cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Interdiffusion in a bulk couple of lead and lead-50 wt% indium alloy

Abstract Interdiffusion between Pb and Pb-50wt% In (64 at.% In) alloy in the temperature range from 115 to 173°C has been studied using a bulk diffusion couple. Intimate bonding between the couple was achieved with the help of a soldering flux. Surfaces of the couple were finished by microtome and concentration profiles were determined by electron microprobe. The chemical interdiffusion coefficient. D , was obtained by applying the Boltzmann-Matano solution to the profiles and the interface velocities, v. were measured by Kirkendall's technique using 2 mil dia. Al wires as interface markers. Following the analysis of Darken and Manning on D and v, we have determined the intrinsic diffusion coefficients of both Pb and In in a Pb-In alloy of 41 at.% In. We found that In diffuses faster than Pb by at least a factor of 2. The activation energy for In diffusion in the alloy is 15 kcal mole, which is considerably smaller than that of In in pure Pb, about 27 kcal/mole. Such a reduction in diffusion activation energy is anticipated in view of the much lower melting point of the alloy as compared to pure lead. Furthermore, the concentration dependence of D can also be adequately described by an empirical, melting point rule which utilizes the solidus temperature corresponding to a particular alloy composition.
Enhanced expression of glia maturation factor correlates with glial activation in the brain of triple transgenic Alzheimer's disease mice.

We previously demonstrated that glia maturation factor (GMF), a brain specific protein, isolated, sequenced and cloned in our laboratory, induce expression of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines in the central nervous system. We also reported that the up-regulation of GMF in astrocytes leads to the destruction of neurons suggesting a novel pathway of GMF-mediated cytotoxicity of brain cells, and implicated its involvement in the pathogenesis of inflammatory neurodegenerative diseases. In the present study, we examined the expressions of GMF in triple-transgenic Alzheimer’s disease (3xTg-AD) mice. Our results show a 13-fold up-regulation of GMF and 8–12-fold up-regulation of proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-1β, interferon gamma (IFN-γ), and chemokine (C–C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2) and C–X–C motif chemokine 10 (CXCL10/IP-10) mRNA as determined by quantitative real-time RT-PCR in the brain of 3xTg-AD mice as compared to non-transgenic (Non-Tg) mice. In conclusion, the increase in GMF and cytokine/chemokine expression was correlated with reactive glial fibrillary acidic protein positive astrocytes and ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1 (Iba-1)-positive microglia in 3xTg-AD mice.
Molecular and Signaling Mechanisms of Atherosclerosis in Insulin Resistance

Although the prevalence of cardiovascular complications is increased in insulin-resistant individuals, the underlying causes of this link have been elusive. Recent work suggests that several intracellular signal transduction pathways are inappropriately activated by hyperinsulinemia, hyperglycemia, increased free fatty adds, dyslipidemia, various inflammatory cytokines, and adipokinesfactors that are increased in insulin resistance. Once activated, substantial cross talk occurs between these pathways, especially through reactive oxygen species-mediated mechanisms that induce a self-reinforcing cascade of vascular inflammation and cell dysfunction, greatly increasing the risk and severity of atherosclerosis in the insulin-resistant individual. We review several key cell- signaling pathways, describe how they are activated in the insulin-resistant state and the damage they induce, and discusses possible therapeutic approaches to limit vascular damage.
The 5-year course of alcohol abuse among young adults.

Abstract Purpose: This study describes the course of alcohol abuse among a nationally representative sample of young adults over a 5-year time period for the purpose of examining the validity of the DSM-IV alcohol abuse category. Methods: DSM-IV diagnoses of alcohol abuse at baseline and follow-up were examined using logistic regression analyses. Results: Alcohol abuse and dependence were shown to have different courses. Very few abusers at Time 1 became dependent at Time 2, suggesting that abuse is not merely prodromal to dependence. Females, Blacks, and high school dropouts were less likely to receive an abuse diagnosis at baseline. Marital status, family history, earlier onset of drinking, and heavy drinking were also related to abuse at baseline. Alcohol abuse at baseline, in addition to gender, marital status, family history, early onset drinking, and heavy drinking, predicted abuse at follow-up. Exclusion of the hazardous criterion item “driving after drinking too much” from the abuse diagnosis yielded similar results. Discussion: The DSM-IV alcohol abuse category was shown to have some diagnostic utility.
Persistent effects of a discrete warming event on a polar desert ecosystem

A discrete warming event (December 21, 2001-January 12, 2002) in the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica, enhanced glacier melt, stream flow, and melting of permafrost. Effects of this warming included a rapid rise in lake levels and widespread increases in soil water availability resulting from melting of subsurface ice. These increases in liquid water offset hydrologic responses to a cooling trend experienced over the previous decade and altered ecosystem properties in both aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. Here, we present hydrological and meteorological data from the McMurdo Dry Valleys Long Term Ecological Research project to examine the influence of a discrete climate event (warming of > 2 °C) on terrestrial environments and soil biotic communities. Increases in soil moisture following this event stimulated populations of a subordinate soil invertebrate species (Eudorylaimus antarcticus, Nematoda). The pulse of melt-water had significant influences on Taylor Valley ecosystems that persisted for several years, and illustrates that the importance of discrete climate events, long recognized in hot deserts, are also significant drivers of soil and aquatic ecosystems in polar deserts. Thus, predictions of Antarctic ecosystem responses to climate change which focus on linear temperature trends may miss the potentially significant influence of infrequent climate events on hydrology and linked ecological processes.
Development of a method for total inorganic arsenic analysis using anodic stripping voltammetry and a Au-coated, diamond thin-film electrode.

