cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Quantum Mechanical Hamiltonian for the Linear Polyatomic Molecule Treated as a Limiting Case of the Non-Linear Polyatomic Molecule

The quantum mechanical Hamiltonian for a general triatomic molecule is derived by the method of Wilson and Howard. It is pointed out that the corresponding wave equation does not lend itself to an exact solution and that the actual Hamiltonian must be replaced by its expansion. When the Hamiltonian is expanded on the basis that the displacement of the particles from equilibrium is small compared to the equilibrium positions of the particles (as is legitimate in the non-linear case) the results of Shaffer and Nielsen are obtained. In the case of linear X${\mathrm{Y}}_{2}$ molecules the equilibrium value of the moment of inertia ${I}_{\mathrm{zz}}^{(e)}=0$ so that the displacements of the particles normal to the axis $z$ must be considered large compared to the values of equilibrium coordinates $x_{i}^{0}$ and $y_{i}^{0}$ of the nuclei. If the molecule is considered as very nearly linear indeed and the Hamiltonian is expanded on the hypothesis that $\ensuremath{\mu}{q}^{2}\ensuremath{\gg}{I}_{\mathrm{zz}}^{(e)}$, $\ensuremath{\mu}$ being the reduced mass and $q$ being the normal coordinate, the results of Dennison for the linear X${\mathrm{Y}}_{2}$ molecular model are approached asymptotically as ${I}_{\mathrm{zz}}^{(e)}$ approaches zero.
PCR amplification of up to 35-kb DNA with high fidelity and high yield from lambda bacteriophage templates

Abstract A target length limitation to PCR amplification of DNA has been identified and addressed. Concomitantly, the base-pair fidelity, the ability to use PCR products as primers, and the maximum yield of target fragment were increased. These improvements were achieved by the combination of a high level of an exonuclease-free, N-terminal deletion mutant of Taq DNA polymerase, Klentaq1, with a very low level of a thermostable DNA polymerase exhibiting a 3'-exonuclease activity (Pfu, Vent, or Deep Vent). At least 35 kb can be amplified to high yields from 1 ng of lambda DNA template.
Hyalinea baltica and the Plio-Pleistocene Boundary in the Caribbean Sea

The foraminifer Hyalinea baltica is found for the first time in sediments from the western Caribbean Sea. Its relationship to the Plio-Pleistocene boundary and to other criteria used to define this boundary is examined, with the result that a strict adherence to the classical definition is urged.
Lower extremity neuromuscular compensations during instrumented single leg hop testing 2-10 years following ACL reconstruction.

Abstract Background This study compared lower extremity EMG activation and sagittal plane kinematics of subjects at a minimum of 2 years post-successful ACL reconstruction and rehabilitation during instrumented single leg hop testing. Methods Comparisons were made based on subject responses to the following question, “compared to prior to your knee injury how capable are you now in performing sports activities”? Group 1 = very capable, Group 2 = capable, and Group 3 = not capable. In addition to EMG (1000 Hz) and kinematic (60 Hz) data, subjective knee function, internal health locus of control, sports activity characteristics (intensity, frequency) pre-knee injury, and at follow-up were also compared. Results Group 3 had lower perceived knee function, decreased perceived sports intensity, and more subjects with decreased sports activity intensity by two levels compared to pre-injury values. Perceived function scores, anterior laxity measurements and grades were similar between groups. During single leg hop propulsion and landing Group 1 (very capable) had greater involved lower extremity gluteus maximus and medial hamstring activation amplitudes than Group 3 (not capable). Perceived sports capability was related to better subjective knee function, and higher perceived sports activity intensity. Conclusion Neuromuscular compensations suggesting a hip bias with increased gluteus maximus and medial hamstring activation were identified at the involved lower extremity among most subjects who perceived high perceived sports capability compared to pre-injury status. These compensations may be related to a permanent neurosensory deficit, and its influence on afferent pathway changes that influence CNS sensorimotor re-organization.
THE ROLE OF POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES IN THE INITIATION AND CESSATION OF THE ARTHUS VASCULITIS

The role of polymorphs in the Arthus type hypersensitivity vasculitis has been studied. Polymorphs were found to play an essential role in not only producing the inflammatory vasculitis, but also were instrumental in ridding the damaged vessel of the antigen, probably by means of proteolytic catabolism at the inflammatory site. A temporal relationship between the disappearance of antigen from the damaged vessels and a decrease in inflammatory reaction was found. The earliest localization of antigen and its associated rabbit globulin in the Arthus vasculitis was found to be beneath the endothelium of small vessels. Since submitting this article for publication, Sorkin and Boyden (J. Immunol., 1959, 82, 332) have reported the catabolism of antigen in the presence of antibody by mononuclear cells obtained from the peritoneal cavities of guinea pigs. Evidence was presented indicating that the antigen molecule was actually broken down by the mononuclear cells. Techniques similar to those reported here were used.
Morphology-property relationships in polycarbonate-based blends. I. Modulus

