cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Unique pyrimidine 2D-COSY aromatic cross-peaks as monitors of pyrimidine environments and mobility in oligo- and polynucleotides.

Only cytosine contains two adjacent aromatic protons that give rise to cross-peaks in the aromatic region of 2D-COSY spectra of oligodeoxynucleotides. In two GC-containing sequences several such cross-peaks were resolved. The intensity of these cross-peaks is a sensitive monitor of local mobility, and upon the addition of the intercalating drug daunomycin selective intensity losses were observed, indicating binding to specific GC base pairs. We have also monitored the 2D-COSY cross-peaks from mobile pyrimidine bases in tRNA(Phe) as a function of temperature.
Smelling Sounds: Olfactory–Auditory Sensory Convergence in the Olfactory Tubercle

Historical and psychophysical literature has demonstrated a perceptual interplay between olfactory and auditory stimuli—the neural mechanisms of which are not understood. Here, we report novel findings revealing that the early olfactory code is subjected to auditory cross-modal influences. In vivo extracellular recordings from the olfactory tubercle, a trilaminar structure within the basal forebrain, of anesthetized mice revealed that olfactory tubercle single units selectively respond to odors—with 65% of units showing significant odor-evoked activity. Remarkably, 19% of olfactory tubercle single units also showed robust responses to an auditory tone. Furthermore, 29% of single units tested displayed supraadditive or suppressive responses to the simultaneous presentation of odor and tone, suggesting cross-modal modulation. In contrast, olfactory bulb units did not show significant responses to tone presentation nor modulation of odor-evoked activity by tone—suggesting a lack of olfactory–auditory convergence upstream from the olfactory tubercle. Thus, the tubercle presents itself as a source for direct multimodal convergence within an early stage of odor processing and may serve as a seat for psychophysical interactions between smells and sounds.
Boost Converter with a Reconfigurable Inductor

A modified boost converter with a reconfigurable inductor is presented for increasing solar energy capture during low light periods. The flexibility of the reconfigurable magnetic component allows a higher inductance, and therefore a smaller current ripple without increasing the volume to meet peak current saturation requirements. A gain of 18% of collected energy at 0.07 kW/m2 was found experimentally, compared with an equivalent volume inductor sized for the peak photovoltaic (PV) panel current. Low-light conditions generally dictate worst-case design requirements in off-grid applications with battery energy storage. An increase in collected energy at low light can reduce the necessary PV panel size, inductor volume, or both. These potential reductions may offset the cost of the extra semiconductors needed for reconfiguring the inductor.
Lexical and Syntactic Features of ESL Writing by Students at Different Levels of L2 Proficiency

learner. Toronto, Canada: Ontario Institute of Studies for Education. O'Malley, J. M., Chamot, A. U., Stewner-Manzanares, G., Russo, R. P., & Kupper, L. (1985). Learning strategy applications with students of English as a second language. TESOL Quarterly, 19, 557-584. O'Malley, J. M., & Chamot, A. U. (1990). Learning strategies in second language acquisition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Oxford, R. L. (1989). Use of language learning strategies: A synthesis of studies with implications for strategy training. System, 17, 235-247. Oxford, R. L. (1990). Language learning strategies: What every teacher should know. New York: Newbury House. Reid, J. M. (1987). The learning style preferences of ESL students. TESOL Quarterly, 21, 87-112. Rubin, J. (1975). What the "good language learner" can teach us. TESOL Quarterly, 9, 41-51. Rubin, J., & Thompson, I. (1982). How to be a successful language learner. Boston: Heinle & Heinle.
An Unconstrained Topological Via Minimization Problem for Two-Layer Routing

Based on graph theory, a study of via minimization problem is presented. We show that the simplest problem of this type is NP-complete and propose a heuristic algorithm for topological via minimization.
An experimental and analytical study of a flow vectoring airfoil via macro-fiber-composite actuators

A type of piezoceramic composite actuator commonly known as Macro-Fiber-Composite (MFC) is used for actuation in a variable camber airfoil design. The study focuses on aerodynamic and kinematical modeling, and static response characterization under aerodynamic loads for three similar concepts. From a broader perspective, the study aims to understand the behavior of solid-state aerodynamic vectoring in high dynamic pressure air flow. Wind tunnel experiments and theoretical analysis is conducted on a 1.15% thick, 54 mm chord, and 108 mm span composite airfoil. The airfoil is fabricated from a fiberglass/epoxy composite material and actuated by six MFC actuators in a unimorph arrangement. Three support concepts are studied: 1) Airfoil hinged at its leading edge and at 50% chord; 2) Airfoil hinged at its leading edge the trailing edge; 3) Clamped-free airfoil. Wind tunnel results and XFOIL studies of the airfoil show comparable effectiveness to conventional actuation systems. Deformation of the airfoils due to pressure distribution is studied by finite element method. All concepts present adequate stiffness for flow speeds up to 30 m/s.
An adaptive 'broom balancer' with visual inputs

