cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Natural Convection Flows and Stability

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses laminar and transition flows, external and free boundary flows, and boundary layer regimes. It presents general equations of the natural convection flow and introduces approximations in terms of their physical significance to yield the conventional equations of analysis. The boundary layer simplifications for two-dimensional vertical flows are also discussed followed by the equations for vertical axisymmetric flows. For steady laminar boundary layers arising from the temperature induced buoyancy, known solutions for the vertical and axisymmetric flows are reviewed, including plumes. The combined mass transport and thermally induced buoyancy is treated, consideration is given to laminar transients. The chapter also reviews how laminar flows become unstable and how disturbances amplify to lead the flow toward transition. Vertical flows adjacent to surfaces and in plumes are considered. The nature of transition and turbulent flow are treated. The general question of instability in buoyancy induced flows is also treated. The question of separation in natural convection flow is reviewed and distinctions are drawn relative to the forced flow separation.
Phonocardiography. III. Design of the ideal phonocardiograph.

Abstract 1. (1) The main components of a phonocardiographic system are discussed, with the aim of selecting the most desirable characteristics for the construction of a new system. 2. (2) Various methods of scanning the vibratory spectrum are discussed. 3. (3) Three new phonocardiographic systems are presented. One consists of a modified “stethoscopic” system; one is an integrated phono channel, using an oscillographic cathoderay recorder; the third is a newly constructed apparatus, based on previously discussed principles. 4. (4) Tracings recorded with these systems are presented, and their merits are underlined.
Front Tracking: A Parallelized Approach for Internal Boundaries and Interfaces

Internal boundaries and interfaces are an important part of many fluid and solid modeling problems. Front Tracking contains a general interface framework, closely related to the non-manifold geometry used in CAD solid modeling packages, to support numerical simulation of such fluid problems. It can thus be considered to be a systematic application of the ideas of computational geometry to computational fluid dynamics. It is based on the principle that finite differences behave best when applied to differentiable functions, and that weak derivatives of nondifferentiable functions can be replaced by regularized expressions such as jump conditions. Front Tracking offers superior resolution for fluid problems with important discontinuities and interfaces, and in some cases, it has provided the unique method to obtain correct answers. Here we present Computer Science issues which have contributed to the success of Front Tracking: software design and organization — modularity, data structures and data hiding.
Entanglement Entropy of the ν=1/2 Composite Fermion Non-Fermi Liquid State.

The so-called "non-Fermi liquid" behavior is very common in strongly correlated systems. However, its operational definition in terms of "what it is not" is a major obstacle for the theoretical understanding of this fascinating correlated state. Recently there has been much interest in entanglement entropy as a theoretical tool to study non-Fermi liquids. So far explicit calculations have been limited to models without direct experimental realizations. Here we focus on a two-dimensional electron fluid under magnetic field and filling fraction ν=1/2, which is believed to be a non-Fermi liquid state. Using a composite fermion wave function which captures the ν=1/2 state very accurately, we compute the second Renyi entropy using the variational Monte Carlo technique. We find the entanglement entropy scales as LlogL with the length of the boundary L as it does for free fermions, but has a prefactor twice that of free fermions.
Walleye and Northern Pike

Abstract Introductions of nonnative walleye (Stizostedion vitreum) and northern pike (Esox lucius) have created popular recreational fisheries in many Northwestern waters. Rising demand for expanded angling opportunities for these species, especially walleye, has been met with growing concern about long-term risks associated with the introduction of a top predator. Proposed introductions are often controversial because of potential prey depletions, reductions in salmonid populations, and long-range movements of the species from the point of release. We urge a cautious approach to future introductions of these species in the northwestern United States and outline some approaches for evaluating risks and benefits. Stricter risk assessment procedures for species introductions have been adopted by many states, but illegal introductions of both species are a continuing problem. Greater efforts are needed to educate the public about the risks of illegal transplants, and stronger statutes are necessary to discou...
TALEN‐mediated gene editing of the thrombospondin‐1 locus in axolotl

Loss-of-function genetics provides strong evidence for a gene's function in a wild-type context. In many model systems, this approach has been invaluable for discovering the function of genes in diverse biological processes. Axolotls are urodele amphibians (salamanders) with astonishing regenerative abilities, capable of regenerating entire limbs, portions of the tail (including spinal cord), heart, and brain into adulthood. With their relatively short generation time among salamanders, they offer an outstanding opportunity to interrogate natural mechanisms for appendage and organ regeneration provided that the tools are developed to address these long-standing questions. Here we demonstrate targeted modification of the thrombospondin-1 (tsp-1) locus using transcription-activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs) and identify a role of tsp-1 in recruitment of myeloid cells during limb regeneration. We find that while tsp-1-edited mosaic animals still regenerate limbs, they exhibit a reduced subepidermal collagen layer in limbs and an increased number of myeloid cells within blastemas. This work presents a protocol for generating and genotyping mosaic axolotls with TALEN-mediated gene edits.
Corporate Social Responsibility: Comments on the Legal and Economic Context of a Continuing Debate

