cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Two‐dimensional hybrid code simulation of electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves in a dipole magnetic field

[1] Proton temperature anisotropy (T > 1) with sufficiently high will drive the electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) instability. A two-dimensional hybrid code is employed to simulate the EMIC waves in a dipole magnetic field. We initialize the electron-proton plasma such that the MHD equilibrium J × B = − · is satisfied for the parallel force, while it is only satisfied along the magnetic equator for the perpendicular force. A high temperature ratio T = 9 and low plasma beta β = 0.1 are used to lessen the effects of nonequilibrium off the equator. The plasma is more unstable to the EMIC waves along the magnetic equator where the temperature ratio is high and the plasma β is low. There, waves are generated with dominant left-hand polarization with the expected EMIC wave frequencies based on linear theory. These waves propagate along the magnetic field toward the ionosphere; and the inhomogeneity of the magnetic field causes the waves in the low L shell region to travel faster than those in the high L shell, so that the wavefronts turn oblique to the local magnetic field. When the wave vector turns perpendicular to the magnetic field at high magnetic latitudes, the initially left-hand waves become linearly polarized. The linear polarization of the EMIC waves is consistent with some observations and with ray tracing results for reflected waves. We also introduce resistive layers to damp the waves near the boundaries to reduce the waves that are reflected by the boundary condition. The power spectra indicate that there is a radial propagation of wave energy with a group speed equal to about 0.1 times the equatorial Alfven speed. Additionally, we find that there is a radial coherence length equal to about 10 associated with the EMIC wave structure.
The unique role of nanoparticles in nanomedicine: imaging, drug delivery and therapy

This critical review will present the role of nanoparticles (NPs) in the directions that are vital to the new field of nanomedicine, including imaging and drug delivery. We reflect on the physical properties that make NPs advantageous for in vivo efficacy, and review recent advances in major NP based biomedical applications. Critical questions of transport, uptake, and clearance will be discussed and illustrated through the success and opportunities of NP imaging and therapy on a photodynamic therapy (PDT) based NP system that has been developed in our lab over the past decade (540 references).
Examining the impact of league entry fees on online fantasy sport participation and league consumption

Abstract After American legislators explicitly exempted fantasy sports from online gambling laws, legal theorists have debated whether or not playing fantasy sports for money warranted such an exemption. However, there is currently no survey-based research which has examined the relationship between gambling and the attitudes and behaviours of fantasy players. The current study surveyed 253 fantasy participants and separated respondents into groups based on whether or not they play fantasy baseball for money. Results indicate that those who play for money are increasingly motivated by the social benefits associated with participation and are not motivated by the opportunity to win money. This finding runs counter to research on traditional forms of gambling, which often reports strong anti-social tendencies associated with increased gambling along with a strong motivation for financial gain. Further, from the league and team perspective, those who play fantasy baseball for money actually exhibited higher ...
The energetics and environment of the short-GRB afterglows 050709 and 050724

We use the available radio, optical and X-ray measurements for the afterglows of the short bursts 050709 and 050724 to constrain the blast-wave energy, its collimation and the density of the circumburst medium. For GRB 050709 (the duration of which was 0.07 s), we identify two kinds of models: (i) a high-density solution, where the ejecta are collimated in a jet of half-angle θjet > 6° and interact with a medium of particle density 10−4 2° and n 8°. The range of allowed densities shows that this burst occurred in the interstellar medium. The dynamical parameters of the high-density model for the GRB afterglow 050709 are similar to those for 050724. If these parameters are representative for short-GRB outflows, then these jets are less collimated and have a lower kinetic energy than those of long bursts, which suggests that GRB jets are not magnetically collimated and are powered by the gravitational energy of the torus. Evidently, the analysis of more short-GRB afterglows is required for a more robust conclusion.
Simultaneous multiplexed materials characterization using a high-precision hard X-ray micro-slit array

The needs both for increased experimental throughput and for in operando characterization of functional materials under increasingly realistic experimental conditions have emerged as major challenges across the whole of crystallography. A novel measurement scheme that allows multiplexed simultaneous measurements from multiple nearby sample volumes is presented. This new approach enables better measurement statistics or direct probing of heterogeneous structure, dynamics or elemental composition. To illustrate, the submicrometer precision that optical lithography provides has been exploited to create a multiplexed form of ultra-small-angle scattering based X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy (USAXS-XPCS) using micro-slit arrays fabricated by photolithography. Multiplexed USAXS-XPCS is applied to follow the equilibrium dynamics of a simple colloidal suspension. While the dependence of the relaxation time on momentum transfer, and its relationship with the diffusion constant and the static structure factor, follow previous findings, this measurements-in-parallel approach reduces the statistical uncertainties of this photon-starved technique to below those associated with the instrument resolution. More importantly, we note the potential of the multiplexed scheme to elucidate the response of different components of a heterogeneous sample under identical experimental conditions in simultaneous measurements. In the context of the X-ray synchrotron community, this scheme is, in principle, applicable to all in-line synchrotron techniques. Indeed, it has the potential to open a new paradigm for in operando characterization of heterogeneous functional materials, a situation that will be even further enhanced by the ongoing development of multi-bend achromat storage ring designs as the next evolution of large-scale X-ray synchrotron facilities around the world.
Variability of solar eruptions during cycle 23

