cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A comparative study of the reaction dynamics of a model system using different criteria in parameterizing the potential enegy function

Abstract A comparative study of the reaction dynamics of a model system using a potential energy function that has been parameterized according to two different criteria is presented. The molecule studied is methylene nitramine, CH 2 NNO 2 , and the reaction studied is the N 7z.sbnd;N bond scission reaction. A mathematical description of the potential energy surface for the system was developed, and paramenters for the individual terms in the model were fitted to data obtained from ab initio computations. The first model was fitted to the Cartesian second derivatives of the energy of the equilibrium methylene nitramine, while the second model was fitted using the computed harmonic frequencies for the molecule. Unimolecular decay curves for the NN bond scission reaction were computed at six energies between 2.9384 and 4.1884 eV. Not only do the two models disagree in the computed reaction rates, but the rates predicted by model I are first order and time independent while those obtained with model II indicate erratic and non-statistical behavior. This study shows the sensitivity of dynamics calculations to quantitative differences in potential energy surfaces fitted to different aspects of electronic structure calculations.
Wave propagation through a semiconductor in a strong magnetostatic field

Abstract The propagation of an electromagnetic wave through a semiconducting material in a rectangular waveguide has been investigated. A strong magnetostatic field was applied normal to the waveguide axis. The analysis is constructed from fundamental principles and relations, i.e. starting with Maxwell's equations, the equation of motion, and the Boltzmann distribution. Solutions for the propagation constants were obtained using perturbation techniques. Approximations were made based on the physical semiconductor characteristics of existing materials. Propagation was found to occur with various degrees of attenuation depending on the structure's characteristics and the materials. Reduction of the attenuation was found to be possible by either the reduction of carrier concentration or the excitation of higher order modes. Theoretical zero attenuation for a Ge sample of 0·6 × 1020/m3 concentration was found to occur at about 46 GHz using an LM01 mode.
Robust Analysis of Short Echo Time 1H MRSI of Human Brain

Short echo time proton MR Spectroscopic Imaging (MRSI) suffers from low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), limiting accuracy to estimate metabolite intensities. A method to coherently sum spectra in a region of interest of the human brain by appropriate peak alignment was developed to yield a mean spectrum with increased SNR. Furthermore, principal component (PC) spectra were calculated to estimate the variance of the mean spectrum. The mean or alternatively the first PC (PC1) spectrum from the same region can be used for quantitation of peak areas of metabolites in the human brain at increased SNR. Monte Carlo simulations showed that both mean and PC1 spectra were more accurate in estimating regional metabolite concentrations than solutions that regress individual spectra against the tissue compositions of MRSI voxels. Back-to-back MRSI studies on 10 healthy volunteers showed that mean spectra markedly improved reliability of brain metabolite measurements, most notably for myo-inositol, as compared to regression methods. Magn Reson Med, 2006. Published 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
COMPUTER SIMULATION OF PLASTIC DEFORMATION THROUGH PLANAR GLIDE IN AN IDEALIZED CRYSTAL

The behavior of the plastic deformation of an idealized crystal made by stacking parallel slip planes is reported. Each slip plane is assumed to contain active sources of dislocations leading to a constant density of non-interacting dislocations in the plane which glide through randomly distributed localized point obstacles, representing small precipitates. The dislocation is assumed to have a constant line tension and the dislocation-obstacle interaction is taken to have a simple step form. Using results of computer simulation of thermally activated glide through random arrays of point obstacles, deformation was modeled as a function of temperature and applied stress, determining the strain rate and the morphological characteristics of slip.
Odor Coding in a Disease-Transmitting Herbivorous Insect, the Asian Citrus Psyllid

Olfactory systems discriminate odorants very efficiently and herbivorous insects use them to find hosts in confounding and complex odor landscapes. The Asian citrus psyllid (ACP), Diaphorina citri, feeds on citrus flush and transmits Candidatus Liberibacter that causes citrus greening disease globally. Here, we perform a systematic analysis of odor detection in the ACP antenna using single-unit electrophysiology of rhinarial plate sensilla to a large panel of odorants from plants. We identify neurons that respond strongly to odorants found in the host citrus plants. Comparisons with the generalist yeastfeeding Drosophila melanogaster and specialist anthropophilic Anopheles gambiae reveal differences in odor-coding strategies for the citrus-seeking ACP. These findings provide a foundation for understanding host-odor coding in herbivorous insects.
ADP stimulates the respiratory burst without activation of ERK and AKT in rat alveolar macrophages

