cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Do Connectionist Representations Earn Their Explanatory Keep

Abstract: In this paper I assess the explanatory role of internal representations in connectionist models of cognition. Focusing on both the internal‘hidden’units and the connection weights between units, I argue that the standard reasons for viewing these components as representations are inadequate to bestow an explanatorily useful notion of representation. Hence, nothing would be lost from connectionist accounts of cognitive processes if we were to stop viewing the weights and hidden units as internal representations.
IR spectroscopy of alkali halides at very high pressures: Calculation of equations of state and of the response of bulk moduli to the B 1 − B 2 phase transition

New infrared (IR) data on NaF, NaCl, KCl, KBr, and KI were obtained at pressures of up to 42 GPa. The large $(\ensuremath{\sim}20%)$ drops in vibrational frequencies of alkali halides upon transformation of the $B1$ phase to $B2$ are due to the decrease in bond strength as ionic separation increases, and strongly suggest that the bulk modulus ${K}_{T}$ generally decreases during the transition, rather than increases, as commonly accepted. Bulk moduli and equations of state for $B1$ phases are obtained from one initial volume ${V}_{0}$ and our vibrational frequencies ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{i}(P)$ using a semiempirical model (previous IR data are used for Rb halides). For substances with a cation radius that is greater than 0.6 times the anion radius, initial values ${K}_{0}$ are within 0.4 to 5% of ultrasonic determinations: thus, this model is accurate for cases where quantum mechanical calculations falter. The converse holds for relatively small cations. Curvature of ${K}_{T}$ with pressure matches the previous determinations even if ${K}_{0}$ is not precisely predicted, which allows determination not only of ${K}_{0}^{\ensuremath{'}},$ but also of ${K}_{0}^{\ensuremath{''}},$ which is generally poorly constrained. Care must be taken in specifying the equation of state, as values for both ${K}_{0}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ and ${K}_{0}^{\ensuremath{''}}$ are affected by the format chosen. For the $B2$ phases, $V(P)$ and ${K}_{T}(P)$ are constrained through similar calculations which utilize the volume at the transition as the starting point. Our results are unaffected by shear stress, in contrast to previous x-ray determinations for $B2.$ After transformation at 32 GPa, ${K}_{T}$ of NaCl-$B2$ is $119\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}4\mathrm{GPa},$ $16\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}3%$ below that of $B1.$ ${K}_{T}(P)$ of $B2$ rises steadily (${K}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ is fairly large, $4.7\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.3$) resulting in a \ensuremath{\lambda} curve. Results derived for KCl, KBr, and KI are similar such that $K(P)$ of their $B2$ phases are better constrained than those of $B1$ due to larger stability fields. For the Rb halides, ${K}_{T}$ is roughly constant across the phase change. The compositional dependence of the changes in frequency, ${K}_{T},$ and $V$ for alkali halides are compatible with a simple ball-and-spring model. The calculated $B2$ phase volumes of the Na halide are infinite at 1 atm, consistent with instability below 8 GPa, which suggests that theoretical calculations should avoid use of 1 atm starting points for the high-pressure $B2$ phases.
Ameloblastoma presenting as a unilateral nasal obstruction.

14. Eversole LR: Central benign and malignant neural neoplasms of the jaws: A review. J Oral Surg 27:716. 1969 Ide F. et al: Central neurilemmoma of the literature. J Nihon Univ Sch Dent 19:59, 1977 Sattetield SD, et al: Mandibular central schwannoma: Report of case. J Oral Surg 39:776, 1981 Baetz FO, Shackleford JA: Schwannoma of the inferior alveolar nerve: Report of case. J Oral Surg 9:33 I, 195 I Spilka CJ: Neurilemmoma (schwannoma): Report of case. J Oral Surg 11:245. 1953 Helsham RW: Schwannoma. Aust Dent J I: 112, 1956 Samter TG, et al: Neurilemmoma of bone: Report of three cases with a review of the literature. Radiology, 75:215, 1960 Morgan GA, Morgan PR: Neurilemmoma-neurofibroma. Oral Surg 25:182, 1968 Shimura K, et al: Central neurilemmoma of the mandible: Report of case and review of the literature. J Oral Surg 31:363, 1973 15. Sugimura M, et al: A case of neurilemmoma in the mandible. Int J Oral Surg 3: 194, 1974 16. Swangsilpa D, et al: Neurilemmoma in the oral cavity. J Dent 41237, 1976 17. Ellis GL, et al: Interosseous benign neural sheath neoplasms of the jaws. Oral Surg 44:731, 1977 18. Rengaswamy V: Central neurilemmoma of the jaws. Int J Oral Surg 7:300. 1978 19. Schofield IDF, Gardner DG: Central neurilemmoma of the mandible. Can Dent Assoc J 47:175, 1981 20. Cherrick HM, Eversole LR: Benign neural sheath neoplasm of the oral cavity. Report of 37 cases. Oral Surg 32:900, 1971 21. Hietanen J, et al: Central neurilemmomas of the mandible. Report of a case. lnt J Oral Surg 13: 166, 1984
Lateral waves near the air-sea boundary and atmospheric noise

