cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of nucleus, cytoplasm and male sterile nucleus-cytoplasm combinations on callus initiation in anther culture of wheat

Nuclear and cytoplasmic factors affect tissue culture response in wheat (Triticum aestivum), and cytoplasmic male sterility may enhance callus initiation in anther culture. Three wheat nuclear genotypes, each in normal and two alien cytoplasms conferring cytoplasmic male sterility, were evaluated for callus initiation frequency in anther culture. Nuclear genotype had the greatest effect on callus initiation, but cytoplasm and nucleus X cytoplasm interaction also produced significant effects. The nuclear genotype of ‘Chris’ outperformed ‘Butte’ and ‘Coteau’ in all cytoplasms. Ordinary wheat and Triticum timopheevi cytoplasms outperformed Aegilops speltoides cytoplasm. Cytoplasmic male sterility did not increase callus initiation. This suggests manipulating the nuclear genotype is the best strategy for improving the capacity of wheat to initiate callus in anther culture.
Host residents' perceived social costs and benefits toward a staged tourist attraction.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine residents' perceived social costs and benefits toward an international tourist event, and their willingness to financially support the development of a permanent event facility. A telephone survey using a random sample (n = 600) of Albuquerque residents was conducted two weeks after the 1993 Kodak Albuquerque International Balloon Fiesta (AIBF). The 23rd Annual AIBF was the largest hot-air balloon event in the world, with over 900 pilots competing in various races and contests. The nine-day event attracted over 1.6 million spectators to a 70-acre site leased to organizers by city government. Few social costs were experienced by residents, while a majority of residents experienced multiple social benefits from the event. Although residents' attitudes toward the event were mostly positive, few residents were likely to finance a stadium development proposal through property tax increases. Before taxpayer approval for permanent event facility construction is...
Somatostatinoma of the endocrine pancreas: CT findings.

Abstract Somatostatinoma is the rarest of the pancreatic islet cell tumors with only eight previously reported cases. We report a recent case in a 62-year-old man including CT findings and 1 year follow-up.
Influx of small comets into Earth's atmosphere

Approximately 11 years ago unexpected transient decreases of Earth's dayglow intensities with spatial dimensions of approximately 50 km in diameter were detected in the first high-resolution global images from a high-altitude orbiting spacecraft, Dynamics Explorer 1. These decreases in dayglow intensities were measured in an ultraviolet spectral window that is very sensitive to absorption by water molecules and clusters along the camera's line-of-sight from the spacecraft to the sunlit atmosphere. These decreases exhibited several features that indicated an extraterrestrial source. Namely (1) preferential motion in the east-to-west direction across the sunlit face of Earth, (2) similar diurnal variations in occurrence rates as those for radar meters, (3) correlation of the occurrence rates with the nonshower rates as determined with forward scatter radar, and (4) larger angular diameters for these atmospheric holes as the altitude of the spacecraft decreases. The only viable interpretation of these atmospheric holes to date is the impact of incoming water clouds from small comets that have disrupted in the vicinity of Earth. The startling consequence of this interpretation is an influx of about 20 small comets each minute into our atmosphere, each with a mass of tens of tons. These measurements and interpretation inspired a heated debate which resulted in dismissing the small comets because the observations were generally obtained at the imager's threshold. A new ultraviolet imager with more than 100 times the resolution of the Dynamics Explorer-1 camera has been recently flown on the Polar spacecraft. These images from the Polar camera confirm the existence of the small comets. A mission to further investigate the composition and dynamics of these small comets is suggested.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Left field superiority for word matching.

Abstract Subjects asked to match a word presented in one visual field to a previously exposed word presented across the fields demonstrated higher accuracy for words in the left visual field. This result is contrary to existing views of right field superiority in word recognition. The left field superiority suggests that word recognition is a multistage process and cannot be considered to be invariably handled more efficiently and accurately by the left hemisphere.
Coupling elastic models through interfacial conditions with application to concrete pavement overlays

A simple mathematical model accompanied with a validation is presented to capture the deformation behavior observed in laboratory tests involving overlayed concrete samples. The model presented is based on linear elasticity in which the layers are conceptually envisioned as Mindlin plates overlaying one another while resting of a Winkler-type foundation. The interfacial conditions involve a coupling between the plates through elastic conditions satisfied by their relative displacements. Experimental validation is conducted on samples using analogous Timoshenko beam models.
The Biological Residue of Childhood Poverty

Children raised in poverty are prone to physical health problems late in life. To understand these findings and address the scientific challenge they represent, we must formulate integrative conceptual frameworks at the crossroads of behavioral and biomedical science, with a strong developmental emphasis. In this article, we outline such a framework and discuss research bearing on its validity. We address how childhood poverty gets under the skin, at the level of tissues and organs, in a manner that affects later disease risks. We also tackle questions about resilience; Even with lengthy exposure to childhood poverty, why do only a subset of people acquire diseases? Why are some individuals protected while others remain vulnerable? Maternal nurturance might be a source of resilience, buffering children from the long-term health consequences of poverty. We conclude with research priorities.
Clinical experience in the use of sulfanilamide at the New Haven Hospital

