cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Biophysical Characterization: An Integral Part of the “Totality of the Evidence” Concept

In this last chapter, we would like to conclude this book by focusing our attention on discussions concerning the integral role that biophysical characterization plays in the concept of the “Totality of the Evidence” (officially introduced on February 9, 2012, by the US Food and Drug Administration, FDA). This concept not only underscores how the FDA will evaluate biosimilars, but more broadly represents how the FDA evaluates all therapeutic compounds submitted for drug approval. In so doing, we have also added some of our own thoughts as to what issues need to be addressed to further enhance the beneficial role of biophysical characterization. As a result, in writing this chapter we have revisited some of the earlier discussions made in Section I of this book to briefly summarize the role that biophysical characterization plays in developing biopharmaceuticals. Such redundancy we feel is worthwhile in trying to bring clarity to the expectations to what can be achieved today and what needs to be improved to do a better job (in developing biopharmaceuticals) for tomorrow.
Recycled Continental Crustal Components in Aleutian arc Magmas: Implications for Crustal Growth and Mantle Heterogeneity

Mantle-derived magmatic rocks of the Aleutian island arc are isotopically and geochemically distinct from their counterparts in the ocean basins immediately to the south and north. Aleutian magmas contain crustal components from subducted oceanic sediment, subducted hydrothermally altered mid-oceanic ridge basalt (MORB), and oceanic crust that is imbedded within the Aleutian arc crust. Olivine tholeiite is the commonest magma type that rises from the mantle to the crust-mantle boundary, but it is observed as a lava only infrequently, due to crustal assimilation and fractionation. Aleutian olivine tholeiites originate by partial melting of upwelling peridotite rendered buoyant by addition of excess (XS) elements from the subducting plate. At present, operation of the subduction process (S-process) at arcs like the Aleutians is the main mechanism for both crustal growth and for recycling continental crustal material into the mantle is a second recycling mechanism. Mantle heterogeneities (as sampled by OIB melts) were largely created in the past by the same recycling processes. Lower crustal delamination accompanying accretion of arc terranes at continental margins.
Comparative assessment of bonding time and 1-year bracket survival using flash-free and conventional adhesives for orthodontic bracket bonding: A split-mouth randomized controlled clinical trial.

Introduction A new flash-free adhesive promises to eliminate the flash removal step in bonding and to reduce bonding time by as much as 40% per bracket, with a bond failure rate of less than 2%. The aim of this trial was to compare bonding time and bracket failure rate over a 1-year period between the flash-free adhesive and a conventional adhesive for orthodontic bracket bonding. Methods Forty-five consecutive patients had their maxillary incisors, canines, and premolars bonded with ceramic brackets (Clarity Advanced; 3M Unitek, Monrovia, Calif) using a flash-free adhesive (APC Flash-Free Adhesive Appliance System; 3M Unitek) on 1 side and a conventional adhesive (APCII Adhesive Appliance System; 3M Unitek) on the other side. The side allocation was randomized. Bonding was timed to the nearest second. Bond failure was recorded at standardized intervals of 4 weeks. The primary outcome was bonding time (average per tooth for each patient and per quadrant). Secondary outcomes were bracket failure rate within 1 year, time to first-time failure of a bracket, and bond failure type (adhesive remnant index score). Bonding times and adhesive remnant index scores upon bond failure were compared using paired t tests, with P Results The bonding times were significantly shorter with the flash-free adhesive than with the conventional adhesive, both per tooth (P 0.05), the flash-free adhesive tended to fail more often at the enamel-adhesive interface than did the conventional adhesive. Conclusions The use of the flash-free adhesive may result in bonding time savings of approximately one third compared with the conventional adhesive. With regard to bracket survival, a statistically significant difference was not found between the 2 adhesives when ceramic brackets were bonded. Registration This trial was registered on December 3, 2013 ( ClinicalTrials.gov ID, NCT02030002 ). Protocol The protocol was not published before trial commencement.
Symptom clusters in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A systematic review.

Abstract Aim To conduct a comprehensive literature review to identify symptom clusters commonly present in Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients. Background COPD is the fourth leading cause of death worldwide. Substantial research has been studied regarding single symptoms that burden patients with this disease and the profound impacts that these symptoms can have on physical and psychological health. However, these symptoms rarely occur in isolation and limited research has been conducted identifying clinically significant relationships or clusters of symptoms associated with COPD afflicted patients. Methods PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase databases were used to identify potential articles limited to records published between 2005 and 2018 with human-conducted trials on adults with COPD, examining symptom clusters in this population. Only 5 studies met inclusion criteria. Results Across the five studies, 596 participants were included with a mean age of 70.49. Two themes emerged including psychological symptom clusters and respiratory-related symptom clusters. Anxiety-related symptoms appeared to be a common theme among psychological symptom clusters and varied greatly based on instrument selection. Inconsistent results were found in respiratory-related symptom clusters, but included difficulty breathing as a common symptom component. Only one study examined for stability of symptoms over time. Conclusion There were inconsistent results across all studies which may be contributed to the heterogeneity amongst patients, instruments administered, and statistical approach. Future research should be conducted to further elucidate COPD related symptom clusters, their effects on somatic and cognitive health, and the stability of these symptom clusters over time.
Community-Level Physiological Profiling for Microbial Community Function in Broiler Ceca

