cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Headphone use and pedestrian injury and death in the United States: 2004-2011

Background The association between distraction caused by cell phone use while driving and driver/passenger fatalities has been documented, but the safety risks associated with headphone use by pedestrians remains unknown. Objective To identify and describe pedestrianevehicle crashes in which the pedestrian was using headphones. Methods A retrospective case series was conducted by searching the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System, US Consumer Product Safety Commission, Google News Archives and Westlaw Campus Research databases for reports published between 2004 and 2011 of pedestrian injuries or fatalities from crashes involving trains or motor vehicles. Cases involving headphones were extracted and summarised. The likelihood of headphone involvement was graded on a three-tier scale based on the information found in the article or report. Results There were 116 reports of death or injury of pedestrians wearing headphones. The majority of victims were male (68%) and under the age of 30 (67%). The majority of vehicles involved in the crashes were trains (55%), and 89% of cases occurred in urban counties. 74% of case reports stated that the victim was wearing headphones at the time of the crash. Many cases (29%) mentioned that a warning was sounded before the crash. Conclusions The use of headphones with handheld devices may pose a safety risk to pedestrians, especially in environments with moving vehicles. Further research is needed to determine if and how headphone use compromises pedestrian safety.
Programming by a sample: rapidly creating web applications with d.mix

Source-code examples of APIs enable developers to quickly gain a gestalt understanding of a library's functionality, and they support organically creating applications by incrementally modifying a functional starting point. As an increasing number of web sites provide APIs, significantlatent value lies in connecting the complementary representations between site and service - in essence, enabling sites themselves to be the example corpus. We introduce d.mix, a tool for creating web mashups that leverages this site-to-service correspondence. With d.mix, users browse annotated web sites and select elements to sample. d.mix's sampling mechanism generates the underlying service calls that yield those elements. This code can be edited, executed, and shared in d.mix's wiki-based hosting environment. This sampling approach leverages pre-existing web sites as example sets and supports fluid composition and modification of examples. An initial study with eight participants found d.mix to enable rapid experimentation, and suggested avenues for improving its annotation mechanism.
Polymorphisms in Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Metabolism and Conjugation Genes, Interactions with Smoking and Prostate Cancer Risk

The relationship between cigarette smoking and prostate cancer remains unclear. Any potential association may depend on the individuals' ability to metabolize and detoxify cigarette carcinogens—such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. To investigate this, we studied the association between prostate cancer and smoking, as well as the main and modifying effects of functional polymorphisms in genes that metabolize polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons ( CYP1A1 Ile462Val, microsomal epoxide hydrolase His139Arg ) and detoxify reactive derivatives ( GSTM1 null deletion, GSTT1 null deletion, GSTP1 Ile105Val and Ala114Val ) using a family-based case-control design (439 prostate cancer cases and 479 brother controls). Within the entire study population, there were no main effects for smoking or any of the polymorphisms. However, the nondeleted GSTM1 allele was inversely associated with prostate cancer [odds ratio (OR), 0.50; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 0.26-0.94] among men with less aggressive disease (Gleason score 20 pack-years) in the total study population ( P = 0.01) and in Caucasians ( P = 0.01). Among Caucasians, heavy smoking increased prostate cancer risk nearly 2-fold in those with the GSTM1 null genotype (OR, 1.73; 95% CI, 0.99-3.05) but this increased risk was not observed in heavy smokers who carried the GSTM1 nondeleted allele (OR, 0.95; 95% CI, 0.53-1.71). Our results highlight the importance of considering genetic modifiers of carcinogens when evaluating smoking in prostate cancer. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2006;15(4):765–61)
MOLECULAR AND QUANTITATIVE TRAIT VARIATION WITHIN AND AMONG POPULATIONS OF THE INTERTIDAL COPEPOD TIGRIOPUS CALIFORNICUS

Abstract While molecular and quantitative trait variation may be theoretically correlated, empirical studies using both approaches frequently reveal discordant patterns, and these discrepancies can contribute to our understanding of evolutionary processes. Here, we assessed genetic variation in six populations of the copepod Tigriopus californicus. Molecular variation was estimated using five polymorphic microsatellite loci, and quantitative variation was measured using 22-life history and morphometric characters. Within populations, no correlation was found between the levels of molecular variation (heterozygosity) and quantitative variation (heritability). Between populations, quantitative subdivision (QST) was correlated with molecular subdivision when measured as FST but not when measured as RST. Unlike most taxa studied to date, the overall level of molecular subdivision exceeded the level of quantitative subdivision (FST = 0.80, RST = 0.89, QST = 0.30). Factors that could contribute to this pattern ...
Adaptive Plasticity in the Oculomotor System

