cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Production of Volatile Fatty Acids and Carbon Dioxid by Propionic Acid Bacteria with Special Reference to their Action in Cheese

Summary Observations are recorded concerning the action of Bact. acidipropionici ( d ), the causal factor in the production of eyes and the characteristic sweetish flavor of Swiss cheese, upon various substances which occur in cheese. Aside from its previously known action upon lactose and lactates, it has been found that this organism can produce carbon dioxid, propionic acid and acetic acid from succinates, glycerol, nitrogenous compounds (pepton), and perhaps to a slight degree, from butterfat. From pepton the proportion of acetic acid to propionic acid produced was greater than in the cases of the other substances acted upon. Aspartic acid was shown to be able to serve as a source of acetic acid and carbon dioxid.
Intraoperative resident education for robotic laparoscopic gastric banding surgery

Introduction The incorporation of robotic surgery into resident education poses questions regarding the impact on intra-operative teaching and patient care. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of gradually increasing resident console responsibility in the presence of an expert proctor and bedside surgeon for robotic adjustable gastric banding (R-LAGB) on resident proficiency and patient safety compared to the classical training mode (CTM) of residents as first assistant. Methods After successful completion of a six-skill inanimate robotic simulation program, eight PGY-4 residents completed 60 R-LAGB using a one-to-one proctored setting (PTM). R-LAGB was distilled into 7 key steps: GE-junction dissection, gastrohepatic ligament dissection, retrogastric space creation, band placement, band closure, gastrogastric suturing, and port placement. Residents performed more complex steps after each case to gain competence in all aspects of the operation. Patient demographics, operative complications, operating times, and clinical outcomes were examined and compared to a control group of 287 R-LAGB completed using the CTM. Unpaired t-test were used for analysis (P=0.05). Results While residents using the proctored training mode (PTM) were able to successfully complete a R-LAGB as primary surgeon after a median of 8 operations (range: 4-11), none of the residents in the CTM completed a R-LAGB as primary surgeon. Mean operative time, patient demographics, intraoperative complications were similar between groups (Table).DemographicProctored training mode (n=60)Classical training mode (n=287)p ValueProcedure length (min, mean ± SD)99.3±22.191.5±21.1NSIntra-operative Complications, n (%)0(0%)0(0%)NSLength of stay (days, mean ± SD)1.3±0.71.3±0.6NSBMI (mean ± SD)42.4±4.445.4±5.5NSPatient age (mean ± SD)46.3±1145±11NS Conclusions Using a PTM for R-LAGB, residents reach competence after a median of 8 cases. All residents in the proctored setting claimed competence and have persistent console experience without significantly increasing procedure length or complications.
Attitudes to intercity travel substitution

Abstract Potential intercity travel reduction by the substitution of teleconferencing is examined by analysing studies of business travellers' attitudes towards teleconferencing and the experience of organizations with operational teleconferencing systems. Important findings are cited, but neither the attitudes nor operational experience indicate a trend towards a travel reduction. It seems that teleconferencing first needs to be used as a supplemental form of communication before being accepted as a viable substitution for intercity business travel.
Quality initiatives and the power of the database: What they are and how they run

The criteria by which healthcare is judged or measured are quality, accessibility, and cost effectiveness. To evaluate these criteria it is important to have a database. There are many strengths and weaknesses to large databases. They can be used as an indicator of the level of performance or quality, for clinical decision making, and as a measurement of cost effectiveness. They can also be useful in the evaluation and development of treatment algorithms and critical pathways for patients with entry level disease. In addition, they can measure patient access to healthcare and the appropriateness of care. It is important for these databases to appropriately adjust for preoperative risk factors that may influence outcome. Outcome in most of the databases is measured by mortality, but morbidity, functional status, quality of life, cost of care, length of stay, return to work, and patient satisfaction are also important outcomes. Factors that can influence the quality of the outcome data are the methods by which the data are collected, standardization of definitions, the currentness of the database, adequate numbers of patients and outcomes, and appropriate analytic techniques. It is important to feed back the data to the healthcare providers in a timely enough fashion so that processes and structures of care can be modified to improve treatment and results. The reliability of the databases and the validity must be substantiated for the healthcare provider to have confidence in the database. There are numerous shortcomings of these large databases, including not capturing the unusual risk factors and thus underestimating the risk of a given patient, gaming (where individual hospitals or groups overreport patient risk factors), lack of homogeneity of varying patient populations, and the accuracy of the data acquisition. It is interesting that all of the large cardiac surgery databases have demonstrated a decrease in risk-adjusted operative mortality since their initiation. Whether this is due to increased attention to processes and structures of care, to more complete reporting of risk factors, or to patient selection is unknown. The perfect risk stratification data system and database probably will never exist. Even with continued refinement it is doubtful that a predictability of greater than 80% to 85% (C-index) will be achieved. Risk-adjusted outcomes should therefore be used only as cues to trigger an assessment of processes and structures of healthcare in an effort to identify problems that can be remedied.
Acute effects of delayed reperfusion on myocardial infarct shape and left ventricular volume: a potential mechanism of additional benefits from thrombolytic therapy.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to characterize the effects of late reperfusion on myocardial infarct shape and to quantitate associated changes in left ventricular volume. Reperfusion was delayed until there was no salvage of ischemic myocardium. Dogs underwent 6.5 h of left anterior descending coronary artery occlusion (n = 5) or 5.5 h of occlusion and 1 h of reperfusion (n = 5). Infarct shape was measured with pairs of ultrasonic crystals implanted circumferentially in the mid myocardium. Infarct stiffness was determined from end-diastolic pressure-segment length curves produced by aortic clamping. Left ventricular volume was measured with three pairs of endocardial ultrasonic crystals and the effect of infarct shape change on left ventricular volume was determined. Infarct size, expressed as a percent of the area at risk, was similar in reperfused (97 ± 1%) and nonreperfused (98 ± 1%) hearts. After coronary artery occlusion, infarct segments became akinetic and functional dilation, measured as end-diastolic ultrasonic crystal separation, increased to a similar extent in reperfosed (24 ± 7% ) and nonreperfused (19 ± 3%) hearts. In 13 additional dogs that underwent reperfusion and instrumentation with endocardial ultrasonic crystals for volume measurement, left ventricular volume increased 42 ± 6% over the preocclusion level (p Thus, coronary artery reperfusion reverses initial infarct dilation. Changes in infarct dilation occur immediately after reperfusion and are accompanied by infarct stiffening and a decrease in left ventricular volume. Reperfusion can affect infarct shape and stiffness at a point in time when myocardial salvage is no longer possible.
“There Needs to be a Place in Society for Madness”: The Psychiatric Survivor Movement and New Directions in Mental Health Care

