cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Numerical simulation of reflecting structures by solution of the two-dimensional Helmholtz equation.

A method is described for modeling two-dimensional reflecting structures based on a solution of the scalar Helmholtz equation. The equation is solved by use of an alternating-direction-implicit iterative method together with a semioptimum sequence of acceleration parameters similar to those introduced decades ago for the solution of elliptic equations with positive-definite operators. The resulting technique is efficient and simple to program, permits the simulation of complex structures with modest storage requirements, and is of very general applicability.
Comparison of phosphatidylcholines containing one or two docosahexaenoic acyl chains on properties of phospholipid monolayers and bilayers.

Abstract Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is the longest and most unsaturated of the n − 3 fatty acids found in membranes. Although a number of membrane properties have been demonstrated to be affected by the presence of this fatty acid, its mode of action has yet to be clearly elucidated. Prior reports on biological membranes have not distinguished the effect of mono-docosahexaenoyl phospholipids from those caused by phospholipids containing docosahexaenoic acid in both chains. This report compares properties of monolayers and bilayers composed of either 1-stearoyl-2-linolenoyl- sn -glycero-3-phosphocholine (as a control), 1-stearoyl-2-docosahexaenoyl- sn -glycero-3-phosphocholine or 1,2-di-docosahexaenoyl- sn -glycero-3-phosphocholine. When compared to the mono-DHA phosphatidylcholine (PC), the di-DHA PC occupies a much larger area/molecule, supports a more fluid and permeable bilayer, and is less susceptible to peroxidation. Monolayers made from either phospholipid are not condensable by cholesterol. We suggest many of the membrane properties linked to the presence of DHA may be the result of phospholipids which have lost their normal positional selectivity and have incorporated DHA into both positions.
Isolated Congenital Absence of a Single Pulmonary Valve Cusp

Isolated absence of a single pulmonary valve is extremely unusual. We present a 16-year-old male with the absence of one cusp resulting in significant pulmonary regurgitation, right ventricular enlargement, and dilatation of the main pulmonary artery and its branches. Surgery consisted of creating a valve cusp from the posterior wall of the pulmonary artery at the base of the pulmonary trunk. Follow-up at 3.5 years revealed good results with only mild pulmonary stenosis and regurgitation.
Economic growth and equity in the Republic of Korea

The structural characteristics and specific interventionist policies in Korea and their relationship to employment trends are examined. The relatively good performance of Korea in the distribution of the benefits of growth is principally the result of the growth strategy, which relies heavily on exports and results in the expansion of labor-intensive manufacturing activities. The government also has concentrated on reducing rural-urban disparities in household income with particular attention to grain pricing. Although Korea has excelled in combining rapid growth with a reasonably wide distribution of the benefits of growth, some serious problems remain. Demographic factors tend to be less favorable for achieving a rapid improvement in equity. The rate of growth of export demand will probably slow down significantly. The rapid growth in productivity cannot be maintained. Recommendations are made to mobilize resources, facilitate new technology, and encourage the absorption of labor. If a growth rate of over 9 percent per annum can be sustained and special measures taken, Korea can look forward to full employment and the elimination of absolute poverty before the end of the next decade. Economic data are included.
Supplementation with vitamin E or vitamin C did not differ from placebo for major cardiovascular events and mortality

Source Citation Sesso HD, Buring JE, Christen WG, et al. Vitamins E and C in the prevention of cardiovascular disease in men: the Physicians’ Health Study II randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2008...
Distribution of dieldrin following a single oral dose

Abstract Two groups of investigators have used the classical model for the distribution of thiopental following iv injection to predict the distribution of dieldrin following accidental ingestion. They concluded that the concentration of dieldrin in the brain is reduced first by redistribution to muscle and only later by redistribution to fat. The model as originally designed for thiopental had been evaluated by analysis of samples from persons undergoing surgery under thiopental anesthesia. Since it is not appropriate to give large doses of dieldrin to humans or to collect samples of muscle and various vital organs from them, the distribution of dieldrin was studied in rats. Dieldrin dissolved in corn oil was administered to these animals by stomach tube. The highest concentration of dieldrin in the brain was reached in 4 hr, and the concentration decreased gradually thereafter. The concentration in muscle remained essentially steady during the interval from 4 to 48 hr. There was no peak for muscle that could be interpreted as replacing a peak for brain. The concentration of dieldrin in fat was already slightly higher than that in the brain at 1 hr, very much higher at 4 hr when the concentration in the brain was maximal, and the concentration in the fat continued to increase during the first 24 hr. Either on the basis of concentration or on the basis of the total amount in each organ, no reason was found to assign any special importance to muscle as a sink into which dieldrin is redistributed from the brain. The fat appears to be far more important in this regard. The results indicate the danger of applying a mathematical model to a new situation without checking the results experimentally.
Development of Sn-Based, Low Melting Temperature Pb-Free Solder Alloys

