cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of the French Haut Taux de Combustion (HTC) Critical Experiment Data

In the 1980s, a series of critical experiments referred to as the Haut Taux de Combustion (HTC) experiments was conducted by the Institut de Radioprotection et de Surete Nucleaire (IRSN) at the experimental criticality facility in Valduc, France. The plutonium-to- uranium ratio and the isotopic compositions of both the uranium and plutonium used in the simulated fuel rods were designed to be similar to what would be found in a typical pressurized-water reactor fuel assembly that initially had an enrichment of 4.5 wt% {sup 235}U and was burned to 37,500 MWd/MTU. The fuel material also includes {sup 241}Am, which is present due to the decay of {sup 241}Pu. The HTC experiments include configurations designed to simulate fuel handling activities, pool storage, and transport in casks constructed of thick lead or steel. Rights of use for the HTC experiment data were purchased under an agreement that limits release of the information. Consequently, a detailed and complete description of the experiments is not presented in this report. This report discusses evaluation of the four HTC data reports, modeling of the experiments, sensitivity and uncertainty analysis, and upper subcritical limit (USL) calculation. The report also presents some conclusions and recommendations concerning use ofmore » the HTC experiment data for burnup credit applications. The similarity of the HTC experiments with PWR spent nuclear fuel has been quantified using sensitivity/uncertainty analysis, confirming that the HTC experiments are significantly more applicable to the validation of burnup credit calculations than other available mixed-oxide (MOX) experiments. The HTC experiments were designed and executed with a high level of rigor, resulting in experimental uncertainties that are lower than many of the earlier MOX experiments. The HTC data reports, together with information provided in this report, provide sufficient data to allow for either detailed or simplified computational models to be developed. The HTC experiments substantially strengthen the technical basis for validation by adding to the previously small number of applicable experiments against which to compare burnup credit applications. Existing MOX experiments found to be applicable are also identified in this report.« less
Paul Halmos and the Progress of Operator Theory

For most of the mathematical public the name Paul Halmos is synonymous with excellent mathematical exposition. Having been Paul’s colleague for many years, both as a faculty member at Indiana University and as a researcher in operator theory, I feel that I know many other aspects of his mathematical personality. To begin with, he is totally dedicated to mathematics and scholarship. He works harder than most mathematicians I know. His reputation as a lecturer is results in careful preparation and great attention to detail.
Educating for EU Citizenship and Civic Engagement Through Active Learning

A great challenge for university educators is teaching so that students become “owners” of the knowledge imparted in the classroom. As suggested in this chapter that challenge grows exponentially when another learning outcome of academic curriculum, whether it be Political Science in general or European Studies in particular, is to produce lifelong, engaged citizens. Thus, this author explores the fact that, simultaneous to governmental pressures being placed on American educators, both the European Union and the Council of Europe have also called for civic education to ensure long-term, active citizenship. In fact, European and American governmental elites, civil society organizations, nongovernmental educational organizations, and European Studies scholars have contributed diverse ideas, strategies, and tactics to the now rich conversation about the European Identity and the meaning of “good” European citizenship. Their efforts coincide with similar efforts by American political scientists. Finally, this author examines what is needed at the classroom level to help European Studies students connect academic learning with the practical realities of citizenship. This examination considers the development of civic skills and key competences and the value of active and experiential learning in engaging students as citizens of Europe—and of the global arena.
Choledyl® (Parke-Davis)

Choledyl is a xanthine bronchodilator and, compared to aminophylline, is less irritating to the gastric mucosa, more readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, more stable, and more soluble. Like other xanthines, Choledyl is known to increase the vital capacity that is impaired by bronchospasms and air-trapping.
Disorders of the Breast

Lesions of the breast in the pediatric population are relatively common and nearly always benign. The problems seen by a pediatric surgeon fall into four major categories: developmental, inflammatory/infectious, traumatic, and neoplastic. Many pediatric breast lesions do not require surgical intervention. When surgery is indicated, the overriding principles of pediatric breast surgery include: preservation of developing tissue, periareolar access whenever possible, and adequate resection based on pathology.
Differences in Febrile and Respiratory Illnesses in Minority Children: The Sociodemographic Context of Restrictive Parenting.

