cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Performance Evaluation of 650 V SiC MOSFET Under Low Temperature Operation

Abstract-Cryogenic power conversion offers advantages of high efficiency and high power density, which is regarded as the next step for power electronics in specific applications, like all-electric military vehicles and deep space probes. As the key component in power electronics system, the performance of the semiconductor should be evaluated under cryogenic temperature. In this article, the static and dynamic characterizations of the 650V silicon carbide (SiC) trench-structure MOSFET from ROHM are presented. The results shown that: 1) the device on-state resistance is about two and half times larger than the room-temperature value; 2) the threshold voltage increases with the decrease of temperature due to the increased carrier mobility; 3) the turn-off time is reduced under low temperatures, while the turn-on time is slightly increased; 4) the switching loss is slightly increased due to the increased turn-on time of the device; 4) some other findings on gate driver and measurement setup are presented. Guidance can be provided for the evaluation of power device under low temperature operation.
Insurance practices in Iowa public high school districts, 1960-1965

ed in Dissertation Abstracts 20: 1248. 1959. 60. Schnider, George. New Jersey school property insurance. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Library, Temple University. 1958. Original not available; abstracted in Dissertation Abstracts 19: 1979. 1958. 61. Shroyer, George. How's your liability insurance. School Management 7, No. 9: 91-96. Sept. 1963. 62. Simpson, George Charles. Insurance practices in the Iowa public high school districts: with recommendations for improvements. Unpublish­ ed Ph.D. thesis. New York, New York, Library, Teachers College, Columbia University. 1960. 63. Smith, Leighton P. Ottumwa chooses package plan in revamping insur­ ance program. Iowa School Board Bulletin 15, No. 1: 7. Sept. 1964. 64. Smith, Leighton P. Specifications for quoting fire insurance pro­ posals and notice to companies. Ottumwa, Iowa, Ottumwa Community School District Office. June, 1964. 65. Taylor, G. N. Procedures and specifications for bidding insurance. Association of School Business Officials Annual Proceedings 47: 99-106. 1961. 66. The Guide Committee. An insurance guide for Iowa school boards. Des Moines, Iowa, Iowa Association of School Boards and Iowa Association of Independent Insurance Agents. c£. 1960. 67. The PIP insurance plan and the Bellport fire. American School Board Journal 147, No. 6: 25-26. Dec. 1963. 68. University of the State of New York. State Department of Education. Insurance. Albany, New York, Author. 1956. 69. Viles, N. E., Sr. School property insurance. Washington, D.C., Office of Education, Department of Health, Education and Welfare. 1956. 70. Wach, M. Self-insurance in the Cleveland public schools. Associa­ tion of School Business Officials Annual Proceedings 47: 268-270. 1961. 71. White, W. R. School boiler insurance. Association of School Busi­ ness Officials Annual Proceedings 48: 399-402. 1962.
PLATELET MONOAMINE OXIDASE AND CORTICAL EVOKED POTENTIALS AS PREDICTORS OF PSYCHIATRIC VULNERABILITY

In two independent studies, college students are classified by platelet monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity and by an evoked potential measure of augmenting/reducing. Four biological groups, low MAO/augmenting; low MAO/reducing; high MAO/augmenting; high MAO/reducing; are compared for prevalence of pyschopathology. According to either MMFI interpretations or the Research Diagnostic Criteria, more psychopathology is found among low MAO/augmenting and high MAO/reducing groups. Individuals who showed the low MAO augmenting pattern on first contact were more likely to meet RDC criteria for affective disorder on follow-up 18 months later.
Field Methods in a Study of the Process-Response System Controlling Dune Morphology, Salton Sea, California

To better understand the nature of aeolian processes, a field study was undertaken to investigate the interaction between wind flow, sand transport, and dune morphology. The study focused on a barchan located west of the Salton Sea in southern California. This paper describes the research design, study area, field methods, and instrumentation used in the study. To describe and analyze the wind events that occurred during the course of the field season, wind speed and direction were monitored on a continuous basis over a four-week period in late spring 1991. In response to these wind events, survey data and measurements from a grid of erosion stakes were both used to monitor changes in dune morphology. To help explain observed changes in dune morphology, an array of 40 anemometers was deployed to measure spatial variability in near-surface wind speed and the vertical structure of the wind field over the dune profile. One of the principal aims of the study was to develop a physically based numerical model of aeolian sand transport that could be used to simulate observed patterns of erosion and deposition over the dune profile.
Turning the Noose that Binds into a Rope to Climb: A Textual Search for Rhetorical and Linguistic Gender-Markings in Speech Samples of Three Contemporary Female Orators

