cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
ADAPTATIONS OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEMS OF SPIDERS.

One of the striking characteristics of arachnids is the occurrence within the group of localized book lungs as well as tracheae. Some orders' have only book lungs: four pairs in scorpions, two pairs in Uropygi and orthognath spiders (the mygalomorph "tarantulas" of American usage), one pair in Amblypygi and Schizomida. Others have tracheae only: the small pseudoscorpions, the very active wind scorpions (Solifugae), the harvestmen (Opiliones), and the Ricinulei. Book lungs are not found in Palpigradi, Ricinulei, pseudoscorpions, solifuges, opilionids, and mites (Table 1). In the largest group, the spiders, there is great diversity (Fig. 12). Some have book lungs and tracheae, and some have tracheae only. In others, tracheae seem to have little functional importance, and some may lack tracheae entirely, having only book lungs. Some dwarf arachnids, the Palpigradi and many mites lack respiratory organs altogether. It is generally assumed by students of arthropod anatomy that arachnid tracheae are not homologous to those of insects, but that tracheae evolved in at least three or four groups independently. For instance, independent origins are assumed for the pseudotracheae of terrestrial Crustacea (wood lice); for insect and myriapod tracheae, which open through numerous lateral spiracles; for onychophoran tracheae; and for arachnid tracheae, including those on the tibiae of the Eupnoi Opiliones, the long-legged harvestmen. This paper is concerned only with arachnid tracheae and their relationship to book lungs (Figs. 1, 2). The occurrence of lungs and tracheae in different orders has been mentioned. Considering the striking differences in respiratory systems, best illustrated in Kaestner (1965), it is not surprising that attempts have been made to use them in classification. In one of the largest orders, the spiders, presence or absence of book lungs has been used as the basis of classification at the family level.
Simulation of Void Growth at High Strain-Rate

The dynamic fracture (spallation) of ductile metals is known to initiate through the nucleation and growth of microscopic voids. Here, we apply atomistic molecular dynamics modeling to the early growth of nanoscale (2nm radius) voids in face centered cubic metals using embedded atom potential models. The voids grow through anisotropic dislocation nucleation and emission into a cuboidal shape in agreement with experiment. The mechanism of this nucleation process is presented. The resulting viscous growth exponent at late times is about three times larger than expected from experiment for microscale voids, suggesting either a length scale dependence or a inadequacy of the molecular dynamics model such as the perfect crystal surrounding the void.
Data-driven Prediction Games

More datasets are becoming available on the web. This provides new opportunities for data-driven systems that can entertain and inform. We introduce prediction games, data-driven games modeled after fantasy sports. We hypothesize that prediction games can motivate people to explore and analyze online datasets in order to develop their own understanding of the data's domain and to improve their data analysis skills. The mechanics of prediction games revolve around activities where players analyze historical data and information resources to make predictions about future events. This paper describes the iterative design of a prediction game engine and one of its implementations: Fantasy Climate.
Interaction of African American Learners Online: An Adult Education Perspective.

ABSTRACTThis study examines how various life factors and personal attributes affect African American adult learners’ use of the three types of learning interaction—learner–content, learner–instructor, and learner–learner. Multivariate multiple regression analyses were used. The aggregate effect of life factors on African American adult learners’ use of the three types of learning interaction is strong whereas the aggregate effect of personal attributes shows minimal predictive power. This study confirms the importance of using adult learning theories and principles to understand the nature of adult learning online.
Evaluation of Effects of AIDS Knowledge, Attitude and Health Education Among College Students in Loudi City

Objective To investigate the effects of AIDS knowledge, attitude and health education among college students, and to provide evidence for constituting pertinent health education policy. Methods Altogether 1,058 college students selected by cluster sampling method were investigated by using the same questionnaire before and after the health education. Results Before education five questions' correct rate was 80% in twelve questions about AIDS, and after education eleven questions' correct rate was 80%; and the rate of knowledge related to AIDS had obviously improved and the percentage of the students who would be able to work and study together with the HIV infected or the AIDS patients rose from 55.58 % to 74.04 % after the health education (P 0.05). Conclusions AIDS health education in the school based unit is valid, the student can perfectly understand the knowledge about AIDS and accept them, by this way AIDS can be effectively controlled.
Space-Charge Effects on Beam Rotation at the Compressor Ring

Bunch-width compression can be accomplished by rf rotating an elongated bunch with minimal energy spread. The longitudinal space-charge force counteracts the rf force. When it is larger than the rf force, the focusing effect of the rf will be lost completely. This possibility is studied with analytic formulas as well as simulations. The transverse space-charge force can drive quadrupole breathing modes in the beam. If the frequencies of these modes fall into the stopbands of parametric resonances, especially the half-integer resonances, emittances will increase. Application is made to the bunch-width compression in the Fermilab Compressor Ring proposed by Alexahin and Neuffer [1], destined for pion and subsequently muon production. Operated by Fermi Research Alliance, LLC under Contract No. De-AC02-07CH11359 with the United States Department of Energy.
Protein Order in the Desmosome Investigated with Fluorescence Polarization Microscopy

