cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Vectorial Photoelectric Effect in Clean Molybdenum

The photoelectric emission from clean molybdenum surfaces has been measured as a function of the angle of incidence and state of polarization of monochromatic irradiation. For polarization perpendicular to the plane of incidence, the photocurrent decreased monotonically with increasing angle of incidence. For parallel polarization, the photocurrent increased with increasing angle to values at 75° that were as much as 40 times that at normal incidence. No spectral dependence of the effect was detected within the narrow range of ultraviolet wavelengths available. This is apparently the same as the vectorial effect studied by Ives in more complex emitting systems. It cannot be related directly to the power absorbed from the incident beam; its variation resembles that of the energy stored in the radiation field within the metal and near its surface. Possible interpretations of this observation are discussed.
Effect of maintenance schedule on the relationship between alley speeds and preexperimental deprivation periods

Eight Ss, matched on three critical variables, were employed in an analysis of the relationship between deprivation schedules and length of preexperimental deprivation period on subsequent performance in the alley. With a 23-h deprivation interval, a 2-week preexperimental group was superior to a 2-day group: a finding similar to that of Capaldi & Robinson (1960). When maintained in constant-weight cages (90% BW), no significant differences obtained between the 2-week and 2-day groups.
Radiosyntheses and in vivo evaluation of carbon-11 PET tracers for PDE10A in the brain of rodent and nonhuman primate.

The radiosyntheses and in vivo evaluation of four carbon-11 labeled quinoline group-containing radioligands are reported here. Radiolabeling of [ 11 C] 1 – 4 was achieved by alkylation of their corresponding desmethyl precursors with [ 11 C]CH 3 I. Preliminary biodistribution evaluation in Sprague-Dawley rats demonstrated that [ 11 C] 1 and [ 11 C] 2 had high striatal accumulation (at peak time) for [ 11 C] 1 and [ 11 C] 2 were 6.0-fold and 4.5-fold at 60 min, respectively. Following MP-10 pretreatment, striatal uptake in rats of [ 11 C] 1 and [ 11 C] 2 was reduced, suggesting that the tracers bind specifically to PDE10A. MicroPET studies of [ 11 C] 1 and [ 11 C] 2 in nonhuman primates (NHP) also showed good tracer retention in the striatum with rapid clearance from non-target brain regions. Striatal uptake (SUV) of [ 11 C] 1 reached 1.8 at 30 min with a 3.5-fold striatum:cerebellum ratio. In addition, HPLC analysis of solvent extracts from NHP plasma samples suggested that [ 11 C] 1 had a very favorable metabolic stability. Our preclinical investigations suggest that [ 11 C] 1 is a promising candidate for quantification of PDE10A in vivo using PET.
Coordinated arrays of distributed instruments: A new window on geospace science and space weather effects

Earth's Geospace environment, defined by the extent of the terrestrial magnetic field into space, includes the closely-coupled regions of the outer atmosphere (Earth's magnetosphere, ionosphere, and thermosphere) and their interactions with the lower atmosphere, oceans, and life on our planet's surface. These regions are characterized by dynamic processes which link solar activity to the changes in the near-Earth space environment known as Space Weather. Man's utilization of space is expanding rapidly, and with it the need to monitor and understand geospace characteristics and dynamics on a global, real-time basis. Ground-based, in-situ, and space-based observing systems provide the raw materials to support our growing understanding of this important region. Compatibly-constructed, multi-purpose instruments fielded to produce continuous overlapping observations of geospace characteristics, combined with innovative signal-processing, data distribution and display techniques, are needed to support this requirement.
Child Development Laboratory Schools as Generators of Knowledge in Early Childhood Education: New Models and Approaches.

Research Findings: University-based child development laboratory programs have a long and rich history of supporting teaching, research, and outreach activities in the child development/early childhood education fields. Although these programs were originally developed in order to conduct research on children and families to inform policy and practice, this mission has yet to be fully achieved. Practice or Policy: This paper provides an overview of the potential for 21st-century child development laboratory schools to be places that generate and disseminate new knowledge and understanding of children, families, teachers, curriculum, and classroom processes. An overview of the current context for laboratory schools is presented, outlining the challenges that limit schools’ ability to actively support comprehensive teaching, research, and outreach/engagement activities. An overview of applied developmental science is presented as a framework that can play a critical role in the future as laboratory schools ...
Ethnic Differences in Career Supports and Barriers for Battered Women: a Pilot Study

Little empirical attention has been given to the career development needs of battered women. Using social cognitive career theory, the authors examined the relationships among abuse experiences, pe...
Economic order quantity models with nonlinear holding costs

Abstract We consider a generalization of the classical Economic Order Quantity Model. The traditional parameters of unit cost, selling price, demand rate and set-up cost are constant but the holding cost per unit is a non-linear function of the length of time the item is held in stock. The application is to any inventory system where the value of the item decreases non-linearily the longer it is held in stock. For the case of deterministic demands we present the cost formula and the optimal order quantity for both finite and infinite horizons. For the case of stochastic demands the cost function is examined and the optimal order amount is presented. Computational results are presented indicating the effect of the non-linearity in holding costs.
Indocyanine green-guided sentinel lymph node biopsy for periocular tumors.

