cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Comparison of Some of the Chemical and Physical Properties of γ-Casein and Immune Globulins of Milk

Summary To identify the slowest component in the electrophoretic pattern of skimmilk at pH 8.7 and to investigate further the chemical and physical properties of γ -casein and the immune globulins, these proteins were isolated from milk and colostrum. Phosphorus analyses indicate a distinct difference between γ -casein and immune globulins. In veronal buffer at pH 8.7, μ = 0.1, the electrophoretic mobilities of γ -casein and pseudoglobulin are the same. In glycine hydrochloride buffer pH 2.3, μ = 0.1, the three proteins have different electrophoretic mobilities, but a mixture of γ -casein-euglobulin interacts, the extent depending on the time of storage at 4° C. While γ -casein is electrophoretically homogeneous in glycine hydrochloride buffer at pH 2.3 and 3.25 and μ = 0.1, it is heterogeneous in comparable sodium lactate buffers, due to interactions with the lactate ion. All three proteins contribute to the area of the slowest-moving component in the electrophoretic pattern of skimmilk at pH 8.7. They are heterogeneous in the ultracentrifuge. The molecular weight calculated for the major components of γ -casein varied with pH; whereas, the frictional ratios were the same in veronal and glycine hydrochloride buffers but decreased in sodium lactate buffer. The molecular weights of euglobulin and pseudoglobulin were not pH-dependent, but their frictional ratios increased with decreasing pH values.
The Current Status of the IS Discipline: A Survey of American and International Business Schools

Questions of IS's status as an academic discipline have been debated within and outside the IS community since the inception of the field. Strangely, members of the IS community find ourselves asking those same questions as did our peers some 25 years ago. The community has answered critical questions relating to reference disciplines, dependent variables, and the building of a cumulative tradition. Yet we are still grappling with such issues as our status in relation to and interaction with other disciplines, IS practice in the business environment, the role of IS in business school curricula-and in some cases the survival of IS departments-and a new issue, our place in the developing international business arena. This study surveyed over 1,000 business school deans and IS department heads in the United States and over 50 overseas countries to determine the current status of the IS discipline. The survey queried respondents concerning the status of IS curricula and research issues in their institutions. Analysis indicates that differences exist between academic methodology in North American and International institutions in both curriculum and philosophical approaches to degree requirements. Universally, IS scholars believed that the future of IS as an academic discipline is more certain than in the fie ld' s early years, although there is a wide range of opinions as to the optimum areas for academic exploration.
Radiofrequency ablation of Barrett's esophagus.

Barrett’s esophagus (BE) is known to be due to chronic gastroesophageal reflux disease and is a precursor of esophageal adenocarcinoma. The ability to eliminate BE is appealing, given the neoplastic potential of this condition and the continued increase in incidence of adenocarcinoma involving the esophagus and esophagogastric junction, a highly lethal disease. While a number of endoscopic technologies targeting metaplastic or neoplastic esophageal mucosa have been introduced into the clinical marketplace, most have not been widely adopted. Radiofrequency ablation recently was developed and holds appeal as a reliable, minimally invasive, inexpensive, and well-tolerated technique to destroy pathologic esophageal epithelium. The available data show its efficacy and safety in the short-term, though more mature follow-up is needed to demonstrate its durability in the long-term and its cost-effectiveness in ultimately saving lives.
A “rapid” micro-hinton and capillary hinton test for syphilis

Summary The possibilities and the limitations of the serologic detection of congenital syphilis are discussed. The author presents the micro-Hinton and the capillary Hinton flocculation tests, developed especially for pediatric practice. Blood for these tests can readily be obtained by skin puncture and the results appear to be reliable. When the occasion demands, final reading may be made in one hour, without demonstrable loss of sensitivity.
Regulating mRNA complexity in the mammalian brain.

Although there are only 22,000 human genes, most express multiple mRNA isoforms through alternative splicing and selection of alternative 5′ and 3′ ends. A new study identifies the role of alternative splicing in maintaining neuronal excitability in the adult mouse brain.
Hydroxo-bridged Cubane-type tetrairon(II) clusters supported by sterically-hindered carboxylate ligands.

A series of hydroxo-bridged cubane-type tetrairon(II) clusters, [Fe4(μ-OH)4(μ-O2CAr4-tBuPh)2(μ-OTf)2L4] (L = C5H5N (1), 4-tBuC5H4N (2), 3-FC5H4N (3)), were synthesized by using a sterically hindered carboxylate ligand, 2,6-di(4-tert-butylphenyl)benzoate (Ar4-tBuPhCO2-). Three different bridging units that mediate weak antiferromagnetic coupling interactions between the metal centers support the unprecedented cubane-type {Fe4(μ-OH)4}4+ cores in 1−3. The solution structures of 1 and 3 probed by FT-IR and 19F NMR spectroscopy are consistent with the solid-state geometry determined by X-ray crystallography. Zero-field Mossbauer spectra of 1−3 at 4.2 K are characteristic of high-spin iron(II) centers in nearly identical coordination environments. Compound 1 undergoes two irreversible oxidation processes at ca −10 and +880 mV (vs Fc/Fc+), the former approaching quasi-reversible behavior with increased scan rates and a narrow potential sweep range. Comparisons are made with analogous known {Fe4X4}n+ (X = O, S) u...
A new synthetic method to Mn carboxylate clusters: reductive fragmentation of [Mn12O12(O2CR)16(H2O)4] to [Mn8O2(O2CR)14(RCO2H)4] (R = CH2But)

