cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mechanistic Studies on the Cis to Trans Epimerization of Trisubstituted 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-β-carbolines

It is well-known that Nb-benzyltryptophan alkyl esters undergo the Pictet−Spengler reaction with aldehydes to furnish both cis- and trans-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-β-carbolines, with the trans isomer predominating. Epimerization at C-1 took place under acidic conditions to produce, exclusively, the thermodynamically more stable trans diastereomer via internal asymmetric induction. Recent kinetic experiments provided insight into the cis to trans epimerization mechanism involved in the Pictet−Spengler reaction of 1,2,3-trisubsituted tetrahydro-β-carbolines. Since the epimerization reaction had been shown to be sensitive to electronic effects at C-1, the rate data for a series of 1-phenyl-substituted 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-β-carbolines was investigated via a Hammett study. Analysis of the data supported the presence of a positively charged intermediate with a ρ value of −1.4, although the existence of an iminium ion intermediate or a carbocationic intermediate could not be determined from this data alone. Analysis of ...
The extraction of power from a hot stream

The solution to the problem of maximizing the extraction of exergy from a stream of hot gas showed that the hot stream must be cooled in a counterflow heat exchanger with optimal imbalance of capacity rates, i.e. with an optimal capacity rate on the cold side. This paper outlines the first few steps toward making this solution practical, by combining the optimized counterflow with conventional components for compressing and expanding the cold stream. In the first part of the paper, the cold stream is compressed in an isothermal compressor, expanded in an adiabatic turbine, and discharged into the ambient. In the second part, the cold stream is compressed in an adiabatic compressor. Both designs are optimized with respect to two degrees of freedom, the capacity-rate imbalance of the counterflow, and the pressure ratio maintained by the compressor. The effect of other constraints is documented, e.g. heat transfer area size, hot gas initial temperature and compressor and turbine efficiencies. This study shows the tradeoff between simplicity and increased performance, and outlines the path for further conceptual work on the extraction of exergy from a hot stream that is being cooled gradually. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modes in a Möbius wire‐loaded cavity resonator*

Resonant modes of Mobius wire-loaded cavities are determined by a fully three-dimensional numerical eigenfrequency analysis. Excellent agreement is achieved with experimental measurements of a loosely coupled Mobius wire in a copper cavity, for both the Mobius modes and the conventional generalized even modes. The field solutions provide insight applicable to suppression of the higher order modes that limit the out-of-band performance of the bandpass filters implemented with Mobius resonators. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 31: 6–9, 2001.
Mitigation of atmospheric effects in hyperspectral data analysis

For hyperspectral data analysis, the general objective for atmospheric compensation algorithms is to remove solar illumination and atmospheric effects from the measured spectral data so that surface reflectance can be retrieved. This then allows for comparison with library data for target identification. Recent advances in spectral sensing capability have led to the development of a number of atmospheric compensation algorithms for hyperspectral data analysis. In this paper, three topics will be discussed: (1) algorithm evaluation of two physics-based approaches: ATREM and the AFRL model, (2) sensitivity analysis of the effects of various input parameters to surface reflectance retrieval, and (3) algorithm enhancements of how water vapor and aerosol retrievals can be better conducted than current algorithms. Examples using existing hyperspectral data, including those from HYDICE, AVIRIS will be discussed. Results will also be compared with truth information derived from ground and satellite based meteorological data.
Cognitive foundations of message encoding: An investigation of message production as coalition formation

In this study participants (N=36) generated simple narratives employing a SITUATION ‐ ACTION ‐ BECAUSE structure. On some trials, all three elements of such triads were provided, and in other cases, participants were required to generate ideational links for SITUATION ‐ ACTION pairs. Consistent with the prediction generated from second generation action assembly theory (AAT2), participants were shown to be significantly faster in producing their messages when all three elements of their narratives were provided. The propensity to experience cognitive failures was shown to speed production of messages, particularly when participants were required to generate ideational links. Thus, although propensity to experience cognitive failures is typically seen to involve mental lapses and forgetfulness, this study produced evidence that people high on this trait actually enjoyed a performance advantage. Speed of information processing was not shown to have any impact on the rapidity with which messages were generat...
WE‐E‐108‐09: An Investigation of the Feasibility of Rodentmorphic 3D Dosimeters for Verification of Precision Micro‐Irradiator Treatment