Abstract We report on the solar cycle variation of the rate of coronal mass ejections (CMEs), their mean and median speeds, and the rate of type II radio bursts. We found that both CME rate and speed (mean and median) increased from solar minimum to maximum by factors of 10 and 2, respectively. The CME rate during solar maximum is nearly twice the rates quoted previously. Large spikes in the speed variation were due to active regions that were highly active. The poor correlation between metric and DH type II bursts is confirmed, and the difference is attributed to the different Alfven speeds in the respective source regions.
Quaternary chalcogenides containing a rare earth and an alkali- or alkaline-earth metal

This paper reviews the recent synthesis and characterization of quaternary solid-state compounds that contain three metal elements from different major blocks of the Periodic Table, namely an s-block alkali- or alkaline-earth metal, an f-block lanthanide or scandium, and a p-block main-group metal or a d-block transition metal. The rich structural chemistry of such compounds is discussed.
Synthesis, structure, magnetism, and optical properties of Cs2Cu3DyTe4.

CsCu3DyTe4 was prepared by reacting copper, dysprosium, and tellurium with cesium azide at 850 °C in a fused silica ampule. This new telluride crystallizes in the monoclinic space group C2/m with lattice dimensions of a = 16.462(4) A, b = 4.434(1) A, c = 8. 881(2) A, β = 108.609(12)° with Z = 2. Its crystal structure is dominated by ∞2{[Cu3DyTe4]}1– anionic layers separated by Cs+ cations. The copper cations are disordered over three different tetrahedral sites. The [DyTe6]9– polyhedra form infinite ∞1{[DyTe4]5–} chains. Magnetism studies conducted on this semiconductor suggest complex magnetic interactions between the Dy3+ cations with a strong deviation from Curie-type behavior at low temperatures below 40 K.
Facile retro diels-alder reaction of a vinyl lithium compound

Abstract Attempts to generate benzobarrelyne 8 by loss of lithium chloride from 4 resulted in a facile retro Diels-Alder reaction of the “dimeric” adduct formed by addition of 4 to 8 .
Existence of pulses in excitable media with nonlocal coupling

Abstract We prove the existence of fast traveling pulse solutions in excitable media with non-local coupling. Existence results had been known, until now, in the case of local, diffusive coupling and in the case of a discrete medium, with finite-range, non-local coupling. Our approach replaces methods from geometric singular perturbation theory, that had been crucial in previous existence proofs, by a PDE oriented approach, relying on exponential weights, Fredholm theory, and commutator estimates.
Comment on Kaluza-Klein spectrum of gauge fields in the bigravity model

We study behavior of bulk gauge field in the bigravity model in which two positive tension AdS4 branes in AdS5 bulk are included. We solve the equations of motions for Kaluza-Klein modes and determine the mass spectrum. It is shown that unlike the case of graviton, we find no ultralight Kaluza-Klein modes in the spectrum.
Bosonic and fermionic representations of Lie algebra central extensions

Abstract Given any representation of an arbitrary Lie algebra g over a field K of characteristic 0, we construct representations of a central extension of g on bosonic and fermionic Fock space. The method gives an explicit formula for a (sometimes trivial) 2-cocycle in H 2 ( g ; K ) . We illustrate these techniques with several concrete examples.
Bayesian Analysis of Solar Oscillations

A Bayesian probability based approach is applied to the problem of detecting and parameterizing oscillations in the upper solar atmosphere for the first time. Due to its statistical origin, this method provides a mechanism for determining the number of oscillations present, gives precise estimates of the oscillation parameters with a self-consistent statistical error analysis, and allows the oscillatory model signals to be reconstructed within these errors. A highly desirable feature of the Bayesian approach is the ability to resolve oscillations with extremely small frequency separations. The code is applied to SOHO/CDS (Solar and Heliospheric Observatory/Coronal Diagnostic Spectrometer) O V 629A observations and resolves four distinct P4, P5, P6 and P7 p-modes within the same sunspot transition region. This suggests that a spectrum of photospheric p-modes is able to propagate into the upper atmosphere of the Sun and Sun-like stars, and places precise observational constraints on models of umbral eigen modes.
Transforming a Field: The Critical Tradition in American Legal History

