cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Redefining Transitional Housing For Homeless Families

The future directions of policies designed to aid homeless families should be based on a deep understanding of the causes of homelessness. Unfortunately, systematic data are lacking. Instead, biases and opinions have shaped the debate about the origins of homelessness and its solutions. Some experts argue that widespread construction of low-income housing will solve the homelessness problem. Attractive as such a proposal might be, it overlooks the contribution of noneconomic factors to homelessness, as well as the quality of life of the families involved. The provision of decent, affordable housing is an essential element of a comprehensive plan; but such a plan must also address the social, emotional, medical, and educational needs of homeless parents and children. In his recent book, Rachel and Her Children,1 Jonathan Kozol advances a deceptively simple economic analysis of family homelessness. He fails to recognize that many homeless persons have significant problems that could not be alleviated solely through the provision of housing. Kozol portrays the desperate plight of homeless families living in the Martinique, a dilapidated, rodent-infested welfare hotel in New York City. Laura, one of the Martinique's tenants who is the mother of three boys and an infant girl, is described by Kozol as a "broken stick," a woman so fragile that he finds it hard to start a conversation with her. Laura asks him to read a letter to
Strategies for Effective Classroom Management in the Secondary Setting

Over the years, researchers have written many books and articles about the lack of discipline or lack of respect students have toward their teachers. This image is enhanced by the daily accounts in movies, newspapers, television, and radio or in speaking to students, their teachers, or parents. In this article, the author provides working strategies that can be used by new and veteran teachers that will provide educators with procedures to maximize classroom instruction by incorporating effective classroom management techniques into their daily routines.
An Interdisciplinary Framework for the Design and Life Prediction of Engineering Systems

This paper is constructed on the assumption that innovation in systems of the future would depend on how the synergies among various disciplines can be exploited and implemented in design strategies. A framework that can serve this purpose is presented; it is based on the concept that an end-user system can be partitioned into subsystems and linking variables. The subsystems generally lie along traditional disciplines, e.g., materials science, mechanical engineering, manufacturing etc. The linking variables serve as the vehicle for multidimensional coupling among the subsystems. System level design and life prediction is carried out in the linking variable space (LVS). The potential for this framework is illustrated by applying it to the design and life prediction of the light bulb. This example serves to illustrate how the design regime is created in LVS by overlaying the results from engineering design and materials science subsystems. The linking variables also define the pathway for assessing the influence of the critical parameters residing within each subsystem, on the overall variability in the life of the light bulb. In this way it becomes possible to understand how much the uncertainties from each of the subfields contribute to the overall uncertainty of the system.
CARRAGEENAN INFLUENCES ON THE CHARACTERISTICS OF RESTRUCTURED NORMAL AND PALE, SOFT AND EXUDATIVE HAMS1

Carrageenan (0 and 1 %) was incorporated into cured restructured hams produced from normal or pale, soft and exudative (PSE) hams and the products were evaluated for sensory and processing attributes. Carrageenan increased (P 0.05). Carrageenan increased (P 0.05) by meat type or carrageenan level. Normal hams with carrageenan had higher (P<0.05) juiciness, tenderness, cohesiveness, and overall acceptability scores than normal control hams. Carrageenan increased (P<0.05) texture and overall acceptability scores in PSE hams. PSE hams containing carrageenan were equivalent in yield and overall acceptability to normal hams. Carrageenan improved the overall quality of products from both meat types when compared to control products.
PAPA knows best: Principles for the ethical sharing of information on social networking sites

The advent of social networking sites has changed the face of the information society Mason wrote of 23 years ago necessitating a reevaluation of the social contracts designed to protect the members of the society. Despite the technological and societal changes that have happened over the years, the information society is still based on the exchange of information. This paper examines various historical events involving social networking sites through the lens of the PAPA framework (Mason 1986) to highlight select ethical issues regarding the sharing of information in the social-networking age. Four preliminary principles are developed to guide the ethical use of social networking sites (SNS).
Modernization Theory, Then and Now

Contrary to the pronouncements of Wallerstein, Alexander and others, modernization theory is far from dead. Publications on modernization theory have increased in number during each successive five-year period since 1970. I distinguish between modernization theory “then” – its formative period from 1949 to 1979, and “now” the period since the 1990s. Two main things have happened to the theory. First, some research findings in diverse sub-fields continue to vary with, and be explained by, societies’ level of modernization, thereby confirming the original modernization paradigm. Second, when other researchers discovered anomalies that could not be explained within the original theory, they did not abandon the theory. Instead, they creatively extended it in new directions that could account for the anomalies, using such concepts as reflexive modernization, risk society, first and second modernity, ecological modernization, evolutionary theory, values modernization, multiple modernities, and global modernity.
Abstract 846: ROS-mediated activation of AKT induces apoptosis via pVHL in prostate cancer cells .

