cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
HEMOGLOBIN LEVELS IN HYPOTHYROID INFANTS

Children and adults with long-standing hypothyroidism frequently develop anemia, often of a macrocytic nature. The incidence of anemia has been reported to be between 21 and 61% in adults. We investigated newborns with hypothyroidism for the presence of anemia. All infants were initially determined to have abnormal thyroid function by the N.Y. State Screening Program with heel stick blood specimens obtained by day 3 of life. Newborns with elevated TSH levels (>20 μU/ml) or low T4 levels (<8 ug/dl) were included in the study. Repeat thyroid studies were performed at 10 to 55 days of life, and blood counts with RBC indices were measured by Coulter Counter. All children with other causes of anemia or polycythemia were excluded from analysis. Of 23 infants who fit these criteria, none were found to be anemic, nor did any have macrocytic indices. Surprisingly, 6 children (26%) were discovered to have polycythemia, 4 with significantly elevated hemoglobins as high as 23 g/dl. All children with polycythemia had normal red cell indices. The hemoglobin showed no correlation with T4 or TSH levels. Anemia in patients with hypothyroidism is likely to be a result of chronically abnormal thyroid function, and as such, would not appear to be helpful in screening infants for thyroid dysfunction.
Rapid and inexpensive fabrication of polymeric microfluidic devices via toner transfer masking

An alternative fabrication method is presented for production of masters for single- or multi-layer polymeric microfluidic devices in a standard laboratory environment, precluding the need for a cleanroom. This toner transfer masking (TTM) method utilizes an office laser printer to generate a toner pattern which is thermally transferred to a metal master to serve as a mask for etching. With master fabrication times as little as one hour (depending on channel depth) using commercially-available equipment and supplies, this approach should make microfluidic technology more widely accessible to the non-expert—even the non-scientist. The cost of fabrication consumables was estimated to be < $1 per master, over an order of magnitude decrease in consumable costs compared to standard photolithography. In addition, the use of chemical etching allows accurate control over the height of raised features (i.e., channel depths), allowing the flexibility to fabricate multiple depths on a single master with little added time. Resultant devices are shown capable of pneumatic valving, three-dimensional channel formation (using layer-connecting vias), droplet fluidics, and cell imaging and staining. The multiple-depth capabilities of the method are proven useful for cellular analysis by fabrication of handheld, disposable devices used for trapping and imaging of live murine pancreatic islets. The precise fluidic control provided by the microfluidic platform allows subsequent fixing and staining of these cells without significant movement, thus spatial correlation of imaging and staining is attainable—even with rare alpha cells that constitute only ∼10% of the islet cells.
Factors determining choice of a comparison other

Abstract Subjects were tested in groups of nine for the presence of the positively valued trait of intellectual flexibility (Pos conditions) or the negatively valued trait of intellectual rigidity (Neg conditions). The subjects were told the approximate range of the group's test scores (R conditions) or they were not told the range (NR conditions). After the tests were scored, all subjects were told that they ranked fifth in the group of nine and were given their own scores. In the first variation of the experiment, the subjects were then asked to indicate which other score in the group (according to rank) they would most like to see. The subjects were then asked to indicate a second choice. It was predicted that: (1) NR subjects would attempt to determine the range by first choosing the highest numerical score, and (2) among R subjects, those in the Pos condition would choose a higher score for their first choice, while those in the Neg condition would choose a lower score, both groups thus comparing in the positively valued direction, and (3) among R subjects, the most frequent choice in the positively valued direction would be of the most similar other. All predictions were supported. In the second variation, the subjects were asked to indicate which other person in the group they would like as an interaction partner later in the hour. As in the first experiment, a second choice was also obtained. The strongest tendency was for subjects to choose the two most extreme others in the positively valued direction, although there was also a significant tendency to choose the two most similar others, as well as the best and worst others. When choosing a referent person for comparison, an individual's first need is to determine the boundaries of the scale. Given the scale boundaries, he attempts to confirm similarity with those better off and then to confirm dissimilarity with those worse off. The necessity of interacting publicly with the referent person increases choice of the most “attractive” others.
THE MECHANISM AND KINETICS OF WATER FORMATION ON PT(111)

Abstract We use modulated molecular beam relaxation spectroscopy (MMBRS) to identify the sequence of elementary reaction steps and to quantify the rate parameters for catalytic water (D 2 O) formation on Pt(111). This investigation is restricted to surface temperatures in the range 373 ⩽ T S ⩽ 723 K and oxygen and deuterium pressures on the order of 10 −5 mbar, where coverages of oxygen-containing species are low ( ϑ ⩽ 0.04 monolayer), and rate parameters can be assumed coverage-independent. Under these conditions, we find that adsorbed hydroxyl (OD a ) formation is rapid and (nearly) irreversible; the rate-limiting, majority pathway for water production is D a + OD a → D 2 O ( E a = 16 kcal/mol); and water production by OD a disproportionation. i.e. 2 OD a → D 2 O + O a , contributes as a minority pathway ( E a = 18 kcal/mol). From the results we construct potential energy diagrams that account for the energetics of nearly all elementary steps in these reactions.
The Help-Seeking Experiences of Parents of Children with a First-Episode of Psychosis.

