cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A COUPLED SOLUTION OF THE VORTICITY-VELOCITY FORMULATION OF THE INCOMPRESSIBLE NAVIER- STOKES EQUATIONS

SUMMARY A relatively novel formulation of the Navier-Stokes equations is used for obtaining solutions of two dimensional incompressible fluid flow and convective heat transfer problems. A vorticity transport equation along with two Poisson equations for the velocity components and the energy equation are solved by a finite difference scheme. A coupled solution procedure is used for solving simultaneously the dependent variables along a line, using a block tridiagonal matrix algorithm. The formulation is found to be stable and has features that may be desirable for solving a wide variety of flow and heat transfer problems. The vast majority of the numerical solutions of incompressible Navier-Stokes equations presented in the literature is based on the vorticity-stream function formulation. The vorticity-stream function formulation has the major advantages of avoiding the explicit appearance of the pressure and not having to solve the continuity equation directly. One of the major reasons for the success of the above formulation in predicting incompressible flow fields is that, by definition, the continuity equation is satisfied identically for all values of the stream function.' The stream function, by virtue of its definition, is valid for all two-dimensional flows, both rotational and irrotational. For steady flow vorticity-stream function formulations, an iteration scheme is usually introduced to handle the vorticity boundary condition at a solid surface. This iteration is in addition to the iteration required to solve the non-linear vorticity transport equation. In most of the published work to date, either point or line-by-line iteration schemes are employed where a sequential, 'one variable at a time' procedure is employed.' The vorticity-stream function formulation, however, has serious limitations in calculating certain flows, e.g. in flows within multiply connected bodies or through flow passages, where the mass flow rates are not known a pri~ri.~,~ Also the calculation of vorticity at the solid walls requires the evaluation of a second-order derivative of the stream function at the wall. Since the early 1970's, there has been a noticeable shift of interest from the vorticity-stream function formulations of the Navier-Stokes equations to the primitive variable (u-v-p) formulations. Finite difference primitive variable formulations have been used with success by several inve~tigators.'-~ The primitive variable formulations for incompressible flows, however, suffer from the limitation that there is no obvious equation for obtaining the pressure field and there is no specified boundary condition for the pressure at the solid walls. The available methods for solving the primitive 027 1 -209 1/85/121017-1 8$01 .SO 0 1985 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Exploratory studies of extended storage of apheresis platelets in a platelet additive solution (PAS).

To evaluate the poststorage viability of apheresis platelets stored for up to 18 days in 80% platelet additive solution (PAS)/20% plasma, 117 healthy subjects donated platelets using the Haemonetics MCS+, COBE Spectra (Spectra), or Trima Accel (Trima) systems. Control platelets from the same subjects were compared with their stored test PAS platelets by radiolabeling their stored and control platelets with either 51chromium or 111indium. Trima platelets met Food and Drug Administration poststorage platelet viability criteria for only 7 days vs almost 13 days for Haemonetics platelets; ie, platelet recoveries after these storage times averaged 44 ± 3% vs 49 ± 3% and survivals were 5.4 ± 0.3 vs 4.6 ± 0.3 days, respectively. The differences in storage duration are likely related to both the collection system and the storage bag. The Spectra and Trima platelets were hyperconcentrated during collection, and PAS was added, whereas the Haemonetics platelets were elutriated with PAS, which may have resulted in less collection injury. When Spectra and Trima platelets were stored in Haemonetics’ bags, poststorage viability was significantly improved. Platelet viability is better maintained in vitro than in vivo, allowing substantial increases in platelet storage times. However, implementation will require resolution of potential bacterial overgrowth during storage.
Measurements-induced dynamics of a micromaser.

Repeated measurements of the atomic inversion are incorporated in the theory of the micromaser. Two examples of measurements-induced dynamics are presented which display (a) quantum diffusion above a potential barrier and (b) an instability in the form of quantum-mechanical relaxation oscillations. Implications of these results on the study of the quantum-classical interface are briefly discussed.
Repurposing “Lost,” Discarded, or Forgotten Objects into a “Found” Treasure Trove of Creative Writing Instructional Ideas

ABSTRACT A professor/teaching artist shares creative writing instructional ideas which use ordinary, everyday objects as a starting point.
Abundance and Diversity of Native Bumble Bees Associated with Agricultural Crops: The Willamette Valley Experience

There are widespread concerns about declining populations of bumble bees due to conversion of native habitats to agroecosystems. Certain cropping systems, however, provide enormous foraging resources, and are beneficial for population build up of native bees, especially eusocial bees such as bumble bees. In this review, we present evidence of a flourishing bumble bee fauna in the Willamette Valley in western Oregon which we believe is sustained by cultivation of bee-pollinated crops which bloom in sequence, and in synchrony with foraging by queens and workers of a complex of bumble bee species. In support of our perspective, we describe the Oregon landscape and ascribe the large bumble bee populations to the presence of a pollen source in spring (cultivated blueberries) followed by one in summer (red clover seed crops). Based on our studies, we recommend integration into conservation approaches of multiple agroecosystems that bloom in sequence for sustaining and building bumble bee populations.
Gender, brain-derived neurotrophic factor Val66Met, and frequency of methamphetamine use.