The contents of this symposium bear witness to the importance of the oculomotor system in the study of neuronal plasticity. Part of this recent development is due to a surge of progress in understanding the oculomotor system itself, made possible by the ability to record from the neurons of the brainstem and cerebellar oculomotor pathways in alert animals making normal eye movements. An additional factor is the mechanical simplicity of the eyeball and its muscles that makes the relationship between neural activity in the brain stem and the resulting eye movements relatively direct. A very important factor in using the oculomotor system to study plasticity is that it may be divided into about five major subsystems the functions of which are fairly obvious. Thus, one can speak of dysmetria as a failure to achieve a certain function, and of adaptive plasticity as its restoration.
Effect of Repeated Cabergoline Treatment on the Vernal Transition and Hair Shedding of Mares (Year 1) and a Subsequent Comparison of the Effect of Starting Date on Prolactin Suppression (Year 2)

Abstract Two studies were conducted to determine efficacy of cabergoline for suppressing prolactin (PRL) and the possible effects on vernal transition in mares. In experiment 1, six mares each received either vehicle or cabergoline (5 mg, intramuscularly) every 10 days for 12 treatments beginning February 4, 2013. Blood samples were drawn regularly, and mares were challenged with sulpiride periodically to assess PRL suppression. Weekly hair samples were obtained to determine shedding. Prolactin was suppressed ( P P > .05) of treatment on day of first ovulation, luteinizing hormone, or follicle stimulating hormone. Hair shedding was generally suppressed ( P = .05). In 2014 (experiment 2), eight of the same 12 mares were used in a similar experiment to determine if the rise in PRL observed in experiment 1 was due to refractoriness to cabergoline or perhaps another factor. Treatment began on April 6, 2014, corresponding to the increase in PRL in treated mares in experiment 1. Mares were treated with cabergoline or vehicle until June 5. Prolactin was suppressed ( P
Driving the Market Process: 'Alertness' Versus Innovation and 'Creative Destruction'

This paper summarizes and compares the theories of entrepreneurship of Joseph A. Schumpeter and Israel M. Kirzner as presented in their major scholarly contributions to economic analysis. It is argued that Kirzner's theory of entrepreneurial action as "the driving force of the market" contributes greatly to a fundamental understanding of the market process. In contrast, it is argued that Schumpeter's theory that entrepreneurship is the agent of "creative destruction" of an ongoing state of general equilibrium is spurious. It is also argued that his view that entrepreneurship is the internal force for the economic development of any economy, market or non-market, reveals a seriously inadequate understanding of both the market process and the economics of non-market societies.
Improved Parallel Optimal Choropleth Map Classification

In this chapter we introduce an improved parallel optimal choropleth map classification algorithm to support spatial analysis. This work contributes to the development of a Distributed Geospatial CyberInfrastructure and offers an implementation of the Fisher-Jenks optimal classification method suitable for multi-core desktop environments. We provide a description of both a single-core vectorized implementation and a parallelized implementation. Our results show that single core vectorization alone provides computational speedups compared to previous parallel implementations and that a combined, parallel and vectorized, implementation offers significant speed improvements.
Fracture faces of frozen membranes: 50th anniversary

In 1961, the development of an improved freeze-etching (FE) procedure to prepare rapidly frozen biological cells or tissues for electron microscopy raised two important questions. How does a frozen cell membrane fracture ? What do the extensive face views of the cell's membranes exposed by the fracture process of FE tell us about the overall structure of biological membranes ? I discovered that all frozen membranes tend to split along weakly bonded lipid bilayers. Consequently, the fracture process exposes internal membrane faces rather than either of the membrane's two external surfaces. During etching, when ice is allowed to sublime after fracturing, limited regions of the actual membrane surfaces are revealed. Examination of the fractured faces and etched surfaces provided strong evidence that biological membranes are organized as lipid bilayers with some proteins on the surface and other proteins extending through the bilayer. Membrane splitting made it possible for electron microscopy to show the relative proportion of a membrane's area that exists in either of these two organizational modes.
Observations on the Purported Resistance of the Honeybee to American Foulbrood

It is not uncommon for a beekeeper to observe in a colony the presence of one or two cells of what appears to be American foulbrood and on the next examination discover that the cells have apparently been cleaned of all visible remains of the disease. In a majority of such cases, the disease will appear at a later date with greater severity while in a minor number of instances, it will not recur. In the latter cases the questions arise as to whether it was American foulbrood and, if so, was it a less virulent strain than usual or did the colony actually manifest a certain amount of resistance to the disease.
Impoundment at the State Level Executive Power and Budget Impact

Presidential impoundment authority has been given extensive attention in the budgeting literature. Little research, however, has examined impoundment powers at the state level. This research note is an exploratory study of impoundment powers at the state level, focusing primarily on gubernatorial rescission authority. We use a survey of executive budgeting officers to examine the structure, use, and effectiveness of impoundment powers in the states. We find that gubernatorial impoundment authority is generally used to maintain balanced budgets during times of revenue shortfall. We also find that impoundments do not serve as a particularly effective policy mechanism for most governors.
Zinc Uptake by Isolated Rat Enterocytes: Effect of Low Molecular Weight Ligands