The psychiatric survivor movement is an international coalition of grassroots organizations that work for human rights in the mental health system. Previous research has examined how the survivor movement has critiqued and envisioned alternatives to traditional mental health services. The current study focused on a unique group of individuals who identify as both psychiatric survivors and work as therapists in the mental health system. I interviewed several people with this dual-identity to better understand their approaches toward activism and psychotherapy. This article focuses on one of the survivor-therapist’s experiences, and I explore the broader clinical implications for both survivors and mental health professionals and next steps for developing viable alternatives to the traditional system.
Titanium-aluminum nitride film growth and related chemistry using dimethylamino-based precursors

Abstract Direct liquid injection chemical vapor deposition of (Al,Ti)N films using NH3 and a solution of tetrakis(dimethylamino)titanium and the tris(dimethylamino)alane dimer in toluene is reported. The decomposition reactions of the dimethylamino-based precursors with and without the presence of NH3 are studied to explain the incorporation of Al, Ti, N and C into the (Al,Ti)N films. Addition of NH3 during pyrolysis decreases the decomposition temperature of both precursors by more than 90 K. (Al,Ti)N films containing Al, Ti, N, C and O were deposited on a SiO2 substrate between 425 and 625 K. Introducing 0.002 torr of NH3 increased the film growth rate nearly 20 times and reduced the carbon content in half at 550 K; carbon was reduced as low as 5 at.% at 425 K. The addition of 0.002 torr NH3 also reduced the Al/Ti ratio by more than 62% and resulted in nearly 45% more N incorporation at all film growth temperatures. A 10-fold increase in the aluminum precursor partial pressure resulted in a 60% increase in film aluminum concentration. The films were not resistant to oxidation; exposure to ambient resulted in 330% more oxygen in the film and the removal more than 40% of the carbon and nitrogen from the (Al,Ti)N film. Conformal (step coverage near unity) (Al,Ti)N films were produced in 0.18 μm SiO2 trenches with an aspect ratio of five at 425 K in the presence of NH3 and at 550 K without NH3.
Radiation Reaction of Electrons Scattered by Intense Laser Light

Radiation reaction can be studied by means of Thomson scattering between laser-wakefield-accelerated electrons and laser light focused to ultra-high-intensity.
Relation between left ventricular remodeling and clinical outcomes in heart failure patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction

Abstract Background: A major advance in understanding the pathophysiology of the heart failure syndrome has been an understanding of the process of left ventricular (LV) remodeling. After any insult to the left ventricle resulting in diminished systolic performance and stroke volume, a series of histopathologic changes in the myocardium and structural changes in the LV chamber occurs over time. Methods and Results: Early work on understanding this process of LV remodeling emerged from the studies of Pfeffer and colleagues, who used a rat model of myocardial infarction (MI). Compared to those with smaller MIs, rats with larger induced MIs underwent a substantially greater degree of chamber remodeling over time, and importantly, these structural changes were associated with significantly higher morality. These studies established for the first time the relation between the structural changes now widely known as LV remodeling and a natural history outcome in the setting of LV systolic dysfunction. Subsequently, these investigators demonstrated that angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition with captopril, when initiated soon after the induced MI, attenuated the remodeling process. Also observed was an improvement in survival among rats in whom the remodeling process has been attenuated. These important data paved the way for human studies that have subsequently provided substantial evidence to support two important concepts: (1) that LV remodeling is related to clinical outcomes that represent the natural history of the heart failure syndrome such as mortality and surrogate markers of the progression of heart failure, and (2) that therapeutic interventions in humans that slow or reverse the process of LV remodeling, such as ACE inhibitors and β-blockers, appear to have a favorable effect on that natural history. Conclusions: This review will examine the issue of the relation between LV remodeling and clinical outcomes in the human heart failure syndrome from several interrelated aspects: (1) the relation between LV volume at one time point and subsequent oucome, (2) the relation between changes in LV volumes over time (LV remodeling) and clinical outcomes, and (3) the relation between the effect of medical therapeutic interventions on the LV remodeling process and the effect of those same medical interventions on natural history outcomes in human heart failure.
Queer Student Leaders: An Exploratory Case Study of Identity Development and LGBT Student Involvement at a Midwestern Research University.

