cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Extreme-ultraviolet flux from the Virgo cluster : Further Evidence for a 500,000-kelvin component

A surprising discovery in x-ray astronomy was that clusters of galaxies often contain vast quantities of hot (20 million kelvin) diffuse gas. Substantial diffuse extreme-ultraviolet (EUV) emission has recently been detected in the Virgo cluster of galaxies. Depending on the character of the interstellar medium in our galaxy, this emission could be either an aspect of the hot cluster gas or a previously undetected 500,000-kelvin component. Analysis of the observational data in combination with our current knowledge of the interstellar medium revealed that the EUV flux cannot be an effect of the interstellar medium. Hence, a warm cluster component appears likely.
Effect of cyanamide on the metabolism of ethanol and acetaldehyde and on gluconeogenesis by isolated rat hepatocytes.

Abstract Previous experiments demonstrated that acetaldehyde stimulated glucose production from pyruvate, whereas gluconeogenesis from glycerol, xylitol and sorbitol was inhibited [A.I. Cederbaum and E. Dicker, Archs Biochem. Biophys . 197 , 415 (1979)]. To determine the mechanism whereby acetaldehyde affects glucose production from these precursors, and to evaluate the role of acetaldehyde in the actions of ethanol, experiments with cyanamide were carried out. The oxidation of acetaldehyde by isolated rat liver cells was inhibited by cyanamide after a brief incubation period. Associated with this inhibition of acetaldehyde oxidation was an inhibition of ethanol oxidation by cyanamide and an increase in the amount of acetaldehyde which arose during the oxidation of ethanol. Ethanol oxidation was decreased because of the ineffective removal of acetaldehyde in the presence of cyanamide. Cyanamide had no effect on hepatic oxygen uptake. The increase in the β-hydroxybutyrate/acetoacetate ratio produced by acetaldehyde was completely prevented by cyanamide, whereas the slight increase in the lactate/pyruvate ratio was not prevented by cyanamide. Cyanamide partially reversed the ethanol-induced increase in the lactate/pyruvate ratio, but it completely prevented the ethanol-induced increase in the β-hydroxybutyrate/acetoacetate ratio. The ethanol-induced change in the mitochondrial redox state may, therefore, be due primarily to the mitochondrial oxidation of the acetaldehyde which arises during the oxidation of ethanol. The inhibitory effects of acetaldehyde on gluconeogenesis from glycerol, xylitol and sorbitol, as well as the stimulation of acetaldehyde of glucose production from pyruvate, were completely prevented by cyanamide. These results indicate that the effects of acetaldehyde on gluconeogenesis represent metabolic effects, rather than direct effects of acetaldehyde. Changes in the cellular NADH/NAD − ratio as a consequence of acetaldehyde metabolism are postulated to be responsible for these actions of acetaldehyde. Ethanol stimulated glucose production from pyruvate, while inhibiting gluconeogenesis from glycerol, xylitol and sorbitol. Cyanamide, which prevented the effects of acetaldehyde on gluconeogenesis, also prevented the effects of ethanol on gluconeogenesis. This prevention by cyanamide may be suggestive for a role for acetaldehyde in the actions of ethanol on gluconeogenesis. The possibility cannot be ruled out, however, that the prevention of the effects of ethanol by cyanamide may be due to the partial inhibition of ethanol oxidation by cyanamide. These results indicate that cyanamide is an effective inhibitor of acetaldehyde oxidation by isolated liver cells and therefore can be used to determine the mechanism whereby acetaldehyde affects metabolic function. Depending on the reaction under investigation, acetaldehyde can have direct or indirect effects on cellular metabolism.
Interaction of heparin with two synthetic peptides that neutralize the anticoagulant activity of heparin.

Two synthetic analogues of the heparin-binding domain of heparin/heparan sulfate-interacting protein (Ac-SRGKAKVKAKVKDQTK-NH2) and the all-d-amino acid version of the same peptide (l-HIPAP and d-HIPAP, respectively) were synthesized, and their efficacy as agents for neutralization of the anticoagulant activity of heparin was assayed. The two analogue peptides were found to be equally effective for neutralization of the anticoagulant activity of heparin, as measured by restoration of the activity of serine protease factor Xa by the Coatest heparin method. The finding that l-HIPAP and d-HIPAP are equally effective suggests that d-amino acid peptides show promise as proteolytically stable therapeutic agents for neutralization of the anticoagulant activity of heparin. The interaction of l-HIPAP and d-HIPAP with heparin was characterized by 1H NMR, isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), and heparin affinity chromatography. The two peptides were found to interact identically with heparin. Analysis of the depen...
Some Lp Inequalities for the Polar Derivative of a Polynomial

Abstract Let pn(z) be a polynomial of degree n and Dα{pn(z)} its polar derivative. It has been proved that if pn (z) has no zeros in |z| ∫ 2π 0 | D α p n e i θ | δ d θ 1/δ ≤ n |α| + 1 F δ ∫ 2π 0 | p n e i θ | δ d θ 1/δ , where Fδ = (2π/∫2π0|1 + eiθ|δdθ)1/δ. We also obtain analogous inequalities for the class of polynomials having all their zeros in |z| ≤ 1 and for the class of polynomials satisfying pn(z) ≡ zn p n (1/ z ) .
The Effect of Long-term Ovariectomy on Midbrain Stress Systems in Free Ranging Macaques

