cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hospitality and Collegial Community: An Essay

After discussion of the concept insistent individualism which is addressed as a major problem in the academy, the importance of the collegium—the covenantal community, is presented as a resource for addressing that problem. A collegial ethic of hospitality is explained as a cardinal academic virtue, and it offers us a way of building the collegium. Hospitality can inform our academic work, and we can seek to develop hospitable teaching, hospitable scholarship, and hospitable service.
Confidence region estimation techniques for nonlinear regression in groundwater flow: Three case studies

[1] This work focuses on different methods to generate confidence regions for nonlinear parameter identification problems. Three methods for confidence region estimation are considered: a linear approximation method, an F test method, and a log likelihood method. Each of these methods are applied to three case studies. One case study is a problem with synthetic data, and the other two case studies identify hydraulic parameters in groundwater flow problems based on experimental well test results. The confidence regions for each case study are analyzed and compared. Although the F test and log likelihood methods result in similar regions, there are differences between these regions and the regions generated by the linear approximation method for nonlinear problems. The differing results, capabilities, and drawbacks of all three methods are discussed.
Assured-timeliness integrity protocols for distributable real-time threads with in dynamic distributed systems

Networked embedded systems present challenges for designers composing distributed applications with dynamic, real-time, and resilience requirements. We consider the problem of recovering from failures of distributable threads with assured timeliness in dynamic systems with overloads, and node and (permanent/transient) network failures. When a failure prevents timely execution, the thread must be terminated, requiring detecting and aborting thread orphans and delivering exceptions to the farthest, contiguous surviving thread segment for possible resumption, while optimizing system-wide timeliness. A scheduling algorithm (HUA) and two thread integrity protocols (D-TPR and WTPR) are presented and shown to bound orphan cleanup and recovery times with bounded loss of best-effort behavior. Implementation experience using the emerging Distributed Real-Time Specification for Java (DRTSJ) demonstrates the algorithm/protocols' effectiveness.
The Method of the Extremal Metric

Abstract This work provides an account of the method of the extremal metric with special focus on its applications in geometric function theory. Almost exclusively reference is made only to publications which use this method in an essential manner or to those with close connections to such publications. Not every item in the bibliography has a corresponding reference in the text.
Vadose Zone Remediation of Carbon Dioxide Leakage from Geologic Carbon Dioxide Sequestration Sites

In the unlikely event that CO 2 leakage from deep geologic CO 2 sequestration sites reaches the vadose zone, remediation measures for removing the CO 2 gas plume may have to be undertaken. Carbon dioxide leakage plumes are similar in many ways to volatile organic compound (VOC) vapor plumes, and the same remediation approaches are applicable. We present here numerical simulation results of passive and active remediation strategies for CO 2 leakage plumes in the vadose zone. The starting time for the remediation scenarios is assumed to be after a steady-state CO 2 leakage plume is established in the vadose zone, and the source of this plume has been cut off. We consider first passive remediation, both with and without barometric pumping. Next, we consider active methods involving extraction wells in both vertical and horizontal configurations. To compare the effectiveness of the various remediation strategies, we define a half-life of the CO 2 plume as a convenient measure of the CO 2 removal rate. For CO 2 removal by passive remediation approaches such as barometric pumping, thicker vadose zones generally require longer remediation times. However, for the case of a thin vadose zone where a significant fraction of the CO 2 plume mass resides within the high liquid saturation region near the water table, the half-life of the CO 2 plume without barometric pumping is longer than for somewhat thicker vadose zones. As for active strategies, results show that a combination of horizontal and vertical wells is the most effective among the strategies investigated, as the performance of commonly used multiple vertical wells was not investigated.
Melville, Holy Lands, and Settler-Colonial Studies

When American Palestine: Melville, Twain and the Holy Land Mania appeared in 1999, it was situated within several broader contexts: American literary studies, of course, but also the field of AmericaHoly Land studies. And I placed America-Holy Land studies within the even broader framework of “settler-colonial studies,” a field that was barely, if at all, acknowledged twelve years ago. These three categories have developed considerably with regard to what had been two relatively neglected Melville works. In the last decade or so, scholars have engaged both Melville’s journal and poem-pilgrimage, either in monographs or as part of broader studies. Clarel has been increasingly recognized as a major work, one that calls out for further readings. Here I want to revisit the heuristics of America-Holy Land studies and settler-colonial studies. These evolving conceptual frameworks have raised new awareness about the effects of culture and colonialism upon each other, about religious-nationalist perceptions in the United States, and about the changing understanding of America’s relationship to the Middle East over an increasingly troubled decade. As a result, critical responses to Clarel are far richer now particularly because Melville’s poem-pilgrimage has come to feel so contemporary. Before the late 1970s, only a small number of studies addressed America’s relationship to the Holy Land and the Middle East: among the critical works are David Finnie’s Pioneers East: The Early American Experience in the Middle East (1967), James Field’s America and the Mediterranean World, 1776– 1882 (1969), and Franklin Walker’s Irreverent Pilgrims: Melville, Browne, and Mark Twain in the Holy Land (1974). Various bibliographies, such as Richard Bevis’s Bibliotheca Cisorientalia (1973), are also important for understanding Melville’s sources. When Moshe Davis initiated the America-Holy Land Project at the Hebrew University in the 1970s, a self-conscious interdisciplinary field gained influence. Davis, along with Israeli and American scholars, sponsored colloquia resulting in historical and bibliographic studies of American as well as broader Western involvement with the Holy Land that were published in a series of collections and monographs, including With Eyes toward Zion:
Free vibrations of multilayered composite plates.

