cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Characteristics of physicians targeted by the pharmaceutical industry to participate in e-detailing

Electronic detailing (e-detailing) has been introduced in the last few years by the pharmaceutical industry as a new communication channel through which to promote pharmaceutical products to physicians. E-detailing involves using digital technology, such as Internet, video conferencing, and interactive voice response, by which drug companies target their marketing efforts toward specific physicians with pinpoint accuracy. A mail survey of 671 Iowa physicians was used to gather information about the physician characteristics and practice setting characteristics of those who are usually targeted by pharmaceutical companies to participate in e-detailing. A model is developed and tested to explain firms' targeting strategy for targeting physicians for e-detailing.
Chemometrics, econometrics, psychometrics—How best to handle hedonics?

Sensory scientists may choose models from multiple disciplines for analyzing the relationship of consumer hedonics to the physical, chemical and perceptual characteristics of sensory objects. Two characteristics of sensory hedonics, satiety and differential variation, severely constrain the ability of models that cannot process these characteristics to successfully model this relationship. Overestimation of models with an excessive number of parameters is also shown to be a serious problem.
Modeling substrate particle degradation by Bacillus coagulans biofilm

A mathematical model for solid particle degradation by an aerobic biofilm of Bacillus coagulans is developed. A moving biofilm is assumed to be present on the surface of the solid particle. Oxygen and glucose are assumed to be growth limiting. The depleting glucose concentration in the solid particle is tracked as a function of time and it is found that the time taken for degradation of the particle is a function of particle size. Comparison with the experimental results found in literature on the particle size reduction by the action of Bacillus coagulans (Nandakumar et al., 1996) indicates that the model is able to predict the general trends of experimental data well. It is suggested that the diffusion of the enzyme glucoamylase plays a crucial role and is a more dominant determining factor than the variation of the composition of particles with size as suggested previously (Nandakumar et al., 1996) for the experimental observation that larger particles took more time to degrade than smaller particles. It is hoped that the results obtained will lead to a better understanding of the mechanism of particle degradation by aerobic biofilms and help in better design of biofilm reactors.
Superiority of end-diastolic volume and ejection fraction measurements over wedge pressures in evaluating cardiac function during aortic reconstruction.

Abstract Marked changes occur in cardiac function during aortic reconstruction. Numerous factors (primarily compliance changes) limit the currently used pressure-based pulmonary artery catheters' ability to reflect these changes accurately. A new pulmonary artery catheter was used in 26 patients undergoing aortic reconstruction (7 patients with abdominal aortic aneurysms and 19 with occlusive disease) that directly measures right ventricular (RV) volumes and ejection fractions. The extent of coronary artery disease (CAD) was evaluated before surgery, and the patients were divided into three classes. The greatest changes in cardiac function were noted immediately after aortic cross-clamping. Cardiac output significantly decreased in patients with mild or moderate CAD ( p p p > 0.5). This correlated well with RV end-diastolic volume (RV-EDV) and stroke volume (RV-SV) measurements in the groups with mild ( p p p > 0.5). Wedge pressure showed poor correlation, with no significant change noted in any group ( p > 0.5). Measurements taken later in the procedure documented a significant trend toward baseline in mild and moderate groups. At the opening of the second limb of the graft, the compensated values (CO, RV-EDV, and RV-SV) did not change significantly in the groups with mild and no CAD ( p > 0.2) but approached significance in the group with moderate CAD ( p
What's happening to the age at first birth in the United States? A study of recent cohorts.

This paper analyzes cross-cohort trends in the age pattern of women at first birth in the United States. The analysis involves fitting the Coale-McNeil marriage model to the age distribution of first birth frequencies for a number of recent white and nonwhite cohorts. Methodologically, the results (a) provide support for the application of the Coale-McNeil marriage model to first birth data, and (b) demonstrate the ability of the model to accurately project first birth fertility for cohorts which have yet to complete their childbearing years. Substantively the results indicate (a) that the proportion of women who will never have a first birth is increasing across cohorts and can be expected to be as high as .25 and .20 for recent white and nonwhite cohorts respectively; (b) that recent nonwhite cohorts have an appreciable number of first births at earlier ages than their white counterparts, as well as a lower mean age at first birth and increasingly less dispersion (across cohorts) in their age at first birth; and (c) that the mean age at first birth and the proportion of first births occurring between ages 25 and 34 is increasing across cohorts of white women but is stable across cohorts of nonwhite women.
Accountability and Extra-Role Behavior

