cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
To Flip or Not to Flip: Experiences with a Hybrid Approach

This Innovative Practice Work-in-Progress Paper presents a “semi-flipped” approach where we take some of the delivery techniques used in a flipped classroom and blend it with some traditional approaches, all based on our experiences of what has proven to be effective. The flipped methodology as an instructional strategy has been used in multiple disciplines. Computer Science is one such discipline. However, this learning paradigm is not suitable for all students. This study was conducted on a second course in the computer science sequence which highlights object-oriented topics in addition to algorithm design. We highlight the specific classroom activities and the out-of-class activities that are accepted and received better by students. We also present some empirical results based on this CS1 course to support our hypothesis on approaches undertaken.
Gene regulatory networks during the development of the Drosophila visual system

The Drosophila visual system integrates input from 800 ommatidia and extracts different features in stereotypically connected optic ganglia. The development of the Drosophila visual system is controlled by gene regulatory networks that control the number of precursor cells, generate neuronal diversity by integrating spatial and temporal information, coordinate the timing of retinal and optic lobe cell differentiation, and determine distinct synaptic targets of each cell type. In this chapter, we describe the known gene regulatory networks involved in the development of the different parts of the visual system and explore general components in these gene networks. Finally, we discuss the advantages of the fly visual system as a model for gene regulatory network discovery in the era of single-cell transcriptomics.
The “Civic” Road to Secession: Political Ideology as an Ethnic Boundary Marker in Contemporary Scotland

Civic nationalism is a weak vessel for secession. Nonetheless, contemporary Scottish nationalism has proven unusually successful, using the characteristically civic marker of political ideology as ...
Structure and evolution of magnetic fields associated with solar eruptions

This paper reviews the studies of solar photospheric magnetic field evolution in active regions and its relationship to solar flares. It is divided into two topics, the magnetic structure and evolution leading to solar eruptions and rapid changes in the photospheric magnetic field associated with eruptions. For the first topic, we describe the magnetic complexity, new flux emergence, flux cancelation, shear motions, sunspot rotation and magnetic helicity injection, which may all contribute to the storage and buildup of energy that trigger solar eruptions. For the second topic, we concentrate on the observations of rapid and irreversible changes of the photospheric magnetic field associated with flares, and the implication on the restructuring of the three-dimensional magnetic field. In particular, we emphasize the recent advances in observations of the photospheric magnetic field, as state-of-the-art observing facilities (such as Hinode and Solar Dynamics Observatory ) have become available. The linkages between observations, theories and future prospectives in this research area are also discussed.
A note on a candy sharing game

Suppose k students sit in a circle and are each distributed some initial amount of candy. Each student begins with an even amount of candy, but their individual amounts may vary. Upon the teacher’s signal, each student passes half of their candy to their left and keeps half. After this step, any student with an odd amount of candy receives an extra piece. The game ends if all the students are holding the same amount of candy. We prove, in a generalized setting, that for any initial distribution of n pieces of candy, the game terminates after O(log n) many iterations and each student ends with n/k + O(log n) many pieces. Moreover, there exist initial distributions for which the O(log n) term cannot be improved.
Extensions of Intellectual Property Rights and Delayed Adoption of Generic Drugs: Effects on Medicaid Expenditures

Rising prescription drug costs present a critical policy issue for Medicaid. Generic substitution can reduce costs, but the effects are undercut by extensions of intellectual property protection, elevated generic prices, and low substitution rates. Using Medicaid prescription data for amoxicillin/clavulanate, metformin, and omeprazole, we calculated the savings that could have been realized if generic drugs had been available and fully substituted at their lowest cost when intellectual property protection first expired (an average delay of 26 months). The delay in availability, elevated prices, and slow uptake of generic alternatives cost Medicaid $1.5 billion in 2000-2004 for these three drugs alone.
Going beyond the system: The role of trust in coworker support and organization-based self-esteem in dealing with sexual harassment issues

Sexual harassment has been an entrenched problem in the workplace. Using the 2016 Merit Principles Survey from the US Merit Systems Protection Board, this study advances our understanding of the fo...
Parlermonium: A Data-Driven UX Design Evaluation of the Parler Platform

This paper evaluates Parler, the controversial social media platform, from two seemingly orthogonal perspectives: UX design perspective and data science. UX design researchers explore how users react to the interface/content of their social media feeds; Data science researchers analyze the misinformation flow in these feeds to detect alternative narratives and state-sponsored disinformation campaigns. We took a critical look into the intersection of these approaches to understand how Parler's interface itself is conductive to the flow of misinformation and the perception of "free speech" among its audience. Parler drew widespread attention leading up to and after the 2020 U.S. elections as the "alternative" place for free speech, as a reaction to other mainstream social media platform which actively engaged in labeling misinformation with content warnings. Because platforms like Parler are disruptive to the social media landscape, we believe the evaluation uniquely uncovers the platform's conductivity to the spread of misinformation.
Behavioral Responses to Spatial Tax Notches in the Retail Gasoline Market

