cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ceramic production and community specialization: a Kalinga ethnoarchaeological study

Abstract Ceramic production and exchange have become important issues in archaeological research on specialization and state formation. As one form of craft specialization, intensified ceramic production constitutes a common alternative to farming in societies faced with land shortages. Ceramic specialization is commonly practised at the community level, but little is known about the conditions under which village‐level specialization develops. Ethnoarchaeological research in the northern Philippines documents specialized ceramic production at the community‐level and embeds ceramic production into a regional system of community‐based productive specialization. This Kalinga study provides insights on the process of emergent ceramic specialization.
Radioactive Iodine as an Indicator in the Study of Thyroid Physiology.

The known facts of thyroid physiology indicate that iodine is selectively taken up by the thyroid gland, and that in some measure that gland's function is regulated by its iodine content. Artificial radioactivity may be induced in a variety of elements by means of neutron bombardment. It seemed that the possibility of using “tagged” (radioactive) iodine as a physiologic indicator was one which demanded investigation.Ethyl iodide (600-1000 cc) was irradiated in a paraffin-surrounded bottle by immersing in it a neutron source consisting of 110 mg of radium mixed with beryllium in a sealed tube. The radioactive iodine thus obtained was concentrated by a method which has been described elsewhere.1 This method gave a precipitate of radioactive silver iodide, which was dissolved in a solution of 0.5-1.0 g of sodium thiosulphate, and then diluted to 10-15 cc for intravenous injection. In a series of 48 rabbits, no toxic effects from the acute administration of such quantities were experienced. Aliquot portions o...
Patient Satisfaction With Cancer Genetic Counseling: A Psychometric Analysis of the Genetic Counseling Satisfaction Scale

Satisfaction is an important patient reported outcome of genetic counseling, as it is one of the elements used by professional organizations and healthcare accrediting bodies to determine the quality of professional work. However, empirical research on patient satisfaction with genetic counseling has been limited, partly due to the lack of standardized measures available to assess this construct. The purpose of this study was to conduct a psychometric analysis of a new satisfaction measure, the Genetic Counseling Satisfaction Scale (GCSS), within a sample of women participating in a no-cost cancer genetic counseling and testing program. The sample consisted of 61 women undergoing counseling and testing for hereditary breast-ovarian cancer risk (BRCA1/2 testing) who completed the GCSS following pretest counseling. The results suggest that the GCSS was reliable (Cronbach's coefficient alpha = 0.90) and that participants were highly satisfied with the care they received. In addition, there were no differences in satisfaction between cancer genetic counseling and prenatal counseling participants (based on preexisting norms), and satisfaction did not vary by sociodemographic characteristics. Implications and recommendations are discussed.
Erratum to: Identification and Treatment of TBI and Co-occurring Psychiatric Symptoms Among OEF/OIF/OND Veterans Seeking Mental Health Services Within the State of Colorado: Establishing Consensus for Best Practices

This paper highlights the results of a consensus meeting regarding best practices for the assessment and treatment of co-occurring traumatic brain injury (TBI) and mental health (MH) problems among Operation Enduring Freedom/Operation Iraqi Freedom/Operation New Dawn Veterans seeking care in non-Veterans Affairs Colorado community MH settings. Twenty individuals with expertise in TBI screening, assessment, and intervention, as well as the state MH system, convened to establish and review questions and assumptions regarding care for this Veteran population. Unanimous consensus regarding best practices was achieved. Recommendations for improving care for Veterans seeking care in community MH settings are provided.
SMURFs: standard monitoring units for the recruitment of temperate reef fishes

I evaluated a standard monitoring unit for the recruitment of reef fishes (SMURF) as a tool for ascertaining spatial and temporal patterns of reef fish recruitment in central California, USA. SMURFs consisted of a 1.0×0.35 m dia. cylinder of fine mesh plastic grid that contained a folded section of larger mesh plastic grid. SMURFs collected new recruits of 20 species of fish with 92% of the individuals collected from 10 species, mostly rockfish (genus Sebastes). An experiment varying depth of SMURFs in the water column (surface, mid-depth, or bottom) showed that surface SMURFs collected the greatest diversity of species and significantly greater abundance for eight species, with two species having significantly greater abundance on mid-depth SMURFs and three species having significantly greater abundance on bottom SMURFs. A comparison of cumulated recruitment from SMURFs that varied in sampling frequency (removal of new recruits every 1–3, 7, or 28 days) suggested that increasing the time between sampling caused a significant decrease in recruitment estimates for some species but not for others. To determine how well temporal patterns of recruitment to SMURFs reflected patterns to nearby reefs, I compared within season temporal patterns of recruitment to SMURFs with that at nearby reefs, estimated by visual transect surveys conducted on scuba. Temporal patterns of recruitment to SMURFs were significantly and positively related to early recruitment on reefs for one group of benthic-algal associated rockfish species when diver surveys were lagged by 30 days (r=0.87) and for another group of canopy-algal associated rockfish species when lagged by 5 days (r=0.72). SMURFs appeared to be an effective and efficient method for indexing relative rates of delivery of competent juveniles for many temperate nearshore reef fishes.
Seismic reliability analysis of plane frame structures

