cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Network management of cognitive radio ad hoc networks

In this paper, we examine the problem of network management for cognitive radio ad hoc networks. (CRAHNs). A cognitive radio (CR) is an intelligent wireless communications device based on software defined radio that is aware of its environment and can adapt to variations to its inputs. Cognitive radio ad hoc networks are distinguished from other wireless networks by their distributed multi-hop architecture and dynamic spectrum access, which introduce many challenges in managing such networks. Whereas traditional network management systems typically monitor and report certain network parameters for potential operator intervention, the Cognitive Network Management Protocol (CNMP) is proposed to provide a framework to acquire, predict, verify and autonomously act on network information to essentially learn and respond to network behavior to meet Quality of Service commitments and user-specific needs within CRAHNs. In this paper, a literature review is given where we describe the areas of classic network management and how the management of CR ad hoc networks is different from the traditional management areas for wireline/wireless networks. The three basic management architecture types are then outlined and the discussion proceeds to overview several relevant network management protocols. Then the proposed framework of cognitive radio network management is introduced and discussed.
New isoflavones from the genus Baptisia (leguminosae)

Abstract 6-Hydroxygenistein and its 7-O-rhamnosylglucoside have been isolated from Baptisia hirsuta, and 7,3′-dihydroxy-4′-methoxyisoflavone (calycosin), its 7-O-β- D -glucoside and 7-O-rhamnosylglucoside, have been isolated from B. lecontei. All are new natural products. 6-Hydroxygenistein and calycosin are the probable precursors of a number of known naturally occurring isoflavones.
Finding Neural Codes Using Random Projections

Abstract A powerful approach to studying how information is transmitted in basic neural systems is based on finding stimulus–response classes that optimize the mutual information shared between the classes. The problem can be formally described in terms of finding a optimal quantization ( A , B ) of a large discrete joint ( X , Y ) distribution and various algorithms have been developed for this purpose. Recently, it has been proved that finding the optimal such quantization is NP-complete (optimal mutual information quantization is NP-complete, Neural information coding indicating that exact solutions may be computationally infeasible to find in some circumstances. We have developed a new randomized algorithm to solve the joint quantization problem. Under assumptions about the underlying ( X , Y ) distribution, we prove that this algorithm converges to the “true” optimal quantization with high probability that can be increased by performing additional random trials.
The WIRED Survey. I. A Bright IR Excess Due to Dust Around the Heavily Polluted White Dwarf Galex J193156.8+011745

With the launch of the Wide-Field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE), a new era of detecting planetary debris around white dwarfs (WDs) has begun with the WISE InfraRed Excesses around Degenerates (WIRED) Survey. The WIRED survey will be sensitive to substellar objects and dusty debris around WDs out to distances exceeding 100 pc, well beyond the completeness level of local WDs and covering a large fraction of known WDs detected with the SDSS DR4 WD catalog. In this paper, we report an initial result of the WIRED survey, the detection of the heavily polluted hydrogen WD (spectral type DAZ) GALEX J193156.8+011745 at 3.35 and 4.6 μm. We find that the excess is consistent with either a narrow dusty ring with an inner radius of 29 RWD, outer radius of 40 RWD, and a face-on inclination, or a disk with an inclination of 70◦, an inner radius of 23 RWD, and an outer radius of 80 RWD. We also report initial optical spectroscopic monitoring of several metal lines present in the photosphere and find no variability in the line strengths or radial velocities of the lines. We rule out all but planetary mass companions to GALEX1931 out to 0.5 AU.
Significance of the coupling between saturation vapour pressure deficit and rainfall in monsoon climates.

In monsoon climates, the mean daytime saturation vapour pressure deficit (D), measured at screen height, decreases from a maximum of 3–4 kPa attained several months before rain arrives to a minimum of 0.5–1 kPa in the month of highest rainfall. Climatic records from India and West Africa were analysed to give the relation between D and precipitation (P mm month −1 ) as: where n ranged from 0.5 to 0.9 between stations. The dependence of dry matter production on D and therefore on P is evaluated when growth is restricted by rain and when this restriction is removed by irrigation. In the first case, the decrease in demand for water associated with a decrease in D is comparable in importance with the increase of water supply (P). The analysis has implications for the marginal response of crops to supplemental irrigation and for the interpretation of experiments with a line-source or rain-shelter.
Noncontinuum Gas-Phase Heat Transfer From a Heated Microbeam to the Adjacent Substrate

Noncontinuum gas-phase heat transfer in two microscale geometries is investigated using two computational methods. The motivation is microscale thermal actuation produced by heating-induced expansion of a near-substrate microbeam in air. The first geometry involves a 1-μm microgap filled with gas and bounded by parallel solid slabs. The second geometry involves a heated I-shaped microbeam 2 μm from the adjacent substrate, with gas in between. Two computational methods are applied. The Navier-Stokes slip-jump (NSSJ) method uses continuum heat transfer in the gas, with temperature jumps at boundaries to treat noncontinuum effects. The Direct Simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) method uses computational molecules to simulate noncontinuum gas behavior accurately. For the microgap, the heat-flux values from both methods are in good agreement for all pressures and accommodation coefficients. For the microbeam, there is comparably good agreement except for cases with low pressures and near-unity accommodation coefficients. The causes of this discrepancy are discussed.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Experimental central nervous system phaeohyphomycosis following intranasal inoculation of Xylohypha bantiana in cortisone-treated mice.