Kristine Blair, Advisor Feminine communication styles have been the subject of active investigation since Robin Tolmach Lakoff’s 1975 publication of Language and Woman’s Place. This dissertation adds to that body of research, using both Lakoff’s linguistic markers and the rhetorical concept of the double-bind as discussed by Kathleen Hall Jamieson in “Beyond the Double Bind.” The women selected for this study include Nancy Pelosi; Speaker of the United States House of Representatives, Katharine Jefferts Schori; who serves as Presiding Bishop of the Episcopalian Church-USA; and Ruth Bader Ginsburg, a Justice of the United States Supreme Court. Three genre-specific speech samples from each of the rhetors (the acceptance speech, the standard professional speech, and the interview) are analyzed using Lakoff’s markers and Jamieson’s concept of the double-bind. Using this research structure, the speeches are examined for both stylistic and substantive language use which might be understood as “feminine.” The dissertation concludes with a summary of the findings, including tables which demonstrate the extent of the usage of Lakoff’s markers by genre and by rhetor, and commentary on the way that genre influenced the rhetors’ usage of both linguistic and rhetorical strategies. Interestingly, genre appeared to be more of a deciding factor in the study than was originally anticipated, and this provides a powerful incentive for further research. Finally, I argue for the inclusion of these orators within the rhetorical canon, for we cannot attempt to re-gender the rhetorical tradition and claim to support inclusive rhetorical practices if we do not recognize the contemporary women whose voices are shaping and re-shaping the way rhetoric is applied in the
Standardization of terminology of intestinal innervation disorders

The complex of malformations of neuronal dysplasia of the colon and small bowel was designated "neuronal intestinal dysplasia" (NID) by Meier-Ruge in 1971 (1). In recent years, particularly in the English literature, the term IND (intestinal neuronal dysplasia) has taken precedence. Since the abbreviation NID has already been adopted in international terminology for normal-weight, insulin-dependent diabetes, its use in other contexts can lead to misunderstandings.
Computer Tomography 3-D Imaging of the Metal Deformation Flow Path in Friction Stir Welding

In friction stir welding (FSW), a rotating threaded pin tool is inserted into a weld seam and literally stirs the edges of the seam together. To determine optimal processing parameters for producing a defect free weld, a better understanding of the resulting metal deformation flow path is required. Marker studies are the principal method of studying the metal deformation flow path around the FSW pin tool. In our study, we have used computed tomography (CT) scans to reveal the flow pattern of a lead wire embedded in a FSW weld seam. At the welding temperature of aluminum, the lead becomes molten and is carried with the macro-flow of the weld metal. By using CT images, a 3-dimensional (3D) image of the lead flow pattern can be reconstructed. CT imaging was found to be a convenient and comprehensive way of collecting and displaying tracer data. It marks an advance over previous more tedious and ambiguous radiographic/metallographic data collection methods.
An assessment of surface soil temperature products from numerical weather prediction models using ground‐based measurements

[1] Surface soil temperature estimates at approximately 0.05 m depth are needed to retrieve soil moisture from the planned Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) L-band (1.4 GHz) satellite. Numerical weather prediction (NWP) systems as operated by various weather centers produce global estimates of soil temperature. In this study in situ data collected over the state of Oklahoma are used to assess surface (soil) temperature from three NWP systems: (1) the integrated forecast system from the European Center for Medium range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), (2) the modern-era retrospective analysis for research and applications (MERRA) from the NASA Global Modeling and Assimilation Office, and (3) the global data assimilation system used by the National Center for Environmental Prediction (NCEP). The results are presented by hour of day with specific attention directed to the SMAP early morning overpass time at around 6 A.M. local time, and the period of 1 April to 1 October 2009. It was found that the NWP systems estimate the 0.05 m soil temperature at this time of day with an overall root mean square error of 1.9 to 2.0 K. It is shown that this error can be reduced to 1.6 to 1.8 K when differences between the modeling and measurement depth are accounted for by synchronizing each NWP set to match the mean phase of the in situ data and adjusting the amplitude in accordance with heat flow principles. These results indicate that with little calibration all products meet the SMAP error budget criteria over Oklahoma.
The Longevity Project: Surprising Discoveries for Health and Long Life from the Landmark Eight-Decade Study

A revolutionary look at diet, nutrition, fitness, and longevity praised by Malcolm Gladwell and Oprah Magazine. "An extraordinary eighty-year study has led to some unexpected discoveries about long life." -O, The Oprah MagazineFor years we have been told to obsessively monitor when we're angry, what we eat, how much we worry, and how often we go to the gym. So why isn't everyone healthy? Drawing from the most extensive study of long life ever conducted, The Longevity Project busts many long- held myths, revealing how: * Many of those who worked the hardest actually lived the longest * Getting married is not a magic ticket to good health * It's not the happy-go-lucky who thrive-it's the prudent and persistent With self-tests that illuminate your own best paths to longer life, this book changes the conversation about what it really takes to achieve a long, healthy life.
Transversity and Mass Singularities in Dimensional Regularization

The proton's transversity distribution will be measured at BNL's Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider in upcoming experiments using the transverse Drell-Yan process. Understanding the one-loop corrections is therefore important. Here, the collinear structure in transverse Drell-Yan is investigated in detail using dimensional regularization and the correct behaviour is found, although the mechanism is non-trivial. The resulting n-dimensional transversity splitting function (and consequently the one-loop transversity distribution and its two-loop evolution) is found to be the same in both the anticommuting-gamma_5 scheme and the HVBM scheme. Alternative schemes are considered.
Studies of the processing of the protease which initiates degradation of small, acid-soluble proteins during germination of spores of Bacillus species.