PURPOSE To compare the accuracy of indocyanine green (ICG)-guided sentinel lymph node biopsy to sentinel lymph node biopsy performed with technetium-99m in eyelid and in conjunctival malignancies. METHODS Review of a consecutive series of adult patients undergoing sentinel lymph node biopsy for eyelid and conjunctival malignancies between 2009 and 2013. Only patients undergoing both ICG-guided and technetium-99m-guided sentinel lymph node biopsies were included. RESULTS Five patients were identified: 3 women and 2 men. Four had conjunctival melanoma and 1 had eyelid melanoma. ICG aided in localization and confirmation of the sentinel nodes identified by technetium-99m, and all sentinel lymph nodes identified by technetium-99m were identified by ICG. All patients who underwent both sentinel lymph node modalities had negative lymph node biopsies for micrometastasis, but metastatic disease eventually developed in 1 patient. No safety concerns were identified with the use of ICG in the ocular adnexal region. CONCLUSIONS For certain periocular malignancies, ICG-guided sentinel lymph node biopsy safely identifies sentinel lymph nodes intraoperatively possibly to a similar extent compared with technetium-99m-guided methods.
8th International Kimberlite Conference: Selected Papers, Volume I: The C. Roger Clement Volume, Volume II: The J. Barry Hawthorne Volume.R. H. Mitchell, H. S. Grutter, L. M. Heaman, B. H. Scott-Smith, and T. Stachel, Editors. Volume I: Pp. 593; Volume II: Pp. 949. Hardcover. Elsevier. 2006. reprinted from Lithos, v. 76–77 (1–4). ISBN 0070931097. Price US$235, two-volume set.

The 85 papers contained in this two-volume set and reprinted from the journal Lithos were presented at the 8th International Kimberlite Conference in Victoria, British Columbia, Canada, in June 2003. They represent the most current published compendium of knowledge regarding the wide range of topics that the study of diamonds includes. Those economic geologists wishing to learn about the current state of knowledge in the diamond industry and in exploration for kimberlites will be compelled to read these papers, which cover subjects related to diamond growth, grade assessment, exploration methods, kimberlite petrogenesis, emplacement mechanisms, geochronology, mantle geochemistry, tectonics, and geometallurgy. Examples given are from Australia, Botswana, Brazil, Canada, China, Finland, India, Namibia, Russia, South Africa, Tanzania, USA, Venezuela, West Africa, and Zimbabwe, and from the deep mantle to the crust and the laboratory. These volumes address the interests of the mineral deposit and exploration community by providing the details of diamond formation, emplacement, exploration, and recovery, and then some. In exploration, target selection begins with analysis of craton architecture, regional geological terrain characteristics, prospectivity for kimberlite emplacement, and the potential for geologic diamond-producing or diamond-destructive factors at depth or at the surface. Techniques for indicator mineral analysis and diamond grade assessment, stone color, shape, and resorption characteristics, and resource estimation and geometallurgical factors all influence the viability of a project. Economic geologists will be interested to learn that the diamond business encompasses geology from the earth’s core (ultradeep diamonds) …
Pygmy rattlesnake envenomation treated with Crotalidae Polyvalent Immune Fab Antivenom.

Abstract Documented envenomations by the pygmy rattlesnake (Sistrurus miliarius barbouri) are rare. While there have been no documented fatalities, several older case reports describe significant morbidity. We describe the first known case of pygmy rattlesnake envenomation that was treated with Crotalidae Polyvalent Immune Fab Antivenom (CroFab®). Case A 28-year-old man with no significant past medical history presented after being envenomated on the right hand by his friend's pet pygmy rattlesnake. He developed swelling and pain in his hand and forearm. He responded well to a ten vial loading dose and a 18 h maintenance protocol of CroFab and was discharged the following day without developing any hematological or electrolyte derangements. Conclusion This is the first documented use of CroFab for S. m. barbouri envenomation. The outcome of this case suggests that CroFab is a safe treatment modality in this setting.
Does Radiotherapy or Lymphadenectomy Improve Survival in Endometrial Stromal Sarcoma

