cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of variation among plant species on the interaction between a herbivore and its parasitoid

. 1. Previous studies have demonstrated that phenotypic traits of plants have the potential to affect interactions between herbivores and their natural enemies. Consequently, the impact of natural enemies on herbivore vital rates and population dynamics may vary among plant species. This study was designed to investigate the potential for density-dependent parasitism of an aphid herbivore feeding on six different host plant species. 2. Population densities of the aphid Aphis nerii B de F (Homoptera: Aphididae) and its parasitoid Lysiphlebus testaceipes Cresson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) were recorded within a single growing season on six different species of milkweed in the genus Asclepias L. (Asclepiadaceae). Asclepias species are known to vary in their quality as food for herbivores. Although data on plant quality were not available in this study, population data were analysed to determine the effects of different Asclepias species on rates of parasitism and aphid population growth. 3. Parasitism rates of A. nerii varied among Asclepias species but were temporally density dependent over at least some range of aphid density on all plant species. Aphid population growth rates also varied among Asclepias species, and declined with an increase in the maximum parasitism rates among plant species; however, in no case was density-dependent parasitism sufficient to prevent exponential population growth of aphids within the growing season. The results serve to emphasise that, if natural enemies are to regulate herbivore populations, density-dependent mortality is a necessary, but not sufficient, condition for regulation.
Three-Dimensional Dip Moveout On the Sx-2: an XMU Implementation

In the past few years, a seismic processing technique called dip moveout DMO has been investigated with the objective of improving the quality of seismic data. The main memory requirement of a three-dimensional DMO program with a realistic data set may be on the order of several gigabytes, a requirement that none of today's supercomputers can satisfy. One solution may be to implement out-of-core algorithms, which process only a subset of data at any time. So, only part of the instructions and part of the data need to reside in the main memory. The entire program data could reside on a secondary storage unit. The NEC SX-2 supercomputer used in this study has a main memory size of 128 me gabytes. It also has an extended memory unit XMU size of 1 gigabyte. The XMU is connected to the main memory unit by a 1.3 gigabyte/sec channel. An out-of- core algorithm has been implemented on the SX-2. The XMU was used to store the program data. The program was tested with three-dimensional data from an acoustic tank used for physical modeling. The results indicate that the speedup between the SX-2 and the VAX-11/780 is in excess of 100.
THE RESEARCH AND EXPERIMENTATION TAX CREDIT- AN ENGINEERING ECONOMIST'S PERSPECTIVE

ABSTRACT It is widely accepted that over two-thirds of the average annual increase in per capita wealth of the United States is attributable to technological change as it becomes embodied in new products, new capital equipment and new production methods. Technological change is the result of research and development (R&D) carried out by the scientific and engineering communities. Surprisingly, since the first issue of The Engineering Economist appeared in 1966, only one article has addressed R&D as a public policy issue. Our profession distinguishes itself from that of conventional economists in that we are both economists and technologists. Apropos “going to the next level,” it is time to take a broader view of our professional role. Technology policy is defined as the government's decisions of how and whether to intervene in private R&D and its provision of funds for public R&D. This article addresses one instrument of technology policy: the research and experimentation (R&E) tax credit. Using a traditi...
Cognitive specificity and affective confounding in social anxiety and dysphoria in children

Cognitive features of social anxiety and dysphoria were examined with a design that allowed for evaluation of each state alone and in combination. From a community sample of 211 8 to 12 year olds, four groups of children were defined based on previous researcher's criteria: mixed (high socially anxious-dysphoric;n= 14), socially anxious (high socially anxiousnondysphoric;n= 14), dysphoric (non-socially anxious-dysphoric;n= 13), and control (non-socially anxious-nondysphoric;n= 14). The negative cognitive triad and negative cognitions pertaining to the self were associated with both dysphoria and social anxiety. Both dysphoric and socially anxious groups reported significantly more cognitive distortions than the control group, yet cognitive distortions of overgeneralizing and personalizing were specific to social anxiety and not dysphoria. Both dysphoric and socially anxious groups reported significantly more depressive cognitions than the control group, and evidence of cognitive content-specificity emerged only for anxiety, although there was some evidence for depressive content-specificity in the mother's ratings. The mixed group was the most dysfunctional on all of the cognitive measures. This study provided some evidence of cognitive-specificity as well as the confounding between the affective states of dysphoria and social anxiety. Methodological, theoretical, and treatment implications are highlighted.
Medical ground zero: an early experience of the world trade center disaster.

