cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Regulated import and degradation of a cytosolic protein in the yeast vacuole

The key regulatory enzyme in gluconeogenesis, fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase (FBPase) is subject to glucose-stimulated proteolytic degradation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This process involves the regulated transfer of FBPase directly from the cytosol into the vacuole or a vacuole-related organelle. Glucose may regulate the production of an FBPase receptor or import factor that is transported to the vacuole through the secretory pathway.
A CMOS imaging diversity receiver for gigabit free-space optical MIMO

A 7-channel imaging diversity receiver based on current-summing is implemented in a 180 nm CMOS technology for broadband free-space optical (FSO) multi-input/multi-output (MIMO) communication. Each channel employs a low input-impedance current mirror (CM) as the input stage, which allows the implementation of direct current-summing for equal-gain combining (EGC). The summed current signal drives a second stage transimpedance amplifier (TIA) to generate the output voltage. Electrical characterization was performed using a photodiode emulation circuit and chip-on-board FR-4 assembly, demonstrating a total transimpedance gain of 62 dB?, ?3 dB bandwidth of 1.2 GHz, and eye diagrams up to 2 Gb/s for 0.25 pF photodiode capacitance. The theoretical sensitivity of the imaging receiver is ?16.8 dBm for a bit error rate (BER) of 10?9 at a photodetector responsivity of 0.4 A/W. The simulated power consumption for a single front-end amplifier circuit is 4.2 mW, and for the second stage TIA is 10.3 mW from a single 1.8 V supply. The diversity receiver is flip-chip compatible to enable hybrid integration to a custom InGaAs photodetector array.
Immunomodulatory Effect of Active Treatment Options in Food Allergy

The gastrointestinal tract is the largest immune organ in the body and relies on a variety of mechanisms to handle the constant exposure of ingested antigens and commensal bacteria. Tolerance to ingested food proteins is the default response; however, there are a variety of both host and food-related factors that can lead to loss of tolerance and development of food allergy. Although many children will outgrow their food allergies, a significant number will continue to require life-long avoidance. Currently, there are no FDA-approved treatments for food allergies; however, multiple therapies have been or are currently under investigation and more are on the horizon. The most studied modalities include oral (OIT) and sublingual (SLIT) immunotherapy. Both are successful in desensitizing patients to food allergens, reducing the risk of reaction following accidental exposure, and there is some evidence for induction of short-term tolerance as well. (Table 1) Emerging therapies include combining OIT with a monoclonal anti-IgE molecule, Chinese herbal therapy, and epicutaneous immunotherapy (EPIT), all of which have yielded promising early results. There are other targeted therapies currently in pre-clinical development. At this time, none of these options are ready for clinical use; and more work is needed to develop safe and effective therapies.
Just another Brick in the Wall ... or Not? A Paradigm Introduction Activity

Courses: Research Methods; Theory Objectives: To begin the semester with an engaging activity that introduces students to basic metatheoretical assumptions and help them find themselves in the world of research
Phytotoxicity of chlorinated aliphatics to hybrid poplar (Populus deltoides × nigra DN34)

Effects of a series of chlorinated ethenes and ethanes on hybrid poplar (Populus deltoides × nigra DN34) were assessed in laboratory experiments. Poplar cuttings were grown in sealed reactors with hydroponic solutions and were exposed to a chlorinated solvent for a period of two weeks. Exposure concentrations ranged from 0 to 0.4 mM for perchloroethylene to 0 to 8.4 mM for 1,1-dichloroethane. Effects were assessed by gravimetrically monitoring transpiration and measuring change in cutting mass. The zero-growth concentrations of the chemicals tested were 0.3 mM perchloroethylene, 0.9 mM trichloroethylene, 0.9 mM 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane, 2.0 mM 1,1,1-trichloroethane, 2.3 mM 1,1,2-trichloroethane, 4.8 mM trans-dichloroethylene, 5.6 mM 1,1-dichlor-oethylene, 6.0 mM cis-dichloroethylene, and 10.7 mM 1,1-dichloroethane. Adverse effects were found to increase with increasing number of chlorine atoms within a homologous series of ethenes or ethanes. Ethenes were more toxic than similarly chlorinated ethanes.
A game-theoretic view on the physical layer security of cognitive radio networks

In this paper, we investigate the problem of secure communication between secondary users (SUs) and their serving base station in the presence of multiple eavesdroppers and multiple primary users. We analyze the interactions between the SUs and eavesdroppers using the framework of noncooperative game theory. To solve the formulated game, we propose a novel secure channel selection algorithm that enables the SUs and eavesdroppers to take distributed decisions so as to reach a Nash equilibrium point. We study and analyze several properties of the equilibrium resulting from the proposed algorithm. Simulation results show that the proposed approach yields significant improvements of at least 32.7%, in terms of the average secrecy rate per SU, relative to a classical spectrum sharing scheme. Moreover, the results show that the proposed scheme enables the SUs to reach Nash equilibrium with up to 86.5% less computation than standard learning algorithms.
Stimulus label and generalization in children as a function of age

