cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dust storm impacts on the Mars upper atmosphere

Abstract Coupling between the Mars lower (≤80 km) and upper atmospheres is a fundamental issue affecting dynamics, tracer distributions, and energy balance. Also, this coupling has significant bearing on future mission planning to the planet (e.g. Mars Global Surveyor aerobraking). Two general circulation models are currently being run in tandem to investigate tides and their generation, propagation, and impact upon the Mars lower thermosphere. The NASA Ames Mars General Circulation Model (MGCM) is first run for Mars near-perihelion (Ls ∼ 270) conditions for which a 20-SOL dust-storm is initiated and allowed to self-consistently evolve. Subsequently, selected MGCM upper boundary fields are used to specify the height of the lower boundary and to drive semi-diurnal tides in the NCAR Mars Thermospheric General Circulation Model (MTGCM) for identical Mars parameters. MTGCM key fields are presented to illustrate the profound impact of Mars lower atmosphere heating and tides upon the Mars thermospheric structure and dynamics.
Inclusive infinity and radical particularity: Hegel, Hartshorne and Nishida

Three writers who utilize a similar metaphysics to understand the relationship between Ultimate Reality and conventional reality are compared. The metaphysics of what I call an inclusive Infinity is the common thread employed in comparing the thought of Hegel, Hartshorne and Nishida. I contrast the concept of inclusive Infinity with that of radical particularity and argue that people are private centers of conscious awareness who cannot be encompassed within an infinity or totality. Because of the individuality and uniqueness of particulars, there can be no absolutely inclusive Infinite.
Effects of approximate representation in belief propagation for inference in wireless sensor networks

Loopy belief propagation (BP) is a low-complexity inference algorithm that has found widespread use. In this paper, we consider employing BP for joint ground-truth detection and corruption parameter estimation in wireless sensor networks. We cast this problem using a hybrid factor graph involving both discrete ground-truth variables and continuous parameter variables. Since BP messages incident to a continuous variable are functions of the continuous variable, compact representation of these messages is desirable for reducing the message exchange cost. We adopt a message approximation scheme based on projection onto a finite-dimensional L 2 space, and investigate the effects of this message approximation. Specifically, we derive a sufficient condition for convergence of loopy BP on the class of graphs of interest, and we provide an upper bound on the iterative evolution of message error. Under certain contractivity conditions, the error bound is shown to consist of a transient term and a steady-state term. We showcase the theoretical results on a cognitive radio example with a simple discretization scheme.
Combating Environmental Causes of Cancer

The President's Cancer Panel released a report in 2010 emphasizing the need for stronger regulations to control Americans' exposure to toxins. Of the 80,000 chemicals in products on the U.S. market, only 200 have been adequately tested for carcinogenicity.
Enantioselective synthesis of 6-cycloheptene-1,3,5-triol derivatives by enzymatic asymmetrization

Abstract Starting from cycloheptatriene, 3,5-cycloheptadienol ( 1 ) has been prepared and elaborated to meso -6-( t -butyldimethylsilyloxy)-2-cycloheptene-1,4-diols ( 3 and 6 ). Enzymatic asymmetrization of these diols with Pseudomonas cepacia lipase in isopropenyl acetate provides optically pure skipped triol derivatives 4a and 7a .
Spontaneously broken local Pauli-Gursey invariance and constraints on proton decay

We present an SU(16)/sub L/ grand unified theory based on fermion-number-changing generalized local Pauli-Gursey transformations. The spontaneous breakdown of the theory leads to constraints on proton decay. In one breaking pattern the decay p..-->..e/sup -/+..pi../sup +/+..pi../sup +/ is forbidden, while in another p..-->..e/sup +/+..pi../sup 0/ is forbidden.
A theoretical study of C2S and C3S

Abstract Two molecules recently observed in interstellar space, C 2 S and C 3 S were studied by ab initio calculations. Bond lengths, rotational constants, stabilities, dipole moments, and vibrational frequencies were obtained from Hartree-Fock and many-body perturbation calculations. Electron correlation was included via second- and third-order many-body perturbation theory.
A model of the statistical power of comparative genome sequence analysis.

Comparative genome sequence analysis is powerful, but sequencing genomes is expensive. It is desirable to be able to predict how many genomes are needed for comparative genomics, and at what evolutionary distances. Here I describe a simple mathematical model for the common problem of identifying conserved sequences. The model leads to some useful rules of thumb. For a given evolutionary distance, the number of comparative genomes needed for a constant level of statistical stringency in identifying conserved regions scales inversely with the size of the conserved feature to be detected. At short evolutionary distances, the number of comparative genomes required also scales inversely with distance. These scaling behaviors provide some intuition for future comparative genome sequencing needs, such as the proposed use of “phylogenetic shadowing” methods using closely related comparative genomes, and the feasibility of high-resolution detection of small conserved features.
Evidence for Tilted Toroidal Circulations in Cumulus