Abstract Communication between the serotonin system and the CRF system plays a pivotal role in the mediation of stress and stress reactivity. CRF appears to be inhibitory of serotonin neurotransmission through the CRF receptor type 1 (CRF-R1). Serotonin neurons also detect the urocortins, which are thought to be anxiolytic. Components of the CRF system in the serotonergic dorsal raphe region were examined in macaques that were ovary-intact or ovariectomized for 3 years living in a relatively natural environment. Female Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) were ovariectomized or tubal-ligated (n=5/group) and returned to their natal troop for 3 years. Quantitation of (1) CRF innervation of the serotonergic dorsal raphe, (2) CRF-Receptor type 1 (CRF-R1) in the dorsal raphe, (3) Urocortin 1 (UCN1) cells near the Edinger–Westfal nucleus and (4) UCN1 axons, was obtained with immunocytochemical staining and image analysis. There was no statistical difference in CRF axonal staining in the dorsal raphe, or in UCN1 axonal staining near the dorsal raphe. However, the average number of detectable UCN1 postive cells was significantly lower in the Ovx group than in the Intact group (p=0.003). Average CRF-R1 positive pixel number and positive cell number were significantly higher in the Ovx group than in the Intact group (p=0.005 and 0.02, respectivly). The higher expression of CRF-R1 and lower expression of UCN1 in the Ovx group indicates they may be more vulnerable to stress. The greater expression of CRF-R1 could cause a greater inhibition of serotonin upon a stress-induced increase in CRF as well.
Patterns of concurrent substance use among nonmedical ADHD stimulant users: results from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health.

AIMS: To examine patterns of concurrent substance use among adults with nonmedical ADHD stimulant use. METHODS: We used latent class analysis (LCA) to examine patterns of past-year problematic substance use (meeting any criteria for abuse or dependence) in a sample of 6103 adult participants from the National Surveys on Drug Use and Health 2006-2011 who reported past-year nonmedical use of ADHD stimulants. Multivariable latent regression was used to assess the association of socio-demographic characteristics, mental health and behavioral problems with the latent classes. RESULTS: A four-class model had the best model fit, including (1) participants with low probabilities for any problematic substance use (Low substance class, 53.3%); (2) problematic users of all types of prescription drugs (Prescription drug class, 13.3%); (3) participants with high probabilities of problematic alcohol and marijuana use (Alcohol-marijuana class, 28.8%); and (4) those with high probabilities of problematic use of multiple drugs and alcohol (Multiple substance class, 4.6%). Participants in the 4 classes had distinct socio-demographic, mental health and service use profiles with those in the Multiple substance class being more likely to report mental health and behavioral problems and service use. CONCLUSION: Nonmedical users of ADHD stimulants are a heterogeneous group with a large subgroup with low prevalence of problematic use of other substances. These subgroups have distinct patterns of mental health comorbidity, behavior problems and service use, with implications for prevention and treatment of nonmedical stimulant use. Language: en
Acute hemolytic transfusion reactions—a fresh look at pathogenesis and considerations regarding therapy

A review of our knowledge of acute hemolytic transfusion reactions indicates that we have learned much in recent years about the pathogenetic mechanisms involved. An approach to effective therapy for patients suffering such reactions should be based on our latest understanding of the pathophysiology of this syndrome. However, changes in our therapeutic approach have not kept abreast of our increased awareness of the etiologic factors, and the patient, therefore, is not getting the benefit of our increased knowledge in this area. The primary pathogenetic mechanisms involved in these reactions appear to be disseminated intravascular coagulation and a series of hemodynamic alterations leading to ischemic necrosis of tissues. Therapy would best be aimed at interfering with these primary pathophysiologic pathways.
Effective thermal oxidation of isopropanol by an NAD+ model

Abstract The reaction of 10-methylacridinium cation (MA+) with isopropanol in the parent alcohol medium under dark, oxygen-free, and refluxing conditions gave hydride transfer product 10-methyl-9,10-dihydroacridine (MAH). The kinetics of the alcoholic oxidation reaction, including the kinetic isotope effect and the kinetic temperature effect, were determined. Hydride transfer is involved in the rate-determining step.
Spreads Admitting Regular Elliptic Covers

We say that a spread S of PG (3, q ) admits a regular elliptic cover if and only if S contains q −1 pairwise disjoint reguli (necessarily covering all but two fixed lines of S ). Clearly, any Andre spread satisfies this condition. In this paper, we construct an infinite family of non-Andrd spreads admitting regular elliptic covers by replacing ( q + 1)-nests of reguli in a regular spread. These are the only known non-Andre spreads to admit such a cover. The collineation groups of these spreads are also discussed in detail.
Determination of Metyrosine and Its Metabolite in Serum by Reversed Phase High Performance Liquid Chromatography Using Solid Phase Extraction and Fluorescence Detection

