cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Contemporary Issues in the Acquisition of Orthopaedic Surgical Skills During Residency: Competency-Based Medical Education and Simulation.

➤ Orthopaedic education should produce surgeons who are competent to function independently and can obtain and maintain board certification. ➤ Contemporary orthopaedic training programs exist within a fixed 5-year time frame, which may not be a perfect match for each trainee. ➤ Most modern orthopaedic residencies have not yet fully adopted objective, proficiency-based, surgical skill training methods despite nearly 2 decades of evidence supporting the use of this methodology. ➤ Competency-based medical education backed by surgical simulation rooted in proficiency-based progression has the potential to address surgical skill acquisition challenges in orthopaedic surgery.
The Legal and Policy Implications of the Possibility of Palestinian Statehood

The issue of Palestinian statehood should be seen in terms of other developments in the Middle East. One of the most important developments in the context of the Middle East are the events that have been characterized as the “Arab Spring.” The Arab Spring was an assertion of unilateral initiative for popular democratic change on the part of the peoples of Tunisia, Egypt, Libya, and most recently, Syria. The Arab Spring has, on the whole, received the support of the United States, in where policy makers have supported the unilateral peaceful demands of the peoples in these states. However, although these people assert their universal rights to human dignity, the Palestinian people have been denied by the international community these same universal rights. In this sense, if Palestinian statehood is packaged as essentially an aspect of the Arab Spring, the timing of the unilateral assertion of these claims would seem to be appropriate. Conflict between the Palestinians and Israelis may be traced back prior to the events of the Second World War (“WWII”). On the one side, the people of Israel succeeded in creating a de facto and de jure nation state flowing from the United Nations General Assembly (“UNGA”) Resolution (Decision) directing a partition of the territories between Israelis and Palestinians. However, the territory that now comprises both Israel and the occupied Palestinian territories was vested, in the aftermath of the defeat of the Turkish Empire in World War I, with a unique international legal status created and administered by a new international organization, The League of Nations (“the League”).
Principles of Titanium Alloys Complex Alloying

Complex alloying is one of the most promising ways to create a high strength structural state and increase the mechanical properties of titanium alloys.
Hybrid Architectures and the Paradox of Unfolding

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses a new era of architecture, in which the design of the lived spaces reflects and incorporates the electronic information and imaging technologies that are evermore central to the lives. It describes the contribution of various architects in the field of hybrid architecture and focuses on Zeno's paradox. Architect Steven Holl approached this project as an opportunity to represent the “ultra-modern space of flows.” Stephen Perrella and Tony Wong proposed enculturated architecture—a “design philosophy responsive to the digital information that surrounds the people,” replete with “imaging wallpaper.” The desire to hybridize imaging technologies and architecture is as old as the cave painting. If one is to build hybrids of hardscapes and imagescapes, one must constantly return to the question of the body―as it exists in both real and virtual spaces.
Epidemiological Studies of Ozone Exposure Effects

Publisher Summary Aggregate population time-series epidemiology studies examining the acute effects of ambient O 3 have yielded significant associations with a wide range of adverse health outcomes, including lung function decrements, the aggravation of pre-existing respiratory disease, increases in daily hospital admissions, and premature mortality. Individual-level camp studies clearly indicate that increases in the number of asthma exacerbations and their effects also are associated with increases in O 3 concentration, which corroborates the reported aggregate-level associations. In addition, less severe acute effects, such as increased number of restricted activity days, decreased lung function, and diminished athletic performance, can occur even in healthy individuals. This indicates that the adverse effects of O 3 exposures are not limited to especially susceptible subpopulations, but that O 3 exposures can also adversely affect a large percentage of general population. The emergency room visit and hospital admission studies collectively indicate that, when the major confounders are addressed, consistent associations are seen between acute occurrences of respiratory morbidity and O 3 exposures. The evidence is especially strong for hospital admissions as this association has been seen by numerous researchers at a variety of localities using a wide range of appropriate statistical approaches. Although the absolute size of the effect varies somewhat across localities and statistical approaches, these analyses collectively suggest that O 3 air pollution is associated with a substantial portion of all respiratory hospital visits and admissions in the summer.
Preparing Mainstream Teachers for Multilingual Classrooms

Increasingly, mainstream teachers rather than specialist language teachers (English as a Second Language, bilingual teachers) are expected to work with English language learners (ELLs) in their classrooms. This reality has drawn attention to the quality and content of the teacher preparation for this group of ELL teachers. Situated within this framework, this article problematizes an acceptance of mainstream classrooms as English-only, monolingual learning environments in mainstream teacher preparation. While English is the dominant medium of instruction in mainstream classrooms, a monolingual approach is problematic as it fails to draw attention to the role that ELLs’ native language resources play in learning.The article thus advocates for ensuring that mainstream teachers embrace and know how to engage in bilingual practices, broadly defined.
How to Criticize Lexical Accounts of Idioms