Low temperature, Sn-based Pb-free solders were developed by making alloy additions to the starting material, 96.5Sn-3.5Ag (mass%). The melting behavior was determined using Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). The solder microstructure was evaluated by optical microscopy and electron probe microanalysis (EPMA). Shear strength measurements, hardness tests, intermetallic compound (IMC) layer growth measurements, and solderability tests were performed on selected alloys. Three promising ternary alloy compositions and respective solidus temperatures were: 91.84Sn-3.33Ag-4.83Bi, 212 � C; 87.5Sn-7.5Au-5.0Bi, 200 � C; and 86.4Sn-5.1Ag-8.5Au, 205 � C. A quaternary alloy had the composition 86.8Sn-3.2Ag-5.0Bi-5.0Au and solidus temperature of 194 � C. The shear strength of this quaternary alloy was nearly twice that of the eutectic Sn-Pb solder. The 66Sn-5.0Ag-10Bi-5.0Au-10In-4.0Cu alloy had a solidus temperature of 178 � C and good solderability on Cu. The lowest solidus temperature of 159 � C was realized with the alloy 62Sn-5.0Ag-10Bi-4.0Au-10In-4.0Cu-5.0Ga. The contributing factor towards the melting point depression was the composition of the solid solution, Sn-based matrix phase of each solder.
Repeated Acute Stress During the Follicular Phase and Luteinizing Hormone Surge of Dairy Heifers

Seven Holstein heifers were subjected to 15-min periods of stress two times per day for 3.5 days during the follicular phase of the estrous cycle. In two of seven trials, stressed animals had no preovulatory surge in luteinizing hormone whereas in control experiments all seven had surges. Peak luteinizing hormone concentrations in the five animals having surges, as well as basal luteinizing hormone concentrations in all seven animals, were unaffected by treatment. Estrous behavior also was unaffected by stress, and all animals displayed estrus during treatment. The 24-h pattern of corticosteroids of plasma was unaffected by treatment; however, there was a significant brief elevation in corticosteroids following stress. These results suggest that brief stress can disrupt the preovulatory luteinizing hormone surge in the cow and that this effect may have significant implications for dairy management.
Lessons from Dwarf8 on the strengths and weaknesses of structured association mapping

The strengths of association mapping lie in its resolution and allelic richness, but spurious associations arising from historical relationships and selection patterns need to be accounted for in statistical analyses. Here we reanalyze one of the first generation structured association mapping studies of the Dwarf8 (d8) locus with flowering time in maize using the full range of new mapping populations, statistical approaches, and haplotype maps. Because this trait was highly correlated with population structure, we found that basic structured association methods overestimate phenotypic effects in the region, while mixed model approaches perform substantially better. Combined with analysis of the maize nested association mapping population (a multi-family crossing design), it is concluded that most, if not all, of the QTL effects at the general location of the d8 locus are from rare extended haplotypes that include other linked QTLs and that d8 is unlikely to be involved in controlling flowering time in maize. Previous independent studies have shown evidence for selection at the d8 locus. Based on the evidence of population bottleneck, selection patterns, and haplotype structure observed in the region, we suggest that multiple traits may be strongly correlated with population structure and that selection on these traits has influenced segregation patterns in the region. Overall, this study provides insight into how modern association and linkage mapping, combined with haplotype analysis, can produce results that are more robust.
Methods, statistical features, and baseline results of a standardized, multicentered ophthalmologic surgical trial: The silicone study

This article describes the trial design and baseline results for the Silicone Study, a multicenter, randomized surgical trial designed to compare the effectiveness of silicone fluid versus long-acting gas in the treatment of proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR). Design features include (1) standardization of the surgical protocol to reduce intersurgeon variability, (2) formulation of a PVR clinical classification system relevant to modern vitreoretinal surgery, and (3) creation of a photographic protocol to document PVR pathology. Statistical issues affecting the analysis of the outcome data include (1) the addition of a second group of patients with more severely diseased eyes after the trial began, (2) the change to a different long-acting gas during the course of the trial, and (3) recurrent retinal detachments that require reoperations with the randomized treatment, and, in some instances, a crossover from the randomized to the alternate treatment. Demographic and baseline ocular characteristics are presented for the two groups under study.
ENTROPY OF FREIGHT TRANSPORTATION AND PRICE VARIATION

Abstract This article examines possible relationships between network entropy of commodity flow and variation in unit price of freight transportation service. Entropy of seventy-five major commodity flows through the railroad network in the United States have been calculated using data available in the 1974 waybill sample; unit price of transportation service for various networks has been measured as cents per tonmile. The results of empirical analysis confirm that an inverse relationship exists between variation in unit price and network entropy of commodity flow. Commodities with high network entropy appear to exert forces towards a constant price and those commodities with lower entropy, providing greater marginal utility, appear to have a wide variation in unit price. These findings can be used in regulating pricing decisions in the transportation industry.
An improved assay for thyrotropin-binding blocking activity in serum of patients with Graves’ disease

