussions and extracted three main reasons that made the experts decide to intervene: “missing key components to make progress”, “using wrong or unnecessary blocks”, “misusing needed blocks”, “having critical logic errors”, “needing confirmation and next steps”, and “unclear student intention”. We use six case studies to illustrate specific student code trace examples and the tutors’ reasons for intervention. We also discuss the potential types of automatic interventions that could address these cases. Our work sheds light on when and why students might need programming interventions. These insights contribute towards improving the quality of automated, data-driven support in programming learning environments.
Black Feminist Wondaland: Reckoning, Celebrating, and Reclaiming Joy in Higher Education

Janelle Monae’s, Dirty Computer, tackles issues like feminism, racism, sexuality, Black womanhood, self-assurance, and growth. Each song on the album is presented from a first-person point of view, offering a unique insight into a story that shares an intimate portrait of what it means to embrace authentic Black womanhood. Monae’s lyrical storytelling brings to life stories of love, loss, fear, and celebration, offering an experience that cannot be ignored. Still, the numerous ways Black women experience joy and celebration are often overlooked in higher education. Thus, in this article, we center Monae’s album and offer the framework, Black Feminist Wondaland (BFW), to account for how Black women reckon with the misogynoir enacted against us, celebrate ourselves as an act of radical resistance, and reclaim our joy in a society bent on keeping us in a state of sorrow.
Food Insecurity, Nutritional Inequality, and Maternal–Child Health: A Role for Biocultural Scholarship in Filling Knowledge Gaps

Food insecurity, a significant contributor to nutritional inequality, disproportionately affects women and children in low- and middle-income countries. The magnitude of the problem has inspired re...
A single dose of kudzu extract reduces alcohol consumption in a binge drinking paradigm.

Background Overconsumption of alcohol has significant negative effects on an individual's health and contributes to an enormous economic impact on society as a whole. Pharmacotherapies to curb excessive drinking are important for treating alcohol use disorders.
Chapter 1 Genotoxicity of Chromate

Publisher Summary This chapter deals with current progress on the understanding of the interaction of chromium with DNA and should help to elucidate the mechanism of chromate-induced genotoxicity. The hexavalent oxidation state of chromium, chromate or Cr (VI), is established as a human respiratory carcinogen based on more than a century's worth of epidemiological and medical evidence. Over the years, research has illustrated chromate's myriad mutagenic, genotoxic, and carcinogenic effects in a wide range of in vitro , cellular, and whole animal model systems. The toxic effects of soluble Cr (VI) are a direct consequence of its aqueous geometry, charge, and redox properties at physiological pH. The end product of intracellular chromate metabolism is the octahedral, +3 oxidation state, Cr (III). Cr (III) complexes with certain ligands are toxic, mutagenic, and clastogenicbut the carcinogenic risk of this oxidation state to humans is considered inconclusive by the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) and the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). In addition, competing ligands such as phosphate buffer or ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) are shown to block ascorbate-mediated Cr-DNA interactions and reverse a vast majority of mutations providing insight on the transient dynamics of Cr-DNA adduct interactions and their potential for genotoxicity.
Molecular Properties and Reaction Mechanism of Multicopper Oxidases Related to Their Use in Biofuel Cells

The multicopper oxidases (MCOs) are a ubiquitous family of proteins that carry out four single-electron oxidations of substrates coupled to the four-electron reduction of dioxygen to water (Eq. 8.1) [1]. These enzymes carry out a diverse set of oxidation reactions and based on their reactivity can be placed into one of two categories: those that oxidize organic molecules (organic oxidases) and those that oxidize metal ions (metalloxidases) (Table 8.1). The metalloxidases are specific toward their substrate, while the organic oxidases generally exhibit broad substrate specificity:
Proper Motions with Respect to Galaxies

The Lick proper motion program with respect to galaxies is summarized. The subject of extragalactic astrometry is introduced with estimates of proper motions for selected members of the Local Group of galaxies and more distant systems. The problems of measuring proper motions for the Magellanic Clouds is described in more detail.
Enhancing NFS Cross-Administrative Domain Access

The access model of exporting NFS volumes to clients suffers from two problems. First, the server depends on the client to specify the user credentials to use and has no flexible mechanism to map or restrict the credentials given by the client. Second, when the server exports a volume, there is no mechanism to ensure that users accessing the server are only able to access their own files. We address these problems by a combination of two solutions. First, range-mapping allows the NFS server to restrict and flexibly map the credentials set by the client. Second, file-cloaking allows the server to control the data a client is able to view or access, beyond normal Unix semantics. Our design is compatible with all versions of NFS. We have implemented this work in Linux and made changes only to the NFS server code; client-side NFS and the NFS protocol remain unchanged. Our evaluation shows a minimal average performance overhead and, in some cases, an end-to-end performance improvement.
Association between advance directives and quality of end-of-life care: a national study.

