cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Problem of Higher Knowledge in Hegel's Philosophy*

There are two main aspects of the problem of higher knowledge in Hegel's philosophy. Firstly, how exactly does Hegel appropriate Kant's conception of higher knowledge in the shape of intellectual intuition and intuitive understanding? Secondly, how does Hegel envision the connection of higher knowledge to empirical reality? Recent attempts at answering these questions pull in opposite directions. According to Eckart Forster, Hegel claims knowledge of a supersensible reality, while others, such as James Kreines and Sally Sedgwick, deny this, focusing rather on Hegel's claims to knowledge of nature. I suggest an interpretation where Hegel makes a modest claim to supersensible knowledge but at the same time is unable to provide a satisfactory account of the connection of higher knowledge to empirical reality.1
Radiocarbon timescale tested against magnetic and other dating methods

A detailed comparison of conventional radiocarbon years with calendar years covering the past four centuries is given. Relatively large atmospheric 14C changes are encountered over this time, and even very precise 14C dating cannot entirely solve the problems of age calibration. By matching radiocarbon ages with ages derived from 230Th/234U, thermoluminescence and magnetic dating, the 14C timescale is shown to deviate by a maximum of 2,000 yr over the 9,000–32,000 yr BP interval.
Preterm birth: Hazardous obstetrical and postnatal events as related to caregiver-infant behavior

It has been suggested that diminished caregiver-infant interaction is likely with biologically-at-risk infants. This paper examines the question: Does the presence of adverse conditions surrounding the pregnancy and birth interfere with caregiver-infant interaction with preterm infants? Birth weight, gestational age, length of hospitalization, hazardous obstetrical, and postnatal events in a sample of 123 preterm infants were correlated with caregiver and infant behaviors in naturalistic observations in the home when the infants were one-month-old. Caregiver behaviors were related to prior events such that the infants who had experienced a more hazardous biological course received more social interaction as well as routine caretaking. Infant behaviors were also related to prior obstetrical and postnatal events. Infants with a more hazardous course had a shorter period of wakefulness and were less irritable during their awake time. The results suggested that hazardous obstetrical and postnatal events tended to alter infant behaviors and enhanced, rather than diminished, caregiver-infant interaction with preterm infants, at least 1 month of age.
Small sample properties of Canonical Cointegrating Regressions

Monte Carlo simulations are performed to examine small sample properties of Canonical Cointegrating Regressions (CCR). The first data generation process is designed to generate both cointegrated and non-cointegrated systems with normal disturbances. If the near-observational equivalence of the stationary and the integrated processes is not significant, both powers and empirical sizes of CCR tests are acceptable. The second data generation process is based on the error correction model. Cointegrated systems with various fat-tailed disturbances are generated and analyzed. The empirical sizes of CCR tests with studentt disturbances and GARCH disturbances are found to be reasonable under certain restrictions. The last data generation process is a generalized least squares (GLS) process that incorporates heteroskedasticity into the error correction model. Again, the empirical sizes of CCR tests are reasonable.
Psychiatric aspects of drug addiction in Lebanon.

SummaryA comprehensive survey of all treated psychiatric illness over a 6-month period was conducted in Lebanon. This paper presents the data on 315 cases of drug addiction that were reported to the study. This information is analyzed in terms of components in prevalence and the independent variables of sex, age, marital status, income, education, and religion. The distribution of patients in the subcategories of drug addiction are presented and the referral and treatment processes discussed.The three key findings are the striking concentration of drug addicts among males, in the lower income group, and among Moslems.Manugian, and of the participating psychiatrists. Drs. Lyman C. Wynne and John Racy have been most helpful during the various phases of this research.
Metastatic Angiosarcoma in an Ileal Conduit: An Unusual Presentation

The authors in this study describe the case of a patient with a history of multiple malignancies who underwent total cystectomy with ileal loop urinary diversion and presented with a lower extremity angiosarcoma on the background of lymphedema a decade later. Shortly thereafter, she was diagnosed with metastatic ileal conduit angiosarcoma. The authors state that to their knowledge, this is the first case of ileal conduit angiosarcoma reported in the English literature.
Operant control of precentral neurons: The role of audio and visual feedback

Abstract Three monkeys were operantly conditioned to fire precentral neurons within a 30- to 60-ms interspike interval range. After being trained in this paradigm, the monkeys could demonstrate convincing control of newly encountered neurons in the absence of audio and visual feedback that was coincident with the units' action potentials. These data indirectly support previous findings implying that in this paradigm, subtle peripheral movements are primarily controlled by the monkey rather than by the firing of the precentral unit.
Open structure rhinoplasty for management of the non-Caucasian nose

