cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Paradox of Interdependent Relations in the Field of Social Issues in Management

The firm's relationship to its social and public policy environment is fraught with issues whereby individual values conflict with organizational requirements and organizational actions conflict with social goals. The effects that time and scale can have on complex social systems can result in rational individual actions leading to undesirable collective outcomes over time, a paradox of interdependent relations. Recent literature concerning prisoner's dilemma game strategies, the parable of the tragedy of the commons, and the logic of collective action serves as a useful framework for understanding individual/collectivity relationships. These concepts suggest that an integrative approach should be used. Implications for managers and public policy officials are discussed, and research questions are suggested.
The chemistry, biology and vertical flux of particulate matter from the upper 400 m of the Cape Basin in the southeast Atlantic Ocean

Abstract Particulate matter, divided into to 53- and >53- μ m size fractions, was obtained using the Large Volume in situ Filtration System (LVFS), Southlant Expedition, R.V. Chain 115, and was analysed for chemical (dry weight, Na, K, Mg, Ca, carbonate, opal, Sr, C and N), organismal (species assemblage and population densities), and morphological distributions. Profiles from LVFS Stas. 4 to 8 covering regions of low to high productivity and coastal upwelling in the southeast Atlantic are compared with that from LVFS Sta. 2, equatorial Atlantic. Maxima in organism abundances and particulate mass were generally coincident and occurred at the base of the mixed layer or near-surface when the mixed layer was poorly developed or absent. A consistent distributional pattern of organisms was observed. Features of the particulate matter distributions attributed to the feeding activities of zooplankton are: strong vertical concentration gradients of mass, organic matter, and organisms; 10-fold enrichment with depth of the > 53- μ m fraction with coccolith carbonate; decrease in organic content from 100% at the surface to 50 to 60% at 400 m; fragmentation of most test material below 100 m; and the production of fecal pellets and fecal matter. Coccolithophorids and diatoms were the dominant sources of particulate carbonate and opal. One- to 53-μm organic C/N ratios were 7.3±0.5 (σ) in productive waters; the μ m ratios were lower. Particulate organic carbon was distributed uniformly below 200 m with concentrations reflecting surface productivity. The calcium to carbonate ratios exceeded unity with values as high as 2.5 being typical of surface waters near Capetown where diatoms dominated; the cycling of excess calcium is 1 to 2 × 10 13 mol yr −1 or approximately 20% of the annual carbonate precipitation by organisms. Vertical mass fluxes through 400m of Foraminifera, fecal pellets, and fecal matter were calculated for three stations using settling models and particle size distributions. Corresponding chemical fluxes of organic carbon, carbonate, and opal are given. Comparisons are made with recalculated fluxes for LVFS Sta. 2. Over 90% of the organic matter produced in the euphotic zone is recycled in the upper 400 m. The recycling efficiency is nearly 99% in areas of low productivity; the organic to carbonate carbon and the silicate to carbonate ratios are highest at locations where the mass flux is greatest.
Frobenius theorem under Carathéodory type conditions

This paper is concerned with a variant of the Frobenius theorem on total differential systems under conditions of the Carathkodory type occurring in the theory of ordinary differential equations. The question of the validity of theorems of this type was proposed to me by Professor L. Hurwicz with a view to applications in mathematical economics. I wish to acknowledge helpful conversations and correspondence with him during the writing of this paper. Section 1 deals with a general definition of exterior derivatives; Sections 2 and 5 with functions and differential forms satisfying CarathCodory type conditions and smooth approximations for them; Section 3 is concerned with ordinary differential equations and the dependence of solutions on initial conditions under Carathkodory type conditions; the generalized Frobenius theorem is stated in Section 4 and proved in Sections 5-8; finally, Section 9 gives a partial answer to other questions of Professor Hurwicz concerning the convexity of solutions of a total differential system.
EFFECT OF HANDPIECE LOAD ON THE CUTTING EFFICIENCY OF DENTAL BURS

Abstract A reproducible test regimen was developed to evaluate the cutting efficiency (CE) of diamond dental burs against a machinable glass ceramic, Macor, under three different loads. The test jig used an ultra-highspeed dental handpiece in a frictionless bearing so that the pressure applied to the contact interface between the dental bur and the cutting substrate could be controlled. Loads ranging from 44 to 183 g were used. CE depends on both bur rugosity and the handpiece load. The load used by most dentists, about 100 g at the bur tip, appears to be optimal in that at lower loads CE is reduced, whereas a marked increase in load has no effect for medium-grit burs. With coarse-grit burs, however, increased handpiece pressure raises the CE; it is uncertain what effect this has on the dental pulp. CE also appears to be dependent upon debris accumulation between the diamond particles and wear of diamond.
The Design of an Intermediate-Frequency System for Frequency-Modulated Receivers