Abstract A novel and rapid method for the separation and determination of metyrosine and its major metabolite alpha-methyldopa in serum by high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection is reported. The methods involved a solid-phase extraction of the two analytes and the internal standard dopamine using a Bond-Elut strong cation-exchange (SCX) column. The eluate obtained from the SCX column is then chromatographed on a reversed phase octadecylsilane column (Spherisorb 0DS2, 250 × 4.6 mm I.D.) with a 92.5:5:2.5 v/v/v 0.1 M aqueous phosphate buffer pH 3-acetonitrile - methanol mobile phase containing EDTA and heptane sulfonate. The flow rate was 1.0 mL/min with excitation at 282 nm and a 370 nm emission filter. The detection and quantitation limits were 1.0 mg/mL and 0.1 mg/mL for metyrosine and alpha-methyldopa, respectively, using 1 mL of serum. Linear calibration curves of 5–35 mg/mL and 0.2–2.5 mg/mL for metyrosine and alpha-methyldopa, respectively, show coefficients of determinati...
Connective tissue components in blood, urine, and bone following a massive dose of parathyroid extract.

Abstract 1. 1. A single dose of parathyroid extract (PTE) produced a prompt increase in the urinary excretion of hydroxyproline and glucosamine. The hydroxyproline specific activity and the glucosamine specific activity were also increased. 2. 2. The hydroxyproline and hydroxyproline specific activity increased in the serum within 12 hr following PTE administration and returned to baseline levels within 24 hr. Serum calcium and glucosamine and serum glucosamine radioactivity determinations remained elevated at both time periods following PTE administration. 3. 3. The amount of collagen extracted from metaphyseal bone after PTE was below the amount extracted from controls, whereas the glucosamine content of bone remained unchanged after PTE. These changes were reflected in the radioactivity of combusted bone samples. Combusted bone from the treated animals contained an increased amount of 14C 24 hr after PTE.
Naturally Occurring Sin Nombre Virus Genetic Reassortants

Abstract Genetic reassortment has been shown to play an important role in the evolution of several segmented RNA viruses and in the epidemiology of associated diseases. Sin Nombre (SN) virus is the cause of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome throughout the western United States. Like other hantaviruses, it possesses a genome consisting of three negative-sense RNA segments, S, M, and L. Recent analysis has demonstrated the presence of at least three different hantaviruses in Nevada and eastern California, including SN, Prospect Hill-like, and El Moro Canyon-like viruses. In addition, two distinct lineages of SN virus can be found in Peromyscus maniculatus rodents (sometimes in close proximity) trapped at study sites in this region. Data obtained by phylogenetic analysis of sequence differences detected among the S, M, and L genome segments of these SN viruses are consistent with reassortment having taken place between SN virus genetic variants. The results suggest that M (and to a lesser extent S or L) genome segment flow occurs within SN virus populations in P. maniculatus in this region. No reassortment was detected between SN virus and other hantavirus types present in the area. This finding suggests that as genetic distance increases, the frequency of formation of viable reassortants decreases, or that hantaviruses which are primarily maintained in different rodent hosts rarely have the opportunity to genetically interact.
Terrestrial analogs of martian sulfates: Major and minor element systematics of alunite–jarosite from Goldfield, Nevada

Alunite and jarosite from Goldfield, Nevada, show spectacular relationships between early alunite and later jarosite. In some cases, jarosite overgrows alunite with the same crystallographic orientation and sharp contacts. Electron microprobe analyses of these phases show that they fall in the alunite-jarosite quadrilateral defined by alunite, KAl3(SO4)2(OH)6; natroalunite, NaAl3(SO4)2(OH)6; jarosite, KFe33+(SO4)2(OH)6; and natrojarosite, NaFe33+(SO4)2(OH)6. A large compositional gap occurs between alunite-natroalunite and jarosite-natrojarosite. This gap has no crystal chemical basis because Al and Fe3+ can readily substitute for each other in octahedral site coordination. We believe the “on-off switch” behavior between early alunite and later jarosite is caused by an oxidant entering the system, oxidizing Fe2+ in solution to Fe3+, raising the Eh and possibly oxidizing H2S to lower the pH, and thus stabilizing jarosite relative to alunite. The activity of Fe (as Fe2+) increased in the solution because of prolonged alunite crystallization but could not readily enter the crystal structure until it was oxidized to Fe3+. The jarosite overgrowths show striking oscillatory zoning of Na- and K-rich bands. This reflects up to an order of magnitude change in the fluid K/Na ratio. These textures are interpreted to represent rapid growth and kinetic control of delivery of free Na and K to the crystal-fluid interface. This could be due to some combination of Na and K diffusion rates in the solution and complex ion breakdown involving Na and K.
Sample Size and Power for Cost-Effectiveness Analysis (Part 1)

Basic sample size and power formulae for cost-effectiveness analysis have been established in the literature. These formulae are reviewed and the similarities and differences between sample size and power for cost-effectiveness analysis and for the analysis of other continuous variables such as changes in blood pressure or weight are described. The types of sample size and power tables that are commonly calculated for cost-effectiveness analysis are also described and the impact of varying the assumed parameter values on the resulting sample size and power estimates is discussed. Finally, the way in which the data for these calculations may be derived are discussed.
Dosimetric comparison of 192Ir high-dose-rate brachytherapy vs. 50 kV x-rays as techniques for breast intraoperative radiation therapy: Conceptual development of image-guided intraoperative brachytherapy using a multilumen balloon applicator and in-room CT imaging