Poultry production is a major agricultural output worldwide. It is known that the gut health of broilers is essential for their growth and for providing wholesome products for human consumption. Previously, the microbial diversity of broiler ceca was studied at the genetic level. However, the functional diversity and metabolic activity of broiler cecal bacterial communities are not fully investigated. Recently, the EcoPlates™ from Biolog, Inc. have been used for characterizing bacterial communities from various environments. In this study, we applied these plates to physiologically profile cecal bacterial communities in broilers. The ceca were aseptically excised from 6-week-old broilers, and their contents were suspended in phosphate buffered saline. The cultures in the EcoPlates™ were incubated at 42 °C for 5 days in an OmniLog® system. Responses of the bacterial communities to the various chemicals as carbon sources were measured on formazan production. The results show sigmoidal growth curves with three phases in all 12 cecal samples. Cecal bacterial communities could not use 11 carbon substrates for carbon sources; instead, they used pyruvic acid methyl ester, glycogen, glucose-1-phosphate and N-acetyl-d-glucosamine most frequently. Each bacterial community metabolized various numbers of the substrates at different rates among broilers. In the future, modification of the culture conditions to mimic the gut environment is needed. More investigations on the effects of nutrients, Salmonella or Campylobacter on physiological functions of cecal bacterial communities will provide insights into the improvement of animal well-being, saving production expenditures for producers and providing safer poultry products for human consumption.
Biodiversity enhances coral growth, tissue survivorship and suppression of macroalgae.

Coral reefs are declining dramatically and losing species richness, but the impact of declining biodiversity on coral well-being remains inadequately understood. Here, we demonstrate that lower coral species richness alone can suppress the growth and survivorship of multiple species of corals (Porites cylindrica, Pocillopora damicornis and Acropora millepora) under field conditions on a degraded, macroalgae-dominated reef. Our findings highlight the positive role of biodiversity in the function of coral reefs, and suggest that the loss of coral species richness may trigger negative feedback that causes further ecosystem decline. Sixteen-month manipulation experiments in a degraded macroalgae-dominated tropical reef setting show that lower coral species richness suppresses growth and survivorship of multiple species.
Genetic and immunological properties of phage-displayed human anti-Rh(D) antibodies: implications for Rh(D) epitope topology.

Understanding anti-Rh(D) antibodies on a molecular level would facilitate the genetic analysis of the human immune response to Rh(D), lead to the design of therapeutically useful reagents that modulate antibody binding, and provide relevant information regarding the structural organization of Rh(D) epitopes. Previously, we described a Fab/phage display-based method for producing a large array of anti-Rh(D) antibodies from the peripheral blood lymphocytes of a single alloimmunized donor. In the current study, we present a detailed analysis of 83 randomly selected clones. Sequence analysis showed the presence of 28 unique γ 1 heavy chain and 41 unique light chain gene segments. These paired to produce 53 unique Fabs that had specificity for at least half of the major Rh(D) epitopes. Surprisingly, despite this diversity, only 4 closely related heavy chain germline genes were used (VH3-30, VH3-30.3, VH3-33, and VH3-21). Similarly, nearly all V κ light chains (15/18) were derived from one germline gene (DPK9). λ light chains showed a more diverse V L gene usage, but all (23/23) used the identical J λ 2 gene. Several Fabs that differed in epitope specificity used identical heavy chains but different light chains. In particular, 2 such clones differed by only 3 residues, which resulted in a change from epD2 to epD3 specificity. These results suggest a model in which footprints of anti-Rh(D) antibodies are essentially identical to one another, and Rh(D) epitopes, as classically defined by panels of Rh(D) variant cells, are not discrete entities. Furthermore, these data imply that the epitope specificity of an anti-Rh(D) antibody can change during the course of somatic mutation. From a clinical perspective, this process, which we term epitope migration, has significance for the design of agents that modulate antibody production and for the creation of mimetics that block antibody binding in the settings of transfusion reactions and hemolytic disease of the newborn.
Fan-Out Wafer/Panel-Level Packaging for Heterogeneous Integrations

The first fan-out wafer-level packaging (FOWLP) U.S. patent was filed by Infineon on October 31, 2001.
Critical examination of recycled municipal solid waste incineration ash as a mineral source for portland cement manufacture – A case study

