cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Health services in the home.

1. The hospital is the power source for patient care, for teaching, for supervision and research. But if it loses sight of the home situation and of other agencies, the treatment and the teaching become inadequate, the research unrealistic; it is spinning its wheels and failing to maintain any progress. 2. Maternal and child health in advanced countries has adopted a pattern of "preventive but little or no curative" care. It is only when there is a properly integrated service that care of the sick, teaching and research will be effective. Service must be comprehensive in content and extent. This type of integrated service is the most suitable for developing areas. 3. There has been an artificial separation between preventive and curative medicine. Public health services provide preventive medicine in its major operations and with the mass approach. But personal or individual medicine must be both preventive and curative. In treating a minor disorder we are preventing a major catastrophe. It would be preferable if the division came not between curative and preventive, but between individual and mass medicine. Then hospitals, health centers, and homes could provide rational settings for continuity of care. 4. Continuity of care is essential. The public health nurse, health visitor, community nurse, midwife, district nurse, and their aides are the most essential workers. Their numbers should be increased and their training improved. The first diagnosis is made by the mother when she decides to take the child to the doctor, the hospital, or the clinic. The second diagnosis is made by the nurse when she decides to refer the child to the doctor. Without continuity in this chain of diagnosis, the whole system is inefficient. 5. Training of personnel needs to be revised with these objects in view.
Quadratic integral games and causal synthesis

The game problem for an input-output system governed by a Volterra integral equation with respect to a quadratic performance functional is an untouched open problem. In this paper, it is studied by a new approach called projection causality. The main result is the causal synthesis which pro- vides a causal feedback implementation of the optimal strategies in the saddle point sense. The linear feedback operator is determined by the solution of a Fredholm integral operator equation, which is independent of data functions and control functions. Two application examples are included. The first one is quadratic differential games of a linear system with arbitrary finite delays in the state variable and control variables. The second is the standard linear- quadratic differential games, for which it is proved that the causal synthesis can be reduced to a known result where the feedback operator is determined by the solution of a differential Riccati operator equation.
Debating the State in Private Housing Neighborhoods: The Governance of Homeowners' Associations in Urban Shanghai

This article examines the transformation of state power in urban China by investigating how the state governs a newly emerging type of neighborhood organization connected with housing privatization, the homeowners' association ( HA). Based on a series of extensive field research visits in Shanghai from 2006 to 2012, it analyzes the contradictory rationales behind HA policies in Shanghai, and elaborates the debates between state actors and non-state actors on the boundary of state intervention. It finds that the state in Shanghai has engaged multiple goals in its governance of the HAs: regularizing the real estate market, promoting self-organization at the neighborhood level, and channeling homeowners' participation in urban politics. The neoliberal rationality of governing through subjects' autonomy and a tradition of the socialist discourse on party leadership co-exist in the state's toolkit for governance. But the state's capacity to coordinate these different governing techniques varies across fields. I highlight the dilemma a non-liberal state confronts in cultivating self-organizing and self-responsible individuals. This contrasts with some of the studies on ' China's neoliberal state', which argue that the bureaucratic system has been resilient in coping with the contradictions and imbalances inherent in neoliberalism.
Validation of Eventserv‐Short: A brief measure of customer satisfaction with game day services

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to validate a shortened measure of consumers’ satisfaction with the service quality at sporting events. The scale's ability to predict both customer satisfaction and future behavioral intentions is also measured.Design/methodology/approach – The measure, entitled Eventserv‐Short, was tested across the five most popular American sports and across two levels (collegiate and professional). An online survey was utilized with a total of 854 respondents.Findings – Results showed that Eventserv‐Short is a reliable and valid measure of satisfaction with service quality that is invariant across various sporting events; also, Eventserv‐Short predicts overall customer satisfaction and future behavioral intentions.Originality/value – The paper's importance is demonstrated by the measure's consistent performance across the different types of sports and settings. Further, these results show that researchers and managers can now more quickly, reliably, and accurately measure consum...
Fissidens chiricahuensis and F. brindae, spp. nov. , from the Chiricahua Mountains, Arizona, with notes on the Fissidens elegans complex, subgenus Aloma

Fissidens chiricahuensis and F. brindae , two new species from the Chiricahua Mountains in southeastern Arizona, belong to subgenus Aloma ( Fissidens elegans complex). Fissidens chiricahuensis has broadly acute to obtuse leaves; costae that end several cells below the leaf apices; and, 2–3-stratose, intramarginal to partially marginal limbidia confined to the vaginant laminae. Fissidens brindae has weak and erratic limbidia on the vaginant laminae of the perichaetial leaves and infrequently on the vaginant laminae of infertile stem leaves; a highly reduced peristome; and, a high percentage of aborted spores.
Modal Control of Broad Area Semiconductor Laser with Monolithically Integrated Feedback Gratings

Varying the duty cycle of the grating used for wavelength locking enhanced their functionality by providing laterally variable feedback reflectivity. By controlling the amplitude of the highest-order modes, beam divergence from the laser was reduced.
Mechanistic Case Diagramming: A Tool for Problem-based Learning