I employ a unique data-set on fueling station locations in the United States and their corresponding retail gasoline prices to estimate how state tax discontinuities affect business location decisions and tax incidence. The analysis shows that the expected number of fueling stations on the low-tax side of a state border is between 20 and 30 percent higher than on the high-tax side. Gasoline consumers bear 75 percent of the fuel tax on the high-tax side, as compared to 100 percent on the low-tax side. The effect of the border on station location and tax incidence disappears with 15 miles of distance. These results provide some of the first estimates of the effect of tax discontinuities at borders on the location choices of retailers, their competitors, and consequences for the pass-through of taxes to prices.
Stirring from Beyond the Borders? American Military Assistance and Defense Reform in Indonesia

This paper seeks to assess and consider the security component of the new security re-engagement between the United States and Indonesia, especially those pertaining to military assistance to the Indonesian Defense Forces (TNI). Specifically, it seeks to address two broad questions: (1) why the US chose to engage the TNI using military assistance they way they have in recent years, and (2) given the context of Indonesia’s ongoing defense reform process, whether US military assistance would assist the process and how. In addressing these questions, this paper will review US military assistance programs in general and to Indonesia in particular. It will also assess the trends and challenges facing US military assistance in terms of instilling democratic civil-military relations and improving Indonesia’s defense reform.
Stopped‐flow fourier transform infrared studies in polymer chemistry

The application of stopped-flow FT-IR spectroscopy to group transfer polymerization (GTP) and cyclic oligomeric carbonate formation is described. The influence of catalyst structure, propagating end stereochemistry and degree of polymerization (DP) on the rate of monomer addition was examined for GTP. Also, the major GTP termination process was identified and characterized. Model reactions were used to study the kinetics of acyl ammonium salt formation and subsequent conversion to urethane. These results were used to further develop the mechanism of bisphenol A-bischloroformate macrocyclization.
Genetic analysis of an MDR-like export system : the secretion of colicin V

Abstract The extracellular secretion of the antibacterial toxin colicin V is mediated via a signal sequence independent process which requires the products of two linked genes: cvaA and cvaB. The nucleotide sequence of cvaB reveals that its product is a member of a subfamily of proteins, involved in the export of diverse molecules, found in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. This group of proteins, here referred to as the 'MDR-like' subfamily, is characterized by the presence of a hydrophobic region followed by a highly conserved ATP binding fold. By constructing fusions between the structural gene for colicin V, cvaC, and a gene for alkaline phosphatase, phoA, lacking its signal sequence, it was determined that 39 codons in the N-terminus of cvaC contained the structural information to allow CvaC-PhoA fusion proteins to be efficiently translocated across the plasma membrane of Escherichia coli in a CvaA/CvaB dependent fashion. This result is consistent with the location of point mutations in the cvaC gene which yielded export deficient colicin V. The presence of the export signal at the N-terminus of CvaC contrasts with the observed C-terminal location of the export signal for hemolysin, which also utilizes an MDR-like protein for its secretion. It was also found that the CvaA component of the colicin V export system shows amino acid sequence similarities with another component involved in hemolysin export, HlyD. The role of the second component in these systems and the possibility that other members of the MDR-like subfamily will also have corresponding second components are discussed. A third component used in both colicin V and hemolysin extracellular secretion is the E. coli host outer membrane protein, TolC.
Optimization and Job Scheduling in Heterogeneous Networks

A heterogeneous network is a connected network of different platforms and operating systems. Job scheduling is a problem of selecting a free resource for unexecuted task from a pool of submitted tasks. Furthermore, it is required to find for every resource the best order of the tasks assigned to it. The purpose of this paper is to develop an efficient algorithm for job scheduling in heterogeneous networks. The algorithm should include parameters such as properties of resources and properties of jobs. The algorithm includes a cost function that is required to be optimized which includes parameters such as the total processing time, average waiting time. Our results demonstrate that the proposed algoritghm can be efficiently used to determine the performance of different job scheduling algorithms under different sets of loads.
Fire in the Plaça: Catalan Festival Politics After Franco

Reviewed Medium: book Authors: Dorothy Noyes Year: 2003 Pages: 336 Publisher: University of Pennsylvania Press ISBN: 0-8122-3729-3 (hard cover).
Ultrastructure of Lipopolysaccharide Isolated from Treponema pallidum

A lipopolysaccharide (LPS) fraction was extracted from Nichols, nonpathogenic Treponema pallidum by the hot, phenol-water procedure. The LPS was freed of nucleic acids and water-soluble proteins by successive exposures to ribonuclease, deoxyribonuclease, and Pronase. Purified LPS responded positively in a colorimetric assay for lipopolysaccharide. Electron microscope examination of the LPS both before and after purification demonstrated a heterogeneous mixture of forms including spheres, doughnuts, and ribbons. The trilaminar nature of the ribbon forms was observed by both negative staining and thin sectioning. Lyophilization of the LPS caused an increase in the number and length of ribbon forms seen. Results suggest that the surface layers of treponemes are similar to those of gram-negative bacteria.
Presence of an endothelial antigen on the syncytiotrophoblast of human chorionic villi: detection by a monoclonal antibody.

