cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Wavelet-Based Time-Domain Solutions for Common-Mode Currents on Open-Form Conductors Modeled With Band-Limited Scattering Parameters

One of the technical challenges of future naval surface combatants in utilizing medium-voltage dc distribution systems is common-mode coupling and galvanic isolation for managing faults and personal safety. The behavioral modeling reported in this paper is computationally efficient to be used in modeling distributed common-mode currents and potentials throughout the open-form conductor, which in this case is the ship structure. Physics-based modeling is used to form a multiport S-parameter behavioral model of the ship structure that complements the S-parameter models of parasitic paths to grounded equipment enclosures and cables sheaths. A time-domain common-mode conduction example is presented to illustrate the workflow that converts physics-based models of elementary hull elements into a complete S-parameter behavioral model of an arbitrary hull structure with power cables running along it. Because of the measurement and the simulation bandwidth limitation, the frequency domain model based on S-Parameters is band-limited. A novel approach for reconstructing the system impulse response in the time domain from its band-limited S-parameter model is introduced using continuous wavelet transform utilizing fast Fourier transform.
Nutrient intakes of 2- to 10-year-old American children: 10-year trends

Nutrient intakes of American children aged 2 to 10 years were compared for the years 1978 and 1988 using a unique nutrient assessment system designed and developed by the Nutrition Department at General Mills. This system integrated data from three sources: 14-day food consumption diaries collected from 4,000 households in the Market Research Corporation of America Menu Census panel surveys; serving-size data from the spring 1977 Nationwide Food Consumption Survey; and nutrient data from the Michigan State University Nutrient Data Bank. The results indicate that energy and macronutrient intakes remained fairly constant over the 10-year period. Average daily vitamin and mineral intakes were lower in 1988 than in 1978 for the majority of those studied; however, most nutrient levels remained over 100% of the Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs). For more than 50% of the population, the intakes of calcium, vitamin B-6, and zinc were below the RDAs. Our findings indicate the need for continued monitoring of the impact of changing food consumption patterns on the diets of American children.
Intellectual Property: Legal Aspects

Intellectual property comprises an interrelated set of legal regimes protecting economic and in some contexts personal interests in inventions, information, works of authorship, images, symbols, and sound recordings. Intellectual property law principally embodies utilitarian precepts—such as promoting technological innovation (patents, trade secrets), spurring creative expression (copyright), and preventing confusion in the marketplace (trademark)—although btrands of intellectual property law also reflect natural rights, personhood, and other philosophical perspectives. Economists and policy analysts have substantially enriched our understanding of the relationship between intellectual property protection and innovation and diffusion of new works, but the complexity of this relationship leaves many questions unanswered. The advent of various new technologies and means of distributing intellectual works during the latter half of the twentieth century, most notably digital technology and the decoding of genetic structure, have raised fundamental questions about the rationale, implications, and appropriate scope of intellectual property protection. As a result, the premises, doctrines, and contours of intellectual property law have increasingly come into question and have sparked growing social, economic, political, and philosophical interest.
Radionuclide determination of individual kidney function in the treatment of chronic renal obstruction

AbstractDifferential radionuclide renal scans can be useful in the management of patients with chronic partial obstruction of 1 kidney. The 99mtechnetium diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid perfusion scan can be used to assess glomerular blood flow. The 131iodine orthoiodohippurate renal scan provides qualitative functional information from scintigrams and quantitative evaluation of effective renal plasma flow to each kidney, as well as a total excretory index. Sequential 99mtechnetium diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid and 131iodine orthoiodohippurate renal scans were used to assess individual renal function before and after surgical correction of unilateral chronic renal obstruction in 31 patients.The preservation of cortical perfusion on 99mtechnetium diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid scans indicated that potential existed for partial recovery of renal function. Effective renal plasma flow and excretory index determined in conjunction with the 131iodine orthoiodohippurate scans provided a quantitative ...
Janus Revisited: The Lower Courts Wrestle with a Troubling Supreme Court Decision

This article reviews the litigation interpreting the Supreme Court’s June 2011 decision in Janus Capital Group, Inc v. First Derivative Traders. With a few exceptions, the courts have refused to dismiss 10b-5 claims against corporate officers as “makers” of fraudulent misstatements. Courts have also held that a statement may have more than one maker, and that Janus applies to SEC enforcement actions. But they are divided over whether Janus applies to claims under §17(a) of the Securities Act.
The Structures of The Nitrogenase Proteins and Stabilized Complexes

