cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF SURGICAL INDICATIONS FOR TIBIAL DEROTATIONAL OSTEOTOMY

Background:Tibial torsion is a lower extremity disorder of children and adolescents that may be idiopathic in nature. While spontaneous correction of the torsion occurs in the majority of patients ...
DNA Thermal Stability Depends on Solvent Viscosity.

Capillary electrophoresis has been used to measure the thermal stability of small DNA hairpins in solutions containing 0.3 M cation, comparing the results observed in Na+ and NH4+ with those observ...
A Multiple Definitions Model of Classification Into Fuzzy Categories.

This paper describes a new hypothesis, referred to as the multiple definitions model, concerning the mental representation of fuzzy concepts. The basic claim of the model is that such concepts are represented as a set of multiple definitions, where each definition is exact. Fuzziness results from the fact that using such concepts requires sampling multiple such exact definitions of the concept. The model was applied to concepts that can be defined as a range of values over a single dimension (such as middle-age), and tested using conjunctions and disjunctions of middle-age (e.g., “A person is middle-aged at both 50 and 63.”). The model predicts that, controlling for the truths of individual ages, the truths of conjunctions involving ages that are close together will be judged higher than the truths of conjunctions involving ages farther apart, and that the opposite effect will occur for disjunctions (the distance effect). The results of two experiments confirmed this prediction. However, both experiments also found that conjunctions were judged truer than the less true of their component ages, and that disjunctions were judged less true than the truer of their component ages. The model does not predict this “minimax” effect. One possible explanation of the minimax effect was tested; another modeled. The overall conclusion is that the multiple definitions model is a viable contender to explain the distance effect. The minimax effect, however, is still in need of a satisfactory explanation.
Double Helix: Reading Scripture in a Genomic Age

This autobiographical account details the author's upbringing in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in southern Idaho and outlines how his encounters with history and science undermined his faith. Dr. Thomas W Murphy presented this story as a keynote speaker at the Help for the Hurting Conference in Keokuk, Iowa in September, 2003, less than a year after the LDS Church initiated and then aborted an effort to excommunicate him for his publication of a summary of genetic research into Native American origins and its implications for the Book of Mormon.
74. Trends in utilization of radiotherapy for spinal meningiomas: insights from the 2004-2015 National Cancer Database

BACKGROUND CONTEXT Meningiomas are one of the most frequently encountered tumor types in the spinal cord, accounting for 20-25% of all spine tumors. Treatment strategies may include observation (active surveillance), surgical excision, radiotherapy/radiosurgery or combination of modalities. Surgery continues to be the most frequently utilized treatment modality, but radiotherapy is also an available treatment option most commonly reserved for high grade or recurrent lesions. Moreover, recent studies have reported on the useful role of radiosurgery for local control and symptom relief for spinal meningioma. PURPOSE To evaluate national utilization trends of radiotherapy/radiosurgery, investigate possible factors associated with its use in patients with spinal meningioma and its impact on survival for atypical tumors. STUDY DESIGN/SETTING Retrospective study from the national cancer database (NCDB). PATIENT SAMPLE Patients with spinal meningiomas in the 2004-2015 National Cancer Database. OUTCOME MEASURES Outcome measures were utilization rates of radiotherapy and radiosurgery and overall survival. METHODS The National Cancer Database (NCDB) was queried for patients diagnosed with spinal meningioma between 2004 and 2015 using ICD-O-3 topographical codes of 70.1, 72.0 and 72.1 and histological codes of 9350-9535 and 9537-9539. Patients receiving radiation in addition to surgery and patients receiving radiation as the only treatment modality were analyzed for factors associated with each treatment. RESULTS We found a total of 269 patients who received any type of radiation. Patients were divided into two main groups for the analysis as radiation alone 137 (51.1%) and radiation plus surgery 131 (48.9%). Age >69 (p=0.03), male sex (p=0.04), tumor size >6 cm (p=0.008) were found to be associated with significantly higher odds while Charlson score >=2 (p=0.04) to be associated with significantly lower odds of receiving radiation alone. In addition, a higher tumor size (2-3 cm, p=0.001; 3-4 cm, p 6 cm, p CONCLUSIONS The current analysis from a national cancer database revealed a small increase in utilization of radiation for management, without benefit to overall survival. Higher tumor size and borderline/malignant behavior were found to be associated with increased utilization. The present analysis failed to demonstrate an overall survival benefit to utilizing adjuvant radiation for atypical tumors. FDA DEVICE/DRUG STATUS This abstract does not discuss or include any applicable devices or drugs.
Laparotomy for Midgut Volvulus

This chapter describes the surgical procedure for laparotomy for midgut volvulus as performed by the following approach: open. Indications for this procedure are classically bilious emesis in a child. An upper gastrointestinal contrast study typically confirms the diagnosis of midgut volvulus prior to operative intervention. However, in a child with bilious emesis and peritonitis, often the child is brought directly to the operating room for exploratory laparotomy due to the time-dependent nature of the diagnosis. Risks of the operation include the need for bowel resection, possible ostomy creation, and possible second-look laparotomy. There are no alternatives to surgery in the management of midgut volvulus. Essential steps include derotation of the midgut in a counter clockwise manner, lysis of Ladd’s bands of the duodenum and vascular pedicle, and appendectomy (optional).
Lymphatic Imaging Techniques

