cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A long small war: Italian counterrevolutionary warfare in Libya, 1911 to 1932

The paper argues that the success of the Italian pacification campaign of Libya in 1932 can be traced to the implementation of a military-centric strategy used in counterrevolutionary warfare, a type of Small War made popular in the early twentieth century and an older form of counterinsurgency. Rather than focus on achieving an acceptable level of security common to modern counterinsurgency doctrine, COIN, the Italians used kinetic military operations to defeat and subdue rebel groups in the two Libyan colonies of Tripolitania and Cyrenaica. The roots of third rebellion, and the military strategy used to pacify the colonies, were developed during the guerrilla war by Ottoman and indigenous groups used to oppose the Italian invasion of Libya during the Italo-Libyan War, 1911–1912. The lessons of Italy's success should make the application of a military-centric rather than a security-centric strategy useful for current counterinsurgencies.
MALE HORMONE AND THE TESTIS-COMB RELATIONSHIP IN THE CHICK1

Further study of the interaction of male hormone with the pituitary has been needed in order that the male reproductive physiology might be compared or contrasted more fully with that of the female. Early investigations (1, 2, 3, 4) demonstrated the inhibitory effect of estrin on ovarian weight in the rat, and an experiment suggestive of the same hormone relationship in the male has been reported (5) where a decrease in testicular weight of 12 to 50 per cent was noted in rats which had been given adrosterone. Recent descriptions of ovarian stimulation by estrogenic substances, especially under different conditions with respect to duration and amount of injection (6, 7, 8), however, do not have an adequate counterpart in experiments with the male. The fact that ample supplies of crystalline male hormone preparations are now available has removed one of the major difficulties which hampered investigation, and has provided additional stimulation for the study.2
Treatment strategies for endometriosis

Background: Endometriosis is a common chronic disease that causes symptoms of pain and infertility. The pain syndrome can be quite incapacitating. The pain symptoms usually originate in the reproductive organs but can also involve the urinary or intestinal tracts if endometriosis implantation has occurred there. The presentation and physical appearance of endometriosis is extremely variable and can be characterized by a chronic intraperitoneal inflammatory process and adhesions. The only definitive diagnostic technique is laparoscopy. Objective: To review current literature on the treatment strategies for endometriosis. Methods: Review of Pubmed, Cochrane database and Medline for current review articles and studies regarding the current treatment strategies for endometriosis. Results: Initial treatment is surgical or medical. Medical therapy is often used as a first-line therapy and can also be used in conjunction with those patients who undergo surgical therapy for pain. No medical therapy has proven eff...
Ultra-fast one micron spectral domain ultra-high sensitive optical micro-angiography for in vivo visualization of ocular circulation of human retina and choroid

In this paper, an ultra high speed (92 kHz A-line rate) one micron spectral domain ultra high sensitive optical microangiography system was demonstrated and successfully applied on posterior part of human eye for in vivo visualizing blood perfusions of both retina and choroid. A 1 μm ASE module was utilized as the light source, which could provide much more penetration depth than conventional 800 nm system. Running at 200 frames per second, it would cost ~5 seconds for the system to finish acquiring one 3D data set, which covers ~3×3 mm2 on the retina. Applying the OMAG algorithm onto the slow axis (C-scan direction), our system can extract detailed capillary level ocular perfusion maps for different layers of both retina and choroid. The excellent agreement with the standard text book shows great potential in clinical application.
Comparison of Late Pleistocene and Modern Glacier Extents in Central Nepal Based on Digital Elevation Data and Satellite Imagery

Late Pleistocene and modern ice extents in central Nepal are compared to estimate equilibrium line altitude (ELA) depressions. New techniques are used for determining the former extent of glaciers based on quantitative, objective geomorphic analyses of a ∼90-m resolution digital elevation model (DEM). For every link of the drainage network, valley form is classified as glacial or fluvial based on cross-valley shape and slope statistics. Down-valley transitions from glacial to fluvial form indicate the former limits of glaciation in each valley. Landsat Multispectral Scanner imagery for the same region is used to map current glacier extents. For both full-glacial and modern cases, ELAs are computed from the glacier limits using the DEM and a toe-to-headwall altitude ratio of 0.5. Computed ELA depressions range from 100–900 m with a modal value of ∼650 m and a mean of ∼500 m, values consistent with previously published estimates for the central Himalaya but markedly smaller than estimates for many other regions. We suggest that this reflects reduced precipitation, rather than a small temperature depression, consistent with other evidence for a weaker monsoon under full-glacial conditions.
A Project-Oriented Biochemistry Laboratory Course

A project-oriented laboratory course has been designed to introduce students to the study of biochemistry as it is practiced. The course is designed to be a capstone experience for students enrolled in a variety of majors at the Rochester Institute of Technology, including those who enter our new B.S. Biochemistry program. The experiments in this course enable the students to explore the protein chemistry, enzymology, and molecular biology of a single enzyme, threonine dehydrogenase, in a series of integrated experiments. The laboratory incorporates both traditional methods (centrifugation, UV-vis spectroscopy, gel electrophoresis, and chromatography) and more recent developments in the field (polymerase chain reaction). Students use a small computer network to prepare for experiments (using simulation software developed at RIT), to evaluate data, to access sequence homology databases over the Internet, and to visualize and model proteins and nucleic acids. The change in the biochemistry teaching lab from...
Dry reforming kinetics over a bulk molybdenum carbide catalyst

