cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hardware- and software-based collective communication on the Quadrics network

The efficient implementation of collective communication patterns in a parallel machine is a challenging design effort, that requires the solution of many problems. In this paper we present an in-depth description of how the Quadrics network supports both hardware- and software-based collectives. We describe the main features of the two building blocks of this network, a network interface that can perform zero-copy user-level communication and a wormhole routing switch. We also focus our attention on the routing and flow control algorithms, deadlock avoidance and on how the processing nodes are integrated in a global, virtual shared memory. Experimental results conducted on 64-node AlphaServer cluster indicate that the time to complete the hardware-based barrier synchronization on the whole network is as low as 6 /spl mu/s, with very good scalability. Good latency and scalability are also achieved with the software-based synchronization, which takes about 15 /spl mu/s. With the broadcast, similar performance is achieved by the hardware- and software-based implementations, which can deliver messages of up to 256 bytes in 13 /spl mu/s and can get a sustained asymptotic bandwidth of 288 Mbytes/sec on all the nodes. The hardware-based barrier is almost insensitive to the network congestion, with 93% of the synchronizations taking less than 20 /spl mu/s when the network is flooded with a background traffic of unicast messages. On the other hand, the software-based implementation suffers from a significant performance degradation. With high load the hardware broadcast maintains a reasonably good latency, delivering messages up to 2KB in 200 /spl mu/s, while the software broadcast suffers from slightly higher latencies inherited from the synchronization mechanism. Both broadcast algorithms experience a significative performance degradation of the sustained bandwidth with large messages.
Ibutilide: A New Class III Antiarrhythmic Agent

Ibutilide fumarate is a new antiarrhythmic agent recently approved for the conversion of atrial flutter (AFl) and atrial fibrillation (AF) to normal sinus rhythm. A class III agent in the Vaughan Williams classification system, ibutilide prolongs cardiac repolarization by activating a slow inward, predominantly sodium current. An alternative or additive mechanism to prolong repolarization may be blockade of the outward delayed rectifier potassium rapid current. Ibutilide is administered intravenously, and approximately 40% of the drug in serum is protein bound. It is eliminated through hepatic metabolism by undefined enzyme systems, and it appears that none of the metabolites contributes significantly to antiarrhythmic activity. The elimination half-life of ibutilide ranges from 2-12 hours. When administered by 10-minute infusion, ibutilide 1 mg (approximately 0.015 mg/kg) resulted in conversion to sinus rhythm in 24-58% of patients with AFl and 20-32% with AF, compared with about 5% for placebo. Administering a second dose of 0.5-1 mg improved the overall response rates to approximately 75% and 45%, respectively. In randomized comparative trials, ibutilide was more effective than sotalol in converting AFl (70% vs 19%) and AF (44% vs 11%) and more effective than procainamide (76% vs 12% and 51% vs 20%, respectively). The time to conversion in most trials was usually 20-30 minutes. Nausea is the most common noncardiac adverse effect (< 2%). Nonsustained and sustained polymorphic ventricular tachycardia occurred in 2.7-6.7% and 1.7% of patients, respectively.
Dimensionality of body awareness.

Bruchon-Schweitzer reported in 1978 and 1979 that Fisher's Body-Focus Questionnaire may be characterized by two main perceptual patterns, one of which is linked to orality and the other to anality....
When molecules and morphology concur: the ‘Gondwanan’ midges (Diptera: Chironomidae)

A phylogeny of the Chironomidae subfamily Podonominae, significant in the history of phylogenetic biogeography, is estimated from an analysis of four genes. Fragments of two ribosomal genes (18S and 28S), one nuclear protein-coding gene (CAD), and one mitochondrial protein-coding gene (COI) were sequenced from specimens representing 13 of 15 genera, and analysed using mixed model Bayesian and maximum likelihood inference methods. Podonominae is monophyletic and sister to Tanypodinae – the shared development of the larval ligula is synapomorphic and diagnostic. Tribe Podonomini is monophyletic with the inclusion of Trichotanypus; tribe Boreochlini is a grade. Monophyly is confirmed for the genera Podonomus Philippi, Podonomopsis Brundin, Podochlus Brundin, Archaeochlus Brundin and Austrochlus Cranston, Edward & Cook: Parochlus Enderlein becomes monophyletic through the inclusion of Zelandochlus Brundin (n.syn.) with its type species, P. latipalpis (Brundin) n.comb. The ‘mandibulate’Archaeochlus plus Austrochlus is monophyletic with nonmandibulate Afrochlus weakly supported as a member of, or sister to, the African Archaeochlus. Subtending this group is Lasiodiamesa, although it associates in some analyses with the sister group Tanypodinae. Generic relationships coincide with those proposed based on morphology, particularly as understood via all life history stages of some problematic (autapomorphic, adult-based) taxa. Divergence time analysis (beast) allows inference of Mesozoic diversification of higher taxa in Podonominae, of appropriate timing for fragmentation of Gondwana, post-African divergence, to have caused vicariance. Shallower nodes (within genera) imply both younger vicariance involving Antarctica and some recent dispersal, including southern to northern hemisphere movement in the New World. New Zealand taxa test controversial biogeographical relationships and show proximity to southern South America without direct Australian sister taxon pairs: dating implies persistence of midges through the ‘Oligocene’ bottleneck.
Elevated intracellular zinc and altered proton homeostasis in forebrain neurons.

