cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
KBS Tuff dating and geochronology of tuffaceous sediments in the Koobi Fora and Shungura Formations, East Africa

Plio–Pleistocene lacustrine and fluvial sediments of the Koobi Fora Formation along the east shore of Lake Turkana in northern Kenya (see Fig. 1) and thicker fluvial sediments of the Shungura Formation in the Lower Omo River Basin 100 km to the north have become widely recognised because of their rich hominid and artefact assemblages, together with associated vertebrate fauna1–3. Over the past decade, tuffaceous horizons within these two sedimentary formations have been mapped4,5 and dated by K–Ar6–11 and fission-track techniques12 to provide chronologic control supporting studies of hominid and faunal evolution and archaeology. We report here new 40K–40Ar dates and revised values for previously published dates which give a mean age of 1.8±0.1 Myr for the KBS Tuff. This estimate suggests contemporaneity between the KBS Tuff and Tuff Units H2 and H4 in the Shungura Formation, lower Omo River Basin, Ethiopia, and with Bed I at Olduvai Gorge.
Vibrational force field and normal mode analysis of N, N-dimethylacetamide

Abstract A simple general valence force field has been refined for N , N -dimethylacetamide which includes both in-plane and out-of-plane modes. This force field gives good agreement between observed and calculated frequencies for this molecule and three of its deuterated derivatives, thus providing a good basis for the refinement of a force field for the imide group in polypeptides and proteins.
On the topological classification of linear representations

GIVEN a compact Lie group, a basic mathematical problem is the classification of its finitedimensional orthogonal representations up to linear equivalence. Recently such representations have been classified up to certain homotopy-theoretic relations much weaker than linear equivalence[l3, 161. In this paper we shall study the classification up to an intermediate relation-topological equivalence; to be precise, two orthogonal representations {V, py} and {W, pw} (ox: G-,0(X) denotes the representation homomorphism) are topologically equivalent if there is a homeomorphism h: V+ W such that pw = hpJ_’ (i.e., V and W are equivariantly homeomorphic). The main result states that topological equivalence agrees with linear equivalence for a large class of compact Lie groups (see Theorem I below together with Corollary 2.3 and (2.4)); in fact, no examples are known for which the classifications differ. The results of this paper were obtained to answer questions posed by R. Lashof and M. Rothenberg; the topological equivalence question for representations arises naturally in their equivariant smoothing theory for topological G-manifolds. Shortly after the first version of this paper was written, the author discovered from [12, $981 that D. Sullivan had worked out the principal part of the main result some time ago but had not written up his conclusions for publication. The main result may be stated as follows:
No Longer a “Frowsy Drudge” Women’s Wardrobe Management: 1880-1930

The transformation from custom to factory-produced clothing occurred in uneven stages. To acquire clothing, women balanced budget constraints against sewing ability, available time, and fashion issues. They were also usually actively involved in at least some aspect of their own clothing production and often devised complex arrangements to clothe themselves. In this paper, I focus on women’s decision-making in a period of rapidly changing styles, changing markets, and new employment patterns. Analysis of family budget studies, women’s magazines and advice literature, and early home economics studies revealed that although income was important, lifestyle, sewing ability, and a desire to be up-to-date with the latest styles figured prominently. Rapid style changes and increased availability of ready-made clothing changed the standards by which all clothing was judged. Home sewn products, difficult to fit and time-consuming to make, lost prestige when compared to the style and finish of ready-made. Changes p...
Neon-ethane drift chamber gases

Abstract We have investigated the feasibility of using Ne:C2H6 mixtures, ranging from 18% to 50% Ne, as drift chamber gases. These gases have a long radiation length, which makes them attractive in cases where multiple scattering makes an important contribution to the overall resolution. We measured the drift velocities of the mixtures and tested them in a drift chamber to determine their efficiencies and position resolutions. We also studied Ar:C2H6 (50:50) with the same detectors to provide a basis for comparison. All of the Ne:C2H6 mixtures that we studied performed better than Ar:C2H6, with the best position resolution coming with the lowest Ne concentration.
ZnO TFT Devices Built on Glass Substrates

ZnO thin-film transistors (TFTs) were built on glass substrates. The device with a top gate configuration operates in the depletion mode. The ZnO channel was grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) on glass at low temperature. SiO2 was used as the gate dielectric. The TFT has an on/off ratio of ∼4.0 × 104 and a channel field-effect mobility of ∼4.0 cm2/V s. The average transmittance of the ZnO film in the visible wavelength is ∼80%. To compare the characteristics of the TFTs prepared by using a poly-ZnO and epitaxial-ZnO channel, an epi-ZnO TFT with the same configuration and dimensions was made on an r-Al2O3 substrate. The epi-ZnO TFT shows higher field-effect mobility of ∼35 cm2/V s and on/off ratio of ∼108.
Electronic-structure-based pair potentials for aluminum-rich cobalt compounds.

