cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Identification of periodicity in the relationship between PDO, El Niño and peak monsoon rainfall in India using S-transform analysis

Peak monsoon rainfall (PMR) data have been examined 135 years for five rainfall regions of the Indian subcontinent. S-transform analysis was used to analyse the non-stationarity in the periodicity of rainfall patterns over the study period. The results of the analyses revealed the presence of a 2–3 year cycle corresponding to the El Nino cycle, with periodic strengthening at the decadal scale across most of the regions as well as at the all India level. Further examination revealed that the 2–3 year cycle usually strengthened a few years before the beginning of the cold phase of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), and this cycle continued through most of the cold phase. This 2–3 year cycle, however, was almost negligible during the subsequent warm phase of PDO for all regions except the central northeast region. Such a periodic strengthening of the periodicity in PMR during the cool phase of PDO is possibly caused by the differences in temperatures in different parts of the Pacific Ocean. Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society
p35 Is Required for CDK5 Activation in Cellular Senescence

The retinoblastoma tumor suppressor gene (RB-1) is a key regulator of cellular senescence. Expression of the retinoblastoma protein (pRB) in human tumor cells that lack it results in senescence-like changes. The induction of the senescent phenotype by pRB requires the postmitotic kinase CDK5, the best known function of which is in neuronal development and postmitotic neuronal activities. Activation of CDK5 in neurons depends on its activators p35 and p39; however, little is known about how CDK5 is activated in non-neuronal senescent cells. Here we report that p35 is required for the activation of CDK5 in the process of cellular senescence. We demonstrate that: (i) p35 is expressed in osteosarcoma cells, (ii) p35 is required for CDK5 activation induced by pRB during senescence, (iii) p35 is required for the senescent morphological changes in which CDK5 is known to be involved as well as for expression of the senescence secretome, and (iv) p35 is up-regulated in senescing cells. Taken together, these results suggest that p35 is at least one of the activators of CDK5 that is mobilized in the process of cellular senescence, which may provide insight into cancer cell proliferation and future cancer therapeutics.
The regulation of arachidonate lipoxygenase metabolite formation in cells derived from intrauterine tissues

Products of arachidonic acid (AA) metabolism via the lipoxygenase pathways may have key roles in the maintenance of pregnancy and the onset of labor. We have determined whether calcium ionophores can modulate the rate of biosynthesis within the uterus of five important arachidonate lipoxygenase metabolites, i.e. leukotriene B4 (LTB4), LTC4, 5-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (5-HETE), 12-HETE, and 15-HETE. Amnion, chorion, and decidual cells were isolated, grown to confluence and incubated with ionomycin. The production of LTB4, LTC4, 5-HETE, 12-HETE, and 15-HETE was determined using specific radioimmunoassays. Cell-specific, concentration-related stimulatory actions of ionomycin on 5-HETE, 12-HETE, 15-HETE, and LTC4 but not LTB4 production were found. A23187 had effects similar to ionomycin. Hence elevation of intracellular calcium levels can result in enhanced intrauterine production of arachidonate lipoxygenase metabolites that may affect pregnancy outcome.
Triumph of the boosters: The 1928 democratic convention in Houston

Abstract In 1928 the Democratic National Committee chose Houston for its presidential nominating convention. For the first time since before the Civil War the party would meet in the South. Since Governor Al Smith of New York seemed likely to be nominated, a site in the New South would enhance party unity. This article looks at the convention from the Houston perspective. The case study demonstrates the power and goals of the city elite. Jesse Jones, the publisher of the Chronicle , obtained the convention almost singlehandedly. Moreover, he did so without consulting the mayor, the Texas politicians, or other business leaders. The surprised Houston elite was delighted. The convention would boost their city to national prominence and bring growth, wealth, and prestige. Houstonians proceeded to raze slums, build a hall seating 25,000, and plant 2000 rose bushes. In late June thousands of delegates and news reporters arrived to cheer Democracy, as the party was then called, and to choose candidates for the presidency and the vice presidency.
Complications of SSRI Treatment

EVEN THOUGH THE SELECTIVE SEROTONIN REUPTAKE INHIBITORS (SSRIs) have a very favorable side-effect profile, problems can develop during treatment that can cause concern. Complications of treatment that are easiest to deal with are those that are expected, occur early in the course of treatment, are mostly physical in nature, and either go away on their own or with dose reduction or medication discontinuation. More problematic are those complications of treatment that are late in onset, unexpected, and do not go away with dose reduction or medication discontinuation. In addition, complications that present as behavior changes are the most problematic, as it can be difficult to differentiate what is a medication effect and what is related to the disorder or child being treated. Prior to initiating medication most psychopharmacologists will review the physical side effects with patients and their families, but are less likely to discuss adverse behavioral changes seen during medication treatment. Our approach is to talk about the complications of treatment during informed consent rather than side effects, as it is a broader concept and we think it prepares children and families better for participation in a medication trial. In this column we offer an update of important complications (both common and rare) that can occur during SSRI treatment. We have created an A,B,C mnemonic to make it easier to remember (Walkup and Labellarte, 1999). Activation is an increase in activity level that does not include any real change in mood, impulse control, or a change in the child’s demeanor or other behaviors. Others may describe this symptom as disinhibition, akathisia, hyperactivity, etc., but we prefer activation because it does not have a particular etiological association and merely describes what a clinician or a family member may observe. Although most of the time the child is aware of the increase in activity level, they will not necessarily complain about it or experience it as a substantial change in their own behavior. Activation is most often seen early in the course of treatment or soon after a dose increase. In our clinical experience, it probably occurs more commonly in young children than adolescents and adults, and is perhaps even more frequent in children with concurrent minimal brain dysfunction (to use an old term)— including children with ADHD but also children with difficult temperaments or subtle CNS dysfunction. Activation is easily managed by dose reduction or medication discontinuation, although at times it is difficult to get the dose low enough to actually get rid of the activation
Spatial distribution of XUV emission in solar flares