Without appropriate learning tools to guide the application of knowledge to clinical situations, medical students in a problem-based learning (PBL) curriculum may revert to traditional modes of learning and hence deprive themselves of PBL's educational benefits. The author describes a technique involving the stepwise diagramming of pathophysiologic mechanisms leading from underlying causes to the symptoms and findings presented in a PBL case. This technique can guide clinical reasoning during an initial problem encounter, the identification of pertinent learning issues, and the subsequent integration of knowledge as relevant to the patient's case. The author suggests that training students and tutors to use this technique may allow the former to fully realize the benefits of PBL, including the ability to organize information for use in clinical contexts and the ability to critically reflect upon their own learning.
Endovascular grafts in the treatment of thoracic aortic aneurysms and pseudoaneurysms.

The purpose of this study was to describe our experience with balloon and self-expanding endovascular grafts for the management of thoracic aortic lesions. Between February 1997 and June 1998, 20 endovascular grafts were implanted in 14 patients for the treatment of thoracic aortic aneurysms and pseudoaneurysms. Endovascular procedures were performed using one of four different devices: (1) Dacron-covered balloon-expandable Palmaz™ stent, (2) balloon-expandable Palmaz stent-PTFE graft prosthesis (BE-PS), (3) self-expanding internally supported Nitinol Decron prosthesis (Vanguard™ SE-V), and (4) self-expanding externally supported Nitinol PTFE prosthesis (Excluder™ SE-E). The results show that endovascular grafting represents a potentially important alternative therapy to open repair of the thoracic aorta. Self-expanding devices were, in our experience, easier to use and more accurately deployed.
Pro-apoptotic low-density lipoprotein subfractions in type II diabetes

Abstract Objective To test the hypothesis that differences in subfractions of circulating lipoproteins between diabetic and non-diabetic subjects exist and might contribute to the increased risk for atherosclerosis in type II diabetics. Methods and results LDL isolated from diabetic (D) and control subjects (N) were separated by FPLC into five subfractions (L1–L5). The fractional distributions of N- and D-LDL were not different, but the most strongly retained subfractions of D-LDL (D-L5) were markedly more pro-apoptotic to bovine aortic endothelial cells in vitro than were the other subfractions in D- or N-LDL. D-L5 induced time- and concentration-dependent apoptosis that was inhibited by z-VAD-fmk. The most electronegative D-LDL subfractions contained substantial amounts of apoproteins AI, E and CIII, higher concentrations of non-esterified fatty acids and LpPLA2, and lower trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBSA) reactivities. Electronegative subfractions of D-LDL exhibited longer lag times and lower net increases in absorbance at 234 nm with Cu-catalyzed oxidation in vitro. Conclusions The toxicities of electronegative subfractions of LDL from diabetic subjects to endothelial cells in vitro may be pivotal to vascular complications of diabetes in vivo, but the specific molecular alterations responsible for the toxicities of these subfractions of diabetic LDL are not known.
Toxicity of synthetic pyrethroid insecticides to the grass shrimp, Palaemonetes pugio, parasitized with the bopyrid isopod, Probopyrus pandalicola.

The grass shrimp, Palaemonetes pugio, plays a large role in the marine ecosystem, serving as a vital link in the food web between many other species. Marine parasites such as the bopyrid isopod, Probopyrus pandalicola, reduce shrimp growth and reproductive output and may also cause P. pugio to be more vulnerable to the lethal effects of contaminants. The purpose of this study was to determine the toxicity of resmethrin and bifenthrin on the grass shrimp, P. pugio, infected with the bopyrid isopod, Probopyrus pandalicola. A 96-h static renewal test was conducted to determine the toxicity of the pyrethroid insecticides resmethrin and bifenthrin to grass shrimp, Palaemonetes pugio, parasitized with the bopyrid isopod, Probopyrus pandalicola. The results were then compared to similar tests utilizing unparasitized P. pugio. Parasitized P. pugio had lower 24-h LC50 (1.08 μg/L) and 96-h LC50 (0.43 μg/L) values for resmethrin than unparasitized P. pugio. However, LC50 ratio tests found that there was no significa...
Fluorescent tracers as potential candidates for double labeling of descending brain neurons in larval lamprey

In larval lamprey, seven fluorescent tracers were tested as potential candidates for retrograde double labeling of descending brain neurons: Fluoro Gold (FG); fluorescein dextran amine (FDA); True Blue (TB); cascade blue dextran amine (CBDA); Fast Blue (FB); Texas red dextran amine (TRDA); and tetramethylrhodamine dextran amine (RDA). The first tracer (FG, TB, FB, or CBDA) was applied to the spinal cord at 40% body length (BL). In separate experiments, the second tracer (TRDA or RDA) was applied to the spinal cord at 20% BL. The tracer combination FG/TRDA was found to have the best optical properties for double labeling. However, application of FG to the spinal cord with the method used for the other tracers resulted in labeling of 'lateral cells' along the sides of the rhombencephalon that were presumed to be non-neuronal and that obscured some of the descending brain neurons. Control experiments suggested that FG was transported in the circulation to the brain, where the tracer was taken up by lateral cells. Therefore, a special technique was developed for applying FG to the spinal cord without allowing the tracer to enter the circulation. In larval lamprey, this important double-labeling technique that was developed for TRDA and FG is being used to examine axonal regeneration and projection patterns of descending brain neurons.
Experimental observations in postural nystagmus. I. Extensive lesions in posterior vermis of the cerebellum.