ABSTRACT Using the first phase of a longitudinal study of student leaders of the 2002 Midwest Bi-, Lesbian, Gay, Transgender and Allies College Conference (MBLGTACC), the authors explore the intersections of involvement in identity-specific leadership activities and development of LGBT/Queer identity. LGBT leadership experiences appear to have contributed substantively to the identity development of these college students. Based on this finding, the authors propose implications for improved educational practice and areas for future research.
Effect of Degree of Connective Tissue Removal on Raw Material Yield, Chemical and Sensory Characteristics of Restructured Beef Steaks

Beef shoulder clods were subjected to various degrees of connective tissue removal—no trim (NT), intermediate trim (IT) and extensive trim (ET)—before being manufactured into restructured steaks. Trimming yields for the NT, IT and ET treatments were 100.0%, 92.5% and 87.3%, respectively. Palatability evaluations revealed significant differences between steaks from the NT treatment compared with either the IT and ET treatments. Based on economic projections and palatability evaluations, no real advantage could be found for the production of steaks from ET clods, but advantages were found for steaks from IT clods compared to NT clods.
Anatomy of a Partially Differentiated Asteroid: A “NEAR”-Sighted View of Acapulcoites and Lodranites

With the insertion of the NEAR spacecraft into orbit around the asteroid 433 Eros, a new stage of asteroid exploration has begun, with the return of spatially resolved mineralogical, geological, and chemical information from specific asteroids. In this paper, we outline the features of a partially differentiated asteroid using the acapulcoite and lodranite meteorites as a guide. Such a body would likely contain a variety of lithologies, including chondritic rocks largely unaltered by melting, residues of partial melts, and basaltic and Fe,Ni–FeS rocks crystallized from the partial melts. The presence or nature of the regolith remains largely unconstrained. Mineralogical and isotopic heterogeneities preserved in these rocks suggest spatial separation of these rock types by distances in excess of 200 m. Spacecraft-based remote sensing instrumentation should detect substantial spectral heterogeneity (most prominently manifested in the band area ratio) and chemical heterogeneity. Observation of these various lithologies in situ would provide important new constraints on the processes involved during the earliest differentiation of asteroids.
Single- and Multiple-Crater Induced Nosetip Transition

EXPERIMENTS were conducted at a Mach number of 5 to assess the effect of simulated weather impact craters on nosetip boundary-layer transition. The program treated single craters and patterns of multiple elliptical craters of various depth, ellipticity, and azimuth angle. Test results confirm predictions that craters of the order of from 0.05 to 0.64 mm (2 to 25 mil) depth induce nosetip boundary-layer transition. Results obtained from backface thermocouple measurements show the influence of crater parameters on local transition Reynolds numbers. Rek and Ree transition criteria for craters are compared to criteria for protuberance roughness. Contents
Efficient Detection of Bots in Subscribers' Computers

We investigate how an ISP can efficiently detect bots in its subscribers' computers, possibly as a value-added service or to prevent collateral damage to its infrastructure. By causing an ISP's email servers and network links to get clogged or blacklisted, bots reduce the quality of service the ISP provides to its subscribers. We describe DNS Flagger, a novel device for ISP bot detection, and evaluate its efficiency. DNS Flagger matches subscribers' DNS traffic against IP and DNS signatures. In real-time experiments, we found that, on average, major antivirus programs (AVs) detected only 59% of freshly caught bots, while DNS Flagger detected 73.1% or 91% of those bots, respectively on hosts that do not or do also have a major AV. There were no false alarms. Because its processing involves only a small fraction of all network traffic and can be performed at very high speed, a single DNS Flagger can handle hundreds of thousands of subscribers.
New perspectives on error in critical care.

