cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Activity of external hyphae of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

Abstract A method to quantify active external hyphae of VAM fungi on root surfaces and in soil is described. Hyphae attached to roots or extracted from soil are incubated in a solution containing indonitrotetrazolium and NADH and counter-stained with trypan blue. The method allows for the assessment of growth VAM fungi in soil. Pot cultures of Paspalum notatum were inoculated with Clomus mosseae or G. intraradices and were grown in a glasshouse for 13 wk. Greater than 96% of the hyphae attached to roots were active from week 3 to 13. The proportion of active hyphae extracted from soil ranged from 0 to 32% during the 13 wk period, but increased dramatically between 6 and 9 wk. The production of active external hyphae lagged behind root colonization by several weeks. The importance of hyphal activity in relation to nutrient uptake and translocation by VAM fungi is discussed.
When Children Die: Improving Palliative and End-of-life Care for Children and Their Families

When Children Die: Improving Palliative and End-of-life Care for Children and Their Families
Space Surveillance Telescope: focus and alignment of a three mirror telescope

The Space Surveillance Telescope (SST) is a three-mirror Mersenne-Schmidt telescope with a 3.5 m primary mirror. It is designed to rapidly scan for space objects, particularly along the geosynchronous belt, approximately 36,000 km above the Earth. The SST has an unusually short focal ratio of F/1.0 and employs a camera composed of curved charge-coupled devices to match the telescope’s inherent field curvature. The field-of-view of the system is 6 square degrees. While the unique system design is advantageous for space surveillance capabilities, it presents a challenge to alignment due to an inherently small depth of focus and the additional degrees of freedom introduced with a powered tertiary mirror. The alignment procedure developed for the SST at zenith pointing is discussed, as well as the maintenance of focus and alignment of the system across a range of elevation and temperature conditions. Quantitative performance metrics demonstrate the success of the system alignment during the telescope’s first year of operation.
Urban seismic experiments investigate Seattle Fault and Basin

In the past decade, Earth scientists have recognized the seismic hazards that crustal faults and sedimentary basins pose to Seattle, Washington (Figure 1). In 1998, the US. Geological Survey and its collaborators initiated a series of urban seismic studies of the upper crust to better map seismogenic structures and sedimentary basins in the Puget Lowland. These studies are called the Seismic Hazard Investigations of Puget Sound (SHIPS). In March 1998, we conducted our first SHIPS study, an investigation of the upper crustal structure of the Puget Lowland, using marine airgun sources and land recorders [Fisher et al., 1999].The study was nicknamed Wet SHIPS. In September 1999, we obtained a seismic refraction line to study the upper crustal structure in the Seattle area in a land-based study nicknamed Dry SHIPS [Brocher et al., 2000] (Figure 1). In March 2000, we recorded the demolition of the Seattle Kingdome sports stadium using a dense array of seismic recorders for a detailed site response study; this study was nicknamed Kingdome SHIPS (Figure 1).
Nitrendipine and isoproterenol induce phosphorylation of a 42,000 dalton protein that co-migrates with the affinity labeled calcium channel regulatory subunit.

Slow inward calcium channels in canine cardiac membranes were affinity labeled with the calcium channel analogue, [3H]o-NCS [2,6 dimethyl-3,5-dicarbomethoxy-4-(2-isothiocyanatophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine], in the presence and absence of cold o-NCS or nicardipine. A major specifically labeled peak was identified with Mr 42,000 on NaDodSO4 polyacrylamide gels. In parallel experiments the effects of the calcium channel antagonist, nitrendipine and a variety of other chemical mediators were tested for their ability to stimulate protein phosphorylation in cardiac membranes. These data demonstrate that both nitrendipine and isoproterenol induce the phosphorylation of a 42,000 dalton protein via a kinase endogenous to the cardiac membranes and that the effects of isoproterenol are attenuated by carbachol.
Weighted bivariate logarithmic series distributions

In this paper, we are interested in the weighted distributions of a bivariate three parameter logarithmic series distribution studied by Kocherlakota and Kocherlakota (1990). The weighted versions of the model are derived with weight W(x,y) = x[r] y[s]. Explicit expressions for the probability mass function and probability generating functions are derived in the case r = s = l. The marginal and conditional distributions are derived in the general case. The maximum likelihood estimation of the parameters, in both two parameter and three parameter cases, is studied. A procedure for computer generation of bivariate data from a discrete distribution is described. This enables us to present two examples, in order to illustrate the methods developed, for finding the maximum likelihood estimates.
Rapid anterograde spread of premitotic activity along degenerating cat sciatic nerve.