The modern corporation may be described in any number of ways. It is at the very least a legal, political, social and economic institution. And when we speak of "corporate social responsibility," we evidence concern that the corporation might be made "responsible" from each or all of these perspectives. My purpose, however, is not to explore the many forms that corporate responsibility might take, but to comment on the subject primarily from an economic point of view. That the business corporation is an economic entity is hardly in dispute. Rather the economic function of corporations is so well established that it gives rise to the converse question: Can a well functioning market economy also regulate corporations to achieve social and political ends? For, as we shall see, analysis of the economic context of corporate social responsibility (sometimes hereafter "CSR") may suggest either (1) that attempts to promote CSR will entail unreasonably large economic costs or (2), somewhat more modestly, that such efforts can never be demonstrated to improve social welfare. Before taking up these issues directly, we should spend a few moments bringing the subject matter of this essay into sharper focus.
Investigations into the nature of the association between threshold microstructure and otoacoustic emissions.

Abstract Three studies are described which investigate the nature of the association between threshold microstructure and otoacoustic emissions. In the first study, threshold dips (similar in shape to those seen in threshold microstructure) are produced by introducing a low-level masker. Threshold microstructure is not abolished when tonal probes are replaced by narrowband-noise probes, while dips induced by external tonal maskers are eliminated. These findings rule out a simple interpretation of the microstructure dips as an instance of masking by otoacoustic emissions. In the second study, ear-canal measurements of the interactions of external tones with spontaneous emissions indicate that, although beating is often detected near threshold maxima, stimuli close to threshold minima are perceived as tonal because the emission is frequency locked by the external tone. The last study shows that reduction of the levels of otoacoustic emissions by aspirin consumption is associated with an initial reduction of thresholds in regions of threshold microstructure, with the greatest reduction occurring at threshold maxima. This suggests that threshold maxima may he due, at least in part, to interference or masking by the nearby otoacoustic emissions. A simple analog (driven Van der Pol oscillator) of an external tone interacting with a spontaneous emission is used to interpret ear-canal pressure waveforms and associated psychophysical percepts (including threshold detection), for tones close in frequency to emissions.
Alterations in gene expression associated with changes in the state of endothelial differentiation.

The endothelium maintains a developmental plasticity which allows rapid phenotypic change in response to extracellular signals during normal processes, such as corpus luteum formation and wound healing, and in pathologic processes, such as tumor angiogenesis. Endothelial cells (EC) in culture have been very useful for investigating various aspects of endothelial growth and behavior. In spite of documented similarities between EC in vitro and the endothelium in vivo, many characteristics of the vessel endothelium are lost when the cells are placed into culture. We have undertaken to identify differences in gene expression between differentiated vessel endothelium and dedifferentiated EC. We utilized a new technique called differntial display which compares polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-amplified mRNA from two (or more) cell populations. Endothelium scraped directly from freshly obtained aortas, and demonstrated to be free of contaminants, were used as the source of differentiated RNA, whereas proliferating, primary explanted EC grown for five days in the presence of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) provided a pool of ‘dedifferentiated’ RNA. Using differential display, we have observed numerous reproducible differences in gene expression. To confirm that the expression differences visualized by differential display represented actual differences in gene expression, we isolated vessel-specific and culture-specific cDNA tags for additional analysis. Three cDNA tags specific to vessel endothelium were cloned and sequenced, and compared to nucleotide and protein databases. Two of the clones (A1 and 2.5) displayed no significant sequence similarity, whereas a third clone (A2) is nearly identical to a human expressed sequence tag (EST) and has significant sequence similarities to a plant and Xenopus ubiquitin-like protein. Northern and/or in situ hybridization analysis of the A1 and A2 genes confirmed their restricted expression to the vessel endothelium. The expression of A1 by the endothelium in vivo is not simply a function of growth state, as cultured cells did not express A1 even when grown to postconfluence. One other cDNA fragment, selected as a culture-induced gene, was identified by sequence analysis as the bovine homologue of laminin B1, and Northern analysis confirmed that expression was induced upon culturing of EC. Use of differential display to study endothelial gene expression will allow us to investigate the molecular mechanisms that underlie initiation and maintenance of endothelial differentiation.
Synthesis of Glyconanospheres Containing Luminescent CdSe−ZnS Quantum Dots