The spatial distribution and time evolution of flare plasmas are studied with observations obtained with the NRL XUV spectroheliograph aboard Skylab. The hot 10--20 million degree plasma (Fe xxiii--xxiv) is located at the position of a gap in emission of the cooler plasmas (He ii to Fe xiv-xvi) which often take the form of two ribbons. As the flare cools, the Fe xxiii-xxiv plasma disappears and the region between the two ribbons is filled gradually with emissions from lower stage ions. Comparison between spectroheliograms and magetograms shows that the basic magnetic field configuration associated with the flares observed is a low- lying (4000 to 13,000 km) loop or arch structure. The flare apparently results from a plasma instability in the loop which produces localized heating in a small volume, usually near the top of the loop. Geometrical and physical properties of the hot flare plasma are presented, and implications of the observational results are briefly discussed. (AIP)
In situ real-time detection of E. coli in water using antibody-coated magnetostrictive microcantilever

Abstract Magnetostrictive microcantilever (MSMC), as a high-performance biosensor platform, was introduced recently. By using physical absorption, an antibody against Escherichia coli is immobilized onto the surface of the MSMC to form a biosensor. The real-time and in situ detection of E. coli in water using the biosensor is reported. The responses of the biosensor in E. coli suspension with different concentrations were studied, which were used to determine the detection limit of the biosensor. It is confirmed by using SEM observation and a control sensor approach, respectively, that the experimentally observed response of the biosensor is due to the binding of E. coli on the surface of the biosensor. It is found that the detection limit is improved by reducing the size of the MSMC, which is consistent with the theoretical calculation. For an MSMC with the size of 1.5 mm × 0.8 mm × 35 μm, the detection limit is 105 cfu/ml.
Pathomechanics of Gowers’ Sign: A Video Analysis of a Spectrum of Gowers’ Maneuvers

Background Gowers’ sign is a screening test for muscle weakness, typically seen in Duchenne muscular dystrophy but also seen in numerous other conditions. The mildest presentations and the variations of Gowers’ sign are poorly described in the literature but are important to recognize to help with early diagnosis of a neuromuscular problem.
Impairments in sodium appetite after lesions of gustatory thalamus: replication and extension.

Rats received electrolytic lesions centered in the gustatory subnucleus of the ventral posterior complex of the thalamus. They were tested for impairments of the ability to increase sodium chloride intake after depletion of body sodium or treatment with the mineralocorticoid desoxycorticosterone. Tests were administered either within a few weeks or after 2 months postoperative recovery to test a hypothesis suggested by previous studies that the decremental effect of the lesions would appear only after a latent period. This hypothesis was refuted by the results-the thalamic lesions resulted in highly significant impairments of sodium intake at either time period. An additional finding was that a particular type of general feeding impairment previously attributed to subthalamic damage also occurs after thalamic lesions.
Angiogram analysis in APL: a case study

Angiograms are commonly used to diagnose the occurrence of an arterial occlusion. Dye is injected into a blood vessel, where its movement is tracked and recorded with x-rays. Currently, a physician uses these pictures to make a qualitative judgment on the state of the heart or artery. Unfortunately, these judgments are quite often incorrect.A joint project between the Johns Hopkins Hospital and the Applied Physics Laboratory has been investigating the feasibility of digitally analyzing these angiograms, in order to better understand how blood flows through the heart and what type of occlusions are truly dangerous. APL became instrumental in this project because its powerful array manipulation functions allowed us to test our algorithms very quickly. In this overview, some of APL's features are discussed and compared to their equivalents in other software packages.
Palmoplantar keratoderma (Voerner) with composite keratohyalin granules: studies on keratinization parameters and ultrastructures.

