cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Index to the genera and species of Hepaticae described by William Mitten

William Mitten (1819–1906) described 373 species of Hepaticae in 25 publications between 1851 and 1889. Most of Mitten's types are at NY, but original material of some species may be found at BM, FH, and G. This paper provides an index to the species and genera described by Mitten and a bibliography of papers in which his new hepatics were described. The index to species includes information on lectotypification, location of original or type material, and synonymy.
Handling Qualities of Aircraft in the Presence of Simulated Turbulence

A previous paper (1977) has presented results from flight simulator experiments on instrument-flight-rule handling-quality studies of a STOL-type aircraft in the presence of various models of simulated turbulence (Gaussian, modified Gaussian, Rayleigh, and variable length and intensity, VLI). In this paper, additional results are presented for flight simulator experiments on visual-flight-rule approach landings of a STOL-type aircraft. Pilot opinion ratings of the landing approach with visual display are analyzed to determine the most realistic turbulence model and to identify the variables that critically affect the handling quality of aircraft in turbulence. It is shown that turbulence simulated by a VLI model adequately match the desired statistical properties of real atmospheric turbulence, and that aircraft handling quality and pilot task performance are critically affected by turbulence. Realistic turbulence models present greater difficulty in controlling the aircraft than a simple Gaussian model.
Chronic myeloid leukemia: The race is yet to be won

I do not run marathons, but I have been around those who do enough to hear them talk about hitting “the wall.” After about 20 miles, many runners reach a point at which further progress seems impossible, and they start to question whether they will be able to complete the race. In many ways, I
Has inflation really solved the problems of flatness and absence of relics

Among the three cosmological enigma solved by the theory of inflation, {\it viz.} (a) large scale flatness, (b) absence of monopoles and strings, and (c) structure formation, the first two are addressed from the viewpoint of the observed scales having originated from very small ones, on which the density fluctuations of the curvaton and relics are {\it inevitably} of order unity or larger. By analyzing strictly classically (and in two different gauges to ensure consistency) the density evolution of the smoothest possible pre-inflationary component -- thermal radiation -- it is found that the O(1) statistical fluctuations on the thermal wavelength scale present formidable obstacles to the linear theory of amplitude growth by the end of inflation. Since this wavelength scale exited the horizon at an early stage of inflation, it severely limits the number of e-folds of perturbative inflation. With more e-folds than $\approx 60$ there will be even larger fluctuations in the radiation density that ensures inflation keeps making `false starts'. The only `way out' is to invoke a super-homogeneous pre-inflationary fluid, at least on small scales, adding to the fine-tuning and preventing one from claiming that inflation simply `redshifts away' all the relic inhomogeneities; {\it i.e} the theory actually provided no explanation of (a) or (b), merely a tautology.
Martian fretted terrain: Flow of erosional debris

Abstract Viking orbital photographs of two regions of Martian fretted terrain have revealed a number of landforms which appear to possess distinct flow lineations. These range from valley floors with lineations which parallel the valley walls to debris aprons with distinctly lobate profiles and lineations which radiate outward from the source area. These features are attributed to the deformation and flow of a mass consisting of erosional particles and ice incorporated from the atmosphere. Such a flow should behave much like a terrestrial rock glacier. A plastic deformation model is presented which is consistent with the known mechanical properties of rock glaciers and with the observed features of the landforms. The valley floor lineations are interpreted as being due to compressional forces resulting from debris flowing inward from the valley walls. Climatic implications of the features are discussed.
Correlation of Thyroid Antibodies and Cytologic Features in Suspected Autoimmune Thyroid Disease

Six hundred forty-three patients with antithyroid antibody results were studied. Antithyroglobulin antibodies were found in 101, and antimicrosomal antibodies were found in 338 patients. Fine-needle aspiration biopsy, performed in 122 patients, yielded a satisfactory aspirate in 108 subjects. Significant antithyroglobulin and antimicrosomal antibody titers were found in 28 of 57 and 149 of 267 patients, respectively. In 65 patients with cytologically proved Hashimoto's thyroiditis, only 15 had positive antithyroglobulin antibody results (11 titers were 1:1,600 or higher), whereas 61 had positive antimicrosomal antibody results (50 titers were 1:1,600 or higher). Thus, cytologic diagnosis of Hashimoto's thyroiditis correlated better with antimicrosomal antibodies than with antithyroglobulin antibody titers. These data suggest that antithyroglobulin antibody determination offers no particular advantage over antimicrosomal antibody titers. In subjects with a clinical diagnosis of Hashimoto's thyroiditis and negative antibody results, fine-needle aspiration biopsy remains useful in establishing the diagnosis.
Hormone responses to citalopram in abstinent alcohol dependent subjects.

