cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pattern of extensional faulting in pelagic carbonates of the Umbria-Marche Apennines of central Italy

The Umbria-Marche Apennines provide a new region in which the nature passive-margin extensional faulting can be studied in outcrop. In these dominantly pelagic carbonate rocks of Jurassic and Cretaceous age, horsts acted as shallow, nonvolcani seamounts, while tilted half grabens formed deeper basins. One well-exposed seamount-basin transition agrees in general with the model of listric normal faulting and tilted half grabens, but shows interesting and significant divergences when studied in detail. A small sedimentary wedge at the faulted margin of a horst-block seamount thickens unexpectedly toward the adjacent basin. This wedge developed because of local convex-upward curvature of the shallowest part of a fault which at depth must have concave-up, listric geometry. The local sedimentary wedge resulted from deposition on the hanging wall as it tilted, followed by differential compaction of younger limestones that lapped onto the gentle slope leading from the horst-block seamount toward the basin. The map pattern of listric normal faulting in the Umbria-Marche Apennines suggests that both principal strain axes were extensional, in contrast to the usual pattern of listric faults crossed by transfer faults.
HYDROTHERMAL SYNTHESIS AND CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF (H3NCH2CH2NH3)V(OH)(HPO4)2. H2O WITH NOVEL 1-D V3+-OH-V3+ POLYMERIC CHAINS

Abstract A new VIII vanadium phosphate, (H3NCH2CH2NH3) [V (OH) (HPO4) 2] · H2O (1) , with a novel 1-D polymeric chain structure was prepared hydrothermally and its structure determined by X-ray diffraction. The structure consists of infinite {V (OH) (HPO4) 2} 2− chains, ethylenediammonium dications and lattice water molecules. The {V (OH) (HPO4) 2} 2− chains contain an infinite {V3 — OH — V3} backbone bridged by (HPO4) 2− groups. Each V3 atom has a quite regular octahedral configuration containing four phosphate oxygens and two trans positioned OH groups.
Simultaneous one-sided prediction intervals for a two-parameter exponential distribution using complete or type II censored data

Simultaneous prediction intervals for observations inl future samples from a two-parameter exponential distribution are considered. The prediction limits depend upon a previously available complete or type II censored sample from the same distribution. An equation is derived from which the prediction factor is determined and exact prediction limits are illustrated with a numerical example.
Accurate 3 He polarimetry using the Rb Zeeman frequency shift due to the Rb − 3 He spin-exchange collisions

We describe a method of ${}^{3}\mathrm{He}$ polarimetry relying on the polarization-dependent frequency shift of the Rb Zeeman resonance. Our method is ideally suited for on-line measurements of the ${}^{3}\mathrm{He}$ polarization produced by spin-exchange optical pumping. To calibrate the frequency shift we performed an accurate measurement of the imaginary part of the $\mathrm{Rb}{\ensuremath{-}}^{3}\mathrm{He}$ spin-exchange cross section in the temperature range typical for spin-exchange optical pumping of ${}^{3}\mathrm{He}.$ We also present a detailed study of possible systematic errors in the frequency shift polarimetry.
Degradation of methoxylated aromatic acids by Pseudomonas putida

J.E. TURNER AND N. ALLISON. 1995. A newly-isolated strain of Pseudomonas putida (HVA-1) utilized homovanillic acid as sole carbon and energy source. Homovanillate-grown bacteria oxidized homovanillate and homoprotocatechuate but monohydroxylated and other methoxylated phenylacetic acids were oxidized poorly; methoxy-substituted benzoates were not oxidized. Extracts of homovanillate-grown cells contained homoprotocatechuate 2,3-dioxygenase but the primary homovanillate-degrading enzyme could not be detected. No other methoxylated phenylacetic acid supported growth of the organism but vanillate was utilized as a carbon and energy source. When homovanillate-grown cells were used to inoculate media containing vanillate a 26 h lag period occurred before growth commenced. Vanillate-grown bacteria oxidized vanillate and protocatechuate but no significant oxygen uptake was obtained with homovanillate and other phenylacetic acid derivatives. Analysis of pathway intermediates revealed that homovanillate-grown bacteria produced homoprotocatechuate, formaldehyde and the ring-cleavage product 5-carboxymethyl 2-hydroxymuconic semialdehyde (CHMS) when incubated with homovanillate but monohydroxylated or monomethoxylated phenylacetic acids were not detected. These results suggest that homovanillate is degraded directly to the ring-cleavage substrate homoprotocatechuate by an unstable but highly specific demethylase and then undergoes extradiol cleavage to CHMS. It would also appear that the uptake/degradatory pathways for homovanillate and vanillate in this organism are entirely separate and independently controlled. If stabilization of the homovanillate demethylase can be achieved, there is potential for exploiting the substrate specificity of this enzyme in both medical diagnosis and in the paper industry.
A SURVEY OF AUSTRALIAN CHILDREN FOR ASYMPTOMATIC URINARY INFECTION

