cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Prescription Drug Monitoring Programs Produce a Limited Impact on Painkiller Prescribing in Medicare Part D

Objective To measure the impact of prescription drug monitoring programs (PDMPs) on prescribing of opioid and nonopioid painkillers. Data Source 2010–2013 physician-level Medicare Part D prescribing data released by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services and Propublica. Study Design Using difference-in-differences models with physician-level fixed effects, the study compares prescribing in states with and without PDMPs for opioid and nonopioid analgesics, oxycodone, hydrocodone, and opioids by controlled substances Schedules II–IV. Principal Findings Prescription drug monitoring programs were associated with a 5.2 percent decrease in days supply prescribed per physician for oxycodone in addition to smaller reductions for hydrocodone and opioids overall (2.8 percent and 2 percent, respectively) and a small increase in prescribing for Schedule IV opioids. PDMPs were not associated with changes for nonopioid analgesics or other opioids in Schedules II and III. The effects of PDMPs were negated in states where statutes explicitly did not require use of the PDMP. Conclusions Prescription drug monitoring programs have a modest effect targeted at the high-profile drug oxycodone among the Medicare Part D population and an even smaller effect for hydrocodone and opioids in general. The findings suggest some substitution toward lower schedule opioids. Substantially addressing the widespread opioid abuse problem will require enhancing existing PDMPs or implementing new policies.
Pgltools: a genomic arithmetic tool suite for manipulation of Hi-C peak and other chromatin interaction data

Genomic interaction studies use next-generation sequencing (NGS) to examine the interactions between two loci on the genome, with subsequent bioinformatics analyses typically including annotation, intersection, and merging of data from multiple experiments. While many file types and analysis tools exist for storing and manipulating single locus NGS data, there is currently no file standard or analysis tool suite for manipulating and storing paired-genomic-loci: the data type resulting from “genomic interaction” studies. As genomic interaction sequencing data are becoming prevalent, a standard file format and tools for working with these data conveniently and efficiently are needed. This article details a file standard and novel software tool suite for working with paired-genomic-loci data. We present the paired-genomic-loci (PGL) file standard for genomic-interactions data, and the accompanying analysis tool suite “pgltools”: a cross platform, pypy compatible python package available both as an easy-to-use UNIX package, and as a python module, for integration into pipelines of paired-genomic-loci analyses. Pgltools is a freely available, open source tool suite for manipulating paired-genomic-loci data. Source code, an in-depth manual, and a tutorial are available publicly at www.github.com/billgreenwald/pgltools , and a python module of the operations can be installed from PyPI via the PyGLtools module.
Abstract 203: Evaluation of Acute Radial Artery Injury Following Transradial Percutaneous Coronary Intervention by Optical Coherence Tomography

Background: Recent evidence has shown a reduced bleeding risk and resultant decreased morbidity and mortality when the transradial approach is utilized over the transfemoral approach for percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). However, transradial catheterization may introduce acute and/or chronic injury to the radial artery limiting its use for future procedures and as a bypass conduit. Our goal was to utilize optical coherence tomography (OCT) to evaluate the incidence of acute radial artery injury in patients following transradial PCI. Methods: In this observational study OCT (C7 Dragonfly catheter, St. Jude Medical Systems, St. Paul, MN) was used to evaluate the radial artery of 25 patients at the University of Illinois and Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Centers in Chicago, IL following transradial PCI. Specific injuries assessed for included radial artery dissection and thrombus formation. Diameter and cross sectional area of the artery were taken proximally and distally. Measurements were taken independently by two separate readers to account for inter-reader variability. Results: The radial artery was assessed in 25 patients following transradial PCI. The mean BMI of our patient population was 27.8 kg/m2. A 5Fr sheath was used in 24% (n=6) cases and a 6Fr sheath was utilized for the remaining 19 cases. In 8 cases the sheath was upsized from a 5 to 6 F. The average length of artery scanned was 39.4mm with a mean proximal cross sectional area of 7.56 mm2 and distal area of 7.08 mm2. An average of 4.4 catheter exchanges were made per case. A small intimal tear was noted in the radial artery of one patient. No other dissections or thrombi were noted. Conclusion: Based on our initial observation, the incidence of acute radial artery injury following transradial PCI is very low (1/25) and overall transradial PCI is a safe modality. When compared with prior studies we believe the factors that decreased the incidence of acute radial artery injury in our population were related to larger arterial cross sectional area, higher mean BMI, and ultimately a lower sheath size to artery diameter ratio.
The effects of past training, experience, and human behaviour on a dog’s persistence at an independent task

