cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Heat transfer modeling of the IEA/SSPS volumetric receiver

During the summer and fall of 1987 in Almeria, Spain, a wire-pack receiver was tested by the International Energy Agency/Small Solar Power Systems (IEA/SSPS). The basic operation of the receiver is that: air is drawn through several layers of stainless steel wire screen; concentrated solar flux is directed on the face of the screen pack; the oxidized wires absorb the solar energy; and heat is transferred to the air flowing through the screen. Although the experiment goal was strictly proof-of-concept and was not receiver characterization, modeling efforts were initiated to help understand the experimental results. The steady-state performance of the receiver is modeled using the fact that the net solar and infrared radiative energy absorbed by each screen layer must be transferred to the air by convection. Basic performance trends and typical calculations of receiver efficiency are given. Model predictions and experimentally measured temperatures and flow rates are compared.
Large area Y1Ba2Cu3O7-δ thin film on LaAlO3 substrate deposited by pulsed laser deposition

Abstract Double-sided deposition of large-area Y1Ba2Cu3O7-δ thin films was investigated. The films were deposited on LaAlO3 substrates, with a diameter of 3 in, using pulsed laser deposition-equipment with an off-axis geometry. For homogeneity in film thickness and superconducting properties, the substrates were set on a heater that was arranged parallel to the plasma plume axis; the substrates were rotated during film deposition. Uniformity of thickness was better than ±3% across the 3 in diameter film. High c-axis orientation was confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurement, and the Jc distribution measurements showed more than 106A/cm2 (77.3 K) in the whole area of the double-sided 3 in film.
Concurrent and longitudinal neuropsychological contributors to written language expression in first and second grade students

The primary purpose of this study was to examine several key questions related to the neuropsychological contributors to early written language. First, can we develop an empirical measurement model that encompasses many of the neuropsychological components that have been deemed as important to the development of written language? Second, once derived, will the neuropsychological components of this model remain stable over first and second grades or will the model change in its composition? Third, will the strength of the relationships between neuropsychological components and writing outcomes be constant over time, or will the strength of the relationships change over time? Finally, will the derived empirical model show significant concurrent and predictive relationships with written expression? The sample included 205 first grade students recruited from a single school district who were followed into the second grade via two cohorts: Measures were aligned with major neuropsychological components as extracted from theoretical models of written expression and available empirical findings examining the neuropsychological contributors to writing in children. These domains included fine-motor speed, language, short-term memory, long-term memory, and various attention/executive functions including working memory. Confirmatory factor analyses (CFAs) and longitudinal structural equation modeling (SEM) methods documented that three core latent traits were present and stable at both grades 1 and 2: Fine-Motor, Language, and Attention/Executive Functions. The overall model was highly related to written expression and spelling at both grades 1 and 2, with the first grade latent traits accounting for 52 and 55% of the variance in second grade written expression and spelling, respectively. At both grades, the Language and Attention/Executive Functions latent traits were more highly associated with written expression and spelling than the Fine-Motor latent trait.
Computers in society—a course description, purpose and rationale

Irrespective of one's personal position on the role of computers in society, it is indeed desirable that all college graduates in the coming years have a realistic even though minimal understanding of how computers work and how they may be directed to implement and maintain almost any desired social system. Consequently, the primary purpose of this course on computers in society is to give an elementary but sound fundamental understanding of how computers work, what they can do, what applications of computer technology currently exist or are now in research consideration, and the relationships of these applications to the role of man in society. Thus, the course is conceived as a citizen's social problems course in which much of the time will be devoted to documentation of the claim that society is undergoing a computer revolution and to illumination of this position by the presentation of several problem areas resulting from computer applications.
the birth of the reservation: making the modern individual among the Lakota

Indian wars, intertribal war parties, buffalo hunts, or sun dances. The United States government had embarked on a policy of civilizingthe Lakota and other western Indian peoples, and schools and even family gardens appeared on the reservation. Although the Lakota had formerly been recognized by the United States in treaties as a "nation," the government no longer made treaties with Indians, and the internal sovereignty of native polities had been den ied by extending federal jurisdiction over crimes in Indian country. Political sovereignty now resided with the local agent of the Office of Indian Affairs (OIA), whose material sources of power included the paramilitary Indian police force that he paid and commanded, and the rations he dispensed on which the Lakota had come to depend for subsistence with the destruction of the prereservation mode of production. But just how completely had the Lakota been politically subdued by 1885? In that year, the agents on the Great Sioux Reservation lined up their charges to take the annual census in order to establish the size of the populations for the purpose of issu ing rations. At the Rosebud Agency, the OIA office established on the Great Sioux Reservation to administer the Sicangu (or Brule) Lakota, the 1885 census takers recorded some remarkable English translations of Lakota names. Peppered throughout the census, in between names such as "Black Elk," "Walking Bull," and "Dull Knife," were names such as "Bad Cunt," "Dirty Prick," and "Shit Head" (Rosebud Agency 1885). What happened is not difficult to unravel: Lakota people were filing past the census enumerator, and then getting back in line-or lending their babies to people in line-to be enumerated a second time using fictitious and rather imaginative names. The intention was to This article traces the means by the which the Lakota people of Pine Ridge and Rosebud Reservations in South Dakota were internally pacified, that is, penetrated by the state apparatus in the form of the United States of Office of Indian Affairs during the period from 1880 to the mid-1930s. The focus is on how the state constructed new kinds of bureaucratically knowable and recordable individuals, with new kinds of self-interests that could be predicted and manipulated by the officials. These new Lakota individuals were made by means of four administrative processes that I call, after Foucault, modes of subjection: property ownership, determination of "competence," registration of Indian "blood" quanta, and recording of genealogy. [Native Americans, colonialism, internal pacification, Lakota, political economy, subjection]
Direct STM evidence for Cu-benzoate surface complexes on Cu(1 1 0)

