cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Auctions for online display advertising exchanges: approximations and design

Ad Exchanges are emerging Internet markets where advertisers may purchase display ad placements, in real-time and based on specific viewer information, directly from publishers via a simple auction mechanism. Advertisers join these markets with a prespecified budget and participate in multiple second-price auctions over the length of a campaign. This paper studies the competitive landscape that arises in Ad Exchanges and the implications for publishers' decisions.Our first main contribution is to introduce the novel notion of a Fluid Mean Field Equilibrium (FMFE) to study the interactions among budget-constrained bidders in an Ad Exchange. This new solution concept is behaviorally appealing, computationally tractable, and in some important cases yields a closed-form characterization. Our new notion of equilibrium combines two different approximations. First, we consider a Mean Field approximation to relax the informational requirements of agents. The motivation behind the mean field approximation is that, when the number of competitors is large, there is little value in tracking the specific actions of all agents and one may rely on some aggregate and stationary representation of the competitors' bids. Second, borrowing techniques from the revenue management literature, we consider a stochastic fluid approximation to handle the complex dynamics of the advertisers' control problem. Such approximations are suitable when the number of opportunities is large and the payment per opportunity is small compared to the budget; hence, it also fits well in the context of Ad Exchanges. We justify the use of the FMFE as an equilibrium concept in this setting by proving that the FMFE provides a good approximation to the rational behavior of agents in large markets.Our second main contribution is to use this framework to provide sharp prescriptions for key auction design decisions that publishers face in these markets, such as the reserve price, the allocation of impressions to the exchange versus an alternative channel, and the disclosure of viewers' information. Notably, we show that proper adjustment of the reserve price is key in (1) making profitable for the publisher to try selling all impressions in the exchange before utilizing the alternative channel; and (2) compensating for the thinner markets created by greater disclosure of viewers' information.
An Improved Reduction of the Ester Moiety in N-Substituted Pyroglutamates

Abstract Lithium borohydride reduction of N-functionalized pyroglutamates failed to give the correspondence hydroxymethyl derivative. Reduction with lithium aluminium hydride bound to dry silica gel, however, gave excellent yields of chiral 5-hydroxymethyl-1-allyl-2-pyrrolidinones.
An Inverse Gaussian Process Model for Degradation Data

This paper studies the maximum likelihood estimation of a class of inverse Gaussian process models for degradation data. Both the subject-to-subject heterogeneity and covariate information can be incorporated into the model in a natural way. The EM algorithm is used to obtain the maximum likelihood estimators of the unknown parameters and the bootstrap is used to assess the variability of the maximum likelihood estimators. Simulations are used to validate the method. The model is fitted to laser data and corresponding goodness-of-fit tests are carried out. Failure time distributions in terms of degradation level passages are calculated and illustrated. The supplemental materials for this article are available online.
α-Ethoxyvinyllithium·HMPA. Further studies on its unusual basic properties

Abstract Further examination of the titled compound has shown that deprotonation of benzylic and allylic carbons are unexpectedly different than those observed with conventional lithium bases.
Handling Endogenous Regressors by Joint Estimation Using Copulas

We propose a new statistical instrument-free method to tackle the endogeneity problem. The proposed method models the joint distribution of the endogenous regressor and the error term in the structural equation of interest (the structural error) using a copula method, and it makes inferences on the model parameters by maximizing the likelihood derived from the joint distribution. Similar to the “exclusion restriction” in instrumental variable methods, extant instrument-free methods require the assumption that the unobserved instruments are exogenous, a requirement that is difficult to meet. The proposed method does not require such an assumption. Other benefits of the proposed method are that it allows the modeling of discrete endogenous regressors and offers a new solution to the slope endogeneity problem. In addition to linear models, the method is applicable to the popular random coefficient logit model with either aggregate-level or individual-level data. We demonstrate the performance of the proposed method via a series of simulation studies and an empirical example.
Dose response to vitamin D supplementation in postmenopausal women: a randomized trial.