Aesthetic surgery of the non-Caucasian nose frequently requires aggressive surgical manuevers to attain the desired changes in nasal contour. Unfortunately, thick, sebaceous skin of the non-Caucasian nose is at great risk for increased scar contracture, which could deform an already weak nasal structure. To prevent deformity, we use the open structure rhinoplasty technique to add support to the nasal structure in the form of columellar struts and sutured-in-place tip grafts. In this article, specific modifications of the open structure rhinoplasty technique are described for management of the non-Caucasian nose.
Progress towards database management standards

The first proposals for database management standards appeared in the late 1960s. Work began on a U.S. national standard in 1978. Today there are no domestic or international database management standards, although organizations throughout the world are working toward this goal. This paper describes these various organizations and the current status of their work. It outlines recent changes in the structure and scope of American database management standardization activities that have substantially improved the outlook for timely results.
Responses of neurons in bed nucleus of the stria terminalis to microiontophoretically applied morphine, norepinephrine and acetylcholine

Abstract The bed nucleus of the stria terminalis is a basal forebrain nucleus that receives inputs from limbic system nuclei and sends projections to several hypothalamic and brainstem nuclei, proposed to be involved in the physiological response to stressors. The bed nucleus of the stria terminalis also receives norepinephrine- (NE), acetylcholine- (ACh) and opiate-containing projections. The objectives of this experiment were to examine the effects of microiontophoretically applied ACh, NE and morphine sulfate (M) on neurons of the bed nucleus in urethane-anesthetized rats and to determine the degree to which these systems interract on individual neurons. Acetylcholine was excitatory in 43% of the neurons and NE was inhibitory in 70%. Morphine however, elicited two distinct types of response—excitation in 24% of the neurons and inhibition in 28%. Each of these effects was current-dependent and monophasic. Since 77% of neurons of the bed nucleus responded to two or more of the drugs used in this experiment, statistical analysis was used to determine correlations between responses to each of these drugs. This analysis showed that neurons that responded to M with excitation also responded to ACh with excitation, while neurons that responded to M with inhibition, were nonresponsive to ACh. No correlation was found between NE and either M or ACh. Thus, this experiment demonstrated the possible effects of noradrenergic, cholinergic and opioid innervation on firing rates of neurons of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and may explain the roles these neurotransmitters play in modulating the response to stress.
Dual-channel iterative speech enhancement with constraints on an auditory-based spectrum

A new frequency-domain, constrained iterative algorithm is proposed for dual-channel speech enhancement. The dual-channel enhancement scheme is shown to follow the iterative expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm, resulting in a two-step dual-channel Wiener filtering scheme. A new technique for applying constraints during the EM iterations is developed so as to take advantage of the auditory properties of speech perception. An overriding goal is to enhance quality and at least maintain intelligibility of the estimated speech signal. Constraints are applied over time and iteration on mel-cepstral parameters which parametrize an auditory based spectrum. These constraints also adapt to changing speech characteristics over time with the aid of an adaptive boundary detector. Performance is demonstrated in three areas for speech degraded by additive white Gaussian noise, aircraft cockpit noise, and computer cooling-fan noise. First, global objective speech quality measures show improved quality when compared to unconstrained dual-channel Wiener filtering and a traditional LMS-based adaptive noise cancellation technique, over a range of signal-to-noise ratios and cross-talk levels. Second, time waveforms and frame-to-frame quality measures show good improvement, especially in unvoiced and transitional regions of speech. Informal listening tests confirm improvement in duality as measured by objective measures. Finally, objective measures classified over individual phonemes for a subset of sentences from the TIMIT speech database show a consistent and superior improvement in quality. >
A tight clock synchronization technique for multiprocessor systems

In this paper we present a tight clock synchronization scheme for large-scale multiprocessor systems. the proposed scheme consists of two symmetric loops for transmission of the master clock signals and a skew cancellation circuit (SCC) for each node to be synchronized to the master clock. Each clocking signal generated by the master clock source is replicated into two identical copies and the twin signals are transmitted on two symmetric loops in opposite directions. to cancel the time skew between them caused by the transmission network, the time difference between the two clocks' arrival times at any node is first measured and stored in each node. Then each of the leading signals received from the loop in a node is issued to its functional units after the signal is delayed by half the measured phase difference. It is shown that the system clock skew can be made independent of the delay of the transmission lines by the proposed scheme at a low hardware cost. To explore the feasibility of the proposed scheme, the SCC is designed with a combination of programmable delay element arrays and a phase detector. the floor-plan of the SCC is implemented by the MAGIC VLSI lay-out tool based on MOSIS CMOS 2 μm technology and extensively simulated.
A CRITICAL REVIEW OF THE METHODOLOGY OF ENVIRONMENTAL RACISM RESEARCH