Threemutantformsoftheprotease (GPR)thatinitiates degradation ofsmall, acid-soluble spore proteins (SASP)during germination ofsporesofBaciUlus species havebeengenerated. Inone variant (GPRA), the putative pro sequenceremoved inconversion oftheGPR zymogen (termed P46) totheactive enzyme(termed P41) was deleted. GPRAwas expressed inbothEscherichia coli andBaciUlus subtilis as a polypeptide of41kDa (P41) which was active bothinvivoandinvitro. Theother twovariants hadchanges inthesequencearound thesite wherethepro sequenceisremoved, makingthis sequenceevenmore like thatrecognized andcleaved byGPR initsSASPsubstrates. Oneofthese variants (GPRs) was synthesized asP46s inbothB.subtilis and E.coli, butP46s was processed top41s earlier inB.subtilis sporulation thanwas wild-type P46. Thesecond variant (GPREI) was madeasP46EI butunderwent extremely rapid processing top41E" inbothE.coli andB. subtilis. Expression ofelevated (>100-fold) levels ofGPRA or GPREIblocked sporulation atthetimeof synthesis ofglucose dehydrogenase. Expression ofelevated levels ofGPRSorlowlevels (<20%ofthewild-type level) ofGPRAor GPREIdidnotretard sporulation, buttheSASPlevel intheresultant sporeswas greatly reduced. Prolonged incubation ofP41 A,p41EI, orwild-type P41, either invivo orwithpurified proteins invitro, resulted ina second self-cleavage eventgenerating a 39-kDapolypeptide termedP39.Thesequence inthe P4,-*P39 cleavage site was alsoquite similar tothatrecognized andcleaved byGPRinSASP.Together, these results strongly support a modelinwhichactivation ofGPR duringsporulation byconversion ofP46toP41 is a self-processing eventtriggered byachange inthesporecoreenvironment (i.e., dehydration) whichprecludes attack oftheactive P41 on itsSASPsubstrates. However, inthefirst minutes ofsporegermination, rapid spore corehydration allows rapid attack ofactive GPR on SASP.
Clinical infectious outcomes associated with biofilm-related bacterial infections: a retrospective chart review

Biofilms are associated with persistent infection. Reports characterizing clinical infectious outcomes and patient risk factors for colonization or infection with biofilm forming isolates are scarce. Our institution recently published a study examining the biofilm forming ability of 205 randomly selected clinical isolates. This present study aims to identify potential risk factors associated with these isolates and assess clinical infectious outcomes. 221 clinical isolates collected from 2005 to 2012 and previously characterized for biofilm formation were studied. Clinical information from the associated patients, including demographics, comorbidities, antibiotic usage, laboratory values, and clinical infectious outcomes, was determined retrospectively through chart review. Duplicate isolates and non-clinical isolates were excluded from analysis. Associations with biofilm forming isolates were determined by univariate analysis and multivariate analysis. 187 isolates in 144 patients were identified for analysis; 113 were biofilm producers and 74 were not biofilm producers. Patients were primarily male (78 %) military members (61 %) with combat trauma (52 %). On multivariate analysis, the presence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (p < 0.01, OR 5.09, 95 % CI 1.12, 23.1) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (p = 0.02, OR 3.73, 95 % CI 1.46, 9.53) were the only characteristics more likely to be present in the biofilm producing isolate group. Infectious outcomes of patients with non-biofilm forming isolates, including cure, relapse/reinfection, and chronic infection, were similar to infectious outcomes of patients with biofilm-forming isolates. Mortality with initial infection was higher in the biofilm producing isolate group (16 % vs 5 %, p = 0.01) but attributable mortality was low (1 of 14). No characteristics examined in this study were found to be associated with relapse/reinfection or chronic infection on multivariate analysis. Bacteria species, but not clinical characteristics, were associated with biofilm formation on multivariate analysis. Biofilm forming isolates and non-biofilm forming isolates had similar infectious outcomes in this study.
Super Kamionkande Data on Proton Lifetime and Supergravity Models

A brief review of proton stability in supergravity unified models is given. The results are compared with the most recent lifetime limit measurements on p → νK + from SuperKamiokande experiment. We also discuss the annual modulation signal for Milky Way wimps claimed by the DAMA Collaboration in the framework of supergravity unified models under the constraint of proton stability.
The physiological cost of reproduction for rich and poor across 65 countries.

Objectives One of the fundamental tradeoffs posited in life history theory is between storing energy for future reproduction versus spending that energy on current reproduction. However, past studies have shown variable and sometimes contradictory effects of reproduction on energy stores among women. Methods To examine how varying economic resources can account for these diverse findings, we applied mixed models to Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) data from 187,848 nulliparous and primiparous women of reproductive age (20–34 years) in 65 countries varying widely in economic resources. Using this approach, we tracked average trajectories of body mass through pregnancy and the post-partum period, and assessed how these trajectories varied by household wealth and breastfeeding. Results In all four wealth categories, sustained breastfeeding posed a substantial tradeoff with energy stores, reducing post-partum BMI by 0.5 to 1.0 kg m−2 relative to non-breastfeeding women. However, among the wealthiest households (>6,400 USD per capita), this deficit was buffered substantially by greater pre-partum weight gain (+1.1 kg m−2 compared to women from the poorest households). Conclusion These findings show how the level of economic resources can systematically and profoundly shape a physiological tradeoff in reproduction, and can help account for past contradictory findings. More broadly, these results illustrate how integrating economic and energetic resources in a common framework can help clarify the apparently disparate weight-related outcomes of fertility in different countries. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 27:654–659, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A new strategy for estimating geophysical parameters from InSAR data: Application to the Krafla central volcano in Iceland