Accountability is a foundational element of every organization, and it exists at multiple of levels. Every organization, regardless of size, has accountability mechanisms. However, the formal accountability mechanisms adopted by an organization are subject to the interpretations of individual organizational actors. As such, individuals facing ostensibly similar formal organizational accountability systems may feel or experience different levels of accountability. This distinction is critical because it is the perception of reality (i.e., as opposed to reality itself) that drives individual behavior. In this paper, we examined the relationship between accountability and a key organizational outcome—extra-role behaviors. Our results partially support the notion that some level of accountability is essential, but that the relationship between accountability and extra-role behaviors is non linear in nature, assuming a U-shaped form. Implications of these results are discussed.
Morphologic aspects of experimental esophageal lye strictures I. Pathogenesis and pathophysiologic correlations

Abstract Esophageal lye burns in dogs alter the esophageal wall in a predictable way. Tight morphologic stricture may develop in a few weeks, but only if the initial injury destroys the full thickness of the muscularis. Stricture is the result of deformity of the whole healing wall rather than massive proliferation of scar tissue, is not noticeably related to persistent mucosal ulceration, and greatly interferes with adequate food intake. However, functional and radiographic abnormalities may be quite severe even when the esophageal lumen is minimally narrowed on quantitative morphologic examination; factors such as edema and peristaltic dysfunction may account for disparities between structural and functional effects of lye injury.
SmartPath implementation of coordination protocols for a fault tolerant AHS design

SmartPath is a package which creates a simulation environment for an automated highway system (AHS). The automated vehicle operating on an AHS can develop various hardware and sensor faults or degraded modes of operation. In the presence of such faults the operating mode is designed to degrade in that the vehicle either comes to a stop or exits the highway safely. We have implemented degraded mode protocols in the SmartPath environment and the simulation results suggest that the AHS handles and recovers from various fault scenarios.
Parameter space for magnetized fuel targets in inertial confinement fusion

A simple, zero-dimensional model describing the temporal behaviour of an imploding-shell, magnetized fuel inertial confinement fusion target is formulated. The model includes effects not normally considered in inertial confinement fusion such as magnetic back-pressure on the imploding shell, magnetic reduction of thermal conductivity, magnetic diffusion, and Ohmic heating. The model is simple enough to permit a survey of the parameter space available for magnetized fuel by computing the behaviour of thousands of targets. The survey predicts the existence of a totally new region in parameter space where significant thermonuclear fuel burn-up can occur. The new region is characterized by very low fuel densities, very low implosion velocities, and,most important, driver requirements reduced by several orders of magnitude, suggesting that "break-even" experiments may be possible with existing inertial confinement fusion drivers. The computed results are in reasonable agreement with more complete two-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic simulations.
Temporal Interplay between Efflux Pumps and Target Mutations in Development of Antibiotic Resistance in Escherichia coli

The emergence of resistance presents a debilitating change in the management of infectious diseases. Currently, the temporal relationship and interplay between various mechanisms of drug resistance are not well understood. A thorough understanding of the resistance development process is needed to facilitate rational design of countermeasure strategies. Using an in vitro hollow-fiber infection model that simulates human drug treatment, we examined the appearance of efflux pump (acrAB) overexpression and target topoisomerase gene (gyrA and parC) mutations over time in the emergence of quinolone resistance in Escherichia coli. Drug-resistant isolates recovered early (24 h) had 2- to 8-fold elevation in the MIC due to acrAB overexpression, but no point mutations were noted. In contrast, high-level (≥ 64× MIC) resistant isolates with target site mutations (gyrA S83L with or without parC E84K) were selected more readily after 120 h, and regression of acrAB overexpression was observed at 240 h. Using a similar dosing selection pressure, the emergence of levofloxacin resistance was delayed in a strain with acrAB deleted compared to the isogenic parent. The role of efflux pumps in bacterial resistance development may have been underappreciated. Our data revealed the interplay between two mechanisms of quinolone resistance and provided a new mechanistic framework in the development of high-level resistance. Early low-level levofloxacin resistance conferred by acrAB overexpression preceded and facilitated high-level resistance development mediated by target site mutation(s). If this interpretation is correct, then these findings represent a paradigm shift in the way quinolone resistance is thought to develop.
Holographic Particle Detection

In anti--de Sitter (AdS) space, classical supergravity solutions are represented ``holographically'' by conformal field theory (CFT) states in which operators have expectation values. These 1-point functions are directly related to the asymptotic behavior of bulk fields. In some cases, distinct supergravity solutions have identical asymptotic behavior; therefore, dual expectation values are insufficient to distinguish them. We argue that non-local objects in gauge theory can resolve the ambiguity, and explicitly show that collections of point particles in ${\mathrm{AdS}}_{3}$ can be detected by studying kinks in dual CFT Green functions. Three dimensional black holes can be formed by the collision of such particles. We show how black hole formation can be detected in the holographic dual, and calculate CFT quantities that are sensitive to the distribution of matter inside the event horizon.
Evaluating the Application of Collaborative Learning to the Wenatchee Fire Recovery Planning Effort

