cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Multisystem Inflammation and Organ Dysfunction After BNT162b2 Messenger RNA Coronavirus Disease 2019 Vaccination.

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration has to date granted approval or emergency use authorization to three vaccines against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 and coronavirus disease 2019. In clinical trials and real-use observational studies, the Pfizer-BioNTech BNT162b2 messenger RNA coronavirus disease 2019 vaccine, as well as the Moderna mRNA-1273 messenger RNA coronavirus disease 2019 vaccine, have demonstrated high efficacy and few adverse events. Case summary A 20-year-old male college student in good health developed tinnitus and hematuria shortly after vaccination and progressed swiftly to a syndrome of: systemic inflammation; acute kidney injury requiring hemodialysis; acute, bilateral, complete sensorineural hearing loss; radiographic evidence of acute multifocal ischemic strokes; pericardial effusion complicated by tamponade physiology requiring pericardial evacuation; pleural effusions requiring evacuation; and systemic capillary leak. An extensive clinical and research investigation, including cytokine analysis, whole blood cytometry by time of flight, and whole exome sequencing, did not reveal a definitive explanatory mechanism. Conclusion While the overall safety profile of the BNT162b2 coronavirus disease 2019 vaccine remains excellent for the general population, rare serious events have been reported. In this report, we describe a case of multisystem inflammation and organ dysfunction of unknown mechanism beginning shortly after administration of the first dose of BNT162b2 coronavirus disease 2019 vaccine in a previously healthy recipient.
Transcatheter closure of atrial septal communication during pregnancy in women with Ebstein's anomaly of the tricuspid valve and cyanosis

Transcatheter atrial septal defect occlusion is described in three pregnant patients with Ebstein's anomaly and exercise-induced cyanosis. Procedures took place in the second and third trimester. Careful hemodynamic testing was performed prior to permanent atrial septal occlusion to confirm the capacity of the right ventricle to accept the entirety of systemic venous return in the volume-expanded state of pregnancy. Outcomes for mother and fetus were favorable in all patients with significant reduction in maternal symptoms and resolution of cyanosis.
Insurance coverage and health care consumers' use of emergency departments: has managed care made a difference?

How successful has managed care been in controlling costs and consumers' inappropriate use of health care services? This study compares national data from 1992 and 1996 to determine the effect of managed care on appropriateness of ED utilization. ED utilization was described in two ways as defined in Gooding, Smith, and Peyrot (1996): (1) urgency of visit (urgent vs. non-urgent), and (2) appropriateness of visit taking into account the care provided upon visits (including treatment and diagnostic procedures) and disposition of visit (admit, transfer, and discharge against medical advice). Potentially appropriate visits were the non-urgent cases at which treatment procedures and/or non-routine diagnostic procedures were performed. All urgent visits were defined as appropriate. Study results reveal that consumers' ED misuse changed in complex ways over the period examined. Contrary to our assumptions based on earlier research, the pattern of change was not the same for the two different measures of misuse. Non-urgent use decreased, as hypothesized, but there was an increase in non-urgent use which we have defined as inappropriate (i.e., no treatment and no non-routine diagnostic tests). ED misuse did not decrease more for insured than uninsured consumers, nor more for managed care than fee-for-service consumers. These findings bring into question the efficacy of efforts to address rising health care costs through controlling consumer utilization of services via managed care, efforts mirrored by many fee-for-service indemnity plans. Future research is needed to determine why this consumer misuse of the ED appears to continue and how the recent increase in the marketing of ED services may exacerbate this problem.
Critical analysis of security in voice hiding techniques

This paper provides a comparative assessment of detection in certain voice hiding techniques. The assessment is based on the complexity of breaking the stego key, the robustness of the hiding techniques, and the stego transmission rate. Unlike cryptography, to break the stego key in voice communication requires not only an extensive search but also estimation techniques for determining the values of parameters used in data embedding. We also consider disturbing embedded data in case resource constraints are imposed.
Subbarrier fusion in terms of the direct reaction theory

When considering subbarrier fusion of two heavy-ions, it is important to take into account the specific nature of the two ions involved. Indeed, the significance has been pointed out of using the coupled-channels (CC) descriptions~ I, 2 or of including in the calculation the fusion taking place in the nucleon-transfer channels. 3 Many earlier approaches, however, used potentials that were quite different from the "scattering potential", i.e., from the optical potential deduced by fitting the (elastic) scattering. We recently proposed 4 a new approach to calculate subbarrier fusion cross sections, based on the "standard" direct reaction theory (DRT), i.e., sticking to the use of the "scattering potential". The essence of this approach was to let W F, defined as a part of W, be responsible for fusion, where W is the imaginary part of the optical potential. As is well known, the total reaction cross section in DRT is written as
Thermal management of value regulated lead-acid batteries-a comparison of gelled vs. absorbed electrolyte technologies