Considering attenuated atmospheric radio noise, useful signal-to-noise ratios are obtained with lateral waves between submerged horizontal dipoles for an air-sea model.
The exponential law of gravitation and its effects on seismological and tectonic phenomena: A preliminary exposition

The purpose of this paper, as its title indicates, is to show a possible application of the newly developed exponential formula of gravitation to the solution of certain geophysical problems. Among these problems are those dealing with the epeirogenic and orogenic movements of the Earth s crust in general, together with several particular aspects of these two great phenomena, for example, periodicity of mountain-building, parallelism in oppositely situated coasts, “swelling” of ocean-beds, concentration of earthquake occurrences in the regions of recent and present-day mountain development, glacial periods, and also an allied astronomical problem—the explanation of the variations in the length of the day.
Sign-based short-term coding of American Sign Language signs and printed English words by congenitally deaf signers

Abstract A short-term serial recall task consisting of lists of five American Sign Language signs and lists of five printed English words was administered to eight congenitally deaf subjects. For both modes of presentation, the stimuli in a given list were (1) high in phonological relatedness, (2) high in cherological relatedness (i.e., they were similar in terms of the formational attributes of their sign-equivalents), or (3) low in both phonological and cherological similarity (control). For both modes of presentation, recall accuracy was significantly lower on cherologically related lists than on both phonologically related lists and control lists. Phonologically related lists did not differ significantly from control lists. These results suggest the possibility that ways of looking at human memory which rely on a preference for phonological coding in short-term memory processes may reflect the audiocentricity of the experimenter rather than the inherent nature of such processes.
Selective Inhibition of Nerve Growth Factor‐Stimulated Protein Kinases by K‐252a and 5′‐S‐Methyladenosine in PC12 Cells

K-252a, a protein kinase inhibitor isolated from the culture broth of Nocardiopsis sp., inhibits the nerve growth factor (NGF)-stimulated phosphorylation of microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2) and Kemptide (synthetic Leu-Arg-Arg-Ala-Ser-Leu-Gly) by blocking the activation of two independent kinases in PC12 cells: MAP2/pp250 kinase and Kemptide kinase. The NGF-stimulated activation of these kinases is inhibited in a dose-dependent manner following treatment of the cells with K-252a. Although these kinases also are activated by epidermal growth factor (EGF) and 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol 13-acetate, K-252a has no inhibitory effect when these agents are used. Half-maximal inhibition of the activation of both kinases was observed at 10-30 nM K-252a. K-252a was shown to directly inhibit the activity of MAP2/pp250 kinase and Kemptide kinase when added to the phosphorylation reaction mixture in vitro; however, half-maximal inhibition under these conditions was observed at greater than or equal to 50 nM K-252a. These data suggest that K-252a exerts its effects at a step early in the cascade of events following NGF binding. The effects of K-252a are similar to those reported for 5'-S-methyladenosine (MTA) and other methyltransferase inhibitors. Treatment of PC12 cells with MTA inhibited NGF-, but not EGF-mediated activation of MAP2/pp250-kinase (Ki greater than 500 microM). MTA, when added to the phosphorylation reaction mixture in vitro, directly inhibited kinase activity (Ki = 50 microM), suggesting that the effects of MTA may be the result of its action on protein kinases rather than methyltransferases.
Photoluminescence study of long wavelength superlattice infrared detectors

In this paper, the relation between the photoluminescence (PL) intensity and the PL peak wavelength was studied. A linear decrease of the PL intensity with increasing cut-off wavelength of long wavelength infrared CBIRDs was observed at 77 K and the trend remained unchanged in the temperature range 10 - 77 K. This relation between the PL intensity and the peak wavelength can be favorably used for comparison of the optical quality of samples with different PL peak wavelengths. A strong increase of the width of the PL spectrum in the studied temperature interval was observed, which was attributed to thermal broadening.
Dissolving metal reductions of ketones: comments on the dianion mechanism

Abstract The reduction of (+)-camphor using Li, Na, and K in THF with sonication is reported. These reductions give the same results as those obtained in NH 3 . The mechanism of these reactions is discussed.
The role of electrodynamic interactions on energy loss intensities of adsorbed molecules

Abstract The effect on energy loss intensities of the electrodynamic interactions with the substrate and neighboring adsorbed molecules is discussed. The experimentally observed large variations in the loss intensity from molecules adsorbed on various sites are considered. A simple dipole model of the molecule interacting with its image in the substrate and its neighbors on equivalent and inequivalent sites is used. Good agreement with experiment for a well characterized surface coverage of bridge and on-top bonded CO molecules on Ni(111) is found.
Cenozoic boron isotope variations in benthic foraminifers

The boron isotopic composition of seawater (δ 11 B sw ) is a prerequisite for reliably estimating past variation of seawater pH from boron isotopes in marine carbonates (δ 11 B c ). Here we compose a 50 m.y. stack of δ 11 B c from Atlantic and Pacific Ocean deep-sea sediments, and discuss the potential effects of deep-sea pH and δ 11 B sw on our record. Using model-based Cenozoic pH values, the inferred δ 11 B sw values suggest an ∼3‰ increase since the Late Eocene, superimposed on oscillating variations with amplitudes of up to 2‰. Our estimates match existing reconstructions of δ 11 B sw , but call into question published fluid δ 11 B in halite as a recorder of δ 11 B sw .
Risk factors influencing the outcome of strabismus surgery following retinal detachment surgery with scleral buckle

