cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Micropropagation of Virginia Sweetspire (Itea virginica ‘Henry's Garnet’)

Abstract The woody shrub, Itea virginica L., Virginia sweetspire, has recently increased in popularity due to its multiple seasons of interest in the landscape. In this study, we investigated micropropagation as a means to produce this plant. Combinations of BA (1, 4, and 10 μM) and NAA (0.01, 0.1, and 1.0 μM) were evaluated for in vitro shoot induction in Itea virginica L. ‘Henry's Garnet’ on a Murashige and Skoog medium. The best combination of BA and NAA (4 μM and 0.1 μM) yielded an average of 7.9 microshoots per explant for ‘Henry's Garnet’. When dipped in a common auxin-containing, commercial rooting formulation, microshoots rooted ex vitro within four weeks. Tissue-culture produced plantlets of I. virginica ‘Henry's Garnet’ flowered one year after removal from culture.
Structural insights into the recognition of mono- and di-acetyllysine by the ATAD2B bromodomain

The ATPase family, AAA+ domain-containing protein 2B (ATAD2B) is a nuclear protein that may play a role in the development of neuronal tissues and tumorigenesis. The ATAD2B protein contains a C-terminal bromodomain that is highly homologous to the ATAD2 bromodomain, with 74.7% sequence identity and 94.4% similarity. The ATAD2 bromodomain is an attractive drug target because overexpression of ATAD2 is positively correlated with the progression of multiple cancer types, and poor patient outcomes. Although ATAD2 and ATAD2B are highly conserved, little is known about the function of ATAD2B, or its role in oncogenesis. We hypothesized that the ATAD2B bromodomain would likely be involved in recognition of di-acetyllysine modifications on the histone tail, similarly to its ATAD2 paralog. We identified the acetylated histone ligands of the ATAD2B bromodomain using a combination of isothermal titration calorimetry and nuclear magnetic resonance techniques. Interestingly, the ATAD2B bromodomain has different substrate specificity than the ATAD2 bromodomain, preferentially selecting for the histone H4K5acK8ac ligand. NMR chemical shift perturbation assays and site-directed mutagenesis were used to map out the acetyllysine binding pocket, enabling characterization of residues involved in coordination of mono- and di-acetylated histone ligands by the ATAD2B bromodomain. In addition, the X-ray crystal structure of the ATAD2B bromodomain in complex with an ATAD2 bromodomain inhibitor was solved at 2.2 A resolution. This structure revealed that critical contacts required for bromodomain inhibitor coordination are conserved between the ATAD2/B bromodomains, and many of these residues play a dual role in acetyllysine recognition.
Understanding Pathways to Care of Individuals Entering a Specialized Early Intervention Service for First-Episode Psychosis

Objective:This study aimed to understand the pathways to care from the onset of a first episode of psychosis to entry into a specialized early intervention service (EIS) for individuals with nonaff...
Rapid On-Site Evaluation of Fine-Needle Aspiration by Non-Cytopathologists: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies for Adequacy Assessment.

Objective: Rapid on-site evaluation (ROSE) has been shown to improve adequacy rates and reduce needle passes. ROSE is often performed by cytopathologists who have limited availability and may be costlier than alternatives. Several recent studies examined the use of alternative evaluators (AEs) for ROSE. A summary of this information could help inform guidelines regarding the use of AEs. The objective was to assess the accuracy of AEs compared to cytopathologists in assessing the adequacy of specimens during ROSE. Study Design: This was a systematic review and meta-analysis. Reporting and study quality were assessed using the STARD guidelines and QUADAS-2. All steps were performed independently by two evaluators. Summary estimates were obtained using the hierarchal method in Stata v14. Heterogeneity was evaluated using Higgins’ I 2 statistic. Results: The systematic review identified 13 studies that were included in the meta-analysis. Summary estimates of sensitivity and specificity for AEs were 97% (95% CI: 92–99%) and 83% (95% CI: 68–92%). There was wide variation in accuracy statistics between studies ( I 2 = 0.99). Conclusions: AEs sometimes have accuracy that is close to cytopathologists. However, there is wide variability between studies, so it is not possible to provide a broad guideline regarding the use of AEs.
Thermodynamic Evaluation of the Interaction Driven by Hydrophobic Bonding in the Aqueous Phase.

