cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
CORTIN IN A CASE OF POSSIBLE ADRENAL INSUFFICIENCY DURING PREGNANCY

A condition which sometimes develops in pregnancy suggests adrenal insufficiency. One or more of the characteristic symptoms may be present, viz., asthenia, gastrointestinal upset and sometimes pigmentation. A very severe case which presented this picture came under the care of one of us. Treatment with Cortin was tried and the results were so striking that the case is herewith presented. A housewife, aged 30, six months pregnant, was admitted to the Millard Fillmore Hospital because of weakness and vomiting which had been present for a considerable time. She was treated with fluids—glucose and salt solution by rectum, intravenously and subcutaneously. After two weeks she was discharged somewhat improved. Her weakness, however, became progressively worse and fainting spells occurred frequently. Her appetite was very poor. Her weight decreased from 160 to 105 pounds. A miscarriage had occurred during a pregnancy six years before.
Effect of atorvastatin on the cortical bones of corticosteroid treated rabbits

Osteoporosis ("secondary" osteoporosis) and avascular necrosis (AVN) of the femoral head are well-known adverse effects of corticosteroid therapy. Statins have been reputed to increase bone strength and bone density. In this study, we evaluated the effect of atorvastatin calcium on the flexural properties (3-point bending strength and modulus) of corticosteroid (methylprednisolone acetate) treated rabbit femurs and tibias. Our study hypothesis was that the use of statins would counteract the loss of bone strength caused by corticosteroid treatment. The 40 rabbits were divided into 5 groups: control, corticosteroid alone and corticosteroid combined with oral doses of atorvastatin calcium (2, 10, or 20 mg/day). A daily oral dose of atorvastatin calcium treatment for 70 days weakened the long bones of methylprednisolone acetate treated rabbits irrespective of the dosage (2, 10, or 20 mg). Cortical bone strength was assessed using the 3-point bending test at the end of the study period. A daily oral dose of atorvastatin calcium did not attenuate the loss of cortical bone strength caused by corticosteroid treatment in rabbits. It appeared to decrease that bone strength. If these results hold true in humans, they would have wide applicability given the frequent combined use of corticosteroids and statins in many patients.
Measuring the environmental cost of hypocrisy

This paper provides an example of how to estimate the marginal environmental cost of hypocrisy using revealed-behavior and self-identification survey responses from coffee drinkers regarding their use of cardboard and plastic (i.e., non-reusable) cups. Coffee shops provide a convenient microcosm for assessing the impact of hypocritical behavior because of (1) readily available, cheap substitutes (i.e., reusable coffee cups), (2) a relatively accurate estimate of the environmental (in particular, carbon) cost associated with using non-reusable cups, and (3) the ability to delineate hypocritical behavior by observing a choice with relatively few potential confounding factors. Hypocritical behavior is measured as a geometric mean of how often an individual takes coffee in a non-reusable cup and the degree to which the individual self-identifies as being concerned about his environmental footprint. All else equal, the more often a person takes his coffee in a non-reusable cup and the greater the degree to which he self-identifies as being concerned about his footprint, the greater the individual's �hypocrisy score.� Controlling for other attitudinal and demographic characteristics (including self-identified awareness of environmental issues and willingness to pay for the convenience of using a non-reusable cup), we are able to determine the marginal effect of an individual's hypocrisy score on the environmental cost associated with the use of non-reusable coffee cups.
Heats of Formation of Simple Boron Compounds

The heats of formation of BH, BH2, BH3, and B2H6 have been obtained from ab initio coupled cluster calculations by using a systematic sequence of correlation consistent Gaussian basis sets. The best values were obtained by extrapolating the finite basis set results to the complete basis set limit and by incorporating an estimate of core/valence correlation effects. In general, the largest calculations in this study utilized quadruple-ζ-level basis sets that were augmented by an additional shell of diffuse functions. Even larger basis set calculations were performed on the smallest of the four systems in order to test the accuracy of the complete basis set extrapolation. Vibrational zero point energies were taken from experiment when available. Missing values were replaced by theoretical harmonic frequencies scaled to more closely approximate the experimental values. The calculated heats of formation are ΔHf 0(BH) = 106.2 ± 0.3 kcal/mol, ΔHf 0(BH2) = 78.4 ± 0.6 kcal/mol, ΔHf 0(BH3) = 25.8 ± 0.7 kcal/mol, a...
BCR pathway inhibition as therapy for chronic lymphocytic leukemia and lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma (LPL) are malignancies of mature B cells. In LPL, mutations of the adaptor protein MYD88 (L265P) in the Toll-like receptor pathway have been recognized recently as being a hallmark of the disease and indicate a dependence of the tumor on this pathway. In CLL, functional studies have implicated BCR activation in the tissue microenvironment as a pivotal pathway in the pathogenesis. Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) and the PI3Kδ isoform are essential for BCR signaling and also seem to be required for signal transduction in LPL cells, even if the role of BCR signaling in this disease remains less well defined. Ibrutinib, a covalent inhibitor of BTK approved by the Food and Drug Administration as a second-line treatment for CLL, and idelalisib, a selective inhibitor of PI3Kδ, achieve excellent clinical responses in both diseases irrespective of classic markers indicating high-risk disease. Several additional inhibitors targeting BTK and PI3Kδ, as well as the spleen tyrosine kinase, have entered clinical trials. This review discusses the biologic basis for kinase inhibitors as targeted therapy for CLL and LPL and summarizes the clinical experience with these agents.
Counterfactuals with Disjunctive Antecedents