Abstract As a follow-up to an article published in this journal [Environ. Impact Assess. Rev. 16 (1996) 71–102.], we examine a case study application of the Collaborative Learning (CL) model to public participation in federal land decision making. As an innovation in public participation, CL combines elements of soft systems, alternative dispute resolution (ADR), and experiential learning theory in an effort to foster meaningful public dialogue within public participation. The particular case examined was a forest fire recovery effort on the Wenatchee National Forest (WNF) in Washington State. Participants responded to questionnaires before and after meetings. The questionnaires measured changes in perception of the Forest Service decision-making process, as well as responses to CL itself. The results indicate a positive response to the CL process and an increased expectation of quality in the resulting decisions. Respondents did not generally perceive a reduced probability of appeals and litigation relative to the decisions themselves, but their expectations of the “survivability” of the decisions in the face of appeals and/or litigation generally increased.
Deformation site-specific nature of transgranular carbide precipitation in 304 stainless steels

This research was developed to identify the nature of transgranular carbide precipitation and chromium-depletion in heavily deformed 304 SS, and to examine the correlation between carbide precipitation and strain-induced martensite in the SS. Observations have indicated that: (1) Transgranular carbides form on twin-fault intersections in 304 SS. This causes linear-TG attack within the SS. (2) There was no observed correlation between strain-induced martensite and TG carbides in this work, except that both form at micro-shear band intersections, but not at the same intersection. (3) Lath martensite and fine-austenite form during heat treatment of deformed, 304 SS. (4) Transgranular carbides precipitate on martensite lath/fine-austenite boundaries in 304 SS, and produce extensive, random TG attack in the SS. (5) Lattice imaging of carbides has shown the presence of dislocations within the carbides and at the carbide-matrix interface, and changes in the carbide lattice orientation across a boundary, which may be indicators of key mechanisms of carbide nucleation on grain boundaries in SS.
A short, efficient, synthetic pathway to the 6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-5-dibenz[]azonine system

Abstract The intramolecular, nickel-promoted coupling of a bis[β-(o-iodophenyl)ethyl] amine produces a dibenzazonine of the type exemplified by several naturally occurring compounds and which serve as biosynthetic precursors of the Erythrina alkaloids.
Preserving Scientific Debate and Patient Choice: Lessons From the Consensus Panel on Mammography Screening

The National Institutes of Health (NIH) convened a consensus conference in January 1997 to examine new evidence on the effectiveness of mammographic screening for breast cancer in women ages 40 to 49 years. After reviewing the data and hearing testimony from experts and advocates, the panel concluded that the evidence did not support a universal recommendation for or against routine mammography in this age group. 1 The panel advised each woman to decide with her physician, based on her personal values and risk factors, whether to have the test. Critics denounced this recommendation, accusing the panel of distorting the evidence and misleading the public. 2 News accounts emphasized the acrimony among health professionals and medical groups. 3 The US Senate passed a resolution repudiating the panel, demanded revised guidelines, and convened investigative hearings. 4,5 Finally, in March the American Cancer Society and National Cancer Institute (NCI) recommended that all women
An Alternative Technique for Solving Impedance Matching Problems on the Smith Chart

The ultimate goal of impedance matching is to minimize the reflection coefficient between a known source output impedance and an arbitrary load impedance connected by a transmission line of a known characteristic impedance, thereby achieving maximum power transfer. This can be accomplished by the means of a low-loss matching network. There are a number of different techniques that can be used to solve the impedance matching problem.
Ultra-thin TiO2 films by a novel method

Abstract Ultra-thin TiO 2 films were grown by a novel process—successive layer-wise chemisorption—on substrates such as fused quartz and single crystal silicon. Alternate chemisorption of easily hydrolysed TiCl 4 and water on a previously hydroxylated substrate surface permitted the synthesis of TiO 2 films with thickness precision down to a monolayer. The film thickness is insensitive to growth temperature in the region of 170–240°C. The cycle thickness (growth rate per cycle) is around 0.27 nm under the growth conditions used. The films have anatase structure and the composition (Ti/O ratio) was shown to be 2. Refractive index of as-deposited films is 2.7 at 632.8 nm.
Our Current Geriatric Population: Demographic and Oral Health Care Utilization

This article describes the rapidly growing geriatric population in the United States. Current and emerging living arrangements include the subgroups of older adults who live at home, retirement villages, assisted living facilities, various levels of nursing homes, and hospice care. The degree of isolation and social connection is discussed and the need for dental care has been summarized from the literature. Demographic trends imply a substantial increase in both the need and demand for dental care by the senior age groups. A proposal to integrate oral health and dental care with primary care is provided.
Economic Viability Among Post-Retirement Aged Women

