cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Generation of nonlinear and spatially-organized 3D cultures on a microfluidic chip using photoreactive thiol-ene and methacryloyl hydrogels

Abstract Micropatterning techniques for 3D cell cultures enable the recreation of tissue-level structures, but their combination with well-defined, microscale fluidic systems for perfusion remains challenging. To address this technological gap, we developed a user-friendly in-situ micropatterning protocol that integrates photolithography of crosslinkable, cell-laden hydrogels with a simple microfluidic housing, and tested the impact of crosslinking chemistry on stability and spatial resolution. Working with gelatin functionalized with photo-crosslinkable moieties, we found that inclusion of cells at high densities (≥ 107/mL) during crosslinking did not impede thiol-norbornene gelation, but decreased the storage moduli of methacryloyl hydrogels. Hydrogel composition and light dose were selected to match the storage moduli of soft tissues. The cell-laden precursor solution was flowed into a microfluidic chamber and exposed to 405 nm light through a photomask to generate the desired pattern. The on-chip 3D cultures were self-standing, and the designs were interchangeable by simply swapping out the photomask. Thiol-ene hydrogels yielded highly accurate feature sizes from 100 – 900 μm in diameter, whereas methacryloyl hydrogels yielded slightly enlarged features. Furthermore, only thiol-ene hydrogels were mechanically stable under perfusion overnight. Repeated patterning readily generated multi-region cultures, either separately or adjacent, including non-linear boundaries that are challenging to obtain on-chip. As a proof-of-principle, primary human T cells, were patterned on-chip with high regional specificity. Viability remained high (> 85%) after overnight culture with constant perfusion. We envision that this technology will enable researchers to pattern 3D cultures under fluidic control in biomimetic geometries that were previously difficult to obtain.
Towards Learning-Based Architectures for Sensor Impact Evaluation in Building Controls

Advanced control algorithms for building systems have significant potential in reducing energy consumption while optimizing thermal comfort. Success of such algorithms is critically contingent on several different types of sensor systems, which are deployed for continuous monitoring, identification and estimation of several important building states, such as temperatures, humidity, air quality, power consumption and occupancy. Nonidealities in these sensors can lead to significant performance degradation of the control functionalities, thereby causing unwanted sub-optimal building operation. In this paper, we provide a simulation example with a high-fidelity building model, for a particular use-case of advanced optimization-based control in buildings, i.e., occupancy-based controls. We show how imperfections in occupancy sensing can degrade performance. Subsequently, we discuss a novel learning-based framework to efficiently evaluate the impact of sensor nonidealities for building systems, in context of advanced control algorithms.
A Web-Based Nursing Education for Thermoregulation

Neonatal nurses provide essential care in the hospital setting for improving infants' morbidity and mortality outcomes by preventing hypothermia after delivery. This quality improvement project describes the development and implementation of a web-based educational activity, demonstrating that online education effectively increases nurse knowledge and commitment to thermoregulation practices. A learning management system provides nursing professional development practitioners an effective method of improving nursing knowledge using a web-based educational curriculum in the clinical setting.
Association of Neurofibrillary Tangle Distribution With Age at Onset-Related Clinical Heterogeneity in Alzheimer Disease: An Autopsy Study.

