cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evolution of the autosomal chorion cluster in Drosophila. II. Chorion gene expression and sequence comparisons of the s16 and s19 genes in evolutionarily distant species.

We present a total of 13 kb of DNA sequences, encompassing autosomal chorion genes and their flanking DNA in four species of the genusDrosophila. Against a background of extensive divergence in introns and even in parts of the coding regions, islands of strong conservation are evident in the proximal 5′ flanking and 5′ untranslated sequences. An extragenic region of strong conservation is seen downstream of the last chorion gene in the autosomal cluster. The conserved DNA elements may be related to the conserved regulatory features of this cluster, including gene amplification and tissue- and temporally regulated transcription.
An electric podometer for long term studies of repetitive loading.

Abstract A portable force plate unit is described for quantitation of repetitive weight bearing over long periods of time. Its design, the procedural steps for its clinical use, and results of initial testing are reported.
Confirmatory Validation Of The Factor Structure And Reliability Of The Sexual Risk Survey In A Large Multiuniversity Sample Of U.S. Students

ABSTRACTObjectives: The Sexual Risk Survey (SRS) is a measure of sexual risk behavior designed to comprehensively assess sexual risk taking among college students and has been found to have good psychometric properties. However, the SRS was created and validated within a sample of U.S. Midwestern university students and the factor structure and reliability may differ in other samples. The current study expands on existing research by examining the factor structure and reliability of the SRS in a large, diverse archival data set and also provides a standardized approach to scoring the SRS. Methods: Archival data included in this study were collected from 2006 to 2013 from 5,496 university students in 16 different American academic institutions in 11 states. Results: Confirmatory factor analysis supported the original 5-factor solution described by Turchik and Garske (2009). In comparing mean subscale scores across demographic characteristics—age, gender, race/ethnicity, sexual orientation, and religion—a n...
Spontaneous Spinal Cerebrospinal Fluid Leaks

Spontaneous intracranial hypotension is an uncommon but not rare cause of new onset daily persistent headaches. A delay in diagnosis is the norm. Women are affected more commonly than men and most are in the fifth or sixth decade of life. The underlying cause is a spontaneous spinal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak. Typically the headache is orthostatic in nature but other headache patterns occur as well. Associated symptoms are common and include neck pain, a change in hearing, diplopia, facial numbness, cognitive abnormalities and even coma. Typical imaging findings consist of subdural fluid collections, pachymeningeal enhancement, pituitary hyperaemia and brain sagging, but magnetic resonance imaging may be normal. Myelography is the study of choice to identify the CSF leak but is not always necessary to make the diagnosis. Treatment consists of bedrest, abdominal binder, epidural blood patching, percutaneous fibrin glue injection or surgical CSF leak repair. Outcomes have been poorly studied.
Evidence of Ion Transport through Surface Conduction in Alkylsilane-Functionalized Nanoporous Ceramic Membranes

Alkylsilane-modified nanoporous ceramic membranes exclude water from their pores yet exhibit transmembrane electrical conductivity in aqueous electrolyte solutions. That effect was studied using impedance spectroscopy and 29Si NMR. Anodic aluminum oxide membranes with alkylsilane-functionalized pores exhibited a transmembrane electrical resistance that increased with the length of the hydrocarbon chain. Microstructural studies revealed that the conduction was due primarily to a small number of “hydrophilically defective” pores in membranes modified by long-chain alkylsilanes and both hydrophilic defects and surface conduction in pores modified by short-chain alkylsilanes. Hydroxyl groups in short-chain alkylsilane layers act as “water wires” to enable surface ion transport. The local concentration of hydroxyl groups decreased with alkylsilane chain length, explaining the resistance trend. This constitutes the first direct evidence that alkylsilane functionalization affects electrical as well as wetting pr...
Clinical diagnosis of recurrent caries.

ABSTRACT Background The clinical diagnosis of recurrent caries is the most common reason for replacement of all types of restorations in general dental practice. Marked variations in the diagnosis of the lesions have been reported. The prevention of recurrent lesions by the use of fluoride-releasing restorative materials has not been successful. Types of Studies Reviewed The author focused on practice-based studies in the literature. These studies are not scientifically rigorous, but they reflect “real-life” dental practice. Few experimental studies on recurrent carious lesions in vivo have been reported, but bacteriological studies indicate that the etiology is similar to that of primary caries. Results Recurrent carious lesions are most often located on the gingival margins of Class II through V restorations. Recurrent caries is rarely diagnosed on Class I restorations. The diagnosis is difficult, and it is important to differentiate recurrent carious lesions from stained margins on resin-based composite restorations. Overhangs, even minute in size, are predisposed to plaque accumulation and the development of recurrent caries. The development of recurrent lesions is unrelated to microleakage. Clinical Implications As recurrent carious lesions are localized and limited, alternative treatments to restoration replacement are suggested. Polishing may be sufficient. If not, exploratory preparations into the restorative material adjacent to the localized defect can reveal the extent of the lesion. Such explorations invariably show that the lesion does not progress along the tooth-restoration interface. The defect, therefore, may be repaired in lieu of being completely replaced. Repair and refurbishing of restorations save tooth structure. These simple procedures also increase the life span of the restoration.
New cyanogenetic lipids from Ungnadia speciosa