Abstract This paper presents a practical and simplified reliability analysis method for plane frame structures subject to in-plane earthquake ground accelerations. The frame modelling is based on the approach used in the computer program TABS77. A condensation technique is used in TABS77 to transform the frame structure into a stick model with lumped mass at each floor level. Dynamic characteristics of the structure such as natural frequencies and mode shapes are also obtained using TABS77. The earthquake ground acceleration is represented by a segment of stationary Gaussian random process with mean zero and a Kanai-Tajimi power spectrum. The power spectrum together with the dynamic characteristics of the structure are utilized in the random vibration analysis to derive the covariance matrices of the structural response. A simplified limit analysis procedure is utilized to determine the failure mechanism and the corresponding storey shear capacity of the frame structure. For this failure mechanism, the limit state probability of each storey, i.e. the storey limit state probability, can be evaluated. Then, the limit state probability of the structure is measured in terms of the largest storey limit state probability. The fragility curve for the frame structure is generated by evaluating the limit state probabilities at different levels of peak ground acceleration. From the hazard curve for a site and the fragility curve for a structure, the annual limit state probability of the structure can also be evaluated. A five-storey building assumed to be located in New York City is used for numerical illustration.
Growth and photoluminescence study of several single crystal segments relevant to monolithic semiconductor cascade solar cells

Several representative single crystal stacked layers of III–V compound and alloy semiconductors were grown which are spatial regions relevant to a monolithic cascade solar cell, including the substrate, n-GaAs(Si), which was pre-growth heat treated in H2(g) prior to its use. These structures were then studied by cryogenic laser excited photoluminescence (PL), and the substrate portion was explored in a depth profiling mode. Within the forbidden band gap region up to seven recombinations were observed and identified for undoped GaAs layers or the GaAs(Si) substrate, and several other PL recombinations were observed for undoped AlxGa1−xAs and AlyGa1−ySbzAs1−z layers. In addition to the valence and conduction bands, these optical bands are also associa ted with the presence of CGa, SiGa, SiAs, CuGa, VAs, VGa and vacancy-impurity complexes involving several of these defect types even in the absence of intentional doping. The findings also relate to problems of self-compensation and type inversion, so that the need for growth modifications is indicated.
Sphenoid pneumosinus dilatans. A sign of meningioma originating in the optic canal.

Surgical exploration of three patients who had a radiological diagnosis of sphenoid pneumosinus dilatans disclosed an intracanalicular meningioma of the sheath of the optic nerve (MSON), bilaterally in two patients and unilaterally in the other. Two cases of sphenoid pneumosinus dilatans, previously reported, are reviewed, and a new case is presented. The relationship of sphenoid pneumosinus to MSON is discussed. Sphernoid pneumosinus dilatans may be an early sign of MSON in the optic canals or at the optic foramens.
Superresolution Imaging Using Fluorogen Activating Proteins by Sted Nanoscopy and Equilibrium Localization Microscopy

Our center has recently developed the Fluorescence Activating Protein (FAP) technology for genetically targeted fluorescent labeling of proteins in live cells. FAPs are single chain antibodies that can specifically activate the fluorogenic dyes thiazole orange (TO) and malachite green (MG) with nanomolar affinities. When bound to FAPs, the otherwise dark fluorogens generate thousands of fold increase in fluoresce intensity. The fact that FAPs are small in size (12 to 25 kDa) and genetically encoded makes them an ideal fluorescence tag for live cell imaging. Since no appreciable background from the fluorogen alone is detectable, no washing steps are required to remove the excess fluorogen. Moreover, different FAP-fluorogen combinations can result in spectrally resolvable probes for multi-color imaging. We have demonstrated the utility of these probes for both ensemble and single molecule based superresolution methodologies.Because malachite green has a similar quantum yield and spectral characteristic to the STED-efficient dye Atto647N, we tested the feasibility of using MG-FAPs in STED imaging. We show that STED imaging could be performed on both live and fixed and permeabilized cells expressing MG-FAP. When an engineered, cytosolic expressible MG FAP H6.2-MG was fused to the N-terminus of actin, actin filaments with FWHM of 110-122nm were observed, an approximately 3-fold resolution improvement compared to a confocal image.The reversible interaction between the fluorogen and the FAP allows the same FAP to bind and activate fresh fluorogen from solution after one fluorogen dissociates from the FAP. Consequently, multiple binding and unbinding cycles result in a characteristic intermittency, leading to a high photon flux and photobleaching-resistant system. Using low concentrations of the fluorogen gives rise to sparse labeling of objects for localization microscopy with a localization accuracy of <10 nm.
The distribution of membrane current in nerve with longitudinal linearly increasing applied current

