cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pleural Effusions in Hospitalized Patients Receiving Long-term Hemodialysis

Objective To determine the incidence, causes, and clinical features of pleural effusions in hospitalized patients receiving long-term hemodialysis. Design Retrospective. Participants One hundred patients receiving hemodialysis for at least 3 months with pleural effusion hospitalized at the Medical University of South Carolina hospitals. Results The incidence of pleural effusions in hospitalized patients receiving long-term hemodialysis was 21%. The mean (±SEM) age was 55± 1.4 years and the male to female and black to white ratios were 3:2. Pleural effusions resulted from heart failure in 46% and nonheart failure causes in 54%. Uremic pleurisy (n=16), parapneumonic effusion (n=15), and atelectasis (n=11) accounted for most of the nonheart failure causes of pleural effusions. Three of 15 (20%) parapneumonic effusions were empyemas. The presence of chest pain was not different in patients with parapneumonic effusions than in other patients with nonheart failure effusion (all p=NS) but was more frequent compared to those with heart failure (p=0.006). Patients with parapneumonic effusions (p=0.0006) and atelectasis (p=0.003) were more likely to have unilateral pleural effusions than patients with heart failure. Conclusions Pleural effusions are common in hospitalized patients receiving chronic hemodialysis. Although heart failure was the most common cause, other diseases were responsible for most of the effusions. The presence of a unilateral effusion suggests a diagnosis other than heart failure, most commonly parapneumonic effusion or atelectasis and deserves prompt thoracentesis as these effusions of Ten cannot be reliably differentiated clinically. The reduced humoral and cellular immunity, in addition to delay in diagnosis because of an attenuated clinical response, may explain the high rate of empyemas in this study population. (CHEST 1995; 108:470-74)
The future of three-dimensional printing: Intellectual property or intellectual confinement?

For the first 25 years, three-dimensional printing was the domain of industrial manufacturing and engineering. Through the open-source movement and peer production, this disruptive technology has become more widely available. This article considers how the future development and use of three-dimensional printing may be facilitated or inhibited through intellectual property law and practice. Using a combination of technical, legal, and policy analysis, we conclude that the potential for patent infringement is a primary issue in the continued development of three-dimensional printing technology. When it comes to the printed objects themselves, copyright issues will be the main focus of this debate. As these issues become more pervasive, some copyright holders will find technology-based solutions to enforce copyright laws and restrict printing activities. A common recourse is digital rights management as a means for protecting intellectual property, but its use has the potential for imposing unnecessarily st...
Saturation and Flow Rate Effects on the Response of a Pd/AIN/SiC Hydrogen Sensor

A Pd/AlN/SiC device was fabricated with a 550 A thick AlN layer in between the SiC substrate and Pd gate. At fixed flow rate, the response to Hydrogen initially increases roughly linearly with concentration, but eventually becomes saturated. The magnitude of the response as well as the saturating concentration increase with temperature. At 120° C the response saturates around 60 ppm of H2 whereas at 250° C, the onset of saturation occurs at higher ppm. The magnitude of the response also increases with the total flow rate, up to a flow rate of 250 sccm beyond which it remains constant. In the linear region, the magnitude of the response increases by a factor of 4 between 120° and 250° C, at a flow rate of 250 sccm.
An examination of shared understanding in free/libre open source project maintenance

Many problems in software development are rooted in the difficulties of coordination and communication in the software development team. Aranda's Theory of Shared Understanding for Software Organizations explains the role of shared understanding in coordination and suggests four attributes of team interaction that influence shared understanding and, therefore, the quality of coordination. To find evidence supporting this theory, we investigated cases of rework in the bug fixing activities of a Free/Libre Open Source software project. We look at the role of coordination breakdown in these cases of rework and examine them in terms of the theory. We found overall coordination patterns that are consistent with the Theory but we do not find evidence that a lack of shared understanding was a factor of rework in the cases examined.
Water sorption and transport in a series of polysulfones

Water sorption and transport properties for a series of polysulfones are presented and interpreted in terms of the changes in the structure of the repeat unit compared to that of bisphenol A polysulfone. The differences between the sorption and diffusion of water and of permanent gases in these materials are also discussed. Water has the ability to interact with the polymer and with itself through hydrogen bonding in a way that permanent gases cannot. The equilibrium solubility of water in the polymer, unlike permanent gases, does not have a simple dependence on free volume but correlates more strongly with the frequency of hydrogen bonding sites on the polymer. Analysis of the sorption isotherms using the method of Zimm and Lundberg suggests that water molecules cluster in these polysulfones to various extents. For each polysulfone except polyethersulfone, the water diffusion coefficient decreases with increasing activity, which also suggests water clustering. For most of these materials, the water diffusion coefficient is larger than that of bisphenol A polysulfone and is directly related to the polymer free volume. Water permeability in these materials broadly correlates with the polymer free volume, but a favorable water-polymer interaction can be an overriding factor. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
1249 NEUROTRANSMITTER STUDIES (BIOGENIC AMINE METABOLITES) IN IDIOPATHIC APNEA OF PREMATURITY. EFFECT OF AMINOPHYLLINE ON THESE TRANSMITTERS

