cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Increased Stem Cell Response to Erythropoietin Induced by Androgens

The effect of an androgen, 19-nortestosterone decanoate (19-ND), on radioironincorporation into peripheral red blood cells wastested in the plethoric (PCT) and the plethorichyperoxic(PCT-HOX) mouse. When 19-ND wasinjected 24 hr prior to the administration of exogenouserythropoietin (ESF), it was observedthat these mice responded with significantlygreater levels of erythropoiesis, as measured by50Fe incorporation into peripheral red blood cells,as compared to identical mice injected with ESFalone. Additional observations showed that hyperoxia(HOX) was capable of significantly decreasingthe already minimal levels of erythropoiesisnormally found in PCT mice and that this PCTHOXanimal did not respond as markedly toandrogen therapy as the PCT animal. The additionof assayable minimal amount of ESF didnot cause further augmentation of radioiron incorporationin the groups receiving ESF only.Since plasma ESF activity was not found to beelevated to detectable levels following androgenadministration in PCT-HOX mice,...
Applications of laser spectroscopy in polymer science

Abstract Applications of Rayleigh, Brillouin and Raman spectroscopy in polymer science are outlined. Since the advent of the laser and the new optical technology that it has spawned, new uses of light scattering have developed, particularly in the determination of dynamic properties of materials. The formalism of time correlation functions best describes the evolution of these microscopic processes. The physical basis of the three major light-scattering spectroscopies is first discussed within this general theoretical framework. A selection of practical applications will then be discussed that includes information obtainable about local polymer chain motion, large-scale diffusion, relaxation behavior, phase transitions and ordered states of macromolecules.
A Simplified Structural Ceramic Design Technique

This paper reviews the basic theory of the ceramic design methodology, and discusses the relative importance of the various parameters. A simplified technique is presented for estimation of the component reliability from the component stresses or for determining an acceptable design stress. These techniques can be used with or without a finite element stress analysis. A comparison of predicted probabilities of failure for actual components is made between the traditional computerized Weibull analysis and this simplified technique which shows reasonable agreement. An example of how to use this method is presented and an error analysis is included. This technique can be used to aid in material selections and design modifications, rank alternate designs and help the individual develop a “feel” for successful ceramic design.Copyright © 1985 by ASME
Steric Forces of Tethered Polymer Chains as a Function of Grafting Density: Studies with a Single Diblock Molecular Weight

The normal force to compress opposing polymer brushes as a function of grafting density was measured using a surface force apparatus. In contrast to conventional methods where grafting density has been varied by changing polymer molecular weight, in this work high grafting densities ranging from 1.4 to 7.6 mg/m2 were obtained by spin-coating different concentrations of a single diblock copolymer. Measured force profiles at low grafting density, σ < 4 mg/m2, were analogous to previous studies and consistent with Milner–Witten–Cates (MWC) theoretical predictions once chain polydispersity was accounted for. At higher grafting densities the experimentally measured repulsive interaction energy or force showed scaling behavior where the nondimensionalized force curves fall on top of each other; however, the behavior is distinctly different from the low grafting density regime and cannot be modeled using theory developed for the dilute/semidilute regime.
The conundrum of fluoroquinolone prophylaxis.

The dilemma for those managing patients with cancer and neutropenia is whether the potential benefit of fluoroquinolones outweigh their disadvantages—drug resistance, toxicity and cost. The authors of this Viewpoint re-examine the question of who (if anyone) should receive fluoroquinolone prophylaxis.
In‐situ monitoring of product shrinkage during injection molding using an optical sensor

We have used an optical fiber sensor for in-situ monitoring of product shrinkage during injection molding. The sensor, consisting of a bundle of optical fibers with a sapphire window at its end, is positioned in the ejector pin channel of the mold so that the sapphire window sits flush with the inside wall of the mold cavity. The optical view with this sensor is through the thickness (3.175 mm) of the molded product. The fiber bundle is divided into light excitation fibers and light collection fibers. Light from a helium neon laser is transmitted to the resin via the excitation fibers and the detected response is light that reflects from any interface at which there is a difference of index of refraction. When the molded product shrinks, it separates from the wall and sapphire window, and establishes the geometry of a Fabry-Perot interferometer. During the molding of polystyrene, polypropylene and polyethylene, we observed optical interference fringes that were generated by the movement of the molded product away from the mold wall and window. By counting fringes, a measurement of shrinkage was made. Sensor behavior is described by a model that takes into account the reflection coefficient at each surface, the change in index of refraction of the resin and the coherence of the excitation light. The model has been used to describe asymmetric product shrinkage.
Dust Particle Size Distributions Around Oxygen-Rich Mass-Losing Red Giants