The semantics of idioms has traditionally treated the idiomatic phrase as a lexical item to which an idiomatic meaning is assigned, and in which remains inert the ordinary literal meaning of the phrase's constitutive words. I draw a distinction between metaphysical lexicalism and methodological lexicalism, and show how criticisms lodged against one kind of lexicalism leave the other intact. Once it is clarified that it is methodological lexicalism that is of interest, and what kind of evidence counts against methodological lexicalism and semantic inertness, I criticize the traditional semantic approach to idioms.
Probing Molecular Clouds — Their Density and Structure

Knowledge of physical conditions in molecular clouds is a prerequisite for deriving the distribution of molecular material in the Milky Way and other galaxies, understanding star formation within these dense regions, the stellar initial mass function, and appreciating the effects of interaction of young stars with their natal environment. In this lecture, I review some of the basic techniques for determining physical parameters of interstellar molecular clouds, emphasizing measurements relating to mass, column density, and density. These studies provide considerable information concerning the relationship of molecular clouds and star formation, and are beginning to suggest to us what is the actual nature of these clouds.
A dramatic Atlantic dissolution event at the onset of the last glaciation

[1] Measurements of the CaCO3 content of the CaCO3 size index and of foraminifera weights demonstrate that a prominent dissolution event occurred in the western equatorial Atlantic at the onset of the last glacial period. The decrease in CO3= ion concentration appears to have been too large to be accounted for by the ocean acidification associated with the demise of excess interglacial biomass. Rather, it appears to have been the result of a temporary strengthening of the penetration of the glacial equivalent Antarctic Bottom Water into the Atlantic. The co-occurrence of massive Ethmodiscus rex deposition in the eastern equatorial Atlantic bears witness to a reorganization of circulation in the Atlantic. This reorganization may well reflect a temporary collapse of conveyor circulation at the onset of the last glaciation.
Alexander Marsden Kidd

AFTER NEARLY forty-five years of teaching at the University of California Law School, Alexander Marsden Kidd is retiring. Over the past half century the "Captain" and his famous green eye shade have become as much a part of the University as the Campanile. Presidents have come and gone, deans have flourished and departed, professors have had their brief day in the sun, but the "Captain," year after year, has gone on and on continuing to leave an indelible and lasting impression on each generation of law students. Likable, lovable, admired and esteemed, every graduate of Boalt Hall has delightful and precious me ories of his association with "Captain" Kidd.
Abstract P110: Short And Sweet: Short Sleep Duration Is Associated With Increased Sugar Sweetened Beverage Consumption In The United States

Growing epidemiologic and laboratory evidence links short sleep duration with increased incidence of obesity; however, the behavioral mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. Sugar-sweetened beverage (SSBs) consumption has been identified as a significant contributor to weight gain. The aim of this study was to examine whether self-reported sleep duration and consumption of SSB were associated among a sample of 8,130 adults, aged 16-70 years, who participated in the 2005-2008 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survery (NHANES). Analyses revealed elevated average rates of daily SSB consumption in participants who reported sleeping ≤5 hours (Relative Difference (RD)=1.21, 95% CI 1.12, 1.31) and 6 hours per night (RD=1.15, 95% CI 1.08, 1.23) compared to those sleeping 7 to 8 hours per night (reference group). These associations were independent of age, gender, race/ethnicity, highest level of education, poverty income ratio, smoking status, marital status, BMI, self-reported health status, depressive symptoms, history of trouble sleeping, history of sleep disorders, total energy, coffee intake, and tea intake. Sub-analyses of specific types of SSBs revealed that the strongest associations emerged for regular soda consumption (caffeinated: ≤5 hours RD=1.46, 95% CI 1.27, 1.67 and 6 hours per night RD=1.18, 95% CI 1.04, 1.35; decaffeinated: ≤5 hours RD=1.15, 95% CI 1.07, 1.25 and 6 hours per night RD=1.08, 95% CI 1.02, 1.13) and non-carbonated SSBs (≤5 hours RD=1.10, 95% CI 1.03, 1.18). These associations varied by gender, race, and age group. Overall, the inverse associations between sleep duration and SSB consumption were significantly stronger among women, Caucasians, and participants in midlife. These findings provide initial observational evidence for associations between short sleep duration and increased intake of SSBs, providing a plausible behavioral pathway through which sleep may promote excess weight gain and obesity.
Cinnamyl alcohol : Polyphenol condensations in aqueous solutions

Abstract Cinnamyl alcohol condenses with polyphenols in aqueous acetic acid solutions to yield phenolic benzylstyrenes and isomeric neoflavanoids. These facile condensations provide chemical support for Ollis' theory of biogenetic C-alkylation with cinnamyl pyrophosphate. Racemic dihydro-4,4′-dimethoxydalbergione has been synthesized by an oxidative condensation of methoxyquinol and 1-(4-methoxyphenyl) propan-1-ol in aqueous acetic acid.
Thermal profile of a Bacillus species /ATCC 27380/ extremely resistant to dry heat

Spores of Bacillus sp. ATCC 27380 were exposed at intervals to dry-heat temperatures ranging from 125 to 150 C. D-values from 139 to 2.5 h were obtained.
Acts Of Terrorism And Their Impacts On Stock Index Returns And Volatility: The Cases Of The Karachi And Tehran Stock Exchanges

Terrorist attacks throughout the world have disrupted the flow of financial capital between nations and affected incomes, company profits and stock prices. This paper uses a GARCH(1,1) model to determine how these attacks have affected two specific stock markets: one in Pakistan and the other in Iran. It was found that significant, but different, stock index return shifts and changes in volatility occurred in the two markets. These effects on stock returns have important implications for the economies involved and provide information about investor reaction to terrorism.
The Labor Agreements Between UAW And The Big Three Automakers- Good Economics Or Bad Economics?