Cells and bacteria were studied in urine samples from children in whom there was no reason to suspect infection in the urinary tract. The study confirms the fact that criteria for the diagnosis of urinary infection in adults cannot be applied unreservedly to children. The survey showed an incidence of bacteriuria of 0.5% and an incidence of microscopic haematuria of 1.0% in girls, and an incidence of possible urinary tract disease in 0.47% of the boys.
Enhancing Recruitment and Retention of Minority Young Women in Community-Based Clinical Research

Abstract Women are disproportionately affected by the sexually transmitted infections (STI) epidemic, with African-Americans and Latinos at significantly higher risk for STIs than Caucasians. Successful recruitment and retention strategies used with young minority women in community-based STI prevention or intervention research have not been previously reported. This communication presents eight key strategies learned in the recruitment and retention of 16- to 21-year-old urban women participating in a 12-month randomized clinical trial designed to promote STI screening to decrease the duration of untreated chlamydia and gonorrhea infection. Strategies learned include: (1) Educate clinic staff on the rigors of study design; (2) Facilitate a team effort between clinical and research staff; modify recruitment procedures, as needed; (3) Provide prospective participants the option of enrolling by return appointment; (4) Anticipate a diminishing recruitment pool over time; (5) Set positive recruitment tone at the beginning of each clinic session; (6) Consider participants' mothers as important points of contact; (7) Match communication styles to participant contacts; and (8) Consider a variety of retention techniques. Together, these strategies helped to reinforce participant's commitment to the project, facilitated their attendance at interviews, and encouraged them to adhere to the treatment protocol.
Experimental and Theoretical Exploration of the Initial Steps in the Decomposition of a Model Nitramine Energetic Material: Dimethylnitramine

Decomposition of dimethylnitramine (DMNA, (CH(3))(2)NNO(2)) has been studied extensively over the past decades. Although several different mechanisms have been proposed for the initial decomposition of DMNA, the dominant decomposition channel is still far from fully understood. In this report, we collect all the results reported in the literature, along with our new experimental and theoretical results, into a single reference for a sensible comparison in order to reach a general conclusion on DMNA decomposition. In this effort, nanosecond laser, energy resolved spectroscopy and complete active space self-consistent field (CASSCF) calculations are employed. The parent DMNA molecule is electronically excited using two different UV excitation wavelengths, 226 and 193 nm, to initiate the decomposition process. The NO molecule is observed as a major decomposition product with relatively hot (120 K) rotational and cold vibrational distributions by both time-of-flight mass spectrometry and laser induced fluorescence spectroscopy. On the basis of the experimental observations, a nitro-nitrite isomerization mechanism is predicted to be the major channel of decomposition of DMNA in the excited electronic state with a minor contribution from the HONO elimination mechanism. The branching ratio between nitro-nitrite isomerization and HONO elimination channels is estimated to be approximately 1:0.04. CASSCF calculations show that surface crossing (conical intersection) between upper and lower electronic states along the nitro-nitrite isomerization reaction coordinate plays an important role in the overall decomposition of DMNA. Presence of such an (S(2)/S(1))(CI) conical intersection in the nitro-nitrite isomerization reaction coordinate provides a direct nonadiabatic decomposition pathway from the Franck-Condon point of the S(2) surface, which is experimentally accessed by 226 nm photoexcitation. This excited state isomerization takes place through a loose geometry for which the NO(2) moiety interacts with the (CH(3))(2)N moiety from a long distance (approximately 2.8 A); however, in the ground electronic state, a similar (S(1)/S(0))(CI) conical intersection in this nitro-nitrite isomerization reaction coordinate hinders the isomerization exit channel, rendering NO(2) elimination as the major thermal decomposition channel of DMNA.
Transient and Cyclic Behavior of Cellular Automata with Null Boundary Conditions

One-dimensional cellular automata (CA) over finite fields are studied in which each interior cell is updated to contain the sum of the previous values of its two nearest neighbors. Boundary cells are updated according to null boundary conditions. For a given initial configuration, the CA evolves through transient configurations to an attracting cycle. The dependence of the maximal transient length and maximal cycle length on the number of cells is investigated. Both can be determined from the minimal polynomial of the update matrix, which in this case satisfies a useful recurrence relation. With cell values from a field of characteristic two, the explicit dependence of the maximal transient length on the number of cells is determined. Extensions and directions for future work are presented.
Electrowinning/Electrostripping and Electrodialysis Processes for the Recovery and Recycle of Metals from Plating Rinse Solutions

Two electrochemical-based methods have been evaluated to remove heavy metals from a tin/zinc electroplating rinse solution with subsequent recycle of the metals back into the original plating bath. The first method uses electrodialysis to move tin to the anolyte strip solution as an anionic citrato complex while zinc is distributed to both the anolyte and catholyte, showing it exists as both an anionic citrato complex and in free cationic form. Zinc can be recovered by scraping the loose deposit from the cathode and dissolving it in mineral acid. The second method is a combined electrowinning/electrostripping technique. The process involves continuously flowing the plating rinse solution through a porous graphite cathode and removing the metal ions via electrodeposition. When a sufficient quantity of metal has been deposited, the electrode is placed in a solution whose chemical composition is similar to that of the original plating bath and the metals ions are stripped from the electrode anodically. The resulting solution is then placed into the original plating bath. Both methods were used to treat a surrogate rinse solution originally containing 100-300 parts per million of each metal and were successful in reducing the metal ion concentrations to less than 15 parts per million each. Approximately 70% of the tin and 100% of the zinc are recoverable by either method.
The Woman Who Ran For President: The Many Lives of Victoria Woodhull