Abstract A mixture of two new cyanogenetic lipids from the seeds of Ungnadia speciosa have been structurally characterized.
Efficient approach to synthesis of two-chain asymmetric cysteine analogs of receptor-binding region of transforming growth factor-α

The putative receptor-binding region of human transforming growth factor-α (TGF α) has been shown to be contributed by two fragments: an A-chain (residue 12-18) and a 17-residue carboxyl fragment (residue 34-50) that includes a disulfide-containing C-loop (residue 34-43). An approach to the synthesis of two-chain analogs containing an intermolecular disulfide linked A-chain and the 17-residue carboxyl fragment (C-fragment) possessing receptor-binding activity is described. The synthesis was achieved by the solid-phase method using the Boc-benzyl protecting group strategy. The single Cys of the A-chain was activated as a mixed disulfide with 2-thiopyridine to form the intermolecular disulfide bond with Cys41 or Cys46 of the C-fragment on the resin support. Prior to this reaction, the acetamido (Acm) protecting group of Cys41 or Cys46 was removed by Hg(OAc)2 on the resin support. The peptide and side chain protecting groups including the S-methylbenzyl moiety of the Cys34 and Cys43 were concomitantly cleaved by high HF. The intramolecular disulfide with two unprotected Cys was formed in the presence of an intermolecular disulfide. This intramolecular disulfide bond formation was usually not feasible under the traditionally-held scheme at basic pH since disulfide interchange would occur faster than intramolecular oxidation. To prevent the disulfide interchange, a new method was devised. The intramolecular disulfide bond oxidation was mediated by dimethylsulfoxide at an acidic pH, at which the disulfide interchange reaction was suppressed. The desired product was obtained with a 60-70%, yield. In contrast, the conventional scheme of using I2 to form the intermolecular disulfide between the Cys(Acm) of the A-chain and C-fragment with the preformed intramolecular disulfide bond in solution phase did not result in any product. The purified two-chain analogs were found to be unstable and rearranged to the homo-dimers. This reaction was greatly accelerated in I2, which explained the difficulty associated with the conventional scheme. When assayed against A431 and NRK clone 49F cells, both the A-chain and the C-fragment did not exhibit any biological activity independently, but the two-chain analogs showed low receptor-binding activity with an IC50 at 0.3 mM level. Unexpectedly, dimeric C-fragment, which resulted from the rearrangement reaction, also showed receptor-binding activity. Our results demonstrate that the two-chain analogs exhibit low but distinct biological activity and provide evidence that the putative TGFα receptor binding region may be discontinuous. In addition, we also provide an efficient approach to further explore the two-chain receptor-binding analogs of TGFα.
Child Resistant Packaging: Regulations and Effectiveness, 1980–2002

Poisoning from household substances has been and continues to be a hazard to children under 5 years of age. In an effort to address this problem, the Poison Prevention Packaging Act (PPPA) of 1970 was enacted as of December 30, 1970. This act is a federally preemptive piece of legislation covering an ever expanding group of substances. The test methods used to establish compliance with the PPPA do not address the range of substances covered (e.g. liquids); the changing patterns of use of household substances such as increased use of liquid medications for children; or repeated access to and multiple reclosures of containers, as seen in the home situation. To examine the effectiveness of the PPPA in addressing actual poisonings in children under 5, national databases from 1980 through March 13, 2002 were examined. Reports mentioning the use of a CRC (child resistant container) were then analyzed. Assisted Access incidents involved an older child gaining access to the contents of a CRC and giving those contents to the younger victim. Transfer of Contents incidents involved ingestion of a substance that was originally packaged in a CRC and was transferred to a non-CRC The average age of children seen in hospitals is under 2, and fatalities due to Assisted Access and Transfer of Contents incidents were seen in children averaging under one year of age. These age ranges are below those of children used in CRC testing (3.5 to 4.25 years). More importantly, the average body weights — directly related to the susceptibility to poisoning injury — of children seen in hospitals is less than the 25 pound weight used to set toxicity thresholds by the PPPA. Training for children, the elderly, and parents would help increase awareness of Transfer of Contents and Assisted Access poisonings, which are disproportionately represented in fatal poisoning incidents of young children.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Other-regulation in collaborative groups: implications for regulation quality

The current study examines variation in other-regulation, conceptualized as efforts by one student to regulate their group’s work. This study extends research which has conceptualized other-regulation as temporarily guiding others’ conceptual understanding and skill development by broadening the spectrum of other-regulation to include directive forms and considering their differential impact on regulation quality. Qualitative analyses were conducted based on videotaped observations of three groups of 7th graders working on three collaborative activities during an inquiry-based science unit. Findings suggest that directive other-regulation related to employed moderate-low and low quality regulation within the group. Facilitative forms yielded higher quality regulation given co-equal regulation and task contributions, the focus of the other-regulator on integrating ideas using behavioral and group process regulation, as well as sustaining a shared focus on developing the task product through the use of high-quality content and disciplinary regulation. In contrast, directive other-regulation related to an imbalance in participation and regulatory contributions, as well as the other-regulators’ focus on controlling the task and ensuring their own contribution remained central to the task product. When group members do not have opportunities to make regulatory contributions, regulation and task quality suffer since the group cannot benefit from the full potential of their shared activity, with implications for learning.
Entropy and temperature of black 3-branes.