Proceedings: AACR 104th Annual Meeting 2013; Apr 6-10, 2013; Washington, DC Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a central role in oxidative stress, which leads to the onset of diseases, such as cancer. Furthermore, ROS contributes to the delicate balance between tumor cell survival and death. However, the mechanisms by which tumor cells decide to elicit survival or death signals during oxidative stress are not completely understood. We have previously reported that ROS enhanced tumorigenic functions in prostate cancer cells, such as cell migration and invasion, which depended on CXCR4 and AKT signaling. Here, we report a novel mechanism by which ROS facilitated cell death through activation of AKT. We initially observed that ROS increased expression of phosphorylated AKT (p-AKT) in 22Rv1 human prostate cancer cells. The tumor suppressor PTEN, a negative regulator of AKT signaling, was rendered catalytically inactive through oxidation by ROS, although the expression levels remained consistent. Despite these events, cells still underwent apoptosis. Further investigation into apoptosis revealed that expression of the tumor suppressor pVHL increased, with concomitant decreased expression of HIF1α. Further investigation into pVHL during apoptosis revealed that the tumor suppressor becomes phosphorylated at S111 prior to activity; S111 is within a target motif (RXXS) forphosphorylation by AKT kinase. We then determined that pVHL and p-AKT associated in vitro via co-immunoprecipitation assay. Moreover, knockdown of pVHL by siRNA rescued HIF1α protein expression and rescued cells from apoptosis, which was determined by Annexin-V and cleaved-PARP. Collectively, our study suggests that in the context of oxidative stress, activatedAKT facilitated apoptosis by inducing pVHL function. Moreover, our studies suggest a novel paradigm for AKT-that it may participate in tumor suppressor rather than oncogenesis. Citation Format: Mahandranauth A. Chetram, Kia J. Jones, Christopher Coke, Ayesha Don-Salu-Hewage, Danaya A. Bethea, Cimona V. Hinton. ROS-mediated activation of AKT induces apoptosis via pVHL in prostate cancer cells . [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 846. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-846
A non-cooperative bargaining game with risk averse players and an uncertain finite horizon

Abstract For an alternating offer bargaining game with an uncertain horizon, the equilibrium payoff to a player is greater, the less risk averse is he relative to his opponent. As the horizon becomes infinite in length, the equilibrium partition converges to the Nash bargaining solution.
Two modular equations for squares of the Rogers–Ramanujan functions with applications

Two modular identities of Gordon, McIntosh, and Robins are shown to be connected to the Rogers–Ramanujan continued fraction R(q), and in particular to Ramanujan’s parameter k:=R(q)R2(q2). Using this connection, we give new modular relations for R(q), and offer new and uniform proofs of several results of Ramanujan. In particular, we give a new proof of a famous and fundamental modular identity satisfied by the Rogers–Ramanujan continued fraction. We furthermore show that many analogous results hold for Ramanujan’s parameters μ:=R(q)R(q4) and ν:=R2(q1/2)R(q)/R(q2). New proofs are offered for modular relations connecting R(q) to R(−q), R(q2), and R(q4), and new relations connecting R(q) at these arguments are offered. Eleven identities for the Rogers–Ramanujan functions are proved, including four new identities.
Numerical experiments with the thin plate histospline

The thin plate volume matching and volume smoothing histosplines are described. These histosplines are suitable for estimating densities or incidence rates as a function of position on the plane when data is aggregated by area, for example by county. We give a numerical algorithm for the volume matching histospline and for the volume smoothing histospline using generalized cross validation to estimate the smoothing parameter. Some numerical experiments were performed using synthetic data, population data and SMR's (standardized mortality ratios) aggregated by county over the state of Wisconsin. The method turns out to be not particularly suited for obtaining population density maps where the population density can vary by two orders of magnitude, because the histospline can be negative in
Determination of the predominant type of stacking fault in cobalt by nuclear magnetic resonance and electron microscopy

Abstract Consideration of the effect on the nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum of the differences in interplanar spacing of the various close-packed layers in cobalt stacking faults had previously indicated the stacking faults to be predominantly intrinsic. This identification has been confirmed in the present investigation by two independent methods, (1) the effect of cold-working on the N.M.R. spectrum, and (2) application of the theory of stacking-fault fringe contrast to electron micrographs.
Optimal identification using inconsistent modal data

This work examines techniques under the general approach of optimal-update identification which produce optimally adjusted, or updated, property matrices (i.e., mass, stiffness and damping matrices) to more closely match the structure modal response. For practical applications, the techniques must perform when the modal response is inconsistent with other constraints on the desired model. An alternate view of the optimal-update problem is presented that leads to new techniques for addressing inconsistent data. Viewpoints used for previously published techniques are also examined to explore issues in optimal-update identification.
Smoothing Methods for Estimating Test Score Distributions