With a possibility that the present frequency-modulation wave band may be increased in width it has become imperative that an intermediate-frequency amplifier operating at a frequency higher than that most commonly in use at present, 4.3 megacycles, be developed. Stability both as to performance and permanence of adjustment govern the choice of frequency and restrict this choice to a definite maximum value. Design data are given in this paper for an amplifier operating on 8.25 megacycles which satisfies the stability conditions, and gives the required performance.
A 16 × 16 microstrip array of electromagnetically coupled patches operating in the high‐gain region

A microstrip array at 18.4 GHz consisting of 16 × 16 rectangular electromagnetically coupled patch antennas operating in the high-gain region is experimentally investigated. The pattern and impedance characteristics of the array are compared with the case when the parasitic elements are removed.
Irrotational, incompressible, free-falling jet

Abstract A matched asymptotic expansion type of solution is developed for the case of an irrotational freefalling jet emanating from a slit at the horizontal bottom of a large tank. It represents the flow at the interior of the tank far from the latternal boundaries as well as that part of the jet which is not too close to the point, where it impinges on a hard surface or breaks up because of instability. The volumetric discharge is a priori unknown. The solution, among other things, relates it to the velocity at the slit, the slit's width and the Froude number. The inverse of the latter, which is normally very small, is taken to be the perturbation parameter. The terms in the asymptotic expansion which represent the flow upstream are obtained as solutions of mixed boundary value potential problems. These are expressed in terms of two series each valid in part of the domain. By matching the expansions and their normal derivatives along the plane dividing the two parts, one obtains a set of infinite algebraic equations which govern the coefficients in the series. The set is solved by inverting the associated matrix.
Model Systems for Fluorescence and Singlet Oxygen Quenching by Metalloporphyrins

Next-generation photodynamic therapy agents will minimize extraneous phototoxicity by being active only at the target site. To this end, we have developed a model system to systematically investigate the excited-state quenching ability of a number of metalloporphyrins. Central metal ions that prefer four-coordinate, square planar orientations (Ag(II), Cu(II), Ni(II), Pd(II), and Zn(II)) were used. Porphyrin dimers based on 5-(4-aminophenyl)-10,15,20-triphenylporphyrin and comprising both a free base porphyrin and a metalloporphyrin covalently linked through a five-carbon alkyl chain were synthesized. The fluorescence and singlet oxygen quantum yields for the dimers were probed at 630 and 650 nm, respectively, resulting in the excitation of only the free base porphyrin and allowing a comparison of the quenching efficacy of each central metal ion. These results demonstrate that metalloporphyrins can serve as efficient quenchers, and may be useful in the design of novel light-activated therapeutic agents.
Occlusion in removable partial dentures

Abstract For a successful removable partial denture, the occlusal pattern of the natural teeth should be harmonized with the temporomandibular joints, and this same occlusal pattern should be incorporated into the artificial teeth. When this procedure is followed, the comfort, efficiency, and longevity of the removable partial denture is greatly enhanced.
Update on Progress in Creating Stabilized Gas Layers in Flowing Liquid Mercury

The Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) facility in Oak Ridge, Tennessee uses a liquid mercury target that is bombarded with protons to produce a pulsed neutron beam for materials research and development. In order to mitigate expected cavitation damage erosion (CDE) of the containment vessel, a two-phase flow arrangement of the target has been proposed and was earlier proven to be effective in significantly reducing CDE in non-prototypical target bodies. This arrangement involves covering vulnerable surfaces with a protective layer of gas. The difficulty lies in establishing a persistent gas layer that is oriented vertically and holds up to the strong buoyancy force and the turbulent mercury flow. Several new multiphase experiments have been completed at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory toward developing such layers. The gas hold-up is accomplished by machining regular features (grooves or pits) into the wall with dimensions on the order of 1 mm. The thickness of the gas layer varies, and it is currently unknown how thick a layer must be in order to successfully mitigate the damage, although this aspect is also under investigation. The paper includes a description of the various tests, a presentation of high-speed video images of the gas/mercury interaction viewed through a transparent window, and a discussion of how the results can be used to design a new SNS target that might be resistant to cavitation damage erosion.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Myelin: not just a conduit for conduction.

Most nerve axons of higher vertebrates are surrounded by a multilayered myelin membrane that is essential for promotion of rapid nerve conduction. A new study genetically uncouples the myelin-producing function of the myelinating cells from their role in axonal survival, suggesting that neurodegenerative disorders characterized by axonal loss might result from defects in the myelinating cells whether myelin irregularities are apparent or not.
Laser-induced magneto-optical transitions from deep levels in n-InSb☆

Abstract Oscillatory structure in the magneto-photoconductivity induced by CO 2 and CO lasers in high purity n-InSb at liquid helium temperatures is shown to arise from deep levels located ≈74 and ≈170 meV below the conduction band.
Silicon nitride coating on titanium to enable titanium-ceramic bonding.