: We describe a monoclonal antibody, B721. This antibody reacts with an antigen present on vascular endothelium and on the syncytiotrophoblast of term chorionic villi. The antigen is absent from the trophoblast of the chorion, from the amniotic epithelium, and from normal peripheral blood or lymph node lymphocytes. We discuss the possible functional roles of the antigen. We propose that the syncytiotrophoblast, by expressing endothelial antigens, mimics endothelium and may perform endothelial functions.
Depression and denial in psychotherapy of persons with disabilities.

Psychotherapy with persons with disabilities may help in alleviating suffering related to loss and violations of personal, not simply bodily, integrity. Depression and denial are among potential re...
Do larval fishes exhibit diel drift patterns in a large, turbid river?

Summary Previous research suggested larval fishes do not exhibit a diel drift cycle in turbid rivers (transparency <30 cm). We evaluated this hypothesis in the turbid, lower Missouri River, Missouri. We also reviewed diel patterns of larval drift over a range of transparencies in rivers worldwide. Larval fishes were collected from the Missouri River primary channel every 4 h per 24-h period during spring-summer 2002. Water transparency was measured during this period and summarized for previous years. Diel drift patterns were analyzed at the assemblage level and lower taxonomic levels for abundant groups. Day and night larval fish catch-per-unit-effort (CPUE) was compared for the entire May through August sampling period and spring (May – June) and summer (July – August) seasons separately. There were no significant differences between day and night CPUE at the assemblage level for the entire sampling period or for the spring and summer seasons. However, Hiodon alosoides, Carpiodes/Ictiobus spp. and Macrhybopsis spp. exhibited a diel cycle of abundance within the drift. This pattern was evident although mean Secchi depth (transparency) ranged from 4 to 25 cm during the study and was <30 cm from May through August over the previous nine years. Larval diel drift studies from 48 rivers excluding the Missouri River indicated the primary drift period for larval fishes was at night in 38 rivers and during the day for five, with the remaining rivers showing no pattern. Water transparency was reported for 10 rivers with six being <30 cm or ‘low’. Two of these six turbid rivers exhibited significant diel drift patterns. The effect of water transparency on diel drift of larval fishes appears taxa-specific and patterns of abundant taxa could mask patterns of rare taxa when analyzed only at the assemblage level.
Diffraction of solitary waves by submerged horizontal cylinders

Abstract Relatively strong nonlinear interactions between solitary waves and submerged horizontal cylinders held fixed are investigated in two dimensions using the boundary element method. Before, during and after the passage of solitary waves above submerged horizontal cylinders, the free-surface profiles, particle velocities and wave forces are calculated. An open-boundary condition coupling the Sommerfeld condition and a joint condition, written for the points at intersections of the open boundaries and the free surface, is proposed for absorbing nonlinear waves at numerical boundaries. For problems involving moderate wave diffraction by submerged cylinders, a method for determining solitary wave force is developed based on the numerical solution of the flow-problem coupled with an extrapolation of the method of Kulin [10]. A formula is given for estimating the actual instantaneous fluid-particle excursion length for use in a time-dependent Keulegan-Carpenter number which is the basis of the developed method. Examples are given for all the methods and procedures presented, including a validity test on the open-boundary condition, and two applications involving a moderately large circular cylinder and a large bottom-seated semi-cylinder. Results obtained are compared with available experimental data.
Restrictions on switching in positive-negative feedback control systems

The concept and condition for switching in positive-negative feedback control systems are analyzed to show that such switching can be used to eliminate the negative-feedback error transient component associated with only one negative-feedback pole, necessarily real valued.
Estimating the maximum value of autocorrelated air quality measurements

Abstract The observations in continuous records of air quality measurements are known to be highly autocorrelated. In this study, the effect of autocorrelation on the distribution of the maximum value in a sequence of autocorrelated variables has been quantified, for a special case. The approximate distribution of the maximum value in an autocorrelated sequence satisfying certain assumptions has been derived. The equivalent number of independent measurements for estimating the maximum value in a sequence of n autocorrelated variables is defined. One result of these derivations is to quantify the effective reduction in sample size for estimating the maximum value which results due to the presence of autocorrelation among the observations. Another result of this study is a method for calculating the calibrated probability distribution of the maximum concentration as a function of the autocorrelation function, the number of measurements and certain statistical descriptors of the air pollutant concentration measurements. Applications of these results to hourly carbon monoxide concentration measurements are presented.
Usable Global Network Access Policy for Process Control Systems