8:50 a.m.: Our pregnant chief resident says, “Did you see the World Trade Center is smoking?“
A computer technique for the analysis of amino acid chromatograms

Abstract A computer system for the complete analysis of amino acid chromagrams is described. Chromatograms are recorded continuously on punched paper tape from which a FORTRAN program measures the area of each peak, identifies the amino acid producing it and calculates the amino acid composition of each sample. An incremental graph plotter is used to reproduce each chromatogram and to indicate the assumed identity of each peak.
Chromosomal Organization as a Genetic Basis of Cytodifferentiation in Multicellular Organisms

THE genetic mechanisms in differentiative phenomena of bacterial cells have recently been elucidated in great detail by the work of Jacob and Monod1–4. However, the differentiation of cells in multicellular organisms differs in some respects from that observed in bacterial cells. The main difference is in the virtual irreversibility of the differentiation observed in metazoan cells; for example, hepatocytes never change into neurones and vice versa. This type of differentiation, that assures stable cell diversities in multicellular organisms, is apparently lacking among bacterial cells. It seems necessary to recognize this peculiar feature of the metazoan cells before we discuss the genetic mechanisms of differentiation in this system. So we designate this phenomenon of stable specialization of cells as ‘major differentiation’ of metazoan cells. On the other hand, the differentiated metazoan cells also exhibit transient modulations both in functional and structural aspects; for example, hepatocytes, after hepatectomy, change their resting state, proliferate vigorously and, after complete restoration, re-attain their former highly differentiated state. This phenomenon has often been referred to as transient de-differentiation of hepatocytes. But it is not the same as the loss of major differentiation, as the former is a completely reversible phenomenon, like the reactions of bacteria to inducer or represser substances. This type of differentiation also includes functional changes of cells. We therefore distinguish it as ‘minor differentiation’. Thus, in metazoan cells we find at least two different types of differentiation, ‘major differentiation’, which is virtually irreversible and determines cell specificity in certain tissues, and ‘minor differentiation’, which is usually reversible and related rather to functional states of the cell. The cell usually shows both types of differentiation at the same time. Cells can lose or gain the minor differentiation without changing the state of major differentiation; hepato-cytes, for example, keeping their hepatocytic specificity unchanged, can be either in a resting functional state or in a proliferating regenerative phase. These peculiar features of major and minor differentiation are the outstanding characteristics that distinguish the differentiation of metazoan cells from that of bacterial cells. They must be taken into account in considering the genetic mechanisms involved in the differentiation of multicellular organisms.
Clinical features and risk factors for development of urinary tract infections in cats

The clinical and diagnostic features of 155 cats with urinary tract infection (UTI) and 186 controls with negative urine culture/s were characterized retrospectively (signalment, clinical signs, urinalysis, urine culture, concurrent diseases, lower urinary tract diagnostic/therapeutic procedures). Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify risk factors associated with UTI. Cats of all ages were affected by UTI with no sex/breed predisposition. Lower urinary tract signs were absent in 35.5% of cats with UTI. Pyuria and bacteriuria had sensitivities of 52.9% and 72.9%, and specificities of 85.5% and 67.7% for detection of UTI, respectively. Risk factors significantly associated with increased odds of UTI were urinary incontinence [odds ratio (OR)=10.78, P=0.0331], transurethral procedures (OR=8.37, P<0.0001), urogenital surgery (OR=6.03, P=0.0385), gastrointestinal disease (OR=2.62, P=0.0331), decreased body weight (OR=0.81, P=0.0259) and decreased urine specific gravity (OR=0.78, P=0.0055). Whilst not independently significant, renal disease and lower urinary tract anatomic abnormalities improved statistical model performance and contributed to UTI.
Measurements and Physics-Based Analysis of Co-Located Antenna Pattern Diversity System

This paper investigates the advantages offered by radiation pattern diversity using a new physics-based analysis that takes into account the complex radiation patterns of the transmit(Tx) and receive(Rx) diversity antennas in conjunction with an accurate deterministic, coherent, and polarization preserving propagation model for a complex indoor scenario. Unlike techniques that utilize spatial diversity, radiation pattern diversity offers a unique opportunity to achieve compact diversity antenna systems especially with the advent of enabling antenna miniaturization techniques. In this work, a co-located antenna radiation pattern diversity system is proposed and its performance is analyzed using an accurate physics-based diversity analysis technique. The proposed analysis technique utilizes an efficient deterministic propagation model modified by incorporating the complex gain of the Tx and the complex effective heights of the Rx antennas into the rays launched and received by the antennas in a coherent manner. The proposed system is realized and tested in complex indoor scenarios based on which complex correlation coefficients between various channels and the effective diversity gain are computed which are then utilized as a figure of merit for improved channel reliability. For the scenarios considered, it is shown that the apparent diversity gain is at least 9.4 dB based on measured results.
Dynamic modeling of viral infections in spherical organs

A general mathematical model of viral infections inside a spherical organ is presented. Transported quantities are used to represent external cells or viral particles that penetrate the organ surface to either promote or combat the infection. A diffusion mechanism is considered for the migration of transported quantities to the inner tissue of the organ. Cases that include the generation of latent infected cells and the delivery of anti-viral treatment are analyzed. Different anti-viral mechanisms are modeled in the context of spatial variation. Equilibrium conditions are also calculated to determine the radial profile after the infection progresses and therapy is delivered for a long period of time. The dynamic and equilibrium solutions obtained in this paper provide insight into the temporal and spatial evolution of viral infection for optimal therapies.
Global energy gradients and size in colonial organisms: Worker mass and worker number in ant colonies

