cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Erk 1/2 differentially regulates the expression from the 1G/2G single nucleotide polymorphism in the MMP-1 promoter in melanoma cells.

Abstract Matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) breaks down interstitial collagens, a major component of stromal tissue and a barrier for invading tumor cells. The degradation of collagen by MMP-1 may, therefore, provide one mechanism for facilitating tumor invasion and metastasis. Because of the potential for excessive matrix degradation, the expression of MMP-1 is tightly regulated, often by the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. The MAPK signal cascade consists of three separate pathways, the extracellular response kinase (ERK), p38 and Jun N-terminal kinase, which target proteins of the AP-1 and ETS families transcription of the gene. The MMP-1 promoter contains a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) at −1607 bp, which creates an ETS binding site by the addition of a guanine (5′-GGAT-3′ or ‘2G SNP’) compared to the 1G SNP (5′-GAT-3′), and enhances MMP-1 transcription. A2058 melanoma cells represent one tumor cell line that is homozygous for the 2G allele and that produces constitutively high levels of MMP-1. Thus, we used these cells to define the mechanism(s) responsible for this high level of expression. We show that inhibition of ERK 1/2 leads to the repression of MMP-1 transcription, and that both the 2G polymorphism and the adjacent AP-1 site at −1602 bp are necessary for high levels of MMP-1 transcription and for the inhibition of MMP-1 expression by PD098059, a specific ERK inhibitor. Furthermore, restoration of MMP-1 levels after ERK 1/2 inhibition requires de novo protein synthesis of a factor necessary for MMP-1 expression. Thus, this study suggests that the ERK 1/2 pathway targets the 2G polymorphism, and that the continuous synthesis of a protein(s) is necessary for the constitutive expression of MMP-1.
Denitrogenation of shale oil by oxime formation from pyrroles

Abstract A new denitrogenation of shale oil is proposed. Raw shale oil is allowed to process through FeCl3-clay chromatography. Both polar and nonpolar fractions are then treated with oxime formation. The nature of oximes formed is studied in this paper. The nitrogen concentrates of shale oil can be used for chemical stocks.
Radar surveillance in urban environments

Radar surveillance in difficult environments like urban areas can be challenging due to large amounts of both multipath and clutter. Additionally, buildings and clutter like parked vehicles can produce shadowed areas where the line-of-sight is broken. We analyzed urban materials to determine how to utilize multipath to see into the shadows of urban environments, which polarization has the least loss, and which frequencies performed the best across a range of environments. Urban canyons were analyzed to determine whether there was more of a multipath effect on the measurements or a waveguide effect. The detection and tracking of non-line-of-sight moving objects using multiple bounces was attempted across a variety of urban building materials with an urban radar surveillance system. We demonstrate the detection and tracking of subjects using multipath returns, but there was no disambiguation of real or multipath sources. We also discuss the challenges of classification in an urban environment.
Erasable context-free languages

The family of ( n , k )-bounded pushdown store automata is equivalent to its quasirealtime subfamily, for all n and k . In the course of the proof, a standard form theorem is established for nonterminal bounded context-free grammars and a specialized result is obtained for one-counter languages.
The Income Distribution as a Pure Public Good

I. The optimum income distribution from a voluntary theory of exchange, 329. — II. A complication, 333. — III. The mathematics, 333. — IV. Conclusions, 335.
Quantifying Pattern Recognition—Based Myoelectric Control of Multifunctional Transradial Prostheses

We evaluated real-time myoelectric pattern recognition control of a virtual arm by transradial amputees. Five unilateral patients performed 10 wrist and hand movements using their amputated and intact arms. In order to demonstrate the value of information from intrinsic hand muscles, this data was included in EMG recordings from the intact arm. With both arms, motions were selected in approximately 0.2 s on average, and completed in less than 1.25 s. Approximately 99% of wrist movements were completed using either arm; however, the completion rate of hand movements was significantly lower for the amputated arm (53.9% ± 14.2%) than for the intact arm ( 69.4% ± 13.1%). For the amputated arm, average classification accuracy for only 6 movements-including a single hand grasp-was 93.1% ± 4.1%, compared to 84.4% ± 7.2% for all 10 movements. Use of 6 optimally-placed electrodes only reduced this accuracy to 91.5% ± 4.9%. These results suggest that muscles in the residual forearm produce sufficient myoelectric information for real-time wrist control, but not for performing multiple hand grasps. The outcomes of this study could aid the development of a practical multifunctional myoelectric prosthesis for transradial amputees, and suggest that increased EMG information-such as made available through targeted muscle reinnervation-could improve control of these prostheses .
“It’s The Skin You’re In”: African-American Women Talk About Their Experiences of Racism. An Exploratory Study to Develop Measures of Racism for Birth Outcome Studies

