cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Playing the System: The Capitalist Industry of Participatory Music Education in Rio de Janeiro’s Oficinas

Despite dire predictions that participatory musical traditions would inevitably decline in capitalist modernity in which producers are increasingly distinguished from consumers, Rio de Janeiro’s street carnival revival, on the rise in the past two decades, shows that participatory music can thrive under capitalist relations. Much of the street carnival revival celebrates the free events in the streets as forming an uncommodified, musical social movement that presents an alternative to the expensive, presentational, and commercialized samba school spectacle. Theories of musical participation (Keil, Turino) likewise depict participatory musical practices as emancipatory and oppositional to capitalist relations. The vitality of street carnival, however, depends on oficinas, or for-profit classes that teach a wide variety of Brazilian and international styles for students to play with professional teachers in participatory carnival ensembles (blocos). In probing teachers’ “pedagogical labor,” this article portrays oficinas as comprising a “capitalist participatory music industry.” By offering a case study on a carnival brass band community turned activist musical movement whose growth has been fueled by oficinas, I show, however, that the commodified status of oficinas does not necessarily deprive them of the capacity to build an anti-capitalist musical movement. These musicians navigate, take advantage from, and challenge capitalist realities.
p85α Regulatory Subunit of Class IA PI-3Kinase Regulates Osteoclast Function(s) and Bone Mass.

Osteoclasts (OCs) play an indispensable role in regulating bone remodeling. In adults, a significant number of skeletal diseases have been linked to abnormal osteoclast function(s), including rheumatoid arthritis, periodontal disease, multiple myeloma, and metastatic cancers. Although, a clear picture of the critical players that regulate osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption has begun to emerge; further studies detailing the intracellular signaling pathways is necessary for the rationale development of new drugs for the treatment of bone disorders involving OCs. While recent studies utilizing pharmacologic inhibitors of PI-3Kinase have suggested a role for this pathway in osteoclastogenesis, these inhibitors interfere with the function of all classes of PI-3Kinase and result in extensive in vivo toxicity. Therefore, to therapeutically manipulate PI-3Kinase signaling cascade in osteoclasts, additional data evaluating the specific role of individual PI-3Kinase isoforms is necessary. Class IA PI-3Kinase are heterodimeric kinases consisting of a regulatory subunit and a catalytic subunit. Five different proteins, namely p85α, p55α, p50α, p85β, and p55γ, have been identified to date as the regulatory subunits. The p85α, p55α, and p50α proteins are derived from the same gene locus by alternative splicing mechanism. In contrast, distinct genes encode the p85β and p55γ subunits. Utilizing mice deficient in the expression of p85α subunit, we have recently shown that p85α subunit of PI-3Kinase plays an important role in regulating growth and actin based functions in bone marrow (BM) derived macrophages. Here, we demonstrate that OCs express multiple regulatory subunits of class IA PI-3Kinase, including p85α, p85β, p50α and p55α. Deficiency of p85α in OCs alone results in a significant increase in bone mass and bone density (% bone volume [BV]/trabecular volume [TV]: WT 6.7±0.01 vs p85 α− / − 14±0.01*, *p p85 α − / − bones reveal markedly increased cortical and trabecular mass. Despite their increased bone mass, mutant mice contain significantly greater numbers of OCs in vivo compared to wildtype controls (WT 45.6 vs p85 α − / − 118*, *p p85 α − / − mice, nonetheless, the bones of these mice become osteosclerotic, suggesting that osteoclasts lacking p85α may be defective. Consistent with this notion, p85 α − / − BM derived OCs show reduced growth and differentiation in response to M-CSF and RANKL stimulation in vitro . Impaired differentiation due to p85α deficiency is manifested in the form of a significant reduction in TRAP positive multinucleated OCs (WT: 23.6±4 vs p85 α − / −: 11.7±5*, n=3, *p p85 α − / − OCs. A 80% reduction in the expression of MITF was observed in p85 α − / − OCs compared to controls. Remarkably, the defects in p85α deficient OCs were observed in spite of the continuous expression of p85β, p50α and p55α subunits, suggesting that p85α functions with specificity in regulating OC functions in vivo, in part by modulating the expression of MITF. Thus, p85α is a potential new target for antiosteoporosis therapy.
CRT-100.15 Heparin Administration in the Emergency Department for ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction and Culprit Vessel Patency

Intravenous unfractionated heparin is a well-tested strategy for anticoagulant therapy at the time of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI); its use at the time of intervention is a Class I recommendation in the management of STEMI. Use of
On the Equation which Governs Cavity Radiation

In this work, the equation which properly governs cavity radiation is presented. Given thermal equilibrium, the radiation contained within an arbitrary cavity depends upon the nature of its walls, in addition to its temperature and its frequency of observation. With this realization, the universality of cavity radiation collapses. The constants of Planck and Boltzmann can no longer be viewed as universal.
A numerical analysis of the structure of periodic orbits in autonomous functional differential equations

