cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Salivary oral cancer transcriptome biomarkers (SOCTB) for clinical detection

4468 Objectives: Seven salivary oral cancer transcriptome biomarkers (SOCTB: SAT1, S100P, OAZ1, IL1B, IL8, H3F3A and DUSP1) have been identified to distinguish oral cancer from normal controls by relative quantification. However, technological variables inherent in DNA-based standard quantitative RT-PCR, as well as differential RNA degradation and RNA input created baseline shifts that prevented use of a cut-off threshold between experiments to segregate oral cancer from controls. The purpose of this study is to further validate the 7 biomarkers and to establish a genuine absolute quantitative PCR using RNA-based standard quantification, and using saliva internal control gene to normalize input RNA quantity, to make salivary RNA biomarker measurement more accurate and reproducible and solve the base-line shifting problem. Methods: For detecting each of the SOCTB, technology variance was explored by utilizing genuine absolute quantification. Primers for specific amplification of each of 7 SOCTB mRNAs with T 7 promoter sequence fused to 5’ end were designed and used to generate recombinant RNA(recRNA). Quantitation of recRNA was accurately measured with Nanodrop bioanalyser, and serial dilution was used to generate standard. Each set of standard was quantified by real time quantitativePCR (qPCR) parallel with saliva RNA samples. RNA input and degradation was explored by normalization to saliva internal reference (SIR) genes. WilCOXon test and ROC analysis were used to judge the quality of makers. Results: qPCR data has shown that in 4 independent detection trials, the 7 SOCTB gene expression levels are significantly elevated (> 1.5 fold, p
Financial Frictions, Foreign Direct Investment, and Growth

This paper assesses the role of financial frictions and Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) on an economy´s growth rate, business cycle volatility, and firm´s capital structure. We gauge these effects within the Financial Accelerator framework, where entrepreneurs can establish affiliates of local firms abroad through Foreign Direct Investment. Model simulations suggest that in the presence of credit market imperfections FDI is associated with faster growth, less leverage, and lower aggregate volatility. These features are consistent with the macroeconomic dynamics of the more globally integrated economies over the last three decades.
Tribal-State Dispute Resolution: Recent Attempts

Conflicts between states and Indian tribes have existed for as long as states have existed, and such conflicts are often bitter and prolonged. Progressing from bloody conflicts on the battlefields to equally important battles before the United States Supreme Court, dispute resolution between states and tribes has traditionally been adversarial, discouraging co-operation between the governments and deepening their mutual dislike and mistrust. As a result, tribal and state governments not only have dissipated their resources in battle, but also, ironically, have missed numerous opportunities to combine their forces in pursuit of their many common ambitions. Time and money are lost, worthy and attainable goals are unmet, and Indian and non-Indian citizens suffer the inefficiencies and ineffectiveness of the adversarial relationship. The purpose of this paper is to describe the parameters of several recent tribal-state negotiations, some successful, some not, and some still unresolved. While the issues and ultimate results may have little in common, they exemplify the emerging trend that sees the tribes and states reluctantly but increasingly coming to the table to work jointly on more efficient and effective resolutions of their disputes.
Low temperature thermal conductivity of polysulfur nitride, (SN)x.

Measurements of the thermal conductivity (K) of (SN)x are reported for the temperature (T) range 0.88 K to 4 K in applied magnetic fields (H) up to 18 k0e. The superconducting transition temperature (Tc) in zero field for our sample was 0.28 K (midpoint of the resistive transition). Over the entire temperature range the main contribution to κ is from phonons. This contribution varies as κ α T3 below 0.2 K and changes smoothly to κ α T above 1 K. For T t 1.5 K, where the specific heat is known, the phonon mean free path obtained from K is on the order of the smallest sample dimension. At lower temperatures, the estimated phonon mean free path becomes larger than the smallest sample dimension. This effect is not yet explained. Below Tc, the normal electron contribution to K is identified by using H to quench the superconductivity. The observed effect is consistent with that expected from the Wiedemann-Franz law provided corrections are made for degradation of the sample electrical conductivity due to aging and fibers broken in handling. The material used in these experiments was provided by R. L. Greene and G. B. Street. This work was supported by National Science Foundation grants DMR 73-06712 and DMR 77-23577.[/p]
Corporate Managers‟ Experiences Related To Implementing Section 404 Of The Sarbanes-Oxley Act: A Focus On Information Systems Issues

This article reports the experiences of corporate managers implementing the requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act as it pertains to information systems. To carry out this research high ranking corporate managers were interviewed. Their firsthand experience with implementing the requirements of the Act provides valuable insight into some of the challenges and benefits resulting from the legislation.
Communications and positioning in wireless networks.