A method for calculating constant volume'' pair potentials in Al-rich transition-metal compounds is presented. The method is based on a combination of a Green's-function analysis of the interaction between transition-metal [ital d] shells, and a perturbative treatment of the Al and transition-metal pseudopotentials. In addition to the [ital d]-shell interactions, the pair potentials include terms describing interactions between pseudopotentials on different atoms, as well as interactions between the pseudopotential on one atom and the charge density induced by the [ital d] shell on another atom. The potentials are parametrized by use of both [ital ab] [ital initio] total-energy results and experimental inputs. The methodology is tested by calculating the energies of many different structures at the Al-rich end of the Al-Co phase diagram. The potentials correctly predict the sequence of complex phases that occurs with increasing Co content, with just one exception. The complex phases are favored relative to simpler fcc-based phases by a large energy due mainly to short-ranged spacing constraints. The Co-Co potential has a secondary minimum at 4.4 A which coincides with the Co-Co spacings in the complex structures, and thus further enhances their stability.
Caspase-8 Activation and Bid Cleavage Contribute to MCF7 Cellular Execution in a Caspase-3-dependent Manner during Staurosporine-mediated Apoptosis

There are at least two distinct classes of caspases, initiators (e.g. caspases-8, -9, and -10) and effectors (e.g. caspase-3). Furthermore, it is believed that there are two distinct primary apoptotic signaling pathways, one of which is mediated by death receptors controlled by caspases-8/10, and the other by the release of cytochrome c and activation of a caspase-9/Apaf1/cytochrome c apoptosome. However, several recent reports have demonstrated that caspase-8, and its substrate Bid, are frequently activated in response to certain apoptotic stimuli in a death receptor-independent manner. These results suggest that significant cross-talk may exist between these two distinct signaling arms, allowing each to take advantage of elements unique to the other. Here we provide evidence that activation of caspase-8, and subsequent Bid cleavage, does indeed participate in cytochrome c-mediated apoptosis, at least in certain circumstances and cell types. Furthermore, the participation of activated caspase-3 is essential for activation of caspase-8 and Bid processing to occur. Although caspase-8 activation is not required for the execution of a cytochrome c-mediated death signal, we found that it greatly shortens the execution time. Thus, caspase-8 involvement in cytochrome c-mediated cell death may help to amplify weaker death signals and ensure that apoptosis occurs within a certain time frame.
Seasonal variability in the Mercury speciation of Onondaga Lake (New York)

Dissolved and particulate Hg speciation was determined on four occasions in the Spring to Fall interval of 1989, at three depths of the water column of Onondaga Lake, New York; an urban system in which the sediments and fish flesh are contaminated with Hg. Species determined included total Hg (Hgt), reactive (‘ionic’) Hg (Hgi), monomethylmercury (CH3HgX), elemental Hg (Hg°) and dimethylmercury (CH3)2Hg). Onondaga Lake was found to contain very high levels of Hgt (2 to 25 ng L−1 Hg), Hgj (0.5 to 10 ng L−1 Hg), and CH3HgX (0.3 to 7 ng L−1 Hg), which generally increased with depth in the lake. These concentrations represent a significant level of contamination, based upon comparisons with other polluted and pristine sites. Elemental Hg levels were typically about 0.05 ng L−1 and (CH3)2Hg was near the limits of detection (−0.001 ng) L−1 in most samples. The greatest CH3HgX concentrations in the hypolimnion, as well as the largest gradients of both CH3HgX and (Hgt), were observed upon the first onset of stratification, in early summer. These concentrations did not become more pronounced, however, as stratification and H2S levels in the hypolimnion increased throughout the summer. The very low concentrations of (CH3)2Hg in these MeHg and sulfide-rich waters calls into question the belief that CH3HgX and H2S will react to yield volatile dimethyl-mercury, which can then escape to the atmosphere by diffusion. Mercury speciation was highly dynamic, indicating active cycling within the lake, and an apparent sensitivity to changes in attendant Iimnological conditions that track the stratification cycle.
On choosing between linguistic analyses: A reply to Klausenburger

Abstract This paper examines the claim made in Klausenburger (1974) that French liaison is an example of rule inversion. After a discussion of the arguments presented there, it is concluded that none of them offers very strong support for the analysis made on the basis of the liaison rule having been inverted. Additional data is presented, which together with the weakness of the original arguments, indicates that it is at least as likely that the rule in question has not been inverted. Some general discussion of arguments which are intended to choose between linguistic analyses is also given.
Effects of Copper Deficiency and Copper Loading on 67Cu in Supernatants of Rat Organs

Eleven organs of the rat were studied 1 hr and 24 hr after the intravenous administration of 67CuCl2 and 67Cu-eeruloplasmin. The rats were normal, copper-deficient, or copper-laden. The amounts of stable copper and 67Cu in the whole organ and supernatant fractions, corrected for whole blood copper and 67Cu, were measured. The distribution of supernatant 67Cu was determined in three Sephadex G-100 chromatographic zones: Peak I (150, 000 daltons), Peak II (31, 000 daltons), and Peak III (11, 000 daltons). All organs took up 67Cu from both sources, but there was a tendency for increased uptakes in copper-deficient rats and decreased uptake in copper-laden rats. Only lung, heart, and testis took up more 67Cu from 67Cu-ceruloplasmin than from 87CuCl2. Supernatant 67Cu tended to be in Peak I when the source was 67Cu-ceruloplasmin and in Peak 11 when the source was 67CuCl2.. When 67Cu-ceruloplasmin was added to supernatant fractions in vitro, the 67Cu was in Peak I. However, when 67Cu Cl2 was added to supernatant frac-tions, Peak III predominated in kidney, brain, testis, and liver; Peak II pre-dominated in none; and Peak I predominated in spleen, muscle, large and small bowel, stomach, lung, and heart. A high-molecular-weight copperbinding substance seems to be present in organ supernatant fractions.
Monitoring bird migration with a fixed-beam radar and a thermal-imaging camera