Summary of some of the results of a recent study of the reliability and range of validity of two-dimensional plate theories in application to low-frequency free vibration analysis of simply supported, bidirectional, multilayered plates consisting of a large number of layers. These results show that for composite plates the error in the predictions of the classical plate theory is strongly dependent on the number and stacking of the layers, in addition to the degree of orthotropy of the individual layers and the thickness ratio of the plate.
Electromagnetic eigenmodes of microdisc resonators

Summary form only given. Recently a new class of semiconductor micro-resonators has been shown to achieve low-threshold lasing. The main objective to use micro-resonators is that a decrease of the size of such structure decreases the number of modes in optically active spectral region. Thus if the volume of the resonator approaches the cubic wavelength, one can obtain ultra-low-threshold lasing into a single mode. Despite their importance, modes of microdisc resonators have been analyzed only within a scalar approximation or have been treated as microsphere analog to "whispering gallery modes" (WGM). In this contribution we study the microdisc analog to WGMs calculated from Maxwell equations.
Cortisol-21-Sulfate (FS) Is a Specific Ligand for Intracellular Transcortin: Demonstration of Three Types of High Affinity Corticosteroid Binders in Bovine Aortic Cytosol by a Combined Use of FS and RU 28362

This paper reports the results of a study on the binding of adrenal steroids in bovine aortic tissue. Using the same method as in our previous study of mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid binding in rabbit arterial cytosol, we could not demonstrate in the bovine aorta the three types of high affinity binders for these steroids, which we found in the rabbit arteries. In the search for specific markers for each of the three types of binders (glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptors and the transcortin-like intracellular binder), we have found that a conjugated steroid, cortisol-21-sulfate, binds preferentially to the transcortin-like binder, but not to the two receptors. Using this steroid, in combination with the pure synthetic glucocorticoid RU 28362, we were able to clearly discriminate between the three types of corticosteroid binders in bovine aorta. (Endocrinology 126: 307–316, 1990)
Correct glycosylation, golgi-processing, and targeting to protein bodies of the vacuolar protein phytohemagglutinin in transgenic tobacco

We used a heterologous system (transgenic Nicotiana tabacum L.) to investigate the processing, assembly and targeting of phytohemagglutinin (PHA), the lectin of the common bean, Phaseolus vulgaris L. In the bean, this glycoprotein accumulates in the protein bodies of the storage parenchyma cells in the cotyledons, and each polypeptide has a high-mannose glycan attached to Asn12 and a complex glycan on Asn60. The gene for PHA-L, dlec2, with 1200 basepairs (bp) 5′ upstream and 1600 bp 3′ downstream from the coding sequence was introduced into tobacco using Agrobacterium-mediated transformation (T. Voelker et al., 1987, EMBO J. 6, 3571–3577). Examination of thin sections of tobacco seeds by immunocytochemistry with antibodies against PHA showed that PHA-L accumulated in the amorphous matrix of the protein bodies in the embryo and endosperm. This localization was confirmed using a non-aqueous method to isolate the protein bodies from mature tobacco seeds. The biochemical analysis of tobacco PHA indicated that the signal peptide had been correctly removed, and that the polypeptides formed 6.4 S oligomers; tobacco PHA had a high-mannose glycan at Asn12 and a complex glycan at Asn60. The presence of the complex glycan shows that transport to the protein bodies was mediated by the Golgi complex. At seed maturity, a substantial portion of the PHA-L remained associated with the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi complex, as indicated by fractionation experiments using aqueous media and the presence of two high-mannose glycans on some of the polypeptides. Taken together, these data show that insertion of the nascent PHA into the endoplasmic reticulum, signal peptide processing, glycosylation, assembly into oligomers, glycan modification in the Golgi, and targeting of the protein occur faithfully in this heterologous system, although transport may not be as efficient as in bean cotyledons.
A 94GHz Locking Hysteresis-Assisted and Tunable CML Static Divider in 65nm SOI CMOS

As an essential clock-system component, millimeter-wave dividers have been implemented for V- and W-band channels. This has also served as a standard benchmark vehicle that reveals high-speed and low-power performances of a technology. Through technology scaling, CMOS CML static divider high-frequency performances have been scaled, and they are comparable to dividers in other technologies. In addition to the device performance, circuit design and measurement determine the divider high-speed and wide frequency range performance. One of the uncertainties in CML static divider measurement is pulling and locking hysteresis. By using CML static divider topology, the divider has been assumed to have a fixed wide operation range, from DC to the fdiv , max, the maximum input-referred divider operational frequency. In fact, the CML static dividers show a certain degree of locking hysteresis, similar to injection-locking dividers. When the circuit sensitivity curve is measured, it is not clear where to set the threshold. Depending on the method, a sensitivity curve can be optimistic or pessimistic. A similar problem lies in the fdiv , max, since it changes depending on the status of a divider. Also, there have not been any analytic results that can interpret the circuit parameters and performance, in spite of the common use of sensitivity curve in literatures.
An Exploration of Readiness to Change Processes in a Clinical Sample of Military Service Members

