cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Application of Higher Order Boundary Conditions to Scattering by Multilayer Coated Cylinders

Higher order boundary conditions involve derivatives of the fields beyond the first and were recently shown to be more effective than the traditional first order conditions in modeling dielectric coatings and layers. In this paper we derive second order boundary conditions simulating a three-layer coating on perfectly conducting cylindrical structures. Both E and H polarizations are considered and integral equations are presented based on the derived conditions. A moment method implementation of the resulting integral equation(s) is given and results are presented for various coatings illustrating the accuracy of the higher order conditions.
A grand design? a review: Joseph Kraft, The Grand Design. Walter Lippmann, Western Unity and the Common Market

1Presidential Address, July 4, 1962, Independence Hall, Philadelphia, reported in the New York Times, July 5, 1962. See also Kennedy's speech before the National Association of Manufacturers on December 6, 1961. 2 See Andre Fontaine (Le Monde, June 3-4, 1962); also (Le Monde, July 6, 8, 1962). 3 See (New York Times, July 5, 1962). more equally. The United States is still sp nding a considerably higher percentage of her national income on defense, foreign aid, and the United Nations than are the West European nations. The shifting of some of these burdens to Europe would allow the United States to eliminate the deficit of its balance of trade and thus terminate the dollar crisis. Greater Euro-
Performance of Calves Fed Fermented Colostrum or Colostrum with Additives During Warm Ambient Temperatures

Abstract Trials during warm ambient temperatures determined the feeding value of colostrum, either naturally fermented or with additives, for Holstein calves. During a preliminary trial, calves fed whole milk gained two-fold more weight the first 4 wk than calves fed fermented colostrum, thus promoting a subsequent trial to evaluate additives for colostrum preservation. Calves were fed either 3.64kg whole milk or 2.73kg colostrum naturally fermented or treated with propionic acid (1%) or formaldehyde (.1%). Whole milk was superior to naturally fermented colostrum while weight gains on propionic acid and formaldehyde were intermediate. Consumption of naturally fermented and propionic-acid colostrums was lower due to lack of acceptance of the colostrum diets. Efficiency of gain was highest on propionic-acid colostrum indicating efficient utilization of nutrients. Colostrum with formaldehyde had less degradation of protein and was readily acceptable by calves, but gains and feed efficiency were low compared to colostrum with propionic acid. Scours was low on both trials although slightly higher on formaldehyde colostrum. Addition of propionic acid or formaldehyde holds promise for preserving colostrum for young calves during warm ambient temperatures.
Vacuum sampling techniques for industrial hygienists, with emphasis on beryllium dust sampling

The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Chronic Beryllium Disease Prevention Program Rule, 10 CFR Part 850 became effective in 2000 in response to the prevalence of Chronic Beryllium Disease (CBD) in workers. The rule requires surface and air monitoring for beryllium to determine exposure levels and the evaluation of the effectiveness of controls used to minimize or eliminate that risk. The most common methods for surface sampling use wet or dry wipes. Wipe sampling techniques may be impractical for many surfaces common to most buildings such as cinder block, textured wall surfaces, fabric and carpet. Vacuum sampling methods have been developed for the evaluation of lead or pesticides on residential surfaces such as carpets, bare floors and window sills. However, the current vacuum methods may be impractical for many workplace situations such as sampling of protective clothing, complex facility structures, or equipment surfaces. Recent work using vacuum sampling for potential bio-terrorism agents such as anthrax spores may have significant application to industrial hygiene evaluations of the workplace and may be extendable for use in sampling of metals such as beryllium. Validated vacuum sampling methods that provide meaningful data would be of great value to industrial hygienists in identifying areas having surface contamination, evaluating existing controls and work practices and determining the potential of toxic material on surfaces to become airborne and present a potential risk to workers and the public. This article discusses various vacuum sampling methodologies and recommends harmonization of sampling methods.
Aluminum bioavailability and disposition in adult and immature rabbits.

Abstract Prolonged aluminum (Al) exposure produces neurobehavioral and skeletal toxicity. To further characterize the risk from Al exposure, lactating rabbits were administered iv (40 or 80 μmol/kg), po (4 or 20 mmol/kg), and sc (400 μmol/kg) doses of Al lactate on Days 10, 15, and 20 of lactation. Baseline pretreatment Al concentration averaged 138 ng/ml in serum and 710 ng/ml in milk. Individual baseline values were subtracted from posttreatment samples, and pharmacokinetic analysis was performed on these residual values. The high and low doses did not produce statistically significant differences in systemic clearance, half-life, or the apparent volume of distribution. The amount of aluminum in milk 24 hr after injection was estimated to be 2.4% of the iv and 3.3% of the absorbed sc dose. Systemic bioavailability of Al after low- (0.7 ± 0.5% x ± SD) and high-dose po Al (1.9 ± 1.7%) was not significantly different. Bioavailability of sc Al was 27 ± 7%. Rabbits receiving daily sc Al injections (400 μmol/kg) for 28 consecutive days demonstrated nonlinear kinetics. Preinjection serum Al concentrations and the area under the curves associated with the 7th dose were considerably greater than with the 1st dose. Further increases were seen with the 28th dose. Seven days after the last Al injection, 12% of the total Al injected was still in the region of the injections, indicating prolonged absorption. The bioavailability and disposition of Al were determined in 17- to 24-day old suckling rabbit offspring after iv (40 μmol/kg) and po (4 mmol/kg in water or milk) doses of Al lactate. Baseline pretreatment serum Al concentration averaged 119 ng/ml. Mean systemic clearance was comparable in offspring and adults, although the apparent volume of distribution was greater in offspring producing a longer half-life in the offspring. The limited distribution of Al into milk and poor GI absorption of Al support the observation that there is little risk of Al toxicity in suckling offspring of Al exposed nursing females.
Relationships between the diet and dentition of Asian leaf monkeys.