Abstract Background Frequency of pretreatment methamphetamine (MA) use is an important predictor of outcomes of treatment for MA dependence. Preclinical studies suggest females self-administer more MA than males, but few clinical studies have examined potential sex differences in the frequency of MA use. Estrogen increases expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), which has effects on MA-induced striatal dopamine release and protects against MA-induced neurotoxicity. Objective We examined potential effects of sex, the Val66Met polymorphism in BDNF, and their interaction on frequency of MA use among 60 Caucasian MA-dependent volunteers screening for a clinical trial. Methods Data was taken from 60 Caucasian MA-dependent volunteers screening for a clinical trial. Results Females reported significantly more pretreatment days with MA use in the past 30 days than males. There was a significant interaction between sex and BDNF Val66Met, with the highest frequency of MA use among females with Val/Val genotype. Conclusions These results, although preliminary, add to the literature documenting sexual dimorphism in response to stimulants, including MA, and suggest a potential biological mechanism involving BDNF that might contribute to these differences. Additional research characterizing the biological basis of altered response to MA among females is warranted.
Characterization and separation of corn stover bio-oil by fractional distillation

Abstract Fractional distillation of bio-oil derived from pyrolysis of corn stover was investigated under atmospheric and reduced pressure/vacuum conditions. Characterization of the fractions in terms of moisture, total acid number (TAN), energy content, elemental and chemical compositions was performed to evaluate the effectiveness of the distillation process in separating the components and rendering improved product properties. Results showed high yields (wt.%) of the heavy fractions (b.p. 180–250 °C at 1 bar; 160–230 °C at 0.5 bar) and significant reduction in moisture and TAN content. Water was obtained as a separate layer in the first (light) fraction (b.p.⩽100 °C at 1 bar; ⩽80 °C at 0.5 bar). The heating values increased, especially for the light distillates in both atmospheric and vacuum distillation and the heavy distillates in atmospheric distillation. Analysis of the chemical composition showed that aromatic and oxygenated compounds were distributed in the light and middle fractions (∼15–20%) while phenolic compounds were concentrated in the heavy fraction (∼53%). The distillation process was effective in separating the components and yielding a product (heavy fraction) with improved properties and composition and which can be further utilized as feedstock for future upgrading procedures or as a blending material with other liquid fuels.
Absence of secular changes in the prognosis of patients with an initial myocardial infarction.

Summary: A community-based study was conducted in metropolitan Baltimore in which secular trends in the in-hospital and long-term prognosis of 935 male and female patients hospitalized with an initial myocardial infarction were examined for the two periods of 1966- 1967 and 197 1. The in-hospital case fatality rate among males in both periods remained unchanged (1 9.0% vs 19.0%), whereas there was a decrease over time among women hospitalized in 1966-1967 as com- pared to those in 1971 (37.2%~~ 26.6%) (p<O.lO). For patients discharged alive from the hospital and followed up for as long as 10 years, no significant differences in overall survival were observed between male patients discharged in 1966-1967 and 1971 or between female patients discharged in these two periods. These findings may reflect the lack of major therapeutic advances in the care of the acute coronary patient between the two study periods and, therefore, support continuing efforts di- rected at the primary and secondary prevention of the atherosclerotic process.
Circulatory Assist Devices in Heart Failure Patients

Optimal medical therapy may ameliorate acute cardiogenic shock and long-term congestive heart failure symptoms; however, in certain cases mechanical circulatory assistance may be helpful or even required. Different devices can be considered based on the anticipated duration of need and the acuity of the cardiovascular failure being treated. A working knowledge of balloon pumps and ventricular assist devices, their indications, function, and potential complications, allows the physician to provide optimal care for those patients presenting with such a device.
The development and progression of chronic renal disease. Can it be prevented or attenuated

Many forces contribute to the immutable progressive deterioration of renal diseases. This review focuses on the pernicious haemodynamic response of the kidney to an initial loss of mass. Afferent arteriolar dilatation, coupled with relative or absolute efferent arteriolar constriction, causes the hydrostatic pressure in the intervening glomerular capillaries to increase. While sustaining the glomerular filtration rate, the glomerular hypertension may ultimately scar and destroy the kidney. Experimental studies in animals persuasively argue that the high glomerular capillary pressures do indeed contribute to progressive renal damage. Whether this observation is translatable into human renal diseases is the subject of ongoing clinical investigation. The role of dietary protein restriction and converting enzyme inhibitors in reducing this glomerular hypertension and in potentially attenuating the progression of a wide range of renal diseases is also discussed.
Preparing Functional Specifications for Computer Based Industrial Control Systems

