cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Studying task-related activity of individual neurons in the human brain

Single-neuronal studies remain the gold standard for studying brain function. Here we describe a protocol for studying task-related single-neuronal activity in human subjects during neurosurgical procedures involving microelectrode recordings. This protocol has two phases: a preoperative phase and an intraoperative phase. During the preoperative phase, we discuss informed consent, equipment setup and behavioral testing. During the intraoperative phase, we discuss the procedure for microelectrode recordings. Because patients are often awake during these procedures, this protocol can be performed in conjunction with behavioral tasks for studying a variety of cognitive functions. We describe the protocol in detail and provide two examples of expected results. In addition, we discuss the potential difficulties and pitfalls related to intraoperative studies. This protocol takes ∼1.5 h to complete.
The evolving popularity of tourist sites in France: what can be learned from French statistical publications?

Abstract This article suggests an approach to the history of tourism in France through the study of statistics collected by various agencies there since the 1950s, which however offer differing definitions and methodologies, making comparison fraught. In the 1950s, the Health Ministry inquired about vacation homes, whereas more recently, various agencies counted paid entrances to sites such as the Eiffel Tower and Arc de Triomphe, arguably undercounting visits to others, such as churches or parks, where entry is free. In the broad sense, tourism, an act of aesthetic appreciation by a spectator, is impossible to measure. The importance of reliable statistics, however, is essential for an understanding of tourism patterns, both historical and present. France, according to World Tourism Organization statistics – arguably flawed – attracts more tourists than any other country in the world. This article follows the French figures for nine categories of tourism to suggest tentatively that larger numbers have be...
CINEMA SCREEN ADVERTISING: AN OLD TECHNOLOGY WITH NEW PROMISE FOR CONSUMER MARKETING

This article argues in favor of using motion picture screens as a medium for the presentation of advertising messages. The concept and history of cinema screen advertising is examined, previous and contemporary audience research on cinema ads is presented, and an argument favoring the adoption of cinema screen advertising is offered. Virtually all of the American mass media are characterized as commercial in the sense of being largely advertising supported. The most commonplace and pervasive media‐newspapers, television, radio, and magazines—all share this characteristic. Cinema, however, is and has been supported almost entirely by patrons. Moreover, today there is much discussion as well as research on how new communications technologies might be employed to meet advertising and marketing needs. This article examines a mass communications technology which has been present for a century but has been virtually untapped as an advertising and marketing medium for reaching American consumers. Few individuals think of theatrically exhibited motion pictures as a likely medium to be supported by advertising. Introductory mass communications, advertising, and marketing texts regularly omit mention of this notion. This article argues that in an age of new communications technologies, use of this older technology for advertising and marketing carries many of the same advantages as does use of the emerging ones. This article explores the concept of cinema advertising, presents previous and contemporary audience research on cinema ads, and argues that today, especially, this long‐neglected medium should be adopted for the dissemination of information by the consumer marketing and advertising industries.
Cyclic AMP—Dependent Reversible Phosphorylation of Renal Medullary Plasma Membrane Protein

In medullary tissue from bovine kidney, three elements required for cyclic AMPdependent phosphorylation of plasma membrane protein were found: a) a protein kinase which is stimulated by cyclic AMP (Km = 10-7M) ; b) a plasma membrane fraction containing protein(s) which could serve as an acceptor of phosphate and which could be phosphorylated through the action of cyclic AMP—dependent protein kinase; and c) a protein phosphatase, which catalyzes the release of phosphate bound to membrane proteins and which is not stimulated by cyclic AMP. These findings support the view, that cyclic AMP—dependent phosphorylation of plasma membrane protein(s) might be the step in the cellular mechanism of ADH action subsequent to the ADH—stimulated formation of cyclic AMP.(Endocrinology 91: 738, 1972)
Study on the combination of video concept detectors

This paper studies the combination of video concept detectors with a labeled fusion set. We point out that the computational cost of the grid search for fusion weights increases exponentially with the number of detectors, and it is thus infeasible when dealing with a large number of detectors. To avoid the difficulty, we adopt incremental fusion approach, i.e., in each round two detectors are combined and hence only 1-dimensional grid search is needed. We propose a Bottom-Up Incremental Fusion (BUIF) method which keeps selecting the detectors with lowest performance for combination. We conduct experiments on TRECVID benchmark dataset for 39 concepts with 38 detection methods. Ten different fusion strategies are compared, and empirical results have demonstrated the superiority of the proposed incremental fusion approach.
Peer Support: Coming of Age of and/or Miles to Go Before We Sleep? An Introduction

At the time of this writing, the Veterans Administration has succeeded in hiring over 1,000 peer support staff (200 more than its target of 800) and 31 states have come to agreements with the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) to include peer support on the panel of behavioral health services that are reimbursable. In anticipation of a rapid and significant expansion of the peer workforce as a result of implementation of the next phase of the Affordable Care Act, peer leaders from around the country recently came together, at the invitation of the federal Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), to develop and adopt a set of national practice guidelines for peer support services in behavioral health.1 Additional work is currently underway to develop a complimentary set of practitioner competencies and a national code of ethics, all of which are building blocks for the instantiation of peer support as its own profession. Clearly, we have come a long way since persons with histories of serious mental illnesses first began to volunteer, and then later were paid, to function as “case manager assistants” in the late 1980s.
Performance of particle in cell methods on highly concurrent computational architectures