Abstract A bulk molybdenum carbide catalyst was used to determine a rate expression for dry methane reforming at temperatures between 800 and 900 ∘ C , with CH 4 and CO 2 partial pressures from 0.15 to 0.32 bar and from 0.11 to 0.23 bar, respectively. Intrinsic kinetic measurements were made possible by co-feeding CO along with reactants at a constant CO : CO 2 feed ratio of 3.0 in order to prevent oxidation of the Mo 2 C catalyst to MoO 2 . Methane conversion data as a function of inverse methane space velocity were obtained under conditions of negligible gas–solid mass transfer resistance and subjected to differential analysis. Partial pressure and rate data from all experiments were agglomerated and fit to a power law rate expression, which gave reaction orders of 1.2 and 0.7 for CH 4 and CO 2 , respectively. The activation energy obtained in this temperature range was 172 kJ/mol, higher than reported values for supported nickel or noble metals for the same reaction. It is proposed that the rate data are consistent with a mechanism that involves a combination of carbidic carbon exchange and chemisorbed CO 2 , accounting for the high activation energy and the susceptibility of the catalyst to oxidation.
TRIZ method and remote engineering approach

In the paper is discussed the changes in high education as an effect of the tendency of creation of those environment able to stimulate innovation and creativity. We consider that as a new pedagogy system in e-learning, remote engineering there is favorable system for creativity. It has some peculiarities which allow more easy TRIZ application.; Determine the unification of the language and English becomes dominant; The software used for remote labs are not so dispersed; Implies separation of the information process and training; TRIZ need self-education under external control and self-education implies acquiring knowledge and mastering skills for persons with strong motivation. Remote engineering allows not only solving, in original manner, the contradictions of some technical problems, but also produce an indirect effect. It means that students will meet the case of inversion: the group of trainers, best ones, will offer hers creations, to the each student, individually. With other words, the system trainer - group of students becomes group of trainers - one student, with strong influence in divergent thinking development.
Equilibrium Real Interest Rate Linkages: The United States and Japan

Abstract In this paper, we examine how the internationalization of Japan's economy is evidenced in the linkage between Japanese and U.S. real interest rates. We use a measure of the equilibrium real interest rate differential between Japan and the United States to draw inferences about the nature of financial interdependence between the two countries. We also measure the speed at which the real interest rate differential converges to an equilibrium value following an initial disturbance, and the individual responses of real interest rates in the United States and Japan. Using information from real interest rate linkages, we shed light on the relative importance of Japan in world capital markets for the period since Japan introduced its new Foreign Exchange and Foreign Trade Control Law in December 1980. J. Japan. Int. Econ. , June 1997, 11 (2), pp. 208–227. Department of Economics, University of California, Santa Cruz, California 95064.
Paralogous Vitamin D Receptors in Teleosts: Transition of Nuclear Receptor Function

The availability of multiple teleost (bony fish) genomes is providing unprecedented opportunities to understand the diversity and function of gene duplication events using comparative genomics. Here we describe the cloning and functional characterization of two novel vitamin D receptor (VDR) paralogs from the freshwater teleost medaka (Oryzias latipes). VDR sequences were identified through mining of the medaka genome database in which gene organization and structure was determined. Two distinct VDR genes were identified in the medaka genome and mapped to defined loci. Each VDR sequence exhibits unique intronic organization and dissimilar 5' untranslated regions, suggesting they are not isoforms of the same gene locus. Phylogenetic comparison with additional teleosts and mammalian VDR sequences illustrate that two distinct clusters are formed separating aquatic and terrestrial species. Nested within the teleost cluster are two separate clades for VDRalpha and VDRbeta. The topology of teleost VDR sequences is consistent with the notion of paralogous genes arising from a whole genome duplication event prior to teleost radiation. Functional characterization was conducted through the development of VDR expression vectors including Gal4 chimeras containing the yeast Gal4 DNA binding domain fused to the medaka VDR ligand binding domain and full-length protein. The common VDR ligand 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3)] resulted in significant transactivation activity with both the Gal4 and full-length constructs of medaka (m) VDRbeta. Comparatively, transactivation of mVDRalpha with 1alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3) was highly attenuated, suggesting a functional divergence between these two nuclear receptor paralogs. We additionally demonstrate through coactivator studies that mVDRalpha is still functional; however, it exhibits a different sensitivity to 1alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3), compared with VDRbeta. These results suggest that in mVDRalpha and VDRbeta have undergone a functional divergence through a process of sub- and/or neofunctionalization of VDR nuclear receptor gene pairs.
Future fall-out from the genetic revolution

Abstract It is argued that the genetic engineering revolution now under way is fundamentally different from other industrial revolutions in that humans are developing the technological power to change themselves. This article begins with an overview of the technology involved, discusses the Human Genome Initiative (HGI) programme and gene therapy research, and then uses several possible future scenarios to discuss potential legal and ethical issues.
Docosahexaenoic acid and other dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids suppress leukotriene synthesis by mouse peritoneal macrophages.