The objective was to understand the experiences of parents as they sought psychological and specialized medical services for a loved one having a first episode of psychosis. The research method was qualitative and the data gathering was done through semi-structured interviews. Eleven parents of eight adolescent or young adult children consented to be interviewed. Data from these interviews were coded and sorted. Parents reported that many of their encounters resulted in delays in accessing treatment. These encounters were characterized by misattributions of the child’s behavior, poor advice, misdiagnosis, disbelief in the seriousness of the child’s condition, and an unwillingness to share information. But parents also reported that encounters with other individuals were characterized by helpful advice, emotional support, and suggestions as to how to access early intervention services. Encounters with many professionals were generally not helpful to parents. These encounters served as roadblocks to accessing proper treatment for their child. More publicity, outreach, and education are recommended in the professional community.
Phantom study to determine radiation exposure to medical personnel involved in ERCP fluoroscopy and its reduction through equipment and behavior modifications.

Phantom study to determine radiation exposure to medical personnel involved in ERCP fluoroscopy and its reduction through equipment and behavior modifications
Lacrosse Equipment and Cervical Spinal Cord Space During Immobilization: Preliminary Analysis

Abstract Context: Removal of the lacrosse helmet to achieve airway access has been discouraged based only on research in which cervical alignment was examined. No researchers have examined the effe...
C to H effective ratio as a descriptor for co-processing light oxygenates and CH4 on Mo/H-ZSM-5

Co-processing of H2O, CO2, and light (C1–2) oxygenates with CH4 at 950 K over Mo/H-ZSM-5 catalysts results in complete fragmentation of the oxygenate and CO as the sole oxygen-containing product. The C/Heff accounts for removal of O as CO and describes the net C6H6 and total hydrocarbon synthesis rates at varying (0.0–0.10) oxygenate and H2 to CH4 co-feed ratios.
Characterization of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) receptor mutants for their effects on IGF-I- and interleukin 4-mediated DNA synthesis of 32D cells.

Recently we demonstrated that overexpression of the wild type insulin-like growth factor I receptor (IGF-IRWT) in 32D myeloid progenitor cells led to cell proliferation in response to interleukin 4 (IL-4) as well as insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) in the absence of insulin receptor substrate expression (Soon, L., Flechner, L., Gutkind, J. S., Wang, L. H., Baserga, R., Pierce, J. H., and Li, W. (1999) Mol. Cell. Biol. 19, 3816–3828). To understand the structural importance of insulin-like growth factor I receptor (IGF-IR) in mediating IL-4- and IGF-I-induced DNA synthesis, we transfected various mutants of IGF-IR to 32D cells. Our results show that most mutants, including Y1250F, Y1251F, Y1250F/Y1251F, S1280A/S1281A/S1282A/S1283A, Y1316F, and 1245d, still retained mitogenic response toward IGF-I or IL-4. However, the Y950F, Y1131F, and Y1135F mutants were not able to respond to either ligand. The H1293F/K1294R and 1293d mutants reduced response toward IGF-I but not to IL-4. Phosphorylation of Shc was greatly reduced in those three mutants that lost mitogenic response. The MAPK activity was much lower in Y1131F and Y1135F mutants, indicating the importance of the Shc/MAPK pathway in IGF-I-induced mitogenesis. Importantly, the synergistic effect of these two factors on DNA synthesis was not affected in cells expressing most of the mutants, even in those three that had lower mitogenic response toward a single ligand. These results suggest that an unidentified pathway(s) may be induced upon co-addition of IGF-I and IL-4 that sustains the intact mitogenesis.
82: Evolving use of left ventricular (LVAD) vs biventricular (BiVAD) assist devices

Purpose: Ventricular Assist Devices (VAD) are effective in severe end-stage cardiac failure but results remain poor in moribund patients. Cheaper and less invasive short-term devices have been used in this setting. We report our experience with Levitronix short-term VAD as a potential bridge prior to deciding if a more expensive device or transplant should be used. Methods and Materials: Since June 2003, 18 critically ill patients [15 M; age 34.3 14.1 (range 12-62) years] were supported with a Levitronix. Six had an intra-aortic balloon pump pre-operatively (IABP), 7 had multi-organ failure (MOF). In 8 cases Levitronix were salvage procedures (SP). Results: Operative (30-day) mortality was 27.8% (5 pts). The follow-up was 7.3 9.9 (range 0-30) months. There were 4 late deaths (22.2%) while assisted on Levitronix. Nine patients (50%) were successfully bridged (2 IABP, 4 MOF, 4 SP): 3 patients to recovery, 1 to a long-term device as bridge to transplantation, 3 were transplanted and 2 patients are on the waiting list for transplantation. They are presently alive and well. Overall survival at 6 months and one year was 38.9% (7 patients) and 27.8% (5 patients) respectively. Support time was 32.8 33.3 (range 3-118) days. There were no device failures. Five patients (27.8%) were re-operated for bleeding. Conclusions: Our data suggest that Levitronix is effective in rescuing critically ill patients providing a cheaper opportunity to support and optimize conditions prior to deciding if a more expensive device or transplant should be used. In this way better candidate selection for further procedures can occur.
The cytoplasmic domain of P-selectin contains a sorting determinant that mediates rapid degradation in lysosomes