Understanding the structure of periodic solutions in nonlinear, autonomous functional differential equations is a problem that often arises when such equations are used in the mathematical modeling of “real-world” phenomena. Knowledge of the existence, stability, and parameter dependence of such periodic solutions provides valuable insight into the general dynamics of the system. Stable steady states and periodic orbits are of particular interest since they correspond to observable states in the system being modeled. However, unstable steady states and periodic orbits are of importance as well since (through variation of parameters in the model) these solutions can themselves change stability and therefore, become “observable”.
Panmixia in a sea ice-associated marine mammal: evaluating genetic structure of the Pacific walrus (Odobenus rosmarus divergens) at multiple spatial scales

The kin structure of a species at relatively fine spatial scales impacts broad-scale patterns in genetic structure at the population level. However, kin structure rarely has been elucidated for migratory marine mammals. The Pacific walrus (Odobenus rosmarus divergens) exhibits migratory behavior linked to seasonal patterns in sea ice dynamics. Consequently, information on the spatial genetic structure of the subspecies, including kin structure, could aid wildlife managers in designing future studies to evaluate the impacts of sea ice loss on the subspecies. We sampled 8,303 individual walruses over a 5-year period and used 114 single-nucleotide polymorphisms to examine both broad-scale patterns in genetic structure and fine-scale patterns in relatedness. We did not detect any evidence of genetic structure at broad spatial scales, with low FST values (≤ 0.001) across all pairs of putative aggregations. To evaluate kin structure at fine spatial scales, we defined a walrus group as a cluster of resting individuals that were less than one walrus body length apart. We found weak evidence of kin structure at fine spatial scales, with 3.72% of groups exhibiting mean relatedness values greater than expected by chance, and a significantly higher overall observed mean value of relatedness within groups than expected by chance. Thus, the high spatiotemporal variation in the distribution of resources in the Pacific Arctic environment likely has favored a gregarious social system in Pacific walruses, with unrelated animals forming temporary associations.
DNA repair gene expression is increased in HPV positive head and neck squamous cell carcinomas

Abstract The incidence of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs) is rising in developed countries. This is driven by an increase in HNSCCs caused by high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) infections or HPV + HNSCCs. Compared to HNSCCs not caused by HPV (HPV– HNSCCs), HPV + HNSCCs are more responsive to therapy and associated with better oncologic outcomes. As a result, the HPV status of an HNSCC is an important determinant in medical management. One method to determine the HPV status of an HNSCC is increased expression of p16 caused by the HPV E7 oncogene. We identified novel expression changes in HPV + HNSCCs. A comparison of gene expression among HPV+ and HPV- HNSCCs in The Cancer Genome Atlas demonstrated increased DNA repair gene expression in HPV + HNSCCs. Further, DNA repair gene expression correlated with HNSCC survival. Immunohistochemical analysis of a novel HNSCC microarray confirmed that DNA repair protein abundance is elevated in HPV + HNSCCs.
Macrophage depletion impairs neonatal tendon regeneration

Tendons are dense connective tissues that transmit muscle forces to the skeleton. After adult injury, healing potential is generally poor and dominated by scar formation. Although the immune response is a key feature of healing, the specific immune cells and signals that drive tendon healing have not been fully defined. In particular, the immune regulators underlying tendon regeneration are almost completely unknown due to a paucity of tendon regeneration models. Using a mouse model of neonatal tendon regeneration, we screened for immune-related markers and identified upregulation of several genes associated with inflammation, macrophage chemotaxis, and TGFβ signaling after injury. Depletion of macrophages using AP20187 treatment of MaFIA mice resulted in impaired functional healing, reduced cell proliferation, reduced ScxGFP+ neo-tendon formation, and altered tendon gene expression. Collectively, these results show that inflammation is a key component of neonatal tendon regeneration and demonstrate a requirement for macrophages in effective functional healing.
The Clash Between Scientific Skepticism and Ethics Regulations

Scientific training is steeped in skepticism. This is healthy for the profession because it leads to constant questioning of results, a push to consider as many control experiments as possible, and a need to double-check and verify. Yet this same trait can lead scientists to doubt a claim that a colleague has misrepresented data. Anyone can make a mistake, but the idea that a scientist would consciously, or even recklessly, alter data or make false statements about data is anathema. It is, therefore, easier to doubt the motives of someone who raises such an objection than to believe the claim that a fellow scientist has violated the norms in such an egregious manner. People require sufficient time to delve into the facts to overcome such doubts. Given the pressures scientists face and the extreme focus they have learned is essential, there is no time for distractions. To get past the bias of skepticism of motives requires sufficient time to study a matter deeply, sometimes as deeply as one’s own research. These barriers become practically insurmountable when one adds the requirement to prove intent to falsify, in order to have a finding of research misconduct. For these reasons, there is a great need for reform of the definition of misconduct and an independent scientific organization that examines allegations of falsification and fabrication.
Real-time data quality assurance analysis for real-world, pan-cancer data.

e18775Background: The production of high-quality real-world data requires comprehensive and meticulous data quality assurance (QA) methods to guarantee that adequate standards of accuracy, complete...
Beyond the Yield Curve: Understanding the Effect of FOMC Announcements on the Stock Market