The efficacy of individual ω-t-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in altering eicosanoid synthesis in peritoneal macrophages was studied by feeding mice for 10 days a diet containing 2 wt% fat, which included 0.5 wt% ethyl esters of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) or linolenic acid (LNA). Upon stimulation with calcium ionophore A23187, macrophages from these animals produced significantly lower amounts of leukotriene C4, leukotriene B4 and 12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, prostaglandin E2 and 6-keto prostaglandin F1α compared with those obtained from animals on the diets containing olive oil or safflower oil. The decrease in leukotriene synthesis was similar in the animals fed DHA, EPA or LNA diets. This depression of eicosanoids by DHA and EPA was associated with decreased levels of arachidonic acid (AA); however, LA that altered eicosanoids did not have the same effect on AA levels.
Physiological levels of PTEN control the size of the cellular Ins(1,3,4,5,6)P5 pool

Abstract To understand how a signaling molecule's activities are regulated, we need insight into the processes controlling the dynamic balance between its synthesis and degradation. For the Ins(1,3,4,5,6)P 5 signal, this information is woefully inadequate. For example, the only known cytosolic enzyme with the capacity to degrade Ins(1,3,4,5,6)P 5 is the tumour-suppressor PTEN [J.J. Caffrey, T. Darden, M.R. Wenk, S.B. Shears, FEBS Lett. 499 (2001) 6 [24] ], but the biological relevance has been questioned by others [E.A. Orchiston, D. Bennett, N.R. Leslie, R.G. Clarke, L. Winward, C.P. Downes, S.T. Safrany, J. Biol. Chem. 279 (2004) 1116 [1] ]. The current study emphasizes the role of physiological levels of PTEN in Ins(1,3,4,5,6)P 5 homeostasis. We employed two cell models. First, we used a human U87MG glioblastoma PTEN -null cell line that hosts an ecdysone-inducible PTEN expression system. Second, the human H1299 bronchial cell line, in which PTEN is hypomorphic due to promoter methylation, has been stably transfected with physiologically relevant levels of PTEN. In both models, a novel consequence of PTEN expression was to increase Ins(1,3,4,5,6)P 5 pool size by 30–40% ( p 5 levels. PTEN induction did not alter the expression of enzymes participating in Ins(1,3,4,5,6)P 5 synthesis. Another effect of PTEN expression in U87MG cells was to decrease InsP 6 levels by 13% ( p 6 -phosphatase, MIPP, may be responsible for the latter effect; we show that recombinant human MIPP dephosphorylates InsP 6 to d / l -Ins(1,2,4,5,6)P 5 , levels of which increased 60% ( p [57] ] the levels of which are modulated by expression of the highly pleiotropic PTEN protein.
Mechanically induced defects and strength of BN nanotubes

We identify, by dislocation theory and molecular dynamics simulations, possible dislocation dipoles $(5|7|7|5$ and $4|8|8|4)$ as defect nuclei under tension in boron nitride nanotubes. The formation energies of the dipoles are then evaluated by ab initio gradient-corrected density functional theory. The $5|7|7|5$ dipole appears to be more favorable in spite of its homoelemental B-B and N-N bonds. Compared to carbon nanotubes, the formation energy of the primary defect is higher and remains positive at larger strain in boron nitride nanotubes, thus suggesting greater yield resistance.
Thoracoscopic Versus Thoracotomy Approaches to Lobectomy: Differential Impairment of Cellular Immunity

Background Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) for patients with early-stage non–small-cell lung cancer is associated with lower stress responses and potentially improved outcomes, as compared with thoracotomy. The goal of our study was to examine the cellular components of the postoperative immune response. Specifically, we assessed the cytotoxic capacity of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of patients undergoing lobectomy for non–small-cell lung cancer by either VATS or thoracotomy. Methods We performed a prospective cohort study of lobectomy patients undergoing either VATS or thoracotomy. We isolated PBMCs from perioperative blood samples, and performed cytokine analysis on plasma fractions. Using flow cytometry, we analyzed PBMC phenotype (CD3, CD16/56, CD4, CD8) and T-cell activation markers (CD25, CD69, HLA-DR). Using a chromium release assay, we quantified cellular cytotoxicity. To assess gene expression differences, we used Affymetrix messenger ribonucleic acid microarray and polymerase chain reaction analysis. Results A total of 13 patients enrolled in our study: 6, VATS; 7, thoracotomy. On postoperative day 1, interleukin-6 and matrix metalloproteinase-9 were significantly different between the two groups. On day 2, cellular cytotoxicity (0.34) was significantly greater ( p p > 0.05). We noted minimal yet significant differences in PBMC phenotype, but no differences in T-cell activation makers. A 9-gene polymerase chain reaction–validated subset clustered the two groups with complete concordance. Conclusions Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery lobectomy for non–small-cell lung cancer is associated with less impairment of cellular cytotoxicity, as compared with thoracotomy. We found that this difference was not accounted for by PBMC phenotypic changes. Instead, PBMC gene expression changes likely represent the molecular basis of this differential immune response.
Teens at work: a statewide study of jobs, hazards, and injuries.