Alveolar macrophages (AM) are the first line of defense against infection in the lungs. We previously showed that the production of superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, i.e., the respiratory burst, is stimulated by adenine nucleotides (ADP >> ATP) in rat AM through signaling pathways involving calcium and protein kinase C. Here, we further show that ADP induces a rapid increase in the tyrosine phosphorylation of several proteins that was reduced by the tyrosine kinase inhibitor genistein, which also inhibited the respiratory burst. Interestingly, ADP did not trigger the activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinases ERK1 and ERK2, or that of protein kinase B/AKT, a downstream target of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway. This is in contrast to another stimulus of the respiratory burst, zymosan-activated serum (ZAS), which activates both the ERK and PI3K pathways. Thus, this study demonstrates that the receptor for ADP in rat AM is not coupled to the ERK and AKT pathways and, that neither the ERK pathway nor AKT is essential to induce the activation of the NAPDH oxidase by ADP in rat AM while tyrosine kinases appeared to be required. The rate and amount of hydrogen peroxide released by the ADP-stimulated respiratory burst was similar to that produced by ZAS stimulation. The absence of ERK activation after ADP stimulation therefore suggests that hydrogen peroxide is not sufficient to activate the ERK pathway in rat AM. Nonetheless, as hydrogen peroxide was necessary for ERK activation by ZAS, this indicates that, in contrast to ADP, ZAS stimulates a pathway that is targeted by hydrogen peroxide and leads to ERK activation.
Inability of bats to synthesise L -ascorbic acid

RECENT speculations on the loss and retention of the ability to synthesise L-ascorbic acid (vitamin C) during evolution of animals have been based on few data, often for limited numbers of species1. Published reports for the Mammalia deal mostly with domesticated and laboratory species, and there is little information on ascorbate biosynthesis in wild populations. The status of knowledge on bats typifies this paucity of data. It has been reported that two species of bats (of approximately 850 species), like anthropoid primates and guinea pigs, are unable to synthesise vitamin C because they lack L-gulonolactone oxidase2. When present, this enzyme catalyses the final step in the biosynthesis of L-ascorbic acid from glucose. These species are Pteropus medius3 (=P. giganteus), a fructivore of the suborder Megachiroptera, and Vesperugo abramus2,4 (presumably Pipistrellus coromandrd), an insectivore of the only other chiropteran suborder, the Microchiroptera. We have assayed livers of 34 species of New World microchiropteran bats for L-gulonolactone oxidase (Table 1). These species represent six families, temperate and tropical environments, and a wide variety of food habits and life histories. Within the limits of our assay, we could not detect L-gulonolactone oxidase in livers of any of the species examined. This greatly strengthens the hypothesis that all members of the Chiroptera lack the ability to synthesise vitamin C, which is surprising considering the diversity of bats and their many highly specialised diets.
Atmospheric electricity measurements at Waldorf, Maryland during the 7 March 1970 solar eclipse.

Abstract The Waldorf observatory for atmospheric electricity is described. Data are presented in which strong perturbations are produced by the action of the eclipse. It is shown that the diminution and subsequent restoration of eddy turbulence near the ground can produce effects of the type observed if adequate consideration is given to the existing electrical state of the atmosphere during the fully developed turbulence prior to the eclipse.
Television: A military intelligence and communications medium

The continuing need for a more efficient intelligence system in the U. S. Army is focusing attention on television as a basic means of communication. This article summarizes some of the proposed applications for military television in combat, describes types of current interim mobile television units, and presents recent maneuver utilization of two units.
Histone methyltransferase EZH2 is transcriptionally induced by estradiol as well as estrogenic endocrine disruptors bisphenol-a and diethylstilbestrol

Enhancer of Zeste homolog 2 (EZH2), a methyltransferase specific to histone 3 lysine 27, is a critical player in gene silencing and is overexpressed in breast cancer. Our studies demonstrate that EZH2 is transcriptionally induced by estradiol in cultured breast cancer cells and in the mammary glands of ovariectomized rats. EZH2 promoter contains multiple functional estrogen-response elements. Estrogen receptors (ERs) and ER coregulators such as mixed lineage leukemia (MLL) histone methylases (MLL2 and MLL3) and histone acetyltransferase CBP/P300 bind to the EZH2 promoter in the presence of estradiol and regulate estradiol-induced EZH2 expression. EZH2 expression is also increased upon exposure to estrogenic endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) such as bisphenol-A (BPA) and diethylstilbestrol (DES). Similar to estradiol, BPA and DES-induced EZH2 expression is coordinated by ERs, MLLs and CBP/P300. In summary, we demonstrate that EZH2 is transcriptionally regulated by estradiol in vitro and in vivo, and its expression is potentially dysregulated upon exposure to estrogenic EDCs.
Acceptance inspection by variables when the measurements are subject to error

The situation considered is that in which measurement of the characteristic of interest is not exact but subject to appreciable error. The error is assumed to be unbiased and independent of the actual value of the characteristic measured. The population and error variances,σ 2 andσ e 2 , are assumed to be such thatσ/σ e has a known lower limit which is greater than zero. The probability distributions involved are assumed to be normal while the actual values and measurement errors each form a random sample. For suitable specified acceptable and unacceptable fractions defective, and forσ e assumed known and unknown, this paper presents one-sided acceptance inspection criteria which are optimum in a specified sense, and which have the property that the producer’s and consumer’s risks have specified upper bounds.
Orthobaric liquid densities and dielectric constants of ethylene