The Access Policy Tool (APT) verifies access policy implementation (expressed as rules) against specification of global policy-for example, policy that encodes best practice recommendations. PCS operators can use the APT to analyze their network configurations for compliance to best practice recommendations.
In Situ Ambient Pressure Studies of the Chemistry of NO2 and Water on Rutile TiO2(110)

The adsorption of NO2 on the rutile TiO2(110) surface has been studied at room temperature in the pressure range from ∼10−8 torr to 200 mtorr using ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (AP-XPS). Atomic nitrogen, chemisorbed NO2, and NO3 were formed, each of which saturates at pressures below ∼10−6 torr NO2. Atomic nitrogen originates from decomposition of the NOx species. For pressures of up to 10−3 torr, no significant change in the NOx surface species occurred, suggesting that environmentally relevant conditions with typical NO2 partial pressures in the 1−100 ppb range can be modeled by ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) studies. The chemisorbed surface species can be removed by in situ annealing in UHV: all of the NOx species disappear around 400 K, whereas the N 1s signal associated with atomic nitrogen diminishes around 580 K. At higher pressures of NO2 (p(NO2) ≥ 10−6 torr), physisorbed NO2 and adsorbed water, which was likely due to displacement from the chamber walls, appeared. The water coverage ...
Rethinking Love at the Office: Antecedents and Consequences of Coworker Evaluations of Workplace Romances

Researchers have pointed out a wide variety of organizational effects attributable to workplace romances, concluding that the impact of such romances on the workgroup can range from positive to negative. To date, however, little research has attempted to pinpoint the elements leading to this divergence. We suggest that coworker evaluation of a romance or anticipatory injustice may play a key role in influencing the positive or negative impact of the relationship on the workgroup at large. Our model proposes that three separate mechanisms (procedural fairness, intragroup cognitive dissonance, and normative adjustment), each corresponding to a different domain of evaluation, may mediate the apparent relationship between coworker evaluation of a romance and various aspects of group performance. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Ground Beetle (Coleoptera: Carabidae) Phenology, Diversity, and Response to Weed Cover in a Turfgrass Ecosystem

Despite being fragmented and highly disturbed habitats, urban turfgrass ecosystems harbor a surprising diversity of arthropods. The suitability of turf as arthropod habitat, however, likely depends on the extent and types of pesticides and fertilizers used. For example, moderate levels of weed cover in low-input lawns may provide alternative food resources. We conducted a 2-yr field study to: 1) characterize the ground beetle (Carabidae) species assemblage in turfgrass, and 2) assess the direct and indirect effects of lawn management on carabid communities. Weed cover and beetle activity were compared among four lawn management programs: 1) consumer/garden center, 2) integrated pest management (IPM), 3) natural organic, and 4) no-input control. Nearly 5,000 carabid beetles across 17 species were collected with the predator Cyclotrachelus sodalis LeConte numerically dominating the trap catch (87% and 45% of individuals in 2005 and 2006, respectively). Populations of C. sodalis underwent a distinct peak in activity during the third week of June, whereas omnivorous and granivorous species tended to occur at far lower levels and were less variable over the season. We found no evidence for direct effects of lawn management on carabid species diversity; however, we detected an indirect effect mediated by variation in weed cover. Seed-feeding species were positively correlated with turf weeds early in 2006, whereas strictly predaceous species were not. Thus, turf management programs that lead to changes in plant species composition (i.e., herbicide regimes) may indirectly shape epigeal arthropod communities more strongly than the direct effects of insecticide use.
Taxes, Transfers, and Voter Behavior in U.S. Midterm Elections

The effects of changes in per capita real GDP, real taxes and real government transfer payments on midterm congressional election outcomes during the 1946–2002 period are examined. Voters are found to take all of these, except taxes and transfers at the state and local government levels, into account in casting their ballots. However, the weights they place on each are found not to be the same. Consequently, the common practice of summarizing the economic conditions faced by voters through disposable income seems to be inappropriate. Also, omission of tax and transfer variables from the vote equation, and using vote swing rather than vote share as the dependent variable is found to result in underestimation of the coefficient of per capita GDP growth.
Tardive Dyskinesia: Therapeutic Options for an Increasingly Common Disorder