Purpose: To evaluate the feasibility of novel rodentmorphic 3D dosimeters for comprehensive high‐resolution verification of the treatment accuracy of a state‐of‐the‐art micro‐irradiator equipped with on‐line cone‐beam‐CT guidance. Methods: Anatomically accurate 3D dosimeter molds were created in a two step procedure. First, rodents were CT scanned and the structures of interest contoured (e.g. body and spine). These contours were then exported for input to a 3D printer, to generate positive dosimeter molds. The rat body dosimeter was made of regular water‐equivalent PRESAGE, while the spine was made from high‐Z PRESAGE with an effective atomic‐number close to bone. Evaluation of the dosimeters involved (i) establishing the feasibility of manufacture and accurate positioning of heterogenous inserts, (ii) verification of accurate dose‐readout by optical‐CT, and (iii) verification of sufficient bony/soft‐tissue contrast for representative CBCT IGRT positioning. Simulated rat prostate treatments were delivered with dose of 16Gy given by 4 2.5cm diameter circular fields. Results: High resolution (0.5mm isotropic) 3D dosimetry data was acquired in rodentmorphic dosimeters both with and without the high‐Z spinal insert. The spinal insert was visible under kV radiographs and CBCT, demonstrating the feasibility of IGRT positioning. Pronounced edge artifacts were observed near the flat undersurface of the rat, and near regions of sharp curvature. Further artifacts were observed in some regions near the spinal insert caused by bubbles trapped during manufacture. New manufacturing procedures utilizing the flexibility of 3D printing to precisely customize contours in non‐critical regions have improved on both of these limitations. Conclusion: This work demonstrates promising feasibility for anatomically accurate 3D rodentmorphic dosimeters compatible with very high resolution 3D dosimetry. The ability to create such dosimeters is an important step forward in enabling accurate verification of complex micro‐irradiator treatments in the pre‐clinical setting. NIH Grant No. R01 CA 100835
The effects of electronic communication and the World Wide Web on US academic documents librarians' relationships

Abstract This article examines the impact of computer-mediated communication — specifically the use of e-mail and GOVDOC-L — and the use of and design of Web pages on academic documents librarians' professional relationships. Twenty-six semi-structured telephone interviews were conducted with academic documents librarians throughout the US to enhance and help clarify previous quantitative research data from a national survey conducted on the same topic by the author. Findings from the interviews suggest that computer-mediated communication is not only important for passing information, but also in terms of professional support and community building. Computer-mediated communication also appears to be reducing the use of some other modes of communication by documents librarians. In addition, the interviews provide anecdotal evidence that internal and external relationships have been modified or created anew because of work related to the World Wide Web (WWW). The article concludes with a discussion on the impact that the altering of professional relationships may have on the documents librarians' profession.
Comparison of two laser Doppler flowmeters for the monitoring of dermal blood flow

Laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF) is a noninvasive and continuous method of monitoring dermal blood flow in free flaps. There are two LDFs available for clinical application: the LD5000 Laser Doppler Perfusion Monitor and the Periflux Laser Doppler Flowmeter. Varying degrees of arterial (N = 46) and venous (N = 28) occlusion were induced in saphenous island flaps of the dog, while simultaneous measurements with the LD5000 and Periflux LDFs were made. The millivoltage output of both the LD5000 and the Periflux showed a high degree of correlation with arterial and venous occlusion and with each other.
Audio-visual query and retrieval: A system that uses dynamic programming and relevance feedback

A necessary capability for content-based retrieval is to support the paradigm of query by example. In the past, there have been several attempts to use low-level features for video retrieval. However, most of the approaches support queries using image se- quences only. We present an algorithm for matching multimodal (audio-visual) patterns for the purpose of content-based video re- trieval. The novel ability of our approach to use the information con- tent in multiple media coupled with a strong emphasis on temporal similarity differentiates it from the state of the art in content-based retrieval. At the core of the pattern matching scheme is a dynamic programming algorithm, which leads to a significant improvement in performance. Coupling the use of audio with video this algorithm can be applied to grouping of shots based on audio-visual similarity. We also support relevance feedback. The user can provide feed- back to the system, by choosing clips, which are closer to the user's desired target. The system then automatically adjusts the relative weights or relevance of the media and fetches different sets of tar- get clips accordingly. It is our observation that a few iterations of such feedback are generally sufficient, for retrieving the desired video clips. © 2001 SPIE and IS&T. (DOI: 10.1117/1.1407822)
Malignant transformation in vitro with carcinogenic hydrocarbons.

Abstract A quantitative and reproducible system for obtaining carcinogenesis in vitro with carcinogenic hydrocarbons in cell cultures derived from adult C3H mouse ventral prostate has been described.
A brief survey of chromospheric and photometric variability among sunlike stars

Abstract It is widely believed that the cyclic variation of about 0.1% in the Sun's total irradiance arises from the presence of sunspots and faculae on its surface. While it has been known for decades that other sunlike stars can harbor activity cycles reminiscent of the 11-yr solar cycle, it is only recently that precision photometry suitable for comparing solar brightness variability with its stellar analogs has become available. This comparison indicates that the Sun's behavior is fairly typical for a star of its age and mass. In contrast, young stars tend to be significantly more variable than the present-day Sun, and the relationship between chromospheric and photometric variability for such stars is also different than for the Sun. Using the sunlike star HD10476, I illustrate that inclination effects may become significant when using solar models to interpret stellar observations.
CAUSES FOR DISCHARGE1

The statistics here compiled confirm the assertion sometimes made that nearly twice as many employees are discharged for moral shortcomings, or defects of character, as for lack of ability to do the work.
The acetyl CoA synthase paradigm for hybrid bio-organometallics: Quantitative measures for resin-bound Ni–Rh complexes

