cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Educating for Change in Mindset and Worldview on Sustainability: One Teacher’s Story

Organizations around the world have become increasingly concerned about managing for sustainability. Educating undergraduates about sustainability presents the challenge of dealing with students with limited knowledge, politicized awareness, and modest understanding of business and sustainability issues. Traditional-aged students are at a stage of deriving their own worldview on many subjects, including their place in a broader world. Equipping them to be useful professionals in the future, or even specializing in sustainability-oriented careers, requires raising their awareness of the state of the world in environmental, societal, political, and business terms. A curriculum needs to get them acquainted with what the world needs to reach a more fruitful future, as well as the strategies that the business sector can pursue for that purpose. This study reports one professor’s attempt to create a comprehensive pedagogy to produce highly qualified graduates and support them in acquiring a mindset and worldview that includes cognitive skills, fundamental values, and confidence to make an appreciable impact toward a sustainable planet.
American Generosity: Who Gives and Why, Patricia Snell Herzog, Heather E. Price, Oxford University Press, New York, NY (2016), 376 pp., ISBN: 9780190456498

American Generosity: Who Gives and Why is an interdisciplinary, comprehensive analysis of American giving patterns by researchers Patricia Snell Herzog and Heather E. Price of the Science of Genero...
Identity and the Legislative Decision Making Process: A Case Study of the Maryland State Legislature

Both politicians and the mass public believe that identity influences political behavior yet, political scientists have failed to fully detail how identity is salient for all political actors not just minorities and women legislators. To what extent do racial, gendered, and race/gendered identities affect the legislation decision process? To test this proposition, I examine how race and gender based identities shape the legislative decisions of Black women in comparison to White men, White women, and Black men. I find that Black men and women legislators interviewed believe that racial identity is relevant in their decision making processes, while White men and women members of the Maryland state legislature had difficulty deciding whether their identities mattered and had even more trouble articulating how or why they did. African American women legislators in Maryland articulate or describe an intersectional identity as a meaningful and significant component of their work as representatives. More specifically, Black women legislators use their identity to interpret legislation differently due to their race/gender identities.
Engineering acoustic biomolecules as dynamic molecular sensors for ultrasound

Ultrasound is currently limited in its ability to image dynamic molecular and cellular processes due to the lack of appropriate contrast agents. Gas Vesicles (GVs) — hollow protein nanostructures isolated from buoyant microbes, have emerged as a new class of nanoscale imaging agents for ultrasound (Shapiro et al., Nat. Nano. 2014). The genetic encodability of these acoustic biomolecules provides a unique platform for engineering mechanical and functional properties at the protein level. Recently, we demonstrated that removal or sequence modification of a key GV shell protein results in nanostructures with enhanced non-linear contrast as well as tunable collapse pressures for multiplexed imaging (Lakshmanan et al., ACS Nano 2016; Maresca et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 2017). Now, we extend this platform to engineer GVs whose ultrasound signals change dynamically in response to the activity of specific molecules in their environment. In particular, we set out to produce GVs that change their non-linear ultrasound contrast in response to specific proteases, an important class of enzymes underlying homeostatic and disease processes and a target of drug discovery.
What makes ATP synthase spin

The ATP synthase enzyme catalyses the production of ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate. It does so using a clever internal rotary mechanism, the latest insight into which is now reported. Using sophisticated NMR and chemical probes, one group has uncovered structural changes in a critical subunit that could drive the rotation.
Bushwhackers: Guerrilla Warfare, Manhood, and the Household in Civil War Missouri

Review of: "Bushwhackers: Guerrilla Warfare, Manhood, and the Household in Civil War Missouri", by Joseph M. Beilein Jr.
Acoustic Properties of Biological Materials

The propagation relations for compressional waves in isotropic, elastic media are described and discussed with reference to ultrasonic propagation in biological media. A selected review of experimentally obtained results from tissues, organs and aqueous solutions of biologically pertinent macromolecules is presented.
In utero effects of maternal phthalate exposure on male genital development.

Background Phthalates are used extensively in commercial and personal care products and maternal exposure is ubiquitous. Phthalates are anti-androgenic, but the potential effects of phthalates on male penile development have not been assessed in utero. Objective The study aims to investigate the association between early pregnancy phthalate exposure and fetal penile development, overall and by race. Methods Prospective cohort study of women with singleton pregnancies presenting for prenatal ultrasound between 18 and 22 weeks' gestation. Maternal urine samples were assayed for eight phthalate monoester metabolites. We used maternal phthalate levels at 18 to 22 weeks' gestation as predictors of fetal size using multiple linear regression models, adjusted for fetal gestational age, maternal age, race, smoking, and education. We incorporated a phthalate by race interaction into a second set of regression models. Results We detected statistically significant race interactions for continuous phthalates with penile width. Race interactions were also suggested for penile length and volume using tertiles of phthalates with point estimates generally positive for whites and negative for African Americans. Conclusion Penile development is significantly influenced by race, and the impact of maternal phthalates on penile measurements also varies by race. Maternal phthalate exposure can adversely affect in utero penile growth and development, especially among African Americans.
Glucan-many faces of one molecule.