My doctoral research for the past three years is presented in this report. My research mainly focuses on the communications and positioning for wireless networks and is composed of three parts. First, I explored a new Turbo frequency equalization technique for multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) wireless communications systems to improve the performance of wireless communications. In the second part of my research, I studied the multiple antenna cooperative communications from the perspective of information theories. The third part of my work is dedicated to extensive research on positioning technology for wireless networks using knowledge of the estimation theory in signal processing.
AutoAnalyzer Assay for Serum Alkaline Phosphatase Activity, with Sodium Thymolphthalein Monophosphate as Substrate

An automated method is described for determining alkaline phosphatase activity in serum, with use of sodium thymolphthalein monophosphate as the substrate. The system makes use of standard AutoAnalyzer components, has a simple flow diagram, and does not involve dialysis. The method has good precision, and the results correlate well with those from the manual method of which it is an adaptation
Optical design considerations for efficient light collection from liquid scintillation counters.

Liquid scintillation counters measure charged particle-emitting radioactive isotopes and are used for environmental studies, nuclear chemistry, and life science. Alpha and beta emissions arising from the material under study interact with the scintillation cocktail to produce light. The prototypical liquid scintillation counter employs low-level photon-counting detectors to measure the arrival of the scintillation. For reliable operation, the counting instrument must convey the scintillation light to the detectors efficiently and predictably. Current best practices employ the use of two or more detectors for coincidence processing to discriminate true scintillation events from background events due to instrumental effects such as photomultiplier tube dark rates, tube flashing, or other light emission not generated in the scintillation cocktail vial. In low-background liquid scintillation counters, additional attention is paid to shielding the scintillation cocktail from naturally occurring radioactive material present in the laboratory and within the instrument’s construction materials. Low-background design is generally at odds with optimal light collection. This study presents the evolution of a light collection design for liquid scintillation counting (LSC) in a low-background shield. The basic approach to achieve both good light collection and a low-background measurement is described. The baseline signals arising from the scintillation vial are modeled and methods to efficiently collect scintillation light are presented as part of the development of a customized low-background, high-sensitivity LSC system.
Rapid recovery- and characterization of transformants following Agrobacterium -mediated T-DNA transfer to sorghum

Although Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of sorghum has been reported, the process is rather lengthy and remains difficult, requiring some very stringent conditions to obtain transformants. We have investigated and describe the parameters related to cocultivation, culture, and regeneration that have allowed us to obtain transgenic sorghum plants in as little as 2.5 months. We observed a 2.9-fold increase in transformation efficiency when L-cysteine was included in the medium during the cocultivation step. Furthermore, the use of modified AB minimal medium, with lower phosphate levels and acidic pH, during the induction of Agrobacterium resulted in a 2.8-fold improvement in transformation efficiencies. Incorporation of an additional binary vector, harboring extra copies of virG and virC genes, in the Agrobacterium did not confer any improvements in the transformation of sorghum. Characterization of transgene activity provided some interesting results suggesting that CaMV 35S promoter activity in T0 generation is very low during the early stages of development of a transgenic sorghum plant, and is not indicative of the expression level during the later stages of development or in the next generation.
Effects of media components and environmental factors on shoot formation from protoplast-derived calli of Solanum tuberosum

The influence of several media components and environmental factors on shoot formation in protoplast-derived calli of Solanum tuberosum (a Rosamunda cross) were studied. Low sucrose concentration (3–15 mM) was beneficial for optimal shoot induction. Several concentrations of NO3 - and NH4 + were suitable for shoot induction as long as the concentration of NO3 - was about twice the concentration of NH4 + or higher. No stimulatory effect of glutamine, proline, putrescine, spermidine, spermine or adenine sulphate at 0.5 and 2 mM were found. White light promoted shoot induction compared with red and blue light or darkness. The intensity of light was shown to be a critical factor for good shoot induction. Lower light intensity (30 μE m-2 s-1) resulted in doubling of the number of calli producing shoots compared with higher (110 μE m-2 s-1) light intensity. A temperature of 20°C promoted shoot regeneration compared to 25°C. Based on these results improved conditions for regeneration of S. tuberosum are suggested, and shown to enhance shoot formation in five other genotypes tested.
Herbal products and their association with substance use in adolescents

Abstract Purpose To describe the prevalence of herbal product use in adolescents and the association between herbal product use and tobacco, alcohol, and other drug use. Methods The 1999 Monroe County, New York Youth Risk Behavior Survey provided data on a random sample of 2,006 high school students. Herbal product use was defined by lifetime use of "herbal or other natural products—to feel better, or perform better in sports or school." Bivariate analyses using χ 2 tests and logistic regressions were used to describe the independent associations between herbal product use and substance use. Results Overall, 28.6% reported using herbal products. Herbal product use increased with age (24.5% of 9th graders to 29.9% of 12th graders; p p p values were Conclusions Over one-quarter of high school students report herbal product use, and this use is associated with drug use. Health care providers should inquire about adolescents' herbal product use, and disclosure should prompt an in-depth substance use history.
Nonuniqueness in g -functions

We give an example of two distinct stationary processes {X n} and {X′ n} on {0, 1} for whichP[X0=1|X−1=a−1,X−2=a−2, …]=P[X′0=1|X′−1=a−1,X′−2=a−2, …] for all {a i},i=−1, −2, …, even though these probabilities are bounded away from 0 and 1, and are continuous in {a i}.
A case study in reference list accuracy