Introduction: Endometrial stromal sarcoma (ESS) is a rare uterine malignancy characterized by cells resembling proliferative-phase endometrial stroma. Standard treatment is total hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy (TAH-BSO). The roles of radiation therapy (RT) and lymphadenectomy (LAD) remain unclear. Using a large population database, we retrospectively evaluated the addition of RT and LAD to surgery for survival impact. Methods: We identified 1010 women with ESS between 1983 and 2002 from the National Cancer Institute9s Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program. Kaplan-Meier method was used to estimate overall survival (OS) and cause-specific survival (CSS). Outcomes for patients treated by TAH-BSO alone and surgery plus RT were compared using Cox proportional hazards regression model. A multivariate analysis controlling for age, International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) stage, LAD, race, year of diagnosis, and tumor grade was performed. Univariate analyses were performed for individual FIGO stages, low- and high-grade tumors, and surgery with and without LAD. A literature review was performed to compile studies showing LAD data for ESS. Results: The median follow-up was 54 months (range, 1-248 months). The 5-year OS and CSS for patients undergoing surgery plus RT were 72.2% and 80.1% and 83.2% and 90.7% for surgery alone, respectively. Worse prognoses were associated with increasing FIGO stage, tumor grade, and age. Neither did adjuvant RT correlate with improved survival within any FIGO stage nor did it alter survival for low- or high-grade tumor groups. Adding lymphadenectomy to TAH-BSO did not change survival.
Behavioral tests of compression of retinotectal projection after partial tectal ablation in goldfish

Abstract The course of functional recovery of vision during the compression of the retinotectal projection that follows hemitectal ablations was mapped by behavioral methods in goldfish (Carassius auratus). Differential suppression of respiration to red or green stimuli was used as a behavioral measure. Results show that vision was restored throughout the temporal half-field, originally blinded by tectal lesion, within 84 to 112 days of surgery. The scotoma diminished in an orderly fashion, starting from the central edge and progressing caudalward. Color discriminability was concomitant with visual recovery. The return of color vision indicates prespecification of retinal and tectal cells for color and selective reconnection of neurons according to their specificities. Functional topographic reorganization of the retinotectal projection implies that locus-specific affinities between retinal and tectal neurons, which may play a prominent role in the direction of nerve growth and formation of synapses under more normal circumstances, are not permanently fixed even in mature goldfish and may yield to compensatory developmental pressures created by the size disparity.
Conceptions of criminal and delinquent acts

Abstract Responses to questions about the nature of particular types of crimes or delinquencies (e.g., does the time of the day have anything to do with the difference between first‐degree burglary and second‐degree burglary?) indicate that numerous Arizona residents have quite incorrect conceptions of some delicts. However, there is a pattern in that incorrect conceptions are largely peculiar to delicts that are either mildly disapproved or severely disapproved. A substantial and fairly consistent difference in the accuracy of conceptions is found between police officers and civilians; but that is not the case in comparisons by age, sex, race‐ethnicity, place of residence (rural‐urban), or social class. The absence of a substantial and consistent difference in those comparisons has implications for deterrence research, and any theory about the efficacy of law rests on some assumption about the public's conception of acts that are denoted by legal terms.
Correlation of Glottal Closure Using Concurrent Ultrasonography and Nasolaryngoscopy in Children: A Novel Approach to Evaluate Glottal Status

Objectives Endoscopic procedures to assess aerodigestive symptoms by evaluating glottal motion are not practical in neonates because of small nares, respiratory difficulties, or additional stress. Our objective was to determine the temporal correlation between concurrent nasolaryngoscopy (NLS) and ultrasonography (USG) evaluation of glottal motion.
Comparison of the didactic lecture with the simulation/model approach for the teaching of a novel perioperative ultrasound curriculum to anesthesiology residents ☆

Abstract Study Objective To expose residents to two methods of education for point-of-care ultrasound, a traditional didactic lecture and a model/simulation-based lecture, which focus on concepts of cardiopulmonary function, volume status, and evaluation of severe thoracic/abdominal injuries; and to assess which method is more effective. Design Single-center, prospective, blinded trial. Setting University hospital. Subjects Anesthesiology residents who were assigned to an educational day during the two-month research study period. Measurements Residents were allocated to two groups to receive either a 90-minute, one-on-one didactic lecture or a 90-minute lecture in a simulation center, during which they practiced on a human model and simulation mannequin (normal pathology). Data points included a pre-lecture multiple-choice test, post-lecture multiple-choice test, and post-lecture, human model-based examination. Post-lecture tests were performed within three weeks of the lecture. An experienced sonographer who was blinded to the education modality graded the model-based skill assessment examinations. Participants completed a follow-up survey to assess the perceptions of the quality of their instruction between the two groups. Main Results 20 residents completed the study. No differences were noted between the two groups in pre-lecture test scores ( P = 0.97), but significantly higher scores for the model/simulation group occurred on both the post-lecture multiple choice ( P = 0.038) and post-lecture model ( P = 0.041) examinations. Follow-up resident surveys showed significantly higher scores in the model/simulation group regarding overall interest in perioperative ultrasound ( P = 0.047) as well understanding of the physiologic concepts ( P = 0.021). Conclusions A model/simulation-based based lecture series may be more effective in teaching the skills needed to perform a point-of-care ultrasound examination to anesthesiology residents.
Intestinal CYP2E1: A mediator of alcohol-induced gut leakiness