Background and Objective: Patients with earlier age at onset of sporadic Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) are more likely than those with later onset to present with atypical clinical and cognitive features. We sought to determine if this age-related clinical and cognitive heterogeneity is mediated by different topographical distributions of tau-aggregate neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) or by variable amounts of concomitant non-AD neuropathology. Methods: The relative distribution of NFT density in hippocampus and midfrontal neocortex was calculated, and α-synuclein, TDP-43, and microvascular co-pathologies were staged, in patients with severe AD and age at onset of 51-60 (n=40), 61-70 (n=41), and >70 (n=40) years. Regression, mediation, and mixed effects models examined relationships of pathological findings with clinical features and longitudinal cognitive decline. Results: Patients with later age at onset of AD were less likely to present with non-memory complaints (OR=0.46 per decade, 95%CI: 0.22 – 0.88), psychiatric symptoms (β=-0.66, 95%CI: -1.15 – -0.17), and functional impairment (β=-1.25, 95%CI: -2.34 – -0.16). TDP-43 (OR = 2.00, 95%CI: 1.23 - 3.35) and microvascular co-pathology (OR = 2.02, 95%CI: 1.24 – 3.40) were more common in later onset AD, and α-synuclein co-pathology was not related to age at onset. NFT density in Midfrontal cortex (β = -0.51, 95% CI: -0.72 – -0.31) and Midfrontal/Hippocampal NFT ratio (β = -0.18, 95% CI: -0.26 – -0.10) were lower in those with later age at onset. Executive function (β = 0.48, 95% CI: 0.09 – 0.90) and visuospatial (β = 0.97, 95% CI: 0.46 – 1.46) cognitive deficits were less impaired in patients with later age at onset. Mediation analyses showed that the effect of age at onset on severity of executive function deficits was mediated by Midfrontal/Hippocampal NFT ratio (β = 0.21, 95% CI: 0.08 – 0.38) and not by concomitant non-AD pathologies. Midfrontal/Hippocampal NFT ratio also mediated an association between earlier age at onset and faster decline on tests of global cognition, executive function, and visuospatial abilities. Discussion: Worse executive dysfunction and faster cognitive decline in people with sporadic AD with earlier rather than later age at onset is mediated by greater relative Midfrontal neocortical to hippocampal NFT burden and not by concomitant non-AD neuropathology.
Insulin resistance in patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis: can we improve it? : editorial to: "the effect of HM-CoA reductase inhibitor on insulin resistance in patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis" by Fa Mee Doh et al.

Since 1972, there has been rapid growth in the end-stage renal disease (ESRD) program with the current growth rate between 5 and 7% per year. A recent report from the United States Renal Data System (USRDS) has indicated that there are over 410,000 maintenance dialysis patients, with Medicare expenditures of over 30 billion dollars to support the ESRD program in the year 2010 1. Approximately 30% of this total cost is due to hospitalization, which averages 14 days per patient year. Moreover, despite the many technical advances that have occurred in the delivery of dialysis therapy, the mortality rate of patients with ESRD remains high at over 20% per year.
Beating a finite automaton in the big match

We look at the Big Match game, a variation of the repeated Matching Pennies game where if the first player plays tails the game ends with the first player receiving the last round's payoff. We study this game when the second player is implemented as a finite automation. We show several results including: • If the first player knows the number of states of the second player's automaton then he can achieve the maximum score with a deterministic polynomial-time algorithm. • If a deterministic first player does not know the number of states of the second player then he can not guarantee himself more than the minimum score. • If we allow player one to run in probabilistic polynomial-time then he still cannot achieve the maximum score but he can get arbitrarily close. • In a slight variation of the Big Match, the first player cannot have an even close to dominant strategy.
Client-Server Design Alternatives: Back to Pipes but with Threads

In this paper we set out to theoretically explore and experimentally compare different client-server design alternatives implemented in Java. We introduce a new concurrent data structure, called concurrent hash table, for solving the synchronization problem in the classical producer/consumer model. The structure allows multiple reads and a single write to proceed concurrently. We look at the following TCP server designs: concurrent server-new thread per client; pre-threaded servers: locking around accept; socket passing through a shared buffer; socket passing through a concurrent queue; socket passing through a concurrent hash table; socket passing through pipes. The servers have been tested on a network of 35 workstations. The experimental results have shown that the server using pipes to pass tasks to the workers outperforms every other one. For all servers, better performance is achieved by using a number of worker threads in the range of one hundred rather than fifteen as commonly recommended.
Endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS) with tranbronchial needle aspiration (TBNA) versus mediastinoscopy for mediastinal staging in non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) thoracic cancer

