cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Association of Bordetella pertussis-induced hypersensitivity to serotonin with the H-2 gene complex.

SUMMARY Susceptibility to Bordetella pertussis-induced sensitivity to serotonin was found to be associated with the H-2 gene complex in mice. H-2 congenic and independent strains which possess the H-2b and H-2s haplotypes were susceptible to serotonin sensitization by pertussigen (P-HSF) while mice with the H-2k and H-2d haplotypes were resistant. The gene or genes which control susceptibility were found to map to the H-2SbDb end of the H-2 complex; susceptibility appears to be inherited as a co-dominant trait. These findings indicate that HLA typing may be of value in predicting or interpreting possible adverse reactions to pertussis vaccine or infection in humans.
Approaches to Parallel Graph-Based Knowledge Discovery

The large amount of data collected today is quickly overwhelming researchers' abilities to interpret the data and discover interesting patterns. Knowledge discovery and data mining systems contain the potential to automate the interpretation process, but these approaches frequently utilize computationally expensive algorithms. In particular, scientific discovery systems focus on the utilization of richer data representation, sometimes without regard for scalability. This research investigates approaches for scaling a particular knowledge discovery?data mining system, Subdue, using parallel and distributed resources. Subdue has been used to discover interesting and repetitive concepts in graph-based databases from a variety of domains, but requires a substantial amount of processing time. Experiments that demonstrate scalability of parallel versions of the Subdue system are performed using CAD circuit databases, satellite images, and artificially-generated databases, and potential achievements and obstacles are discussed.
Micelle-Encapsulated Carbon Nanotubes: A Route to Nanotube Composites

We report a general approach toward dispersing single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) in solvents and polymer materials, by encapsulating SWNTs within cross-linked micelles. Micelles made from polystyrene-block-poly(acrylic acid) (PS-b-PAA), an amphiphilic block copolymer, are first assembled around SWNTs by gradually adding H2O to a suspension of nanotubes in dimethylformamide. The hydrophilic, outer shells of these micelles are then chemically cross-linked with a difunctional linker molecule. Pure encapsulated SWNTs (e-SWNTs) can then be separated from empty cross-linked micelles by consecutive cycles of centrifugation and redispersion. Atomic force and transmission electron microscopies of the resulting nanostructures demonstrate that individual nanotubes (rather than bundles) have been completely encased in polymer shells whose thickness is slightly larger than that of empty micelles. e-SWNTs encapsulated in PS-b-PAA can be permanently redispersed in H2O, in organic solvents, and in both hydrophobic a...
Regional Resilience: Opportunities, Challenges And Policy Messages From Western North Carolina

This paper explores resiliency theory by assessing the ability of communities to adapt and recover economically and socially after a natural disaster. Community resiliency describes the capacity of finding a new equilibrium that is strengthened from change. Resilience can be seen as a strategy to facilitate recovery after a trauma and can be used as a preventative measure to avoid undesired outcomes. Through a qualitative assessment of the HandMade in America programme in three rural communities in Western North Carolina, this paper draws attention to the facilitation of community capital, resulting in social and political networks that allowed these towns to rely on increases in tourism to rebound from the 2004 hurricanes season.
Isometric embedding for homogeneous compact 3-manifolds

The anisotropic homogeneous ℙ3 is isometrically globally embedded into a nine-dimensional Euclidean or pseudo-Euclidean space. In a special case the Euclidean space is six-dimensional. The space-sections of the anti-Mach metric appear as a submanifold of theE9. We obtain also the isometric embedding ofSO(3) with its natural Killing metric.
Abrupt climate change as an important agent of ecological change in the Northeast U.S. throughout the past 15,000 years

Abstract We use a series of tests to evaluate two competing hypotheses about the association of climate and vegetation trends in the northeastern United States over the past 15 kyrs. First, that abrupt climate changes on the scale of centuries had little influence on long-term vegetation trends, and second, that abrupt climate changes interacted with slower climate trends to determine the regional sequence of vegetation phases. Our results support the second. Large dissimilarity between temporally close fossil pollen samples indicates large vegetation changes within 500 years across >4° of latitude at ca 13.25–12.75, 12.0–11.5, 10.5, 8.25, and 5.25 ka. The evidence of vegetation change coincides with independent isotopic and sedimentary indicators of rapid shifts in temperature and moisture balance. In several cases, abrupt changes reversed long-term vegetation trends, such as when spruce (Picea) and pine (Pinus) pollen percentages rapidly declined to the north and increased to the south at ca 13.25–12.75 and 8.25 ka respectively. Abrupt events accelerated other long-term trends, such as a regional increase in beech (Fagus) pollen percentages at 8.5–8.0 ka. The regional hemlock (Tsuga) decline at ca 5.25 ka is unique among the abrupt events, and may have been induced by high climatic variability (i.e., repeated severe droughts from 5.7 to 2.0 ka); autoregressive ecological and evolutionary processes could have maintained low hemlock abundance until ca 2.0 ka. Delayed increases in chestnut (Castanea) pollen abundance after 5.8 and 2.5 ka also illustrate the potential for multi-century climate variability to influence species' recruitment as well as mortality. Future climate changes will probably also rapidly initiate persistent vegetation change, particularly by acting as broad, regional-scale disturbances.
Dealing with monopoly in international telephone service: a U.S. perspective