Purpose To determine factors associated with surgical success in patients undergoing strabismus surgery after retinal detachment repair with scleral buckle. Methods The medical records of consecutive patients who underwent strabismus surgery after repair of retinal detachment with scleral buckle were retrospectively reviewed. A successful "motor" outcome was defined as horizontal deviation Δ and vertical deviation Δ in the primary position; successful "sensory" outcome was no diplopia in the primary position. Various factors such as removing the scleral buckle at the time of strabismus surgery, the macula structural status, size of the preoperative deviation, presence of restriction to passive movement, and whether the eye with the scleral buckle was the operated eye were compared among groups based on motor success. Results A total of 25 patients were included. The overall motor success rate was 72% after 1.8 ± 0.9 operations, with 62% of patients diplopia free in the primary position. Horizontal deviation Δ ( P = 0.005) and minimal restriction on forced duction test were associated with motor success after the first surgery ( P = 0.05). Partial or entire scleral buckle removal (n = 15) and fellow-eye surgery were not significantly correlated with motor success in our cohort. There were no retinal redetachments after scleral buckle removal. Conclusions A small preoperative horizontal deviation, and minimally restricted ocular rotations were associated with better results. Removing the scleral buckle did not improve results.
Analysis of mixed mode polymerization systems. I. Generalized modeling approach

Mixed Mode Polymerization (MMP) is introduced and defined as any polymerization process that combines chainwise and stepwise mechanisms, which both contribute to the growth and structure modification of its polymer product. The large difference in activation energies of the growth steps of these two mechanisms provides great flexibility for polymer property control. A large variety of possible combinations including these mechanisms can be designed, which leads to a diversity of processes that require the development of a unified treatment technique. Building on the well-established theories and modeling frameworks available for free-radical polymerization and polycondensation, a generalized approach for modeling MMP is developed. Example applications of the technology are discussed and a case study is analyzed to illustrate the applicability of the generalized modeling approach. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 85: 571–594, 2002
Dihydrofolate reductase and thymidylate synthetase in strains of Streptococcus faecium resistant to pyrimethamine, chlorguanide triazine, trimethoprim, and amethopterin.

Abstract Strains of Streptococcus faecium highly resistant to pyrimethamine, chlorguanide triazine or amethopterin exhibited increased levels of dihydrofolate reductase and thymidylate synthetase which varied from 2- to 40-fold. The increases in synthetase were always greater than the corresponding increases in reductase. A strain of the same organism resistant to trimethoprim, however, showed no increases in either enzyme. Studies on the partially purified reductases indicate that the pyrimethamine-resistant enzyme differs strikingly in certain molecular properties. This reductase had a pH optimum at about 5.0 whereas the other four enzymes showed optimum activity at about pH 6.O. It also showed altered inhibition profiles requiring from 4 times as much pyrimethamine to 40 times as much chlorguanide triazine as the sensitive enzyme to obtain 50% inhibition.
Prehospital and emergency department delivery: A review of eight years experience

We reviewed the medical records of all patients who delivered in the prehospital or emergency department setting from 1980 through 1987 at Hennepin County Medical Center. There were 80 deliveries. Twelve women had no prenatal care; the remaining 68 women had an average of seven prenatal visits. There were seven perinatal infant deaths, and an additional seven infants had morbidity subsequent to delivery. Twenty infants required some degree of resuscitation at the time of delivery, including 19 endotracheal intubations. Complications during delivery were numerous and included nuchal cord, breech presentation, shoulder dystocia, postpartum hemorrhage, pre-eclampsia, prolapsed cord, and meconium staining. Prehospital and ED delivery were associated with a high rate of maternal and infant complications.
Computational Performance of Various Formulations of the Iterative Soft-Decision Decoder Algorithm

Multiple formulations of the soft-decision decoding algorithm have been published based upon Gallagher's foundational work on LDPC codes (R. Gallager, 1962) and Pearl's iterative belief-propagation (1988). Three published formulations are mathematically identical but differ computationally. A formulation is proposed that is computationally better than the established ones. A visualization strategy is introduced to describe the formulations
Highly allegiant fans and sports team evaluation the mediating role of self-esteem

We suggest that the positivity bias found by Wann and Dolan in highly allegiant sports fans might be better explained by considering the mediating role of self-esteem in both the prediction of a te...
INHIBITION OF BETA-HYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASE. I. STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SOME STEROIDAL INHIBITORS.