An adaptive network with visual inputs has been trained to balance an inverted pendulum. Simulation results show that the network is capable of extracting the necessary state information from time sequences of crude visual images. A single linear adaptive threshold element (ADALINE) was adequate for this task. When tested by simulation, the performance achieved was sufficient to keep the pendulum from falling. The adaptive network's ability to generalize made this possible since the training set encompassed only a fraction of all possible states. >
Comparison of naturally-occurring chloride and oxygen-18 as tracers of interbasin groundwater transfer in lowland rainforest, Costa Rica

Abstract δ 18 O data were used to test a two-end-member hydrologic mixing model previously published for an area of lowland rainforest in Costa Rica. The model distinguishes interbasin groundwater transfer from locally-recharged groundwater. The model was originally based on data for chloride (Cl) and other major ions and is fully consistent with new Cl data presented here. The mixing model was used to generate five predictions concerning δ 18 O at 13 groundwater and surface water sampling sites, on the premise that the model would be supported if δ 18 O data agreed with the predictions. Overall, the δ 18 O data are consistent with the predictions, giving reasonably clear support for 3 of the 5, and neither clearly supporting nor ruling out the other 2. The large intra-site temporal variability in δ 18 O precludes conclusive confirmation of the latter two predictions. This variability also affects the results of mixing calculations to quantify the proportions of each end member in water samples representing mixtures of the end members. Mixing calculations based on δ 18 O give different results and much higher uncertainties than those based on Cl. For δ 18 O data, intra-site variability is large relative to the difference between the two end member waters, leading to large uncertainty in δ 18 O-based mixing calculations. In this case, Cl appears to be the superior tracer for interbasin groundwater transfer, mainly because intra-site variability in Cl is small relative to the large Cl difference between end members.
In vivo 2D J-resolved magnetic resonance spectroscopy of rat brain with a 3-T clinical human scanner.

Abstract A clinical 3-T scanner equipped with a custom-made transmit/receive birdcage coil was used to collect 2D J-resolved single-voxel spectroscopy in vivo of rat brain. Four adult Wistar rats were scanned twice each, with a 2-week interval. Voxel size was approximately 5 × 10 × 5 mm3. Total spectroscopic acquisition time was 14 min for collection of two 4:20 min water-suppressed acquisitions and one 4:20 min acquisition acquired in the absence of water suppression. The unsuppressed water data were used in post-processing to reduce residual water side bands, as well as for metabolite signal normalization to account for variations in coil loading and voxel size. Peak areas were estimated for resonances from N-acetyl aspartate (NAA), creatine, choline, taurine, glutamate, and combined glutamate and glutamine. T2-relaxation times were estimated for NAA and creatine. The average deviation from the mean of repeated measures for glutamate, combined glutamate and glutamine, and taurine ranged from 7.6% to 18.3%, while for NAA, creatine, and choline, the deviation was less than 3%. The estimated T2 values for NAA (mean ± SD = 330 ± 57 ms) and creatine (174 ± 27 ms) were similar to those reported previously for rat brain and for human gray and white matter. These results indicate that reliable, small animal brain MR spectroscopy can be performed on a human clinical 3-T scanner.
Detection of monoclonal antibodies specific for carbohydrate epitopes using periodate oxidation

A method is described for determining whether particular monoclonal antibodies are specific for carbohydrate or non-carbohydrate antigenic determinants. In a model system consisting of the Lewis a human blood group determinant attached to either protein or lipid, mild periodate oxidation destroyed the carbohydrate determinant without altering protein or lipid epitopes. The technique was readily applied to antigens bound to plastic wells for ELISA, to nitrocellulose sheets for Western blots, and to thin layer chromatography (TLC) plates for TLC immunostaining. Mild periodate oxidation can prove useful during the early stages of hybridoma screening in order to select for or against anti-carbohydrate antibodies.
Changes in the capacity of algae to fluoresce during steady-state photosynthesis

Abstract A suspension of Chlorella was illuminated long enough for the induction period to be complete and thus for stead-state photosynthesis to be achieved. Then the exciting light was chopped by a slotter about 4 times per sec and the capacity of the algae to fluoresce was followed by means of a low-intensity measuring beam during the dark period. The decay of the fluorescence capacity was approximately exponential and was characterized by a time constant of about 20 msec at room temperature. The temperature dependence of this time constant fits an Arrhenius equation with an activation energy of 0.34 eV. We concluded from these results that fluorescence provides a direct measure of photosynthetic energy migration during steady-state photosynthesis and also that the kinetically limiting step in this energy migration involves the electron transport chain enzymes.
Towards a Semiotics‐based Curriculum

(1984). Towards a Semiotics‐based Curriculum. Journal of Curriculum Studies: Vol. 16, No. 3, pp. 247-257.
Abstract 4838: Upregulation of ERBB3/HER3 by FOXD3, an adaptive response promoting resistance to RAF/MEK-inhibitors

Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL Targeting the B-RAF/MEK/ERK pathway has shown promise in the treatment of mutant B-RAF melanomas, but resistance to RAF/MEK-inhibitors has been observed. We have previously shown that the stem cell transcription factor FOXD3 is upregulated in mutant B-RAF melanoma cells upon RAF/MEK-inhibition, but the consequences of FOXD3 upregulation are unclear. Using microarrays and ChIP-sequencing, we identified ERBB3/HER3 as a direct target of FOXD3. FOXD3 enhanced ERBB3 expression and responsiveness to its ligand neuregulin-1 (NRG1). Interestingly, PLX4032 or AZD6244-treated cells displayed enhanced NRG1-dependent ERBB3 phosphorylation and downstream AKT activation. These effects were associated with NRG1 enhanced migration and growth of RAF/MEK-inhibitor treated cells in vitro. Phosphorylation of ERBB3 was found to be dependent on ERBB2/HER2, as NRG1/ERBB3-signaling was inhibited by ERBB2-targeting siRNA, the ERBB2-blocking antibody trastuzumab and the ERBB2-inhibitor lapatinib. Additionally, the combination of lapatinib and PLX4032 was more effective than either alone at inhibiting colony formation in the presence or absence of NRG1. Similarly, we found that combining lapatinib with PLX4720 was more effective than either drug alone at reducing tumor burden in melanoma xenografts. These results suggest that upregulation of ERBB3 by FOXD3 serves as an adaptive response to protect melanoma cells from the effects of RAF/MEK-inhibitors and promotes resistance. In summary, targeting the NRG1/ERBB3 pathway in conjunction with RAF/MEK may provide a clinical benefit. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4838. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-4838
Educating Engineers for Careers in Industrial Electronics

From a small beginning only a few decades ago, the electronics industry has grown to a place of first importance in our national economy. Electrical engineering education has not only adapted to reflect this growth but continually altered its approach in order to provide leadership for further expansion of the field. In this paper the process of educating engineers for careers in industrial electronics is discussed, with emphasis upon the kinds of educational experiences engineering students should now have in order that they may be prepared to cope with the many challenges the industry will face in the future.
Microfiltration of protein-cell mixtures with crossflushing or backflushing

Abstract Crossflow microfiltration experiments were performed with and without crossflushing or backflushing using yeast suspensions, bovine serum albumin (BSA) solutions, and mixtures of yeast and BSA. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) photographs of the membrane surface were taken before and after crossflushing and backflushing. Backflushing is highly effective, while crossflushing is partially effective, in removing the external cake formed during filtration of yeast suspensions. Crossflushing is completely ineffective and backflushing is only partially effective for removal of internal foulants during filtration of BSA solutions. During backflushing or crossflushing of yeast–BSA mixtures, complete or partial removal of the yeast cake reduces the hydraulic resistance to permeate flow. However, this removal also exposes the primary membrane to internal fouling by BSA, against which neither crossflushing nor backflushing is very effective.
The prolate filter: An ideal lowpass filter with optimum step-response

Abstract An ideal lowpass filter permits no signal transmission outside of a prescribed frequency band centered around the origin. In this paper, it is shown that the ideal lowpass filter which provides the fastest monotonic step-response for a prescribed bandwidth is the prolate filter. The system-function of this circuit is obtained from the autocorrelation of the zero-order, zero degree angular prolate spheroidal wave function. The bandwidth and risetimes of the filter are related through the largest eigenvalue of the same wave function. The computation and realization of the optimum frequency- and time-responses is discussed in detail and is illustrated by a numerical example. It is also shown how the asymptotic forms of the optimum system function degenerate, for very small or very large risetimes, into the well-known Hadamard and Gaussian filter functions, respectively.
Influence of hypophysectomy and of an adrenocortical inhibitor (SU-4885) on the stress-response of the white blood cells in the teleost fish, Mollienesia latipinna Le Sueur.

PREVIOUS work has shown that stress by brief immersion in ice-water induces characteristic changes in the number of circulating leucocytes in the male killifish, Fundulus heteroclitus: at 20° C, an initial fall (leucopenia) 1 h after stress is succeeded at 2 h by an increase above the normal level (leucocytosis)1,2. Single injections of ACTH3 produced leucopenia at low doses (0.15 I.U./g), and leucocytosis at higher doses2. Single injections of cortisol (5 µg/g), while causing leucopenia in regressed males and females, produced leucocytosis after 2 h in both breeding and hypophysectomized fish of either sex1.
DeCoN: Genome-wide Analysis of In Vivo Transcriptional Dynamics during Pyramidal Neuron Fate Selection in Neocortex

Summary Neuronal development requires a complex choreography of transcriptional decisions to obtain specific cellular identities. Realizing the ultimate goal of identifying genome-wide signatures that define and drive specific neuronal fates has been hampered by enormous complexity in both time and space during development. Here, we have paired high-throughput purification of pyramidal neuron subclasses with deep profiling of spatiotemporal transcriptional dynamics during corticogenesis to resolve lineage choice decisions. We identified numerous features ranging from spatial and temporal usage of alternative mRNA isoforms and promoters to a host of mRNA genes modulated during fate specification. Notably, we uncovered numerous long noncoding RNAs with restricted temporal and cell-type-specific expression. To facilitate future exploration, we provide an interactive online database to enable multidimensional data mining and dissemination. This multifaceted study generates a powerful resource and informs understanding of the transcriptional regulation underlying pyramidal neuron diversity in the neocortex. Video Abstract
Non-influence of lipid lowering therapy in atrial fibrillation recurrence.