Abstract In the present study, the interaction between phenobarbital and activated carbons which is driven by hydrophobic bonding was evaluated. The Two-Mechanism Langmuir-Like Equation was proposed to describe the isotherms for phenobarbital adsorbing to activated carbons. The parameters in the Two-Mechanism Langmuir-Like Equation obtained from the nonlinear fitting of isotherms were used in the calculations of the differential Gibbs free energy for the hydrophobic bonding-driven interaction. Two thermodynamic models, the Modified Crisp Model and the van't Hoff Equation, were adopted to estimate the differential Gibbs free energy. And, comparing the differential Gibbs free energy obtained from the 2 thermodynamic relationships, it can be determined that an adsorbing phenobarbital molecule displaces 12 water molecules on the hydrocarbon surfaces of the activated carbons (hydrophobic bonding case). The difference between the estimates of the differential Gibbs free energy obtained by the Modified Crisp Model and by the van't Hoff Equation provides a new experimental method to calculate the number of solvent molecules displaced by an adsorbing solute molecule. This is a completely general technique for the hydrophobic bonding-driven interaction and is not limited to the systems studied. The calculated positive differential entropy confirmed that the adsorption process was entropy driven.
Pharma on the Hot Seat

The pharmaceutical industry has been receiving greater scrutiny lately due in large part to the many public and private legal enforcement actions taken against pharmaceutical manufacturers. These enforcement actions, along with legal developments such as the OIG Compliance Guidance for Pharmaceutical Manufacturers, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act's statutory guidelines for public corporations, the HIPAA privacy regulations, and the Medicare Modernization Act, have the potential to encourage the pharmaceutical industry to self-regulate beyond the bounds currently required by the law. After a brief overview of enforcement actions and compliance programs directed toward the pharmaceutical industry, this Article reviews a similar situation the hospital industry faced when Medicare promulgated major reimbursement modifications. The Article proposes that the pharmaceutical industry, in the face of such intense scrutiny and uncertainty, should implement more rigorous self-regulation. Without more stringent self-regulation, this intense interest in the pharmaceutical industry may result in a regulatory push that establishes unanticipated and cumbersome measures for the industry.
Visual Thinking and Diagrammatic Reasoning

In Chapters 4 and 5, we specifically addressed contexts in which visuoalphanumeric symbols in school algebra and number sense could be interpreted as symbolic entities that have roots in structured visual experiences. We also discussed the significance of progressive symbolization relative to intra- and inter-semiotic transitions that occur from iconic and/to indexical and to symbolic representations. In this chapter, we focus our attention on diagrams that are purposefully constructed to convey visual relationships and mediate in students’ understanding of alphanumeric forms. Examples of such diagrams include tables in pattern generalization, graphs of functions, squares, sticks, and dots in adding and subtracting whole numbers, binary chips and number lines used in understanding integer operations, etc.
Conversion of Methanol to Low Molecular Weight Olefins with Heterogeneous Catalysts

A unique process for producing ethylene, propylene and propane from coal is to gasify the coal to produce synthesis gas, to convert the synthesis gas to methanol, and to convert methanol to the low molecular weight hydrocarbons. Of course, any organic material could be used to produce the synthesis gas for subsequent conversion to methanol. Koch [1] concludes that for the production of C2 – C3 olefins from a coal-derived synthesis gas, conversion of methanol is the most efficient process in terms of yield, carbon usage and thermal efficiency.
LINGO3 interacts with Trefoil factor 2 to enforce mucosal barrier integrity and drive tissue repair during colitis

Mucosal epithelia are constantly exposed to damaging stimuli from mechanical, chemical, or biologic entities, and depend on rapid repair mechanisms to maintain tissue homeostasis and immunological quiescence. The reparative cytokine Trefoil factor 2 (TFF2) serves to enforce mucosal barrier integrity, but whether TFF2 receptor(s) exist is controversial. Herein, we demonstrate leucine rich repeat and immunoglobulin like domain containing nogo receptor interacting protein 3 (LINGO3) is a necessary transmembrane component for TFF2-mediated ERK signaling, proliferation, and recovery of trans-epithelial resistance of primary epithelia during wound healing. Human respiratory and intestinal epithelia express LINGO3 and mice lacking Lingo3 have impaired intestinal barrier function and fail to recover from DSS-induced colitis. Compared to wild-type controls, LINGO3 deficiency impairs both crypt regeneration and expression of the intestinal stem cell marker Lgr5. Importantly, Lingo3KO mice display a phenotype similar to that previously reported for Tff2 deficiency, with increased paracellular permeability, and significant accumulation of mucosal CD4+ TH1 cells expressing IFN gamma and TNF even under steady-state conditions. Combined, these data reveal a previously unrecognized role for LINGO3 as a putative TFF2 receptor that regulates mucosal barrier integrity and GI inflammation.
Standalone Assistive System to Employ Multiple Remaining Abilities in People with Tetraplegia

People with motor disabilities affecting their four limbs (e.g. tetraplegia, ALS) can use their remaining abilities such as tongue, head, and eye motion to interact with devices, such as PC, smartphone, and wheelchair. Most of the existing assistive technologies (AT) rely on a single remaining ability, which is typically insufficient when performing complex computer tasks such as “drag and drop”, typing long sentences, or selecting multiple items. In this work, a multimodal AT is presented to leverage both tongue gestures and head motion, simultaneously, to interact with target devices at latency and accuracy of 10 ms and 95.9%, respectively, measured among 15 able-bodied participants. A wearable headset transmits commands wirelessly via Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE), utilizing a human interface device (HID) protocol for seamless interfacing with various applications running on PCs and smartphones without requiring a custom driver.
Constraint databases

