cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia and other changes during promotion and progression.

Summary Preneoplastic lesions, early neoplastic lesions and carcinomas in situ have been demonstrated to be of great value for many purposes in many organ systems. Their recognition can be useful in epidemiological studies and can facilitate the selection of patients for therapeutic interventions. They can be used as “surrogate endpoint biomarkers” in studies aimed at the chemoprevention of cancers. In the lung, colon and various other organs, such markers are well recognized to be associated with the development o f cancer in man. In the livers and colons of experimental animals, there has been detailed characterization of “enzyme-altered foci” (EAF) as “putative preneoplastic markers.” The words “surrogate” and “putative” are important; the biological potential of these lesions needs to be elucidated in much greater detail. The quantification of early lesions that are associated with and sometimes precursors of neo plasia is of particular value because they are much more numerous, in most organ systems, than the carcinomas that develop in the same organs. The most abundant of these lesions show minimal or no morphological alterations. For example, EAF and aberrant crypts are more numerous than polyps in the colons of patients and experimental animals with cancer or precancerous conditions that affect the colon. Currently, there are few well documented putative or surrogate markers that are highly associated with the development of Prostatic carcinoma in man. The best documented among these is Prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia. We have recently reported the identification of EAF in the human prostate. While they share many phenotypic alterations with Prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia, much remains to be accomplished if their biological fate is to be understood.
Do Defense Attorney Referrals for Competence to Stand Trial Evaluations Depend on Whether the Client Speaks English or Spanish

Criminal defense attorneys (N = 142) responded to a survey asking them to read a vignette describing a Hispanic defendant charged with assault and rate the severity of the defendant’s mental illness and likelihood of referring him for an evaluation of competence to stand trial (CST). The vignettes varied in terms of whether the defendant spoke English or Spanish, and whether his mental illness symptoms were obvious or ambiguous. Overall, attorneys rated the Spanish-speaking defendant as less mentally ill than the English-speaking defendant, and were less likely to refer the Spanish-speaking defendant for a CST evaluation. Attorneys who perceived more logistical barriers to seeking a CST evaluation in their local communities were less likely to refer the defendant for a CST evaluation, but only when the defendant spoke Spanish. These findings suggest attorney decisions were influenced by language, although further research is needed to identify the mechanism of this influence.
The Niche Factor Syndecan-1 Regulates the Maintenance and Proliferation of Neural Progenitor Cells during Mammalian Cortical Development

Neural progenitor cells (NPCs) divide and differentiate in a precisely regulated manner over time to achieve the remarkable expansion and assembly of the layered mammalian cerebral cortex. Both intrinsic signaling pathways and environmental factors control the behavior of NPCs during cortical development. Heparan sulphate proteoglycans (HSPG) are critical environmental regulators that help modulate and integrate environmental cues and downstream intracellular signals. Syndecan-1 (Sdc1), a major transmembrane HSPG, is highly enriched in the early neural germinal zone, but its function in modulating NPC behavior and cortical development has not been explored. In this study we investigate the expression pattern and function of Sdc1 in the developing mouse cerebral cortex. We found that Sdc1 is highly expressed by cortical NPCs. Knockdown of Sdc1 in vivo by in utero electroporation reduces NPC proliferation and causes their premature differentiation, corroborated in isolated cells in vitro. We found that Sdc1 knockdown leads to reduced levels of β-catenin, indicating reduced canonical Wnt signaling. Consistent with this, GSK3β inhibition helps rescue the Sdc1 knockdown phenotype, partially restoring NPC number and proliferation. Moreover, exogenous Wnt protein promotes cortical NPC proliferation, but this is prevented by Sdc1 knockdown. Thus, Sdc1 in the germinal niche is a key HSPG regulating the maintenance and proliferation of NPCs during cortical neurogenesis, in part by modulating the ability of NPCs to respond to Wnt ligands.
Some Comments on the Future of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry

An earlier version of this paper was presented at the National Recruitment Conference on Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, held January 18–19, 1989, in San Diego
DNA repair and gene therapy: implications for translational uses.

Gene therapy has been proposed to have implications in the treatment of cancer. By genetically manipulating the hematopoietic stem cell compartment with genes that confer resistance to chemotherapeutic agents, the dose escalation that is necessary to effectively treat the cancers could potentially be achieved. DNA repair genes are some of the potential candidates to confer increased resistance to chemotherapeutic agents. Although initial focus in this area has been on the direct reversal protein (MGMT), its protective ability is limited to those agents that produce O6-methylGuanine cross-links—agents that are not extensively used clinically (e.g., nitrosoureas). Furthermore, most alkylating agents attack more sites in DNA other than O6-methylGuanine, such that the protections afforded by MGMT may prevent the initial cytotoxicity, but at a price of increased mutational burden and potential secondary leukemias. Therefore, some of the genes that are being tested as candidates for gene transfer are base excision repair (BER) genes. We and others have found that overexpression of selective BER genes confers resistance to chemotherapeutic agents such as thiotepa, ionizing radiation, bleomycin, and other agents. As these “proof of concept” analyses mature, many more clinically relevant chemotherapeutic agents can be tested for BER protective ability. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 35:71–81, 2000 © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Analysis of buckling of hollow laminated composite drive shafts