Abstract 1. 1. β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3 (or 17)-β-hydroxysteroid: NAD(P) oxidoreductase, EC. 1.1.1.51) was prepared from Pseudomonas testosteroni . This enzyme obeyed first-order kinetics with androst-4-ene-3,17-dione as substrate between 1.0·10 −4 and 2.5·10 −6 M. 2. 2. The most effective inhibitors, with the concentration at which they inhibited 50%, were: 2-hydroxymethylene-17α-methylandrostan-17β-ol-3-one (9·10 −7 M), 2α-cyano-4,4,17α-trimethylandrost-5-en-17β-ol-3-one (8·10 −7 M), 17β-hydroxy-4,4,17α-trimethylandrost-5-enol[3,2-c]pyrazole (8·10 −7 M), and 4,4-dimethyl-17β-hydroxyandrost-5-eno[3,2-c]pyrzole (8·10 −7 M). Testosterone inhibited 50% at 2·10 −5 M. 3. 3. A study of 42 derivatives of the androstane nucleus showed that the degree of inhibition depended upon the nature of the substituents on positions 2, 3, 4 and 17 of the steroid nucleus. Spacial presentation of these groups to the enzyme by the arrangement of double bonds or by their absence also affected inhibition.
Effects of symmetry and defects on the extraordinary transmission of light through plasmonic films

Structure/property relationships of plasmonic films have been investigated through spectroscopy and electron imaging. Dominance of short range order allows for controlled emissions, and defects are found not to be detrimental to overall film performance.
Outcomes of pregnancies fathered by solid-organ transplant recipients exposed to mycophenolic acid products

CONTEXT-In women, exposure to mycophenolic acid products during pregnancy results in an increase in both miscarriages and birth defects in the live born. OBJECTIVE-To describe the outcomes of pregnancies fathered by transplant recipients who were being maintained on mycophenolic acid products at the estimated time of conception and compare these pregnancies with pregnancies in the general population. METHODS- Data were collected by the National Transplantation Pregnancy Registry via questionnaires, telephone interviews, and medical records. RESULTS -One hundred fifty-two male transplant recipients with exposure to mycophenolic acid products fathered 205 pregnancies (208 outcomes, including 3 pairs of twins). Pregnancy outcomes included 194 live births with a prematurity rate of 10.8%, 14 spontaneous abortions, and no therapeutic abortions or stillbirths. Among the live births, 6 malformations were reported, for an incidence of 3.1%. No pattern of malformations was identified. CONCLUSION-The outcomes of pregnancies fathered by transplant recipients treated with mycophenolic acid products appear similar to outcomes in the general population.
Defect dynamics in the evolution of the transverse pattern of a laser

Transverse pattern dynamics in the output of a laser are studied by numerical solution of the Maxwell Bloch equations. It was found that simple patterns involving many radial and angular modes can be simply described in terms of the motion and interaction of defects, singularities in the complex field. The complexity of the patterns and dynamics increase as the Fresnel number of the resonator is increased and as the mode spacing, gain, and cavity detuning are adjusted to bring more modes within the range of frequencies where gain exceeds loss.
Structural state assessment based on similarity degree of membership cloud

Most methods of structural states assessment focused on statistical analysis considering only random uncertainties, or on fuzzy recognition considering only fuzzy uncertainties. The cloud model considers both of the two, implementing the transform between qualitative evaluation and quantitative numerical value. In this paper, healthy observations are used to determine the expectation function and feature parameters of the cloud model of healthy states. With the prescribed similarity matrix of structural states, an optimal group of expectation functions and feature parameters representing the other damage states can be inferred as an inverse problem from healthy observations only. On the basis of above, the membership cloud of the four standard damage states can be established using the cloud generator, so could any unknown state. Similar degree between the membership clouds of the unknown state and the standard damage states can be calculated. Lastly, the unknown state is assessed to one of the standard states based on the maximum similar degree. Case study validates the effectiveness and practicability of the above method. This method could be embedded into the Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) system to show a quantitative specification of damage degree and work for the structural maintenance.
Evaluating Support for the Current Classification of Eukaryotic Diversity

Perspectives on the classification of eukaryotic diversity have changed rapidly in recent years, as the four eukaryotic groups within the five-kingdom classification—plants, animals, fungi, and protists—have been transformed through numerous permutations into the current system of six “supergroups.” The intent of the supergroup classification system is to unite microbial and macroscopic eukaryotes based on phylogenetic inference. This supergroup approach is increasing in popularity in the literature and is appearing in introductory biology textbooks. We evaluate the stability and support for the current six-supergroup classification of eukaryotes based on molecular genealogies. We assess three aspects of each supergroup: (1) the stability of its taxonomy, (2) the support for monophyly (single evolutionary origin) in molecular analyses targeting a supergroup, and (3) the support for monophyly when a supergroup is included as an out-group in phylogenetic studies targeting other taxa. Our analysis demonstrates that supergroup taxonomies are unstable and that support for groups varies tremendously, indicating that the current classification scheme of eukaryotes is likely premature. We highlight several trends contributing to the instability and discuss the requirements for establishing robust clades within the eukaryotic tree of life.
“I’m Ambivalent about It” The Dilemmas of PowerPoint

The increasing ubiquity of PowerPoint in the university classroom raises complex questions about pedagogy and the creation of dynamic and effective learning environments. Though much of the sociolo...
2,5-Dimethyl­pyrazine 1,4-dioxide

The title compound, C6H8N2O2, was prepared from 2,5-dimethyl­pyrazine, acetic acid, and hydrogen peroxide. The 2,5-dimethyl­pyrazine 1,4-dioxide mol­ecule is located on an inversion center. π–π inter­actions between neighboring 2,5-dimethyl­pyrazine 1,4-dioxide mol­ecules are observed with an inter­planar distance of 3.191 A. Each 2,5-dimethyl­pyrazine 1,4-dioxide mol­ecule is linked to four neighboring N-oxide mol­ecules through C—H⋯O hydrogen-bonding inter­actions, forming two-dimensional layers.
Effects of chronic administration of diphenylhydantoin on learning and offspring behavior