Body mass shapes processes from cell metabolism to community dynamics. Little is known, however, about how the average body mass of individuals varies among ecological communities. Ants alter colony mass by independently changing worker mass and/or worker number. In a survey of 49 ecosystems from tundra to tropical rainforest, average worker mass and worker number were uncorrelated (rs = 0.2, P > 0.14) and varied 100-fold. Data supported the hypothesis that higher mean monthly temperatures, T, reduce worker mass by increasing metabolic costs during worker development. In contrast, worker number was unimodal over a 1,000-fold gradient of net primary productivity (NPP, g of carbon per m2 per yr), a measure of organic carbon available to consumers. At the lowest levels of NPP colonies appeared to be carbon-limited; above 60 g of carbon per m2 per yr average worker number decreased to a global low. This decline in worker number with increasing NPP supports the hypothesis that abundant carbon ameliorates the Achilles heel of small taxa in competition with large taxa: their relatively high metabolic demands. Higher predation rates in resource-rich environments may also play a role in limiting worker number. In all, about half the global variation in worker mass and number was accounted for by gradients of NPP and T. Changes in global temperature and rainfall may thus mold gradients of ectotherm size, with consequences for the structure and function of the ecosystems.
Simulation optimization of logistics systems through the use of variance reduction techniques and criterion models

Simulation is a useful tool for modelling logistics systems. However, simulation itself is not an optimization tool. Therefore attempts have been made to combine simulation and optimization. Optimization of a logistics system through the use of simulation is difficult for several reasons. Because of the size and complexity of logistics systems, it is often necessary to consider the trade-offs between multiple conflicting performance measures for the system. One major drawback associated with commercially available tools is that users are not able to consider these trade-offs easily. To overcome this drawback, a simulation model can be developed to employ multi-objective decision analysis techniques such as criterion models which can then be optimized. This article illustrates how criterion models can be interfaced with simulation models of logistics systems. In addition, this article includes the programming and implementation of the variance reduction techniques of common random numbers and antithetic va...
Application-Transparent Checkpoint/Restart for MPI Programs over InfiniBand

Ultra-scale computer clusters with high speed interconnects, such as InfiniBand, are being widely deployed for their excellent performance and cost effectiveness. However, the failure rate on these clusters also increases along with their augmented number of components. Thus, it becomes critical for such systems to be equipped with fault tolerance support. In this paper, we present our design and implementation of checkpoint/restart framework for MPI programs running over InfiniBand clusters. Our design enables low-overhead, application-transparent checkpointing. It uses coordinated protocol to save the current state of the whole MPI job to reliable storage, which allows users to perform rollback recovery if the system runs into faulty states later. Our solution has been incorporated into MVAPICH2, an open-source high performance MPI-2 implementation over InfiniBand. Performance evaluation of this implementation has been carried out using NAS benchmarks, HPL benchmark, and a real-world application called GROMACS. Experimental results indicate that in our design, the overhead to take checkpoints is low, and the performance impact for checkpointing applications periodically is insignificant. For example, time for checkpointing GROMACS is less than 0.3% of the execution time, and its performance only decreases by 4% with checkpoints taken every minute. To the best of our knowledge, this work is the first report of checkpoint/restart support for MPI over InfiniBand clusters in the literature.
Association of body weight and feed separation to pen (cage) location for single comb White Leghorn pullets fed with a drag chain-type feeder.

A field study was conducted to determine the relationship of pen (cage) location (PL) along a drag chain-type feeder to BW and feed nutrients (FN) for commercial Single Comb White Leghorn pullets. At 12 and 17 wk of age, feed samples were collected and BW was measured individually for 1 pen (cage) at approximate 30-m intervals from 0 to 213 m. Replication was two lines per house, two houses per farm, and three farms at two ages. Feed was analyzed for CP, fat, P, K, Ca, Mg, Zn, Cu, Na, and moisture. Means for BW and FN were regressed on PL using a general linear model. Body weight increased (P less than or equal to .05) as PL increased from 0 to 213.36 m along the feed line. For the nutrients CP, K, Mg, Na, and moisture, there was no PL effect. For the nutrients fat, Zn, and Mn, there was a significant PL and week effect with a significant PL by week interaction. For the nutrients P, Ca, and Cu, there was a significant PL and week effect but no significant PL by week interaction. Body weight was correlated negatively with Zn and positively with K and Mn for 12 wk of age only. Feed separation along a drag chain-type feed line did occur. However, the relationship of feed separation to changes in BW was not fully ascertained in the present study.
Opportunistic scheduling with worst case delay guarantees in single and multi-hop networks

