cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Frequent self-weighing as part of a constellation of healthy weight control practices in young adults

Frequent self-weighing (daily or weekly) is consistently linked with weight management success but concerns persist about its potential association with unhealthy weight control practices. Although a number of studies have found evidence that frequent self-weighing is associated with better initial weight loss and prevention of weight gain or regain with no deleterious effects,(1–6) its use as a weight management strategy particularly among young adults is still viewed with caution. Whether this caution is justified is an important question that has not been adequately addressed. Concerns about frequent self-weighing have been primarily raised by those who study normal weight adolescents. Project EAT (7) followed a cohort of middle school and high school students and found that females who reported frequent weighing at baseline, compared to those who did not, were more likely to report binge eating and unhealthy weight control behaviors 5 years later. Frequent self-weighing has also been associated with depression and body dissatisfaction in studies with college age or young adults. (8–10) Conversely, studies of successful weight losers suggest that frequent self-weighing is part of a constellation of healthy weight control behaviors.(11) The National Weight Control Registry, a study of adults who have lost an average of 70 lb and kept it off 6 years, has identified frequent self-weighing as one of the key behaviors associated with initial weight loss success and long-term weight loss maintenance.(12, 13) Other behaviors in this constellation include consuming a low calorie, low fat diet, maintaining high levels of physical activity, regular consumption of breakfast, and exerting conscious control to maintain body weight. (14) Similarly, in adolescents who were successful at weight loss, Alm, et al. (15) found that frequent self-weighers (weekly or more often) reported using more healthy behavioral strategies, including decreasing calories, high fat foods, and junk foods and engaged in more strenuous activity and less video game play than those who weighed less often; they were not more prone to engage in unhealthy weight control behaviors.(16) To date, little has been published on the frequency of self-weighing in young adults age 18–35 and it is unclear whether frequent self-weighing is part of a constellation of healthy weight control behaviors or a potential marker of other unhealthy and disordered habits. The young adult population is of interest because they are at risk of major weight gain and the behaviors established during this critical developmental period are likely to persist into later adulthood. (17) We therefore determined the self-reported frequency of self-weighing in a cohort of almost 600 young adults at entry into a weight gain prevention study and examined the association of frequent self-weighing with a constellation of both healthy and unhealthy weight control behaviors.
Evaluation of a meta-tutor for constructing models of dynamic systems

While modeling dynamic systems in an efficient manner is an important skill to acquire for a scientist, it is a difficult skill to acquire. A simple step-based tutoring system, called AMT, was designed to help students learn how to construct models of dynamic systems using deep modeling practices. In order to increase the frequency of deep modeling and reduce the amount of guessing/gaming, a meta-tutor coaching students to follow a deep modeling strategy was added to the original modeling tool. This paper presents the results of two experiments investigating the effectiveness of the meta-tutor when compared to the original software. The results indicate that students who studied with the meta-tutor did indeed engage more in deep modeling practices.
Cerebral Monitoring Devices: Analysis of Complications

The use of indwelling cerebral monitoring devices (ICMDs) is common in the intensive care of neurosurgical patients. ICMDs are used to measure and treat intracranial pressure (ICP), temperature, blood flow and the microchemical environment. Intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) and infection are risks of ICMD use [4]. This study presents ICMD use at Detroit Receiving Hospital (DRH) from July 1993- March 1997. Analysis of complications associated with ICMD placement will test the hypothesis that complication rate depends upon type of ICMD used. A log of all patients having ICMDs at DRH has been kept since 1993. This log was used to identify complications of ICMD placement. Each case was reviewed and the following data obtained: diagnosis, patient age, initial Glasgow Coma Score, Glasgow Outcome Score, type of ICMD, number of ICMDs per patient, duration of implant and complication. Descriptive and non-parametric statistics were used to compare samples of interest. The following number of ICMDs were placed: 274 ventriculostomies, 229 Camino® intra parenchymal ICP monitors, and 33 other ICMDs. Complications in these 536 cases include 21 infections, 15 ICHs, 1 granuloma and 1 persistent cerebrospinal fluid leak. Complication was analyzed as a function of ICMD type using Chi-Square test for independence. The rate of infection and ICH was significantly higher in the ventriculostomy group (p = 0.0001). These results support the hypothesis that complications of ICMD use are due to the type of device implanted. The determinants of ICMD complication is undoubtedly multifactorial. The clinician must consider the complication rate related to a particular ICMD among other factors when choosing to place an ICMD.
Two-way thermodynamics: Could it really happen?