This biography of Victoria Woodhull is the story of how a major feminist pioneer, scarcely known today, moved from poverty and spiritualism to become the first woman Wall Street broker, the first woman to testify before Congress on suffrage and, in 1872, the first woman to run for president. Author Lois Underhill tells how Woodhull challenged the manly status quo not only in politics and business, but on the social scene as well. She fought for sexual freedom for women. She published a weekly newspaper that was the first to expose the Henry Ward Beecher scandal, as a protest against the double standard and the famous minister's hypocrisy, not his immorality. She herself led an unconventional private life, the stuff of a Bronte novel.
Implementation of a factoring algorithm for reliability evaluation of undirected networks

A description is given of a FORTRAN implementation of a factoring algorithm (LR-F) for reliability evaluation of undirected networks. The algorithm is used in conjunction with PolyChain, a FORTRAN program for reliability evaluation of undirected networks of a special structure via polygon-to-chain reductions. PolyChain is used as a preprocessor to reduce the size of the network. It places a constraint on the topology of the input network, requiring it to be nonseparable. The present version of PolyChain checks for this condition. In the case of separable networks a code using PolyChain as a subrouting can be used to compute the reliability of each nonseparable component and then the overall reliability of the network. A brief theoretical review of the LR-F factoring algorithm and the design and implementation of the code is presented. >
A method for modeling icosahedral virions: rotational symmetry boundary conditions

We present two techniques for implementing a new method of simulating an entire virion. Earlier computer simulations of a capsid protein revealed large edge effects due to the use of free standing boundaries. Because of the size of a given protomer, conventional three-dimensional periodic boundary conditions would be extremely wasteful. This would require an extremely large number of solvent molecules, and therefore would be computationally feasible for only a fragment of the entire virion. The new method employs non-space-filling computational cells in molecular modeling and molecular dynamics with the boundary conditions based on the icosahedral group. The method is general and could be used for any molecular system with a point group symmetry. With this method, the dynamical and spatial intra and interprotomer correlations can be studied at atomic levels. The technique is applicable to any virion with icosahedral symmetry. A sample calculation involving a geometry optimization of the human rhinovirus coat proteins is given to demonstrate the technique.
Cholesterol levels inversely reflect the thermal sensitivity of mammalian cells in culture

Cholesterol is a primary component of the mammalian cell plasma membrane. Although its function is unknown, it may be of major importance in maintaining membrane fluidity and rigidity1. In artificial membrane systems, the addition of cholesterol results in a condensing effect—thickening the bilayer and inducing higher order in the acyl chains of the phospholipids2. Permeability profiles indicate that the addition of cholesterol into egg–lecithin bilayers increases the half-time of solute transport3. In addition, decreased amounts of sterol in the membrane increase glucose permeability, and, in L cells, increase the transport of rubidium4,5. These studies suggest a role for cholesterol in changing the physical characteristics of the membrane resulting in the alteration of membrane permeability. We now provide evidence that cholesterol may act, presumably via changes in physical membrane properties, with yet another biological consequence; regulating the survival sensitivity of mammalian cells to hyperthermic temperatures.
Combined defect in membrane expression and activation of platelet GPIIb--IIIa complex without primary sequence abnormalities in myeloproliferative disease.

Defects in glycoprotein (GP)IIb–IIIa or in its activation may cause abnormal platelet aggregation and a bleeding diathesis. We report studies in a 67-year-old man with a myeloproliferative disease and markedly abnormal platelet responses. By flow cytometry, platelet binding of two complex-specific anti-GPIIb–IIIa monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), A2A9 and 10E5, was ∼50% of normal. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using immobilized kistrin showed 18% of normal membrane GPIIb–IIIa complex. By immunoblot analysis, GPIIb and GPIIIa levels in platelet lysates and membranes were near normal. Activation of GPIIb–IIIa, monitored with mAb PAC-1, was markedly decreased (< 20% of normal) in response to ADP, thrombin and platelet-activating factor (PAF); expression of ligand-induced binding sites (LIBS) was ≤ 30% of normal. Signal transduction-independent LIBS expression, induced by echistatin, was ∼60% of normal, suggesting that the integrin present had intact ligand-binding capability. Sequence analysis of GPIIb and GPIIIa cDNA, and platelet mRNA levels for both subunits, were normal. These findings document an acquired combined defect in membrane expression (secondary to a defect in post-translational processing of the complex) and inside-out signalling-dependent activation of the GPIIb–IIIa complex.
A cross-cultural comparison of Japanese and American persuasive strategy selection

