cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Molecular recognition in adenosine receptors

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the molecular recognition in adenosine receptors. Extracellular adenosine acts as a modulator within many physiological systems, in general, to compensate for excessive activity of a given organ and to protect it against the detrimental effects of stress. Adenosine is particularly critical in maintaining the homeostasis of essential organs such as the brain, heart, and kidneys. It is also very important for the immune system. In the brain, exogenously administered adenosine agonists have proven exceptionally efficient in neuroprotection. Adenosine has been shown to be involved in pain, cognition, movement, and sleep. Adenosine agonists, which are almost exclusively derivatives of adenosine, have been sought as potential anti-arrhythmic, anti-lipolytic and cerebroprotective agents (A 1 ), and hypotensive and anti-psychotic agents (A 2A ). Adenosine antagonists, of which xanthines and a number of fused heterocyclic compounds is representative, have been under development as anti-asthmatic, anti-depressant, anti-arrhythmic, renal protective, anti-Parldnson's, and cognition enhancing drugs.
EFFECT OF RADIOPHOSPHORUS DECAY ON CISTRON FUNCTION IN BACTERIOPHAGE T4. II. STABILIZATION TO INACTIVATION DURING PHAGE GROWTH.

The lethal effects of decay of incorporated 32 P atoms on the functional and genetic survival of various “early” and “late” cistrons of bacteriophage T4 were examined at successive stages of intracellular phage growth. For this purpose, host bacteria non-permissive for am mutants were infected jointly with 32 P-labeled am + wild type and non-radioactive am mutant phages. These experiments showed that during the first few minutes of phage growth there sets in a progressive reduction in 32 P decay sensitivity, or stabilization, of functional and genetic survival of both “early” and “late” viral cistrons, similar to the progressive decay stabilization previously observed for the infectivity of the whole phage. Decay stabilization of cistron function depends on protein synthesis in the cell, since it does not proceed in the presence of chloramphenicol. Interference with protein synthesis by amino acid downshift of the host bacteria just prior to their infection also retards greatly the stabilization of phage infectivity, of genetic survival of both “early” and “late” cistrons, and of function of “late” cistrons, but it does not seriously delay stabilization of function of “early” cistrons. It is concluded from these findings that the progressive stabilization to 32 P decay inactivation which occurs at early stages of intracellular T4 phage growth derives neither from replication nor from phenotypic expression of the infecting phage genome. Instead, it must represent a progressive reduction in the intrinsic radiosensitivity of the viral DNA, most likely brought about by a gradual change in its structure.
Visual perceptual skill, reading ability, and the young deaf child.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate visual perceptual skills of beginning readers. Greek and English trigrams were presented tachistoscopically to deaf and normally hearing children to test t...
A McCarthy short form for rapid screening of preschool, kindergarten, and first-grade children

Abstract A short form of the McCarthy was developed primarily to help meet the needs for a well-normed brief instrument to be used for the rapid screening of preschool, kindergarten, and first-grade children. The proposed short form comprises 6 of the 15 tests in the General Cognitive Scale: Puzzle Solving, Word Knowledge, Numerical Memory, Verbal Fluency, Counting and Sorting, and Conceptual Grouping. The abbreviated form was specifically geared to the 3–6 year age range, although equations to convert short-form score to estimated General Cognitive Index were provided for children across the entire span of 2 1 2 to 8 1 2 years. The short form was shown to have a standard error of estimate of about 6 points and to have excellent psychometric properties in general.
Survey Research Policies: An Emerging Issue for Higher Education.

In recent years, college administrators have become concerned with survey fatigue among students and declining response rates. Some campuses have responded by implementing policies about who can conduct surveys and which topics are permitted. This chapter describes the development of such policies and provides valuable suggestions to campus administrators.
Looking at the Social Work Profession Through the Eye of the NASW Code of Ethics

This article examines what the NASW (National Association of Social Workers) Code of Ethics says about issues faced by contemporary social work practice and considers its implications for the acceptance of social work as a profession. How social work measures up to Flexner’s attribute of a profession “altruistic in motivation” is examined in greater depth. Concern is raised about the growing gap between social work practice and social work ethics. Social workers’ acting more assertively on the social justice responsibilities contained in the code is seen as crucial for the future of the profession.
Nested Range Conditions for LU Factorizations of Integer Matrices

Necessary and sufficient conditions are given for an integer matrix A to have an integer LU factorization, that is, a factorization A = LU where L and U are integer lower and upper triangular matrices, respectively. The possibilities of computing such factorizations with integer Gaussian elimination are discussed. Gaussian elimination may be used to obtain an LU factorization of any rectangular matrix A over a field provided that one interchanges rows and columns of A to obtain nonzero pivots. Thus one actually obtains an LU factorization of PAQ for some permutation matrices P and Q. Under what conditions will a matrix have an LU factorization if such permutation matrices are not used? In [3] the authors considered n x n matrices A over the complex field, and gave necessary and sufficient range type conditions for A to be factored as LU, with all diagonal entries of U equal to 1. We generalize this result to matrices over the integers. In [l] we considered m x n integer matrices A where rank A = r and the first r leading principal minors of A are nonzero. Necessary and sufficient conditions on the pivots were given for A to have various types of integer LDU factorizations, and a modification of Gaussian elimination was presented for finding such factorizations when they exist. An algorithm was also given for ordering the vertices of a tree with a loop at its root so that its adjacency matrix has an integer LU factorization. In [2] we proved that in
Some practical aspects of the helical Cerenkov effect

