cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Solution structure of Delta 5-3-ketosteroid isomerase complexed with the steroid 19-nortestosterone hemisuccinate.

The solution structure of the ketosteroid isomerase homodimer complexed with the product analogue 19-nortestosterone hemisuccinate (19-NTHS) was solved by heteronuclear multidimensional NMR methods using 1647 distance restraints, 77 dihedral angle (φ) restraints, and 67 hydrogen bond restraints per monomer. The refined secondary structure of each subunit consists of three α-helices, eight β-strands, four turns, and two β-bulges. The β-strands form a mixed β-sheet. One of the five proline residues, Pro-39, is cis and begins a nonclassical turn. A self-consistent ensemble of 15 tertiary/quaternary structures of the enzyme dimer−steroid complex, with no distance violations greater than 0.35 A, was generated by simulated annealing and energy minimization with the program X-PLOR. The mean pairwise RMSD of the secondary structural elements was 0.63 A for the average subunit and 1.25 A for the dimer. Within each subunit, the three α-helices are packed onto the concave surface of the β-sheet with a groove between...
Dynamic Assessment of Phonological Awareness for Children with Speech Sound Disorders.

The current study was designed to examine the relationships between performance on a nonverbal phoneme deletion task administered in a dynamic assessment format with performance on measures of phoneme deletion, word-level reading, and speech sound production that required verbal responses for school-age children with speech sound disorders (SSDs). The study adds to existing literature by administering the nonverbal task to children with SSDs, and by incorporating the use of an error-specific prompting system in a dynamic assessment format to inform instructional decisions. Ten school-age children with various degrees of speech sound disorders participated in the study. Speech production, phonological awareness, and word-level reading skills were examined. Performance on measures of verbal and nonverbal phoneme deletion were significantly correlated; however, the measure of nonverbal phoneme deletion was not related to performance on measures of speech sound production. Both measures were related to word-l...
Equidistributed permutation groups

(1978). Equidistributed permutation groups. Communications in Algebra: Vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 35-57.
Cloud droplet spectral width relationship to CCN spectra and vertical velocity

[1] Cloud droplet spectral width (standard deviation; sigma; s) was inversely related to cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) concentrations (NCCN) in the Rain in Cumulus over the Ocean (RICO) project. This was determined from thorough comparisons between flight-averaged NCCN and microphysics of the lowest altitude cloud passes of 17 RICO flights. Adiabatic model predictions of droplet spectra based on complete below cloud CCN spectra and within-cloud vertical velocity (W) showed good agreement with measured droplet concentrations and mean diameter (MD) but s predictions were only weakly correlated with measured s. Significantly better s predictions were obtained for mixtures of droplet spectra for distributions of W that were measured in each flight. Adiabatic model predictions for various W applied uniformly to all RICO flights displayed a trend of correlation coefficients (R) for s-NCCN plotted against W that changed from positive to negative with increasing W. The s-NCCN positive R range at low W corresponds to previous results in stratus clouds where it has been suggested that albedo calculations that include s reduce the indirect aerosol effect (IAE). The s-NCCN negative R range of higher W corresponds to more convective clouds such as RICO where albedo calculations that include s thus might seem to augment IAE.
A bi-state, metropolitan, school-based immunization campaign: lessons from the Kansas City experience.

Abstract Introduction: Through school-based immunization programs, large numbers of children can be vaccinated in a cost-effective manner. Information from successful programs can be valuable to communities, schools, or pediatric health care providers considering the implementation of a school-based immunization program. The purpose of this study was to identify factors considered key to the success of a large bistate, metropolitan, multi-school district, school-based, hepatitis B immunization program. Method: Immunizations were offered to 14,865 sixth-grade students in 16 school districts at 123 public and private school buildings. Personnel from 6 health departments and numerous volunteers administered the vaccines. Twenty-two semistructured interviews were conducted with a representative sample of program participants from schools, health departments, and the coordinating immunization coalition. A qualitative, grounded theory analysis was performed using data from the interviews. Results: The following categories emerged and were considered important issues in the success of a school-based program: organization, time, obtaining consent, educational opportunity, school support, and student tracking. Discussion: School-based immunization programs can be successful, but they require a coordinated effort with school support to meet the challenges of obtaining consent and tracking students. J Pediatr Health Care. (2001). 15, 173-178.
Angiopoietin-like 4 (ANGPTL4) gene polymorphisms and risk of brain arteriovenous malformations.

Background: Brain arteriovenous malformations (BAVM) are high-flow vascular lesions prone to intracranial hemorrhage (ICH). Abnormal angiogenesis is a key characteristic of BAVM tis
Varying bioactive to immunoactive ratios of the human chorionic gonadotropin-like substance present in normal human tissues.