We first consider a multi-user, single-hop wireless network with arbitrarily varying (and possibly non-ergodic) arrivals and channels. We design an opportunistic scheduling algorithm that guarantees all sessions have a bounded worst case delay. The algorithm has no knowledge of the future, but yields throughput-utility that is close to (or better than) that of a T-slot lookahead policy that makes “ideal” decisions based on perfect knowledge up to T slots into the future. We then extend the algorithm to treat worst case delay guarantees in multi-hop networks. Our analysis uses a sample-path version of Lyapunov optimization together with a novel virtual queue structure.
Estimating first-price auctions with an unknown number of bidders: A misclassification approach

In this paper, we consider nonparametric identification and estimation of first-price auction models when N^*, the number of potential bidders, is unknown to the researcher, but observed by bidders. Exploiting results from the recent econometric literature on models with misclassification error, we develop a nonparametric procedure for recovering the distribution of bids conditional on the unknown N^*. Monte Carlo results illustrate that the procedure works well in practice. We present illustrative evidence from a dataset of procurement auctions, which shows that accounting for the unobservability of N^* can lead to economically meaningful differences in the estimates of bidders’ profit margins.
Connecting to Collections in Florida: Current Conditions and Critical Needs in Libraries, Archives, and Museums

This article presents results from an IMLS-funded project to evaluate the current state of collections in Florida’s libraries, archives, and museums, current practices to preserve and conserve these collections, and perceived needs to maintain and improve these collections for future generations. The survey, modeled after the Heritage Health Index national survey, demonstrated that many of Florida’s collections are in desperate need of conservation and preservation and indicate a clear need for an increased effort to guarantee the continued safety of and access to these collections. In addition to providing data on Florida’s collections, the results of this study have national implications that will help researchers, professionals, administrators, government agencies, and the general public better understand the nature of collecting agencies and the long-term requirements for the continued preservation and conservation of the nation’s natural and cultural heritage.
Histological changes produced in skin by equally erythemogenic doses of UV-A, UV-B, UV-C and UV-A with psoralens.

SUMMARY The sequential light microscopic histological changes produced in human skin by a single exposure of UV-A, UV-B, UV-C and oral 8-methoxypsoralen plus UV-A (PUVA) causing approximately equal degrees of delayed erythema response, have been evaluated. UV-C and UV-B affect the epidermis to a greater degree than UV-A, while UV-A affects the dermis to a greater degree than UV-B and UV-C. PUVA has prominent effects on both epidermis and dermis, differing in degree from those changes induced by UV-A, UV-B, and UV-C and are longer lasting. The sequence of histological changes following UV exposure is completed more rapidly after exposure to shorter UV wavelengths.
Performance of a 640-Mile, 24-Channel UHF-SSB Experimental Communication System

A mock-up communication system has been installed between Westford, Mass., and Winston-Salem, N. C., providing a 640-mile path as a test circuit to measure performance of a 24channel UHF-SSB system. The equipment is described, the theoretical performance of the system is given, and the performance of the system as to voice quality and signal-to-noise ratio in a telephone channel and simulated teletype error count is shown.
Rice's Representation for Cyclostationary Processes

The well-known formulas relating power spectral densities of a bandpass process and its low-pass representors in Rice's representation are generalized to accommodate cyclostationary processes, which can be more appropriate than stationary processes as models for modulated signals. It is explained that improper phase-randomization methods for stationarizing cyclostationary processes can yield misleading formulas for power spectral densities in Rice's representation. In addition, the relationships among the spectral correlation functions for a cyclostationary bandpass process and its cyclostationary low-pass representors are derived.
Silver nanoparticle protein corona composition compared across engineered particle properties and environmentally relevant reaction conditions

Engineered silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) undergo profound chemical transformations in the environment. Upon exposure to biological systems, a protein corona forms to coat the NPs, altering NP bioavailability, toxicity and environmental fate. Although recent studies have explored the importance of the engineered properties of NPs in the formation of protein coronas, less is known about the impact of environmental conditions. In this work, protein corona populations are compared across AgNPs of varied sizes and surface coatings, as well as in aqueous solutions with additives that mimic environmentally relevant conditions. Bioinformatic analysis of the protein corona populations reveals that, in low buffer concentrations, the formation of the protein corona is dominated by electrostatic interactions between the proteins and NPs. The influence of electrostatics is attenuated by addition of solution additives such as sodium chloride and cysteine. Protein enrichment on the NPs is compared across 6 samples with varied AgNP engineered properties and solution conditions. Clustered results reveal that engineered surface coatings strongly mediate protein corona formation. However, under conditions that mimic varied biological and environmental systems, the protein affinities are similar. Indeed, the AgNP protein coronas characterized under environmentally relevant conditions share 70% of the protein corona population. Results provide insight into the relative importance of engineered NP properties and uncontrollable environmental variables, such as solution reaction conditions, in the formation of protein coronas.
Glucocorticoids have pleiotropic effects on small intestinal crypt cells.