Objectives: Stress due to experiences of racism could contribute to African-American women’s adverse birth outcomes, but systematic efforts to measure relevant experiences among childbearing women have been limited. We explored the racism experiences of childbearing African-American women to inform subsequent development of improved measures for birth outcomes research. Methods: Six focus groups were conducted with a total of 40 socioeconomically diverse African-American women of childbearing age in four northern California cities. Results Women reported experiencing racism (1) throughout the lifecourse, with childhood experiences seeming particularly salient and to have especially enduring effects (2) directly and vicariously, particularly in relation to their children; (3) in interpersonal, institutional, and internalized forms; (4) across different life domains; (5) with active and passive responses; and (6) with pervasive vigilance, anticipating threats to themselves and their children. Conclusions This exploratory study’s findings support the need for measures reflecting the complexity of childbearing African-American women’s racism experiences. In addition to discrete, interpersonal experiences across multiple domains and active/passive responses, which have been measured, birth outcomes research should also measure women’s childhood experiences and their potentially enduring impact, perceptions of institutionalized racism and internalized negative stereotypes, vicarious experiences related to their children, vigilance in anticipating future racism events, as well as the pervasiveness and chronicity of racism exposure, all of which could be sources of ongoing stress with potentially serious implications for birth outcomes. Measures of racism addressing these issues should be developed and formally tested.
The transformation and future prospects of Europe’s defence industry

Europe’s defence industry has evolved by transforming itself from a collection of nationally oriented firms to one dominated by two giants. Stimuli external and internal to the European Union (EU) are responsible for this development. After describing the evolution of this sector since the end of the Cold War, the authors present four factors that played key roles: developments within the United States’ defence industry; the impact of technology and defence economics; general economic restructuring within the EU together with nascent defence industrial policy; and progress towards the creation of a European Security and Defence Policy. While the evolution required all four factors, the EU played a critical and under–appreciated economic and political role in the changes that have transformed the European defence industry, and is now positioned to continue to shape this process.
Ciset relational database for seamless integration of multi-source data

The aim of this paper is to introduce ciset relational database. The relational database lacks the ability to combine opposing and supporting evidences related to a fact. On the other hand, the ciset relational database has the capability to integrate both supporting and opposing evidences relating to the same fact in a seamless fashion. The ciset relational database is a generalization of the relational database theory. Given two relations A and B, one may convert them to corresponding cisets. Performing a ciset operation and converting the result back to a relation is equivalent to applying the relational operation on A and B directly. Similarly, if you perform a relational operation first and then convert them to ciset relation it has the same effect as converting to ciset and then performing the ciset operation. Concepts such as primary key, foreign key and data integrity rules are also presented.
Motor control optimization of compliant one-legged locomotion in rough terrain

While underactuated robotic systems are capable of energy efficient and rapid dynamic behavior, we still do not fully understand how body dynamics can be actively used for adaptive behavior in complex unstructured environment. In particular, we can expect that the robotic systems could achieve high maneuverability by flexibly storing and releasing energy through the motor control of the physical interaction between the body and the environment. This paper presents a minimalistic optimization strategy of motor control policy for underactuated legged robotic systems. Based on a reinforcement learning algorithm, we propose an optimization scheme, with which the robot can exploit passive elasticity for hopping forward while maintaining the stability of locomotion process in the environment with a series of large changes of ground surface. We show a case study of a simple one-legged robot which consists of a servomotor and a passive elastic joint. The dynamics and learning performance of the robot model are tested in simulation, and then transferred the results to the real-world robot.
IMMUNOENZYME FOR RAPID SCREENING of CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM TYPE A CELLS

A staining procedure was developed for screening Clostridium botulinum type A (tox+) cells fixed (smear) on glass slides. the method is based on reaction between cells and an immunoenzyme-conjugate consisting of antibody against type A toxin linked to horseradish peroxidase (HRPO) enzyme. Fixed smears were stained for perioxidase activity (30 min), using one drop of 3,3′-diaminobenzidine-hydrogen peroxide solution (pH 7.6) as oxidizable substrate, followed by washing, drying and microscopic examination (1000 X). the cell-walls of vegetative C. botulinum type A appeared reddish brown and periphery of spores (if present), stained dark brown. However, C. botulinum type B (tox+) cross-reacted (faint brown) with the same antibody-HRPO-conjugate. Specificity and sensitivity of this procedure compared well with the immunodiffusion method of Ferreira et al. (1981, 1983). Factors affecting cell-staining were: fixation time and type used, incubation time of antibody-HRPO-conjugate with cells, growth medium, culture age, and crowding of cells in smears. Ethanol fixation (5 min) of logarithmic and/or stationary phase cells and 30 min incubation with antibody-HRPO-conjugate were optimal and yielded the most appropriate procedure for detecting cells containing type A botulinum toxin.
What's Your Fantasy? Fantasy Baseball as Equipment for Living