The structural characterization of the nitrogenase components has contributed, and continues to contribute, significantly to our understanding of enzymatic nitrogen reduction. Nitrogenase structure/function has been a rich area of research for several decades (reviewed in Kim and Rees, 1994; Peters et al., 1995; Howard and Rees, 1996; Rees and Howard, 1999; 2000; Rees 2002; Lawson and Smith, 2002) and the advent of detailed structures of the nitrogenase components is a relatively recent event. The structures of the Fe protein and MoFe protein from Azotobacter vinelandii appeared in the journals Science and Nature in 1992 to an enthusiastic audience (Georgiadis et al., 1992; Kim and Rees, 1992a; Kim and Rees, 1992b). These structures have had a significant impact on nitrogenase research because they (1) provide the basis for rationalizing biochemical results and (2) serve to design models for catalysis that can be tested through biochemical and biophysical studies. Subsequent to the structural characterization of the native nitrogenase components, the crystallographic analysis of defined states of the component proteins relevant to catalysis has offered significant insights to the nitrogenase research community.
Current status of biodegradable stents

Coronary angioplasty remains limited by abrupt closure and restenosis. Metallic stents are useful for suboptimal PTCA results or threatened closure and can reduce restenosis in de novo lesions. However, they are permanent devices that are used to treat a short-term problem and have only limited potential for local drug delivery. Several catheters have been designed for specific delivery of drugs or gene products. Unfortunately drug delivery efficiency and long-term retention remain problematic. To overcome these limitations and provide a scaffold for the remodeling vessel as well as a vehicle for sustained local drug delivery, bioabsorbed stents have been proposed as an alternative. This article describes the limitations of the current metallic stents, reviews the initial animal studies of polymeric stents, and proposes the biodegradable stent as a local drug delivery device to prevent restenosis and acute closure post-PTCA.
Informal Regulatory Pressure to Alter Financial Reporting Behavior: The Case of In-Process Research and Development

In 1998, Arthur Levitt, then chairman of the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), claimed in a public address that companies making acquisitions frequently allocated overly-large amounts of the purchase price to in-process research and development (IPR&D) instead of goodwill. The result was a one-time charge in the first year followed by several unrealistically rosy years of earnings that were not disturbed by the amortization of goodwill. Levitt warned of increased SEC scrutiny of acquisition purchase price allocations between IPR&D and goodwill. This study investigates the impact of the SEC's informal regulatory pressure by examining acquiring firms' allocation decisions during the three years following Levitt's speech, which we claim marked the beginning of a period of informal regulatory pressure. The results indicate that during this three-year period, the proportion of the acquisition cost firms allocated to IPR&D dropped significantly while the proportion allocated to goodwill and other intangibles increased significantly. Moreover, more-profitable firms began taking bigger IPR&D charges while less-profitable firms began taking smaller charges. These results suggest that the SEC's use of informal regulatory pressure promotes compliance with regulatory requirements.
A Taxonomy of Household Internet Consumption

Despite an immense literature on Internet adoption and, to some extent, usage, there is still limited knowledge of how households consume information on the Internet. In this paper, we intend to add to this knowledge at a very basic level, by measuring and classifying Internet information consumption along time and space. Specifically, we aim to characterize household web surfing “types” according to the amount of time they spend online and how they distribute this time across different web domains. We plan to define these types according to the following dimensions of Internet use (or subset thereof): Number of days online per week, total time online per week, time per domain, and concentration of domains visited according to time and views. The last of these dimensions indicates whether a household’s visits across N domains are concentrated among just a few or more evenly spread across all N, as measured by time or visit frequency. Using these dimensions to partition the usage space, examples of types that would emerge include the “tourist,” who infrequently visits a handful of sites for a relatively short period of time, and the “lingerer,” who spreads a great deal of time online across a few domains.We have assembled several years’ worth of data on web browsing behavior from ComScore to conduct this study. These data span the years 2008, 2009, 2012 and 2013, and track households over an entire year, recording all of their web browsing behavior on a home machine. The information collected includes the domains they visit, how long they spend at each domain, and the number of pages visited within the domain, along with several demographic measures, including income, education, and household size. Using these data, we can classify households along the aforementioned dimensions, thus identifying a distribution across web surfing types. Further, we can determine demographic predictors for each type; for example, we can measure the predictive power of income, education, household composition, etc. in determining whether a household is a “lingerer.” The methods employed to conduct these measures will be a mix of descriptive statistics and querying to establish the distribution over types, followed by standard linear regression and/or logit analysis for type prediction. We have also amended the data to include a characterization of web domains visited by households as online video distribution (OVD) providers. Using this added information, we can determine whether a household consumes video via OVD, and characterize the general usage patterns specific to OVD consumers. This added measure can be informative toward better understanding consumers that are engaged in over-the-top (OTT) video consumption.
Benign Esophageal and Gastric Tumors: Laparoscopic Management of Benign Submucosal Tumors

Benign submucosal tumors in the proximal GI tract are rare and often asymptomatic. The majority of these tumors are leiomyomas in the esophagus and gastrointestinal stromal tumors in the stomach. While surveillance is a viable option, symptomatic tumors, or those with worrisome characteristics, should be excised. The operative goal is complete resection without altering gastrointestinal function. The surgical approach and technique are dependent on the location of the tumor and whether resection may overly narrow the intestinal lumen (i.e., near the pylorus) or injure nearby structures. Preoperative or intraoperative upper endoscopy can be invaluable to assist in tumor localization. More recently, hybrid laparoscopic and endoscopic submucosal dissection has shown promise in achieving less radical dissections and perhaps avoiding the need for major reconstruction (i.e., Billroth I/II, Roux-en-Y) after the tumor is excised. These techniques are gaining popularity as endoscopic surgery is becoming more commonplace; however, the large studies addressing safety and efficacy are lacking.
Disease comorbidity-guided drug repositioning: a case study in schizophrenia.