We consider slightly non-extremal black 3-branes of type IIB supergravity and show that their Bekenstein-Hawking entropy agrees, up to a mysterious factor, with an entropy derived by counting non-BPS excitations of the Dirichlet 3-brane. These excitations are described in terms of the statistical mechanics of a 3+1 dimensional gas of massless open string states. This is essentially the classic problem of blackbody radiation. The blackbody temperature is related to the temperature of the Hawking radiation. We also construct a solution of type IIB supergravity describing a 3-brane with a finite density of longitudinal momentum. For extremal momentum-carrying 3-branes the horizon area vanishes. This is in agreement with the fact that the BPS entropy of the momentum-carrying Dirichlet 3-branes is not an extensive quantity.
Growth of Fe3N films via chemical vapor deposition of iron acetylacetonate and anhydrous ammonia

Abstract Polycrystalline Fe3N films have been grown via chemical vapor deposition (CVD) on 50-μm thick polycrystalline Ti substrates using iron acetylacetonate (IAA) and anhydrous ammonia (NH3) in a cold-wall vertical pancake-style reactor. X-ray diffraction data indicated that single phase Fe3N was present in films deposited at and above 600°C; below this temperature no deposition occurred. The composition of the Fe3N films did not vary with changes in the deposition temperature, the NH3 flow rate or the deposition rate at a constant deposition pressure of 100 Torr. The surface macrostructure of the as-deposited films was independent of the deposition temperature and was very similar to that of the uncoated Ti substrate. The microstructure of the films was porous with a thickness variation of ≈1 μm across the surface of the films. Larger grains were produced at 600 and 800°C, while smaller and more uniform grains were produced at 700°C. Energy dispersive X-ray data indicated that films deposited at and above 600°C contained low levels of both carbon and oxygen.
Quantum light from CMOS-compatible silicon microresonators

Semiconductors with a high optical nonlinearity, e.g., silicon, which can be lithographically patterned into nanophotonic waveguides or micro-resonators, may lead to on-chip room-temperature telecommunications-band quantum light sources for complex and scalable systems.
Contributions of neuroendocrine and local autocrine-paracrine mechanisms to the pathophysiology and pharmacology of congestive heart failure

The degree of activation of neurohormonal mechanisms appears to depend on the severity and acuteness of cardiac impairment as well as the status of the extracellular fluid volume. Vasoconstrictive antinatriuretic mechanisms are markedly activated in severe decompensated cardiac failure. These are accompanied by parallel increases in endogenous vasodilatory natriuretic activities that modulate the powerful vasoconstrictive mechanisms. During chronic compensation, many of these neuroendocrine mechanisms returned to the baseline normal level. In addition to endocrine and neurogenic mechanisms, local autocrine-paracrine systems in the blood vessel wall may also contribute to the regulation of vascular tone. The role of these systems in congestive heart failure has not been systematically studied. It is possible that they may contribute to the long-term regulation of vascular tone and therefore may play an increasing role in the pathogenesis of ventricular remodeling, dilatation and progressive congestive heart failure.
SU‐E‐T‐634: Accuracy of Patient Dose Calculation for Lung VMAT Plans: Comparison of Multiple TPS

Purpose: To evaluate the discrepancy in patient dose calculation for lung VMAT SBRT plans calculated either using the same type treatment planning systems (TPS) commissioned in different hospitals or the different type TPS commissioned in the same hospital.Methods: 10 lung SBRT cases have been calculated using four different TPS. TPS A, B, and C are Pinnacle3 (version 9) and each one is commissioned in a different hospital for 6 MV photon beams (Varian Trilogy, 120 MLC). Therefore, beam data and parameters used in these TPS are not exactly the same. The TPS D is Eclipse (version 10) and uses the same machine data as the TPS A. The variations of PDD (10)/PDD (20) ratios for three 6 MV beams are within 0.5%. MU are rescaled for TPS A, B, and C to get a normalized dose in a reference condition. TPS A and D use the same MU. The Dmean for IGTV and PTV, D50, D99, D2 for PTV, D2cm, cord Dams, Dmean, V20 and V10 for lung are used for comparison. Cases with large discrepancy are also recalled in typically used lung QA phantoms (ROTG and Quasar). Results: The doses calculated using different Pinnacle TPS have no clinical significantly discrepancy. The largest discrepancy in PTV mean dose is 3%. In most cases the dose discrepancy between the Eclipse and Pinnacle is also small but the largest discrepancy is up to 7% in PTV mean dose. Dose calculation in lung phantoms cannot predict the corresponding discrepancy in patients. Conclusion: The same type PTS even commissioned in different hospitals will have minimum calculated discrepancy. Using different type TPS have largest discrepancy especially for a tumour surrounded unusual lower density lung volume. Centralized modeling with comprehensive QA will improve dose calculation accuracy to achieve a standardized treatment.
The calcium binding characteristics of a salivary gland mucoid.