Statin therapy has been associated with a reduction in ventricular and supra-ventricular tachyarrhythmias [1,2]. Statin therapy has also been associated with a lower risk of new onset AF in the elderly [3]. However, a recent meta-analysis showed reduction of secondary AF events but no reduction of new onset AF with statin use [4] .T here is considerable debate with respect to the antiarrhythmic effects of statin therapy in AF. We determined the association of lipid lowering therapy (LLT) in prevention of AF recurrence in a large high-risk patient population with AF, most of whom were on statin [5]. We performed a post hoc analysis of patients enrolled in the atrial fibrillation Follow-up Investigation of Rhythm Management (AFFIRM) trial. A public-use limited-access dataset that was devoid of all patient identifiers was obtained from the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI). AFFIRM was a prospective trial (n = 4060) comparing survival in patients with AF and at least one risk factor for stroke randomized to a strategy of rate control (n = 2027) versus a strategy of rhythm control (n = 2033) [6,7]. Our inclusion criteria included subjects in sinus rhythm at baseline (n = 2095). The primary end point of our analysis was the time to first AF recurrence (in months). AF recurrence was determined on basis of electrocardiograms done duringeach followup visit. Follow-up datawas available at 2, 4, 8, and 12 months and then 3 visits per year until a period of 6 years or study termination. At each visit, vital signs, information onprimary or secondaryend points, medications, NYHA (New York Heart Association) class, hospitalizations and presence of documented AF or atrial flutter were collected.
Nitroprusside selectively reduces ventricular preload in the stage 21 chick embryo

Objective Embryonic cardiovascular function is dynamically regulated at the tissue level. Nitric oxide (NO) regulates vascular tone and influences cardiovascular function in neonatal and mature circulations. However, the role of NO in regulating embryonic cardiovascular function is undefined. We hypothesized that NO released from nitroprusside alters embryonic vascular tone with secondary effects on ventricular function. Methods We measured ventricular pressure and calculated ventricular volume from area using ellipsoid geometry for 180 s after suffusion of 0.0, 0.1, 1.0, or 2.5 μ g of nitroprusside in 10 μ l of KHB buffer, or after acute venous hemorrhage in stage 21 chick embryos ( n ≥ 8 per group). We plotted pressure-volume loops and analyzed standard parameters of cardiovascular function by ANOVA, regression analysis, and ANCOVA. Results Following nitroprusside, heart rate was unchanged, end-diastolic volume (EDV), stroke volume (SV), and end-systolic pressure decreased ( P < 0.05 at 180 s). For 1.0 μ g of nitroprusside, EDV decreased by 27 ± 6%, SV decreased by 36 ± 6%, and end-systolic pressure decreased by 28 ± 3%. The EDV vs. SV relationship was unchanged with the exception of the 2.5 μ g nitroprusside dose. Arterial elastance was unchanged with the exception of the 2.5 μ g nitroprusside dose. The EDV vs. SV relationship and arterial elastance during preload reduction suggest that ventricular afterload did not decrease following NO. Conclusions In contrast to the mature circulation, NO reduced preload without decreasing ventricular afterload. Thus, vasoactive agents may have unique roles in the regulation of cardiovascular structure and function during embryogenesis.
Collecting data for Markov models of error patterns on data communications links

Rome Laboratory is currently in the process of procuring Error Injector Units (EIU) to model the error behavior of data communications channels. A major component of this effort deals with finding Markov models that will simulate the behavior of these channels. This paper reports on the results of a Summer Faculty Research Fellowship to find Markov tables to load into the EIUs. A portion of the research involved searching current literature for Markov tables or error gap data. Alternative approaches to obtaining the desired Markov tables were also considered. This included substantial effort devoted to the design of a data collection experiment that could be used at Rome Laboratory to produce the needed data. This effort included the design of a microcomputer interface that would permit a microcomputer to monitor a "Fireberd" bit error rate tester and record the error statistics for analysis and conversion to a Markov table.
Uterine sarcomas: A clinicopathologic study, 1965–1981

Forty-six cases diagnosed as uterine sarcoma from 1965 to 1981 were analyzed. Using mitotic count, 7 of 21 leiomyosarcomas (LMS) were redesignated leiomyomas and all are NED. The actuarial survival rates for the 38 considered sarcomas were 55 and 27% at 2 and 5 years. (The 22 patients eligible for 5-year follow-up had a 27% absolute survival, with 3 of 22 NED.) Fourteen LMS patients had a superior 5-year actuarial survival (42%) than 18 malignant mixed mesodermal (MMM) patients (15%), but the difference disappears when only patients under 70 are considered. Stage and age were the most important prognostic indicators. Complete surgical resection was essential for long-term survival. Six resected patients given adjuvant chemotherapy (mostly VAC) had an improved actuarial survival (61 vs 15% for the 23 resected patients not receiving chemotherapy). Seventy percent of 23 recurrences occurred within 2 years and average survival post-recurrence was 7.6 months. Survival post-recurrence for 8 patients was not improved by chemotherapy. Seventy-eight percent of recurrences had a distal component, with lung being the most common site.
The role of vagally-mediated hyperinsulinemia in hypothalamic obesity