Abstract The active site of Acetyl CoA Synthase utilizes a square planar NiN2S2 complex in the form of NiII(CGC)2− (CGC = the cysteine–glycine–cysteine tripeptide motif within the protein) to serve as a bidentate sulfur-donor ligand to chelate a second, catalytically active Ni atom responsible for the C–C and C–S coupling reactions for the production of Acetyl CoA. Metalloenzymes, such as this, which house stable catalytic complexes within intricately designed pockets accessible by solvent channels, have inspired design of resin-bound complexes. Through the use of TentaGel S-RAM® resin beads, the O-Ni(CGC)2− ligand has been synthesized and derivatized with the RhI(CO)2 moiety. The identification of the O - Ni(CGC)Rh(CO) 2 1 - adduct on these resin beads is afforded by attenuated total reflectance FTIR spectroscopy in the ν(CO) region and compared to solution analogues. The goal of this study is to establish a quantitative measure of the loading of nickel and rhodium on the tripeptide modified resin beads, O-(CGC). The extent of CGC derivatization was determined by Fmoc cleavage of the Fmoc protected O-(CGC). Nickel and rhodium loading were determined by Neutron Activation Analysis. This work provides evidence that the TentaGel S-RAM® resin beads greatly decrease the air sensitivity of the Ni–Rh complex as compared to the unsupported solution phase analogue. The derivatized beads have also been studied for their ability to withstand a number of physical stresses, i.e., for leaching.
Callable Bonds Revisited

In light of the dramatic changes in the callable bond market, we reexamine the determinants of callable bonds. Using data from 1980-2003, we find that callable bonds are often issued by firms with both information asymmetry and underinvestment problems. However, risk-shifting does not appear to be a major factor. Furthermore, we find that interest rate hedging is an important factor for investment-grade bonds and when interest rates are high but not so for below-investment-grade bonds or when rates are low.
Performance of Subsampled Analog Optical Links

We analyze the operation and performance of subsampled analog optical links. These links downconvert microwave signals by optically sampling at a rate much lower than the RF carrier frequency. Expressions for conversion gain, noise figure, and spurious-free dynamic range are derived for intensity modulation and direct detection. The impact of pulse width on link performance is revealed and quantified. Also, in order to characterize noise in a subsampled link, the influence of timing jitter in the periodic optical source is considered. Timing jitter and pulse width are found to be two important factors which limit the noise figure and dynamic range in subsampled links.
Pure Transvaginal Ventral Hernia Repair in Humans

Introduction. Transvaginal natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery procedures are at the forefront of minimally invasive innovation, remarkable for shorter recovery times and decreased postoperative pain. We aim to demonstrate a novel technique of pure transvaginal laparoscopic ventral hernia repair in a series of patients performed in our institution. Technique Description. The patient was placed in lithotomy position and steep Trendelenburg. A 2-cm transverse colpotomy incision was made and a SILS port was introduced. One 12-mm trocar and two 5-mm trocars were placed through the SILS port and standard straight laparoscopic instruments were used. An appropriately sized round mesh was deployed within a specimen retrieval bag into the peritoneal cavity. Complete anterior circumferential fixation of the mesh was achieved using an AbsorbaTack device. The colpotomy incision was closed. Results. There were a total of 6 pure transvaginal ventral hernia repair procedures performed in our institution betw...
Identification Enzymatically Active Ca2+/Calmodulin-Dependent Proteon Kinase in Centrosomes of Hemopoietic Cells

Abstract ABSTRACT In this study, we report the identification of enzymatically active, multifunctional calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase in centrosomes of FDCP1 cells using subcellular fractionation and immunofluorescence techniques. Centrosomes were isolated from detergent lysates of FDCP cells by sucrose density gradient centrifugation and contain tubulin (M r = 58 kDa) and centrin (M r = 20 kDa) by immunoblotting. Analysis of these fractions with anti-calcium/calmodulin kinase II antibody revealed the presence of the 52 kDa and 56 kDa doublet corresponding to the α and the β/β′ subunits of the enzyme complex. In vitro kinase reactions with isolated centrosomes and in the presence of calcium and calmodulin results in the phosphorylation of several centrosomal proteins.
LYMAN $\alpha$ FORESTS AND COOLING OUTFLOW FROM DWARF GALAXIES

We propose that cooling outflows from star-forming dwarf galaxies that are spatially correlated with but unbound to bright galaxies may account for the low column QSO Ly$\alpha$ forests, providing an explanation for both the heavy elements recently detected in them and the large sizes associated with them. Thus, we suggest that structure formations in the early universe on scales where matters collapse gravitationally and the gas forms stars are responsible for the Ly$\alpha$ forests (cf. the mini-halo model). Supernovae shock the interstellar gas to high temperature, and the resulting gas outflows from the dwarfs owing to their shallow potential wells. The gas cools radiatively as the radiative cooling time shortens because of adiabatic expansion. Subsequent thermal instability results in condensation of clouds. The clouds inherit the kinetic energy of the flow and coast to large distances, providing regions of the absorbing gas with sizes of up to hundreds of kpc. We calculate the Ly$\alpha$ absorption line profiles and the neutral column distribution, and show that they are consistent with observations. We suggest that the Ly$\alpha$ forests are caused by the faint blue galaxies found in the deep extragalactic surveys.
Mesoporous germanium-rich chalcogenido frameworks with highly polarizable surfaces and relevance to gas separation