[1] We develop, validate, and apply a new strategy for estimating parameters in a geophysical model from interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) measurements. The observable quantity is a particular component of the deformation gradient tensor, defined as the derivative of the change in range with respect to the easting coordinate. This range change gradient is derived from wrapped phase data by a quadtree resampling procedure. Since the range change gradient is a continuous function of position, the strategy avoids the pitfalls associated with phase unwrapping techniques. To quantify the misfit between the observed and modeled values of the range gradient, the objective function calculates the cost as the absolute value of their difference, averaged over all samples. To minimize the objective function, we use a simulated annealing algorithm. This algorithm requires several thousand evaluations of the fitting function to find the optimum solution: the estimate of the model parameters that produces the lowest value of cost. For computational efficiency, we approximate the fitting function using a Taylor series. The simulated annealing algorithm then evaluates the approximate and fast version of the fitting function. After performing these two steps several times, the scheme converges, typically in a few iterations. We apply the strategy to Krafla central volcano in Iceland. Using a data set composed of eight interferometric pairs acquired by the ERS-1 and ERS-2 satellites over a 6-year interval between 1993 and 1999, we estimate the four parameters in a Mogi model. Results suggest a source at 4.98 ± 0.21 km depth and a deflation rate that decays exponentially over the interval, in agreement with previous studies.
Gangrene of the Foot: A Complication of Phlebography

One believes there is a necessity to bring to widespread attention a most serious complication of what is often considered a mundane radiological exami nation - lower extremity contrast venography. So mundane is it considered in fact, that outside of resident teaching programs, an informal telephone survey of 15 hospitals from 240 beds to 780 beds revealed that a number of injections and examinations: (a) were conducted entirely by technologists without any pre tense of radiologist supervision; (b) that the radiologist "supervised" the injec tion (i.e. was in the "immediate vicinity") or; (c) injection was preferentially done by the radiologist, but no reason was seen why a skilled non-physician could not conduct the examination.1
Kinetics and clinical effects of flurazepam in young and elderly noninsomniacs

Twenty-six healthy subjects from 19 to 85 yr old took single 15-mg doses of flurazepam (FLZ). Concentrations of desalkylfurazepam (DAFLZ), its principal metabolite, were measured by gas-liquid chromatography in multiple samples drawn 7 or more days after the dose. For the first 6 to 8 hr after drug, several additional FLZ metabolites appeared in plasma, but only DAFLZ was detected from 12 hr onward. Its elimination half-life (t1/2) (range, 37 to 289 hr) was longer in elderly than in young men (mean 74 and 160 hr, p less than 0.05), but t1/2 in young and elderly women was much the same (90 and 120 hr, P = NS). Eighteen of the 26 subjects then received FLZ, 15 mg, nightly for 15 consecutive nights. Blood samples were drawn during FLZ dosage and in the withdrawal period, and morning self-ratings of mood and sleep patterns were obtained using visual analogue scales. DAFLZ cumulation was extensive, with a mean cumulation ratio of 7.5. Mean steady-state plasma levels of DAFLZ were higher in elderly than in young men (81 and 53 ng/ml, P less than 0.05), but values were essentially the same in elderly and young women (85 and 86 ng/ml). Single-dose t1/2 correlated with washout t1/2 after termination of FLZ treatment (r = 0.87, P less than 0.01). Clinical self-ratings indicated increases over time in perception of morning sedation; changes slowly reverted to baseline in the week after dosage. Sleep patterns also improved on FLZ (shortened latency, longer duration, "deeper" sleep). After termination of treatment, sleep parameters returned to baseline with a suggestion of "overshoot" sleep disturbance at days 5 and 7 after drug. There was no evidence of increased sensitivity to FLZ in the elderly. Subjects did not perceive any impairment of intellectual function or motor performance, and no other adverse reactions were reported.
Paraequilibrium Carburization of Duplex and Ferritic Stainless Steels

AISI 301 and E-BRITE stainless steels were subjected to low-temperature (743 K) carburization experiments using a commercial technology developed for carburization of 316 austenitic stainless steels. The AISI 301 steel contained ~40 vol pct ferrite before carburization but had a fully austenitic hardened case, ~20-μm thick, and a surface carbon concentration of ~8 at. pct after treatment; this “colossal” paraequilibrium carbon supersaturation caused an increase in lattice parameter of ~3 pct. The E-BRITE also developed a hardened case, 12- to 18-μm thick, but underwent a more modest (~0.3 pct) increase in lattice parameter; the surface carbon concentration was ~10 at. pct. While the hardened case on the AISI 301 stainless steel appeared to be single-phase austenite, evidence for carbide formation was apparent in X-ray diffractometer (XRD) scans of the E-BRITE. Paraequilibrium phase diagrams were calculated for both AISI 301 and E-BRITE stainless steels using a CALPHAD compound energy-based interstitial solid solution model. In the low-temperature regime of interest, and based upon measured paraequilibrium carbon solubilities, more negative Cr-carbon interaction parameters for austenite than those in the current CALPHAD data base may be appropriate. A sensitivity analysis involving Cr-carbon interaction parameters for ferrite found a strong dependence of carbon solubility on relatively small changes in the magnitude of these parameters.
Detecting the glint of starlight on the oceans of distant planets