The helical Cerenkov effect as a novel radiation source, we believe, should be observable from microwave to visible wavelengths. From the kinematics point of view, microwave radiation with the wavelength of 10-1 cm could occur in a medium with the index of refraction of 1.4, beam energy of 3 MeV, and the uniform magnetic field of 4 Tesla. In the visible spectrum with the central wavelength of 5 X 10-5 cm, however, the observability of this effect is achieved with up to 3 MeV in beam energy, silica aerogel as a medium with the index of refraction of 1.075, and uniform magnetic fields from 5 to 10 Tesla. Specifically, for the 10 Tesla magnetic field, it is estimated that in the 250 - 750 nm visible region an electron generates a photon through an interaction length of 10 cm. As such, this effect could possibly be used as a detector of radiation by energetic electrons that are trapped in a medium by strong magnetic fields.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
New Mexican locust and parent material : influence on forest floor and soil macronutrients

The effect of the New Mexican locust (Robinia neomexicana Gray) on N, P, S, and Ca, Mg, K and organic C in the soil-litter system of a ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Douglas, ex P. Lawson & Lawson) forest in central Arizona was studied on sites with either basalt or limestone parent material. Samples of the Oi and Oe + Oa horizons (forest floor) and 0- to 5- and 5- to 15-cm soil layers from 10 pairs (with and without locust) of randomly located pine stands were sampled and analyzed for total N, P, and S, total (forest floor) and exchangeable (mineral soil) Ca, Mg, and K, and organic C (Cₒᵣg). The 10 stand pairs represented five sites with basalt and five with limestone parent material. There were no significant parent material × locust interactions for the nutrients considered. Locust presence increased nutrient concentrations of N and Ca most strongly (in both Oe + Oa and soil layers) and Cₒᵣg, P, S, and K concentrations to a lesser extent. Concentrations of N, P, and K were significantly higher in mineral soils derived from basalt. Increased amounts of N in forest floor and mineral soil, and increased amount of P, Ca, Mg, and K in the forest floor were associated with locust presence. Amounts of Cₒᵣg, N, P, and exchangeable K were greater in soil components of stands with basalt parent material. Forest floor mass was greatest for basalt sites with locust; this and nutrient composition differences between locust leaves and pine needles suggest greater nutrient differences between parent materials may accrue with age of locust stands. Research supported by the McIntire-Stennis Cooperative Forestry Research Program in cooperation with the Arizona Agric. Exp. Stn.
Growth of inertia–gravity waves in sheared inertial currents

The linear stability of inviscid non-diffusive density-stratified shear flow in a rotating frame is considered. A temporally periodic base flow, characterized by vertical shear S, buoyancy frequency N and rotation frequency f, is perturbed by infinitesimal inertia-gravity waves. The temporal evolution and stability characteristics of the disturbances are analysed using Floquet theory and the growth rates of unstable solutions are computed numerically. The global structure of solutions is addressed in the dimensionless parameter space (N/f, S/f, 0) where 0 is the wavenumber inclination angle from the horizontal for the wave-like perturbations. Both weakly stratified rapidly rotating flows (N f) are examined. Distinct families of unstable modes are found, each of which can be associated with nearby stable solutions of periodicity T or 2T where T is the inertial frequency 2n/f. Rotation is found to be a destabilizing factor in the sense that stable non-rotating shear flows with N 2 /5 2 >1/4 can be unstable in a rotating frame. Morever, instabilities by parametric resonance are found associated with free oscillations at half and integer multiples of the inertial frequency.
Mock News and Democracy: Analyzing The Daily Show

The Daily Show is a television program that uses “fake” news stories and real guest interviews to mock the substance and form of traditional television news programs. A content analysis examined the news stories and interviews in 52 episodes of The Daily Show from early 2005. Of the 222 news stories in these episodes, more than half addressed political topics; a fourth did so using issue frames. Almost half of the stories addressed world affairs. A smaller—but nonetheless substantial—percentage addressed the news media. Many of the 52 interviews also addressed politics, world affairs, and the news media. These findings, taken in conjunction with findings regarding the effects of “soft news” media, suggest that The Daily Show may have the potential to educate viewers about politics (including policy issues), draw their attention to events in world affairs, and encourage them to think critically—or perhaps cynically—about traditional news.
The Effects of Dissolved Gas Supersaturation on White Sturgeon Larvae