Abstract The lymphatic system is a poorly understood and historically under-recognized component of the overall circulatory system. Lymphatic vessels have been difficult to study, given their small size relative to arteries and veins. Consequently, for centuries, little was known about the complex anatomy and physiology of the lymphatic system. Lymphatic pathophysiology and complications of lymphatic injury have underscored the importance of lymph nodes, lymphatic vasculature and their role in immune regulation, transportation of metabolites, and fluid balance. Innovation and refinement in advanced imaging has allowed for higher resolution imaging of the lymphatic circulation which in turn has led to improved understanding and targeted therapies. The imaging modalities that have permitted the evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment of lymphatic disorders are reviewed.
Amplification of Waveguide Teleconnections in the Boreal Summer

While the influence of climate change on mid-latitude atmospheric circulation remains uncertain, hypotheses based on linear waveguide dynamics have been proposed suggesting amplification of circumglobal quasi-stationary Rossby wave events, which may have led to persistent and high-impact extremes in recent boreal summers. It is thus useful to synthesize these hypotheses and to discuss limitations of this simplified dynamical framework for explaining observed features. The hypothesis that climate change can alter the basic circulation state and thereby enhance circumglobal waveguide teleconnections by increasing their resonance has been proposed but has not yet been verified with models. Furthermore, there is no convincing evidence that the variability of disturbances within the waveguide will increase in future climates projected by the CMIP5 models. On the other hand, recent research indicates that enhanced diabatic heating, particularly that associated with increasing aridity in the mid-latitude, can stimulate the jet stream waveguides, thus suggesting an alternative mechanism which, if properly modeled, could lead to more high-amplitude circumglobal planetary wave events. There could be circumstances that lead to resonant amplification of waveguide Rossby waves in the boreal summer, but an alternative mechanism that involves changes in the forcing rather than the mean state deserves closer attention.
Single-Event Characterization of the 16 nm FinFET Xilinx UltraScale+ TM RFSoC Field-Programmable Gate Array under Proton Irradiation

This study examines the single-event upset and single-event latch-up susceptibility of the Xilinx 16nm FinFET Zynq UltraScale+ RFSoC FPGA in proton irradiation. Results for SEU in configuration memory, BlockRAM memory, and device SEL are given.
A Novel Fitted Rolling Horizon Control Approach for Real-Time Policy Making in Microgrid

In recent years, rolling horizon control (RHC) approaches have attracted growing attention due to its feature of reducing forecast errors for real-time/online operation and optimization. However, the performance of the existing RHC approach degrades if the intra-day forecast data is unavailable or missing due to Internet or cloud service provider outages, software/hardware failures, and many other factors. In this paper, we propose a new fitted-RHC approach to overcome this challenge. The proposed fitted-RHC framework is designed with a regression algorithm which utilizes the empirical knowledge to make the real-time decisions whenever the intra-day forecast data is unavailable. The regression algorithm utilizes a statistical relative probability method to calculate the relative probability for each decision vector, and output the proper optimization policy. In addition, we adopt a modified version of exogenous information transition function that is more suitable to conduct the simulations in a real-time environment. Simulation results in microgird show that the proposed fitted-RHC approach can achieve the optimal policy for the deterministic case even with the missing data, and perform efficiently with the uncertain environment in stochastic case study. In comparison, the proposed fitted-RHC approach outperforms several other optimization techniques.
Intrauterine insemination cycles: prediction of success and thresholds for poor prognosis and futile care.

We aimed to define intrauterine insemination (IUI) cycle characteristics associated with viable birth, identify thresholds below which IUI treatments are consistent with very poor prognosis and futile care, and develop a nomogram for individualized application. This retrospective cohort study evaluated couples using fresh partner ejaculate for IUI from January 2005 to September 2017. Variables included female age, semen characteristics, and ovarian stimulation type. Using cycle-level data, we evaluated the association of these characteristics with the probability of viable birth by fitting generalized regression models for a binary outcome with a logit link function, using generalized estimating equation methodology to account for the correlation between cycles involving the same patient. The cohort consisted of 1117 women with 2912 IUI cycles; viable birth was achieved in 275 (9.4%) cycles. Futile care (viable birth rate 43, regardless of stimulation type or inseminate motility (IM). Very poor prognosis (viable birth rate < 5%) was identified for women using oral medications or Clomid plus gonadotropins who were (1) age < 35 with IM < 49%, (2) age 35–37 with IM < 56%, or (3) age ≥ 38, and (4) women age ≥ 38 using gonadotropins only with IM < 60%. A clinical prediction model and nomogram was developed with an optimism-corrected c-statistic of 0.611. The present study highlights the impact of multiple clinical factors on IUI success, identifies criteria consistent with very poor prognosis and futile care, and provides a nomogram to individualize counseling regarding the probability of a viable birth.
Nurse Reports of Stressful Situations during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Qualitative Analysis of Survey Responses

