cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
170 The effects of linoleic and linolenic acid supplementation on the in vitro maturation of pig oocytes in a heat-stressed environment

Elevated environmental temperatures induce heat stress, which can cause a depression in fertility and early embryonic development. Fatty acids initiate an endergonic reaction that is able to absorb cellular heat, causing a decrease in intracellular temperature. Supplementing linoleic and linolenic acids to the maturation medium of pig oocytes at elevated temperatures reduces the effects of heat stress-induced damage during fertilization and embryonic development. However, the mechanism of action of fatty acids during oocyte maturation is unknown. Therefore, the objective of this study was to minimize heat stress-induced damage and characterise the intracellular oocyte mechanisms. Oocyte maturation media was supplemented with linoleic and linolenic acid during oocyte maturation at either 38.5 or 41.5°C. Oocytes (n = 3094, r = 5) were supplemented with 50 μM linoleic acid, 50 μM linolenic acid, 25 μM of both, or 50 μM of both during 40 to 44 h of maturation and then evaluated for the formation of reactive oxygen species (n = 239), intracellular glutathione concentrations (n = 1005), glutathione peroxidase (n = 1005), catalase (n = 987), and superoxide dismutase (n = 863) activities. Data were analysed using ANOVA with the main effects including treatment, well, and replicate. There were no significant differences between the treatment groups matured at 38.5°C when comparing reactive oxygen species generation. Supplementation of linoleic or linolenic acid significantly decreased (P < 0.05) reactive oxygen species generation in oocytes matured at 41.5°C compared with no supplementation at the same temperature. Supplementation of linoleic or linolenic acid or both significantly increased (P < 0.05) intracellular glutathione concentrations compared with no supplementation at 38.5°C (23.37 ± 1.23 pmol/oocyte) and 41.5°C (10.42 ± 1.01 pmol/oocyte). There were no significant differences between the treatment groups matured at 38.5°C or 41.5°C when comparing glutathione peroxidase activity. Supplementation of linoleic or linolenic acid or both significantly increased (P < 0.05) catalase and superoxide dismutase activities compared with no supplementation at 38.5°C and at 41.5°C. Superoxide dismutase activity was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in oocytes matured at 41.5°C compared with those matured at 38.5°C. These results indicate that supplementing linoleic and linolenic acid to the maturation medium of pig oocytes at an elevated temperature reduces the effects of heat stress-induced damage by increasing intracellular glutathione concentrations and catalase and superoxide dismutase activities.
The Reverse Oblique Supracondylar Humerus Fracture: Description of a Novel Fracture Pattern.

Background Sagittal profile descriptions of supracondylar humerus fractures are limited. We describe a reverse oblique (RO) pattern in which the distal fragment has a prominent anterior spike that is displaced posterior to the proximal fragment. This pattern presents a challenge during closed manipulation utilizing traditional reduction maneuvers. The purpose of this study is to compare the clinical and radiographic characteristics of the RO and non-RO patterns of supracondylar humerus fractures. We hypothesized that the RO pattern would be associated with greater soft tissue trauma. Methods Retrospective evaluation of operative supracondylar humerus fractures treated at a tertiary pediatric hospital from 2014 to 2016. Patients were categorized into RO and non-RO groups for analysis. Associated neurovascular injuries were compared between groups. Results Two hundred ninety-nine consecutive patients were reviewed. The RO fracture pattern was seen in 12 patients. All displaced RO fractures were able to be closed reduced with a modification to the traditional reduction sequence. Overall cohort rates of preoperative soft tissue injury included antecubital ecchymosis 16.8%, nerve palsies 15%, and vascular compromise 6.4%. Compared with non-RO fractures, the RO fracture group had significantly higher rates of anterior interosseous nerve (AIN) palsies (P=0.013), antecubital ecchymosis (P=0.018), and compartment syndrome (P=0.043). When comparing RO with non-RO type II fractures, there were no differences in soft tissue injury (P=0.439). Compared with non-RO type III fractures, RO type III fractures had higher rates of AIN injury (P=0.047), antecubital ecchymosis (P=0.007), and overall soft tissue injury (P=0.009). Conclusions This study introduces a previously undescribed supracondylar humerus fracture subtype: the RO fracture. We found increased rates of soft tissue compromise including antecubital ecchymosis and AIN palsy in this fracture type. Further, traditional reduction methods proved to be ineffectual for this fracture pattern. We utilized a simple modification that allowed for closed reduction and percutaneous pinning of displaced RO fractures. Level of evidence Level III-prognostic.
Suicide ideation, planning, and attempts: the case of the Latinx LGB youth.