Intense vortical circulations, often organized in counterrotating vortex pairs, were detected in midcontinental cumulus congestus over southeast Wyoming in July 2003. The sampled clouds developed in dry environments and at cold temperatures, and were a few kilometers in depth and width. Observations were obtained with the Wyoming Cloud Radar from aboard the Wyoming King Air research aircraft. DualDoppler analyses of the data yielded high-resolution (30–45 m) depictions of the horizontal components of air motions across vigorously growing clouds. The vortices found in the horizontal cross sections are interpreted as components of the toroidal circulations in thermals when those are tilted because of the effect of ambient cross flow. This configuration also leads to a partial stabilization of the vertical trajectory of the updraft, by opposing the drag by the ambient wind. Additionally, dry air intrusions were seen to accompany these features when the vortices developed near the cloud outer boundaries; recirculation of hydrometeors occurred when the vortices were adjacent to in-cloud downdrafts. These features are also evident in the radar reflectivity patterns. In general, gradients of velocities and vorticity values in horizontal planes are comparable to those found in vertical planes.
Phase diagram for the dye-laser equation with saturation

Abstract We continue our studies of the dye-laser equation with saturation operating near resonance by generalizing our analysis to subsume parameter regimes previously inaccessible to theoretical analysis. In particular, we extend our geometrical treatment of the laser to include, in addition to multiplicative colored noise, additive white noise of arbitrary intensity. This situation more closely resembles the operating conditions of real lasers. We compare our analytic results with numerical simulations and find excellent agreement for wide ranges of parameter values, including large correlation times of the multiplicative noise.
An isoperimetric inequality and the geometric Sobolev embedding for vector fields

The classical embedding theorem of Sobolev W (R) ↪→ L(R) was originally proved in the case 1 < p < n, with q = np n−p . It was only in the late fifties that by means of an elegant integral inequality Gagliardo and Nirenberg were independently able to obtain the limiting case p = 1 and prove that: (∗) W (R) ↪→ L n n−1 (R) (see, e.g., [S]). Meanwhile, in his fundamental work [DG] De Giorgi introduced the notion of total variation of an L distribution and laid down his theory of generalized perimeters. Soon after, Fleming and Rishel [FR] gave a beautiful geometric new proof of (∗) based on Federer’s co-area formula and the celebrated isoperimetric inequality: (∗∗) P (E) ≥ cn|E| n−1 n , where P (E) denotes the perimeter according to De Giorgi and cn = nΓ( 12 )Γ( n 2 +1) − 1 n . It turns out that, in fact, (∗) is equivalent to (∗∗), see e.g. [T]. The purpose of this note is to announce an optimal embedding theorem similar to (∗) for the Sobolev spaces associated to some general families of vector fields satisfying certain geometric conditions. A priori, we do not need to require C∞ smoothness of the vector fields. To keep some unity of presentation, however, we have confined our discussion to the case of C∞ vector fields satisfying Hormander’s condition on the Lie algebra [H]. For instance, operators of Baouendi–Grushin type
An emergent disease causes directional changes in forest species composition in coastal California

Non-native forest pathogens can cause dramatic and long-lasting changes to the composition of forests, and these changes may have cascading impacts on community interactions and ecosystem functioning. Phytophthora ramorum, the causal agent of the emergent forest disease sudden oak death (SOD), has a wide host range, but mortality is concentrated in a few dominant tree species of coastal forests in California and Oregon. We examined interactions between P. ramorum and its hosts in redwood and mixed evergreen forest types over an 80,000 ha area in the Big Sur ecoregion of central California, an area that constitutes the southernmost range of the pathogen and includes forest stands on the advancing front of pathogen invasion. We established a network of 280 long-term forest monitoring plots to understand how host composition and forest structure facilitated pathogen invasion, and whether selective mortality from SOD has led to shifts in community composition. Infested and uninfested sites differed significantly in host composition due to both historical trends and disease impacts. A reconstruction of pre-disease forest composition showed that stands that eventually became infested with the pathogen tended to be more mature with larger stems than stands that remained pathogen-free, supporting the hypothesis of aerial dispersal by the pathogen across the landscape followed by local understory spread. The change in species composition in uninfested areas was minimal over the study period, while infested stands had large changes in composition, correlated with the loss of tanoak (Notholithocarpus densiflorus), signaling the potential for SOD to dramatically change coastal forests through selective removal of a dominant host. Forest diversity plays an important role in pathogen establishment and spread, and is in turn changed by pathogen impacts. Asymmetric competency among host species means that impacts of P. ramorum on forest diversity are shaped by the combination and dominance of hosts present in a stand.
Shoreline and seafloor fluxes of water and short-lived Ra isotopes to surface water of San Pedro Bay, CA