The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has exposed nurses to conditions that threaten their health, well-being, and ability to work. It is therefore critical to study nurses’ experiences and well-being during the current crisis in order to identify risk groups for ill health and potential sources of organizational intervention. The aim of this study was to explore perceptions of the most salient sources of stress in the early stages of the coronavirus pandemic in a sample of U.S. nurses. A cross-sectional online survey was conducted among a sample of 695 U.S. nurses in May 2020. Content analysis was conducted on nurses’ responses (n = 455) to an open-ended question on the most stressful situations they had experienced during the pandemic. Six distinct themes emerged from the analysis: exposure/infection-self; illness/death-others; workplace; personal protective equipment/supplies; unknowns; opinions/politics. Two sub-themes concerned restrictions associated with the pandemic and feelings of inadequacy/helplessness regarding patients and their treatment. More than half of all comments concerned stress related to problems in workplace response to the pandemic. Healthcare institutions should provide opportunities for nurses to discuss the stress they are experiencing, support one another, and make suggestions for workplace adaptations during this pandemic.
The COVID-19 Menace

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by the new severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which binds to ectoenzyme angiotensin-converting enzyme 2. It is very contagious and is spreading rapidly around the world. Until now, coronaviruses have mainly been associated with the aerodigestive tract due to the presence of a monobasic cleavage site for the resident transmembrane serine protease 2. Notably, SARS-CoV-2 is equipped with a second, polybasic cleavage site for the ubiquitous furin protease, which may determine the widespread tissue tropism. Furthermore, the terminal sequence of the furin-cleaved spike protein also binds to neuropilin receptors. Clinically, there is enormous variability in the severity of the disease. Severe consequences are seen in a relatively small number of patients, most show moderate symptoms, but asymptomatic cases, especially among young people, drive disease spread. Unfortunately, the number of local infections can quickly build up, causing disease outbreaks suddenly exhausting health services' capacity. Therefore, COVID-19 is dangerous and unpredictable and has become the most serious threat for generations. Here, the latest research on COVID-19 is summarized, including its spread, testing methods, organ-specific complications, the role of comorbidities, long-term consequences, mortality, as well as a new hope for immunity, drugs, and vaccines.
Cancer cell-specific MHCII expression as a determinant of the immune infiltrate organization and function in the non-small cell lung cancer tumor microenvironment

Abstract Introduction In patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), the prognostic significance of the tumor microenvironment (TME) immune composition has been demonstrated using single or dual-marker staining on sequential tissue sections. While these studies show that relative abundance and localization of immune cells are important parameters, deeper analyses of the NSCLC TME are necessary to refine the potential application of these findings to clinical care. Currently, the complex spatial relationships between cells of the NSCLC TME and potential drivers contributing to its immunologic composition remain unknown. Methods We employed multispectral quantitative imaging on the lung adenocarcinoma TME in 153 patients with resected tumors. On a single slide per patient, we evaluated the TME with markers for CD3, CD8, CD14, CD19, major histocompatibility complex II (MHCII), cytokeratin, and DAPI. Image analysis including tissue segmentation, phenotyping, and spatial localization were performed. Results Specimens where ≥5% of lung cancer cells expressed MHCII (MHCIIhi TME) demonstrated increased levels of CD4+ and CD8+ T cell and CD14+ cell infiltration. In the MHCIIhi TME, the immune infiltrate was closer to cancer cells and expressed an activated phenotype. Morphologic image analysis revealed cancer cells in the MHCIIhi TME more frequently interfaced with CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Patients with an MHCIIhi TME experienced improved overall survival (p=0.046). Conclusions Lung cancer cell-specific expression of MHCII associates with levels of immune cell infiltration, spatial localization, and activation status within the TME. This suggest cancer cell-specific expression of MHCII may represent a biomarker for the immune system’s recognition and activation against the tumor.
How Can Organizations Prevent Cyber Attacks Using Proper Cloud Computing Security

Cloud Computing is a collection of services and products delivered over a network or the Internet. The intruder no longer has to attack the user’s entire infrastructure. They can point out applications that override the apps anyone makes in the cloud and use simple bandwidth attacks to make them unavailable to that service. There are various security attacks such as Denial-of-Service (DoS) attacks, Malware injection attacks, Side-channel attacks, Man-in-the-middle, and Authentication attacks. Secure HTTP is an excellent example of a DoS attack. A machine-learning algorithm such as Support Vector Machine (SVM), Naive Bayes, Decision tree, Logistic regression, and Ensemble methods can detect this attack in the cloud Cloud Computing is a flexible technology that provides reliable and tremendous resources that are needed for users who want low infrastructure costs. Although the cloud has many advantages, it faces many challenges such as exposure, network dependence, downtime, vendor access, and limited control.
Executing stream joins on the cell processor

