cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Why did the economist cross the road? The hierarchical logic of ethical and economic reasoning

The debate over whether or not economics is value-free has focused on the fact-value distinction: “is” does not imply “ought.” This paper approaches the role of ethics in economics from a Thomistic perspective, focusing not on the content of economic analysis, but on the actions taken by economic researchers. Positive economics, when it satisfies Aristotle's definition of technique, enjoys a certain autonomy from ethics, an autonomy limited by a technique's dependence for guidance and justification on ethical reflection. The modern isolation of technique from ultimate ends entails the risk of mistaking the proximate ends of economics for ultimate ends, especially when applying economic methods in new ways or to new social phenomena.
Modal functions for concise definition of state machines and products

Abstract The classical methods of describing finite state transition systems such as state diagrams, regular expressions, finite automata, and semigroups, are not well suited to describing systems with complex control or very large state sets. Since the finite state systems of interest in computer engineering tend to possess both these characteristics, an alternative approach is of interest. A method based on a modal (state dependent) extension of the primitive recursive functions is presented here. We show that a rule allowing for definition of functions which depend on past input signals is sufficient for obtaining a class of functions which constructively specify every Moore machine. We also show that there are simple forms of function composition that correspond to quite sophisticated automata products, including the generalized feedback product and the wreath products. State system definitions in terms of modal functions are often a great deal more concise and intuitively transparent than the corresponding definitions in terms of traditional techniques.
The sinus node.

This discussion of the sinus node begins with a description of its normal anatomy, particularly in the human heart, and then proceeds to a review of the several pathologic changes known to affect the sinus node. The latter include diseases of the sinus node artery, changes in the normal collagen framework of the node, pericarditis and certain infiltrative processes. The concluding section combines an examination of function and structure of the sinus node on the basis of experimental observations. Some new laws of the heart dealing with governance of normal cardiac rhythm are presented.
XIVth World Congress of Pharmacology, San Francisco, CA, USA July 7–12, 2002 New Drugs for the Treatment of Central Nervous System Disorders

The XIVth World Congress of Pharmacology took place on July 7–12 in Moscone Convention Center, San Francisco, CA. Over 4,000 scientists, exhibitors and guests attended the Congress. It consisted of 40 symposia, 11 workshops, 18 plenary lectures and ca. 1400 posters. The Congress was sponsored by the American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Inspire Pharmaceuticals, and GlaxoSmithKline. The major financial donors were: Eli Lilly and Company, Servier, Johnson & Johnson, Merck, Novartis, Roche, Schering-Plough, Wyeth, and Yamanouchi Foundation. This report covers only posters or presentations on new drugs affecting the central nervous system that were viewed or attended by the author.
Mathematical modeling of gas separation permeators — for radial crossflow, countercurrent, and cocurrent hollow fiber membrane modules

Abstract A new approach to solve the mass transfer problem posed by the permeation process in a hollow fiber permeator is presented and analyzed. The algorithm models the separation offered for a membrane module, for given gas conditions, simulating the permeate and residue composition and the stage cut. The advantage of the ‘succession of states’ approach utilized here is the option of retroactive incorporation of more complex interactions such as permeate pressure buildup, a pressure, composition and temperature dependent permeability. The two dimensional mass transfer in a radial crossflow permeator has been qualitatively discussed in the past, but it has not been modeled in the literature. The countercurrent, cocurrent and crossflow configurations (all single dimensional mass transfer cases) for gas separation have been modeled in literature primarily by numerical integration of the differential equations over the relevant boundary conditions. Incorporation of nonlinearities such as pressure and permeability variations complicate the mathematics considerably for a single dimension, and make their solution almost impossible in two dimensions. This paper proposes an algorithm that simplifies the understanding of the problem posed, in terms of practical parameters (such as stage cut), and analyses the three flow patterns (radial crossflow, countercurrent, and cocurrent) in detail.
Fatal Infantile Polyarteritis NodosaWith Predominant CentralNervous System Involvement

Background Infantile polyarteritis nodosa usually presents in children under 2 years of age as a multiorgan system disease with signs of congestive heart failure or renal failure. This disease and Kawasaki disease may share certain clinical and pathological features. Case Description We describe a child who first presented at 8 months of age with a febrile illness followed by a delay in motor and language development and a mild right hemiparesis. Five years later he died after developing oculomotor dysfunction, hypertension, and intracranial hemorrhage. Autopsy revealed focal segmental necrotizing vasculitis of cerebral arteries, without involvement of coronary or renal vessels. Conclusions Although this child was evaluated on several occasions during this time period, the diagnosis was not made antemortem. The predominant central nervous system features, both clinical and pathological, together with the prolonged course are the two unique features of this child’s disease that need to be emphasized.
Delivery System Integration and Health Care Spending and Quality for Medicare Beneficiaries