Negatively charged luminescent CdSe−ZnS quantum dots (QDs) were successfully incorporated into novel luminescent glyconanopsheres averaging 190 nm in diameter through electrostatic interactions with carboxymethyldextran (CM-dextran) and polylysine. In addition to electrostatic attraction between the negatively charged dextran, the negatively charged CdSe−ZnS QDs, and the positively charged polylysine, covalent amide bonds were introduced to cross link the QDs with the polysaccharide matrix to further stabilize the nanospheres. The dextran residues on the surface of the nanospheres show high affinity toward the glucose binding protein-Concanavalin A (Con A). As a result, these luminescent CdSe−ZnS QD incorporated glyconanospheres are a useful tool for studying carbohydrate−protein interactions that are critical steps in bacterial and viral infection.
Linguistic Acculturation and Emotional Well-Being in U.S. Schools

The relationship between language use and emotional well-being at school/work, compared to other contexts in which adolescents spend time, has not been studied extensively. An analysis of data from the 1993–1997 Sloan Study of Youth and Social Development employing the experience sampling method showed that language preference moderated the effect of context on the subjective emotional experiences of Latino(a) youths. Participants whose primary language is Spanish experienced lower emotional well-being in school/work time than with family, as opposed to those whose second language preference is English in the same contexts. Results highlight the need to better understand the complex process of language use and raise questions about improving the incorporation of Spanish-dominant students.
Effects of prenatal alcohol exposure on rat pups' ability to elicit retrieval behavior from dams.

Research on fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) has historically held that postnatal deficits result directly from prenatal alcohol exposure. Such exposure may alter infant behavior, and this in turn may affect maternal responsiveness and consequently increase the infant's risk for postnatal deficits. This study examined the effect of prental alcohol exposure on postnatal blood ethanol concentrations, pup development, and the ability of pups to elicit retrieval behaviors from the dam. Dams given access to a 15% ethanol solution throughout gestation and lactation showed blood ethanol concentrations of 0.1% whereas their pups had concentrations below the sensitivity of the test. Prenatal alcohol exposure was shown to have pharmacological effects on the pup's righting reflex and nutritional effects on its rate of weight gain. Control pups were better able to elicit retrieval behavior from control and alcoholic dams than were fetally alcoholic pups. These results indicate that that the condition of the pup can influence maternal responsiveness which, in turn, can influence pup development.
Enhanced cage effects in supercritical fluid solvents. the behavior of diffusive and geminate caged-pairs in supercritical carbon dioxide.

The behavior of geminate and diffusive radical caged-pairs arising from the photolysis of dicumyl ketone in conventional and supercritical carbon dioxide (SC−CO2) solvents has been examined. The results suggest that locally enhanced solvent density about a solute (solvent/solute clustering) can lead to an enhanced cage effect near the critical pressure in supercritical fluid solvents. This enhanced cage effect is similar in magnitude for both diffusive and geminate caged-pairs.
Computer-aided study of the relationship between structure and antituberculosis activity of a series of isoniazid derivatives

Abstract The Multiple Computer Automated Structure Evaluation (MultiCASE) program was used to analyze the relationship between the structure and antituberculous activity of a series of 136 hydrazides, most of them isoniazid related. The structural features revealed by this analysis are discussed. The most significant one seemed to be the distance between the pyridinic nitrogen and the terminal nitrogen of the hydrazido group. Given the affiliation of these two heteroatoms with a planar conjugated system, we suggest that Schiff base chemistry similar to that of vitamin B 6 may be involved in the mode of action of isoniazid and its related compounds. A mechanism of action of isoniazid is proposed and suggestions for the design of new isoniazid-type drugs are made.
Calcium Isotope Composition of Meteorites, Earth, and Mars

The relative abundances of calcium isotopes in the mass range 40-44 were measured in primitive and differentiated meteorites and igneous rocks from Earth and Mars in search of non-mass-dependent variations that could provide clues about early solar system processes. Most bulk samples of planetary materials have calcium isotopic compositions identical with Earth's within the current resolution of about 0.01% in 40Ca/44Ca. Possible exceptions include carbonaceous chondrites, some ordinary chondrites, and two samples of calcium-aluminum-rich inclusions, which have small excesses of 40Ca. The samples with 40Ca excesses are also known to have 50Ti and 135Ba excesses and 142Nd and 144Sm deficits. Collectively these data from refractory elements suggest that the planetary embryos represented by chondrites preserve isotopic heterogeneity that reflects different nucleosynthetic sources. No late admixture from a single nucleosynthetic source can explain all observations. The results are most compatible with variable proportions of material derived from Type II supernovae. The initial calcium isotope compositions of Earth and Mars are indistinguishable and similar to the 40Ca abundance found in some chondrites and all differentiated meteorites studied. It appears that isotopic heterogeneity in calcium was still present at the completion of disk formation but was homogenized during planetary accretion.
Overexpression of protein kinase C epsilon in astroglial brain tumor derived cell lines and primary tumor samples.