Failures that occur in titanium–ceramic restorations are of concern to clinicians. The formation of poorly adhering oxide on titanium at dental porcelain sintering temperatures causes adherence problems between titanium and porcelain, which is the main limiting factor in the fabrication of titanium–ceramic restorations. To overcome this problem a 1-μm thick Si3N4 coating was applied to a titanium surface using a plasma-immersion implantation and deposition method. Such a coating serves as an oxygen diffusion barrier on titanium during the porcelain firings. The protective coating was characterized in the as-deposited condition and after thermal cycling. Cross sections of Ti/Si3N4–porcelain interface regions were examined by various electron microscopy methods and by energy dispersive analysis of X-rays to study the Si3N4 film's effectiveness in preventing titanium oxidation and in forming a bond with porcelain. The experiments have shown that this Si3N4 coating enables significant improvement in Ti–ceramic bonding. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 46, 262–270, 1999.
A sensitivity to history

Questions about the sensitivity of Earth's climate to greenhouse gas forcing challenge our understanding of climate change. Matthew Huber looks at what we can learn from past greenhouse periods.
Teacher Education, Book-Reading Practices, and Children's Language Growth Across One Year of Head Start

Research Findings: An observational study of 60 Head Start teachers and 341 children (177 boys, 164 girls) enrolled in their classrooms found teachers' book-reading practices to predict growth in children's receptive vocabulary. Multilevel growth analyses indicated that children in classrooms where teachers used more book-focused utterances made greater gains in receptive vocabulary (PPVT-III) across the preschool year, particularly when children entered Head Start with lower receptive vocabulary skills. Practice or Policy: The study identified teachers' book-reading practices as an indirect pathway between teachers' education and children's language growth across preschool. Teachers with more years of formal education and professional training in early childhood used more book-focused utterances. Teachers' education was not directly related to growth in children's receptive vocabulary across preschool.
An experimental investigation of combined turbulent free and forced evaporation

Abstract The wide variation in correlations available in the literature for predicting water evaporation rates in a moving air stream necessitated a new investigation to determine which correlations can be considered reliable. Water evaporation measurements were made from a heated pool (a class-A pan) into a low speed wind tunnel. The evaporation regime examined combined turbulent free and turbulent forced convection over the range 0.1 m /Re 2
Creation of a mouse expressing defective human factor IX.

The majority of cases of human hemophilia B are the result of missense mutations in the coagulation factor IX gene and defective circulating factor IX is detectable in most patients. The available mouse factor IX knockout models of hemophilia B (FIXKO mouse) reproduce the bleeding phenotype of human hemophilia B, but because the models produce no factor IX they fail to reproduce the dominant human phenotype. We have created a human factor IX mouse model of hemophilia B (R333Q-hFIX mouse) by homologous recombination in embryonic stem cells. The mouse expresses no mouse factor IX, but instead expresses a missense mutant human factor IX from the mouse FIX promoter. Mutant human factor IX mRNA transcript and circulating human factor IX are detectable throughout development, but factor IX activity is less than 1% and the mouse exhibits the hemophilic phenotype. When R333Q-hFIX mice were challenged by intramuscular injection of adeno-associated virus expressing human factor IX, factor IX expression without the development of antibodies was observed. In contrast, given the same treatment, FIXKO mice consistently develop antibodies. Our R333Q-hFIX mice strain will complement the FIXKO mice for studying factor IX circulating kinetics and gene therapy. (Blood. 2004;104:1733-1739)
Catalytic inhibition of human DNA topoisomerase II by interactions of grape cell culture polyphenols.

Previously, we isolated mixed polyphenolic fractions on a toyopearl matrix (TP-2 to TP-6) from grape cell cultures that were highly potent catalytic inhibitors in a human DNA topoisomerase II assay for cancer chemoprevention. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the potency of, and potential interactions between, individual fractions and some of the purified bioactive polyphenols that comprise these fractions on human DNA topoisomerase II catalytic activity. Treatments that combined anthocyanin-rich fractions (TP-2; 0.5 or 2.0 μg of dried material/mL), fractions containing catechins, procyanidin dimers, and flavanones (TP-4; 0.25 μg of dried material/mL), and/or fractions enriched with procyanidin oligomers and polymers (TP-6; 0.15 or 0.5 μg of dried material/mL) showed additive effects toward catalytic inhibition of the enzyme. Epicatechin gallate (IC50 = 0.029 μM), myricetin (0.39 μM), procyanidin B2 (PB2, 4.5 μM), and resveratrol (65.7 μM), constituents of the most bioactive mixed fraction fro...
Fast and efficient searches for effective optimization-phase sequences

It has long been known that a fixed ordering of optimization phases will not produce the best code for every application. One approach for addressing this phase-ordering problem is to use an evolutionary algorithm to search for a specific sequence of phases for each module or function. While such searches have been shown to produce more efficient code, the approach can be extremely slow because the application is compiled and possibly executed to evaluate each sequence's effectiveness. Consequently, evolutionary or iterative compilation schemes have been promoted for compilation systems targeting embedded applications where meeting strict constraints on execution time, code size, and power consumption is paramount and longer compilation times may be tolerated in the final stage of development, when an application is compiled one last time and embedded in a product. Unfortunately, even for small embedded applications, the search process can take many hours or even days making the approach less attractive to developers. In this paper, we describe two complementary general approaches for achieving faster searches for effective optimization sequences when using a genetic algorithm. The first approach reduces the search time by avoiding unnecessary executions of the application when possible. Results indicate search time reductions of 62p, on average, often reducing searches from hours to minutes. The second approach modifies the search so fewer generations are required to achieve the same results. Measurements show this approach decreases the average number of required generations by 59p. These improvements have the potential for making evolutionary compilation a viable choice for tuning embedded applications.
Determination of the scattering potential for low energy alkali-metal ions from a Mo(001) surface.