Abstract This study is a cross-cultural comparison of Japanese and American compliance-gaining communication. American subjects (N = 92) and native Japanese subjects (N = 76) were asked to write out instances of compliance-gaining messages. The findings indicate that the two cultures differ significantly in their selection of compliance-gaining strategies. In addition, this study compares the use of the Marwell and Schmitt (1967 Sociometry, 30 , 350–364) and the Schenck-Hamlin, Wiseman, and Georgacarakos (1982 Communication Quarterly, 30 , 92–99) typologies. It is argued that the Marwell and Schmitt typology is too restrictive and does not have acceptable representative validity. Finally, this study compares spontaneous elicitation procedures against checklist procedures used in past cultural investigations. It is shown that the two response generating techniques do not yield equivalent results.
SOLUBILITY PROPERTIES OF THE ALKYLMETHYLGLUCAMIDE SURFACTANTS

The critical micelle concentration (CMC) and the ability to solubilize and form vesicles from phospholipids are important criteria for the selection of a surfactant for reconstitution protocols. The CMC and its temperature dependence were determined for an homologous series of alkylmethylglucamides (MEGA-8, MEGA-9, MEGA-10). Each detergent was added continuously from a concentrated solution to a saline buffer with the environment-sensitive fluorescent probe ANS, held in a thermojacketed cuvette; ANS fluorescence increases at the CMC. The CMCs at 25 degrees C were 51.3, 16.0 and 4.8 mM for MEGA-8, MEGA-9 and MEGA-10. The free energy change for transfer to a micellar environment per -CH2- was -740 cal/mol, similar to other alkyl series. The CMCs decreased slightly with increasing temperature (T = 5-40 degrees C) for MEGA-9 and MEGA-10 while that of MEGA-8 was virtually insensitive to temperature in this range. MEGA-9 solubilization of egg PC in aqueous solutions was determined as a function of [PC] and temperature. The lamellar-micellar phase boundaries were determined by simultaneous 90 degrees light scattering and the resonance energy transfer using the headgroup labeled lipid probes NBD-PE and Rho-PE. The [MEGA-9] at solubilization was linear with [PC]; the MEGA-9 to egg PC ratio in the structures at optical clarity was 2.3 while the monomeric [MEGA-9] was 14.3 mM or slightly lower than the CMC at 25 degrees C. Solubilization of egg PC by MEGA-9 was somewhat more temperature-dependent than the CMC of this detergent. Vesicles formed from MEGA-9 tended to be multilamellar. MEGA-9 is clearly different from octyl glucoside, despite its chemical similarity, in terms of its temperature sensitivity and vesicle forming characteristics.
A family of identities related to zero-sum and team games

Abstract We list and prove a family of binomial identities by calculating in two ways the probabilities of approximate saddlepoints occurring in random m × n matrices. The identities are easily seen to be equivalent to the evaluation of a family of Gauss 2 F 1 polynomials according to a formula of Vandermonde. We also consider some implications concerning the number of approximate pure strategy Nash equilibria we can expect in large matrix zero-sum and team games.
Analysis of wide-band cross-correlation for target detection and time delay estimation

The problem of target track detection and time delay estimation using cross-correlation of wideband signals has been analyzed. The concepts of target detection and (accurate) localization (TD&L), target detection (TD, with a possibly smeared measurement), and false detection (FD), have been defined in terms of resolution cell exceedances. Receiver operating curves relating to P/sub TD&L/ to P/sub FD/ and P/sub TD/ to P/sub FD/ have been presented. A generalized maximum likelihood estimate of the time delay based on the main peak and spillover cells of the cross-correlation has been presented. The accuracy of this estimate has been derived using the Cramer-Rao lower bound in terms of the resolution cell, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and the number of samples per observation interval. This accuracy has been verified via simulations for SNR as low as -6 dB for a 128-sample window. >
Range-free localization and its impact on large scale sensor networks

With the proliferation of location dependent applications in sensor networks, location awareness becomes an essential capability of sensor nodes. Because coarse accuracy is sufficient for most sensor network applications, solutions in range-free localization are being pursued as a cost-effective alternative to more expensive range-based approaches. In this paper, we present APIT, a novel localization algorithm that is range-free. We show that our APIT scheme performs best when an irregular radio pattern and random node placement are considered, and low communication overhead is desired. We compare our work, via extensive simulation, with three state-of-the-art range-free localization schemes to identify the preferable system configurations of each. In addition, we provide insight into the impact of localization accuracy on various location dependent applications and suggestions on improving their performance in the presence of such inaccuracy.
Temperature stability of CaF2:Mn and LiF(TLD-100) thermoluminescent dosimeters

Abstract Thermolunimescent dosimeters containing LiF(TLD-100) and others containing CaF 2 :Mn have been studied to determine the influence of ambient temperature, either during γ-irradiation or during later storage, upon the thermoluminescence response. It was found that the response is unaffected by the temperature during irradiation from −50°C (the lower limit studied) up to the temperature where trap “leakage” (i.e. signal fading), becomes significant. The results obtained for LiF(TLD-100) fading are consistent with those reported by Zimmerman et al. ( Health Physics 12 , 525, 1966).
Molecular vibrational energy flow and dilution factors in an anharmonic state space.

