cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED): psychometric properties in an African-American parochial high school sample.

Objective To examine the psychometric properties of the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED) for a community sample of African-American high school students. Method The 41-item SCARED was administered to 111 adolescents (57 girls; mean age 15.75) in an urban parochial school. Item frequency, internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and construct validity were assessed. Results Approximately 30% of the sample had scores high enough to warrant further assessment for anxiety disorders, and girls reported significantly higher anxiety symptoms than boys. Internal consistency (α = .89) and test-retest reliability ( r = 0.47) over 6 months for the SCARED's total score were good. The SCARED's total score was positively correlated with other measures of anxiety symptoms and inattention and was negatively correlated with perceived self-worth. Unlike the five-factor structure reported for primarily white samples, only three factors emerged for this African-American sample. Conclusions The SCARED shows utility as a self-report anxiety screening instrument in a community sample of African-American youths.
Fischer-Tropsch synthesis: Effect of pretreatment conditions of cobalt on activity and selectivity for hydrogenation of carbon dioxide

Abstract The effect of pretreatment conditions of cobalt on activity and product selectivity for the hydrogenation of carbon dioxide was studied over a 1%Na/20%Co–SiO 2 catalyst using a fixed-bed catalytic reactor operated at 220 °C and 1.89 MPa. The metallic form of cobalt was obtained from the reduction of cobalt oxide (Co 3 O 4 ) by H 2 at 350 °C and produced primarily methane and lower hydrocarbons (C 2 –C 4 ) from CO 2 . Pretreatments with pure H 2 or syngas (H 2 :CO) at 250 °C yield a fraction of partially reduced cobalt (CoO), which tends to suppress the hydrogenation activity of cobalt somewhat, reducing methane selectivity to a limited degree. After CO activation, partially reduced cobalt oxide (CoO) and cobalt carbide phases formed and produced significantly less methane (i.e., selectivity of 15.3%), and surprisingly, the selectivity for alcohols increased to 73.2%. In the absence of sodium, direct methanation is still a preferred reaction for CO 2 for CO pretreated cobalt; the XRD results of used catalysts revealed that the cobalt carbide phase converted to metallic cobalt. The results indicate that Na doping and carbide are important for low methane and high oxygenate selectivities. However, further work is needed to determine whether the role of Na is merely to stabilize the cobalt carbide phase, or whether Na is involved in promoting the catalytic cycle.
Preceramic Polymer Pyrolysis. I. Pyrolytic Properties of Polysilazanes.

The physicochemical behaviour of characterized polysilazanes has been examined during their pyrolytic transformation into amorphous silicon-based ceramics. Selected polysilazanes bearing different substituents at silicon and nitrogen were synthesized by ruthenium catalysed dehydrocoupling of Si-H bonds with N-H bonds. The relationships between the structure and chemical content of polymers and their pyrolysed ceramic compositions and yields are discussed. Possible reactions occurring during pyrolysis are described in terms of a set of mechanisms based on known behaviour of silazane monomers. The decomposition product patterns at different temperature levels and the compositions of the final ceramics suggest specific kinetically or thermodynamically controlled thermolysis pathways. Additional chemical reactivity has been observed when the amorphous ceramic products at 800° C are heated and crystallized at 1600° C.
A 48-Year-Old Woman With a New Diagnosis of Autoimmune Hepatitis

Clinical Scenario A old woman is referred to you for recently identified serum aminotransferase elevations after presenting ith generalized arthralgias and a sense of malaise. Blood test esults include aspartate aminotransferase (AST) of 386 U/L normal, 12– 45 U/L) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) of 10 U/L (normal, 9 –50 U/L). The alkaline phosphatase level is ildly elevated at 186 U/L (normal, 80 –115 U/L), and the total ilirubin is 0.8 mg/dL (normal, 0.1–1 mg/dL). Additional labratory work revealed negative serologic markers for hepatitis , B, and C. Serum autoantibodies were performed and inluded antinuclear antibody (ANA) of 1:80, positive antimooth muscle antibody (SMA) of 1:40, gamma-globulin level f 3.2 g/dL (normal, 0.8 –1.5 g/dL), negative antimitochondrial ntibody, and negative anti-liver/kidney microsomal (antiKM) antibody titer. There is no history of alcohol use, and the atient uses no hepatotoxic medications. Cross-sectional imaging of the abdomen revealed mild coarsning of the hepatic echotexture without evidence of a hepatic ass, splenomegaly, or lymphadenopathy. A liver biopsy was erformed. Histopathology interpretation revealed moderately ctive interface hepatitis with lobular hepatitis and portalridging necrosis. No significant fibrosis was identified. There ere no biliary lesions or granulomas noted.
EFFECT OF DIABETES MELLITUS ON THE REVERSE REMODELING RESPONSE AND CLINICAL OUTCOMES WITH CARDIAC RESYNCHRONIZATION THERAPY IN MILDLY SYMPTOMATIC AND ASYMPTOMATIC HEART FAILURE PATIENTS: A SUB-STUDY OF THE REVERSE TRIAL