Abstract We propose that astronomers will be eventually be able to discriminate between extrasolar Earth-like planets with surface oceans and those without using the shape of phase light curves in the visible and near-IR spectrum. We model the visible light curves of planets having Earth-like surfaces, seasons, and optically-thin atmospheres with idealized diffuse-scattering clouds. We show that planets partially covered by water will appear measurably brighter near crescent phase (relative to Lambertian planets) because of the efficient specular reflection (“glint”) of starlight incident on their surfaces at a highly oblique angle. Planets on orbits within 30° of edge-on orientation (50% of all planets) will show pronounced glint over a sizeable range of orbital longitudes, from quadrature to crescent, all outside the glare of their parent stars. Also, water-covered planets will appear darker than a Lambertian disk near full illumination. Finally, we show that planets with a mixed land/water surface will polarize the reflected signal by as much as 30–70%. These results suggest several new ways of directly identifying water on distant planets.
Cell-cycle checkpoints that ensure coordination between nuclear and cytoplasmic events in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Cytoskeletal organization is crucial for several aspects of cell-cycle progression but cytoskeletal elements are quite sensitive to environmental perturbations. Two novel checkpoint controls monitor the function of the actin and microtubule systems in budding yeast and operate to delay cell-cycle progression in response to cytoskeletal perturbations. In cells whose actin cytoskeleton has been perturbed, bud formation is frequently delayed and the morphogenesis checkpoint introduces a compensatory delay of nuclear division until a bud has been formed. In cells whose microtubule cytoskeleton has been perturbed, anaphase spindle elongation often occurs entirely within the mother cell, and the post-anaphase nuclear migration checkpoint introduces a compensatory delay of cytokinesis until one pole of the anaphase nucleus enters the bud. Recent studies indicate that regulators of entry into mitosis are localized to the daughter side of the mother-bud neck whereas regulators of exit from mitosis are localized to the spindle pole bodies. Thus, specific cell-cycle regulators are well-placed to monitor whether a cell has formed a bud and whether a daughter nucleus has been delivered accurately to the bud following mitosis.
A new test method for automatic fire detection devices

A new test method is proposed in which all automatic fire detectors, regardless of sensor type, would be subjected to a series of the same test fires.
Increased pulmonary metastases and natural killer cell activity in mice following handling

We have demonstrated that holding BALB/c female mice for two minutes per day for two weeks prior to injection of line 1, a BALB/c derived alveolar carcinoma, results in a significant increase in pulmonary metastases compared to unhandled controls. Handling did not affect splenic in vitro or in vivo natural killer (NK) cell activity but, surprisingly, was associated with increased NK cell activity in the lungs of these handled mice. These results demonstrate that a simple psychosocial manipulation may effect the metastatic process. The implications of these findings and potential mechanisms are discussed.
Psychiatric comorbidity and the 16-month trajectory of substance-abusing and substance-dependent juvenile offenders.

ABSTRACT Objective To examine the concurrent correlates of internalizing and externalizing disorders among substance-abusing and substance-dependent juvenile offenders and to determine the association between psychiatric comorbidity and psychosocial functioning of the youths 16 months later. Method Participants were 118 juvenile offenders meeting DSM-II-R criteria for substance abuse or dependence and their families. A multisource measurement battery was used to assess drug use, criminal activity, family relations, peer relations, school functioning, and out-of-home placements. Results Comorbidity for externalizing disorders was associated with high rates of antisocial behavior and predicted worse 16-month outcomes than substance abuse alone or substance abuse with comorbid internalizing disorders. For criminal activity and drug use, the presence of internalizing disorders buffered the deleterious effect of externalizing disorders on substance-abusing and substance-dependent juvenile offenders. Conclusions Even in substance-abusing delinquents, a population already extreme in antisocial behavior, the presence of externalizing disorders indicates high risk for deterioration. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry , 1999, 38(9):1118–1124.
Translational research models in neuro-oncology

Tumor development and progression in the nervous system are poorly understood. Consequently, even though there seems to be little possibility of major advances in existing clinical modalities used to treat malignant brain tumors, no targeted molecular therapies have risen to take their place. The variability and plasticity of brain neoplasms make them an illusive target for study and therapeutic intervention. Further complicated by infiltration of vital nervous tissue, clinical studies have serious practical limitations and the ability to assess tumor progression in vivo is still a developing technology. Evaluation of potential new therapies for brain tumors is heavily dependent on the development of more informative and cognate experimental models. To develop and validate new models, it is particularly important to integrate clinical, pathological, and cell biological characterizations of malignant brain tumors. This discussion provides an overview of developments in tumor cell culture and the impact of animal models on brain tumor research. Studies of malignant glial neoplasms associated with a dismal prognosis in patients receive particular attention.
Democratizing design: new challenges and opportunities for computer-supported collaborative learning