Low-latency and high-throughput processing are key requirements of data stream management systems (DSMSs). Hence, multi-core processors that provide high aggregate processing capacity are ideal matches for executing costly DSMS operators. The recently developed Cell processor is a good example of a heterogeneous multi-core architecture and provides a powerful platform for executing data stream operators with high-performance. On the down side, exploiting the full potential of a multi-core processor like Cell is often challenging, mainly due to the heterogeneous nature of the processing elements, the software managed local memory at the co-processor side, and the unconventional programming model in general. In this paper, we study the problem of scalable execution of windowed stream join operators on multi-core processors, and specifically on the Cell processor. By examining various aspects of join execution flow, we determine the right set of techniques to apply in order to minimize the sequential segments and maximize parallelism. Concretely, we show that basic windows coupled with low-overhead pointer-shifting techniques can be used to achieve efficient join window partitioning, column-oriented join window organization can be used to minimize scattered data transfers, delay-optimized double buffering can be used for effective pipelining, rate-aware batching can be used to balance join throughput and tuple delay, and finally SIMD (single-instruction multiple-data) optimized operator code can be used to exploit data parallelism. Our experimental results show that, following the design guidelines and implementation techniques outlined in this paper, windowed stream joins can achieve high scalability (linear in the number of co-processors) by making efficient use of the extensive hardware parallelism provided by the Cell processor (reaching data processing rates of a 13 GB/sec) and significantly surpass the performance obtained form conventional high-end processors (supporting a combined input stream rate of 2000 tuples/sec using 15 minutes windows and without dropping any tuples, resulting in a 8.3 times higher output rate compared to an SSE implementation on dual 3.2Ghz Intel Xeon).
Chapter 10 The organization and regulation of non-NMDA receptors in neurons

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the molecular properties of native, non-N-methyl-D-aspartate (non-NMDA) receptors and discusses several key steps leading to the formation of functional receptors in neurons, which include subunit assembly, intracellular targeting, synaptic expression, and regulation of activity by phosphorylation. An understanding of the biochemical properties of non-NMDA receptors, as determined largely from recombinant receptors, is necessary to appreciate the biochemistry of glutamate receptors in neurons. The chapter reviews this information and covers all the three non-NMDA receptor subtypes—α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionic acid (AMPA), kainate, and delta receptors—but concentrates on the AMPA receptors, which have been the most thoroughly characterized thus far, and, in many cases, are representative of all non-NMDA ionotropic glutamate receptors. One of the most interesting recent discoveries in the glutamate receptor field is that the neurodegeneration in the Lurcher mouse is caused by a mutation in the δ2 glutamate receptor gene. This study demonstrates the functional importance of the delta receptor family, as well as TM3 in regulating the channel, but more importantly demonstrates that a genetic abnormality in the glutamate receptor system can lead to neurodegeneration.
Planar quadrilateral quality measures

This article examines the quality assessment of planar quadrilateral mesh elements in a comprehensive way. First, an analytic characterization of quadrangular shape is provided, and existing concepts of stretching and skewness, earlier proposed for specific geometries, are generalized. Then, two triangle quality measures are extended to quadrilaterals and their respective extremal and asymptotic behaviors examined, showing in particular that even if needed they cannot detect the triangular degeneracy of a quadrilateral. An existing quality measure is then discussed, which is able to handle this case. In particular, an unbalanced asymptotic behavior is demonstrated, justifying the need for a new approach. Toward this goal, the triangle quality measure based on Frobenius norm is modified in order to replace equilateral reference element by right isosceles triangles, with control on the specific right angle. Finally, two new quadrilateral quality measures are designed and examined using these results. Numerical results illustrate the matter.
PID syn: A new toolbox for PID controller design

A new toolbox for the design of Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controllers has been implemented in LabVIEW. The entire stabilizing set of PID controller parameters are obtained for continuous as well as discrete time systems. The plant can be a transfer function model or it can be model-free, based on frequency response or impulse response data. For continuous time systems, time delays can also be handled. Subsets simultaneously achieving various design specifications like gain margin, phase margin and maximum overshoot can be obtained. In this paper, we discuss the algorithms achieving these objectives and illustrate them with examples.
Seeds of Doubt: The European Court of Justice’s Decision in Monsanto v. Cefetra and the Effect on European Biotechnology Patent Law

Monsanto Technology LLC v. Cefetra B.V. was the first European Court of Justice (ECJ) interpretation of the twelve-year-old European Union Biotechnology Directive (Directive 98/44/EG), which established the foundation for patenting genetic material in member countries. The ECJ’s decision effectively limited the scope of the directive, and consequently, European biotechnology patent protection by determining that genetic patents are only effective when the patented gene "perform[s] the function for which it is patented." The first part of this paper will discuss the history of the parties in dispute and the industry that is becoming familiar to this kind of dispute. The second and third parts will focus on the specific case that is the focus of this paper, and the final portion will analyze the effect this case had and will continue to have on patent law particularly in the European Union and Argentina.
3D finite element modeling of sand particle fracture based on in situ X‐Ray synchrotron imaging