Let A and B be indicative sentences, either of ordinary English (or some other natural language), or truth-functional compounds of natural-language sentences built up by means of the usual truth-functional connectives. Then we call rif it were the case that A, it would be the case that B71 a regimented counterfactual sentence (RCS). (Hereinafter, we shall use '... > _' to abbreviate 'if it were the case that ..., it would be the case that ___'.) Several writers, including David Lewis,2 have proposed ways of assigning truthconditions to RCS's. The proposal made by Lewis in his Counterfactuals and elsewhere viz., A > B is true3 just in the case that (i) A is necessarily false, or (ii) there is a possible world at which A & B is true that is more like the actual world than is any world at which A & B is true seems to us to be correct. In this paper, we will defend Lewis's proposal against a criticism recently made by Donald Nute, by Kit Fine, and by Lewis G. Creary and Christopher S. Hill.4 The premises of the argument for the inadequacy of the Lewis proposal may be represented as follows:
PHP11: USE OF THE ANDERSEN HEALTH CARE SERVICES UTILIZATION BEHAVIORAL MODEL TO UNDERSTAND THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HEALTH INSURANCE COVERAGE AND HEALTH CARE SERVICES UTILIZATION AMONG THE ELDERLY

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between health insurance coverage (Medicare, Medicaid, other public, employer-sponsored, and other private) and health care services utilization (i.e., physician visits, hospitalizations, and the ability to get needed prescription medications) among the elderly. METHODS: The 1996 National Health Interview Survey and its supplements were utilized as the data sources. Elderly persons (>65 years) who had Medicare coverage (N = 27,727,536) were included in the study. The Andersen Health Care Services Utilization Behavioral Model provided the study framework and was used to understand the effect of health insurance coverage on health care services utilization while controlling for other variables. The framework models the relationship between predisposing (age, gender, living status, race, and education), enabling (income, health insurance coverage, usual source of care, geographic location, and out-of-pocket spending), and need for care (health status, activity limitation, restricted bed days, and comorbidities) factors and health care services utilization. RESULTS: Elderly persons with additional public health insurance coverage (Medicare plus Medicaid or Medicare plus other public health insurance) had significantly more physician visits than those with Medicare only (p = 0.0159 and 0.0258, respectively). Elderly persons who had Medicare plus other public health insurance and Medicare plus other private health insurance were significantly more likely to be hospitalized than those who had Medicare only (p = 0.0341 and 0.0327, respectively). Elderly persons with Medicare plus employer-sponsored insurance were more likely to get needed prescription medication(s) (p = 0.0076) than those with Medicare only. CONCLUSIONS: Elderly persons who had additional health insurance coverage (i.e., in addition to Medicare) were more likely to have more physician visits, hospitalizations, and they were more likely to obtain needed prescription medications. Additional health insurance coverage may be beneficial in increasing access to health care services among the elderly.
IS SOLAR CYCLE 24 PRODUCING MORE CORONAL MASS EJECTIONS THAN CYCLE 23

Although sunspot numbers are roughly a factor of two lower in the current cycle than in cycle 23, the rate of coronal mass ejections (CMEs) appears to be at least as high in 2011-2013 as during the corresponding phase of the previous cycle, according to three catalogs that list events observed with the Large Angle and Spectrometric Coronagraph (LASCO). However, the number of CMEs detected is sensitive to such factors as the image cadence and the tendency (especially by human observers) to under-/overcount small or faint ejections during periods of high/low activity. In contrast to the total number, the total mass of CMEs is determined mainly by larger events. Using the mass measurements of 11,000 CMEs given in the manual CDAW catalog, we find that the mass loss rate remains well correlated with the sunspot number during cycle 24. In the case of the automated CACTus and SEEDS catalogs, the large increase in the number of CMEs during cycle 24 is almost certainly an artifact caused by the near-doubling of the LASCO image cadence after mid-2010. We confirm that fast CMEs undergo a much stronger solar-cycle variation than slow ones, and that the relative frequency of slow and less massive CMEs increases with decreasing sunspot number. We conclude that cycle 24 is not only producing fewer CMEs than cycle 23, but that these ejections also tend to be slower and less massive than those observed one cycle earlier.
The effect of carbohydrate overfeeding on blood pressure in the pregnant, spontaneously hypertensive rat