OBJECTIVES: To examine the role of advance directives (ADs) 10 years after the Patient Self-Determination Act. DESIGN: Mortality follow-back survey. SETTING: People who died in a nursing home, hospital, or at home. PARTICIPANTS: Bereaved family member or other knowledgeable informant. MEASUREMENTS: Telephone interviewers that asked about the use of written ADs, use of life-sustaining treatment, and quality of care by asking whether staff provided desired symptom relief, treated the dying with respect, supported shared decision-making, coordinated care, and provided family with the needed information and emotional support. RESULTS: Of the 1,587 people who died, 70.8% had an AD. Persons who died at home with hospice or in a nursing home were more likely to have an AD. In addition, those with an AD were less likely to have a feeding tube (17% vs 27%) or use a respirator in the last month of life (11.8% vs 22.0%). Bereaved family members who reported that the decedent did not have an AD were more likely to report concerns with physician communication (adjusted odds ratio (AOR)=1.4, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.1–1.6) and with being informed about what to expect (AOR=1.2, 95% CI=1.0–1.3). No statistically significant differences were observed in other outcomes. Even in those with an AD, important quality concerns remained; one in four reported an unmet need in pain, one in two reported inadequate emotional support for the patient, and one in three stated inadequate family emotional support. CONCLUSION: Bereaved family member report of completion of an AD was associated with greater use of hospice and fewer reported concerns with communication, yet important opportunities remain to improve the quality of end-of-life care.
Characterization of hollow cathode, ring cusp discharge chambers

An experimental study into the effects of changes in such physical design parameters as hollow cathode position, anode position and ring cusp magnetic field configuration and strength on discharge chamber performance, is described. The results are presented in terms of comparative plasma ion energy cost, extracted ion fraction and ion beam profile data. Such comparisons are used to demonstrate specific means by which changes in these design parameters induce changes in performance, i.e., through changes in the loss rates of primary electrons to the anode, of ions to discharge chamber walls or of ions to cathode and anode surfaces. Results show: (1) the rate of primary electron loss to the anode decreases as the anode is moved downstream of the ring cusp toward the screen grid, (2) the loss rate of ions to hollow cathode surfaces are excessive if the cathode is located upstream of a point of peak magnetic flux density on the discharge chamber centerline, and (3) the fraction of the ions produced that are lost to discharge chamber walls and ring magnet surfaces is reduced by positioning the magnet rings so the plasma density is uniform over the grid surface and so there are no steep magnetic flux density gradients near the walls through which ions can be lost by Bohm diffusion. The uniformity of the plasma density at the grids can also be improved by moving the point of primary electron injection into the discharge chamber off of the chamber centerline. Other results show the discharge chamber losses decrease when a filament cathode is substituted for a hollow cathode to the extent of the hollow cathode operating power. When plasma ion energy cost is determined in such a way that the cost of operating the hollow cathode is subtracted out, the performance using either electron source is similar.
Dietary Intake of Lycopene and Risk of Prostate Cancer

Recent evidence suggests a role for the plant compound lycopene in the prevention of prostate cancer. Lycopene is a carotenoid that lacks provitamin A activity and acts as a potent antioxidant in the human body. In the United States, the richest sources of lycopene are tomato products. Processed tomato products are a particularly rich source due to the higher bioavailability of lycopene in its trans configuration. Prostate cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death in the United States for men and is significantly higher among African Americans. Since lycopene has been shown to concentrate in the prostate gland, several investigations have been conducted in an attempt to ascertain lycopene’s role in the prevention of prostate cancer. This chapter will therefore review the recent evidence for lycopene and prostate cancer prevention, particularly focusing on the methods of assessing lycopene status.
International Price Discovery for Emerging Market Stocks: Evidence from Indian GDRs

Given the rapid increase of the number of emerging market stocks being dually listed abroad, it is important to understand the role of the foreign markets in the price discovery process. We examine this issue by studying the role of the London Global Depositary Receipts (GDR) market for Indian stocks. We find that the London and the Mumbai prices are cointegrated despite arbitrage restrictions imposed by Indian government regulations. Each market contributes almost equally to price discovery, a result in contrast to the small contribution of offshore markets to price discovery of stocks based in developed economies. The GDR market's contribution to price discovery increases with the foreign ownership of the firm and GDR issue size. We also find evidence of significant volatility spillovers from the London market to the Indian market. The overall results suggest that offshore trading in emerging market stocks play a beneficial role by aiding domestic price discovery.
Multimillion Atom Molecular-Dynamics Simulations of Nanostructured Materials and Processes on Parallel Computers