Experimental central nervous system (CNS) phaeohyphomycosis was established in cortisone-treated mice following intranasal exposure to conidia of Xylohypha bantiana (Cladosporium bantianum, C. trichoides). X. bantiana was recovered from the lungs of 78% of intranasally inoculated normal mice sacrificed within the first 3 days of infection and from 15% at day 28. The fungus was not recovered from the brains of normal mice. In contrast, X. bantiana was recovered from only 33% of the lungs of cortisone-treated mice within the first 3 days of infection. However, the fungus was recovered from the brains of 11% of cortisone-treated mice sacrificed or dying over a 28 day period. Histologically and temporally the CNS disease in cortisone-treated, intranasally inoculated mice was consistent with hematogenous dissemination from a primary pulmonary focus.
Detailed Simulation of an Overlay Repair on a 14” Dissimilar Material Weld

In nuclear reactors, ferritic low alloy steel heavy section components are connected with austenitic stainless steel piping systems. Despite a special manufacturing procedure to ensure a good resistance of the joint, several experiences from the field confirm sensitivity to fatigue and corrosion in this type of junction. Overlay welding is a process widely used to mitigate dissimilar material weld (DMW) stress corrosion cracking by replacing inside tensile stresses by compressive stresses. Taking into account the costs generated by mock-up manufacturing, predictive Finite Element (FE) residual stress calculations are of great interest to prove the effectiveness of the overlay welding and to adjust the parameters of the process and particularly the overlay thickness. This paper presents residual stress computations performed by Framatome-ANP on a 14” pipe geometry, resembling many mid size DMW in the US. Considering 2D axisymmetric hypotheses, the analysis simulates each elementary step of the mock-up manufacturing procedure. In particular, the pass-by-pass welding simulation reproduces the deposit of each bead by thermo-metallurgical and mechanical calculations. Thanks to residual stress measurements carried out on 2 mock-ups (with/without overlay), the numerical approach has been validated and highlights the beneficial overlay effect. However, some discrepancies raise various problems: the backing ring modelling, the machining heating effect, the experimental scatter and the weld material hardening. The simulation being able to analyze the influence of an overlay layer going up to 1 time the original pipe thickness, further work on the stabilization of the residual stress fields obtained here after the deposit of 4 or 5 layers, may lead to a better adjustment of the overlay thickness and to a cut in the operation costs too.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Isomer selectivity in aquatic toxicity and biodegradation of cypermethrin.

Synthetic pyrethroids (SPs) are widely used in both agricultural and urban regions for insect control. Unlike many other pesticides, SPs are chiral compounds consisting of stereoisomers. However, occurrence of isomer selectivity in environmental processes is poorly understood for SPs. We evaluated isomer selectivity in toxicity of cypermethrin (CP) to Ceriodaphnia dubia and in its biodegradation by microbial isolates and in sediment. Among the eight enantiomers, two enantiomers (1R-cis-αS and 1R-trans-αS) were found to be toxic to C. dubia. Bacteria strains isolated from sediment selectively degraded CP diastereomers and enantiomers. The trans diastereomers were preferentially degraded over the cis diastereomers. Of the two active enantiomers, 1R-cis-αS was degraded slower, whereas 1R-trans-αS was degraded faster than the other stereoisomers. Similar isomer selectivity was observed during CP degradation in whole sediment. Since ecotoxicity is likely caused only by the biologically active enantiomers, know...
Elemental budget and rheology of the oceanic lithosphere

The compositions of the uppermost parts of subducting oceanic plates (sediments and altered crust) are relatively well known. However, the largest part of the downgoing slab, the lithospheric mantle (up to ∼10 times the thickness of the oceanic crust), is not well defined. By virtue of its size and refractory nature, this may be the subducted material with the longest lifespan within the convecting mantle; also, ancient recycled lithosphere may be a source reservoir to modern ocean island volcanism. We present results constraining the chemical compositions of the entirety of subducting tectonic plates, and discuss consequences of variations in lithospheric composition (especially water) for the rheology of subducted plates.
Transcription-based COX-2 inhibition: a therapeutic strategy.