Purpose of review Despite unprecedented attention on the issue of medical error over the last 8 years, there is little evidence of widely available improvements in patient safety. The present review addresses some alternative approaches to the study of human error, and their implications for the characterization of medical error. Recent findings The complex nature of healthcare work has been proposed as a primary barrier to the implementation of effective safety measures. Approaches to error, based on individual accountability, cannot address this complexity. Strategies to eradicate error fail to appreciate that error detection and recovery are integral to the function of complex cognitive systems. Through investigation of the emergence of and recovery from error, one can identify new approaches for error management. Summary The present review discusses contemporary approaches to error that are able to address the complex nature of critical care work. Instead of producing situation-specific ‘quick fixes’, they are more likely to reveal generalizable mechanisms of error that can support widely applicable solutions.
The Tropical Dynamical Response to Latent Heating Estimates Derived from the TRMM Precipitation Radar

A 3-yr (1998‐2000) climatology of near-surface rainfall and stratiform rain fraction observed by the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) precipitation radar (PR) was used to calculate the four-dimensional distribution of tropical latent heating on seasonal-to-annual time scales. The TRMM-derived latent heating was then used to force an idealized primitive equation model using an initial value approach in order to obtain the quasi-steady-state, nonlinear, zonally asymmetric atmospheric response to precipitating tropical cloud systems. In agreement with previous studies, an increase in stratiform rain fraction elevates circulation centers and strengthens the upper-level response. Furthermore, horizontal variations in the vertical heating profile implied by the PR stratiform rain fraction pattern lead to circulation anomalies of varying height and vertical extent that
Particle concentrations, gas-particle partitioning, and species intercorrelations for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) emitted during biomass burning

Abstract Eight types of agricultural and forest fuels including 4 cereal crop residues and 4 wood fuels were burned in a combustion wind tunnel to simulate the open burning of biomass. Concentrations for 19 PAH species in particulate matter were found to range between 120 and 4000 mg kg−1, representing between 1 and 70% of total PAH emission. Weakly flaming spreading fires in the cereals were observed to produce higher levels of heavier PAH than more robust fires, with greater partitioning of PAH to the particle phase. Individual species concentrations appeared well correlated within groups based primarily on molecular weight, but no single species was observed to correlate with all others to serve as an indicator of PAH emission strength. Equilibrium gas-particle partitioning did not appear to be achieved within the 3–5 s residence time prior to sampling for sampling temperatures between 32 and 87°C, and in particular for the heavier species emitted from wood fuel pile fires with higher stack gas temperatures and shorter residence times. Total PAH emission, particle-phase concentrations, and fraction of PAH on particles were more strongly influenced by burning conditions than by fuel type.
A 1.24-GHz monolithic CMOS VCO with phase noise of -137 dBc/Hz at a 3-MHz offset

For the first time, a 1.24-GHz CMOS voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) with an integrated resonator which satisfies the Global System for Mobile communications (GSM) phase noise requirement at a 3-MHz offset is presented. The measured phase noise is -88, -125, and -137 dBc/Hz at 10-kHz, 600-kHz, and 3-MHz offsets, respectively. The VCO is implemented in a low-cost 0.8-/spl mu/m foundry CMOS process exclusively using pMOS transistors which have greater than one order of magnitude lower 1/f noise than that of nMOS transistors. The tuning range is /spl sim/130 MHz for the control voltages between 0.5 and 3.0 V. The VCO core runs on 22 mA from a 3-V power supply.
Topological properties of hypercubes

The n-dimensional hypercube is a highly concurrent loosely coupled multiprocessor based on the binary n-cube topology. Machines based on the hypercube topology have been advocated as ideal parallel architectures for their powerful interconnection features. The authors examine the hypercube from the graph-theory point of view and consider those features that make its connectivity so appealing. Among other things, they propose a theoretical characterization of the n-cube as a graph and and show how to map various other topologies into a hypercube. >
Deadenylation is prerequisite for P-body formation and mRNA decay in mammalian cells

Deadenylation is the major step triggering mammalian mRNA decay. One consequence of deadenylation is the formation of nontranslatable messenger RNA (mRNA) protein complexes (messenger ribonucleoproteins [mRNPs]). Nontranslatable mRNPs may accumulate in P-bodies, which contain factors involved in translation repression, decapping, and 5′-to-3′ degradation. We demonstrate that deadenylation is required for mammalian P-body formation and mRNA decay. We identify Pan2, Pan3, and Caf1 deadenylases as new P-body components and show that Pan3 helps recruit Pan2, Ccr4, and Caf1 to P-bodies. Pan3 knockdown causes a reduction of P-bodies and has differential effects on mRNA decay. Knocking down Caf1 or overexpressing a Caf1 catalytically inactive mutant impairs deadenylation and mRNA decay. P-bodies are not detected when deadenylation is blocked and are restored when the blockage is released. When deadenylation is impaired, P-body formation is not restorable, even when mRNAs exit the translating pool. These results support a dynamic interplay among deadenylation, mRNP remodeling, and P-body formation in selective decay of mammalian mRNA.
Water Control and Measurement on the Farm

Complete water control and measurement in farm distribution systems are essential requirements for an efficient irrigation system. Problems and hydraulic principles involved in the selection, design and operation of structures for accurate water control and measurement are presented in this chapter. For convenience, the chapter has been divided into two main categories, open channel and closed systems. Control and measurement structures and methods are discussed for each.
Cerebrospinal Fluid Normalities and Abnormalities in Individuals Infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus

Note from Dr. Merle A. SANDE-The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) seems to invariably invade the CNS. Moreover, as immunosuppression occurs as a result of progressive infection, other infectious agents such as Cryptococcus neoformans. Toxoplasma gondii, and encapsulated bacteria also target the CNS. CNS syphilis presents an atypical picture; all of these agents affect the CSF. Thus, interpretation of results of spinal fluid analysis is a unique and new problem facing the clinician caring for patients with AIDS. Dr. Harry Hollander was one of the first investigators to describe aseptic meningitis associated with HIV infection. In this AIDS Commentary, Dr. Hollander discusses this clinical dilemma.
Teaching Geographic Information Systems for Social Work Applications

This article explores the benefits of teaching geographic information systems (GIS) technology as a tool in social work curricula. GIS software makes customized and interactive maps that can help social workers gain a better understanding of multifaceted communities. The authors present four examples of GIS applications developed by social work graduate students demonstrating the potential of GIS in social work, and they outline steps for teaching GIS in social work practice courses. Employment and other opportunities are also discussed.
The foundation and development of environmental governance in Singapore

Singapore is a study in consistency, and the impact of cultural context on the nation’s government and policy is profound. While the interaction of politics, administration, and Asian values has been discussed generally in the literature, the framework of environmental protection in the Singapore experience has not been fully examined in the light of the nation’s growth and Confucian values. This article considers Singapore’s cultural background, highlighting its Confucianist system, and reviews its environmental policy development in the light of what is essentially a national-level application of the ethical–philosophical system.
An Overview of the Anaerobic Corrosion of Underground Metallic Structures, Evidence for a New Mechanism

Anaerobic corrosion of iron occurs throughout the world and, from an economic standpoint, is quite costly. Sulfate-reducing bacteria, primarily of the genus Desulfovibrto, are responsible for this type of corrosion. It has been postulated that corrosion by these bacteria is caused by their removal of hydrogen from the surface of iron causing it to go into solution. Evidence is presented which indicates that this mechanism may not be responsible for the main corrosive effect of these organisms. These bacteria appear to cause corrosion by producing extracellularly, under anaerobic conditions, a highly corrosive product in addition to hydrogen sulfide. The factors controlling the fate of iron in anaerobic environments, conducive to the growth of sulfate-reducing bacteria, may depend on whether iron sulfide film formation by hydrogen sulfide occurs first, thereby inhibiting corrosion, or whether the highly corrosive substance comes in contact with the iron before film formation has occurred, thereby accelerating corrosion. The antagonistic actions of these two compounds, hydrogen sulfide and the corrosive product, on corrosion produced by sulfate-reducing bacteria, could explain the conflicting observations on anaerobic corrosion noted by investigators in the field and laboratory.
The Electoral Cycle and Institutional Sources of Divided Presidential Government

Presidents often lack legislative majorities, but situations of opposition-party majorities (“divided government”) are much less common outside the United States. The president's party's share of seats tends to increase in early-term elections but decline in later elections. Thus opposition majorities often result after midterm elections. Opposition majorities rarely occur in elections held concurrently with the presidential election but are more likely to do so if legislators enjoy electoral independence from their parties due to features of electoral laws.
Effects of exercise training on vasodilatory protein expression and activity in rats

Increased endothelium-dependent vasodilatation is associated with endurance exercise training. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that increased endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) protein function, but not increased vascular smooth muscle sensitivity to NO, underlies augmented endothelium-dependent dilatation with training. To test these hypotheses, rats ran on a treadmill at 30 m/min (10% grade) for 60 min/day, 5 days/week, over 8–12 weeks (Trn). Training efficacy was demonstrated by greater (P < 0.05) hindlimb muscle citrate synthase activity and left ventricular mass–body mass ratio in Trn compared with sedentary control rats (Sed). Expression of eNOS protein in the aorta was increased with training (Sed, 1.00 ± 0.18 normalized units; Trn, 1.55 ± 0.23; P < 0.05). Aortic NOS activity was, however, unchanged by training (Sed, 1,505 ± 288 fmol/h/mg protein; Trn, 1,650 ± 247; n.s.). Expression of heat shock protein 90 and protein kinase B/Akt was not different between groups, nor was their association with eNOS. In follow-up series of rats, phosphorylated eNOS content (Serine 1177) was similar for Sed and Trn in both the aorta and gastrocnemius feed artery. Aortic NOS activity with eNOS phosphorylation status preserved was also similar between groups. Finally, cGMP concentration with a NO donor did not differ between groups (Sed, 73.0 ± 20.2 pmol/mg protein; Trn, 62.5 ± 12.9; n.s.). These findings indicate that training-induced increases in eNOS protein expression are not coupled to augmented function, illustrating the complexity of eNOS regulation. Further, they show that vascular sensitivity to NO is not altered by exercise training.
Beam Energy Loss to Parasitic Modes in Spear II