Background: Guided by an ecological systems theory (EST) framework, the purpose of the present study was to investigate how multiple micro, mezzo, and macro factors influence the suicidality continuum from suicidal ideation to suicide attempt among Latinx LGB (lesbian, gay, and bisexual) youth living in the United States. Methods: Data for this cross sectional-study included 451 participants who self-identified as Latinx LGB on the 2017-National Youth Risk Behavioral Survey. The analysis explored micro, mezzo, and macro-level factors’ association with three suicidality outcomes (ideation, planning, and attempt) at the bivariate and multivariate level. Since the outcome variables were dichotomized, univariate logistic regressions and backward elimination logistic regressions were used. Results: The most commonly reported suicidal behavior was ideation (n = 173; 40%), followed by planning (n = 150; 34%), and then attempt (n = 64; 21%). Findings from the backward elimination logistic regression on suicidal ideation suggest the best set of independent variables are being bullied at school (odds ratio [OR] = 2.81; CI: 1.61–4.89), experiencing sexual assault(OR = 2.32; CI: 1.32–4.07), experiencing depressive symptoms (OR = 1.99; CI: 1.07– 3.69),being cannabis use (OR = 1.76; CI: 1.08–2.89), and being female (OR = 1.72; CI: 1.01–2.93).For suicide planning the model suggested, experiencing depressive symptoms (OR = 3.21; CI:1.74–5.91), cannabis use (OR = 2.46; CI: 1.49–4.07), being bullied at school (OR = 2.04; CI:1.17–3.58), and experiencing sexual assault (OR = 1.88; CI: 1.07–3.31) exhibited the strongest relationships. Suicide attempt was significantly associated with cannabis use (OR = 3.12; CI:1.60–6.08), experiencing depression (OR= 2.89; CI: 1.30–6.43), experiencing sexual assault(OR = 2.77; CI: 1.34–5.71), and being bullied at school (OR = 2.34; CI: 1.12–4.91). Conclusion: Given the findings of this study, it is essential that tailored suicide prevention efforts be established that uniquely address the intersections of race/ethnicity and sexual orientation and how this intersection influences micro, mezzo, and macro factors associated with suicide ideation, planning, and attempt among Latinx LGB adolescents.
Comparing the Effectiveness of a Guide Booklet to Simulation-Based Training for Management of Acute Agitation.

Simulation-based training may be an effective teaching modality for psychiatry residents; however, simulation-based training is an unstudied and underutilized aspect of psychiatry resident training. The objective of this study was to compare the teaching effectiveness of a simulation-based training to reading a resident on-call psychiatry guide booklet in improving the self-confidence and knowledge of residents that is necessary for managing acutely agitated patients. Pre-intervention self-confidence and knowledge were measured for all residents using a Likert scale questionnaire and a clinical vignette questionnaire, respectively. Residents (n = 23) were randomly assigned to either the simulation group (n = 12) or the guide booklet group (n = 11). Residents in the simulation group completed the simulation-based training, and residents in the guide booklet group were instructed to read the corresponding pages of the booklet regarding management of acute agitation. The comparative teaching effectiveness of the guide booklet and simulation-based training was measured with a post-intervention self-confidence questionnaire and a clinical vignette questionnaire. The study spanned approximately one academic year (July 2016– Sept 2017). Residents who participated in the simulation-based training showed significantly greater improvement in self-confidence (simulation median improvement = 1.458 vs. guide median improvement = 0.033, p = 0.002) and knowledge (simulation median improvement = 0.135 vs. guide median improvement = 0.021, p = 0.0124). Simulation-based training was more effective at improving residents’ self-confidence and knowledge compared to the on-call psychiatry booklet for the management of acutely agitated patients. Though simulation is being used in other specialties, it is a very underutilized tool in the field of psychiatry. This finding underscores the potential for simulation-based training in residency programs to improve resident learning.
Uterine Artery Embolization Prior to Laparoscopic Hysterectomy for a Large Fibroid Uterus

Video Objective The objective of this video was to present the use of uterine artery embolization prior to supracervical hysterectomy of a large fibroid uterus Setting A 40 year old woman, gravida 0, with a history of heavy menses, bloating, back pain and pelvic pressure presented to her primary care physician for symptomatic anemia and notable family history of fibroids. The patient reported a history of regular, monthly menses however noted an interval increase in her vaginal bleeding. Her past medical history was notable for anemia for which she was taking iron supplementation. She was found to have numerous large uterine leiomyomas on magnetic resonance imaging, with the largest measuring 12.6 centimeters on the anterior body of the uterus. Physical examination was notable for a 26cm, bulky uterus extending up to the liver edge and xiphoid process. The patient declined uterine artery embolization and Lupron as initial treatment for fibroids. She instead elected for definitive surgical management, and strongly desired a minimally invasive approach. Interventions Uterine artery embolization and ureteral stent placement immediately followed by laparoscopic supracervical hysterectomy, bilateral salpingectomy and cystoscopy with stent removal Conclusion This case is unique in its collaboration between interventional radiology, urology and gynecology to ensure the safest outcome for the patient. Use of uterine artery embolization immediately prior to laparoscopic hysterectomy for large uterine leiomyomas is beneficial in decreasing intraoperative blood loss and thereby improving visualization as well as decreasing morbidity during minimally invasive laparoscopic surgery. Furthermore, placement of ureteral stents intraoperatively allows identification of the ureters when pelvic anatomy is distorted by fibroid location and size. Distortion of pelvic anatomy can limit the use of a uterine manipulator but is not a contraindication to proceeding with minimally invasive technique.
Best practices for emergency surgical airway: A systematic review.