Chronic alcohol use can result in many pathological effects including alcoholic liver disease (ALD). While alcohol is necessary for the development of ALD, only 20–30% of alcoholics develop alcoholic steatohepatitis (ASH) with progressive liver disease leading to cirrhosis and liver failure (ALD). This suggests that while chronic alcohol consumption is necessary it is not sufficient to induce clinically relevant liver damage in the absence of a secondary risk factor. Studies in rodent models and alcoholic patients show that increased intestinal permeability to microbial products like endotoxin play a critical role in promoting liver inflammation in ALD pathogenesis. Therefore identifying mechanisms of alcohol-induced intestinal permeability is important in identifying mechanisms of ALD and for designing new avenues for therapy. Cyp2e1 is a cytochrome P450 enzyme that metabolizes alcohol has been shown to be upregulated by chronic alcohol use and to be a major source of oxidative stress and liver injury in alcoholics and in animal and in vitro models of chronic alcohol use. Because Cyp2e1 is also expressed in the intestine and is upregulated by chronic alcohol use, we hypothesized it could play a role in alcohol-induced intestinal hyperpermeability. Our in vitro studies with intestinal Caco-2 cells and in mice fed alcohol showed that circadian clock proteins CLOCK and PER2 are required for alcohol-induced permeability. We also showed that alcohol increases Cyp2e1 protein and activity but not mRNA in Caco-2 cells and that an inhibitor of oxidative stress or siRNA knockdown of Cyp2e1 prevents the increase in CLOCK or PER2 proteins and prevents alcohol-induced hyperpermeability. With our collaborators we have also shown that Cyp2e1 knockout mice are resistant to alcohol-induced gut leakiness and liver inflammation. Taken together our data support a novel Cyp2e1-circadian clock protein mechanism for alcohol-induced gut leakiness that could provide new avenues for therapy of ALD.
Selective Imaging and Killing of Cancer Cells with Protein‐Activated Near‐Infrared Fluorescing Nanoparticles

We present a general approach for the selective imaging and killing of cancer cells using protein-activated near-infrared emitting and cytotoxic oxygen generating nanoparticles. Poly(propargyl acrylate) (PA) particles were surface modified through the copper-catalyzed azide/alkyne cycloaddition of azide-terminated indocyanine green (azICG), a near-infrared emitter, and poly(ethylene glycol) (azPEG) chains of various molecular weights. The placement of azICG onto the surface of the particles allowed for the chromophores to complex with bovine serum albumin when dispersed in PBS that resulted in an enhancement of the dye emission. In addition, the inclusion of azPEG with the chromophores onto the particle surface resulted in a synergistic ninefold enhancement of the fluorescence intensity, with azPEGs of increasing molecular weight amplifying the response. Human liver carcinoma cells (HepG2) overexpress albumin proteins and could be employed to activate the fluorescence of the nanoparticles. Preliminary PDT studies with HepG2 cells combined with the modified particles indicated that a minor exposure of 780 nm radiation resulted in a statistically significant reduction in cell growth.
Synthesis, Characterization, and Catalytic Applications of a Palladium-Nanoparticle-Cored Dendrimer

A palladium-nanoparticle-cored G-3 dendrimer, characterized by TEM, TGA, absorption, and IR spectroscopies, has approximately 300 Pd atoms in the metallic core and an average diameter of 2.0 nm, to which are attached fourteen G-3 dendrons. Nearly 90% of the metal nanoparticle surface is unpassivated and available for catalysis. The dendrons inhibit metal agglomeration without adversely affecting chemical reactivity. Thus, preliminary investigations have shown that Pd-G-3 can efficiently catalyze Heck and Suzuki reactions.
Two-stage dilute-acid pretreatment of softwoods.

Whole treechips obtained from softwood forest thinnings were pretreated via single-and two-stage dilute-sulfuric acid pretreatment. Whole-tree chips were impregnated with dilute sulfuric acid and steam treated in a 4-L steam explosion reactor. In single-stage pretreatment, wood chips were treated using a wide range of severity. In two-stage pretreatment, the first stage was carried out at low severity tomaximize hemicellulose recovery. Solubilized sugars were recovered from the first-stage prehydrolysate by washing with water. In the second stage, water-insoluble solids from first-stage prehydrolysate were impregnated with dilute sulfuric acid, then steam treated at more severe conditions to hydrolyze a portion of the remaining cellulose to glucose and to improve the enzyme digestibility. The total sugar yields obtained after enzymatic hydrolysis of two-stage dilute acid-pretreated samples were compared with sugar yields from single-stage pretreatment. The overall sugar yield from two-stage dilute-acid pretreatment was approx 10% higher, and the net enzyme requirement was reduced by about 50%. Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation using an adapted Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast strain further improved cellulose conversion yield and lowered the enzyme requirement.
Adsorption of boron on molybdenum(100) and its effect on chemisorption of carbon monoxide, ethene, propene, and 3,3,3-trifluoropropene