Acid metabolites of biogenic amines (Homovanillic acid (HVA) and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylethylene-glycol (MHPA) were studied in cerebrospinal fluid of 34 newborn infants. This was done to study the competency of biogenic amine pathways in the central nervous system of preterm infants with or without idiopathic apnea. These infants were divided into the following groups: Term, preterm, preterm with apnea, preterm with apnea treated with aminophylline and preterm infants at conceptual age of 40 weeks, free of apnea and not on aminophylline. HVA levels in preterm and term infants were 76.5 ± 39.2 and 118 ± 60.1 (Mean ± SD) ng/ml. MHPA levels between these two groups were 26.5 ± 5.4 and 21.9 ± 6.6 (Mean ± SD) ng/ml (P = NS). Apneic infants had significantly higher levels of MHPA than non apneic infants (36.6 ± 7.5 VS 26.5 ± 5.4 Mean ± SD ng/ml) P = 0.001. Aminophylline therapy did not increase levels of these metabolites in cerebrospinal fluid. There was progressive rise in MPHA levels in CSF of preterm infants with increasing postnatal age. We conclude that idiopathic apnea of prematurity is not related to depletion of catacholamine stores in the central nervous system. Aminophylline does not relieve apnea by stimulation of the adrenergic system.
Theory and Practice of Relation: José Luis González, Édouard Glissant, and the Task of the Storyteller

AbstractThe work of Puerto Rican author Jose Luis Gonzalez (1926–1997) has been widely anthologized and praised for its realistic depictions of life in the island and in the diaspora. Scholars have variously described his writing as 'neo-realist' and 'classic', assuming a transparency of language that has also earned comparisons with the insight and honesty of sociological or ethnographic works. This paper argues that, while such approximations are true to his commitment to social justice, they fail to recognize Gonzalez's innovations as a writer and mask the complexities of the political engagement of his writing. A fuller account emerges when his work is considered alongside the Martinican Edouard Glissant's theory and practice of relation, understood both as storytelling and as a mode of being that remains open to the diversity within and among entities. More precisely, I focus on Gonzalez's grappling with the figure of the conteur in its guises as narrator, storyteller, or writer to see how he enacts ...
Physical Growth in the Neonatal Intensive-Care Unit and Neuropsychological Performance at Preschool Age in very Preterm-Born Singletons

We studied the associations between early postnatal growth gains and neuropsychological outcome in very preterm-born children. Specifically, we wished to establish whether relationships exist between gains in head circumference (relative to gains in body-weight or length), from birth to hospital discharge, and intellectual, language, or motor, performance at preschool age. We used data from 127 preschoolers, born <33 weeks, all graduates of the William Beaumont Hospital Neonatal Intensive-Care Unit (NICU) in Royal Oak, MI. Cognitive, motor, and language outcomes were evaluated using the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scales of Intelligence-Revised, Peabody Developmental Scales - 2(nd) Edition, and the Preschool Language Scale - 3(rd) Edition, respectively. Differences between Z-scores at birth and hospital discharge, calculated for three anthropometric measures (head circumference, weight, length), were variables of interest in separate simultaneous multiple regression procedures. We statistically adjusted for sex, socioeconomic status, birth weight, length of hospitalization, perinatal complications, and intrauterine growth. Examination of the relationships between anthropometric indices and outcome measures revealed a significant association between NICU head growth and global intelligence, with the Z-difference score for head circumference accounting for a unique portion of the variance in global intelligence (ηp(2) =.04). Early postnatal head growth is significantly associated with neuropsychological outcome in very preterm-born preschoolers. To conclude, despite its relative brevity, NICU stay, often overlapping with the end of 2(nd) and with the 3(rd) trimester of pregnancy, appears to be a sensitive developmental period for brain substrates underlying neuropsychological functions.
Coupled Hydromagnetic Wave Excitation and Ion Acceleration at an Evolving Coronal/Interplanetary Shock

An analytical quasilinear theory is presented for the evolution of a "gradual" event consisting of solar energetic particles (SEPs) accelerated at an evolving coronal/interplanetary shock. The upstream ion transport is described by the two-stream moments of the focused transport equation, which accommodate the large streaming anisotropies observed near event onset. The proton transport equations and a wave kinetic equation are solved together for the coupled behavior of the hydromagnetic waves and the energetic protons. The theory includes diffusive shock acceleration, ion advection with the solar wind, spatial diffusion upstream of the shock, magnetic focusing, wave excitation by the energetic protons, and minor ions as test particles. A number of approximations are made for analytical tractability. The predictions reproduce the observed phases of most gradual SEP events: onset, a "plateau" with large streaming anisotropy, an "energetic storm particle" (ESP) enhancement prior to shock passage, and the decaying "invariant spectra" after shock passage. The theory treats naturally the transition from a scatter-dominated sheath adjacent to the shock where the wave intensity is enhanced to the nearly scatter-free ion transport in interplanetary space. The plateau is formed by ions that are extracted from the outer edge of the scatter-dominated sheath by magnetic focusing and escape into interplanetary space; it corresponds quantitatively to the "streaming limit" identified and interpreted in gradual events by D. V. Reames and C. K. Ng. The ion energy spectra at the shock have the standard power-law form dependent on shock strength, which is expected for diffusive shock acceleration, with a high-energy cutoff whose form is determined self-consistently by the ion escape rate. The increased shock strength, magnetic field magnitude, and injection energies close to the Sun account for the observed predominance of high-energy ions early in the event. The downstream ion transport is determined under two extreme assumptions: (i) vanishing diffusive transport and (ii) effective diffusive transport leading to small ion spatial gradients. The latter assumption reproduces the invariant spectra, spatial gradients, and exponential temporal decay observed in the late phase of many events. The minor ion distributions exhibit fractionation due to rigidity-dependent transport and acceleration. However, their energy spectra, spatial gradients, and high-energy cutoffs do not reproduce observed forms and lead to excessive fractionation. The origin of these discrepancies is probably the neglect of nonlinear processes. Although not easily incorporated in the theory, these processes could substantially modify the predicted wave intensity. An illustrative calculation assuming an arbitrary power-law form for the wave intensity demonstrates the sensitive dependence of ion fractionation on the power-law index.
Absolute Quantification of Proteins by LCMSE A Virtue of Parallel ms Acquisition