On October 10, 2007, the UAW membership ratified a landmark, 456-page labor agreement with General Motors. Following pattern bargaining, the UAW also reached agreement with Chrysler LLC and then Ford Motor Company. This paper will examine the major provisions of these groundbreaking labor agreements, including the creation of the Voluntary Employee Beneficiary Association (VEBA), the establishment of a two tier wage structure for newly hired workers, the job security provisions, the new wage package for hourly workers, and the shift to defined contribution plans for new hires. The paper will also provide an economic analysis of these labor agreements to consider both if the “Big Three” automakers can remain competitive in the global market and what will be their impact on the UAW and its membership.
Central role of β-catenin in anticancer effects of cardiac hormones.

Background: β-Catenin causes malignant growth of colonic, pancreatic and renal cancer. Four cardiac hormones, namely atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), vessel dilator, long-acting natriuretic peptide (LANP) and kaliuretic peptide eliminate up to 80% of human pancreatic carcinomas growing in mice. Materials and Methods: Four cardiac hormones were evaluated for their ability to reduce the expression of human β-catenin, measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in human colorectal, pancreatic and renal cancer cells. Results: Vessel dilator, LANP, kaliuretic peptide, and ANP, over a concentration range of 100 pM to 10 μM, maximally reduced expression of β-catenin in human colorectal cancer cells by 78%, 71%, 69%, and 83%, respectively. Vessel dilator, LANP, kaliuretic peptide, and ANP reduced β-catenin expression in human pancreatic cancer cells by 76%, 66%, 72%, and 88%, and by 64%, 54%, 58% and 73%, in human renal cancer cells, respectively. Conclusion: Part of the anticancer action of these four cardiac hormones is a potent inhibition of β-catenin. β-Catenin is a multifunctional protein, located on the intracellular side of the cytoplasmic membrane, that causes
From Organizational Sexuality to Queer Organizations: Research on Homosexuality and the Workplace

Organization scholars historically ignored the crucial importance of sexuality in the workplace. But in the last 20 years, scholars influenced by the ‘sexuality in organizations’ perspective have documented the ways that the management and deployment of workers’ sexuality are key elements in organizational life. While most of these studies have documented persistent privileging of heterosexuality in work organizations, a recent trend is to investigate a new organizational form: the gay-friendly workplace. We review legal and policy changes in US workplaces that have made them more accepting of gay and lesbian employees. Then we examine ethnographic studies of gay-friendly organizations. Although they are certainly an advance over previous homophobic workplaces, the literature suggests that they may reproduce inequalities of race, class, and gender. Few studies have investigated ‘queer organizations’, which we identify as a rich area for future scholarship.
Good Graph Hunting

Given graphs $H_1, H_2, \dots, H_k$, the Ramsey number $R(H_1, \dots, H_k)$ is the smallest integer $n$ for which in any coloring of the edges of the complete graph $K_n$ with colors $1,2,\dots,k$, there is some color $i$ with a monochromatic copy of $H_i$. We call a tuple $(H_1, \dots, H_k)$ good if for every $k$-coloring of the edges of an $R(H_1, \dots, H_k)$-chromatic graph, there is some color $i$ with a monochromatic copy of $H_i$. We call a graph $H$ $k$-good if the $k$-tuple $(H, H, \dots, H)$ is good, and $H$ is good if it is $k$-good for every $k$. Bialostocki and Gy\'arf\'as proved that matchings are good and asked whether every acyclic $H$ is good. A natural strategy shows that $P_4$ is $k$-good for $k \not = 3$ and that $(P_4, P_5)$ is good. We develop a new technique for showing that a graph is $2$-good, and we apply it successfully to $P_5$, $P_6$, and $P_7$.
Generation of Synthetic Elastin-Mimetic Small Diameter Fibers and Fiber Networks

Elastin-mimetic peptide polymers have been synthesized, and the morphological properties of fabricated small diameter fibers and nonwoven fabrics have been characterized. An 81 kDa recombinant protein based upon the repeating elastomeric peptide sequence of elastin (Val-Pro-Gly-Val-Gly)4(Val-Pro-Gly-Lys-Gly) was obtained through bacterial expression of an oligomerized gene coding for tandem repeats of the monomer. The protein was processed into fibers by an electrospinning technique and morphology defined by SEM and TEM. The choice of processing parameters influenced both fiber diameter and morphology with diameters varying between 200 and 3000 nm and three morphological patterns noted: beaded fibers, thin filaments, and broad ribbonlike structures. Detailed image analysis of nonwoven textile fabrics produced from elastin-mimetic fibers revealed that the distribution of single fiber orientation was isotropic with an associated unimodal distribution of protein fiber diameter. In a dry state, the ultimate ...
Programmed cell death in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a mechanism of pathogenic and therapeutic importance.