Abstract Measurements of the orthobaric liquid densities and dielectric constants of ethylene have been obtained at temperatures from 200 to 270 K. Simultaneous measurements of these properties were carried out using a magnetic suspension densimeter and a concentric cylinder capacitor. Comprehensive comparisons of the present results with the data of other investigators are presented. Also reported are computed values of the Clausius-Mossotti function.
On the existence of subalgebras of direct products with prescribedd-fold projections

Baker and Pixley have shown the equivalence of a number of conditions on a positive integerd and a varietyV be uniquely determined by its projections in thed-fold subproductsA i (1)×...×A i (d). It is shown here thatunder Baker and Pixley's conditions this uniqueness result is complemented by an existence result: SupposeA 1,...,A r ∈V, and that for everyd-tupleI={i(1),...,i(d)} a subalgebraS I ⊆A i(1)×...×A i(d) is given. Then these data are the projections of one subalgebraS⊆ A 1×...A r if and only if they are “consistent” on eachd+1-tuple {i(1),...,i(d+1)}. In the case where eachA i is the lattice {0, 1}, these results lead to the well-known description of finite distributive lattices in terms of finite partially ordered sets. Under appropriate hypotheses the above result generalizes to subalgebras of infinite direct products.
Behavioral and organizational models for human decisionmaking

This paper presents a discussion and interpretation of critical factors relevant to the design of support systems to enhance the quality of organizational decisionmaking. The roles of information, feedback, and individual and organization learning in determining choice, and the organizational objectives that lead to choice and are responsive to choice, are emphasized.
Approach to complete limit equilibrium analysis for rock wedges — the method of “artificial supports”

Approach to Complete Limit Equilibrium Analysis for Rock Wedges — The Method of “Artificial Supports” Since the movement of rock wedges or blocks is the primary phenomenon in rock mass failure, it is convenient to use limit equilibrium approaches for stability analysis. In spite of their wide use, limit equilibrium analysis is often restricted due to: 1) the usual procedural simplifications (regarding geometry, force application, failure modes), and 2) basic deficiencies of the limit equilibrium approach (the fundamentally indeterminate rigid body problem requires assumptions regarding the force reactions). The method of artificial supports intends to circumvent or reduce many of these restrictions. In particular, the problem of unknown force distribution on the supporting plane is reduced by specifically considering and optimizing a variety of reactions on these planes. All sliding modes of failure — i. e., translational, free and restrained rotational sliding — can be correctly modelled. Particularly significant is the result that the usual assumption oftranslational sliding can be incorrect andunsafe, if forces other than the weight are significant. The methodologies employed in the artificial support model can be extended to all modes of failure, i. e., lifting off and toppling in addition to the previously mentioned sliding modes; this is demonstrated with a procedure for a “complete” stability analysis for a 2-joint wedge.
The anodic reaction zone and performance of different carbonaceous fuels in a batch molten hydroxide direct carbon fuel cell

Abstract Results are presented of an analysis of the nature of the reaction zone in the anode of a direct carbon fuel cell (DCFC). Five different types of particulate carbonaceous fuels were investigated, including nonconductive as-received coals, and more conductive pyrolyzed coal chars and an activated charcoal. All the fuels exhibited linear voltage–current density behavior indicative of ohmic-controlled polarization. The two as-received coals (Pittsburgh No. 8 bituminous coal and Beulah-Zap lignite) exhibited greater open-circuit voltages (OCV) of ∼1.2 V than their corresponding pyrolyzed forms and the activated charcoal, the latter of which were all ca. 1.0 V. It was also found that differences in electrochemical reactivity of the as-received and pyrolyzed coal fuels correlated with their thermal heating values. Even so, maximum power and current densities were comparable for all the particulate fuels investigated, irrespective of the conductivity of the fuel particles. Based on fuel characterization and performance data, it is concluded that the electrochemical reaction zone in packed-bed anodes of the type examined here is limited to the three-phase solid fuel-anode-molten electrolyte contact zone. This intrinsic characteristic represents a limitation on the electrochemical performance of these types of DCFCs, in comparison to other fuel cells with fluid fuels.
Complete soft tissue sarcoma resection is a viable treatment option for select elderly patients.

Decreased performance status, comorbidities, and disease natural history may erode enthusiasm for soft tissue sarcoma (STS) resection in elderly patients. Consequently, we evaluated the outcome of elderly patients amenable to complete surgical resection treated at a single institution. Prospectively accrued data were used to identify patients with primary STS age ≥65 years (n = 325) who underwent complete macroscopic resection at our institution (1996–2007). Univariable and multivariable analyses were performed to identify prognostic factors. Median age at presentation was 72 years; 179 patients (55.1%) had associated comorbidities with an ASA score of ≥3. Extremity was the most common site (57.1%; n = 186), undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma the most common histology (60.4%; n = 197); 232 (71.2%) were high grade, 222 (68.3%) were >5 cm. Thirty-day postoperative mortality was 0.9% (n = 3); overall complication rate was 30.7% (n = 100), and mean postoperative hospital stay was 9 days (range, 1–84). Estimated median survival was 96 months, 5-year disease-specific survival (DSS) was 63%. Multivariable analysis identified age ≥75 year (HR = 2.03), tumor size: 5–15 vs 15 vs <5 cm (HR = 10.33), and high-grade (HR = 5.53) as significant independent adverse prognostic factors. Compared with patients aged 65–74 years, older patients had more high grade tumors (P = .04), received chemotherapy less often (P < .0001), developed different patterns of recurrence (P < .05), and exhibited a shorter median survival (70 months; P = .05). Properly selected elderly patients can safely undergo extensive STS resections. Until more effective therapies become available, surgery in the elderly is indicated and remains the best means for STS control.
Evaluation of the Safety, Immunogenicity and Virus Shedding of an Intranasal Live Attenuated Bovine Parainfluenza Virus Type 3 Vaccine in Infants