P-selectin is a cell adhesion molecule required transiently on the surface of activated platelets and endothelial cells as a receptor for leukocytes. It is stored in secretory granules in platelets, endothelial cells, and transfected neuroendocrine cells and is rapidly delivered to the plasma membrane upon exocytosis of the secretory granules. It is then rapidly internalized in endothelial cells and transfected cells. We find that in transfected neuroendocrine PC12 cells, the fraction of P-selectin that is not targeted to secretory granules is rapidly degraded. In transfected CHO fibroblasts, which lack secretory granules, P-selectin was degraded with a half time of 2.3 h in plated cells, while low density lipoprotein receptor (LDL-R) had a half life of 9 h. In cells cultured in ammonium chloride to inhibit lysosomal proteinases, P-selectin was protected from degradation and rapidly accumulated in vesicles enriched in lgp-B, a resident lysosomal membrane protein. The cytoplasmic domain of P-selectin was sufficient to confer rapid turnover on LDL-R. Deletion of 10 amino acids from the cytoplasmic domain of P-selectin extended the half life to 9.5 h and abrogated rapid lysosomal targeting in the presence of ammonium chloride, implicating this sequence as a necessary element of a novel lysosomal targeting signal. The rate limiting step in degradation occurred after internalization from the cell surface, indicating that sorting of P-selectin away from efficiently recycled proteins occurs in endosomes. We propose that this sorting event represents a constitutive equivalent of receptor down regulation, and may function to regulate the expression of P-selectin at the surface of activated endothelial cells.
Fabrication of microchannels with patterned bio-active layers

Patterns of bio-active coatings on the inner surfaces of microchannels have been realized using a novel low-temperature, UV-epoxy glass-to-silicon bonding technique. Sucrose is applied as a protection layer for the immobilized bio-functional films during the bonding step. The bio-functional layer is composed of antibody patterns, for binding specific targets, next to polyethylene glycol (PEG) coated regions for preventing non-specific absorption. The activity of the patterned bio layer is tested, after the removal of the sucrose protection layer, utilizing fluorescent microscopy. A solution of fluorescent-labelled antigens is injected into the microchannels for incubation with the immobilized antibodies. Upon exposure to proper radiation, light is emitted only from the antibody patterns while the PEG regions remain dark. Hence, the sucrose-protection and UV-bonding techniques have not significantly compromised the functionality of the patterned antibodies, in binding to their counter receptors, and PEG molecules, in preventing non-specific adsorption, at the end of the fabrication process.
Aggression as an equifinal outcome of distinct neurocognitive and neuroaffective processes

Early onset aggression precipitates a cascade of risk factors, increasing the probability of a range of externalizing and internalizing psychopathological outcomes. Unfortunately, decades of research on the etiological contributions to the manifestation of aggression have failed to yield identification of any risk factors determined to be either necessary or sufficient, likely attributable to etiological heterogeneity within the construct of aggression. Differential pathways of etiological risk are not easily discerned at the behavioral or self-report level, particularly in young children, requiring multilevel analysis of risk pathways. This study focuses on three domains of risk to examine the heterogeneity in 207 urban kindergarten children with high levels of aggression: cognitive processing, socioemotional competence and emotion processing, and family context. The results indicate that 90% of children in the high aggression group could be characterized as either low in verbal ability or high in physiological arousal (resting skin conductance). Children characterized as low verbal, high arousal, or both differed in social and emotional competence, physiological reactivity to emotion, and aspects of family-based contextual risk. The implications of this etiologic heterogeneity of aggression are discussed in terms of assessment and treatment.
Extensions to the theory of differential space-time modulation

A general approach to differential modulation for multiple transmit and receive antennas was proposed by Hughes see IEEE Trans. on Inform. Theory, 1999, and Proc. IEEE Wireless Networking and Communications Conf. (WCNC '99), vol.1, p.145-149, 1999), and by Hochwald and Sweldens (see IEEE Trans..on Communm., 1999). In this approach, data are differentially encoded using a restricted class of space-time group codes in which each code matrix is square and has equal-energy, orthogonal rows. In this article, we remove the restrictions imposed in the earlier work and extend the theory of differential transmission to arbitrary Slepian-type group codes. This extension leads to new modulation techniques that significantly outperform previously known methods, both for single and multiple antenna systems. Applications to universal channel coding for discrete memoryless channels are also discussed.
Mutations in multidrug efflux homologs, sugar isomerases, and antimicrobial biosynthesis genes differentially elevate activity of the sigma(X) and sigma(W) factors in Bacillus subtilis.