Background Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal paralytic disease of adulthood. Mounting evidence indicates that molecular components of the programmed cell death (PCD) machinery are implicated in the demise of motor neurons in this illness. PCD, rather than being passive, is an active mechanism of cell death tightly regulated by multiple molecular pathways. Review summary Thus far, little is known about the etiology and the pathogenesis of ALS. However, several studies support the view that PCD is instrumental in ALS neurodegenerative process. Data from postmortem ALS specimens and from experimental models of ALS show that some dying motor neurons exhibit features reminiscent of apoptosis, a prominent morphologic form of PCD. In addition, many key molecular components of the PCD machinery are activated in ALS spinal cords. Supporting the significance of these alterations, genetic and pharmacological interventions aimed at mitigating these changes prolong survival and attenuate neurodegeneration in a mouse model of ALS. Conclusions The morphologic evidence of PCD in ALS remains an equivocal. However, the molecular evidence of PCD involvement in ALS is compelling. Moreover, preclinical studies in mice demonstrate the beneficial effects of targeting PCD on ALS-like neurodegeneration. The neurologist needs to be familiar with the concept of PCD and the potential significance of targeting PCD as neuroprotective strategies for ALS.
Glomus Tumor of the Plantar Arch: A Case Report with Magnetic Resonance Imaging Findings:

A 55-year-old woman with a 12-year history of a painful nodule in the subcutaneous fat layer of the plantar arch was evaluated with magnetic resonance imaging, followed by excisional biopsy. Pathology revealed a glomus tumor, which is extremely rare in the plantar surface of the foot. The magnetic resonance imaging studies are presented. The literature on glomus tumors in the foot is reviewed. This entity should be considered in the differential diagnosis of solitary plantar nodules when marked sensitivity to temperature or pressure is exhibited.
Simultaneous Land Surface Temperature–Emissivity Retrieval in the Infrared Split Window

Abstract A combined land surface temperature–emissivity retrieval algorithm is developed and tested for Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES)-Imager and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) split-window channels. By assuming that the spectral emissivities are constant over a short time period (12–24 h), two sets of split-window radiance measurements taken at two different times are used to retrieve two spectral emissivities and two land surface temperatures (LSTs) simultaneously. The algorithm employs an optimization scheme rather than a direct solver for a system of equations because of constraint requirements. The retrieved variables minimize the rms differences between measured satellite radiances and those predicted by a spectrally detailed radiative transfer model. A GOES-8 version of the algorithm is validated with in situ radiometer measurements from the Department of Energy’s Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program Cl...
Industry survey of state of practice for helical piles and tiebacks

AbstractThe last 25 years have seen exponential growth in the use of helical piles and tiebacks. Helical piles and tiebacks are now considered a standard of practice in the deep foundation industry. With the dramatic growth of this technology and the proliferation of available technical information, a synthesis paper on the current state of the practice was considered a valuable addition to the literature as a way to quantify and summarize the current state-of-practice. Based on the increased interest and global applications of helical foundations, in 2013 the Helical Piles and Tiebacks Committee (HPTC) commissioned a state-of-practice survey of current practices in the use, design and installation of helical piles and tiebacks. The major goals of the survey were to understand the current status of applications of helical piles and tiebacks, their design and construction, quantify perceived needs and to identify future trends. The results for the present survey are very encouraging and have clearly demons...
Origin of Fetal Troponin T: Developmentally Regulated Splicing of a New Exon in the Fast Troponin T Gene

We have identified a new exon in the fast troponin T (TnT) gene whose alternative splicing is developmentally regulated. In previous studies three novel isoforms of TnT were identified in fetal and neonatal rabbit skeletal muscles (Briggs et al., 1990, Dev. Biol. 140, 253-260). These proteins are recognized by an antibody against fast TnT, but no combination of the previously identified exons could explain their protein chemical properties. To determine whether an additional exon is present in the fast TnT gene, we have cloned and sequenced cDNAs from fetal rabbit muscle RNA. Reverse transcription coupled to PCR was used with primers from conserved regions of the fast TnT sequence that span the 5' alternatively spliced exons. Sequences were obtained for each of the fetal TnTs. All included known fast TnT coding sequences plus an additional 36 nucleotides between exons 8 and 9. The peptide predicted from this sequence is highly acidic and accounts for the chemical properties of the fetal proteins. Similar experiments analyzing neonatal rat TnT cDNAs identified an homologous sequence, and comparison with the genomic sequence revealed that it is encoded by a single exon. Thus, fetal TnTs are generated from the fast TnT gene by the inclusion of a new, alternatively spliced exon, which we have designated f (for fetal), whose developmentally regulated splicing appears to be a common feature of mammalian skeletal muscle development.
3D Core-Shell Simulation of Hydrogel Swelling Behavior for Controlled Drug Delivery

In this paper, a three-dimensional dynamic model describing drug delivery and swelling behavior of polyelectrolyte gels was developed based on the Maxwell-Stefan equation and Bio-heat equation. COMSOL software was employed to simulate hydrogel swelling and the transportation of created automatically by COMSOL, and it had 78035 elements, which was unconcerned with the results. The results showed that Maxwell-Stefan equation and Bio-heat equation were suitable for modeling hydrogel behavior of swelling with temperature change. In addition, when temperature increased, the hydrogel swelling increased which also intensified drug release.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Long-term stability of endocardial left ventricular pacing leads placed via the coronary sinus.