A fourth-order resonance Hamiltonian is derived from the experimental normal-mode Hamiltonian of SCCl2. The anharmonic vibrational state space constructed from the effective Hamiltonian provides a realistic model for vibrational energy flow from bright states accessible by pulsed laser excitation. We study the experimentally derived distribution PE(σ) of dilution factors σ as a function of energy. This distribution characterizes the dynamics in the long-time limit. State space models predict that PE(σ) should be bimodal, with some states undergoing facile intramolecular vibrational energy redistribution (small σ), while others at the same total energy remain “protected” (σ≈1). The bimodal distribution is in qualitative agreement with analytical and numerical local density of states models. However, there are fewer states protected from energy flow, and the protected states begin to fragment at higher energy, shifting from σ≈1 to σ≈0.5. We also examine how dilution factors are distributed in the vibrationa...
Optimization of SDSU-2 CCD controller hardware and software for CCD mosaics

The San Diego State University Generation 2 CCD controller (SDSU-2) architecture is widely used in both optical and infrared astronomical instruments. This architecture was employed in the CCD controllers for the DEIMOS instrument commissioned on Keck-II in June 2002. In 2004, the CCD dewar in the HIRES instrument on Keck-I will be upgraded to a 3 x 1 mosaic of MIT/LL 2K x 4K CCDs controlled by an SDSU-2 CCD controller. For each of these SDSU-2 CCD controllers, customized versions of PAL chips were developed to extend the capabilities of this controller architecture. For both mosaics, a custom timing board PAL enables rapid, software-selectable switching between dual- and single-amplifier-per-CCD readout modes while reducing excess utilization of fiber optic bandwidth for the latter. For the HIRES CCD mosaic, a custom PAL for the clock generation boards provides software selection of different clock waveforms that can address the CCDs of the mosaic either individually or globally, without any need to reset the address jumpers on these boards. The custom PAL for the clock generation boards enables a method for providing differing exposure times on each CCD of the mosaic. These distinct exposure times can be implemented in terms of a series of sub-exposures within a single, global mosaic observation. This allows for more effective observing of sources that have flux gradients across the spectral dimension of the CCD mosaic because those CCDs located near the higher end of the flux gradient can be read out more frequently, thus reducing the number of cosmic rays in each individual sub-exposure from those CCDs.
Optical Photometry of the Double‐lined Cataclysmic Variable Phoenix 1

We have obtained 7 nights of time-resolved VI photometry of the double-lined cataclysmic variable Phoenix 1. We detect two candidate orbital periods, 0.1344 day and 0.2683 day. The former, which would correspond to a single modulation caused by viewing the irradiated face of the secondary star, is the less favored choice based on the folded light curves. The latter, which would correspond to a double modulation with unequal minima depths caused by ellipsoidal variation of the secondary star, is inconsistent with the observed late spectral type (M2-5) of the secondary star. However, we discuss some recent results from the literature that may make it possible to reconcile the longer orbital period and later spectral type. Some ambiguity remains as to which of these two periods is the true orbital period.
Kierkegaard, MacIntyre and Narrative Unity—Reply to Lippitt

In a recent article in this journal, John Lippitt mounts a forceful argument against narrativist approaches to issues in personal identity and practical deliberation, with specific reference to the application of such approaches in the interpretation of Kierkegaard's writings. The present critical discussion piece addresses two points in Lippitt's argument. First, it seeks to meet Lippitt's challenge to clarify the notion of “a whole life” as this figures in narrativist positions. Second, it clarifies the sense in which narrative unity, and even selfhood, may be a matter of degree. It then uses this latter insight to sketch a defense of the claim that narrativity may indeed play a crucial role in Kierkegaard's distinction between ethical and aesthetic ways of life.
Guest Editors' Introduction: Trusted System-on-Chip with Untrusted Components

The articles in this special section focus on design of trusted systems-on-chip components and applications for their use.
Serial sectioning of the fallopian tube allows for improved identification of primary fallopian tube carcinoma

Objective Serial sectioning of the fallopian tube in women undergoing risk reducing surgery has been shown to increase the detection rate of occult malignancy in BRCA mutation carriers. We undertook this study to determine whether this protocol at the time of surgery for ovarian cancer (OV) or primary peritoneal malignancies (PP) changes the detection rate of fallopian tube carcinoma (FT). We secondarily investigated where this difference affects patient outcomes.
Excited state interaction between 2-N,N-dimethylaminopyridine and p-nitroaniline

Abstract Fluorescene quenching of 2- N , N -dimethylaminopyridine induced by p -nitroaniline is shown to arise from exciplex formation. The fluorescene wavelength maximum of the exciplex in ether-isopenthane-ethanol solutions is 425 nm for 2- N , N -dimethylaminopyridine and 410 nm for 2-aminopyridine, reflecting a smaller ionization potential in the former. Flash photolysis studies suggest that exciplex formation results in enhanced triplet population of the p -nitroaniline, which has the lowest triplet in this system.
Tissue microarray-based immunohistochemical study can significantly underestimate the expression of HER2 and progesterone receptor in ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast.

