cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Renal excretion of water and antidiuretic substances in patients with hepatic cirrhosis and rats with dietary liver injury.

The problem of water retention in liver disease has been approached through both clinical and animal studies. In clinical studies Aldersberg and Fox (1943) found an abnormal retention of water when water tolerance tests were performed on patients with severe parenchymatous liver disease and recently Ralli et al. (1945) have demonstrated antidiuretic activity in urines from patients with hepatic cirrhosis and ascites. With respect to animal studies Aldersberg and Fox (1943) observed abnormal water tolerance tests in dogs when the liver was injured by phosphorus and histamine. Shay, Kolm, and Fels (1945) also reported the occurrence of abnormal water tolerance tests in rats fed a high fat diet. Leslie and Ralli (1947) have recently found that rats fed a high fat-low protein diet showed a decreased urine output during water tolerance tests, and they observed that the urines from such rats had antidiuretic activity.
Optical Lock-in Detection (OLID) and OLID-FRET Imaging Microscopy

The success of imaging fluorescent proteins within living cells is limited by the presence of background signals - while some improvements to image contrast can be achieved through background subtraction, these benefits diminish when the background signal varies in time and space. Further this approach does not allow imaging below the background signal, a regime of interest for single molecule biology. We have developed an optical lock-in detection (OLID) approach and associated signal analysis that involve modulating the fluorescence emission of the probe through deterministic, optical control of its fluorescent and non-fluorescent states, and subsequently applying a lock-in detection method to isolate the modulated signal of interest from non-modulated background signals. The lock-in detection method involves pixel-by-pixel based cross-correlation analysis that maps the correlation between the total fluorescence emission within single pixels of an image detected over several cycles of optical switching, and a reference waveform that represents the defined response of the switch probe to the switching cycle. The fundamentally new approach to imaging, which is similar in principle to radar, allows for the selective detection of emission from optical switch probes even in the presence of a larger population of conventional fluorescent probes. We have developed new synthetic and genetically-encoded optical switches for OLID and OLID-FRET imaging in living cells and tissues including nitrospirobenzopyran and naphthozaxine based probes as well as fusion proteins of Dronpa and a new optically switchable mcherry. OLID imaging using these probes is remarkably efficient at imaging specific structures and proteins in high and time varying background signal environments such as in living cells, in culture, in brain slices and in live Xenopus embryos and zebrafish larvae.
Diagnosis and management of ectopic varices

Ectopic varices are dilated portosystemic venous collateral vessels that may occur anywhere in the gastrointestinal tract. Ectopic varices account for approximately 5% of all hemorrhages from varices. Ectopic varices may occur as a result of portal hypertension from any cause but are more common (particularly duodenal and biliary varices) in patients with extrahepatic portal vein thrombosis. Ectopic varices may also develop following successful endoscopic obliteration of gastroesophageal varices. With the exception of isolated gastric fundal varices, ectopic varices have relatively low risk for bleeding. Diagnosis is often made by endoscopy; however, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging and portal venography may be needed in some cases. Endoscopic treatment is successful in many cases and is the safest option provided bleeding is definitively controlled. Surgical options are now reserved for treatment of life-threatening bleeding or for shunt insertion in patients who are not candidates for transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) as a result of portal vein thrombosis. Portal decompression using TIPS, in spite of the risk for encephalopathy, is the treatment of choice for bleeding from ectopic varices that cannot be successfully managed endoscopically.
A bubble in an axially symmetric shear flow

The shape of a three‐dimensional bubble in an axially symmetric shear flow of an inviscid incompressible fluid is calculated numerically. The shape depends upon a single dimensionless constant related to the Weber number. It is found that there is a maximum Weber number above which there is no steady solution.
Amiloride fluxes across erythrocyte membranes

Amiloride is known to inhibit both the influx of Na+ and the activation of mitogensis in many cultured cell lines. This paper describes experiments in which the permeability coefficient of amiloride was determined from measurements of tracer fluxes across human erythrocytes and resealed ghosts. From an analysis of these fluxes, a permeability coefficient of 10−7 cm/s for the uncharged form of amiloride was deduced. Based upon this measured permeability value, we present calculations of intracellular accumulation times of amiloride in cells of differing surface-to-volume ratio.
Protein Kinase C-Dependent Signaling Controls the Midgut Epithelial Barrier to Malaria Parasite Infection in Anopheline Mosquitoes