Abstract Objective To examine the moderating role of restrictive parenting on the relation of socioeconomic status (SES) to febrile illnesses (FIs) and upper respiratory illnesses (URIs) among ethnic minority and non-minority children. Methods Children from diverse ethnic backgrounds (Caucasian, African American, Asian, Latino, other, or multiethnic) were followed across the course of the kindergarten year. Parents reported on SES and parenting. A nurse completed 13 physical exams per child over the year to assess FIs and URIs. Results During the school year, 28% of children (n = 199, 56% ethnic minority) exhibited one or more FIs (range, 0–6) and 90% exhibited one or more URIs (range, 0–10). No main or moderating effects of SES or restrictive parenting on FIs or URIs were found among Caucasian children; however, among ethnic minority children, the relation of SES to FIs was conditional upon restrictive parenting (β = .66; P = .02), as the fewest FIs were found for lower SES minority children whose parents reported more restrictive practices. Additionally, among minority children, more restrictive parenting was marginally associated with fewer URIs (β = –.21; P = .05). Conclusions Unexpectedly, among minority children the fewest illnesses occurred among lower SES children whose parents endorsed more restrictive parenting. This may be due to unique appraisals of this rearing style among minority children in lower SES environments and its potential to influence immune functioning. Results suggest variability in the effects of parenting on offspring health and support context-specific evaluations of parenting in efforts to ameliorate early health disparities.
Flexural strength of aluminum members with tapered thickness component elements

Abstract Commonly used aluminum and steel structural members often have cross-sections with tapered thickness. Buckling behavior of tapered thickness component elements subjected to compression is significantly different from that of uniform thickness elements. However, typical steel and aluminum specifications suggest using the average of the varying thickness, as if the tapered component element behaves in the same way as the uniform thickness element. In this study, to precisely evaluate the compressive strength of tapered thickness plates, stiffness matrices are derived for use in an available finite strip program. Using the program, the buckling coefficients are computed for tapered thickness plates. Based on the buckling coefficients, design equations are proposed for aluminum tapered thickness component elements under compression. The equations are verified through physical tests and a parametric study using the finite element analysis. The finite element analysis is validated through the physical tests of aluminum I-shaped sections with tapered flanges.
Generation of Pancreatic Ductal Organoids and Whole-Mount Immunostaining of Intact Organoids

Traditionally, studies of cells and tissues have been performed on isolated primary cells or immortalized cell lines by culturing them in 2D culture dishes or flasks. However, a caveat regarding 2D culture is that the cells poorly recapitulate their in vivo counterparts, mainly due to a lack of 3D cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix interactions. In recent years, the development of in vitro organoids as 3D culture has gained substantial attention as a model to study different tissues. In adults, pancreatic ductal cells are considered as a source of stem or progenitor cells, so developing new methods to study ductal cells would be useful. Here, we provide a protocol to isolate mouse pancreatic ductal cells and a cost-effective protocol to generate 3D organoid structures from such ductal cells. Additionally, we have devised a protocol for immunostaining of intact whole organoids without sectioning. © 2018 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Varieties of Local Government Experimentation: U.S. State-Led Technology-Based Economic Development Policies, 2000–2015

A recent understudied phenomenon has emerged, whereby public institutions are collectively taking on an expanded role in technological innovation by offering resource, policy, and infrastructure su...
Abstract 089: Role of LncRNA Snhg18 in Diabetes Induced Macrophage Dysfunction and Atherosclerosis

Atherosclerotic vascular disease is the major cause of mortality in diabetic patients. Evidence from our laboratory and others showed that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play important roles in dia...
Antimicrobial susceptibility of biliary stents do not predict infectious complications after whipple.

Abstract Background Postoperative infectious complications after a pancreaticoduodenectomy remain a significant cause of morbidity. Studies have demonstrated that a preoperative biliary stent increases the risk of postoperative infectious complications. Few studies have investigated the specific preoperative biliary stent bacterial sensitivities to preoperative antibiotics and the effect on infectious complications. The goal of this study was to investigate if the presence of a preoperative biliary stent increases the risk of postoperative infectious complications in patients undergoing a pancreaticoduodenectomy. Additionally, we aimed to investigate biliary stent culture sensitivities to preoperative antibiotics and determine if those sensitivities impacted postoperative infectious complications after a pancreaticoduodenectomy. Methods A retrospective chart review of patients who had undergone a pancreaticoduodenectomy at a single institution tertiary care center from 2007 to 2018 was performed. Perioperative variables including microbiology cultures from biliary stents were collected and analyzed. Results A total of 244 patients underwent a pancreaticoduodenectomy. A preoperative biliary stent was present in 45 (18%) patients. Infectious complications occurred in 25% of those patients with a preoperative biliary stent, and 19% of those without (P = .37). Of those patients with a stent that was cultured intraoperatively, 92% grew bacteria and 61% of those were resistant to the preoperative antibiotics administered. Of the patients with a preoperative biliary stent and bacteria resistant to the preoperative antibiotics, 17% developed a postoperative infectious complication, compared with 20% if the bacteria cultured was susceptible to the preoperative antibiotics (P = .64). Conclusion Infectious complications after pancreaticoduodenectomy are a significant cause of morbidity. Stent bacterial sensitivities to preoperative antibiotics did not reduce the postoperative infectious complications in the preoperative biliary stent group suggesting a multifactorial cause of infections.
Freedom and Responsibility in Neoplatonist Thought: Coope, Ursula, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2020, pp. xi + 279, £55 (hb).