Objective In the case of an emergency surgical airway, current guidelines state that surgical cricothyrotomy is preferable to tracheotomy. However, complications associated with emergency cricothyrotomy may be more frequent and severe. We systematically reviewed the English literature on emergency surgical airway to elicit best practices. Methods PubMed, Embase, MEDLINE, and the Cochrane Library were searched from inception to January 2019 for studies reporting emergency cricothyrotomy and tracheotomy outcomes. All English-language retrospective analyses, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses were included. Case reports were excluded, as well as studies with pediatric, nonhuman, or nonliving subjects. Results We identified 783 articles, and 20 met inclusion criteria. Thirteen evaluated emergency cricothyrotomy and included 1,219 patients (mean age = 39.8 years); 4 evaluated emergency tracheotomy and included 342 patients (mean age = 46.0 years); 2 evaluated both procedures. The rate of complications with both cricothyrotomy and tracheotomy was comparable. The most frequent early complications were failure to obtain an airway (1.6%) and hemorrhage (5.6%) for cricothyrotomy and tracheotomy, respectively. Airway stenosis was the most common long-term complication, occurring at low rates in both procedures (0.22-7.0%). Conclusions Complications associated with emergency cricothyrotomy may not occur as frequently as presumed. Tracheotomy is an effective means of securing the airway in an emergent setting, with similar risk for intraoperative and postoperative complications compared to cricothyrotomy. Ultimately, management should depend on clinician experience and patient characteristics. Level of evidence IV.
Cellular therapy for follicular lymphoma

Despite major advances in the treatment of follicular lymphoma, the disease generally remains incurable. Novel targeted agents often require prolonged or continuous administration with issues of cost, compliance, and cumulative toxicity. Autologous stem cell transplantation results in very prolonged remissions and cure in up to 50% of patients with chemotherapy-sensitive recurrence. Recent data indicate that salvage autologous transplantation leads to improved survival for patients with early treatment failure, i.e., recurrence within 2 years after appropriate initial treatment. It may be the preferred treatment for such patients. Autologous transplantation has also been extensively investigated in the consolidation treatment of younger patients with high-risk features but has largely been abandoned in that setting because of concerns over late therapy-related MDS/AML. Purging techniques to reduce graft contamination have been associated with decreased rates of disease recurrence after autologous transplantation, as has posttransplant rituximab maintenance. Allogeneic transplantation has low rates of disease recurrence but a higher rate of complications, despite widespread use of reduced intensity conditioning. Haplo-transplant, umbilical cord blood transplant, or haplo-cord transplants are excellent graft sources for those lacking HLA-identical donors. For transformed lymphoma, autologous transplant improves survival. Novel cellular therapies including CAR-T therapy are playing an increasing role in the management of transformed B-cell lymphoma and will likely also find a role follicular lymphoma.
Controls on Petroleum Resources for the Devonian Marcellus Shale in the Appalachian Basin Province, Kentucky, West Virginia, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and New York

Abstract Greater than 33 trillion cubic feet of gas, 68 million barrels of natural gas liquids (NGL), and 192 million barrels of water have been produced from the Middle Devonian Marcellus Shale of the Hamilton Group in the Appalachian Basin. These volumes are from more than 11,700 non-commingled wells. The U.S. Geological Survey assesses mean, technically-recoverable undiscovered continuous (unconventional) resources, and this paper is in support of the current assessment of the Marcellus Shale. Areas of greatest production and future potential for gas and NGL from the Marcellus Shale are within and near the northeast-trending Rome trough in northern West Virginia and southwest and northeast Pennsylvania. Southernmost New York, eastern Ohio, western Virginia, and Maryland also contain petroleum resources and reserves. A confluence of factors enhances gas and NGL reserves and resources in the Marcellus Shale. These include (1) brittleness based on lithofacies composition; (2) thickness and distribution of brittle and organic-rich mudrock; (3) measured thermal maturity of 1% vitrinite reflectance and greater; (4) at least 2 weight percent total organic carbon; (5) dense and complex fracturing and faulting; (6) presence of evaporite beds in the underlying Silurian Salina Group; (7) areas of potential overpressure; (8) current depths of 1,370 m (4,500 ft) and greater; and (9) predominantly horizontal wells with laterals that are oriented to the northwest or southeast, or roughly perpendicular to the direction of maximum horizontal stress, and that cross major fault and fracture sets.
Isolated Ultrafast Gate Driver with Variable Duty Cycle for Pulse and VHF Power Electronics

Ultrafast and isolated gate drivers advance the development of pulse and very high frequency power electronics for applications that include LiDAR, space systems, miniaturized hardware, and testing of emerging ultrafast devices. The isolated ultrafast gate driver in this letter achieves a gate voltage slew rate above 12 GV/s with rise and fall times below 260 ps with the proper choice of components. Magnetic isolation provides transient immunity and positive feedback enables dynamic dc restoration to allow arbitrarily long on - and off -times and preserve variable duty cycles. With the isolated ultrafast gate driver, an EPC 2038 GaN FET achieves a drain voltage slew rate of over 37 GV/s when hard-switching and improves total efficiency by 8% (including gating loss) with a careful choice of logic inverters in a symmetric 100 MHz current-mode class D (CMCD) wireless power transfer system. The ultrafast gate driver with isolation and positive feedback was implemented with a commercial radio frequency signal transformer and discrete logic inverters and validated in a hard-switching double pulse test, a narrow pulse test repeating at 165 MHz, and a 100 MHz soft-switching CMCD resonant converter.
Ecosystem Services of Riparian Restoration: A Review of Rock Detention Structures in the Madrean Archipelago Ecoregion