The luminal phase of zinc intestinal absorption has not been well characterized. This study was intended to elucidate the possible role of low molecular weight (LMW) ligands in zinc intestinal transport in an isolated rat enterocyte system. Under these in vitro conditions, zinc uptake by the isolated enterocytes was rapid, leveling off within 1 min. Kinetic analysis revealed that both a mediated and diffusion component were involved in zinc uptake in the absence of LMW ligands by the cells. For the mediated component of zinc transport, the Kt and Vmax were 64.1 microM and 13.9 nmol/20 sec/mg protein, respectively. Zinc uptake was not affected by the addition of metabolic inhibitors. In the presence of histidine or cysteine (2:1 ligand:zinc molar ratio), zinc uptake was greatly reduced and occurred solely via mediated transport. Zinc uptake was also significantly decreased upon the addition of EDTA to the assay media. Other amino acids tested had no effect on zinc uptake by the cells. Albumin markedly reduced zinc uptake by the cells. Histidine and other potential LMW ligands were unable to facilitate albumin-inhibited zinc uptake. The results of this study suggest that the intestinal absorption of zinc may not be effected in the form of chelates with LMW ligands. Amino acids such as histidine and cysteine significantly reduce the uptake of the metal by isolated rat enterocytes, making questionable their putative role as necessary vehicles in the luminal phase of zinc absorption.
Global Stress-Strain Relationship of a Beating Heart

An integrated computational-experimental method was developed to characterize the global nonlinear elastic stress-strain behavior of a beating rat heart. This method combines finite element (FE) simulation with the experimental end-diastolic cavity pressure- balloon volume relationship of left ventricle (LV) to characterize the deformation resistance of a beating heart. In the FE simulations, the hyperelastic Ogden strain energy potential was used and geometric nonlinearity was also considered. The elastic moduli for the ex-vivo rat heart obtained through the study vary from 0.003 to 0.577 MPa.© 2003 ASME
Two Faces of Janus: The Effect of Foreign Institutional Investors on R&D Investment

A governing structure explains firms’ heterogeneous strategies. Prior literature has discussed the impact of foreign institutional investors on RD short-term orientation leading to RD the positive moderations of Q, firm size and export ratio, but the negative moderation of domestic institutional owners.
Observations on Streptococcus Toxin-Antitoxin Neutralization as a Basis for Specificity

Practically all our experience with the interaction of the toxins and antitoxins of the diphtheria and tetanus bacilli indicates that this reaction is one of the most specific immune reactions, if not the most specific, upon which to base conclusions concerning the difference of species or of subgroups of species. In the study of the hemolytic streptococci, however, two sharply contrasted points of view concerning the specific relation of the toxins and antitoxins to the various disease processes have developed despite extensive research.Our studies of the streptococci appear to throw additional light on the nature of the toxin-antitoxin reaction and suggest why such divergent conclusions may be reached in the study of these organisms. I am, therefore, presenting these observations from this point of view.During the past 6 years the toxicity of about 200 strains of hemolytic streptococci from typical cases of scarlet fever and as many more from cases of erysipelas, septic sore throat, and other streptococ...
P-59 Fossilised or future proof? using huk commission resources to conduct a review of governance, leadership and communication

When the Hospice opened in 1986 it was fully funded by the Health Board. For 25 years legacy income was abundant and, even though statutory funding reduced to 30%, money was never an issue. By 2012 the Hospice had a £568k deficit and could face closure. Staff were worried, Trustees were distant. What did we do? A new CEO was appointed – is the issue just about money or does culture play a part? Introduced “Blue Sky Suppers”, horizon scanning workshops. The Board are responsible for future direction. Help the Hospices Commission resources form the basis of the discussion. We need to look out to move on. Chairman stood down, 50% turnover on the Board. Board skills reviewed CEO joins the CCG as a Lay Member, conducts a review of commissioning intentions A 3 year strategy is developed linked to commissioning intentions – “Plan on a page” for each objective 5 year deficit reduction plan takes shape Review of Board Governance and sub-committee structures Chair joins HUK Board, CEO and Chair attend “Partners in Success” programme Communication channels reviewed – introduced Team Briefing, Staff Forum and revised Corporate Induction – we are all in the loop if we choose to be! “Keepers of the old culture” begin to move on Review of medical and nursing staffing structures – we must be “fit for the future” Intense media campaign – “Save our Hospice for Future Generations” – created a sense of urgency in the community. A social movement for the 21st Century 2 years later we are budgeting a breakeven position and surplus in the next 18 months. The team understand why change had to happen and the community understand that a valuable community asset cannot be taken for granted. Recommendation Hospices must be aware of current and future challenges and should review their models of working. Where is your Hospice on the scale – fossilised or future-proof?
Estimation of the turnover rate of barbiturate sidechain oxidation enzyme in rat liver.

