cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Moral Constraints on Gender Concepts

Are words like ‘woman’ or ‘man’ sex terms that we use to talk about biological features of individuals? Are they gender terms that we use to talk about non-biological features e.g. social roles? Contextualists answer both questions affirmatively, arguing that these terms concern biological or non-biological features depending on context. I argue that a recent version of contextualism, floated by Jennifer Saul and defended by Esa Diaz-Leon, doesn’t exhibit the right kind of flexibility to capture our theoretical intuitions or moral and political practices concerning our uses of these words. I then propose the view that terms like ‘woman’ or ‘man’ are polysemous, arguing that it makes better sense of the significance of some forms of criticisms of mainstream gender ideology.
Linking Parental Monitoring and Psychological Control with Internalizing Symptoms in Early Adolescence: The Moderating Role of Vagal Tone.

The present study investigated baseline respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) as moderator of the prospective association between parenting (i.e., monitoring knowledge, psychological control) and internalizing symptoms among typically developing adolescents across the transition to middle school. Gender differences in the aforementioned association were tested as an exploratory aim. At Time 1 (5th grade), participants included 100 young adolescents (53% boys; 57% European American; Mage = 11.05 years, SD = 0.33) and their mothers (Mage = 41.25 years, SD = 6.22; 96.0% biological). At Time 2 (6th grade), 89 adolescents and their mothers returned. To address study aims, a multi-informant, multi-method, longitudinal design was used. At Time 1, mothers reported on monitoring knowledge and psychological control, and adolescents’ baseline RSA was measured during a resting baseline period. At Times 1 and 2, adolescents reported on three indices of internalizing symptoms (depressive symptoms, social anxiety, loneliness and social dissatisfaction). Results from multiple regression analyses revealed that higher levels of psychological control predicted higher levels of depressive symptoms and loneliness over time. Further, among boys, lower baseline RSA exacerbated the link between maternal psychological control and higher levels of depressive symptoms and loneliness, whereas higher baseline RSA attenuated the effect. Overall, our findings for boys were consistent with prior evidence of lower baseline RSA as a risk factor and higher baseline RSA as a protective factor against psychopathology. Findings contribute to the growing literature on biopsychosocial interactions and youth mental health.
La conception : une affaire de protéines.

Quand vous decidez de faire un regime, votre futur bebe crie « Au secours ». Selon une etude parue en 2018 dans la revue scientifique Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,1 une diete restrictive en proteines durant la periode preimplantatoire peut affecter le developpement cerebral de l’embryon et entrainer des troubles de la memoire chez la souris adulte. Entre conception et implantation, attention aux restrictions.
Moisture Uptake and Thermomechanical Behavior of Epoxy-Amine Networks Derived from Ortho-Substituted Monomers

Ortho-substitution with hydrophobic aliphatic groups has shown reduced moisture uptake in a variety of thermoset networks. In this study, the number and size of ortho-substituents were systematical...
Sources of health information among U.S. cancer survivors: results from the health information national trends survey (HINTS)

Background Health information is crucial for preservation of health and maintenance of healthy practices among cancer survivors. This study examines the sources and factors associated with choice of health information source among cancer survivors and those without a cancer history. Methods We examined health information sources utilized by cancer history between 2011–2014 and 2017–2018 using the Health Information National Trends Survey (HINTS). Factors associated with seeking health information were examined using multinomial logistic regression. Data from HINTS 4, cycles 1–4 (2011–2014) and HINTS 5, cycles 1–2 (2017–2018) were combined and used for all analyses. HINTS-FDA, cycles 1–2 (2015–2017) were excluded from this study because the question about a cancer history was not asked. Results Over half of cancer survivors (52.7%) and those without a cancer history (60.9%) obtained their health information through the media. Among cancer survivors, factors associated with health information seeking either through the media or interpersonal communication relative to not seeking information were age, gender, level of education, income, marital status and having a regular healthcare provider. Male survivors were 39% less likely to seek health information from the media (aOR: 0.61; 95% CI: 0.38–0.99) while those with a regular health provider had significantly higher odds of seeking health information via interpersonal communication (aOR: 1.92; 95% CI: 1.09–3.38). In addition, widowed cancer survivors had lower odds of seeking health information from either interpersonal communication (aOR: 0.28; 95% CI: 0.13–0.60) or the media (aOR: 0.30; 95% CI: 0.13–0.69). In the study population without a cancer history, compared to non-Hispanic whites, non-Hispanic blacks, Hispanics and non-Hispanic other categories were significantly less likely to seek health information from the media rather than not seek health information. Conclusion Socioeconomic status, marital status, gender and age are important correlates of choice of health information source among cancer survivors in the US. These factors may be useful in guiding interventions aimed at various groups of cancer surviving populations to ensure that they improve their health seeking behaviors.
The chemical biology of IL-12 production via the non-canonical NFkB pathway

Interleukin-12 (IL-12) has emerged as an attractive cytokine for cancer therapy because it has direct anti-cancer effects and additionally plays a critical role in enhancing checkpoint inhibitors. Given these multiple modes of actions, identifying means to pharmacologically induce IL-12 production in the tumor microenvironment has become important. In this review, we highlight therapeutics that promote IL-12 induction in tumor-associated myeloid cells through the non-canonical NFkB pathway. We discuss existing clinical trials and briefly examine the additional pathway targets that warrant further exploration for drug discovery.
When Bad Things Happen: Training Medical Students to Anticipate the Aftermath of Medical Errors.