AbstractThe accuracy of immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis on tissue microarray (TMA)-based studies largely depends on the uniformity of the staining pattern for a given antibody and minimal intratumor heterogeneity of a given tumor. Our study was designed to investigate the concordance of expression in TMA and whole sections of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR) and HER2 using IHC analysis for ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) of the breast. Seventy-five consecutive cases of DCIS were retrieved, reviewed and used to construct the TMA. IHC analysis of the expression of ER, PR, and HER2 were performed on TMA and whole sections of the corresponding cases, and the results were compared. The specificity and sensitivity for TMA-based assays were 87.0, 75.9, 90.6 and 90.4%, and 76.1, 27.3 for ER, PR and HER2, respectively. The concordance and discordance were 89.3, 76.0 and 72.0%, and 6.7, 13.3 and 16.0% for ER, PR, HER2, respectively. The kappa values were 0.83, 0.89 and 0.42 for ER, PR and HER2,...
Proteome of amyloplasts isolated from developing wheat endosperm presents evidence of broad metabolic capability

By contrast to chloroplasts, our knowledge of amyloplasts—organelles that synthesize and store starch in heterotrophic plant tissues—is in a formative stage. While our understanding of what is considered their primary function, i.e. the biosynthesis and degradation of starch, has increased dramatically in recent years, relatively little is known about other biochemical processes taking place in these organelles. To help fill this gap, a proteomic analysis of amyloplasts isolated from the starchy endosperm of wheat seeds (10 d postanthesis) has been conducted. The study has led to the identification of 289 proteins that function in a range of processes, including carbohydrate metabolism, cytoskeleton/plastid division, energetics, nitrogen and sulphur metabolism, nucleic acid-related reactions, synthesis of various building blocks, proteinrelated reactions, transport, signalling, stress, and a variety of other activities grouped under ‘miscellaneous’. The function of 12% of the proteins was unknown. The results highlight the role of the amyloplast as a starch-storing organelle that fulfills a spectrum of biosynthetic needs of the parent tissue. When compared with a recent proteomic analysis of whole endosperm, the current study demonstrates the advantage of using isolated organelles in proteomic studies.
Ethnicity in trauma and psychiatric disorders: findings from the collaborative longitudinal study of personality disorders†‡

The study's aims are to explore ethnic differences in rates of adverse childhood experiences and lifetime traumatic events and in rates of psychiatric disorders for patients exposed to similar traumas. Rates of these events and rates of major depressive disorder, posttraumatic stress, substance use, and borderline personality disorders were compared among 506 non-Hispanic Whites (N-HW), 108 Latina(o)s, and 94 African Americans (AA) participating in the Collaborative Longitudinal Personality Disorder Study. We found that Whites reported higher rates of neglect than African Americans and Latina(o)s, higher rates of verbal/emotional abuse than African Americans, and higher rates of accidents and injuries/feared serious injury than Latina(o)s. African Americans had higher rates of seeing someone injured/killed than Whites. No significant interaction was observed between adverse events and ethnicity for mental disorders.
Lipid components of sarcotubular membranes.

The lipid composition of a highly purified preparation of rat skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum was studied. These membranes contain per mg of protein 0.50 ± 0.02 μmoles of phosphatidylcholine, 0.13 ± 0.02 μmoles of phosphatidylethanolamine and 0.07 ± 0.02 μmoles ofphosphatidylinositol. These three components account for 97.3% of total lipid phosphorus. Unlike other mammalian membranes so far studied, this preparation contains neither sphingomyelin nor phosphatidylserine. Neural lipids were also measured and it is concluded that neither cholesterol nor other neutral lipids are components of the membranes studied. The results of this study indicate therefore that the lipid profile of sarcotubular membranes is relatively simple compared with most other membranes.
Improvising firms: bricolage, account giving and improvisational competencies in the founding process

Improvisation occurs when the design and execution of novel activities converge. Drawing on three samples of young firms, this inductive study investigates the existence, channels and implications of strategic improvisation in knowledge-intensive new businesses. Our study suggests that not only may founding itself be improvisational in some cases, but improvisational processes and issues permeate entrepreneurial activity and have non-obvious implications for emergent firm strategies and competencies. We develop propositions in four domains: (1) the occurrence of strategic improvisation; (2) tactical improvisation rising to the level of strategy; (3) network bricolage; and (4) improvisational competencies. This study contributes to research on organizational improvisation, bricolage and entrepreneurship. Theoretically and in practice, both improvisation and bricolage represent potentially rich additions to the vocabulary of entrepreneurial action.
The Enigma of β-Carotene in Carcinogenesis: What Can Be Learned from Animal Studies