Desmosomes are macro-molecular cell-cell junctions critical for conferring mechanical stability to epithelia and cardiac muscle. The size and complexity of the desmosome presents experimental challenges. Desmosomes are comprised of transmembrane cadherin proteins and intracellular plaque proteins that interact with the intermediate filament cytoskeleton. Desmosomes are required to maintain tissue integrity; disruption of desmosomes in a variety of human diseases leads to tissue fragility, skin blistering, and cardiomyopathy. We hypothesize that the order of the proteins in the desmosome is critical for its function: when desmosomes are strongly adhesive the proteins are highly ordered and conversely proteins are disordered in states of weak adhesion. Fluorescence polarization measurements can yield information about the mobility, orientation, and proximity of fluorophores and can be used to study the order of proteins in vivo. We developed a theoretical framework to assess protein order in the desmosome based on geometry, mirror symmetry, and organization relative to the plasma membrane. Using this framework, we can resolve the relative order and disorder of individual protein domains within the complex. We employed in silico modeling to evaluate the impact of protein orientation, the percentage of ordered proteins, and signal to noise. The order of specific desmosomal protein domains was examined using fluorescent tags and fluorescence polarization microscopy. We subsequently characterized protein organization in the desmosome in states of strong and weak adhesion. This approach allows the collection of structural information in vivo with the ability to probe the organization of proteins within the desmosome in living cells.
Strong nonlinear selection against fluctuating asymmetry in wild populations of a marine fish.

Theoretical links between fluctuating asymmetry (FA) and fitness have led many to use FA as a proxy for average fitness. However, studies examining whether asymmetry actually correlates with individual fitness in wild populations are relatively rare and often use simple measures of association (e.g., correlation coefficients). Consequently, the pattern of selection on asymmetry in the wild is seldom clear. We examined selection on FA of pectoral fin morphology in two wild populations of a marine fish (the kelp perch; Brachyistius frenatus). As expected, variance in signed FA in each initial sample was significantly greater than that found in the surviving population, indicating selection against FA. Our estimate of the fitness surface confirmed perfect symmetry as the phenotypic optimum and indicated strong, nonlinear selection against asymmetry. No difference in the form of selection was detected between populations. However, the level of FA in the initial samples varied among populations, leading to an overall difference in the level of selective mortality. Our results suggest that selection on asymmetry in wild populations may be strongly nonlinear, and indicate that the demographic costs of asymmetry may play a substantial role in the dynamics of populations. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved
Enhancing Cation Diffusion and Suppressing Anion Diffusion via Lewis-Acidic Polymer Electrolytes.

Solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) have the potential to increase both the energy density and stability of lithium-based batteries, but low Li+ conductivity remains a barrier to technological viability. SPEs are designed to maximize Li+ diffusivity relative to the anion while maintaining sufficient salt solubility. It is thus remarkable that poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO), the most widely used SPE, exhibits Li+ diffusivity that is an order of magnitude smaller than that of typical counterions at moderate salt concentrations. We show that Lewis-basic polymers like PEO favor slow cation and rapid anion diffusion, while this relationship can be reversed in Lewis-acidic polymers. Using molecular dynamics, polyboranes are identified that achieve up to 10-fold increases in Li+ diffusivities and significant decreases in anion diffusivities, relative to PEO in the dilute-ion regime. These results illustrate a general principle for increasing Li+ diffusivity and transference number with chemistries that exhibit weaker ...
A New Model of Femininity: Marguerite Coppin, Decadent Fiction and Belgian Girls’ Education

Published in 1889 and set in fin-de-siecle Brussels, Marguerite Coppin's Ressort casse is the story of a cultivated, well-educated young woman and her eventual social exclusion. After attending an innovative secular school visibly modelled after Isabelle Gatti de Gamond's ‘Cours d’Education pour jeunes filles,’ protagonist Renee Michelli is unable to find her place in the gendered spheres of society. Her subsequent lifestyle of sexual predation and aggression recalls characteristics typical of the Decadent femme fatale. However, with its attention to girls’ education reform and female intellectual subjectivity, Coppin's novel rewrites and parodies Decadent anxieties about malevolent femininity and the female mind. Through an emphasis on Renee's critical capacities as a reader and satirical intertextual references to the pathologized figure of the woman reader, the text raises questions about Gatti's programme, pedagogical philosophy and the place for women's intellect in both society and Decadent fiction.
Investigation of Learning Strategies for the SPOT Broker in Power TAC

The Power TAC simulation emphasizes the strategic problems that broker agents face in managing the economics of a smart grid. The brokers must make trades in multiple markets and, to be successful, brokers must make many good predictions about future supply, demand, and prices in the wholesale and tariff markets. In this paper, we investigate the feasibility of using learning strategies to improve the performance of our broker, SPOT. Specifically, we investigate the use of decision trees and neural networks to predict the clearing price in the wholesale market and the use of reinforcement learning to learn good strategies for pricing our tariffs in the tariff market. Our preliminary results show that our learning strategies are promising ways to improve the performance of the agent for future competitions.
Ipsilateral Ureteroureterostomy for Single Ureteral Disease in Patients with Ureteral Duplication: A Review of 8 Years of Experience with 16 Patients