Freedom and responsibility are central topics in Neoplatonist thought. Lying at the intersection of metaphysics, psychology, and ethics, these two topics were examined, and re-examined, by each gen...
Low-Frequency Neural Tracking of Natural Speech Envelope Reflects the Convolution of Evoked Responses to Acoustic Edges, Not Oscillatory Entrainment

The amplitude envelope of speech is crucial for accurate comprehension, and several studies have shown that the phase of neural activity in the theta-delta bands (1 - 10 Hz) tracks the phase of the speech amplitude envelope during listening, a process referred to as envelope tracking. However, the mechanisms underlying envelope tracking have been heavily debated. A dominant model posits that envelope tracking reflects continuous entrainment of endogenous low-frequency oscillations to the speech envelope. However, it has proven challenging to distinguish this from the alternative model that envelope tracking reflects a convolution of evoked responses to acoustic landmarks within the envelope. To address this, we recorded magnetoencephalography while participants listened to natural and slowed speech. First, we found that peaks in the rate of envelope change, acoustic edge landmarks, induced a strong evoked response. We then contrasted central diverging predictions of evoked response and oscillatory models regarding the spectral and temporal extent of neural phase locking in the theta-delta range at different speech rates. Our analyses revealed transient theta phase locking at both speech rates and delta phase locking in slow speech. This pattern was predicted by the evoked response model but not by oscillatory entrainment. Furthermore, the encoding of acoustic edge magnitudes was invariant to contextual speech rate, demonstrating speech rate normalization of acoustic edge representations. Taken together, our results show that an evoked response model provides a better account of neural phase locking to the speech envelope than oscillatory entrainment.
A Simulator for Human-Robot Interaction in Virtual Reality

We present a suite of tools to model a robot, its sensors, and the surrounding environment in VR, with the goal of collecting training data for real-world robots. The virtual robot observes a rigged avatar created in our photogrammetry facility and embodying a VR user. We are particularly interested in verbal human/robot interactions, which can be combined with the robot’s sensor data for grounded language learning. Because virtual scenes, tasks, and robots are easily reconfigured compared to their physical analogs, our approach proves extremely versatile in preparing a wide range of robot scenarios for an array of use cases.
An investigation of the plastic work to heat conversion of wrought and laser powder bed fusion manufactured Inconel 718

Abstract In this study, the conversion of plastic work to heat, also known as the Taylor-Quinney coefficient (β), of Inconel 718 (IN718) is investigated. Three material conditions are examined, specifically wrought IN718 and laser powder bed fusion (LPBF manufactured IN718 in the as-built condition and one that has been recrystallized through a solutionizing heat treatment. Adiabatic deformation conditions are achieved using a tension split-Hopkinson pressure bar. Infra-red thermography measurements are made during deformation such that the conversion of plastic work to heat can be determined for each material condition as a function of strain. Microstructure characterization was conducted using electron backscatter diffraction to measure grain size, morphology, and texture. From the experiments conducted, it was observed that wrought IN718 had the lowest conversion of plastic work to heat (β ≈ 0.2). The as-built LPBF IN718 had a slightly higher conversion of plastic work to heat (β ≈ 0.3), and the recrystallized condition had the greatest plastic work to heat conversion (β ≈ 0.45). The observed ordering of the plastic work to heat conversion efficiency is discussed in light of the microstructural similarities and differences of each material condition. Increasing grain size was found to be correlated with a decrease in β.
Citizens in the Making in Post-Soviet States

1. Introduction 2. Attitudes toward Democracy 3. Trust in Authorities 4. Building the New Political Community, Remembering the Old One 5. Learning about Politics 6. Construction of Soviet History in School Textbooks 7. Growing Up, but Growing Apart
Psychosocial aspects of obesity.

Obese patients have many physical limitations and much psychiatric burden to overcome. Several studies have shown that the prevalence of psychiatric morbidity in the obese is similar to those with n
Unifying concepts underlying the effects of organic dust exposures.

Defense mechanisms protect the lung very well from inhaled organic dusts. With sufficient exposure to certain dusts, however, susceptible individuals develop hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP), the organic dust toxic syndrome (ODTS), or asthma. Mucous membrane irritation (MMI) bothers some individuals inhaling grain dust. Allergic asthma is caused by IgE-meditated immunologic responses to allergenic dust contaminants. ODTS can be explained by a nonimmunologic release of interleukin 1 (IL-1) and perhaps other endogenous pyrogens from alveolar macrophages by endotoxin or other ingredients of dusts. The pathogenesis of HP may involve IL-1 release combined with a specific immunological response by effector T-lymphocytes. MMI may be the result of an irritant effect not involving immune responses or mediators.
Res Jost January 10, 1918 – October 3, 1990

On January 2, 1946 I arrived in Copenhagen to start post-doctoral research. I was the first of the post-War crop of youngsters from abroad to start work at Niels Bohr’s Institut for teoretisk Fysik (in 1965 renamed Niels Bohr Institute). There, shortly afterwards, on the 15th, I made the first acquaintance of another young arrival from abroad1. He was Res Jost. We were of the same age, both born in 1918.
Systematic Review of Bioenergy Perception Studies

