cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Hazard to Health of Lead Exposure at Low Dose

Knowledge of lead’s toxicity has existed since antiquity. Recent studies in children converge on the conclusion that doses of lead below those which produce stark symptoms are associated with neuropsychological deficit. Animal investigations support this assertion.
The Winery and the Laboratory

In most of the great European wine districts that were mentioned in the previous chapter, winemaking remains a traditional process, often based on national and district laws. The experience and practice, of the European winemasters span many generations, with several generations possibly having used the same equipment, in the same winery. The questions of winery site or construction materials may never be seriously considered in a lifetime, and the selection of a major piece of winery equipment may occur only several times during the career of a typical European vintner.
A Historical Perspective on the Therapy of Total-Body Radiation Injury

A brief look at previous research will show how we arrived where we are today. Shielding and transplantation of bone marrow were initiated long ago. In 1912, Chiarit demonstrated that bone marrow of the rabbit grew when transplanted into the spleen only when the spleen was shielded from irradiation. Fabricius-Moller2 showed in 1922 that shielding portions of the skeleton prevented a decline in the number of blood platelets and consequently prevented radiation hemorrhage. In 1951, Jacobson et al.3 attained nearly 100-percent protection from lethal doses of radiation when the mouse spleen was shielded. In 1951, Brecher and Cronkite4 showed that shielding of one parabiotic rat protected the other rat from fatal irradiation. These studies clearly demonstrated that protecting the spleen of the mouse or the bone marrow of the guinea pig prevented the sequelae of marrow aplasia, and that some protective substance or cells circulated from the nonirradiated parabiont to the irradiated parabiont. Lorenz et al.5 proved in 1952 that the protection was from cells located in the bone marrow or spleen, because one could protect mice from lethal irradiation by transfusing marrow cells or spleen cells in the mouse. Ford et al.6 proved in 1956, by using a marker chromosome, that transplantation of donor hematopoietic cells had occurred.
A Strategy to Complete a Time Series with Missing Observations

The problem introduced in this paper originated from a water pollution study of the Menomenee River in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. The final goal of the study was to estimate the total pollutant load deposited in Lake Michigan, for a given season. However, the information on the concentration of pollutants was not complete. Concentration data were available for only 20% of the days in the study period. Complete data were available on two related series: river flow rate and water equivalent of precipitation. Those series were used along with the pollutant concentration data to create a model for pollutant behavior (for the different pollutants and years), to estimate the missing observations and to estimate total pollutant loading for several seasons. (See Miller, et al (1980).)
Orientational Order in Self-Assembled Nanocrystal Superlattices

Self-assembly of nanocrystals into functional materials requires precise control over nanoparticle interactions in solution that are dominated by organic ligands that densely cover the surface of nanocrystals. Recent experiments have demonstrated that small truncated-octahedral nanocrystals can self-assemble into a range of superstructures with different translational and orientational order of nanocrystals. The origin of this structural diversity remains unclear. Here, we use molecular dynamics computer simulations to study the self-assembly of these nanocrystals over a broad range of ligand lengths and solvent conditions. Our model, which is based on a coarse-grained description of ligands and solvent effects, reproduces the experimentally observed superstructures, including recently observed superlattices with partial and short-ranged orientational alignment of nanocrystals. We show that small differences in nanoparticle shape, ligand length and coverage, and solvent conditions can lead to markedly different self-assembled superstructures due to subtle changes in the free energetics of ligand interactions. Our results rationalize the large variety of different reported superlattices self-assembled from seemingly similar particles and can serve as a guide for the targeted self-assembly of nanocrystal superstructures.
Inspector joins

The key idea behind Inspector Joins is that during the I/O partitioning phase of a hash-based join, we have the opportunity to look at the actual data itself and then use this knowledge in two ways: (1) to create specialized indexes, specific to the given query on the given data, for optimizing the CPU cache performance of the subsequent join phase of the algorithm, and (2) to decide which join phase algorithm best suits this specific query. We show how inspector joins, employing novel statistics and specialized indexes, match or exceed the performance of state-of-the-art cache-friendly hash join algorithms. For example, when run on eight or more processors, our experiments show that inspector joins offer 1.1-1.4X speedups over these previous algorithms, with the speedup increasing as the number of processors increases.
Major Adverse Kidney Events in Pediatric Sepsis.