Abstract Industrial engineers are increasingly involved in the specification of computer based control systems as a part of the process of plant layout and design. The distinction between maxi-, mini- and microcomputer systems is rapidly becoming academic. The device which performs the program and computational logic, the central processing unit (CPU), is evolving toward small, powerful microprocessor based systems that find applications at all levels of the plant control system. For this reason the term microprocessor is used in this paper as a generic term for the logic processing element in the control system. The purpose of this paper is to examine the steps involved in functionally specifying a microprocessor based control system for an industrial control application. The application is a microprocessor based-controller for a large solar power plant composed of a number of identical machines. The solar power plant was designed under contract to the U.S. Department of Energy as a project entitled “The...
Hydrogen chain transfer in olefin polymerization with organometallic catalysts

Hydrogen has been shown to be a true chain-transfer agent with some organometallic olefin polymerization catalysts. However, the Mayo equation for chain transfer in free-radical polymerization does not fit quantitative data from organometallic catalysts. There appear to be two reasons for the lack of fit. First, the Mayo equation considers the competition between hydrogen and olefin for the growing chain but does not account for their competitive absorption on the catalyst (coordination with vacant orbitals on the transition metal). Second, some organometallic catalysts gradually absorb hydrogen irreversibly to give a new catalyst species of altered behavior.
The serum‐free growth of cultured cells in bovine colostrum and in milk obtained later in the lactation period

Seven established cell lines, including both epithelial cells and fibroblasts (MDCK, Vero, CV-1, NRK, 3T3, F2408, and NIL8) and four early passage cell strains (bovine articular chondrocytes, bovine smooth muscle cells, human foreskin fibroblasts, and rat embryo cells) were cultured in serum-free medium supplemented with milk obtained 1 day after birth (colostrum) or 80 days after birth (older milk). MDCK, Vero, CV-1, NRK, and 3T3 grew readily in colostrum and attained saturation densities ranging from 22% to 63% of that in serum. There was no growth of F2408, NIL8, or the early passage strains in bovine colostrum. None of the 11 cell cultures grew in older milk. The temporal dependence of growth in milk was examined in detail using MDCK cells. Growth equivalent to that in serum occurred in 3% colostrum and in 15% milk obtained 2 days after birth. Milk obtained 3 days and 10 days after birth was not effective as a growth supplement for MDCK cells at any concentration. Those cells, unable to grow in colostrum or in older milk, could be induced to grow if culture dishes were precoated with fibronectin. In addition to fibronectin, it was necessary in some cultures to supplement colostrum or older milk with insulin and/or transferrin in order to achieve growth. In the presence of fibronectin and appropriate factors, the final saturation density attained in colostrum or older milk ranged from 25% to 100% of that in serum. The fibronectin contents of bovine colostrum and milk were determined. The fibronectin level of colostrum was found to be approximately 5% of bovine serum. There was no detectable fibronectin in the 80-day-old milk.
Factors affecting late survival after surgical remodeling of left ventricular aneurysms.

Abstract Objectives Surgical remodeling of the left ventricle has involved various techniques of volume reduction. This study evaluates factors that influence long-term survival results with 3 operative methods. Methods From 1979 to 2000, 157 patients (134 men, mean age 61 years) underwent operations for class III or IV congestive heart failure, angina, ventricular tachyarrhythmia, and sudden death after anteroseptal myocardial infarction. The preoperative ejection fraction was 28% ± 0.9% (mean ± standard error), and the pulmonary artery occlusive pressure was 15 ± 0.07 mm Hg. Cardiogenic shock was present in 26 patients (16%), and an intra-aortic balloon pump was used in 48 patients (30%). The type of procedure depended on the extent of endocardial disease and was aimed at maintaining the ellipsoid shape of the left ventricle cavity. In group I patients (n = 65), radical aneurysm resection and linear closure were performed. In group II patients (n = 70), septal dyskinesis was reinforced with a patch (septoplasty). In group III patients (n = 22), ventriculotomy closure was performed with an intracavitary oval patch. Results Hospital mortality was 16% (25/157) and was similar among the groups. Actuarial survival up to 18 years was better with a preoperative ejection fraction of 26% or greater ( P = .004) and a pulmonary artery occlusive pressure of 17 mm Hg or less ( P = .05). Survival was worse in patients who had intra-aortic balloon pump support ( P = .03). Five-year survival for all patients in group III was higher than for patients in group II (67% vs 47%, P = .04). Conclusions Factors that improved long-term survival after left ventricular surgical remodeling were intraventricular patch repair, preoperative ejection fraction of 26% or greater, and pulmonary artery occlusive pressure of 17 mm Hg or less without the need for balloon pump assist.
Age-related differences in clustering: A new approach