This paper presents the results of a structured review of published articles that discuss stakeholders’ perceptions of bioenergy, including both biofuels and biopower. An electronic search process using numerous key terms identified 44 peer-reviewed publications from 2000 to 2013 that focused on stakeholders’ perceptions, understanding, and acceptance of bioenergy. These findings indicate that in the last decade the research community has been more active in publications focused on the societal and public perceptions of the bioenergy industry compared to prior years. Among the reviewed studies, most (84%) are based in the US and Europe, and only a few recent studies have focused on stakeholders in Asia and other parts of the world. This review revealed no standardized methods for evaluation of stakeholder perception, for data collection, or statistical analysis of the data. Among stakeholder groups, the majority of studies focused on the general public or the consumer’s opinion about bioenergy (79% of studies). Overall findings show that the stakeholder groups show low to moderate support for the bioenergy industry. As anticipated, the stakeholder groups had varied views about the opportunities and risks associated with bioenergy industry, and these views varied based on their experiences.
How Education Affects Attitude to Protest: A Further Test

In a previous study, the authors found that among whites education affected attitude to protest in four ways: by raising commitment to civil liberties; by reducing support for violence; by increasi...
Application of simple numerical techniques for increasing the efficiency of a forward-in-time shallow water code on a sphere

Atmospheric motions contain signals such as gravity waves and/or sound waves which usually have little influence on the actual weather. These signals do however have an effect on atmospheric models which predict the weather; the signals require the use of small time steps for numerical stability. Two explicit numerical techniques, time-splitting and temporal averaging, are described in this paper which help increase the efficiency of atmospheric models which contain fast signals. An interesting aspect of this work is that these techniques are being applied within the framework of a fully forward-in-time model. This is in contrast to findings by other researchers who have noted that the use of forward-in-time schemes in conjunction with time-splitting leads to numerical instabilities. In addition to demonstrating that the method is efficient, the authors will illustrate that the approach produces a solution which suffers from less dissipative errors than the original model. Additional features of the approach is that it does not suffer from temporal splitting errors and as such the method is fully second-order in time and space. Because the approach is explicit, no difficulties exist with its implementation on parallel architectures. The model is written in Fortran 90 and runs on the CM5.
Performance of "kits" used for clinical chemical analysis of GOT (aspartate aminotransferase).

Forty-three kits for clinical chemical analysis of GOT (aspartate aminotransferase) were evaluated. The reference method was the kinetic method performed on the Abbott ABA-100 Bichromatic Analyzer. Specific data are tabulated for each kit and include ease and speed of testing and performance data. Most kits failed to provide completely adequate labelling information. Reproducibility CV for the kits varied widely (4.20 to 21.26 for the normal pool and 1.57 to 20.51 for the high pool). Many kits gave significant numbers of false positive and false negative results on patient samples. There is a need for manufacturers to either derive their own normal ranges or to establish exact equivalency values with the method used to establish the normal values. No difference was demonstrated between performance by two skilled technologists. However, we did detect lot-to-lot variation and differences in performance between narrow bandpass and wide bandpass spectrophotometers.
Structure−Property Relationships for Two-Photon Absorbing Chromophores: Bis-Donor Diphenylpolyene and Bis(styryl)benzene Derivatives

The two-photon absorption properties of a series of bis dialkylamino- or diarylamino-substituted diphenylpolyenes and bis(styryl)benzenes have been investigated. Two-photon absorption cross sections, δ, as large as 1420 × 10-50 cm4 s/photon-molecule have been observed for molecules with this general bis-donor structure. The effect of the type and length of the conjugated chain and of dialkylamino or diarylamino substitution on the position and magnitude of the peak two-photon absorptivity is reported. The transition dipole moments for the transitions between the ground state and the first excited singlet state (Mge) and between the first and second excited singlet states (Mee‘) have been estimated using experimental data from the one- and two-photon spectra. It was found that increases in chain length result mainly in an increase in Mge, whereas the addition of donor end groups or going from diphenylpolyene- to phenylene-vinylene-type bridges leads primarily to an increase in Mee‘. The trends in the energ...
Surface self-diffusion studies on the (111) surface of vanadium

Abstract The temperature dependence of the surface self-diffusion coeffiecient of vanadium was investigated experimentally under ultra-high vacuum conditions by using the sinusoidal profile decay technique. The rates of decay of profiles were measured in situ by using the laser diffraction technique. These diffusion studies were carried out on the (111) plane and the diffusion direction on this plane was controlled to be 〈211〉. For the temperature range 1374–1521 K, the results were found to follow the relationship: D s (111) 〈 2 11〉 = 66 exp [−48,000)RT] cm 2 / s . A comparison of activation energy with a pairwise potential model shows that a significant lattice relaxation is present when an atom occupies the saddle point configuration. Saddle point energies for various body centered cubic metals, calculated from the experimental data on surface diffusion, have been shown to vary linearly with the heat of vaporization.
Shadow-cone-enhanced secondary-ion mass-spectrometry studies of Ag{110}