Mesoporous materials with tunable non-oxidic framework compositions can exhibit new kinds of functionality including internal surfaces with high polarizability. As the chemical and physical characteristics of the framework components can induce useful catalytic, absorption and optoelectronic features, the mesoporous structure can promote fast mass diffusion kinetics and size-selective transport of guest molecules. So far, synthetic efforts have resulted in mesoporous metal chalcogenides on using structure-directing moulds of soft or hard templates. These include ordered mesoporous II-VI semiconductors (such as CdS (refs 2,3), ZnS (ref. 4) and CdTe (ref. 5)). Recently, template-free synthetic routes for high-surface-area chalcogenide aerogels have been reported. Here, we describe a novel kind of porous materials based on germanium-rich chalcogenide networks and 'soft' highly polarizable surfaces. We demonstrate that these materials can exhibit excellent selectivity for separating hydrogen from carbon dioxide and methane. These highly polarizable mesoporous structures have important implications for membrane-based gas separation process technologies including hydrogen purification.
Approximate trigonometric expansions with applications to image encoding

The objective of data encoding is to transform a data array into a statistically uncorrelated set. This step is typically considered a 'decorrelation' step because in the case of unitary transformations, the resulting transform coefficients are relatively uncorrelated. Most unitary transforms have the tendency to compact the signal energy into relatively few coefficients. The compaction of energy thus achieved permits a prioritzation of the spectral coefficients with the most energetic ones receiving a greater allocation of encoding bits. There are various transforms such as Karhunen-Loeve, discrete cosine transforms etc., but the choice depends on the particular application. In this paper, we apply an approximate Fourier expansion (AFE) to sampled one-dimensional signals and images, and investigate some mathematical properties of the expansion. Additionally, we extend the expansion to an approximate cosine expansion (ACE) and show that for purposes of data compression with minimum error reconstruction of images, the performance of ACE is better than AFE. For comparison purposes, the results also are compared with discrete cosine transform (DCT).© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Thermal Tolerance and Vegetation Preference of Arkansas Darter and Johnny Darter from Colorado Plains Streams

Abstract The Arkansas darter Etheostoma cragini is declining and now occurs in fragmented populations across its former range in the Arkansas River basin from Colorado to Arkansas. Regional surveys indicate that the Arkansas darter primarily inhabits small spring streams with dense aquatic vegetation, suggesting that specific habitat requirements may account for its widespread decline. Thermal tolerance and vegetation preference of the Arkansas darter from the western edge of its range in Colorado were measured in the laboratory and compared with those of the johnny darter E. nigrum, a more abundant habitat generalist from an adjacent basin. Critical thermal maxima of Arkansas darters acclimated to 20, 25, 27.5, and 30°C were higher than those forjohnny darters (35.0–38.4°C versus 34.0–37.4°C). In a modified upper incipient lethal temperature test, Arkansas darters acclimated to 27.5°C all survived 106 h at 30°C when the temperature was raised 1.5°C/h, but almost none survived more than 4 h of exposure to...
Genetic polymorphisms G894T on the eNOS gene is associated with endothelial function and vWF levels in premature myocardial infarction survivors

Abstract Background Genetic polymorphism G894T on endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) gene has been associated with endothelial dysfunction in young smokers, but its role in the pathogenesis of MI is obscure. We examined the effect of G894T polymorphism on endothelial function, on markers of endothelial cells injury and activation such as von Willebrand factor (vWF) and on serum levels of proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukins 6 (IL-6) and 1b (IL-1b), in young myocardial infarction (MI) survivors. Methods The study population consisted of 56 patients with a history of premature MI. The forearm blood flow (FBF) was measured by using strain-gauge plethysmography during reactive hyperemia and after sublingual administration of nitroglycerin. G894T polymorphism was determined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), while plasma vWF and serum IL1b and IL-6 levels were determined with ELISA. Results There was no significant difference in resting FBF and in the responses to nitroglycerin between the genotypes. However, the presence of T allele (GT+TT, n =35) was associated with decreased FBF during reactive hyperemia (10.23±0.70 ml/100ml tissue/min) and decreased forearm vasodilatory response to reactive hyperemia (54.28±4.81%) compared to GG (13.82±0.92 ml/100 ml tissue/min and 83.92±9.89% respectively, p p p =ns for both). Conclusions The presence of 894T allele on eNOS gene is associated with impaired endothelial function and higher levels of von Willebrand factor in relatively young patients with myocardial infarction. This finding implies that genetic polymorphism G894T on eNOS may affect endothelial function in patients with a history of premature myocardial infarction.
Isomerization kinetics of AT hook decapeptide solution structures.