Abstract Past research has shown that many factors, including training history, informal experience and genetics, play a role in how certain populations of dogs behave during a problem-solving task. Less understood is how a dog’s relationship with an attending human, as well as the actions of the human during the task, may affect a dog’s independent problem solving behaviour. In the current study, two experiments were conducted to compare the performance and persistence of pet dogs and working dogs on a puzzle box task under a variety of conditions. In experiment one, search and rescue dogs and pet dogs were compared on the same independent task under three conditions: a neutral-human condition, an alone condition, and a human encouragement condition. No significant differences were found in the persistence of the pet dogs and search and rescue dogs (neutral-human, p = 0.4516; alone, p = 0.3722; encouragement, p = 0.8392); however search and rescue dogs solved the task more than pet dogs when encouraged to do so (p = 0.038). Pet dogs changed their behaviour depending on the human behaviour; pet dogs touched the object (p = 0.0098) more during the neutral-human condition compared to the alone condition. In addition, pet dogs gazed at the human (p = 0.0016) more during the encouragement condition. Search and rescue dogs did not show these differences in their behaviour: no differences were found across any of the conditions. In experiment two, we assessed the potential for testing-order effects by evaluating the problem solving behaviour of experimentally naive pet dogs under one of three conditions: a neutral human phase followed by human encouragement phase, human encouragement phase followed by a neutral human phase, and a neutral human phase followed by a second neutral human phase. No significant differences were found in the persistence of the dogs regardless of order of test, suggesting there were no order effects for this particular test. Our results suggest that factors such as human behaviour and training history may influence canine problem solving performance, however these effects may be limited in certain contexts.
Austro–Hungarian refugee soldiers in China

This paper deals with the problem of the Austro–Hungarian prisoners of war in World War I who were captured by the Russian Army and who then escaped from Siberian detention camps and ultimately fou...
COMMUNICATING DNR ORDERS TO AMBULANCE PERSONNEL

To summarize, the MMA will provide a standard DNR form and guidelines for implementation in local communities. Local physicians, nursing home administrators, and ambulance service operators need to agree on an established set of guidelines that long-term care facilities, hospices, and private homes will follow to inform ambulance personnel of DNR orders. Ambulance medical directors should instruct ambulance staff on the proper implementation and use of DNR orders. The decision to write a DNR order rests with the attending physician, based on disclosure and consent of the patient, family, or proxies. Full implementation of a prehospital DNR system will reduce the suffering that patients and family members endure when inappropriate and unnecessary cardiopulmonary resuscitation is given by ambulance personnel. A similar program, administered by the county health department, has been successful in the west metropolitan Twin Cities area for the past five years. The model offered by the MMA to individual physicians and their medical societies may be modified to meet local needs. This community emergency medical services DNR program helps ensure the provision of appropriate ambulance service based on patients' individual needs and requests.
The Effects of Collusion and Limited Liability on the DesignOf International Environmental Agreements for DevelopingCountries

This paper analyzes the problem faced by an imperfectly informed supra-national governmental authority (SNGA) with restricted funds that wishes to design an International Environmental Agreement (IEA) for developing countries (DCs). The SNGA contracts with polluting firms through their governments. This tripartite hierarchical interaction is studied. The paper focuses on the attributes of the optimal limited liability IEA that can be implemented by the SNGA when governments and firms in the individual DCs collude. Obtaining voluntary participation and preventing ex post breach of contract is costly for the SNGA. Further, the level and the pattern of pollution abatement is generally not ideal. The paper suggests that IEAs are not inherently doomed due to a monitoring and enforcement problem stemming from national sovereignty. However, the paper shows that the success of IEAs is dependent on the funds available for environmental protection.
HIV Care and Viral Load Suppression After Sexual Health Clinic Visits by Out-of-Care HIV-Positive Persons

Outcomes among people living with HIV (PLWH) in New York City (NYC) remain suboptimal. To assess the potential role of the city's sexual health clinics (SHCs) in improving HIV outcomes and reducing HIV transmission, we examined HIV care status and its correlates among HIV-positive SHC patients in NYC. Clinic electronic medical records were merged with longitudinal NYC HIV surveillance data to identify HIV-positive patients and derive their retrospective and prospective HIV care status. Evidence of HIV care and viral load suppression (VLS) after clinic visit were considered outcomes. Logistic regression models were used to assess their correlates. A third of the 1045 PLWH who visited NYC SHCs in 2012 were out of HIV care (OOC) in the 12 months preceding the clinic visit, and were less likely than those previously in HIV care (IC) to have subsequent evidence of HIV care (42% vs. 72%) or VLS in the 12 months after the visit (39% vs. 76%). VLS was particularly low among patients diagnosed with ≥2 sexually transmitted infections (46%). The odds of VLS were lowest among those OOC before the clinic visit [versus those IC, adjusted odds ratio (aOR): 0.21, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.16-0.29], non-Hispanic blacks (versus non-Hispanic whites, aOR: 0.58, 95% CI: 0.37-0.90), and residents of high-poverty neighborhoods (>30% vs. <10%, aOR: 0.51, 95% CI: 0.29-0.89). Our findings suggest that SHCs could serve as an intervention point to (re-)link PLWH to HIV care. Real-time provider alerts about patients' OOC status could help achieve that goal.
Attitudes toward abortion, social welfare programs, and gender roles in the U.S. and South Africa

Public abortion attitudes are important predictors of abortion stigma and accessibility, even in legal settings like the U.S. and South Africa. With data from the U.S. General Social Survey and Sou...
Advances in Diagnostic Testing that Impact Infection Prevention and Antimicrobial Stewardship Programs.