A case of the Voerner type palmoplantar keratoderma was studied for abnormalities of keratinization parameters. An enzyme and materials used to build the marginal band or cellular envelope of the cornified cell were all abnormally expressed; i.e. transglutaminase I (TGK), loricrin, and involucrin were abnormally immunostained. In the normal controls, their expression was limited to the upper epidermis, mainly in the granular layer. In the lesional skin, they were detected from the suprabasal layer to the lower horny layer. Filaggrin, the protein of the keratohyalin granule, was also expressed more widely than in controls. Ultrastructural abnormalities included a significantly higher frequency of composite keratohyalin granules than controls, early formation of a marginal band in the midepidermis, and, most remarkably, the clumping of tonofilaments causing vacuolization of the cytoplasm of affected keratinocytes.
High temperature, high power piezoelectric composite transducers

Piezoelectric composites are a class of functional materials consisting of piezoelectric active materials and non-piezoelectric passive polymers, mechanically attached together to form different connectivities. These composites have several advantages compared to conventional piezoelectric ceramics and polymers, including improved electromechanical properties, mechanical flexibility and the ability to tailor properties by using several different connectivity patterns. These advantages have led to the improvement of overall transducer performance, such as transducer sensitivity and bandwidth, resulting in rapid implementation of piezoelectric composites in medical imaging ultrasounds and other acoustic transducers. Recently, new piezoelectric composite transducers have been developed with optimized composite components that have improved thermal stability and mechanical quality factors, making them promising candidates for high temperature, high power transducer applications, such as therapeutic ultrasound, high power ultrasonic wirebonding, high temperature non-destructive testing, and downhole energy harvesting. This paper will present recent developments of piezoelectric composite technology for high temperature and high power applications. The concerns and limitations of using piezoelectric composites will also be discussed, and the expected future research directions will be outlined.
Mobile technology as a learning object and an exploration tool in an IS curriculum: an innovative instruction of wireless network security

Information systems (IS) is a fully recognized business discipline. Many IS programs have not given network security appropriate attention; nor have they brought enough hands-on experience of both wireline and wireless networks to the class rooms. This study proposes a systematic framework to cover wireless security attack, detection, and protection. It also includes a learning matrix for educators and practitioners to enhance the IS curriculum. The assessment results show that students are very positive toward this new approach of security education. Implications and suggestions are provided
Adenovirus-Mediated Overexpression of Dominant-Negative Mutant of c-Jun Prevents Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 Induction by LDL: A Critical Role for Activator Protein-1 in Endothelial Activation

Low density lipoprotein (LDL) induces intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) gene expression and leads to endothelial cell (EC) leukocyte adhesion. However, the transcriptional mechanism for LDL-induced EC perturbation remains to be fully explained. Activator protein-1 (AP-1) is induced after the exposure of ECs to LDL. In the present study, a regulated adenovirus expressing a dominant-negative mutant of c-Jun (TAM-67) was used to examine the role of AP-1 in the LDL-induced ICAM-1 activation. Overexpression of TAM-67 specifically inhibited AP-1 activation and prevented the LDL-activated surface expression of ICAM-1 protein in human umbilical vein ECs and human coronary artery ECs. Northern analyses and promoter transactivation assays indicated that this effect of TAM-67 was likely mediated through a suppression of the transcriptional regulation of the ICAM-1 gene. Functionally, TAM-67 attenuated leukocyte adherence to ECs in response to LDL. Furthermore, electrophoresis mobility shift assays and site-directed mutagenesis suggested that an AP-1–like motif in the promoter region of the human ICAM-1 gene was a critical cis element for LDL induction. These results, for the first time, provide evidence suggesting that AP-1 is a major regulatory mechanism leading to endothelial activation.
Structure–Activity Relationship of a Broad-Spectrum Insect Odorant Receptor Agonist

Agonism of insect odorant receptor (OR) cation channels may represent a new strategy for the manipulation of destructive insect olfactory-driven behaviors. We have explored the chemical space around VUAA1, the first in class agonist of the obligate OR co-receptor ion channel (Orco), and describe novel compound analogues with increased potency across insect taxa. Functional analyses reveal several of these VUAA1 structural analogues display significantly greater potency as compared to the activity of the previously described active compounds in mobility-based behavioral assays on mosquito larvae.
Physics of symplectic integrators: perihelion advances and symplectic corrector algorithms.

Symplectic integrators evolve dynamical systems according to modified Hamiltonians whose error terms are also well-defined Hamiltonians. The error of the algorithm is the sum of each error Hamiltonian's perturbation on the exact solution. When symplectic integrators are applied to the Kepler problem, these error terms cause the orbit to precess. In this work, by developing a general method of computing the perihelion advance via the Laplace-Runge-Lenz vector even for nonseparable Hamiltonians, I show that the precession error in symplectic integrators can be computed analytically. It is found that at leading order, each paired error Hamiltonians cause the orbit to precess oppositely by exactly the same amount after each period. Hence, symplectic corrector, or process integrators, which have equal coefficients for these paired error terms, will have their precession errors cancel at that order after each period. With the use of correctable algorithms, both the energy and precession error are of effective order $n+2$ where $n$ is the nominal order of the algorithm. Thus the physics of symplectic integrators determines the optimal algorithm for integrating long-time periodic motions.
1-Aryl-3-(1-acylpiperidin-4-yl)urea Inhibitors of Human and Murine Soluble Epoxide Hydrolase: Structure-Activity Relationships, Pharmacokinetics and Reduction of Inflammatory Pain