Valve regulated lead-acid (VRLA) batteries used in the telecommunication and UPS (uninterruptible power supply) industries are considered. Due to these batteries' compact designs, recombinant features and usage in enclosed environments, thermal management of the battery system must be taken into consideration for optimal life and performance. In this study the factors that affect the thermal performance of both gelled and AGM-type VRLA batteries in the 31 to 200 amp-hour range are explored and compared and application guidelines to minimize the potentially harmful effects of temperature are recommended. A method is proposed for evaluating the thermal stability of battery strings. The method takes into account the battery design, string layout, and charging. >
Ordinal recursion and inductive definitions

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses ordinal definitions and their closure ordinals. Inductive definitions are basic to the development of recursion theory. The chapter also defines ordinal recursion and recursion in a partial functional by means of inductive definitions. A brief summary of results on inductive definitions over the natural numbers is presented. The chapter explores the relation between non-monotone inductive definitions and ordinal recursion. Ordinal recursion can be defined by an inductive operator, and in return the theory of inductive definitions can be developed within the framework of ordinal recursion. The chapter provides an overview of ordinal recursion. The inductive operator (actually a class of operators) which defines ordinal recursion is discussed in the chapter. The chapter discusses two related operators with reference to this definition. The two propositions, which demonstrate the desired closure, can be proven by means of the recursion theorem.
Optical arithmetic using high-radix symbolic substitution rules

New optical representations and symbolic substitution (SS) rules are presented for performing high-radix arithmetic in optics. A set of SS rules is proposed for high-radix optical arithmetic, which satisfies the arithmetic completeness property. Tradeoff parameters like representational efficiency, projected speedup, and estimated implementation cost are analyzed. The SS mechanism together with the signed-digit (SD) representation reinforces massive parallelism in optics. A digit-plane architecture, blending very well with the SS technique and SD representation, is considered for implementing high-radix arithmetic. An optical adder, exploiting massive parallelism, is proposed. The set of SS rules and their implementations on a digit-plane architecture provide the basis for achieving pipelining, systolization, and online arithmetic in future optical computers. >
Optimizing recovery potential through simultaneous occupational therapy and non-invasive brain-stimulation using tDCS.

Purpose: It is thought that following a stroke the contralesional motor region exerts an undue inhibitory influence on the lesional motor region which might limit recovery. Pilot studies have shown that suppressing the contralesional motor region with cathodal transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) can induce a short lasting functional benefit; greater and longer lasting effects might be achieved with combining tDCS with simultaneous occupational therapy (OT) and applying this intervention for multiple sessions. Methods: We carried out a randomized, double blind, sham controlled study of chronic stroke patients receiving either 5 consecutive days of cathodal tDCS (for 30 minutes) applied to the contralesional motor region and simultaneous OT, or sham tDCS+OT. Results: We showed that cathodal tDCS+OT resulted in significantly more improvement in Range-Of-Motion in multiple joints of the paretic upper extremity and in the Upper-Extremity Fugl-Meyer scores than sham tDCS+OT, and that the effects lasted at least one week post-stimulation. Improvement in motor outcome scores was correlated with decrease in fMRI activation in the contralesional motor region exposed to cathodal stimulation. Conclusions: This suggests that cathodal tDCS combined with OT leads to significant motor improvement after stroke due to a decrease in the inhibitory effect that the contralesional hemisphere exerts onto the lesional hemisphere.
Observations of exosphere variations during geomagnetic storms

[1] The dominant neutral constituent in Earth's upper exosphere, atomic hydrogen (H), resonantly scatters solar Lyman-alpha (121.567 nm) radiation, observed as the geocorona. We report here observations of an exospheric response to geomagnetic storms obtained using measurements of the geocorona by Lyman-alpha detectors on the Two Wide-angle Imaging Neutral-atom Spectrometers mission. We introduce a new parameter, NH, the number of H atoms in the spherical shell from a geocentric distance of 3 to 8 Earth radii, to quantitatively characterize in a simplified way global exospheric conditions. Five geomagnetic storms observed during three months in the second half of 2011 are accompanied by abrupt temporary increases, spikes, of NH from 6% to 17%, lasting not longer than a day. These increases seem to show some correlation with the minimum Dst index reached during the peak of each storm.
MTH1 expression is required for effective transformation by oncogenic HRAS