Fungi and yeasts represent an important natural source of various biologically active compounds, including polysaccharides. These molecules are often used as biological response modifiers. Among these compounds, the most studied and at the same time the most promising, are β-D-glucans. These molecules represent a group of chemically heterogeneous polysaccharides existing with a backbone made of β-(1→3) linked glucose sequence and side chains linked by β-(1→6) or β-(1→4) bonds.
Using Interactive Virtual Reality Tools in an Advanced Chinese Language Class: A Case Study.

This case study explored college students’ use of interactive virtual reality tools (Google Cardboard and Expeditions) for learning Chinese as a foreign language. Specifically, the purpose of the study was to probe into students’ perceived benefits and challenges of using VR tools for Chinese language and culture learning. Twelve students were paired and role-played as virtual tour guides for six locations throughout a semester. Every two weeks, each dyad studied a particular Chinese tourist attraction or location and presented orally in Chinese as virtual tour guides by using the VR tools. Data collection included class observations of all presentations by each dyad, 24 reflections (two per participant, after the first and fifth presentations), and individual follow-up interviews. The study indicated that the real-life view VR tools offered an authentic context for Chinese language learning, sparked interest in the virtually presented locales, and encouraged students to further explore the target culture.
Science in court

This work examines the clashes, conflicts, and contentions that exist between science and the law. The traditional and contemporary way through which to finesse any one particular expression of the...
Interpenetrating networks of mixed matrix materials comprising metal-organic polyhedra for membrane CO2 capture

Abstract Mixed matrix materials (MMMs) comprising porous fillers in polymers can exhibit superior gas separation properties, yet their practical use has been limited by poor interfacial compatibility between the two components. Herein we report a bottom-up approach to synthesize the MMMs by dispersing a metal-organic polyhedron (MOP-3) in monomer solutions before rapid photopolymerization to form interpenetrating networks (IPNs), where the porous MOP-3 nanoparticles serve as molecular dopants. Specifically, MOP-3 with particle sizes of ≈5 nm was dispersed in and infiltrated by either a macromonomer of poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) or poly(1,3 dioxolane) acrylate (PDXLA). The introduction of the MOP-3 in the polyethers decreases their glass transition temperatures and even induces the crystallization of polyPDXLA at high loadings. Increasing the MOP loading increases CO2 permeability with a slight decrease in CO2/gas selectivity. For example, as the MOP content increases from 0 to 30 mass% in polyPDXLA, CO2 permeability increases from 190 Barrer to 580 Barrer, and CO2/N2 selectivity decreases from 70 to 62 at 35 °C. These IPNs-based MMMs exhibit separation properties above the Robeson's upper bounds for CO2/N2 and CO2/H2 separation. As the MOPs are soluble in solvents, this approach can be easily integrated into industrial membrane fabrication processes to produce MMMs-based composite membranes in large-scale.
Pharmacotherapeutic strategies for the treatment of anorexia nervosa - too much for one drug?

Anorexia nervosa is a severe psychiatric illness and no medication has been approved for its treatment. This lack of biological treatments requires the development of new directions for pharmacolog...
Caring for Children with Cancer in Africa during the COVID-19 Crisis: Implications and Opportunities.

Africa has been here before! The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemic ravaged across most of the continent. Then, the regional outbreaks of the very transmissible and fatal Ebola virus. Now,...
A Modular Switching Position With Voltage-Balancing and Self-Powering for Series Device Connection

Medium-voltage converters, especially those making use of SiC devices, require high common-mode voltage immunity and resilience against associated high dv/dt across multiple isolation barriers. A truly modular and common-mode immune switching position could be beneficial for these applications. The design of a modular switching position is presented here for a series connection of power semiconductors with voltage-balancing and self-powered-gate capabilities. The designs of the voltage-balancing and self-powered circuits are described, followed by simulations and testing of a 3.3-kV switching position formed by two 1.7-kV SiC MOSFETs in series. Testing results demonstrate the ability of the proposed switching position to balance the voltage across series-connected MOSFETs even if the gate signals of the series-connected devices are not perfectly synchronized while powering themselves directly from the OFF-state voltage across them. In addition, a startup circuit for the switching position is proposed and experimentally confirmed.
Effort Praise Improves Resilience for College Students With High Fear of Failure

Research on praise, in support of a growth mindset, has overwhelmingly focused on children. We explored how praise influences performance in college students. Colleges are often challenged to respo...
History and Development of UHPC Applications in New York State