Background and objectives Major adverse kidney events, a composite of death, new kidney replacement therapy, or persistent kidney dysfunction, is a potential patient-centered outcome for clinical trials in sepsis-associated kidney injury. We sought to determine the incidence of major adverse kidney events within 30 days and validate this end point in pediatric sepsis. Design, setting, participants, & measurements We conducted a retrospective observational study using the Pediatric Health Information Systems Plus database of patients >6 months to Results Of 1685 admissions, incidence of major adverse kidney events within 30 days was 9.6% (95% confidence interval, 8.1% to 11.0%), including 4.5% (95% confidence interval, 3.5% to 5.4%) death, 1.7% (95% confidence interval, 1.1% to 2.3%) kidney replacement therapy, and 5.8% (95% confidence interval, 4.7% to 6.9%) persistent kidney dysfunction. Patients with versus without major adverse kidney events within 30 days had higher all-cause mortality at hospital discharge (28% versus 1%; P Conclusions In children with sepsis, major adverse kidney events within 30 days are common, feasible to measure, and a promising end point for future clinical trials. Podcast This article contains a podcast at https://www.asn-online.org/media/podcast/CJASN/2019_04_18_CJASNPodcast_19_05_.mp3
Modifications to Multi-beam Systems for DRRM

An initial study of the emergency communications services offered by current multi-beam satellite systems for disaster relief and rescue mission (DRRM) effort has been conducted within the frame work of DVB and LTE/5G in ETSI. A multi-beam communications satellite system with its unique coverage and beam hopping advantage can be adapted to provide DRRM communications services when and where the other communications services are absent. A proposal of using partial multi-beam system resources for the DRRM is made and a sample design of the digital analysis filter bank for the modified satellite transponder is presented and partially optimized.
Wood Jam Dynamics Database and Assessment Model (WooDDAM): A framework to measure and understand wood jam characteristics and dynamics

Wood jams in rivers and on floodplains play an essential role in shaping valley bottoms, and their dynamics regulate the ecology and morphology of river systems. We present the Wood Jam Dynamics Database and Assessment Model (WooDDAM) to improve understanding and management of natural and anthropogenic wood jams in rivers. WooDDAM is comprised of a field data collection protocol, an open database of wood jam characteristics and dynamics, machine learning statistical models for predicting wood jam dynamics during high flows, and an online user interface to facilitate collaborative data collection and use. Here, we provide the background and guidance necessary to utilize WooDDAM to make predictions of and contribute to the database describing wood jam dynamics. We present tests of interoperator variability to justify database variable selection. To refine model predictions and improve predictive power, we encourage users to follow simple resurvey procedures and submit observations of wood jam dynamics. WooDDAM provides a management and monitoring tool for the retention or reintroduction of wood jams in rivers and facilitates further research into the interactions between wood jam dynamics and fluvial or ecological processes.
Interdimer zipping in the chemoreceptor signaling domain revealed by molecular dynamics simulations

Chemoreceptors are principal components of the bacterial sensory system that modulates cellular motility. They detect changes in the environment and transmit information to CheA histidine kinase, which ultimately controls cellular flagellar motors. The prototypical Tsr chemoreceptor in E. coli is a homodimer containing two principal functional modules: (i) a periplasmic ligand-binding domain and (ii) a cytoplasmic signaling domain. Chemoreceptor dimers are arranged into a trimer of dimers at the tip of the signaling domain comprising a minimal physical unit essential for enhancing the CheA activity several hundredfold. Trimers of dimers are arranged into highly ordered hexagon arrays at the cell pole; however, the mechanism underlying the trimer-of-dimer and higher order array formation remains unclear. Furthermore, molecular mechanisms of signal transduction that are likely to involve inter-dimer interactions are not fully understood. Here we apply all-atom, microsecond-time scale molecular dynamics simulations of the Tsr trimer of dimers atomic model in order to obtain further insight into potential interactions within the chemoreceptor signaling unit. We show extensive interactions between homodimers at the hairpin tip of the signaling domain, where strong hydrophobic interactions maintain binding. A subsequent zipping of homodimers is facilitated by electrostatic interactions, in particular by polar solvation energy and salt bridges that stabilize the final compact structure, which extends beyond the kinase interacting subdomain. Our study provides evidence that interdimer interactions within the chemoreceptor signaling domain are more complex than previously thought.
Needle EMG muscle identification: A systematic approach to needle EMG examination

The proper performance of needle electromyography (EMG) requires that the examiner obtain a brief but comprehensive history, perform a directed examination and generate a short differential diagnosis as part of the initial patient encounter. Equally as important is to set reasonable expectations for this study's performance as electronic media do not necessarily portray all of the nuances of an electrodiagnostic study. In addition to these preliminary steps, this minimonograph discusses equipment used in EMG evaluations, EMG examination techniques, muscles commonly sampled, pain reduction techniques, and special considerations that may require study modification such as anticoagulation, lymphedema, obesity and supervening infection. Clinicians performing these studies will maximize useful data collection while minimizing patient discomfort if all of these recommendations are followed.
Mechanical Circulatory Support: a Look Back and a Look Ahead

