cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Biases in twin estimates of the return to schooling

Abstract Recent within-twin estimates of the return to schooling that use instrumental variables to correct for measurement error are considerably higher than existing estimates. This paper extends Griliches' [ Griliches (1979 ) Sibling models and data in economics: beginnings of a survey, Journal of Political Economy 87, S37–S64]. analysis of sibling or twin estimates of the return to schooling to show that small ability differences among twins can lead to more upward omitted ability bias—and more upward bias overall—in the instrumental variables estimate that corrects for measurement error than in the standard within-twin estimate. This point is relevant for any application in which differencing may not fully remove the omitted variable, and may explain high within-twin instrumental variable estimates of the return to schooling. [JELI21]
Electrical Resistance as a Nondestructive Evaluation Technique for SiC/SiC Ceramic Matrix Composites Under Creep‐Rupture Loading

SiC/SiC ceramic matrix composites under creep-rupture loading accumulate damage by means of local matrix cracks that typically form near a stress concentration, such as a 90° fiber tow or a large matrix pore, and grow over time. Such damage is difficult to detect through conventional techniques. This study demonstrates that electrical resistance is a viable method of monitoring and inspecting damage in SiC/SiC composites at high temperature. Both interrupted and uninterrupted creep-rupture experiments were performed at 1315°C and 110 MPa with in situ resistance measurements. A linear relationship was found between resistance and cumulative crack depth.
Premotor functional connectivity predicts impulsivity in juvenile offenders.

Teenagers are often impulsive. In some cases this is a phase of normal development; in other cases impulsivity contributes to criminal behavior. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, we examined resting-state functional connectivity among brain systems and behavioral measures of impulsivity in 107 juveniles incarcerated in a high-security facility. In less-impulsive juveniles and normal controls, motor planning regions were correlated with brain networks associated with spatial attention and executive control. In more-impulsive juveniles, these same regions correlated with the default-mode network, a constellation of brain areas associated with spontaneous, unconstrained, self-referential cognition. The strength of these brain–behavior relationships was sufficient to predict impulsivity scores at the individual level. Our data suggest that increased functional connectivity of motor-planning regions with networks subserving unconstrained, self-referential cognition, rather than those subserving executive control, heightens the predisposition to impulsive behavior in juvenile offenders. To further explore the relationship between impulsivity and neural development, we studied functional connectivity in the same motor-planning regions in 95 typically developing individuals across a wide age span. The change in functional connectivity with age mirrored that of impulsivity: younger subjects tended to exhibit functional connectivity similar to the more-impulsive incarcerated juveniles, whereas older subjects exhibited a less-impulsive pattern. This observation suggests that impulsivity in the offender population is a consequence of a delay in typical development, rather than a distinct abnormality.
SHE-NVFF: Spin Hall Effect-Based Nonvolatile Flip-Flop for Power Gating Architecture

A novel nonvolatile flip-flop (NVFF) using a magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ) is presented for power gating architecture. The proposed NVFF exploits spin Hall effect (SHE) for fast and low-power data backup into MTJs before the power is gated off. Owing to the high spin injection efficiency of SHE, the estimated write current for backup operation is lower than 40 μA. Due to the low write current requirement, we do not introduce a dedicated write driver circuit. Instead, we utilize the cross-coupled inverters in the slave latch to perform the backup operation, resulting in low area overhead. The simulation results show 10× improvement in backup energy when compared with previous works on spin transfer torque-based NVFFs.
The demise of Phobos and development of a Martian ring system

The moon Phobos will eventually either disintegrate to form a ring or crash into Mars. Observational constraints and geotechnical considerations suggest that Phobos will partially break apart into a ring, with stronger fragments impacting Mars.
Unsteady Features of Flow Past a Cavity

Measurements of the distributions of total turbulence intensity across the shear layer and corresponding power spectra reveal that the presence of the impingement edge of the cavity decreases the total turbulence intensity by as much as 50% to 80% relative to the case of no edge; this decrease in total intensity is associated with the appearance of well-defined peaks in the power spectrum and a reduction in background turbulence level both at and upstream of impingement. Development of the flow downstream of the impingement edge of the cavity is characterized by a decrease in the maximum value of total turbulence intensity and drastic variations in shapes of the mean velocity and turbulence intensity distributions of the boundary layer. Flow visualization at lower speeds suggests that these characteristics are associated with the distortion of large scale vortical structures convected along the wall downstream of impingement.
Inflammatory but not apoptotic death of granulocytes citrullinates fibrinogen

Background Neutrophil activation induces citrullination of intracellular targets of anticitrullinated peptide antibodies (ACPA), which are specific for rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Citrullinated fibrinogen is bound by ACPA but it is less well understood how extracellular proteins are citrullinated. The cells that produce fibrinogen, hepatocytes, do not express peptidyl arginine deiminase (PAD) enzymes nor do PAD enzymes include N-terminal signal peptides to direct them into the secretory pathway. We hypothesized that dying neutrophils release PAD in the extracellular space, and that this could cause citrullination of target extracellular antigens relevant to RA such as fibrinogen.
Measuring the Frequency of Latent HIV-1 in Resting CD4 + T Cells Using a Limiting Dilution Coculture Assay

Combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) can reduce HIV-1 viremia to clinically undetectable levels. However, replication competent virus persists in a long-lived latent reservoir in resting, memory CD4(+) T cells. The latent reservoir in resting CD4(+) T cells is the major barrier to curing HIV-1 infection. The recent case of the Berlin patient has suggested that it may be possible to cure HIV-1 infection in certain situations. As efforts to cure HIV-1 infection progress, it will become critical to measure the latent reservoir in patients participating in clinical trials of eradication strategies. Our laboratory has developed a limiting dilution virus outgrowth assay that can be used to demonstrate the presence and persistence of latent HIV-1 in patients. Here we describe both the original and a simplified version of the quantitative virus outgrowth assay (QVOA) to measure the frequency of latently infected resting CD4(+) T cells with replication competent provirus in patients on suppressive cART.
Stationary Processes as Shifts of Functions of Independent Random Variables

Let xn, n = 0, ±1, ±2, …, be a strictly stationary process. Two closely related problems are posed with respect to the structure of strictly stationary processes. In the first problem we ask whether one can construct a random variable ξn = g(xn, xn-1, …), a function of xn, xn-1, …, that is independent of the past, that is, independent of xn-1, xn-2, …. Such a sequence of random variables {ξn} is a sequence of independent and identically distributed random variables. Further, given such a construction, is xn a function of ξn, ξn-1, …. Necessary and sufficient conditions for such a representation are obtained in the case where xn is a finite state Markov chain with the positive transition probabilities in any row of the transition probability matrix P = (pii) of xn distinct (Section 3). Such a representation is comparatively rare for a finite state Markov chain. In the second problem, the assumption that the independent and identically distributed ξn’s be functions of xn, xn-1, … is removed. We ask whether for some such family {ξn} there is a process {yn}, yn = g(ξn, ξn-1,…), with the same probability structure as {xn}. This is shown to be the case for every ergodic finite state Markov chain with nonperiodic states (Section 4). Sufficient conditions for such representations in the case of a general strictly stationary process are obtained in Section 5.
Scenarios as a Tool for Design Envisioning: Using the Case of New Sensor Technologies for Military Urban Operations

This paper describes the use of a collaborative envisioning tool to combine the goals of disparate communities concerning the role of new sensor technologies being deployed in Military Operations in Urban Terrain (MOUT). To do this, Cognitive Engineering intersects with the sensor development and military operations communities. Through the use of scenario-based design and the Topic Landscape tool, generic patterns provide seeds that help envision realistic futures of MOUT which are expressed in a narrative. These patterns provide insight on two levels: On one level they describe complexities inherent to all cognitive work, while on another level they provide insight about what makes MOUT difficult. The Topic Landscape is a collaborative tool that organizes information from a Cognitive Task Analysis of MOUT in many forms (text, graphics, video, etc.) from many contributors. This approach turns scenarios from a validation tool to an effective envisioning tool.
Crystallization of Ni–P Fabricated by Electroless Deposition: Microscopic Mechanism

We investigate the crystallization of amorphous Ni–P with near-eutectic composition, fabricated by electroless plating as a 10 µm thick continuous layer. Aiming to understand phase transformations that occur upon heating and, in particular, the microscopic mechanism of crystallization, we combine a variety of complimentary characterization techniques. DSC (differential scanning calorimetry) during isothermal heating reveals the crystallization kinetics. Conventional-, high-resolution-, and analytical TEM (transmission electron microscopy) and TEM-based electron diffraction provide high-spatial-resolution information on phase nucleation and spatial distribution of atom species, particularly the crystallography of the nucleating crystalline phases (Ni3P and Ni) and the spatial distribution of phosphorus in the partially and completely crystallized alloy. Our results indicate that crystallization proceeds by homogeneous nucleation of Ni3P grains. Internally, these exhibit a microstructure of radially oriented subgrains containing Ni nano-platelets in a specific crystallographic OR (orientation relationship) with Ni3P. However, the preferred Ni–Ni3P OR differs from those reported in the literature for similar material. Combining our observation on the structure and microstructure of partially and completely crystallized Ni–P with the observed crystallization kinetics provides a deeper understanding of the microscopic mechanism of crystallization.
Frequencies of genotypes of relatives, as determined by stochastic matrices.