Tardive dyskinesia (TD) is a serious, often disabling, movement disorder that is caused by medications that block dopamine receptors (i.e., neuroleptics, anti-emetics). There is currently no standard treatment approach for physicians confronted with such patients. This may be the result of notions that TD is disappearing because of the switch to second-generation antipsychotic agents and that it is largely reversible. In this article we demonstrate that second-generation antipsychotics do, indeed, cause TD and, in fact, the frequency is likely higher than expected because of growing off-label uses and a tripling of prescriptions written in the last 10 years. In addition, studies demonstrate that TD actually remits in only a minority of patients when these drugs are withdrawn. Furthermore, neuroleptic agents are often utilized to treat TD, despite prolonged exposure being a risk factor for irreversibility. The outcome of these trends is a growing population afflicted with TD. We review non-neuroleptic agents that have shown positive results in small, early-phase, blinded trials, including tetrabenazine, amantadine, levetiracetam, piracetam, clonazepam, propranolol, vitamin B6, and Ginkgo biloba. Other options, such as botulinum toxin and deep brain stimulation, will also be discussed, and a suggested treatment algorithm is provided. While these agents are reasonable treatment options at this time there is a need, with a concerted effort between neurology and psychiatry, for full-scale drug development, including multicenter, randomized, blinded trials to confirm the effectiveness of the agents that were positive in phase 2 trials and the development of newer ones.
Metaphors for the nature of human-computer interaction in an empowering environment: Interaction style influences the manner of human accomplishment

Over the past four decades, the computer's role in helping humans solve information problems has increased steadily. New genres of computer applications have arisen, leading to new ways of using computers. Of these, perhaps the most advanced are what we call empowering environments for problem solving with computers. We propose that a closed-loop model of interaction provides a more natural, more accurate description of problem solving with computers. Further we suggest that human accomplishment is strongly enhanced by engagement of the user in such environments, and a key to engagement is the power of an interface as an illusion, representing the real-world problem-solving situation directly to the user. In turn, the illusion is supported by directness, which depends on appropriate and timely feedback closely coupled to the user actions as part of inter-referential input/output.
Item Desirability Effects in Compliance‐Gaining Research Seven Studies Documenting Artifacts in the Strategy Selection Procedure

A popular method for assessing compliance-gaming behavior involves having people rate lists of preformulated message strategies for likelihood of use. This “selection procedure” has been employed much more frequently than the alternative “construction procedure,” a method that requires people to generate their own message strategies. The present article argues that the selection procedure is much less sensitive than the construction procedure to the effects of situational and individual-difference variables on compliance-gaining behavior. The article further suggests that the insensitivity of the selection procedure is due to a type of social desirability bias known as the item desirability effect. Seven studies were carried out testing the Marwell and Schmitt (1967) and Wiseman and Schenk-Hamlin (1 981) strategy checklists for the item desirability effect. These studies found that (a) the likelihood of use ratings prouided for the strategies on both checklists could be accurately predicted by the rated social appropriateness of the strategies, (b) likelihood of use ratingsfor preforrnulated strategies haue relatively poor reliability, and (c) the construction procedure is much less susceptible to social desirability biases than the selection procedure. On the basis of these and related findings, it is recommended that researchers eschew the use of strategy checklists in future research.
It's My Library, Too, Isn't It?

Summary Institutions that offer distance education courses are responsible for providing commensurate library services and resources. Whether or not they fulfill that responsibility, their students may opt to use local public or academic libraries in addition to or instead of the institution's library (i.e., the home library). Academic libraries may have policies that forbid or limit services and public libraries often do not have the resources necessary to support college students. Distance librarians have a responsibility and opportunity to assist their students in developing a Total Information Network that equitably uses both virtual and brick-and-mortar libraries. Distance librarians also have a responsibility and an opportunity to communicate with colleagues in other libraries regarding use of their facilities by online learners.
From genetics of inflammatory bowel disease towards mechanistic insights

Advancements in human genetics now poise the field to illuminate the pathophysiology of complex genetic disease. In particular, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have generated insights into the mechanisms driving inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and implicated genes shared by multiple autoimmune and autoinflammatory diseases. Thus, emerging evidence suggests a central role for the mucosal immune system in mediating immune homeostasis and highlights the complexity of genetic and environmental interactions that collectively modulate the risk of disease. Nevertheless, the challenge remains to determine how genetic variation can precipitate and sustain the inappropriate inflammatory response to commensals that is observed in IBD. Here, we highlight recent advancements in immunogenetics and provide a forward-looking view of the innovations that will deliver mechanistic insights from human genetics.
Report of the Committee on Dynamics of Streams, 1950–1951

A glancing examination of the National Bureau of Standards annual review of “Hydraulic Research in the United States” impresses one with the wide variety of projects which fall under the general subject of stream dynamics. Undoubtedly there are other projects in progress that are not listed in this publication. Obviously the report of this Committee should not summarize the activities in this entire field. Instead, it appears desirable to present in some detail the results of investigations that are nearing completion, have been completed, or present valuable data or experimental techniques even though work is in a continuing phase. In addition to the restriction that each investigation be more or less completed, there is the space- restriction necessitating the narrowing of the field even further. This report, therefore, is confined to a summary of a number of investigations on sediment transportation and related fields. Eventually the studies summarized herein perhaps will be published, at least in part. A preview, however, of this information in a single report is of interest.
Preparation of peptide−protein immunogens using N-succinimidyl bromoacetate as a heterobifunctional crosslinking reagent