The reaction of [Mn12O12(O2CCH2But)16(H2O)4] (1) with a reducing agent followed by recrystallization from CH2Cl2/MeNO2 affords the novel octanuclear complex [Mn8O2(O2CCH2But)14(ButCH2CO2H)4] (2).
Effects of long-acting propranolol on A.M. and P.M. peaks in silent myocardial ischemia

Abstract The frequency of episodes of silent myocardial ischemia and the adverse impact of these episodes on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality have been demonstrated in several studies involving both symptomatic and asymptomatic subjects. Previous reports using a variety of agents—nitrates,1 β blockers2 and calcium antagonists3—have shown the efficacy of these drugs in reducing ischemic activity, but have not resolved the issue of whether the circadian variation in ischemic events could be totally abolished. Beta blockers have been shown to be successful in blunting the a.m. peak, but there is little data concerning the P.M. peak. The present study was designed to test the hypothesis that β blockade with a long-acting propranolol preparation could abolish both a.m. and p.m. peaks in silent myocardial ischemic activity.
Design of an Interactive Informational Program: Formative Evaluation and Experimental Research

The design and evaluation of an interactive informational program is outlined in this article. Also reported is an integrated research study which examines the effects of differing levels of orientation to an interactive informational program on user confidence and attitudes.
Possible significance of cells within intraluminal collagen masses in equine oviducts.

In addition to the unique feature of retention of unfertilized ova, the oviducts of mares frequently contain large intraluminal masses with a fibrillar component and some cells. The aim of this study was to identify the cells and examine their relationship to the extracellular components of these masses. Intraluminal masses were examined both in situ and flushed from the oviducts. The nature of the contained cells and their relationship to the fibrils were examined by light microscopy and by transmission and scanning electron microscopy. In some mares the large masses distended the oviduct, but neither loss of the oviductal epithelium nor damage to this epithelium was seen. Electron microscopy verified that the principal cellular component was fibroblasts, and that the fibrils were type I collagen. Collagen masses collected shortly after ovulation frequently contained viable fibroblasts with collagen fibrils associated with their cell surfaces and with surface clefts. Although such collagen masses were present in pregnant and nonpregnant mares, masses with viable fibroblasts were chronologically associated with recent ovulation. It was concluded that connective tissue drawn into the oviduct at ovulation is retained, and collagen synthesis continues at least for a few days. Although the fibroblasts eventually disintegrate, the collagen remains and may in some cases aggregate within the oviductal lumen to the extent that oviductal transport and embryonic viability could be affected. Anat. Rec. 252:568‐579, 1998. r 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
B-CLL: is the enigma of disease heterogeneity about to be revealed?

B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) can be a relatively easy management problem since a majority of these patients initially come to the hematologist with minimal-to-low tumor burden. But there is a compelling need for accurate prognostic parameters because at least 20%-30% of these patients will
Tensile properties of 9Cr-1MoVNb and 12Cr-1MoVW steels irradiated to 23 dpa at 390 to 550 ° C

Abstract Normalized-and-tempered 9Cr-1MoVNb and 12Cr-1MoVW steels were irradiated in the Experimental Breeder Reactor II (EBR-II) at 390, 450, 500, and 550°C to displacement damage levels of up to 23 to 25 dpa. Tensile tests were conducted at the irradiation temperatures on three types of specimens: irradiated specimens, normalized-and-tempered specimens, and specimens thermally aged 5000 h at the irradiation temperatures. Observations from these tests were compared with results on these same materials irradiated in EBR-II at the same temperatures to 9 to 13 dpa. Irradiation of specimens at 390°C to 23 to 25 dpa caused an increase in strength and a decrease in ductility relative to the aged and unaged control specimens; however, there was little change from the specimens irradiated to 9 to 13 dpa. After irradiation at 450, 500, and 550 ° C, there was little difference between the irradiated specimens, the normalized-and-tempered specimens, and the specimens aged for 5000 h. Results were interpreted in terms of the precipitate and dislocation microstructures developed during normalizing and tempering, thermal aging, and irradiation.
Population of the entry states in heavy-ion fusion reactions

Abstract The excitation energy and angular momentum dependence of the population of the entry states following fusion of 136 MeV 20Ne with 146Nd has been measured with a new type of instrument. Statistical-model calculations reproduce the main features of the data. Structure effects for J⪆45 are evident in the entry lines. The entrance-channel orbital angular momentum distribution leading to fusion has been deduced.
Optical time-of-flight and absorbance imaging of biologic media