Glucocorticoids have long been known to accelerate maturation of the intestinal tract, but the molecular mechanisms that account for their physiological function in the epithelium remain poorly cha...
The University of Colorado Certificate Program in Bioinnovation and Entrepreneurship: An interdisciplinary, cross-campus model

In keeping with an emerging literature on the role of business education in the development of entrepreneurially-intentioned biotechnologists, this paper describes the actions and experiences of an entrepreneurship program that began in the late 1990â€™s. Along the way it illustrates how a business-centric approach can shift the budding entrepreneurâ€™s perspective from a product to a market orientation when considering an innovationâ€™s commercialization. While the developmental timeline and specific stages of the adoption process for biotechnology-based products vary from traditional consumer or industrial products, there many similarities, foremost is the notion that to be successful the market must perceive significant advantage to the new offering. Lastly, this paper provides thoughts on potentially profitable areas for program expansion and new foci, especially regarding the globalization of biotechnology innovation and international opportunities.
Social Anxiety Dimensions, Neuroticism, and the Contours of Positive Psychological Functioning 1

Although decades of research have examined relationships between social anxiety and negative outcomes, this study examined relations with indices of positive psychological functioning. In college students (nD 204), a factor analysis on self-report measures of positive psychological functioning derived 3 conceptually meaningful broad domains: Positive Subjective Experiences, Curiosity, and Appetitive Motivations. Analyses were conducted to test whether social interaction anxiety demonstrated unique relationships with positive psychological domains after controlling for shared variance with social observation anxiety (e.g., eating in public, public speaking) and neuroticism. Social interaction anxiety explained unique variance in all 3 domains after separately controlling for social observation anxiety and neuroticism. In contrast, social observation anxiety demonstrated near-zero relationships with all 3 domains, and neuroticism predicted Positive Subjective Experiences, and to a lesser degree, Curiosity. These data provide evidence for the unique association between social interaction anxiety and positive psychological functioning, with implications for future basic and applied research.
Risk Taking in Adolescence New Perspectives From Brain and Behavioral Science

Trying to understand why adolescents and young adults take more risks than younger or older individuals do has challenged psychologists for decades. Adolescents' inclination to engage in risky behavior does not appear to be due to irrationality, delusions of invulnerability, or ignorance. This paper presents a perspective on adolescent risk taking grounded in developmental neuroscience. According to this view, the temporal gap between puberty, which impels adolescents toward thrill seeking, and the slow maturation of the cognitive-control system, which regulates these impulses, makes adolescence a time of heightened vulnerability for risky behavior. This view of adolescent risk taking helps to explain why educational interventions designed to change adolescents' knowledge, beliefs, or attitudes have been largely ineffective, and suggests that changing the contexts in which risky behavior occurs may be more successful than changing the way adolescents think about risk.
Changes in the timing of high river flows in New England over the 20th Century

The annual timing of river flows is a good indicator of climate-related changes, or lack of changes, for rivers with long-term data that drain unregulated basins with stable land use. Changes in the timing of annual winter/spring (January 1 to May 31) and fall (October 1 to December 31) center of volume dates were analyzed for 27 rural, unregulated river gaging stations in New England, USA with an average of 68 years of record. The center of volume date is the date by which half of the total volume of water for a given period of time flows past a river gaging station, and is a measure of the timing of the bulk of flow within the time period. Winter/spring center of volume (WSCV) dates have become significantly earlier ðp , 0:1Þ at all 11 river gaging stations in areas of New England where snowmelt runoff has the most effect on spring river flows. Most of this change has occurred in the last 30 years with dates advancing by 1 ‐ 2 weeks. WSCV dates were correlated with March through April air temperatures ðr ¼ 20:72Þ and with January precipitation ðr ¼ 20:37Þ: Three of 16 river gaging stations in the remainder of New England had significantly earlier WSCV dates. Four out of 27 river gaging stations had significantly earlier fall center of volume dates in New England. Changes in the timing of winter/spring and fall peak flow dates were consistent with the changes in the respective center of volume dates, given the greater variability in the peak flow dates. Changes in the WSCV dates over the last 30 years are consistent with previous studies of New England last-frost dates, lilac bloom dates, lake ice-out dates, and spring air temperatures. This suggests that these New England spring geophysical and biological changes all were caused by a common mechanism, temperature increases. Published by Elsevier Science B.V.
Free chlorine demand and cell survival of microbial suspensions