Longer life expectancy has increased concern about living standards among elder women. This paper examines the relation between labor market status and living standard post-retirement. We use data from two national surveys to contrast economic circumstances of post-retirement aged and currently employed women. Financial resources of aged women and factors associated with their magnitude are identified. We examine current economic resources and employee benefits of women who will retire after the year 2000. The paper concludes with a discussion of proactive mid-life strategies for long-term economic stability among women, with emphasis on unique concerns, of black women.
Vulnerability of populations and the urban health care systems to nuclear weapon attack – examples from four American cities

The threat posed by the use of weapons of mass destruction (WMD) within the United States has grown significantly in recent years, focusing attention on the medical and public health disaster capabilities of the nation in a large scale crisis. While the hundreds of thousands or millions of casualties resulting from a nuclear weapon would, in and of itself, overwhelm our current medical response capabilities, the response dilemma is further exacerbated in that these resources themselves would be significantly at risk. There are many limitations on the resources needed for mass casualty management, such as access to sufficient hospital beds including specialized beds for burn victims, respiration and supportive therapy, pharmaceutical intervention, and mass decontamination. The effects of 20 kiloton and 550 kiloton nuclear detonations on high priority target cities are presented for New York City, Chicago, Washington D.C. and Atlanta. Thermal, blast and radiation effects are described, and affected populations are calculated using 2000 block level census data. Weapons of 100 Kts and up are primarily incendiary or radiation weapons, able to cause burns and start fires at distances greater than they can significantly damage buildings, and to poison populations through radiation injuries well downwind in the case of surface detonations. With weapons below 100 Kts, blast effects tend to be stronger than primary thermal effects from surface bursts. From the point of view of medical casualty treatment and administrative response, there is an ominous pattern where these fatalities and casualties geographically fall in relation to the location of hospital and administrative facilities. It is demonstrated that a staggering number of the main hospitals, trauma centers, and other medical assets are likely to be in the fatality plume, rendering them essentially inoperable in a crisis. Among the consequences of this outcome would be the probable loss of command-and-control, mass casualties that will have to be treated in an unorganized response by hospitals on the periphery, as well as other expected chaotic outcomes from inadequate administration in a crisis. Vigorous, creative, and accelerated training and coordination among the federal agencies tasked for WMD response, military resources, academic institutions, and local responders will be critical for large-scale WMD events involving mass casualties.
Hollow ARROW waveguides on self-aligned pedestals for high-sensitivity optical sensing

Antiresonant reflecting optical waveguides (ARROWs) provide a promising approach to realizing high-sensitivity sensing platforms on planar substrates. We have previously developed ARROW platforms that guide light in hollow cores filled with liquid and gas media. These platforms include integrated traditional solid waveguides to direct light into and out of sensing media. To improve the sensitivity of these platforms for optical sensing, hollow waveguide loss must be reduced. We are working towards this by using anisotropic plasma etching to create near-ideal hollow ARROW geometries. These structures rely on an etching mask that also serves as the sacrificial core for the waveguide. This self-aligned process creates a hollow waveguide on a pedestal which is surrounded by a terminal layer of air in three directions. We previously produced ARROWs by pre-etching the silicon substrate and aligning the sacrificial core to the pedestal. However, this necessitates using a pedestal which is wider than the core, leading to higher loss and poor reproducibility. We have also increased the hollow to solid waveguide transmission efficiency by using a design that coats the sides and top of the hollow core with a single layer of silicon dioxide. Using this design, we have demonstrated an interface transmission improvement of more than two times. A much improved optical sensor platform will incorporate both of these features, using the self-aligned pedestal process for most of the length of the hollow waveguides to decrease loss, and employing the single layer design only at the interfaces to improve hollow-solid waveguide coupling.
Finding improving directions in Lagrangian relaxation by fictitious play: A NASA scheduling application

Abstract An improving direction for Lagrangian dual prices can be found by solving (or solving approximately) a two person zero-sum game. While this method is impractical in many situations, its practical use is illustrated in a scheduling application. In this implementation, the game is solved approximately by fictitious play.
Podiatric medical students' views toward geriatrics and elderly patients. A preliminary study

This study examines podiatric medical students' perceptions toward podiatric medicine, their impressions of their geriatric training, and their attitudes toward treating elderly patients. A questionnaire was distributed to a random sample of 240 podiatric medical students at the Ohio College of Podiatric Medicine. The survey response rate was 57.1%. In general, the podiatric medical students were satisfied with their geriatric training; however, they believed that more geriatric training is needed. Podiatric medical students who entered podiatric medicine for intrinsic reasons, who visited their grandparents frequently, and who had close relationships with them while growing up, had favorable impressions toward geriatric patients. Furthermore, those who have had good geriatric instruction are more likely to have favorable impressions of geriatric patients.
Long Bone Osteomyelitis.