There is a wide range of applications for UHPC within the bridge industry. Nationwide, more than 100 transportation projects have utilized UHPC in the form of overlays, structural connections, link slabs, live load continuity, and various repairs. Early on, NYSDOT was working with FHWA to develop UHPC details for bridge applications. NYSDOT started installing these details in 2009 and since then, more than half of the nation-wide bridge projects that utilize UHPC have been completed in New York State. In addition, many more UHPC projects within New York State are under construction, in design, or in the planning phases. As a result, NYSDOT has afforded UHPC enthusiasts the ability to observe the performance of these details that have been in service for the past 10 years. From project case studies, to developing connection details, NYSDOT has been in the forefront working with FHWA to standardize the use of UHPC components in the bridge industry. NYSDOT has successfully utilized the beneficial properties of UHPC in a large number of accelerated bridge construction projects. This presentation will address the topics discussed above as well as showcasing UHPC related bridge projects completed by NYSDOT. This will include lessons learned, giving the whole perspective of the history and development of UHPC applications in New York State. Symposium attendees will have the opportunity to visit a wide variety of bridges that are completed and in-service as well as those under construction that utilize UHPC components and this presentation will serve as an introductory precursor to the Day 2 site visit activities.
α7-Acetylcholine Receptor Signaling Reduces Neuroinflammation After Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in Mice

Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) causes a robust inflammatory response which leads worse brain injury and poor outcomes. We investigated if stimulation of nicotinic acetylcholine α7 receptors (α7-AChR) (receptors shown to have anti-inflammatory effects) would reduce inflammation and improve outcomes. To investigate the level of peripheral inflammation after aSAH, inflammatory markers were measured in plasma samples collected in a cohort of aSAH patients. To study the effect of α7-AChR stimulation, SAH was induced in adult mice which were then treated with a α7-AChR agonist, galantamine, or vehicle. A battery of motor and cognitive tests were performed 24 h after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Mice were euthanized and tissue collected for analysis of markers of inflammation or activation of α7-AChR-mediated transduction cascades. A separate cohort of mice was allowed to survive for 28 days to assess long-term neurological deficits and histological outcome. Microglia cell culture subjected to hemoglobin toxicity was used to assess the effects of α7-AChR agonism. Analysis of eighty-two patient plasma samples confirmed enhanced systemic inflammation after aSAH. α7-AChR agonism reduced neuroinflammation at 24 h after SAH in male and female mice, which was associated with improved outcomes. This coincided with JAK2/STAT3 and IRAK-M activity modulations and a robust improvement in neurological/cognitive status that was effectively reversed by interfering with various components of these signaling pathways. Pharmacologic inhibition partially reversed the α7-AChR agonist’s benefits, supporting α7-AChR as a target of the agonist’s therapeutic effect. The cell culture experiment showed that α7-AChR agonism is directly beneficial to microglia. Our results demonstrate that activation of α7-AChR represents an attractive target for treatment of SAH. Our findings suggest that α7-AChR agonists, and specifically galantamine, might provide therapeutic benefit to aSAH patients.
Mycophenolic Acid Exposure Optimization Based on Vitamin D Status in Children with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: A Single-Center Retrospective Study

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) can affect bone metabolism and homeostasis of serum electrolytes that are associated with abnormal levels of vitamin D. Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) is a commonly used immunosuppressant with the active metabolite mycophenolic acid (MPA). The area under the plasma concentration–time curve (AUC) of MPA is often monitored during the treatment to assess the exposure levels. This study aims to explore the association between exposure levels of MPA and 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] levels in children with SLE. Repeated measured data of children with SLE who were treated with MMF and under therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) were retrospectively collected from the electronic medical records. MPA exposure levels were reflected by the area under the concentration–time curve over 24 h (AUC0–24h). Univariate and multivariate linear regression models were employed to analyze factors associated with 25(OH)D levels. Hierarchical linear models were developed to analyze the intra- and inter-individual effects of AUC0–24h on the variance of 25(OH)D levels. Data from 184 children with SLE (142 female and 42 male) with 518 follow-ups were collected. The median age was 14 years (range 3–18 years) at TDM. Children with normal 25(OH)D levels had significantly higher AUC0–24h than children with low 25(OH)D levels (98.71 vs. 84.05 mg·h/L, P = 0.004). Intra- and inter-individual effects of AUC0–24h on 25(OH)D levels were similar ( $${\gamma }_{10}$$ = 0.034 vs. $${\gamma }_{01}$$ = 0.037) but only the intra-individual effect was significant (P = 0.001) in hierarchical models. Other associated factors include age, sex, season at measurement, glucocorticoid daily dose, and external vitamin D3 supplements. 25(OH)D levels are associated with MPA exposure levels, and may serve as a potential indicator to optimize the exposure level of MPA during treatment. AUC0–24h of 98.71 mg·h/L or AUC0–12h of 49.36 mg·h/L could be the targeted exposure level for children with SLE.
Tumor-initiating stem cell shapes its microenvironment into an immunosuppressive barrier and pro-tumorigenic niche.