An improved assay for detecting blocking or inhibitory activity on TSH-binding (TBBA) in neat serum of patients with Graves’ disease is described. The assay is sensitive, reproducible, simple, and quick. Crude membranes prepared from guinea pig fat (FCM) were used as the source of TSH receptors. One major feature of the assay is the use of small amounts of FCM to increase assay sensitivity. The sensitivity of the assay was found to be inversely proportional to the amount of FCM used. Using a quantity of 10-20μg crude FCM achieved a satisfactory balance between assay sensitivity and accuracy. The assay employs two sequential one-hour incubations at room temperature, first incubating the FCM with the serum sample, followed by removal of excess sample and washing, and then incubating the exposed FCM with 125I-TSH for quantitative determination of specific TSH binding. The assay is recommended as a standard method for measurement of blocking activity in serum of specific TSH binding. Seventy-four percent of the patients with Graves’ disease showed positive blocking activity while all normal individuals and patients with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis and with nonautoimmune thyroid disorders were negative.
Naming Clues to the Layers of Transgression in El crimen del Padre Amaro

Mexican director, Carlos Carrera, employs names in El crimen del Padre Amaro (2002) to illuminate the complex internal struggles of key characters as well as the power struggles between them. Names in the film also expose contemporary moral and religious dilemmas in Mexican society. The film is based on a nineteenth-century Portuguese novel of the same name. This investigation discusses the way in which nomenclature in the modern cinematic work reveals clues about individual transgressions as well as larger societal and institutional corruption that determine the fate of the characters and the parish where the story takes place.
Boltzmann equation for the electron gas of a nondegenerate plasma

The collision terms in the Boltzmann equation associated with various processes are derived. For processes having a Fokker-Planck (F-P) limit, the associated F-P operator is derived by means of physical arguments to determine the form of the operator; its multiplying constant is fixed by calculating the total energy exchange rate and comparing with the rate computed by other means. In this manner, the F-P operator is derived for electron-ion scattering, electron-electron scattering in the high-velocity limit, electron-atom elastic scattering, Compton scattering, and the high-velocity limit for inelastic scattering. Other processes considered are bremsstrahlung, radiative-recombination, photoionization, collisional ionization of atoms, and suprathermal-particle ionization of atoms.
Interfacial segregation in Ag-Au, Au-Pd, and Cu-Ni alloys: I. (100) surfaces

Atomistic simulations of segregation to (100) free surface in Ag−Au, Au−Pd, and Cu−Ni alloy systems have been performed for a wide range of temperatures and compositions within the solid solution region of these alloy phase diagrams. In addition to the surface segregation profiles, surface free energies, enthalpies, and entropies were determined. These simulations were performed within the framework of the free energy simulation method, in which an approximate free energy functional is minimized with respect to atomic coordinates and atomic site occupation. The effects of the relaxation with respect to either the atomic positions or the atomic concentrations are discussed. For all alloy bulk compositions (0.05 ≤ C ≤ 0.95) and temperatures (400 ≤ T(K) ≤ 1,100) examined, Ag, Au, and Cu segregates to the surface in the Ag−Au, Au−Pd, and Cu−Ni alloy systems, respectively. The present results are compared with several theories for segregation. The resultant segregation profiles in Au−Pd and Ag−Au alloys are shown to be in good agreement with an empirical segregation theory, while in Cu−Ni alloys the disagreement in Ni-rich alloys is substantial. The width of the segregation profile is limited to approximately three to four atomic planes. The surface thermodynamic properties depend sensitively on the magnitude of the surface segregation, and some of them are shown to vary linearly with the magnitude of the surface segregation.
The expressiveness of locally stratified programs

This paper completes an investigation of the logical expressibility of finite, locally stratified, general logic programs. We show that every hyperarithmetic set can be defined by a suitably chosen locally stratified logic program (as a set of values of a predicate over its perfect model). This is an optimal result, since the perfect model of a locally stratified program is itself an implicitly definable hyperarithmetic set (under a recursive coding of the Herbrand base); hence, to obtain all hyperarithmetic sets requires something new, in this case selecting one predicate from the model. We find that the expressive power of programs does not increase when one considers the programs which have a unique stable model or a total well-founded model. This shows that all these classes of structures (perfect models of logically stratified logic programs, well-founded models which turn out to be total, and stable models of programs possessing a unique stable model) are all closely connected with Kleene's hyperarithmetical hierarchy. Thus, for general logic programming, negation with respect to two-valued logic is related to the hyperarithmetic hierarchy in the same way as Horn logic is to the class of recursively enumerable sets. In particular, a set is definable in the well-founded semantics by a programP whose well-founded partial model is total iff it is hyperarithmetic.
Development, Utilization and Protein Quality of Potato:Soy:Egg Flakes

Various ratios of potato:full-fat soy:whole egg (P:S:E) were combined and drum dried to yield flakes which were rehydrated and formed into baked or fried patties. Methods were developed to utilize either fresh or dehydrated potatoes for flake production. Sensory evaluations showed 60:34:6 P:S:E fried patties to be more generally accepted than baked patties. Freezing of the uncooked dough prior to frying or baking was shown to be a good storage method. P:S:E flakes (60:34:6) were also substituted for 12% of patent wheat flour in bread. P:S:E supplementation improved the protein efficiency ratio (PER) of patent flour wheat bread. PER's for 60:34:6 P:S:E flakes and baked patties were equivalent to casein.
Missing Links: A Commentary on Ward H. Goodenough's Moving Article "Anthropology in the 20th Century and Beyond"