AbstractIpsilateral ureteroureterostomy near the bladder (end-to-side anastomosis) for treatment of single ureteral disease in patients with complete ureteral duplication has been performed in 16 patients during the last 8 years. The operative technique, indications, results, followup and complications are presented. Reflux in the lower segment ureter was treated in 13 patients and upper segment ectopia or ureterocele was managed in 3 patients with this operative procedure.This operative technique is simpler and safer than reimplantation of both ureters into the bladder. Because no dissection of the bladder wall is needed there is less risk of injury to the pelvic viscera and vasculature. The chance of success in correcting reflux appears better than with reimplantation of both ureters into the bladder. Long-term followup has shown few complications and no repeat operations were needed in this series. The small stump of the diseased ureter left behind near the bladder caused no serious problems.
Novel Binder-Free Electrode Materials for Supercapacitors Utilizing High Surface Area Carbon Nanofibers Derived from Immiscible Polymer Blends of PBI/6FDA-DAM:DABA

Carbon nanofibers with high surface area have become promising electrode materials for supercapacitors because of their importance in increasing energy density. In this study, a high free volume polymer, 6FDA-DAM:DABA (6FDD) was blended with polybenzimidazole (PBI) in different ratios to obtain different compositions of PBI/6FDD immiscible polymer blends. Freestanding nanofiber mats were obtained via electrospinning using blend precursors dissolved in N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMAc). Subsequently, carbonization, followed by CO2 activation at 1000 °C was applied to convert the fiber mats into porous carbon nanofibers (CNFs). The addition of 6FDD shows significant effects on the microstructure and enhancement of the surface area of the CNFs. The obtained CNFs show specific surface area as high as 3010 m2 g−1 with pore sizes comparable to those of the electrolyte ions (PYR14TFSI). This provides good electrolyte accessibility to the pore of the carbon materials resulting in enhanced energy density compared to the CNFs obtained from pure PBI. Electrodes derived from PBI:6FDD (70 : 30) exhibited outstanding supercapacitor performance in coin cells with a specific capacitance of 142 F g−1 at the scan rate of 10 mV s−1 and energy density of 67.5 W h kg−1 at 1 A g−1 (58 W h kg−1 at 10 A g−1) thus demonstrating promising electrochemical performance for high performance energy storage system.
Bidirectional regulation of Aβ levels by Presenilin 1

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by accumulation of the β-amyloid peptide (Aβ), which is generated through sequential proteolysis of the amyloid precursor protein (APP), first by the action of β-secretase, generating the β-C-terminal fragment (βCTF), and then by the Presenilin 1 (PS1) enzyme in the γ-secretase complex, generating Aβ. γ-Secretase is an intramembranous protein complex composed of Aph1, Pen2, Nicastrin, and Presenilin 1. Although it has a central role in the pathogenesis of AD, knowledge of the mechanisms that regulate PS1 function is limited. Here, we show that phosphorylation of PS1 at Ser367 does not affect γ-secretase activity, but has a dramatic effect on Aβ levels in vivo. We identified CK1γ2 as the endogenous kinase responsible for the phosphorylation of PS1 at Ser367. Inhibition of CK1γ leads to a decrease in PS1 Ser367 phosphorylation and an increase in Aβ levels in cultured cells. Transgenic mice in which Ser367 of PS1 was mutated to Ala, show dramatic increases in Aβ peptide and in βCTF levels in vivo. Finally, we show that this mutation impairs the autophagic degradation of βCTF, resulting in its accumulation and increased levels of Aβ peptide and plaque load in the brain. Our results demonstrate that PS1 regulates Aβ levels by a unique bifunctional mechanism. In addition to its known role as the catalytic subunit of the γ-secretase complex, selective phosphorylation of PS1 on Ser367 also decreases Aβ levels by increasing βCTF degradation through autophagy. Elucidation of the mechanism by which PS1 regulates βCTF degradation may aid in the development of potential therapies for Alzheimer's disease.
Tailoring the Structure of 58-Electron Gold Nanoclusters: Au103S2(S-Nap)41 and Its Implications

We report the synthesis and crystal structure determination of a gold nanocluster with 103 gold atoms protected by 2 sulfidos and 41 thiolates (i.e., 2-naphthalenethiolates, S-Nap), denoted as Au103S2(S-Nap)41. The crystallographic analysis reveals that the thiolate ligands on the nanocluster form local tetramers by intracluster interactions of C–H···π and π···π stacking. The herringbone pattern formation via intercluster interactions is also observed, which leads to a linearly connected zigzag pattern in the single crystal. The kernel of the nanocluster is a Marks decahedron of Au79, which is the same as the kernel of the previously reported Au102(pMBA)44 (pMBA = −SPh-p-COOH); this is a surprise given the much bulkier naphthalene-based ligand than pMBA, indicating the robustness of the decahedral structure as well as the 58-electron configuration. Despite the same kernel, the surface structure of Au103 is quite different from that of Au102, indicating the major role of ligands in constructing the surface...
A Metaphysiological Approach to Modeling Ecological Populations and Communities