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to replicate and extend research on reference list accuracy to determine whether the same phenomenon exists across disciplines and whether similar conclusions can be drawn.Design/methodology/approach – Three hypotheses were tested and verified to determine consistency of findings from previous studies and across disciplines. A fourth hypothesis was introduced to investigate the impact of an increasing number of citations to internet resources.Findings – The study demonstrates some similar patterns to previously reported research. However, the existence of errors in references to journal articles usually did not prevent locating an article. More significantly for fashion scholarship, there were a higher number of citations to URLs than journal articles. Given the high rate of irretrievability for the URL citations in the study, this may have a negative impact on future intellectual contributions.Research limitations/implications – If decreasing internet content persis...
Rational Redesign of Glucose Oxidase for Improved Catalytic Function and Stability

Glucose oxidase (GOx) is an enzymatic workhorse used in the food and wine industries to combat microbial contamination, to produce wines with lowered alcohol content, as the recognition element in amperometric glucose sensors, and as an anodic catalyst in biofuel cells. It is naturally produced by several species of fungi, and genetic variants are known to differ considerably in both stability and activity. Two of the more widely studied glucose oxidases come from the species Aspergillus niger (A. niger) and Penicillium amagasakiense (P. amag.), which have both had their respective genes isolated and sequenced. GOx from A. niger is known to be more stable than GOx from P. amag., while GOx from P. amag. has a six-fold superior substrate affinity (KM) and nearly four-fold greater catalytic rate (kcat). Here we sought to combine genetic elements from these two varieties to produce an enzyme displaying both superior catalytic capacity and stability. A comparison of the genes from the two organisms revealed 17 residues that differ between their active sites and cofactor binding regions. Fifteen of these residues in a parental A. niger GOx were altered to either mirror the corresponding residues in P. amag. GOx, or mutated into all possible amino acids via saturation mutagenesis. Ultimately, four mutants were identified with significantly improved catalytic activity. A single point mutation from threonine to serine at amino acid 132 (mutant T132S, numbering includes leader peptide) led to a three-fold improvement in kcat at the expense of a 3% loss of substrate affinity (increase in apparent KM for glucose) resulting in a specify constant (kcat/KM) of 23.8 (mM−1 · s−1) compared to 8.39 for the parental (A. niger) GOx and 170 for the P. amag. GOx. Three other mutant enzymes were also identified that had improvements in overall catalysis: V42Y, and the double mutants T132S/T56V and T132S/V42Y, with specificity constants of 31.5, 32.2, and 31.8 mM−1 · s−1, respectively. The thermal stability of these mutants was also measured and showed moderate improvement over the parental strain.
Recurrent colonic ulcers in celiac sprue, an unrecognized fatal complication: report of a case

In a patient who had celic sprue intractable to a gluten-free diet, volvulus and jejunal and colonic ulcers developed. Following segmental colonic resection, these ulcers recurred at the site of the previous anastomosis, and proved a fatal complication because of colonic perforation. Since no obvious etiology of colonic ulcers could be identified in this case, it is possible that they may represent an unrecognized intestinal complication of celiac sprue similar to jejunoileal ulcers.
Systems of combinatory logic related to Quine's “New Foundations”

The author exhibits a system TRC of illative combinatory logic, and shows that if TRC is consistent, Quine's set theory "New Foundations" is consistent, because NF can be interpreted in TRC. The system NFU of Jensen, which differs from NF by a restriction on extensionality, is known to be consistent relative to ZFC. The author exhibits a system TRCU resembling TRC except for a restriction on the axiom of extensionality, and shows that it is consistent relative to ZFC by constructing a model.
Rare, unusual, and less common virus infections after organ transplantation.

Purpose of reviewThe present article reviews the epidemiology, clinical presentation, prevention, and management of rare, unusual, and less common viruses that infect transplant recipients.Recent findingsInfection may be acquired as a result of natural transmission, reactivation of latent virus, or
Futures for partitioning in physical design (tutorial)

The context for partitioning in physical design is dominated by two concerns: top-down design and the focus on spatial embedding. The role of partitioning is exactly that of a facilitator of divide-and-conquer metaheuristics for floorplanning, timing and placement optimization. Formulations or optimization objectives for partitioning follow from its context and role. Finally, the available algorithm technology determines how effectively we can address a given partitioning formulation and optimize a given objective. This invited paper considers the future of partitioning for physical design in light of these factors, and proposes a list of technology needs. A living version of this paper can be found at vlsicad.cs.ucla.edu.
NASCAR and the "Southernization" of America: Spectatorship, Subjectivity, and the Confederation of Identity