Abstract Monopoly PTTs are able to whipsaw competitive U.S. carriers, i.e., play one off against the others, in negotiating agreements required for end-to-end service. Thus, the welfare gains from competition among U.S. carriers are transferred, at least in part, to other countries. These outcome also adversely affect economic efficiency because the amounts paid to PTTs exceed the cost of using their networks to complete calls originating in the United States. Policies of the U.S. Federal Communications Commission designed to strengthen the bargaining positions of U.S. carriers have been largely ineffective. Nevertheless, the FCC's attempts to promote competition, and other limitations on PTT bargaining power, may contribute to an erosion of monopoly bottlenecks and a more competitive international telephone industry.
Gap states in dilute-magnetic-alloy superconductors: A quantum Monte Carlo study

Using a combination of quantum Monte Carlo simulation, perturbation theory, and maximum-entropy analytic continuation, we calculate the density of states for a dilute-magnetic-alloy superconductor. We find that the peak location of the gap states moves more quickly with increasing Kondo temperature than predicted by Zittartz {ital et} {ital al}., and that the integrated intensity of the gap states is in extreme qualitative disagreement with that prediction.
Transcatheter closure of patent foramen ovale after presumed paradoxical embolism.

BACKGROUNDMany have proposed a relation between presence of a patent foramen ovale, with or without atrial septal aneurysm, and cryptogenic stroke. The effect of foramen ovale closure on the risk for subsequent strokes is unknown.METHODS AND RESULTSTranscatheter closure of a patent foramen ovale was undertaken in 36 patients with known right-to-left atrial shunting and presumed paradoxical emboli (31 strokes, 25 transient neurological events, four systemic arterial emboli, and two brain abscesses). Individual patients had between one and four such events. None had a left heart or carotid source of embolism; 31 of 35 had no known risk factors for stroke. Events occurred in 12 patients while they were taking warfarin. At cardiac catheterization, patent foramina ovalia were significantly larger than predicted for age in 67% of the patients. Implantation of a double-umbrella device in the patent foramen ovale was achieved in all without serious procedural complications. Of 34 who have returned for follow-up, ...
The distribution of dissolved organic carbon in the Western Indian Ocean

Abstract The concentration of dissolved organic carbon between 0 and 2000 m depth was measured along a section from 20°S to 20°N in the Western Indian Ocean. No apparent correlation existed between primary production and the level of dissolved carbon in the euphotic zone. Deep water masses were characterized by temperature-salinity relationships and by the concentration of carbon. Calculations for the mixing of these water masses of differing origin on the basis of salinity, corresponded with similar calculations based on carbon. Assuming 90% conversion of total particulate organic matter to carbon dioxide by grazing organisms a minimum of 260 years is required to produce the amount of organic carbon present in the Arabian Sea. The conclusion is reached that carbon in solution and in particulate form in the ocean is extremely stable and subject to limited change by biological action.
Synergistic energy absorption in the axial crush response of filled circular cell honeycombs

Abstract In the present investigation, the axial static crush response of circular cell, filled honeycombs is studied. Polycarbonate honeycombs with circular cells are used as the base material. Polyurethane, a soft elastomer is used as the filler material. Filled 3-cell, 7-cell and 19-cell honeycombs were subjected to uniaxial, quasi-static, out-of-plane compressive loading. The experimental results show a synergistic energy absorption event, leading to an amplification of crush energy absorption in the filled honeycombs due to a change in the deformation mode (in comparison against unfilled honeycombs). Moreover, it is seen that the initial failure is a stable collapse unlike the abrupt first failure seen in unfilled honeycombs. An explicit finite element solver is used to quantitatively understand the experimental results, thus validating its usefulness as an engineering design tool.
Experimental gout in turkeys.

The blood uric acid of turkeys is elevated after feeding and is diminished to a low level after fasting. When free access to food is allowed the value for the uric acid in the blood is usually found to be several times that for the fasting bird. The level of the blood uric acid is greatly increased by additions of protein or of urea to the diet. Symptoms of gout and the development of gouty tophi on the extremities and gouty depositions in the articular cavities occur in turkeys if the uric acid in the blood is maintained at a high level for several days. Administration of cinhcophen appeared to have no effect on the uric acid content of the blood or on the occurrence or symptoms of gout in those animals in which gout was present. Administration of nephrotoxic agents (uranium and lead) appeared to increase the uric acid content of the blood slightly and to hasten the appearance of gout.
Post-mortem 131I-Thyroxine Distribution in a Hypothyroid Woman

ABSTRACT Tissue radioactivity was measured at post-mortem examination of a hypothyroid woman 4 days after iv administration of 131I-thyroxine. A study of thyroxine equilibration in 2 other hypothyroid patients indicates that 4 days is sufficient for equilibration of a single tracer thyroxine dose. The ratio of tissue to serum activity (T/S) was highest in the liver (1.95) and lowest in muscle (.07) and brain (.05). The hepatic T/S is considerably higher than that observed in experimental animals.
Semantic classes and syntactic ambiguity