Colobines have been generally described as primates that use the anterior teeth minimally, but the posterior teeth extensively, to process leaves and related food items. However, variation among leaf monkeys in both anterior and posterior dental morphology has been recognized for decades. In this study, we turn to Hylander's (Science 189 (1975) 1095–1098) analysis of anterior incisor row length and Kay's (Adaptations for foraging in nonhuman primates, 1984) examination of relative molar crest length to test hypotheses proposed by them for Asian colobines. We present findings based on data from the largest Asian colobine sample measured to date. Our findings for incisor row length and molar cresting are not amenable to broad generalizations. In those instances when our morphological findings concur with those of Hylander (Science 189 (1975) 1095–1098) and Kay and Hylander (The ecology of arboreal folivores, 1978), the ecological evidence seldom supports the morphological predictions. The disassociation between diet and dental patterns may be a consequence of differential selection by fallback foods, anthropogenic disturbance or climatic shifts limiting preferred diets, or the use of food types as opposed to food mechanical properties for dietary categorization. We also found that in the case of both incisor row length and molar crest length, the patterns for males and females differed markedly. The reasons for these differences may in part be ascribed to the metabolic challenges faced by females and subsequent niche partitioning. We propose integrated analyses of the ingestive and digestive systems of our study taxa to clarify relationships among behavior, dental morphology, and diet in extant and extinct colobines. Am J Phys Anthropol 148:262–275, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Nonlinear Optics of Oriented Chiral Systems

New explanations for circular dichroism in nonlinear optical studies of chiral films are proposed in which surface packing rather than molecular chirality drives the measured response. Preliminary measurements confirm the importance of these orientational contributions.
The color of the teeth as an index of their resistance to decay

Abstract 1. 1. A knowledge of the probable future activity of dental caries in prospective patients is helpful to the dentist or specialist in planning his work. 2. 2. This information can be obtained for a child or young adult before decay has started by observing the following factors: 3. 3. Teeth of low caries susceptibility have: (a) a basic yellow shade; the more this changes to white, the more active will decay become; (b) comparatively short crowns of the permanent set, low cusps and shallow grooves; (c) a comparatively thin enamel . 4. 4. Teeth of high caries susceptibility have: (a) a basic grayish shade; (b) comparatively long crowns of the permanent set, high cusps, and deep grooves; (c) a comparatively thick enamel . 5. 5. If dental work (orthodontia, fillings, dentures, etc.) is to be done for individuals having the type of teeth described under No. 4, great care must be exercised not to increase the danger of food retention around such caries susceptible teeth.
Time-related increase of oxygen utilization in continuously activated human visual cortex.

Oxygen utilization increase is fractionally much less than that seen in glucose metabolism and blood flow soon after onset of neuronal activation, however its behavior during continued activation is less certain. We evaluated the effects of 25 min of visual stimulation on CBF, CMRO(2), and OEF using [(15)O] water and [(15)O] oxygen PET. Seven healthy volunteers underwent a PET session consisting of serial [(15)O] water and [(15)O] oxygen scans at the fixation-only baseline visual state and after 1, 13, and 25 min of the continuous visual stimulation using a black-white vertical grating. CBF, CMRO(2), and OEF values were calculated for the entire brain and for regions of interest in visual cortex centered over the area of activation. After 1 min of stimulation, CMRO(2) increased only 4.7% compared to baseline and CBF increased 40.7%. However, after 25 min of stimulation the increase in CMRO(2) compared to baseline was 15.0%, having tripled from that measured at 1 min (P < 0.05). CBF did not significantly change during this time. OEF was 48.3% at baseline. It decreased to 37.1% after 1 min of visual stimulation (P < 0.01) and then returned almost to baseline values after 25 min of activation OEF (45.7%). There were no significant variations in whole-brain values during the study. We suggest that in the activated brain, the increased energy demands initially are not fully met with oxidative metabolism and must predominantly be supported by increased glycolysis. With continued activation, oxygen utilization increases reducing the need for excess glycolysis.
On quantum spin glasses with finite connectivity: Cavity method and applications

We discuss quantum spin glasses with finite connectivity by presenting an extension of the cavity method used in studies of classical spin glasses.
A CONTESTED COMMUNITY: PRIYāDāS AND THE RE-IMAGINING OF NāBHāDāS'S BHAKTAMāL 1