In his 1977 review of The Transformation of American Law, 1780-1860, John Phillip Reid likened Morton Horwitz to a mute hierophant, who, along with his fellow iconoclasts Robert Cover and Jerold Auerbach, had invaded the temple of legal history. Reid called on legal historians and lawyers to drive them out. They have smashed the fetishes, blotted out the frescoes, and desecrated the tombs. If we do not force them to the evidence, they will even desacralize Clio. As Reid lamented, Horwitz's brilliant first book marked the beginning of a new era for the field of American legal history. Analyzing antebellum judges' instrumental use of private-law decisions to make economic policy benefitting merchant and entrepreneurial groups, The Transformation of American Law, 1780-1860 offered a powerful rebuke to legal history's orthodox high priests. More than forty years later, Transformations in American Legal History: Essays in Honor of Professor Morton J. Horwitz, the first of two volumes of a festschrift edited by Daniel W. Hamilton and Alfred L. Brophy, demonstrates how much the field of legal history has changed since Horwitz invaded the temple. This festschrift is a loving testament to Horwitz's impact as a scholar and teacher. The seventeen original essays by his students demonstrate that he has always cared deeply about history and historiography.
Asymptotically Unbiased Inference for a Dynamic Panel Model with Fixed Effects When Both n and T are Large

We consider a dynamic panel AR(1) model with fixed effects when both n and T are large. Under the “T fixed n large” asymptotic approximation, the ordinary least squares (OLS) or Gaussian maximum likelihood estimator (MLE) is known to be inconsistent due to the well-known incidental parameter problem. We consider an alternative asymptotic approximation where n and T grow at the same rate. It is shown that, although OLS or the MLE is asymptotically biased, a relatively simple fix to OLS or the MLE results in an asymptotically unbiased estimator. Under the assumption of Gaussian innovations, the bias-corrected MLE is shown to be asymptotically efficient by a Hajek type convolution theorem.
Renal transplantation in the diabetic.

The practices and recent results from a transplant center servicing a large proportion of uremic diabetics were reviewed to highlight modern management issues. The focus is taken off the diabetic as a “high-risk” renal transplant recipient and brought to bear on the laborintensive aspects of his or her management. With special attention to perioperative cardiovascular status, operative mortality (30 day) can be less than 3.5% and morbidity minimized. Living related donors continue to offer advantages in terms of organ availability, early postoperative function, and most likely long-term function, but in the cyclosporin era cadaver renal transplants have evolved competitive 1-year patient survival rates of 96% and 1-year graft survival rates of 88%. Still, the proportion of graft losses due to death of the patient from nonimmunologic causes, chiefly cardiac and cerebrovascular events, remains relatively high in the diabetic at 35.8%. Rehabilitation of the diabetic post-transplant is less complete than that of the nondiabetic transplant recipient, but is clearly superior to that of alternative modes of therapy for the uremic diabetic.
Approximating the value functions for stochastic differential games with the ones having bounded second derivatives

Abstract We show a method of uniform approximation of the value functions of uniformly nondegenerate stochastic differential games in smooth domains up to a constant over K with the ones having second-order derivatives bounded by a constant times K for any K ≥ 1 .
Generating Incremental VLSI Compaction Spacing Constraints

This paper describes using adjacency lists to incrementally generate design rule spacing constraints. The algorithm generates the smallest complete set of constraints for a design, yielding fast compaction, and is as fast or faster than ordinary constraint generation methods even when the incremental features are not used. The adjacency list data structure allows one to very quickly move, insert or delete objects and generate an updated set of constraints.
Star Formation in a Cosmological Simulation of Reionization

We study the luminosity functions of high-redshift galaxies in detailed hydrodynamic simulations of cosmic reionization, which are designed to reproduce the evolution of the Lyα forest between z ~ 5 and ~6. We find that the luminosity functions and total stellar mass densities are in agreement with observations when plausible assumptions about reddening at z ~ 6 are made. Our simulations support the conclusion that stars alone reionized the universe.
Optimal aeroassisted transfer between coplanar elliptical orbits

Abstract This paper presents the solution for minimum-fuel, free-time transfer between coplanar elliptical orbits with the possible use of a planetary atmosphere to generate a decelerative braking force. The optimal pure propulsive two-impulse transfer is first considered. It is shown that the solution is obtained by solving a set of three equations for three unknowns. Reduction of the general equations is made for the case of symmetrical transfer and a complete first-order solution is provided for the case of transfer from nearly circular orbit. In aeroassisted transfer atmospheric braking at the perigee can be used to circularize the orbit, and in the circular configuration the orbit can be arbitrarily rotated without fuel consumption. It is shown that complete circularization of this intermediary orbit is optimal only when the rotation angle is large, and an explicit formula for evaluating this critical angle is provided. A complete solution is presented for the case of optimal rotation of an orbit. Finally, an example of optimal aeroassisted transfer is provided for the case of a transfer from a low-energy orbit to a high-energy orbit.
X-Ray Detection of the Primary Lens Galaxy Cluster of the Gravitational Lens System Q0957+561