Abstract The binding of calcium by a mucoid isolated from the submaxillary salivary glands of cattle was studied by use of the Toribara ultrafiltration apparatus. In general, the results showed that the amount of calcium bound by a given weight of mucoid remained constant over a range of mucoid concentration from 0 to 1.25%, but increased with the pH and with the calcium concentration, at least up to a calcium concentration of approximately 10 mM/l. Above this point the amount of bound calcium remained constant, indicating that maximum binding had occurred. Based on the molecular weight of the mucoid it is estimated that at saturation each mole of mucoid is able to bind 10.8 moles of calcium at pH 6, 15.9 moles at pH 7, 22.0 moles at pH 8, and 35.4 moles at pH 9.
Wittgenstein's nightmare: why the RDoC grid needs a conceptual dimension.

RDoC attempts to finesse an existential dilemma facing psychiatry: psychiatry is most persuasively a medical field if mental disorders are understood as brain disorders, but brain disorders seem to fall under neurology. The RDoC attempts to resolve this dilemma by distinguishing brain circuit malfunctions as the distinctive domain of psychiatry: “the RDoC framework conceptualizes mental illness as brain disorders; in contrast to neurological disorders with identifiable lesions, mental disorders can be addressed as disorders of brain circuits” (1). RDoC further locates brain circuit function within a grid of analytical and developmental levels and dimensions that together are supposed to replace DSM/ICD categories with more valid diagnoses.
Synthesis of Nonspherical Colloidal Particles with Anisotropic Properties

We describe a promising and flexible technique for fabricating uniform nonspherical particles with anisotropic phase and surface properties. Our approach is based on the seeded polymerization technique in which monomer-swollen particles are polymerized. The polymerization causes a phase separation to occur, giving rise to two-phase nonspherical particles. We show that the elastic contraction of the swollen polymer particles induced by elevated polymerization temperatures plays an important role in the phase separation. Moreover, chemical anisotropy of nonspherical particles can be obtained by using immiscible polymer pairs and by employing surface treatments. Furthermore, we are able to produce amphiphilic dumbbell particles consisting of two different bulbs: hydrophilic poly (ethylene imine)-coated polystyrene and hydrophobic polystyrene. Controlled geometries of these amphiphilic nonspherical particles will allow a wide range of potential applications, such as engineered colloid surfactants.
Effects of hypoxia and acute osmotic stress on intermediary metabolism in Leishmania promastigotes.

Abstract This study further explores the effects of hypoxia and acute osmotic stress on intermediary metabolism of Leishmania major and Leishmania donovani . Late log phase promastigotes were washed and incubated with glucose as the sole exogenous carbon source, and rates of glucose consumption and product formation were measured as a function of osmotic strength (610, 305, and 167 mOsm kg 1 ) and pO 2 (95, 10, and 0% O 2 ) in the presence of 5% CO 2 . Very mild hypoxia dramatically altered flux through the pathways of intermediary metabolism and increased the rates of production of the major metabolites, thus confirming the presence of a low-affinity O 2 sensor which was active under all osmolalities tested. The data also require that as pO 2 is lowered towards anoxia an endogenous carbohydrate source is mobilized. Under aerobic conditions, acute hypo-osmotic stress had little effect on product formation, whereas acute hyperosmotic stress altered metabolism in a manner similar to mild hypoxia, with the exception of decreasing the rates of acetate and succinate production. It was also shown in L. donovani promastigotes that the effects of anoxia and hyperosmolality were not additive. Thus, separate sensors with partially overlapping actions are involved in the metabolic responses to hypoxia and hyperosmolality. There was no apparent species-specificity for the responses to pO 2 and osmotic stress. Uncoupling with carbonyl cyanide p -trifluoromethoxyphenylhy-drazone caused changes in metabolite flux patterns which differed from the changes caused by either hypoxia or acute osmotic stress, while rotenone and calcium ionophore A23187 had no significant effects. The identity of the sensors responsive to pO 2 and osmolality, and the mechanisms by which they regulate flux through the pathways of intermediary metabolism, require further study.
EXTREME POINTS OF CERTAIN BANACH SPACES RELATED TO CONDITIONAL EXPECTATIONS