Ablation of the posterior vermis of the cerebellum was performed in the cat. Histologic controls showed that the lesion included pyramis, uvula and nodulus but tUber vermis and nuclei fastigii may be encroached upon. The result was a syndrome characterized by disequilibrium and postural nystagmus during the unstabilized period of cerebellar deficiency followed by compensation.The postural nystagmus was a typical “benign paroxysmal type” which appeared mainly in supine position and consistently was vertical toward the nose. It was fatigable after several repeated tests and disappeared in a few days or weeks, and it cannot be reproduced in bilateral labyrinthecto-mized animals.It was indicated that, i) the term “paroxysmal” identified the clinical syndrome but not the location of the cause which may be peripheral or central, ii) The term “benign” is confusing because it may imply that this type of postural nystagmus is limited to peripheral lesions with a mild course. iii) Disappearance of postural nystagmu...
Impact of Air Velocity on the Detection of Fires in Conveyor Belt Haulageways

A series of large-scale experiments were conducted in an above-ground fire gallery using three different types of fire-resistant conveyor belts and four air velocities for each belt. The goal of the experiments was to understand and quantify the effects of air velocity on the detection of fires in underground conveyor belt haulageways and to determine the rates of generation of toxic gases and smoke as a fire progresses through the stages of smoldering coal, flaming coal, and finally a flaming conveyor belt. In the experiments, electrical strip heaters, imbedded approximately 5 cm below the top surface of a large mass of coal rubble, were used to ignite the coal, producing an open flame. The flaming coal mass subsequently ignited 1.83-m-wide conveyor belts located approximately 0.30 m above the coal surface. Gas samples were drawn through an averaging probe for continuous measurement of CO, CO2, and O2 as the fire progressed. Approximately 20 m from the fire origin and 0.5 m below the roof of the gallery, two commercially available smoke detectors, a light obscuration meter, and a sampling probe for measurement of total mass concentration of smoke particles were placed. Two video cameras were located upstream of the fire origin and along the gallery at about 14 m and 5 m in order to detect both smoke and flames from the fire. This paper discusses the impact of ventilation airflow on alarm times of the smoke detectors and video cameras, CO levels, smoke optical densities and smoke obscuration, total smoke mass concentrations, and fire heat release rates, examining how these various parameters depend upon air velocity and air quantity, the product of air velocity, and entry cross-section.
Polarity and Membrane Transport in Osteoclasts

The osteoclast is a highly polarized non-epithelial cell. The apical pole of the cell is determined by the cell's attachment to the extracellular matrix. This attachment forms the sealing zone, delimiting the subosteoclastic bone resorbing compartment. The apical membrane of the cell forms the ruffled-border, which contains some specific membrane proteins and a proton pump ATPase, which acidifies the apical compartment. Newly synthesized lysosomal enzymes are vectorially transported into this apical compartment bound to mannose-6-phosphate receptors. The basolateral membrane is highly enriched in sodium pumps with beta and alpha 1 subunits. Associated with the acidification process is the carbonic anhydrase found in the cytoplasm and membrane-associated1 and a bicarbonate-chloride exchanger in the membrane. 2 These features put the osteoclast in the same functional category as the kidney tubule intercalated cell and the gastric oxyntic cell, both of epithelial origin, which secrete acid in a polarized fas...
The electrocardiographic recognition of left atrial enlargement in childhood

Abstract The P wave of the scalar electrocardiogram has been evaluated in a group of normal infants and children, and in a group of children with left atrial volume overload due either to ventricular septal defect or mitral regurgitation. In the normal group the P wave in Lead V 1 was frequently diphasic, with the terminal negative deflection smaller than the initial positive component, however. With left atrial overload, the negative P-V 1 deflection becomes more prominent, and the P wave in Lead V 2 may also become diphasic. Amplitude and duration of the terminal negative P-V 1 have been measured, and their product, the "terminal P-V 1 index", obtained. In the absence of left atrial overload, the terminal P-V 1 index is ordinarily not greater than 0.015 mm. sec., the 90th percentile, or one half of a small square on ECG paper. Patients with left atrial overload have a significantly greater terminal P-V 1 index and can thus be identified. Abnormal negativity of the P-V 1 deflection, as expressed in the terminal P-V 1 index, does not occur with mild left atrial overload, but is consistently present with more significant degrees of overload. In a group of patients with prominent left atrial overload, the terminal P-V 1 index was abnormal in 92 per cent. The terminal P-V 1 index is compared with other electrocardiographic measures of left atrial abnormality. Prolonged P duration is more sensitive an indicator than terminal P-V 1 index, but is frequently not present in patients with prominent overload. Abnormal P morphology is confined to patients with more severe left atrial overload, but identifies less than half the number of these who are identified by an abnormal terminal P-V 1 index. An increased PP-R segment ratio is often a nonspecific finding. Unusual negativity of the P wave in Lead V 1 , as indicated by an abnormal terminal P-V 1 index, correlates quite well with roentgenographic evidence of increased left atrial size. To date, abnormal negativity of the P wave in Lead V 1 is the sole electrocardiographic measure of left atrial enlargement which has this advantage.
VALIDATING RANGE-DEPENDENT, FULL-FIELD MODELS OF THE ACOUSTIC VECTOR FIELD IN SHALLOW WATER ENVIRONMENTS