Abstract Purpose At our institution, the availability of a shielded procedure room with in-room CT-on-rails imaging allows for the exploration of a high-dose-rate (HDR) brachytherapy approach for breast intraoperative radiation therapy (IORT). We hypothesize that HDR brachytherapy will permit a higher prescription dose without increasing toxicity. In this study, we compare the dosimetry of intraoperative HDR brachytherapy, using multilumen balloon applicator, to IORT with a 50 kV source and then select a prescription dose for a subsequent clinical trial. Methods and Materials The CT scans of 14 patients who had previously received multilumen balloon-based breast brachytherapy were replanned to a standard prescription to the target volume. The same 14 cases were planned to the specifications of a 50 kV x-ray system. Uniform volume optimization and prescription doses were used to permit direct comparisons. All plans were evaluated for the dose homogeneity index, tumor coverage, and dose to normal tissues, including skin, ribs, and heart (for left breast plans). Results The HDR brachytherapy plans were superior to 50 kV superficial photon plans for IORT in all dosimetric parameters except for the heart and rib dosimetric parameters. Prescription dose of 12.5 Gy to the planning target volume for evaluation yielded a dose to 95 percent of the balloon surface of 19.7 Gy. Conclusions Image-guided HDR intraoperative brachytherapy with a multilumen balloon applicator provides superior target volume coverage compared with 50 kV photons, while maintaining doses within tolerance limits for normal tissues. An ongoing prospective clinical trial will evaluate the safety and feasibility of this technique.
Malignant mixed Müllerian tumors of the uterus.

One hundred and eight patients with a diagnosis of malignant mixed mullerian tumors of the uterus treated at the M.D. Anderson Hospital from 1948 through 1977 were analyzed. Pathology was reviewed and subdivided according to the sarcomatous element. No difference in pattern of recurrence or survival could be demonstrated between homologous, heterologous, or undifferentiated sarcomatous elements. Nine patients were treated with only palliative intent due to advanced local disease combined with poor medical condition. Of the remaining 99 patients, 87% had minimum surgical procedures of total abdominal hysterectomy. All but two of these patients had adjunctive radiation either preoperatively or postoperatively. The 5-year survival rate was 38%. There was frequent upstaging at surgery in all stages except IA. Patients with tumor confined to the uterus at the time of surgery had a 5-year disease-free survival of 52%. When there was extension outside of the uterus, the 5-year disease-free survival dropped to 28%. The locoregional recurrence rate was 17%.
Hippocampal excitability related to the phase of the theta rhythm in urethanized rats

Urethanized rats were studied to determine if excitability in the hippocampus is related to the phase of the theta rhythm. The responses recorded from area CA1 were clearly modulated at the theta frequency. Those recorded from the dentate region were not. The most excitable phase for CA1 differed significantly from that previously reported for walking rats. These findings suggested that the mechanisms for theta production differ for normal and urethanized rats.
Structural change in fiber matrix allows for enhanced permeability and reduced hydraulic conductivity.

Because various diseases, notably diabetes mellitus, are associated with a progressive dissociation within the same organ between hydraulic conductivity (which decreases) and macromolecular permeability (which increases), it was the aim of this study to investigate whether the fiber matrix model for capillary basement membrane and intercellular material can accommodate such clinical findings. Using initial values obtained in this laboratory for a normal fiber radius of .752 nm, a void volume ratio of .627, and a macromolecular test probe radius of 3.6 nm, we found that a wide range of increases in fiber radius and reductions in void volume ratio brought about by fiber dilution are compatible with the clinical observations.
Blood leak alarm interference by hydoxocobalamin is hemodialysis machine dependent.

Context. Hydroxocobalamin has been reported to interfere with the blood leak alarm on hemodialysis machines making it difficult to use this treatment modality after hydroxocobalamin infusion. Objective. The objective was to determine if this interference with hydroxocobalamin occurs across hemodialysis machines by different manufacturers. Additionally, we aimed to see if this represented a colorimetric interference alone or if it is the optical properties of hydroxocobalamin. Materials and methods. Hydroxocobalamin was reconstituted per package insert. Food coloring was added to 0.9% saline to create the colors of the visual spectrum. Optical properties of absorbance and transmittance were measured. Hydroxocobalamin and the saline solutions were infused into the Fresenius 2008K™ and the Gambro Phoenix X36™ machines. Times were recorded from the start of the machine until the solution finished or the alarm triggered. Results. When evaluating the Gambro Phoenix X36™ machine and dialysis circuit; the alarm d...
Renal vein thrombosis in renal cell carcinoma Proteinuria as diagnostic sign

Abstract Seventeen patients with renal cell carcinoma have been studied in a prospective fashion to determine the relationship between renal vein tumor thrombus and proteinuria. Four patients had renal vein tumor thrombus, and all had significant proteinuria. The 13 patients without tumor thrombus in the renal vein did not have an elevated urinary protein. Use of this simple measurement may be very useful in determining preoperatively those patients who have extension of tumor into the renal vein.
Synthesis of planar poly(p-phenylene) derivatives for maximization of extended .pi.-conjugation