The scattering potential for ${\mathrm{Li}}^{+}$, ${\mathrm{Na}}^{+}$, and ${\mathrm{K}}^{+}$ ions reflected from Mo(001) has been determined for incident energies of 250, 500, and 2500 eV. This was done by measuring the dependence of scattered intensity as a function of incident polar angle for various total scattering angles for each ion and incident energy. The angle of the sharp cutoff in intensity is compared with the critical angle predicted by the chain model. It is found that at 2500 eV the scattering is adequately described by the Thomas-Fermi-Moliere potential with use of a Firsov screening length reduced by factors of 0.90, 0.95, and 1.0 for ${\mathrm{Li}}^{+}$, ${\mathrm{Na}}^{+}$, and ${\mathrm{K}}^{+}$, respectively. The data are also described by a universal potential proposed by Ziegler, Biersack, and Littmark. Systematic disagreement between computed and experimental cutoff angles exists at low incident energy and low scattering angle. This can be attributed either to a breakdown of the chain approximation or to an additional repulsive term in the scattering potential which is dependent upon the distance from the surface.
Magnetic switching properties of Fe-Ni-Pt thin films with graded magnetocrystalline anisotropy

Exchange-coupled composites and graded magnetocrystalline anisotropy Ku films allow a lower switching field while maintaining a given thermal stability relative to a conventional single Ku thin film. In this letter, [001] oriented single composition, multilayered single compositions, and a linearly graded composition of L10FexNi0.48-xPt0.52 thin films were sputter-deposited. The films were patterned into an array of ~70-80 nm diameter nanodots by electron beam lithography and Ar ion etching. A relative improvement in the switching field-to-thermal stability of ~41% was achieved for the continuous graded film as compared to the single composition Fe0.23Ni0.25Pt0.52 film. However, the patterned diameter size was still too large to prevent lateral magnetic domain wall motion; consequently, the absolute switching field-to-thermal stability value was low.
Sources of Variability Contributing to Test-Retest Differences in Threshold-Based Articulation Indices

This study was conducted to obtain information on test-retest differences in Articulation Indices (AI) when a clinical threshold-based method is used to calculate AI. The AI was calculated using a ...
Gamma Benzene Hexachloride in Guinea-Pig Brain After Topical Application

Blood and brain levels of benzene hexachloride have been measured following topical application in guinea pigs. Levels increased with number of applications, and the concentration in brain was at least 10 times greater than in blood.
Electro-optical effects in liquid crystals with dielectric dispersion

ABSTRACT The dielectric dispersion in uniaxial nematic liquid crystals creates a dielectric memory effect whereby the polarization induced by the electric field decays exponentially with time rather than instantaneously, as in materials without dispersion. The induce d polarization couples linearly with the electric field. This linear coupling allows one to accelerate the director relaxation towards the off state by a specially designed electric pulse of a proper polarity and duration We show theoretically and experimentally the possibility of electrically driving the director towards the off state, thereby decreasing the switching time. Keywords: liquid crystal, dielectric anisotropy, dielectric memory, dielectric dispersion, switching speed, response time. 1. INTRODUCTIONNematic liquid crystal molecules, reoriented via the coupling of the dielectric anisotropy ( u0 ) to an applied electric field E are used in many electrooptical applications, including liquid crystal displays (LCDs)[1]. A great deal of effort has gone into the improvement of LCDs, especially towards increasing the switching speed. The switching dynamics can be divided into two distinct phases, the switch on phase and the switch off phase. Here the terms on and off refer simply to the cases where the display is electrically driven to a desired orientation (on) and then when it relaxes back to its initial (off) state. The on state is driven by an applied electric field and, for Umuch greater than the th reshold voltage, the characteristic time is given by
An endogenous growth model for the evolution of water rights systems

This article presents a model to help explain the transition path from one water management system to another, typically a commons framework to one of tradable permit-based property rights. Furthermore, drawing from transaction cost literature, the model demonstrates how this takes place when externalities (the strain on water resources) become severe enough to warrant the increased transaction costs inherent with more complex water rights management frameworks.
Is There Still Life in the Pessimist Case? Consumption During the Industrial Revolution, 1790-1850