A large literature uses high-frequency changes in interest rates around FOMC announcements to study monetary policy. These yield changes have puzzlingly low explanatory power for the stock market - even in a narrow 30-minute window. We propose a new approach to test whether the unexplained variation represents monetary policy news or just noise. In particular, we allow for a latent "Fed non-yield curve shock'', which we estimate via a heteroskedasticity-based procedure. Using a test for weak identification, we show that our shock is well identified, that is, the unexplained variation is not just noise. We then go on to show that the shock, signed to increase stock prices, leads to sizable declines in the equity and variance premium, an increase in the 10-year term premium, an increase in short-run inflation expectations, as well as a dollar depreciation against multiple non-safe-haven currencies. Hence, the evidence supports the interpretation that the shock affects risk-appetite and leads to a reverse "flight-to-safety'' effect. Lastly, using a method from the computational linguistics literature, we show that our shock can be linked to specific topics discussed in FOMC statements, suggesting that it reflects written communication by the Federal Reserve.
Multiplanar External Fixator for Severe Lisfranc Fractures- A Case Report

Abstract The role of multiplanar external fixation for severe Lisfranc and midfoot fractures with violated soft tissue is invaluable. In our experience, high velocity and crush injuries to the midfoot are commonly associated lacerations, severe edema, and open fractures. Initial management for injuries not amenable to primary intern fixation with application of an external fixator. This article provides a simple step by step approach to constructing the “box frame” for Lisfranc and midfoot fractures.
How to Think with Animals in Mary Wollstonecraft's Original Stories and The Wrongs of Woman; or, Maria

Comparing children’s books and novels presented for more mature audiences, this essay proposes the key term scalable legibility. Scalable legibility describes works for juvenile audiences designed to accommodate changes in cognitive development over time, for instance, in a primer that builds from alphabet to syllabary to short story. Both in her fiction for children and in her work for adults, Wollstonecraft writes on different but scaling levels, not only raising thematically the issue of human improvability, but also structuring it formally into her fictional texts through animal tropes.
Enzymatic phosphorylation of serine.

Abstract The occurrence of a pyrophosphate:l-serine phosphotransferase in extracts of Propionibacterium shermanii is reported. A 102-fold purification, with 15% recovery, was obtained by successive use of protamine sulfate precipitation, acidification, ammonium sulfate precipitation, and chromatography on DEAE-cellulose and on Bio-Gel P-150 columns. This purification eliminates inorganic pyrophosphatase and serine phosphatase activity present in the crude extract, but a serine-serine phosphate exchange activity remains. Evidence is presented that this exchange is catalyzed by a second enzyme. The enzyme is stable at room temperature, but rapidly loses activity above 50°. In the presence of l-serine the enzyme exhibits a somewhat higher lability to preliminary incubation at elevated temperatures. The Km for PPi is 1.0 x 10-4 m; the Km for l-serine is 1.9 x 10-3 m. The enzyme is specific for both substrates. ATP is not a substrate. Tripolyphosphate can substitute to some extent for PPi. d-Serine and l-cysteine are not phosphorylated. dl-Homoserine is phosphorylated to a slight extent, as is l-threonine. Mg++ greatly stimulates the reaction. Some stimulation is obtained with Mn++ and with Co++. The Km for Mg++ at 1 mm PPi is 1.3 x 10-4 m, very close to the Km for PPi at 1 mm Mg++. Kinetic evidence suggests that the enzyme operates by a random equilibrium mechanism, involving a ternary complex of enzyme and substrates. The reaction has an apparent equilibrium constant of 480 at pH 6.7 and of 950 at pH 7.7, and an Arrhenius activation energy of 14.7 kcal per mole at pH 7.8.
Primary care screen for early dementia.

OBJECTIVES: To determine whether the Alzheimer's Disease Screen for Primary Care (ADS-PC) is more sensitive to early dementia than the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and whether it has as high a misclassification rate in minority patients and patients with limited education. DESIGN: Cross-sectional validation study. SETTING: Urban geriatric primary care practice. PARTICIPANTS: Three hundred sixteen African-American and Caucasian patients, including 55 patients with early dementia (Clinical Demential Rating of 0.5). MEASUREMENTS: The ADS-PC is a two-stage strategy for identifying early dementia that consists of a brief high-sensitivity dementia screen, applied to all patients aged 65 and older, and a second stage to identify memory impairment, applied to patients who fail the first stage. Differences in the sensitivities or specificities of the ADS-PC and the MMSE were evaluated using the McNemar test. RESULTS: Receiver operating characteristic curves were used to examine differences in the operating characteristics of the ADS-PC across a range of cutscores. When the specificities of both tests were equated (0.90), the sensitivities were significantly different (ADS-PC, 0.75; MMSE, 0.56). The MMSE failed to identify five times as many cases of dementia as the ADS-PC. When the sensitivities were equated, the specificities differed significantly (ADS-PC, 0.95; MMSE, 0.73). The MMSE misclassified five times as many noncases as the ADS-PC. This pattern of significantly higher sensitivity and specificity for the ADS-PC than for the MMSE was repeated in the results according to race and for individuals with high school or more education but not in individuals with less education. CONCLUSION: The ADS-PC outperformed the MMSE in identifying early dementia in a racially and educationally diverse primary care cohort.
Motion control for a novel legged robot