Paris Kanellakis's pioneering paper in 1990 provided a framework for constraint databases by combining concepts from constraint logic programming and relational databases. The principal idea is to generalize a tuple (or record) data type to a conjunction of constraints from an appropriate language; for example, order constraints or linear arithmetic constraints. Such a tuple can be seen as representing a large, possibly even infinite, set of points in a compact way (e.g., for spatial databases and GIS). Constraint databases have since become a very active area of database research. After a brief introduction to relational databases, we explain the semantics of constraint database relations and queries, providing complexity results for several specific constraint classes. We consider the various relational querying paradigms (declarative, procedural, and logic programming) and their reinterpretation in the presence of constraints as first-class data. We highlight the basic design principles for constraint databases, such as query closure and safety, efficiency of data representation and data access, and query optimization. We discuss Paris Kanellakis's more recent work, including work on indexing, and constraint query algebras, and survey other developments in the area (aggregation, complex objects, expressive power). The ultimate goal of Paris Kanellakis's research was to enable commercial-quality implementations of constraint databases. We look at some possible applications for constraint databases, and at the implementational efforts currently under way. We conclude by considering the issues and the challenges that lay ahead.
Comparing self-harming intentions underlying eating disordered behaviors and NSSI: evidence that distinctions are less clear than assumed

Objective Eating disordered (ED) behaviors (i.e., binge eating, compensatory behaviors, restrictive eating) and nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI; intentional and nonsuicidal self-harm) are highly comorbid and share several similarities, including consequent pain and physical damage. However, whereas NSSI is considered direct self-harm, ED behaviors are considered indirect self-harm. These distinctions stem from theoretical understanding that NSSI is enacted to cause physical harm in the moment, whereas ED behaviors are enacted for other reasons, with consequent physical harm occurring downstream of the behaviors. We sought to build on these theoretically informed classifications by assessing a range of self-harming intentions across NSSI and ED behaviors. Method Study recruitment was conducted via online forums. After screening for inclusion criteria, 151 adults reported on their intent to and knowledge of causing physical harm in the short- and long-term and suicide and death related cognitions and intentions when engaging in NSSI and specific ED behaviors. Results Participants reported engaging in ED and NSSI behaviors with intent to hurt themselves physically in the moment and long-term, alongside thoughts of suicide, and with some hope and knowledge of dying sooner due to these behaviors. Distinctions across behaviors also emerged. Participants reported greater intent to cause physical harm in the moment via NSSI and in the long-run via restrictive eating. NSSI and restrictive eating were associated with stronger endorsement of most suicide and death-related intentions than binge eating or compensatory behaviors. Conclusions Findings shed light on classification of self-harming behaviors, casting doubt that firm boundaries differentiate direct and indirectly self-harming behaviors.
Synthesis and Structural Analysis of Ba3V2O3S4

A new quaternary barium vanadium oxysulfide, Ba3V2O3S4, was synthesized using the molten salt flux method. This solid-state compound crystallizes in the hexagonal space group P63 (No. 173) with a = 10.1661(6) A, c = 5.9306(4) A, V = 530.81(6) A3, and Z = 2. It consists of face-sharing VS6 octahedral chains and discrete VO3S tetrahedra. The Ba atoms are located in the interstitial sites. Computational analysis indicates that this solid should be metallic as the conduction band in the vanadium d orbital region is partially filled.
The Worst of Both Worlds? Dual-Registered Investment Advisers

As fiduciaries, Registered Investment Advisers (RIAs) must place client interests ahead of their own. Many fiduciaries are dual-registered as brokers (DRs) and have potential conflicts of interest including revenue sharing from mutual funds, receiving asset-based fees and transaction-based commissions on the same security, and preferential treatment of affiliated mutual funds. Regulators frequently discipline DRs for these conflicts. DRs charge their retail RIA clients higher fees than their brokerage clients or clients of independent RIAs. Finally, DRs prefer institutional share classes of the same underperforming mutual funds they offer brokerage clients. Many DRs appear to fall short of the fiduciary standard.
Vocal Accommodation and Mimicry

Interlocutors make a variety of verbal and nonverbal adjustments to facilitate comprehension and enhance relational solidarity. This article examines research on vocal accommodation and mimicry as a specific subset of scholarship on nonverbal adjustments. We begin by introducing communication accommodation theory and discussing how accommodation is similar to and distinct from other related constructs (i.e., reciprocity, synchrony, and mimicry). Next, we discuss a variety of contexts in which researchers have studied vocal accommodation and mimicry, namely romantic and family communication, stranger and friend communication, professional communication, and persuasion. We end by outlining directions for future research, such as examining the implications of vocal accommodation for intergenerational family relationships, and the a priori factors that influence people’s ability and willingness to engage in vocal accommodation and mimicry.
Asphaltenes: Definition, Properties, and Reactions of Model Compounds