Analysis of several recent ROSAT High-Resolution Imager (HRI) observations of the gravitationally lensed system Q0957+561 has led to the detection at the 3 ? level of the cluster lens containing the primary galaxy G1. The total mass was estimated by applying the equation of hydrostatic equilibrium to the detected hot intracluster gas for a range of cluster core radii, cluster sizes, and for different values of the Hubble constant. X-ray estimates of the lensing cluster mass provide a means to determine the cluster contribution to the deflection of rays originating from the quasar Q0957+561. The present mass estimates were used to evaluate the convergence parameter ?, the ratio of the local surface mass density of the cluster to the critical surface mass density for lensing. The convergence parameter ?, calculated in the vicinity of the lensed images, was found to range between 0.07 and 0.21, depending on the assumed cluster core radius and cluster extent. This range of uncertainty in ? does not include possible systematic errors arising from the estimation of the cluster temperature through the use of the cluster luminosity-temperature relation and the assumption of spherical symmetry of the cluster gas. Applying this range of values of ? to the lensing model of Grogin & Narayan for Q0957+561 but not accounting for uncertainties in that model yields a range of values for the Hubble constant: 67 < H0 < 82 km s-1 Mpc-1, for a time delay of 1.1 yr.
Chain inflation in the landscape: ‘bubble bubble toil and trouble’

In the model of chain inflation, a sequential chain of coupled scalar fields drives inflation. We consider a multidimensional potential with a large number of bowls, or local minima, separated by energy barriers: inflation takes place as the system tunnels from the highest energy bowl to another bowl of lower energy, and so on until it reaches the zero-energy ground state. Such a scenario can be motivated by the many vacua in the stringy landscape, and our model can apply to other multidimensional potentials. The 'graceful exit' problem of old inflation is resolved since reheating is easily achieved at each stage. Coupling between the fields is crucial to the scenario. The model is quite generic and succeeds for natural couplings and parameters. Chain inflation succeeds for a wide variety of energy scales—for potentials ranging from 10 MeV scale inflation to 1016 GeV scale inflation.
Optical conductivity of a superfluid density wave

We present a calculation of the low-frequency optical conductivity of a superconductor in the presence of quenched inhomogeneity in both the superfluid and normal fluid densities. We find that inhomogeneity in the superfluid density displaces spectral weight from the condensate to a frequency range that depends critically on the spatial correlation of normal and superfluid density fluctuations.
Laser Diagnostics Of Nascent Gaseous Product Species Formed In Chemical Reactions On Surfaces

Examples from this laboratory illustrating laser probing of gaseous products formed in chemical reactions on surfaces are taken from the areas of catalytic reactions, silicon etching, and surface photochemistry. The emphasis will be on the unique advantages of laser diagnostics in these dynamical and mechanistic studies in which the chemical reaction product species undergo no collisions after leaving the surface before detection by the laser. UHV experiments on the catalytic oxidation of H2, D2 and NH3 by N02 and H2 by NO2 used the laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) technique to measure the apparent desorption energies of OH radicals and the rotational energy accommodation of the desorbing OH, OD and NO reaction products. The observed different degrees of "rotational cooling" in the different products will be discussed. In multiphoton ionization mass spectrometry experiments (MPI/MS) spectroscopies of three different MPI processes for the SiF2 radical were studied and two of these were applied to the study of silicon etching by XeF2, F2, and NF3. The only observed gaseous products were SiF4 and the SiF2 radical and their apparent production energies correlated with the case of surface fluorine atom production. In the area of surface photochemistry, an excimer laser was used to photolyze iodobenzene, trimethylgallium, and copper acetylacetonate adsorbed on a cold surface. The time-of-flight (TOF) spectra of the fragments or reaction products were measured by using a mass spectrometer equipped with multiphoton (MPI) or electron (EI) ionization.
Evaluation of alternative thermochemical cycles - Part I the methodology.

Abstract The Nuclear Hydrogen Initiative (NHI) of the U.S. Department of Energy′s Office of Nuclear Energy Science and Technology is supporting an effort to reevaluate thermochemical cycles reported in the literature as having both promising efficiencies and proof-of-concept results. Recognizing that the calculation of efficiencies was not always consistently done or well defined in the literature, we first developed a consistent methodology for reevaluating the candidate thermochemical cycles. This methodology was defined for three levels of maturity in process knowledge. Argonne National Laboratory and a group of universities recalculated the efficiency for each level and identified the most critical R&D necessary to further assess the cycles' potential. This methodology is illustrated with the Cu–Cl in Part I of this series of three papers. Current results of the analyses for all of the cycles are summarized in Part II. Part III contains a more detailed Level 3 analysis for the Cu–Cl cycle.
Melnikov-Based Open-Loop Control of Escape for a Class of Nonlinear Systems