Abstract Using the H + -sensitive fluorophore 2′,7′-bis-(2-carboxyethyl)-5-(and-6)-carboxyfluorescein (BCECF) and microfluorimetry, we investigated how elevated intracellular free zinc ([Zn 2+ ] i ) altered intracellular proton concentration (pH i ) in dissociated cultures of rat forebrain neurons. Neurons exposed to extracellular zinc (3 μM) in the presence of the Zn 2+ -selective ionophore pyrithione (20 μM) underwent intracellular acidification that was not reversed upon washout of the stimulus. Application of a membrane-permeant Zn 2+ chelator, but not an impermeant chelator, partially restored pH i . Removal of extracellular Ca 2+ greatly inhibited [Zn 2+ ] i -induced acidification, suggesting that acidification was a secondary consequence of Ca 2+ entry. Additional experiments suggested that Ca 2+ entered through the plasma membrane sodium/calcium exchanger (NCE), because a specific inhibitor of reverse mode NCE operation, KB-R7943 (1 μM), significantly inhibited Zn 2+ -induced acidification. In addition to the phenomenon of [Zn 2+ ] i -induced acidification, we found that elevated [Zn 2+ ] i inhibited neuronal recovery from low pH i . Neurons exposed to a protonophore underwent robust acidification, and pH i recovery ensued upon protonophore washout. In contrast, neurons acidified by the protonophore in the presence of Zn 2+ (3 μM) and pyrithione (20 μM) showed no ability to recover from low pH i . Application of a membrane-permeant Zn 2+ chelator partially restored pH i to pre-stimulus values. Experiments designed to elucidate mechanisms responsible for pH i regulation revealed that neurons relied primarily on bicarbonate exchange for proton export, suggesting that elevated [Zn 2+ ] i might impede pH i by inhibiting proton efflux via bicarbonate exchange. These results provide novel insights into the physiological effects of raising [Zn 2+ ] i , and may help illuminate the mechanisms by which Zn 2+ injures neurons.
Cuticular Hydrocarbons as Chemotaxonomic Characters for Nasutitermes corniger (Motschulsky) and N. ephratae (Holmgren) (Isoptera: Termitidae)

Forty-four cuticular hydrocarbon components from workers of the termites Nasutitermes corniger (Motschulsky) and N. ephratae (Holmgren) from three localities in Panama were characterized by capillary gas chromatography-electron impact mass spectrometry. Both species contain qualitatively identical homologous series of n-alkanes; 2-, 3-, 11-, 13-, 14-, and 15-methylalkanes; 11,15-, 12,16-, and 13,17-dimethylalkanes; and 11,15,19- and 13,17,21-trimethylalkanes. Both species also contain a single alkene, 9-hentriacontene. The two species, however, are readily distinguished chemically by differences among the relative abundances of 11 of their major hydrocarbon components.
EVIDENCE OF SPATIAL AUTOCORREILATION IN INTERNATIONAL PRICES

Data from the International Comparison Programme (ICP) generate a number of analyses examining price and quantity relationships across countries. Although geographic location is sometimes evoked to explain differences across observations, it is seldom used to measure the extent of this interrelationship. Using ICP Phase V benchmark studies (Summers and Heston, 1991) at the level of household consumption for approximately 64 countries and 23 aggregate headings in 1985, this paper introduces such a measure, testing for spatial autocorrelation among price relatives with respect to three different measures of relative location: the pairwise existence of a common boundary, the distance between capital cities and the amount of trade between two countries.
Squared error distortion metrics for motion planning in robotic sensor networks

We examine the problem of planning the trajectory of a robotic vehicle to gather data from a deployment of stationary sensors monitoring a set of dynamic source signals. The robotic vehicle and the sensors are equipped with wireless modems (e.g., radio in terrestrial environments or acoustic in underwater environments), which provide noisy communication across limited distances. In such scenarios, the robotic vehicle can improve its efficiency by planning an informed data gathering trajectory. We propose a novel performance metric for data gathering in robotic sensor networks based on the concept of squared error distortion. We analyze the formal properties of the distortion function, and we propose a sampling-based motion planning algorithm for optimizing data gathering tours for minimal distortion. The proposed algorithms are compared in simulation, and the results show that distortion metrics provide substantial improvements in data gathering efficiency.
FORTRESS MAYAPAN: DEFENSIVE FEATURES AND SECONDARY FUNCTIONS OF A POSTCLASSIC MAYA FORTIFICATION

One of the most distinctive features of the Postclassic capital of Mayapan is the immense wall that encloses large portions of the site's settlement zone. This 9.1 km-long feature is the largest example of a walled enclosure known in Mesoamerica. Based on ethnohistoric references, it seems that the construction was well known to Postclassic and Colonial period residents of the Northern lowlands. The most common assertion regarding the enclosures is that the wall had primarily defensive functions. Unfortunately, little solid archaeological evidence or cross-cultural comparison has been offered to support this interpretation. In this paper, I correlate the form of the gates with cross-culturally derived and unambiguously defensive features, finding that the design of the gates strongly suggests that they are indeed defensive. Possible secondary functions of the wall are also explored, such as the control of people and goods entering the city, as ritual barrier, the control of internal populations and its symbolism.
Rules for the disposition of tariff revenues and the determination of common external tariffs in customs unions