: Peripheral nerve transection triggers a series of phenotypic alterations in Schwann cells distal to the site of injury. Mitosis is one of the earliest and best characterized of these responses, although the mechanism by which axonal damage triggers this critical event is unknown. This study examines the appearance and spatio-temporal spread of premitotic activity in distal stumps of transected cat tibial nerves. Premitotic activity was determined by measuring incorporation of [3H]thymidine (a marker of DNA synthesis during the S-phase of the cell cycle) into consecutive segments of desheathed tibial nerve. Incorporation of [3H]thymidine spread proximo-distally within distal nerve stumps between 3 and 4 days posttransection with an apparent velocity of at least 199 ± 67 mm/day. This suggests that anterograde fast axonal transport may directly or indirectly be associated with the Schwann cell mitotic response to axon transection.
Organelle DNA accumulation in the recently evolved papaya sex chromosomes

Sex chromosomes are a pair of specialized chromosomes containing a sex determination region that is suppressed for recombination. Without recombination, Y chromosomes are thought to accumulate repetitive DNA sequences which contribute to their degeneration. A pair of primitive sex chromosomes controls sex type in papaya with male and hermaphrodite determined by the slightly different male-specific region of the Y (MSY) and hermaphrodite-specific region of Yh (HSY) chromosomes, respectively. Here, we show that the papaya HSY and MSY in the absence of recombination have accumulated nearly 12 times the amount of chloroplast-derived DNA than the corresponding region of the X chromosome and 4 times the papaya genome-wide average. Furthermore, a chloroplast genome fragment containing the rsp15 gene has been amplified 23 times in the HSY, evidence of retrotransposon-mediated duplication. Surprisingly, mitochondria-derived sequences are less abundant in the X and HSY compared to the whole genome. Shared organelle integrations are sparse between X and HSY, with only 11 % of chloroplast and 12 % of mitochondria fragments conserved, respectively, suggesting that the accelerated accumulation of organelle DNA occurred after the HSY was suppressed for recombination. Most of the organelle-derived sequences have divergence times of <7 MYA, reinforcing this notion. The accumulated chloroplast DNA is evidence of the slow degeneration of the HSY.
Architecture and Advertising

(1999). Architecture and Advertising. Journal of Architectural Education: Vol. 53, No. 1, pp. 52-57.
Economic Policy and the Lives of Contemplation, Civic Humanism, Collectivism and Individualism

Most economists are reluctant to discuss values in their papers and books, and some have recently argued that it is generally unnecessary as well as undesirable to do so (Stigler and Becker, 1977, p. 76). But most are noticeably more willing to discuss different types of economic systems which, it is argued here, originally developed out of different beliefs concerning the proper ends of human activity and/or different ideas on what effectively motivates human action. And, while comparative enconomic systems textbooks are now often written from a positive, value‐free, point of analysis (i.e., an efficiency criterion and Pareto‐optimality or some other valuing procedure is accepted, at least implicitly, so that results of different policies and institutional arrangements may be evaluated), the more important observation for this article is that when economists begin discussing “isms” they often introduce simultaneously concepts of freedom, equity (justice), equality, security, etc. This phenomenon seems to hold true for the very conservative (e.g., Friedman and Hayek), the very liberal (e.g., Heilbroner and Lekachman) and even that much overworked comparison group, mainstream textbook authors (e.g., McConnell and Baumol and Blinder).
Circular plasmonic interferometers for ultrasensitive low-background optical sensing

We report a novel plasmonic interferomer for intensity-based sensing with high FOMs* exceeding 140. This is achieved by means of destructive SPP-light interference, which provides near-perfect light cancellation for sensitive low-background detection.
Evaluation of Wetland and Tertiary Wastewater Treatments for Estrogenicity Using In Vivo and In Vitro Assays

The effects of wetland wastewater treatment on estrogenic activity and estrogenic activity of water after tertiary treatment were evaluated using in vivo (rainbow trout vitellogenin [VTG] expression) and in vitro (yeast estrogen screening) assays. Juvenile rainbow trout exposed to tertiary-treated wastewater from the Green Acres Treatment Plant in Orange County Water District had increased plasma VTG levels compared with control fish. When trout were exposed to wastewater-dominated water before it entered into Prado Wetland (Riverside County, CA), VTG concentrations were increased above those of controls and were not significantly different from fish exposed to water exiting the wetland. VTG E2-equivalent concentrations (EEQs) of the water samples from the Green Acres Plant were 16.92 ± 16.49 ng/L. Activity of water entering Prado Wetland was 29.80 ± 28.41 ng/L EEQ, and water exiting was 24.34 ± 23.17 ng/L EEQ. In vitro assays estimated that estrogenic activity of water from the Green Acres Plant was <1 ng/L EEQ, whereas water entering and exiting Prado Wetland had yeast estrogen screening EEQs of 2.57 and <1 ng/L, respectively. Our results suggest that environmental estrogens that are not potent estrogen-receptor ligands exist in wastewaters from the Green Acres Plant as well as water entering and exiting Prado Wetland. Wetland treatment did not remove environmental estrogens in the water. Our results also suggest that in vitro assays may underestimate estrogenic activity of sampled water.
The C information abstraction system

A system for analyzing program structures is described. The system extracts relational information from C programs according to a conceptual model and stores the information in a database. It is shown how several interesting software tasks can be performed by using the relational views. These tasks include generation of graphical views, subsystem extraction, program layering, dead code elimination and binding analysis. >
Transfer of Photosynthetically Produced Carbohydrate from Endosymbiotic Chlorellae to Paramecium bursaria