Medical errors affect trainees. Existing curricula emphasize tenets of patient safety but rarely address the impact of medical errors on health care providers, particularly at the undergraduate level. The authors developed an interactive session exploring the professional and personal effects of medical errors for 300 second-year medical students. The session utilized case-based learning, small group discussion, and video vignettes. Physicians in multiple specialties were interviewed, sharing narrative accounts of their experience with medical errors and adverse events. Discussions were facilitated by local physicians, who delivered content and shared personal anecdotes. Surveys using a 5-point Likert scale were conducted before and after the session. Pre- and post-test surveys resulted in 91 responses in 2016 and 174 in 2017. In 2016, results showed significant change in student responses by 0.34 units (SD 0.35 units; p < 0.001). Two survey items addressing student awareness and three items addressing confidence were significant. The domains assessing students’ attitudes and knowledge regarding medical errors were not significant. In 2017, the overall mean change was 0.33 with a lower standard error, 0.03 (p < 0.001), showing significance in both years the session was delivered. A 1-h, small-group session increased medical students’ understanding of the impact of medical errors and adverse events on providers and the supportive resources available. Recruitment of local faculty to facilitate discussions and share personal anecdotes enhanced the success of the session.
Genome Sequences of Bacteriophages ClearAsMud and Kauala, Isolated from Microbacterium foliorum.

ABSTRACT Cluster EC ClearAsMud and cluster EA4 Kauala are lytic Siphoviridae bacteriophages that were isolated from soil in southern California using Microbacterium foliorum NRRL B-24224 as the host. The ClearAsMud and Kauala genomes are 52,987 bp and 39,378 bp, respectively, and contain 92 and 56 predicted protein-coding genes, respectively.
Sowing the Seeds of Chinese Exclusion as the Reconstruction Congress Debates Civil Rights Inclusion

During Reconstruction, Congress amended the Constitution to fundamentally reorder the legal and social status of African Americans. Congress faced the challenge of determining how Chinese people would fit in to the emerging constitutional structure. This article draws on a method of digitizing the Congressional Globe to more broadly explore the arguments about Chinese rights and privileges during Reconstruction. Unlike African-Americans, Chinese were part of an international system of trade and diplomacy; treatment of other people of color was understood as a purely domestic question. In addition, while a core feature of Reconstruction was ending the enslavement of African-Americans and overruling Dred Scott by making Africans Americans born in the U.S. citizens and granting them eligibility for naturalization, for Chinese, Congress chose to leave in place racial restrictions on naturalization, which had existed since 1790. This rendered them perpetual foreigners in America. With regard to labor rights, by abolishing slavery, Congress intended to raise up the freedmen, giving African Americans a chance to work on equal terms with other citizens. In the main, Congress continued to treat the Chinese people as constitutive of the so-called “Chinese question,” a nominalization that ascribed to them features of caste, from which there was little possibility of upward mobility. Congress recognized that some Chinese workers in the U.S. who were building railroads or working in mines might be subject to labor exploitation from bosses and from jobbers, sometimes white and sometimes Chinese. However, rather than intervene to liberate Chinese laborers through laws that would free them from involuntary servitude, and give them fair terms on which to compete, Congress eventually moved in another direction: excluding the Chinese altogether in 1882.
The Role of Personalism in Eradicating Linguistic Violence

Human society is filled with violence. Violence happens not only as physical violence but also as linguistic violence. This has brought pain and torment not only to human bodies but also their minds and hearts. Linguistic violence is often ignored in society, yet it is a factor that has demeaned human personality, caused wars, genocides, xenophobic attacks, and so forth. Because of the negative consequences of linguistic violence, there is a need to raise awareness of it and how to conquer it. Through critical hermeneutic and analytic methods, the paper examined how linguistic violence can be ameliorated if not totally eradicated through the philosophy of personalism. The central argument of this paper is that the philosophy of personalism which emphasizes the value of the human person and decries all forms of degradation and devaluation of humanity can help in ending linguistic violence. It argues that the human person has absolute value and should not be treated as a thing or tool. One of the best ways to combat negative language is to promote a positive language. This can be achieved through the promotion of the ethical value of personalism. The paper finds that linguistic violence is taking place in Nigeria and there is a need to overcome it. The conclusion of the paper is that the philosophy of personalism can help in curbing linguistic violence. When this is done the entire attendant negative consequences associated with it will be overcome.
Dreams Realized: A Long-Term Program Evaluation of Three Summer Diversity Pipeline Programs.