Abstract Municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) ash has the potential to be used as mineral feed for portland cement manufacture but is not currently used in this manner in much of the world. A scoping study was performed using samples and data from Florida, US, to assess the potential magnitude of material that may be recycled to create a viable clinker. Results indicate that MSWI ash possesses the elemental ingredients to serve as a partial kiln feed replacement. Large amounts of MSWI can be used based on mineralogy alone, but chloride and alkali content limitations decrease allowable replacement amounts, especially for fly ash. Average allowable replacement percentages that did not exceed standard chloride and alkali limits were 6.4%, 0.33%, and 1.17% for bottom ash, fly ash and combined ash, respectively. MSWI bottom ash may be the preferred material stream in the absence of pre-processing techniques such as washing. The scoping study found that available MSWI ash could supply a large amount of the current kiln feed demand, and a feasibility and cost assessment supports that both MSWI facility and cement kiln operators have justification to pursue this technology with more detailed evaluations.
Future Prospects for Constraining Nuclear Matter Parameters with Gravitational Waves

The gravitational wave emission from the merging binary neutron star system GW170817 arrived full of tidal information which can be used to probe the fundamental ultradense nuclear physics residing in these stars. In previous work, we used two-dimensional correlations between nuclear matter parameters and tidal deformabilities of neutron stars applying specifically to GW170817 to derive constraints on the former. Here, we extend this analysis by finding similar correlations for varying chirp masses, the dominant determining factor in the frequency evolution of the inspiral, such that one can apply the same method to future detections. We estimate how accurately one can measure nuclear parameters with future gravitational wave interferometers and show how such measurements can be improved by combining multiple events. We find that bounds on the nuclear parameters with future observations can improve from the current one with GW170817 only by $\ensuremath{\sim}30%$ due to the existence of systematic errors caused mainly by the remaining uncertainty in the equation of state near and just above the nuclear saturation density. We show that such systematic errors can be reduced by considering multidimensional correlations among nuclear parameters and tidal deformabilities with various neutron star masses.
Magnetic Properties of Metastable BCC-Cobalt During Reduction of Cobalt Oxide (Co 3 O 4 )

Cobalt Oxide (Co3O4) was reduced to metallic Co using the nut shells of pistachio by heat treatment at temperatures of 1400°C and 1500°C in an argon gas atmosphere. This method for reducing Cobalt Oxide may provide a valuable route for reclaiming nanoparticles of metallic Co from waste material. Rietveld analysis of the x-ray diffraction profiles showed the presence of two phases of Co; FCC (γ-Co), and ΒCC phase of Co in addition to the presence of C in the graphite phase. The samples synthesized by processing at 1400°C showed only the FCC phase of Co whereas mixed phases of FCC and BCC Co were formed for samples heat treated at 1500°C. The magnetic properties were determined using VSM and FMR measurements. A magnetic saturation value of 160 emu/g was determined for the FCC phase which is consistent with the literature value. On the other hand, the magnetic saturation value of BCC Co was measured to be 214 emu/g. Magnetic data suggest the average magnetic moment is consistent with FCC cobalt. This simple method of producing BCC-Co has potential industrial and possible medical applications such as magnetic sensors, electromagnetic shielding, magnetic memory, magnetic fluids, magnetic composites and catalysis.
Expression of Alpha-type Platelet-derived Growth Factor Receptor-influenced Genes Predicts Clinical Outcome in Glioma.

Abstract BACKGROUND: Alpha-type platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFRα) is a cell surface tyrosine kinase receptor for members of the platelet-derived growth factor family. PDGFRα plays an important role in the regulation of several biological processes and contributes to the pathophysiology of a broad range of human cancers, including glioma. Here, we hypothesize that the genes directly or indirectly influenced by PDGFRα might be useful for prognosis in glioma. METHODS: By comparing the genome-wide gene expression pattern between PDGFRα+ and PDGFRα− cells from human oligodendrocyte progenitor, we defined the genes potentially influenced by PDGFRα. RESULTS: The PDGFRα-influenced genes are strongly associated with cancer-related pathways. We subsequently developed a prognostic gene signature derived from the PDGFRα-influenced genes. This gene signature is able to predict clinical outcome of glioma. This signature is also independent of traditional prognostic factors of glioma. Resampling tests indicate that the prognostic power of this gene signature outperforms random gene sets selected from human genome. More importantly, this signature is superior to the random gene signatures selected from glioma related genes. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the absence of clear elucidation of molecular mechanisms, this study suggests the vital role of PDGFRα in carcinogenesis. Furthermore, the PDGFRα-based gene signature provides a promising prognostic tool for glioma and validates PDGFRα as a novel and effective therapeutic target in human cancers.
Reversible Atmospheric Water Harvesting Using Metal-Organic Frameworks

The passive capture of clean water from humid air without reliance on bulky equipment and high energy has been a substantial challenge and has attracted significant interest as a potential environmentally friendly alternative to traditional water harvesting methods. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) offer a high potential for this application due to their structural versatility which permits scalable, facile modulations of structural and functional elements. Although MOFs are promising materials for water harvesting, little research has been done to address the microstructure-adsorbing characteristics relationship with respect to the dynamic adsorption-desorption process. In this article, we present a parametric study of nine hydrolytically stable MOFs with diverse structures for unraveling fundamental material properties that govern the kinetics of water sequestration in this class of materials as well as investigating overall uptake capacity gravimetrically. The effects of temperature, relative humidity, and powder bed thickness on the adsorption-desorption process are explored for achieving optimal operational parameters. We found that Zr-MOF-808 can produce up to 8.66 LH2O kg-1MOF day-1, an extraordinary finding that outperforms any previously reported values for MOF-based systems. The presented findings help to deepen our understanding and guide the discovery of next-generation water harvesting materials.
Entropy and Energy: Toward a Definition of Physical Sustainability