1,3-Disubstituted ureas possessing a piperidyl moiety have been synthesized to investigate their structure−activity relationships as inhibitors of the human and murine soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH). Oral administration of 13 1-aryl-3-(1-acylpiperidin-4-yl)urea inhibitors in mice revealed substantial improvements in pharmacokinetic parameters over previously reported 1-adamantylurea based inhibitors. For example, 1-(1-(cyclopropanecarbonyl)piperidin-4-yl)-3-(4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl)urea (52) showed a 7-fold increase in potency, a 65-fold increase in Cmax, and a 3300-fold increase in AUC over its adamantane analogue 1-(1-adamantyl)-3-(1-propionylpiperidin-4-yl)urea (2). This novel sEH inhibitor showed a 1000-fold increase in potency when compared to morphine by reducing hyperalgesia as measured by mechanical withdrawal threshold using the in vivo carrageenan induced inflammatory pain model.
Endovascular Management of Vascular Complications in Pancreatic Transplants

Vascular complications after pancreatic transplantation carry a high rate of graft loss. Endovascular management of these complications is confined to stent placement for iliac artery inflow disease and embolization for arteriovenous fistulae (AVFs), pseudoaneurysms, or active bleeding. The current study describes the endovascular management of pancreatic transplant venous thrombosis (N = 1), arterial stenosis (N = 5), thrombosis (N = 3), pseudoaneurysms (N = 1), and AVF (N = 2). In addition, embolization of nonfunctioning grafts is described as an endovascular alternative to pancreatectomy.
Platinum-plated nanoporous gold : An efficient, low Pt loading electrocatalyst for PEM fuel cells

Abstract Platinum-plated nanoporous gold leaf (Pt-NPGL) is made by coating a conformal, atomically thin skin of platinum over the high surface area pores of a thin membrane of nanoporous gold. Because Pt loading in Pt-NPGL can be controlled down to 0.01 mg cm −2 using only simple benchtop chemistry, the material holds promise as a low Pt loading, carbon-free electrocatalyst. Here, we report successful use of Pt-NPGL as a catalyst in proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells. Stable and high performance Pt-NPGL/Nafion membrane electrode assemblies (MEAs) were made using a stamping technique. The performance of Pt-NPGL MEAs is comparable to conventional carbon-supported nanoparticles-based MEAs with much higher loading, generating an output power density of up to 4.5 kW g −1 Pt in our non-optimized test configuration. Correlations between the performance of Pt-NPGL MEAs, the electrochemically accessible surface area, and material microstructure are discussed. Our success in using Pt-NPGL as a fuel cell catalyst suggests that creating precious metals skins over nanoporous metal supports is a viable strategy for designing new catalysts for PEM fuel cells. This promising approach allows tailoring catalytic activity by engineering precious metal/substrate interactions, employs materials with dual functionality acting both as current collector and catalyst, and may avoid the sintering problems plaguing conventional nanoparticle-based catalysts.
MEMS tilt-mirror spatial light modulator for a dynamic spectral equalizer

This paper presents a linear array of tilting mirrors used to attenuate the various wavelengths in a DWDM optical signal. Attenuation of 21 dB at snap-down was achieved by the tilting mirrors, substituting for a liquid crystal spatial light modulator (SLM) in a commercial dynamic spectral equalizer (DSE). Linear fill factor of 92% was achieved, allowing closely spaced wavelength channels to be individually attenuated. A two layer polysilicon process with a thick epi-poly mirror was used to fabricate the SLM. Initial mirrors had a radius of curvature of 25 cm. A novel accelerated HF-H/sub 2/SO/sub 4/ etch allowed 100 /spl mu/m wide mirrors to be undercut in 12 min with no etch release holes.
A linear circuit viewpoint on error-correcting codes

A linear binary filter has as its output a binary sequence, each digit of which is the result of a parity check on a selection of preceding output digits and of present and preceding digits of the filter input sequence. The terminal properties of these filters may be described by transfer ratios of polynomials in a delay operator. If two binary filters have transfer ratios which are reciprocally related then the filters are mutually inverse in the sense that, in a cascade connection, the second filter unscrambles the scrambling produced by the first. The coding of a finite sequence of binary information digits for protection against noise may be accomplished by a binary sequence filter, the output of which becomes the sequence to be transmitted. (The inverse filter is utilized at the receiver.) Into the filter at the transmitter is inserted a sequence of information digits, immediately followed by another sequence of completely predictable digits consisting, say, of zeros. The completed block of digits is scrambled in a linear filter before transmission through the noisy channel. If this scrambled sequence were unaffected by noise in the channel the result of unscrambling by the receiver filter would be the original sequence of information digits followed by the all-zero sequence. If, however, channel noise has been added to the sequence put into the receiver filter, then its output is the original sequence, plus the response of the receiver filter to the noise superimposed thereon. In particular, the sequence positions which would have contained all zeros, had there been no noise, will now contain digits whose values are related to the sequence position affected by the noise. These data may then be utilized for the subsequent correction of the errors which would otherwise have been caused by the noise.
A CMOS Variable Gain Front-end for a WCDMA Receiver