Synthetic peptides derived from human fibrin were unidirectionally conjugated to three carrier proteins (bovine serum albumin, bovine alpha-lactalbumin, and keyhole limpet hemocyanin) by a method that employs N-succinimidyl bromoacetate. This heterobifunctional crosslinking reagent was prepared with a 79% yield in gram quantities from inexpensive starting materials. With this reagent, carrier proteins were first bromoacetylated, then reacted with the thiol groups of cysteine-containing peptides. The extent of peptide conjugation was assessed by amino acid analysis after acid hydrolysis, which liberated 1 mol of S-carboxymethylcysteine for each mole of thioether linkage between peptide and protein. The results of several conjugation experiments indicated that the efficiency of peptide incorporation ranged between 22 and 37% based on the recovery of S-carboxymethylcysteine relative to lysine. When the conjugates were used as immunogens, the S-carboxymethyl linkage was not antigenic in comparison with the S-maleimidobenzoyl linkage, even though their antipeptide immunoreactivities were similar.
Melanoma exosomes: messengers of metastasis.

A new study shows that melanoma-derived exosomes contribute to metastatic invasion by carrying messenger proteins that direct bone marrow–derived cells toward a prometastatic phenotype. This leads to the promotion of proangiogenic events and modification of the extracellular matrix at premetastatic sites (pages 883–891).
High Reversion of Atrial Flutter to Sinus Rhythm after Atrial Pacing in Patients with Pulmonary Disease

The effect of atrial pacing on atrial flutter was evaluated in 36 consecutive episodes in 33 patients. Seventeen episodes occurred in a pulmonary setting, 14 of these in patients with chronic pulmonary disease. Twenty-four (67 percent) of the 36 episodes converted to sinus rhythm within one minute after atrial pacing. In nine (25 percent) of the 36 episodes, atrial fibrillation developed after atrial pacing. Atrial flutter was not affected by atrial pacing in three (8 percent) of the 36 episodes. In 12 (86 percent) of the 14 patients with chronic pulmonary disease and in 14 (82 percent) of the 17 patients in whom a pulmonary setting was responsible for atrial flutter, atrial pacing caused conversion to sinus rhythm. Atrial pacing may be the treatment of choice for atrial flutter in patients with pulmonary disease because of its excellent rate of success in this subgroup whose risk of cardioversion is increased by poor anesthetic tolerance and hypoxia.
Growth of Pulmonary Alveolar Macrophages in vitro

THE mammalian pulmonary alveolar macrophage (PAM) plays a primary role in removing and detoxifying foreign materials reaching the terminal airways1–4. The metabolic characteristics of PAMs associated with their function as detoxifying and clearing agents in situ have been the subject of recent study5–8, but the PAM remains a poorly studied cell type9. PAMs have been considered a specialized cell type incapable of survival in vitro for extended periods or of division in culture10,11. In the lung, the PAM population is constantly being renewed12–15: cells leave the lung by migration into the blood16,17, the lymphatic system9,18, by cell breakdown and clearance by other PAMs19, or by mucociliary transport1,15,16,20; and are renewed by migration of stem cells to the lung mterstitium13,14,21, by division of precursor cells in the interstitium22,23, or by division of mature PAMs in the alveoli24.
209Bi NMR in the heavy-electron system YbBiPt

Abstract Bismuth NMR Knight shift and spin lattice relaxation rate 1/T1 data are reported between 35 and 325 K in the low-carrier heavy fermion system YbBiPt. The Knight shift is strongly temperature dependent and negative. Its temperature dependence tracks the bulk susceptibility with a hyperfine coupling constant Ahf = −7.88 kOe/μB. At low temperatures 1/T1 exhibits a dramatic increase, such that the average 4f spin correlation time τf shows a crossover behavior at about 75 K. The rate 1 τ f is proportional to temperature above 75 K, consistent with non-interacting 4f local moments which are relaxed via Korringa-type scattering with the conduction electrons. We discuss the behavior below 75 K in terms of crystal-field effects or a strongly temperature dependent contribution from non-zero q regime of the dynamical susceptibility.
Generation of p50 subunit of NF-kappa B by processing of p105 through an ATP-dependent pathway

The transcription factor NF-kappa B is a heterodimer consisting of two proteins encoded by different members of the rel gene family (p50 and p65). The p50 subunit is unusual among DNA-binding proteins in that its functional form is encoded in an open reading frame of relative molecular mass 105,000 (p105; ref. 4). The N-terminal region of this open reading frame encodes p50, whereas the remaining C terminus contains ankyrin repeats. Although p50 binds to DNA, full-length p105 translated in vitro does not. The mechanism by which p50 is generated in vivo, and the fate of the C-terminal region of p105 have not been established. Here we show that functional p50 is produced by ATP-dependent proteolysis of p105. Moreover, we find that the C-terminal half of p105 is not required for processing in vivo, and is rapidly degraded on processing. We propose that the C-terminal region of p105 is involved in the cytoplasmic assembly of the complex between the p50/p65 heterodimer and the inhibitor I kappa B.
Value of FDG PET/CT in Patient Management and Outcome of Skeletal and Soft Tissue Sarcomas

Fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)-PET/computed tomography (CT) has been increasingly used in bone and soft tissue sarcomas and provides advantages in the initial tumor staging, tumor grading, therapy assessment, and recurrence detection. FDG-PET/CT metabolic parameters are reliable predictors of survival in sarcomas and could be implemented in risk stratification models along with other prognostic factors in these patients.
The Efficacy of Antiarrhythmic Agents During Acute Myocardial Ischemia and the Role of Heart Rate

The influence of lidocaine, procaine amide, and propranolol on ventricular arrhythmias during acute myocardial ischemia in the dog was examined. Ischemic zone epicardial (IZE) activation delay and the time of onset of ventricular tachycardia (VTt) were studied. Progressive IZE delay always preceded ventricular tachycardia (VT). Ventricular tachycardia occurred when IZE delay extended into the T wave of the standard electrocardiogram but areas of ischemic epicardium were found in which activation delayed beyond the T wave. Fast heart rates during acute ischemia were associated with an accelerated time course of IZE delay and early VT. Slow heart rates resulted in minimal IZE delay and delayed onset or absence of VT. Sympathectomized dogs with heart rates 32% slower than normal dogs did not develop significant IZE delay or VT during ischemia. When heart rates were increased by atrial pacing, these dogs behaved in the same fashion as the normal dogs with respect to IZE delay and VTt. Lidocaine was found to h...
The yeast Snm1 protein is a DNA 5'-exonuclease.

Abstract Interstrand cross-links (ICL) in DNA arise from bifunctional alkylating agents, including nitrogen mustards, mitomycin C and psoralens. Such adducts prevent normal transcription or replication and are mutagenic. Therefore, cellular mechanisms for removing ICL damage are needed to maintain genome stability. Normal ICL repair requires the action of a number of genes, some specific for such damage. The yeast Snm1 protein is one such protein, but its function has been unknown. Incision for ICL repair is normal in mutants lacking Snm1, so it appears to act after the earliest steps. We have used recombinant SNM1 constructs in an Escherichia coli (E. coli) expression system to demonstrate that the yeast gene encodes a 5′-exonuclease. The exonuclease activity is required for Snm1 to be functional in ICL repair.
Properties of states at 7–8 MeV in 18 Ne

We present calculated values of energies and widths for astrophysically interesting states at 7--8 MeV excitation energy, based---whenever possible---on information from mirror levels in ${}^{18}\mathrm{O}.$
Cells of origin and terminal distribution of descending projections of the rat somatic sensory cortex

The retrograde, horseradish peroxidase technique has been used to demonstrate the cells of origin of corticofugal fiber systems arising in the rat somatic sensory cortex and projecting to the striatum, diencephalon, brainstem, and spinal cord. Correlative experiments conducted with the anterograde, autoradiographic method have been used to confirm the terminal distribution of many of these fiber systems. Corticofugal pathways directed to subcortical structures arise in the first and second somatic sensory areas exclusively from pyramidal cells of the infragranular layers, V and VI. Fibers which descend to the midbrain, pons, medulla and spinal cord arise exclusively from the largest pyramidal cells, the somata of which are found in the deep part of layer V (layer VB). There is some evidence for a sublaminar organization of the different classes of efferent cells within this layer. Fibers projecting to the diencephalon arise from somata situated throughout layer VI and to a lesser extent in layer V. Corticostriatal fibers arise only from cells with somata in layer V, but the somata are more superficially situated than those of the other classes of corticofugal neurons. The laminar distribution of the somata of corticofugal neurons differs considerably from that of commissural and ipsilateral corticocortical neurons.
Finding the Best Quadratic Approximation of a Function.

This article examines the question of finding the best quadratic function to approximate a given function on an interval. The prototypical function considered is f(x)?=?ex. Two approaches are considered, one based on Taylor polynomial approximations at various points in the interval under consideration, the other based on the fact that three non-collinear points determine a unique quadratic function. Three different techniques for measuring the error in the approximations are considered.
Design and performance of the ADMX SQUID-based microwave receiver

The article of record as published may be located at http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2011.07.019
Jet Effects on Coflow Jet Airfoil Performance