Frequency distributions of test scores may appear irregular and, as estimates of a population distribution, contain a substantial amount of sampling error. Techniques for smoothing score distributions are available that have the capacity to improve estimation. In this article, estimation/smoothing methods that are flexible enough to fit a wide variety of test score distributions are reviewed. The methods are a kernel method, a strong true-score model-based method, and a method that uses polynomial log-linear models. The use of these methods is then reviewed, and applications of the methods are presented that include describing and comparing test score distributions, estimating norms, and estimating equipercentile equivalents in test score equating. Suggestions forfurther research are also provided. Entire test score distributions need to be considered for many measurement purposes that include describing and comparing score distributions, estimating percentile norms, and estimating equipercentile equating relationships. The sample score distribution often appears very irregular when graphed, and it may contain a substantial amount of sampling error. Statistical methods can be used to address these problems by producing smoothed estimates of the population score distribution that are intended to have less estimation error than the sample score distribution. Statistical methods for estimating univariate test score distributions are described and evaluated in this article. It focuses on estimating distributions of discrete number-correct scores on educational tests. For this reason, the methods that are considered are those that produce discrete distributions. These three methods are flexible enough to adequately fit a wide variety of potential test score distributions. They are: (a) a kernel method, (b) a method based on Lord's (1965) strong true-score model, and (c) a method that uses a polynomial log-linear model. The description of each method includes a discussion of procedures for choosing the degree of smoothing and/or evaluating the fit of the smoothed to the sample distribution as well as a discussion of other related methods. The kernel method for discrete test score distributions has not been treated elsewhere in published sources, and for this reason it is presented here in detail. Because the other two methods are treated elsewhere, they will only be summarized here. Research on these methods is reviewed and suggestions are made for areas of future research. Selected applications of
Phase shift focus monitor for OAI and high NA immersion scanners

Phase Shift Focus Monitor (PSFM) has been successfully utilized as a focus monitoring tool for scanners and steppers from the g-line era to the most advanced immersion technology nodes. PSFM exhibits high sensitivity, linearity and repeatability for immersion scanners with the illumination conditions of conventional mode and NA0.93. A microlithography model was created using Hyperlith to study the PSFM sensitivity and linearity under the conditions of OAI (off-axis illumination) and high NA (0.95~1.35). The model predicts that a PSFM sensitivity of 700 ~ 1000 nm/um can be achieved when an OAI, 40 nm PSFM target and NA 1.35 are used. The model also studied the influence of various parameters on PSFM sensitivity and linearity. Wafer data verified the simulation results. PSFM linear focus range with the NA1.35 condition is shorter than that of NA0.93. The influence of illumination conditions on PSFM, such as OAI modes (annular, Quadra), NA / Sigma values and PSFM target sizes, has also been investigated by the microlithography model.
Are distal femoral traction pins intra-articular? A cadaveric study.

OBJECTIVES To examine the frequency of intra-articular placement of distal femoral traction pins and their proximity to the superficial femoral artery (SFA). METHODS Wires were placed in the distal femurs of 28 cadaveric knees at the adductor tubercle (ADT), the superior pole of the patella (SPP), and 2 cm proximal to SPP (SPP+2). A lateral fluoroscopic image was obtained after injection of radiopaque contrast to assess for joint penetration. Dissection was performed to confirm or refute fluoroscopic findings. The distance from each wire to the SFA was measured. RESULTS The percentage of intra-articular placement was higher (29%) at the ADT than the SPP+2 (0%) level. The mean (SD) distances from the ADT, SPP, and SPP+2 to the SFA were 7.4 (±1.8) cm, 5.7 (±1.7) cm, and 3.8 (±1.7) cm, respectively (P 0.7 cm proximal to the ADT may lower the risk of intra-articular placement. No difference was detected between fluoroscopic arthrography and gross dissection.
Model for parachute canopy deformation and feedback on descent properties

A complete treatment of parachute large deformations and descent, after deployment, requires the solution of the fluid-structure interaction problem and the consideration of many other dynamical issues such as wake reattachment. Furthermore, because of the transient nature of the problem it is not easy to simulate the obtain physical insights about the dynamical behavior of the system. To achieve some of these insights, we present in this paper a low-dimensional model for circular parachute, which captures the essence of this problem. This model is coupled then with a flow simulation program (which is based on the vortex method) to gauge the impact of the fluid-structure interaction on the dynamics of this system. Nomenclature Ah = projected horizontal area of the circular canopy Av = projected vertical area of the circular canopy C D = drag coefficient of the system CL = coefficient of lift E =Y oung modulus of the rod e = unit vector in the direction of the tension in the cords F(l) = resultant stress on a cross section of the rod at l g = acceleration of gravity, 9.8 m/s 2
The Impact of Timing of Exposure to Violence on Violent Behavior in a High Poverty Sample of Inner City African American Youth