This paper describes a variable gain WCDMA front-end receiver based on a direct conversion architecture in 0.18-mum CMOS. The front-end comprises a low noise variable gain amplifier (LNA) and a mixer. The LNA provides a 50-Omega input impedance and utilizes a tuned load to provide high selectivity. The front-end achieves a voltage conversion gain of 29.3 dB in the high gain mode of the LNA within 1-dB compression point dBm (iCP1dB) of -21 dBm. The front-end acquires an NF of 4.4 dB with an input return loss, S11, of -12.4 dB. The front-end achieves an in-band IIP3 of -6.16 dBm. The integrated LNA and mixer consumes approximately 9.2 mA of current from a 1.8-V power supply.
Specific language impairments: In search of diagnostic markers and genetic contributions

A selective overview of the diagnostic criteria for the condition of specific language impairment (SLI) is provided, followed by a summary of new prevalence findings showing an overall prevalence rate of 7.4% for kindergarten children. The search for a grammatical marker of SLI is described, involving an Extended Optional Infinitive Stage which is characterized by limited knowledge of tense-marking grammatical forms, whereas much of the grammar is apparently robust. This stage is not evident in a matched group of children with Williams syndrome. The close relationship between SLI and dyslexia is examined, followed by a brief summary of the evidence in support of an inherited contribution to SLI. A succinct discussion of brain/behavior studies of SLI is provided. The close relationship between the condition of SLI and socioemotional development is explicated, with implications for diagnosis, interpretation, and treatment. A section on future directions notes the strong parallels in the science of dyslexia and the science of SLI and calls for further work on diagnostic markers, carried out in prospective longitudinal studies, as a way of furthering our understanding of the etiology of SLI, dyslexia, and other conditions, such as Williams syndrome, where language impairment is implicated or spared. MRDD Research Reviews 1997;3:350–357. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Effect of metabolic and respiratory acidosis on intracellular calcium in osteoblasts

In vivo, metabolic acidosis {decreased pH from decreased bicarbonate concentration ([HCO3−])} increases urine calcium (Ca) without increased intestinal Ca absorption, resulting in a loss of bone Ca. Conversely, respiratory acidosis [decreased pH from increased partial pressure of carbon dioxide (Pco2)] does not appreciably alter Ca homeostasis. In cultured bone, chronic metabolic acidosis (Met) significantly increases cell-mediated net Ca efflux while isohydric respiratory acidosis (Resp) does not. The proton receptor, OGR1, appears critical for cell-mediated, metabolic acid-induced bone resorption. Perfusion of primary bone cells or OGR1-transfected Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells with Met induces transient peaks of intracellular Ca (Cai). To determine whether Resp increases Cai, as does Met, we imaged Cai in primary cultures of bone cells. pH for Met = 7.07 ([HCO3−] = 11.8 mM) and for Resp = 7.13 (Pco2 = 88.4 mmHg) were similar and lower than neutral (7.41). Both Met and Resp induced a marked, transient increase in Cai in individual bone cells; however, Met stimulated Cai to a greater extent than Resp. We used OGR1-transfected CHO cells to determine whether OGR1 was responsible for the greater increase in Cai in Met than Resp. Both Met and Resp induced a marked, transient increase in Cai in OGR1-transfected CHO cells; however, in these cells Met was not different than Resp. Thus, the greater induction of Cai by Met in primary bone cells is not a function of OGR1 alone, but must involve H+ receptors other than OGR1, or pathways sensitive to Pco2, HCO3−, or total CO2 that modify the effect of H+ in primary bone cells.
Expert supervisory control for a two-link flexible robot

This investigation focuses on the design and implementation of rule-based controllers for end point position control of a two-degree-of-freedom robot with very flexible links. We begin by showing how our intuitive understanding of how to control the robot, that was gained over several years of experience, can be used in the construction of a direct fuzzy controller Next, we investigate the use of a two-level hierarchical rule-based controller with a simple upper-level "expert controller" that captures our knowledge about how to supervise the application of lower-level fuzzy controllers during movements in the robot workspace. Overall, the rule-based supervisory control results have proven to be extremely effective for vibration suppression in the laboratory test bed of this study comparing favorably (in terms of performance, design complexity, and implementation issues) to a variety of conventional techniques attempted to date. >
Racism and Anti-Chinese Persecution in Sonora, Mexico 1876–1932