Etude de l'interaction du bore avec Mo (100). Effet sur la reactivite de surface. Les surfaces couvertes par du bore sont preparees par adsorption et decomposition du diborane a 300 C. Mesure de l'energie de liaison en fonction du degre de recouvrement. Influence d'un recuit a 1073 K sur la couche adsorbee. Etude de l'adsorption du monoxyde de carbone, de l'ethene et du propene et du trifluoropropene sur les surfaces couvertes de bore. Comparaison avec les resultats obtenus sur des surfaces modifiees par le carbone et l'oxygene
Low-lying states of exotic nuclei☆

Abstract Intermediate energy Coulomb excitation is well suited to study low-lying excited bound states in exotic nuclei. For the case of light neutron-rich nuclei in the π(sd)-shell this technique permits the experimental investigation of excited states close to the neutron dripline with exotic beam intensities of as little as 15 particles/second. Initial experiments have revealed the disappearance of the N = 20 shell closure and the weakening of the N = 28 shell closure for neutron-rich isotopes.
Numerical linear algebra and examples in control

The past five years or so have witnessed an increasing infusion of techniques and results from numerical linear algebra into linear algebra problems arising in systems, control, and estimation theory. This input is important because high quality mathematical software is a fundamental building block for computer-aided design. It is argued that a symbiotic relationship between diverse members of a team, control engineers, computer scientists, and numerical analysts will greatly aid in coordinating related efforts, defining profitable new research areas, and reducing the gap between mathematical theory and increasingly reliable tools for the control design engineer.
Building a Faculty Publications Database: A Case Study

This case study shares the experience of building an in-house faculty publications database that was spearheaded by the Touro College and University System library in 2010. The project began with the intention of contributing to the college by collecting the research accomplishments of our faculty and staff, thereby also increasing library visibility and faculty interaction. Since then the project has grown immensely and has gained momentum throughout the college. With the endorsement of the Office of the President, the library has started publishing an annual book with the bibliography of its faculty publications. The authors relate their experience so that other libraries can duplicate the success and avoid the problems of their library's venture.
Simple Quantitative Vectorcardiographic Criteria for the Diagnosis of Right Ventricular Hypertrophy

The vectorcardiogram is a useful supplement to the conventional electrocardiogram in the recognition of right ventricular hypertrophy. Many quantitative criteria have been proposed. However they are often too complicated for routine clinical application. Based on the distribution of the QRS loop area in the various quadrants in the vectorcardiogram in 198 normal subjects, three simple criteria for diagnosis of right ventricular hypertrophy are derived: 1) the anterior and rightward QRS loop area in the transverse plane is greater than 70% of the total; 2) the QRS loop area in the right posterior quadrant of the transverse plane is greater than 20% of the total; 3) the QRS loop area in the right inferior quadrant in the frontal plane is greater than 20% of the total. Vectorcardiogram recordings in 97 patients with atrial septal defect, mitral stenosis, and chronic obstructive lung disease with pulmonary hypertension met one or more of the criteria in 80 (83%). The conventional electrocardiogram of these patients was suggestive of right ventricular hypertrophy in 64 (66%). It is concluded that the proposed vectorcardiographic criteria provide a sensitive means for the diagnosis of right ventricular hypertrophy. Their specificity however was not tested.
Cycle life limit of carbon-based electrodes for rechargeable metal–air battery application

Abstract In this paper, the electrochemical performance and cyclic lifetime of bifunctional electrodes in an alkaline electrolyte were investigated as a function of the perovskite catalyst (La 0.6 Ca 0.4 CoO 3 or Sr 0.5 Sm 0.5 CoO 3−δ ) and the carbon (as-received or graphitized Vulcan XC-72 carbon black). The electrochemical performance of the electrodes was essentially the same, regardless of the carbon and the catalyst; however, the cycle life was directly controlled by the carbon. The graphitized Vulcan-based electrodes had more than twice the cycle life of the as-received Vulcan-based electrodes, due to the better corrosion resistance of the graphitized carbon. The cycle life of the carbon-based electrodes was limited to 100–110 cycles under the testing conditions used in this investigation and the limiting factor was the carbon rather than the catalyst, i.e., the corrosion/oxidation of carbon under the anodic condition. Furthermore, the size/morphology of the catalyst powder affected the electrode performance degradation under cycling noticeably. The failure mechanisms of these electrodes under cycling were also assessed using impedance spectroscopy.
Two-Stage Robust Network Flow and Design Under Demand Uncertainty