Numerical algorithms for computing acoustic particle velocity from a pressure propagation model are introduced. Implementation using both a parabolic equation and normal mode approach are considered. The parabolic equation model employed uses a split-step Fourier algorithm, although application of the technique is general to other parabolic equation models. Expressions for the normal mode equations are also presented, for both coupled and adiabatic mode models. Results for a Pekeris waveguide are presented for a point source, prompting a brief discussion of multipath influence on the estimation of the direction of energy flow. Approximate analytic solutions are used to validate the general results of both the models. Results for the range-dependent benchmark wedge are then presented, which show generally good agreement between the two types of models. The results from the two-way, coupled normal mode model provide potential benchmark solutions for the wedge and a means of confirming the accuracy of other models.
EFFECT OF PITUITARY GROWTH SUBSTANCE ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF RATS THYROIDECTOMIZED AT BIRTH1

ALTHOUGH both thyroid and pituitary play a part in the normal growth and development of the individual, the pituitary can, under certain circumstances, A. JA. act without the thyroid. Evans, Simpson and Pencharz; (1), also Flower and Evans (2), induced growth in rats thyroidectomised after weaning by injection of AP growth substance. Ossification of epiphyseal lines was accelerated by pituitary growth hormone in thyroidectomised guinea pigs (120–180 gm.) (3). On the other hand, Shelton, Tager and Hoyt (4) found it impossible to cause osseous advancement in a human cretin with pituitary substance alone. In a previous experiment by the author (5) growth was not induced by two pituitary implants daily in rats completely thyroidectomised at birth, although one pituitary implant daily was sufficient to cause growth in animals possessing a thyroid remnant. In that case an interval of 3 to 4 weeks elapsed between thyroidectomy and the beginning of pituitary administration.
Comparing consumer and clinician values for alternative functional states: Application of a new feature trade-off consensus building tool

Abstract Objective: To present the Features-Resource Trade-Off Game (Features Game) as a new method for comparing preferences for alternative outcomes among different groups of people. Design: The Features Game is illustrated by comparing preferences for recovery among the 18 functional status items making up the Functional Independence Measure. Methods involved trading levels of independence (resources) across the different items (features). Setting: Ten community-dwelling consumers with physical disabilities and 10 rehabilitation clinicians participated in four separate expert panels—two in Houston and two in Philadelphia. Main Outcome Measures: Five sets of hierarchical stages defined by the four separate panels specifying the profiles of function believed to most foster independent living. Results: Cognitive and communication skills were selected preferentially over the recovery of physical tasks by all panels, but, in comparison to clinicians, consumers were more willing to accept mild deficits in cognitive skills as trade for realizing earlier recovery of physical abilities. Conclusion: The overwhelming choice of cognitive and communication abilities over physical abilities suggests a need to enhance therapeutic efforts in those areas. More subtle differences in consumer and clinician preferences emphasize the importance of establishing consumer-oriented goals.
A 25‐month database of stratus cloud properties generated from ground‐based measurements at the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Southern Great Plains Site

A 25-month database of the macrophysical, microphysical, and radiative properties of isolated and overcast low-level stratus clouds has been generated using a newly developed parameterization and surface measurements from the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement central facility in Oklahoma. The database (5-min resolution) includes two parts: measurements and retrievals. The former consist of cloud base and top heights, layer-mean temperature, cloud liquid water path, and solar transmission ratio measured by a ground-based lidar/ceilometer and radar pair, radiosondes, a microwave radiometer, and a standard Eppley precision spectral pyranometer, respectively. The retrievals include the cloud-droplet effective radius and number concentration and broadband shortwave optical depth and cloud and top-of-atmosphere albedos. Stratus without any overlying mid or high-level clouds occurred most frequently during winter and least often during summer. Mean cloud-layer altitudes and geometric thicknesses were higher and greater, respectively, in summer than in winter. Both quantities are positively correlated with the cloud-layer mean temperature. Mean cloud-droplet effective radii range from 8.1 μm in winter to 9.7 μm during summer, while cloud-droplet number concentrations during winter are nearly twice those in summer. Since cloud liquid water paths are almost the same in both seasons, cloud optical depth is higher during the winter, leading to greater cloud albedos and lower cloud transmittances.
Unsupervised Information Extraction Approach Using Graph Mutual Reinforcement