Background: Left ventricular endocardial pacing leads placed via the coronary sinus (CS) are increasingly implanted to achieve cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT); however, the long-term stability of these leads is unknown. We sought to determine the implant success and long-term stability of CS leads in our single center experience. Methods: All consecutive patients who underwent CRT via implantation of the CS lead between January 1999 and December 2005 were included. Pacing thresholds at implant and during long-term follow-up were reviewed and the rate of acute (within 24 hours of implant) and chronic (>24 hours) lead failure was determined. Results: A total of 512 patients (mean age 68 ± 12 years; 409 [80%] male) underwent CRT device implantation and were included. The CS lead implantation was successful on the initial implantation in 487 patients (95%) and subsequently successful in six patients (24%) in whom initial attempts were unsuccessful. Acute lead failure occurred in 25 patients (5.1%) and was most commonly due to persistent extra-cardiac stimulation. The rate of chronic lead failure was 4% in the first year and remained stable during long-term follow-up. The CS lead pacing thresholds remained stable with only minimal increase (1.42 ± 0.85 V/0.42 ± 0.25 ms vs 1.51 ± 1.05 V/0.47 ± 0.29 ms; P = 0.04). Conclusions: Placement of a left ventricular pacing lead via the CS is feasible and safe in the vast majority of patients. Once placed, the CS leads remain stable with excellent pacing thresholds over the longer term.
Building a Democratic Majority: The Progressive Party Vote and the Federal Trade Commission*

On 30 May 1914, Theodore Roosevelt fired the opening shots of the midterm elections against the party of Woodrow Wilson. Roosevelt framed the off-year elections as a referendum on the failures of the New Freedom, the Democrats' three-pronged program to curb the power of the trusts. Rather than bringing monopolies to heal, the former president asserted, Democratic policy had simply driven the economy into recession. “[T]he Democratic party,” Roosevelt explained on another occasion “has been engaged in what is fundamentally an effort to restore the unlimited competition of two generations back and to subject this to only an ineffective and weak government control”. To all, Roosevelt's counsel was constant: the prudent course of citizens that fall was to register a vote for social and industrial progress, to support the Progressive party candidate for Congress.
A 52-Year-Old Man With Pulmonary Edema Following Large-Volume Transfusion

A 52-year-old man with a history of mild hepatitis C cirrhosis presented with a chief complaint of several weeks of postprandial abdominal pain and anorexia. He had no history of coagulopathy, ascites, varices, or hepatic encephalopathy. Evaluation revealed portal venous thromboses, and he underwent catheter-directed thrombolysis with tissue plasminogen activator (tPA). He was admitted to the medical ICU for routine postprocedure monitoring while receiving continuous tPA. On admission, he was alert and oriented, jaundiced, and the examination was otherwise unremarkable. The hemoglobin level prior to the procedure was 12.5 g/dL. Following the procedure, hemoglobin was stable on two serial measurements. Platelet count was 126,000/ L, and renal function, electrolytes, and international normalized ratio were normal. Portal venous flow was restored after 30 h of tPA infusion and angioplasty. The tPA was discontinued, and heparin infusion was begun. His abdominal examination revealed slight right upper quadrant tenderness without guarding or rebound tenderness. Several hours later, he became tachycardic and febrile to 38.4°C. His hemoglobin fell to 10.3 g/dL. Abdominal CT scan revealed a hemoperitoneum. Heparin was discontinued, blood culture specimens were drawn, and cefepime and metronidazole were begun. Because he had already had no food for several days, 10% dextrose solution was ordered as a temporary calorie source. Through the following day, hemoglobin fell to 7.4 g/dL, and his platelet count decreased to 65,000/ L. The international normalized ratio remained normal, and the activated partial thrombin time corrected after heparin was discontinued. His renal function remained normal. He received transfusions of packed RBCs, platelets, and fresh-frozen plasma. Over the course of the next day, progressive dyspnea and tachypnea developed, with an increased oxygen requirement. His BP was normal, although his pulse was elevated to 112 beats/min. Physical examination showed jugular venous distension and coarse bilateral rales. Blood gas on a 100% oxygen mask showed pH 7.36, Paco2 of 43 mm Hg, and Pao2 of 63 mm Hg. ECG was normal. Chest radiography revealed new diffuse bilateral alveolar infiltrates (Fig 1, 2). IV fluids were decreased, and he was treated with furosemide but nevertheless required intubation for hypoxemia. Two days after intubation, his nurse discovered that the patient was receiving 10% low-molecular-weight dextran 40 in 5% dextrose solution, instead of the 10% dextrose that had been ordered.
Statistical Validation of Surrogate Endpoints: Another Look at the Prentice Criterion and Other Criteria