Abstract The tensile, dynamic mechanical and morphological properties of PC/HDPE, PC/LDPE and PC/PS blends have been investigated with the intent of clarifying the major factors governing the modulus of these essentially incompatible blends. Scanning electron microscopy shows that all of the PC/HDPE, PC/LDPE and PC/PS blends have a domain structure whose morphology is strongly dependent on the concentration of the dispersed phase; when the dispersed phase concentration is less than 15%, the domains are mostly of spherical shape, while above 20% agglomeration takes place to form rodlike structures. Dynamic mechanical data shows there is essentially no adhesion at the PC-HDPE and PC-LDPE boundaries, while there is appreciable adhesion at the PC-PS interface. The existence of an intermixed zone was postulated to explain this interfacial adhesion. Morphological and thermal analysis results also indicate that both the HDPE and LDPE inclusions are loosely sitting in the holes in the PC matrix while the PS inclu...
Teaching lexical bundles in the disciplines: An example from a writing intensive history class

Abstract Researchers and instructors have been interested in the investigation and teaching of formulaic sequences for the past four decades. In academic writing, for example, these expressions are extremely frequent in the production of published authors in academic disciplines but rarely used by university students. The present study focused on the teaching of a special type of recurrent word combinations called lexical bundles to a group of university students in a writing-intensive history class. Pre- and post-instruction analyses were conducted on students’ class assignments in order to identify the use of these lexical bundles. In addition, alterative expressions used with functions similar to those of these bundles were analyzed in students’ final written production for the course. The findings of the study reflected no difference between pre- and post-instruction production of lexical bundles but they indicated an increase in students’ awareness of and interest in these expressions.
Computer simulation of the round notched tension test of cox and low

The stress and strain rate in a circumferentially notched tensile bar with an OD ten times the root radius was calculated using the HEMP computer program. The location of the maximum principal stress and mean stress shifts from near the notch toward the axis of symmetry as the specimen is strained. (FS)
Effect of Contact Residual Stress Relaxation on Fracture Strength of Indented Soda‐Lime Glass

The strength of Vickers-indented soda-lime glass measured in air at room temperature steadily increases with time after indentation, whereas optical retardation steadily decreases in the same interval. Annealing after indentation causes further strength increase and retardation decrease. The results are consistent with Marshall and Lawn's treatment of the slow crack growth of indentation flaws driven by the combined influence of residual contact stress and applied stress. Post-indentation strengthening of indentation flaws can be explained without recourse to flaw blunting.
Risking Gas Warfare: Imperceptible Death and the Future of War in Weimar Culture and Literature

This essay examines how the anticipation of future warfare shaped the interwar period and led to the emergence of a literature of risk in Weimar culture. Having witnessed the introduction of air power and chemical warfare during the First World War, a broad European consensus held that unannounced aerial gassings of cities would decide the next war. After examining how the war scenarios of military strategists placed societies into an unprecedented risk situation, the essay rereads works by Benjamin, Doblin, Canetti, and Jahnn, and argues that their writings present the most thorough attempts to understand and represent the new temporality and spatiality that accompanied the omnipresent threat of a war of perception-defying weapons of mass destruction. Offering a new prospective reading of Weimar literature, the essay proposes that these writings gain a renewed relevance for contemporary efforts to rethink risk and society today.
The ‘Historical-investigative’ approach to teaching science

The paper describes the author's experience in using the history of science in teaching physics to science teachers. It was found that history becomes more useful to teachers when explicitly combined with ‘investigative’ experimentation, which, in turn, can benefit from various uses of the history of science.
McTaggart's paradox and Smith's tensed theory of time

Since McTaggart first proposed his paradox asserting the unreality of time, numerous philosophers have attempted to defend the tensed theory of time against it. Certainly, one of the most highly developed and original is that put forth by Quentin Smith. Through discussing McTaggart's positive conception of time as well as his negative attack on its reality, I hope to clarify the dispute between those who believe in the existence of the transitory temporal properties of pastness, presentness and futurity, and those who deny their existence. We shall see that the debate centers around the ontological status of succession and the B-relations of earlier and later. I shall argue that Smith's tensed theory fails because he cannot account for the sense in which events have their tensed properties successively, and he cannot account for the direction of time.
Evidence for somatic gene conversion and deletion in bipolar disorder, Crohn's disease, coronary artery disease, hypertension, rheumatoid arthritis, type-1 diabetes, and type-2 diabetes