Potent selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors are effective in controlling inflammatory disorders but are associated with cardiovascular complications.Their clinical use has been severely limited.We propose that transcription-based inhibition of COX-2 expression represents a therapeutic strategy that may circumvent the undesired complications of COX-2 inhibitors. Reported data from several laboratories including ours have identified C/EBPβ as a key transactivator mediating COX-2 transcriptional activation induced by diverse pro-inflammatory mediators. Results from our recent work show that sodium salicylate at pharmacological concentrations inhibits C/EBPβ binding to COX-2 promoter by direct inhibition of p90 ribosomal S6 kinase (RSK). RSK phosphorylates C/EBPβ and stimulates its binding to enhancer elements.We propose that RSK1/2 is a potential target for screening drugs with novel anti-inflammatory and anti-neoplastic therapeutic potentials.
A zirconium-promoted methylenation of aldehydes, ketones, and enones

Abstract Treatment of zirconocene dichloride with dibromomethane and zinc affords an organometallic intermediate which rapidly methylenates aldehydes, ketones, and enones at room temperature.
Preparation of the Novel Chelating Agent N-(2-Aminoethyl)-trans-1,2-diaminocyclohexane- N,N‘,N‘‘-pentaacetic Acid (H5CyDTPA), a Preorganized Analogue of Diethylenetriaminepentaacetic Acid (H5DTPA), and the Structures of BiIII(CyDTPA)2- and BiIII(H2DTPA) Complexes

To illustrate the usefulness of conformational preorganization in amine carboxylate ligands, synthesis of the trans-cyclohexylene backbone analogue of diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (H5DTPA), N-(2-aminoethyl)-trans-1,2-diaminocyclohexane-N,N,N‘,N‘‘,N‘‘-pentaacetic acid (H5CyDTPA), was effected. Synthesis of [guanidinium]2[Bi(CyDTPA)2-] (complex anion on left) and the uncharged complex of diprotonated DTPA5-, Bi(H2DTPA)·2H2O, were prepared and structurally characterized. Conformational preorganization is responsible for the shorter Bi−O and Bi−N bond lengths of Bi(CyDTPA)2- compared to Bi(DTPA)2-. The shorter bond lengths of Bi(CyDTPA)2- are in accord with a greater stability of an antibody-labeled derivative of Bi(CyDTPA)2- over antibody-labeled Bi(DTPA)2- in vivo. Competition of protons for ligand donor atoms leads to bond length irregularities in the structure of Bi(H2DTPA) when compared to the known structure Bi(DTPA)2-.
Deadly Force or Not? Visual and Cognitive Interpretation of Rifles and BB Guns in Crime-Scene Context

Although handguns still predominate in gun crimes, rifles are increasingly employed by perpetrators. Little is known about how rifles are visually and cognitively interpreted, or about the degree to which actual rifles can be distinguished from less-lethal or non-lethal replicas. The present research represents an initial effort in this area. Respondents were shown photographs of a realistic crime scene in which a male “assailant” aimed a long gun at a “victim.” One of three weapons was depicted for each respondent: a bolt-action rifle, a lever-action rifle, or a BB gun. Respondents were asked to make a timed “shoot/no-shoot” decision about the scene, based on assessment of threat to the “victim.” They were then asked to identify the type of weapon they had seen, and to describe features of that weapon. It was shown that rifles were identified correctly with a significantly higher frequency than was the BB gun, which was typically identified as an actual rifle or shotgun. No differences were observed between weapons in terms of recognition, correct features identified, or of excessive precision in attempted identification. However, the bolt-action rifle was correctly identified as such more frequently than was the lever-action rifle, which in turn was identified correctly more frequently than the BB gun. Most importantly, “shoot” decisions, and time to shoot, did not differ significantly between the lethal rifles and the non-lethal BB gun. This research has practical ramifications for the criminal justice system regarding the perception and cognitive processing of rifles and less- or non-lethal replicas, in the areas of eyewitness memory and of “shoot/no-shoot” decision making.
Applications of smart grid technologies on power distribution systems

Economic, political, environmental, social and technical factors have prompted the emergence of the smart grid concept. Distribution systems are arguably the element of power delivery infrastructures where smart grid technologies are likely to have the most significant impacts. The smart grid concept has driven the coordinated and integrated application of existing power, communications, control, and information technologies at distribution system level. Furthermore, it has impelled the development and implementation of new technologies, tools and approaches for optimizing the operation of distribution systems, empowering customers, and creating new products and services. Expectedly, all these factors have also contributed to the emergence of new issues and challenges. The objective of this panel is to discuss and present novel applications of smart grid technologies on power distribution systems including integration of distributed energy resources, plug-in electric vehicles, distribution automation, and distribution system optimization.
Dipoles and dementia.