This essay examines participation in fantasy baseball as a significant shift in new media and fandom. It analyzes the ways participation in fantasy baseball can function as equipment for living, helping fans negotiate the place of baseball during the game's “Tainted Era.” Examining fantasy baseball provides a space to explore the role of the Internet in the negotiation of identity narratives and in the way fan interaction reshapes the contours of media texts. Using autoethnography to analyze the relations between nostalgia and the Internet's permeation of everyday life, I argue that fantasy baseball gives fans the tools to rearticulate their relationship to baseball; in so doing, fantasy baseball participation has also materially altered the ways fans interact with media texts.
The neural basis of conceptualizing the same action at different levels of abstraction

People can conceptualize the same action (e.g. 'riding a bike') at different levels of abstraction (LOA), where higher LOAs specify the abstract motives that explain why the action is performed (e.g. 'getting exercise'), while lower LOAs specify the concrete steps that indicate how the action is performed (e.g. 'gripping handlebars'). Prior neuroimaging studies have shown that why and how questions about actions differentially activate two cortical networks associated with mental-state reasoning and action representation, respectively; however, it remains unknown whether this is due to the differential demands of the questions per se or to the shifts in LOA those questions produce. We conducted functional magnetic resonance imaging while participants judged pairs of action phrases that varied in LOA and that could be framed either as a why question (Why ride a bike? Get exercise.) or a how question (How to get exercise? Ride a bike.). Question framing (why vs how) had no effect on activity in regions of the two networks. Instead, these regions uniquely tracked parametric variation in LOA, both across and within trials. This suggests that the human capacity to understand actions at different LOA is based in the relative activity of two cortical networks.
MEMORY CAPACITY AND SENTENCE PROCESSING

The limited capacity of working memory is intrinsic to human sentence processing, and therefore must be addressed by any theory of human sentence processing. This paper gives a theory of garden-path effects and processing overload that is based on simple assumptions about human short term memory capacity.
Patterns of severe injury in pediatric car crash victims: Crash Injury Research Engineering Network database.

Abstract Background/Purpose Motor vehicle crashes (MVCs) account for 50% of pediatric trauma. Safety improvements are typically tested with child crash dummies using an in vitro model. The Crash Injury Research Engineering Network (CIREN) provides an in vivo validation process. Previous research suggest that children in lateral crashes or front-seat locations have higher Injury Severity Scale scores and lower Glasgow Coma Scale scores than those in frontal-impact crashes. However, specific injury patterns and crash characteristics have not been characterized. Methods Data were collected from the CIREN multidisciplinary crash reconstruction network (10 pediatric trauma centers). Injuries were examined with regard to crash direction (frontal/lateral), restraint use, seat location, and change in velocity at impact (Δ V ). Injuries were limited to Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) scores of 3 or higher and included head, thoracic, abdominal, pelvic, spine, and long bone (orthopedic) injuries. Standard age groupings (0-4, 5-9, 10-14, and 15-18 years) were used. Statistical analyses used Fisher's Exact test and multiple logistic regressions. Results Four hundred seventeen MVCs with 2500 injuries were analyzed (males = 219, females=198). Controlling for Δ V and age, children in lateral-impact crashes (n = 232) were significantly more likely to suffer severe injuries to the head and thorax as compared with children in frontal crashes (n = 185), who were more likely to suffer severe spine and orthopedic injuries. Children in a front-seat (n = 236) vs those in a back-seat (n = 169) position had more injuries to the thoracic (27% vs 17%), abdominal (21% vs 13%), pelvic (11% vs 1%), and orthopedic (28% vs 10%) regions ( P P Conclusion A reproducible pattern of injury is noted for children involved in lateral-impact crashes characterized by head and chest injuries. The Injury Severity Scale scores were higher for children in front-seat positions. Increased lateral-impact safety measures such as mandatory side curtain airbags may decrease morbidity. Furthermore, continued public education for positioning children in the back seat of cars is warranted.
Measurement of small forces in micron-sized resonators

Abstract We report the measurement of average response of micromechanical resonators to very small driving forces, with a corresponding energy resolution of the order of ℏ ω 0 , the energy quantum of the classical resonator system. The measured coherent excitation is more than an order of magnitude weaker than the random thermal fluctuations.
Generation of continuous-wave 194-nm radiation by sum-frequency mixing in an external ring cavity.

Several microwatts of tunable cw radiation near 194 nm in a linewidth of less than 2 MHz have been generated by sum-frequency mixing the radiation from a frequency-doubled argon-ion laser with the radiation from a ring dye laser in a crystal of potassium pentaborate. An external ring cavity resonant with the dye laser gives an enhancement factor of about 14 in the sum-frequency-generated radiation power. The Doppler-limited absorption spectrum of the 6s2S1/2–6p2P1/2 first resonance line of natural Hg ii has been resolved, and the vacuum wave number for the mass-202 isotope has been measured to be 51485.904(20) cm−1.
MULTIVARIATE EFFECTS OF DEMAND CHARACTERISTICS ON THE ANALOGUE ASSESSMENT OF HETEROSOCIAL COMPETENCE