We demonstrate that a Au-coated, boron-doped, diamond thin-film electrode provides a sensitive, reproducible, and stable response for total inorganic arsenic (As(III) and As(V)) using differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry (DPASV). As is preconcentrated with Au on the diamond surface during the deposition step and detected oxidatively during the stripping step. Au deposition was uniform over the electrode surface with a nominal particle size of 23 ± 5 nm and a particle density of 109 cm-2. The electrode and method were used to measure the As(III) concentration in standard and river water samples. The detection figures of merit were compared with those obtained using conventional Au-coated glassy carbon and Au foil electrodes. The method was also used to determine the As(V) concentration in standard solutions after first being chemically reduced to As(III) with Na2SO3, followed by the normal DPASV determination of As(III). Sharp and symmetric stripping peaks were generally observed for the Au-coat...
Coupling and Careers: A Workshop for Dual Career Couples at the Launching Stage

The authors describe a short-term workshop designed to assist young dual career couples in developing effective personal and couple-based lifestyle coping strategies.
Substrate-mediated photodesorption from multilayers of CH3I on TiO2(110) at 90 K

Abstract The substrate-mediated photodesorption of CH 3 I on TiO 2 (110) for low fluence irradiation at 257 and 320 nm has been investigated using time-of-flight quadrupole mass spectrometry. The photodesorption of CH 3 I in contact with TiO 2 (110) results from resonant electron transfer from photoexcited TiO 2 (110) to CH 3 I, followed by an Antoniewicz-type desorption process. Overlayers of 2∼4 monolayer (ML) suppress this resonant desorption process due to collisional interactions. For thick films (>5 ML), photoexcitation of the TiO 2 (110) can lead to solvation of an electron ejected from the substrate into the film, which can then induce desorption of molecules from the surface of the film.
Use of PFG-NMR for Mixture Analysis: Measurement of Diffusion Coefficients of Cis and Trans Isomers of Proline-Containing Peptides

The analysis of complex mixtures is a prominent area of research that spans many disciplines of science. Recently, diffusion-based nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) has found wide applicability in the field of mixture analysis. Pulsed-field gradient NMR (PFG-NMR) is a well-established method for the determination of diffusion coefficients, which are indicative of molecular size and shape. Diffusion coefficients were measured with the bipolar pulse longitudinal eddy current delay pulse sequence for the cis and trans prolyl isomers of two simple peptides, phenylalanylproline and phenylalanylprolyalanine, and for arginine vasopressin, a more complex peptide hormone. This methodology was also applied to a dipeptide, glycylsarcosine, which exhibits cis/trans isomerism, but lacks a proline residue. Obtaining quantitative diffusion coefficients from PFG-NMR spectra of proline-containing peptides can be challenging due to the low content of the cis isomer in most peptides as well as the limitations imposed by spectral overlap. However, for each of the proline-containing peptides studied, statistically different diffusion coefficients were measured for the cis and trans isomers, and these diffusion coefficients reflect the smaller hydrodynamic radii of the cis isomers. In contrast, no significant difference was detected in the diffusion coefficients measured for the cis and trans isomers of glycyl-sarcosine.
Development of microstructures with improved cryogenic toughness through local variations in stress state: Aluminum-lithium alloys

Microstructurally-induced changes in the local stress state (triaxial constraint) and their effect on fracture-toughness behavior are examined at ambient and cryogenic temperatures in an Al-Li-Cu-Zr alloy, processed in the form of 12.7 mm-thick naturally laminated'' plate containing aligned-weak interfaces and 1.6 mm-thin unlaminated sheet. It is shown that marked improvements in long-transverse (L-T) toughness can be achieved in the plate material at cryogenic temperatures by promoting through-thickness delamination along these interfaces, which relaxes local constraint and promotes a fracture-mode transition from global plane strain to local plane stress. Conversely, in thin sheet material, the absence of such interface delamination leads to a reduction in toughness with decrease in temperature, consistent with the greater degree of crack-tip constraint. 17 refs., 4 figs., 1 tab.
Noradrenaline binding and the search for catecholamine receptors

The binding of 3H-noradrenaline to intact cells and microsomes seems not to measure catecholamine receptor interactions, but rather a membrane catechol-binding protein which may be related to the enzyme, catechol-O-methyl transferase. True receptors are probably scarce and detection will require catecholamine derivatives of much higher specific activity than are at present available.
Early detection of cysteine rich protein 61 (CYR61, CCN1) in urine following renal ischemic reperfusion injury.