Hepatic side-chain oxidation of hexobarbital was estimated in rats before, during, and after administration of sodium phenobarbital in increasing dosage for 1 to 84 days. The half-life of the enzyme was virtually the same during and after drug administration. These results indicate that phenobarbital increases synthesis of the enzyme, and they illustrate the estimation of enzyme degradation by analysis of the change in enzyme level from one steady state to another.
Data-Driven Proficiency Profiling.

Deep Thought is a logic tutor where students practice constructing deductive logic proofs. Within Deep Thought is a data-driven mastery learning system (DDML), which calculates student proficiency based on rule scores weighted by expert-decided weights in order to assign problem sets of appropriate difficulty. In this study, we designed and tested a data-driven proficiency profiler (DDPP) method in order to calculate student proficiency without expert involvement. The DDPP determines student proficiency by comparing relevant student rule scores to previous students who behaved similarly in the tutor and successfully completed it. This method was compared to the original DDML method, proficiency based on average rule scores, and proficiency based on minimum rule scores. Our testing has shown that while the DDPP has the potential to accurately calculate student proficiency, more data is required to improve it.
Mechanistic signs of double-barreled structure in a fluoride ion channel

The Fluc family of F− ion channels protects prokaryotes and lower eukaryotes from the toxicity of environmental F−. In bacteria, these channels are built as dual-topology dimers whereby the two subunits assemble in antiparallel transmembrane orientation. Recent crystal structures suggested that Fluc channels contain two separate ion-conduction pathways, each with two F− binding sites, but no functional correlates of this unusual architecture have been reported. Experiments here fill this gap by examining the consequences of mutating two conserved F−-coordinating phenylalanine residues. Substitution of each phenylalanine specifically extinguishes its associated F− binding site in crystal structures and concomitantly inhibits F− permeation. Functional analysis of concatemeric channels, which permit mutagenic manipulation of individual pores, show that each pore can be separately inactivated without blocking F− conduction through its symmetry-related twin. The results strongly support dual-pathway architecture of Fluc channels.
Shades of white flight: Evangelical congregations and urban departure, by Mark T. Mulder: New Brunswick, NJ, Rutgers University Press, 2015

Mark T. Mulder’s Shades of White Flight: Evangelical Congregations and Urban Departure provides a detailed account of seven Christian Reformed Church (CRC) congregations’ withdrawal from Chicago to...
Integral-Action Nonlinear Control of Induction Motors 1

Abstract A new scheme for induction motor control is developed, combining integral action with a novel nonlinear design which interlaces the design of the observer with that of the controller in a step-by-step procedure. While the interlacing counteracts the effects of flux observation errors on transient performance, the integral action robustifies this performance against modeling imperfections and external disturbances.
Reply: Apoptosis, A Double-Edge Sword!

We appreciate the comments of Drs. Rossello and Yellon regarding our recent paper [(1)][1], and we agree that activation of pro-survival pathways in viable myocytes after brief periods of ischemia likely occurs alongside apoptotic myocyte death to provide protection against subsequent ischemic
Alexis de Tocqueville: Civil Religion, Race, and the Roots of French Universalism, 1830–1857

The nineteenth-century political scientist Alexis de Tocqueville is perhaps best known for his liberalism, his commentary on religion in democratic society, and his paradoxical promotion of French imperialism in Algeria. Though the focus of countless studies, Tocqueville’s attitude towards religion have not been considered in conjunction with France’s colonial ventures in North Africa. Whitney Abernathy Barnes’ article contends that Tocqueville invoked France’s connections to Christianity to solidify its Algerian holdings as he reinforced Christianity’s political potential within the post-revolutionary Atlantic world. A key political theorist, politician, and imperialist during this dynamic epoch, Tocqueville’s allusions to religion reveal the critical role civil Christianity played in the construction of Western democracy, French universalism, and French colonial doctrine at the beginning of France’s modern imperial project.
Banks in Capital Markets

Abstract Banks are an important source of funding in economies all around the world, making it vital to understand how banks directly and indirectly affect funding through capital markets. Few issues have perhaps been as controversial as the appropriate scope of bank activities and whether banks should participate directly in capital market activities, providing both lending and other services, such as underwriting. We review the arguments and theoretical models that consider the consequences of commercial banks engaging in investment banking activities, and we examine the empirical evidence on the potential for conflicts of interest, which focuses on the pricing and long run performance of debt and equity underwritten securities, both in the United States and internationally. A related topic is whether investment banks and commercial banks can co-exist as underwriters. We summarize the theoretical and empirical literature, focusing on the effect that bank lending has had on underwriter fees and the ability of banks to win underwriting mandates, as well as how investment banks have adapted to commercial bank entry into investment banking. We also consider the indirect role of commercial banks in capital markets, providing a summary of banks’ ability to signal the quality of borrowers through their decisions to originate and sell loans. Finally we examine related topics, such as the effects of banks holding equity and engaging in venture capital activities, and we suggest research directions.
Changes in Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program real benefits and daily caloric intake among adults