Prognosis for astroglial brain tumors that are not amenable to surgical resection remains poor. Consequently, a need to identify new cellular targets and chemotherapeutics for the treatment of astroglial tumors remains. Important reports indicate that human astroglial cell lines express higher protein kinase C (PKC) activity in comparison to normal astrocytes. PKC designates a family of kinases that regulate many cellular functions including cell growth and differentiation. The tight regulation of PKC activity is crucial for maintaining normal cellular proliferation since excessive activity leads to uncontrolled growth and cellular transformation. PKCepsilon, one of the 11 known PKC isozymes, has been shown to function as an oncogene in rodent fibroblasts by enhancing c-Raf-1 kinase activity leading to the stimulation of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase pathway. We recently demonstrated that the ability of substance P (SP) neuropeptide to activate MAP kinase pathway in U-373MG astrocytoma cells correlates with its ability to selectively translocate PKCepsilon from cytosolic to membrane fraction, and that PKC inhibitors (e.g. CGP 41251) inhibit the activation of this pathway by SP or the PKC activator 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol 13-acetate (TPA). In this study, we demonstrated that PKCepsilon is overexpressed in many astroglial cell lines (n=27 lines), thus providing new evidence as to the possible involvement of this isozyme in the pathology of astroglial tumors. Consistently, we demonstrated that PKCepsilon is overexpressed in primary pediatric anaplastic astrocytoma (grade III) tumor samples as well as in cell lines derived from them, and that glioblastoma multiforme (grade IV) and gliosarcoma tumor samples, but not pilocytic astrocytomas (grade I), also express high levels of PKCepsilon. Therefore, the reported increase in PKC activity in brain tumor derived cell lines may be, in part, attributed to the overexpression of PKCepsilon and possibly other PKC isozymes. Consequently, we propose that the use of PKCepsilon selective inhibitors may be beneficial in the treatment of astroglial brain tumors.
Factors Influencing Aspiration During Swallowing in Healthy Older Adults

Objectives/Hypothesis: Although flexible endoscopic evaluation of swallowing (FEES) is an established diagnostic tool, little data exist on the effects of varying liquid types on the swallowing outcomes in healthy older adults. Study Design: Prospective. Methods: Seventy-six healthy older adult volunteers participated (i.e., 18, 28, and 30 volunteers in the 7th, 8th, and 9th decades of life, respectively). The effects of age, sex, liquid type (i.e., water, skim, 2% milk, or whole milk), delivery method (i.e., cup or straw), and volume (i.e., 5, 10, 15, or 20 mL) on Penetration Aspiration Scale (PAS) scores were assessed during FEES. Results: Penetration and silent aspiration were observed in 83% and 28% of the participants, respectively. This represented 19% and 3% of participants' 2,432 swallows, respectively. Liquid type (P = .0001), bolus volume (P = .02), and delivery method (P = .04) significantly affected PAS scores. PAS scores were significantly (P < .05) greater for milk versus water swallows, whole- versus skim-milk swallows, 10- and 20-mL versus 5-mL volumes, and straw versus cup delivery. The risk for aspiration increased by approximately two-, three-, and seven-fold with maximal increases in bolus volume, fat content of liquids, and age, respectively. Conclusions: Occasional aspiration may be an underappreciated phenomenon during FEES in healthy older adults. In addition, milk yielded a higher likelihood of aspiration than water. Accordingly, different liquid types, bolus volumes, and delivery methods should be used to ensure an accurate assessment of aspiration status in healthy older adults. Laryngoscope, 2010
Generation of bacteriophage T3 mRNAs by post-transcriptional processing by RNase III

The primary transcripts synthesizedin vitro from a T3 DNA template byEscherichia coli RNA polymerase and by T3 phage-specific RNA polymerase have been characterized with regard to cleavage by RNase III and the size of the products of the cleavage reaction have been compared with those ofin vivo T3 RNAs. It has been observed that the large RNA molecule synthesized invitro byEscherichia coli RNA polymerase from the early region of T3 DNA are cleaved at specific sites byEscherichia coli RNase III to produce all the early mRNAs normally observed in T3-infected cells. In contrast, evidence presented here shows that some of the late T3 mRNAs are generated as direct products of transcription of late regions of T3 DNA by T3 RNA polymerase without mediation of RNase III, while many other late T3 mRNAs are formed by RNase III cleavage of two of the high molecular weight T3 RNA polymerase transcripts. Thesein vitro data appear to be in good agreement with the observed sizes of late T3 mRNAs formedin vivo in T3-infected RNase III-deficient and RNaseIII+Escherichia coli cells.
Sensory Systems: Taste Perception

This teaching resource provides lecture notes and slides for a class covering the human taste system and is part of the course "Cell signaling systems: a course for graduate students." The lecture begins with a discussion of five distinct qualities of taste and then proceeds to describe receptors and signaling mechanisms.
The ambiguities of government funding for faith‐based organizations and philanthropy