The key to any computational drug repositioning is the availability of relevant data in machine-understandable format. While large amount of genetic, genomic and chemical data are publicly available, large-scale higher-level disease and drug phenotypic data are limited. We recently constructed a large-scale disease-comorbidity relationship knowledge base (dCombKB) and a comprehensive drug-treatment relationship knowledge base (TreatKB) from 21 million biomedical research articles and other resources. In this study, we demonstrated the potential of dCombKB and TreatKB in drug repositioning for schizophrenia, one of the top ten illnesses contributing to the global burden of disease. dCombKB contains 121,359 unique disease-disease comorbidity pairs for 23,041 diseases. TreatKB contains 208,330 unique drug-disease treatment pairs for 2,484 drugs and 24,511 diseases. We constructed a phenotypic comorbidity disease network (PDN) of 14,645 disease nodes and 101,275 edges based on dCombKB. We applied standard network-based ranking algorithm to find diseases that are phenotypically related to SCZ. We developed a drug prioritization system, PhenoPredict-CDN, to systematically reposition drugs for SCZ from diseases phenotypically related to SCZ. PhenoPredict-CDN found all 18 FDA-approved SCZ drugs and ranked them highly as tested in a de-novo validation setting (recall: 1.0, mean ranking: top 6.05%, median ranking: top 1.65%). When compared to PREDICT, a comprehensive drug repositioning system, for novel predictions, Pheno-Predict-CDN outperformed PREDICT in Precision-Recall (PR) curves across three different evaluation datasets. Compared to PREDICT, PhenoPredict-CDN showed a significant 110.0-230.0% improvements in mean average precision. In summary, large-scale higher-level disease-comorbidity relationships data extracted from biomedical literature has potential in drug discovery for SCZ, a complex disease with unknown pathophysiological mechanisms. All the data are publicly available: dCombKB at http://nlp. CASE edu/public/data/dCombKB, TreatKB at http://nlp. CASE edu/public/data/treatKB/, and predictions for SCZ at http://nlp. CASE edu/public/data/SCZ_CDN/.
SAT-247 Two-Year Treatment with Metformin during Puberty Is Associated with Improvements in Body Composition, but Not in Insulin Sensitivity or β-Cell Function in Obese Youth

Background. The incidence of youth-onset type 2 diabetes in obese youth is tightly linked with the physiologic insulin resistance of puberty. The Health Influences of Puberty (HIP) Study was a placebo-controlled trial of metformin to test whether metformin mitigates the decrease in insulin sensitivity and β-cell function seen in obese youth during puberty. Methods. Obese (BMI ≥95%ile) non-diabetic youth (n=23) were randomized to metformin (n=11) or placebo (n=12) early in puberty (Tanner 2-3 [T2-3]) and treated until the end of puberty, Tanner 5 (T5) (mean treatment time 2.3+ 0.6 yrs). Exclusion criteria: pre-diabetes or diabetes, measured by oral glucose tolerance testing, obesity co-morbidities requiring medications, and medications affecting glucose metabolism. Study visits at baseline and treatment completion were performed following a 3-day energy-balanced diet and activity restriction and included intravenous glucose tolerance testing, fasting laboratory measures, anthropometrics, and body composition (DXA). Bergman’s minimal model was used to estimate insulin sensitivity (Si), insulin secretion (acute insulin response to glucose [AIRg]), and disposition index (DI). T-tests/chi-square were used to assess group differences in change (T5-T2/3) over time; linear regression models were used to adjust for sex, race/ethnicity, and baseline Tanner stage. Results: Baseline participant characteristics were: 65% female, 83% Hispanic, 70% T2, age 10.8+1.2 years, BMI z-score 2.3±0.35. There were no significant treatment group differences in baseline characteristics. Metformin treatment was associated with significant improvements in %body fat (-3.5±4.4 vs. 0.33±3.5%, p=0.04), and leptin (-4.1±13.7 vs. 18.2±17.7 ng/mL, p=0.003) and a smaller increase in waist circumference (2.21±10.32 vs. 14.1±7.87 cm, p=0.006). Metformin-associated improvement in BMI z-score was not statistically significant (-0.08±0.31 v. 0.15±0.13, p=0.20). There were no significant treatment group differences in insulin sensitivity or secretion; metformin vs. placebo: Si (0.26±3.2 v. -1.1±3.9x10-4/min-1/μIU/mL, p=0.37), AIRg (-397±1217 vs. -240±1151 μIU/mL, p=0.54), or DI (-1012±2326 vs. -1701±3261x10-4/min-1, p=0.56). Conclusions: Two years of metformin treatment during puberty in obese youth was associated with improvements in body fat and leptin. However, these improvements were not associated with improved insulin sensitivity or β-cell function. Larger studies are needed to better understand potential metabolic benefits of metformin treatment in obese youth during puberty, a critical window of metabolic change.
Elementary Science Teaching, Then and Now