Abstract The Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) is the largest food-assistance program in the United States, providing support for low-income families to purchase food from stores. Previous research has found that adult participants experience a decline in caloric intake at the end of their benefit month. Using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, we exploit the variation in real SNAP benefits between 2007 and 2014 arising from policy changes and inflation over the period to study how real benefits affect the cycle of food intake over the benefit month among working-age adults in SNAP households. We find that greater real benefit levels reduce the SNAP cycle in daily dietary intake, but that larger changes in benefit amounts would be required to eliminate cyclic intake.
Biologically inspired recognition system for car detection from real-time video streams

In this work we present a system for detection of objects from video streams based on properties of human vision such as saccadic eye movements and selective attention. An object, in this application a car, is represented as a collection of features (horizontal and vertical edges) arranged at specific spatial locations with respect to the position of the fixation point (the central edge). The collection of conditional probabilities, that estimate the locations of the car edges given the location of the central edge, are mapped into the weights of the neural network that combines information coming from the edge detectors (bottom-up) with expectations for edge locations (top-down). During the recognition process, the system efficiently searches the space of possible segmentations by investigating the local regions of the image in a way similar to human eye movements, probing and analyzing different locations of the input at different times. In contrast to motion-based models for vehicle detection [7, 8], our approach does not rely on motion information, and the system can detect both still and moving cars in real-time. However, adding motion information should improve the accuracy.
Psychosocial Issues in Renal Transplantation

There are at least five major factors which interact to determine the success and longevity of a renal transplant. These factors include the health of the recipient, the quality of the donor kidney, immunologic factors, the competency of the transplant team, and the psychosocial milieu in which the recipient lives. Specific algorithms have been published to evaluate the medical suitability of an individual to be a transplant recipient. Unfortunately the psychosocial evaluation of potential renal transplant candidates often plays a lesser role in the decision on whether or not to list a renal transplant candidate. Despite transplanting the ideal donor kidney into a healthy recipient, long-term success is not assured. There are a myriad of psychosocial factors which can alter the path to long-term success.
Chapter 64 – Spinal Cord

Tissue-engineered brain implants have great potential to enable future treatments of many neurological disorders for which no disease-modifying treatments are available. Proof-of-concept clinical studies of cell replacement and restora tive treatments have already been made in the clinic, with mixed but encouraging results. In particular, the human fetal tissue transplantation in Parkinson's disease (PD) has paved the way for more advanced tissue-engineering concepts.
Surfactants for exploring the liquid-solid surface free energy

Helium-3 and helium-4 can be used as surfactants to modify the observed wetting transitions of hydrogen and deuterium on rubidium. The effect of these surfactants on the wetting temperature is calculated. Prewetting induced by4He in H2on Rb is studied, and found to be re-entrant. Experiments can use the effect to measure the difference in temperature and concentration dependence of a free solid surface and a liquid/solid interface. This may help to resolve some unresolved questions pertaining to the wetting behavior of helium isotopic mixtures on cesium.
Appropriate Infant and Young Child Feeding Practices in an Emergency for Non-Breastfed Infants Under Six Months: The Rohingya Experience.

BackgroundSince 25 August, 2017 over 693,000 Rohingya have been forced from Myanmar due to mass violence, seeking refuge in neighboring Bangladesh. Nutritional surveys during 2017 revealed worrying...
Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Cancer in Men With Cardiovascular Disease: Analysis From the Veterans Exercise Testing Study

BackgroundCardiovascular disease and cancer share similar risk factors and are the leading causes of death worldwide. This study aimed to assess the association between cardiorespiratory fitness, c...
Sugar transport in Neurospora crassa.

Abstract The transport of several sugars by cells of Neurospora crassa grown in shake culture has been investigated. 3-O-Methyl-d-glucose is a substrate for the glucose transport system in glucose-grown cells but cannot be phosphorylated by the ATP-dependent hexokinase which readily catalyzes the phosphorylation of d-glucose. Since this nonmetabolizable glucose analogue cannot be accumulated against a concentration gradient in cells grown on glucose, it appears that net glucose uptake in glucose-grown cells involves a facilitated diffusion transport step followed by ATP-dependent phosphorylation and subsequent metabolism of the transported glucose. Growth of cells on d-fructose leads to the appearance of a system which catalyzes the accumulation of unaltered 3-O-methyl-d-glucose and l-sorbose against considerable concentration gradients.
The Effect of Gustatory Nerve Transections on Sucrose Responsiveness in the Rat