The distribution of membrane current in three models of nerve, when a longitudinal, linearly increasing current is applied, is derived. For the simple core conductor model it is shown that, if the region over which such a current is applied is large compared to the space constant of the model, the membrane current in the mid-portion of the region is a constant, independent of the distance, the time following the application of the current, and the impedance of the membrane. The effect of nonlinear membrane electrical properties is discussed. It is further shown that these conclusions apply equally to the case in which the simple model is surrounded by another concentric sheath (the double cable model). In this case the impedance of the sheath does not influence the membrane current in the mid-polar region. Finally, it is shown that the form of the solution for the saltatory model, for this type of applied current, is identical with that for the simple model.
Commissioning results of the KEKB and PEP-II B-factories

KEKB is a two ring asymmetric electron-positron collider at 3.5/spl times/8 GeV being built in the TRISTAN tunnel at the Japan National Laboratory for High Energy Physics KEK in Tsukuba. The five year KEKB construction project was approved by the Japanese government in April 1994. The parameters are listed and the overall layout of KEKB shown. The two beams will collide in the Tsukuba experimental hall where the BELLE detector will be located. The salient features of KEKB are side-by-side rings, +/- 11 mrad crossing angles at the collision point with non-radiating straight incoming beams, new RF cavities: Cu cavities with high stored energy (ARES) and superconducting cavities both designed to reduce the strength of the bunch-by-bunch feedback systems, many bunches (5000), high stored beam currents (2.6 A/spl times/1.1 A), superconducting IR quadrupoles, novel 2.5/spl times/ lattice design for flexibility, and an upgraded linac for full energy injection of both beams with new transport lines. Beam commissioning started for the KEKB High Energy Ring HER in December 1998 and January 1999 for the Low Energy Ring LER. The present peak current in the LER is 380 mA and the HER 420 mA. A luminosity of 1.2/spl times/10**31/cm**2/s was achieved in March 1999 with 200 bunches with 13 mA/spl times/65 mA.
Infrared Properties of Molecular Cirrus. II. Cloud-to-Cloud Variations in Graphite and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Content

We have conducted a photometric survey of translucent molecular clouds in the four IRAS wave bands. We find notable cloud-to-cloud variations in mid-IR emission, with the ratio I12/I25 varying by up to 1 order of magnitude and often above unity. Because the clouds in our sample are nearby and translucent, the cloud heating is well constrained, so that the observed differences in infrared emission must represent differences in grain content. We show from first principles that a dust model containing only two components, Mathis-Rumpl-Nordsieck (MRN) grains in thermal equilibrium and very small grains undergoing stochastic heating, can never produce I12/I25 ≥ 1 under the conditions that prevail in the cloudy interstellar medium. We fit the clouds in this sample with a three-component model which contains continuum emission from both MRN grains and very small graphite grains, plus emission features from a mixture of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH). The cloud-to-cloud variations in mid-IR emission require significant differences in their composition of small grains and PAH molecules. Models which describe the formation and evolution of these particles in the interstellar medium must explain the presence of these variations in a cloud sample which is located in the solar neighborhood.
Pituitary-ovarian function in rats exposed to constant light: a chronological study.

A chronological study was made of adenohypophyseal, ovarian, uterine, and vaginal function in 2 groups of adult rats exposed to continuous light (LL): (I) those which were still showing vaginal smear cycles, and which were autopsied during proestrus and estrus of cycles 1–5 in LL, and (II) those which had shown 5, 10, 15, 20 or 30 days of persistent vaginal estrus. Ovulation was still occurring in Group I; furthermore, the ovulatory surge of LH was being released at a time of day similar to that in animals exposed to a light-dark (LD) regimen. However, the exposure to LL did appear to lead to some desynchronization of 24-hr rhythms within the hypothalamic-pituitaryovarian axis; a persistent-estrous (PE) state (Group II) eventually developed, characterized by a failure to release an ovulatory surge of LH and by a “steady-state” secretion of ovarian steroids and folliculotrophin (i.e., “tonic” FSH and LH). The PE state, in turn, could be subdivided into 2 separate stages as a function of the number of days ...
Modulation of the peritoneal clearance of liposomal cytosine arabinoside by blank liposomes

Liposomes containing cytosine arabinoside (ara-C) release drug slowly and can be used to maintain a locally high concentration of ara-C in the peritoneal cavity for intracavitary chemotherapy. However, a significant amount of active drug does reach the systemic circulation and contributes to systemic toxicity. We have devised a novel method of decreasing toxicity and increasing intraperitoneal half-life by pretreatment with “blank” liposomes containing no active drug. This technique has resulted in prolongation of intraperitoneal half-life of the liposomal ara-C from 21 h to 165 h, enabling maintenance of a therapeutic drug concentration even at 11 days after initial injection. One hundred percent cures (60-day survival) were achieved with a single-dose therapy begun 1 day after i. p. implantation of 106 L1210 leukemia cells.
Testing list effects and diagnosing individual catchabilities in the Rasch model