Importance The Medicare accountable care organization (ACO) programs rely on delivery system integration and health care provider risk sharing to lower spending while improving quality of care. Objective To compare spending and quality between larger and smaller provider groups and examine how size-related differences vary by 2 factors considered central to ACO performance: group primary care orientation and financial risk sharing by health care providers. Evidence Review Using 2009 Medicare claims and linked American Medical Association Group Practice data, we assigned 4.29 million beneficiaries to health care provider groups based on primary care use. We categorized group size according to eligibility thresholds for the Shared Savings (≥5000 assigned beneficiaries) and Pioneer (≥15 000) ACO programs and distinguished hospital-based from independent groups. We assessed the primary care orientation of larger groups’ specialty mix and used health maintenance organization market penetration and data from the Community Tracking Study to measure the extent of financial risk accepted by different types of provider groups in different areas for managed care patients. We estimated linear regression models comparing spending and quality between larger and smaller health care provider groups, allowing size-related differences to vary by measures of group primary care orientation and risk sharing. Spending and quality measures included total medical spending, spending by type of service, 5 process measures of quality, and 30-day readmissions, all adjusted for sociodemographic and clinical characteristics. Findings Compared with smaller groups, larger hospital-based groups had higher total per-beneficiary spending in 2009 (mean difference, +$849), higher 30-day readmission rates (+1.3 percentage points), and similar performance on 4 of 5 process measures of quality. In contrast, larger independent physician groups performed better than smaller groups on all process measures and exhibited significantly lower per-beneficiary spending in counties where risk sharing by these groups was more common (−$426). Among all groups sufficiently large to participate in ACO programs, a strong primary care orientation was associated with lower spending, fewer readmissions, and better quality of diabetes care. Conclusions and Relevance Spending was lower and quality of care better for Medicare beneficiaries served by larger independent physician groups with strong primary care orientations in environments where health care providers accepted greater risk.
RESULTS OF HIGH DOSE RATE BRACHYTHERAPY, ANTERIOR PELVIC EXENTERATION AND EXTERNAL BEAM RADIOTHERAPY FOR CARCINOMA OF THE FEMALE URETHRA

Purpose: We evaluated a multimodality approach to locally advanced urethral carcinoma in women.Materials and Methods: Between August 1996 and July 1999, 6 women were treated for locally advanced carcinoma of the urethra with anterior pelvic exenteration followed by high dose 192iridium intraoperative radiation therapy. Four of the 6 patients were also treated with neoadjuvant or concomitant platinum based chemotherapy.Results: Two patients had no evidence of disease, 3 had distant metastasis and 2 had local recurrence at a mean followup of 21 months (range 12 to 47). Radiation was relatively well tolerated with no major adverse events.Conclusions: High dose intraoperative brachytherapy followed by external beam radiation is relatively well tolerated. Local control seems to have improved. We must evaluate a larger cohort of patients to determine this impact of the combined modality on local control and patient survival.
Objectivism versus Constructivism, Do We Need a New Philosophical Paradigm?

Many scholars in the instructional systems field have addressed the paradigm shift in the field of learning psychology and its implications for instructional systems technology (IST). This article analyzes the philosophical assumptions underlying IST and its behavioral and cognitive foundations, each of which is primarily objectivistic, which means that knowing and learning are processes for representing and mirroring reality. The philosophical assumptions of objectivism are then contrasted with constructivism, which holds that knowing is a process of actively interpreting and constructing individual knowledge representations. The implications of constructivism for IST provide a context for asking the reader to consider to what extent our field should consider this philosophical paradigm shift.
Controlling unboundedness in the gravitational path integral.

New results are presented on the Euclidean path-integral formulation for the partition function and density of states pertinent to spherically symmetric black-hole systems in thermodynamic equilibrium. We extend the path-integral construction of Halliwell and Louko which has already been used by one of us (Louko and Whiting), and investigate further a lack of uniqueness in our previous formulation of the microcanonical density of states and in the canonical partition function. In that work, the method chosen for removing the ambiguity resulted in two specific path-integral contours having finite extent. Physically motivated criteria exercised a dominant influence on that choice, as did the need to overcome the unboundedness from below of the gravitational action. The new results presented here satisfy the same physical criteria, but differ in ways which are physically significant. The unboundedness is not now eliminated directly but, for positive temperatures only, it is dealt with by what may be viewed as the introduction of an effective measure, which nevertheless may be of exponential order. Having chosen to investigate alternative contours which, in fact, have infinite extent, we find that imposing the Wheeler-DeWitt equation automatically selects out particular finite end points for the contours, at which the singularity in the action is canceled. A further important outcome of this work is the emergence of a variational principle for the black hole entropy, which has already proved useful at the level of a zero-loop approximation to the coupling of a shell of quantum matter in equilibrium around a Schwarzschild black hole (Horwitz and Whiting). In the course of enquiring into the nature of the variables in which the path integral is constructed and evaluated, we were able to see how to give a unifying description of several previous results in the literature. A concise review of these separate approaches forms an integral part of our new synthesis, relating their various underlying ideas on Hamilton-Jacobi theory and Hamiltonian reduction in the context of path integration. The new insight we gain finally helps motivate the choice of the integration variables, identification of which has played an important role in our whole analysis.
The immunogenicity and efficacy of intranasally or parenterally administered replication-deficient vaccinia-parainfluenza virus type 3 recombinants in rhesus monkeys