Particle in cell (PIC) methods are effective in computing Vlasov-Poisson system of equations used in simulations of magnetic fusion plasmas. PIC methods use grid based computations, for solving Poisson's equation or more generally Maxwell's equations, as well as Monte-Carlo type methods to sample the Vlasov equation. The presence of two types of discretizations, deterministic field solves and Monte-Carlo methods for the Vlasov equation, pose challenges in understanding and optimizing performance on today large scale computers which require high levels of concurrency. These challenges arises from the need to optimize two very different types of processes and the interactions between them. Modern cache based high-end computers have very deep memory hierarchies and high degrees of concurrency which must be utilized effectively to achieve good performance. The effective use of these machines requires maximizing concurrency by eliminating serial or redundant work and minimizing global communication. A related issue is minimizing the memory traffic between levels of the memory hierarchy because performance is often limited by the bandwidths and latencies of the memory system. This paper discusses some of the performance issues, particularly in regard to parallelism, of PIC methods. The gyrokinetic toroidal code (GTC) is used for these studies and a new radial grid decomposition is presented and evaluated. Scaling of the code is demonstrated on ITER sized plasmas with up to 16K Cray XT3/4 cores.
Bone Strength of Height-Restricted Broilers as Affected by Levels of Calcium, Phosphorus, and Manganese

Abstract Three experiments were conducted to determine the effects of certain dietary minerals on humerus breaking strength of broilers grown for 7 weeks in colony cage floor pens 30 cm high or grown in regular floor pens. Data were also collected on tibia strength in the first two experiments. The following dietary factors were involved: Experiment 1 consisted of three diets with increasing amounts of calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) but constant Ca:P ratio of 1.3:1.0; Experiment 2 comprised four diets with different P levels but with Ca constant at .9%, causing the Ca:P ratio to vary from 1.8:1.0 to .8:1.0; Experiment 3 was made up of six diets with three increasing levels of Ca and P but a constant Ca:P ratio of 1.3:1.0 and two manganese levels in a factorial arrangement. Data from all three experiments showed humerus breaking strength for broilers grown in regular floor pens to be significantly greater than for those grown in colony cage floor pens. No significant difference was found in tibia strength due to pen type. In Experiment 1, tibia and humerus breaking strengths increased as dietary Ca and P increased. In Experiment 2, humerus breaking strength maximized with dietary P at .7 and .9%. In the final experiment, varying manganese (Mn) caused no statistically significant differences in humerus breaking strength. There was some evidence that high Mn levels may interfere with Ca and P absorption or utilization when these minerals are at low levels. These data show slight improvements can be made in humerus strength of height-restricted birds by increasing dietary Ca and P provided a Ca:P ratio of approximately 1.3:1.0 is maintained.
Calculation of electronic circular dichroism spectra by rotating wave approximation

Calculations of the circular dichroism spectra of a few small and medium sized organic molecules are presented within the rotating wave approximation (RWA). Comparing with the conventional method based on calculation of rotatory strengths, one advantage of this approach is that information on absorption band widths and peaks heights are easily extracted. This aspect, when combined with a fitting procedure in which a Gaussian function is centred at each excitation energy, allows circular dichroism spectra to be readily simulated. Another advantage is that closed form analytical expressions for the state probability of a two-level chiral molecule interacting with a circularly polarized radiation field may be employed in the computation. The theory developed is applied to methyl substituted aziridines, dimethyloxirane and pentahelicene, whose molecular properties are computed using ab initio and time-dependent density functional theory methods. Agreement with experimental spectra is satisfactory.
Controlability by completions of partial upper triangular matrices

Given an irreducible partial upper triangularn × n matrixA, it is shown that for every nonzero vectorb there exists a completionA c ofA such that the pair (A c ,b) is controllable. Various extensions and applications of this result are given.
Ultrafine Particulate Dispersed High-Temperature Coatings by Hybrid Spray Process

Oxide dispersion strengthened alloys (ODS), although not commonly used in coating applications, have long been used for high-temperature structural applications due to their superior creep properties. In this paper, we present the design, synthesis, and characterization of a new class of functionally engineered high-temperature coatings in which ultrafine oxide particulates are dispersed in the matrix alloy to achieve superior creep resistance along with improved high-temperature corrosion and erosion resistance. These coatings were fabricated using a novel technique called “hybrid spray process”. Hybrid spray technique combines arc spray and high-velocity oxy fuel (HVOF) spray processes; the metallic matrix alloys are fused by the wire arcing component of the process, whereas the ultrafine particles are synthesized in-flight by the HVOF component from liquid precursors. These particulate dispersed high-temperature composite coatings were fabricated using liquid precursors for SiO2, Cr2O3, Al2O3, and wire feed stock of 55/45 NiCr, in one step. The coatings were then characterized using electron microscopy (SEM/TEM) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). High-temperature erosion, oxidation, and corrosion performance of these coatings were also evaluated and compared with 304 stainless steel, arc sprayed NiCr coatings as well as Alloy 625 overlay cladding. The hybrid spray process produced dense coatings with uniform dispersion of the ultrafine oxide particles. Further, these coatings also demonstrated superior corrosion, erosion, and oxidation resistance; SiO2 particulate dispersion being most effective in terms of high-temperature corrosion resistance.
Preliminary Observations on the Reproductive Physiology of Female Orangemouth Corvina in Captivity