Recent research on the standard-of-living controversy has argued that a marked improvement in the economic well-being of British workers began shortly after 1815 and continued unabated until 1850. I test that new optimism by generating a synthetic annual “standard-of-living variable” for the period 1790 to 1850. The variable is based on estimating a relation between living standards and the consumption of some key commodities for 1855 to 1900 and then using that relation to “retrocast” living standards for 1790 to 1850. The results strongly suggest that the hypothesis of no or little improvement cannot be rejected.
A model of person‐pay interaction: how executives vary in their responses to compensation arrangements

A wealth of research indicates that both executive characteristics and incentive compensation affect organizational outcomes, but the literatures within these two domains have followed distinct, separate paths. Our paper provides a framework for integrating these two perspectives. We introduce a new model that specifies how executive characteristics and incentives operate in tandem to influence strategic decisions and firm performance. We then illustrate our model by portraying how executive characteristics interact with a specific type of pay instrument—stock options—to affect executive behaviors and organizational outcomes. Focusing on three individual-level attributes (executive motives and drives, cognitive frame, and self-confidence), we develop propositions detailing how executives will vary in their risk-taking behaviors in response to stock options. We further argue that stock options will amplify the implications of executive ability, such that option-heavy incentive schemes will increase the performance of talented executives but worsen the performance of low-ability executives. Our framework and propositions are meant to provide a starting point for future theorizing and empirical testing of the interactive effects of executive characteristics and incentive compensation on strategic decisions and organizational performance. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Calculated phase diagram of doped BaFe2As2 superconductor in a C4-symmetry breaking model

We develop a minimal multiorbital tight-binding model with realistic hopping parameters. The model breaks the symmetry of the tetragonal point group by lowering it from C4 to D2d, which accurately describes the Fermi surface evolution of the electron-doped BaFe2−xCoxAs2 and hole-doped Ba1−yKyFe2As2 compounds. An investigation of the phase diagram with a mean-field Bogoliubov-de Gennes Hamiltonian results in agreement with the experimentally observed electron- and hole-doped phase diagram with only one set of t, U and V parameters. Additionally, the self-consistently calculated superconducting order parameter exhibits -wave pairing symmetry with a small d-wave pairing admixture in the entire doping range, which is the subtle result of the weakly broken symmetry and competing interactions in the multiorbital mean-field Hamiltonian.
Gsα Repression of Adipogenesis via Syk

Abstract Gsα regulates the differentiation of 3T3-L1 mouse embryonic fibroblasts to adipocytes, a process termed adipogenesis. Inducers of adipogenesis lead to a loss of Gsα and derepress differentiation to adipocytes. The broad spectrum tyrosine kinase inhibitor genistein is shown to block induction of adipogenesis, suggesting an early role of tyrosine phosphorylation in adipogenesis. Staining of phosphotyrosine identified prominent staining of a ∼70-kDa protein, hypothesized to be the tyrosine kinase Syk. Reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction amplification established the expression of Syk mRNA in these embryonic fibroblasts. Immunoprecipitations with Syk-specific antibodies demonstrated the presence of Syk in fibroblasts and a rapid increase in the amount of phospho-Syk, peaking at 24 h post induction. Clones constitutively expressing Gsα, which can no longer be induced to differentiate, no longer display increased phospho-Syk levels in response to inducers. The linkage between Gsα and Syk was probed by immunoprecipitations revealing association of Syk with Gsα in the absence of induction. Upon induction of adipogenesis, Gsα levels decline and phospho-Syk levels as well as Syk kinase activity increase. Expression of wild-type Syk both potentiates the ability of inducers to act as well as induces adipogenesis itself. Expression of the kinase-deficient Syk had no such effects on adipogenesis. These data provide a new insight into the control of adipogenesis, suggesting that Gsα represses adipogenesis via Syk. Treatment with the inducers promotes a decline in Gsα, increases in levels of phospho-Syk, and adipogenesis.
Vaporization Processes Involving Sulfur

Free evaporation of rhombic sulfur is shown to give rise solely to S8 vapor molecules, whereas the sublimation of an allotropic form (Engel's sulfur) produces only S6 vapor molecules. The vapor composition characteristic of equilibrium can be produced by mixing any allotropic form of sulfur with commercial Al2O3, which evidently catalyzes the transformation among sulfur species. The evaporation coefficients of S6 and S7 molecules from a rhombic sulfur surface have been measured. The behavior of other allotropes (Sμ, Sπ) is described as observed by mass spectrometry. Mass spectra of S6 and S8 molecules have been determined directly as a function of temperature and that of S7 deduced from a vapor mixture of S6, S7, and S8. Ionization efficiency curves and appearance potentials of the major ionic species are reported. Paramagnetic resonance measurements have been used to help elucidate the mechanism of catalysis.
Effects of Type A Behavior and Task Label on Goal Setting