The primary purpose of this review is to provide a summary of new and emerging laboratory technologies and testing platforms that impact infection prevention and antimicrobial stewardship programs. This review also summarizes available data describing the clinical impact of implementing these new technologies. While there is ample evidence that rapid organism identification technologies for positive blood cultures can ameliorate antimicrobial utilization, an assay that also provides expedited antimicrobial susceptibility testing results is now available and its clinical impact is under investigation. For C. difficile infection diagnosis, data related to performance and impact of “ultrasensitive” toxin assays is emerging in the literature although their role in C. difficile infection diagnosis remains unclear. For hospital-acquired pneumonia, a variety of rapid, automated, multiplexed, “pneumonia” panels have become commercially available and may impact surveillance definitions for ventilator-associated events. Finally, recent FDA clearance of various biochemical and molecular carbapenemase detection tests will facilitate rapid characterization of carbapenem-resistant organisms. Innovations in infectious diseases diagnostics have been making swift strides, broadening diagnostic scope; increasing accuracy and sensitivity; and reducing turnaround time. Many of these innovations directly impact infection prevention and antimicrobial stewardship operations. Close collaboration between infection control, antimicrobial stewardship, and the microbiology laboratory is necessary to ensure that new tests improve patient outcomes.
Channeling of Static Electricity Within Wind Turbines for Transmission into the Power Grid

Wind turbines employed today are fabricated from a variety of materials. Many of these materials act as insulators, effectively causing electrons to accumulate. As wind turbines operate, their blades sweep through the air causing friction to occur between the air and blade material. As a substance with the highest positive charge tendency, dry air as such typically found at most land-based wind farms pass their electrons onto the wind turbine blades by means of contact electrification, causing electrostatic accumulation. Unless properly discharged, this static electricity can be harmful to the sensitive electronics found within wind turbines. To further increase the power output of wind turbines in addition to promoting safe equipment operating conditions, this static electricity can be channeled into super capacitors for accumulation and storage. Once sufficient charge is obtained within the super capacitor, this static electricity can then be allocated to the power grid to further improve wind turbine power output. The scope of this research is to analyze the capability of channeling static electricity from wind turbine structural components into a super conductor for transmission into the power grid. This research is intended to (1) assess the means for successfully channeling electrostatic charge within wind turbines, (2) investigate the effect of electrostatic accumulation and discharge within super conductors located inside a wind turbine, and (3) assess the economic impact and feasibility of accumulating and storing static electricity within wind turbines for transmission into the power grid.
Abstract WMP74: Sex Differences in T Cell Immune Responses and Outcome After Stroke in Aged Mice

Introduction: Sex differences are increasingly recognized in stroke. Stroke incidence is higher in men than in women until an advanced age and women have higher mortality and morbidity. Inflammator...
Dissociation, Dissolution and Diffusion of Nitrogen on VxFey and VxCry Alloy Membranes Studied by First Principles

N2-selective metal membranes could be used to couple extraction of N2 from flue gas and NH3 synthesis within a single membrane reactor. The larger interstitial spaces of BCC metals makes them attractive for fast permeation of the large N atom. The caveat is that N permeabilities reported thus far for pure BCC metals (e.g. V, Cr, Fe, Mo, W) are insufficient for practical application. However, practical permeabilities could be achieved by alloying these metals. Here, we use density functional theory (DFT) to study how alloying V—a metal with high N solubility but low N diffusivity—with Fe and Cr impacts the dissociation, dissolution and diffusion of nitrogen. Although N binding at vacancies was studied, binding at these defects was not particularly strong compared to regular interstitial sites, and, thus, may not significantly affect solubility. The alloys present two types of interstitial octahedral (o) sites: V-rich (o1) and V-depleted (o2). Nitrogen binding strength correlates with number of V nearest-ne...
Kernel-Based Edge-Preserving Methods for Abrupt Change Detection

Abrupt change detection is critical to monitor the occurrence of abnormal events from sensor data for situational awareness of complex systems. However, various disturbances and noises applied to the data observations may pose significant challenges to the robustness of many abrupt change detection methods. Recent researches have shown that bilateral filter can acquire outstanding performance on removing noises from images while preserving edge information. In this letter, we propose two improved edge-preserving memory-based cumulative sum (MB-CUSUM) methods that are able to make the abrupt change detection method more robust against noises. Our experimental studies show that the proposed methods can achieve superior performance over state-of-the-art methods to detect abrupt changes, which demonstrates the effectiveness and feasibility of their practical use.
Shame and guilt in PTSD