Seasonal changes In oocyte growth and plasma estradiol, testosterone, thyroid hormones and vitellogenin levels were monitored in three captive adult female orangemouth corvina Cynoscion xanthulus subjected to a condensed (8 mo) seasonal cycle of photoperiod and water temperature. Plasma concentrations of estradiol and testosterone began to rise when temperature increased to 28 C and photoperiod to 15 h light (midsummer conditions). This was accompanied by elevated circulating levels of vitellogenin and the appearance of vitellogenic oocytes (diameter > 100 μm). Estradiol concentrations and mean oocyte size increased concurrently during late summer conditions and were maximum during fall conditions, approximately 8 wk after the beginning of ovarian recrudescence. In contrast, plasma levels of thyroid hormones did not show any distinct seasonal changes. Gonadally recrudesced females contained several size classes of vitellogenic oocytes. Injection of these fish with a luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone analog (LHRHa) caused maturation and spawning of the largest oocytes (mean diameter of follicles × 2500 μm). Another group of vitellogenic oocytes had been recruited into this size class by 2 wk after the end of spawning, which suggests that this species is capable of repeated spawning during the reproductive season. Injection of LHRHa resulted in increased plasma levels of gonadotropin and repeated spawning over several days. LHRHa-induced final oocyte maturation, ovulation and spawning were preceded by increases in plasma levels of two teleostean maturation-inducing steroids, 17α,20β, 21-trihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (20β-S) and 17α,20β-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (17α,20β-P4). The results provide preliminary evidence that oocyte growth is stimulated in orangemouth corvina subjected to an abbreviated seasonal cycle in captivity under midsummer photoperiod and temperature conditions and is associated with seasonal increases in plasma estradiol concentrations and vitellogenin production. However, the relative importance of 20β-S versus 17α, 20β-P4 in the control of final oocyte maturation in this species could not be determined from the results of the present study.
The Effects of Different Training Conditions on Transfer in Concept Formation

Abstract The effects of different practice conditions on transfer were investigated in two experiments involving concept-formation problems. In both experiments, the participants learned concepts by use of either the receptive or selective procedures. In the first experiment, participants were required to learn concepts, with delayed feedback, on the practice task; the concepts on the transfer tasks were from the same category. For the second experiment, participants received reduced feedback during training; the concepts on the transfer tasks were from a different category. Although the receptive procedure, in comparison with the selective method, slowed concept attainment, it facilitated transfer on all transfer tasks. In addition, delaying and lowering the percentage of feedback trials had the same effects. The results support other findings that conditions that make initial learning more difficult may increase positive transfer.
Opportunity or Inequality in Vocational Education? A Qualitative Investigation

ABSTRACTRecent research points to an association between participation in certain kinds of secondary vocational programs and the development of improved attitudes (e.g. toward self, school, work, and others). There is considerable disagreement, however, over the meaning of these findings. Supporters of vocational education suggest they reflect the capacity of vocational programs to enhance the work skills and opportunity of disadvantaged participants; critics, on the other hand, argue they reveal the process by which vocational education actually inhibits the opportunity of such youth by fostering compliant work attitudes and an acceptance on their part of low status employment.The study here is an attempt to address this debate through ethnographic investigation. It suggests that while most of the students found their programs enjoyable and rewarding, this response was, generally, the product of a complex assemblage of personal, social, economic, family, and educational factors which worked against the g...
Action Research, School Change, and the Silencing of Teacher Voice

Abstract A group of elementary school teachers and the researcher engaged in collaborative action research in order to explore, implement, and document practitioner initiated change. Three assertions are reported: (1) teachers' newfound voices can be silenced by peers; (2) collaborative action research groups may provide essential support during school change efforts; (3) teachers can be silenced by a principal, even one who is supportive of school change and teacher empowerment. Support for these assertions unfold through the stories of two teachers and their principal. Implications for teacher education are drawn.
Population dynamics and parasitism of Coniesta (= Haimbachia ) ignefusalis, Sesamia calamistis , and Heliocheilus albipunctella in millet monoculture