Abstract The Rasch model is useful in the problem of estimating the population size from multiple incomplete lists. It is of great interest to tell whether there are list effects and whether individuals differ in their catchabilities. These two important model selection problems can be easily addressed conditionally. A conditional likelihood ratio test is used to evaluate the list effects and several graphical methods are used to diagnose the individual catchabilities, while neither the unknown population size nor the unknown mixing distribution of individual catchabilities is required to be estimated. Three epidemiological applications are used for illustration.
Toughness mechanism in semi-crystalline polymer blends: I. High-density polyethylene toughened with rubbers

Abstract The mechanical response of rubber-modified high density polyethylene (HDPE) was investigated. The rubbers were either ethylene–propylene copolymers (EPDM) or ethylene–octene copolymers (EOR), blended into HDPE at volume fractions of up to 0.22. These rubbers were in the form of finely dispersed spherical inclusions with sizes well below 1 μm. The incorporation of rubber into HDPE does not substantially change its crystallinity, but produces special forms of preferential crystallization around the rubber particles. The notch toughness of the rubber-modified HDPE increases by more than 16-fold as a result. The single parameter, controlling the notch toughness of these blends was found to be the matrix ligament thickness between rubber inclusions. When this thickness is above a certain critical value, the notch toughness of the material remains as low as that of the unmodified HDPE. When the average ligament thickness is less than the critical value a dramatic toughness jump results. The critical ligament thickness for the HDPE–rubber systems was found to be around 0.6 μm, independent of the type of the rubber used. The sharp toughness threshold in the rubber-modified HDPEs results from a specific micro-morphology of the crystalline component of HDPE surrounding the rubber particles. The PE crystallites of approximately 0.3 μm length perpendicular to the interface are primarily oriented with their (100) planes parallel to the particle interfaces. Material of this constitution has an anisotropic plastic resistance of only about half that of randomly oriented crystallites. Thus, when the interparticle ligaments of PE are less than 0.6 μm in thickness the specially oriented crystalline layers overlap, and percolate through the blend, resulting in overall plastic resistance levels well under that which results in notch brittle behaviour, once rubbery particles cavitate in response to the deformation-induced internal negative pressure. This renders ineffective the usual strength-limiting microstructural flaws and results in superior toughness at impact strain rates.
A Prospective Randomized Controlled Study Comparing Synchronized Nasal Intermittent Positive Pressure Ventilation (SNIPPV) Versus Nasal Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (NCPAP) as a Method of Weaning Infants with Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS) from the Ventilator

A Prospective Randomized Controlled Study Comparing Synchronized Nasal Intermittent Positive Pressure Ventilation (SNIPPV) Versus Nasal Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (NCPAP) as a Method of Weaning Infants with Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS) from the Ventilator
The epithelioid blue nevus: A rare intraoral nevomelanocytic tumor

The epithelioid blue nevus (EBN) is considered a cutaneous marker of the Carney complex. Sporadic EBN has been reported in patients not exhibiting the Carney complex. The EBN does not exhibit unique clinical features that help to differentiate it from other lesions and is often provisionally diagnosed as an acquired melanocytic nevus, or a malignant melanoma. A 52-year-old African-American female had a 3-4 mm bluish macule of the left anterior hard palate. An excisional biopsy was performed to rule out an incipient melanoma. Formalin-fixed, hematoxylin and eosin-stained sections were examined microscopically. On the basis of histopathological features, a diagnosis of EBN was rendered. We document a case of the rare EBN affecting the oral mucosa. The patient did not exhibit any features associated with the Carney complex. Two years post-operatively, there is no evidence of a recurrent tumor.
An ion balance for ultra-high-precision atomic mass measurements.

We have developed the analog of a double-pan balance for determining the masses of single molecular ions from the ratio of their two cyclotron frequencies. By confining two different ions on the same magnetron orbit in a Penning trap, we balance out many sources of noise and error (such as fluctuations of the magnetic field). To minimize the systematic error associated with the Coulomb interaction between the two ions, they are kept about 1 millimeter apart from each other, resulting in fractional uncertainty below 1 × 10–11. Such precision opens the door to numerous applications of mass spectrometry, including metrology, fundamental physics, and weighing chemical bonds.
A comparative analysis of service learning in social work and criminal justice education

The current study sought input from a national sample of social work (SW) and criminal justice (CJ) educators (N = 276) to explore characteristics of those who use service learning in the two disciplines, differences in the conceptions of and beliefs about service learning, and distinctions in how it is used and implemented. This study offers the first explicitly cross-disciplinary comparison of service learning within two related, but distinct disciplines. The results indicated that SW educators, compared to their CJ peers, used service learning more frequently and perceived fewer barriers to using it. Additionally, a higher percentage of SW faculty members reported using service learning at both the undergraduate and graduate levels, suggesting that SW educators may be more likely to see the value of service learning across education levels. Among those who reported that they have used service learning, few differences were found between the two disciplines.
Taiwanese older adults’ perceptions of aging and communication with peers and young adults