An original parent group of 72 Sprague-Dawley albino rats was subdivided into four treatment groups that were administered 5, 10 or 15 mg/kg diphenylhydantoin and distilled water on days 5 to 55 after birth. At 85 days of age the drug females were bred to naive males to produce an F1 generation. In similar fashion, the F1 females were bred at maturity to produce and F2 generation. Neither offspring group received any drug administrations or experimental treatments. All three groups were tested on avoidance conditioning at 75 days of age for a total of 150 trials. The results of statistical analysis indicated no significant differences in number of correct responses in the parent group, a significant Drug effect in the offspring groups and a significant Dose effect in the F2 generation. This detrimental cross-generational effect on avoidance conditioning, caused by chronic diphenylhydantoin administration, is consistent with previously noted cross-generational effects of trifluoperazine, chlorpromazine, and methylphenidate.
A cyanide-free solution for electropolishing silver

A cyanide-free solution was developed to produce high-quality silver and silver-alloy transmission electron microscopy specimens with consistent reproducibility. The solution consists of 115 ml glacial acetic acid, 43 ml concentrated sulfuric acid, 350 ml anhydrous methyl alcohol, and 77 g thiourea.
Location hashing: an efficient indexing method for locating object queries in image databases

Queries referring to content embedded within images are an essential component of content-based search, browse, or summarize operations in image databases. Localization of such queries under changes in appearance, occlusions and background clutter, is a difficult problem, for which current spatial access structures in databases are not suitable. In this paper, we present a new method of indexing image databases, called location hashing, that uses a special data structure, called the location hash tree, for organizing feature information from images of a database. Location hashing is based on the principle of geometric hashing. It simultaneously determines the relevant images in the database, and the regions within them, which are most likely to contain 2D pattern query, without incurring a detailed search of either. The location hash tree being a red-black tree, allows for efficient search for candidate locations using pose-invariant feature information derived from the query.
Chipped Stone Assemblages from the 1971–1977 Excavations at the Seip Earthworks

A collection of 1,327 lithic artifacts recovered from the Ohio Historical Society (OHS) archaeological investigations at Seip Earthworks, conducted from 1971 – 1977 were analyzed. Summaries and interpretations of the lithic artifacts from each of the seven excavation blocks, test trenches, and associated structures are given based on the types of materials recovered and their contexts.
The vortex tube and the tornado

When votex flow is induced in a stream of gas, as in the Ranque-Hilsch tube, the temperature of the axial portion of the vortex is lowered while the temperature of the peripheral portion is raised. The principle of conservation of angular momentum appears to control the conversion of hat to mechanical energy. A similar mechanism may account for some characteristics of tornadoes.
Data mining using client/server systems

client/server(C/S) systems have revolutionized the systems development approach. Among the drivers of the C/S systems is the lower price/performance ratio compared to the mainframe‐based transaction processing systems. Data mining is a process of identifying patterns in corporate transactional and operational databases (also called data warehouses). As most Fortune 500 companies are moving quickly towards the client server systems, it is increasingly becoming important that a data mining approaches should be adapted for C/S systems. In the current paper, we describe different data mining approaches that are used in the C/S systems.
Detecting forest stress and decline in response to increasing river flow in southwest Florida, USA

Abstract Forest stress and decline resulting from increased river levels were investigated in Myakka River State Park (MRSP), FL, USA. Since 1977, land-use changes around the upper Myakka River watershed have resulted in significant increases in water entering the river, which have caused extensive mortality in the upper watershed. The present study assessed whether similar forest stress and mortality was occurring downstream within the park. Our objectives were to (1) determine if tree die-off and/or stress resulting from increased river levels were present in MRSP and (2) determine the relationship between historical and present river levels regimes and growth of actively managed forested stands undergoing restoration located both above and below a dam. We used two methodological approaches. The first was recording indications of tree stress and decline (crown dieback, crown thinning, trunk rot, foliage discoloration, and parasitism) in Fraxinus caroliniana Miller dominated forested wetlands, Pinus elliottii Englem. var. densa Little & Dorman dominated mesic pine flatwoods, and Quercus laurifolia Michaux dominated oak palm hammocks. Our second approach was tree-ring analyses, which allows for more detailed analyses of growth in response to precipitation and river flow (a surrogate variable for water table depth) in the pine flatwoods stands. Our results indicate significant stress and decline in some forested wetlands upstream of the dam, significant mortality in wet-mesic pine flatwoods sites close to the river, and significant amounts of stress in wet-mesic pine flatwoods sites upstream of the dam. F. caroliniana sites located upstream of the dam had more individuals with symptoms of stress than those downstream of the dam (67% versus 43%, P =0.031). In Q. laurifolia sites, 70–85% of the trees had evidence of flooding stress and mortality, which is comparable to distributions found in severely disturbed forest in the upper watershed. P. elliottii var. densa sites located 1050 m from the river ( P
Current buffer compensation topologies for LDOs with improved transient performance