Modern theoretical ecology owes much to the modeling legacies of Vito Volterra, Alfred Lotka, and Georgii F. Gause. In 1949, Hutchinson and Deevey (1949) acknowledged their contribution by writing “Perhaps the most important theoretical development in general ecology has been the application of the logistic by Volterra, Gause, and Lotka to 2 species cases.” To this group we should add the name of C. S. Holling who, in the late 1950s (Holling, 1959), made important contributions to quantifying the rate at which consumers exploit resource populations in two species interactions.
Marianne Moore and Modern Labor

A language of labor and ideas about the value of work punctuate the poems gathered in Moore’s Observations and extending into poems of the 1930s. This essay focuses upon ideas of labor posed within Moore’s poetry and enacted by her craft that resonate within particular discourses of labor current in the 1910s through the Depression years. Framing the discussion are Moore’s connections to the “proletariat poetry” of Lola Ridge and the post-war writings of Thorstein Veblen. Moore’s poetry during the Depression responds to these hard economic times with a practice of poetic engineering, in ways that echo Veblen’s arguments, to address issues of labor while employing distinctively historiographic frames and concentrated formal experiments with ordering, constructing, and patterning.
Development of the biopsychosocial model of medicine.

Because the biomedical model of disease has been the prevailing one in our lifetimes, it may appear to be a new concept. But medical thinkers from Hippocrates to George Engel have been considering the interaction between disease processes and the patient's circumstances for a long time.
Surgical Interventions for Congenital Heart Disease

Surgery for congenital heart disease encompasses a wide variety of procedures that are often performed in combination. Not all the operations are anatomic as some are physiologic to compensate for lesions in which an anatomic repair is not possible. Over the past decade, it has become apparent that the cumulative morbidity and mortality of palliative operations, followed by later repair, is greater than that of early reparative procedures. Primary reparative surgery in the neonate offers the opportunity to decrease the mortality and morbidity caused by the primary defect by preventing secondary damage to other organ systems. With further refinement of the timing and technique of cardiac surgery and postoperative care, there is likely to be future reduction in mortality rates for specific surgeries and secondary morbidity.
COMPARISONS OF WIND TUNNEL AND FULL-SCALE BUILDING SURFACE PRESSURES WITH EMPHASIS ON PEAKS

Full-scale pressure coefficients obtained from a 57-storey building in Toronto and wind tunnel results from tests in the 9 m by 9 m wind tunnel at the National Research Council of Canada are compared and demonstrate good agreement where sufficient full-scale data exist. A method of treating peak pressures is proposed based on the fit of an exponential distribution to a population of “significant independent events,” called pressure spikes. This distribution provides a good fit to both full-scale and wind tunnel results, which generally agree
Archive and Diaspora: Julia Alvarez as Poet, Novelist, and Historian

“Archive and Diaspora” turns to work in the philosophy of history by Hayden White to underwrite a reading of the novelist, poet, and essayist Julia Alvarez that argues for her literary work’s positive contributions to an unfolding readerly sense of Dominican, Caribbean, and Latinx-diasporic history. The section devotes serious attention to two of Alvarez’s major works of historical fiction, the novels In the Time of the Butterflies and In the Name of Salome, focusing on each text’s distinct approach to deploying the resources of literature to do the work of history.
Parallel deep neural networks for endoscopic OCT image segmentation

We report parallel-trained deep neural networks for automated endoscopic OCT image segmentation feasible even with a limited training data set. These U-Net-based deep neural networks were trained using a modified dice loss function and manual segmentations of ultrahigh-resolution cross-sectional images collected by an 800 nm OCT endoscopic system. The method was tested on in vivo guinea pig esophagus images. Results showed its robust layer segmentation capability with a boundary error of 1.4 µm insensitive to lay topology disorders. To further illustrate its clinical potential, the method was applied to differentiating in vivo OCT esophagus images from an eosinophilic esophagitis (EOE) model and its control group, and the results clearly demonstrated quantitative changes in the top esophageal layers’ thickness in the EOE model.
Small-Volume Continuous Manufacturing of Merestinib. Part 1. Process Development and Demonstration

Development of a small volume continuous process that used a combination of batch and flow unit operations to manufacture the small molecule oncolytic candidate merestinib is described. Continuous processing was enabled following the identification and development of suitable chemical transformations and unit operations. Aspects of the nascent process control strategy were evaluated in the context of a 20 kg laboratory demonstration campaign, executed in walk-in fume hoods at a throughput of 5–10 kg of active pharmaceutical ingredient per day. The process comprised an automated Suzuki–Miyaura cross-coupling reaction, a nitro-group hydrogenolysis, a continuous amide bond formation, and a continuous deprotection. Three of the four steps were purified using mixed-suspension, mixed-product removal crystallizations. Process analytical technology enabled real-time or nearly real-time process diagnostics. Findings from the demonstration campaign informed a second process development cycle as well as decision mak...
New insights into the indentation size effect in silicate glasses