The performance of certain nonlinear stochastic systems is deemed acceptable if, during a specified time interval, the systems have sufficiently low probabilities of escape from a preferred region of phase space. We propose an open-loop control method for reducing these probabilities. The method is applicable to stochastic systems whose dissipation- and excitation-free counterparts have homoclinic or heteroclinic orbits. The Melnikov relative scale factors are system properties containing information on the frequencies of the random forcing spectral components that are most effective in inducing escapes. Numerical simulations show that substantial advantages can be achieved in some cases by designing control systems that take into account the information contained in the Melnikov scale factors.
Polarization, piezoelectric constants, and elastic constants of ZnO, MgO, and CdO

We report first-principles density functional calculations of the polarizations, piezoelectric stress constants, and elastic constants for the II-VI oxides MgO, ZnO, and CdO in the wurtzite structure. Using our pseudopotential self-interaction corrected implementation of density functional theory, we obtain polarization values of −0.060, −0.022, and −0.10 C/m2, and piezoelectric constants, e33 (e31) of 1.64 (−0.58), 1.34 (−0.57), and 1.67 (−0.48) C/m2 for structurally relaxed MgO (with its in-plane lattice parameter fixed to that calculated for ZnO), ZnO, and CdO, respectively. The large polarization gradients between the end-point compounds in the MgO-ZnO-CdO system augur well for the production of large internal fields in ZnO-based polarization field effect transistors.
Self-selection contributes significantly to the lower adiposity of faster, longer-distanced, male and female walkers.

Self-selection contributes significantly to the lower adiposity of faster, longer-distanced, male and female walkers
Magnetic nanoparticles: synthesis, functionalization, and applications in bioimaging and magnetic energy storage

This tutorial review summarizes the recent advances in the chemical synthesis and potential applications of monodisperse magnetic nanoparticles. After a brief introduction to nanomagnetism, the review focuses on recent developments in solution phase syntheses of monodisperse MFe2O4, Co, Fe, CoFe, FePt and SmCo5 nanoparticles. The review further outlines the surface, structural, and magnetic properties of these nanoparticles for biomedicine and magnetic energy storage applications.
Anomalous Diffusion and Ion Heating in the Presence of Electrostatic Hydrogen Cyclotron Instabilities

One- and two-dimensional particle simulations have been carried out to study electrostatic ion cyclotron instabilities for a hydrogen plasma in a strong magnetic field. It is found that strong ion heating and anomalous cross-field diffusion comparable to Bohm diffusion take place associated with the instability. Implications of the instability to the recent observations in fusion devices and space plasmas are discussed.
Active Flow Control at Low Angles of Attack: Stingray Unmanned Aerial Vehicle

Active flow control using fluidic actuators, via arrays of synthetic jet actuators, was used to provide control power for the Stingray unmanned aerial vehicle in the longitudinal (pitch) and lateral (roll) directions at low angles of attack. Using this technique, the pitch and roll moments were altered such that the effect is similar to that of a deflection of conventional control effectors. The control effectiveness of the synthetic jets on the aerodynamic performance of the Stingray unmanned aerial vehicle was investigated experimentally in a wind tunnel. Global flow measurements were conducted, where the moments and forces on the vehicle were measured using a six-component sting balance. The effect of the actuation was also examined on the surface static pressure at two spanwise locations. In addition, a particle image velocimetry technique was used to quantify the flowfield over the model, both the global flowfield as well as the localized interaction domain near the synthetic jet orifice. The synthetic jets were able to alter the local streamlines and displace the boundary layer through the formation of a small quasi-steady interaction region on the suction surface of the Stingray unmanned aerial vehicle's wing. Phase-locked particle image velocimetry data were acquired to provide insight into the growth, propagation, and decay of the synthetic jets impulse and their interaction with the crossflow. Furthermore, the changes induced on the moments and forces can be proportionally controlled by either changing the momentum coefficient or by driving the synthetic jets with a pulse modulation waveform. This can lead the way for future development of closed-loop control models.
Coupling of Geminal Dihalides with Disodium Tetracarbonyl Ferrate: a Novel Reactivity Pattern for Collman's Reagent

The reaction of gem-dihalides with Na2Fe(CO)4 results in the formation of alkenes instead of the iron(0) carbene complexes.
Software reflexion models: bridging the gap between source and high-level models