// Maria G. Giribaldi 1, 2 , Anisleidys Munoz 1 , Katherine Halvorsen 1, 3 , Asmita Patel 1, 4 , Priyamvada Rai 1, 5 1 Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA 2 University of California, San Diego, CA, USA 3 OPKA-CURNA, Miami, FL, USA 4 Beckman-Coulter Lifesciences, Indianapolis, IN, USA 5 Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, FL, USA Correspondence to: Priyamvada Rai, e-mail: prai@med.miami.edu Keywords: MTH1, oncogenic RAS, transformation, EMT, glycolysis Received: July 22, 2014 Accepted: February 24, 2015 Published: March 19, 2015 ABSTRACT Due to sustaining elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS), oncogenic RAS-transformed cells upregulate redox-protective genes, among them the mammalian 8-oxodGTPase, MutT Homolog 1 (MTH1). We previously showed MTH1 abrogates RAS oncogene-induced senescence (OIS) in normal cells and that its inhibition compromises the tumorigenicity of established oncogenic RAS-harboring cancer cells. Here, we investigated how pre-transformation MTH1 levels in immortalized cells influence HRASV12-induced oncogenic transformation. We find MTH1 suppression prior to HRASV12 transduction into BEAS2B immortalized epithelial cells compromised maintenance of high RASV12- and oncogenic ROS-expressing cell populations. Furthermore, pre-transformation MTH1 levels modulated the efficiency of HRASV12-mediated soft agar colony formation. Downstream transformation-associated traits such as the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) were also compromised by MTH1 inhibition. These collective effects were observed to a greater degree in cells harboring high vs. low RASV12 levels, suggesting MTH1 is required for tumor cells to accumulate RAS oncoprotein. This is significant as, a priori , one cannot ascertain whether tumor-promoting adaptations wrought by introducing oncogenic RAS into an immortalized cell are capable of overcoming pre-transformation deficiencies. Our results suggest nucleotide pool sanitization comprises an important transformation-promoting requirement that, if compromised, cannot be adequately compensated post-transformation and thus is likely to affect optimal development and progression of RAS-driven tumors.
Validation of a Mechanistic Model for Non-Invasive Study of Ecological Energetics in an Endangered Wading Bird with Counter-Current Heat Exchange in its Legs

Mechanistic models provide a powerful, minimally invasive tool for gaining a deeper understanding of the ecology of animals across geographic space and time. In this paper, we modified and validated the accuracy of the mechanistic model Niche Mapper for simulating heat exchanges of animals with counter-current heat exchange mechanisms in their legs and animals that wade in water. We then used Niche Mapper to explore the effects of wading and counter-current heat exchange on the energy expenditures of Whooping Cranes, a long-legged wading bird. We validated model accuracy against the energy expenditure of two captive Whooping Cranes measured using the doubly-labeled water method and time energy budgets. Energy expenditure values modeled by Niche Mapper were similar to values measured by the doubly-labeled water method and values estimated from time-energy budgets. Future studies will be able to use Niche Mapper as a non-invasive tool to explore energy-based limits to the fundamental niche of Whooping Cranes and apply this knowledge to management decisions. Basic questions about the importance of counter-current exchange and wading to animal physiological tolerances can also now be explored with the model.
Comprehension of the representational mind in infancy

Abstract A broad array of infant studies are reviewed that appear to be consistent with the idea that belief understanding specifically, and mental attribution generally, emerge much earlier than previously acknowledged. We first examine existing false-belief research, which, while confirming that children under 4 years perform poorly on standard tests, suggests nevertheless that they have more implicit understanding of beliefs than they can express. After surveying theories that both favor and reject early development of theory of mind (TOM), we address two recent bodies of visual fixation research that provide support for the possibility of knowledge and belief attribution in infancy. The first indicates that infants of 13–15 months are sensitive to others’ false beliefs (and therefore have a representational TOM), the second, that by 12 months or younger infants have two antecedently related psychological understandings: (a) that when agents look they “see” and (b) that seeing plays a presumptive role in producing knowledge. This raises the broader question of whether “mentalism” might be part of core knowledge, which takes us to the earliest manifestation of psychological attribution, the construal of agentive behavior as intentional. Contrary to previous assumptions, recent studies indicate that infants of 3–9 months do not accord intentionality exclusively to humans or to self-propelled objects but rather to any entity that: (1) chooses flexibly among means and ends, (2) responds non-randomly to social overtures, and (3) reacts rationally to changing circumstances (i.e., that is not a mere automaton but is selectively and adaptively responsive to the environment). Other evidence is then examined which suggests that infants begin to construe these and other behaviors in mentalist rather than teleological terms much earlier than expected. Finally, the implications of this empirical record for domain-specific and domain-general theories of TOM are considered.
Effects of Shade-Tree Species and Crop Structure on the Winter Arthropod and Bird Communities in a Jamaican Shade Coffee Plantation1

I examined the effects of two farm management variables, shade-tree species and crop structure, on the winter (dry season) arthropod and bird communities in a Jamaican shade coffee plantation. Birds and canopy arthropods were more abundant in areas of the plantation shaded by the tree Inga vera than by Pseudalbizia berteroana. The abundance of arthropods (potential pests) on the coffee crop, however, was unaffected by shade-tree species. Canopy arthropods, particularly psyllids (Homoptera), were especially abundant on Inga in late winter, when it was producing new leaves and nectar-rich flowers. Insectivorous and nectarivorous birds showed the strongest response to Inga; thus the concentration of birds in Inga may be a response to abundant food. Coffee-tree arthropod abundance was much lower than in the shade trees and was affected little by farm management variables, although arthropods tended to be more abundant in dense (unpruned) than open (recently pruned) areas of the plantation. Perhaps in response, leaf-gleaning insectivorous birds were more abundant in dense areas. These results underscore that although some shade coffee plantations may provide habitat for arthropod and bird communities, differences in farm management practices can significantly affect their abundances. Furthermore, this study provides evidence suggesting that bird communities in coffee respond to spatial variation in arthropod availability. I conclude that I. vera is a better shade tree than P. berteroana, but a choice in crop structures is less clear due to changing effects of prune management over time.
Strong Genome-Wide Selection Early in the Evolution of Prochlorococcus Resulted in a Reduced Genome through the Loss of a Large Number of Small Effect Genes