Early detection of cysteine rich protein 61 (CYR61, CCN1) in urine following renal ischemic reperfusion injury. Background Acute renal failure (ARF) has a high morbidity and mortality. Many therapies have worked in animals but were unsuccessful in clinical trials. The inability to diagnose ARF early may have impaired the success of these trials. Method We screened a subtraction library to search for potential disease markers that would be induced rapidly after renal injury. Mice and rats were subjected to 30 to 40 minutes of bilateral ischemia. Results mRNA for Cyr61 , a secreted growth factor-inducible immediate early gene, was markedly up-regulated at two hours in the kidney but not other organs following renal ischemia. In situ hybridization studies suggested Cyr61 was synthesized in the proximal straight tubule. Cyr61 protein was analyzed by capture with heparin beads followed by Western blotting. Induction of Cyr61 protein could be detected in the kidney within one hour, peaked at four to eight hours, and remained elevated for at least 24 hours following ischemia. Cyr61 protein was detected in urine at three to six hours and peaked at six to nine hours after renal injury. Cyr61 was not detected after volume depletion, which is often difficult to differentiate from ARF. Conclusions The secreted, cysteine-rich, heparin binding protein Cyr61 is rapidly induced in proximal straight tubules following renal ischemia, and excreted in the urine where it might serve as an early biomarker of renal injury.
The Analysis of Repeated Categorical Measurements Subject to Nonignorable Nonresponse

Abstract Conditional likelihood methods have been proposed for analyzing the repeated measurement of categorical responses. This article extends the methods to include partially classified subjects. The extension allows for an ignorable or nonignorable nonresponse mechanism and uses standard statistical software for the computations. Two examples of incomplete longitudinal categorical data illustrate the method.
The applicability of undergraduate education in jobs

The primary goals of this study are to determine the degree of applicability of undergraduate education in jobs and to evaluate some of the benefits accruing to a college educated person in the labor force. Closely related to this study is the question of whether a relationship exists between the usefulness of college training in jobs and the levels of job satisfaction and income. Some of the principal findings suggest that a large percentage of college graduates feel that their college major is related to their jobs and that the quality of job performance is dependent upon college training and on-the-job training. In addition, where college majors are applicable to job requirements, job satisfaction is high.
The Library and the Faculty Senate: Legitimizing the Serials Evaluation Process Using the Department of Biology Subscriptions.

Abstract This article documents the process used by the Hofstra University's Library and Faculty Senate to evaluate current serials title lists for different academic departments. The library has found that initiating this effort through the auspices of the Faculty Senate Library Subcommittee (FSLS) allows it to create an environment of legitimate concern and respect. The faculty also feels that their needs and concerns about the library collection are heard and validated by the presence of the Dean of Libraries and the Assistant Dean of Technical Services. The process is designed to allow effective serials evaluation by all parties involved. The faculty has input by asking for cancellations and additions based on lists created using an Access 2000 database. These lists contain title information, price, and use statistics. The article also presents the events that occurred November 5, 2002, when the library and the Department of Biology had their initial evaluation meeting with the Chair of the FSLS in at...
Fractionation of an Aquatic Fulvic Acid upon Adsorption to the Bacterium, Bacillus subtilis

This study investigated the adsorption of an aquatic XAD-8 isolate (primarily fulvic acid, FA with some humic acid, HA; herein after referred to as FA) to the aerobic, gram-positive bacterial species Bacillus subtilis, at pH 2 to 7. Adsorption increased with decreasing pH and was strongest when both the bacterial surface and the bulk of the FA were uncharged, suggesting that hydrophobic interactions exerted an important control on adsorption. Analysis of FA molecular weight distributions by high-pressure size exclusion chromatography (HPSEC) indicated preferential adsorption of higher molecular weight FA components, especially at high pH and low surface coverage. Adsorption kinetics were fast, approaching steady state in terms of total FA adsorbed and molecular weight distribution within 30 min. Unlike FA adsorption to mineral surfaces, we did not observe initial adsorption of low molecular weight components, followed by replacement by higher molecular weight components. Rather, relatively high-molecular ...
A comparison between the effect of topical and systemic carbonic anhydrase inhibitors on aqueous humor secretion.