The sigma(X) and sigma(W) extracytoplasmic function sigma factors regulate more than 40 genes in Bacillus subtilis. sigma(W) activates genes which function in detoxification and the production of antimicrobial compounds, while aX activates functions that modify the cell envelope. Transposon mutagenesis was used to identify loci which negatively regulate sigma(W) or sigma(X) as judged by up-regulation from the autoregulatory promoter site P-W or P-X. Fourteen insertions that activate P-W were identified. The largest class of insertions are likely to affect transport. These include insertions in genes encoding two multidrug efflux protein homologs (yqgE and yulE), a component of the oligopeptide uptake system (oppA), and two transmembrane proteins with weak similarity to transporters (yhdP and yueF). Expression from P-W is also elevated as a result of inactivation of at least one member of the sigma(W) regulon (ysdB), an ArsR homolog (yvbA), a predicted rhamnose isomerase (yulE), and a gene (pksR) implicated in synthesis of diffcidin, a polyketide antibiotic. In a parallel screen, we identified seven insertions that up-regulate P-X, Remarkably, these insertions were in functionally similar genes, including a multidrug efflux homolog (yitG), a mannose-6-phosphate isomerase gene (yjdE), and loci involved in antibiotic synthesis (srfAB and possibly yogA and yngK). Significantly, most insertions that activate P-W have little or no effect on P-X, and conversely, insertions that activate P-X have no effect on P-W. This suggests that these two regulons respond to distinct sets of molecular signals which may include toxic molecules which are exported, cell density signals, and antimicrobial compounds.
A hydrostatic pressure stocking for the treatment of ulcers due to chronic venous insufficiency.

Chronic venous insufficiency may be complicated by ulceration of the skin of the involved extremity. The ulcers appear to be caused by the prolonged elevation of venous pressure in the leg and the resultant edema. A device is described that counterbalances exactly the elevated pressure in the veins of the leg, regardless of the position of the patient. This hydrostatic pressure stocking prevents formation of edema without interfering with the flow of blood through the tissues. The use of this device in the treatment of ulcers due to chronic venous insufficiency is also described.
Ovarian hyperstimulation by LH leads to mammary gland hyperplasia and cancer predisposition in transgenic mice.

Many risk factors for breast cancer are associated with hormonally regulated events. Although numerous mouse models of mammary cancer exist, few address the roles of hormones in spontaneous tumor formation. Here we report that transgenic mice that overexpress LH, resulting in ovarian hyperstimulation, undergo precocious mammary gland development. A significant increase in proliferation leads to ovary-dependent mammary gland hyperplasia. Transgenic glands morphologically mimic those of wild-type pregnant mice and expression levels of multiple milk protein genes are comparable with what is observed at d 14 of pregnancy. In addition to sustained hyperplasia, spontaneous mammary tumors were observed with a mean latency of 41 wk, indicating that chronic hormonal stimulation causes mammary cancer. Although hormonally induced, these tumors lack expression of progesterone receptor, suggesting that following initiating events, the tumors may become hormone independent. This mouse model likely holds great potential as a tool for discovery of hormone-mediated mechanisms of breast cancer and identification of future targets for breast cancer prevention and treatment. (Endocrinology 143: 3671–3680, 2002)
Plasticity of lumbosacral propriospinal neurons is associated with the development of autonomic dysreflexia after thoracic spinal cord transection

Complete thoracic (T) spinal cord injury (SCI) above the T6 level typically results in autonomic dysreflexia, an abnormal hypertensive condition commonly triggered by nociceptive stimuli below the level of SCI. Overexpression of nerve growth factor in the lumbosacral spinal cord induces profuse sprouting of nociceptive pelvic visceral afferent fibers that correlates with increased hypertension in response to noxious colorectal distension. After complete T4 SCI, we evaluated the plasticity of propriospinal neurons conveying visceral input rostrally to thoracic sympathetic preganglionic neurons. The anterograde tracer biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) was injected into the lumbosacral dorsal gray commissure (DGC) of injured/nontransected rats immediately after injury (acute) or 2 weeks later (delayed). At 1 or 2 weeks after delayed or acute injections, respectively, a higher density (P < 0.05) of BDA(+) fibers was found in thoracic dorsal gray matter of injured vs. nontransected spinal cords. For corroboration, fast blue (FB) or cholera toxin subunit beta (CTb) was injected into the T9 dorsal horns 2 weeks postinjury/nontransection. After 1 week transport, more retrogradely labeled (P < 0.05) DGC propriospinal neurons (T13-S1) were quantified in injured vs. nontransected cords. We also monitored immediate early gene c-fos expression following colorectal distension and found increased (P < 0.01) c-Fos(+) cell numbers throughout the DGC after injury. Collectively, these results imply that, in conjunction with local primary afferent fiber plasticity, injury-induced sprouting of DGC neurons may be a key constituent in relaying visceral sensory input to sympathetic preganglionic neurons that elicit autonomic dysreflexia after high thoracic SCI.
Wafer-bonded 2-D CMUT arrays incorporating through-wafer trench-isolated interconnects with a supporting frame