The mammalian high mobility group protein HMGA2 contains three DNA binding motifs associated with many physiological functions including oncogenesis, obesity, stem cell youth, human height, and human intelligence. In the present paper, trapped ion mobility spectrometry-mass spectrometry (TIMS-MS) has been utilized to study the conformational dynamics of the third DNA binding motif using the “AT hook” decapeptide unit (Lys1-Arg2-Prol3-Arg4-Gly5-Arg6-Prol7-Arg8-Lys9-Trp10, ATHP) as a function of the solvent state. Solvent state distributions were preserved during electrospray ion formation, and multiple IMS bands were identified for the [M + 2H]2+ and for the [M + 3H]3+ charge states. Conformational isomer interconversion rates were measured as a function of the trapping time for the [M + 2H]2+ and [M + 3H]3+ charge states. Candidate structures were proposed for all IMS bands observed. Protonation site, proline residue conformation, and side chain orientations were identified as the main motifs governing th...
Decremental Conduction over "Giant" Afferent Processes in an Arthropod

Four "giant" mechanoreceptive cells form part of a stretch receptor organ at the base of the uropod in the sand crab, Emerita (Crustacea, Anomura). Injection of the fluorescent dye Procion Yellow revealed that these sensory cells are monopolar with somata located in the central nervous system. No such cells have previously been described in arthropods. These neurons are also unusual in that they do not generate propagated action potentials; rather, they mediate stretch reflexes by transmission of graded, decremental potentials.
The Moral Status of ‘Unborn Children’ Without Rights

Laurence McCullough and Frank Chervenak (2008) correctly note that the descriptive term ‘unborn child’ does not entail any normative propositions regarding the moral status of human embryos and fet...
A Proximity Equilibration Cell for Rapid Determination of Sorption Isotherms

Sorption isotherm data are obtained by instrumental determination of water activity at a known moisture content or determination of moisture content after equilibration against a saturated salt solution. The latter method is simpler and the salt solutions are primary standards. However, the equilibration takes a long time, one to ten weeks, depending upon food composition. Thus, the objective of this work was to devise a method that retains the saturated salt solution but accelerates the rate of equilibration. In an equilibration environment between a food product and a saturated salt slurry, the driving force is the difference in vapor pressure; therefore the faster the vapor space reaches equilibrium with the saturated salt slurry, the quicker the maximum driving force for water absorption will be applied to the sample. It was felt that a reduction in the size of the usual large desiccater to a single sample size would provide the necessary area to volume ratio. The vessel chosen was a small plastic chamber (65 mm/53 mm). In this chamber, the surface area to vapor volume ratio was 0.3101 as compared to 0.0335 for the standard desiccator. The sample was contained in a standard aluminum weighing tray modified by removing a 44 mm diameter circular section from the bottom. This was replaced with a 47 mm diameter circle of Whatman No. 1 quantitative filter paper to support the sample and at the same time allow transmission of moisture. This would allow water molecules to travel in a straight line and thus the shortest distance between the saturated salt slurry and the sample. This small vessel with a single sample supported on a filter paper will be referred to as a Proximity Equilibration Cell (PEC). Using this technique, it was found that a 2/mm deep sample of corn starch required only 6 days for complete equilibration, as compared to 21 days for the conventional desiccator. Thus, the PEC satisfied the objective by reducing time by 70%. In making comparisons with the same salts in conventional and the PEC, it was noted that the end point was higher in the latter. Evidently, absorption in case of the conventional desiccator was so slow at the end that no weight gain could be detected in 24 hr but equilibrium had not yet been attained. In contrast, the PEC equilibrated so rapidly that it allowed a closer evaluation of true equilibrium.
The changing nature of consolidation in the US banking industry – 1980 to the present

The number of institutions in the US banking industry has decreased from around 14,000 in the 1980s to fewer than 7,000 presently. Any change in the number of banks must be due to the formation of new banks, mergers among existing banks, and the failure of existing banks. Over the years from the mid-1980s to the present the causes underlying the continuing consolidation in the US banking industry have changed from bank failures, to mergers, and back to failures in the recent financial crisis. These trends have also reflected at various points the effects of banking legislation such as the Riegle-Neal Act of 1994. This paper will examine the changing nature of the causes of the ongoing consolidation in the US banking industry from the mid-1980s to the present.
Studies in the hydrophilic properties of possible ointment base constituents. III. The fatty mercaptans

The mercaptans with a carbon chain length from C10 to C18 were synthesized. The physical properties of these compounds and their intermediates were noted. The water numbers of the mercaptans were determined and a correlation was made between the mercaptan series and their hydroxy-analogs. The mercaptan series as a whole showed little ability to emulsify water in petrolatum. The range in water numbers for the mercaptan series was from 15 to 18 at the optimum concentration. The optimum concentration of the mercaptans fluctuated slightly (from 2 to 4 per cent).
Drug Resistance after Failure of Initial Antiretroviral Therapy in Resource-Limited Countries