Abstract We have assessed the onset and duration of decreased intraocular pressure and aqueous humor flow contrasting systemic and topical administration of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. The relationship between physiological effects and fractional activity of carbonic anhydrase isoenzymes in the eye was also investigated. Experiments were performed in normotensive New Zealand white rabbits. Intraocular pressure was determined manometrically or tonometrically and aqueous humor flow by sulfacetamide clearance. We studied methazolamide (25 mg kg -1 ), ethoxzolamide (4 mg kg -1 ), and MK-927 (2% in 0·5% hydroxyethylcellulose, topical, pH 4·8). There is an immediate reduction in intraocular pressure (1·2 and 1·8 mmHg by 2 min) and aqueous flow (33% and 40% by 5 min) following intravenous dosing with either methazolamide or ethoxzolamide. This correlates with rapid appearance of drug in the anterior uvea and very low fractional activity of ocular carbonic anhydrase isoenzymes II (cytosolic) and IV (membrane bound). Peak intraocular pressure reduction averaged 4·2±0·68 mmHg and 4·5±0·8 mmHg for methazolamide and ethoxzolamide at 60 and 45 min, respectively. Peak flow reduction was 38% for methazolamide and 40% for ethoxzolamide, at 5 min. Aqueous flow and intraocular pressure returned to baseline at 7 and 4 hr following methazolamide and ethoxzolamide, respectively. This corresponds to decay of drug from ocular tissues and significant increases in fractional activity of carbonic anhydrase isoenzymes. Topical MK-927 resulted in a 1·2 mmHg decrease in pressure by 5 min. This correlated with the early appearance of drug in the anterior uvea prior to its appearance in aqueous humor and very low fractional activity of carbonic anhydrase isoenzymes. Intraocular pressure decreased 3·6±0·35 mmHg at 1 hr and returned to baseline by 6 hr. Aqueous flow was reduced 12% by 5 min and 35% at 1 hr. The appearance of MK-927 in the anterior urea prior to detection in aqueous suggests a significant non-corneal route of absorption following topical administration. Topical MK-927 results in a more gradual reduction in intraocular pressure and flow, although peak effects are not statistically different from systemic carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. The time of pressure return to baseline is also comparable to systemic carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Because the relations between carbonic anhydrase II and carbonic anhydrase IV in the ciliary process are not yet clear and since the drugs have different affinities for the isozymes, the precise degree of fractional inhibition necessary for pharmacological effect is not certain, but based on drug concentration in the anterior uvea, may take 98% inhibition for full intraocular pressure reduction.
Sacred Space in Israel and Palestine: Religion and Politics

Today, holy places in the Middle East are targets of destruction in the bloody drama unfolding in Iraq and Syria. ISIS and Syrian regime forces and their allies are responsible for the destruction ...
IMPAIRED SYNTHESIS OF CYSTEINYL LEUKOTRIENES IN GLUTATHIONE SYNTHETASE DEFICIENCY

Glutathione synthetase deficiency (GSD) is an inborn error of glutathione (GSH) metabolism leading to a generalized intracellular GSH defiency. Loukotrione (LT) C4 is derived from the unstable epoxid LTA4 by conjugation with GSH. In the circulation LTC4 is rapidly metabolized to LTE4 which is excreted into the urine. In this study, LT metabolites were separated in a patient with biochemically established GSD by reversed-phase HPLC and quantified by enzyme immunoassays. Results : Our investigations revealed that in GSD LTC4 synthesis is significantly decreased in calcium ionophore activated monocytes as well as in neutrophils ( 11 - 14 % and 7-10 %, respectively, of the levels detected in the parents or controls). Endogenous urinary LTE4 relative to creatinine (nmol/mol) was also found to be abnormally low in GSD (0.4 compared to 15-46 in parents and controls). Conclusions: GSD represents the first described disorder with decreased synthesis of LTs and may serve as a unique; model for the linkage between LT synthesis and GSH metabolism in vivo. Since cysteinyl LTs may be important for cellular functions in the central nervous system, their impaired synthesis might be involved in the pathophysiology of GSD.
Exploring Resiliency Factors of Older African American Katrina Survivors

Through this qualitative study the author explores the resiliency processes demonstrated by older African American Hurricane Katrina survivors who relocated in the aftermath of the storm and were consequently faced with difficult challenges. In-depth interviews were used to assess the multidimensional characteristics of resiliency that enabled these older adults to deal with adversity. These findings highlight distinct processes reflecting resiliency: (a) Trusting in a higher power, and the importance of (b) living in the present, (c) activating resources, (d) creating community, and (e) doing for others. The author concludes this study with suggestions on how these findings may inform social work practice with older adults.
AV blockade via selective AV nodal artery injection in a patient

His-Purkinje system, and even the ventricular myocardium.l The above-reported case illustrates functional as well as biopsy-confirmed abnormalities associated with LQTS in a child. This patient showed electrophysiologic dysfunction in the sinus node and His-Purkinje system, as evidenced by invasive electrophysiology. He also exhibited ventricular myocardial abnormalities, as shown by biopsy. Bharati et al.’ have reported similar findings in pathologic specimens of ventricular myocardium from patients with LQTS, yet they attributed these findings as being secondary to the vigorous resuscitation of such patients. Our patient had undergone no resuscitation prior to biopsy. Aberrations of AV conduction associated with this syndrome have been previously demonstrated in infants and in a fetus.z 5 Also, abnormalities of intra-Hisian conduction have been documented by invasive electrophysiology in adults with LQTS3 This report outlines similar infranodal conduction system disease in a child, as well as evidence of sinus node and ventricular myocardial abnormalities. Whether the structural and functional abnormalities seen in this child are secondary to a common pathologic process cannot be answered by this report. It is interesting, however, that in this particular case there was evidence of conduction system abnormalities in multiple areas of the heart. Whether this global conduction system dysfunction contributed to the patient’s erratic and poor clinical outcome is an interesting yet purely speculative reflection.
Air-stability of methane-treated carbon fibres

En vue de la fabrication de composites carbone-carbone par depot chimique en phase vapeur, on expose des fibres de carbone dans un courant de methane et on mesure le gain de poids resultant de la decomposition de CH 4 en C et H 2 , puis on mesure la vitesse d'oxydation a l'air des fibres traitees
Modulators of cellular protein phosphorylation alter the trans-activation function of human progesterone receptor and the biological activity of progesterone antagonists.