In previous publications I have suggested that opposite thermodynamic arrows of time could coexist in our universe. This letter responds to the comments of H.D. Zeh (elsewhere in this volume).
A new era for mind studies: training investigators in both scientific and contemplative methods of inquiry

The study of the human mind has evolved over the course of many centuries. While modern neuroscience relies on objective, quantitative methods for measuring how mental events manifest as brain activity, ancient contemplative traditions have used first-person introspective practices to gain a greater understanding of the mind. It is now possible to combine these different approaches, hopefully in a mutually enriching, synergistic way. As proposed by the late Francisco J. Varela, studying the conscious mind could greatly benefit from bringing together the “first-person” perspective of a well-trained experimental subject with the “third-person” perspective of an outside observer (i.e., a scientist measuring brain activity). Varela called this approach neurophenomenology, referring to the combination of neural measurements with the style of inquiry of classic phenomenology (Varela, 1996). In neurophenomenology experiments, the subject is actively involved in describing his moment-by-moment conscious experience and is sometimes asked to generate specific mind states, while the experimenter is guided by these first-person data in the analysis and interpretation of physiological data (Lutz and Thompson, 2003). This methodology can be used to better account for seemingly random fluctuations in brain activity, which are usually discarded as “noise” but may reveal key insights into ongoing variations in the subject's inner experience (Lutz et al., 2002; Lachaux, 2011).
Passive and active components of colonization following two types of disturbance on intertidal sandflat

Abstract Immigration of small benthic invertebrates into two types of disturbed patches, small depressions and patches of azoic sand, was compared. Rates of recolonization differed between patch types, with numerical recovery in depressions occurring more quickly than in defaunated sediments. The results suggest that colonization by most taxa was dominated by passive advection. The effects of both disturbance types on faunal abundances were of short duration.
Two-dimensional negative-U Hubbard model.

Quantum Monte Carlo simulations are used to explore the phase diagram of the negative-U Hubbard model. As the system is doped away from half filling, 〈n〉=1, the s-wave pair-field correlations are enhanced and the charge-density-wave correlations suppressed. There is no indication of phase separation. Away from half filling, the pair-field correlations are consistent with Kosterlitz-Thouless scaling and a finite ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$ which peaks near 〈n〉=1 but vanishes at exactly half filling.
Propulsion Options for the Hypersonic Research Airplane

release. During the analysis of technology capabilities and requirements, it became apparent that capability would not be limited to advanced space Shuttle launch systems, but would also be applicable to supersonic-hy personic military aircraft and advanced hypersonic transport systems.
Online Therapeutic Social Service Provision (Therap-pc): A State of the Art Review

ABSTRACT Many questions being posed in the fields of social science, psychology, and counseling with regard to provision of mental health services online have led to theoretical discussions of pros and cons of this new method of practice. The most prevalent clinically oriented questions about online intervention include: Can online services be considered therapy or even therapeutic? Can warmth, empathy and therapeutic alliance be effectively conveyed online? Is online communication and relational development different than face-to-face? This article will review issues of theory, research, policy and practice related specifically to the provision of “therap-pc” or therapeutic social services via the Internet.
Experimental test of modulation theory and stochasticity of nonlinear oscillations

The initial nonlinear evolution of two unstable waves in a cold beam‐plasma system can be described by a single wave with a slow modulated amplitude and phase. The modulational calculation is tested quantitatively on the analogous wave‐particle interaction in a traveling wave tube. The model is found to be valid for one autocorrelation time following the onset of nonlinearities. Stochastic behavior follows the breakdown of the modulational approximation, i.e., after one autocorrelation time, in agreement with reasonance overlap theory.
Tetrahydro‐ and octahydropyrido[1,2‐a]pyrimidin‐4‐ones

The catalytic hydrogenation of 2-methyl-, 1 2,8-dimethyl-, 2, 2,9-dimethyl-, 3, 9-methyl-2-propyl-, 4, 2,3,9-trimethyl-, 5, 9-methyl-2-phenyl-, 6, 9-hydroxy-2-methyl-, 7, 9-acetoxy-2-methyl, 8, 9-carboxy-2-methyl-, 16, 9-carboethoxy-2-methyl-, 17, 9-carbomethoxy-2-methyl-, 18, and several 9-carboxamido-2-methyl-, 19, 20, and 21, derivatives of the pyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one heterocycle has led to a series of novel 6,7,8,9-tetrahydro- and fully saturated, octahydro analogs. In deuteriochloroform or DMSO-d6 solution, the pmr spectra of the tetrahydro derivatives derived from 1-7 revealed only the 6,7,8,9-tetrahydro structures. In the pmr spectra of 16-21, there was evidence of a facile 1,3-prototropic shift of the proton from position-9 to position-1, resulting in equilibria between tautomeric species, i.e., . The ratio of tautomers present at equilibrium, with the esters, favored the enamine conformation, whereas, with both the carboxylic acid and the amides, the imine structure predominated. Supportive evidence for the enamine structure with the esters was derived also from the ir spectra. Alkylation of the anion derived from the tetrahydro 9-carbomethoxy derivative with sodium hydride led exclusively to derivatives of 6,7,8,9-tetrahydro system.
First-Hand Reflections on the Realities of Reference Service.