Abstract Laminated composite, circular cylindrical hollow shafts are used extensively as primary load-carrying structures in many applications under various loading configurations. Advanced composite materials also seem ideally suited for long, power drive-shaft applications. At the same time, from a design point of view, local and general instability arising from the action of torsional loads often represents the limiting load condition. In the present study, a theoretical analysis is presented for determining the buckling torque of a circular cylindrical hollow shaft with layers of arbitrarily laminated composite materials by means of various thin-shell theories. Comparisons with previous investigations are listed for isotropic and arbitrarily laminated composite material drive shafts. Consideration is also given to the various shell theories, such as those of Flugge, Sanders, Love (first approximation), Loo, Morley, and Donnell. The effect of the off-axis stiffnesses and the bending moment on buckling torque is considered.
ELECTRIC POTENTIAL DISTRIBUTION AND SHORT-RANGE SCREENING IN NANOPOROUS TIO2 ELECTRODES

Impedance spectroscopy and electrochemical dye desorption experiments were employed to study the electrical characteristics of nanoporous TiO2 electrodes in the dark. The results show an unusual po...
Metabolic rates of two hemipteran members of a predator-prey complex

Abstract 1. 1. Metabolic rates (O 2 consumption) and respiratory quotients (R.Q.) were measured in a predator, Geocoris punctipes Say (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae) and its prey, Lygus hesperus Knight (Hemiptera: Miridae) under different temperature and diet conditions. Effects of sex and age of subjects were also measured. 2. 2. Adult females and all nymphal G. punctipes , regardless of diet, had R.Q. that indicated carbohydrates as a major fuel. Adult male R.Q. indicated fats as a major fuel. 3. 3. Except for third instar nymphs which used fat as fuel, the primary fuel for all ages of L . hesperus was carbohydrate. 4. 4. Q 10 (25–35°C) for G. punctipes had a steeper slope (3.7 max) than did L. hesperus (2.2 max), but G. punctipes had lower rates of O 2 consumption, than did L. hesperus . 5. 5. Diet quality had a strong influence on metabolic rate in G. punctipes , with the rates of individuals fed insect eggs being 2–5 × greater than those fed lepidopteran larvae and green beans. 6. 6. Relative adaptive qualities of the different Q 10 , R.Q. and metabolic rates for both species are discussed.
Multiple roles for elastic fibers in the skin

Dermal elastic fibers are believed to have a primary role in providing elastic stretch and recoil to the skin. Here we compare the structural arrangement of dermal elastic fibers of chick skin and different animal species. Most elastic fibers in chick skin are derived from cells that line the feather follicle and/or smooth muscle that connects the pterial and apterial muscle bundles to feather follicles. Elastic fibers in the dermis of animals with single, primary hair follicles are derived from cells lining the hair follicle or from the ends of the pili muscle, which anchors the muscle to the matrix or to the hair follicle. Each follicle is interconnected with elastic fibers. Follicles of animals with primary and secondary (wool) hair follicles are also interconnected by elastic fibers, yet only the elastic fibers derived from the primary follicle are connected to each primary follicle. Only the primary hair follicles are connected to the pili muscle. Human skin, but not the skin of other primates, is significantly different from other animals with respect to elastic fiber organization and probably cell of origin. The data suggest that the primary role for elastic fibers in animals, with the possible exception of humans, is movement and/or placement of feathers or hair.
Radiation-Induced Conductivity in Polymers: Poly-N-Vinylcarbazoie

Experimental evidence is given which indicates that the yield of charge carriers excited by a given dose of x-rays in thin films of poly-N-vinylcarbazole (PVK) is dominated by geminate (initial) recombination of the ion pairs. The yield as a function of applied field gives a very good fit to the theory of initial recombination developed for gases by Onsager. Two competing mechanisms, the Poole-Frenkel effect and track recombination, may be rejected on the basis of the field dependence. A comparison of the charge transients in PVK with other organic materials is given along with a discussion of the possibility of trap modulation of the mobility in PVK. The role of three different kinds of carrier recombination, bulk, track and geminate, is described in terms of the experimental results expected for each of them.
The Atmospheric Trace Molecule Spectroscopy (ATMOS) experiment - The ATLAS-1 mission