Abstract The present study attempted to determine why children under 8 years of age show categorical clustering in free recall above chance expectations, but such organization does not correlate with recall. Six-year-old children and adults were tested for their memory for 24 pictures of categorizable items. Several new measures of organization such as the proportion of items recalled in category strings and number of strings of each length were evaluated. It was found that children's output is characterized by strings of only two intracategory items and many isolates which does not contribute to recall. Adults produced longer strings from more categories which enhanced recall. In addition, different characteristics of output organization predicted recall for adults and children.
Effect of l-threonine on trypan blue-induced exencephaly

l-Threonine produced significant reductions (p < 0.001) in the incidence of trypan blue-induced exencephaly and the number of fetuses that were born with their eyes open when it was administered as a dietary supplement in gestating Swiss ICR:Ha albino mice. l-Phenylalanine exhibited a significant degree of protection against trypan blue-induced embryolethality. l-Leucine, l-lysine, l-tyrosine, l-histidine, and l-tryptophan did not exhibit any significant inhibition of trypan blue-induced embryolethality and gross malformations at the dosages that were employed in this study. The results obtained in this study suggest that antiteratogenic activity previously observed with desiccated bovine serum albumin and a casein-derived hydrolysate may have been due in part to the threonine content per se or the result of the synthesis of one or more intermediary metabolites of threonine.
Gas-magnetic field interactions in the solar corona

It is evident from eclipse photographs that gas-magnetic field interactions are important in determining the structure and dynamical properties of the solar corona and interplanetary medium. Close to the Sun in regions of strong field, the coronal gas can be contained within closed loop structures. However, since the field in these regions decreases outward rapidly, the pressure and inertial forces of the solar wind eventually dominate and distend the field outward into interplanetary space. The complete geometrical and dynamical state is determined by a complex interplay of inertial, pressure, gravitational, and magnetic forces. The present paper is oriented toward the understanding of this interaction. The ‘helmet’ streamer type configuration with its associated neutral point and sheet currents is of central importance in this problem and is, therefore, considered in some detail.
Heinrich H1 and 8200 yr B.P. climate events recorded in Hall's Cave, Texas

Measurements of magnetic susceptibility (MS) have been performed on a continuous set of samples from a well-dated ∼3 m sequence of sediments collected from Hall's Cave, Edwards Plateau, central Texas. Three major climatic events are represented by distinctive MS increases in the sequence: (1) the Heinrich event H1 (from 17,500 to 17,000 yr B.P.); (2) the end of full glacial conditions on the Edwards Plateau at 14,200 yr B.P.; and (3) the 8200 yr B.P. climatic event (from 8250 to 8050 yr B.P.). In addition, a minor event at 4400 yr B.P. is also well defined here and in Canada, indicating that it is a broadly regional event. These data indicate that all four events represent a shift toward milder climatic conditions accompanied by increased rainfall at this location. The general climatic trends interpreted from the MS data are consistent with independent vertebrate assemblages, floral indicators, and isotopic data recovered from the cave.
Nuclear resonance and susceptibility studies on PtSi

Abstract Nuclear magnetic resonance measurements of the spin-lattice relaxation time and Knight shift in the temperature range 1–4K have been made for 195Pt and 29Si contained in PtSi. Bulk susceptibilities were measured for temperatures from 4 to 300K. Analysis of these data shows the conduction electrons to be mainly of s-electron character with evidence that the conduction band is formed from silicon states.
Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a devastating demyelinating disease with significant morbidity and mortality and no effective, targeted therapies. It is most often observed in association with abnormalities of cell-mediated immunity, in particular human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, but also occurs in association with lymphoproliferative diseases, certain immunosuppressive and immunomodulatory regimens, and other conditions. The etiologic agent of PML is a small, ubiquitous polyomavirus, the JC virus (JCV, also known as JCPyV), for which at least 50% of the adult general population is seropositive. PML results when JCV replicates within cerebral oligodendrocytes and astrocytes, leading to oligodendrocyte death and demyelination. Unfortunately, no treatments have been convincingly demonstrated to be effective, though some have been employed in desperation; treatment otherwise includes attempts to restore any immune system defect, such as the withdrawal of the causative agent if possible, and general supportive care.
An improved flow microfluorometer for rapid measurement of cell fluorescence.

Abstract An improved instrument for the making of high-speed fluorescent measurements on single cells has been constructed and characterized. Instrumental optimization was accomplished with Chinese hamser cells (line CHO) stained by the fluorescent Feulgen procedure using either auramine-0 or acriflavine. Contributions of instrumental resolution and artifacts to cellular DNA distributions have been determined. The instrument introduces a total coefficient of variation of less than 2% for the case of CHO cells stained with bright dyes such as acriflavine, where photon-statistical effects are minimal. The design of the instrument is such that any of a number of cellular constituents or properties can be studied and quantitated on a single-cell basis at a rate of 50 000 cells/min.
Intronic U14 snoRNAs of Xenopus laevis are located in two different parent genes and can be processed from their introns during early oogenesis