Purpose: Pipeline programs are a well-known approach to enhancing health care workforce diversity and reducing health disparities. Few evaluations of pipeline programs include long-term outcome; fe...
Atherogenesis and Ischemic Heart Disease

T genesis of atherosclerosis is a vast subject that occupies central importance, as arterial occlusions cause tissue ischemia and end-organ damage. There is a rich literature of descriptive and morphologic observations acquired during the earlier decades of this century when the majority of research was generated by experimental pathologists. These important efforts have described endothelial damage, macrophage infiltration, development of plaque, disruption of plaque, and thrombosis.1–3 During the past 25 years, our understanding of this process has developed further with the use of specific cell labeling techniques, molecular biology, and discoveries regarding the local control of vasomotion, thrombosis, and growth. Finally, we have begun to learn about the molecular mechanisms that link the atherogenic risk factors to low-grade inflammation affecting specific locations in conduit arteries throughout the body.4–6 These discoveries have revealed that the arterial wall is “activated” at the onset and throughout a chronic and low-grade inflammatory process. This is a review for clinicians that will examine the cell/vessel wall dysfunctions that develop and exist throughout the growth of atherosclerosis in coronary arteries in terms of the ischemic syndromes that we see in our patients. The dynamic nature of these dysfunctions will also be discussed as opportunities for novel approaches to screening and therapeutics. At the same time, references will be given throughout to provide more details and debate regarding fundamental molecular mechanisms.
Free tools for teaching & researching wireless networking concepts

As wireless networking and security become more prevalent in the market, more and more computer science programs are incorporating courses in wireless networks or at the least, devoting a significant percentage of the advanced networking courses to wireless topics. As a result, in addition to industry practitioners, there is a growing interest among university researchers and faculty regarding tools used for teaching and researching in wireless networking concepts.This tutorial will demonstrate two free tools, Network Stumbler and ITGuru's wireless module (academic version is free).
The Role of B2B Protocols in Inter-Enterprise Process Execution

One of the myths of inter-enterprise process execution is that workflow management systems (WFMSs) deployed in enterprises can achieve the collaboration between enterprises across networks and that there is "one process across enterprises". The reality is that important model primitives are missing in WFMSs required to achieve inter-enterprise process collaboration. WFMSs were not designed to deal with executing message protocols across networks. In contrast, business-to-business (B2B) protocols address all the required functionality to exchange messages reliably between enterprises across networks and are not concerned about enterprise internal processes. In that sense, B2B protocols expose the "public" (i. e. externally visible) processes whereby WFMSs implement the "private" (i. e. internal) processes of an enterprise. With this approach many of the inter-enterprise collaboration management requirements can be addressed like public process description, advertisement, discovery, selection, composition, delivery, monitoring and contracts. The contribution of this paper is to introduce an approach to bind public and private processes implemented as B2B protocols and workflow types as well as show an approach of inter-enterprise collaboration management.
Systems biology and gene networks in neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders

Genetic and genomic approaches have implicated hundreds of genetic loci in neurodevelopmental disorders and neurodegeneration, but mechanistic understanding continues to lag behind the pace of gene discovery. Understanding the role of specific genetic variants in the brain involves dissecting a functional hierarchy that encompasses molecular pathways, diverse cell types, neural circuits and, ultimately, cognition and behaviour. With a focus on transcriptomics, this Review discusses how high-throughput molecular, integrative and network approaches inform disease biology by placing human genetics in a molecular systems and neurobiological context. We provide a framework for interpreting network biology studies and leveraging big genomics data sets in neurobiology.
Therapeutic Medical Gas

Therapeutic medical gas is pharmaceutical gaseous molecules which offer solutions to medical needs. In addition to traditional medical gases including oxygen and nitrous oxide, a number of medical gases have been recently discovered to play protective roles in various disease conditions. In particular, nitric oxide, carbon monoxide and hydrogen sulfide are found to be endogenously generated in the human body and mediate signaling pathways as biological messengers, and are shown to have potent cytoprotective effects. Herein, we summarize the recent advances of therapeutic medical gas research and discuss their clinical feasibility, typically such as nitric oxide, carbon monoxide, hydrogen sulfide, hydrogen, xenon, helium and ozone. A recent increase in publications in the medical gas field clearly indicates that there are significant opportunities for the use of medical gases as therapeutic tools. It would be necessary to identify safety concerns when using therapeutic gases along with potential side effects and toxicity. Although further investigations are required, medical gas may provide a huge impact as a novel and innovative therapeutic tool for unmet medical needs with considerable health burdens.
The influence of the social environment on sexual maturation of female deermice (Peromyscus maniculatus bairdi)