The impact of the federal initiative to fund faith-based nonprofits is fraught with ambiguities. The greatest danger in considering the possible impact is to overgeneralize what might occur.
Dynamics of a Radially Rotating Beam With Impact, Part 1: Theoretical and Computational Model

The model uses a momentum balance method and a coefficient of restitution, and enables one to predict the rigid body motion as well as the elastic motion before and after impact
Multipulse control of saccadic eye movements

We present three conclusions regarding the neural control of saccadic eye movements, resulting from comparisons between recorde d movements and computer simulations. The controller signal to the muscles is probably a multipulse-step. This kind of signal drives the fastest model trajectories. Finally, multipulse signals explain differences between model and electrophysiological relsults.
Apparatus for low-temperature magic-angle spinning NMR

Low-temperature magic-angle spinning (MAS) NMR experiments are of considerable interest since they permit the study of a variety of phenomena such as chemical exchange, phase transitions, and Knight shifts. In addition, the recent development of techniques for determining distances and distinguishing among molecular conformations in solids provides opportunities to examine the structure of reactions in intermediates (i.e., photolysis products and enzyme/inhibitor or substrate complexes) trapped at low temperatures. In this Note we describe a system that we have developed and successfully employed for performing MAS experiments for extended periods of continuous operation in the temperature range of 150-300 K. The desirable features of a low-temperature MAS system are severalfold. First, it should provide setable and stable spinning speeds for extended periods. For low temperatures, this dictates that at least the drive-bearing gas must be at room temperature and supplied to a spinner-speed controller before cooling in order to maintain constant speeds. Second, the spinning speed must be maintained when the temperature is changed. Third, facilities for replenishing the coolants and the drive and bearing gases must be provided to accommodate operation for extended periods. The first requirement above was initially addressed simply by circulating the drive and bearing gases through copper coils immersed in liquid nitrogen, the temperature being determined by adjusting the size of the coils and the flow rate. This is the method used at present in most laboratories and in most commercial equipment. However, with this arrangement the temperature and spinning speed cannot be adjusted independently. In addition, at the high pressures which are necessary to achieve high spinning speeds, condensation of the nitrogen occurs, resulting in pulsations of the spinning. Kendrick et al. (2) demonstrated that this problem could be circumvented by pressurizing the liquid nitrogen dewar above the pressure of the gas flow. However, this procedure has the disadvantages that it involves a large pressurized vessel (3) subject to strict safety rules in most operating environments, and that it is difficult to replenish the coolant. It is therefore unsatisfactory for samples requiring extended signal averaging periods.
Carcinoma of the Esophagus Engrafted on Lye Stricture

A 34-year-old Negro woman developed progressive dysphagia approximately 12 years after ingestion of lye. At this time, she was unable to swallow liquids, weighed 72 pounds, and complained of constant chest pain. She was found to have extensive carcinoma in the lower third of the esophagus, which was resected. A causative relationship between the lye stricture and the carcinoma is suspected.
Heterodyne frequency and Fourier transform spectroscopy measurements on OCS near 1700 cm−1

Abstract Heterodyne frequency measurements are given for carbonyl sulfide (OCS) in the 1700 cm −1 region. The measurements were combined with Fourier transform spectroscopy measurements of the same bands and with other measurements in the literature (microwave, submillimeter wave, and other infrared measurements) in a least-squares fit. The combined data and fit result in improved frequency calibration values for the 1700 cm −1 region and also allow one to determine calibration values for the 00 0 3-00 0 0 band near 2550 cm −1 from application of the Ritz principle.
A Class of Nonautonomous Differential Equations Reducible to Autonomous Ones by an Exact Method

Introduction.—This paper is concerned with the reduction of a class of nonautonomous differential equations to another class of autonomous ones by using an exact method based on an appropriate transformation of the independent variable. A condition necessary and sufficient for the reducibility is found and proved.
Double-stranded DNA organization in bacteriophage heads: an alternative toroid-based model

Studies of the organization of double-stranded DNA within bacteriophage heads during the past four decades have produced a wealth of data. However, despite the presentation of numerous models, the true organization of DNA within phage heads remains unresolved. The observations of toroidal DNA structures in electron micrographs of phage lysates have long been cited as support for the organization of DNA in a spool-like fashion. This particular model, like all other models, has not been found to be consistent will all available data. Recently we proposed that DNA within toroidal condensates produced in vitro is organized in a manner significantly different from that suggested by the spool model. This new toroid model has allowed the development of an alternative model for DNA organization within bacteriophage heads that is consistent with a wide range of biophysical data. Here we propose that bacteriophage DNA is packaged in a toroid that is folded into a highly compact structure.
Divergent goals and commitments in global malaria intervention.