Abstract Three groups of children (3 to 4, 5 to 6, and 7 to 8 years old) were shown an ambiguous color labeled green or blue or not labeled. They were then given a generalization test to determine if the provided label would produce differences in the shape of the generalization gradient. For the 7- to 8-year old group only, the label affected the distribution of responding to the generalization test stimuli. Degree of control of responding by wavelength was found to be related to age, with older children responding more selectively to the stimuli. Female children in the 5- to 6-year old group responded in a manner similar to the 7- to 8-year old group although no label effect was obtained. Males in the 5- to 6-year old group responded in a manner similar to the 3- to 4-year old group.
Prescription Drug Costs for Dually Eligible People in a Medicaid Home‐ and Community‐Based Services Program

This study examined the prescription drug costs of Medicare beneficiaries participating in a Medicaid home- and community-based services (HCBS) program and discussed possible implications of providing a prescription drug benefit under Medicare. The study examined Medicaid pharmaceutical claims data using two random samples (n = 766) of dually eligible Medicare beneficiaries in a HCBS program from four regions in Georgia. The average total monthly Medicaid prescription drug expenditure was determined. Annual prescription expenditures for this group averaged more than $1,500 per person. Prescription drugs intended for the treatment of cancer and circulatory disorders combined to account for 61% of total program drug expenditures. Multivariate analysis found that drug expenditures were higher for those who died during the observation period, the young-old, Caucasians, and those who self-selected into the program. Higher drug expenditures for the self-selected group, even after frailty adjustments, suggest the presence of adverse selection. Medicare prescription drug benefit proposals that rely on voluntary enrollment may also experience adverse selection from frail, low-income beneficiaries.
Staining of free-living nematodes by eosin-Y dye.

A staining technique has been developed in conjunction with the authors' studies of free-living nematodes in water supplies. It employs eosin-Y dye which stains dead nematodes, while live nematodes remain unstained. The procedure also assists in counting nematodes and does not interfere with subsequent basic taxonomic identification. A short staining period is employed to facilitate routine examinations and to minimize changes in the samples. A dye concentraton which does not immobilize living nematodes during the staining period has been established. Several representative lethal agents have been employed to evaluate the versatility of the staining procedure, and the systematic error inherent in the technique has been evaluated.
Life Shortening and Tumor Production by Strontium-90

A linear relationship between dose of internal radiation and two effects, which implies no threshold, is shown to be a possible interpretation of data given by Finkel in "Mice, men and fallout" (1). This interpretation is at variance with that offered by Finkel, which was that the dose-effect relationship is nonlinear and indicates a threshold.
Actinic keratosis: epidemiology and progression to squamous cell carcinoma

Actinic keratoses are a common problem in the population, and one of the most common conditions treated by dermatologists. Risk factors for the development of actinic keratosis are those associated with increased sun exposure and increased susceptibility to sun exposure such as low latitude, working outdoors, light skin, and history of sunburn. The role of the immune system is clear from the frequency of actinic keratoses in transplant patients. There is strong evidence that actinic keratoses can progress to squamous cell carcinoma, underscoring the need to identify and treat patients at risk.
Cardiac-Specific Overexpression of Fibroblast Growth Factor-2 Protects Against Myocardial Dysfunction and Infarction in a Murine Model of Low-Flow Ischemia

Background—Preconditioning the heart before an ischemic insult has been shown to protect against contractile dysfunction, arrhythmias, and infarction. Pharmacological studies have suggested that fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF2) is involved in cardioprotection. However, because of the number of FGFs expressed in the heart and the promiscuity of FGF ligand-receptor interactions, the specific role of FGF2 during ischemia-reperfusion injury remains unclear. Methods and Results—FGF2-deficient (Fgf2 knockout) mice and mice with a cardiac-specific overexpression of all 4 isoforms of human FGF2 (FGF2 transgenic [Tg]) were compared with wild-type mice to test whether endogenous FGF2 elicits cardioprotection. An ex vivo work-performing heart model of ischemia was developed in which murine hearts were subjected to 60 minutes of low-flow ischemia and 120 minutes of reperfusion. Preischemic contractile function was similar among the 3 groups. After ischemia-reperfusion, contractile function of Fgf2 knockout hearts recovered to 27% of its baseline value compared with a 63% recovery in wild-type hearts (P0.05). In FGF2 Tg hearts, an 88% recovery of postischemic function occurred (P0.05). Myocardial infarct size was also reduced in FGF2 Tg hearts compared with wild-type hearts (13% versus 30%, P0.05). There was a 2-fold increase in FGF2 release from Tg hearts compared with wild-type hearts (P0.05). No significant alterations in coronary flow or capillary density were detected in any of the groups, implying that the protective effect of FGF2 is not mediated by coronary perfusion changes. Conclusions—These results provide evidence that endogenous FGF2 plays a significant role in the cardioprotective effect against ischemia-reperfusion injury. (Circulation. 2003;108:3140-3148.)
Structure and Density of Mo and Acid Sites in Mo-Exchanged H-ZSM5 Catalysts for Nonoxidative Methane Conversion