A growing body of research has linked exposure to violence to violent behavior, but few studies have examined the impact of the timing of exposure to violence on violent behavior among inner city, minority youth. Theoretical insights derived from developmental psychology and psychopathology (DPP) and Agnew’s general strain theory (GST) give contrasting accounts of whether exposure to violence has a short term or long term impact on violent behavior. Five waves of data collected from African American youth living in twelve high poverty inner city neighborhoods was used to examine how the timing of exposure to violence over a four year time period impacts year five violent behavior. Multivariate results support GST’s contention that more proximal exposure to violence has a larger impact on violent behavior. The theoretical and practical implications of the findings for adolescent development in high poverty settings are discussed.
Civil rights and affirmative action: Revolution or fine-tuning?

D uring the last 18 months, the United States Supreme Court has decided several civil rights and affirmative action cases. Have these Supreme Court decisions revolutionized civil rights laws and affirmative action programs, or have they fine-tuned the meaning and applications of these laws and programs? This article evaluates seven of these cases that have implications for and applications to business today. In addition to describing each factual situation that gave rise to the litigation, subsequent analysis presents each case's modification of the state of the law and its impact on business.
Locating human quantitative trait loci: guidelines for the selection of sibling pairs for genotyping.

Simulation studies were conducted to assess the relative merits of different nonrandom sampling strategies for the selection of sibling pairs for genotyping in the attempt to locate individual loci (QTLs) contributing to variation in human quantitative traits. For a constant amount of variation contributed by a QTL (25% of the total) the frequencies and dominance relationships of a trait increasing allele were varied. Three strategies for selection of pairs for genotyping were based on the phenotypic values of the siblings: “Concordant sib pairs” (CSP) are pairs in which both individuals exceed a given threshold value; “discordant sib pairs” (DSP) are pairs in which one member exceeds a given upper threshold and the other is below a specified lower threshold; and “most similar pairs” (MSP) are pairs selected for falling below a specified percentile ranking of the within-pair mean square for the quantitative trait. Tests for linkage with markers at 1, 2, 5, 10, and 20 cM from each of the QTLs were conducted for each of the selected samples and compared with tests based on the regression, in the entire sample, of within pair variation on the proportion of alleles identical by descent (IBD) at each marker locus. Tests for the effect of the increasing allele at the QTL (“candidate gene”) were also conducted for the DSP pairs. No single nonrandom selection procedure yields as much as half the information realized in the total sample. However, a combined strategy which involves genotyping the 5% of MSP and DSP for the upper and lower quintiles of values of the quantitative trait (a further 3% of the sample approximately) yields lod scores which are usually more than 65% of the values realized for the entire sample. Tests comparing the proportion of increasing alleles in high- and low-scoring siblings from DSP samples are uniformly very powerful for detecting candidate loci. Even when it is not possible to measure the entire range of the phenotype with uniform precision, some attempt to differentiate among individuals in a common “unaffected” class of individuals can lead to considerable increase in power.
Is Reporting of Rape on the Rise? A Comparison of Women With Reported Versus Unreported Rape Experiences in the National Women’s Study-Replication

Rape affects one in seven women nationwide. Historically, most rape victims do not report rape to law enforcement. Research is needed to identify barriers to reporting and correlates of reporting to guide policy recommendations that address such barriers. We investigated the prevalence of reporting rape among a national sample of women (N = 3,001) interviewed in 2006. The study also examined predictors of reporting as well as barriers to reporting, concerns about reporting, and women's experiences with the reporting process. Results demonstrated that the overall prevalence of reporting (15.8%) has not significantly increased since the 1990s. Differences were found between rape types, with rapes involving drug or alcohol incapacitation or facilitation being less likely to be reported than forcible rapes. Several predictors of reporting emerged in multivariable analyses. Implications for public health and public policy are discussed.
Comparing image users and uses with web analytics

This article uses a technique called Web Analytics to examine the behavior of end users interacting with an online, web-based image database that is part of a digital library. A quantitative analysis was conducted to compare the behavior of two types of visitors accessing the database (new visitors versus returning visitors). Significant behavior differences of the two groups of visitors are manifested on four aspects: visits, pages/visit, average time on the site, and bounce rate. New visitors behaved like "tourists" on the site, while returning visitors showed much more engagement with the image collections.
Nanotechnology: A quantum leap for electronics

If electronic devices are to be shrunk from the current micrometre length scale all the way down to the single-atom or molecule scale, we need to know how such tiny constructions will behave. Electrical measurements have now been made on the smallest electronic components possible — single metal atoms. They show that the conductivity depends on the number of valence electrons available in each atom.
Hematopoietic effect of Radix angelicae sinensis in a hemodialysis patient