Sustainable development is a growing concern expressed by many businesses, organizations and individuals. Yet, no workable quantifiable definition of sustainability is available for evaluation of specific projects or operations. This paper attempts to set a framework for such a definition in terms of the first and second law of thermodynamics. Specifically, the proposed description of sustainability relates the fundamental processes of chemical, physical or biological transformation, and mass transport to energy and entropy changes. Unlike previous applications of these concepts, the proposed definition is focused on the smallest unit operations and processes while allowing for aggregation into larger systems. The proposed description also explicitly considers the time horizon for sustainability. An example of sustainability analysis for a water treatment process is included.
Reducing Isolation Burden – Infection Prevention and Control Initiated Flag Removal Process

Background The 2007 Centers for Disease Control and Infection (CDC) Guideline on Preventing Transmission of Infectious Agents in Healthcare Settings emphasized contact precautions as a key strategy to reduce transmission of multidrug resistant organisms (MDROs). To ensure that contact precautions are initiated at hospitalization, a flag is automatically generated in the electronic medical record (EMR) for patients positive for selected MDROs. The majority of these flags are for Methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Vancomycin resistant enterococci (VRE). Recently the value of isolation for endemic MRSA and VRE has been questioned and some institutions have discontinued contact precautions for these organisms. Many states still have laws that mandate active surveillance and isolation for MRSA. To decrease burden of unnecessary isolation, Infection Prevention and Control (IPAC) implemented a process to review and manage the isolation flag in the EMR. Methods A process for flag removal was outlined in 2012. IPAC called the medical team on select patients and recommended testing to facilitate flag removal. The process was time intensive and recommendations were not followed consistently. Quality improvement tools, including value stream mapping and time studies were used to identify improvement opportunities. This resulted in creation of a nursing protocol released in tandem with the new EMR in May 2018. The protocol allowed infection preventionists to place an order for repeat testing for MRSA/VRE on eligible patients. Results Protocol use enabled IPAC to test and remove 604 MRSA and/or VRE flags between May 2018 and November 2019. Prior to initiation of the protocol, IPAC removed approximately 60 flags annually. Conclusions The EMR and nursing protocols can be leveraged to identify patients who no longer need contact precautions. This reduces the burden of isolation in hospitals that are not yet ready to eliminate contact precautions for MRSA and VRE.
Flexible Fabric-Based IDC Sensors for Conformal Curved Surface Applications

Interdigital capacitor (IDC) sensors are attractive in-situ sensors that can be used to measure permittivity variations in materials. Such sensors could be powerful enablers for cable insulation aging detection. Since insulation aging is correlated with a change in its material permittivity an IDC can measure that change via its measured capacitance. A new thin, flexible fabric-based IDC sensor is introduced for application on conformal curved surfaces such as an electrical cable surface. A multielectrode IDC and its backplane were fabricated using conductive copper polyester taffeta fabrics that were adhesively bonded to nonconductive polyester fabric. The sensor because of its soft flexible structure eliminates the problem of sensor conductor damage which is common for printed circuit board (PCB) type sensors when conformed to the surface of a cable. It also significantly reduces the airgap between the electrodes and the surface that they must contact in order to measure the capacitance. Airgap reduction and consistency are important in order to accurately predict permittivity variations in cable insulation material due to aging. Both PCB-based sensors and the new fabric-based sensors were built and tested on unaged cables and cables that underwent accelerated aging. Results demonstrate the proposed advantages of the novel fabric-based IDC sensor.
Scalable manufacture of a disposable, storage-stable eight-channel microfluidic device for rapid testing of platelet, coagulation, and drug function under whole blood flow.

Custom polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microfluidic devices allow for small-volume human blood research under hemodynamic conditions of bleeding and clotting. However, issues of PDMS molding/assembly, bio-coating, and sample preparation often limit their point-of-care use. We aim to develop a microfluidic device that has the same utility as previously established PDMS devices but which is more usable in point-of-care operation. We designed an injection-molded 1 × 3 in.2 device with eight flow paths crossing a bio-printed surface of a collagen/tissue factor. The device is rapidly primed and compatible with multi-channel pipetting (<0.5 ml blood) and operates under venous or arterial shear rates using constant flow rate or constant pressure modes. Platelet and fibrin deposition were monitored dynamically by the imaging of immunofluorescence. For whole blood clotting at a wall shear rate of 200 s−1, the intrachip CV at 400 s for platelet and fibrin deposition was 10% and the interdonor CV at 400 s was 30% for platelet and 22% for fibrin deposition (across 10 healthy donors). No significant difference was detected for samples tested on a new chip vs a chip stored for 6 months at 4 °C. Using the fibrin signal, dose–response testing of whole blood revealed IC50's of 120 nM for rivaroxaban and apixaban, and 60 nM for dabigatran. A complete reversal of apixaban inhibition was observed for an equimolar addition of Xa DOAC reversal agent Andexanet Alfa. We demonstrate the ability to manufacture single-use, storage-stable eight-channel chips. In clinical settings, such chips may help evaluate patient bleeding risk, therapy choice, drug activity, or reversal.
Epigenetics and environmental programing of lung disease