Let $(X,\mathcal{F},\mu)$ be a complete probability space and let $\mathcal{B}$ be a sub- $\sigma$ -algebra of $\mathcal{F}$ . We consider the extreme points of the closed unit ball $\mathbb{B}(\mathcal{A})$ of the normed space $\mathcal{A}$ whose points are the elements of $L^\infty(X,\mathcal{F},\mu)$ with the norm $\Vert\, f \Vert = \Vert\Phi(\vert\, f \vert)\Vert_\infty$ , where $\Phi$ is the probabilistic conditional expectation operator determined by $\mathcal{B}$ . No $\mathcal{B}$ - measurable function is an extreme point of the closed unit ball of $\mathcal{A}$ , and in certain cases there are no extreme points of $\mathbb{B}(\mathcal{A})$ . For an interesting family of examples, depending on a parameter $n$ , we characterize the extreme points of the unit ball and show that every element of the open unit ball is a convex combination of extreme points. Although in these examples every element of the open ball of radius $\frac{1}{n}$ can be shown to be a convex combination of at most $2n$ extreme points by elementary arguments, our proof for the open unit ball requires use of the $\lambda$ -function of Aron and Lohman. In the case of the open unit ball, we only obtain estimates for the number of extreme points required in very special cases, e.g. the $\mathcal{B}$ -measurable functions, where $2n$ extreme points suffice.
Whose Land? Whose Lordship? The New Translation of Otto Brunner

The appearance of an important book in an excellent English translation is truly a reason to celebrate. The medievalist Howard Kaminsky and the early modernist James Van Horn Melton mounted a happy collaboration to produce this handsome, accurate version in prose that is both readable and terminologically digestible by students of late medieval and early modern Central Europe. They preface the long text with a 64-page introduction, in which they discuss the author, his ideas, and his political record and the text, its history, and its influence. Otto Brunner (1898-1982) was an Austrian historian of significant stature when he published Land und Herrschaft in 1939. He had begun as what we would now call an early modernist, and all his work in late medieval history bears the marks of having approached the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries from the modern rather than from the medieval direction. He acquired his professorship at Vienna in 1941 and a chair at Hamburg in 1954, where he taught until retirement in 1967. He was an editor of the influential Vierteljahrschrift fiir Sozialund Wirtschaftsgeschichte and, with Werner Conze and Reinhart Koselleck, a founder and editor of the influential encyclopedia, Geschichtliche Grundbegrife, 3l monument to the postwar approach to the history of ideas called "conceptual history" (Begrifsgeschichte). An obituary referred to him as "the reformer of historical writing on the Middle Ages in Germany,"1 and today there is little dissent from Robert Jiitte's judgment that "Otto Brunner has doubtless shaped our picture of the Middle Ages more than any other medievalist has." The principle instrument of this influence was Land und Herrschaft, first published in 1939, which Kaminsky and Melton have translated from the fourth (last revised) edition of 1959.
Modification of ribonucleic acid synthesis in isolated rat liver nuclei by low salt concentrations and specific divalent cations

Abstract Studies of RNA synthesis by isolated and intact rat liver nuclei suggest that at least two types of RNA products can be obtained: one with high GC content and preferential localization in the nucleoli; the other with high AU content and mainly extranucleolar localization. These different nuclear activities are assayed by adding NaCl or (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 at very low concentrations (0.06 ionic strength) and using either Mg 2+ or Mn 2+ as divalent cations. Since both salts have similar effects at low concentrations, the selective factor appears to be the divalent cation. NaCl and Mg 2+ in the incubating medium stimulate the synthesis of RNA species enriched in GC content. The RNA synthesized under these conditions resembles ribosomal RNA. NaCl and Mn 2+ in the incubating medium stimulate the synthesis of RNA species enriched in AU content. (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 has similar effects, but NaCl is a better salt than (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 for obtaining a clear distinction of both activities. The optimum pH is similar for both activities. These results indicate that both the nature and the site of RNA synthesis can be controlled in isolated and intact rat liver nuclei. The selective activation of extranucleolar synthesizing sites and a newly synthesized RNA enriched in adenylic and uridilic acid contents can be obtained without high salt concentrations in the incubating medium. It is inferred from these results that it is not necessary to add high (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 concentrations to the incubating medium to induce the synthesis of a DNA-like RNA.
Insulin-like hypoglycemic and immunological activities in honeybee royal jelly

Abstract An aqueous extract of royal jelly from Apis mellifera produced hypoglycemia when injected into larvae of Manduca sexta . Application of specific radioimmunoassay to the partially-purified extract showed that royal jelly contains several insulin-like peptides, the major immunoreactive component of which has an apparent mol. wt similar to that of bovine insulin. These results suggest the existence of a peptide in the honeybee having both biological and structural similarities to vertebrate insulin.
Emerging Christian Scholars among the Intellectual Virtues or Why They All Should Be Thomists