Can the link between MEG dipoles and cortical activity lead to increased applications for the unique capabilities of MEG? For almost two decades magnetoencephalography (MEG) has been the stepchild of functional neuroimaging. Despite its evolution from single sensors to arrays of more than 100, with unmatched temporal resolution, the legitimacy of MEG as a clinical and research tool has been repeatedly challenged. On the one hand, neurophysiologists persistently—and appropriately—question the advantage of MEG over scalp-recorded electroencephalograms and evoked potentials when the latter are analysed by sophisticated algorithms. On the other hand, advocates of functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and positron emission tomography have disparaged MEG …
Utilizing Blackboard to provide library instruction: uploading MS Word handouts with links to course specific resources

Collaboration among three university departments resulted in a successful venture to integrate an innovative electronic element into an online course management system (Blackboard). A faculty member from the school of business and two library faculty, with assistance from the University’s Center for Information Technology, developed a unique, yet simple, method for incorporating library instruction handouts into course‐specific online classes. At the end of the semester, students were surveyed and data were collected, analyzed, and compared; the results overwhelmingly indicated that utilizing online courseware in library instruction was a useful and time saving tool for participating students. The simplicity of the method used to create these handouts lends itself to application in other areas of study, and use with online courseware other than Blackboard.
Inflammatory and autoimmune reactions in atherosclerosis and vaccine design informatics.

Atherosclerosis is the leading pathological contributor to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality worldwide. As its complex pathogenesis has been gradually unwoven, the regime of treatments and therapies has increased with still much ground to cover. Active research in the past decade has attempted to develop antiatherosclerosis vaccines with some positive results. Nevertheless, it remains to develop a vaccine against atherosclerosis with high affinity, specificity, efficiency, and minimal undesirable pathology. In this review, we explore vaccine development against atherosclerosis by interpolating a number of novel findings in the fields of vascular biology, immunology, and bioinformatics. With recent technological breakthroughs, vaccine development affords precision in specifying the nature of the desired immune response—useful when addressing a disease as complex as atherosclerosis with a manifold of inflammatory and autoimmune components. Moreover, our exploration of available bioinformatic tools for epitope-based vaccine design provides a method to avoid expenditure of excess time or resources.
Absorptive capacity: On the creation and acquisition of technology in development

Abstract Recent studies on technological transformation in developing countries emphasize that successful industrialization requires both technological information and a good understanding of its implementation. In an open economy context it is shown that the sustained gains in growth derived from a move towards an open trade regime evaporate as soon as one gives up the arguably inadequate notion of ‘technology’ as being all-inclusive. In this paper, technology is only implementable as the labor force has built up the corresponding skills. Trade liberalization disseminates new technologies and goods to the domestic economy, and has beneficial effects on the level of final output and consumption. But sustained growth gains are only forthcoming if in addition to the arrival of new technologies also skills are accumulated at a higher rate than before the regime change. I argue that this explains part of the variation in the long-run growth effects of trade liberalization in newly industrializing countries.
Diabetic nephropathy: Strategies in prevention and management

A 33-year-old man received a cadaveric renal transplant at New England Medical Center (NEMC). He first developed insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus at age 11. Over the ensuing 22 years his diabetes was complicated by diabetic retinopathy that required multiple laser photocoagulation treatments and a vitrectomy of the right eye in 1974. Peripheral neuropathy produced sensory deficits in all extremities, and he had a "silent" lateral wall myocardial infarction; he had no episodes of diabetic ketoacidosis or infection. One and one-half years earlier he had been admitted to a local hospital because of fatigue, weakness, and poorly controlled diabetes. He was reported to have renal insufficiency and hypertension at that time and was discharged after his diabetes was better controlled. Over the following year he was hospitalized 7 times for poorly controlled hypertension and congestive heart failure. Renal function progressively deteriorated, and maintenance hemodialysis was initiated 6 months before admission to NEMC. He was subsequently stable; both the diabetes and hypertension were well controlled, and the patient had no episodes of congestive heart failure or angina during thrice-weekly hemodialysis treatments of 5 hours each and while taking 40 units of NPH insulin daily, phosphate binders, and multivitamins. He did have
A deep Eastern Equatorial Pacific thermocline during the early Pliocene warm period

Abstract During the early Pliocene warm period (∼4.6–4.2 Ma) in the Eastern Equatorial Pacific upwelling region, sea surface temperatures were warm in comparison to modern conditions. Warm upwelling regions have global effects on the heat budget and atmospheric circulation, and are argued to have contributed to Pliocene warmth. Though warm upwelling regions could be explained by weak winds and/or a deep thermocline, the temporal and spatial evolution of the equatorial thermocline is poorly understood. Here we reconstruct temporal and spatial changes in subsurface temperature to monitor thermocline depth and show the thermocline was deeper during the early Pliocene warm period than it is today. We measured subsurface temperature records from Eastern Equatorial Pacific ODP transect Sites 848, 849, and 853 using Mg/Ca records from Globorotalia tumida, which has a depth habitat of ∼50–100 m. In the early Pliocene, subsurface temperatures were ∼4–5 °C warmer than modern temperatures, indicating the thermocline was relatively deep. Subsurface temperatures steeply cooled ∼2–3 °C from 4.8 to 4.0 Ma and continued to cool an additional 2–3 °C from 4.0 Ma to present. Compared to records from other regions, the data suggests the pronounced subsurface cooling between 4.8 and 4.0 Ma was a regional signal related to restriction of the Isthmus of Panama, while continued cooling from 4.0 Ma to present was likely related to global processes that changed global thermocline structure. Additionally, the spatial evolution of the equatorial thermocline along a N–S transect across ODP Sites 853, 849 and 848 suggests an intensification of the southeast trades from the Pliocene to present. Large-scale atmospheric and oceanographic circulation processes link high and low latitude climate through their influence on equatorial thermocline source water regions and consequently the equatorial thermocline. Through these low latitude/high latitude linkages, changes in the equatorial thermocline and thermocline source water played an important role in the transition from the warm Pliocene to the cold Pleistocene.
Phenytoin pharmacokinetics in critically ill trauma patients