Summary The results presented along with impressions gained during this study indicate that sulfanilamide is a useful, though not harmless, chemotherapeutic agent in the treatment of beta-hemolytic streptococcic infections. Data on the efficacy of sulfanilamide in other types of infection are too meager to warrant the expression of an opinion.
Predicting Change in Self-Reported and Interviewer-Assessed Adult Attachment: Tests of the Individual Difference and Life Stress Models of Attachment Change

The study tested the key assumption of the individual difference model of adult attachment change: that people who have experienced certain vulnerability factors will be prone to change attachment styles because they have developed unclear models of self and others that render their attachment models unstable. This model was compared to a life stress model, which states that change occurs as an adaptation to new, interpersonally relevant life circumstances. Changes in self-reported and interviewer-assessed attachment were examined among 94 young adults who were followed over 1 year. Analyses yielded support for the individual difference model for change in both self-reported and interviewer-assessed attachment. The life stress model was supported for change in interviewer-assessed attachment only. Implications for differential change processes for self-reported versus interviewer-assessed aspects of adult attachment are discussed.
Psychometric properties of a structured interview guide for the rating for anxiety in dementia

Objectives: The Rating Anxiety in Dementia (RAID; Shankar, K.K., Walker, M., Frost, D., & Orrell, M.W. (1999). The development of a valid and reliable scale for rating anxiety in dementia (RAID). Aging and Mental Health, 3, 39–49.) is a clinical rating scale developed to evaluate anxiety in persons with dementia. This report explores the psychometric properties and clinical utility of a new structured interview format of the RAID (RAID-SI), developed to standardize administration and scoring based on information obtained from the patient, an identified collateral, and rater observation. Method: The RAID-SI was administered by trained master's level raters. Participants were 32 persons with dementia who qualified for an anxiety treatment outcome study. Self-report anxiety, depression, and quality of life measures were administered to both the person with dementia and a collateral. Results: The RAID-SI exhibited adequate internal consistency reliability and inter-rater reliability. There was also some evide...
Welfare Policy, Welfare Participants, and CalWORKS Caseworkers: How Participants Are Informed of Supportive Services

SUMMARY One aspect of the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (PRWORA) of 1996 was explored through focus group interviews with public welfare (CalWORKS/TANF) participants in Los Angeles County. Women were asked how they learned about domestic violence, substance abuse, and mental health services from their caseworker in an effort to begin to evaluate implementation of the PRWORA in regards to these supportive services. The results describe how participants are receiving insufficient information, discouraged from seeking services, obtaining assistance from advocates other than caseworkers, and feeling general fear and distrust. Discussion centers on improvements in the system and training for caseworkers.
Design isomorphisms and group isomorphisms

In this paper conditions are given which imply that a design isomorphism between designs with group actions is in fact a group isomorphism. The conditions are geometric. Automorphism groups are then calculated for a family of designs using the geometric conditions.
Arrhythmogenic Biophysical Phenotype for SCN5A Mutation S1787N Depends upon Splice Variant Background and Intracellular Acidosis

Background SCN5A is a susceptibility gene for type 3 long QT syndrome, Brugada syndrome, and sudden infant death syndrome. INa dysfunction from mutated SCN5A can depend upon the splice variant background in which it is expressed and also upon environmental factors such as acidosis. S1787N was reported previously as a LQT3-associated mutation and has also been observed in 1 of 295 healthy white controls. Here, we determined the in vitro biophysical phenotype of SCN5A-S1787N in an effort to further assess its possible pathogenicity. Methods and Results We engineered S1787N in the two most common alternatively spliced SCN5A isoforms, the major isoform lacking a glutamine at position 1077 (Q1077del) and the minor isoform containing Q1077, and expressed these two engineered constructs in HEK293 cells for electrophysiological study. Macroscopic voltage-gated INa was measured 24 hours after transfection with standard whole-cell patch clamp techniques. We applied intracellular solutions with pH7.4 or pH6.7. S1787N in the Q1077 background had WT-like INa including peak INa density, activation and inactivation parameters, and late INa amplitude in both pH 7.4 and pH 6.7. However, with S1787N in the Q1077del background, the percentages of INa late/peak were increased by 2.1 fold in pH 7.4 and by 2.9 fold in pH 6.7 when compared to WT. Conclusion The LQT3-like biophysical phenotype for S1787N depends on both the SCN5A splice variant and on the intracellular pH. These findings provide further evidence that the splice variant and environmental factors affect the molecular phenotype of cardiac SCN5A-encoded sodium channel (Nav1.5), has implications for the clinical phenotype, and may provide insight into acidosis-induced arrhythmia mechanisms.
Increased affinity of type II corticosteroid binding in aged rat hippocampus