Abstract The chemisorption of benzoate on a Cu(1 1 0) crystal at room temperature was studied using low temperature scanning tunneling microscopy. STM images, obtained at 5 K for low benzoate coverage, show isolated surface species that consist of a single Cu adatom stabilizing two benzoate molecules in a flat orientation. These species are discussed in relation to other known metal-organic surface compounds. At higher coverage the 4 - 3 1 5 overlayer, called the α-phase, was also observed at 5 K and found to contain features attributable to two Cu adatoms associated with two pairs of non-equivalent benzoate species. The observed topographic features are used to suggest refinements of the structural model of the ordered α-phase overlayer.
Three-Dimensional Response of a Shear Flow to Elevated Heating

Abstract The three-dimensional response of a shear flow to elevated heating is investigated using linear theory. The basic wind profile is allowed to reverse directions at a certain height. Effects of shear, evaporative cooling, and the stratosphere are investigated. Morphology and spatial scales of the V-shaped features found in this study are consistent with observations and nonlinear numerical modeling results, but are explained by energy propagation associated with the thermally forced gravity wave. The response of a unidirectional shear flow to latent heating at the level of the wind reversal is an axisymmetric pattern of upward vertical motion, which is in direct response to the heating. Away from the level of the wind reversal, V-shaped patterns of upward motion are produced with vertices pointing upwind. The updraft core in the vertical plane in the direction of the storm movement is almost erect for a relatively weak shear flow. In accord with two-dimensional solutions, the critical level plays a...
Modeling and control system design for an integrated solar generation and energy storage system with a ride-through capability

This paper presents a generic approach for PV panel modeling. Data for this modeling can be easily obtained from manufacturer datasheet, which provides a convenient way for the researchers and engineers to investigate the PV integration issues. A two-stage power conversion system (PCS) is adopted in this paper for the PV generation system and a Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) can be connected to the dc-link through a bi-directional dc/dc converter. In this way, the BESS can provide some ancillary services which may be required in the high penetration PV generation scenario. In this paper, the fault ride-through (FRT) capability is specifically focused. The integrated BESS and PV generation system together with the associated control systems is modeled in PSCAD and Matlab platforms and the effectiveness of the controller is validated by the simulation results.
Infra-Red Spectra and Structure of Proteins

The infra-red spectra of thirty-seven proteins have been observed between 650 and 3700 cm$^{-1}$. Several of the bands found common to them all had not been reported previously and some other bands appear to be common only to those believed to exist in a folded configuration. A critical study of the exact positions of the bands near 1650 and 1550 cm$^{-1}$ indicates that the frequency criteria developed for distinguishing $\alpha $ from $\beta $ polypeptides cannot be reliably applied to proteins. Spectra obtained with polarized infra-red radiation confirms the view that in proteins where the polypeptide chain has a coiled ($\alpha $) configuration, the NH stretching and the CO stretching bands have parallel dichroism and that the amide II band (near 1540 cm$^{-1}$) has perpendicular dichroism; in proteins with the polypeptide chain in the extended ($\beta $) configuration these bands have the opposite dichroism. However, the counter-part of the amide II band near 1240 cm$^{-1}$ showed little dichroism in $\alpha $ proteins, but marked parallel dichroism in $\beta $ proteins. The spectra of several deuterated proteins have been investigated; the results are of considerable value in making assignments of fundamental frequencies. Studies of deuterated silkworm gut using polarized infra-red radiation showed that deuteration takes place preferentially in the unoriented portion. Lastly, observed dichroic ratios of several key bands in proteins have been used to make quantitative tests of various polypeptide chain configurations which may exist in proteins. Satisfactory agreement was found in some cases with models based on X-ray diffraction data.
Examination of nonendocytotic bulk transport of nanoparticles across phospholipid membranes.

