cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Is the lodging industry serving the needs of mature consumers? A comparison of mature travelers' and lodging managers' perceptions of service needs.

Abstract Consumers of all ages are of concern to the hospitality industry. However, in more recent times the mature market has become increasingly important to hospitality service providers. Unfortunately, an understanding of the needs of the mature market is often limited and is typically based on conjecture. This study examines the differences and similarities in the importance of various lodging services as perceived by lodging managers and mature travelers. Findings are derived from data collected on a self-administered questionnaire from a sample of lodging managers and mature travelers in the state of Texas. Results show that the lodging managers? and mature travelers? perceptions of the importance of lodging services were significantly different on several items, yet very similar on others.
Distinct and shared roles of β-arrestin-1 and β-arrestin-2 on the regulation of C3a receptor signaling in human mast cells.

Background The complement component C3a induces degranulation in human mast cells via the activation of cell surface G protein coupled receptors (GPCR; C3aR). For most GPCRs, agonist-induced receptor phosphorylation leads to the recruitment of β-arrestin-1/β-arrestin-2; resulting in receptor desensitization and internalization. Activation of GPCRs also leads to ERK1/2 phosphorylation via two temporally distinct pathways; an early response that reflects G protein activation and a delayed response that is G protein independent but requires β-arrestins. The role of β-arrestins on C3aR activation/regulation in human mast cells, however, remains unknown. Methodology/Principal Findings We utilized lentivirus short hairpin (sh)RNA to stably knockdown the expression of β-arrestin-1 and β-arrrestin-2 in human mast cell lines, HMC-1 and LAD2 that endogenously expresses C3aR. Silencing β-arrestin-2 attenuated C3aR desensitization, blocked agonist-induced receptor internalization and rendered the cells responsive to C3a for enhanced NF-κB activity as well as chemokine generation. By contrast, silencing β-arrestin-1 had no effect on these responses but resulted in a significant decrease in C3a-induced mast cell degranulation. In shRNA control cells, C3a caused a transient ERK1/2 phosphorylation, which peaked at 5 min but disappeared by 10 min. Knockdown of β-arrestin-1, β-arrestin-2 or both enhanced the early response to C3a and rendered the cells responsive for ERK1/2 phosphorylation at later time points (10–30 min). Treatment of cells with pertussis toxin almost completely blocked both early and delayed C3a-induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation in β-arrestin1/2 knockdown cells. Conclusion/Significance This study demonstrates distinct roles for β-arrestins-1 and β-arrestins-2 on C3aR desensitization, internalization, degranulation, NF-κB activation and chemokine generation in human mast cells. It also shows that both β-arrestin-1 and β-arrestin-2 play a novel and shared role in inhibiting G protein-dependent ERK1/2 phosphorylation. These findings reveal a new level of complexity for C3aR regulation by β-arrestins in human mast cells.
New insights in heparin-induced thrombocytopenia

Comment on Rauova et al, page [131][1], and comment on Savi et al, page [139][2] Two papers in this issue of Blood, one by Rauova and colleagues and another by Savi and colleagues, go far in advancing our understanding of HIT. To the clinician involved on a daily basis with the care of patients
The Efficacy and Safety of Fluticasone Propionate (250 μg)/Salmeterol (50 μg) Combined in the Diskus Inhaler for the Treatment of COPD

Study objectives: To compare the efficacy and safety of the inhaled corticosteroid fluticasone propionate (FP) and the inhaled long-acting β 2 -agonist salmeterol (SM), when administered together in a single device (Diskus; GlaxoSmithKline, Inc; Research Triangle Park, NC), with that of placebo and the individual agents alone in patients with COPD. Design: Randomized, double-blind, multicenter, placebo-controlled study. Setting: Seventy-six investigative sites in the United States. Patients Seven hundred twenty-three patients ≥ 40 years of age with COPD and a mean baseline FEV 1 of 42% predicted. Interventions: FP (250 μg), SM (50 μg), FP plus SM combined in a single inhaler (FSC), or placebo administered twice daily through the Diskus device for 24 weeks. Measurements: Primary efficacy measures were morning predose ( ie , trough FEV 1 ) for FSC compared with SM and 2-h postdose FEV 1 for FSC compared with FP. Other efficacy measures were as follows: morning peak expiratory flow rate (PEF); transition dyspnea index; chronic respiratory disease questionnaire; chronic bronchitis symptom questionnaire; exacerbations; and other symptomatic measures. Results: At Endpoint ( ie , the last on-treatment, post-baseline assessment), treatment with FSC significantly (p ≤ 0.012) increased the morning predose FEV 1 (165 mL) compared with SM (91 mL) and placebo (1 mL), and significantly (p ≤ 0.001) increased the 2-h postdose FEV 1 (281 mL) compared with FP (147 mL) and placebo (58 mL). Improvements in lung function with FSC compared with FP and SM, and with FP and SM compared with placebo, as measured by the average daily morning PEF, was observed within approximately 24 h after the initiation of treatment, indicating an early onset of effect (p ≤ 0.034). Compared with placebo, FSC significantly improved dyspnea, quality of life, and symptoms of chronic bronchitis. The incidence of adverse effects (except for an increase in oral candidiasis with FSC and FP) were similar among the treatment groups. Conclusions: Treatment with FSC (FP, 250 μg, and SM, 50 μg) twice daily substantially improved morning lung function and sustained these improvements for over a period of 24 weeks compared with FP or SM treatment alone in patients with COPD, with no additional safety concerns for the combination treatment vs that with the individual components.
Identification of Binary Response Models