To further characterize the hCG-like substance found in normal nonpregnant human tissues, we compared the biological (B) and immunological (I) activities of the substance in extracts of 40 nontrophoblastic tissues and 7 placentas. B was measured in an in vitro mouse testicular interstitial cell bioassay, and I was measured in the βhCG RIA. Highly purified hCG (CR 119) was used as a standard. B was detected in 92% of the nontrophoblastic nonpituitary tissues. Parallelism between serial dilutions of extracts and the hCG standard was found for 75% of the pituitary extracts, 86% of the placental extracts, and 53% of the other tissues. The correlation between B and I activities in the nontrophoblastic nonpituitary tissues was good (r = 0.8; P < 0.001). Preincubation of the tissue extracts with anti-hCG serum before bioassay significantly reduced the B activity. There was wide variation in the B to I ratio between tissues and within the same tissues from different individuals. A B to I ratio less than 1 was fou...
Diel periodicity of spore release from the kelp Nereocystis luetkeana (Mertens) Postels et Ruprecht

Abstract Sorus abscission and associated spore release were monitored in the laboratory from Nereocystis luetkeana (Mertens) Postels et Ruprecht plants collected at three sites in central California, U.S.A. Nearly 80% of the sori were released in the interval between 2 h before sunrise and 4 h after sunrise. This dawn abscission pattern was observed on each day and from plants collected at all sites. Short-term observations in nature confirmed the pattern. Sori from individual plants were usually abscised at intervals of 2–4 days. Sori often began releasing spores before abscission and, in nature, probably continue to release spores as they are falling through the water column. > 50% of the spores released from abscised sori in the laboratory were released in the 1st h after abscission at a mean rate two to four orders of magnitude higher than previously reported for related macroalgae; nearly 95% had been released within 4 h. This sorus abscission-spore release mechanism is probably adaptive in maximizing the photosynthetic potential of the spores, maximizing the potential dispersal of some of the spores, and ensuring that a proportion of the spores will be retained near the parents.
Testing for Sample Selection Bias

A simple regression test of the null hypothesis of no sample selection bias has been suggested by J. J. Heckman. Because of its computational simplicity, this test is widely used by applied researchers. This paper shows that Heckman's test is equivalent to the Lagrange multiplier test of the null hypothesis. This allows us to readily deduce that the simple regression test also has desirable large sample properties.
Real-time multi-vehicle tracking based on feature detection and color probability model

As traffic surveillance technology continues to grow worldwide, computer vision-based vehicle tracking is becoming increasing important. One of the key challenges with vehicle tracking is dealing with high density traffic, where occlusion often leads to foreground splitting and merging errors. In order to help solve this problem, global features such as color or local features like corners can be used for tracking. However, tracking based on global features or local features alone does not work well with a high amount of occlusion. In this paper, we propose a real-time multi-vehicle tracking approach, which combines both local feature tracking and a global color probability model. In cases with low occlusion, corner feature detection and tracking algorithm can be used to estimate vehicle positions and trajectories. When there is a high degree of occlusion, corner features can be tracked to provide position estimates of moving objects. Then a color probability can be calculated in the occluded area to determine which object each pixel belongs to. This approach is scalable to both stationary surveillance video and moving camera video. Experimental results from a challenging transportation video clip are presented.
Perception of place-of-articulation information in natural speech by monkeys versus humans

Four monkeys and 6 humans representing five different native languages were compared in the ability to categorize natural CV tokens of /b/ versus /d/ produced by 4 talkers of American English (2 male, 2 female) in four vowel contexts (/i, e, a, u/). A two-choice “left/right” procedure was used in which both percentage correct and response time data were compared between species. Both measures indicated striking context effects for monkeys, in that they performed better for the back vowels /a/ and /u/ than for the front vowels /i/ and /e/. Humans showed no context effects for the percentage correct measure, but their response times showed an enhancement for the /i/ vowel, in contrast with monkeys. Results suggest that monkey perception of place of articulation is more dependent than human perception on the direction of the F2 onset transitions of syllables, since back-vowel F2s differentiate /b/ and /d/ more distinctively. Although monkeys do not provide an accurate model of the adult human in place perception, they may be able to model the preverbal human infant before it learns a more speech-specific strategy of place information extraction.
The natural background at shuttle altitudes

In order to make astronomical observations from the Shuttle, the observer needs good information on the intensities and spectral characteristics of various sources. This paper presents a model spectrum for the natural airglow background. The spectrum is modeled over a wavelength range extending from the extreme ultraviolet to the near-infrared. This model is based on the present knowledge of the upper atmosphere. The effect of different viewing configurations is illustrated, together with day-to-night variations. The results synthesized here assume an ideal vehicle in the sense that no contaminant emissions are induced by the Shuttle and payload. These spectra therefore represent a baseline which can be used to locate unanticipated or nonambient features.
Multifrequency spin resonance in diamond