Information Extraction (IE) is the task of extracting knowledge from unstructured text. We present a novel unsupervised approach for information extraction based on graph mutual reinforcement. The proposed approach does not require any seed patterns or examples. Instead, it depends on redundancy in large data sets and graph based mutual reinforcement to induce generalized "extraction patterns". The proposed approach has been used to acquire extraction patterns for the ACE (Automatic Content Extraction) Relation Detection and Characterization (RDC) task. ACE RDC is considered a hard task in information extraction due to the absence of large amounts of training data and inconsistencies in the available data. The proposed approach achieves superior performance which could be compared to supervised techniques with reasonable training data.
Optical trapping meets atomic force microscopy: a precision force microscope for biophysics

Mechanical drift between an atomic force microscope (AFM) tip and sample is a longstanding problem that limits tipsample stability, registration, and the signal-to-noise ratio during imaging. We demonstrate a robust solution to drift that enables novel precision measurements, especially of biological macromolecules in physiologically relevant conditions. Our strategy - inspired by precision optical trapping microscopy - is to actively stabilize both the tip and the sample using locally generated optical signals. In particular, we scatter a laser off the apex of commercial AFM tips and use the scattered light to locally measure and thereby actively control the tip's three-dimensional position above a sample surface with atomic precision in ambient conditions. With this enhanced stability, we overcome the traditional need to scan rapidly while imaging and achieve a 5-fold increase in the image signal-to-noise ratio. Finally, we demonstrate atomic-scale (~ 100 pm) tip-sample stability and registration over tens of minutes with a series of AFM images. The stabilization technique requires low laser power (<1 mW), imparts a minimal perturbation upon the cantilever, and is independent of the tip-sample interaction. This work extends atomic-scale tip-sample control, previously restricted to cryogenic temperatures and ultrahigh vacuum, to a wide range of perturbative operating environments.
Selecting Decision Rules for Crucial Choices An Investigation of the Thompson Framework

Thompson developed a framework to make strategic choices that indicates when to use optimizing, satisficing, instrumentality, and social tests as decision rules. These oft-cited prescriptions have not been empiricallyinvestigated. This studyprovides such a test by comparing the success realized when Thompson’s prescriptions were or were not followed in more than 300 strategic decisions. The findings indicate that managers followed the prescriptions in 4 of 10 decisions. Failing to follow the prescriptions led managers to applya decision rule that either developed misleading factual information or ignored available information as choices were made. Both misusing and ignoring evaluative information dramaticallylowered the prospect of success. Success improved when a decision rule was selected that adhered to the prescriptions. The implications of these findings for managers and management are discussed.
Theoretical approaches to Mexican wage labor migration.

The author reviews theoretical approaches to the study of both internal and international migration in Mexico. (ANNOTATION)
Technical considerations in gastric freezing.

Summary Much of the conflicting information concerning gastric freezing stems from an inadequate understanding of the technical features of this complex procedure. A cursory examination has been made into the dynamics of thermal exchange and some of the problems of tissue freezing. A new gastric hypothermia instrument (Temtrol) has been developed on the basis of these principles. Preliminary experimental and clinical evidence suggests that the new Temtrol instrument gives superior clinical and experimental results. It remains to be seen, however, whether or not even improved techniques of gastric freezing will result in effective long-term management of duodenal ulcer disease. To clarify this question, we are currently engaged in a clinical double-blind sham controlled study of gastric freezing.
Perils of parliamentarism? Political systems and the stability of democracy revisited

Parliamentary systems are generally regarded as superior to presidential ones in democratic sustenance. This article contributes to the debate on the relationship between systems of government and the survival of democracy by bringing in a new perspective and analysing the experiences of 131 democracies during 1960–2006. We argue that systems of government do matter, but their effects are indirect; they exert their influence through societies' prior democratic records. Confirming the conventional argument, our data analysis shows that uninterrupted parliamentary democracies face significantly lower risks of a first breakdown than their presidential counterparts. Contrary to the common understanding, however, we find that the risk of a democratic breakdown can be higher for parliamentary regimes than for presidential regimes among the countries whose democracy has collapsed in the past. Furthermore, the risk of a previously failed democracy falling again grows as (the risk of) government crises increase(s)...
Some effects of bed particle properties on wear in fluidized bed combustors

Abstract Serious wear of in-bed heat exchanger tubes in bubbling fluidized-bed combustors often occurs as the result of periodic energetic impacts by large aggregates of bed particles on the underside of tubes. The resulting “hammering” effect is simulated in a specially designed laboratory wear rig by quickly driving a specimen rod downward within a bed of fluidized particles. In this study, some of the ways in which bed particle properties influence wear in this environment are examined. Bed particles of three different compositions were used in separate wear tests on aluminum rods at room temperature. The wear rates and wastage distribution about the rod circumference were strongly influenced by the type of bed particles used. The dependence of wear on impact energy also differed markedly with the composition of the bed. The differences were primarily attributable to the nature and degree of the fine bed particle debris formed through comminution and how it is incorporated into the surface of the wearing rod.
Emerging Evidence for Instructional Practice: Repeated Viewings of Sign Language Models.