Nonendocytotic transport is believed to play a role in the transmigration of particles less than 100 nm within biological systems. Determining the fundamental mechanism of this transport across cell membranes is essential if nanotechnology is to be utilized in general medical practice and may lead to methods of treating the deleterious internalization of ambient, possibly pollutant, nanoparticles. In order to gain a broader understanding of nonendocytotic transmembrane transport, it becomes essential to devise a method which allows the isolation of fundamental modes of transport such as passive Brownian diffusion through a membrane, as opposed to effusion-like transport of particles through transmembrane channels. The passive Brownian diffusion contribution was investigated using gold nanoparticles and mimetic biomembranes. Specifically, gold nanoparticle dispersions consisting of 7, 10, and 15 nm diameter particles were captured in giant unilamelar vesicles composed of phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidic a...
Nuclear DNA content variation associated with muscle fiber hypertrophic growth in decapod crustaceans.

We tested the hypothesis that hypertrophic muscle growth in decapod crustaceans is associated with increases in both the number of nuclei per fiber and nuclear DNA content. The DNA-localizing fluor...
The Regulation of Catch in Molluscan Muscle

Molluscan catch muscles are smooth muscles. As with mammalian smooth muscles, there is no transverse ordering of filaments or dense bodies. In contrast to mammalian smooth muscles, two size ranges of filaments are present. The thick filaments are long as well as large in diameter and contain paramyosin. The thin filaments contain actin and appear to run into and join the dense bodies. Vesicles are present which may be part of a sarcoplasmic reticulum. Neural activation of contraction in Mytilus muscle is similar to that observed in mammalian smooth muscles, and in some respects to frog striated muscle. The relaxing nerves, which reduce catch, are unique to catch muscles. 5-Hydroxytryptamine, which appears to mediate relaxation, specifically blocks catch tension but increases the ability of the muscle to fire spikes. It is speculated that Mytilus muscle actomyosin is activated by a Ca++-releasing mechanism, and that 5-hydroxytryptamine may reduce catch and increase excitability by influencing the rate of removal of intracellular free Ca++.
Explosive Pleistocene diversification and hemispheric expansion of a “great speciator”

Factors that influence speciation rates among groups of organisms are integral to deciphering macroevolutionary processes; however, they remain poorly understood. Here, we use molecular phylogenetic data and divergence time estimates to reconstruct the pattern and tempo of speciation within a widespread and homogeneous bird family (white-eyes, Zosteropidae) that contains an archetypal “great speciator.” Our analyses show that the majority of this species-rich family constitutes a clade that arose within the last 2 million years, yielding a per-lineage diversification rate among the highest reported for vertebrates (1.95–2.63 species per million years). However, unlike most rapid radiations reported to date, this burst of diversification was not limited in geographic scope, but instead spanned the entire Old World tropics, parts of temperate Asia, and numerous Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Ocean archipelagos. The tempo and geographic breadth of this rapid radiation defy any single diversification paradigm, but implicate a prominent role for lineage-specific life-history traits (such as rapid evolutionary shifts in dispersal ability) that enabled white-eyes to respond rapidly and persistently to the geographic drivers of diversification.
Intravascular ultrasound-derived measures of coronary atherosclerotic plaque burden and clinical outcome.

Objectives The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between intravascular ultrasound (IVUS)-derived measures of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular outcomes. Background IVUS has been used in clinical trials to evaluate the effect of medical therapies on coronary atheroma progression. Methods Coronary plaque progression was evaluated in 4,137 patients in 6 clinical trials that used serial IVUS. The relationship between baseline and change in percent atheroma volume (PAV) and total atheroma volume with incident major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) was investigated. Results PAV increased by 0.3% (p Conclusions A direct relationship was observed between the burden of coronary atherosclerosis, its progression, and adverse cardiovascular events. The relationship between disease progression and outcomes largely reflected the need for coronary revascularization. These data support the use of atherosclerosis imaging with IVUS in the evaluation of novel antiatherosclerotic therapies.
Alternative routes for catalyst preparation: use of ultrasound and microwave irradiation for the preparation of vanadium phosphorus oxide catalyst and their activity for hydrocarbon oxidation

Abstract Vanadium phosphorus oxide (VPO) has been prepared using ultrasound and microwave irradiation methods and compared with the catalyst prepared by conventional method for both the phase composition and activity for hydrocarbon oxidation. It is found that ultrasound irradiation method generates a catalyst in a relatively shorter time of 6 h that has similar surface composition and comparable hydrocarbon oxidation activity with that prepared by conventional heating method. On the other hand, the VPO catalyst prepared via microwave activation method appears to have a different surface morphology when compared to the conventional and sonochemical preparations. All the catalysts, irrespective of their preparative origin or surface morphology display good activity for hydrocarbon oxidation using aqueous hydrogen peroxide. The selectivity of the products is dependent on the nature of the catalyst with a combination of (VO) 2 P 2 O 7 (V 4+ ) and VOPO 4 (V 5+ ) being ideal for high oxidative conversion. All the VPO catalysts, irrespective of the preparation method are found to be soluble in the reaction mixture forming a homogeneous solution. The catalysts can however be re-used after isolation from the reaction mixture by evaporation and drying.
Depression and panic anxiety: The effect of depressive co-morbidity on response to drug treatment of patients with panic disorder and agoraphobia