Background The integrity of serotonin neurotransmission may be important in reducing risk for alcoholism and in preventing relapse to alcohol dependence. There are several lines of evidence suggesting that alcohol dependent persons have an altered and/or injured serotonin system. The purpose of this study was to examine ACTH, cortisol, and prolactin responses to the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), citalopram, as a function of personal or family history of alcohol dependence in a group of abstinent alcohol dependent men. Methods Twelve healthy, abstinent male participants who met diagnostic criteria for a history of alcohol dependence but not for other Axis I disorders were included in the study (mean years abstinent, 3.5 ± 3.7; mean years of dependent drinking, 15.2 ± 6.9). Fourteen healthy volunteers served as control subjects. Controls did not meet the DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for any Axis I disorders and history of drug or alcohol abuse or dependence. All subjects were also characterized by the presence or absence of family history of alcoholism validated by collateral interviews. Results ACTH responses to citalopram were minimally faster in abstinent alcohol dependent men compared to controls. However, cortisol and prolactin responses to citalopram did not differ by personal or family history of alcohol dependence. There was no correlation between hormone responses and the duration of abstinence from alcohol; between hormone responses and the years of dependent drinking and between hormone responses and NEO Personality Inventory scores. Conclusion By probing the functional capacity of the serotonin system with citalopram, we did not detect physiologically relevant hormone differences between abstinent alcohol dependent men and controls.
Temperature and chiasma formation in Rhoeo spathacea var. variegata

A clone of Rhoeo spathacea var. variegata was exposed to a constant temperature of 37°C to examine the effects of high temperature on the chiasma frequency. Rhoeo was chosen for this study for its unusual meiotic chromosome configurations (rings and chains) at diakinesis and the first metaphase which permitted the calculation of terminal-chiasma frequency, and for its genetic homogeneity among plants in a clone. Plants treated for 12 h and 24 h at 37°C had similar mean terminal-chiasma frequencies to that of controls (10.93±0.11, 10.95±0.09 and 10.64±0.07 respectively), while those treated for 36 h, 48 h or 60 h had lower mean terminal-chiasma frequencies than that of controls (8.06±0.18, 4.25±0.15, 0.76±0.07 and 10.64±0.07 respectively). Analysis of variance was performed to find out whether the mean terminal-chiasma frequencies resulted from different treatments were significantly different from one another. The results of the analysis indicated that prolonged exposures to high temperature significantly reduced the chiasma frequencies.
Notes on "A note on the transitive closure of a boolean matrix"

The row-oriented algorithm in [1] for obtaining transitive closure is Dijkstra's algorithm [2] (for obtaining all nodes reachable from a single node) applied to each row in turn. Furthermore, [1] does not work properly in the acyclic case unless the matrix is in triangular form initially. In general, it may be necessary to renumber the nodes (and correspondingly rearrange the matrix) to bring an acyclic adjacency matrix into triangular form (a technique such as topological sorting [3] can be used). Finally, if interest is in obtaining the nonredundant digraph of an acyclic digraph, [4] appears to be a more efficient algorithm than [5].
Mixed Chloride/Amine Complexes of Dimolybdenum(II,II). 3. Preparation, Characterization, and Crystal Structure of Mo2Cl4(NH2R)4 (R = Et, Prn, But, Cy): First Quadruply-Bonded Dimolybdenum Compounds with Primary Amine Ligands

Four new quadruply-bonded dimolybdenum(II) complexes of the formula Mo2Cl4(NH2R)4 (R = Et (1), Prn (2), But (3), Cy (4)) have been prepared in excellent yield by reduction of the dimolybdenum(III) ...
TRAIL and inhibitors of apoptosis are opposing determinants for NF-κB-dependent, genotoxin-induced apoptosis of cancer cells

Opposing pro- and anti-apoptotic actions of TRAIL and the inhibitors of apoptosis (IAPs) contribute to the cell's decision to survive or die. We demonstrate that in H157 human lung carcinoma cells, etoposide and doxorubicin induce the NF-kappaB-dependent expression of both pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins including TRAIL and its death receptor, DR5, and IAPs. Inhibition of NF-kappaB activation in H157 cells in response to genotoxin resulted in loss of cell surface expression of TRAIL and DR5, aggressive growth and chemotherapy resistance of tumors in nude mice. Similar to the paracrine TRAIL response in H157 cells, the sensitivity of normal lung and breast epithelium and carcinomas to undergo genotoxin-induced apoptosis correlates strongly with cell surface expression of TRAIL. Suppression of TRAIL signaling by expression of the TRAIL decoy receptor, DcR1, confers chemoresistance to cancer cells. These findings demonstrate that TRAIL signaling via its death receptors is a significant contributor to genotoxin-induced apoptosis in human epithelial carcinomas.
Treatment of Atlantic cnidarian envenomations