This paper reports on wafer-bonded, fully populated 2-D capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducer (CMUT) arrays. To date, no successful through-wafer via fabrication technique has been demonstrated that is compatible with the wafer-bonding method of making CMUT arrays. As an alternative to through-wafer vias, trench isolation with a supporting frame is incorporated into the 2-D arrays to provide through-wafer electrical connections. The CMUT arrays are built on a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) wafer, and all electrical connections to the array elements are brought to the back side of the wafer through the highly conductive silicon substrate. Neighboring array elements are separated by trenches on both the device layer and the bulk silicon. A mesh frame structure, providing mechanical support, is embedded between silicon pillars, which electrically connect to individual elements. We successfully fabricated a 16 times 16-element 2-D CMUT array using wafer bonding with a yield of 100%. Across the array, the pulse-echo amplitude distribution is uniform (sigma = 6.6% of the mean amplitude). In one design, we measured a center frequency of 7.6 MHz, a peak-to-peak output pressure of 2.9 MPa at the transducer surface, and a 3-dB fractional bandwidth of 95%. Volumetric ultrasound imaging was demonstrated by chip-to-chip bonding one of the fabricated 2-D arrays to a custom-designed integrated circuit (IC). This study shows that through-wafer trench-isolation with a supporting frame is a viable solution for providing electrical interconnects to CMUT elements and that 2-D arrays fabricated using wafer-bonding deliver good performance.
INTRODUCTION TO THE SPECIAL SECTION: PHILOSOPHY AND PERSONALITY DISORDERS

Perhaps for many readers of the Journal of Personality Disorders a special section devoted to philosophical issues may be a bit of a surprise. While the philosophy of psychiatry or the philosophy of mental health may seem a novel idea, it is indeed very old, though now experiencing a bit of a renaissance. The division between philosophy, science, and medicine didn’t exist in Hippocrates’ time; Hippocrates’ practice was an admixture of philosophical theorizing, craft, and what we would call empiricism today. Indeed, science as we know it today didn’t exist centuries ago; it was natural philosophy in its Ancient Greek beginnings, and “science” did not appear until the 17th century (Ackerknecht, 1982; Porter, 1997). The schism between science (the unlocking of nature’s secrets through empirical observation and testing) and philosophy (the study of ideas) blossomed, not counting a few periods or stirrings of rapprochement here and there, until it peaked in the first half of the twentieth century. At that point science and technology were enjoying overwhelming success everywhere, including, and perhaps especially, in medicine, and philosophy seemed to retreat further into its closed societies, obsessed with highly technical and abstract problem solving of seemingly little practical importance or application. In the second half of the twentieth century this alienation between science, medicine, and philosophy began to change due to several social factors both within and outside the respective fields. Within philosophy, both the failure of analytical logical positivism and logical empiricism to meet their own promises (Salmon, 1989), and the rise of anthropological, human-centered continental philosophies, renewed philosophers’ interest in the nitty-gritty of everyday human problems, including those of disease. In the United States, a series of legal cases related to medical and research abuses, as well as the excesses of increasingly powerful medical technologies used to increasingly ambiguous ends, contributed to the development of the bioethics movement (Jonsen, 2000), which we recognize today as a crucial interdiscipline considering the rightness, goodness, and meaning of medical science, research, and practice. During the 1960s psychiatry/clinical psychology encountered dramatic
Introduction to the Transaction Edition of Frank Knight's The Economic Organization

Prepared for the reissue of Frank Knight's The Economic Organization by Transaction Books, which includes both "The Economic Organization" and "Notes of Utility and Cost." The introduction covers the context of Knight's writing his little textbook, its place in the history of Chicago price theory, and the changing themes of Knight's economics found in the volume.
Sturm’s Algorithm

We discussed in Chapter 5 the technique of computing the integral of a rational function a(x)/b(x) where a(x), b(x) are in ℝ[x] whenever the factorization of b(x) can be found. Unfortunately there is no algebraic procedure for computing the factorization of a polynomial f(x) in ℝ[x] in general, and so the factorization of f(x) must be approximated.
Math Shelf: A Randomized Trial of a Prekindergarten Tablet Number Sense Curriculum

ABSTRACTResearch Findings: Effective preschool mathematics instruction is especially important for low-income children. Previous research demonstrates that low-income children enter kindergarten behind their middle-income peers. They receive less mathematics support at home and from public preschools. The aim of this study was to test Math Shelf, a tablet intervention designed to improve at-risk preschoolers’ mathematics performance. A total of 100 children participated in a randomized controlled trial in a large urban Head Start center. Intervention students played Math Shelf on tablet computers for 6 weeks, whereas comparison students played the most downloaded and best reviewed preschool math apps on tablets for an equal amount of time. During game play, graduate student researchers supervised intervention and comparison students in separate rooms. Intervention and comparison groups did not differ on pretest assessments. Math Shelf students performed statistically significantly better (Cohen’s d = 0.57...
Drug eluting beads versus conventional TACE for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: Survival benefits and safety.

4524 Background: Conventional transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) has long been used as palliative transcatheter therapy for patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Drug eluti...
Carcinoma cuniculatum (verrucous carcinoma) of the foot.

A patient with carcinoma cuniculatum of the foot, an uncommon tumor, is presented. This tumor, also reported as verrucous carcinoma and epithilioma cuniculatum, is a low-grade, squamous cell carcin...
Influence of geometry of transplanted tooth and bone on transformation of fibroblasts.