Written against the backdrop of the exploding popularity of NASCAR auto racing, the authors argue that the American South's post-Emancipation mediated history-and the signifiers through which it has been mediated-legislate a lingua franca of White privilege, White supremacy, and patriarchal hegemony. Under the auspices of a seemingly natural "heritage culture," the authors surmise that "the South" actively stands for something. The authors use this article to make the case that when it is brought to life by way of public spectacle, such as the spectacles of the neo-Confederate sporting local, this imaginary South resurrects the power structures that have long influenced the lived experiences of the region. They conclude by arguing that under the auspices of a Bush-inspired, post-9/11, anti-affirmative action backlash, a hyper-White, neo-Confederate NASCAR gives license to the resurgent regimes of the most vigilant factions of the ethnocentric American White Right.
Dynamic correlation functions in quantum systems: a Monte Carlo algorithm

We propose a new algorithm to compute dynamic correlation functions in quantum systems at zero temperature using Monte Carlo techniques. The method, which avoids inverse-Laplace transforms, is based on a representation of the Dirac $\ensuremath{\delta}$ function as the limit of a Gaussian. We illustrate the method on the one-dimensional harmonic oscillator.
The stress intensity factor of cylindrical cracks

Abstract An analytical expression for the stress intensity factor K 1 of a cylindrical crack situated at a fiber-matrix interface has been developed. A model of the crack as a pile-up of Somigliana ring dislocations is replaced by an equivalent pair of superdislocations which leads to the analytical solution. The interaction between these two dislocations provides a closed form expression for the J-integral for the cylindrical crack and thus for the K, stress-intensity factor. The resulting closed form expression for K I is very close to the true value when the radius of the crack is less than the crack length.
Adults Are Whooping, but Are Internists Listening?

Although studies have shown that pertussis is responsible for approximately 20% to 30% of cases of cough lasting more than 2 weeks in adults and adolescents, physicians have generally considered pertussis a disease that affects only children. Epidemiologic trends demonstrate that the incidence of pertussis has been rising, especially in adolescents and adults. Consequently, pertussis is not a "zebra" diagnosis but deserves a place among the community-acquired list of adult pathogens. Increased awareness among physicians about pertussis is important because adults may transmit the infection to infants, in whom the disease often leads to hospitalization and may result in death. Reporting this disease to the local health department is critical to its control because both case-patients and their close contacts should receive antimicrobial prophylaxis. A booster vaccine for adolescents and adults is likely to become available in the near future, so this is an important time to ensure that all physicians, not just pediatricians, are knowledgeable about the diagnosis, treatment, and reporting requirements for pertussis.
The Duty to Inspect the Skin and Counsel Those at Risk to Develop Melanoma

Alan C. Geller, MPH, RN; Timothy M. Johnson, MD; Donald R. Miller, ScD; Katie R. Brooks, MPH; Christle J. Layton, MD; Susan M. Swetter, MDObjective: To determine factors associated with physician discovery of early melanoma in middle-aged and older men.Design: Survey.Setting: Three institutional melanoma clinics.Participants: A total of 227 male participants (aged ≥40 years) with invasive melanoma who completed surveys within 3 months of diagnosis.Intervention: Survey.Main Outcome Measures: Factors associated with physician-detected thin melanoma.Results: Patients with physician-detected melanoma were older, 57% were 65 years or older compared with 34% for other-detected (odds ratio [OR], 2.57; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.19-5.55) and 42% for patient-detected melanoma (P = .07). Physician-detected melanoma in the oldest patients (aged ≥65 years) had tumor thickness equal to that of self-detected melanoma or melanoma detected by other means in younger patients. Back lesions composed 46% of all physician-detected melanoma, 57% of those detected by other means, and 16% of self-detected lesions (physician- vs self-detected: OR, 4.25; 95% CI, 1.96-9.23). Ninety-two percent of all physician-detected back-of-the-body melanomas were smaller than 2 mm compared with 63% of self-detected lesions (P = .004) and 76% of lesions detected by other means (P = .07).Conclusions: Skin screenings of at-risk middle-aged and older American men can be integrated into the routine physical examination, with particular emphasis on hard-to-see areas, such as the back of the body. “Watch your back” professional education campaigns should be promoted by skin cancer advocacy organizations.
The pleiotropic functions of interleukin 15: not so interleukin 2-like after all.

Since its discovery in 1994, IL-15 has been studied in the context of its structural cousin, IL-2 ([1][1]). Early biochemical and in vitro lymphocyte studies revealed many similarities between IL-15 and IL-2: (a) IL-2 and IL-15 constitute the only two members of a family of cytokines containing a
A fiber matrix model for fluid flow and streaming potentials in the canaliculi of an osteon