Research on environmental racism has emphasized positive rationality. While useful for policy and legal interventions, this is problematic from a radical political and theoretical viewpoint. By examining two key research questions–is “race” or class responsible for discriminatory patterns? which came first, the people or the hazard?–I explore the implicit assumptions concerning racism within this framework. This reveals a large, pervasive set of misconceptions, including a tendency to reduce racism to overt actions, denying racism as ideology, and insisting on a fixed, unitary idea of racism. Both scholars committed to antiracism and those who challenge environmental justice activists' claims reproduce these conceptualizations.
Z-transform theory and FDTD stability

In this paper we analyze the stability and the accuracy of finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) algorithms using Z-transform technique. Conventional time-staggered approximation of the time-derivative is replaced by a rational transfer function discrete-time filter. Then a generalized formulation of the FDTD time-stepping is presented. Finally, we show that it is possible significantly reduce the time-sampling error of FDTD algorithm by properly choosing the transfer function coefficients.
Inflation, Presidents, Fed Chairs, and Regime Shifts in the U.S. Real Interest Rate

Several recent papers agree on the existence of significant regime shifts in the U.S. real interest rate, but disagree on the proximate causes of the shifts. Caporale and Grier (2000) point to large political changes as correlates, while Rapach and Wohar (2004) show that real rate breaks are correlated with inflation regime shifts and argue that the inflation regime changes cause the real rate shifts. In this paper we show that, controlling for the timing of changes in the inflation regime, dummy variables representing either party change in the Presidency or change in the identity of the Fed Chair are still strongly significant for explaining real interest rate fluctuations. When we control for a fixed coefficient linear relationship between inflation and the real rate, we find two real rate regime shifts that line up almost exactly with the accessions of Paul Volcker and Alan Greenspan. Even if we first let inflation regime switches explain the real rate and then look for regime shifts in the residuals, we find almost exactly the same two breaks. These results imply that Fed Chairs sometimes differ with respect to their preferred equilibrium real interest rate.
Future projected trends in the care of the elderly individual with cancer, and implications for nursing

T HERE CAN BE little doubt that the next few decades will see profound changes in health care financing and delivery. The cost and quality of health care will continue to be major national issues influenced by the demographic changes that will occur in American society. The growing older population will play increasing roles in shaping organizations, financing, delivery mechanisms, and service provision in the health care arena, as well as in changing the emphasis in the practice of medicine. ’ Experts predict that the major health problems in the West by the year 2000 will be diseases associated with an aging population.2 These age-associated diseases are cancer, heart disease, and central nervous system disorders. with age. The incidence of cancer at the age of 25 is less than one in six hundred but by the age of 70 has risen to about one in ten. Thus, with the increasing number of elderly people, the nurse can expect to see more people presenting with the diagnosis of cancer.
Effect of relationship status on perceptions of physical attractiveness for alternative partners

Previous research has found that as people become increasingly involved with their partners, they evaluate alternatives more negatively. The present research tested two competing hypotheses that address the origin of this mechanism: (a) the motivational hypothesis suggests that devaluing alternatives is an effortful process where attractiveness is suppressed, and (b) the perceptual hypothesis suggests that devaluation is an automatic process where those in relationships simply find alternatives less attractive (e.g., Rusbult & Johnson, 1989; Simpson, Lerma, & Gangestad, 1990). This study provided the first direct test of the competing hypotheses by comparing pupil dilation, an involuntary measure of attractiveness, to self-reported attractiveness ratings. People exhibited the same pupil dilation regardless of relationship status; however, coupled participants rated alternative partners as significantly less attractive compared to non-coupled participants. Taken together, these results support the motivational hypothesis in that coupled people actively suppress or recalibrate their initial automatic perceptions of attractiveness to an alternative partner as part of a relationship preservation mechanism.
Measuring Mao Zedong Thought and Interpreting Organizational Communication in China

This study examines the impact of Maoist (Mao Zedong Thought; MZT) influence on organizational communication practices in the People's Republic of China. The authors developed an instrument from a thematic analysis of Mao's writings. Findings from the thematic analysis were used to create an instrument to measure MZT from an organizational communication perspective that was subsequently tested in a survey of more than 400 mainland Chinese employees working across 15 different organizations. Results suggest that MZT can be measured with some confidence with respect to reliability and validity. The results also suggest that MZT influences organizational communication practices to varying degrees in various mainland Chinese organizations. The findings are especially useful in today's global market for understanding organizational communication practices in China as well as other cultures.
A Network of Immediate Early Gene Products Propagates Subtle Differences in Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Signal Amplitude and Duration