The report in this issue of Clinical Infectious Diseases by Sungkanuparph et al. from Thailand provides important confirmation of a long-standing concern regarding failure of initial antiretroviral therapy in resource-limited countries. The combination of stavudine (or sometimes zidovudine) lamivudine and nevirapine is a widely available inexpensive generic regimen that is typically coformulated and widely used for first-line treatment in most developing countries that provide such therapy. At one time this was also an acceptable regimen in the developed world. However stavudine is no longer recommended by treatment guidelines from either the Department of Health and Human Services or the International AIDS Society-USA and nevirapine is categorized as an alternative agent in both sets of guidelines. These changes have come about primarily for reasons of toxicity: stavudine is associated with peripheral neuropathy and mitochondrial toxicity including lipoatrophy and potentially fatal lacticacidosis/hepatic steatosis. Nevirapine use can cause severe skin reactions and/or hepatic toxicity including potentially fatal hepatic necrosis especially in women with CD4+ cell counts 1250 cells/ mm3. Despite these toxicities this regimen continues to be widely used because of its convenience its low cost and its inclusion in guidelines from the World Health Organization and from many individual countries. (excerpt)
The mitochondrial permeability transition pore and the cardiac necrotic program.

That apoptosis is mediated by specific pathways has long been established. However, more recent data have begun to suggest that necrosis may in fact be “programmed” and not a default “accidental” pathway as previously thought. The mitochondrial permeability transition pore, a known contributor to the development of many cardiac diseases, is emerging as one among several mediators of this necrotic program. Consequently, this report briefly reviews the roles of necrosis versus apoptosis in the pathogenesis of cardiac disease and discusses the role that the mitochondrial pore plays in cardiac necrotic cell death.
Intensity modulated radiation therapy class solutions in Philips Pinnacle treatment planning for central nervous system malignancies: Standardized, efficient, and effective

Abstract Background: The use of intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) is becoming more commonplace in the treatment of central nervous system (CNS) malignancies. However, the determination of beam arrangements is still an empirical process, and optimization of any given plan may take hours on the part of the dosimetrist and the physician to achieve optimal conformity and normal tissue doses. Regional CNS class solutions (CS) for IMRT planning with the Philips Pinnacle treatment planning system (version 8.0; ADAC Laboratories, Milpitas, CA) have been in partial implementation at our institution since 2009. The purpose of this present work was to investigate their validity in clinical practice. Materials and Methods: The plans of 55 patients treated for high-grade gliomas since 2009 were analyzed retrospectively. Thirty plans were categorized as having been planned with class solutions and 25 plans with user-defined optimization. Each plan was evaluated based on the following: (1) mean dose to the brain; (2) brain V30; and (3) Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) conformity index (CI RTOG ). These data were then compared with 140 historical benchmark plans that were generated using user-defined optimization prior to 2009. Results: The CS plans for gliomas in frontal, parietal-occipital, and temporal regions typically resulted in superior mean brain dose, brain V30, and conformity index when compared with user-defined plans. The CS plans for brainstem gliomas exhibited improved CI RTOG , but not brain V30 and brain mean dose. In trials of planning efficiency, the CS technique reduced treatment planning time by more than 2 times, independent of prior planning experience. Conclusions: We have developed a CS protocol for IMRT planning of gliomas that has dramatically simplified this complex planning process, allowing dosimetrists of all levels of experience to produce highly conformal plans in a time efficient manner.
Stirling networks: a versatile combinatorial topology for multiprocessor systems

Abstract We derive a family of labeled, undirected graphs from the Stirling table of the first kind and investigate properties of these graphs as a basis for multiprocessor interconnection networks. The diameter of a Stirling network with n nodes is ⌈log2(n+1)⌉ − 1, the average distance is less than 10 3 , and the number of links is O(n1.59). Stirling networks can be inductively specified with incrementability of one, and adjacencies can be determined solely by the node addresses. Many standard networks including full-ringed binary trees, tree machines, meshes and half mesh of trees are shown to be embedded in these combinatorial networks. Properties of Stirling networks are analyzed and related to the underlying mathematical structure. We present a routing scheme that is deadlock free, avoids congestions, and can be executed on the fly by bit manipulation of node labels. A methodology for modular construction of these networks yields estimates for the VLSI area required for their layout. Fault-tolerance properties are analyzed, a vulner-ability of 1 is proved, and fault-handling abilities in presence of faulty nodes or links are demonstrated. We also show how several classes of parallel algorithms can be efficiently implemented using these networks.
Increased circulating myeloid-derived suppressor cells correlate with clinical cancer stage, metastatic tumor burden, and doxorubicin–cyclophosphamide chemotherapy