SYNOPSIS Paramecium bursaria (Ehrenberg) and an endozoic zoochlorella Chlorella conductrix (Brandt) live in a symbiotic relationship. Uptake of NaH14CO3 was studied to determine if carbohydrate products of photosynthesis are transferred to the host paramecium. Paramecium bursaria containing the algal symbionts took up NaH14CO3 but those without the algal symbionts did not. Radioactive maltose, glucose, fructose and malate were identified from the ethanolic extract of paramecia. Transfer of materials from Paramecium to Chlorella and the transfer of other materials from Chlorella to Paramecium, led to the conclusion that this is a mutualistic relationship, both organisms benefiting from the relationship.
The extracellular matrix is instructive

The extracellular matrix does more than just blanket cells; it also provides informational cues which affect a variety of developmental and cellular maintenance activities. The constituents of the matrix provide the fabric for cell motility and cell shape as well as anchorage sites for bioactive factors which directly affect the cell's developmental pattern or mitotic activity. The influence of the extracellular matrix is controlled by the cell's responsiveness to these complex signals. The same matrix component, for example hyaluronic acid, can have completely different effects depending on the cell's lineage and developmental history. The functional interaction between the extracellular matrix and specific cell surface receptors provides cues which affect the control of development and the maintenance and aging events that affect specific cells and tissues.
Regulated Alkali Secretion Acts in Tandem With Unstirred Layers to Regulate Mouse Gastric Surface pH

Abstract Background & Aims: The physical basis for the protective pH gradient at the gastric surface is unconfirmed. This study examined the role of mucus, the unstirred layer, and acid/alkali secretion in controlling gastric surface pH in vivo. Methods: Stomachs of anesthetized mice were exteriorized, and exposed gastric mucosa was imaged by confocal microscopy. Results: Accessibility of molecules at the gastric surface was determined by monitoring the decrease in probe fluorescence over time after dyes were removed from perfusate. On dye removal, Cl-NERF (400 molecular weight) fluorescence decreased more slowly at the gastric surface in the presence of mucus (rate constant [k] = 0.08 ± 0.02 per second) than in the absence of mucus (k = 0.15 ± 0.02 per second) or 90 μm distant from the surface (k = 0.22 ± 0.03 per second). In contrast, 70-kilodalton Cl-NERF/dextran washed from the gastric surface more slowly in the presence (k = 0.05 ± 0.01 per second) or absence (k = 0.09 ± 0.01 per second) of mucus compared with 90 μm from the tissue surface (k = 0.36 ± 0.08 per second). Two-photon uncaging of fluorescein near nonsuperfused gastric surface showed that diffusion was not slowed at the gastric surface compared with diffusion in free solution. Surface pH was measured by Cl-NERF ratio imaging. Increasing the superfusion rate decreased the thickness of the surface pH gradient without significantly changing surface pH values, suggesting a pH set point of approximately 4 for control of surface pH. Increasing perfusate pH buffers decreased surface pH toward perfusate values. Conclusions: Proton concentration at the gastric surface is the result of regulating acid/alkali secretion to a set point in combination with an unstirred layer and not by trapping of proton or small-molecular-weight buffers in the unstirred layer.
Novel concept for ultracompact polarization splitter-rotator based on silicon nanowires

A novel concept for an ultracompact polarization splitter-rotator is proposed by utilizing a structure combining an adiabatic taper and an asymmetrical directional coupler. The adiabatic taper structure is singlemode at the input end while it becomes multimode at the other end. When light propagates along the adiabatic taper structure, the TM fundamental mode launched at the narrow end is efficiently (close to 100%) converted to the first higher-order TE mode at the wide end because of the mode coupling between them. By using an asymmetrical directional coupler that has two adjacent waveguides with different core widths, the first higher-order TE mode is then coupled to the TE fundamental mode of the adjacent narrow waveguide. On the other hand, the input TE polarization does not change when it goes through the adiabatic taper structure. In the region of the asymmetrical directional coupler, the TE fundamental mode in the wide waveguide is not coupled to the adjacent narrow waveguide because of phase mismatch. In this way, TE- and TM- polarized light are separated while the TM fundamental mode is also converted into the TE fundamental mode. A design example of the proposed polarization splitter-rotator is given by using silicon-on-insulator nanowires and the total length of the device is less than 100μm. Furthermore, only a one-mask process is needed for the fabrication process, which is compatible with the standard fabrication for the regular photonic integrated circuits based on SOI nanowires.
Polarization switching of crystal structure in the nonphotochemical laser-induced nucleation of supersaturated aqueous l-histidine

Polarization switching of polymorphs has been observed in the nonphotochemical laser-induced nucleation of aqueous l-histidine in the supersaturation range 1.40–1.60. Exposure of solutions to 0.24 GW/cm2, 7 ns pulses of 532 nm light induced the nucleation of different polymorphs of l-histidine depending on polarization state of the light. Circularly polarized laser pulses tended to nucleate the orthorhombic A polymorph, whereas linearly polarized pulses tended to nucleate a mixture of the orthorhombic A and monoclinic B polymorphs. Higher supersaturation also favors the formation of mixed polymorphs. These observations support the hypothesis that the laser is organizing hydrogen-bonded groups of histidine molecules through an optical Kerr alignment.
Descending Thoracic Aortic Laceration: Report of Six Patients and a Review of the Surgical Treatment