The present study assessed the effects of a contextual demand manipulation (pretreatment assessment versus experiment) and an instructional demand manipulation (high demand for competent behavior versus neutral demand) on the analogue assessment of heterosocial competence. Also assessed was the interaction between each demand manipulation and subject characteristics (high-frequency dating/low heterosocially anxious versus low-frequency dating/high heterosocially anxious college males). Students were assigned randomly to one of four groups receiving differential information and instructions. Students completed a battery of five standard paper-and-pencil questionnaires, responded out loud to 10 taped social situations, and conversed with a female confederate while being videotaped for five minutes. Multivariate analyses revealed highly significant differences between subject groups and between contextual manipulation groups. Univariate analyses revealed that only 3 of the 16 dependent measures, including 2 of the self-reports, were significantly affected by the contextual demand. Results are discussed in light of previous studies of phobic behavior and social skills. Various avenues for future research were presented.
Current management strategies for cutaneous T-cell lymphoma

Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma is a group of lymphomas characterized by a malignant proliferation of skin homing T cells. Prognosis is generally good and treatment is based on the stage of the disease with the goal of inducing remission. Patients with disease limited to the skin in the form of patches and plaques respond best to "skin directed therapy" with topical agents including corticosteroids, nitrogen mustard, carmustine, bexarotene gel, as well as phototherapy with ultraviolet B light, PUVA, or photodynamic therapy. Tazarotene and imiquimod show potential in the treatment of early CTCL. Patients with disease resistant to treatment or with advanced disease require more aggressive therapy in the form of total skin electron beam radiation, biologic response modifiers including interferon alpha, bexarotene, denileukin diftitox, extracorporeal photochemotherapy or combination therapy. The use of chemotherapy is used primarily for palliation. Allogeneic hematopoetic stem cell transplantation may represent a successful treatment for treatment resistant disease.
Daily positive events and inflammation: Findings from the National Study of Daily Experiences

Background: Inflammation is implicated in the development of chronic diseases and increases the risk of mortality. People who experience more daily stressors than others have higher levels of inflammation, but it is unknown whether daily positive events are linked to inflammation. Objective: To examine the association of daily positive events with 3 inflammatory markers, interleukin6 (IL-6), C-reactive protein (CRP), and fibrinogen. Method: A cross-sectional sample of 969 adults aged 35–86 from the Midlife in the United States Study completed telephone interviews for 8 consecutive evenings. Participants reported positive experiences that occurred over the past 24 h. Blood samples were obtained at a separate clinic visit and later assayed for inflammatory markers. Regression analyses evaluated the frequency of daily positive events (defined as the percent of study days with at least 1 positive event) as a predictor of each inflammatory marker. Covariates included information on demographics, physical health, depressive symptoms, dispositional and behavioral factors, and daily positive and negative affect. Results: On average, participants experienced positive events on 73% of days (SD = 27%). The frequency of daily positive events was associated with lower IL-6 (p < 0.001) and CRP (p = 0.02) in the overall sample, and lower fibrinogen among women (p = 0.01). The association remained for IL-6 in the fully adjusted model, but was no longer significant for CRP and fibrinogen after controlling for household income and race. Effects were more pronounced for participants in the lowest quartile of positive event frequency than for those in the top 3 quartiles, suggesting that lack of positivity in daily life may be particularly consequential for inflammation. Furthermore, interpersonal positive events were more predictive of lower IL-6 overall and lower fibrinogen in women than non-interpersonal positive events. Conclusion: Daily positive events may serve a protective role against inflammation.
Intergovernmental Relationships and the Federal Performance Movement

Although implementation of the federal Government Performance and Results Act (GPRA) has provided the framework for the federal performance effort, other efforts have been undertaken within federal agencies to balance the two often conflicting imperatives: to provide states with flexibility and yet maintain a commitment to performance outcomes that acknowledges the expectations of those who fund and authorize programs. This analysis seeks to develop a typology to examine the ways that the federal government has attempted to bridge the goals offunders with the demands of those who implement programs. This article highlights six different approaches that have been taken recently within federal agencies: performance partnerships, incentives, negotiated measures, building performance goals into legislation, establishment of standards, and waivers.
RHODELLA RETICULATA SP. NOV., A NEW COCCOID RHODOPHYTAN ALGA (PORPHYRIDIALES)1,2

A new coccoid rhodophytan species is described and compared with other species in the genus Rhodella. Thylakoids in the pyrenoid characterize the new species and indicate a closer relationships of Rhodella to Porphyridium than was previously indicated.
Early Growth Response Genes Signaling Supports Strong Paracrine Capability of Mesenchymal Stem Cells