BACKGROUND Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-[OH]D) is considered the best biomarker of clinical vitamin D status. OBJECTIVE To determine the effect of increasing oral doses of vitamin D(3) on serum 25-(OH)D and serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels in postmenopausal white women with vitamin D insufficiency (defined as a 25-[OH]D level ≤50 nmol/L) in the presence of adequate calcium intake. These results can be used as a guide to estimate the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) (defined as meeting the needs of 97.5% of the population) for vitamin D(3). DESIGN Randomized, placebo-controlled trial. (ClinicalTrials.gov registration number: NCT00472823) SETTING Creighton University Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska. PARTICIPANTS 163 healthy postmenopausal white women with vitamin D insufficiency enrolled in the winter or spring of 2007 to 2008 and followed for 1 year. INTERVENTION Participants were randomly assigned to receive placebo or vitamin D(3), 400, 800, 1600, 2400, 3200, 4000, or 4800 IU once daily. Daily calcium supplements were provided to increase the total daily calcium intake to 1200 to 1400 mg. MEASUREMENTS The primary outcomes were 25-(OH)D and PTH levels at 6 and 12 months. RESULTS The mean baseline 25-(OH)D level was 39 nmol/L. The dose response was curvilinear and tended to plateau at approximately 112 nmol/L in patients receiving more than 3200 IU/d of vitamin D(3). The RDA of vitamin D(3) to achieve a 25-(OH)D level greater than 50 nmol/L was 800 IU/d. A mixed-effects model predicted that 600 IU of vitamin D(3) daily could also meet this goal. Compared with participants with a normal body mass index (<25 kg/m(2)), obese women (≥30 kg/m(2)) had a 25-(OH)D level that was 17.8 nmol/L lower. Parathyroid hormone levels at 12 months decreased with an increasing dose of vitamin D(3) (P = 0.012). Depending on the criteria used, hypercalcemia occurred in 2.8% to 9.0% and hypercalciuria in 12.0% to 33.0% of participants; events were unrelated to dose. LIMITATION Findings may not be generalizable to other age groups or persons with substantial comorbid conditions. CONCLUSION A vitamin D(3) dosage of 800 IU/d increased serum 25-(OH)D levels to greater than 50 nmol/L in 97.5% of women; however, a model predicted the same response with a vitamin D(3) dosage of 600 IU/d. These results can be used as a guide for the RDA of vitamin D(3), but prospective trials are needed to confirm the clinical significance of these results. PRIMARY FUNDING SOURCE National Institute on Aging.
Intermolecular Copper-Catalyzed Carbon−Hydrogen Bond Activation via Carbene Insertion

A series of catalysts of general formula TpXCu (TpX = homoscorpionate ligand) promote the insertion of :CHCO2Et (ethyl diazoacetate as the carbene source) into the C−H bonds of cycloalkanes and cyclic ethers in moderate to high yield. A correlation between the steric hindrance of these catalysts and the yield of the transformation has been observed.
Stability experiments with hydrodynamic tilted-lobe journal bearings of various numbers of lobes and length-to-diameter ratios

Hydrodynamic journal bearing stability tests were conducted with 3.8 centimeter (1.5 in) diameter tilted-lobe bearings. The bearings had 3, 5, and 7 lobes and L/D ratios from 0.2 to 1.0. They were tested in water and MIL-L-7808G oil at 294 K (70 F) at speeds to 5, 400 rpm with zero load. Stability was not appreciably affected by the number of lobes and decreased with a decrease in L/D ratio. However, a three-tilted-lobe bearing with an offset factor of 0. 76 and an L/D of 0.5 was more stable than a three-centrally-lobed bearing with an offset factor of 0.50 and an L/D of 1.0. All data can be presented in terms of the parameter[Mbar](Γ*)1.4 = 9, where[Mbar]is the dimensionless mass parameter and Γ* is the optimized stability parameter. Presented at the 31st Annual Meeting in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, May 10–13, 1976
Direct Generation of Oxygen-Stabilized Radicals by H• Transfer from Transition Metal Hydrides

Transition-metal hydrides generate α-alkoxy radicals by H• transfer to enol ethers. We have measured the rate constant for transfer from CpCr(CO)3H to n-butyl vinyl ether and have examined the chemistry of radicals generated by such transfers. Radicals from appropriate substrates undergo 5-exo cyclization, with higher diastereoselectivity than the analogous all-carbon radicals. From such radicals it is straightforward to make substituted tetrahydrofurans.
Economically optimal risk reduction strategies in the face of uncertain climate thresholds

Anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions may trigger climate threshold responses, such as a collapse of the North Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (MOC). Climate threshold responses have been interpreted as an example of “dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system” in the sense of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). One UNFCCC objective is to “prevent” such dangerous anthropogenic interference. The current uncertainty about important parameters of the coupled natural – human system implies, however, that this UNFCCC objective can only be achieved in a probabilistic sense. In other words, climate management can only reduce – but not entirely eliminate – the risk of crossing climate thresholds. Here we use an integrated assessment model of climate change to derive economically optimal risk-reduction strategies. We implement a stochastic version of the DICE model and account for uncertainty about four parameters that have been previously identified as dominant drivers of the uncertain system response. The resulting model is, of course, just a crude approximation as it neglects, for example, some structural uncertainty and focuses on a single threshold, out of many potential climate responses. Subject to this caveat, our analysis suggests five main conclusions. First, reducing the numerical artifacts due to sub-sampling the parameter probability density functions to reasonable levels requires sample sizes exceeding 103. Conclusions of previous studies that are based on much smaller sample sizes may hence need to be revisited. Second, following a business-as-usual (BAU) scenario results in odds for an MOC collapse in the next 150 years exceeding 1 in 3 in this model. Third, an economically “optimal” strategy (that maximizes the expected utility of the decision-maker) reduces carbon dioxide(CO2) emissions by approximately 25% at the end of this century, compared with BAU emissions. Perhaps surprisingly, this strategy leaves the odds of an MOC collapse virtually unchanged compared to a BAU strategy. Fourth, reducing the odds for an MOC collapse to 1 in 10 would require an almost complete decarbonization of the economy within a few decades. Finally, further risk reductions (e.g., to 1 in 100) are possible in the framework of the simple model, but would require faster and more expensive reductions in CO2 emissions.
An Activated Trifluoromethyl Group as a Novel Synthon for a Substituted Vinyl Function: Facile Synthesis of 2-(Substituted 1-Alkenyl)anilines