This study examined interview accounts from thirty-one Taiwanese older adults about their inter- and intra-generational communication experiences, and perceptions of today’s young and older people. Thematic analysis showed that Taiwanese older adults tended to initiate conversation topics accommodative to young people’s lives such as their job and marriage, whereas conversation topics with their old-age peers centered on adjustment into senior years (e.g., health, exercise) and their children’s achievement. Analysis also revealed some of the Taiwanese older adults’ major perceptions of young people (e.g., less respectful towards elders) and their peers (e.g., losing status in the family). The discursive strategies used in constructing such perceptions (e.g., discourse on self exception, denial of self inclusion) demonstrated the ways in which they negotiated and managed their age identity in inter- and intra-generational communication. Results are discussed in light of Social Identity Theory, Communication Accommodation Theory, age identity, filial piety, and cultural change.
Intervillage Conflict In Oaxaca

Intervillage Conflict In Oaxaca. PHILLIP A. DENNIS. New Brunswick and London: Rutgers University Press, 1987. x + 213 pp., figures, glossary, references. $28.00 (cloth). ISBN 0-8135-1178-x
ACTION OF Clostridium perfringens ORGANISMS ON PORCINE MUSCLE

A comparison of total extractable protein, nonprotein nitrogen (NPN) and disc- and SDS-gel electrophoresis from aseptic control porcine muscle with similar samples after inoculation with C pevfrirzgens and incubation at 37°C for 0, 1, 2, 4 and 7 days demonstrated that this organism degraded both the sarcoplasmic and myofibrillar proteins. Incubation with C perkingens increased the amount of NPN, indicating proteolytic break-down into small nitrogen containing compounds, which was confirmed by a decrease in the sarcoplasmic protein fraction. Disc-gel electrophoresis of the sarcoplasmic extract from samples treated with C. perfringens revealed the presence of several new protein peaks, presumably degradation products, while some other protein peaks diminished in size. Preferential degradation of troponin by C. perfringens was confirmed by SDS-(sodium dodecylsulfate) gel electrophoresis, whereas, a reduction in the amount of actin was observed by disc-gel electrophoresis in urea but could not be confirmed with SDS-electrophoresis. Increases in the size of some other protein peaks were noted, which were attributed to comigration of degradation products with certain of the previously existing proteins.
Operational and financial performance of publicly traded hospice companies.

Background: The performance of hospices owned by investor-owned, publicly traded hospice companies has been largely ignored by the literature. Objective: The objective of this study was to perform a descriptive analysis that compares the operating and financial performance of hospices owned by publicly traded companies to private, for-profit hospices and to nonprofit hospices within small- and large-size categories based on patient days. Design: A nonparametric median test was conducted using comparisons of median values for each measure between comparison ownership groups within the small and large size categories. Setting: Financial and operational data for the three ownership groups included in our sample were obtained from the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services Cost Report Data over a 3-year period with the most recent fiscal year ending between September 30, 2002 and September 29, 2003. Measurement: We measured the operational and financial performance of hospices in three areas: utilization,...
Testing of Subgrid-scale stress models by using results from direct numerical simulations☆

Abstract The most commonly used dynamic subgrid models, Germano's model and dynamic kinetic energy model, and their base models - the Smagorinsky model and the kinetic energy model, were tested using results from direct numerical simulations of various turbulent flows. In Germano's dynamic model, the model coefficient was treated as a constant within the test filter. This treatment is conceptually inconsistent. An iteration procedure was proposed to calculate the model coefficient and an improved correlation coefficient was found.
Prostaglandins lack a direct inhibitory action on electrolyte and water transport in the kidney and the erythrocyte.

Abstract The possibility of a direct effect of prostaglandins of the E, A, and F series upon renal electrolyte and water transport was assessed using in vitro preparations of rabbit cortical and medullary tubular suspensions as well as cortical renal slices from rat and guinea pig and medullary renal slices from rabbit. Net fluxes of Na, K, Cl and H2O between the intracellular compartment and the extracellular fluid were measured in the presence of PGE1, PGE2, PGA1, PGA2 and PGF2α in concentrations ranging from 1 × 10−5 to 1 × 10−10M. No inhibitory action was observed with any of these prostaglandins and in fact a slight stimulation of Na transport was seen under some circumstances. We conclude that the natriuresis which follows in vivo administration of some prostaglandins is not the result of a direct inhibition of Na reabsorption at the contraluminal pump site and is most likely secondary to renal vasodilation. We also studied net and isotopic Na fluxes in human erythrocytes. Na transport was not affected by prostaglandins of the E, A or F series using both normal and high sodium erythrocytes. Our results emphasize the need for caution in extrapolating the effects of prostaglandins upon Na transport from one tissue to another since their actions appear to be tissue-specific.
Age structured matrix predation model for the dynamics of wolf and deer populations

