cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A variational formulation with rigid-body constraints for finite elasticity: theory, finite element implementation, and applications

This paper presents a new variational principle in finite elastostatics applicable to arbitrary elastic solids that may contain constitutively rigid spatial domains (e.g., rigid inclusions). The basic idea consists in describing the constitutive rigid behavior of a given spatial domain as a set of kinematic constraints over the boundary of the domain. From a computational perspective, the proposed formulation is shown to reduce to a set of algebraic constraints that can be implemented efficiently in terms of both single-field and mixed finite elements of arbitrary order. For demonstration purposes, applications of the proposed rigid-body-constraint formulation are illustrated within the context of elastomers, reinforced with periodic and random distributions of rigid filler particles, undergoing finite deformations.
The Political Economy of African American Male Joblessness: The Case of Hampton Roads, Virginia

This paper assesses the consequences of the 2007-2009 Great Recession on African American men in Hampton Roads, Virginia. Officially, the Great Recession persisted for 18 months, making it the lengthiest of any recession since World War II. Previously, the most protracted postwar recessions occurred 1973-1975 and 1981-1982, each lasting 16 months. In addition to assessing the problems of employment and income, the paper focuses on the social consequences associated with low educational attainment, including high rates of institutionalization and low rates of marriage. Taking into account the current national political climate, the paper concludes with suggestions for policy requiring a broad perspective and a multi-pronged approach, inclusive of the cooperation of the private sector and government to resolve the long-term issue of joblessness among black males not only in Hampton Roads, but also nationally.
AN AUDIO PROCESSING LIBRARY FOR MIR APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT IN FLASH

In recent years, the Adobe Flash platform has risen as a credible and universal platform for rapid development and deployment of interactive web-based applications. It is also the accepted standard for delivery of streaming media, and many web applications related to music information retrieval, such as Pandora, Last.fm and Musicovery, are built using Flash. The limitations of Flash, however, have made it difficult for music-IR researchers and developers to utilize complex sound and music signal processing within their web applications. Furthermore, the real-time audio processing and synchronization required for some music-IR-related activities demands significant computational power and specialized audio algorithms, far beyond what is possible to implement using Flash scripting. By taking advantage of features recently added to the platform, including dynamic audio control and C crosscompilation for near-native performance, we have developed the Audio-processing Library for Flash (ALF), providing developers with a library of common audio processing routines and affording Flash developers a degree of sound interaction previously unavailable through webbased platforms. We present several music-IR-driven applications that incorporate ALF to demonstrate its utility.
The Numerical Integration of y″ + g(x)y = f(x)

W. E. MILNE, Oregon State College This note presents a simple procedure for the numerical integration of the linear differential equation (1) y" + g(X)y = f(X), in which primes denote differentiation with respect to x, and g and f are known functions. 1. Formal derivation. To derive a suitable formula for our purpose we differentiate Stirling's central difference interpolation formula twice, set the argument equal to the central value, and obtain (using Sheppard's central difference operator 3)
Periodic surface structure bifurcation induced by ultrafast laser generated point defect diffusion in GaAs

The formation of high spatial frequency laser induced periodic surface structures (HSFL) with period <0.3 λ in GaAs after irradiation with femtosecond laser pulses in air is studied. We have identified a point defect generation mechanism that operates in a specific range of fluences in semiconductors between the band-gap closure and ultrafast-melt thresholds that produces vacancy/interstitial pairs. Stress relaxation, via diffusing defects, forms the 350–400 nm tall and ∼90 nm wide structures through a bifurcation process of lower spatial frequency surface structures. The resulting HSFL are predominately epitaxial single crystals and retain the original GaAs stoichiometry.
Airway responses to chronic ozone exposure are partially mediated through mast cells

Airways inflammation and epithelial injury induced by chronic ozone (O3) in genetically mast cell-deficient mice (KitW/KitW-v) were compared with those in mast cell-sufficient mice (+/+) and KitW/K...
Journey to felicia:La Diana as pilgrimage a study in symbolism: To Helmut Hatzfeld in memoriam

Within the Christian context, a universal experience of humanity is the pilgrimage of life, a theme omnipresent in the Spanish literature of the Gol den Age'. In the literature of that time the theme took on several interpre tations, including a wandering in exile from Paradise, a journey for the purpose of purging oneself of the sins incurred in one's disorderly life, and a movement away from urban society to a place of idyllic solitude by a disillusioned lover. Antonio Vilanova, in his study of the peregrinatio of the lovelorn youth in the pastoral poetry of G6ngora, has found that it forms part of a tradition of Italian and Spanish Renaissance poetry. His findings point to the existence in literature of a fictional character, who is a model of the errant lover, who is weary of the world and overcome with disillusionment, and searches for consolation and oblivion in the solitude of nature. This character, which appears in an uninterrupted succession throughout the Renaissance until his reappearance as the protagonist of G6ngora's Soledades, is the ?peregrino de amor 2. In Montemayor's Diana virtually every character is a pilgrim of love futilely seeking relief from his amorous torment in the realm of a seemingly sympathetic nature.
Murine Bronchoalveolar Lavage