Relative quantification methods have dominated the quantitative proteomics field. There is a need, however, to conduct absolute quantification studies to accurately model and understand the complex molecular biology that results in proteome variability among biological samples. A new method of absolute quantification of proteins is described. This method is based on the discovery of an unexpected relationship between MS signal response and protein concentration: the average MS signal response for the three most intense tryptic peptides per mole of protein is constant within a coefficient of variation of less than ±10%. Given an internal standard, this relationship is used to calculate a universal signal response factor. The universal signal response factor (counts/mol) was shown to be the same for all proteins tested in this study. A controlled set of six exogenous proteins of varying concentrations was studied in the absence and presence of human serum. The absolute quantity of the standard proteins was determined with a relative error of less than ±15%. The average MS signal responses of the three most intense peptides from each protein were plotted against their calculated protein concentrations, and this plot resulted in a linear relationship with an R2 value of 0.9939. The analyses were applied to determine the absolute concentration of 11 common serum proteins, and these concentrations were then compared with known values available in the literature. Additionally within an unfractionated Escherichia coli lysate, a subset of identified proteins known to exist as functional complexes was studied. The calculated absolute quantities were used to accurately determine their stoichiometry.
Application of Raman lidar advancements in meteorology and air quality monitoring

Raman lidar techniques provide vertical profiles of the key parameters needed for better understanding of meteorological and air pollution processes. The time sequence of atmospheric profiles is most valuable for understanding meteorological processes and describing the evolution of episodes and exposure associated with air pollution. The vibrational and rotational Raman lidar signals provide simultaneous profiles of ozone and airborne particulate matter, as well as several meteorological properties. The first operational prototype Raman lidar, Lidar Atmospheric Profile Sensor (LAPS), makes use of 2nd and 4th harmonic generated beams of a Nd:YAG laser to provide both daytime and nighttime measurements. The Raman scatter signals from vibrational states of water vapor and nitrogen provide robust profiles of the specific humidity in the lower atmosphere. The temperature profiles are measured using the ratio of rotational Raman signals at 530 and 528 nm from the 532 nm beam of the Nd:YAG laser. Optical extinction profiles can be determined from the measured gradients in each of several molecular species profiles by comparing with the molecular scale height. Wavelengths at 284 nm, 530 nm and 607 nm have been used routinely to determine profiles of optical extinction. The ozone profiles in the lower troposphere are measured using a DIAL analysis of the ratio of the vibrational Raman signals for nitrogen (284 nm) and oxygen (278 nm), which are on the steep side of the Hartley band of ozone. Examples from several measurement campaigns are used to demonstrate the utility of Raman lidar for describing the evolution of air pollution events. The examples presented have been selected to show the new level of understanding of air pollution events and meteorological processes that is gained from applications of lidar techniques.
The relative influence of probabilities and payoffs upon perceived risk of a gamble

Thirty-two college students rated the “risk” inherent in playing each of 27 gambles. The results indicated that perceived risk was determined primarily by a gamble’s probability of losing. The variance of a gamble had little influence upon its riskiness. The results were contrasted with those of a previous experiment in which Ss rated the attractiveness, rather than the riskiness, of these same bets.
Variance Components in Discrete Force Production Tasks

The study addresses the relationships between task parameters and two components of variance, "good" and "bad", during multi-finger accurate force production. The variance components are defined in the space of commands to the fingers (finger modes) and refer to variance that does ("bad") and does not ("good") affect total force. Based on an earlier study of cyclic force production, we hypothesized that speeding-up an accurate force production task would be accompanied by a drop in the regression coefficient linking the "bad" variance and force rate such that variance of the total force remains largely unaffected. We also explored changes in parameters of anticipatory synergy adjustments with speeding-up the task. The subjects produced accurate ramps of total force over different times and in different directions (force-up and force-down) while pressing with the four fingers of the right hand on individual force sensors. The two variance components were quantified, and their normalized difference was used as an index of a total force stabilizing synergy. "Good" variance scaled linearly with force magnitude and did not depend on force rate. "Bad" variance scaled linearly with force rate within each task, and the scaling coefficient did not change across tasks with different ramp times. As a result, a drop in force ramp time was associated with an increase in total force variance, unlike the results of the study of cyclic tasks. The synergy index dropped 100-200 ms prior to the first visible signs of force change. The timing and magnitude of these anticipatory synergy adjustments did not depend on the ramp time. Analysis of the data within an earlier model has shown adjustments in the variance of a timing parameter, although these adjustments were not as pronounced as in the earlier study of cyclic force production. Overall, we observed qualitative differences between the discrete and cyclic force production tasks: Speeding-up the cyclic tasks was associated with better adjustments of the timing accuracy, which helps achieve comparable force variance in tasks with different rates of force production. This does not happen in discrete tasks. The lack of scaling of the anticipatory changes in the synergy index with ramp time is the first reported feature that distinguishes anticipatory synergy adjustments from anticipatory postural adjustments. We discuss the differences between the cyclic and discrete tasks within a hierarchical control scheme offered by Schoner.
Reverse convex programming