During gene conversion, genetic information is transferred unidirectionally between highly homologous but non-allelic regions of DNA. While germ-line gene conversion has been implicated in the pathogenesis of some diseases, somatic gene conversion has remained technically difficult to investigate on a large scale. A novel analysis technique is proposed for detecting the signature of somatic gene conversion from SNP microarray data. The Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium has gathered SNP microarray data for two control populations and cohorts for bipolar disorder (BD), cardiovascular disease (CAD), Crohn's disease (CD), hypertension (HT), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), type-1 diabetes (T1D) and type-2 diabetes (T2D). Using the new analysis technique, the seven disease cohorts are analyzed to identify cohort-specific SNPs at which conversion is predicted. The quality of the predictions is assessed by identifying known disease associations for genes in the homologous duplicons, and comparing the frequency of such associations with background rates. Of 28 disease/locus pairs meeting stringent conditions, 22 show various degrees of disease association, compared with only 8 of 70 in a mock study designed to measure the background association rate (P < 10-9). Additional candidate genes are identified using less stringent filtering conditions. In some cases, somatic deletions appear likely. RA has a distinctive pattern of events relative to other diseases. Similarities in patterns are apparent between BD and HT. The associations derived represent the first evidence that somatic gene conversion could be a significant causative factor in each of the seven diseases. The specific genes provide potential insights about disease mechanisms, and are strong candidates for further study. Please see Commentary: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1741-7015/9/13/abstract .
Application of the single pellet reactor for direct mass transfer studies: II. Measurement of composition at center of catalyst pellet

Abstract A reactor has been designed for measuring simultaneously the bulk reaction rate and the composition at the center of a single catalyst pellet. The hydrogenolysis of cyclopropane on an alumina-supported platinum catalyst is studied. The effective diffusivity calculated from these kinetic experiments is found to be identical with the value predicted from physical measurements on the same pellet for catalysts of uniform activity. For catalysts having nonuniform activity the “kinetic” diffusivity was found to be 25% below the “physical” values.
The case of Bradley Manning: state victimization, realpolitik and WikiLeaks

While the case of WikiLeaks release of classified documents and its founder, Julian Assange, has garnered much popular attention, the formal social control reactions to the alleged involvement of Private First Class Bradley Manning has remained, relatively glaringly absent from the media, public and political discussions. Moreover, while scant criminological attention has been given to the extradition of Assange on sexual charges and the situation of WikiLeaks, there has been no analysis of the control mechanisms that were placed on Manning in an effort to cease the release of US documents and his activity as a whistle-blower. This examination fills this void by adding to the literature on states’ responses to whistle-blowers by highlighting states’ mechanisms including retaliation and redirection to obscure its criminality as well the theoretical framework of realpolitik. While realpolitik has been used previously to explain motivations for state crime, it has not been applied as an explanation for the i...
Spontaneous Rupture of a Noninfected Urachal Cyst

Spontaneous rupture of a noninfected, asymptomatic urachal cyst has not been previously reported. Thus, the following case report is of interest.
Fifty years in the shadow of the bomb

The world is still sharply divided over Hiroshima and Nagasaki. But we have since created a tradition of non-use of nuclear weapons that is a much better guide for the future than were those fateful bombings 50 years ago.
Spice Extracts, Lauricidin, and Propylene Glycol as Inhibitors of Clostridium botulinum in Turkey Frankfurter Slurries

Abstract Substitutes for nitrites were used in turkey frankfurter slurries to determine their effectiveness at inhibiting Clostridium botulinum. Spice extracts of mace, bay leaf, nutmeg, white pepper, and black pepper were tested. A solution of Lauricidin in distilled water and a solution of Lauricidin in propylene glycol were also tested. Botulinal inhibition was achieved using a 5% solution of Lauricidin-propylene glycol resulting in further testing of different levels of propylene glycol alone or in combination with lowered levels of sodium nitrite. Spice extracts of mace (31 ppm), bay leaf (125 ppm), and nutmeg (125 ppm) effectively inhibited C. botulinum toxin production. Propylene glycol at the 6.2% level, in combination with 31 ppm sodium nitrite, and 9.1% propylene glycol, in combination with 24 ppm sodium nitrite, proved to be effective inhibitors of C. botulinum in turkey frankfurter slurries.
Momentum density of hcp 4 He

The momentum density of the quantum solid hcp $^{4}\mathrm{He}$ has been measured at 1.70 K at the molar volumes 18.20 and 19.45 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{3}$. The measurements were made with pulsed incident neutrons of energy 505 meV, and with momentum transfers in the range of 12 to 22.5 ${\mathrm{\AA{}}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. The momentum density is obtained from the inelastic-scattering spectrum at each of eight scattering angles. The measured distribution is Gaussian and the derived kinetic energies are larger than proposed by existing theories.
A primitive ATP receptor from the little skate Raja erinacea