Ward H. Goodenough's optimistic summary of anthropological knowledge during the 20th century leaves missing links around the inevitable political and processual nature of the discipline. Conflict within the discipline and response to public events also are part of the story. Effects of the Cold War highlight the relations of knowledge and power in anthropological practice. Common humanity remains the focal point of anthropology. [Keywords: U.S. anthropology, 20th century, complexity, world events, reflexivity]
Metabolic Cost of Stair Climbing

Metabolic energy costs were determined on sixteen male firefighters ascending a stairmill in an unladen and a laden condition at a vertical velocity of 12.2 m/min. In the unladen condition they wore shorts and tennis shoes, while lagen they wore full protective clothing, including a SCBA, and carried a hose pack. Mean mass of the load was 39.2 kg. Caloric costs were compared with selected equations from the literature. All of the equations overpredicted for the unladen condition. One continued to overpredict, one underestimated, and a third was very close for the cost for the laden condition. An equation derived from data for eight of the subjects, yielded better predictions for the remaining eight, under both conditions, than any of the equations from the literature. Limitations and the need for further research are discussed.
Loss of transforming growth factor β adaptor protein β‐2 spectrin leads to delayed liver regeneration in mice

Liver regeneration, following partial hepatectomy (PHx), occurs through precisely controlled and synchronized cell proliferation, in which quiescent hepatocytes undergo one to two rounds of replication, with restoration of liver mass and function. We previously demonstrated that loss of the Smad3/4 adaptor protein β-2 spectrin (β2SP) is associated with faster entry into S phase, and hepatocellular cancer formation. These observations led us to further pursue the role of β2SP in cell cycle progression in vivo. Liver regeneration studies with PHx in β2SP+/− mice reveal a surprising and significant decrease in liver/body weight ratio at 48 hours after PHx in β2SP+/− mice in comparison to wildtype mice. At 48 hours after PHx we also observe decreased levels of cyclin E (2.4-fold, P < 0.05), Cdk1 (7.2-fold, P < 0.05), cyclin A, pRb (Ser249/Thr252), proliferative cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), cyclin D1 with elevated levels of pCdk1 (Thr14) (3.6-fold, P < 0.05). Strikingly, at 24 hours elevated levels of p53 (4-fold, P < 0.05), phospho-p53 (ser15 and ser20), and p21 (200-fold, P < 0.05) persisting to 48 hours after PHx further correlated with raised expression of the DNA damage markers pChk2 (Thr68) and γH2AX (S139). However, compromised cell cycle progression with loss of β2SP is not rescued by inhibiting p53 function, and that G2/M phase arrest observed is independent and upstream of p53. Conclusion: β2SP deficiency results in dysfunctional hepatocyte cell cycle progression and delayed liver regeneration at 48 hours after PHx, which is p53-independent. β2SP loss may increase susceptibility to DNA damage, impair cell cycle progression, and ultimately lead to hepatocellular cancer. (HEPATOLOGY 2011;)
Synthesis and characterization of silicon nitride powders produced in a d.c. thermal plasma reactor

Ultra-fine silicon nitride powder was synthesized from the SiCl4-NH3-H2-Ar system using a d.c. plasma torch reactor (production rate 150–400 g h−1). The powder produced is pure white, fluffy and amorphous. The particles are spheroidal in shape with a mean diameter between 30–60 nm forming aggregates of 0.1–0.4 μm depending on the operational conditions. Chemical analysis on the crude powder handled at ambient atmosphere revealed: N(−NH4Cl):37–39%, O:3–5% and Cl:2–3%. The amorphous powder can be crystallized around 1500 °C under nitrogen to give an α-phase content in excess of 90%. Infrared spectra can be used to semi-quantitatively determine the NH4Cl content of the crude powder. That proportion is between 2.5 and 4%. The influence of some process parameters e.g. (N/Si and H2/N molar ratios, internal pressure) on powder properties was also investigated. The N/Si molar ratio was found to be the most important parameter for the powder composition whereas the internal pressure plays a major role on the powder morphology.
Secondary Losses in Bereaved Children when Both Parents have Died: A Case Study

The death of a child's parent engenders many primary and secondary losses. In this article, a case study is used to examine secondary losses for two children following the sudden deaths of their parents. Childhood bereavement is described as comprised of prolonged pain, gradual acclimation, and tainted experiences. The framework is used to understand primary and secondary losses, as well as the effects of secondary losses and lack of control on the process of childhood bereavement. In this case, secondary losses, especially isolation, exacerbated the bereavement processes of these children. It is proposed that anticipating secondary losses, and minimizing them when possible, perhaps by providing bereaved children more control, is an appropriate framework for intervening with parentally bereaved children.
A Review of “The Science of Leonardo: Inside the Mind of the Great Genius of the Renaissance by Fritjof Capra”