The simple definition of asphaltenes—the material that dissolves in aromatic solvents and precipitates in normal alkanes—proved to be not very defining at all. The nature of this material, how it f...
Distributed Cooperative Control of Hybrid AC/DC Microgrid

This paper presents a distributed cooperative control-based power management algorithm for a hybrid AC/DC microgrid. The proposed algorithm for a hybrid microgrid system controls the power flow through the interface converter between the AC and DC microgrids. This algorithm allows power sharing between the distributed generators in the microgrid according to their power ratings. Moreover, it enables the fixed scheduled power delivery through the interface converters in both directions at different operating conditions while maintaining voltage regulation and improving the frequency profile. The effectiveness of the controller is confirmed by simulation.
Smart Tracking of Internal Layers of Ice in Radar Data via Multi-Scale Learning

Artificial intelligence (AI) techniques have displayed impressive success in many practical fields. Deep neural networks (DNNs) owe their success to the availability of massive labeled data. However, in many real-world problems, even when a large dataset is available, deep learning methods have shown less success, due to causes such as lack of large labeled dataset, presence of noise in data, or missing data. In the present work, we intend to examine the application of deep learning methods on radar data gathered from polar regions. Our goal is to track internal ice layers in radar imagery. In such data, the presence of noise is one of the main obstacles in utilizing popular deep learning methods such as transfer learning. Our experiments show that if the neural network is trained to detect contours of objects in electro-optical imagery, it can only track a low percentage of contours in radar data. Fine-tuning and further training do not provide any better results. However, we will show that selecting the right model and training the model on the radar imagery from the base, is going to yield far better results. We also discuss another possible learning approach that can save us time for data annotation.
Introducing Coding through Tabletop Board Games and Their Digital Instantiations across Elementary Classrooms and School Libraries

This experience report describes an approach for helping elementary schools integrate computational thinking and coding by leveraging existing resources and infrastructure that do not rely on 1-1 computing. A particular focus is using the school library and media center as a site to complement and enhance classroom instruction on coding. Further, our approach builds upon "unplugged" knowledge and practices that are already familiar to and motivating for students, in this case tabletop board games. Through these games, students can use their prior knowledge and ease with tabletop gaming mechanics to cue relevant ideas for core computational concepts. We describe a model and an instructional unit spanning across classroom and school library settings that builds upon board game play as a source domain for computing knowledge. Building on expansive framing, the model emphasizes instructional linkages being made between one domain (the tabletop board game) and another (specially designed Scratch project shells with partially complete code blocks) such that the reasoning activities and different contexts are seen as instantiations of the same encompassing context. We present the experiences of three elementary school teachers as they implemented the unit in their classrooms and with their school librarian. We also show initial findings on the impact of the unit on student interest (N=87), as measured by pre- and post- surveys. We conclude with lessons learned about ways to improve the unit and future classroom implementations.
Human creatine kinase genes on chromosomes 15 and 19, and proximity of the gene for the muscle form to the genes for apolipoprotein C2 and excision repair

Abstract The human chromosomal assignments of genes of the creatine kinase (CK) family--loci for brain (CKBB), muscle (CKMM), and mitochondrial (CKMT) forms--were studied by Southern filter hybridization analysis of DNAs isolated from a human x rodent somatic cell hybrid clone panel. Probes for the 3'-noncoding sequences of human CKBB and CKMM hybridized concordantly only to DNAs from somatic cell hybrids containing chromosomes 14 and 19, respectively. Thus the earlier assignment of the gene coding for the CKBB isozyme to chromosome 14 was confirmed by molecular means, as was the provisional assignment of CKMM to the long arm of chromosome 19. A probe containing canine sequences for CKMM cross-hybridized with human sequences on chromosomes 14 and 19, a result consistent with the assignments of CKBB and CKMM. A probe containing human sequences for CKMT enabled the provisional assignment of CKMT to human chromosome 15. Independent hybrids with portions of the long arm of chromosome 19 missing indicated the order of genes on the long arm of chromosome 19 as being cen-GPI-(TGFB, CYP1)-[CKMM, (APOC2-ERCC1)]-(CGB, FTL). The unexpectedly more distal location of APOC2 among the genes on the long arm--and APOC2's close association with CKMM--is discussed with respect to the close linkage relationship of APOC2 to myotonic muscular dystrophy.
Interacting for Peace: Rethinking Peace Through Interactive Digital Platforms:

Peace is often studied as a lull in war or as a way to make war inconceivable. In this study, I explore the ability of digital culture to promote a new understanding of peace as a communication con...
Busulfan, melphalan, and bortezomib compared to melphalan as a high dose regimen for autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in multiple myeloma: long term follow up of a novel high dose regimen.