A theoretical model is developed to predict the fluid shear stress and streaming potential at the surface of osteocytic processes in the lacunar-canalicular porosity of an osteon when the osteon is subject to mechanical loads that are parallel or perpendicular to its axis. The theory developed in Weinbaum et al. (31) for the flow through a proteoglycan matrix in a canaliculus is employed in a poroelastic model for the osteon. Our formulation is a generalization of that of Petrov et al. (17). Our model predicts that, in order to satisfy the measured frequency dependence of the phase and magnitude of the SGP in macroscopic bone samples, the fiber spacing in the fluid annulus must lie in the narrow range 6-7 nm typical of the spacing of GAG sidechains along a protein monomer. The model predictions for the local SGP profiles in the osteon agree with the experimental observations of Starkebaum et al. (24). The theory predicts that the pore pressure relaxation time, tau d, for a 150-300 microns diameter osteon with the foregoing matrix structure is approximately 0.03-0.13 sec, and that the amplitude of the mean fluid shear stress on the membrane of the osteocytic process at the mean areal radius of the osteon has a maximum at 28 Hz if tau d = 0.06 sec. This maximum, which is independent of the magnitude of the loading, could be important in vivo since the recent experiments of Turner et al. (28) and McLeod et al. (15) have a peak in the strain frequency spectrum between 20 and 30 Hz that also appears to be independent of the type (magnitude) of loading. Numerical predictions for the amplitude of the average fluid shear stress on the osteocytic membrane at the mean areal radius of the osteon show that the fluid shear stress associated with the low amplitude 20-30 Hz spectral strain component is at least as large as the average fluid shear stress associated with the high amplitude 1 Hz stride component, although the latter loading is an order of magnitude larger, and has a magnitude that lies within the middle of the range, 6-30 dynes/cm2, where fluid shear stresses in tissue culture studies with osteoblast monolayers have elicited an intracellular Ca++ response (31). The implications of these results for intracellular electrical communication are discussed.
Amitriptyline inhibits the activity of the rat glutamate transporter EAAT3 expressed in Xenopus oocytes

A growing body of evidence suggests that glutamatergic systems may be involved in the pathophysiology of major depression and the mechanism of action of antidepressants. We investigated the effects of amitriptyline, a tricyclic antidepressant, on the activity of excitatory amino acid transporter type 3 (EAAT3), proteins that can regulate extracellular glutamate concentrations in the brain. EAAT3 was expressed in the Xenopus oocytes. Using two-electrode voltage clamp, membrane currents were recorded after application of 30 µM L-glutamate in the presence or absence of various concentrations of amitriptyline or after application of various concentrations of L-glutamate in the presence or absence of 0.64 µM amitriptyline. Amitriptyline concentration-dependently reduced EAAT3 activity. This inhibition reached statistical significance at 0.38 – 1.27 µM amitriptyline. Amitriptyline at 0.64 µM reduced the Vmax, but did not affect the Km, of EAAT3 for L-glutamate. The amitriptyline inhibition disappeared after a 4-min washout. Phorbol-12-myrisate-13-acetate, a protein kinase C activator, increased EAAT3 activity. However, 0.64 µM amitriptyline induced a similar degree of decrease in EAAT3 activity in the presence or absence of phorbol-12-myrisate-13-acetate. Our results suggest that amitriptyline at clinically relevant concentrations reversibly reduces EAAT3 activity via decreasing its maximal velocity of glutamate transporting function. The effects of amitriptyline on EAAT3 activity may represent a novel site of action for amitriptyline to increase glutamatergic neurotransmission. Protein kinase C may not be involved in the effects of amitriptyline on EAAT3.
Facilitating and debilitating test anxiety among college students and volunteers for desensitization workshops.

Administered the Alpert-Haber Achievement Anxiety Test (AAT) to 54 students who expressed interest in participating in a test anxiety desensitization workshop. In addition, 182 students from the general college population were tested. Results indicated that both the debilitating and facilitating (AAT) scales were higher for the self-referred volunteer group. These data indicate that these scales are useful in distinguishing self-referred volunteers for behavior modification workshops from a general college population. In addition, the scales of the AAT were correlated with the number of sessions attended by those students who enrolled in the desensitization groups. Results indicated no relationship between attrition and debilitating anxiety. There was a correlation of r = .318 p less than .15 between facilitating anxiety scores and number of sessions attended. It is suggested that facilitating anxiety can function as a measure of S's ego strength in predicting workshop attendance.
Coordination of Satellite Cell Activation and Self-Renewal by Par-Complex-Dependent Asymmetric Activation of p38α/β MAPK

In response to muscle injury, satellite cells activate the p38α/β MAPK pathway to exit quiescence, then proliferate, repair skeletal muscle, and self-renew, replenishing the quiescent satellite cell pool. Although satellite cells are capable of asymmetric division, the mechanisms regulating satellite cell self-renewal are not understood. We found that satellite cells, once activated, enter the cell cycle and a subset undergoes asymmetric division, renewing the satellite cell pool. Asymmetric localization of the Par complex activates p38α/β MAPK in only one daughter cell, inducing MyoD, which permits cell cycle entry and generates a proliferating myoblast. The absence of p38α/β MAPK signaling in the other daughter cell prevents MyoD induction, renewing the quiescent satellite cell. Thus, satellite cells employ a mechanism to generate distinct daughter cells, coupling the Par complex and p38α/β MAPK signaling to link the response to muscle injury with satellite cell self-renewal.
Magnetic structure for a superconducting variable frequency electron cyclotron resonance ion source

Electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) ion source are, at present, the leading source of highly charged DC beams of positive ions. Fully stripped light ions through argon have been obtained, and ionization levels of 25-35 electrons removed have been obtained for heavy mass species. Major applications of ECR ion sources for highly charged ions now include approximately 30 nuclear, atomic, and high-energy physics laboratories worldwide. >
Erythropoietin reduces neuronal cell death and hyperalgesia induced by peripheral inflammatory pain in neonatal rats

Painful stimuli during neonatal stage may affect brain development and contribute to abnormal behaviors in adulthood. Very few specific therapies are available for this developmental disorder. A better understanding of the mechanisms and consequences of painful stimuli during the neonatal period is essential for the development of effective therapies. In this study, we examined brain reactions in a neonatal rat model of peripheral inflammatory pain. We focused on the inflammatory insult-induced brain responses and delayed changes in behavior and pain sensation. Postnatal day 3 pups received formalin injections into the paws once a day for 3 days. The insult induced dysregulation of several inflammatory factors in the brain and caused selective neuronal cell death in the cortex, hippocampus and hypothalamus. On postnatal day 21, rats that received the inflammatory nociceptive insult exhibited increased local cerebral blood flow in the somatosensory cortex, hyperalgesia, and decreased exploratory behaviors. Based on these observations, we tested recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO) as a potential treatment to prevent the inflammatory pain-induced changes. rhEPO treatment (5,000 U/kg/day, i.p.), coupled to formalin injections, ameliorated neuronal cell death and normalized the inflammatory response. Rats that received formalin plus rhEPO exhibited normal levels of cerebral blood flow, pain sensitivity and exploratory behavior. Treatment with rhEPO also restored normal brain and body weights that were reduced in the formalin group. These data suggest that severe inflammatory pain has adverse effects on brain development and rhEPO may be a possible therapy for the prevention and treatment of this developmental disorder.
Global Freshwater Quality: A First Assessment

(1992). Global Freshwater Quality: A First Assessment. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society: Vol. 121, No. 1, pp. 141-141.
A corpus-based approach to emotion metaphors in Korean: A case study of anger, happiness, and sadness

The major goal of this study is to investigate conceptual emotion metaphors of Korean, particularly those of ANGER, HAPPINESS, and SADNESS, by utilizing a corpus-based analysis. The universality of conceptual metaphors continues to be a controversial topic in cognitive linguistics and thus, more cross-linguistic and language-specific studies are needed to support the theoretical framework of the Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT). To this end, the current study identifies and examines Korean metaphorical expressions through a conceptual analysis, supported by both quantitative and qualitative methods, and aims to find out the types of concepts with which ANGER, HAPPINESS, and SADNESS are associated, and thus, to what extent these associations comprise primary (universal) and complex (cultural) metaphors, as suggested by the current view of the CMT. I argue that while it is important to distinguish between universal and cultural metaphors, the hierarchical mapping of variation also describes the characteristics of a language vis-a-vis universality or cultural specificity. Furthermore, I claim that the characteristics of metaphorical expressions should also be determined based on analysis of their occurrences in language use. The data suggest a positive correlation between frequency and productivity. Understanding the frequency and productivity of emotion metaphors through analysis of their occurrence in actual language use will allow better understanding and provide a basis for further investigation of native speakers’ cognitive styles and cognitive tendencies.
MPLP and the Catalog Record as a Finding Aid

The cataloging of otherwise unprocessed collections is an innovative minimal processing technique with important implications for reference service. This article mines the existing literature for how institutions engaged in minimal processing view reference, the strengths and weaknesses of catalog records as finding aids, and information about user predilections and limitations. It describes the American Heritage Center's experience with unprocessed collection cataloging, and it proposes a number of issues for future consideration.
Preparing mathematics and science teachers through a residency program: perceptions and reflections

The critical challenge of recruiting, preparing, and retaining high-quality mathematics and science teachers for high-need urban schools is complex. Therefore, identifying factors that support and impede a teaching residency program’s implementation may have the potential to build an effective initiative that will benefit all stakeholders. The purpose of our study was to examine preservice teachers’ perceptions about their experiences in the Teaching Residency Program for Critical Shortage Areas program, a federally funded program designed to address teacher shortages in mathematics and science in high-need schools. Three themes emerged from the data analysis: (a) the residency framework, (b) a relevant curriculum, and (c) immersion in an authentic school context. Our findings have the potential to inform policy-makers, school administrators, university directors of school partnerships, and other individuals who have direct influence on teacher recruitment and retention.
Predicting response to adjuvant and radiation therapy in patients with early stage breast carcinoma