Robert Snow and colleagues marshal the best data yet on the finances of global malaria intervention, but their work provides a basis, not an endpoint, for discussion. To achieve Goal 6 of the Millennium Development Goals, the gap between needs and commitments must be filled quickly. Given recent calls for malaria eradication [13], Snow and colleagues' sober assessment should provide an instrument to prod the horse on before the cart disappears too far down the road.
The federal Drug Enforcement Administration "prescription series" proposal: continuing concerns.

Two leading healdi and pain policy analysts discuss the implications of the federal Drug Enforcement Administration proposed position on the legality of practitioners writing series of controlled substance prescriptions for the purpose of providing ongoing pain management without the necessity for unneeded patient visits to their prescribers. This issue led to a series of regulatory proposals that engendered great concern in the pain management community. The proposed positive outcome from the DEA is described.
Relays that cooperate to compute

This paper proposes a new coding scheme that combines the advantages of statistical cooperation and algebraic structure. Consider a multiple-access relay channel where two transmitters attempt to send the modulo sum of their finite field messages to the receiver with the help of the relay. The transmitters use nested lattice codes to ensure that sums of codewords are protected against noise and to preserve the modulo operation of the finite field. We develop a block Markov coding scheme where the relay recovers the real sum of the codewords and retransmits it coherently with the two transmitters.
Sonic Spaces of the Karoo: The Sacred Music of a South African Coloured Community

Sonic Spaces of the Karoo: The Sacred Music of a South African Coloured Community Marie Jorritsma Philadelphia, Temple University Press, 2011. xvii + 201 pp. (hbk) 978-1-43990-237-0 South African c...
Learning Words and Rules Abstract Knowledge of Word Order in Early Sentence Comprehension

Children quickly acquire basic grammatical facts about their native language. Does this early syntactic knowledge involve knowledge of words or rules? According to lexical accounts of acquisition, abstract syntactic and semantic categories are not primitive to the language-acquisition system; thus, early language comprehension and production are based on verb-specific knowledge. The present experiments challenge this account: We probed the abstractness of young children's knowledge of syntax by testing whether 25- and 21-month-olds extend their knowledge of English word order to new verbs. In four experiments, children used word order appropriately to interpret transitive sentences containing novel verbs. These findings demonstrate that although toddlers have much to learn about their native languages, they represent language experience in terms of an abstract mental vocabulary. These abstract representations allow children to rapidly detect general patterns in their native language, and thus to learn rul...
Adaptation of the Halobacterium salinarum ssp. NRC-1 gene deletion system for modification of chromosomal loci.

Abstract The model archaeon Halobacterium salinarum ssp. NRC-1 is an excellent system for the study of archaeal molecular biology. Unlike many other archaea, its only special growth requirement is high levels of sodium chloride and other salts; it requires neither high-temperature incubation nor anaerobic environments. Additionally, there are a number of well-developed post-genomic tools available, including whole-genome microarrays and a ura3-based gene deletion system. While some tools are available for protein expression, a system for measurement and purification of protein expressed from native promoters is lacking. We have adapted the established H. salinarum gene deletion system for this purpose, and have used this to place 8 ×-histidine tags on either the carboxyl or amino terminus of the protein encoded by the chromosomal rfa3 gene. To demonstrate the utility of this approach, we used Western blot analysis to determine levels of the Rfa3 protein under different conditions. This system provides another powerful molecular tool for studies of native protein expression and for simple protein purification in H. salinarum.
Ester biosynthesis in “Rome” apples subjected to low-oxygen atmospheres

Abstract The relationship between acetate ester-forming activity of acetyl CoA alcohol transferase (ACAT), non-ethylene volatile emission, and flesh volatile content of “Rome” apples ( Malus domestica Borkh.) after removal from 9 months storage in low-oxygen environments was investigated. Apple samples held at 0–1°C were removed from refrigerated air (RA) or controlled-atmosphere (CA) storage at 1.0 or 0.5% v/v O 2 /1% CO 2 and placed in ambient laboratory conditions. Every three days fruit flesh and headspace were analyzed for volatile compounds using capillary gas chromatography. Acetate ester forming activity was assayed spectrophotometrically on partially-purified extracts of cortical tissue. Patterns of acetate ester formation depended upon storage environment and alcohol moiety precursor. Ethyl acetate content was always higher in the headspace and flesh of RA fruit, regardless of time after storage. Propyl acetate concentrations in CA stored apple flesh were higher until post-storage day 12 when they decreased. Headspace propyl acetate levels were higher in RA controls until days 9–15 when more emanated from CA fruit. Butyl acetate concentrations were lower in flesh and headspace of CA fruit until day 15, when RA fruit headspace levels decreased. Headspace and flesh concentrations of 2-methyl-1-butyl acetate were higher in CA apples. Acetate ester-forming activity was detectable at day 0 in 1.0% oxygen-stored fruits, but not in 0.5% oxygen-stored fruits. By post-storage day 9, ACAT activity in CA apples reached maximal levels, only to decrease by day 15. RA-stored apples had more ACAT activity at day 0, but did not substantially increase in activity like the 0.5% oxygen-stored apples removed from CA storage. It is unknown whether the ACAT protein is reactivated by exposure to ambient oxygen or synthesized de novo.
A Collaborative Cohort Approach to Teacher Education: Modeling Inclusive Practices