Female deermice housed from weaning with groups of five females, five males or five males plus five females had significantly smaller uteri at 35–38 days of age compared to females reared alone. The uterine weights of females reared in the three grouped treatments did not differ significantly among themselves nor did those reared alone or with another animal of either sex. Uterine and ovary weights revealed no significant inhibition or stimulation of sexual maturation dependent upon sex of the adult conspecific with which young females were housed. The number of conspecifics (five or more of either sex) housed with young females was of primary importance in the retardation of uterine development observed.
A Module for Media Intervention: Content Regulation in Post-Conflict Zones

In Kosovo and Bosnia-Hercegovina, and elsewhere as well, there has been increasing examples of actual management of legislative and executive functions by international governmental organizations. This essay examines the operation of such entities with respect to media regulation. Among the questions are the following: what standards govern the actions of the international community, what mechanisms does the community use to enforce its rules, and how do the resulting mechanisms compare to more universal standards.
Chapter 5 Crystalline films for bubbles

Publisher Summary Magnetic bubbles are cylindrical domains of reverse magnetization in thin magnetic films. The films must have uniaxial anisotropy, normal to the film plane, large enough to overcome the demagnetizing forces due to the film geometry. The bubbles are stable over a range of magnetic bias fields and can be moved in the film by externally controlled magnetic field gradients. They are, therefore, useful for solid state devices. It is not within the scope of this chapter to discuss the applications of bubbles. This chapter identifies the parameters of bubbles that are important for those applications, tabulates the relationship of those practical parameters to the more fundamental magnetic and physical characteristics of the films, discusses the origin of phenomena that are unique to bubbles, and indicates how materials can be selected to achieve particular bubble properties. Bubbles can exist in more complicated combinations characterized by integer or non-integer state numbers, by virtue of the presence of multiple Bloch lines, with and without floating Bloch points. Bubbles with many Bloch lines are called “hard bubbles” because of their unusual characteristics. Hard bubbles persist to much higher bias fields before collapsing, compared to normal bubbles, and they move much more slowly in a given field gradient. Methods for the suppression of hard bubbles involve the creation on the bubble film surface of a capping layer that provides a low reluctance flux path. Three different methods for accomplishing this are ion-implementation of the surface, deposition of a very thin film of permalloy onto the bubble film surface, and the preparation of double layer bubble films where the second layer has the appropriate characteristics.
An optimised injection technique for the navicular bursa that avoids the deep digital flexor tendon

SummaryReasons for performing study Injection of the navicular bursa is commonly performed from the palmar aspect of the limb, which results in penetration of the deep digital flexor tendon (DDFT). Objectives To report a radiographic guided injection from the lateral aspect of the limb that avoids puncture of the DDFT and to assess synovial and soft tissue penetration by the needle. Study design Prospective clinical and cadaveric study. Methods Prospective analysis of cadaver limbs and clinical cases in which the navicular bursa was injected from the lateral aspect. Cadaver limbs were placed in a stand to simulate weight bearing and injection was performed in limbs without synovial distension or with distension of either the distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint, digital flexor tendon sheath (DFTS) or navicular bursa. In cadaver and clinical limbs, contrast was injected and the needle position assessed with radiographs. Cadaver (but not clinical) limbs were also examined using magnetic resonance imaging with the needle in situ. Results Successful navicular bursal injection was achieved in all limbs (n = 71). Relative risk of DIP joint puncture was 19 times higher (95% confidence interval 1.3–285.4, P<0.001) when the DIP joint was distended (9 of 10 limbs) than in normal limbs (0 of 10 limbs). Relative risk of DFTS puncture was 2.7 times higher (95% confidence interval 1.0–7.2, P = 0.06) when the DFTS was distended (8 of 10 limbs) than in normal limbs (3 of 7 limbs). Synovial fluid was aspirated from 47% of bursae from clinical cases. Conclusions The lateral injection technique for the navicular bursa avoids penetration of the DDFT, although risk of synovial penetration must be considered when there is potential DIP joint or DFTS infection.
Effective doping of low energy ions into superfluid helium droplets.

We report a facile method of doping cations from an electrospray ionization (ESI) source into superfluid helium droplets. By decelerating and stopping the ion pulse of reserpine and substance P from an ESI source in the path of the droplet beam, about 104 ion-doped droplets (one ion per droplet) can be recorded, corresponding to a pickup efficiency of nearly 1 out of 1000 ions. We attribute the success of this simple approach to the long residence time of the cations in the droplet beam. The resulting size of the doped droplets, on the order of 105/droplet, is measured using deflection and retardation methods. Our method does not require an ion trap in the doping region, which significantly simplifies the experimental setup and procedure for future spectroscopic and diffraction studies.
Biotransformation of unsaturated fatty acids to industrial products.