Although I have worked in libraries in one capacity or another for almost 45 years, my experience as a “working” professional librarian was quite limited. It consisted of a little more than a year as a cataloger in the Rutgers University Library just after I received my M.L.S. in 1957. I then jumped, after receiving my Ph.D. in 1959, directly into administrative positions in academic libraries. Throughout my administrative career, however, I continued to be, as I had been since a teenager, an active user of the academic libraries in which I worked as well as of the local public libraries. Like most academic library administrators, I developed a certain removed perspective on what the front‐line professional librarians working for me did. I tried to keep my views to myself and to avoid telling those librarians how to do their job.
Basis for large differences in the cooperativity of the formation of antiparallel β-sheets and clusters of interacting α-helices in isolated chains

Configuration partition functions that describe the intramolecular formation of antiparallel β-sheets and clusters of antiparallel interacting α-helices are very nearly of the same form. They can be interconverted by a simple change in notation and the addition of one weighting factor for each cluster of interacting α-helices. This extra weighting factor is the Zimm–Bragg σ which must be less than one. When it is assigned a reasonable numerical value, it plays an important role in the determination of the nature of the transition from the disordered chain to the ordered structure. It causes the formation of clusters of interacting α-helices to be more cooperative than the formation of antiparallel β-sheets in isolated chains.
A new dimension to biomaterials

Moving from two to three dimensions for growing cells will improve toxicity assays, antibody production, and tissue engineering.
Pediatric HIV infection: A review of epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and current intervention

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection has emerged as a global epidemic that is predicted to kill many thousands of children by the end of this century. In this review, several aspects of pediatric HIV infection are presented. The epidemiology of HIV infection is briefly surveyed in the United States, Africa, Europe, the Caribbean, and Asia. Clinical manifestations of pediatric HIV infection, which are not entirely congruent with the signs and symptoms often found in adults, are also reviewed, including medical, neurological, developmental, and behavioral manifestations of this disease process. Finally, an intervention program outlining current medical, pharmacological, and neurodevelopmental follow-up care is discussed.
Analysis of extrudate swell from an annular die

Abstract An isothermal annular jet swell problem has been analyzed using a control volume based finite difference scheme. This numerical scheme has been previously used for the analysis of the jet swell problem in capillary and slit dies, and is also shown to be applicable to annular geometries as well. In the absence of gravity and surface tension, the thickness swell ratio reaches 15.88%, which is in reasonable agreement with values reported in the literature. A relatively long jet was employed in this study and the effect of gravity on the jet shape appeared to be significant. In accordance with other calculations in the literature, the surface tension was found to have a more pronounced effect on the inner free surface compared with the outer free surface. The effects of the power-law index and die gap size were also investigated, and a suggestion for improvement of the numerical approach is briefly described.
5-Hydroxytryptamine 2C Receptors in the Basolateral Amygdala Are Involved in the Expression of Anxiety After Uncontrollable Traumatic Stress

Background Exposure to uncontrollable stressors often increases anxiety-like behavior in both humans and rodents. In rat, this effect depends on stress-induced activity within the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN). However, the role of serotonin in DRN projection regions is largely unknown. The goals of this study were to 1) assess the effect of uncontrollable stress on extracellular serotonin in the basolateral amygdala during the anxiety test, 2) determine whether DRN activity during a poststress anxiety test is involved in anxiety-like behavior, and 3) determine the role of the serotonin 2C receptor (5-HT 2C ) in uncontrollable stress-induced anxiety. Method Rats were exposed to tail shocks that were either controllable or uncontrollable. On the following day, anxiety-like behavior was assessed in a Juvenile Social Exploration (JSE) test. Basolateral amygdala (BLA) extracellular serotonin concentrations were assessed during JSE by in vivo microdialysis 24 hours after uncontrollable stress, controllable stress, or no stress. In separate experiments, drugs were administered before the JSE test to inhibit the DRN or to block 5-HT 2C receptors. Results Exposure to uncontrollable shock reduced later social exploration. Prior uncontrollable stress potentiated serotonin efflux in the BLA during social exploration, but controllable stress did not. Intra-DRN 8-OH-DPAT and systemic and intra-BLA 5-HT 2C receptor antagonist SB 242,084 prevented the expression of potentiated anxiety in uncontrollably stressed rats. Intra-BLA injection of the 5-HT 2C agonist CP 809,101 mimicked the effect of stress. Conclusions These results suggest that the anxiety-like behavior observed after uncontrollable stress is mediated by exaggerated 5-HT acting at BLA 5-HT 2C receptors.
Empowerment support with adult female survivors of childhood incest: Part I—Theories and research

This report is concerned with the concept of empowerment support as a nursing intervention that facilitates the development of mastery, competence, self-worth, and control in the adult female survivor of childhood incest. Empowerment support has been derived from Orem's theory of nursing system. In that theory, empowerment support is encompassed in particular "methods of helping." Theories and research that relate to incest trauma and empowerment support are discussed from an interdisciplinary perspective. Language: en
Oxidative redispersion of metals in Y zeolites effect of ammonia on Pd/HY rejuvenation