Abstract Quantifying Ra inputs to the coastal ocean is an important constraint for using Ra isotopes as a tracer of nearshore mixing in the water column. A study of the short-lived Ra ( 223 Ra, 224 Ra) inputs from the seafloor and shoreline to the surface water of San Pedro Bay is presented. The Ra flux is a function of the seawater flux through sediments. Three different water exchange mechanisms were examined. At the shoreline, tides generated water table fluctuation and pump 3.3 m 3 d − 1 (m shoreline) − 1 of water through the beach, with a residence time of about a day based on the ingrowth of Rn and Ra. Waves pump a model-derived estimate 6.4 m 3 d − 1 (m shoreline) − 1 of water through the beach face. On the seafloor, waves and currents interacting with ripples generate pressure gradients that drive seawater circulation through sediments. A model fit to a Rn profile indicated that the top 28 cm of pore water exchanges 25% per day with the overlying water. Applying these parameters, the model also produced a reasonable fit to Ra pore water profiles. Extrapolating this rate across the seafloor in contact with the mixed layer, 32 m 3 d − 1 (m shoreline) − 1 of water is pumped through the seafloor. Combined, a total of 42 m 3 d − 1 (m shoreline) − 1 of surface water is pumped through sediments. Using these water exchange rates and pore water measurements of 223 Ra and 224 Ra, the Ra flux from the shoreline and seafloor were computed. Only 5% of the short-lived Ra originates at the shoreline, while the seafloor accounts for 95% of the inputs to the surface mixed layer. A Ra budget for San Pedro Bay surface mixed layer was developed. For 224 Ra, inputs were balanced by radioactive decay. But for 223 Ra, an onshore flow of low-Ra water is required to balance the isotope budget. Using the short-lived Ra isotope data, the maximum residence time of water in San Pedro Bay is 18 ± 10 days.
Nucleation and growth characteristics of crystalline deposits on amorphous substrates

Abstract Electrodeposited and vapor-deposited platinum and chromium overgrowths on amorphous and crystallized Fe80B20 field emission and forms are seen to consist of a three-layer arrangement of an epitaxial or pseudomorphic initial layer followed by a zone of misfit which is covered by the polycrystalline form of the overgrowths. This is similar to crystalline substrate/crystalline overgrowth systems previously observed following depositions through vacuum evaporation, electrodeposition and cementation onto field ion microscope tips. Although the distinct three-layer arrangement is easy to discern using crystallized Fe80B20 end forms for both platinum and chromium overgrowths, it is much more difficult to distinguish the amorphous substrate from the initial layer and the zone of misfit. The topmost polycrystalline form, however, is quite easy to discern. The amenability of these systems to field ion microscopy imaging, in a neon atmosphere at 78 K, indicates that the overgrowths are well attached to the corresponding substrates.
Hedging and the Mode of Expression of Weather Forecasts

Abstract This paper briefly examines the nature of hedging and its role in the formulation of categorical and probabilistic forecasts. Hedging is defined in terms of the difference between a forecaster's judgment and his forecast. It is then argued that a judgment cannot accurately reflect the forecaster's true state of knowledge unless the uncertainties inherent in the formulation of this judgment are described in a qualitative and/or quantitative manner. Since categorical forecasting does not provide the forecaster with a means of making his forecasts correspond to such judgments, a categorical forecast is generally a hedge. Probabilistic forecasting, on the other hand, presents the forecaster with an opportunity to eliminate hedging by making his (probabilistic) forecasts correspond exactly to his judgments. Thus, contrary to popular belief, the desire to eliminate hedging should encourage forecasters to express more rather than fewer forecasts in probabilistic terms.
Erythropoietic effect of plasma from mice receiving testosterone.

THE clinical effectiveness of testosterone in some previously refractory anaemias1–3 has aroused interest in its mechanism of action.
Mutation analysis for cystic fibrosis to determine carrier status in 167 sperm donors from the Nebraska Genetic Semen Bank.

Cystic fibrosis is the most common autosomal recessive disorder in Caucasian populations, with an approximate frequency of 1/2500 live births and a carrier frequency of 1/25. Due to the high rate of predicted carriers (> 63,000) in the Nebraska population (1990 U.S. Census = 1,578,358), we analyzed sperm DNA obtained from semen donors at the University of Nebraska Genetic Semen Bank for eight of the more common mutations to determine the frequency and diversity in our population. The subjects included 167 semen donors (31 normal healthy donors, 56 infertility patients, 21 prevasectomy patients, and 59 prechemotherapy or preradiation cancer patients). The mutations analyzed included delta F508, R117H, G542X, S549R/N, G551D, R553X, R560T, and W1282X. Analyses were performed using PCR amplified products that were analyzed using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, slot blot, and restriction endonuclease digestion. These results were correlated with results from the clinical semen analyses and selected clinical parameters. Results for the total donor population studied showed that the delta F508 mutation was present in 8/167 (4.8%) donors, the R117H mutation was present in 4/167 (2.4%) donors and the G542X mutation was present in 1/167 (0.6%) donors. The observed number of carriers from this population, 13/167 (7.8%), was significantly greater (P = 0.02) than that expected assuming a carrier frequency of 1/25. The excess of carriers was restricted to the subgroup of infertility patients. This suggests that CF carriers may be at higher risk for infertility than the general population.
Situation-Specific Theories: Philosophical Roots, Properties, and Approach