Abstract This paper is about the determination of common external tariffs (CETs) in customs unions (CUs). We first examine how the relationship between preferences over CET levels, technology and the distribution of factor ownership in a CU is conditioned by the rule that determines the disposition of tariff revenues. We then explore how majority voting at the country level translates these preferences into an equilibrium CET. Among other things, we find that, when revenues are partitioned in proportion to members’ imports, tariff preferences may be polarized, the trade patterns of some CU members may be endogenous, and, as a result, their payoff functions may not be single-peaked. This leads to voting outcomes that dramatically differ from those arising under other sharing rules (e.g., the ‘population’ and ‘consumption’ rules) and raises the possibility of a Condorcet paradox.
Deformations of promoter DNA bound to carcinogens help interpret effects on TATA-element structure and activity

The TATA-box binding protein (TBP) is required by eukaryotic RNA polymerases for correct transcription initiation. TBP binds to the minor groove of an 8 base pair (bp) DNA-promoter element known as the TATA box and severely bends the TATA box. The promoter-DNA substrate can be damaged by components present in the cell or the environment to produce covalent carcinogen–DNA adducts. These may lead to transcription blockage or unfaithful transcription. Benzo[a]pyrene (BP) is a widespread environmental chemical carcinogen which can be metabolically converted to DNA-reactive enantiomeric (+) and (−)-anti -benzo[a]pyrene diol epoxides (BPDEs). Recent experimental studies of a pair of stereoisomeric adenine adducts, derived from (+) and (−)-anti -BPDEs, have revealed how these lesions influence the complexation of TBP with the TATA box. Dep ending on the adduct’s location in the TATA box and its stereochemistry, the stability of monomeric TATA–TBP complexes was found to increase or decrease relative to the unmodified DNA. We report here analyses of molecular-dynamics simulations to interpret these findings. Structural analyses of 12 DNA–protein systems representing different combinations of adduct stereoisomer type and placement within the promoter reveal that the location of the adduct within the TATA o ctamer determines whether the stability of TATA–TBP complexes is increased or decreased. The effect on binding stability can be interpreted in terms of conformational freedom and major-groove space available to BP due to the hydrogen bonds and inserted phenylalanines of the TATA–TBP complex; that is, depending on the position of the adenine to which BP is covalently bound, BP can be accommodated in an intercalated or major-groove orientation with ease or with difficulty (due to interference with TATA–TBP interactions). The unravelled structures and interactions thus reveal the effect of different adduct locations on TATA–TBP complex formation and suggest how transcription initiation may be affected by the presence of a bulky BP.
Numerical modelling and experimental verification of the formation of 2D and 3D brazed joints

This paper addresses the issue of determining the joint shape formed after molten metal re-solidification at the peak brazing temperature. A theoretical approach for modelling two- and three-dimensional joint shapes in situations where the mating surfaces are neither plane nor orthogonal is presented. The approach is based on a variational principle involving the minimization of the potential energy of the molten metal liquid just prior to the onset of solidification. The numerical solution of the variational problem is obtained by employing a parametric finite element method in conjunction with a direct optimization algorithm. The results from the theory are verified by comparison with experimental data obtained from a set of controlled atmosphere brazing tests of aluminium alloys. The results obtained from the theory are in good agreement with the experimental data and empirical evidence. An analysis of the influence of geometry, configuration and orientation of mating surfaces on both two- and three-dimensional brazed joint shapes is presented in an accompanying paper.
Cyclomaltoheptaose (β-cyclodextrin) and hydroxyethyl-substituted β-cyclodextrin inclusion complex formation with chlorogenic acid: solvent effects on inclusion complex stability

Abstract The inclusion complexes of cyclomaltoheptaose (β-CD) and β-CD's 50% hydroxyethyl-substituted derivative (HE-β-CD) with chlorogenic acid (CA) were studied with regard to temperature and water activity (aH2O ≈ mole fraction = XH2O = 0.8–0.99; 0.1 M Na phosphate buffer) utilizing first-derivative spectrophotometric analyses of bathochromic shifts (Δλ) in CA's UV absorbance as a function of variable [CD]. From the dependence of the apparent stability constant, K, on X H 2 O (K = K ‡ X H 2 O z ) we estimated that the β-CD · CA complex's apparent stoichiometric coefficient, z, for water was ca. 7 ± 1 (K ‡ = 1032 ± 54 M −1 ) ; this value agrees with recently published literature concerning the minimum number of waters needed to stabilize a similar β-CD adduct. However, we determined that z was significantly lower ( 4 ± 0.3; K ‡ = 809 ± 31 M − ) for the HE-β-CD · CA complex. These results argue that a unique species of bound water is involved in β-CD · CA stability since a 50% substitution resulted in an equivalent loss in z as well as substantial decrease in K ‡ . This hypothesis was supported by NMR inversion recovery experiments whereupon the most significant perturbation to spin-lattice relaxation (ΔT1 = T1β-CD − T1β-CD · CA) was associated with β-CD's 1H at position 3 (H−3; ΔT1 = 585 ms). Small ΔT1s were also observed for H-2 (160 ms) and H-6,6′ (83 ms). β-CD's ΔT1s were dependent not only upon the adduct's concentration but also diminished at a high ionic strength. These data indicate that ΔT1 was related to changes in [D2O] at or near β-CD's hydroxyl groups and that these D2O molecules were bound with a relatively long residence time. Thermochemical measurements of ΔH and ΔS at various XH2Os display typically linear enthalpy-entropy compensation (ΔH−ΔS) relationships but with a slope (Tc = ∂ΔH/∂ΔS = 272 K) significantly less than standard aqueous thermodynamic measurements (Tc = 305 K) of a similar system. This unequivocal XH2O effect on Tc argues that the chemical part process of CD · guest adduct formation involves changes in relative solvation, presumably desolvation, of β-CD's binding site. This interpretation was supported by the dependency of Δλmax on CD binding site dimension and XH2OMeOH.
Time and energy dependent recoil distributions in mixtures