We investigate the size distributions of circumstellar grains around seven oxygen-rich mass-losing red giants by using published data for the spatial extents of the circumstellar OH masers to compare with measures of the near-infrared sizes and thus to constrain the circumstellar extinction curves between the ultraviolet and the infrared. We find that the extinction increases toward the ultraviolet with the implication that a large fraction of the grains must be ejected with radii 0.3 μm. For an assumed size distribution of circumstellar particles similar to that in the interstellar medium such that n(a)da varies as n0a–3.0 exp (-a/a0), where a is the radius of a spherical grain, two different arguments show that the upper limits or inferred values of a0 are comparable to 0.14 μm, the value of this parameter which describes the size distribution of interstellar grains in diffuse clouds. These results are consistent with the standard hypothesis that interstellar grains grow and evolve from circumstellar dust.Around IRC +10420, there appears to be an additional population of big grains, with radii ≥0.5 km and carrying =20% of the dust mass. These large particles may be formed because they have time to grow in the rotating equatorial disk postulated to exist around this star, and they may be similar to some of the isotopically anomalous inclusions found in meteorites.
One-dimensional model for photodetachment in a static electric field

The photodetachment of a particle bound in a one-dimensional square well and subject to a static electric field is considered. This cross section is shown to have a rich structure that can be analyzed in relatively simple terms. The appearance of regularly spaced zeros in the cross section, as a function of photon energy, is one such feature. The spacing of the intervening peaks is either identical to or similar to that found in other studies. The peak asymmetry, the oscillatory amplitude, and another type of zero in the oscillator strength, which are related to the target's binding potential, are properties of this model not found in other studies. A connecting formula between the finite- and zero-field oscillator strengths is derived and found to be useful for field strengths between zero and that for which tunneling from the initial state becomes a competing mechanism for ionization. An approximate final-state function provides a particularly simple relationship between the two cases and it displays a part of the structure found in the full calculation. The possible connections between this model and experiment are discussed.
Hymes's linguistics and ethnography in education

Education is one of the arenas in which Hymes has brought his scholarship and politics of advocacy to bear in the world, perhaps most visibly through his University of Pennsylvania Graduate School of Education deanship (1975―1987), but also through the scope and depth of his writings on linguistics and ethnography in education. Language inequality is an enduring theme of Hymes's work, in relation not only to Native American ethnopoetics, narrative analysis, and linguistic socialization, but also to educational linguistics and ethnography in education. Hymes proposed a vision and a set of ways of doing educational linguistics and ethnography in education―from ethnographic monitoring and ethnography of communication to ethnopoetics of oral narrative and ethnography of language policy―that have inspired and informed researchers for a generation and more.
Molecular Characterization of a Putative K-Cl Cotransporter in Rat Brain A NEURONAL-SPECIFIC ISOFORM

Using a combination of data base searching, polymerase chain reaction, and library screening, we have identified a putative K-Cl cotransporter isoform (KCC2) in rat brain that is specifically localized in neurons. A cDNA of 5566 bases was obtained from overlapping clones and encoded a protein of 1116 amino acids with a deduced molecular mass of 123.6 kDa. Over its full length, the amino acid sequence of KCC2 is 67% identical to the widely distributed K-Cl cotransporter isoform (KCC1) identified in rat brain and rabbit kidney (Gillen, C., Brill, S., Payne, J.A., and Forbush, B., III(1996) J. Biol. Chem. 271, 16237-16244) but only approximately25% identical to other members of the cation-chloride cotransporter gene family, including "loop" diuretic-sensitive Na-K-Cl cotransport and thiazide-sensitive Na-Cl cotransport. Based on analysis of the primary structure as well as homology with other cation-chloride cotransporters, we predict 12 transmembrane segments bounded by N- and C-terminal cytoplasmic regions. Four sites for N-linked glycosylation are predicted on an extracellular intermembrane loop between putative transmembrane segments 5 and 6. Northern blot analysis using a KCC2-specific cDNA probe revealed a very highly expressed approximately5.6-kilobase transcript only in brain. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction revealed that KCC1 was present in rat primary astrocytes and rat C6 glioma cells but that KCC2 was completely absent from these cells, suggesting KCC2 was not of glial cell origin. In situ hybridization studies demonstrated that the KCC2 transcript was expressed at high levels in neurons throughout the central nervous system, including CA1-CA4 pyramidal neurons of the hippocampus, granular cells and Purkinje neurons of the cerebellum, and many groups of neurons throughout the brainstem.
Careers in Psychology at the Associate's, Bachelor's, Master's, and Doctoral Levels

A review of the periodical literature as well as anecdotal records of psychology majors graduated from a midwestern private college was conducted to identify entry-level jobs and career opportunities at the associate's, bachelor's, master's, and doctoral levels. Results suggested that job outlook was promising at all levels. Data on salaries and predictions of future expanded opportunities are discussed.
Abstract 1848: Let-7 brings new insights into chronic myeloid leukemia therapy.