It is imperative to further develop theoretical bases in nursing, which incorporate diversities and complexities in nursing phenomena, and which consider sociopolitical, cultural, and historic contexts of nursing encounters. Situation-specific theories are proposed in this work as a future direction of such theoretical bases in nursing. Philosophical roots and properties of situation-specific theories are discussed, and an integrative approach to developing this type of theories is suggested. Situation-specific theories could be based on the assumptions of post-empiricism, critical social theory and feminism, and or hermeneutics. Six properties of situation-specific theories are presented: (1) low level of abstraction, (2) reflection of specific nursing phenomena, (3) context, (4) connection to research and/or practice, (5) incorporation of diversities, and (6) limits in generalization. The proposed integrative approach to developing situation-specific theories includes (1) a nursing perspective, (2) a linkage among theory, research, and practice, and (3) a conceptual scheme based on internal and external dialogues.
Near infrared spectroscopy: guided tilt table testing for syncope.

Syncope is transient loss of consciousness. Neurocardiogenic syncope (NCS) is the most common cause of syncope. Head-up tilt-table test (HUTT) has been used to demonstrate physiologic events during graded orthostatic challenge in individuals with significant handicap from NCS. Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) provides a noninvasive, continuous method to monitor trends of regional tissue oxygenation (rSO2). We hypothesize that multisite NIRS monitoring will show differential desaturation patterns in the brain and renal vascular beds during postural stresses. All patients age 7–21 years old scheduled to undergo HUTT were recruited. Two probes for NIRS monitoring were placed on the forehead and above the left paravertebral level at the T10 to L1 space. These leads were attached to the Somanetics monitor (Somanetics, Troy MI). Tissue saturations (rSO2) obtained at two sites were recorded at rest, during the test, and throughout a 5-min recovery period. All data routinely obtained in HUTT were included in the research study database. Thirteen patients were recruited. The average age was 12.9 years. Five patients had a positive tilt-table test. The patients with syncope had rSO2 trends distinctly different from the normal subjects. In these patients, cerebral rSO2 showed a sudden decreasing trend from hypoperfusion, soon followed by various clinical symptoms. The cerebral rSO2 trend, which showed a dramatic increase, was paralleled by renal rSO2. These rSO2 trends were progressive until the patient was brought back to the supine position, which resulted in the rSO2 in both beds returning to baseline. Multisite NIRS-guided HUTT shows differential trends in the different vascular beds during postural gravitational stresses, and these patterns underlie the systemic oxygen consumption to flow-coupling dynamics observed during syncope.
A CCD video delay line

THE DESIGN AND PERFORMANCE of a CCD video delay line will be described in this paper. The device consists of two 455 element buried-channel CCD shift registers. Each shift register contains its own input and output terminals and transport clocks so that each can be operated independently. The output signal of one register can be directly connected to the input terminal of the other to obtain a 910-element delay. A complete TV line (63.55 ps) can be stored with a sampling rate of 14.32 MHz; 4 times the color subcarrier frequency of 3.58 MHz. The device is packaged in a standard 16-lead dual in line package.
Kinematics of the tarsal joints via 3D MR imaging

A new technique has been developed for the kinematic analysis of joints. It is based upon 3D reconstructions of the bones acting at a joint, from magnetic resonance image data, as the joint moves through its range of motion. The technique has been applied to the subtalar and transverse tarsal joints of the foot, but it can be used in the analysis of any skeletal joint. This method provides a description of the rotations and translations which occur as the bones move from one position to another. It also provides related data, such as a characterization of the contact areas between the bones.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Finding the Contour of a Union of ISO-Oriented Rectangles

Abstract Let R 1 ,…, R m be rectangles on the plane with sides parallel to the coordinate axes. An algorithm is described for finding the contour of F = R 1 ∪ … ∪ R m in O(m log m + p log ( 2m 2 p )) time, where p is the number of edges in the contour. This is O ( m 2 ) in the general case, and O ( m log m ) when F is without holes (then p ≤ 8 m − 4); both of these performances are optimal.
Some variables in the plaque assay of poliovirus

Abstract Some of the variables in a plaque system for the assay of poliovirus in rhesus monkey kidney cells have been investigated and it is suggested that these should be kept in mind during the development of any similar test using a standardized cell substrate.
Conservative Congruence Transformation for Joint and Cartesian Stiffness Matrices of Robotic Hands and Fingers

In this paper, we develop the theoretical work on the properties and mapping of stiffness matrices between joint and Cartesian spaces of robotic hands and fingers, and propose the conservative cong...
The Thickness of the Liquid Microlayer Between a Cap-Shaped Sliding Bubble and a Heated Wall: Experimental Measurements