Fritjof Capra, physicist and systems theorist of Berkeley, California, is the author of five international bestsellers: The Tao of Physics (1975), The Turning Point (1982), Uncommon Wisdom (1988), ...
CrossClus: user-guided multi-relational clustering

Most structured data in real-life applications are stored in relational databases containing multiple semantically linked relations. Unlike clustering in a single table, when clustering objects in relational databases there are usually a large number of features conveying very different semantic information, and using all features indiscriminately is unlikely to generate meaningful results. Because the user knows her goal of clustering, we propose a new approach called CrossClus, which performs multi-relational clustering under user's guidance. Unlike semi-supervised clustering which requires the user to provide a training set, we minimize the user's effort by using a very simple form of user guidance. The user is only required to select one or a small set of features that are pertinent to the clustering goal, and CrossClus searches for other pertinent features in multiple relations. Each feature is evaluated by whether it clusters objects in a similar way with the user specified features. We design efficient and accurate approaches for both feature selection and object clustering. Our comprehensive experiments demonstrate the effectiveness and scalability of CrossClus.
Upper atmosphere has cooled steadily for three decades

Increasing amounts of greenhouse gases released by human activities do not just affect only the lower atmosphere: Scientists project that anthropogenic carbon emissions have caused a cooling trend in the upper atmosphere, between 200 and 400 kilometers, over the past few decades. Cooling in this atmospheric region can affect the operations of satellites and the orbits of space junk. However, data about cooling trends in the upper atmosphere are still incomplete, and better data are needed to confirm this projection.
Angular Distributions of Fragments from Neutron-Induced Fission of U 233 and Pu 239

Angular distributions of fragment activities from neutron-induced fission of ${\mathrm{U}}^{233}$ and ${\mathrm{Pu}}^{239}$ have been measured and show in detail the energy dependence of these distributions. The theoretically expected difference in low-energy anisotropy for these nuclides, which have similar fission thresholds but significantly different target spins, was not observed. A statistical model of fission anisotropy is applied to the data from the low-spin target ${\mathrm{Pu}}^{239}$ to determine the energy dependence of ${K}_{0}$, the standard deviation of the distribution in the angular-momentum projection on the nuclear symmetry axis. The anisotropies indicate an increase of ${K}_{0}$ with energy in excess of the fission barrier, with ${K}_{0}$ values for even-even fissioning nuclei at excitation energies approximately 1 Mev higher than those for odd-$A$ nuclei. The effective moment of inertia about the symmetry axis, similarly obtained from application of a statistical model to the data, is found to be \ensuremath{\sim}0.1 that of a rigid spherical nucleus.
Vermont's Act 250 legislation: a citizen-based response to rapid growth and development

Unregulated land development, dramatic increases in population, soaring land prices, and environmental degradation are significant factors responsible for the widespread concern among Vermonters that the state is losing its distinctive rural character and its small, picturesque villages. The citizen legislature responded by adopting Act 250, Vermont's principal land development and land use law. This paper describes the events leading to the passage of this law, examines the major components of this progressive legislation, and analyzes its effectiveness in protecting Vermont's natural resources.
Exploring the Presence of a Deaf American Cultural Life Script

Cultural life scripts are defined as culturally shared expectations that focus on a series of events that are ordered in time. In these scripts, generalized expectations for what to expect through the life course are outlined. This study examined the possibility of a Deaf American Life Script developed in relationship to the use of a visual language, traditions developed to navigate in a hearing world, and the values developed within the Deaf community. Results found that Deaf individuals had both overlapping and novel themes when compared to earlier work on the American life script. Additionally, Deaf individuals integrated Deaf values into themes that overlapped with earlier research with hearing participants.
Why an Academy of Religion

WOULD like to place before you some observations which have bearing on the important business which will come before us in the Report of the Self-Study Committee. I would not have you think that these remarks are merely limited in import to the proposals to be made by the Committee, for I believe that they suggest wider perspectives for our several concerns than those referred to in the Report. Let me present several theses and attempt to document them to the degree that time allows. The first thesis is that scholarship in America in religion is being carried on to a significant extent not by professors in the college, seminary, or graduate schools of religion, but by scholars outside the professional field of religion as such. I shall use as examples a number of journals where one might expect to find scholarship in religion. The Journal of the History of Ideas, a journal whose domain is humanistic studies, from 1951-60 published one article by a Roman Catholic seminary professor and one by a person who might have been a Protestant clergyman. During the same period there were several articles bearing on religion, all of which were written by men from philosophy, history, and literature. We may say that it is not the kind of journal in which scholars in religion are expected to publish. And we may also ask, "What of the journals which are more clearly connected with the field of religion?" I should make two replies. If religion is a field of scholarship whose normal associations are primarily with the humanities, and if this journal is a fair example of a humanistic journal, which I think it is, why does not more scholarly productivity from the pens of men in the field of religion appear in such journals? Can it be that our training, largely out of seminary orientation, has led us away from the humanistic orientation of the field and turned us too largely to ecclesiastical interest? Have we become the victims of a graduate training which led us away from confrontation with other disciplines? If such dangers exist is there a possible remedy by constituting a professional society in which men working outside of the field of religion are brought together with those in the field on the basis of a mutual interest in the field itself?
Renormalization-group studies of antiferromagnetic chains. I. Nearest-neighbor interactions