A control volume analysis is presented in this paper to analyze the jet effect on the coflow jet airfoil with injection and suction and on the airfoil with injection only. The formulations to calculate the duct's reactionary forces that must be included for the lift and drag calculation are given. The computational fluid dynamics solutions based on the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes model are used to provide the breakdowns of lift and drag contributions from the airfoil surface force integral and jet duct's reactionary forces. The results are compared with experiment for validation. The duct reactionary forces are also validated with the result of a 3-D computational fluid dynamics calculation of the complete airfoil with jet ducts and wind tunnel walls. The study indicates that the suction occurring on the airfoil suction surface of the coflow jet airfoil is more beneficial than the suction occurring through the engine inlet such as the airfoil with injection only. For the airfoil with injection only, the drag actually acted on the aircraft, or the equivalent drag, is significantly larger than the drag measured by the wind tunnel balance due to the ram drag and captured area drag when the jet is drawn from the freestream. For a coflow jet airfoil, the drag measured by the wind tunnel balance is the actual 2-D drag that the aircraft will experience. A coflow jet airfoil does not have the ram drag and captured area drag. For a coflow jet airfoil, the suction penalty is offset by the significant circulation enhancement The coflow jet airfoil with both injection and suction yields stronger mixing, larger circulation, more filled wake, higher stall angle of attack, less drag, and lower energy expenditure.
Existence and uniqueness of the maximum likelihood estimator for the two-parameter negative binomial distribution

Abstract Given a sample with mean x and second moment s 2 , Anscombe in 1950 conjectured that the maximum likelihood equations for the two-parameter negative binomial distribution have a unique solution if and only if s 2 > x. We give a proof of his conjecture.
Comparing the symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder with the distress and fear disorders.

New theoretical models of mood and anxiety disorders have been proposed to better understand the relations and patterns leading to their high diagnostic comorbidities. These models have highlighted two new groupings of the disorders, focused on the prevalence of fear and distress symptoms. The present study investigated the fit of the symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in these new models. The relations between the two primary sets of symptom scales of PTSD and the diagnoses of other comorbid disorders were examined in a large multisite sample of veterans from primary care clinics. The results suggested that there was no reliable difference in the predictive power of any of the PTSD symptom scales across the two diagnostic groups. New transdiagnostic models, assessment practices, and treatment approaches may provide better understanding of symptom overlap and diagnostic comorbidity in PTSD and related disorders. Language: en
The Marsupial as a Biomedical Model

Marsupials are viviparous, placental mammals that have evolved independently from the same ancestor as the eutherian mammals, which include humans and the principal laboratory animals. As a result of this evolutionary divergence, marsupial structure and function embody alternative solutions to many of the problems of mammalian existence. This dichotomy between marsupials and eutherian species suggests the use of marsupial models to provide innovative laboratory approaches that may facilitate experimental access to specific aspects of normal and abnormal human anatomy and physiology. Those characteristics that endow marsupials with their unique but largely unexploited biomedical research potential are identified and evaluated.
SU‐E‐T‐345: A Dosimetric Study of Spatially Fractionated Radiation (GRID) Using Linac Grid Block and Newly Designed Virtual TOMOGRID Template

Purpose: To perform a dosimetric comparison for spatially fractionated external beam radiation (GRID) using linear accelerator with a dedicated GRID block and Helical Tomotherapy using a virtual TOMOGRID template. Methods: The GRID phantom treatment plan was generated with dedicated GRID block (Radiation Products Design, Inc.) using the Pinnacle v9.0 TPS. The dose profiles were measured using EDR2 films with 100cm SSD at depths of dmax and 10cm for both 6MV X‐rays and 18MV X‐rays beam. TOMOGRID targets were generated using a virtual TOMOGRID template (VTT) provided by an in‐house software (DICOMan). The programmable VTT was configured in various settings to generate TOMOGRID targets (GRID GTV) and a structure of avoidance (SOA). TomoTherapy Plans based on GRID GTVs and SOAs were generated on HiArt TomoTherapy v4.0.4 TPS. Results: For the dose under linac block, the dose decreases with increasing depth under the open area, while the dose under block area is nearly constant. At dmax, the average valley to peak (V/P) ratio is around 0.2 for 6MV X‐rays and 0.3 for 18MV X‐rays. Ten treated linac‐based GRID patients were selected and the same average V/P ratio was obtained. The dose distribution with the properly designed virtual TOMOGRID templates was similar to the linac‐based GRID dose distribution. At isocenter, The V/P ratio is 0.5 and 0.42 for the two TOMOGRID plans used in this study. The V/P ratio is almost constant under linac block across the isocenter plane while the ratio was different under TOMOGRID plans across the isocenter plane. Conclusions: GRID radiation using Tomotherapy is a breakthrough technique. Helical Tomotherapy‐based GRID can provide at least equivalent GTV coverage compared to linac‐based GRID while allowing 3‐D optimization to achieve superior sparing of organs‐at‐risk and no high‐dose spill outside the GRID GTV.
Two-step sequential reactions revisited☆

Abstract One-dimensional, steady flame propagation for a sequential, two-step reaction of the form A → B → C is considered. An earlier investigation of the problem by Kapila and Ludford [ Combust. Flame 29:167 (1977)] determines that two separated flames generally exist and that their ordering is fixed by the ordering of the (disparate) magnitudes of the activation energies. The present work shows to the contrary that reversals of the flame ordering are quite possible, but that this is a subtle effect requiring attention to issues which are usually ignored in the theory of single flames.