SummaryAllogeneic transplants of demineralized powdered bone or whole teeth in different shapes transformed fibroblasts to cartilage and bone. Coarse powders of bone elicited significantly higher yields of transformation products than fine powder did; criteria of transformation included histologic findings, alkaline phosphatase activity, 35S and 32P incorporation. The temporal sequence of fibro-blast-chondroblast-osteoblast transformation was profoundly influenced by the geometry of the transformant. The incursion of capillaries among the transformed cells resulted in chondrolysis.
Direct strike lightning measurement system

A research data system developed for in-flight measurement of direct and nearby lightning-strike characteristics is described. The measurement system consists of a wide-band analog recorder which records the continuous lightning scenario and fast sample-rate digital transient recorders with augmented memory capacity for increased time resolution of specific times of interest. Electromagnetic sensors with bandwidths exceeding 100 MHz are used which respond to rates of change of the quantities being measured. Data system immunity from electromagnetic interference is accomplished by the use of a dynamotor for power isolation, shielded system enclosure and fiber-optic data links.
Robust Self-Referencing Method for Chiral Sum Frequency Generation Spectroscopy.

Chiral sum frequency generation spectroscopy (SFG) is of great interest for studying biological systems, among others. Whereas the chiral response in circular dichroism is about 0.1% of the achiral response, the chiral SFG response can be the same order of magnitude as the achiral SFG signal. However, chiral SFG is limited by the attainable signal-to-noise of the weak nonlinear signals and therefore extremely sensitive to proper alignment. We present a robust method for chiral SFG and demonstrate the use on solid–air surfaces with achiral and chiral molecules. We simultaneously measure two orthogonal polarizations—either the interference chiral SFG (±45° polarized) or the pure chiral and achiral SFG—using a waveplate and beam displacer. Both optics are placed in the detection arm and can be easily incorporated into any SFG setup. Furthermore, we employ self-referencing to calibrate alignment for each sample individually using a polarizer in the detection arm. These methods greatly increase the reliability...
Classification using Hermite Basis Functions

A method of signal classification using hermite polynomials for signal preprocessing is presented. Low frequency acoustic signals are preprocessed using a hermite orthogonal basis inner product approach. The hermite preprocessed signals result in feature vectors that are used as input to a parallel bank of radial basis function neural networks (RBFNN) for classification. The spread and threshold values for each of the RBFNN are then optimized. Robustness of this classification method is tested by introducing unknown events outside the training set and counting errors. The hermite preprocessing method is shown to have superior performance compared to a standard cepstral preprocessing method.
Survey of patient and partner satisfaction following collagenase Clostridium histolyticum treatment for Peyronie's disease

Intralesional injection of collagenase Clostridium histolyticum (CCH) is a minimally invasive, Food and Drug Administration-approved, effective treatment for Peyronie's disease (PD). To assess the satisfaction of patients and their female sexual partners (FSP) following CCH therapy for PD, we conducted a retrospective review of the records of all patients treated with CCH for PD between 04/2014 and 03/2016. Collected variables included demographics, pre- and post-treatment sexual function, penile curvature, penile vascular findings, and treatment outcomes. Patients and their FSPs were subsequently contacted by telephone and queried regarding their ability to have intercourse and their satisfaction with treatment. A total of 24 couples responded to our questionnaire and constitute the subjects of this analysis. Patient and FSP satisfaction with treatment were 67% and 71%, respectively. Significant predictors of FSP satisfaction with treatment included recall of penile trauma during prior sexual intercourse, improved ability to have sexual intercourse following treatment, and absence of post-procedural glans hypoesthesia. In conclusion, CCH imparts a significant benefit on a couple's sexual health. Partner satisfaction with treatment is correlated with improved ability to have sexual intercourse and absence of patient glans hypoesthesia.
Coupling a three-dimensional subsurface flow and transport model with a land surface model to simulate stream-aquifer-land interactions (CP v1.0)

Abstract. A fully coupled three-dimensional surface and subsurface land model is developed and applied to a site along the Columbia River to simulate three-way interactions among river water, groundwater, and land surface processes. The model features the coupling of the Community Land Model version 4.5 (CLM4.5) and a massively parallel multiphysics reactive transport model (PFLOTRAN). The coupled model, named CP v1.0, is applied to a 400 m × 400 m study domain instrumented with groundwater monitoring wells along the Columbia River shoreline. CP v1.0 simulations are performed at three spatial resolutions (i.e., 2, 10, and 20 m) over a 5-year period to evaluate the impact of hydroclimatic conditions and spatial resolution on simulated variables. Results show that the coupled model is capable of simulating groundwater–river-water interactions driven by river stage variability along managed river reaches, which are of global significance as a result of over 30 000 dams constructed worldwide during the past half-century. Our numerical experiments suggest that the land-surface energy partitioning is strongly modulated by groundwater–river-water interactions through expanding the periodically inundated fraction of the riparian zone, and enhancing moisture availability in the vadose zone via capillary rise in response to the river stage change. Meanwhile, CLM4.5 fails to capture the key hydrologic process (i.e., groundwater–river-water exchange) at the site, and consequently simulates drastically different water and energy budgets. Furthermore, spatial resolution is found to significantly impact the accuracy of estimated the mass exchange rates at the boundaries of the aquifer, and it becomes critical when surface and subsurface become more tightly coupled with groundwater table within 6 to 7 meters below the surface. Inclusion of lateral subsurface flow influenced both the surface energy budget and subsurface transport processes as a result of river-water intrusion into the subsurface in response to an elevated river stage that increased soil moisture for evapotranspiration and suppressed available energy for sensible heat in the warm season. The coupled model developed in this study can be used for improving mechanistic understanding of ecosystem functioning and biogeochemical cycling along river corridors under historical and future hydroclimatic changes. The dataset presented in this study can also serve as a good benchmarking case for testing other integrated models.
Tumor treating fields in pediatric high-grade glioma.