P2Y ATP receptors are widely expressed in mammalian tissues and regulate a broad range of activities. Multiple subtypes of P2Y receptors have been identified and are distinguished both on a molecular basis and by pharmacologic substrate preference. Functional evidence suggests that hepatocytes from the little skate Raja erinacea express a primitive P2Y ATP receptor lacking pharmacologic selectivity, so we cloned and characterized this receptor. Skate hepatocyte cDNA was amplified with degenerate oligonucleotide probes designed to identify known P2Y subtypes. A single polymerase chain reaction product was found and used to screen a skate liver cDNA library. A 2314-base pair cDNA clone was generated that contained a 1074-base pair open reading frame encoding a 357-amino acid gene product with 61–64% similarity to P2Y1 receptors and 21–37% similarity to other P2Y receptor subtypes. Pharmacology of the putative P2Y receptor was examined using the Xenopus oocyte expression system and revealed activation by a range of nucleotides. The receptor was expressed widely in skate tissue and was expressed to a similar extent in other primitive organisms. Phylogenetic analysis suggested that this receptor is closely related to a common ancestor of the P2Y subtypes found in mammals, avians, and amphibians. Thus, the skate liver P2Y receptor functions as a primitive P2Y ATP receptor with broad pharmacologic selectivity and is related to the evolutionary forerunner of P2Y1 receptors of higher organisms. This novel receptor should provide an effective comparative model for P2Y receptor pharmacology and may improve our understanding of nucleotide specificity among the family of P2Y ATP receptors.
Dietary fat content affects energy intake and weight gain independent of diet caloric density in rats.

Recent considerations of high-fat diet hyperphagia have focused on fat's relatively high energy density as the critical variable which promotes overeating. However, a high-fat (HF) diet has been shown to enhance intake and weight gain relative to a high-carbohydrate (HC) diet when both energy density and palatability are equated [Am. J. Physiol. 269 (1995) R30]. The present studies investigated the generality of this finding across manipulations of diet caloric density, diet physical form, and chow availability. Separate groups of male rats were fed HF or HC at either 2.3 or 1.15 kcal/ml for 16 days; HF feeding enhanced weight gain relative to HC across both levels of energy density. HF hyperphagia also occurred when diets were presented in semisolid (gelled) form, and when chow was available in addition to liquid diet. These findings are consistent with previous observations that an HF diet can enhance daily kilocalorie intake and weight gain at least partly via a mechanism that is unrelated to caloric density.
Amorphous silicon thin-film transistor-based active-matrix organic light-emitting displays for medical imaging

We have developed three hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) thin-film transistors (TFTs)-based pixel electrode circuits for active-matrix organic polymer light-emitting displays (AM-OP-LEDs). Our 3- a-Si:H TFTs voltage driven pixel electrode circuits can supply a continuous output current for AM-OP-LEDs. Each pixel circuit has compensation circuits that can adjust for the OP-LED and a-Si:H TFTs electrical characteristics shift. This pixel electrode circuit fabricated in our laboratory had the driving output current level of 1.13 (mu) A that is equivalent to a pixel current density of over 20 mA/cm2. The display brightness of ~4500 cd/m2 for green light (540 nm) can be achieved with this type of pixel electrode circuits for the organic polymer light-emitting devices having an external quantum efficiency of 5%.© (2002) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The Ortega hypothesis and influential articles in American sociology

InThe Revolt of the Masses, JoseOrtega y Gasset suggests that the work of average or mediocre researchers plays a role in the advancement of science. In order to examine the “Ortega hypothesis” in sociology, lifework citations to scholars referred to in 5 of the most highly cited contemporary sociological articles are examined. The findings do not support the hypothesis. That is, few average scholars received citations to their work in these influential articles. This finding is consistent with similar analyses for physics and criminology.
Noncrossing theorem for the ground ensembles of systems with noninteger particle numbers

That the external potential ${v}_{\mathit{ext}}(\stackrel{P\vec}{r}\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}})$ of a system of electrons is determined uniquely by the ground-state density is one of the central statements of the first Hohenberg-Kohn theorem. It is known that the validity of this statement extends to densities $n(\stackrel{P\vec}{r}\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}})$ with noninteger particle number [i.e., $n(\stackrel{P\vec}{r}\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}})$ integrates to a number that is not an integer] if the functional derivative of ${T}_{s}[n(\stackrel{P\vec}{r}\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}})]+U[n(\stackrel{P\vec}{r}\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}})]+{E}_{xc}[n(\stackrel{P\vec}{r}\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}})]$ exists or (without relying on the existence of functional derivatives) if the ground-state energy is a strictly convex function of the particle number. In the present article, a proof that relies neither on the existence of the above functional derivative nor on the strict convexity of the ground-state energy is presented. The fact that the density determines the external potential leads to a noncrossing theorem for ground-state densities. The noncrossing theorem produces knowledge as to what the integer-particle-number ground-state densities of a system cannot be. The noncrossing theorem produces inequalities that the functional derivatives of the exchange-correlation energy functional ${E}_{xc}[n(\stackrel{P\vec}{r}\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}})]$ and the noninteracting kinetic energy functional ${T}_{s}[n(\stackrel{P\vec}{r}\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}})]$ must fulfill.
Vitellogenin Association and Oocytic Accumulation of Thyroxine and 3,5,3′-Triiodothyronine in Gravid Fundulus heteroclitus