We describe a two-stage robust optimization approach for solving network flow and design problems with uncertain demand. In two-stage network optimization, one defers a subset of the flow decisions until after the realization of the uncertain demand. Availability of such a recourse action allows one to come up with less conservative solutions compared to single-stage optimization. However, this advantage often comes at a price: two-stage optimization is, in general, significantly harder than single-stage optimization. For network flow and design under demand uncertainty, we give a characterization of the first-stage robust decisions with an exponential number of constraints and prove that the corresponding separation problem is NP-hard even for a network flow problem on a bipartite graph. We show, however, that if the second-stage network topology is totally ordered or an arborescence, then the separation problem is tractable. Unlike single-stage robust optimization under demand uncertainty, two-stage robust optimization allows one to control conservatism of the solutions by means of an allowed “budget for demand uncertainty.” Using a budget of uncertainty, we provide an upper bound on the probability of infeasibility of a robust solution for a random demand vector. We generalize the approach to multicommodity network flow and design, and give applications to lot-sizing and location-transportation problems. By projecting out second-stage flow variables, we define an upper bounding problem for the two-stage min-max-min optimization problem. Finally, we present computational results comparing the proposed two-stage robust optimization approach with single-stage robust optimization as well as scenario-based two-stage stochastic optimization.
Differentiating post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) from major depression (MDD) and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD).

Questions about the differential diagnosis of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) have been raised since this category was reformulated in DSM-III (APA, 1980). Clinicians have reported difficulties distinguishing PTSD from other categories, particularly from Major Depressive and Generalized Anxiety Disorders (MDD and GAD). Diagnostic validity can be established in several ways (e.g., through clinical descriptive studies, laboratory experiments, family history studies, etc.). In this paper, we describe one approach to validation thus far not applied to PTSD: This approach centers directly on whether clinicians can distinguish PTSD from other diagnostic categories. Experienced clinicians were asked to rate the extent to which a common set of 90 symptom items characterized PTSD, MDD, and GAD. Ratings were analyzed with multivariate and univariate analyses of variance and covariance, multiple discriminant function analysis, and factor analysis; moreover, characteristics of rates were examined for possible influences. Results indicated that clinicians readily distinguish PTSD from MDD and GAD as well as MDD from GAD. Findings are presented in terms of univariate analyses, 34 best discriminating items, and factors specifying dimensions differentiating the syndromes of PTSD, MDD, and GAD. Rater characteristics did not influence diagnostic accuracy, although significant differences in magnitude of symptom intensity were found.
Structural insights of tBid, the caspase-8 activated Bid, and its BH3 domain

The Bcl-2 family proteins regulate mitochondria-mediated apoptosis through intricate molecular mechanisms. One of the pro-apoptotic proteins, tBid, can induce apoptosis by promoting Bax activation, Bax homo-oligomerization, and mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization. Association of tBid on the mitochondrial outer membrane is key to its biological function. Therefore knowing the conformation of tBid on the membrane will be the first step toward understanding its crucial role in triggering apoptosis. Here, we present NMR characterization of the structure and dynamics of human tBid in 1-palmitoyl-2-hydroxy-sn-glycero-3-[phospho-RAC-(1-glycerol)] micelles. Our data showed that tBid is monomeric with six well defined α-helices in the micelles. Compared with the full-length Bid structure, a longer flexible loop between tBid helix α4 and α5 was observed. Helices in tBid do not pack into a compact-fold but form an extended structure with a C-shape configuration in the micelles. All six tBid helices were shown to interact with LPPG micelles, with helix α6 and α7 being more embedded. Of note, the BH3-containing helix α3, which was previously believed to be exposed above the membrane surface, is also membrane associated, suggesting an "on the membrane" binding mode for tBid interaction with Bax. Our data provided structural details on the membrane-associated state of tBid and the functional implications of its membrane-associated BH3 domain.
A high performance algorithm using pre-processing for the sparse matrix-vector multiplication

The authors propose a feature-extraction-based algorithm (FEBA) for sparse matrix-vector multiplication. The key idea of FEBA is to exploit any regular structure present in the sparse matrix by extracting it and processing it separately. The order in which these structures are extracted is determined by the relative efficiency with which they can be processed. The authors have tested FEBA on IBM 3000 VF for matrices from the Harwell Boeing and OSL collection. The results obtained were on average five times faster than the ESSL routine which is based on the ITPACK storage structure. >
Microelectrode Investigation of Oxygen Permeation in Perfluorinated Proton Exchange Membranes with Different Equivalent Weights

Oxygen concentrations (C{sub b}) and diffusion coefficients (D) in various proton exchange membranes were measured using chronoamperometry at microelectrodes. These measurements were made under conditions similar to those prevailing in proton-exchange-membrane fuel cells. Knowledge of the D and C{sub b} parameters is essential for the determination of oxygen permeation in the catalytic layers of gas diffusion electrodes, which could be rate limiting in these low-temperature fuel cells. Furthermore, the D and C{sub b} values also provide the permeation rates of oxygen through the bulk of the proton conducting membrane. it was found that the concentration of oxygen increased and the diffusion coefficient decreased with increasing equivalent weight of the membranes. These results were interpreted using a model based on the microstructure of the swollen membranes separated into two phases, one hydrophobic and the other hydrophilic, with distinctly different O{sub 2}-permeation properties. According to this model the relative amounts of the two phases in the membranes, caused by the different water contents, determine the O{sub 2} solubility and diffusion coefficient in the different membrane materials.
Agent-assisted task management that reduces email overload