Studies were conducted in Niger in 1986 and 1987 on the population dynamics and parasitism of the millet stem borer, Coniesta (=Haimbachia) ignefusalis (Hampson) (Lepidoptera:Pyralidae), Sesamiacalamistis Hampson, and the millet head caterpillar, Heliocheilus albipunctella de Joannis (Lepidoptera:Noctuidae). Planting dates were assessed for effects on population densities of C. ignefusalis and H. albipunctella. Population densities of C. ignefusalis were not reduced by adjusting millet planting dates, but were affected by millet growth stage. Platytelenomus sp. (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) was the most common parasite of C. ignefusalis on millet. Parasitism of C. ignefusalis larvae and pupae was rare. Sesamia calamistis was a minor pest of millet in Niger, and was rarely parasitized. Population densities of H. albipunctella were reduced by delaying millet planting dates. Bracon hebetor (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) was the most common parasite of H. albipunctella.
A Historical Review of Common Bone Graft Materials in Foot and Ankle Surgery

Foot and ankle fusion is an important treatment for arthritis and deformities of the ankle and hindfoot. The literature has shown that there are improvements in fusion rates with the addition of bone graft and bone graft substitutes. Today autografts, specifically the iliac crest bone graft (ICBG), continue to be the gold standard despite significant donor site morbidity and nonunion rates, persisting around 10%. To address these drawbacks, bone graft substitutes have been developed. This article includes a historical review of the use, outcomes, and safety of autografts, allografts, and bone graft substitutes, such as ceramics, demineralized bone matrix, and platelet-derived growth factor.
Thermodynamic and noise considerations for the detection of microscopic particles in a gas by photoacoustic Raman spectroscopy

We develop a simple thermodynamic model to describe the heat transfer mechanisms and generation of acoustic waves in photoacoustic Raman spectroscopy by small particulate suspensions in a gas. Using Langevin methods to describe the thermal noise we study the signal and noise properties, and from the noise equivalent power we determine the minimum number density of the suspended particles that can be detected. We find that for some relevant cases, as few as 100 particles per cubic meter can be detected.
The relationship of transmembrane potential to surface morphology of human atrial muscle and cardiac hemodynamics.

A correlative study of transmembrane potential characteristics, surface morphological features of human atrial muscle, and cardiac hemodynamics was carried out in 41 patients, who were divided into 2 groups based on the level of the mean maximum diastolic potentials (MDP). Group A consisted of 19 patients with MDP values ranging from -60.0 to -82.0 mV (mean +/- S.D. = -65.70 +/- 6.63 mV). Group B included 22 patients who had abnormally low MDP (range -36.0- -58.5 mV, mean +/- S.D. = -48.14 +/- 6.72 mV). The differences in electrophysiological data were statistically significant. However, there were no significant differences in the hemodynamic data between the 2 groups. Furthermore, there was poor correlation between the electrophysiological and hemodynamic data in both groups. In group A, scanning and transmission electron microscopy revealed either no changes or only mild alterations in the surface morphology of the atrial myocardium. Various degrees of surface morphological changes, including a focal loss of the endothelium which was always associated with endocardial fibrosis, irregular thickening and lamination of the glycocalyx, disruption of the sarcolemma and complete destruction of the surface membrane structures were more often observed in group B. These results provide valuable evidence that sarcolemmal changes may underlie the electrophysiological alterations in diseased human atria. We suggest that the principal pathogenetic mechanisms leading to the transmembrane potential changes are the altered surface morphology of atrial myocardial cells, resulting from underlying disease processes.
The VLBA GigaBit-per-second data recording system

Abstract The VLBA Data Recording System was designed to support a peak aggregate data rate of 512 Megabits per second initially, and be expandable to peak aggregate rates of 1024 Megabits per second (“1 Gbps”). Budgetary constraints prevented even the planned initial capability from being completed as part of the VLBA construction project, and it is only now nearing completion. In the meantime, while the VLBA was being completed, Haystack Observatory developed and partially implemented the design of the Mark 4 recording system, a further development beyond the Mark 3A system upon which the VLBA system design was based. Mark 4 can record at aggregate data rates up to 1 Gbps. To maintain the VLBA's competitiveness in terms of sensitivity, and in particular to be ready for the ARISE Space VLBI mission's wideband data downlink, it is time now to exercise the expansion option designed into the VLBA Data Recording System. This paper describes current plans within NRAO for such a development. Besides the Gbps implementation originally foreseen for the VLBA Data Recording System, development of the Mark 4 system has made possible as alternative implementation. The relative merits of these two implementations are discussed.
Seashells: Detoxifying Agents for Metal-Contaminated Waters

Effective treatments of industrial waste streams and toxic spills containing heavy metals depend on the rapid removal of high concentrations of metal ions. Here we describe such a method using minimally-processed waste mollusk and crustacean exoskeletons. The process of metal extraction and immobilization was studied using atomic absorption, SEM/EDAX, and x-ray diffraction to investigate both solution and mineral phases. Compared to calcium carbonates of geologic origin, biomineralized shell materials exhibit extremely rapid sequestration of metal ions: a 10,000 mg L−1 Pb solution for example, can be reduced to less than about 0.5 mg L−1 in five minutes using comminuted shell of clam (M. mercenaria), while at higher initial concentrations, both clam and oyster (C. virginica) shell can extract almost twice their weight of Pb. The uptake mechanism involves the exchange of Ca for Pb in the inorganic fraction of the shell structure. Results highlight the importance of both surface area and the presence of the organic matrix of biominerals in determining the rate and quantity of metal ions abstracted, and the uniquely coherent residues produced in the process.
Molecular mechanics (MM2) calculations on organo selenium and tellurium compounds