The strength and duration of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling have been shown to regulate cell fate in different cell types. In this study, a general mechanism is described that explains how subtle differences in signaling kinetics are translated into a specific biological outcome. In fibroblasts, the expression of immediate early gene (IEG)-encoded Fos, Jun, Myc, and early growth response gene 1 (Egr-1) transcription factors is significantly extended by sustained extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 and 2 (ERK1 and -2) signaling. Several of these proteins contain functional docking site for ERK, FXFP (DEF) domains that serve to locally concentrate the active kinase, thus showing that they can function as ERK sensors. Sustained ERK signaling regulates the posttranslational modifications of these IEG-encoded sensors, which contributes to their sustained expression during the G(1)-S transition. DEF domain-containing sensors can also interpret the small changes in ERK signal strength that arise from less than a threefold reduction in agonist concentration. As a result, downstream target gene expression and cell cycle progression are significantly changed.
Epidemiology: Use and utility in the process

Much of this volume is oriented to the laboratory assessment of food safety. I, however, will focus on the search for adverse consequences of food consumption by humans who are not participating in an experiment. While others work on the problems of extrapolating from bacteria and rodents to man, and this work is certainly important, I prefer to examine directly what happens in humans. Alexander Pope advised, “The proper study of mankind is man.” Because the problems are so overwhelming, others may prefer, “Fools rush in where angels (or nonfools) fear to tread.”
Margaret F. Washburn (1871–1939): First woman Ph.D. in psychology.

Margaret Floy Washburn was one of the first generation of leading psychologists trained in America and became an eminent and influential psychologist during the first third of the 20th century. She was recognized for significant contributions in theory development, experimental work, teaching, and professional service, but this paper focuses on her activities as director of the psychology program at Vassar College and author of the classic text in comparative psychology, The Animal Mind. Although full biographical details are not given, a listing of bibliographic sources is provided so that scholars might more readily obtain access to information omitted from the paper. The discussion also considers Washburn's professional life and personal characteristics and how she might be viewed as a role model. “Nothing in the world is so compelling to the emotions as the mind of another human being” (Washburn, 1916b, p. 606). This statement, tucked away in an essay on the psychology of esthetic experience in music, provides an insightful clue to one of the motivations which sustained Margaret Floy Washburn's significant career as one of the most influential psychologists in psychology's first half–century as a distinct discipline. She held a life long fascination with the minds of humans and animals and was convinced that experimental psychology provided the appropriate methodology for exploring the topic. She devoted her unflagging energy and outstanding ability to the newly evolving science throughout a 43–year career which covered the period 1894–1937.
Parallel accelerated cartesian expansions for particle dynamics simulations

Rapid evaluation of potentials in large physical systems plays a crucial role in several fields and has been an intensely studied topic on parallel computers. Computational methods and associated parallel algorithms tend to vary depending on the potential being computed. Real applications often involve multiple potentials, leading to increased complexity and the need to strike a balance between competing data distribution strategies, ultimately resulting in low parallel efficiencies. In this paper, we present a parallel accelerated Cartesian expansion (PACE) method that enables rapid evaluation of multiple forms of potentials using a common Fast Multipole Method (FMM) type framework. In addition, our framework localizes potential dependent computations to one particular operator, allowing reuse of much of the computation across different potentials. We present an implicitly load balanced and communication efficient parallel algorithm and show that it can integrate multiple potentials, multiple time steps and address dynamically evolving physical systems. We demonstrate the applicability of the method by solving particle dynamics simulations using both long-range and Lennard-Jones potentials with parallel efficiencies of 97% on 512 to 1024 processors.
ORGANIZATIONAL ESCALATION AND EXIT: LESSONS FROM THE SHOREHAM NUCLEAR POWER PLANT

Although there is a relatively large literature on escalating commitment, almost all the research it describes has concerned individuals rather than organizations. Therefore, to provide additional ...
A STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF SPATIAL VARIABILITY OF MEAN TOPOGRAPHIC SLOPE ON STREAM DISSECTED GLACIAL MATERIALS1

ABSTRACT It is probable that spatial variability of topographic slope is best explained by some measure of the vertical topographic dimension in areas where insufficient time has elapsed since deposition of materials for slopes to attain time independence. A statistical analysis of some spatial relationships of mean topographic slope beyond that with local relief was conducted on erosional terrain in the glaciated Upper Mississippi Valley. Although all variables are statistically significant, the results indicate that factors other than relief, including nature of long stream profile, position, orientation, degree of dissection, and parent materials, have less relevance in explaining place-to-place variation of topographic slope.
Functional Genomics Applied to Cardiovascular Medicine