Anopheline mosquitoes are the primary vectors of parasites in the genus Plasmodium, the causative agents of malaria. Malaria parasites undergo a series of complex transformations upon ingestion by the mosquito host. During this process, the physical barrier of the midgut epithelium, along with innate immune defenses, functionally restrict parasite development. Although these defenses have been studied for some time, the regulatory factors that control them are poorly understood. The protein kinase C (PKC) gene family consists of serine/threonine kinases that serve as central signaling molecules and regulators of a broad spectrum of cellular processes including epithelial barrier function and immunity. Indeed, PKCs are highly conserved, ranging from 7 isoforms in Drosophila to 16 isoforms in mammals, yet none have been identified in mosquitoes. Despite conservation of the PKC gene family and their potential as targets for transmission-blocking strategies for malaria, no direct connections between PKCs, the mosquito immune response or epithelial barrier integrity are known. Here, we identify and characterize six PKC gene family members--PKCδ, PKCe, PKCζ, PKD, PKN, and an indeterminate conventional PKC--in Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles stephensi. Sequence and phylogenetic analyses of the anopheline PKCs support most subfamily assignments. All six PKCs are expressed in the midgut epithelia of A. gambiae and A. stephensi post-blood feeding, indicating availability for signaling in a tissue that is critical for malaria parasite development. Although inhibition of PKC enzymatic activity decreased NF-κB-regulated anti-microbial peptide expression in mosquito cells in vitro, PKC inhibition had no effect on expression of a panel of immune genes in the midgut epithelium in vivo. PKC inhibition did, however, significantly increase midgut barrier integrity and decrease development of P. falciparum oocysts in A. stephensi, suggesting that PKC-dependent signaling is a negative regulator of epithelial barrier function and a potential new target for transmission-blocking strategies.
Immunocytochemical localization of callose in root cortical cells parasitized by the ring nematode Criconemella xenoplax

Polyclonal antibodies specific to (1→3)-β-glucose were used to localize callose around stylets ofCriconemella xenoplax in parasitized cortical cells in root explants of carnation, crimson clover, and tomato. The nematode's stylet was inserted 5–6 μm through the wall of the parasitized cell without piercing the plasma membrane, which became invaginated around the stylet tip. A layer of electron-transparent callose was localized by immunogold labelling between the invaginated plasma membrane and the inserted stylet, except at the stylet orifice. The callose was continuous with the inner surface of the wall of the parasitized cell around the site where the stylet penetrated. When the parasitized cell was located in the second layer of the cortex, the nematode's stylet first passed through a subepidermal cortical cell. The integrity of the plasma membrane of the transected cell was maintained and callose was deposited around the portion of the nematode's stylet that traversed the cell. We suggest that callose deposition around nematode stylets in parasitized cells is a common wound response elicited when plant-parasitic nematodes feed from cells.
Hydroxyl-Induced Wetting of Metals by Water at Near-Ambient Conditions

We report different wetting properties of Cu(110) and Cu(111) at near-ambient conditions using in situ photoemission spectroscopy. At near-ambient conditions of pressure (1 Torr) and temperature (295 K), the Cu(110) surface is covered with a mixed OH and H2O layer, whereas the Cu(111) surface remains clean and adsorbate-free. We show that wetting is controlled by the presence of OH groups on the surface, acting as anchors for water adsorption. Hydroxylation of the Cu(110) surface is facilitated by a lower activation barrier for water dissociation compared to Cu(111).
A low-noise, low stored energy preamplifier for high-voltage radiation detectors

Abstract A low-noise preamplifier with very low stored energy has been developed for use with high-voltage radiation detectors. The input will withstand 3.5 kV, has a physical capacitance to ground of 200 pF, and an effective “small signal” capacitance of ∼30 nF. When connected to a high-voltage electrode, the low physical input capacitance to ground limits the stored energy and helps protect the detector system should an accidental discharge occur. The large effective input capacitance minimizes the voltage transient on the high-voltage electrode that occurs during charge collection, thus lowering the charge that is capacitively coupled to surrounding electrodes from this transient. If the surrounding electrodes are part of a position sensing readout, then this coupled charge is distributed uniformly among readout electrodes and is added to the signal charge induced by the motion of charge carriers containing position information. This introduces an error into the position centroid calculation. The preamplifier presented here greatly reduces this effect while keeping stored energy low. Equivalent input noise charge (ENC) is 256 electrons RMS when using a 250 ns unipolar shaping amplifier and no input capacitance. With input capacitances of 18 and 223 pF, the noise increases to 361 and 1766 electrons RMS, respectively.
The effect of bretylium tosylate on the pulmonary arterial and venous circulations of the intact anesthetized dog.

SummaryThe effects of intravenous bretylium tosylate on the pulmonary circulation, including the small pulmonary veins, were studied in 9 intact dogs anesthetized with urethane. Bretylium produced a transient rise in femoral and pulmonary arterial pressures and in cardiac output and heart rate. The small pulmonary vein pressure did not change; and, since pulmonary blood volume did not change, there was no significant change in pulmonary venous tone. It is concluded that the initial pulmonary hypertensive effects of intravenous bretylium are primarily due to constriction of small arterial vessels.
Oxidation of electrodeposited black chrome selective solar absorber films