For the statistical validation of surrogate endpoints, an alternative formulation is proposed for testing Prentice's fourth criterion, under a bivariate normal model. In such a setup, the criterion involves inference concerning an appropriate regression parameter, and the criterion holds if the regression parameter is zero. Testing such a null hypothesis has been criticized in the literature since it can only be used to reject a poor surrogate, and not to validate a good surrogate. In order to circumvent this, an equivalence hypothesis is formulated for the regression parameter, namely the hypothesis that the parameter is equivalent to zero. Such an equivalence hypothesis is formulated as an alternative hypothesis, so that the surrogate endpoint is statistically validated when the null hypothesis is rejected. Confidence intervals for the regression parameter and tests for the equivalence hypothesis are proposed using bootstrap methods and small sample asymptotics, and their performances are numerically evaluated and recommendations are made. The choice of the equivalence margin is a regulatory issue that needs to be addressed. The proposed equivalence testing formulation is also adopted for other parameters that have been proposed in the literature on surrogate endpoint validation, namely, the relative effect and proportion explained.
Localization of neuron-specific enolase in mouse spinal neurons grown in tissue culture

Abstract Neuron-specific enolase (NSE) is an isoenzyme of the glycolytic enzyme enolase (EC 4.2.1.11) which is also has a muscle and liver isoenzyme. Previous work has shown NSE to be specifically localized to neurons and neuroendocrine cells, but the application of NSE as a marker for cell cultures has not been investigated. Primary culture of central nervous system tissue derived from mice have been used to study optimal fixation procedures. The results show that NSE can serve as a useful alternative to non-specific histochemical stains or strictly morphologic criteria for identifying nerve cells.
Heparin-induced Thrombocytopenia.

Treatment with heparin is associated with two types of thrombocytopenia. The most worrisome of these is the immune-mediated heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT type II). Suspicion of HIT type II mandates immediate cessation of heparin adminis-tration and consideration of an alternative anticoagulation therapy. Hirudin and argatroban are approved alternative anticoagulants with no cross-reactivity with the HIT antibody. HIT type II is a clinicopathologic syndrome, and therefore diagnosis requires clinical and laboratory confirmation. The laboratory evaluation for HIT type II should also determine whether or not there is HIT-antibody cross-reactivity with danaparoid and low molecular weight heparin. Patients with HIT type II who require coronary artery bypass graft surgery present a particularly difficult situation, as there is no ideal alternative to heparin anticoagulation.
Magnetic and Crystalline Microstructure of SrRuO3 Thin Films

The relationship between the magnetic and crystalline microstructure of SrRu03 thin films is analyzed using transmission electron microscopy. Regions with a stripe magnetic domain structure in different orientations are observed in Lorentz imaging mode when the specimens are zero-field-cooled through the ferromagnetic transition temperature, Tc ≈ 150K. The different orientations of the stripe regions correspond to different crystallographic domains as determined by electron diffraction and magnetic image contrast; all of the six possible orientations of the orthorhombic SrRuO3 structure grown epitaxially on a SrTiO3 cubic substrate are identified. The results show that the uniaxial anisotropy indicated for these multi(crystal)domain films is the same as that determined for single crystal films by bulk magnetization measurements, and is therefore primarily magnetocrystalline in nature.
Motion control of the ankle joint with a multiple contact nerve cuff electrode: a simulation study

The flat interface nerve electrode (FINE) has demonstrated significant capability for fascicular and subfascicular stimulation selectivity. However, due to the inherent complexity of the neuromuscular skeletal systems and nerve---electrode interface, a trajectory tracking motion control algorithm of musculoskeletal systems for functional electrical stimulation using a multiple contact nerve cuff electrode such as FINE has not yet been developed. In our previous study, a control system was developed for multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) musculoskeletal systems with little prior knowledge of the system. In this study, more realistic computational ankle/subtalar joint model including a finite element model of the sciatic nerve was developed. The control system was tested to control the motion of ankle/subtalar joint angles by modulating the pulse amplitude of each contact of a FINE placed on the sciatic nerve. The simulation results showed that the control strategy based on the separation of steady state and dynamic properties of the system resulted in small output tracking errors for different reference trajectories such as sinusoidal and filtered random signals. The proposed control method also demonstrated robustness against external disturbances and system parameter variations such as muscle fatigue. These simulation results under various circumstances indicate that it is possible to take advantage of multiple contact nerve electrodes with spatial selectivity for the control of limb motion by peripheral nerve stimulation even with limited individual muscle selectivity. This technology could be useful to restore neural function in patients with paralysis.
Influences of exogenous intake and nitrogen balance on plasma and brain aromatic amino acid concentrations.