Hippocampal tissue from young-mature (3-4 months old) and aged (24-26 months old) Fischer-344 rats was assessed for type I and type II corticosteroid binding in cytosol, using [3H]dexamethasone and selective inhibition of type II sites with nonradioactive RU-28362. Twenty-four hours after adrenalectomy, the Bmax and Kd of the receptor subtypes were measured by Scatchard analysis for individual animals. The binding capacity of each receptor type was significantly reduced in aged rats, as others have reported. In addition, however, the dissociation constant (Kd), was significantly reduced for type II receptor (young Kd = 2.14 nM vs aged Kd = 0.89 nM, P less than 0.005), indicating greater affinity of type II sites with aging. Affinity of type I sites was unchanged. The observation of increased type II affinity could help to explain the apparent paradox of why corticosteroid-dependent degenerative changes in hippocampal cells seem to accelerate in the later stages of aging, even though brain corticosteroid receptor capacity has been reported to decline or remain unchanged with aging.
Origin of a small metacentric chromosome: Familial and cytogenetic evidence

A family is described in which the mother has an 18p- chromosome, one normal 18, and a probable i(18p). One of the daughters of this woman inherited the 18p- chromosome, and her phenotype resembles that of other 18p- cases. The other daughter inherited the presumed i(18p) chromosome, and her phenotype resembles that of some cases with extra, small metacentric chromosomes. The clinical, chromosomal, and familial evidence suggest that these abnormal chromosomes originated in the occurrence of one transverse break of the centromere and subsequent misdivision of a chromosome 18 in an earlier generation of this family. According to this interpretation, the mother is trisomic for 18p, one daughter is monosomic and the other daughter is tetrasomic for this chromosomal region.
Substrate-specific conformational regulation of the receptor tyrosine kinase VEGFR2 catalytic domain.

The contributions of the phosphoacceptor and the catalytic domain context to protein kinase biology and inhibitor potency are routinely overlooked, which can lead to mischaracterization of inhibitor and receptor functions. The receptor tyrosine kinase vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR2) is studied as a model system using a series of phosphoacceptor substrates (kcat/Km 684–116,000 M–1 s–1) to assess effects on catalysis and inhibitor binding. ATP-competitive inhibitor potency toward the VEGFR2 catalytic domain (VEGFR2-CD) varies with different phosphoacceptor substrates, which is unexpected because the phosphoacceptors do not affect Km,ATP values. Indazole-based inhibitors are up to 60-fold more potent with two substrates (gastrin, minigastrin) relative to the others. Thus there is a component of uncompetitive inhibition because a specific phosphoacceptor enhances potency but is not strictly required. This substrate-specific inhibitory potency enhancement correlates with phosphoacceptor ...
SkellamShrink: Poisson intensity estimation for vector-valued data

Owing to the stochastic nature of discrete processes such as photon counts in imaging, a variety of real-world data are well modeled as Poisson random variables whose means are in turn proportional to an underlying vector-valued signal of interest. Certain wavelet and filterbank transform coefficients corresponding to measurements of this type are distributed as sums and differences of Poisson counts, taking in the simplest case the so-called Skellam distribution. We show that a Skellam mean estimator provides a Poisson intensity estimation method based on shrinkage of filterbank coefficients, and a means of estimating the risk of any Skellam mean estimator is derived in closed form under a frequentist model.
Wedelolactone, a medicinal plant-derived coumestan, induces caspase-dependent apoptosis in prostate cancer cells via downregulation of PKCε without inhibiting Akt

Emerging studies indicate that metabolism of arachidonic acid through the 5-lipoxygenase (5-Lox) pathway plays a critical role in the survival of prostate cancer cells raising the possibility that 5-Lox can be targeted for an effective therapy of prostate cancer. Wedelolactone (WDL), a medicinal plant-derived natural compound, is known to inhibit 5-Lox activity in neutrophils. However, its effect on apoptosis in prostate cancer cells has not been addressed. Thus, we tested the effects of WDL on human prostate cancer cells in vitro. We observed that WDL kills both androgen-sensitive as well as androgen-independent prostate cancer cells in a dose-dependent manner by dramatically inducing apoptosis. We also found that WDL-induced apoptosis in prostate cancer cells is dependent on c-Jun N-terminal Kinase (c-JNK) and caspase-3. Interestingly, WDL triggers apoptosis in prostate cancer cells via downregulation of protein kinase Ce (PKCe), but without inhibition of Akt. WDL does not affect the viability of normal prostate epithelial cells (PrEC) at doses that kill prostate cancer cells, and WDL-induced apoptosis is effectively prevented by 5-oxoETE, a metabolite of 5-Lox (but not by 15-oxoETE, a metabolite of 15-Lox), suggesting that the apoptosis-inducing effect of WDL in prostate cancer cells is mediated via inhibition of 5-Lox activity. These findings indicate that WDL selectivity induces caspase-dependent apoptosis in prostate cancer cells via a novel mechanism involving inhibition of PKCe without affecting Akt and suggest that WDL may emerge as a novel therapeutic agent against clinical prostate cancer in human.
Pathway specificity of l-isoproterenol indicates β-adrenergic modulation of the Schaffer collateral pathway in field CA1 in the rat hippocampal slice