The ITO method ofLi & Sacks (1954) is extended to “simply closed” inbreeding systems. Two new matrices I* and D are introduced. These matrices give the probabilities of descendent genotypes when the ancestor is given and vice versa. The computations of the transition matrices are made less cumbersome by the introduction of an operator-method. The results are extended to multiple alleles (section 2) and to sex-linked loci (section 3). As applications, the computation of genetic correlations (section 4) and of unconditional probabilities (section 6) are considered.
Timing of Last Preoperative Dose of Infliximab Does Not Increase Postoperative Complications in Inflammatory Bowel Disease Patients

Background The association between preoperative use of infliximab and postoperative complications in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a subject of continued debate. Results from studies examining an association between the timing of last preoperative dose of infliximab and postoperative complications remain inconsistent.
Optic Neuritis in Children

Optic neuritis is rare in children. It may be an isolated event or a manifestation of a systemic recurrent or chronic demyelinating disease such as acute demyelinating optic neuropathy, neuromyelitis optica, or multiple sclerosis. In this chapter, we review the clinical manifestations of pediatric optic neuritis, its differential diagnosis, the tools used for diagnosis, as well as its treatment and long-term management.
Galaxies in the Universe: An Introduction: Active galactic nuclei and the early history of galaxies

We begin this chapter by discussing galaxies with an active nucleus , a compact central region from which we observe substantial radiation that is not the light of stars or emission from the gas heated by them. Active nuclei emit strongly over the whole electromagnetic spectrum, including the radio, X-ray, and γ-ray regions where most galaxies hardly radiate at all. The most powerful of them, the quasars, easily outshine their host galaxies. With luminosities exceeding 10 12 L ☉ , many are bright enough to be seen most of the way across the observable Universe. But the emitting region may be no bigger than the solar system; its power source is probably the energy released by gas falling into a central black hole. Very luminous active nuclei, such as the quasars, were far more common when the Universe was 20%–40% of its present age than they are today; nuclear activity seems to be characteristic of a galaxy's early life. In many bright quasars, narrow twin jets are seen to emerge from the nucleus; they are probably launched and kept narrow by strong magnetic fields that build up in the surrounding disk of inflowing matter. In some cases, the jets appear to move outward faster than the speed of light. This is an illusion: the motion is slower than, but close to, light speed.
Examination of cathodically charged palladium electrodes for excess heat, neutron emission, or tritium production

This paper presents a search for steady-state excess heat, neutron emission, or tritium production carried out for palladium electrodes electrolytically charged with deuterium. No substantial deviation in cell temperatures was observed, and the upper limit to excess heat production was 320 mW/cm{sup 3} for the largest palladium cathode. No increase in neutron production above background levels was observed, and the sensitivity of the neutron detection system yielded an upper limit of 2.18 {times} 10{sup {minus}22} (3-{sigma}) fusion/s {center dot} atom{sup {minus}1} pair. The tritium levels in the cells increased by 50%, but the cells were run in the open configuration and the tritium increases were consistent with electrolytic enrichment. An approximate upper limit for tritium production was 2 {times} 10{sup 2} tritium/ml {center dot} C{sup {minus}1}. The cell temperatures were recorded once daily and monitored intermittently, but no transient excess heat excursions were observed throughout the experiment.
Rough set theory in very large databases

Rough set theory is an elegant and powerful methodology in extracting and minimizing rules from decision tables and Pawlak information systems. Its central notions are core, reduct, and knowledge dependency. It has been shown that finding the minimal reduct is an NP-hard problem, so its computational complexity have implicitly restricted its effective applications to a small and clean data set. In this paper, rough set methodology is extended to very large relational databases with some sacrificing on its elegancy. In essence techniques in extracting nice subsets of data from noisy data banks is integrated with rough set theory. Given a database, a sequence of various sizes of inter connected Pawlak information systems (PIS) are extracted from very large data banks. These PIS represent certain patters of data banks. Applying rough set methodology to these PIS's, soft rules can be effectively mined. However, these rules may not be the minimal reduct.
Host plant affects morphometric variation of Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Liviidae)

The Asian citrus psyllid (ACP), Diaphorina citri Kuwayama, is one of the most serious citrus pests worldwide due to its role as vector of huanglongbing or citrus greening disease. While some optimal plant species for ACP oviposition and development have been identified, little is known of the influence of host plants on ACP size and shape. Our goal was to determine how size and shape of ACP wing and body size varies when development occurs on different host plants in a controlled rearing environment. ACP were reared on six different rutaceous species; Bergera koenigii, Citrus aurantifolia, Citrus macrophylla, Citrus maxima, Citrus taiwanica and Murraya paniculata. Adults were examined for morphometric variation using traditional and geometric analysis based on 12 traits or landmarks. ACP reared on C. taiwanica were consistently smaller than those reared on the other plant species. Wing aspect ratio also differed between C. maxima and C. taiwanica. Significant differences in shape were detected with those reared on M. paniculata having narrower wings than those reared on C. macrophylla. This study provides evidence of wing size and shape differences of ACP based on host plant species which potentially may impact dispersal. Further study is needed to determine if behavioral and physiological differences are associated with the observed phenotypic differences.
The Hellhound of the Qur'an: A Dog at the Gate of the Underworld