The fundamental challenge for the next generation of Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning (CSCL) systems is to contribute to the invention, fostering and support of cultures of participation in which humans can express themselves and engage in personally meaningful activities. New models for knowledge creation, accumulation, and sharing are needed that allow, encourage, and support all participants to be active contributors in personally meaningful activities. In our research, we have explored and contrasted two different models: MODEL-AUTHORITATIVE (based on strong input filters, relatively small information repositories, and weak output filters) and MODEL-DEMOCRATIC (based on weak input filters, large and diverse information repositories, and strong output filters to find relevant and reliable information). We postulate that MODEL-DEMOCRATIC democratizes design, requires support for meta-design, and fosters social creativity thereby creating new challenges and opportunities for computer-supported collaborative learning. Examples from different lifelong learning settings based on MODEL-DEMOCRATIC are described and analyzed and some general findings are derived and discussed.
Cerebral contrast retention after difficult cardiac catheterization: Case report

Background:We report a diagnostic dilemma in a rare case of cerebral contrast retention after difficult cardiac catheterization in an elderly patient loaded with prasugrel.Summary:Our case report d...
Powers of t-norms

The rth power of a continuous t-norm is defined for positive real numbers r, generalizing the notion of the diagonal (2nd power). The increasing functions from the unit interval to itself that are realized as the rth power of some continuous t-norm are identified.
Contact potentials and the adhesion of dust

Differences in work function over the surface of a particle can result in dipole characteristics which are important for small particles. Electrostatic deposition orients these dipoles so that coulomb forces exist between adjacent layers of particles, thus producing high adhesive forces. This orientation is confirmed by measurements of contact potentials. Tests of electrostatically deposited dust show adhesive forces which are normally an order of magnitude greater than adhesive forces of the same dust mechanically deposited.
Atp11p and Atp12p Are Assembly Factors for the F1-ATPase in Human Mitochondria

Atp11p and Atp12p were first described as proteins required for assembly of the F1 component of the mitochondrial ATP synthase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae(Ackerman, S. H., and Tzagoloff, A. (1990) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 87, 4986–4990). Here we report the isolation of the cDNAs and the characterization of the human genes for Atp11p and Atp12p and show that the human proteins function like their yeast counterparts. Human ATP11 spans 24 kilobase pairs in 9 exons and maps to 1p32.3-p33, while ATP12 contains ≥8 exons and localizes to 17p11.2. Both genes are broadly conserved in eukaryotes and are expressed in a wide range of tissues, which suggests that Atp11p and Atp12p are essential housekeeping proteins of human cells. The information reported herein will be useful in the evaluation of patients with ascertained deficiencies in the ATP synthase, in which the underlying biochemical defect is unknown and may reside in a protein that influences the assembly of the enzyme.
Inducing and Reversing Anesthesia with Temperature Variation - Experiments on an Excised Frog Sciatic Nerve

The Meyer-Overton Rule and other more recent experimental observations suggest that the fluidity of the lipid membrane is involved in nerve propagation and in mechanisms behind anesthesia. In other words, Hodgkin-Huxley may not be telling the whole story. Under physiological conditions a cell membrane operates very close to the melting transition, i.e., to the point where the fluid membrane becomes a solid gel. Recent theoretical work indicates that signal propagation in a nerve cell may also involve a thermo-acoustic pulse of partial gellification. Natural selection should have led to optimal propagation under physiological conditions.When apolar molecules are dissolved in the apolar membrane of the nerve cell, the freezing temperature of the membrane is lowered. This would interfere with pulse propagation and thus lead to anesthesia. However, if the theory is right, the effect should be reversed if we let the propagation take place at lower temperature. This is because the lower temperature would bring us closer again to the freezing transition.We experimentally test this idea on the sciatic nerve of frogs. We follow the propagation of a signal with different concentrations of Argon in the medium and at different temperatures. Argon is an anesthetic that is chemically inert and it is expected to have its anesthetic effect just through interfering with the fluidity of the membrane. As a control we also perform the same experiments with Lidocain as the involved anesthetic. Lidocain is an anesthetic that is well known to work through interfering with voltage gated sodium channels.
Enhanced amphetamine anorexia, but not drinking suppression in obese Zucker rats