The association of the thyroid hormone (TH) thyroxine (T(4)) and its metabolically active metabolite 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T(3)) with serum vitellogenin (VTG) in gravid female and estrogenized male (E2+) Fundulus heteroclitus was investigated. In in vivo, time-course experiments, sera from gravid female fish exposed to [(125)I]T(4) showed time- and dose-dependent increases in total [(125)I]TH content. The [(125)I]T(4):[(125)I]T(3) ratio was also affected by dose and time. In analysis of sera from female fish, >80% of detected radioactivity was associated with VTG (approximately 35%) and a second chromatographic peak (approximately 45%), a lipoprotein fraction possibly consisting of high-density lipoproteins. In experiments comparing estrogenized versus control male fish, the presence of VTG significantly increased the overall quantity and altered the profile of serum protein-associated [(125)I]TH. When serum VTG was present in the very large quantities typical of male fish treated with high doses of E2, the majority (59-70%) of detected radioactivity was associated with VTG. Both [(125)I]T(4) and [(125)I]T(3) were detected in extracts from oocytes collected during the in vivo female study. The total TH content and [(125)I]T(4):[(125)I]T(3) ratios in these extracts presented an accumulation profile that mirrored, in a delayed manner, the profiles observed in sera data. Furthermore, this accumulation was related to oocyte maturational state (i.e., size) and, correspondingly, VTG uptake. Together, these data suggest an important role for VTG as a vector of maternal transfer for both T(4) and T(3).
Reversible delay of normal development of frog embryos by inhibition of DNA synthesis

Demembranated gastrulae that had been cultured in 0.05% cytosine arabinoside for a day and subsequently cultured in a saline medium, experienced a delay (1–2 days) in the time at which flexure of the tail-buds first occurred. Histological sections showed these embryos to be essentially normal. Isotopic experiments revealed that cytosine arabinoside inhibited DNA synthesis, but stimulated the incorporation of C14-uridine into RNA. There was a slight inhibition of protein synthesis. The results suggest that the reversible delay in normal development during gastrulation is primarily due to the inhibition of DNA synthesis and cell division.
Stability and Power Gain of Tuned Transistor Amplifiers

The transistor is a nonunilateral device which, if appropriately terminated, can become unstable at frequencies where its "internal feedback" is sufficiently large. At such frequencies, the maximum power gain is infinite and the transistor may oscillate. This paper discusses the maximum power gain realizable as a function of a required degree of stability. A "stability factor" is defined in terms of the transistor parameters and terminations (the admittance matrix is used as an example, but the approach is analogous using other representations). The maximum stable power gain of an isolated amplifier stage and the terminating admittances required for the realization of this maximum power gain are then computed as functions of the stability factor. The computations are extended to include bandwidth requirements and limitations. (It is found that, although bandwidth requirements may impose limitations on the power gain, there is no simple relationship tying together bandwidth and power gain.) The treatment of multistage amplifiers is outlined with the conclusion that the gain realizable in an n-stage amplifier is smaller than n times the gain of a one-stage amplifier having the same stability factor as the stages of the n-stage amplifier. The respective advantages of different representations for different circuit configurations are discussed. In an appendix, the theoretical considerations are applied to tuned transistor amplifiers in common-emitter and common-base configurations. The stability factor is related to the tolerances in transistor parameters and terminating impedances. Examples are given for the maximum realizable stable gain as function of parameter tolerances.
Electron dynamics in charged wet TiO2 anatase (001) surface functionalised by ruthenium ions

The surface of charged wet TiO2 anatase (001) functionalised by ruthenium ion at ambient temperatures is studied by computational modelling. Response of this model to photoexcitations at ambient temperatures is explored with the Redfield density matrix equation of motion on the basis of Kohn–Sham orbitals. The parameters of the Redfield equation are on-the-fly non-adiabatic couplings for electronic degrees of freedom obtained along the ab initio molecular dynamics nuclear trajectories. The main results in this study are the following: (1) optical properties of the doped models such as light absorption intensity and transition energies can be tuned by modifying total charge; (2) electron and hole relaxation rates depend on the initial excitation; and (3) in the doped model, excitations of lower energy provide quicker relaxation. Results of computational modelling would benefit understanding of the mechanism of electron transfer processes on the surface of ruthenium-doped TiO2.
Creating Authentic Sport Experiences for Individuals with Disabilities

Despite the numerous benefits associated with sport participation in individuals with disabilities, many barriers still exist that limit participation. The purpose of this editorial is to provide recommendations for addressing and eliminating the disparities that still exist, so that all individuals with disabilities can have equal access to quality sports programming.
Degree-of-interest trees: a component of an attention-reactive user interface

This paper proposes Degree-of-Interest trees. These trees use degree-of-interest calculations and focus+context visualization methods, together with bounding constraints, to fit within pre-established bounds. The method is an instance of an emerging "attention-reactive" user interface whose components are designed to snap together in bounded spaces.
Measuring continued attachment to parents: The Continued Attachment Scale—Parent version.