Immunization of rhesus monkeys with modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) recombinants expressing the haemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) or fusion (F) glycoproteins of human parainfluenza virus type 3 (HPIV3) was compared with an intranasally-administered live, attenuated HPIV3 vaccine candidate, the cp45 derivative of the JS strain of wildtype HPIV3. The MVA recombinants, when given parenterally (i.m.) or as a parenteral-local (i.m. and i.t.) combination, induced an antibody response comparable to that of cp45 and protected the upper and lower respiratory tracts of the rhesus monkeys against challenge with wildtype HPIV3. When given by the i.n. route alone, the MVA/PIV3 recombinants induced a serum antibody response that was comparable to that of cp45 and induced resistance in the lower respiratory tract. Despite the ability of the intranasally-administered MVA/PIV3 recombinants to stimulate a good serological response and to protect the lower respiratory tract, they unexpectedly failed to induce a significant level of resistance in the upper respiratory tract. The live, attenuated virus vaccine candidate induced almost complete resistance in both the upper and lower tracts. The data thus identify two vaccine candidates that can protect both the upper and lower respiratory tracts of rhesus monkey, parenterally-administered MVA/PIV3 and intranasally-administered cp45. Further studies with these vaccines in non-human primates and humans should identify the relative merits of these immunogens for use in the very young infant.
Branhamella catarrhalis cellulitis around a cerebrospinal fluid shunt: Case report

A cellulitis surrounding a cerebrospinal fluid shunt caused by Branhamella catarrhalis is described. This is the first reported case of a cellulitis caused by this bacterium.
Continued use of an integrated meter with electronic logbook maintains improvements in glycemic control beyond a randomized, controlled trial.

Background: Blood glucose monitoring is an important component of diabetes self-management for individuals with insulin-treated diabetes. Although patient-maintained logbooks are routinely used, gl...
Unpacking “Self” Repair and Epistemics in Conversation

Goffman’s work on footing has paved the way to specifying the analytic concepts of speaker and hearer in social interaction. This article empirically examines participants’ moment-by-moment negotia...
The Neuronal MicroRNA miR-326 Acts in a Feedback Loop with Notch and Has Therapeutic Potential against Brain Tumors

Little is known of microRNA interactions with cellular pathways. Few reports have associated microRNAs with the Notch pathway, which plays key roles in nervous system development and in brain tumors. We previously implicated the Notch pathway in gliomas, the most common and aggressive brain tumors. While investigating Notch mediators, we noted microRNA-326 was upregulated following Notch-1 knockdown. This neuronally expressed microRNA was not only suppressed by Notch but also inhibited Notch proteins and activity, indicating a feedback loop. MicroRNA-326 was downregulated in gliomas via decreased expression of its host gene. Transfection of microRNA-326 into both established and stem cell-like glioma lines was cytotoxic, and rescue was obtained with Notch restoration. Furthermore, miR-326 transfection reduced glioma cell tumorigenicity in vivo. Additionally, we found microRNA-326 partially mediated the toxic effects of Notch knockdown. This work demonstrates a microRNA-326/Notch axis, shedding light on the biology of Notch and suggesting microRNA-326 delivery as a therapy.
What We Learned from a Photographic Component in a Study of Latino Children's Health

This article reviews the contributions of three different kinds of photographs taken in a study of Latino children’s health. The three photographic methods were photos of children taken by their mothers who were given disposable cameras, photos taken by research staff during regular home visits, and photos taken in a day-long period of intense observation. Using qualitative and quantitative comparisons of the photos generated by these methods, the authors conclude that the Day in the Life method—although the most expensive—also provided more new information. Specifically, the authors learned more about the children’s family relationships, feeding patterns, and the safety and stimulation of their home environments.
Transcriptional Repression of Atherogenic Inflammation: Modulation by PPARδ

The formation of an atherosclerotic lesion is mediated by lipid-laden macrophages (foam cells), which also establish chronic inflammation associated with lesion progression. The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) γ promotes lipid uptake and efflux in these atherogenic cells. In contrast, we found that the closely related receptor PPARδ controls the inflammatory status of the macrophage. Deletion of PPARδ from foam cells increased the availability of inflammatory suppressors, which in turn reduced atherosclerotic lesion area by more than 50%. We propose an unconventional ligand-dependent transcriptional pathway in which PPARδ controls an inflammatory switch through its association and disassociation with transcriptional repressors. PPARδ and its ligands may thus serve as therapeutic targets to attenuate inflammation and slow the progression of atherosclerosis.
Fuels on disturbed and undisturbed sites in the southern Appalachian Mountains, USA