Heart failure is a growing problem across the world. Although many advances have been made in heart failure therapy, patients with cardiogenic shock still have a grim prognosis. The aim of this article is to discuss the current state of mechanical circulatory support and future directions. Mechanical support can be classified as temporary or durable. Temporary support ranges from the intra-aortic balloon pump to extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Durable support consists of left ventricular assist devices that are long-term and can be used as a bridge to transplant or destination therapy. Many advances continue be made in terms of size, thrombogenic potential, and infection risk. As the supply of heart transplants is limited, mechanical support options for a growing heart failure population are becoming increasingly important. Deciding when to initiate and selecting the right device are of utmost importance and should be a multidisciplinary approach.
Enfermedad Renal Crónica (ERC): Una guía de alimentos con alto contenido de fibra

Vivir con la enfermedad renal cronica (ERC) presenta muchos desafios, y la dieta es uno de ellos. Las personas con ERC pueden tener dificultades para consumir suficientes alimentos ricos en fibra al seguir las otras recomendaciones de dieta para la ERC.. This is the Spanish-language version of FS305, CKD: A Guide to Higher Fiber Foods. Written by Wendy J. Dahl and published by the UF/IFAS Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, April 2018. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/fs309
Association Between Opioid Prescribing Rates and Health Outcomes

This chapter utilizes health data, data from California’s PBSS, and U.S. Census data from 2012–2017 to examine the associations between the county-level opioid prescribing rate and opioid-related health outcomes, while controlling for multiple community characteristics (demographics, population density, housing, income, employment, and health) in all 58 California counties. Utilizing a series of Poisson regression models, the association between the opioid prescribing rate and three different health outcomes (emergency room visits, hospitalizations, and overdose deaths involving opioids) were examined-. The results suggest that the 2012–2017 opioid prescribing rate was significantly associated with opioid-involved emergency room visit rates, hospitalization rates, and overdose death rates, even when controlling for each type of community characteristics.
A Mesh-free Method Using Piecewise Deep Neural Network for Elliptic Interface Problems

In this paper, we propose a novel mesh-free numerical method for solving the elliptic interface problems based on deep learning. We approximate the solution by the neural networks and, since the solution may change dramatically across the interface, we employ different neural networks in different sub-domains. By reformulating the interface problem as a least-squares problem, we discretize the objective function using mean squared error via sampling and solve the proposed deep least-squares method by standard training algorithms such as stochastic gradient descent. The discretized objective function utilizes only the point-wise information on the sampling points and thus no underlying mesh is required. Doing this circumvents the challenging meshing procedure as well as the numerical integration on the complex interface. To improve the computational efficiency for more challenging problems, we further design an adaptive sampling strategy based on the residual of the least-squares function and propose an adaptive algorithm. Finally, we present several numerical experiments in both 2D and 3D to show the flexibility, effectiveness, and accuracy of the proposed deep least-square method for solving interface problems.
Utility of a novel perceptual-motor control test for identification of sport-related concussion beyond current clinical assessments.

Clinically feasible metrics, that can inform the concussion recovery decision making process by evaluating a unique domain beyond current testing domains (e.g., balance, neurocognition, symptoms, v...
Neoumbilicus after Selective Excision in Deep Inferior Epigastric Perforator Flap Breast Reconstruction

The umbilicus offers no functional importance to the adult human but remains a key aesthetic landmark of the anterior abdominal wall, and its absence can be a cause for concern in aesthetic and reconstructive patients. Umbilical reconstruction or transposition for abdominoplasty and abdominally based flap operations is frequently complicated by umbilical death, infections, development of wounds needing prolonged wound care, and generally poor aesthetic outcomes. A multitude of techniques have been described to create the "ideal" neoumbilicus, but none has proven to be superior to the technique that comes before it. Our data demonstrate that, in a select set of patients, it may be beneficial to electively remove the umbilicus. Thus, umbilical reconstruction can be performed as an adjunct procedure to the primary operation with a superior aesthetic result and minimal risk for complications. This article describes the authors' approach to delayed neoumbilical reconstruction in patients undergoing elective umbilical resection.
When doing the right thing feels wrong: Moral distress among child welfare caseworkers

Abstract Studied predominantly among nurses, moral distress refers to painful feelings or psychological difficulties related to awareness of the morally appropriate action to take but inability to take that action because of internal (e.g., fear) or external (e.g., lack of time or resources) constraints. However, little is known about experiences of moral distress among child welfare (CW) caseworkers. Drawing from existing moral distress and CW organizational literature, this study examined moral distress experiences among U.S. public CW caseworkers and the role of internal (professional training and psychological safety) and external (job stress and time pressure) constraints in this phenomenon. Data were drawn from a multisite CW workforce improvement project involving two state-administered and two county-administered CW agencies. These analyses utilized a subsample of CW caseworkers (N = 1,879). Logistic regression models were used to evaluate the relationships between constraint variables and two measures of moral distress, after adjusting for covariates. More than 60% of CW caseworkers reported experiencing one or both measures of moral distress. A lower sense of psychological safety, job stress, and time pressure contributed to an increased likelihood of experiencing moral distress. Results suggest that internal and external constraints play different roles in moral distress experiences, and more nuanced exploration of these relationships is warranted. Acknowledging the experiences of moral distress and understanding constraints that contribute to this phenomenon may be key to supporting CW caseworker well-being.
Enhancement-mode atomic-layer thin In2O3 transistors with maximum current exceeding 2 A/mm at drain voltage of 0.7 V enabled by oxygen plasma treatment