Abstract X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Auger electron spectroscopy were used to study the composition and oxidation of electrodeposited black chrome films. The outer layer of the film is Cr2O3 and the inner layer is a continuously changing mixture of chromium and Cr2O3. Initially, approximately 40 vol.% of the chromium was combined as Cr2O3 and the percentage of Cr2O3 increased to greater than 60 vol.% after heat treatment for only 136 h at 250°C. After 3600 h at 400°C the percentage of Cr2O3 increased to as high as 80 vol.%. The thermal emittance decreased approximately linearly with increasing oxide content whereas the solar absorptance remained constant until the percentage of Cr2O3 exceeded approximately 70%. Oxidation was slower when the Cr3+ concentration in the plating bath was reduced from 16 to 8 g 1−1 and when black chrome was deposited on stainless steel rather than on sulfamate nickel.
Dose backscatter factors for selected beta sources as a function of source, calcified plaque and contrast agent using Monte Carlo calculations

Electron backscattering is a prominent secondary effect in beta dosimetry, and is closely correlated with factors such as the geometries of the source and the scattering material, as well as the composition of the scattering material. Previous results were varied depending on the experimental setup and detector resolution, and were generally performed for monoenergetic electron beams, which makes direct application of these factors to beta sources difficult. In this work, backscattering factors were calculated with MCNP 4C for selected beta sources currently in use (32P and 90Sr/90Y) as well as for sources of potential therapeutic use (45Ca, 142Pr and 185W). Specifically, the calculations used beta spectra generated by the SADDE MOD2 code. The factors were calculated as a function of the distance from the interface between water and scatterers. The scatterers include source surroundings, source supporting materials and contrast agents commonly used for imaging purposes in brachytherapy. The results were fit by a simple function for future incorporation into a dose point kernel code. Due to the high-Z material content (iodine, Z = 53) in the contrast agent, a significant dose backscatter was observed near the water interface. Different cross-section algorithms in the MCNP code (inherent and ITS 3.0) affect the factor calculations. The results generated by the ITS 3.0 algorithm closely matched the EGS4 calculations for 32P. The dependence of backscatter factors on log(Z + 1) (Baily 1980 Med. Phys. 7 514–9) was observed for all the beta sources with a high correlation coefficient, R (>0.95). The overall results indicate that the backscattering effect is significant at short distances from the surface of the interface between water and the scattering material. This model can also aid in choosing a source support or mixing materials for beta brachytherapy sources.
Regulatory Compliance in International Drug Development

Because of the multinational nature of the pharmaceutical industry, the methods used to obtain marketing approvals for Glaxo products are most effective when they meet the scientific and ethical requirements of the major markets for which they are targeted. In most instances, the optimal course is to develop universally acceptable data proving the safety and efficacy of the products. The acceptance of Good Laboratory Practices (GLPs) and Good Clinical Practices (GCPs) concepts, as developed by the US Food and Drug Administration, has helped to establish continuity in the conduct and reporting of preclinical and clinical research. As similar regulatory requirements are adopted in Great Britain, Europe, Japan, Scandinavia, and other major markets, Glaxo is challenged to identify and develop appropriate methods and procedures to assure the quality and integrity of research data and submissions. This presentation outlines methods used at Glaxo to assure consistency in research methods and results and complian...
Understanding the dynamics of the macroeconomic trilemma

This paper tests the autonomy of domestic monetary policy in the context of the macroeconomic policy trilemma for a large data-set of developing and developed countries covering three different time periods characterized with different exchange rate regimes and capital controls. The existing literature uses fixed coefficient methodologies to examine monetary policy independence; whereas we show that the coefficients of interest are unstable as countries switch between different exchange rate regimes and/or capital controls over time. The contribution is in using a time-varying parameter model that better captures the effects of the heterogeneity in different exchange rate regimes and capital mobility restrictions on monetary policy independence over time, allowing a more accurate test of the macroeconomic trilemma.
Opposing Actions of Angiotensin II on Microvascular Growth and Arterial Blood Pressure

Abstract We performed studies to further elucidate the mechanisms of angiotensin II (Ang II)–induced angiogenesis of the microvasculature. Rats were placed on a high salt diet (4% NaCl), and Ang II was infused at a subpressor rate (5 ng/kg per minute) for 3 days. Blood pressure was measured daily for 2 control and 3 infusion days. Microvessel density in the cremaster muscle was measured at the end of the infusion. Vessel density in rats that received subpressor Ang II infusion increased by 12.6% compared with rats that received vehicle infusion. When the angiotensin type 2 (AT 2 ) receptor antagonist PD 123319 was coinfused with Ang II, blood pressure was elevated and vessel density increased above that observed with Ang II infusion alone (23% increase). When the AT 1 receptor antagonist losartan was coinfused with Ang II, blood pressure was lower than control and vessel density was reduced compared with the Ang II group but was still greater than control (7.8% increase). In this study, Ang II stimulated angiogenesis in the rat cremaster muscle; this effect was enhanced by AT 2 antagonism and inhibited by AT 1 antagonism. Ang II infusion at a subpressor dose resulted in a pressor response with AT 2 antagonism and a depressor response with AT 1 antagonism. This suggests that in the microvasculature, the AT 1 receptor mediates angiogenesis and vasoconstriction, and the AT 2 receptor mediates an inhibition of angiogenesis and vasodilation.
Differential immunotoxic effects of the environmental chemical benzo[a]pyrene in young and aged mice