Mo/H-ZSM5 (1.0−6.3 wt % Mo; Mo/Al = 0.11−0.68) catalysts for CH4 aromatization were prepared from physical mixtures of MoO3 and H-ZSM5 (Si/Al = 14.3). X-ray diffraction and elemental analysis of physical mixtures treated in air indicate that MoOx species migrate onto the external ZSM5 surface at about 623 K. Between 773 and 973 K, MoOx species migrate inside zeolite channels via surface and gas phase transport, exchange at acid sites, and react to form H2O. The amount of H2O evolved during exchange and the amount of residual OH groups detected by isotopic equilibration with D2 showed that each Mo atom replaces one H+ during exchange. This stoichiometry and the requirement for charge compensation suggest that exchanged species consist of (Mo2O5)2+ ditetrahedral structures interacting with two cation exchange sites. The proposed mechanism may provide a general framework to describe the exchange of multivalent cations onto Al sites in zeolites. As the Mo concentration exceeds that required to form a MoOx mon...
The role of selectins in inflammation and disease

Selectins are carbohydrate-binding molecules that bind to fucosylated and sialylated glycoprotein ligands, and are found on endothelial cells, leukocytes and platelets. They are involved in trafficking of cells of the innate immune system, T lymphocytes and platelets. An absence of selectins or selectin ligands has serious consequences in mice or humans, leading to recurrent bacterial infections and persistent disease. Selectins are involved in constitutive lymphocyte homing, and in chronic and acute inflammation processes, including post-ischemic inflammation in muscle, kidney and heart, skin inflammation, atherosclerosis, glomerulonephritis and lupus erythematosus. Selectin-neutralizing monoclonal antibodies, recombinant soluble P-selectin glycoprotein ligand 1 and small-molecule inhibitors of selectins have been tested in clinical trials on patients with multiple trauma, cardiac indications and pediatric asthma, respectively. Anti-selectin antibodies have also been successfully used in preclinical models to deliver imaging contrast agents and therapeutics to sites of inflammation. Further improvements in the efficiency, availability, specificity and pharmacokinetics of selectin inhibitors, and specialized application routes and schedules, hold promise for therapeutic indications.
Optical and thermo-optical characterization of KTP and its isomorphs for 1.06-um-pumped OPOs

The need to protect personnel from inadvertent eye trauma from fielded laser sources dictates that the highest externally accessible fluences produced by these systems be kept below the maximum permissible exposure (MPE) for intra-beam viewing. The large MPE value for a typical Q-switched (10 ns pulsewidth) source is 1 J/cm{sup 2} for wavelengths in the range of 1.5--1.8 microns, while the MPE for a similar pulsewidth Nd:YAG source is 5 {micro}J/cm{sup 2}. This 5 order of magnitude difference in the MPE is one reason for the trend towards shifting the output of near infrared sources used for remote sensing or ranging to the eyesafe wavelength region, even at the expense of overall system efficiency. There are 5 nonlinear optical crystals available with apertures of at least 10 x 10 mm{sup 2} which are also highly transparent in the 1.5 micron region; LiNbO{sub 3}, KNbO{sub 3}, KTP, KTA, and RTA. All 5 crystals are capable of 1,555 nm generation in an orientation with a favorable nonlinear optical coupling. However, KTP, KTA, or RTA are preferred materials, given that the generated signal of the OPO should remain at a fixed wavelength, insensitive to angular or thermal variations. The authors have characterized the phasematching angle, linewidth, thermal conductivity, and d{lambda}/dT for KTP, KTA, and RTA optical parametric oscillators.
A geometric approach for classification and comparison of structural variants

Motivation: Structural variants, including duplications, insertions, deletions and inversions of large blocks of DNA sequence, are an important contributor to human genome variation. Measuring structural variants in a genome sequence is typically more challenging than measuring single nucleotide changes. Current approaches for structural variant identification, including paired-end DNA sequencing/mapping and array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH), do not identify the boundaries of variants precisely. Consequently, most reported human structural variants are poorly defined and not readily compared across different studies and measurement techniques. Results: We introduce Geometric Analysis of Structural Variants (GASV), a geometric approach for identification, classification and comparison of structural variants. This approach represents the uncertainty in measurement of a structural variant as a polygon in the plane, and identifies measurements supporting the same variant by computing intersections of polygons. We derive a computational geometry algorithm to efficiently identify all such intersections. We apply GASV to sequencing data from nine individual human genomes and several cancer genomes. We obtain better localization of the boundaries of structural variants, distinguish genetic from putative somatic structural variants in cancer genomes, and integrate aCGH and paired-end sequencing measurements of structural variants. This work presents the first general framework for comparing structural variants across multiple samples and measurement techniques, and will be useful for studies of both genetic structural variants and somatic rearrangements in cancer. Availability: http://cs.brown.edu/people/braphael/software.html Contact: braphael@brown.edu
Opioid abuse and cognitive performance