Summary Compressive loading of granular materials causes inter-particle forces to develop and evolve into force chains that propagate through the granular body. At high-applied compressive stresses, inter-particle forces will be large enough to cause particle fracture, affecting the constitutive behavior of granular materials. The first step to modeling particle fracture within force chains in granular mass is to understand and model the fracture of a single particle using actual three-dimensional (3D) particle shape. In this paper, the fracture mode of individual silica sand particles was captured using 3D x-ray radiography and Synchrotron Micro-computed Tomography (SMT) during in situ compression experiments. The SMT images were used to reconstruct particle surfaces through image processing techniques. Particle surface was then imported into Abaqus finite element (FE) software where the experimental loading setup was modeled using the extended finite element method (XFEM) where particle fracture was compared to experimental fracture mode viewed in radiograph images that were acquired during experimental loading. Load-displacement relationships of the FE analysis were also compared with experimental measurements. 3D FE modeling of particle fracture offers an excellent tool to map stress distribution and monitors crack initiation and propagation within individual sand particles. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Latest Quaternary paleoseismology and evidence of distributed dextral shear along the Mohawk Valley fault zone, northern Walker Lane, California

The dextral-slip Mohawk Valley fault zone (MVFZ) strikes northwestward along the eastern margin of the Sierra Nevada in the northern Walker Lane. Geodetic block modeling indicates that the MVFZ may accommodate ~3 mm/yr of regional dextral strain, implying that it is the highest slip-rate strike-slip fault in the region; however, only limited geologic data are available to constrain the system's slip rate and earthquake history. We mapped the MVFZ using airborne lidar data and field observations and identified a site near Sulphur Creek for paleoseismic investigation. At this site, oblique dextral-normal faulting on the steep valley margin has created a closed depression that floods annually during spring snowmelt to form an ephemeral pond. We excavated three fault-perpendicular trenches at the site and exposed pond sediment that interfingers with multiple colluvial packages eroded from the scarp that bounds the eastern side of the pond. We documented evidence for four surface-rupturing earthquakes on this strand of the MVFZ. OxCal modeling of radiocarbon and luminescence ages indicates that these earthquakes occurred at 14.0 ka, 12.8 ka, 5.7 ka, and 1.9 ka. The mean ~4 kyr recurrence interval is inconsistent with slip rates of ~3 mm/yr; these rates imply surface ruptures of more than 10 m per event, which is geologically implausible for the subdued geomorphic expression and 60 km length of the MVFZ. We propose that unidentified structures not yet incorporated into geodetic models may accommodate significant dextral shear across the northern Walker Lane, highlighting the role of distributed deformation in this region.
Behavior of a polydisperse cluster of interacting drops evaporating in an inviscid vortex

The dynamics and evaporation of polydisperse collections of liquid drops in an axisymmetric, infinite, cylindrical vortex are described using a statistical model. This model describes both the dense regime where inter-particle effects are important and the dilute regime. The initial size distribution is partitioned into size classes and each initial size-class is followed dynamically and thermodynamically using a class-defined, drop-frame coordinate system. Each initial-size-class develops a continuum of sizes as drops centrifuge towards hotter surroundings and evaporate. A separate coordinate system tracks the gas phase. Because larger drops experience larger centrifugal force, they approach the hotter gas faster. However, for appropriate liquid heating times, the large drops might evaporate at a faster rate, and so the size-differentiated centrifugation previously observed and calculated for cold flow situations does not occur. Instead, a radially peaked drop size distribution is developed in the gas vortex. The centrifugal motion forms a drop-free inner vortex core bound by a cylindrical shell containing all the drops. This shell of gas and drops is called the drop cluster. Numerical calculations show that more parameters control dense clusters than dilute clusters; examples of these parametric relations include: (i the gas vortex, whereas drop size distribution controls the outer region; and (ii increases the maximum mass fraction of the evaporated compound and enhances penetration of the evaporated compound into the surroundings. Except for dilute clusters, the assumption of uniform drop number distribution in the cluster is found to be inappropriate. Instead, the drop size distribution always becomes non-uniform even if the initial size distribution is monodisperse and the initial drop number distribution is uniform. This development of non-uniformity is caused by drops at the cluster peripheries preventing heat conduction/convection to drops in the central cluster.
Global fracture patterns of a despun planet: Application to Mercury

We have determined the global fracture patterns resulting from combinations of stresses due to tidal despinning and contraction or expansion. We find that Mercury's lineament pattern is consistent with a history of despinning and contraction. According to our model, the observed tectonic pattern implies that the despinning process reached completion before the planet ceased contracting. Our model predicts a stress due to contraction which is up to 1.8 times the maximum despinning stress on Mercury. The maximum contractional stress could be as large as 4 times the maximum despinning stress if the oldest fractures on the planet are N-S thrust faults in the equatorial region.
STATE OF THE ART/SCIENCE IN ANTHROPOLOGY a

