cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Atomic Dynamics During Silicon Oxidation and the Nature of Defects at the Si-SiO2 Interface

Oxidation of thin-film Si, oxygen precipitation in bulk crystalline Si, and the formation of buried oxide layers (as in the SIMOX process for SOI) have been studied extensively for decades but the underlying atomic scale processes have remained elusive. Furthermore, common features of these phenomena have not been generally appreciated, in part because the kinetics are substantially different in the different cases. In this paper we review recent theoretical research based on atomic-scale first-principles calculations that provides a unified description of the three phenomena. In particular, we account for both the normal and enhanced mode of oxygen diffusion that leads to the formation of oxygen clusters known as thermal donors and their subsequent annealing and evolution into SiO2-like precipitates. It is proposed that a novel family of interface defects that are akin to thermal donors, composed of “frustrated” Si-O bonds, are a natural by-product of thin-film oxidation. An explicit mechanism for the emission of Si interstitials, which occurs during both oxidation and oxygen precipitation, is obtained. It is shown that emission of Si interstitials eliminates the frustrated-bond defects, thus explaining the high quality of the resulting interfaces. It is proposed that frustrated-bond defects are responsible for much of the behavior observed at the Si-SiO2 interface that cannot be accounted by dangling bonds and for the amphoteric traps that occur in high concentrations in SOI material.
Encounters of old foes on a new battle ground for an invasive tree, Albizia julibrissin Durazz (Fabaceae)

Studies of invasive species often demonstrate that exotic or invasive plants have reduced levels of predation when first introduced into novel geographic areas. In some systems, native predators may subsequently be introduced and the plant-predator association is re-established. In this study, we analyzed a recent reassociation between the introduced tree, Albizia julibrissin, and its native seed predator, Bruchidius terrenus, which has also been introduced, in the vicinity of Athens, GA, USA. We documented a rapid increase in the levels of bruchid beetle predation on seeds of A. julibrissin from 2001 to 2002 and substantial predation in the following 5 years. From a six-year survey, we found that relative susceptibility to beetle predation among individual trees remained consistent over time. Furthermore, we found that phenology had significant effects on beetle predation on fruits and seeds, with fruits developed from early flowers having higher levels of beetle attacks than ones developed from later flowers in the season. Finally, seeds and fruits attacked by beetles were more likely to be attacked by a Fusarium fungus, probably due to coinfestation of the two predators. Host-predator reassociation that causes substantial loss of fertility or shows a relationship with reproductive phenology may have population level demographic effects or evolutionary consequences and deserve further research attention.
Outcomes 15 years after valve replacement with a mechanical versus a bioprosthetic valve: final report of the Veterans Affairs randomized trial.

Abstract OBJECTIVES The goal of this study was to compare long-term survival and valve-related complications between bioprosthetic and mechanical heart valves. BACKGROUND Different heart valves may have different patient outcomes. METHODS Five hundred seventy-five patients undergoing single aortic valve replacement (AVR) or mitral valve replacement (MVR) at 13 VA medical centers were randomized to receive a bioprosthetic or mechanical valve. RESULTS By survival analysis at 15 years, all-cause mortality after AVR was lower with the mechanical valve versus bioprosthesis (66% vs. 79%, p = 0.02) but not after MVR. Primary valve failure occurred mainly in patients CONCLUSIONS At 15 years, patients undergoing AVR had a better survival with a mechanical valve than with a bioprosthetic valve, largely because primary valve failure was virtually absent with mechanical valve. Primary valve failure was greater with bioprosthesis, both for AVR and MVR, and occurred at a much higher rate in those aged
Mothers’ guilt responses to children’s obesity risk feedback

This study explored the influence of family health history-based obesity risk feedback for their child on 147 overweight mothers' guilt related to children's lifestyle behaviors and passing down a genetic propensity for overweight. Mothers were randomized to receive, or not, obesity risk feedback for their 4- to 5-year-old child and then made food choices for them using a virtual reality-based buffet. Receipt of risk information increased lifestyle- and genetics-related guilt. Choosing fewer unhealthful foods for the child attenuated both types of guilt. Work in this area may aid in development of obesity risk feedback strategies that enhance child feeding.
Outlook for diode lasers in medicine

From their use in compact disc players and telecommunications to supermarket scanners, semi-conductor diode lasers now play an ever important role in medicine. Beginning in ophthalmology, as replacements for ion photocoagulator lasers, and used for several years outside of the United States for biostimulation of aching muscles and to treat chronic ulcers and wounds, high-powered diode systems are now finding their way into surgery and, in the future, will be used to activate photoactive dyes in the photodynamic therapy treatment of cancers, and perhaps to weld tissue to replace sutures. In this presentation, we attempt to cover the above applications as well as some newer ones, discussing the companies involved, the systems in use or under development, and some exciting new developments about to unfold.
Novel benzophenothiazinium photosensitizers: preliminary in-vivo results