Fuel distribution in the southern Appalachian Mountain region was measured in over 1000 study plots that were stratified by topographic position (aspect and slope position) and disturbance history. Few fuel differences occurred among topographic positions for undisturbed plots, indicating that fuel accumulation is no greater on highly productive sites than on less productive sites. Litter was slightly higher on undisturbed upper slopes (4.2 t/ha) than on lower slopes (3.7 t/ha) but woody fuels showed no significant differences. Rhododendron (Rhododendron spp.) and mountain laurel (Kalmia latifolia L.) were less common than expected, occurring on 25% and 42% of sampled plots, respectively. Disturbance history and type played a greater role in determining fuel loads than did topographic position. Disturbances had occurred on 30% of sample plots within the past 10 years and were most common on exposed slopes. Litter was significantly lower in burned plots (3.5 t/ha vs. 4.0 t/ha in undisturbed plots). One-hou...
Conformation of myosin interdomain interactions during contraction: deductions from muscle fibers using polarized fluorescence.

Myosin cross-bridge subfragment 1 (S1) is the ATP catalyzing motor protein in muscle. It consists of three domains that catalyze ATP and bind actin (catalytic), conduct energy transduction (converter), and transport the load (lever arm). Force development during contraction is thought to result from rotary lever arm movement with the cross-bridge attached to actin. To elucidate cross-bridge structure during force development, two crystal structures of S1 were extrapolated to working “in solution” or oriented “in tissue” forms, using structure-sensitive optical spectroscopic signals from two extrinsic probes. The probes were located at two interfaces containing the catalytic, converter, and lever arm domains of S1. Observed signals included circular dichroism (CD) and absorption originating from S1 in solution in the presence and absence of actin and fluorescence polarization from cross-bridges in muscle fibers. Theoretical signals were calculated from S1 crystal structure models perturbed with lever arm m...
Pregnancy malaria: cryptic disease, apparent solution

Malaria during pregnancy can be severe in non-immune women, but in areas of stable transmission, where women are semi-immune and often asymptomatic during infection, malaria is an insidious cause of disease and death for mothers and their offspring. Sequelae, such as severe anaemia and hypertension in the mother and low birth weight and infant mortality in the offspring, are often not recognised as consequences of infection. Pregnancy malaria, caused by Plasmodium falciparum, is mediated by infected erythrocytes (IEs) that bind to chondroitin sulphate A and are sequestered in the placenta. These parasites have a unique adhesion phenotype and distinct antigenicity, which indicates that novel targets may be required for development of an effective vaccine. Women become resistant to malaria as they acquire antibodies against placental IE, which leads to higher haemoglobin levels and heavier babies. Proteins exported from the placental parasites have been identified, including both variant and conserved antigens, and some of these are in preclinical development for vaccines. A vaccine that prevents P. falciparum malaria in pregnant mothers is feasible and would potentially save hundreds of thousands of lives each year.
Cytological Methods for Crepis Species

Root tips of Crepis species are fixed in La Cour's “2BE” and dehydrated thru a butyl alcohol series. They are stained in 1% crystal violet for 1 hour, with chromic acid and iodine as pre-and post-staining mordants, respectively, and passed thru dehydrating alcohols containing picric acid and ammonium hydroxide. Differentiation is done in clove oil. The method is rapid; the chromosomes are dark purple; the centromere is not stained; and the cytoplasm is clear. By further controlled destaining the hetero-chromatic segments within the chromosomes may be located.Pollen mother cells are fixed in acetic alcohol (1:4) and squashed in aceto-carmine. A method is described for making semi-permanent preparations mounted in diaphane.Pollen grains are mounted in lacto-phenol with acid fuchsin or anilin blue W. S. as the dye.
Structural and phase sensitivity of the coercive force of a minor hysteresis loop of steel

Coercive force H c of a minor hysteresis loop of steel is shown to be determined by the parameters of the saturation hysteresis loop. The sensitivity of H c to the structure- and phase-sensitive parameters of a metal is analyzed, a technique for an effective use of the results of measuring H c in magnetic structural analysis is developed, and the problems of controlling metal manufacture conditions to be solved by measuring H c are formulated.
Numerical study of the design of beam splitters for the far-IR for use in Fourier transform spectrometers

The calculated performance is presented for a number of beamsplitters for the 10-200 micrometer spectral region. Designs based on pellicles as well as solid substrates are presented. Average efficiencies that are greater than 0.9 appear possible for this range of wavelengths. The implementation of the above designs will present considerable challenges. Difficulties that will have to be overcome in the manufacturing process are enumerated.
Electric and magnetic properties of sub-wavelength plasmonic crystals

Electromagnetic properties of a new class of two-dimensional periodic nanostructured materials, sub-wavelength plasmonic crystals (SPCs), are investigated. An SPC is a periodic lattice of metallic inclusions with negative dielectric permittivity � 0, with the lattice period much smaller than the wavelength of light. It is found that two types of propagating electromagnetic waves are supported by SPCs: (a) scale-invariant modes whose dispersion relation is almost independent of the lattice period, and (b) scale-dependent narrow-band resonances whose dispersion strongly depends on the lattice period. The scale-invariant modes are accurately described using a frequency-dependent
A suboptimization method for interval linear programming: a new method for linear programming