Proceedings: AACR 104th Annual Meeting 2013; Apr 6-10, 2013; Washington, DC Human chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) is a malignancy of pluripotent hematopoietic cells that is caused by the deregulated activity of the tyrosine kinase that is encoded by the chimeric bcr-abl oncogene. Given that CML cells are usually highly resistant to chemotherapy, novel and more efficacious strategies against this disease are urgently needed. MicroRNA (miRNA) is a set of newly discovered 20-22 nucleotides RNA molecules, and they broadly repress their cognate target genes at post-transcriptional/translational level. Up to date, there are approximately 2,000 human miRNA transcripts have been characterized, which are estimated to modulate more than 30% human genes and are widely involved in many essential biological processes including differentiation, proliferation, apoptosis, and also tumorigenesis. In this study, we studied let-7, a miRNA with tumor suppressive signature, for its therapeutic potential in CML. When treating CML K562 and KU812 cell by imatinib, let-7 can be significantly induced. Overexpression of let-7 can sensitize K562 and KU812 cells to imatinib, while knock-down of let-7 can increase the drug resistance of these cells. The mechanistic studies found that let-7 was able to promote apoptosis of CML cells, inhibit the tumor cell proliferation, and lead to a cell cycle arrest in the G0/G1 phase. These results demonstrate that let-7 is a potential target for treating CML by imatinib and/or other anti-cancer druges. The pro-apoptosis and anti-proliferation roles of let-7 in CML cells may provide novel insights into discovery and development novel drugs for conquering this malignant disease. Citation Format: Bin Yi, Xiaobo Li, Wenjun Du, Gary A. Piazza, Yaguang Xi. Let-7 brings new insights into chronic myeloid leukemia therapy. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1848. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-1848 Note: This abstract was not presented at the AACR Annual Meeting 2013 because the presenter was unable to attend.
Singularities at the tip of a crack normal to the interface of an anisotropic layered composite

Abstract The order of stress singularities at the tip of a crack which is normal to and ends at an interface between two anisotropic elastic layers in a composite is studied. Assuming that the stress singularities have the form r − κ , equations are derived for determining the order of singularities κ . If the materials on both sides of the interface are identical, κ = ½ is a root of multiplicity three each of which can be identified with the singularity due to, respectively, a symmetric tensile stress applied at infinity, an antisymmetric plane shear stress and an antiplane shear stress applied at infinity. When the materials on both sides of the interface are not the same, there are in general three distinct roots for k . Numerical examples for a typical high modulus graphite/epoxy and for a special T300/5208 graphite/epoxy show that k has three positive roots all of which are close to ½ for most combinations of ply-angles in the two materials.
Bolus recombinant urokinase versus heparin in deep venous thrombosis: a randomized controlled trial.

Abstract Bolus urokinase (Abbokinase) is effective for initial treatment of deep venous thrombosis but is associated with a high rate of rigors. This randomized controlled trial was undertaken among patients with deep venous thrombosis to evaluate the efficacy and safety of a novel thrombolytic agent, recombinant urokinase (rUK), administered as three bolus infusions of 1 million U over a 24-hour period versus heparin alone. Of 361 patients with DVT screened, 17 (5%) were enrolled. Recent surgery was the most common reason for exclusion ( n = 113, 31%). Images of the patients were obtained at baseline, 24 to 48 hours after randomization, and before hospital discharge. Two patients in each treatment group had minor clot progression. One patient in the heparin group had no change; all other patients showed mild ( n = 5 in each group) or moderate (>50%; n = 1 in each group) improvement. No bleeding complications or rigors developed in patients randomized to rUK. Mean bleeding times among patients given rUK were not significantly different from mean values of patients given heparin at any of the measured time points available for comparison (331 vs 387 seconds at baseline and 381 vs 416 seconds at 24 hours). However, mean fibrinogen levels declined with successive urokinase boluses and were significantly lower than levels in patients treated with heparin at 24 (233 mg/dl vs 466 mg/dl, p = 0.01) and 48 hours (270 mg/dl vs 474 mg/dl, p = 0.02). Although bolus rUK had a favorable safety profile, rUK was no more effective than heparin in achieving clot lysis at the doses used in this trial.
Quality of Fresh‐Market Peaches Within the Postharvest Handling System

Peaches (cv ‘Redglobe’) were sampled at six points in the postharvest handling system to determine the effects of physiological maturity at harvest and identify the step(s) where alternate handling techniques would lead to improved quality at point of purchase. Samples were evaluated for maturity, color, firmness, soluble solids, and total acidity. Harvest maturity and temperature management were identified as the most critical factors in the postharvest system. Firmness was the most limiting quality attribute. Improvement of peach quality can be achieved within the existing handling system by strict control of harvest maturity and allowing peaches to ripen at ambient temperatures (18–24°C) at the retail outlet or in the home just prior to consumption.
Intrathecal morphine 100 and 200 μg for post-cesarean delivery analgesia: a trade-off between analgesic efficacy and side effects.