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide and is responsible for more cancer deaths than the next three most common cancers combined. Despite common use of the best non-invasive tests for assessing clinical stage: computed tomography (CT) and integrated positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) using 2-deoxy-2-18-fluoro-D-glucose (FDG), the pathologic stage is often different. The status of mediastinal (N2) lymph nodes is paramount in guiding therapy towards surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy or a combination of these modalities. Accurate staging is mandatory for patients prior to commencing therapy. Invasive tests that afford tissue biopsies of N2 lymph nodes are: esophageal ultrasound with fine needle aspiration (EUS-FNA), endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS-TBNA), and mediastinoscopy. This review article compares the two most commonly used invasive methods to obtain tissue biopsies of mediastinal (N2) lymph nodes: mediastinoscopy and endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS).
NEMS switches: Opportunities and challenges in emerging IC technologies

The active search for candidates of an ideal switching device for low-voltage logic and ultralow-power applications has stimulated new explorations of contact-mode switches (relays) based on micro/nanoelectromechanical systems (MEMS/NEMS). This has been driven by the fundamental advantages that mechanical devices offer, such as ideally abrupt switching with zero off-state leakage, suitable for harsh and extreme environments, and very small footprints (e.g., particularly with NEMS). This digest paper is focused upon reviewing the state-of-the-art NEMS switching devices (particularly Si and SiC NEMS), and the potential and possibilities towards enabling logic circuit components and integration with Si and SiC circuits, respectively. We also discuss the opportunities and challenges in other technical aspects, including materials, processes, device design, nanoscale contacts, lifetime and reliability, scaling, and the perspective of monolithic 3D integration with the advancing 3D transistors.
Numerical simulation of diffusion‐controlled nucleation and growth of porphyroblasts

This article presents the conceptual basis for a new numerical model of diffusion-controlled nucleation and growth of porphyroblasts, describes its implementation, and illustrates the range of crystallization behaviours encompassed by it. The model differs from previous efforts principally in its ability to track explicitly the evolution in time and space of the chemical affinity for reaction in the intergranular medium, which provides a more accurate characterization of nucleation suppression in the vicinity of pre-existing crystals and of growth suppression due to competition for nutrients among neighbouring crystals. Critical new features of these numerical simulations include: maintenance of local equilibrium for fluid in contact with reactants or products; persistence of reactants until they are eliminated by dissolution due to reaction progress and local diffusive flux; nucleation rates that vary as the local reaction affinity evolves; complex initial distributions of reactants if desired; and the flexibility to encompass any porphyroblast-forming reaction for which changes in free energy as a function of time and temperature are specified. Model results reveal that radial growth rates remain proportional to the square-root of time in diffusion systems buffered by persistent reactants; they document the interchangeable effects of diffusivity, porosity, and solubility on material fluxes and thus growth rates; and they illustrate the offsetting textural effects of rates of diffusion, nucleation, and heating. The initial distribution of reactants is found to exert a first-order effect on crystal size distributions, confirming their limited utility for diagnosing crystallization mechanisms. These numerical simulations yield novel and rigorous confirmation of the textural effects of nucleation-site saturation and variation in interconnected porosity, and reproduce with high fidelity much of the textural and chemical information gathered from natural specimens.
Effects of and preference for conditions of token earn versus token loss

The effects of earning and losing tokens on the disruptive behavior of 12 first-grade students were evaluated under symmetrical contingencies of earn and loss. Both contingencies produced decreases in disruptive behavior. For some participants, more consistent decreases were observed during the loss contingency. In addition, participants generally earned or kept more tokens during the loss contingency. When offered a choice of contingencies, most participants preferred the loss contingency. The results showed some consistency with behavioral economic principles of loss aversion and the endowment effect.
Multiply scaled constrained nonlinear equation solvers