Osteomyelitis is a complex disease that is often associated with high morbidity and considerable health care costs. Bacteremia, contiguous focuses of infection, penetrating trauma, or surgery are the major predisposing factors for this infection. Bone necrosis and bone destruction occur early in the course of osteomyelitis, leading to a chronic process and eliminating the host’s ability to eradicate the pathogens. The presence of poorly vascularized tissues, the adherence to bone structures and implants, and a slow bacterial replication rate are recognized as important factors for the persistence of the infection. Treatment of osteomyelitis is particularly challenging and involves adequate antimicrobial therapy and surgical debridement of all necrotic bone and soft tissues. Antibiotic treatment is usually started on an empiric basis and then modified according to the results of cultures and sensitivity tests. Surgical treatment consists of debridement, obliteration of dead space, adequate soft tissue coverage, restoration of blood supply, and stabilization.
La aplicación de la teoría del procesamiento de información social al problema del maltrato físico a niños

ResumenEste articulo describe un modelo de procesamiento de informacion social que resume los factores cognitivos que se suponen relacionados con los malos tratos fisicos a ninos. Guiado por la teoria cognitiva-conductual, el modelo contiene tres etapas cognitivas y una cuarta etapa cognitiva-conductal. Se cree que las tres primeras etapas cognitivas sirven para mediar en el comportamiento de los padres (en la cuarta etapa), que incluye la agresion verbal y fisica. Se describe el papel del procesamiento automatico y del procesamiento controlado de la informacion relacionada con el nino. Siguiendo las especificaciones de los componentes del modelo y los procesos relacionados, se discuten los posibles efectos de los factores de personalidad y del estres sobre el procesamiento de informacion social. Se describen brevemente las implicaciones del modelo de procesamiento de informacion social en la evaluacion y el tratamiento de los padres que maltratan fisicamente.
Major Pulmonary Resection for Suspected but Unconfirmed Malignancy

Thoracotomy is not infrequently performed in patients with suspected pulmonary carcinoma but with no histological or cytological confirmation of malignancy. The intraoperative decision to proceed with major pulmonary resection (lobectomy or pneumonectomy) is difficult if a large or central lesion precludes total excisional biopsy. Incisional or needle biopsies violate the principles of good cancer surgery, and the results may be inconclusive if the tumor is missed and areas of associated inflammation or necrosis are sampled. Between January 1, 1970, and December 31, 1980, 303 patients underwent thoracotomy for suspected but unconfirmed malignancy. One hundred twenty-two had a minor resection only, 79 had a major resection (lobectomy or pneumonectomy) after a diagnosis was established by frozen section, and 102 had a major resection without a definitive diagnosis of cancer. Carcinoma subsequently was found in 68% (69) of this group of 102 patients, and benign lesions were identified in the remaining 32% (33), all of whom underwent lobectomy. The diagnoses in these 33 patients included seven granulomas, three hamartomas, nine instances of tuberculosis, and fourteen instances of fibrosis, inflammation, or cystic degeneration. The 2 thirty-day operative deaths in this group of 102 patients occurred among the 69 with malignant disease; 1 died of hemorrhage following pneumonectomy and 1, of respiratory insufficiency after lobectomy. In all 303 patients, there was no difference in operative mortality (p less than 0.01) between lobectomy (2%) and a lesser resection (1.6%). In a patient with a suspicious but inaccessible pulmonary lesion, lobectomy can be performed safely without violating the principles of cancer surgery. This recommendation should probably not be extended to lesions requiring pneumonectomy, because of the increased rates of morbidity and mortality associated with that procedure.
Novel materials for laser refrigeration

ABSTRACT The status of optical refrigeration of rare-earth-doped solids is reviewed, and the various factors that limit the performance of current laser-cooling mate rials are discussed. Efficient optical refrigeration is possible in materials for which , where is the maximum phonon energy of the host material and is the pump energy for the rare-earth dopant. Transition-metal and OH - impurities at levels >100 ppb are believed to be the main reason for the limited laser-cooling performance in current materials. The many components of doped ZB LAN glass pose particular processing challenges. Binary fluoride glasses such as YF 3 LiF are considered as alternatives to ZBLAN, and the crystalline system KPb 2 Cl 5 :Dy 3+ is identified as a prime candidate for high-efficiency laser cooling. Keywords: Optical refrigeration, laser cooling, multiphonon relaxation, binary fluoride glasses, YF 3 -LiF, ZBLAN, halide crystals, KPb 2 Cl 5 , ytterbium, dysprosium , infrared sensors.
Effect of molar mass of an experimental primer on shear bond strength to dentin.