Behavioral relevance of norepinephrine is associated with neuronal processing underlying arousal, affect, attention, learning and memory, and is associated with beta-adrenergic modifications of neuronal activation in the hippocampal formation. This study utilized l-isoproterenol to initiate pathway-specific activation of afferents to hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cells. The consistent effects of l-isoproterenol on the initiation of action potentials to field CA1 pyramidal neurons to single-pulse stimulation was repeatedly associated with the activation of the Schaffer collateral pathway. In contrast, l-isoproterenol plus single-pulse stimulation never elicited action potential initiation of the perforant pathway to CA1. We interpret these results as indicating that beta-adrenergic modification underlies the augmentation of information processing via the Schaffer collateral pathway in the trisynaptic circuit vs the direct perforant pathway.
Non-enzymic binding of formylmethionyl-transfer RNAf to Artemia satina ribosomes

Abstract 40 S ribosomal subunits of Artemia salina embryos can bind formylmethionyl-transfer RNAf non-enzymically, i.e., in the absence of initiation factors. This, like the enzymic reaction, is largely AUG-dependent. Much more fMet-tRNAf is bound by 80 S ribosomes but, in this case, a large fraction (about two-thirds) of the binding is AUG-independent. Whereas the AUG-dependent binding is very sensitive to edeine, a potent initiation inhibitor, the AUG-independent binding is resistant to this antibiotic. Virtually all of the bound fMet-tRNAf is in all cases capable of reacting with puromycin to form fMet-puromycin; hence the bound aminoaoyl-tRNA is in the peptidyl (donor) site of the 80 S ribosome. Non-acylated tRNAs also bind to this site with high affinity in a codon-independent reaction and block the 80 S binding of fMet-tRNAf. The properties of the peptidyl site are consistent with a non-decoding site which harbors the initiator aminoacyl-tRNA, when the 80 S initiation complex is formed, and to which every molecule of tRNA remains temporarily attached following peptide bond synthesis.
The value of PET/CT to assess clinically negative necks.

We read Ozer’s article [1] from the Ohio State University with great interest. This is a large sample size and the authors are to be congratulated for amassing such a large series. The results of this study should be taken cautiously as they reXect some shortcomings in the study design which were unavoidable. Among them are its retrospective collection of subjects, no detailed correlation between neck nodal levels and imaging or pathology data, a treatment bias as to which N0 necks would be dissected, and no dedicated PET/ CT imaging of exclusively the neck are reported as being used. In spite of these shortcomings, the reported negative predictive value (NPV) is still high in the N0 neck. This issue with PET scanning for the clinical N0 neck is not with false positives. They will likely be more carefully scrutinized with ultrasound guided biopsy or will proceed to neck dissection. The issue is whether there are false negative scans. Because the power of the PET scan calling a neck negative is the opportunity to safely avoid elective neck dissection or radiation and save money and avoid complications. For this reason we need to know with the best possible science what is the NPV of PET/CT for the N0 neck. There is no lack of data to collect and meta-analyze to answer this question. There are numerous single institution series available for this purpose. It is only with a prospective study can the biases of elective neck dissection decision making be eliminated. We recognized this problem in our paper in 2001 and spent years engaging the US National Institutes of Health (NIH) through the R01 mechanism before we were fortunate to receive support through the American College of Radiology Imaging Network (ACRIN). ACRIN is an NIH sponsored cooperative group which focuses upon imaging in the evaluation and treatment of cancer patients. Recently, the ACRIN has been merged with the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) and will have an exciting future combining advanced imaging with the latest advancements in medical oncology. ACRIN 6685, “A multicenter trial of FDG PET/CT staging of head and neck cancer and its impact on the N0 neck surgical treatment in head and neck cancer patients,” was designed to deWnitively answer the issues raised by Ozer et al. and many other groups. The main objective of our study is to determine the NPV for the N0 neck. Participants will include 292 prospectively enrolled new head and neck cancer patients being considered for resection with at least one side of the neck being planned for dissection clinically N0 with at least a 30% chance of occult nodal metastasis. More details can be found at http://www.acrin.org/6685_ protocol.aspx We applaud the journal publishing scientiWc works like Ozer et al. and hope that through ACRIN 6685 we may collect the data necessary to answer the question about PET/ CT utility in the management of the N0 neck.
Anaerobic digestion of simulated distillery waste using flocculated and fixed cell reactors