Numerous studies have established that there is increased co-morbidity of depressive symptoms among patients with panic disorder with and without agoraphobia, but questions remain as to whether the symptom pattern and clinical course are similar to that of primary depressions. The Cross-National Collaborative Panic Study was initiated to study the effects of alprazolam, a triazolobenzodiazepine, in the treatment of panic disorder. In the first phase, which included more than 500 subjects, alprazolam was compared against placebo. In the second phase, alprazolam was compared with imipramine and placebo in a double-blind, randomized, controlled trial. Results of both the first and second phases will be reviewed as they bear on the issue of drug treatment of secondary depression accompanying panic disorder. The presence of depressive symptoms does not adversely influence anti-panic and anti-phobic response to medication. Equivalent drug-placebo differences occur on multiple measures of anxiety--including the number and intensity of panic attacks, phobias, anticipatory anxiety, and overall anxiety.
Addressing key challenges in 1T-DRAM: Retention time, scaling and variability — Using a novel design with GaP source-drain

We propose a vertical gate all around 1-transistor DRAM cell with silicon channel and gallium phosphide source drain (GaP-SD) as a viable alternative to the present 1T-1C DRAM technology. The valence band offset at GaP and Si interface helps to store more holes in the transistor body and thus improves the retention time by 2 order over conventional Si-SD 1T DRAM. By examining body thickness variability, we conclude that GaP-SD memory cell can withstand the performance degradation due to device variability to meet the ITRS retention time requirements. Finally the GaP-SD memory cell is optimized for scaled dimensions upto 20nm body thickness to establish its superiority at lower technology nodes.
Long-term antibacterial efficacy of air plasma-activated water

Indirect air dielectric barrier discharge in close proximity to water creates an acidified, nitrogen-oxide containing solution known as plasma-activated water (PAW), which remains antibacterial for several days. Suspensions of E. coli were exposed to PAW for either 15 min or 3 h over a 7-day period after PAW generation. Both exposure times yielded initial antibacterial activity corresponding to a ~5-log reduction in cell viability, which decreased at differing rates over 7 days to negligible activity and a 2.4-log reduction for 15 min and 3 h exposures, respectively. The solution remained at pH ~2.7 for this period and initially included hydrogen peroxide, nitrate and nitrite anions. The solution composition varied significantly over this time, with hydrogen peroxide and nitrite diminishing within a few days, during which the antibacterial efficacy of 15 min exposures decreased significantly, while that of 3 h exposures produced a 5-log reduction or more. These results highlight the complexity of PAW solutions where multiple chemical components exert varying biological effects on differing time scales.
Detection, assay and rate of excretion of mecloqualone in animals and man.

Abstract A spectrophotometric assay is reported for the sedative-hypnotic drug, mecloqualone, a quinazolinone derivative. It is based on extraction from whole blood at neutral pH and high ionic strength into n-heptane, washing of the n-heptane to remove interfering metabolites and back extraction into 10 n H2SO4. The ultraviolet absorption is read at 235 or 273 mμ, characteristic maxima of mecloqualone in the sulfuric acid. It is suggested that the characteristic ultraviolet spectrum might serve in the forensic identification of mecloqualone. Additional criteria of identity such as the distribution coefficient, thin-layer chromatography, and a color test, are provided. The assay was tested by the use of mecloqualone-14C and by its application to the measurement of blood levels of the drug in mice, rats, dogs, and man. Induction of sleep, i.e., loss of the righting reflex, in rats was shown to be correlated with the blood concentration. Half of a single dose of mecloqualone-14C was excreted in 2 days by all four species and 80% within 5–6 days. Urine is quantitatively the more important pathway in man, dogs, and mice, although a significant fecal excretion occurs in all of the species. Biliary excretion of as much as 42% of the dose in 24 hours was shown to occur in rats.
Identification and characterization of novel sequence variations in the cytochrome P4502D6 (CYP2D6) gene in African Americans

Cytochrome P4502D6 (CYP2D6) genotyping reliably predicts poor metabolizer phenotype in Caucasians, but is less accurate in African Americans. To evaluate discordance we have observed in phenotype to genotype correlation studies, select African American subjects were chosen for complete resequencing of the CYP2D6 gene including 4.2 kb of the CYP2D7-2D6 intergenic region. Comparisons were made to a CYP2D6*1 reference sequence revealing novel SNPs in the upstream, coding and intervening sequences. These sequence variations, defining four functional alleles (CYP2D6*41B, *45A and B and *46), were characterized for their ability to influence splice site strength, transcription level or catalytic protein activity. Furthermore, their frequency was determined in a population of 251 African Americans. A −692TGTG deletion (CYP2D6*45B) did not significantly decrease gene expression, nor could any other upstream SNP explain a genotype-discordant case. CYP2D6*45 and *46 have a combined frequency of 4% and can be identified by a common SNP. Carriers are predicted to exhibit an extensive or intermediate CYP2D6 phenotype.
Teaching Opportunities for Graduate Students in Psychology: Commonly Available But (Still) Rarely Required