Carbohydrate overfeeding increases blood pressure in the spontaneously hypertensive rat. This study was undertaken to determine if dietary carbohydrate supplementation throughout pregnancy could prevent the normal fall in blood pressure during the last week of gestation. Systolic blood pressure in the control-fed pregnant rats decreased progressively during the last week and was in the normotensive range by term; that of the carbohydrate-supplemented, pregnant rats remained high and was not significantly lower than that of nonpregnant rats at any time. At term, daily urinary norepinephrine excretion, but not epinephrine excretion, by the carbohydrate-supplemented pregnant rats was twice that of control-fed nonpregnant and pregnant rats, suggesting that the hypertension was due to increased sympathetic nervous activity. Carbohydrate supplementation had no effect on blood pressure or catecholamine excretion in pregnant, normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats. There were no differences in litter size or mean birth weight between diet treatment groups of either strain.
Private prayer and quality of life in cardiac patients: pathways of cognitive coping and social support.

Despite the growing evidence linking faith with health and well-being, national leaders noted the need to explore the mechanism underlying these linkages. The goal of this prospective study was to investigate the psychosocial mechanisms involved in the preoperative use of private prayer for coping and the effects of such act on short-term quality of life (SPQOL) in 294 patients following open-heart surgery. Using established instruments, three interviews were conducted with middle-aged and older patients (average age 62) at two weeks and two days preoperatively, then 36 days postoperatively. The endpoints were assessed with levels of distress (e.g., depression and anxiety) and fatigue symptoms. Structural equation modeling was used to test a theoretical model. The final model showed the indirect influence of using prayer for coping on SPQOL through the mediation of cognitive coping and perceived social support. However, this mediation was not observed for behavioral, anger, and avoidant coping. Psychosoci...
Performance evaluation of important ad hoc network protocols

A wireless ad hoc network is a collection of specific infrastructureless mobile nodes forming a temporary network without any centralized administration. A user can move anytime in an ad hoc scenario and, as a result, such a network needs to have routing protocols which can adopt dynamically changing topology. To accomplish this, a number of ad hoc routing protocols have been proposed and implemented, which include dynamic source routing (DSR), ad hoc on-demand distance vector (AODV) routing, and temporally ordered routing algorithm (TORA). Although considerable amount of simulation work has been done to measure the performance of these routing protocols, due to the constant changing nature of these protocols, a new performance evaluation is essential. Accordingly, in this paper, we analyze the performance differentials to compare the above-mentioned commonly used ad hoc network routing protocols. We also analyzed the performance over varying loads for each of these protocols using OPNET Modeler 10.5. Our findings show that for specific differentials, TORA shows better performance over the two on-demand protocols, that is, DSR and AODV. Our findings are expected to lead to further performance improvements of various ad hoc networks in the future.
Behavioral effects of d-amphetamine and apomorphine in the hamster.

Abstract The effects of d-amphetamine sulfate (0–50 mg/kg) and apomorphine HCl (0– mg/kg) on several hamster behaviors were studied. Gnawing, grooming, sniffing, locomoting, circling, rearing, and back arching were measured by direct observation during the period 25–44 min after drug injection. Large doses of d-amphetamine produced significant decreases in grooming and rearing, but significantly increased circling; back arching, sniffing, or gnawing were not affected. Large doses of apomorphine produced significant increases in gnawing and decreases in sniffing, but did not affect grooming, rearing, circling, or back arching. In general, response to either drug was highly variable. The results are discussed in comparison with published data from rats.
History of depression, angina, and quality of life after acute coronary syndromes.

Background Depression has been associated with higher mortality and morbidity rates after acute coronary syndromes (ACS), but little is known about the association between depression, angina burden, and quality of life. We evaluated the association between a history of depression and patient-reported angina frequency, physical limitation, and quality of life 7 months after discharge from the hospital for ACS. Methods Patients were enrolled in the Department of Veterans Affairs Access to Cardiology Study, a cohort study of all patients with acute myocardial infarction or unstable angina who were discharged from 24 Veterans Affairs medical centers between March 1998 and February 1999. Data from 1957 patients who completed a 7-month postdischarge Seattle Angina Questionnaire were analyzed. Multivariate logistic regression was used to evaluate a history of depression as an independent predictor of angina frequency, physical limitation, and quality of life 7 months after ACS, as measured with the Seattle Angina Questionnaire. Results A total of 526 patients (26.7%) had a history of depression. After adjustment for a wide array of demographic, cardiac, and comorbid factors, a history of depression was significantly associated with more frequent angina (odds ratio [OR] 2.40, 95% CI 1.86-3.10, P < .001), greater physical limitation (OR 2.89, 95% CI 2.17-3.86, P < .001), and worse quality of life (OR 2.84, 95% CI 2.16-3.72, P < .001) after ACS. Conclusion We found a strong association between a history of depression and both heavier angina burden and worse health status after ACS. These findings further support the importance of depression as a risk marker for adverse outcomes after ACS. (Am Heart J 2003;145:493-9.)
An Economical Method for Static Headspace Enrichment for Arson Analysis