In northwestern Mexico and the southwestern United States, limited water supplies and fragile landscapes jeopardize world-renowned biological diversity. Simple rock detention structures have been u...
A novel technique—Prophylactic septal radiofrequency ablation to prevent left ventricular outflow tract obstruction with transcatheter mitral valve replacement (RADIO-TMVR)

Transcatheter mitral valve replacement (TMVR) with off-label use of aortic balloon-expandable transcatheter heart valves has emerged as a therapeutic option in high-surgical risk patients with severe mitral annular calcification (MAC). Left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) obstruction post valve deployment is a major limitation. We describe a case of septal reduction therapy using radiofrequency ablation (RFA) when established methods of septal reduction were either ineffective or not feasible. RFA permitted successful enlargement of the LVOT area and subsequent TMVR. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Target Them with What? Why States Choose Different COIN Strategies for Different Insurgent Organizations

Why do some governments negotiate with insurgent organizations while others use force? This study examines the factors that influence these strategic government approaches to insurgencies using an ...
"I Want Them to Feel Safe and to Feel Loved": Collaborating to Teach Social Studies for Middle Level Emergent Bilingual Students.

This case study explored how a social studies teacher and a TESOL teacher collaborated to teach an eighth-grade civics and economics course in a diverse classroom with Latinx emergent bilingual stu...
When positive reviews backfire: The effect of review dispersion and expectation disconfirmation on Airbnb guests’ experiences

Abstract Online reviews have become a significant information source for customers in decision-making. Such reviews are particularly important to firms like Airbnb as consumers have limited direct information regarding the quality of the property and the services. Researchers and practitioners, in general, favor positive reviews as they increase customers’ booking intentions. However, this study theorizes that positive reviews could backfire and induce negative consequences under certain circumstances. More specifically, this research examines the interaction effects between the cause of an expectation disconfirmation and review dispersion on customers’ attitudes and behavioral intention. Results indicated that when an expectation disconfirmation was caused by reviewers, participants showed more negative attitudes and lower intentions to spread positive WOM and repurchase when review dispersion was low (vs. high). In contrast, when the expectation disconfirmation was caused by property descriptions, participants reported similar responses regardless of review dispersion. Further, such interaction effects were mediated by perceived fairness.
Spurning charity

The principle of charity (“Charity”), in one form or other, is held by many and for various reasons. After cataloging discernible kinds of Charity, I focus on the most familiar versions as found in Davidson, Dennett, Devitt, Lewis, Putnam, Quine, Stich, and others. To begin with, I argue that such versions of Charity are untenable because beliefs cannot be counted, and even if they could be counted there is reason to believe that true beliefs need not outnumber false beliefs. Next I rebut one of the arguments behind Charity, the intelligibility argument. If indeed beliefs are postulated simply as a way to make some system intelligible (predictable and explicable) then a number of theses ensue. First, it would be perfectly intelligible to ascribe mostly false beliefs to an intentional system, or even entirely false beliefs. Second, lower animals would have beliefs. Third, it would sometimes make sense to ascribe beliefs even to inanimate beings. And fourth, the resulting indeterminacy of belief-ascription would suggest a kind of irrealism about belief which may in turn be expressed by the slogan that rejects the container metaphor of the mind.
Water Oxidation by Mononuclear Ruthenium Complex with a Pentadentate Isoquinoline–Bipyridyl Ligand

Mononuclear ruthenium complexes with a pentadentate ligand, N,N-bis[(isoquinolin-1-yl)methyl][6-(pyridin-2-yl)pyridin-2-yl]methanamine (DIQ-Bpy), were synthesized and characterized by 1H NMR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, electrochemistry, and theoretical calculations. The oxidation of water by [Ru(DIQ-Bpy)(H2O)]2+ was observed in the presence of excess amounts of CeIV. Relative to [Ru(DPA-Bpy)(H2O)]2+ [DPA-Bpy = N,N-bis(2-pyridinylmethyl)-2,2′-bipyridine-6-methanamine], the substitution of pyridine groups in DPA-Bpy with electron-withdrawing isoquinolines results in higher redox potential and lower activity for the oxidation of water by [Ru(DIQ-Bpy)(H2O)]2+. A kinetic study of water oxidation by [Ru(DPA-Bpy)(H2O)]2+ suggests a mononuclear pathway for the oxidation of water. The noncovalent interaction between isoquinoline groups in [Ru(DIQ-Bpy)(H2O)]2+, which favors the formation of dinuclear species, might account for the lower activity for water oxidation by [Ru(DIQ-Bpy)(H2O)]2+.
Modern Military Justice: Cases and Materials

This new text comprehensively covers the modern military justice system under the Uniform Code of Military Justice. The materials included come from every service within the Armed Forces, and show how the military justice system addresses all criminal offenses, ranging from minor infractions to serious offenses such as the misconduct of soldiers at Abu Ghraib prison. The text covers the jurisdiction of courts-martial; sources of military law; military offenses and defenses; pre-trial, trial, and appellate procedures; the role of judge advocates; non-judicial punishment and other alternatives to courts-martial; special forums such as boards of inquiry and military commissions for trying enemy belligerents; the relationship of courts-martial to state and federal courts; and much more. All chapters include policy questions about currently controversial issues. The text is appropriate for all students, whether or not they have had prior military experience.
Dynamic topic detection and tracking: A comparison of HDP, C-word, and cocitation methods