A basic Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) procedure in mouse is described here. Cells and fluids obtained from BAL can be analyzed by Hema3-staining, immunostaining, Fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS), PCR, bicinchoninic acid protein assay, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), luminex assays, etc., to examine the immune cells, pathogens, proteins such as cytokines/chemokines, and the expression levels of inflammation-related and other genes in the cells. This will help to understand the underlying mechanisms of these lung diseases and develop specific and effective drugs.
Problem Solving and Self-advocacy

Problem-solving and self-advocacy skills enable people to respond to threats and opportunities in the environment. Problem-solving skills enable one to sort out the nature and extent of the problem and generate solutions, while self-advocacy skills apply those skills to advocating on one’s own behalf or on behalf of others. In this chapter, we examine definitions of both of these constructs, explore research that has been conducted in the context of problem solving and self-advocacy for people with intellectual disability, and then conclude by examining interventions and supports that enable people with intellectual and developmental disabilities to solve problems and self-advocate.
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF DOUBLEPASS AMPLIFICATION OF X-RAY LASER IN NEON-LIKE GERMANIUM

The experimental investigations of double-pass amplification of X-ray laser in neon-like germanium were carried out by use of Shengguang laser facilities.In these experiments a molybdenum/silicon multilayer mirror Was used at normal incidence, a flat-field grating spectrograph was used to measure the intensity of lasing lines. We observed the doublepass emission intensity in the neon-like germanium at 23.2 and 23.6 nm that was 5 times larger than that of the single-pass ASE. The enhartcement of double-pass emission could be much larger if the operation period of multilayer mirror was counted in. The damage of multilayer mirror irradiated by laser plasma was measured simultaneously, the lifetime of Mo/Si multilayer mirror was about 440—700ps.In addition, we measured the beam divergence of lasing beam,the resnlts showed that the beam divergence in the vertical direction was about 22 mrad and in the horizontal direction about 12 mrad.
Enabling Large Superalloy Parts Using Compact Coprecipitation of γ′ and γ′′

Next-generation gas turbines will require disk materials capable of operating at 923 K (650 °C) and above to achieve efficiencies well beyond today’s 62 pct benchmark. This temperature requirement marks a critical turning point in materials selection. Current turbine disk alloys, such as 706 and 718, are limited by the stability of their major strengthening phase, γ′′, which coarsens rapidly beyond 923 K (650 °C) resulting in significant degradation in properties. More capable γ′ strengthened superalloys, such as those used in jet engine disks, are also limited due to the sheer size of gas turbine hardware; the γ′ phase overages during the slow cooling rates inherent in processing thick-section parts. In the present work, we address this fundamental gap in available superalloy materials. Through careful control of Al, Ti, and Nb levels, we show that fine (<100 nm) γ′ and compact γ′/γ′′ coprecipitate structures can be formed even under extremely slow cooling rates from high temperature. The presence of Ti is shown to have a dominant effect on phase formation, dictating whether γ′, γ′/γ′′ coprecipitates, or other less desirable acicular phases form on cooling. Sensitivity to cooling rate and aging heat treatment is also explored. A custom phase field model along with commercial precipitation kinetics software is used to better understand the phase evolution and stability of compact coprecipitates. The alloying strategies discussed here enable a new class of superalloys suitable for applications requiring large parts operating at high temperature.
Quality measurement for Clostridium difficile infection: turning lemons into lemonade.

W Edwards Deming is famously quoted as having said, “If you can’t measure it, you can’t manage it”. In truth, Deming’s full quotation reads, “It is wrong to suppose that if you can’t measure it, you can’t manage it—a costly myth”.1 2 In our journey to improve our hospital’s rates of Clostridium difficile , we learned first-hand the truth of Deming’s full statement—that in fact, even without the ability to measure perfectly, imperfect measures can still help us improve quality. US hospitals are currently required to report hospital-acquired C. difficile rates as a condition of participation in several Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) pay-for-performance programmes. CMS is seeking to shed light on this type of preventable patient harm and raising the stakes by putting financial penalties and a hospital’s public reputation at risk. However, there is a vigorous debate in the medical community over the C. difficile measurement technique used by CMS. CMS’s C. difficile rates are based on the National Healthcare Safety Network’s C. difficile ‘ LabID’ measure. This metric identifies C. difficile infections solely by positive laboratory test results, without regard to patients’ clinical signs or symptoms. This approach makes case assignments very objective (and therefore reduces ‘gaming’), but comes at the risk of misclassifying colonised patients as infected. The C. difficile tests we have only tell us whether C. difficile is present or not. They do not differentiate between colonisation and infection. This is particularly true of PCR-based testing that looks for the presence of the C. difficile toxin gene but does not determine whether the gene is producing toxin or not. The most specific test we have is the C. difficile toxin immunoassay, but even this is imperfect. The lack of specificity is the Achilles heel of the C. difficile LabID measure because …
Diagnosis of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Adult Life

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder is not only a disorder of childhood and adolescence. For many, it continues into adulthood. It is essential that this disorder be recognized, diagnosed, and treated in adults. The psychological impact of not being diagnosed and treated can be as significant to life functioning as is true with children and adolescents.
Inflammatory Bowel Disease in the Baby to Baby Boomer: Pediatric and Elderly Onset of IBD.