Continued attachment to parents has correlated with measures of adjustment in both school and peer situations at least through the transition to college. The measurement of parental attachment has relied primarily on self-reports of the quality of the parental relationship in terms of support, encouragement, autonomy, and dependency. Bowlby's original theory and research relied more on reactions to separation, which Berman called “attachment distress” in adults. The present study examined the psychometric properties of the Continued Attachment Scale—Parent version which measures cognitive and emotional responses to the perceived separation from parents. Data from 216 college students were collected on the scale as well as several scales selected to evaluate convergent and construct validities. The scale showed good reliability. Scores were highly correlated with attachment scale scores that measure support, encouragement, and closeness. Correlations with measures of emotional state and personality differe...
Influence of the Grinding Wheel in the Ductile Grinding of Brittle Materials: Development and Verification of Kinematic Based Model

Empirical evidence has shown that grinding wheel characteristics significantly affect performance in the grinding of brittle materials. In this research a grit depth of cut model was developed based on a kinematic simulation of the grinding process. The model describes the relationships between grinding wheel parameters (grit size, concentration, binder modulus) and chip thickness and area. It was corroborated by the measurement of number of cutting grits in tests using a fly wheel with small abrasive area. Based on this grit depth of cut model, the critical depth of cut model for the grinding of brittle materials was modified to include wheel parameter effects. The new critical depth of cut model was tested using crossfeed experiments. Although the theoretical and experimental results show less agreement than for the grit depth of cut model, the model equations provide guidelines for choosing wheel specifications.
Dynamic shear response of hard versus soft magnetic magnetoactive elastomers

This work uses dynamic shearing experiments to examine S- (soft magnetic) and H- (hard magnetic) magnetoactive elastomers of four different types. The aligned materials had larger shear stiffness, and all materials but the unaligned H material displayed increased stiffness with magnetic field. All four types showed generally the same damping ratio with no strong trends across material types. We discuss these results in terms of shearing forces arising due to magnetic torques.
Subregion-specific differences in hippocampal activity between Delay and Trace fear conditioning: an immunohistochemical analysis.

Abstract Lesions of the hippocampus attenuate acquisition of the tone–shock contingency in Trace, but not in Delay fear conditioning. These findings suggest that hippocampal regions are differentially involved in these two forms of fear conditioning. The present study was aimed at testing the hypothesis that hippocampal neurons are differentially activated during acquisition and retrieval of Delay versus Trace fear conditioning. Male C57BL/6J mice were exposed to eight tone–shock pairings (in Trace conditioning the shock came 30 s after the tone), and tested for immobility upon reexposure to contextual stimuli or to one tone presentation. Ten brain regions were analyzed by immunohistochemistry for inducible transcription factors (ITF) c-Fos and Zif268 1.5 h after training, context test or tone test. Acquisition of both Delay and Trace fear conditioning produced significant induction of c-Fos in the majority of brain regions analyzed compared to naive control animals. Importantly, Delay fear conditioning caused a higher increase of c-Fos expression in the CA3 region of the hippocampus compared to Trace-trained animals. After cue reexposure, Zif268 levels in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus were higher in Trace-conditioned than in Delay-conditioned animals. In addition, reexposure-related c-Fos expression in the anterior cingulate cortex was significantly higher in Delay-conditioned animals than in Trace-conditioned animals. The present study confirms differential activation of hippocampal subregions in Delay and Trace fear conditioning.
Balance Theory with Incomplete Awareness

In this paper, we reformulate balance theory by allowing actors to possess incomplete awareness of the evaluations held by other actors, and by adopting balance closure (modified to allow incomplete awareness) as an equilibrium concept. Our treatment highlights psychological mechanisms, maintains a clear distinction between actors and objects, emphasizes the effects of self-awareness and self-evaluations of actors, and permits actors to hold ambivalent (simultaneously positive and negative) evaluations. Our analysis extends previous results linking the imbalance of a signed graph to ambivalence in its balance closure and reveals that an actor's “indirect awareness” of imbalance is necessary but not sufficient for that actor's ambivalence in the balance closure.
Presenting research: Effective paper presentations and impressive poster presentations

Abstract From the very first nursing research course, nurses are taught the significance of sharing the findings of research. Dissemination of findings is the last step of the research process, and typically, methods for publishing findings are included in course content. Obviously, the process of writing is involved. The literature is full of descriptions about writing for publication; however, for many nurses writing is an insurmountable task (King, Barnard, & Hoehn, 1981; Teel, 1990). There are other ways to share research findings. Two additional methods are the oral paper and the poster presentation. These are legitimate methods for presenting research findings. In this article, guidelines for preparing an oral presentation and a poster presentation are outlined. However, one must first understand the importance of sharing research findings.
Immune responses to the cleavage-associated neoantigens of fibrinogen in man. Identification and characterization of humoral antibodies specific for cleavage fragments.