Purpose: Occupational injury is an ongoing and serious threat to American youth. However, little is known about the environments in which youth work or the hazards to which they are exposed. The purpose of this study was to document the patterns of work, exposures to hazardous equipment and situations, and work-related injury experiences of adolescents. Methods: We identified a statewide targeted sample of North Carolina households with teens age 14–17 years and interviewed those who had ever worked for pay or worked on a farm. Results: Five hundred sixty-two teens from 700 eligible households reported that they had worked non-farm jobs for pay. One-third were paid for work before age 14 years; two-thirds had held more than one paid job. Place of employment was most often someone's home, a retail store, or a restaurant. Common jobs were lawn care worker, cashier, and dishwasher. Common hazards to which teens were exposed included ladders or scaffolding; forklifts, tractors or riding mowers; and working around loud noises. Over half were injured at least once while working a paid job, most often from being cut or burned. Conclusions: Work among youth is common. Teens hold a variety of jobs, mostly in the retail trade and the service sector, exposing them to hazardous equipment and situations. Injuries at work are frequent and some are serious. This study supports the need to include an occupational history and work-related safety counseling in clinical encounters with adolescents.
Chlorophyll a concentrations in the North Pacific: Does a latitudinal gradient exist?

NASA graduate student fellowship in global change research to M.-L.D.. NOAA climate and global change grant (NA 16RC009-01) to P.A.W.
Development of fetal retina, tectum, and cortex transplanted to the superior colliculus of adult rats.

Earlier studies showed that embryonic retina, cortex, or tectum transplanted adjacent to the superior colliculus of newborn host rats differentiated many of the histological features appropriate for the donor region and developed interconnections with the host nervous system. In the study presented here, the same regions were transplanted to the brain of adult host rats and the development of these transplants was compared to those into newborn hosts. Retina, rostral tectum, or occipital cortex was dissected from donor rat embryos on gestational day 14 or 15. A portion of cortex was aspirated in 2-;menth-old host rats to expose the right superior colliculus, and one of the donor tissues was placed adjacent to the colliculus in each host. Two to 4 months after transplantation, transplant histology and neuronal interconnections between the transplant and host nervous system were studied by using Nissl and neurofibrillar stains and 3H-proline and HRP tract tracing techniques. Four main points can be drawn from these results. First, 80% of the transplants survived in adult hosts –a percentage comparable to that found in newborn hosts. Second, each of the types of tissues transplanted differentiated histological characteristics appropriate for its site of origin, although the degree of differentiation was always much less than in transplants to newborns. Third, the transplants developed only relatively local projections into the host cortex and superior colliculus. This contrasts with the extensive projections found from the transplants into the brain of newborn hosts. Fourth, no definitive projections from the host retina or brain were identified to any of the transplants into adults, whereas both cortical and tectal transplants into newborns received projections from the host.
Speech production in hearing-impaired children.

Abstract Investigations in recent years have indicated that only about 20% of the speech output of the deaf is understood by the “person-on-the-street.” This lack of intelligibility has been associated with some frequently occuring segmental and suprasegmental errors. Errors of voicing and omission of consonants as well as vowel substitutions are common articulatory problems. Suprasegmental errors are associated with problems of timing, intonation, and voice quality. Yet, in spite of the relatively consistent findings regarding these frequently occuring errors, the correlation between the errors and overall speech intelligibility is less clear. The interrelationship between error types and the frequency of occurence of a particular error type must be taken into consideration when interpreting the true effect of the error type on speech intelligibility. It is only when this is determined that one can begin to predict how much improvement to expect from correction of specific errors.
Leaf photosynthetic and water relations responses for “Valencia” orange trees exposed to oxidant air pollution

Abstract Leaf responses were measured to test a hypothesis that reduced photosynthetic capacity and/or altered water relations were associated with reductions in yield for “Valencia” orange trees (Citrus sinensis [L.], Osbeck) exposed to ambient oxidant air pollution. Exposures were continuous for 4 years to three levels of oxidants (in charcoal-filtered, half-filtered, and non-filtered air). Oxidants had no effect on net leaf photosynthetic rates or on photosynthetic pigment concentrations. A single set of measurements indicated that oxidants increased leaf starch concentrations (24%) prior to flowering, suggesting a change in photosynthate allocation. Leaves exposed to oxidants had small, but consistent, changes in water relations over the summer growing season, compared to trees growing in filtered air. Other changes included decreased stomatal conductance (12%) and transpiration (9%) rates, and increased water pressure potentials (5%). While all responses were subtle, their cumulative impact over 4 years indicated that “Valencia” orange trees were subject to increased ambient oxidant stress.
D-sync: Doppler-based time synchronization for mobile underwater sensor networks