Abstract Treatment of 2-(trifluoromethyl)aniline with an alkyl Grignard reagent results in an efficient transformation of the trifluoromethyl substituent into a substituted vinyl group.
Highly dispersed coal liquefaction catalysts

Abstract Iron and molybdenum complexes were studied as precursors to high dispersion catalysts for coal liquefaction. The precursors were either organometallic complexes or water-soluble salts and were impregnated into coals of various ranks. The molybdenum catalysts were found to be very effective for conversion of an Illinois no. 6 bituminous coal whereas the iron catalysts were not. In contrast, the iron catalysts were found to be very effective for lignite conversions. A H-donor and a non-donor conversion system were compared, using tetralin and n-hexadecane, respectively. In each case the organometallic precursor gave greater yields of toluene-soluble material, with differences being most dramatic in the hexadecane system. The yields using the organometallic molybdenum presursors in hexadecane were found to be almost as great as those in the tetralin system, indicating that good catalyst precursors do not require donor solvents. The impregnation techniques were evaluated by comparing conversion yields and analysing the products using field ionization mass spectroscopy and FT-i.r.
Does empiric esophageal dilation benefit dysphagia when endoscopy is normal

Some patients referred for esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) to evaluate symptoms of dysphagia have normal endoscopies. How best to manage these patients is unclear. We reviewed our experience with empiric esophageal dilation in this setting. Over a five-year period, 40 consecutive patients with esophageal dysphagia and normal EGD underwent empiric esophageal dilation at the time of their endoscopy. Postdilation follow-up was available in 37 of the 40. The patients were divided into two groups depending on whether their dysphagia was to solid food only or to both solids and liquids. The two groups were comparable as regards age, sex, and the frequency of heartburn. Complete resolution of dysphagia was seen in 19 of 20 patients (95%) with solid-food-only dysphagia. In contrast, only two of 17 patients (12%) with solid and liquid dysphagia had complete resolution with empiric dilation, although another six patients (35%) had partial improvement. The difference in response between the two groups was highly significant (P < 0.0001). The response to dilation in patients with dysphagia to solid food only was often long-lasting. Most patients with dysphagia to solid food only and a normal EGD benefit from empiric esophageal dilation performed at the time of their endoscopy. In contrast, few patients with dysphagia to both solids and liquids respond.
Nutrition, obesity and health: policies and economic research challenges

This paper briefly covers some of the recent issues and policies related to nutrition, obesity and health. Some of the important economic research gaps, needs and challenges are then discussed focusing on few selected themes, namely the data needs, methodological and modelling challenges and policy evaluation issues. These research challenges, if addressed, could further enhance nutrition and obesity economic studies that can be used to design and implement effective policy interventions. Oxford University Press and Foundation for the European Review of Agricultural Economics 2008; all rights reserved. For permissions, please email journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org, Oxford University Press.
Abell 2255: Increased Star Formation and AGN Activity in a Cluster-Cluster Merger

Deep VLA 1.4 GHz radio continuum imaging of Abell 2255 is presented. This cluster is among the better nearby candidates for rich cluster-cluster merger systems, with evidence including an elongated X-ray morphology, the presence of a radio halo, and substructure present in its galaxy distribution. Our radio observations reach an rms sensitivity of ~40 μJy beam-1, enabling us to detect (at 5 σ) star formation rates as low as 1.4 M⊙ yr-1 from the center of the cluster out to a radial distance of 3 h Mpc. The radio data are complemented by optical imaging and a large spectroscopic database, allowing us to separate all galaxies with M ≤ -20 into cluster members and foreground/background galaxies. The spectra are also used to associate the galaxies' radio emission with either star formation or active galactic nuclei (AGNs). We compare the resulting cluster radio galaxy population with those of 19 other nearby Abell clusters and find strong evidence for an increase in the frequency of radio galaxies in Abell 2255. This increase is seen in two separate types of galaxies: powerful radio AGNs and optically faint star-forming galaxies. The optical spectra of the latter often indicate current or recent starbursts, and these galaxies appear to be distributed along an axis perpendicular to the probable merger axis. We assess these factors in light of models of galaxy evolution and suggest that the cluster-cluster merger is responsible for triggering galaxy activity in Abell 2255.
Chronogenesis, Cosmogenesis and Collapse

A simple quantum model describing the onset of time is presented. This is combined with a simple quantum model of the onset of space. A major purpose is to explore the interpretational issues which arise. The state vector is a superposition of states representing different “instants.” The sample space and probability measure are discussed. Critical to the dynamics is state vector collapse: it is argued that a tenable interpretation is not possible without it. Collapse provides a mechanism whereby the universe size, like a clock, is narrowly correlated with the quantized time eigenvalues.
Three-dimensional model-based object recognition and pose estimation using probabilistic principal surfaces

A novel scheme using spherical manifolds is proposed for the simultaneous classification and pose estimation of 3D objects from 2D images. The spherical manifold imposes a local topological constraint on samples that are close to each other, while maintaining a global structure. Each node on the spherical manifold also corresponds nicely to a pose on a viewing sphere with 2 degrees of freedom. The proposed system is applied to aircraft classification and pose estimation.
A consistent semantics of self-adjusting computation