Envenomation syndromes induced by Atlantic cnidaria have been tabulated and their therapy discussed. The pharmacokinetics of the venom has been emphasized. Pain occurs instantly and reaches a zenith rapidly in the surf. The nematocysts have already penetrated the dermis and disease proceeds before help can arrive. This fact plus the relative impermeability of human epidermis hampers the efficacy of topical agents. Oral analgesics, the agents of choice, are seldom offered and systemic administration of these drugs is usually not necessary. The use of hot or cold applications has not been settled. Measures to inactivate nematocysts within tentacles adherent to skin post-sting have been demonstrated in vitro, but the clinical significance of these actions has not been shown. Using an abrader (sand, crystalline papain) to counter-irritate nearby skin might provide relief. Antivenoms for Atlantic cnidaria are not available. The instances when verapamil might be employed are very rare. The reasons for the increasing case load of these injuries are discussed and the need to discover more effective therapeutic agents is emphasized.
The optical properties of curing epoxies and applications to the fiber-optic epoxy cure sensor

Abstract An in situ fiber-optic technique for determining the endpoint of cure of a thermoset polymer has previously been demonstrated and described. The technique requires no calibration and is readily used as a cure detector in epoxy-based composite materials. The sensor depends upon the relative difference in refractive index between a fully-cured epoxy fiber and the curing epoxy matrix of the composite. In this paper, we present data on the change of the index of refraction of typical aerospace thermoset resin during cure at several elevated temperatures. The measurements were made using a fiber-optic Fresnel reflection technique.
Stress-Induced Exchange Splitting of Hyperbolic Excitons in GaAs.

Evidence for the existence of hyperbolic excitons has been obtained from a study of the effects of compressive uniaxial stresss on optical structure of GaAs at 77\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K using a double-beam wavelength-modulation technique. We have observed a polarization-dependent splitting of this structure which cannot be accounted for on the basis of one-electron band theory but is explained by including the electron-hole exchange interaction. An estimate of an effective radius of \ensuremath{\cong}10 \AA{} for the electron-hole interaction has been made.
Molecular characterization of the 1p22 breakpoint region spanning the constitutional translocation breakpoint in a neuroblastoma patient with a t(1;10)(p22;q21)

Abstract To characterize the breakpoint in a neuroblastoma patient with a constitutional rearrangement we have constructed a yeast artificial chromosome (YAC) contig extending approximately 6 Mbp in the chromosome 1p22 region that spans the D 1 S 435 and D 1 S 236 loci. This contig has been confirmed by the coincidence of a number of markers in different overlapping YACs. For several of these YACs the overlap was demonstrated following the isolation and sequencing of end clones from which STS markers were generated. The majority of the YACs have been shown not to be chimeric either through the analysis of somatic cell hybrids or fluorescence in situ hybridization. Following the establishment of the contig we have been able to construct a physical map of the region that incorporates six STS and three newly assigned eSTS markers. The generation of this physical map has allowed the reordering of markers in the genetic linkage map for 1p. The physical order is; tel- D 1 S 435- D 1 S 188- D 1 S424-DS 236- D 1 D 415- D 1 S 420. With the reordering of D 1 S 435 we have been able to join this contig with another reported previously, thereby generating a well characterized 15 Mbp YAC contig in the 1p22-31 region. The 6 Mbp contig described here spans the chromosome 1 constitutional translocation breakpoint seen in a patient with a t(1;10)(p22;q21) and who had a stage 4S neuroblastoma. YAC fragmentation has been used to define a 200 Kb region within this contig containing the 1p22 breakpoint. Restriction enzyme analysis demonstrates that there are three Not I sites in this region, one of which lies close to the translocation breakpoint site.
Analysis of Heat Transfer Surface Geometries for Dry Cooling Tower Applications

An analysis of heat exchanger surface geometries for the purpose of reducing dry cooling tower cost is presented. Two sets of results are derived. The first set can be used to evaluate heat transfer surface geometries in an attempt to select those most suitable for dry cooling tower applications. The second set of results can be used to direct research and development efforts toward developing better geometries for dry cooling tower applications. The first set of results is general and is applicable to all heat exchanger surface geometries. The second set is valid only for helical round or continuous fins having smooth, serrated, or cut fins and for staggered and in-line tube arrangements. The methods developed in this paper are not restricted to dry cooling towers per se, but are valid for other applications of fin tube heat exchangers as well.
An Unforeseen Chemical Rearrangement of Pyridinecarboxylate to Oxalate under Hydrothermal Conditions Afforded the First Oxalato and Isonicotinato Mixed-Ligand Guest-Inclusion Coordination Polymer

The first oxalato and isonicotinato mixed-ligand guest-inclusion open-framework coordination polymer {[(H2O)2(oxa)Zn2(IN)2]·2(H2O)} was synthesized from a chemical rearrangement of isonicotinate to oxalate under hydrothermal conditions: space group, P21/c; a = 8.302(1), b = 15.557(2), c = 7.344 (1) A, β = 94.351(1)°, U = 945.8(1) A3, Z = 2.
Synthesis of the right hand fragment of tylonolide

Abstract The synthesis of the lactonic thioester 6 , corresponding to the C(1)-C(9) fragment of tylonolide hemiacetal, via the bicyclic ester 5 , is described.
Accelerating the discontinuous Galerkin method for seismic wave propagation simulations using multiple GPUs with CUDA and MPI