Cocitation and co-word methods have long been used to detect and track emerging topics in scientific literature, but both have weaknesses. Recently, while many researchers have adopted generative probabilistic models for topic detection and tracking, few have compared generative probabilistic models with traditional cocitation and co-word methods in terms of their overall performance. In this article, we compare the performance of hierarchical Dirichlet process HDP, a promising generative probabilistic model, with that of the 2 traditional topic detecting and tracking methods-cocitation analysis and co-word analysis. We visualize and explore the relationships between topics identified by the 3 methods in hierarchical edge bundling graphs and time flow graphs. Our result shows that HDP is more sensitive and reliable than the other 2 methods in both detecting and tracking emerging topics. Furthermore, we demonstrate the important topics and topic evolution trends in the literature of terrorism research with the HDP method.
Using Knowledge Tracing in a Noisy Environment to Measure Student Reading Proficiencies

Constructing a student model for language tutors is a challenging task. This paper describes using knowledge tracing to construct a student model of reading proficiency and validates the model. We use speech recognition to assess a student's reading proficiency at a subword level, even though the speech recognizer output is at the level of words and is statistically noisy. Specifically, we estimate the student's knowledge of 80 letter to sound mappings, such as ch making the sound /K/ in "chemistry." At a coarse level, the student model did a better job at estimating reading proficiency for 47.2% of the students than did a standardized test designed for the task. Although not quite as strong as the standardized test, our assessment method can provide a report on the student at any time during the year and requires no break from reading to administer. Our model's estimate of the student's knowledge on individual letter to sound mappings is a significant predictor of whether he will ask for help on a particular word. Thus, our student model is able to describe student performance both at a coarse- and at a fine-grain size.
Dynamic Stability of the 3D Axi-symmetric Navier-Stokes Equations with Swirl

In this paper, we study the dynamic stability of the 3D axisymmetric NavierStokes Equations with swirl. To this purpose, we propose a new one-dimensional (1D) model which approximates the Navier-Stokes equations along the symmetry axis. An important property of this 1D model is that one can construct from its solutions a family of exact solutions of the 3D Navier-Stokes equations. The nonlinear structure of the 1D model has some very interesting properties. On one hand, it can lead to tremendous dynamic growth of the solution within a short time. On the other hand, it has a surprising dynamic depletion mechanism that prevents the solution from blowing up in finite time. By exploiting this special nonlinear structure, we prove the global regularity of the 3D Navier-Stokes equations for a family of initial data, whose solutions can lead to large dynamic growth, but yet have global smooth solutions.
Exposure to International Migration and Its Effect on Childbearing in Turkey

International migration alters social norms, family structures, and population development in sending regions. Each of these factors affects fertility, making the impact of international migration on childbearing an increasingly important area of study. In many sending regions, the Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) provide a promising, but underutilized, source of data for understanding the relationship between international migration and childbearing. Using the household and individual questionnaires in the 2003 Turkish DHS, we develop a multi-layered approach for measuring international migration. We then use these measures to examine differences in childbearing among women in migrant and non-migrant households, assessing the effects of migrant selection and migration-related roles and attitudes on the number of children born. After adjusting for selection characteristics, we find return female migrants and migrant wives are not significantly different from women in non-migrant households; role and attitude differences have only modest impacts on the association between women’s exposure to migration and childbearing.
Ultrastructural and histochemical identification of sclerosing liposarcoma.

A paratesticular tumour by light microscopy showed large amounts of partly hyalinized collagenous stroma, spindle shaped fibroblast-like cells, pleomorphic cells with foamy cytoplasm, multinucleated tumour type giant cells and lipid inclusions. By light microscopy, there was a problem as to whether the tumour should be classified with the liposarcomas or with the fibrous histiocytic group. Ultrastructurally, spindle shaped cells resembled fibroblasts and, in a few cells, intracellular collagen fibres were seen. Histochemical studies revealed the presence of mannose-rich glycoprotein which is characteristic for collagen producing cells, but frequently these cells also showed numerous lipid inclusions. The foamy cytoplasmic areas of pleomorphic cells were shown to consist of dilated ergastoplasmic sacs and large vacuoles lined by smooth endoplasmic reticulum negating the possibility that these cells were of histiocytic origin. This is supported further by the dearth of lysosomes and absence of lysozyme (muramidase) in the tumour cells. The presence of numerous lipid inclusions in many of the tumour cells, which are otherwise ultrastructurally similar to fibroblasts, suggests that these cells represent precursors of lipoblasts. The above findings taken together allowed the tumour to be categorized as a sclerosing liposarcoma.
Extracellular ATP Induces the Accumulation of Superoxide via NADPH Oxidases in Arabidopsis