This paper presents a semantics of self-adjusting computation and proves that the semantics is correct and consistent. The semantics introduces memoizing change propagation, which enhances change propagation with the classic idea of memoization to enable reuse of computations even when memory is mutated via side effects. During evaluation, computation reuse via memoization triggers a change-propagation algorithm that adapts the reused computation to the memory mutations (side effects) that took place since the creation of the computation. Since the semantics includes both memoization and change propagation, it involves both non-determinism (due to memoization) and mutation (due to change propagation). Our consistency theorem states that the non-determinism is not harmful: any two evaluations of the same program starting at the same state yield the same result. Our correctness theorem states that mutation is not harmful: Self-adjusting programs are compatible with purely functional programming. We formalize the semantics and its meta-theory in the LF logical framework and machine check our proofs using Twelf.
A structural investigation of several mixed lanthanide orthophosphates

Abstract The single crystal structures of Gd0.5Er0.5PO4, Gd0.5Y0.5PO4, Gd0.5Yb0.5PO4 and Gd0.75Yb0.25PO4 have been determined by means of single crystal X-ray diffraction techniques. These mixed phosphate compounds have the zircon-type structure and are therefore isostructural with the pure orthophosphates of the higher lanthanides (i.e. Tb, Dy,...., Lu). The subject mixed orthophosphates crystallize in space group I41/amd (D194h, No. 141). Anisotropic refinement of the structures using a full-matrix least-squares program yielded final reliability factors in the range of 0.040 to 0.053. The metal atoms in each compound are eight coordinated to oxygen atoms, with two distinct MO bond distances. The important bond distance POav. was found to be 1.533(6) A. The coordination geometry about the central metal atom is bisphenoidal (D2d) and is represented by two interpenetrating tetrahedra. In each mixed compound, the phosphate group is found to be a distorted tetrahedron.
Proposed Californium-252 user facility for neutron science at Oak Ridge National Laboratory

The Radiochemical Engineering Development Center (REDC) at ORNL has petitioned to establish a Californium-252 User Facility for Neutron Science for academic, industrial, and governmental researchers. The REDC Californium Facility (CF) stores the national inventory of sealed {sup 252}Cf neutron source for university and research loans. Within the CF, the {sup 252}Cf storage pool and two uncontaminated hot cells currently in service for the Californium Program will form the physical basis for the User Facility. Relevant applications include dosimetry and experiments for neutron tumor therapy; fast and thermal neutron activation analysis of materials; experimental configurations for prompt gamma neutron activation analysis; neutron shielding and material damage studies; and hardness testing of radiation detectors, cameras, and electronics. A formal User Facility simplifies working arrangements and agreements between US DOE facilities, academia, and commercial interests.
Dynamics of the 2d Potts model phase transition

Abstract The dynamics of 2d Potts models, which are temperature driven through the phase transition using updating procedures in the Glauber universality class, is investigated. We present calculations of the hysteresis for the (internal) energy and for Fortuin-Kasteleyn clusters. The shape of the hysteresis is used to define finite volume estimators of physical observables, which can be used to study the approach to the infinite volume limit. We compare with equilibrium configurations and the preliminary indications are that the dynamics leads to considerable alterations of the statistical properties of the configurations studied.
Physics of airborne EM systems

We investigate the basic physics of electromagnetic exploration with the aid of a simple model of a thin tabular target in a conductive host. The variables are host conductivity, system dimensions, and frequency of operation. We measure the system effectiveness by using the ratio of the target response to the host response. In terms of this quantity we find that there is an optimum window, in frequency and in time, for target detection which is defined by the target parameters. Within this window, the amplitude of the target signal is controlled by the host conductivity and by the system dimensions. For all system configurations considered, the ratio of target-to-host response is maximised for the smallest separation of transmitter and receiver. For the simple model used here a short separation transient coaxial system flown at a height of 30 m over a 50 m deep target in a 10 mS/m half-space has a detection ratio that is about five times that of the conventional INPUT configuration which flies at a higher altitude.
Sintering of Lithium Zinc Ferrites with Alkoxide‐Derived Borosilicate Liquid Phase

Lithium zinc ferrites (Li0.3Zn0.4Mn0.05Fe2.25O4) of > 97% theoretical density were prepared with alkoxide-derived borosilicate sintering additive. A sol-gel technique was used to incorporate the borosilicate phase prior to sintering. The effects of borosilicate composition and additive quantity on microstructural development and densification are reported. Direct current resistivity, dynamic hysteresis, and microwave property data are discussed in terms of processing parameters and resultant microstructures. The microstructure of the sintered ferrites was analyzed using SEM and TEM. Heterogeneities including regions of liquid-phase coalescence and intragranularly included glass phase were observed in some cases. These microstructural features were shown to have deleterious effects on microwave magnetic properties when compared to those of commercial ferrites of the same nominal composition sintered with Bi2O3 additive.
XMM-NEWTON DETECTS A HOT GASEOUS HALO IN THE FASTEST ROTATING SPIRAL GALAXY UGC 12591