Melphalan at a dose of 200 mg/m2 (MEL200) remains the standard high dose therapy before autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) for multiple myeloma (MM). Intensifying the high dose regimen has...
Guidelines for Successfully Transferring Government-Sponsored Innovations

The purpose of this paper is to develop guidelines that managers of government-sponsored R&D could use in identifying appropriate technology transfer strategies for specific innovations. The paper begins with a description of six types of commercialization strategies that have been successfully used by federal agencies: contracting R&D to industrial partners, working with industrial consortia, licensing to industry, influencing key decision makers, working with broker organizations, and generating end-user demand. Next the results of nine case studies of innovations are summarized: five have been fully commercialized and four have been semi-commercialized. These case studies illustrate the need to tailor commercialization strategies to specific innovations.Three ways of classifying innovations (based on technological, market, and policy criteria) are proposed. Technological criteria evaluate inventions on scientific and technical grounds, while market criteria evaluate inventions with respect to characteristics of the marketplace. Policy criteria refer to a government agency's resources and goals. Once these evaluations are completed, the choice of a commercialization mode is facilitated.Finally, guidelines for selecting a technology transfer strategy are developed, based primarily on the five fully commercialized innovations. These guidelines are summarized in a matrix which presents the relationships between the evaluation criteria and appropriate technology transfer strategies. The guidelines are tested by applying them to the semi-commercialized innovations. The consistency between the recommended strategies and the strategies actually used is examined.
Stem cell theory of cancer: Implications of a viral etiology in certain malignancies

In 1911, Peyton Rous (Nobel Prize winner in 1966) demonstrated that a virus (i.e., RSV) caused cancer in chickens. In 1976, Bishop and Varmus (Nobel Prize winners in 1989) showed that the cellular origin of retroviral oncogenes was actually normal cellular genes (i.e., proto-oncogenes). In this article, we revisit the role viruses play in the genetic origin of cancer. We review a link between viruses or cancer and autoimmunity in an alternative stem cell origin of cancer. We propose that a virus is more likely to cause cancer when it infects a progenitor stem-like cell rather than a progeny differentiated cell. We postulate that both known (e.g., HBV and HPV) and novel viruses (e.g., SARS-CoV-2) pose an imminent threat in the emergence of chronic viral diseases as well as virally induced malignancies. Knowing the origin of cancer has profound implications on our current conception and perception of cancer. It affects our conduct in cancer research and our delivery of cancer care. It would be ironic if viruses turn out to be a useful tool and an ideal means in our quest to verify a genetic versus stem cell origin of cancer. When it pertains, oncology recapitulates ontogeny; although genetic makeup is pivotal, cellular context may be paramount to elucidating a stem cell origin of cancer.
Facing epistemic and complex uncertainty in serious illness: The role of mindfulness and shared mind.

Abstract Background Epistemic uncertainty refers to situations in which available evidence is insufficient or unreliable, often accompanied by complexity due to novel contexts, multifactorial causation, and emerging options (the “unknowable unknown”). It stands in contrast to aleatory uncertainty where probabilities are known, and potential benefits and harms can be calculated and presented graphically (the “knowable unknown”). Discussion Epistemic uncertainty is common, and encompasses uncertainty about the nature of the illness, whom to entrust with one’s care, and one’s ability to adapt and cope. Communication about the “unknowable unknown” occurs infrequently and ineffectively, and there is little research on improving communication in the face of epistemic and complex uncertainty. Terror Management Theory (TMT) predicts that in encountering serious illness, people engage in “worldview defense” – suppressing death-related thoughts, affiliating with like-minded others, and developing cognitive rigidity and intolerance of information that challenges their worldview. Mindfulness is associated with diminished defensive worldview reactions and cognitive rigidity, and greater tolerance of ambiguity. Shared mind encompasses shared understanding and affective attunement. Conclusion For clinicians and seriously ill patients facing epistemic uncertainty, psychologically-informed interventions that promote mindfulness and shared mind offer promise in promoting open discussions regarding prognostic uncertainty, advance care planning, and treatment decision-making.
Sulfite Sensitivity of Light Modulation of Chloroplast Enzyme Activity is Controlled by a Cytoplasmic Gene

Sulfite inhibits light modulation of enzyme activity in higher plants. This inhibition is thought to be the result of the action of these compounds on the thylakoid membrane-bound Light Effect Mediator (LEM) [1]. We now report that the thylakoid-bound component of the light activation system in the more SO2-sensitive Pisum cultivar “Nugget” [2] is more susceptible to sulfite poisoning than is the membrane-bound component in the less SO2-sensitive cultivar “Progress No. 9”. This sensitivity is inherited from the maternal parent. Experiments with intact chloroplasts indicate that sulfite has additional sites of action.
Removing Unwanted Noise from Operational Modal Analysis Data

Operational modal analysis data includes the measurement of dynamic signals such as structural vibration data and the corresponding excitation force or pressure. In addition to the desired information, measured structural vibration data can include unwanted electrical noise and vibration energy from adjacent structures. Measured dynamic pressures can contain unwanted signals such as acoustic and vibration induced pressures. In this paper, a noise removal technique is presented in which an unlimited number of unwanted correlated signals can be removed from a set of measured data. In its simplest form, this technique is related to coherent output power (COP). However, unlike COP noise removal, multiple signals can be removed from measured data while retaining the magnitude and phase of the original data required for modal analysis processing. This technique is demonstrated using vibration data and dynamic wall pressure measurements from a thin-walled aluminum cylinder filled with water flowing at 20 ft/s.
Trophic effects of fibroblast growth factor on neural tissue.