Abstract An approach based on linear transport theory is described here to model the transport of incident ions and recoil particles in complex target materials. Using the time and energy dependent Boltzmann Fokker-Planck (BFP) equation, we have numerically computed particle densities for two incident ion (oxygen and barium) species as well as for all recoil particle species, self-consistently, in the superconducting material YBa2Cu3O7. An advantage of our approach is that the scattering, recoil and energy deposition cross sections are computed once for each combination of incident ion and target material and a given (e.g., Universal) potential. These interaction cross sections are then used in the BFP code to study both time dependent (pulsed ion beam) and equilibrium (steady-state ion beam) scenarios. Pulsed mode results provide insight into the decay behavior of each recoil species and equilibrium spectra are obtained in steady state mode. Our numerical model also describes the partitioning of energy deposition amongst the atomic species as well as the fate of the incident ion and recoils in interstitial, substitution or replacement sites.
Synthesis of Macrocyclic Polystyrene and Macrocyclic Poly(9,9-dimethyl-2-vinylfluorene) Containing a Single 9,10-Anthracenylidene Group

Polystyryldilithium (PSLi2), polystyryldipotassium (PSK2) or poly(9,9-dimethyl-2-vinylfluorene)yl dipotassium (PDMVF-K2), generated by electron transfer initiated polymerizations, were reacted with 9,10-bis(chloromethyl)anthracene (BCMA) under high dilution conditions to afford 9,10-anthracenylidene labeled PS or PDMVF macrocycles. However, only potassium ion mediated coupling reactions with BCMA gave high extents of 9,10-anthracenylidene incorporation (>90%) while analogous lithium ion systems afforded no more than 50% incorporation. Coupling reactions of PSK2 with 9,10-bis(bromomethyl)anthracene (BBMA) also gave lower degrees of coupling and 9,10-anthracenylidene incorporation. Metal−halogen exchange or electron-transfer reactions may be responsible for the lower degree of 9,10-anthracenylidene labeling.
CaMKII represses transcriptionally active β-catenin to mediate acute ethanol neurodegeneration and can phosphorylate β-catenin

Prenatal ethanol exposure causes persistent neurodevelopmental deficits by inducing apoptosis within neuronal progenitors including the neural crest. The cellular signaling events underlying this apoptosis are unclear. Using an established chick embryo model, we previously identified ethanol’s activation of CaMKII as a crucial early step in this pathway. Here we report that CaMKII is pro-apoptotic because it mediates the loss of transcriptionally active β-catenin, which normally provides trophic support to these cells. β-catenin overexpression normalized cell survival in ethanol’s presence. CaMKII inhibition similarly restored β-catenin content and transcriptional activity within ethanol-treated cells and prevented their cell death. In contrast, inhibition of alternative effectors known to destabilize β-catenin, including GSK3β, Protein Kinase C, JNK, and calpain, failed to normalize cell survival and β-catenin activity in ethanol’s presence. Importantly, we found that purified CaMKII can directly phosphorylate β-catenin. Using targeted mutagenesis we identified CaMKII phosphorylation sites within human β-catenin at T332, T472, and S552. This is the first demonstration that β-catenin is a phosphorylation target of CaMKII and represents a novel mechanism by which calcium signals could regulate β-catenin-dependent transcription. These results inform ethanol’s neurotoxicity and offer unexpected insights into other neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders having dysregulated calcium or β-catenin signaling.
Decentralized and complete multi-robot motion planning in confined spaces

This paper presents the Push-Swap-Wait (PSW) algorithm, a scalable, decentralized and complete approach for multi-robot motion planning in confined spaces. The algorithm builds upon a "push and swap" paradigm that has been used effectively in centralized navigation. This push and swap approach was expanded to apply to decentralized planning by adding a waiting mode to handle situations in which communication between robots is lost. The completeness of the PSW algorithm can be guaranteed in cases where the environment can be modeled as a tree T for which the number of leaf nodes is greater than the number of robots navigating through it. The algorithm has a time complexity that is linear with the number of robots currently within communication, indicating that this algorithm is well suited for scaling to large systems of robots. To validate the PSW algorithm it was implemented successfully in multi-robot simulations and on hardware with four Dr. Robot Jaguar Lite Robots. I. INTRODUCTION Multi-robot systems have demonstrated the potential to increase performance over single robot systems in tasks re- quiring decreased mission times, spatio-temporal sampling, robustness to mission failure, and force multiplication (2), (5). This paper addresses the problem of coordinating the motion of multiple robots attempting to reach their indepen- dent goal destinations in single lane tunnel environments. In general, Multi Robot Motion Planning (MRMP) can be accomplished with acentralized control architecture, in which one robot or agent dictates the motion of all robots, or using a decentralized architecture in which each robot calculates its own motions. Additionally, the algorithms im- plemented within these architectures can either be coupled, in which the algorithm searches the composite configuration space of all robots to construct paths for all robots, or decoupled, in which the algorithms search each individual robot's configuration space for individual paths that are later coordinated. Implementation of both coupled and decoupled planning can be centralized, but decentralized architectures are more amenable to decoupled planning. Several centralized approaches for robot navigation in confined spaces already exist (14), (10), (11), (3). Some of these algorithms have the desirable property of being complete - that is, they guarantee that a solution will be found if it exists. Such algorithms can also be classified as either optimal or non-optimal. Optimal algorithms, such as search algorithms like A*, are capable of computing the
Nonbronchoscopic approach to bronchoalveolar lavage in children with artificial airways

Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) performed with a fiberoptic bronchoscope (FOB) is a useful method for sampling alveolar contents. Since the smallest FOB with a channel has a diameter of 3.6 mm, BAL is difficult to accomplish through artificial airways (AA) < 5.0 mm I.D. We used a 4F balloon wedge pressure catheter to perform BAL through small AA. Supplemental O2 or ventilatory support was delivered via an adaptor through which the catheter was introduced. After it was passed distal to the AA, the balloon was inflated with normal saline (NS) to a predetermined volume, and advanced until resistance was felt. The balloon was deflated, advanced slightly, and then reinflated to achieve airway occlusion. Five aliquots of 0.75 mL/kg of NS were used for BAL. The procedure was performed in 20 children from 1 month (950 g) to 6½ years of age (median, 9 months). All specimens contained abundant alveolar macrophages, indicating good recovery of alveolar contents. Clinically significant information was obtained in 17 (85%) cases, and no patient required an open lung biopsy. In conclusion, nonbronchoscopic bronchoalveolar lavage is a valuable method for obtaining alveolar contents in children with small AA that preclude the use of an FOB, and it obviates the need for open lung biopsy in many patients. This technique could be used as a research tool for measuring constituents of alveolar contents in infants and small animals. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Cytotoxicity to allogeneic cells in the chicken. I. Role of macrophages in the cytotoxic effect on 51Cr-labeled red blood cells by immune spleen cells.

Abstract Cytotoxic effector cells in SC and FP chicken spleens were induced by repeated intravenous immunizations with 2 × 107 allogeneic red blood cells (RBC). Spleen cells taken 3 days after the last of 3–8 injections caused significant 51Cr release over background from labeled RBC in 5–24 hours at 37° C. Maximal effect was obtained after 5 injections. The effector cells in intact chickens fractionated as adherent to nylon wool and to plastic surfaces and were resistant to rabbit anti-chicken thymus and C. Trypan blue in the incubation mixture greatly reduced the cytotoxic effect without raising the background significantly. The effector cell population in Aγ chickens consisted of a prominent adherent cell and a detectable non adherent T-cell component. The cytotoxic activity of nylon wool adherent cells was somewhat higher on 51Cr labeled syngeneic RBC than that of unfractionated immune spleen cells. However, adherent cells clearly had much higher activity against allogeneic RBC. It appeared therefore, that there was a macrophage-mediated specific cytotoxic effect in spleen cells from allo-immune chickens.
New features in the genus Ilarvirus revealed by the nucleotide sequence of Fragaria chiloensis latent virus.

Abstract Fragaria chiloensis latent virus (FClLV), a member of the genus Ilarvirus was first identified in the early 1990s. Double-stranded RNA was extracted from FClLV infected plants and cloned. The complete nucleotide sequence of the virus has been elucidated. RNA 1 encodes a protein with methyltransferase and helicase enzymatic motifs while RNA 2 encodes the viral RNA dependent RNA polymerase and an ORF, that shares no homology with other Ilarvirus genes. RNA 3 codes for movement and coat proteins and an additional ORF, making FClLV possibly the first Ilarvirus encoding a third protein in RNA 3. Phylogenetic analysis reveals that FClLV is most closely related to Prune dwarf virus , the type member of subgroup 4 of the Ilarvirus genus. FClLV is also closely related to Alfalfa mosaic virus (AlMV), a virus that shares many properties with ilarviruses. We propose the reclassification of AlMV as a member of the Ilarvirus genus instead of being a member of a distinct genus.
An investigation of trace metals in the aqueous environment near a coal‐fired power generation plant

Abstract This study investigates the presence and concentrations of the trace metals Co, Cr, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Mo, and Ni in the sediment of lakes surrounding a coal‐fired power plant southwest of Houston, Texas. Sediment samples from 20 to 30 centimeter depths were extracted from each lake and analyzed by atomic absorption spectroscopy. The higher trace metal concentrations were found in the top portion of most samples, which indicates the presence of one or more factors that would influence a topical elemental increase. One such factor would be area industrialization, hence the nearby fossil fuel power plant. With advances in technology and increases in industrialization come concerns about the preservation of the environment. It has become the interest of the general populous to maintain conditions favorable to the support of human and ecological systems. This report provides background data that can be used to monitor man's influence on the aqueous environment surrounding a coal‐powered plant in the near...
Antithymocyte globulin treatment of retrovirus-induced feline erythroid aplasia: In vivo and in vitro studies