BACKGROUND Screening and surveillance is increasing the detection of early stage breast carcinoma. The ability to predict accurately the response to adjuvant therapy (chemotherapy or tamoxifen therapy) or postlumpectomy radiation therapy in these patients can be vital to their survival, because this prediction determines the best postsurgical therapy for each patient. METHODS This study evaluated data from 226 patients with TNM Stage I and early Stage II breast carcinoma and included the variables p53 and c-erbB-2 (HER-2/neu). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (Az) was the measure of predictive accuracy. The prediction endpoints were 5- and 10-year overall survival. RESULTS For Stage I and early Stage II patients, the 5- and 10-year predictive accuracy of the TNM staging system were at chance level, i.e., no better than flipping a coin. Both the 5- and 10-year artificial neural networks (ANNs) were very accuratesignificantly more so than the TNM staging system (Az 5-year survival, TNM = 0.567, ANN = 0.758; P < 0.001; Az 10-year survival, TNM = 0.508, ANN = 0.894; P < 0.0001). For patients not receiving postsurgical therapy and for either chemotherapy or tamoxifen therapy, the ANNs containing p53 and c-erbB-2 and the number of positive lymph nodes were accurate predictors of survival (Az 5-year survival, 0.781, 0.789, and 0.720, respectively). CONCLUSIONS The molecular genetic variables p53 and c-erbB-2 and the number of positive lymph nodes are powerful predictors of survival, and using ANN statistical models is a powerful method for predicting responses to adjuvant therapy or radiation therapy in patients with breast carcinoma. ANNs with molecular genetic prognostic factors may improve therapy selection for women with early stage breast carcinoma. Cancer 1998;82:874-7. © 1998 American Cancer Society.
Plantar flap reconstruction for acral lentiginous melanoma

Background: Acral lentiginous melanoma continues to be difficult to diagnose despite an overall trend toward early identification of smaller and thin lesions. The insidious nature of this lesion often precludes primary closure of the surgical defect once it is excised, adding to the reconstructive complexity. Local flaps on the plantar foot offer an option for reconstruction when the defect is of intermediate size. Methods: Eight patients (5 men and 3 women, with an average age of 58 years) who underwent plantar flap reconstruction for defects isolated to the weight-bearing heel were retrospectively reviewed. Results: The average depth of the melanoma was 2.82 mm. Surgical margins were 2 cm or less in seven of the eight patients. Partial flap necrosis occurred in one patient, and loss of part or all of the skin grafts was noted in two patients. Currently five patients are alive with no evidence of disease. Conclusion: The plantar flap can provide local well-vascularized tissue for weight-bearing areas where skin grafting alone may not be appropriate. Coverage of these areas with well-padded flaps led to ambulation in all of the patients studied. We believe this flap offers durable coverage for medium-sized defects in acral lentiginous melanoma.
THE EFFECT OF DESOXYCORTICOSTERONE ACETATE AND OF SODIUM ON THE JUXTAGLOMERULAR APPARATUS1

THERE is considerable indirect evidence supporting Goormaghtigh's (1) hypothesis that the granular cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) constitute one phase of a secretory cycle which leads to the production of a renal vasomotor substance or a precursor thereof; yet the role of these cells, in the absence of more convincing evidence, must be considered as unknown. The morphological changes exhibited by these specialized elements, which are found at the vascular pole of the renal glomerulus in all mammals studied thus far (2), suggest a high degree of functional activity. The factors which modify or regulate these changes are of great interest because they may offer additional clues as to the function of the JGA. Goormaghtigh (3) suggested that a lowered renal blood pressure or reduced oxygen tension of the renal blood are factors which cause an increase in the JGA granular cells and presumably an increase in secretory activity.
Nonlinear dynamics established in the ENSO

A time series describing the El-Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is analyzed using the latest techniques of chaos theory. The methods which rely on resampling statistics were developed to more finely distinguish between nonlinearity and linear correlated noise. From the results significant nonlinear structure arising from ENSO dynamics on the monthly time scale is established. 14 refs., 4 figs.
High-speed point plotting with computer-controlled displays

A method is described for the high-speed plotting of many independently generated elements in a computer-controlled display.
Phase and crystallization behavior of solution‐blended poly(ether ether ketone) and poly(ether imide)

Results on solution-blended pol(ether ether ketone) (PEEK) and pol(ether imide) (PEI) blends are reported. Dichloroacetic acid was used as the cosolvent for blending. PEEK and PEI are confirmed to be miscible in the melt. The glass transition, T g , behavior obeys the simple Fox equation or the Gordon-Taylor equation with the adjustable coefficient k=0.86. This agrees with prior data on melt-blended PEEK/PEI blends. The T g width of the amorphous PEEK/PEI blends was found to be broader than that of the pure components. The maximum broadening is about 10 o C
Tonsillar carcinoma in the contralateral tonsil

Objective We report a series of patients treated for carcinoma of the tonsil who either presented with bilateral carcinomas or later developed a second primary carcinoma of the contralateral tonsil. This report raises awareness of this occurrence. Study design Case series. Methods Four cases have been identified of either concomitant or subsequent carcinoma of the contralateral tonsil inpatients treated for tonsillar carcinoma from the practices of 3 head and neck surgeons in a single demographic area over a 35 year span. Results Four patients were identified who were treated for tonsillar carcinoma with concomitant or subsequent carcinoma of the contralateral tonsil: One patient with bilateral metastatic carcinoma in cervical lymph nodes was found to have bilateral occult tonsillar primaries.Three patients who were treated for tonsillar primary carcinomas subsequently developed carcinoma of the contralateral tonsil. Conclusions A small population of patients with unilateral tonsil carcinoma will developed a second in the contralateral tonsil. This raises the question of whether removal of the contralateral tonsil at the time of initial treatment might have spared the morbidity/mortality of the subsequent contralateral tonsil cancer.
Cs+ Removal from Seawater by Commercially Available Molecular Sieves