A motion control scheme has been developed to control all axes of a novel six-legged robot (Ambler) for planetary exploration. The robot's configuration and control scheme lend themselves well to ensuring predictable and reliable walking. A feature that simplifies control and makes low-energy walking possible is the decoupling of the horizontal and vertical actuations. Each leg resembles a cylindrical type of robot arm. There are two prismatic joints (elbow and foot extensions) and one rotary joint (shoulder). Body attitude and altitude control is accomplished by the six vertical actuators. The body is pulled forward by the horizontal actuators. The horizontal actuators have no gravity load on them if the body is kept level. A single leg has been constructed, and the portion of the overall motion control scheme for it has been implemented. >
Alkaline-Polymer Flooding

This chapter briefly presents the interactions between alkali and polymer and the drive mechanisms of alkaline-polymer flooding. The alkaline-polymer field cases presented in this chapter include those in Almy Sands (Isenhour Unit), Moorcroft West and Thompson Creek in Wyoming, David Lloydminster “A” Pool and Etzikom in Canada, and Xing-28 Block (Liaohe Field) and Yangsanmu in China.
Examining the Role of Auditor Quality and Retained Ownership in IPO Markets: Experimental Evidence*

We use experimental markets to test the Datar, Feltham, and Hughes (DFH) 1991 model of entrepreneur choice of auditor and retained ownership in initial public offerings (IPOs). DFH predict that entrepreneurs use retained ownership to signal IPO value and substitute high-quality auditors for retained ownership to signal value as the risk of the IPO increases. Given the mixed support for DFH from archival research, we conduct experimental markets that directly operationalize the model's decision variables, which permits a direct test of whether the model is descriptively valid. In addition, our market setting provides a strong test of this theory by including an alternative Nash equilibrium also present in field settings, one in which only auditor quality is used by entrepreneurs to signal IPO value. Our results suggest that DFH predict entrepreneur behavior in baseline markets where both computerized investors and auditors are programmed to price consistently with the DFH equilibrium. However, the DFH model does not describe behavior when “robot” investors are replaced with human investors in the market. The results suggest that entrepreneurs and investors strategically interact in a manner that leads them away from the DFH equilibrium and toward the alternative Nash equilibrium behavior of entrepreneurs with high-value assets hiring high-quality auditors irrespective of IPO risk. Our results imply that the DFH model has limited descriptive validity, document the importance of strategic behavior on market equilibrium formation, and suggest that the mixed results found in prior DFH-based field studies may reflect the model's low descriptive validity.
Formal Models for Communication-Based Design

Concurrency is an essential element of abstract models for embedded systems. Correctness and efficiency of the design depend critically on the way concurrency is formalized and implemented. Concurrency is about communicating processes. We introduce an abstract formal way of representing communication among processes and we show how to refine this representation towards implementation. To this end, we present a formal model, Abstract Co-design Finite State Machines (ACFSM), and its refinement, Extended Co-design Finite State Machines (ECFSM), developed to capture abstract behavior of concurrent processes and derived from a model (Co-design Finite State Machine (CFSM)) we have used in POLIS, a system for the design and verification of embedded systems. The design of communication protocols is presented as an example of the use of these formal models.
The generalization of an olfactory-based conditioned response reveals unique but overlapping odour representations in the moth Manduca sexta.

Most highly derived olfactory systems, such as the insect antennal lobe, discriminate among a wide array of monomolecular odourants and blends of odourants. Given the relatively limited number of neurons used to code these odours, this ability implies that neural representations for odours overlap in a cross-fiber coding scheme. Here we use the generalization of a conditioned feeding response in the sphinx moth, Manduca sexta , to quantify three geometry-based dimensions of odour space in which monomolecular odours may be assessed. In a series of experiments we show that generalization of a conditioned response from one monomolecular odour to another is a function of differences in length and shape of the carbon chain as well as the functional group on the molecule. When moths were conditioned to 2-hexanone or 1-decanol and tested with a number of alcohols and ketones, we found that the generalization of the conditioned response decreased as a function of the chain length and functional group. In contrast, when conditioned to 1-hexanol, moths failed to distinguish alcohols from ketones of the same chain length. In all of these cases, chain length did not interact with functional group, thus indicating the independence of these dimensions. Differential conditioning of alcohols and of alcohols and ketones revealed interaction of excitatory and inhibitory generalization gradients within an odour ‘dimension’. When odourants were sufficiently distinct, the peak of the generalization gradient was shifted away from the conditioning odour and in an opposite direction from the unreinforced odour. Altogether, these data substantiate the claim that these molecular characteristics are relevant coding dimensions in the moth olfactory system. These data are consistent with a cross-fiber coding scheme in which odours are coded by spatio–temporally overlapping sets of neurons, both in the periphery and in the antennal lobes.
Comparison of beta-naphthoflavone and 3-methylcholanthrene as inducers of hepatic cytochrome(s) P-448 and aryl hydrocarbon (benzo[a]pyrene) hydroxylase activity.