Evidence that the obesity syndrome which follows ventromedial hypothalamic (VMH) lesions is at least partially the result of a primary metabolic dysfunction is reviewed, as are proposals that the altered metabolism is due to enhanced vagally-mediated insulin release. This hypothesis was based largely on experiments demonstrating the complete reversal of hypothalamic obesity by subdiaphragmatic vagotomy, but subsequent studies have revealed that hypothalamic obesity is not always prevented by prior vagal transections. Interpretation of these discrepant results has been made difficult because of the frequent use of gastric secretion, behavioral, or other indirect tests for completeness of vagotomy. A review of more recent studies which have employed either direct assessment of vagotomy effects on insulin levels, pharmacological blockade of vagal efferent activity, or selective vagotomies indicates that vagally-mediated hyperinsulinemia can account for no more than 40% of the weight gain observed in animals with VMH lesions fed ad libitum, and may not be involved in the obesity that results from some parasagittal VMH knife cuts. It is concluded that vagally-mediated hyperinsulinemia does make a substantial, although not exclusive, contribution to the increased carcass lipid content observed in VMH animals that are food-restricted or pair-fed with control animals.
Empirical recurrence rate time series for volcanism: Application to Avachinsky volcano, Russia

The volcanic activity of Avachinsky is assumed to follow a Poisson process and is fingerprinted with a sequence of empirical recurrence rate time series. The last 5 time series are used as a prediction set to check the predictive ability of the candidate model produced by time series modeling techniques. The model is used to forecast future recurrence rates that, in turn, are used to develop the mean function of the volcanic process, which is required to evaluate the probability of future eruptions. At the model validation stage, the candidate model forecasts a mean number of 2.31 eruptions for the prediction set that are close to the actual number of events, which are 2 eruptions. For a full scaled forecast, the model concludes a total of 2.37 new events for the next 25 years for the Avachinsky volcano.
Categories and boundaries in speech and music

Perceptual categories and boundaries arise when Ss respond to continuous variation on a physical dimension in a discontinuous fashion. It is more difficult to discriminate between members of the same category than to discriminate between members of different categories, even though the amount of physical difference between both pairs is the same. Speech stimuli have been the sole class of auditory signals to yield such perception; for example, each different consonant phoneme serves as a category label. Experiment I demonstrates that categories and boundaries occur for both speechand nonspeech stimuli differing in rise time. Experiment II shows that rise time cues categorical differences in both complex and simple nonspeech waveforms. Taken together, these results suggest that certain aspects of speech perception are intimately related to processes and mechanisms exploited in other domains. The many categories in speech may be based on categories that occur elsewhere in auditory perception.
Near absence of hybridization between sauger and introduced walleye despite massive releases

We analyzed 11 microsatellite loci to determine the genetic population structure of saugers and to describe the amount and pattern of hybridization with widely introduced walleyes in the upper Missouri River drainage. We detected significant genetic differentiation among saugers spawning upstream and downstream of the confluence of the Bighorn and Yellowstone Rivers. Samples from upstream of the confluence had significantly lower heterozygosity and allelic richness. We suspect this reflects isolation at the periphery of the species’ range and possibly genetic drift resulting from recent population contractions due to dams, diversions, and water development. We detected only eighteen hybrids out of 925 individuals analyzed. Hybridization appeared recent, as nearly 50% of the hybrids showed significant evidence for having a non-hybrid ancestor within two generations. All but one hybrid were detected in the Yellowstone River drainage, despite a substantially higher rate of walleye stocking in the Missouri River drainage, suggesting conditions in the Yellowstone may be more conducive to hybridization. Rarity of hybridization is unexpected, given both massive walleye releases and previous findings of more frequent hybridization in the study area. Introgression of walleye genes into native saugers does not appear to be an immediate threat.
Reactive modification of PBT with applications in low density extrusion foaming

By contrast to polyethylene terephthalate (PET), extrusion foaming of polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) to medium–low densities has been seldom reported in the literature. In this study, a commercial linear PBT resin was reactively modified in a batch mixer to a branched structure with a higher molecular weight (MW) and a broader molecular weight distribution (MWD) as evidenced by rheological analysis. Chain branching was also accomplished by single screw extrusion, where the competing degradation reaction needed to be taken into account. Optimization of the extrusion operational conditions, which also involved the use of suitable consititutive equations, led to the production of a branched resin with viscoelastic characteristics suitable for low density extrusion foaming by injection of physical blowing agents (PBA). The branched product made under the optimized conditions showed good foamability. The effect of pressure drop rate on cell nucleation rate and the effect of the crystallization rate on cell density and cell morphology are examined. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 47:244–253, 2007. © 2007 Society of Plastics Engineers.
Measurement of core 〈ϱR〉 and compression in inertial confinement fusion targets by activation technique☆

Abstract The density in the fuel of an inertial confinement fusion pellet may be measured by neutron activation of krypton or, preferably, xenon admixtures.
Anticipating the social consequences of AIDS: A position paper

Even conservative estimates of the future course of AIDS epidemic make clear that only a small fraction of people who ultimately will experience AIDS symptoms now have them and that the spread of the virus will continue for some time to come. This article focuses on the social consequences of the AIDS epidemic, some of which are beginning to be felt. I argue that sociologists have an important contribution to make anticipating the long range social consequences of AIDS. Intelligent planning is impossible without a reduction of uncertainty in what the future might hold.
Modeling Integrated Development Investments in Rural Areas: An Indonesian Illustration