Addition of progesterone to breast cancer cellsin vivo increases phosphorylation of human progesterone receptor (PR), suggesting that phosphorylation has a regulatory role in producing the activated form of receptor. Kinetic analysis indicates that hormone-dependent phosphorylation is sequential and that early stages of phosphorylation(s) are closely associated with enhancement of PR-DNA binding while later stages are associated with atrans-activation function. Various agents that stimulate cellular protein phosphorylation (8-Br cAMP, okadaic acid, TPA) functionally synergize with progesterone to enhance progesterone-dependent PRtrans-activation in intact cells. These results suggest that protein phosphorylation does have a role in modulating thetrans-activation function of PRin vivo. They also demonstrate cross-talk between second messenger signal transduction pathways and nuclear steroid receptors. Whether the phosphorylated target that provides the link between these two signal transduction pathways is PR itself or another protein involved in PR-mediated gene transcription is not known. Positive cooperative interactions were also observed between cAMP signaling pathways and the progesterone antagonist RU486, that resulted in RU486 exerting substantial agonist activities. This ability of cross-talk between second messenger and steroid receptor signal transduction pathways to override the antagonistic effects of RU486 suggests a novel mechanism to explain the problem of resistance to clinically important steroid antagonists.
Trends in the Hydrogen Evolution Activity of Metal Carbide Catalysts

Metal carbide catalysts are alternative nonprecious electrode materials for electrochemical energy conversion devices, such as for H2 fuel cells or electrolyzers. In this article, we report the experimental exchange current densities for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) on eight mono- and bimetallic carbide electrocatalysts and correlate the current densities to hydrogen binding energies that we have calculated via electronic structure computations. We find these materials to have activities higher than those of their parent metals and intermediate between the catalytic activities of the Pt group and early transition-metal surfaces. Increased HER activities on metal carbides relative to their parent metals can be understood with a 3-fold higher sensitivity of metal carbides to the coverage-induced weakening of hydrogen adsorption relative to metal surfaces. The trends presented here can be useful for the design of bimetallic carbide electrocatalysts.
Are Ethical Asylum Policies Politically Sustainable

normally artificially separated: ethical theories of the obligations of states to protect strangers and the empirical study of refugee and asylum regimes in liberal democracies. Gibney's analysis makes clear why these two intellectual activities are normally kept apart. Juxtaposing them clearly reveals the tensions between the ideal and the real, the desirable and the possible, the just and the expedient. Most analysts, by temperament or training, lean toward one side of these dichotomies or the other. Yet, a political theory of refugee policy must, Gibney argues, have ethical force and practical relevance; it must identify both values and agency. Gibney believes that it is possible to combine abstract philosophical speculation with empirical study of actual cases to produce an ethically defensible guide to politically viable refugee policies, and that is his goal. The Ethics and Politics of Asylum begins with a prolonged look at various attempts to provide an ethical grounding for state refugee protection schemes. Gibney defines refugees as "people in need of a new state of residence, either temporarily or permanently, because if forced to return home or remain where they are, they would--as a result of either the brutality or inadequacy of their state--be persecuted or seriously jeopardize their physical security or vital subsistence needs" (p. 7). Gibney limits his analysis for the most part to entrance criteria. Although entrance issues are at the heart of political controversies about asylum in the Western world, this decision leads him away from a fuller consideration of alternative, nonentrance policies--such as assistance to refugees in place, subsidized resettlement in third countries, or policies designed to address the problems that produce refugees. Gibney divides theories of refugee protection into two broad camps, which he labels partialists and impartialists. Partialists argue that states have a special obligation to give preference to the needs of their members over those of strangers. Partialists derive their positions from a variety of philosophical traditions, including nationalism and conservatism, but perhaps the most important is communitarianism (see, for example Walzer 1983). Partialists defend the national state's prerogative to control access to the national territory, arguing (1) that identity is important to humans, (2) that states and cultures are critical to the formation of identities, (3) that culture and nationality play a practical role in facilitating collective political activity, and (4) that citizens of democracies often express a preference for such controls. Gibney points out, in turn, that states are more than cultures; they are also territories and actors. He asks by what right do states govern their territories, and are they responsible for the harm they do as actors?
Work in progress — Does maintenance first improve student's understanding and appreciation of clean code and documentation