Intraperitoneal 3-methylcholanthrene induces hepatic aryl hydrocarbon (benzo[ a ]pyrene) hydroxylase (EC 1.14.14.2) in the C57BL/6N mouse about 5-7-fold; a dose of 8O mg/ kg of body weight maintains maximal levels on the second through the seventh day after a single injection. The same dose of β-naphthoflavone induces the hydroxylase about 4-fold, the maximal level occurring 40 hr, and the activity returning to basal levels 72 hr, following a single injection. Dose-response studies, time-response studies, simultaneous treatment with maximal and submaximal amounts of both inducers, and multiple-injection experiments all suggested that β-naphthoflavone is absorbed from the peritoneal cavity much more rapidly than 3-methylcholanthrene. With radiolabeled inducers, it was confirmed that β-naphthoflavone is absorbed from the peritoneal cavity into the liver and blood and is excreted (presumably as metabolites) in the feces and urine about 10 times more rapidly than 3-methylcholanthrene during the first 12-18 hr after a single injection of 80 mg/kg of body weight. Concomitant with the rise and fall, respectively, in β-naphthoflavone- or 3-methylcholanthrene-induced aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity are (a) increases and decreases in microsomal total cytochrome P-450 content; (b) a spectral shift to the blue, and then back toward the red, in the Soret peak of the reduced cytochrome-CO complex; and (c) and decreases in two bands (having molecular weights of about 55,500 and 54,500) on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Which of the two bands is associated with the induced hydroxylase activity remains to be determined (or perhaps both bands are). Similar results were found with β-naphthoflavone- and 3-methylcholanthrene-treated sexually immature male Sprague-Dawley rats. These data indicate a common mechanism of induction of hepatic cytochrome(s) P-448 by β-naphthoflavone and 3-methylcholanthrene.
Photoinitiated Dioxygenase-Type Reactivity of Open-Shell 3d Divalent Metal Flavonolato Complexes

Irradiation of 3-hydroxyflavonolato (3-Hfl) complexes of MnII, CoII, NiII and CuII (1–4) at 300 nm under aerobic conditions results in dioxygenase-type reactivity and the formation of the corresponding divalent metal O-benzoylsalicylato (O-bs) complexes 8–11 and CO. The latter were characterized by using multiple methods, including elemental analysis, X-ray crystallography, NMR and/or EPR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry and IR spectroscopy. Compounds 1–4 serve as catalysts for the photoinduced reactivity of 3-hydroxyflavonol (3-HflH) to produce O-benzoylsalicylic acid as the major product. Spectroscopic studies (UV/Vis and 1H NMR) show that each O-benzoylsalicylato complex 8–11 reacts with one equiv. of 3-hydroxyflavonol to regenerate 1–4 and enable turnover reactivity. Unlike what is observed for free 3-HflH, photoinduced reactions involving 1–4 and excess flavonol show only minor amounts of flavonol isomerization reactivity. These results indicate that the presence of a metal ion, whether under stoichiometric or catalytic conditions, facilitates the photoinduced degradation of 3-HflH to produce a carboxylic acid and CO as products.
Challenges of nuclear power for sustainable role in Korean energy policy

This study aims to introduce the current role of nuclear power in Korea as the economic resource and low carbon emitter using WASP-IV (Wien Automatic System Planning Package) code for the long term electric power expansion planning. The current role of nuclear power in the long term power expansion is expressed as the portion of installed or generation capacity comparing coal, LNG or renewables. Analysis on the nuclear role is carried out in terms of the total power system operation cost, benefit of carbon reduction and stable power supply. The objective and approach of this study are to compare the different types of scenarios in terms of the system cost changes, CO2 emission reduction and system reliability. The results from this analysis are useful for the Korean government in charge of long term energy policy to go over what kinds of role can each electric resource play and what are the best way to solve the triangular dilemma as economics, environmental friendliness, stable supply of the future energy policy.
Process Characteristics for Subatmospheric Chemical Vapor Deposited Borophosphosilicate Glass and Effect of Carrier Gas

Borophosphosilicate glass (BPSG) has been widely used as a premetal dielectric to achieve excellent gap fill and planarization due to its reflow capability. In this paper, we present some characterizations of subatmospheric chemically vapor deposited BPSG, aiming at developing a mechanistic understanding of this process. By comparing the effect of controlling variables on the film properties of BPSG and undoped silicon oxide, we conclude that this deposition process is controlled by the gas-phase diffusion of the reaction intermediates on the Si substrate. Therefore, chamber pressure and susceptor spacing are the two major process variables other than the reactant flows. The helium carrier gas process shows better film properties in terms of high deposition rate, smooth film, and good reflow capability.
Breaking the link between poverty and low student achievement: An evaluation of Title I

This study provides an evaluation of the impact of Title I funding of compensatory education programs on school finance and student performance in New York City public schools during the 1993, 1997 and 2001 school years. Estimates based on a regression-discontinuity approach indicate that the program was unsuccessful in improving student outcomes in high-poverty schools in New York City during this period, and may in fact have had adverse effects during the earlier years in our sample. Less evidence of a negative effect is found for the 2001 school year. These findings are related to the way in which the federal funds were spent.
Susceptibility of Inbred Mouse Strains to Ozone