Abstract A force field for organo selenium and tellurium compounds has been developed as an extension of MM2. Because of the limited data available, the force field is not as well grounded as most MM2 force fields, but it should be adequate for most structural and conformational work.
Near infrared spectroscopy: Experience on esophageal atresia infants

Abstract Objective Near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) gradually became the gold standard to guide anesthetic conduction during cardiac surgery, and nowadays, it is commonly utilized to monitor cerebral oxygenation during invasive procedures. Preterm babies also benefit from this non-invasive monitoring to prevent neurological sequelae. However, few data are available on NIRS perioperative changes in newborn operated on for major non-cardiac malformations. Aim of the present study is to evaluate the usefulness of NIRS assessment during and after esophageal atresia (EA) correction and its correlation with clinical behavior. Patients and Methods All patients treated for EA from May 2011 were prospectively enrolled in the study. All infants underwent “open” correction of EA and cerebral and splanchnic NIRS was applied up to 48 h after surgery. Body temperature, blood pressure, pH, paSO2, paCO2, and urine output, were recorded during NIRS registration. Mann–Whitney test and 1-way ANOVA (Kruskal–Wallis and Dunn’s multiple comparison tests) were used as appropriate. Results Seventeen patients were enrolled into the study and 13 were available for the analysis. Four patients were excluded because of poor NIRS registration. Cerebral and renal NIRS values significantly decreased at 24 h post-operatively (p Conclusion Our data confirmed that perioperative monitoring of tissue oxygenation during neonatal esophageal surgery is feasible. Cerebral and renal NIRS evaluation, as for cardiac patients, may guide anesthetic conduction and postoperative care. Out data suggest a newly observed hemodynamic reorganization during esophageal surgery involving renal and, probably, splanchnic blood flow redistribution, demonstrated by the observed subsequent significant post-operative transitory decrease in urinary output. Reducing the decrement in cerebral and renal NIRS values may improve, and ideally eliminate, the well-known late sequelae linked to hemodynamic changes during surgery. More studies are needed to better understand the causes of the NIRS described hemodynamic changes and, therefore, correct them.
Genetic control of acquired high temperature tolerance in winter wheat

The development of high temperature-tolerant wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) germplasm is necessary to improve plant productivity under high-temperature stress environments. The quantification of high temperature tolerance and the characterization of its genetic control are necessary for germplasm enhancement efforts. This study was conducted to determine the genetic control of acquired high temperature tolerance in common bread wheat cultivars. Reduction of 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) by heat-stressed seedling leaves was used as a quantitative measure to characterize acquired high temperature tolerance. Eleven-day-old seedlings of 20 F1 progeny produced through a complete 5×5 (‘Payne’, ‘Siouxland’, ‘Sturdy’, ‘TAM W-101’, and ‘TAM 108’) diallel mating design were acclimated at 37° C for 24 hours, followed by a 2-hour incubation at 50° C. Under these test conditions, acquired high temperature tolerance ranged from a high of 75.7% for the genotype TAM W-101 × TAM 108, to a low of 37.3% for the genotype Payne × Siouxland. Partitioning of genotypic variance revealed that only the general combining ability component effect was statistically highly significant, accounting for 67% of the total genotypic variation. These results suggest that enhancing the level of high temperature tolerance in wheat germplasm is feasible utilizing existing levels of genetic variability and exploiting additive genetic effects associated with high temperature tolerance.
Prognostic Value of Admission Fasting Glucose Levels in Patients With Acute Coronary Syndrome

Data are limited regarding the best prognostic glucose measure for patients admitted for an acute coronary event. We examined the admission fasting glucose levels among patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) from the University of Michigan ACS registry. The glucose levels were grouped into 3 categories (≥70 to
Studies in Lithium Oxide Systems: VII, Li2O–B2O2–SiO2

Phase relations in the system Li2O–B2O3–SiO2 were studied by quenching and solid-state reactions. No ternary compounds were detected in the portion of the system containing less than 53% Li2O. Compatibility triangles were formed from the binary borate and silicate compounds. Liquidus data obtained by quenching are reported for four joins, Li2O·2SiO2–Li2O·2B2O3, Li2O·SiO2-Li2O·2B2O3, Li2O·SiO2-Li2O·B2O3, and Li2O·2B2O3-SiO2. The last join cuts across the two-liquid region and is not a true binary system. Some probable ternary invariant points were located in the portion of the system which was quenchable to glass and adjacent to the two-liquid region. Further data on the previously reported immiscible liquid formation are given and the significance is discussed. Data on the thermal expansion behavior of certain glasses are presented.
"Raman gain suppression, four-wave mixing, and energy transfer"

The physical mechanism for Raman gain suppression due to Stokes/anti-Stokes coupling under phase matched conditions is clarified by a discussion of energy transfer in Raman resonant four-wave mixing. The fallacy of a common misconception that this mixing does not transfer energy between the light and the Raman medium is illustrated.
Applying Silvia's model of interest to academic text: Is there a third appraisal?