3 The symbolism of the quest for scientific status was marked: the archetypical image was not clad in academic robes but in a white lab coat, preferably with a slide rule (remember the slide rule?) sticking out of the pocket. Everyone wanted “laboratory” status. I worked at Harvard in both the Laboratory of Social Relations and the Laboratory of Human Development, and [begin page 328] even in France the burgeoning structuralists at the College de France instituted the Laboratoire de l’anthropologie sociale — still there and still flourishing under the same title. Both Britain and the United States then had a Social Science Research Council, and would have settled for nothing less. The vindictive Tory government in the United Kingdom has recently stripped the Science from its research council title — surely to avenge themselves on the pesky Fabians from the London School of Economics. Signs of the times indeed. We anthropologists understand these symbolic gestures, no? But back then it was science or bust. The terror of being excluded from scientific grace was palpable. The last thing a Ph.D. candidate wanted to hear was that he was being “unscientific.” Words of doom. 4 Just what constituted being scientific was in turn much debated. At Harvard it raged between the statistical crowd (analysis of variance qualified you for scientific heaven) and the Freudians. But even many of
Blood Respiratory Changes in Common Carp Exposed to a Lethal Concentration of Rotenone

Abstract Common carp Cyprinus carpio were exposed to a lethal concentration of rotenone (0.1 mg/L), and blood was sampled after 2, 7, and 21 min. Exposure times were selected to correspond with changes in behavior: after 2 min fish started swimming to the surface, after 7 min equilibrium was lost, and after 21 min fish sank to the bottom. Fish died 35–40 min after exposure to rotenone. Blood oxygen partial pressure showed a dramatic 10-fold increase compared with control values after 21 min, while pH decreased and partial pressure of carbon dioxide did not change. Increases in blood oxygen content, which were probably related to blockage of cellular oxygen use, indicate that branchial uptake of oxygen was not significantly impaired.
The Keratocystic Odontogenic Tumor

In 2005, the World Health Organization renamed the lesion previously known as an odontogenic keratocyst as the keratocystic odontogenic tumor. The clinical features associated with the keratocystic odontogenic tumor show it to be a unilocular or multilocular radiolucency, occurring most frequently in the posterior mandible. These tumors are normally diagnosed histologically from a sample of the lining. With simple enucleation, it seems that the recurrence rate may be from 25% to 60%.
The Benefits of Biculturalism: Exposure to Immigrant Culture and Dropping out of School among Asian and Latino Youths

Objective. This study examines how retaining an immigrant culture affects school dropout rates among Vietnamese, Koreans, Chinese, Filipinos, Japanese, Mexicans, Puerto Ricans, and Cubans. Methods. I use 1990 Census data to analyze how language use, household language, and presence of immigrants in the household affect dropping out of school. Results. Overall, I found that these measures have similar effects on these diverse groups: bilingual students are less likely to drop out than English-only speakers, students in bilingual households are less likely to drop out than those in English-dominant or English-limited households, and students in immigrant households are less likely to drop out than those in nonimmigrant households. Conclusions. These findings suggest that those who enjoy the greatest educational success are not those who have abandoned their ethnic cultures and are most acculturated. Rather, bicultural youths who can draw resources from both the immigrant community and mainstream society are best situated to enjoy educational success.
ATR-FTIR study of lipopolysaccharides at mineral surfaces.

Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) are ubiquitous in natural aqueous systems because of bacterial cell turnover and lysis. LPS sorption and conformation at the mineral/water interface are strongly influenced by both solution and surface chemistry. In this study, the interaction of LPS with various surfaces (ZnSe, GeO2, α-Fe2O3, α-Al2O3) that vary in surface charge and hydrophobicity was investigated using attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy. The presence of Ca2+ (versus Na+) in LPS solutions resulted in aggregate reorientation and increased sorptive retention. ATR-FTIR spectra of Na-LPS systems are consistent with reduced surface affinity and are similar to those of solution phase LPS. Ca-LPS spectra reveal hydrophobic interactions of the lipid A region at the ZnSe internal reflection element (IRE). However, pH-dependent charge controls Ca-LPS sorption to hydrophilic surfaces (GeO2, α-Fe2O3, and α-Al2O3), where bonding occurs principally via O-antigen functional groups. As a result of accumulation at the solid–liquid interface, spectra of Ca-LPS represent primarily surface-bound LPS. Variable-angle ATR-FTIR spectra of Ca-LPS systems show depth-dependent trends that occur at the spatial scale of LPS aggregates, consistent with the formation of vesicular structures.
Extra-adrenal pheochromocytoma in an adolescent.

scribed, subtly lobulated, predominantly T1-hypointense, T2-hyperintense retroperitoneal mass near the aortic bifurcation (Figs. 1 and 2). Pathology was consistent with pheochromocytoma. Pheochromocytoma is a relatively rare, catecholamine-secreting tumor, with 10% presenting in childhood [1]. Most arise from the adrenal medulla (90%), while the rest occur in extra-adrenal sympathetic tissue (10%) and might also be referred to as extraadrenal pheochromocytoma or paraganglioma [1]. MRI typically reveals a T1-hypointense, T2-hyperintense, avidly enhancing mass. However, atypical features such as cystic, hemorrhagic, fatty, and calcified components are possible [2]. There are the associated possibilities of malignant hypertension and cardiac arrhythmias [2]. Associated syndromes include MEN 2A and B, neurofibromatosis 1, Von Hippel-Lindau, and Sturge-Weber [1].
Spatial-spectral unmixing using the sensor PSF