Since completion of the draft sequence of the human genome in 2000, the landscape of biomedical research has undergone a rapid transformation. Growing knowledge of genome structure and variation has spawned the development of technologies that allow researchers to study thousands of genes, transcripts, and proteins simultaneously. This has expanded biomedical science beyond reductionist approaches that test the function of individual genes to less biased approaches that study the behavior of many or all genes in homeostasis and disease. Such studies have been grouped under the broad label of functional genomics, which can be defined as the branch of biology that seeks to uncover the properties and function of the entirety of the genes and gene products of an organism.1 Functional genomics is fueling an explosion of new insights in biology and medicine, and many of these insights were completely unanticipated. Because these advances have begun to influence clinical practice,2,3 physicians will be expected to understand the potential uses and limitations of functional genomics in clinical settings. The purpose of this review is to provide a conceptual overview of functional genomics applied to the practice of cardiovascular medicine. We begin with a review of commonly used terms and approaches and then describe examples of their use for screening, diagnosis, and treatment selection in clinical cardiology. We also highlight emerging trends and speculate about where the field is headed in the near term. Although some predictions will be overly optimistic and some major advances unanticipated, we hope this review will help prepare cardiologists for their role in the application of genome science to the diagnosis and treatment of disease. This review is part of a series that introduces several related areas of cardiovascular genetics and genomics.4 We refer to these other contributions to guide further reading …
On the relation between small-time local controllability and normal self-reachability

We introduce a local property of nonlinear systems called the nontangency property and we show that, in the presence of this nontangency property, small-time local controllability by measurable controls implies small-time local controllability by piecewise-constant controls; furthermore, the initial state is normally reachable from itself in arbitrarily small time. The class of systems that are small-time locally controllable and satisfy the nontangency property is shown to contain all real-analytic systems, all smooth systems with the Lie-algebra rank condition, and all locally boundedC 1 systems. Some consequences of small-time normal self-reachability are also discussed.
Physicians' perceptions of consumers' attitudes: satisfaction, quality and selection criteria

A mail survey of physicians from Sacramento, California, elicited information on perceptions of consumer satisfaction, service quality for 10 types of service providers including physicians and the importance ratings of 12 choice criteria for the selection of a physician by consumers. The two most important selection criteria for physicians as perceived for consumers by physicians were ‘consumer's previous experience with provider’ and ‘reputation/recommendation’. The results are compared with an earlier consumer survey.
Academic Analytics and Data Mining in Higher Education

The emerging fields of academic analytics and educational data mining are rapidly producing new possibilities for gathering, analyzing, and presenting student data. Faculty might soon be able to use these new data sources as guides for course redesign and as evidence for implementing new assessments and lines of communication between instructors and students. This essay links the concepts of academic analytics, data mining in higher education, and course management system audits and suggests how these techniques and the data they produce might be useful to those who practice the scholarship of teaching and learning.
Hot Electron Relaxation in Quantum Wells

Hot electron relaxation in bulk semiconductors has been studied for several decades, but only through recent advances in crystal growth has it become possible to investigate the ther-malization of hot quasi-two-dimensional carriers in quantum wells. These same advances have opened the possibility of constructing various semiconductor devices which rely on hot electrons for their operation. We discuss experimental results on the energy relaxation of hot electrons in GaAs/AlGaAs quantum wells. The experiments make use of optical spectroscopy for determining the carrier distribution. In particular, steady-state hot photoluminescence measurements have been employed with modulation-doped quantum wells in order to minimally perturb the system by the photoexcited carriers. Both the relaxation of very energetic electrons and the cooling of a hot thermalized carrier distribution are considered. The quantum well results are compared to results from similar experiments with bulk GaAs.
Basalt magma interaction with harzburgite and the formation of high-magnesium andesites

The interaction of basalt melt with mantle harzburgite at low pressure might result in silica enrichment of the melt by assimilation of orthopyroxene. Experimental tests of this hypothesis show that silica-rich liquids (56 wt %) are produced by melt-orthopyroxene reaction at 1200° to 1250°C. These silica-rich liquids are enriched in Na2O and K2O over that found in the starting basalt melt which indicates that the alkalis diffused against a concentration gradient into the silica-rich liquid. The liquids produced in this way are chemically similar to high-magnesium andesites or boninites.
Cyclophosphamide-Induced Hepatotoxicity in a Patient With Wegener's Granulomatosis

Cyclophosphamide is widely used in the treatment of many vasculitides. Hepatotoxicity associated with such therapy is uncommon but possible. Herein we describe a well-substantiated case of cyclophosphamide-induced hepatotoxicity in a patient with Wegener's granulomatosis. Physicians should be aware of this potentially serious reaction when cyclophosphamide therapy is initiated. Baseline liver function tests and periodic assessment are recommended during treatment with cyclophosphamide.
Analytical and mechanical evaluation of diamond films on silicon