Abstract Recent research, treating interest as an emotion, indicates the cognitive appraisals of novelty-complexity and coping potential predict interest. This appraisal-based model of interest has not yet been applied to educational research. The present study evaluated the significance of the model regarding the activity of reading expository, academic-oriented text, and assessed whether a third previously untested appraisal of goal relevance could predict interest as well. Sixty-five undergraduate psychology students, 41 females and 24 males, completed several instruments—assessments of interest and three appraisals across time, experimental texts, and a measure trait curiosity as a control variable. Goal relevance, was shown to predict interest across the sample to a statistically significant degree (Unstandardized β = .567; t = 6.258; p
Evidence-Based Approaches to Improving Chemical Equilibrium Instruction

Two suggestions for instruction in chemical equilibrium are presented, along with the evidence that supports these suggestions. The first is to use diagrams to connect chemical reactions to the effects of reactions on concentrations. The second is the use of the majority and minority species (M&M) strategy to analyze chemical equilibrium systems. Two studies are presented in support of these suggestions.
Root-n consistent estimation in partly linear regression models☆

Abstract This paper deals with root-n consistent estimation of the parameter β in the partly linear regression model Y = βT U + γ(X) + e, where β ∈ R p , γ is a function on [0, 1]q, the error variable e satisfies E(e / U, X) = 0 and E(e2 / U, X) is bounded, and the random vector (UT, XT)T is R p × [0, 1] q - valued . Under an identifiability condition, least squares type estimates of β are shown to be root-n consistent under mild smoothness assumptions on γ, h or both, where h(X) = E(U | X). No assumption on the distribution of X are imposed. This result improves on a result of Chen (1988).
Effect of an interferon inhibitor on the antiproliferative signal of interferon-α

We have described a nonantibody type inhibitor of interferons (IFN) in the blood of patients with AIDS, advanced neoplastic disorders, and lupus erythematosus in earlier reports (1,2). In the present study we show that the semipurified inhibitor blocks the antiproliferative signal of IFN-alpha in Daudi cells and the membrane potential shifting ability of IFN-alpha is modulated by the interferon inhibitor preparation (IFI).
Ictal infraslow activity in stereoelectroencephalography: Beyond the "DC shift".

Abstract Objectives The significance of infraslow activity (ISA) in focal epilepsies is largely unknown. Recent work has demonstrated ictal ISA to be more widespread in expression than originally understood. Analysis of ISA by stereoelectroencephalography (SEEG) may help to clarify its localizing value, namely the focal versus widespread expression of ISA. Methods The ictal SEEG records for fifteen consecutive adult patients were retrospectively analyzed, using both conventional (1.6–70 Hz) and infraslow (0.01–0.1 Hz) bandpass filters. When justified, seizures were averaged in the infraslow band to clarify their stereotypy. Wavelets were used to quantify the time–frequency characteristics of ISA. Results All clinical seizures were found to possess ISA, and this was markedly invariant across seizures in a given patient. ISA showed biphasic peaks in power, both at ictal onset and offset, with this most prominent in the anatomical structures implicated by conventional analysis. In addition, ISA demonstrated an association with low voltage fast activity, and possessed a more restricted field than conventional activity. Conclusions ISA is both widespread (anatomically distributed) and focal (closed electric field). Seizures possess an infraslow spatiotemporal signature. Significance Beyond representing a “focus” of paroxysmal activity, ISA must arise from a network process as a component of wideband ictal dynamics. How this relates to clinical definition of the epileptogenic zone requires further study.
84. Depressive symptomology is more strongly associated with TNF-α levels and sleep than fitness, adiposity, or blood pressure in individuals with elevated blood pressure

Depression and elevated blood pressure (BP) have been associated with an increased inflammatory state; conversely, higher cardiovascular fitness and lower adiposity are both associated with a reduced inflammatory state. The current study examined relationships among depression, sleep, cardiovascular fitness, adiposity, and circulating levels of TNF-α and IL-6 in 67 sedentary men and women with elevated BP (>120/80 to179/109 mmHg). Cardiovascular fitness was determined by peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak) during a treadmill exercise. Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry (DEXA) was used to determine percent body fat. The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) was used as a measure of depressive symptomatology. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) was used as a measure of sleep quality. Plasma TNF-α and IL-6 levels were determined by commercial ELISA. A series of multivariate regression analyses aimed at predicting depression included age, gender, percent fat, SBP, VO2peak, PSQI and CES-D were conducted. Higher CESD scores were predicted by higher PSQI scores (beta = .236; p = .048) and TNF-α (beta = .286; p = .017). These results reveal disturbed sleep and elevated inflammation as the most significant predictors of elevated depressive mood among prehypertensive and hypertensive individuals, beyond contributions of BP, adiposity and fitness. In conclusion, these results shed more light on the complex interrelationship among inflammation, sleep quality and depressive symptomology in individuals with cardiovascular pathology, which requires further research.
Psychotherapy Training: Residents' Perceptions and Experiences.