Abstract One‐ and two‐stage reactors were used to investigate the reduction in chemical oxygen demand (COD) of simulated stillage waste from an ethanol distillery. In both configurations, cells both flocculated and fixed on a support matrix were utilized. A COD removal above 90% and methane production of about 4 L/L day were obtained in both the one‐and two‐staged reactors. Electron microscopy revealed differences in the microbial structure and bacterial populations comprising the flocculent biomass and the biofilm attached to the support matrix. Early detection of hydrogen and propionic acid increases were an indicator of pending reactor instability.
Individual differences in circadian activity rhythm and personality.

Individual differences in circadian activity rhythms were assessed in terms of peak activity time, rising time and retiring time reported every day for 84 consecutive days. A 19-item Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ) was found to significantly correlate with time-of-day effects on these three circadian activity measures, as well as with parental report of the S's peak activity time. Several measures of extraversion were also found to correlate significantly with the MEQ, as well as with rising and retiring time, suggesting that extraverts are evening types. However, when the differential effects of sociability and impulsivity were examined it was found that the sociability component of extraversion was most responsible for the time-of-day differences. This result diverges somewhat from previous findings that suggest impulsivity is the component responsible for time-of-day effects. This apparent contradiction is discussed in terms of arousal being a non-urinary construct, with different indices of circadian arousal allowing for differential correlates with specific personality components.
Chromatin Immunoprecipitation Assay for Tissue-specific Genes using Early-stage Mouse Embryos

Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) is a powerful tool to identify protein:chromatin interactions that occur in the context of living cells. This technique has been widely exploited in tissue culture cells, and to a lesser extent, in primary tissue. The application of ChIP to rodent embryonic tissue, especially at early times of development, is complicated by the limited amount of tissue and the heterogeneity of cell and tissue types in the embryo. Here we present a method to perform ChIP using a dissociated embryonic day 8.5 (E8.5) embryo. Sheared chromatin from a single E8.5 embryo can be divided into up to five aliquots, which allows the investigator sufficient material for controls and for investigation of specific protein:chromatin interactions. We have utilized this technique to begin to document protein:chromatin interactions during the specification of tissue-specific gene expression programs. The heterogeneity of cell types in an embryo necessarily restricts the application of this technique because the result is the detection of protein:chromatin interactions without distinguishing whether the interactions occur in all, a subset of, or a single cell type(s). However, examination of tissue-specific genes during or following the onset of tissue-specific gene expression is feasible for two reasons. First, immunoprecipitation of tissue specific factors necessarily isolates chromatin from the cell type where the factor is expressed. Second, immunoprecipitation of coactivators and histones containing post-translational modifications that are associated with gene activation should only be found at genes and gene regulatory sequences in the cell type where the gene is being or has been activated. The technique should be applicable to the study of most tissue-specific gene activation events. In the example described below, we utilized E8.5 and E9.5 mouse embryos to examine factor binding at a skeletal muscle specific gene promoter. Somites, which are the precursor tissues from which the skeletal muscles of the trunk and limbs will form, are present at E8.5-9.5. Myogenin is a regulatory factor required for skeletal muscle differentiation. The data demonstrate that myogenin is associated with its own promoter in E8.5 and E9.5 embryos. Because myogenin is only expressed in somites at this stage of development, the data indicate that myogenin interactions with its own promoter have already occurred in skeletal muscle precursor cells in E8.5 embryos.
Three-Dimensional Turbulent RANS Adjoint-Based Error Correction

Engineering problems commonly require functional outputs of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations with specified accuracy. These simulations are performed with limited computational resources. Computable error estimates offer the possibility of quantifying accuracy on a given mesh and predicting a fine grid functional on a coarser mesh. Such an estimate can be computed by solving the flow equations and the associated adjoint problem for the functional of interest. An adjoint-based error correction procedure is demonstrated for transonic inviscid and subsonic laminar and turbulent flow. A mesh adaptation procedure is formulated to target uncertainty in the corrected functional and terminate when error remaining in the calculation is less than a user-specified error tolerance. This adaptation scheme is shown to yield anisotropic meshes with corrected functionals that are more accurate for a given number of grid points then isotropic adapted and uniformly refined grids.
Atrioventricular valve dysfunction: evaluation by doppler and cross-sectional ultrasound