To improve the numerical stability of nonlinear equation solvers, a partitioned multiply scaled constraint scheme is developed. This scheme enables hierarchical levels of control for nonlinear equation solvers. To complement the procedure, partitioned convergence checks are established along with self-adaptive partitioning schemes. Overall, such procedures greatly enhance the numerical stability of the original solvers. To demonstrate and motivate the development of the scheme, the problem of nonlinear heat conduction is considered. In this context the main emphasis is given to successive substitution-type schemes. To verify the improved numerical characteristics associated with partitioned multiply scaled solvers, results are presented for several benchmark examples.
Terminated horn enclosures

The characteristics of a finite exponential horn terminated in a physically realizable impedance have been calculated on an IBM 650 computer. Some of the results of the calculations and some experimental results of tests on such a terminated horn are presented.
Modeling Brain Disease in a Dish: Really?

Cellular programming and reprogramming technology (CPART) presents a novel approach for understanding disease progression and mechanism. In addition, CPART provides an innovative opportunity for developing diagnostic tools and novel drug candidates for therapy. In this Forum, we will discuss obstacles and solutions for modeling brain disease using CPART.
Mothers' Attitudes Toward Pasteurized and Sterilized, Aseptically Packaged Milks for Their Preschool Children

In 1995, 56 mothers whose children were enrolled in preschool programs in Athens, Georgia, completed a questionnaire regarding their attitudes about sterilized, aseptically packaged milk containers and their suitabilityfor children, their likingfor milk, and their children's likingfor milk. Mothers significantly preferred snack-size (236.5 ml) containers of sterilized, aseptically packaged milkfor children during snacktime at home and awayfrom home. Mothers requested additional information regarding recyclability of the package, nutritional comparisons of sterilized, aseptically packaged milk to pasteurized milk, and processing procedures for sterilized, aseptically packaged milk. A majority of the mothers reported that their children likedflavored milk. Among theflavors, a majority chose chocolate to use mainly as a snack. No correlations were found between maternal reports and results from sensory tests with children for liking of milk. The mean hedonic score of the children's acceptance of milk was 87.1 on a scale of 0 to 100.
Regulated Proteolysis of DNA Polymerase η during the DNA-Damage Response in C. elegans

Both the POLH-1 (pol η) translesion synthesis (TLS) DNA polymerase and the GEI-17 SUMO E3 ligase are essential for the efficient replication of damaged chromosomes in Caenorhabditis elegans embryos. Here we study how POLH-1 is regulated during a DNA-damage response in these embryos. We report that DNA damage triggers the degradation of POLH-1 and that degradation is mediated by the Cul4-Ddb1-Cdt2 (CRL4-Cdt2) pathway that has previously been shown to degrade the replication factor Cdt1 during S phase. We also show that GEI-17 protects POLH-1 from CRL4-Cdt2-mediated destruction until after it has performed its function in TLS, and this is likely via SUMOylation of POLH-1. These studies reveal that POLH-1 undergoes DNA-damage-induced proteolysis and that GEI-17 regulates the timing of this proteolysis. Implications for how this system may control the removal of POLH-1 from replication forks after TLS are discussed.
Serotype variability in virus-like particles from Gaeumannomyces graminis☆

Abstract Twenty-two isolates of Gaeumannomyces graminis, 19 from Indiana wheat, 1 each from Indiana soybean and English barley, and the ATCC isolate No. 12761, were examined for double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) and virus-like particle (VLP) content. All but two isolates indexed positive for dsRNA in serological tests. With 19 of these, analyses of partially purified extracts revealed VLPs resolving in CsCl equilibrium gradient centrifugations at various density species in the range 1.33 to 1.39 g/cm3. Histograms of particle diameters of the VLPs from six isolates indicated modes at 35, 39, and 41 to 42 nm. Preliminary analyses of total VLP coat protein and nucleic acid for one isolate by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed two major structural proteins with molecular weights close to 70,000 and three major species of dsRNA. Serological comparisons made using antisera to the VLPs in preparations from three selected isolates indicated various serological groupings and degrees of relatedness among the VLPs of all the isolates. Such serotype variation suggests the possibility of biotype variation as an explanation for inconsistencies in reports of the association of G. graminis VLPs with fungal pathogenicity.
LINCing MALAT1 and Angiogenesis