The smallest genomes of any photosynthetic organisms are found in a group of free-living marine cyanobacteria, Prochlorococcus. To determine the underlying evolutionary mechanisms, we developed a new method to reconstruct the steps leading to the Prochlorococcus genome reduction using 12 Prochlorococcus and 6 marine Synechococcus genomes. Our results reveal that small genome sizes within Prochlorococcus were largely determined shortly after the split of Prochlorococcus and Synechococcus (an early big shrink) and thus for the first time decouple the genome reduction from Prochlorococcus diversification. A maximum likelihood approach was then used to estimate changes of nucleotide substitution rate and selection strength along Prochlorococcus evolution in a phylogenetic framework. Strong genome wide purifying selection was associated with the loss of many genes in the early evolutionary stage. The deleted genes were distributed around the genome, participated in many different functional categories and in general had been under relaxed selection pressure. We propose that shortly after Prochlorococcus diverged from its common ancestor with marine Synechococcus, its population size increased quickly thus increasing efficacy of selection. Due to limited nutrients and a relatively constant environment, selection favored a streamlined genome for maximum economy. Strong genome wide selection subsequently caused the loss of genes with small functional effect including the loss of some DNA repair genes. In summary, genome reduction in Prochlorococcus resulted in genome features that are similar to symbiotic bacteria and pathogens, however, the small genome sizes resulted from an increase in genome wide selection rather than a consequence of a reduced ecological niche or relaxed selection due to genetic drift.
Stress induced by light weight back button used to prepare the rat for continuous intravenous infusion.

A light weight plastic back button used to secure a metal catheter protector to the rat's back was tested as a stressful force on the rat. The results demonstrate that the button does indeed produce a stress that is apparent from abnormal weight gain. In young rats, 150 to 180 g, the stress was alleviated by overnight fasting prior to placement of the button; older animals, 350 g, displayed an exaggerated response to its placement. While the younger rats gained weight more slowly than controls, the older animals lost weight daily for 5 days. It is our conclusion that, while the back button has many advantages over the more popular harness, the button also induces stress. Consequently, control animals should wear a button even if they are not infused.
Molecular engineering of liquid crystal polymers by living polymerization

This paper describes the synthesis and characterization of poly{3-[4-cyano-4′-biphenyl)oxy]propyl vinyl ether} [poly(6-3)] macromonomers obtained by the functionalization of the growing chain end of the corresponding living polymer obtained by the initiation of the cationic polymerization of 3-[4-cyano-4′-biphenyl)oxy]propyl vinyl ether with CF3SO3H/S(CH3)2, with 2-hydroxy ethyl methacrylate [poly(6-3)-I], 2-[2-(2-allyloxyethoxy)ethoxy]ethanol [poly(6-3)-II] and 10-undecen-1-ol [poly(6-3)-III].
The post-promotion dip puzzle: What do the data have to say?

One of the puzzles of store-level scanner data is the lack of a dip in quantity sold in the weeks following a promotion. Such a dip is predicted by a consumer inventory model. During a promotion consumers buy more, not only for current consumption, but stockpile for future consumption. The predictions of such a model have been confirmed by household-level data yet seem harder to find in aggregate brand- or category-level data. We re-examine this puzzle and reach two conclusions. First, the effects at the household-level are present, but are much smaller than previously found. Our estimates are different because we control for household heterogeneity in a more general way than most previous work. This suggests that since the effects are small they might be harder to spot in aggregate data. Second, we show that the dip is present in the aggregate data, once we control for additional promotional activity, like feature and display. The latter has an opposing dynamic effect that masks the existence of the post-promotion dip.
Treatment of traumagenic beliefs among sexually abused girls and their mothers: an evaluation study

The objective of this study was to evaluate and compare the efficacy of two short-term individual therapy interventions for sexually abused girls and their nonoffending female caretakers. Thirty-two girls, ages 8 to 13, and their caretakers from primarily low-income, African-American families were randomly assigned to a theoretically based, structured experimental treatment program or to a relatively unstructured comparison intervention. Measures of child outcome were completed before and after the treatment program by each parent and child, and by a clinician blind to treatment condition. Pre- and postmeasures of maternal outcome were completed by the caretaker and a clinician not involved in the treatment. Both treatment programs yielded decreases in children's posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms and traumagenic beliefs reflecting self-blame and powerlessness, and increases in children's overall psychosocial functioning. The experimental intervention was more effective than the comparison program in increasing abuse-related caretaker support of the child and in decreasing caretaker self-blame and expectations of undue negative impact of the abuse on the child. Clinical impfications of these findings include the development of interventions targeting sexually abused children's traumagenic beliefs and nonoffending parents' support of their victimized children.
Phylogenetic relationships of members of the genus Pteronotropis inferred from parsimony analysis of allozymic and morphological data (Cyprinidae: Cypriniformes)