A laser-based method has been developed to measure the thickness of the liquid microlayer between a cap-shaped sliding bubble and an inclined heated wall. Sliding vapor bubbles are known to create high heat transfer coefficients along the surfaces against which they slide. The details of this process remain unclear and depend on the evolution of the microlayer that forms between the bubble and the surface. Past experiments have used heat transfer measurements on uniform-heat-generation surfaces to infer the microlayer thickness through an energy balance. These studies have produced measurements of 20–100 μm for refrigerants and for water, but they have yet to be confirmed by a direct measurement that does not depend on a first-law closure. The results presented here are direct measurements of the microlayer thickness made from a reflectance-based fiber-optic laser probe. Details of the construction and calibration of the probe are presented. Data for saturated FC-87 and a uniform-temperature surface inclined at 2 deg to 15 deg from the horizontal are reported. Millimeter-sized spherical bubbles of FC-87 vapor were injected near the lower end of a uniformly heated aluminum plate. The laser probe yielded microlayer thicknesses of 22–55 μm for cap-shaped bubbles. Bubble Reynolds numbers range from 600 to 4800, Froude numbers from 0.9 to 1.7, and Weber numbers from 2.6 to 47. The microlayer thickness above cap-shaped bubbles was correlated to a function of inclination angle and a bubble shape factor. The successful correlation suggests that this data set can be used to validate the results of detailed models of the microlayer dynamics.
Adaptive blind reverberation cancellation

This paper presents a new approach for blind reverberation cancellation by adaptively estimating the channels. The key idea of this approach is to exploit the connection between the noise projection matrix and the cost matrix in the well-known subspace approach. A special weighted spectral decomposition is suggested to approximate the noise projection matrix directly from the inverse of the data autocorrelation matrix. We develop an off-line batch algorithm without eigendecomposition first. Combined with RLS-type matrix updating, an on-line adaptive algorithm is derived next to track time-varying channels. Simulations show our methods are robust for speech distorted by FIR reverberation.
v-mos oncoproteins affect the nuclear retention and reutilization of glucocorticoid receptors.

Expression of the p85gag-mos oncoprotein in temperature sensitive transformed 6m2 cells results in desensitization of glucocorticoid induction of metallothionein- 1 mRNA. Indirect immunofluorescence analyses demonstrate that hormone insensitivity in v-mos transformed cells is associated with inefficient nuclear retention of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) protein. Desensitized receptors that accumulate in the cytoplasm of transformed 6m2 cells do not regain the capacity for hormone-dependent nuclear translocation after turnover of the thermo-labile p85gag-mos oncoprotein. Although ligand induced down-regulation of immunoreactive GR protein occurs in transformed 6m2 cells, desensitized receptors appear to retain some capacity to bind hormone in vivo. Thus alterations in the intracellular partitioning of GR protein in v-mos-transformed cells result in the generation of a novel desensitized receptor that is apparently trapped in the cytoplasm and incapable of being reutilized. INTRODUCTION Steroid hormone recep...
Enterovirus and coliphage inactivation during activated sludge treatment

Abstract The inactivation rates of poliovirus 1, coxsackievirus B-1 and wastewater indigenous coliphages were determined during activated sludge treatment in a large volume reactor. Virus and phage inactivation closely approximated first order kinetics and the inactivation rates were independent of mixed liquor flow rates. The inactivation rates for the enterovirus and coliphages were not significantly different, suggesting that phage inactivation could be used as an indicator for enterovirus inactivation during activated sludge treatment. Total virus removal from mixed liquor and virus inactivation were determined, and a method is presented predicting the fate of viruses during activated sludge treatment.
Self-Construal and Emotion in Bicultural Bilinguals.

Autobiographical memories retrieved by bicultural Russian-English bilinguals were compared across languages. Results suggest that bilinguals' languages may influence cognitive styles, so that when speaking a language associated with a more individualistic culture, bilinguals produce more individualistic narratives, whereas when speaking a language associated with a more collectivist culture, bilinguals produce more collectivist narratives, regardless of language of encoding, or main agent in the narrative. Moreover, bilinguals expressed more intense affect when speaking the same language at the time of retrieval that they spoke at the time when the event took place. The positive/negative emotional valence of autobiographical narratives was influenced by language and age at the time of the event and by the main agent in the narrative. It is proposed that memories and self-narratives in bilinguals are mediated by the language spoken at any given time and that language functions as a vehicle for culture, with cultural differences seeping into language and influencing cognitive styles and the self.
Performance of a multigrid calculation procedure in three‐dimensional sudden expansion flows

The performance of a recently developed calculation procedure for steady incompressible flows is assessed in a variety of three-dimensional sudden expansion type flows representative of those encountered in several types of industrial equipment. The calculation procedure, called here BLIMM (for block-implicit multigrid method), is based on a coupled solution of the three-dimensional momentum and continuity equations in primitive variables, using the multigrid technique. Different Reynolds numbers and finite difference grids are considered for each flow situation. The rates of convergence and the computational times are reported for each case.
Student veterans organizations

Involvement in campus organizations can be an important factor in student success. Student veterans organizations are becoming common on college campuses as students who have served in the military seek the sense of community that comes from joining with other veterans in shared purpose. Addendum.
Concurrent weekly docetaxel and concomitant boost radiation therapy in the treatment of locally advanced squamous cell cancer of the head and neck.