This stud y presents the frequency of 7 teaching opportunities in 559 graduate psychology departments throughout the United Stares and Canada. Data came from the 1994 edition of Graduate Stud\ in Psychology. Doctoral departments consistently offered more of all 7 teaching activities than master's-only departments. However, few departments required any teaching or supervisory training for their students, and only 496 required a course in the teaching of psychology.
The influence of chloride on the ouabain-sensitive membrane potential and conductance of crayfish giant axons.

1. Resting potential and current-voltage relation were measured in crayfish giant axons bathed in chloride-free and sodium-free solutions with and without ouabain. 2. Chloride-free solution caused a transient depolarization but did not alter the steady-state membrane potential. Utilizing isethionate as an anion substitute, the membrane resistance increased 12.5%. 3. In the absence of extracellular chloride, ouabain (0.5–1 mM) depolarized the axon 6–7 mV. The shape of the current-voltage relation did not change but the curve was shifted along the current axis. 4. These results indicate that ouabain inhibits a steady-state hyperpolarizing electrogenic pump current of approximately 3 μA/cm2. 5. Extracellular sodium removal from axons equilibrated in chloride-free solutions transiently hyperpolarized the membrane 6–7 mV without a change in membrane resistance. The transient hyperpolarization was ouabain and temperature sensitive. The steadystate potential reached in sodium-free and chloride-free solution was not ouabain sensitive. Temperature sensitivity of the steady-state membrane potential was greatly reduced. 6. The transient hyperpolarization produced by extracellular sodium removal was metabolically dirven and may present the expression of a sodium efflux transport current of 7.0–7.5 μA/cm2. 7. Using electrophysiologically measured parameters, sodium and potassium conductance, influx and efflux currents and the coupling ratio for sodium/potassium transport are calculated from a modification of the conductance equation. 8. The sodium/potassium transport coupling ratio for steady-state conditions was estimated at 5:3 (1.67:1).
Dialogues with the dead

Serious work in history of philosophy requires doing something very difficult: conducting a hypothetical dialogue with dead philosophers. Is it worth devoting to it the time and energy required to do it well? Yes. Quite apart from the intrinsic interest of understanding the past, making progress toward solving philosophical problems requires a good grasp of the range of possible solutions to those problems and of the arguments which motivate alternative positions, a grasp we can only have if we understand well philosophy's past. Philosophers who concentrate too much on the present are apt to assume too simple a view of alternative theories and of important philosophical arguments. Ryle and Austin offer instructive examples of how it is possible to go wrong by ignoring or misrepresenting historical figures.
Slope-deflection equations for stability and second-order analysis of Timoshenho beam-column structures with semi-rigid connections

A new set of slope-deflection equations for Timoshenko beam‐columns of symmetrical cross section with semi-rigid connections that include the combined effects of shear and bending deformations, and second-order axial load effects are developed in a classical manner. The proposed method that also includes the effects of the shear component of the applied axial force as the member deflects laterally (Haringx Model) has the following advantages: (1) it can be utilized in the stability and second-order analyses of framed structures made up of Timoshenko beam‐columns with rigid, semi-rigid, and simple end connections; (2) the effects of semi-rigid connections are condensed into the slope-deflection equations for tension or compression axial loads without introducing additional degrees of freedom and equations; (3) it is more accurate than any other method available and capable of capturing the phenomena of buckling under axial tension forces; and (4) it is powerful, practical, versatile and easy to teach. Analytical studies indicate that shear deformations increase the lateral deflections and reduce the critical axial loads of framed structures made of members with low shear stiffness. The effects of shear deformations must be considered in the analysis of beam‐columns with relatively low effective shear areas (like laced columns, columns with batten plates or with perforated cover plates, and columns with open webs) or with low shear stiffness (like elastomeric bearing and short columns made of laminated composites with low shear modulus G when compared to their elastic modulus E) making the shear stiffness GAs of the same order of magnitude as EI/L 2 . The shear effects are also of great importance in the static, stability and dynamic behavior of laminated elastomeric bearings used for seismic isolation of buildings. Four comprehensive examples are included that show the effectiveness of the proposed method and equations. c 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Gender-related differences in subacute fumonisin B1 hepatotoxicity in BALB/c mice