Abstract This article studies identification of the threshold-crossing model of binary response. Most research on binary response has considered specific estimators and tests. The study of identification exposes the foundations of binary response analysis by making explicit the assumptions needed to justify different methods. It also clarifies the connections between reduced-form and structural analyses of binary response data. Assume that the binary outcome z is determined by an observable random vector x and by an unobservable scalar u through a model z = 1[xβ + u ≤ 0]. Also assume that Fu|x , the probability distribution of u conditional on x, is continuous and strictly increasing. Given these maintained assumptions, we investigate the identifiability of β given the following restrictions on the distributions (Fu|x, x ∈ X): mean independence, quantile independence, index sufficiency, statistical independence, and statistical independence with the distribution known. We find that mean independence has n...
Non-paternalistic altruism and welfare economics

Abstract Bergstrom showed that a necessary condition for a Pareto optimum with non-paternalistic altruism is classification as a selfish Pareto optimum. This paper shows that Bergstrom’s result does not generalize to the benefit–cost analysis of generic changes in public goods. There may exist good projects that will be rejected by a selfish-benefit cost test, a selfish test error. Selfish test error is linked to preference interdependence between public goods and income distribution, the same condition Musgrave identified as problematic for optimal public goods provision without altruism. Transferable selfish utilities provide freedom from selfish test error.
Sex differences in attribution of negative and positive traits to obese silhouettes.

40 college women ascribed more negative attributes to larger opposite-sexed figures than did 40 men.
Rotator Cuff Biology and Biomechanics: a Review of Normal and Pathological Conditions

The glenohumeral joint is a complex anatomic structure commonly affected by injury such as tendinopathy and rotator cuff tears. This review presents an up-to-date overview of research on tendon biology and structure, shoulder joint motion and stability, tendon healing, and current and potential future repair strategies. Recent studies have provided information demonstrating the serious impact on uninjured tissues after a rotator cuff tear or other cause of altered shoulder joint mechanics. Another major focus of recent research is biological augmentation of rotator cuff repair with the goal of successfully reinstating normal tendon-to-bone structure. To effectively treat shoulder pathologies, clinicians need to understand normal tendon biology, the healing process and environment, and whole shoulder stability and function.
Therapeutic efficacy of the Epley canalith repositioning maneuver.

Objectives/Hypotheses: The hypotheses of the current study are as follows: 1) That if the Epley canalith repositioning maneuver is an effective treatment for benign positional vertigo (BPV), relief from the vertigo should occur virtually immediately after the performance of the maneuver; 2) that the Epley canalith repositioning maneuver does provide almost immediate relief in BPV and should be the established treatment of choice for this disorder in both primary and tertiary care settings; and 3) that residual symptoms of lightheadedness and imbalance do persist after the resolution of the vertigo. The distinction of these symptoms from the vertigo is required for the accurate evaluation of the efficacy of positional maneuvers. Study Design: Prospective cohort study in a tertiary care balance center. Methods: Eighty-six patients (95 cases) with a history and physical examination consistent with active BPV were entered in the study. Patients were treated with a modified Epley canalith repositioning maneuver. A modified 360° roll was used to treat those patients with horizontal canal BPV. Patients were provided with a preprinted diary in which they were to circle the answer most relevant to their symptoms for 14 days after the maneuver. Patients were then re-evaluated in the office at 2 weeks after the maneuver. Results: The mean duration of the BPV before treatment was 9 weeks. Seventy-four percent of cases that were treated with one or two canalith repositioning maneuvers had a resolution of vertigo as a direct result of the maneuver. A resolution attributable to the first intervention was obtained in 70% of cases within 48 hours of the maneuver. An additional 14% of cases that were treated had a resolution of vertigo; however, it is not possible to say that these patients definitely benefited from the canalith repositioning maneuver. Only 4% of cases (three patients) manifested BPV that persisted after four treatments. Residual symptoms of light-headedness or imbalance, or both, were frequent (47% of cases) but rarely required formal intervention with vestibular rehabilitation physical therapy. Conclusions: The Epley canalith repositioning maneuver results in a resolution of vertigo in the majority of patients (70% of cases) immediately after one treatment. It is safe and requires no special equipment or investigations. It should be established as the treatment of choice for BPV in both primary and tertiary care settings.
FLUTICASONE PROPIONATE AEROSOL FOR THE TREATMENT OF ADULTS WITH MILD TO MODERATE ASTHMA