Static headspace analysis of accelerants from suspected arsons is accomplished by placing an arson sample in a sealed container with a carbon strip suspended above the sample. The sample is heated, cooled to room temperature, and then the organic components are extracted from the carbon strip with carbon disulfide followed by gas chromatography analysis. A locally available carbon filter has successfully been substituted for the Albrayco carbon strip commonly used in arson analysis. This substitution has resulted in a cost reduction from $1.50 to 1.5¢ per sample.
Life course transitions of American children: Parental cohabitation, marriage, and single motherhood

We examine the life course transitions into and from families headed by unmarried cohabiting couples for a recent cohort of American children. Life table estimates, based on data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth mother-child files, indicate about one in four children will live in a family headed by a cohabiting couple sometime during childhood. Economic uncertainty is an important factor determining whether children in single-parent families subsequently share a residence with a mother’s unmarried partner. Moreover, virtually all children in cohabiting-couple families will experience rapid subsequent changes in family status. Our estimates provide a point of departure for future work on children’s exposure to parental cohabitation and its social and economic implications.
Contact-Inking Stamps for Microcontact Printing of Alkanethiols on Gold

Microcontact printing uses an inked patterned stamp to direct chemical reactions between molecules from the ink and the surface of a substrate. Here, we use this technique with solutions of alkanethiols as ink on the surface of the stamp and gold as the substrate to form a self-assembled monolayer in the regions of contact to protect the gold from a subsequent wet etch. We describe an alternative method for inking stamps based on their contact with an elastomer impregnated with ink. One of the principal findings is that control over the amount of ink transferred during inking from the inker pad to the stamp is possible by changing the concentration of the thiol solution used for impregnation. Contact inking partially localizes the ink where it is needed to form a protective self-assembled monolayer. As a consequence, the degree of completion of the printed monolayer becomes largely independent from the geometry of the pattern, and uncontrolled diffusion of the thiols during printing interferes noticeably ...
Plasma hyperosmolality at the onset of drinking during starvation induced hypovolemia.

Abstract Elevations of 2–4% in plasma osmolality were noted at the initiation of drinking following 4 days of fasting in rats. Paired animals food deprived for identical time periods but not drinking when blood sampled revealed ad lib levels of osmolality. Drinking initiation by 4 day food deprived rats following access to dry food was also accompanied by 2–4% elevations in plasma osmotic pressure. Substantial decreases in daily water consumption were observed during the 4 day food deprivation period accompanied by a mean plasma volume loss of 32% determined by T-1824 dye injection. Total blood volume loss was estimated to by 27%. Hematocrit was found to be the best estimator of plasma volume in starved rats. The elevations in plasma osmolality did not appear to be the result of uremia due to starvation induced protein catabolism. The data support the position that elevated plasma osmolality accompanies the initiation of drinking during extended fasting while return to ad lib set point osmolality accompanies cessation of drinking.
Survival of grafted fetal neural cells in kainic acid lesioned CA3 region of adult hippocampus depends upon cell specificity.

Abstract We hypothesize that the degree of graft cell survival within the damaged CNS correlates with the specificity of donor cells to the region of grafting. We investigated graft cell survival following transplantation of fetal micrografts into the CA3 region of the adult rat hippocampus at a time-point of 4 days after an intracerebroventricular administration of kainic acid (KA). Grafts consisted of 5′-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) labeled embryonic day (E) 19 cells from hippocampal fields CA3 and CA1 and E15 and E19 cells from the striatum. Absolute cell survival in these grafts was quantitatively analyzed at 1 month postgrafting, using BrdU immunostaining of serial sections and three-dimensional reconstruction of grafts. Absolute graft cell survival in lesioned CA3 was dramatically greater for cells having hippocampal origin (CA3 cells, 69% cell survival; CA1 cells, 42% cell survival) than those having nonhippocampal origin, such as striatal cells (E15 cells, 12% cell survival; E19 cells, 4% cell survival). This difference is in sharp contrast to survival of these cells in culture, where E19 cells from both hippocampal and nonhippocampal origins exhibited similar survival. Comparison of survival among hippocampal cell types indicated significantly greater survival for cells that are specific to the lesioned area (i.e., CA3 cells) than for those that are nonspecific to the lesioned area (i.e., CA1 cells). Graft cell survival in the intact CA3 region (contralateral to KA administration), however, did not differ either between cells having hippocampal and nonhippocampal origins or between CA3 and CA1 cells (CA3 cells, 26% cell survival; CA1 cells, 33% cell survival; and E15 striatal cells, 20% cell survival). These results underscore the finding that enhanced survival of fetal cell grafts in the lesioned CNS is critically dependent upon the specificity of donor fetal cells to the region of transplantation. Thus, grafting of cells that are specific to the lesioned area is a prerequisite for achieving maximal graft cell survival and integration in the lesioned host CNS.
A method for mapping stimulus distance into reinforcement value