We present our XMM-Newton observation of the fastest rotating spiral galaxy UGC?12591. We detect hot gas halo emission out to 80?kpc from the galaxy center, and constrain the halo gas mass to be smaller than 4.5 ? 1011 M ?. We also measure the temperature of the hot gas as T = 0.64 ? 0.03?keV. Combining our x-ray constraints and the near-infrared and radio measurements in the literature, we find a baryon mass fraction of 0.03-0.05 in UGC?12591, suggesting a missing baryon mass of 70% compared with the cosmological mean value. Combined with another recent measurement in NGC?1961, the result strongly argues that the majority of missing baryons in spiral galaxies do not reside in their hot halos. We also find that UGC?12591 lies significantly below the baryonic Tully-Fisher relationship. Finally, we find that the baryon fractions of massive spiral galaxies are similar to those of galaxy groups with similar masses, indicating that the baryon loss is ultimately controlled by the gravitational potential well. The cooling radius of this gas halo is small, similar to NGC?1961, which argues that the majority of the stellar mass of this galaxy is not assembled as a result of cooling of this gas halo.
Chiral porous hybrid solids for practical heterogeneous asymmetric hydrogenation of aromatic ketones.

Chiral porous zirconium phosphonates containing Ru−BINAP−DPEN moieties were synthesized via a molecular building-block approach, and characterized by a variety of techniques including TGA, adsorption isotherms, XRD, SEM, IR, and microanalysis. These hybrid solids were used for enantioselective heterogeneous asymmetric hydrogenation of aromatic ketones with remarkably high ee values of up to 99.2%. These solid catalysts can also be easily recycled and reused for eight times without the loss of activity and enantioselectivity. Ready tunability of such a molecular building-block approach will allow the optimization of these hybrid materials and promise to lead to other practically useful heterogeneous asymmetric catalysts.
Dinuclear Zn-catalyzed asymmetric alkynylation of unsaturated aldehydes.

Our recent development of a proline-derived bimetallic catalyst has led to a number of efficient, catalytic, enantioselective transformations. Herein, we report a practical and general alkynylation of aromatic and α,β-unsaturated aldehydes using our zinc catalyst system.
ENANTIOSELECTIVE SYNTHESES OF (+)- AND (-)-BLASTMYCINOLACTOL

Abstract (−)-Blastmycinolactol ( 1b ) has been prepared in an enantioselective fashion from acetylenic acid 5 by a three step sequence involving debenzylation-lactonization, hydration with concurrent C 3 -epimerization, and Baeyer-Villiger oxidation accompanied by ester cleavage. Acylation of 1b with isovaleryl chloride then afforded (+)-blastmycinone ( 1a ) in excellent overall yield. © 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd.
Stability of YBa2Cu3O7-x in Molten Chloride Salts

The decomposition products of YBa2Cu3O7-x depend on the composition of the molten chloride salt for exposure at 1173 K in air. The presence of dichloride salts such as CuCl2, CaCl2, or MgCl2 promote formation of CuO, Cu2Y2O5, and loss of barium to the chloride salt as BaCl2. Salts based on BaCl2 or containing LiCl result in YBa2Cu3O7-x decomposition products of Y2BaCuO5, CuO, and BaCl2. High barium activity in the salt supports formation of the Y2BaCuO5 phase and reaction of CO2 with the salt producing BaCO3. Decomposition is most sluggish in binary NaCl-KCl salts where minimal amounts of reaction or decomposition products are observed.
Communicative Action and the Network Society: A Pragmatic Marriage?

How might Castells’s theory of the network society influence planning? The authors argue that while there is much to learn from Castells, the idea of a network society does not warrant a fundamenta...
Aspherical Coulomb scattering of conduction electrons in PrB6

Abstract The electrical resistivity of PrB 6 contains a term arising from the temperature dependent crystal field level populations by 4f electrons which our measurements indicate is equally made up of aspherical Coulomb and exchange scattering of conduction electrons.
Laminarization of Turbulent Boundary Layer on Flexible and Rigid Surfaces

An investigation of the control of turbulent boundary-layer e ow over e exible and rigid surfaces downstream of a concave‐convex geometry has been made. The concave ‐convex curvature induces centrifugal forces and a pressure gradient that affect the growth of the turbulent boundary layer. The favorable gradient is not sufe cient to overcome the unfavorable one; thus, the net effect is a destabilization of the e ow into G¨ ortler instabilities. This study shows that control of the turbulent boundary layer and structural loading can be successfully achieved by using localized surface heating because the subsequent cooling and geometrical shaping downstream over a favorable pressure gradient are effective in laminarization of the turbulence. Wires embedded in a thermally insulated substrate provide surface heating. The laminarized velocity proe le lowers the Reynolds number, and it reduces the structure loading. In the laminarization, the turbulent energy is dissipated by the molecular transport due to both viscous and conductivity mechanisms. Laminarization also reduces spanwise vorticity because of the longitudinal temperature gradient of the sublayer proe le. The results demonstrate that the curvature-induced mean pressure gradient enhances the receptivity of the e ow to a localized surface heating, a potentially viable mechanism to laminarize turbulent boundary-layer e ow; thus, the laminarized e ow reduces the response of the e exible structure and the resultant sound radiation.
A brief review of Badger Bauer rule and its validation from a first-principles approach