Rural development continues to receive the attention of Third World governments and development agencies. Despite substantial funding, progress remains slow, partly as a result of the lack of sound...
Photodissociation dynamics from quantum–classical density matrix calculations

Abstract Photodissociation phenomena are described within a quantum–classical treatment based on the partial Wigner transform of the density matrix and its Liouville–von Neumann equation. Two basic approximations are introduced, to convert the equations into forms readily integrable by numerical methods. Results are presented for the NaI femtosecond time evolution of quantum populations, coherence, position and momenta averages and their dispersion, and for the time evolution of a grid of points in phase space corresponding to a bundle of trajectories. Comparing with exact results, it is concluded that the procedure gives correct results over long times, and properly accounts for the coupling of very different (quasibound and nearly free) atomic motions.
Passivation of Interfacial States for GaAs- and InGaAs/InP-Based Regrown Nanostructures

The interfacial charge density of regrown structures was studied for several␣different material systems: GaAs, InGaAs/InP, and InAlAs-InGaAs superlattice structures on InP. The particular application of interest is in the␣fabrication of nanoscale devices. Such structures require a very low density of interfacial charge at their exposed surfaces in order to avoid Fermi-level pinning and subsequent lateral carrier depletion across the structure. (110)-Oriented samples, mimicking the exposed sidewalls of nano-etched structures, were plasma-etched using a variety of gas-phase chemistries. The interfacial charge density at regrown interfaces was studied using capacitance–voltage (CV) and electrochemical CV techniques after in situ and ex situ pretreatments and epitaxial regrowth. The minimum interfacial charge densities obtained for these material systems were <1011 cm−2. Preferential regrowth around etched nanopillars was demonstrated for InP-based structures.
ArF photoresist system: using cycloolefin-alt-maleic anhydride pericyclic acrylate terpolymers

The design of photoresists for 193 nm exposure systems has received extensive attention, with variable lithograph processes based on single layer resist as well as bi-layer and top surface imaging resists already been developed. Single layer resist systems can generally be divided into two classes: alicyclic and acrylic based on the polymer backbone. In acrylic systems, etching resistance is achieved by attaching pendant groups that have low Ohnishi numbers. In alicyclic systems, the high etching resistant substituent is directly incorporated in the backbone. Excellent ArF single layer photoresists have been derived form both types of polymers in several investigations. This work report on terpolymers of maleic anhydride, t-butyl-5-norbornene-2- carboxylate and polycyclic methacrylate derivatives as a resin for ArF photoresists formulated. Using these terpolymers which have a compatible property for 2.38 wt percent TMAH developer. The effects of terpolymers, type of PAG, dissolution inhibitors, base component, baking temperature and time delay on ArF SLR are also investigated.
Anti-plane shear cracks in ideally plastic crystals

Abstract Cracks in ductile single crystals are analyzed here for geometries and orientations such that two-dimensional states of anti-plane shear constitute possible deformation fields. The crystals are modelled as ideally plastic and yield according to critical resolved shear stresses on their slip systems. Restrictions on the asymptotic forms of stress and deformation fields at crack tips are established for anti-plane loading of stationary and quasistatically growing cracks, and solutions are presented for several specific orientations in f.c.c. and b.c.c. crystals. The asymptotic solutions are complemented by complete elastic-plastic solutions for stationary and growing cracks under small scale yielding, based on previous work by Rice (1967, 1984) and Freund (1979). Remarkably, the plastic zone at a stationary crack tip collapses into discrete planes of displacement and stress discontinuity emanating from the tip; plastic flow consists of concentrated shear on the displacement discontinuities. For the growing crack these same planes, if not coincident with the crack plane, constitute collapsed plastic zones in which velocity and plastic strain discontinuities occur, but across which the stresses and anti-plane displacement are fully continuous. The planes of discontinuity are in several cases coincident with crystal slip planes but it is shown that this need not be the case, e.g., for orientations in which anti-plane yielding occurs by multi-slip, or for special orientations in which the crack tip and the discontinuity planes are perpendicular to the activated slip plane.
A preliminary look at control augmented dynamic response of structures

This report deals with the augmentation of structural characteristics, mass, damping, and stiffness through the use of control theory in lieu of structural redesign or augmentation. Treated first is the standard single-degree-of-freedom system followed by a treatment of the same system using control augmentation. The system is extended to elastic structure using single and multisensor approaches and concludes with a brief discussion of potential application to large orbiting space structures.
An interactive tolerance system

The proper distribution of tolerances among the components of an assembly is necessary to ensure that the product would meet the desired design specifications at the lowest possible cost. Typically, designers have to manually determine the desired tolerances of a product to input into a CAD system. This paper describes an Interactive Tolerance System (ITS) designed to allow users to interactively select the appropriate class of fit and perform tolerance analysis for an assembly. The ITS is written in C programming Language for a micro-computer and can be interfaced with CAD software, such as AutoCAD and CADkey. With ITS, the productivity of designers is enhanced and design for manufacturability is easier to achieve.
Amperometric sensing at high temperature with a "wired" thermostable glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase from Aquifex aeolicus.