The photochemotherapeutic properties of several novel benzophenothiazines were evaluated zn-vzvo in three distinct tumor types consisting of a murine sarcoma, human carcinoma, and a rat glioma. Subcutaneous or intravenous administration of dyes to tumor bearing animals coupled with irradiation of the tumor area with 640 nm light resulted in substantial tumor necrosis 24h post photodynamic therapy as determined by histological evaluation. Significantly, there was minimal concurrent damage to the surrounding normal tissue. These results offer further evidence for the potential usefulness of benzophenothiazines in the photodynamic therapy of neoplasms.
Treatment of Kaposi's sarcoma: Current guidelines and future perspectives

Kaposi's sarcoma is the most common malignancy associated with HIV infection, and the morbidity and mortality attributable to AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma (AIDS-KS) may be increasing. No curative therapy is available for AIDS-KS, but palliative therapy can eliminate or reduce cosmetically unacceptable lesions, reduce painful or unsightly oedema or lymphadenopathy, shrink symptomatic oral lesions and relieve symptoms caused by visceral involvement. Strategies currently employed to treat the various clinical problems encountered in AIDS-KS include single- and multi-agent cytotoxic chemotherapy, treatment with interferon-alpha, radiotherapy, and other local therapies. Current clinical research is focusing on use of liposome-encapsulated cytotoxic agents and treatment with substances that inhibit angiogenesis. Any treatment plan for AIDS-KS must be flexible and must be based on the patient's overall clinical and immunological status as well as therapeutic goals. Limited local disease is usually amenable to treatment with local measures. Extensive, symptomatic AIDS-KS warrants systemic treatment. The response of mucocutaneous lesions to low dose systemic cytotoxic chemotherapy is typically excellent. Treatment with interferon-alpha may also be beneficial in this setting. Multi-agent chemotherapeutic regimens are usually reserved for treatment of patients most severely affected by AIDS-KS. It is hoped that liposome-encapsulated cytotoxic chemotherapy and antiangiogenic therapies will prove more effective and less toxic than the treatment strategies currently in use.
A field study of demographic characteristics and job attribute preferences of new part-time employees

This paper reports on a study of the demographic characteristics and job attribute preferences of 336 newly hired part-time employees in retail jobs. The results of the research challenge many of the traditional assumptions about the job preferences of part-time workers.
Note on the number and origin of apollo asteroids

Fifteen Apollo, or Earth-crossing, asteroids are now recognized, and their orbital elements tabulated here. None has been accidentally rediscovered, a circumstance that leads to the 50% probability that the total number equals or does not exceed 100 to absolute magnitude 18, or above a diameter of roughly 1 km. Physical observations, orbital characteristics, and associated meteor streams provide clues as to whether the Apollo asteroids are truly minor planets or moribund cometary nuclei. A definitive answer as to the origin of the Apollo asteroids is yet to be found, but a short discussion of the status of the problem is presented.
Topography and stratigraphy of Martian polar layered deposits

The first samples of high resolution Viking Orbiter topographic and stratigraphic data for the layered polar deposits of Mars are presented, showing that these deposits are with respect to both slopes and angular relief similar to those in the south. It is also demonstrated that, in conjunction with stereophotogrammetry, photoclinometry holds promise as a tool for detailed layered deposit studies. The spring season photography, which lends itself to photoclinometric analysis, covers the entire area of the north polar deposits. Detailed tests of layered terrain evolution hypotheses will be made, upon refinement of the data by comparison with stereo data. A more promising refining technique will make use of averaging perpendicular to selected sections to enhance SNR. Local reliefs of 200-800 m, and slopes of 1-8 deg, lead to initial calculations of average layer thickness which yields results of 14-46 m, linearly correlated with slope.
Escherichia coli 0157:H7-induced Hemolytic-uremic Syndrome: Histopathologic Changes in the Colon over Time

The 1993 E. coli 0157:H7 epidemic in the Western United States has provided a unique opportunity to evaluate the histopathologic temporal progression of disease in the colon in children who developed hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). In this report we briefly summarize the clinical courses of eight patients and then discuss the colonic pathology observed in specimens obtained at surgery or at the time of autopsy. The patients were divided into two groups: group 1 consisted of six subjects whose colonic samples were obtained during the acute phase of disease, and group 2 consisted of two subjects whose samples were obtained late in their disease. Both the gross and microscopic findings showed that the most severely affected as well as the earliest affected regions of the colon were the left and transverse portions. Only later in the disease progression was there right-sided colon involvement. These findings are in contrast to the distribution described in E. coli 0157:H7 hemorrhagic colitis without HUS, thus suggesting a different mechanism of injury.
Erroneous pressure measurement due to artificially deformed vessel during angioplasty

Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty is a commonly performed procedure. The clinical success of such a procedure is determined by the combination of the post-procedure angiographic appearance and the pressure gradient across the lesion. This case demonstrates the importance of recognizing the anatomical variation if proper pressure measurements are to be obtained.
Sustainable nitrogen removal from wastewater with the hybrid membrane biofilm process (HMBP): bench-scale studies.