During a seven year period the author has treated six patients who had sus tained traumatic aortic transection. Observations regarding these patients are presented as well as a review of the literature concerning the surgical treatment of this entity.
Chiliasm and the Hussite Revolution

“… non estimemus fabulam illam quasi veram, quam quidam dicunt, quod instabit seculum bonum, in quo nullus erit malorum, et quod nihil paciantur, sed gaudio ineffabili sint prediti.” (From a Taborite commentary on Apocalypse, c. 1425.)In the years following John Hus' martyrdom the movement he had led developed from a Prague University reform movement into a national reformation. Ideas that had formerly existed as topics for discussion among university intellectuals were established as actual religious practice among large groups of people, of all estates and with widely varying interests and viewpoints. As each such group entered the national movement it necessarily contributed its own viewpoint, with the result that every extension of the reform involved almost as many difficulties for the Hussites as for the Catholics. Of course there had always been differences among the university masters themselves, the inevitable conservative-radical dichotomy based ultimately on differences of spiritual temperament that exist within any group. But far more significant was the social polarization that took form as the concept of reform held by the upper estates was opposed by programs deriving from the point of view of artisans, peasants, and “the poor.”
E2 Matrix Elements and Shape Coexistence in 110Pd

The Ru, Pd and Cd nuclei lie in a well known shape transition region. The low-lying level spectra exhibit features characteristic of an anharmonic vibrator while the B(E2) values are enhanced by around 50 single particle units.1 Calculations have been made for some of these nuclei using both the Interacting Boson Model2 and the Boson Expansion Theory.3 The purpose o the present work is to measure the E2 properties, which are especially sensitive to the quadrupole collective shape parameters in order to investigate the collectivity and to differentiate between the competing collective models.
Replication in situ and DNA encapsulation following induction of an excision-defective lysogen of Salmonella bacteriophage P22.

Abstract The induction of an excision-defective bacteriophage P22 lysogen results in the production of particles which carry a DNA molecule of normal length within a normal capsid, but which are nonetheless defective. The DNA content of these particles was characterized physically by a restriction enzyme analysis, and genetically by two marker rescue techniques. The particles carry DNA corresponding to one side of the prophage map as well as additional DNA, apparently derived from the host chromosome to one side of the prophage insertion site. Normally, mature P22 DNA molecules are derived from a concatemer by sequential cleavage of adjacent headful lengths, beginning at a genetically unique site, the encapsulation origin (Tye et al., 1974). The defective particles appear to contain DNA matured by the same sequential mechanisms, operating on the integrated prophage and neighboring bacterial chromosome, rather than on the normal concatemeric substrate. Both the initiation and directional specificities of normal maturation are maintained during the maturation of defective particle DNA. Sequential cleavage begins within the prophage at the encapsulation origin, a site near gene 3, and proceeds into the host chromosome on the proC side of the prophage. The initiation specificity of DNA encapsulation seems to reside in the morphogenetic machinery, rather than in the mechanism of DNA replication. Replication of an induced excision-defective prophage takes place in situ on the host chromosome, apparently without disruption of the linear integrity of the prophage. Further, the entire prophage, as well as adjacent bacterial DNA, is replicated, even though only a portion of this DNA is destined to be encapsulated.
Fluorescence lifetime in cardiovascular diagnostics

We review fluorescence lifetime techniques including time-resolved laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy (TR-LIFS) and fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) instrumentation and associated methodologies that allow for characterization and diagnosis of atherosclerotic plaques. Emphasis is placed on the translational research potential of TR-LIFS and FLIM and on determining whether intrinsic fluorescence signals can be used to provide useful contrast for the diagnosis of high-risk atherosclerotic plaque. Our results demonstrate that these techniques allow for the discrimination of important biochemical features involved in atherosclerotic plaque instability and rupture and show their potential for future intravascular applications.
The Geographic Distribution of Political Preferences

In order to address classic questions about democratic representation in countries with winner-take-all electoral districts, it is necessary to understand the distribution of political preferences across districts. Recent formal theory literature has contributed new insights into how parties choose platforms in countries with a continuum of heterogeneous districts. Meanwhile, increases in survey sample sizes and advances in empirical techniques have made it possible to characterize the distribution of preferences within and across electoral districts. This review addresses an emerging literature that builds on these new tools to explore the ways in which the geography of political preferences can help explain the parties that compete, the platforms and policies they choose, and even the rules under which they compete. Building on insights from economic and political geography, it pays special attention to electoral and policy biases that can emerge when there is an asymmetric distribution of preferences a...
Invertebrate nociception: behaviors, neurons and molecules.