With more than 10 US nuclear reactors sited on a coast, there is interest in being able to effectively remove radiological cesium from seawater in case of an accident. This study addresses the relative ability of commercially available molecular sieves to remove Cs+ from seawater. Experiments using CSTs IONSIEV IE-911 show that for 3-hour and 1-day exposures, acidic pellets have very high Cs removal capability in both normal seawater and a 9-fold concentrate. The basic form of the IE-911 performs well relative to aluminosilicate materials, but only at significantly lower Cs loadings than the acidic form.
Single Molecule Imaging of Proteins That Recognize and Repair DNA Damages

Double-stranded DNA breaks are common cytotoxic lesions that can be repaired by several well-known repair pathways. One of the most prominent repair strategies is homologous recombination (HR). Over the years, HR has been studied primarily through biochemical analysis. However, recent advances in single molecule techniques have enabled researchers to investigate the repair mechanisms at the single protein level, with nanometer resolution and millisecond time scale. The ability to fluorescently label different regions of the protein or protein complex allows real-time monitoring of conformational changes, as well as detailed mechanisms with which the proteins target DNA damage and conduct repair. Here, we review some recent single molecule studies that provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms involved in mismatch and homologous repair of DNA.
Underpotential Deposition of Aluminum and Alloy Formation on Polycrystalline Gold Electrodes from AlCl3 / EMIC Room‐Temperature Molten Salts

Interfacial processes occurring at polycrystalline gold in acidic 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloroaluminate melts at room temperature, at potentials more positive than aluminum bulk deposition, include both Al underpotential deposition and the formation of Al/Au alloys. This information complements that reported in the literature for Al electrodeposition on Au in AlCl{sub 3}/NaCl melts at temperatures of 200 C and higher. Cyclic voltammetry and chronopotentiometry suggest that at least two alloys form, and there is fast phase transformation between these intermetallic compounds at room temperature in the aluminum underpotential region. This transformation with thin gold films was slower than that in bulk gold electrodes.
The impact of environmental uncertainty on the design of salesforce compensation plans

Designing a sales compensation plan is an important task of salesforce managers. Recently, researchers in the marketing literature have used an agency-theoretic framework to explain the impact of environmental uncertainty on the proportion of incentive versus fixed pay in the sales compensation plan. While the theory and its variants have been well developed, empirical tests of some of the prescriptions emerging from this framework have been limited and inconclusive. In this research, we empirically investigate the impact of environmental uncertainty on the design of salesforce compensation plans. Our findings indicate that incorporating a measure of risk aversion is crucial to obtaining support for the agency-theoretic prescriptions. Specifically, as predicted by theory, we find that the proportion of incentive pay in the sales compensation plan is influenced not only by the amount of environmental uncertainty but also by the risk preferences of salespeople employed by the firm. We also test and find directional support for the agency-theoretic prescription that the amount of total compensation should increase with an increase in salespersons' tolerance for risk. Finally, we discuss the managerial implications of these findings and outline directions for future research.
Synthesis and Crystal Structure of 2-(1-Methyl-1H-3-indolyl)nicotinonitrile

The crystal structure of 2-(1-methyl-1H-3-indolyl)nicotinonitrile C15H11N3 was determined. The compound crystallizes from a methanol and chloroform solvent mixture in the triclinic system, space group P1 with the following unit-cell parameters: a = 7.018(1), b = 8.399(1), c = 20.362(3)A, α = 90.731(4)°, β = 90.149(5)°, γ = 103.467(6)° , Z = 4, V = 1167.1(3)A3. The crystal structure was solved by direct methods and refined by full-matrix least squares to a final R-value of 0.058 with 4338 unique reflections.
Purification of Messenger Ribonucleoprotein Particles from Rabbit Reticulocytes by Zonal Centrifugation in Metrizamide

A large-scale purification procedure for messenger ribonucleoprotein (mRNP) particles from rabbit reticulocyte polysotnes is described. The mRNP particles were dissociated from polysomes by treatment with urea and separated by differential centrifugation under conditions of high ionic strength. Tonal centrifugation in a filet rizamide buoyant density gradient was the final purification step. One major class of mRNA particle was observed. The RNA vas defined as mRNA by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and by globin production in a cell-free protein-synthesizing system. The twenty-three different proteins associated with the particle were a discrete set of proteins, which ranged in molecular weight from 175000 to 23500. The relative amount of each peptide in the particle was determined from a gel scan of the stained protein by computer simulation. None of the polypeptides comigrated with proteins from the 40-5 and 60-S ribosomal subunits when analyzed by two dimensional polyacrylanude gel electrophoresis.