Imaging the interior of living bodies with light may assist in the diagnosis and treatment of a number of clinical problems, which include the early detection of tumors and hypoxic cerebral injury. An existing picosecond time-of-flight and absorbance (TOFA) optical system has been used to image a model biologic system and a rat. Model measurements confirmed TOFA principles in systems with a high degree of photon scattering; rat images, which were constructed from the variable time delays experienced by a fixed fraction of early-arriving transmitted photons, revealed identifiable internal structure. A combination of light-based quantitative measurement and TOFA localization may have applications in continuous, noninvasive monitoring for structural imaging and spatial chemometric analysis in humans.
Multiple-schedule interactions and discrimination

Pigeons received variable-interval (VI) reinforcement for keypecking during randomized presentations of seven line-orientation stimuli forming a continuum ranging from horizontal (0 deg) to vertical (90 deg). Each line presentation lasted for 30 sec and was preceded and followed by 30-sec time-outs. After responding stabilized, only responding in the two extreme stimuli (0 and 90 deg) was reinforced. As discrimination training proceeded, strong behavioral contrast and dimensional contrast effects appeared. However, only marginal local effects (local contrast and local dimensional effects), exerted by one line-orientation component upon a second, appeared, indicating that behavioral and dimensional contrast may be independent of parallel local effects. An attempt was made to apply Blough’s (1975) quantitative model of operant generalization and discrimination to the present discrimination procedure. However, this model did not predict the generalization gradient shape that was experimentally obtained. This experiment also yielded two serendipitous findings: (1) Positive behavioral contrast appeared in an extinction-related stimulus (time-out) when other stimuli were switched from reinforcement to extinction (hitherto, positive behavioral contrast had been observed only in responding to a reinforcementrelated stimulus when other stimuli were switched from reinforcement to extinction), and (2) final responding was higher in the presence of an extinction stimulus that had always been an extinction stimulus than it was in the presence of other extinction stimuli that had previously been paired with VI reinforcement.
Frequency and mechanism of bradycardia in cardiac transplant recipients and need for pacemakers

Orthotopic cardiac transplantation is occasionally complicated by unexplained bradyarrhythmias. Sinus node injury as a consequence of operation or acute rejection has anecdotally been linked to the development of bradycardia early after transplantation. These arrhythmias are empirically managed by pacemaker implantation, the indications for which remain poorly defined. This retrospective study examined the 20-year experience of our institution with bradyarrhythmias after transplantation to determine the predisposing factors and indications for pacemaker implantation. Forty-one of 556 patients in our cardiac transplant program (7.4%) received permanent pacemakers between 1969 and 1989. The predominant rhythm disturbances were junctional rhythm (46%), sinus arrest (27%) and sinus bradycardia (17%). Most patients were asymptomatic (61%), and presented in the early post-transplant period (73%). Four possible predisposing factors were evaluated: (1) graft ischemic time, (2) rejection history, (3) use of bradycardia-inducing drugs, and (4) anatomy of blood supply to the sinoatrial (SA) node. No significant differences existed between patients with and without pacemakers with regard to the first 3 variables. However, after transplantation angiograms showed that prevalence of abnormal SA nodal arteries was greater in patients with than without pacemakers (p less than 0.02). Pacemaker follow-up at 3, 6 and 12 months showed persistent bradycardia (60 to 90 beats/min) in 88, 75 and 50% of patients, respectively. The most common pacemaker complication (15%) was lead displacement at time of biopsy. These results suggest that disruption of the SA nodal blood supply may be an important predisposing factor in the development of bradycardias.
Special Tests on Impulse Circuit Breakers

A novel circuit arrangement that supplies a large current to a circuit breaker under test and then subjects the open terminals to a high recovery voltage has been used in testing the 2,500,000-kva 287.5-kv impulse oil circuit breakers built for the Boulder Dam-Los Angeles transmission line. A description of this arrangement, which makes available several times the apparent power of the testing apparatus, is given in this paper, together with oscillograms which show details of the arc extinction process not previously known, and the results of a study of voltage distribution.
Pion Condensation in Nuclear and Neutron Star Matter

The equilibrium thermodynamic conditions obeyed by a pion condensed system are given. These include the statement that the average spatial currents of conserved quantities must always vanish in the state of lowest free energy, even for ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ condensation into a running-wave mode. The physical significance of pion-condensation thresholds is also discussed.
The mechanism of stress corrosion cracking of alloy 600 in high temperature water

Abstract The different mechanisms proposed to explain the stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of alloy 600 are briefly reviewed and their validity to explain the influence of the variables and to predict the crack growth rate (CGR) is assessed. It is concluded that several of the proposed models seem to give a fair estimate of the CGR values under certain conditions; it appears that a single mechanism cannot explain in detail the complex alloy 600 SCC. There is a total absence of explanation in the literature of the events leading to the nucleation of cracking. It is suggested that processes controlled by diffusion such as internal oxidation or environmentally assisted creep may establish the length of induction time observed in plants.
The Family Silver: Essays on Relationships among Women