Purpose Tumor treating fields (TTF) are alternating electric fields applied continuously to the scalp. The treatment is approved for both primary and recurrent supratentorial adult glioblastoma but unstudied in children.
Fundamental Cognitive Workload Assessment: A Machine Learning Comparative Approach

Mental workload remains an essential but challenging aspect of human factors, while machine learning serves as an emerging and expanding research realm to a wide variety of applications. This paper aims to comprehensively bridge the two areas by comparing present state-of-the-art machine learning approaches that are currently utilized for assessing cognitive workload, primarily artificial neural networks and support vector machines. To address and evaluate both approaches, we obtain a physiological data set used to study fear conditioning and cognitive load and format the data to focus primarily on the latter. Ultimately, the results indicate that both techniques can effectively model the data with up to 99% accuracy. Furthermore, under optimal parameter selection, the neural network model produces the highest possible accuracy under a comfortable level of deep learning while the support vector machine model employs greater speed and efficiency while still enjoying a respectably high level of accuracy.
Introduction to Distributed Systems

The speed of current computer systems can be increased either by increasing the speed of uniprocessor systems or by increasing the number of processors in a concurrent systems. The current hardware technology favors concurrent systems by making it more economical to provide high mips (millions of instructions per second) by multiple processors rather than uniprocessors.
THz instruments for space exploration

THz heterodyne spectrometers, capable of providing spectral resolution of >106 and detection sensitivity in the parts-per-billion range, provide a unique capability for space exploration. The exact operating frequency and technology for the instrument is driven largely by the science that is being investigated along with pragmatic concerns for mass and power requirements. These instruments are examples of highly complex systems that involve design, integration and testing of diverse technologies such as THz cryogenic detectors, optical elements, and microwave and submillimeter-wave components. This paper will review some of the advanced microwave and submillimeter-wave technologies that are being developed to create the next generation of THz instruments for space exploration.
Emerging Adulthood: A Time of Instability, Exploration, and Change

Emerging adulthood is marked by changes across multiple life domains. These distinguishing features have been identified by scholars as being key to understanding the exploratory nature of emerging adult including changing of jobs, different types of romantic and sexual relationships, experimentation with drugs, and alcohol, and engaging in risky and dangerous behaviors.
Crosstalk between RyR2 Oxidation and Phosphorylation Contributes to Cardiomyopathy in Mice with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy

Patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) are at risk of developing cardiomyopathy and cardiac arrhythmias. Studies in a mouse model of DMD revealed that enhanced sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+ leak contributes to the pathogenesis of cardiac dysfunction. In view of recent data suggesting the involvement of altered phosphorylation and oxidation of the cardiac ryanodine receptor (RyR2)/ Ca2+ release channel, we hypothesized that inhibition of RyR2 phosphorylation in a mouse model of DMD can prevent SR Ca2+ leak by reducing RyR2 oxidation. Confocal Ca2+ imaging and single RyR2 channel recordings revealed that inhibition of either S2808 or S2814 phosphorylation, or inhibition of oxidation could normalize RyR2 activity in mdx mice. Moreover, genetic inhibition of RyR2 phosphorylation at S2808 or S2814 reduced RyR2 oxidation. Production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in myocytes from mdx mice was reduced by both inhibition of RyR2 phosphorylation or the ROS scavenger 2-mercaptoproppionylglycin (MPG). Finally, it was shown that ROS production in mdx mice is proportional to the activity of RyR2-mediated SR Ca2+ leak. We conclude that increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in the hearts of mdx mice drives the progression of cardiomyopathy. Inhibition of RyR2 phosphorylation can suppress SR Ca2+ leak in mdx mouse hearts in part by reducing RyR2 oxidation.
The Perception of Breast Cancer: What Differentiates Missed from Reported Cancers in Mammography?