Abstract The general strategy for the redispersion of large metal particles in zeolites used in this paper is based on the high tendency of twofold positive cations to migrate to small zeolite cavities, where the density of the negative charge is highest. Pd/NaY or Pd/HY catalysts with large palladium particles are, therefore, first oxidized in oxygen at a temperature where PdO particles react with zeolite protons to Pd 2+ ions and water; the Pd 2+ ions are dispersed in sodalite cages. Subsequent gentle reduction results in the formation of small palladium particles in supercages. However, for very large palladium particles, the concentration of protons in their vicinity is insufficient for complete dispersion, even in strongly acidic HY. We have found that, in such cases, exposition to gaseous ammonia gives rise to the formation of Pd(NH 3 ) 4 2+ ions and NH 4 + ions in supercage channels. These ions are highly mobile, so that concentration gradients are lowered and, after calcination, protons are again present in the vicinity of the PdO particles.
Trypanosoma cruzi: Biological Characterization of Clones Derived from Chronic Chagasic Patients. II. Quantitative Analysis of the Intracellular Cycle1

The complete intracellular cycle of five cloned stocks of Trypanosoma cruzi was quantified. Marked but stable interclonal differences were found in the length of the pre-replicative lag period (18.2-34.2 h), amastigote doubling lime (8.6-21.5 h), and duration of the complete intracellular cycle (96-215 h). Strong correlations were demonstrated between these characteristics as well as to the growth rate of the epimastigote stage of the same clones grown in liquid medium. These data demonstrate that the marked heterogeneity of the natural population of T. cruzi extends to the intracellular cycle of the parasite and has important implications for our understanding of Chagas’ disease.
Solitons with adjustable charge in a commensurate Peierls insulator

We consider a one-dimensional electron gas with a half-filled band in which the electrons are coupled to both intersite and intrasite lattice distortions. In the region of parameter space in which both types of distortion develop nonzero expectation values, a new class of soliton which spontaneously breaks the charge conjugation symmetry of the model appears as the lowest-lying electronic excitation of the system. The soliton charge is a continuous function of the coupling constants.
Steen's equation and its generalizations

A remarkable nonlinear differential equation was introduced by Adolph Steen in a little-known paper dated 1874. Since then his equation has been rediscovered and generalized in numerous articles starting with Yermakov in 1880 and extending to recent times. Though presented in five languages and widely distributed geographically, not one of these later papers mentions the pioneering work of Steen. (This is understandable, since the latter was written in Danish in a journal containing few articles on mathematics.) Here we give a unified approach that generalizes these historical results and leads to a notable simplification of detail. The relation of prior developments to ours is described at appropriate points in the sequel. Although this paper is in part expository, it does not constitute a mere duplication of previous work.
PLANT QUALITY AND SPIDER PREDATION AFFECTS GRASSHOPPERS (ACRIDIDAE): FOOD-QUALITY-DEPENDENT COMPENSATORY MORTALITY

For insect herbivores, population responses reflect interactions among multiple factors, including abiotic conditions, food plant availability, and biotic interactions guided by food limitation and natural enemies. In this set of field experiments, we evaluated the interactive, dynamic effects of limited food supply and predation from wolf spiders (Lycosidae) on mortality in Ageneotettix deorum, a common grasshopper (Acrididae) from North American sandhills grasslands. We attempted to determine whether the combined effects of food availability and spider predation on mortality were (1) noncompensatory, with the effects of each factor summing to determine ultimate population size, or (2) compensatory, where the effect of one mortality factor alters the impact of subsequent factors so that the ultimate population size changes little, despite variation in specific sources of mortality. We also investigated whether changes in nutritional quality encountered by grasshoppers would result in different dynamic responses to predation in the context of noncompensatory vs. compensatory responses. Both food availability and predation risk contributed to mortality rates. Individuals of A. deorum were food limited. Survival of grasshoppers feeding on fertilized plants was 50% higher than that of grasshoppers feeding on unfertilized plants over a 31-d period. Most of the mortality due to limited food occurred 12–14 d into the experiment. Predation from lycosid spiders decreased the numbers of individuals by 49% in the first 10–15 days of the experiment. Either noncompensatory or compensatory responses resulted from the combined effects of food availability and predation on population size, depending upon the nutritional status of host plants. At ambient-level food quality (no fertilizer), spider predation and food limitation were compensatory; the same numbers of grasshoppers were recovered in treatments with and without spider-predation risk after 31 d. However, with higher food quality (N fertilizer), spider predation reduced the numbers of surviving individuals as compared with the no-spider-predation treatment, a noncompensatory response. In separate, preplanned experiments, individuals surviving spider-predation treatments lived longer than did individuals protected from spider predation when they were caged individually over vegetation of ambient quality. Combined, these experiments emphasize the importance of food quality as a determinant of how this predator–prey system responds, and the results suggest a mechanism underlying the response. After predation, survivors are likely to encounter more food per capita and to exhibit higher individual quality, which promotes longevity, presumably from reduced competition. This leads to a compensatory response. Under high food quality regimes, predation and food probably act in a noncompensatory fashion because grasshoppers are less food limited, and the release of additional food on a per capita basis by predation has less effect on the subsequent number of survivors.
Nonlocal Effects in Low-Field Helicon Propagation in PbTe