Anti-Chinese persecution in the northern state of Sonora, Mexico, first surfaced at the turn of the twentieth century. It intensified during the violent years of the Mexican Revolution (19 1 119 17), continued sporadically during the post-revolutionary period of the 1920s, and culminated in the expulsion of the large Chinese population in 1931 with the nationalization of local commerce. As Chinese economic power increased with greater numbers, the Chinese came to dominate the greatly expanded petite bourgeoisie in this northern frontier state. Leading the fight against the numerous, ubiquitous and relatively prosperous Chinese business community were small and modest Mexican merchants, school teachers, and other middle class aspirants, with the support of some organized labor. These people basically resented the Chinese for blocking their social and economic advancement. Thus, Sonora's anti-Chinese persecution had a clear class base. In other articles, I have traced the development of the predominately petite bourgeoisie Chinese population in northern Mexico.' In this article, my purpose is to delineate and analyze the nature of the ideology that arose to justify the fundamentally economically motivated campaigns against the Chinese. EVELYN Hu-DEHART is an assistant professor of history at Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri. The research for this article was assisted by a grant from the Joint Committee on Latin American Studies of the Social Science Research Council and the American Council of Learned Societies with funds provided by the National Endowment for the Humanities, the Mellon Foundation, and the Ford Foundation.
Escherichia coli and TNF-α Modulate Macrophage Phagocytosis of Candida glabrata

Background. The incidence of systemic nonalbicans Candida (especially C. glabrata) infections is increasing dramatically in intensive care units, but relatively little is known about the pathogenesis or host defenses associated with these life threatening infections. Materials and Methods. The course of systemic C. glabrata infection was assessed as the fungal burden in the kidneys and livers of mice sacrificed 1, 8, and 15 d after intravenous C. glabrata. Sixteen hours before each sacrifice, half of the mice were injected intraperitoneally with intact viable or nonviable E. coli cells, or with E. coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS), or with tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. To clarify the effect of LPS and TNF-α on phagocytosis, resident (unstimulated) mouse peritoneal macrophages were harvested, cultivated ex vivo, and some cultures were treated with LPS or TNF-α prior to 30 min incubation with C. glabrata. Results. Compared with mice injected with vehicle, each agent (intact E. coli cells or E. coli LPS or TNF-α) was consistently associated with decreased numbers of tissue C. glabrata, and some of these decreases were significant (P < 0.05). Compared with untreated macrophages, phagocytosis of C. glabrata was increased with LPS-treated macrophages (P < 0.01), and phagocytosis was also increased in the presence of TNF-α (P < 0.01). Conclusion. E. coli LPS and TNF-α may participate in host defense against C. glabrata by a mechanism involving increased macrophage phagocytosis, suggesting that stimulation of inflammatory cytokines may facilitate host clearance of C. glabrata.
Age-related increase in muscle sympathetic nerve activity is associated with abdominal adiposity

Tonic sympathetic nerve activity (SNA) increases with age, but the mechanisms are unknown. There is evidence that SNA is positively related to total and abdominal body fat, which also increase with...
Effects of A-23187 and verapamil on the active transport enzymes in turtle bladder epithelial cells

These experiments were designed to examine the effects of A-23187 (5 x 10(-4) M) and verapamil (100 microM) on membrane transport, 45Ca fluxes, and adenosine-triphosphatase (ATPase) activities in turtle bladder. In the intact membrane, the calcium ionophore decreased proton secretion and sodium transport [short-circuit current (SCC)] to approximately the same degree (by approximately 55% at 30 min). During the same period of time, verapamil decreased SCC (by approximately 58%), but proton secretion was unaffected. The turtle bladder membrane is composed predominantly of two cell types: 1) the mitochondrial-rich cells (MR cells) thought to be involved in proton (and bicarbonate) secretion containing significant H(+)-ATPase and Ca(2+)-ATPase and 2) the granular cells (G cells), postulated important in sodium reabsorption, having abundant Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase. That Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase activity was unchanged by either a calcium ionophore or a calcium channel blocker suggests that the decrease in SCC noted in the intact membrane is not directly mediated by changes in the sodium "pump." The decrease of H(+)-ATPase in MR cells, which resulted after the A-23187, suggests that it probably exerts a direct action on the proton pump, which decreases hydrogen ion secretion. The increase in ATP-dependent 45Ca transport seen after the ionophore (or the decrease in ATP-independent 45Ca transport after verapamil) most likely reflects increased (or decreased) Ca2+ availability within the cytosol, and the high (or low) cell calcium could decrease the SCC. These results thus suggest that cytosolic Ca2+ reciprocally sets, by different mechanisms, the rate of proton secretion in MR cells and the sodium reabsorption in G cells.
Mobility and Sustainability

Urban practices such as automobile dependence result from webs of institutions, from citizens and neighborhoods to city and state governments to federal policies. Effective action for achieving sustainability begins with understanding these institutions and how they respond to and resist change. In this chapter, we review those institutions involved with creating and preserving automobile use. This investigation illustrates that it is not enough to have a “right answer” be it a certain technology or a certain urban design proposal. The importance is in how these answers are implemented by citizens and governments – how visions are translated into interventions by real communities in various experiments and pilot projects which can help to illustrate pieces of those future states – today. In this chapter we review several cases of such proactive planning and policy which have been successful in enacting long-term visions for sustainable transportation. These include new urban planning paradigms based on transit-oriented design and accessibility, systems to facilitate sharing cars and to encourage cycling, and innovations in technology to improve the management of existing infrastructure.
Continuous Measurements of Dissolved Ne, Ar, Kr, and Xe Ratios with a Field-Deployable Gas Equilibration Mass Spectrometer.