ATMOS is an investigation of the chemistry and composition of the middle atmosphere using a modified Michelson interferometer designed to be carried on board the Space Shuttle. During orbital sunsets and sunrises it obtains high resolution infrared solar spectra every 2 seconds. The instrument was first flown on the Spacelab 3 mission in April, 1985, and is being reflown as part of the ATLAS series of payloads which started with the ATLAS-1 flight in March 1992. A summary of the results from the Spacelab 3 mission will be presented. These results included several first detections of critical atmospheric species in addition to the thirty or more constituents for which profiles were derived at altitudes between 10 and 150 km. Preliminary results from the ATLAS-1 mission will be described as part of an update to the status of this long term effort.
Adenocarcinoma and Barrett's esophagus following surgically treated achalasia.

phy has been performed previously in this disease. Yellin and Donovan12 found dilated bile ducts and biliary stones in four of five cases who had ERCP. The greatly dilated common bile duct and common hepatic duct, both filled with biliary mud and stones, are typical. The absence of mature worms may have been due to secondary bacterial infection which appears to kill the organism.10 Eggs of C. sinensis were found within the stones, and it is possible that they formed as a nidus for stone formation. 13 Our patient was given antibiotic prophylaxis prior to edoscopic cholangiography, since cholangitis has been induced by such procedures.14 Therapy has been directed toward establishment of adequate drainage of the biliary system, usually by choledochoduodenostomy.15 The size of the anastomosis must be large enough to allow the passage of stones, as a small anastomotic opening is associated with a high incidence of postoperative cholangitis.15 An apparent toxic effect of sodium diatrizoate (Hypaque) on the C. sinensis has been observed. Irrigation of the biliary tree with contrast agent has been suggested as a method of eradicating the organisms.12 In our patient, this was very effective in removing the biliary mud which could not be grasped with forceps or the stone retrieving basket, or be retrieved by means of a balloon. Clearly, this method would only be successful in the presence of a choledochoenterostomy with an anastomosis large enough to allow the passage
A progressive transmission capable diagnostically lossless compression scheme for 3D medical image sets

This paper presents a novel and efficient diagnostically lossless compression for 3D medical image sets. This compression scheme provides the 3D medical image sets with a progressive transmission capability. An automated filter-and-threshold based preprocessing technique is used to remove noise outside the diagnostic region. Then a wavelet decomposition feature vector based approach is applied to determine the reference image for the entire 3D medical image set. The selected reference image contains the most discernible anatomical structures within a relative large diagnostic region. It is progressively encoded by a lossless embedded zerotree wavelet method so the validity of an entire set can be determined early. This preprocessing technique is followed by an optimal predictor plus a 1st-level integer wavelet transform to de-correlate the 3D medical image set. Run-length and arithmetic coding are used to further remove coding redundancy. This diagnostically lossless compression method achieves an average compression of 2.1038, 2.4292, and 1.6826 bits per pixel for three types of 3D magnetic resonance image sets. The integrated progressive transmission capability degrades the compression performance by an average of 7.25%, 6.60%, and 4.49% for the above three types. Moreover, our compression without and with progressive transmission achieves better compression than the state-of-the-art.
Binding and subcellular localization of tritiated cytochalasin D.

Abstract Tritiated cytochalasin D ( 3 H-CD) is rapidly taken up by monolayers of HEp-2 HeLa and rhabdomyosarcoma cells, reaching a maximum incorporation within 5 min at 37 °C. Upon rinsing and refeeding, 80% of the bound drug rapidly dissociates from the cells; the remaining 20 % is lost more slowly. Binding is dose-dependent in a non-linear fashion; Scatchard plots are biphasic, suggesting binding of higher and lower affinity. Inhibitors of energy metabolism do not diminish binding of 3 H-CD. The plasma membrane fraction of HEp-2 exhibits the highest specific binding activity (146 dpm/μg protein) and contains both high and low affinity binding sites. Endomembranes (microsomes) have moderate specific binding activity (35 dpm/μg protein) and appear to contain only low affinity binding sites. Nuclear, mitochondrial, and cytosol fractions exhibit low, probably negligible, binding. These results are consistent with the evidence afforded by radioautography. Selective enzyme digestions of whole cells and the plasma membrane fraction indicate that binding of CD requires proteins not exposed on the outer surface of the cell. Because electron micrographs of the plasma membrane fraction demonstrate microfilaments attached to the membrane, the binding data may be interpreted as evidence for an interaction of CD either with the subplasmalemmal microfilaments or directly with the plasma membrane.
A modified Spencer microtome for thin sectioning.

Abstract A modification of the Spencer 820 rotary microtome to permit cutting of ribbons of thin sections suitable for electron microscopy is described. The feed mechanism has been changed in such a way that the specimen is automatically retracted to bypass the knife on the return stroke and brought back into position at the beginning of the cutting stroke.
Incompletely reset RbSr systems from a Cambrian red-rock granophyre terrane, Florida Mountains, New Mexico, U.S.A.