In an inventive and controversial collection of essays, sociologist Susan Krieger considers the many forms of wealth, both material and emotional, that women pass on to each other. This domestic heritage - the 'family silver' - is the keystone for a discussion of mother-daughter relationships, intimate relationships between lesbians, ties between students and feminist teachers, the dilemmas of women in academia as well as in the broader work world, and the importance of female separatism. Drawing on her experiences as a lesbian, a feminist, and a teacher, Krieger presents a stunning critique of higher education. She argues for acknowledging gender in all areas of women's lives and for valuing women's inner realities and outer forms of expression. Krieger has developed a distinctly feminist approach to understanding and scholarship. Her style is self-revelatory, emotional, and at the same time deeply analytical. Her essays pioneer a new method of locating, defining, and honoring female values. "The Family Silver" includes a thought-provoking discussion of gender roles among women, including the author's experience of being mistaken for a man; an exploration of teaching in a feminist classroom; and, a description of the controversy that resulted when the author refused to allow a hostile male student to take one of her courses. Beautifully written, "The Family Silver" addresses issues of central concern to feminists, postmodernists, and queer theorists and encourages new insights into how gender profoundly affects us all.
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

A case of osteomyelitis of the mandible in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus is described. Both the disease process and the treatment modalities must be understood for correct management.
A test of the dangling-orbital versus overcoordination models for the Pb center at the SiSiO2 interface

Abstract The pressure dependence of the +/0 charge transition of the P b center at the 〈111〉 SiSiO 2 interface was determined with voltage transient spectroscopy. Quasi-hydrostatic pressure was applied to miniature MOS capacitors with a diamond-anvil high-pressure cell. The energy level for the +/0 transition was found to shift towards the valence-band edge with increasing pressure. The results are consistent with the Si dangling-orbital model and not with the overcoordination model of the P b center.
Products of fuzzy subgroups

Fuzzy subgroups are different from ordinary subgroups in that one cannot tell with certainty which group elements belong and which do not. Of course this requires an appropriate modification of the closure property which takes the form of an inequality. In this paper a study of products of fuzzy subgroups is begun. Some results are expected: the product of fuzzy subgroups is a fuzzy subgroup, products with the same but permuted factors are isomorphic, and there is a natural isomorphism from any factor into the product. Functions called t-norms are used to construct products of fuzzy subgroups, different t-norms yielding different products. Since a fuzzy subgroup must satisfy an inequality (generalizing closure) and the strength of that inequality is important, some results relate the t-norm, used in forming the product, to the strength of the ensuing inequality. When can complicated fuzzy subgroups be expressed as products of simple ones? This question is addressed for fuzzy subgroups of finite abelian groups.
Reply to Commentary

In my reply to Dr. Philip Ringstrom, I acknowledge our mutual understanding of some of the impasses that we face in working with couples, particularly those whom Ringstrom describes as reflecting characteristics of “mutual inductive identification.” I reemphasize the role of the implicit domain in these and further elaborate ideas about why couples presenting in this way are so difficult to impact. These include the ways in which the brain is organized around prediction and problems in the ability to metacommunicate. I then discuss some clinical interventions to address this.
Use of the plasminogen activation system by microorganisms

The use of host-derived PAS components by invasive bacteria is an increasingly recognized mechanism for acquisition of extracellular proteolytic activity. This overview summarizes the pertinent contributions to this field and is divided into three parts: (1) the PAS, (2) the interaction of bacteria that produce their own plasminogen activators with the host's PAS, and (3) the interaction of bacteria that do not produce their own plasminogen activators but use plasminogen activators supplied by the host. The significance of these mechanisms in relation to the invasive potentials of the various organisms is discussed.
Compartmentation of cAMP Signaling in Cardiac Myocytes: A Computational Study

Receptor-mediated changes in cAMP production play an essential role in sympathetic and parasympathetic regulation of the electrical, mechanical, and metabolic activity of cardiac myocytes. However, responses to receptor activation cannot be easily ascribed to a uniform increase or decrease in cAMP activity throughout the entire cell. In this study, we used a computational approach to test the hypothesis that in cardiac ventricular myocytes the effects of β1-adrenergic receptor (β1AR) and M2 muscarinic receptor (M2R) activation involve compartmentation of cAMP. A model consisting of two submembrane (caveolar and extracaveolar) microdomains and one bulk cytosolic domain was created using published information on the location of β1ARs and M2Rs, as well as the location of stimulatory (Gs) and inhibitory (Gi) G-proteins, adenylyl cyclase isoforms inhibited (AC5/6) and stimulated (AC4/7) by Gi, and multiple phosphodiesterase isoforms (PDE2, PDE3, and PDE4). Results obtained with the model indicate that: 1), bulk basal cAMP can be high (∼1 μM) and only modestly stimulated by β1AR activation (∼2 μM), but caveolar cAMP varies in a range more appropriate for regulation of protein kinase A (∼100 nM to ∼2 μM); 2), M2R activation strongly reduces the β1AR-induced increases in caveolar cAMP, with less effect on bulk cAMP; and 3), during weak β1AR stimulation, M2R activation not only reduces caveolar cAMP, but also produces a rebound increase in caveolar cAMP following termination of M2R activity. We conclude that compartmentation of cAMP can provide a quantitative explanation for several aspects of cardiac signaling.
Chemical beam epitaxy of InP without precracking using tertiarybutylbis(dimethylamino)phosphine