The goal of internal frequency compensation of a low dropout voltage regulator (LDO) is the selection of a small-value, ESR-independent output capacitor. Cascode compensation formed by a common-gate transistor acting as a current buffer, an optional series resistor, and a compensation capacitor creates a dominant pole and a left-half-plane (LHP) zero, allowing adequate phase margin and stable LDO design. To this end, a 1.21 V output, 100 mA, 0.1---10 μF output capacitor, ESR-independent, low voltage LDO using cascode compensation with replica bias is designed and fabricated in a 0.5 μm CMOS process with an area of 0.22 mm2. A line regulation of 0.05% V/V, load regulation of 0.001% V/mA and dropout voltage of 220 mV were measured. LDO-specific pole-zero analysis is detailed. In addition to this design, two improved transient response LDO architectures using cascode compensation with split-length transistors are also explored. A Power Good feature is discussed, which enables direct interface between the LDO and a micro-processor.
Great Lakes agreement calls for binational science priorities and action

An amended Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement (GLWQA), signed by officials from Canada and the United States at a 7 September ceremony in Washington, D. C., will facilitate efforts by the two countries to “restore and maintain the chemical, physical, and biological integrity of the Waters of the Great Lakes.” The agreement calls on the countries to cooperate and collaborate; develop programs, practices, and technology necessary to better understand the Great Lakes Basin ecosystem; and eliminate or reduce environmental threats to Great Lakes waters. The amended GLWQA specifically calls for the establishment of “binational priorities for science and action to address current and future threats” to the quality of Great Lakes waters within 18 months. In addition, the agreement calls on the International Joint Commission (IJC) to establish a Great Lakes science advisory board.
Asymptotic form of the reciprocity theorem with applications in x-ray scattering

The emission of electromagnetic waves from a source within or near a nontrivial medium (with or without boundaries, crystalline or amorphous, with inhomogeneities, absorption, and so on) is sometimes studied using the reciprocity principle which is a variation of the method of Green's functions. If one is only interested in the asymptotic radiation fields the generality of these methods may actually be a shortcoming: obtaining expressions valid for the uninteresting near fields is not just a wasted effort but may be prohibitively difficult. In this work we obtain a modified form of the reciprocity principle which gives the asymptotic radiation field directly. The method may also be used to study scattering problems. We give a few pedagogical examples and then, as more challenging applications, we calculate the specular reflection of x rays by a rough surface and by a smoothly graded surface taking polarization effects into account. In conventional treatments of reflection, x rays are treated as scalar waves; polarization effects are neglected. This is a good approximation at grazing incidence but becomes increasingly questionable for soft x rays and UV at higher incidence angles.
Heianchô no gagaku: kogakufu ni yoru tôgakukyoku no gakuriteki kenkyû

Heiancho no gagaku: kogakufu ni yoru togakukyoku no gakuriteki kenkyu [ Gagaku of the Heian Period: A Musico-theoretical Study of the togaku Repertory Based on Old Notations] Endo Toru Tokyo, Tokyo...
Mechanisms for the production of DNA damage in cultured human and hamster cells irradiated with light from fluorescent lamps, sunlamps, and the sun.

Abstract Light from fluorescent lamps has recently been shown to be toxic and mutagenic to V-79 hamster cells. In this report it is shown that visible light ( >295 nm ) from fluorescent lamps, sunlamps and the sun produces DNA single-strand breaks in hamster or human cells irradiated with these sources. Some of the DNA breaks and the mutagenic action of the light can be averted by filtering the light through para-aminobenzoic acid, which filters out wavelengths below 345 nm. The radical scavengers dimethyl sulfoxide, glycerol, and potassium iodide can also protect the cells from some of the DNA breaks, but the scavengers do not protect V-79 cells from the mutagenic action of the light sources. Hydrogen peroxide and riboflavin and tryptophan photoproducts also are shown to produce DNA breaks in V-79 cells; however, these treatments are not mutagenic to V-79 cells. These data suggest that several types of lesions may be produced in the DNA of irradiated cells by several different mechanisms, and that some of the lesions may be related to toxicity and mutagenicity of the light sources, and others may not.
The activity of pyrimethamine and sulphadoxine against Plasmodium falciparum determined by the in vitro microtechnique

Abstract The reported increase of infections of Plasmodium falciparum which are no longer susceptible to a combination of pyrimethamine and sulphadoxine—Fansidar—emphasizes the need for an in vitro test to determine the presence and prevalence of drug-resistant parasites. Studies with the pyrimethaminesensitive FCB strain and the pyrimethamine-resistant FTA strain showed that the in vitro microtechnique can be used to determine differences in the susceptibility of these two strains to pyrimethamine and to pyrimethamine-sulphadoxine combinations. The FCB strain was almost six times more susceptible to pyrimethamine than the FTA strain. Although relatively high concentrations of sulphadoxine alone exerted no detectable antimalarial effects, the sulphonamide potentiated the activity of pyrimethamine against both strains of P. falciparum. This synergistic activity was relatively more pronounced against the pyrimethamine-resistant strain, particularly at lower concentrations of sulphadoxine. Further studies are indicated to determine to what extent findings obtained with the in vitro microtechnique can be correlated with the response of falciparum infections to treatment with pyrimethamine-sulphadoxine combinations.
In-situ spectroscopic investigation of adsorbed intermediate radicals in electrochemical reactions: CO2− on platinum