Abstract This investigation used quantitative and qualitative methods to address preservice teacher education students' perceptions regarding a collaborative cohort experience where seamless instruction was provided by four faculty to illustrate effective collaboration fundamentals. Results of pre- and post-survey data as well as follow-up focus groups revealed that, in contrast to campus-based teacher preparation instruction, a collaborative cohort model improved preservice teacher attitude towards integrating effective collaboration, even while measured levels of actual collaborative behavior decreased. These changes related to an enhancement of the preservice teacher education students' perceived ability to meet the needs of diverse learners in a inclusive general education environment. Challenges that occurred as a result of the collaborative cohort model, as well as implications for teacher preparation, professional development internships, and future research are discussed.
New Partnerships for New Learning

This paper describes a model program at DePaul University of partnering the Library with an academic department, specifically the School for New Learning. This department was established solely to serve the non-traditional adult student and lifelong learner. The historical background of adult education, the development of the School for New Learning, the shared goal of the Library and the department, the history and development of the partnership, the role of the library liaison, and how the partnership has changed the curriculum and library programs are discussed. Future ideas for the direction of this partnership are examined.
Signaling between glia and neurons: focus on synaptic plasticity

Glial cells are now emerging from the shadows cast by their more excitable CNS counterparts. Within the developing nervous system, astrocytes and Schwann cells actively help to promote synapse formation and function, and have even been implicated in synapse elimination. In the adult brain, astrocytes respond to synaptic activity by releasing transmitters that modulate synaptic activity. Thus, glia are active participants in brain function. Many questions remain about the identity of glial-neuronal signals and their significance.
Vitamin B12 studies in myelogenous leukemia of childhood.

Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), in early childhood frequently presents a diagnostic problem. Plasma vitamin B 12 levels and radioactive B 12 clearance studies have been beneficial in diagnosing CML in adults. Plasma radioactive B 12 clearances and/or plasma B 12 concentrations were determined in 39 infants and children. In this group the radioactive B 12 clearance was abnormally slow in 6 patients; these patients were the only patients diagnosed as having myelogenous leukemia. These data would indicate the usefulness of this simple and rapidly performed test for the age group in which myelogenous leukemia is a difficult diagnostic problem. The data are compared to those reported in adults, and the physiologic significance of this altered vitamin metabolism is reviewed.
Specialty store expertise as a driver of satisfaction and share of wallet

Specialty stores typically sell only one or a few closely related product lines but offer a wide choice within that line. This article establishes specialty store expertise as an important factor influencing customer satisfaction and examines the role of various factors in determining the share of wallet obtained by the store. A mail survey with 210 participants finds that customer perceptions of store expertise increase satisfaction and share of wallet, while distance to the store has a non-linear relationship with share of wallet. Managerial implications include the need for specialty store owners to develop expertise by careful hiring, training and retaining of employees. In addition, they are encouraged to promote store expertise to potential customers thus positioning themselves on this attribute and helping avoid price competition with mass market retailers.
A computer lab for undergraduate psychological research

This paper describes how funds from an NSF Instrumentation and Laboratory Improvement grant allowed development of a computer lab with a local area network (LAN) for undergraduate research in psychology. The lab has been used mainly in conjunction with an applications of research methods course, but expanded use is expected because of the connection of the LAN to a mainframe computer’s LAN, the proposed installation of PSYCLIT on the LAN, and the proposed connection of the LAN to faculty offices. The main experimental software packages used are MEL Lab and Micro Experimental Laboratory (MEL); both are critical to the lab’s operation. Funds for maintenance of the lab will be obtained by charging applications course students a lab fee.
Differences in silica content between marine and freshwater diatoms

Marine diatoms are shown to have on average one order of magnitude less silica per unit of biovolume than freshwater species. Silica content (pmol cell−1) increases linearly with biovolume (µm3) in both marine (1og10[silica content] = 0.91 log10[biovolume] — 3.16; r = 0.92; P < 0.0001; N = 44) and freshwater diatoms (log10[silica content] = 1.03 1og10[biovolume] — 2.45; r = 0.91; P < 0.0001; N = 62). Therefore, a first#x2010;order estimate of the amount of silica utilized by diatom production can be made from diatom biovolumes. Si: C molar ratios for marine diatoms and for freshwater diatoms also are different and demonstrate that appropriate molar ratios must be used for marine and freshwaters in estimating biogenic silica production from primary production. Among possible reasons for the disparity are differences in sinking strategy, the adaptation of marine diatom species to a low dissolved silica environment, and differences in salinity between the two environments.
Can Producer Associations Improve Rural Livelihoods? Evidence from Farmer Centres in India