Objective This survey examined actual training hours in psychotherapy modalities as reported by residents, residents’ perceptions of training needs, and residents’ perceptions of the importance of different aspects of psychotherapy training.
Role of Folylpolygutamate Synthetase (FPGS) in Antifolate Chemotherapy; a Biochemical and Clinical Update

Even though folate antimetabolites were introduced over forty years ago, they continue to be the backbone of many active chemotherapeutic regimens used by medical and pediatric oncologists. The recognition of polyglutamylation by folylpolyglutamate synthetase (FPGS) as an important metabolic step in the "activation" of classical antifolates and novel drugs aimed at thymidylate synthase (TS) and de novo purine synthesis, has resulted in renewed interest in this class of drugs. In addition, the emergence of secondary neoplasms in patients treated with alkylating agents and topoisomerase inhibitors in contrast to the exceptional safety record of antimetabolites, underscores the need for clinical trials that incorporate new strategies with known active antimetabolites and novel promising agents. In that context, FPGS is an important target for further laboratory and clinical investigations.
A syntactic theory of sequential control

Abstract Sequential control operators like J and call/cc are often found in implementations of the λ-calculus as a programming language. Their semantics is always defined by the evaluation function of an abstract machine. We show that, given such a machine semantics, one can derive an algebraic extension of the λ υ -calculus. The extended calculus satisfies the diamond property and contains a Church-Rosser subcalculus. This underscores that the interpretation of control operators is to a certain degree independent of a specific evaluation strategy. We also prove a standardization theorem and use it to investigate the correspondence between the machine and the calculus. Together, the calculus and the rewriting machine form a syntactic theory of control, which provides a natural basis for reasoning about programs with nonfunctional control operators.
Embolization in trauma: Principles and techniques

Trauma continues to be the leading cause of death in the young population. Uncontrolled bleeding is a major factor in early mortality after trauma, contributing to 30 to 40% of trauma-related deaths. Transcatheter embolization techniques play a significant role in the comprehensive modern treatment of traumatic vascular injuries to solid organs and extremities. The purpose of this article is to review current principles and techniques in the use of embolization for the treatment of traumatic arterial injuries of solid organs and extremities.
Insecticide Cross-Resistance in Pyrethroid-Resistant Strains of Tobacco Budworn (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Dose-mortality regressions were estimated for eight pyrethyroids applied to fenvalerate-resistant strain of tobacco bud worm, Helios this viruses (F.), collected during 1986. A broad spectrum of cross-resistance was detected to permethrin (16.0-fold), cypermethrin 9.4-fold), flu validate (15.5-fold), biphenthrin (11.9-fold), esfenvalerate (10.4-fold), and deltamethrin (6.7-fold), although only cypermethrin, fenvalerate, and permethrin have been used extensively in the field. Cross-resistance to lambda-cyhalothrin was consistently low (1-2-fold) on several strains of tobacco bud worm. Pyrethroid-resistant strains tested with methyl parathion and profenofos exhibited 2.0-15.8-fold and 4.1-5.1-fold levels of resistance, respectively. Methyl parathion resistance was correlated with increasing levels of fenvalerate resistance.
Heave response of long riserless drill strings

Abstract The sensitivity of heave response predictions for long riserless drill strings hanging from a floating vessel are examined. A general analytical procedure is presented which is suitable for a variety of deepwater pipe systems. The dynamic response behavior is characterized in terms of the dynamic magnification, phase angle and total stress. The examples presented here focus on drill string systems, which vary in length from 9000 ft (2743 m) to 27,000 ft (8230 m) and can include a large package to be lowered to the seafloor. A procedure for evaluating the undamped natural periods and the corresponding mode shapes is presented. The sensitivity of the natural period estimates to hydrodynamic added mass approximations is examined. Numerical results for both design wave and random sea simulations are used to illustrate the sensitivity of the dynamic response in near resonant conditions and the possibility of exciting higher modes for very long riserless drill string systems. Finally, the sensitivity of the displacement predictions to reasonable variations in skin friciton and viscous drag coefficients are presented and discussed.
The role of corroborative evidence in child sexual abuse evaluations