Publisher Summary Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) has been recognized as a trophic factor for mesodermal tissues, and is implicated as a potentially significant trophic factor in the brain. This chapter describes the trophic effects of fibroblast growth factor on neural tissue. There are at least two distinct forms of FGF: acidic FGF (aFGF) and basic FGF (bFGF), which are the products of two discrete genes. Both aFGF and bFGF can support neuronal survival in cultures lacking detectable glial contaminants. Because of the potential ability of a single factor to affect multiple cellular components of a tissue, there must be a higher order of complexity governing trophic actions in intact organs. Glial response to FGF might be influenced by concurrent or previous exposures to these other trophic factors. The response of any one-cell type to exogenous application of FGF in vivo will be determined by the interplay among many environmental factors. Its availability as a chemically defined entity provides a first point to begin defining its physiological function and dissecting its interactions with some of these other potential components.
Abstracting and Refining Authorization in SQL

The SQL standard specifies authorization via a large set of rather opaque rules, which are difficult to understand and dangerous to change. To make the model easier to work with, we formalize the implicit principles behind SQL authorization. We then discuss two extensions, for explicit metadata privileges and general privilege inference on derived objects. Although these are quite simple and easily implemented, we show how together, they help solve several administrative problems with existing SQL security. This sort of abstraction is also an important step towards having DBMSs that simultaneously support security policies over SQL, XML, RDF, and other forms of data.
Mediolateral stability during gait in people with Parkinson's disease

Gait control is a clinical problem in people with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Gait variability leading to instability is commonly measured using spatio-temporal variables like step length, step time, step width and cadence. Another measurement that provides information about directional instability is harmonic ratios (HRs). The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between step width and mediolateral stability using HRs in people with Parkinson’s disease (n = 19) and age matched controls (n = 19). The participants walked at their preferred pace and then with a wider step width and narrower step width. The results showed that the PD group exhibited lower HRs compared to controls in preferred gait and a narrower step width. As expected, HRs were lower for both groups when walking with a narrow step width compared to preferred gait, but counter to expectations, the decrease was similar between groups. Overall, these data indicate that step width directly influences ML-HRs, and that decreased ML dynamic balance with PD severity may be related to a reduction in step width. The information gathered in this study may help in improving intervention strategies for gait instability.
Chapter 20 The Kidney in Systemic Sclerosis

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the kidney in systemic sclerosis (SSc). Kidney involvement in SSc is primarily manifested by scleroderma renal crisis (SRC). Renal abnormalities independent of renal crisis have been noted, but can usually be attributed to other problems. Further understanding of the pathogenesis of renal disease in scleroderma may lead to additional improvement in the therapy of renal crisis and perhaps the disease in general. This chapter reviews the pathogenesis, clinical setting, and therapy of this serious complication of SSc. The pathogenesis of renal events in SSc remains incompletely understood, but the damage seems to evolve from a series of insults to the kidney. The primary process, similar to that seen in vessels in other organs, is injury to the endothelial cells, which results in intimal thickening and proliferation of intralobular and arcuate arteries. Inflammatory cells including lymphocytes and other mononuclear cells, are conspicuously absent in the pathologic examination of these arteries.
Hierarchical Matching of Cortical Features for Deformable Brain Image Registration

This paper builds upon our previous work on elastic registration, using surface-to-surface mapping. In particular, a methodology for finding a smooth map from one cortical surface to another is presented, using constraints imposed by a number of sulcal and gyral curves. The outer cortical surface is represented by a map from the unit sphere to the surface which is obtained by a deformable surface algorithm. The sulcal and gyral constraints are defined as landmark curves on the outer cortical surface representation. The unit sphere is then elastically warped to itself in 3D using the predefined sulcal and gyral constraints, yielding a reparameterization of the original surface. This method is tested on MR images from 8 subjects, showing improved registration in the vicinity of the sulci used as constraints. We also describe a hierarchical framework for automating this procedure, by using conditional spatial probability distributions of cortical features on the spherical parametric domain, in order to automatically identify cortical features. This approach is demonstrated on the central and precentral sulci.
Glucosylation of Lipopolysaccharide in Salmonella: Biosynthesis of O Antigen Factor 122 III. THE PRESENCE OF 122 DETERMINANTS IN HAPTENIC POLYSACCHARIDES