Early- and late-onset of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) may perhaps be etiologically distinct and potentially attributed to genetics, environmental or microbial factors. We review disease factors and clinical characteristics, as well as unique management and treatment strategies to consider when caring for the “baby” or “baby boomer” with IBD. Around 25% of cases of initial diagnosis of IBD is made before the age of 18 years old, and another 15–20% made after the age of 60. Crohn’s disease (CD) typically presents as ileocolonic and stricturing or penetrating phenotype among early-onset, whereas among late-onset, it is mainly colonic and inflammatory. Pediatric ulcerative colitis (UC) is mostly pan-colonic versus primarily left-sided among the elderly. Treatment goal for both age groups is primarily symptom control, with growth and development also considered among pediatric patients. Due to alterations in pharmacokinetics, careful monitoring and reduced dose should be considered. A multidisciplinary care team is necessary to ensure better clinical outcomes. Onset of disease at either spectrum of age requires careful management and treatment, with both unique disease- and age-appropriate factors carefully considered.
Understanding the Intrinsic P-Type Behavior and Phase Stability of Thermoelectric α-Mg3Sb2

α-Mg3Sb2 is an excellent thermoelectric material through excess-Mg addition and n-type impurity doping to overcome its persistent p-type behavior. It is generally believed that the role of excess-M...
Adherence to breast cancer treatment guidelines according to pathogenic variants in cancer susceptibility genes in a population-based cohort.

34Background: Increasing use of germline genetic testing may have unintended consequences on breast cancer treatment. We do not know whether treatment deviates from guidelines for women with pathog...
A modern reassessment of glycoprotein-specific direct platelet autoantibody testing in immune thrombocytopenia

Platelet autoantibody (PA) testing has previously shown poor sensitivity for immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) diagnosis, but no previous study used both 2011 American Society of Hematology (ASH) guidelines for ITP diagnosis and 2012 International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis (ISTH) PA testing recommendations. We therefore performed a comprehensive retrospective study of PA testing in adult patients with ITP strictly applying these criteria. Of 986 PA assays performed, 485 assays in 368 patients met criteria and were included. Sensitivity and specificity of a positive test result for diagnosis of active ITP (n = 228 patients) were 90% and 78%, respectively. Sensitivity and specificity of a negative test result for clinical remission (n = 61 assays) were 87% and 91%. Antibodies against both glycoprotein IIb (GPIIb)/IIIa and GPIb/IX were required for the presence of antibodies against GPIa/IIa in patients with ITP. Logistic regression analysis revealed that more positive autoantibodies predicted more severe disease (relative to nonsevere ITP, relative risk ratio for severe ITP and refractory ITP was 2.27 [P < .001] and 3.09 [P < .001], respectively, per additional autoantibody); however, serologic testing did not meaningfully predict treatment response to glucocorticoids, intravenous immunoglobulin, or thrombopoietin receptor agonists. Sixty-four patients with ITP had multiple PA assays performed longitudinally: all 10 patients achieving remission converted from positive to negative serologic results, and evidence for epitope spreading was observed in 35% of patients with ongoing active disease. In conclusion, glycoprotein-specific direct PA testing performed using ISTH recommendations in patients meeting ASH diagnostic criteria is sensitive and specific for ITP diagnosis and reliably confirms clinical remission. More glycoproteins targeted by autoantibodies predicts for more severe disease.
Multi-target identity management with decentralized optimal sensor scheduling

Abstract This paper proposes a multi-target identity management algorithm with two types of sensors: a primary sensor which has a large detection range to provide the targets’ state estimates, and multiple secondary sensors which are capable of recognizing the targets’ identities. Each of the secondary sensors is assigned to a sector of the operation area. For the secondary sensors, we develop a sensor scheduling strategy composed of two parts: deciding which target to be identified and controlling the secondary sensor to identify the selected target, by formulating an optimization problem to minimize the uncertainty of the targets’ identities subject to the sensor dynamic constraints. In addition, a feedback term is included in the secondary sensor control to compensate for the modeling/measurement error of the targets’ states. The proposed algorithm is decentralized in that the secondary sensors only communicate with the primary sensor for the target information, and need not to synchronize with each other. By integrating the above with the existing multi-target tracking algorithms, we develop a robust closed-loop multi-target identity management algorithm with guaranteed performance. The effectiveness of the proposed algorithm is demonstrated with illustrative numerical examples.
Invention Questions for Intercultural Understanding: Situating Regulatory Medical Narratives as Narrative Forms:

Patient safety narratives are a globally mandated format for representing individual patient experiences, and they include peer-reviewed case reports and narrative medicine. The authors show how th...
Efficient Solution of Boolean Satisfiability Problems with Digital MemComputing

Boolean satisfiability is a propositional logic problem of interest in multiple fields, e.g., physics, mathematics, and computer science. Beyond a field of research, instances of the SAT problem, as it is known, require efficient solution methods in a variety of applications. It is the decision problem of determining whether a Boolean formula has a satisfying assignment, believed to require exponentially growing time for an algorithm to solve for the worst-case instances. Yet, the efficient solution of many classes of Boolean formulae eludes even the most successful algorithms, not only for the worst-case scenarios, but also for typical-case instances. Here, we introduce a memory-assisted physical system (a digital memcomputing machine) that, when its non-linear ordinary differential equations are integrated numerically, shows evidence for polynomially-bounded scalability while solving "hard" planted-solution instances of SAT, known to require exponential time to solve in the typical case for both complete and incomplete algorithms. Furthermore, we analytically demonstrate that the physical system can efficiently solve the SAT problem in continuous time, without the need to introduce chaos or an exponentially growing energy. The efficiency of the simulations is related to the collective dynamical properties of the original physical system that persist in the numerical integration to robustly guide the solution search even in the presence of numerical errors. We anticipate our results to broaden research directions in physics-inspired computing paradigms ranging from theory to application, from simulation to hardware implementation.
"If It Needs to be Done, It Needs to be Done": National Survey of Youth Experiences and Perspectives on Caregiving.

Abstract Purpose The purpose of this study was to explore youth experiences and perspectives on family caregiving to improve programs and policies that impact the well-being of youth. Methods In August 2020, we asked three open-ended questions about current and anticipated caregiving responsibilities, impact, and needs using MyVoice, a national text message poll of youth. Content and thematic analysis was conducted to evaluate qualitative responses. Results In our sample (n = 1,076), 35% of respondents reported previously or currently providing care for an adult relative either independently or by helping another relative. Participants believed caregiving had or would hinder their educational or career goals and that specific training would better prepare them to be a caregiver. Conclusions The prevalence of youth caregiving may be higher than previous estimates. Healthcare professionals should evaluate youth for caregiving responsibilities and support them in identifying resources or interventions to reduce potential impacts of caregiving burden on health outcomes.
Low School Support Exacerbates the Association between Peer Difficulties and Sluggish Cognitive Tempo in Adolescents.

Objective: Although peer difficulties and sluggish cognitive tempo (SCT) are related, studies have yet to examine environmental factors that may advance further understanding of this association. The current study tested whether peer difficulties, specifically social competence and peer victimization, interacted with school support, a component of school climate, in relation to adolescents' SCT symptoms. Further, we explored whether these relations would be differentially associated with SCT in adolescents with and without attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).Method: Adolescents (N = 288; Mage = 14.08, 45% female, 82.6% White; 52% with ADHD) completed measures of social competence, peer victimization, school climate support, and SCT and ADHD inattentive (IN) symptoms. Parents also reported on adolescents' social competence, SCT, and ADHD-IN symptoms.Results: Results indicated that adolescent and parent ratings of lower social competence were both associated with higher adolescent-reported SCT symptoms in the context of low, but not high, school support. Relational and nonphysical victimization were associated with higher self-reported SCT symptoms in the context of low school support. Lower adolescent- and parent-reported social competence were also related to higher parent-reported SCT symptoms, with these associations not moderated by school support. These results remained after controlling for demographics and ADHD-IN symptoms and were similar across adolescents with and without ADHD.Conclusions: Findings from the current study are the first to provide evidence that peer difficulties and school climate are jointly related to adolescents' self-reported SCT and underscore the importance of continued research investigating social adversity and environmental factors in relation to SCT.
Note on Competitive Dynamics and the Game of Go

Go (or Wei-ch'i as it is known in China) is a centuries-old board game popular across Asia. Many have drawn parallels between military successes and the game's complex methods, in which a player encircles, isolates, and captures enemy pieces and geography, but Go also offers lessons for business. This technical note offers a basic description of Go, followed by a collection of business-strategy anecdotes punctuated by comparisons to Go strategies and quotes from Sun Tzu. Excerpt UVA-S-0313 Rev. Oct. 11, 2019 Note on Competitive Dynamics and the Game of Go Chengdu, China, December 1949 The Communist troops were pouring over the horizon as General Chiang Kai-shek watched Mao Zedong's army breach the perimeter of Chengdu, the last stronghold of Chiang's Kuomintang (KMT) party. Months before, Mao had surrounded Nanking, the Nationalist capital in the east; then he surrounded Canton in the south, followed by Chonqing in the west; and, now, Chiang's last central China strongholds in Sichang and then Chengdu. Chiang had been far better resourced at the outset of the conflict, but now his troops were exhausted, his resources were drained, and all avenues of escape were closed off. On December 10, 1949, Chiang retreated from China and crossed the Formosa Strait to the island of Taiwan, essentially capitulating after the long civil war. With most of China's territory now held by his People's Liberation Army (PLA), Mao declared victory and established in Beijing the government of the newly formed People's Republic of China. The decisive victory of the PLA derived from a number of factors, including global geopolitical forces in the post–World War II era, widespread corruption within the KMT's leadership, and broad social unrest caused by China's economic stagnation throughout the mid-1940s. Yet military historians are also quick to underscore that Mao's strategic decision-making, and the effective execution of that strategy by the highly unified and well-organized PLA, played a decisive role in defeating the uncoordinated efforts of the independent armies that made up Chiang's KMT. . . .
Glecaprevir/Pibrentasvir (Mavyret) for the Treatment of Chronic Hepatitis C.