Abstract Three pigeons were trained to peck for grain on a five-ply multiple variable interval (VI) schedule of reinforcement. A different VI schedule was associated with each of the five orthogonal training stimuli. A vertical line (90°) was associated with the highest rate of reinforcement (VI 15 sec). Subsequent paired-comparison choice tests revealed that the training stimuli were chosen in direct relation to the reinforcement frequency of each of them. More importantly, the proportions of choice of line orientations other than the 90° line, when paired with the training stimuli and with each other, reflected both similarity to the 90° line and reinforcement frequency in the training. The line closest to 90° was chosen in preference to any of the other line test stimuli and to most of the orthogonal training stimuli by all birds. The other line test stimuli could similarly be located at some point on the reinforcement frequency continuum of the training stimuli. The data were interpreted in terms of expected probabilities of reinforcement which may be produced directly by actual frequencies of reinforcement associated with individual stimuli or indirectly as in stimulus generalization. The data suggested the possibility of mapping a stimulus distance variable, such as line orientation, into a reinforcement variable such as frequency of reinforcement.
Impairment of β2‐Adrenoceptor‐Stimulated Potassium Uptake in End‐Stage Renal Disease

An abnormality of extrarenal mechanisms is believed to contribute importantly to the impaired potassium homeostasis in chronic renal failure. We evaluated the plasma potassium response to inhalation of albuterol, a beta 2 agonist, in eight patients who had end-stage renal disease and who were undergoing chronic hemodialysis and in eight control subjects. The purpose was to assess if an abnormality of the beta 2 adrenoceptor mechanism is present in uremia. The maximal decrement in plasma potassium concentration in the patients (0.12 +/- 0.04 mEq/L) was significantly less than that of the control subjects (0.30 +/- 0.05). Furthermore, the final plasma potassium concentration slightly exceeded baseline in the patients but was significantly reduced in controls, leading to the conclusion that an abnormal responsiveness of the beta 2 adrenoceptor may contribute to the impaired potassium tolerance found in patients who have end-stage renal disease.
Learning in politics: Teachers’ political experiences as a pedagogical resource

Abstract The suggestion that teaching is a political act has been a divisive issue among educators. However, there has been little analysis of the ways that teachers draw on their political experiences as pedagogical resources. Using a case study of seven teachers in Porto Alegre, Brazil who were involved in politics, this article explores the relationship between political experiences and teaching citizenship. The data consisted of interviews with the teachers, observations of their teaching, and classroom materials. This research shows that politics played an important role in their efforts to teach democratic citizenship. Through the teachers’ diverse political experiences and ideologies, they developed different understandings of the relationship of politics with citizenship education that promote democratization and social change.
Effects of cyclosporin A on the activity of mouse natural killer cells and hybrid resistance.

Abstract It was found that a single dose of cyclosporin A (CSA) administered intraperitoneally resulted in rapid, but transitory reduction of (C57B1/6 × DBA/2)F1 spleen cell natural killer (NK) activity (on day 1 after CSA), then a return to the normal level (on day 3 after CSA) and finally gradual, but sharp decrease of this activity (the lowest activity on day 9). It was also found that CSA injected 3 days before semi-allogenic bone marrow transplantation (BMT) has no effect on hybrid resistance (HR), but administered 9 days before BMT caused abrogation of HR. So, there was a correlation between changes of NK activity after CSA and effects of CSA on HR, suggesting that NK cells are responsible for HR. In contrast, there was no effect of CSA on the engraftment of syngeneic bone marrow cells.
The PsaD Subunit of Photosystem I (Mutations in the Basic Domain Reduce the Level of PsaD in the Membranes)

The PsaD subunit of photosystem I (PSI) is a peripheral protein that provides a docking site for ferredoxin and interacts with the PsaB, PsaC, and PsaL subunits of PSI. We used site-directed mutagenesis to determine the function of a basic region in PsaD of the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. We generated five mutant strains in which one or more charged residues were altered. Western blotting showed that replacement of lysine (Lys)-74 with glutamine or glutamic acid led to a substantial decrease in the level of PsaD in the membranes. The mutant PSI complexes showed reduced NADP+ photoreduction activity mediated by ferredoxin; the decrease in activity correlated with the reduced level of PsaD. Using protein synthesis inhibitors we showed that the degradation rates of the mutant and wild-type PsaD were similar, indicating a defect in the assembly of the mutant protein. Treatment of the mutant PSI complexes with a different concentration of NaI showed that the mutations decreased affinity between PsaD and the transmembrane components of PSI. With glutaraldehyde, the mutant and wild-type PsaD proteins could be cross-linked with PsaC, but the PsaD-PsaL cross-linked product was reduced drastically when arginine-72, Lys-74, and Lys-76 were mutated simultaneously. These studies demonstrate that the basic residues in the central region of PsaD, especially Lys-74, are crucial in the assembly of PsaD into the PSI complex.
Ballistics of solid rocket motors with spatial burning rate variations