It is unknown whether reverse remodeling with heart failure (HF) therapies is affected by diabetes mellitus (DM). We studied the effect of DM on reverse remodeling and outcomes with cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) in NYHA class I-II HF. Subjects with stage C HF, LVEF =40p, LV end-
Collective models of giant states with density-dependent interactions

Abstract Using a simple density-dependent interaction −αδ(r 1 −r 2 )+γρ σ ( 1 2 (r 1 +r 2 ))δ(r 1 −r 2 ) , with the parameters α and γ adjusted to give the correct binding energy and the correct radius, we show that the energy of the giant quadrupole state is √2. This is the same result obtained by Mottelson, Hamamoto and Suzuki, using, however, different methods. We then consider finite-range terms in the interaction, such as those considered by Vautherin and Brink, and obtain a fairly simple modification of the above result. In contrast to the above quadrupole result the energy of the giant monopole state is not unique but depends linearly on σ, the power of the density. The Inglis cranking model is used to get the relevant mass parameters. This model appears to work very well for high frequency vibrations.
Outcomes of patients with severe combined immunodeficiency treated with hematopoietic stem cell transplantation with and without preconditioning

Background The effect of pretransplantation conditioning on the long-term outcomes of patients receiving hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) has not been completely determined. Objective We sought to assess the outcomes of 23 mostly conditioned patients with SCID and compare their outcomes with those of 25 previously reported nonconditioned patients with SCID who underwent transplantation. Methods In the present study we reviewed the medical records of these 23 consecutive, mostly conditioned patients with SCID who underwent transplantation between 1998 and 2007. Results Eighteen patients (median age at transplantation, 10 months; range, 0.8-108 months) received haploidentical mismatched related donor, matched unrelated donor, or mismatched unrelated donor transplants, 17 of whom received pretransplantation conditioning (with 1 not conditioned); 13 (72%) patients engrafted with donor cells and survive at a median of 3.8 years (range, 1.8-9.8 year); 5 (38%) of 13 patients require intravenous immunoglobulin; and 6 of 6 age-eligible children attend school. Of 5 recipients (median age at transplantation, 7 months; range, 2-23 months) of matched related donor transplants, all 5 engrafted and survive at a median of 7.5 years (range, 1.5-9.5 year), 1 recipient requires intravenous immunoglobulin, and 3 of 3 age-eligible children attend school. Gene mutations were known in 16 cases: mutation in the common γ chain of the IL-2 receptor (IL2RG) in 7 patients, mutation in the α chain of the IL-7 receptor (IL7RA) in 4 patients, mutation in the recombinase-activating gene (RAG1) in 2 patients, adenosine deaminase deficiency (ADA) in 2 patients, and adenylate kinase 2 (AK2) in 1 patient. Early outcomes and quality of life of the previous nonconditioned versus the present conditioned cohorts were not statistically different, but longer-term follow-up is necessary for confirmation. Conclusions Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in patients with SCID results in engraftment, long-term survival, and a good quality of life for the majority of patients with or without pretransplantation conditioning.
Cellular and Molecular Characterization of a Major Soybean Allergen

Soybean proteins share a large number of cross-reacting allergens with other members of the legume family; however, soy-allergic patients rarely react clinically to other members of the legume family. Gly m Bd 30K, an IgE-binding protein with a molecular weight of 30 kD, was identified in soybean extracts by Western IgE-immunoblot analysis. This monomeric allergen was shown to have an N-terminal amino acid sequence and amino acid composition identical to that of the seed 34-kD protein, P34, a thiol protease of the papain family. Electron-microscopic immunolocalization of P34 monoclonal antibodies and IgE binding to sections of soybean seeds showed dense staining throughout the vacuolar bodies, localizing the allergens in protein storage vacuoles of seed cotyledons. We used pooled serum from soybean-sensitive patients to determine the linear IgE-specific epitopes in the 34-kD allergen amino acid sequence. B-cell epitope mapping revealed 10 regions of IgE-binding activity using an overlapping peptide strategy of 15-mers offset by 8 amino acids throughout the P34 sequence. Smaller overlapping peptides, 10-mers offset by 2 amino acids, revealed 16 distinct linear epitopes, 9 of which were mapped to the mature protein. No obvious amino acid sequence motifs could be identified by the smaller IgE-binding epitopes. Using individual patient serum, 5 immunodominant epitopes were identified in this allergen.
Involvement of Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase-Mediated Up-Regulation of IκBα in Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Gemfibrozil in Microglia