Abstract The Kawakami-Theilen strain of feline leukemia virus (FeLV-KT) was used experimentally to produce erythroid aplasia in cats. The in vivo effects of goat antifeline-thymocyte globulin (ATG) on hematopoiesis were investigated in FeLV-negative normal and FeLV-positive anemic cats. Treatment was initiated in anemic cats between 4 and 6 weeks postinoculation (PI) when erythroid progenitors were reduced to 10% of normal levels. During the first 2 weeks of treatment, ATG significantly increased the numbers of erythroid precursors in bone marrow from 15 to 35% in anemic cats and from 28 to 43% in normal cats. ATG stimulated a twofold increase of CFU-E and a threefold increase of CFU-GM in normal cats between 2 and 4 weeks after initiation of treatment but had no effect on CFU-E or CFU-GM in anemic cats. The in vivo effects of ATG were transient despite weekly treatment. Cats treated with normal globulin were not significantly different from untreated anemic control cats. In vitro treatment of low density bone marrow mononuclear cells with ATG plus complement increased CFU-E and BFU-E of bone marrow from cats prior to inoculation but not from viremic cats. These results indicate that, although ATG stimulates erythropoiesis and granulopoiesis in normal cats, it does not reverse retrovirus-induced erythroid aplasia.
Paired-associate learning as related to stimulus duration and intertrial interval.

(1967). Paired-Associate Learning as Related to Stimulus Duration and Intertrial Interval. The Journal of General Psychology: Vol. 77, No. 1, pp. 127-129.
Age and risk of pulmonary arterial hypertension in scleroderma.

Study objectives To investigate whether age at disease onset is a risk factor for pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) in scleroderma. Setting Scleroderma center. Patients Seven hundred nine consecutive scleroderma patients who underwent echocardiography. Measurements The risk of PAH associated with age at disease onset was modeled as both a continuous and categorical variable. Risk estimates were adjusted for sex, race, scleroderma subtype, disease duration, smoking status, FVC, anticentromere and antitopoisomerase I antibody status. Results Overall, 274 patients (38.6%), 272 patients by Doppler echocardiography and 2 patients by M-mode echocardiography, had PAH at baseline or during follow-up. There were 114 patients with mild PAH (right ventricular systolic pressure [RVSP], 36 to 45 mm Hg), 66 patients with moderate PAH (RVSP, 46 to 55 mm Hg), and 92 patients with severe PAH (RVSP ≥ 56 mm Hg). A 52% increase in risk of PAH was demonstrated for every 10 years of age at disease onset (odds ratio [OR], 1.52; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.31 to 1.76). In addition, there was a twofold greater risk of PAH (OR, 2.30; 95% CI, 1.32 to 3.99) for late-onset (age ≥ 60 years) vs earlier-onset ( Conclusions We identified increasing age at scleroderma onset as a risk factor for PAH. Vigilance among these high-risk patients may provide an opportunity to intervene prior to development of irreversible pulmonary vascular disease.
p + p → ( l + + l − ) + anything anything in a modified Kuti-Weisskopf model

We present here the results of calculations on $\frac{{d}^{2}\ensuremath{\sigma}}{d{Q}^{2}dy}$ and $\frac{d\ensuremath{\sigma}}{dm}$ for the process $p+p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}({l}^{+}+{l}^{\ensuremath{-}})+ \mathrm{anything}$ anything using the modified Kuti-Weisskopf model quark-parton distributions. Here ${Q}^{2}$ is the mass squared of the dilepton system, $m={({Q}^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ and $y=\frac{2{Q}_{L}}{\sqrt{s}}$, with ${Q}_{L}$ denoting the longitudinal momentum of the lepton pair in the proton-proton center-of-mass system. The calculations are performed at Brookhaven, NAL, and CERN ISR energies to illustrate the general trend. We also present the single-lepton distributions for this process at NAL and ISR energies.
Academic Labor Markets and Assistant Professors' Employment Outcomes.

Using data for 638 assistant professors who joined graduate sociology departments between 1975 and 1992, I examine the claim that when the labor market for new doctorates is weak, assistant professors experience less favorable employment outcomes than when that labor market is strong. Surprisingly, I find that those hired during the weak sociological labor market during the early to late 1980s had more favorable employment outcomes than those hired before or after that period. I also find that those hired during the weak labor market years had higher average journal publication rates than those hired before or after. I interpret these patterns as showing that those hired during a weak labor market are likely to turn in better academic performances during their probationary periods than those hired during stronger labor markets. These results imply that it is difficult to test the labor market model of employment outcomes, and can explain why earlier studies have generally found little support for it.
Teaching ethics in speech communication

This article addresses an increasing concern by scholars for the instruction of ethics in the speech classroom. Suggestions for teaching ethics are provided, including heuristics for teaching such issues as ethical standards, ethical values and quality of ethics.
Occult positive end-expiratory pressure with different types of mechanical ventilators