Abstract An established and growing body of research has examined the associations of shame and guilt to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). While guilt has produced mixed results more frequently than has shame, both emotions have been associated with PTSD symptom severity and treatment outcomes. Indeed, negative self-referent cognitions are the most common residual symptom after PTSD treatment. Shame and guilt exhibit the strongest relationships to PTSD among trauma-exposed military veterans and survivors of interpersonal violence (e.g., physical and sexual assault and intimate partner violence). In addition, shame and guilt have been associated with increased suicide risk among individuals with PTSD. This chapter discusses theoretical models of trauma-related guilt and shame; reviews research on the associations of guilt and shame to PTSD, including their relationship to treatment approaches and outcomes; and presents emerging complimentary treatment approaches and future research directions.
Wildfire and Infant Health: A Geospatial Approach to Estimating the Health Impacts of Wildfire Smoke Exposure

We estimate the effects of wildfire smoke exposure on infant health. Exposure to wildfire smoke is determined using the latitude and longitude coordinates corresponding to each infant’s home addres...
Membership Required: Juventude Brasileira and Fascist Education in Brazil’s Estado Novo Dictatorship

Brazil’s Estado Novo dictatorship (1938-1945) saw the establishment of a new national youth organization called Juventude Brasileira (Brazilian Youth). Founded by Hitler Youth-inspired bureaucrats, the organization’s operations show how profoundly fascism pervaded the inner-workings of this regime, and more generally, how much educational policy reflects the most foundational priorities of an authoritarian government. However, the persistent dissent against Juventude Brasileira, from within the Ministry of Education and ultimately by a dissatisfied public clamoring for democracy, also illustrates paths of resistance against authoritarianism.
Gender Differences in Personality and Social Behavior

Abstract The scientific study of gender differences has yielded a wealth of robust generalizations about the way males and females differ across domains, cultures, and developmental stages. This article provides a descriptive overview of gender differences in personality, social cooperation and competition (including aggression and play), and verbal and nonverbal communication. Qualitative statements about the typical behavior of males and females are supplemented with quantitative data from meta-analyses and other large-scale studies. Key methodological issues in the measurement of gender differences are discussed to aid the reader in the interpretation of research findings.
RADSoM - a System on Module Approach for Reusable Spacecraft Processing Elements

This paper presents RADSoM, an innovative approach to modular space grade FPGA hardware reuse. The proposed module significantly reduces design timelines, cost and risk of increasingly complex board and box designs while maximizing the flexibility to adapt to a wide array of mission requirements and new device technologies as they emerge. Digital hardware designs continue to integrate more capability onto single die solutions. The most notable of these integrated solutions known as System on a Chip (SoC) Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) provide significant utility while driving up the complexity of board designs due to the high Input/Output (IO) density and necessary support circuitry. The complexity and risk of these SoC devices can be contained (and subsequently reduced) by designing them into a System on Module (SoM). To date, RADSoM is the only proposed rad-hard System on Module (SoM) solution for the Space market. RADSoM will contain the design complexity of a radiation hardened/tolerant SoC FPGA solution to an easy-to-use, highly-reusable mezzanine card that will truly be “build to print” for a wide variety of space applications. This paper presents the entirety of the RADSoM development including conceptualization, risk reduction activities, component selection, design, analysis, fabrication and test of prototype RADSoM units, followed be a brief discussion of the many potential uses for a space grade FPGA SoM.
Call for Original Research Papers for a Special Collection in Infection and Immunity: the Microbiome and Infection.

Few recent developments in the biological sciences have been as profound or impactful as the budding field of microbiome research. To provide a platform for this new discipline, we invite all our colleagues working on microbiota-pathogen interaction or microbiota-host interaction to contribute a
Facilitating Flood Fluency: The Design and Utility of a Flood Risk Calculator Based on FEMA's National Flood Insurance Program

This research article outlines the design of a flood rate calculator developed in coordination with state and regional planning agencies of a coastal community in southeastern Virginia and reports on the results of a user experience test conducted on the design and utility of the tool. The tool is designed to allow users to calculate a rate for yearly flood premiums as well as learn about the factors involved in the actuarial framework—a complex set of data that is part of the National Flood Insurance Program, overseen by FEMA. Based on reflection on the design process and analysis of the test results, the authors offer recommendations for researchers, designers, and programmers interested in communicating flood insurance costs and risks to vulnerable coastal communities.
Patient-reported outcomes in colon and rectal surgery: The best is yet to come

Abstract As part of the continuous effort to improve the quality of surgical care across its many facets, our patients can provide invaluable insight into how interventions impact their health and well-being. Patient-reported outcomes (PROs) complement traditional objective surgical outcomes—such as surgical site infection or length of stay—by accounting for the patient's perspective. The value of PROs was previously reviewed in Seminars in Colon and Rectal Surgery in 2018; 1 herein we report on the current status of PROs in colon and rectal surgery.
Auditory discrimination and frequency modulation learning in schizophrenia patients: amphetamine within-subject dose response and time course.