Abstract Background . An important factor in the management and outcome of patients with complex univentricular or partial biventricular repair is atrioventricular valve function. Cross-sectional and Doppler echocardiography are versatile tools for the evaluation of atrioventricular valve function. However, it is important to understand the physics and applications of this technology to appreciate the strengths and limitations of echocardiography in this application. Methods and Results. In this review, we discuss the preoperative and intraoperative echocardiographic evaluation of atrioventricular valve function in congenital heart disease. The focus is on atrioventricular valve regurgitation, which is the most common type of dysfunction in patients with univentricular or partial biventricular heart disease. We emphasize an understanding of basic jet physics, as well as technical considerations in the evaluation of atrioventricular valve function, with illustrations from our own experience. Conclusions. Cross-sectional and Doppler cardiac ultrasound is the optimal tool for evaluation of atrioventricular valve function in the current era. Although the issue of quantifying regurgitant jets is not yet fully resolved, echocardiography allows for complete qualitative assessment of the anatomic and functional features that influence the function of the atrioventricular valves.
A key management protocol for hybrid wireless sensor networks

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) use sensors to monitor phenomena such as temperature, humidity, groundwater levels and transmit this information to a base station using wireless channels. WSNs find applications in military, ecological, and health-related areas. A hybrid wireless sensor network includes two networks: an ad hoc wireless network and a wireless sensor network. The nodes in the ad hoc network act as base stations conducting surveillance on the WSN. In this dissertation, we focus on the key management issues in hybrid wireless sensor networks. The key management issues in hybrid wireless sensor networks can be divided into three categories according to which layer they affect: ad hoc network layer, wireless sensor network layer, and integrated cross layer. At the ad hoc network layer, we propose two elliptic curve discrete logarithm problem (ECDLP) based schemes for secure group communication (SGC). Unlike the vast majority of secure group communication protocols using the discrete logarithm problem (DLP) based Diffie-Hellman as the basic key agreement protocol, our solutions use the ECDLP-based Diffie-Hellman protocol. We also extend our research on secure group communication to the wireless sensor network layer. We formally define the grouping and secure group communication problems in WSNs. We further propose and evaluate four centralized group rekeying (CGK) schemes for SGC in WSNs. Our proposed key management protocol at the integrated cross layer, mKeying, includes two schemes, a key distribution scheme, KeyDist, supporting multiple base stations in the network, and a centralized key revocation scheme, KeyRev, for removing compromised sensor nodes from the sensor network. Through these protocols for key distribution, key revocation, and group communication, we present an integrated approach to provide security in hybrid wireless sensor networks.
End stage liver disease

Abstract Around 1200 children in the UK are under surveillance after liver transplantation for end stage liver disease (ESLD) and about 600 additional children have ESLD, but are not yet in need of transplantation. ESLD occurs in the context of extensive structural liver damage in which blood flow through the sinusoids, and the production and secretion of bile from canalicular bile ducts is impeded. Endogenous factors, which contribute to ESLD, include disorders of bile transport (e.g. progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis); bile excretion (biliary atresia and cystic fibrosis), hepatocyte function (alpha 1 anti-tyrpsin deficiency), detoxification disorders (e.g. Wilson disease) and immune dysregulation (auto-immune hepatitis). Exogenous agents, which injure the liver and exacerbate existing pathology, include viruses, drugs, over-nutrition (fatty liver), alcohol and bacterial sepsis. ESLD may not be obvious clinically because, despite the presence of cirrhosis, jaundice can be absent in compensated disease, however signs such as spider naevi, finger nail clubbing and splenomegaly will be present if specifically sought. The goal of follow up should be to maintain children in as good health as possible with supportive measures (fat soluble vitamin and high energy supplements) and specific treatment according to diagnosis (e.g. anti-virals; anti-pruritic treatment and/or immune suppression; ligation of varices). Signs that children are decompensating (faltering growth, change in school performance, bleeding, sleepiness, worsening liver function especially hypo-albuminaemia) should lead to a prompt referral for specialist review. Specific syndromes associated with ESLD should also be identified (e.g. hepato-pulmonary syndrome, hepato-renal syndrome, encephalopathy, hyperaldosteronism and ascites) because they imply an impending need for liver transplantation.
1120 MOYA-MOYA IN AMERICAN CHILDREN

Recurring cerebrovascular disease is extremely rare in children. Moya-moya (supraclinoid carotid stenosis with multiple cerebral telangiectasias) may be the vascular pathology underlying many such instances. Initially described as a congenital anomaly in the Japanese literature, it is uncommonly recognized in occidentals. We have cared for two Caucasian children in whom several factors strongly suggest moya-moya can be an acquired process and in whom the course was much more benign that commonly described. A 4½ year old boy with transposition of the great vessels developed a right hemiparesis after a total corrective operation. Six and one-half years later he had a subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Computed tomography and cerebral angiography demonstrated a left frontal intracerebral hematoma and subadjacent brain atrophy and moya-moya. He has been well for 2½ years. A girl with sickle cell disease had a right hemiparesis at age 8. Six years later she had a SAH. Computed tomography and cerebral angiography demonstrated left parietal atrophy, intracerebral hematoma, and moya-moya. She has been normal for 2 years. Presentation of moya-moya in children as SAH has been noted only once previously. Moreover, our two children had a basic disease process not associated with cerebral telangiectasia but occasionally associated with cerebrovascular occlusive disease. The demonstration of moya-moya six years after a single presumably vascular occlusive event strongly suggests moya-moya can be a tenuous physiologic compensation to an acquired phenomenon.
Factors associated with readmission after laparoscopic gastric bypass surgery.