This is the path taken by a person interested in science at a young age, becoming an elementary science teacher, furthering his interest and professional development by becoming a university science educator, and once again teaching in an elementary school. After more than 25 years as a university science educator, Eddie was afforded the opportunity to revisit his experiences as an elementary school teacher when he was awarded a sabbatical in the spring of 2006. Through this spring semester co-teaching partnership, Eddie sought firsthand experiences teaching children, meeting the many accountability requirements placed upon teachers by the No Child Left Behind Act as well as state and local expectations. Dr. Shaw explored the perception of science by teachers and students in a second grade class, while also attempting to enact the constructivist viewpoint from his experiences teaching into the today’s elementary classroom.
Practical Progress Verification of Descriptor-Based Non-Blocking Data Structures

The difficulty of designing non-blocking data structures has motivated techniques to verify that progress will always be made. Existing lock-free verification techniques assume that the ability of a thread to exit a CompareAndSwap-based loop implies lock-freedom. Wait-free verification techniques prove wait-freedom by showing that all loops terminate in a fixed number of iterations despite interference from other threads. Previous progress verification techniques do not accommodate loops whose termination is dependent on complex behaviors of the interfering threads, making these approaches unsuitable. We overcome these challenges by presenting the first progress verification technique for non-blocking algorithms that are dependent on descriptor-based helping mechanisms. Many practical lock-free data structures, wait-free data structures, and algorithms to facilitate non-blocking programming all incorporate descriptor objects to ensure that an operation comprising multiple atomic steps is completed according to the progress guarantee. We define algorithms for the communication through descriptor objects with interfering threads and define a loop invariant specification to prove progress of descriptor-based non-blocking data structures. To verify that all loops in a non-blocking data structure terminate according to the specification, we implement a practical framework that enables the semi-automatic verification of concurrent programs written in the C programming language. We demonstrate the application of our methodology on practical non-blocking data structures including a lock-free transactional list and a wait-free queue.
Lambl's Excrescences: An Enigma of Modern Diagnostic Cardiology.

Lambl's excrescences were first described in 1856 by a Bohemian physician, Vilem Dusan Lambl, and since then have gained widespread attention and controversy within the medical literature. Despite numerous case reports and observational studies, consensus on the significance and management of Lambl’s excrescences remains sparse. We describe the case of a 48-year-old male who presented with recurrent embolic strokes. No underlying paroxysmal arrhythmia or inter-atrial shunt was identified, and the only pathological finding was a 1-mm aortic valve strand. We managed this patient successfully using a novel oral anticoagulant.
Properties of Biochar-Amended Highway Soils: Biochar – An Eco-friendly Geomaterial

Historically, geotechnical engineers have designed or modified soils and sediments to achieve particular strength, volume change, or flow characteristics. For example, lime and fly ash have been us...
Selective inhibition of prolyl 4-hydroxylases by bipyridinedicarboxylates.

Collagen is the most abundant protein in animals. A variety of indications are associated with the overproduction of collagen, including fibrotic diseases and cancer metastasis. The stability of collagen relies on the posttranslational modification of proline residues to form (2S,4R)-4-hydroxyproline. This modification is catalyzed by collagen prolyl 4-hydroxylases (CP4Hs), which are Fe(II)- and α-ketoglutarate (AKG)-dependent dioxygenases located in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum. Human CP4Hs are validated targets for treatment of both fibrotic diseases and metastatic breast cancer. Herein, we report on 2,2′-bipyridinedicarboxylates as inhibitors of a human CP4H. Although most 2,2′-bipyridinedicarboxylates are capable of inhibition via iron sequestration, the 4,5′- and 5,5′-dicarboxylates were found to be potent competitive inhibitors of CP4H, and the 5,5′-dicarboxylate was selective in its inhibitory activity. Our findings clarify a strategy for developing CP4H inhibitors of clinical utility.
Design of an Electromagnetic Actuator for an Insect-Scale Spinning-Wing Robot