The reason why all of our students should be Thomists is that excellence among the intellectual virtues is what should come to define our aspirations for them as emerging Christian scholars. Such aspirations are formed by the design and implementation of practices of study. Such aspirations denounce any distinction between subject and object or finite and infinite. However, such aspirations are also guided by the narrative of excellence as defined by the beatific vision of God. Thomas Aquinas reminds us that this narrative is not one the academy generates on its own but is the story of Christianity as embodied by the Church. Failure to recognize such a narrative and design practices of study accordingly not only leaves our students beyond the formative influence of the intellectual virtues but also leaves them susceptible to the influences wielded by other narratives such as the narrative of the market economy.
Collaborative oral health education for caregivers in an assisted-living facility

Background: The purpose of this study was to implement a collaborative oral health project and evaluate its effectiveness for caregivers in an assisted-living facility. An interdisciplinary study was conducted by nursing and dental hygiene faculty. Methods: A quasi-experimental design was utilized with a pre-post treatment format. Pre-and post-treatment scores were analyzed from a convenience sample of 13 caregivers in an assisted-living facility. The information addressed oral care assessments, interventions, evaluation and referral guidelines. Results: Post-treatment scores were significantly higher than pre-treatment scores ( p =.002). The results indicate the collaborative teaching project was effective increasing knowledge of assisted-living caregivers regarding oral hygiene practices for older adults. Conclusions: Based on these findings the results indicate collaborative oral health care teaching project was effective in increasing caregiver oral hygiene knowledge. It was concluded that the collaborative instruction was effective. Other considerations included positive outcomes on a follow-up survey assessment of caregivers and assisted-living management regarding utilization of new information that had been presented.
Counting Beans: Agrobiodiversity, Indigeneity, and Agrarian Reform

In-field conservation of locally domesticated crop varieties ameliorates agrobiodiversity losses, but the interaction among nationally regulated socioeconomic factors at the local scale tends to discourage this. Analyses of household surveys conducted in Ecuador demonstrate that state and nongovernmental institutions interact to discourage cultivation of locally domesticated varieties of beans (Phaseolus spp.). Land privatization, agricultural extension, and credit programs favor market production of introduced modern bean varieties, and locally domesticated varieties are noted for favorable nutrition, culinary, and agroecological qualities. Resolving disconnections between the market and social values for landrace beans may provide agrobiodiversity conservation opportunities.
Seasonal potentiation of gill muscle contraction in four species of bivalve molluscs

Abstract When isolated gills of Mercenaria mercenaria are treated with dopamine (DA), the branchial musculature contracts. Moreover, a second application of the same concentration of DA produces a larger contraction. The mean ratio of the second to the first contractions (contraction ratio) was 2.18, and it is significantly greater than 1. This potentiation was seasonal and was mediated by a nitric oxide/cyclic GMP (NO/cGMP) signaling cascade. The responses of the branchial muscles in the gills of four other bivalves were examined to determine whether they too are potentiated. The contraction ratios of Mya arenaria (mean = 1.48; 95% CI of mean: 1.28–1.72; n = 39) and Spisula solidissima (mean = 2.04; 95% CI of mean: 1.71–2.43; n = 31) are both significantly greater than 1; i.e. , they were potentiated. In contrast, the contraction ratios of Arctica islandica (mean = 0.94; 95%CI of mean: 0.79–1.14; n = 16) and Crassostrea virginica (mean = 0.91; 95% CI of mean: 0.73–1.13; n = 20), are equal to 1; i.e. , they were not potentiated. The potentiation of the gill muscles in both Mya and Spisula was seasonal like that in Mercenaria : potentiation was present during the winter but absent during the summer. Spisula and Mya gills contain immunoreactive nitric oxide synthase and soluble guanylate cyclase during the winter but not the summer, whereas Arctica and Crassostrea gills do not contain either enzyme. While potentiation in Mya and Spisula was abolished by the inhibition of nitric oxide synthase, inhibition of guanylate cyclase had no effect on potentiation. These results are consistent with the location of the enzymes: both are present in the gill filaments but not the gill muscles. Thus, NO must diffuse from the filaments to the muscles to induce potentiation.
Input impedance of the slot antennas backed by cylindrical cavity

The input impedance of a cylindrical cavity-backed slot antenna has been derived based on the mode matching method and the complex Poynting theorem. Two cavity-backed slot antennas were fabricated to verify the theory. Numerical results agree very well with measurements. It is pointed out that the results should have many applications in conformal antennas and arrays. >
Advanced glycation end product level, diabetes, and accelerated cognitive aging