A diamond film commercially deposited on a 10 cm diameter silicon wafer has been evaluated by a variety of analytical and mechanical procedures. The film is nominally 2.5 {mu}m thick and is very smooth with a surface roughness of only 28.1 nm as measured by atomic force microscopy. The grain size is very small, with grains from 10 nm to about 100 nm in diameter. A sharp diamond diffraction pattern is obtained across at least 98% of the surface area, as measured by transmission electron diffraction. Raman spectra show a strong diamond band at 1330 cm{sup {minus}1}, as well as a strong graphite band at 1580 cm{sup {minus}1}. Additional bands are seen near 1500 cm{sup {minus}1} and 1200 cm{sup {minus}1} and are attributed to non-diamond non-graphite carbon and to microcrystalline diamond, respectively. Intensity in the graphite band decreases toward the outer edge of the wafer. Elastic recoil detection shows the bulk hydrogen content of the film to range from 1 at. % near the edge of the wafer to 3 at. % near the center. The film is considerably harder than the silicon substrate and is highly adherent. During acoustic emission scratch adhesion testing, the film exhibits a critical loadmore » for failure of 11.2 N. At this load the film spalls from the substrate, at the film interface. Almost 50% of the scratch tests also show limited local failure (partial film loss) at a critical load of 2.6 N. Both failure modes may be similar to cohesive failure modes in the underlying silicon substrate which shows critical loads of 4.1 and 10.0 N. The separate failure loads may be related to processes with different friction coefficients.« less
Defects in Skin γδ T Cell Function Contribute to Delayed Wound Repair in Rapamycin-Treated Mice

Disruptions in the normal program of tissue repair can result in poor wound healing, which perturbs the integrity of barrier tissues such as the skin. Such defects in wound repair occur in transplant recipients treated with the immunosuppressant drug rapamycin (sirolimus). Intraepithelial lymphocytes, such as γδ T cells in the skin, mediate tissue repair through the production of cytokines and growth factors. The capacity of skin-resident T cells to function during rapamycin treatment was analyzed in a mouse model of wound repair. Rapamycin treatment renders skin γδ T cells unable to proliferate, migrate, and produce normal levels of growth factors. The observed impairment of skin γδ T cell function is directly related to the inhibitory action of rapamycin on mammalian target of rapamycin. Skin γδ T cells treated with rapamycin are refractory to IL-2 stimulation and attempt to survive in the absence of cytokine and growth factor signaling by undergoing autophagy. Normal wound closure can be restored in rapamycin-treated mice by addition of the skin γδ T cell-produced factor, insulin-like growth factor-1. These studies not only reveal that mammalian target of rapamycin is a master regulator of γδ T cell function but also provide a novel mechanism for the increased susceptibility to nonhealing wounds that occurs during rapamycin administration.
The Implementation Fidelity Tracker: Development and Dissemination of an Audit-Feedback Tool to Evaluate Implementation-Based Healthcare Efforts

Evaluation of implementation activities in real-time allows for both tailoring of the intervention to allow for the best chance at success. Evaluation also acts as an effective audit-feedback mechanism to highlight barriers and facilitators of the implementation to field staff and key stakeholders, as well as a measure of fidelity to the implementation effort itself. The development and use of an implementation fidelity tracker is discussed. This type of implementation tool has widespread implications for evaluation of specific activities pertaining to implementation efforts. Its simplicity and versatility allow for use in a variety of domains.
Technologies and religions.

The relationship between technology and religion is diverse and nuanced, but understanding it can be a valuable intellectual exercise, as Chris Toumey explains.
Salessoft, Inc. (D): Simulation Model--Managing the Sales-Transaction Process and Competition

The attached materials present screenshots of the SalesSoft simulation model created to accompany the SalesSoft, Inc (C) case "Managing the Sales-Transaction Process and Competition," UVA-OM-1341. Students can prepare by using their systems-thinking skills after reading the (C) case. The goal of the simulation learning experience is to decide on the settings for each variable, quarter by quarter, in a way that achieves revenue, profit, and customer satisfaction targets. The simulation model can be obtained from Professor Landel at no charge.
Design Factors Influencing Power Reduction in Thermomechanical In-Plane Microactuators

The TIM (Thermomechanical In-plane Microactuator) is a thermal actuator that offers a high output force at a low input voltage, in a design that can be easily modified to match force and displacement requirements of various applications. The purpose of this paper is to examine factors that affect the steady-state power requirements of a TIM. Reducing the power requirements of the TIM is critical for its use in some systems such as autonomous microsystems. The influence of several geometric modifications and one environment change on energy loss and actuator efficiency was investigated. The steady-state deflection of five different TIM designs was measured for various levels of input power in both air and vacuum. The extent of the power reduction for the most efficient design in air varied with deflection from about 40 percent at 4 μm deflection to 20 percent at a deflection of 8 μm. The most significant reduction in power was observed for devices tested under vacuum where conduction from the legs through the air to the substrate was minimal due to reduced heat losses at the low pressure.© 2007 ASME
Abstract 4816: Paleolithic and Mediterranean diet scores and risk of colorectal adenoma.