Young (3-6 months), middle-aged (16-18 months) and aged (23-26 months) mice were exposed in vitro and in vivo to the immunotoxic environmental chemical benzo[a]pyrene. The generation of antibody producing cells to the T-dependent antigens of sheep erythrocytes was observed to be suppressed in all age groups. Significantly, aged mice were shown to exhibit a greater percent suppression of antibody responses than young or middle-aged mice both in vitro and in vivo. The results presented provide the first evidence that the degree of immunological toxicity of environmental chemicals may be partially dependent upon the chronological and immunological age of the animal.
Exposure to airborne metals and particulate matter and risk for youth adjudicated for criminal activity

Antisocial behavior is a product of multiple interacting sociohereditary variables, yet there is increasing evidence that metal exposure, particularly, manganese and lead, play a role in its epigenesis. Other metals, such as arsenic, cadmium, chromium, and mercury, and exposure to traffic-related air pollution, such as fine particulate matter (≤2.5 μm) have been associated with neurological deficits, yet largely unexplored with respect to their relationship with delinquent behavior. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the ecological relationship between county-wide reported airborne emissions of air metals, particulate matter, and youth adjudicated for criminal activity. Metal exposure data were collected from the Environmental Protection Agency AirData. Population statistics were obtained from the United States Census 2000 and adjudication data was obtained from the Courts of Common Pleases from each Ohio County. Simple correlations were calculated with the percentage of adjudications, all covariates, and estimated metal air emissions. Separate negative binomial regression models for each pollutant were used to provide an estimated risk ratio of pollutant emissions on the risk of adjudication for all Ohio counties adjusting for urban–rural residence, percentage of African Americans, median family income, percentage of family below poverty, percentage of high school graduation in 25 years and older populations, and population density. Metal emissions and PM in 1999 were all correlated with adjudication rate (2003–2005 average). Metal emissions were associated with slightly higher risk of adjudication, with about 3–4% increased risk per natural log unit of metal emission except chromium. The associations achieved statistical significance for manganese and mercury. The particulate matter ≤2.5 and ≤10 μm emissions had a higher risk estimate, with 12% and 19% increase per natural log unit emission, respectively, and also achieved statistical significance. In summary, airborne exposure to manganese, mercury, and particulate matter are associated with increased risk of adjudication. Causality cannot be proven in observational studies such as this one, but the association warrants further examination in other research studies. Comprehensive epidemiologic investigations of metal exposure in pediatric populations should include social health outcomes, including measures of delinquent or criminal activity. Furthermore, the influence of metals on the neurotoxic pathway leading to delinquent activity should be further explored.
Propulsion at the Marshall Space Flight Center - A brief history

The history of propulsion development at the NASA Marshall Space Flight Center is summarized, beginning with the development of the propulsion system for the Redstone missile. This course of propulsion development continues through the Jupiter IRBM, the Saturn family of launch vehicles and the engines that powered them, the Centaur upper stage and RL-10 engine, the Reactor In-Flight Test stage and the NERVA nuclear engine. The Space Shuttle Main Engine and Solid Rocket Boosters are covered, as are spacecraft propulsion systems, including the reaction control systems for the High Energy Astronomy Observatory and the Space Station. The paper includes a description of several technology efforts such as those in high pressure turbomachinery, aerospike engines, and the AS203 cyrogenic fluid management flight experiment. These and other propulsion projects are documented, and the scope of activities in support of these efforts at Marshall delineated.
RESPIRATION AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS IN ESCHERICHIA COLI MEMBRANE-ENVELOPE FRAGMENTS III. Electron Microscopy and Analysis of the Cytochromes

The membranous nature of pellets obtained from broken Escherichia coli spheroplasts by successive centrifugation at 3500 g (P1), 20,000 g (P2), and 105,000 g (P3), has been established by electron microscopy. Spectrophotometric analysis has shown that about 90% of the cytochromes are concentrated in the particulate fractions. The crude ribosomal pellet (P3) contained as much of the total cytochromes as did the pellet obtained at 20,000 g (P2). The high cytochrome content of P3 is consistent with its high oxidative activity (1) and the presence of membrane vesicles in this fraction. Analysis at 77°K intensified the optical extinction of all the cytochrome absorption bands, but the degree of intensification was not uniform for each fraction nor for each band within a given fraction. Carbon monoxide had little or no inhibiting effect on NADH oxidation. Reduced plus carbon monoxide difference spectra yielded artifactual absorption bands in the wave length regions where reduced vs. oxidized absorption bands normally occur. Succinate and NADH, either together or separately, reduced nearly all of the cytochromes, indicating that the cytochrome portion of the electron-transport chain is shared by both substrates. A tentative formulation of the electron-transport chain is presented.
Splenic smooth-muscle tumors in children with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: report of two cases of this unusual location with evidence of an association with Epstein-Barr virus