Cleavage of human fibrinogen and fibrin by plasmin is associated with modification of native antigenic expression and the exposure of cleavage-associated neoantigenic sites on the derivative molecular fragments. In this study, the presence of humoral antibodies in man to cleavage-associated neoantigens has been demonstrated by primary antigen binding radioimmunochemical assays. Specific binding of radioiodinated human fibrinogen D fragment by serum immunoglobulins was demonstrated in 52 of 59 random normal human sera and was independent of immunoglobulin concentration. Binding was mediated by F (ab)2 fragments of IgG, and specificity for neoantigens was indicated by the capacity of the D fragment but not native fibrinogen to competitively inhibit the antibody. The population distribution of antibody to these cleavage-associated neoantigens indicated the presence of a major group of individuals (77%) with a mean antigen binding capacity of 11.8 pmol/ml serum. Two minor populations with : (a) low or undetectable binding capacities (less than 6.0 pmol/ml serum) and (b) exhibiting markedly elevated binding capacities (less 18.0 pmol/ml serum) were delineated. Independent of these features, sera could also be readily separated into two groups that differed with respect to relative antibody affinity. The antibodies in most sera exhibited marked heterogeneity of binding affinity, whereas a small group of sera contained antibodies exhibiting relative homogeneity of binding affinity. Specific antibody was rather equally distributed between the major immunoglobulin classes, and in no serum was the antibody restricted to a single immunoglobulin class. Antibodies capable of binding fibrinogen fragments X, Y, and D and fibrin D fragment were detected in most sera. The quantity of antibody differed for different fragments with X greater than Y congruent to D greater than fibrin D. The presence of antibody capable of binding any single fragment was statistically correlated with the presence of antibody capable of binding other cleavage fragments. No antibody to the E fragment was detected. Antibody to cleavage fragments was not demonstrable in sera containing fibrinogen or fibrin cleavage fragments. Demonstration of this humoral immune response to the products of the fibrinolytic systems provides a new interface between the coagulation and immune system.
Ultrastructure of the apocrine‐sebaceous anal scent gland of the woodchuck, Marmota monax: Evidence for apocrine and merocrine secretion by a single cell type

Light and electron microscope studies of the woodchuck anal scent gland revealed that it is composed of apocrine and sebaceous components emptying into a common duct. In the apocrine acini, the single secretory cell type showed evidence of both merocrine and apocrine secretion. Merocrine secretion resulted in the release of the contents of apical secretory granules while apocrine secretion released apical caps of cytoplasm by a process involving the following: (1) formation of an apical cap, usually containing no organelles or secretory granules; (2) appearance of a single row of flattened vesicles forming an incomplete barrier between the apical cap and the remaining cell cytoplasm; and (3) fusion between vesicles and plasmalemma, causing progressive constriction of the neck of the apical cap and eventual cap release. Since both merocrine and apocrine secretory processes have been reported in three other types of apocrine glands, it is likely that the occurrence of both processes in a single cell is a general characteristic of apocrine cells. Several features apparently unique to these particular apocrine cells were observed, including secretory granules of a single morphological type and a population of small dense-cored basal vesicles of unknown function. Therefore, it would appear that, just as with merocrine cells, apocrine cells from different types of glands also have distinctive morphologies which probably reflect real differences in their functions and products.
EXTERNAL SYSTEM MODELING FOR POWER TRANSMISSION SYSTEM HARMONIC ANALYSIS USING THE BILINEAR THEOREM

A method is proposed which easily and accurately determines the relative importance of external system equivalents on the harmonic impedance of a transmission network. Oversimplifications of external systems cause errors in transfer impedance for harmonic analysis. The bilinear theorem provides an economical and accurate method of determining the appropriate locations for network simplification. This method needs three system constants to be computed and then changes in transfer impedance due to variations in equivalent impedance of external system can be checked without extensive network solutions. Using this technique, we can also fix the errors bounds and reduce the high error range of the equivalent impedance. This method permits the modeling of larger transmission systems with a known accuracy for harmonic analysis, filter designs and switching studies
Peer Victimization and Depressive Symptoms: Role of Peers and Parent–Child Relationship

The purpose of this study was to investigate the moderating role of parental and peer support and gender differences in the association between peer victimization forms and depressive symptoms. The sample included 261 youths (ages 10–14). Physical victimization rates were higher for boys, whereas girls reported higher emotional victimization experiences and higher peer support. Regardless of gender, a significant moderation effect indicated that physical victimization was significantly related to depressive symptoms among youths with lower peer support. There were significant main effects of parental and peer support for both genders. The findings contribute to the literature regarding the effects of peer victimization on mental health by illustrating the protective role of peer support against depressive symptoms.
Instrumentation of the osteoporotic spine: biomechanical and clinical considerations