Time synchronization is an essential service in underwater networks, required for many functionalities such as MAC, sleep-scheduling, localization, and time-stamping of sensor events. However, there exist two fundamental challenges to underwater synchronization, namely, large propagation delays and substantial node mobility during the synchronization process. While existing underwater time sync solutions have been proposed to address these challenges, they rely on heavy signaling, which is undesirable due to high energy costs. In this paper, we introduce a powerful new approach that incorporates physical layer information, namely an estimate of the Doppler shift. Large Doppler shift has been identified as a major challenge to underwater communication, and current systems implement sophisticated solutions to estimate and track such Doppler shift for each data exchange. While an impediment to communication, we will show that the Doppler shift contains highly useful information that can be leveraged to greatly improve time synchronization. Specifically, it provides an indication of the relative motion between nodes. Our new protocol, called D-sync, strategically exploits this feature to address the timing uncertainty due to node mobility. As such, D-sync can handle substantial mobility, without making any assumptions about the underlying motion, and without extensive signaling. Simulation results show that D-sync significantly outperforms existing time synchronization both in terms of accuracy and energy.
Teaching about Repressed Memories of Childhood Sexual Abuse and Eyewitness Testimony

Victims and witnesses to crimes frequently must remember information about what they saw. What they remember can dramatically affect the outcome of cases and the lives of the victims, the accused, and family members. This article describes an under-graduate course that examines human memory and its role in two applied legal issues: repressed memories of childhood sexual abuse and eyewitness testimony. Because these issues involve applying memory to real-world situations, and because they directly and indirectly affect many people, courses dealing with these topics hold intrinsic and practical interest for students. Student thought pieces, class discussions, and course evaluations indicate that students enjoyed and benefited from a course on these applied and polemic issues.
Unprogrammed reinforcement of patients' behavior in a mental hospital.

Abstract This study investigated the social reinforcement contingencies which psychotic patients experience in mental hospitals. The patients' behavior was observed and rated for appropriateness and the consequent environmental responses recorded. The results indicate that the patients' prosocial and psychotic behavior were inconsistently reinforced. The patients themselves were the best behavioral engineers, followed by nurses and nursing assistants in that order. A positive correlation was found between the severity of a patient's psychotic behavior and the inappropriateness with which he is reinforced. Implications of these results for the training of hospital staff-members are discussed.
Classummary: Introducing Discussion Summarization to Online Classrooms

This paper describes a novel summarization system, Classummary, for interactive online classroom discussions. This system is originally designed for Open Source Software (OSS) development forums. However, this new application provides valuable feedback on designing summarization systems and applying them to everyday use, in addition to the traditional natural language processing evaluation methods. In our demonstration at HLT, new users will be able to direct this summarizer themselves.
Issues and directions in qualitative physics: special editions from the 1987 workshop

Abstract The papers in these special issues of AI in Engineering are derived from presentations given at the First Annual Workshop on Qualitative Physics. They represent the state-of-the-art (and science) of reasoning about the physical world. The editorial introduces the five papers in the first volume by way of a summary of the attractions and difficulties of qualitative reasoning.
An Initial Look at Motivations & Personality Traits of American Construction Professionals Working for International Firms

This quantitative research study explored why American construction professionals choose to live and work overseas. In other words, what are the motivating factors that attribute not only to the willingness of U.S. employees to accept expatriate positions, but also the ability to see projects through to completion? As international corporate activities increase, the staffing of their operations involves more strategic concerns. However, foreign assignments have many differences, and dissatisfaction with host countries is a known cause of expatriate failure (Chen, Tzeng, & Tang, 2005). In fact, failure rates have been estimated to range from 25% to 40% and associated costs for each failure is estimated from $55,000 to $85,000 (Mendenhall & Oddou, 1985).The following general themes were examined through a 26-question web-based survey: (1) What initially motivated you to try overseas construction work? (2) What motivates you to continue working overseas? and (3) What personality traits are essential to a suc...
The dissipation‐range spectrum and the velocity‐derivative skewness in turbulent flows

A dynamical equation for the energy dissipation rate is used together with a model spectrum to predict the velocity derivative skewness at a high Reynolds number. The objective is to determine the best choice of the exponent, m, so that the resulting model spectrum can be used to estimate statistical properties of the fine scales of turbulence. Skewness data suggest that m = 2 is the best model for laboratory-scale flows and m = 1 is a poor model for a broad range of Reynolds numbers.
The Impact of Family on Job Displacement and Recovery