Previous studies using thermal imaging cameras (TI) have used target size as an indicator of target altitude when radar was not available, but this approach may lead to errors if birds that differ greatly in size are actually flying at the same altitude. To overcome this potential difficulty and obtain more accurate measures of the flight altitudes and numbers of individual migrants, we have developed a technique that combines a vertically pointed stationary radar beam and a vertically pointed thermal imaging camera (VERTRAD/TI). The TI provides accurate counts of the birds passing through a fixed, circular sampling area in the TI display, and the radar provides accurate data on their flight altitudes. We analyzed samples of VERTRAD/TI video data collected during nocturnal fall migration in 2000 and 2003 and during the arrival of spring trans-Gulf migration during the daytime in 2003. We used a video peak store (VPS) to make time exposures of target tracks in the video record of the TI and developed criteria to distinguish birds, foraging bats, and insects based on characteristics of the tracks in the VPS images and the altitude of the targets. The TI worked equally well during daytime and nighttime observations and best when skies were clear, because thermal radiance from cloud heat often obscured targets. The VERTRAD/TI system, though costly, is a valuable tool for measuring accurate bird migration traffic rates (the number of birds crossing 1609.34 m (1 statute mile) of front per hour) for different altitudinal strata above 25 m. The technique can be used to estimate the potential risk of migrating birds colliding with man-made obstacles of various heights (e.g., communication and broadcast towers and wind turbines)?a subject of increasing importance to conservation biologists.
Synthesis of a Trisubstituted 1,4-Diazepin-3-one-Based Dipeptidomimetic as a Novel Molecular Scaffold.

We describe two routes for the synthesis of a trisubstituted 1,2,5-hexahydro-3-oxo-1H-1,4-diazepine ring (DAP), a novel, conformationally constrained, seven-membered dipeptidomimetic ring system. The linear precursor for the model DAPs, targeted for conformational analysis studies, was obtained by reductive alkylation of tert-butyl alaninate or phenylalaninate by N-Boc-α-amino-γ-oxo-N,N-dimethylbutyramide. Acetylation of the newly formed secondary amine followed by acidolytic deprotection of the amino and carboxyl terminal protecting groups and subsequent diphenylphosphorazidate-mediated ring formation yielded the blocked model DAPs. The synthesis of the DAP synthon started with 1-tert-butyl hydrogen N-(benzyloxycarbonyl)aspartate. The aldehyde obtained from the β-carboxyl was used to reductively alkylate benzyl phenylalaninate, generating a secondary amine. Hydrogenolytic deprotection of the end-groups yielded the linear precursor which was cyclized via lactam formation mediated by 1-hydroxy-7-azabenzotr...
Fugitives as fish: bounty hunting and exploitation of the commons

Abstract This note examines the property rights aspects of bounty hunting, and suggests that fugitives within the criminal justice system represent a common property resource. Economic theory might predict that this resource would be over exploited, perhaps resulting in industry profits being driven to zero. It is argued, however, that, in addition to regulation, recently developed concepts regarding uncertainty and heterogeneity of exploitation skills likely work to limit exploitation effort in bounty hunting. The anecdotal evidence and inference provided in this note make for a compelling pedagogical device for principles and intermediate economics students.
Use of vascularized periosteum or bone to improve healing of segmental allografts after tumor resection: an ovine rib model.

BACKGROUND Despite technical advances, nonunion or delayed union remains an important clinical problem when segmental allografts are used to repair diaphyseal defects after bone tumor resection. Using an ovine rib model, the authors studied whether the addition of a vascularized periosteum or bone flap improved healing compared with a segmental allograft alone. METHODS A 4-cm segment of rib was resected from four consecutive ribs of 15 sheep. Three different reconstructions were compared within the same sheep: allograft alone, allograft and vascularized periosteum, and allograft and vascularized bone. One defect was not reconstructed and served as a control. Five sheep were humanely killed at each of the following time points: 9, 12, and 15 weeks. The host-allograft junctions were analyzed using plain radiographs, micro-computed tomography, and histologic examination. RESULTS Micro-computed tomographic analysis showed significant improvement with each reconstruction technique over time. Plain radiographs and histologic analyses demonstrated earlier bridging of the host-allograft junction when either vascularized periosteum or vascularized bone was used compared with allograft alone. CONCLUSION Use of vascularized periosteum or bone may facilitate healing of the host-allograft junction after intercalary allograft reconstruction.
Cross-Hauling of Polluting Factors