MSCs provide a promising method for cell therapy through their wound healing and tissue regenerative properties. Originally, MSCs' role in wound healing was thought to be tied to their multipotency, but it is now accepted that MSCs mediate the healing process through their strong paracrine capability. EGF was shown to facilitate in vitro expansion of MSCs without altering multipotency. Our previous data suggest that the molecular machinery underlying MSCs' strong paracrine capability lies downstream of EGFR signaling, and we focus on transcription factors EGR1 and EGR2. Evidence suggests that EGR1 regulates angiogenic and fibrogenic factor production in MSCs, and an EGFR-EGR1-EGFR ligands autocrine loop is one of the underlying mechanisms supporting their strong paracrine machinery through EGR1. EGR2 appears to regulate the expression of immunomodulatory molecules. Chronic nonhealing wounds are ischemic, inflammatory, and often fibrotic, and the hypoxic micro-environment of these wounds may compromise MSCs' wound healing properties in vivo by upregulating the EGR1's fibrogenic effects and downregulating the EGR2's immuno-modulatory effects. Thus, these transcription factors can be potential targets in the optimization of cell-based therapies. Further study in vitro is required to understand MSCs' paracrine machinery and to optimize it as a tool for effective cell-based therapies.
Essential genetic and genomic nursing competencies for the oncology nurse

Objectives To review the opportunities and possibilities for advancing oncology nursing competencies in genetic/genomics through the illustration of case scenarios in clinical care. Data Sources Literature; research reports. Conclusions Oncology nurses have the potential to influence whether or not cutting edge research discoveries are utilized at the bedside. Clinical integration of genetic/genomic information has the potential to optimize health outcomes and lengthen patient lives. Implications for Nursing Practice Oncology nurses need to include genetics/genomics in their practice in order to impact quality patient care today and for the future.
How Wet Does a Reader Want to Get? A Reply to Ira Katznelson

Ira Katznelson seems to like a lot of things about Grand Expectations . I thank him for his words of praise and for giving the book a careful, thoughtful reading. Although he says little about my many specific judgments and interpretations, he helps readers grasp my main themes. As he points out, I argue that Americans between 1945 and the late 1960s developed ever-grander expectations about their capacity to create a better world abroad and a happier society at home.
Eradication of intracellular Francisella tularensis in THP-1 human macrophages with a novel autophagy inducing agent

Autophagy has been shown recently to play an important role in the intracellular survival of several pathogenic bacteria. In this study, we investigated the effect of a novel small-molecule autophagy-inducing agent, AR-12, on the survival of Francisella tularensis, the causative bacterium of tularemia in humans and a potential bioterrorism agent, in macrophages. Our results show that AR-12 induces autophagy in THP-1 macrophages, as indicated by increased autophagosome formation, and potently inhibits the intracellular survival of F. tularensis (type A strain, Schu S4) and F. novicida in macrophages in association with increased bacterial co-localization with autophagosomes. The effect of AR-12 on intracellular F. novicida was fully reversed in the presence of the autophagy inhibitor, 3-methyl adenine or the lysosome inhibitor, chloroquine. Intracellular F. novicida were not susceptible to the inhibitory activity of AR-12 added at 12 h post-infection in THP-1 macrophages, and this lack of susceptibility was independent of the intracellular location of bacteria. Together, AR-12 represents a proof-of-principle that intracellular F. tularensis can be eradicated by small-molecule agents that target innate immunity.
Neurointensive Care Medicine as an Emerging ICU Subspecialty

Critical care developed as a specialty in the 1800s. Its evolution has been facilitated by a recognition of the need for more intensive observation and nursing of sicker patients and by advances in technology starting with the ability to mechanically ventilate patients. Critical care specialty training began primarily in the postoperative setting with anesthesiologists and surgeons. Internal medicine and pulmonary medicine managed the medical patients with respiratory failure. Neurologists although initially involved with patients during the polio epidemic have traditionally had little to no training in managing critically ill patients and have been relegated to a primarily consultative and diagnostician role in the ICU. In the last few decades, however, acute stroke therapies and new research that increases the understanding of the pathophysiology of primary and secondary brain injury and the interplay of the neurological system and its disorders and other organ systems put neurologists into an active role in patient care in the ICU. Neurocritical care or intensive care neurology is a growing field with a growing body of knowledge that has shown to improve patient care. This chapter reviews the history of critical care as a subspecialty and the means for critical care certification both in the USA and internationally. It reviews the evolution of neurocritical care and the accreditation of training programs and certification of individuals, which currently is only available to North American candidates. With people living longer, the world has an aging population and faces a critical care workforce shortage. Neurocritical care is attracting a multiprofessional group of practitioners into this workforce. These individuals play an important role not only in the delivery of care to neurological critically ill patients but are key to the advocacy, education, prevention, and research to help improve outcomes.
Host Range Specificity of Scymnus camptodromus (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), A Predator of Hemlock Woolly Adelgid (Hemiptera: Adelgidae)