Abstract When glasses resist permanent deformations, for applications such as a windshield or the cover of a touch-screen device, it is important to understand how they respond to inelastic energy dissipation processes. Many glasses exhibit the so-called Indentation Size Effect (ISE), where the indentation hardness is dependent on the maximum force exerted on the probe. In this study, we perform microindentation on silica and soda lime silicate glasses over a wide range of maximum forces and extract the Vickers hardness by the Oliver and Pharr method. The inelastic volume responsible for dissipating the inelastic energy is decomposed into densification and plastic flow, using surface topography and annealing. We show that the ISE is intimately linked to these mechanisms. Finally, we hypothesize the cause of the ISE is an increase in plasticity in a zone of material under the indenter probe experiencing reduced viscosity due to high strain rates and shear thinning.
Two-Baryon Systems with Twisted Boundary Conditions

I derive the most general quantization condition for energy eigenvalues of two interacting baryons in a finite cubic volume when arbitrary twisted boundary conditions are imposed on their finitevolume wavefunctions. These quantization conditions are used, along with experimentally known scattering parameters of two-nucleon systems in the coupled S1− D1 channels, to demonstrate the expected effect of a selection of twisted boundary conditions on the spectrum of the deuteron. It is shown that an order of magnitude reduction in the finite-volume corrections to the deuteron binding energy arise in moderate volumes with a proper choice of boundary conditions on the proton and the neutron, or by averaging the result of periodic and anti-periodic boundary conditions. These observations mean that a sub-percent accuracy can be achieved in the determination of the deuteron binding energy at (spatial) volumes as small as ∼ (9 [fm])3 in upcoming lattice QCD calculations of this nucleus with physical light-quark masses. The results reviewed in this talk are presented in details in Ref. [1].
What Do(n't) American Undergraduate Social Work Students Learn About Sex? A Content Analysis of Sex Positivity and Diversity in Five Popular HBSE Textbooks

Despite an emphasis within American social work to operationalize important professional values, such as embracing human diversity and promoting social justice, it is not clear how this may or may not occur with respect to human sexuality and sexual practices. In considering this issue, the present study employed a thorough content analysis of undergraduate level Human Behavior and the Social Environment (HBSE) textbooks in order to explore how human sexuality and sexual practices are presented to undergraduate college students. Specifically, this study focused on the extent that texts in the sample reflect sexual diversity and sex positivity, which are consistent with key social work values, and thus how such texts may shape students’ professional views of sexuality. Findings suggest that the educational presentation of sexuality and sexual practices varies across HBSE texts in terms of embracing sexual diversity and promoting sex-positivity.
The effect of natural organic matter on the adsorption of microcystin-LR onto clay minerals

Abstract In this study, we examined the extent and time-dependence in the adsorption and desorption of microcystin-LR (MCLR) to kaolinite, illite and montmorillonite as a function of pH, electrolyte cation and Suwanee River fulvic acid (SRFA) concentration. Clay suspensions were pre-loaded with SRFA at concentrations ranging from 0 to 25 mg/L SRFA in either Na- or Ca-enriched conditions at pH 5 or 7. Kaolinite adsorbed the highest amount of SRFA that resulted in a reduction in MCLR adsorption at pH 5, but little effect at pH 7. Illite adsorbed little SRFA and its presence altered MCLR adsorption in a manner that differed with pH and saturating cation. This result we take to indicate the formation of solution-phase MCLR-SRFA complexes that had complex interactions with illite. Montmorillonite adsorbed the most MCLR and did so more rapidly than did the other clays. It also adsorbed a moderate amount of SRFA, which enhanced MCLR adsorption to Na-montmorillonite, but not to Ca-montmorillonite. Desorption of MCLR varied for the systems, but was more evident at pH 7 than pH 5. Overall, the results demonstrate clay type and electrolyte cation were more important factors for MCLR adsorption than was the presence or concentration of SRFA.
Prediction of selective laser melting part quality using hybrid Bayesian network

Abstract Additive manufacturing (AM) is gaining popularity because of its ability to manufacture complex parts in less time. Despite recent research involving designs of experiments (DOEs) to characterize the relationships between some AM process parameters and various part quality characteristics, to date, there seems to be no universally accepted comprehensive model that relates process parameters to part quality. In this paper, to support the goal of manufacturing parts right the first time, a Bayesian network in continuous domain is developed which relates four process parameters (laser power, scan speed, hatch spacing, and layer thickness) and five part quality characteristics (density, hardness, top layer surface roughness, ultimate tensile strength in the build direction and ultimate tensile strength perpendicular to the build direction). A machine learning algorithm is used to train the network on a database mined from a large number of publications with experimental data from parts built using 316L with selective laser melting. Using this Bayesian network, the user is able to enter a value for one or more known nodes or variables, and the network provides predictions on all the remaining nodes in the form of probability distributions. A method is developed whereby the user inputs are checked for reasonableness using an n -dimensional convex hull, and if necessary a recommendation is returned based on user-defined weights. The network is validated by retaining a subset of the training data for testing and comparing the network’s predictions to the known values. Accuracy is optimized by continually re-training the network using parts built with a specific machine of interest. The industrial relevance of this research is outlined with respect to four current challenges in AM, including the length of time to determine optimal process parameters for a new machine, ability to organize relevant knowledge, quantification of machine variability, and transfer of knowledge to new operators.
Ex vivo comparison of ultrasonographic intestinal wall layering with histology in horses: A feasibilty study.