Helicon propagation has been studied in the region of low magnetic fields, where band structure and nonlocal Landau damping effects produce sizable corrections to the high-field dispersion relation. Good agreement with both the phase and amplitude of 9-GHz helicons in $n\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{P}\mathrm{b}\mathrm{T}\mathrm{e}$ at 4.2\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K is obtained by a semiclassical treatment of a degenerate, many-valley, ellipsoidal model. The calculation is carried out by expanding the conductivity tensor in powers of $\frac{1}{{B}_{0}}$, treating $\frac{\ensuremath{\omega}}{{\ensuremath{\omega}}_{c}}$, $\frac{1}{{\ensuremath{\omega}}_{c}\ensuremath{\tau}}$, and $\frac{q{v}_{F}}{{\ensuremath{\omega}}_{c}}$ as small quantities, where ${B}_{0}$ is the static magnetic field, ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{c}$ is the cyclotron frequency, $\ensuremath{\tau}$ is the collision time, $q$ is the wave number, and ${v}_{F}$ is the Fermi velocity. Because of the anisotropic energy surfaces in PbTe, Landau damping occurs for propagation along the field as well as at an angle. The corrections to the phase are quite sensitive to the transverse effective mass; comparison with experiment yields a value of $0.020{m}_{0}$ for the band-edge transverse mass in PbTe. It is also found that both relaxation to the local equilibrium and anisotropic scattering are important effects, although only the former is included in the theoretical calculations.
A Case in Effective Knowledge Management

This presentation briefly reviews the knowledge management (KM) topic, and provides an example of how issues around KM is effectively solved in a Fortune 500 company.
BISACK ANALYSIS OF THE PHYTOHAEMAGGLUTININ‐INDUCED PROLIFERATION OF HUMAN PERIPHERAL LYMPHOCYTES

The rate of stimulation as well as subsequent cell cycle duration was examined in phytohaemagglutinin-stimulated human peripheral lymphocytes grown in vitro in the presence of non-inhibitory concentrations of bromodeoxyuridine. After incorporation of this heavy atom analogue of thymidine into replicating cellular DNA, it was possible to identify unequivocally metaphase cells which had replicated for one, two and three or more cell cycles. Utilizing this technique, distribution curves were obtained for the appearance of metaphase cells in successive generations, were analysed by a computer simulation model, and the rate of stimulation (4.5% per hr of the remaining unstimulated population) and cell cycle duration (12·3 hr) were determined. The results were compared with those obtained by autoradiography and the possible relationship to the ‘transition probability’ model for cellular proliferation is discussed.
Measurement of steady-state values of respiration rate and oxidation levels of respiratory pigments at low oxygen tensions. A new technique.

Abstract 1. An apparatus was developed for the simultaneous measurement of steady-state values of respiration rate and oxidation level of respiratory pigments at low oxygen tensions. An open reaction system is utilized. The liquid sample is in contact with a gas mixture whose oxygen tension can be increased linearly with time at a rate so slow that the system is always practically at a steady state. 2. Assuming Michaelis-Menten kinetics in the respiration, theoretical curves for oxygen tension in the liquid and oxidation level of the terminal oxidase during a linear increase of the oxygen tension in the gas were calculated. 3. Measurements were performed on rat liver mitochondria. Steady-state curves for oxygen tension in the liquid and oxidation level of the terminal oxidase, cytochrome a3, obtained with coupled mitochondria resembled the theoretical curves. For uncoupled mitochondria the cytochrome a3 curve was signmoidal, deviating strongly from the theoretical curve. 4. The apparent Km for oxygen uptake of coupled mitochondria in the presence of pyruvate and malate, in the absence of phosphate was found to be 0.5 μM. In the case of uncoupled mitochondria the oxygen tension in the liquid could not be measured with sufficient accuracy to allow comparison with Michaelis-Menten kinetics. The apparent Km for oxygen uptake was less than 0.05 μM.
The “Living” Free Radical Synthesis of Poly(4-hydroxystyrene): Physical Properties and Dissolution Behavior

The synthesis of a range of narrow polydispersity, well-defined poly(4-hydroxystyrene)s via a “living” radical polymerization technique is reported. The synthetic route chosen involves the 2,2,6,6-...
Negative thermal expansion artificial material from iron-nickel alloys by oxide co-extrusion with reductive sintering