Transection of the glossopharyngeal (GL) and/or the chorda tympani (CT) nerve in rats has relatively little effect on sucrose preference measured in longterm two-bottle tests [1]. Such tests, however, are vulnerable to the postingestive effects of the stimulus, and thus, the behavior might not be completely under gustatory control. In addition, no explicit attention was paid, in these prior studies, to the greater superficial petrosal nerve (GSP), a branch of the facial nerve which innervates palatal taste receptors, and which has since been shown electrophysiologically to be very responsive to sucrose applied to its receptive field [2]. Recent nerve-cut studies, employing behavioral methodology that is based on brief access exposures to taste stimuli, have demonstrated a role for palatal taste receptors in sucrose sensibility [3,4]. The present experiment was conducted to evaluate the relative contribution of the collective gustatory inputs of the 7th and 9th cranial nerves to the rat’s unconditioned behavioral responsiveness to sucrose.
Repertoire of Precedents: Designers Kindling Fatwood During Reflection-in-Action

Fatwood is old pine tree roots that are split into kindling and used as a fire starter. As a metaphor in design thinking, designers call their fatwood a repertoire of precedents. Designers kindle their fatwood when reflecting-in-action. What impact does a designer drawing from a repertoire of precedents inside and outside the project have on the reflection-in-action process? This chapter explores the give and take relationships that eight designers designing projects had with their personal repertoire of precedents and frame experiments. From the exploration of the give and take relationships, we discuss how we can design fatwood learning experiences.
Detection of Postural Sway Abnormalities by Wireless Inertial Sensors in Minimally Disabled Patients with Multiple Sclerosis (P5.189)

OBJECTIVE: To identify sensitive objective indices of balance impairment in minimally disabled patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). BACKGROUND: Balance impairment causes significant disability in patients with MS. Inertial sensors may provide more sensitive measures of balance impairment than current clinical measures and could direct early therapeutic interventions. DESIGN/METHODS: While wearing wireless inertial sensors, 20 subjects with MS - Expanded Disability Status Scale of less than 3 and a Timed Twenty-Five Foot Walk of 5 seconds or less - and 20 age- and sex-matched control subjects stood with eyes open and eyes closed. Forty-six outcome measures of postural sway were derived, then averaged by trial and condition, for each subject. Differences in each measure between the groups with and without MS were determined using Mann-Whitney U tests (Bonferroni-corrected p = 0.00054). A stepwise logistic regression model determined which measures of instrumented sway provide independent predictors of group status. RESULTS: In the eyes-open condition, 15 measures were significantly different between the groups with and without MS, and in the eyes-closed condition, 22 measures were significantly different. The regression model identified medio-lateral sway path length and medio-lateral range of sway acceleration amplitude, each in the eyes-open condition, as the only two significant independent predictors to differentiate subjects with MS from those without MS (model chi-squared = 34.55, p < 0.0001): accuracy = 87.5[percnt], positive likelihood ratio = 6 (2.09-17.21), negative likelihood ratio = 0.12 (0.03-0.44). CONCLUSIONS: Postural sway abnormalities in subjects with MS who are minimally disabled were detected using wireless inertial sensors and may signify a superior sensitivity in the identification of balance impairment prior to the development of clinically evident disability or impaired gait speed. Further study is needed to confirm the clinical significance and predictive value of these objectively identified balance impairments. Disclosure: Dr. Solomon has nothing to disclose. Dr. Jacobs has nothing to disclose. Dr. Lomond has nothing to disclose. Dr. Kasser has nothing to disclose. Dr. Henry has nothing to disclose.
Meda Chesney-Lind

Abstract No individual has contributed as much to feminist criminology as Meda Chesney-Lind. This article is a biography of Chesney-Lind written after conducting two interviews with her, and a careful reading of her work and other works written about her. Feminism was always a strong force in Chesney-Lind's life. Her childhood was difficult, but positively affected by her strong mother. In college and graduate school, Chesney-Lind became an ardent political activist. She “fell into” her master's work on delinquent girls, which began a career that has significantly impacted criminology and raised awareness about delinquent girls and incarcerated women. This biography describes how Chesney-Lind's early life experiences critically influenced her career as a criminologist. Additionally, this essay illustrates a scholar who has changed the field of criminology despite the large portion of her academic life spent marginalized in a community college.
Wide-bandgap-semiconductor wide-bandwidth wide-temperature-range power amplifiers

A wide-bandwidth and wide-temperature-range power amplifier has been demonstrated by using a GaN/AlGaN-on-SiC HEMT. With a fixed bias and without any load tuning, the amplifier exhibits useful and uniform performance across the band of 6 to 12 GHz and the temperature range of 78 to 400 K. These results demonstrate the potential of wide-bandgap semiconductors for robust power amplification. The potential for high-power, narrow-bandwidth, and regulated-temperature applications are also discussed.
A Determination of Ω from the Dynamics of the Local Supercluster

A method for determining the universal value for Ω is described that requires knowledge of the mass of one cluster and the velocity of infall for galaxies as they reach the periphery of the cluster. There is no dependence on the scale of the Universe or the age of the Universe, nor are there any assumptions on mass-to-light for this determination. The method is applied to the Virgo Cluster and a value of Ω ~ 0.1 is found with an upper limit of Ω ~ 0.4.
Synthesis of Two New Metallic Alkali Metal Silver Selenides, K2Ag12Se7.11and RbAg5Se3, from Supercritical Ethylenediamine