In this paper we propose to define selectional preference and semantic similarity as information-theoretic relationships involving conceptual classes, and we demonstrate the applicability of these definitions to the resolution of syntactic ambiguity. The space of classes is defined using WordNet [8], and conceptual relationships are determined by means of statistical analysis using parsed text in the Penn Treebank.
Systemic vaccination with inactivated bovine virus diarrhoea virus protects against respiratory challenge

Inactivated bovine virus diarrhoea virus, strain 11249nc, inoculated subcutaneously three times with Quil-A into calves protected against intranasal challenge with the same strain. Virus was isolated from nasopharyngeal swabs taken 4 to 8 days post challenge and blood taken 4 to 6 days post challenge from control calves but not from vaccinated calves. A second strain of virus, Ky1203nc, was selected on the basis of previously established data on its antigenicity and the amount of viral antigen produced by five cell cultures compared using an ELISA. Cultures of one cell line, MDBK, yielded a greater amount of viral antigen than the others. Strain Ky1203nc grown in MDBK cells was inactivated with beta-propiolactone, mixed with adjuvant and used as a vaccine inoculated into calves subcutaneously three times. All of 5 calves were protected against intranasal challenge with a heterologous strain. In contrast virus was isolated from nasopharyngeal swabs taken from 5 control calves and from the blood of 4 controls. All 5 control calves, but none of the vaccinates, had a leukopenia after challenge. We conclude that the selected strain and system of vaccine preparation provide an effective means of protecting calves against respiratory infection and that live vaccines are not required to protect against challenge via the respiratory tract.
Embryonic expression and functional analysis of a Xenopus activin receptor.

We report the isolation and characterization of a Xenopus activin receptor (XAR1). The amino acid sequence of this protein shows extensive homology with a murine activin receptor. The mRNA is expressed maternally and is ubiquitously distributed during the early stages of embryogenesis. Consistent with a possible role in mesoderm induction and patterning, interference with the normal expression of the receptor by overexpression in the early embryo results in the formation of ectopic dorsal axial structures. During neurulation the XAR1 mRNA is expressed predominantly in the presumptive brain and spinal cord, suggesting an additional function for XAR1 in neurogenesis. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Probing the Cell Cycle with Flow Cytometry

Flow cytometry is a versatile technique to study different aspects of the cell cycle from subpopulations of cells to detailed cell kinetic information. In this paper a basic review of cell kinetic parameters is presented followed by detailed descriptions of the different flow cytometric methodologies that can be used to extract pertinent information for a particular study. The methodologies range from simple DNA profile analysis, the use of bromodeoxyuridine to cell cycle-associated proteins such as the cyclins.
Design and Analysis of a Closed-Loop Single-Workstation PPC System

Abstract Methods at control engineering can be integrated with methods of production engineering to improve robustness and performance of production systems, while making dynamic analysis tractable and improving understanding of complex behavior. In this paper a discrete, dynamic model of a single workstation is developed, including characteristic equations of transfer functions that are useful in choosing control parameter values according to desired dynamic performance and response. Nonlineartties such as dependence of capacity on WIP and delay in adjusting capacity due to work rules are modeled and incorporated into the dynamic analysis. Examples are presented of control parameter selection and resulting performance.
Mechanisms and measures of exercise intolerance in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Impaired exercise tolerance is a prominent feature of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). 46 , 59 Patients with COPD demonstrate widely variable exercise capacities, however, even when judged to have identical degrees of impairment by standard pulmonary function tests. 77 This variance probably reflects the complex pathogenesis of exercise intolerance, which includes a large number of variables ranging from processes in the central nervous system to peripheral muscles: Reduced expiratory airflow caused by poor elastic recoil Increased airways resistance leading to increased work of breathing and increased ventilatory drive Reduced pulmonary vascular bed and increased pulmonary vascular resistance Impaired cardiac output because of factors that impede right heart filling and factors that impair left ventricular systolic function Muscle dysfunction Nutritional status and body composition In addition, the term COPD does not describe one homogenous disease process but, rather, a heterogeneous group of disease subtypes that share airway obstruction as a prominent feature. The symptoms that limit the exercise performance of the patient with COPD typically include exertional dyspnea, fatigue, muscle weakness and leg discomfort. 50 Dyspnea is thought traditionally to reflect the many processes that cause ventilatory limitation. 52 , 60 The symptom of muscle weakness and discomfort likely reflects the sense of peripheral muscle effort. 20 , 35 Cardiovascular factors, and in some cases, psychologic issues may play a role in the fatigue that many patients with COPD describe with exercise. 13 , 15 , 90 All of these symptoms occur with exercise to some degree, and dyspnea is usually a predominant symptom. Recently, however, leg fatigue attributable to peripheral muscle weakness has also been recognized as a common limiting symptom during exercise. 53 Standard pulmonary function testing provides information on functional lung capacity at rest but provides limited information on ventilatory requirements or functional performance during exercise. It is important to examine the pathophysiologic changes during exercise in this patient population in order to understand the basis for exercise intolerance in COPD. A thorough understanding of the basis of exercise intolerance can, in turn, assist in identifying the optimal spectrum of treatment interventions for individual patients.
Upper excited state photochemistry of DNA.