In this Letter, enhancement-mode operation in devices with 1.5 nm atomic-layer thin In2O3 channels over a wide range of channel lengths down to 40 nm is demonstrated using an O2 plasma treatment at room temperature. Drain currents (ID) in excess of 2 A/mm at a drain-to-source bias (VDS) of 0.7 V are achieved in enhancement mode with significantly improved subthreshold swing down to near-ideal 65 mV/dec, suggesting that O2 plasma treatment is very effective at reducing bulk and interface defects. By using low-temperature O2 plasma, the fabrication process remains back-end-of-line compatible while enabling a clear route toward high-performance In2O3 transistors and circuitry.
EFFECTS OF FUEL TEMPERATURE-SHAPING FUNCTIONS ON XENON OSCILLATIONS

In coupled multiphysics simulations, single pin-averaged values are typically used to describe the temperature, power, and burnup within a given fuel pin. However, since xenon oscillations are largely driven by fuel temperatures, radially dependent quantities have been implemented in the Virtual Environment for Reactor Applications. These radial-shaping functions are based on Zernike polynomial expansions and allow information to pass effectively between codes with differing spatial meshes. This work examines the effects of radial fuel temperature-shaping functions on the behavior of axial xenon oscillations.A test problem was developed from full-core, multi-cycle depletions using as-built fuel data. The center 25 assemblies of the full-core case were used to test the radial-shaping function by inducing an axial xenon oscillation using an instantaneous control rod movement. The test case was run with and without the radial shapes, and each component was also run individually. Including the shaping functions significantly impacted the xenon oscillations for this problem; the magnitude and period of the oscillations were altered, and large pin power and soluble boron differences were observed. Testing each component individually showed that the radial fuel temperature-shaping function had the largest effect.
Operation Moonglow: A Political History of Project Apollo: New York: Basic Books, 367 pp., $32.00, ISBN 0781541699878, Publication Date: November 2020

Apollo 11 is known as an iconic and memorable moment in the twentieth century for Americans, but audiences all over the world also watched, read, and listened to the moon landing as it occurred, th...
Return-to-Play Times and Player Performance After Medial Collateral Ligament Injury in Elite-Level European Soccer Players.

Background:Participation in elite-level soccer predisposes athletes to injuries of the medial collateral ligament (MCL), resulting in variable durations of time lost from sport.Purpose:To (1) deter...
A Push-Me Pull-You Neural Design

How do spinal neurons control patterned motor output? A balance in simultaneous excitation and inhibition of neuronal circuits produces rhythmic activity that drives motor behavior.
Incorporation of tritiated thymidine into the skin and hair follicles. I. Oscillatory changes through the hair growth cycle.

The incorporation of tritiated thymidine into the skin has been studied after the initiation of new hair growth by plucking. Techniques are described whereby the incorporation into hair follicles and into the basal layer of the epidermis can be studied independently. Fluctuations are observed in the levels of incorporation in both cell populations through the hair growth cycle. These fluctuations show great regularity. the early fluctuations have been attributed to synchronous progression of cells through the cell division cycle. the significance of the fluctuations is discussed with particular reference to (I) possible persistence of cell cycle synchrony, (II) regulatory feedback mechanisms controlling DNA synthesis, perhaps through specific mitotic inhibitors, (III) the existence of Go, G1 and G2 cell sub-populations.
Balzac ou la séduction du corps passant

This essay addresses Balzac's modern drama of detection by focusing on the body under surveillance as semioticized in Theorie de la demarche, Physiologie du mariage, and Ferragus. These works forged an urban myth of passion, centered on the seduction of the female passing body, which encompasses a new configuration of experience. This inquiry is framed by an exploration of the conjunction of bodies in pain and femininity in Ferragus and Le Lys dans la vallee, uncovering the finitude of the female body as an allegory of writing, modernity and memory.
Decentralized estimation of the algebraic connectivity for strongly connected networks

The second smallest eigenvalue equation of the Laplacian L of a network G is a parameter that captures important properties of the network. Applications such as synchronization of networked systems, consensus-based algorithms and network connectivity control may require one to regulate the magnitude of equation in order to achieve suitable network performance. The problem of decentralized estimation of equation for directed graphs is thus a relevant problem, yet it has received little attention thus far. We present an algorithm for its estimation and demonstrate its performance.
The Signature of Sea Spray in the Hexos Turbulent Heat Flux Data