Abstract Two new compounds K 2 Ag 12 Se 7.11 , (I), and RbAg 5 Se 3 , (II), have been synthesized in supercritical ethylenediamine. Compound I crystallizes in the hexagonal space group P 6 3 with a =18.955(2) A, c =4.406(2) A, V =1371.0(7) A 3 , Z =3, R / R w =0.0396/0.0417. This compound has a columnar structure, similar to the previously reported K 2 Ag 12 Se 7 and Zr 2 Ni 12 P 7 . However, I contains two types of Ag–Se columns while Zr 2 Ni 12 P 7 has only one. In one type, ordered selenium atoms are located inside the columns, and in the other, disordered selenium atoms are found in the columns leading to a nonstoichiometric composition. As a result of this nonstoichiometry, the compound is metallic with a resistivity of 14.9 ohm · cm at 23°C. Compound II crystallizes in the tetragonal space group P 4/ nbm with a =6.0814(9) A, c =11.112(1) A, V =411.0(1) A 3 , Z =2, R / R w =0.0416/0.0490. This compound has a layered structure with Rb + cations located between silver selenide layers. There are numerous Ag–Ag interactions less than 3.041(1) A and the compound is weakly metallic with a resistivity of 1.5 ohm · cm at 23°C.
Measuring and managing resistance and resilience under climate change in northern Great Lake forests (USA)

Context Climate change will have diverse and interacting effects on forests over the next century. One of the most pronounced effects may be a decline in resistance to chronic change and resilience to acute disturbances. The capacity for forests to persist and/or adapt to climate change remains largely unknown, in part because there is not broad agreement how to measure and apply resilience concepts.
Four Methods for Analyzing Partial Interval Recording Data, with Application to Single-Case Research

Partial interval recording (PIR) is a procedure for collecting measurements during direct observation of behavior. It is used in several areas of educational and psychological research, particularly in connection with single-case research. Measurements collected using partial interval recording suffer from construct invalidity because they are not readily interpretable in terms of the underlying characteristics of the behavior. Using an alternating renewal process model for the behavior under observation, we demonstrate that ignoring the construct invalidity of PIR data can produce misleading inferences, such as inferring that an intervention reduces the prevalence of an undesirable behavior when in fact it has the opposite effect. We then propose four different methods for analyzing PIR summary measurements, each of which can be used to draw inferences about interpretable behavioral parameters. We demonstrate the methods by applying them to data from two single-case studies of problem behavior.
Calculating the equilibrium structure of the BNB molecule: Real îƒµs. artifactual symmetry breaking

Approximate electronic structure calculations on the ground state of the BNB molecule are subject to artifactual symmetry breaking as well as a potential second-order Jahn–Teller distortion along its antisymmetric stretch coordinate. In addition, the bending mode is very floppy and has a large anharmonic coupling with the symmetric stretch. Hence, this molecule presents a major challenge for theoretical electronic structure methods. We present a series of calculations designed to distinguish the real from the artifactual symmetry breaking. Our results give the minimum structure as C∞v, with the D∞h transition state 161 ± 20 cm−1 higher in energy, thus lying below the first vibrational level.
"Only the best class of immigration": public health policy toward Mexicans and Filipinos in Los Angeles, 1910-1940.

Public health officials contributed to the early 20thcentury campaign against Mexicans and Filipinos in Los Angeles. In 1914, the newly established city and county health departments confronted the overwhelming task of building a public health infrastructure for a rapidly growing population spread over a large area. However, for several years public health reports focused almost exclusively on the various infectious diseases associated with Mexican immigrants.Although the segregation of Mexicans was illegal in California until 1935, county officials established separate clinics for Whites and Mexicans during the 1920s. With assistance from state officials, local health authorities participated actively in efforts to restrict Mexican immigration throughout the 1920s and to expel both Mexicans and Filipinos during the 1930s.
Collaborative knowledge acquisition

Abstract The increasing complexity of expert systems applications dictates the involvement of many experts in building those systems. Most existing knowledge acquisition techniques are not appropriate for knowledge acquisition from multiple experts. A collaborative approach to acquiring knowledge from a team of experts is developed based on our experience of using Group Support Systems (GSS) for strategic planning, crisis management, and knowledge acquisition. A collaborative environment consists of hardware, software, facility, people, procedures, and facilitation. Techniques for collaborative knowledge acquisition include brainstorming, Nominal Group Technique, Delphi technique, focus group interviews, group repertory grid analysis, and voting. A dimensional analysis framework is used to analyze tools for collaborative knowledge acquisition with regard to three dimensions: the problem-solving process supported, the structure of information generated, and the interaction patterns among participants. Process models including planning, identification, classification, group repertory grid analysis, and verification are developed to facilitate the collaborative knowledge acquisition activities. This paper concludes with observations of a study employing this approach and implications to future research.
Clinical practice. Urinary stress incontinence in women.