Abstract Introduction Intrathecal morphine is highly effective for post-cesarean analgesia; however, the optimal dose is yet to be established. The aim of this study was to compare analgesia and side effects after a change in institutional practice to give 200μg rather than 100μg. Methods We conducted a retrospective chart review of 241 patients who had an elective cesarean delivery and received either 100 or 200μg of intrathecal morphine. The primary outcome variables were mean and peak verbal pain scores (0–10) and analgesic use (milligram-morphine equivalents). Postoperative administration of antiemetics, antipruritics and episodes of nausea or vomiting were recorded. Data are reported as mean±SD or percentages with P Results Women receiving intrathecal morphine 200μg had lower pain scores and opioid use compared with morphine 100μg. Mean verbal pain scores were 1.6±1.1 versus 2.0±1.1 ( P =0.01) and peak verbal pain scores were 4.9±2.0 versus 5.6±1.8, respectively ( P =0.008). The group receiving 200μg used less opioids in the first 24h after surgery (44±35 versus 54±35 milligram-morphine equivalents, respectively, P =0.04) and received less intravenous opioids (18% versus 30%, P =0.02). However, women receiving intrathecal morphine 200μg had more nausea (mean number of episodes of nausea 1.9±1.3 versus 1.6±1.3, P =0.037) and used more antiemetics (52% versus 24%, P Conclusions Intrathecal morphine 200μg provided better analgesia but with more nausea compared with morphine 100μg. Our results can be used to help guide intrathecal morphine dosing in cesarean delivery based on patient preference for analgesia versus side effects.
Comparison of the psychometric properties of two fatigue scales in multiple sclerosis.

Objective To compare psychometric functioning of the Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS) and the Modified Fatigue Impact Scale (MFIS) in a community sample of persons with multiple sclerosis (MS).
Correlation between S′ precipitation and the Portevin-le Chatelier effect in an AlLiCuMgZr alloy

Serrated yielding, also known as the Portevin-le Chatelier effect, occurs in a variety of aluminum alloys when solutes such as Mg or Cu are present in solid solution. Despite frequent observations of serrated yielding in Al-Li alloys, the phenomenon has not been extensively investigated in these alloys. Tamura, Mori and Nakamura reported finding serrated yielding in Al-3 wt.% Li single crystals deformed at room temperature at a strain rate near 10/sup -3/ 5/sup -1/. However, similar polycrystalline samples did not exhibit serrated yielding, a observation which Tamura et al ascribed to interference of the primary slip system by grain boundaries or by operation of multiple slip systems. Although the cause of serrated yielding in Al-Li single crystals was not discussed, an interaction between dislocations and Li atoms in solid solution is consistent with results reported by Tamura et al. The goal of the present investigation was to show that occurrence of serrated yielding of an Al-Li-Cu-Mg-Zr alloy coincides with absence of S' precipitates (precursor to Al/sub 2/CuMg) in the microstructure. Evidence is presented to show that when Cu and Mg remain in solid solution (S' absent), serrated yielding is observed. However, aging treatments that lead to copious precipitation of S' more » inhibit serrated yielding in this alloy. Thus, links are established between aging treatment, microstructure and the Portevin-le Chatelier effect in an Al-Li-Cu-Mg-Zr alloy. « less
Reperfusion momentum: Lessons from the randomized trials of immediate coronary angioplasty for myocardial infarction

Evolution of treatment strategies follows a typical course, which begins with recognition of a clinical problem, characterization of the anatomic and pathophysiologic mechanisms involved and attempts to identify treatments. This evolution culminates in randomized trials that often compare one of several strategies with placebo controls. This course has been followed in the field of reperfusion therapy for acute myocardial infarction (1-18). Early descriptions of successful thrombolytic therapy through an intracoronary and then an intravenous route culminated in several randomized trials that documented improved survival with one of several lytic therapies (l-3,5,7,8).
Clinical judgments of easy vs. difficult clients by counselor trainees

Thirty-one counselor trainees viewed videotapes of two actors portraying either an easy client (one who expressed intrinsic motivation for help, responded openly to questions and spontaneously elaborated on responses) or a difficult client. Trainees made 11 ratings of client functioning, likely response to treatment, and personal reactions to client. As expected, clients with a difficult interpersonal style were not regarded as more psychologically disturbed, but were rated as having less potential for change and less ego strength. They were rated as less likely to attend the next interview or to complete counseling and less likely to respond well to counseling. They also were less well-liked. Auxiliary analyses indicated that minority counselors (N = 9) appeared more optimistic about the results of counseling, though they anticipated equally much difficulty in working with the clients. A single interaction effect indicated that white counselor trainees saw less potential for change in the difficult vs. easy clients; minority Ss made no such distinction.
Cardiotoxicity related to cancer therapy

Abstract Because of recent advances in treatment of childhood cancer, there are increasing numbers of children who have survived cancer. Their future lives are complicated by late sequelae of the disease and treatment. Cardiovascular late effects are usually correlated with cardiotoxic treatment. Other late effects, however, affect organ systems which may have an impact on a patient's cardiovascular status. Of particular interest are the cardiovascular effects of thyroid dysfunction (either hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism), growth hormone deficiency, obesity, ovarian failure, pulmonary disease and renal dysfunction. In addition, psychosocial issues, such as risk-taking behavior and neurocognitive abnormalities requiring pharmacotherapy, present further cardiovascular concerns. This review discusses some of the more common non-cardiac sequelae of treatment of childhood cancer which may effect cardiac function. Knowledge of these late effects and their cardiac impact is essential as we attempt to lessen associated morbidity and mortality.
Mice Lacking p21CIP1/WAF1 undergo normal development, but are defective in G1 checkpoint control