Abstract For the first time, single crystalline layers of indium phosphide (InP) have been grown by the chemical beam epitaxy (CBE) technique without thermally precracking the phosphorus (P) source. This was accomplished using a novel P precursor, tertiarybutylbis(dimethylamino)phosphine (TBBDMAP). For a constant input V III ratio of 7.2, InP growth was studied for growth temperatures from 450 to 530°C. At 450°C, the surface was indium rich due to the incomplete pyrolysis of TBBDMAP. At 480 and 510°C, InP epilayers were successfully grown without precracking the TBBDMAP. An indium-rich surface was also observed at 530°C using this input V III ratio due to the high rate of phosphorus desorption. At growth temperatures of 480 and 510°C, the effect of the cracker cell temperature on the InP growth rate was studied.
Cell surface β-1,4-galactosyltransferase is associated with the detergent-insoluble cytoskeleton on migrating mesenchymal cells

Cell surface beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase (GalTase) partially mediates a variety of cell interactions with laminin-containing matrices, including mesenchymal cell spreading and migration and neurite initiation, by binding to N-linked oligosaccharides within the E8 domain of laminin. Previous studies using indirect immunofluorescence have suggested that some surface GalTase colocalizes with actin-containing microfilaments in migrating cells. In this study, we present more direct biochemical evidence showing that surface GalTase is associated with the detergent-insoluble cytoskeleton and that this association is dependent upon the integrity of the cytoskeleton, valency of the anti-GalTase antibody, and migratory status of the cell. Two-thirds of the surface GalTase was associated with the detergent-insoluble cytoskeleton when assayed either by monovalent anti-GalTase Fab fragments or by extracting any detergent-soluble GalTase prior to labeling with intact anti-GalTase IgG. However, 80-100% of the surface GalTase could be induced to associate with the cytoskeleton when cross-linked with anti-GalTase IgG prior to detergent extraction. Destabilizing cytoskeleton-protein interactions with high levels of KCl, elevated pH, or cytochalasin B reduced the amount of surface GalTase retained in the detergent-insoluble cytoskeleton fraction. Finally, we have shown previously that laminin induces the expression of GalTase onto lamellipodia of migrating cells, and in this study, we show that the laminin-induced increase in surface GalTase is cytoskeletally associated. Collectively, these data suggest that cell surface GalTase participates in cell spreading and migration on laminin by virtue of its association with the cytoskeleton.
Bivariate distributions with diatomic conditionals and stop-loss transforms of random sums

Abstract The complete class of all bivariate distributions with given diatomic conditionals is characterized in terms of the marginal probabilities and the correlation coefficient. The result is used to construct a bivariate distribution which maximizes the stop-loss transform of a random sum by known mean and standard deviation of its sum components.
Recognition of iconicity doesn't come for free.

Iconicity – resemblance between a symbol and its referent – has long been presumed to facilitate symbolic insight and symbol use in infancy. These two experiments test children's ability to recognize iconic gestures at ages 14 through 26 months. The results indicate a clear ability to recognize how a gesture resembles its referent by 26 months, but little evidence of recognition of iconicity at the onset of symbolic development. These findings imply that iconicity is not available as an aid at the onset of symbolic development but rather that the ability to apprehend the relation between a symbol and its referent develops over the course of the second year.
Effects of Wake Rollup on Formation-Flight Aerodynamics

The aerodynamic performance of two high aspect-ratio wings flying in formation is investigated with particular interest in the importance of considering wake rollup in making aerodynamic predictions. For this purpose, formations of various separations were investigated using a drag-free, fixed-wake model as well as a force-free, relaxed one. In all cases the aircraft were trimmed for roll and the follower aircraft pitch attitude was adjusted to match the lift coefficient of the lead aircraft. Both wake representations result in similar induced-drag minima for the follower aircraft which result when the lateral overlaps of the two aircraft are around 10% of a wingspan. Computations with the fixed-wake model, however, predict a wider region of lateral separations having the lowest induced drag than do the simulations with wake rollup. A small performance difference due to the wake model also exists when one aircraft follows directly behind the other. Independent of the wake model used, trimming the aircraft in roll and pitch can have a significant influence on their performance, although the required control-input solutions for trim are essentially not affected by the choice of wake representation.
ORIENTING TO “BEING ORDINARY”: THE (RE)CONSTRUCTION OF HEGEMONIC IDEOLOGIES IN INTERACTIONS AMONG ADULT IMMIGRANT LEARNERS OF ENGLISH

This article investigates the construction and maintenance of ideologies regarding the legitimacy of English as the dominant language in the United States in interactions involving adult immigrant learners of English. As both the researcher and these students' English as second language (ESL) instructor, I am a participant in the ESL classroom and interview conversations that are analyzed in this study. In my analysis, I consider how these adult ESL students and I take up positions and are positioned in ways that affiliate us with particular language identities, such as “Chinese speaker,” “non-native speaker of English,” or “English speaker,” among others. I argue that our subject positioning according to language affiliation provides one of the means by which normative beliefs about English in the United States are reconstituted.
Homework Completion at the Secondary School Level: A Multilevel Analysis