Q. 18:9–26 tells the story of the ‘Sleepers of Ephesus’/‘Companions of the Cave’. Unique to this version of the legend, the Qur'an mentions the presence of a dog alongside the Sleepers: this dog has long been understood as the Sleepers' pet, yet it can be read as much more than this. Many other sources of the Sleepers' legend equate the mysterious sleeping figures to the sleeping dead awaiting resurrection, and the Qur'an offers many clues that its account of the Sleepers' story serves as a warning against the worship of the dead, as this confuses God's signs with the divine reality that sends them. By positing the saintly dead in a sleep-state (e.g. the Syriac Christian doctrine of soul-sleep; the Islamic barzakh), their cults are rendered useless. In this light, the dog in the Qur'anic account can be read not as just a simple pet, but as a guardian over the dead in symbolic continuity with figures such as Anubis and Cerberus. Thus the Sleepers' dog can be read as simultaneously functioning as an underwo...
Anything Goes by the Wayside: A Reply to Raskin and Debany

Raskin and Debany (this issue) profess my failure to appreciate how constructivism does not warrant an “anything-goes” relativism. In this reply, I explain how whether any postmodernist doctrine endorses an “anything-goes” epistemology (or a radical relativism) depends on the nature of the constraints that warrant its propositions. I revisit the three core postmodernist claims that I criticized in previous work, which criticism Raskin and Debany now in turn criticize. Emphasis is given to how an objectivist epistemology, contrary to postmodernist belief, does not entail certitude, and moreover incorporates (a) active and indirect knowing, (b) the situated origins of all empirical knowledge, and (c) a subject/object distinction for certain kinds of human/social kinds. I use the example of racist rhetoric to illustrate how discourse can and does affect extradiscursive realities, thereby implicating our moral obligation to seek objective truth as best we can.
Survey of progress in deep neural networks for resource-constrained applications

Artificial neural networks and deep learning methodologies have had growing interest across industry domains, including IoT and mobile systems. However, in low-power applications, resource limitations and operating environment restrictions make implementations difficult. This survey examines efforts that target the data and compute challenges of implementing energy efficient, low cost, and accurate neural network models. Approaches come in many forms, with solutions ranging from software optimization to hardware reorganization. We examine three avenues of approach — binary neural networks, application specific circuit designs, and neuromorphic computing. For each methodology, we summarize progress, use-cases, and inherent challenges.
Barriers and benefits to desired behaviors for single use plastic items in northeast Ohio's Lake Erie basin

Given the growing saliency of plastic marine debris, and the impact of plastics on beaches and aquatic environments in the Laurentian Great Lakes, applied research is needed to support municipal and nongovernmental campaigns to prevent debris from reaching the water's edge. This study addresses this need by examining the barriers and benefits to positive behavior for two plastic debris items in northeast Ohio's Lake Erie basin: plastic bags and plastic water bottles. An online survey is employed to gather data on the use and disposal of these plastic items and to solicit recommendations on how to positively change behavior to reduce improper disposal. Results support a ban on plastic bags and plastic water bottles, with more enthusiasm for a bag ban. Financial incentives are also seen as an effective way to influence behavior change, as are location-specific solutions focused on education and outreach.
ON SOLVING HOMOGENE SYSTEMS

In the High School Algebra manual for grade IX (1981), pp. 103-104, is presented a method for solving systems of two homogenous equations of second degree, with two unknowns. In this article we’ll present another method of solving them.
Interpolation between H1 and L

The purpose of this article is to provide a simple proof of the result of N. M. Riviere — Y. Sagher that the real interpolation spaces between H1 and L ∞ can be identified with the Lorentz Lpq-spaces. In contrast to existing proofs, which make heavy use of H1-structure, the proof given here relies only on the well-known result of E. M. Stein-G. Weiss characterizing the distribution of the Hilbert transform of an arbitrary characteristic function of a set of finite measure, and a simple technique for applying that result due to R. O’Neil-G. Weiss.
Abstract 5254: The associations of habitual physical inactivity with cancer outcomes: Evidence from the Roswell Park Cancer Institute Data Bank and BioRepository

Despite recent position statements asserting that a physically active lifestyle reduces cancer mortality, inverse associations of physical activity (PA) with cancer outcomes are only well established for breast, colorectal, and prostate cancers. Further, the independent associations of physical inactivity with cancer outcomes are rarely reported. Given the prevalence of physical inactivity at the population level and among cancer survivors, we examined the associations of habitual physical inactivity with clinical outcomes in a large patient cohort at Roswell Park Cancer Institute (RPCI). We utilized data from 7,827 patients enrolled in the Data Bank and BioRepository (DBBR) at RPCI between 2003 and 2016. Pre-diagnostic PA, spanning the decade prior to diagnosis, and post-diagnostic PA, representing PA at study enrollment, were assessed by self-administered questionnaire. Patients reporting no regular PA in the decade prior to diagnosis (i.e., walking for exercise, moderate or vigorous PA, or weight training) and no PA after diagnosis were categorized as habitually inactive, our primary analytic exposure of interest. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards models adjusted for age, sex, stage, and tumor site were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) representing associations of habitual inactivity with all-cause mortality, cancer mortality, and disease recurrence. Additional variables (e.g., race, education, smoking, BMI, diabetes, tumor grade, treatment, occupational PA, etc.) were assessed for confounding utilizing the 10% change-in-estimate method. During the follow-up period, median time to follow-up was 54 months and 2,504 (32%) patients died. Collectively, 1,372 patients (17.5%) self-reported habitual inactivity. In comparison to patients who engaged in regular PA before and after diagnosis, habitually inactive patients experienced increased hazards of all-cause mortality (HR=1.41, 95% CI: 1.27-1.56, p Citation Format: Rikki A. Cannioto, Shruti Dighe, Karen Hulme, Alexandra Drake, Susan E. McCann, Christine B. Ambrosone. The associations of habitual physical inactivity with cancer outcomes: Evidence from the Roswell Park Cancer Institute Data Bank and BioRepository [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 5254.
Correction to: Exploring the Psychometric Properties of the Empathy Quotient for Farsi Speakers