Magnetic resonance techniques provide a powerful tool for controlling spin systems, with applications ranging from quantum information processing to medical imaging. Nevertheless, the behavior of a spin system under strong excitation remains a rich dynamical problem. In this paper, we examine spin resonance of the nitrogen-vacancy center in diamond under conditions outside the regime where the usual rotating-wave approximation applies, focusing on effects of multifrequency excitation and excitation with orientation parallel to the spin quantization axis. Strong-field phenomena such as multiphoton transitions and coherent destruction of tunneling are observed in the spectra and analyzed via numerical and analytic theory. In addition to illustrating the response of a spin system to strong multifrequency excitation, these observations may inform techniques for manipulating electron-nuclear spin quantum registers.
Global epidemiology of HIV

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: To provide an update on the epidemiology of HIV worldwide and by region along with an overview of recent HIV epidemiological research. RECENT FINDINGS: The global prevalence of HIV-1 has stabilized at 0.8% with 33 million people living with HIV/AIDS 2.7 million new infections and 2.0 million AIDS deaths in 2007. Heterosexual spread in the general population is the main mode of transmission in sub-Saharan Africa which remains the most heavily affected region with 67% of the global burden. Male-male sex injection drug use and sex work are the predominant risk factors in most other regions. Infection rates are declining in some regions including some of the most heavily affected countries in Africa but climbing elsewhere such as in eastern Europe and central Asia. Recent HIV epidemiologic research findings include new insights into the role of HIV viral load co-infection with sexually transmitted infections male circumcision antiretroviral treatment serosorting and superinfection in HIV transmission and prevention. SUMMARY: The global prevalence of HIV has stabilized in this decade but with important regional differences in trends and modes of transmission. Prevention and treatment programs have an expanding impact in preventing HIV infection and AIDS deaths.
Generation and Development of Strategy on a Logical-Deduction Task:

Summary.-An experiment was conducted to assess the generation and development of strategic expertise during problem solving. 40 undergraduates solved four nontrivial logical-deduction problems in a 1-hr period. Even though the instructions were deliberately impoverished regarding strategic hints, orderly effective uniform strategies emerged near the outset of the prob lem-solving session, and they emerged at a faster rate than had been previously thought. The decision-making process underlying generation and development of strategy was nonhlarkovian. The rapid emergence of expertise seen in this study seems to contrast with the view of strategic expertise implicit in much of the literature on problem solving, namely, that such expertise develops as a result of lengthy experience with the task. On all but the most hopelessly convoluted of tasks, human problem solving is strategic, that is, the solver's actions are bound up with deliberate mental processes in which transformations of an internal representation of the task are enacted and evaluated. Over the past ten years, several theorists (Green, 1978; Newell & Simon, 1972) have offered fairly detailed accounts of the role of suategic skills in problem solving. Greeno (1978) has analyzed prototypical problems and suggested they might serve as exemplars in a tripartite problem classification taxonomy. Problems of inducing structure consist of determining the relationship among several given elements of the problem. A common example is the analogy problem in which four elements are supplied, and the solver must determine whether they can be related in some way that fits the structure A:B::C:D. The principal cognitive ability required for problems of inducing structure is some form of understanding. Problems of transformation involve finding a sequence of operations that transforms some initial situations into a goal state. A characteristic example of such a task is the Tower of Hanoi problem. The principal strategic skill requited on such problems is the ability to do meansend analysis. Finally, in the third type of problem, that of arrangement, the solver is given some elements which must be rearranged according to some criterion. A typical example is the anagram. The principal strategic skill is that of constructive search. The work of Newell and Simon (1972) has presented perhaps the most complete picture of use of strategy in problem solving. From the entire range of ways in which a problem might be represented, the solver constructs a par'Reprints are available from John B. Best, Deparunent of Psychology, Eastern Illinois University, Charleston, Illinois 61920.
REGULATION OF INTERSTITIAL FLUID VOLUME AND PRESSURE

Summary Three recent discoveries in the field of interstitial fluid dynamics make it pos- sible to construct a relatively complete analysis of the regulation of interstitial fluid volume and interstitial pressure. These three discoveries are the following: First, the normal interstitial fluid pressure is about -7 mm Hg in contrast to the previously believed values of + 1 to +8 mm Hg. Second, the volume-pressure curve of the interstitial spaces is very nonlinear: a very slight increase in interstitial fluid volume above normal will increase the interstitial fluid pressure from -7 mm Hg up to equal atmospheric pressure (0 mm Hg), but, once the interstitial fluid pressure has risen above this level, the tissue spaces balloon outward rapidly, in such a way that tremendous volumes of fluid can then be accommodated in the tissue spaces with almost no further rise in interstitial fluid pressure. Indeed, at positive pressures of +2 to +5 mm Hg, 4+ edema occurs in the S.C. tissues of the body. Third, the fluids normally present in the interstitial spaces appear not to be motile but instead bound and held firmly in place. This fluid can diffuse back and forth between the circulation and interstitial spaces because of the tremendous pressures (up to one million mm Hg) that exist for causing the process of diffusion to occur. On the other hand, this fluid cannot be removed from the tissue spaces by the usual, comparatively weak hydrostatic forces that develop in the lymphatic system or that develop as a result of osmosis at the capillary membrane. When edema occurs, essentially all the extra fluid that appears in the tissues is in the motile state and can be moved easily from one part of the tissue to another with only 0 to 5 mm Hg pressure gradient. Under normal conditions, two different factors, (a) lymphatic flow caused by arterial pulsation and other types of motion in the tissues, and (b) osmosis of fluid from the tissue spaces through the capillary membrane, keep the tissues “dry” of motile fluid and thereby maintain a negative interstitial fluid pressure of about -7 mm Hg. Therefore, the normal interstitial fluid volume is regulated to essentially zero motile fluid in the interstitid spaces, and the fluid that is present in the interstitial spaces appears to be only that amount entrapped by the gel in the ground substance of the tissue spaces or held by capillarity in very minute tissue spaces.
Slavery's Impasse: Slave Prostitutes, Small-Time Mistresses, and the Brazilian Law of 1871