Understanding the acid-base interactions is important in chemistry, biology and material science as it helps to rationalize materials properties such as interfacial properties, wetting, adhesion and adsorption. Quantitative relation between changes in enthalpy (ΔH) and frequency shift (Δν) during the acid-base complexation is particularly important. We investigate ΔH and Δν of twenty-five complexes of acids (methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol and phenol) with bases (benzene, pyridine, DMSO, Et2O and THF) in CCl4 using intermolecular perturbation theory calculations. ΔH and Δν of complexes of all alcohols with bases except benzene fall in the range from -14 kJ mol-1 to -30 kJ mol-1 and 215 cm-1 to 523 cm-1, respectively. Smaller values of ΔH (-2 kJ mol-1 to -6 kJ mol-1) and Δν (23 cm-1 to 70 cm-1) are estimated for benzene. Linear correlations are found between theoretical and experimental values of ΔH as well as Δν. For all the studied complexes, ΔH varies linearly (R2 ≥ 0.97) with Δν concurrent with the Badger–Bauer rule yielding the average slope and intercept of 0.053(± 0.002) kJ mol-1 cm and 2.15(± 0.56) kJ mol-1, respectively.
Non-commutative gauge theory on D-branes in Melvin universes

Non-commutative gauge theory with a non-constant non-commutativity parameter can be formulated as a decoupling limit of open strings ending on D3-branes wrapping a Melvin universe. We construct the action explicitly and discuss various physical features of this theory. The decoupled field theory is not supersymmetric. Nonetheless, the Coulomb branch appears to remain flat at least in the large-N and large 't Hooft coupling limit. We also find the analogue of Prasad-Sommerfield monopoles whose size scales with the non-commutativity parameter and is therefore position dependent.
From civic institution to community place: the meaning of the public market in modern America

This paper examines the discursive transformation of the historic American public market from that of a municipally regulated institution intended to ensure fair trade and equitable food distribution to “a public place” that emphasizes community identity and sociability. Using a semiotic analysis of interviews with 31 market managers of 30 historic and contemporary American public markets, data from historic documents, and multiple site visits, we compare the social construction of the contemporary public market to farmers markets, supermarkets, and the early twentieth century public market. We analyze the meanings managers create in the contemporary public market to understand the administrative rationalities within which the public market operates. Our analysis reveals evidence of competing imaginaries active in the public market, organized around broad notions of “public benefit,” “community culture” and “institutional viability.” We propose that these tensions are embedded in the public market as an institution historically implicated in regimes of food distribution. In the contemporary context, we conclude, public markets largely substitute the spectacle of community and the image of an historic public life for a legally instated commitment to the just governance of food systems.
The control of diastereoselectivity in the Michael reaction of ketonic enolates with crotonic acid derivatives

Abstract Methodology is described for the selective generation of either anti or syn Michael adducts from various ketone enolates and crotonic ester 18 or amide 15 .
Moisture diffusivity in pasta during drying

Abstract The purpose of this work is to evaluate moisture transfer during the drying of extruded durum semolina. Effective diffusivities of pasta were determined using a stepwise drying procedure at temperatures of 40–85°C and for moisture contents of 1·5–26% db. Diffusivities ranged from 1·5 × 10−12 to 48 × 10−12 m2/s. The actual transient moisture profiles were measured by slicing samples that were partially dried and then frozen. The spatial resolution between data points was 0·1 mm. Drying curves and moisture profiles were predicted with the diffusion equation. The model successfully predicted the drying curves and profiles at 40°C, but for the higher temperatures the model underpredicted the drying rate and predicted steeper profiles than those measured.
The general atomic and molecular electronic structure system hondo: Version 7.0

Abstract We describe a computer program for ab initio quantum mechanical calculations of atomic and molecular wavefunctions and energies. Capabilities for the calculation of energy gradients and second derivatives with respect to nuclear coordinates are provided for several types of wavefunctions. Calculations of many molecular properties based on the electron density are possible. The program contains automated algorithms for the determination of equilibrium structures, saddle points, reaction pathways, vibrational spectra including infrared and Raman intensities. We illustrate the capabilities of the program by highlighting research problems recently investigated with the present program.
A physical photometer

Photometry has been carried on for many years by means of visual observations not because the eye is an accurate measuring instrument but because there has been no physical apparatus which would respond with sufficient accuracy to light in the same manner as the human eye. Even experienced observers may obtain markedly different results because they will not agree as to when two illuminated surfaces are equally bright. A physical photometer which “sees” light in accordance with the ICI luminosity factors has been constructed. These luminosity factors have been accepted internationally to represent the characteristics of the eye of a “standard observer.” This photometer gives results which are consistent with the ICI luminosity factors and which are more accurate than those of visual observers when the light transmissions of colored filters are measured. The construction and operation of this physical photometer are described in a paper by R. P. Teele in the National Bureau of Standards Journal of Research, 127, No. 3 (RP 1415).
Wino cold dark matter from anomaly mediated SUSY breaking