Summary Tumor-initiating stem cells (TSCs) are critical for drug resistance and immune escape. However, the mutual regulations between TSC and tumor microenvironment (TME) remain unclear. Using DNA-label retaining, single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq), and other approaches, we investigated intestinal adenoma in response to chemoradiotherapy (CRT), thus identifying therapy-resistant TSCs (TrTSCs). We find bidirectional crosstalk between TSCs and TME using CellPhoneDB analysis. An intriguing finding is that TSCs shape TME into a landscape that favors TSCs for immunosuppression and propagation. Using adenoma-organoid co-cultures, niche-cell depletion, and lineaging tracing, we characterize a functional role of cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2)-dependent signaling, predominantly occurring between tumor-associated monocytes and macrophages (TAMMs) and TrTSCs. We show that TAMMs promote TrTSC proliferation through prostaglandin E2 (PGE2)-PTGER4(EP4) signaling, which enhances β-catenin activity via AKT phosphorylation. Thus, our study shows that the bidirectional crosstalk between TrTSC and TME results in a pro-tumorigenic and immunosuppressive contexture.
The Colonial Question before Colonization: Philosophical and Economic Reflections on the July Monarchy

The article examines the arguments of the discussion on colonization during the July monarchy. France had two colonial periods: one that ended around 1790 and one that began around 1860. The first concerned the American continent (West Indies, Canada, Louisiana) and India (Indian trading posts), the second - the African and Asian continents. Between these two periods, the debate on colonization was intense between its supporters and opponents. The French liberal school, led by men like Guizot, Tocqueville, or Passy, opposed colonization as well as slavery. Their arguments against this opposition are economic and humanitarian. Economic, because they consider colonization as something costly and useless for the country that carries it out, as it prevents the country from making the investments necessary for its development. Humanitarian, because they are shocked by the existence of slavery and the slave trade, which leads them to take political action to ensure that the trade is prohibited in areas held by Europeans. At the time of colonization, this movement was extended to the whole of Africa, which put an end to the slavery practised there. The arguments used during this period were taken up again from 1950 onwards at the time of decolonization.
Anatomy for Newborn Circumcision

A keen knowledge of applicable anatomy is essential when performing any surgical procedure, even one as straightforward as circumcision. This chapter provides a review of the basic anatomy along with some helpful tips for those practitioners who perform newborn circumcision.
The Grand Tour in k-Dimensions

The grand tour introduced by Asimov (1985) is based on the idea that one method of searching for structure in d-dimensional data is to “look at it from all possible angles,” more mathematically, to project the data sequentially in to all possible two-planes. The collection of two-planes in a d-dimensional space is called a Grassmannian manifold. A key feature of the grand tour is that the projection planes are chosen according to a dense, continuous path through the Grassmannian manifold which yields the visual impression of points moving continuously.
The Economic and Political Liberalization of Socialism: The Fundamental Problem of Property Rights

All our previous political experience, and especially, of course, the experience of Eastern Europe and Central Asia, offers little hope that democracy can coexist with the centralized allocation of economic resources. Indeed, simple observation suggests that a market economy with private property rights is a necessary, although not sufficient, condition for the existence of a democratic political regime. And this accords fully with the political theory of liberalism, which emphasizes that private rights, both civil and economic, be protected and secure. At the same time, our previous experience also indicates that market economies are more successful than centrally planned economies not only in producing, but also in distributing, both private and collective goods. This economic experienee is supported by neoclassical economic theory, which treats clearly defined and secure rights to private property as essential to a market economy.
impact of the 2010 pakistan floods on rural and urban populations at six months

UNLABELLED: The 2010 Pakistan flood affected 20 million people. The impact of the event and recovery is measured at 6 months. METHODS: Cross-sectional cluster survey of 1769 households conducted six months post-flood in 29 most-affected districts. The outcome measures were physical damage, flood-related death and illness and changes in income, access to electricity, clean water and sanitation facilities. RESULTS: Households were headed by males, large and poor. The flood destroyed 54.8% of homes and caused 86.8% households to move, with 46.9% living in an IDP camp. Lack of electricity increased from 18.8% to 32.9% (p = 0.000), lack of toilet facilities from 29.0% to 40.4% (p=0.000). Access to protected water remained unchanged (96.8%); however, the sources changed (p=0.000). 88.0% reported loss of income (90.0% rural, 75.0% urban, p=0.000) with rural households loosing significantly more and less likely to recovered. Immediate deaths and injuries were uncommon but 77.0% reported flood-related illnesses. Significant differences were noted between urban and rural as well as gender and education of the head of houshold. DISCUSSION: After 6 months, much of the population had not recovered their prior standard of living or access to services. Rural households were more commonly impacted and slower to recover. Targeting relief to high-risk populations including rural, female-headed and those with lower education is needed. Citation: Kirsch TD, Wadhwani C, Sauer L, Doocy S, Catlett C. Impact of the 2010 Pakistan Floods on Rural and Urban Populations at Six Months. PLOS Currents Disasters. 2012 Aug 22. doi: 10.1371/4fdfb212d2432. Language: en
Context-dependent feature selection using unsupervised contexts applied to GPR-based landmine detection