Abstract An interval linear program is (IP): maximize ctx s.t. b-⩽Ax⩽b+, where the matrix A, vectors c, b-, and b+ are given. The explicit solution of (IP) when A has full row rank [2] is used here to derive an iterative method for solving the general (IP). This method applies to general linear programs and is shown to be a dual method with multiple substitution.
Rotational Brownian Motion

A Fokker-Planck equation for the joint probability density of the orientation and angular velocity of a body of general shape is derived by use of a rotational Langevin equation. Equations governing the seperate distributions of orientation and angular velocity are deduced from the equation for the joint probability density. For the special case of a spherical body, two expressions for the orientation distribution are calculated, one valid for small values of the frictional constant occurring in the rotational Langevin equation, and the other valid for large values of the frictional constant. The latter expression includes previously presented results of rotational-diffusion theory and Steele's modification of rotational-diffusion theory, and the calculation provides conditions of validity for these theories. Expressions are calculated for time-correlation functions of spherical tensors, such as spherical harmonics, which involve functions of the orientation of a body.
Values from a Chicago upbringing

We wish to suggest a structure for the salt of deoxyribose nucleic acid (D.N.A.). This structure has novel features which are of considereble biological interest.
Real time reconstruction of quasiperiodic multi parameter physiological signals

A modern intensive care unit (ICU) has automated analysis systems that depend on continuous uninterrupted real time monitoring of physiological signals such as electrocardiogram (ECG), arterial blood pressure (ABP), and photo-plethysmogram (PPG). These signals are often corrupted by noise, artifacts, and missing data. We present an automated learning framework for real time reconstruction of corrupted multi-parameter nonstationary quasiperiodic physiological signals. The key idea is to learn a patient-specific model of the relationships between signals, and then reconstruct corrupted segments using the information available in correlated signals. We evaluated our method on MIT-BIH arrhythmia data, a two-channel ECG dataset with many clinically significant arrhythmias, and on the CinC challenge 2010 data, a multi-parameter dataset containing ECG, ABP, and PPG. For each, we evaluated both the residual distance between the original signals and the reconstructed signals, and the performance of a heartbeat classifier on a reconstructed ECG signal. At an SNR of 0 dB, the average residual distance on the CinC data was roughly 3% of the energy in the signal, and on the arrhythmia database it was roughly 16%. The difference is attributable to the large amount of diversity in the arrhythmia database. Remarkably, despite the relatively high residual difference, the classification accuracy on the arrhythmia database was still 98%, indicating that our method restored the physiologically important aspects of the signal.
Incorporation of temporally correlated internal motions into the magnetic resonance relaxation treatment while considering interference of different relaxation mechanisms

Abstract Temporally correlated internal motions are incorporated into the magnetic resonance relaxation treatment, taking into account the interference between two different mechanisms of relaxation. The joint probability density function due to two different stochastic processes responsible for spin relaxation is approximated in terms of the individual probability density functions. A parameter indicative of the degree of temporal correlation between the two processes is introduced. Such a parameter of dynamics provides a way of observing and analyzing temporally correlated internal motions in macromolecules. This is important in biomolecules such as proteins and nucleic acids where the temporally correlated internal motions play a significant role in their function. Expressions for cross-correlation spectral densities are given for some common interference mechanisms.
Progress Report on Zero Gradient Synchrotron H- Source Development

The operational reliability required of an H- source for direct or booster injection into a proton synchrotron has been demonstrated during several recent tests of Booster I, the developmental booster for the Zero Gradient Synchrotron (ZGS); the minimum pulsed design current of 4 mA at 50 MeV was obtained for the first time during a recent test of direct H- injection into the ZGS. On the basis of these results and anticipated further improvements in the source, preparations are being made for the permanent installation of a stripper in the ZGS for the conversion of H- to H+. Direct H- injection will become the normal mode of operation, with the 50 MeV beam going to the booster and ZING, an intense neutron generator, in the interval between ZGS pulses. The planned effort through July 31, 1975, calls for an operational tandem-acceleration sequential charge exchange source yielding a 50 MeV H- current of ~ 8 mA. In this source, a low density hydrogen target will serve as a space charge neutralizer and a buffer between the positive ion source and a sodium-vapor charge exchange cell receiving the H+, H0, and H- output from the hydrogen cell. This effort will require a relatively small and conservative extrapolation within the confines of the present state of the art.
On ternary quadratic forms

Abstract A result from 1988 on the square-free integers represented by a positive definite ternary quadratic form with integral coefficients is made uniform in the determinant of the form.
Magnetic ports in tissue expanders--a caution for MRI.