Inbred strains of mice vary greatly in their response to lethal levels of the oxidant air pollutant ozone. In at least one case, this variation in susceptibility is inherited as a dominant characteristic. The relative susceptibility of mouse strains to lethal levels of inhaled nitrogen dioxide appears to be similar to that of ozone.
Part three: Kidney cancer, leukemia, and liver cancer

This is the third of a six-part series on metastatic spread and natural history of 18 common tumors. Part one summarized symptom/problem anticipation, cancer metastasis, and the 18 tumors that each cause more than 6,000 deaths per year in the United States. Bladder and brain cancers were discussed, with information given on tumor types, metastatic spread and invasion, and common symptoms. Part two charted the natural histories, problems, and assessment parameters of advanced breast, colon and rectum (colorectal), and esophageal cancers. Part three presents the natural histories, problems, and assessment parameters of advanced kidney cancer, leukemia, and liver cancer. Each of these cancers is presented separately, with information given on mortality rates, the most common tumor types, sites of metastases, common problems, and common oncologic emergencies. Sites of spread, resulting problems (including site-specific symptoms), and assessment parameters are presented as tables. Material is presented so that clinicians will be able to anticipate the spread of these cancers and can thus identify problems early in their development so that that they are more easily managed.
Use of porous ceramics to obliterate mastoid cavities.

The mastoid process of the temporal bone can become infected with possible serious complications. If the infection does not respond to antibiotics, the infected area must be surgically removed, with the result that a cavity is formed. This cavity must be obliterated before the soft tissues can be closed over the site. Many biological tissues have been used in attempts to obliterate the mastoid cavity. Fat grafts and diced cartilage have shown less than optimum success because of their tendency to suffer various degrees of resorption. The most popular obliterative technique has been the musculoplasty in which a flap is cut from the temporalis muscle and rotated into the cavity. This method shows a great deal of success, but is a difficult procedure to do since the flap must be provided with adequate vascularity and must be cut to exactly the correct length. Hence this procedure works best for otologic surgeons who have had a great deal of experience in this method. Various forms of ceramics (either impervious spheres or porous pieces) have been used to obliterate the surgically produced cavity in the feline tympanic bulla. This bulla is a common model for the human mastoid. Since the ceramics must only fill the cavity and no stress is involved in this application, the brittle nature of ceramics is not a factor in their usefulness. The ceramics are held in place well by the ingrowing soft tissue and hence obliterate the cavity. Porous pieces of alumina seem to be best from the point of view of rapid tissue ingrowth holding them in place faster than the impervious spheres which require tissue to grow around them. The use of bioceramics to obliterate mastoid cavities would lead to an obliterative procedure in which an otologic surgeon would only have to excavate the infected cavity, fill it with ceramics, and close the site. He would not have to be involved with the tricky business of tailoring muscle flaps or obtaining homologous or autologous tissue.
A new model for food research: CAFT - Rutgers University

Abstract Basic research into the molecular basis of transport phenomena in food systems plays an important role in developing our understanding of and ability to control specific food processing parameters. Such fundamental multidisciplinary work is the focus of a research programme under way at the Center for Advanced Food Technology (CAFT), Rutgers University, NJ, USA.
Flavonoids from Brickellia chlorolepis and B. dentata

Abstract Eleven flavonoids including three new glycosides were isolated from Brickellia chlorolepis and one new and nine known flavonoids were obtained from B. dentata. The new glycosides from B. chlorolepis are 6-methoxykaempferol 3-rhamnoglucoside, spinacetin 3-rhamnogalactoside and veronicafolin 3-rhamnoglucoside. The known compounds identified from B. chlorolepis are patuletin, casticin, artemetin, eupatolitin 3-galactoside, quercetin 3-rhamnogalactoside, rutin, isorhamnetin 3-galactoside and eupatin 3-SO3Ca 1 2 . B. dentata contains the new glycoside eupalitin 3-galactoside and nine known compounds: pectolinarigenin, salvigenin, eupafolin, cirsiliol, eupatorin, eupatolitin, eupatolitin 3-glucoside, eupatolitin 3-galactoside and eupatin.
Gastroesophageal reflux is a major cause of lung disease-pro.

INTRODUCTIONSince their inception from the tubular primitiveforegut, interactions continue throughout life betweenthe gastrointestinal system and the respiratory tract. Theesophagus and the lower respiratory tract share similarlining cells, neuroreceptors and innervation. Both share acommon location in the chest cavity, which make themaffected by changes in intrapleural and abdominalpressures.The association between gastroesophageal reﬂux(GER) and respiratory diseases has been well recognizedin both adults and children. Respiratory symptoms havebeenreportedtooccurin42%ofchildrenpresentingwithGER.
Production of Gallium by Continuous Electrodeposition from Acidic Solutions

As a means of production, electrolysis of gallium from only alkaline and not acidic solutions has been reported1. The principal difficulties reported using acidic solutions are: (a) poor current efficiencies; (b) formation of solid gallium oxychloride2.
Tectonics of Mid‐Tertiary Extension along a transect through west central Arizona