Beta-carotene and other carotenoids have been thought to have anti-cancer activity, either because of antioxidant activity or because of their ability to be converted to vitamin A. Nevertheless, two large scale intervention studies in humans using high doses of beta-carotene found that beta-carotene supplementation resulted in more lung cancer rather than less lung cancer among smoking and asbestos exposed populations. Studies conducted in the ferret have elucidated molecular mechanisms behind this observation, in that high-dose beta-carotene and smoke exposure in these animals leads to squamous metaplasia, a pre-cancerous lesion in the lung. High dose beta-carotene in the smoke exposed animals was found to give rise to a number of transient oxidative metabolites, which include P450 enzymes that result in the destruction of retinoic acid, and diminished retinoid signaling, and enhanced cell proliferation. In addition, eccentric cleavage beta-carotene metabolites facilitate the binding of smoke derived carcinogens to DNA. In other ferret studies low dose beta-carotene smoke exposure provided mild protection against squamous metaplasia. Thus, it appears that the explanation of the apparent paradoxical effects of beta-carotene on lung cancer is related to dose. The metabolism and breakdown of natural products should be thoroughly investigated in animal models before embarking on large scale intervention trials, particularly when using unusually high doses that greatly exceed normal dietary levels.
Application of a Depositional Facies Model to an Acid Mine Drainage Site

Lower Red Eyes is an acid mine drainage site in Pennsylvania where low-pH Fe(II) oxidation has created a large, terraced iron mound downstream of an anoxic, acidic, metal-rich spring. Aqueous chemistry, mineral precipitates, microbial communities, and laboratory-based Fe(II) oxidation rates for this site were analyzed in the context of a depositional facies model. Depositional facies were defined as pools, terraces, or microterracettes based on cm-scale sediment morphology, irrespective of the distance downstream from the spring. The sediments were composed entirely of Fe precipitates and cemented organic matter. The Fe precipitates were identified as schwertmannite at all locations, regardless of facies. Microbial composition was studied with fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and transitioned from a microaerophilic, Euglena-dominated community at the spring, to a Betaproteobacteria (primarily Ferrovum spp.)-dominated community at the upstream end of the iron mound, to a Gammaproteobacteria (primarily Acidithiobacillus)-dominated community at the downstream end of the iron mound. Microbial community structure was more strongly correlated with pH and geochemical conditions than depositional facies. Intact pieces of terrace and pool sediments from upstream and downstream locations were used in flowthrough laboratory reactors to measure the rate and extent of low-pH Fe(II) oxidation. No change in Fe(II) concentration was observed with 60 Co-irradiated sediments or with no-sediment controls, indicating that abiotic Fe(II) oxidation was negligible. Upstream sediments attained lower effluent Fe(II) concentrations compared to downstream sediments, regardless of depositional facies.
Putting a New Spin on Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy

Local atomic scale ordering and structural distortions can significantly modify material properties. Aberration correction dramatically improves spatial resolution into the sub-Angstrom regime, unlocking information about material defects previously beyond reach. While STEM has proven essential to the atomic scale characterization of materials, for example at defects, interfaces, or even in perfect crystals, measurement of atomic displacements and distances has remained challenging due to the presence of sample drift. Distortion proportional to the rate of sample drift during image acquisition hinders the accurate measurement or even representation of atomic structure. Though modern STEM installations are optimized to reduce vibration, air flow/fields, and temperature fluctuations, sample drift generally remains.
Breast Cancer Metastasis Suppressor 1 Up-regulates miR-146, Which Suppresses Breast Cancer Metastasis

Breast cancer metastasis suppressor 1 (BRMS1) is a predominantly nuclear protein that differentially regulates expression of multiple genes, leading to suppression of metastasis without blocking orthotopic tumor growth in multiple human and murine cancer cells of diverse origins. We hypothesized that miR-146 may be involved in the ability of BRMS1 to supress metastasis because miR-146 expression is altered by BRMS1 and because BRMS1 and miR-146 are both associated with decreased signaling through the nuclear factor-κB pathway. BRMS1 significantly up-regulates miR-146a by 6- to 60-fold in metastatic MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-435 cells, respectively, and miR-146b by 40-fold in MDA-MB-435 as measured by real-time quantitative reverse transcription-PCR. Transduction of miR-146a or miR-146b into MDA-MB-231 down-regulated expression of epidermal growth factor receptor, inhibited invasion and migration in vitro, and suppressed experimental lung metastasis by 69% and 84%, respectively (mean ± SE: empty vector = 39 ± 6, miR-146a = 12 ± 1, miR-146b = 6 ± 1). These results further support the recent notion that modulating the levels of miR-146a or miR-146b could have a therapeutic potential to suppress breast cancer metastasis.
Interactive Effects of Gender Ideology and Age at First Marriage on Women’s Marital Disruption

A sample of ever-married women from the NLSY79 is analyzed to examine the effects of age at first marriage and gender ideology on the likelihood of experiencing marital disruption. The authors hypothesize that age at first marriage will have no effect on the likelihood of experiencing marital disruption for non-traditional women, but that there will be a strong negative effect for traditional women. The authors use the log-rate model for piecewise-constant rates to estimate the log odds of respondents’ hazard for experiencing a marital disruption separately for each of the three gender ideologygroups.Findingssuggest that ageat first marriage affects women’s likelihood of marital disruption contingent upon gender ideology. It is suggested that gender ideology is a lens through which women view the world and make decisions and that within each ideology category the factors that affect likelihood of divorce may differ as a result.
Enforcing international environmental cooperation: Technological standards can help