The role of sea spray intransferring heat and moisture across the air-sea interface has remained elusive. Some studies have reported that sea spray does not affect the turbulent air-sea heat fluxes for 10-m wind speeds up to at least 25 m s-1, while others have reported important spray contributions for wind speeds as low as 12 m s-1. One goal of the HEXOS (Humidity Exchange over the Sea) program was to quantify spray's contribution to the turbulent air-sea heat fluxes, but original analyses of the HEXOS flux data found the spray signal to be too small to be reliably identified amid the scatter in the data. We look at the HEXOS data again in the context of the TOGA-COARE bulk flux algorithm and a sophisticated microphysical spray model. This combination of quality data andstate-of-the-art modelling reveals a distinct spray signature in virtually all HEXOS turbulent heat flux data collected in winds of 15 m s-1 and higher. Spray effects are most evident in the latent heat flux data, where spray contributes roughly 10% of the total turbulent flux in winds of 10 m s-1 and between 10 and 40% in winds of 15–18 m s-1. The spray contribution to the total sensible heat flux is also at least 10% in winds above 15 m s-1. These results lead to a new, unified parameterization for the turbulent air-sea heat fluxes that should be especially useful in high winds because it acknowledges both the interfacial and spray routes by which the sea exchanges heat and moisture with the atmosphere.
Hydroxyurea therapy for sickle cell anemia.

Introduction: Sickle cell anemia (SCA) is a severe, inherited hemoglobin disorder affecting 100,000 persons in the US and millions worldwide. Hydroxyurea, a once daily oral medication, has emerged as the primary disease-modifying therapy for SCA. The accumulated body of evidence over 30 years demonstrates that hydroxyurea is a safe and effective therapy for SCA, but hydroxyurea remains underutilized for a variety of reasons.Areas covered: In this review, we summarize the available evidence regarding the pharmacology, clinical, and laboratory benefits, and safety of hydroxyurea therapy for the treatment of SCA. The purpose of this review is to provide the reader a comprehensive understanding of hydroxyurea and to reinforce the fact that hydroxyurea is a safe and effective medication for the treatment of SCA.Expert opinion: In our opinion, hydroxyurea therapy should be considered standard-of-care for SCA, representing an essential component of patient management. Early initiation and broader use of hydroxyu...
Behavioral components of high-fat diet hyperphagia: meal size and postprandial satiety

Previously, rats fed a high-fat liquid diet (HF) ad libitum consumed more kilocalories and had greater weight gain than rats fed a liquid high-carbohydrate diet (HC) of equivalent energy density (W...
Describing, Teaching, and Predicting Medical Problem-Solving: A Review

This article reviews: (a) the descriptive models and research findings of the processes and skills characterizing medical problem-solving, and (b) the recent investigations of teaching and predicting medical problem-solving ability. Results are discussed and suggestions for direction and design of future studies are provided in an effort to increase the usefulness of results for applications to medical education.
HIGH ECCENTRICITY EOQ TOTAL COST FUNCTION YIELDS JIT RESULTs

No estoque de bens pereciveis, o custo de armazenamento H e muito maior do que o previsto na formula classica do lote economico do pedido (EOQ). Para bens pereciveis, a funcao custo total no EOQ e um pico e nao uma reta horizontal. Esta forma pontiaguda leva o modelo EOQ a produzir entregas just in time (JIT) - resultados semelhantes. O efeito pontiagudo (excentricidade) da curva de custo total do lote economico EOQ depende apenas do custo de armazenamento (H) e nao da demanda anual (D) ou do custo do pedido (S). D e S determinam o nivel (altura) da curva de custo total do estoque (TC), mas nao a forma.
Families Living in Poverty Perceptions of Family-Centered Practices

This study examined family-centeredness and experiences in early intervention from the perspectives of families living near or below the federal poverty level. Data were collected from 17 families (11 were single-parent families) across three early intervention service districts in Tennessee, as a subset of a larger investigation of the Pathways to Family Empowerment Project. Qualitative inquiry guided the investigation, and families participated in one-on-one interviews. Notable findings include families’ satisfaction with experiences in early intervention, how demographic variables influenced families’ experiences, families’ suggestions to improve practices, acknowledgment of effective practices, and families’ perceptions of their quality of life. Researchers found contradictions in that some families described specific practices as barriers to positive outcomes whereas other families described those same practices as effective. The study’s contributions are discussed in relation to developing comprehen...
Photoelectric and Magneto-Orientation Effects in Pigmented Biological Membranes