Abstract In an effort to determine the sum of the factors influencing the plasma and brain concentrations of aromatic amino acids in rats with liver disease, rats with end-to-side portacaval shunts and their shamoperated controls were placed on various oral and intravenous diets by the techniques of parenteral nutrition. In shamoperated animals with normal hepatic function, the source of amino acids and their composition appeared to play little role in the plasma and brain aromatic amino acids and a derivative of brain tyrosine, octopamine. After end-to-side portacaval shunt, however, palsma and brain concentrations of aromatic amino acids were responsive to exogenous intake in the presence of hepatic impairment. In a group of rats with end-to-side portacaval shunt and presumed hepatic impairment, graded increments of protein equivalent were given with isocaloric hypertonic dextrose by the techniques of parenteral nutrition. When the animals achieved positive nitrogen balance, there were decreased levels in plasma and brain of the aromatic amino acids, phenylalamine and tyrosine, and a derivative of tyrosine, octopamine. A clear statistical relationship between plasma and brain tryptophan and nitrogen balance was not observed. The results suggest that in animals with hepatic impairment secondary to end-to-side portacaval shunt both exogenous intake and the level of catabolism (nitrogen balance) influence plasma and brain aromatic amino acids.
Pb isotope variations among Bandelier Tuff feldspars: No evidence for a long-lived silicic magma chamber

We report, for the first time, high-precision Pb isotope data from a high-silica rhyolite. Prior work on Sr isotopes in the 1.6 Ma Otowi Member of the Bandelier Tuff (Valles caldera, New Mexico) established that large 8 7 Sr/ 8 6 Sr variations exist among Otowi glasses and sanidine phenocrysts. While the glasses display unequivocal evidence for wall-rock contamination of the Otowi magma following sanidine growth, a positive correlation between 8 7 Sr/ 8 6 Sr i and 8 7 Rb/ 8 6 Sr among the feldspars could be interpreted as either a mixing line or an in situ magmatic isochron dating a differentiation event ∼270 k.y. prior to eruption. The 2 0 6 Pb/ 2 0 4 Pb and 8 7 Sr/ 8 6 Sr ranges for Otowi sanidines are 17.790 ′ 0.002 to 17.831 ′ 0.002 and 0.7074-0.7052, respectively. This Pb isotope range cannot be produced by radiogenic ingrowth at the U/Pb ratios of the host magma on any geologically reasonable time scale, and hence is unequivocal evidence for open-system behavior of the Otowi magma prior to and/or concurrent with feldspar growth. Open-system behavior is predicted to control Sr isotope variations due to much higher concentrations of Sr, relative to Pb, in the country rock than in the magma. These observations therefore undermine any age significance of the Rb-Sr isotope variations. In the absence of supporting data, Rb-Sr relations alone do not impart any information about residence times of high-silica rhyolite magmas with subchondritic concentrations of Sr.
Delayed Pleuropulmonary Complications following Coronary Artery Revascularization with the Internal Mammary Artery

We have seen four cases of delayed postoperative pleura-pulmonary complications associated with use of the internal mammary artery (IMA) conduit. In each case the left IMA was used as a bypass conduit to the left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery. In two of the instances the complications were life-threatening to the patients. Each patient was left with symptomatic residual roentgenographic changes. The IMA is becoming the graft of choice for coronary artery revascularization. The potential for delayed pleuropulmonary complications associated with use of this graft is not well recognized.
Thinking in Complexity: The Computational Dynamics of Matter, Mind, and Mankind

From the Publisher: Now in its second edition, this best-selling book explains, in non-technical language, the broad and profound applications of nonlinear complex systems not only to problems in the natural sciences, but also to systems of a social, ecological, and economic nature.
A Paradise on the Oder? ethnicity, europeanization, and the EU referendum in a Polish‐German border city

As the European Union (EU) expanded eastward in 2004, it explicitly sought to deterritorialize its internal border regions in an effort to create a transnational “European” space. Utilizing the twin border cities of Stubice, Poland and Frankfurt an-der-Oder, Germany, as an ethnographic case study, this essay examines the historical construction of ethnicity in the Polish/German border regions, the way processes of Europeanization and emergent transnational “European” identities interact with existing ethnic structures through crossborder interactions, and the ways in which advertising during Poland's 2003 EU accession campaign made claims about the meaning of “Europe.” Because border regions are a location of especially high transnational contact and interaction, they are a particularly salient context in which to examine the production of meaning engendered by the EU's expansion. To this end, this essay argues that the processes of Europeanization can both create new possibilities for expressing identity and simultaneously reinforce ethnic and national divisions.
Reply to Jenkins