Nābhādās composed his Bhaktamāl during the first quarter of the seventeenth century. Through the praise of hundreds of bhakts, this slender collection of biographical stanzas constructs a community that spans boundaries of sampradāy, region, caste, gender and time. In so doing, the Bhaktamāl establishes a location for debates over the constitution of this religious community. Approximately a century after the Bhaktamāl's composition, Priyādās composed this text's earliest known commentary, which accepts Nābhādās's frame even as it modifies his logic. Priyādās shifts the focus from the bhakts to God, emphasises the importance of the sampradāy, and grants spiritual importance to caste. In hindsight, the tension between Nābhādās and his commentator can be seen as a debate over the boundaries and composition of what would later come to be called Hinduism. This brief analysis of the Bhaktamāl and its most influential commentary may contribute to a better understanding of the religious subjectivities of the tra...
Pedodontics: a perspective on prevention.

Dental diseases begin early in life and ultimately affect up to 98 per cent of the population. Through the results of recent dental research, new approaches are being taken to the problems of dental caries, periodontal disase, and malocclusion. The latest techniques for preventing and treating each of these conditions are reviewed. Projections are also made about new procedures which are being evolved through dental research now in progress. This review is followed by suggestions about dental referrals for children and contributions which physicians can make to improve child dental health.
Comparison of projection means for structured light systems

Structured light systems have used many forms of means to create structured patterns ranging from laser lines and physical gratings to current programmable projectors. There are both good and bad aspects of each method, including considerations of contrast, brightness, coherent noise, line stability, and noise associated with the shape of the pattern of lines created. This paper will compare the major means of structured light projection including laser lines, white light gratings, LCDs, DMDs, and LCOS projectors. These method will be analyze with respect to the key performance parameters of the projection means as applied to the most popular means of analysis, including both line center and phase shift analysis. Finally, the results of efforts to characterize the effects of drift of the patterns will be detailed within the context of efforts to obtain absolute distance information at the few micron level.
Endogenous nitric oxide and pulmonary vascular tone in the neonate.

Abstract Purpose: In newborns, inhaled nitric oxide (NO) has been shown to ameliorate increased pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) precipitated by hypoxia. The role of endogenous NO production in this response is not clear. The contribution of endogenous NO to resting PVR in normoxic newborns also has not been well studied. The authors used an isolated, in situ, neonatal piglet lung-perfusion model, devoid of systemic detractors in which endogenous NO could be selectively inhibited, to determine whether (1) endogenous NO plays a role in the maintenance of PVR with normoxia, (2) endogenous NO plays a role in the response to hypoxia, and (c) inhaled NO can reverse changes induced by inhibition of endogenous NO. Methods: Sixteen neonatal piglets underwent occlusive tracheostomy and pressure-cycled ventilation. After heparinization and ligation of the ductus arteriosus, left atrial and pulmonary arterial cannulation were performed, without ischemia, via a median sternotomy. The aorta was ligated, and lung perfusion was set at 80 mL/kg/min via an extracorporeal membrane oxygenation circuit. Hematocrit (40% to 45%), pH (7.37 to 7.44), Pco 2 (35 to 40 mm Hg), and peak inspiratory pressures (20 mm Hg) were constant. Pulmonary artery pressure (P PA ), left atrial pressure (P LA ), and circuit flow (Q PA ) were recorded continuously. PVR calculated as follows: PVR[(dynes × seconds × cm−5) × 1,000] = [(PPA − PLA)(QPA × 1,00060)] × 1,332. The experimental animals were ventilated with normoxic gas (F IO 2 , 0.21), followed by hypoxic gas (F IO 2 , 0.07), returned to normoxia, and then divided into two groups of eight animals each. One group remained normoxemic (F IO 2 , 0.21; S PA o 2 , 100%) while the other group was made hypoxemic by ventilation with hypoxic gas (F IO 2 , 0.07; S PA o 2 , 50%). Endogenous NO was suppressed with l-arginine- N -omega methyl ester (l-NAME) at 40 mg/kg in both groups. Inhaled NO was given at 40 ppm in both groups. Analysis of variance for repeated measures was used to test for statistical significance. Results: Baseline normoxic PVR (3,403 ± 1,169) was increased significantly by hypoxia (6,524 ± 1,018, P P = NS). In normoxic animals, inhibition of endogenous NO production by l-NAME increased PVR to levels similar to those seen during hypoxic stress (6,345 ± 1,441, P P = NS). In hypoxic animals, inhibition of endogenous NO production by l-NAME also increased PVR from hypoxic baseline (9,655 ± 1,642, P P = NS). Conclusion: In this piglet model, endogenous NO is important in the regulation of pulmonary vascular tone during both normoxia and hypoxia. Inhaled NO completely reversed the elevations in PVR caused by inhibition of endogenous NO and may normalize PVR in diseases in which the production of endogenous NO is compromised.
Approximate lower bounds of the Weinstein and Temple variety