Abstract Photoelectric and magneto-orientation effects in pigmented biological membranes are analyzed and discussed with special reference to three different levels of order in the membrane structures. The kinetic results of photoelectric responses from an artificial pigmented bilayer lipid membrane/aqueous redox system, measured by a tunable voltage clamp method are analyzed in terms of an equivalent circuit model which contains a novel chemical capacitance. The molecular basis of the equivalent circuit and the concept of chemical capacitance is established by a combined kinetic and electrostatic calculation, using Gouy-Chapman diffuse double layer theory. The generality of the concept of chemical capacitance is demonstrated by the ability of the model to explain previously reported data on a variety of pigmented membranes. The theory is further applied to photoelectric effects in three important photobiological systems: photosynthetic membranes of chloroplasts, visual disc membranes of rod outer segments, and purple membranes of Halobacterium halobium. Structure-function correlation is also stressed. Magneto-orientation effects in isolated rod outer segments and in Chlorella cells are discussed on the basis of summed diamagnetic anisotropy. The relation of this effect to the mechanism of bird orientation and navigation in the terrestrial magnetic field is speculated upon.
The Role of Intrapersonal Factors on Alcohol and Drug Use Among Latinos With Physical Disabilities

Persons with disabilities are disproportionately impacted by alcohol and drug use. Social work best practice approaches require an understanding of the effects of intrapersonal factors on alcohol and drug use, yet the theoretical and empirical literature remain underdeveloped, especially among ethnic minority populations. We sought to obtain a detailed description of the role of intrapersonal factors, including perceptions and life experiences, on alcohol and drug use among Latinos with physical disabilities. We employed community-based participatory research in conjunction with photovoice. A total of 17 focus group interviews were completed. Three rounds of photography and focus group interviews occurred with a total of 28 participants who participated in each round. Data analyses followed the tenets of descriptive phenomenology. Results highlight intrapersonal risk and protective factors to inform social work practice and work toward developing and evaluating alcohol and drug use preventive interventions for this overlooked and vulnerable population.
Application of transpiration theory to TGA data: Calcium carbonate and zinc chloride

Abstract Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) data for vaporization of CO2(g) from CaCO3(s) and vaporization of ZnCl2(l) are analyzed using theory from the transpiration method. Transpiration theory uses coupled diffusive and hydrodynamic flow. Temperature dependence of the TGA data yields reliable values for Δ vap H ⦵ . Analyses of the TGA data show that the viscosity coefficient has no significant effect. Fitting of experimental data at different flow rates of carrier gas yields the diffusion coefficient parameter and an experimental vaporization coefficient αvap. The experimental vaporization coefficient has contributions from a true vaporization coefficient and from desaturation associated with the apparatus design.
Male moths optimally balance take-off thoracic temperature and warm-up duration to reach a pheromone source quickly

Animal activities, such as foraging and reproduction, are constrained by decisions about how to allocate energy and time efficiently. Overall, male moths invest less in reproduction than females, but they are thought to engage in a scramble competition for access to females that advertise readiness to mate by releasing sexual pheromones. However, before male moths can follow the pheromone, they often need to heat their flight muscles by shivering to produce sufficient power for sustained flight. Here, we show that Helicoverpa zea males that sense the female pheromone at high ambient temperatures take off with higher thoracic temperature, shiver for less time and warm up faster than males tested at lower ambient temperatures. These higher take-off temperatures translate into higher airspeeds, underscoring the importance of thoracic temperature for flight performance. Furthermore, shorter combined duration for warm-up and pheromone-mediated optomotor anemotaxis is consistent with the idea that males engage in scramble competition for access to females in nature. Our results strongly suggest that male moths minimize the time between perceiving the female's pheromone signal and arriving at the source by optimizing thermoregulatory behaviour and temperature-dependent flight performance in accordance with ambient temperature conditions. Our finding that moths engage in a trade-off between rapid flight initiation and suboptimal flight performance suggests a sensorimotor control mechanism that involves a complex interaction with the thermal environment.
Efficacy of the intraoperative relaxed muscle positioning technique in thyroid eye disease and analysis of cases requiring reoperation.

Purpose In the relaxed muscle positioning technique of treating strabismus for thyroid eye disease (TED), the most restricted muscles, as determined by preoperative assessment of ductions and intraoperative forced ductions, are recessed to the positions where they rest freely on the globe without tension. The purpose of this technique is to identify preoperative characteristics that are predictive of reoperation and evaluate outcomes. Methods Retrospective review of patients with TED who underwent strabismus surgery using the relaxed muscle positioning technique between 1999 and 2009. Preoperative characteristics; surgical outcomes at 2, 6, and 12 months; and the outcomes of reoperations were evaluated. Outcomes were categorized as excellent (no diplopia in primary and reading gazes without prisms), good (diplopia requiring ≤10Δ correction), and poor (persistent diplopia in primary or reading gazes despite prism or attempted prism correction). Results Of 63 TED patients treated during the study period, 58 met inclusion criteria. Of these, 45 patients (78%) underwent only one strabismus surgery; 10 (17%), 2 surgeries; and 3 (5%), 3. Excellent outcomes were achieved in 48 (83%), good in 4 (7%), and poor in 6 (10%). Mean follow-up was 12.1 months (range, 1.5 months to 11.5 years). There was an increased likelihood for reoperation in patients with multiple treatment modalities for Graves disease (P = 0.03) and larger horizontal deviations (P = 0.03). Conclusions The intraoperative relaxed muscle positioning technique improved ocular alignment and relieved diplopia in most patients with dysthyroid strabismus. Patients with more severe disease were more likely to require reoperation.
Protein Side-Chain Dynamics and Residual Conformational Entropy