Abstract Background: Recent emphasis on the control of airway inflammation in asthma highlights the need for safe and effective antiinflammatory agents. Fluticasone propionate is one of the most potent antiinflammatory corticosteroids developed to date. Objective: This study assessed the safety and efficacy of fluticasone propionate aerosol in the treatment of mild to moderate asthma. Methods: Fluticasone propionate aerosol (25, 100, or 500 μg twice daily) or placebo was given for as long as 8 weeks to adults with mild to moderate asthma in a randomized, double-blind, parallel-group study. Patients were removed from the study if they showed predefined signs of worsening asthma. Results: Sixty-three percent of placebo-treated patients and 23%, 13%, and 4% of patients treated with fluticasone propionate 25, 100, and 500 μg twice daily, respectively, were removed from the study. Mean forced expiratory volume in 1 second, forced vital capacity, and forced expiratory flow at midexpiratory phase at weekly visits throughout the study demonstrated that fluticasone propionate was more efficacious than placebo in maintaining asthma control. Measurements of peak expiratory flow and symptom scores significantly improved and nighttime awakenings and albuterol use to treat symptoms significantly declined in fluticasone propionate-treated groups relative to the placebo-treated group. Differences among fluticasone propionate groups for these variables were not statistically significant. Incidence and severity of adverse events were similar across groups. Fluticasone propionate did not affect morning or stimulated plasma cortisol concentrations, although slight, transient reductions in urinary free cortisol and urinary 17-hydroxy steroids occurred in the group receiving 500 μg fluticasone propionate twice daily. Conclusion: These data indicate that fluticasone propionate provides safe and effective treatment for mild to moderate asthma.
Reforming the e‐rate

Over the past five years, the e‐rate program has been instrumental in reducing the digital divide in America's schools. However, right from its inception, a number of controversies have surrounded the program including the right of the FCC to impose a “tax” on the telecommunications industry, the status of the Universal Service Administration Company, allegations of fraud in the allocation of funds to schools and libraries, and questions whether Internet access to schools was furthering the cause of educational equity. A number of these questions have been settled through court cases and administrative reform, but doubts about the future of the program still persist so much so that the US Congress is currently considering proposals to terminate or reform the e‐rate program. Keeping in mind these controversies and the achievements to date of the program, this paper compares a number of policy proposals that have been put forward recently. It recommends among other things that the future effectiveness of the e‐rate program may be best served by enabling a shift of funding from telecommunications access to software and content development.
Thermal and electrical conduction in the compaction direction of exfoliated graphite and their relation to the structure

Abstract The effects of the compaction and graphite layer preferred orientation on the thermal and electrical conductions in the compaction direction of graphite-flake-based exfoliated graphite have been decoupled. The compact’s electrical and thermal conductivities decrease with increasing compaction (density increasing from 0.047 to 0.67 g/cm3, solid content increasing from 2.1 to 30 vol.%) and preferred orientation. The essentially linear correlation between electrical and thermal conductivities (Wiedemann–Franz Law) is because both conductions are governed by the preferred orientation. With increasing compaction, the fraction (f) of conduction path that is the graphite a-axis decreases from 0.997 to 0.937 and from 0.994 to 0.798 for thermal and electrical conductions respectively. For the solid-part thermal and electrical conductivities to exceed 140 W/(m K) and 60 kS/m respectively, f must exceed 0.95; the highest solid-part conductivities are 550 W/(m K) and 230 kS/m. The compaction-related variation in the solid-part conductivities is large [21–550 W/(m K) and 10–230 kS/m], due to the preferred orientation variation. The through-thickness Lorentz number (7.3 × 10−6 W Ω/K2) is similar to the in-plane value, being independent of the preferred orientation. At 2–7 vol.% solid, conductivities of 7 W/(m K) and 3 kS/m are obtained for the compact – toward the targets for fuel cell biopolar plates.
Isolation of Circadian Clock Mutants of NEUROSPORA CRASSA

Three mutants of Neurospora crassa have been isolated which have altered period lengths of their circadian rhythm of conidiation. The strains, designated "frequency" (frq), were obtained after mutagenesis of the band (bd) strain with N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. In continuous darkness at 25° bd has a period length of 21.6 ± 0.5 hours; under the same conditions the period length of frq-1 is 16.5 ± 0.5 hours; frq-2, 19.3 ± 0.4 hours; and frq-3, 24.0 ± 0.4 hours. Each of the mutants segregates as a single nuclear gene. All three mutants appear very tightly linked to each other, but it has not yet been determined whether the mutants are allelic. No major changes in the responses to light and temperature have been observed in any of the mutants. It is suggested that these mutants represent alterations in the basic timing mechanism of the circadian clock of Neurospora.
Tachycardia and the AV Nodal Region Guilt by Association