Scymnus (Neopullus) camptodromus Yu and Liu (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) was brought to the United States from China as a potential biological control agent for hemlock woolly adelgid (Adelges tsugae Annand) (Hemiptera: Adelgidae). Scymnus camptodromus phenology is closely synchronized with that of A. tsugae and has several characteristics of a promising biological control agent. As a prerequisite to field release, S. camptodromus was evaluated for potential nontarget impacts. In host range studies, the predator was given the choice of sympatric adelgid and nonadelgid prey items. Nontarget testing showed that S. camptodromus will feed to some degree on other adelgid species, but highly prefers A. tsugae. We also evaluated larval development of S. camptodromus on pine bark adelgid (Pineus strobi (Hartig)) (Hemiptera: Adelgidae) and larch adelgid (Adelges laricis Vallot) (Hemiptera: Adelgidae); a small proportion of predator larvae was able to develop to adulthood on P. strobi or A. laricis alone. Scymnus camptodromus showed no interest in feeding on woolly alder aphid (Paraprociphilus tessellatus Fitch) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) or woolly apple aphid (Eriosoma lanigerum (Hausmann)) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), and minimal interest in cotton aphid (Aphis gossypii Glover) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) in choice and no-choice experiments. Scymnus camptodromus females did not oviposit on any host material other than A. tsugae-infested hemlock. Under the circumstances of the study, S. camptodromus appears to be a specific predator of A. tsugae, with minimal risk to nontarget species. Although the predator can develop on P. strobi, the likelihood that S. camptodromus would oviposit on pine hosts of this adelgid is small.
Observation of coupled plasmon-polariton modes of plasmon waveguides for electromagnetic energy transport below the diffraction limit

We study the influence of optical near-field interactions on the dipole surface plasmon resonance of Au nanoparticles in closely spaced particle arrays using finite-difference timedomain simulations. In particular, the resonance energies of the collective plasmon-polariton modes are determined for longitudinal and transverse polarization for different particle array lengths and inter-particle spacings of 50 nm Au spheres in air. The obtained results are set in context with recent publications suggesting the possibility to use ordered arrays of closely spaced noble metal nanoparticles as plasmon waveguides for electromagnetic energy below the diffraction limit of light.
A Numerical Model for Micro Balloon-Jointed Actuation

This paper reports a theoretical study of the pneumatic balloon-jointed actuation, which has been utilized in the microfinger and the microhand to perform an out-of-plane rotation [1]. The finite element method (FEM) is utilized to describe and to predict the performance of this actuation, in terms of the actuation angles, forces, and structure stiffness. Several related geometrical parameters have been studied, providing the guidelines of the micro balloon-jointed actuation.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Soil Chemical Analysis of Ancient Activities in Cerén, El Salvador: A Case Study of a Rapidly Abandoned Site

Activities performed over long periods of time tend to leave soil chemical residues as evidence of those activities. Some of the questions studied in this paper deal with the interpretive capabilities provided by chemical patterns. Soil samples from Ceren, El Salvador, a well-preserved site, were analyzed for extractable phosphorus and heavy metals. We compared in situ artifacts collected from the site with chemical signatures that indicate activity areas. We found that elevated concentrations of phosphorus were associated with food preparation, consumption, and disposal. Heavy metals were associated with the interior of the structure where pigments and painted gourds were found. In this case, where well-preserved, in situ artifacts were available for analysis, we found that chemical analysis was effective in locating human activity areas. Our findings indicate that chemical analysis can be used to guide interpretation in areas of poor artifact preservation with reasonable accuracy, and in archaeological sites that underwent gradual abandonment.
Abstract 5619: Drugging the “undrugable” DNA-binding domain of STAT3 for inhibition of cancer cell migration and invasion

Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is constitutively activated in malignant tumors, and its activation is associated with high histological grade and advanced cancer stage. STAT3 has been shown to play important roles in multiple aspects of cancer aggressiveness including migration, invasion, survival, self-renewal, angiogenesis, and tumor-cell immune evasion by regulating the expression of multiple downstream target genes. Thus, inhibiting STAT3 promises an attracting strategy for treatment of advanced tumors with metastatic potential. Recently, using in-silico screening of a virtual compound database by docking onto the DNA-binding site of human STAT3, our laboratory identified specific STAT3 inhibitors that can disrupt DNA binding activity of STAT3 and inhibit STAT3-dependent cancer cell proliferation. In this study, we further characterized these STAT3 inhibitors and demonstrated that these inhibitors suppressed migration and invasion of both breast and lung cancer cells by inhibiting STAT3-dependent expression of metalloproteinase-2, -9 and vascular endothelial growth factor which are known to promote and enhance tumor metastasis. Taken together, we conclude that it is possible to inhibit STAT3 by targeting its DNA binding domain for discovery of anticancer therapeutics and for treatment of metastatic cancers. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5619. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-5619
Strukturoptimierung — Ein effektives Werkzeug in der Automobilentwicklung