Abstract Although a great deal is known about the potential hazards of ferromagnetic materials relative to MRI, little has been written about the safety of tissue expanders.3,4 Recently a new modification of the existing ports has been made available by incorporating a magnet for ease of identification of the injection site. Despite its low mass, the intrinsic magnetic field presents a contra-indicating factor due to the potential for torque and movement in the presence of the strong magnetic field found in the clinical MR imagers. With any evidence of tissue expander prosthesis obtained in the history, a careful questioning about the possibility of a magnetic port should be carried out.
Limbic and Corpus Callosum Aberrations in Adolescents with Bipolar Disorder: A Tract-Based Spatial Statistics Analysis

Background Bipolar disorder (BD) is a common and debilitating condition, often beginning in adolescence. Converging evidence from genetic and neuroimaging studies indicates that white matter abnormalities may be involved in BD. In this study, we investigated white matter structure in adolescents with familial bipolar disorder using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and a whole brain analysis. Methods We analyzed DTI images using tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS), a whole-brain voxel-by-voxel analysis, to investigate white matter structure in 21 adolescents with BD, who also were offspring of at least one parent with BD, and 18 age- and IQ-matched control subjects. Fractional anisotropy (FA; a measure of diffusion anisotropy), trace values (average diffusivity), and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC; a measure of overall diffusivity) were used as variables in this analysis. In a post hoc analysis, we correlated between FA values, behavioral measures, and medication exposure. Results Adolescents with BD had lower FA values than control subjects in the fornix, the left mid-posterior cingulate gyrus, throughout the corpus callosum, in fibers extending from the fornix to the thalamus, and in parietal and occipital corona radiata bilaterally. There were no significant between-group differences in trace or ADC values and no significant correlation between behavioral measures, medication exposure, and FA values. Conclusions Significant white matter tract alterations in adolescents with BD were observed in regions involved in emotional, behavioral, and cognitive regulation. These results suggest that alterations in white matter are present early in the course of disease in familial BD.
Novelty-induced place preference behavior in rats: effects of opiate and dopaminergic drugs.

Abstract In Experiment 1, adult male rats were given eight 30-min exposures to one of two distinct environments. Control animals received either four exposures to each environment or were not exposed to either environment. When given free-choice access to both environments simultaneously, animals spent significantly more time in the novel environment relative to the familiar environment. In these same animals, horizontal and vertical activity rates were lower in the novel environment than in the familiar environment. In Experiments 2–5, animals were assessed for novelty preference behavior under the influence of either morphine (0, 0.1, 0.3 , 1.0 or 3.0 mg/kg), naltrexone (0, 0.1, 0.3 or 1.0 mg/kg), amphetamine (0, 0.1, 0.3 or 1.0 mg/kg) or haloperidol (0, 0.03, 0.1, 0.3 or 1.0 mg/kg). Haloperidol produced a dose-dependent disruption in novelty preference behavior, while all other drugs tested were without effect. Haloperidol also disrupted the novelty-induced decrease in horizontal and vertical activity rates. These results suggest that haloperidol blocks the reinforcing and locomotor-depressant effects of a novel environment in a free-choice preference test.
Are earthquakes an example of deterministic chaos

A simple mass-spring model is used to systematically examine the dynamical behavior introduced by fault zone heterogeneities. The model consists of two sliding blocks coupled to each other and to a constant velocity driver by elastic springs. The state of this system can be characterized by the positions of the two blocks relative to the driver. A simple static/dynamic friction law is used. When the system is symmetric, cyclic behavior is observed. For an asymmetric system, where the frictional forces for the two blocks are not equal, the solutions exhibit deterministic chaos. Chaotic windows occur repeatedly between regions of limit cycles on bifurcation diagrams. The model behavior is similar to that of the one-dimensional logistic map. The results provide substantial evidence that earthquakes are an example of deterministic chaos.
Microband formation in shock-loaded and quasi-statically deformed metals

Abstract A systematic examination of microbands developed in various materials, including pure Al, Cu, Ag, Nb metals and Al-Mg, 6061 Al and Al-Li-Cu alloys, deformed dynamically or quasi-statically to intermediate strains has been conducted. Based on extensive characterization of microbands using transmission electron microscopy, the characteristics of microbands do not appear to be strongly dependent on crystal structure, material properties, strain level or deformation path. This finding suggests that the formation mechanism of microbands may be similar in a variety of f.c.c. and b.c.c. metals and alloys. A possible microband formation mechanism is proposed, based on a concept of the further development of coarse slip bands (or dislocation tangles on glide planes), which is consistent with experimental observations. The model involves first the generation of polarized dislocations on primary slip systems, followed by an annihilation process for the primary dislocations in the central portion of a band structure, forming double dislocation walls parallel to the primary slip planes. Misorientation inside the double walls is believed to be caused by the directional shear of primary dislocations. Secondary slip is then induced by the internal stresses in the region between the double walls. Finally a stable dislocation configuration is created as a result of the interaction between the primary and secondary dislocations. The proposed model is in agreement with several observed phenomena, including the constancy of microband thickness, tilt axis, shear sense, and uniform shear strain over the cross-section of a microband. The roles of stacking fault energy, solute atoms and precipitates on microband formation are also discussed.
Strategies for cyclizations of novel peptides on solid supports