By using the Weinstein interval or coupling the Temple lower bound to a variational upper bound one can in principle construct an error bar about the ground-state energy of an electronic system. Unfortunately there are theoretical and calculational issues which complicate this endeavor so that at best only an upper bound to the electronic energy has been practical in systems with more than a few electrons. The calculational issue is the complexity of 〈H2〉 which is necessary in the Temple or Weinstein approach. In this work we provide a way to approximate the 〈H2〉 to any desired accuracy using much simpler 〈H〉-like information so that the lower bound calculations are more practical. The helium atom is used as a testing ground in which we obtain approximate error bars for the ground-state energy of [−2.904230, −2.903721] hartree using the variational energy with the Temple lower bound and [−2.919098, −2.888344] hartree for the Weinstein interval. For comparison, the slightly larger error bars using the exact value of 〈H2〉 are: [−2.904358, −2.903721] hartree and [−2.919765, −2.887677] hartree, respectively. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2007
The status of business ethics: Past and future

Business ethics, which grew out of religion's interest in ethics in business and management education's concern with social issues, has become an interdisciplinary academic field. Thus far it has centered on teaching undergraduates. The easy work has now been done and the field has reached a plateau. To develop further it requires development on the MBA level, high quality research on new questions, positive models, better interdisciplinary integration, and attention to international business. Ultimately the field will stand or fall on the quality of research those in it produce.
Measuring Risk Aversion

The purpose of the survey is to summarize, discuss, and interpret published research concerning the risk aversion of decision makers who maximize expected utility. In doing this, two points are emphasized. First, any measure of risk aversion is specific to the particular outcome variable over which the measure is defined or estimated, and second when outcome variables are related, then their risk aversion measures are also related. These two points are used to show that a substantial portion of the reported variation in magnitudes and slopes of risk aversion measures from the research of the past forty years results from differences in the outcome variables, and when these differences are adjusted for, those findings are a quite consistent body of evidence.
Modification of Escherichia coli ribosomes with the fluorescent reagent N-[[(iodoacetyl)amino]ethyl]-5-naphthylamine-1-sulfonic acid. Identification of derivatized L31′ and studies on its intraribosomal properties

N-[[(Iodoacetyl)amino]ethyl]-5-naphthylamine-1-sulfonic acid (IAEDANS) is a fluorescent reagent which reacts covalently with the free thiol groups of proteins. When the reagent is reacted with the Escherichia coli ribosome under mild conditions, gel electrophoresis shows modification of predominantly two proteins, S18 and L31', which become labeled to an equal extent. When the native (i.e., untreated) ribosome is dissociated into 30S and 50S subunits, only the 30S ribosomal protein S18 reacts with IAEDANS despite the fact that L31' is still present on the large subunit. Upon heat activation of the subunits, a procedure which alters subunit conformation, S18 plus a number of higher molecular weight proteins is modified, but not L31'; the latter reacts with IAEDANS only in the 70S ribosome or when it is free. In contrast to the relatively stable association of L31' with native or with dissociated ribosomes, dissociation of N-[(acetylamino)ethyl]-5-naphthylaminesulfonic acid (AEDANS)-treated ribosomes weakens the AEDANS-L31'/ribosome interaction, resulting, upon gel filtration analysis, in ribosomes devoid of this derivatized protein.
Modulation of Ca2+ channel-gated Ca2+ release by W-7 in cardiac myocytes.

Abstract Cardiac muscle excitation-contraction coupling is controlled by the Ca 2+ -induced Ca 2+ release mechanism. The present study examines the effects of a calmodulin antagonist W-7 on Ca 2+ current ( I Ca )-induced Ca 2+ release in whole cell-clamped rat ventricular myocytes. Exposure of cells to W-7 suppressed I Ca , but the intracellular Ca 2+ -transients showed a lesser degree of reduction, suggesting possible enhancement of Ca 2+ -induced Ca 2+ release. The effects of W-7 on the efficacy of Ca 2+ release were most prominent at negative potentials. At test potentials of –30 mV, 20 μM W-7 almost completely blocked I Ca , but significant Ca 2+ -transients remained, thus causing a four to six-fold increase in the efficacy of Ca 2+ -induced Ca 2+ release. The depolarization-dependent Ca 2+ -transients were eliminated in absence of extracellular Ca 2+ , blocked by Cd 2+ , and were absent when the sarcoplasmic reticulum was depleted of Ca 2+ , implicating dependency on Ca 2+ -signaling between the L-type channel and the ryanodine receptor. W-7 mediated increase in the efficacy of Ca 2+ -induced Ca 2+ release was eliminated when myocytes were dialyzed with the internal solution containing gluathione (5 mM), suggesting the possible role of cellular redox state in the regulation of Ca 2+ release by the calmodulin antagonist.
Time-resolved contrast-enhanced imaging with isotropic resolution and broad coverage using an undersampled 3D projection trajectory