Glecaprevir/pibrentasvir is an effective treatment for any of six genotypes of HCV infection and has few adverse effects. It can be used to treat more genotypes over a shorter duration (eight weeks for patients without cirrhosis) and is substantially less expensive than other available treatments.
Forecast of winter low flows in a cold-region river under the impact of climate warming

Abstract Changes in winter low flow (WLF) in cold-region rivers affect engineering design, water quality, and river ecosystem health. This paper aims to quantify to what extent WLF will change under climate warming and to propose a practical forecasting model for WLF predictions. The new concept of cumulative watershed temperature (CWT) is used as a convenient lumped surrogate for complicated hydrological processes that influence WLF. Statistical analyses of century-long flow data from the Fraser River in British Columbia, Canada show a strong dependence of WLF on CWT. In winter season, time series of CWT and WLF are shown to each divide into a falling and a rising limb at the data point of their lowest values, being −358 °C and 827 m3/s (historical averages), respectively. The falling and rising limbs describe the cumulative freezing and thawing effects of air temperatures fluctuating around the freezing point on WLF changes. The correlation between CWT and WLF (time series) data points on the rising limbs forms the forecasting model, expressing WLF as a function of CWT in terms of their z-scores. The model takes input of Global Circulation Model (GCM) projections of temperature increases by the end of 21st century under different Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs), and predicts changes of Fraser River WLF from the historical average. RCP4.5 causes a 22.6% increase (ensemble average from six GCMs). RCP8.5 increases WLF by 20% (for some future years) to 44% (for others). The methods reported in this paper can be adapted to other cold regions.
Cigarette dependence is more prevalent and increasing among US adolescents and adults who use cannabis, 2002-2019.

Significance Cannabis use is increasing among cigarette smokers. If cannabis use is associated with cigarette dependence, a barrier to smoking cessation, this could have public health implications for tobacco control. The current study estimated the prevalence of cigarette dependence among US individuals who smoke cigarettes by cannabis use status, and investigated trends in cigarette dependence from 2002 to 2019 among cigarette smokers by cannabis use status and cigarette consumption (ie, cigarettes per day, CPD). Methods Data were drawn from the 2002–2019 annual National Survey on Drug Use and Health and included US individuals aged 12+ years who used cigarettes at least once in the past month (n=231 572). Logistic regression was used to estimate the prevalence of cigarette dependence, measured as time to first cigarette Results Across all levels of cigarette use, cigarette dependence was significantly more common among individuals with daily cannabis use compared with those with non-daily or no cannabis use. From 2002 to 2019, cigarette dependence increased among cigarette smokers with non-daily cannabis use, and among light and moderate cigarette smokers with no cannabis use. Conclusions US individuals who use both cigarettes and cannabis report a higher prevalence of cigarette dependence relative to individuals who use cigarettes and do not use cannabis at virtually all levels of cigarette consumption. Further, cigarette dependence is increasing in the USA both among those who use and do not use cannabis. Given the increase in cannabis use among those using cigarettes, efforts to elucidate the nature of the association between cannabis and cigarette dependence are needed.
Uncoupler-stimulated Adenosine Triphosphatase Activity DEFICIENCY IN INTACT MITOCHONDRIA FROM MORRIS HEPATOMAS AND ASCITES TUMOR CELLS