Article, see p 1389 Our understanding of the complex molecular interplay of various aspects of endothelial biology increased dramatically during the past years. In that context, noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) such as microRNAs (miRs) have been shown to play crucial roles in the control of endothelial cell biology. For example, the endothelial-enriched, 22-nucleotide miR-126 was shown to sustain vascular homeostasis and blood flow.1 Several underlying molecular pathways for many miRs are now better understood, and first approaches have been taken to target certain miRs therapeutically in small and large animals,2,3 paving the way for potential first clinical approaches. Next to miRs, the Encyclopedia of DNA Elements (ENCODE) consortium (http://encodeproject.org/ENCODE/) and others have identified many additional ncRNA species with regulatory roles in the genome. A new example of those is long ncRNAs (lncRNAs), which are a class of heterogeneous RNAs comprising lengths >200 nucleotides. lncRNAs are localized in the nucleus or cytoplasm and are involved in different downstream mechanisms such as chromatin remodeling, protein scaffolding, or even translational control.4,5 lncRNA-based mediation of intracellular signaling is poorly understood because of the many potential mechanistic properties of this RNA subclass. Only few reports have proven the participation of specific lncRNAs in the cardiovascular system. A stem cell–based study highlighted the importance of a lncRNA called Braveheart to guide cardiac development.6 A knockout strategy showed a functional role of lncRNA Fendrr to control chromatin modifications and thereby developmental signaling in the heart.7 Another study recently examined the interactions between the lncRNA cardiac hypertrophy related factor ( CHRF ) and miR-4898; here, a hypertrophic response was mediated by sponging of miR-489 via CHRF …
Marital Status and Sex: Impact on Career Self‐Efficacy

Bandura's (1977, 1986) self-efficacy theory served as the theoretical framework for examining the preferences of 214 individuals for either traditionally male or traditionally female occupations. An interaction between sex and marital status was found with regard to efficacy for traditionally female occupations. Married women scored higher than did married men, and unmarried women scored higher than did unmarried men for the traditionally female occupations. No difference between married and unmarried men or between married and unmarried women was indicated for the traditionally female occupations. A significannt main effect of sex, with men scoring higher than women, was found for both the traditionally male and traditionallyfemale occupations. Implications for further research as well as for career counseling and development are discussed.
Autonomic dysfunction in Parkinson disease

In Parkinson disease (PD), symptoms and signs of autonomic failure occur commonly, especially in cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and genitourinary domains. Most patients with PD have neuroimaging evidence of cardiac sympathetic denervation. In PD, orthostatic hypertension (OH) can be an early finding and is associated with extracardiac noradrenergic denervation and reduced baroreflex-cardiovagal and sympathoneural responses. Recognition of autonomic impairment is important because symptomatic treatment is frequently effective.
Measures of hemi-inattention on the Rey Figure copy for the Lezak-Osterrieth scoring method

Abstract This study presents measures of unilateral deficits on the Rey Figure copy that may be easily incorporated into the scoring system described by Lezak (1983, 1995), extending previous research that reported similar indices using the Denman (1984) scoring system. One hundred and eight subjects participated. Indices of unilateral inattention on the Rey Figure were compared to criterion measures on the Letter Cancellation Test. Left-side omissions on the Rey Figure were greater among right-CVA neglecting subjects (n = 36) than among non-neglecting right-CVAs (n = 32), left-CVAs (n = 20), and controls (n = 20). In addition, right-CVA subjects with neglect omitted significantly more items and evidenced much poorer accuracy of reproduction on the left versus the right side of the figure, whereas no unilateral differences were noted among the other groups. When using the Lezak-Osterrieth system, an asymmetric error profile containing two or more left-sided omissions indicates a strong likelihood of negle...
An approach to experimental evaluation of real-time fault-tolerant distributed computing schemes