The yield of particles ejected due to keV ion bombardment of Ag{110} has been observed to depend strongly on the angle of incidence of the primary ion beam. The desorption angles of these particles are found to reflect both the crystallographic and chemical structure of the surface. Molecular dynamics calculations indicate that the desorption yield of all particles is significantly enhanced when the shadow cone of the incident beam of particles created by a surface atom intersects adjacent surface atoms. These angles may be accurately calculated by use of a full three-dimensional trajectory calculation of the scattering or by simple computation of the angle of this intersection using a two-body Moli\`ere interaction potential function. With this approach it is possible to assign all of the angular anisotropies observed from secondary ions ejected from Ag{110}. Moreover, a detailed analysis suggests that the topmost atomic layer is relaxed inward by (7.8\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2.5)% and that the spacing between the first and third layer is contracted by (4.1\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2.1)% relative to the bulk spacings. These results are in excellent agreement with recent Rutherford backscattering experiments. A number of new possible applications of this technique to the analysis of chemisorbed overlayers is also discussed.
Facilitating surgical ablation of lesions in the conchal cavum and around the external auditory meatus, with subsequent 2-stage flap reconstruction.

. Coverage of surgical defects of the external auditory meatus and surrounding areas can be singularly challenging. Partial detachment of the lower pinna may facilitate surgical exposure and the movement of tissue from periauricular locations. A high level of esthetic reconstruction can be accomplished.
Unitarily invariant generalized matrix norms and hadamard products

Let ‖ · ‖ be a unitarily invariant generalized matrix norm on Mn (C) the space of n-square complex matrices. Theorems are developed relating the Hadamard product (entrywise product) of two matrices A,BeMn (C) to the singular values of A and B. We conjecture that for any such norm. where A · B denotes the Hadamard product. For p ⩾ 1,1 ⩽ k ⩽ n, let where are the singular values of A. We prove that If 1<k<n we prove where Eq is the matrix with 1 in position (i,j) and zeros elsewhere. The case k = 1 is also discussed.
Analysis of Tetrahydrocannabinol and its Metabolite, 11-Nor-Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol-9-Carboxylic Acid, in Oral Fluid using Liquid Chromatography with Tandem Mass Spectrometry

This paper describes the determination of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and its metabolite, 11-nor-Δ⁹-tetrahydrocannabinol-9-carboxylic acid (THC-COOH) in oral fluid using solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectral detection (LC-MS-MS) and its application to proficiency specimens. The method employs collection of oral fluid with the Quantisal™ device, base hydrolysis, solid-phase extraction and LC-MS-MS in positive ion electrospray mode. Because the concentration of the metabolite in oral fluid is quite low, extremely sensitive analytical methods are necessary. The requisite sensitivity was achieved by a simple, rapid derivatization of the compound after extraction. The derivatization conditions did not affect parent THC. The method was fully validated using standard parameters including linearity, sensitivity, accuracy, intra-day and inter-day imprecision, drug recovery from the collection pad, limit of quantitation, limit of detection and matrix effects. The procedure was applied to oral fluid proficiency specimens previously analyzed to assess the stability of THC-COOH.
Dominance of density variations in determining the molecular weight dependence of surface tensions of polymer melts

Abstract We utilize exact thermodynamic relationships to separate the role of density variations and chain end segregation to surfaces in determining the molecular weight dependence of the surface tensions of polymer melts. By utilizing standard mean-field treatments we find that density effects dominate, except in special cases, where the chain ends are strongly attracted or repelled from the surfaces. These results stress that PVT measurements are generally sufficient to properly capture the molecular weight dependence of γ for normally encountered polymer melts.
Autostimulation of the Epstein-Barr Virus BRLF1 Promoter Is Mediated through Consensus Sp1 and Sp3 Binding Sites

As an essential step in the lytic cascade, the Rta homologues of gammaherpesviruses all activate their own expression. Consistent with this biologic function, the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) Rta protein powerfully stimulates the promoter of its own gene, Rp, in EBV-positive B cells in transient-transfection reporter-based assays. We analyzed the activity of RpCAT in response to Rta by deletional and site-directed mutagenesis. Two cognate Sp1 binding sites located at −279 and −45 relative to the transcriptional start site proved crucial for Rta-mediated activation. Previously described binding sites for the cellular transcription factor Zif268 and the viral transactivator ZEBRA were found to be dispensable for activation of RpCAT by Rta. Gel shift analysis, using extracts of B cells in latency or induced into the lytic cycle, identified Sp1 and Sp3 as the predominant cellular proteins bound to Rp near −45. During the lytic cycle, ZEBRA bound Rp near the Sp1/Sp3 site. The binding of Sp1 and Sp3 to Rp correlated with the reporter activities in the mutagenesis study, establishing a direct link between transcriptional activation of Rp by Rta and DNA binding by Sp1 and/or Sp3. The relative abundance or functional state of the cellular Sp1 and Sp3 transcription factors may be altered in response to stimuli that induce the BRLF1 promoter and thereby contribute to the activation of the viral lytic cycle.
Parasites and diseases of the grey mullet (Mugilidae) with special reference to the seas of the Near East