Abstract This paper analyzes the investment/environment overlap using a two stage model of two jurisdictions. Capital exports are modeled as choice variables for capital owners who weigh income considerations against the effects of capital exports on the quality of their local environments and on environmental policy. This framework reveals that capital owners have an incentive to cross-haul polluting factors across jurisdictions when direct controls are used to regulate emissions and that this cross-hauling induces policymakers to ratchet up environmental policies in both locations. The importance of instrument type and commitment on environmental policy is also analyzed.
Full wave simulations of coated spheres with negative index of refraction at infrared frequencies

In this work we have successfully performed 3D full wave simulations of coated spheres. Retrieved effective material properties shows negative index of refraction similar to earlier analytical results except for some quantitative differences. The next step is to explore metamaterial property sensitivity to intrinsic material properties and fabrication tolerance.
Perfectionism and Obsessive-Compulsive Symptoms

This study was designed to determine whether perfectionism, as assessed by the revised almost perfect scale (APS-R; R. B. Slaney, M. Mobley, J. Trippi, J. S. Ashby, & D. G. Johnson, 1996), was a significant predictor of obsessive-compulsive (OC) symptoms in a non-clinical sample of 308 university students. Perfectionistic discrepancy emerged as a general predictor of obsessive thought difficulties and compulsive checking behavior. Excessive concerns about making mistakes also emerged as a significant specific predictor of obsessive cognitive but not behavioral symptoms after other dimensions of perfectionism were controlled. An interaction effect indicated that students with high discrepancy but low standards were more likely to experience OC-related washing symptoms than other students. The general effects of perfectionism on OC symptoms, the specific effects of certain perfectionism dimensions over others, and other perfectionism research results, implicate APS-R discrepancy as a core dimension of maladaptive perfectionism and APS-R high standards as either benign or protective in the associations with OC symptoms.
Freezing transition of xenon on graphite: A computer-simulation study

The freezing transition of xenon adsorbed on graphite at high coverage and temperature is studied by constant-pressure and constant-area molecular dynamics. The transition is found to be first order, in contrast to a recent x-ray-diffraction experiment [P. A. Heiney et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 48, 104 (1982)]. Also, recent objections for using computer experiments to study the melting transition A. Novaco and P. Shea, [Phys. Rev. B 26, 284 (1982) and S. Toxvaerd (unpublished)] are shown to be invalid for the two-dimensional Lennard-Jones system.
Volume holographic storage for large relational databases

Computing applications continue to put increasing demands on secondary storage systems. These demands can be met by optical solutions such as volume holographic memories, which promise to provide the high storage capacities and data rates required by many input/ output intensive applications. Holographic memories appear especially suited for large database storage because of their page format and fast associative recall ability. A volume holographic database system that is being implemented in our laboratory is presented. The discussion includes a description of the optical system as well as the development and analysis of an error-correcting code suitable for the application. Also presented are experimental results in which good associative addressability is achieved for search arguments as small as 1/30 of a page.
Three-Dimensional Numerical Simulations of Equatorial Spread F: Results and Observations in the Pacific Sector

A three-dimensional numerical simulation of plasma density irregularities in the postsunset equatorial F region ionosphere leading to equatorial spread F (ESF) is described. The simulation evolves under realistic background conditions including bottomside plasma shear flow and vertical current. It also incorporates C/NOFS satellite data which partially specify the forcing. A combination of generalized Rayleigh-Taylor instability (GRT) and collisional shear instability (CSI) produces growing waveforms with key features that agree with C/NOFS satellite and ALTAIR radar observations in the Pacific sector, including features such as gross morphology and rates of development. The transient response of CSI is consistent with the observation of bottomside waves with wavelengths close to 30 km, whereas the steady state behavior of the combined instability can account for the 100+ km wavelength waves that predominate in the F region.
Right coronary angiography during left anterior descending angioplasty: collateral visualization as a guide to balloon positioning.

Abstract Safe, successful coronary angioplasty requires highquality fluoroscopic visualization of the coronary arteries during the procedure. However, fluoroscopy, as opposed to angiography, and use of diluted contrast often impairs precise visualization of the position of the balloon dilatation catheter in the coronary arteries. In subtotally or totally occluded arteries, there is little or no anterograde contrast flow beyond the stenosis. The distal vessel is usually better visualized as it fills in retrograde fashion from collateral vessels. We discuss a patient in whom right coronary angiography was invaluable in aiding positioning of the dilatation catheter during angioplasty of a subtotally occluded left anterior descending artery (LAD).
Sila- and Germaplatinacycles Produced from a Stepwise E−E Bond Forming Reaction

Reaction of sila- and germafluorene (H2EC12H8, E = Si, Ge) with (dppe)Pt(CH3)2 produced the platinacycles (dppe)Pt(ER2)4 (E = Si, Ge; R2 = C12H8) through a stepwise E−E bond forming reaction.
Role of Antioxidant-1 in Extracellular Superoxide Dismutase Function and Expression