Abstract The developmental origins of lung disease describe the connections between environmental stressors and the development of lung disease in the short and long term. Environmental stressors include organic and inorganic exposures, as well as more general environmental stress including prenatal nutrition and oxygen. The basic tenant is that lung disease following an early-life environmental exposure is the result of a change in the normal trajectory of lung growth and development, as well as reprogramming of the lung response to injurious stimuli. The result is alterations in lung structure, function, and reactivity, which in turn result in failure to achieve optimal lung function, onset of lung disease, and exacerbated response to additional lung injury. Epigenetic mechanisms are involved, and likely drive the cellular memory and organ reprogramming that is required to manifest disease long after exposure. The Developmental Origins of Lung Disease field is evolving rapidly and focuses in now turning to the questions important to translate knowledge into meaningful interventions. These important and still somewhat unanswered questions include insight into vulnerable windows, an understanding of cause-and-effect relationships, and identification of gene pathways affected by environmental stimuli that may be amenable to modulation in therapeutics.
BALANCE TRAINING: DOES ANTICIPATED BALANCE CONFIDENCE CORRELATE WITH ACTUAL BALANCE CONFIDENCE FOR DIFFERENT UNSTABLE OBJECTS?

Background Sports rehabilitation professionals often prescribe unstable objects for balance training. Unfortunately, there is a lack of measurement of balance confidence when incorporating these objects. Currently, there is no consensus on the optimal balance confidence measure or proposed progression of unstable objects. Understanding the influence of balance confidence on task performance using unstable objects may help professionals better prescribe a balance training program. Purpose The primary purpose of this investigation was to explore the correlation between anticipated and actual balance confidence on different unstable objects during static double leg and single leg stance. The secondary purpose was to explore the correlation between anticipated and actual unstable object difficulty rankings. Study Design Repeated measure observational, controlled trial. Methods Sixty-five active, healthy adults (M = 35, F = 30) (mean age = 24.38 ± 3.56) underwent two testing sessions. During session one, participants took an online survey, rating their anticipated balance confidence after observing images of different unstable objects. During session two, participants stood on each unstable object under two conditions (static double leg stance and single leg stance) and rated their actual balance confidence. The main outcome measure was an ordinal balance confidence score adapted from the activities-specific balance confidence scale. Statistical analysis included subject demographic calculations and appropriate non-parametric tests. Results For the double leg stance and single leg stance conditions, there was a very strong correlation between anticipated and actual balance confidence scores on the stable surface (ρ = 1.0, p = <.001). There was a weak correlation between scores for foam pad, air-filled discs, Bosu® (dome up), Bosu® (dome down), and wobble board for both conditions. For unstable object rankings, there was a very strong correlation between scores (ρ=1.0, p = <.001). The objects were ranked by perceived difficulty as follows: Level 1 (easy)- ground, Level 2- foam pad, Level 3- air-filled discs, Level 4- Bosu®, and Level 5 (difficult)- wobble board. Conclusion Study findings suggest that actual measures of balance confidence may provide insight into a patient's confidence level and may help with prescribing and progressing their program. The suggested unstable object difficulty rankings may help professionals better match the objects to their patients to produce optimal outcomes. Level of Evidence 2c.
Overconfidence and the Timing of Share Repurchases

This paper investigates the efficiency of open market repurchases across managerial confidence types and finds that moderately confident managers repurchase shares at relatively lower prices than overconfident managers and do so at prices that are closer to the quarterly low stock price. Additionally, it analyzes bid-ask spreads to investigate whether or not the market perceives repurchases to be wellformed and signaling undervaluation. The results suggest that repurchases by moderately confident managers are informed attempts to time the market, while repurchases by overconfident managers are either ill-informed or made for other reasons.
Using 2D dental geometric morphometrics to identify modern Perognathus and Chaetodipus specimens (Rodentia, Heteromyidae)