Abstract The cosmological moduli problem is discussed in the framework of sequestered sector/anomaly mediated supersymmetry (SUSY) breaking. In this scheme, the gravitino mass (corresponding to the moduli masses) is naturally 10–100 TeV, and hence the lifetime of the moduli fields can be shorter than ∼1 sec. As a result, the cosmological moduli fields should decay before big-bang nucleosynthesis starts. Furthermore, in the anomaly mediated scenario, the lightest superparticle (LSP) is the Wino-like neutralino. Although the large annihilation cross section means the thermal relic density of the Wino LSP is too small to be the dominant component of cold dark matter (CDM), moduli decays can produce Winos in sufficient abundance to constitute CDM. If Winos are indeed the dark matter, it will be highly advantageous from the point of view of detection. If the halo density is dominated by the Wino-like LSP, the detection rate of Wino CDM in Ge detectors can be as large as 0.1–0.01 event/kg/day, which is within the reach of the future CDM detection with Ge detector. Furthermore, there is a significant positron signal from pair annihilation of Winos in our galaxy which may give a spectacular signal at AMS.
A slight improvement to Garaev’s sum product estimate

max(\A + A\,\AA\)>Ce\A\?-*. In the finite field setting this situation is much more complicated because the main tool, the Szemer?di-Trotter incidence theorem, does not hold in the same generality. It is known, via the work in [BKT], that if A is a subset of Fp, the field of p elements with p prime, and if p6 0, then one has the sum product estimate max(|? + A|,|AA|)>|,4|1+ for some e > 0. This result has found many applications in combinatorial problems and exponential sum estimates (see e.g. [BKT], [BGK], [G2]). Recently, Garaev [Gl] showed that when \A\ < pz, one has the estimate
Computer capacity trends and order-delivery lags, 1961--1967

This paper examines the growth of computational facilities in the U.S. from the end of 1961 to September of 1967, exploring the dynamics of the growth process and attempting to link it to specific market events. The dynamics of supply and demand for general purpose computational capability points to many problems for both producer and user. This paper considers one of these pertinent to the ordering policy and planning of the firm seeking to acquire EDP equipment for, say, systems conversion; the delivery lag, or average time between equipment orders and delivery. This lag is studied and estimated using two separate empirical models.
RFID indoor location identification for construction projects

Abstract This paper presents a low cost indoor location identification and material tracking methodology for construction projects using Ultra High Frequency (UHF) passive Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology. Onsite location aware information is an emerging area that focuses on automating delivery of spatial information pertinent to location of materials, workforce, and equipment. This spatial information can be used to derive knowledge about construction project status. A two-step algorithm is presented to automate the process of location estimation and material tracking in near-real-time. In this methodology, a number of passive RFID tags are distributed onsite where work is progressing, and a mobile RFID reader is carried by a worker onsite. Each passive RFID tag is deployed as a reference point with a known location (landmark) within a predefined zone. Reference tags of known locations are used to determine the location of the worker and eventually locate and track surrounding materials. The methodology uses Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) for signal measurements. Two localization methods (triangulation and proximity) were used to identify the location of the worker. Testing this methodology was carried out on an actual construction jobsite, where five test beds were setup at different locations and within different construction time spans. In addition, one test bed was set up in a lab environment. The results presented in this study demonstrate the potential for a low-cost method for location estimation and material tracking of indoor construction. The results show a mean error of 1.0 m and 1.9 m for user location identification and material tracking using the triangulation method, respectively. The results also show a mean error of 1.9 m and 2.6 m for location identification of the worker and for material tracking using the proximity method, respectively. The proposed methodology detects the zones of worker and material location with 100% accuracy.
Recent Developments in the Chemistry of Heteroaromatic N-Oxides

Selected developments in the chemistry of heteroaromatic N-oxides since 2001 are presented in this review. The use of these N-oxides, both in late-transition-metal-catalyzed oxidations of carbon–carbon triple bonds and in regioselective C–H functionalizations of the heteroarene, are contemporary topics of interest and the focus of the discussion. 1 Introduction 2 Synthesis of Heteroaromatic N-Oxides 2.1 Direct Oxidation of Hindered Heteroarenes 2.2 Through Construction of Heteroaromatic Rings 3 Heteroaromatic N-Oxides as Oxidants 3.1 Alkyne Oxidation 3.2 Allene Oxidation 3.3 Carbene Oxidation 4 Heteroaromatic N-Oxides as Substrates 4.1 Deoxygenative ortho-C–H Functionalization with Prior Activation 4.2 Deoxygenative ortho-C–H Functionalization with Nonstabilized Carbanions 4.3 Nondeoxygenative C–H Functionalization 4.3.1 ortho-C–H Functionalization 4.3.2 N-Oxide Directed ortho-Alkyl C–H Functionalization 4.3.3 N-Oxide Directed Remote C–H Functionalization 4.4 1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition 5 Conclusion and Outlook
Analysis of a Hubble Space Telescope Search for Red Dwarfs: Limits on Baryonic Matter in the Galactic Halo