A few recent studies provide evidence for performance impairment in dependent opioid abusers enrolled in methadone maintenance programs. However, it is difficult to differentiate the effects of a history of long-term opioid (or polydrug) abuse from the effects of methadone maintenance itself. The purpose of the present study was to address this issue by comparing the performance of a newly recruited group of 20 currently abstinent former opioid abusers retrospectively to two groups (18 methadone maintenance patients (MMP); 21 matched non-drug abusing controls) reported on previously in our laboratory [Mintzer, M.Z., Stitzer, M.L., 2002. Cognitive impairment in methadone maintenance patients. Drug Alcohol Depend. 67, 41-51], using the same performance testing battery. The abstinent abusers were demographically similar to the MMP and matched controls, and reported histories of drug use similar to those of the MMP. Although conclusions are somewhat limited by the small sample size, performance of the abstinent abusers fell between that of the MMP and controls on many measures, suggesting that methadone maintenance may be associated with additional impairment over and above that associated with long-term abuse, and that recovery of functioning may occur during abstinence. Further research is necessary to explore the factors underlying performance impairment in MMP and to determine the clinical significance of the observed impairments for daily performance in the natural environment.
Age-Related Differences in Amplification of Covalently Closed Circular DNA at Early Times after Duck Hepatitis B Virus Infection of Ducks

Inoculation of 3-day-old (3D) or 3-week-old (3W) ducklings with duck hepatitis B virus results in chronic or transient infection, respectively. We previously showed that rapid production of neutralizing antibody following inoculation of 3W ducklings prevents virus from spreading in the liver and leads to a transient infection (Y.-Y. Zhang and J. Summers, J. Virol. 78:1195-1201, 2004). In this study we further investigated early events of viral infection in both 3D and 3W ducks. We present evidence that a lower level of virus replication in the hepatocytes of 3W birds is an additional factor that probably favors transient infection. We suggest that lower virus replication is due to a less rapid covalently closed circular DNA amplification, leading to lower viremias and a slower spread of infection in the liver, and that the slower spread of infection in 3W ducks makes the infection more sensitive to interruption by the host immune responses.
Increasing Interrater Reliability Using Composite Performance Measures

LeBreton, Scherer, and James (2014) raise important questions about the implica- tions of unreliable criterion measurement in industrial – organizational (I – O) psy- chology. Although we do not share the authors’ bleak outlook concerning the state of cumulative knowledge in our field, we do agree that continuing to rely on a criterion with an average reliability of .52 (i.e., single-supervisor rating of overall job performance) is undesirable for the continued advancement of the science and practice of I–O psychology. However, contrary to the conclusions of LeBreton and colleagues, improving criterion reliability need not require abandoning supervisory ratings. Rather, by applying a contempo- rary understanding of the structure of job performance (Campbell, 2012), reliable and construct-valid supervisory ratings can indeed be obtained. In this commentary, we estimate the interrater reliability of a multidimensional job performance measure and demonstrate that the composite ratings derived from such a measure may amelio- rate many of the concerns that LeBreton et al. raise.
Quantitative proteome analysis of breast cancer cell lines using 18O-labeling and an accurate mass and time tag strategy

Proteome comparison of cell lines derived from cancer and normal breast epithelium provide opportunities to identify differentially expressed proteins and pathways associated with specific phenotypes. We employed 16O/18O peptide labeling, FT-ICR MS, and an accurate mass and time (AMT) tag strategy to simultaneously compare the relative abundance of hundreds of proteins in non-cancer and cancer cell lines derived from breast tissue. A cell line reference panel allowed relative protein abundance comparisons among multiple cell lines and across multiple experiments. A peptide database generated from multidimensional LC separations and MS/MS analysis was used for subsequent AMT tag-based peptide identifications. This peptide database represented a total of 2299 proteins, including 514 that were quantified in five cell lines using the AMT tag and 16O/18O strategies. Eighty-six proteins showed at least a threefold protein abundance change between cancer and non-cancer cell lines. Hierarchical clustering of protein abundance ratios revealed that several groups of proteins were differentially expressed between the cancer cell lines.
Maintenance of low-density lipoprotein goal with step-down pravastatin therapy.