The original version of this article unfortunately contained a mistake in the author group section. The correct name of the second author is Parvaneh Yaghoubi Jami. The original article has been corrected.
Diglossia and change from below in Eastern Cham

Abstract Diglossia canonically refers to language situations with unequal attitudes towards a formal ‘H’ variety, connected to writing, and a colloquial ‘L’ variety, connected to everyday speech. This paper claims that variation that arises as a marker of diglossia can become dissociated from it and persist in the L variety, if it is sufficiently orthogonal to the writing system. With a sociolinguistic survey (n = 30), this paper examines five variables that were markers of quasi-diglossia in Eastern Cham in previous decades. Three of the variables continue to be stereotypes or shibboleths of diglossia, while the other two no longer exhibit any correlation with diglossia: the spirantization of r and the labial coarticulation of ŋ. The latter were changes from below that decoupled from diglossia, because they were sufficiently opaque to Cham script.
Preselection of Lung Cancer Cases Using FGFR1 mRNA and Gene Copy Number for Treatment With Ponatinib

Abstract Introduction Preclinically, high epidermal growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) messenger RNA (FGFR1-MRNA) and FGFR1 amplification (FGFR1-AMP) predicted sensitivity to fibroblast growth factor receptor inhibitors in non–small-cell lung cancer and small-cell lung cancer cell lines. KRAS mutations did not preclude sensitivity. Patients and Methods Metastatic EGFR- and ALK-negative lung cancers were screened for FGFR1-MRNA by in-situ hybridization (ISH) and FGFR1-AMP by silver in-situ hybridization (SISH). Patients with positive findings were offered ponatinib, a multi–kinase inhibitor of FGFR1-4. Differences in overall survival (OS) between cohorts were assessed by the log-rank test. Association of FGFR1 positivity with clinicopathologic features were assessed by Fisher exact test and Kruskal-Wallis rank sum test. Results A total of 171 cases were prescreened: 9 (7.3%) of 123 SISH+; 53 (42.1%) of 126 ISH+; and 6 cases concordantly positive for SISH and ISH. SISH+ cases had fewer coincident KRAS mutations (P = .03) than SISH− cases, and ISH+ cases had worse OS (P = .020) than ISH− cases. Data distributions suggested a distinct higher positivity cut point for FGFR1 ISH (≥ 20%), occurring in 29 (23%) of 126 cases, was associated with small-cell lung cancer histology (P = .022), soft tissue metastases (P = .050) and shorter OS (P = .031). Four patients received ponatinib on study: All ISH+ by the initial cut point, 2 of 4 by higher cut point, 1 of 4 SISH+. Tolerability was poor. The best response for the 2 higher ISH cases was stable disease and progressive disease for the 2 lower ISH cases. Conclusion Elevated FGFR1-MRNA is more common than FGFR1-AMP and associated with worse OS. Higher FGFR1 mRNA expression may be associated with a specific phenotype and is worthy of further exploration. Ponatinib's poor tolerance suggests further fibroblast growth factor receptor exploration in ISH+ cases should utilize more selective FGFR1 inhibitors.
Risk and types of secondary primary malignancies in DLBCL survivors changes over time based on stage at diagnosis.

e19540Background: Previous studies have shown increased risk of second primary malignancies (SPM) after DLBCL treatment. Risk factors for and types of SPM that occur, stratified by stage of DLBCL a...
RETaIL: A Machine Learning-Based Item-Level Localization System in Retail Environment

Radio-frequency identification (RFID) technology has become the key focus of indoor localization recently. The low cost and flexibility allow numbers of passive RFID-based algorithms been proposed for indoor localization. However, in a real-world environment including retail store and supermarket with large-scale item-level deployment of RFID tags and complex surroundings, these algorithms may not be available due to the collision and interference. Existing algorithms either require extra hardware or only take a small number of tags into consideration, facing difficulty in applying to these places. In this paper, we propose a novel machine learning-based REal-Time and Item-Level (RETaIL) indoor localization system, which is designed to tolerate various interference. RETaIL incorporates three machine learning algorithm, J48, SVM and cloth grouping, for indoor localization. Validations in both complex laboratory environment and real-world Levis outlet store demonstrate the accuracy and efficiency of RETaIL and its capability of dealing with interference in retail environment.
A Fully Integrated Li-Ion-Compatible Hybrid Four-Level DC–DC Converter in 28-nm FDSOI