Reverse convex programs generally have disconnected feasible regions. Basic solutions are defined and properties of the latter and of the convex hull of the feasible region are derived. Solution procedures are discussed and a cutting plane algorithm is developed.
WHAT IS A WINTER FLOATER? CAUSES, CONSEQUENCES, AND IMPLICATIONS FOR HABITAT SELECTION

Abstract Abstract. In migrant birds, winter social systems reflect strategies of habitat use. The best-studied strategy is that of a fixed home range or territory. Alternative strategies to holding a territory, such as floating and flocking behaviors, suggest different processes of habitat selection. Whereas flocking, like territoriality, is a well-studied social strategy, solitary nonterritorial (floater) behavior is difficult to study and is thus poorly understood in terms of its causes, consequences, and implications for habitat selection. Floaters are individuals of a primarily stationary population which move over large areas compared to the average home range size. We review evidence of the causes, consequences, and frequency of winter floating behavior, focusing primarily on migrant songbirds. We also address the endocrine basis of alternative behavioral strategies by presenting results from aviary-based dominance trials with Hermit Thrushes (Catharus guttatus). Results from this study and others s...
New Forms of Coordinated Carbon: Wirelike Cumulenic C3 and C5 sp Carbon Chains that Span Two Different Transition Metals and Mediate Charge Transfer

Reactions of (η5-C5Me5)Re(NO)(PPh3)(C⋮CLi) with W(CO)6, Fe(CO)5, or Mn(CO)3(η5-C5HnCl5-n), followed by Me3O+ BF4-, give the heterobimetallic C3OMe complexes (η5-C5Me5)Re(NO)(PPh3)(C⋮CC(OMe))M(CO)x(η5-C5HnCl5-n)y (M/x/y/n = 3, W/5/0/−; 4, Fe/4/0/−; 5, Mn/2/1/5; 6, Mn/2/1/4; 7, Mn/2/1/0). Spectroscopic and crystallographic (3) data indicate contributions by +ReCCC(OMe)−M- resonance forms. Reactions of 4−7 and BF3 gas give the title compounds [(η5-C5Me5)Re(NO)(PPh3)(CCC)M(CO)x(η5-C5HnCl5-n)y (M/x/y/n = 9, Mn/2/1/5; 10, Mn/2/1/4; 11, Mn/2/1/0; 12, Fe/4/0/−). Spectroscopic and crystallographic (9) data indicate dominant contributions by fully cumulated +ReCCCMn resonance forms. Reactions of (η5-C5Me5)Re(NO)(PPh3)(C⋮CC⋮CLi) with Mn(CO)3(η5-C5Cl5), Mn(CO)3(η5-C5Br5), or Fe(CO)5, followed by Me3O+ BF4-, give the C5OMe complexes (η5-C5Me5)Re(NO)(PPh3)(C⋮CC⋮CC(OMe))M(CO)x(η5-C5X5)y (M/x/y/X = 16, Mn/2/1/Cl; 19, Mn/2/1/Br; 20, Fe/4/0/−). However, Mn(CO)3(η5-C5H5) does not react. Reaction of 16 and BF3 gives the C5 c...
Homodyne surface second-harmonic generation

We demonstrate the application of the homodyne mixing technique to surface second-harmonic generation. The technique is shown to have advantages for improving the signal-to-noise ratio for background and detector-noiselimited experiments, for providing real-time measurement of the phase and magnitude of the surface susceptibility, and for simultaneously supplying a normalization signal to cancel effects that are due to laser drift.
G2, G3, and complete basis set calculations on the thermodynamic properties of triazane

As a follow-up study to our study on tetrazane (N4H6), we present computed thermodynamic properties of triazane (N3H5). Calculated properties include optimized geometries, infrared vibrations, enthalpy of formation, enthalpy of combustion, and proton affinities. We have also mapped the potential energy surface as the molecule is rotated about the N-N bond. We have predicted a specific enthalpy of combustion for triazane of about -20 kJ g−1.
Stereotype Threat in Men on a Test of Social Sensitivity.