Described is the synthesis of a ladder polymer with a poly(p-phenylene) (PPP) backbone. The main PPP backbone was synthesized via palladium-catalyzed coupling of an arylbis(boronic ester) with an aryl dibromide. Imine bridges, formed by exposure of the polymer to trifluoroacetic acid, are used to force the consecutive units into planarity. The bridging units are sp2 hybridized thus allowing for greater π-electron flow between the consecutive phenyl units by lowering the band gap between the hydroquinoidal and the quinoidal forms of the phenylene backbone. When the bridges are n-dodecyl substituted, the fully planar structures (with Mn < 5 000) are soluble in hot chlorobenzene from which flexible free standing films can be cast. The n-butyl substituted polymers and the higher molecular weight n-dodecyl substituted polymers are soluble in CH2Cl2/trifluoroacetic acid mixtures. The optical spectra of the planar systems are compared to that of the parent nonplanarized polymers, some analogous planar oligomers, and oligo(p-phenylenes).
Sociocultural Perspectives on Language Change in Diaspora: Soviet immigrants in the United States

This book is a sociolinguistic examination of the Russian speech of the American “Third Wave”, the migration from the Soviet Union which began in the early 1970s under the policy of detente. Within the framework of bilingualism and language contact studies, it examines developments in emigre Russian with reference to the late Cold-War period which shaped them and the post-Soviet era of today. The book addresses matters of interest not only to Russianists, but to linguists of various theoretical persuasions and to sociologists, anthropologists and cultural historians working on a range of related topics. No knowledge of the Russian language is assumed on the part of the reader, and all linguistics examples are presented in standard transliteration and fully explicated.
Exceptional congruences for the coefficients of certain eta-product newforms

Abstract Let F ( z )=∑ n =1 ∞ a ( n ) q n denote the unique weight 16 normalized cuspidal eigenform on SL 2 ( Z ) . In the early 1970s, Serre and Swinnerton-Dyer conjectured that a(p) 2 p −15 ≡0,1,2,4 ( mod 59), when p ≠59 is prime. This was proved in 1983 by Haberland. We describe a general method for proving congruences for the coefficients of eigenforms which arise from odd octahedral complex two-dimensional Galois representations, of which this congruence is the prototypical example. In particular, we prove all such congruences for the coefficients of eta-product newforms.
Learner initiatives and learning opportunities in the language classroom

Scholars and practitioners have increasingly come to recognise the centrality of learner agency in generating learning opportunities. Such agency is most clearly observed in the initiatives that learners take in the language classroom. Despite the importance of learner initiatives, however, a precise and comprehensive understanding of what such initiatives entail remains lacking. Based on a conversation analytic treatment of 160 relevant cases culled from 14 hours of ESL (English as a second language) classroom interactions, I propose an empirically based ‘typology’ of learner initiative. Drawing upon various theoretical assumptions of what promotes learning, I also give preliminary considerations to the kinds of learning opportunities such initiatives generate.
Synthesis and characterization of photoluminescent In-doped CdSe nanoparticles

Indium-doped CdSe nanoparticles have been synthesized and characterized. Their light absorption, photoluminescence, and structure are similar to undoped CdSe nanoparticles. The greater part of the In associated with the nanoparticles is removed when the nanoparticles undergo ligand exchange by pyridine. As observed with undoped nanoparticles, a ZnS capping layer on the indium-doped nanoparticles results in enhanced nanocrystal photoluminescence. Also, the ZnS cap enhances the retention of In by the nanoparticles. Elemental analysis shows ligand exchange causes CdSe to be lost and capping with ZnS results in the loss of Se. We conclude that In-doped nanoparticles have most of the In on their surface, capping helps the nanoparticles retain the In, and they do not have altered electronic properties.
Carex fumosimontana (Cyperaceae), a new endemic from the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, North Carolina and Tennessee

Carex fumosimontana (Great Smoky Mountain Sedge), a new and narrowly endemic species of section Phacocystis, is described from the southern Appalachian Mountains of North Carolina and Tennessee, in the southeastern United States. It differs from the closely related C. gynandra in its dark reddish-brown pistillate scales that are strongly retuse apically, shorter spikes, narrower leaves, and strongly red-scabrous proximal sheath faces. It is locally abundant and sometimes the dominant sedge where it occurs in spite of being completely restricted to high-elevation spruce-fir forests and associated environs of Great Smoky Mountains National Park.
The parameterized Round-Robin partitioned algorithm for parallel external sort

In this paper, we present a new parameterized parallel sort algorithm, called Round-Robin Partitioned (or RRP), for the message passing (shared-nothing) architecture. This is a parameterized sort algorithm because a parameter is provided which can be used to determine the amount of memory used and to allocate differing amounts of work to different sets of sites. We utilize pipelining to hide disk I/O time, exploit high degrees of parallelism at all phases, apply sampling to determine the partition key values and use less memory than previous known methods while repairing the minimum number of physical I/Os. The basic version of the RRP algorithm is simple in terms of coding and complexity. It does not require disk I/O parallelism or data prefetch within a single process. We develop an analytical model for our algorithm and compare our sort algorithm with four other classes of external parallel sort algorithms. The RRP algorithm are shown to be superior to the other algorithms for almost all configurations. >
An Update on Nutrition Support in the Critically Ill