Purpose: In a Phase I/II trial, we investigated concurrent weekly docetaxel and concomitant boost radiation in patients with locally advanced squamous cell cancer of the head and neck (SCCHN) after induction chemotherapy. Patients and Methods: Patients presented with American Joint Committee on Cancer Stage III/IV and were treated initially with induction chemotherapy using cisplatinum/5-fluorouracil (PF), carboplatinum-5-FU, or docetaxel-PF. Patients then received docetaxel four times weekly with concomitant boost (CB) radiation (1.8 Gy once-daily X20, 1.8/1.5 Gy twice a day). Fifteen patients each received 20 mg/M 2 and 25 mg/M 2 . Results: Thirty-one patients were enrolled and 30 were evaluable for response and toxicity. Median follow-up was 42 months (range, 27‐63 months). Primary sites were: oropharynx 19, oral cavity 2, larynx/hypopharynx 5, and unknown primary 4. Eighty-seven percent of patients had N2/N3 disease; 60% had T3/T4 disease. Twenty percent of patients had a complete response (CR) to induction chemotherapy. After chemoradiotherapy, 21 of 30 patients had a CR, 2 had progressive disease, and 7 had partial response (PR). Nineteen of 26 patients presenting with neck disease had neck dissections, and 7 of 19 were positive. Ninety-three percent of all patients were rendered disease-free after all planned therapy. Treatment failed in 8 patients, and 7 have died of disease. An additional patient died with no evidence of disease. Twenty-one patients (70%) are currently alive with no evidence of disease. No acute dose-limiting toxicity was observed at either dose level. Conclusions: This intensive treatment regimen of concurrent docetaxel/concomitant boost radiation and surgery after induction chemotherapy in poor prognosis patients yields good local regional control and survival. Docetaxel/CB chemoradiotherapy represents an aggressive alternative regimen to platinum-based chemoradiotherapy or surgery in patients who have a poor response to induction chemotherapy. © 2006 Elsevier Inc. Head-and-neck cancer, Chemoradiation, Concomitant boost radiation, Docetaxel.
Plum Juice Quality Affected by Enzyme Treatment and Fining

Juice from six plum (Primus domestica L.) cultivars, Au Red, Abundance, Pobeda, Shiro, Peach Plum and Early Golden, was extracted using 0.2% Clarex® L pectinase. The juice was processed as high temperature-short time (HTST)-unfined juice, fined juice or HTST-fined juice, and analyzed for yield, clarity, pectin content, soluble solids, pH, titratable acidity, color, sugars, total anthocyanins and total phenolics. Pectinase treatment resulted in 41–214% increase in juice yields, with highest increase for Au Red. Enzyme-extracted juice averaged 54% lower pectin than controls, and fining further reduced pectin. Enzyme treatment also improved juice soluble solids and color. A consumer type sensory panel indicated juice from Abundance, Pobeda and Peach Plum had best flavor and acceptability.
The Bile Response Repressor BreR Regulates Expression of the Vibrio cholerae breAB Efflux System Operon

Enteric pathogens have developed several resistance mechanisms to survive the antimicrobial action of bile. We investigated the transcriptional profile of Vibrio cholerae O1 El Tor strain C6706 under virulence gene-inducing conditions in the presence and absence of bile. Microarray analysis revealed that the expression of 119 genes was affected by bile. The mRNA levels of genes encoding proteins involved in transport were increased in the presence of bile, whereas the mRNA levels of genes encoding proteins involved in pathogenesis and chemotaxis were decreased. This study identified genes encoding transcriptional regulators from the TetR family (vexR and breR) and multidrug efflux pumps from the resistance-nodulation-cell division superfamily (vexB and vexD [herein renamed breB]) that were induced in response to bile. Further analysis regarding vexAB and breAB expression in the presence of various antimicrobial compounds established that vexAB was induced in the presence of bile, sodium dodecyl sulfate, or novobiocin and that the induction of breAB was specific to bile. BreR is a direct repressor of the breAB promoter and is able to regulate its own expression, as demonstrated by transcriptional and electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA). The expression of breR and breAB is induced in the presence of the bile salts cholate, deoxycholate, and chenodeoxycholate, and EMSA showed that deoxycholate is able to abolish the formation of BreR-P(breR) complexes. We propose that deoxycholate is able to interact with BreR and induce a conformational change that interferes with the DNA binding ability of BreR, resulting in breAB and breR expression. These results provide new insight into a transcriptional regulator and a transport system that likely play essential roles in the ability of V. cholerae to resist the action of bile in the host.
Parabiosis, tolerance and caries in rats.