Context-dependent classification techniques applied to landmine detection with ground-penetrating radar (GPR) have demonstrated substantial performance improvements over conventional classification algorithms. Context-dependent algorithms compute a decision statistic by integrating over uncertainty in the unknown, but probabilistically inferable, context of the observation. When applied to GPR, contexts may be defined by differences in electromagnetic properties of the subsurface environment, which are due to discrepancies in soil composition, moisture levels, and surface texture. Context-dependent Feature Selection (CDFS) is a technique developed for selecting a unique subset of features for classifying landmines from clutter in different environmental contexts. In past work, context definitions were assumed to be soil moisture conditions which were known during training. However, knowledge of environmental conditions could be difficult to obtain in the field. In this paper, we utilize an unsupervised learning algorithm for defining contexts which are unknown a priori. Our method performs unsupervised context identification based on similarities in physics-based and statistical features that characterize the subsurface environment of the raw GPR data. Results indicate that utilizing this contextual information improves classification performance, and provides performance improvements over non-context-dependent approaches. Implications for on-line context identification will be suggested as a possible avenue for future work.
Female veterans of the OEF/OIF conflict: Concordance of PTSD symptoms and substance misuse

This study examined the post-deployment rates of comorbid PTSD and substance abuse in a cohort of female veterans who served in Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom (OEF/OIF). Female OEF/OIF veterans and reservists (N=36) completed a battery of assessments as part of a larger study. Of the 36 participants, 11 (31%) screened positive for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 17 (47%) screened positive for high-risk drinking and 2 (6%) screened positive for drug abuse. Higher scores on measures of alcohol and drug use predicted positive PTSD status (p < or = 0.01) and alcohol misuse was significant in explaining unique variance of PTSD status (p < or = 0.05). Our findings suggest a trend toward increased problematic drinking among female OEF/OIF veterans and reservists and a relationship between substance misuse and PTSD. Future research should investigate needs for gender-specific PTSD and substance-abuse treatment needs.
Challenges in the application of conventional PCB quantitation methods to studies of "invasive" freshwater organisms.

We describe significant and unexpected errors in application of a conventional method for the quantitative determination of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in unusual biological tissue samples. A standard method based upon microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) and gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (GC–MS/MS) was applied to a variety of ‘invasive’ freshwater organisms, representing a variety of genera. The 12 ‘co-planar’ PCBs (co-PCBs) were determined at ng g−1 levels in small samples (ca. 750–1000 mg) of eight freshwater species (n = 172). We found that the conventional method could lead to random and relatively large changes in retention times. A nearly five-fold increase in retention variability was observed for ‘lower’ organisms compared to that observed in the analysis of predatory fish tissue. These unexpected retention time changes would result in misidentifications, and become problematic not only for non-selective detectors such as electron capture but also for MS-based approaches. That is, for electron impact (EI) ionization methods, molecular ions (M+) are produced by loss of Cl not only for congeners in the same homolog class but also for fragments of higher homologs (e.g. M − 35 and M − 37), thereby yielding false positive measurement of the target congener when the retention time windows overlap.
Fracture strength measurement of filament assisted CVD polycrystalline diamond films

The fracture strength of polycrystalline diamond films deposited by filament assisted chemical vapor deposition in the thickness range of 3.5 to 160 μm is investigated. Using a burst pressure technique, the fracture strengths of circular diamond film specimens are calculated. An average fracture strength of 730 MPa for nine samples was computed. This value is in good agreement with published strengths of microwave plasma deposited diamond films, comparable to other high strength materials, and within an order of magnitude of the fracture strength of bulk natural diamond. The average fracture strength of the fine-grained substrate interface appears consistently higher than that of the coarse-grained diamond growth surface.
Sex differences in achievement self-attributions: An effect-size analysis

An effect-size analysis of the findings on sex differences in the use of achievement self-attributions was performed to determine if there were relationships between these two variables that accounted for more than 5% of the variance. The effect-size index used was an estimate of omega squared (ω 2 ). Two kinds of sex difference effects were examined: (a) the main effect for sex and (b) the simple sex difference effects for success and failure, respectively. With the exception of luck attributions for success, whose ω 2 was .01, all ω 2 s were less than .01. It was concluded that the studies surveyed provided no evidence of the existence of consequential relationships between sex, achievement, and self-attributions.
The Contributions of Verb Bias and Plausibility to the Comprehension of Temporarily Ambiguous Sentences