— The quantum yields for cyclobutylpyrimidine dimers, alkali-labile sites, and frank strand breaks in double-stranded DNA have been measured using low-intensity radiation at 199.8, 217.8, and 239.5 nm from a Raman-shifted frequency quadrupled Nd:YAG laser. The quantum yield for cyclobutylpyrimidine dimers was also measured using 254 nm radiation from a low-pressure mercury lamp. The quantum yield for cyclobutylpyrimidine dimers is constant within a factor of two between 254 and 199.8 nm except for 239.5 nm, indicating that upper excited singlet states of bases convert efficiently to the lowest singlet state. The quantum yields for alkali-labile sites and frank strand breaks both increase as the wavelength decreases but follow different patterns. These results indicate that alkali-labile sites form from a higher excited state of the base, whereas frank strand breaks form by excitation of the sugar-phosphate backbone.
Mobilization with movement as an adjunct intervention in a patient with complicated de Quervain's tenosynovitis: A Case report

Study Design Case study. Objectives To describe the use of conventional physical therapy interventions together with Mobilization With Movement (MWM) techniques in the treatment of an individual with a complicated scenario of de Quervain' tenosynovitis. Background The patient was a 61-year-old woman who presented with signs and symptoms consistent with de Quervain' tenosynovitis of the right hand. Range limitations in all motions of the right wrist and first carpometacarpal joint complicated her presentation. Methods and Measures Physical therapy included conventional intervention with superficial heat, ice, iontophoresis, and transverse friction massage directed to the first dorsal tunnel. Conventional joint mobilization techniques addressed the motion limitations of the first carpometacarpal, radiocarpal, and midcarpal joints. In addition, MWM techniques were utilized to promote pain-free wrist and thumb mobility. The specific MWM techniques used with this patient involved active movements of the thumb ...
Brain Plasticity and Cellular Mechanisms of Epileptogenesis in Human and Experimental Cortical Dysplasia

Purpose: The cellular mechanisms that may contribute to epilepsy in resected human cortical dysplasia (CD) were compared with the in utero radiated rat CD model. In human and rat focal hippocampal epilepsy, postsynaptic N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors are up-regulated and presynaptic axon collaterals hyperinnervate them. We hypothesized that in both human and rat CD: (a) the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunits NR1 and NR2A/B would be increased and coassembled, and (b) aberrant axons would be in regions of CD. Methods: Tests for presynaptic and postsynaptic changes in human and rat CD included the following: (a) cytology, (b) immunocytochemistry, (c) coimmunoprecipitation, (d) double-labeled immunofluorescence, and (e) Timm histochemistry of hippocampal mossy fibers. Within-patient comparisons were made between epileptic tissue, identified by subdural electroencephalographic seizure onsets, and nonepileptic tissue remote from the focus but within the therapeutic resection. Rats were radiated at embryonic day 17, and offspring were studied postnatally. Statistical comparisons were made against normal rats matched for age and tissue processing. Results: In focal CD patients, NR2A/B subunits and their coassemblies with NR1 were increased significantly more than for the remote nonepileptic cortex. Confocal microscopy showed that NR1-NR2A/B colabeled single dysplastic neurons in both human and rat. In CD rats, mossy fibers innervated the anomalously oriented hippocampal neurons. Conclusions: Human epileptic CD exhibits a spectrum of abnormal cell orientations and laminations that must require plastic axodendritic changes during development. These altered circuits and receptors could account for the seizures and cognitive deficits found in patients with CD. The radiated rat CD model with cortical dyslaminations and NR2A/B subunit increases would allow the development and testing of drugs targeted at only the NR2A/B subunit or at decoupling the NR1-NR2 coassembly, which could provide a specific antiepileptic drug for dysplastic circuits without inducing general depression of all brain neurons.
Controlled study of PUVA and adjunctive topical therapy in the management of psoriasis.

SUMMARY In a random study of 116 patients with psoriasis vulgaris, oral psoralen photochemotherapy (PUVA) used alone was compared to PUVA plus adjunctive topical therapy with tar, dithranol, or topical corticosteroids. PUVA plus topical corticosteroids produced more rapid clearing of psoriasis but despite maintenance therapy, the frequency of recurrences of the disease during the early phase of follow-up was significantly higher with that treatment, as compared to all other treatments. Dithranol plus PUVA also cleared psoriasis quicker than PUVA alone but patient acceptability for that regimen was low. The addition of tar to PUVA therapy appeared to have little influence on results.
SU-E-T-485: Validation of Acuros XB Dose Calculations in SBRT Lung Planning with Monte Carlo Methods.