The hybrid membrane biofilm process (HMBP) is a novel approach to achieving total nitrogen removal from wastewater. It incorporates air-supplying, hollow-fiber membranes into a conventional activated sludge tank, where bulk aeration is suppressed. A nitrifying biofilm grows on the membranes and exports nitrite and nitrate to the anoxic bulk liquid, where suspended heterotrophic bacteria denitrify using influent BOD as an electron donor. Bench scale tests were used to assess the performance of the HMBP for a variety of nitrogen and BOD loading rates. For a nitrogen loading of 1.6 gN m−2, the nitrification flux remained at approximately 1.0 gN m−2 d−1 for BOD loadings ranging from 4 to 17 gBOD m−2 d−1 day−1. Full denitrification was achieved when sufficient BOD was available in the influent. Microsensor measurements indicated nitrite was the dominant form of oxidized nitrogen produced by the biofilm, showing that shortcut nitrogen removal was taking place. Fluorescence in-situ hybridization (FISH) tests on the biofilm revealed a unique stratification, with three distinct regions: AOB and NOB near the membrane, strictly AOB at intermediate depths, and AOB and heterotrophs at the outer edge of the biofilm.
Biomechanical factors associated with shoe/pedal interfaces. Implications for injury

The principal demand on the body during cycling is on the lower extremities as they are responsible for producing a majority of the energy imparted to the bike. As a result the legs, due to high reactive forces between the foot and pedal, experience high loads on the joints. These loads may adversely affect joint tissues and contribute to overuse injuries, e.g. knee pain. The mechanical link between the leg and the bike is the shoe/pedal interface. This transmission site, by design, can either create smooth transfer of energy or abnormally high repetitive loads which are potentially injurious to the body. Incidence of lower extremity injury in cycling is high, and historically biomechanical analyses of this activity have focused their attention on either the rider or the bike, but not the link between the two. Recently, pedal designs have changed in response to complaints of sore knees with the development of pedals allowing varying degrees of float. This form of transmission is intended to enhance power transfer from rider to bike as well as minimise trauma to the legs by permitting the foot to rotate during the pedalling cycle in a toe-in/heel-out or heel-in/toe-out movement pattern. Recent evidence suggests this type of pedal design does reduce trauma and maintains power output. This article reviews common lower extremity overuse injuries and biomechanical factors during the pedalling cycle with the primary focus on the shoe/pedal interface. We will summarise information available on lower extremity kinematics and kinetics as well as recent data specifically related to shoe/pedal interface kinetics, evaluation of different pedal types-specifically comparison between clipless 'fixed' and clipless 'float' systems-and discuss their resultant effect on lower extremity dynamics and their implications for injury.
Factors affecting calcium accumulation and release in canine submandibular salivary microsomes.

Abstract Microsomes isolated from canine submandibular glands were examined for ATP-dependent calcium accumulation and calcium release. Calcium uptake (10 to 20 nmoles per min per mg protein at 37 °C) was linear with time up to 20 min and with the amount of microsomal protein in the range of 15 to 200 μg/ml of incubation medium. Of the nucleotide triphosphates tested, only adenosine triphosphate (ATP) supported calcium accumulation. Ruthenium red and ethacrynic acid, at concentrations of 90 μg/ml and 10 −4 M respectively, almost completely inhibited calcium uptake. Metabolic inhibitors such as 2,4 dinitrophenol, azide and oligomycin only partially affected microsomal calcium uptake. Incubation of prelabelled microsomes in a calcium-free solution resulted in the release of calcium at a rate of 0.025/min. The rate was decreased at 0 °C and by inclusion of 4.5 mM ATP in the medium. Addition of 2 mM calcium or removal of magnesium also reduced release. Ruthenium red at a concentration that decreased calcium uptake by greater than 90 per cent did not affect calcium outflow; whereas ethacrynic acid (5 × 10 −4 M) induced a significant increase in calcium loss.
A greedy switch-box router

Abstract The greedy channel router of Rivest and Fiduccia is extended into an efficient switch-box router. The algorithm is based on two simple operations called join-split-nets and jog-to-right-target derived from the channel router. Terminals are on the boundary of a rectangular region, and the router uses two orthogonal layers of wires to generate the solution. The router always succeeds in finding a solution by inserting sufficient horizontal and vertical tracks in case of insufficient routing area. The result is generated through a single column-wise scan across the routing region. The expected running time is proportional to M ( N + N net ), where M , N and N net are respectively the number of columns, rows and nets in the region. The scan direction is crucial to the algorithm and we have proposed good heuristic which is based on the augmented channel density distribution in finding it. Results from a number of examples are evaluated. The implemented router is designed for assembling custom VLSI designs, it works in parallel with other tools such as a layout editor via a simple interface. The router output is in CIF.
Testing and refining the timing of hydrologic evolution during the latest Pleistocene regressive phase of Lake Bonneville

Abstract Lacustrine, fluvial, and wetland landforms present in the now desertified regions of Dugway Proving Ground (DPG) and the Sevier Desert in western Utah, record a fascinating history of falling lake level, river development, and establishment of wetland habitats in the Lake Bonneville basin between ∼13 and 9 ka. This was not only a time of rapid climate change but also of human occupation into suitable habitats made available by decline of the large lake. Using optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating methods we have determined depositional ages for sediment samples from bar features (reworked deltaic sands), braided fluvial channels, and topographically inverted fluvial channels collected from DPG. All samples analyzed showed good luminescence characteristics. An uncertainty estimate incorporated into Minimum Age Model analysis increased confidence in the equivalent dose ( D e ) estimate for the majority of samples. OSL ages for five of six samples studied support the previously constructed model of overflow from the Sevier basin northwards to the Great Salt Lake basin at ∼12–13 ka and rapid regression of Lake Bonneville at this time.
Numerical simulation of a low-lying barrier island's morphological response to Hurricane Katrina