Background: A Westernized diet and lifestyle is associated with risk for colorectal cancer and adenomas. Evolutionary discordance could explain this association. Objective: We investigated associations of scores for two proposed healthy diet patterns, the “Paleolithic” and Mediterranean diets, with risk for incident, sporadic colorectal adenomas. Methods: In the Minnesota Cancer Prevention Research Unit case-control study of colorectal polyps, 1,248 participants with no history of colorectal neoplasms completed extensive questionnaires, including a Willett food frequency questionnaire, prior to an elective, outpatient colonoscopy. Of these participants 564 were identified as cases and 684 as colonoscopy-negative controls. An additional group of 535 age and sex frequency-matched population controls were also recruited. Paleolithic and the Mediterranean diet scores were calculated and categorized into quintiles, and associations estimated using unconditional logistic regression. Results: The Paleolithic and the Mediterranean diet patterns were similarly inversely associated with colorectal adenomas. The multivariable-adjusted odds ratios [OR] comparing those in the highest relative to the lowest quintiles of the Paleolithic and Mediterranean diet scores, respectively, were 0.51 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.35-0.76) and 0.50 (95% CI 0.33-0.75) when comparing the cases to the colonoscopy negative controls, and 0.66 (95% CI 0.45 - 0.96, p trend = 0.03) and 0.65 (95% CI 0.44 - 0.96, p trend = 0.03) when comparing the cases to the population controls. These findings tended to be somewhat stronger among men and those who were overweight or obese. Conclusion: These findings suggest that higher adherence to the Paleolithic or Mediterranean diet patterns may be similarly associated with lower risk for incident, sporadic colorectal adenomas. Citation Format: Kristine A. Whalen, Baiyu Yang, Roberd M. Bostick. Paleolithic and Mediterranean diet scores and risk of colorectal adenoma. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4816. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-4816
Oxidation of cysteinesulfinic acid by hexachloroiridate(IV).

We report the results of an experimental study of the oxidation of cysteinesulfinic acid (CysSO2H) by [IrCl6]2– in aqueous media at 25 °C in order to gain insight into the mechanisms of oxidation o...
The cost of urinary incontinence

It has been estimated that 13 million Americans have suffered from urinary incontinence (UI). Costs associated with UI include not only those pertaining to direct treatment, but they include costs related to the indirect psychosocial effects of the condition as well. This article will review both direct and indirect costs of UI and how urologic nurses can assist patients with UI in their overall plan of care.
Geminate recombination of charge carriers in organic solids

One of the most dramatic differences in the dynamics of charge transport between high and low mobility materials is the kinetics of carrier (electron-hole or ion pair) recombination. For example, in germanium where the electron and hole mobilities are around 103 cm2/v sec, the second order recombination coefficient1 is around 10−13 cm3/sec, while in anthracene the recombination coefficient2 is about 10−6 cm3/sec. In anthracene the electrons and holes have mobilities close to 1 cm2/V sec and, therefore, the mean free path of the carriers must be on the order of a few angstroms, whether the transport is described in terms of a band model or a hopping model. In pure semiconductors, on the other hand, the carrier mean free path can be thousands of angstroms and we believe that the large difference in recombination cross section is primarily due to the large difference in mean free path. Geminate recombination (i. e., recombination of the original members of a carrier pair) is a phenomenon closely related to volume recombination, and in this paper we will present experimental data which strongly supports the contention that geminate recombination is an important process in low mobility solids; geminate recombination has never been observed in high mobility substances and the experimental indicators are conspicuously absent in at least one organic liquid (neo pentane) where the electron mobility is around 50 cm2/v sec.
Associations of Bisexual-Specific Minority Stress and Health Among Cisgender and Transgender Adults with Bisexual Orientation

Among sexual minorities, bisexuals are at the greatest risk for poor health due in part to prejudice and stigma. This research examined associations of bisexual-specific minority stress and health among cisgender (non-transgender) and transgender adults with bisexual orientation. Participants were 488 adults (378 cisgender women, 49 cisgender men, 61 transgender individuals), age 18 to 66 years, with bisexual orientation based on identity and/or attractions to multiple genders. Participants completed an online survey. Hierarchical linear regression analyses were conducted with sexual minority stress and bisexual-specific minority stress as the predictors and physical health, measured by the 36-Item Short Form Survey (SF-36), as the outcome. Models controlled for demographic variables. Moderation analyses were conducted to test for gender differences. Greater bisexual-specific minority stress significantly predicted poorer overall physical health (β = −0.16), greater pain (β = −0.16), and poorer general he...
Discrete mathematics for computing students: A programming oriented approach with Alloy

Students in computing disciplines need a strong basis in the fundamentals of discrete mathematics. Traditional “offline” approaches to teaching this material provide limited opportunities for the kind of interactive learning that students experience in their programming assignments. We have been using the Alloy language and analysis tool to teach concepts in discrete structures and logic in an exploratory, programming-intensive way. We report on our efforts to build scaffolded Alloy exercises for newcomers to discrete mathematics, and we report on some initial findings based on our experiences with students.
A review of CDC's Web-based Injury Statistics Query and Reporting System (WISQARS™): Planning for the future of injury surveillance.