Ultrasonography is increasingly being used as a clinical and research method for evaluating the gastrointestinal tract in horses, however published studies comparing ultrasonographic and histologic characteristics of equine intestinal wall layers are currently lacking. Objectives of this prospective, observational, methods comparison, case series study were to compare the layering pattern and thickness of the intestinal wall layers determined using ex vivo and in vivo ultrasonography with those determined using histology. For the ex vivo study, twelve horses were euthanized for reasons unrelated to gastrointestinal disease, and samples of the duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, right dorsal colon, and small colon were collected and imaged sonographically ex vivo in an isotonic bath within 1 hour of euthanasia. For the in vivo study, ultrasonography was performed in four clinical cases, and findings were compared with histopathology. A 5-layer pattern of alternating echogenicity was observed in 70 of 72 ex vivo samples. Agreement between histologic and sonographic measurements was deemed good for all segments except the ileum. Formalin fixation did not alter the sonographic appearance or wall measurements. Findings from the four clinical cases illustrated the feasibility of also obtaining ultrasonographic images with sufficient sonographic detail in vivo to recognize wall layering and obtain comparable results to pathologic lesions. Findings from the current study can serve as background for future studies comparing ultrasonographic characteristics of the intestinal wall in horses with different gastrointestinal diseases.
Rapid, Ambient Temperature Synthesis of Imine Covalent Organic Frameworks Catalyzed by Transition-Metal Nitrates

Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are crystalline, porous organic materials that are promising for applications including catalysis, energy storage, electronics, gas storage, water treatment, and ...
INCORPORATING INCLUSIVE ASSESSMENT PRINCIPLES AND UNIVERSAL DESIGN FOR LEARNING IN ASSESSING MULTICULTURAL CLASSROOM: AN AUTOETHNOGRAPHY

Teaching a multicultural classroom has always been challenging for educators. With the rush toward global standardization, there is a concern that uniformity in education will sacrifice students’ freedom in expressing their skills and knowledge. This problem can be seen in the way students are being assessed. The rapid growth of standardized tests and the demand to meet yearly progress thresholds are tangible examples of how assessments may limit the way students demonstrate their learning attainment. This article aims at presenting several alternatives teachers could take to implement Universal Design for Learning (UDL) and inclusive assessment principles in assessing multicultural classrooms. This analytic autoethnography study yielded three themes: providing options of assessment forms, providing accommodation in conducting assessments, and using the strength-based language in assessment feedback.
Residents in Family Practice

Residency training, because of its intensive time and energy demands, affects many aspects of residents’ lives. A survey of house staff at Stanford University School of Medicine reveals that residency training frequently has negative consequences for residents and their families. A large portion of the residents surveyed resent training demands on their families (94%), worry about relationships’ ending due to training (49%), and report that they have inadequate physical exercise (68%), no time for personal reflection (59%), and worsening sex lives (49%). Furthermore, many feel powerless to influence their training experience (87%), reporting that faculty are not available to give support (53%) or to serve as advocates (49%).1 Nelson and Henry’s survey to assess the problems of family practice residents reinforces the above findings: residency frequently conflicts with residents’ personal needs for leisure and socializing and with their responsibilities to spouse, children, and household.2
The Biosynthesis of Folic Acid VIII. PURIFICATION AND PROPERTIES OF THE ENZYME THAT CATALYZES THE PRODUCTION OF FORMATE FROM CARBON ATOM 8 OF GUANOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE

A procedure is described for the purification from extracts of Escherichia coli of the enzyme that catalyzes the release of carbon 8 of guanosine triphosphate as formic acid. This reaction is the first in a series of steps involved in the conversion of GTP to the pteridine component of folic acid. The enzyme, which has been purified some 700-fold, has been named GTP cyclohydrolase. No purine, nucleoside, or nucleotide other than GTP can be used as substrate. No coenzyme or metal activator is required in the reaction. The Km for GTP has been determined to be 2.2 × 10−5M. The molecular weight of the enzyme has been estimated to be larger than 300,000. The purified enzyme has been shown to catalyze the formation from GTP of formic acid and the triphospho ester of 2-amino-4-hydroxy-6-(erythro-1′,2′,3′-trihydroxypropyl)dihydropteridine (dihydroneopterin triphosphate) as products. No evidence was obtained to indicate that more than a single protein is involved in this transformation, although theoretical considerations suggest that this phenomenon is the sum of several individual reactions. Evidence is presented which shows that an arsenate-sensitive phosphatase is present in extracts of E. coli and that this enzyme is involved in the dephosphorylation of dihydroneopterin triphosphate, an enzymatic step which is necessary in order for this compound to be converted to dihydropteroic acid.
Fabrication of single multi-walled carbon nanotube array with a composite electric field guided assembly method