An amperometric enzyme sensor capable of operating at high temperatures was developed by utilizing a “wired” thermostable glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (tG6PDH) from the hyperthermophilic bacterium Aquifex aeolicus. The response of the system was monitored through detection of the product of the enzymatic reaction, NADH, which was electrocatalytically reoxidized to NAD by a thermostable redox mediator, osmium (1,10-phenanthroline-5,6-dione)2-poly(4-vinylpyridine), at Eapp = +150 mV vs Ag/AgCl/KClsat. The enzyme was “wired” onto the surface of graphite electrodes by using an epoxy-based poly(ethylene glycol) diglycidyl ether cross-linker. The stability of the sensor at higher temperatures clearly surpassed the conventional system utilizing a mesophilic G6PDH (mG6PDH) from Leuconostoc mesenteroides. The mG6PDH-based system lost 26% of its response after 20 min at 50 °C. The response of the tG6PDH-based system remained unchanged under the same conditions. The tG6PDH-based system demonstrated excellent st...
Effects of an acetone extract of Boswellia carterii Birdw. (Burseraceae) gum resin on rats with persistent inflammation.

Objective: Ruxiang, or Gummi olibanum, an herbal medicine derived from the gum resin of Boswellia carterii Birdw. (BC) of the family Burseraceae, has been used traditionally in China to alleviate pain and reduce inflammation. The present study is an investigation of the effects of a BC extract on persistent hyperalgesia and edema in rats with peripheral inflammation. Design: In this randomized, blinded study, the antihyperalgesic and antiedema effects of 3 dosages of BC were compared to a vehicle control. Inflammation was induced in rats by injecting complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) into one hind paw. A single oral dose of the BC extract was administered daily for 7 days, beginning one day before CFA. Hyperalgesia was assessed using a paw withdrawal latency (PWL) test pre-CFA and 2 hours, 5 hours, 1 day, and 5 days post-CFA. Edema was determined by measuring paw thickness at the same time points. Spinal Fos protein expression was analyzed 2 hours post-CFA. Adverse effects of the extract were monitored by ...
Analysis of organic binder distribution in spray-dried granules by ultrasonic-atomic force microscopy

In this paper, ultrasonic-atomic force microscopy was applied for obtaining qualitative and quantitative information of binder distribution in spray dried ceramic slurries. Embedded granules were mounted on the surface of a transducer generating acoustic waves, 0 to 500KHz. These samples were vibrated at their resonant frequency while surfaces were scanned with a cantilever. Thus, both hardness and topography images were collected simultaneously. Since the contrast of the two materials is related to hardness, the distribution of binder and ceramic can be found immediately from the hardness images. By modeling the cantilever with its deflection vibration, the quantitative modulus of the binder and ceramic mixture was acquired while the sample and cantilever were vibrated at their resonance frequency. From the calibration with an Al22O3 sample, those measurement were reconfirmed.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Effect of fat content on survival of Listeria monocytogenes during simulated digestion of inoculated beef frankfurters stored at 7 °C

Abstract Potential effects of the fat content of frankfurters on the gastrointestinal survival of Listeria monocytogenes were investigated. At various stages of storage (7 °C, up to 55 days), inoculated frankfurters of low (4.5%) and high (32.5%) fat content were exposed to a dynamic gastrointestinal model (37 °C) and L. monocytogenes counts were determined at intervals during exposure in each gastrointestinal compartment (gastric, GC; intestinal, IC). Bacterial survival curves in each compartment were fitted with the Baranyi and Roberts mathematical model. L. monocytogenes populations on low- and high-fat frankfurters exceeded 8.0 log CFU/g at 39 and 55 days of storage, respectively. Major declines in populations occurred after 60 min on low-fat frankfurters in the GC, with reductions of 2.6 to >7.2 log CFU/g at 120 min on days 1 and 39 of storage, respectively. L. monocytogenes reductions in high-fat frankfurters ranged from 1.6 (day-1) to 5.2 (day-55) log CFU/g. Gastric inactivation rates were 0.080–0.194 and 0.030–0.097 log CFU/g/min for low- and high-fat samples, respectively. Since gastric emptying began while the gastric pH was >5, initial counts (enumerated 30 min after ingestion) reaching the IC depended on initial contamination levels on each product, which increased during storage. Subsequent reductions during the intestinal challenge were 0.1–1.4 log CFU/g. Findings indicated protective effects of fat against gastric destruction of L. monocytogenes. However, since the effects of fat were observed mainly at later stages of gastric exposure, they did not influence numbers of viable cells reaching the IC.
Immediate maxillary denture impression

Abstract The technique described may consume a little more time in making the impression, but the results obtained more than justify the use of this time. The procedure provides for (1) areal coverage, (2) an accurate denture border, (3) a valve seal without interference with functional movements of oral structures, (4) accurate adaptation of the denture to the tissues without injurious tissue displacement, and (5) determines the correct posterior extension of the denture, (6) creates a postdam which not only completes the valve seal but which also compensates for dimensional changes in the denture base due to shrinkage during processing, and (7) minimizes postinsertion adjustments.
A Computational Study of Ignition by Oxygen Dissociation