Abstract Spill at dams has caused supersaturation of atmospheric gas in waters of the Columbia and Snake rivers and raised concerns about the effects of dissolved gas supersaturation (DGS) on white sturgeons Acipenser transmontanus. The timing and location of white sturgeon spawning and the dispersal of white sturgeon larvae from incubation areas makes the larval stage potentially vulnerable to the effects of DGS. To assess the effects of DGS on white sturgeon larvae, we exposed larvae to mean total dissolved gas (TDG) levels of 118% and 131% saturation in laboratory bioassay tests. Gas bubble trauma (GBT) was manifested as a gas bubble in the buccal cavity, nares, or both and it first occurred at developmental stages characterized by the formation of the mouth and gills. Exposure times of 15 min were sufficient to elicit these signs in larvae in various stages of development. No mortality was observed in larvae exposed to 118% TDG for 10 d, but 50% mortality occurred after a 13-d exposure to 131% TDG. Th...
An unexpected role for PI4,5P2 in EGF receptor endosomal trafficking

Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is highly expressed or overly active in many types of cancer, including head and neck, breast, ovarian, esophageal and non-small cell lung cancers.1 Increased expression of EGFR has been associated with resistance to standard therapies and poor patient prognosis. EGFR signaling promotes cancer progression by stimulating angiogenesis, cancer cell proliferation, migration, invasion and metastasis. To design more efficient anti-EGFR therapies for cancers, the mechanisms by which EGFR expression and signaling are modulated must be well defined.
Interface flaw extension under in-plane loadings

Abstract The wave propagation problem associated with symmetric extension of a stress-free crack at a constant rate along the interface of perfectly bonded elastic half-spaces under uniform in-plane loadings is considered. Because no characteristic length appears in the problem formulation, homogeneous function techniques are applied and approximate solutions are obtained as single integrals of complex functions. As in the corresponding static problem, the values of all the field variables undergo rapid oscillations near the crack edges. This behavior can be interpreted as interpenetration of the half-space materials in a small region near the crack edges.
The effects of California minimum nurse staffing laws on nurse labor and patient mortality in skilled nursing facilities

This article investigates how a change in minimum nurse staffing regulation for California skilled nursing facilities (SNFs) affects nurse employment and how induced changes in nurse staffing affect patient mortality. In 2000, legislation increased the minimum nurse staffing standard and altered the calculation of nurse staffing, which created incentives to shift employment to lower skilled nurse labor. SNFs constrained by the new regulation increase absolute and relative hours worked by the lowest skilled type of nurse. Using this regulation change to instrument for measured nurse staffing levels, it is determined that increases in nurse staffing reduce on-site SNF patient mortality.
A rapid method for gas chromatographic analysis of mono- and disaccharide mixtures.

Abstract A technique is described for the rapid gas-liquid chromatographic analysis of mixtures of carbohydrate trimethylsilyl ethers prepared at mutarotation equilibrium. A mixture containing arabinose, ribose, xylose, fructose, glucose, galactose, mannose, sucrose, maltose, and cellobiose can be determined in less than 16 min using high-rate temperature programming.
Surfactant and inhaled nitric oxide in rats alleviate acute lung injury induced by intestinal ischemia and reperfusion.

Abstract Background: Respiratory distress and acute lung injury (ALI) are severe complications of intestinal ischemia and reperfusion injury (I/R). The authors hypothesize that a combined surfactant and inhaled nitric oxide (iNO) may alleviate I/R-induced ALI. Methods: Adult rats (body weight 285 to 315 g, n=45) were allocated randomly to either a negative control group (N-Control, n=9) with only sham laparotomy, or groups (n = 9 each) for induction of I/R by occlusion of superior mesenteric artery, followed by treatment with (1) surfactant at 100 mg/kg (Surf), (2) iNO at 20 ppm (NO), (3) both surfactant and iNO (SNO), or (4) no surfactant no iNO (a positive control, P-Control). Mechanical ventilation was provided for 120 minutes with variable peak insufflation pressure and FIO 2 to achieve adequate arterial pH, PaO 2 , and PaCO 2 . Blood gas values, dynamic lung compliance (Cdyn), and airway resistance (Raw) were measured during the 2-hour treatment. Lung wet-to-dry weight ratio (W/D), histopathology, and morphometric analysis of alveolar expansion (V V ) were determined at the end of the experiment. Results: After 120 minutes of treatment, the SNO group had the highest PaO 2 and Cdyn values, close to that of the N-Control group. The Surf, NO, and SNO groups had higher V V and lower CV (V V ) values than the P-Control, but modest decrease of W/D values. The NO group had moderately improved PaO 2 but Cdyn and V V were as low as that of the P-Control. The lungs of the SNO group had significantly alleviated edema and neutrophil infiltration compared with the P-Control. Conclusions: The combined surfactant and iNO treatment alleviated rat ALI induced by I/R, and exerted effects better than the use of surfactant or iNO alone. J Pediatr Surg 36:980-984. Copyright © 2001 by W.B. Saunders Company.
Structured flowcharts for multiprocessing

We present a flowchart language for parallel processing: in addition to the ''standard'' components, our flowcharts contain fork, join and synchronizing nodes. Extending the work of Mills, we suggest restrictions on controlling computation flow and show that any proper program can be algorithmically transformed to an equivalent structured program.
Normative data for modified Thorington phorias and prism bar vergences from the Benton-IU study.