This study provides evidence of stereotype threat in men on a test of a feminine ability called social sensitivity, that is, the ability to decode nonverbal cues. Men who were told that the test assessed social sensitivity and produced better scores for women than men performed worse on the test than did men who were told that the test assessed information processing. Because social sensitivity can be an automatic skill and stereotype threat uses mental capacity, this effect was moderated by self-reported strategy usage. Men’s performance worsened in the threat condition only when they reported more deliberative and less intuitive strategies for decoding nonverbal cues.
Mechanisms of forgetting in short-term memory.

Abstract This paper introduces a technique applicable to the question: Does information in short-term memory disappear with time? The technique appears to eliminate Ss' rehearsal in the retention interval without introducing potentially interfering material. In the experiment, Ss read aloud three words, then engaged in a difficult auditory signal detection task intended to keep them from rehearsing for 15 sec, and then attempted to recall the three words. The results provide no support for the principle of loss with time as an explanation of forgetting in short-term memory.
New plasma autoantigen and its role in autoimmune disease of New Zealand Black mice.

THE New Zealand Black (NZB) strain of mice is an important experimental model for the study of autoimmune diseases1. These mice are immunologically hyper-responsive to a number of antigens2,3 and spontaneously initiate autoantibody responses to various autologous tissue antigens, including DNA and an erythrocyte antigen1,3,4. The significance of anti-DNA5 and anti-murine leukaemia virus (MuLV)6 responses relative to the pathogenesis of the glomerulonephritis observed in this strain has been the subject of rather concerted inquiry and a proposed immune complex pathogenetic process has been substantiated5–7. The anti-erythrocyte autoantibody response seems to be immunochemically and pathogenetically distinct4,6.
White-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus) select fruits of native species over invasive honeysuckle fruits

Abstract White-footed mouse (Peromyscus leucopus) consumption of plant fruits can significantly affect vegetative community structure. However, little is known about the effects of relative selection between different fruit species on the establishment and spread of invasive shrubs. Depending on foraging activity, white-footed mice may provide resistance against exotic establishment, have no impact, or even contribute to invasive spread. Selection of invasive Morrow's honeysuckle (Lonicera morrowii) and 5 native soft-mast species was studied across 3 cover types (forest, field, and edge) and 2 seasons in southwestern Pennsylvania. Foraging stations, containing equal quantities of each species, were randomly placed in each of the cover types. In addition, nutrient composition and total energy were measured. Fruit consumption was nonrandom based on compositional analysis (P < 0.05). Honeysuckle was consumed over native staghorn sumac (Rhus typhina); otherwise, it was consumed less than all natives. Honeysuc...
Tyrosine-O-phosphate in Drosophila☆

Abstract By means of an analytical method based on high voltage electrophoresis, and by isolation, synthesis, and characterization, it has been shown that tyrosine- O -phosphate is a normal and prominent constituent of third instar larvae of Drosophila . The compound accumulates during the rapid growth period following the second molt and disappears abruptly at puparium formation.
Cleft Lip and Palate Repair in Hay-Wells/Ankyloblepharon-Ectodermal Dysplasia-Clefting Syndrome:

Hay-Wells/ankyloblepharon-ectodermal dysplasia-clefting syndrome is a rare autosomal dominant disorder characterized by ankyloblepharon, ectodermal dysplasia, and cleft lip and/or cleft palate. Mutations in the p63 gene recently have been shown to be etiologic in the majority of cases of ankyloblepharon-ectodermal dysplasia-clefting syndrome. To date, there have been no reports to document wound healing after cleft lip and/or palate repair in ankyloblepharon-ectodermal dysplasia-clefting patients. We describe two patients with ankyloblepharon-ectodermal dysplasia-clefting syndrome and provide a review of the literature. There have been no reported instances of wound healing complications in affected patients. Seventeen percent (3/18) of reported patients required revisions or repair of oronasal fistulae. Cleft lip and palate repair can be performed safely in patients with Hay-Wells syndrome.
Quantitative analysis of surface marker densities after exposure of T-cells to concanavalin A (Con A): a sensitive early index of cellular activation.

The kinetics of expression of activation-linked T-cell surface markers were analyzed in T-cells obtained from normal donors. The cells were cocultured in triplicate for 0, 1, 24, 48, and 72 hr in the presence of Con A in RPMI 1640. The density of HLA-DR, interleukin 2, and transferrin receptors (IL-2-R and TR, respectively) on the surface of CD3- and CD8-positive cells was computed by a mathematical model based on fluorescence intensity vector analysis, adjusted for cell size, utilizing two-color flow cytometry. The results were compared with controls obtained at the same time with control cells cultured in RPMI 1640 alone. There was a significant increase in the mean density of HLA-DR on the surface of CD3- and CD8-positive cells as early as 1 hr after exposure to Con A when compared with controls (250 and 300%, respectively; P less than 0.0001). The mean density of IL-2-R and TR on CD3+ cells increased by 265 and 208%, respectively; P less than 0.06 and P = n.s., respectively, when compared with control cells. The mean density of Class II MHC products on CD3+ and CD8+ cells treated with RPMI alone increased by 202 and 468%, 234 and 540%, and 1375 and 2442%, respectively, at 24, 48, and 72 hr of culture. In contrast, the mean cell surface density of these markers in cells treated with Con A increased by 614 and 1962%, 3304 and 7231%, and 8665 and 22,619%, respectively (P less than 0.00001) at the corresponding times following exposure to Con A. The density of IL-2-R and TR on CD3+ cells exposed to Con A also increased significantly at 24, 48, and 72 hr (P less than 0.0001). At the same times, the relative percentage of cell subsets bearing these particular markers increased by 78, 138, and 175% at 24, 48, and 72 hr, respectively. The data suggest that objective quantitative evidence of lymphocyte activation after exposure to Con A may be obtained as early as 1 hr after antigen stimulation, and before significant changes in cell numbers occur. Measurement of cell surface marker densities may provide a useful index for the detection and quantitation of cell activation in the early phase of antigenic stimulation.
EFFECT OF PYRIDOXINE DEFICIENCY ON RAT ADRENAL PHOSPHORYLASE.