Abstract A zircon separate from a syenite from the Florida Mountains, near Deming, southwest New Mexico, yields a 514 ± 3-Ma concordia upper-intercept age. However, RbSr isochron dates from syenite and other igneous core rocks in the Florida Mountains range from ∼ 519 to ∼ 381 Ma. The RbSr dates are based on scattered linear arrays suggestive of open-system conditions for the rocks. Calculated initial 87 Sr 86 Sr ratios are highly variable for presumably coeval rocks, and some are anomalous values below 0.699. KAr dates from these igneous core rocks range from 555 to 418 Ma, while an andesite dike, possibly associated with Tertiary mineralization in the area, yields a date of 2.7.9 Ma. The zircon UPb concordia age can be reconciled with the available stratigraphic controls that require a pre-Middle-Ordovician age for some granite and syenite core-rock exposures. Collectively, the geochronologic data argue for Early Paleozoic plutonism at ∼ 510–550x Ma, with a resetting event affecting the RbSr and KAr systematics in the syenite and alkali granite in the Tertiary. The resetting mechanism may have involved Sr loss, possibly through ion-exchange reactions between feldspar and moderately heated fluids, as well as loss of Ar and/or addition of K in the syenites, alteration of the Th/U ratio in the syenite and granite, and production of brick-red K-feldspars due to the incorporation of minute hematitic inclusions. δ18O-values for several whole-rock samples range between + 5.8 and + 9.2‰, consistent with a high water/rock ratio and alteration temperatures of ⪅ 300°C. World-wide, red-rock granophyre terranes commonly yield discordant RbSr and UPb dates, with RbSr dates scattered and systematically younger than UPb ages. We suggest that red-rock granophyres are inherently undatable by the RbSr technique because of Sr loss from K-feldspars during penetration of Fe-oxidizing solutions.
Variation and change in Yiddish subordinate clause word order

Early Yiddish exhibited a root-subordinate asymmetry with respect to the verb-second (V2) phenomenon, whereas modern Yiddish does so no longer. A quantitative investigation of early and modern Yiddish texts reveals that the generalization of the V2 phenomenon in the history of Yiddish can be described as the result of two syntactic changes: (1) a change from INFL-final to INFL-medial phrase structure, and (2) a change in the locus of the finiteness operator [+F] that affects nominative case assignment and allows non-subjects as well as subjects to occupy the clause-initial position Spec(IP). Specifically, the quantitative investigation provides evidence that the phrase structure change progressed via synchronic grammatical variation in the usage of individual speakers. It is further proposed that modern Icelandic, like early Yiddish, exhibits synchronic variation with respect to the locus of [+F].
Long range microscope condensing system

This Technical Note discusses a novel condensing system that provides a free space (~5-7 cm) over the object and also allows the use of high power phase contrast objectives.
Fire History in the Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma

The role of humans in historic fire regimes has received little quantitative attention. Here, we address this inadequacy by developing a fire history in northeastern Oklahoma on lands once occupied by the Cherokee Nation. A fire event chronology was reconstructed from 324 tree-ring dated fire scars occurring on 49 shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata) remnant trees. Fire event data were examined with the objective of determining the relative roles of humans and climate over the last four centuries. Variability in the fire regime appeared to be significantly influenced by human population density, culture, and drought. The mean fire interval (MFI) within the 1.2 km2 study area was 7.5 years from 1633 to 1731 and 2.8 years from 1732 to 1840. Population density of Native American groups including Cherokee was significantly correlated (r = 0.84) with the number of fires per decade between 1680 and 1880. Coincident with the Removal of the Cherokee and other native peoples from the eastern United States and immigrations into northeast Oklahoma, the MFI decreased to 1.8 years. After 1925 fire intervals were considerably lengthened (MFI = 16 years) due to fire suppression and decreased fire use until the recent prescribed burning by The Nature Conservancy. Many of the historic fire years that were previously shown to be synchronous across Missouri and Arkansas during drought years were also fire years at this site. Overall the frequency of fires was weakly associated with drought compared to human population density.
Transient flow near a rotating disk

The solution of the time dependent flow due to the impulsive starting of a single infinite disk from rest is obtained numerically for the entire history of the transient. The primary tangential velocity exhibits a single overshoot of its steady value while the growth of the secondary flows is monotonic. The overshoot is seen to be a direct consequence of the lag in the development of the secondary flows. An analytical solution is obtained for a related linearized problem: The angular velocity of an infinite disk, initially rotating with an infinite environment, is perturbed. The oscillatory decays to the steady state, which occur in both unbounded and bounded linearized analyses, are discussed in relation to the overshoot in the impulsively started disk problem.
A Portable Tensiometer for Assessing Surgeon's Knot Tying Technique

Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of surgeon's tying technique on knot security using O and 2-0 monofilament and multifilament nylon sutures. By use of an Instron Tensile Tester and a portable tensiometer, knot security was achieved with these sutures using four-throw square knots (1 = 1=1 = 1). After didactic and psychomotor skill training, medical students were taught to construct the four-throw square knot using either a two-hand tie or an instrument tie. By use of the portable tensiometer, their knot tying techniques were judged to be superior to those used by a cohort of obstetricians and gynecologists. The surgeon's faulty technique can easily be corrected by didactic information and psychomotor skill training.
Successful Renal Transplantation in a Patient with Large Granular Lymphocytic Leukemia with Natural Killer Cell Proliferation