Abstract 1. Well coupled mitochondria isolated from six hepatomas differing widely in growth rate and degree of differentiation were found to exhibit little or no 2,4-dinitrophenol-stimulated ATPase activity in sharp contrast to normal liver mitochondria. Well coupled mitochondria from L1210 and Ehrlich ascites tumor cells were also found to have markedly reduced uncoupler-stimulated ATPase activity when compared with normal liver mitochondria. 2. When intact mitochondria from one of the hepatomas (7800) were studied in greater detail, it was found that normal uncoupler-dependent ATPase activity could not be demonstrated under a variety of conditions. These included (a) the use of uncouplers more potent than 2,4-dinitrophenol; (b) alteration of osmotic and ionic conditions; (c) variation of temperature between 20 and 40°; (d) variation of pH between 6.9 and 9.5; and (e) inclusion of either defatted bovine albumin or oxidizable substrate in the assay medium. 3. Neither forward nor reverse energy-dependent reactions in hepatoma 7800 mitochondria are altered, nor is their sensitivity to uncoupling agents. In the forward direction, hepatoma mitochondria were found to exhibit normal acceptor control and P:O ratios sensitive to uncouplers, and to exhibit uncoupler-stimulated respiration. In the reverse direction, the ATP-Pi exchange rate was found to be the same in hepatoma 7800 and control liver mitochondria and inhibited almost completely in both cases by 2,4-dinitrophenol. In addition, the capacity for ATP-supported Ca2+ accumulation was similar for hepatoma 7800 and control liver mitochondria. 4. Unlike hepatoma mitochondria, mitochondria isolated from regenerating liver 24, 48, and 72 hours after partial hepatectomy exhibit normal levels of uncoupler-stimulated ATPase activity. 5. These results are interpreted most simply by assuming that hepatoma mitochondria, and perhaps mitochondria from L1210 and Ehrlich ascites tumor cells, contain two principal sites of action for uncoupling agents, one of which may become expressed during the normal to neoplastic transition.
Using payroll deduction to shelter individual health insurance from income tax.

Objective To assess the impact of state laws requiring or encouraging employers to establish “section 125” cafeteria plans that shelter employees' premium contributions from tax.
Increased Carbon Monoxide Production by Hemeoxygenase-1 Caused by Device-Mediated Hemolysis: Thrombotic Phantom Menace?

Replacement of key components of the circulatory system with artificial devices has become the mainstay of therapy for conditions such as end-stage valvular disease or congestive heart failure. Unfortunately, device thrombosis and thromboembolic morbidity persist despite optimized anticoagulation. This work reviews the commonly known causes of device-associated thrombophilia, introduces recent literature concerning the effect of carbon monoxide on coagulation, and presents new patient data linking endogenously produced carbon monoxide with device-associated thrombosis. A new paradigm involving the interaction of red blood cell lysis-induced upregulation of hemoxygenase-1, increased endogenous carbon monoxide, hyperfibrinogenemia, and contact protein/microparticle-induced thrombin generation is presented.
Walking among giants 50 years later

Approximately 50 years ago, William Westley’s (1953) pioneering study of police officers brought to the forefront the special characteristics of police work. The present research raises the question: how far have thepolice come since Westley? Using focus group interviews and surveys collected from alarge Southwest police department, the study examines the situational role context of physical force. In doing so, it provides an explanation of physical force today, compared to explanations offered by Westley. The current research examines whether officer use of physical force and its severity are determined by the situation. The results confirm this hypothesis by suggesting that physical force is determined situationally, according to low‐order excessive force and high‐order violent force. As a way of understanding the lack of change in attitudes and practice of physical force, a possible explanation is the patrol culture.
Channel Separability in the Audio-Visual Integration of Speech: A Bayesian Approach

Experiments show that human perceptual responses to audiovisual speech signals factorize into two independent components, one controlled by the optic signal and one controlled by the acoustic signal (Massaro, 1987). From a Bayesian point of view, this result indicates that, at some level, the perceptual system treats acoustic and optic speech signals as if they were conditionally independent processes. This raises the question of whether conditional independence is an optimal assumption or whether the perceptual system uses it for reasons other than minimization of error rates. In this paper we present results suggesting that the opto-acoustic signals are indeed conditionally independent and that therefore the factorization of optic and acoustic influences observed in humans is optimal. Finally, based on a previous analysis by Movellan and McClelland (1995) we show that the implicit assumption of conditional independence can be implemented in nervous systems by using physically separable audio and visual channels that talk to each other via top-down feedback connections.
The Heart of the Matter

Active Galactic Nuclei From the Central Black Hole to the Galactic Environment. Julian H. Krolik. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, 1999. 620 pp. $99.50, £60. ISBN 0-691-01152-4. Paper, $39.50, £23.95. ISBN 0-691-01151-6. In this graduate-level text, Krolik offers a theorist9s perspective on the high energy astrophysics of quasars, Seyfert galaxies, and other manifestations of active galactic nuclei.
How Will We Work Together? Synthesizing a Cross-Cultural Collaboration Grid from the Dual Concern Model and Acculturation Framework

Cross-cultural collaboration through multicultural groups and teams is the current reality of international business. However, management research does not specifically address the process by which individuals from different national cultures come together to collaborate in an organizational work setting. This work takes a step towards understanding this process. We first discuss the dual concerns model and the acculturation framework to identify areas of congruence that have explanatory value for cross-cultural collaboration. From this point, we derive a cross-cultural collaboration grid that can help understand how people from different national cultures might work together based on the relative prioritization of concern for self vs. concern for the other. After introducing the cross-cultural collaboration grid, we discuss potential moderating variables at both the individual (contact, superordinate goals, and power) and cultural levels (individualism-collectivism, tightness-looseness, and power distance) that will impact the cross-cultural collaboration process. We conclude with contributions and limitations that can be addressed by future research.
Samuelson on Globalization: A Comment