Objects with a fine-scale design of bimetallic beams can display negative thermal expansion. Based on a unit cell design for a negative expansion, produced by Optimal Design methods, we fabricate a thermoelastic “artificial material” using coextrusion of iron and nickel oxides, followed by reductive sintering. A bulk sample with 162 unit cells from Fe-60Ni and Fe-36Ni alloys displayed a thermal expansion coefficient of −3.0 × 10−6/°C, in agreement with the optimal design prediction.
The role of precursor segregation in the formation of perovskite phase PbTiO3 from lead(II) glycolate and phenoxyglycolate compounds

Abstract It has been shown previously that perovskite phase PbTiO3 materials can be formed at low temperatures (300–400°C) by thermolysis of the product of the reaction between Pb(O2CCMe2OH)2 and either (acac)2Ti(OPri)2 or Ti(OPri)4 in pyridine. We believe that the key to this reaction is the formation of the stoichiometrically controlled “single-source” intermediate, Pb(O2CCMe2O)2 Ti(acac)2 or Pb(O2CCMe2O)2Ti(OR)2, by elimination of alcohol from the hydroxyl protons of the hydroxycarboxylic ligands and the alkoxide ligands on titanium. To test this hypothesis, lead phenoxyacetate, Pb(O2C CH2OPh)2, and lead phenoxyisobutyrate were synthesized, where the hydroxyl protons were replaced by a phenyl group to prevent reaction with titanium alkoxide ligands. The new compounds Pb(O2CCR2OPh)2, where R  or Me were characterized in the solid state by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. It was shown that the phenoxyglycolates do not react with titanium alkoxide compounds. A comparison of the crystallization behaviour of the thermolysis products of the reactions between Pb(O2CCR2OX)2, where R  H or Me and X  H or Ph, and either (acac)2Ti(OPri)2 or Ti(OPri)4 in pyridine was conducted. Where a direct comparison could be made, the single-source precursors provided evidence for more complete conversion to perovskite phase PbTiO3 compared to non-single-source precursors. However, some of the experiments were complicated by the different solubilities of the reagents, making interpretation of the results ambiguous.
Integration of inflammatory signals by rolling neutrophils.

In inflammation, neutrophils roll along the endothelial wall of postcapillary venules and sample inflammatory signals. Neutrophil activation is required to generate beta(2) integrin bonds with the endothelium that are strong enough to withstand the flow forces and thus achieve arrest from the rolling state. Unlike naive T cells, neutrophils are not only activated by ligation of G-protein coupled receptors with chemokines and other chemoattractants but also receive signals from engagement of adhesion molecules including the selectins and beta(2) integrins. Rolling neutrophils integrate the sum total of inputs received while scanning the inflamed endothelium. In this process, the velocity of rolling neutrophils systematically decreases as a function of their contact time with the inflamed endothelium. If an activation threshold is reached, beta(2) integrins switch to the high-affinity conformation, redistribute on the cell surface, and trigger arrest and adhesion. Rolling cells that do not reach the activation threshold detach from the endothelium and are released back into the circulation. The role of chemokines, adhesion molecules, and other activating inputs involved in this response as well as signaling pathways are the subjects of ongoing investigations. This review provides a conceptual framework for neutrophil recruitment from the flowing blood.
Behavior of girder-floor beam connections in prestressed concrete pedestrian bridges subjected to lateral impact loads

Each year a large number of concrete bridges are subjected to impact by overheight vehicles or vehicles carrying overheight objects. Most bridge owners in the United States are concerned with the increasing trend of bridges impacted by overheight vehicles, thereby increasing the urgency to evaluate the resistance of bridges to lateral impact loads. The present integrated numerical and experimental study investigates the behavior of a critical connection, between girders and floor beams, in a type of bridge that is considered to be particularly vulnerable, prestressed concrete through-girder (PCTG) pedestrian bridges. PCTG pedestrian bridges comprise precast, prestressed concrete girders connected by cast-in-place, reinforced concrete floor beams and a cast-in-place deck. The deck is connected to the floor beams only, and the floor beams are joined to the girders using embedded concrete anchors. The investigation combines three-dimensional finite-element analyses with physical testing to elucidate the load-deformation characteristics of the girder-floor beam connections. A series of six girder-floor beam connection subassemblage specimens were built and tested, three of which were subjected to vertical loading, while the other three specimens had a combination of vertical and horizontal load. Three types of anchors were investigated, including two types of loop inserts and one bolt insert. The study revealed that specimen response depends upon the characteristics of the embedded concrete anchors. Deterioration of specimen load capacity was found to be associated with concrete cracking, formation of a cone breakout surface, yielding of the anchors, and fracture of the inserts. The floor beam-girder subassemblages were able to resist large displacements after attaining peak load, even though postpeak load carrying capacity was undermined in most cases.
Discrimination of targets from background of similar temperature, using two-channel data in the 3.5–4.1-μm and 11–12-μm regions