Materials by design efforts have thus far focused on controlling structures at diverse length scales — atoms, defects, fibers, interfaces, grains, pores, etc. Because of the inherent complexity of such multiscale materials phenomena, atomistic simulations are expected to play an important role in the design of materials such as metals, semiconductors, ceramics, and glasses [1]. In recent years, we have witnessed rapid progress in large-scale atomistic simulations, highly efficient algorithms for massively parallel machines, and immersive and interactive virtual environments for analyzing and controlling simulations in real time. As a result of these advances, simulation efforts are being directed toward reliably predicting properties of materials in advance of fabrication. Thus, materials simulations are capable of complementing and guiding experimental search for new and novel materials.
Estimating the heritability of female lifetime fecundity in a locally adapted Drosophila melanogaster population

The heritability of genome-wide fitness that is expected in finite populations is poorly understood, both theoretically and empirically, despite its relevance to many fundamental concepts in evolutionary biology. In this study, we used two independent methods of estimating the heritability of lifetime female fecundity (the predominant female fitness component in this population) in a large, outbred population of Drosophila melanogaster that had adapted to the laboratory environment for over 400 generations. Despite strong directional selection on adult female fecundity, we uncovered high heritability for this trait that cannot be explained by antagonistic pleiotropy with juvenile fitness. The evolutionary significance of this high heritability of lifetime fecundity is discussed.
Dot-based ELISA and RIA: Two rapid assays that screen hybridoma supernatants against whole live cells

Two assays are described that are suitable for the screening of large numbers of hybridoma supernatants as well as for the screening of a wide range of tissues for the distribution of a given cell surface antigen. These assays use whole live cells as targets, avoiding fixation or extraction, which could alter the antigenic structural profile. The assays are rapid, simple and inexpensive. Their advantages and applications are discussed.
Fault-related folding in the Ramshorn Peak area, Idaho-Wyoming thrust belt

Abstract The Ramshorn Peak area of the Idaho-Wyoming thrust belt lies in the toe of the Prospect thrust sheet along the eastern margin of the exposed part of the thrust belt. The terrain is folded with axes trending N-S and wavelengths ranging from 3 to 4.3 km. Thrusts occur exclusively along the eastern part of the map area where the toe of the Prospect thrust sheet is thinnest. The easternmost thrusts are backthrusts. Monoclinally folded rocks are thrust on less deformed rocks south of Ramshorn Peak. This fold and fault complex is interpreted to have formed by thrusting over a large oblique and small forward step. The oblique step is responsible for the formation of the monocline in the hanging wall of the thrust. All faults and associated folds are rotated by subsequent buckle folding. Second- and third-order folds (folds at the scale of the Ramshorn Peak fold and fault complex and smaller) appear to be isolated features associated with faults (fault-related folds rather than buckle folds) because they are not distributed throughout the map area. These folds were probably initiated by translation and adhesive drag. The early folding was terminated by large translation over a stepped thrust surface which caused additional folding as the hanging wall rocks conformed to the irregular shape of the footwall. The Rich model is utilized to explain the Ramshorn Peak complex because the fold is of monoclinal form and is an isolated feature rather than part of a buckle fold wave-train.
Ethical considerations of giving patients choices.

Abstract Customer service is becoming the watchword if companies are to remain competitive. This direction toward customer service has promoted the development of patient-centered services in the healthcare industry. However, creating these services is not easy. This article discusses the application of ethical principles in designing a patient-centered approach from the experience of a university hospital. It addresses some of the issues that a hospital must consider while working to become more user friendly for its “customers”: its patients and their family members and visitors.
On generalized inverses of polynomial and other matrices

Necessary and sufficient conditions are given for a rectangular multivariable polynomial matrix to have a (weak) generalized inverse, extending recent results for single-variable polynomial matrices obtained by other authors.
Acute bronchitis: a review of diagnosis and evidence-based management.