ABSTRACT Individuals' self-set goals, certainty, and task performance over two work periods in a group setting were examined as a function of behavior pattern and task label (difficult vs. easy). American college students (N = 115) were divided into three groups (Type A, intermediate, and Type B) and worked on identical anagram-solving tasks labeled as either difficult or easy. The results of 3 × 2 analyses of variance showed that, in the first work period, (a) students in the easy condition set higher goals than did those in the difficult condition, (b) Type As were more certain of goal accomplishment than intermediates and Type Bs, and (c) there were no significant differences in performance. In the second work period, Type As in the easy condition set significantly higher goals than did Type Bs, and intermediates in the easy condition set higher goals than did those in the difficult condition. Type As' goal setting in the second period was not affected by task labels. Students in the difficult conditio...
Using Community-Based Participatory Research to Address Health Disparities

Community-based participatory research (CBPR) has emerged in the past decades as an alternative research paradigm, which integrates education and social action to improve health and reduce health disparities. More than a set of research methods, CBPR is an orientation to research that focuses on relationships between academic and community partners, with principles of colearning, mutual benefit, and long-term commitment and incorporates community theories, participation, and practices into the research efforts. As CBPR matures, tensions have become recognized that challenge the mutuality of the research relationship, including issues of power, privilege, participation, community consent, racial and/or ethnic discrimination, and the role of research in social change. This article focuses on these challenges as a dynamic and ever-changing context of the researcher-community relationship, provides examples of these paradoxes from work in tribal communities, discusses the evidence that CBPR reduces disparities, and recommends transforming the culture of academia to strengthen collaborative research relationships.
General direction-of-arrival tracking with acoustic nodes

Traditionally, in target tracking, much emphasis is put on the motion model that realistically represents the target's movements. We first present the classical constant velocity model and then introduce a new model that incorporates an acceleration component along the heading direction of the target. We also show that the target motion parameters can be considered part of a more general feature set for target tracking. This is exemplified by showing that target frequencies, which may be unrelated to the target motion, can also be used to improve the tracking performance. In order to include the frequency variable, a new array steering vector is presented for the direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation problems. The independent partition particle filter (IPPF) is used to compare the performances of the two motion models by tracking multiple maneuvering targets using the acoustic sensor outputs directly. The treatment is quite general since IPPF allows general type of noise models as opposed to Gaussianity imposed by Kalman type of formulations. It is shown that by incorporating the acceleration into the state vector, the tracking performance can be improved in certain cases as expected. Then, we demonstrate a case in which the frequency variable improves the tracking and classification performance for targets with close DOA tracks.
Using a Computer Bulletin Board in a Social Psychology Course

In this article, we first explore the nature of a computer bulletin board within the context of computer mediated communication, and then we describe and evaluate its w e during three semesters of an undergraduate course in social psychology. Results suggest that a computer bulletin board can boost student computer literacy, increase class time available for lecture/discussion, save time and money on reproducing and distributing materials, permit more materials to be distributed to students, and allow students easier access to their instructor. However, most students failed to take full advantage of the bulletin board. Reasons for this are discussed.
Consensus Estimation via Belief Propagation

In this paper, a new problem, consensus estimation, is formulated, whose setting is complementary to the well-known CEO problem. In particular, a set of nodes are employed to sense and estimate a common source, and the purpose is to reach the best possible estimate for all nodes, through local processing and information exchange over the network. The belief propagation algorithm is adopted to provide a common information processing and dissemination framework for such a purpose. The discussion is also extended to the application of estimating a Markov random field.
The Chemical Composition of the Crystalline Deposit in Evaporated Milk

Summary Four groups of salt crystals that had separated from evaporated milk during storage were analyzed for calcium oxide, magnesium oxide, phosphorus pentoxide and citric acid. One group of crystals was high enough in phosphorus pentoxide to indicate the presence of almost 10 per cent tricalcium phosphate. Most of the crystals contained about 98 per cent calcium citrate and small but varying amounts of tricalcium and trimagnesium phosphates.
Extracting useful computation from error-prone processors for streaming applications

As semiconductor fabrics scale closer to fundamental physical limits, their reliability is decreasing due to process variation, noise margin effects, aging effects, and increased susceptibility to soft errors. Reliability can be regained through redundancy, error checking with recovery, voltage scaling and other means, but these techniques impose area/energy costs. Since some applications (e.g. media) can tolerate limited computation errors and still provide useful results, error-tolerant computation models have been explored, with both the application and computation fabric having stochastic characteristics. Stochastic computation has, however, largely focused on application-specific hardware solutions, and is not general enough to handle arbitrary bit errors that impact memory addressing or control in processors.In response, this paper addresses requirements for error-tolerant execution by proposing and evaluating techniques for running error-tolerant software on a general-purpose processor built from an unreliable fabric. We study the minimum error-protection required, from a microarchitecture perspective, to still produce useful results at the application output. Even with random errors as frequent as every 250μs, our proposed design allows JPEG and MP3 benchmarks to sustain good output quality---14dB and 7dB respectively. Overall, this work establishes the potential for error-tolerant single-threaded execution, and details its required hardware/system support.
Density Functional Theory Investigations of the Direct Oxidation of Methane on an Fe-Exchanged Zeolite