Abstract Tropical cyclones that enter or form in the Gulf of Mexico generate storm surge and large waves that impact low-lying coastlines along the Gulf Coast. The Chandeleur Islands, located 161 km east of New Orleans, Louisiana, have endured numerous hurricanes that have passed nearby. Hurricane Katrina (landfall near Waveland MS, 29 Aug 2005) caused dramatic changes to the island elevation and shape. In this paper the predictability of hurricane-induced barrier island erosion and accretion is evaluated using a coupled hydrodynamic and morphodynamic model known as XBeach. Pre- and post-storm island topography was surveyed with an airborne lidar system. Numerical simulations utilized realistic surge and wave conditions determined from larger-scale hydrodynamic models. Simulations included model sensitivity tests with varying grid size and temporal resolutions. Model-predicted bathymetry/topography and post-storm survey data both showed similar patterns of island erosion, such as increased dissection by channels. However, the model under predicted the magnitude of erosion. Potential causes for under prediction include (1) errors in the initial conditions (the initial bathymetry/topography was measured three years prior to Katrina), (2) errors in the forcing conditions (a result of our omission of storms prior to Katrina and/or errors in Katrina storm conditions), and/or (3) physical processes that were omitted from the model (e.g., inclusion of sediment variations and bio-physical processes).
Improved predictors of outcome in postcholecystectomy pain.

Background Endoscopic interventions have limited efficacy in sphincter of Oddi dysfunction (SOD) Type 3. Improved predictors of response to treatment are needed. Methods Patients with postcholecystectomy pain underwent a standardized history and physical examination and were then managed individually. Long-term outcome was determined by record review and telephone interview. Initial predictors of response to treatment were assessed. Results Mean follow-up for the 74 subjects was 36 months. Fifty were improved, and 24 had persistent pain. Patients were likely to respond to sphincterotomy if their pain was not continuous, if it was accompanied by nausea or vomiting, and if there had been a pain free interval after cholecystectomy of at least 1 year. When 2 or 3 of these predictors were present, 85% of SOD Type 2 patients and 56% of Type 3 patients had a good response. Initial history and examination features also predicted response to treatment of neuropathic pain. Conclusion Among patients with postcholecystectomy pain, specific features of the initial history and examination predict response to treatment with higher accuracy than the SOD grade. These predictors identify a subset of Type 3 patients likely to respond to sphincterotomy.
Continuous state feedback guaranteeing uniform ultimate boundedness for uncertain dynamic systems

We consider a dynamic system containing uncertain elements. Only the set of possible values of these uncertainties is known. Based on this information a class of state feedback controls is proposed in order to guarantee uniform ultimate boundedness of every system response within an arbitrarily small neighborhood of the zero state. These feedback controls are continuous functions of the state.
Regression of Left Ventricular Hypertrophy With Captopril Restores Normal Ventricular Action Potential Duration, Dispersion of Refractoriness, and Vulnerability to Inducible Ventricular Fibrillation

Background Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) is associated with multiple cellular electrophysiological abnormalities, susceptibility to ventricular arrhythmias, and an increased risk of sudden death. Several pharmacological therapies have been shown to produce regression of hypertrophy, but the value of regression is unclear. The present study examines whether pharmacological regression of LVH has effects on the susceptibility to ventricular arrhythmia or the cellular electrophysiological abnormalities of LVH. Methods and Results Rabbits underwent unilateral renal artery banding and contralateral nephrectomy to induce LVH or were placed in the control group. Both groups were studied 3 months later by in vivo and in vitro electrophysiological techniques. Banded rabbits had increased mean arterial pressure, increased left ventricular weight and wall thickness, increased dispersion of refractoriness, and lower ventricular fibrillation thresholds than control rabbits. Action potential duration and cell capac...
'Discovering' chronic illness: using grounded theory

This paper focuses on using the grounded theory method to study social psychological themes which cut across diverse chronic illnesses. The grounded theory method is presented as a method having both phenomenological and positivistic roots, which leads to confusion and misinterpretations of the method. A social constructionist version and application of grounded theory are introduced after brief overviews of the method and of the debates it has engendered are provided. Next, phases in developing concepts and theoretical frameworks through using the grounded theory approach are discussed. These phases include: (1) developing and refining the research and data collection questions, (2) raising terms to concepts, (3) asking more conceptual questions on a generic level and (4) making further discoveries and clarifying concepts through writing and rewriting. Throughout the discussion, examples and illustrations are derived from two recent papers, 'Disclosing Illness' and 'Struggling for a Self: Identity Levels of the Chronically Ill'. Last, the merits of the method for theoretical development are discussed.
A new rule for minimizing the number of tardy jobs in dynamic flow shops