A matrix predation model similar to Volterra's predation model was developed and applied to study predation of the wolf (Canis lupus) on a white tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) population. The Leslie matrix enables an age structured predation model to be stated with just two equations that are similar to the Volterra equations but with parameters that can be estimated from available life history data. The wolf and deer population dynamics with the matrix model were the same damped oscillations observed with the scalar differential equation model, but with the matrix model the changes in age structure are obtained. Addition of random environmental variation to survival of fawns resulted in continuing cyclic fluctuations in both deer and wolf. A sensitivity analysis showed that the dynamics of the populations were sensitive to mortality of wolf pups, and that fluctuations in both the wolf and deer populations could be reduced with removal of wolf pups.
An 11-year-old boy with mosaic ring chromosome 6 and dilated aortic root.

Autosomal ring chromosomes are rare abnormalities that are inherently unstable. Children with ring chromosome 6 have a wide range of intellectual functioning and congenital anomalies. Cardiac lesions are rarely reported with this chromosome abnormality. We report on a 11-year-old boy with mosaic ring chromosome 6 and a dilated aortic root.
Rotation to Simple Loadings using Component Loss Functions: The Oblique Case

Component loss functions (CLFs) similar to those used in orthogonal rotation are introduced to define criteria for oblique rotation in factor analysis. It is shown how the shape of the CLF affects the performance of the criterion it defines. For example, it is shown that monotone concave CLFs give criteria that are minimized by loadings with perfect simple structure when such loadings exist. Moreover, if the CLFs are strictly concave, minimizing must produce perfect simple structure whenever it exists. Examples show that methods defined by concave CLFs perform well much more generally. While it appears important to use a concave CLF, the specific CLF used is less important. For example, the very simple linear CLF gives a rotation method that can easily outperform the most popular oblique rotation methods promax and quartimin and is competitive with the more complex simplimax and geomin methods.
Effects of silicon on mineral composition of sorghum grown with excess manganese

Abstract Silicon can help alleviate Mn toxicity in some plants. Growth chamber studies were conducted to assess the effect of Si on growth and mineral element composition in sorghum. [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] grown in nutrient solutions with excess Mn. Treatments were all combinations of 18, 1800, 3600, and 7200 uM Mn and 0, 890, 1780, and 3560 uM Si using two genotypes. High Mn levels decreased dry matter yields which were partially overcome by the addition of Si, especially at the 1800 and 3600 uM Mn levels. Silicon had no deleterious effects on plant growth at the levels used. Increased levels of solution Mn decreased shoot concentrations of Si, K, Ca, Mg, Zn, and Cu; increased shoot concentrations of Mn and P; decreased root concentrations of K and Mg; and increased root concentrations of Mn, Si, P, Fe, Zn, and Cu. Total uptake of mineral elements by shoots and roots decreased in plants grown with high Mn because of decreased plant growth. Increasing Si levels in solution decreased shoot concentra...
2,6,6‐Trimethyl‐2,4‐Cyclohexadienone

2,6,6-Trimethyl-2,4-Cyclohexadienone intermediate: lithium 2,6-dimethylphenoxide byproduct: 2,6-dimethylanisole product: 2,6,6-trimethyl-2,4-cyclohexadienone Keywords: alkylation, C-alkylation; Claisen's alkali (KOH in aq. methanol); lithium, handling of; lithium 2,6-dimethylphenoxide, preparation of; methyl iodide; tube, pyrex bomb
Politics, Social Movements, and the Periodization of U.S. History

It may be perilous for a member of the Society of Historians of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era to propose, in the Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era, that we cease using the term “Gilded Age” as a label for the late nineteenth century. Since I admire Mark Twain, who famously coined the term in a novel that he cowrote with Charles Dudley Warner, such a suggestion feels disloyal if not downright un-American. But in struggling recently to write a synthesis of the United States between 1865 and 1905 (cutoff dates that I chose with considerable doubt), it became apparent to me that “Gilded Age” is not a very useful or accurate term. Intended as an indictment of the elite, it captures none of the era's grassroots ferment and little of its social and intellectual complexity. A review of recent literature suggests that periodizing schemes are now in flux, and a reconsideration may be in order.
Ontogenetic changes in the diet of the sevengill shark (Notorynchus cepedianus)

The sevengill shark, Notorynchus cepedianus, is a versatile predator capable of feeding on a wide variety of prey species. Stomach content analyses were performed on specimens from California, USA, and southern Africa to investigate whether dietary differences occur in relation to sex and size. Of the 531 specimens examined, 365 (68.7%) contained prey items. The dietary trend with growth and maturity shifted from teleosts to chondrichthyans, with marine mammals becoming increasingly important in the larger size classes of N. cepedianus. Small N. cepedianus ( 220 cm TL, while teleosts declined to 6% and 13% for male and female sharks, respectively. A decrease was observed in the dietary overlap of each successively larger size class. Ontogenetic changes in the diet of N. cepedianus may provide insight into understanding how adults enhance the survivorship of their young, who are often less experienced at foraging for prey and are more vulnerable to predation.
A qualitative study of herbal medicine use in the Ukraine: implications for US pharmacy practice.