Tachycardias that are successfully ablated in the vicinity of the atrioventricular (AV) node are common, and although frequently successfully treated, are among the most difficult arrhythmias to understand in cardiac electrophysiology. Even AV node reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT), despite near universal cure, is complex with the anatomic constructs for typical, atypical forms, left-sided AVNRT, upper common pathway block, and lower common pathway block, not readily apparent.1 Even less understood arrhythmias in this group are junctional tachycardias and peri–AV nodal “atrial” tachycardias that may or may not be reentrant and may or may not involve AV node–like tissue.2,3⇓ Article see p 54 One unique member of this group of peri–AV nodal tachycardias is verapamil and adenosine-sensitive “atrial” tachycardia described to arise from the apex of the triangle of Koch’s and considered reentrant mechanism involving the AV node or AV node–like transitional tissue.4–6⇓⇓ In this issue of the Circulation: Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology , Yamabe et al7 provide novel insights into the mechanism of this arrhythmia. They analyzed characteristics by placing late-coupled atrial extrastimuli at 9 predetermined locations in the region of the triangle of Koch’s and the coronary sinus ostium and concluded that the AV node, His bundle, and atrial tissue within the triangle of Koch’s are not involved in the tachycardia circuit. The importance of their study far exceeds the frequency with which we encounter this uncommon arrhythmia. Their findings highlight the incredible complexity of the electroanatomy and electrophysiology of the peri–AV nodal region, brings to focus the difficulties in defining mechanism of arrhythmia, and perhaps, most importantly, forces us to ask the question, “What is AVNRT?” It is perhaps easier to gain appreciation of these broader concepts by first acknowledging the difficulties in answering seemingly simpler questions. ### Entrainment and Reset Reentry as a mechanism of tachycardia is …
Modeling magnitude and phase neuronal current MRI signal dependence on echo time.

Numerous efforts have been made to use MRI for directly detecting neuronal currents (termed ncMRI) in human subjects (for review see (1)) and tissue preparations (2–4). To date, the reliability of normal sensory-evoked ncMRI has not been demonstrated, partially due to the limited sensitivity of MRI towards neuronal current alternations. To improve the sensitivity of ncMRI, optimization of the imaging parameters for ncMRI sequences is one of the critical steps need to be carefully taken (1). The alternations in neuronal activity-evoked ionic currents produce transient time and localized space-varying magnetic fields. The field inhomogeneity sensitive T2*-weighted gradient echo EPI pulse sequences were used in most previous ncMRI experiments for detecting this field alternations. For such sequences, the amplitudes of ncMRI magnitude and phase signals rely heavily on the phase changes of individual spins accumulated over the echo time (TE). To best of our knowledge, the relationship between the contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) of ncMRI signal and TE has not been fully exploited yet. In this study, the TE dependences of the CNR of the normal sensory-evoked ncMRI signal will be formulated and the optimum TE values that maximize the CNR will be determined. This work will provide theoretical foundation and guidance in the pulse sequence optimization and magnetic field dependence in future ncMRI experiments.
Tolerances and acclimation to low and high temperatures for cladodes, fruits and roots of a widely cultivated cactus, Opuntia ficus-indica

Summary •Opuntia ficus-indica , a cactus widely cultivated for fruits and forage/fodder, has shoots composed of flattened stem segments (cladodes) that are relatively sensitive to freezing temperatures below −6°C but extremely tolerant of high temperatures up to 65°C. Based on the uptake of the vital strain neutral red, fruits and roots were damaged by 60 min below −7°C or above 55°C. •Young (6 wk old) and mature (1-yr-old) cladodes had 1.2°C greater low-temperature tolerance at day/night air temperatures of 20 : 10°C compared with 30 : 20°C and 2.8°C lower high-temperature tolerance. Fruits and roots (both 6 wk old) showed no such low-temperature acclimation; roots had high-temperature acclimation similar to that of cladodes, but fruits showed no high-temperature acclimation. •High-temperature tolerance did not change with age for cladodes and fruits up to 10 wk old nor did low-temperature tolerance for cladodes, but fruit low-temperature tolerance decreased by 2.6°C from 4.5 to 10 wk of age, a time when sugars, which can act as cryoprotectants, were increasing. •Cladodes showed 2.0°C greater tolerance of low temperatures with age up to 10 yr and 6.5°C greater high-temperature tolerance, which helps prevent the death of plants, especially during episodic freezing events.
CHEMICAL AND NUTRITIONAL PROPERTIES OF PACIFIC OCEAN PERCH (SEBASTES ALUTUS) WHOLE FISH AND BY-PRODUCTS

There is a growing interest in developing either food or feed ingredients from the large volumes of Pacific Ocean perch (POP) by-products produced in Alaska. Determining the chemical composition of POP by-products is fundamental for developing novel ingredients using these materials. The objective of this study was to chemically characterize POP and its by-products. Triplicate samples of fresh POP whole fish, heads, frames and viscera were obtained from a commercial seafood processor in Alaska, and each replicate sample was individually analyzed for moisture, lipid, protein, ash, amino acid and mineral contents, fatty acid profile, lipid classes, pH, protein solubility, color, volatile amines and sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the proteins. The lipid and protein contents of the POP samples were 7.8 and 17.9% for whole fish, 10.5 and 15.2% for frames, 9.3 and 14.9% for heads, and 13.5 and 11.3% for viscera, respectively. Frames, heads and whole fish had ash values of 6.0, 6.7 and 4.3%, respectively. From the amino acid profiles, the values for lysine ranged from a low value of 7.3% for heads to a high value of 8.3% of total amino acids for frames. Methionine values ranged from 3.2 to 3.4% for all tissues. Frames and heads had high values for calcium and phosphorus, while viscera had the highest levels of iron. The analysis of fatty acids indicated high levels of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) with EPA/DHA ratios of approximately 2 for all tissues.
BLT Humanized Mice as Model to Study HIV Vaginal Transmission