The energy loss due to the excitation of parasitic modes in the SPEAR II rf cavities and vacuum chamber components has been measured by observing the shift in synchronous phase angle as a function of circulating beam current and accelerating cavity voltage. The resulting parasitic mode loss resistance is 5 M? at a bunch length of 6.5 cm. The loss resistance varies with bunch length ?z approximately as exp(-0.3 ?z). If the measured result is compared with reasonable theoretical predictions, we infer that the major portion of the parasitic loss takes place in ring vacuum components rather than in the rf cavities.
Money to Burn: Economic Incentives and the Incidence of Arson

This paper examines whether, and to what extent, the incidence of single family residential arson may be explained by vectors of economic, demographic, crime deterrent, and jurisdiction specific variables. While previous research has reported mixed results as to the existence and strength of these relationships, the study results indicate that per capita arson rates are significantly related to the economic growth and vitality of a metropolitan region. Specifically, using arson incidence data obtained from the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), the results provide robust evidence that arson rates are positively related to both an area's unemployment rate and foreclosure rate, while negatively related to both regional housing appreciation rates and income levels.
Neotropical Cockroaches of the Epilampra abdomennigrum Complex; a Clarification of Their Systematics (Dictyoptera, Blattaria)

At least 3 species have been included in the taxon Epilampra abdomennigrum (De Geer). This name should be restricted to specimens from South America, Trinidad, and the West Indian Islands of Grenada and St. Lucia. The chromosome number of populations of E. abdomennigrum from Brazil (Moura and Tapurucuara, both towns on the Rio Negro, Amazonas) is 2n = 41 (♂), and 42 (♀). E. maya Rehn, which has been considered a synonym of E. abdomennigrum, occurs in Central America and Mexico. The chromosome number of E. maya from Changuinola, Panama, is 2n = 35 (♂) and 36 (♀). A related species, which has been regarded as E. abdomennigrum, occurring on Dominica, appears instead to be undescribed, and it will be described elsewhere.
Cholesterol Partition and Condensing Effect in Phase-Separated Ternary Mixture Lipid Multilayers

The cholesterol partitioning and condensing effect in the liquid-ordered (Lo) and liquid-disordered (Ld) phases were systematically investigated for ternary mixture lipid multilayers consisting of 1:1 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine/1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine with varying concentrations of cholesterol. X-ray lamellar diffraction was used to deduce the electron density profiles of each phase. The cholesterol concentration in each phase was quantified by fitting of the electron density profiles with a newly invented basic lipid profile scaling method that minimizes the number of fitting parameters. The obtained cholesterol concentration in each phase versus total cholesterol concentration in the sample increases linearly for both phases. The condensing effect of cholesterol in ternary lipid mixtures was evaluated in terms of phosphate-to-phosphate distances, which together with the estimated cholesterol concentration in each phase was converted into an average area per molecule. In addition, the cholesterol position was determined to a precision of (±0.7A) and an increase of disorder in the lipid packing in the Lo phase was observed for total cholesterol concentration of 20∼30%.
Enhanced Electrocatalytic Oxygen Reduction through Electrostatic Assembly of Pt Nanoparticles onto Porous Carbon Supports from SnCl2-Stabilized Suspensions

Monodisperse Pt nanoparticles with atomic structures that span the cluster to crystal transition have recently been synthesized in electrostatically stabilized, aqueous-based suspensions. In the present study, the anionic charge from the stabilizing SnCl2 sheath adsorbed on the surface of these particles is used for the first time to assemble Pt directly onto porous carbon supports via electrostatic assembly. High-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy (HAADF-STEM) reveals that these assemblies have substantially higher Pt–C dispersions than obtained from precipitation methods commonly used for commercial electrocatalyst systems. Energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) are used to determine that loadings of 10–30% by weight Pt (particle packing fractions from 0.05 to 0.25) are obtained through a single electrostatic application of these particles on Vulcan carbon, depending on particle size. The highest average oxygen reduc...
Studies of 205 Bi and 207 Bi by Proton-Transfer Reactions

The ($^{3}\mathrm{He},d$) and ($\ensuremath{\alpha},t$) reactions on $^{204}\mathrm{Pb}$ and $^{206}\mathrm{Pb}$ targets were investigated at bombarding energies of 44 and 45 MeV, respectively, in order to measure the fragmentation of the proton levels in $^{205}\mathrm{Bi}$ and $^{207}\mathrm{Bi}$. Orbital angular momentum transfers and spectroscopic factors were determined for those bound states containing more than 5-10% of the active single-proton strengths. The fragmentation of the low-lying $1{h}_{\frac{9}{2}}$ and $2{f}_{\frac{7}{2}}$ proton orbitals was found to be consistent with qualitative particle-core expectations in both $^{205}\mathrm{Bi}$ and $^{207}\mathrm{Bi}$, while the $1{f}_{\frac{5}{2}}$, $2{p}_{\frac{3}{2}}$, and $2{p}_{\frac{1}{2}}$ strengths were distributed among a large number of levels. A level-by-level comparison between cross sections for the ($\ensuremath{\alpha},t$) and ($^{3}\mathrm{He},d$) reactions identified two high-$l$ transitions to levels near 2.6 MeV in both isotopes. These observations suggest the presence of interactions between members of the (${3}^{\ensuremath{-}},{h}_{\frac{9}{2}}$) multiplet and at least one single-particle level from the next major shell as predicted by calculations in the case of $^{209}\mathrm{Bi}$.
A groat's worth more on Moore's assertion