Current initiatives in education, such as No Child Left Behind and the National Common Core Standards movement, call for the use of evidence-based practices, or those instructional practices that a...
Polar domain fluctuations in doped liquid nitrobenzene

Improved spectral measurements of the narrow spike in the high resolution hyper-Rayleigh light scattering spectrum for deuterated liquid nitrobenzene (C6D5NO2) doped with triflic acid (CF3SO3H) determined that the reorientation time for the dopant-induced polar domains is 2.9 μs in the dilute limit. Two models based on ions dissolved in nitrobenzene fit the measured spectral broadening function.
Potato Leafhopper (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) Movement, Oviposition, and Feeding Response Patterns in Relation to Host and Nonhost Vegetation

The influence of minor and nonhost vegetation on bean, Phaseolus vulgarts L., host plant acceptance by the potato leafhopper, Empoasca fabae (Harris), was studied, with emphasis on the influence of tomato, Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. Cage environments in the laboratory and greenhouse were used to observe leafhopper movement and arrestment and to evaluate performance criteria, including feeding and oviposition. The presence of tomato vegetation suppressed total excreta production (an index of feeding) by 43%. Reduced excreta production was a result of considerable residence time on tomato. In oviposition choice tests, only 28% of the eggs were laid on bean in proximity to tomato. No-choice tests gave similarly significant results. Cabbage also reduced oviposition when in proximity to bean. In choice tests, only 32% of the eggs were laid on bean in proximity to cabbage. There were no differences in the average length of time on bean during each arrestment bout in treatment cages containing a combination of bean and companion plant leaves versus the control containing only bean leaves. When evaluating leafhopper movement frequency from surface to surface (i.e., the two leaves and cage surfaces), no significant difference was found when comparing the bean control with the bean and tomato treatment. It is suggested that tomato plants can directly reduce the interaction between bean plants and leafhopper through an extensive “nonproductive” residency time on tomato plants. The importance of evaluating insect and plant interactions based on multiple criteria is discussed.
Integrating developmental and conventional Markov decision processes: An application to robotic navigation

This paper proposes an architecture for developmental robot that can learn abstract concepts early on and use these concepts to reason and make decisions. We introduce a frame work of two macro-layers. The bottom layer takes the desired information (e.g., desired heading direction) as the input. The top macro-layer enables human teachers to interactively inject a representation of abstract concepts (e.g., location) into the developmental process. This architecture is applied to a navigation problem, and its superiority over one-layer architecture is confirmed in comparative experiments using simulated Lidar sensor data. The robotic navigation demonstrates its robustness in accomplishing complicated task in clutter outdoor environments.
Increased Mobility Induced by Addition of a Lewis Acid to a Lewis Basic Conjugated Polymer

Through simple addition of a Lewis acid to a conjugated polymer bearing a Lewis basic heteroatom, the hole transport of the polymer can be effectively p-doped resulting in a two-orders increase in hole mobility. The temperature dependent hole transport of a variety of Lewis acid concentrations are explored.
Relationship Between the 4H-SiC/SiO 2 Interface Structure and Electronic Properties Explored by Electrically Detected Magnetic Resonance

In this paper, an exceptionally sensitive form of electron paramagnetic resonance called electrically detected magnetic resonance (EDMR) is utilized to investigate performance limiting imperfections at and very near the interface of 4H-silicon carbide MOSFETs. EDMR measurements are made over an extremely wide range of frequencies, 16 GHz–350 MHz. Multiple interface/near interface defects are identified and strong evidence for significant disorder at the interface region is presented.
Insulin-like Growth Factor I Receptor Antagonism Augments Response to Chemoradiation Therapy in Colon Cancer Cells

Abstract Background. Colorectal cancer remains one of the most prevalent malignancies in the United States. Improvement in local disease control is seen when 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) is used in combination with pelvic irradiation for rectal adenocarcinoma. The frequent overexpression of insulin-like growth factor I receptor (IGF-I-R) in rectal adenocarcinoma suggests that inhibition of the signal transduction pathway may be a novel approach to enhance tumor response. This investigation seeks to define the role of IGF-I-R antagonism, using monoclonal antibody α-IR3, in augmenting cytotoxicity to adjuvant chemoradiation therapy for adenocarcinoma of the rectum. Materials and methods. SW 480 colon cancer cells were cultured to semiconfluent conditions with dose titrations performed for 5-FU to determine that the IC50 (inhibitory concentration of 50% of the cells) was 0.5 μg/ml. The IC50 for 5-FU was reassessed in the presence of IGF-I. Experimental groups included colon cancer cells combined with 5-FU; 6-MeV external beam radiation (100–500 cGy); and α-IR-3. Results. The addition of 100 ng/ml IGF-I 1 h prior to 5-FU or radiation significantly blunted the expected cytotoxicity, resulting in a 10-fold increase in the IC50 (from 0.5 to 5 μg/ml). Receptor antagonism using the monoclonal antibody α-IR-3 (100–400 ng/ml) produced a dose-dependent increase in cytotoxicity compared with 5-FU alone. The addition of radiation produced synergistic amplification of this response. Conclusions. IGF-I-R activation blocks the expected cytotoxic effects of 5-FU and external beam radiation. Receptor antagonism increased the cytotoxic response of chemoradiation therapy. These data suggest the utility of inhibiting IGF-I-R signal transduction in the treatment of rectal adenocarcinoma.
Sex-dependent effects of neonatally administered morphiceptin and d-Ala–d-Leu-enkephalin on maze learning in rats