The majority of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infections occur by sexual exposure, and vaginal transmission accounts for more than half of all newly acquired infections. Studies of vaginal transmission of simian immunodeficiency virus to nonhuman primates (NHPs) have suggested an important role for immune cell trafficking in the establishment of infection as well is in the process of viral dissemination. However, NHP models do not permit the study of HIV transmission and dissemination. The improvement of humanized mouse models with robust human immune cell reconstitution of the female genital tract renders these mice susceptible to intravaginal HIV infection. Thus humanized mouse models of HIV vaginal infection will allow the study of the mechanisms involved in HIV transmission and dissemination in vivo.
Kinetics and solvent effects in the synthesis of ionic liquids: imidazolium

Ionic liquids (ILs) are being considered as a promising class of potentially environmentally-friendly (“green”) solvents and materials for use in a variety of applications. However, ionic liquids are conventionally synthesized by batch, without known kinetics, in non-sustainable solvents. For ILs to be a truly “green” technology for widespread use, they must themselves be made in a correspondingly benign manner for low cost, as enabled by process development. This investigation will illustrate the kinetics and large solvent effects in the synthesis of 1-hexyl-3-methyl-imidazolium bromide in 10 different solvents: acetone, acetonitrile, 2-butanone, chlorobenzene, dichloromethane, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), ethyl formate, ethyl lactate, methanol, and cyclopentanone. The kinetic rate constant for the synthesis in DMSO is over an order-of-magnitude larger than that in methanol. While the kinetic rate of these type of SN2 reactions is generally known to increase with solvent “polarity”, multi-parameter solvent descriptors, e.g. of Kamlet and Taft, are required to quantify these effects in a Linear Solvation Energy Relationship. These relationships are used with environmental and toxicity databases, such as the Rowan Solvent Selection Table, to rapidly optimize the solvent for favorable kinetics and minimal human and environmental impact.
Comparable contributions of structural-functional constraints and expression level to the rate of protein sequence evolution

Background Proteins show a broad range of evolutionary rates. Understanding the factors that are responsible for the characteristic rate of evolution of a given protein arguably is one of the major goals of evolutionary biology. A long-standing general assumption used to be that the evolution rate is, primarily, determined by the specific functional constraints that affect the given protein. These constrains were traditionally thought to depend both on the specific features of the protein's structure and its biological role. The advent of systems biology brought about new types of data, such as expression level and protein-protein interactions, and unexpectedly, a variety of correlations between protein evolution rate and these variables have been observed. The strongest connections by far were repeatedly seen between protein sequence evolution rate and the expression level of the respective gene. It has been hypothesized that this link is due to the selection for the robustness of the protein structure to mistranslation-induced misfolding that is particularly important for highly expressed proteins and is the dominant determinant of the sequence evolution rate.
Development of Advanced Low Conductivity Thermal Barrier Coatings

Advanced multi-component, low conductivity oxide thermal barrier coatings have been developed using an approach that emphasizes real-time monitoring of thermal conductivity under conditions that are engine-like in terms of temperatures and heat fluxes. This is in contrast to the traditional approach where coatings are initially optimized in terms of furnace and burner rig durability with subsequent measurement in the as-processed or furnace-sintered condition. The present work establishes a laser high-heat-flux test as the basis for evaluating advanced plasma-sprayed and electron beam-physical vapor deposited (EB-PVD) thermal barrier coatings under the NASA Ultra-Efficient Engine Technology (UEET) Program. The candidate coating materials for this program are novel thermal barrier coatings that are found to have significantly reduced thermal conductivities and improved thermal stability due to an oxide-defect-cluster design. Critical issues for designing advanced low conductivity coatings with improved coating durability are also discussed.
Cancer Screening in Lesbian and Bisexual Women and Trans Men

This chapter provides an overview of cancer screening among lesbian and bisexual women and trans men. Following a brief introduction to define terminology, the chapter is divided into four sections. The first section highlights recommendations for cancer screening for the most common cancer types and considerations for cancer screening specific to lesbian and bisexual women and trans men (LBT). The second section summarizes the available data about prevalence of cancer screenings among LBT populations. The third section describes barriers and facilitators to cancer screenings for LBT individuals as well as interventions that have been developed to improve screening rates among LBT communities. The fourth section provides recommendations for future research, policy, and practice for improving cancer screening within LBT communities.
Sleep in Psychogenic Nonepileptic Seizures and Related Disorders

Psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES), a form of functional neurological symptom disorder (FNSD), are very rarely seen in genuine, electroencephalography (EEG)-confirmed sleep. However, they are more commonly reported as a nocturnal occurrence, likely from a state that is misidentified as sleep (termed by some as "pseudosleep"). Sleep state can be helpful to distinguish FNSD from other neurological disorders. Pseudo-cataplexy, a form of "psychogenic" narcolepsy, "pseudo-parasomnia" and PNES can have a similar presentation. PNES and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) frequently share previously experienced psychological trauma, and therefore the sleep abnormalities found in PTSD may be similarly present in PNES. Future research should use EEG monitoring to evaluate the sleep physiology of patients with FNSD such as PNES, as insights into sleep abnormalities may enable further understanding of the etiology and manifestations of PNES.
SUGAR AND SPICE, TOADS AND MICE: GENDER ISSUES IN FAMILY THERAPY TRAINING

Whereas family therapists have become increasingly aware of gender as a central organizing principle in how we think about families, few methods have been presented to help trainees and clinicians articulate how to adress gender. Four experiential exercises (including gender survival messages, gender framed circular questions, and process observation sheets) that can be used in training and adapted for use with clients are described. What we have learned about gender from our families of origin, the larger culture, and in the construction of family therapy models can be examined with these activities.
Enuresis as a premorbid developmental marker of schizophrenia.

There is comparatively little information about premorbid maturational brain abnormalities in schizophrenia (SCZ). We investigated whether a history of childhood enuresis, a well-established marker of neurodevelopmental delay, is associated with SCZ and with measures of brain abnormalities also associated with SCZ. A Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) based history of enuresis, volumetric brain MRI scans and neuropsychological testing were obtained in patients with SCZ, their non-psychotic siblings (SIB) and non-psychiatric controls (NC). The subjects were 211 patients (79.6% male), 234 of their SIB (43.2% male) and 355 controls (39.2% male). Frequency of enuresis was compared across groups and correlated with cognitive measures. Total and regional brain volumes were determined using voxel-based morphometry on matched subsets of probands (n = 82) with or without enuresis (n = 16, n = 66, respectively) and controls (n = 102) with or without enuresis (n = 11, n = 91, respectively). Patients with SCZ had higher rates of childhood enuresis (21%) compared with SIB (11%; chi(2) = 6.42, P = 0.01) or controls (7%; chi(2) = 23.65, P 3.57, all P < 0.001). The high frequency of childhood enuresis associated with SCZ and abnormalities in prefrontal function and structure in patients with a childhood history of enuresis suggest that childhood enuresis may be a premorbid marker for neurodevelopmental abnormalities related to SCZ. These findings add to the evidence implicating prefrontal dysmaturation in this disorder, potentially related to genetic risk factors.
Heart Rate Variability Predicts Control Over Memory Retrieval

Stopping retrieval of unwanted memories has been characterized as a process that requires inhibition. However, little research has examined the relationship between control over memory retrieval and individual differences in inhibitory control. Higher levels of resting heart rate variability (HRV) are associated with greater inhibitory control, as indicated by better performance on a number of cognitive, affective, and motor tasks. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that higher levels of resting HRV predict enhanced memory inhibition as indexed by performance on the think/no-think task. Efforts to suppress no-think word pairs resulted in impaired recall for those items, as in past studies. Moreover, higher levels of resting HRV were associated with more successful suppression, as indicated by lower recall of the to-be-avoided stimuli relative to baseline stimuli. These findings are among the first to suggest that physiological markers of inhibitory control can be used to index a person's capacity to control unwanted memories.
Ice‐ocean turbulent exchange in the Arctic summer measured by an autonomous underwater vehicle

The first-ever observed horizontal profiles of summertime ice-ocean boundary layer fluxes were obtained using vertical water velocity, temperature, and salinity collected by an Autonomous Underwater Vehicle during the Surface Heat Balance of the Arctic Ocean (SHEBA) experiment of 1998. Scalars and their vertical fluxes, as well as vertical stability, varied in the horizontal direction with correspondence to changes in the overlying surface. In early summer, fresh meltwater was trapped at the upper ice surface and only entered the ocean through leads. A highly stable fresh layer was formed in the SHEBA lead, which eventually grew to depths greater than the mean draft of the local first-year ice. Near the end of July, a storm removed this layer via shear-generated turbulence, supercritical hydraulic flow speeds, and ice divergence. The mixed layer freshened and deepened at this time. Particularly strong fluxes were observed under and downstream of rough, ridged ice, and properties changed rapidly with distance downstream of leads. The location and signs of the fluxes are suggestive of a mechanism of instability in which fresh surface water is forced under salty water downstream of leads and/or ridges. Simulations from a two-dimensional unsteady model suggest that both mechanical forcing from ice topography and a dynamic instability near downstream lead edges may enhance vertical mixing, particularly when ice velocity is large. The horizontal variability in interfacial fluxes observed at SHEBA may explain the difference between the observed melt rates and those calculated using a bulk relationship because this relationship may not adequately parameterize the large lateral heat fluxes at lead edges and basal heat fluxes under ridge keels.
The low-shear limit of the effective viscosity of a solution of charged macromolecules