Abstract Fumonisin B 1 (FB 1 ), a potent mycotoxin prevalent in corn, is a carcinogen and causative agent of various animal diseases. Species and sex variations to chronic FB 1 toxicity have been reported. Free sphingoid bases and cytokine levels are the two major biochemical alterations of FB 1 in vivo and may explain any sex differences in FB 1 toxicity. Male and female BALB/c mice (5/group) were injected subcutaneously with either saline vehicle or 2.25 mg/kg/day of FB 1 for 5 days. One day after the last injection females showed a greater increase in circulating alanine aminotransferase and greater number of apoptotic cells in liver after FB 1 treatment than males, indicating greater hepatotoxicity. Peripheral leukocytic counts, including neutrophils, were increased in females only after FB 1 treatment. The increased toxicity in females correlated with a greater increase of sphinganine and sphingosine levels in liver after FB 1 treatment compared to males. No sex differences in kidney sphinganine or sphingosine levels were observed after FB 1 treatment. Previously we have shown the induction of tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) in FB 1 -induced hepatotoxicity. While in males FB 1 treatment caused increased expression of TNFα, interleukin (IL)-12 p40, interferon γ (IFNγ), IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-10, females showed an increased expression of IL-6 only, and a downward modulation of IFNγ, indicating gender differences in cytokine pathways in liver activated by FB 1 . The basal expression of TNFα, IL-12 p40, IL-1β and IFNγ in liver of females was higher compared to males. Gender differences in alterations of free sphingoid bases and cytokine modulation after FB 1 treatment suggest their possible involvement in sex-dependent differential hepatotoxicity in mice.
Achieving Successful Business in China: Assessing the Changing Chinese Culture

This study examines the adaptation of Chinese national culture. Data were collected from companies located in seven areas in China. The responses were averaged to obtain the scores of five culture dimensions in Hofstede’s national culture framework. The findings suggest that the current Chinese national culture profile is dramatically different from the traditional wisdom in the dimensions of power distance, individualism, and masculinity. With China becoming increasingly important to the global economy, understanding the changing Chinese culture will benefit Chinese companies and the Western companies that seek to achieve successful business in China.
A hybrid heuristic for the generalized assignment problem

Abstract The objective of this study is to develop a hybrid heuristic (HH) for solving the generalized assignment problem (GAP) and conduct a computational comparison with the leading alternative heuristic approaches. HH is designed around the two best known heuristics: Heuristic GAP (HGAP) and Variable-Depth-Search Heuristic (VDSH). Previous performance characteristic studies have shown that HGAP dominates VDSH in terms of solution CPU time, while VDSH obtains solutions of 13% to 300% better quality within a ‘reasonable’ time. The main idea in this paper is to hybridize the two approaches, such that the inherent values of both heuristics are realized.
Dynamic Transition in tRNA is Solvent Induced

Dynamics of tRNA was studied using neutron scattering spectroscopy. Despite vast differences in the architecture and backbone structure of proteins and RNA, hydrated tRNA undergoes the dynamic transition at the same temperature as hydrated lysozyme. The similarity of the dynamic transition in RNA and proteins supports the idea that it is solvent induced. Because tRNA essentially has no methyl groups, the results also suggest that methyl groups are not the main contributor of the dynamic transition in biological macromolecules. However, they may explain strong differences in the dynamics of tRNA and lysozyme observed at low temperatures.
Resident participation and postoperative outcomes in adrenal surgery.

Background The changing paradigm of surgical residency training has raised concerns about the effects on the quality of training. The purpose of this study is to identify if resident participation in laparoscopic adrenalectomy (LA) and open adrenalectomy (OA) cases is associated with deleterious outcomes. Materials and methods This is a retrospective study using the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database. Data from patients undergoing LA and OA from 2005 to 2010 were queried. Preoperative variables as well as intra- and post-operative outcomes for each procedure were evaluated. Multivariate logistic regression was used to analyze if resident participation was associated with significant differences in outcomes, compared with no resident participation. Subset analysis was done to determine possible differences in outcomes based on the level of resident participating, divided into junior (Post Graduate Year [PGY]1–3), senior (PGY4–5), or fellow (≥PGY6) levels. Results A total of 3219 adrenalectomies were performed. Of these, 735 (22.8%) were OAs and 2484 (77.2%) were LAs. Residents were involved in 2582 (80.2%) surgeries, which comprised 1985 (76.9%) LAs and 597 (23.1%) OAs. Senior residents or fellows performed majority of the cases (85.2%). Mean operative time was significantly higher with resident participation in LA (P < 0.0001) and OA group (P < 0.0001). On multivariate analysis, resident participation was not associated with significant differences in the operative outcomes of 30-d mortality or postoperative complications after laparoscopic or OA. Conclusions Although resident participation does increase operative time in LA and OA, this does not appear to be clinically significant and does not result in adverse patient outcomes.
Prologue to "Rehabilitation Medicine Summit: Building Research Capacity—Executive Summary"