Study Objective. To determine whether patients who had achieved their National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP)-derived goals for low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol with pravastatin would benefit from step-down therapy. Design. Prospective, randomized, open-label study. Setting. Kansas City Veterans Affairs Medical Center. Patients. One hundred four men who were taking pravastatin once/day and had maintained their NCEP-defined LDL goal for at least 3 months. Intervention. Fifty-three patients were randomized to group 1, for which the dosing frequency was changed from daily to every other day, and 51 patients were randomized to group 2, for which the daily dose was halved. Measurements and Main Results. Fasting lipid profiles and hepatic transaminase levels were analyzed at baseline, 2 months, and 4 months. Lifestyle, concomitant drug therapy, adverse events, weight, and compliance were noted at baseline and month 4. Thirty-one patients (58%) from group 1 and 22 patients (43%) from group 2 did not remain at their LDL goal after step-down pravastatin therapy. Mean LDL at study end was 113 mg/dl for group 1 and 104 mg/dl for group 2 (p=0.04). Conclusion. More than half (51%) of the patients enrolled did not remain at their LDL goal with step-down pravastatin therapy. Therefore, we do not recommend a step-down approach for patients who have achieved their LDL goals. If a clinician decides, however, to attempt dosage reduction, the preferred regimen appears to be to halve the current dose once/day (vs administering the current dose every other day). A fasting lipid profile should be evaluated at 2 months and 4 months after step-down therapy begins to ensure that desired outcomes are achieved.
Parts entropy and the principal kinematic formula

Assembly systems that are able to function in the presence of uncertainties in the positions and orientations of feed parts are, by definition, more robust than those that are not able to do so. Sanderson quantified this with the concept of ldquoparts entropy,rdquo which is a statistical measure of the ensemble of all possible positions and orientations of a single part confined to move in a finite domain. In this paper the concept of parts entropy is extended to the case of multiple interacting parts. Various issues associated with computing the entropy of ensembles of configurations of parts with excluded-volume constraints are explored. The rapid computation of excluded-volume effects using the ldquoPrincipal Kinematic Formulardquo from the field of Integral Geometry is illustrated as a way to potentially avoid the massive computations associated with brute-force calculation of parts entropy when many interacting parts are present.
Patterns of weight change in black Americans: Pooled analysis from three behavioral weight loss trials

Objective Differentiating trajectories of weight change and identifying associated baseline predictors can provide insights for improving behavioral obesity treatment outcomes.
Remittances and Economic Growth in Mexico: An Empirical Study with Structural Breaks, 1970-2010

This paper investigates remittance flows to Mexico during the 1980-2010 period in absolute terms, relative to GDP, in comparison to FDI inflows, and in terms of their regional destination. Next, the paper reviews the growing literature that assesses the impact of remittances on investment spending and economic growth. Third, it presents a simple endogenous growth model that explicitly incorporates the potential impact of remittance flows on economic and labor productivity growth. Fourth, it presents a modified empirical counterpart to the simple model that tests for both single- and two-break unit root tests, as well as performs cointegration tests with an endogenously determined level shift over the 1970-2010 period. The error-correction model estimates suggest that remittance flows to Mexico have a positive and significant effect, albeit small, on both economic growth and labor productivity growth. The concluding section summarizes the major results and discusses potential avenues for future research on this important topic.
Ocular Manifestations of Human Immunodeficiency Virus

A knowledge of the ocular manifestations of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is becoming increasingly important as the number of patients infected with HIV increases. The ophthalmologist plays an important role in making life-and sight-saving diagnoses. This is becoming more paramount as the life expectancy is prolonged and quality of life is improved with advancements in medical therapy. Many of the diseases discussed in this article are altered manifestations of diseases seen in immunocompetent persons: Kaposi's sarcoma; molluscum contagiosum; herpes simplex and herpes zoster keratitis; syphilis; toxoplasmosis; and acute retinal necrosis. Other diseases that present in the posterior segment are solely seen in immunocompromised patients: cytomegalovirus retinitis; Pneumocystis carinii choroidopathy; and progressive outer retinal necrosis. This article discusses diagnostic and clinical features of these and other diseases seen in patients infected with HIV.
Investigation of chromium, cerium and cobalt as markers in digesta. Rate of passage studies

A new liquid marker, cobalt-ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA), and two solid markers, chromium (Cr) and cerium (Ce) mordanted plant cell walls, were investigated. Synthesis and methods of analysis are described for the markers. The Cr- and Ce-cell wall complexes were tested for stability to EDTA, hydrochloric acid and rumen microorganisms. Plant cell walls were rendered indigestible by mordanting with Cr and 98% of the marker remained on the fibre after a simulated sequence (in vitro) of digestion. Ce-mordanted cell walls were 35% digestible in vitro using a rumen culture, and 56% of the marker could be washed off the remaining fibre. Treatment with EDTA removed all Ce and 15% of the Cr. Hydrochloric acid (0.01M) had a negligible effect on the removal of Cr from the cell walls, whereas 0.1M acid removed, on average, 10% of the marker. Losses of Cr from the mordant may be related to the quality of the preparation. Co-EDTA was found to be comparable to Cr-EDTA. The urinary excretion of Cr and Co was 2–3% in most animals except in rabbits, which excreted as much as 30% of the liquid markers in the urine.
Comparisons of standard and extended-life boll weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) pheromone lures.