The author aimed to test empirical models of variables posited to predict homework completion at the secondary school level. Student- and class-level predictors of homework completion were analyzed in a survey of 1,046 8th-grade students from 63 classes and of 849 11th-grade students from 48 classes. Most of the variance in homework completion occurred at the student level, with parent education and teacher feedback being two significant predictors at the class level. At the student level, the variation in homework completion was positively associated with teacher feedback, self-reported grade, learning-oriented reasons for doing homework, homework interest, and homework management. Girls reported statistically significant higher scores in homework completion than did boys.
Preoperative Weight Loss Decreases the Operative Time of Gastric Bypass at a Veterans Administration Hospital

Background This study assessed whether preoperative weight loss resulted in favorable outcomes after open Roux-en Y gastric bypass (RYGB). Methods A retrospective review of all patients who underwent RYGB at the DVAMC was undertaken. Patients were divided into: patients who did not lose weight within 3 months preoperatively (n=25) and group II, those who did (n=15). Results Both groups had similar demographics, body mass index, comorbid conditions, and American Society of Anesthesiology class. Group II lost 28.2±6.5 lbs (8.3% of body weight) within 3 months before RYGB. Operative time was longer in group I compared to group II (180.0± 0.0 vs 161.0±0.0 min; p=0.05). Both groups had the same rate of postoperative complications and the same long-term weight loss at a 2-year follow-up (n=6 both groups). Conclusions An 8% reduction of body weight is associated with a decrease in operative time. These preliminary data suggest that preoperative weight loss results in a technically less challenging operation in the super-obese patient.
Using a maze task to track lexical and sentence processing

A word maze consists of a sequence of frames, each containing two alternatives. Subjects are required to select one of those alternatives according to some criterion defined by the experimenter. This simple technique can be used to investigate a wide range of issues. For example, if one alternative is a word and the other is a nonword, the subject may be required to press a key to indicate where the word is. This provides an interesting variant of the lexical decision task, since the difficulty of the lexical discrimination can be manipulated on a trial-by-trial basis by varying the properties of the nonword alternative. On the other hand, a version of a self-paced reading task is created if each successive frame contains a word that can continue a sentence, and the subject is required to identify which word that is. Once again, by manipulating the properties of the incorrect alternative one may be able to control the mode of processing adopted by the subject. Although this is a highly artificial form of reading, it does allow one to study the sentence processing under more tightly controlled conditions.
The EXODUS of Public Health What History Can Tell Us About the Future

We trace the shifting definitions of the American public health profession's mission as a social reform and science-based endeavor. Its authority coalesced in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries as public health identified itself with housing, sanitation, and labor reform efforts. The field ceded that authority to medicine and other professions as it jettisoned its social mission in favor of a science-based identity. Understanding the potential for achieving progressive social change as it moves forward will require careful consideration of the industrial, structural, and intellectual forces that oppose radical reform and the identification of constituencies with which professionals can align to bring science to bear on the most pressing challenges of the day.
Quality of Care for Children Hospitalized With Asthma

OBJECTIVES.The goals were (1) to identify evidence-based clinical process measures that are appropriate, feasible, and reliable for assessing the quality of inpatient asthma care for children and (2) to evaluate provider compliance with these measures. METHODS.Key asthma quality measures were identified by using a modified Rand appropriateness method, combining a literature review of asthma care evidence with a consensus panel. The feasibility and reliability of obtaining these measures were determined through manual chart review. Provider compliance with these measures was evaluated through retrospective manual chart review of data for 252 children between 2 and 17 years of age who were admitted to a tertiary care children’s hospital in 2005 because of asthma exacerbations. RESULTS.Nine appropriate, feasible, reliable, clinical process measures of inpatient asthma care were identified. Provider compliance with these measures was as follows: acute asthma severity assessment at admission, 39%; use of systemic corticosteroid therapy, 98%; use of oral (not intravenous) systemic corticosteroid therapy, 87%; use of ipratropium bromide restricted to 24 hours after admission, 71%; use of albuterol delivered with a metered-dose inhaler (not nebulizer) for children 5 years of age, 20%; documented chronic asthma severity assessment, 22%; parental participation in an asthma education class, 33%; written asthma action plan, 5%; scheduled follow-up appointment with the primary care provider at discharge, 22%. CONCLUSIONS.Nine appropriate, feasible, reliable, clinical process measures of inpatient asthma care were identified. Provider compliance across these measures was highly variable but generally low. Our study highlights opportunities for improvement in the provision of asthma care for hospitalized children. Future studies are needed to confirm these findings in other inpatient settings. Pediatrics 2008;122:1055‐1063
Improved thumbprint and its application for intrusion detection