Nutrition support in the critically ill patient has shifted from adjunctive toward fundamental therapy with the publication of high-grade evidence. Early enteral nutrition (EN) is recommended because it is associated with decreased infectious complications and use of EN is associated with decreased mortality and infections compared with parenteral nutrition (PN). EN is not without risks, such as diarrhea or aspiration, but use of prokinetic agents, head of bed elevation, and use of feeding protocols can maximize benefits and minimize risks. Although recently high-grade evidence on nutrition support in the critically ill population has been published, many controversies still exist. In obese patients, use of hypocaloric feedings with increased protein has been demonstrated to promote weight loss and improved glucose management. In nonobese patients, small studies have demonstrated that providing more than 70% or less than 30% of goal caloric intake may be associated with worse outcomes, but more studies are needed. Additional research is also needed to conclude whether withholding intravenous fat emulsions for the first 7 to 10 days of PN reduces infectious complications. Finally, more high-quality studies are needed to define the role of immune-enhancing nutrients such as arginine, glutamine, omega-3 fatty acids, zinc, and selenium.
If You Are the One: Dating shows and feminist politics in contemporary China

Dating shows are experiencing resurgence in contemporary China. This study conducts a critical discourse analysis of If You Are the One, one of the most popular dating shows, to examine what are the ways in which women are represented and how the show is both shaped by and constitutive of the ongoing sociocultural practices in contemporary China. The study concludes with the observation of women’s subordination to the collusion between commercialism and patriarchy and of double manipulations of women in media discourses by forces of both market and state. Facing a state–market complex, feminism has a long way to go in China.
Stability, reliability, and norms for the inventory of interpersonal problems.

Abstract Data were collected on interpersonal functioning that could be used to evaluate therapeutic outcome for individual clients. The Inventory of Interpersonal Problems (IIP) was administered three times over five weeks to undergraduates, none of whom were currently in therapy. Based on selection using an accepted measure of psychological distress (Outcome Questionnaire-45.2; Lambert, 1996), 107 participants were identified as having high psychological distress (high problem) and 172 as having low (low problem) or no (asymptomatic) levels of distress. The high sample was found to be roughly equivalent to a client sample on the IIP. The IIP demonstrated acceptable reliability and stability over five weeks across subsamples, providing potential data for estimating pretherapy baselines. Comparing the low-problem and asymptomatic samples with the high-problem sample provided norms, cut scores, and reliable change indices for interpersonal functioning. Several IIP measures, including distress and each of t...
Class E compartments form in response to ESCRT dysfunction in yeast due to hyperactivity of the Vps21 Rab GTPase

The endosomal sorting complexes required for transport (ESCRTs) mediate the budding of intralumenal vesicles (ILVs) at late endosomes. ESCRT dysfunction causes drastic changes in endosome morphology, which are manifested in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by the formation of aberrant endosomes known as class E compartments. Except for the absence of ILVs, the mechanistic basis for class E compartment biogenesis is unknown. We used electron microscopy to examine endosomal morphology in response to transient ESCRT inactivation and recovery in yeast expressing the temperature-sensitive mutant vps4ts allele. Our results show class E compartments accumulate fourfold the amount of membrane normally present at multivesicular bodies and that multivesicular bodies can form directly from class E compartments upon recovery of ESCRT function. We found class E compartment formation requires Vps21, which is orthologous to the Rab5A GTPase in metazoans that promotes fusion of endocytic vesicles with early endosomes and homotypic fusion of early endosomes with one another. We also determined that class E compartments accumulate GTP-bound Vps21 and its effector, the class C core vacuole/endosome tethering (CORVET). Ypt7, the yeast ortholog of Rab7 that in metazoans promotes fusion of late endosomes with lysosomes, also accumulates at class E compartments but without its effector, the homotypic fusion and protein sorting (HOPS), signifying that Ypt7 at class E compartments is dysfunctional. These results suggest that failure to complete Rab5–Rab7 conversion is a consequence of ESCRT dysfunction, which results in Vps21 hyperactivity that drives the class E compartment morphology. Indeed, genetic disruption of Rab conversion without ESCRT dysfunction autonomously drives the class E compartment morphology without blocking ILV budding.
Effect of Peptide PV on the Ionic Permeability of Lipid Bilayer Membranes