The ACM's “Computer Science Curriculum 2008: An Interim Revision of CS 2001” suggests 31 core hours of Software Engineering covering the standard phases of software development. At many universities, including ours, Software Engineering is a capstone course with a semester-long team project. While the course covers the software development lifecycle there is not enough time in a single semester for students to gain an appreciation for all phases, especially the importance of testing and documentation to the maintenance phase which is the longest phase in successful software projects. To address this, a new course, Software Maintenance and Testing, was added as a pre-requisite to Software Engineering. The course will be implemented in fall, 2011. Students will be surveyed to determine if their appreciation for different development models, documentation, recording of design decisions, and clean code are improved by maintaining code prior to developing a brand-new or greenfield project. A Likert scale instrument will be develop to evaluate students' attitudes. The research instrument will be tuned until validity and reliability are achieved. Preliminary and baseline results will be presented.
Alkaline phosphatase isoenzyme expression in chang liver cells

Abstract Chang liver cells (ATCC, CCL 13) are shown to express three distinct isoenzymes of alkaline phosphatase. One of these is identical to liver alkaline phosphatase by all criteria. The other two isoenzymes antigenically resemble placental alkaline phosphatase, and one is physically identical to this latter isoenzyme. The third phosphatase differs in isoelectric point and subunit molecular weight from the term placental isoenzyme but closely resembles a variant isoenzyme previously described in human KB cells [8]. We have examined the expression of these three catalytically similar enzymes in a series of single cell clones derived from this cell line. Our results demonstrate that (1) all three isoenzymes can be coincidentally expressed by the progeny of a single cell; and (2) the expression of the liver and placental isoenzymes vary independently of one another while that of the variant placental enzyme is dependent upon the expression of the normal placental type.
Transferring soils from high‐ to low‐elevation forests increases nitrogen cycling rates: climate change implications

We assessed the potential impact of global warming resulting from a doubling of preindustrial atmospheric CO2 on soil net N transformations by transferring intact soil cores (0–15 cm) from a high-elevation old-growth forest to a forest about 800 m lower in elevation in the central Oregon Cascade Mountains, USA. The lower elevation site had mean annual air and soil (10-cm mineral soil depth) temperatures about 2.4 and 3.9 °C higher than the high-elevation site, respectively. Annual rates of soil net N mineralization and nitrification more than doubled in soil transferred to the low-elevation site (17.2–36.0 kg N ha–1 and 5.0–10.7 kg NO3––N ha–1, respectively). Leaching of inorganic N from the surface soil (in the absence of plant uptake) also increased. The reciprocal treatment (transferring soil cores from the low- to the high-elevation site) resulted in decreases of about 70, 80, and 65% in annual rates of net N mineralization, nitrification, and inorganic N leaching, respectively. Laboratory incubations of soils under conditions of similar temperature and soil water potential suggest that the quality of soil organic matter is higher at the high-elevation site. Similar in situ rates of soil net N transformations between the two sites occurred because the lower temperature counteracts the effects of greater substrate quantity and quality at the high elevation site. Our results support the hypothesis that high-elevation, old-growth forest soils in the central Cascades have higher C and N storage than their low-elevation analogues primarily because low temperatures limit net C and N mineralization rates at higher elevations.
Raman scattering using vortex light

Abstract We re-examine the theory of Raman scattering in cubic crystals. The unconventional vector potential of vortex light leads to new selection rules. We show that in this novel optical process, (a) silent phonon modes become active and (b) scattering tensors change for ordinary Raman active phonon modes. Calculation based on a simplified model shows that the vortex Raman scattering intensity can be comparable with that of ordinary Raman process.
Hybrid stochastic differential equations applied to quantum chromodynamics.

Hybrid stochastic differential equations are applied to the thermodynamics of lattice gauge theory with dynamical fermions. The tuned algorithm is much more efficient than pure Langevin or molecular-dynamics equations. The method is applied to quantum chromodynamics and the abrupt finite-temperature crossover between hadronic matter and the quark-gluon plasma is elucidated.
Unified semi-analytic solutions for freezing with two coalescing fronts

Abstract The problem of planar, cylindrical, and spherical freezing with two coalescing fronts due to convective and radiative cooling on one side and pure convective cooling on the other is solved semi-analytically. A convenient unified transcendental equation for the two freeze front locations and all configurations is derived and solved using the Newton-Raphson method. The present semi-analytic results compare very well with published variational and perturbation expansion solutions on single-sided freezing of slabs, cylinders, and spheres subject to convective and radiative boundary conditions.
Regulators of prostate cancer stem cells.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW Significant advances have been made toward identifying prostate cancer stem cells (CSCs). This review will highlight the latest developments in defining this population and the discovery of mechanisms involved in their survival and metastasis. RECENT FINDINGS Several groups have identified master regulators of stem cells in prostate cancer. These include genetic and epigenetic factors known to control pluripotency in embryonic stem cells and in highly metastatic prostate tumors. For instance, tumors of patients with poor prognosis demonstrate elevated levels of the pluripotent markers OCT4 and SOX2 as well as the polycomb complex protein Bmi-1 and enhancer of zeste homolog 2. Cells that are derived from these patient tumors provide an opportunity to expand our current knowledge regarding how these cells survive and the mechanisms that regulate their proliferation. SUMMARY Understanding the mechanisms of highly invasive and therapy resistant prostate cancer cells resides in understanding the CSCs, which facilitate cancer recurrence. Some of these factors are just emerging and provide a platform for developing targeted drugs for the future treatment of advanced prostate cancer.
Language, gay pornography, and audience reception.