Eyetracking and the self-paced moving-window reading paradigm were used in two experiments examining the contributions of both frequency-based verb biases and the plausibility of particular word combinations to the comprehension of temporarily ambiguous sentences. The temporary ambiguity concerned whether a noun following a verb was its direct object (The senator regretted the decision immediately.), or instead the subject of an embedded clause (The senator regretted the decision had been made public.). The experiments crossed the plausibility of the temporarily ambiguous noun as a direct object (e.g.,The senator regretted the decision . . .vsThe senator regretted the reporter . . .) with verb bias, eliminating a confound present in earlier research and allowing an examination of interactions between the two factors. Unbiased verbs were included as well to evaluate the role of plausibility in the absence of verb bias. The results generally replicated Trueswell, Tanenhaus, and Kello's (1993) finding that verb bias has rapid effects on ambiguity resolution, and showed in addition that verb bias and plausibility interact during comprehension. The results are most consistent with parallel interactive models of language comprehension such as constraint satisfaction models.
Tensile Creep of Polycrystalline Near-Stoichiometric Nial

Long term tensile creep studies were conducted on binary NiAl in the temperature range 700-1200 K with the objectives of characterizing and understanding the creep mechanisms. Inverse and normal primary creep curves were observed depending on stress and temperature. It was concluded that the creep of NiAl is limited by dislocation mobility. The stress exponent for creep, n, increased from 5.5 at 1200 K to 13.9 at 700 K. The true activation energy for creep, Qc, was constant and equal to about 400 kJ per mole between 20 and 50 MPa but decreased to a constant value of 250 kJ per mole between 50 and 110 MPa. The activation energy was observed to be stress dependent above 110 MPa. The tensile creep results reported in this investigation were compared with compression creep data reported in the literature. A detailed discussion of the probable dislocation creep mechanisms governing compressive and tensile creep of NiAl is presented. It is concluded that the non-conservative motion of jogs on screw dislocations influenced the nature of the primary creep curves, where the climb of these jogs involves either the next nearest neighbor or the six-jump cycle vacancy diffusion mechanism. The probable nature of the atom vacancy exchange that occur within the core of an edge dislocation undergoing climb in NiAl are schematically examined.
Intensifying Insulin Therapy: What Options Are Available to Patients with Type 2 Diabetes?

The progressive nature of type 2 diabetes (T2D) requires practitioners to periodically evaluate patients and intensify therapy when glycemic targets become unattainable with their current treatment regimen. Traditional first- and second-line antidiabetic agents such as metformin and the sulfonylureas do not prevent the characteristic decline in beta-cell function associated with T2D; insulin replacement therapy can therefore quickly become a necessity in some patients. Basal insulin initiation provides an excellent platform to which rapid-acting prandial insulin doses can easily be added, potentially in a stepwise manner, as disease progresses. Premix insulin regimens are another effective intensification option following basal insulin initiation, but are most effective in insulin-naive patients. The use of insulin in combination with modern T2D agents, such as the incretin-based therapies, has the potential to improve glycemic control while limiting insulin-associated weight gain and hypoglycemia. Further clinical data and approval are required before practitioners can fully endorse this novel approach.
Network utility maximisation scheduling in mesh networks

An optimal scheduling algorithm to maximise network utility is presented in a mesh network operating in a time-division fashion. The proposed scheduling algorithm consists of the shortest path search and the binary search.
When is Prior Ureteral Stent Placement Necessary to Access the Upper Urinary Tract in Prepubertal Children

Purpose: We studied the possibility that age, height, weight and body mass index could be used to predict the likelihood of successful ureteroscopic access to the upper urinary tract without previous stent placement in prepubertal children.Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed all ureteroscopic procedures for upper tract calculi in prepubertal children from 2003 to 2007. We compared age, height, weight and body mass index in patients who underwent successful primary flexible ureteroscopic access and in those who required initial stent placement to perform ureteroscopy.Results: Successful primary ureteroscopic access to the upper tract was achieved in 18 of 30 patients (60%). There was no difference in mean age (9.9 vs 9.5 years, p = 0.8), height (132 vs 128 cm, p = 0.6), weight (37 vs 36 kg, p = 0.86) or body mass index (19.3 vs 20.5 kg/m2, p = 0.55) between patients with successful vs unsuccessful upper tract access. Locations that prevented access to the upper urinary tract were evenly dist...
Protein Structure Initiative Material Repository: an open shared public resource of structural genomics plasmids for the biological community

The Protein Structure Initiative Material Repository (PSI-MR; http://psimr.asu.edu) provides centralized storage and distribution for the protein expression plasmids created by PSI researchers. These plasmids are a resource that allows the research community to dissect the biological function of proteins whose structures have been identified by the PSI. The plasmid annotation, which includes the full length sequence, vector information and associated publications, is stored in a freely available, searchable database called DNASU (http://dnasu.asu.edu). Each PSI plasmid is also linked to a variety of additional resources, which facilitates cross-referencing of a particular plasmid to protein annotations and experimental data. Plasmid samples can be requested directly through the website. We have also developed a novel strategy to avoid the most common concern encountered when distributing plasmids namely, the complexity of material transfer agreement (MTA) processing and the resulting delays this causes. The Expedited Process MTA, in which we created a network of institutions that agree to the terms of transfer in advance of a material request, eliminates these delays. Our hope is that by creating a repository of expression-ready plasmids and expediting the process for receiving these plasmids, we will help accelerate the accessibility and pace of scientific discovery.
Electrocardiographic criteria for diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction in childhood.