Genetic analysis of nociceptive be- haviors in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans and the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster has led to the discovery of conserved sensory transduction channels and signal- ing molecules. These are embedded in neurons and cir- cuits that generate responses to noxious signals. This article reviews the neurons and molecular mechanisms that underlie invertebrate nociception. We begin with the neurobiology of invertebrate nociception, and then focus on molecules with conserved functions in verte- brate nociception and sensory biology. © 2004 Wiley
Prenatal ethanol exposure alters core body temperature and corticosterone rhythms in adult male rats

Ethanol's effects on the developing brain include alterations in morphology and biochemistry of the hypothalamus. To examine the potential functional consequences of ethanol's interference with hypothalamic differentiation, we studied the long-term effects of prenatal ethanol exposure on basal circadian rhythms of core body temperature (CBT) and heart rate (HR). We also examined the late afternoon surge in corticosterone (CORT). Core body temperature and HR rhythms were studied in separate groups of animals at 4, 8, and 20 months of age. The normal late afternoon rise in plasma CORT was examined in freely moving male rats at 6 months of age via an indwelling right atrial cannula. Results showed that the CBT circadian rhythm exhibited an earlier rise after the nadir of the rhythm in fetal alcohol-exposed (FAE) males at all ages compared to controls. At 8 months of age, the amplitude of the CBT circadian rhythm in FAE males was significantly reduced to the level observed in controls at 20 months. No significant effects of prenatal ethanol exposure were observed on basal HR rhythm at any age. The diurnal rise in CORT secretion was blunted and prolonged in 6-month-old FAE males compared to controls. Both control groups exhibited a robust surge in CORT secretion around the onset of the dark phase of the light cycle, which peaked at 7:30 p.m. Whereas FAE males exhibited a linear rise beginning in mid afternoon, which peaked at 9:30 p.m. These results indicate that exposure to ethanol during the period of hypothalamic development can alter the long-term regulation of circadian rhythms in specific physiological systems.
Casework, Issue Positions, and Voting in Congressional Elections: A District Analysis

Democratic theory suggests that representation should be associated with both service and policy responsiveness. There is, however, serious question about whether either kind of responsiveness plays any significant role in the outcomes of congressional elections and about whether greater service responsiveness eliminates the need for policy responsiveness. Part of the problem with resolving these questions has been with the kind of data available, since individual-level data on congressional districts are hard to find (compared to data for presidential contests) and are unlikely to combine measures of both kinds of responsiveness. This study utilizes data gathered in a particular congressional district (both data on actual member-constituent contacts and survey data) to discern more explicitly whether ombudsman service and relative issue proximity to the incumbent affects constituent vote choice. The findings support the position that both service and policy responsiveness matter in congressional elections.
Late Toxicity and Early Prostate-Specific Antigen Outcome Following Salvage Prostate Brachytherapy for Select Patients Following Primary Radiation Therapy

Materials/Methods: Between October 2000 and December 2004, 20 men were enrolled on an IRB-approved Phase II salvage prostate brachytherapy (SBT) protocol. Biopsy-proven local recurrence was documented in the setting of a slowly rising PSA (PSA doubling time 9 months) following radiation therapy (RT). PSA failure was defined using the 1997 ASTRO consensus criteria. Late Toxicity was defined according to the 1997 Modified RTOG and Late Effects Normal Tissue Task Force criteria. Cox regression was used to assess whether pre-treatment clinical factors were significantly associated with a complication requiring surgical intervention. Kaplan Meier method was used to estimate freedom from PSA failure and freedom from late Grade 3 or 4 GI and/or GU toxicity.
Wrapping Our Brains around Sustainability

Abstract: As many of us begin to embrace the concept of sustainability, we realize that it is not simply something that we „do.‟ Rather, sustainability is a destination that we aspire to reach with the selection of the sustainable pathways that we choose as we proceed along the journey. We are embarking on a new journey with the creation of Sustainability , an on-line, open access journal. As stated on the journal‟s website, Sustainability is an international and cross-disciplinary scholarly journal of environmental, cultural, economic and social sustainability of human beings, which provides an advanced forum for studies that are related to sustainability and sustainable development. To genuinely wrap our brains around the impact that our actions have on the sustainability of our planet, we must first understand something of the big picture and have a firm grasp of the terminology. To help further clarify the elusive term „sustainability,‟ without attempting to provide an exact definition, this paper outlines various, inter-related concepts and basic practices and approaches that are being used in the name of sustainability, including: traditional end-of-pipe control strategies, life cycle, environmental sustainability, urban sustainability, industrial ecology, business sustainability, sustainable supply chain systems, sustainability indicators and metrics, green chemistry and green engineering, design for the environment, sustainable buildings, eco-tourism, and renewable and sustainable energy and fuels.
A Hybrid Reconstruction Method for Quantitative PAT

The objective of quantitative photoacoustic tomography (qPAT) is to reconstruct the diffusion and absorption properties of a medium from data of absorbed energy distribution inside the medium. Mathematically, qPAT can be formulated as an inverse coefficient problem for the diffusion equation. Past research showed that if the boundary values of the coefficients are known, then the interior values of the coefficients can be uniquely and stably reconstructed with two well-chosen data sets. We propose a hybrid numerical reconstruction procedure for qPAT that uses both interior energy data and boundary current data. We show that these data allow the unique reconstruction of the boundary and interior values of the coefficients. The numerical implementation is based on reformulating the inverse coefficient problem as a nonlinear optimization problem. An explicit reconstruction scheme is utilized to eliminate the unknown coefficients inside the medium so that we need only minimize over the boundary values, which ...
Group GSR technique in the detection of deception.