Abstract Background Studies have demonstrated that laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) is associated with the greatest readmission rate among bariatric surgeries. Some readmissions might be avoidable. We sought to evaluate the risk factors for readmission in a high-volume bariatric surgery program at a university hospital in the United States. Methods We performed a retrospective review of prospectively maintained data. Patients readmitted within 30 days of laparoscopic RYGB were randomly matched to control patients who had undergone RYGB in the same year but were not readmitted. The readmissions were categorized as technical complications (leak), wound infections, or malaise (nausea, dehydration, or benign abdominal pain). Patients with a wound infection treated in an outpatient setting were also evaluated and compared with the patients admitted with a wound infection. Results From July 2002 to July 2008, 450 patients underwent RYGB. Readmission occurred in 42 patients (9%). Of these 42 patients, 6 were admitted with wound infections (14%), 18 (43%) with malaise, and 18 (43%) with technical complications. The patients admitted with wound infections were similar to their controls, except that they were more likely to have publicly funded insurance (Medicare or Medicaid) and more likely to present for medical attention to the emergency department after clinic hours. The patients admitted with malaise reported a greater pain score at discharge and were also more likely to have public health insurance than controls. The patients with technical complications did not differ from the control patients in any examined variable. Conclusions Patients with publicly funded insurance are at increased risk of readmission after RYGB. Outpatient mechanisms for managing wound infections and malaise might result in decreased readmissions.
Proteolytic activity of crude stem extracts from normal and tumour tissues of plants.

IN an effort to characterize more fully the tumorous tissue (crown-gall) induced in plants by Agrobacterium tumefaciens, the proteolytic content in the neoplastia tissues of several plants was investigated. Although a variety of enzymes have been found associated with crown-gall1, no reports are available concerning proteolytic activities of such tissue extracts. Recent findings of increased proteolytic activity in mammalian neoplastic tissues2,3 indicate a need for measuring the relative quantity of proteases in comparable plant tissues.
Emotions and the Microfoundations of the Arab Uprisings

In any political setting, a few people will defy political authority. The main challenge for theories of rebellion is to explain when and why others join en masse. Scholarship on social movements typically develops answers to this puzzle on the basis of either of two microfoundations. Explanations that conceptualize individuals as utility-maximizers contend that they protest as a means to other ends. Explanations that see individuals as driven by values and beliefs suggest that people protest for the inherent benefit of voicing dissent. Both perspectives generate compelling explanations. Yet how do purposeful individuals act when utilitarian calculations and cherished values recommend contrary courses of action? Why might an actor prioritize one or the other at different points in time? Taking on these questions, I argue for an approach to microfoundations that focuses on emotions. Emotions such as fear, sadness, and shame promote pessimistic assessments, risk aversion, and a low sense of control. Such dispiriting emotions encourage individuals to prioritize security and resign to political circumstances, even when they contradict values of dignity. By contrast, anger, joy, and pride promote optimistic assessments, risk acceptance, and feelings of personal efficacy. Such emboldening emotions encourage prioritization of dignity and increase willingness to engage in resistance, even when it jeopardizes security. When instrumentality and values offer different answers to the question of whether to resign or rebel, therefore, emotions can shift individuals toward one or the other. I ground this argument in findings from the neurosciences and illustrate it with evidence from the 2011 uprisings in Tunisia and Egypt and the absence of an uprising in Algeria.
Fermi hypernetted-chain study of half-filled Landau levels with broken rotational symmetry

We investigate broken rotational symmetry (BRS) states at half-filling of the valence Landau level (LL). We generalize Rezayi and Read's (RR) trial wave function, a special case of Jain's composite fermion (CF) wave functions, to include anisotropic coupling of the flux quanta to electrons, thus generating a nematic order in the underlying CF liquid. Using the Fermi hypernetted-chain method, which readily gives results in the thermodynamic limit, we determine the properties of these states in detail. By using the anisotropic pair distribution and static structure functions we determine the correlation energy and find that, as expected, RR's state is stable in the lowest LL, whereas BRS states may occur at half-filling of higher LL's, with a possible connection to the recently discovered quantum Hall liquid crystals.
Selectivity of Liquid Membrane Cadmium Microelectrodes Based on the Ionophore N,N,N′,N′-Tetrabutyl-3,6-dioxaoctanedithioamide