Extracellular ATP can serve as a signaling agent in animal cells, and, as suggested by recent reports, may also do so in plant cells. In animal cells it induces the production of reactive oxygen species through the mediation of NADPH oxidase. Similarly, here we report that in leaves of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), applied ATP, but not AMP or phosphate, induces the accumulation of superoxide (O2−) in a biphasic, dose-dependent manner, with a threshold at 500 nm ATP. This effect did not require ATP hydrolysis for it was mimicked by ATPγS. ATP also induced increased levels of Arabidopsis respiratory burst oxidase homolog D (AtrbohD) mRNA, but ATP-treated plants that had disrupted AtrbohD and AtrbohF genes did not accumulate O2−, indicating that NADPH oxidases are responsible for the induced O2− accumulation. Inhibitors of mammalian P2-type ATP receptors abolished ATP-induced O2− production, suggesting that the ATP effects may be mediated through P2-like receptors in plants. Cytosolic Ca2+ and calmodulin are likely to help transduce the ATP responses, as they do in animal cells, because a Ca2+ channel blocker, a Ca2+ chelator, and calmodulin antagonist all reduced ATP-induced O2− accumulation. Furthermore, ATP treatment enhanced the expression of genes that are induced by wounds and other stresses. The ATP measured at wound sites averaged 40 μm, well above the level needed to induce O2− accumulation and gene expression changes. Transgenic plants overexpressing an apyrase gene had reduced O2− production in response to applied ATP and wounding. Together, these data suggest a possible role for extracellular ATP as a signal potentially in wound and stress responses.
Outcomes and practice patterns in patients undergoing lower extremity bypass.

Background The appropriate application of endovascular intervention vs bypass for both critical limb ischemia (CLI) and intermittent claudication (IC) remains controversial, and outcomes from large, contemporary series are critical to help inform treatment decisions. Therefore, we sought to define the early and 1-year outcomes of lower extremity bypass (LEB) in a large, multicenter regional cohort, and analyze trends in the use of LEB with or without prior endovascular interventions. Methods The Vascular Study Group of New England database was used to identify all infrainguinal LEB procedures performed between 2003 and 2009. The primary study endpoint was 1-year amputation-free survival (AFS). Secondary endpoints included in-hospital mortality and morbidity, including major adverse cardiac events. Trend analyses were conducted to identify annual trends in the proportion of LEBs performed for an indication of IC, in-hospital outcomes, including mortality and morbidity, and 1-year outcomes, including AFS. Analyses were performed on the entire cohort and then stratified by indication. Results Between 2003 and 2009, 2907 patients were identified who underwent LEBs (72% for CLI; 28% for IC). The proportion that underwent LEB for IC increased significantly over the study period (from 19% to 31%; P P P = .02). Neither in-hospital mortality nor cardiac event rates changed significantly among either group. There was no significant change in 1-year AFS in patients with IC (97% in 2003 and 98% in 2008; P for trend .63) or in patients with CLI (73% in 2003 and 81% in 2008; P = .10). Conclusions Over the last 7 years, significant changes in patient selection for LEBs have occurred in New England. The proportion of LEBs performed for ICs as opposed to CLIs has increased. Patients are much more likely to have undergone prior endovascular interventions before undergoing a bypass. In-hospital and 1-year outcomes after LEB for both IC and CLI have remained excellent with no significant changes in AFS.
Olympic Games Doomed

The immediate post-war years revealed that all was clearly not well within the British Olympic movement. Battling against the tide of widespread public and governmental apathy and opposition, the BOA persevered in its attempts to raise a British team for the forthcoming 1924 Olympic Games in Paris. Backed by a coterie of prominent patricians and Conservative politicians, the BOA endeavoured to raise the funds needed to help reclaim Britain's lost sporting prowess. In spite of the BOA's renewed efforts, the chauvinistic scenes that marred the 1924 Paris games both reaffirmed British suspicions that the Olympics were a politico-sporting contest between nation-states and sparked renewed calls for a full-scale British Olympic withdrawal.
Blood Bank Inventories

(1970). Blood Bank Inventories. CRC Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences: Vol. 1, No. 3, pp. 527-548.
Hospitalized Children with 2009 Pandemic Influenza A (H1N1): Comparison to Seasonal Influenza and Risk Factors for Admission to the ICU

Background Limited data are available describing the clinical presentation and risk factors for admission to the intensive care unit for children with 2009 H1N1 infection. Methods We conducted a retrospective chart review of all hospitalized children with 2009 influenza A (H1N1) and 2008–09 seasonal influenza at The Children's Hospital, Denver, Colorado. Results Of the 307 children identified with 2009 H1N1 infections, the median age was 6 years, 61% were male, and 66% had underlying medical conditions. Eighty children (26%) were admitted to the ICU. Thirty-two (40%) of the ICU patients required intubation and 17 (53%) of the intubated patients developed acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Four patients required extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Eight (3%) of the hospitalized children died. Admission to the ICU was significantly associated with older age and underlying neurological condition. Compared to the 90 children admitted during the 2008–09 season, children admitted with 2009 H1N1 influenza were significantly older, had a shorter length of hospitalization, more use of antivirals, and a higher incidence of ARDS. Conclusions Compared to the 2008–09 season, hospitalized children with 2009 H1N1 influenza were much older and had more severe respiratory disease. Among children hospitalized with 2009 H1N1 influenza, risk factors for admission to the ICU included older age and having an underlying neurological condition. Children under the age of 2 hospitalized with 2009 H1N1 influenza were significantly less likely to require ICU care compared to older hospitalized children.
Induction of yolk sac endoderm in GATA-4-deficient embryoid bodies by retinoic acid.