Introduction T HE solid rocket motor (SRM) ballistician has the job of predicting the chamber pressure and thrust history for both new and existing motors utilizing propellant burning rate and grain geometry, ambient conditions, and nozzle geometry. For motors which do have a test history, ballisticians introduce a constant "scale factor" to force predictions to match actual burn times of test units as well as a time varying multiplier to improve "pointwise" matching of the pressure history. This pointwise burning anomaly rate factor, or BARF, is usually established as a function of web distance since it is generally acknowledged that the factor accounts for spatial burning rate variations within the grain. This ubiquitous quantity has gone by several names through the years: hump factor, surface burn rate error (SBRE), and residual error to name a few. Since the scale factor forces the average burning rate to match that in the test, the net integration of the BARF curve should have no effect on burning time. For most motors, the result takes on a hump-shaped appearance with maximum errors in burning rate usually being between 2-10%. Burning rate errors of this magnitude translate to errors in pressure of 3-15% due to the nonlinear dependence of pressure on this parameter. Errors introduced due to the present technique for predicting ballistic response can require grain redesign and additional static tests. In addition, initial uncertainties in the ballistic prediction of maximum chamber pressure impacts the design of motorcase, nozzle, and insulation components since these parts must be designed for "worst case" predictions. Even if initial tests are deemed to be adequate, thrust history variations from the optimal design can cause losses in payload capability. Finally, spatial burning rate variations not normally considered by the ballistician can lead to changes in insulation exposure times when compared with current prediction methodologies. This Note will investigate means to improve ballistic predictions by determining the contribution of spatially dependent burning rate variations to the BARF effect for a simple cylindrical-port motor. Background associated with research into BARF effects is provided in the next section, followed by a description of the technical approach. An analysis of a simple ballistic test motor follows this discussion, along with conclusions from the study. While propellant strain, grain deformations during pressurization, local gas velocity effects, and possible migration of propellant constituents have all been theorized to contribute to BARF effects, the primary influence appears to be attributable to spatial variations in the local burning rate within the propellant grain. We make this assumption because the "hump shaped" character of the curve seems to be consistent across many motors of varying grain geometry, case deformations, and propellant formulations. In nearly all cases, spatial burning rate variations are attributed to one of two effects resulting from the rheological processes undertaken in loading
Blood Chemistry Values of Juvenile Red Pacu (Piaractus brachypomus)

: Blood samples were collected from 29 juvenile red pacu (Piaractus brachypomus), ornamental freshwater fish, to establish baseline blood chemistry values. Mean (minimum-maximum) values, obtained by automated bichromatic analysis and ion selective electrode analysis, were as follows: sodium, 150.4 (146–159) mmol/L; potassium, 3.93 (2.7–5.0) mmol/L; chloride, 138.7 (128–150) mmol/L; total CO2, 7.5 (6–10) mmol/L; albumin, 0.86 (0.5–1.0) g/dL; lactate dehydrogenase, 237.8 (65–692) IU/L; aspartate aminotransferase, 49.1 (0–125) IU/L; creatinine, 0.31 (0.2–0.4) mg/dL; calcium, 10.80 (9.5–12.5) mg/dL; anion gap, 6.89 (1.2–12.5) mmol/L; and phosphorus, 7.29 (4.1–8.9) mg/dL.
An epidemic of contact dermatitis at the University of Hawaii Manoa.

Seventy-five cases of contact dermatitis at the University of Hawaii Manoa campus were traced to trees planted near a residence hall. A number of university and public health offices were involved in finding the cause of the "mystery rash."
Frequency-dependent hyperpolarizabilities of haloforms from ab initio SCF calculations

Abstract Ab initio calculations of the frequency-dependent polarizabilities and first and second hyperpolarizabilities of the haloform series have been performed within the framework of the time-dependent coupled perturbed Hartree-Fock method. Dynamic polarizabilities show reasonably good agreement with available experimental data. The theoretical value of β(SHG) for CHF3 is in excellent agreement with the experiment gas phase data. A large discrepancy is noted between theory and experiment for the other molecules both for β and γ. For CHI3, the magnitude of γ and its dispersion are large, in accord with experiment.
Differential Effects of Repetition on True and False Recognition

Abstract Many studies of recognition memory have shown that repeating a word on a study list increases true recognition (i.e., the hit rate) of that word. Less clear is the extent to which repeating a word on the study list increases false alarms to a semantically related distractor. Five experiments examined the effect of repetition on true and false recognition. In the first two experiments, false recognition of a distractor was only found when five distinct words related to it appeared on the list. In Experiments 3 and 4, presenting a list word either 5 or 10 times failed to increase false recognition of a related distractor, relative to when the list word occurred once. Experiment 5 revealed that when five words related to a distractor were blocked together in the study list, repeating them caused a significant decrease in false recognition of the distractor. Repetition appears to be one variable that differentially affects true and false recognition.
Histidine auxotrophy in commensal and disease-causing nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae.