Changes in residual conformational entropy of proteins can be significant components of the thermodynamics of folding and binding. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spin relaxation is the only experimental technique capable of probing local protein entropy, by inference from local internal conformational dynamics. To assess the validity of this approach, the picosecond-to-nanosecond dynamics of the arginine side-chain Nϵ−Hϵ bond vectors of Escherichia coli ribonuclease H (RNase H) were determined by NMR spin relaxation and compared to the mechanistic detail provided by molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The results indicate that arginine Nϵ spin relaxation primarily reflects persistence of guanidinium salt bridges and correlates well with simulated side-chain conformational entropy. In particular cases, the simulations show that the aliphatic part of the arginine side chain can retain substantial disorder while the guanidinium group maintains its salt bridges; thus, the Nϵ−Hϵ bond-vector orientation is c...
Properties of Staphylococcus phage UC-18: a comparison with the international phage; series.

SummaryPhage UC-18 was shown to have a latent period of 35 minutes and a burst size of 7 particles per cell. The phage had an average buoyant density of 1.508 g/cm3 and on electron microscopic examination the head was found to have a regular hexagonal silhouette (60 mμ in diameter) with a tail (165 mμ in length) terminating in a knob-like baseplate with appendages. Antigenically phage UC-18 appears most closely related to the group B staphylococcal phages. Additionally, the phage was markedly sensitive to heat at 45° to 55°C. Comparison of the properties of phage UC-18 with those reported for the basic series of typing phages suggests that UC-18 should be included within the group B phages.
Altered neurochemical markers in Rett's syndrome

Rett9s syndrome (RS) is a neurologic disorder associated with severe mental deficiency and neurologic manifestations of cortical and extrapyramidal origin. The present report is a preliminary postmortem brain study that compares the levels of endogenous biogenic amines and selected neurotransmitter receptors in five cases with RS and six normal controls of similar age. The level of choline acetyltransferase activity was reduced in several cortical and subcortical regions. Endogenous levels of dopamine in the superior frontal and superior temporal gyri, occipital cortex, and putamen were reduced. The changes in specific neurotransmitter markers, particularly those associated with the basal ganglia and cortex, may underlie the progressive deterioration in motor and cognitive function characteristic of this progressive disorder.
Truth and understanding

The chief problem about semantics comes at the beginning.1 What is the theory of meaning a theory of? What are the facts that it is supposed to account for? As the variety of recent and contemporary work in linguistic semantics will attest, the answers to these questions exert a mighty influence on subsequent theory. I won't canvass this variety here, but call attention to a line of reasoning that seems to me attractive, and in harmony with semantic theory as it is actually practiced, if not always with the interpretation of that practice. Consider the simplest possible answer to our question, namely that the theory of meaning is charged with accounting for facts about meaning. The notion of meaning is at least initially given in our everyday vocabulary: we speak of people knowing the meaning of something, or not knowing it, of their failure to appreciate the full meaning of something, and of what certain signs mean in such-and-such conventional systems. Moreover, it is not difficult in practice to
Some consequences of professor Feigl's views on justification

IN A note to his contribution to the first volume of Minnesota Studies in the Philosophy of Science,' Professor Feigl refers once again to the distinction between practical and theoretical justification, a distinction familiar to readers of Feigl's several essays on the topic of first principles.2 On the assumption that Feigl's views on this subject remain substantially unchanged, I should like to raise one or two questions which perhaps have occurred to others who (like myself) are eager to endorse the main contentions of Feigl's analysis. Self-consciousness and a proneness to self-chastisement seem to characterize much twentieth-century philosophy. It is safe to say that more than half of the important controversies in philosophy of the past fifty years have been concerned with the nature of philosophy itself, and especially with the formulation of the just and proper methods of philosophizing. Feigl's discussions of justification are in a way a formulation of the limits of philosophy. He maintains that within any specified domain of inquiry, questions of the truth, meaningfulness, or warranted assertability of a given proposition are answered in terms of justificatory principles that govern the domain. When we come to question these principles themselves, justification must give way to pragmatic vindication. The best we can do is to show that the principles do the job we want them to do and that our purposes could not be achieved without them. Feigl assures us that the purposes we adduce in vindicating our ethical norms are not those of personal caprice (though why they might not be is not shown); they are, he says, the resultants of long experience in the harmonization of needs and interests, "of experience, personal and social, guided by the adaptive and integrative influence of intelligence." They are not "arbitrary" in the usual sense, but only in the sense of being "ultimate," nonvindicable, and resting on the contingent traits of human nature. Nevertheless, Feigl admits that incompatible systems of norms are possible and perhaps actual. Given two ultimately opposed sets of purposes, we will have differing norms and differing criteria of assertability." But if this is true in the domain of ethical justification, will not the same results hold for epistemology and, in particular, for the stipulation of a criterion of meaningfulness? Feigl's intolerance of alternative princi-
A Comparison of Mie Theory and the T-matrix Method for Estimating the Size of Cell Nuclei