The purpose of this project was to examine readiness to change (RTC) processes in a sample of substance dependent military service members who completed an intensive substance abuse treatment program. The patients completed the Stages of Change Readiness and Treatment Eagerness Scale (SOCRATES), which is an RTC assessment instrument, at intake and completion of the treatment program. It was predicted that patients would show positive changes in their RTC from intake to treatment completion. Scores on two of the three SOCRATES subscales were significantly improved. The findings suggest that RTC processes measurably change during treatment and further suggest that the SOCRATES is an appropriate tool for assessing short term changes in RTC.
Comparison of Tm:ZBLAN and Tm:Silica fiber lasers; Spectroscopy and tunable pulsed laser operation around 1.9 μm

Tm-doped ZBLAN and Tm-doped silica glass are compared spectroscopically and the fiber lasing of the Tm 3 F 4 →3 H 6 transition around 1.9 μm in ZBLAN and silica fibers is compared. The spectroscopy of these materials indicates that Tm:ZBLAN possesses advantages over Tm:silica glass due to the lower phonon energies. The phonon energy in these glass hosts influences both the pump manifold lifetime, the Tm 3 H 4, and the upper laser manifold lifetime, the Tm 3 F 4. The maximum phonon energy in Tm:ZBLAN, ∼500 cm-1 , compared to Tm:silica, ∼1100 cm-1, leads to better Tm–Tm self quenching towards populating the Tm 3 F 4, as well as better Tm 3 F 4→3 H 6 quantum efficiency. A spectroscopic analysis using the Judd–Ofelt theory and measured lifetimes are used to assess the merits of Tm:ZBLAN over Tm:silica as a fiber laser material. Diode-pumped fiber lasing experiments show that Tm:ZBLAN possesses advantages over Tm:silica that are believed to be due to a lower phonon energy. Data is presented for launched pump energy versus laser energy, fiber length versus slope efficiency, and output mirror reflectivity versus slope efficiency. Tm:ZBLAN is demonstrated to possess higher slope efficiencies and lower thresholds, than Tm:silicate. A grating tuned Tm:ZBLAN laser is also demonstrated for tunable operation between 1.893 μm and 1.955 μm.
Diet, Obesity, and Cardiovascular Risk

The growing prevalence of obesity and type 2 diabetes in the United States has attracted the attention and concern of the medical profession, the media, policymakers, and the American public. Recen...
SU‐FF‐I‐40: A Novel Gantry‐Free DBT System Using a Stationary Multi‐Beam Field Emission X‐Ray Source Array Based On Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs)

Purpose: To test the feasibility of a novel gantry‐free digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) system using a stationary multi‐beam field emission X‐ray source array based on carbon nanotubes(CNTs) and to compare the system performance with the conventional devices.Method and Materials: Two tomosynthesisimagingsystems have been built: a compact model and a full scale model, which contain 9 and 25 individual X‐ray pixels, respectively. The compact model can only image a partial breast phantom due to the limited span of the X‐ray source array and the small FOV of the detector. The full scale system is capable of full field digital mammography by utilizing a detector with 20‐cm FOV. The geometry of the full scale system is also comparable to the conventional DBT devices (refer to the supporting material). The system geometry, such as the source to detector distance (SDD) and X‐ray source position, is calibrated. The slice images at different depths are reconstructed using ordered subset convex (maximum likelihood) method. The system performance is evaluated by measuring parameters such as MTF and SNR. Results: By eliminating the rotary gantry, the system design is simplified and the issue if image blurring due to x‐ray source motion is removed. The total scan time can potentially be further shortened with a faster detector readout speed. Conclusion: By eliminating the rotary gantry, the system noise and equipment cost of the tomosynthesisimagingsystem are reduced. The total scan time can be further shortened with faster detector readout speed. The novel stationary tomosysthesis system shows great potential in clinical imaging.
Interrelationships of the subgenera of Coryphaenoides (Teleostei: Gadiformes: Macrouridae): synthesis of allozyme, peptide mapping, and DNA sequence data.

Abstract DNA sequences of the 12s rRNA mitochondrial gene from 12 species key to the question of the monophyly of the deep-sea fish genus Coryphaenoides (Macrouridae) were analyzed phylogenetically using maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood. The results were compared with those of three previous studies in which allozyme, peptide mapping, and DNA sequence data were similarly analyzed. The allozyme and DNA sequence data suggested that the largest subgenus (Coryphaenoides), which contained most of the species inhabiting continental slopes between approximately 600 and 2000 m depth, is monophyletic. Two of the three subgenera containing the species inhabiting abyssal ocean basins below approximately 2000 m together formed a sister group to subgenus Coryphaenoides. The macrourids of the abyssal basins and those of the continental slopes thus appear to have experienced separate radiations from a common ancestor.
Computer graphics assisted numerical analysis instruction

Abstract A computer assisted instruction package for use in a first course in numerical analysis is discussed. Its use is illustrated by examples from two programs for polynomial interpolation.
Reduction of rounding in the4He—Vycor superfluid transition with improved Vycor samples

Abstract We have measured the superfluid density of4He in Vycor glass near the superfluid transition for both full pore and thin film coverages using torsional oscillator techniques. Previous experiments in Vycor have shown significant rounding of the transition. By removing a thin slice well away from both the surface and the “leach plane” of a porous Vycor sheet, we have reduced the rounding of the transition seen in previous studies by one to two orders of magnitude. For our sample, the superfluid density follows power law behaviour to ≈4×10-4 in reduced temperature.
Neural conduction delay forces the emergence of predictive function in simulated evolution