Erotic imagery is an important component of gay pornographic cinema, particularly, where work of audience reception is concerned. However, to assume the audience engagement with the films is limite...
Jails in the United States: the phenomenon of mental illness in local correctional facilities

During the last decade, the number of mentally ill inmates in local jails has increased while courts have imposed standards of inmate care upon jail administrators which require appropriate treatment of that inmate group. While jail administrators are seeking assistance from mental health agencies as well as additional resources to deal with these problems, little specific information is presently available about the numbers and correlates of jail inmates nationally that are mentally ill; their prior contacts with mental health agencies, criminal histories, employment backgrounds, etc; and the services jails presently offer to that population. In addition, little is known by geographic region or by jail capacity. Such information is essential in developing future strategies to manage that population. This paper is a preliminary contribution to the development of that information. In addition, the data analysis can serve as a base line against which to evaluate in the structure of the mentally ill jail inmate population as well as changes in services provided by jails by comparing this analysis to future jail surveys conducted by the Bureau of Jail Statistics (BJS) or the National Institute of Justice. The research will be a secondary analysis of the Survey of Inmates of Local Jails, 1983, conducted by BJS, (made available through the Inter-University Consortium for Political and Social Research: University of Michigan, First Edition, Fall, 1985, #8274). In general an exploratory approach was used; however, a loglinear model has been asked to further refine and explore the phenomena of the mentally ill in jails.
Acceptors in undoped GaN studied by transient photoluminescence

Abstract Acceptors responsible for the 2.2, 2.9 and 3.27 eV photoluminescence (PL) bands in undoped GaN were studied by transient PL. A non-exponential decay of PL intensity for all the three bands is observed at low temperature consistent with donor–acceptor pair recombination. The transitions are attributed to recombination involving a shallow donor and three different acceptors. At temperatures in excess of about 100 K a new recombination process emerges as evident from the nearly exponential PL decay. We attribute this to free-to-bound transitions involving free electrons and acceptors. Electron-capture cross-sections of 3×10 −19 , 2×10 −20 and 3×10 −21 cm 2 are calculated for the acceptors responsible for the 3.27, 2.9 and 2.2 eV bands. These acceptors are attributed to multiply charged defects involving a gallium vacancy.
Determinants of food security in Southern Ethiopia at the household level

In the early 1980s, a paradigm shift occurred in the field of food security, following Amartya Sens (1981) claims that food insecurity is more of a demand concern, affecting the poor's access to food, than a supply concern, affecting availability of food at the national level. Despite the wide acceptance of Sen's thinking, many controversies including the relative importance of supply-side versus demand-side variables in causing and solving food insecurity have remained in academic and policy circles. This study develops a recursive household food security model within the framework of consumer demand and production theories following Singh et al. (1986), and parses out the relative importance of supply-side versus demand-side variables in determining household food security in southern Ethiopia. Based on results of a test of full/reduced model and the magnitude of changes in conditional probabilities of food security, we conclude that the supply-side variables are more powerful determinants of food security than the demand-side variables.
Age of emplacement of the schistes lustres nappe, Alpine Corsica

Abstract Structural studies in the Schistes lustres nappe west of Bastia, Corsica, demonstrate the existence of a tectonic melange in which km-scale blocks and smaller lozenges of basement granite gneiss, thick-layered marble and dismembered Mesozoic ophiolite are enveloped in a matrix of calc-schist and blueschist. The main (S1) foliation is developed in both block and matrix and is concordant with lithologie contacts. Blueschist facies metamorphism was syn-kinematic with the main foliation. The S1 in the Schistes lustres was refolded about ENE-WSW trending, tight similar and monoclinal fold axes (F2). These second folds verge to the southeast and show km-scale axial culminations and depressions that are reflected by topography and residual Bouguer gravity anomalies. Parautochthonous Hercynian basement (Tenda-Corte complex) beneath the western edge of the Schistes lustres nappe contains a mylonitic foliation which is concordant with the main foliation in the Schistes lustres. The intensity of deformation in the basement decreases away from this contact and undeformed granites are found 3 km to the west. Whole rock samples of the deformed basement immediately beneath the Schistes lustres yield an Rb-Sr isochron diagram (n = 4) which has an age of 105 ± 8 Ma (1σ) and initial 87 Sr 86 Sr ratio of 0.7228 ± 0.0005 (1σ). This result is more precise than our preliminary age and initial ratio estimate of 98 ± 14 and 0.7296 ± 0.0068, respectively (Cohen et al., 1979). It is similar to a recently published mid-Cretaceous (90 Ma) 40Ar-39Ar age from glaucophane mineral separates. We interpret this date as the age of a metamorphic overprint related to the emplacement of the Schistes lustres nappe and associated ophiolites, the formation of the main foliation and blueschist facies metamorphism. These results indicate that the mid-Cretaceous blueschist facies metamorphism documented in the Western Alps formerly extended farther south of its present terminus. The data are consistent with mid-Cretaceous obduction of Tethyan oceanic crust onto the present-day eastern continental margin of Corsica. We postulate that during Eocene—early Oligocene time a polarity flip occurred outboard of the obducted crust and a new, southfacing subduction zone developed. This change in polarity was responsible for the development of southeast-vergent second folds and for the resetting of 40Ar−39Ar and K-Ar geochronologic clocks described in the literature.
Perturbations of Schrödinger semigroups generated by stochastic integrals