The primary cause of anemia of chronic renal failure (CRF) is insufficient production of erythropoietin by the diseased kidneys. Although most patients receiving hemodialysis (HD) respond to recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEPO) treatment, 4% prove to be rHuEPO resistant. The patient presented in this case study suffered from anemia of CRF that was resistant to rHuEPO therapy. He experienced marked improvement in the anemia after self-initiating regular consumption of the Chinese herb Dang qui (botanical name: Radix angelicae sinensis). The significant hematologic amelioration occurred in the face of a major decrease in the amount of rHuEPO administered. The causes and mechanisms of inadequate response to rHuEPO, as well as the possible beneficial hematopoietic effects of this herbal preparation, are discussed.
A three-point sixth-order staggered combined compact difference scheme

A three-point, sixth-order, staggered, combined compact difference (SCCD) scheme is proposed for numerical models. The SCCD scheme is a generalization of the previously proposed combined compact difference (CCD) scheme, and has major improved features such as error and computational (CPU) time reduction especially for odd-order difference equations with odd-number boundary conditions. For nonperiodic boundaries, an additional sixth-or fifth-order boundary condition is proposed. The stability of the SCCD scheme is studied using the eigenvalue analysis.
Parallel algorithms for data compression

Parallel algorithms for data compression by textual substitution that are suitable for VLSI implementation are studied. Both “static” and “dynamic” dictionary schemes are considered.
Recent Studies in Automatic Text Analysis and Document Retrieval

Many experts in mechanized text processing now agree that useful automatic language analysis procedures are largely unavailable and that the existing linguistic methodologies generally produce disappointing results. An attempt is made in the present study to identify those automatic procedures which appear most effective as a replacement for the missing language analysis.A series of computer experiments is described, designed to simulate a conventional document retrieval environment. It is found that a simple duplication, by automatic means, of the standard, manual document indexing and retrieval operations will not produce acceptable output results. New mechanized approaches to document handling are proposed, including document ranking methods, automatic dictionary and word list generation, and user feedback searches. It is shown that the fully automatic methodology is superior in effectiveness to the conventional procedures in normal use.
Transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion and posterior lumbar interbody fusion utilizing BMP-2 in treatment of degenerative spondylolisthesis: Neither safe nor cost effective

BACKGROUND With the rise of health care costs, there is increased emphasis on evaluating the cost of a particular surgical procedure for quality adjusted life year (QALY) gained. Recent data have shown that surgical intervention for the treatment of degenerative spondylolisthesis (DS) is as cost-effective as total joint arthroplasty. Despite these excellent outcomes, some argue that the addition of interbody fusion supplemented with bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) enhances the value of this procedure. METHODS This review examines the current research regarding the cost-effectiveness of the surgical management of lumbar DS utilizing interbody fusion along with BMP. RESULTS Posterolateral spinal fusion with instrumentation for focal lumbar spinal stenosis with DS can provide and maintain improvement in self-reported quality of life. Based on the available literature, including nonrandomized comparative studies and case series, the addition of interbody fusion along with BMP does not lead to significantly better clinical outcomes and increases costs when compared with more routine posterolateral fusion techniques. CONCLUSIONS To enhance the value of the surgical management for DS, costs must decrease or there should be substantial improvement in effectiveness as measured by clinical outcomes. To date, there is insufficient evidence to support the use of interbody fusion devices along with BMP to treat routine cases of focal stenosis accompanied by DS, which are routinely adequately treated utilizing posterolateral fusion techniques.
Molecular theory ofK-vacancy production in heavy-ion-atom collisions at small impact parameters

1sσ vacancy production is calculated by approximating the 1sσ molecular wave function with an atomic 1s wave function for a chargeZ(R) centered at a distanceh(R) from the heavier nucleus.h(R) andZ(R) are determined by minimizing the 1sσ electronic energy. Previous calculations with the atomic semi-classical approximation (h=0,Z(R)=Z2, the target atomic number) showed that the probability of making CuK vacancies in 0.5- to 2-MeV/a.m.u. H+, D+, and He++Cu collisions can be written asP(θ)=A(1+Bcosθ), whereθ is the scattering angle andA andB are constants forθ≳10°. Although the recoil and dipole excitation contributions toP(θ) (which interfere destructively in the atomic theory) are independently smaller in the molecular calculations, similarB values are obtained.
The volume-outcome conundrum.