Abstract Numerical calculations have been performed on the ignition of methane-oxygen-argon mixtures due to dissociation of molecular oxygen into ground state oxygen atoms. The computations are caried out using a time and spatially dependent fluid mechanics model in one-dimension coupled with a detailed oxidation mechanism for methane. A calculation of the minimum ignition energy as a function of equivalence ratio shows that ignition by oxygen dissociation is clearly different from laboratory experimental results of spark ignition. Whereas the minimum spark ignition energy occurs at Math for methane-oxygen-argon mixtures, the computations show a steadily declining minimum ignition energy from Math. Increasing the amount of oxygen dissociation decreases the induction time and increases the flame propagation rate during tht early part of the burning. This enhanced flame propagation rate lasts only until the oxygen atom concentration relaxes to a level which is typical of a flame moving at a constant speed. ...
Digestive activity of lysosomes. I. The digestion of proteins by extracts of rat liver lysosomes.

Abstract The ability of rat liver lysosomes to digest various lipids has been investigated. The lysosomes were isolated from the livers of rats treated with Triton WR-1339 and were essentially free of other cell components. They were able to deacylate extensively phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylinositol, lysophosphatidylcholine, lysophosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidic acid, cardiolipin, tripalmitin, 1,2-dipalmitin, 1,3-dipalmitin, and 1-monopalmitin, when incubated with these substrates at 37° in 0.1 m acetate buffer, pH 4.3 to 4.6. With most substrates, hydrolysis occurred without the addition of a detergent. Exceptions were tripalmitin, which was not attacked in the absence of detergent, but was deacylated vigorously in the presence of 5% Triton X-100, and cardiolipin, which required addition of 0.1% Triton X-100 for hydrolysis in acetate buffer, but was attacked in citrate buffer without added detergent. The hydrolysis of diglycerides was stimulated by 5% Triton X-100. On the other hand, this detergent inhibited the deacylation of phosphatidylethanolamine and of monopalmitin. Sphingomyelin was not deacylated, but was hydrolyzed to ceramide and phosphorylcholine. Hydrolysis of ceramide could not be established, either with lysosomes or with whole liver preparations, under a variety of conditions. The phosphodiesters arising from the digestion of phospholipids proved to be resistant to lysosomal hydrolysis, both at acid and alkaline pH. An alkaline phosphodiesterase acting on glycerophosphorylcholine is present in whole liver. Part of this activity is located in the cell sap; the remainder is distributed between the nuclear and microsomal fractions in a manner suggestive of a localization in the plasma membrane. The lysosomes were found to have the ability to dephosphorylate phosphatidic acid, α-glycerophosphate, and, although rather slowly, the phosphomonoesters of choline, ethanolamine, and serine. Extensive digestion of the lipids and proteins of both microsomes and mitochondria occurs upon prolonged incubation of these cell components with purified lysosomes at pH 4.3. RNA appears to be broken down under these conditions. Thus it is clear that lysosomes can accomplish the important digestive functions with which they are credited. However, the manner in which some of the products of this process, especially the phosphodiesters, are cleared from the particles raises a problem of physiological importance.
Physiological and behavioural responses of laboratory rats housed at different tier levels and levels of visual contact with conspecifics and humans

Abstract Laboratory rats are typically housed in clear or opaque cages on multi-tiered racks. Clear-walled cages allow a view of the room and facilitate visual social contact with neighbouring rats but may induce anxiety due to lack of visual cover. We hypothesized that degree of visibility of humans and conspecifics affects anxiety in individually housed rats. We evaluated physiological and behavioural responses of adult male Sprague–Dawley rats ( N = 54 pairs housed in adjacent cages with the same cover treatment) to three cover levels: (1) no visual cover (clear cage walls); (2) partial cover (opaque stripes covering 60% of the wall area); (3) solid cover (100% opaque walls), and three tier levels: (1) lower; (2) middle; (3) upper, located 61, 101, and 141 cm above the floor, respectively. Chromodacryorrhea, an indicator of acute stress, was recorded following weekly body weight measurement and cage cleaning. Faecal corticosteroid, an indicator of chronic stress, was measured in Weeks 1 and 7. Behaviour during Anticipatory Reaction to Handling (ARH), Elevated Plus Maze (EPM) and Cat Odor (CAT) tests was assessed during Weeks 4 and 8. Growth rate, chromodacryorrhea, and behaviour in ARH tests were not affected by treatments. Rats housed in cages with partial cover on upper tiers tended to have lower faecal corticosteroid levels than those in clear cages on lower tiers ( P = 0.08). In the CAT test, rats housed on lower tiers spent more time rearing ( P = 0.046), and tended to make more visits to a cloth impregnated with cat odour ( P = 0.051), suggesting that they were less anxious in this context than those housed on higher tiers. Rats in cages positioned further from the main area of human activity within the housing room showed a tendency towards increased anxiety in the EPM. When individually housed for 24 h in three interconnected cages varying in cover, rats ( N = 8) spent more time resting in the opaque, than clear or partially-covered, cage units during the photoperiod ( P P