The effect of pair interactions between charged macromolecules on the bulk stress is calculated for the Newtonian low-shear limit. Electrostatic force laws are derived for molecular conformations corresponding to the limits of weak and strong intramolecular repulsions and used to determine the equilibrium pair distribution function and the perturbation due to the flow. Intramolecular and near-field intermolecular hydrodynamic interactions are neglected as appropriate for so-called free draining macromolecules. The resulting bulk stress contains separate contributions from the far-field hydrodynamic interactions and the electrostatic forces. The coefficient of the O(c2) term in the viscosity which equals 0.4 in the purely hydrodynamic limit is predicted to increase dramatically with decreasing ionic strength for charged macromolecules in agreement with experimental data in the literature.
An Internet-Scale Service for Publishing and Locating XML Documents

In recent years, there has been a growing interest for peer-to-peer (P2P) based computing and applications. One of the most important challenges in P2P environments is to quickly locate relevant data across many participating peers. In this demonstration, we present psiX, which is an Internet-scale service for publishing and locating XML documents. This service runs on several PlanetLab nodes geographically spread across the globe. The psiX system adopts a suite of new techniques for XML indexing and pattern matching in a P2P network, namely, (a) representing XML documents and XPath queries compactly via algebraic signatures, (b) searching signatures of documents and value summaries indexed using distributed hierarchical indexesbuilt over a Distributed Hash Table (DHT), and (c) gracefully adapting to failures while running on the Internet, where failures are a norm rather than an exception.
Salmonella enterica replication in hemophagocytic macrophages requires two type three secretion systems.

Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium is a natural pathogen of mice, which acquire the bacteria orally and develop systemic acute infections that can become subacute to chronic infections. S. Typhimurium can reside within hemophagocytic macrophages (HMs) in SV129S6 mice, an Slc11a1/Nramp1+/+ inbred strain. HMs are activated macrophages which have ingested viable hematopoietic cells and are a key characteristic of infectious and inflammatory diseases. Here we show that modest S. Typhimurium replication in HMs begins at 18 h postinfection, while activated macrophages kill the bacteria. For bacterial replication to occur, the phagocytosed viable cells must be grown to a low cell density and the multiplicity of infection must be low. HMs are able to kill phagocytosed Escherichia coli, produce reactive nitrogen species, and retain S. Typhimurium within membrane-bound vesicles. S. Typhimurium does not rescue E. coli upon coinfection of HMs. This indicates that S. Typhimurium does not cause HMs to become permissive for other microbes; rather, S. Typhimurium is especially equipped to survive within HMs. Two type three secretion systems (T3SS) encoded by S. Typhimurium are required for replication within HMs. While the T3SS within Salmonella pathogenicity island 2 (SPI-2) has been previously shown to be important for bacterial survival in cells, a role for SPI-1 in replication in macrophages has not been reported. The requirement for SPI-1 in HMs may help explain the role of SPI-1 during long-term colonization of mice.
Transfer-printed composite membranes for electrically-tunable organic optical microcavities

We demonstrate a method for fabricating organic optical microcavities which can be electrostatically actuated to dynamically tune their optical output spectra. Fabrication of an integrated organic micro-opto-electro-mechanical system (MOEMS) cavity is enabled by the solvent-free additive transfer of a composite membrane. Electrical actuation and optical characterization of a completed cavity show resonance tuning greater than 20 nm for membrane deflections of over 200 nm at 50 V.
Nitric Oxide and Redox Regulation in the Liver: Part II Redox biology in Pathologic Hepatocytes and Implications for intervention

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) are created in normal hepatocytes and are critical for normal physiologic processes, including oxidative respiration, growth, regeneration, apoptosis, and microsomal defense. When the levels of oxidation products exceed the capacity of normal antioxidant systems, oxidative stress occurs. This type of stress, in the form of ROS and RNS, can be damaging to all liver cells, including hepatocytes, Kupffer cells, stellate cells, and endothelial cells, through induction of inflammation, ischemia, fibrosis, necrosis, apoptosis, or through malignant transformation by damaging lipids, proteins, and/or DNA. In Part I of this review, we will discuss basic redox biology in the liver, including a review of ROS, RNS, and antioxidants, with a focus on nitric oxide as a common source of RNS. We will then review the evidence for oxidative stress as a mechanism of liver injury in hepatitis (alcoholic, viral, nonalcoholic). In Part II of this review, we will review oxidative stress in common pathophysiologic conditions, including ischemia/reperfusion injury, fibrosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, iron overload, Wilson's disease, sepsis, and acetaminophen overdose. Finally, biomarkers, proteomic, and antioxidant therapies will be discussed as areas for future therapeutic interventions.
Pathophysiologic pressure induces the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-2 in thoracic aortic aneurysms

fusion, adjusted for baseline, was significantly reduced in the CHOL group (-0.27 0.07 ml/min/g vs. NORM, p 0.001) as well as the CHOL-ATR group (-0.35 0.07 ml/min/g vs. NORM, p 0.001). Myocardial expression of anti-angiogenic protein, endostatin, was increased in both the CHOL (94 29%, p 0.08 vs. NORM) and CHOL-ATR pigs (210 22%, p 0.004 vs. NORM). VEGF expression was mildly decreased in the CHOL animals (-19 10%, p 0.32 vs. NORM) but significantly reduced in the CHOL-ATR group (-68 22%, p 0.001 vs. NORM).
Comparison of Childhood Vitiligo Presenting with or without Associated Halo Nevi