Preliminary data have suggested that phenytoin systemic clearance may increase during initial therapy in critically ill patients. The objectives for this study were to model the time-variant phenytoin clearance and evaluate concomitant changes in protein binding and urinary metabolite elimination. Phenytoin was given as an intravenous loading dose of 15 mg/kg followed by an initial maintenance dose of 6 mg/kg/day in 10 adult critically ill trauma patients. Phenytoin bound and unbound plasma concentrations were determined in 10 patients and urinary excretion of the metabolite p-hydroxyphenyl phenylhydantoin (p-HPPH) was measured in seven patients for 7 to 14 days. A Michaelis-Menten one-compartment model incorporating a time-variant maximal velocity (Vmax) was sufficient to describe the data and superior to a conventional time-invariant Michaelis-Menten model. Vmax for the time-variant model was defined as V'max + Vmax delta (1 - e(-kindt)). Vmax infinity is the value for Vmax when t is large. The median values (ranges) for the parameters were Km = 4.8 (2.6 to 20) mg/L, Vmax infinity = 1348 (372 to 4741) mg/day, and kind = 0.0115 (0.0045 to 0.132) hr-1. Phenytoin free fraction increased in a majority of patients during the study period, with a binding ratio inversely related to albumin. Measured urinary p-HPPH data were consistent with the proposed model. A loading and constant maintenance dose of phenytoin frequently yielded a substantial, clinically significant fall in plasma concentrations with a pattern of apparently increasing clearance that may be a consequence of changes in protein binding, induction of metabolism, or the influence of stress on hepatic metabolic capacity.
Rapid convergence to optimum solutions using a Min-H strategy.

A general problem in the calculus of variations is formulated and the necessary conditions for an extremal solution given. Two iterative methods of solution based upon a strategy that minimizes the variational Hamiltonian flXMin-H Strategy) are proposed. The way in which the calculus-of-variations, steepest-ascent, and Min-H methods are related is established, and a means for including the effect of constraint violations in the Min-H process is developed. An extension of the formulation provides for control parameters as well as control variables, and allows the convergence rates of the parameters and variables to be separately specified. Feedback optimization is possible using the extended formulation. In an illustrative example, the pay load that a three-stage launch vehicle can place into a 72-hr transfer ellipse to the moon, after having passed through a parking orbit, is maximized, and convergence is shown to be both extremely rapid and sure.
Conformational Study of Oxacyclooctan-2-one by Dynamic NMR Spectroscopy and Computational Methods.

The slow-exchange 13C NMR spectrum of the eight-membered lactone, oxacyclooctan-2-one (1), at −154.2 °C shows the presence of two conformations with populations of 25.6 and 74.4%. Free-energy barri...
Atmospheric water-vapor signals in GPS data: synergies, correlations, signals and errors

Abstract I explore the statistics of integrated water-vapor (IWV) and the ability of GPS to provide information that reflects large-scale weather systems. I demonstrate that the power spectral density (PSD) is a much more robust estimator of IWV statistics than the structure function is for long time scales. I then use the PSD to investigate the IWV statistics of simulated atmospheres. I use a random walk to approximate the Kolmogorov behavior of local atmospheric turbulence. The atmospheres I simulate contain the turbulent behavior sumperimposed on systematic changes to the IWV that might be associated with the passage of fronts. I demonstrate that the PSD associated with such frontal systems might be quite similar to those for pure turbulent behavior. This result may explain why many previous studies that examined PSDs of IWV over a site concluded that the spectra was Kolmogorov. I also derive the first cross-power spectrum of IWV using GPS sites separated by ∼500 km. At this separation, the local turbulence may be assumed to have become decorrelated. I find that even this long wavelength signal consists of components at a wide range of temporal frequencies. The IWV cross power spectrum contains significant energy even at temporal frequencies of 2–4 cycles per hour.
RAD18-dependent Recruitment of SNM1A to DNA Repair Complexes by a Ubiquitin-binding Zinc Finger