Target detection for thermal IR imagery is usually accomplished by pixel intensity thresholding routines. Hot targets (vehicles with engines running) appear as high-intensity (bright) areas on IR imagery. A threshold-limited detector shows all pixels above a specified intensity value as targets that have, at the time of imaging, a large temperature differential from the background. However, when a significant temperature differential is not present, targets are very difficult to detect by simple thresholding. This study has addressed the problem of detecting targets which are close to ambient temperature. This was done by modeling the background and by using the model as a base for developing an understanding of physical processes and their variations, which will (with further work) lead to the construction of a filtering algorithm to enhance target/background contrast. We have shown that by ratioing radiance received from the target and from the background, better target discrimination is possible than is the case from using one bandpass, especially when target and background are of a similar temperature.
Climate and the evolution of serpentine endemism in California

We asked whether evolutionary transitions to serpentine endemism are associated with transitions to more favorable environments. Theory and observation suggest that benign (e.g., high rainfall and less extreme temperatures) climates should favor the evolution of habitat specialism, both because such climates may facilitate persistence of small populations with novel adaptations, and because competition with non-specialists may be stronger in benign climates. Non-climatic factors, such as habitat availability, should also be associated with transitions to habitat specialism. We examined phylogenetic transitions to serpentine endemism in 23 Californian plant taxa. We contrasted transitions from serpentine-intolerant ancestors, where speciation entails novel adaptations to serpentine, with transitions from serpentine-tolerant ancestors, where the formation of a new serpentine-endemic taxon may result from an altered competitive environment. We found that transitions to endemism were strongly associated with transitions to regions with more benign climates, but only in the case of endemics arising from intolerant ancestors. In contrast, transitions to endemism from both types of ancestor were associated with transitions to regions with greater habitat availability. These results are consistent with the expectation that benign climates promote the persistence of small populations with novel adaptations both before and after speciation.
An interactive layout heuristic based on hexagonal adjacency graphs

Abstract An efficient and interactive two-stage heuristic for the generation of block layouts is presented. During the first phase, it generates a hexagonal and maximum weight planar adjacency subgraph, which incorporates relationships with the outside of the layout in a consistent manner. The user can select a variety of (graph) construction algorithms based upon unary, binary, and ternary relationships tuples. The adjacency graph can be further improved by interior and exterior exchange procedures and a tight upper bound is derived based on an integer programming formulation. During the second phase, the adjacency graph is converted into a rectangular block layout, which yields all rectangularly shaped departments. Again the user can select various heuristic (block layout) construction and improvement procedures. The combined stages avoid some of the major disadvantages of graph-theoretic and area-based facility layout procedures. The results of the graph and block layout algorithms are compared with other algorithms for selected cases in the literature. In addition, the program was designed to allow for easy, interactive algorithm selection, sensitivity analysis, and manual construction by using an industry standard graphical user interface. Algorithms were purposely kept simple to decrease response time. Graphs, block layouts, and reports are immediately displayed, and can be readily printed or exported to other programs for computer-aided detailed layout design.
Species differences in hepatocyte induction of CYP1A1 and CYP1A2 by omeprazole

1 Omeprazole, a proton pump inhibitor therapeutically administered for the treatment of gastric ulcers, induces the expression of cytochromes P4501A1/2 (CYP1A1/2) through transcriptional activation...
Effects of Urban Development on Fish Population Dynamics in Kelsey Creek, Washington

Abstract A 30-month study of the comparative dynamics of the fish populations inhabiting Kelsey Creek, located in the City of Bellevue, Washington, and a nearby pristine control stream suggest that urban development has resulted in a restructuring of the fish community. Environmental perturbations, including habitat alteration, increased nutrient loading, and degradation of the intragravel environment appeared to have a greater impact on coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch and nonsalmonid fish species than on cutthroat trout Salmo clarki. Although the total biomass (g/m2) of fish in each stream was similar, its composition differed markedly. Ages 0 and I cutthroat trout were the majority of the fish community inhabiting Kelsey Creek, whereas the control stream supported a diverse assemblage of salmonids of various ages and numerous nonsalmonids. The rapid growth and greater biomass of salmonids in Kelsey Creek (a 2-year mean of 3.51 g/m2 versus 2.03 g/m2 in the control stream) resulted in a total annual net ...
Cough and angioedema from angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors: new insights into mechanisms and management.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors are widely prescribed for hypertension and heart failure. These drugs are commonly associated with cough, and are less commonly associated with angioedema, which may be potentially life threatening. This review describes data that extend our understanding of the mechanisms of these reactions, and provides guidance about clinical management. RECENT FINDINGS For patients who develop angioedema from angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, recent data are reassuring that the majority of such patients can tolerate angiotensin-II receptor blockers. These data support earlier conclusions that most patients with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor-induced cough can tolerate angiotensin-II receptor blockers. Limited case reports suggest that in acute angioedema induced by angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, patients refractory to standard treatment may benefit from the infusion of fresh frozen plasma. SUMMARY Although data are incomplete, it appears that angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors cause cough and angioedema through a cascade of effects that begins with the accumulation of kinins, and then involves arachidonic acid metabolism and nitric oxide generation. Most patients who develop either cough or angioedema from angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors can tolerate angiotensin-II receptor blocking agents.
Finite Element Method Simulation of the Field Distribution for AFM Tip-Enhanced Surface-Enhanced Raman Scanning Microscopy