In this paper we present a new scheduling rule for minimizing the number of tardy jobs in a dynamic flow shop consisting of m machines. Jobs with processing times and due dates randomly arrive to the system. We assume that job arrival or release dates are not known in advance. The new rule is derived by dividing the m machine problem into several one-machine sub-problems, and optimally solving each one-machine sub-problem by applying a variation of the Moore–Hodgson algorithm. Computational results indicate that the proposed rule performs 15–20% better than SPT, which is currently one of the most effective methods for minimizing the number of tardy jobs in dynamic flow shops. Results are given for 10, 20, and 50 jobs and 2, 5, and 10 machines under various shop conditions.
Relationship between the Aliphaticδ-Lactones and Fatty Acids in Ruminant Milk Lipids

Abstract The δ -C10, δ -C12, and δ -C14 lactones isolated from milk lipids following the intravenous administration of (1-carbon 14) acetate to a lactating goat had lower specific radioactivities compared to their corresponding fatty acids. The δ -C16 lactone had a higher specific radioactivity than the palmitic acid at 3 and 4h after administration of tracer reflecting the dilution of the endogenous palmitic acid by that supplied by the circulating blood lipids. Several explanations for the dilution in specific radioactivity of the resulting lactones are discussed.
Using Super-Resolution Fluorescence Localization Imaging to Probe Raft Hetergeneity in Fixed and Live Cells

We are using super-resolution fluorescence localization imaging to probe the organization and mobility of ‘raft’ and ‘non-raft’ markers in the plasma membranes of mammalian cells. Our goal is to experimentally test our recent predictions regarding protein organization and mobility in membranes containing critical fluctuations that are coupled to cortical cytoskeleton (1). Our raft constructs include the transmembrane domain of linker of activated T cells (LAT-TM) the transmembrane domain of influenza hemaglutinin protein (HA-TM), GPI-linked proteins, and cholera toxin B subunit bound to the ganglioside GM1. Our non-raft markers include palmitoyl-null mutants of LAT-TM and HA-TM constructs, and the lipid probe DiIC12. We are probing the organization and mobility of the above markers either through conjugated photoactivatable (PA) fluorescent proteins (PALM), or through the reversible blinking of organic fluorophores (STORM). By measuring auto-correlations and cross-correlations from one and two color fixed cell images, we quantitatively probe the nano-scale organization of components and can compare our findings to our recent predictions. We quantitatively probe the diffusion and confinement of membrane components by measuring the mean squared displacement (MSD) of single molecule tracks obtained from live cell measurements. Exploiting the photo-switching of PA fluorescent proteins and blinking organic fluorophores, we detect an ensemble of single molecules in each cell investigated, and can analyze populations of diffusers with incredible statistics. By comparing theoretical predictions with quantitative experimental observations, we aim to test our working hypothesis that critical composition fluctuations provide the physical basis of raft heterogeneity.1. Machta, B.B., S. Papanikolaou, J.P. Sethna, and S.L. Veatch, 2011. Minimal model of plasma membrane heterogeneity requires coupling cortical actin to criticality. Biophys J. 100: 1668-77.
Electron-Doped Cuprates: A “Stripe-Free” Link between Hole-Doped Cuprates and Heavy-Fermion Physics?

Recent evidence suggests that in electron-doped cuprates, superconductivity arises near a quantum critical point associated with Mott gap collapse. A similar calculation for hole-doped cuprates is complicated by the presence of competing instabilities.
A genomic explanation connecting “Mediterranean diet”, olive oil and cancer: Oleic acid, the main monounsaturated Fatty acid of olive oil, induces formation of inhibitory “PEA3 transcription factor-PEA3 DNA binding site” complexes at the Her-2/neu (erbB-2) oncogene promoter in breast, ovarian and stomach cancer cells

Olive oil is an integral ingredient of the "Mediterranean diet" and accumulating evidence suggests that it may have a potential role in lowering risk of several cancers. We recently hypothesized that the anti-cancer actions of olive oil may relate to its monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) oleic acid (OA; 18:1n-9) content to specifically regulate oncogenes. In this study, transient transfection experiments with human Her-2/neu promoter-driven luciferase gene established the ability of OA to specifically repress the transcriptional activity of Her-2/neu gene. Gene repression was seen in tumour-derived cell lines with Her-2/neu gene amplification and overexpression, including SK-Br3 (56% reduction), SK-OV3 (75% reduction) and NCI-N87 (55% reduction) breast, ovarian and stomach cancer cell lines, respectively. Also marginal decreases in promoter activity were observed in cancer cells expressing physiological levels of Her-2/neu (20% reduction in MCF-7 breast cancer cells). Remarkably, OA treatment in Her-2/neu-overexpressing cancer cells was found to induce up-regulation of the Ets protein polyomavirus enhancer activator 3 (PEA3), a transcriptional repressor of Her-2/neu promoter. Also, an intact PEA3 DNA-binding-site at endogenous Her-2/neu gene promoter was essential for OA-induced repression of this gene. Moreover, OA treatment failed to decrease Her-2/neu protein levels in MCF-7/Her2-18 transfectants, which stably express full-length human Her-2/neu cDNA controlled by a SV40 viral promoter. OA-induced transcriptional repression of Her-2/neu through the action of PEA3 protein at the promoter level may represent a novel mechanism linking "Mediterranean diet" and cancer.
Is your silicon reliable? A system approach of silicon qualification methodology