Introduction: Half of nearly all new immigrants in the United States come from only 10 countries, including the Ukraine. Immigrants bring facets of their culture to their new country; therefore, it is important for health care providers to have an appreciation and understanding of cultural differences in regard to the use of herbal medicine. Objectives: To determine health care provider and patient preferences for herbal versus synthetic medications, health care provider didactic training in pharmacognosy and trends in herbal medication use in the Ukraine. Methods: Ten health care providers, pharmacists and physicians, were interviewed to determine their views on herbal medicine use in Ukraine using semistructured in-depth face-to-face interviews. Results: Ukrainian practitioners and patients viewed herbal medicines as safer than synthetic drugs, appropriate and preferable for use in chronic and preventative programs. Synthetic drugs were viewed as more desirable for use in the acute setting. Preference f...
EVALUATING THE COOK COUNTY SENTENCING GUIDELINES

This article examines the empirical basis for current criminal sentencing guidelines being used in Cook County, Illinois. Unlike in many other sentencing reforms, guidelines have generally been developed out of an empirical analysis of past sentencing decisions through the identification of variables most predictive of sentence. However, when the statistical analysis is inadequate or faulty, the resultant sentencing guidelines must be questioned. Presented is a reanalysis of the original data used to develop Cook County's sentencing guidelines. Generally, the current sentencing guidelines used in Cook County are not found to be predictive of sentence. Implications of this finding are discussed.
Telemedicine in Sub-Saharan Africa: a proposed Delphi study

By the end of 2001, an estimated 40 million people worldwide - 2. 7 million under age 15 - were living with HIV/AIDS. More than 70 percent of these people (28.1 million) live in Sub-Saharan Africa. Another killer, malaria, is responsible for as many as half the deaths of African children under the age of five. The disease kills more than one million children each year - 2800 per day - in Africa alone. As such statistics demonstrate, the need for medical care in Sub-Saharan Africa is paramount. Sub-Saharan Africa has fewer than 10 doctors per 100000 people, and 14 countries do not have a single radiologist. The specialists and services that are available are concentrated in cities. This study examines the state of adoption of telemedicine in Sub-Saharan Africa. We present several examples of successful adoption of telemedicine in the continent, provide several research implications, and propose a Delphi study to identify the critical success factors that would enable successful implementation of telemedicine in Sub Saharan Africa. While we do not claim that telemedicine will solve all of Sub-Saharan Africa's medical problems, we do contend that it is a starting point to reach Africans that live in areas with limited medical facilities and personnel.
Raman and infrared spectra, conformational stability, barrier to internal rotation, and ab initio calculations for 1,1‐dichloromethyl methyl ether

The Raman (3200–30 cm−1) and infrared (3200–50 cm−1) spectra of 1,1-dichloromethyl methyl ether are reported for the gas, liquid, amorphous solid and annealed polycrystalline solid. These spectral data were interpreted on the basis that in the fluid phases there is a mixture of trans and gauche conformers but only the trans conformer remains in the annealed solid. From the temperature-dependent relative intensity of Raman bands at 379 and 427 cm−1 in the liquid, an enthalpy difference of 656 ± 84 cm−1 (1.88 ± 0.24 kcal mol−1 or 7.85 ± 1.0 kJ mol−1) was obtained with the trans conformer the more stable form. Complete vibrational assignments are made for the much more abundant trans form, and a number of fundamentals are assigned for the gauche conformer with the aid of ab initio computations made with the 3–21G and 6–31G* basis sets. The harmonic force fields obtained using the 3–21G basis set are reported for both conformers together with scaled and unscaled wavenumbers and the accompanying potential energy distributions. The results are compared with the corresponding quantities obtained for some similar molecules.
The growing executive compensation advantage of private versus public companies

Private companies have a natural governance advantage over public companies�one that stems mainly from the presence on their boards of their largest owners. This governance advantage is reflected in the greater effectiveness of private company executive pay plans in balancing the goals of management retention and incentive alignment against cost. Private company investor-directors are more likely to make these tradeoffs efficiently because they have both a much stronger interest in outcomes than public company directors and more company-specific knowledge than public company investors. Furthermore, private company boards do not have to contend with the external scrutiny of CEO pay and the growing number of constraints on compensation that are now faced by the directors of public companies. Such constraints focus almost entirely on one dimension of compensation governance�cost�in the belief that such constraints are required to limit the ability of directors to overpay their CEOs. In practice, any element of compensation can serve to improve retention or alignment, as well as being potentially costly to shareholders. Furthermore, any proscribed compensation element can be �worked around� by plan designers, provided the company is willing to deal with the complexity. For this reason, rules intended to deter excessive CEO pay are now effectively forcing even well-intentioned public company boards to adopt suboptimal or overly complex compensation plans, while doing little to prevent �captured� boards from overpaying CEOs. As a result, it is increasingly difficult for public companies to put in place the kinds of simple, powerful, and efficient incentive plans that are typically seen at private companies�plans that often feature bonuses funded by an uncapped share of profit growth, or upfront �mega-grants� of stock options with service-based vesting.
Sexual Dimorphisms in Aggressive Signal Structure and Use by a Polygynous Lizard, Anolis carolinensis