Abstract Rationale and Objectives Mammographers map endogenous and exogenous factors into decisions whether to report the presence of a malignant finding in a mammogram case. Thus, to understand how image-based elements are translated into observer-based decisions, the authors used spatial frequency analysis to model the areas on mammograms that attracted visual attention, in addition to the areas localized as abnormal. Materials and Methods Four mammographers read 40 two-view mammogram cases, of which 30 contained at least one malignant lesion visible on one or two views. Their eye positions were recorded during visual search. Once the mammographer felt confident enough to provide an initial impression of the case (“normal” or “abnormal”), the eye position monitoring was turned off and the mammographer indicated, with a mouse-controlled cursor, the location and nature of any malignant findings. Regions that elicited an overt or a covert response by the mammographers were extracted for processing by means of wavelet packets and artificial neural networks. Results Different decision outcomes yielded different energy representations, in the spatial frequency domain. These energy representations were used by an artificial neural network to predict decision outcome in areas of interest, derived from eye position analysis, on mammograms from new cases. Individual trends were observed for each mammographer. Conclusion Spatial frequency representation of regions that attracted a given mammographer's visual attention may be useful for characterizing how that mammographer will respond to the visually selected areas.
In Defense of Formalization in Economics

These days, it seems, a lot of people are dissatisfied with a lot of economic analysis. Numerous articles and books have been written detailing complaints.2 Numerous sessions at conventions take up the issue. One often sees and hears words such as “malaise,” “disarray,” and “crisis” applied to describe the current state of affairs. In perhaps the strongest rebuke of received economic theory yet, one of its founding fathers, none other than J.R. Hicks [8, p. 365], repudiated his own work by altering his identity: “Clearly I need to change my name,” he wrote in 1975. “Let it be understood that Value and Capital (1939) was the work of J. R. Hicks, a ‘neoclassical’ economist now deceased; Capital and Time (1973) — and A Theory of Economic History (1969) — are the works of John Hicks, a non-neoclassic who is quite disrespectful toward his ‘uncle’.” Much of Hicks’ subsequently published work appears under the newly-assumed name of its author.
From Idiophylaxis to Inner Armor: Imagining the Self-Armoring Soldier in the United States Military from the 1960s to Today

All militaries try to develop a “winning edge” in warfare. More often than not these attempts focus on new weapons systems and weapons platforms, on new ways of maximizing the offensive capabilities of a military through firepower. These attempts can also involve the training and development of soldiers, including performance enhancements to make them fight better, longer, and smarter than the enemy and to counter human frailty on the battlefield. These concerns and problems have long held the interest of the U.S. military. This article traces the development, rationale, and legacy of one such attempt to deal with human frailty and the “body problem,” a kind of military futurism devised at the peak of the Cold War. Dr. Marion Sulzberger envisioned creating soldiers who had their own kind of special “biological armor,” or what he termed “idiophylaxis.” In 1962, he presented a paper at the Army Science Conference at West Point titled “Progress and Prospects in Idiophylaxis (Built-In Individual Self-Protection of the Combat Soldier).” Sulzberger's call was for a radical rethinking of the combat soldier and the ways in which soldiers were imagined, designed, and developed. His goal was to “armor” the individual soldier both internally and psychologically through new forms of biomedicine and biotechnology. The interventions he detailed in 1962 live on today in the U.S. military's soldier performance enhancement research programs, including DARPA's recent “Inner Armor” program and desire to make “kill-proof” soldiers.
Antigen receptor locus dynamics is orchestrated near the sol-gel phase transition to enforce stepwise VDJ gene rearrangement

Diverse antibody repertoires are generated through remote genomic interactions involving immunoglobulin variable (VH), diversity (DH) and joining (JH) gene segments. How such interactions are orchestrated remains unknown. We developed a novel strategy to track VH-DHJH motion and interactions in live B-lymphocytes. We found that VH and DHJH segments were trapped in configurations that only allowed constrained local motion, such that spatially proximal VH and DHJH segments remained in proximity, whereas spatially remote segments explored their immediate neighborhood while remaining remote. Comparison of experimental and simulated data revealed that such a highly constrained motion was imposed by a network of cross-linked chromatin chains characteristic of a gel phase, yet it was poised near the sol phase, a solution of independent chromatin chains. We propose that epigenetically induced gel droplets and the proximity to the sol-gel phase transition constitute the mechanism that orchestrates ordered VDJ rearrangement
Mass-length Relationships for 3 Bee Species in Northwest Ohio

The ability to accurately estimate bee mass through measurements of intertegular distance (ITD) is an important tool for field biologists. ITD is the distance between the bases of the 2 wing tegulae on the bee’s thorax. However, the relationship between ITD and bee mass can vary based on species and sampling region. A collection of 92 bees—representing 3 species—was examined to assess the accuracy of ITD in estimating dry mass for bees in northwest Ohio. The focus was on 3 species: silky striped sweat bees ( Agapostemon sericeus ), honey bees ( Apis mellifera ), and common eastern bumble bees ( Bombus impatiens ). Overall, there was a positive correlation between ITD and dry mass across all individuals sampled (R 2 = 0.77), but within species the degree of correlation varied significantly. The results suggest that ITD accurately estimates dry mass in silky striped sweat bees (R 2 = 0.93), but the correlation weakens in common eastern bumble bees (R 2 = 0.54) and is non-existent in honey bees (R 2 = 0.39). Field biologists interested in using ITD to estimate bee mass should take preliminary measurements when investigating bumble bees, and should avoid ITD estimates in honey bees.