SNM1A is a member of the SNM1 family of nucleases required for cellular processing of interstrand DNA crosslinks (ICLs). Little is known about the molecular function of SNM1A, in terms of its recruitment to ICL lesions or its DNA damage processing activity. Here we show that SNM1A contains a functional PIP box (PCNA-interacting protein box) and a UBZ (ubiquitin binding zinc finger), required for assembly of SNM1A into nuclear focus. Moreover, RAD18-dependent monoubiquitination of PCNA is required for Mitomycin C and Ultraviolet Light inducible SNM1A nuclear focus assembly. Taken together, our results identify a novel RAD18-PCNA(Ub)-SNM1A pathway required for nuclear focus formation and ICL resistance.
Measureme of Soiderability Performance of IC Lead/Leadfinish Sysrems Using the Weiting Baiance

A critical investigation of the use of the wetting balance to characterize leadfinish solderability is described. The wetting force vs. time curves for matte tin and solder plated copper coupons which have been subjected to well controlled environmental conditions, such as steam and high temperature bakes have been analyzed. Steam exposure was shown to impact greatly the shape of the wetting force curve, with the major effect observed after one hour of exposure and with no significant changes upon further exposure. The high temperature exposure (bake) and associated intermetallic compound formation had little effect on the force-time curve as long as it was protected from oxidation. Results show that when the wetting balance is used in conjunction with SEM and microanalysis tools, it is an excellent diagnostic tool for determining sources of solderability changes.
Studies of the inhibition of aldose reductase: Evidence for multiple site inhibitor binding

Abstract 1. 1. Comparison of structure-inhibition relationships and kinetic data between the N -{[(4-benzoylamino) phenyl]sulfonyl}amino acids (BAPS-amino acids) and phenylsulfonylamino acids (PS-amino acids) suggests that the additional benzoyl moiety present in the BAPS-amino acids enhances inhibition by direct interaction with aldose reductase (EC 1.1.1.21) without altering the mode of interaction with the enzyme. 2. 2. Also the 2-, 3- and 4-nitro regioisomers of BAPS-glycine (NBAPSG) display parallel structureinhibition relationships with the 2-, 3- and 4-nitrobenzaldehyde substrates and the 2-, 3- and 4-nitroacetophenone competitive inhibitors. 3. 3. Competition studies and multiple inhibition analyses demonstrate that the 4-nitrobenzoyl group of 4. 4-NBAPSG binds at the substrate site of aldose reductase, while the PS-glycine moiety of 4-NBAPSG binds cooperatively at a distinct site.
A vision of network-centric military communications

This paper presents a vision for a future capability-based military communications system that considers user requirements. Historically, the military has developed and fielded many specialized communications systems. While these systems solved immediate communications problems, they were not designed to operate with other systems. As information has become more important to the execution of war, the "stove-pipe" nature of the communications systems deployed by the military is no longer acceptable. Realizing this, the military has begun the transformation of communications to a network-centric communications paradigm. However, the specialized communications systems were developed in response to the widely varying environments related to military communications. These environments, and the necessity for effective communications within these environments, do not disappear under the network-centric paradigm. In fact, network-centric communications allows for one message to cross many of these environments by transiting multiple networks. The military would also like one communications approach that is capable of working well in multiple environments. This paper presents preliminary work on the creation of a framework that allows for a reconfigurable device that is capable of adapting to the physical and network environments. The framework returns to the Open Systems Interconnect (OSI) architecture with the addition of a standardized intra-layer control interface for control information exchange, a standardized data interface and a proposed device architecture based on the software radio.
Tacit preachments are the worst kind

The article presents examples of economists pressing methodologies on students and professional colleagues without actually articulating, and thus exposing to critical examination, the methodological precepts being urged. Such behavior has twisted economic research and doctrine. Topics discussed (with various degrees of approval and disapproval) include the ‘Cartesian’ appeal to first principles, justificationism, supposed rigor, modeling, the decorative use of symbols, the parade of technique, abuses of econometrics, nonquantitative evidence, competition among hypotheses, fallacy-mongering, fads and frontiersmanship, academic incentives and games, the supposed analogy between markets for academic research and for ordinary goods, and clarity versus obscurantism. The article calls for exposing and examining tacit preachments. It calls on economists to support each other in resisting inappropriate pressures.
Millimeter Wave Guidance Applications: An Overview

The considerations and tradeoffs for applying millimeter wave sensors to tactical missile guidance requirements are discussed. These sensors can operate in the active (radar) and passive (radiometric) modes for achieving a high degree of countermeasure immunity. The missile with its millimeter wave seeker is typically required to operate in an antonomous, lock-on-after-launch mode. This implies precise acquisition and track capabilities in the RF head as well as the signal processor such that competing clutter can be rejected and likely target candidates detected and classified.
Reduction of dimensionality of an optimal decision table conversion algorithm