Paul Samuelson's recent article in the Journal of Economic Perspectives (2004) started drawing attention even before it was officially published (Fingleton, 2004). His conclusions go against the weight of 200 years of trade theory in concluding that international trade can, at times, result in deadweight losses, which might lead one to conclude that he is either wrong or that he has made a brilliant new discovery. He goes on to prove his point with a series of elaborate equations containing all the Greek letters, subscripts and square roots that economists have come to expect and love. His analysis and conclusions give ammunition to the anti-globalists, many of whom have relied mostly on emotional arguments or faulty logic to support their position in the past (Mander and Goldsmith, 1996). While Samuelson does not come right out and suggest that protectionist measures are called for to provide a safety net for the losers in a Schumpeterian regime (1984), he does leave open the possibility of government intervention to cushion the adverse effects to certain segments of the domestic economy that can result from free trade. This paper disputes Samuelson's conclusions.
Arginine Decarboxylase from Escherichia coli III. SUBUNIT STRUCTURE

Abstract Several lines of evidence are presented which, together with previous data that arginine decarboxylase (mol wt = 820,000; s020,w = 23.3 S) contains an integral multiple of five subunits, indicate that the enzyme is composed of 10 identical or very nearly identical polypeptide chains. (a) Acrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate and mercaptoethanol gives a single band containing a material having a molecular weight of approximately 96,000. (b) In denaturing solvents, 6.7 moles of sulfhydryl groups react per 82,000 g of protein with 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid). Since 7.0 residues of cysteic acid were found after performic acid oxidation, the molecule contains no disulfide bonds. In the native (23 S) enzyme, none of the sulfhydryl groups are reactive, while in the dissociated (mol wt = 160,000, s020,w = 8.0 S) form of the enzyme, 0.9 mole of sulfhydryl groups reacts per 82,000 g. Similar results were obtained for the dissociated species by reaction with both p-chloromercuribenzoate and N-ethylmaleimide. Thus, the dissociated (8 S) species has 1 mole of uniquely reactive sulfhydryl residue per 82,000 g. (c) Amino-terminal analysis by the isocyanate procedure gives 6 to 8 moles of methionine residues per 820,000 g; this result was confirmed by dinitrophenylation. Digestion with carboxypeptidase A releases 10.3 moles of alanine per 820,000 g and hydrazinolysis gives 5 to 6 moles of alanine. (d) Peptide maps of tryptic hydrolysates have 54 to 58 ninhydrin-positive spots; the expected number, for 10 identical polypeptide chains, is 61. (e) Isoelectric focusing of arginine decarboxylase which had been reassociated from the 8 S to the 23 S species gave a single peak with a pI of 4.44. A revised purification procedure, suitable for preparing large quantities of enzyme, is also presented.
Information, networks, and the complexity of trust in commons governance

The publication of Elinor Ostrom’s (1990) Governing the Commons fueled significant theoretical and empirical progress in the field of commons governance and collective action, most notably in the form of the Institutional Analysis and Development (IAD) framework. A central question within this literature is how trust is created, maintained, and potentially destroyed in the context of sustainability issues. While the commons literature has provided a deeper understanding of trust, most empirical work has been done in relatively simple settings that do not capture the complexity of many global, institutionally-complex dilemmas that we face today. This paper discusses how our understanding of trust in these more complex settings may be improved by considering how two broad categories of variables – belief systems and networks – influence trust.
Absolute Energy Distributions for Selected Quiescent Symbiotic Stars

Absolute continuum energy distributions for 1200 A to 100μ have been derived for eight quiescent symbiotics. These data are a combination of contemporaneous satellite and ground-based observations, including low resolution IUE and optical spectrophotometry, broadband JKLM infrared photometry and IRAS Point Source Catalogue fluxes. The resulting multifrequency energy distributions represent a merged, uniformly calibrated set of observations and provide a unique opportunity for comparison with quiescent theoretical models.
Superconductivity in SrNi 2 As 2 single crystals

The electrical resistivity $\ensuremath{\rho}(T)$ and heat capacity $C(T)$ on single crystals of ${\text{SrNi}}_{2}{\text{As}}_{2}$ and ${\text{EuNi}}_{2}{\text{As}}_{2}$ are reported. While there is no evidence for a structural transition in either compound, ${\text{SrNi}}_{2}{\text{As}}_{2}$ is found to be a bulk superconductor at ${T}_{c}=0.62\text{ }\text{K}$ with a Sommerfeld coefficient of $\ensuremath{\gamma}=8.7\text{ }\text{mJ}/\text{mol}\text{ }{\text{K}}^{2}$ and a small upper critical field ${H}_{c2}\ensuremath{\sim}200\text{ }\text{Oe}$. No superconductivity was found in ${\text{EuNi}}_{2}{\text{As}}_{2}$ above 0.4 K, but anomalies in $\ensuremath{\rho}$ and $C$ reveal that magnetic order associated with the ${\text{Eu}}^{2+}$ magnetic moments occurs at ${T}_{m}=14\text{ }\text{K}$.
Structural and Electrical Properties of Nanocrystalline Diamond based Barium Strontium Titanate Varactors