The effects of d-amphetamine on ad libitum consummatory behavior of genetically obese Zucker rats and their lean littermates were examined in two experiments. In Experiment 1 food intake was measured every two hours for six hours following intraperitoneal injections of 0.0, 0.5, and 1.0 mg/kg of d-amphetamine sulfate. Both lean and obese animals significantly suppressed food intake for the first two hours after injection of 0.5 and 1.0 mg/kg doses. Lean animals displayed no suppression of food intake at four or six hours after injection. In contrast to lean animals, obese rats continued to show a suppression of feeding at four hours after injection of 1.0 mg/kg. Total six-hour food intake of obese animals was significantly suppressed from baseline after 0.5 and 1.0 mg/kg of amphetamine, but only after the 1.0 mg/kg injection with lean animals. Experiment 2 examined the effects of these same doses on both food and water intake of different groups of obese and lean Zucker rats. The enhanced anorexia with the 1.0 mg/kg injection of amphetamine was replicated. Water intake, however, was suppressed only during the first two hours after both the 0.5 and 1.0 mg/kg injection in obese and lean rats. Results of the present experiments are discussed in light of previous studies of the effects of amphetamine on hypothalamically obese animals.
Improved Calpain Assay Using Fluorescein Isothiocyanate-Labeled Casein

A sensitive assay has been developed using a fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-labeled casein substrate. Fluorescence of TCA-soluble FITC-labeled peptides was measured with an excitation wavelength of 490 nm and an emission wavelength of 513 nm. Fluorometric results in a time course assay correlated highly (r=0.985) with standard calpain assay (absorbance of TCA-soluble peptides at 278 nm) results. Fluorescence assay results correlated highly with calpain activity (r=0.997) in an activity titration assay and were substantially more sensitive than the standard method. Using FITC-labeled casein provides a simple, sensitive assay for μ- and m-calpain.
Observations on rod coupling in the isolated retina of Bufo marinus.

Abstract Rod coupling was studied in the superfused isolated retina of Bufo marinus . Pairs of interacting rods were simultaneously impaled; current injected into one rod caused a current-induced potential in the second rod. Current-induced potentials and input resistance were monitored while changing the superfusate. Interactions were not reduced by removing extracellular Na + or Cl - , indicating that these conductances do not mediate coupling. Interactions were not eliminated by altering extracellular Ca 2+ or decreasing intracellular pH; the interactions are thus resistant to treatments that uncouple cells in other systems.
The effect of grain size on the yield strength of Ni3Al

Abstract Experiments have established that the effect of grain size ( d = 2.9–1100 μm ) on the yield strength of Ni 3 Al at room temperature is given by the relationship σ y = σ 0 + kd − n where n = 0.80 ± 0.05, σ 0 = 93 ± 14 MPa and k = 2080 ± 105 MPa · μm 0.80±0.05 . The relationship is explained quantitatively in terms of work-hardening which occurs within the Luders bands which accompany yielding. The Luders strain, ϵ L , increases with decreasing grain size according to the relationship ϵ L = λd −0.55 where λ = 8.4 × 10 −2 μm 0.55 .
Strong In-Plane Angular Dependence of Spin-Wave Mode Intensities in Single Crystals of Yttrium-Iron-Garnet Films

The observation of a number of spin-wave spectra in liquid-phase-epitaxy yttrium-iron-garnet films which cannot be described by a surface anisotropy of the uniaxial type is reported. The strong in-plane angular variation of the spin-wave-mode intensities is explained in terms of a nonuniform anisotropic field localized in the diffusion zone rather than by an artificial surface field.
Hyperthermal Collisions of O+(4S3/2) with Methane at 5 Electron Volts

Preliminary studies were carried out for the O + ( 4 S3� 2) + methane reaction, which serves as a benchmark for developing the theory of polymer erosion by O + under low Earth orbit conditions. Ab initio electronic structure calculations show that the interaction of O + with CH4 can lead to a large number of reaction products such as charge transfer, hydride abstraction, and H elimination. Based on the information obtained from these quantum chemistry calculations, a direct dynamics classical trajectory simulation was carried out at 5-eV relative translation energy and the chemical reaction channels predicted by the ab initio calculations are confirmed.
Functional and Microstructural Aspects of Soluble Corn Starch in Pastes and Gels

Soluble starch plays an important role in the rheology of starch pastes and gels. However, some functional aspects and the microstructural basis of its contribution are still not clear. In this study, commercial corn starch was pasted in a Rapid Visco Analyzer to peak viscosity, and separated into soluble starch (clear of granules and primarily amylose) and insoluble starch (gelatinized starch granules and primarily amylopectin). When the insoluble starch was reconstituted at different levels with soluble starch, paste viscosity profiles in the Rapid Visco Amylgram decreased with addition of increasing amounts of soluble starch. Cold stage scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of pastes revealed a continuous cellular structure of the sample without soluble starch and a denser fibrous structure of the one with soluble starch. Texture analysis of gels formed from pastes showed that the firmness of the gel increased, while gel stickiness decreased, with increasing amounts of added soluble starch. Cold stage SEM of gels revealed a fibrous structure of the gels with the addition of soluble starch and a cellular structure of the gels consisting of insoluble starch alone. Decrease in gel stickiness with addition of the amylose-rich soluble portion implies a large contribution by amylopectin or starch remnants to sticky gel texture. The microstructural comparison of pastes and gels with and without soluble starch provides a structural explanation for the function of soluble starch in pastes and gels.
Experimental and quasi-experimental designs for research in information science

Abstract This is a paper about research designs in information science. We look at a sample of current research and compare its designs with an abstract ideal of experimental research design to see how closely they approximate it. We then consider ways in which research in our field might be brought closer to the ideal. We do this because we believe that experimental and quasi-experimental designs offer unique advantages over other research designs, especially in the production of knowledge that can be applied to the solution of practical problems in information and in software science.
In vitro analysis of self-shearing retentive pins