Abstract GATA-4, a transcription factor implicated in lineage determination, is expressed in both parietal and visceral endoderm of the early mouse embryo. In embryonic stem cell-derived embryoid bodies, GATA-4 mRNA is first detectable at 4–5 days of differentiation and is confined to visceral endoderm cells on the surface of the bodies. Previously we reported that targeted mutagenesis of the Gata4 gene in embryonic stem cells results in a block in visceral endoderm differentiation in vitro. In an attempt to elucidate the role of GATA-4 in the formation of visceral endoderm, we have now differentiated Gata4 -/- and wild type embryoid bodies in the presence of retinoic acid ± dbcAMP, known inducers of endoderm formation. We show that differentiation of Gata4 -/- embryoid bodies in the presence of retinoic acid results in formation of visceral endoderm, while differentiation of Gata4 -/- embryoid bodies in the presence of retinoic acid plus dbcAMP causes parietal endoderm formation. The presence of these yolk sac endoderm layers was confirmed by light microscopy and analysis of biochemical markers including α-fetoprotein, type IV collagen, laminin, and binding sites for Dolichos biflorus agglutinin. Treatment of Gata4 -/- embryoid bodies with retinoic acid induces expression of another GATA-binding protein, GATA-6, in both visceral and parietal endoderm cells. That another GATA-binding protein is induced in the absence of GATA-4 suggests that this family of transcription factors plays an important role in yolk sac differentiation.
KPRF ideology and its implications for democratization in Russia

Abstract This article looks at the role of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation (KPRF) in Russia's troubled democratization process. The author contends that post-Soviet Russian politics is plagued by a fundamental lack of consensus over regime choice issues. In this polarized setting of zero-sum politics, the KPRF has consolidated its position among anti-regime forces and can negatively impact Russia's transition to markets and democracy.
Additional evidence for the affective dimension of dyspnea in patients with COPD

The primary purpose of this secondary analysis was to determine whether 103 participants with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease rated the affective dimension of dyspnea (dyspnea-related anxiety and dyspnea-related distress) separately from the sensory dimension (intensity) during baseline exercise testing conducted as part of a randomized clinical trial. A secondary purpose was to determine if dyspnea-related anxiety and distress were rated distinctly different from other measurements of anxiety. At the end of a 6-minute walk and an incremental treadmill test, participant ratings of the magnitude of dyspnea-related anxiety and distress on the Modified Borg Scale were significantly different from their ratings of the intensity of dyspnea. Dyspnea-related anxiety and distress also appeared to be concepts independent from measures of state anxiety, negative affect, and anxiety before a treadmill test.
Classification performance on a population with contexts

Several classification studies have been conducted to relate molecular expression to disease progression, outcome and vulnerability. These studies have failed except in simple situations. A reason for this has been that classification schemes have in general ignored the heterogeneity of underlying cellular contexts. In this work we conduct a model based study to demonstrate and quantify how existence of contexts degrades classification performance.
The effectiveness of codes and marketing in promoting energy-efficient home construction

Abstract This paper assesses the relative effectiveness of codes and marketing as alternative approaches to promoting energy-efficient new homes. Insights are drawn primarily from the experiences of a code and a marketing programme operated in the Pacific Northwest. The penetration rates of the two programmes are similar, as are the energy savings and costs. However, other aspects of the two programmes are quite distinct. Compared to the code programme, participants in the marketing programme tend to be more affluent and include more free riders as a result of the self-selection bias associated with voluntary participation. The marketing programme has also had greater geographic coverage, and as a result more widespread impact on region-wide building practices. Levels of involvement of utilities and code officials and impacts on fuel switching also differ. Bonneville has shown that by operating both programmes in tandem, the shortfalls of one approach can be partly compensated by the strengths of the other.
1526 THE EFFECT OF A NISSEN FUNDOPLICATION ON INFANTS WITH CHRONIC LUNG DISEASE (CLD)

Chronic intermittent aspiration may be a cause of ongoing pulmonary insult in infants with the severe form of CLD. Over a 2 yr. period, 10 infants with CLD received a Nissen fundoplication procedure and a gastrostomy because of failure to improve or recurrent episodes of deterioration. The following results are for 2 wks. pre/postop unless otherwise stated (meant±SD): Decreased weight gain following surgery may reflect the caloric cost of postoperative healing. The majority of these patients had negative diagnostic studies for GER (Barium swallow and pH probe). These data suggest that GER contributes to CLD in some infants but is not readily diagnosed by current techniques. A randomized controlled trial of anti-reflux surgery in infants with severe CLD can be justified.
Effect of residual nickel content on the grain size dependent mechanical properties of TiB2

On etudie les correlations entre la teneur en Ni residuel et le module d'Young, la resistance a la rupture et la tenacite de ceramiques de TiB 2
Walsh Versus Fourier Estimators of the EEG Power Spectrum

Walsh-based discrete algorithms offer a fast, simple alternative to Fourier methods for estimating EEG power spectra, but their performance has been criticized. Previous comparisons of Fourier and Walsh estimators are reexamined, and they are compared experimentally, on simulated EEG. The evidence suggests that they should perform comparably for EEG monitoring.
Letter to the editor: μ-crystallin/CRYM functions as a ketimine-reducing enzyme and plays a role in thyroid hormone bioavailability due to strong inhibition/regulation by thyroid hormones.