p21CIP11WAF1 is a CDK Inhibitor regulated by the tumor suppressor p53 and is hypothesized to mediate G1 arrest. p53 has been suggested to derive anti-oncogenic properties from this relationship. To test these notions, we created mice lacking p21CIP1/WAF1. They develop normally and (unlike p53−/− mice) have not developed spontaneous malignancies during 7 months of observation. Nonetheless, p21−/− embryonic fibroblasts are significantly deficient in their ability to arrest in G1 In response to DNA damage and nucleotide pool perturbation. p21−/− cells also exhibit a significant growth alteration in vitro, achieving a saturation density as high as that observed In p53−/− cells. In contrast, other aspects of p53 function, such as thymocytic apoptosis and the mitotic spindle checkpoint, appear normal. These results establish the role of p21CIP1/WAF1 in the G1 checkpoint, but suggest that the antiapoptotic and the anti-oncogenic effects of p53 are more complex.
Unusual Space-Time Evolution for Heavy-Ion Collisions at High Energies due to the QCD Phase Transition

The space-time evolution of high-energy noncentral heavy-ion collisions is studied with relativistic hydrodynamics. The results are very sensitive to the equation of state (EoS). For an EoS with the QCD phase transition, an unusual matter distribution develops. Before freeze-out, two shells are formed which physically separate and leave a maximum in the center. We make specific predictions for the azimuthal dependence of the flow and for two-pion interferometry, contrasting our results with a resonance gas EoS.
A near-linear time ε-approximation algorithm for geometric bipartite matching

For point sets A,B ⊂ Rd, |A|=|B|=n, and for a parameter e > 0, we present an algorithm that computes, in O(n poly(log n, 1/e)) time, an e-approximate perfect matching of A and B with high probability; the previously best known algorithm takes Ω(n3/2) time. We approximate the Lp-norm using a distance function, d(•,•) based on a randomly shifted quad-tree. The algorithm iteratively generates an approximate minimum-cost augmenting path under d(•,•) in time proportional to the length of the path. We show that the total length of the augmenting paths generated by the algorithm is O((n/e)log n), implying that the running time of our algorithm is O(n poly(log n,1/e)).
Regulation of CCK-induced amylase release by PKC-δ in rat pancreatic acinar cells

PKC is known to be activated by pancreatic secretagogues such as CCK and carbachol and to participate along with calcium in amylase release. Four PKC isoforms, α, δ, e, and ζ, have been identified ...
ANALYSIS OF FLOQUET WAVE GENERATION AND PROPAGATION IN A PLATE WITH MULTIPLE ARRAYS OF LINE ATTACHMENTS

Abstract A variety of engineering structures consist of a homogeneous “master structure”, such as a plate or shell, to which are attached multiple arrays of substructures, such as ribs or stringers. The goal of this work is to understand the effects of array impedance and spacing on energy flow in the master structure. Such an understanding may ultimately lead to a design process encompassing both the attenuation of vibrational energy and the support of static loads. Here, the vibrational response of a locally excited master structure is studied analytically for a class of structures involving an arbitrary number of substructure arrays. The approach is presented in the context of an elastic plate which is reinforced by multiple arrays of line attachments and acted upon by a line force. Extension of the analysis to other geometries and loadings is straightforward. A recursive analytical procedure is presented by which Floquet wavenumbers of a structure with p arrays are computed from the wavenumbers of a structure with p−1 of the arrays attached. In this way, the Floquet wavenumbers of any multiple array structure can be computed by first considering the master structure alone and then computing the effect of attaching each array in turn. The imaginary parts of the Floquet wavenumbers quantify the attenuation of response along the structure. In addition, the spatial response is obtained analytically as a sum of two Floquet waves through simplification and transformation of the wavenumber domain solution. By way of example, a three-array structure is considered to illustrate the recursive computation of the wavenumbers and to demonstrate the correlation between the imaginary parts of the wavenumbers and the spatial attenuation of the structural response.
Experiments on dilution of 3He with 4He at very low temperatures

Abstract Measurements are reported of thermal effects associated with dissolving 3He in 4He at very low temperatures. Experiment and theory are in essential agreement. A temperature of 4.5 m°K is attained without recourse to magnetic cooling.
Measurements and Computations of Electric Field Intensity and Power Density

Conversion equations for converting the transmitting power, receiving power, or receiving voltage to electric field intensity and power density are derived and discussed. If the antenna factor, antenna gain, and the cable parameters are known, the electric field intensity or power density at some distance from the transmitting antenna may be determined by means of a specific conversion equation for a given signal frequency. The developed conversion equations may aid the electronics engineers to compute the electric field intensity and power density in a quick way.
An environmental scanning indicator proposed for strategic agribusiness management