We have successfully ported an arbitrary high-order discontinuous Galerkin method for solving the three-dimensional isotropic elastic wave equation on unstructured tetrahedral meshes to multiple Graphic Processing Units (GPUs) using the Compute Unified Device Architecture (CUDA) of NVIDIA and Message Passing Interface (MPI) and obtained a speedup factor of about 28.3 for the single-precision version of our codes and a speedup factor of about 14.9 for the double-precision version. The GPU used in the comparisons is NVIDIA Tesla C2070 Fermi, and the CPU used is Intel Xeon W5660. To effectively overlap inter-process communication with computation, we separate the elements on each subdomain into inner and outer elements and complete the computation on outer elements and fill the MPI buffer first. While the MPI messages travel across the network, the GPU performs computation on inner elements, and all other calculations that do not use information of outer elements from neighboring subdomains. A significant portion of the speedup also comes from a customized matrix–matrix multiplication kernel, which is used extensively throughout our program. Preliminary performance analysis on our parallel GPU codes shows favorable strong and weak scalabilities.
The social role theory of unethical leadership

Abstract Challenging the standard reasoning regarding leaders' ethical failures, we argue that a potent contributor to these failures is the social role expectations of leaders. We maintain that leaders' central role expectation of goal achievement contributes to the over-valuing of group goals and greater moral permissibility of the means used to achieve these goals. In studies 1 and 2 we demonstrated that the role of leader, relative to group member, is associated with an increased appraisal of group goals which is predicted by the leaders' role expectations and not driven by the psychological effects of power. Next, we experimentally demonstrated the importance of both role expectations of leadership and group goal importance in leaders' justification to engage in morally questionable behavior to achieve group goals. Finally, we supported the social role predictions in a laboratory experiment by assigning people to roles and assessing goal importance and unethical decision-making and behaviors.
Site-specific biochemical functionalization along the height of vertically aligned carbon nanofiber arrays

Flexible strategies for the biochemical functionalization of synthetic nanoscale materials can enhance their impact upon a broader range of devices and applications. Here we report approaches for the heterogeneous functionalization of vertically aligned carbon nanofibers, a nanostructured material increasingly used to provide nanoscale components in microfabricated devices. Photoresist blocking strategies are developed for site-specific physical, chemical, and electrochemical functionalization of nanofiber arrays both spatially across regions of the device as well as along the length of the vertical nanofibers. These approaches are explored for the functionalization of nanofiber surfaces with gold, conductive polymers, and DNA and for the biotinylation and subsequent capture of active enzyme- and quantum-dot-conjugated (strept)avidins. Functionalizations are visualized with both fluorescent and electron microscopy and characterized using dye and enzyme assays.
Pharmacological characterization of apomorphine-induced hypothermia in the spontaneously hypertensive rat

Abstract The dopamine agonist apomorphine was more potent in eliciting hypothermia in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) than in normotensive Wistar rats (NWRS), while normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKYs) were intermediate in response. Various drug interventions were attempted in an effort to explain the greater sensitivity of SHRs to apomorphine. Haloperidol produced abolition of apomorphine-induced hypothermia in SHRs but at greater doses than required for antagonism of the drug effect in WKYs and NWRs. Chronic hydralazine treatment that reduced the high blood pressure of SHRs failed to appreciably influence the magnitude of apomorphine-induced hypothermia, compared to the response in control SHRs that received no hydralazine. These findings suggested to us that the enhanced hypothermic effect of apomorphine in SHRs was entirely dopamine receptor-mediated and that it was also independent of the high blood pressure. We also found that chronic lithium treatment that had no influence upom apomorphine-induced hypothermia in WKYs and NWRs significantly reduced the drug effect in SHRs. Based on this finding, we suggest that the greater hypothermic effect induced by apomorphine in SHRs might be due to a supersensitivity of hypothermia-mediating dopamine receptors in the hypertensive strain.
BDNF dependence in neuroblastoma

Neuroblastomas are heterogeneous tumors arising from sympathetic precursors in the neural crest. Growth factor stimulation of neuroblastomas promote diverse biological responses (mitogenesis, differentiation, cell death) depending on the particular tumor studied. Here we show that brief treatment with retinoic acid (RA) rendered the human neuroblastoma lines SY5Y, NGP, SMS-KCNR, and SK-N-SH dependent on brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) for survival. The BDNF- and trkB-expressing line SMS-KCN was dependent on an autocrine BDNF/trkB survival without exposure to RA. We conclude that the BDNF/trkB pathway plays an important role in neuroblastoma survival and speculate on a possible role in tumor pathogenesis.
Rational synthesis of photorefractive polymers

We report a new photorefractive polymer that contains an ionic tri(bispyridyl) ruthenium complex as the charge generating species, a conjugated polymer backbone as the charge transporting channel and a nonlinear optical chromophore. The ruthenium complex was introduced to utilize its efficient light induced metal-to-ligand charge transfer process. This polymer shows greatly enhanced photorefractive performance; a large net optical gain of about 200 cm-1 was obtained at a zero external electric field.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Structure-Activity Analysis of Tetrahydrofolate Analogs Using Substituent Constants and Regression Analysis