I" 'Moore's Proof' (ANALYSIS, March 1965) Mr. Macleod correctly points out that in 'I know that here is a hand' (ANALYSIS, June 1964) I oscillate between regarding A-knowing as awareness of an object and as awareness that something is the case. As he says, I should throughout have taken the latter view, which parallels the assertion, 'I know that here is a hand'. I could then indeed have shown that the assertion, 'I know (A-know) that here is a hand', is philosophically pointless. All I should have had to do is note, as Macleod does, that 'whenever "I am aware that p" is substituted for "I know that p" without change of meaning, a justified claim to knowledge (i.e. A-knowledge) of p is incompatible with the falsity of p' (op. cit. p. 157). Because this is something as well known to other philosophers as to Macleod and myself, and because it is equally well-known that where 'p' is 'here is a hand', the truth of p in ordinary use implies the existence of a material hand and hence of an external world, it must be supposed that when philosophers come to hear a proof of the external world they have already found reason to doubt or reject the truth of the assertion, as ordinarily understood, 'I know (A-know) that here is a hand'. Otherwise, they should have no interest in and see no point in a proof of an external world. Thus, to the very extent that there is any point to a proof of an external world there can be no point to someone's asserting before a philosophical audience, 'I know (A-know) that here is a hand'.
Evaluation and Selection of TPL Suppliers Based on Supply Chain Greenness

In order to deal with the TPL supplier selection problem in establishing the green supply chain,the paper proposes to integrate the degree of greenness of the supply chain into the evaluation process and formulates the TOPSIS evaluation model based on entropy weight.Finally an empirical study on Qinhuangdao logistics supplier selection is used to demonstrate the economy and greenness of the method.
Quantifying In Vivo Somatic Mutations Using Transgenic Mouse Model Systems

This chapter describes the use of the bacteriophage cII positive selection somatic mutational assay with the Muta™Mouse transgenic model system. The assay is similar to others involving a transgenic target, including the cII and lacI assays in the Big Blue(®) Mouse, lacZ in the MutaMouse, and the gpt delta assay. Briefly, high-molecular-weight DNA is purified from the tissue of interest and used as substrate during in vitro packaging reactions, where the λ transgenes are excised from the genome and assembled into viable phage. Phage containing the mutational targets is then adsorbed into an appropriate bacterial host, and mutations sustained in vivo are detected and quantified by either standard recombinant screening or selection assays. Mutant frequencies are reported as the ratio of mutant phage to total phage units analyzed. The λ-based transgenic mouse assays are used to study and characterize in vivo mutagenesis as well as for mutagenicity assessment of chemicals and other agents. These models permit the enumeration of mutations sustained in virtually any tissue of the mouse and are both sensitive and robust. Application of the assays is simple, not requiring resources beyond those commonly found in most academic laboratories.
The Promise of Virtue

The time has finally come to cash the promissory note offered at the beginning: to find a philosophical means of atonement for the concept of reason. I have arrived at the point where reason must prove itself. My argument thus far has focused on how the concept of reason has throughout the history of philosophy narrowed and widened, then narrowed and widened again. I have considered the development of reason as it emerged from a much broader conception of soul, and I have discussed how the constriction of reason limits its function and isolates it from both material bodies and a larger world. I have scrutinized how assumptions underlying modern accounts of reason both masked and assured a systemic marginalization. I have considered the largely epistemic reasons why contemporary philosophers became disenchanted with Cartesianism. And, I have examined the Greek emphasis on diversity within the soul. I pondered how contemporary thinkers have moved beyond modernist assumptions, and I considered how Aristotelian virtue shares much in common with post-Cartesian ways of formulating and resolving philosophical problems. I have suggested that treating rationality as a virtue concept promises a far more expansive view and offers an escape from many of the liabilities of modern thinking. The time has come to make good on the promise.
"Good Passengers and Not Good Passengers:" Adolescent Drivers' Perceptions About Inattention and Peer Passengers.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this qualitative focus group elicitation research study was to explore teen driver perceptions of peer passengers and driver inattention. DESIGN & METHODS: We utilized focus groups for data collection and content analysis to analyze the data, both of which were guided by the theory of planned behavior. We conducted 7 focus groups with 30 teens, ages 16-18, licensed for ≤1year to examine attitudes, perceived behavioral control, and norms related to driving inattention and peer passengers. RESULTS: The sample was 50% male, mean age 17.39 (SD 0.52) with mean length of licensure 173.7days (SD 109.2). Three themes emerged: 1) "Good and not good" passengers; 2) Passengers and technology as harmful and helpful; and 3) The driver is in charge. CONCLUSIONS: While passengers can be a source of distraction, our participants also identified passenger behaviors that reduced risk, such as assistance with technology and guidance for directions. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: An understanding of teens' perceptions of peer passengers can contribute to the development of effective interventions targeting teen driver inattention. Nurses are well-positioned to contribute to these teen crash prevention efforts.Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Language: en
Introduction to: Neurotoxin-based Nonhuman Primate Models of Parkinson's Disease