The real-space renormalization-group method introduced by workers at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC) is used to study one-dimensional antiferromagnetic chains at zero temperature. Calculations using three-site blocks (for the Heisenberg-Ising model) and two-site blocks (for the isotropic Heisenberg model) are compared with exact results. In connection with the two-site calculation, a duality transformation is introduced under which the isotropic Heisenberg model is self-dual. Such duality transformation can be defined for models other than those considered here, and may be useful in various block-spin calculations.
Biosynthesis of catecholamines in organotypic cultures of the peripheral autonomic nervous system: Modifications by biopterin and other agents

Organotypic cultures of chick-embryo sympathetic ganglion chains maintained in vitro for 3-4 weeks rapidly synthesized catecholamines, as demonstrated by the conversion of L-[U-14C]tyrosine to catechol derivatives and by histofluorescence assay. The biosynthesis of catechols from radioactive L-tyrosine leveled off at 6 hr of incubation and dropped slightly at 10 hr. The addition of DL-alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine to the culture medium did not affect protein synthesis, but produced a complete block in the synthesis of catecholamines from L-tyrosine, with consequent loss of fluorescence in the bodies and proximal processes of adrenergic neurons in 2 hr, and essentially complete loss in 6 hr. Our observations suggest that a major portion of the catecholamines were synthesized in the perikarya and transported via neuronal processes to their terminals. The addition of monoamine oxidase inhibitors to the incubation medium produced a moderate to pronounced increase in fluorescence; reserpine caused a rapid and profound loss of catecholamines. When added to the culture medium, crude biopterin produced an increase in the synthesis of catechol derivatives from radioactive L-tyrosine and a marked increase in fluorescence, beginning in the neuronal perikarya. This effect was completely blocked by DL-alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine. The mechanism of biopterin's action in the synthesis of catecholamines in cultures of sympathetic ganglia is not completely elucidated from these studies, but may be related to the role it plays as cofactor for tyrosine hydrocylase.
Adaptive routing using emergent protocols in wireless ad hoc sensor networks

This paper presents distributed adaptation techniques for use in wireless sensor networks. As an example application we consider data routing by a sensor network in an urban terrain. The adaptation methods are based on ideas from physics, biology, and chemistry. All approaches are emergent behaviors in that they: (i) perform global adaptation using only locally available information, (ii) have strong stochastic components, and (iii) use both positive and negative feedback to steer themselves. We analyze the approaches’ ability to adapt, robustness to internal errors, and power consumption. Comparisons to standard wireless communications techniques are given.
Aberrant spermiogenesis in X‐linked male‐sterile mutants of Drosophila melanogaster

Males expressing mutations of fertility genes situated in sections 19 and 20 of the X-chromosome of D. melanogaster were examined to identify the genetic lesions. ms(1)16, located in 20B-C, affected pre-meiotic events and caused ultrastructural abnormalities of the axoneme and of the major mitochondrial derivative during spermiogenesis. ms(1)1, situated in 19F1–20A1–2 to 20A1–2–20B, influenced the stability of the axoneme. ms(1)14, located in 19E8–19F1 to 20A1–2, and ms(1)7, found in 19E6–8 to 19E8–19F1, did not effect detectable ultrastructural abnormalities in developing gametes. ms(1)4, located in 18F to 19C3–19E1, resulted in abnormal development of tbe paracrystalline body and elongation of the major mitochondrial derivative. The nature of the genetic defects makes it unlikely that these proximal genes act as components of a single regulatory unit.
MAGNETOSPHERIC CONVECTIONS AND DAMPED-TYPE GEOMAGNETIC PULSATIONS ASSOCIATED WITH STORMS.

Abstract It is shown that the steady magnetospheric motion generated by the solar wind is current free in the first approximation, regardless of the driving mechanism. Also the sufficient condition for the hydromagnetic stability of cold plasma in the presence of an external magnetic field and a steady motion is obtained. Based on these theoretical estimations the damped-type geomagnetic pulsations associated with geomagnetic storms are interpreted as an interaction between hydromagnetic oscillations and magnetospheric motions caused by solar winds.
Energetics of small body size and high latitude the Rufous Hummingbird in coastal Alaska

The Rufous Hummingbird is the smallest bird breeding at latitudes of 58° to 60°. Nesting chronology and food sequence was observed. The microclimate of the nest-site and its potential for heat loss during incubation were similar to those of hummingbirds in the Rocky Mountains at 39°N. Hummingbirds of lower latitudes increase their active-daylength in direct proportion to solar daylength (active day = 1.03 × solar day), whereas the Rufous Hummingbird tended to utilize less of the long daylength of coastal Alaska (active day = 197 min + 0.83 × solar day).
Estimation of soil properties and wheat yields on complex eroded hills using geostatistics and thematic mapper images