Abstract Obstetricians and gynecologists are increasingly involved in primary care. Acute bronchitis is among the most common ambulatory complaints. Although the cause of acute bronchitis is predominantly viral, 50–70% of patients presenting with this condition are treated with antibiotics. Because of the increasing bacterial resistance to antibiotics, the cost of prescription drugs, and the potential adverse reactions to them, the present management of acute bronchitis has important shortcomings. Also, inhaled bronchodilators are underused for symptomatic management. Improved awareness among physicians about the recommended management of acute bronchitis has been targeted as an important means of decreasing unnecessary antibiotic use. Patient satisfaction motivates physicians to prescribe antibiotics in managing acute bronchitis. However, patient satisfaction does not necessarily correlate with prescribing of antibiotics but rather with patient education. We present a review of the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of acute bronchitis and its management.
Microstructural effects on fatigue and dwell-fatigue crack growth in α/β Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo-0.1Si

This article presents the results of an experimental and theoretical study of the effects of microstructure on room-temperature fatigue and dwell-fatigue crack growth in Ti-6242. The crack growth rates and micromechanisms of long crack growth are elucidated for equiaxed, elongated, and colony microstructures. The article shows that dwell and pure fatigue crack growth rates are generally similar in the long crack growth regime. The underlying mechanisms of long crack growth are also generally similar under pure fatigue and dwell-crack growth conditions. However, differences in dwell and fatigue sensitivities are observed between the different microstructure in the mid-and high-ΔK regimes. These are explained by considering the possible interactions between fatigue and creep during dwell fatigue loading at room temperature. Linearized fracture mechanics crack growth laws are presented for the modeling of crack growth in the near-threshold, Paris, and high-ΔK regimes.
An improved preparation of ribosomes and polysomes from cardiac muscle.

Abstract An improved method for the isolation of cardiac polysomes is described and the importance of monovalent cations in the homogenate noted. Evidence is presented suggesting that cardiac polysomes are not attached to the sarcoplasmic reticulum and that the use of deoxycholate to solubilize membranes does not damage polysomes. Sedimentation of polysomes through a 2 m sucrose layer containing NH 4 Cl removed nuclease and improved stability. Such polysomes were further stabilized by the presence of protein. Fractionation of cardiac cell sap allows the preparation of nuclease-free transferase enzymes. Even after extensive charcoal treatment of all reaction components, no absolute requirement of protein synthesis for GTP could be demonstrated.
Investigating the Life Situations and Development of Teenage Mothers’ Children: Evidence from the ECLS-B

The Early Childhood Longitudinal Study-Birth Cohort of 2001 represents a unique opportunity to examine the life situations of teenage mothers and their young children in a nationally representative sample. Descriptive and multivariate regression analyses compare teenage mothers and their children to older mothers and their children, examine variation among teenage mothers and their children, and estimate associations between household structures and mothers' work and school involvement at age 2 and children's health and development at age 4½. Results show that compared to children of mothers who never gave birth as teens, teenage mothers' children experience strong socioeconomic disadvantages, and their home environments have some greater risks. Their mothers' parenting behaviors are not rated as favorably, and many measures of their health and development at age 2 are compromised. However, many of these parenting and developmental disparities are explained by teenage mothers' low levels of current socioeconomic status. At least in some domains, teenage mothers' involvement in school and paid work is associated with more favorable child outcomes at age 4½, and living with a single mother and other adults predicts more negative outcomes. Many everyday experiences that are associated with disadvantaged outcomes are quite prevalent among teenage mothers' children, identifying useful targets for policy interventions. These findings suggest that effective social programs implemented in early life may have an opportunity to reduce the early developmental disadvantages of many children of teenage mothers.
Body image: Differences between high and low Self-Monitoring males and females

Abstract This study investigated the relationship between self-monitoring, sex, and body image. One hundred seventy-seven undergraduate subjects completed the 18-item Self-Monitoring Scale ( Snyder & Gangestad, 1986 ) and the Body Self Relations Questionnaire (BSRQ) ( Winstead & Cash, 1984 ). The Self-Monitoring scale was scored for both the total score and the two factor scores (Other Directedness, Public Performance) identified by Briggs and Cheek (1988) . Results showed that sex was a better predictor, overall, of body image ratings than was self-monitoring. Nevertheless, self-monitoring was a significant predictor of body image ratings, particularly on scales pertaining to physical appearance. The total self-monitoring score was a more extensive predictor of ratings than the factor scores, whereas the factor scores were more specific predictors than the total score. Results are discussed in terms of social desirability norms for high self-monitors.
"Even Though I Am Married, I Have a Dream": Constructing L2 Gendered Identities through Narratives of Departure and Arrival.