The utility of chlorine residual and chlorine demand as a surrogate for microbial contamination in the water distribution system was evaluated. The chlorine demanded by and cell survival of pure culture suspensions of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Mycobacterium aurum were quantified in solutions with initial free chlorine concentrations of 0.20, 0.40, and 0.80 mg/L. The chlorine demand increased with initial concentration of cells and free chlorine for all species. At equivalent initial cell concentrations, chlorine demand was greatest for M. aurum, followed by S. epidermidis and E. coli. The chlorine contact time required for a 3-log inactivation of E. coli, S. epidermidis, and M. aurum was calculated as 0.032+/-0.009, 0.221+/-0.080, and 42.9+/-2.71 mg min/L, respectively. The ultimate chlorine demand and cell survival were directly proportional. No chlorine demand was observed at cell concentrations less than 10(5)CFU/mL for E. coli or 10(4)CFU/mL for S. epidermidis. M. aurum demanded chlorine at all initial cell concentrations including 10(3)CFU/mL, which was the detection limit of the cell quantification assay. Chlorine demand was determined to be a suitable surrogate indicator of the organisms studied and its utility may be enhanced in locations of the water distribution system that maintain a higher free chlorine residual.
New Methodology for Customizing Quality Assessment Techniques for Traffic Data Archives

Traffic sensors are being deployed widely across the nation, and their data are increasingly being archived for use in multiple applications. However, before the data can be used, it is important to ask whether they can be trusted. That question may be addressed through two basic and important value-added services of a traffic data archive. First, data screening checks the feasibility (i.e., are the data reasonable?) and usability of the data already collected. In the second phase, the health of the detection system is continuously monitored to support proactive maintenance of the sensor infrastructure. This research effort focused on developing a methodology to tailor these functions for specific archives. The paper presents the methodology as well as examples of its application in the regional integrated transportation information system of the Washington, D.C., area.
Wordsworth's Ode: Intimations of Immortality, Shakespeare's the Tempest 5.1, and Vaughan's the Retreat

(2005). Wordsworth's Ode: Intimations of Immortality, Shakespeare's the Tempest 5.1, and Vaughan's the Retreat. The Explicator: Vol. 63, No. 3, pp. 136-138.
Nonsystematic errors of monthly oceanic rainfall derived from TMI

A major objective of the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) is to produce a multi-year time series of monthly rainfall over 50 latitude by 50 longitude boxes with an uncertainty of 1 mm/day for low rain rates and 10% for high rain rates. Based on some simple assumptions about the error structure, we compute the non-systematic errors of monthly oceanic rainfall over the same space/time domain derived from data taken by the Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I) on board the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) satellites and TRMM Microwave Imager (TMI). The mean rain rates over a two-year period (1998-1999) are calculated to be 3.0, 2.85, 2.94 mm/day for SSM/I onboard the DMSP F-13, F-14 and TMI, respectively. Assuming that the non-systematic errors for each sensor are independent, the errors are calculated to be 22.2%, 22.4% and 19.7% for F-13, F-14 and for TMI, respectively. The non-systematic error for the TMI is smaller than that for either F-13 or F-14 SSM/I at the low rain rates but is comparable at rain rates higher than about 5 mm/day. The TRMM objective of 1 mm/day for non-systematic error is met by TMI for rain rates up to 5-6 mm/day. For higher rain rates, the nonsystematic error is in the 15% range. The goal of a 10% error for high rain rates may be realized by a combination of sensor measurements from multiple satellites, such as that advocated by the Global Precipitation Mission (GPM).
Neurotrophic Factors and Their Potential Applications in Tissue Regeneration

Neurotrophic factors are growth factors that can nourish neurons and promote neuron survival and regeneration. They have been studied as potential drug candidates for treating neurodegenerative diseases. Since their identification, there are more and more evidences to indicate that neurotrophic factors are also expressed in non-neuronal tissues and regulate the survival, anti-inflammation, proliferation and differentiation in these tissues. This mini review summarizes the characteristics of the neurotrophic factors and their potential clinical applications in the regeneration of neuronal and non-neuronal tissues.
U.S. Multinational Corporations’ Foreign Cash Holdings: An Empirical Estimate and Its Valuation Consequences

U.S. multinationals hold cash balances across multiple countries with differing business and tax environments. Regulators are concerned that current cash disclosures do not reflect these differences. This study develops an estimate of the location of firms’ cash holdings, validates this estimate with proprietary data, and investigates whether investors differentially value cash holdings based on their location. We find that investors place a lower value on an incremental dollar of cash when firms have higher levels of foreign cash holdings. Further, we find that this effect is associated with cash held in tax haven countries, but is not related to cash held in countries subject to political instability, corruption, or weak legal protections. Our results suggest that a one standard deviation increase in foreign cash held in tax havens (domestic cash holdings) decreases the value of an additional dollar of cash by 15.8 (3.8) cents. This result is stronger when firms have more sophisticated investors. Overall, our findings suggest that investors at least partially estimate the location of cash, determine that cash held in some countries is unlikely to be fully realizable, and discount that cash accordingly.
Follow the Money: How California Counties are Spending Their Public Safety Realignment Funds