We reexamine a deep Hubble Space Telescope pencil-beam search for red dwarfs, stars just massive enough to burn hydrogen. The authors of this search (Bahcall et al.) found that red dwarfs make up less than 6% of the Galactic halo. First, we extrapolate this result to include brown dwarfs, stars not quite massive enough to burn hydrogen; we assume a 1/ mass function. Then the total mass of red dwarfs and brown dwarfs is ≤18% of the halo. This result is consistent with microlensing results, assuming a popular halo model. However, using new stellar models and parallax observations of low-mass, low-metallicity stars, we obtain much tighter bounds on low-mass stars. We find the halo red dwarf density to be less than 1% of the halo, while our best estimate of this value is 0.14%-0.37%. Thus, our estimate of the halo mass density of red dwarfs drops to 16-40 times less than the result reported by Bahcall et al. in 1994. For a 1/ mass function, this suggests a total density of red dwarfs and brown dwarfs of ~0.25%-0.67% of the halo, i.e., (0.9-2.5) × 109 ☉ out to 50 kpc. Such a low result would conflict with microlensing estimates by the MACHO group. We suggest that either the halo mass function must rise very steeply below the hydrogen-burning limit or the microlensing results should be reinterpreted with a different halo model or mass function.
Low temperature absorption spectra and ground state electronic structure of tetrakis(2,6-di-tert-butylphenoxide)uranium(IV)

Abstract We present low temperature visible and near-IR intra-5f2 electronic absorption spectra of U(O-2,6-t-Bu2C6H3)4, a compound of near-Td point group symmetry about the uranium. The ground state is tentatively assigned as having E symmetry in Td, because the number of symmetry-allowed transitions is close to the number which we observed. Transitions out of an excited state 90 cm−1 above the ground state were also observed. This state is assigned to A1 symmetry, again based on counting transitions. These assignments are consistent with magnetic susceptibility measurements.
Universality in Transport Processes of Unconventional Superconductors

We show that some of the low temperature transport coefficients (e.g., electrical and thermal conductivities, viscosity and sound attenuation) areunivcrsal, i.e., independent of the impurity concentration and phase shift for specific classes of unconventional superconductors. The existence of a universal limit depends on the symmetry of the order parameter and is achieved at low temperatures κ B T ≪ γ ⊦ Δ0, where γ is the bandwidth of the impurity induced Andreev bound states. The density of states is finite at zero energy and leads to the re-appearance of the Wiedemann-Franz law deep in the superconducting phase fork B T≪γ. Our findings also show that impurity concentration studies at low temperatures can distinguish between different order parameter symmetries.
Interstitial therapy in gynecological cancer

Abstract Between January 1971 and May 1975, interstitial implants were performed in 81 patients with gynecologic malignancies. Patients were selected for treatment on the basis of having large residual tumor following external irradiation (5000 rads) and no cavity to accommodate adequate intracavitary radium application. All sites, histologies, and stages of disease were represented. There were 45 implants to the vagina, 24 to the cervix, 7 to the vulva or perineum, and 5 to the pelvic or groin nodes. The technique of treatment depended upon the location and size of disease. Local control of the tumor was achieved in 71.6% of the patients (5881), with only four major complications. The results of treatment are presented in detail with regard to local control, survival, and complication.
A Single Amino Acid Substitution in the Pleckstrin Homology Domain of Phospholipase C δ1 Enhances the Rate of Substrate Hydrolysis

The pleckstrin homology (PH) domain has been postulated to serve as an anchor for enzymes that operate at a lipid/water interface. To understand further the relationship between the PH domain and enzyme activity, a phospholipase C (PLC) delta1/PH domain enhancement-of-activity mutant was generated. A lysine residue was substituted for glutamic acid in the PH domain of PLC delta1 at position 54 (E54K). Purified native and mutant enzymes were characterized using a phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PI(4, 5)P2)/dodecyl maltoside mixed micelle assay and kinetics measured according to the dual phospholipid model of Dennis and co-workers (Hendrickson, H. S., and Dennis, E. A. (1984) J. Biol. Chem. 259, 5734-5739; Carmen, G. M., Deems, R. A., and Dennis, E. A. (1995) J. Biol. Chem. 270, 18711-18714). Our results show that both PLC delta1 and E54K bind phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate cooperatively (Hill coefficients, n = 2.2 +/- 0.2 and 2.0 +/- 0.1, respectively). However, E54K shows a dramatically increased rate of (PI(4, 5)P2)-stimulated PI(4,5)P2 hydrolysis (interfacial Vmax for PLC delta1 = 4.9 +/- 0.3 micromol/min/mg and for E54K = 31 +/- 3 micromol/min/mg) as well as PI hydrolysis (Vmax for PLC delta1 = 27 +/- 3.4 nmol/min/mg and for E54K = 95 +/- 12 nmol/min/mg). In the absence of PI(4,5)P2 both native and mutant enzyme hydrolyze PI at similar rates. E54K also has a higher affinity for micellar substrate (equilibrium dissociation constant, Ks = 85 +/- 36 microM for E54K and 210 +/- 48 microM for PLC delta1). Centrifugation binding assays using large unilamelar phospholipid vesicles confirm that E54K binds PI(4,5)P2 with higher affinity than native enzyme. E54K is more active even though the interfacial Michaelis constant (Km) for E54K (0.034 +/- 0.01 mol fraction PI(4,5)P2) is higher than the Km for native enzyme (0.012 +/- 0.002 mol fraction PI(4,5)P2). D-Inositol trisphosphate is less potent at inhibiting E54K PI(4,5)P2 hydrolysis compared with native enzyme. These results demonstrate that a single amino acid substitution in the PH domain of PLC delta1 can dramatically enhance enzyme activity. Additionally, the marked increase in Vmax for E54K argues for a direct role of PH domains in regulating catalysis by allosteric modulation of enzyme structure.