Adsorption of carbon dioxide, carbon dioxide anion radical and acetonitrile have been studied on platinum in acetonitrile using Polarization Modulation Fourier Transform Infrared Reflection Absorption Spectroscopy (PMFTIRRAS). It has been shown that electrochemical reduction of CO2 involves adsorbed CO2 and adsorbed CO2−. The surface concentration of the latter species increases in the cathodic direction. The mechanism of the process is discussed. The decrease in concentration of adsorbed CO2 and adsorbed acetonitrile are discussed in terms of the structure of the adsorbed species at the interface.
Time-Implicit Simulation of Particle-Fluid Systems

This paper presents one-dimensional particle-fluid hybrid simulations in which the strongly collisional components of the plasma (e.g., ions and thermal electrons with v;cfΔt > 1) are treated as fluids and the weakly collisional components (e.g., energetic electrons with vcpΔt 1 (ωp: plasma frequency).
Effects of the parasitoid, microplitis croceipes on the haemolymph proteins of the corn earworm, Heliothis zea

Abstract 1. 1. Parasitism of the corn earworm, Heliothis zea, by Microplitis croceipes, resulted in differences in the number and location of host proteins when separated by disc electrophoresis. 2. 2. These results suggest that the parasitoid may break down or utilize certain host proteins and cause the release or synthesis of other proteins by the host. 3. 3. Additionally, the parasite may utilize or destroy certain host haemolymph proteins while causing a shift in free amino acids of the shot to the bound state or the secretion of other proteins into the haemolymph. 4. 4. The result demonstrates that the parasite extracts or uses a large amount of conjugated protein from the host during its development, while other organic constituents such as lipids appear not to be consumed as fast during the host-parasitoid association.
Lipophorin: A hemolymph juvenile hormone binding protein in the german cockroach, Blattella germanica

Abstract We examined the binding of [ 3 H](10 R ) juvenile hormone (JH) III to lipophorin that was purified from the hemolymph of Blattella germanica . Binding was found to be specific, saturable and with high affinity to JH III. Using Scatchard analysis, the equilibrium dissociation constant (K d ) and total binding capacity (B max ) were estimated to be 9.75±0.64 nM and 0.241±0.02 nmol/mg protein, respectively. Competitive displacement studies with racemic JH III, JH I, cuticular hydrocarbon, contact sex pheromone, and the JH analogs pyriproxyfen, fenoxycarb, and hydroprene showed that only JH III readily displaced [ 3 H](10 R )JH III from the binding site. However, hydroprene competed for the JH III binding site more effectively than the other two JH analogs. Photoaffinity labelling using the JH III analog [ 3 H]epoxyfarnesyl diazoacetate demonstrated that the JH binding site was on apolipophorin-I, the large subunit of the lipophorin complex.
Revision and Phylogenetic Analysis of the Hadronema Group (Miridae: Orthotylinae: Orthotylini), With Descriptions of New Genera and New Species, and Comments on the Neotropical Genus Tupimiris

Abstract Aoplonema Knight, Daleapidea Knight, Hadronema Uhler, and Hadronemidea Reuter are revised. Aoplonema nigrum, sp. nov., A. rubrum, sp. nov., Hadronema incognitum, sp. nov., and H. mexicanum, sp. nov. are described. Hadronemidea echinata, comb. nov. is proposed for Hadronema echinata Gruetzmacher and Schaffner, 1977. Aoplonemella, gen. nov. is described to accommodate Hadronema festiva Van Duzee, 1910; and Origonema, gen. nov. is described to accommodate Hadronema splendida Gibson, 1918. Scutomiris setosus, gen. et sp. nov. are described from Baja California Sur, Mexico. This new genus is superficially similar to the Neotropical genus Tupimiris. Male genitalic characters not mentioned in the original description of T. scutellatus are illustrated and compared with those of S. setosus, showing that the two are not related. Aoplonema, Aoplonemella, Daleapidea, Hadronema, Hadronemidea, Origonema, and Scutomiris form a monophyletic group herein denominated the Hadronema group. Dorsal habitus color photo...
Sleep Disturbances in Caregivers of Patients With End‐Stage Congestive Heart Failure: Part II—Assess and Intervene

Sleep disturbances in caregivers of patients with congestive heart failure is common. The consequences of sleep disturbances are dire and have potential to seriously impact caregiver health and patient outcomes. Therefore, it is imperative that the health care team, especially nurses, assess and intervene. Basic assessment of caregiver sleep disturbance can be quick and simple and can be performed while assessing the congestive heart failure patient's health. If a more complex sleep disorder is suspected, other assessments can be conducted if time and money permit. The benefits to properly assessing sleep disturbance and subsequent treatment far outweigh the minimal time spent by the health care team or caregiver.
Clinical Decision-Making in the Assessment and Intervention of Central Auditory Processing Disorders