Abstract U14 is a member of the rapidly growing family of intronic small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) that are involved in pre-rRNA processing and ribosome biogenesis. These snoRNA species are encoded within introns of eukaryotic protein coding genes and are synthesized via an intron processing pathway. Characterization of Xenopus laevis U14 snoRNA genes has revealed that in addition to the anticipated location of U14 within introns of the amphibian hsc70 gene (introns 4, 5 and 7), additional intronic U14 snoRNAs are also found in the ribosomal protein S13 gene (introns 3 and 4). U14 is thus far a unique intronic snoRNA in that it is encoded within two different parent genes of a single organism. Northern blot analysis revealed that U14 snoRNAs accumulate during early oocyte development and are rapidly expressed after the mid-blastula transition of developing embryos. Microinjection of hsc70 pre-mRNAs into developing oocytes demonstrated that oocytes as early as stages II and III are capable of processing U14 snoRNA from the pre-mRNA precursor. The ability of immature oocytes to process intronic snoRNAs is consistent with the observed accumulation of U14 during oocyte maturation and the developmentally regulated synthesis of rRNA during oogenesis.
Attentive, Affective, and Adaptive Behavior in the Cat: Sensory deprivation of the forebrain by lesions in the brain stem results in striking behavioral abnormalities

Lesions of the lateral portion of the upper midbrain, involving medial, lateral, spinal, and trigeminal lemnisci primarily, result in a consistent syndrome of symptoms in the cat. (i) There is a marked sensory deficit, characterized mainly by sensory inattention and poor localization in the tactile, proprioceptive, auditory, gustatory, and nociceptive modalities, where direct pathways are interrupted. Similar defectsappear in vision and olfaction where no known direct or primary paths are interrupted. (ii) These cats are characterized by a lack of affect, showing little or no defensive and aggressive reaction to noxious and aversive situations and no response to pleasurable stimulation or solicitation of affection or petting. The animals are mute, lack facial expression, and show minimal autonomic responses. (iii) They show a hyperexploratory activity characterized by incessant, stereotyped wandering, sniffing, and visual searching, as though hallucinating. This behavior appears to be centrally directed and is very difficult to interrupt with environmental stimuli. (iv) They also demonstrate exaggerated oral activities: they snap in response to tactile stimulation of the lips, seizing and swallowing small objects even if inedible; they overeat; they hold objects too large to swallow (a mouse, a catnip ball) firmly clamped in the mouth for long periods of time; they mount and seize other animals (rat, cat, dog, monkey) by the back or the neck; they lick and chew the hair and skin of the back or tail incessantly when confined in a cage. In interpreting these results we emphasize the view that the syndrome is due chiefly to the extensive, specific, sensory deprivation produced by interruption of the lemnisci at the rostral midbrain. The relation of these findings to the effects of sensory isolation in man and animals, to the effects of midbrain lesions and neodecortication, to parietal lobe syndrome in primates, and to the behavior of autistic children is discussed. It is our belief, from these studies, that the symptoms produced by interruption of the lemnisci, characterized by a high degree of somatotopic and modality localization, are due to a loss of patterned sensory input to the forebrain, particularly to the neocortex and to the rostral midbrain. Without a patterned afferent input to the forebrain via the lemnisci, the remaining portions of the central nervous system, which include a virtually intact reticular formation, seem incapable of elaborating a large part of the animal's repertoire of adaptive behavior (45).
Unfolding of human lens recombinant βB2- and γC-crystallins☆

Abstract βB2- and γC-crystallins belong to the βγ-crystallin superfamily and have very similar structures. Molecular spectroscopic techniques such as UV–visible absorption, circular dichroism, and fluorescence indicate they have similar biophysical properties. Their structures are characterized by the presence of two domains consisting of four Greek key motifs. The only difference is the connecting peptide of the two domains, which is flexible in γ-crystallin but extended in β-crystallin; thus, an intradomain association and a monomer are formed in γ-crystallin and an interdomain association and a dimer are formed in β-crystallin. The difference may be reflected in the thermodynamic stability. In the present study, we calculated the standard free-energy by equilibrium unfolding transition in guanidine hydrochloride using three spectroscopic parameters: absorbance at 235 nm, Trp fluorescence intensity at 320 nm, and far-UV circular dichroism at 223 nm. Global analyses indicate that both dimeric βB2- and monomeric γC-crystallins are a better fit to a three-state model than to a two-state model. In terms of standard free-energy, Δ G 0 H 2 O, i both βB2-crystallin and γC-crystallin are stable proteins and dimeric βB2-crystallin is more stable than the monomeric γC-crystallin. The significance of the thermodynamic stability for βB2- and γC-crystallins may be related to their functions in the lens.
Gene‐expression profiles for five key glycosylation genes for galactose‐fed CHO cells expressing recombinant IL‐4/13 cytokine trap