Publisher Summary The hydroxyl group gives a fatty acid special properties such as higher viscosity and reactivity compared to other fatty acids. Because of their special chemical attributes, hydroxy fatty acids are used in a wide range of products including resins, waxes, nylons, plastics, corrosion inhibitors, cosmetics, and coatings. Plant systems produce hydroxy fatty acids, presently, imported castor oil and its derivatives are the only commercial source of these industrial hydroxyl fatty acids. Ricinoleic and sebacic acids, two castor oil derivatives, are classified by the Department of Defense as strategic and critical materials. Microbial enzyme systems biotransform unsaturated fatty acids to three types of hydroxy fatty acid products—namely, monohydroxy, dihydroxy, and trihydroxy fatty acids. These new products have potential industrial applications.
Energy aware scheduling and queue management for next generation Wi-Fi routers

An increasing number of internet connected devices access large multimedia files over the Internet. Therefore, the bandwidth demand is exponentially increasing. To satisfy users’ demands, multi-band wireless routers, which simultaneously support several bands, are developed. However, current multiband routers do not attempt to maximize the utilization of frequency bands nor consider the energy consumption. There are a limited number of previous works on multi-band wireless routers and those works do not address the energy efficiency and utilization problems of multi-band routers. Therefore, we have proposed an energy aware scheduling algorithm to ensure maximize utilization of multi-band routers while decreasing energy consumption through band sharing. Results show that the proposed method uses system resources efficiently and decreases energy consumption of the multi-band systems up to 60%. Our proposed scheduling algorithm and related analysis will help network engineers build next generation wireless routers by considering performance metrics such as throughput and energy usage of multi-band Wi-Fi routers.
Distribution Methods for Assets in Individual Accounts for Retirees: Life Income Annuities and Withdrawal Rules

This article examines the two basic, opposing methods of how to pay out assets from 401(k) plan accounts and IRAs to retired workers. The first method is the immediate life annuity, and the second is a rule to withdraw a fixed percentage of 4% of the initial account balance, increased each year after the first year by the rate of inflation. The lifetime income levels and risks these methods produce are calculated using a historical simulation of asset returns, interest rates, and inflation, as well as recent data on the pricing of immediate life annuities. This article is the first to conduct this comparison using a standard methodology over a long time period. The life annuity is judged to be an effective instrument to produce lifetime retirement income—generally somewhat better than the commonly used withdrawal rules, in terms of a usually much higher level of income and lower risk of running low on resources. The life annuity is subject to inflation risk at longer horizons and lacks liquidity and bequest value. Given the desirability of balancing the advantages and disadvantages of the two methods, the optimal strategy would seem to combine the methods, ideally reflecting the unique preferences and situation of each retired household.
Variability in Sea Surface Height: A Qualitative Measure for the Meridional Overturning in the North Atlantic

Sea surface height (SSH) from altimeter observations from 1992 on and from modeling results is investigated to determine the modes of variability and the linkages to the state of oceanic circulation in the North Atlantic. First the altimeter and model simulated SSH are analyzed using the empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis. They are found to share a similar leading mode where the center of action is along the Gulf Stream and North Atlantic Current with opposite sign anomalies in the subpolar gyre and in the slope waters along the Eastern Seaboard. The time series of the leading EOF mode from the altimeter data shows that between winters of 1995 and 1996, SSH over the Gulf Stream decreased by about 12cm which change is reproduced by the model simulation. Based on the relationship from the model simulations between the time series of the SSH EOF1 and meridional heat transport, it is suggested that associated with this SSH change in 1995-96, the overturning has slowed down from its heights in the early 90's. Furthermore, it is shown that decadal variability in the leading SSH mode originates from the thermal forcing component. This adds confidence to the qualitative relationship between the state of overturning/meridional heat transport and SSH in the limited area described by the EOF1. SSH variability in the eastern side of the North Atlantic basin, outside the western boundary current region, is determined by local and remote (Rossby waves) wind stress curl forcing.
Survival and Growth of Bollworm and Tobacco Budworm on Nontransgenic and Transgenic Cotton Expressing a CryIA Insecticidal Protein (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Larval and pupal survival and development were assessed for bollworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), and tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens (F.), fed the transgenic variety (BTK) of cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L., that expressed an insecticidal protein, CryIA(c) from Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner subsp. kurstaki . The parameters measured for bollworm and tobacco budworm fed flower buds excised from BTK or nontransgenic (non-BTK) cotton plants were percentage of survival, length of immature stage, length of pupal stage, larval/ pupal weights, and sex ratio of each instar. Bollworm and tobacco budworm provided with BTK flower buds as 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th instars, fed little and died after a period of ≍1–4 d. Importantly, a large percentage of 5th instars of both species survived, pupated, and became adults on the BTK flower buds. Significantly more bollworm 5th instars pupated and survived to the adult stage when fed non-BTK cotton (76.0 and 51.3%, respectively) compared with those fed BTK cotton (46.0 and 27.1 %, respectively). However, the number of tobacco budworm 5th instars that pupated and emerged as moths when fed non-BTK flower buds (73.3 and 41.3%, respectively) was not different from those fed BTK flower buds (75.3 and 48.0%, respectively). Larval weight was significantly lower for bollworm but not for tobacco budworm fed BTK flower buds as 5th instars. Total length of bollworm and tobacco budworm larval life was greater for the larvae fed non-BTK flower buds compared with the larvae fed BTK flower buds during the 1st–4th instars. Pupal weight, length of pupal stage, and the percentage of male and female pupae produced were not significantly different between the 2 plant phenotypes for the 2 insect species. These results suggest that these transformed BTK cotton plants are highly toxic to 1st–4th instars of bollworm and tobacco budworm, but not to 5th instars. Movement of 5th instars of either insect species from non-BTK plants to BTK cotton plants in mixed stands could result in feeding and injury to BTK plants.
THE IMPACT OF SEX COMPOSITION ON GANGS AND GANG MEMBER DELINQUENCY