There is considerable evidence that patients undergoing various types of complex treatments or high-risk surgical procedures have lower mortality rates and otherwise better outcomes if care is provided in hospitals that have a high caseload of patients with the same condition than if care is provided by institutions with low caseloads of such patients. Notwithstanding the fact that some low-volume institutions have good outcomes and some high-volume hospitals have relatively poor outcomes, this relation between high volume and better outcomes is strong and persistent, with approximately 300 studies on the subject having been reported in the English-language literature since the . . .
Navigating the Other Spaces: The Student Wiki Interdisciplinary Group Collaboration Project

Abstract This paper explores faculty and student reflections on their experiences navigating the different learning spaces while participating in the Student Wiki Interdisciplinary Group, a technology-based collaboration project at Queensborough Community College. A survey of the participant's opinions on their technology readiness and preparation, their comfort with different learning spaces, and their movement across the spaces was administered online to gather data. The analysis of the reflections reveals that while most participants felt sufficiently prepared and supported, streamlining and ensuring consistent access to technology platforms would facilitate movement across the different spaces.
A Practical Methodology for Quantifying Random and Systematic Components of Unexplained Variance in a Wind Tunnel

This paper documents a check standard wind tunnel test conducted in the Langley 0.3-Meter Transonic Cryogenic Tunnel (0.3M TCT) that was designed and analyzed using the Modern Design of Experiments (MDOE). The test designed to partition the unexplained variance of typical wind tunnel data samples into two constituent components, one attributable to ordinary random error, and one attributable to systematic error induced by covariate effects. Covariate effects in wind tunnel testing are discussed, with examples. The impact of systematic (non-random) unexplained variance on the statistical independence of sequential measurements is reviewed. The corresponding correlation among experimental errors is discussed, as is the impact of such correlation on experimental results generally. The specific experiment documented herein was organized as a formal test for the presence of unexplained variance in representative samples of wind tunnel data, in order to quantify the frequency with which such systematic error was detected, and its magnitude relative to ordinary random error. Levels of systematic and random error reported here are representative of those quantified in other facilities, as cited in the references.
Preparation of 3‐Oxocyclohex‐1‐ene‐1‐carbonitrile

Cyclohex-2-enone Pyridine Hydrogen bromide Bromine Methylene chloride 2-Bromo-2-cyclohexen-1-one Sodium cyanide Acetic acid Methanol 3-Oxocyclohex-1-ene-1-carbonitrile Keywords: 3-Oxocyclohex-1-ene-1-carbonitrile; Safety; Waste disposal; 3-Oxocyclohept-1-ene-1-carbonitrile
Methylcyclopentane conversion catalysis by zeolite encaged palladium clusters and palladium-proton adducts

The conversion of methylcyclopentane (MCP) has been studied over the prototype catalysts HY, Pd/HY, Pd/NaHY, and proton-free Pd/NaY. Ring opening (RO) of MCP to hexane isomers is catalyzed by Pd{sub n} clusters, but ring enlargement (RE) of MCP to cyclohexane and benzene requires metal site and protons. It is found that catalysts containing Pd and protons, in the same zeolite cavity, are dramatically more active for RE than a physical mixture of HY and proton-free Pd/NaY. As other data indicate that protons and Pd{sub n} clusters inside supercages of zeolite Y form 'electron-deficient' (Pd{sub n}H){sup +} adducts, it is proposed that these adducts expose active sites, where MCP is converted to benzene during one residence of the adsorbed molecule. This novel reaction path compares favorably with the classical 'bifunctional' route which requires shuttling of reaction intermediates between metal and acid sites.
COMPETENCE AND STRESS IN SCHOOL CHILDREN: THE MODERATING EFFECTS OF INDIVIDUAL AND FAMILY QUALITIES

Abstract This study examined the associations of stress exposure to various aspects of school-based competence in a normative sample of 205 children aged 8–13. Potential moderators of these relations, including child attributes of sex and IQ, and environmental attributes of socioeconomic status (SES) and family qualities, were also studied. Stress exposure was indexed by a life event questionnaire. Competence was assessed by teacher ratings, peer assessments and school record data. Family attributes were derived from a set of rating scales completed by interviewers after 6 hours of interviews with a parent. Results suggest that the relations of stress exposure to competence vary as a function of individual differences as well as the competence criterion. Disadvantaged children, with lower IQ and SES, and less positive family qualities, were generally less competent and more likely to be disruptive at high stress levels. Advantaged children were more competent, and with stress were less positively engaged in school, but were not likely to be disruptive. Boys were less socially competent than girls and, when stress was high, appeared to be less protected by positive family qualities. Causal hypotheses for future research in this area are discussed.
A functional genomics guide to the galaxy of neuronal cell types.

Our understanding of the complexity of the mammalian brain is limited by our inability to identify and classify its many different cell types. A new study in this issue uses a functional genomics approach to uncover the molecular basis of neuronal identity.
The seed germination model of enzyme catalysis.