Background The use of a phoropter for measuring phorias and vergences in children is common in the optometric profession. For young children, the use of the phoropter can be confusing, making it difficult to obtain accurate measurements. Free space testing allows for direct observation of the eyes in a natural environment and is easier for children to understand the directions. The normal values for phorias and vergences used with children are derived from testing with a phoropter or free space measurements with mostly adult patients. Methods The Benton-IU Project was a large multidisciplinary study of factors affecting school performance conducted by the Indiana University School of Optometry and the Indiana University Department of Speech and Hearing with the cooperation of the Benton Community School Corporation (Benton County, Indiana). This project allowed the authors to obtain data on modified Thorington phorias and prism bar vergences from a nonselected group of first and fourth graders as part of an eye/vision examination. Results In this report, central tendency and variability statistics for modified Thorington and prism bar vergences are reported based on the data from the Benton-IU Study. Conclusion The data presented in this report can be used by optometrists when deciding if the patient’s phorias and vergences are within normal limits for children in the first through fourth grades.
Paramagnetic properties of cubic RbSm3F10 and KHo3F10

Abstract The title compounds crystallize in the cubic KY 3 F 10 structure, with the rare earth ion occupying a site of tetragonal symmetry. Paramagnetic susceptibilities are compared with predictions based on experimental crystal field parameters, down to temperatures of ∼10 mK.
Study of memory effects in international market indices

Abstract Long term memory effects in stock market indices that represent internationally diversified stocks are analyzed in this paper and the results are compared with the S&P 500 index. The Hurst exponent and the Detrended fluctuation analysis (DFA) technique are the tools used for this analysis. The financial time-series data of these indices are tested with the Normalized Truncated Levy Flight to check whether the evolution of these indices is explained by the TLF . Some features that seem to be specific for international indices are discovered and briefly discussed. In particular, a potential investor seems to be faced with new investment opportunities in emerging markets during and especially after a crisis.
A multi-model and multi-index evaluation of drought characteristics in the 21st century

Drought is a natural hazard that can have severe and long-lasting impacts on natural and human systems. Although increases in global greenhouse forcing are expected to change the characteristics and impacts of drought in the 21st century, there remains persistent uncertainty about how changes in temperature, precipitation and soil moisture will interact to shape the magnitude – and in some cases direction – of drought in different areas of the globe. Using data from 15 global climate models archived in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5), we assess the likelihood of changes in the spatial extent, duration and number of occurrences of four drought indices: the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI), the Standardized Runoff Index (SRI), the Standardized Precipitation–Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) and the Supply–Demand Drought Index (SDDI). We compare these characteristics in two future periods (2010–2054 and 2055–2099) of the Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5 (RCP8.5). We find increases from the baseline period (1961–2005) in the spatial extent, duration and occurrence of “exceptional” drought in subtropical and tropical regions, with many regions showing an increase in both the occurrence and duration. There is strong agreement on the sign of these changes among the individual climate models, although some regions do exhibit substantial uncertainty in the magnitude of change. The changes in SPEI and SDDI characteristics are stronger than the changes in SPI and SRI due to the greater influence of temperature changes in the SPEI and SDDI indices. In particular, we see a robust permanent emergence of the spatial extent of SDDI from the baseline variability in West, East and Saharan Africa as early as 2020 and by 2080 in several other subtropical and tropical regions. The increasing likelihood of exceptional drought identified in our results suggests increasing risk of drought-related stresses for natural and human systems should greenhouse gas concentrations continue along their current trajectory.
Plant Proteinase inhibitors: A defense against herbivorous insects?