The binding to dihydrofolate reductase of a series of substituted pyrimidines and tri-azines is shown to be dependent on the electron-contributing and lipophilic character of the substituents, as expressed by the parameters π and σ . The configuration of binding is variable, and is determined by the necessity of placing the most lipophilic substituent in a hydrophobic region of the enzyme. When two or more lipophilic substituents are present, competition between them for the hydrophobic site is dominated by the more lipophilic group, while the less lipophilic group contributes to hydrophobic bonding to a slight extent. Suggestions are made for the design of a new tetrahydrofolate analog with possible application as a nonclassical antimetabolite.
Lunar tide in the thermosphere and weakening of the northern polar vortex

The lunar tide and its variability are beginning to be realized as elements of ionosphere-thermosphere weather. Herein we demonstrate that an enhancement in M 2 amplitude at 110 km in the dynamo region is related to the timing and intensity of stratospheric polar vortex weakening (PVW). Timing of the PVW, which typically occurs during January-February, changes on the order of 4-7 d/yr between 2002 and 2013 and the M2 enhancement changes with it, with a time delay of order 2.8 days. The M2 temperature amplitude at 110 km as determined from the Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry (SABER) measurements on the Thermosphere Ionosphere Mesosphere Energetics Dynamics (TIMED) spacecraft increases linearly from about 20 K to 29 K as the westward zonal mean zonal wind increases from about 10 m s −1 to 80 ms −1 at 70 ◦ N and 48 km altitude in accord with PVW events from year to year according to Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA) data. These relationships point to a level of predictability regarding impacts of the lunar tide on thermosphere and ionosphere densities, winds, and plasma drifts.
Theoretical considerations in the zone melting of organic compounds. Segregation of impurities.

A new concept is presented, along with its mathematical analysis, to the zone melting technique as applied to organic pharmaceutical compounds. Its purpose is to delineate a unique property inherent in most organics which is essential in considering the zone melting theory. The use of this concept, based on the analysis of eutectic forming systems, reaches into the more general area of physical-organic properties. The quantitative treatment presented offers a new means of characterizing organic substances independent of their chemical nature.
Distal internal carotid artery pseudoaneurysms: technique and pitfalls of surgical management: two technical case reports.

OBJECTIVE AND IMPORTANCE: Small, irregular aneurysms of the internal carotid artery (ICA) that are not related to arterial divisions are rare and have characteristics similar to pseudoaneurysms: they do not appear to have well-formed sacs, they are surrounded by clot, and they avulse readily. We report two patients whose treatment demonstrates the surgical technique and important points concerning the management of distal ICA pseudoaneurysms. CLINICAL PRESENTATION: Both patients presented with diffuse subarachnoid hemorrhage. The initial angiographic results were unremarkable in each case. A week after presentation, however, a growing outpouching in the distal ICA was seen. INTERVENTION: At surgery, the aneurysms were found to be on the medial wall of the ICA and were not related to arterial divisions. Quantitative blood flow measurements of the efferent vessels at risk (ICA, M1 and A1 segments) were obtained using a perivascular microflowprobe before and after clipping. In each patient, the aneurysm avulsed entirely during clip application, despite careful placement of the clip parallel to the parent vessel. An encircling clip was then used. Pathological sectioning of the aneurysms revealed loose connective tissue and/or clot with no defined aneurysmal sac. CONCLUSION: Aneurysms of the distal ICA that are not related to arterial divisions are difficult to visualize on angiograms immediately after subarachnoid hemorrhage. They are frail, avulse easily, and may be pseudoaneurysms, necessitating the use of encircling clips. The base of the aneurysm or clot must be trimmed to prevent it from buckling inside the clip sleeve and compromising the ICA lumen. Measuring distal blood flow quantitatively provides valuable information about the patency of the ICA inside the metallic sleeve, since this segment cannot be demonstrated with angiography.
Drug-eluting stents versus bypass surgery for multivessel coronary disease

Since the advent of coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery and the development of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), there has been debate as to which is the most optimal revascularization strategy for patients with multivessel coronary artery disease. Over the past decade, this controversy has been heightened with the introduction into the PCI armamentarium of drug-eluting stents (DES) and their profound reduction of restenosis and subsequent repeat revascularization. This article reviews the key registries and randomized clinical trials of PCI-DES and CABG in multivessel disease. Focus is placed on the recent data and evidence for long-term outcomes in patients treated with DES or CABG for complex multivessel coronary disease, including unprotected left main disease. The article also discusses risk models and the decision process for appropriate selection of revascularization techniques in patients with multivessel coronary disease.
A modelling study of developmental stage and environmental variability effects on copepod foraging