AbstractRural producer associations are considered a potential community-driven solution to the problems of smallholder agriculture. This article evaluates the impact of organising female farmers into producer associations in Gujarat, India. The initiative provided training, information, access to inputs, risk mitigation, and market linkages. Over 18 months, the programme weakly increased members’ non-farm income and access to output markets. It had stronger impacts on members’ awareness and utilisation of financial services. Impacts were heterogeneous, varying by pre-existing socioeconomic conditions. These findings suggest that producer associations can lower transaction costs for smallholders, but that poverty alleviation may be a longer-term prospect.
Left zero covering homomorphisms of laminated nearrings

Nearrings here are right nearrings. LetN be a nearring and fix an element α eN. Form another nearring Nα by taking addition to be the same as the addition inN but define the productx ⊗y of two elementsx, y e Nα byx ⊗y =xay. The nearring Nα is referred to as a laminated nearring ofN andN is referred to as the base nearring. The element α is called the laminating element or the laminator. An elementx of a nearingN is a left zero ifxy =x for ally eN. A homomorphismϕ from a nearringN 1 into a nearringN 2 is a left zero covering homomorphism if for each left zeroy eN 2,ϕ(x) =y for somex eN 1. The left zero covering homomorphisms from one laminated nearring into another are investigated where the base nearring is the nearring of all continuous selfmaps of the Euclidean group ℝ2 under pointwise addition and composition and the laminators are complex polynomials. Finally, it is shown that one can determine whether or not two such laminated nearrings are isomorphic simply by inspecting the coefficients of the two laminating polynomials.
DNA-Templated Functional Group Transformations Enable Sequence-Programmed Synthesis Using Small-Molecule Reagents

DNA-templated organic synthesis (DTS) has previously been used primarily to direct coupling reactions between two DNA-linked reactants. In some cases, reactants are difficult or impossible to tether to DNA oligonucleotides. The development of strategies that enable non-DNA linked small-molecule reagents to participate in sequence-programmed synthesis therefore would significantly expand the capabilities of DTS. We developed efficient DNA-templated functional group transformations of template-linked azides into corresponding amines, carboxylic acids, and thiols. The application of these reactions to a single-solution mixture of four template-linked organic azides enabled each azide to be transformed sequence specifically into a sulfonamide, carbamate, urea, or thiourea using small-molecule sulfonyl chloride, chloroformate, isocyanate, or isothiocyanate reagents not tethered to DNA. Only the four desired products were observed, without formation of any of the 12 possible undesired cross-products. Our result...
Imaging spectrometer science measurements for Terrestrial Ecology: AVIRIS and new developments

Contiguous spectral measurements in the image domain made by the NASA Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) have been used to advance a range of Terrestrial Ecology science investigation over the past two decades. Currently there are hundreds of relevant refereed journal articles. The calibrated, high signal-to-noise ratio measurements of AVIRIS are used to investigate terrestrial ecology topics related to: (1) Pattern and Spatial Distribution of Ecosystems and their Components, (2) Ecosystem Function, Physiology and Seasonal Activity, (3) Biogeochemical Cycles, (3) Changes in Disturbance Activity, and (4) Ecosystems and Human Health.
Effect of maternal nutrient restriction and melatonin supplementation from mid to late gestation on vascular reactivity of maternal and fetal placental arteries.

Abstract Introduction Maternal nutrient restriction and decreased scotophase concentrations of melatonin have been associated with severely compromised pregnancies. We hypothesized that melatonin supplementation in a compromised pregnancy enhances the bradykinin (BK)-induced relaxations of placental arteries thereby ensuring sufficient umbilical blood flow to the developing fetus. Methods Pregnant ewes ( n = 31) were fed an adequate (ADQ) or nutrient restricted (RES) diet supplemented with 5 mg of melatonin (MEL) or without melatonin (CON) from day 50 to 130 of gestation. On day 130 of gestation, the maternal (caruncular; CAR) and fetal (cotyledonary; COT) placental arteries were suspended in organ chambers for isometric tension recording. Results There were no treatment or dietary effects on CAR arteries for any vasoactive agent. However, in COT arteries, MEL ewes were more sensitive ( P P P = 0.04) for responsiveness to norepinephrine. The sensitivity of the COT arteries to norepinephrine in CON-RES ewes was decreased compared to CON-ADQ. Melatonin supplementation, regardless of maternal dietary intake, resulted in COT arteries having similar responsiveness to CON-RES ewes. Conclusion An increase in placental vessel sensitivity to bradykinin-induced relaxation may contribute to melatonin-induced increases in umbilical artery blood flow.