The extracellular superoxide dismutase (ecSOD or SOD3) is a copper-containing enzyme which is highly expressed in the vasculature. Copper-containing enzymes require copper chaperones for their activity however the chaperone which delivers copper to SOD3 has not previously been defined. Atox1 is a copper chaperone proposed to deliver copper to the trans-Golgi network. Because SOD3 is secreted via the trans-Golgi network, we sought to determine whether Atox1 acts as a copper chaperone for SOD3. Using recombinant human SOD3, we found that the specific activity of SOD3 directly correlates with its copper content (R2=0.99). SOD3 specific activity in the conditioned medium from cultured Atox1-/- fibroblasts was markedly decreased, but could be recovered to that of wild-type cells by copper addition. These results indicated that Atox1 is required for delivering copper to SOD3 for its full activity. Unexpectedly, the protein and mRNA levels of SOD3 were dramatically decreased in cultured Atox1-/- fibroblasts. This was associated with a marked decrease in SOD3 transcription rate but no change in SOD3 mRNA stability. Overexpression of Atox1 markedly increased SOD3 mRNA in both Atox1-/- and Atox1+/+ cells. These findings indicate that Atox1 positively regulates SOD3 transcription. Because SOD3 protein is upregulated in atherosclerotic vessels, we examined expression of Atox1 in vessels from ApoE-/- mice. Western and immunohistochemical analysis in ApoE-/- mice revealed that both Atox1 and SOD3 protein levels are markedly increased in atherosclerotic intimal lesions. In summary, Atox1 functions not only as a copper chaperone for SOD3 but also as a positive regulator for SOD3 transcription and may have an important role in modulating oxidative stress in the cardiovascular system.
The Psychosocial Impact of Cancer on the Elderly: A Comparison with Younger Patients

This report examines the psychosocial impact of cancer in 240 men according to age using a recently developed cancer-specific survey instrument. Overall, younger patients experienced more frequent or severe psychosocial and treatment-related problems than the older patients, especially in relation to work and chemotherapy. In addition, younger patients experienced more difficulty dealing with the health care setting. The authors conclude that the elderly cancer patient experiences less psychosocial disruption from cancer than do younger individuals. J Am Geriatr Soc 33:429, 1985
Cultural-Competency Training for Staff Serving Hispanic Families with a Child in Psychiatric Crisis:

As part of a research demonstration project focusing on children's psychiatric crises and their families, a cultural-competency training program was developed for staff delivering home-based crisis...
Stimulating Cultural Appetites: an Experiential Gourmet Approach

This article is an extension of a presentation that won “Best Exercise” at the Eastern Academy of Management, 1998. The authors introduce an experiential gourmet approach using food stories to stim...
Experimental and theoretical determination of the admittances of a family of nozzles subjected to axial instabilities

The interaction between the oscillations in the combustor and the wave system in the nozzle (required in combustion instability analysis of rocket engines) can be determined once the nozzle admittance is known. Experimental and theoretical methods of determining the admittance of nozzles subjected to axial oscillations are discussed. One-dimensional nozzle admittances were measured by an impedance tube technique modified to account for the presence of a mean flow. Crocco's nozzle admittance theory is applied to the prediction of admittances for several test nozzles.
Expression of ICAM-1, VCAM-1, L-selectin, and leukosialin in the mouse central nervous system during the induction and remission stages of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis

Adhesion molecules facilitate infiltration of leukocytes into the central nervous system (CNS) of mice with experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE). Expression of the adhesion molecules ICAM-1 (CD54), VCAM-1 (CD106), L-selectin (CD62L), and leukosialin (CD43) was analyzed via immunocytochemistry 4-28 days after the injection of encephalitogen into EAE-susceptible SWXJ mice. Constitutive ICAM-1 expression on large-diameter CNS vessels was upregulated on post-injection days 8, 11, 14 and 18 (concurrent with de novo expression on smaller capillaries and glial cells), partially downregulated by day 23, and back to control levels by day 28. Constitutive VCAM-1 expression was upregulated by day 14 and back to control levels by day 28. Upregulation of ICAM-1 temporally coincided with the immigration of CD4+ lymphocytes and L-selectin+ leukocytes into the CNS, while downregulation coincided with their emigration. The infiltration of CD43+ leukocytes also coincided with the upregulation of vascular adhesion molecules, but CD43+ cells remained in the CNS after ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 had returned to control levels. Cellular infiltration and adhesion-molecule expression preceded EAE clinical symptoms by a minimum of 3 days, suggesting a causal role of adhesion molecules in the initiation of CNS inflammation. However, prophylactic injections of monoclonal antibodies against either ICAM-1, L-selectin, or CD43, did not ameliorate the clinical severity of EAE in this model.
Influence of High-Pressure Blanching on Polyphenoloxidase Activity of Peach Fruits and its Drying Behavior

Experiments were conducted to evaluate the feasibility of using high-pressure processing as an alternate for hot-water blanching of peach slices. Peach slices were pressure processed at various combinations of pressures (50–700 MPa) at 25°C with and without citric acid for two holding times (5 and 10 min). Pressure treatment (>300 MPa), in combination with citric acid (1–1.2%), was an effective method to inactivatepeach polyphenoloxidase enzymes. Pressure-treated peach slices, with and without citric acid, were subsequently dehydrated in a cabinet dryer at 70°C. Pressure treatment enhanced the drying rate and reduced the drying time. Logarithmic model satisfactorily described the drying behavior of peach slices. Pressure-processed samples had higher moisture diffusivity than control samples. The results reveals that high-pressure processing of peach fruits suspended in citric acid medium can be used as potential alternative for hot water blanching.
Androgen deprivation-mediated cytoreduction before interstitial brachytherapy for prostate cancer does not abrogate the elevated risk of urinary morbidity associated with larger initial prostate volume.