Software engineers often use high-level models (for instance, box and arrow sketches) to reason and communicate about an existing software system. One problem with high-level models is that they are almost always inaccurate with respect to the system's source code. We have developed an approach that helps an engineer use a high-level model of the structure of an existing software system as a lens through which to see a model of that system's source code. In particular, an engineer de nes a high-level model and speci es how the model maps to the source. A tool then computes a software re exion model that shows where the engineer's high-level model agrees with and where it di ers from a model of the source. The paper provides a formal characterization of reexion models, discusses practical aspects of the approach, and relates experiences of applying the approach and tools to a number of di erent systems. The illustrative example used in the paper describes the application of re exion models to NetBSD, an implementation of Unix comprised of 250,000 lines of C code. In only a few hours, an engineer computed several re exion models that provided him with a useful, global overview of the structure of the NetBSD virtual memory subsystem. The approach has also been applied to aid in the understanding and experimental reengineering of the Microsoft Excel spreadsheet product. This research was funded in part by the NSF grant CCR-8858804 and a Canadian NSERC post-graduate scholarship. 0 Permission to make digital/hard copies of all or part of this material without fee is granted provided that the copies are not made or distributed for pro t or commercial advantage, the ACM copyright/server notice, the title of the publication and its date appear, and notice is given that copyright is by permission of the Association for Computing Machinery, Inc. (ACM). To copy otherwise, to republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior speci c permission and/or a fee. SIGSOFT '95 Washington, D.C., USA c 1995 ACM 0-89791-716-2/95/0010...$3.50
SIMULATIONS OF PARTICLE ACCELERATION BEYOND THE CLASSICAL SYNCHROTRON BURNOFF LIMIT IN MAGNETIC RECONNECTION: AN EXPLANATION OF THE CRAB FLARES

It is generally accepted that astrophysical sources cannot emit synchrotron radiation above 160 MeV in their rest frame. This limit is given by the balance between the accelerating electric force and the radiation reaction force acting on the electrons. The discovery of synchrotron gamma-ray flares in the Crab Nebula, well above this limit, challenges this classical picture of particle acceleration. To overcome this limit, particles must accelerate in a region of high electric field and low magnetic field. This is possible only with a non-ideal magnetohydrodynamic process, like magnetic reconnection. We present the first numerical evidence of particle acceleration beyond the synchrotron burnoff limit, using a set of two-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations of ultra-relativistic pair plasma reconnection. We use a new code, Zeltron, that includes self-consistently the radiation reaction force in the equation of motion of the particles. We demonstrate that the most energetic particles move back and forth across the reconnection layer, following relativistic Speiser orbits. These particles then radiate >160 MeV synchrotron radiation rapidly, within a fraction of a full gyration, after they exit the layer. Our analysis shows that the high-energy synchrotron flux is highly variable in time because of the strong anisotropy and inhomogeneity of the energetic particles. We discover a robust positive correlation between the flux and the cut-off energy of the emitted radiation, mimicking the effect of relativistic Doppler amplification. A strong guide field quenches the emission of >160 MeV synchrotron radiation. Our results are consistent with the observed properties of the Crab flares, supporting the reconnection scenario.
A progressive refinement approach to fast radiosity image generation

A reformulated radiosity algorithm is presented that produces initial images in time linear to the number of patches. The enormous memory costs of the radiosity algorithm are also eliminated by computing form-factors on-the-fly. The technique is based on the approach of rendering by progressive refinement. The algorithm provides a useful solution almost immediately which progresses gracefully and continuously to the complete radiosity solution. In this way the competing demands of realism and interactivity are accommodated. The technique brings the use of radiosity for interactive rendering within reach and has implications for the use and development of current and future graphics workstations.
Whittaker Limits of Difference Spherical Functions

The q-Whittaker function is introduced as a limit at t = 0 of the global q,t-spherical function, which extends the symmetric Macdonald polynomials to arbitrary eigenvalues. The limiting procedure generalizes that due to Etingof. The construction heavily depends on the technique of the q-Gaussians developed by the author (and Stokman in the non-reduced case). In this approach, the q-Whittaker function is given by a series convergent everywhere. One of the applications is a q-version of the Shintani–Casselman–Shalika formula, which is directly connected with the q,t-Mehta–Macdonald identities in terms of the Jackson integral. In type A, this formula generalizes that due to Gerasimov et al. The Harish-Chandra-type asymptotic formula is established for the global q,t-spherical functions, including the Whittaker limit.
Firm heterogeneity and firm behavior with conditional policies

Abstract This paper shows that the result of Ju and Krishna [Ju, J., Krishna, K., 2002. Regulations, Regime Switches and Non-Monotonicity when Non-Compliance is an Option: An Application to Content Protection and Preference. Economic Letters 77, 315–321, Ju, J., Krishna, K., 2005. Firm Behavior and Market Access in a Free Trade Area with Rules of Origin. Canadian Journal of Economics 38 (1), 290–308], i.e., the non-monotonicity in the comparative statics across regimes, disappears, if exporters differ in their productivities, which provides very different predictions about the results of policy changes.
A feedforward neural network for multiple criteria decision making

Abstract Many complex real-world problems are characterized as decision making with multiple, conflicting and noncommensurate objectives. Because of the complexity of factors that are involved, it is usually difficult to derive a decision rule for determining the most desirable alternative. This paper is to demonstrate the potential role of artificial neural networks for multiple criteria decision making. This paper presents a feedforward neural network for solving discrete multiple criteria decision problems under certainty. Starting with formulating multiple criteria decision problems under the theme of supervised learning, this paper specifies two types of multiattribute decision models, proposes a particular form of feedforward neural network, analyzes some desirable properties associated with supervised learning, presents an improved learning algorithm and discusses results of illustrative examples and numerical simulation.
Effective electromagnetic shielding in multilayer printed circuit boards