Newborn rats were injected (ip) with morphiceptin [72.7 micrograms/kg (a mu-type opioid receptor agonist)], D-alanine2-D-leucine5-enkephalin [79.4 micrograms/kg (a delta-receptor agonist)], or saline for 7 days after birth. Testing on a complex maze on Day 25 revealed a significant sex-dependent facilitation of performance by the opioid peptides. Peptide-treated females performed better than the males on the first day of training as measured by errors. Opioid treatment increased mortality, as three times as many peptide-treated animals died in comparison to the saline control group. Peptide treatment did not affect locomotor activity measured in an open field. Weight at Day 24 was also affected by the peptide treatment, females and males injected with the opioids being lighter and heavier, respectively, than the control group.
The Influence of Booms and Busts in the U.S. Economy on the Interstate Migration System

Migration flows around the U.S. have shown a great deal of temporal and geographical differentiation over the past few decades. However, the recent downturn in the U.S. economy provides a renewed motivation to explore the relationship between the macro-economy and interstate migration. To address this issue, in this paper patterns of interstate migration are analyzed using IRS data and several migration efficiency measures for 18 2-year time periods, 1988–2006. Included in the analysis is an examination of the relationship between system migration and economic change, structural changes in the migration system over time (national and state level), and changes in the geography of state-level migration efficiency rates. As might be expected, the two full business cycles that occurred over this time period saw significant short-term changes in migration flows, although the economic downturn of 2001-02 may indicate more fundamental changes in the migration system.
Introduction to a Special Section: Life History Characteristics of Elasmobranch Fishes from the Western North Atlantic Ocean

Humans have harvested elasmobranchs in the waters of the western North Atlantic Ocean since at least the 16th century (Borhegyi 1961). In that time, fisheries for elasmobranchs have waxed and waned...
Description of a Painting

There is much to see, say, and write about a painting. Art critics know how to explain the composition, the colors, the vibrancy, the state of mind of the artist. The painting by Andrieux (see Figure) is somehow different. It is the rendering of a hospital scene, a time capsule, focusing on one location with the presence of physicians, nurses, and patients. This painting illustrates the practice of pediatrics circa 1900 in France. The painting represents a Paris hospital room, probably at the Hospital de la Charite, located on rue des Ecoles. This hospital was demolished in 1935, and in its place, the Paris Medical School—La Nouvelle Ecole de Medecine—was built after World War II. The maternity ward of the hospital was directed by Pierre Budin, one of the fellows of Stephane Tarnier, the initiator of the first well-being clinics for nurslings and the author of Le Nourrisson , published in 1900 and translated to English in 1907 as The Nursling . In the middle of the room, a physician, bent over a strange crib, examines an infant. He has introduced his second finger into the mouth of the baby to evaluate the suck reflex. With the other hand, he holds carefully the head of the little patient who is lying in a couveuse a (incubator). This new device was introduced by Stephane Tarnier in 1883. b The infant warmer in the painting is made of high-gloss enamel, so that it can be sterilized for the next patient. It …
Root and shoot allometry of bareroot and container Douglas-fir seedlings

Detailed root and shoot development of bareroot and container Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) seedling stocktypes were compared during the first growing season after outplanting. The study was installed in raised beds with ideal environmental conditions and at a field reforestation site. Survival at both sites was 98% and did not differ between stocktypes. Seedlings were excavated in spring (5, 8, 12, and 16 weeks after planting) and in fall (35, 40, and 45 weeks after planting). In spring, container seedlings had more numbers of new roots and greater new root and shoot biomass than bareroot seedlings at both sites. In fall, bareroot seedlings consistently averaged more new root growth (though nonsignificant) than container seedlings suggesting that stocktype differences may not continue long-term. Container seedlings had significantly greater water percent than bareroot seedlings at the field site (all sample dates) and the raised bed site (weeks 5, 8, and 40 only). Regardless of environmental conditions or season, seedlings at both sites maintained water percent between 60 and 70% of fresh weight. Seedlings grown in the raised beds had much greater growth than those grown in the field. However, relative growth patterns for the two stocktypes were very similar on each site. The data generated establish baseline differences between stocktypes for root initiation, growth, and allometry during the first year after planting. Challenges associated with root development research are discussed.
Functional genomics and the breast cancer problem