SummaryFemale, Holtzman rats were fed a pyridoxine deficient diet for periods of up to 80 days while pair-weighed controls consumed the same diet containing pyridoxine. Animals from both groups were killed at intervals beginning on the 35th day and adrenal homogenates were prepared for assay of enzyme activities. In deficient rats adrenal phosphorylase activity was reduced by approximately 30% (P = <0.001), while glucoses-phosphate dehydrogenase activity was not altered. Reduction in adrenal phosphorylase was comparable to decrease in liver phosphorylase observed in earlier studies but was less than the decline in muscle phosphorylase. It is suggested that pyridoxal phosphate is a cofactor of adrenal phosphorylase.
Contributions of the corpus callosum and the anterior commissure to visual activation of inferior temporal neurons.

Summary Most neurons in the inferior temporal cortex of the rhesus monkey have visual receptive fields that extend across the vertical meridian well into both the contralateral and ipsilateral visual half-fields. We examined the role of different portions of the forebrain commissures in providing the ipsilateral input with the following results. (1) Combined section of the splenium and anterior commissure eliminated visual activation from the ipsilateral visual half-field. (2) Section of the splenium, with sparing of the anterior commissure, reduced the incidence of ipsilateral activation by about one-half. (3) Section of the anterior commissure, with sparing of the splenium, did not alter the incidence of ipsilateral activation. (4) Section of the non-splenial portions of the corpus callosum had no effect on the laterality of the receptive fields. Thus, both the splenium and the anterior commissure but not the non-splenial callosum can provide information from the ipsilateral visual field to neurons in inferior temporal cortex. These results are interpreted as suggesting that the converging input from the two visual half-fields onto single inferior temporal neurons provided by the forebrain commissures may mediate interhemispheric transfer of visual habits.
Derivative Level-Crossing Sampling

A new continuous-time level-crossing sampling LCS technique, which is called derivative LCS (DLCS), and associated reconstruction are proposed for bandpass signals. The derivative of the input is level-crossing sampled, and the result is transmitted; at the receiver, these samples are zero-order held and integrated, automatically resulting in piecewise-linear reconstruction, which has much lower quantization error than zero-order-hold (ZOH) reconstruction. Two refinements are presented, namely companded DLCS and adaptive-resolution DLCS. For some signals, the schemes proposed can significantly reduce the number of samples generated per unit of time, compared to schemes based on ZOH reconstruction, for a given signal-to-error ratio (SER), without the need for elaborate reconstruction techniques, such as linear prediction. Contrary to Nyquist-rate-clocked systems, DLCS and its variants exploit the varying spectral context and sparse structure of bursty signals by generating samples only when the signal rate of change requires it, thus promising to lead to low dynamic power dissipation in the associated hardware. Simulation results are presented.
Gas Exchange and Leaf Ultrastructure of Tinnevelly Senna, Cassia angustifolia, under Drought and Nitrogen Stress

Choice of crops is limited in dry agro-ecosystems. Senna, Cassia angustifolia Vahl, a tropical medicinal plant, has potential as a dryland crop. This study was conducted to investigate gas exchange and leaf surface ultrastructural responses of senna to drought and foliar-applied nitrogen under greenhouse conditions. Drought was imposed cyclically as four, 1-wk spells by withholding water. Additional nitrogen was provided as a foliar treatment of 1% (w/v) urea at the end of each of first three drought cycles. Drought-stressed plants had the same net photosynthesis (P net ) as well-watered plants until the leaf water potential dropped below approximately -0.8 MPa. Leaf water potential of approximately - 2 MPa completely suppressed P net . Foliar nitrogen treatment increased P net > 30% in both water-stressed and well-watered plants. Intrinsic water use efficiency was unaffected by cyclic drought. Leaf area per plant increased 156% because of foliar nitrogen treatment in well-watered plants but remained unchanged in drought-stressed plants. Stomatal count per leaflet decreased 25% or more because of drought regardless of foliar nitrogen treatment on either abaxial or adaxial leaf surface. Foliar nitrogen treatment decreased adaxial but increased abaxial stomatal count regardless of drought treatment. Trichome count was more than eight times greater on the abaxial than the adaxial leaf surface under any treatment combination. Adaxial trichome number increased under drought, but decreased under nitrogen treatment. Abaxial trichome count increased because of drought only in plants deprived of nitrogen treatment. Maintenance of high carbon gain and water use efficiency, drought deciduousness, and plasticity in stomatal and trichome counts under both drought and nitrogen stress appeared to confer stress tolerance in senna.
Laser percutaneous myocardial revascularization