A 45-year-old woman reports leaking urine with coughing, laughing, or sneezing since the birth of her last baby. She has been unable to lose the 25 lb (11 kg) that she gained after that pregnancy. She voids every 3 hours and reports no urinary urgency or nocturia. Her incontinence keeps her from participating in her exercise class, and she leaks urine during sexual intercourse. Her body-mass index is 28, and a routine pelvic examination is normal. How should she be evaluated and treated?
Obesity and risk of peri-operative complications in children presenting for adenotonsillectomy.

Summary Background: Adenotonsillectomy (T&A) is a very common surgical procedure in children. With the rising prevalence of childhood overweight and obesity, our goal was to describe the prevalence of overweight/obesity in children presenting for T&A in our institution. We also sought to compare the frequency of peri-operative complications and the likelihood of being admitted following T&A between overweight/obese and normal weight children. Methods: We examined our peri-operative database and extracted clinical, demographicandanthropometricinformationon2170childrenwhounderwentT&Abetween January 2005 and February 2008. Children were classified into normal weight, overweightandobeseusingpublishedbodymassindex(BMI)criteria.TheincidencesofperioperativecomplicationswerecomparedbetweentheBMIcategories.Wealsoexamined factors contributing to the likelihood of admission following T&A. Results: The overall prevalence of overweight and obese was 20.7%. Overweight/ obese children were more likely to have intra-operative desaturation (p = 0.004), multiple attempts at laryngoscopy (p < 0.001), difficult mask ventilation (p = 0.001), and post-induction and post-anesthesia care unit (PACU) upper airway obstruction (p < 0.001). Additionally, overweight and obese children were more likely to be admitted following T&A. BMI showed a moderate positive correlation with postoperative length of stay (LOS). Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that BMI and presence of medical co-morbidities were independent predictors of LOS. Conclusion: OverweightandobesechildrenpresentingforT&Ahaveahigherincidence of peri-operative complications and are more likely to be admitted and stay for longer than their healthy weight peers. Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd.
Regulation of retinoblastoma protein (Rb) by p21 is critical for adaptation to massive small bowel resection.

Background Adaptation following massive intestinal loss is characterized by increased villus height and crypt depth. Previously, we demonstrated that p21-null mice do not adapt after small bowel resection (SBR). As retinoblastoma protein (Rb) levels are elevated in p21-null crypt cells, we first sought to determine whether Rb is required for normal adaptation. Next, we tested whether Rb expression is responsible for blocked adaptation in p21-nulls.
The influence of the anterodorsal hippocampus on feminine sexual behavior in rats.

Bilateral lesions were made in the anterodorsal hippocampal formation of ovariectomized rats. Sham-lesioned and unoperated rats served as controls. The subjects were tested for feminine proceptive and receptive behaviors after priming with varying dosages of estrogen and then retested after progesterone administration. Anterodorsal hippocampal lesions resulted in a decrease in LQ, lordotic intensity, and soliciting behavior in the postprogesterone tests. Active rejection was decreased in preprogesterone tests. Although the anterodorsal hippocampal lesioned females had the capability of eliciting both proceptive and receptive behaviors, the estrogen-progesterone synergistic action of altering the threshold for eliciting these behaviors was reduced. The results are interpreted in terms of hippocampal modulation of spatiotemporal and affective input into diencephalic and midbrain structures controlling sensory-motor integration of feminine sexual behavior.
Crucial discrepancy in the balance between extreme ultraviolet solar radiation and ion densities given by the international reference ionosphere model

[1] Molecular ions play an important role in the balance of charged particles below the peak density in the F2 region. Balance is determined by ionization of the main neutral constituents by extreme UV solar radiation (EUVSR) and by dissociative recombination of the molecular ions. Using the empirical EUVSR model and the neutral densities given by the MSISE-90 (Mass Spectrometer-Incoherent Scatter) model, ionization rates can be calculated using well-developed, textbook-level analysis and then compared with the recombination rates corresponding to the molecular ion and electron densities given by the IRI-2001 and IRI-2007 empirical models. Our results show that the recombination rates calculated using the IRI model are larger by a factor of 5 to 30 than the ionization rates corresponding to the EUVSR empirical model at altitudes above 190 km at middle and low latitudes and low solar activity. Previously, and for similar reasons, we showed that the IRI predicted 630 nm and 557.7 nm emissions, which were found to be much higher than the observations (Vlasov et al., 2005; Nicolls et a]., 2006). The discrepancy greatly increases from noon to dusk and decreases with increasing solar activity. Our results thus show a contradiction between the EUVSR model and the IRI model. Since empirical data on molecular ions are scarce, we argue that straightforward ion chemistry calculations should be added to the IRI to correct the discrepancy.