The present study underlines the importance of PI3K in mediating the anti-inflammatory effect of gemfibrozil, a prescribed lipid-lowering drug for humans, in mouse microglia. Gemfibrozil inhibited LPS-induced expression of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and proinflammatory cytokines in mouse BV-2 microglial cells and primary microglia. By overexpressing wild-type and dominant-negative constructs of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPAR-α) in microglial cells and isolating primary microglia from PPAR-α−/− mice, we have demonstrated that gemfibrozil inhibits the activation of microglia independent of PPAR-α. Interestingly, gemfibrozil induced the activation of p85α-associated PI3K (p110β but not p110α) and inhibition of that PI3K by either chemical inhibitors or dominant-negative mutants abrogated the inhibitory effect of gemfibrozil. Conversely, overexpression of the constitutively active mutant of p110 enhanced the inhibitory effect of gemfibrozil on LPS-induced expression of proinflammatory molecules. Similarly, gemfibrozil also inhibited fibrillar amyloid β (Aβ)-, prion peptide (PrP)-, dsRNA (poly IC)-, HIV-1 Tat-, and 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+)-, but not IFN-γ-, induced microglial expression of iNOS. Inhibition of PI3K also abolished the inhibitory effect of gemfibrozil on Aβ-, PrP-, poly IC-, Tat-, and MPP+-induced microglial expression of iNOS. Involvement of NF-κB activation in LPS-, Aβ-, PrP-, poly IC-, Tat-, and MPP+-, but not IFN-γ-, induced microglial expression of iNOS and stimulation of IκBα expression and inhibition of NF-κB activation by gemfibrozil via the PI3K pathway suggests that gemfibrozil inhibits the activation of NF-κB and the expression of proinflammatory molecules in microglia via PI3K-mediated up-regulation of IκBα.
Synthetic nano-scale fibrous extracellular matrix

Biodegradable polymers have been widely used as scaffolding materials to regenerate new tissues. To mimic natural extracellular matrix architecture, a novel highly porous structure, which is a three-dimensional interconnected fibrous network with a fiber diameter ranging from 50 to 500 nm, has been created from biodegradable aliphatic polyesters in this work. A porosity as high as 98.5% has been achieved. These nano-fibrous matrices were prepared from the polymer solutions by a procedure involving thermally induced gelation, solvent exchange, and freeze-drying. The effects of polymer concentration, thermal annealing, solvent exchange, and freezing temperature before freeze-drying on the nano-scale structures were studied. In general, at a high gelation temperature, a platelet-like structure was formed. At a low gelation temperature, the nano-fibrous structure was formed. Under the conditions for nano-fibrous matrix formation, the average fiber diameter (160-170 nm) did not change statistically with polymer concentration or gelation temperature. The porosity decreased with polymer concentration. The mechanical properties (Young's modulus and tensile strength) increased with polymer concentration. A surface-to-volume ratio of the nano-fibrous matrices was two to three orders of magnitude higher than those of fibrous nonwoven fabrics fabricated with the textile technology or foams fabricated with a particulate-leaching technique. This synthetic analogue of natural extracellular matrix combined the advantages of synthetic biodegradable polymers and the nano-scale architecture of extracellular matrix, and may provide a better environment for cell attachment and function.
Update on the diagnostic radiology employment market: findings through 2007-2008.

Purpose To describe the employment market for diagnostic radiologists in 2007-2008, with attention to differences among subspecialties. Methods The authors conducted the most recent in a series of annual surveys of vacancies in academic departments and obtained data from the placement service of the ACR (its Professional Bureau) during its operation at the annual meeting of the Radiological Society of North America. The authors also obtained survey data on how radiologists' actual workloads compared with what they desired. Results The ratio of job listings to job seekers at the placement service, which serves both community and academic positions, fell to 0.60 for 2008, compared with 1.1 to 1.2 for 2003 to 2006 and 0.22 to 3.8 in the preceding decade. In 2007, workload averaged 3% less than desired, unlike a close match in 2003. Vacancies per academic department have been growing slightly. Data on academic vacancies indicated that interventional, pediatric, and particularly breast imaging were the fields with the most intense shortages. General radiology and (marginally) neuroradiology were at the opposite end of the spectrum. At the placement service, there was a particularly high ratio of job listings to job seekers for interventional radiology and a particularly low ratio for nuclear medicine/radiology. Conclusions The overall job market remains very much intermediate between the highs and lows that have occurred since 1990, but finding highly desirable jobs is likely to be somewhat more difficult, and filling vacancies somewhat easier, in 2008 than in the past few years. There was a strong indication of a 3% surplus of radiologists in 2007. Interventional radiology, pediatric radiology, and particularly breast imaging are the subspecialties in which positions are most difficult to fill; neuroradiology, general radiology, and nuclear radiology may lie at the opposite end of the spectrum.
Increasing adiposity in normal ovulatory women affects adipocytokine expression in subcutaneous and visceral abdominal fat

Abstract Objective To determine which adipocytokines are differentially expressed as a function of body mass index (BMI), to compare expression of adipocytokines in abdominal subcutaneous and omental fat, and to correlate these findings with serum levels, BMI, and parameters of insulin resistance. Methods Serum and subcutaneous (sc) and omental (om) tissue were obtained from lean and obese ovulatory women undergoing gynecologic surgery. We determined adipocytokine expression in sc versus om abdominal fat and related this to increasing BMI. Results Serum leptin was higher and adiponectin lower in overweight subjects. Adipocytokines had higher expression in sc abdominal versus om adipose tissue with the most significant difference observed for leptin (P = 0.01). As BMI increased, sc leptin expression increased and adiponectin expression decreased. The leptin/adiponectin ratio correlated significantly with BMI (R = 0.84, P = 0.0001). Conclusion Increased adipocytokine expression correlates with BMI. Abdominal sc tissue has greater adipocytokine expression overall. The serum leptin/adiponectin ratio is highly correlated with BMI. These data may help in our understanding of how obesity affects women in a variety of ways.
The Functional Role of the Renin-Angiotensin System in Pregnancy and Preeclampsia