PURPOSE: We examined whether prostate volume reduction after a short course of androgen dep- rivation (AD) lowered the risks of acute and chronic urinary morbidity related to radioactive seed implantation for low-risk prostate cancer. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Eighty-one patients received AD for cytoreduction before inter- stitial brachytherapy alone. Urinary morbidity was carefully assessed for all patients during a me- dian followup of 53 (range, 23e78) months after treatment. Outcomes were then compared with those of a control group of 81 patients who were matched 1:1 based on identical prostate volume measured at the time of radioactive seed implant, but who had not received AD. RESULTS: Despite effective cytoreduction (median, 30% prostate volume reduction) with AD, prolonged catheterization was required significantly more often for patients who had received AD when compared with the control group of patients who were implanted at identical prostate volumes but who had not received AD (27% vs. 9%, p 5 0.02). This finding remained statistically significant on multivariate analysis (p 5 0.04). Surgical intervention (9% vs. 4%, p 5 0.09) and subsequent urinary incontinence (4% vs. 1%, p 50.16) were also more frequent among patients who had received AD when compared with implant volume-matched controls. CONCLUSIONS: Patients who achieved smaller prostate volumes through the use of AD main- tained a significantly elevated risk (threefold) for urinary complications, commensurate with their initially large prostate volume, when compared with a control group of patients who were implanted at identical prostate volumes but who had not received AD. Therefore, patients presenting with larger prostate glands that would warrant a short course of AD before implant should be counseled accordingly when discussing options for local therapy. 2007 American Brachytherapy Society. All rights reserved.
Quantum-fluid-dynamics description of the brownian motion

Abstract The brownian motion of a quantum particle described by the Caldirola—Kanai model of a Langevin system is studied via quantum fluid dynamics. The nonlinear complete set of equations forming the basis of the model are derived. Exact solutions are exhibited in closed form for a field-free fluid—particle motion interacting with a randomly fluctuating medium.
Emergence of Buprestidae, Cerambycidae, and Scolytinae (Coleoptera) from Mountain Pine Beetle-Killed and Fire-Killed Ponderosa Pines in the Black Hills, South Dakota, USA

ABSTRACT Wood borers (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae and Buprestidae) and bark beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) infest ponderosa pines, Pinus ponderosa P. Lawson and C. Lawson, killed by mountain pine beetle (MPB), Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins, and fire. No data is available comparing wood borer and bark beetle densities or species guilds associated with MPB-killed or fire-killed trees from the Black Hills of South Dakota, USA. We compared species assemblages of wood borers (Cerambycidae and Buprestidae) and bark beetles (Dendroctonus spp. and Ips spp. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)) emerging from bolts collected from trees that had been killed by MPB or fire one or two years prior to harvesting. Significantly more wood borers emerged from bolts of fire-killed trees than from bolts of MPB-killed trees. Wood borer density in fire-killed trees was 13.8 per m2, compared to 4.4 per m2 in MPB-killed trees. Six wood borer species, Acanthocinus obliquus (LeConte), Buprestis consularis Gory, Chrysobothris sp., Melan...
Sirolimus, tacrolimus and low-dose methotrexate based graft-versus-host disease prophylaxis after non-ablative or reduced intensity conditioning in related and unrelated donor allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant

Encouraging results have been reported with sirolimus, tacrolimus and low-dose methotrexate after non-myeloablative allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant. We conducted a retrospective analysis of 71 patients with lymphoid malignancies treated with this prophylaxis regimen after non-myeloablative or reduced intensity allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant. Grafts were human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-matched related in 29 (41%), matched unrelated in 36 (51%) and 9/10 HLA-matched unrelated in six (8%) patients. The regimen was well tolerated and over 90% of patients completed the planned treatment. The cumulative incidences of 1-year grade B-D and C-D acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) were 0.28 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.18-0.39) and 0.07 (95% CI, 0.03-0.15), respectively, and of 1- and 2-year chronic GVHD (National Institutes of Health criteria) in 70 evaluable patients were 0.15 (95% CI, 0.08-0.24) and 0.33 (95% CI, 0.22-0.44), respectively. The median day of onset of acute GVHD was 123 days (range, 17-268 days). Peri-transplant rituximab or anti-thymocyte globulin did not affect GVHD. The cumulative incidence of 1-year non-relapse mortality and relapse were 4% and 20%, respectively. With a median follow-up of 3.5 (range: 0.18-5.1) years, overall survival and progression-free survival at 2 years were 82% and 66%, respectively. This GVHD regimen results in a low incidence and severity of acute and chronic GVHD after reduced intensity and non-myeloablative allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant for lymphoid malignancies. The study also highlights the incidence of late onset acute GVHD in non-myeloablative/reduced intensity conditioning, and the contribution of the new GVHD staging system that more accurately reflects clinical outcomes.
A 0.65 mu m, low-voltage/low-power optimized CMOS gate array