Using the tomato plant, Lycopersicon esculentum L., and the beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), we have demonstrated that insect herbivory induces a rapid decline in plant quality. This decline in plant quality manifests itself by a highly significant reduction in rate of larval growth on a medium containing foliage from insect-damaged as opposed to undamaged tomato plants. The induction of tomato Proteinase inhibitors, as a result of larval feeding, is invoked as a factor that systemically reduces leaf quality. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Pflanzenproteinaseinhibitoren: ein Abwehrmechanismus gegen herbivore Insekten? Eine zentrale Theorie in der Erforschung von Insekten-Wirtspflanzen-Wechselbeziehungen ist, dass sich bestimmte naturlich vorkommende Pflanzeninhaltsstoffe in Pflanzen zur Abwehr herbivorer Insekten und anderer Parasiten entwickelt haben. Zur Zeit herrschende uberlegungen beinhalten auch das Konzept, dass herbivore Insekten das Potential besitzen, Veranderungen in der Abwehrund/oder Nahrungsqualitat von Wirtspflanzen hervorzurufen, die den herbivoren Insekten schaden. Gegenwartig is nur wenig uber die Ursachen dieser von Insekten induzierten Veranderungen der Wirtspflanzenqualitat bekannt. Jedoch werden haufig unterschiedliche Gehalte der Pflanzen an Phenolderivaten, Protein und/oder Proteinaseinhibitoren mit den Abwehrmechanismen in Zusammenhang gebracht. Diese Arbeit untersucht das Potential von Pflanzenproteinaseinhibitoren, als induzierbare Abwehr gegen herbivore Noctuidenlarven zu wirken. Tomatenpflanzen enthalten Proteinaseinhibitoren (PIs), die durch Verletzen der Pflanze induziert werden. Es besteht die Hypothese, dass diese Synthese von PIs einen Abwehrmechanismus gegen blattfressende Insekten darstellt. Diese Hypothese ist niemals angemessen in planta getestet worden und wird von uns anhand von Spodoptera exigua und Tomatenpflanzen, Lycopersicon esculentum, getestet. Weiterhin sollte festgestellt werden, ob eine Beziehung zwischen der PI-Konzentration im Blatt und dem Wachstum von Blattmaterial fressenden Larven besteht. Anstelle lebender Pflanzen wurde dazu eine feste, Blattmaterial enthaltende Diat (15% gefriergetrocknetes Blattmaterial angemischt in Agarlosung und Sorbinsaure) benutzt, was die Verwending einer unverletzten Kontrolle ermoglichte. Diese kunstliche Diat wurde S. exigua angeboten. Die Ergebnisse des Futterungsversuches (Fig. 2) zeigen, dass eine signifikante inverse Beziehung (r2 = 0.81, p = 0.05) zwischen der PI-Konzentration im Blattgewebe und den mittleren Gewichten von Larven von S. exigua besteht. Nicht dargestellt ist die nicht signifikante Korrelation zwischen mittlerem Gewicht der Larven und den Gehalten an Blattprotein (r2 = 0.47, p > 0.25) und Phenolderivaten (r2 = 0.50, p = 0.25). Diese Ergebnisse veranlassen uns zu dem Ruckschluss, dass Tomatenproteinaseinhibitoren als systemisch induzierbare antibiotische chemische Abwehr gegen herbivore Insekten wie Noctuidenlarven anzusehen sind, und dass PIs einen Faktor darstellen, der zur systemischen Reduktion der Blattqualitat von Tomaten fuhrt.
A brief look at the Tsypkin criterion: from analysis to design

Tsypkin was among the first to recognize the importance of the Popov criterion and to extend it to discrete-time systems in the form now known as the Tsypkin criterion. This paper briefly reviews the evolution of the Tsypkin criterion from its original use in absolute stability analysis to its current application as a design tool. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A 31P Nmr Spectroscopy Study of Xenopus Laevis Heart Perfused In Vitro with Creatinol-O-Phosphate, Phosphocreatine, Adenosine Triphosphate, Fructose Diphosphate and Ouabain

Xenopus laevis heart was studied by 31P NMR using a 200 MHz proton spectrometer; hearts were perfused, at pH 7.35 and room temperature, with normal oxygenated or K(+)-enriched Ringer. Solution was later added with creatinol-O-phosphate (COP), phosphocreatine (PCr), adenosine triphosphate (ATP), fructose-1,6-diphosphate (FDP) and ouabain. NMR spectra of the heart show organic phosphomono- and phosphodi-esters, inorganic phosphate, PCr, overlapping alpha-ATP/ADP and gamma-ATP/beta-ADP, and beta-ATP signals. Their chemical shift positions and areas showed no significant changes in the course of 1.5 h perfusions with either solution, except in a few preparations, whether the heart was beating or reversibly arrested. While COP reduced the signals in beating hearts, the same spectra exhibited no consistent, substantial changes under PCr, ATP and FDP 1 to 10 mM, pH 7.35 perfusion with either solution, nor when ouabain mumol was added. The spectra are briefly discussed in comparison with those observed in the perfused heart of mammals (mostly rat), and particularly with those obtained in the frog (Rana temporaria) heart, both by analysing the bioenergetic equilibria on the basis of total tissue substrate levels measured in extracts of freeze-clamped tissue, and by evaluating cytochrome-b, flavin and pyridine nucleotide in vitro oxido-reduction read-outs in separate, similar experimental settings.
Antarctica: Turning the world upside down

Research, not pole-bagging, was the lasting achievement of Antarctic exploration 100 years ago, says Edward J. Larson.
Uniform limit theorems for Harris recurrent Markov chains

We study uniform limit theorems for regenerative processes and get strong law of large numbers and central limit theorem of this type. Then we apply those results to Harris recurrent Markov chains based on some ideas of K. Athreya, P. Ney and E. Nummelin.
Structure-Function Analysis of Rny1 in tRNA Cleavage and Growth Inhibition

T2 ribonucleases are conserved nucleases that affect a variety of processes in eukaryotic cells including the regulation of self-incompatibility by S-RNases in plants, modulation of host immune cell responses by viral and schistosome T2 enzymes, and neurological development and tumor progression in humans. These roles for RNaseT2’s can be due to catalytic or catalytic-independent functions of the molecule. Despite this broad importance, the features of RNaseT2 proteins that modulate catalytic and catalytic-independent functions are poorly understood. Herein, we analyze the features of Rny1 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae to determine the requirements for cleaving tRNA in vivo and for inhibiting cellular growth in a catalytic-independent manner. We demonstrate that catalytic-independent inhibition of growth is a combinatorial property of the protein and is affected by a fungal-specific C-terminal extension, the conserved catalytic core, and the presence of a signal peptide. Catalytic functions of Rny1 are independent of the C-terminal extension, are affected by many mutations in the catalytic core, and also require a signal peptide. Biochemical flotation assays reveal that in rny1Δ cells, some tRNA molecules associate with membranes suggesting that cleavage of tRNAs by Rny1 can involve either tRNA association with, or uptake into, membrane compartments.
Human factors review for nuclear power plant severe accident sequence analysis