The California correctional system is undergoing a dramatic transformation under Assembly Bill 109 (“Realignment”), a law that shifted responsibility from the state to the counties for tens of thousands of offenders. To help manage this change, the state will distribute $4.4 billion to the counties by 2016-2017. While the legislation directs counties to use these funds for community-based programs, counties retain a substantial amount of spending discretion. Some are expanding offender treatment capacities, while others are shoring up enforcement and control apparatuses. In this report we examine counties’ AB 109 spending reports and budgets to determine which counties emphasize enforcement and which emphasize treatment. We also identify counties that continue to emphasize prior orientations toward punishment and counties that have shifted their priorities in response to Realignment. We then apply quantitative and comparative methods to county budget data to identify political, economic, and criminal justice-related factors that may explain higher AB 109 spending on enforcement or higher spending on treatment, relative to other counties. In short, our analysis shows that counties that elect to allocate more AB 109 funds to enforcement and control generally appear to be responding to local criminal justice needs, including high crime rates, a shortage of law enforcement personnel, and a historic preference for using prison to punish drug offenders. Counties that favor a greater investment in offender treatment and services, meanwhile, are typified by strong electoral support for the Sheriff and relatively under-funded district attorneys and probation departments.
Set up a ‘self-retraction’ system for honest errors

Notices should make obvious whether a withdrawal of research is the result of misconduct or a genuine mistake, says Daniele Fanelli.
FIELD-DEPENDENT INTROVERTS, EXTRAVERTS AND PSYCHOLOGICAL HEALTH

Fine (1972) reported several studies indicating the existence of an antagonistic or unhealthy relationship between Eysenck's introversion and Witkin's field-dependence dimensions. Those individuals who scored both as introvert and field-dependent on appropriate psychological measures also scored significantly higher on neuroticism than those who scored any other combination of introversion-extraversion and field-dependenceindependence. The present study extends Fine's work into the area of psychological health qua self-actualization. Stemming from a previously published study (Doyle, 1975), those individuals who scored extreme field-dependent, i.e., one sigma above the Rod-and-frame Test mean (M = 4.20, SD = 3.02) and had either extraversion scores on the Eysenck Personality Inventory (Eysenck & Eysenck, 1968) of 13 or above (extraverts, n = 16) or extraversion scores of 7 or less (introverts, n = 5) became the target sample. The fielddependent introverts obtained a significantly higher neuroticism score (M = 17.00. SD = 3.41) than the field-dependent extraverts (M = 10.67, SD = 6.27; tip = 2.09, p < .05), which is consistent with Fine's hypothesized unhealthy relationship between introversion and field-dependence. With respect to the field-dependent extraverts' and introverts' scores on the Personal Orientation Inventory (Shostrom, 1966), an objective measure of self-actualization, all of Shostrom's scales were higher, i.e., more self-actualizing, for the field-dependent extraverts save the Feeling reactivity (Fr) and Nature of man constructive (Nc) scales. Three Personal Orientation Inventory scales were significantly higher (p < .O5) for the field-dependent extraverts' group, those of Time competence (TC), Existentiality (Ex), and Self-acceptance (Sa). From this it appears field-dependent extraverts tend to be relatively more content and at ease in their present life situation, more flexible in their coping strategems with novel situations, and more likely to accept their perceived human frailties than are field-dependent introverts. Thus, the present study appears to confirm to a limited degree Fine's thinking that field-dependent extraverts are more likely to experience less personal conflict qua neurosis and are more likely to exhibit various personal characteristics considered to evidence psychological health qua self-actualization than field-dependent introverts.
Columnar Epitaxy of CoSi2 on Si(111), Si(100), and Si(110)

Epitaxial columns of CoSi 2 are produced when Si and Co are codeposited on heated Si substrates. These columns are surrounded by epitaxial Si with defect densities below the detection limit of transmission electron microscopy. This phenomenon has been studied as functions of substrate temperature, Si:Co ratio, deposition rate, thickness of the epitaxial layer, and substrate orientation. These data suggest that the distribution of columns is dictated by the nucleation of CoSi 2 islands during the initial stages of the deposition.
Interactive effect between warp and weft directions of ramie textile under biaxial load

For the issue of interactive effect between warp and weft of fabric under practical working environment,the mechanical properties of ramie fiber fabric at(0°,15°,30°,45°,60°,75°,90°) seven-plane directions and at warp direction set different load threshold values were investigated by biaxial tensile test,and the strain filed was characterized by using digital speckle correlation.The results showed that interactive effect between warp and weft existed and the influence of load at weft on warp was larger than warp on weft.As the load at weft direction linear increased,force values at warp direction nonlinear increased and load ratio,the absolute value of strain at warp and weft directions decreased,but Poisson ratio kept the same essentially since the average and coefficient of variation respectively were 0.338 and 0.484%.As the angle for X-axis and warp direction increased,loading mean value curve at X and Y axis had sine-curve characteristic.There was an axisymmetric distribution trend for loading box charts at 15°and 75°,30°and 60°with the box chart at 45°.The greatest effect of weft on warp happened when the warp-load is about 62.2%,65.3% of the unaxial and biaxial breaking strength,and the maximum rates of load and strain respectively were 2.593 N/s and 0.092 s-1.
Molecular dynamics simulations of the structures and properties of NEPE propellant /liner(I)——Illustrating curing reactions and comparing mechanical properties of the simplified models