Published studies of forensic child sexual abuse (CSA) evaluations by mental health and medical professionals and paraprofessionals (MHPs) were analysed in order to evaluate two widely held assumptions. These related assumptions are (1) evidence that corroborates children’s reports of sexual abuse is rare in forensic CSA evaluations; and (2) in the vast majority of evaluations, MHPs base their judgements about whether or not sexual abuse allegations are true on their assessments of children’s reports of sexual abuse and other psychosocial data. Data from fi ve chart review studies of a combined total of 894 forensic CSA evaluations provided suffi cient information to assess the validity of these assumptions. Corroborative evidence was present in 36% of the 894 evaluations and in 54% of evaluations in which MHPs judged the allegations likely to be true, contradicting the fi rst assumption. In the evaluations in which corroborative evidence was present, the presence or absence of a child’s report of sexual abuse was only weakly associated with MHPs’ judgements about the validity of the allegations (allegations in almost all corroborated cases were judged likely to be true, even in the absence of a child’s report), partially contradicting the second assumption. Implications of this analysis for research and policy are discussed. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Methyl β-d-galactopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-d-allopyranoside tetrahydrate

The title compound, C(13)H(24)O(11).4H(2)O, (I), crystallized from water, has an internal glycosidic linkage conformation having phi' (O5(Gal)-C1(Gal)-O1(Gal)-C4(All)) = -96.40 (12) degrees and psi' (C1(Gal)-O1(Gal)-C4(All)-C5(All)) = -160.93 (10) degrees , where ring-atom numbering conforms to the convention in which C1 denotes the anomeric C atom, C5 the ring atom bearing the exocyclic hydroxymethyl group, and C6 the exocyclic hydroxymethyl (CH(2)OH) C atom in the betaGalp and betaAllp residues. Internal linkage conformations in the crystal structures of the structurally related disaccharides methyl beta-lactoside [methyl beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1-->4)-beta-D-glucopyranoside] methanol solvate [Stenutz, Shang & Serianni (1999). Acta Cryst. C55, 1719-1721], (II), and methyl beta-cellobioside [methyl beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-->4)-beta-D-glucopyranoside] methanol solvate [Ham & Williams (1970). Acta Cryst. B26, 1373-1383], (III), are characterized by phi' = -88.4 (2) degrees and psi' = -161.3 (2) degrees , and phi' = -91.1 degrees and psi' = -160.7 degrees , respectively. Inter-residue hydrogen bonding is observed between O3(Glc) and O5(Gal/Glc) in the crystal structures of (II) and (III), suggesting a role in determining their preferred linkage conformations. An analogous inter-residue hydrogen bond does not exist in (I) due to the axial orientation of O3(All), yet its internal linkage conformation is very similar to those of (II) and (III).
Linkage Analysis of 19 Candidate Regions for Insulin Resistance in Familial NIDDM

As part of an ongoing search for diabetes susceptibility loci, we tested linkage with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) for 19 candidate loci or regions chosen for their potential to affect directly or indirectly the action of insulin. Loci were associated with insulin resistance, known effects on lipid metabolism, or effects on glucose metabolism or insulin action. Loci included the insulin-responsive (GLUT4) glucose transporter, hexokinase 2, glucagon, growth hormone, insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS1), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, hepatic and muscle forms of pyruvate kinase, hepatic phosphofructokinase, the apolipoprotein B and the apolipoprotein A2 cluster, lipoprotein lipase, hepatic triglyceride lipase, the very-low-density-lipoprotein receptor, and the Pima insulin resistance locus on chromosome 4. For several candidates, no specific informative marker was available; consequently, we tested the surrounding region with highly informative markers. These regions included the diabetes-associated ras -like gene, rad , and the cholesterol ester–transfer gene, both mapped to chromosome 16. Additionally, we tested for linkage with markers at the tumor necrosis factor–α gene and the Friedreich's ataxia region. All regions were tested for linkage with microsatellite polymorphisms in >450 individuals from a minimum of 16 Caucasian families under parametric (LINKAGE 5.1) and nonparametric (affected pedigree member) models. On initial analysis, each region was rejected as a major diabetogenic locus under parametric models (logarithm of odds [LOD] <− 2) and nonparametric analyses, except growth hormone (LOD = 1.42; P < 0.005, nonparametric analysis) and IRS1 ( P < 0.001, nonparametric analysis). Linkage of IRS1 and NIDDM was no longer significant when additional families were tested, and linkage of growth hormone under parametric analysis could likewise be rejected. However, under nonparametric, model-independent analysis, linkage to the growth hormone region remained suggestive. Additionally, possible evidence for linkage ( P < 0.05) was found under nonparametric models for apolipoprotein A2 in an expanded sample of 29 families. We excluded multiple candidates as major diabetogenic loci, including fatty acid binding protein 2, IRS1, the insulin-responsive glucose transporter, and rad . However, the region around the growth hormone locus on chromosome 17 warrants further analysis in other populations.
Pheromone-blend discrimination by European corn borer moths with inter-race and inter-sex antennal transplants

Transplantation of larval antennal imaginal disks between the pheromone races of the European corn borer moth produced males and females of one race with male antennal phenotypes of the race using the opposite pheromone blend. All of the adults with transplanted antennal disks that exhibited a pheromone-mediated response in the flight tunnel did so with the pheromone blend of the recipient's race, even though the respective males and females possessed male antennae of the opposite race. Our results support the conclusion that male antennal response type is not a determining factor in pheromone-blend discrimination in male moths.