RADAR is a multiagent system with a mixed-initiative user interface designed to help office workers cope with email overload. RADAR agents observe experts to learn models of their strategies and then use the models to assist other people who are working on similar tasks. The agents' assistance helps a person to transition from the normal email-centric workflow to a more efficient task-centric workflow. The Email Classifier learns to identify tasks contained within emails and then inspects new emails for similar tasks. A novel task-management user interface displays the found tasks in a to-do list, which has integrated support for performing the tasks. The Multitask Coordination Assistant learns a model of the order in which experts perform tasks and then suggests a schedule to other people who are working on similar tasks. A novel Progress Bar displays the suggested schedule of incomplete tasks as well as the completed tasks. A large evaluation demonstrated that novice users confronted with an email overload test performed significantly better (a 37% better overall score with a factor of four fewer errors) when assisted by the RADAR agents.
The Economic Welfare Cost of Conflict: An Empirical Assessment

War, whether external or internal, large or small, is a costly endeavor. Loss of life, loss of close friends or family, and the destruction of material possessions all play a part in the costs of war. The purpose of this paper is to capture only the material, economic welfare costs of conflict stemming from the altered path of consumption resulting from conflict. As such, the measure is quite a lower bound for the true and more encompassing welfare loss from living in a non-peaceful world. But how much would individual be willing to pay to avoid just the economic costs of conflict? Remarkably, even these pure economic welfare losses from conflict are quite large. I find that, on average, individuals who live in a country that has experienced some conflict during the 1960-1992 sample would permanently give up to approximately 8 percent of their current level of consumption to live in a purely peaceful world. Such large potential welfare gains from reducing warfare should make economists and policy-makers take note, and continue to investigate and advocate for domestic and international institutions to realize such gains.
Identification of Nonlinear and Chaotic Behavior in Model-Scale Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) Carrier Experimental Data

This paper presents the results of an experimental study simulating the behavior of LNG carriers with partially filled tanks exposed to beam seas. Details of the experimental model and method of data collection are presented. Additionally, surrogate data testing is employed to demonstrate nonlinearity in vessel roll time series. Lastly, Lyapunov exponent calculations are performed to detect chaotic behavior resulting from nonlinear vessel motions coupled with the dynamics of fluid sloshing in on-board tanks. The nonlinear time series analysis programs contained in the TISEAN package [1] are used extensively throughout this work.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
POSITRON ANNIHILATION RADIATION FROM THE GALACTIC CENTER REGION

Measurements of 0.511 MeV radiation from the vicinity of the galactic center performed by the high resolution gamma ray spectrometer aboard the HEAO 3 spacecraft are discussed. The spectrometer is described and an exploded view of it exhibited, and scans in the 50-244 keV region as well as 0.511 MeV are shown. The intensity from the Crab nebula remained constant while that of the Cygnus source increased considerably, and there was a decrease in the radiation from the vicinity of the galactic center. The flux emanating from the center implies an annihilation rate of 10 to the 43rd per second. The apparent time variation and the spatial extent observed tend to limit the source to a single object and the annihilation region to a size less than about one light year.
Ambulation 1 hour after diagnostic cardiac catheterization: a prospective study of 1009 procedures.

OBJECTIVE To study the safety of a protocol that allows ambulation 1 hour after diagnostic cardiac catheterization with a transfemoral approach using a 5F catheter system. PATIENTS AND METHODS A total of 1005 consecutive patients (1009 procedures) undergoing outpatient diagnostic cardiac catheterization with a transfemoral approach using a 5F catheter system at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minn, were included in this study from January 1, 2004, to August 31, 2005. All patients underwent standard manual compression to achieve hemostasis and were ambulated after 1 hour of bed rest. RESULTS The mean age of the patients was 64.5 years, and 62% were male. Minor vascular complications occurred in 33 procedures (3.3%), including 14 hematomas (1.4%) less than 4 cm and 19 cases of rebleeding (1.9%) that required repeated manual compression. Only 1 patient (0.1%) had a hematoma greater than 4 cm. No patient had a major complication, such as surgical repair, red blood cell transfusion, retroperitoneal bleeding, formation of an arteriovenous fistula or pseudoaneurysm, arterial occlusion, or an infection. CONCLUSIONS Ambulation 1 hour after diagnostic cardiac catheterization with a transfemoral approach using a 5F catheter system is safe and associated with low rates of vascular complications. This strategy may improve patient comfort, reduce resource utilization, and be preferable to use of vascular closure devices.
Symptomatic abdominal aortic aneurysm misdiagnosed as nephroureterolithiasis