The paper discusses work conducted to: (1) support the severe accident sequence analysis of a nuclear power plant transient based on an assessment of operator actions, and (2) develop a descriptive model of operator severe accident management. Operator actions during the transient are assessed using qualitative and quantitative methods. A function-oriented accident management model provides a structure for developing technical operator guidance on mitigating core damage preventing radiological release.
Inferring the population structure and demographic history of the tick, Amblyomma americanum Linnaeus.

A hierarchial population genetic study was conducted on 703 individual Amblyomma americanum from nine populations in Georgia, U.S.A. Populations were sampled from the Coastal Plain, midland Piedmont region, and the upper Piedmont region. Twenty-nine distinct haplotypes were found. A minimum spanning tree was constructed that indicated these haplotypes comprised two lineages, the root of which was distinctly star-like. The majority of the variation found was among ticks within each population, indicating high amounts of gene flow and little genetic differentiation between the three regions. An overall F ST value of 0.006 supported the lack of genetic structuring between collection sites in Georgia. Mantel regression analysis revealed no isolation by distance. Signatures of population expansion were detected in the shapes of the mismatch distribution and tests of neutrality. The absence of genetic differentiation combined with the rejection of the null model of isolation by distance may indicate recent range expansion in Georgia or insufficient time to reach an equilibrium where genetic drift may have affected allele frequencies. Alternatively, the high degree of panmixia found within A. americanum in Georgia may be due to bird-mediated dispersal of ticks increasing the genetic similarity between geographically separated
Management of a patient with Factor VII deficiency

Several approaches to the dental treatment of patients with Factor VII deficiencies have been explained. The case of a patient with Factor VII deficiency who required dental extractions has been presented and the rationale for the treatment used in this case has been discussed.
On Incompetent Monks and Able Urbane Nuns in a Buddhist Monastic Code

Most modern scholars seem to assume that Buddhist monks in early India had a good knowledge of Buddhist doctrine and at least of basic Buddhist texts. But the compilers of the vinayas or monastic codes seem not to have shared this assumption. The examples presented here are drawn primarily from one vinaya, and show that the compilers put in place a whole series of rules to deal with situations in which monks were startlingly ignorant of both doctrine and text. One of these examples is particularly interesting for what it suggests about the linguistic sophistication of nuns, and another because it presents a case in which a nun is required to fill an important liturgical role in public and in the presence of monks.
Content and Process in Clinical Decision‐Making by Nurse Practitioners

Clinical decision-making is the process nurses use to gather information, evaluate it and make a judgment that results in the provision of patient care. This research sought to increase our understanding of clinical decision making by nurse practitioners. The sample consisted of 27 nurse practitioners; 6 OB/GYN nurse practitioners, 11 experienced family nurse practitioners and 10 inexperienced family nurse practitioners. All subjects cared for the same patient who was presented via computer and interactive video. Findings indicated that nurse practitioners use a process of clinical decision-making in which diagnostic hypotheses drive data acquisition. The OB/GYN nurse practitioners were more likely to develop lists of diagnostic hypotheses which reflected the patient's chief complaint, while both experienced and inexperienced family nurse practitioners were more likely to acquire subjective and objective data that did not appear to be hypothesis driven.
Sex differences associated with intermittent swim stress

AbstractVarious animal models of depression have been used to seek a greater understanding of stress-related disorders. However, there is still a great need for novel research in this area, as many individuals suffering from depression are resistant to current treatment methods. Women have a higher rate of depression, highlighting the need to investigate mechanisms of sex differences. Therefore, we employed a new animal model to assess symptoms of depression, known as intermittent swim stress (ISS). In this model, the animal experiences 100 trials of cold water swim stress. ISS has already been shown to cause signs of behavioral depression in males, but has yet to be assessed in females. Following ISS exposure, we looked at sex differences in the Morris water maze and forced swim test. The results indicated a spatial learning effect only in the hidden platform task between male and female controls, and stressed and control males. A consistent spatial memory effect was only seen for males exposed to ISS. I...
Groupware Technologies for Education in AulaNet

This paper presents AulaNet—an environment for creation and maintenance of Web-based courses. This environment is based on three concepts: communication, coordination, and cooperation. This paper also presents some groupware technologies used in the environment and some future trends that will guide its development, focusing the creation of knowledge communities. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 8: 170–177, 2000
Visualization and Measurements of Rub-Groove Leakage Effects on Straight-Through Labyrinth Seals