Abstract Comprehensive information on the parasite fauna of mullets is still restricted to a few regions: 15 species of parasites have been listed from Black Sea mullets, 34 from the eastern Mediterranean, 20 from the northern Red Sea and 19 from the northern Gulf of Mexico. Parasites listed include flagellates, myxosporidians and ciliates, as well as monogeneans, trematode adults and metacercariae, acanthocephalans, copepods and isopods. Mortality records of wild mullet populations are scarce. Mortalities due to environmental stress of temperature, salinity and pollution have been reported from the southern United States, Israel, and the northern Sinai. An epizootic among wild populations has been recorded in the northern Black Sea, due to the parasitic myxosporidian Myxobolus exiguus . Mortalities associated with heavy infection of the monogenean Benedenia sp. (n.sp.) were recently observed in a lagoon connected to the Gulf of Suez. In the eastern Mediterranean, the copepods Ergasilus lizae and Caligus pageti as well as Pseudocaligus apodus caused skin sores, emaciation and mortality in brackish- and sea-water ponds. The monogenean Benedenia sp. caused severe injuries and death to Red Sea mullets stocked in experimental holding tanks. Numerous forms (over 12) of metacercariae of trematodes, predominantly Heterophyiidea, are particularly common in mullets of the Near and Far East. In these regions, these metacercariae (which encyst in the muscles of mullets) are of considerable public health importance. Trematodes which develop from these larvae cause intestinal diseases in humans who consume infected fish.
PASSOVOY FACTOR: A HITHERTO UNRECOGNISED FACTOR NECESSARY FOR HÆMOSTASIS

Abstract A moderate bleeding diathesis transmitted as an autosomal dominant was found in five members of four generations of the same family. The affected patients had prolonged partial thromboplastin-times and normal levels of all the known clotting-factors. The haemorrhagic diathesis was attributed to a deficiency of a hitherto unrecognised coagulation factor—i.e., the Passovoy factor.
Estimates of daily energy expenditure in birds: the time-energy budget as an integrator of laboratory and field studies

SYNOPSIS. Measures of energy expenditure by free-living birds can provide quantitative testsof a number of ecological theories, regarding such diverse phenomena as foraging strategies, resource competition, or parental investment. Our confidence in these tests rests heavily on the confidence we have in the estimated rates of energy expenditure. The most common approach to obtaining such estimates is the construction of time-energy budgets, in which the durations of ananimal's daily activities are multiplied by the respective energy costs of the activities, and these costs are summed. Our knowledge of the energy costs of activities, particularly locomotion, has greatly advanced in recent years, as has the ability to adequately assess thermoregulatory costs. Comparisons between timeenergy budgets and direct measures of energy expenditure obtained using doubly labeled water indicate that time-energy budgets can yield accurate estimates of energy expenditure. However, this is likely to be achieved only under fairly rigorous conditions in which resting costs, activity costs, and thermoregulatory costs are all well described.Evidence is accumulating to suggest that, under some conditions, energy expenditure by birds reaches a maximum sustainable level, at which point it is limited by the physiological capacitiesto ingest and assimilate energy. Under these conditions, behavioral responses to changing physical environments and resource availability may be critical to the maintenance of energy balance.
An application engineering workbench for tailoring Ada flight components

1. ABSTRACT The Application Engineering Workbench is an interactive tool that automates the production of satellite flight software. The Workbench uses a hierarchy of graphical user interfaces (GUIs) to guide the satellite engineer through the process of entering the requirements of a flight software system. These requirements are captured in a relational database and are used to generate tailored Ada components. The decision model is the underlying mechanism that groups and orders the user’s decisions. It enables the human to specify and the software to use mission requirements. The Workbench was developed by the recently completed Reusable Software Architecture for Spacecraft (RSAS) program. 1.1
Brown on self-knowledge and discriminability1

: In her recent book Anti-Individualism and Knowledge, Jessica Brown has presented a novel answer to the self-knowledge ‘achievement problem’ facing the proponent of anti-individualism. She argues that her answer is to be preferred to the traditional answer (based on Burge, 1988a). Here I present three objections to the claim that her proposed answer is to be preferred. The significance of these objections lies in what they tell us about the nature of the sort of knowledge that is in dispute. Perhaps the most important lesson I draw from this discussion is that, given the nature of knowledge of one's own thoughts, discriminability (from relevant alternatives) is not a condition on knowledge as such.
A multinational deployment of 3D laser scanning to study craniofacial dysmorphology in fetal alcohol spectrum disorders