Abstract Myocardial infarction (MI), a common occurrence in adults, is generally considered to be rare in children. Electrocardiographic criteria for diagnosis of MI in adults are well known and accepted, but no general criteria exist for children. We report 37 autopsy-proved cases of transmural MI and electrocardiographic evidence of MI in 30 of these cases. A variety of conditions previously reported to produce “pseudo-infarction” are included in these cases of MI, including myocarditis, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, and the cardiomyopathy of Duchenne's muscular dystrophy. Compilation of the electrocardiographic data in all patients allowed for the development of criteria for this diagnosis of MI in childhood, and include wide Q waves (>35 ms) with or without Q-wave notching, ST-segment elevation (>2 mm), and prolonged QT interval corrected for heart rate (QTc > 440 ms) with accompanying Q-wave abnormalities. With use of these electrocardiographic criteria, an additional 3 patients were subsequently diagnosed prospectively with MI and confirmed on autopsy. Pathologic evaluation confirmed the location of infarction predicted by the electrocardiograms in all 3 cases.
A new approach for solving the vorticity and continuity equations in turbomachinery ducts

Abstract : Repeated solutions to the continuity and vorticity equations are frequently required in computations of three dimensional flows in turbomachinery passages. When the two equations are nonhomogeneous previous formulations resulted in two second order differential equations. A new approach is presented here, which is applicable in a generalized two dimensional domain or axisymmetric field. It is based on the definition of a streamlike function which is used to transform these nonhomogeneous first order partial differential equations to a single second order equation with Dirichlet boundary conditions over the solid boundaries. Some applications are presented to show how this new approach can be used to save computer time in numerical flow solutions. (Author)
Huron Smith's ethnobotany of the Hocąk (Winnebago)

The Hocak, commonly known as the Winnebago, are one of the original tribes in the present state of Wisconsin. The field notes of Huron Smith, compiled in the late 1920s and early 1930s, document the extensive use of plant materials by Hocak people. Smith's notes contain references to 199 vascular plant species in 74 families, with recorded uses for 153 of these species. Medicinal plants (with 117 species) comprise the largest category, followed by food (37 species), and fiber and material uses (22 species). Smith's work is unique for its time because he thoroughly explored the tribal uses of the plants in addition to collecting voucher specimens and photographic plates, and because it remains the most extensive Hocąk ethnobotanical study. Added to Smith's other works of tribes in Wisconsin (Menominee, Meskwaki, Ojibwe, and Potawatomi), the Hocak ethnobotany broadens the cultural base of his regional compilation of Native North American plant uses. In addition, this is an important body of information for the Hocąk people and those interested in their use of plants.
Universal dynamical decoupling of multiqubit states from environment

We study the dynamical decoupling of multiqubit states from environment. For a system of $m$ qubits, the nested Uhrig dynamical decoupling (NUDD) sequence can efficiently suppress generic decoherence induced by the system-environment interaction to order $N$ using ${(N+1)}^{2m}$ pulses. We prove that the NUDD sequence is universal, i.e., it can restore the coherence of an $m$-qubit quantum system independent of the details of the system-environment interaction. We also construct a general mapping between dynamical decoupling problems and discrete quantum walks in certain functional spaces.
The technology of computer center management: a proposed course for graduate professional programs in computer science or in information systems

McFarlan and Nolan have made a strong case for adding a course on information systems administration to the 13 courses proposed by the ACM Curriculum Committee on Computer Education for Management for Graduate Professional Programs in Information Systems. This paper is a report on a course entitled, “The Technology of Computer Center Management,” which has been offered at Purdue for the past four years. The course is suitable either for graduate professional programs in information systems or for graduate professional programs in computer science.
Timbre priming effects and expectation in melody

Abstract In this study, participants identified the timbre of pitches when they occurred in isolation, and again when they occurred appended to short melodies. For pitches congruent with the melody, timbre identification generally improved when the pitches were appended to the melody in comparison to when they occurred in isolation. In addition, the amount of improvement was broadly consistent with theoretical accounts of the degree to which the pitches were expected, given the preceding melody. This finding relates both to proposed interactions in processing between pitch and timbre, and to theoretical work regarding melodic expectations. It suggests that melodic expectations can be revealed implicitly, and is consistent with the idea that they operate at a relatively early stage of perceptual processing. In this study, priming effects were shown in listeners without musical training, demonstrating that expectations can develop in response to passive exposure to music, not only in response to formal trai...
A Test of the Second‐Phase and Impurity‐Segregation Models for MgO‐Enhanced Densification of Sintered Alumina