Evidence from biological studies suggests that humans are able to predict the sensory consequences of their own actions [1]. Computational studies also demonstrate the advantage of systems that predict sensory consequences of actions over those that predict the value of actions alone [2]. But how could the ability to predict sensory consequences of actions have evolved? One solution suggested by [3] is that prediction mechanisms first evolved to deal with natural sources of delay. Delay is commonly considered to be a purely negative feature of real world systems; however, we argue that delay can actually encourage evolution of the prediction of sensory consequences. We hypothesize that increasing sensory delay to an evolving population of sensory-motor agents will increase reliance on internal prediction of sensory consequences. To test our hypothesis we evolved populations of artificial neural networks at a complex control task (i.e. pole balancing, see figure ​figure1)1) with varied neural conduction delay (Δt) between sensory neurons and input to the control network (see figure ​figure2),2), which estimates the long term cost of applying a specific action. For top fitness networks, hidden unit activations were recorded as well as the true consequent sensory state during several evaluation trials. Each sensory variable was associated with the hidden unit that the sensory variable was maximally correlated with. Taking the average of these correlation values provides a measure of how well an agent can predict the sensory consequences of actions. We expected to find that increasing sensory delay also increases the average correlation measure described above. Figure 1 Cart-Pole Balancing Figure 2 Control network structure The result of the experiment (summarized in figure ​figure3)3) show that with no delay successful agents use a range of strategies, however, as delay increases successful strategies are forced to rely more and more on prediction of the next state to compensate for sensory delay. This seems surprising when considering that under conditions of no delay it is considerably easier to predict the next state than conditions with increased delay. Figure 3 Absolute correlation between hidden until activations and variables of the state at time t+Δt as delay increases. Although the common conception of delay is negative, sensory delay can direct natural selection to favor individuals that are better able to predict the sensory consequences of their actions.
Dispersal of Tournament‐caught Black Bass

Abstract Relocation and concentration of fish at fishing-tournament release-sites is a concern for many fishery management agencies. I compiled published and unpublished estimates of dispersal distances by black basses (Micropterus spp.) captured and released alive in fishing tournaments. Only 14% of tournament-caught largemouth bass (M. salmoides) and 32% of smallmouth bass (M. dolomieu) returned to their sites of capture. Fifty-one percent of largemouth bass and 26% of smallmouth bass dispersed less than 1.6 km from their release sites. On average, smallmouth bass dispersed a greater distance (7.3 km) from their release sites than did largemouth bass (3.5 km). There was no difference in dispersal distances for fish captured and released in rivers versus those released in lakes and reservoirs. Twenty-two percent of largemouth bass and 15% of smallmouth bass caught and released in fishing tournaments were subsequently recaptured by anglers. Previous studies recommended modifications to tournament release ...
Multiple spin probe NMR studies of ionic structure in 1-methyl-3-ethylimidazolium chloride-AlCl3 molten salts

Abstract The microdynamics of a room temperature molten salt system consisting of 1-methyl-3-ethylimidazolium chloride (MEICI), AlCl 3 and NaCl is investigated by 13 C, 23 Na and 27 Al NMR relaxation methods and viscosity measurements. This study supports the existence of a complex containing MEI + , AlCl 4 − and Na + . The dual spin probe (DSP) method is extended to 23 Na, which has a liquid state quadrupole coupling constant of 1.0 MHz in this complex.
Identification and characterization of the major DNA adduct formed chemically and in vitro from the environmental genotoxin 3-nitrofluoranthene

The genotoxic environmental pollutant 3-nitrofluoranthene (3-NFA) was reduced chemically and allowed to react with calf thymus DNA, yielding one major adduct which was determined to be N-(deoxyguanosin-8-yl)-3-amino-fluoranthene based on Fast Atom Bombardment Mass Spectrometry (FAB-MS), proton nuclear magnetic resonance, ultraviolet-visible wavelength light spectroscopy (UV-VIS), and fluorescence data. Extensive characterization of the isolated adduct by tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) was necessary to demonstrate definitively that the adduct isolated was the dG:C8 adduct, and not the isomeric dG:N2 adduct. The extent of modification of the initial calf thymus DNA by chemically reduced 3-NFA was 0.12% (1.2 adducts/10(3) nucleosides), which was sufficient to allow several hundred micrograms of the adduct to be isolated and purified. The chemically synthesized adduct was utilized as a reference standard for comparison to the major adduct isolated from xanthine-oxidase-catalyzed reduction of 3-NFA in vitro. The yield from the in vitro biological system was 2.4 adducts/10(5) nucleosides; the adduct isolated possessed the same mass spectrometric, UV-VIS, and fluorescence characteristics as the purified standard, and co-eluted with the standard on HPLC. No evidence for other adducts was found, either in vitro or in the chemical synthesis, based on FAB-MS examination of whole extracts of the reaction mixture for the presence of ions related to other possible adducts. Therefore, if minor adducts were present they were formed in substantially lesser amounts than N-(deoxyguanosin-8-yl)-3-aminofluoranthene.
Between the democracy of the literature and the passion for understanding: making sense of the dynamics of development