Abnormal accumulation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) is an important mechanism of tumor immune evasion. Cyclophosphamide (CTX) has also been shown in non-tumor bearing animals to cause transient surges in MDSC. Knowledge of MDSC is primarily based on preclinical work, and to date only few published studies have involved cancer patients. The goal of this study was to test the hypothesis that circulating MDSC levels correlate with clinical cancer stage, CTX-based chemotherapy, and metastatic tumor burden. Whole blood was collected from 106 newly diagnosed solid tumor patients (stages I–IV). Percentages of circulating MDSC (Lin−/Lo, HLA DR−, CD33+CD11b+) were determined prior to initiation of systemic therapy. In 17 early stage breast cancer patients receiving doxorubicin–cyclophosphamide chemotherapy every 14 days (ddAC) blood was collected on day 1 of each cycle. Circulating MDSC were significantly increased in cancer patients of all stages relative to healthy volunteers. A significant correlation between circulating MDSC and clinical cancer stage was also observed. Moreover, among stage IV patients, those with extensive metastatic tumor burden had the highest percent and absolute number of MDSC. Significant increases in circulating MDSC were observed with ddAC when compared with pretreatment levels. Circulating MDSC levels correlate with clinical cancer stage, ddAC, and metastatic tumor burden. This information must be incorporated into the design of future trials exploring immune-based therapeutic strategies. Pharmacologic modulation of MDSC should also be tested in future clinical trials.
The Dielectric Constants of Three Electrolytes by a Static Balance Electrometer Method

Values of the dielectric constants of solutions of KCl, CuS${\mathrm{O}}_{4}$ and Ba${\mathrm{Cl}}_{2}$, are measured for normal concentrations of from 0.001 to 0.024 at temperatures between 25\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C and 26\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C, and in fields of about 26.7 volts. The results are given in table and curves. The dielectric constants of dilute solutions are found to increase at first above that of water, and later to decrease. In the case of CuS${\mathrm{O}}_{4}$, the dielectric constant is greater than that of water. The results are consistent to one percent of the mean, and have a probable accuracy of less than two percent. The results are in general confirmation of those of J. F. Smale for dilute solutions.
Alkylation of 6-Mercaptopurine (6-MP) with N-Alkyl-N-alkoxycarbonyl)aminomethyl Chlorides: S6-(N-Alkyl-N-alkoxycarbonyl)aminomethyl-6-MP Prodrug Structure Effect on the Dermal Delivery of 6-MP

Abstract The S 6 -( N -alkyl- N -alkoxycarbonyl)aminomethyl-6-MP (6-CARB-6-MP) prodrugs 5–20 were synthesized from the reaction of 6-MP with N -alkyl- N -alkyoxycarbonylaminomethyl chlorides ( 4 ) in dimethyl sulfoxide in overall yields of 5–62%, depending on the N -alkyl and the alkoxy groups involved. The derivatives were fully characterized by spectral and microanalyses. The assignment of the substitution pattern as S 6 -alkyl was based on comparisons of the UV, 1 H NMR and 13 C NMR spectra with model compounds. A S 6 , 9-bis-alkyl derivative was obtained from the reaction of 2 equivalents of 4 with 6-MP but the product was unstable and decomposed on standing to a 9-alkyl derivative. The 6-CARB-6-MP prodrugs reverted to 6-MP in water by an S N 1-type mechanism involving unimolecular charge separation in the transition state of the rate determining step. There was no effect of dermal enzymes on the rate of hydrolysis. The solubilities in isopropyl myristate (IPM) for all of the 6-CARB-6-MP prodrugs were significantly greater than the solubility of 6-MP in IPM but only one prodrug ( 5 ) was apparently even as soluble as 6-MP in water. Selected 6-CARB-6-MP prodrugs were examined in diffusion cell experiments. Only the N -methyl- N -methoxycarbonyl derivative 5 gave a steady-state rate of delivery of 6-MP from IPM that was significantly greater than the steady-state rate of delivery of 6-MP from 6-MP in IPM. All the other derivatives gave steady-state rates of delivery of 6-MP from IPM that were either not significantly different, or were significantly lower than the rate obtained from 6-MP in IPM. In all cases, the effect of the 6-CARB-6-MP:IPM suspensions on the permeability of the skin, as determined by the second application flux of theophylline:propylene glycol, was of the same magnitude as the effect of IPM alone.
Does Continuous Positive Airway Pressure by Face Mask Improve Patients With Acute Cardiogenic Pulmonary Edema Due to Left Ventricular Diastolic Dysfunction

Objective Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) by face mask is an effective method of treating severe cardiogenic pulmonary edema (CPE). However, to our knowledge, no study has provided a precise evaluation of the effects of CPAP on cardiac function in patients presenting with CPE and preserved left ventricular (LV) function Design Prospective observational clinical study Setting A 14-bed, medical ICU at a university hospital Patients Nine consecutive patients presenting with hypoxemic acute CPE Interventions All patients were selected for 30 min of CPAP with 10 cm H 2 O by mask with fraction of inspired oxygen adjusted for a cutaneous saturation > 90%. Doppler echocardiography was performed before CPAP application and during the last 10 min of breathing with CPAP. Two-tailed, paired t -tests were used to compare data recorded at baseline (oxygen alone) and after CPAP Measurements and results Four patients presented CPE with preserved left ventricular (LV) function (a preserved LV ejection fraction [LVEF] > 45%, and/or aortic velocity time integral > 17 cm in the absence of aortic stenosis or hypertrophic cardiomyopathy). Oxygenation and ventilatory parameters were improved by CPAP in all patients. Hemodynamic monitoring and Doppler echocardiographic analysis demonstrated that in patients with preserved LV systolic function, mean arterial pressure and LV end-diastolic volume were decreased significantly by CPAP (p Conclusion CPAP improves oxygenation and ventilatory parameters in all kinds of CPE. In patients with preserved LV contractility, the hemodynamic benefit of CPAP results from a decrease in LV end-diastolic volume (preload)
A connection between the production of prostaglandins during liver regeneration and the DNA synthetic response.