Ziel des konstruktiven Entwicklungsprozesses ist der Entwurf von kostengunstigen Konstruktionen, die bestimmte Anforderungen an Funktionalitat und Gestaltung erfullen. Konstruktionen sind das Ergebnis eines iterativen Vorganges, wobei Entwurfsanderungen aus numerischen Analysen des Strukturverhaltens abgeleitet werden. Ublicherweise fuhren Erfahrungswerte zu solchen Anderungen. Mit Hilfe von Optimierungsverfahren konnen Entwurfsanderungen direkt aus den Analyseergebnissen numerisch abgeleitet werden. Das Entwurfsproblem kann als Strukturoptimierungsproblem formuliert werden. Die Anwendung von Optimierungsverfahren fuhrt zu einer effektiven Suche nach der fur eine bestimmte Anwendung gunstigsten Parameterkombination. Dieser Aufsatz stellt praktische Anwendungen von Strukturoptimierungsverfahren aus der Erfahrung des CAE-Dienstleisters und Softwareherstellers Altair Engineering vor.
Failure of Sulfanilamide to Inactivate Preformed Hemotoxins, Diphtheric Toxin, or Tetanal Toxin

ConclusionSulfanilamide in concentrations of 1-1000 or less does not inactivate in vitro significant amounts of the hemotoxins of the beta hemolytic streptococcus, hemolytic staphylococcus aureus, Cl.oedematis-maligni, Cl. tetani, or B. perfringens. Sulfanilamidetheraphy did not significantly affect the course of intoxication in guinea pigs initiated with as little as 1 MLD of diphtheric or tetanal toxin.
Human tracheobronchial epithelial cells direct migration of lung fibroblasts in three-dimensional collagen gels

Normal airway morphogenesis and repair after injury depend in part on the interaction between the mesenchymal and epithelial cells in the tracheobronchial tree. We cultured human lung fibroblasts between layers of type I collagen gel and examined sections through these three-dimensional matrices to assess fibroblast migration. The migration assay used in these experiments allowed simultaneous assessment of directed and random fibroblast migration as well as cell number. We tested the hypothesis that human tracheobronchial epithelial (HTBE) cells direct the migration of fibroblasts. When fibroblasts were cultured alone, migration was nearly equivalent in the upper and lower collagen layers. When HTBE cells were plated on the upper collagen lattice, there was a net migration of fibroblasts toward the HTBE cells. The differential migration was evident early in culture but became maximal after 1 wk. Differences increased at higher HTBE cell inoculation densities. No epithelial chemokinetic or mitogenic influence was evident: total cell migration and total fibroblast number were not significantly different between the control and coculture sections. HTBE fibronectin production may contribute to directed migration because fibronectin, added to the upper lattice, reproduced a portion of the directed migration seen in coculture. Our data support the hypothesis that epithelial cells direct fibroblast migration.
Contribution of Reviewing Editor of Sci-Tech Periodicals on Information Transmission

The responsibility and function of reviewing editor in information transmission are analyzed from view points of reader demand,social responsibility of sci-tech periodicals and information transmitting effect.Refering to the practical experience,the way to well realize the social responsibility of a reviewing editor is detailed,including continuously improving self-quality,making effort to track industry development trend,enhancing appreciation ability of papers,guaranteeing the papers'quality.
Microbial Contamination of Air-conditioning Ventilation System in Some Public Places in Minhang District of Shanghai

[Objective]To understand the microbial contamination status of centralized air ventilation system in public places in Minhang district of Shanghai.[Methods]According to the Hygienic standard for centralized air ventilation system in public place(Ministry of Health,2006) and the Hygienic requirements for operation of air-conditioning ventilation system in public place(Shanghai local standard DB31/405-2008),the microbiological parameters of centralized air ventilation system in 4 public places of Minhang district were sampled and tested from July to Aug in 2010.[Results]Among 4 public places,the qualification rate of total bacteria count of air supply of centralized air ventilation system was 26.32%(5/19),and that of total fungi was 63.16%(12/19).The qualification rate of total bacteria count on the surface of air supply duct was 9.74%(18/19),and that of total fungi was 100%(19/19).The detection rate of legionella pneumophila in cooling water was 100%.[Conclusion]The microbial contamination was found in centralized air ventilation system in public places in Minhang district of Shanghai.It is necessary to reinforce the cleaning,disinfection and health inspection of centralized air ventilation system.
Fear or Rage?: Assessing Public Opinion and Policy Responses to Terrorist Attacks

Mass fear has been posited as the main emotional outcome of terror attacks. Indeed, the term “terrorism” itself emphasizes that such attacks are meant to stoke fear. Yet, a critical piece of the post-terror attack dynamic has been largely ignored: the public rage that comes in response to terror attacks. Witness the call for politicians to step down after the November 2008 attacks in Mumbai or the placard reading “Nuke ‘Em Till They Glow” at the 2001 World Series. It is the contention of this paper that, after a major terror attack has occurred, the public is more angry than fearful and that it desires revenge, not to cower and hide. Moreover, government responses to terror attacks can better be explained through the lens of rage than through the lens of fear. The paper proves this point by evaluating outcomes from the U.S., U.K., Israel, India, and other cases. It begins by establishing how public fears are normally stoked after terror attacks by analyzing opinion trends from these cases. Then it moves into an analysis of the role of rage in both shaping opinion in the immediate aftermath of attacks and, in turn, pushing the actual policy responses to terror attacks on liberal democracies. In the end it will be shown that rage and the concomitant desire for revenge that terrorist attacks ignite serve as better casual explanations for the policy responses that come in terrorism’s wake than does fear.
Recording field potentials from zebrafish larvae during escape responses.