Objective: Several studies report that diabetes increases risk of cognitive impairment; some have hypothesized that advanced glycation end products (AGEs) underlie this association. AGEs are cross-linked products that result from reactions between glucose and proteins. Little is known about the association between peripheral AGE concentration and cognitive aging. Methods: We prospectively studied 920 elders without dementia, 495 with diabetes and 425 with normal glucose (mean age 74.0 years). Using mixed models, we examined baseline AGE concentration, measured with urine pentosidine and analyzed as tertile, and performance on the Modified Mini-Mental State Examination (3MS) and Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST) at baseline and repeatedly over 9 years. Incident cognitive impairment (a decline of >1.0 SD on each test) was analyzed with logistic regression. Results: Older adults with high pentosidine level had worse baseline DSST score ( p = 0.05) but not different 3MS score ( p = 0.32). On both tests, there was a more pronounced 9-year decline in those with high and mid pentosidine level compared to those in the lowest tertile (3MS 7.0, 5.4, and 2.5 point decline, p overall p = 0.03). Incident cognitive impairment was higher in those with high or mid pentosidine level than those in the lowest tertile (3MS: 24% vs 17%, odds ratio = 1.55; 95% confidence interval 1.07–2.26; DSST: 31% vs 22%, odds ratio = 1.62; 95% confidence interval 1.13–2.33). There was no interaction between pentosidine level, diabetes status, and cognitive decline. Multivariate adjustment for age, sex, race, education, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, estimated glomerular filtration rate, and diabetes diminished results somewhat but overall patterns remained similar. Conclusion: High peripheral AGE level is associated with greater cognitive decline in older adults with and without diabetes.
Ultrastructure of hatchling chaetognaths (Ferosagitta hispida): Epithelial arrangement of the mesoderm and its phylogenetic implications.

The trunk and tail mesoderm of hatchling chaetognaths consists of a simple myoepithelium containing four stereotypically arranged cell types, each matching in position a specific adult tissue. The trunk mesoderm includes lateral cells, longitudinal muscle cells, dorsal and ventral medial cells, and peri-intestinal cells. These correspond, respectively, to the lateral fields, longitudinal body wall muscles, dorsal and ventral perimysial cells, and periintestinal muscles of adults. Because the developing intestine does not extend into the tail, tail cells equivalent in position to peri-intestinal cells in the trunk are designated mesenterial cells. Numerous small spaces situated among the apices of hatchling mesodermal cells have the same position relative to surrounding cells as both the coelomic cavities of early embryos and the adult body cavities. We infer that these spaces in hatchlings expand and coalesce to form the definitive adult body cavities, and that these spaces and the adult body cavities derive from the embryonic coeloms. Because hatchlings lack mesenchymal mesoderm, we infer that all adult mesodermal tissues develop by elaboration of the coelomic lining of hatchlings. Because hatchlings lack cells corresponding to the squamous peritoneocytes overlying the body wall muscles of adults, we conclude that peritoneocytes are specialized adult cells that are not equivalent to cells of the embryonic coelomic lining. Finally, hatchlings contain a complete trunk/tail septum. This observation contradicts reports that this septum forms several days after hatching. It also weakens arguments that chaetognaths are bimeric rather than trimeric. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Efectividad del Uso de Placas Palatinas y de la Estimulación Orofacial en el Desarrollo Oral en Niños con Síndrome de Down

Down's syndrome children shown multiple alterations, among them marked general hypotonic. While this produces some basic difficulties, at the orofacial level it generates a characteristic expression marked by open mouth, hypotonic tongue that rests upon the lower lip, and great salivation. To ameliorate this, an orofacial regulation therapy was initiated, to stimulate this musculature, strengthen it and mold it during development. Objective : To observe the effect of stimulating palate plates, and orofacial exercises in the function and tonicity of children with Down's syndrome. Patients and Methods : Five children, 10 to 21 months old, with Down's syndrome, were treated through orofacial regulation for 20 to 30 minutes, 4 times a day for 2 months (palate plates and orofacial stimulation exercises). Pre and post treatment evaluations were made and a photographic and video evaluation was registered weekly. Results and Conclusions : Therapy decreased lingual protrusion and increased mouth closure. This is not thought as real tonicity change since that statement would require a long term and wider area study to determine effectiveness and applicability.
Demystifying Complex Coronary Hemodynamics in Patients Undergoing Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Sowing the Seeds for Coronary Physiological Assessment in the Future

Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) has revolutionized the treatment of patients with severe aortic stenosis who are at high risk for traditional surgical intervention.1,2 As the technology matures and experience grows, the applicability of TAVR to lower risk populations is likely and is already being explored.3 These patients often present with chest pain or exertional dyspnoea in the context of varying degrees of coronary artery disease. An understanding of how the aortic valve affects coronary hemodynamics is becoming increasingly clinically relevant in determining how to manage this coexisting coronary disease. See Article by Wiegerinck et al Creating a model of aortic stenosis is challenging. The pressure loading of the ventricle and coronary arteries varies according to the location of the stenosis. Stenosis at the level of the aortic valve is anatomically below coronary artery inflow; this results in increased afterload of the left ventricle but reduces coronary perfusion pressure. Relief of the stenosis therefore results in an acute reduction in left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, and in most cases, it results in an increase in coronary perfusion. This differs from the traditional systemic hypertension model often generated experimentally in animal models in which a restrictive band is placed around the aorta.4 In such cases, the stenosis is positioned in the aorta distal to coronary artery inflow; this results in an increase in both left ventricular end-diastolic pressure and coronary perfusion. After removal of the aortic band, both left ventricular end-diastolic pressure and coronary perfusion fall; as a result, the …
3D MDCT-based system for planning peripheral bronchoscopic procedures