Large-magnitude Miocene extension in west central Arizona occurred primarily along three imbricate, northeast dipping normal faults. The structurally highest of these faults, the gently dipping Buckskin-Rawhide detachment fault, accommodated approximately 66 km of crustal extension, whereas the two structurally lower faults accommodated a total of about 20 km extension. Due to this large-magnitude extension, an area at the Earth's surface that was 10 to 20 km wide is now over a 100 km wide, and crystalline rocks with mid-Tertiary mylonitic fabrics, uncovered by detachment faulting, are exposed over roughly 2000 km² in the Harcuvar metamorphic core complex. Most of the upper plate of the Buckskin-Rawhide detachment fault was largely undeformed by internal extension; only the thin, tapered end of the upper plate was highly extended. During extension the lower plate must have flexed to conform to the listric underside of the upper plate and to have flattened to its present subhorizontal form as it was uncovered. Grooves on the underside of the upper plate were apparently imposed on the pliable lower plate as it was denuded, forming extension-parallel folds in the lower plate. Low flexural strength characterized the lower plate during denudation, and a highly mobile, low-viscosity deeper crust must have effectively decoupled the upper crust from the mantle lithosphere.
A critical review of S. V. Meyen’s “Basic features of gymnosperm systematics and phylogeny as evidenced by the fossil record”

Meyen’s “Basic features of gymnosperm systematics and phylogeny as evidenced by the fossil record” departs from the usual Botanical Review article that provides the botanical community with a synthesis of the state of knowledge and understanding of an individual segment of botany, i.e., an interpretation of progress in a specialty for the nonspecialist. Instead, this article appears intended to challenge paleobotanists to reconsider traditional views of the interrelationships of the various gymnospermous groups and the concepts on which they were based. A classification scheme is presented which divides gymnosperms into the Ginkgoopsida, Cycadopsida and Pinopsida. These classes are based on Meyen’s analysis of the structural variation in gymnosperms and his interpretation of homologies of various organs. Too often, however, key plants are reconstructed from parts known only in association and relationships are tied to assumptions of homology that have yet to be documented. The result has value in providing a succinct summary of gymnospermous structure and variation in the different groups. It is also commendable in its attempt to explain and use concepts and terminology designed especially for gymnosperms. This critique shows that in many cases there are alternative interpretations that also fit the evidence.
Cochlear implantation in patients with osteogenesis imperfecta.

Objective Hearing loss has been shown to occur in 42% to 58% of patients with osteogenesis imperfecta (OI), with deafness arising in 25% to 60% of the patients. Implantation in patients with OI is relatively rare, with only 4 prior single case reports published in the English-language literature. The goal of this study was to evaluate the feasibility and functional outcome of cochlear implantation in 2 patients with OI tarda type I with profound sensorineural hearing loss. Study design Case series. Setting The implantations were performed in a tertiary academic referral center (Johns Hopkins University). Results Though promontory vascularity was encountered, full insertion of a normal cochlear implant array could be achieved in both cases. One-year postimplant scores demonstrated 20 to 40 dB hearing thresholds, Consonant-Nucleus-Consonant Test word scores of 54% and 70%, Consonant-Nucleus-Consonant Test phoneme scores of 75% and 83%, Hearing in Noise Test scores of 76% and 99%, and Central Institute of the Deaf Sentence Score sentence scores of 99% and 100%, for patients 1 and 2, respectively. Conclusions Cochlear implantation in patients with OI is not only technically possible but the results are similar to implant outcomes for patients with sensorineural hearing loss from a variety of other causes. EBM rating: C
Jupiter's cloud bands

Abstract The radiative instability of a cloud deck which has been discussed by Gierasch, Ingersoll, and Williams (1973) is studied on an equatorial β-plane. The results explain the zonal symmetry and the meridional wavelength of Jupiter's bands in terms of the structure of the most unstable modes predicted by linear instability theory. The important length scale is the geometric mean of the planetary radius and the Rossby radius of deformation. The zonal symmetry is explained by the result that asymmetric modes have maximum amplitude at high latitudes. In this paper the instability is formulated in terms of the effects of the vapor of a condensing, precipitating constituent, rather than cloud particles. The development is somewhat more straightforward and demonstrates that the effect is the same. The theory does not explain Jupiter's equatorial jet. Observational consequences and weaknesses of the flow model are biscussed.
Purification, crystallization and preliminary X‐ray analysis of aminoglycoside‐2′′‐phosphotransferase‐Ic [APH(2′′)‐Ic] from Enterococcus gallinarum

Bacterial resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics is primarily the result of deactivation of the drugs. Three families of enzymes are responsible for this activity, with one such family being the aminoglycoside phosphotransferases (APHs). The gene encoding one of these enzymes, aminoglycoside-2''-phosphotransferase-Ic [APH(2'')-Ic] from Enterococcus gallinarum, has been cloned and the wild-type protein (comprising 308 amino-acid residues) and three mutants that showed elevated minimum inhibitory concentrations towards gentamicin (F108L, H258L and a double mutant F108L/H258L) were expressed in Escherichia coli and subsequently purified. All APH(2'')-Ic variants were crystallized in the presence of 14-20%(w/v) PEG 4000, 0.25 M MgCl(2), 0.1 M Tris-HCl pH 8.5 and 1 mM Mg(2)GTP. The crystals belong to the monoclinic space group C2, with one molecule in the asymmetric unit. The approximate unit-cell parameters are a = 82.4, b = 54.2, c = 77.0 A, beta = 108.8 degrees. X-ray diffraction data were collected to approximately 2.15 A resolution from an F108L crystal at beamline BL9-2 at SSRL, Stanford, California, USA.
Linear Problems (with Extended Range) Have Linear Optimal Algorithms