Barium strontium titanate (BST) varactors fabricated on silicon substrates experience reliability and yield issues due to the defects induced in the interdiffusion of the layers in the bottom electrode stack. The structural and electrical properties of BST varactors fabricated on nanocrystalline diamond (NCD) films as the diffusion barrier layer are reported here. The structural properties and the quality of the interfaces were studied along with the electrical properties of the varactors. The varactors fabricated on NCD films displayed improved symmetry of capacitance-voltage (C-V) characteristics and 70% higher quality factor due to better interface stability with reduced bottom electrode losses.
Why did the United States retreat from the moon

Abstract On July 20, 1969, Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin took the first human steps on a celestial body other than Earth. Just over two weeks later, on August 4, NASA presented to a committee charged with making recommendations on the U.S. post-Apollo space program a bold plan of continued lunar and Martian exploration. Over the next six months, that plan was decisively rejected by the administration of President Richard M. Nixon. In 1970, NASA canceled the final two Apollo missions to the Moon, and on January 5, 1972, President Nixon announced approval of the space shuttle program. Focusing the U.S. space program on operating the space shuttle and building a space station has kept the United States human space flight program confined to low Earth orbit for over four decades. There are lessons to be learned from the post-Apollo decisions in the United States for today's attempts to gain political support for a renewed and sustainable program of human exploration of the Moon, Mars, and other solar system destinations. This paper, drawing on in-depth research on the events of the 1969–1972 period in U.S. space policy, will discuss those lessons.
Neuroimaging in late-life depression

Late-life depression may be associated with vasculopathy. Neuroimaging has been a critical tool in exploring the relationship between this form of depression and vascular factors. Magnetic resonance imaging has been the most widely used tool, but there is potential to use other structural imaging techniques as well as functional neuroimaging methodologies. Neuroimaging may potentially be utilized at some point as a biomarker for late-life depression, thus helping with diagnosis and guiding treatment.
Induced biosynthesis of resveratrol and the prenylated stilbenoids arachidin-1 and arachidin-3 in hairy root cultures of peanut: Effects of culture medium and growth stage

Previously, we have shown that hairy root cultures of peanut provide a controlled, sustainable and scalable production system that can be induced to produce stilbenoids. However to leverage peanut hairy roots to study the biosynthesis of this polyphenolic biosynthetic pathway, growing conditions and elicitation kinetics of these tissue cultures must be defined and understood. To this end, a new peanut cv. Hull hairy root (line 3) that produces resveratrol and its prenylated analogues arachidin-1 and arachidin-3 upon sodium acetate-mediated elicitation was established. Two culture media were compared for impact on root growth and stilbenoid biosynthesis/secretion. The levels of ammonium, nitrate, phosphate and residual sugars were monitored along growth and elicitation period. A modified MS (MSV) medium resulted in higher root biomass when compared to B5 medium. The stilbenoid profile after elicitation varied depending on the age of the culture (6, 9, 12, and 15-day old). After elicitation at day 9 (exponential growth in MSV medium), over 90% of the total resveratrol, arachidin-1 and arachidin-3 accumulated in the medium. Our studies demonstrate the benefits of the hairy root culture system to study the biosynthesis of stilbenoids including valuable prenylated polyphenolic compounds.
Indentation Analysis of Elastic-Plastic Homogeneous and Layered Media: Criteria for Determining the Real Material Hardness

A hardness analysis based on finite element simulation results and contact constitutive models is presented for both homogeneous and layered elastic-plastic media. The analysis provides criteria for obtaining the real material hardness from indentation experiments performed with spherical indenters. Emphasis is given on the estimation of the hardness of thin surface layers. The critical (maximum) interference distance that yields an insignificant effect of the substrate deformation on the estimation of the layer hardness is determined from the variation of the equivalent hardness of the layered medium with the interference distance (indentation depth). A relation between hardness yield strength, and elastic modulus. derived from finite element simulations of a homogeneous half-space indented by a rigid sphere, is used in conjunction with a previously developed contact constitutive model for layered media to determine the minimum interference distance needed to produce sufficient plasticity in order to ensure accurate measurement of the material hardness. An analytical approach for estimating the layer hardness front indentations performed on layered media is presented and its applicability is demonstrated in light of finite element indentation results for an elastic-perfectly plastic layered medium with a hard surface layer.
The Velvetbean Caterpillarasa Pest of Soy Beans In Southern Louisiana And Texas

An attack on soy beans by the velvet bean caterpillar, Anticarsia gemmatilis, is reported, together with observations on the life history, natural enemies, and control measures. The application of a “light” or eighty per cent brand of sodium fluosilicate was found to be very effective in destroying the larvae.