Abstract Salmonella mutants defective in the biosynthesis of the central "R core" portion of cell wall lipopolysaccharide accumulate the peripheral "O side chain" portion of lipopolysaccharide in a form presumably linked to the lipid carrier. When such an O side chain polysaccharide was isolated from a core-defective mutant derived from a Salmonella typhimurium strain originally producing O antigen 122, the polysaccharide was found to possess the full determinant group for 122 antigen, i.e. short side chains each consisting of a single α-d-glucopyranosyl residue linked to C-4 of d-galactose. However, the galactose residue at the reducing end of the O side chain did not appear to have been glucosylated. These results suggest that the transfer of the foregoing glucose residues normally takes place at the level of the carrier-linked oligomers of O side chain-repeating units, rather than at the level of the repeating unit monomers or at that of the lipopolysaccharide.
Direct square-wave voltammetry of superoxidized [4Fe-4S]3+ aconitase and associated 3Fe/4Fe cluster interconversions

We report a direct square-wave voltammetric study of the iron-sulfur enzyme, aconitase, at the pyrolytic graphite edge electrode. New and established redox driven reactions were observed and the equilibrium reduction potential for each couple was determined: E0'[3Fe-4S]1+/0 = -268 mV, E0'[4Fe-4S]2+/1+ = -450 mV, E0'[4Fe-4S]3+/2+ = +100 mV, E0'Linear Form = -281 mV, and putatively, E0'[3Fe-4S]0/2- congruent to -1000 mV, all versus normal hydrogen electrode. Most importantly we have directly observed the superoxidized [4Fe-4S]3+ form of aconitase (originally proposed by Emptage, M. H., Dreyer, J.-L., Kennedy, M. C., and Beinert, H. (1983) J. Biol. Chem. 258, 11106-11111) and directly followed its conversion to the [3Fe-4S]1+ form; this intermediate is required for the deactivation of aconitase. Without exogenous ferrous iron, [3Fe-4S]0 aconitase is apparently super-reduced at very negative potentials to the [3Fe-4S]2- form and the concomitant formation of [4Fe-4S]2+ aconitase was followed over time. It is the apparent decomposition of super-reduced [3Fe-4S]2- aconitase that provides the source of ferrous iron for the interconversion of [3Fe-4S]0 aconitase to the [4Fe-4S]2+ form. Voltammetry of free and substrate bound [4Fe-4S]2+ aconitase showed that the latter is less susceptible to oxidation but, surprisingly, has the same E0'[4Fe-4S]3+/2+.
A wavelength and polarization detector using monolithically integrated subwavelength MSM photodetectors

We report an innovative detector based on subwavelength MSM photodetectors that contains no moving parts and can directly and instantaneously measure both the wavelength and polarization angle of light. The wavelength-polarization detector consists of a monolithically integrated metal-semiconductor-metal (MSM) photodetector pair with subwavelength finger spacings and widths. When the finger spacing of the MSM photodetector is smaller than the wavelength of light, the transmission of TE and TM waves through the detector fingers becomes strongly dependent on the wavelength and polarization of the incident light. As a result, the photodetector current also becomes dependent on the wavelength and polarization. However, since the photocurrent is also a function of the incident optical intensity, a pair of integrated MSM photodetectors with two different finger spacings must be used so that the photocurrent ratio will be independent of the optical power, but still be a function of the wavelength and polarization.
Benzo[a]pyrene carcinogenesis: a biochemical selection mechanism.

Separation of the metabolic products of benzo[a]pyrene has been readily accomplished by high‐pressure liquid chromatography. This technique is uniquely suited for compounds labile to air and light and for resolving positional isomers of phenolic or other types of oxygenated metabolites of this carcinogen. This procedure has been utilized to separate and compare benzo[a]pyrene activation and detoxification products between rat, mouse, and hamster hepatic microsomes and mouse and hamster embryo cell cultures. While metabolite profiles exhibited the same types of derivatives, marked quantitative variation was observed. Microsomal preparation produced large amounts of noncarcinogenic phenols, while intact cell metabolism favored diol formation. These results are in agreement with reactivation of metabolic diols as substrates for further activation to a more proximate carcinogenic species of benzo[a]pyrene and caution against extrapolating metabolic results from any single test system to other species or tissues.
Differences in glucose transport between bloodstream and procyclic forms of Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense

In African trypanosomes the requirements for glucose and its metabolism vary in different stages of the life cycle. Here we present evidence that cultured procyclic trypanosomes of Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense uptake glucose against a concentration gradient in a time and dose-dependent manner. Moreover, glucose transport is completely inhibited by the sulphydryl inhibitor N-ethylmaleimide, suggesting the presence of a protein moiety as the carrier molecule. Comparison of glucose uptake in bloodstream and procyclic trypanosomes point to the possibility that different transporters may function in the 2 developmental stages. Glucose uptake by bloodstream trypanosomes requires Na+ ions and is inhibited by phlorizin, an inhibitor of Na(+)-dependent glucose transporters in mammalian cells. Conversely, procyclic trypanosomes transport glucose in a Na(+)-dependent manner, and transport is not affected by phlorizin. Finally, the putative procyclic glucose transporter has a higher affinity for glucose (apparent Km 23 microM) than the bloodstream carrier (apparent Km 237 microM).
The biology of developmental dyslexia.