The selectivity of heavy metal ion-selective electrodes has often been inadequately characterized in the past. Only recently, alternative methods have become available to assess the response toward highly discriminated ion solutions. In this article, the selectivity of vibrating liquid membrane cadmium-selective microelectrodes was characterized using the separate solution method, the fixed interference method, the matched potential method, and Bakker's method which demands one to condition the electrode membrane in discriminated ion solutions prior to measurement. In this study, the matched potential method gave selectivity values for the two least discriminated ions, lead(II) and copper(II), that were comparable to the ones obtained with SSM. Bakker's method, on the other hand, was the only method that reveals the extremely high ion selectivity over all other discriminated ions. This study shows that carrier-based cadmium microelectrodes possess sufficient selectivity for many in situ applications, and that experimental biases may sometimes lead to experimental selectivity coefficient variations of about 12 orders of magnitude depending on the chosen method.
Computational analysis of the mechanism of chemical reactions in terms of reaction phases: hidden intermediates and hidden transition States.

Computational approaches to understanding chemical reaction mechanisms generally begin by establishing the relative energies of the starting materials, transition state, and products, that is, the stationary points on the potential energy surface of the reaction complex. Examining the intervening species via the intrinsic reaction coordinate (IRC) offers further insight into the fate of the reactants by delineating, step-by-step, the energetics involved along the reaction path between the stationary states. For a detailed analysis of the mechanism and dynamics of a chemical reaction, the reaction path Hamiltonian (RPH) and the united reaction valley approach (URVA) are an efficient combination. The chemical conversion of the reaction complex is reflected by the changes in the reaction path direction t(s) and reaction path curvature k(s), both expressed as a function of the path length s. This information can be used to partition the reaction path, and by this the reaction mechanism, of a chemical reaction...
Theory of the Work Function. II. The Surface Double Layer

An expression for the work function of a monovalent metal, previously obtained by E. Wigner and the author, included a term which represents the energy required to move an electron through an electrostatic double layer at the surface of the metal. In order to determine the moment of this double layer, it is necessary to make an explicit calculation of the electronic charge density at the surface of the metal, which is attempted in the present paper. In the model taken for this calculation, the density of positive electricity is assumed constant on the negative side of the $\mathrm{YZ}$ plane, and is zero in the positive half-space. The electrons are so distributed as to neutralize the positive charge density in the interior, and the metal as a whole is neutral. An approximate self-consistent solution of the Fock equations gives the charge density at the surface. An attempt is made to go beyond these equations, so as to include the effect of correlation (or polarization) forces on the double layer. The density of positive electricity assumed is the same as that which would exist in Na if the ions were treated as a continuous charge distribution. The final values obtained are 2.35 and 2.0 ev for the work function, and 0.4 and 1.0 ev for the moment of the double layer, where the first values in each are obtained when the correlation forces are included, and the second when these forces are omitted in the calculation. A comparison of these values with the experimental values of the work function of Na is given. It is concluded that the surface barrier is due primarily to exchange and polarization forces, and that ordinary electrostatic forces play a minor role.
Benign Metastasizing Pleomorphic Adenoma Presenting as a Solitary Kidney Mass: Imaging Features

Benign metastasizing pleomorphic adenoma is a rare condition that occurs in patients with a prior history of pleomorphic adenoma of the salivary glands. Metastases to the kidney are extremely rare, and, to the best of our knowledge, their imaging appearance on multiple cross-sectional imaging modalities has not been described. We present a solitary metastasis to the kidney in a 40-year-old woman. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated a 2.4 cm, well-marginated, enhancing mass that protruded into the renal sinus fat. Findings were indistinguishable from a primary renal malignancy. Prior history is crucial in suggesting the correct diagnosis.
Three-Dimensional Visualization of Multi-Phase (Oil/Gas/Hydrate) Plumes

Abstract Visualization of multi-phase jets and plumes is a relatively new subject. Discussions on how to visualize them have not been seen elsewhere. Multi-phase jets and plumes (e.g. a plume from a deep water blowout that consist of a mixture of oil, gas, and gas hydrates) undergo phase changes during the transport of fluids up the water column. Effectively visualizing all the pertinent jet or plume information in such a case is a challenge. This paper presents new and innovative ways of visualizing the fate of a multi-phase plume including how the phase changes occur. A comprehensive deep water blowout model is used to provide the input to the visualization program. The model is briefly described in Appendix A and the model details are available in other published papers. The visualizations make it easier for the engineers as well as emergency response and other non-technical personnel to understand what happens to oil and gas when released from deep water. The paper also provides essential pseudo code for key algorithms