Abstract Better assessment of large scale patterns in soil fertility, erosion, and crop productivity is needed to address environmental concerns in the steeply rolling dryland farming region of eastern Washington. Spatial variability of organic carbon, soil phosphorus, and wheat yields measured on several 655 m long transects in complex eroded hills of the Palouse region of eastern Washington was studied using classical statistics and geostatistics. In addition, Landsat Thematic Mapper images of bare soil at the study site were used to estimate organic matter content in blocks having an area of 28.5m × 28.5 m. Classical statistical analysis showed moderate coefficients of variation in soil properties (25–50%) and wheat yields (30%). Spherical semivariograms of soil properties and wheat yields showed strong spatial dependence, with a range of influence on the order of from 70 m to 145 m. The semivariogram for Landsat estimated organic matter was almost identical to that for organic matter measured in the surface transects. The cross-semivariogram between measured organic matter and wheat yields also exhibited strong spatial dependence, with a range of influence of about 120m. Organic matter, soil phosphorus, and wheat yield were interpolated at unsampled locations using block kriging and block cokriging techniques. Excellent agreement was obtained between kriged wheat yields and wheat yields cokriged from Thematic Mapper estimates of organic matter. Satisfactory agreement was obtained between kriged soil phosphorus and cokriged soil phosphorus based upon remotely sensed organic matter. Results of this study provided strong evidence for nonrandom spatial patterns in soil properties and crop yields. These spatial patterns are associated with changes in surface organic matter content across the landscape resulting from extensive erosion and exposure of subsoil. Geostatistical techniques provide a powerful tool for interpolating ground measurements of soil properties and crop yield over large areas in combination with estimates of organic matter obtained from Thematic Mapper images.
The appendix as the cause of chronic lower abdominal pain

The records of 63 patients who had appendectomy for chronic lower abdominal pain were reviewed. Histologically 92% of the removed appendices revealed abnormality, and 95% of these patients were completely cured. It is concluded that appendicopathy does exist and could be the cause of chronic lower abdominal pain.
Application of henriksen's ‘acidification indicator’ and ‘predictor nomograph’ to two adirondack lakes

During the period 1977–1980 we studied the effects of highly acidic precipitation (mean pH 4.1 to 4.2) on the chemistry of three Adirondack lakes: Woods Lake, Panther Lake, and Sagamore Lake. Two of these lakes (Woods and Panther) are enough like those lakes of southern Sweden and Norway studied by Henriksen that they should constitute a valid test of his ‘acidification indicator’ and ‘predictor homograph’. In our comparison we used data from weekly samples taken near the surface of the lakes during unstratified summer and fall conditions over a 3 yr period. The acidification indicator and predictor nomograph were developed using data from lake samples taken under similar conditions in Scandinavia.
The role of conformational entropy in molecular recognition by calmodulin

NMR-measured order parameters of methyl groups can be used to quantitate the entropy of protein conformational change associated with calmodulin-peptide ligand interactions. This conformational entropy is a major contributor to the affinity of calmodulin interactions.
Subcellular Spectroscopic Markers, Topography and Nanomechanics of Human Lung Cancer and Breast Cancer Cells Examined by Combined Confocal Raman Microspectroscopy and Atomic Force Microscopy

The nanostructures and hydrophobic properties of cancer cell membranes are important for membrane fusion and cell adhesion. They are directly related to cancer cell biophysical properties, including aggressive growth and migration. Additionally, chemical component analysis of the cancer cell membrane could potentially be applied in clinical diagnosis of cancer by identification of specific biomarker receptors expressed on cancer cell surfaces. In the present work, a combined Raman microspectroscopy (RM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) technique was applied to detect the difference in membrane chemical components and nanomechanics of three cancer cell lines: human lung adenocarcinoma epithelial cells (A549), and human breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-435 with and without BRMS1 metastasis suppressor). Raman spectral analysis indicated similar bands between the A549, 435 and 435/BRMS1 including ~720 cm(-1) (guanine band of DNA), 940 cm(-1) (skeletal mode polysaccharide), 1006 cm(-1) (symmetric ring breathing phenylalanine), and 1451 cm(-1) (CH deformation). The membrane surface adhesion forces for these cancer cells were measured by AFM in culture medium: 0.478 ± 0.091 nN for A549 cells, 0.253 ± 0.070 nN for 435 cells, and 1.114 ± 0.281 nN for 435/BRMS1 cells, and the cell spring constant was measured at 2.62 ± 0.682 mN m(-1) for A549 cells, 2.105 ± 0.691 mN m(-1) for 435 cells, and 5.448 ± 1.081 mN m(-1) for 435/BRMS1 cells.
Robust constant output tracking for uncertain/nonlinear systems with PI controllers