Abstract The increasing numbers of patients with refractory angina and coronary disease unamenable to traditional methods of revascularization has led to the emergence of new therapeutic approaches. Current data indicate that laser transmyocardial revascularization (TMR), typically requiring open thoracotomy, may provide these patients with improvements in angina class and myocardial perfusion. Recently, a percutaneous, catheter-based myocardial revascularization procedure has been developed with laser technology that permits the creation of channels from the endocardial surface of the left ventricle. This procedure has been evaluated in a pilot study of 30 patients with Canadian class III–IV angina and coronary artery disease unamenable to traditional methods of revascularization. The results demonstrated that the clinical application of percutaneous myocardial revascularization (PMR) is safe, and preliminary data indicate that the majority of patients experienced significant improvement in anginal symptoms. An ongoing multicenter randomized study is comparing PMR with conventional medical therapy in patients with severe, refractory angina, evidence of reversible ischemia, and contraindications to angioplasty or bypass surgery.
Inhibiting Adipose Tissue Lipogenesis Reprograms Thermogenesis and PPARγ Activation to Decrease Diet-Induced Obesity

De novo lipogenesis in adipocytes, especially with high fat feeding, is poorly understood. We demonstrate that an adipocyte lipogenic pathway encompassing fatty acid synthase (FAS) and PexRAP (peroxisomal reductase activating PPARγ) modulates endogenous PPARγ activation and adiposity. Mice lacking FAS in adult adipose tissue manifested increased energy expenditure, increased brown fat-like adipocytes in subcutaneous adipose tissue, and resistance to diet-induced obesity. FAS knockdown in embryonic fibroblasts decreased PPARγ transcriptional activity and adipogenesis. FAS-dependent alkyl ether phosphatidylcholine species were associated with PPARγ and treatment of 3T3-L1 cells with one such ether lipid increased PPARγ transcriptional activity. PexRAP, a protein required for alkyl ether lipid synthesis, was associated with peroxisomes and induced during adipogenesis. PexRAP knockdown in cells decreased PPARγ transcriptional activity and adipogenesis. PexRAP knockdown in mice decreased expression of PPARγ-dependent genes and reduced diet-induced adiposity. These findings suggest that inhibiting PexRAP or related lipogenic enzymes could treat obesity and diabetes.
A developmental study of attention to cue redundancy introduced following discrimination learning.

Abstract Following original learning (OL) of a two-choice simultaneous visual discrimination problem by second and sixth grade Ss, the cues of the elevant and irrelevant dimensions were made 100% redundant during a 40 trial overtraining (OT) period. A control group received 40 OT trials without the redundancy. The effects of the redundancy pairing were assessed by a subsequent learning problem in which the only relevant cues were those which had been irrelevant in OL. For half the experimental Ss the OL-irrelevant cue which had been paired with the OL-positive cue during overtraining was made positive, while for the other half the cue paired with the negative OL stimulus was made positive. The data indicated that the redundancy period resulted in both instrumental response strength to the OL irrelevant cues, and a response to the dimension represented by them. Relative transfor effects for the two grade levels supported the interpretation that during the redundancy phase the younger children attended to the previously irrelevant stimuli more, i.e., “focused” on OL relevant stimuli less, than was the case with the older children. In a second study identical procedures were followed except that the correct and incorrect stimuli were identified for the S before the OL period began. The results for second grade Ss suggested that there might be decreased dimensional responding to the previously irrelevant cues during OT under these OL-instructed conditions.
Signal transduction through integrins: A central role for focal adhesion kinase?

The integrins are receptors for proteins of the extracellular matrix, both providing a physical link to the cytoskeleton and transducing signals from the extracellular matrix. Activation of integrins leads to tyrosine and serine phosphorylation of a number of proteins, elevation of cytosolic calcium levels, cytoplasmic alkalinization, changes in phospholipid metabolism and, ultimately, changes in gene expression. The recently discovered focal adhesion kinase localizes to focal contacts, which are sites of integrin clustering, and focal adhesion kinase can physically associate with integrins in vitro. As integrins lack intrinsic catalytic activity, focal adhesion kinase is a candidate for a signaling molecule that is recruited by integrins in order to trigger the generation of intracellular second messengers. Thus, focal adhesion kinase may play a central role in signal transduction through integrins.
The strength of graduated drivers license programs and fatalities among teen drivers and passengers.

Abstract Objectives The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of differentially stringent graduated drivers license programs on teen driver fatalities, day-time and night-time teen driver fatalities, fatalities of teen drivers with passengers present, and fatalities among teen passengers. Methods The study uses 1992–2002 data on motor vehicle fatalities among 15–17-year-old drivers from the Fatality Analysis Reporting System to identify the effects of “good”, “fair”, and “marginal” GDL programs based upon designations by the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety. Analysis is conducted using conditional negative binomial regressions with fixed effects. Results “Good” programs reduce total fatalities among young drivers by 19.4% (c.i. −33.0%, −5.9%). “Fair” programs reduce night-time young driver fatalities by 12.6% (c.i. −23.9%, −1.2%), but have no effect on day-time fatalities. “Marginal” programs had no statistically meaningful effect on driver fatalities. All three types of programs reduced teen passenger fatalities, but the effects of limitations on the number of passengers appear to have had only minimal effects in reducing fatalities among young drivers themselves. Conclusions Stronger GDL programs are more effective than weaker programs in reducing teenage motor vehicle fatalities.
New treatment approach for chronic total occlusions of saphenous vein grafts: Thrombolysis and intravascular stents