Here we present the design of an insect-scale electromagnetic actuator that can be used to spin wings and generate lift. This lift generation method is in contrast to most other microrobot designs at this size scale which rely on flapping wings to produce lift. The device has a wing span of 4 centimeters and weighs 133 milligrams. It spins its wings at 47 revolutions/second generating $>$ 138 milligrams of lift while consuming approximately 60 milliwatts of total power and operating at a low voltage ( $ 3 V). Of the total power consumed 8.8 milliwatts is mechanical power generated, part of which goes towards spinning the wings, and 51 milliwatts is wasted in resistive Joule heating. With a lift-to-power ratio of 2.3 grams/W, its performance is at par with the best reported flapping wing devices at the insect-scale.
Epidemic characteristics of human brucellosis in Tangshan City of Hebei Province

Objective To analyze the epidemic characteristics and dynamic changes of brucellosis in Tangshan, and explore the influencing factors in different periods, so as to provide a scientific basis for its prevention and control. Methods A retrospective analysis method was used to collect the monitoring data of brucellosis in Tangshan from 1950 to 2016 to understand its three dimension distributions in different periods. Results A total of 2 438 cases of brucellosis were reported from 1950 to 2016, the average incidence rate was 0.48/105, and no death was reported. The peak of the epidemic was in 2015, with an incidence rate of 7.12/105. The onset of the disease was marked by seasonal, the incidence from March to July accounted for 58.4% (1 425/2 438). Cases were mainly in Qian'an, Laoting and Luannan, especially in Hui people gathering place of Jianchangying Town Qian'an City. Incidence age is mainly concentrated in 45-64 years old, accounted for 59.5% (1 450/2 438). The sex ratio of men and women was 2.9:1.0 (1 817:621). Most patients were breeders, accounted for 69.3% (1 689/2 438), followed by farmers, accounted for 14.2% (346/2 438). The illness sheep was the main source of infection, the number of cases which were directly contacted with illness sheep accounted for 82.5% (1 888/2 288). Conclusions The infection of human brucellosis in Tangshan shows an increasing trend and widening scope. It is necessary to strengthen personal protection and health education in occupational population, and strengthen quarantine and management in livestock trading to prevent and control brucellosis in Tangshan in the future. Key words: Brucellosis; Epidemic Characteristics; Data analysis
Leptospiral protein LIC11334 display an immunogenic peptide KNSMP01.

Abstract Leptospirosis is considered as a neglected tropical disease which is caused by pathogenic Leptospira spp. The precise mechanisms of leptospirosis pathogenesis are unclear and hence, the progress in development of treatment modalities has been dismal. The present study aimed to identify novel virulent factors of leptospires to understand the disease pathogenesis and to develop treatment modalities. Leptospira interrogans contains two chromosomes and encodes for ~3703 genes, but the functions of several open reading frames have not yet been explored. Among them, novel virulent associated leptospiral proteins (LIC11334, LIC11542, LIC11436, LIC11120 and LIC12539) were identified using VirulentPredict and the antigenicity of these targets was explored by VaxiJen server. Domain architecture of the pathogen specific proteins revealed that LIC11334 had potential to evoke significant immune response against leptospiral infection and LIC11436 contains four folds of immunoglobulin-like domain and plays a vital role in pathogenesis. Therefore, B-cell epitopes were predicted and the epitope of high virulence (and VaxiJen score from LIC11334) was chemically synthesized as peptide (KNSMP01) and labeled with Biotin (Biotin-SGSGEVENPDPKVAQEC). Binding affinity of KNSMP01 with MHC molecules was predicted and the molecule was discovered to have potential to elicit both humoral and cell mediated immune responses and found to interact with host components via hydrophobic interaction, hydrogen bonding and salt bridges. Rabbit antisera was raised against KNSMP01 and found to elicit antigenicity using Western, ELISA and dot blot assays. In silico and in vitro experiments show KNSMP01 to be a promising immunogen and may be a better vaccine candidate for leptospirosis.
Three-Dimensional Network Adjustment of Laser Tracker Measurements for Large-Scale Metrology Applications

AbstractThe adjustment of laser tracker network measurements for large-scale metrology applications has unique considerations not commonly encountered in the network adjustment approaches generally...
Homeobox genes and the specification of neuronal identity.

The enormous diversity of cell types that characterizes any animal nervous system is defined by neuron-type-specific gene batteries that endow cells with distinct anatomical and functional properties. To understand how such cellular diversity is genetically specified, one needs to understand the gene regulatory programmes that control the expression of cell-type-specific gene batteries. The small nervous system of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans has been comprehensively mapped at the cellular and molecular levels, which has enabled extensive, nervous system-wide explorations into whether there are common underlying mechanisms that specify neuronal cell-type diversity. One principle that emerged from these studies is that transcription factors termed ‘terminal selectors’ coordinate the expression of individual members of neuron-type-specific gene batteries, thereby assigning unique identities to individual neuron types. Systematic mutant analyses and recent nervous system-wide expression analyses have revealed that one transcription factor family, the homeobox gene family, is broadly used throughout the entire C. elegans nervous system to specify neuronal identity as terminal selectors. I propose that the preponderance of homeobox genes in neuronal identity control is a reflection of an evolutionary trajectory in which an ancestral neuron type was specified by one or more ancestral homeobox genes, and that this functional linkage then duplicated and diversified to generate distinct cell types in an evolving nervous system. Homeobox genes were initially characterized on the basis of the homeotic transformations in segmental identity during development that resulted from mutation of the Hox cluster family of homeobox genes. In this Perspective article, Hobert proposes that homeobox genes specify neuronal identity in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans and possibly in other animals too.
A network-based ranking system for US college football