Abstract The technique of parabiosis was used to study the effect of systemic factors on caries in the Harvard caries-susceptible and caries-resistant strains of rat. Early experience with this technique, however, showed that parabiotic union of members of these two strains resulted in a high rate of death and separation and, in “successful” parabionts, an impeded blood exchange. These problems now have been largely solved by making caries-susceptible rats and caries-resistant rats mutually tolerant before parabiosis. The caries experience of each strain was not modified by a long-existing common circulation or by living under conditions which would permit cross-infection of oral flora or by a chimeric state. Thus, evidence is provided that genetically determined blood-borne factors either do not differ between the two strains or do not affect caries.
Purification and characterization of transcription factor IIIA from Acanthamoeba castellanii

TFIIIA is required to activate RNA polymerase III transcription from 5S RNA genes. Although all known TFIIIA homologs harbor nine zinc fingers that mediate DNA binding, very limited sequence homology is found among these proteins, which reflects unique properties of some TFIIIA homologs. For example, the Acanthamoeba castellanii homolog directly regulates 5S RNA transcription. We have purified and characterized A.castellanii TFIIIA (AcTFIIIA) as a step toward obtaining a clearer understanding of these differences and of the regulatory process. AcTFIIIA is 59 kDa, significantly larger than all other TFIIIA homologs isolated to date. Nevertheless, it exhibits a DNase I footprint very similar to those produced by the smaller vertebrate TFIIIA homologs, but distinct from the smaller footprint of the 51 kDa TFIIIA from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Similar footprinting is not reflected in greater sequence similarity between the A.castellanii and vertebrate promoters.
Food distribution, dominance, and aggressive behaviors in bonnet macaques

Resource availability or distribution may affect interindividual competition in species such as primates, which forage in social groups, and several field studies suggest that dominance status predicts access to restricted food sources. Increased competition due to restricted resources may result in the intensification of aggressive behaviors. The study reported here examines the impact of manipulation of the distribution of food resources in a laboratory-housed group of bonnet macaques to assess the impact of distribution on aggressive behaviors. Food was restricted to a space which allowed access to only one or two individuals at a time or was dispersed throughout the living enclosure to allow universal access in alternating periods. During periods of clumped distribution, the monkeys obtained access to the food in order of their dominance status in the group. In addition, overall levels of aggressive behaviors increased, submissive behavior increased, and play decreased during periods of clumped distribution of food. These results confirm the findings from field studies indicating increases in agonism with restriction of food resources. These findings also have implications for primate colony management, in terms of developing strategies for minimizing intragroup aggression in captive groups.
The Effects of Self-Management Education for School-Age Children on Asthma Morbidity: A Systematic Review

The effects of asthma self-management education for school-age children on number of school days missed, emergency department visits and hospital admissions were evaluated through a systematic review of the published research. A total of 9 studies on asthma education programs that were conducted in schools by school nurses and health educators and targeted children 5-18 years of age were reviewed. The studies were all published between 1998 and 2009. The school-based asthma education programs delivered interventions in multiple sessions over short consecutive time periods of about a month to a month and a half. Follow-up data were collected in varying intervals from 1 month to 1 year postinterventions. Results indicated that a decrease in school days missed can be expected from such programs. The data regarding emergency department visits and hospital admissions was less definitive.
Public and Private as Viewed Through the Work of the Muhtasib

This article examines the distinctions between public and private space in classical Islamic law through the work of the muhtasib, a legal official charged with the inspection of public places and behavior in towns of the premodern Middle East and North Africa (and in some Muslim communities outside of these areas).
Global Economic Prospects and the Developing World

article argues that a large group of developing countries did relatively well during the Great Recession, thanks to the broader room for countercyclical macroeconomic policies, and that the world economy will continue to be more dependent on the developing world than any we have known in history. However, it also claims that major emerging economies cannot serve in the immediate future as a strong enough alternative engine of world economic growth to the old industrial centers. It also raises major questions related to the future of the world trading system, both in relation to its future dynamics and the transformation of its 'center-periphery' character. Given the problems underlying world trade, it argues that the best scenario for the world is one in which major economies focus on their domestic demand growth. Finally, it raises a series of questions related to global imbalances and risks associated with the pro- cyclical pattern of capital flows to developing countries. These problems call for major reforms of the international financial architecture (some now under way), notably reforms of the global monetary system, effective mechanisms of macroeconomic policy coordination and improved regulation of finance, including of cross-border capital flows.
Self-Management Support Interventions That are Clinically Linked and Technology Enabled: Can They Successfully Prevent and Treat Diabetes?:

Patients with diabetes need a complex set of services and supports. The challenge of integrating these services into the diabetes regimen can be successfully overcome through self-management support interventions that are clinically linked and technology enabled: self-management support because patients need help mastering the knowledge, attitudes, skills, and behaviors so necessary for good outcomes; interventions because comprehensive theory-based, evidence-proven, long-term, longitudinal interventions work better than direct-to-consumer or nonplanned health promotion approaches; clinically linked because patients are more likely to adopt new behaviors when the approach is in the context of a trusted therapeutic relationship and within an effective medical care system; and technology enabled because capitalizing on the amazing power of information technology leads to the delivery of cost-effective, scalable, engaging solutions that prevent and manage diabetes.
Examining the Perceptions, Preferences, and Practices That Influence Healthy Aging for African American Older Adults An Ecological Perspective

This study explored the healthy aging and health promotion perceptions, preferences, and practices of a purposive sample of African American older adults who resided in two communities in the south. An ecological framework was used to capture environmental factors, perceptions regarding access to health promotion resources, and health behavior preferences and practices. A mixed-method approach was used. Health supporting amenities were mapped, focus groups were conducted, and demographic information was obtained. The data were merged to create consolidated themes. The results indicated that health promotion amenities were available, but with some limitations. Convenient access to transportation strongly affected ability to use resources. Older adults were interested in preserving their health and independence, but some had difficulty staying motivated to maintain a healthy lifestyle. They wanted easier access to amenities. Implications for best practice include attention to culturally responsive outreach,...
A real-time algorithm to detect long connection chains of interactive terminal sessions

Most computer intruders usually chain many computers so as to hide themselves before launching an attack on a target computer. One way to stop such attacks is to prevent the hackers from using computers as stepping-stones for their attack. In this paper, we propose an algorithm to detect the length of the connection chain. By monitoring packets of outgoing and incoming connections, we are able to compute the roundtrip time gap between a client's "request" and the server's "reply." From the changes in the gaps, we can estimate the number of hosts from the current machine to the destination machine. Our algorithm has two advantages compare to the previous results [3]: (1) the estimation of the connection chain is more accurate, and (2) the algorithm can be used in real-time to detect long connection chains.
Disorder-specific Effects of CBT for Anxious and Depressed Youth: A Meta-analysis of Candidate Mediators of Change

The commonalities between anxiety and depression have been discussed before, but few have delineated the potentially different mechanisms through which treatments work for these populations. The current study conducted a comprehensive review of child and adolescent randomized clinical trials that tested cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) for anxiety or depression. All studies were required to have assessed both treatment outcomes and at least one theory-specific process target, including behavioral, physiological, cognitive, and coping variables. Using a meta-analytic approach, CBT demonstrated positive treatment gains across anxiety, depression, and general functioning outcomes. CBT for anxiety also produced moderate to large effects across behavioral, physiological, cognitive, and coping processes, with behavioral targets demonstrating potentially the greatest change. CBT for depression produced small effects for cognitive processes but nonsignificant effects for behavioral and coping variables. Findings were generally consistent with CB theory but suggest potentially different mediators in the treatment of anxiety and depression. Results are discussed in terms of implications for mechanisms research, theories of change, and treatment development.
Spoken-word direction of computer program synthesis

Prototype software is being designed to orchestrate speech-directed synthesis of customizable computer programs. The problems encountered are considered from a perspective that assumes the notation, syntax and function structure of APL. Program synthesis is to be completed with spoken-word dialogs between humans and computers. The computer is to assist in constructing programs with minimal or zero need for mechanical contact between mobile users and computer hardware. During synthesis, the system is to respond audibly and, only when necessary, visually. Spoken commands that invoke functions must be easily recognized in a limited vocabulary in a given context for interactively completing specification of each program. Experimentation with prototype system is expected to facilitate the replacement of conventional text-entry programming systems by that a practical one for speech-directed program synthesis and development.
The Effect of Student Model on Learning

Our goal in this study was to compare the effectiveness of displaying the open student model as a set of skillometers versus concept maps. The data suggests that concept maps are significantly more effective than a set of skillometers when answering questions that require synthesizing an overview of the topic.
Latitudinal differences in thermoregulatory color change in Uca pugilator

Animals can change color either rapidly in response to changes in their immediate environment or slowly as the seasons change. Such plasticity can permit local adaptation but it can also be constrained by physiological and behavioral mechanisms. Here, we explore how different temperature regimes along a latitudinal gradient spanning the natural range of a species of fiddler crab may affect the ability of crabs to change color rapidly in response to acute changes of temperature. Uca pugilator populations from New York (NY), North Carolina (NC) and Florida (FL) were exposed in air to 5 °C and 35 °C and carapace shade intensity (from dark to light color) and contrast was recorded. In general, individuals darkened when exposed to cold conditions, and lightened when exposed to warm conditions. Males from different populations differed in the magnitude of response to temperature, but had similar directional changes in shade (dark under cold conditions and light under warm conditions) suggesting differences among populations in the ability to change color. Females showed similar directional changes but there were no differences among populations. Differential responses of crabs to temperature suggest that crabs have local physiological adaptations and can acclimate quickly to withstand fluctuating or extreme temperatures.