Evaluation of the Safety, Immunogenicity and Virus Shedding of an Intranasal Live Attenuated Bovine Parainfluenza Virus Type 3 Vaccine in Infants
Intelligence, C3 and the initial period of war

(1991). Intelligence, C3 and the initial period of war. The Journal of Soviet Military Studies: Vol. 4, No. 3, pp. 397-447.
Feature extraction for robust speech recognition based on maximizing the sharpness of the power distribution and on power flooring

This paper presents a new robust feature extraction algorithm based on a modified approach to power bias subtraction combined with applying a threshold to the power spectral density. Power bias level is selected as a level above which the signal power distribution is sharpest. The sharpness is measured using the ratio of arithmetic mean to the geometric mean of medium-duration power. When subtracting this bias level, power flooring is applied to enhance robustness. These new ideas are employed to enhance our recently introduced feature extraction algorithm PNCC (Power Normalized Cepstral Coefficient). While simpler than our previous PNCC, experimental results show that this new PNCC is showing better performance than our previous implementation.
Using Fiction to Develop Managerial Judgment

This article explores the use of literature, film, and other nontraditional materials in the business curriculum to establish a complementary humanities perspective in management education. Borrowi...
Factors influencing regeneration and Agrobacterium tumefaciens -mediated transformation of common bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

A systematic study was carried out to optimize regeneration and Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation of four common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivars; Red Hawk, Matterhorn, Merlot, and Zorro, representing red kidney, great northern, small red, and black bean commercial classes, respectively. Regeneration capacity of leaf explants, stem sections, and embryo axes were evaluated on 30 media each containing Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium and different combinations of plant growth regulators. For stem sections and leaf explants, none of the media enabled plant regeneration from any of the four cultivars tested, indicating the recalcitrance of bean regeneration from these tissues. In contrast, several media enabled multiple shoot production from embryo axis explants, although optimal regeneration media was genotype-dependent. Under optimal regeneration conditions, multiple shoots, 2.3–10.8 on average for each embryogenic explant, were induced from embryo axis explants at frequencies of 93 % for ‘Merlot’, 80 % for ‘Matterhorn’, 73 % for ‘Red Hawk’, and 67 % for ‘Zorro’. Transient expression studies monitored by an intron-interrupted gusA on explants transformed with A. tumefaciens strains GV3101, LBA4404, and EHA105 indicated that all three A. tumefaciens strains tested were efficient in gene delivery. Gene delivery depended on parameters including strain of A. tumefaciens, co-cultivation time, explant type, and bean genotype. Agroinfiltration also enhanced gene delivery. Kanamycin-resistant and GUS-positive calluses were induced from leaf, stem, and embryo axis explants. Chimeric transformants were obtained from embryo axis explants and showed partial GUS-staining. Lack of efficient regeneration from non-meristem containing tissues is the main limitation for stable transformation of common bean.
A serological comparison of the three morphological phases of coccidioides immitis: Complement fixation tests with a Pooled antiserum obtained from rabbits with experimental Coccidioidomycosis

A sonicated spherule preparation was more reactive than a sonicated arthrospore antigen in complement fixation tests with a pooled serum from rabbits with experimental coccidioidomycosis. The reactivity of the sonicated spherule approximated the reactivity of coccidioidin. When the sonicated spherule was separated into its supernatant and sediment fractions, both preparations exhibited serological activity.
Genetic Evidence of Hybridization Between Oenothera wolfii (Wolf's Evening Primrose) and O. glazioviana, a Garden Escape

ABSTRACT Isozyme analysis of the rare Oenothera wolfii (Wolf's evening primrose) and the garden escape, O. glazioviana, indicates that hybridization between these species may be more widespread than morphological evidence indicates. Although both species contained low amounts of genetic variation, unique alleles were identified in both taxa. Analysis of 22 populations, including pure populations of each species, identified eight populations as containing putative hybrid individuals. Four of these putative hybrid populations were considered pure O. wolfii based on morphological analysis. This study confirms that the native O. wolfii may be at risk not only from habitat destruction, but potentially from genetic swamping where it co-occurs with O. glazioviana. These results can be used as baseline information for future genetic monitoring efforts.
Methodological and Dispositional Predictors of Congruence Between Implicit and Explicit Need for Achievement