ENGINEERING'NOTES are short manuscripts, describing new developments or important results of a preliminary nature. These Notes cannot exceed 6manuscriptpagesand3 figures; a page of text may be substituted for a figure and vice versa. After informal review by the editors, they may be published within a few months of the date of receipt. Style requirements are the same as for regular contributions (see inside back cover).
Chemistry and Evolution of Titan's Atmosphere

The chemistry and evolution of Titan's atmosphere are reviewed, in light of the scientific findings from the Voyager mission. It is argued that the present N2 atmosphere may be Titan's initial atmosphere, rather than one photochemically derived from an original NH3 atmosphere. The escape rate of hydrogen from Titan is controlled by photochemical production from hydrocarbons. CH4 is irreversibly converted to less hydrogen-rich hydrocarbons, which over geologic time accumulate on the surface to a layer thickness of about 0.5 km. Magnetospheric electrons interacting with Titan's exosphere may dissociate enough N2 into hot, escaping N atoms to remove about 0.2 of Titan's present atmosphere over geologic time. The energy dissipation of magnetospheric electrons exceeds solar EUV energy deposition in Titan's atmosphere by an order of magnitude, and is the principal driver of nitrogen photochemistry. The environmental conditions in Titan's upper atmosphere are favorable to building up complex molecules, particularly in the north polar cap region.
Quantifying three dimensional reconnection in fragmented current layers

There is growing evidence that when magnetic reconnection occurs in high Lundquist number plasmas such as in the Solar Corona or the Earth's Magnetosphere it does so within a fragmented, rather than a smooth current layer. Within the extent of these fragmented current regions, the associated magnetic flux transfer and energy release occur simultaneously in many different places. This investigation focusses on how best to quantify the rate at which reconnection occurs in such layers. An analytical theory is developed which describes the manner in which new connections form within fragmented current layers in the absence of magnetic nulls. It is shown that the collective rate at which new connections form can be characterized by two measures; a total rate which measures the true rate at which new connections are formed and a net rate which measures the net change of connection associated with the largest value of the integral of E|| through all of the non-ideal regions. Two simple analytical models are pres...
System information database: an automated maintenance aid

Documenting application systems has long been considered a necessary evil. Necessary because documentation provides a map to present systems, serves as a maintenance aid, and is required by the auditors; evil because it is an activity generally dreaded by those who develop the systems. Since normal behavior regarding unpleasant chores is avoidance, application systems documentation is sometimes absent and often incomplete.Documenting may be unpopular for a number of reasons, including psychological ones. One very obvious problem is that, except for a few automated tools at the program level, documentation is a manual process used in an automated environment. Automating the process is a way to reduce the laboriousness of the task.This paper is a case study of how one data processing organization applied student labor and a relational database management system in a prototype to automate much of their applications systems documentation function. The capabilities, fringe benefits, and future enhancements of the tool are discussed.
Evaluation of thermally induced non-fourier stress wave disturbances via tailored hybrid transfinite element formulations

Abstract The evaluation of thermally induced stress wave propagation in solids and materials influenced by non-Fourier effects is described. Several pathological anomalies exist for the classical dynamic thermoelastic models using the Fourier heat conduction model, especially for cases involving extremely short transients or for temperatures near absolute zero. As a consequence, various modified theories have been proposed to account for finite speeds of thermal stress wave propagation, in contrast to investigations based on the classical thermoelastic theory, which allows thermal disturbances to propagate only at infinite speeds. The dynamic thermoelastic models used herein can be obtained from those of Green and Lindsay, which permit the so-called ‘second sound’ effects by appropriate choice of relaxation parameters. The fundamental purpose of this study is to provide accurate solutions to a class of thermally induced non-Fourier models in dynamic thermoelasticity which can help us to understand the representative behavior of the nature and mechanisms of the resulting thermal stress wave disturbances. In this regard, the present paper uses specially tailored hybrid formulations based on the transfinite element approach for accurately modeling the discontinuous thermal stress wave disturbances. The classical Fourier models of dynamic thermoelasticity which can be obtained by appropriate choice of relaxation parameters are also presented. The results obtained indicate that significant thermal stresses may arise because of non-Fourier effects, especially when the speeds of propagation of the thermal and stress waves are equal. For the case of unequal speeds of propagation, the relative magnitudes of the resulting thermal stress waves seem comparable to a certain extent with those obtained from the classical theory of dynamic thermoelasticity.
The end of the galactic cosmic ray spectrum

We discuss the region of transition between galactic and extragalactic cosmic rays. The exact shapes and compositions of these two components contains information about important parameters of powerful astrophysical sources and the conditions in extragalactic space as well as for the cosmological evolution of the sources of high energy cosmic rays. Several types of experimental data, including the exact shape of the ultrahigh energy cosmic rays, their chemical composition and their anisotropy, and the fluxes of cosmogenic neutrinos have to be included in the solution of this problem.
Safety of superconducting magnets for fusion: Thermal analysis of large cryostable magnets