Craniofacial anthropometry (the measurement and analysis of head and face dimensions) has been used to assess and describe abnormal craniofacial variation (dysmorphology) and the facial phenotype in many medical syndromes. Traditionally, anthropometry measurements have been collected by the direct application of calipers and tape measures to the subject's head and face, and can suffer from inaccuracies due to restless subjects, erroneous landmark identification, clinician variability, and other forms of human error. Three-dimensional imaging technologies promise a more effective alternative that separates the acquisition and measurement phases to reduce these variabilities while also enabling novel measurements and longitudinal analysis of subjects. Indiana University (IU) is part of an international consortium of researchers studying fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD). Fetal alcohol exposure results in predictable craniofacial dysmorphologies, and anthropometry has been proven to be an effective diagnosis tool for the condition. IU is leading a project to study the use of 3D surface scanning to acquire anthropometry data in order to more accurately diagnose FASD, especially in its milder forms. This paper describes our experiences in selecting, verifying, supporting, and coordinating a set of 3D scanning systems for use in collecting facial scans and anthropometric data from around the world.
Tuffaceous marker horizons in the Koobi Fora region and the Lower Omo Valley

Eight tuffs can now be correlated between the Shungura Formation in the Lower Omo Valley, Ethiopia, and the sediments in the Koobi Fora region, Kenya. Re-evaluation of the stratigraphy shows that at least 475 m of sediment was deposited in the Koobi Fora region.
The Home Play of Toddlers with Disabilities: Contexts and Maternal Perspectives.

A multiple case‐study design was used to explore the spontaneous play of three toddlers with disabilities as it emerged in the course of everyday activity in the home. Children were observed at home playing independently and with their mothers. Data consist of videotaped naturalistic observations in the children’s homes and mothers’ perspectives of their child’s play obtained in semi‐structured interviews. There was a great deal of similarity in the playful behaviour of toddlers and their mothers. Toddlers were active players throughout all daily routines and their play reflected their developmental level. Mothers actively supported their children’s initiative and engagement in play and they spoke of play as a highly valued behaviour. Some qualitative differences were noted in child and mother–child play, which seemed to relate to the nature of the child’s disability and developmental level. Further study of the play of young children with disabilities in naturalistic settings and ways that mothers and ot...
Periventricular Leukomalacia: Relationship between Lateral Ventricular Volume on Brain MR Images and Severity of Cognitive and Motor Impairment

PURPOSE: To evaluate the utility of lateral ventricular volume measurements in predicting motor and cognitive impairment severity in children with periventricular leukomalacia (PVL), with or without seizures. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The charts of children with spastic cerebral palsy and PVL documented on brain magnetic resonance (MR) images were reviewed. Affected children were grouped by motor and cognitive impairment severity and seizure disorder. An age-matched control group was established. Lateral ventricular volumes were measured on two-dimensional T2-weighted spin-echo MR images. Analysis of variance was used to identify significant differences in mean lateral ventricular volume between groups. Paired analyses of differences were performed with the Bonferroni t method. RESULTS: Thirty-six children (24 boys, 12 girls) with spastic cerebral palsy and PVL and 21 age-matched control subjects (14 boys, seven girls) were identified. Mean lateral ventricular volumes of the moderate and marked motor deficit...
Impact of Conditioning Regimen Intensity on Outcome of Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation for Advanced Acute Myelogenous Leukemia and Myelodysplastic Syndrome

We reviewed 136 patients with advanced acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) and myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) undergoing allogeneic transplantation to assess the impact of conditioning regimen intensity on outcome. Thirty-nine patients receiving nonmyeloablative stem cell transplantation (NST) were compared with 97 patients receiving myeloablative transplantation. Patients receiving NST were at high risk for treatment-related complications given that they were older, 57 vs 43 years (P < .001), and more likely had received previous or myeloablative transplantation (54% vs 2%; P < .0001). The cumulative risk of relapse was higher for patients after NST (61% vs 38%; P = .02). The 100-day mortality was less after NST (15% vs 32%) Overall survival (OS) at 2 years was 28% for NST and 34% for myeloablative transplantation (P = .89). Progression-free survival (PFS) at 2 years was 20% for NST and 31% for myeloablative transplantation (P = .31). Cox regression analysis showed that the intensity of the conditioning regimen had no effect on either OS or PFS. Despite the high-risk features of patients with advanced AML or MDS undergoing NST, OS and PFS in these patients was similar to those in patients receiving myeloablative transplantation. These results demonstrate that dose intensity plays a significant role in control of disease after transplantation, but that this benefit is negated by increasing treatment-related mortality. These results suggest that NST is a reasonable alternative for patients with advanced AML and MDS at high risk for complications after myeloablative transplantation.
Adsorption at copper oxide island edges