Background Auditory frequency modulation learning ('auditory learning') is a key component of targeted cognitive training (TCT) for schizophrenia. TCT can be effective in enhancing neurocognition and function in schizophrenia, but such gains require significant time and effort and elude many patients. Methods As a strategy to increase and/or accelerate TCT-induced clinical gains, we tested the dose- and time-course effects of the pro-attentional drug, amphetamine (AMPH; placebo, 2.5, 5 or 10 mg po; within-subject double-blind, order balanced) on auditory learning in schizophrenia patients [n = 32; M:F = 19:13; age 42.0 years (24-55)]. To understand predictors and/or mechanisms of AMPH-enhanced TCT, we also measured auditory fidelity (words-in-noise (WIN), quick speech-in-noise (QuickSIN)) and neurocognition (MATRICS comprehensive cognitive battery (MCCB)). Some measures were also acquired from age-matched healthy subjects (drug free; n = 10; M:F = 5:5). Results Patients exhibited expected deficits in neurocognition. WIN and QuickSIN performance at low signal intensities was impaired in patients with low v. high MCCB attention/vigilance (A/V) scores; these deficits were corrected by AMPH, maximally at 2.5-5 mg (d's = 0.79-1.29). AMPH also enhanced auditory learning, with maximal effects at 5 mg (d = 0.93), and comparable effects 60 and 210 min post pill. 'Pro-learning' effects of AMPH and AMPH-induced gains in auditory fidelity were most evident in patients with low MCCB A/V scores. Conclusions These findings advance our understanding of the impact of pro-attentional interventions on auditory information processing and suggest dose- and time-course parameters for studies that assess the ability of AMPH to enhance the clinical benefits of TCT in schizophrenia patients.
Convergent evolution of polyploid genomes from across the eukaryotic tree of life

By modeling the homoeologous gene losses that occurred in fifty genomes deriving from ten distinct polyploidy events, we show that the evolutionary forces acting on polyploids are remarkably similar, regardless of whether they occur in flowering plants, ciliates, fishes or yeasts. The models suggest these events were nearly all allopolyploidies, with two distinct progenitors contributing to the modern species. We show that many of the events show a relative rate of duplicate gene loss prior to the first post-polyploidy speciation that is significantly higher than in later phases of their evolution. The relatively low selective constraint seen for the single-copy genes these losses produced lead us to suggest that most of the purely selectively neutral duplicate gene losses occur in the immediate post-polyploid period. We also find ongoing and extensive reciprocal gene losses (RGL; alternative losses of duplicated ancestral genes) between these genomes. With the exception of a handful of closely related taxa, all of these polyploid organisms are separated from each other by tens to thousands of reciprocal gene losses. As a result, it is very unlikely that viable diploid hybrid species could form between these taxa, since matings between such hybrids would tend to produce offspring lacking essential genes. It is therefore possible that the relatively high frequency of recurrent polyploidies in some lineages may be due to the ability of new polyploidies to bypass RGL barriers.
The Marian Formation of Christians: A Pastoral Perspective

Pour l'A., toute formation chretienne a vocation christologique comporte une dimension mariologique. Etre profondement forme comme disciple de Jesus-Christ implique d'assumer la position de Marie vis-a-vis des mysteres chretiens du salut. Bien que depuis Vatican II cette dimension soit presente dans les textes et en theorie, la pratique pastorale n'a pas suffisamment mis l'accent sur le role de Marie dans la vie concrete de l'Eglise. L'A. explique les raisons de cette mise a l'ecart. Il propose de puiser dans les textes et dans l'Eglise les ressources liturgiques, catechetiques et devotionnelles qui accentuent la formation mariologique des chretiens
Advances in Design Automation Techniques for Digital-Microfluidic Biochips

Due to their emergence as an efficient platform for pointof-care clinical diagnostics, digital-microfluidic biochips (DMFBs) have received considerable attention in recent years. They combine electronics with biology, and they integrate various bioassay operations, such as sample preparation, analysis, separation, and detection. In this chapter, we first present an overview of digital-microfluidic biochips. We next describe emerging computer-aided design (CAD) tools for the automated synthesis and optimization of biochips from bioassay protocols. The chapter includes solutions for fluidic-operation scheduling, module placement, droplet routing, and pin-constrained chip design. We also show how recent advances in the integration of sensors into a DMFB can be exploited to provide cyberphysical system adaptation based on feedback-driven control.
How Brief Social‐Psychological Interventions Can Cause Enduring Effects