Abstract Allozyme products from 19 loci were compared electrophoretically for the cyprinid fishes Pteronotropis euryzonus, P. hypselopterus, P. signipinnis, P. welaka, Ericymba buccata, Lythrurus roseipinnis and Nocomis leptocephalus. Phylogenetic trees based on allozymic and morphological data were estimated with the parsimony procedures implemented in the programs PAUP and FREQPARS. Pteronotropis euryzonus and P. hypselopterus were found to form a monophyletic group within Pteronotropis and the sister relationship of P. signipinnis to a clade that contains P. euryzonus and P. hypselopterus was confirmed.
On the Multiplicity of η Carinae

The nebula around the luminous blue variable (LBV) η Car is extremely N rich and C and O poor, which is indicative of CNO-cycle products. On the other hand, the recent Hubble Space Telescope-Goddard High-Resolution Spectrograph observation of the nucleus of η Car shows the spectrum of a star with stellar-wind lines of C II, C IV, Si II, Si IV, etc. The spectrum is very similar to those of the LBV star P Cygni and of WN9/Ofpe stars. This line spectrum is indicative of a photosphere that is only mildly enhanced by CN-cycle products. This situation of a nebula that is chemically more advanced than the central star cannot be reached by the evolution of a single star. The dichotomy shows that the star whose spectrum now dominates the nucleus was not the star that ejected the nebula. We discuss this evidence for multiplicity and combine it with the information about the 5.5 yr periodicity in the emission lines.
Enhanced activity for supported Au clusters: Methanol oxidation on Au/TiO2(110)

Abstract Gold clusters supported on TiO 2 (110) exhibit unusual activity for the oxidation of methanol to formaldehyde. Temperature programmed desorption studies of methanol on Au clusters show that both Au and titania sites are necessary for methanol reaction. Isotopic labeling experiments with CD 3 OH demonstrate that reaction occurs via O H bond scission to form a methoxy intermediate. When the TiO 2 surface is oxidized with 18 O 2 before or after Au deposition, methanol reaction produces H 2 18 O below 300 K, indicating that oxygen from titania promotes O H bond scission and is incorporated into desorbing products. XPS experiments provide additional evidence that during methanol reaction on the Au/TiO 2 surface, methanol adsorption occurs on TiO 2 , given that the titania support becomes slightly oxidized after exposure to methanol in the presence of Au clusters. While the role of TiO 2 is to dissociate the O H bond and form the reactive methoxy intermediate, the role of the Au sites is to remove hydrogen from the surface as H 2 , thus preventing the recombination of methoxy and hydrogen to methanol. The decrease in formaldehyde yield with increasing Au coverage above 0.25 ML suggests that reaction occurs at Au–titania interfacial sites; scanning tunneling microscopy images of various Au coverages confirm that the number of interfacial sites at the perimeter of the Au clusters decreases as the Au coverage is increased between 0.25 and 5 ML.
SAMPLING POPULATIONS OF PINE LEAF CHERMID PINEUS PINIFOLIAE (HOMOPTERA: CHERMIDAE): III. NEOSISTENTES ON WHITE PINE

A population index for the estimation of the neosistens stage of pine leaf chermid on white pine is described. This is based on the observation that increasing numbers of the chermid produce increased stunting of length of pine needles. A regression relating chermid population density to needle length produced a correlation coefficient of −0.88, suggesting that measurements of needle length alone adequately estimate chermid populations under most conditions. The numbers and distribution of needles that must be measured to estimate length with reasonable precision are calculated. The total sampling plan for the four cyclic generations of the chermid is reviewed.
Acute electrophysiologic effects of inhaled toluene on adult male Long-Evans rats

Abstract Experiments were carried out in Long-Evans rats to verify and extend previous findings about the effects of toluene on sensory-evoked potentials (EPs) of Fischer-344 rats. Inhalation exposures to 3000 and 8000 ppm in Long-Evans rats confirmed that toluene 1) transiently enhances certain component of somatosensory, flash- and click-evoked (brainstem) potentials, 2) increases the latencies and interwave times of brainstem auditory-evoked responses, 3) depresses late components of the flash EP, 4) induces high frequency oscillations in the visual cortex, and 5) produces both facilitatory and suppressant effects on EPs, dependent on exposure concentration and time. New results indicated that toluene 1) has similar effects on Long-Evans as it does on Fischer-344 rats, 2) increases EEG theta activity, 3) has minor effects on cortical auditory and pattern-reversal EPs (PREP), but suppresses the steady-state PREP, and 4) induces oscillations in the visual cortex, irrespective of the presence of flashes.
Poverty, Prosperity, and Place: The Shape of Class Segregation in the Age of Extremes