During normal pregnancy, the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) plays a vitally important role in salt balance and subsequent well-being of mother and fetus. In this balance, one must consider not only the classical renal RAS but also that of the uteroplacental unit, where both maternal and fetal tissues contribute to the signaling cascade. Many studies have shown that in normal pregnancy there is an increase in almost all of the components of the RAS. In derangements of pregnancy this delicate equilibrium can become unbalanced. Preeclampsia is one such case. It is a disorder of pregnancy characterized by hypertension, proteinuria and placental abnormalities associated with shallow trophoblast invasion and impaired spiral artery remodeling. Despite being a leading cause of maternal death and a major contributor to maternal and perinatal morbidity, the mechanisms responsible for the pathogenesis of preeclampsia are poorly understood. Immunological mechanisms and the RAS have been long considered to be involved in the development of preeclampsia. Numerous recent studies demonstrate the presence of the angiotensin II type I receptor agonistic autoantibody (AT1-AA). This autoantibody can induce many key features of the disorder and upregulate molecules involved in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia. Here we review the functional role of the RAS during pregnancy and the impact of AT1-AA on preeclampsia.
Cooperative effects in hemoglobin and allosteric enzymes

Cooperative effects in the binding of oxygen to hemoglobin have been known and studied for some time. The degree of cooperativity is reflected in the S or sigmoid saturation curve (i.e. percentage of oxygenated hemoglobin as a function of the partial pressure of oxygen) showing that the binding of a few oxygen molecules favours the binding of more and that binding occurs best at high oxygen concentrations.
Interactions between entorhinal axons and target hippocampal neurons: A role for glutamate in the development of hippocampal circuitry

Abstract A coculture system consisting of input axons from entorhinal cortex explants and target hippocampal pyramidal neurons was used to demonstrate that glutamate, released spontaneously from afferent axons, can influence both dendritic geometry of target neurons and formation of presumptive synaptic sites. Dendritic outgrowth was reduced in hippocampal neurons growing on entorhinal axons when compared with neurons growing off the axons. Presumptive presynaptic sites were observed in association with hippocampal neuron dendrites and somas. HPLC analysis showed that glutamate was released from the explants in an activity-and Ca 2+ -dependent manner. The general glutamate receptor antagonist d-glutamylglycine significantly increased dendritic outgrowth in pyramidal neurons associated with entorhinal axons and reduced presumptive presynaptic sites. Tetrodotoxin and reduction of extracellular Ca 2+ also promoted dendritic outgrowth and reduced the formation of presumptive synaptic sites. The results suggest that the neurotransmitter glutamate may play important roles in the development of hippocampal circuitry.
Taxing commercial motor fuel in the European Union: the case for an apportionment-based, destination-principle system

Motor fuel is taxed by European Union member states where purchased. This article describes (a) the case for destination-based taxation of motor fuels, (b) economic distortions, incentives for destructive tax competition, and questionable division of tax base inherent in purchase-based taxation of commercial motor fuel, (c) loss of fiscal sovereignty inherent in minimum tax rates, imposed to alleviate the first two problems, and in uniform rates, (d) the apportionment-based system employed in the US and Canada and its advantages, (e) technology to determine distance traveled in each member state, and (f) legal and political obstacles to adopting an apportionment-based system.
New developments in the detection and prevention of venous thromboembolism.

Abstract The recent development of relatively noninvasive, sensitive and specific procedures has been responsible for new information in the pathophysiology and epidemiology of venous thrombosis. Primary emphasis has been placed on detection of thrombosis with the radioactive fibrinogen leg scan, Doppler ultrasonic recording and, more recently, electrical impedance plethysmography. The latter procedure is easily performed by trained technicians; it is also sensitive and specific and provides an immediate answer. In 95 percent of patients with angiographically confirmed pulmonary embolism, results of impedance plethysmography were abnormal, indicating deep vein thrombosis and thus establishing the relation between the site of thrombus formation and pulmonary embolism. In 90 percent of patients suspected of having pulmonary embolism, when the plethysmogram indicated deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary anglograms revealed pulmonary embolism; similarly, when the plethysmogram was normal, pulmonary angiograms revealed normal findings in 90 percent of the patients. Hence, objective, noninvasive assessment of the deep venous system can be an excellent diagnostic aid, particularly when ventilation/perfusion scanning or pulmonary angiography is not readily available. The most widely studied measure to prevent venous thrombosis has been treatment with subcutaneous small dose heparin. Although extremely effective in patients undergoing elective general surgery, this treatment has not been as effective or as appropriate in high risk patients, such as those undergoing hip, urologie or neurosurgical procedures, or in patients with malignancy. Among medically treated patients, it has been quite effective in those with acute myocardial infarction. Dextran has not been very effective in patients undergoing general surgery, although its use with relatively large volumes has resulted in favorable results in patients having hip surgery. Platelet antiaggregating agents have generally been disappointing prophylactic agents. The most recent and promising technique is intermittent pneumatic boot compression of the calves, which does not require medications that may alter blood coagulation. The results of this procedure have been impressive in general surgical, neurosurgical and urologie patients, conflicting in patients with hip surgery and poor in patients with malignancy undergoing surgery. In these groups of high risk patients, further investigations with new agents or methods or combined techniques are indicated.
Medium-Term Follow-up of the Ionescu-Shiley Heterograft Valve