Smooth-muscle neoplasms are rarely located in the spleen. They have been previously reported in five cases of children with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Two cases of children with HIV infection/AIDS with autopsy and surgical pathology evidence of multiple smooth-muscle neoplasms with splenic involvement are presented. DNA was extracted from histology slides in both cases for analysis for Epstein Barr (EB) virus. In both cases, the presence of EB virus was confirmed. This paper documents two additional cases of the unusual phenomenon of splenic involvement by smooth-muscle neoplasms in the setting of AIDS in childhood and further supports the role of EB virus in the development of these neoplasms.
Transcriptome Characterization by RNA-seq Unravels the Mechanisms of Butyrate-Induced Epigenomic Regulation in Bovine Cells

Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), especially butyrate, affect cell differentiation, proliferation, and motility. Butyrate also induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis through its inhibition of histone deacetylases (HDACs). In addition, butyrate is a potent inducer of histone hyper-acetylation in cells. Therefore, this SCFA provides an excellent in vitro model for studying the epigenomic regulation of gene expression induced by histone acetylation. In this study, we analyzed the differential in vitro expression of genes induced by butyrate in bovine epithelial cells by using deep RNA-sequencing technology (RNA-seq). The number of sequences read, ranging from 57,303,693 to 78,933,744, were generated per sample. Approximately 11,408 genes were significantly impacted by butyrate, with a false discovery rate (FDR) <0.05. The predominant cellular processes affected by butyrate included cell morphological changes, cell cycle arrest, and apoptosis. Our results provided insight into the transcriptome alterations induced by butyrate, which will undoubtedly facilitate our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying butyrate-induced epigenomic regulation in bovine cells.
The effect of hyperglycemia and its therapies on the heart.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) has been identified as a risk factor for morbidity and mortality in heart failure. Although DM is a clear risk factor for the development of heart failure, the incidence of DM in patients who have heart failure is increased markedly above that of the general population. These observations lead to questions regarding the role of diabetes in the cause of heart failure. Epidemiologic studies have shown that persons with type 1 or type 2 DM are at increased risk of all forms of cardiovascular disease (CVD) affecting the heart, brain, and peripheral blood vessels [1–4]. The excess risk of both subclinical atherosclerosis and CVD actually begins in states of abnormal glucose regulation, including impaired fasting glucose (IFG), impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), and insulin resistance [5–8]. The slow, insidious development of the macrovascular and microvascular complications related to diabetes contribute to the fact that people with diabetes usually are not diagnosed with CVD until they have very extensive disease, and often their symptoms, which may be vague and nonspecific, are not recognized as manifestations of CVD [8–12].
Life review in the context of acute social transition: The case of East Germany

Since the collapse of East Germany in 1989, many East Germans have been occupied with Vergangenheitsbewaelitigung ('working through the past') in an attempt to gain insight into how and why 'that which called itself socialism' was able to operate as it did for 40 years. The opening of the East German Stasi files is one example of the effort to document and analyse the history of the GDR, both at the level of society, and that of individual lives. Using data collected in interviews with 40 citizens of the former GDR, most of whom were active members in the citizens' movements, this article examines the relationship between working through the past ofa country and the process of individual life review. Just as societies tend to examine their pasts only when they are already in an acute state of decline, so do individuals tend towards life review when they think the end is near. The argument is made that if this process of evaluation-of both societies, and of individual lives-were conducted as a more integral part of non-traumatic existence, the potential for benefitting from the review might be greatly enhanced. The loss of their country has srimulated a life review for many East Germans, of all ages. The oldest generation experience life review as a very painful summary of their lives which were dedicated to building a country which no longer exists. For the younger generations, life review has a different function, and offers them a chance to rewrite a blueprint for living. The intersection between life review and Vergangenheitsbewaeltigung, or biography and society, is the central theme exp ored in this article.
Ablation of the chemokine monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 delays retrograde neuronal degeneration, attenuates microglial activation, and alters expression of cell death molecules.

Abstract The mechanisms regulating retrograde neuronal degeneration and subsequent death of thalamic neurons following cortical injury are not well understood. However, the delay in the onset of retrograde cell death and observed morphological changes are consistent with apoptosis. Our previous studies demonstrated that monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), a β-chemokine that attracts cells of monocytic origin to sites of injury, is rapidly and specifically expressed in the lateral geniculate nucleus following visual cortical lesions. To determine the potential role of MCP-1 in retrograde degeneration, the present study examined the effect of genetic deletion of MCP-1 (MCP-1 KO or −/−) or its high affinity receptor CCR2 (CCR2 KO or −/−) on thalamic microglial activation and neuronal cell death following aspiration lesions of the visual cortex in adult mice. Deletion of the MCP-1 gene delayed microglial activation and transiently improved the survival of thalamic neurons. Deletion of the CCR2 receptor resulted in a significant increase in apoptosis as measured by nucleosomal fragmentation after injury compared to wild-type mice, but did not alter neuron survival, suggesting that glial apoptosis is increased in the receptor knockout mice. Investigation of Bcl-2, Bax, Fas, Fas ligand (FasL) and activated caspase-3, key regulators of apoptosis that can be modulated by cytokines, revealed complex alterations of mRNA and protein levels in MCP-1 −/− and CCR2 −/− mice. As examples, Bcl-2 protein was detected in wild-type, but not in MCP-1 −/− mice. Caspase-3 activity was higher in MCP-1 −/− mice compared to wild-type and CCR2 −/− mice at 5 days after injury. High levels of activated caspase-3 correlate with the beginning of a period of delayed, but rapid cell death in the thalami of MCP-1 −/− mice. In summary, our data strongly suggest that MCP-1 is involved in early microglial response to axotomy and that modulation of this chemokine could provide a novel strategy for improved neuronal survival following injury to the central nervous system.
Spins of neutron resonances in Pu239 from scattering measurements