Rising economic disparities in the United States at the end of the twentieth century make understanding the severity and determinants of residential segregation between the affluent and poor increasingly important. Existing studies are limited, however, by little attention to the spatial configuration of class segregation. Segregation occurs along multiple spatial dimensions-the affluent and poor may be split not only between different neighborhoods, but concentrated over more or less land, more or less centralized, and clustered near or far from other similar neighborhoods. Each dimension affects the amount of contact and shared resources between groups differently, and overlaps between them produce particularly severe social isolation. Theories conflict over the spatial form of class segregation, with the concentric zone model expecting the affluent to be clustered in large-lot developments on the metropolitan fringe and critics proposing alternative spatial forms in a more patchwork pattern. I use U.S. Census summary data for all metropolitan areas in 2000 to test competing theories of the patterns and determinants of the spatial form of affluent-poor segregation using cluster and regression analysis. I identify two dominant spatial forms of affluent-poor segregation in U.S. metropolitan areas in 2000, and find that racial diversity and segregation are key determinants of which spatial form characterizes a metropolitan area. The links between poverty, prosperity, and place were therefore crucially shaped by race as well as economic disparities in the age of extremes.
Scientists want more children.

Scholars partly attribute the low number of women in academic science to the impact of the science career on family life. Yet, the picture of how men and women in science – at different points in the career trajectory – compare in their perceptions of this impact is incomplete. In particular, we know little about the perceptions and experiences of junior and senior scientists at top universities, institutions that have a disproportionate influence on science, science policy, and the next generation of scientists. Here we show that having fewer children than wished as a result of the science career affects the life satisfaction of science faculty and indirectly affects career satisfaction, and that young scientists (graduate students and postdoctoral fellows) who have had fewer children than wished are more likely to plan to exit science entirely. We also show that the impact of science on family life is not just a woman's problem; the effect on life satisfaction of having fewer children than desired is more pronounced for male than female faculty, with life satisfaction strongly related to career satisfaction. And, in contrast to other research, gender differences among graduate students and postdoctoral fellows disappear. Family factors impede talented young scientists of both sexes from persisting to research positions in academic science. In an era when the global competitiveness of US science is at risk, it is concerning that a significant proportion of men and women trained in the select few spots available at top US research universities are considering leaving science and that such desires to leave are related to the impact of the science career on family life. Results from our study may inform university family leave policies for science departments as well as mentoring programs in the sciences.
Dynamic price relationships for US and EC corn gluten feed and related markets

The dynamic relationship of U.S. and European Community prices of corn-gluten feed and related markets are investigated using time- series models. Results show that prices for Rotterdam corn-gluten feed and soybean meal markets are instantaneously related, and that these commodities behave as strong substitutes but behave as weak substitutes for West German barley. Thus, the results indicate that corn-gluten feed acts more like a protein supplement than a feed grain or energy substitute. Thus, proposed European community import restrictions on corn-gluten feed are more likely to result in increased imports of soybean meal or other protein supplements than increase d use of European Community feed grain. Copyright 1986 by Oxford University Press.
A simple effective method for generation of a permanent record of the Critical View of Safety during laparoscopic cholecystectomy by intraoperative "doublet" photography.

Background The Critical View of Safety (CVS) is an established method for identifying the cystic duct during laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Its goal is to prevent misidentification of the bile ducts and avoid biliary injury. However, a visual record of CVS is not usually made. Intraoperative photography has the potential to record CVS and increase the safety of laparoscopic cholecystectomy. The objective of this study was to develop a simple and effective technique for recording CVS during laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Study Design Techniques for photographing and rating photographs of CVS were developed. Surgeons were trained in methods of photographing both anterior and posterior views of CVS during laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Independent observers scored these views individually and together. The term doublet view was used when both anterior and posterior views of CVS were used for rating. Three criteria for CVS were used for scoring photographs. A total score of ≥5 of 6 points was considered satisfactory, and a total score Results Photographs of 28 patients were obtained. Critical View of Safety photographs were satisfactory in either anterior or posterior single images in 43 of 56 (76.8%) instances, and doublet photographs were satisfactory in 27 of 28 (96.4%) instances (p = 0.02). Body mass index >40 predicted a higher likelihood of unsatisfactory individual CVS photos (p = 0.02); however, there was no correlation between patient or pathologic factors and the scores of doublet views. Conclusions With training and adherence to straightforward photographic techniques, intraoperative doublet photography can record CVS accurately. This method is performed easily, and could be used for recording of CVS in the medical record.
Charged Particle Emission Following Pion Capture in Nuclei

The absorption of a negative pion by a nucleus frequently results in the emission of one or several charged particles, an event that in nuclear emulsion gives rise to the occurrence of the well known pion stars. Rabin et al.1 found that the singly charged particles emitted following pion capture in nuclear emulsions consist of protons, deuterons, and tritons. Protons and deuterons occur with approximately equal probability and account for most of the observed tracks. The measurement of Rabin et al. suffers from the well known shortcomings of the emulsion method, inability to identify the absorbing nucleus other than by classifying it as light (C,N,O) or heavy (Ag,Br), poor mass resolution for the emitted particles, and poor statistics.
Potentiation of Doxorubicin cardiotoxicity by iron loading in a rodent model.