Abstract Utilizing a questionnaire specifically designed to uncover potential thromboembolic episodes, we personally interviewed 97 patients who underwent valve replacement with the Ionescu-Shiley valve between January, 1977, and June, 1980. In both the aortic and mitral positions, the attrition rate after the first year was low; cumulative survival at 3 to 4 years was 78% (aortic) and 61% (mitral). None of the deaths were attributed to primary valve failure. Patients with aortic prostheses, none of whom were anticoagulated, had a cumulative thromboembolism-free rate of 94% at 3 to 4 years. Patients with mitral prostheses had a thromboembolism-free rate of 71% at 3 to 4 years, with 80% of the episodes occurring in patients in atrial fibrillation. Most emboli produced only transient symptoms, and only 1 patient has residual impairment. The Ionescu-Shiley valve performs well in the early years after valve replacement. Anticoagulation should be strongly considered for patients with mitral prostheses who are in atrial fibrillation.
Glutaric aciduria; Presence of glutaconic and β-hydroxyglutaric acids in urine☆

Abstract The urine from two siblings with glutaric aciduria has been found to contain abnormally high amounts of β-hydroxyglutaric and glutaconic acids. This strongly suggests that the enzymic block in these patients, which previously has been shown to exist in one of the two steps between glutaryl-CoA and glutaconyl-CoA, is in the decarboxylation of glutaconyl-CoA to crotonyl-CoA. Furthermore, the presence of these two metabolites in urine makes it likely that the postulate of glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase and glutaconyl-CoA decarboxylase in mammals being one enzyme is not correct.
Vancomycin heteroresistance and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.

Heteroresistance refers to the presence, within a larger population of fully antimicrobial-susceptible microorganisms, of subpopulations with lesser susceptibility. This phenomenon has been described in a wide range of microorganisms, but much recent attention has been directed toward its expression in Staphybcoccus aureus. Although it has long been known that resistance to methicillin is character-
Identification of an Acceptor System for γ‐Aminobutyric Acid on Isolated Rat Hepatocytes

gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a potent inhibitory neurotransmitter which is synthesized by the enteric bacterial flora and delivered into portal venous blood. To determine whether the liver is likely to play an important role in regulating serum GABA levels, the uptake and metabolism of [3H]GABA by three populations of cells isolated from rat liver were studied. GABA was specifically taken up by hepatocytes but not by endothelial or Kupffer cells. Uptake by hepatocytes was saturable, as well as time and sodium dependent. At 0.5 degrees C, a temperature at which binding of GABA to the cell surface is considered to be the predominant component of the uptake process, the apparent affinity constant (Km) was 0.82 microM and a minimum value for binding velocity (Vmax) was 0.13 microM per min per 5 X 10(5) cells. Uptake of [3H]GABA by hepatocytes was markedly inhibited by excess unlabeled GABA (95%), alpha-aminoisobutyric acid (66%) and bicuculline (58%), but was inhibited much less by alanine (16%) and leucine (29%). These findings suggest that GABA binds specifically to the high affinity acceptor of the A amino acid transport system of rat hepatocytes. Impaired function of this transport system in liver failure could contribute to increased circulating levels of GABA.
Emotional Intelligence: Which Traits Are Most Prized?

Leadership encompasses self-management and managing relationships with others. Such a characterization is best known as emotional intelligence. This article identifies the traits that comprise emotional intelligence and suggests which ones might be most important for library directors to possess. The article also compares the emerging set of traits to transformational and transactional leadership in an effort to suggest which traits apply to two other leadership styles.
High Reynolds numbers unsteady convective mass transfer from fluid spheres

Abstract Unsteady state mass transfer between a single or binary component fluid sphere and the continuous phase at high Reynolds number flow is examined when diffusion is accompanied (or not) by a first order chemical reaction. The velocity distribution derived by Chao is used in the calculations. The similarity transformation suggested by Ruckenstein is applied to find the mass transfer in the absence of chemical reactions from a single component fluid sphere. For mass transfer with or without chemical reactions from a binary fluid sphere, the same transformation is combined with Duhamel's theorem in order to obtain the solution. Asymptotic expressions for the Sherwood number for pure mass transfer from a single component fluid sphere and for the case in which diffusion is accompanied by a first order irreversible chemical reaction are derived. For binary component fluid spheres the quasi steady state assumption (QSSA) is examined and its results compared with the exact analysis.
Interactive devices of two‐year‐old dyads: A twin and nontwin comparison∗