For the first time flow visualization images and leakage measurements were obtained and analyzed for an enhanced understanding of the effect of rub-grooves on straight-through labyrinth seal leakage. It was found that leakage resistance decreases sharply with increasing rub-groove axial width. Further, for small tooth clearances with medium- or large-width rub-grooves, the groove gives an approximate 50 percent drop in leakage resistance. At the medium clearance, the presence of medium- or large-width rub-grooves increases and decreases the resistance at low Re and high Re, respectively. At the large clearance, the presence of grooves increases the resistance by some 200 percent and 40 percent for low Re and high Re, respectively. However, large clearance applications generally give very high Re where the 40 percent increase occurs.In addition, a vena contracta effect from the throughflow jet penetration into the rub-grooves was found on the flow pattern and on the leakage resistance. When penetration occurs, the trajectory angle of the jet entering the subsequent labyrinth cavity is sometimes dramatically altered, giving less kinetic energy carry-over to the subsequent tooth clearance.Copyright © 1998 by ASME
The Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment: A comment on Zimmerman's critique

Abstract This paper is a reply to an article in this journal by M. Zimmerman titled “The Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment: A Comment on Elardo and Bradley's Review”. We found Zimmerman's critique of our original review article (Developmental Review, 1981, 1, 113–145) to contain points which were well taken, and several which seemed pedantic. Specifically, we address his concerns about our discussion of the HOME scale's interrater reliability, test-retest stability, concurrent validity, and predictive validity; and we reply to his comments about the uses of the HOME scale for purposes of screening and matching environments.
Synaptonemal complex formation in pollen mother cells of Tradescantia

Seven nuclei of Tradescantia sp. (2n=12) were prepared using Gillies' modification of the Counce-Meyer whole-mount spreading technique. These nuclei were examined for the type (homologous and nonhomologous), amount, and location of synaptonemal complex (SC) formation. Estimates of the total potential number of discrete initiations of SC formation ranged from 251–299 per nucleus. The average distance between sites of initiation ranged from 7.3 to 11.2 μm in the different nuclei. Two groups of Tradescantia were used. Of the T. ohiensis var. paludosa plants, the one instance of irregularity in synapsis was associated with a pairing partner switchpoint. In the other plants derived from Mericle's Clone 02, all nuclei, even those in early zygotene, had several examples of foldback synapsis. The significance of the location of SC formation, and the occurrence of foldback synapsis is considered and a model of SC formation is proposed. In this model, a “recognition of homology” step is not considered necessary for SC formation; homologous synapsis is usually accomplished by spatial and temporal coordination of zygotene DNA synthesis.
Content of reports on clinical trials: A critical review

A 10% sample of English language papers, published in 1980, listed in IndexMedicus, and classified under the heading, Clinical Trials, was used to assess the state of trials and reports from them. Tabulations are presented concerning the design of the trials represented by the papers in the sample. The manuscript concludes with a discussion of reporting responsibilities for investigators involved in trials and of methods for meeting those responsibilities.
The role of overt rehearsal in enhanced conscious memory for emotional events.

This study tested the hypothesis that overt rehearsal is sufficient to explain enhanced memory associated with emotion by experimentally manipulating rehearsal of emotional material. Participants viewed two sets of film clips, one set of emotional films and one set of relatively neutral films. One set of films was viewed in each of two sessions, with approximately 1 week between the sessions. Participants were given a free recall test of all of films viewed approximately 1 week after the second session. Rehearsal was manipulated by instructing one group of participants not to discuss the films with anyone (no talk group) and instructing a second group to discuss both sets of films with at least three people (forced talk group). A third group consisted of participants instructed not to discuss the films with anyone, but who did not comply with these instructions (talkers group). All groups recalled significantly more of the emotional films than the neutral films. Furthermore, the relative number of emotional and neutral films recalled did not differ significantly among the three groups. The results indicate that overt rehearsal is insufficient to explain the enhancing effects of emotion on memory.
ELECTRON MICROSCOPE STUDY OF SURFACE IMMUNOGLOBULIN-BEARING HUMAN TONSIL CELLS

Surface immunoglobulin-bearing cells were selected from suspensions of human tonsil cells by the reverse immune cytoadherence technique. The method employed a hybrid antibody directed against Ig on lymphoid cells and against ferritin bound to sheep red blood cells (SRBC). Only 6% of the cells formed rosettes. When subjected to electron microscopy they were shown to consist of a morphologically heterogeneous population of cells. However, most cells in the center of rosettes showed ribosome-associated endoplasmic reticulum (RER) and polyribosomes. Usually these organelles were located in close proximity to membrane sites where a 400-600 A bridge was resolved between the lymphocyte and the ferritin particle on the SRBC. The bridge is postulated to consist at least in part of Ig. Only 50% of the plasma cells formed rosettes and bridges could not be resolved. The surface of the plasma cells within rosettes differed from that of plasma cells which had not reacted with ferritin-coated sheep erythrocytes. The incidence of plasma cells and gamma-globulin-bearing lymphoid cells was corroborated with the help of fluorescent antibody techniques.
Excreted urinary mediators in an animal model of experimental immune nephritis with potential pathogenic significance