Purpose: The Acuros XB (AXB) Advanced Dose algorithm (Varian Medical Systems) represents a dramatic shift in clinical photon dose calculation methodology from pencil‐beam superposition/convolution methods. Early studies evaluating the accuracy of the algorithm in lung have found good agreement with both measurement and Monte Carlo based dose calculations. In this study, a dosimetric validation of Acuros is performed for clinical SBRTlung planning cases using Monte Carlo(MC) calculations as a benchmark. Methods:MC simulations using BEAMnrc/DOSXYZnrc were carried out for 8 AXB calculated 6/10 MV arc plans delivered on a TrueBeamTM STx linac in high‐dose‐rate flattening filter free mode. Clinical planning constraints were applied in each case with plans normalized to achieve 95% PTV coverage. Metrics used in the evaluation include: maximum and minimum GTV/PTV dose, PTV isodose coverage, conformity and dose profile comparisons. To understand the impact of moving toward to AXB calculations in SBRTlung planning, calculations using the Analytical Anisotropic Algorithm (AAA) are presented for each plan. Results: For both 6 and 10MV energies, consistent mean GTV dose and PTV isodose coverage was observed for AXB and MC calculations. GTV mean dose was observed to deviate by <2% for all cases. Isodose coverage for MC simulations ranged from 92%–98%. AAA was also in agreement with MC simulations within the GTV to within 2%. AXB and MC maximum and minimum PTV dose differences were larger (up to 9%) but not of clinical concern. In several cases, AXB exhibited a significant improvement in dose calculation accuracy in the lung region surrounding the GTV over AAA, particularly with lung densities < 0.1 g/cc. Conclusion: AcurosXB provides increased accuracy in modelling dose deposition for SBRTlung over AAA and is found to be in good agreement with MC calculations.
Social desirability and endorsement of irrational beliefs.

Summary.-Irrational beliefs have been proposed as causal agents in emotional disorders. Endorsement of such beliefs is positively correlated with anxiety, depression, and anger. However, measurement of irrational beliefs may reflect social-desirability bias. 159 subjects completed validated measures of irrational beliefs and a measure of social desirability. Three of nine belief scales were negatively correlated with social desirability. It is concluded that the content of the Irrational Beliefs Test is not compromised due to a bias to respond in a c~~lrurzlly sanctioned manner. Irrational beliefs have been proposed as cognitive processes which cause pathological emotional states (2). Empirical research has shown that the endorsement of irrational beliefs, as measured by the Irrational Beliefs Test (4), is positively correlated with trait anxiety and depressive symptoms (7) and with the expression of anger (3, 9). The refinement of the Irrational Beliefs Test has required extensive psychometric research on reliability (6) and
Histological and histochemical studies on the nervous influence on minced muscle regeneration of triceps surae of the rat

The degree of minced rat muscle regeneration in the absence of nerve fibers was compared with that of normal regenerates between one and 270 days postoperatively. Up to around 30 days, the number of muscle fibers and their morphology were comparable in both normal innervated and denervated regenerates; both showed clear cross striations and peripherally located nuclei. Histochemically, SDH and myofibrillar ATPase (pH=9.4) reactions were positive, but there were no typical signs of fiber types in either case of regeneration. The only consistent difference in the early period was the smaller fiber cross sectional areas in denervated regenerates than in innervated ones. Starting about 40 days, the muscle fibers in innervated regenerates became differentiated into different fiber types (fast-twitch-oxidative-glycolytic, FOG., fast-twitch-glycolytic, FG., slow-twitch-oxidative, SO.) but there were no such activities in denervated regenerates, although their SDH and myofibrillar ATPase reactions remained positive for a long time. Degenerating muscle fibers could no longer be identified in innervated regenerates. In the denervated regenerates, however, muscle fibers underwent atrophic or degenerative changes and were replaced by connective tissue. The complete disappearance of muscle fibers varied with individual regenerates. In some cases, it occurred about 90 days and in others, traces of muscle fibers could still be seen as late as 150 days postoperatively. Thus, nerves seem to be important primarily in the late phase of regeneration; namely, differentiation of fiber types and maintenance of the structural integrity of muscle fibers.
Critical Discourse Analysis of CNN International's Coverage of Africa

This study compared the newsgathering goals of gatekeepers with public attitudes regarding the coverage of Africa by CNN International (CNNI). A critical discourse analysis was based on interviews with CNNI news producers and executives, and 6 focus groups of Ugandan viewers that were conducted in 2004 and 2008. Results show not only dissonance, but also a disconnection between CNNI news producers and Ugandan viewers' perceptions of the network and of their 2 major local stations. The network was the main source of international news in 2004 in Uganda but its appeal diminished by 2008. Viewers considered its coverage largely biased and ill-motivated towards Africa. CNNI was regarded more favorably than local television (UBC and WBS) news in quality and depth of news content in 2004 than in 2008. This love-hate relationship for CNNI and the other local television networks is discussed in detail.
Making History Work