We investigate the accuracy of inverse light scattering cell nuclei size predictions derived from Mie theory with the T-matrix method over a range of aspherical nuclei relevant to cancer detection and monitoring.
EEG changes in tuberculous patients treated with cycloserine

Abstract EEG studies (186 records) of 81 tuberculous patients treated with cycloserine (0.5 g per diem) are discussed.
A self-organizing binary decision tree for incrementally defined rule-based systems

An adaptive self-organizing concurrent system (ASOCS) model is presented for massively parallel processing of incrementally defined rule-based systems in such areas as adaptive logic, robotics, logical inference, and dynamic control. An ASOCS is an adaptive network composed of many simple computing elements operating asynchronously and in parallel. The authors focus on adaptive algorithm 3 (AA3) and detail its architecture and learning algorithm. It has advantages over previous ASOCS models in simplicity, implementability, and cost. An ASOCS can operate in either a data processing mode or a learning mode. During the data processing mode, an ASOCS acts as a parallel hardware circuit. In learning mode, rules expressed as Boolean conjunctions are incrementally presented to the ASOCS. All ASOCS learning algorithms incorporate a new rule in a distributed fashion in a short, bounded time. >
Advancements in Noncontact, Multiparameter Physiological Measurements Using a Webcam

We present a simple, low-cost method for measuring multiple physiological parameters using a basic webcam. By applying independent component analysis on the color channels in video recordings, we extracted the blood volume pulse from the facial regions. Heart rate (HR), respiratory rate, and HR variability (HRV, an index for cardiac autonomic activity) were subsequently quantified and compared to corresponding measurements using Food and Drug Administration-approved sensors. High degrees of agreement were achieved between the measurements across all physiological parameters. This technology has significant potential for advancing personal health care and telemedicine.
Chemically derived peptide libraries: A new resin and methodology for lead identification

We have developed a new resin for peptide synthesis that can be used to synthesize and evaluate directly combinatorial peptide libraries for binding target proteins. Fidelity of the peptide synthesis using this hydrophilic resin is comparable to polystyrene-based resins. Peptide libraries synthesized on this resin were probed by a two color PEptide Library Immunostaining Chromatographic ANalysis (PELICAN) technique for sequences binding the serine protease Factor IX zynogen. This PELICAN technique readily distinguishes between beads interacting with the reagents for target detection (blue beads) from those beads specific for the target protein itself (red beads). Validation of the PELICAN technique, as well as purification of Factor IX from plasma, is demonstrated utilizing this resin. ©Munksgaard 1996.
Recent developments in ocular gene therapy

The past two to three years have witnessed a remarkable increase in the number of gene therapy studies to treat almost every disease of the eye. All types of delivery systems, viral and non-viral, have been used. Experiments have begun to move from the use of reporters, to genes with potential therapeutic value. In this paper, rather than giving an overview from the beginning of ocular gene therapy, I have chosen to review its most recent advances. Although numerous issues remain to be solved, the emerging picture is encouraging. Within the experimental setting, conditions in the anterior and posterior segments have been improved by the administration of genes encoding beneficial proteins. In one case, vision has been restored in a congenitally blind animal. Limitations do exit, however a greater understanding of the molecular biology of eye tissues coupled with the development of low immunogenicity vectors will continue edging the way for a future use of gene therapy in the clinical setting.
Very Long-Lasting Priming in Picture Naming

A form of long-lasting repetition priming has been demonstrated by faster naming of pictures repeated from a prior exposure than new pictures This facilitation is independent of explicit memory in both normal subjects (Mitchell & Brown, 1988) and amnesic patients (Cave & Squire, 1992) Using picture naming, the current study demonstrated that priming could be detected with delays of between 6 and 48 weeks between the initial exposure and the priming test Recognition memory was also above chance at these delays, but performance on the two tests appeared independent These results show that a single stimulus exposure can have very long-lasting effects Accounts of repetition priming as a form of implicit memory will have to accommodate long-lasting changes in stimulus processing based on a single exposure.
Genetic Abnormality of the Visual Pathways in a "White" Tiger

"White"tigers show an inherited reduction of pigment, produced by an autosomal recessive gene. The brain of one of these tigers shows an abnormality of the visual pathways similar to abnormalities that are associated with albinism in many other mammals. There is a close relationship between the reduced pigment formation, the pathway abnormality, and strabismus.