The Heteromyidae (pocket mice and kangaroo rats) are a group of extant small rodents abundant in western North America, as well as in fossil assemblages over the last 20 million years. Two genera of heteromyids, Chaetodipus and Perognathus, share similar tooth morphology and teeth are the primary fossil remains. Previous genetic studies show these extant sister genera likely diverged in the middle Miocene (∼16 million years ago); however, the Chaetodipus fossil record starts in the Pleistocene (∼2 million years ago). In this study, we asked whether two-dimensional geometric morphometrics on complete dentition and isolated premolars can accurately identify Chaetodipus and Perognathus specimens at the genus and species level. We landmarked the occlusal surface of the upper and lower tooth rows of modern Chaetodipus (n = 83) and Perognathus specimens (n = 80), including 12 of the 26 extant species across the two genera. We ran a canonical variates analysis to investigate whether principal component variation could predict known taxonomic identifications. The morphospace using complete dentition can identify specimens to genus with 90 – 92% accuracy and to species with more variable accuracy. We found an isolated premolar provides sufficient information for genus-level identification (69 – 84% accuracy), but not for species-level identification (26 – 56% accuracy). This morphospace of modern specimens can be used to identify the skeletal remains of Chaetodipus and Perognathus in museum collections, raptor pellets, or middens, to refine our existing knowledge of heteromyid evolutionary history.
Salmonella Typhimurium DT 104 response to Lytic bacteriophage and Lactobionic acid on raw chicken breast

Abstract Bacterial food poisoning cases due to Salmonella have been linked with a variety of poultry products. This study evaluated the effects of a Salmonella-specific Lytic bacteriophage and Lactobionic acid (LBA) on Salmonella Typhimurium DT 104 growth on raw chicken breast meat. Each chicken breast was randomly assigned to a treatment group (Control, DI water, phage 1%, phage 5%, LBA 10 mg/mL, LBA 20 mg/mL, and phage 5% + LBA 20 mg/mL) with four chicken breasts per group. Samples were inoculated with 106 CFU/mL of Salmonella and stored at 4 °C for 30 min. The inoculated chicken breasts were randomly assigned to different storage time (0 h, 1 h, 24 h, or 48 h). Both time and treatment showed significance reduction (P
Education From a Gardener’s Perspective

Nature has much to teach if we will be attentive and learn from her. In Fall 2018, a school of social work professor designed a new course to teach across three schools—social work, education, and the seminary. To integrate faith and learning, this professor designed this course based on the four permaculture (permanent agriculture) design principles: care of people; care for the earth; fair share; and transitional ethic. In this class, graduate students took on community challenges—food insecurity and K-12 student disengagement from learning—to help them live out their vocation while also supporting the development of a local school garden. Ultimately, with this affective, embodied, creative, and reflective pedagogy, learning was experienced more holistically and in a more relevant manner to everyday life.
A 24-Year-Old Man With Hemoptysis Found to Have a Chest Mass and Contralateral Axillary Lymphadenopathy

Case Presentation A 24-year-old man, never smoker, with no medical or surgical history, not currently on medications, presented to the ED with a second episode of gross hemoptysis, 4 months after an initial episode that had not previously been evaluated. He described the current episode of hemoptysis as “enough to fill the sink”; however, he did not further quantify. He has no history of recurrent epistaxis, hematemesis, or other evidence of clotting disorder. He denied any fevers, chills, night sweats, or recent travel. He denied any sick contacts and has no history of TB exposure or risk factors. The patient denied any shortness of breath, wheezing, or chest pain. He had no lower extremity pain or swelling. He routinely exercises and generally lives a healthy lifestyle. He is a health care worker who has not routinely worked with patients infected with SARS-CoV-2, although he received his second (of two) COVID-19 vaccines 4 days before presentation.
Monitoring the QoS for Web Services

Quality of Service (QoS) information for Web services is essential to QoS-aware service management and composition. Currently, most QoS-aware solutions assume that the QoS for component services is readily available, and that the QoS for composite services can be computed from the QoS for component services. The issue of how to obtain the QoS for component services has largely been overlooked. In this paper, we tackle this fundamental issue. We argue that most of QoS metrics can be observed/computed based on service operations. We present the design and implementation of a high-performance QoS monitoring system. The system is driven by a QoS observation model that defines IT- and business-level metrics and associated evaluation formulas. Integrated into the SOA infrastructure at large, the monitoring system can detect and route service operational events systemically. Further, a model-driven, hybrid compilation/interpretation approach is used in metric computation to process service operational events and maintain metrics efficiently. Experiments suggest that our system can support high event processing throughput and scales to the number of CPUs.
Kinetics of expression of the gene encoding the 65-kilodalton DNA-binding protein of herpes simplex virus type 1

The 65-kilodalton DNA-binding protein (65KDBP) of herpes simplex virus type 1, encoded by gene UL42, is required for herpes simplex virus origin-dependent DNA replication (C.A. Wu, N.J. Nelson, D.J. McGeoch, and M.D. Challberg, J. Virol. 62:435-443, 1988). We found by indirect immunofluorescence with monoclonal antibody to 65KDBP that the protein was first detectable at 3 h postinfection. It localized first to the inner periphery of the nucleus, but accumulated in large globular compartments within the nucleus by 6 h postinfection in a pattern similar to that displayed by the major DNA-binding protein ICP8. Immune electron microscopy revealed that 65KDBP was associated with the marginated heterochromatin at the early times, but migrated further into the nucleus at late times when the only discernible areas devoid of 65KDBP were the nucleoli and heterochromatin. The 65KDBP gene is a member of the beta kinetic class as determined by the ability of the mRNA to be expressed at significant levels even in the absence of viral DNA synthesis. Furthermore, in the presence or absence of the DNA polymerase inhibitor phosphonoacetic acid, the patterns of accumulation of protein as well as mRNA were virtually indistinguishable from those displayed by the model beta genes encoding ICP8 and thymidine kinase. Nuclear run-on experiments demonstrated that maximum rates of 65KDBP gene transcription occurred prior to the maximum rate of progeny viral DNA synthesis and confirmed that the expression of the 65KDBP gene is regulated at the level of transcriptional initiation.
Transient response and stability limits of superconducting composite wire following a flux jump