SELECTED CASE A 30-year-old man was referred to the Child Psychiatry Branch of the National Institute of Mental Health for evaluation as a candidate for neuroimaging studies of developmental reading disorder, or dyslexia. Despite a master's degree and above-average intelligence, documented with the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised, his oral paragraph reading, as assessed with the Gray Oral Reading Test, fell between a second- and third-grade level, nearly 6 SEs below that expected on the basis of his verbal IQ. 1 This placed his performance within a severely dyslexic range. Similarly, his spelling, which fell at a seventh-grade level (below the first percentile rank) on the Wide Range Achievement Test-Revised, was more than 5 SEs below expectation based on verbal and performance IQ and educational level. 1 Neurological examination was normal. Strong right-handedness was documented. Magnetic resonance imaging scans of the head were clinically normal, and a structured interview found no
PEER GROUP COUNSELING FOR OLDER PEOPLE

>For a variety of reasons, psychological services are largely unavailable for older people who want help in coping with their interpersonal problems. Group counseling, when it is used, proves to be an effective and efficient method for meeting their needs. It also addresses the reality of the limited numbers of gerontologically trained professionals currently available in the field. A readily attainable, and largely untapped, resource for working with this population is older people themselves. The Continuum Center of Oakland University selects, trains, and supervises older men and women, who serve as paraprofessional group leaders in a self‐exploration program offered in a variety of community centers in the Detroit metropolitan area. The service and training programs, and some of the outcomes for clients and group leaders, are briefly described.
The Massachusetts math wars

This article recounts the battle in the “math wars” that took place in Massachusetts, United States in 1999–2000 over the scope, content and teaching of the state’s K-12 mathematics curriculum. Harsh controversies arose between the partisans of a “reform-math” movement stressing an undefined “conceptual understanding” and student-created algorithms and those, including the author, advocating an academically stronger mathematics curriculum as well as fluency in students’ computational skills with whole numbers and fractions. While “reform-math” supporters privileged and fought for a radical constructivist view of mathematics learning, the Massachusetts Board of Education decided to implement mathematics standards that linked strong academic content to the development of authentic computational competencies in students. Following the introduction of newly revised mathematic standards in 2000, real progress was reached in terms of student achievement. According to the results of the 2007 tests in reading and in mathematics for Grade 4 and Grade 8, reported by the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP), Massachusetts ranked first nationwide in mathematics and tied for first place in reading, with its students having made significant gains from 2005 to 2007. The article makes a strong case for evidence-based curriculum design and implementation, freed, as much as possible, of mythologies and misconceptions. It explains why it was necessary to reject the theoretical assumptions and pedagogical strategies embedded in the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics’ 1989 and 2000 standards documents. It also highlights the importance of a strong personal life and working “principles” underpinning the mission of curriculum developers: successful reform “strategies” are indeed meaningless in the absence of such durable personal beliefs and values.
Greco-roman seismology and seneca on earthquakes in Natural Questions 6

This paper seeks to locate Seneca's treatment of earthquakes in Natural Questions 6 in the broader ancient seismological tradition; and, more particularly, to examine the initiatives which potentially transform his treatment into a highly original mode of literary-philosophical investigation not just into the cause of earthquakes, but also of how a ‘scientific’ understanding of them can at least partially quell the intimidating effect of such wonders of nature. On this approach Natural Questions 6 is perhaps concerned not so much with earthquakes per se but with shaping attitudes towards the natural world as a whole, inculcating in us a vision of such phenomena as but ‘normal’ aspects of cosmic functioning. By this method the book promotes within us a different, engagingly Senecan appreciation of cosmic integrity.
Alterations in mechanoreceptor input to Brodmann's areas 1 and 3 of the postcentral hand area of Macaca mulatta after nerve section and regeneration.

Abstract Changes in the somatotopic organization and distribution of response-specific cortical columns in the postcentral gyrus of Macaca mulatta , following severance and regeneration of the sensory nerves of the hand, are presented. The following specific changes were found: (1) There is commonly representation away from normal projection sites and areas. (2) There are alterations in the normal homogeneous input to the cortical cellular columns as demonstrated by the appearance of neurons driven by stimulation of several discrete peripheral receptive fields, and by several peripheral receptor populations. (3) There is redistribution of slowly adapting input to cytoarchitectonic areas 3 and 1. The possible meaning of these changes is discussed in relation to the phenomenon of ‘false localization’ which occurs following regeneration of injured peripheral nerves, and in relation to the known anatomical and physiological organization of the postcentral gyrus.