Recombinant protein glycosylation profiles have been shown to affect the in-vivo half-life, and therefore the efficacy and economics, for many therapeutics. While much research has been conducted correlating the effects of various stimuli on recombinant protein glycosylation characteristics, relatively little work has examined glycosylation-related gene-expression profiles. In this study, the effects of galactose feeding on the gene-expression profiles for five key glycosylation-related genes were determined for Chinese hamster ovary cells producing a recombinant IL-4/13 cytokine trap fusion. The genes investigated were sialidase, a putative alpha2,3-sialyltransferase, CMP-sialic acid transporter, beta1,4-galactosyltransferase, and UDP-galactosyltransferase. Additionally, the sialic acid content (sialylation) of the recombinant protein was examined. The peak sialic acid content of the IL-4/13 cytokine trap fusion protein was observed to be similar for the control and galactose-fed cultures. The gene-expression profiles for four of the glycosylation genes were observed to be sensitive to the glucose concentration and not significantly different for the control and galactose-fed cultures prior to glucose depletion. However, the sialidase gene-expression profiles were different for the control and galactose-fed cultures. The sialidase gene-expression profile increased significantly for the galactose-fed cultures prior to glucose depletion, whereas for the control cultures, the sialidase gene-expression profiles did not increase until the late stationary phase. The intracellular sialidase enzyme activity decreased exponentially with time for the control cultures; however, for the galactose-fed cultures, the intracellular sialidase enzyme activity decreased initially and then remained relatively high compared to the control cultures. These results indicate that the galactose feeding may increase the potential for desialylation, which offsets any improvements in the sialylation rate due to increased substrate levels. Thus, galactose feeding is an unnecessary expense for the production of the IL-4/13 cytokine trap fusion protein in a batch process.
A low-height 15-ton mine locomotive

WITH THE ADVENT of mechanical mining it has become possible to mine coal from seams formerly considered too narrow for practical working. As a result, locomotive designers had to produce a haulage locomotive, big enough to handle the production of coal in seams 30 to 42 inches high. Moreover, the locomotive must conform to the requirements for standard haulage-type locomotives as regards high continuous tractive effort, latest traction motor design, sturdy construction, accessibility of equipment, and capability to accelerate a train.
Does isothermal crystallization ever occur

Abstract Much of what we think we know about crystallization in polymers is obtained from studies carried out under isothermal conditions. From extrapolations of equilibrium melting temperature to crystallization regimes, interpretations in the literature all assume that the measured temperature of a polymer film is the temperature at which the crystallization occurred. Recently it has been possible to study crystallization at very high supercoolings, even in rapidly crystallizing polymers, through the use of a rapid cooling technique in which a thin film contains a microthermocouple to measure actual temperature. In adequately thin films an isothermal temperature is set up through a balance between the heat of fusion released and the cooling rate applied. This technique has been applied successfully to polypropylenes, and to polyethylene homopolymers and copolymers. The results have told us much about crystallization at very high supercoolings. Recently, a study of the effect of nucleating agents on quench-crystallization in PET and in nylon 6 was conducted, in which it was discovered that films containing nucleating agents generated the expected temperature plateau when crystallization occurred. In this paper, we wish to report the results of studies of thin films of nylon 66 and PET which did not contain nucleating agents. The results are totally unexpected and indicate that a steady state condition exists at the growth face of the polymer, which is not reflected in the macroscopic temperature of the thin film, as measured using a microthermocouple. In other words the measured temperature of a film is not the temperature at which crystallization occurs. The consequences of this finding to our general understanding of crystallization in polymers will be discussed.
Glucocorticoid and other hormonal substrates of conditioned taste aversion.

Results of research reported in this paper show that lithium chloride (LiCl) injection causes a marked and prolonged elevation of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and corticosterone. Peak elevations occur within 30 min after injection and continue for 60 to 120 min depending upon the molarity of the LiCl solution. CS preexposures do not alter the pituitary-adrenal response to LiCl. Although this response occurs, evidence argues that pituitary-adrenal activity is neither a sufficient nor essential condition for CTA to occur. It is possible that this prolonged ACTH secretion, which would be essential to maintain corticosterone levels elevated for one to two hours, is acting as a component of the unconditioned response associated with LiCl injections. Under certain types of extinction (forced extinction) the P-A system is activated. Thus, when an animal drinks an aversive solution following deprivation, intake of the solution causes a conditioned elevation of plasma corticosterone. Two measures of CTA, behavioral and hormonal, do not always coincide with one another. Preexposure to the CS alters both behavioral and corticosterone indices of CTA. These two systems will show either a coupling (e.g., parallel change) or a dissociation depending on the number of preexposures prior to conditioning. Manipulating the hormones associated with the pituitary-adrenal system also affects the acquisition of CTA and influences extinction. Thus, if one pretests with dexamethasone phosphate (DEX) prior to the administration of LiCl, CTA is attenuated. It would appear that ACTH is involved in the acquisition of CTA since a central block of ACTH also affects the magnitude of the aversion. If ACTH is injected during recovery, animals show a prolonged suppression of drinking. These data appear to be best explained using a memory-retrieval model. The manipulation of hormones and their effects on CTA appear to follow the effects observed endogenously. Thus, ACTH administered to rats during the conditioning phase does not appear to have any effect upon the learning of the aversion. Since LiCl markedly elevates ACTH, as indicated by prolonged elevations of corticosterone, the additional ACTH given exogenously at the time of conditioning does not appear to add to the effects already attributable to endogenous ACTH. Conversely, DEX given during recovery appears to have no effect upon the recovery function. Because endogenous levels of ACTH are already low during the free extinction procedure, DEX treatment does not appear to further reduce ACTH and has no effect upon recovery.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
“Ethics Man” misses mark: most bioethicists are not thugs