Many Middle Passages: Forced Migration and the Making of the Modern World. Edited by Emma Christopher, Cassandra Pybus, Marcus Rediker. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2007. 274 pp., $60.00 cloth (ISBN: 978-0-520-25206-6), $24.95 paper (ISBN: 978-0-520-25207-3). Many Middle Passages addresses multiple audiences, at multiple levels, on a range of historical subjects. Contributors are established scholars from the United States, Australia, Britain and South Africa, and essays introduce readers to: African and Malagasy people taken to the Americas or across the Sahara; Arab slave caravans transiting East Africa en route to Zanzibar, Turkey, Saudi Arabia, and Reunion; Southeast Asian slave raiding networks; German military conscripts shipped to the Cape of Good Hope and Batavia; penal transport to Australia and Southeast Asia; Chinese and Irish contract laborers in the United States during the 1860s; the Chinese coolie trade to Cuba and Peru; the western Pacific “blackbirding” trade; and Chinese trafficking in women and children throughout Southeast Asia. The editors situate the book at the crossroads of several ongoing projects, including calls to “create a global past” (Manning 2003), and works that place coerced and free migrations in global perspectives (Eltis 2002). Essays cohered more specifically around “a cluster of ideas” laid out in The Many-Headed Hydra: Sailors, Slaves, Commoners, and the Hidden History of the Revolutionary Atlantic (Linebaugh and Rediker 2000). First, “that the rise of capitalism from the late sixteenth century onward forced millions of expropriated people to make middle passages from Europe and Africa to the Americas” (p.2). Second, that “the epitome of these middle passages, that of the Atlantic slave trade, might be used to explore other social and cultural transformations that resulted from …
A new Hamiltonian formalism for singular Lagrangian theories

We introduce a version of the Hamiltonian formalism based on the Clairaut equation theory which allows us a self-consistent description of systems with degenerate (or singular) Lagrangian. A generalization of the Legendre transform to the case when the Hessian is zero is done using the mixed (envelope/general) solutions of the multidimensional Clairaut equation. The corresponding system of equations of motion is equivalent to the initial Lagrange equations, but contains “nondynamical” momenta and unresolved velocities. This system is reduced to the physical phase space and presented in the Hamiltonian form by introducing a new (non-Lie) bracket.
A new role for the dynamin GTPase in the regulation of fusion pore expansion

Dynamin is a master regulator of membrane fission in endocytosis. However, a function for dynamin immediately upon fusion has also been suspected from a variety of experiments that measured release of granule contents. The role of dynamin guanosine triphosphate hydrolase (GTPase) activity in controlling fusion pore expansion and postfusion granule membrane topology was investigated using polarization optics and total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy (pTIRFM) and amperometry. A dynamin-1 (Dyn1) mutant with increased GTPase activity resulted in transient deformations consistent with rapid fusion pore widening after exocytosis; a Dyn1 mutant with decreased activity slowed fusion pore widening by stabilizing postfusion granule membrane deformations. The experiments indicate that, in addition to its role in endocytosis, GTPase activity of dynamin regulates the rapidity of fusion pore expansion from tens of milliseconds to seconds after fusion. These findings expand the membrane-sculpting repertoire of dynamin to include the regulation of immediate postfusion events in exocytosis that control the rate of release of soluble granule contents.
Transplantation of human embryonic stem cell-derived oligodendrocyte progenitors into rat spinal cord injuries does not cause harm

Demyelination contributes to loss of function following spinal cord injury. We have shown previously that transplantation of human embryonic stem cell-derived oligodendrocyte progenitors into adult rat 200 kD contusive spinal cord injury sites enhances remyelination and promotes recovery of motor function. Previous studies using oligodendrocyte lineage cells have noted a correlation between the presence of demyelinating pathology and the survival and migration rate of the transplanted cells. The present study compared the survival and migration of human embryonic stem cell-derived oligodendrocyte progenitors injected 7 days after a 200 or 50 kD contusive spinal cord injury, as well as the locomotor outcome of transplantation. Our findings indicate that a 200 kD spinal cord injury induces extensive demyelination, whereas a 50 kD spinal cord injury induces no detectable demyelination. Cells transplanted into the 200 kD injury group survived, migrated, and resulted in robust remyelination, replicating our previous studies. In contrast, cells transplanted into the 50 kD injury group survived, exhibited limited migration, and failed to induce remyelination as demyelination in this injury group was absent. Animals that received a 50 kD injury displayed only a transient decline in locomotor function as a result of the injury. Importantly, human embryonic stem cell-derived oligodendrocyte progenitor transplants into the 50 kD injury group did not cause a further decline in locomotion. Our studies highlight the importance of a demyelinating pathology as a prerequisite for the function of transplanted myelinogenic cells. In addition, our results indicate that transplantation of human embryonic stem cell-derived oligodendrocyte progenitor cells into the injured spinal cord is not associated with a decline in locomotor function.
Partial Replacement of Fish Meal with Meat-and-Bone Meal, Flash-Dried Poultry By-Product Meal, and Enzyme-Digested Poultry By-Product Meal in Practical Diets for Juvenile Red Drum

Abstract To reduce long-term dependence upon fishery resources, we evaluated selected terrestrial by-products as alternatives to fish meal for rearing juvenile (mean weight, 2.3 ± 0.1 g) red drum Sciaenops ocellatus. Over a 6-week feeding trial, 10 test diets (basal diet and 9 test diets) were formulated on an isonitrogenous (44% gross protein) basis. The primary protein sources in the basal diet were fish meal and soybean meal, which were incorporated at 30 and 24.8 g/100 g of diet, respectively. Replacement of fish meal in the test diets ranged from 16.6% to 66.7%. Low ash meat-and-bone meal (MBM), flash-dried poultry by-product meal (PBM), and enzyme-digested poultry by-product meal (EPM) were used to replace the fish meal. All four MBM diets produced significantly lower weight gain compared with fish maintained on the basal diet. Feed efficiency (FE) and protein conversion efficiency (PCE) were similar for the 16.6% MBM diet and the basal diet, but higher levels of MBM produced significantly lower FE ...
SUBJECTIVE AND OBJECTIVE EVALUATION OF STRAWBERRY POMACE ESSENCE