In this research, the authors questioned the statistical independence of implicit and explicit motives. Their first aim was to identify a methodological factor that may have weakened implicit-explicit motive correlations in past research. Their second aim was to identify personality traits that moderate implicit-explicit motive congruence. They found that implicit and explicit need for achievement (nAch) are significantly correlated, but only if the implicit and explicit measures are matched in content. Three traits were found to uniquely moderate the relationship between implicit and explicit nAch: private body consciousness, self-monitoring, and preference for consistency. These findings indicate that implicit and explicit nAch are systematically related and suggest that some individuals may use implicit nAch as a foundation for the development of explicit nAch.
A Concise Case for Health at Every Size: Review of Body Respect: What Conventional Health Books Get Wrong, Leave Out and Just Plain Fail to Understand, by Linda Bacon and Lucy Aphramor

Linguist and political critic Noam Chomsky, in responding to questions about why he does not appear on television often, pointed out that in U.S. media, “concision” is more important than accuracy....
Transcriptional regulation of HERV-E expression in clear cell renal carcinoma

retroviruses, retroelements and their hosts Meet ing abstracts - A single PDF containing all abstracts in this Supplement is available here . http://www. biomedcentral.co m/content/pdf/17 42-4690-6-S2-inf o.pdf
Stability selection for regression-based models of transcription factor–DNA binding specificity

Motivation: The DNA binding specificity of a transcription factor (TF) is typically represented using a position weight matrix model, which implicitly assumes that individual bases in a TF binding site contribute independently to the binding affinity, an assumption that does not always hold. For this reason, more complex models of binding specificity have been developed. However, these models have their own caveats: they typically have a large number of parameters, which makes them hard to learn and interpret. Results: We propose novel regression-based models of TF–DNA binding specificity, trained using high resolution in vitro data from custom protein-binding microarray (PBM) experiments. Our PBMs are specifically designed to cover a large number of putative DNA binding sites for the TFs of interest (yeast TFs Cbf1 and Tye7, and human TFs c-Myc, Max and Mad2) in their native genomic context. These high-throughput quantitative data are well suited for training complex models that take into account not only independent contributions from individual bases, but also contributions from di- and trinucleotides at various positions within or near the binding sites. To ensure that our models remain interpretable, we use feature selection to identify a small number of sequence features that accurately predict TF–DNA binding specificity. To further illustrate the accuracy of our regression models, we show that even in the case of paralogous TF with highly similar position weight matrices, our new models can distinguish the specificities of individual factors. Thus, our work represents an important step toward better sequence-based models of individual TF–DNA binding specificity. Availability: Our code is available at http://genome.duke.edu/labs/ gordan/ISMB2013. The PBM data used in this article are available in the Gene Expression Omnibus under accession number GSE47026.
Clinical Utility of Rituximab in Chronic Graft-Versus-Host Disease

Objective:To evaluate the use of rituximab in the clinical management of steroid-refractory chronic graft-versus-host disease (GVHD).Data Sources:Literature was accessed through MEDLINE and International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (1990–September 2008), both indexed and nonindexed citations, using the terms rituximab, graft-versus-host disease, monoclonal antibodies, and CD20. In addition, reference citations from the publications identified were reviewed.Study Selection and Data Extraction:All articles discussing rituximab as a therapeutic option in the treatment of GVHD that were published in English and enrolled human study participants were evaluated.Data Synthesis:Rituximab is a genetically engineered chimeric murine monoclonal antibody that binds to the CD20 differentiation antigen found on B-lymphocytes. GVHD is the leading cause of procedural-related morbidity and mortality following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Chronic GVHD (cGVHD) occurs in up to 70% of individuals un...
Knowledge sharing in cooperative research and development

This article examines the effects of knowledge sharing or endogenous spillovers among R&D consortia participants on R&D competition when R&D enhances a firm's absorptive capacity. A three-stage model illustrates how different compositions of R&D consortia affect endogenous spillover rates and R&D spending of participants. When consortium participants possess complementary knowledge, the model suggests that participation increases the degree of knowledge sharing and intensifies firms' R&D efforts to learn from other members compared with the case when no cooperation takes place. This type of R&D consortia is welfare enhancing, justifying government support for these projects. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dissecting Future Aerosol Emissions: warming Tendencies and Mitigation Opportunities

Future global emissions of aerosols will play an important role in governing the nature and magnitude of future anthropogenic climate change. We present in this pa- per a number of future scenarios of emissions of black carbon (BC) and organic carbon (OC) by world region, which we combine with sulfate (SO4) assessed in terms of the emissions of its precursor, SO2. We find that aerosol emissions from the household and industrial sectors are likely to decline along almost all future pathways. Transportation emissions, however, are subject to complex interacting forces that can lead to either in- creases or decreases. Biomass burning declines in many scenarios, but the Amazon rain- forests remain vulnerable if unsustainable economic growth persists. East Asia is the key region for primary aerosols, and trends in China will have a major bearing on the direc- tion and magnitude of releases of BC (expected reductions in the range of 640-1290 Gg), OC (reductions of 520-1900 Gg), and SO2 (ranging from an increase of 21 Tg to a reduc- tion of 30 Tg). Analysis of joint BC, OC, and SO2 emission changes identifies a number of key world regions and economic sectors that could be effectively targeted for aerosol reductions.
6S-1 RNA Function Leads to a Delay in Sporulation in Bacillus subtilis