We consider uncertain/nonlinear systems subject to unknown constant disturbance inputs. We wish to design state feedback controllers which ensure that the system output asymptotically tracks a specified constant reference signal and all states are bounded. The controllers we consider are PI in the sense that they consist of a piece which depends linearly on the state and another piece which depends on the integral of the output tracking error. Our main result reduces the original problem to a stabilization problem for an associated augmented system which we call the derivative augmented system. We obtain controller design procedures for specific classes of uncertain/nonlinear systems.
Diet and Physical Activity in Women Recovered from Anorexia Nervosa: A Pilot Study

Objective: After recovery, women with anorexia nervosa (AN) tend to maintain lower body mass indices (BMI) than women in the general population. Reasons for this are unknown as little is known about diet, food choices, physical activity levels (PAL), and reasons for exercise in women recovered from AN. Method: Diet, reasons for food choice, PAL, and reasons for exercise were measured in an exploratory study of 15 women recovered from AN and 22 women with no eating disorder history. Results: In these hypotheses generating analyses, mean BMI in recovered women was numerically lower than control women [21.4 kg/m2 (2.0) and 23.6 kg/m2 (4.4); respectively (p < .06)]. Recovered women were more likely to base food choice on health benefits (p < .04) compared with control women. Discussion: Pathological behaviors that are pathognomonic of AN may resolve into healthy food and activity choices that help maintain BMIs lower in the healthy range in recovered individuals. © 2010 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2010)
Effect of energy on propylene glycol aerosols using the capillary aerosol generator.

Abstract The CAG is being developed for pulmonary drug delivery. Liquids are pumped, heated and vaporized by the CAG, whence they nucleate and condense to form aerosols. This study characterized the effect of energy on the aerosolization process. With increasing energy, the CAG produced an increasing fine particle fraction (FPF) until “optimal aerosolization” was achieved between 40 and 45 J; this energy range agreed with that theoretically required to vaporize the dose of PG. Further increases in energy above this optimal range did not improve PG’s aerosolization efficiency. Based on the energy, FPF and temperature profiles, it was possible to deduce the nature of the liquid flow-boiling during aerosol generation. The aerosol particle size went through a minimum, as energy was increased through the “optimal range.” In the “energy excess” region, where additional energy increased PG vapor temperature and velocity, droplet sizes were increased primarily due to changes in the nucleation rates and supersaturation ratios affecting the nucleation and condensation processes occurring within the vapor jet. The in vitro MMAD of the PG aerosol changed as a function of the applied energy, suggesting that for any pharmaceutical application, the choice of applied energy is critical to deposition profile of the aerosol.
Controller enhanced fault detection and isolation in a reactor-separator system

Accurate detection and isolation of faults is a critical component of a reliable fault-tolerant control system. It has been demonstrated that using a nonlinear controller to enforce a specific structure in the closed-loop system allows data-based detection and isolation of certain faults that would otherwise not be isolable using data-based techniques without the necessary closed-loop system structure. In this work, we demonstrate through a multi-unit chemical process example how this approach can be applied in a plant- wide setting. Nonlinear, model-based control laws are used to enforce a decoupling structure in the closed-loop system, and data-based statistical process monitoring methods are used for fault detection with isolation of the faults based on the imposed closed-loop system structure.
Localization and Solubilization of the Respiratory Nitrate Reductase of Bacillus stearothermophilus

Membranes were isolated from Bacillus stearothermophilus 2184D by lysozyme digestion of the cell wall and subsequent differential centrifugation. Observations with the electron microscope indicate that such membranes are relatively intact and have a typical membrane appearance. Nitrate will preferentially oxidize the cytochrome b of such membranes. Approximately 80% of the total respiratory nitrate reductase activity of whole cells can be localized in the washed membrane fraction and the process of membrane isolation results in a sixfold purification of this enzyme. Of several detergents tested, sodium dodecyl sulfate, Triton 114, and Triton X-100 are most effective in converting reduced methyl viologen-nitrate reductase to a form which will not pellet at 130,000 x g. Density gradient analysis reveals that such detergent-mediated solubilization converts virtually all membrane protein to a form of lighter density.
Attitudes Toward Emotions

The present work outlines a theory of attitudes toward emotions, provides a measure of attitudes toward emotions, and then tests several predictions concerning relationships between attitudes toward specific emotions and emotional situation selection, emotional traits, emotional reactivity, and emotion regulation. The present conceptualization of individual differences in attitudes toward emotions focuses on specific emotions and presents data indicating that 5 emotions (anger, sadness, joy, fear, and disgust) load on 5 separate attitude factors (Study 1). Attitudes toward emotions predicted emotional situation selection (Study 2). Moreover, attitudes toward approach emotions (e.g., anger, joy) correlated directly with the associated trait emotions, whereas attitudes toward withdrawal emotions (fear, disgust) correlated inversely with associated trait emotions (Study 3). Similar results occurred when attitudes toward emotions were used to predict state emotional reactivity (Study 4). Finally, attitudes toward emotions predicted specific forms of emotion regulation (Study 5).