To the Editor:Dr. Jenkins is not the only person to have recognized my mistakes concerning the publisher and the doctoral degrees of the previous Editors of the Journal. Several previous Editors had Ph.D. degrees, including the founding Editor, C. W. Cotterman (University of California, 1949–51) and several successors: Herluf Strandskov (University of Chicago, 1952–54), Lawrence H. Snyder (University of Oklahoma, 1955), and Arthur G. Steinberg (Children’s Cancer Research Fund, Boston and Western Reserve University, 1956–61). C. Nash Herndon (Bowman Gray School of Medicine, 1962–64) appears to have been the first editor who was a physician, followed by H. Eldon Sutton, Ph.D. (University of Texas, 1965–69), and then by several people with medical degrees—Arno G. Motulsky (University of Washington, 1970–75), William J. Mellman (University of Pennsylvania, 1976–78), David Comings (City of Hope, Duarte, 1979–86), Charles J. Epstein (University of California at San Francisco, 1987–93), and Peter H. Byers (University of Washington, 1994–2000). Steve Warren is the first Editor, in a while, with a Ph.D.The Journal was published by Waverly Press, Baltimore, during 1949–62 and by Grune and Stratton from several locations from 1963–67. The University of Chicago Press began publishing the Journal in 1968.I appreciate the enthusiasm with which many people remember the early days of the Journal and their vigor in protecting its integrity. Even Editors need fact checkers from time to time. My thanks go to all those who served the role in this instance and in others.
Hydrodynamic interactions between two semiflexible inextensible filaments in Stokes flow

Hydrodynamic interactions between two semiflexible inextensible filaments are shown to have a significant impact on filament buckling and their subsequent motion in Stokesian fluids. In linear shear flow, hydrodynamic interactions lead to filament shear dispersion that depends on the filament aspect ratio and the initial filament separation. In linear extensional flow, hydrodynamic interactions lead to complex filament dynamics around the stagnation point. These results suggest that hydrodynamic interactions need to be taken into account to determine the self-diffusion of non-Brownian semiflexible filaments in a cellular flow [Y.-N. Young and M. J. Shelley, Phys. Rev. Lett. 99, 058303 (2007)].
Capacity of serotype 19A and 15B/C Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates for experimental otitis media: Implications for the conjugate vaccine

Non-vaccine Streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes are increasingly associated with disease. We evaluated isolates of the same sequence type (ST199) but different serotypes (15B/C, 19A) for growth in vitro, and pathogenic potential in a chinchilla otitis media model. We also developed a quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay to quantitatively assess each isolate, circumventing the need for selectable markers. In vitro studies showed faster growth of serotype 19A over 15B/C. Both were equally capable of colonization and middle ear infection in this model. Serotype 19A is included in new conjugate vaccine formulations while serotype 15B/C is not. Non-capsular vaccine targets will be important in disease prevention efforts.
Anti-angiogenic role of angiostatin during corneal wound healing

Abstract The purpose of this study is to determine whether angiostatin is involved in maintaining corneal avascularity after wounding. We generated polyclonal rabbit anti-mouse angiostatin antibodies directed against each of the five kringle domains, (K1-5) and anti-mouse plasmin B chain antibodies. Mouse corneas were immunostained with anti-K1 angiostatin antibody after excimer laser keratectomy. Corneal epithelial cell lysate was harvested and angiostatin was isolated using lysine sepharose. Purified plasminogen was incubated with lysate of mouse corneal epithelial cells from wild type mice in the presence or absence of MMP inhibitors. Angiostatin activity was determined using calf pulmonary artery endothelial (CPAE) cell proliferation assay with and without angiostatin immunoprecipitation; and corneal neovascularization was assayed by intrastromal injection of anti-plasminogen, anti-K1-3 or anti-B chain antibodies after corneal wounding. Using the anti-mouse angiostatin antibodies that we generated, we confirmed that angiostatin-like molecules were expressed in the corneal epithelium and in cultured corneal epithelial cells. Western blotting after incubation of scraped corneal epithelial cell lysate with purified plasminogen showed reduction of the plasminogen bands at 6, 12, and 24 hr, respectively. Complete cleavage of plasminogen occurred by 48 hr. Functional assays in which corneal epithelial cell extracts were incubated with CPAE cells resulted in inhibition of vascular endothelial cell proliferation. Depletion experiments using anti-angiostatin (K1) antibodies resulted in a 25±1·2% increase in vascular endothelial cell proliferation as compared to 12±1·8% using the protein A control (p Plasminogen and angiostatin are produced in the cornea. They may play a role in preventing vascularization and may contribute to the maintenance of corneal avascularity after excimer laser keratectomy.
The Contraceptive CHOICE Project: reducing barriers to long-acting reversible contraception

Objective To introduce and promote the use of long-acting reversible methods of contraception (LARC; intrauterine contraceptives and subdermal implant) by removing financial and knowledge barriers. Study Design The Contraceptive CHOICE Project is a prospective cohort study of 10,000 women 14-45 years who want to avoid pregnancy for at least 1 year and are initiating a new form of reversible contraception. Women screened for this study are read a script regarding long-acting reversible methods of contraception to increase awareness of these options. Participants choose their contraceptive method that is provided at no cost. We report the contraceptive choice and baseline characteristics of the first 2500 women enrolled August 2007 through December 2008. Results Sixty-seven percent of women enrolled (95% confidence interval, 65.3–69.0) chose long-acting methods. Fifty-six percent selected intrauterine contraception and 11% selected the subdermal implant. Conclusion Once financial barriers were removed and long-acting reversible methods of contraception were introduced to all potential participants as a first-line contraceptive option, two-thirds chose long-acting reversible methods of contraception.