Rates of involuntary job loss (from plant closures, downsizing, and so on) have been increasing in the United States during the past 15 years. Using several cross-sectional surveys from the Current Population Survey, and longitudinal data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, this article demonstrates that the likelihood of job displacement differs according to marital status, the presence or absence of young children, and single-parenthood, even after controlling for employees' age, sex, race, education, industry, occupation, and other pertinent factors. Divorce is associated with the subsequent loss of their jobs. Conversely, job displacement also raises the risk of subsequent marital breakdown. Thus the waves of job displacement have not been neutral with regard to family structure. These findings are discussed in terms of theories of work-family conflicts.
LiPS: A cost-efficient data and task co-scheduler for MapReduce

We introduce LiPS, a new cost-efficient data and task co-scheduler for MapReduce in a cloud environment. By using linear programming to simultaneously co-schedule data and tasks, LiPS helps to achieve minimized dollar cost globally. We evaluated LiPS both analytically and on Amazon EC2 in order to measure actual dollar charges. The results were significant; LiPS saved 62-81% of the dollar costs when compared with the Hadoop default scheduler and the delay scheduler, while also allowing users to fine-tune the cost-performance tradeoff.
The E2F transcription factor is a cellular target for the RB protein.

Abstract Although it is generally believed that the product of the retinoblastoma susceptibility gene ( RB1 ) is an important regulator of cell proliferation, the biochemical mechanism for its action is unclear. We now show that the RB protein is found in a complex with the E2F transcription factor and that only the underphosphorylated form of RB is in the E2F complex. Moreover, the adenovirus E1A protein can dissociate the E2F-RB complex, dependent on E1A sequence also critical for E1A to bind to RB. These sequences are also critical for E1A to immortalize primary cell cultures and to transform in conjunction with other oncogenes. Taken together, these results suggest that the interaction of RB with E2F is an important event in the control of cellular proliferation and that the dissociation of the complex is part of the mechanism by which E1A inactivates RB function.
Thermodynamics of dissolution of solid cyclic dipeptides containing hydrophobic side groups

Abstract The effect of hydrophobic side chains on the dissolution properties of cyclic dipeptides (diketopiperazines) has been studied by titration microcalorimetry as a function of temperature in the range 288 to 313 K. The enthalpy and heat capacity per amino acid residue are roughly additive and scale linearly with the water-accessible surface area. Application of these results to the estimation of heat-capacity changes upon denaturation of globular proteins supports the assertion that the protein interior behaves as an intramolecular solid and that the denaturational heat-capacity change results from the hydration of hydrophobic groups.
Protective Relaying for Long Transmission Lines

UP to a certain length of transmission line, conventional distance relays will readily distinguish internal faults, for which the line should be opened, and external faults, load conditions, and power swings, for which the line should not be opened. This distinction is based on the magnitude of the impedance or reactance of the line as it appears to the relay. This impedance will be referred to hereafter as the input impedance and is determined by the current and voltage existing at the relay location.
Intermittent phase unlocking in a resonant three-wave interaction with parametric excitation

Abstract It is shown that the phases in a resonant three-wave interaction with parametric excitation exhibit intermittent chaotic behavior while the real wave amplitudes oscillate chaotically. The phases generally do not become locked asymptotically as t → ∞.
Applying the personal software process in CS1: an experiment

The authors conducted an experiment in applying components of the Personal Software Processsm (PSP) described in Humphrey[2,3] to a large group of CS1 students. Half of the students were taught selected PSP principles and the other half were asked only to keep track of total time spent on programming assignments. Results indicate that PSP is of value not only to software professionals involved in large projects, or to students in a software engineering school, but also to novices at the CS1 level, regardless of their background.
ACM associate-degree IT curricular guidance

As directed by the ACM Education Board, the ACM Committee for Computing Education in Community Colleges (CCECC) delivered the final version of its curricular guidance for associate-degree Information Technology (IT) programs consisting of core IT learning outcomes with associated assessment metrics. The competency model is available from www.capspace.org. The CCECC invites institutions to highlight their IT programs by submitting course examples correlated with the core IT learning outcomes contained in the guidance.
Inhibition of transport systems in cultured rat hepatoma cells by colcemid and ethanol.

Abstract The transport of uridine, hypoxanthine, and choline in cultures of Novikoff rat hepatoma cells is competitively inhibited by colcemid with apparent K i values of 135, 60, and 250 μM respectively, whereas the transport of 2-deoxy-D-glucose is not affected. Ethanol at high concentrations inhibits the transport of all four substrates in an apparent competitive manner.
A possible role of organic activators in the ribosome-catalyzed peptide and ester bond formation

A possible role of aliphatic alcohols and acetone in ribosome-catalyzed esterification, “fragment reaction”, and binding of aminoacyl ribooligonucleotides to ribosomes is suggested. It is proposed that formation of hydrogen-bonded complexes of 3′ or 2′ hydroxy groups of tRNA, CCA-oligonucleotide, N-acylaminoacyl or aminoacyl ribooligonucleotides with aliphatic alcohols or acetone hydrate provides an additional nucleophilic binding center (alcohol hydroxy group) which helps to anchor the substrate on ribosomes. Such a binding center may partially substitute for those originally present in an intact tRNA molecule. The complex of tRNA with an aliphatic alcohol resembles aminoacyl tRNA, which may account for a tRNA-dependent ribosome-catalyzed esterification. To explain differences in reactivity of straight- and branched-chain alcohols two possible mechanisms are invoked: esterification and solvolysis of hydrogen-bonded complexes of alcohols with tRNA.
Invariant exon skipping in the human α-galactosidase A pre-mRNA: A g+1 to t substitution in a 5′-splice site causing Fabry disease