Neste trabalho e mostrado que o discurso da Psicologia inclui a coexistencia das construcoes semioticas retoricas ("democracia da literatura") e substantivas (teoricas). As primeiras sao evidenciadas no estilo da referencia imprecisa e acumulativa em textos psicologicos, assim como na repeticao de rotulos genericos de perspectivas (p. ex.: Vygotskiana, Piagetiana, etc.). Em contraste, as construcoes substantivas (teoricas) das ideias entrelacam os lados empiricos abstratos e concretos do processo da pesquisa. Contribuicoes especificas dos artigos neste numero para a compreensao do contexto, desenvolvimento e sistemas dinâmicos sao analisadas brevemente.
Endovascular treatment of innominate artery occlusion with simultaneous vertebral and carotid artery distal protection: Case report

Objective Atherosclerotic stenosis or obstruction of the innominate artery is rare. Traditional surgical management is a technically demanding intervention with acceptable, but not negligible, rates of morbidity and mortality. Endovascular approaches to supraaortic lesions have been successful and are now the preferred treatment for stenoses of the brachiocephalic vessels. The use of cerebral protection devices in subclavian and innominate interventions is less established. Clinical presentation A 58-year-old woman had Takayasu giant cell arteritis with a history of a left middle cerebral artery stroke 3 weeks after undergoing placement of a left common carotid artery (CCA) stent and right innominate artery stent in 1998. She recently presented with worsening dizziness, ataxia, and right arm numbness and was referred to the endovascular neurosurgery service for management. Intervention Initial angiography revealed left CCA stenosis and right innominate occlusion. The patient initially underwent left CCA angioplasty, planned as a staged procedure. This was followed by recanalization of the right innominate artery through an approach using both femoral arteries and the right brachial artery. This 3-site technique allowed simultaneous distal protection of both the right cervical vertebral and carotid arteries. Conclusion Reopening a chronically occluded innominate artery risks an embolic shower through both the right vertebral and carotid arteries. Using multiple sites of arterial access, distal protection devices can be deployed in both the cervical vertebral and carotid arteries to reduce the risk of stroke.
Accurate asymptotic formulas for the transient PDF of a FENE dumbbell in suddenly started uniaxial extension followed by relaxation

Abstract Singular perturbation theory is combined with the method of multiple scales to derive an asymptotic solution for the transient, one-dimensional probability density function (PDF) of a FENE dumbbell in a suddenly started uniaxial extensional flow. We consider the dual asymptotic limit of large dimensionless spring length, L = ɛ − 1 , and large dimensionless elongation rate (or Weissenberg number), Γ = γ / ɛ , with these two quantities remaining in a fixed (arbitrary) proportion, γ . The analytical formula for the transient PDF agrees closely with numerics in both (i) the central, approximately Gaussian core, and (ii) a thin boundary layer near the limit of extension [see, e.g., R. Keunings, J. Non-Newtonian Fluid Mech. 68 (1997) 85–100]. Stress buildup and stress–extension curves are well predicted. We also explain the collapse of different dumbbell lengths onto a single stress–extension line, τ = 2 Γ 〈 x 2 〉 , which has been observed numerically in connection with transient stress-birefringence [P.S. Doyle, E.S.G. Shaqfeh, G.H. McKinley, S.H. Spiegelberg, J. Non-Newtonian Fluid Mech. 76 (1998) 79–110]. This result agrees with the large-strain plateau in the transient stress-optic coefficient for large Weissenberg number [R. Sizaire, G. Lielens, I. Jaumain, R. Keunings, V. Legat, J. Non-Newtonian Fluid Mech. 82 (1999) 233–253]. For relaxation of the FENE dumbbell from its fully stretched configuration, a Gaussian approximation of the PDF—whose time-dependent position and width are given by closed analytical formulas—matches the numerical results extremely well. The slope of the advective velocity is interpreted as a negative contribution to the effective diffusion coefficient. The asymptotic theory supports the recently proposed L closure [G. Lielens, P. Halin, I. Jaumain, R. Keunings, V. Legat, J. Non-Newtonian Fluid Mech. 76 (1998) 249–279].
Introduction to genetics in aquaculture XI: The past, present and future of aquaculture genetics

• Combining selection, biotechnology and gene transfer will result in the best genotypes.
Alarm calling behavior of the thirteen-lined ground squirrel, Spermophilus tridecemlineatus

Alarm calling in a population of thirteenlined ground squirrels, Spermophilus tridecemlineatus, was studied over a three-year period. Data on ground squirrel reactions to human and canine approaches and to the approach or presence of avian predators were used to quantify alarm calling behavior. The results support the hypothesis that alarm calling in this species functions to warn genetic relatives. Human and canine approach-elicited calls were most frequently given by mothers and their recently emerged young; adult males and nonparous females rarely called. The onset of maternal calling coincided with the aboveground appearance of a mother's own litter, and both juvenile and maternal calling were terminated at approximately three weeks post-emergence. Alarm calls were rarely emitted during encounters with avian predators. Alarm calling behavior in S. tridecemlineatus thus appeared to be dependent upon the presence of newly emerged juvenile relatives. To investigate whether the population structure of S. tridecemlineatus was perhaps incompatible with the evolution of alarm calling directed toward adult relatives, the distance between the home ranges of adult relatives and the distance over which the alarm vocalization is audible to ground squirrels were measured. The results revealed that females were likely to have adult relatives relatives residing within audible range of the call.
Making Sense of the E-Service Quality Literature: Sampling, Undergraduates, and Replications