A technique to average GSR across Ss is proposed to facilitate detection of deception. Differential responsivity to “lie” vs “neutral” stimuli is augmented by averaging out idiosyncratic responses ...
The Social Media Affinity Scale: Implications For Education

In recent years, males and females have demonstrated fairly equal amounts of internet usage, but females have demonstrated higher usage of social media sites. These observed differences served as the impetus for the current study. A survey was conducted in early 2010 among college students to assess whether differences still occur between males and females, and specifically with regard to social media usage. In order to assess these phenomena, the Social Media Affinity Scale was created and deployed. Results of the study showed that, among the students surveyed, no significant differences exist between males and females in their internet usage, social media usage, and also beliefs about social media sites in general. Given that students have overwhelmingly adopted social media, we propose that there is now an opportunity to leverage social media in college courses to deliver content and engage students in ways not previously possible.
The 2015 AANS Presidential Address: Neurosurgery’s founding principles

These are turbulent times for American neurosurgery. It is important to look ahead and prepare for the future but it is also important to look back-for it is memory and tradition that prevent the tyranny of the present. It is impossible to know where we are going if we don't remember where we were. In this paper I want to discuss the founding principles of neurosurgery-the principles that have allowed neurosurgery to prosper in its first century-and to stress the importance of adhering to these principles in times of change. I also want to talk to you about how the American Association of Neurological Surgeons (AANS) is helping neurosurgeons honor our founding principles, while preparing neurosurgery for its second century.
Associations between vasodilatory capacity, physical activity and sleep among younger and older adults.

Exercise promotes cardiovascular health through its direct impact on the vascular endothelium. Conversely, poor sleep quality is associated with endothelial dysfunction, which may explain the increased cardiovascular disease amongst poor sleepers. Yet, the influence of physical activity and poor sleep quality on vascular health is not clear. This study examined the relationships between forearm vasodilatory capacity, self-reported sleep quality and free-living, actigraphy-derived energy expenditure in a group of young and older community dwelling adults. Venous occlusion plethysmography determined baseline and peak forearm blood flow following reactive hyperemia. Sleep quality was measured using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Measures of body composition were assessed using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. A total of 104 (61 young; 43 old) participants completed the study. In general, younger participants were more active, as determined by steps per day and average daily energy expenditure, but reported poorer sleep quality. In the combined sample, those who reported moderate sleep disturbances (PSQI total score; 11–15) had significantly lower vasodilatory capacity (16.8 ± 7.6 ml/100 ml/min) compared to those who reported no sleep disturbance (PSQI total score; 0–5) (22.3 ± 7.2 ml/100 ml/min) or mild sleep disturbance (PSQI total score; 6–10) (22.3 ± 8.1 ml/100 ml/min) (p < 0.01). After adjustment for physical activity, total body fat and age, moderately poor sleep remained an independent predictor of forearm vasodilatory capacity. These findings suggest that any positive vascular benefits accrued through increased physical activity might be offset by the negative consequences of chronically disturbed sleep.
Interactive Effect of Child Maltreatment and Substance Use on Depressed Mood Among Adolescents Presenting to Community-Based Substance Use Treatment

Adolescents referred to community behavioral health centers (CBHC) for substance use (SU) problems report high rates of child maltreatment. Although SU and maltreatment are independent risk factors for adolescent depression, few studies have examined their interactive effects. This study examined the interactive effects of SU (alcohol and marijuana) and exposure to different types of trauma on depressed mood among 74 adolescents referred to a CBHC for SU. Hierarchical regressions controlling for sex and common adolescent comorbidities showed that sexual abuse had a stronger relationship with depressed mood than other types of maltreatment. Although SU was not independently related to depressed mood, consistent with the self-medication hypothesis, increased SU was associated with lower levels of depressed mood among adolescents with greater exposure to sexual abuse. Results suggest that teens presenting to CBHCs for SU should be assessed for multiple forms of maltreatment and for depressed mood.
A DDDAS Plume Monitoring System with Reduced Kalman Filter

A new dynamic data-driven application system (DDDAS) is proposed in this article to dynamically estimate a concentration plume and to plan optimal paths for unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) equipped with environmental sensors. The proposed DDDAS dynamically incorporates measured data from UAVs into an environmental simulation while simultaneously steering measurement processes. The main idea is to employ a few time-evolving proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) modes to simulate a coupled linear system, and to simultaneously measure plume concentration and plume source distribution via a reduced Kalman filter. In order to maximize the information gain, UAVs are dynamically driven to hot spots chosen based on the POD modes using a greedy algorithm. We demonstrate the efficacy of the data assimilation and control strategies in a numerical simulation and a field test.
Bleeding from standardized skin punctures: automated technic for recording time, intensity, and pattern of bleeding.