Sociology of organizations scholars have long recognized sex and gender as key features shaping interactional dynamics within groups, and several recent qualitative studies suggest that sex composition of gangs helps shape the gang experience for both boys and girls. Quantitatively, we add to this scant literature by testing competing hypotheses from the theories of Kanter, Blau, and Blalock, and examining whether youth gangs' sex composition influences members' characterizations of their gangs and their individual participation in delinquency. Our findings suggest that sex composition, independent of sex itself, is important in shaping the norms and activities of gangs and their members.
The Impact of Team-Based Product Dissection on Design Novelty

Although design novelty is a critical area of research in engineering design, most research in this space has focused on understanding and developing formal idea generation methods instead of focusing on the impact of current design practices. This is problematic because formal techniques are often not adopted in industry due to the burdensome steps often included in these methods, which limit the practicality and adoption of these methods. This study seeks to understand the impact of product dissection, a design method widely utilized in academia and industry, on design novelty in order to produce recommendations for the use or alterations of this method for supporting novelty in design. To investigate the impact of dissection, a study was conducted with 76 engineering students who completed a team-based dissection of an electric toothbrush and then individually generated ideas. The relationships between involvement in the dissection activity, the product dissected, the novelty and quantity of the ideas developed were investigated. The results reveal that team members who were more involved in the dissection activity generated concepts that were more novel than those who did not. In addition, the type of the dissected product also had an influence on design novelty. Finally, a positive correlation between the number of ideas generated and the novelty of the design concepts was identified. The results from this study are used to provide recommendations for leveraging product dissection for enhancing novelty in engineering design education and practice.
One-pot SSA-catalyzed β-elimination: an efficient and inexpensive protocol for easy access to the glycal of sialic acid

Neu5Ac2en1Me per-OAc, the fully protected glycal of sialic acid, is a key intermediate in the discovery of therapeutics and diagnostics, including anti-influenza drugs and proteolysis resistant peptidomimetic foldamers. The synthesis of this sialic acid derivative, however, still relies on standard sugar chemistry that utilizes multi-step methodologies. Herein we report a facile and highly efficient microwave-assisted preparation of Neu5Ac1Me using silica sulfuric acid (SSA) as solid-supported acid catalyst that is one- to two-orders of magnitude faster than standard procedures. We also describe the microwave-assisted and SSA-catalyzed one-pot, rapid, solvent free reaction that combines both peracetylation and β-elimination reactions in one step to generate the glycal from Neu5Ac1Me. We coined the term One-pot SSA-catalyzed Technology for β-Elimination Protocol (OneSTEP) to describe this least laborious, most efficient, and practical preparation to date of Neu5Ac2en1Me per-OAc in terms of yield, time, reagent cost, and waste generation.
Application of NMR-based techniques in aquatic toxicology: brief examples.

Abstract Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) has been employed over many years for the elucidation of chemical structures. However, in more recent years it has been used to characterize sublethal actions of pollutants in aquatic organisms. For instance, in vivo NMR involves live, intact organisms or cell cultures and the application of chemical stressors to reveal toxic mechanisms in real time. Alternatively, NMR-based metabolomics involves rapid cessation of metabolic activity following chemical exposure (via liquid N 2 ) to provide an assessment of metabolic actions via more traditional NMR analysis. Two examples are briefly presented to exemplify the power of NMR for assessing toxic actions in marine and freshwater organisms.
Influence of neutron spectra on the radiation-induced evolution of AISI 316