There is little research that addresses methodological issues in the context of e-service quality. This study content analyzed e-service quality articles published between 2003 and 2013 to assess methodological issues in this field. Sampling methods (probability vs. nonprobability), use of undergraduates (UGs) in research, service context, geographic location, demographic information, research strategy, and justification for the use of UGs were identified as key variables. In addition, the authors argued for the need to conduct replications in research on e-service quality. A total of 72 research articles on e-service and e-service quality were content analyzed. All articles focused primarily on e-service quality in the context of B2C e-retailing. On the basis of the findings the present study provides several suggestions that should receive close attention from e-service quality researchers.
Huntingtin aggregates ask to be eaten.

A new study identifies a protective role for cellular aggregates in Huntington disease by showing that aggregates promote the clearance of mutant protein by activating autophagy through the inhibition of mTOR. This challenges the common view that they are possibly innocuous but probably harmful to the host cell.
Agents of Religious Socialization Among American Jews

This study analyzes the process of religious socialization among American Jews using a sample of Chicago area adults. Two studies of Catholic schooling by Andrew Greeley and co-authors provides a c...
Prosthetic patch durability in congenital diaphragmatic hernia: A long-term follow-up study ☆

Abstract Background/Purpose: The purpose of this study is to assess the durability of prosthetic patch repair of congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) over time. Methods: The authors retrospectively reviewed the records of 109 children who had surgical repair of CDH between January 1989 and December 1996. Prosthetic patches were used for diaphragmatic agenesis or when the diaphragmatic defect was too large for primary closure after mobilizing the posterior leaf. Forty-five (41%) children required a prosthetic patch to repair the diaphragmatic defect, and 29 (64%) of these children survived. Results: Twelve (41%) of the 29 survivors required 1 or more operations for diaphragmatic reherniation. First-time reherniations occurred between 1 and 36 months postoperatively, median, 12 months. There was a bimodal distribution of first-time reherniations, with 4 children experiencing reherniation between 1 and 3 months, median age, 2 months and 8 children experiencing reherniation between 10 and 36 months, median age, 20 months. Three children returned for surgical repair of second reherniation between 21 and 39 months. Patients who had reherniation presented with bowel obstruction (n = 7), respiratory distress (n = 2), or were asymptomatic (n = 3). Revision of the reherniated patch consisted of placing an additional domed patch to fill the defect. Conclusions: About half of all prosthetic patches used to repair CDH show evidence of reherniation and require revision within 3 years. Prosthetic patch repair is not a long-term solution for the child with CDH. J Pediatr Surg 36:152-154. Copyright © 2001 by W.B. Saunders Company.
DNA on a Tube : Electrostatic Contribution to Stiffness

Two simple models are used to estimate the electrostatic contributions to the stiffness of short DNA fragments. The first model views DNA as two strands that are appropriately parametrized and are wrapped helically around a straight cylinder radius equal to the radius of the DNA molecule. The potential energy of the DNA due to phosphate-phosphate electrostatic interactions is evaluated assuming that the charges interact through Debye-Huckel potentials. This potential energy is compared with the potential energy as computed using our second model in which DNA is viewed as two helical strands wrapping around a curved tube whose cross-section is a disk of radius equal to the radius of the DNA. We find that the electrostatic persistence length for B-DNA molecules in the range of 105-130 bp is 125.64 angstroms (37 bp) and 76.05 angstroms (23 bp) at 5 and 10 mM monovalent salt concentration, respectively. If the condensed fraction theta is taken to be 0.715 at 10 mM, then the electrostatic persistence length is 108.28 angstroms (32 bp), while that based on taking into account end effects is 72.87 angstroms (21 bp). At 5 mM monovalent salt, the total persistence length for DNA fragments in this length range is approximately 575.64 angstroms (171 bp), using the best estimate for nonelectrostatic contribution to persistence length. Electrostatic effects thus contribute 21.8% to DNA stiffness at 5 mM for fragments between 105- to 130-bp. In contrast, electrostatics are calculated to make a negligible contribution to the DNA persistence length at physiological monovalent cation concentration. The results are compared with counterion condensation models and experimental data.
Syntheses, Structural Determination, and Electrochemistry of Ru2(Fap)4Cl and Ru2(Fap)4(NO)Cl

Ru2(Fap)4Cl and Ru2(Fap)4(NO)Cl, where Fap is the 2-(2-fluoroanilino)pyridinate anion, were synthesized, and their structural, electrochemical, and spectroscopic properties were characterized. Ru2(Fap)4Cl, which was obtained by reaction between Ru2(O2CCH3)4Cl and molten HFap, crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/c, with a = 11.2365(4) A, b = 19.9298(8) A, c = 19.0368(7) A, β = 90.905(1)°, and Z = 4. The presence of three unpaired electrons on the Ru25+ core and the 2.2862(3) A Ru−Ru bond length for Ru2(Fap)4Cl are consistent with the electronic configuration (σ)2(π)4(δ)2(π*)2(δ*)1. The reaction between Ru2(Fap)4Cl and NO gas yields Ru2(Fap)4(NO)Cl, which crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Pbca, with a = 10.0468(6) A, b = 18.8091(10) A, c = 41.7615(23) A, and Z = 8. The Ru−Ru bond length of Ru2(Fap)4(NO)Cl is 2.4203(8) A, while its N−O bond length and Ru−N−O bond angle are 1.164(8) A and 155.8(6)°, respectively. Ru2(Fap)4(NO)Cl can be formulated as a formal Ru2II,II(NO+) complex with a ...
Effects of Sorbate and Propionate on Growth and Aflatoxin Production of Sublethally injured Aspergillus parasiticus