In recent years, several studies have shown that brief, theory-based socialpsychological interventions can cause large, enduring effects on important outcomes, such as school achievement and marital relationships. How are such effects possible? We propose a field-theory model : this model distinguishes “nudge” interventions—interventions designed to change a “snapshot” in time such as a particular decision or behavior—from interventions designed to change a “movie”—core beliefs or other aspects of the self and thus people’s behavior as it unfolds over time in diverse settings. Movie interventions target underlying social-psychological processes—such as students’ confidence that they belong in school or individuals’ felt security in close relationships. These psychological processes can interact with naturalistic variables—such as how people interact with one another and the relationships they build—to propel intervention effects forward in time. In this model, real-world factors can serve as proximal outcomes that catalyze long-term effects. An important implication is that such interventions can sometimes amplify their effects over time, if the targeted recursive process “snowballs.” A second implication is that the long-term effects of movie interventions are dependent on the context—specifically, on whether the context affords naturalistic variables that can catalyze changes in the self forward in time. To illustrate this field-theory model , we compare it to Mortensen and Cialdini’s (2010) full-cycle model. Although both models share important features, including an emphasis on laboratory research, the latter treats forces in the world as “noise” and predicts that the effects of psychological interventions will dissipate, not strengthen with time. In addition to their applied potential, movie interventions raise profound new theoretical questions, such as how psychological processes unfold over time and do so in interaction with social contexts. Exploring these questions represents an exciting direction for future research.
Growth in Studying the Cessation of Growth

Having been asked to write a guest commentary for the Journal of Bacteriology as part of the year-long commemoration of the American Society for Microbiology (ASM) centennial, how does one proceed? Having been asked to write about the change in mind-set that led molecular microbiologists to begin exploring the molecular mechanisms at play in the stationary phase of the bacterial life cycle, what can one say? I accepted the challenge of writing something different for the journal, something beyond the traditional research papers and minireviews. After all, the journal for which I have served as editor for the last 5 years is changing in two important ways in celebration of the centennial of the ASM. First, it is dressing up with a color photo on the cover. The journal will now be stunning on the outside as well as the inside. Second, the opening pages of each issue will now include, for this year at least, occasional guest commentaries infusing the journal with a little history, some personal perspective, and perhaps even some lightness.
Kinematics and Dynamics

In this chapter we shall use the main results of Chapters V through VII to study the dynamical and kinematical properties of quantum mechanical systems. This will lead to the Schrodinger equation, the well known formulas for the position, momentum, and spin observables, and to the standard expressions for the Hamiltonians which enter the quantum theory of the atom.
Efficient Type Matching

Palsberg and Zhao [17] presented an O(n2) Time algorithm for matching two recursive types. In this paper, we present an O(n log n) algorithm for the same problem. Our algorithm works by reducing the type matching problem to the well-understood problem of finding a size-stable partition of a graph. Our result may help improve systems, such as Polyspin and Mockingbird, that are designed to facilitate interoperability of software components.We also discuss possible applications of our algorithm to Java. Issues related to subtyping of recursive types are also discussed.
Assembling Smartphones: Takt Time ≠ Cycle Time?

The case was prepared to be used as part of a process review in the first year Technology and Operations Management course at HBS. It offers students an opportunity to discuss the context of a manufacturing process choice, and then examine actual production numbers that resulted from a series of choices. While there isn't a traditional case issue, the discussion should focus on the gap between theoretical process designs and the reality of practical implementations, with the impact of operator variability in pace and the complex intertwining with work scope. The case only meant for one discussion pasture to review the Hayes-Wheelwright product-process matrix, and the impact of variability on line performance. While comparative numbers for the process choices are provided, the hope would be to develop students' intuition around why the numbers change so much.Learning Objective: For use in the process review day for the Technology & Operations Management course.
Internationalization of SMEs in India: Fostering entrepreneurship by leveraging information technology

Purpose – This paper aims to focus on the determinants influencing the internationalization of small and medium‐sized enterprises (SMEs) in India. The objective is to investigate and evaluate the business environment and, then, examine the importance of developing and promoting entrepreneurship to allow SMEs in India to develop a competitive position in the international marketplace. It is proposed that the primary method for fostering or promoting the growth of entrepreneurship is through the utilization of technology.Design/methodology/approach – An overview is provided of the current economic situation facing SMEs in India. Then factors necessary for the expansion of the business are discussed, along with the challenges of overcoming the resource gaps identified. The importance of fostering entrepreneurship is presented. The current state of technology is then evaluated. The paper concludes with an assessment of challenges and implications for future expansion.Findings – Information is provided concern...
Digital governance for animal health and biosecurity applications

This project brings together components of animal disease biology, information technology (IT), public policy and social sciences in research that will provide more effective means of ensuring food, animal, and human health biosecurity against intentional disease introductions.Since 9/11, policies, protocols and governance in the area of animal health deal primarily with detection and control of disease outbreaks, but must also consider a larger context that includes food security, human health (in the case of zoonotic diseases) and economic stability. Existing regulations, policies, risk assessments, social issues, and the means of governance have to be evaluated with respect to narrow response windows, if fast and effective counter-measures to bioterrorism are to be achieved. This project introduces an interdisciplinary approach to examine the perception of animal health policy and the societal and technical requirements for countering animal and zoonotic disease outbreaks, whether accidental or intentional. Deliverables will include methods and recommendations for a transition into digital governance, with the goal of an effective connection between policy-driven action protocols, and new, innovative information and communication technology tools that can be utilized as preparatory, preventative and effective emergency responses.
The Sierpinski-Erdös Duality Theorem