Abstract Introduction The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) developed the Web-based Injury Statistics Query and Reporting System (WISQARSTM) to meet the data needs of injury practitioners. In 2015, CDC completed a Portfolio Review of this system to inform its future development. Methods Evaluation questions addressed utilization, technology and innovation, data sources, and tools and training. Data were collected through environmental scans, a review of peer-reviewed and grey literature, a web search, and stakeholder interviews. Results Review findings led to specific recommendations for each evaluation question. Response CDC reviewed each recommendation and initiated several enhancements that will improve the ability of injury prevention practitioners to leverage these data, better make sense of query results, and incorporate findings and key messages into prevention practices.
Plant, microbial and ecosystem carbon use efficiencies interact to stabilize microbial growth as a fraction of gross primary production.

The carbon use efficiency of plants (CUEa ) and microorganisms (CUEh ) determines rates of biomass turnover and soil carbon sequestration. We evaluated the hypothesis that CUEa and CUEh counterbalance at a large scale, stabilizing microbial growth (μ) as a fraction of gross primary production (GPP). Collating data from published studies, we correlated annual CUEa , estimated from satellite imagery, with locally determined soil CUEh for 100 globally distributed sites. Ecosystem CUEe , the ratio of net ecosystem production (NEP) to GPP, was estimated for each site using published models. At the ecosystem scale, CUEa and CUEh were inversely related. At the global scale, the apparent temperature sensitivity of CUEh with respect to mean annual temperature (MAT) was similar for organic and mineral soils (0.029°C-1 ). CUEa and CUEe were inversely related to MAT, with apparent sensitivities of -0.009 and -0.032°C-1 , respectively. These trends constrain the ratio μ : GPP (= (CUEa × CUEh )/(1 - CUEe )) with respect to MAT by counterbalancing the apparent temperature sensitivities of the component processes. At the ecosystem scale, the counterbalance is effected by modulating soil organic matter stocks. The results suggest that a μ : GPP value of c. 0.13 is a homeostatic steady state for ecosystem carbon fluxes at a large scale.
GOOD LOWER AND UPPER BOUNDS ON BINOMIAL COEFFICIENTS

We provide good bounds on binomial coefficients, generalizing known ones, using some results of H. Robbins and of Sasvari.
Pulsatile Flow Past Multiple Cylinders: A Model Study of Blood Flow in an Artificial Lung

Pulsatile flow across two circular cylinders with different geometric arrangements is studied experimentally using particle image velocimetry method and numerically using the finite element method. This investigation is motivated by optimizing the design of a total artificial lung (TAL), a potential bridge to lung transplantation. Blood flow through the TAL is generated entirely by the right ventricle of the heart and no external pump is utilized, thus blood flow inside the TAL is pulsatile. The oxygen-poor blood flows across a bundle of hollow fibers that oxygen-rich air flows through. Understanding time-dependent flow around these fibers is crucial for optimizing design since convection is the dominant transport mechanism in the bulk blood flow. The vortex structures resulting from three different arrangements of cylinders (tandem, side-by-side, staggered) in pulsatile flow with Reynolds numbers of 1, 3, and 5 and Stokes numbers of 0.18 and 0.37 were investigated. Consistent results were observed in the numerical and experimental results. These results reveal that the vortex structure depends strongly on the geometric arrangement of the cylinders. The vortex strength is highly dependent on the Reynolds and Stokes numbers. These findings suggest design criteria for enhancing mixing and reducing pressure drop across the TAL.
The Evolution of Sex: Domains and Explanatory Pluralism

The evolution of sexual reproduction is a striking case of explanatory pluralism, meaning that one needs to refer to more than one explanation in order to adequately account for it. I develop the concept a domain of phenomena in order to analysis this pluralism. Pluralism exists when a phenomenon can be included in more that one homogeneous domain or in a heterogeneous domain. I argue that in some cases domain partitioning can be used to decrease pluralism, but that in the case of sex domains are overlapping and interconnecting, or in other words bear an orthogonal relationship to one another, and hence cannot be partitioned in such a way as to eliminate pluralism.
Computerization in Electroanalytical Chemistry

Prior to the mid 1960s, the use of computers in electrochemistry was essentially limited to the simulation of response curves and the statistical treatment of manually entered data points. The watershed was the introduction of the first minicomputers by Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC), and the first models were followed shortly by the now almost universal DEC model PDP-8. Shortly after these came other computers that bore the then reasonable price of approximately $50,000.