Time-resolved contrast-enhanced 3D MR angiography (MRA) methods have gained in popularity but are still limited by the tradeoff between spatial and temporal resolution. A method is presented that greatly reduces this tradeoff by employing undersampled 3D projection reconstruction trajectories. The variable density k-space sampling intrinsic to this sequence is combined with temporal k-space interpolation to provide time frames as short as 4 s. This time resolution reduces the need for exact contrast timing while also providing dynamic information. Spatial resolution is determined primarily by the projection readout resolution and is thus isotropic across the FOV, which is also isotropic. Although undersampling the outer regions of k-space introduces aliased energy into the image, which may compromise resolution, this is not a limiting factor in high-contrast applications such as MRA. Results from phantom and volunteer studies are presented demonstrating isotropic resolution, broad coverage with an isotropic field of view (FOV), minimal projection reconstruction artifacts, and temporal information. In one application, a single breath-hold exam covering the entire pulmonary vasculature generates high-resolution, isotropic imaging volumes depicting the bolus passage.
Being Sherlock Holmes: the Internet as a tool for assessing live organ donors

Donor advocacy is a critical feature of live donor transplantation. Donor Advocates and Donor Advocate Teams (DAT) are now routine to the practice of live donor evaluation in the USA. Multidisciplinary in nature, DATs gather both medical and psychosocial information about potential live organ donors and then render a decision as to whether or not these individuals are suitable to participate. Because of the critical ethical and psychosocial concerns about live donation, thorough donor evaluations are essential. Additionally, the information gathered must be accurate, and this requires honest disclosure by the donor candidate. In this paper, we describe how DATs can use various forms of free, public content available on the Internet to aid live donor assessments. In this way, the DAT assumes somewhat of an investigative role; however, this is ethically justified in light of the DAT duty to protect the donor. The protective effect can also spread to the transplant program, in general, when inappropriate donors are excluded from the donation process.
A Framework for Theory and Research on Adult Education Participation

Proposed is a comprehensive, multivariate, multi-realm theoretical framework with which to integrate and advance the theory and research on adult education participation (AEP). The elements of the ...
Regulation of myeloid leukemia factor-1 interacting protein (MLF1IP) expression in glioblastoma

The myelodysplasia/myeloid leukemia factor 1-interacting protein MLF1IP is a novel gene which encodes for a putative transcriptional repressor. It is localized to human chromosome 4q35.1 and is expressed in both the nuclei and cytoplasm of cells. Northern and Western blot analyses have revealed MLF1IP to be present at very low amounts in normal brain tissues, whereas a number of human and rat glioblastoma (GBM) cell lines demonstrated a high level expression of the MLF1IP protein. Immunohistochemical analysis of rat F98 and C6 GBM tumor models showed that MLF1IP was highly expressed in the tumor core where it was co-localized with MLF1 and nestin. Moreover, MLF1IP expression was elevated in the contralateral brain where no tumor cells were detected. These observations, together with previous data demonstrating a role for MLF1IP in erythroleukemias, suggest a possible function for this protein in glioma pathogenesis and potentially in other types of malignancies.
Early image acquisition after administration of indium-111 platelets in clinically suspected deep venous thrombosis

Abstract Indium-111 platelet scintigraphy accurately detects acute deep venous thrombosis in asymptomatic high-risk patients and may be used as a surveillance test. However, its value in symptomatic patients and its accuracy early after platelet injection are not satisfactorily established. The latter is important for timely institution of therapy. Accordingly, 65 patients (67 limbs) with suspected deep venous thrombosis (symptom duration 8 ± 10 days, mean ± standard deviation) were prospectively studied with platelet scintigraphy and contrast venography. Platelets were labeled with 405 ± 101 mCi indium-111 oxine. The labeling efficiency was 80 ± 10%. All images were acquired within 120 minutes after intravenous administration of the platelet suspension. Both platelet scintigraphy and venography were interpreted independently by 2 blinded observers (for each technique). Five separate analyses were performed. Each scintigraphic reader was compared to each venographic reader. A fifth analysis—consisting of readings with blinded agreement of both readings of the platelet scans and both readings of the venograms—was performed. Interobserver agreement was 92% for venography and 79% for scintigraphy. Excluding anticoagulated patients, the sensitivity of platelet scintigraphy was between 38 and 46% and the specificity was between 92 and 100%. Thus, early imaging of labeled platelets for the diagnosis of symptomatic deep venous thrombosis carries a high specificity but a much lower sensitivity. It is speculated that the tow sensitivity is related to the inactivity of the thrombus. This may suggest that early imaging will only be useful in patients whose symptoms are of recent onset.
Maturation of male age-0 Atlantic salmon following a massive, localized flood

Maturation of male age-0 Atlantic salmon Salmo salar parr in New England, U.S.A. streams is rare (25%), but age-0 parr maturation was high (74%) by autumn in the Sawmill River following a massive, localized flood. Maturation was low in two other study streams (3, 7%) in the same year as the flood, and in the Sawmill River (6%) and the other rivers (5%) in the subsequent year, suggesting that high maturation rates were related to the flood. The high age-0 maturation rates appear to have been the result of greater growth opportunity following the flood. Masses of fish in October were two-fold greater in the Sawmill River (13·2 g) than in the other rivers (6·5, 6·9 g). Mechanisms contributing to the fast growth may include community reorganization following the flood and water temperature diVerences among rivers. The flood caused an age-0 year-class failure for brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis and brown trout Salmo trutta and a large reduction (69%) in the number of salmon compared to the other rivers, possibly reducing competition or agonistic interactions among remaining fish. Average water temperatures were slightly warmer in the Sawmill River (17·0) C) than in the other rivers (15·5, 14·9) C). By influencing community structure and growth of remaining fish, it appears that a strong environmental disturbance can also alter the direction and timing of life histories in Atlantic salmon.
Application of peroxidase-labeled antibody methods to identification of immunoglobulin-containing cells in gastrointestinal tissues.