This paper reports on the findings of a multiple case study to show how 3 women constructed meaning around the processes of L2 learning and migration and (re)constructed identities through their participation in new communities of practice (CoPs). Data sources include formal classroom observations, in-depth interviews, and the participants’ self-designed photo narratives, which were presented orally, then digitally recorded and transcribed for analysis. The findings that emerged across these women’s cases illustrate how gendered identities are constructed and (re)negotiated as learners discursively interact with a range of socially and culturally embedded narratives. The author aims to show how, through multimodal L2 narratives, the women engaged in an interpretive practice that allowed them to construct empowered L2 identities and understand the disruptions and conflicts they encountered as spaces for positive change.
An initial study on the estimation of time-varying volumetric treatment images and 3D tumor localization from single MV cine EPID images.

Purpose: In this work the authors develop and investigate the feasibility of a method to estimate time-varying volumetric images from individual MV cine electronic portal image device (EPID) images. Methods: The authors adopt a two-step approach to time-varying volumetric image estimation from a single cine EPID image. In the first step, a patient-specific motion model is constructed from 4DCT. In the second step, parameters in the motion model are tuned according to the information in the EPID image. The patient-specific motion model is based on a compact representation of lung motion represented in displacement vector fields (DVFs). DVFs are calculated through deformable image registration (DIR) of a reference 4DCT phase image (typically peak-exhale) to a set of 4DCT images corresponding to different phases of a breathing cycle. The salient characteristics in the DVFs are captured in a compact representation through principal component analysis (PCA). PCA decouples the spatial and temporal components of the DVFs. Spatial information is represented in eigenvectors and the temporal information is represented by eigen-coefficients. To generate a new volumetric image, the eigen-coefficients are updated via cost function optimization based on digitally reconstructed radiographs and projection images. The updated eigen-coefficients are then multiplied with the eigenvectors tomore » obtain updated DVFs that, in turn, give the volumetric image corresponding to the cine EPID image. Results: The algorithm was tested on (1) Eight digital eXtended CArdiac-Torso phantom datasets based on different irregular patient breathing patterns and (2) patient cine EPID images acquired during SBRT treatments. The root-mean-squared tumor localization error is (0.73 ± 0.63 mm) for the XCAT data and (0.90 ± 0.65 mm) for the patient data. Conclusions: The authors introduced a novel method of estimating volumetric time-varying images from single cine EPID images and a PCA-based lung motion model. This is the first method to estimate volumetric time-varying images from single MV cine EPID images, and has the potential to provide volumetric information with no additional imaging dose to the patient.« less
Empirical laws and theories of information and software sciences.

Abstract Information science and software science are empirical sciences: their objects of study are informative texts and prescriptive texts, respectively. The main objective of this paper is to review the achievements of both these sciences in their search for empirical regularities and laws and in the development of theories to explain and account for these regularities.
Topological mapping of neutrophil cytochrome b epitopes with phage-display libraries.

Cytochrome b of human neutrophils is the central component of the microbicidal NADPH-oxidase system. However, the folding topology of this integral membrane protein remains undetermined. Two random-sequence bacteriophage peptide libraries were used to map structural features of cytochrome b by determining the epitopes of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) 44.1 and 54.1, specific for the p22phox and gp91phox cytochrome b chains, respectively. The unique peptides of phage selected by mAb affinity purification were deduced from the phage DNA sequences. Phage selected by mAb 44.1 displayed the consensus peptide sequence GGPQVXPI, which is nearly identical to 181GGPQVNPI188 of p22phox. Phage selected by mAb 54.1 displayed the consensus sequence PKXAVDGP, which resembles 382PKIAVDGP389 of gp91phox. Western blotting demonstrated specific binding of each mAb to the respective cytochrome b subunit and selected phage peptides. In flow cytometric analysis, mAb 44.1 bound only permeabilized neutrophils, while 54.1 did not bind intact or permeabilized cells. However, mAb 54.1 immunosedimented detergent-solubilized cytochrome b in sucrose gradients. These results suggest the 181GGPQVNPI188 segment of p22phox is accessible on its intracellular surface, but the 382PKIAVDGP389 region on gp91phox is not accessible to antibody, and probably not on the protein surface.
Shock structure in non-circular jets

The shock-cell structure of supersonic jets with non-circular exit geometry is modeled using a linearized analysis. The model takes into account the finite thickness of the jet shear layer using realistic velocity and density profiles. The effects of the shear layer turbulence are included by incorporating eddy-viscosity terms. A finite-difference numerical method is used to solve the steady linearized equations of motion. A body-fitted coordinate system is used to describe the shear layer. The variation of the pressure fluctuation with downstream distance is given for circular jets and for an elliptic jet of aspect ratio 2.0. Comparisons with experimental data are made. Difficulties with the numerical technique are also discussed.