Fabry disease, an inborn error of glycosphingolipid catabolism, results from lesions in the X-linked gene encoding the human lysosomal hydrolase, alpha-galactosidase A (alpha-D-galactoside galactohydrolase; EC 3.2.1.22). To detect alpha-galactosidase A RNA processing or stability defects causing Fabry disease, Northern hybridization analyses were performed with poly(A)+ RNA isolated from cultured lymphoblasts from unrelated Fabry hemizygotes. Using a riboprobe complimentary to the normal 1.45-kb alpha-galactosidase A mRNA, a single 1.25-kb transcript was identified in three classically affected brothers from a Japanese Fabry family. Densitometric analysis revealed that the 1.25-kb transcripts were present at 50 to 60% of normal amounts. RNase A analysis identified a deletion of about 200 bp that appeared to include the entire 198 bp of exon 6. Amplification and direct sequencing of a genomic region containing exon 6 from an affected hemizygote revealed a g+1 to t transversion in the invariant gt consensus 5'-splice site of intron 6, which resulted in the deletion of the entire exon 6 sequence. This novel splicing lesion causing Fabry disease is the first g+1 to t transversion of a mammalian 5'-splice site that consistently eliminates the preceding exon.
Proficiency-based Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery skills training results in durable performance improvement and a uniform certification pass rate

The authors have previously documented a 100% certification pass rate immediately after a proficiency-based skills training curriculum for the Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery (FLS) program. This study aimed to determine the durability of skills acquired after initial training. For this study, 21 novice medical students were enrolled in institutional review board (IRB)-approved protocols at two institutions. As previously reported, all the participants successfully completed a structured proficiency-based training curriculum by practicing the five FLS tasks in a distributed fashion over a 2-month period. Pre- and posttesting was conducted, and standard testing metrics were used. The participants were recruited for repeat testing 6 months (retention 1) and 1 year (retention 2) after initial curriculum completion. Of the original 21 students, 15 (10 at University of Texas Southwestern and 5 at Uniformed Services University) were available and agreed to participate. The participants had no additional skills lab training and minimal clinical laparoscopic exposure. None of the 15 participants demonstrated proficiency at the initial pretest (mean score, 146 ± 65), and performance showed significant improvement (p < 0.001) at the posttest (469 ± 20). The participants retained a very high level of performance at retention 1 (437 ± 39; 93% retention of the posttest score) and retention 2 (444 ± 55; 95% retention of the posttest score). Their performance at both retention testing-intervals was sufficient for passing the certification exam (270 cutoff score for passing) with a comfortable margin. There were no significant differences in performance between the two institutions at any time points. The proficiency-based FLS skills curriculum reliably results in a high level of skill retention, even in the absence of ongoing simulator-based training or clinical experience. This curriculum is suitable for widespread implementation.
Next-generation strategies in animal model research to translate preclinical discoveries into better treatments for circuit-centered psychiatric dimensions

The study of animal models is of key relevance in biomedical research. Animal models of psychiatric disorders have been important tools to gain insight into the presumed mechanisms of psychoses and mood and anxiety disorders in the last several decades. These models have largely focused on the improvement of specific aspects of validity. 1 Our current psychopharmacological treatments came from these preclinical models for diverse psychiatric disorders. They provided not only a screening for identifying and further developing these compounds but also helped to clarify neurobiological aspects underlying psychiatric disorders. However, despite these gains, animal models have also contributed to the relatively little progress in developing new and improved therapeutics for human psychiatric disorders – existing medications are largely refinements of older versions and have not been demonstrated to be superior
A novel wire scanner for high-intensity pulsed beams ☆

A novel wire scanner has been developed with applications at linear accelerators where small beam spots or high intensities would otherwise destroy wires. A pattern of wires is supported on a thin membrane and remains in place even when punctured by the beam. Many scans can be made before the material needs to be replaced. Tests of the principle have been carried out at the Final Focus Test Beam at SLAC.
Nonlinear response analysis of long-span bridges under turbulent winds

Abstract This paper presents a time domain analysis framework for predicting nonlinear response of long-span bridges under turbulent winds. The nonlinear unsteady aerodynamic forces are modeled based on static force coefficients, flutter derivatives, admittance functions, and their spanwise correlations at varying angles of incidence. This analysis framework incorporates frequency dependent parameters of unsteady aerodynamic forces by utilizing a rational function approximation technique. A comparison with conventional linear approach is made through response analysis of a long-span suspension bridge. The effects of turbulence on the flutter instability are also addressed.
THE EFFECTS OF INSTRUCTION IN SENTENTIAL LOGIC ON SELECTED ABILITIES OF SECOND- AND THIRD-GRADE CHILDREN