American college football faces a conflict created by the desire to stage national championship games between the best teams of a season when there is no conventional play-off system for deciding which those teams are. Instead, ranking of teams is based on their records of wins and losses during the season, but each team plays only a small fraction of eligible opponents, making the system underdetermined or contradictory or both. It is an interesting challenge to create a ranking system that at once is mathematically well founded, gives results in general accord with received wisdom concerning the relative strengths of the teams, and is based upon intuitive principles, allowing it to be accepted readily by fans and experts alike. Here we introduce a one-parameter ranking method that satisfies all of these requirements and is based on a network representation of college football schedules.
Body temperature regulation during euthermia and hyperthermia

Abstract : In this paper we have presented a few fundamental principles which are essential for an understanding of how microwaves might affect body temperature regulation. Application of the heat balance equation requires an accounting of all heat losses and heat gains. Thus, experimental measurements of these two processes are usually required to explain any thermoregulatory response. Knowledge of the individual elements of the thermoregulatory system and their integrative operation is imperative. Without such information one cannot hope to analyze or predict the consequences of microwave irradiation, or to separate simple heating effects from possible nonthermal effects. Finally, we have tried to emphasize that hyperthermia can be produced in different ways. Thus, there may be several forms of microwave hyperthermia, differing in their causality. Deposition of microwave energy in deep tissues might produce a response similar to exercise hyperthermia.
NahY, a Catabolic Plasmid-Encoded Receptor Required for Chemotaxis of Pseudomonas putida to the Aromatic Hydrocarbon Naphthalene

Pseudomonas putida G7 exhibits chemotaxis to naphthalene, but the molecular basis for this was not known. A new gene, nahY, was found to be cotranscribed with meta cleavage pathway genes on the NAH7 catabolic plasmid for naphthalene degradation. The nahY gene encodes a 538-amino-acid protein with a membrane topology and a C-terminal region that resemble those of chemotaxis transducer proteins. A P. putida G7 nahY mutant grew on naphthalene but was not chemotactic to this aromatic hydrocarbon. The protein NahY thus appears to function as a chemoreceptor for naphthalene or a related compound. The presence of nahY on a catabolic plasmid implies that chemotaxis may facilitate biodegradation.
The Issue of Governance and the Role of the Regulator: Lessons from the California Deregulation Experiment

The deregulation of the California electricity industry began as a collaborative effort between the regulatory institutions, legislature, the regulated utilities and consumer stakeholders. However, the authorizing legislation failed to define the ongoing role and authority of the principal regulatory institution in the State—the Public Utilities Commission. As a consequence, roles and responsibilities were assumed largely by institutional initiative as opposed to a master plan with the result that competition for authority extended through State and Federal jurisdictions without formal resolution. Under the weight of an inverse relationship of wholesale to retail costs, the wholesale electricity market began to disintegrate. In response, the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, the California Governor’s Office and the California Legislature began to exert or assert authority over operations and regulation of the market. The result was confusion, increased cost, limited response to extraordinary conditions and ultimately loss of regulatory control by the Public Utilities Commission. Options were available to forestall or avoid the eventual outcome but were not adopted or advocated in time. The lessons learned should help craft future deregulation efforts.
A faster cryptanalysis of the self-shrinking generator

A novel algorithm for cryptanalysis of the self-shrinking generator is presented and discussed, assuming that number of the shift register feedback taps is large and that length of the available generator output sequence is under a certain limit. It is baseo on a probabilistic approach and employes the generator output sequence not only for the hypothesis testing, but also for reducing the set of hypothesis which have to be tested. When the shift register length is L and the characteristic polynomial is known, the novel algorithm ensures the cryptanalysis with overall compexity 2L−l, l ≤ L/2, assuming that required length of the generator output sequence is not greater than \(\ell 2^{L/2} \left( {\mathop {L/2}\limits_\ell } \right)^{ - 1}\). The proposed algorithm yields significant average gain of 2l−0.25L in comparison with the best one published so far, which can work under the assumed conditions.
Numerical and physical experiments in viscous separated flows

From this study of three quite different viscous separated flow problems using the same numerical techniques, it is apparent that experimentation is as important in the numerical sense as it is in the physical sense. The time-depen dent conservative equations with upwind differencing for advection terms produced stable solutions over a wide range of Reynolds numbers. The actual accuracy of the numerical solutions varied with the flow problem and mesh geometry. A variable mesh, concentrating mesh points in regions of steepest gradients, appears to be a convenient method of reducing the, ever present, artificial viscosity effect. Numerical solutions with engineering accuracy can be obtained if great care is taken to control this artificial viscosity effect. Furthermore, they allow the study of basic flow phenomena which would be more difficult to produce and study in physical experiments. These methods, however, are still in the developmental stages and are not available in foolproof form for use by design engineers.
A diffusion tensor MRI atlas of the postmortem rhesus macaque brain

The rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) is the most widely used nonhuman primate for modeling the structure and function of the brain. Brain atlases, and particularly those based on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), have become important tools for understanding normal brain structure, and for identifying structural abnormalities resulting from disease states, exposures, and/or aging. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)-based MRI brain atlases are widely used in both human and macaque brain imaging studies because of the unique contrasts, quantitative diffusion metrics, and diffusion tractography that they can provide. Previous MRI and DTI atlases of the rhesus brain have been limited by low contrast and/or low spatial resolution imaging. Here we present a microscopic resolution MRI/DTI atlas of the rhesus brain based on 10 postmortem brain specimens. The atlas includes both structural MRI and DTI image data, a detailed three-dimensional segmentation of 241 anatomic structures, diffusion tractography, cortical thickness estimates, and maps of anatomic variability among atlas specimens. This atlas incorporates many useful features from previous work, including anatomic label nomenclature and ontology, data orientation, and stereotaxic reference frame, and further extends prior analyses with the inclusion of high-resolution multi-contrast image data.
Amino acid analysis using various carbamate reagents for precolumn derivatization

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the amino acid analysis using carbamate reagents for precolumn derivatization. The introduction of 6-aminoquinolyl-N-hydroxysuccinimidyl carbamate (AQC) as a derivatizing agent demonstrates the practical utility of a novel class of derivatizing agents that had been studied as activated carbamate reagents, but were not developed fully as amino acid analysis reagents. The AQC-derivatives are fluorescent and as a consequence have their greatest utility in sensitivity and selectivity of detection after chromatographic separation. They are very stable, in contrast to most other pre-column derivatives, because of their chemical structures of N -substituted ureas. The properties of AQC derivatives that lead to their decided advantage over include stability, sensitivity and selectivity, because of the fluorescent mode of detection. It can be used very accurately. The AQC derivatives provide optimal analyses of amino acids, with 4-phenylazoaniline-N-hydroxysuccinimidyl carbamate (PAPC) and anilino-N-hydroxysuccinimidyl carbamate (AC) providing solutions to at least two problem areas.
Multicomplex cellulase-xylanase system of Clostridium papyrosolvens C7

The cellulase system of Clostridium papyrosolvens C7 was fractionated by means of ion-exchange chromatography into at least seven high-molecular-weight multiprotein complexes, each with different enzymatic and structural properties. The molecular weights of the complexes, as determined by gel filtration chromatography, ranged from 500,000 to 660,000, and the isoelectric points ranged from 4.40 to 4.85. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis of the complexes showed that each complex had a distinct polypeptide composition. Avicelase, carboxymethyl cellulase, and xylanase activity profiles differed from protein complex to protein complex. Three of the complexes hydrolyzed crystalline cellulose (Avicel). Activity zymograms of gels (following electrophoresis under mildly denaturing conditions) revealed different carboxymethyl cellulase-active proteins in all complexes but xylanase-active proteins in only two of the complexes. The xylanase specific activity of these two complexes was more than eightfold higher than that of the unfractionated cellulase preparation. A 125,000-M(r) glycoprotein with no apparent enzyme activity was the only polypeptide present in all seven complexes. Experiments involving recombination of samples eluted from the ion-exchange chromatography column indicated that synergistic interactions occurred in the hydrolysis of crystalline cellulose by the cellulase system. We propose that the C. papyrosolvens enzyme system responsible for the hydrolysis of crystalline cellulose and xylan is a multicomplex system comprising at least seven diverse protein complexes.
Carbon Nanotubes, Multi‐Walled

Well-aligned carbon multiwalled nanotubes (MWNTs) have been synthesized continuously by pyrolysis of xylene–ferrocene mixtures. To study the MWNT growth mechanism, two-step processes and various chemical vapor deposition (CVD) parameters have been employed. Transmission electron microscopy observations support a tip-root growth model of MWNTs by floating catalytic CVD. Hydrocarbon analyzer is used to measure the total carbon balance within the CVD reactor, while mass spectra analyses monitor the concentrations of hydrocarbon species, which helps to understand the catalyst deactivation and pyrolysis chemistry of xylene over catalyst Fe(C) nanoparticles. MWNTs can be treated to attach required functional groups on nanotube walls and/or caps for specific applications by various methods including acid oxidation, reduction, addition of radicals, and cycloadditions. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have shown promising applications in advanced CNT–polymer composites. To realize CNT potentials to enhance the properties of matrices, several important issues such as dispersion, orientation, interfacial effects, and processing parameters have been addressed. The dependence of the CNT–polymer composite properties on CNT diameter, length, and interfacial effects has been used to develop models to predict and optimize variables for maximum composite performance. CNT–polymer composites have been developed for enhanced mechanical, electrical, and thermal properties, which have wide applications for the next generation of truly multifunctional materials as well as lighter weights and increased manufacturability over current materials. Keywords: carbon nanotubes; chemical vapor deposition; growth mechanism; catalyst deactivation; pyrolysis chemistry; functionalization; composite; mechanical property; transport property
Solvus data and dilute phase hydrogen solubilities for the intermetallic compound-hydrogen systems LaNi5-H and ErFe2-H