In March 1871 the young slave woman Honorata went to police in the Rio de Janeiro parish of Sacramento to complain formally that her mistress had forced her into prostitution from the age 12. She testified that she was sent on various occasions to houses of known ill-repute “to be at the window receiving visitors.” At other times her mistress arranged the assignations herself, instructing Honorata to dress and go with a client. Between these stints at brothels, and sometimes at the same time, she was hired out as a domestic, usually as laundress or cook. The court record described Honorata as nineteen years old, black, a Creole born in the province of Bahia, and brought to Rio de Janeiro by her mistress some years earlier, unmarried and a domestic servant.
Adrenergic blockade by iproniazid.

1-Isonicotinyl-2-isopropylhydrazin (Iproniazid) blokkiert reversibel den Angriffsort des Adrenalins im Furchgottschen Praparat der Kaninchenaorta. Die Wirkung wird der strukturchemischen Ahnlichkeit zwischen Adrenalin und Iproniazid zugeschrieben.
Differential expression of two isoforms of the neurokinin-1 (substance P) receptor in vivo

Recent pharmacological and biochemical studies have suggested that there may be more than one molecular form of the neurokinin-1 receptor (NK-1), a long and short isoform differing in the length of their cytoplasmic carboxyl-terminal tails, but no definitive evidence of the existence of such NK-1 receptor isoforms in tissue has been presented. To examine whether these different isoforms are expressed in vivo we have compared the distribution of high affinity substance P (SP) binding sites (visualized by autoradiography with [125I]SP), with the distribution of the C-terminal epitope of the full length receptor (visualized with a specific antibody against the extreme C-terminal sequence). The former method labels both long and short forms of the NK-1 receptor, while the latter labels only the long form of the protein. In the rat there is a close correspondence of [125I]SP binding and NK-1 immunoreactivity in the striatum, suggesting that the long isoform predominates in this tissue. In the parotid and submaxillary gland, there are very high levels of [125I]SP binding but only low levels of NK-1 immunoreactivity, suggesting that expression of the short form predominates in these tissues. These results imply that different tissues express different ratios of the two isoforms of the NK-1 receptor. This differential expression provides the theoretical basis for tissue specific pharmacological targeting of NK-1 receptors.
Hume, Kant, and the Sea of Illusion

Given Hume's seemingly ambivalentÂ—and often crypticÂ—claims about the limits of human knowledge, it is no surprise that a skeptical and a naturalistic reading compete as the proper interpretation of the Treatise. Although Hume was traditionally viewed as a skeptic, more recently the "naturalized" view of the Treatise has been in the ascendancy.1 On this view, while Hume deploys various skeptical arguments, they are mainly in the service of revealing the essentially naturalistic structure of human cognition.2 In other words, Hume is taken to be engaged in a type of philosophical psychology, and the results of this project are taken to accord with generally naturalized claims about the mind. In this paper, however, I want to take issue with this "naturalized" version of Hume, and instead try to show not only that Hume's skepticism is an ineliminable feature of his view, but that in fact Hume's skepticism in the Treatise is complicit with his naturalism.31 propose to do this by enlisting help from what might initially seem to be an unlikely quarter: Kant's Critique of Pure Reason, and specifically the doctrine of illusion found in the Transcendental Dialectic.4 Both Kant and Hume, I will argue, come to realize that human reason is fraught with illusionÂ—and, in fact, that this illusion is in an important sense natural. Moreover, both Kant and Hume distinguish between the natural illusions that characterize human reason and the errors that fol-
Isolation of a glycine-carbohydrate residue from muscle collagen.