We report here a new method for analyzing patterns of dyad interaction. The method is used to describe the free play of one twin dayd and one nontwin dyad at similar levels of language development who were videotaped twice when the subjects were in their third year. Interactive sequences and their component turns were identified. Microanalysis of all interactive sequences examined both the behavior mode used in each turn (utterance or action) and the form of relationship each turn had to the partner (repetition, complementary, or loosely related). The interactive consequences of different forms of turns were explored by studying the sequential patterns of turns. Using our detailed coding of mode and form to compare dyads, we explored the question of whether repetition is an important interactive device used by each young peer dyad. Our twins made extensive use of repetition, but our nontwins did not. They used repetition less than the twins, and its interactive consequences differed. We suggest two factor...
Origins of surface tension extrema in metallic solutions

Abstract The “monolayer” theory of surface tension is shown to be unsatisfactory when applied to most metallic solutions. A new surface tension isotherm is derived from the Gibbs Adsorption Isotherm by integration, using restriction equations describing the chemical potential of the surface active species. When the surface active species are assumed to be stoichiometric atom groups, the resultant isotherms are capable of quantitatively describing experimentally observed phenomena in a variety of systems which exhibit surface tension extrema. The further generality of the treatment is shown by assuming simple monatomic solute adsorption and using the expression obtained to predict the dependence of surface tension on composition for representative binary systems.
Selective effects of vagal deafferentation and celiac–superior mesenteric ganglionectomy on the reinforcing and satiating action of intestinal nutrients

The role of vagal afferents and splanchnic fibers in nutrient-induced flavor conditioning and feeding suppression was determined. Male rats were fitted with intraduodenal (ID) catheters and given subdiaphragmatic vagal deafferentation (SDA), celiac-superior mesenteric ganglionectomy (CGX), combined (COM) treatments, or sham surgery. In separate conditioning trials, they were trained to drink (30 min/day) flavored saccharin solutions paired with concurrent ID infusions of 8% maltodextrin or water and 3.55% corn oil or water. Experiment 1 revealed that SDA and sham rats showed equal preferences for the nutrient-paired flavors over the water-paired flavors. In contrast, SDA rats, unlike sham rats, failed to suppress their intake of a palatable fluid when infused intraduodenally with maltodextrin or corn oil. Experiment 2 revealed that CGX, COM and sham rats all developed preferences for the maltodextrin-paired flavor, although CGX alone or COM attenuated the conditioned preference. CGX and COM treatments also attenuated or blocked the feeding inhibitory actions of ID nutrient infusions. These findings along with prior data indicate that gut vagal afferents and splanchnic nerves are not essential for flavor-nutrient preference conditioning, whereas both vagal afferents and splanchnic nerves are implicated in carbohydrate- and fat-induced satiation.
Indoor and outdoor measurements of particle number concentration in near-highway homes

Exposure to high levels of traffic-generated particles may pose risks to human health; however, limited measurement has been conducted at homes near highways. The purpose of this study was to characterize differences between indoor and outdoor particle number concentration (PNC) in homes near to and distant from a highway and to identify factors that may affect infiltration. We monitored indoor and outdoor PNC (6–3000 nm) for 1–3 weeks at 18 homes located 1000 m away (n=3). In regression models, a 10% increase in outdoor PNC was associated with an approximately equal (10.8%) increase in indoor PNC. Wind speed and direction, temperature, time of day and weekday were also associated with indoor PNC. Average mean indoor PNC was lower for homes with air conditioners compared with homes without air conditioning. These results may have significance for estimating indoor, personal exposures to traffic-related air pollution.
Potentiation of adenosine-evoked depression of rat cerebral cortical neurons by triazolam.

Abstract The triazolobenzodiazepine triazolam, applied iontophoretically onto rat cerebral cortical neurons, potentiated the magnitude and duration of adenosine-elicited depressions of spontaneous activity. Triazolam did not enhance the depressions evoked by adenosine 5′-N-ethylcarboxamide, an uptake resistant analof of adenosine, suggesting that potentiation of adenosine resulted from an inhibition of adenosine uptake. With larger application currents, triazolam depressed the firing of cortical neurons. This action was blocked by the adenosine antagonist caffeine (20 mg/kg, i.v.) implying that the depression resulted from an accumulation of endogenously released adenosine.
The development of GABA immunoreactivity in the retina of the zebrafish (brachydanio rerio)

The goal of this study was to determine the pattern of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) expression in the retina and optic nerve of the zebrafish (Brachydanio rerio) during embryonic development. Zebrafish embryos were fixed at intervals between 1 and 4 days postfertilization, and semithin plastic sections were prepared for postembedding immunocytochemistry with antisera against GABA. Sections were also prepared from several adult zebrafish eyes for comparison. GABA immunoreactivity first appeared in the optic nerve at 2 days postfertilization, and by 2.5 days the inner nuclear layer (INL), inner plexiform layer (IPL), retinal ganglion cell layer, and optic nerve were all positive for GABA. The GABA expression in the retinal ganglion cell layer and optic nerve was transient, however, and these structures were largely unlabeled by 4 days postfertilization. The pattern of GABA immunoreactivity at 4 days resembled that seen in the adult zebrafish: A large population of presumptive amacrine cells was labeled at the base of the INL, and the IPL was positive for GABA, as were occasional cells in the ganglion cell layer. Horizontal cells, particularly at the retinal margins, were also GABA positive beginning at about 3 days postfertilization. The transient expression of GABA in retinal ganglion cells and their axons during the period when synaptic contacts are being established both within the retina and between the retina and central targets suggests that GABA may have a role in the development of this system, in addition to serving as a classical neurotransmitter.
Grid Convergence Study in a Simulation of LAPD Turbulence