This paper presents a Li-ion-compatible fully integrated hybrid dc–dc converter implemented in 28-nm FDSOI. A modified four-level converter is proposed to achieve high efficiency while operating from the 2.8–4.2-V Li-ion battery range by using stacked 1.5-V transistors. In this paper, the proposed driver architecture exploits the internal nodes of the power stage as power/GND rails for drivers, eliminating the need for dedicated power rails, level shifters, or stacked drivers. The proposed converter operates in the discontinuous conduction mode (DCM) and regulates the output with constant ON-time pulse-frequency modulation (PFM), to achieve high efficiency across low load range suitable for wearable/Internet of Things (IoT) applications. The fabricated chip regulates a 0.6–1.2-V output from a 2.8–4.2-V input voltage over an output power range from $10~\mu \textrm {W}$ to 40 mW with 78% peak efficiency, and switching frequency up to 200 MHz. The converter occupies $1.5~\textrm {mm}^{2}$ of on-die area including a pair of 5-nF flying capacitors and a 3-nH inductor.
Related Party Transactions and Intragroup Transactions

In the context of corporate groups, related party transactions pose particular challenges. On the one hand, transactions within corporate groups are often economically desirable. The very raison d’etre of a corporate group may be to facilitate transaction between its constituent companies. On the other hand, the very frequency, volume, and depth of intragroup transactions make them particularly suitable vehicles for illicitly extracting wealth from a corporation at the expense of minority shareholders and creditors. Moreover, traditional techniques for policing related party transactions, such as judicial fairness review and or requirements that the transaction be approved by disinterested decision-makers can easily become impracticable where, as in the intragroup context, self-dealing transactions are the norm rather than the exception. It is therefore unsurprising that different legal systems have developed additional legal techniques for policing intra-group transactions in the context of corporate groups. The present contribution seeks to provide a survey over these different approaches and explain how they help to reduce the social costs of self-dealing.
Chapter 20.2 Molecular-dynamics simulations of biological macromolecules

Advances in the theory of atomic interactions and the increasing availability of high-power computers have led to rapid development of the molecular-dynamics field and greater understanding of macromolecular motions. It is now practical to use molecular dynamics, in combination with crystallographic and NMR data, to search the large conformational space of proteins and nucleic acids to find structures consistent with the data and to improve the agreement with the data. The topics covered in this chapter include: the simulation method; potential-energy functions; empirical parameterization of the force field; modifications in the force field for structure determination; internal dynamics and average structures; assessment of the simulation procedure; and effect of crystallographic atomic resolution on structural stability during molecular-dynamics simulation. Keywords: force fields; molecular dynamics; particle-mesh Ewald method; potential-energy functions; restraints
Statistical distributions for the temperature of hydrogen pore nucleation in solidifying aluminium alloys

The adequacy of the model originally developed by Charbon and Rappaz for nucleation temperatures of grains to the formation of hydrogen pores during the solidification of aluminium alloys has been ...
E-073 Association between thrombus CT characteristics and successful recanalization in acute stroke treated with endovascular thrombectomy

Introduction/purpose Data on the predictive value of thrombus characteristics on initial CT imaging and radiologic outcomes is conflicting in stroke patients treated with endovascular thrombectomy (EVT). We aimed to evaluate the association between thrombus CT characteristics and successful recanalization in patients with acute large vessel occlusive stroke treated with EVT. Materials and methods We performed a retrospective study using a prospectively maintained database of individuals with acute ischemic stroke admitted to the neurointensive care unit at Detroit Medical Center between 2014–2017. Patients with confirmed large vessel occlusion (LVO) treated with EVT were included. Primary outcome successful recanalization defined as TICI2b/3. Data was recorded for baseline risk factors, initial NIHSS, time-to-treatment, tPA administration, as well as initial CT findings including hyperdense artery sign (HAS), thrombus length (millimeter) and thrombus density (absolute Hounsfield unit values). Independent two-sample T-test and Fisher’s exact test were used to investigate the association between thrombus CT characteristics and successful recanalization. Results Overall 74 patients with LVO strokes (age 67.75+13.38, 44% female) treated with EVT were included. Successful recanalization was achieved in 72.6% of patients. HAS was present in 54% and intravenous tPA was administered in 37% of patients as adjunctive therapy. Baseline clinical characteristics including hypertension, diabetes, atrial fibrillation, initial NIHSS as well as tPA administration (p=0.5) or presence of HAS (p=0.7) were not predictive of successful recanalization. Thrombus density values were comparable in those with and without successful recanalization (61.6±1.7 vs 61.0±3.2, p=0.8, respectively). Greater thrombus length was a significant predictor for non-recanalization following EVT (34.3±12.4 vs 17.5±01.9, p=0.03 for thrombus length in TICI 0–2a vs TICI 2b/3 groups, respectively). Conclusions We observed that thrombus length but not thrombus density or tPA administration are predictive of successful recanalization in LVO treated with EVT. Disclosures H. Saber: None. J. Kinariwala: None. G. Rajah: None. S. Narayanan: None. A. Luqman: None. M. Ibrahim: None. K. Suchdev: None.
Evaluation of Empirical Pretreatment Assessments for Developing Treatments for Packing in Pediatric Feeding Disorders