Abstract Measurements of neutron scattering from the low energy resonances of Pu239 have been carried out using the Harwell 28-MeV linear electron accelerator as a pulsed neutron source. The scattering yield σ0Λn was measured for eight resonances, resulting in five assignments of spin J = 1 and three assignments of J = 0. The results support a multi-level analysis of the low energy neutron cross sections of Pu239. The results are consistent with equal average fission widths and equal average radiation widths for the two spin states.
Environmental Criteria--Their Use and Misuse: ABSTRACT

Recent advances in sedimentology have made it possible to reconstruct and identify closely associated environments. Tables of environmental criteria for deltaic, shoreline, and marine environments are based upon modern analogues. Preliminary log and sample data generally only suggest environmental interpretations. Characteristics of channeling, marine wave and current patterns, and shoreline processes are identifiable only with a range of data from logging programs, cores, and core slices. Stratigraphic study of genetic depositional units provides the basis for stratigraphic exploration. The areal and vertical patterns of sedimentary units are closely related and consequently patterns of reservoirs, source beds, and trapping lithologies can be determined. These are related to local structure, and oil and gas trend plays can be recognized and developed on the basis of this type of information. Exploration for stratigraphic traps requires an understanding of the genesis of the target reservoir unit. Environmental interpretations utilizing incorrect depositional models, incomplete studies of modern examples, or the absence of a multiple approach will lead to incorrect interpretations. End_of_Article - Last_Page 1904------------
A filter based post-OCR accuracy boost system

Our current research effort aims at building a filter based post-OCR accuracy boost system that will combine different post-OCR correction filters to improve the OCR accuracy better than each individual filter can. In this paper we focus on a Hidden Markov Model (HMM) based accuracy booster modeling OCR engine noise generation as a two-layer stochastic process. We employ a commercial spell-checker both as another error correction filter and as a base line for accuracy boost comparison. We demonstrate the versatility of our approach in experiments with documents in English and Arabic.
Methodological Triangulation: A Vehicle for Merging Quantitative and Qualitative Research Methods

Triangulation is the use of multiple methods, theories, data and/or investigators in the study of a common phenomenon(a). The four types of triangulation, its benefits and some of the problems of implementation are discussed. The paper concludes that triangulation is not an end in itself; rather it is a vehicle for the conduct of a study that, when used appropriately, may produce very valuable results.
Image-potential-induced surface bands in insulators

Electron surface states bands in insulators induced by image potential, determining lower limits for liquid and solid gases
Increased power production through enhancements to the Organic Flash Cycle (OFC)

The previously proposed Organic Flash Cycle (OFC) was shown to potentially improve power generation from finite thermal energy reservoirs. The OFC's primary advantage was improved temperature matching to the energy reservoir, thereby reducing exergy destruction and losses during energy transfer to the cycle working fluid. This advantage was negated though by irreversibilities introduced by flash evaporation. The present study proposes several design enhancements to the OFC. A theoretical analysis is conducted using the BACKONE, Span–Wagner, and REFPROP equations of state and ten aromatic hydrocarbon and siloxane working fluids previously suggested are reexamined. A comparison and discussion of the different improvements are also presented. Results showed that by splitting the expansion process into two steps and combining the liquid stream from flash evaporation in a secondary expansion stage, utilization efficiency gains of 10% above the optimized basic Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) are achievable. The greatest efficiency gains were observed when combining this modification and replacing the flash evaporation throttling valve with a two-phase expander. Results showed that proposed enhancements had the greatest effect using aromatic hydrocarbon working fluids, increasing the utilization efficiency by 5%–20% over the optimized ORC; whereas for siloxanes, the improvement was limited to 2%–4%.
Fine structure and cytochemistry of testicular cells in men treated with testosterone propionate