Electric field enhancement distributions encountered in atomic force microscopy (AFM) tip-enhanced surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) experiments (AFM-SERS) are simulated using a frequency-domain three-dimensional finite element method to solve Maxwell's equations of electric field distributions. We simulated an electromagnetic field enhancement in the vicinity of an AFM tip in close proximity to silver spherical nanoparticles under the illumination of a laser beam of various incident angles under different geometric arrangements. Maximum electric field enhancement is discussed in terms of the relative position of the tip and nanoparticles, as well as the direction of excitation laser propagation. Our results suggest new approaches for using AFM-SERS tip-enhanced near-field technique to image samples on surfaces.
Measuring Treatment Outcome for Children with Serious Emotional Disturbances: Discriminant Validity and Clinical Significance of the Child and Adolescent Functioning Assessment Scale

We investigated the use of a popular measure, the Children and Adolescent Functional Assessment Scale (CAFAS), in treatment outcome research. The sample included 70 children who had been discharged from an elementary therapeutic classroom (Intensive Mental Health Program). Significant relationships were found between decreases in CAFAS scores and optimal educational placement, contributing to evidence of the scale’s discriminant validity. Clinically significant change in CAFAS scores was also investigated, with a 30 point change in score most accurately discriminating between placements after discharge. Further investigations of real world outcomes versus changes in score on this measure are warranted.
Cellular dynamics during evagination of the thyroid primordium in the chick embryo.

The thyroid forms as an outpouching of the ventral pharynx. Evidence supports the conclusion that formation of the thyroid pit is mediated by changes in the cytoskeleton that cause constriction of cell apices. However, it seems unlikely that a relatively flat epithelial sheet can be converted into a pit without either distortions of the surface or considerable rearrangement of cells to reduce surface area. Possible cellular rearrangements were investigated by tracing the movements of individual cells by using time-lapse video microscopy. Changes in shape of the primordium were investigated by marking with carbon and DiI and by scanning electron microscopy. Cell movements occurred only over short distances, mostly shifts relative to a neighbor, especially at the edge of the pit. Instead, cells rearranged into clusters that piled up at the edge of the pit and then tilted inside. Adjacent rings of pharyngeal cells were annexed by the growing thyroid, undergoing rearrangement into clusters, piling up at the edge, and moving inside the pit. The consequence was the formation of a series of shelf-like extensions within the cavity, representing successive generations of cell rings moving inside. These results have implications for the formation of other organs by evagination.
Reversible online control of habitual behavior by optogenetic perturbation of medial prefrontal cortex

Habits tend to form slowly but, once formed, can have great stability. We probed these temporal characteristics of habitual behaviors by intervening optogenetically in forebrain habit circuits as rats performed well-ingrained habitual runs in a T-maze. We trained rats to perform a maze habit, confirmed the habitual behavior by devaluation tests, and then, during the maze runs (ca. 3 s), we disrupted population activity in a small region in the medial prefrontal cortex, the infralimbic cortex. In accordance with evidence that this region is necessary for the expression of habits, we found that this cortical disruption blocked habitual behavior. Notably, however, this blockade of habitual performance occurred on line, within an average of three trials (ca. 9 s of inhibition), and as soon as during the first trial (<3 s). During subsequent weeks of training, the rats acquired a new behavioral pattern. When we again imposed the same cortical perturbation, the rats regained the suppressed maze-running that typified the original habit, and, simultaneously, the more recently acquired habit was blocked. These online changes occurred within an average of two trials (ca. 6 s of infralimbic inhibition). Measured changes in generalized performance ability and motivation to consume reward were unaffected. This immediate toggling between breaking old habits and returning to them demonstrates that even semiautomatic behaviors are under cortical control and that this control occurs online, second by second. These temporal characteristics define a framework for uncovering cellular transitions between fixed and flexible behaviors, and corresponding disturbances in pathologies.
Beverages and positive energy balance: the menace is the medium

Energy-containing beverages have been implicated in the increasing incidence and prevalence of overweight and obesity. This association has been challenged based on some conflicting evidence and questions about a plausible mechanism. However, the preponderance of epidemiological data indicates that caloric beverage consumption is positively associated with energy intake and body mass index, and this is supported by most intervention trials. Mechanistic questions remain largely unresolved, but there is compelling evidence that caloric beverages elicit weak satiety and compensatory dietary responses. Some attribute this to the components of beverages (e.g., carbohydrate form), but the totality of evidence indicates that the limited appetitive and dietary responses hold across beverage types. This suggests that the fluid medium rather than energy form or nutrient composition is responsible. If true, this hypothesis holds implications for recommendations to the moderate consumption of energy from beverages for example, substitution of one energy-yielding beverage for another may be less effective than reducing intake or switching to lower or non-energy sources.