Growth and aflatoxin production by injured spores (heat, 55°C for 15 min, γ-irradiation, 50 Krad) of Aspergillus parasiticus in the presence of sorbate (0.05 and 0.1%) and propionate (0.2 and 0.4%) were studied in YES broth at pH 4.5, 5.5 and 6.5, and 25°C for 21 days. Aflatoxin production was accelerated in the early stages of growth by γ-irradiation, but not heat. Growth and aflatoxin were delayed in cultures from low numbers of uninjured spores. Aflatoxin increased and was produced sooner by low numbers of uninjured spores in 0.05% sorbate. Both inhibitors slowed growth of injured spores more than non-injured. Inhibition of aflatoxin was dependent on the concentration of inhibitor, pH and injury.
The clinical evaluation and management of carotid insufficiency

Cerebrovascular disease is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in Americans, especially affecting the elderly. Recognition of patients at risk for stroke and transient ischemic accidents may help to decrease the incidence of this significant disease. Identification of carotid insufficiency and the appropriate investigation of its severity in the context of the patient's clinical status is a fundamental skill in stroke prevention. The clinical history and physical examination are the invaluable first steps in assessing the degree of disease. Recognition of risk factors and initiation of medical therapy should be the initial approach. When the severity of symptoms or degree of arterial disease are moderate to severe, surgical intervention, such as carotid endarterectomy, should be considered. The obstetrician-gynecologist, as a primary care physician, must be skilled in the assessment, prevention, and appropriate referral of carotid insufficiency.
Applications of photorefractive crystals for optical neural networks

Photorefraction is a nonlinear optical effect in which large nonlinearities can be observed at relatively low optical power levels. This phenomenon has evolved from a laboratory curiosity to a useful device technology for optical information processing applications. In particular, the abilities to form holograms in real time and also to store thern for extended periods of time have aided the implementation of several pattern-reccgnition machines that are adaptive and possess a high degree of parallelism. This paper reviews the photorefractive effect as a device technology for the problem of pattern recognition and describes a photorefractive realization of an adaptive pattern classifier.
Expression of catecholaminergic characteristics by primary sensory neurons in the normal adult rat in vivo.

Abstract Expression of catecholaminergic characteristics by primary sensory neurons was examined in the vagal nodose and glossopharyngeal petrosal ganglia of the normal adult rat in vivo. Catecholaminergic phenotypic expression was documented by immunocytochemical localization of tyrosine hydroxylase (TyrOHase; EC 1.14.16.2), radiochemical assay of specific TyrOHase catalytic activity, and cytochemical localization of formaldehyde-induced catecholamine fluorescence (FIF) within principal ganglion cells. The TyrOHase-containing cells exhibited morphologic features typical of primary sensory neurons, such as an initial axon glomerulus and a single, bifurcating neurite process. These cells were distinguished from TyrOHase- and FIF-positive small intensely fluorescent cells by size, morphology, and staining intensity. TyrOHase-containing neurons appeared to be insensitive to neonatal treatment with 6-hydroxydopamine, thereby distinguishing them from sympathetic neurons. Nodose and petrosal ganglia of adult rats exhibited TyrOHase catalytic activity, linear with respect to tissue concentration over a 10-fold range, indicating that the immunoreactive enzyme was functional. Transection of specific ganglionic nerve roots depleted TyrOHase catalytic activity and neuronal immunoreactivity within the petrosal ganglion, suggesting that target organ innervation regulates enzyme levels within ganglion perikarya. Our study indicates that primary sensory neurons express catecholaminergic transmitter traits in the normal adult rat. Consequently, in the periphery, catecholaminergic characters are not restricted to the sympathoadrenal axis but are expressed by functionally and embryologically diverse populations of autonomic neurons.
Physiological Concentrations of Insulin Induce Cellular Desensitization to the Mitogenic Effects of Insulin-Like Growth Factor I

Insulin and insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) are structurally related peptides capable of stimulating a variety of metabolic and mitogenic processes. In this study, we investigated the interaction between these peptides and their receptor-mediated pathways in an untransformed cell line. Cultured bovine fibroblasts specifically bound IGF-I and insulin, and each peptide could stimulate DNA synthesis and cell replication through its own receptor. Preincubation of bovine fibroblasts with concentrations of insulin that did not bind to the IGF-I receptor resulted in complete but reversible cellular desensitization to IGF-I-stimulated mitogenesis. Preincubation with as little as 0.1 nM insulin was sufficient to inhibit subsequent IGF-I action. Various insulin analogs produced desensitization in direct relation to the affinity of the insulin for the insulin receptor. Desensitization required > 4 h of cell exposure to insulin and was blocked in the presence of cycloheximide. Neither serum-stimulated mitogenesis nor IGF-I-stimulated glucose uptake were affected by insulin pretreatment. 125 I-labeled IGF-I affinity cross-linking experiments indicated that preincubation with insulin did not affect labeling of the 130,000- M r α-subunit of the IGF-I receptor, but was associated with the loss of IGF-I– and insulin-inhibitive bands at M r = 100,000, 85,000, 58,000, and 34,000. These studies suggest that insulin, via interaction with insulin receptors on bovine fibroblasts, regulates IGF-I action at a step distal to IGF-I receptor binding and are consistent with desensitization occurring at an intracellular step in the mitogenic pathway shared by insulin and IGF-I.
Calcium Binding Studies of Photosystem II Using a Calcium-Selective Electrode†