A 2.7-V to 3.6-V CMOS gate array with 0.65- mu m effective gate length has been developed with an average power of 0.7 mu W/gate/MHz and an inverter delay of 184 ps under two standard loads. The 3.3-V optimized compact base cell consists of two large and two small p- and n-channel transistors and achieves a density of one memory bit per base cell; typical memory access time is 7.3 ns. Library characteristics indicate 75% of device power can be conserved by decreasing the device supply voltage from 5 V to 3.3 V. >
Use of computer-videodisc system to train medical students in developmental disabilities.

Early detection of motor disability in infants is important; yet, because of the lack of sufficient clinical experience, many health care professionals are not sufficiently trained in developmental assessment techniques. A computer-videodisc program was developed at the University of Iowa to address this deficiency. In order to assess the educational efficacy of this program, third year medical students were alternately assigned to treatment and non-treatment groups. The treatment group used the videodisc system during their paediatrics rotation. Both groups took a 19-item Diagnostic Skill and Knowledge test. In addition, the treatment group completed an evaluation of the videodisc program. Significantly higher scores were attained by the treatment group (p<0.0005). Furthermore, these students were positive in their ratings of the system.
The effect of preference for three different types of music on magnitude estimation-scaling behavior in young adults.

The purpose of the present study was to assess the effect of preference for three different types of music on magnitude estimation-scaling behavior in young adults. Three groups of college students, 10 who liked rock music, 10 who liked big band music, and 10 who liked classical music were tested. Subjects were instructed to assign numerical values to a random series of nine suprathreshold intensity levels of 10-sec. samples of rock music, big band music, and classical music. Analysis indicated that subjects who liked rock music scaled that stimulus differently from those subjects who liked big band and classical music. Subjects who liked big band music scaled that stimulus differently from those subjects who liked rock music and classical music. All subjects scaled classical music similarly regardless of their musical preferences. Results are discussed in reference to the literature concerned with personality and preference as well as spectrographic analyses of the three different types of music used in ...
Development of contrast sensitivity across the visual field in macaque monkeys (Macaca nemestrina).

Abstract Interpretation of measurements of visual performance in infants must be based on knowledge of the locus of highest sensitivity in the infant retina. While we know that adult contrast sensitivity and spatial resolution is highest at the fovea, recent anatomical data show that the infant fovea is relatively immature. We have studied the variation of contrast sensitivity across the visual field during development in infant monkeys in order to investigate the behavioral consequences of this immaturity. The results show that, unlike adults, the sensitivity of the infant foveal region is similar to that of the near periphery. Central contrast sensitivity and spatial resolution improve substantially relative to the periphery over the first 20–40 postnatal weeks. Thus, contrast sensitivity in the periphery is relatively mature in infants with respect to more central regions of the visual field. The maturation pattern seen behaviorally is consistent with physiological and anatomical maturation patterns in macaque monkey.
The directional dependency of ‘slow tail’ e.l.f. atmospheric waveforms

Abstract Additional measurements are presented which substantiate the directional dependency of nighttime ‘slow tail’ e.l.f. waveforms reported earlier ( Hughes , 1967).
Synthesis, Structure, and Electrochemical Characterization of Nanocrystalline Tantalum and Tungsten Nitrides

Nanocrystalline tantalum and tungsten nitrides were synthesized by a two-step ammonolysis reaction of transition metal chlorides. The first step involves ammonolysis of tantalum and tungsten chlorides at room temperature using anhydrous chloroform as the solvent. A second step consists of heat treatment of these as-prepared powders under anhydrous NH3 atmosphere leading to the formation of tantalum and tungsten nitride nanocrystallites at relatively low temperature (600°–675°C). The ammonolysis, nitridation, structure, morphology, surface area, density, and electronic conductivity of the nitrides obtained were studied and characterized. The electrochemical responses of these nitrides were also measured by cyclic voltammetry using 1M KOH electrolyte.
Fads and the Crash of '87

This paper examines changes in return-generating processes before and after the crash of '87. We find that the process for daily returns of size-sorted portfolios changed from an ARMA(1, 2) in the pre-crash period to a MA(1) in the post-crash period. The change is explained by a “fads” model similar to that proposed by Poterba and Summers [17]. The analysis suggests that the crash may have been related to speculative fads that prevailed prior to the crash. The fads component in stock prices then disappeared after the crash. Other possible explanations are also discussed.
Sickle Cell Occlusion in Microchannels

We describe the development of a method to study the mechanical aspects of occlusion of small vessels by sickled cells, which is an essential feature of the pathophysiology of sickle cell disease. The method involves microfluidic channels of diameters smaller than red cells, with thickness that can permit measurement of absorption spectra to ascertain intracellular concentration. Laser photolysis is used to convert carboxyhemoglobin into deoxyhemoglobin which creates the rigid polymers that lead to occlusion.
River PLAs: a regular circuit structure