Abstract Peroxidase-labeled antibodies were used for the immunohistochemical identification of immunoglobulin-containing cells in human gastrointestinal tissues. The enzyme-labeled antibody method is specific, sensitive, and compares favorably with immunofluorescence methods in the numbers of immunocytes of various immunoglobulin classes identified. The method has certain advantages over immunofluorescence methods: it is less time-consuming, the sections are permanent, and the equipment needed is much less expensive. Thus it is a more practical technique for the routine study of immunoglobulin-containing cells in gut tissues.
Studies of serotonin function in anorexia nervosa

Neuroendocrine, temperature, test-meal, and psychometric responses are reviewed following challenges with the post-synaptic 5-HT receptor agonist m-chlorophenylpiperazine (m-CPP), the 5-HT precursor L-tryptophan (L-TRP), and placebo in 12 patients with anorexia nervosa (AN) and 16 healthy controls. A subset of the AN patients (n = 8) were rechallenged 3-4 weeks after attaining a predetermined goal weight. AN patients had blunted prolactin (PRL) responses to both m-CPP and L-TRP at low-weight and at goal-weight in comparison to controls, although there was a tendency toward normalization with weight gain. There were trends for blunted growth hormone (GH) responses following both L-TRP and m-CPP in the low-weight but not the goal-weight AN patients. Cortisol (CORT) responses following m-CPP and L-TRP were not significantly different among any of the groups. Temperature and test-meal measures were largely unaffected by serotonergic agents in the patients, although m-CPP decreased meal size in the controls. Psychometric responses were variable and are briefly described. Taken together, these findings indicate that responsiveness in post-synaptic hypothalamic-pituitary serotonergic pathways is altered in AN patients. Although there were some trends toward normalization of responsiveness following goal-weight attainment, many differences tended to persist in the patients despite an average increase of 13 kilograms. These may represent changes in serotonergic function at levels in the CNS "above" the hypothalamus.
Renal artery stent placement for restoration of renal function in hemodialysis recipients with renal artery stenosis.

Purpose Renal artery stent placement to treat renal artery stenosis (RAS) in patients undergoing hemodialysis is not performed commonly. We present our outcomes of discontinuation of hemodialysis after treating patients with RAS by stent placement on acute (≤30 days of hemodialysis) and chronic hemodialysis (>30 days). Materials and Methods A retrospective study was conducted in 16 patients (nine men) with an average age of 74.6 years ± 10.6 (range, 49–86 y) who underwent treatment of 22 RAS for acute renal failure ( n = 8) or uncontrolled hypertension with chronic hemodialysis ( n = 8). The average follow-up was 448 days ± 450 (median, 363.5 d; range, 6–1,583 d). The primary outcome consisted of discontinuation of hemodialysis, death, and transplantation. Secondary endpoints included restenosis, changes in blood pressure (and use of medications), and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). Results After the stent procedure, eight patients were able to discontinue hemodialysis and remained free from dialysis over a mean period of 564 days ± 533. The predictors of discontinuation of hemodialysis were 24-hour proteinuria, eGFR before renal artery stent placement, and size of the kidney on ultrasound studies ( P Conclusions Renal artery stent placement for the treatment of RAS in patients receiving hemodialysis can result in discontinuation of hemodialysis in patients with low proteinuria level and adequate kidney size and eGFR.
On chain statistics and entanglement of flexible linear polymer melts

A starting point to understand chain entanglement is to thoroughly examine chain statistical behavior. Focusing on the most familiar linear flexible polymers, we show based on the literature data that (a) at the same number n of backbone bonds most flexible linear polymers have comparable coil sizes and are similarly flexible in spite of widely varying chain thickness and (b) there are fewer chains to fill up a given volume if they are of larger chain thickness. Many models have been proposed to relate the onset entanglement molecular weight Me or Mc to chain conformational characteristics. The specific predictions of these models frequently find agreement with various subsets of experimental data, but they have often been regarded to be incompatible with each other because they are derived from different physical considerations. In the present work, we compare the theoretical predictions against the extensively available experimental data on either Me or Mc. The following conclusions emerge from the lite...
Rapid physiological adjustment of roots to localized soil enrichment