Simplified PEG /N-100,HTPB /TDI and PEG /N-100 / /HTPB /TDI models were designed and built in order to illustrate the cross curing reaction occurring at the NEPE propellant /liner interfaces.Periodic molecular dynamics simulation was conducted in MPCFF force field for these models.The carbamate bonds formed during the interface cross curing reaction were shown by thermodynamic method.Mechanical properties of different systems were calculated and analyzed. The results show that the elastic modulus of the propellant /liner bonded interface are larger than those of propellant and liner,indicating that stiffness and strength of the bonded interface are both increased and improved,which agrees with the experimental fact.
On the Surprising Use of Unenforceable Contract Terms: Evidence from the Residential Rental Market

This paper explores the prevalence of unenforceable terms in consumer contracts. Taking the residential rental market in the Greater Boston Area as a test case, the study analyzes a sample of 70 leases in terms of Massachusetts Landlord and Tenant Law. The paper’s findings reveal that landlords frequently use legally dubious — as well as clearly invalid — provisions in their contracts. Building on psychological insights and on a survey-based study of 279 tenants, the paper suggests that such clauses may significantly affect tenants’ decisions and behavior. In particular, when a problem or a dispute with the landlord arises, tenants are likely to perceive the terms in the lease contract as enforceable and forgo valid legal rights and claims. In light of this evidence, the paper discusses preliminary policy prescriptions.
The Roman Revolution of Constantine: “HOPE IN HIS NAME”: THE FLAVIAN DYNASTY

D uring the third and early fourth centuries emper ors may not have resided long or often in Rome, but they did not entirely neglect it either. The city and its empire were thought to have been synonymous from the beginning, and in the later fourth century one historian would credit Romulus, the mythical first king, as the founder of both Rome and the Roman empire. In this perspective the empire was as old as the city, and to rule one implied accepting responsibility for the other. Despite their frequent military campaigns on the frontiers, during the later third century most emperors still acknowledged the prestige of Rome and patronized its inhabitants. When Maximian arrived in the late 290s, the “Roman people” mobbed him already outside the city's walls. When Diocletian visited in 303, he brought along spoils from the East, including thirteen elephants that had most likely been captured from the Persians. The culmination of this beneficial relationship was the announcement of the completion of the gigantic Baths of Diocletian in the north of the city, which Diocletian, Maximian, and the successor Tetrarchs dedicated to “their Romans.” These most recent emperors were now competing with the achievements of their predecessors in the one city with a long enough history of aristocratic munificence and imperial patronage to keep a scorecard. According to one retrospective survey, “each emperor, past and present, wanted to build something in Rome, and each of them constructed some sort of monument in his own name.”
Disruption of Anti-tumor T Cell Responses by Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts

Tumors arise from the malignant transformation of normal cells through genetic dysregulation of the cell growth controls. However, cancer cells are not the only component of a tumor and the non-cancer cell part of the tumor has been termed stroma. The tumor stroma comprises cells of at least three different origins: endothelial, mesenchymal and hematopoietic, thereby forming a complex microenvironment. Among these three elements, immune cells have been extensively studied for the last 20 years because of their potential tumoricidal properties. However, immunologists failed to efficiently harness the immune system’s anti-tumor properties until very recently, shedding light on a very complex immuno-suppressive network in tumor-bearing hosts. The mesenchymal part of the tumor, the so-called cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), is among those actors of the tumor that have been disregarded despite their crucial role. Indeed, CAFs have been recently shown to be one of the more potent immune-suppressive cells of the tumor micro-environment. This chapter focuses on their roles on immune components of the tumor micro-environment, especially T cells. CAFs can impact T cells in two major ways: Disruption of T cell homeostasis and functions, and exclusion of T cells from the vicinity of tumor cells. These recent advances in the understanding the tumor micro-environment reveals potential new ways for attacking tumor cells.
Using CRISPR-Cas9 Genome Editing to Enhance Cell Based Therapies for the Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus

Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) have the ability to form all cell types of the body, making them an excellent potential source of insulin-producing pancreatic β-cells for diabetes treatment. To generate these cells in vitro requires a complete understanding of the normal process of pancreas development: an objective greatly aided by CRISPR-Cas9 genome-editing technology. First identified as the adaptive immune system of bacteria, CRISPR-Cas9 uses RNA to specifically target a DNA endonuclease to the genome, generating a double-strand break that can either be repaired by the error-prone NHEJ or via HDR. From the first demonstration that CRISPR-Cas can be programmed to cleave DNA in 2012, the field has advanced fast and now includes examples of targeting in many model organisms as well as gene knockout or reporter hPSC lines that will aid in the production of specific cell types, such as pancreatic β-cells.