An interactive custom silicon qualification methodology is presented to address the reliability and quality challenges faced by system companies and their custom silicon component suppliers. The methodology helps to increase transparency and mutual understanding, and also to identify gaps and set appropriate expectations between them. Two XBOX 360 case studies are described to demonstrate the benefits of the interactive qualification methodology with silicon suppliers compared to an independent and decoupled qualification effort from silicon suppliers without consideration of system requirements. A Kinect CMOS image sensor case study shows the effectiveness of the proposed interactive system approach of silicon qualification methodology, and its implementation that leads to a win-win situation for both the system and component companies. A new CMOS image sensor qualification methodology is introduced.
The influence of television and video game use on attention and school problems: A multivariate analysis with other risk factors controlled

BACKGROUND: Research on youth mental health has increasingly indicated the importance of multivariate analyses of multiple risk factors for negative outcomes. Television and video game use have often been posited as potential contributors to attention problems, but previous studies have not always been well-controlled or used well-validated outcome measures. The current study examines the multivariate nature of risk factors for attention problems symptomatic of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and poor school performance. METHOD: A predominantly Hispanic population of 603 children (ages 10-14) and their parents/guardians responded to multiple behavioral measures. Outcome measures included parent and child reported attention problem behaviors on the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) as well as poor school performance as measured by grade point average (GPA). RESULTS: Results found that internal factors such as male gender, antisocial traits, family environment and anxiety best predicted attention problems. School performance was best predicted by family income. Television and video game use, whether total time spent using, or exposure to violent content specifically, did not predict attention problems or GPA. INTERPRETATION: Television and video game use do not appear to be significant predictors of childhood attention problems. Intervention and prevention efforts may be better spent on other risk factors. Language: en
Including receptor flexibility and induced fit effects into the design of MMP-2 inhibitors.

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) comprise a class of flexible proteins required for normal tissue remodeling. Overexpression of MMPs is associated with a wide range of pathophysiological processes, including vascular disease, multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, and cancer. Nearly all MMP inhibitors have failed in clinical trials, in part due to lack of specificity. Due to the highly dynamic molecular motions of the MMP-2 binding pockets, the rational drug design of MMP inhibitors has been very challenging. To address these challenges, in the current study we combine computer docking with molecular dynamics (MD) simulations in order to incorporate receptor-flexibility and induced-fit effects into the drug-design process. Our strategy identifies molecular fragments predicted to target multiple MMP-2 binding pockets. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Microseisms from Hurricane "Hilda"

As hurricane "Hilda" crossed the Gulf of Mexico the dominant period of the microseisms shifted from about 8 to 5 seconds as the eye reached water about 150 to 200 meters deep. The conversion of wind energy to microseismic energy is most efficient in water depths from 20 to 200 meters. There is no evidence that two periods, one twice the other, are present.
Smoothened adopts multiple active and inactive conformations capable of trafficking to the primary cilium.

Activation of Hedgehog (Hh) signaling requires the transmembrane protein Smoothened (Smo), a member of the G-protein coupled receptor superfamily. In mammals, Smo translocates to the primary cilium upon binding of Hh ligands to their receptor, Patched (Ptch1), but it is unclear if ciliary trafficking of Smo is sufficient for pathway activation. Here, we demonstrate that cyclopamine and jervine, two structurally related inhibitors of Smo, force ciliary translocation of Smo. Treatment with SANT-1, an unrelated Smo antagonist, abrogates cyclopamine- and jervine-mediated Smo translocation. Further, activation of protein kinase A, either directly or through activation of Gαs, causes Smo to translocate to a proximal region of the primary cilium. We propose that Smo adopts multiple inactive and active conformations, which influence its localization and trafficking on the primary cilium.
Clinical toxicologic and pharmacologic studies of gallium nitrate

Gallium nitrate, administered intravenously to patients with advanced cancer, produced renal functional abnormalities consistently at a dose of 750 mg/m2. The toxicity at that dose could be modified by fluid loading and osmotic diuresis. Pharmacokinetic studies revealed a biphasic half-life, (T 1/2 alpha = 87 minutes and T 1/2 beta = 24.5 hours). Osmotic diuresis reduced the urinary concentration of gallium but did not affect serum levels or clearance.
Further Observations on Tuttle's Test for Non-Compensated Heart Lesions

(1937). Further Observations on Tuttle's Test for Non-Compensated Heart Lesions. Research Quarterly. American Physical Education Association: Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 130-132.
Thermodynamic properties of LiNO3–NaNO3–KNO3–2KNO3·Mg(NO3)2 system