A new method for continuous automated recording of rate of blood loss during determination of the bleeding time by a modification of the Ivy technic is described. The bleeding time by this method is comparable to that determined with the standard Ivy method. Three patterns of bleeding are described. The automated bleeding time was abnormal in patients with von Willebrand’s disease, a patient with an acquired factor VIII inhibitor, a patient with thrombocytopenia who had a normal bleeding time by the Ivy technic, and a patient with an otherwise normal hemostatic survey. In eight patients with congenital coagulation factor deficiencies, the automated bleeding time was normal.
Epidemiological Analysis of Mumps in Baoshan Distrct of Shanghai City from 2005 to 2009

[Objective] To understand the epidemiological characteristics of mumps in Baoshan district of Shanghai from 2005 to 2009,provide the scientific basis for making an effective control strategy.[Methods]The epidemic data of mumps from information system for diseases control and prevention in Baoshan district were analyzed by descriptive epidemiology.[Results]From 2005 to 2009,2492 mumps cases were reported in Baoshan district,and the annual average incidence rate was 37.96/lakh.Mumps cases showed an obvious seasonal character,which the peak season was from April to July.The ratio of male to female in patients was 1.57∶1.The mumps mainly occurred in children under 15 years old,and most of the patients were students and children.[Conclusion]The majority of mumps cases were students.Schools and kindergartens should establish the morning examination and epidemic reporting system,and carry out the sanitation and disinfection measures for disease prevention.The propaganda of knowledge about infectious disease control should be improved.The measles,munps and rubella vaccination(MMR) should be strengthened to improve the population immunization level.
Increased photocatalytic activity in Ru(II),Rh(III) supramolecular bimetallic complexes with terminal ligand substitution

Abstract Three new Ru(II),Rh(III) supramolecular bimetallic complexes of the design [(Ph 2 phen) 2 Ru(dpp)RhCl 2 (R 2 -bpy)](PF 6 ) 3 (R = CH 3 ( Ru-Rh ( Me 2 bpy )), H ( Ru-Rh ( bpy )), or COOCH 3 ( Ru-Rh ( dmeb )); Ph 2 phen = 4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline; dpp = 2,3-bis(2-pyridyl)pyrazine; dmeb = 4,4′-dimethyl ester-2,2′-bipyridine; bpy = 2,2′-bipyridine; Me 2 bpy = 4,4′-dimethyl-2,2′-bipyridine) have been synthesized and analyzed to determine the impact that the polypyridyl terminal ligand (TL) coordinated to the cis-dihalide rhodium(III) metal center has on the photocatalytic activity for water reduction. The bimetallic complexes demonstrate that a correlation exists between the σ-donating ability of the substituted bipyridine ligand, the rate of chloride dissociation upon electrochemical reduction and the activity towards photocatalytic hydrogen production. The weaker σ-donating –COOCH 3 substituent in Ru-Rh ( dmeb ) increases the rate constant for Cl − dissociation ( k −Cl = 0.7 s −1 ) and the amount of H 2 produced photocatalytically (37 ± 4 μmol H 2 , 63 ± 7 turnovers after 20 h; turnovers = mol H 2 /mol photocatalyst) when compared to –H and –CH 3 substituted complexes Ru-Rh ( bpy ) ( k −Cl = 0.2 s −1 , 21 ± 2 μmol H 2 , 35 ± 3 turnovers) and Ru-Rh ( Me 2 bpy ) ( k −Cl = 0.2 s −1 , 18 ± 2 μmol H 2 , 30 ± 4 turnovers), respectively. Varied catalytic activity with respect to the σ-donor capacity of the Rh-TL is attributed to the relative ease of ligand dissociation and the ability to afford rapid electron collection at the Rh metal center.
Loss and Bereavement: Perspectives, Theories, Challenges

Loss is a common experience in human existence. Major loss stimulates both personal and social responses, often of high intensity, as was observed throughout the world after the tragic accidental death of Princess Diana in 1997. Knowledge of loss and grief has been reflected in poetry, paintings, novels, myths, and plays across the centuries of recorded history. Understanding the complex influence of loss on human adaptations and collective responses has come about in the 20th century through scientific approaches to the creation of knowledge. Historical Overview Origins of Studies on Loss The first systematic study on loss is credited to the psychoanalyst Freud (1957), who proposed that grief is a process in which loss is resolved through hypercathexis followed by gradual decathexis related to internalized bonds of attachment. Eliot identified the need for studies on family grief (1930) as well as for a social psychology of bereavement (1933). Lindemann's (1944) psychiatric study of acute-grief responses of survivors of a deadly nightclub fire served as a stimulus for the development of research and theory by investigators in many fields.
SEARCH STRATEGIES FOR AI PRODUCTION SYSTEMS