The ultrastructural features of human testicular cells were examined in normal and testosterone propionate-treated human testes. In addition, the enzymes adenosine triphosphatase, glucose-6-phosphatase, and acid phosphatase were localized by electron microscopic cytochemistry in control and in testosterone propionate-influenced testes. The morphological effects of injected testosterone were most pronounced in the spermatids. Spermatogonia, spermatocytes, Sertoli cells, and Leydig cells displayed progressively fewer morphological defects in response to testosterone propionate. Adenosine triphosphatase was observed to be localized within the plasma membranes of Sertoli, Leydig, and spermatogenic cells. Administered testosterone did not appear to affect adenosine triphosphatase activity. Glucose-6-phosphatase was localized within the rough endoplasmic reticulum of Sertoli, Leydig, and primitive spermatogonial cells as well as the nuclear envelopes of Sertoli and Leydig cells in control tissues. Testosterone did not alter glucose-6-phosphatase localization within the seminiferous tubules, but localization was substantially reduced or absent in the interstitial cells of Leydig. Acid phosphatase was localized within lysosomes of spermatogenic, Sertoli, and Leydig cells and within lipofuscin and Golgi bodies of Sertoli cells. Acid phosphatase localization increased only within Sertoli cells upon treatment with testosterone propionate.
Preclinical and clinical studies with the multi-kinase inhibitor CEP-701 as treatment for prostate cancer demonstrate the inadequacy of PSA response as a primary endpoint.

PURPOSE: CEP-701 is a potent inhibitor of trk receptors that causes cell death in prostate cancer (PC) models. CEP-701 binds to serum proteins and a preprostatectomy study was performed to assess prostate tissue penetration and clinical response to CEP-701.METHODS: Growth assays and western blot analyses were performed to evaluate CEP-701 kinase inhibition. In a preprostatectomy study, patients received CEP-701 for five days prior to prostatectomy and prostate tissue analyzed for CEP-701 levels. A phase II dose escalation study was performed in patients with hormone refractory PC with rising PSA and no metastases. Endpoints included PSA response and safety.RESULTS: CEP-701 binds to serum proteins limiting tissue penetration. An oral dose of 40 mg bid of CEP-701 for five days produced levels of 219 ± 38 nM in prostate at time of prostatectomy. No patients in the Phase II study met the primary response criteria of > 50% PSA decline. 7/9 patients had increase in PSA slope on CEP-701 compared to PSA slope pre...
Relationships between body size and biomass of aquatic insects

SUMMARY. Predictive equations were developed to estimate dry weight from body length measurements for forty-three taxa of aquatic insects. The inter-relationships between dry weight, body length and head capsule width of individuals grouped according to the eight major orders of aquatic insects were also examined. Regression analysis indicated that the relationship between biomass and body size was best expressed by a power equation, Y =aXb, rather than by linear or exponential equations. Changes in body length versus head capsule width were best expressed by linear equations, with three distinct relationships being observed. Body length estimated biomass better than head capsule width. Populations often species of insects collected from two different rivers generally did not differ significantly in their dry weight to body length relationships.
On a Proposed Redefinition of "Self-predication" in Plato

How shall we read those perplexing sentences "Justice is just," "Beauty is beautiful," and the like which have occasioned so much controversy in discussions of Plato's metaphysics in recent decades? Shall we assume that they are ordinary predications, asserting their predicate-term of the Form named by the subject-term?" Or shall we hold, more charitably, that they are identities?2 Or should we, as charitably, opt for a third reading which understands them to assert their predicate not of the Form but of its instances, if any?3 In an important paper,4 remarkable for the boldness of its attack on fundamental problems of Platonic ontology, Professor Alexander Nehamas puts forward a formal redefinition of "self-predication" which is meant to be a fourth way of reading such sentences in Plato, distinct from each of the three I have just set forth.5 He proposes "the following analysis of self-predication:
Superfluid density of thin He 4 films adsorbed in porous Vycor glass

We have studied the superfluid density of thin superfluid $^{4}\mathrm{He}$ films absorbed in porous Vycor glass. At low temperatures we have used a third-sound technique to examine the Landau elementary excitations. We observed phonons with a ${T}^{2}$ temperature dependence and rotons with a 5-K energy gap. At higher temperatures we have examined the superfluid density in the critical region. The superfluid density follows a power law similar to that of bulk $^{4}\mathrm{He}$ with an exponent at the bulk value. We conclude that these effects are due to the three-dimensional geometry of the substrate.
The Occurrence of Repetitive Glycopeptide Sequences in Bovine Submaxillary Glycoprotein

Bovine submaxillary mucin, after removal of its sialic acid component, is cleaved by trypsin into two principal glycopeptide fractions; their final yield corresponds to 70% by weight of the original mucin and 85% of the original amount of hexosamine in the mucin. These glycopeptides have amino acid and carbohydrate compositions that are very similar to those of the original and desialyzed mucin. The main glycopeptide contains about 28 amino acids; the second one seems to be a covalently linked trimer of the former and is resistant to further action by trypsin. The protein core of bovine submaxillary mucin is composed mainly of several hundred covalently bound sequences of these glycopeptides. These results are compatible with those reported by Downs and Pigman (1969) for the products obtained by chemical cleavage of this mucin.
Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan is a constituent of the basement membrane in the rat embryo parietal yolk sac.