Abstract A single heat of AISI 316 stainless steel has been irradiated in both the EBR-II and HFIR reactors. These reactors have significantly different spectra, leading to differences in displacements per neutron, helium/dpa ratio, and solid transmutant generation rates. The influence of reactor spectra can be observed in the transmutation-altered elemental compositions and the void densities. At least in the range of 500–650°C there does not appear to be any significant spectral-related differences in the dislocation density, phase development or total swelling. It appears that, in this temperature range, the steady-state swelling rate per displaced atom that develops in this steel will be the same in fast and thermal reactors, as well as in projected fusion devices.
Refutation of Kira & van Eijnatten's critique of the Emery's open systems theory

This paper refutes the paper “Socially sustainable work organizations: a chaordic systems approach” by Mari Kira & Frans van Eijnatten. These authors make some serious criticisms of sociotechnical systems theory but in so doing misrepresent the work of Fred and Merrelyn Emery, two of the main developers of sociotechnical systems and open systems theory more generally. Each of their criticisms is contrasted with the original work of the Emerys and their colleagues. Kira & van Eijnatten also claim that sociotechnical systems theory and practice cannot achieve many of the great benefits to be expected from their own chaordic approach. Again the abundant evidence shows that their claims and criticisms lack credibility. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Interplay between SCARECROW, GA and LIKE HETEROCHROMATIN PROTEIN 1 in ground tissue patterning in the Arabidopsis root

Regulated cell division is critical for the development of multi-cellular organisms. In the Arabidopsis root, SCARECROW (SCR) is required for the first cell division, but represses the subsequent, longitudinal asymmetric cell divisions that generate the two cell types of the ground tissue - cortex and endodermis. To elucidate the molecular basis of the role of SCR in ground tissue patterning, we screened for SCR-interacting proteins using the yeast two-hybrid method. A number of putative SCR-interacting proteins were identified, among them LIKE HETEROCHROMATIN PROTEIN 1 (LHP1). In lhp1 mutants, a second longitudinal asymmetric cell division occurs in the ground tissue earlier than in wild-type plants. Similar to the scr mutant, this premature middle cortex phenotype is suppressed by the phytohormone gibberellin (GA). We provide evidence that the N-terminal domain of SCR is required for the interaction between SCR and LHP1 as well as with other interacting partners, and that this domain is essential for repression of asymmetric cell divisions. Consistent with a role for GA in cortex proliferation, mutants of key GA signaling components produce a middle cortex precociously. Intriguingly, we found that the spindly (spy) mutant has a similar middle cortex phenotype. As SPY homologs in animals physically interact with histone deacetylase, we examined the role of histone deacetylation in middle cortex formation. We show that inhibition of histone deacetylase activity causes premature middle cortex formation in wild-type roots. Together, these results suggest that epigenetic regulation is probably the common basis for SCR and GA activity in cortex cell proliferation.
The difference between highly and poorly cited medical articles in the journal Lancet

Characteristics of highly and poorly cited research articles (with Abstracts) published in The Lancet over a three-year period were examined. These characteristics included numerical (numbers of authors, references, citations, Abstract words, journal pages), organizational (first author country, institution type, institution name), and medical (medical condition, study approach, study type, sample size, study outcome). Compared to the least cited articles, the most cited have three to five times the median number of authors per article, fifty to six hundred percent greater median number of references per article, 110 to 490 times the median number of citations per article, 2.5 to almost seven times the median number of Abstract words per article, and 2.5 to 3.5 times the median number of pages per article. The most cited articles’ medical themes emphasize breast cancer, diabetes, coronary circulation, and HIV immune system problems, focusing on large-scale clinical trials of drugs. The least cited articles’ themes essentially do not address the above medical issues, especially from a clinical trials perspective, cover a much broader range of topics, and have much more emphasis on social and reproductive health issues. Finally, for sample sizes of clinical trials specifically, those of the most cited articles ranged from a median of about 1500 to 2500, whereas those of the least cited articles ranged from 30 to 40.
THE LIMITS OF STRATEGIC PLANNING FOR CITIES

ABSTRACT:Developed in the private sector, strategic planning is rapidly being applied to cities. This article describes public sector strategic planning, places it in the history of urban planning and evaluates its goal orientation and effectiveness. Strategic planning is shown to be closely related to rational-comprehensive planning; as such, it is open to the same types of criticisms that have been leveled at rational planning reforms. At the same time, strategic planning is differentiated from traditional rational planning by its focus on future environmental trends. While external trends are important, the article concludes that they are rarely decisive for local policy making. Claiming to be a technique that can be used to support any goals, in practice, strategic planning often biases the planning agenda in favor of economic growth over other goals, such as redistribution of wealth or democratic participation. Strategic planning focuses on the effects of policies and is not concerned with the proces...
Charged amino acids (R83, E567, D617, E625, R669, and K678) of CusA are required for metal ion transport in the Cus efflux system.