The principal use for the notion of category is in the formulation of existence proofs. This may be termed its telescopic function. Baire’s theorem enables us to bring into focus mathematical objects which otherwise may be difficult to see! But the study of category serves another purpose, too. By developing the theories of measure and category simultaneously, and by calling attention to their points of similarity and difference, we have tried to show how the two theories illuminate each other. Because the theory of measure is more extensive and “important” than that of category, the service is mainly in the direction of measure theory. This may be termed the stereoscopic function of the study of category; it adds perspective to measure theory! The suggestion to look for a category analogue, or a measure analogue, has very often proved to be a useful guide. In this and the following chapters we shall take a closer look at the duality we have observed between measure and category, to see how far it extends in the case of the line and other spaces, and to discover what underlies it.
Theology after Contact

Abstract: The prospect of encountering extraterrestrial intelligent life raises important questions for religion and theology. Even if an actual encounter with extraterrestrials never actually takes place, or proves impractical, terrestrial religious thought already has resources that can render intelligible and allow us theologically to appreciate such an eventuality.
Cytomorphology of cervicovaginal melanoma: ThinPrep versus conventional Papanicolaou tests

Background: Primary cervicovaginal melanoma is a rare malignancy associated with a high risk of recurrence. Prior studies discussing the cytomorphology of cervicovaginal melanoma have been based primarily on review of conventional Papanicolaou (Pap) smears. The aim of this study was to evaluate cervicovaginal melanomas identified in liquid-based Pap tests, in comparison with features seen on conventional Pap smear preparation. Materials and Methods: Cases of cervicovaginal melanoma identified on Pap tests with concurrent or subsequent histopathologic confirmation were collected from the Baystate Medical Center cytopathology files and personal archives of the authors over a total period of 34 years. All cytopathology (n = 6) and the available histology slides (n = 5) were reviewed. Cases were analyzed regarding clinical, histopathologic and cytomorphological findings. Results: A total of six cases with invasive cervicovaginal melanoma diagnosed on Pap tests were identified. Most patients were postmenopausal with contact bleeding, correlating with surface ulceration (identified in biopsy/excision material in 5/5 cases). Most cases had deeply invasive tumors (5/5: modified Breslow's thickness > 5 mm and Chung's level of invasion IV/V). Pap tests included four ThinPrep and two conventional smears. Overall, ThinPrep Pap tests exhibited a higher ratio of tumor cells to background squamous cells. While all Pap tests were bloodstained, tumor diathesis was prominent only within conventional smears. Melanoma cells were present both as clusters and scattered single cells in each Pap test type. Both the preparations contained epithelioid tumor cells, whereas spindled tumor cells were seen in only two ThinPrep cases. Prominent nucleoli and binucleation of tumor cells were seen in both the preparations. Melanin pigment was identified in only ThinPrep (3/4) cases and nuclear pseudo-inclusions in one conventional Pap smear. Cell blocks were made in three ThinPrep cases and immunocytochemistry (S-100, HMB45, Melan-A) performed on additional vial material (one ThinPrep slide and one cell block) was immunoreactive in melanoma cells. Conclusion: Primary cervicovaginal melanoma, a rare malignancy seen predominantly in postmenopausal women, may be successfully diagnosed in either ThinPrep Pap tests or conventional Pap smears. While ThinPrep Pap tests did not demonstrate morphological advantage over conventional smears, liquid-based cytology specimens did provide additional material for cellblock preparation and immunocytochemical evaluation in a subset of cases.
"The Horror": The Subject of Desire in Postcolonial Studies

Imperial Leather: Race, Gender and Sexuality in the Colonial Contest. Anne McClintock. New York: Routledge, 1995. 449 pp. Race and the Education of Desire: Foucault's History of Sexuality and the Colonial Order of Things. Ann Laura Stoler. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1995. 238 pp. Colonial Desire: Hybridity in Theory, Culture, and Race. Robert J. C. Young. London: Routledge, 1995.236 pp.
Benzyl Chloromethyl Sulfide