The diagnosis and staging of lung cancer often begins with the assessment of a suspect peripheral chest site. Such suspicious peripheral sites may be solitary pulmonary nodules or other abnormally appearing regions of interest (ROIs). The state-of-the-art process for assessing such peripheral ROIs involves off-line procedure planning using a three-dimensional (3D) multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) chest scan followed by bronchoscopy with an ultrathin bronchoscope. We present an integrated computer-based system for planning peripheral bronchoscopic procedures. The system takes a 3D MDCT chest image as input and performs nearly all operations automatically. The only interaction required by the physician is the selection of ROI locations. The system is computationally efficient and fits smoothly within the clinical work flow. Integrated into the system and described in detail in the paper is a new surface-definition method, which is vital for effective analysis and planning to peripheral sites. Results demonstrate the efficacy of the system and its usage for the live guidance of ultrathin bronchoscopy to the periphery.
Time allocations across collaborations of academic scientists and their impact on efforts to commercialize novel technologies: is more always better?

We investigate how time spent in different collaborative research arrangements by academic scientists affect their propensity of involvement in the commercialization of novel, university-originated technologies. Three common collaborative strategies used by academic scientists: (1) internal (within the research group or within the home university) research collaboration; (2) cosmopolitan research collaboration (with scientists in other US or foreign universities); or (3) university–industry research collaboration are assessed. Drawing on the concepts of cognitive and spatial distance, the empirical findings suggest that only one internal research collaboration strategy has a significant impact on the propensity of academic scientists to engage in the commercialization of novel technologies with a private firm; however, this relationship is inverse U shaped. More importantly, academic scientists adopting a university–industry collaboration strategy and spending more research time in such an arrangement have a significantly stronger propensity for being involved in technology commercialization with a private firm; however, this relationship is inverse U shaped as well. We discuss the managerial and policy implications of the findings.
A continuous dilution method for phase diagram determination

A relatively simple continuous dilution method with on-line spectrophotometric measurement has been used to determine the phase transition boundaries of aqueous two-phase polymer systems. The observed range of compositions over which the phase transition occurs is dominated by the polydispersity of the polymers, but also is a function of the dilution path followed. The binodal curve obtained by the continuous dilution method agrees well with the results obtained by the traditional method of phase equilibration, separation and analysis of liquid chromatography, which is slower and requires more expensive equipment.
PRIVATE AND PUBLIC INFORMATION FOR FOREIGN INVESTMENT DECISIONS

Previous studies have found that foreign direct investment is significantly related to the stock of existing investment in the area. The present paper makes an additional contribution by providing evidence that investment decisions are positively correlated to the firm’s own previous investment in the area as well as to the current/planned investments by competitors. In addition, it is found that these two channels are primarily substitutes, i.e., investment by competitors comes less important when the firm already has experience in the market. The results are statistically significant and robust to various changes in model specification.
A human cytomegalovirus early gene has three inducible promoters that are regulated differentially at various times after infection.

Abstract The long inverted repeat and the adjacent sequences are major early transcription sites of the human cytomegalovirus genome (M. W. Wathen and M. F. Stinski, J. Virol. 41:462-477, 1982). An early transcription unit which flanks the large terminal repeat was analyzed by RNA mapping at various times after infection. Three unspliced, overlapping RNAs were transcribed from different initiation sites and terminated at the same 3' end. Individual promoters were isolated for all three transcripts. These promoters were activated in trans by viral immediate-early (IE) regulatory proteins after either infection with virus or cotransfection with IE2 alone or IE1 plus IE2 genes. DNA sequence analysis detected TATA and CAAT boxes plus multiple-dyad symmetries in the promoter-regulatory region. Deletion analyses showed that the maximum inducible promoter activity lay in a 230-base-pair region. When in the viral genome, the three promoters were regulated differentially during the course of infection. The upstream promoter was used only at late times after infection. Possible reasons for viral RNAs with multiple 5' ends at different times after infection and the recognition of the upstream promoter at only late times after infection are discussed.
Militarized humanitarianism meets carceral feminism: the politics of sex, rights, and freedom in contemporary antitrafficking campaigns.

Abstract Over the past decade, abolitionist feminist and evangelical Christian activists have directed increasing attention toward the “traffic in women” as a dangerous manifestation of global gender inequalities. Despite renowned disagreements around the politics of sex and gender, these groups have come together to advocate for harsher penalties against traffickers, prostitutes’ customers, and nations deemed to be taking insufficient steps to stem the flow of trafficked women. In this essay, I argue that what has served to unite this coalition of “strange bedfellows” is not simply an underlying commitment to conservative ideals of sexuality, as previous commentators have offered, but an equally significant commitment to carceral paradigms of justice and to militarized humanitarianism as the preeminent mode of engagement by the state. I draw upon my ongoing ethnographic research with feminist and evangelical antitrafficking movement leaders to argue that the alliance that has been so efficacious in frami...