Adapting to change is critical to surviving in agribusiness. Adaptive strategic plan development depends on the use of meaningful information from the external business environment. We propose the ratio of livestock (including poultry) to crop farm receipts (L/C) as an environmental scanning indicator. The spatial patterns of this ratio within three states, Iowa, North Carolina, and Pennsylvania over the last 50 years illustrate the directions and magnitudes of change in this indicator. The L/C for Iowa decreased from 2.1 to 1.2 but increased in both North Carolina and Pennsylvania from 0.2 to 1.6 and 3.6 to 8.4, respectively. Change was not uniformly distributed in any of the three states as some areas changed more than others. Because changes in production emphasis are often associated with changes in ecological or community issues, policies emerge to address these new circumstances. Agribusiness should be aware of the trajectory of change and associated policy actions in their immediate area, their state and nationally, because these dynamics can have significant implications for their strategic management opportunities. Progressive businesses, commodity groups, or other interest groups could scan changes in L/C and use the information as an environmental indicator for effective strategic management or distribute it for use in managing change. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Phosphorus amides X. Rate acceleration due to solvation effects in the acid-catalyzed cleavage of phosphinamides. Application to acid-catalysis at enzymic active sites.

Abstract Phosphinamides undergo acid-catalyzed reaction with enhanced rates as the amount of water is decreased in acetonitrile from about 20 M to about 1 M. This phenomenon appears to be due to increased activity of acid and increased basicity of substrate as the concentration of water is decreased. The same effects may cause enhanced rates of acid-catalyzed reactions at enzymic active sites.
Association of C3H6 to aluminum cluster anions

Abstract Motivated by the unique chemistry of aluminum cluster anions, studies of their reactions with a model alkene, propene, were conducted in a fast-flow-tube apparatus. Under moderate concentrations of propene, only Al 12 - was found to be reactive. At higher propene concentrations, Al 15 - , Al 18 - , and Al 21 - were also found to react. Electronic structure studies for Al n - ( n = 7 – 14 ) were carried out using a first principles density functional approach. The results are considered in terms of the empirical rules, recently proposed by Chretien et al. to account for alkene adsorption on metal clusters. Finally, the prospect of exploring further chemistry involving metal cluster additions to alkenes utilizing Al n I x - clusters is considered.
Solution structures of lithium enolates of cyclopentanone, cyclohexanone, acetophenones, and benzyl ketones. Triple ions and higher lithiate complexes.

Multinuclear NMR spectroscopic studies at low temperature (−110 to −150 °C) revealed that lithium p-fluorophenolate and the lithium enolates of cyclohexanone, cyclopentanone and 4-fluoroacetophenone have tetrameric structures in THF/Et2O and THF/Et2O−HMPA by study of the effects of the addition of HMPA. The Z and E isomers of the lithium enolate of 1,3-bis-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-propanone (5F-Li) show divergent behavior. The Z isomer is completely dimeric in pure diethyl ether, and mostly dimeric in 3:2 THF/ether, where monomer could be detected in small amounts. TMTAN and PMDTA convert Z-5F-Li to a monomeric amine complex, and HMPA converts it partially to monomers, and partially to lithiate species (RO)2Li− and (RO)3Li2−. Better characterized solutions of these lithiates were prepared by addition of phosphazenium enolates (using P4-tBu base) to the lithium enolate in 1:1 ratio to form triple ion (RO)2Li− P4H+, or 2:1 ratio to form the higher lithiate (RO)3Li2− (P4H+)2) (quadruple ions). The E isomer of 5F-L...
Focal Points, Endogenous Processes, and Exogenous Shocks in the Autism Epidemic

Autism prevalence has increased rapidly in the United States during the past two decades. We have previously shown that the diffusion of information about autism through spatially proximate social relations has contributed significantly to the epidemic. This study expands on this finding by identifying the focal points for interaction that drive the proximity effect on subsequent diagnoses. We then consider how diffusion dynamics through interaction at critical focal points, in tandem with exogenous shocks, could have shaped the spatial dynamics of autism in California. We achieve these goals through an empirically calibrated simulation model of the whole population of 3- to 9-year-olds in California. We show that in the absence of interaction at these foci—principally malls and schools—we would not observe an autism epidemic. We also explore the idea that epigenetic changes affecting one generation in the distal past could shape the precise spatial patterns we observe among the next generation.
Clinical utility of different botulinum neurotoxin preparations

Comparative literature assessing the relative safety and efficacy of different BoNT products is limited. The quantity and quality of data vary by preparation and indication. Clinicians seeking data relevant to the care of patients with specific conditions may find only reports about small numbers of patients with varying symptoms. While a literature search for "botulinum neurotoxins" will yield a large number of publications; only a fraction of these meet criteria for an academic evidence-based review. Patients may have been treated with a different BoNT formulation than that with which the physician is familiar, or there may be little or no clinical data on the use of a specific BoNT product for the proposed intervention. This paper is an introduction to a series of papers (which follow) in which an expert panel reviewed the BoNT clinical trial literature in order to provide evidence-based recommendations regarding the clinical use and efficacy of available BoNT preparations for four major therapeutic areas: movement disorders, spasticity, urology, and secretory disorders. Expert opinion is also included to address practical issues where more evidence and further research is needed.
The relationship between environmental monitoring and biological markers in exposure assessment.