This chapter discusses some control strategies for artificial intelligence (AI) production systems. The overall computational efficiency of an AI production system depends upon where along the informed/uninformed spectrum the control strategy falls. The behavior of the control system as it makes rule selections can be regarded as a search process. Some examples of the ways in which the control system might search for a solution are the hill-climbing method of irrevocable rule selection, exploring a surface for a maximum, and the backtracking and graph-search regimes, search processes that permitted tentative rule selection. The chapter discusses the tentative control regimes especially with commutative production systems. Some of the search methods that developed for tentative control regimes can be adapted for use with certain types of commutative production systems using irrevocable control regimes.
Microcrystalline Silicon Solar Cells

Publisher Summary This chapter provides an overview of the microcrystalline silicon solar cells. Microcrystalline silicon solar cells formed by plasma chemical vapor deposition (CVD) at low temperatures are assumed to have a shorter lifetime than single-crystal cells, and it is common to employ a p-i-n structure including an internal electric field in the same way as in amorphous solar cell. A p-i-n type microcrystalline silicon solar cell is formed by a process fairly similar to that of an amorphous solar cell. These cells can be divided into p-i-n and n-i-p types according to the film deposition order, although the window layer of the solar cell is the p-type layer in both the cases. This chapter discusses thin-film polycrystalline silicon solar cells with very small grain size formed at low temperatures (referred to as microcrystalline silicon solar cells). The chapter discusses the carrier transport in microcrystalline silicon thin-film solar cells as well as high-speed fabrication of microcrystalline silicon films. The light-trapping effect of microcrystalline silicon cells is also explained in detail.
Writing to learn in science: Effects on Grade 4 students' understanding of balance

In this study, we randomly assigned 69 Grade 4 students to a writing-to-learn treatment (n = 23), comparison (n = 23), or no-treatment control (n = 23). Treatment and comparison students completed a science experiment involving balance. During the experiment, treatment students wrote four short responses and an extended response to document their learning. To control for writing time, comparison students wrote four short responses and an extended response about topics other than balance. On a 20-item balance knowledge posttest, control outperformed treatment (d = 0.89) and comparison (d = 1.05) on the lowest level balance questions (Level 1). At the highest level questions, Levels 3 and 4, treatment (ds = 1.42 and 0.94) and comparison (ds = 1.62 and 1.37) outperformed control. There were no significant differences in total words written or level of balance understanding on a posttest written response. The performance of individual responders to treatment is also discussed.
Back to the future! Revisiting the physiological cost of negative work as a team-based activity for exercise physiology students.

We implemented a team-based activity in our exercise physiology teaching laboratory that was inspired from Abbott et al.’s classic 1952 Journal of Physiology paper titled “The physiological cost of...
Platelet lysate obtained via plateletpheresis performed in standing and awake equine donors.

BACKGROUND Platelet preparations containing growth factors, attachment factors, and enzymes are appealing to enhance healing of injured tissues and as an alternative to xenogenic serum in cell culture media. Plateletpheresis is commonly used to collect platelets in human medicine but has not been validated in horses. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS Plateletpheresis to collect platelet concentrate was performed on six female, mixed breed, chemically restrained horses using commercially available apheresis equipment. Before and immediately after plateletpheresis, we performed physical examinations and collected blood for chemistry and coagulation panels and then again at 8, 16, 24, and 48 hours after the procedure. To produce platelet lysate, the platelet concentrate underwent two freeze-thaw cycles followed by centrifugation and filtration processing. The platelet lysate was then analyzed for cellular debris, fibrinogen, and growth factors. RESULTS The collected platelet concentration contained a mean platelet yield of 390 × 103/μL. Donor platelet count decreased from a mean of 193 × 103/μL to 138 × 103/μL after plateletpheresis, but no individual was at risk for hemorrhage. Pooled platelet lysate had minimal cellular residue and contained growth factor concentrations at 6.1 ng/mL for transforming growth factor-β1, at 3.5 ng/mL for platelet-derived growth factor-BB, and at 13.8 ng/mL for vascular endothelial growth factor-A. CONCLUSION Plateletpheresis using commercially available apheresis equipment is a feasible option for collecting platelet concentrate from equine donors. The lysate generated from the apheresis product contains growth factors and has potential to be used as a fetal bovine serum substitute for cell culture.
Superior pattern detectors efficiently learn, activate, apply, and update social stereotypes.

Superior cognitive abilities are generally associated with positive outcomes such as academic achievement and social mobility. Here, we explore the darker side of cognitive ability, highlighting robust links between pattern detection and stereotyping. Across 6 studies, we find that superior pattern detectors efficiently learn and use stereotypes about social groups. This pattern holds across explicit (Studies 1 and 2), implicit (Studies 2 and 4), and behavioral measures of stereotyping (Study 3). We also find that superior pattern detectors readily update their stereotypes when confronted with new information (Study 5), making them particularly susceptible to counterstereotype training (Study 6). Pattern detection skills therefore equip people to act as naive empiricists who calibrate their stereotypes to match incoming information. These findings highlight novel effects of individual aptitudes on social-cognitive processes. (PsycINFO Database Record