A significant problem among children with feeding disorders is packing (i.e., pocketing or holding accepted food in the mouth), which could hinder successful treatment. Previous research has identified effective treatments to reduce packing; however, an assessment model to guide treatment decisions is lacking. In the present study, we used a multielement design to identify conditions under which low levels of packing occurred for 4 children with feeding disorders. Results were used to empirically inform treatment selection to decrease packing for 3 children. Assessments indicated that packing was related to texture, food preference, or response effort and subsequently informed individualized treatments, which led to decreased levels of packing. Results suggest that this model may be useful in the design of treatment packages for children who engage in packing at clinically problematic levels.
Synthesis and Prior Misidentification of 4-tert-Butyl-2,6-dinitrobenzaldehyde

Substituted 2,6-dinitrobenzaldehydes are valuable synthetic precursors and have been prepared by several methods. We report here that one reported synthetic method actually forms the 3,5-dinitro isomer, 4-tert-butyl-3,5-dinitrobenzaldehyde, instead of the claimed 2,6-isomer, 4-tert-butyl-2,6-dinitrobenzaldehyde. Improved syntheses for the large-scale preparation of both compounds and their single-crystal X-ray structures are described.
Plant community and phylogenetic shifts in acid seep springs over 49 years following Microstegium vimineum invasion

Community composition and diversity can change following exotic invasion. We tested the extent to which acid seep spring communities in southern Illinois had changed in composition and community heterogeneity based on three species surveys over 49 years. We also investigated the extent of changes in taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity since the invasion of Microstegium vimineum, an exotic grass. Floristic surveys of ten acid seep springs in southern Illinois were conducted in summer 2017 and compared to two previous surveys from 1968 and 2008. We investigated changes among acid seep springs and between surveys in species composition and community heterogeneity with multivariate ordination based on site dissimilarity, and univariate analyses comparing changes in taxonomic diversity (species richness and exotic species richness) and phylogenetic diversity [net relatedness (NRI) and nearest taxon indices (NTI)] determined from a species phylogeny based upon two plastid sequences (rbcL and matK). Acid seep spring communities became more compositionally similar to each other following woody plant encroachment and M. vimineum invasion. Total species richness declines were observed between surveys while exotic species richness increased. While NRI did not exhibit any temporal patterns, NTI significantly increased over time indicating that a decrease in phylogenetic diversity accompanied exotic invasion over almost half a century within these plant communities.
Dawn of a New RAMPage

Receptor activity-modifying proteins (RAMPs) interact with G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) to modify their functions, imparting significant implications upon their physiological and therapeutic potentials. Resurging interest in identifying RAMP–GPCR interactions has recently been fueled by coevolution studies and orthogonal technological screening platforms. These new studies reveal previously unrecognized RAMP-interacting GPCRs, many of which expand beyond Class B GPCRs. The consequences of these interactions on GPCR function and physiology lays the foundation for new molecular therapeutic targets, as evidenced by the recent success of erenumab. Here, we highlight recent papers that uncovered novel RAMP–GPCR interactions, human RAMP–GPCR disease-causing mutations, and RAMP-related human pathologies, paving the way for a new era of RAMP-targeted drug development.
Accurate prediction of individual subject identity and task, but not autism diagnosis, from functional connectomes.

Despite enthusiasm about the potential for using fMRI-based functional connectomes in the development of biomarkers for autism spectrum disorder (ASD), the literature is full of negative findings-failures to distinguish ASD functional connectomes from those of typically developing controls (TD)-and positive findings that are inconsistent across studies. Here, we report on a new study designed to either better differentiate ASD from TD functional connectomes-or, alternatively, to refine our understanding of the factors underlying the current state of affairs. We scanned individuals with ASD and controls both at rest and while watching videos with social content. Using multiband fMRI across repeat sessions, we improved both data quantity and scanning duration by collecting up to 2 hr of data per individual. This is about 50 times the typical number of temporal samples per individual in ASD fcMRI studies. We obtained functional connectomes that were discriminable, allowing for near-perfect individual identification regardless of diagnosis, and equally reliable in both groups. However, contrary to what one might expect, we did not consistently or robustly observe in the ASD group either reductions in similarity to TD functional connectivity (FC) patterns or shared atypical FC patterns. Accordingly, FC-based predictions of diagnosis group achieved accuracy levels around chance. However, using the same approaches to predict scan type (rest vs. video) achieved near-perfect accuracy. Our findings suggest that neither the limitations of resting state as a "task," data resolution, data quantity, or scan duration can be considered solely responsible for failures to differentiate ASD from TD functional connectomes.
[A cross-sectional study on the prevalence and related factors of dyslipidemia among adults in Anhui province, in 2015].