The poor quality of traditional assessments of exposure has encouraged epidemiologists to explore biological monitoring in studies of chronic diseases. Yet, despite theoretical advantages, biomarke...
Million-Atom Pseudopotential Calculation of γ - X Mixing in GaAs / AlAs Superlattices and Quantum Dots

We have developed a ``linear combination of bulk bands'' method that permits atomistic, pseudopotential electronic structure calculations for $\ensuremath{\sim}{10}^{6}$ atom nanostructures. Application to $(\mathrm{GaAs}{)}_{n}/(\mathrm{AlAs}{)}_{n}$ (001) superlattices (SL's) reveals even-odd oscillations in the $\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{-}X$ coupling magnitude ${V}_{\ensuremath{\gamma}X}(n)$, which vanishes for $n\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}\mathrm{odd}$, even for abrupt and segregated SL's, respectively. Surprisingly, in contrast with recent expectations, 0D quantum dots are found here to have a smaller $\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{-}X$ coupling than equivalent 2D SL's. Our analysis shows that for large quantum dots this is largely due to the existence of level repulsion from many $X$ states.
Measurements of the oxygen enhancement ratio for high energy neutrons at the Fermilab.

The Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory is located at Batavia, Illinois, about 36 miles west of Chicago. This laboratory houses a 500 BeV proton synchrotron, the biggest in the world, which is used for research in high energy physics. Prior to injection into the synchrotron, protons are accelerated to 200 MeV in a linear accelerator 500 ft in length. Once the synchrotron ring is filled with protons and the accelerating cycle begins, the proton beam from the linear accelerator is not required for several seconds at a time. During these recurrent intervals it can be extracted and used to generate neutrons by bombarding a suitable target. In practice the protons are extracted part of the way down the linear accelerator where they have an energy of 66 MeV. The neutron beam was first available for experimental studies in the Fall of 1975, and by late 1976 it will be used for human neutron therapy by a consortium of radiotherapists in the Chicago area, headed by Dr. Lionel Cohen. The present paper describes preclinical radiobiological measurement. The oxygen enhancement ratio was found to be 1.7, which is comparable to the other neutron beams currently used for therapy.
Basel II vs. Prompt Corrective Action: Which Is Best for Public Policy?

This paper evaluates Basel II as a tool for achieving public policy objectives relative to structured early intervention and resolution (SEIR) and prompt corrective action (PCA) in the U.S. It concludes that Basel II compares poorly in terms of maintaining a safe and sound banking system. Rather, Basel II resembles a “best practices” guide for banks in managing their credit risk. However, it may do damage through encouraging some large banks in the U.S. to successfully pressure their regulators to lower the capital trigger ratio for “adequately-capitalized” status in order to benefit from any lower regulatory capital requirement that Basel II may give them.
Reactive ion etching of deep isolation trenches using sulfur hexafluoride, chlorine, helium, and oxygen

Four micron deep trenches are etched in a non-loadlock diode reactor using a gas mixture of 5F6/C12/He. It is an I. B. M. designed batch system. The tool is a typical planar design reactor with an aluminum upper anode and a copper lower cathode. The cathode is covered by a quartz pallet upon which the wafers are placed. It was advantageous to use a copper electrode because it was water cooled adsorbed moisture necessary in the passivation of the trench wall and minimized the deposition of residuals on the upper electrode. The use of copper as the cathode material however proved to have many disadvantages when coupled with the corrosive Cl2 gas chemistry. The corrosive nature of the Cl2 chemistry caused rapid degradation (corrosion) of the copper cathode resulting in frequent cathode changes. This corrosion was also responsible for a narrow and consistently changing process window. As the corrosion increased the ability to retain more moisture increased. The change in the amount of moisture retained would result in a shifting process window and a degradation in process control over time. This in turn made the process sensitive to the amount of silicon in the plasma that was available to recombine and form the SiOx necessary for passivation. The result would inevitably be " black silicon" (silicon spikes formed by micromasking). 2 . EXPERIMENTAL Alternatives to the copper electrode were investigated. A© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Frequency and Duration of Coinciding High Surf and Tides along the North Shore of Oahu, Hawaii, 1981–2007

Abstract Wave run-up along the north shore of Oahu has an annual cycle with a maximum centered on boreal winter. An understanding of the variability of high wave wash is important for coastal planning, transportation, safety, and property protection. Wave run-up increases with increasing surf size and tidal height. This study analyzed hourly historic wave data and predicted tides from 1981 to 2007 to better understand wave run-up potential based on the frequency and duration (in hours) that high surf and tides coincided as categorized by thresholds of surf and tidal height. The Waimea buoy, located just 5 km offshore, was the primary source for deep-water wave height and period. However, this series only began in 2001. The National Data Buoy Center platform 51001 extends back to 1981. Its location is sufficiently remote from Oahu to warrant a correction in significant wave height. The correction was made based on a regression analysis between daily mean wave heights from these two buoys. From the final, d...
Specification of the Scale and Magnitude of Thermals Used to Initiate Convection in Cloud Models