A thermal analysis program has been developed to study the response of a cryostable fusion magnet to abnormal conditions such as a localized heat input, overcurrent, or uncooled length of conductor. It performs a heat balance on each element. Variation of parameters with temperature, pressure, and magnetic field are incorporated. The program has been applied to a conductor with magnetic field variation along its length, carrying a high current as might occur in one toroidal field toil when a neighboring coil discharges rapidly. It is found that a stable normal region can develop, with possibly serious consequences.
Synthesis and Diels–Alder reactions of the furo[3,4-b]pyrrole ring system. A new indole ring synthesis

The previously unknown furo[3,4-b]pyrrole ring system has been synthesized from the appropriate pyrrolo hydroxyketones by acid-catalyzed cyclodehydration. Diels–Alder reactions of these furo[3,4-b]pyrroles affords a new synthesis of indoles.
Parton model from bi-local solitonic picture of the baryon in two-dimensions

Abstract We study a previously introduced bi-local gauge invariant reformulation of two-dimensional QCD, called 2d hadron dynamics. The baryon arises as a topological soliton in hadron dynamics. We derive an interacting parton model from the soliton model, thus reconciling these two seemingly different points of view. The valence quark model is obtained as a variational approximation to hadron dynamics. A succession of better approximations to the soliton picture are obtained. The next simplest case corresponds to a system of interacting valence, ‘sea’ and anti-quarks. We also obtain this ‘embellished’ parton model directly from the valence quark system through a unitary transformation. Using the solitonic point of view, we estimate the quark and anti-quark distributions of 2d QCD. Possible applications to deep inelastic structure functions are pointed out.
Projections for Dark Photon Searches at Mu3e

We show that dark photons (A0) with masses ~10-80MeV can be probed in the decay µ^+ → e^+v_ev_µA', A' → e^+e^-, with the upcoming Mu3e experiment at the Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI) in Switzerland. With an expected 10^(15)(5.5 x 10^(16)) muon decays in 2015{2016 (2018 and beyond), Mu3e has the exciting opportunity to probe a substantial fraction of currently unexplored dark photon parameter space, probing kinetic-mixing parameter, є, as low as є^2 10^(-7) (10^(-8)). No modifications of the existing Mu3e setup are required.
Micro-ionics: next generation power sources

The desire for ever smarter systems-on-a-chip and plug-free portable electronics with longer operating times between recharge has stimulated growing interest in micro-ionic systems. The use of thin film and photolithographic processing techniques, commonly at temperatures considerably below those utilized in conventional ceramics processing methods, leads to ionic or mixed ionic–electronic materials with nanosized dimensions. The implications for nanosized grains on the conductivity of thin film solid oxide electrolytes are examined. Grain boundary engineering, as a means of controlling and ultimately enhancing transport along and across grain boundaries, becomes essential given that such boundaries often dominate the transport properties of such nano-dimensioned materials. Heterogeneous doping by selective in-diffusion along grain boundaries was introduced as a potentially powerful means of achieving this. This is coupled with the modeling of space charge distributions at such boundaries, taking into account possible dopant segregation to the boundaries. The use of lithographic methods for generating geometrically well defined structures is used to illustrate how one can achieve a much improved understanding of electrode processes in SOFC structures. Indeed, the more idealized structures achievable by application of microelectronic processing provide a marvelous opportunity to uncover the science underlying the technology of micro- and ultimately macro-ionics.
Ear Dominance Effects in Loudness Following Auditory Adaptation

In recent years there has been much attention to the study of ear differences in the response to auditory stimuli. However, the possibly of ear differences in auditory adaptation effects has apparently not been investigated. The present authors used a monaural heterophonic balance to investigate the adaptation of a 500 Hz adapting tone. Ten subjects were tested in the left ear, ten in the right. Left ear adaptation was 4.20 dB, while right ear adaptation was 12.88 dB (p is less than or equal to .001). Previous differences in binaural adaptation studies could conceivably have been partially influenced by the ear adapted. It is suggested that the possibility of ear differences in loudness adaptation be taken into account in future studies.
The Mass of a halo

We discuss the different definitions of the mass of a halo in common use and how one may convert between them. Using N -body simulations we show that mass estimates based on spherical averages are much more tightly correlated with each other than with masses based on the number of particles in a halo. The mass functions pertaining to some different mass definitions are estimated and compared to the "universal form"of Jenkins et al. ([CITE]). Using a different simulation pipeline and a different cosmological model we show that the mass function is well fit by the Jenkins et al. ([CITE]) fitting function, strengthening the claim to universality made by those authors. We show that care must be taken to match the definitions of mass when using large N -body simulations to bootstrap scaling relations from smaller hydrodynamical runs to avoid observationally significant bias in the predictions for abundances of objects.