The Southeastern Boll Weevil Eradication Program has proposed reducing maintenance program costs in eradicated zones by using an extended-life “superlure” in traps to detect populations of the boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis grandis Boheman. However, superlure effectiveness has not been extensively evaluated. We compared the superlure (30 mg of eugenol plus 25 mg of grandlure) to a standard lure (10 mg of grandlure) based on captures of weevils and changes in lure pheromone content. Lure treatments (standard and superlure, replaced biweekly or not replaced) were compared in 4-mo-long trapping periods. Captures of weevils did not generally reflect differences among lure treatments indicated by assays of lure contents. During the first 2 wk of exposure, amounts of pheromone released by the superlure were generally comparable with those of the standard lure, but pheromone composition was more stable. During the second 2 wk of exposure, the superlure usually released more pheromone than similarly aged standard lures, but less than half as much as the standard lure replaced biweekly. Based on numbers of captured weevils during the last 2 wk of an extended trapping period, the superlure performed similarly to the standard lure replaced biweekly. However, corresponding pheromone releases by the superlure were less than those by the standard lure replaced biweekly. This inconsistency suggests that numbers of captured weevils alone may be inadequate for evaluation of pheromone formulations. Our results suggest that better understanding of the consequences of reduced pheromone release during an extended trapping period is needed before adoption of the superlure can be recommended.
Four Vectors of Business Model Innovation: Value Capture in a Network ERA

We thank Douglas Henderson for his research assistance in assembling the data to support the cases and for providing comments and suggestions on an earlier draft. We thank SAP for providing research support.
Building Effective Monitoring, Reporting, and Fact-Finding Mechanisms

In recent decades, the international community has exhibited an increased devotion to civilian protection and promotion of international legal accountability. To activate this sense of responsibility, during armed conflicts and internal disturbances, international actors have created numerous monitoring, reporting, and fact-finding (MRF) mechanisms to investigate potential violations of international law. But the academic and policy communities have not kept pace with the growing importance of these mechanisms, and MRF practitioners frequently suffer from a paucity of sufficient guidance. As a step toward filling this research gap, this article presents an in-depth examination of MRF mechanisms. The article first presents an analytical framework that examines key distinctions between different MRF activities and presents guiding principles applicable to all MRF mechanism types. Examining past MRF practice through the lens of this framework, the article then explores the process of creating MRF mechanisms. The article concludes by sketching possible next steps for the MRF community to build on this research foundation and develop standards for more effective MRF implementation.
Alarm pheromones in the genus Myrmica (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

1. The identification of the novel natural products, 6-methyl-3-octanone and 3-nonanone in extracts obtained from the mandibular glands of Myrmica brevinodis is reported. These compounds accompany the compounds 3-octanone and 3-octanol which have already been identified from this extract. 2. Both 6-methyl-3-octanone and 3-nonanone were found to be capable of releasing alarm behaviour in M. brevinodis. 3. The distribution of these compounds in the alarm pheromones of six North American and four European species of Myrmica was determined. 4. A gas chromatographic comparison of the extracts of various species of Myrmica indicated that seven of the ten species gave very similar chromatograms (Fig. 1) which differ only in the ratios of the two major constituents 3-octanone and 3-octanol (Table 3). The remaining three species produce chromatograms so different from those of the majority, that they are easily set apart. The implications of these results for behavioural and taxonomic studies are discussed.
The University of Michigan 83-inch cyclotron

The scientific motivation, design criteria, and general features of the 83-inch variable-energy sector-focused cyclotron under construction at the University of Michigan are described. The cyclotron is designed to produce beams of protons, deuterons, and alpha particles of maximum energies 35 Mev, 40 Mev, and 80 Mev respectively to be used in conjunction with external beam optics for high resolution spectroscopic studies of heavy nuclei. The azimuthal field variation is produced by three sets of spiral shims having a maximum spiral angle of 43 deg . The r.f. system, a two-dee half-wave sysiem using dee-stem insulators, is designed to provide a continuously variable frequency from 6.5 to 15 Mc/sec. The external beam handling system consists of two 110 deg , n = 1/2 focusing magnets of radii of curvature 200 cm and three 180 deg , n = 1/2 reaction products analysis magners with radii of curvature of 133 cm. (auth)
Selective, controllable, and reversible aggregation of polystyrene latex microspheres via DNA hybridization.

The directed three-dimensional self-assembly of microstructures and nanostructures through the selective hybridization of DNA is the focus of great interest toward the fabrication of new materials. Single-stranded DNA is covalently attached to polystyrene latex microspheres. Single-stranded DNA can function as a sequence-selective Velcro by only bonding to another strand of DNA that has a complementary sequence. The attachment of the DNA increases the charge stabilization of the microspheres and allows controllable aggregation of microspheres by hybridization of complementary DNA sequences. In a mixture of microspheres derivatized with different sequences of DNA, microspheres with complementary DNA form aggregates, while microspheres with noncomplementary sequences remain suspended. The process is reversible by heating, with a characteristic “aggregate dissociation temperature” that is predictably dependent on salt concentration, and the evolution of aggregate dissociation with temperature is observed wit...
Optical properties of highly polarized InGaN light-emitting diodes modified by plasmonic metallic grating