THIS PAPER REPORTS THE EFFECTS OF PEPTIDE PV (PRIMARY STRUCTURE: cyclo-(D-val-L-pro-L-val-D-pro)(delta)) on the electrical properties of sheep red cell lipid bilayers. The membrane conductance (G(m)) induced by PV in either Na(+) or K(+) medium is proportional to the concentration of PV in the aqueous phase. The PV concentration required to produce a comparable increase in G(m) in K(+) medium is about 10(4) times greater than for its analogue, valinomycin (val). Although the selectivity sequence for PV and val is similar, K(+) greater, similar Rb(+) > Cs(+) > NH(4) (+) > TI(+) > Na(+) > Li(+); the ratio of GGm in K(+) to that in Na(+) is about 10 for PV compared to > 10(3) for val. When equal concentrations of PV are added to both sides of a bilayer, the membrane current approaches a maximum value independent of voltage when the membrane potential exceeds 100 mV. When PV is added to only one side of a bilayer separating identical salt solutions of either Na(+) or K(+) salts, rectification occurs such that the positive current flows more easily away rather than toward the side containing the carrier. Under these conditions, a large, stable, zero-current potential (VVm) is also observed, with the side containing PV being negative. The magnitude of this VVm is about 90 mV and relatively independent of PV concentration when the latter is larger than 2 Times; 10(-5) M. From a model which assumes that V(m) equals the equilibrium potential for the PV-cation complexes (MS(+)) and that the reaction between PV and cations is at equilibrium on the two membrane surfaces, we compute the permeability of the membrane to free PV to be about 10(-5) cm s(-1), which is about 10(-7) times the permeability of similar membranes to free val. This interpretation is supported by the fact that the observed values of V(m) are in agreement with the calculated equilibrium potential for MS(+) over a wide range of ratios of concentrations of total PV in the two bathing solutions, if the unstirred layers are taken into account in computing the MS(+) concentrations at the membrane surfaces.
Bridging the accuracy of functional and machine-learning-based mixed-signal testing

Numerous machine-learning-based test methodologies have been proposed in recent years as a fast alternative to the standard functional testing of mixed-signal/RF integrated circuits. While the test error probability of these methods is rather low, it is still considered prohibitive for accurate production testing. In this paper, we demonstrate how to minimize this test error probability and, thus, how to bridge the accuracy of functional and machine-learning-based test methods. The underlying idea is to measure the confidence of the machine-learning-based test decision and retest the small fraction of circuits for which this confidence is low via standard functional test. Through this approach, the majority of circuits are tested using fast machine-learning-based tests, which, nevertheless, are equivalent to the standard functional ones with regards to test error probability. By varying the acceptable confidence level, the proposed method enables exploration of the trade-off between test time and test accuracy.
Thermidor in the Chinese Educational Revolution.

David M. Lampton Department of Political Science and Associate of The Mershon Center The Ohio State University W ith Mao Tse-tung now "safely" resting in his crystal sarcophagus in Peking, and great alterations in educational policy taking place all around him as he mutely looks on, it is easy to argue that the educational legacy of the Chairman's last decade is being obliterated while such changes are being legitimated in his name. While there is substance to that observation, Mao's imprint on Chinese education is likely to remain for years to come, even as the tides of change make his stamp progressively more faint. Because the Chairman articulated his egalitarian and work-oriented educational philosophy so powerfully during the last decade of his life, and because he asked the enduring questions about education (e.g., who should be trained, how, with what social and political consequences?), there resides within the Chinese polity an approach to education which has the potential for providing the focus for future opposition and change. While this article will examine the important alterations in China's educational policies since Mao Tse-tung's death in September, 1976, it is imprudent to ignore the legacy which remains or to assume that Mao's more egalitarian vision has been permanently expunged from the collective memory of nearly one billion persons, approximately half of whom are young persons. In the wake of the upheavals of the midand late-1960s in China, the period of the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, important changes were made in educational policy, alterations with which Mao and specific political allies were closely identified. While it is unwise to assume that the Chairman initiated, sanctioned, and personally oversaw the implementation of every policy change in the 1968-1976 period, educational policy clearly bore his imprint. These reforms touched every facet of education, including: admissions, curricula, methods of student evaluation, discipline and student-teacher relations, special ("key") schools, the role of manual labor and politics in education, and higher education and basic research. It is recent and continuing changes in these policy areas which we shall briefly examine below. Before identifying these alterations, these changes must be placed in the ideological, political, and value context of a modernizing, Marxist, state. All developing communist nations have two sets of goals which, to varying extents, come into conflict with one another and create recurring dilemmas for education. These tensions have been particularly apparent in the People's Republic of China. Marxists must at least profess a commitment to the ultimate attainment of a classless society. If this goal is taken seriously, it becomes incumbent upon political leaders and
A Manager’s Interpretation of Cross Tabulation Survey Data

This practitioner’s guide is based on examples which highlight the usefulness of cross tabulation as a tool for investigating cause‐effect relationships in the business environment. Although cross‐tabulations are common in statistical analysis, many managers need a better understanding of the data being presented. We consider a soft drinks application where a third factor helps uncover an association not readily apparent, in addition to different cases where a third factor causes refinement of initial conclusions based on two‐factor analysis. Because conclusions are always subject to modification with introduction of the “right” factors, we are always in the position of inferring only that an association exists. This is the rationale for why the accumulation of research studies, rather than a single result, supporting a single relationship is so important to understanding the forces driving a business.
SOIL STRESSES UNDER A TRACTOR TIRE AT VARIOUS LOADS AND INFLATION PRESSURES