SOIL microsites rich in available nutrients are an important source of mineral nutrients for plants in many environments1–5. Patchiness in nutrient availability below ground is analogous to resource availability in canopy gaps above ground6. Although the physiological changes occurring in leaves exposed to sun and shade in canopy gaps are well known7–9, we do not know any studies that show similar physiological changes in roots in enriched soil patches. Here we present evidence of large and rapid increases in the uptake kinetics of plant roots after creating nutrient-rich soil patches in the field. The mean rate of phosphate uptake at a given external phosphate concentration increased by as much as 80% for roots from enriched soil patches compared with roots of control patches treated with distilled water. The changes took place within days of patch treatment. This degree of plasticity was particularly notable for plants growing in soils of very low available phosphorus. These results showing rapid physiological plasticity of roots in fertile soil microsites have important implications for the theory and modelling of nutrient uptake in all soils.
A Design Representation to Support the Automatic Dynamic Evaluation of Electromechanical Designs

This paper introduces research leading to a computer-aided design tool in which engineering designers can test various concepts in an environment equipped to automatically model the dynamics and then optimize the chosen components to best meet the specifications of the design problem. The input to the system is a graph of components where the components either include defined parameter values or are left as variables for the subsequent optimization. In this paper, “conceptual dynamics” is introduced with the goal of revealing the qualitative information of the system states, energy flow patterns, possible operation modes, degrees of freedom, etc. The dynamics of a system are captured in a multi-domain representation referred to as a conceptual dynamics graph (CD-Graph), which is composed of components and virtual couplers. The components feature both detailed multi-complexity models (bond graphs) and qualitative dynamics information (Conceptual Dynamics Matrices), and the virtual couplers include information on the interconnections of the eight domains (three translational, three rotational, electrical, and hydraulic). The Conceptual Dynamics Graph provides a platform for various design automation approaches and further dynamics performance optimization. This paper discusses an automatic approach that extracts the partial configuration of a complete design structure that contributes to the system dynamics. This allows designers to better understand the system and focus on the functional aspects that meet certain dynamic specifications. Finally an automatic model generation approach of CD-Graph is briefly illustrated.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Corona Resistance of Materials

A simplified layer type coil specimen was used to evaluate the corona resistance of flexible sheet insulation, magnet wire insulation, and varnishes. Tests were made at 110°C with 60-Hz voltage applied to the specimen. The test specimen was shown to be reproducible. The testing procedure is repeatable, and it does permit comparison of the corona resistance of materials and matenal systems.
A parallel computing algorithm for 16S rRNA probe design

With the continuing rapid increase in the number of available 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) sequences, it is a significant computational challenge to efficiently design 16S rRNA targeted probes. In our previous work, we designed a fast software tool called ProkProbePicker (PPP) that takes O(logN) time for a worst-case scenario search. Despite this improvement, it can still take many hours for PPP to extract probes for all the clusters in a phylogenetic tree. Herein, a parallelized version of PPP is described. When run on 80 processors, this version of PPP took only 67min to extract probes, while some 87h were needed by the sequential version of PPP. The speedup increased linearly with the increase of CPU numbers, which revealed the outstanding scalability of the parallelized version of PPP.
Coordination compounds of p‐nitrobenzeneazotyrosine

In continuation of earlier work, another chelating agent containing two different chelating systems in the same molecule (p-nitrobenzeneazotyrosine) was synthesized. 2:1 coordination monomers of this molecule were made and characterized with divalent copper, lead, cobalt, nickel, uranyl, and zinc ions. From these compounds, two types of coordination polymers were synthesized and studied: those involving the ions of one metal bound with both chelating groups in the ligand, and those having two different metals bound in the same polymer chain. Thermal analysis data showed that (among the group under consideration) the bimetallic polymeric chelates have no exceptional stability.
The Transformation of East Africa’s Economy Using Mobile Phone Money Transfer Services A Comparative Analysis of Kenya and Uganda’s Experiences

This article utilizes a combination of popular literature and scholarly sources to compare the mobile money transfer service experiences in Kenya and Uganda; two East African countries that are members of a revived regional common market ahead of a political federation by 2015. While different outcomes to the introduction of mobile money transfer services are highlighted about each country, similarities that are typical of developing countries with their populations struggling to cope with the various uses of New Information and Communication Technologies (NICTs) are also underlined. The article underscores the transformation of the social and economic lives of the people of East Africa by mobile money transfer services, especially in the rural areas where formal banking services have been largely absent. In the wake of the cut-throat competition among the telecom companies to fill the banking void in the rural areas of East Africa and to tap into the lucrative international business of foreign currency r...
COMPARISON OF THERMAL UNITS DERIVED FROM DAILY AND HOURLY TEMPERATURES

Crop development as a function of thermal time has important applications in crop management and crop modeling. Several reports have indicated that calculation of thermal units on an hourly basis, and averaging these values over 24 h, was superior to calculations of thermal units using the average of maximum (T max ) and minimum (T min ) temperatures. In this report, dally and hourly calculations of thermal-unit accumulation were compared for two sets of cardinal temperatures for representative warm-season crops. Daily (DTU) and hourly thermal units (HTU) agreed closely except when average temperatures were above 34°C or when close to the base temperature (T b ). Simulations across 43 yr of weather data comparing the time required to cumulate 200°C d were nearly identical for calculations based on DTU and HTU for two sets of cardinal temperatures. For warm-season crops with similar cardinal temperatures, there is no advantage in hourly calculations of thermal units over daily values.
Modulating the Midpoint Potential of the [4Fe-4S] Cluster of the Nitrogenase Fe Protein†,‡