Abstract The concentration of PGE equivalents in rat liver in vivo was increased during liver regeneration. The probability that this increase reflected a stimulation of prostaglandin synthesis was confirmed in vitro by the ability of homogenates of regenerating liver tissue to synthesize PGE 2 and PGF 2α from arachidonate. Indomethacin prevented these prostaglandin changes, and the subsequent increase in DNA synthesis. The administration of indomethacin to rats was found to induce a hypocalcemia, and to block the hypercalcemic action of parathyroid hormone. It is suggested that the influence of prostaglandins on DNA synthesis involves calcium metabolism.
Molecular model of phenolic polymer dissolution in photolithography

The resolution of photolithographic processes has advanced to the point that difficulties, such as line-edge roughness, associated with phenomena occurring at molecular length scales are becoming important. In order to control these phenomena, it is necessary to understand them. To that end, a numerical model has been used to simulate the dissolution of phenolic polymers in aqueous base. The simulation applies the Critical Ionization Model to a rectangular-lattice representation of the polymer matrix. The model has been adapted to describe the dissolution process that is responsible for photoresist function. Both continuum and molecular versions of the model are presented. The Continuum Model yields dissolution profiles that approximate the contours of the calculated spatial variations in chemical blocking (blocking profile). An algorithm has been developed to connect individual cells to form polymer chains, and to fill the lattice in a way that produces a Gaussian chain length distribution. The model employs only a single adjustable parameter, the time-step correction factor (assuming one can measure the probability of ionization once a site encounters the developer). The Molecular Model predicts a dissolution rate that decreases non-linearly with respect to degree of chemical blocking, as is observed experimentally. Dissolution profiles can be generated with the Molecular Model based either on this calculated dependence of the dissolution rate on blocking fraction or from direct application of the model to a blocking profile. The probabilistic nature of the model introduces edge roughness of the same degree as that observed experimentally. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 37: 2103–2113, 1999
Inhibition of interleukin-1 but not tumor necrosis factor suppresses neovascularization in rat models of corneal angiogenesis and adjuvant arthritis

Objective To assess the capacities of the cytokine inhibitors interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra; anakinra) and PEGylated soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor I (PEG sTNFRI; pegsunercept) to suppress neovascularization. Methods A corneal angiogenesis assay was performed by implanting nylon discs impregnated with an angiogenic stimulator (basic fibroblast growth factor or vascular endothelial growth factor) into one cornea of female Sprague-Dawley rats. Animals were treated with IL-1Ra or PEG sTNFRI for 7 days, after which new vessels were quantified. In a parallel study, male Lewis rats with mycobacteria-induced adjuvant-induced arthritis were treated with IL-1Ra or PEG sTNFRI for 7 days beginning at disease onset, after which scores for inflammation and bone erosion as well as capillary counts were acquired from sections of arthritic hind paws. Results Treatment with IL-1Ra yielded a dose-dependent reduction in growth factor–induced corneal angiogenesis, while PEG sTNFRI did not. IL-1Ra, but not PEG sTNFRI, significantly reduced the number of capillaries in arthritic paws, even though both anticytokines reduced inflammation and bone erosion to a similar degree. Conclusion These data support a major role for IL-1, but not TNFα, in angiogenesis and suggest that an additional antiarthritic mechanism afforded by IL-1 inhibitors, but not anti-TNF agents, is the suppression of the angiogenic component of pannus.
Induced chimaerism by transplanting embryonic cells into mouse blastocysts.

Embryonic synchronous and asynchronous cells were successfully transplanted into preimplanted mouse blastocysts. At 15–17 days of fetal development, 19% (32/167), 15% (20/130) and 3% (4/117) of the fetuses expressed chimaerism of the ocular pigmentation when transplanted cells were 0, 48, and 96 hours asynchronous respectively. At birth and during postnatal development, 15% (23/153) and 13% (14/111) of the young expressed chimaerism of ocular pigmentation, coat color, and/or functional germ lines when transplanted cells were 0 and 48 hours asynchronous respectively. Five animals from synchronous and two animals from asynchronous cell transplants were chimaeric in functional germ lines but resembled recipient blastocysts in phenotype color. One overtly chimaeric male had progeny with color phenotype of the albino donor cells only. This report provides evidence that transplanted asynchronous as well as synchronous embryonic cells do participate in the final structure of the embryo. In addition, the results of these studies suggest that the micrurgy and transplantation of the cells does not affect substantially subsequent development of the recipient blastocysts.