A novel oligomer was synthesized in different molecular masses and used as a primer in dentin bonding. The hypothesis was that an intermediate molecular mass would optimize the conflicting needs for diffusion into etched dentin (low Mw) and high mechanical properties (high Mw). The initial oligomer synthesized was tert butylmethacrylate-co-maleic anhydride, which was further reacted to add hyrdoxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) across the anhydride. The oligomer was synthesized in a series of molecular masses from ∼800–6000 amu. The oligomer with an average Mw of ∼1000 amu provided the highest bond strength (16 MPa), with both lower and higher molar mass oligomers producing lower bond strengths. A polynomial model was fitted to the data with an R2 = 0.606, while a linear model only had an R2 = 0.534. This implies that the graph of molar mass to bond strength has a maximum in the range of molar masses examined, and that an optimum molar mass can be found between 800 and 6000 amu. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 70B: 384–388, 2004
ELASTIC AND INELASTIC PROTON SCATTERING FROM $sup 107$Ag AND THE PHONON- CORE MODEL.

The elastic and inelastic scattering of 12.94-MeV protons from $^{107}\mathrm{Ag}$ has been studied. Angular distributions have been measured between the angles of 24\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} and 165\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} for particles scattered from the ground state and excited states at 0.324, 0.423, 0.780, 0.950, 1.14, 1.28, 1.50, 1.66, and 2.19 MeV. The magnitudes and shapes of the angular distributions are compared with the predictions of the core-excitation model. For the states which appear to be due to coupling of an odd proton to the one-phonon quadrupole and octupole states of the even core, the experimental cross sections are fitted by means of the distorted-wave Born approximation. Differential cross sections of the states attributed to excitation of the one- and two-quadrupole phonon states of the even core have been compared to the predictions of the coupled-channel theory with the assumption that only a ${p}_{\frac{1}{2}}$ proton is coupled to the core. Reasonable agreement between experiment and theory was obtained, provided an admixture of one- and two-quadrupole phonon ${2}^{+}$ states was allowed. The knowledge of the derived core-state wave functions is used to evaluate the electromagnetic transition probabilities between some of the states and they are found to be in general accord with those known from Coulomb excitation and $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray experiments.
Hot electron transport in the plane

Abstract We summarize recent experimental results of hot electron transport in the plane of a high mobility two-dimensional electron gas. We find long mean free paths, much longer than is expected theoretically.
Transcatheter electrical ablation of accessory pathways in children.

BROMBERG, B.I., ET AL.: Transcatheter Electrical Ablation of Accessory Pathways in Children. Supraventricular tachycardia (SVT), the most common sustained symptomatic arrhythmia of childhood, is ojiEen supported hy a manifest or concealed accessory pathway. Permanent interruption of the accessory pathway usually requires surgical division. Recent experience with eJectricaJ ablation of posterior septal pathways in adults prompted us to apply the technique to children. Six chiidren, ages 8 to 15 years, underwent a complete electrophysiological study followed by transcatheter electrical aWation. Five of the 6 children, 3 with a right posterior septa] and 2 with a left posterior septal pathway, were approached with the ablation catheter at the os of the coronary sinus. In the remaining patient, a Jeft lateral pathway was mapped with an electrode catheter in the coronary sinus and then approached with the ablation catheter through the patent foramen into the left atrium. Two patients are asymptomatic 18-24 months postablation; one patient had return of anomalous conduction between 7 and 21 days after abiation. Two patients had transient interruption of anomalous conduction, whereas one patient experienced no effect. We conclude that in care/u]Jy selected patients, transcatheter electrical ablation ofers an alternative to surgery/or permanent interruption of an accessory pathway. (PACE, Vol. U, November 3989J eiectrical ablation, accessory pathway, supraventricular tachycardia
Assessing potential of biochar for increasing water‐holding capacity of sandy soils

Increasing the water-holding capacity of sandy soils will help improve efficiency of water use in agricultural production, and may be critical for providing enough energy and food for an increasing global population. We hypothesized that addition of biochar will increase the water-holding capacity of a sandy loam soil, and that the depth of biochar incorporation will influence the rate of biochar surface oxidation in the amended soils. Hardwood fast pyrolysis biochar was mixed with soil (0%, 3%, and 6% w/w) and placed into columns in either the bottom 11.4 cm or the top 11.4 cm to simulate deep banding in rows (DBR) and uniform topsoil mixing (UTM) applications, respectively. Four sets of 18 columns were incubated at 30 °C and 80% RH. Every 7 days, 150 mL of 0.001 M calcium chloride solution was added to the columns to produce leaching. Sets of columns were harvested after 1, 15, 29, and 91 days. Addition of biochar increased the gravity-drained water content 23% relative to the control. Bulk density of the control soils increased with incubation time (from 1.41 to 1.45 g cm−3), whereas bulk density of biochar-treated soils was up to 9% less than the control and remained constant throughout the incubation period. Biochar did not affect the CEC of the soil. The results suggest that biochar added to sandy loam soil increases water-holding capacity and might increase water available for crop use.
An estimate of the science-wise false discovery rate and application to the top medical literature