Wiggert, J. D., Hofmann, E. E., and Paffenhofer, G-A. 2008. A modelling study of developmental stage and environmental variability effects on copepod foraging. - ICES Journal of Marine Science, 65: 379-398.We used a stochastic Lagrangian model to study how behaviour contributes to copepod grazing success. The model simulates distinct foraging behaviours of Clausocalanus furcatus, Paracalanus aculeatus, and Oithona plumifera. Three sets of simulations were performed to investigate the effects of (a) prey-size preference; (b) variation in prey-size spectra; and (c) turbulence intensity on these species’ grazing rates. The size preference simulations demonstrate that, compared with copepodites, mature females have cell ingestion rates that are an order of magnitude lower, while carbon uptake is reduced by 35%. A prey spectrum that is skewed towards cells <6 μm promotes copepodite success because the basal metabolic needs of the adult females require a prey concentration of 850-1000 cells ml −1 . Variations in turbulence intensity reveal distinct ecological niches, with stronger mixing favouring O. plumifera and stable conditions favouring C. furcatus. Differences in theoretically derived and simulated prey-encounter rates demonstrate that the hopping behaviour of O. plumifera provides an order of magnitude increase in prey encounter, whereas the feeding behaviour of C. furcatus can result in localized depletion of prey. These simulations highlight the importance of species-specific feeding behaviour in defining oceanic copepod distributions.
The Power of Powerlessness

Philosophers should forget what they think they know about divine assistance, power, control, up-to-usness, freedom-from and free will, when it comes to alcoholism, given what Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) says. Alcoholics will never be free of their alcoholism; although it is up to them to acknowledge their powerlessness over alcohol, often that is not possible until they hit bottom, and even then they might not acquire the power of powerlessness without help from a Higher Power. After explaining and defending these insights of AA, the unwarranted assumptions behind how philosophers (and others) criticise them are identified.
Intestinal transplantation in children under FK 506 immunosuppression

Intestinal transplantation, solitary (n = 3) or in combination with the liver (n = 7), was performed in 10 pediatric patients with intestinal failure. The liver was only replaced if there was liver failure and portal hypertension. Immunosuppression was based on FK 506. Two patients died, one of graft-versus-host disease and one of lymphoproliferative disease. One patient as still in the intensive care unit 1 month posttransplantation due to perioperative complications. The function of the intestinal grafts in the remaining patients is normal. All nutrition and medications including immunosuppression are being administered enterally. This series indicates that small bowel transplantation, alone or in combination with the liver, is feasible in pediatric patients.
The structure and measurement of human mating strategies: toward a multidimensional model of sociosexuality

Abstract Recent theoretical perspectives concerning the structure of variation in human mating have focused less on conceptualizations of alternate mating strategies and more on the evolution of a conditional strategy. Empirical evidence suggests that this conditional strategy may involve the simultaneous pursuit of long-term and short-term mating tactics. Despite these developments, empirical measurement has proceeded using the Sociosexual Orientation Inventory (SOI), which measures restricted and unrestricted mating orientations along a single bipolar continuum. To fully capture the pluralistic nature of human mating, we suggest that a multidimensional empirical measure is required. To test our hypothesis, we subjected an expanded version of the SOI, which included items measuring psychological orientation toward short-term mating and long-term mating, to principal components analysis. A three-factor structure representing short-term mating orientation, long-term mating orientation, and previous sexual behavior emerged. In subsequent analyses, we demonstrate that our newly developed long-term and short-term dimensions (a) are largely independent and (b) correlate differentially with other theoretically relevant variables.
Right thoracotomy for reoperative right coronary artery bypass procedures

Abstract The use of a right thoracotomy is a safe alternative approach for reentering the mediastinum for reoperative right coronary artery bypass grafting. This technique was used in 9 patients and allowed minimal dissection, reducing the risks of hemorrhage and injury to previously placed patent grafts. Cardiopulmonary bypass was used in 4 patients in whom myocardial protection was accomplished with systemic hypothermia. Right atrial cunnulation provided adequate venous return, with arterial inflow established via the femoral artery (n = 2) or ascending aorta (n = 2). In 5 patients, revascularizafion was accomplished by temporary coronary artery occlusion without cardiopulmonary support. There were no deaths, and postoperative recovery was not delayed. Postoperative chest drainage (mean ± standard deviation, 1,076 ± 718 mL) was significantly less ( p
Social participation and older adults' sleep

Sleep complaints are common among older adults, and poor sleep has been found to predict chronic diseases and mortality. Many studies suggest that social participation benefits healthy aging. We examined the relationships between older adults' social participation and their sleep using two waves (2005-2006, 2010-2011) of data from the National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project (NSHAP). The NSHAP recorded older adults' social participation (including religious attendance, volunteer work, and attendance at meetings of organized groups) over five years, and included self-reported sleep duration in both waves and, in the second wave, measures of insomnia symptoms and measures of sleep patterns and rhythms using actigraphy for a subsample. Cross-sectional analysis of the second wave indicates that those reporting higher levels of social participation had better actigraphic sleep but not better self-reported sleep. However, longitudinal analysis suggests that change in social participation was not associated with actigraphic or self-reported sleep characteristics in the second wave data. Further analysis using fixed-effects model showed no association between change in social participation and change in self-reported sleep duration. Thus, although older adults with greater social participation slept better, we did not find that increasing social participation improved sleep. These findings imply that a self-selection process may at work; or if social participation does affect sleep, the causal effect may be over a much shorter time frame than five years.
Duodenal sucrose and glucose infusions enhance suppression by cholecystokinin of sham feeding