Objectives The role of iron toward doxorubicin (DOX) cardiotoxicity was studied using a rodent model of dietary carbonyl iron loading. Background Doxorubicin, a commonly used anticancer drug, is known to cause serious and potentially life-threatening cardiotoxicity. Doxorubicin cardiotoxicity is thought to be mediated through free-radical injury. Methods Male Sprague Dawley rats fed iron-rich chow (n = 8) and regular chow (n = 8) were treated with DOX or saline (4 animals in each arm). Cardiotoxicity was assessed using mortality, weight changes, Tc-99m annexin-V imaging, histopathology, and immunohistochemistry. Results Animals fed iron-rich chow showed significantly higher DOX cardiotoxicity as evidenced by greater weight loss (107 ± 14 g vs. 55 ± 10 g weight loss, p Conclusions Dietary iron loading resulted in a substantially increased DOX cardiotoxicity in rats. Body iron stores as well as its bioavailability in tissue may be important independent predictors of susceptibility to DOX cardiotoxicity in man. Further clinical studies are warranted.
On a conjecture about the exponent set of primitive matrices

M. Lewin and Y. Vitek conjecture [7] that every integer ⩽[(n>2−2n+2)2]+1 is an exponent of some n×n primitive matrix. In this paper, we prove three results related to Lewin and Vitek's conjecture: (1) Every integer ⩽[(n2−2n+2)4]+1 is an exponent of some n×n primitive matrix. (2) The conjecture is true when n is sufficiently large. (3) We give a counterexample to show that the conjecture is not true in the case when n=11.
Fiber reinforced composite bridge systems––transition from the laboratory to the field

Abstract Fiber reinforced polymer matrix composites are being increasingly considered for use in civil infrastructure. They have tremendous applicability to bridge systems ranging from use in seismic retrofit and strengthening of existing structural components, to use in new systems, either in all composite form, or in conjunction with conventional construction materials. This paper provides specific examples of developments, emphasizing aspects of transition, as well as the critical advantages offered by the inherent anisotropy and tailorability. Implementation of the technology in the field is focused through examples of field applications on the advantages offered by these materials over conventional materials of construction.
Photo‐assisted heterogeneous catalysis with optical fibers. Part III: Photoelectrodes

The concept of using optical fibers to distribute light within heterogeneous photo-assisted catalysts is extended to photo-electrochemical cells. The potential drop in a semiconductor photo-electrode is predicted for various types of ohmic electrical contacts, and the optimum contact location is determined. The variation of electrical conductivity with temperature in non-isothermal bundles of semiconductor-coated optical fibers is considered.
Metallic phase of the quantum Hall system at even-denominator filling fractions.

We propose an explanation for the resistivity anomalies exhibited by the two-dimensional spin-polarized electron gas at \ensuremath{\nu}=1/2 and related even-denominator filling fractions. Within the Chern-Simon-Landau-Ginzburg theory we argue that the inhomogeneity in the electron density, caused by the impurity potential, induces a spatially random distribution of statistical flux, and that electron localization can be suppressed by this random flux. As a result, a metallic phase appears in the phase diagram of the Hall system near \ensuremath{\nu}=1/2, leading to a temperature-independent resitivity minimum.
DURATION COMPARISON: RELATIVE STIMULUS DIFFERENCES, STIMULUS AGE, AND STIMULUS PREDICTIVENESS

Under a psychophysical trials procedure, pigeons were presented with a red light of one duration followed by a green light of a second duration. Eight geometrically spaced base durations were paired with one of four shorter and four longer durations as the alternate member of a duration pair, with different pairs randomly intermixed. One choice was reinforced if red had lasted longer than green, and a second choice was reinforced if green had lasted longer. Performance was compared when all the base durations and their pair members were included (entire-range condition) or when only the four longest base durations and their comparison durations (restricted-range condition) were used. Discrimination sensitivity decreased for longer duration pairs under both conditions, supporting a memory-based account. Sensitivity was lower under the restricted-range condition. Under both conditions, a bias to report "green as longer" increased as the second green duration increased. Bias changed as a matching function of the green-duration predictiveness of the correct choice. The results are related to a quantitative model of timing and remembering proposed by Staddon.
An estimate of global ocean circulation and heat fluxes

ALTHOUGH ocean circulation and the consequent exchange of heat and gases with the atmosphere exert a strong influence on climate, discussions of global circulation have previously been highly schematic1–3 (invoking laminar flow patterns that ignore the turbulent nature of the real flow), non-quantitative and/or based upon mutually inconsistent regional studies1–8. Here we present a dynamically and kinematically consistent estimate of the magnitude and structure of global ocean circulation and its associated heat fluxes, derived by integrating hydrographic velocity data over the rapid spatial variations that they show. We find no single overturning cell, but instead a complex and probably time-varying circulation pattern. The simplest interpretation suggests that there are two nearly independent cells: one connecting overturning in the Atlantic Ocean to other basins through the Southern Ocean, and the other connecting the Indian and Pacific basins through the Indonesian archipelago.
Crack tip shielding by micro-cracking in brittle solids