The activity of enzymes and other biological macromolecules is often sensitively dependent on physiochemical context. Seed germination provides an analogy that helps to elicit the control and information processing capabilities of enzymatic networks. Like a seed, the enzyme takes a particular action (complexes with a specific substrate and catalyzes a specific reaction) when a specific set of milieu influences is satisfied. The context sensitivity, specificity and speed are enormously enhanced by the parallelism inherent in the electronic wave function (i.e. by the superposition of electronic states). This parallelism is converted to speedup through electronic-conformational interactions. The quantum speedup effect allows biological 'switches' to have qualitatively greater pattern recognition capabilities than electronic switches. Consequently the information processing and control capabilities of biomolecular systems exceed the capabilities obtainable from classical models and exceed the intuitive expectations that have developed through the study of such models.
Correlation of hnRNP structure and nascent transcript cleavage

Using electron microscopy of spread chromatin, we have observed nonnucleolar transcription units from Drosophila melanogaster and Calliphora erythrocephala that display specific cleavage of nascent transcripts. We have quantitatively analyzed 20 of these relatively long transcription units. The primary RNP structure of homologous transcripts is nonrandom with respect to both RNA sequence and the cleavage event. In general, released RNA fragments have a smooth fibrillar RNP morphology (approximately 50 A wide) and retained segments have a thicker particulate morphology (approximately 250 A diameter). A characteristic secondary structure formation also accompanies cleavage--that is, RNP fibril loops form by association of noncontiguous transcript sequences that correspond to the terminal regions of the segment to be released. RNP particles form at the loop base sequences prior to their association and apparently coalesce upon loop formation. These loops, and thus the released segments, range in length from 1 and 25 kb on the examples we have analyzed. Cleavage of nascent hnRNA transcripts appears to be a fairly common event in these organisms and occurs within 0.3-3 min after transcription of the cleavage site.
Using the Digital Transmedia Magazine Project to Support Students With 21st-Century Literacies

Digital technologies have had a significant impact on how educators have come to understand and define literacy, and on the types of literacies and literacy practices that are required in the 21st century. In response, organizations such as the National Council of Teachers of English (NCTE) have designed frameworks that attempt to articulate practices required to be literate in the 21st century. Although educators often turn to the NCTE framework to define the characteristics of a 21st-century literacies curriculum, missing from the professional literature are examples of student projects that have the potential to embody these characteristics. This article describes 1 such project, a digital transmedia magazine, in which groups of students transmediated a story or novel into a magazine using digital technologies. The article illustrates ways in which this project can be used to support students with the 6 elements of the NCTE framework.
Surface coverage of WO3/ZrO2 catalysts measured by ion scattering spectroscopy and low temperature CO adsorption

A series of WO 3 /ZrO 2 catalysts with tungsten (W) loadings varying from 0.5 to 11A wt.% WO 3 was prepared by incipient wetness impregnation. The surface coverage of these catalysts was monitored by ion scattering spectroscopy (ISS) and low-temperature CO adsorption. Comparable values for the surface coverage were obtained from ISS and CO adsorption. The surface coverage as determined by these two independent techniques increased from zero to 51 ± 3% as the W loading increased from zero to 4.5 wt% WO 3 , and leveled off at ∼54 ± 3% with further increases in W loadings. For catalysts with W loadings <3.0 wt.% WO 3 , the surface coverage values were in reasonable agreement with those predicted assuming a monolayer dispersion. For higher W loadings, the results were consistent with multilayer or WO 3 formation. This study gives further support for the proposed methodology for monitoring the surface coverage of supported catalyst systems.
Future Motor Drive Technology Issues and Their Evolution

This paper presents technologies that have strategic importance for the evolution of future motor drives. The underlying strategic issue for motor drives is increasing high value-added functionality without adding cost. The high value-added functionality should include reliability in the presence of unknown loading, continuous energy loss minimization, integrated sensing suitable for application specific diagnostics, and continuously optimized thermal utilization of full drive capacity. This paper will address each of these issues and discuss the technology status for each case, with a focus on research needed to evolve the needed functionality.
Focal cemento-osseous dysplasia : a clinicopathologic study of 221 cases

Classification of cemento-osseous lesions of the jaws has long been a dilemma for pathologists. A group of 221 cemento-osseous lesions exhibited sufficiently distinctive clinicopathologic features to be separated into a specific category: focal cemento-osseous dysplasia. This entity presents as an asymptomatic, focal, mixed radiolucent/radiopaque lesion with ill-defined borders in the tooth-bearing areas. It was found to occur with greater frequency in women (88%) and in the posterior mandible (77%). The average age at presentation was 37 years and a relative predilection for black patients was observed. At surgery these lesions were noted to be hemorrhagic, gritty, and adherent to the surrounding bone. The gross appearance of multiple hemorrhagic fragments is of diagnostic significance. Histologic features include a cellular connective tissue stroma punctuated by irregular osseous and/or cementum-like calcifications. Focal cemento-osseous dysplasia is thought to be of periodontal ligament origin and to be non-neoplastic in nature. Further surgical intervention is not necessary, but periodic follow-up is recommended, because occasional cases were observed to progress into florid osseous dysplasia. Care must be taken to differentiate focal cemento-osseous dysplasia from central cementifying and/or ossifying fibromas, which are true neoplasms and require surgical treatment.
Analysis of Caries Experience Taking Inter-observer Bias and Variability into Account