Multispectral image data can be processed to 'unmix' component fractions for each pixel. Traditionally, however, these techniques do not account for the spatial spread of the signal due to the sensor point spread function (PSF). Optical PSFs typically have a width of about 0.5 to 1 pixels, which mixes spectral signatures from outside the ground-instantaneous-field-of-view of the pixel of interest. We have devised a mathematical and algorithmic framework for incorporating the sensor PSF into the unmixing problem. The approach requires solution of additional simultaneous equations from the neighboring pixels around the pixel of interest. These equations include weighting factors derived from the PSF, which is assumed to be adequately known for the specific sensor. The spatial-spectral algorithm has yielded a 28 percent error reduction for a simulated terrestrial scene when compared to a traditional unmixing method.In addition, the spatial-spectral algorithm significantly reduces the spatial width of unmixing error at class boundaries. In conclusion, the modified unmixing algorithm achieves notably improved unmixing results by including the previously ignored PSF effect on spatial- spectral mixing.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Macroscopic magnetic properties of high Tc epitaxial Y1Ba2Cu3Ox thin films

Abstract Macroscopic magnetic characterization of epitaxial high T c thin films on SrTiO 3 (110) substrates has been performed using SQUID magnetometry. We have probed the two high symmetry axes which lie in the plane and possess zero macroscopic demagnetization factors ([001] and [1–10]). Zero field cooled and Meissner susceptibility at 10° K for H parallel to the c-axis are similar at 20 Oe, begin to diverge at 100 Oe, and are significantly different at 500 Oe. We estimate H c1 = 450 Oe for this case. Critical current density determined from magnetization loops, J ab c , for H parallel to the c-axis at 10° K is 3–7×1o 6 A/cm 2 for H = 2 to 5 kOe and J c c is about a factor of five or less lower for H applied parallel to the [1–10] direction in the plane which indicates much less anisotropy between the basal plane and c-axis critical currents that has been previously reported in the literature. J ab c shows a relaxation effect as a function of time settling to 1–3×10 6 A/cm 2 for the same field range and temperature after 90 minutes.
The effects of age upon the visual perception of speech.

A sample of 110 middle-aged and geriatric subjects (40 to 87 years) with normal hearing and vision was drawn from the general population in order to compare visual performance for consonant-vowel (CV) syllables and sentences. Results of this investigation revealed that, above 70, age was a factor affecting visual perception of syllables. Individuals above age 70 received the poorest speechreading scores and were inconsistent in viseme categorization. Results of a comparison of speechreading scores for sentences and syllables revealed a greater number of differences among sentences. Only individuals between 40 and 60 years of age received statistically similar mean scores when presented with common sentences. Finally, using a linear regression model, it was found that sentence speechreading performance could be accurately predicted from the CV syllable score within a range of accuracy of ± 9.7%.
Evaluation of a breast examination facilitation device

Breast self-examination (BSE) is recommended in order to help women detect possible breast cancer early in its development Correct BSE performance has been shown tobe positively associated with breast lump detection ability Few women, however, report practising BSE, citing reasons such as dislike of touching one's own breasts, fear of finding a lump, lack of confidence in their-ability to perform BSE The purpose of this study was to test a breast examination facilitation device (BEFD) for women, which would provide a teaching/screening tool, as well as a shield between breast and fingers for women who are reluctant to touch their breasts A sample of 36 registered nurses in the United States was asked to perform BSE on three separate occasions using a BEFD made of latex, paper or cloth on which a wedge pattern for BSE had beenimprinted Subjects found the BEFD to be a useful tool for teaching/learning BSE, and expressed a clear preference for the latex material One size of BEFD is not adequate for all women A smaller size for women who wear A and B cup-size bras, and a larger size for women who wear C cup size and above, would be more acceptable
Development of a Pilot-Scale Preparation of N-[[(5S)-3-[4-(1,1-Dioxido-4- thiomorpholinyl)-3,5-difluorophenyl]-2-oxo-5-oxazolidinyl]methyl]acetamide, PNU-288034, an Oxazolidinone Antibacterial Agent

As part of Pfizer's continuing efforts in the oxazolidinone area, we have developed an efficient synthesis of PNU-288034 and successfully implemented it on pilot scale. The key step was a novel, acid-catalyzed, double Michael addition of 2,6-difluoroaniline with divinyl sulfone to install the desired dioxidothiomorpholinyl ring. Regioselective nitration provided the desired para-nitrogen, which was converted to the penultimate carbamate using standard chemistry. The resulting carbamate proved to be an excellent substrate for the recently reported oxazolidinone synthesis. As is normally the case, removing impurities to achieve our quality targets for API was a challenge, but unexpectedly, some impurities also caused significant processing difficulties as well. In the end, a safe and robust process was developed which provided clinical-quality material in five linear steps with an overall yield of 41% and was proven reproducible in multiple pilot-plant campaigns.
Drug-receptor-related stereoselectivities in fat cells.