Abstract The effect of profuse micro-cracking at the tip of a macroscopic crack is studied with emphasis on the reduction in stress intensity, or shielding, within the micro-crack region. Shielding contributions arise from two consequences of micro-cracking, reduction in stiffness and release of residual stress. For the most part the study is limited to the lowest order effect of micro-cracking associated with relatively low micro-crack densities. Shielding results for arbitrarily shaped micro-crack zones are obtained for the case where the orientations of the micro-cracks are randomly distributed. Other possibilities are also discussed and contrasted, and the major uncertainties in quantifying the phenomenon are identified.
Diabetic autonomic neuropathy

The incidence of autonomic dysfunction as a complication of diabetes mellitus is reported to be as high as 20% to 40%. Symptoms of diabetic autonomic neuropathy (DAN) are often vague, and signs difficult to detect on routine physical examination. The early diagnosis of DAN is possible by utilizing several simple noninvasive tests, which may also be helpful in localizing the lesion(s) to specific autonomic pathways. DAN may affect multiple organ systems, to include cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, genitourinary and/or neuroendocrine, and may, in fact, be life-threatening. The same metabolic disturbances of somatic peripheral nerve may also be responsible for DAN. Like somatosensory neuropathy, definitive therapy for DAN is not yet satisfactory, although multiple chemotherapeutic agents have been tried and warrant further investigation.
SPECIFIC SUPPRESSOR T CELL FUNCTION IN A PATIENT WITH GRAVES' DISEASE AND HER HEALTHY IDENTICAL TWIN

Immunoregulatory defects have been suggested in autoimmune disorders including Graves' disease. The finding that Concanavalin A-induced suppressor T cell function was sub-optimal in Graves' disease has been disputed; a restricted defect in TSH-receptor antigen-specific suppressor cells has instead been proposed by Okita et al. (1980). To explore this further, we studied both specific and non-specific suppressor cell function in a pair of HLA identical twins, one of whom had Graves' disease. By contrast to the euthyroid healthy twin and 10 healthy controls (612 cpm/10(6) cells) the patient's mononuclear cells (MNCs) incorporated more (3H)-thymidine (7365 cpm/10(6) cells) in response to thyroid membrane antigen (TMA). Removal of glass-adherent cells before addition of antigen increased (3H)-uptake by cells from the healthy twin to 1808 cpm but reduced those from the Graves' twin to 3411 cpm. The influence of MNCs cultured with Con A or TMA for 24 h upon (3H)-thymidine uptake by 2 X 10(6) indicator cells triggered by Con A for 72 h or TMA for 96 h was taken as a measure of non-specific and specific suppressor cell function respectively. Both Con A and TMA induced suppressor cells were reduced, the latter to a more marked degree, in the patient compared to the healthy twin; mixing of MNCs from patient and healthy twin in a 1:1 ratio improved the patient suppressor cell function. When the patient's MNCs triggered for 24 h with Con A were mixed in a 1:1 ratio with her fresh MNCs and TMA, less blast transformation was found compared to an equal number of fresh cells (3H-thymidine uptake 3250 vs 7365 cpm/10(6). Similarly, preincubated cells from the healthy twin had greater suppressive effect (1820 cpm/10(6) cells). We conclude that (1) the HLA identical healthy twin has TMA autoreactive lymphocytes regulated by adherent regulatory cells; (2) the increased ratio of helper/suppressor cells in the adherent cell population in the patient leads to a decrease of (3H) incorporation upon their removal; (3) in the patient, the specific suppressor cell defect is more severe than the non-specific defect; (4) lack of specific TMA induced triggering may be the critical immunoregulatory defect in Graves' disease.
Nitrification inhibition by silver nanoparticles

Nitrification inhibition by silver nanoparticles (nanosilver) was evaluated by extant respirometry using enriched nitrifying bacteria isolated from wastewater treatment plants. Silver nanoparticles were more toxic than silver ions or silver chloride colloids, all of which did not disrupt cell membrane integrity at 1 mg/L Ag. The toxicity of silver nanoparticles was reduced in the presence of various anions, especially sulfide. The results suggest that silver nanoparticles have the same behaviour of surface complexation as silver ions, and inhibition by nanosilver in wastewater treatment may be removed by reaction of silver nanoparticles with soluble sulfide species.
Application of ion nitriding to wire-electrical-discharge-machined blanking dies

Abstract The effects of ion nitriding on wire-electrical-discharge-machined (wire-EDMd) surfaces are examined and discussed. The hardness of the softened surface layer caused by wire electrical discharge machining was increased up to the matrix value when hardened by ion nitriding, and the wear resistance was significantly improved. As a result of blanking tests in the industrial field, the ion-nitriding process would seem to be very effective for prolonging the service life of wire-EDMd dies.
An asymmetric optomotor response in developing flounder larvae (Pseudopleuronectes americanus).

Abstract The optokinetic response of developing flounder larvae was examined for directional preference. Young symmetric larvae exhibit no such preference. However, older asymmetric larvae, in which the eyes have begun to migrate, show diminished responsiveness to stripes moving from their left-to-right (clockwise as viewed from above). An explanation of this phenomenon may be neglect of input from the rapidly migrating eye.