ONE of a group of related, macromolecular substances composed of an amino-acid linked to a polysaccharide has been isolated and partially characterized. This group of substances, obtained by means of proteolysis of muscle collagen by carboxypeptidase and subsequent electrophoresis of the non-dialysable fraction, suggests the existence of a polysaccharide residue linked to the C-terminal amino-acid.
GQ Lup B visible and near-infrared photometric analysis

We have reanalyzed archival HST and Subaru data of the recently discovered planetary mass companion (PMC) GQ Lup B. With these we produce the first R- and I-band photometry of the companion and fit a radius and effective temperature using detailed model atmospheres. We find an effective temperature of 2335 ± 100 K, a radius of 0.38 ± 0.05 R☉, and a luminosity of log(L/L☉) = -2.42 ± 0.07 (at 140 pc). Since we fit wavelengths that span most of the emitted radiation from GQ Lup, this luminosity estimate is robust, with uncertainty dominated by the distance uncertainty (±50 pc). The radius obtained for 140 pc (0.38 R☉) is significantly larger than the one originally derived and larger than model predictions. The mass of the object is much more model-dependent than the radiative properties, but for the Gaia dusty models we find a mass between 10MJup and 20MJup, in the range of the brown dwarf and PMC deuterium-burning boundary. Assuming a distance of 140 pc, observations fit to 1 σ the Baraffe evolution model for an ~15MJup brown dwarf. Additionally, the F606W photometric band is significantly overluminous compared to model predictions and other brown dwarfs. Such overluminosity could be explained by a bright Hα emission from chromospheric activity, interaction with another undetected companion, or accretion. Assuming that GQ Lup B has a bright Hα emission line, its Hα emission strength is 10-1.71±0.10Lbol, significantly larger than field late-type dwarfs. GQ Lup B might be strongly accreting and might still be in its formation phase.
Regulation of low molecular weight insulin-like growth factor binding proteins in experimental diabetes mellitus

Circulating insulin-like growth factor (IGF) bioactivity is reduced in animals and patients with diabetes mellitus. We sought to determine whether the availability and levels of specific IGF binding proteins (BPs) are altered in animals with experimental diabetes, and might contribute to changes in circulating IGF bioactivity in experimental diabetes. Female Sprague-Dawley rats were administered streptozotocin or citrate buffer iv, and then killed either 3 days later, or else after 4-day insulin treatment (7.5 U/kg human NPH twice daily), or 2 days after insulin was discontinued. Serum [125I]IGF-I binding activity was markedly increased in diabetic animals compared to controls when analyzed by Sephacryl S-200 chromatography, dot blot, and affinity labeling techniques, due to increased binding to low mol wt BPs (81 +/- 4% of ligand eluting with low mol wt BPs in diabetic serum vs. 22 +/- 3% in control, P less than 0.001). In contrast, activated charcoal removed ligand from these BPs and underestimated the availability of BPs in diabetes. Serum binding activity fell toward control levels during insulin therapy, then rose again after insulin was withdrawn, corresponding to changes in metabolic status. To distinguish changes in specific BPs, serum proteins were separated by 13% sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, then transferred to nitrocellulose. Ligand blotting with [125I]IGF-I demonstrated that serum levels of a 32 K mol wt IGF BP are markedly increased in diabetic rats and decline during insulin therapy. Levels of this 32 K IGF BP rose again after insulin was discontinued, demonstrating regulation in accordance with changes in insulin and metabolic status. Western analysis and affinity labeling with immunoprecipitation revealed that this 32 K protein is distinct from the 34 K fetal rat BP, and is immunologically related to the type 1 human IGF BP. We conclude that circulating [125I]IGF-I binding activity is markedly increased in animals with acute streptozotocin-induced diabetes, due to changes in low mol wt proteins, including a 32 K type 1 IGF BP that is regulated by changes in insulin and/or metabolic status. Regulation of low mol wt IGF BPs by insulin, and perhaps other factors, may play an important role in the modulation of tissue growth factor bioactivity in metabolic disease.
The uses of laboratory testing of biomass cookstoves and the shortcomings of the dominant U.S. protocol

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . viii CHAPTER 1. OVERVIEW OF STOVES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.
The Border Industry Program and the impacts of expenditures by Mexican Border Industry employees on a U.S. Border Community: An empirical study of nogales

The Border Industries Program was initiated in 1965 as a series of agreements between Mexico and the United States to bring U.S. industries to the Mexican side of the border, and thereby provide employment and income opportunities in a region of relatively high unemployment. Since 1965, many U. S. industries have taken advantage of the Program, and located firms on the Mexican and U.S. side of the border. Supposedly this has fostered economic development of not only the Mexican border region, but also U.S. border communities. Part of this impact has resulted from the expenditures of Mexican Border Industry employees in the adjacent U.S. town. The objective of the research presented in the present article is to empirically estimate the impact of these expenditures on income, employment, and population in a specific U.S. border community. An input-output model of the Nogales, Arizona, area is used in a case study in making the analysis. The results indicate that the impact of the Mexican Border Industry wage payments on the Nogales, Arizona, economy have been significant. Policy implications for those interested in regional economic development are given.
Al-Muhalhil in the historical akhbār and folkloric Sīrah