Objective Currently, proteinuria is viewed as the earliest indicator of renal disease in immune-mediated nephritis. The objective of this study was to determine whether additional mediators may be excreted in the urine during immune-mediated nephritis, using an experimental model with a well-defined disease course. Methods Urine samples from mice with anti–glomerular basement membrane (anti-GBM) antibody–induced experimental nephritis were screened using a focused immunoproteome array bearing 62 cytokines/chemokines/soluble receptors. Molecules identified through this screening assay were validated using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. One of these molecules was further evaluated for its pathogenic role in disease, using antibody-blocking studies. Results Compared with B6 and BALB/c mice, in which moderately severe immune-mediated nephritis develops, the highly nephritis-susceptible 129/Sv and DBA/1 mice exhibited significantly increased urinary levels of vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1), P-selectin, tumor necrosis factor receptor I (TNFRI), and CXCL16, particularly at the peak of disease. Whereas some of the mediators appeared to be serum derived early in the disease course, local production in the kidneys appeared to be an important source of these mediators later in the course of disease. Both intrinsic renal cells and infiltrating leukocytes appeared to be capable of producing these mediators. Finally, antibody-mediated blocking of CXCL16 ameliorated experimental immune nephritis. Conclusion These studies identified VCAM-1, P-selectin, TNFRI, and CXCL16 as a quartet of molecules that have potential pathogenic significance; the levels of these molecules are significantly elevated during experimental immune nephritis. The relevance of these molecules in spontaneous immune nephritis warrants investigation.
Study of low-energy hydrogen implantation in silicon

Abstract Permeation of atomic hydrogen in ion implant-damaged Si has been studied. Ar was implanted at two distinct doses so as to straggle the amorphization threshold, and atomic hydrogen was subsequently introduced by low-energy ion implantation. The deactivation of dopant boron atoms by atomic hydrogen is drastically reduced in p-type silicon wafers subjected to low-energy argon ion implantation. Similar results have been seen when B is substituted for Ar as the implant species, thus suggesting the universality of this damage-induced suppression of deactivation. Trapping of hydrogen in defect sites generated by argon implant and possibly, the formation of molecular hydrogen in the implanted region apparently hinder hydrogen permeation into the Si bulk.
Effect of protein aggregation on the spectroscopic properties and excited state kinetics of the LHCII pigment–protein complex from green plants

Steady-state and time-resolved absorption and fluorescence spectroscopic experiments have been carried out at room and cryogenic temperatures on aggregated and unaggregated monomeric and trimeric LHCII complexes isolated from spinach chloroplasts. Protein aggregation has been hypothesized to be one of the mechanistic factors controlling the dissipation of excess photo-excited state energy of chlorophyll during the process known as nonphotochemical quenching. The data obtained from the present experiments reveal the role of protein aggregation on the spectroscopic properties and dynamics of energy transfer and excited state deactivation of the protein-bound chlorophyll and carotenoid pigments.
Young's Modulus of Hot-worked Pyrolytic Graphite

IN a recent note1, results were presented on the tensile properties and structural changes for pyrolytic graphite hot worked at 2,750° C. and tested over the range room temperature to 2,200° C. This communication presents hitherto unreported results on the room temperature Young's modulus in the direction of the basal planes after various amounts of hot working.
Deadlock detection in distributed databases

The problem of deadlock detection in distributed systems has undergone extensive study. An important application relates to distributed database systems. A uniform model in which published algorithms can be cast is given, and the fundamental principles on which distributed deadlock detection schemes are based are presented. These principles represent mechanisms for developing distributed algorithms in general and deadlock detection schemes in particular. In addition, a hierarchy of deadlock models is presented; each model is characterized by the restrictions that are imposed upon the form resource requests can assume. The hierarchy includes the well-known models of resource and communication deadlock. Algorithms are classified according to both the underlying principles and the generality of resource requests they permit. A number of algorithms are discussed in detail, and their complexity in terms of the number of messages employed is compared. The point is made that correctness proofs for such algorithms using operational arguments are cumbersome and error prone and, therefore, that only completely formal proofs are sufficient for demonstrating correctness.
Temporal accountability and anonymity in medical sensor networks

The increasing number of elderly patients in the world has lead to various new appliances and technologies in the modem tele-healthcare platform. One such application is the medical sensor network (MSN). In this application, patients are deployed with certain medical sensors and wearable devices and are remotely monitored by professionals. Thus, seeing a doctor in person is no longer the only option for those in need of medical care. Since it is also an economical way to reduce healthcare costs and save medical resources, we expect a robust, reliable, and scalable MSN in the near future. However, the time signal and temporal history in the current MSN are vulnerable due to unsecured infrastructure and transmission strategies. Meanwhile, the MSN may leak patients' identifications or other sensitive information that violates personal privacy. To make sure that the critical time signal is accountable, we propose a new architecture for the MSN that is capable of temporal accountability. In addition, it also preserves privacy ability via a Crowds anonymous system. The analysis results clearly indicate the advantages of being our proposed methods in terms of low-cost and reliable and having scalable features.
Progesterone in Adrenalectomized Rats

SummaryOur results confirm previous reports that progesterone will keep adrenalectomized rats alive.1, 2, 12 In our colony, after 2-stage adrenalectomy, doses of one milligram daily or less were usually adequate to keep young, newly-weaned, female rats alive and showing some gain in weight throughout the treatment period.