The reactions of methane with [FeO2]+ and [OFeO)]+ cations exchanged into ZSM-5 have been investigated using density functional theory. Experimental evidence for the latter cation has recently been reported on the basis of EXAFS experiments performed on Fe−ZSM-5 with Fe/Al = 0.17−0.80. Of the two iron-containing species investigated, Z[OFeO] [Z here represents the cation-exchange site in the zeolite] is lower in energy by 7.7 kcal/mol, assuming a spin multiplicity M = 6. The activation energy for the conversion of Z[FeO2] and Z[OFeO] is 10.0 kcal/mol. The activation of methane occurs preferentially on Z[OFeO]. Weakly adsorbed methane reacts with Z[OFeO] to produce a weakly bound CH3• free radical. The activation barrier for this process is 15.9 kcal/mol. The methyl radical then reacts via a barrierless process to form Z[(OH)Fe(OCH3)]. This product is very stable thermally, but can be converted to adsorbed methanol or formaldehyde via processes exhibiting high activation barriers (∼39.3 kcal/mol in both ca...
ROLE OF PREOPERATIVE SONOURETHROGRAPHY IN BULBAR URETHRAL RECONSTRUCTION

ABSTRACTPurpose: The accuracy of sonourethrography for the evaluation of bulbar urethral strictures has been well documented. Thus, we sought to define the role of preoperative sonourethrography in establishing objective criteria for procedure selection during bulbar urethral reconstruction.Materials and Methods: Sonourethrography was performed preoperatively, just before incision, in 67 men selected for bulbar urethroplasty. All patients had strictures 25 mm. or less in length on preoperative radiographic retrograde urethrography, thus potentially amenable to resection and end-to-end anastomosis. Ultrasonic measurements were prospectively recorded, compared with those on preoperative retrograde urethrography, and used to guide the selection of urethroplasty technique.Results: Overall, a significant trend for retrograde urethrography too underestimate stricture length was demonstrated (r = 0.678, p <0.0001). Indeed, sonographic measurements were frequently twice those of retrograde urethrography, occasion...
Who should have a routine early invasive approach after fibrinolytic therapy

This editorial refers to ‘Relationship between risk stratification at admission and treatment effects of early invasive management following fibrinolysis: insights from the Trial of Routine ANgioplasty and Stenting After Fibrinolysis to Enhance Reperfusion in Acute Myocardial Infarction (TRANSFER-AMI)’, by A.T. Yan et al. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehr008 Reperfusion therapy for patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), especially with primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), can reduce mortality by >25%. Earlier reperfusion provides greater benefit, particularly in the early hours of infarction.1 Of the large number of remaining questions about how best to apply reperfusion therapy for patients with acute STEMI, few are more important than how to manage the patient who presents to the hospital without PCI capability. When it can be done quickly, transfer for primary PCI is generally the best strategy.2 Yet all too often—70% of the time in the USA from 2005 to 20073—this patient is transferred for primary PCI with long delays (of >120 min first door to device) that rob the patient of the benefits of prompt reperfusion therapy with fibrinolysis. Even with fibrinolysis, whether and when to transfer to a PCI-capable centre, to perform angiography, and to perform PCI has been a topic of intense investigation. There have been at least three published meta-analyses4–6 in the past year of the modest-sized clinical trials that have randomly assigned patients following fibrinolysis to routine early vs. selective (or delayed) coronary angiography and …
Analyzing multiple informant data on child and adolescent behavior problems: Predictive validity and comparison of aggregation procedures:

We compared the predictive validity of five aggregation methods for multiple informant data on child and adolescent behavior problems. In addition, we compared the predictive validity of these aggregation methods with single informant scores. Data were derived from the Minnesota Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (N = 175). Maternal and teacher reports of child behavior problems were obtained at ages 7 and 16 using the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) and Teacher Report Form (TRF). Adolescent self-report of child behavior problems was obtained at age 16 (Youth Self-Report). Adolescent psychopathology data was obtained at age 17.5 using a semi-structured diagnostic interview (The Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia; K-SADS). Results generally showed that the latent variable performed better in predicting adolescent psychopathology compared to the other aggregation methods and single informant scores. The other aggregation methods did not, however, outperform the single informant scores.
The Ultrastructure of Chick Intestinal Absorptive Cells During Eimeria Acervulina Infection

Abstract In order to better define structural alterations in the intestine during the course of infection with Eimeria acervulina, chick duodenal mucosa was examined by light and electron microscopy, 1, 5, 10, 13, and 21 days after oral infection with the parasite. Marked histopathological and ultrastructural alterations were seen on day 5. These were variable and correlated with the number of coccidia present in the tissue. By light microscopy, severely infected mucosa contained dense granules and no longer had an identifiable brush border. Edema in the lamina propria was the only abnormality observed 21 days after the start of the infection. By electron microscopy, areas of normal appearing cells existed beside damaged cells, even in heavily infected epithelium. Marked mitochondrial damage was seen on day 5. On day 21, principal cell mitochondria were unusually large. Many had a rod-like structure protruding from the main body of the organelle. Centrioles were unusually prevalent in cells of the mid-portion of the villi on days 13 and 21 post-infection. The observed changes in cell morphology were related to changes in nutrient absorption during infection and recovery from coccidiosis.
The 1996 Southern California Network Bulletin