A patient with advancing renal failure attributed to focal segmental glomerulosclerosis was found to have marked NK (CD56+) cell expansion and large granular lymphocytic leukemia. Subsequent living-related renal transplantation was accomplished with two early bouts of acute cellular rejection requiring therapy with methylprednisolone and monoclonal antibody OKT3. Chronic triple drug immunosuppressive therapy has substantially reduced the marked NK (CD56+) proliferation. The renal transplantation remains successful after 15 months despite persistent but reduced numbers of circulating NK cells, the potential role of which in the pathogenesis of the underlying nephropathy or the cellular rejection process remains speculative.
Composition, distribution and neutralization of “acid rain” derived from Masaya volcano, Nicaragua

Acid rain (pH 2.5-5.0) from the volcanic plume of Masaya Caldera, Nicaragua, is composed of HCI and H 2 SO 4 in systematically varying proportions. The dominance of HCl in volcanic acid rain makes it distinctly different from anthropogenic acid rain. The pH of volcanic acid rain is largely controlled by its HCl concentration. Volcanic acids are locally damaging, killing vegetation with the conspicuous exception of the shrubs Malanthora and Lantana . These shrubs have the ability to rapidly and completely neutralize acid rain by releasing K + at their leaf surfaces. The mechanism by which these plants sustain their acid neutralizing capacity is evidently by pumping acidity into the soil in exchange for K + from soil exchange surfaces. In effect the Matanthora shrub layer is acting as a short-term acid sink for incident acid rain. However, the final acid sink in this system is the base exchange reservoir of the local soils. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0889.1986.tb00093.x
Co‐creating unique value with customers

The traditional system of company‐centric value creation (that has served us so well over the past 100 years) is becoming obsolete. Leaders now need a new frame of reference for value creation. In the emergent economy, competition will center on personalized co‐creation experiences, resulting in value that is truly unique to each individual. The authors see a new frontier in value creation emerging, replete with fresh opportunities. In this new frontier the role of the consumer has changed from isolated to connected, from unaware to informed, from passive to active. As a result, companies can no longer act autonomously, designing products, developing production processes, crafting marketing messages, and controlling sales channels with little or no interference from consumers. Armed with new tools and dissatisfied with available choices, consumers want to interact with firms and thereby co‐create value. The use of interaction as a basis for co‐creation is at the crux of our emerging reality. The co‐creation experience of the consumer becomes the very basis of value. The authors offer a DART model for managing co‐creation of value processes.
Electromagnetic plasma models for microwave plasma cavity reactors

A procedure used to design cavity applicators that efficiently produce cylindrical and disk microwave discharges is reviewed. In contrast to most microwave applicators these cavities utilize single mode excitation of the plasma. This method of excitation has the advantage of providing efficient coupling (zero reflected power) to the plasma over a wide range of discharge loading conditions while also allowing, if desired, electric feedback control of the heating process. The design procedure is generalized to any lossy dielectric. Experimental and theoretical research required to further understand microwave discharges is also discussed.
Optimization of mixed Pb–Tl solutions for high precision isotopic analyses by MC-ICP-MS

Measurements of SRM 981 Pb isotope standard mixed with Tl for mass bias corrections were conducted with a MC-ICP-MS (Nu Plasma) using a Nu Instruments desolvating nebulizer. During the initial experiments, Pb and Tl from single-element, concentrated stock solutions were mixed in 2% HNO3 prior to isotope ratio measurements. The results revealed relatively poor precision and accuracy of the Pb isotope measurements, large variations in e205Tl in the same standard (ranging from −3.9 to +30.1), and large variations in the observed Pb/Tl intensity ratios. When analyses were restricted to freshly mixed (<1 hour) Pb–Tl solutions, however, highly precise isotopic ratios were obtained for lead (206Pb/204Pb = 16.9373 (±0.0011, 2σ), 207Pb/204Pb = 15.4907 (±0.0012, 2σ), and 208Pb/204Pb = 36.6935 (±0.0039, 2σ)) and for thallium (e205Tl = 1.5 (±0.8, 2σ)). In addition, Pb/Tl intensity ratios were constant and corresponded to the mixing ratios of the prepared solutions. A series of experiments revealed that the poor precision and accuracy observed for the initial set of isotope ratio measurements resulted from variable photoxidation of Tl+ to Tl3+, which occurs in the presence of Pb and solar UV radiation. This reversible reaction generates Tl3+, which behaves distinctly from Tl+ during desolvation and leads to consistently higher measured Pb/Tl and 205Tl/203Tl ratios. The extent of the interaction between Pb and Tl and the subsequent effect on isotope ratio measurements is sensitive to a combination of factors, including differences in the acid matrix and molarity, desolvation conditions, and UV light exposure. It appears that the observed e205Tl variations in the Pb–Tl3+-bearing solutions dominantly result from mass-dependant differential diffusion of Tl during desolvation. These experiments suggest that great care must be exercised during isotopic analyses of systems utilizing one element for mass-bias correction on another, such as Pb–Tl, Cu–Zn and Mo–Zr, which readily undergo redox reactions under laboratory conditions.
Failure of motor learning for large initial errors