Abstract A novel low melting eutectic salt was predicted in the LiNO 3 –NaNO 3 –KNO 3 –2KNO 3 ·Mg(NO 3 ) 2 quaternary system using thermodynamic modeling. The melting point of the eutectic salt was predicted to be 374.90 K. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was used to experimentally determine the melting point and specific heat capacity of the quaternary system. The mixture was measured to be completely melted at 373.90 ± 0.78 K which is in an excellent agreement with the predicted value. The measured heat capacity data as function of temperature are fit to polynomial function. Subsequently, the thermodynamic properties such as enthalpy, entropy and Gibbs energies of this novel quaternary eutectic salt were deduced as function of temperature.
Delayed fluorescence induction in chloroplasts. Irradiance dependence

Abstract We have studied the delayed fluorescence in spinach chloroplasts produced 0.5 ms after each of a pair of (sub)-microsecond flashes. We observe an increase in the delayed fluorescence from the second flash relative to that produced by the first. This increase is proportional to the product of the first and second flash irradiances, appearing as an I2 dependence if both flashes are increased together. The enhancement is observable at very weak flash levels (roughly 1 photon absorbed/100 PS II centers). If the irradiance of the first flash is increased, but the irradiance of the second held constant, the delayed fluorescence from the second flash is observed to increase, but then to saturate well below the first flash irradiance at which the delayed fluorescence from the first flash itself saturates. For most experiments, the dark time between flashes was 30 ms. If the dark time is varied, the enhancement changes, reaching a half-maximal value for a dark time of approx. 300 μs. The enhancement is stopped by hydroxylamine, but not by gramicidin, valinomycin, DCMU, or mild heating. These experiments are consistent with the notion that there are two different types of Photosystem II centers if we assume that only one type is responsible for the induction we see and has an optical cross-section about 4-times the size of the other type of center.
Determination of Organic Acids in Ground Water by Liquid Chromatography/Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization/Mass Spectrometry

ABSTRACT Current methods of determining organic acids in ground water are labor-intensive, time-consuming and require a large volume of sample (100 milliliter to 1.0 liter). This paper reports a new method developed to determine aliphatic, alicyclic, and aromatic acids in ground water using liquid chromatography/atmospheric pressure chemical ionization/mass spectrometry (LC/APCI/MS). This method was shown to be fast (less than 1 hour), effective, and reproducible, requiring only 1.0 mL of ground-water sample. Ground water was pH-adjusted, filtered through 0.45 μm filters and directly injected into the LC. A binary solvent system consisting of 40 mM of aqueous ammonium acetate and methanol and a C18 column were used for chromatographical separation. The APCI was operated under negative ionization mode. Selected ion monitoring (SIM) was used for detection and quantitation of the analytes. This method was applied to the analysis of organic acids in ground-water samples collected from an aquifer contaminated ...
Characterization of natural and synthetic humic substances (melanoidins) by stable carbon and nitrogen isotope measurements and elemental compositions

Abstract Stable carbon isotope ratios of the starting sugars (SG) and amino acids (AA) are mostly preserved in laboratory synthetic melanoidins. Stable nitrogen isotope ratios may not be “imprinted” in melanoidins by SG and AA precursors in the same way, indicating that nitrogen fractionation could occur during the rate-determining step in the Maillard reaction. Carbon isotope ratios support the stoichiometric ratios for combination of sugars with amino acids, which are based on the elemental composition data of melanoidins. These findings may provide clues to asses the role of the Maillard reaction in the formation of natural humic substances.
Concurrent Associations Between Anxiety Sensitivity and Perceived Health and Health Disability among Young Adult Daily Smokers

The aim of this investigation was to evaluate the incremental validity of anxiety sensitivity (fear of arousal-related physical and psychological sensations) relative to health factors (smoking variables, alcohol use and exercise level), in predicting perceived health and disability among a sample of 225 young adult daily smokers (102 females; M(age) = 23.9 years, SD = 8.8). Consistent with prediction, anxiety sensitivity, relative to smoking-relevant variables, alcohol consumption (a single frequency by quantity composite) and exercise activity, predicted lower perceived general health and impairments in mental health and social functioning; no incremental effects were evident for anxiety sensitivity for predicting impairments in physical functioning, role functioning, or increased healthcare usage. These findings are discussed with respect to better understanding cognitive factors that affect perceptions of health status and functioning among daily smokers.
Comparison of raw starch hydrolyzing enzyme with conventional liquefaction and saccharification enzymes in dry-grind corn processing.

ABSTRACT In a conventional dry-grind corn process, starch is converted into dextrins using liquefaction enzymes at high temperatures (90–120°C) during a liquefaction step. Dextrins are hydrolyzed into sugars using saccharification enzymes during a simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) step. Recently, a raw starch hydrolyzing enzyme (RSH), Stargen 001, was developed that converts starch into dextrins at low temperatures (<48°C) and hydrolyzes dextrins into sugars during SSF. In this study, a dry-grind corn process using RSH enzyme was compared with two combinations (DG1 and DG2) of commercial liquefaction and saccharification enzymes. Dry-grind corn processes for all enzyme treatments were performed at the same process conditions except for the liquefaction step. For RSH and DG1 and DG2 treatments, ethanol concentrations at 72 hr of fermentation were 14.1–14.2% (v/v). All three enzyme treatments resulted in comparable ethanol conversion efficiencies, ethanol yields, and DDGS yields. Sugar pr...
Metal-semiconductor and magnetic transitions in compensated polycrystalline La 1 − x Ca x MnO 3 − δ ( x = 0.20 , 0.25 )