Abstract Gram-negative bacteria expel various toxic chemicals via tripartite efflux pumps belonging to the resistance–nodulation–cell division superfamily. These pumps span both the inner and outer membranes of the cell. The three components of these tripartite systems are an inner‐membrane, substrate-binding transporter (or pump); a periplasmic membrane fusion protein (or adaptor); and an outer‐membrane-anchored channel. These three efflux proteins interact in the periplasmic space to form the three-part complexes. We previously presented the crystal structures of both the inner‐membrane transporter CusA and membrane fusion protein CusB of the CusCBA tripartite efflux system from Escherichia coli . We also described the co-crystal structure of the CusBA adaptor–transporter, revealing that the trimeric CusA efflux pump assembles with six CusB protein molecules to form the complex CusB 6 –CusA 3 . We here report three different conformers of the crystal structures of CusBA–Cu(I), suggesting a mechanism on how Cu(I) binding initiates a sequence of conformational transitions in the transport cycle. Genetic analysis and transport assays indicate that charged residues, in addition to the methionine pairs and clusters, are essential for extruding metal ions out of the cell.
Does increasing energy or electricity consumption improve quality of life in industrial nations

Among the world's nations, per capita energy and electricity consumption is highly correlated with diverse indicators of quality of life. This is often interpreted to mean that additional energy and electricity consumption causes improvements in life quality. Prior analyses of cross-sectional data question this interpretation for industrial nations that already have high per capita energy consumption. The present analysis with longitudinal data shows that among industrial nations, increases in per capita energy and electricity consumption over the past three decades are not associated with corresponding improvements in quality of life.
Evaluation of statistical program packages

I enjoyed and agree with the article on peer review of computing materials by Roberta Ash, Francis Sim, and Ronald Anderson in the last issue of the SIGSOC Bulletin. I am writing to report that a project to sponsor, collect, and publish reviews of statistical Computing software has recently begun under the auspices of the Statistical Computing Section of the American Statistical Association. The committee doing this work is chaired by Ivor Francis (358 Ives Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850) and Richard Heiberger (Department of Statistics and Operations Research, Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Penn. 19104). They have issued a preliminary proposal of specific criteria for use by reviewers which I have summarized below. I will be chairing a liaison committee to facilitate communication between this group and SIGSOC. Readers with ideas and suggestions are urged to send them to me or to either of the co-chairmen.
Polydisulfide Based Biodegradable Macromolecular Magnetic Resonance Imaging Contrast Agents

Macromolecular Gd(III) complexes are advantageous over small molecular Gd(III) complexes in contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) because of their prolonged blood circulation and preferential tumor accumulation. However, macromolecular contrast agents have not been approved for clinical applications because of the safety concerns related to their slow body excretion. Polydisulfide Gd(III) complexes have been designed and developed as biodegradable macromolecular MRI contrast agents to alleviate the concerns by facilitating the clearance of Gd(III) complexes from the body. These agents initially behave as macromolecular agents and result in superior contrast enhancement in the vasculature and tumor tissues. They can then be readily degraded in vivo into small molecular chelates that can rapidly excrete from the body via renal filtration after the MRI examinations. Various polydisulfide Gd(III) complexes have been prepared as biodegradable macromolecular MRI contrast agents. These agents have resulted in strong contrast enhancement in the vasculature and tumor tissue in animal models with minimal long-term tissue accumulation comparable to small molecular contrast agents. Polydisulfide Gd(III) complexes are promising for further clinical development as safe and effective biodegradable macromolecular MRI contrast agents for cardiovascular and cancer imaging. The review summarizes the chemistry and properties of polydisulfide Gd(III) complexes.
Identification of a major basic protein in guinea pig eosinophil granules.

Elucidation of the functions of the eosinophil might be accomplished by analysis of the granule constituents. We have purified eosinophils (93% or greater) from the peritoneal cavity of the guinea pig and have investigated a variety of methods to disrupt cells and liberate intact granules. Lysis in 0.34 M sucrose gave the best yield of granules and these had the characteristic morphology of eosinophil granules when examined by electron microscopy. Granules were solubilized by a variety of treatments and the solutions analyzed by polyacrylamide electrophoresis at pH 3 in 6 M urea. Comparison of the electrophoretic patterns of solubilized eosinophil and neutrophil granules revealed a difference: a major portion (53±3%; x ±1 SE) of the protein from the eosinophil granule migrated as a single component. This major band protein has a molecular weight between 6,000 and 12,000 daltons and a pI of 10 or greater. Analysis of eosinophil granule constituents on Sephadex G-50 revealed two main peaks; peak 1 possessed peroxidase activity and peak 2 contained the major band protein. These studies indicate that eosinophil granules contain a cationic protein of low molecular weight which lacks peroxidase activity and which accounts for greater than 50% of granule protein.
Topological quantum mechanics.

The quantum theory of a type of generally covariant field theory, that has no local degrees of freedom, is described. Physical observables that capture topological properties of the manifold are identified and a representation of their Poisson algebra is constructed to obtain the quantum theory. A non-Abelian generalization to SU(2) is also discussed in a similar way.