The identification of Ca2+ as a cofactor in photosynthetic O2 evolution has encouraged research into the role of Ca2+ in photosystem II (PSII). Previous methods used to identify the number of binding sites and their affinities were not able to measure Ca2+ binding at thermodynamic equilibrium. We introduce the use of a Ca2(+)-selective electrode to study equilibrium binding of Ca2+ to PSII. The number and affinities of binding sites were determined via Scatchard analysis on a series of PSII membrane preparations progressively depleted of the extrinsic polypeptides and Mn. Untreated PSII membranes bound approximately 4 Ca2+ per PSII with high affinity (K = 1.8 microM) and a larger number of Ca2+ with lower affinity. The high-affinity sites are assigned to divalent cation-binding sites on the light-harvesting complex II that are involved in membrane stacking, and the lower-affinity sites are attributed to nonspecific surface-binding sites. These sites were also observed in all of the extrinsic polypeptide- and Mn-depleted preparations. Depletion of the extrinsic polypeptides and/or Mn exposed additional very high-affinity Ca2(+)-binding sites which were not in equilibrium with free Ca2+ in untreated PSII, owing to the diffusion barrier created by the extrinsic polypeptides. Ca2(+)-depleted PSII membranes lacking the 23 and 17 kDa extrinsic proteins bound an additional 2.5 Ca2+ per PSII with K = 0.15 microM. This number of very high-affinity Ca2(+)-binding sites agrees with the previous work of Cheniae and co-workers [Kalosaka, K., et al. (1990) in Current Research in Photosynthesis (Baltscheffsky, M., Ed.) pp 721-724, Kluwer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands] whose procedure for Ca2+ depletion was used. Further depletion of the 33 kDa extrinsic protein yielded a sample that bound only 0.7 very high-affinity Ca2+ per PSII with K = 0.19 microM. The loss of 2 very high-affinity Ca2(+)-binding sites upon depletion of the 33 kDa extrinsic protein could be due to a structural change of the O2-evolving complex which lost 2-3 of the 4 Mn ions in this sample. Finally, PSII membranes depleted of Mn and the 33, 23, and 17 kDa extrinsic proteins bound approximately 4 very high-affinity Ca2+ per PSII with K = 0.08 microM. These sites are assigned to Ca2+ binding to the vacant Mn sites.
Whole-column radioactivity detection: simultaneous separation and enhanced detectability.

The development of a whole-column radiation detector for measurement and separation of low amounts of beta emitting analytes is described. The design of this detector is unique with all of the chro...
The effect of reversible left recurrent laryngeal neuropathy on the metabolic cost of locomotion and peak aerobic power in thoroughbred racehorses.

W. ROBERT COOK, BVSc, FRCVS The effect of left recurrent laryngeal neuropathy (LRLN) on the metabolic cost of locomotion (MCL) and peak aerobic power (VO2peak) was evaluated in four trained Thoroughbred racehorses. Oxygen consumption (VO2), carbon dioxide production (VCO2), venous lactate concentrations (LAC), and heart rate (HR) were measured during a treadmill exercise test (TET). Each horse performed the exercise test four times, alternating between normal upper airway function and reversibly induced LRLN. Subcutaneous infusion of 2% mepivicaine, a local anesthetic, into the region where the left recurrent laryngeal nerve passes caudal to the cricoid cartilage was used to induce LRLN. The induction of LRLN did not alter the relationship between VO2 and treadmill speed at exercise intensities where VO2 was less than VO2peak (<9 m/sec). However, a 15.3% reduction in VO2peak (Normal = 165.3 ± 3.4, LRLN = 140.0 ± 3.2 mL/kg/min ± SE, P <.001) occurred at higher treadmill speeds in horses with induced LRLN. A significant group (Normal v LRLN) by treadmill speed effect was found for LAC and R only at treadmill speeds where VO2=VO2peak. Peak lactate (LACpeak) did not change after the induction of LRLN. The relationship between HR and treadmill speed increased in horses with induced LRLN at exercise intensities where VO2 < VO2peak. Peak heart rate (HRpeak) remained unchanged. Performance as indicated by the maximum number of speed intervals completed (STEPmax) decreased 7% in horses with induced LRLN (Normal = 9.1 ± 0.04, LRLN = 8.5 ± 0.2 minutes ± SE, P <.04). A comparison of paired exercise test measurements showed no evidence of a training effect, or decreased performance caused by a learned response, over the course of the experiment. The results of this study indicate that alterations in ventilation caused by LRLN cause a significant reduction in VO2peak, but do not cause an increase in the metabolic cost of locomotion at exercise intensities where VO2 is less than VO2peak.