We have discovered that 6S-1 RNA (encoded by bsrA) is important for appropriate timing of sporulation in Bacillus subtilis in that cells lacking 6S-1 RNA sporulate earlier than wild-type cells. The time to generate a mature spore once the decision to sporulate has been made is unaffected by 6S-1 RNA, and, therefore, we propose that it is the timing of onset of sporulation that is altered. Interestingly, the presence of cells lacking 6S-1 RNA in coculture leads to all cell types exhibiting an early-sporulation phenotype. We propose that cells lacking 6S-1 RNA modify their environment in a manner that promotes early sporulation. In support of this model, resuspension of wild-type cells in conditioned medium from ΔbsrA cultures also resulted in early sporulation. Use of Escherichia coli growth as a reporter of the nutritional status of conditioned media suggested that B. subtilis cells lacking 6S-1 RNA reduce the nutrient content of their environment earlier than wild-type cells. Several pathways known to impact the timing of sporulation, such as the skf- and sdp-dependent cannibalism pathways, were eliminated as potential targets of 6S-1 RNA-mediated changes, suggesting that 6S-1 RNA activity defines a novel mechanism for altering the timing of onset of sporulation. In addition, 6S-2 RNA does not influence the timing of sporulation, providing further evidence of the independent influences of these two related RNAs on cell physiology.
Mode choice for the intermodal transportation considering carbon emissions

The intermodal transportation as an effective logistics solution can provide timely and high quality service for customers. Especially with the rapid development of logistics industry, the intermodal transportation is becoming a very common practice in the industry today. The operation cost can be reduced to a great extent if different transportation modes are well connected and synchronized. Most existing research about intermodal transportation optimization focused on minimizing the total logistics cost, and/or maximizing the customer satisfied degree, etc. The impact of carbon emissions by different transportation carriers is seldom considered. However, transportation industry plays an important role for the carbon emissions reduction. Some corresponding rules, such as carbon tax, have been proposed to help reducing the carbon emissions in developed countries. Logistics companies need to balance the profit and the carbon emissions. This paper presents an approach to optimize the choice of transportation modes for intermodal transportation with consideration of carbon emissions. An integer programming model is proposed, of which the objective is to minimize the total cost including both logistics costs and costs related to carbon emissions. The computational results are also presented to illustrate the impact of considering carbon emissions on intermodal transportation.
Performance analysis of a land mobile satellite system using importance sampling

Land mobile communication using satellites has become widespread. However, estimation of its average bit-error rate is still challenging due to the complexity of various system components, such as the nonlinearity of traveling wave tube amplifiers (TWTAs), intersymbol interference, spread spectrum under fading, or jamming conditions. The analytical approach using closed form solutions is very difficult if not impossible. Monte Carlo (MC) simulation can offer an alternative method of performance estimation; however, the use of MC simulation is often limited by an excessive computational burden. Importance sampling (IS) is an efficient simulation method that can greatly reduce this computational overhead although it requires additional modeling and a careful biasing scheme. We propose an integrated IS model which combines error event simulation, a conditional IS method, and an asymptotically efficient method for the effective estimation of the error rate. Simulation results conditioned on different channel parameters such as the backoff of a TWTA, jamming signal strength, and elevation angle of the low-Earth orbit satellite are provided. Comparisons between the proposed method and the MC method show that a great reduction in simulation time, as well as increased accuracy, can be achieved with the IS method.
Relative transport behavior of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella enterica serovar pullorum in packed bed column systems: influence of solution chemistry and cell concentration.

The influence of solution chemistry and cell concentration on bacterial transport has been examined using Salmonella pullorum SA1685 and Escherichia coli O157:H7. A column was employed to determine...
Serial ATA testing with analog tester resources

Data rate and capacity of a hard disk in computer systems are increasing yearly along with the processor speed. Legacy interface IDE between a computer and hard disk drives is becoming a bottleneck of data transaction speed. Serial ATA is a new high-speed serialized data link introduced for hard disk drives by processor/ hard disk manufacturers. It is gradually replacing the legacy parallel ATA. Serial ATA is one of the serializer/deserializer (SERDES) interfaces, and is purely digital system. However, some unique features such as out-of-band (OOB) signalling, spread spectrum clocking (SSC) are involved so that from the testing point of view there are several challenging items in terms of stimulus generation and measurement techniques. Instead of regular digital testers how mixed signal testers can cope with this serial ATA testing are discussed in this article, introducing several interesting ideas. Generating OOB signalling is not difficult with using an arbitrary waveform generator (AWG), but there is another demand called common mode modulation with a low level of differential signal must be modulated with a low frequency. An attenuator circuit slightly modified to do the task is introduced. SSC is a kind of frequency modulation for data stream. The unit interval of the data bit is slowly wandered intentionally. Generating SSC applied signal is not an easy task for regular digital resources. AWG can take care of SSC applied clock generation easily. SSC applied clock is analyzed its frequency domain spectrum by a sampler. The same data is also processed with orthogonal demodulation method that reveals SSC modulation curves in time domain.
Nanosecond Fluorescence Spectroscopy of Biological Macromolecules and Membranes