The main purpose of the study was to determine the effect of different types of instruction on second- and third-graders' ability to derive valid logical conclusions from verbally expressed hypotheses, where the hypotheses involved items from sentential logic. The effects of the training were also compared in terms of the subject's performance on perceptual reasoning and classification tasks. Hill (1961) developed a 100-item test containing 60 items involving sentential logic to assess students' ability to derive valid logical inferences from sets of verbal premises. She found that children, ages 6 to 8, were able to "a marked degree" to recognize valid conclusions derived from hypothetical premises. The items on this test could be answered with either a yes or a no response. In a study designed to investigate the additional factor of the subjects' ability to test the logical necessity of a conclusion, O'Brien and Shapiro (1968) altered Hill's test so that the correct response for 1/3 of the items was "not enough clues." They reported that children (ages 6 to 8) had great difficulty in testing the logical necessity of a conclusion. Weeks (1970) studied the effects of teaching logic to second- and thirdgrade children using the Dienes and Golding (1966) logic materials and a test similar to Hill's with the additional response of "maybe," as suggested by O'Brien and Shapiro. Weeks found that children who received instruction scored significantly higher than children who received no instruction. Suppes and Binford (1965) explored the possibility of teaching elementary mathematical logic to fifth- and sixth-grade students. They found that the "better" (upper quartile) students achieved a significant conceptual and technical mastery of the material.
Pelvic musculoskeletal infection in infants -- diagnostic difficulties and radiological features.

Musculoskeletal infection involving the pelvis has rarely been reported in infants. When such infections involve the pelvic muscles they are generally believed to result from secondary spread from adjacent structures. We report five cases of primary pelvic musculoskeletal infection affecting infants
Grid cell volume control with an adaptive grid generator

A technique for generating solution adaptive grids controlling cell volume is presented. The grid control functions of the popular Poisson grid generators are defined to control cell size. An analytic derivation showing the relationship of the grid control functions and the cell volume is presented, and several examples are given illustrating the idea. Only one function must be prescribed to control cell size when this technique is implemented in a Poisson grid generator.
First Report of Powdery Mildew Caused by an Oidium sp. on Torenia fournieri.

Torenia fournieri Lind. ex Fourn. (wishbone flower, bluewings) is a popular summer bedding plant in Louisiana. Clown Mixture cultivars are available in garden centers in March and April. Transplants of cultivar Clown Rose were purchased, transplanted to larger pots, and maintained in a greenhouse. A powdery mildew was observed on these plants in March and all plants (six) were severely diseased by May. Symptoms included leaf distortion and yellowing. Powdery mildew was not present on transplants and none was found in later checks of garden centers. An Oidium sp. was observed sporulating on both leaf surfaces of infected plants. Conidia were ellipsoid, produced in chains, lacked fibrosin bodies, and averaged 41 × 22 μm in dimensions. No sexual stage was observed. Healthy plants of Clown Mixture cultivars were obtained and inoculated by brushing conidia from infected plant leaves to leaves of healthy plants. Plants were maintained in a greenhouse where temperatures ranged from 16 to 26°C. Hyphal growth appe...
Lung compliance following cardiac arrest.

Objective To determine lung compliance in patients who had out-of-hospital cardiac arrests. Methods A prospective, observational study of patients suffering nontraumatic cardiopulmonary arrest and requiring CPR at one university hospital ED. Following termination of resuscitation efforts, lung compliance was measured. Measurements were made while inflating the lung from 250 mL to 2,000 mL (in 250-mL increments) using a calibrated supersyringe. Airway flow and pressure were measured at the endotracheal tube with a pneumotachograph and a pressure transducer. Flow and pressure signals were recorded by a respiratory monitor and used to construct pressure-volume curves for calculation of lung compliance. Results The 25 cardiac arrest patients (17 men, eight women) had a mean (+/- SD) age of 65 +/- 7 years. Mean lung compliance was 0.051 +/- 0.011 L/cm H2O. Lung compliance was smaller at low lung volumes, suggesting the presence of alveolar collapse. Compliance values from 500 mL to 1,500 mL were similar. Compliance also diminished with increasing duration of CPR. Conclusions One previous publication suggested that lung compliance following resuscitation is 0.022 L/cm H2O. The results of this study, using the accepted standard measurements of static lung compliance, suggest that true compliance is twice this value. This finding has important ramifications for future research on ventilation during resuscitation and current ventilation standards.
A numerical algorithm for the construction of efficient quadrature rules in two and higher dimensions

We present a numerical algorithm for the construction of efficient, high-order quadratures in two and higher dimensions. Quadrature rules constructed via this algorithm possess positive weights and interior nodes, resembling the Gaussian quadratures in one dimension. In addition, rules can be generated with varying degrees of symmetry, adaptable to individual domains. We illustrate the performance of our method with numerical examples, and report quadrature rules for polynomials on triangles, squares, and cubes, up to degree 50. These formulae are near optimal in the number of nodes used, and many of them appear to be new.