We implement finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method to simulate the optical properties of highly polarized InGaN light emitting diodes (LEDs) coupled with metallic grating structure. The Purcell factor (Fp), light extraction efficiency (LEE), internal quantum efficiency (IQE), external quantum efficiency (EQE), and modulation frequency are calculated for different polarized emissions. Our results show that light polarization has a strong impact on Fp and LEE of LEDs due to their coupling effects with the surface plasmons (SPs) generated by metallic grating. Fp as high as 34 and modulation frequency up to 5.4 GHz are obtained for a simulated LED structure. Furthermore, LEE, IQE and EQE can also be enhanced by tuning the coupling between polarized emission and SPs. These results can serve as guidelines for the design and fabrication of high efficiency and high speed LEDs for the applications of solid-state lighting and visible-light communication.
AB0696 Hypereosinophilia and Disease Flare in Eosinophilic Fasciitis

Background Hypereosinophilia was found at the disease onset in up to 85% of patient with eosinophilic fasciitis. Objectives To describe our experience in patients with eosinophilic fasciitis (EF) and hypereosinophilia. To identify if hypereosinophilia is found with EF flare. Methods We retrospectively reviewed the charts of the patients with biopsy proven EF seen in our clinic. We identified patients with hypereosinophilia at the onset of disease and follow the eosinophils counts over 3 years (January 2012 to December 2014). Results 10 patients with biopsy proven EF and hypereosinophilia at the onset were found. Hypereosinophilia value ranged between: 980-4800 cells/mcl (Normal less 350 cells/mcl). The eosinophil count responded quickly to prednisone which was initiated in all 10 patients. Over 3 years of follow up 5 patients had 7 flares. Hypereosinophilia was identified in 3 patients with 4 flares. None of the patients were on Prednisone at the time of flares. Conclusions Hypereosinophilia can be associated with disease flare in some of EF patients found with high eosinophils count at the disease onset. References Shulman LE. Diffuse fasciitis with eosinophilia: a new syndrome? Trans Assoc Am Physicians. 1975;88:70-86. Lakhanpal S, Ginsburg WW, Michet CJ, Doyle JA, Moore SB. Eosinophilic fasciitis: clinical spectrum and therapeutic response in 52 cases. Semin Arthritis Rheum. May 1988;17(4):221-231. Lebeaux D, Frances C, Barete S, et al. Eosinophilic fasciitis (Shulman disease): new insights into the therapeutic management from a series of 34 patients. Rheumatology (Oxford). Mar 2012;51(3):557-561. Disclosure of Interest None declared
Nuclear Imaging Techniques for Equine Respiratory Disease

Clinical evaluation of respiratory function in horses engaged in competition is difficult, in part because many of the most valuable parameters for measuring physiologic function require invasive techniques. Lung scintigraphy is widely employed in human medicine to complement radiography and other pulmonary function measurements. This article describes the application of this technology to horses and demonstrates the advantages of scintigraphic ventilation/perfusion imaging in a number of equine lung conditions.
An Ethics of Possibility

Why and how do people intentionally choose to add variation and diversity to society and culture, rather than mimic others’ successes or otherwise support the status quo? These creative acts, and the ideas, products, or procedures they spawn, also create a problem space—or what I believe should be a problem space—at the intersection of creativity and ethics. Most of the scholars in this volume start from the perspective of creativity and examine how morality plays into creative endeavors. In this chapter, I provide the alternative starting point of moral reasoning and moral development and examine what effect creativity may have on ethics. How does injecting creativity—novel and useful ideas or products that can transform the cultures into which they are launched (Csikszentmihalyi, 1988; see also Moran, 2010d)—affect notions of what people consider to be good?
Oppositional Defiant and Conduct Disorders Leading to Anti-Social Behavior and Violence

This chapter discusses the issue of early diagnosis of violent behavior in children. It is important to note that although there is evidence that early onset of violent behavior in children is associated with adolescent and adult violence, the chapter, after all, discusses children whose behavior is not completely formed. Many factors contribute to the continuation or discontinuation of violent behavior in young children. One of the strongest reasons for discontinuance of violent behavior is early intervention. Further, while profiling children for early signs of violence may lead to needed treatment, one should be cautious about using indications of violent behavior to project into the future. Many things change in a child's life and the benefits of positive influences, including helping professionals, teachers, mentors, religious affiliations, parents, siblings and extended family, should not be discounted. Children with early signs of violent behavior should not be categorized, but an evaluation should be made to find out why the violent behavior is beginning to show itself so early in life. There are many reasons for early violent behavior. Violent behavior is often a reflection of early childhood physical and sexual abuse and neglect. Early violence may be associated with parental drug and alcohol abuse, learning difficulties, poor peer relationships, and a host of treatable conditions. The chapter discusses the two most commonly used diagnoses predicting anti-social and violent behavior: oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder.
Risk score overestimation: the impact of individual cardiovascular risk factors and preventive therapies on the performance of the American Heart Association-American College of Cardiology-Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease risk score in a modern multi-ethnic cohort.