We have read with interest the recent article by Serrano et al (1) regarding the thyroid hormone-binding protein μ-crystallin (CRYM). Serrano et al state, “Recently, the spectrum of functions of this hormone-binding protein has been broadened since a recent report considers μ-crystallin as a versatile enzyme with a reductase activity able to accommodate various substrates such as ketimine, thyroid hormones or alanine dehydrogenase ligands pyruvate and alanine.” We wish to comment on this statement.
The antic disposition of a Finno-Ugric novelist

Of the cultural achievements of the three major Finno-Ugric peoples of Europe, that of the Estonians (on the northeastern shore of the Baltic Sea) is the least known in North America. This is particularly true of literature, which had remained a veritable terra incognita , at least in the United States, until The New York Times Book Review carried, in January of 1993, a highly favorable notice of a novel by Jaan Kross called The Czar's Madman (translated by Anselm Hollo and published by Pantheon Books of Random House). The Times reviewer, W. S. Kuniczak, expresses a sense of exhilaration at discovering a "new" literature and calls the "skillful, witty, disciplined and absorbing" novel by Kross "a major work of modern Eastern European fiction." Positive reviews appeared also in the London Times Literary Supplement and the Toronto Globe and Mail (Hollo's translation was published in England and in Canada as well as in the U. S.), but it was Kuniczak who, as if in passing, touched on what could conceivably be the underlying reason why the critics fell in love with this work. "The plot of 'The Czar's Madman'," writes The Times reviewer, "seems like something we have always known...; thus there is a joy in the reading of this book that is like a homecoming after a long journey."1 The task of discovering and mapping the Urheimat or archetypical literary homeland to which Kuniczak refers will undoubtedly provide work for future scholars. All that can be said at this time ( and notwithstanding the seemingly deliberate attempt by Kross to cover his tracks, as it were) is that certain internal structural patterns of The Czar's Madman suggest parallels with Shakespeare's Hamlet. Like his protagonist in The Czar's Madman , the real-life Baron Timotheus von Bock who visited England in 18 13, 2 Jaan Kross is proficient in English. Unlike the fictional Timo, whose collection of cookbooks includes several volumes in English but whose knowledge of imaginative literature is limited to Sir Thomas More's Utopia (which was originally published in Latin), Kross is very much at home in English letters. According to the official literary history of Estonia, he read Sir Walter Scott's Ivanhoe as a boy. Later he translated Lewis Carroll's Alice's Adventures in Wonderland as well as four plays by Shakespeare: Othello, Macbeth , The Teinpest and Pericles ? The Czar's Madman contains numerous references to things English. For example, the local social elite drink English punch, which "had been introduced..., together with
Limited Access to Ethanol in Genetic Drinking Rats Is Suppressed While Feeding Is Enhanced by the Mixed 5-HT1A Agonist/5-HT2A Antagonist FG5938

Abstract Serotonin (5-HT) receptor agonists, antagonists, and mixed agonist/antagonists have been implicated in the volitional intake of ethanol in the rat and other species. The present experiments were undertaken to determine whether FG5938 (1-[4-( p -fluorophenyl)butyl]-4-(6-methyl-2-pyridinyl)-piperazine fumarate) would alter ethanol drinking in: genetic ethanol preferring (P) rats; and a new strain of high ethanol preferring (HEP) male and female rats derived from crossbreeding of P and a variant strain of Sprague–Dawley animals. After a preference test for solutions of 3 to 30% ethanol vs. water, each rat was given limited access to its maximally preferred concentration daily between 1600 and 1800 h; fluid intakes were recorded every 0.25 h. Once fluid consumption had stabilized over 4 days, saline vehicle, 2.5 mg/kg or 5.0 mg/kg FG5938 was injected subcutaneously 0.5 h prior to ethanol access on each of 3 consecutive days; thereafter, preference testing for ethanol continued for 4 additional days. Whereas the saline vehicle was without effect, FG5938 caused a fivefold decrease in total intake of ethanol from 1.7 to 0.3 g/kg and in proportion of ethanol to total fluid consumed from 0.42 to 0.03. The onset of the significant decline in ethanol drinking occurred during the latter 1.75-h interval. Further, both doses of FG5938, but not saline, increased the intake of food significantly. The decline in ethanol drinking was virtually identical in both P and HEP males and in female HEP rats. These results demonstrate that FG5938 affects ethanol drinking only after 0.5 h of its administration. Finally, it is envisaged that the ingestion of ethanol in genetic high drinking rats is mediated, in part, by central synapses utilizing both 5-HT 1A and 5-HT 2A receptors.
Do values grow on trees?: expression integrity in functional programming

We posit that functional programmers employ a notion called expression integrity to understand programs. We attempt to study the extent to which both novices and experts use this notion as they program, discuss the difficulties that arise in measuring this, and offer some observational findings.