In larger oral health surveys, clinical measurements are often obtained using several examiners. This raises the issue of inter-observer variability in measurement. Often, the problem is dealt with by reporting kappa values obtained in a calibration exercise. In the present study, the limitations of this statistic are presented, and an alternative, based on a Bayesian approach, is proposed. When the alternative approach was applied to caries experience data obtained in an oral health screening survey in seven-year-old Flemish children (Signal Tandmobiel® study), it could be ruled out that the observed geographic East-West gradient was due to bias induced by variability in scoring of the different dental examiners involved. The proposed method offers an opportunity to refine existing analytical approaches and is relevant to any health outcome study.
Resection Activity of the Sgs1 Helicase Alters the Affinity of DNA Ends for Homologous Recombination Proteins in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

The RecQ helicase family is critical during DNA damage repair, and mutations in these proteins are associated with Bloom, Werner, or Rothmund-Thompson syndromes in humans, leading to cancer predisposition and/or premature aging. In the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, mutations in the RecQ homolog, SGS1, phenocopy many of the defects observed in the human syndromes. One challenge to studying RecQ helicases is that their disruption leads to a pleiotropic phenotype. Using yeast, we show that the separation-of-function allele of SGS1, sgs1-D664Δ, has impaired activity at DNA ends, resulting in a resection processivity defect. Compromising Sgs1 resection function in the absence of the Sae2 nuclease causes slow growth, which is alleviated by making the DNA ends accessible to Exo1 nuclease. Furthermore, fluorescent microscopy studies reveal that, when Sgs1 resection activity is compromised in sae2Δ cells, Mre11 repair foci persist. We suggest a model where the role of Sgs1 in end resection along with Sae2 is important for removing Mre11 from DNA ends during repair.
The retrognathic mandible—Surgical correction

Abstract Mandibular retrognathia or micrognathia is a condition in which there is lack of development in the mandible. A review of the literature revealed a minimal number of articles dealing with surgical procedures for advancement of the mandible. This article deals with the etiology and adverse effects associated with the retrognathic mandible and the modalities used in evaluation of this condition. The various surgical procedures used in the past are discussed and the C osteotomy is recommended, since the final result has been excellent and consistent.
The structure of biological membranes in relation to the principle of energy coupling

Abstract The thesis that the structure of biological membranes translates the principle of energy coupling has been systematically developed. The protein ribbon continuum has been identified as the structural feature of membranes which is relevant to this translation. The body of evidence bearing on the widespread occurrence of ribbon structure in membranes has been reviewed. Fusion of membranes, the crystalline state of membranes, as well as the extensive cross-linking of membrane proteins are phenomena predictable from ribbon structure. The possible ways in which ribbon structure in membranes can effectively translate energy coupling, the control of energy coupling, and the immune response have been considered.
Outputs of paired Gabor filters summed across the background frame of reference predict the direction of movement (vision)

A cortical neural network that computes the visibility of shifts in the direction of movement is proposed. The network computes: (1) the magnitude of the position difference between the test and background patterns, (2) localized contrast differences at different spatial scales analyzed by computing temporal gradients of the difference and sum of the outputs of paired even- and odd-symmetric bandpass filters convolved with the input pattern, and (3) using global processes that pool the output from paired even- and odd-symmetric simple and complex cells across the spatial extent of the background frame of reference the direction a test pattern moved relative to a textured background. Evidence that magnocellular pathways are used to discriminate the direction of movement is presented. Since magnocellular pathways are used to discriminate the direction of movement, this task is not affected by small pattern changes such as jitter, short presentations, blurring, and different backgrounds contrasts that result when the veiling illumination in a scene changes. >
Dependence of Cu electromigration resistance on selectively deposited CVD Co cap thickness

Co films with various thicknesses were selectively deposited as Cu capping layers by chemical vapor deposition technique. Selectivity of the Co deposition between Cu and dielectric surfaces was improved by both raising the deposition pressure and adopting a pre-clean process prior to the Co deposition. Degree of electromigration resistance enhancement was observed to be dependent on the deposited Co thickness. Compared to the no-Co control, significant EM lifetime enhancement was observed when the Co cap is thicker than 6nm.