The structures, magnetizations, conductivities, and Seebeck coefficients of single-phase polycrystalline ${\mathrm{La}}_{0.75}{\mathrm{Ca}}_{0.25}{\mathrm{MnO}}_{3\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\delta}}$ and ${\mathrm{La}}_{0.80}{\mathrm{Ca}}_{0.20}{\mathrm{MnO}}_{3\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\delta}}$ samples have been investigated as a function of the oxygen-vacancy concentration. Electrons from oxygen vacancies compensate holes introduced by Ca cations. Thus, by altering the oxygen deficiency \ensuremath{\delta} the carrier concentration is changed while the calcium concentration remains constant. The effects of carrier and calcium concentrations on transport and magnetism are thereby separated from one another. We find the conductivity to be very sensitive to oxygen vacancies while the magnetization is not. In particular, oxygen vacancies decrease the conductivity and can eliminate low-temperature metal-like conduction. Thus ferromagnetism in ${\mathrm{La}}_{0.75}{\mathrm{Ca}}_{0.25}{\mathrm{MnO}}_{3\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\delta}}$ and ${\mathrm{La}}_{0.80}{\mathrm{Ca}}_{0.20}{\mathrm{MnO}}_{3\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\delta}}$ can occur without the concomitant occurrence of metallic conduction. However, electronic properties are sensitive to magnetic order. In particular, the temperature dependence of the Seebeck coefficient changes at the Curie temperature. These results are consistent with Jonker's suggestion that ferromagnetism in these manganites is induced by dopant-induced strains rather than by dopant-induced charge carriers. Loss of magnetic order fosters mobile charge carriers' collapse to localized dopant-related polaron states. Thus, the magnetically induced metal-semiconductor transitions in doped manganites are analogous to those of suitably doped ferromagnetic EuO.
The development of nerve-muscle junctions in Rana catesbeiana tadpoles.

Abstract The physiological properties of developing nerve-muscle junctions in Rana catesbeiana tadpoles are described. Developing neurons at different stages of ontogeny formed functional synaptic connections with a section of tail muscle implanted in place of the hind limb bud. Transmission is quantal in nature, sensitive in normal ways to calcium and magnesium concentrations, and conforms to a Poisson distribution. The quantal content is initially low and increases with development. Mepp's occur randomly and have low frequencies which increase slightly with development. The size of a single quantum of transmitter does not change during development. The muscle fibers are multiply innervated, resulting in Epp's with distinct peaks and complex skewed mepp amplitude histograms. No significant increases were observed in the level of differentiation of the developing motor neurons as a result of their having innervated a portion of mature tail muscle. The numbers of developing motor neurons increased in the experimental lateral motor column, and a lag in their maturity was observed relative to motor neurons in the control lateral motor column.
Stochastic 0-1 linear programming under limited distributional information

Abstract We consider the problem min X ∈ { 0 , 1 } n { c ′ x : a j ′ x ⩽ b j , j = 1 , … , m } , where the a j are random vectors with unknown distributions. The only information we are given regarding the random vectors a j are their moments, up to order k. We give a robust formulation, as a function of k, for the 0–1 integer linear program under this limited distributional information.
Translation research is an essential but not sufficient ingredient for translation of genomic medicine into population health benefits

Translation research is an essential but not sufficient ingredient for translation of genomic medicine into population health benefits
Ketorolac effectively inhibits ureteral contractility in vitro.

Introduction: The use of ketorolac in the management of painful symptoms associated with urinary stones is well supported in the literature; however, the gastric and renal adverse effects limit the dose and duration of administration. As a nonselective cyclooxygenase inhibitor, ketorolac can act locally to help control renal colic by inhibiting smooth muscle contractions and inflammation. We sought to confirm ketorolac's inhibition of ureteral contractility and determine a dose response relationship to identify an effectiveness range. Materials and Methods: Porcine ureter strips attached to force displacement transducers were suspended in organ tissue baths that contained aerated Krebs buffer. Tissues equilibrated for 1 hour, and a spontaneous contractility rate was established. Tissues were incubated with a concentration-response curve of ketorolac (0.1 nM–10 μM) for 90 minutes and compared with indomethacin (1 μM) and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) 0.1%. Contractility rates were recorded on a polygraph and a...
Group Supervision of School Psychologists in Training.

Eshel and Koriat (2001) have suggested that training programs for school psychologists possess both a manifest (`formal') and latent (`informal') curriculum pertaining to the enhancement of both technical competencies and more autonomous professional functioning, respectively. In addition to influencing coursework, the informal curriculum also shapes the manner in which training programs provide supervision. Although effective supervision is believed to lead to more effective school psychology practice, much of the literature has emphasized the technical skills which supervision aims to improve. Little has been written about the nature of group supervision for school psychologists in training, especially from the standpoint of utilizing a more process-oriented approach as a vehicle for realizing the informal curriculum. In organizing the supervisor's approach to running such a group, the following theoretical models may prove effective: attachment theory, object relations theory, group theory and self psy...