Al-Muhalhil b. Rabī'ah was a Pre-Islamic poet who, according to classical sources, was the first to establish the Qasīdah form and who participated in the forty-year war of al-Basūs, between Bakr and Taghlib, to revenge the assassination of his brother Kulayb. On the other hand, al-Zīr Sālim Abū Laylā al-Muhalhil, is the protagonist of the folkloric sīrah , whose character is substantially different from his “historical” counterpart, nonetheless they do share the same “historical” setting, events, and characters surrounding them. This article will examine the development of al-Muhalhil as a character in both, the “historical” adab sources and the sīrah , while breaking up the narratives into separate motifs. I argue that the narrator(s) of the sīrah was/were well aware of the “historical” sources on al-Muhalhil, and that the changes that the sīrah protagonist underwent were intentional and deliberate.
Preliminary experiments for the assessment of V/W-band links for space-earth communications

Since September 2012, NASA Glenn Research Center has deployed a microwave profiling radiometer at White Sands, NM, to estimate atmospheric propagation effects on communications links in the V and W bands (71-86GHz). Estimates of attenuation statistics in the millimeter wave due to gaseous and cloud components of the atmosphere show good agreement with current ITU-R models, but fail to predict link performance in the presence of moderate to heavy rain rates, due to the inherent limitations of passive radiometry. Herein, we discuss the preliminary results of these measurements and describe a design for a terrestrial link experiment to validate/refine existing rain attenuation models in the V/W-bands.
Adaptive moving mesh methods for simulating one-dimensional groundwater problems with sharp moving fronts

Accurate modelling of groundwater flow and transport with sharp moving fronts often involves high computational cost, when a fixed/uniform mesh is used. In this paper, we investigate the modelling of groundwater problems using a particular adaptive mesh method called the moving mesh partial differential equation approach. With this approach, the mesh is dynamically relocated through a partial differential equation to capture the evolving sharp fronts with a relatively small number of grid points. The mesh movement and physical system modelling are realized by solving the mesh movement and physical partial differential equations alternately. The method is applied to the modelling of a range of groundwater problems, including advection dominated chemical transport and reaction, non-linear infiltration in soil, and the coupling of density dependent flow and transport. Numerical results demonstrate that sharp moving fronts can be accurately and efficiently captured by the moving mesh approach. Also addressed are important implementation strategies, e.g. the construction of the monitor function based on the interpolation error, control of mesh concentration, and two-layer mesh movement. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Factors controlling the level and determination of D-amino acids in the urine and plasma of laboratory rodents

Unambiguous methodologies were developed for the accurate and reproducible determination of specific D-amino acids in the physiological fluids of common laboratory rodents. Depending on the strain of rodent and the type of amino acid examined, excreted D-amino acids ranged from the low percent levels to over 40 percent of the total specific amino acid level. Relative plasma levels tended to be considerably lower, typically an order of magnitude less. A number of factors were found to alter the relative amounts of excreted D-amino acids. This included: diet, age, pregnancy, advanced cancer, and antibiotics. The two factors that seemed to result in substantially lower levels of excreted D-amino acids were fasting and young age. Pregnancy was the only factor that consistently resulted in higher relative D-amino acid excretion. Much of the observed data are believed to be related to the efficiency with which the kidney reabsorbs L-amino acids. No claims are made as to the meaning and/or importance of free D-amino acids in regards to pathology, age, clinical usefulness and so forth. However, a knowledge of normal D-amino acid levels and dynamics is necessary before it is possible to identify perturbations caused by either natural or pathological conditions. The techniques are now available that should allow these topics to be addressed properly.
Mechanism for benzyl alcohol‐induced aggregation of recombinant human interleukin‐1 receptor antagonist in aqueous solution

Benzyl alcohol, an antimicrobial preservative, accelerates aggregation and precipitation of recombinant human interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (rhIL-1ra) in aqueous solution. The loss of native monomer during incubation at 37 degrees C was determined by analysis of sample aliquots with size exclusion high performance liquid chromatography (SE-HPLC). Benzyl alcohol caused minor perturbation of the tertiary structure of the protein without changing its secondary structure, documenting that the preservative caused a minor shift in the protein molecular population toward partially unfolded species. Consistent with this conclusion, in the presence of benzyl alcohol the rate of H-D exchange was accelerated and the fluorescence of 1-anilinonaphthalene-8-sulfonic acid in the presence of rhIL1ra was increased. Benzyl alcohol did not alter the free energy of unfolding based on unfolding experiments in urea or guanidine HCl. With differential scanning calorimetry it was determined that benzyl alcohol reduced the apparent Tm of rhIL-1ra, but this effect occurred because the preservative lowered the temperature at which the protein aggregated during heating. Isothermal calorimetry documented that the interaction of benzyl alcohol with rhIL-1ra is relatively weak and hydrophobically driven. Thus, benzyl alcohol accelerates protein aggregation by binding to the protein and favoring an increase in the level of partially unfolded, aggregation-competent species. Sucrose partially inhibited benzyl alcohol-induced aggregation and tertiary structural change. Sucrose is preferentially excluded from the surface of the protein, favoring most compact native state species over expanded aggregation-prone forms.
Large-Diameter Pipe Subjected to Landslide Loads