Abstract The adsorption of both CO and Ar at the edges of ⋯CuOCuO⋯ striped islands on Cu(110) has been directly detected. Time of flight separation of ions and excited neutrals with different masses permitted the simultaneous detection of the ESDIAD patterns of O + from the oxide stripe regions, and CO + and CO ∗ from CO coadsorbed on the striped O(2×1)-Cu(110) structure. At 80 K, a strong interaction of the CO molecules with oxygen atoms situated at the stripe edges was inferred from the decrease of the O + ion signal originating from these sites. At 67 K CO molecules physisorbed on top of the oxide stripes also have been imaged. A similar experiment involving Ar atoms has been performed on the striped oxidized Cu(110) surface at 32 K. The Ar atoms are trapped only at the oxide stripe edges at this temperature and also strongly quench O + emission from the stripe edges.
Creative analogy and language evolution

The English “good and” intensifier is discussed as an example of a form that is acceptable even though ungrammatical, both synchronically and diachronically. The construction is analyzed as a case of creative analogy: the extension of a grammatically generated form to a new function, one for which it has no direct grammatical justification. From the perspective of a “dynamic” theory of language acquisition and evolution, it is argued that such forms constitute a new sort of evidence regarding the nature of language universals.
Domain-specific languages and program generation with meta-AspectJ

Meta-AspectJ (MAJ) is a language for generating AspectJ programs using code templates. MAJ itself is an extension of Java, so users can interleave arbitrary Java code with AspectJ code templates. MAJ is a structured metaprogramming tool: a well-typed generator implies a syntactically correct generated program. MAJ promotes a methodology that combines aspect-oriented and generative programming. A valuable application is in implementing small domain-specific language extensions as generators using unobtrusive annotations for syntax extension and AspectJ as a back-end. The advantages of this approach are twofold. First, the generator integrates into an existing software application much as a regular API or library, instead of as a language extension. Second, a mature language implementation is easy to achieve with little effort since AspectJ takes care of the low-level issues of interfacing with the base Java language.In addition to its practical value, MAJ offers valuable insights to metaprogramming tool designers. It is a mature metaprogramming tool for AspectJ (and, by extension, Java): a lot of emphasis has been placed on context-sensitive parsing and error reporting. As a result, MAJ minimizes the number of metaprogramming (quote/unquote) operators and uses type inference to reduce the need to remember type names for syntactic entities.
Abdominal B(AbdB)HoxaGenes: Regulation in Adult Uterus by Estrogen and Progesterone and Repression in Müllerian Duct by the Synthetic Estrogen Diethylstilbestrol (DES)☆

Mice deficient for theAbdominal B (AbdB) HoxgeneHoxa-10exhibit reduced fertility due to defects in implantation. During the peri-implantation periodHoxa-10is sequentially expressed in the uterine epithelium and stroma. These observations, combined with the stringent regulation of uterine implantation by ovarian steroids, prompted us to test whether estrogen and progesterone directly regulate the expression ofHoxa-10and otherAbdB Hoxagenes. Here we show thatHoxa-10expression in the adult uterus is strongly activated by progesterone. This activation is blocked by the progesterone receptor antagonist RU486 and is independent of new protein synthesis. In addition,Hoxa-10expression is repressed by estrogen in a protein synthesis-independent manner. Analysis of adjacentAbdB Hoxagenes reveals thatHoxa-9anda-11are also activated in a colinear fashion by progesterone but differentially regulated by estrogen. These results suggest that the regulation ofAbdB Hoxgene expression in the adult uterus by ovarian steroids is a property related to position within the cluster, mediated by the direct action of estrogen and progesterone receptors upon these genes. We next examined whether the embryonic expression ofHoxa10is regulable by hormonal factors. Previous work has demonstrated that perinatal administration of the synthetic estrogen diethylstilbestrol (DES) to mice and humans produces uterine, cervical, and oviductal malformations. Certain of these phenotypes resemble those inHoxa-10knockout mice, suggesting thatHoxa-10gene expression might be repressed by DES during reproductive tract morphogenesis. Exposure of the developing female reproductive tract to DES, eitherin vivoor in organ culture, represses the expression ofHoxa-10in the Mullerian duct. Thus, these data not only establish a direct link between ovarian steroids andAbdB Hoxagene expression in the adult uterus, but also provide a potential mechanism for the teratogenic effects of DES on the developing reproductive tract.
A new facile synthetic route to [11C]GSK189254, a selective PET radioligand for imaging of CNS histamine H3 receptor.

Abstract GSK189254 and its corresponding precursor GSK185071B were synthesized from 3-methoxyphenylacetic acid with 6-chloropyridine-3-carbolic acid or 6-chloronicotinamide in 8 and 7 steps with either 6% or 7% and either 14% or 16% yield, respectively. [ 11 C]GSK189254 was prepared from GSK185071B with [ 11 C]CH 3 OTf through N-[ 11 C]methylation and isolated by HPLC combined with solid-phase extraction (SPE) in 50–60% radiochemical yield based on [ 11 C]CO 2 and decay corrected to end of bombardment (EOB), with 370–740 GBq/μmol specific activity at EOB.