In two experiments I examined whether intraduodenal sucrose and glucose would enhance inhibition of sham feeding by cholecystokinin-8 (CCK-8). In the first experiment, adult male Sprague-Dawley rats received infusions of 0.88 M (30%, wt/vol) sucrose or normal saline at 0.51 ml/min for the first 7.67 min of 30-min sham-feeding tests. Tests began 10 min after intraperitoneal injections of saline or 0.5, 1, or 2 micrograms/kg CCK-8. When sucrose was infused, all doses of CCK-8 reduced sham feeding of 0.88 M sucrose by 60% or more, but with saline infusions, only the highest dose was effective. In the second experiment, rats received 30-min infusions of 0.3 M (5.4%) or 0.6 M (10.8%) glucose or equimolar saline at 0.388 ml/min. Although 1 microgram/kg CCK-8 was ineffective in the absence of infusions, it significantly reduced intake in combination with both concentrations of glucose and hypertonic (0.6 M) saline. Behavioral observations indicated that reductions in intake were attributable primarily to decreased meal length and slower intake. These results suggest that an intestinal signal may contribute to the previously reported ability of preloads to potentiate CCK satiety.
Virtual topological insulators with real quantized physics

A concrete strategy is presented for generating strong topological insulators in $d+{d}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ dimensions which have quantized physics in $d$ dimensions. Here, $d$ counts the physical and ${d}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ the virtual dimensions. It consists of seeking $d$-dimensional representations of operator algebras which are usually defined in $d+{d}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ dimensions where topological elements display strong topological invariants. The invariants are shown, however, to be fully determined by the physical dimensions, in the sense that their measurement can be done at fixed virtual coordinates. We solve the bulk-boundary correspondence and show that the boundary invariants are also fully determined by the physical coordinates. We analyze the virtual Chern insulator in $1+1$ dimensions realized in Y. E. Kraus et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 109, 106402 (2012) and predict quantized forces at the edges. We generate a topological system in $(3+1)$ dimensions, which is predicted to have quantized magnetoelectric response.
The Educational Experiences of Latinos in the United States

The educational conditions of Latinos in the United States in the first decade of the 21st century can be described only with a sense of alarm, given the dismal statistics we can use to capture attainment levels. For example, in 2003 only about half (48.7%) of the Mexicanand the Dominican-origin (51.7%) population (25 years and older) had completed at least a high school education (Falcon, 2004). This compares with just over three-fifths (63.3%) of Puerto Ricans and 68.7% of Cubans completing a high school education, which means that all of the major Latino subgroups were lagging behind the majority White-population high school completion rate of 84% by a wide margin. The historical context under which the Latino educational situation has developed in the United States is very complex and can be summarized under relations of subjugation, colonization, and the specific institutional mechanisms used in different locations to segregate and track Latino students. Latinos have struggled for more than a century to preserve their “raices” (cultural roots) in the face of a public educational system embarked on an “Americanization” mission, obsessed with erasing the Spanish language and any historical connections to Latin America (Garcia, 2001). The schooling of Latinos is frequently discussed under the umbrella of “immigrant” adaptation and bilingual education, even though the majority of U.S. Latinos were born in the continental United States (Bean, Lee, Batalova, & Leach, 2004) and their first language is English. However, emphasis on comparing the native-born with immigrants reflects a desire to see the second and third generation outpace the educational and occupational gains of their parents and grandparents, with specific attention to returns on educational credentials.
SAFETY OF ORAL DOFETILIDE RELOADING COMPARED TO INITIAL LOADING FOR TREATMENT OF ATRIAL ARRHYTHMIAS

Although it is required that patients be hospitalized for initiation of dofetilide, the safety of dofetilide reloading, justifying need for inpatient re-hospitalization, has not been investigated. We performed a retrospective medical record review of 1543 patients who were admitted for dofetilide
National context and patterns of alcohol use: the devil is in the data.