When a pipeline crosses a landslide, it is subjected to combined loads, which can result in bending and subsequent ovalization of the pipe cross section. When compressive stresses cause buckling and ovalization, then the tensile stresses rarely result in these types of failures. Reliable mitigation measures could be carried out quickly at modest cost by performing a pipe stress-strain state assessment that takes into consideration elastic-plastic deformations. Therefore, this paper studied the response of the thin-walled cylindrical pipe subjected to combined beam load factors and internal pressure using a new engineering approach. This approach relied on a technique that reduces the problem to one dimension, and uses the plasticity and membrane theory of shells. A stress-strain diagram of pipeline material was obtained from the tensile test and was approximated with two linear dependences in the elastic and plastic zones. The actions of internal pressure, bending moment, and longitudinal force on the straight pipe element and distribution of stresses and strains in the pipe cross section were analyzed. The results of this paper show how variations of external loads affect pipe flexural rigidity and were compared with experimental outcomes.
Software for the generation and display of random-dot cinematograms on the Macintosh computer

The software packageDotMovie 1.3.8 was designed to create and display dynamic random-dot cinematograms for studies of motion perception on Macintosh II microcomputers. In each frame of the cinematogram, some dots move in random uncorrelated directions, while other dots move with constant speed in one direction. As the relative number of dots moving in a correlated direction increases, the observer sees flow in the direction of the movement. The software described facilitates the creation of random-dot cinematograms, their presentation, and collection of data from subjects’ responses.
Differences in latent inhibition as a function of the autogenous–reactive OCD subtype

We examined differences in a visual search-based latent inhibition (LI) task in 48 non-treatment seeking individuals diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and 26 non-OCD controls, using a visual search-based LI task as a function of participants' primary obsessional presentation based on the autogenous-reactive subtype model of obsessions (Lee & Kwon, 2003; Lee & Telch, 2007). We hypothesized that LI would be significantly attenuated among OCD participants whose primary obsessions were characterized by aversive impulses, images, or thoughts with sexual, aggressive, blasphemous, and repulsive themes (autogenous obsessions) due to their weakened attentional inhibitory mechanisms and elevated schizotypal personality features, as compared with those whose primary obsessions were characterized by somewhat realistic aversive mental intrusions about contamination, mistakes, accidents, or disarray (reactive obsession) and non-OCD controls. Results showed that those primarily displaying autogenous obsessions failed to display LI, whereas those primarily displaying reactive obsessions and non-OCD controls displayed significant LI effects. Our data suggest that the magnitude of LI varies as a function of primary obsessional presentations among individuals with OCD.
THE CONTROL OF CONSUMER CREDIT IN AUSTRALIA

THE RECENT ACCEPTANCE of consumer credit by countries which had formerly scorned it-including countries as diverse as Great Britain and the Soviet Union-as well as its steadily increasing use in countries like the United States, which have long been accustomed to it, have brought sharply to public attention the question of public policy in this field. Should consumer credit be controlled? If so, how is the control to be effectuated? These questions become urgent when some degree of inflation is apparent. Since close co-operation between government and central banking authorities exists in all countries nowadays, even in those in which the central bank is nominally independent, the policy toward consumer credit must be worked out at top levels. The implementation of the policy will depend on the legal and institutional structure. In Australia the use of consumer credit is not new, but the rapid increase of instalment sales credit in recent years has been accompanied by the development of a whole new set of financial intermediaries-the finance companies. This has made the problem of control a complicated one. At the same time, the price level in Australia, which doubled in the decade after the war, has continued to rise, although somewhat less rapidly, from a base of 100 in 195253 to 123 in 1960 for consumer prices and to nearly the same figure for domestically produced wholesale commodities. The monetary authorities, concerned about this inflationary tendency, have been using the devices at their command to reduce the expansion of commercial bank loans but are helpless to control the activities of the finance companies. These companies do not create credit in the same sense as do the commercial banks, but they can borrow on long term and lend on short term, thus increasing liquidity. Consumer credit in Australia is mainly in the form of instalment sales credit and is usually referred to as "hire purchase," to emphasize the fact that these transactions are, for the most part, financed, not by the dealer who sells the commodity, but by a third party who
Comparison of computer simulations of total lung deposition to human subject data in healthy test subjects.

A mathematical model was used to predict the deposition fractions (DF) of PM within human lungs. Simulations using this computer model were previously validated with human subject data and were used as a control case. Human intersubject variation was accounted for by scaling the base lung morphology dimensions based on measured functional residual capacity (FRC) values. Simulations were performed for both controlled breathing (tidal volumes [VT] of 500 and 1000 mL, respiratory times [T] from 2 to 8 sec) and spontaneous breathing conditions. Particle sizes ranged from 1 to 5 microns. The deposition predicted from the computer model compared favorably with the experimental data. For example, when VT = 1000 mL and T = 2 sec, the error was 1.5%. The errors were slightly higher for smaller tidal volumes. Because the computer model is deterministic (i.e., derived from first principles of physics), the model can be used to predict deposition fractions for a range of situations (i.e., for different ventilatory parameters and particle sizes) for which data are not available. Now that the model has been validated, it may be applied to risk assessment efforts to estimate the inhalation hazards of airborne pollutants.
Cocaine-induced oscillation is conditionable.