Abstract Soil stresses were measured under a 18.4R38 R-1 radial-ply tractor tire, operated at two levels each of dynamic load and inflation pressure. Stress state transducers were placed at two depths beneath the centerline of the path of the tractor tire in two different compaction profiles in each of two soils. Peak soil stresses and soil bulk density increased with increases in both dynamic load and inflation pressure.
Outcomes After Surgical Treatment of Colorectal Cancer Liver Metastases

Many patients with metastatic colorectal cancer present with liver-only disease that is amenable to surgical resection. While patients with more than three or four hepatic metastases have traditionally been considered poor candidates for surgical treatment, a review of extant data shows that a sizable proportion of these patients can have long-term survival with surgical intervention. Our group performed a prospective study in 418 patients with proven liver-only disease to determine outcomes with resection alone and with resection plus radiofrequency ablation (RFA) or RFA alone in patients with unresectable disease. Overall 5-year survival was significantly greater in patients receiving resection alone, but 4-year survival rates were substantial in patients receiving resection plus RFA or RFA alone (P <.0001); survival with the latter two approaches was significantly better than that with chemotherapy alone (P = .0017). Although the presence of more than three metastases was associated with a significantly increased risk of death compared with a solitary metastasis on multivariate analysis, patients with more than three metastases had a 5-year survival rate in excess of 50%. Surgical resection and ablation should be considered as part of a multimodality therapeutic approach to both primary and secondary hepatic malignancies.
Experimental Results on a 7-m-Long Plasma-Driven Electromagnetic Launcher

The Institute for Advanced Technology (IAT) at The University of Texas at Austin has been conducting research aimed at achieving muzzle velocities in excess of 7 km/s using a plasma-driven electromagnetic launcher. Plasma-driven railguns are susceptible to bore effects that limit muzzle speeds to about 6 km/s. The velocity ceiling is believed to be the result of the viscous drag of material ablated from the bore of the launcher. Ablation of bore materials, especially the insulators, is caused by the intense heat radiated by plasma armatures, especially at low speeds. The experiments reported in this paper are focused on overcoming the velocity ceiling of 6 km/s. A proof-of-principle experiment has been designed to launch 5-10 g polycarbonate projectiles to muzzle velocities in excess of 7 km/s with modest acceleration loads of 500 kG. Our approach to controlling bore ablation involves the following elements: (1) using magnetic augmentation to reduce power dissipation in the plasma; (2) using high-purity alumina insulators to raise the ablation resistance of the bore; (3) using pre-acceleration to prevent ablation of the bore materials at low velocity; and (4) using a synchronously driven distributed power supply to electrically isolate stages. This paper describes the consequences of excessive bore ablation, the rationale for the IAT experiment, and the results obtained during testing in 2009.
Biochemical interactions of dimethyl sulfoxide II: Lactate dehydrogenase-catalyzed reactions

The effect of dimethyl sulfoxide upon the reactions catalyzed by lactate dehydrogenase was studied. Both the forward (lactate to pyruvate) and the reverse (pyruvate to lactate) reactions were investigated using dimethyl sulfoxide concentrations lower than those used by previous investigators. An aldol-type condensation of dimethyl sulfoxide with pyruvate is proposed as an explanation for the observation that the forward reaction is accelerated and the reverse reaction is slowed by the presence of dimethyl sulfoxide in the reaction medium. A product of the aldol-type condensation was identified in the enzyme reaction medium. The aldol condensation product was synthesized and determined to be 2-hydroxy-2-methyl-3-methylsulfinylpropanoic acid.
Delays for shale oil development

Synthetic fuels, including oil from shales, are experiencing a set of delays in their development, marked by the shutdown recently of the Colony Oil Shale Project in western Colorado. In these instances, the reasons given for the deferral of the projects are related to the economy. In past delays, the reasons given were related to environmental concerns; the recovery of organic matter from oil shales produces immense volumes of wastes while releasing noxious fumes and contaminated water. For many generations, statements have been made about oil shales' vast reserves awaiting the right economic conditions, which do not exist in the present day, for exploitation. ‘Everyone believes synthetic fuels are inevitable; but now the timetable has been slowed,’ observes Michael Kalida, president of the National Council on Synthetic Fuels Production (Chem. Eng. News, May 10, 1982).
SIMULTANEOUS STABILITY OF D=0 AND D≠0 FOR MULTIPLICATIVE VIABILITIES AT TWO LOCI

The two-locus, two-allele multiplicative viability model is investigated. It is shown that the well-known region of recombination values for which D = 0 is locally stable does not preclude the local stability of an equilibrium with D ≠ 0. This is shown numerically and is true for every case investigated in which both loci are overdominant and the viabilities not symmetric.
Importance of Adequate Gross Anatomy Education: The Impact of a Structured Pelvic Anatomy Course during Gynecology Fellowship.

Medical education underwent standardization at the turn of the 20th century and remained fairly consistent until recently. Incorporation of a patient-centered or case-based curriculum is believed to reinforce basic science concepts. One negative aspect is a reduction in hours spent with cadaveric dissection in the gross anatomy laboratory. For those entering a surgical career, limited anatomical exposure leaves knowledge deficits that must be corrected during further education during residency training. The benefit of providing formal anatomy education to residents and surgical fellows is described in the literature, specifically noting improvement in written test scores and surgical application.