Central auditory processing disorders (CAPDs) are fraught with problems arising from confusion concerning the clinical evidence of the disorder. A major controversy revolves around characterizing the disorder as a unique cluster of behaviors reflecting impairment in some underlying mechanism(s) or as a disorder defined on the basis of performance on a set of tests. This article reviews some recent developments in auditory processing research and considers the role of the speech-language pathologist in evaluating and treating children with suspected auditory processing problems. Particular attention is given to clinical criteria, including characteristics of the population, assessment, and intervention considerations. Areas for clinical caution are highlighted.
Arrhenius Time-Scaled Least Squares: A Simple, Robust Approach to Accelerated Stability Data Analysis for Bioproducts

Defining a suitable product presentation with an acceptable stability profile over its intended shelf-life is one of the principal challenges in bioproduct development. Accelerated stability studies are routinely used as a tool to better understand long-term stability. Data analysis often employs an overall mass action kinetics description for the degradation and the Arrhenius relationship to capture the temperature dependence of the observed rate constant. To improve predictive accuracy and precision, the current work proposes a least-squares estimation approach with a single nonlinear covariate and uses a polynomial to describe the change in a product attribute with respect to time. The approach, which will be referred to as Arrhenius time-scaled (ATS) least squares, enables accurate, precise predictions to be achieved for degradation profiles commonly encountered during bioproduct development. A Monte Carlo study is conducted to compare the proposed approach with the common method of least-squares estimation on the logarithmic form of the Arrhenius equation and nonlinear estimation of a first-order model. The ATS least squares method accommodates a range of degradation profiles, provides a simple and intuitive approach for data presentation, and can be implemented with ease. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. and the American Pharmacists Association J Pharm Sci 103:2278–2286, 2014
Rayleigh-Brillouin light scattering studies of NC(CH2) n CN liquids

Polarized and depolarized Rayleigh-Brillouin light scattering spectra of n-alkanedinitriles NC(CH2) n CN (n=1-6) were studied as a function of temperature. The hypersonic velocity and volume viscosity have been determined from the frequency shift and linewidth of the Brillouin spectrum. For all dinitriles studied, the sound attenuations over one sound wavelength are found to be small and to decrease with increasing temperature. Rayleigh relaxation times are obtained from the depolarized Rayleigh spectra. Using the modified Stokes-Einstein-Debye equation, the effective hydrodynamic volumes for reorientation of all dinitriles are determined. The plot of the Rayleigh relaxation times with respect to ηT -1 shows a non-vanishing intercept. Activation energies extracted from the Rayleigh relaxation times have been compared with those obtained from other methods and good agreements have been found. The even-odd effects are found on the volume viscosity and the reorientational activation energy for these liquids.
The inception and evolution of a unique masters program in cancer biology, prevention and control.

The University of the District of Columbia (UDC) and the Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center (LCCC), Georgetown University Medical Center established a Masters Degree Program in Cancer Biology, Prevention and Control at UDC that is jointly administered and taught by UDC and LCCC faculty. The goal of the Masters Degree Program is to educate students as master-level cancer professionals capable of conducting research and service in cancer biology, prevention, and control or to further advance the education of students to pursue doctoral studies. The Program’s unique nature is reflected in its philosophy “the best cancer prevention and control researchers are those with a sound understanding of cancer biology”. This program is a full-time, 2-year, 36-credit degree in which students take half of their coursework at UDC and half of their coursework at LCCC. During the second year, students are required to conduct research either at LCCC or UDC. Unlike most cancer biology programs, this unique Program emphasizes both cancer biology and cancer outreach training.
Apparent alkyl transfer and phenazine formation via an aryne intermediate.

Treatment of chlorotriaryl derivatives 3a and 3d or fluorotriaryl derivatives 3b and 3e with potassium diisopropylamide afforded alkyl-shifted phenazine derivatives 5a/5b, rather than the expected ...
Review of plasma-wall interaction experiments in TMX and TMX-U

Abstract TMX-U has successfully demonstrated electrostatic endplugging which substantially enhances ion axial confinement. The impurity flux and gas load on the plasma can strongly affect the formation of the confining potential; this is the plasma-material interaction issue that is of primary concern in present-day mirror devices. The heat load on the walls is generally low and has not been a major concern. This paper reviews the experiments that have been performed in TMX and TMX-U which relate to the issue of gas load and its control. We shall also discuss how this issue is being addressed by the methods of vacuum system design, wall conditioning and halo shielding.
Why Rolls are Prevalent in the Hurricane Boundary Layer

Recent remote sensing observations show that the hurricane boundary layer flow, although energetic, is not a region of homogeneous turbulence. In fact, the observations convincingly demonstrate that a large fraction of the turbulent flow in the regions away from the deep convective rainbands is highly organized into intense horizontal roll vortices that are approximately aligned with the mean wind and span the depth of the boundary layer. These observations show that rolls strongly increase the flux of momentum between the underlying surface and the main body of the storm compared to an equivalent hurricane boundary layer flow without rolls. The linear and nonlinear dynamics of hurricane boundary layer roll formation are outlined and it is shown why rolls are, in fact, the expected basic hurricane boundary layer state. The model presented here explains the hurricane roll features currently documented in field programs and makes predictions that can be tested in future experiments. The primary effects of rolls on the boundary layer fluxes are inherently nonlocal and nongradient and hence cannot be captured by standard downgradient turbulence parameterizations used in hurricane simulations. However, the nonlinear theory is the proper starting point for developing boundary layer parameterizations that include roll modification of the turbulent fluxes.