The relationship of incubation parameters (time, temperature, and pH) to the intensity and quality of the aroma of essences distilled from a commercial strawberry pomace was studied. Analysis of variance of sensory panel scores indicated that incubation temperature of the pomace prior to distillation affected the intensity and quality of essence aroma more than holding time or pH. Aroma intensity showed a marked decrease as the pH of incubation of the pomace was increased above pH 4.0. Sensory panels were able to detect statistically significant differences (p < 0.01) in the quality of aroma of essences obtained from pomace incubated above pH 4.0 at 20-50°C. Optimum intensity and quality of essence production was obtained in pomace adjusted to pH 4.0 and incubated at 40°C for 4 hr or longer. Gas chromatographic (CC) analysis of several essences collected from strawberry pomace processed under different conditions revealed dissimilar patterns. Essences of highest quality, as determined by the sensory panel, had GC patterns similar to that of essence produced from whole strawberries. All essences obtained from strawberry pomace contained high concentrations of benzaldehyde, 2-heptenal, ethyl hexanoate, limonene, 2-octenal, linalool, benzyl acteate, and ethyl cinnamate. Presence of these compounds may be responsible for the reduced quality of essence produced from strawberry pomace.
Smooth planar r-splines of degree 2r

Alfeld and Schumaker [Numer. Math. 57 (1990) 651-661] give a for mula for the dimension of the space of piecewise polynomial functions (splines) of degree d and smoothness r on a generic triangulation of a planar simplicial complex @D (for d>=3r+1) and any triangulation (for d>=3r+2). In Schenck and Stiller [Manuscripta Math. 107 (2002) 43-58], it was conjectured that the Alfeld-Schumaker formula actually holds for all d>=2r+1. In this note, we show that this is the best result possible; in particular, there exists a simplicial complex @D such that for any r, the dimension of the spline space in degree d=2r is not given by the formula of Alfeld and Schumaker [Numer. Math. 57 (1990) 651-661]. The proof relies on the explicit computation of the nonvanishing of the first local cohomology module described in Schenck and Stillman [J. Pure Appl. Algebra 117 & 118 (1997) 535-548].
Virus Particle Core Defects Caused by Mutations in the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Capsid N-Terminal Domain

The N-terminal domains (NTDs) of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) capsid (CA) protein have been modeled to form hexamer rings in the mature cores of virions. In vitro, hexamer ring units organize into either tubes or spheres, in a pH-dependent fashion. To probe factors which might govern hexamer assembly preferences in vivo, we examined the effects of mutations at CA histidine residue 84 (H84), modeled at the outer edges of NTD hexamers, as well as a nearby histidine (H87) in the cyclophilin A (CypA) binding loop. Although mutations at H87 yielded infectious virions, mutations at H84 produced assembly-competent but poorly infectious virions. The H84 mutant viruses incorporated wild-type levels of CypA and viral RNAs and showed nearly normal signals in virus entry assays. However, mutant CA proteins assembled aberrant virus cores, and mutant core fractions retained abnormally high levels of CA but reduced reverse transcriptase activities. Our results suggest that HIV-1 CA residue 84 contributes to a structure which helps control either NTD hexamer assembly or the organization of hexamers into higher-order structures.
Draft Genome Sequence of the Ale-Fermenting Saccharomyces cerevisiae Strain GSY2239.

ABSTRACT Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain GSY2239 is derived from an industrial yeast strain used to ferment ale-style beer. We present here the 11.5-Mb draft genome sequence for this organism.
The lost generation of Calanus pacificus: Is the diatom effect responsible?

An apparent mismatch between periods of high reproduction (spring) and high copepodite abundance (autumn) has been observed for the copepod Calanus pacificus in Dabob Bay, Washington, U.S.A. This persistent pattern leads to a lost generation of progeny that are produced in spring but do not recruit to the juvenile and adult populations, and this is likely due to a combination of factors including advective losses, predation mortality, and nonviability of progeny. Here we test the hypothesis that observed detrimental effects of diatoms on the viability of copepod embryonic and naupliar stages (the diatom effect) are the primary reason for the observed patterns of reproduction and abundance. Furthermore, we test how assumptions about egg production rate and naupliar viability can affect calculations of copepod recruitment. To test these hypotheses, we developed a numerical model to quantitatively explore how certain parameters may have affected the population of C. pacificus population in Dabob Bay. Predation mortality was the most significant contributor to population losses, while advective losses and naupliar viability were of lesser importance, and the model results were more sensitive to parameterization of naupliar viability than egg production rate. Although brief instances of low naupliar viability caused a 25–30% reduction in cumulative stage I copepodite abundance over time when compared with the assumption of persistent high naupliar viability, the lost generatio no fC. pacificus in Dabob Bay is likely due to predation mortality, not the diatom effect. In marine planktonic copepods, egg production rate, viability of the offspring, predation rate, and advective flux rate are factors affecting recruitment of copepodite stages from spawned eggs. Since 1994, there have been a number of laboratory studies examining the viability of copepod progeny when females are fed different food types, and many of these studies suggest that diets high in diatoms can reduce reproductive success compared to diets with alternative or mixed prey types (see reviews in Paffenhofer 2002; Ianora et al. 2003). This phenomenon has been termed the ‘‘diatom effect’’ (cf. Halsband-Lenk 2005), but its relevance to field populations has been ambiguous. Egg production rate has been widely shown to be positively correlated with concentration of chlorophyll (e.g., Bunker and Hirst 2004); however, there does not appear to be any relationship between egg hatching success (the proportion of spawned eggs that hatch, which is often .80% )a nd
A fast correlated electronic structure method for computing interaction energies of large van der Waals complexes applied to the fullerene-porphyrin dimer.