This paper describes a mass producible process for integrating single MWCNTs into an array device. It was demonstrated that MWCNTs were individually deposited across an array of gaps by the composite electric field-guided assembly method using an ac electric field combined with a dc electric field. Single MWCNTs were simultaneously deposited on an array of 6 pairs of electrodes and separated by further lithography process. The proposed approach opens up the new possibilities for the mass production of CNT-based NEMS/MEMS devices.
Web-centric projects in computer science courses

As the computing world becomes increasingly Web-centric, software systems will obtain more contents and services from outside the organizations. As a result, more university computer science courses will add Web server-side project assignments that use not only local resources within the university, but also external resources throughout the Web. This creates new problems in logistic as the university has no control of the external Web sites. This paper discusses our experience on Web-centric projects, their unique challenges and our recommendations.
Seven Helix Chemoattractant Receptors Transiently Stimulate Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase in Dictyostelium ROLE OF HETEROTRIMERIC G PROTEINS

Mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases are involved in controlling a cell's responses to a variety of stimuli and can be activated by both protein tyrosine kinase and G protein-coupled receptors. It was shown previously that Dictyostelium MAP kinase ERK2 is required for normal activation of adenylyl cyclase and erk2 null cells are aggregation-deficient. In this manuscript, we show that the Dictyostelium MAP kinase ERK2 is rapidly and transiently activated in response to the chemoattractant cAMP. This response requires cAMP receptors, but is independent of the coupled Gα2 subunit and the only known Gβ subunit. These data indicate that ligand-mediated receptor activation of adenylyl cyclase requires two receptor-dependent pathways, one of which requires heterotrimeric G proteins, including Gα2 and the only known Gβ subunit, and the second of which requires ERK2. Our results suggest that ERK2 may be activated by a novel receptor-mediated pathway.
14 Cerebral Potentials During Voluntary Ramp Movements in Aiming Tasks

Publisher Summary In recent neurophysiological studies of motor performance, two classes of voluntary movements are often distinguished: a “ballistic” and “ramp” type of movement. Ballistic movements are brief (about 200 msec and less), fast, and thought to be “preprogramed,” that is launched without peripheral guidance. Ramp movements are slow, smooth, carried out in more than 500 msec, and are highly responsive to be controlled by peripheral sensory feedback. Scalp recorded cerebral potentials related to self-paced voluntary movements in man have been studied mainly in ballistic movements, especially in brisk isotonic or isometric contractions of limb muscles. The most obvious features of the potentials are a gradually increasing negative shift over both hemispheres beginning 1 sec or more prior to EMG onset, which subsides rapidly with a complex positive deflection after the initiation of movement. Subdural recordings have verified the cortical origin of these movement-related potentials in man.
Taxation and Gendered Citizenship

This essay notes that the feminist tax policy theorists have made numerous important contributions to our understanding of tax policy's affect on women's lives and experiences. It argues that in doing so, the extant literature has also prioritized the idea of citizenship rights but has failed to acknowledge the importance of citizenship obligations and duties.
Beach monitoring criteria: reading the fine print.

Beach monitoring programs aim to decrease swimming-related illnesses resulting from exposure to harmful microbes in recreational waters, while providing maximum beach access. Managers are advised by the U.S. EPA to estimate microbiological water quality based on a 5-day geometric mean of fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) concentrations or on a jurisdiction-specific single-sample maximum; however, most opt instead to apply a default single-sample maximum to ease application. We examined whether re-evaluation of the U.S. EPA ambient water quality criteria (AWQC) and the epidemiological studies on which they are based could increase public beach access without affecting presumed health risk. Single-sample maxima were calculated using historic monitoring data for 50 beaches along coastal Lake Michigan on various temporal and spatial groupings to assess flexibility in the application of the AWQC. No calculation on either scale was as low as the default maximum (235 CFU/100 mL) that managers typically use, indicat...
Differences in aortic arch geometry, hemodynamics, and plaque patterns between C57BL/6 and 129/SvEv mice.

Atherosclerotic plaques are distributed differently in the aortic arches of C57BL/6 (B6) and 129/SvEv (129) apolipoprotein E (apoE)- deficient mice. It is now recognized that hemodynamic shear stress plays an important role in the localization of atherosclerotic development. Since the blood flow field in the vessel is modulated by the vascular geometry, we quantitatively examined the difference in the aortic arch geometry between the two corresponding wild-type mouse strains. The three-dimensional (3-D) geometry of fourteen murine aortic arches, seven from each strain, was characterized using casts and stereo microscopic imaging. Many geometric features, including aortic arch shape, vessel diameter, and branch locations were significantly different at p<0.05 between the two mouse strains. Based on the geometry of each cast, an average 3-D geometry of the aortic arch for each mouse strain was obtained, and computational fluid dynamic calculations were performed in the two average aortic arches. Lower shear stress was found at the inner curvature of the aortic arch in the 129 strain, corresponding to greater involvement in the corresponding apoE-deficient mice relative to the B6 strain. These results support the notion that heritable features of arterial geometry can contribute to individual differences in local susceptibility to arterial disease.
Integral generalized inverses of integral matrices