Abstract Background context Osteoporosis is a major health-care problem that is increasing in magnitude with the aging population. Such patients are more prone to develop painful and debilitating spinal deformities but are difficult to treat. Currently, no definitive treatment algorithm has been established. Purpose To review the failure modes of instrumentation and novel surgical treatments of spinal deformities in patients with osteoporosis with the goal of improving surgical care. Study design/setting Review article. Methods We systematically searched PubMed for articles regarding instrumentation failure modes and surgical treatments of spinal deformities in patients with osteoporosis and summarized current treatment options. Results The surgical treatment options are severely limited because of the tendency for instrument failure secondary to pullout and subsidence, leading to revision procedures; multiple levels and multiple fixation points are recommended to minimize the risk. The literature supports the use of vertebroplasty in conjunction with pedicle screw–based instrumentation for treating more severe spinal deformities. Other techniques and modifications with evidence of reduced failure risk are bicortical screws, hydroxyapatite coatings, double screws, and expandable screws. Anterior approaches may provide another avenue of treatment, but only a few studies have been conducted on these implants in patients with osteoporosis. Conclusions Spinal deformities in patients with osteoporosis are difficult to treat because of their debilitating and progressive nature. Novel surgical approaches and instruments have been designed to decrease construct failures in this patient population by reducing implant pullout, subsidence, and incidence of revision surgery. The success of these techniques depends on integrating biomaterial, biologic, and biomechanical aspects with clinical considerations. Synthesizing this myriad of aspects will lead to improved treatment options for patients with osteoporosis who are suffering from spinal deformities.
PIEZOELECTRIC COMPOSITES AS BENDER ACTUATORS

ABSTRACT Lead Zirconate Titanate, PZT, layered into a composite with different materials, produces pre-stressed, curved, devices capable of enhanced displacement. This study focuses on Thunder and Lipca which are built using different combinations of constituent materials. Thunder devices consist of layers of aluminum, PZT, and stainless steel bonded with a hot-melt adhesive. Lipca devices consist of carbon and fiberglass layers with a PZT layer sandwiched in between them. Measuring out-of-plane displacement under load as a function of temperature is used to evaluate field-dependent stiffness. Results show that Lipca devices have higher stiffness than Thunder at 24°C, but lower at other temperatures.
Teaching music to students with autism

Hammel and Hourigan provide a comprehensive text for music teachers and music teacher educators with an overarching theme of advocacy for inclusive music classrooms. The authors delineate key chara...
A two-layer spreading code scheme for dual-rate DS-CDMA systems

This letter considers multiuser detection in variable-spreading-length multi-rate direct-sequence code-division multiple-access systems. A two-layer spreading (TLS) code scheme is proposed which facilitates the low-complexity adaptive implementation of linear minimum mean-square error multiuser receivers in a dual-rate system. It is demonstrated via large system analysis and simulation that imposing a TLS structure does not incur loss in terms of the output signal-to-interference ratio performance.
UAV Communications: Integrating a Real-World Scenario with Computer Architecture

A challenge facing many educators is providing assignments in a realistic context that achieve the specified learning objectives. Integrating real-world scenarios in one's curriculum can be challenging. We present a new integrated exercise sequence using unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) involving both assembly language and high-level language software development. During this sequence, our sophomore students at the U.S. Air Force Academy (USAFA) implement a communications packet-based protocol for a simulated UAV system. The first exercise is an introduction to assembly language programming, involving user input/output and integer-based instructions. The second exercise adds the use of assembly language floating point instructions. To simulate radio transmission of data from the UAV to a ground control station (GCS), the third exercise introduces command-line pipes. The GCS is implemented in a high-level-language and consists primarily of an IEEE 754 software multiplier. Memory traces from these three exercises are used during their final team project, implementing a visual cache simulator. This new UAV-based computer architecture assignment meets an institutional goal of having career-related assignments in each course. Our institution has a strong inter-disciplinary UAV research group, which a member of our department directs and from which this sequence is derived. This sequence prepares students for the senior-year UAV-based software engineering capstone
Implementation and assessment of Cognitive Load Theory (CLT) based questions in an electronic homework and testing system

To a first approximation, human memory is divided into two parts, short-term and long-term. Cognitive Load Theory (CLT) attempts to minimize the short-term memory load while maximizing the memory available for transferring knowledge from short-term to long-term memory. According to CLT there are three types of load, intrinsic, extraneous, and germane. Our implementation of CLT components into our electronic homework system, JExam, attempts to minimize intrinsic and extraneous load by breaking down multistep problems into smaller, individual steps for the students. Using the static fading approach over several questions, students weave all the steps together to solve the entire problem. Using Item Response Theory (IRT) abilities, we compared the performance of students utilizing the CLT static fading approach to that of students without the CLT components. On seven out of eight topics, students exposed to CLT component homework questions scored higher on subsequent test questions related to that topic than those not exposed to CLT. In four out of the eight cases, students exposed to CLT based homework problems improved their chances of correctly answering related test questions by greater than 10%. Though there exists a large time commitment in producing CLT based homework problems, this study suggests that the reward, in terms of student performance, is well worth the investment.