Protein-bound [FeS] clusters function widely in biological electron-transfer reactions, where their midpoint potentials control both the kinetics and thermodynamics of these reactions. The polarity of the protein environment around [FeS] clusters appears to contribute largely to modulating their midpoint potentials, with local protein dipoles and water dipoles largely defining the polarity. The function of the [4Fe-4S] cluster containing Fe protein in nitrogenase catalysis is, at least in part, to serve as the nucleotide-dependent electron donor to the MoFe protein which contains the sites for substrate binding and reduction. The ability of the Fe protein to function in this manner is dependent on its ability to adopt the appropriate conformation for productive interaction with the MoFe protein and on its ability to change redox potentials to provide the driving force required for electron transfer. Phenylalanine at position 135 is located near the [4Fe-4S] cluster of nitrogenase Fe protein and has been s...
Are higher rates of depression in women accounted for by differential symptom reporting

The gender difference in prevalence and incidence rates of depression is one of the most consistent findings in psychiatric epidemiology. We sought to examine whether any gender differences in symptom profile might account for this difference in rates. This study was a population-based 13-year follow-up survey of community-dwelling adults living in East Baltimore in 1981. Subjects were the continuing participants of the Baltimore Epidemiologic Catchment Area Program. Participants interviewed between 1993 and 1996 with complete data on depressive symptoms and covariates were included (n = 1,727). We applied structural equations with a measurement model for dichotomous data (the MIMIC—multiple indicators, multiple causes—model) to compare symptoms between women and men, in relation to the nine symptom groups comprising the diagnostic criteria for major depression, adjusting for several potentially influential characteristics (namely, age, self-reported ethnicity, educational attainment, marital status, and employment). There were no significant gender differences in the self-report of depression symptoms even taking into account the higher level of depressive symptoms of women and the influence of other covariates. For example, women were no more likely to endorse sadness than were men, as evidenced by a direct effect coefficient that was not significantly different from the null [adjusted estimated direct effect of gender on report of sadness = 0.105, 95% confidence interval (–0.113, 0.323)]. Men and women in this community sample reported similar patterns of depressive symptoms. No evidence that the presentation of depressive symptoms differs by gender was found.
Immunohistochemical Profile of Paratesticular Serous Papillary Adenocarcinoma and Tunica Vaginalis Facilitates Distinction From Malignant Mesothelioma

Testicular and paratesticular tumors resembling mullerian epithelium of the ovary are extremely uncommon. This study reports a case of paratesticular serous papillary adenocarcinoma (SPA) in an 87-year-old man that was misdiagnosed as malignant mesothelioma (MM) and is 37 years older than previous cases, highlighting that SPA does not occur exclusively in young patients as described. Immunohistochemistry revealed expression of pankeratin, CAM 5.2, CK7, CK903, Ber-EP4, vimentin, S100, and CEA and virtually no expression of CK5/6, CK20, calretinin, thrombomodulin, or glypican 3. Expression of adjacent nonneoplastic tunica vaginalis mesothelium was assessed in this patient and additional specimens. Profiles of paratesticular SPA and MM were summarized and compared with paratesticular mesothelium. Nontumoral stromal and entrapped mesothelial expression were 2 diagnostic pitfalls in this case that have not been previously described. Based on these data, a panel of markers and the use of sections containing nonneoplastic mesothelium to facilitate interpretation is recommended.
Enterprise access policy enforcement for applications through hybrid models and XSLT technologies

E-government systems like web portals provide various services to citizens. Information handled in these e-government systems are subject to multiple laws encompassing privacy, non-disclosure (confidentiality) and integrity policies. Hence the protection means for regulating access to this information should be policy driven. Policy-based access control is one such protection approach and has been incorporated into Enterprise Security Management (ESM) solutions. However, the existing ESM solutions have their limitations in entitlements (authorizations or permissions) specification, policy specification and policy verification capabilities. Further there is lack of transparency with respect to the process of mapping enterprise-level authorizations to individual application-level (target system-level) entitlements. To address these deficiencies, we developed E-PBAC, a framework and an associated set of tools as an ESM solution. E-PBAC uses XML to encode entitlement specifications based on a hybrid access control model that combines the Role-based Access Control Model (RBAC) and Domain Type Enforcement Model (DTE). It uses XSLT to encode policy rules and uses XSLT processor to perform policy verification as well as to map entitlements to various target systems.
Improved properties of high-Al-composition AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistor structures with thin GaN cap layers

GaN cap layers with thicknesses between 0.6 and 2.4 nm were shown to effectively suppress the degradation of the structural and electrical properties of AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistor (HEMT) structures with xAl ~ 0.5 grown by metal–organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). The formation of platelets and trench networks on free AlGaN surfaces was successfully mitigated by GaN cap layers as thin as 0.6 nm. Simultaneously, a rise in sheet charge density and mobility of the two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) was observed, the magnitude of which depended on the AlGaN thickness. GaN was also shown to be a superior capping material compared to in-situ grown Si3N4.