Abstract This paper gives necessary and sufficient conditions for the generalized inverse of an integral matrix to be integral. Also, additional conditions are found for the product of two integral matrices with this property to have that same property.
Relaxation of a single DNA molecule observed by optical microscopy

Single molecules of DNA, visualized in video fluorescence microscopy, were stretched to full extension in a flow, and their relaxation was measured when the flow stopped. The molecules, attached by one end to a 1-micrometer bead, were manipulated in an aqueous solution with optical tweezers. Inverse Laplace transformations of the relaxation data yielded spectra of decaying exponentials with distinct peaks, and the longest time component (tau) increased with length (L) as tau approximately L 1.68 +/- 0.10. A rescaling analysis showed that most of the relaxation curves had a universal shape and their characteristic times (lambda t) increased as lambda t approximately L 1.65 +/- 0.13. These results are in qualitative agreement with the theoretical prediction of dynamical scaling.
Structural Basis for Recognition of Guanosine by a Synthetic Tricyclic Cytosine Analogue: Guanidinium G-Clamp

An oligonucleotide analogue containing a novel heterocyclic analogue, the guanidinium G-clamp, was designed to allow formation of five H-bonds to guanosine. The guanidinium group was introduced postsynthetically by treatment of the deprotected oligonucleotide containing a free amino group with a solution of 1H-pyrazole-1-carboxamidine and purified by a combination of size-exclusion chromatography and reversed-phase HPLC. A single incorporation of this modification into an oligodeoxynucleotide sequence was found to increase duplex stability by 13{sup o} and 16{sup o} per modification to RNA and DNA, respectively. Crystals of a self-complementary decamer sequence containing this modification were grown and diffracted to 1-{angstrom} resolution. The structure was solved by molecular replacement and revealed that the modification forms additional H-bonds to O(6) and N(7) of guanosine through the amino and imino N-atoms, respectively. The origins of enhanced duplex stability are also attributed to increased stacking interactions mediated by the phenoxazine moiety of the G-clamp and formation of H-bond networks between the positively charged guanidinium group, H{sub 2}O molecules, and negatively charged O-atoms from phosphates on the adjacent strand.
A longitudinal study of cardiorespiratory fitness and cognitive function in healthy older adults.

OBJECTIVES: To determine whether cardiorespiratory fitness at baseline is associated with maintenance of cognitive function over 6 years or with level of cognitive function on tests performed 6 years later in a longitudinal study of healthy older people. DESIGN: Prospective cohort. SETTING: Community-based study of noninstitutionalized adults aged 55 and older living in Sonoma, California. PARTICIPANTS: Three hundred forty-nine cohort members without evidence of cardiovascular disease, musculoskeletal disability, or cognitive impairment at baseline. MEASUREMENTS: Cardiorespiratory fitness measures were based on a standard treadmill exercise test protocol and included peak oxygen consumption (peak VO2), treadmill exercise duration, and oxygen uptake efficiency slope (OUES). Cognitive function was evaluated at baseline with a modified Mini-Mental State Examination (mMMSE) and after 6 years of follow-up with a detailed cognitive test battery that included the full MMSE, three tests of attention/executive function, two measures of verbal memory, and two tests of verbal fluency. RESULTS: Participants with worse cardiorespiratory fitness at baseline experienced greater decline on the mMMSE over 6 years (mean mMMSE decline (95% confidence interval) by baseline peak VO2 tertile: lowest = −0.5 (−0.8 to −0.3), middle = −0.2 (−0.5–0.0), highest = 0.0 (−0.3–0.2), P = .002 for trend over tertiles). Participants with worse baseline cardiorespiratory fitness also performed worse on all cognitive tests conducted 6 years later. Results were similar for analyses based on peak VO2, treadmill exercise duration, and OUES. After adjustment for demographic and health-related covariates, measures of cardiorespiratory fitness were associated most strongly with measures of global cognitive function and attention/executive function. CONCLUSION: Baseline measures of cardiorespiratory fitness are positively associated with preservation of cognitive function over a 6-year period and with levels of performance on cognitive tests conducted 6 years later in healthy older adults. High cardiorespiratory fitness may protect against cognitive dysfunction in older people.
Na/Ca exchange and contraction of the heart

Sodium-calcium exchange (NCX) is the major calcium (Ca) efflux mechanism of ventricular cardiomyocytes. Consequently the exchanger plays a critical role in the regulation of cellular Ca content and hence contractility. Reductions in Ca efflux by the exchanger, such as those produced by elevated intracellular sodium (Na) in response to cardiac glycosides, raise sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca stores. The result is an increased Ca transient and cardiac contractility. Enhanced Ca efflux activity by the exchanger, for example during heart failure, may reduce diadic cleft Ca and excitation-contraction (EC) coupling gain. This aggravates the impaired contractility associated with SR Ca ATPase dysfunction and reduced SR Ca load in failing heart muscle. Recent data from our laboratories indicate that NCX can also impact the efficiency of EC coupling and contractility independent of SR Ca load through diadic cleft priming with Ca during the upstroke of the action potential. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Na(+) Regulation in Cardiac Myocytes".