A new implementation of the scaled opposite spin Moller–Plesset (SOS-MP2) method is briefly described, which exploits the locality and sparsity of expansion coefficients and as a result has computational costs that increase approximately quadratically with molecular size. The performance of SOS-MP2 for describing stacked π-complexes is carefully investigated using the benzene, ethylene, uracil, and naphthalene dimers as model systems. It is demonstrated that counterpoise-corrected SOS-MP2 results, extrapolated towards the complete basis set (CBS) limit using a two-point extrapolation scheme, can yield association energies that are reasonably close to the best available numbers, when the single scale factor is chosen as 1.55 for extrapolating results at the cc-pVDZ and cc-pVTZ levels. This methodology yields an interaction energy for the fullerene–tetraphenylporphyrin dimer of −31.47 kcal mol−1 while Hartree–Fock (HF) with the cc-pVTZ basis finds the dimer at the same geometry is unbound by +10.83 kcal mol−1. This implies that the net binding is a result of substantial correlation effects, presumably long-range London dispersions.
Induction of apoptosis in human replicative senescent fibroblasts.

Abstract Cellular senescence is an irreversible growth phase characteristic of normal cells. We have found that human senescent fibroblasts can be induced to undergo programmed cell death (apoptosis) by ceramide, TNF-α, or okadaic acid. The most profound effects were induced by TNF-α and okadaic acid treatment. In the present study, we also evaluated the contribution of lysosomal activation as a possible mechanism underlying the induction of apoptosis. Four lysosomal enzyme activities were measured: β-galactosidase, α-galactosidase A, β-glucoronidase, and acid phosphatase. Using an in situ assay, we have found that the activity of β-galactosidase, which is also a biochemical marker of senescence, is induced in young proliferating fibroblasts following exposure to all three apoptotic inducing agents. The other enzymes were not significantly induced in young fibroblasts following exposure to agents that induce apoptosis. During replicative senescence, three of the four lysosomal enzymes tested (β-galactosidase, α-galactosidase A, and β-glucoronidase) are constitutively expressed at high levels. TNF-α was the only agent that induced lysosomal activity in senescent fibroblasts, of which only α-galactosidase A activity was induced. Our studies show that senescent fibroblasts can be induced to undergo apoptosis in a signal-dependent manner. However, the lysosomal enzymes examined do not appear to be correlated with apoptotic induction.
Coleman Revisited School Segregation, Peers, and Frog Ponds

Students from minority segregated schools tend to achieve and attain less than similar students from White segregated schools. This study examines whether peer effects can explain this relationship using normative models and frog-pond models. Normative models (where peers become alike) suggest that minority schoolmates are a liability. Frog-pond models (where students benefit from recognition) suggest that minority schoolmates are an asset. Data from the National Educational Longitudinal Study and the Census show that students from minority-concentrated schools attain less education in the long run than students from White-concentrated schools net of many covariates. Both normative processes and frog-pond processes (especially from class rank) help explain attainment, but they tend to cancel each other out and make the net effect of peers in minority and white concentrated schools small.
Target tracking with mobile sensors using cost-reference particle filtering

Sequential Monte Carlo (SMC) methods, also referred to as particle filters, have been successfully applied to a variety of highly nonlinear problems such as target tracking with sensor networks. In this paper, we propose the application of a new class of SMC methods named cost-reference particle filters (CRPFs) to target tracking with mobile sensors. CRPF techniques have been shown to be a flexible and robust alternative when there is no knowledge about the probability distributions of the noise in the system. The sensors positioning during tracking is determined by the predicted target's location as obtained by the CRPF. The performance of the method is investigated by simulations and compared to tracking with standard particle filters (SPFs).
Interaction of Parachlorometaxylenol with Macromolecules

A quantitative evaluation of the interaction between parachlorometaxylenol and various macromolecules was obtained by solubility and dialytic procedures. The macromolecules studied were polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyethylene glycol 6000, polysorbate 80, methylcellulose, and poly(methyl vinyl ether/maleic anhydride). The binding affinity of polyvinylpyrrolidone and poly(methyl vinyl ether/maleic anhydride) for parachlorometaxylenol exhibited only a minor temperature dependency. The parachlorometaxylenol–polyethylene glycol interaction was found to be temperature independent. Polysorbate 80 interacted with parachlorometaxylenol to a greater degree than did the other macromolecules studied. Interpretation of the data relative to the possible mechanisms of these interactions is considered.