Grid convergence of plasma drift turbulence simulations in the Large Plasma Device is studied. When first order upwind advection schemes are used, numerical finite difference diffusion errors cause turbulence statistics, especially saturation levels to vary when grid spacing is changed. The significance and magnitude of the variation is explored, and it is found that use of very fine meshes or higher order advection schemes combined with artificial diffusion and viscosity can lead to grid convergence, while maintaining experimentally consistent saturation levels. It is also found that the details of dissipation range dynamics, such as the level of diffusion, have a significant impact on driven range dynamics due to the lack of a large inertial range in the simulations (© 2012 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Precursors of essential hypertension: body weight, alcohol and salt use, and parental history of hypertension.

Abstract Body mass index, alcohol and salt consumption, and parental history of hypertension were examined as possible predictors of the development of essential hypertension in 1,031 persons, ages 30–49 years at entry, with documented normotension followed by documented hypertension after a mean interval of 6 years. In a comparison with 1,031 matched persistently normotensive persons initial body mass index and percentage increase in body mass index were each predictive of hypertension. Consumption of three or more alcoholic drinks a day at baseline was also predictive, more so if this level of intake persisted than if it diminished. Heavy salt intake as crudely estimated at baseline by one question was also associated with the development of hypertension. Parental history of hypertension was also predictive, more so for hypertension in the mother than for hypertension in the father, and the association was apparent only in female subjects. These characteristics at baseline showed independent associations with subsequent hypertension in multivariate analysis. When follow-up data were included in the multivariate analysis, alcohol consumption at the hypertensive examination was much more strongly related than at the baseline examination, suggesting a short-term effect, and heavy salt consumption was no longer predictive, possibly because of a marked loss of subjects due to missing follow-up data. This large study confirms longitudinally the importance of obesity, weight gain during adulthood, alcohol, family history, and, to some extent, salt as predictive and possibly causal factors for essential hypertension.
Uncooled monolithic ferroelectric IRFPA technology

Once relegated to expensive military platforms, occasionally to civilian platforms, and envisioned for individual soldiers, uncooled thermal imaging affords cost-effective solutions for police cars, commercial surveillance, driving aids, and a variety of other industrial and consumer applications. System prices are continuing to drop, and swelling production volume will soon drive prices substantially lower. The impetus for further development is to improve performance. Hybrid barium strontium titanate (BST) detectors currently in production are relatively inexpensive, but have limited potential for improved performance. The MTF at high frequencies is limited by thermal conduction through the optical coating. Microbolometer arrays in development at Raytheon have recently demonstrated performance superior to hybrid detectors. However, microbolometer technology lacks a mature, low-cost system technology and an abundance of upgradable, deployable system implementations. Thin-film ferroelectric (TFFE) detectors have all the performance potential of microbolometers. They are also compatible with numerous fielded and planned system implementations. Like the resistive microbolometer, the TFFE detector is monolithic; i.e., the detector material is deposited directly on the readout IC rather than being bump bonded to it. Imaging arrays of 240 X 320 pixels have been produced, demonstrating the feasibility of the technology.
Integration of power devices in advanced mixed signal analog BiCMOS technology

This paper outlines lateral power devices in Power BiCMOS (PBC) technologies where increasing application circuit complexity is driving the need to maintain compatibility with advanced CMOS technology and integration by parts remains a challenge. Different device strategies and process roadmaps are required to maintain competitive products. The need for compatibility with these leading edge CMOS technologies complicates the push for reduced complexity. Product application drivers, device styles combined with process integration challenges and methods, and the future problems with shrinking geometry are discussed.
Cellular effects of reactive intermediates: nephrotoxicity of S-conjugates of amino acids.

Several cysteine S-conjugates are potent nephrotoxins and require enzymatic activation to produce cytotoxicity. Strategies based on the knowledge that renal cysteine conjugate β-lyase is apparently a pyridoxal phosphate (PLP)-dependent enzyme have been exploited to test the hypothesis that a β-lyase-dependent activation is required for the expression of cysteine S-conjugate-induced toxicity. First, the toxicity of the model conjugate S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)-L-cysteine (DCVC) is blocked both in vivo and in isolated, renal proximal tubular cells by aminooxyacetic acid, an inhibitor of PLP-dependent enzymes. Second, the nonmetabolizable α-methyl analogue S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)-DL-α-methylcysteine is not toxic. Third, to test the hypothesis that the toxicity of DCVC is associated with the metabolic formation of a reactive thiol, S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)-L-homocysteine (DCVHC), which may undergo a PLP-dependent γ-elimination reaction to produce an identical thiol, was studied. DCVHC is a potent nephrotoxin, and, similar to DCVC, its toxicity was blocked by aminooxyacetic acid and the α-methyl analogue S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)-DL-α-methylhomocysteine was not toxic. Moreover, exposure of renal proximal tubular cells to propargylglycine, a suicide substrate for PLP-dependent enzymes that catalyze γ-elimination reactions, blocked the toxicity of DCVHC. Fourth, the renal mitochondrial β-lyase is localized in the outer membrane; therefore, although DCVC was toxic to mitochondria, no toxicity was produced in mitoplasts, which shows that a suborganelle site of activation is involved in the mitochondrial toxicity of DCVC. Finally, the toxicity of both DCVC and DCVHC was blocked by probenecid, indicating a role for the anion transport system. DCVC and DCVHC inhibit cellular and mitochondrial respiration, indicating that mitochondria are primary intracellular targets for nephrotoxic S-conjugates. Thus, the nephrotoxicity of cysteine and homocysteine S-conjugates is dependent on enzymatic activation to produce a reactive thiol, which is involved in the production of cytotoxicity.
Crayfish as Possible Agents of Dissemination of Fairy Shrimp into Temporary Ponds