Histidine biosynthesis is one of the best studied metabolic pathways in bacteria. Although this pathway is thought to be highly conserved within and between bacterial species, a previous study identified a genetic region within the histidine operon (his) of nontypeable strains of Haemophilus influenzae (NTHI) that was more prevalent among otitis media strains than among throat commensal NTHI strains. In the present study, we further characterized this region and showed that genes in the complete his operon (hisG, -D, -C, -NB, -H, -A, -F, and -IE) are >99% conserved among four fully sequenced NTHI strains, are present in the same location in these four genomes, and are situated in the same gene order. Using PCR and dot blot hybridization, we determined that the his operon was significantly more prevalent in otitis media NTHI strains (106/121; 87.7%) than in throat strains (74/137; 54%) (prevalence ratio, 1.62; P < 0.0001), suggesting a possible role in middle ear survival and/or acute otitis media. NTHI strains lacking the his operon showed attenuated growth in histidine-restricted media, confirming them as his-negative auxotrophs. Our results suggest that the ability to make histidine is an important factor in bacterial growth and survival in the middle ear, where nutrients such as histidine may be found in limited amounts. Those isolates lacking the histidine pathway were still able to survive well in the throat, which suggests that histidine is readily available in the throat environment.
Economic Common Sense and the Depoliticization of the Economic

This article theorizes and begins to explore the extent to which academic and nonacademic discourses contribute to the reproduction and legitimacy of the economic status quo. The author argues that economic practices in the United States are often depoliticized in at least two different ways: They are naturalized or essentialized conceptually, and political control over them is limited. Drawing on antiessentialist Marxian economic theory, Gramsci’s theory of hegemony, and poststructuralist theory, the author constructs a framework for conceptualizing economic practices in a more politicized manner. The author also provides some specific examples of depoliticized discourses and a few examples of more politicized discourses.
Homeless youths' HIV risk behaviors with strangers: Investigating the importance of social networks.

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between homeless youths’ HIV risk behaviors with strangers and risk and protective characteristics of their social networks. Data were from the Social Network and Homeless Youth Project. A total of 249 youth aged 14–21 years were interviewed over 15 months in three Midwestern cities in the United States using a systematic sampling strategy. Multivariate results revealed that homeless youth with a greater average number of network members who engaged in more drug risk behaviors and who pressured them into precarious behaviors at least once were more likely to have participated in a greater number of HIV risk behaviors with strangers compared to homeless youth without such network characteristics. Additionally, 19–21 year olds, gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgendered youth, and those who have run away from home more frequently, participated in more HIV risk behaviors with strangers than 14–18 year olds, heterosexual youth, and those who have run away less often. The final model explained 43 % of the variance in homeless youths’ HIV risk behaviors with strangers. It is important to identify network characteristics that are harmful to homeless youth because continued exposure to such networks and participation in dangerous behaviors may result in detrimental outcomes, including contraction of sexually transmitted infections and potentially HIV.
AIRLINE PERSONALITIES AND AIR TRAFFIC FLOW MANAGEMENT: A SIMPLE AGENT-BASED MODEL *

This paper describes results from a simple agent-based model of airline interactions in air traffic flow management (TFM). The model has been used to illustrate the system effects of potential future TFM policy, procedural, and technology changes that could facilitate better information availability to airlines, greater flexibility for airlines to respond to predicted future congestion, and such means as pricing to control excess airspace congestion. In the model, airlines have "personality" attributes that describe how they respond to potential future congestion, as well as strategies for responding to future weather uncertainty. The model was deliberately kept simple to make it relatively inexpensive to develop and change, and for tractability of results. A single type of en route TFM scenario is modeled in a simplified way. Face validation was accomplished by methods such as confirming the expected airline behavior in the presence and absence of congestion externalities. The results show a wide range of potential behavior, depending on airline personality and strategy in the face of uncertain future weather, but a consistent response to the expectation of congestion and to congestion pricing is observed. Uncertainty about future weather and associated adaptation by airlines appears to be a dominant factor in overall modeled system performance.
Rates and predictors of relapse after natural and treated remission from alcohol use disorders

Aims This study examined the rates and predictors of 3-year remission, and subsequent 16-year relapse, among initially untreated individuals with alcohol use disorders who did not obtain help or who participated in treatment and/or Alcoholics Anonymous in the first year after recognizing their need for help.
After a Restatement: The Long-Run Market and Investor Response *

We examine returns and institutional trading in a long window surrounding earnings restatements. We show that abnormal returns following restatement announcements, a strongly negative event with negative pre-announcement and announcement-period returns, are significantly positive. We find significant positive returns in the one through six month period following the announcement, using raw returns, 3- and 4-factor calendar-time abnormal returns, firm-specific 4-factor adjusted returns and characteristic-adjusted returns. Results suggest that these positive returns are not due to a change in traditional risk factors or cost of capital. Given the potential variation in investors’ willingness to tolerate information risk and uncertainty associated with restatements we also examine institutional ownership changes before and after the restatement announcement. We find that dedicated institutions sell restatement firm shares steadily in the quarters surrounding the announcement, while transient and quasi-indexing institutions sell strongly before the restatement announcement and then buy significantly in the months around and after the announcement. The event-time trading of dedicated institutions has weakly positive predictive ability for future returns, meaning that the firms for which dedicated institutions maintain or buy the most shares around the restatement announcement experience the most positive returns post-announcement, while the event-time trading of transient and quasiindexing institutions has weakly negative predictive ability. The differences in the returns predicted by the three groups’ trading are statistically significant. Together, the results suggest that transient and quasi-indexing institutions are less willing to tolerate the increase in information risk immediately surrounding a restatement, and help drive a strong negative price reaction to the initial announcement, along with a later recovery in stock price.
A Tabu Search Approach for Joint Scheduling of Resources in a Lambda Grid Network