Abstract The utility of employing solvus data for the derivation of thermodynamic parameters for miscibility gap intermetallic compound-hydrogen systems is discussed. It is shown that solvus data can be employed to determine whether complicating features, e.g. trapping, are present in the dilute solubility range. The solvus data can be employed to estimate the partial H-H interaction free energy. The thermodynamic development is applied to experimental data obtained for the LaNi5-H and ErFe2-H systems.
Maximum lifetime coverage preserving scheduling algorithms in sensor networks

In wireless sensor networks, when each target is covered by multiple sensors, sensors can take turns to monitor the targets in order to extend the lifetime of the network. In this paper, we address how to improve network lifetime through optimal scheduling of sensor nodes. We present two algorithms to achieve the maximum lifetime while maintaining the required coverage: a linear programming-based exponential-time exact solution, and an approximation algorithm. Numerical simulation results from the approximation algorithm are compared to the exact solution and show a high degree of accuracy and efficiency.
Time to Remove Self-Imposed Barriers to Export Trade

Recently, a hugh trade deficit, hovering around $150 billion, has become an important public policy issue in the United States. In the current debate on this deficit, most attention has been on unfair trade practices. However, this is not the most important cause of the problem.
Interactive effects of social context and sex role identity on female self-disclosure during the acquaintance process

Female subjects who differed in masculinity and in femininity self-disclosed to a same-sex confederate in contexts that made either social/expressive motives or instrumental motives particularly salient. The confederate spoke first on each of four disclosure topics, presenting either intimate or nonintimate information in her disclosures. The results were consistent with our primary assertion that measures of sex role identity would accurately forecast contextual variations in female self-disclosure. Specifically, femininity tended to promote self-disclosure in social/expressive contexts while clearly inhibiting such exchanges in the instrumental context. Supplementary data revealed that the tendency of highly feminine participants to “close up” in the instrumental context stemmed not from problems in their contemporaneous interpersonal relationships with their partners, but rather from a concern that disclosing too much might adversely affect their partners' evaluation of their competencies. Although masculinity did not exert direct effects of female self-disclosure within any particular context, it did have an influence, for subjects high in femininity were highly self-revealing across contexts if they were also high in masculinity (i.e., androgynous).
Phage f1 mRNA processing in Escherichia coli: search for the upstream products of endonuclease cleavage, requirement for the product of the altered mRNA stability (ams) locus

In Escherichia coli infected with the filamentous phage f1, a number of the polycistronic phage mRNA species are generated through post-transcriptional processing by host nuclease activity. In this paper we review experimental evidence assessing whether known RNases are involved in mediating these processing events, and we use S1 nuclease mapping methods to visualize putative upstream products of endonuclease cleavage. By examining f1 processing in a phage-infected host bearing a temperature-sensitive allele of the altered message stability locus (ams), we show that production of the major processed species requires a component of the host cell which functions in the messenger RNA decay process.
Exploiting Oxytricha trifallax nanochromosomes to screen for non-coding RNA genes

We took advantage of the unusual genomic organization of the ciliate Oxytricha trifallax to screen for eukaryotic non-coding RNA (ncRNA) genes. Ciliates have two types of nuclei: a germ line micronucleus that is usually transcriptionally inactive, and a somatic macronucleus that contains a reduced, fragmented and rearranged genome that expresses all genes required for growth and asexual reproduction. In some ciliates including Oxytricha, the macronuclear genome is particularly extreme, consisting of thousands of tiny ‘nanochromosomes’, each of which usually contains only a single gene. Because the organism itself identifies and isolates most of its genes on single-gene nanochromosomes, nanochromosome structure could facilitate the discovery of unusual genes or gene classes, such as ncRNA genes. Using a draft Oxytricha genome assembly and a custom-written protein-coding genefinding program, we identified a subset of nanochromosomes that lack any detectable protein-coding gene, thereby strongly enriching for nanochromosomes that carry ncRNA genes. We found only a small proportion of non-coding nanochromosomes, suggesting that Oxytricha has few independent ncRNA genes besides homologs of already known RNAs. Other than new members of known ncRNA classes including C/D and H/ACA snoRNAs, our screen identified one new family of small RNA genes, named the Arisong RNAs, which share some of the features of small nuclear RNAs.