Noble gases dissolved in natural waters are useful tracers for quantifying physical processes. Here, we describe a field-deployable gas equilibration mass spectrometer (GEMS) that provides continuous, real-time measurements of Ne, Ar, Kr, and Xe mole ratios in natural waters. Gas is equilibrated with a membrane contactor cartridge and measured with a quadrupole mass spectrometer, after in-line purification with reactive metal alloy getters. We use an electron energy of 35 V for Ne to eliminate isobaric interferences, and a higher electron energy for the other gases to improve sensitivity. The precision is 0.7% or better and 1.0% or better for all mole ratios when the instrument is installed in a temperature-controlled environment and a variable-temperature environment, respectively. In the lab, the accuracy is 0.9% or better for all gas ratios using air as the only calibration standard. In the field (and/or at greater levels of disequilbrium), the accuracy is 0.7% or better for Ne/Kr, Ne/Ar, and Ar/Kr, an...
Thermodynamics of Pressure Effects in V 3 Si and V 3 Ge

The thermodynamic relationships relating the pressure dependence of the superconducting transition temperature to the changes in the elastic constants at the transition are presented and their application to the compounds ${\mathrm{V}}_{3}$Si and ${\mathrm{V}}_{3}$Ge is discussed.
Experimental study of a DMD based compressive line sensing imaging system in the turbulence environment

The Compressive Line Sensing (CLS) active imaging system has been demonstrated to be effective in scattering mediums, such as coastal turbid water, fog and mist, through simulations and test tank experiments. The CLS prototype hardware consists of a CW laser, a DMD, a photomultiplier tube, and a data acquisition instrument. CLS employs whiskbroom imaging formation that is compatible with traditional survey platforms. The sensing model adopts the distributed compressive sensing theoretical framework that exploits both intra-signal sparsity and highly correlated nature of adjacent areas in a natural scene. During sensing operation, the laser illuminates the spatial light modulator DMD to generate a series of 1D binary sensing pattern from a codebook to “encode” current target line segment. A single element detector PMT acquires target reflections as encoder output. The target can then be recovered using the encoder output and a predicted on-target codebook that reflects the environmental interference of original codebook entries. In this work, we investigated the effectiveness of the CLS imaging system in a turbulence environment. Turbulence poses challenges in many atmospheric and underwater surveillance applications. A series of experiments were conducted in the Naval Research Lab’s optical turbulence test facility with the imaging path subjected to various turbulence intensities. The total-variation minimization sparsifying basis was used in imaging reconstruction. The preliminary experimental results showed that the current imaging system was able to recover target information under various turbulence strengths. The challenges of acquiring data through strong turbulence environment and future enhancements of the system will be discussed.
Multiparametric whole‐body anatomic, functional, and metabolic imaging characteristics of peripheral lesions in patients with schwannomatosis

Purpose To describe the anatomic, functional, and metabolic characteristics of peripheral nerve sheath tumors (PNSTs) in patients with schwannomatosis (SWN) on whole-body magnetic resonance imaging (WB-MRI) (anatomic and functional imaging) and fluorine-18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography / computed tomography (FDG-PET/CT) (metabolic imaging). Materials and Methods WB-MRIs at 1.5T and 3.0T performed in 13 SWN subjects using short tau inversion recovery (STIR), T1-weighted (T1W), contrast-enhanced T1W, and diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) with apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) mapping and FDG-PET/CT were retrospectively reviewed. Two readers reviewed all imaging for the presence and character of peripheral lesions (size, imaging features, ADC values, and standardized uptake values [SUVmax]) and ancillary findings. Descriptive statistics are reported. Results In all, 153 index lesions were characterized in 13 patients on WB-MRI. Lesions were characterized as tumors (97% [149/153]) or cysts (3% [4/153]); 96% (143/149) PNSTs were solitary while 4% (6/149) were plexiform. The median size was 2.3 cm (range 1–24.3 cm). On T1W, 99% (148/149) tumors were homogeneously isointense; on STIR, 81% (121/149) tumors were heterogeneously hyperintense; on postcontrast T1W, 81% (100/123) tumors enhanced heterogeneously; on DWI, tumor ADC values (×10-3mm2/s) were variable (minimum ADC range 0.3–2.2, average ADC range 0.9–2.9). The median SUVmax was 6 (range 2.1–11.7) and 10 (2.7–15.3) on early and delayed imaging, respectively. Malignant degeneration was detected in 1% (1/149) with suspicious anatomic, functional, and metabolic characteristics. Ancillary findings included nerve root thickening (23% [3/13]) and spinal canal lesions (15% [2/13]). Conclusion Although the majority of the PNSTs in SWN are benign and solitary, PNSTs can be plexiform, enlarge over time, and, rarely, undergo malignant degeneration. Due to the high metabolic activity in benign PNSTs by FDG-PET/CT in SWN, WB-MRI with functional sequences maybe a more suitable technique for the assessment of disease burden, tumor characterization, and surveillance. J. MAGN. RESON. IMAGING 2016;44:794–803.
Community Coverage with Insecticide-Treated Mosquito Nets and Observed Associations with All-Cause Child Mortality and Malaria Parasite Infections