This paper proposes RTT-thumbprint to traceback intruders, and to detect stepping-stone intrusion; RTT-thumbprint is a sequence of timestamp pairs of a send packet and its corresponding echoed packets. Each pair of timestamps represents a round trip time (RTT) of a packet. Besides the advantages of efficiency, secrecy, and robustness, RTT-thumbprint has the ability to defeat intruder's random delay and chaff manipulation. An exhaustive and a heuristic algorithm are proposed to correlate RTT-thumbprints. The results showed that the heuristic algorithm performs as good as the exhaustive one but is more efficient
Effect of Molecular Therapeutics on Liver Regeneration in a Murine Model

Purpose Unresectable metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC) can be rendered resectable with systemic chemotherapy in approximately 20% of cases. Most patients with metastatic CRC receive chemotherapy with the addition of targeted therapy with anti–vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) or anti–epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) antibodies. We sought to determine whether anti-VEGF receptor (VEGFR) or anti-EGFR therapy would impair liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy (PH) in mice. Materials and Methods Mice underwent either 66% PH or sham laparotomy. In the first experiment, mice in the PH group were randomly assigned to receive daily intraperitoneal injections of monoclonal antibodies (MoABs) to murine VEGFR-2 or nonspecific MoABs (control). In the second experiment, mice in the PH group were randomly assigned to receive intraperitoneal injections of antimurine EGFR or nonspecific (control) MoABs. In both experiments, therapy was initiated the day before surgery and continued until the mice we...
Adaptive Wind Tunnels with Imperfect Control

An earlier study of the convergence of the adaptive-wall wind-tunnel scheme for a sinusoidal model in a twodimensional tunnel is extended to the case where ideal matching at the interface cannot be achieved. It is assumed that, in place of the desired sinusoidal correction, a correction including an extraneous harmonic always occurs. Two different assumptions are made regarding the fitting of this distorted sinusoid to the observed error signal. It is found that the iteration converges for the same range of relaxation constants as for the ideal case, but that unconfined flow is not achieved. For reasonable numerical values, the iteration nevertheless appears to make substantial improvement in a flow involving boundary interference.
Stimulating the Prefrontal Cortex to Undo Stimulant Addiction

Compulsive behavior that individuals pursue in the face of serious consequences is a defining feature of addiction. A new study by Chen et al. sheds light on the neural circuits responsible for such behavior and suggests possible therapeutic strategies. This study examines a model of cocaine addiction in which rats were trained to press a lever to obtain infusions of intravenous cocaine. After 8 weeks of obtaining cocaine in this fashion, rats began to receive noxious electrical foot shocks in addition to cocaine after 30% of their lever presses. At this point, the experimenters divided rats according to whether they continued seeking cocaine: “Shock-sensitive” rats markedly decreased their lever pressing, whereas the remaining ~1/3 of rats were “shock-resistant” and continued to seek the drug. The prefrontal cortex (PFC) plays major roles in behavioral inhibition, so the experimenters hypothesized that cocaine may decrease PFC activity and thereby contribute to the persistence of cocaine-seeking in shock-resistant rats. Indeed, the excitability of PFC neurons was similar in shock-sensitive and naive rats but decreased in the shock-resistant group. More strikingly, experimentally induced stimulation of prefrontal neurons reduced lever pressing in shock-resistant rats presented with the opportunity to press a lever and receive cocaine. This reduction only occurred when cocaine infusion was accompanied by the chance of a foot shock. Conversely, inhibiting prefrontal neurons increased lever-pressing in shock-resistant rats. These results suggest that in a subset of rats, cocaine reduces the excitability of PFC neurons, and that when faced with a choice about whether to seek cocaine in the face of a possible foot shock, decreased PFC activity tilts behavior toward cocaine seeking. These observations raise questions about exactly how stimulating or inhibiting PFC neurons ultimately modulates cocaine-seeking. Do specific prefrontal neurons or targets of PFC mediate these effects? Does the nonspecific approach the authors used simply increase or decrease activity across all PFC neurons, or does it elicit more complex patterns of prefrontal activity? Regardless, these results suggest that focusing on PFC may elucidate factors that contribute to addiction in susceptible individuals and identify new ways to help them. B. T. Chen et al ., Rescuing cocaine-induced prefrontal cortex hypoactivity prevents compulsive cocaine seeking. Nature 496 , 359–362 (2013). [[Full Text]][1] [1]: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23552889
Sexual identity development in the context of compulsory heterosexuality.