To determine if MgO added within the solubility limit in Al2O3 is sufficient to suppress discontinuous grain growth, an undoped alumina pellet was sintered next to a preequilibrated, two-phase mixture of spinel (MgAl2O1) and alumina. The MgO-doped outer surface of the undoped pellet did sinter to full density; metallography confirmed that the sample was free of second phase. Grain boundaries were analyzed with a scanning Auger microprobe, which showed that the grain boundaries of the inner porous region had approximately the same Ca segregation as those in the dense outer shell region. Therefore, it was concluded that the beneficial effect of magnesium is due neither to second-phase pinning nor to Ca impurity segregation.
Globalization and Policy Convergence

An implicit assumption of most policy analysts and some academics is that globalization leads to a convergence of traditionally national policies governing environmental regulation, consumer health and safety, the regulation of labor, and the ability to tax capital. Some claim that globalization leads to a race to the bottom, where concerns about the regulatory standards are sacrificed on the altar of commerce. Others argue that the growth of transnational governance structures leads to a negotiated convergence of ample regulation. This essay reviews the arguments and evidence for how globalization affects the convergence of regulatory policies, in particular the setting of labor and environmental standards. It argues that the theories of policy convergence, which rely on structural factors to induce policy convergence, are largely unsupported by the empirical evidence. Theories that grant agents autonomous decisionmaking power perform better but remain underspecified. Ironically, the realist paradigm, which has generally denigrated the globalization phenomenon, could prove a fruitful source for theories of improved policy convergence.
Radiation-use efficiency in relation to row spacing for late-planted soybean

Abstract Greater soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.] yield can be achieved at late planting dates by using row spacings narrower than conventional wide rows (76 to 100 cm). Objectives were to determine the relative yield performances of 100−, 50−, and 25-cm row spacings in late-planted soybean and to relate yield differences to changes in yield components, several growth dynamic parameters, and radiation interception. Field studies were conducted at Baton Rouge, LA (30°N Lat.) from 1989 through 1991 at a late planting date with ‘Centennial’ soybean (Maturity Group VI) planted on 100−, 50−, and 25-cm row spacings. The test was conducted on a silty clay soil. Highest yield occurred with 50-cm row width. Yield in the 25− vs. 50-cm rows was less, even though light interception (LI) patterns were similar. Growth dynamic analysis revealed that radiation-use efficiency (RUE) during the first half of the seed filling period was significantly lower in 25− vs. 50− or 100-cm rows. Reduced RUE in 25-cm row spacing was related to reduced pod number associated with lower crop growth rate (CGR) from pod initiation to 10 days after seed initiation. Results indicate that factors other than optimal LI (95%) affect yield responses to row width.
Iron retention in preterm infants fed low iron intakes: A metabolic balance study

There is little data on iron retention in healthy preterm infants. Twenty-four metabolic balance studies were carried out in 13 preterm infants between 17 and 63 days of age, in 11 cases 2 balance were carried out 7 d apart. Iron intake was 1.11 mg/kg/day (SD 0.06), less than the 2 mg/kg/d typically recommended for preterm infants. Iron retention was positive in the majority (3/13) of the first balances, and in all 11 of the second balances. Iron retention increased significanty between the two balances (from 0.095 mg/kg/d (SD 0.178) to 0.270 (SD 0.209)). Iron retention was significantly related to the time that the infant had been on enteral feeds at the time the balance was carried out. Iron retention was significantly greater than the requirement estimated to be needed to meet the needs for growth and expansion of the circulating red cell mass. Iron intakes of about 1 mg/kg/d seem to be adequate to support the requirements for growth in preterm infants during this time period, but are significantly less than the estimated in utero accretion rate of the fetus.
Coralline barium records temporal variability in equatorial Pacific upwelling

LATTICE-BOUND cadmium in scleractinian corals has been shown to be a sensitive tracer of historical changes in the nutrient content of surface waters1,2. Barium also substitutes into the lattice of aragonite reef-building corals because there is solid solution between orthorhombic BaCO3 (witherite) and CaCO3(aragonite)3. It is expected that the substitution should be proportional to the Ba content of sea water, which increases from low values in warm surface waters to higher values in cold deep waters. Here we present a high-resolution coralline Ba record from the Galapagos Islands spanning the period 1965–1978. Coralline Ba/Ca tracks historical sea surface temperatures, reflecting the vertical displacement of warm nutrient-poor surface waters by cold, nutrient-rich source waters. Differences between coralline Ba and Cd records may be due to preferential uptake of Cd by phytoplankton during times of lower surface nutrients.