Although Sokol never explicitly says that bioethicists (clinical ethics consultants) are bullies, his anthropomorphism of bioethics insinuates this.1 It would be a tragedy for readers to believe that Sokol accurately portrays the entire field. Clinical ethics straddles theoretical inquiry and practical application, but theoretical inquiry is not responsible …
Two-dimensional spatial power spectra of photospheric velocity fluctuations

Two-dimensional spatial autocorrelation functions and power spectral density distributions were obtained from high-resolution velocity spectroheliograms. Although the autocorrelation functions indicate the existence of velocity cells of size roughly 2500 to 3500 km, the power spectra fail to reveal them because the cells are not strictly spatially periodic.
Inverse solutions for electric and potential field imaging

One of the fundamental problems in theoretical electrocardiography can be characterized by an inverse problem. In this paper, we present new methods for achieving better estimates of heart surface potential distributions in terms of torso potentials through an inverse procedure. First, an adaptive meshing algorithm is described which minimizes the error in the forward problem due to spatial discretization. We have found that since the inverse problem relies directly on the accuracy of the forward solution, adaptive meshing produces a more accurate inverse transfer matrix. Secondly, we introduce a new local regularization procedure. This method works by breaking the global transfer matrix into sub-matrices and performing regularization only on those sub-matrices which have large condition numbers. Furthermore, the regularization parameters are specifically 'tuned' for each sub-matrix using an a priori scheme based on the L-curve method. This local regularization method provides substantial increases in accuracy when compared to global regularization schemes. Finally, we present specific examples of the implementation of these schemes using models derived from magnetic resonance imaging data from a human subject.
Evaluation of microspheres as surrogates for Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in filtration experiments.

The size and surface characteristics of a surrogate particle and Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts are important in determining the ability of the particle to mimic the behavior of C. parvum oocysts in filtration and particle transport experiments. The ζ potential, hydrophobicity, and filterability of a surrogate particle, 5 μm carboxylated latex microspheres, and oocysts were compared for a variety of solution conditions. C. parvum oocysts had a slightly negative ζ potential (−1.5 to −12.5 mV) at pH 6.7 over a wide range of calcium concentration (10-6−10-1 M), while the fluorescent microspheres were more negatively charged under the same conditions (−7.4 to −50.2 mV). After exposure to 5 mg of C/L of Suwanee River natural organic matter (NOM), the ζ potentials of both particles became significantly more negative, with the microspheres consistently maintaining a more negative ζ potential than the oocysts. Alum was able to neutralize the negative ζ potentials of both particles when in the presence of NOM, but...
Comparing hypothermia in the human and the black bear (Ursus americanus)

Hearts of small hibernators can resist lethal arrhythmias seen in hypothermic non-hibernators. While studies have confirmed this in small mammals, there are no data on large hibernators in hypothermia. We present data on the effects of hypothermia on hearts of large hibernators, black bears. We compare the electrophysiologic changes the heart undergoes in hypothermia between black bears and humans while also considering data obtained from hibernating bears. Specifically, we compare heart rate (HR) and QT interval with core body temperature. The last part of the QT is the time during which the heart electrically repolarises and mechanically relaxes. During this time the heart is vulnerable to fibrillation. Animal hypothermia data were obtained using human EKG equipment on three black bears that were made progressively hypothermic. Human data came from the published literature. Data from hibernating bears were obtained via implanted radio capsules. Black bears and humans show a direct relationship between h...
Continuous venovenous haemofiltration in the acute treatment of inborn errors of metabolism.

The accumulation of toxic metabolites in children with inborn errors of metabolism may cause acute metabolic crises and result in long-term neurological dysfunction or death. Peritoneal dialysis often provides insufficient clearance to protect against these complications, while intermittent haemodialysis cannot prevent reaccumulation of metabolites between dialysis sessions. We describe the use of continuous venovenous haemofiltration (CVVH) or haemodiafiltration (CVVHD) in three infants with maple syrup urine disease (MSUD) and one child with carbamyl phosphate synthetase (CPS) deficiency. All children with MSUD had a satisfactory reduction in branchedchain amino acids within 24 h of onset of haemofiltration, and are now neurologically normal. The child with CPS deficiency had an ammonia level of <100 μmol/l within 24 h of onset of therapy, but died 3 days later from unrelated cardiovascular complications. Complications of the therapy included the clotting of one haemofilter and the replacement of two vascular access catheters per patient on average per therapy. Two patients required blood transfusion. We report the successful use of CVVH and CVVHD in the acute management of metabolic crises associated with inborn errors of metabolism, and believe that these may be the optimal techniques for the acute clearance of toxic metabolites.
SU-FF-T-394: An Image Guided Target Localization System for Brain Radiosurgery and Fractionated Stereotactic Radiotherapy Using a Non-Invasive Fixation