This study analyzed the implications of sexual identity development for global, political, religious, and occupational identity de- velopment in 358 college students. Participants completed a written sur- vey packet including the Extended Objective Measure of Ego Identity Status (EOM-EIS) and measures of sexual identity, physical/sexual pref- erence, and emotional/affective preference. Data from the EOM-EIS suggest that having a sexual minority identity (lesbian, gay, bisexual, or ''other'' nonheterosexual identity) and reporting strong same-sex sexual or physical preferences are linked with more advanced global, political, religious, and occupational identity development. Heterosexual-identified participants were more likely to score high on identity foreclosure, mora- torium, and diffusion, while sexual-minority-identified individuals scored higher on identity achievement. Individuals with strong same-sex physi- cal/sexual preferences showed a pattern of results similar to those of sex- ual-minority-identified participants. Themes coded from a free-response question highlighted the finding that sexual-minority-identified partici- pants more often viewed their sexual identity as salient and involving an effortful process. These individuals also stressed the importance of having support or modeling for their sexual identity.
Theoretical capacity measures for data hiding in compressed images

We present an information-theoretic approach to obtain an estimate of the number of bits that can be hidden in still images, or, the capacity of the data-hiding channel. We show how the addition of the message signal or signature in a suitable transform domain rather than the spatial domain can significantly increase the channel capacity. Most of the state-of-the-art schemes developed thus far for data-hiding have embedded bits in some transform domain, as it has always been implicitly understood that a decomposition would help. In this paper we compare the achievable data-hiding capacities for different decompositions like DCT, Hartley, Hadamard, and subband transforms. We show that transforms with inferior energy compaction property like Hartley and Hadamard are better choices for the decomposition, than transforms with good energy-compaction property, like DCT or subband transforms.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Quantum Theory of Time-Dependent Phenomena Treated by the Evolution Operator Technique

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses quantum theory of time-dependent phenomena treated by the evolution operator technique. The purpose of this chapter is to give a brief discussion on the treatment of time-dependent phenomena in the non-relativistic quantum theory. In many of the applications, the theory has been quite successful and has led to results in complete agreement with experimental experience, but there are still certain difficulties connected with the concept of a complex wave function and particularly the evaluation of its phase. In the formula for time evolution , it may be possible to calculate the evolution operator but considerably more difficult to determine the wave function for the initial state. The phase problem is also discussed. The problem of the behavior of many-particle system under the influence of an outer electromagnetic field can be treated in principle, but it is more difficult to study the interaction between a system of matter waves and their own electromagnetic field. The problem of the self-interactions leads to divergence difficulties in both the non-relativistic and relativistic formulations of quantum theory, and the nature of the elementary particles themselves is still completely unknown.
Hemin inhibits NO production by IL-1β-stimulated human astrocytes through induction of heme oxygenase-1 and reduction of p38 MAPK activation

Heme oxygenase (HO)-1 has been shown to attenuate oxidative injury and reduce apoptosis. HO-1 can be induced by various stimuli released during cellular injury, such as heme. Deleterious free heme is degraded by HO-1 to carbon monoxide, iron and biliverdin, which have potent anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that upregulation of HO-1 would inhibit production of the free radical (NO) by interlukin (IL)-1β-activated human astrocytes. To measure NO production, inducible NO synthase (iNOS), HO-1 expression and mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase activation we used hemin as an HO-1 inducer and tin protoporphyrin (SnPP) IX as an inhibitor of HO-1 activity in human astrocyte cultures prior to IL-1β exposure. Transfection of astrocyte cultures was performed using a pLEX expression vector carrying the human HO-1 sequence prior to IL-1β treatment. Supernatants of astrocyte cultures pretreated with inhibitors of p38 MAPK or MEK1/2 prior to IL-1β exposure were collected for NO assay. IL-1β treatment of astrocytes alone induced undetectable amounts of HO-1 protein by western blot. However, HO-1 mRNA expression was modestly up-regulated in response to IL-1β stimulation. Pretreatment with hemin alone substantially induced both HO-1 mRNA and protein expression, and HO-1 mRNA expression was further enhanced when hemin was combined with IL-1β treatment. In contrast, IL-1β-induced iNOS mRNA expression and NO production were markedly inhibited by hemin treatment. When pretreated with SnPP, the inhibitory effect of hemin on IL-1β-induced NO production and iNOS expression was reversed, suggesting the involvement of HO-1. IL-1β-induced p38 MAPK activation, which is known to be required for NO production, was also down-regulated by hemin. These findings support the hypothesis that up-regulation of HO-1 in astrocytes is associated with down-regulation of iNOS expression and thereby NO production, an effect that involves the p38 MAPK signaling pathway, which suggests that this glial cell response could play an important protective role against oxidative stress in the brain.
A targeted deletion in the endocytic receptor gene Endo180 results in a defect in collagen uptake

The four members of the mannose receptor family (the mannose receptor, the M-type phospholipase A2 receptor, DEC-205 and Endo180) share a common extracellular arrangement of an amino-terminal cysteine-rich domain followed by a fibronectin type II (FNII) domain and multiple C-type lectin-like domains (CTLDs). In addition, all have a short cytoplasmic domain, which mediates their constitutive recycling between the plasma membrane and the endosomal apparatus, suggesting that these receptors function to internalize ligands for intracellular delivery. We have generated mice with a targeted deletion of Endo180 exons 2–6 and show that this mutation results in the efficient expression of a truncated Endo180 protein that lacks the cysteine-rich domain, the FNII domain and CTLD1. Analysis of embryonic fibroblasts reveals that this mutation does not disrupt the C-type lectin activity that is mediated by CTLD2, but results in cells that have a defect in collagen binding and internalization and an impaired migratory phenotype.