Abstract During mechanical ventilation under conditions which provide insufficient time for exhalation, expiration is incomplete and lung volume is elevated above the level expected. In turn, this results in an increase in alveolar end-expiratory pressure above applied end-expiratory pressure. We expect these increases to depend on the ratio of expiratory time to the time constant (resistance times compliance) of the respiratory system. However, the application of this simple concept varies according to the type of ventilator used. Under extreme conditions, volume-cycled ventilators may produce an increase in end-expiratory lung volume greater than the delivered tidal volume. Time-cycled, pressure-limited respirators offer some protection against such large increases, but at the cost of a reduction in tidal volume from that expected for the chosen pressures.
A reassessment of the contribution of soybean biological nitrogen fixation to reactive N in the environment

The expansion of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr) acreage, increasing yields, and recent nitrogen (N) fertilization recommendations could have a major effect on the contribution of biological N fixation (BNF) in soybeans to reactive nitrogen (Nr) in the environment. We used 15N natural abundance to separate fixed N into grain, aboveground vegetative biomass, and roots along a 9-point N-fertilizer gradient to ask: 1) is the belowground BNF contribution sufficiently different from aboveground to affect regional estimates of soybean Nr production based on harvested biomass, and 2) how does N fertilizer affect soybean yield and BNF’s contribution to different tissues? The contribution of root and vegetative biomass to overall plant BNF was five times lower than that for grain. Including this difference in BNF extrapolations translates to 3.5 ± 0.5 Tg Nr yr−1 for total US soybean production, ~37 % lower than earlier estimates that did not differentiate tissue source. Production of Nr ranged between 35 ± 11 and 73 ± 5 g Nr kg−1 grain and was affected by both fertilization and irrigation. In all cases N credits to the next rotational crop were minor. N-fertilization at even very low levels (17–50 kg N ha−1) did not affect yield, but grain N content increased with fertilizer level. The percent BNF contributed to plant N decreased linearly with increasing fertilization, in grain from 49 ± 8 % in unfertilized plots to a plateau of 16 ± 6 % at fertilization ≥85 kg N ha−1; in aboveground vegetative biomass from 77 ± 4 % to a plateau of 11 ± 11 % at 146 kg N ha−1; and in roots from 88 ± 12 % to a plateau of 41 ± 6 % at 146 kg N ha−1. The average whole-plant BNF contribution decreased from ~84 % in unfertilized plots to a plateau of ~34 % at fertilization rates greater than 84 kg ha−1. Results underscore the unnecessary expense and environmental burden of adding N fertilizer to modern soybean varieties, and provide a refined lower estimate for the contribution of soybean N fixation to the US and global Nr budgets of 3.5 and 10.4 Tg Nr yr−1, respectively.
The potential role of NK cells in the separation of graft-versus-tumor effects from graft-versus-host disease after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation.

Abstract Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT) is being increasingly used for the treatment of a variety of cancers ranging from leukemias to breast cancer. However, significant obstacles currently limit the efficacy of this treatment procedure. The predominant two are the occurrence of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) and relapse from the cancer. While regimens exist that prevent the occurrence or severity of GVHD, these same regimens also increase the rate of relapse. Conversely, most attempts to reduce the relapse rate also result in increased GVHD. The use of NK cells as an adoptive immunotherapy after BMT is attractive for several reasons. NK cells exhibit antitumor effects both in vitro and in animal models and may, therefore, promote graft-versus-tumor (GVT) effects to remove minimal residual disease after allogeneic BMT. NK cells have also been shown to promote hematopoietic engraftment and donor cell reconstitution after allogeneic BMT in mice. The effects of NK cells on hematopoiesis are believed to be due to the hematopoietic growth factors they can produce after activation. Another advantage in using NK cells is that they can prevent the occurrence of GVHD after allogeneic BMT in mice. This effect is mediated at least in part by the immunosuppressive cytokine, transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta). BMT studies in mice also indicate that the beneficial effects of NK cells are optimal if they are administered soon after the transplant. Thereafter, NK cells and, more importantly, IL-2, which is used to activate them, are detrimental and can exacerbate the subsequent GVHD. Thus, the use of activated NK cells after allogeneic BMT may provide GVT effects without inducing GVHD.
Monitoring HIV Testing in the United States: Consequences of Methodology Changes to National Surveys

Objective In 2011, the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS), an in-person household interview, revised the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) section of the survey and the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS), a telephone-based survey, added cellphone numbers to its sampling frame. We sought to determine how these changes might affect assessment of HIV testing trends. Methods We used linear regression with pairwise contrasts with 2003-2013 data from NHIS and BRFSS to compare percentages of persons aged 18-64 years who reported HIV testing in landline versus cellphone-only households before and after 2011, when NHIS revised its in-person questionnaire and BRFSS added cellphone numbers to its telephone-based sample. Results In NHIS, the percentage of persons in cellphone-only households increased 13-fold from 2003 to 2013. The percentage ever tested for HIV was 6%–10% higher among persons in cellphone-only than landline households. The percentage ever tested for HIV increased significantly from 40.2% in 2003 to 45.0% in 2010, but was significantly lower in 2011 (40.6%) and 2012 (39.7%). In BRFSS, the percentage ever tested decreased significantly from 45.9% in 2003 to 40.2% in 2010, but increased to 42.9% in 2011 and 43.5% in 2013. Conclusions HIV testing estimates were lower after NHIS questionnaire changes but higher after BRFSS methodology changes. Data before and after 2011 are not comparable, complicating assessment of trends.
Reply by the Authors to Bernard Etkin