Purpose: To develop an image guided target localization technique to improve the patient positioning accuracy for brainradiosurgery and fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy using non‐invasive fixation. Materials and method: BrainLab stereotactic localization box system is used for the initial patient setup. The patient is immobilized using a thermal mask with a mouth bite piece. An image guided localization system (Novalis body system, BrainLab) is used to finely adjust the position after the initial setup. The system automatically fuses two X‐ray images with the corresponding DRR and gives the position offsets in 6 dimensions. The accuracy of the image guided localization system was evaluated in a rando phantom with a 2‐mm‐metal‐ball placed as the isocenter, and in 15 patients with total of 48 fractions for image fusion. Results: The phantom study showed that the positioning accuracy is within 1‐mm for various isocenter positions. The image fusion for each patient was checked carefully and could be evaluated easily due to its rigid structure and rich bony features. At least three distinguish features could be identified in each image, and a 1‐mm translational move generally induced a visible dis‐matching in these features. This suggests that the accuracy of alignment to the isocenter of the X‐ray system be better than 1‐mm. Considering that the isocenter of the X‐ray system could be different from the linac's, the overall positioning accuracy for the image guided system would be in the order of 1.4‐mm. The offsets of the fusion results was used for mutual testing between the image guided system and the stereotactic localization box system. The average offsets for the lateral, AP and longitudinal directions were −0.67±1.09, 0.44±1.09, and −0.84±1.44 mm, respectively. This is consistentwith the results of the non‐invasive immobilization techniques reported by other authors. Conclusion: The image guided system could improve the patient positioning accuracy.
Interleukin-10 Treatment Attenuates Pressure Overload–Induced Hypertrophic Remodeling and Improves Heart Function via Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription 3–Dependent Inhibition of Nuclear Factor-κB

Background—Inflammation plays a critical role in adverse cardiac remodeling and heart failure. Therefore, approaches geared toward inhibiting inflammation may provide therapeutic benefits. We tested the hypotheses that genetic deletion of interleukin-10 (IL-10), a potent antiinflammatory cytokine, exacerbates pressure overload–induced adverse cardiac remodeling and hypertrophy and that IL-10 therapy inhibits this pathology. Methods and Results—Cardiac hypertrophy was induced in wild-type and IL-10 knockout mice by isoproterenol (ISO) infusion. ISO-induced left ventricular dysfunction and hypertrophic remodeling, including fibrosis and fetal gene expression, were further exaggerated in knockout mice compared with wild-type mice. Systemic recombinant mouse IL-10 administration markedly improved left ventricular function and not only inhibited but also reversed ISO-induced cardiac remodeling. Intriguingly, a very similar cardioprotective response of IL-10 was found in transverse aortic constriction–induced h...
Enabling microblogging-based peer feedback in face-to-face classrooms

The purpose of this paper is to understand student interaction and learning in microblogging-based peer feedback sessions. The researcher examined through a case study how students interacted and provided peer feedback for each other when Twitter was enabled as a backchannel; students were also asked to report how they perceived their experience. The findings suggested that students participated actively in the microblogging-based peer feedback sessions. Although Twitter supported cognitive and corrective feedback, affective feedback was dominant. Student interaction on Twitter tended to be brief and involve low-level cognitive thinking in unguided, naturalistic learning contexts. Overall, students had a positive attitude towards using Twitter for peer feedback. Problems such as distraction and information overload were also identified.
Technology and the Arms Race

This article questions the ability of strategic planners to assess adequately the kinds of weapons development and deployment decisions they make, given that the strategic weapons system lacks any usable definition of system failure. Lacking a coherent understanding of system failure means that the positive feedback loops within the system are unrestrained by effective negative feedback In such circumstances, it is not surprising that subunits of the larger system substitute definitions of success for the subunit for definitions applicable to the total system.
Viral Contamination of Blood Components and Approaches for Reduction of Infectivity

Currently, the United States blood supply offers a relatively low risk of viral infection. This is a result of careful selection of donors and extensive laboratory testing using sensitive procedures. Epidemiologic data show that there is some room for improvement in donor selection, but such improvements cannot be expected to entirely eliminate the collection of blood from infectious donors. Similarly, increased numbers of tests, along with improvements in the analytic sensitivity of these tests, may further reduce risk, but again, complete safety cannot be assured. Consequently, there is continuing interest in the development of safe and effective procedures for viral inactivation of single donor blood components. In order to establish appropriate expectations for such inactivation procedures, it is necessary to understand the titers and distributions of viral contaminants in blood components. Viruses may variously occur free in the plasma, as replicative forms in actively infected leukocytes, as integrated proviral DNA and perhaps, nonspecifically associated with cellular surfaces.