Abstract Integration with respect to closable set functions is used to treat perturbations of Schrodinger semigroups associated with stochastic integrals. The generator of the perturbed semigroup corresponds to − i times the Schrodinger operator with an imaginary drift term. The representation covers the dynamics of a system of interacting Schrodinger particles in a highly singular magnetic field. It is used to calculate the propagator of a single free particle in a homogeneous magnetic field.
Kinetics of Disassembly of a DNA-Bound Porphyrin Supramolecular Array

trans-Bis(N-methylpyridinium-4-yl)diphenylporphine forms extended, organized assemblies on DNA templates under appropriate conditions of concentration, ionic strength, and temperature. Addition of beta-cyclodextrin to these arrays leads to their disassembly as evidenced by changes in extinction, circular dichroism, and resonance light scattering spectra. The structure or flexibility of the polymer template has an effect on the rate of disassembly; the reaction is faster on a poly(dG-dC)(2) surface than on ct DNA. The kinetic profiles for the disassembly process can be fit with great precision with a two-kinetic parameter equation in which the rate constant is itself a function of time. The reaction rate, studied in the presence of excess beta-CD, shows a dependence on the mode of detection. A model is presented to account for these observations in which the arrays become increasingly reactive with time due to beta-CD attack at the interior of the porphyrin assemblies as well as the ends.
DEVELOPMENT OF A MODIFIED ROTAVAPOR APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR SHORT-TERM AGING OF MODIFIED ASPHALTS

An alternative laboratory asphalt aging process that could be used to simulate the aging effects of hot mixing on modified asphalts was developed and evaluated. The rotavapor apparatus, which has been used for recovery of asphalt from solution, was modified to work as an aging device for asphalts and modified asphalts. The rotavapor apparatus was modified such that the vacuum connection was replaced by an air pump with a controlled air flow. To reduce the variation of aging condition due to variation of the temperatures in the oil bath of the rotavapor apparatus, an insulated covering for the oil bath was constructed and used in this aging process. Evaluation results indicate that the aging severity of the modified rotavapor aging process is affected by variables such as process temperature, duration, and sample weight. All these factors could be adjusted to achieve the desirable level of asphalt aging. Because of the flexibility in controlling these variables in the modified rotavapor process, it appears...
Welcher weg experiments, duality and the orthodox Bohr's Complementarity Principle

Abstract We show that some recent welcher weg (“which path”) experiments in interferometers and similar set-ups, that claim to have validated, or invalidated, Bohr's Complementarity Principle, actually shed no light on its orthodox interpretation. They may have instead validated the weaker “duality condition”, but even that is not completely obvious. We propose simple modifications to these experiments which we believe can remove the ambiguities and also shed light on the nature of wavefunction collapse and quantum erasure.
Characterization of acoustic emission signals from fatigue fracture

AbstractThis paper discusses a comprehensive study that is developing a quantitative understanding of the acoustic emission (AE) signals that emanate from fatigue cracks. Two critical components of this study are the development of a transfer function that quantifies and removes geometric effects from a measured AE waveform and an experimental program that monitors and identifies AE signals that occur during the fatigue of cylindrical stainless steel specimens under torsion. Typical waveforms are collected during torsional fatigue and correlated with fracture mechanisms from different stages of testing. Three stages of fatigue are identified by AE waveform characterization and confirmed by microscopic replica observation. The other portion of this study demonstrates the effectiveness of using laser ultrasonic techniques to develop transfer functions to quantify and remove geometric effects from measured acoustic emission waveforms.
The channelopathies: novel insights into molecular and genetic mechanisms of human disease

Ion channels are pore-forming proteins that provide pathways for the controlled movement of ions into or out of cells. Ionic movement across cell membranes is critical for essential and physiological processes ranging from control of the strength and duration of the heartbeat to the regulation of insulin secretion in pancreatic β cells. Diseases caused by mutations in genes that encode ion channel subunits or regulatory proteins are referred to as channelopathies. As might be expected based on the diverse roles of ion channels, channelopathies range from inherited cardiac arrhythmias, to muscle disorders, to forms of diabetes. This series of reviews examines the roles of ion channels in health and disease.