Combining stress, analysis, microscopic examination, mechanical testing of the shear mechanism, and retention of the Reten Pin leads to the following conclusions: 1. The suggested 0.006 inch pin-channel mismatch induces high lateral and apical stresses. Microscopically, this was seen to correlate with injury to the dentin. 2. The degree of retention was increased by using a smaller pin-channel mismatch. This correlates with smaller stresses and reduced dentinal damage. 3. The shear mechanism acts in a uniform manner, with a relatively small variation from the mean. It is suggested that for the best results the manufacturer should supply larger twist drills and pins with a somewhat deeper self-shearing groove to minimize apical involvement during shearing of the handle from the pin.
Latest Pacific Basin Record of a Bony-Toothed Bird (Aves, Pelagornithidae) from the Pliocene Purisima Formation of California, U.S.A.

ABSTRACT Fossils of pelagornithids (bony-toothed birds) have been reported from strata of Paleocene to Pliocene age, and from every continent. The extreme fragility of pelagornithid bones has no doubt contributed to their geographically and temporally sporadic record, and thus it has been difficult to appreciate any long-term phylogenetic trends through geologic time for this group. We report a well-preserved partial humerus of the gigantic bird Pelagornis from the late Neogene Purisima Formation of central California. Due to its incompleteness, we refrain from naming a new species. This fossil is fortuitously bracketed by two ash beds, which have been correlated with volcanic rocks at 3.35 ± 0.05 Ma and 2.5 ± 0.2 Ma, indicating a middle to late Pliocene age for this fossil. This fossil extends the record of the pelagornithids in the Northeast Pacific, previously only known up until the early late Miocene (10–12 Ma). This fossil is the latest record of a pelagornithid for the Pacific Basin, and additional...
The telegraph, espionage, and cryptology in nineteenth century Iran

The telegraph enabled rulers and visiting Englishmen to gather and transmit information about internal and external activities in Iran. Cryptography sought to keep this information secret, but wires were sometimes tapped to gain it.
Using Crystal Optics to Demonstrate Single‐Layer Localization of a Solid‐State Chain Reaction

Upon warming to 225 K, single crystals of 11-bromoundecanoyl peroxide (BrUP), in which radicals have been created by photolysis at lower temperature, undergo partial decomposition by a radical chain reaction ca. 40 cycles long. FTIR allowed monitoring two chain products: CO2 and an α-lactone that decomposes further at 260 K. When initiation is confined to alternate molecular layers by polarized photoselection, the chain reaction reduces the crystal symmetry from tetragonal to monoclinic. Desymmetrization is easily observed by optical microscopy, although it is difficult to detect by X-ray diffraction. Accurate monitoring of birefringence using a Senarmont 1/4-wave plate, and comparison with FTIR kinetics, proves that the chain reaction occurs within single molecular layers 2 nm thick.
Resistance to extinction as a function of nonresponse incentive shift

Rats were given 50 direct placements in the goalbox following 50 acquisition trials in the complete runway. Extinction performance was found related to reward levels in both placement and acquisition, with the larger reward less resistant.
Understanding network delay changes caused by routing events

Network delays and delay variations are two of the most important network performance metrics directly impacting real-time applications such as voice over IP and time-critical financial transactions. This importance is illustrated by past work on understanding the delay constancy of Internet paths and recent work on predicting network delays using virtual coordinate systems. Merely understanding currently observed delays is insufficient, as network performance can degrade not only due to traffic variability but also as a result of routing changes. Unfortunately this latter effect so far has been ignored in understanding and predicting delay related performance metrics of Internet paths. Our work is the first to address this short coming by systematically analyzing changes in network delays and jitter of a diverse and comprehensive set of Internet paths. Using empirical measurements, we illustrate that routing changes can result in roundtrip delay increase of converged paths by more than 1 second. Surprisingly, intradomain routing changes can also cause such large delay increase. Given these observations, we develop a framework to analyze in detail the impact of routing changes on network delays between end-hosts. Using topology information and properties associated with routing changes, we explain the causes for observed delay fluctuations and more importantly identify routing changes that lead to predictable effects on delay-related metrics. Using our framework, we study the predictability of delay and jitter changes in response to both passively observed interdomain and actively measured intradomain routing changes.
Depinning with Dynamic Stress Overshoots: Mean Field Theory

An infinite-range model of an elastic manifold pulled through a random potential by a force $F$ is analyzed focusing on inertial effects. When the inertial parameter $M$ is small, there is a continuous depinning transition from a small- $F$ static phase to a large- $F$ moving phase. When $M$ is increased to ${M}_{c}$, a novel tricritical point occurs. For $Mg{M}_{c}$, the depinning transition becomes discontinuous with hysteresis. Yet, the distribution of discrete ``avalanche''-like events as the force is increased in the static phase for $Mg{M}_{c}$ has an unusual mixture of first-order-like and critical features. The results may be relevant for the onset of crack propagation and for dynamics of geological faults.