The Rehabilitation Medicine Summit: Building Research Capacity (Summit) was held in Washington, DC, on April 28–29, 2005, with the general objective of advancing and promoting research in rehabilitation by making recommendations to expand research capacity. The idea of convening a research summit was conceived in 2002 by the Foundation for Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (PM&R). Under the leadership of Dr Gail Gamble, the Foundation invited the American Academy of PM&R, the American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine, and the Association of Academic Physiatrists to meet and discuss the concept of a national research summit to address issues related to building research capacity in rehabilitation. The group established a Summit Steering Committee composed of the leaders of the 4 organizations. The Summit Steering Committee then appointed a multidisciplinary Summit Program Committee (Program Committee), which included Walter Frontera (Chair, Harvard Medical School/Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital), Leighton Chan (University of Washington), Rory Cooper (University of Pittsburgh), Pamela Duncan (University of Florida), Marcus Fuhrer (National Institutes of Health), Alan Jette (Boston University), John Kemp (Powers, Pyles, Sutter & Verville, PC), Kenneth Ottenbacher (University of Texas Medical Branch/Galveston), P Hunter Peckham (Case Western Reserve University), Elliot Roth (Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago), and Denise Tate (University of Michigan). The Program Committee wrote the executive summary that begins on …
Life-Cycle Engineering of Bridges

Life-cycle engineering, as being developed at Lehigh University's Engineering Research Center for Advanced Technology for Large Structural Systems (ATLSS), is a comprehensive, systematic methodology which treats each stage in the life of a structure as part of an integrated process. It considers both performance and cost throughout the life of a structure, thus supporting a more balanced view of investment based on construction, operation, renewal, replacement and decommission issues. Consideration of all phases of the life-cycle supports intelligent and informed decision-making. Lehigh has an on-going program of research on methodologies and information systems embodying the life-cycle engineering approach which is being incorporated into a decision support system for life-cycle engineering of bridges. The authors describe a prototype model which provides bridge engineers and owners with analytical information to more effectively integrate life-cycle considerations into engineering decisions concerning bridge decks.
Incidence, size and spatial structure of clones in second-growth stands of coast redwood, Sequoia sempervirens (Cupressaceae)

The ecology and evolutionary potential of coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens) is significantly influenced by the important role clonal spread plays in its reproduction and site persistence. In nine second-growth stands, amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs) were used to identify redwood clonal architecture. Clones (multistem genets) dominated sites by representing an average of 70% of stems measured, ranging in size from two to 20 stems. As a result, a relatively small number of genets can monopolize a disproportionate amount of site resources, are more likely to persist over time, and have greater on-site genetic representation. Clones were not limited to fairy-ring structures, but consisted of a wide range of shapes including concentric rings, ring chains, disjunct, and linear structures. Between-ramet distances of up to 40 m were measured, indicating that clonal reproduction is not limited to basal stump resprouting. Clonal structure in second-growth stands was similar to earlier reports from old growth, emphasizing the importance of site persistence and long-term, gradual site development. Smaller ramet numbers per genet in old growth is probably due to local within-genet self thinning. Management and conservation of redwoods will benefit from a better understanding of the dynamics and structure of clonal spread in these forests.
Psychological factors in sport performance: the Mental Health Model revisited.

The Mental Health Model (MHM) of sport performance purports that an inverse relationship exists between psychopathology and sport performance. The model postulates that as an athlete’s mental health either worsens or improves performance should fall or rise accordingly, and there is now considerable support for this view. Studies have shown that between 70 and 85% of successful and unsuccessful athletes can be identified using general psychological measures of personality structure and mood state, a level superior to chance but insufficient for the purpose of selecting athletes. Longitudinal MHM research indicates that the mood state responses of athletes exhibit a dose-response relationship with their training load, a finding that has shown potential for reducing the incidence of the staleness syndrome in athletes who undergo intensive physical training. The MHM also has implications for the general care of athletes as support services have traditionally been limited to preventing or treating physical problems. Despite its simple premise and empirical support, the MHM has often been mischaracterised in the sport psychology literature and recently some authors have questioned its validity. This overview will summarise MHM research, including the more recent work involving the model’s dynamic features in an effort to resolve disputes surrounding the model.
Design and Simulation of 2-D 2-Dot Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata Logic

The quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA) computing architecture has been proposed to not only offer scalability to the molecular level, extremely low power requirements, and THz switching, but also the promise to advance the forefront of computation beyond the conceptual limitations of current technologies. The conventional QCA architecture uses cells consisting of two electrons and four logically interacting quantum dots in constructing circuitry. While this approach has been well studied, certain details with the cell structure suggest that it may not be the most efficient and optimal QCA design. Therefore, this paper presents a new “2-D” QCA architecture which is lattice structured and uses clocked cells consisting of only two logically interacting quantum dots. Compared to the conventional QCA architecture, this new approach to QCA circuit design improves the design and simulation reliability by reducing the total number of electrons and quantum dots in circuitry. In addition, the new architecture exhibits periodicity and symmetry characteristics that are widely found in naturally occurring and self-assembled materials, offering hopes for researching such nanoscale materials for fabrication. Along with this new architecture, simple and complex logical constructs are presented that were verified with new simulation tools specifically developed for this purpose.
Detection of Volatile Aroma Compounds of Morchella by Headspace Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (HS-GC/MS)