Unlike many polygynous species, we found that females of the lizard, Anolis carolinensis, have the same repertoire of aggressive signals as males. These shared signals included three stereotyped headbob display patterns (types A, B, and C) that were performed with no significant intersexual difference in amplitude displacement. However, we did find the following sexual dimorphisms in signal structure and use. Females (1) had a smaller average extendable throat fan (i.e., dewlap) area (0.22 cm2 ) than males (1.52 cm 2 ), (2) never displayed when alone (0/h), whereas males frequently did (18/h), (3) displayed 10-fold less during consexual encounters (17/h) than males (168/h), (4) lacked the ritualized intermale combat scheme of circling, jaw-sparring, and jaw-locking, (5) infrequently used physical contact in consexual encounters, whereas males frequently did, and (6) did not employ a shifting use of signals with decreasing interfemale approach distance, whereas contesting males did by decreasing the frequency of C displays in favor of A and B displays, decreasing the use of the dewlap during displays, and decreasing the sequencing of displays in volleys. These results are in accord with field studies, which report limited interfemale territoriality (i.e., low consexual threat) and short display broadcast distances, whereas male territorial behavior is well developed (i.e., high consexual threat), with frequent long-distance displaying between consexuals. We suggest that these displays, which function in competitive interference, have been less directionally selected in females than in males because the outcomes of consexual contests carry fewer reproductive consequences for females than for males.
CRITICAL VALUES AND P VALUES OF BESSEL PROCESS DISTRIBUTIONS: COMPUTATION AND APPLICATION TO STRUCTURAL BREAK TESTS

The p values of structural break tests, when the break date or dates are unknown, must be calculated in terms of the probability distributions of functions of Bessel processes. The literature so far has maintained that direct computation of these p values and of the corresponding critical values is too difficult and has relied on approximations based on simulations, asymptotic expansions, or curve fitting. This paper presents a fast simple method of calculating exact p values and critical values and uses the method to evaluate the accuracy of the various approximations.The author is grateful for comments and suggestions from Don Andrews, Clint Cummins, Jeff Fuhrer, Ken Garbade, Jim Mahoney, Tony Rodrigues, Josh Rosenberg, Sebastian Schich, participants in a workshop at the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, and the referees. The views expressed in this paper are those of the author and do not necessarily represent those of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York or the Federal Reserve System.
Beginnings and endings: keys to better engineering technical writing

Engineers face many technical writing tasks that have many features in common: title, abstract, introduction, problem formulation, methods, results, and conclusions. But it is often very difficult to actually write these segments in the same order they appear in the finished product. Instead of this linear approach, we recommend a modular approach starting with the core sections, the methods and results that researchers know best, and working backward and forward to pick up the beginnings and endings. We show how the beginning and ending sections build on the core sections and offer strategies to improve them.
Saliency, switching, attention and control: a network model of insula function

The insula is a brain structure implicated in disparate cognitive, affective, and regulatory functions, including interoceptive awareness, emotional responses, and empathic processes. While classically considered a limbic region, recent evidence from network analysis suggests a critical role for the insula, particularly the anterior division, in high-level cognitive control and attentional processes. The crucial insight and view we present here is of the anterior insula as an integral hub in mediating dynamic interactions between other large-scale brain networks involved in externally oriented attention and internally oriented or self-related cognition. The model we present postulates that the insula is sensitive to salient events, and that its core function is to mark such events for additional processing and initiate appropriate control signals. The anterior insula and the anterior cingulate cortex form a “salience network” that functions to segregate the most relevant among internal and extrapersonal stimuli in order to guide behavior. Within the framework of our network model, the disparate functions ascribed to the insula can be conceptualized by a few basic mechanisms: (1) bottom–up detection of salient events, (2) switching between other large-scale networks to facilitate access to attention and working memory resources when a salient event is detected, (3) interaction of the anterior and posterior insula to modulate autonomic reactivity to salient stimuli, and (4) strong functional coupling with the anterior cingulate cortex that facilitates rapid access to the motor system. In this manner, with the insula as its integral hub, the salience network assists target brain regions in the generation of appropriate behavioral responses to salient stimuli. We suggest that this framework provides a parsimonious account of insula function in neurotypical adults, and may provide novel insights into the neural basis of disorders of affective and social cognition.