The clinical treatment of primary breast cancers has been greatly complicated by the inability to accurately predict which tumors will eventually become invasive and metastatic and which will remain localized and indolent. Lacking the ability to discriminate between these two classes of breast cancer patients, oncologists often apply aggressive adjuvant therapy to women in both groups. However, the use of functional genomics analysis has now made it possible to assemble a set of gene markers, the expression of which enables one to predict, with reasonably high accuracy, whether or not the patient will relapse or remain tumor-free five years after initial diagnosis and treatment.
An explanation for lapetus' asymmetric reflectance☆

Cook and Franklin (1970) consider Iapetus originally to have been coated with about a meter of ice. They suggest that Iapetus' orbital velocity about Saturn has caused an asymmetric erosion of this ice layer which has now nearly laid bare its 'leading' hemisphere, but not as yet the entire 'trailing' hemisphere. Rather than an erosion process which operates more actively on the leading side, this paper considers an ice deposition mechanism operating more actively on the trailing side. The two main assumptions used are (1) that there are more icy than rocky meteoroids in Saturn's environment, and (2) that some portion of each icy meteoroid will stick to a surface at collision velocities less than 2.4 km per sec, but will completely vaporize itself at greater velocities. A meteoroid can have the minimum collision velocity of about 1.7 km per sec with Iapetus only if their velocity vectors are nearly parallel, and under these conditions such collisions would tend to be with the trailing hemisphere. Collisions with the leading hemisphere will tend to be at a much higher velocity.
New results for the XX model with boundaries

In this paper, we study the XX model with particular non-diagonal boundaries. Using a fermionization technique for an extended version of this chain we are able to present a new operator which commutes with the extended and also the original Hamiltonian. It is a highly non-trivial conserved quantity in the spin-chain formalism which gives rise to an interesting combinatorial partition function.
Morphine analgesia, tolerance and physical dependence in the adrenalectomized rat

Abstract 1. Adrenalectomy reduced the median antinociceptive dose (AD50) of morphine in male Sprague-Dawley rats. The antinociceptive effect was assessed by the tail-flick method of D'Amour & Smith (1941). 2. Tolerance to the antinociceptive effect of morphine developed in adrenalectomized and sham-operated rats after chronic exposure to morphine. Development of tolerance did not significantly alter the increased sensitivity of adrenalectomized rats to the antinociceptive effect of morphine. 3. Adrenal weights were not increased in rats rendered physically dependent on morphine by subcutaneous implantation of a morphine pellet. Withdrawal, induced by intraperitoneal injection of naloxone hydrochloride, 4 mg/kg, or by removal of the implanted pellet, resulted in a rapid increase in adrenal weight. 4. In morphine-dependent animals, the incidence of abstinence signs and body weight loss during precipitated withdrawal did not appear to be significantly influenced by adrenalectomy or by corticosterone-pretreatment.
A Comparative Ethological Study of Strombid Gastropods

The behavior of ten species of strombid gastropods (Strombus and Lambis spp.) was studied in the Marshall, Hawaiian and Line Islands. Measurements were made in both the laboratory and the field of the MAP's comprising feeding, locomotion, righting of overturned shells, and escape from predators, which reflect significant ecological and morphological determinents of behavior in the Strombacea. All species feed by grazing with the proboscis under the protection of the shell. All Strombids use the MAP Leap during locomotion. The rate of locomotion varies as a hyperbolic function of length; increasing with greater size in the genus Strombus and decreasing in the genus Lambis. Larger animals travel a greater distance with each leap but make fewer leaps/minute. Species of Strombus right their overturned shells by a Kick at the substratum with the operculum, but species of Lambis use the MAP Pull and turn the animal over with the operculum wedged under the shell. Only one attempt is needed in the species of Lambis, but more are used by the faster moving species of Strombus. Intention movements are performed during righting. Species of both genera escape from molluscivorous cones using the MAP's Tentacle Wave, Flip and Run. In the species of Strombus, Flip causes a backward movement of the shell off the substratum, but in species of Lambis the shell restricts the movements and the animal merely turns to one side. Escape locomotion is much faster than normal locomotion, due to the greater distances travelled with each flip by the smaller species of Strombus and the greater number of leaps/minute made by all species. The flip escape response appears particularly adapted for escape from dart-shooting predators. A review of the literature on strombid behavior shows that the behavior of all species within the Strombacea is remarkably similar even though there is great disparity in shell shapes. Because of similarities in soft body parts and behavior, the Xenophoridae should be retained within the Strombacea. It is suggested that the species within the Strombacea evolved in parallel from a common aporrhaid-like stock and the behavior has diverged less than shell form and is therefore a more conservative character in the group's phylogeny than is shell shape. The behavior of a snail can be greatly modified by its shell. Differences in behavior between Strombus and Lambis are attributed to restrictions imposed by the shell and not differences in body movements. Behavior must be adapted to the shell shape and both, of course, reflect the animal's ecological setting.