Synthetic strategies and methods for the preparation of cyclic peptides on solid supports are very important for peptide synthesis in general, and for the preparation of conformationally constrained biologically active peptides. In this paper we report synthetic methods for the preparation on solid supports of the cyclic and bicyclic biologically active peptides, Ac-[Nle4, Asp5, d-Phe, Lys10]α-melanotropin(4–10)-NH2, [Lys17, Lys18, Asp21]glucagon-NH2, [β-Mpa1, Glu4, Cys6, Lys8]oxytocin and cyclo[GlyTrpNMeNleAspPhe] (cyclic CCK-5 analogue).
Substituted 2,3-dihydro-4(1H)quinazoIinones, 2

Details are given for the reaction of isatoic anhydrides with different primary aromatic amines to give several new N-aryl-o-aminobenzamides. The latter were annulated with a variety of dialkyl and alkyl aryl ketones to give 2,3-dihydro-4(1H)quinazolinones. Several novel and efficient procedures for effecting the cyclization are described.
Thermophysical Properties of Biporous Sintered Copper

Thermophysical properties of bidispersed (biporous)-sintered copper are measured. An apparatus to measure effective thermal conductivity of dry samples is built. It is calibrated using bulk samples with known thermal conductivity. Permeability is measured based on flow resistance though the porous samples. Velocity at different pressure drops is measured and the permeability calculated using Darcy’s law. The experiment is performed using silicone oil as working liquid. The error of the method is less than three percent. Capillary pressure for all samples is measured based on amount of liquid that is held by the porous sample. The Young-Laplace relationship is used to relate capillary pressure to effective pore radius. Porosity of the samples is measured using density method. According to the measurement results, effective thermal conductivity of biporous samples is much lower than for comparable monoporous samples. Permeability and porosity of biporous samples are much higher than the monoporous samples. Capillary pressure of the biporous samples is very close to the one measured for the monoporous samples.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
What I Did on My Summer Vacation

This article discusses the continuing importance of requirements, managing Web content, free public Wi-Fi and a personal transition to Internet telephony.
A Colour Polymorphism in Gonodactylus Oerstedi Hansen, 1895 (Stomatopoda) 1)

[1. In Bermuda gesammelte Gonodactylus oerstedi zeichneten sich durch einen Farbpolymorphismus aus. Insgesamt konnten sechs Formen unterschieden werden. Die Verteilung der Formen war diskontinuierlich. Der Polymorphismus ist wahrscheinlich entwicklungsgeschichtlich bedingt; es ergaben sich keine Anhaltspunkte dafur, dass er auf Umwelteinflusse zuruckgeht. 2. Bei allen sechs Formen fanden sich Weibchen, bei funf von ihnen Mannchen. Aber der relative Zahlenanteil war stark verschoben - die mannlichen Formen waren vornehmlich dunkel und die weiblichen hell. 3. Obwohl tageszeitliche Veranderungen und andere Faktoren die Farben beeinflussten, blieben die Unterschiede der sechs Grundformen doch klar erkennbar., 1. In Bermuda gesammelte Gonodactylus oerstedi zeichneten sich durch einen Farbpolymorphismus aus. Insgesamt konnten sechs Formen unterschieden werden. Die Verteilung der Formen war diskontinuierlich. Der Polymorphismus ist wahrscheinlich entwicklungsgeschichtlich bedingt; es ergaben sich keine Anhaltspunkte dafur, dass er auf Umwelteinflusse zuruckgeht. 2. Bei allen sechs Formen fanden sich Weibchen, bei funf von ihnen Mannchen. Aber der relative Zahlenanteil war stark verschoben - die mannlichen Formen waren vornehmlich dunkel und die weiblichen hell. 3. Obwohl tageszeitliche Veranderungen und andere Faktoren die Farben beeinflussten, blieben die Unterschiede der sechs Grundformen doch klar erkennbar.]
Physical “Phantasies” and Family Functions: Overcoming the Mind/Body Dualism in Somatization

In this article, we examine some of the ways in which family therapists have conceptualized the experience of illness of unexplained physical origin. We argue that opinions about the etiology of somatic symptoms should not be the primary focus of therapeutic work with people who share the prototypical characteristics of what has been defined as "somatization disorder." We suggest that current research in neurobiology can expand the linguistic resources of clinicians and help them avoid perpetuating unhelpful dichotomies between the mind and the body.
Attraction to viroid research

Viroids and Viroid Diseases. By T.O. Diener. Pp. 252. Published by (Wiley: New York and Chichester, UK, 1979.) $30.55, £14.55.
Artificial neural networks for real-time process control