This study was conducted at the Horticulture Department of Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey, in 2010 to determine the volatile aroma compounds of Morchella mushroom. Fresh samples of Morchella esculenta (Sample 1) and Morchella elata (Sample 2) were collected from Canakkale (Sample 1) and Mersin (Sample 2) provinces in Turkey in the spring of 2010. Volatile aroma compounds were analyzed by headspace gas chromatography mass spectrometry (HS-GC/MS). A total of 31 aroma compounds were identified in the 2 analyzed samples: 7 alcohols, 7 esters, 7 ketones, 3 acids, 2 aldehydes, 1 terpene, phenol, 1-propanamine, geranyl linalool, and quinoline. Seventeen aroma components were identified in Sample 1, and 18 compounds were found in Sample 2. Phenol was determined as the major aroma compound in both Sample 1 and Sample 2, at 50.888% and 58.293% content, respectively. Alcohols, especially 1-octen-3-ol, were detected as the second major aroma components in Sample 1 and Sample 2, at 15.500% and 5.660% content, respectively. Carbamic acid, methyl ester was found only in Sample 1, at 11.379% content. The aroma components detected in the two samples differed. 1-Octadecanol; cyclooctylalcohol; trans-2-undecen-1-ol; butanoic acid, butyl ester (CAS); carbamic acid, methyl ester; 2-ethylhexyl-2-ethylhexanoate; phthalic acid, decyl isobutyl ester; 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol diisobutyrate; decanal; nonanal; 7,9-di-tert-butyl-1-oxaspiro(4.5)deca-6,9-diene-2,8-dione; 2,5-cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione; 2,6-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl); and trans-alpha-bisabolene were detected only in Sample 1. Ethanol; silanediol, 2-methylaminoethanol; L-alanine, ethyl ester; carbonic acid, dodecyl isobutyl ester; acetic acid; butanoic acid; 2,3,4H-pyran-4-one; 5,9-undecadien-2-one; cyclooctene; 2-cyclopenten-1-one; 1-propanamine; geranyl linalool; and quinoline were determined only in Sample 2.
Development of carcinoma of the thyroid in iodine‐deficient mice

The hypothesis that chronic over-stimulation of the thyroid results in the formation of thyroid neoplasms was tested. After 6 to 12 months of iodine deficiency, 61 of 78 mice demonstrated extreme hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the thyroid. Eleven others had thyroids morphologically consistent with papillary adenocarcinoma. After 18 months of iodine deficiency, necropsy in 8 of 30 mice revealed malignant neoplasms of the thyroid. Initially, iodine deficiency was accompanied by diffuse hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the thyroid, which later became nodular. This progressed to cyst formation, papillary hyperplasia and nodular “solid cell” hyperplasia, sometimes followed by malignant change. These abnormalities appeared to be completely reversed by the addition of potassium iodide to the deficient diet up to 9 months. After 18 months nodular hyperplasia persisted despite treatment with iodine. Iodine deficiency results in decreased synthesis of thyroxin. A deficiency of circulating thyroid hormone causes increased production of TSH by the pituitary, which results in chronic overstimulation of the thyroid gland. Presumably this is the basic mechanism responsible for the development of these abnormalities.
Prolonged Drug Selection of Breast Cancer Cells and Enrichment of Cancer Stem Cell Characteristics

Methods Cancer stem cells were defined as CD44+/CD242 cells that could self-renew (ie, generate cells with the tumorigenic CD44+/CD242 phenotype), differentiate, invade, and form tumors in vivo. We used doxorubicin-selected MCF-7/ADR cells, weakly tumorigenic parental MCF-7 cells, and MCF-7/MDR, an MCF-7 subline with forced expression of ABCB1 protein. Cells were examined for cell surface markers and side-population fractions by microarray and flow cytometry, with in vitro invasion assays, and for ability to form mammospheres. Xenograft tumors were generated in mice to examine tumorigenicity (n = 52). The mRNA expression of multidrug resistance genes was examined in putative cancer stem cells and pathway analysis of statistically significantly differentially expressed genes was performed. All statistical tests were two-sided.
Multi-domain mesh optical network protection using Hamiltonian cycles

Designing simple and efficient network protection mechanism is an important requirement of optical networks, which is a challenging task for large mesh networks. We extend our previous work on Hamiltonian cycle protection to large-scale multiple domain inhomogeneous optical networks. We proposed two protection schemes with different trade-off between spare resource usage and failure isolation. Our proposed schemes are simple and competitive in network resource usage.