From January 1977 through December 1986, 134 patients with symptomatic AAAs were examined in the emergency room; 24 patients (mean age 72.4 years) had an initial misdiagnosis of “nephrolithiasis.” Ten patients had the correct diagnosis of a ruptured AAA established within five hours of the initial examination and were promptly taken to surgery. Fourteen patients had delay greater than five hours while extensive diagnostic evaluations were performed (intravenous pyelograms in 12, computerized tomographic scans in 7, ultrasonography in 6). All patients underwent emergency surgery and six patients operated upon within five hours of initial examination survived. All patients who had extensive diagnostic evaluation lasting more than five hours died. The only diagnostic procedure that definitively established a ruptured aneurysm in all cases was the CT scan. In patients with confusing physical and laboratory findings but in whom the diagnosis of a ruptured AAA is entertained, an emergency CT scan is recommended as the diagnostic procedure of choice.
NITROGEN LOSS DURING SOLAR DRYING OF BIOSOLIDS

ABSTRACT Solar drying has been used extensively to dewater biosolids for ease of transportation and to a lesser degree to reduce pathogens prior to land application. The nitrogen in biosolids makes them a relatively inexpensive but valuable source of fertilizer. In this study, nitrogen loss from tilled and untilled biosolids was investigated during the solar drying process. Samples of aerobically and anaerobically digested biosolids during three solar drying experiments were analyzed for their nitrate (NO3 −) and ammonium (NH4 +) ions concentrations. Nitrogen losses varied depending on the solar drying season and tillage. Although not directly measured, the majority of nitrogen loss occurred through ammonia volatilization; organic nitrogen content (organic N) remained relatively stable for each sample, nitrate concentrations for the majority of samples remained below detectable levels and the decline of ammonium‐nitrogen (NH4 +‐N) generally followed the trend of moisture loss in the biosolids.
Engineering Students' Perceptions of and Attitudes Towards Cheating

Academic dishonesty has become a serious problem at institutions of higher learning. This is particularly true in engineering where, according to previous research, engineering undergraduates are among the most likely to cheat in college. To investigate this concern, the authors embarked on a research project whose goal was to develop a better understanding of what students and faculty perceive as cheating and to use this knowledge to help instructors and institutions increase the level of academic integrity among students. The primary instrument for this project was a seven-page survey that was administered to 643 engineering and pre-engineering undergraduates at eleven institutions, ranging from community colleges to large research universities. This manuscript provides an overview of the descriptive data from the PACES-1 Survey organized around the following questions: what is student cheating and how often does it occur; why do students cheat; and what methods can be used to reduce or stop cheating?
Nanofluid-Based Absorbers for High Temperature Direct Solar Collectors

Solar collectors with surface receivers have low overall energy conversion efficiencies due to large emissive losses at high temperatures. Alternatively, volumetric receivers promise increased performance because solar radiation can be transferred into a fluid medium, which subsequently reduces the concentrated heat at the surface. Nanofluid-based direct solar receivers, where nanoparticles in a liquid medium can scatter and absorb solar radiation, have recently received interest to efficiently distribute and store the thermal energy. We present a combined modeling and experimental study to investigate the efficiency of fluid-based solar receivers seeded with carbon-coated absorbing nanoparticles. A simple one-dimensional transient heat transfer model was developed to compare idealized surface receivers to idealized volumetric receivers. In the limit of idealized behavior, volumetric receivers were shown to be more efficient than selective-surfaces for high concentration levels (C > 100) and/or tall receiver designs (H > 10 cm). Furthermore, volumetric receivers allowed the working range of the fluid to be extended to higher temperatures while maintaining relatively high receiver efficiency. We also designed and custom built a cylindrical receiver to experimentally demonstrate the concept of nanofluid-based receivers and validate the modeling efforts. We explored the effect of particle characteristics such as size, distribution, and material properties, as well as collector parameters such as absorbing depth and level of solar concentration. The work offers design guidelines for the development of efficient volumetric receivers for future solar thermal energy conversion systems.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Liquid scintillation counting of tritium in suspended materials.

The common impression of people with whom I have discussed the title of my talk, “Liquid Scintillation Counting of Tritium in Suspended Materials,” is that it described something that everyone would like to be able to do, but that at the present time is considered either impossible or very difficult. Let me say at the outset that I largely agree with this common impression. The problems involved are far from simple, even if one requires only reasonable precision and accuracy within the limits of biological variation. Furthermore, a resolution for one group of materials cannot be generalized to include other types of materials.
Sequential Bayesian estimation of the probability of detection for tracking

We propose a Bayesian estimation method to sequentially update the probability of detection for tracking. A beta distribution is used for the prior, which can be centered on the best a priori guess for the probability of detection. The tracker's belief about whether it detected the target at the last scan is used to update the posterior estimate of the probability of detection. The method can be applied to any tracking algorithm that requires an estimate of the probability of detection. Experiments with the probabilistic data association (PDA) tracker show that the proposed estimation method can increase the amount of time a target is tracked and decrease the localization error when compared to using a fixed value. Experiments also show that for some values of the probability of detection, using an inflated value of the probability of detection in PDA can actually lead to better performance.