Abstract A dynamic programming algorithm for converting decision tables to optimal decision trees is analyzed. The complexity of the algorithm may be defined as the dimension of the domain of the minimal-cost functional. Upper bounds for this complexity are derived under various assumptions. Methods of reducing the dimensionality of the problem utilizing lower bounds for decision costs are also discussed.
The rearrangement of chemically activated phenylmethylenes at 77K

Abstract The cocondensation of atomic carbon with o, m and p-tolualdehyde at 77K results in deoxygenation to the o, m and p-tolylmethylenes which possess sufficient energy to rearrange to benzocyclobutene and styrene.
Bradykinin and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate-stimulated calcium release from intracellular stores in cultured bovine endothelial cells

The relative importance of intracellular and extracellular Ca2+ in the release of endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF) and the mechanisms involved in the release of intracellular Ca2+ were investigated in cultured bovine endothelial cells. The release of EDRF by bradykinin, determined by bioassay, was dose-dependent showing an EC50 of 4×10−10 M. The bradykinin-induced EDRF release from endothelial cells was maintained in the presence of extracellular Ca2+. However, in the absence of external Ca2+, bradykinin-induced EDRF release was both attenuated and transient. In cells loaded to isotopic equilibrium with45Ca, bradykinin increased the45Ca efflux into both calcium-containing and calcium-free solutions, with an EC50 for the increase in45Ca efflux induced by bradykinin of 1.3×10−9 M. The involvement of an intracellular Ca2+ store and the participation of a second messenger in its release were investigated in saponin-permeabilized endothelial cells. In saponin-permeabilized cells, ATP-sensitive calcium uptake was Ca2+,Mg2+-ATPase-dependent. The ATP-sensitive uptake of calcium at different free Ca2+ concentrations showed at least two compartments involved in the uptake of Ca2+. The45Ca uptake into the compartment with the lowest affinity and highest capacity could be inhibited by sodium azide, suggesting that this uptake was into mitochondria. The majority of the45Ca uptake into the azide-insensitive store could be released by inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3). The IP3-induced release was not affected by apyrase or exogenous GTP. The EC50 for the release of Ca2+ by IP3 was 1.0 μM and was unaffected by an inhibitor of IP3 breakdown (2,3-diphosphoglyceric acid). The results suggest that the release of EDRF is dependent on extracellular Ca2+ influx and the release of intracellular Ca2+. The release of calcium from one of the high affinity intracellular Ca2+ stores is mediated by the intracellular second messenger, IP3.
White-Noise Analysis of a Neuron Chain: An Application of the Wiener Theory

The Wiener theory of nonlinear system identification was applied to a three-stage neuron chain in the catfish retina in order to determine the functional relationship between the artificial polarization of the horizontal cell membrane potential and the resulting discharge of the ganglion cell. A mathematical model was obtained that can predict quantitatively, with reasonable accuracy, the nonlinear, dynamic behavior of the neuron chain. The applicability of the method is discussed. We conclude that this is a very powerful method in the analysis of information transfer in the central nervous system.
Rheological characterization of a model suspension during pipe flow using MRI

This work continues the development of the use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques to characterize fluid/particulate mixtures during pipe flow. A primary application of this research is to aseptic processing of these mixtures by heat treatment. The heat treatment of flowing fluid/particulate systems is influenced by the fact that incorporating particles into a suspending fluid alters the velocity profile during pipe flow, and therefore the residence time distribution in a thermal system. MRI techniques were used to noninvasively determine velocity profiles of pure fluids and fluid/particulate mixtures. With this information and a suspension rheology analysis, the relationship between relative viscosity, shear rate, and particle loading was determined. The results were characterized by a parameter that reflects the physics of particle migration during flow and the constitutive model for the viscosity as a function of particle loading. The predicted particle concentration varied between 50 and 150% of the average particle concentration, from a low loading in the high shear region near the pipe wall to a high particle loading at the pipe center.
The use of the coefficient of agreement and likelihood ratio test to examine the development of the tympanic plate using a known‐age sample of fetal and infant skeletons

Previous attempts to use the development of the tympanic plate as an aging standard for fetal and infant cranial remains have either produced only a developmental sequence (Anderson, 1960), or a sequence for which age has been estimated using another independent aging standard (Weaver, 1979). Following an evaluation of the first three stages of development of the tympanic plate using a known-age sample of fetal and infant skeletal remains, a simple test of inter-observer agreement, Cohen's coefficient of agreement (Cohen, 1960), is demonstrated using the developmental stages.
Cotton Yield and Fiber Quality Response to Green Manures and Nitrogen

The quantity and availability of N from green manures will considerably affect the N management of a succeeding cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) crop. This study was conducted to determine the N supplying capacity of crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.), Austrian winter pea [Pisum sativum subsp. arvense (L.) Poir.], and rye (Secale cereale L.) to cotton and their influence on cotton yield and fiber properties. Green manure treatments (and a fallow check) with fertilizer N levels of 0, 56, 112, and 168 kg ha −1 were compared for 3 yr on a Norfolk loamy sand (fine-loamy, siliceous, thermic Typic Kandiudult). Soil moisture at planting was similar among the four green manure treatments. At the 0 N level, the legumes generally had higher soil NO 3 -N than rye or fallow [...]
Resonant two-photon excitation of 1s paraexcitons in cuprous oxide