An increasing number of superconducting magnet applications are arising in which space or weight limitations demand the use of high current densities. These high current densities, however, cannot, at present, be achieved by conductors stabilized at the critical current or by conductors stabilized at partial currents. The exception perhaps is in relatively small coils, in which degradation effects tend to be less severe. In large coils, particularly, the conductor is often prevented from carrying its critical current because of the heat released by the sudden penetration of field into the superconductor, known as a flux jump. Unless sufficient cooling is provided, the temperature rise accompanying this release of heat can result in a thermal instability.
Adaptation of Pseudomonas fluorescens to Low Levels of Water Activity Produced by Different Solutes.

A culture of Pseudomonas fluorescens which grew at a minimal aw of 0.97 in a glucose-salts broth adjusted to that level with NaCl, KCl, or glucose, and at aw 0.9725 with Na2SO4, was adapted to grow at lower aw levels produced by these solutes. Adaptation to growth at a low aw produced by means of one solute did not necessarily result in growth at that aw when another solute was employed to lower the aw. The culture adapted to grow at aw 0.9650 produced by addition of glucose could grow equally well in broth adjusted to that aw with NaCl or KCl, but not Na2SO4. NaCl and KCl permitted growth at the lowest aw level (0.9625), and the culture adapted in KCl did equally well in NaCl.
Application polymorphism for autonomic ubiquitous computing

Ubiquitous computing envisions a habitat where the abundance of mobile devices, services and applications allows the physical and virtual worlds to become seamlessly merged. Users in such a habitat can access their applications and data anywhere and anytime, and perform everyday tasks with greater ease. Applications are not bound to any single device but migrate with the user across different environments (rooms, buildings or even cities). There are, however, a number of challenges towards developing mobile, ubiquitous applications. Applications need to be able to adapt, automatically, as they are migrated between environments with different resources (devices, services and applications) and different contexts. They also need to recover from failures of devices and components, automatically. The promise of ubiquitous computing environments will not be realized unless these systems can effectively "disappear". In order to do that, they need to become autonomic, by managing their own evolution and configuration with minimal user intervention. This paper introduces the notion of application polymorphism, where applications can adapt to different contexts, resource availabilities and failures by changing their structure. While the structure of polymorphic applications can change during adaptation, the semantics, state and functionality of the application are preserved as far as possible. This allows users to perform the same tasks seamlessly as they move between environments or when their applications fail. This paper describes a framework for autonomic ubiquitous computing based on mobile, self-configuring, self-repairing, polymorphic applications.
Bacterial Culture of the Canine Stifle Joint following Surgical Repair of Ruptured Cranial Cruciate Ligament

Synovial fluid cultures and physical exam findings were compared in dogs doing well and dogs doing poorly following cranial cruciate ligament repair.
Chemistry and Properties of Poly (Arylene Ether Imidazole)s

Poly(arylene ether imidazole)s were prepared by the aromatic nucleophilic displacement reaction of two new bis(hydroxyimidazole) compounds with activated aromatic dihalides. The bis(hydroxyimidazole) compounds were prepared in high yields from either isophthalaldehyde or terephthalaldehyde, 4-hydroxybenzil and ammonium acetate. The polymers had glass transition temperatures ranging from 245 to 301°C and inherent viscosities from 0.46 to 1.46 dlg-1. Thermogravimetric analysis indicated a 5% weight loss occurring at about 400°C in air and about 500°C in nitrogen. Thin films tested at room temperature exhibited tensile strengths and moduli from 13.6 to 17.6 ksi and 396 to 464 ksi respectively. The polymers maintained good retention of room temperature strengths and moduli when tested at 177°C. Titanium-to-titanium tensile shear strengths measured at 23 and 177°C were 4000 and 3600 psi respectively. In addition, preliminary data were obtained on carbon fiber laminates. The chemistry, physical and mechanical p...
1-GHz and 2.8-GHz CMOS injection-locked ring oscillator prescalers

We implemented prescalers that can operate up to 2.8-GHz by exploiting the injection locking phenomena in differential CMOS ring oscillators. We tested a 5-stage, 1-GHz injection-locked modulo-8 prescaler fabricated in a 0.24-/spl mu/m CMOS technology that consumes 350 /spl mu/W of power and occupies 0.012 mm/sup 2/ of die area. The locking range is 20 MHz and the locked phase noise is -110 dBc/Hz @ 100 kHz. A 2.8-GHz, 3-stage, modulo-4 divider is also presented.
Errors in clinical laboratory test selection and result interpretation: commonly unrecognized mistakes as a cause of poor patient outcome