Fluorescence spectroscopy is a very sensitive technique capable of giving information on various aspects of the structure and dynamics of biological macromolecules and membranes. Its applicability in these areas has been greatly enhanced in recent years by improvements in techniques both for the generation and detection of nanosecond light pulses and for numerical analysis of time-dependent emission data. This article reviews the basic concepts used in these applications and presents results obtained in our laboratory with proteins, nucleic acids, and membranes.
Structured mRNA induces the ribosome into a hyper-rotated state.

During protein synthesis, mRNA and tRNA are moved through the ribosome by the process of translocation. The small diameter of the mRNA entrance tunnel only permits unstructured mRNA to pass through. However, there are structured elements within mRNA that present a barrier for translocation that must be unwound. The ribosome has been shown to unwind RNA in the absence of additional factors, but the mechanism remains unclear. Here, we show using single molecule Forster resonance energy transfer and small angle X-ray scattering experiments a new global conformational state of the ribosome. In the presence of the frameshift inducing dnaX hairpin, the ribosomal subunits are driven into a hyper-rotated state and the L1 stalk is predominantly in an open conformation. This previously unobserved conformational state provides structural insight into the helicase activity of the ribosome and may have important implications for understanding the mechanism of reading frame maintenance.
Toward a 25-Meter Submillimeter Telescope

The atmospheric transmission available in the Atacama desert, and the fine surface accuracy requirement should thus allow for good performance well into the submm. The wide field of view advantage is to be provided by large format submillimeter arrays, which are becoming increasingly available at both long and short submm wavelengths. Indeed imaging arrays with nearly 104 elements are already being planned for the JCMT. Novel spectrometer designs are now also beginning to enable broadband spectroscopy of distant galaxies as well. Thus all of the technical issues appear surmountable with present technologies, opening the way to a major advances with a 25 m submm telescope.
N-WAVES IN HYPERBOLIC BALANCE LAWS

It is shown that, as time tends to infinity, solutions to the Cauchy problem for a class of genuinely nonlinear scalar balance laws attain N-wave profiles, when the initial data have compact support, or saw-toothed profiles, when the initial data are periodic. The amplitude and length of these waves results from the synergy between flux and source.
Molecular Characterization of an Endometrial Endometrioid Adenocarcinoma Metastatic to a Thyroid Hürthle Cell Adenoma Showing Cancerization of Follicles.

Tumor-to-tumor metastasis is rare. Herein, we present a unique case of endometrial endometrioid adenocarcinoma metastatic to a thyroid Hurthle cell adenoma 9 years after initial diagnosis. On histologic examination of the thyroid, the malignant endometrioid glands and single cells (donor tumor) were dispersed within the Hurthle cell adenoma (recipient tumor). In several sections of the adenoma with still preserved microfollicular architecture, malignant endometrial adenocarcinoma cells were admixed within oncocytic adenomatous epithelium (so-called "cancerization of the follicles"). This unusual phenomenon, to our knowledge, is a novel finding in the thyroid gland. Immunohistochemistry, subsequently elicited clinical history, and morphologic comparison of the tumor in the thyroid to the primary endometrial tumor confirmed the origin of the donor tumor cells. Molecular analysis of both the metastatic and primary endometrial tumors demonstrated PIK3CA and PTEN mutations in both tumors, as is characteristic of well-differentiated endometrioid tumors of the endometrium. Amplification of chromosome 1q was detected in both sites; however, only the metastatic tumor showed loss of chromosomes 2, 9, and 22. The morphologic differential diagnosis of metastatic endometrioid adenocarcinoma in the thyroid includes columnar cell variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma (CCVPTC) arising in a preexisting adenoma, endocrine glandular atypia within an adenoma, and metastasis from other anatomic sites. Histomorphologic differences among these entities may be subtle; therefore, knowledge of and morphologic comparison with prior malignancies and immunohistochemistry can be helpful in rendering the correct diagnosis.
Software defining system devices with the 'Banana' double-split driver model

This paper introduces a software defined device driver layer that enables new ways of wiring devices within and across cloud environments. It builds on the split driver model, which is used in paravirtualization (e.g., Xen) to multiplex hardware devices across all VMs. In our approach, called the Banana Double-Split Driver Model, the back-end portion of the driver is resplit and rewired such that it can be connected to a different back-end driver on another hypervisor. Hypervisors supporting Banana cooperate with each other to (1) expose a consistent interface to rewire the back-end drivers, (2) allow different types of connections (e.g., tunnels, RDMA, etc.) to coexist and be hot-swapped to optimize for placement, proximity, and hardware, and (3) migrate backend connections between hypervisors to maintain connectivity irrespective of physical location. We have implemented an early prototype of Banana for network devices. We show how network devices can be split, rewired, and live migrated across cloud providers with as low as 1.4 sec of downtime, while fully maintaining the logical topology between application components.
Hypothalamic pituitary axis dysfunction in a neonate with severe Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy

Severe hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) in the newborn period is known to cause multi-organ dysfunction. Our index case describes a 40 weeks newborn infant who was born in a depressed state with poor cord gases and Apgar scores and needed cardiopulmonary resuscitation. During the 2nd week of life, the newborn infant became polyuric with persistent hypernatremia along with problems in maintaining body temperature. Investigations revealed the newborn infant to suffer from neurogenic diabetes insipidus, secondary adrenal, and thyroid insufficiency. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain showed abnormal heterogeneous signals within the thalami and basal ganglia consistent with severe HIE. Commencement of regular desmopressin, hydrocortisone, and levothyroxine resulted in the improvement of hypernatremia, polyuria, thyroid functions, and serum cortisol levels but unstable thermoregulation continued to persist. Such multiple endocrinopathies involving both the anterior and posterior pituitary gland and hypothalamus as sequelae to severe HIE in newborn infants have not been widely reported in the literature.
Rethinking Student Press in the ‘Marketplace of Ideas’ after Hosty: The Argument for Encouraging Professional Journalistic Practices

The Seventh Circuit’s 2005 Hosty v. Carter decision cast a chill of panic on free speech advocates and collegiate student journalists across the nation. This note contends that the decision’s scope and implications are more limited than what other commentators have suggested. It also argues that college administrators legally can and pedagogically should encourage their institutions’ student newspapers to uphold established ethical and professional journalistic practices, and gives specific suggestions for doing so.
Reasons for the “after-school pressure cooker” in Affluent Communities: It’s Not How Much Time, but Why

This study extends the over-scheduling hypothesis literature by focusing on affluent adolescents and exploring relations between psychosocial adjustment and reasons for organized activity (OA) involvement rather than focusing solely on time spent in OAs. Variable- and person-centered analyses were used to evaluate associations between intensity of OA participation and reasons for involvement, perceived parental pressure, and adjustment (depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms, life satisfaction) in a sample of 10th graders (N = 122) from affluent communities. When adolescents’ perceptions of parental pressure were controlled for in analyses, more intensely involved youth reported lower levels of depressive symptoms. “For Fun” was the most highly rated reason for involvement and was linked to lower levels of perceived parental pressure, but was unrelated to all indicators of adjustment. Conversely, involvement in OAs “for Parents” was linked to more perceived parental pressure and lower levels of life satisfaction. Two OA participant profiles emerged in person-centered analyses: (1) primarily intrinsic reasons (high Fun, moderate Future, low Parents) and (2) intrinsic and extrinsic reasons (high Fun, high Future, high Parents) for involvement. OA participation simultaneously motivated by extrinsic and intrinsic reasons was linked to fewer psychosocial benefits than intrinsically motivated OA involvement.
13C NMR Characterization of Polychloroprene Microstructure I. Spectral Assignments

Abstract 13C NMR spectroscopy has proved to be a very powerful tool for the characterization of polychloroprene microstructure. We have identified and assigned the lines associated with diad and triad sequences involving the predominant trans-1,4 placement, together with other lines associated with cis-1,4, 1,2, isomerized 1,2, and 3,4 structural irregularities. Currently, we are performing 13C NMR, relaxation studies on the chloroprene polymers and will be presenting quantitative data in the near future.
Suppression of interleukin-2 and interleukin-2 receptor biosynthesis by gold compounds in in vitro activated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells

Objective. To further investigate the mechanism of action of gold compounds by studying their effects on interleukin-2 (IL-2) and IL-2 receptor (IL-2R) biosynthesis. Methods. We cultured phytohemagglutinin- or anti-CD3 antibody-activated normal peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), as well as the erythroleukemic K562 cell line, in the presence of gold sodium thiomalate or auranofin. Tritiated thymidine incorporation assays, cytotoxicity assays, immunofluorescence analysis, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, Northern blot, and RNA dot-blot hybridization were used. Results. Gold compounds, at concentrations attainable in vivo, inhibited the proliferation of normal PBMC, with no evidence of direct cytotoxicity. This inhibitory effect was associated with a dose-dependent suppression of both IL-2 and IL-2R messenger RNA accumulation. In contrast, the same concentrations of gold compounds failed to inhibit the spontaneous proliferation of the IL-2-independent K562 cells. Conclusion. Our findings suggest an IL-2/IL-2R-mediated mechanism for suppression of lymphocyte proliferation by gold compounds, which might account for the immunomodulatory effects of gold in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.
Textbook innovation by the ideas of new curriculum--Textbook analysis of mathematics (Volume 1, Grade 1, New Century edition)

This text purpose analyzing the mathematics textbook (volume 1, grade 1) of new century edition.
Regional variability in clovis, folsom, and Cody Land use

Several alternative models of Paleoindian economies, social organization, and mobility patterns have been developed. Testing such models remains difficult due in part to the emphasis on site-specif...