Abstract We have recently shown that under some circumstances, sensitization produced by a stimulant such as cocaine (COC) can give way, with successive drug administrations, to alternating attenuations and reinstatements of the effect, an outcome that we have termed oscillation. Because sensitization to COC can be conditioned, we inquired whether COC-induced oscillation also was conditionable. The end point used was shock-induced hypoalgesia (paw withdrawal from a hot plate), as we have previously shown that oscillation follows initial sensitization of this measure with one to five pretreatments of 12 mg/kg (IP) of COC spaced at 1-week intervals, with the last COC injection occurring 30 min prior to the footshock. Experiment 1 indicated that a conditioned stimulus (CS)—a distinctive environment—which repeatedly had been paired with COC, would substitute for the last COC injection in sustaining the oscillatory effect. Experiment 2 showed that a previously established CS successfully substituted for all COC injections in first inducing sensitization that was then followed by oscillation. These findings strongly suggest that COC-induced oscillation shares with COC-induced sensitization, the property that both can be conditioned.
Use of a low ionization potential dopant in a kinestatic charge detector: Experimental findings

The broadening of the line spread function (LSF) in the drift direction with increasing drift distance in the kinestatic charge detector is substantially reduced when small amounts (less than 1%) of trimethylamine [(CH3)3 N] are added to the x‐ray detection medium (krypton or xenon). The LSF of a mixture of Kr and 0.01% trimethylamine (TMA) was measured as a function of distance at 15, 25, and 35 atm absolute pressure. The full width at half‐maximum (FWHM) of the LSF was reduced from about 1.0 mm to less than 0.5 mm at a drift distance of 4.0 mm for the three pressures. The LSF’s of mixtures of xenon and TMA at concentrations ranging from 0.0004% to 0.4% in one run and 0.06% to 4.0% in a second run were measured at a constant pressure of 20 atm. The FWHM of the LSF was reduced from 0.6 to 0.4 mm at 4.0 mm for the xenon measurements. The optimum concentration of TMA in Xe was found to be in the neighborhood of 0.1%. The use of TMA reduced the drift distance‐dependent LSF broadening to the level expected from ionic diffusion, space charge repulsion, and electric field nonuniformity, and it may be possible to reduce the 0.4‐mm FWHM plateau through the use of an improved Frisch grid design. Observation of negative charge carriers showed that electron attachment increases with increasing TMA concentration, although this could be caused by impurities in the TMA. The implications of these results are discussed in terms of extending the maximum drift distance attainable in a kinestatic charge detector.
Heat Transfer Controlled Collapse of a Cylindrical Vapor Bubble in a Vertical Isothermal Tube

An experimental program was conducted to determine the collapse rate of slug-type vapor bubbles rising due to buoyancy through subcooled parent liquid in a vertical isothermal tube. The experimental apparatus included a vertical glass tube with an outer glass container providing a constant temperature water bath for the inner tube. The inner tube contained distilled, deaerated water, and water vapor bubbles were generated at the bottom of this tube with a pulsed electric heater. The parent liquid was uniformly subcooled with respect to the vapor bubble resulting in heat transfer controlled bubble collapse. Collapse rates and rise velocities were recorded by high-speed motion picture photography. Over a limited range of subcooling, the bubble collapse was well behaved, and a simple, quasi-steady boundary layer heat transfer analysis adapted from slug flow over a flat plate correlated the experimental results with a high degree of accuracy. Experimental results were obtained with tubes having inside diameters of 0.0127, 0.0218, and 0.0381 m and for a range of subcooling from 0.5 to 9.0 K.
Measurement of inter-glycosidic 13C-1H coupling constants in a cyclic β(1→2)-glucan by 13C-filtered 2D {1H,1H}ROESY

A method for measuring three-bond 13C-1H scalar coupling constants across glycosidic bonds in a cyclic β(1→2)-glucan icosamer is presented. This oligosaccharide molecule, with its high degree of symmetry, represents a particular challenge for NMR spectroscopy to distinguish inter-residue from intra-residue heteronuclear coupling effects. Chemically equivalent H2 protons in adjacent glucosyl residues are distinguished on the basis of their different through-space, dipolar interactions with the anomeric protons (H1). The strong NOE contact between anomeric (H1) and aglyconic (H2′) protons permits the selective observation of the inter-residue heteronuclear couplings 3JC1H2′ and 3JC2′H1 in a natural-abundance 13C-ω1-half-filtered {1H,1H} ROESY experiment.
Progressivism in education

(1952). Progressivism in education. Peabody Journal of Education: Vol. 29, No. 5, pp. 274-281.