The purpose of this study was to develop a neural network based on real-time control system for fluid level in a given tank. The tank has an "I" shape with a circular cross sectional area varying across the "I" shaped profile height. The simulated "I" shaped tank has a height of 12 meters and divided into three sections. Each of the sections has a height of four meters. The tank is demarcated into water level marks from O m to 12 m at intervals of 1 each. An ANN is designed and developed for real-time control of water level in the tank. The goal was to enable a smooth change in target level at a constant rate of change inspite of the two nonlinearity points introduced by the "I" shaped structure of the tank, after a certain amount of uncontrolled output flow has occurred. >
Theoretical Prediction and Experimental Realization of New Stable Inorganic Materials Using the Inverse Design Approach

Discovery of new materials is important for all fields of chemistry. Yet, existing compilations of all known ternary inorganic solids still miss many possible combinations. Here, we present an example of accelerated discovery of the missing materials using the inverse design approach, which couples predictive first-principles theoretical calculations with combinatorial and traditional experimental synthesis and characterization. The compounds in focus belong to the equiatomic (1:1:1) ABX family of ternary materials with 18 valence electrons per formula unit. Of the 45 possible V-IX-IV compounds, 29 are missing. Theoretical screening of their thermodynamic stability revealed eight new stable 1:1:1 compounds, including TaCoSn. Experimental synthesis of TaCoSn, the first ternary in the Ta-Co-Sn system, confirmed its predicted zincblende-derived crystal structure. These results demonstrate how discovery of new materials can be accelerated by the combination of high-throughput theoretical and experimental methods. Despite being made of three metallic elements, TaCoSn is predicted and explained to be a semiconductor. The band gap of this material is difficult to measure experimentally, probably due to a high concentration of interstitial cobalt defects.
Effect of Glucosamine on Urinary Excretion of Salicylate

Significant increases in the excretion rate of sodium salicylate were observed upon the addition of an equal amount of glucosamine hydrochloride to an orally administered solution dosage form. It is suggested that the enhanced excretion rate is the consequential result of consecutive reaction kinetics dictated by an increased absorption rate. A possible mechanism for this potentiation is explored.
Superconductor Terahertz Metamaterials

We demonstrate THz metamaterials comprised of high temperature superconducting film (YBa2Cu3O7) replacing the metal structure. They exhibit unique properties that are not achievable using metals, which may result in both interesting applications and underlying physics.
TLR9 Is Localized in the Endoplasmic Reticulum Prior to Stimulation

In mammals, 10 TLRs recognize conserved pathogen-associated molecular patterns, resulting in the induction of inflammatory innate immune responses. One of these, TLR9, is activated intracellularly by bacterial DNA and synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN), containing unmethylated CpG dinucleotides. Following treatment with CpG ODN, TLR9 is found in lysosome-associated membrane protein type 1-positive lysosomes, and we asked which intracellular compartment contains TLR9 before CpG exposure. Surprisingly, we found by microscopy and supporting biochemical evidence that both transfected and endogenously expressed human TLR9 is retained in the endoplasmic reticulum. By contrast, human TLR4 trafficked to the cell surface, indicating that endoplasmic reticulum retention is not a property common to all TLRs. Because TLR9 is observed in endocytic vesicles following exposure to CpG ODN, our data indicate that a special mechanism must exist for translocating TLR9 to the signaling compartments that contain the CpG DNA.
Knowns and unknowns for psychophysiological endophenotypes: Integration and response to commentaries

We review and summarize seven molecular genetic studies of 17 psychophysiological endophenotypes that comprise this special issue of Psychophysiology, address criticisms raised in accompanying Perspective and Commentary pieces, and offer suggestions for future research. Endophenotypes are polygenic, and possibly influenced by rare genetic variants. Because they are not simpler genetically than clinical phenotypes, they are unlikely to assist gene discovery for psychiatric disorder. Once genetic variants for clinical phenotypes are identified, associated endophenotypes are likely to provide valuable insights into the psychological and neural mechanisms important to disorder pathology. This special issue provides a foundation for informed future steps in endophenotype genetics, including the formation of large sample consortia capable of fleshing out the many genetic variants contributing to individual differences in psychophysiological measures.
The 3-year evolution of a preschool physical activity intervention through a collaborative partnership between research interventionists and preschool teachers

Despite evidence that preschoolers spend the majority of their time in sedentary activities, few physical activity interventions have focused on preschool-age children. Health promotion interventions that can be integrated into the daily routines of a school or other setting are more likely to be implemented. The Study of Health and Activity in Preschool Environments employed a flexible approach to increasing physical activity opportunities in preschools’ daily schedules through recess, indoor physical activity and physical activity integrated into academic lessons. Eight preschools were randomly assigned to receive the study’s physical activity intervention. Teachers in these schools partnered with university-based interventionists across 3 years to design and implement a flexible and adaptive intervention. The intervention approach included trainings and workshops, site visits and feedback from intervention personnel, newsletters, and physical activity equipment and materials. Teachers reported a high acceptability of the intervention. The purpose of this article is to describe the evolution of a multi-component physical activity intervention in preschools, including (i) a description of the intervention components, (ii) an explanation of the intervention process and approach, and (iii) a report of teachers’ perceptions of barriers to implementation.