Among vertebrates, startle responses are a ubiquitous method for alerting, and avoiding or escaping from alarming or dangerous stimuli. In zebrafish larvae, fast escape behavior is easily evoked through either acoustic or tactile stimuli. For example, a light touch to the head will excite trigeminal neurons that in turn excite a large reticulospinal neuron in the hindbrain called the Mauthner cell (M-cell). The M-cell action potential then travels down the contralateral trunk of the larva exciting motoneurons, which subsequently excite the entire axial musculature, producing a large amplitude body bend away from the source of the stimulus. This body conformation is known as the “C-bend” due to the shape of the larva during the behavior. As a result of the semi-synchronized activation of the M-cell, the population of motor neurons, and the axial trunk muscles, a large field potential is generated and can be recorded from free-swimming or fixed-position larvae. Undergraduate laboratories that record field potentials during escape responses in larval zebrafish are relatively simple to setup and allow students to observe and study the escape reflex circuit. Furthermore, by testing hypotheses, analyzing data and writing journal-style laboratory reports, students have multiple opportunities to learn about many neuroscience topics including vertebrate reflexes; sensory transduction; synaptic-, neuro-, and muscle-physiology; the M-cell mediated escape response; and the zebrafish as a model organism. Here, we detail the equipment, software, and recording setup necessary to observe field potentials in an undergraduate teaching lab. Additionally, we discuss potential advanced laboratory exercises and pedagogical outcomes. Finally, we note possible low-cost alternatives for recording field potentials.
The Classical Foundations of the American Constitution: The Framers' Classical Education and World View

C lassical antiquity molded the legal expectations of the Framers of the American Constitution, and guided their legal judgment in the actual structuring of the checks and balances of that national charter. As with any proposition of intellectual history, this one requires a proof in several stages. The first step is a demonstration of the classical propensities of the Framing generation. This chapter accomplishes that by assessing the way in which the Framers and their contemporaries acquired a classical education. But it is not enough to understand how the Framing generation learned Latin and Greek, studied classical texts, used classical references in their social discourse, and assumed classical modes of argument in their political debates. Rather, one must also consider the values that classical education imparted to American leaders involved with the Constitution's drafting in 1787 and subsequent ratification. For starters, I need to be clear about what I mean when I refer to the â€œFraming generation.â€ Wishing to be as broadly inclusive as is sensible, that group must include not only the individuals who were present in Philadelphia as delegates to the Constitutional Convention in the summer of 1787, but also those involved, formally or informally, in the subsequent ratification debates that occurred in the states in the months following. Even more significantly, the Framing generation needs to be extended back in time to include prominent thinkers and leaders of the colonial period, as well as the patriots who launched and fought the American Revolution (1775â€“1783), and who held the country together during the Articles of Confederation period (1778â€“1788).
Case Study Four

Kate responded most negatively to the course tweeting requirement. She tweeted a total of 13 times during the focus semester. The course hashtag appeared in 11 of her tweets, but in one additional tweet, she used a similar but incorrect hashtag. Five of Kate’s course tweets featured memes or other humorous images related to her thoughts about teaching. One of her course tweets was a retweet. In her profile picture, she smiled as she wore a graduation cap and gown.
DPSense: Differentially Private Crowdsourced Spectrum Sensing

Dynamic spectrum access (DSA) has great potential to address worldwide spectrum shortage by enhancing spectrum efficiency. It allows unlicensed secondary users to access the underutilized licensed spectrum when the licensed primary users are not transmitting. As a key enabler for DSA systems, crowdsourced spectrum sensing (CSS) allows a spectrum sensing provider (SSP) to outsource the sensing of spectrum occupancy to distributed mobile users. In this paper, we propose DPSense, a novel framework that allows the SSP to select mobile users for executing spatiotemporal spectrum-sensing tasks without violating the location privacy of mobile users. Detailed evaluations on real location traces confirm that DPSense can provide differential location privacy to mobile users while ensuring that the SSP can accomplish spectrum-sensing tasks with overwhelming probability and also the minimal cost.
Selected Theoretical Topics

Topics in this chapter include the covariance analysis of iterative conditional sampling; the comparison of Metropolis algorithms based on Peskun’s theorem; the eigen-analysis of the independence sampler; perfect simulation, convergence diagnostics, and a theory for dynamic weighting. The interested reader is encouraged to read the related literature for more detailed analyses.
Orchestrating the flow of human resources: Insights from Spanish soccer clubs:

Although prior research recognizes the strategic importance of changes to the organization’s human resource base, there is little consensus regarding the influence of human resource flows on organi...