The Pasadena Office of the U.S. Geological Survey, together with the California Institute of Technology Seismology Laboratory (Caltech Seismo Lab), operates a network of more than 300 analog and digital remote seismometers in southern California called the Southern California Seismic Network (SCSN). Signals from these sites are telemetered to the central processing site at the Caltech Seismology Laboratory in Pasadena. These signals are continuously monitored by computers that detect and record thousands of earthquakes each year. Phase arrival times for these events are picked by analysts and archived along with digital seismograms. Data acquisition, processing, and archiving is achieved using the CUSP system (Dollar, 1989). These data are used to compile the SCSN Catalog of Earthquakes, a list beginning in 1932 that currently contains more than 300,000 events. This data set is critical to the evaluation of earthquake hazards in California and to the advancement of geoscience as a whole.
Multiple synchronous gliomas of distinctly different grades.

It is not surprising that a multicentric glioma would exhibit two different cellular phenotypes. In contrast to what most of us believed about the oncogenesis of gliomas – that gliomas resulted from the dedifferentiation of mature cells – it is now becoming increasingly clear that gliomas evolve from neural stems cells and/or the progenitors that arise from these stem cells.[3] Neural stem cells can become neurons, astrocytes or oligodendrocytes and/or progenitors such as the O2A progenitor that become either type II astrocytes or oligodedrocytes. It is also clear that following embryogenesis, viable multipotential stem cells persist in stem cell clusters even in the adult mammalian brain. In a conducive in-vitro or in-vivo microenvironment, cells in these stem cell clusters can evolve into gliomas of mixed cell types that contain primitive astrocytes, oligodendroglial cells and neurons. What is surprising is that cases, such as the one reported in this article, seem to be relatively rare. This may be because most of these multicentric gliomas remain subclinical, microscopic and limited to small populations of several hundred cells that remain in a steady-state balance of mitosis and apoptosis. Occasionally, the balance of apoptosis/mitosis is upset in one of these colonies and one of these lesions then progresses to a clinically significant glioma. Low grade gliomas become high grade gliomas whose clinical phenotype is at the mercy of the subpopulation with the highest mitotic rate. Cellular phenotypic clones with the highest mitotic rate will eventually overwhelm the tumor that is then classified as that phenotype (e.g. astrocytoma) at diagnosis and evolve into the malignant tumor that kills the patient. Perhaps the apparent “rarity” of distinct multicentric gliomas is due to the uncommon simultaneity of the transformation of two tumor stem cell clusters from “steady state” indolent, clinically silent lesions into clinically significant tumors within a finite epoch. During this time, one of the lesions destroys enough brain tissue or results in a significant enough mass to cause the symptoms that lead to the clinical detection and eventual diagnosis. Sadly, when most gliomas are diagnosed, they are too advanced to be curable by current therapies. In fact, clinically silent gliomas are much more common than the US incidence rate of about 20,000 cases per year would suggest. Imaging based screening studies done on large populations have indicated a prevalence of about 3 cases per 1000 population.[1,2,4] This is not a huge number, of course. Nonetheless, a US population of 310,000,000 people contains over 900,000 individuals harboring asymptomatic gliomas that are large enough to be detected by imaging methods. We know how many of these become symptomatic each year. We do not know how many will become symptomatic in a lifetime.
Layout aware line-edge roughness modeling and poly optimization for leakage minimization

Line-edge roughness (LER) highly affects the device saturation current and leakage current, which leads to serious device performance degradation. In this paper, we propose the first layout-aware LER model where LER is highly related to the lithographic aerial image fidelity and neighboring geometric proximity. With our new LER model, we perform robust LER aware poly layout optimization to minimize the degradation of device performance, in particular leakage current. The results on 32nm node standard cells show average 91.26% reduction of leakage current and 4.46% improvement of saturation current at the worst case despite 8.86% area penalty.
Ricean parameter estimation using phase information in low SNR environments

A new Ricean parameter estimator is considered in the context of wireless communications. In comparison to existing methods, the proposed estimator is especially useful in low signal-to-noise environments. It is less reliant on knowledge of the transmitted signal frequency than existing methods, and it performs well in communications environments where the frequency is varying in time.
The Hedge Fund Transparency Act of 2009

This white paper provides a review and critique of a bill introduced by Senators Charles Grassley (R-Iowa) and Carl Levin (D-Mich.) in the Senate in early 2009 that, if enacted, would have imposed certain registration and disclosure requirements on hedge funds and certain other private funds.