Abstract In fat cells, with the aid of stereoisomers of norepinephrine, a correlation between the initial events in the drug-receptor interactions and the end pharmacologic effect was sought. In the presence of theophylline, the isomeric activity difference for the rise in intracellular cyclic AMP was 2.5 log units. The rise presumably occurs through the stereoselective interaction of the isomers at the β-adrenergic receptor and/or adenylate cyclase. The isomeric activity difference for the lipolysis, an end pharmacologic effect, was the same, 2.5 log units. Although the stereoselective rise in cyclic AMP indicates that the event preceding the rise must also be stereoselective, the incubation of (−)- or (+)-norepinephrine with (−)-3H-norepinephrine with fat cell membrane particles failed to show the selectivity in binding. The methodological problems for such failure are discussed.
Determination of Ce valence in Rh-Ce/Al2O3 catalysts by X-ray absorption

Measurements of the cerium LIII absorption edges of Rh-Ce/Al2O3 catalysts were made to determine changes in the cerium valence produced by high temperature treatments in oxygen or hydrogen. The valences of cerium in the catalyst treated in oxygen at 900°C and CeO2 are nearly identical. However, approximately 50% of the cerium is trivalent in the catalyst treated in hydrogen at 900°C. Several local environments consistent with the reduced catalyst valence, namely, cerium alloyed with rhodium, non-stoichiometric cerium oxides, and heterogeneous mixtures of cerium oxides, are examined. We conclude that on Rh-Ce/Al2O3 treated in hydrogen at 900°C, Ce exists as a mixture of Ce2O3 and CeAlO3. Air exposure at 25°C converts the Ce2O3 portion to CeO2.
The Search for Elusive Social Media Data: An Evolving Librarian–Faculty Collaboration

Abstract In the rapidly changing information environment, it is advantageous for librarians and researchers to collaborate. This manuscript describes a collaborative writing project between Communication faculty and a reference librarian at the University of Louisville. The primary project on collaboration among teaching faculty and librarians is discussed. The article delves into the literature, the data gathering process, the unexpected findings, the benefits of librarian and teaching faculty partnerships, and implications for future collaborations.
Confluent and reticulated papillomatosis: Response to high-dose oral isotretinoin therapy and reassessment of epidemiologic data

Confluent and reticulated papillomatosis is most probably a disorder of keratinization rather than a fungal infection. We describe an 18-year-old man who was effectively treated with high-dose oral isotretinoin. Our review of the literature on confluent and reticulated papillomatosis refutes previously accepted epidemiologic data. (J Am Acad Dermatol 1994:31:327-31.)
Effects of Starter Culture and Coagulating Enzymes on Viscoelastic Behavior and Melt of Mozzarella Cheese

: Mozzarella cheeses were made with a single culture (SC) or a mixed culture (MC) using 1x or 6x of cheese coagulants chymosin or Cryphonectria parasitica (CP). Melt area increased only by approximately 80% in cheeses made with SC against 230% in the cheeses made with MC after 30 d of storage. Soluble nitrogen was also higher in MC cheeses as compared to SC cheeses. Both the elastic (G’) and the viscous (G”) modulus decreased with storage. Decrease in both moduli was greater in the MC cheeses at 6× enzyme level compared to SC cheeses at 1× enzyme level. The synergism between coagulating enzyme and starter culture was beneficial, which improved melt and flow of Mozzarella cheese and had profound effects on the viscoelastic properties of Mozzarella cheese.
Inverted duplication of 8p: ten new patients and review of the literature

We evaluated 10 patients with an inverted tandem duplication of 8p. Inverted duplications of chromosome 8 have been reported infrequently, and no syndrome has been previously identified. All 8 patients on whom birth histories were available were hypotonic at birth, and had feeding difficulties in the neonatal period. All patients have significant developmental delay. Manifestations present in 5 or more patients were prominent forehead, high arched palate, large mouth with a thin upper lip, malformed and/or apparently low-set ears, broad nasal bridge, dental and skeletal abnormalities, and joint laxity or hyperextensibility. Variation in the phenotype may, in part, be explained by the different breakpoints. Recurrence risks of de novo rearrangements are probably very low, but for the recombinants the risk may be significant. The duplication appeared to be de novo in 6 patients (both parental karyotypes were normal); maternal karyotypes were normal in 2 patients, and both parents of 1 patient were not available. One propositus had a monocentric recombinant of a paracentric inv(8) (p12p23.3) carried by the mother, and is one of only 6 known cases of duplication associated with a balanced paracentric inversion in a parent. The carrier parent was the mother in 5 of those 6 cases. Each case involved a different chromosome, and each probably was created by an unusual meiotic recombination event. Inverted duplication 8p is one of the most common duplications observed in our laboratories, and ranks in frequency with the classical deletions, such as Wolf-Hirschhorn and cri-du-chat syndromes and duplication or secondary trisomy 15q1.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)