The accuracy of published medical research is critical for scientists, physicians and patients who rely on these results. However, the fundamental belief in the medical literature was called into serious question by a paper suggesting that most published medical research is false. Here we adapt estimation methods from the genomics community to the problem of estimating the rate of false discoveries in the medical literature using reported $P$-values as the data. We then collect $P$-values from the abstracts of all 77 430 papers published in The Lancet, The Journal of the American Medical Association, The New England Journal of Medicine, The British Medical Journal, and The American Journal of Epidemiology between 2000 and 2010. Among these papers, we found 5322 reported $P$-values. We estimate that the overall rate of false discoveries among reported results is 14% (s.d. 1%), contrary to previous claims. We also found that there is no a significant increase in the estimated rate of reported false discovery results over time (0.5% more false positives (FP) per year, $P = 0.18$) or with respect to journal submissions (0.5% more FP per 100 submissions, $P = 0.12$). Statistical analysis must allow for false discoveries in order to make claims on the basis of noisy data. But our analysis suggests that the medical literature remains a reliable record of scientific progress.
Digestive Organ in the Female Reproductive Tract Borrows Genes from Multiple Organ Systems to Adopt Critical Functions

Persistent adaptive challenges are often met with the evolution of novel physiological traits. Although there are specific examples of single genes providing new physiological functions, studies on the origin of complex organ functions are lacking. One such derived set of complex functions is found in the Lepidopteran bursa copulatrix, an organ within the female reproductive tract that digests nutrients from the male ejaculate or spermatophore. Here, we characterized bursa physiology and the evolutionary mechanisms by which it was equipped with digestive and absorptive functionality. By studying the transcriptome of the bursa and eight other tissues, we revealed a suite of highly expressed and secreted gene products providing the bursa with a combination of stomach-like traits for mechanical and enzymatic digestion of the male spermatophore. By subsequently placing these bursa genes in an evolutionary framework, we found that the vast majority of their novel digestive functions were co-opted by borrowing genes that continue to be expressed in nonreproductive tissues. However, a number of bursa-specific genes have also arisen, some of which represent unique gene families restricted to Lepidoptera and may provide novel bursa-specific functions. This pattern of promiscuous gene borrowing and relatively infrequent evolution of tissue-specific duplicates stands in contrast to studies of the evolution of novelty via single gene co-option. Our results suggest that the evolution of complex organ-level phenotypes may often be enabled (and subsequently constrained) by changes in tissue specificity that allow expression of existing genes in novel contexts, such as reproduction. The extent to which the selective pressures encountered in these novel roles require resolution via duplication and sub/neofunctionalization is likely to be determined by the need for specialized reproductive functionality. Thus, complex physiological phenotypes such as that found in the bursa offer important opportunities for understanding the relative role of pleiotropy and specialization in adaptive evolution.
NECTAR: a knowledge-based environment to enhance SPICE

An environment for SPICE called NECTAR has been developed which aids in convergence and user-interface problems with SPICE by simulating the actions taken by expert users. NECTAR recognizes patterns which cause nonconvergence and provides ways around the problems. NECTAR identifies errors in the SPICE input file and may automatically correct them. It can be used as a circuit design aid and improves the user interface for SPICE simulations. NECTAR belongs to the class of knowledge-based systems and is based on knowledge acquired from expert SPICE users and circuit designers. >
Reflections on Defining the Public Interest

The definition and nature of the public interest is an ongoing area of debate and controversy among public administration scholars and practitioners. This article’s main thesis is that there exists...
The application of supervisory control to deadlock avoidance in concurrent software

Ensuring deadlock-free execution of concurrent programs is a notoriously difficult problem, but an increasingly important one as multicore processors compel performance-conscious software developers to parallelize applications. We propose and validate a novel methodology for dynamically controlling the execution of concurrent software in order to provably avoid deadlocks. The methodology is based on supervisory control of discrete event systems modeled by Petri nets. Specifically, we synthesize feedback controllers for concurrent programs based on the theory of supervision based on place invariants and implement the controllers online to guarantee deadlock avoidance. We describe a full implementation of this methodology and report initial experimental results demonstrating its effectiveness and scalability.
Utilizing taped stallion vocalizations as a practical aid in estrus detection in mares

Abstract The objective of this study was to determine if tape-recorded stallion vocalizations could be used as a practical aid in estrus detection in mares. Mares were placed in a teasing chute for 3 min every other day and received one of two treatments: observation only, no taped stallion vocalizations (NV), or taped stallion vocalizations during observation (V). Behavioral estrus scores (BES) from 0 (rejects stallion) to 4 (actively accepts stallion) and activity scores (0=quiet; 1=restless) were recorded. Progesterone concentrations indicated mares in each treatment had 11 estrous periods. The BES for both treatments were 0 or 1 indicating no estrus was detected. Treatment differences (P
A transport-oriented approach to residence time distributions and two-phase chemical reactors