A regular circuit structure called a River PLA and its re-configurable version, Glacier PLA, are presented. River PLAs provide greater regularity than circuits implemented with standard-cells. Conventional optimization stages such as technology mapping, placement and routing are eliminated. These two features make the River PLA a highly predictable structure. Glacier PLAs can be an alternative to FPGAs, but with a simpler and more efficient design methodology.
Pathway analysis of genomic data: concepts, methods, and prospects for future development

Genome-wide data sets are increasingly being used to identify biological pathways and networks underlying complex diseases. In particular, analyzing genomic data through sets defined by functional pathways offers the potential of greater power for discovery and natural connections to biological mechanisms. With the burgeoning availability of next-generation sequencing, this is an opportune moment to revisit strategies for pathway-based analysis of genomic data. Here, we synthesize relevant concepts and extant methodologies to guide investigators in study design and execution. We also highlight ongoing challenges and proposed solutions. As relevant analytical strategies mature, pathways and networks will be ideally placed to integrate data from diverse -omics sources to harness the extensive, rich information related to disease and treatment mechanisms.
Two novel methods to analyze the combined effect of multiple raw-materials and processing conditions on the product's final attributes: JRPLS and TPLS

Abstract The challenge in the design of a new product or the troubleshooting of a manufacturing operation is to understand how the materials, the composition of the materials and the processing conditions affect the properties of the product. Two new methods (JRPLS and TPLS) are proposed to overcome the gaps in the current mixture modeling methods to simultaneously analyze data from multiple materials, their mixing ratios and processing conditions as to how they affect the quality of a product. Unlike the prior alternatives, the methods proposed here consider explicitly the physical properties of the raw materials, without the need of a linear weighted average estimation. A NIPALS-like algorithm is proposed to estimate the parameters of both models, and analytical expressions are derived for the JRPLS demonstrating that it reduces to the LPLS in the scenario of one material. The methods are illustrated with three industrial case studies involving the analysis of the manufacturing process for three different drug products. In all cases the JRPLS and TPLS methods enable the identification of key relationships between materials, process and products.
Mechanisms of Moving the Mind's Eye: Planning and Execution of Spatial Shifts of Attention

The usefulness of attentional orienting, both in the real world and in the laboratory, depends not only on the ability to attend to objects or other inputs but also on the ability to shift attention between them. Although understanding the basic characteristics of these shifts is a critical step toward understanding the brain mechanisms that produce them, the literature remains unresolved on a very basic and potentially revealing characteristic of these shifts—namely, whether attention takes longer to shift a farther distance across the visual field. We addressed this question using a series of behavioral tasks involving the voluntary orienting of attention to locations in the visual field. The findings support a model in which attentional shifts include separate ''planning'' and ''execution'' stages and in which only the planning stage requires more time for shifts of a greater distance. These results offer resolution to the longstanding debate concerning the effect of attentional shift distance on shift time and provide insight into the fundamental mechanisms of attentional shifting.
1528 nm GaInNAsSb/GaAs vertical cavity surface emitting lasers

We present the operation of electrically-injected 1528 nm GaInNAsSb vertical cavity surface emitting lasers grown on GaAs. Pulsed lasing at room temperature and continuous wave lasing at low temperatures are reported for the first time.
Adsorption and Thermogravimetric Studies of Silica-Based Amide Bonded Phases

Moreover, adsorption energy distribution functions were calculated from submonolayer adsorption data using the regularization method. It was estimated that about 40% of the available surface silanols were converted to amine groups and about 60% of amines were converted to amides. It was shown that although the chemical modification of the surface does not significantly alter the porous properties of the starting silica, it significantly affects the interaction of nitrogen probe molecules with the surface. Moreover, it was demonstrated that nitrogen adsorption is quite sensitive to the presence or absence of various functional groups on the silica surface and that the information obtained from the adsorption measurements can be utilized for the characterization of silica-based materials used in chromatographic applications.
The totally random versus the bin approach for random arrays

The array factors and the statistical properties for two types of random arrays, namely, the totally random and the binned random arrays, are compared. In totally random arrays, the array elements are distributed independently across a common aperture according to some common probability distribution function. In binned arrays, the aperture is divided into nonoverlapping bins of equal length and array elements are distributed independently, one per bin, according to some probability distribution across each of the bins. Significant differences exist in the resulting array factors and underlying statistical properties for the two types of random arrays. These differences are delineated, with particular emphasis upon the depressed near-in sidelobe behavior that is observed for the binned arrays. Tables and plots that illustrate the differences are included, and several issues pertaining to implementation are noted. >
The Relationship of Work Environment and Client Contact to Burnout in Mental Health Professionals

The authors explored the relationship of the work environment (assessed by the Work Environment Scale) and client contact to scores of 94 mental health professionals on the Emotional Exhaustion, Personal Accomplishment, and Depersonalization subscales of the Maslach Burnout Inventory.