Aims To evaluate the 2013 American Heart Association (AHA)-American College of Cardiology (ACC)-Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease (ASCVD) risk score among four different race/ethnic groups and to ascertain which factors are most associated with risk overestimation by the AHA-ACC-ASCVD score. Methods and results The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA), a prospective community-based cohort, was used to examine calibration and discrimination of the AHA-ACC-ASCVD risk score in 6441 White, Black, Chinese, and Hispanic Americans (aged 45–79 years and free of known ASCVD at baseline). Using univariable and multivariable absolute risk regression, we modelled the impact of individual risk factors on the discordance between observed and predicted 10-year ASCVD risk. Overestimation was observed in all race/ethnic groups in MESA and was highest among Chinese (252% for women and 314% for men) and lowest in White women (72%) and Hispanic men (67%). Higher age, Chinese race/ethnicity (when compared with White), systolic blood pressure (treated and untreated), diabetes, alcohol use, exercise, lipid-lowering medication, and aspirin use were all associated with more risk overestimation, whereas family history was associated with less risk overestimation in a multivariable model (all P < 0.05). Conclusion The AHA-ACC-ASCVD risk score overestimates ASCVD risk among men, women, and all four race/ethnic groups evaluated in a modern American primary prevention cohort. Clinicians treating patients similar to those in MESA, particularly older individuals and those with factors associated with more risk overestimation, may consider interpreting absolute ASCVD risk estimates with caution.
Cultural Factors in Erotomania and Obsessional Following

Publisher Summary This chapter investigates obsessional followers who have gained growing attention in the media and forensic literature. Researchers have detached the concept of erotomania from the arcane annals of psychiatric and psychological literature. They have also made the understanding of obsession following, stalking, and domestic violence clinically more relevant. A theoretical link exists between the concepts of erotomania and culture shock in the psychoanalytic literature. Identity problems have also been discussed in the dynamic formulation of both culture shock and erotomania. Culture distress has been described as a precipitant in identity troubles. It is because an individual may momentarily experience a crack in the continuity of the self as it interacts with an unfamiliar environment. The link between social isolation and obsessional followers, whether erotomanic or not, is quite strong. Impaired reality testing is a basic feature of erotomanics and obsessional followers. This is because the bend in their awareness of the relationship is the basis for the unwanted pursuit. The clinician can gain more relevant diagnostic information from the patient by investigating the culture of origin, cultural identity, current environmental stressors, support system, and relationship to the host culture.
Direct Inhibitory Effects of Carbon Monoxide on Six Venoms Containing Fibrinogenolytic Metalloproteinases

Since the introduction of antivenom administration over a century ago to treat venomous snake bite, it has been the most effective therapy for saving life and limb. However, this treatment is not always effective and not without potential life-threatening side effects. We tested a new paradigm to abrogate the plasmatic anticoagulant effects of fibrinogenolytic snake venom metalloproteinases by inhibiting these Zn+2-dependent enzymes directly with carbon monoxide exposure. Assessment of the fibrinogenolytic effects of venoms collected from the Arizona Black rattlesnake, Northern Pacific rattlesnake, Western cottonmouth, Eastern cottonmouth, Broad-banded copperhead and Southern copperhead on human plasmatic coagulation kinetics was performed with thrombelastography in vitro. Isolated exposure of all but one venom (Southern copperhead) to carbon monoxide significantly decreased the ability of the venoms to compromise coagulation. These results demonstrated that direct inhibition of transition metal containing venom enzymes by yet to be elucidated mechanisms (e.g., CO binding to Zn+2 or displacing Zn+2 from the catalytic site, CO binding to histidine residues) can in many instances significantly decrease fibrinogenolytic activity. This new paradigm of carbon monoxide-based inhibition of the anticoagulant effects of snake venom metalloproteinases could potentially diminish hemostatic compromise in envenomed patients until antivenom can be administered. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Safe Spaces for Vulnerability: New Perspectives on African Americans Who Struggle To Be Good Fathers

In this chapter, I argue that scholars, social service providers, policy makers, and others who critically engage the topic of African American fatherhood, must attend to two concepts that highlight under-treated dimensions of that role: vulnerability and safe space. Vulnerability, a product of anxiety, uncertainty, and unfamiliarity, is a condition affecting many socio-economically disadvantaged African American fathers. These men also function without access to safe space, or public and/or institutionalized space that would allow them the opportunity to better realize, express, and address their vulnerability as men, and as fathers in particular. The absence of such safe space is a consequence of the transformation of urban communities since the age of the so-called underclass. Hence, through the review of a case study and findings in other research, this chapter highlights how and why a critical focus on vulnerability in African American fatherhood and the utility of safe spaces for addressing it can advance the scholarly and policy agenda for this social role.