Background Previous studies have characterized differences in vitiligo associated with halo nevi, but the features of vitiligo presenting with halo nevus in children have yet to be fully described. Aims We sought to provide an epidemiologic and clinical comparison of cases of childhood vitiligo presenting with or without associated halo nevi. Materials and Methods This was a retrospective chart review of children diagnosed with vitiligo in an academic pediatric dermatology practice from January 1990 to November 2014. The characteristics of children with vitiligo with or without associated halo nevi were compared. Results Halo nevi were identified in 55 (26%) of 208 children with vitiligo. Patients with halo nevi were significantly more likely to be male and develop vitiligo at a later age. Children with vitiligo associated with halo nevi were more likely to present with generalized vitiligo, defined according to the presence of bilateral macules. Discussion There was no significant association between groups in the percentage of body surface area with vitiligo or family history of vitiligo or autoimmune diseases. Patients with halo nevi were no more likely to develop new areas of vitiligo during the follow-up period, but there was a nonsignificant trend toward a higher rate of repigmentation in vitiligo associated with halo nevus. Conclusion Halo nevi are a common finding in children with vitiligo. The presence of a halo nevus in a child with vitiligo is associated with generalized vitiligo. The presence of a halo nevus does not significantly alter the risk of disease progression and rate of treatment.
Characterization of extreme precipitation within atmospheric river events over California

Abstract. Atmospheric rivers (ARs) are large, spatially coherent weather systems with high concentrations of elevated water vapor. These systems often cause severe downpours and flooding over the western coastal United States – and with the availability of more atmospheric moisture in the future under global warming we expect ARs to play an important role as potential causes of extreme precipitation changes. Therefore, we aim to investigate changes in extreme precipitation properties correlated with AR events in a warmer climate, which are large-scale meteorological patterns affecting the weather and climate of California. We have recently developed the TECA (Toolkit for Extreme Climate Analysis) software for automatically identifying and tracking features in climate data sets. Specifically, we can now identify ARs that make landfall on the western coast of North America. Based on this detection procedure, we can investigate the impact of ARs by exploring the spatial extent of AR precipitation using climate model (CMIP5) simulations and characterize spatial patterns of dependence for future projections between AR precipitation extremes under climate change within the statistical framework. Our results show that AR events in the future RCP (Representative Concentration Pathway)8.5 scenario (2076–2100) tend to produce heavier rainfall with higher frequency and longer days than events from the historical run (1981–2005). We also find that the dependence between extreme precipitation events has a shorter spatial range, within localized areas in California, under the high future emissions scenario than under the historical run.
Interactions Between Cytokine Induced Nitric Oxide and Intracellular Iron

Cooperation between macrophages and T-lymphocytes is necessary for the development of cell-mediated immune (CMI) responses (Hibbs et al., 1990). It has long been understood that the CMI response is important in host defense against intracellular microorganisms (Mackaness, 1971; Hibbs et al., 1980). What was not known until relatively recently, however, was the identity of an important biochemical defense, induced during the CMI response as well as during innate resistance. As is now well documented, the unidentified defense system turned out to be cytokine induced biosynthesis of nitric oxide (NO). This previously unknown biochemical activity participates in defense of the host against certain intracellular pathogens, and has a complex role in the host-tumor interaction.
Clinical Translation and Discovery with Near-infrared Fluorescence Lymphatic Imaging

Near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF) lymphatic imaging enables, for the first time, non-invasive visualization and quantification of human lymphatic architecture and contractile function in health and disease. This contribution reviews NIRF lymphatic imaging and its clinical translation.
Wide-area multi-FACTS coordinated control strategy for multiple load cases

With the wide application of flexible AC transmission system(FACTS) in power system, one of the major directions of FACTS development is the research of multi-FACTS coordinated control based on wide-area measurement system(WAMS). The wide area centralized coordination control architecture is established. Based on the structure of the dynamic output feedback control and the theory of the polytopic linear differential inclusion, a wide-area multi-FACTS coordinated control algorithm for multiple load cases is proposed. In virtue of the output feedback signals from WAMS, the delay margin is analyzed within which the algorithm can ensure the stable operation of power system. The algorithm is validated in a 4-machine, 2-area system with static var compensator(SVC) and thyristor controlled series capacitor(TCSC). The result shows that the power system sucessfully runs in strong damping modes in multiple load cases.