For certain complex motor tasks, humans may experience the frustration of a lack of improvement despite repeated practice. We investigate a computational basis for failure of motor learning when there is no prior information about the system to be controlled and when it is not practical to perform a thorough random exploration of the set of possible commands. In this case, if the desired movement has never yet been performed, then it may not be possible to learn the correct motor commands since there will be no appropriate training examples. We derive the mathematical basis for this phenomenon when the controller can be modeled as a linear combination of nonlinear basis functions trained using a gradient descent learning rule on the observed commands and their results. We show that there are two failure modes for which continued training examples will never lead to improvement in performance. We suggest that this may provide a model for the lack of improvement in human skills that can occur despite repeated practice of a complex task.
GUIDELINES FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF HAEMODYNAMICALLY STABLE PATIENTS WITH STAB WOUNDS TO THE ANTERIOR ABDOMEN

Clinical practice guidelines have been shown to improve the delivery of care. Anterior abdominal stab wounds, although uncommon, pose a challenge in both rural and urban trauma care. A multidisciplinary working party was established to assist in the development of evidence-based guidelines to answer three key clinical questions: (i) What is the ideal prehospital management of anterior abdominal stab wounds? (ii) What is the ideal management of anterior abdominal stab wounds in a rural or urban hospital without an on-call surgeon? (iii) What is the ideal emergency management of stable patients with anterior abdominal stab wounds when surgical service is available? A systematic review, using Cochrane method, was undertaken. The data were graded by level of evidence as outlined by the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council. Stable patients with anterior abdominal stab wounds should be transported to the hospital without delay. Any interventions deemed necessary in prehospital care should be undertaken en route to hospital. In rural hospitals with no on-call surgeon, local wound exploration (LWE) may be undertaken by a general practitioner if confident in this procedure. Otherwise or in the presence of obvious fascial penetration, such as evisceration, the patient should be transferred to the nearest main trauma service for further management. In urban hospitals the patient with omental or bowel evisceration or generalized peritonitis should undergo urgent exploratory laparotomy. Stable patients may be screened using LWE. Abdominal computed tomography scan and plain radiographs are not indicated. Obese and/or uncooperative patients require a general anaesthetic for laparoscopy. If there is fascial penetration on LWE or peritoneal penetration on laparoscopy, then an urgent laparotomy should be undertaken. The developed evidence-based guidelines for stable patients with anterior abdominal stab wounds may help minimize unnecessary diagnostic tests and non-therapeutic laparotomy rates.
512 HEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE TYPE B(HIB) POLYSACCHARIDE VACCINE: SAFETY AND IMMUNOGENICITY OF PRP AND PRP-D CONJUGATE VACCINES IN CHILDREN 16–24 MONTHS

A multicenter study of the relative safety and immunogenicity of the purified heat-sized Hib polysaccharide (PRP) and conjugate (PRP-D) vaccines was conducted in 475 children 16-24 months of age. No serious reactions occurred in either group. Except for fewer febrile reactions in the PRP-D group (p<.05), other reactions were similar for both vaccines. Immune responses were measured by KIA (ug)ml and are summarized below: Although PRP is soon to be licensed for use in older children, PRP-D is at least as safe and significantly more immunogenic.
Share issue privatizations as financial means to political and economic ends

Abstract This study examines how political and economic factors affect the offer price, share allocation, and other terms governments choose when they privatize state-owned enterprises via a public share offering. Using a 59 country sample of 630 share issue privatizations (SIPs) with total proceeds of over $446 billion during the period 1977–1997, we find that governments consistently underprice SIP offers, tilt their share allocation patterns to favour domestic investors, impose control restrictions on privatized firms, and typically use fixed-price offers rather than book building or competitive tender offers, all to further political and economic policy objectives.
Proposed Strategies for Teaching Ethics of Nanotechnology