Over the past decade, the test menu in the clinical laboratory has increased dramatically in size, cost, and complexity. Most practicing physicians would agree that it is a challenge to select the appropriate tests, and only the appropriate tests, with a clinical laboratory test menu of thousands of assays, many of which are genetic tests. This results in delayed diagnoses or incorrect diagnoses from errors in test selection and a failure to interpret tests correctly. Teams of diagnostic experts in a variety of specialty areas in laboratory medicine to aid treating physicians in test selection and result interpretation are being implemented to address this growing problem which frequently leads to significant diagnostic errors and the associated financial consequences.
Integration of BaTiO3 on Si (0 0 1) using MgO/STO buffer layers by molecular beam epitaxy

Abstract The integration of epitaxial BaTiO 3 (BTO) on (0 0 1) oriented silicon using MgO as a buffer layer was investigated. An SrTiO 3 (STO) thin film was used as an intermediate buffer layer to reduce strain between the MgO and Si. The STO thin films were deposited by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) with solid elemental metal sources and molecular oxygen as the oxidant. The MgO/STO double layer stack serves as an excellent platform for epitaxial growth of thick BTO thin films on Si (0 0 1) by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). Epitaxial quality, microstructure and surface morphology of the fully integrated stack were studied by in situ reflection high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED), X-ray diffraction (XRD), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and cross sectional transmission electron microscopy (XTEM). The analyses indicate that the integrated BTO and underlying MgO/STO buffer layers have an orientational relation given by BTO (0 0 1) || MgO (0 0 2) || Si (0 0 4) and BTO〈1 0 0〉 || MgO〈2 0 0〉 || Si〈1 1 0〉. The full width at half maximum (FWHM) of MgO (0 0 2) and BTO (0 0 2) rocking curves or Δ ω =1.1° and 1.3°, and FWHMs of MgO (2 0 2) and BTO (2 0 2) phi scan peaks or Δ φ =1.3° and 1.6°, respectively, are achieved. The measured values Δ ω and Δ φ are comparable to those reported for BTO on single crystal MgO substrate. The interfaces between the layers are abrupt.
Recurrent genomic imbalances in primary effusion lymphomas.

Abstract Primary effusion lymphomas (PEL) form a subset of AIDS-related lymphomas and usually have a poor prognosis. Although Kaposi's sarcoma–associated herpes virus (KSHV) is often associated with PEL, very little is known about the exact mechanisms or causative effects of these associations. We investigated the chromosomal imbalances in six KSHV-positive PEL cell lines using comparative genomic hybridization analysis. We defined the shortest regions of overlaps for genomic gains on six chromosomes: 1q31, 4q31∼q33, 7q10∼q21, 8q21.1, 12q0∼q23, and Xp11∼q21. The recurrent nature of the gains found in these chromosomal regions suggests that these imbalances play roles in the pathogenesis of PEL.
Protection against pneumonic plague following oral immunization with a non-replicating vaccine

Yersinia pestis is a dangerous bacterial pathogen that when inhaled can rapidly induce fatal pneumonic plague. Thus, there is a need for stable, safe, and easily administered mucosal vaccines capable of eliciting effective protection against pulmonary Y. pestis infections. Cationic liposome–nucleic acid complexes (CLDC) have been shown previously to be effective vaccine adjuvants for parenteral immunization, but have not been previously evaluated for use in oral immunization. Therefore, we investigated the ability of an orally administered CLDC adjuvanted vaccine to elicit protective immunity against lethal pneumonic plague. C57Bl/6 mice were vaccinated orally or subcutaneously using 10 μg Y. pestis F1 antigen combined with CLDC and immune responses and protection from challenge was assessed. We found that oral immunization elicited high titers of anti-F1 antibodies, equivalent to those generated by parenteral immunization. Importantly, orally immunized mice were protected from lethal pulmonary challenge with virulent Y. pestis for up to 18 weeks following vaccination. Vaccine-induced protection following oral immunization was found to be dependent primarily on CD4+ T cells, with a partial contribution from CD8+ T cells. Thus, CLDC adjuvanted vaccines represent a new type of orally administered, non-replicating vaccine capable of generating effective protection against pulmonary infection with virulent Y. pestis.
Government Intervention in the Venezuelan Petroleum Industry: An Empirical Investigation of Political Risk

Two important aspects of political risk analysis that have not received much attention in the literature are (a) the reasons why multinational firms experience different types of intervention, and (b) the timing of intervention. In order to address these issues, this research develops a conceptual model of political risk based on the premise that host government intervention is related to specific objectives of the government vis-a-vis multinational firms. Information reflecting the attainment of objectives motivates the government to intervene in a given manner. The application of this model to the case of the Venezuelan petroleum industry from years 1947 to 1976 provides some support for this model and gives insight into the timing of specific types of intervention.