[3970-13-6] C8H9ClS (MW 172.67) InChI = 1S/C8H9ClS/c9-7-10-6-8-4-2-1-3-5-8/h1-5H,6-7H2 InChIKey = UMFDSFPDTLREFS-UHFFFAOYSA-N (protecting group in peptide synthesis,5 palladium complexes,10 biologically active iminium compounds,13 sulfones, and sulfoximes15) Alternate Names: benzylthiomethyl chloride; chloromethyl benzyl sulfide; chloromethylthiomethylbenzene. Physical Data: bp 78 °C/0.2 mmHg; bp 98–99 °C/2.5 mmHg; nD25 1.571–1.578. Solubility: sol most organic solvents. Preparative Method: the reagent is obtained following the procedure of Fancher.1 Chloromethylation of phenylmethanethiol with paraformaldehyde in concentrated hydrochloric acid gives the desired benzyl chloromethyl sulfide. To paraformaldehyde (7.5 g) in 50 mL of benzene, 100 mL of concentrated HCl is added in 5 min with stirring. The mixture is kept at 40 °C for a while and phenylmethanethiol (33.75 g) in 50 mL of benzene is added slowly. The resulting mixture is maintained slightly above 40 °C for 2 h. After removing the solvent, the product is purified by distillation under reduced pressure. The unpleasant odor can be in large part suppressed by washing used apparatus immediately with alkaline permanganate. Other methods have been described elsewhere.2 Handling, Storage, and Precautions: should only be used in a fume hood.
The Causes and Consequences of Leveraged Management Buyouts

A growing proportion of corporate restructuring is in the form of leveraged management buyouts (LBOs), but this activity is controversial, and critics have said that it involves ethical problems and redistributional issues. This article uses the existing theoretical and empirical literature to suggest research questions about why LBOs occur and what will be their likely consequences.
Perphenazine Suspension: A New, Old Treatment, Side Effects and Continuous Use

A number of innovative delivery systems for acute antipsychotic pharmacotherapy have been developed over the years which include oral suspensions, rapidly dissolving wafers and acute intramuscular preparations. Currently, the availability of first generation antipsychotic (FGA) formulations is limited to two high potency agents: haloperidol and fluphenazine. At Yale New-Haven Psychiatric Hospital, the hospital pharmacy was able to create perphenazine suspension, a mid-potency FGA, with a record of effectiveness and tolerability that was no worse than that of second generation antipsychotics (SGAs) in the CATIE trial. In this study we compare perphenazine suspension to other first and SGAs in the risk of extrapyramidal reactions and whether or not patients were continued on the same antipsychotic they were started with at the time of discharge. Medical records of patients who received acute pharmacotherapy in a unique form while hospitalized at Yale New Haven Psychiatric Hospital from July 2009 to December 2009 were examined. All data were collected thru a chart review using a form that was created to systematically document experiences. A total of 229 patients were included in the study. There were no significant differences between treatment groups on gender, age, race or diagnosis. In the entire samples 1.75% had pseudo-parkonisnism, 1.31% had acute dystonia, 0.04% had tardive dyskinesia, 1.31% akithesia, and 4.8% any neurological side effects. There were no significant differences between agents in the likelihood of any of these side effects or of having any side effect. Higher use of anticholinergics was found in patients treated with FGAs. We also found that 77% were discharged on the same antipsychotic agent they received when they were initially hospitalized. A wide range of acute oral pharmacoptherapy in non-tablet formulations of first and SGAs should be available in psychiatric hospital formularies. FGAs seems to be as well tolerated as SGAs.
Lock-and-Key Hypothesis: Lack of Mechanical Isolation in a Butterfly (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) Hybrid Zone

The “lock-and-key” hypothesis of mechanical isolation predicts little if any natural hybridization between genitalically differentiated taxa. Chilean Tatochila mercedis (Eschscholtz) differs from Argentine T. sterodice Staudinger and T. vanvolxemii (Capronnier) in the degree and direction of a twist of the aedeagus. We report data on the genetic bases for these traits and use these data for an analysis of the degree of hybridization and introgression of genitalic traits in contact zones in the field. The direction of twist is based on one or a few genes, whereas the degree of twist is probably polygenic; the two characters are statistically independent in the laboratory. The ease of laboratory pairing and the high incidence of hybridization in nature clearly indicate that mechanical isolation based on these traits is untenable. There is a lack of strict concordance of clines involving these characters in the field; introgression of twist direction occurs farther eastward than twist degree, but this is a likely consequence of the different genetic bases for these traits. We reject the lock-and-key model for this group and suggest that arthropod systematists be cautious in recognizing species based on simple genitalic characters in parapatry.
Intravenous sodium lactate decreases plasma GABA levels in man

Gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA), an inhibitory neurotransmitter, may play an important role in anxiety. We studied changes in plasma GABA levels in nine healthy subjects before and after infusions of sodium lactate and dextrose. Plasma GABA significantly decreased during infusions of sodium lactate (109.3±4.4 versus 91.6±5.1 pmol/ml;P=0.0001) but not during infusions of dextrose.
'Robinson's sum rule' revisited

This discussion revisits two articles on synchrotron radiation damping published in 1958, one by this author and Evgeny K. Tarasov [Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 34, 651 (1958); Sov. Phys. JETP 34, 449 (1958)], and one by Kenneth W. Robinson [Phys. Rev. 111, 373 (1958)]. The latter is the source of what is known as ``Robinson's sum rule.'' Both present the familiar rule, but with very different proofs and calculations of concrete damping decrements. Comparative analysis of these differences reveals serious flaws in Robinson's proof and calculations.