Nanotechnology and nanosciences have recently gained tremendous attention and funding, from multiple entities and directions. In the last 10 years the funding for nanotechnology research has increased by orders of magnitude. An important part that has also gained parallel attention is the societal and ethical impact of nanotechnology and the possible consequences of its products and processes on human life and welfare. Multiple thinkers and philosophers wrote about both negative and positive effects of nanotechnology on humans and societies. The literature has a considerable amount of views about nanotechnology that range from calling for the abandonment and blockage of all efforts in that direction to complete support and encouragement in hopes that nanotechnology will be the next big jump in ameliorating human life and welfare. However, amidst all this hype about the ethics of nanotechnology, relatively less efforts and resources can be found in the literature to help engineering professionals and educators, and to provide practical methods and techniques for teaching ethics of nanotechnology and relating the technical side of it to the societal and human aspect. The purpose of this paper is to introduce strategies and ideas for teaching ethics of nanotechnology in engineering in relation to engineering codes of ethics. The paper is neither a new philosophical view about ethics of nanotechnology nor a discussion of the ethical dimensions of nanotechnology. This is an attempt to help educators and professionals by answering the question of how to incorporate ethics of nanotechnology in the educational process and practice of engineering and what is critical for the students and professionals to know in that regard. The contents of the presented strategies and ideas focus on the practical aspects of ethical issues related to nanotechnology and its societal impact. It also builds a relation between these issues and engineering codes of ethics. The pedagogical components of the strategies are based on best-practices to produce independent life-long self-learners and critical thinkers. These strategies and ideas can be incorporated as a whole or in part, in the engineering curriculum, to raise awareness of the ethical issues related to nanotechnology, improve the level of professionalism among engineering graduates, and apply ABET criteria. It can also be used in the way of professional development and continuing education courses to benefit professional engineers. Educators and institutions are welcome to use these strategies, a modified version, or even a further developed version of it, that suits their needs and circumstances.
Tyrosine phosphorylation-dependence of caveolae-mediated endocytosis.

Caveolae are flask-shaped plasma membrane invaginations that mediate endocytosis and transcytosis of plasma macromolecules, such as albumin, insulin and low-density lipoprotein (LDL), as well as certain viruses, bacteria and bacterial toxins. Caveolae-mediated transcytosis of macromolecules is critical for maintaining vascular homeostasis by regulating the oncotic pressure gradient and tissue delivery of drugs, vitamins, lipids and ions. Entrapment of cargo within caveolae induces activation of signalling cascades leading to caveolae fission and internalization. Activation of Src tyrosine kinase is an early and essential step that triggers detachment of loaded caveolae from the plasma membrane. In this review, we examine how Srcmediated phosphorylation regulates caveolae-mediated transport by orchestrating the localization and activity of essential proteins of the endocytic machinery to regulate caveolae formation and fission.
Curvature driven relaxation of disclination loops in liquid crystals

Abstract Relaxation of disclination loops created during shear flow of a low molar mass and a polymer liquid crystal were monitored using a special shear stage with a videomicroscope. Loops in the polymer system generally displayed initially highly distorted contours. In the small molecule liquid crystal, the loop contours consistently exhibited very simple, generally convex shapes. In the polymer system, the complex line shape reflects the many prior loop–loop coalescence events due to the greater density of loops than in the small molecule system. Sequential images of loops were analysed to determine the velocity of the disclination loops as a function of the local curvature. Observations and simulations indicate that local disclination line curvature is a driving force in loop evolution. The reduction of regions of high loop curvature is inherently slower in the polymer liquid crystal due to the higher viscosity. In addition, the motion of the disclination contour at very high values of curvature in the polymer liquid crystal is slowed due to the presence of lower molecular weight components at the defect core which themselves must diffuse along with the line defect.
DIFFERENTIAL ADVECTION AS A FACTOR IN CLEAR-AIR TURBULENCE

Abstract Clear-air turbulence observations made by accelerometer measurements have been correlated with six-hour forecasts of the change in vertical stability. The change in stability has been forecast by computing the six-hour horizontal temperature advection at two levels. By means of the Kolmogorov-Smirnov non-parametric test for cumulative distributions, a significant correlation has been shown to exist between the observations of turbulence and the forecast change in stability. However, no significance has been established regarding the magnitude of the turbulence.
The effects of environmental focus and program timing on green marketing performance and the moderating role of resource commitment

Abstract Should firms adopt sustainable marketing policy and develop green products? Most popular press says yes, but industry remains slow to act upon such initiatives. Drawing upon recent research in the Industrial Marketing Management Sustainability Special Issue, this research investigates the impact of green initiatives on firm performance and how the related commitment of resources impacts the effectiveness of those initiatives. The goal of this paper is to explore the effectiveness of green marketing on firm performance, in terms of financial performance, market performance, and service quality. Further, resource commitment is examined as a possible boundary condition of these relationships. Using multi-source data, the findings suggest that the commitment of proper resources is critical to the success of any green initiative. This study also supports the notion that being the first firm in an industry to initiate a green program provides few tangible benefits. More importantly, even firms with an environmental focus neglect to realize superior performance unless the specific strategy is matched with consistent support from top management.
Matrix reorganization and dynamic programming: Applications to paired comparisons and unidimensional seriation

A recursive dynamic programming strategy is discussed for optimally reorganizing the rows and simultaneously the columns of ann ×n proximity matrix when the objective function measuring the adequacy of a reorganization has a fairly simple additive structure. A number of possible objective functions are mentioned along with several numerical examples using Thurstone's paired comparison data on the relative seriousness of crime. Finally, the optimization tasks we propose to attack with dynamic programming are placed in a broader theoretical context of what is typically referred to as the quadratic assignment problem and its extension to cubic assignment.
Reactions of F2+• with aromatic compounds in an ion trap mass spectrometer