Market instruments, such as emissions trading or pollution taxes, are less costly than “command and control” regulation. Yet technological standards are common in international environmental agreements and now figure prominently among proposals to mitigate global warming. I show that technological standards can be combined with market instruments to create collective enforcement power. They allow states to internationally enforce technology installation, so the payoff to free riding decreases. A notable feature of the argument is that technological standards and market instruments are complements, while previous research has treated them as substitutes. Empirically, technological standards are most valuable if international cooperation is difficult to enforce and the rate of technological change in concerned industries is slow.
Values and the Use of Community Services

Objective factors have traditionally been used to study service use. Difficulty in explaining variability in service use has resulted in suggestions that thought be given to subjective factors. Difficulty in isolating subjective factors led to this study of the types of values that influence the use of community services by caregivers of persons with dementing disease. Persons who care for family members who have dementing diseases face an arduous task that has been described as requiring a "36-hour day" but report low rates of community service use. A content analysis was conducted of interview responses of 34 caregivers of a relative with dementia. Three major value concepts were identified: family obligation, reciprocity, and the need for control. Matrices were then developed to explore potential links between expressed values and patterns of use of community services. Implications for clinical practice and research are presented.
AN ANALOGUE EVALUATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENRICHMENT: THE ROLE OF STIMULUS PREFERENCE

To evaluate the effects of environmental enrichment on stereotypic self-injurious behavior (SIB), we conducted an assessment of preference for manipulating alternative stimuli rather than engaging in SIB. First, for each of 3 participants, a functional analysis of SIB was conducted in Phase 1. Participants were selected for Phase 2 if the functional analysis showed that SIB persisted in the absence of social consequences. In Phase 2, a preference assessment was conducted in which participants were observed manipulating preferred stimuli in a free-operant format. A measure was taken of time spent manipulating each stimulus and time spent engaging in SIB. In Phase 3, environmental enrichment was evaluated using stimuli that were preferred over the target response, and alternative treatments were evaluated in the event of environmental enrichment failure. Results suggested that the free-operant preference assessment (a) predicted the efficacy or inefficacy of an environmental enrichment procedure and (b) suggested possible treatment alternatives when environmental enrichment was ineffective. Collectively, the results may provide a basis for interpreting the idiosyncratic effects of environmental enrichment and a rationale for treatment selection when behavioral function is unknown. DESCRIPTORS: functional anlysis, environmental enrichment, automatic reinforcement, self-injurious behavior, developmental disabilities
Extracting query facets from search results

Web search queries are often ambiguous or multi-faceted, which makes a simple ranked list of results inadequate. To assist information finding for such faceted queries, we explore a technique that explicitly represents interesting facets of a query using groups of semantically related terms extracted from search results. As an example, for the query ``baggage allowance'', these groups might be different airlines, different flight types (domestic, international), or different travel classes (first, business, economy). We name these groups query facets and the terms in these groups facet terms. We develop a supervised approach based on a graphical model to recognize query facets from the noisy candidates found. The graphical model learns how likely a candidate term is to be a facet term as well as how likely two terms are to be grouped together in a query facet, and captures the dependencies between the two factors. We propose two algorithms for approximate inference on the graphical model since exact inference is intractable. Our evaluation combines recall and precision of the facet terms with the grouping quality. Experimental results on a sample of web queries show that the supervised method significantly outperforms existing approaches, which are mostly unsupervised, suggesting that query facet extraction can be effectively learned.
Creating an Effective System of Teacher Preparation and Professional Development Conversations With Stakeholders

With the expansion in publicly funded prekindergarten programs across the country, a number of policy initiatives are aiming to bring these various providers of preschool services together to creat...
Permanent sales increase and investment

Abstract When firms experience increases in sales that they consider to be permanent, the present value of expected profits also increases, leading to increases in the firms' investments. Our study investigates the permanent sales hypothesis (PSH) of firms' investment; it examines whether investment decisions are influenced by changes in the permanent, in contrast to transitory, component of sales income increases. Using the co-integration test and the structural vector auto-regression (SVAR) framework, our paper finds strong support for the hypothesis that investment behavior is primarily explained by permanent changes in sales income. Empirical multiple time series regression results also confirm that investments are a function of a number of past yearly sales changes. Our results show that larger, more liquid, and lower debt ratio firms follow PSH more closely than smaller, less liquid, higher debt ratio firms. Recent studies on corporate investment (i.e., Fazzari, Hubbard, and Petersen, 1988) have argued that the higher the dependence on the internal source of funding of the investment, the stronger the severity of financing constraints. Our study shows that the more dependent on the permanent cumulative increase of internal source of funding a firm's funding on investment, the less financially constrained firms.