Objective Based on the data of chronic diseases and nutrition surveillance among Chinese adults in 2015, dyslipidemia and related factors were analyzed. Methods Multi-stage stratified cluster random sampling was used to select participants who were aged 18 and over, with questionnaire survey and related measurements conducted. Prevalence rates of dyslipidemia among participants by different characteristics and influencing factors were analyzed, using the method of complex weighting and post-weighted stratification. Results In all, 7 404 participants were included. The overall prevalence of dyslipidemia was 30.5% among the adults. The overall prevalence of dyslipidemia were 36.5% in males and 24.4% in females (P<0.05). The prevalence rates of hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, high LDL-C, and low HDL-C were 3.7%, 12.2%, 5.3%, and 19.4%, respectively. Results from the multivariate logistic regression model analysis showed that age (OR=1.009, 95%CI: 1.000-1.018), female (OR=0.501, 95%CI: 0.397-0.632), College degree or above (OR=1.728, 95%CI: 1.257-2.374), alcohol consumption 3 (OR=0.711, 95%CI: 0.536-0.943), central obesity (OR=1.868, 95%CI: 1.547-2.257), BMI (OR=1.141, 95%CI: 1.098-1.186), hypertension (OR=1.259, 95%CI: 1.077-1.473) and diabetes (OR=2.025, 95%CI: 1.446-2.835) were influencing factors on dyslipidemia. Conclusions The prevalence of dyslipidemia seemed high among adults in Anhui. Risk factors should be closely monitored and under control, including those people with unhealthy lifestyles or being overweight, obesity, hypertensive and diabetic. Key words: Dyslipidemia; Related factors; Cross-sectional study
The pre-CT checklist: A simple tool to improve workflow and patient safety in an outpatient CT setting.

Abstract Purpose We aim to share our experience with implementation of a simple checklist to improve workflow and safety in patients scheduled for outpatient CT. Methods: After identification of several recurrent problems leading to study delays or cancellation, a pre-CT checklist to be used by designated CT technologist in advance of patients' scheduled appointment was designed with input from CT technologists, radiologists, schedulers and nurses. Results Implementation of the checklist led to further actions in 25.9% of cases. The most common actions were calls to referring providers to modify or clarify an order (24.3%), followed by verification of proper premedication in patients with allergy to iodinated contrast (12.7%) and contacting the radiologist for protocolling (12.7%). Conclusions Implementation of a pre-CT checklist that can be tailored to individual practices has potential to improve patients' safety and experience as well as providing a more efficient clinical operation. Summary sentence We present an easy-to-implement checklist to maximize CT throughput in an outpatient setting that can be customized to the needs of individual institutions and has the potential to improve patients' safety and experience.
Risk factors of an outbreak of upper respiratory nosocomial infection caused by enterovirus

Objective To investigate the cause, route of transmission and risk factors of an outbreak of enterovirus infection in a hospital in Guangzhou, so as to provide evidence for the prevention and control of nosocomial infection. Methods A case-control study was designed for the field epidemiological investigation. The possible influential factors were analyzed through face-to-face interview. Case and environmental samples were collected for influenza virus and enterovirus detection by PCR. Non conditional Logistic regression was used to analyze the risk factors related to the outbreak. Results The infected patients mainly appeared in the department of Burn Rehabilitation accounted for 29 cases, of which 18 were hospitalized patients, 7 were medical staff and 4 were the inpatient’s family members. The incidence peak occurred on June 7th to 9th, 2015. Main symptoms were fever (75.86%) , cough (44.83%) , sore throat (44.83%) and oral herpes (34.48%) . Enterovirus was detected from anal swabs of the patients, swabs of nurses’ hands and the environment. Wearing pressure gloves (OR=8.02, 95%CI: 1.72-37.49) and the third degree burn (OR=8.25, 95%CI:1.52-44.88) were found to be risk factors of this outbreak. Conclusions This event is a nosocomial infection outbreak caused by enterovirus. Wearing pressure gloves and the third degree burn are the main risk factors. Key words: Enterovirus; Nosocomial infection; Outbreak; Case-control study
Computational intelligence using ontology—A case study on the knowledge representation in a clinical decision support system

Abstract Computational intelligence has been traditionally associated with neural networks, fuzzy systems, and genetic algorithms. Over the years there have been many developments in computational intelligence. At present, many other fields are part of the study and research in computational intelligence. With advances in cognitive sciences, more techniques of information processing by machines that show characteristics closely associated with human intelligence are being found. Some of these techniques have been studied for a long time, but in recent years there has been some maturity in the understanding and use of these techniques. One such technique is the use of semantics in computational intelligence. There has been a long-drawn-out philosophical debate between lingualism, which claims that there is no human thought without language, and “language of thought” theories, which believe that natural language is inessential to private thought. In an attempt to create intelligent machines, the use of semantics for knowledge representation and knowledge-based creation in a system follows the philosophy of lingualism. Different knowledge representations are used in a knowledge-based clinical decision support system. This chapter makes a study of various knowledge representations. The different theories behind the techniques used in the knowledge representations are discussed. The philosophy of lingualism and the use of semantics in computational intelligence are explained, while a study on semantic knowledge representation in clinical decision support systems is made. The conclusion is the explanation as to how ontological engineering can be used to create computational intelligence.