LetF1 andF2 be normed linear spaces andS:F0 →F2 a linear operator on a balanced subsetF0 ofF1. IfN denotes a finite dimensional linear information operator onF0, it is known that there need not be alinear algorithmφ:N(F4) →F2 which is optimal in the sense that ‖φ(N(f)) −S(f‖ is minimized. We show that the linear problem defined byS andN can be regarded as having a linear optimal algorithm if we allow the range ofφ to be extended in a natural way. The result depends upon imbeddingF2 isometrically in the space of continuous functions on a compact Hausdorff spaceX. This is done by making use of a consequence of the classical Banach-Alaoglu theorem.
A stereoselective synthesis of sphingosine, a protein kinase c inhibitor

Abstract A stereoselective synthesis of each of the four enantiomers of sphingosine from either L- or D-serine is reported here. The key steps in the sequence involve: (a) the diastereoselective addition of 1-lithiopentadecyne to aldehyde 4 and (b) Mitsunobu inversion of propargyl alcohol 5 .
PHACE: a neurocutaneous syndrome with important ophthalmologic implications: case report and literature review.

Abstract Objectives To introduce PHACE syndrome ( P osterior fossa malformations, H emangiomas, A rterial anomalies, C oarctation of the aorta and other cardiac defects, and E ye abnormalities) to the ophthalmologic literature; to report the first case of PHACE syndrome associated with congenital glaucoma; and to review the ocular and systemic findings that may occur in this entity. Design Case report and literature review. Methods The authors report a child with PHACE syndrome and congenital glaucoma and review the ophthalmologic and systemic manifestations of this syndrome. Results A 9-month-old girl with PHACE syndrome was treated. She had a large right facial hemangioma, central nervous system (CNS) abnormalities, and cardiac anomalies. Glaucoma was detected in her left eye, and she underwent glaucoma surgery. She did well following two glaucoma procedures, and the facial hemangioma is responding to medical treatment. Conclusions Ophthalmologists who examine children with large facial hemangiomas should consider PHACE syndrome in the differential diagnosis and should obtain appropriate CNS imaging studies and cardiac evaluation when the diagnosis is suspected. Congenital glaucoma should be added to the list of PHACE-associated ocular anomalies.
Ultraviolet photooxidation for the destruction of vocs in air

Air stripping is an effective and economical process for removing volatile organic chemicals (VOCs) from contaminated water sources. However the air stripping process simply transfers the contaminants from the water to the air phase where they may continue to pose an environmental problem. In this study, the use of ultraviolet light (u.v.) photooxidation for treating the off gas from air stripping is examined. Subsequent papers will address linking u.v. photooxidation with air stripping in a closed loop stripping process. Fundamental studies are conducted to characterize the kinetics of the gas phase photooxidation of five volatile chlorinated alkanes and alkenes under different operating conditions.
The Cause of Surface Tension

THE reply by Mr. N. K. Adam, in NATURE of September 26, p. 464, to my note on the cause of surface tension, contains a very great deal with which I heartily agree. His method of calculating the shape and size of the drop from the surface energy is, of course, perfectly valid; as so often happens in mechanics, there are different ways of resolving the forces, each way bringing out features that the other ways do not. I can even agree with him that thinking in terms of the tension has not been found to be a good “means of gaining insight into the molecular structure of surfaces”, and should not urge the actual use of this conception upon any one who prefers not to use it. Where I cannot quite follow him is in concluding that, because the tension has proved to be conceptual dynamite in practice, therefore the tension itself has no physical existence.
Resistance Calculations for Thin-Film Rectangles

Abstract The calculation of the resistance of a thin film rectangle depends on the location and size of the contact pads in a complex way. Two patterns of interest are solved in terms of two functions, each of which is a function of only two variables. These functions are given in tabular, graphical and equation from. The resulting elliptic functions are expanded in infinite series, and useful approximations are given in limiting cases. These same functions are then used to calculate the resistances of twenty-one other patterns of interest, including some rectangles with three and four contacts.
Simulation Of A Moving Atmosphere By A Rotating Phase Plate

To simulate the wavefront perturbations produced when an optical system moves or scans through a static atmosphere, a rotating phase plate was situated in the vicinity of a focus in a collimator. The phase plate is a mirror with statistically defined deviations from flatness etched into the surface. Its diameter is considerably larger than the collimator clear aperture at that location. The collimator beam is decentered from the rotation axis such that the mirror rotates past the beam and presents a changing wavefront whose appearance to the test optical system resembles atmosphere streaming past the aperture. The computer simulation of the statistical perturbations, fabrication method, interference testing, and computerized reduction of the results to compare with the experimentally observed five-thirds law are discussed.© (1979) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.