In addition to containing Type IV collagen, laminin and entactin, basement membranes contain small amounts of proteoglycans substituted primarily with heparan sulfate chains. We have previously shown, however, that parietal yolk sacs in organ culture synthesize predominantly chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan. In the present study, we have used histochemical and immunohistochemical techniques coupled with chondroitinase ABC digestion to provide evidence for the presence of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan in the basement membrane (Reichert's membrane) of the 14.5-day rat embryo parietal yolk sac. The results revealed numerous cuprolinic blue-positive filaments and granules, 20–30 nm in greater length or diameter, dispersed throughout the thickness of the basement membrane. Both structures were removed by preincubating freshly isolated parietal yolk sacs with chondroitinase ABC. A similar labeling pattern was also obtained with immunoelectron microscopy using gold-labeled monoclonal anti-bodies directed against the three major isomers of protein-bound chondroitin sulfate. In contrast, coarser cuprolinic blue granules, 40–100 nm in diameter, were neither sensitive to chondroitinase ABC digestion nor labeled by the monoclonal antibodies. These results thus indicate that Reichert's membrane contains chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan in addition to heparan sulfate proteoglycan.
C-shaped Nano-Aperture-Enhanced Germanium Photodetector

We present a C-shaped nano-aperture-enhanced Ge photodetector that shows 2~5 times photocurrent enhancement over that from a square aperture of the same area at 1310 nm. We demonstrate the polarization dependence of C aperture photodetector.
A clinical study of the natural history of lymphosarcoma and reticulum cell sarcoma

Abstract A retrospective review of 182 previously untreated cases of lymphosarcoma (LSA) and reticulum cell sarcoma (RCS) seen during a thirty month period suggests four distinct patterns of initial disease presentation with important prognostic features. 1. A localized form of disease presenting at a single node region or an extranodal site, had the longest survival. The median survival of the nodal group was 56 months for LSA and 33 months for RCS, while the extranodal group had median survival of 48 months for LSA and 38 months for RCS. 2. A loco-regional form of disease presenting at nodal and extranodal site(s) strictly confined within the abdominal cavity, had a median survival of 16 months for LSA and 12 months for RCS. Approximately half of these patients presented as diffuse disease involving multiple nodal and/or extranodal sites. This diffuse intra -abdominal pattern appears to be a recognizable entity and seems uniquely suitable for total abdominal irradiation. An extra-abdominal form of loco-regional disease involving an extranodal site along with the corresponding node region was also seen but relatively infrequently, and initial disease presentation at 2 or more node regions on one side of the diaphragm was rarely seen. 3. A generalized nodal pattern of presentations at node regions both above and below the diaphragm was fairly frequently observed ( 40% in LSA and 22% in RCS). The median survival of this group was 35 months for LSA and 23 months for RCS. 4. A disseminated form of disease involving multiple nodal and extranodal site(s) seen in over one-third of the cases, had a very poor survival ( 7 months for LSA and 6 months for RCS). No satisfactory clinical staging system for LSA and RCS is available. Taking the above mentioned patterns of disease presentation in consideration, an anatomic clinical staging system for LSA and RCS is under study at Memorial Hospital. Before an appropriate staging system is available, recognition of the different patterns of disease presentation bearing clear prognostic and therapeutic implications, will help in the total management of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas.
Pulmonary asbestos body counts and electron probe analysis of asbestos body cores in patients with mesothelioma: a study of 25 cases

Malignant mesotheliomas of the pleura and peritoneum are well-recognized risks of asbestos exposure. We determined the asbestos body content of the lungs from 24 cases of malignant mesothelioma (19 pleural, five peritoneal) and compared such to the content of lungs from 50 consecutive adult autopsies and four cases of overt asbestosis using a Clorox-digestion concentration technique. The cores of 90 asbestos bodies were examined by energy dispersive x-ray analysis and compared with similar data from 120 standard asbestos fibers and 20 fiberglass fibers. The malignant mesothelioma patients had asbestos body counts intermediate between those of the general population and those of patients with asbestosis, although some of the mesothelioma cases overlapped with the general population. These latter cases often lacked an identifiable occupational exposure to asbestos. EDXA studies demonstrated an amphibole core in 88 of the 90 asbestos bodies (amosite or crocidolite in 80 of 88, anthophyllite or tremolite in eight of 88), and chrysotile in two instances.
Greenbelts in the Cornbelt: Riparian Wetlands, Intrinsic Values, and Market Failure:

Historical agricultural practices have severely undermined the recreational quality and ecological integrity of Midwestern streams, rivers, and reservoirs. Reestablishing riparian forest corridors would create wetland buffers partially protecting water quality and aquatic ecosystems from agricultural runoff. On the basis of an explicitly spatial market-failure model of land use in the riparian (floodplain) zone, contingent valuation survey methods are used to estimate the recreational and intrinsic benefits of improved ‘river quality’ in selected Iowa and Illinois river basins. It is found that willingness to pay for river quality is related to income and recreational participation, but not to other spatial or socioeconomic variables. Intrinsic values are found to be expressible as economic values similar to that of other public goods. Together with recreational values, they are larger on a per-acre basis, in many instances, than the production of agricultural commodities. This suggests that the purpose o...