This commentary addresses several data-related challenges confronting the research described by The topics briefly reviewed here include considerations of the optimal unit of analysis, sources of measurement error in social indicators, the heterogeneity and homogeneity of measurements within and across nations, and the data structures being employed.
Cultural methods for the gonococcus

In connection with a serologic study 1 of the gonococcus it was necessary for us to devise methods and mediums whereby this organism might be isolated readily from gonorrheal infections, and also a large collection of strains might be maintained with a minimal risk of any of them being lost. The difficulties inherent in the cultivation of the gonococcus are evidenced by the great variety of mediums and procedures which have been recommended for this purpose, especially within recent years. At present there seems to be no consensus of opinion as regards the best methods to use. In the following section certain simple mediums are described which have given good results consistently in connection with the various purposes specified. It may be remarked that through the use of a sterilizable medium of proper reaction hardly greater difficulty has been encountered in maintaining a large collection of gonococcus strains than would be associated with carrying a like number of typhoid strains.
Synthetic Biology Toolbox for Controlling Gene Expression in the Cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. strain PCC 7002

The application of synthetic biology requires characterized tools to precisely control gene expression. This toolbox of genetic parts previously did not exist for the industrially promising cyanobacterium, Synechococcus sp. strain PCC 7002. To address this gap, two orthogonal constitutive promoter libraries, one based on a cyanobacterial promoter and the other ported from Escherichia coli, were built and tested in PCC 7002. The libraries demonstrated 3 and 2.5 log dynamic ranges, respectively, but correlated poorly with E. coli expression levels. These promoter libraries were then combined to create and optimize a series of IPTG inducible cassettes. The resultant induction system had a 48-fold dynamic range and was shown to out-perform Ptrc constructs. Finally, a RBS library was designed and tested in PCC 7002. The presented synthetic biology toolbox will enable accelerated engineering of PCC 7002.
Balanced Polymorphism in North American Populations of the Meadow Spittlebug, Philaenus spumarius (Homoptera: Cercopidae). 1. North American Morphs1

Some 12,000 specimens of the highly polymorphic meadow spittlebug, Philaenus spumarius (L.), from all parts of North America, were examined and the number of color morphs represented in these populations was determined, described, and illustrated. Additionally, 22 more varieties described in the literature were examined for possible acceptance as morphs. The object of this study was to identify distinct phenotypes which could then be examined for genetic and distributional differences so as ultimately to allow a satisfactory explanation of the adaptive significance of the polymorphism in this species. Twelve morphs were described from North America, 2 more were recognized in European populations, and 3 other varieties were designated possible morphs. The other varieties were regarded as either synonymous with described morphs or as probable mutants or misidentifications.
Looking Behind the Scenes in a Religious Cult: Implications for the Study of Conversion

Religious conversion is commonly understood to involve dramatic transformations in personality. "Brainuwshing" is a concept widely used in the mass media to accountfor these changes. This participant observation study of a millennial UFO cult concludes that these apparently dramatic changes resultfrom rapid learning of roles rather than changes in personality, or even values, beliefs or attitudes.
Investigation on Harmfulness of Formaldehyde on Population with Occupational Exposure

[Objective]To discuss the harmfulness of formaldehyde on population with occupational exposure.[Methods]A total of 86 workers with formaldehyde exposure from September 2008 to October 2009 in Nantong City were selected as exposed group,another 92 workers without formaldehyde exposure were selected as control group. Routine blood test and the WHO-recommended Neurobehavioral Core Test Battery (WHO-NCTB) test and pulmonary function examination were performed on the workers of the 2 groups. Occupational health survey was conducted on the operating environment with formaldehyde exposure.[Results]Hb,WBC and PLT results of exposed group were all higher than those of the control group,the differences were significant. The emotional state score of neurobehavioral function test showed that exposed group got higher test scores than control group except for strong-hyperactivity test; the scores of confused-confusion,depressed-depression,strong-hyperactivity between the 2 groups were significantly different; Pulmonary function test results showed FEV1.0%,V25(L/s),V50(L/s),MMEF(L/s) of the exposure group were significantly lower than those of the control group,the differences were significant. Twenty air samples were collected in the operating environment with formaldehyde exposure,the concentration was(2.03±1.30)mg/m3. Formaldehyde concentrations of 5 points (25%) exceeded the standards.[Conclusion] Long-term occupational exposure to formaldehyde has a certain effect on human hemogram,it can lead to mental or emotional changes and obstructive pulmonary ventilation dysfunction on workers.
Injury in children in Mei County in Shanxi Province during 2006-2012

Objective To describe the distribution of the causes,location and severity of childhood injury in Mei County in Shaanxi Province,and to provide evidence for childhood injury prevention and control. Methods Data of childhood injury was collected during 2006- 2012 by hospitals injury surveillance in Shaanxi Province. Results There were 3 561 injuries of children aged 0- 17 years during 2006- 2012 in general,and the sex ratio was 2. 61∶ 1( male∶ female). The three leading causes of injuries were fall( 31. 56%),traffic accident( 28. 84%) and blunt injury( 13. 82%). The cause of injury was different among gender and age groups. Most injuries were occurred during April to October,and at 8: 00 am to 10: 00 pm. The main places where injury occurred were road / streets( 32. 91%),home( 31. 93%),school and public places( 22. 69%). About 51. 36% of injuries happened in leisure activities. More than 86% of child injuries were unintentional injuries. Injury often occurred in head( 32. 18%).About 43. 39% of the children went back home after clinical treatments,meanwhile 65. 80% of the child injuries were mild. Conclusion There is a link between injury cause with age and gender. Childhood injury prevention should be carried out through multi-section cooperation.