Balloon dilation of saphenous vein graft (SVG) occlusions has a lower success rate than angioplasty of native coronary arteries. To improve this outcome, a new therapy for chronic total SVG occlusions was developed. In three aortocoronary bypass graft patients with class III-IV angina and chronic occlusion of the SVGs to the left anterior descending artery (age of occlusions: 2–24 wk, age of graft 1–13 yr), standard recanalization was achieved with a guide wire and intracoronary urokinase infusion (0.5–1.0 million unit bolus followed by 100,000 IU/hr for 11–24 hr; mean infusion time: 19.7 hr). In each patient, a residual focal stenosis (average 82.5%) was successfully dilated and stented (single 4.0 mm Pal-maz-Schatz in two patients and a 3.5 mm Strecker stent in the other). All patients had complete relief of symptoms and no sequelae. During a mean 7.7 mon follow-up, 6-mon arteriographic evaluation in two patients showed minimal intra-stent narrowing (26% and 34%). In the Strecker stent patient, the device proved too small for the vein graft, leading to an 89% stent stenosis found on follow-up arteriography at 5 mon. The stent was redilated successfully with a 5% residual narrowing. After urokinase recanalization of chronic total SVG occlusions, intravascular stents may improve the long-term results seen with conventional SVG angioplasty. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Natural Variation of Milk Serum Proteins as a Limitation of Their Use in Evaluating the Heat Treatment of Milk

Summary Eighty-one samples of fresh bulked milk, collected in ten regions of the United States in winter, spring, and fall seasons, were analyzed for nitrogen distribution, sulfhydryl content, and susceptibility of the serum proteins to heat denaturation. The variability in content of serum proteins and in their heat denaturability imposes serious limitations on the use of serum protein analyses for assessing dry milks of unknown history for specific uses. The sulfhydryl content not only exhibits a natural variability but is further affected by aging of the milk and contamination with copper.
Safety of same day discharge after renal tumor thermal ablation

Purpose Overnight hospital admission of patients after percutaneous renal ablation remains standard practice for many institutions. The aim of this study is to evaluate the safety of same day discharge of patients who undergo percutaneous CT-guided radiofrequency ablation (RFA) and cryoablation of renal tumors. Materials and Methods An IRB approved retrospective analysis was conducted of patients with renal tumors treated with percutaneous CT-guided RFA and cryoablation between January 2004 and June 2012. Ablation method, tumor size, complications and rates of hospital admissions were analyzed. Results A total of 153 procedures were performed on 134 patients including 82 cryoablations and 71 radiofrequency ablations. All patients were planned to be discharged the same day as their procedure following a standard 4 hour observation period. Overall, five of 153 encounters (3.3%) resulted in patients being admitted overnight. All five admissions occurred because of a complication detected during the first 4 hours after the procedure. Hospital admission was required in 4/71 (5.6%) RFA encounters and in 1/82 (1.2%) cryoablation encounters (p=0.28). Admission was required because of pneumothorax (n=2, one each group) and bleeding (n=3, all in the RFA group). There were no procedure related readmissions after same day discharge however 2/71 (2.8%) RFA encounters had perinephric hematomas detected after discharge but the patients did not require admission. There was no significant difference in the mean tumor size between the RFA (3.1cm) and cryoablation (3.3cm) groups (p=0.4). Conclusion Planned same day discharge after renal cryoablation and RFA is safe with no significant difference detected between the two procedures. Complications requiring admission are low and were detected in the immediate post-procedure observation period.
Targeting siRNA to arrest fibrosis.

Vitamin A–mediated targeting of small interfering (si)RNA to stellate cells reverses liver cirrhosis.
Molecular Structure of Quinolin-1-(2-quinolyl)-2-one mesitylimine: An Unusual Amination Product of 2,4,6-Trimethylaniline and 2-Chloroquinoline

The molecular structure of quinolin-1-(2-quinolyl)-2-one mesitylimine has been determined. The Buchwald-Hartwig amination of mesitylaniline with two equivalents of 2-chloroquinoline results in dearomatization of one quinoline heterocycle, forming an imine with the mesitylaniline nitrogen and aminating the second 2-chloroquinoline via the cyclic nitrogen. The mesityl and quinoline moieties are nearly perpendicular to the plane of the central quinolyl structure. Rationalization of the imine formation is found by a consideration of the relative stability of the syn and anti conformations of the reaction intermediate. Crystal data: space group P21/c, a = 12.609(3), b = 15.010(3), c = 12.456(3) A, β = 112.68(3)°; V = 2,175.3(8) A3, Z = 4, R = 0.0649, wR2 = 0.1498. The amination of mesitylaniline with two equivalents of 2-chloroquinoline results in dearomatization of one quinoline heterocycle, forming an imine with the mesitylaniline nitrogen and aminating the second 2-chloroquinoline via the cyclic nitrogen.