Abstract The reaction of F2+• with aromatic compounds in the gas phase has been shown to proceed by way of two competing reactions: single electron transfer and addition-elimination.
Tracking Moving Ground Targets from Airborne SAR via Keystoning and Multiple Phase Center Interferometry

Without some form of motion compensation, SAR images experience significant range walk and be quite blurred. In 1997, MITRE reported development of the Keystone Process. Keystone Formatting simultaneously compensates for multiple target motion at multiple radial velocities. The target motion causes the moving targets to appear at locations different from their true instantaneous locations on the ground. In a corresponding interferometric phase image, all points on the ground nominally appear as a continuum of phase differences while the moving targets appear as discontinuities. By threshold comparisons within the intensity and the phase images, we and others have shown that it is possible to detect and georegister moving targets in the SAR..
Second-harmonic generation in resonant waveguide gratings incorporating ionic self-assembled monolayer polymer films.

Experimental results on resonantly excited second-harmonic generation (SHG) in a periodic ionically self-assembled monolayer (ISAM) film are reported. A double-layer guided-mode resonance filter (GMRF) structure is coated with 40 bilayers of pyrlium-based χ2 ISAM thin film and excited with the fundamental of a Nd:YAG laser. Enhanced second-harmonic conversion in the ISAM film is achieved because of the local field enhancement associated with the fundamental resonating leaky mode. This method of SHG is particularly promising, as the ISAM films under investigation exhibit anomalous dispersion that may be applied for phase matching to improve nonlinear conversion efficiency.
The Role of Job Security in Understanding the Relationship Between Employees' Perceptions of Temporary Workers and Employees' Performance.

On the basis of psychological contract and social cognition theories, the authors explored the role of full-time employees' perceived job security in explaining their reactions to the use of temporary workers by using a sample of 149 full-time employees who worked with temporaries. As hypothesized, employees' perceived job security negatively related to their perceptions that temporaries pose a threat to their jobs, but it did not relate to their perceptions that temporaries are beneficial. Furthermore, employees' job security moderated the relationships between benefit and threat perceptions and supervisor ratings of job performance. For those with high job security, there was a positive relationship between benefit perceptions and performance. For those with low job security, there was a negative relationship between threat perceptions and performance.
A note on lower bounds for the maximum area and maximum perimeter k-gon problems

Abstract An Ω( n log n ) lower bound time complexity in the computational tree model for the maximum area and maximum perimeter k -gon problems is demonstrated. The proof uses a reduction to the set-disjointness problem and is based on extremal properties of regular polygons.
High-velocity expansion of a cavity within a brittle material

Analytical models of dynamic behavior of brittle materials subjected to large strain rates are often based on phenomenological constitutive laws deduced from macroscopic observations. The present study suggests that these laws can also be, in the absence of test data, deduced from the particle dynamics simulations. Simple, physically based laws governing the interaction between particles were found to be sufficient to replicate dominant aspects of the deformation. The continuum model based on these simulation data provided a realistic and accurate picture of the considered process.
Interpreting the visible absorption bands of 1,4-(dihydroxy)-9,10-anthraquinone and its metal chelates.

Abstract The visible absorption spectra of 1,4-(dihydroxy)-9,10-anthraquinone and of Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II) and ZN(II) chelates have been studied in different organic solvents. This system provides a model for the anthracycline antibiotics and their metal chelates. The band structure of the spectrum has been determined using the second and fourth derivatives of the spectrum. The visible absorption band of the parent molecule can be assigned to a single electronic state with a reduced dipole moment in the excited state; structure in this band is ascribed to two overlapping vibrational progressions. In contrast, the dianion (hydroxy protons removed) shows a single electronic state with an increased dipole moment in the excited state; structure in this band can be assigned to a single vibrational progression. All of the metal chelates show spectra which are similar in appearance to that of the dianion although the identity of the metal determines the bathochromic shift of the absorption band. Titration of 1,4-dihydroxyanthraquinone with Cu(ClO4)2·6H2O demonstrates that three chelates with metal-to- ligand ratios of 1:2, 1:1 and 2:1 can form depending on the identity of the metal, ratio of metal to ligand, and donor character of the solvent.
Regulation of signal transduction through the T cell antigen receptor

Considerable work from numerous laboratories has provided important insights into the biology of T cell activation. Much has been learned about the most proximal signaling events that occur after engagement of the T cell antigen receptor and other cell-surface receptors on T lymphocytes. However, our understanding of how various signaling pathways are integrated, resulting in cellular proliferation and cytokine production or conversely leading to programmed cell death, is far from complete. We summarize what is now known about some of the proximal signals that result from engagement of the T cell antigen receptor and how some of these signals are linked to cellular responses.