P ROFESSOR Etkin's Technical Comment is very insightful. It 1) identifies an ambiguous statement we made in the Introduction to our paper; 2) puts into sharper focus the potential usefulness of the SDG method; and 3) goes on to discuss some recent turbulence-simulation work at the University of Toronto. This reply addresses the first two items and then ties in some related work in the area of time-correlated gust loads recently conducted at NASA Langley. In the second paragraph of his Technical Comment, Professor Etkin states that our judgment regarding the PSD method (conventional random process analysis) is not strictly true. The judgment he is referring to is contained in the second paragraph of our Introduction and states that the PSD method is not capable of computing a set of physically-realizeable loads. Then, in his third and fourth paragraphs, Professor Etkin proves that, for linear systems subjected to a Gaussian input, such physically realizeable loads may, indeed, be computed. Professor Etkin is correct. Our statement is true, however, when interpreted in the following manner: For an airplane modeled as a linear system subjected to one-dimensional Gaussian atmospheric turbulence, assume that root-mean-square (RMS) values of shear force (SF) and bending moment (BM) are computed (using conventional random process analysis) at many locations along the span of the wing. The integral of this RMS SF distribution along the span from the wing tip to any inboard location yt in general, will not be equal to the RMS value of BM at y(. In this sense, the loads from a conventional random process analysis are not physically realizeable. Also in his second paragraph, Professor Etkin states that the main advantage SDG has over PSD is the ability of the former to use non-Gaussian turbulence inputs. J. G. Jones, the developer of the SDG method, has expressed the same thought when he says indirectly "A principal objective of the SDG method is to cover, in a unified approach, the cases of encounters with relatively isolated severe to extreme gusts and flight in more extensive patches of continuous turbulence of generally less intensity." The patches of continuous turbulence referred to here are Gaussian, and it is for this condition that the SDG-PSD overlap has been shown to exist. For this condition, specific values of gust intensity parameter, UQ [Eq. (1) of Ref. 1], fractional exponent, k [Eq. (1) of Ref. 1], and amplitude reduction factors, p^ [Eqs. (4) and (5) of Ref. 1] are required. The Venn diagram in the following sketch depicts schematically the SDG-
Science Versus Slavery: The National Institute of Justice and the Future Directions of Knowledge Put to the Service of the Anti-Trafficking Movement

Studies originating from the social and behavioral sciences (herein reduced to the phrase “science”) have focused increasingly on the topic of trafficking in persons. This article argues that, while much progress has been made in identifying how trafficking operates and locating promising practices to counter it, more is needed to improve the scholarly rigor and practical impacts of these studies. The article opens with a discussion of one of the largest collections of human-trafficking research in the United States—the National Institute of Justice’s research portfolio addressing trafficking in persons. The article next reviews the findings from a recent expert working group, placing the findings from the research portfolio into the larger context of the field. The article then concludes with a discussion of where the research community should next turn its attention and how best to improve future studies of trafficking in persons.
The Secret Sharers: "Anthony Rivers" and the Appellant Controversy, 1601-2

Historians have known of the letters of “Anthony Rivers,”recounting religious, political, and military affairs from the court in London in 1601–3, and of certain dispatches from Rome forwarded to Robert Cecil by Thomas Phelippes,“the Decipherer,” in 1602. In this article, Patrick Martin and John Finnis show that the letters and dispatches were integral to a coordinated effort by William Sterrell, secretary to the Earl of Worcester and long-time double agent, and Father Robert Persons, prefect in Rome of the Jesuit mission to England, to frustrate the climactic third appeal to the pope by the disaffected secular priests known as the Appellants. Sterell assisted Persons by authoring the “Rivers”letters, which kept Persons and others informed of the government’s actions and policies, as well as by promptly forwarding to him for refutation the Appellants’publications as they appeared, and notably by forwarding to the queen and Cecil the dispatches from Rome—which we show were written by Persons himself. This coordinated effort had some success. “anthony rivers” and the appellant controversy 237 sons of Her Majesty’s late proceedings with recusants, which made men dream of some intended toleration”; the rest believed to be in the hand of one of Bancroft’s clerks. 168. Persons to Rivers, 6 July 1603; Catholic Record Society, no. 2, 213–18 (Stonyhurst MSS, Coll. P, fol. 444). 169. Ibid., 214. This content downloaded from 129.74.89.102 on Mon, 14 Oct 2013 09:19:48 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions This content downloaded from 129.74.89.102 on Mon, 14 Oct 2013 09:19:48 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
Evidence of Group-Based Economic Voting: NAFTA and Union Households in the 1992 U.S. Presidential Election

Previous research has found no evidence of group-based economic voting. However, these studies relied on perceptions of general group economic well-being, a goal which voters could pursue through other economic information such as the state of the general economy. Here I test for group-based economic voting by considering perceptions an issue related to group-specific economic interests that cannot be met simply through an improved national economy. Controlling for other economic interests, I find that concern with job losses due to NAFTA influenced the voting behavior of members of union households in the 1992 US presidential election, with those who were most concerned with job losses due to NAFTA more likely to vote for Perot over Clinton. These concerns did not influence the behavior of non-group members. This demonstrates that there is evidence of group-based economic voting once we disentangle it from other types of economic voting.