Randomized trials and mathematical modeling suggest that insecticide-treated mosquito nets (ITNs) provide community-level protection to both those using ITNs and those without individual access. Using nationally representative household survey datasets from 17 African countries, we examined whether community ITN coverage is associated with malaria infections in children 50%) was protective against malaria infections and ACCM for children in households with an ITN, although this protection was not conferred to children in households without ITNs in these data. Children in households with ITNs were protected against malaria infections and ACCM with ITN coverage > 30%, but this protection was not significant with ITN coverage < 30%. Results suggest that ITNs are more effective with higher ITN coverage.
Carey McWilliams and Antifascism, 1934–1943

In 1935, the California magazine Pacific Weekly published "Jewish Fascism," an article by the young Los Angeles lawyer Carey McWilliams.' Calling the Jewish leaders who tied their opposition to Nazis to a defense of capitalism "fascists" might have seemed strange even to the readers of that left-wing magazine. Yet to McWilliams, a central figure of the California left of the 1930s and 1940s, fascism was a concept that could be applied broadly. Under the rubric of fascism, McWilliams described such American phenomena as union busting, anti-Semitism, nativism, militarism, capitalist exploitation, scapegoating, lynching, red-baiting, and vigilante justice. Although McWilliams's use of the term fascism lacked theoretical rigor, it allowed him to piece together in a coherent agenda the astonishing range of political activities he actively pursued as a lawyer, journalist, activist, and government official. Antifascism, as a political posture that called for radical reforms toward economic reconstruction and racial equality in a democratic constitutional order, provided McWilliams with a basic continuity of political instinct. Many scholars have viewed left-wing antifascism as a movement that directed its attention solely to international developments, such as the Spanish Civil War, at the expense of domestic concerns. For instance, Richard Pells has argued, "As writers and politicians grew more and more preoccupied with the talk of devising a suitable response to the fascist menace, interest in domestic issues correspondingly waned."2 In general, historians have assumed that antifascist rhetoric was too closely connected to Communist party policy to be useful in advancing a vigorous left-wing politics genuinely rooted in the American political situation, but a study of McWilliams from 1934 to 1943 reveals that a broad range of liberals and leftists applied the metaphor of fascism to American society. McWilliams's antifascist language was spoken by the wide range of California organizations with which he was involved from 1934
Interaction of the renin angiotensin and cox systems in the kidney

Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) plays an important role in mediating actions of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). This review sheds light on the recent developments regarding the complex interactions between components of RAS and COX-2; and their implications on renal function and disease. COX-2 is believed to counter regulate the effects of RAS activation and therefore counter balance the vasoconstriction effect of Ang II. In kidney, under normal conditions, these systems are essential for maintaining a balance between vasodilation and vasoconstriction. However, recent studies suggested a pivotal role for this interplay in pathology. COX-2 increases the renin release and Ang II formation leading to increase in blood pressure. COX-2 is also associated with diabetic nephropathy, where its upregulation in the kidney contributes to glomerular injury and albuminuria. Selective inhibition of COX-2 retards the progression of renal injury. COX-2 also mediates the pathologic effects of the (Pro)renin receptor (PRR) in the kidney. In summary, this review discusses the interaction between the RAS and COX-2 in health and disease.
Handwritten digit recognition based on statistical unrelated discriminant transform

To promote the research and application of handwritten digital recognition technology, the superiority of statistical unrelated optimal discriminant transform in handwritten digit recognition was presented and certified.Compared with classic Foley-Sammon discriminant transform,statistical unrelated optimal discriminant transform extracts features with less relativity. Statistical unrelated optimal discriminant transform was proposed to extract features and BP network to design sorter,a way to recognize handwritten numeral.Finally,the validity of the statistical unrelated optimal discriminant transform was testified by three comparative experiments.
The Cannibal Talking Head: The Portrayal of the Windigo “Monster” in Popular Culture and Ojibwe Traditions

This article examines the windigo “monster” of Algonquian Indian traditions through the lens of popular culture. The cannibalistic entity remains a consistent antagonist in comic books, cartoons, movies, and television series. Each medium portrays components of the windigo and related phenomena with varying degrees of accuracy. And while the windigo continues to be a part of many different Algonquian-speaking Native American and First Nations cultural traditions, this article focuses primarily on Ojibwe understandings of the entity. Along with evaluating the windigo from a popular media perspective, particular attention is also given to situating the windigo in accordance with Ojibwe spirituality and their concept of mino-bimaddiziwin, a philosophy that encourages individuals to remain in balance and harmony with themselves and communities.