Advanced distributed applications in engineering, scientific and business domains that are highly data-intensive demand high-performance computing platforms. Grid networks based on optical technology provide a promising approach to create efficient infrastructure to support such applications. These networks, termed in general as Lambda Grid networks, are based on optical circuit switching and employ wavelength division multiplexing and optical lightpaths. In this paper, we propose an approach based on Tabu Search heuristic for joint scheduling of computing, network and storage resources in a Lambda Grid network. The objectives are to minimize cost by efficient usage of resources and to minimize total completion time of job execution. The results are compared to a Greedy approach. Simulation results from both the methods show that the Tabu search heuristic performed better than the greedy approach in optimizing both the cost and completion time objectives.
Room temperature observation of velocity overshoot in silicon inversion layers

As MOS transistor dimensions shrink to deep sub-micron regime, the non-local effects are expected to become more prominent. Perhaps the most important of these non-local effects is velocity overshoot, which can be beneficial to device performance by improving current drive and transconductance. Here, for the first time, we report direct observation of velocity overshoot using a special test structure. The first indication of velocity overshoot is seen at channel length of 0.22 /spl mu/m, while at L/sub eff/=0.12 /spl mu/m drift velocity values up to 40% higher than the long channel value are measured. The SOI NMOSFETs used in the study are built on SIMOX wafers with channel lengths from 0.12 /spl mu/m to 0.6 /spl mu/m. >
Ultrastructural localization of the 9-kilodalton vitamin D-dependent calcium-binding protein in the murine intraplacental yolk sac.

The calcium-binding protein (CaBP) calbindin has been implicated in the molecular mechanism of placental calcium transfer. Previous light microscopic studies have identified CaBP in visceral (but not parietal) endodermal cells of the yolk sac with the most intense immunocytochemical signal observed in the intraplacental yolk sac. In the present studies, electron microscopy was used to study the localization of CaBP in placenta. Placentas of 17-day pregnant mice were fixed by perfusion in 0.5% gluteraldehyde, embedded in low-temperature Lowicryl K4M, and examined in thin section for specific labeling with a polyclonal antiserum. Antibody to CaBP was localized by using protein A-gold particles which were quantified for subcellular compartmentation by using a Videoplan computer system. A high signal for CaBP was found in the visceral endodermal cells of the intraplacental yolk sac. In these cells, gold particles indicating the location of CaBP were observed over (1) the cytoplasmic matrix where the average number of gold particles per μm2 was 33; (2) the microvilli (17/μm2); (3) the mitochondria (17/μm2); and (4) the nucleus (43/μm2). Sections from antigen-absorbed controls, by contrast, showed few gold particles: cytosol, 2/μm2; microvilli, 5/μm2; mitochondria, 5/μm2; and nucleus, 4/μm2. Electron-lucent profiles of the Golgi and endoplasmic reticulum contained no particles in the controls and a low particle count (4/μm2) in the stained sections. Parietal endodermal cells of the intraplacental yolk sac showed a relatively low signal for CaBP compared with the visceral endodermal cells (5 particles/μm2 vs. 39). Only low numbers of gold particles were observed in trophoblasts (6/μm2), lymphocytes (5/μm2), and erythrocytes (5/μm2). These findings indicate that 9 kd CaBP is located predominantly in cytoplasmic matrix, nucleus, and mitochondria within the visceral endodermal cells of the intraplacental yolk sac.
P-cycles in multi-failure network survivability

We introduce a new mechanism to provide multi-failure survivability based on p-cycles. This mechanism called MFS (multifailure survivability scheme) consists of two stages: off-line centralized calculation and on-line distributed selection. Simulation results show that MFS has high probability to survive multiple failures without adding any extra capacity.
New Correlation Equations for Compression Index of Remolded Clays

AbstractCompressibility of a soil mass is among the most important geotechnical properties that is widely used during the design of geotechnical structures. Various regression equations have been proposed by numerous researchers in the past to estimate the compression index of a soil specimen with parameters such as void ratio at liquid limit, initial void ratio, liquid limit, or the combination of the specific gravity, void ratio, and liquid limit. Although all researchers concur that the compression index depends on the mineralogical composition of the soil and initial moisture content, very little research has been performed on the mixtures of minerals composing a wide range of activities under consistent initial moisture contents. This research is conducted on 55 different soil specimens prepared in the laboratory by mixing various proportions of montmorillonite, illite, kaolinite, and quartz at initial moisture contents equal to the liquid limit. The intrinsic compression line (ICL) was unique for mo...