This paper focuses on two-phase (e.g., fluid-solid catalyst) chemical reactors where one phase participates in the feed and effluent, first order chemical reactions proceed in the other phase and linear, species-dependent, interphase transport connects the phases. A class of reactors exists in which the Laplace transform of the dynamic reaction/interphase transport equations reduces to essentially that of an effective set of first order reactions amongst effluent phase species only, in an imaginary single phase reactor. This result bears on scale-up: Since the imaginary reactor simply scales with the usual residence time distribution, so too do reactors of this class scale with its analog. This easily measurable analog turns out to be just the non-adsorbing tracer experiment. Significantly, certain reactors outside of this class do not scale likewise, even with first order chemistry; an example illustrates. The class in question includes, but is not limited to, fixed bed and Berty (CSTR) reactors. The analysis allows design inferences for two-phase reactors, including fluidized beds. On s'interesse dans cet article aux reacteurs chimiques biphasiques (p. ex. catalyseur fluide-solides), dans lesquels une phase participe a l'alimentation et a l'effluent, des reactions chimiques du premier ordre se produisent dans l'autre phase et dans lequel un transport lineaire dependant des especes assure la connexion entre les phases. Il existe une categorie de reacteurs pour lesquels la transformee de Laplace des equations de transport dynamique reactions/interphases se reduit essentiellement a une transformee d'une serie de reactions du premier ordre efficaces parmi les especes de la phase effluent seulement, dans un reacteur monophasique imaginaire. Ce resultat s'appui sur une mise a l'echelle: comme le reacteur imaginaire est simplement mis a l'echelle avec la distribution du temps de sejour habituelle, de měme les reacteurs de cette categorie sont mis a l'echelle avec leur analogue. Cet analogue facilement mesurable est apparu ětre justement l'experience de traceurs non adsorbants. De facon identique, měme avec une chimie du premier ordre; nous en donnons un exemple. Les reacteurs en question comprennent, sans toutefois s'y limiter, les reacteurs a lit fixe et les reacteurs Berty (reacteurs agites continus). L'analyse permet des inferences de conception pour les reacteurs biphasiques, dont les lits fluidises.
Urethral Reconstruction for Traumatic Posterior Urethral Disruption: Outcomes of a 25-Year Experience

Purpose: Management of posterior urethral disruption due to pelvic trauma can be quite challenging and is the subject of ongoing controversy. This study presents an update of the University of California, San Francisco experience with delayed anastomotic posterior urethroplasty for management of these injuries.Materials and Methods: Since 1979 all patients undergoing posterior urethroplasty by a single surgeon at University of California, San Francisco and its affiliated hospitals have been entered prospectively into a patient registry. For this cohort descriptive statistics were calculated and recurrence was analyzed with the Kaplan-Meier method. Success was defined as no recurrence (by symptoms and/or retrograde urethrogram) or a mild recurrence managed successfully with a single internal urethrotomy.Results: A total of 134 male patients were analyzed with a mean of 32.9 and a median of 12 months followup. Mean patient age at surgery was 34.8 years. Of the patients 35% had undergone at least 1 prior pro...
Detection bounds for automatic target recognition in compressed domain

We study a problem of target detection given transform-coded image data. We formulate optimal likelihood ratio tests and derive detection bounds by application of Stein's lemma. This study provides a framework in which to study degradation in detection performance due to lossy compression.
Oxidized LDL–Induced Microvascular Dysfunction Dependence on Oxidation Procedure

Human LDLs oxidized with Cu2+ are known to promote leukocyte-endothelial cell adhesion (LECA) and albumin leakage in postcapillary venules. The objective of this study was to compare the ability of LDL oxidized with Cu2+ (Cu-LDL), phospholipase A2 plus lipoxygenase (PLA2-LDL), horseradish peroxidase plus H2O2 (HRP-LDL), or -OCl (-OCl-LDL) to promote (1)neutrophil-endothelial cell adhesion (NECA) in vitro and (2)LECA and albumin leakage in rat mesenteric venules. In vitro adhesion assays revealed that only Cu-LDL elicited a dose-dependent NECA response, whereas PLA2-LDL but not normal (N-LDL), HRP-LDL, or -OCl-LDL increased NECA at the highest concentration studied (670 micrograms/mL). The magnitude of the NECA responses elicited by the different forms of oxidized LDL was related to the degree of lipid peroxidation but unrelated to the level of protein oxidation. Local intra-arterial infusion of Cu-LDL, PLA2-LDL, or -OCl-LDL but not N-LDL elicited significant increases in leukocyte adherence and emigration, mast cell degranulation, and albumin leakage in rat mesenteric venules. The LECA induced by all forms of oxidized LDL was not accompanied by significant alterations of venular shear rate.