Boundary layer similarity techniques are employed to specify the scale and intensity of a thermal perturbation used to initialize a cloud in a numerical cloud model. Techniques are outlined to specify the needed similarity variables from external information. Finally, the cloud model respone using the similarity scaled thermal is analyzed employing variations in the similarity variables giving an indication of the importance of the correct specification of the initiating thermal.
Perioperative Morbidity and Mortality Following Bilateral Total Hip Arthroplasty

Abstract There is concern about safety of bilateral total hip arthroplasty (THA).This study aims to compare in-hospital complication rates between unilateral, simultaneous and staged bilateral THAs. The Nationwide Inpatient Sample from 2002–2010 was used. Patients and complications were identified using ICD-9-CM codes. In multivariate analysis, bilateral THA had higher risk of systemic complications (Odds ratio (OR): 2.1, P P =0.009) and in staged versus simultaneous bilateral THAs (OR: 1.75, P =0.05). Bilateral THA increases risk of systemic complications compared to unilateral surgery and simultaneous bilateral THA appears to be safer than staging during one hospitalization.
Association of heart hexokinase with subcellular structure

Abstract Sucrose extracts of minced pig heart muscle contain only 10–20% of the total tissue hexokinase activity. Treatment of the particulate residue with salts of monovalent cations induces a pH- and ionic strength-dependent solubilization of the enzyme. Evidence has been obtained indicating that this solubilization is reversible and that an equilibrium exists between the soluble and particle-bound forms of the enzyme. Glucose-6-phosphate also induces solubilization of heart hexokinase. This effect appears to be related to the ability of glucose-6-phosphate to combine with the specific regulatory site on the enzyme described by Crane and Sols. An irreversible and pH-independent solubilization of heart hexokinase has also been obtained with divalent cations.
Effects of the antifungal agents on oxidative drug metabolism: clinical relevance.

This article reviews the metabolic pharmacokinetic drug-drug interactions with the systemic antifungal agents: the azoles ketoconazole, miconazole, itraconazole and fluconazole, the allylamine terbinafine and the sulfonamide sulfamethoxazole. The majority of these interactions are metabolic and are caused by inhibition of cytochrome P450 (CYP)-mediated hepatic and/or small intestinal metabolism of coadministered drugs. Human liver microsomal studies in vitro, clinical case reports and controlled pharmacokinetic interaction studies in patients or healthy volunteers are reviewed. A brief overview of the CYP system and the contrasting effects of the antifungal agents on the different human drug-metabolising CYP isoforms is followed by discussion of the role of P-glycoprotein in presystemic extraction and the modulation of its function by the antifungal agents. Methods used for in vitro drug interaction studies and in vitro—in vivo scaling are then discussed, with specific emphasis on the azole antifungals. Ketoconazole and itraconazole are potent inhibitors of the major drugmetabolising CYP isoform in humans, CYP3A4. Coadministration of these drugs with CYP3A substrates such as cyclosporin, tacrolimus, alprazolam, triazolam, midazolam, nifedipine, felodipine, simvastatin, lovastatin, vincristine, terfenadine or astemizole can result in clinically significant drug interactions, some of which can be life-threatening. The interactions of ketoconazole with cyclosporin and tacrolimus have been applied for therapeutic purposes to allow a lower dosage and cost of the immunosuppressant and a reduced risk of fungal infections. The potency of fluconazole as a CYP3A4 inhibitor is much lower. Thus, clinical interactions of CYP3A substrates with this azole derivative are of lesser magnitude, and are generally observed only with fluconazole dosages of ≥200 mg/day. Fluconazole, miconazole and sulfamethoxazole are potent inhibitors of CYP2C9. Coadministration of phenytoin, warfarin, sulfamethoxazole and losartan with fluconazole results in clinically significant drug interactions. Fluconazole is a potent inhibitor of CYP2C19 in vitro, although the clinical significance of this has not been investigated. No clinically significant drug interactions have been predicted or documented between the azoles and drugs that are primarily metabolised by CYP 1A2, 2D6 or 2E1. Terbinafine is a potent inhibitor of CYP2D6 and may cause clinically significant interactions with coadministered substrates of this isoform, such as nortriptyline, desipramine, perphenazine, metoprolol, encainide and propafenone. On the basis of the existing in vitro and in vivo data, drug interactions of terbinafine with substrates of other CYP isoforms are unlikely.
The evolving role for surgery in the management of nonseminomatous testicular carcinoma

Once the only therapy available for locoregional disease extension, the approriate role for surgical management by retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy (RPND) of nonseminomatous germ cell testicular cancer is now being redefined in an algorithm of management comprising several modalities. Nerve-sparing techniques for RPND have overcome a substantial hesitancy for its continued utilization. Its continued use in low stage disease provides both therapeutic and diagnostic benefit; its role in relation to surveillance protocols will be defined. For bulky disease, node dissection is best reserved after induction chemotherapy; the need for surgery after such chemotherapy will be reviewed.