Faxonella clypeata, coinhabitant with fairy shrimp in Louisiana temporary ponds, was fed ovigerous shrimp to test its role as a possible disseminator of anostracan eggs. Viable eggs of Artemia salina were recovered from crayfish feces. In tests utilizing Streptocephalus seali as food, intact eggs were recovered from the feces of 26% of the crayfish, of which 36% hatched. See full-text article at JSTOR
Untersuchungen über thiaminähnliche Verbindungen, II. Mitteil.: Wirkung auf Mikroorganismen†

Die Wirkung von Oxythiamin und Neopyrithiamin auf Staphylococcus aureus und Lactobacillus fermentum wurde verglichen. Oxythiamin erwies sich als sehr giftig fur S.aureus; es wurde ein Hemmfaktor von ungefahr 50 gefunden. Demgegenuber betrug der Hemmfaktor des Neopyrithiamins ungefahr 1300. Auf L. fermentum wirkte Neopyrithiamin als Hemmstoff ungefahr viermal starker als Oxythiamin. Die Untersuchungen wurden auf eine Anzahl Mikroorganismen ausgedehnt, deren Thiaminbedarf weniger ausgepragt ist.
Hypoxia does not activate ATP-sensitive K+ channels in arteriolar muscle cells.

Objective: To test the hypothesis that hypoxia activates ATP-sensitive K+ (KATP) channels in cremasteric arteriolar muscle cells, resulting in membrane hyperpolarization and inhibition of norepinephrine-induced contraction. Methods: Arteriolar muscle cells were isolated enzymatically from second- and third-order arterioles that were surgically removed from hamster cremaster muscles. The effects of hypoxia (PO2 = 12-15 mm Hg) were then examined on norepinephrine-induced contraction, membrane currents, and membrane potential in these cells at room temperature. Whole-cell currents and membrane potential were recorded using the perforated patch technique. Results: Hypoxia (12-15 mm Hg PO2) reversibly inhibited norepinephrineinduced contraction to 52 ± 6% of the response in normoxic solutions (156 mm Hg, n = 12 digests, p < 0.05). These effects of hypoxia could be prevented by superfusion of the cells with either solutions containing the KATP channel antagonist glibenclamide (1 µM) or solutions containing 3...
Measuring Safety Performance of Potentially Dangerous Technologies

Very little is known about the safety performance of organizations dealing with high risk technologies. To develop effective strategies for enhancing safety performance, we need valid and reliable measures of safety. This im plies taking a total systems perspective on safety which includes both human/organizational and hardware factors. This paper highlights some of the concerns associated with measurement of safety, and suggests directions for research.
Safety of Epidural Analgesia in the Perioperative Care of Patients Undergoing Cytoreductive Surgery with Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy

The perioperative coagulopathy, hemodynamic instability, and infectious complications that may occur during cytoreductive surgery (CRS) with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) has raised concerns about the safety of epidural analgesia in patients undergoing such procedures. We conducted a retrospective review of the perioperative anesthetic management of 215 adult patients who had undergone CRS with HIPEC with epidural analgesia. We reviewed epidural-related complications and analyzed the effect of early initiation of continuous epidural analgesia on estimated blood loss, intraoperative fluid administration, blood transfusion and vasopressor requirements, time to extubation, and length of stay. No epidural hematomas or abscesses were reported. Two patients (0.9 %) had delays in epidural removal because of thrombocytopenia, and two had epidural-site erythema (0.9 %). The majority of postoperative epidural-related hypotensive episodes were successfully treated with fluid boluses. Early initiation of epidural analgesic infusions (before HIPEC) was associated with significantly less surgical blood loss and fluid requirements (P = 0.005 and 0.02, respectively). Pre-HIPEC initiation of epidural infusions was not associated with a statistically significant difference in the following: volume of blood transfused, intraoperative vasopressors use, time to extubation, and length of hospital stay. With close hematologic monitoring and particular attention to sterility, epidural analgesia can be safely provided to patients undergoing CRS with HIPEC. Early initiation of continuous epidural infusions during surgery could lead to decreased blood loss and less intraoperative fluid administration. Prospective randomized studies are required to further investigate these potential benefits.