Publisher Summary This chapter provides an overview of the neurotoxin-based nonhuman primate models of Parkinson's disease (PD). Recent studies on PD models have focused on the neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). The specific neurotoxic actions of MPTP are produced when it is metabolized by monoamine oxidase B into 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+), a complex I mitochondrial neurotoxin with relative specificity for dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra. In species including mice and nonhuman primates where monoamine oxidase B is found in the brain, systemically administered MPTP crosses the blood brain barrier and is converted into MPP+. MPP+ toxicity selectively and robustly lesions the nigrostriatal dopamine system, replicating many features of PD. Administration of MPTP to nonhuman primates invariably targets the nigrostriatal dopamine pathway, primary neural system that degenerates in PD. Some models using MPTP however fail to replicate other key features of PD. The chapter discusses how the neural circuitry affected by MPTP-induced degeneration of the nigrostriatal dopamine system can be mapped and analyzed. The chapter also emphasizes that MPTP models do not replicate the long prodromal period preceding the expression of parkinsonian signs in many patients.
The effects of urate lowering therapy on inflammation, endothelial function, and blood pressure (SURPHER) study design and rationale

Abstract Background The association between hyperuricemia and hypertension is controversial. Animal models, epidemiological data, and small clinical trials have favored a causative role for hyperuricemia in hypertension but more studies are necessary to elucidate putative mechanisms, population susceptibility, and potential for urate-lowering therapies (ULT) to decrease blood pressure (BP). Purpose To describe the background and design of the Serum Urate Reduction to Prevent Hypertension (SURPHER) study. Methods SURPHER is a single center, double-blinded, crossover trial in which participants are randomly assigned to allopurinol (300 mg) or placebo. Enrollment focused on adults 18–40 years old with baseline systolic blood pressure ≥ 120 and 60 mL/min/1.73 m2), and without prior diagnosis of gout or use of ULT to treat gout. The primary outcome is change from baseline in blood pressure assessed by 24 hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring and mechanistic outcomes include changes in endothelial function as measured by flow-mediated dilation, as well as C-reactive protein levels. Results Since June 16, 2014 until present, SURPHER is recruiting participants in the city of Birmingham, Alabama. Limitations The study aims to enroll otherwise healthy young adults for a pharmacological intervention study with multiple study-related procedures. Challenges related to recruitment are anticipated and multiple strategies for increasing recruitment and retention are planned if necessary.
Learning from Clickstream Data in Online Retail

E-tailers now have the resources to record the sequence of clicks their online customers make, also known as their clickstream. Such detailed browsing information reveals customer preferences and, as such, can be used to improve product assortment and display decisions over time. In this paper, we consider a Bayesian framework to study how an e-tailer can draw inferences about customer preferences using clickstream and sales data, for utilitarian and hedonic product categories. For a given product category, the e-tailer dynamically determines the set of products to display on his website, via clickable pictures, and which products among the displayed ones to make available for purchase. We show that it may be optimal for the e-tailer to display "phantom" products, which are clickable, but later shown as unavailable for purchase. Under some conditions on the customers' clicking behavior on the website, we prove the optimality of an "offer less" strategy which is reminiscent of the well-known "stock more" result in multi-period newsvendor problem with demand learning. We also discuss the implications of our results on when the e-tailer should communicate product availability information with customers. Finally, we quantify the benefits which accrue from learning from clickstream data for the e-tailer. These benefits are substantial, especially for product categories for which customers do not have well-established preferences and go through an exploratory browsing process before making a purchase.
Gd(III)-Gold Nanoconjugates Provide Remarkable Cell Labeling for High Field Magnetic Resonance Imaging.

In vivo cell tracking is vital for understanding migrating cell populations, particularly cancer and immune cells. Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging for long-term tracking of transplanted cells in live organisms requires cells to effectively internalize Gd(III) contrast agents (CAs). Clinical Gd(III)-based CAs require high dosing concentrations and extended incubation times for cellular internalization. To combat this, we have devised a series of Gd(III)-gold nanoconjugates (Gd@AuNPs) with varied chelate structure and nanoparticle-chelate linker length, with the goal of labeling and imaging breast cancer cells. These new Gd@AuNPs demonstrate significantly enhanced labeling compared to previous Gd(III)-gold-DNA nanoconstructs. Variations in Gd(III) loading, surface packing, and cell uptake were observed among four different Gd@AuNP formulations suggesting that linker length and surface charge play an important role in cell labeling. The best performing Gd@AuNPs afforded 23.6 ± 3.6 fmol of Gd(III) per cell at...