Abstract We have created paraexcitons in Cu 2 O via resonant two-photon generation, and examined their population dynamics by means of time-correlated single photon detection. Confining the excitons to a constant volume in a harmonic-potential trap made with inhomogeneous applied stress along the [001] axis, we find that paraexcitons are created directly, and orthoexcitons appear primarily through a up-conversion of the paraexcitons. Also we generate excitons with two colliding pulses, and the luminescence is weaker than that from one beam excitation with same total laser power. These results show that resonant one-beam two-photon generation of paraexcitons is a promising way to pursue Bose–Einstein condensation of paraexcitons.
Capacitance, area, and thickness variations in thin lipid films.

Abstract 1. 1. Thin lipid films are generally assumed to be homogeneous equilibrium structures with a definite chemical stoichiometry. However, occasional reports in the literature suggest that these assumptions may not be valid in all cases because of microlenses of solvent trapped in the films. We have studied in detail the specific capacitance of thin films formed from a chromatographically pure synthetic phospholipid in order to examine the validity of these assumption. 2. 2. The method of White ((1970) Biophys. J. 10, 1127–1148) for measuring the specific capacitance ( C m ) of planar lipid bilayers has been improved to allow C m to be determined with a precision of ±0.3% and accuracy of ±3.0%. Bilayer area ( A m ) is ascertained from photographs using a weight-area method. It is shown that calculations of A m based on measurements of film diameter using a microscope reticle are subject to a number of uncertainties which can greatly limit the precision and accuracy of area determinations. 3. 3. The total capacitance ( C T ), area, and specific capacitance of thin lipid films formed from 1,2-bisdihydrosterculoyl-3- sn -glycerophosphorylcholine in n -decane were measured as a function of time and applied voltage ( V A ). C T , A m , and C m generally varied with time and were non-reproducible. C m typically varied by 20% from film to film. A possible cause of these variations is microlenses of solvent trapped in the films and equations are derived which describe their effects on C m . It is concluded that the bilayer films studied must have a non-reproducible stoichiometry and a non-uniform thickness. The variations with time are probably a result of a disproportionation of n -decane (Andrews, D. M. and Haydon, D. A. (1968) J. Mol. Biol. 32, 149–150). 4. 4. C T of films in approximate equilibrium increases in the presence of an applied voltage ( V A ) due to an increase in both C m and A m . The dependence of C m on V A is accurately described by the equation C m = C 0 + sV A 2 . A similar, but approximate, equation is derived assuming the bilayer to be an elastic system of constant density which can be deformed by the force generated by the electric field.
A statistical reappraisal of the findings of an esophageal cancer genome-wide association study.

To the Editor: A recent esophageal cancer genome-wide association study by Hu and colleagues ( [1][1]) identified 37 statistically significant single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) and reported a nearly perfect classification of cancer cases and controls on the basis of only these SNPs. Taken at
Unique Solvability of Certain Hybrid Networks from their Distances

Phylogenetic relationships among taxa have usually been represented by rooted trees in which the leaves correspond to extant taxa and interior vertices correspond to extinct ancestral taxa. Recently, more general graphs than trees have been investigated in order to be able to represent hybridization, lateral gene transfer, and recombination events. A model is presented in which the genome at a vertex is represented by a binary string. In the presence of hybridization and the absence of convergent evolution and homoplasies, the evolution is modeled by an acyclic digraph. It is shown how distances are most naturally related to the vertices rather than to the edges. Indeed, distances are computed in terms of the “originating weights” at vertices. It is shown that some distances may not in fact correspond to the sum of branch lengths on any path in the graph. In typical applications, direct measurements can be made only on the leaves, including the root. A study is made of how to infer the originating weights at interior vertices from such information.
Rapid secular variation recorded in thick Eocene flows from the Absaroka Mountains of northwest Wyoming

Abstract Stable reversed remanence carried by pseudo-single-domain magnetite shows systematic direction changes in three thick (∼ 70m) Eocene basalt flows from the Absaroka Mountains of Wyoming. Three cores were collected at each of 24 sites in the lower flow, 26 sites in the middle flow, and nine sites in the upper flow. Cores in the two lower flows were oriented by sun compass and in the upper flow with a magnetic compass. Although remanent directions do not change smoothly through the entire thickness of the flows, portions of the record indicate that the field direction was changing as rapidly as 0.5° per year during remanence acquisition. Rough paleointensity estimates suggest that this behavior occurred while the field was in a stable reversed state rather than during a transitional period. Paleomagnetic studies of flows should avoid sampling the upper parts, because the declination record may be distorted by rotations of portions of the crust.