A test-based approach to the evaluation of fault-tolerant distributed-computing schemes is discussed. The approach is based on experimental incorporation of system structuring and design techniques into real-time distributed computing testbeds centered around tightly coupled microcomputer networks. The effectiveness of this approach has been experimentally confirmed. Primary advantages of the testbed-based approach include the relatively high accuracy of the data obtained on timing and logical complexity, as well as the relatively high degree of assurance that can be obtained on the practical effectiveness of the scheme evaluated. Various design issues encountered in the course of establishing the basic microcomputer network testbed facilities are discussed, along with their augmentation to support some experiments. The shortcomings of the testbeds that have been recognized are also discussed together with the desired extensions of the testbeds. Some of the desired extensions are beyond the state-of-the-art in microcomputer network implementation. >
Mediating the Effects of Natural Disasters on Travel Intention

SUMMARY Emotional correlates of affective reactions towards a natural disaster and their influence on future travel intention to seaside destinations were explored using the PAD (Pleasure-Arousal-Dominance) Emotion Model. The results from a structural equation modeling process support the proposition that a natural disaster influences significantly the affective responses to the emotional states of pleasure, arousal and dominance. The PAD affect changes in return impact to varying degrees the intentions of a traveler to visit a seaside destination. The pleasure domain is found to exert the strongest impact on intention. Practical implications for tourism recovery are elaborated.
Short circuit analysis of induction machines - wind power application

The short circuit behavior of Type I (fixed speed) wind turbine-generators is analyzed in this paper to aid in the protection coordination of wind plants of this type. A simple network consisting of one wind turbine-generator is analyzed for two network faults: a three phase short circuit and a phase A to ground fault. Electromagnetic transient simulations and sequence network calculations are compared for the two fault scenarios. It is found that traditional sequence network calculations give accurate results for the short circuit currents in the balanced fault case, but are inaccurate for the un-faulted phases in the unbalanced fault case. The time-current behavior of the fundamental frequency component of the short circuit currents for both fault cases are described, and found to differ significantly in the unbalanced and balanced fault cases.
Target tissues affect cellular properties of cocultured leech Retzius neurons

The development of many neurons, including the Retzius (Rz) neurons of the medicinal leech, is shaped in part by interactions with other cells in the environment. To explore the nature of the interaction between growing Rz processes and potential target tissues, adult Rz neurons were cultured directly in contact with some of the tissues that normally serve as their targets in vivo. The morphology of the regenerated processes of these neurons varied depending upon the identity of the target tissues, but other cellular properties remained unchanged. In particular, although during normal development contact with peripheral targets determines the sign of Rz neurons' response to acetylcholine (ACh) applied to the soma, these cultured neurons maintained their original response to ACh even after as long as 2 weeks in culture on novel targets. Hence, some features of cultured adult Rz neurons varied depending upon the conditions, whereas other features remained fixed. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Neurobiol 34: 55–68, 1998
Why the Net is not a Public Sphere

What is the relation between the idea of the public sphere and computer-mediated interaction? I argue that the notion of the public sphere is not only inapplicable to the Net, but also and more importantly, that it is damaging to practices of democracy under conditions of contemporary technoculture, conditions Manuel Castells theorizes as capitalism in the information mode of development and which I refer to as communicative capitalism.1 As an alternative to the public sphere, I consider the potential of a political architecture rooted in a notion of networks. To the extent that such an architecture can center democratic practice in conflict and contestation, so can it open up the democratic imagination in the networked societies of communicative capitalism.
Identification of Field Tolerance to Bean Pod Mottle and Soybean Mosaic Viruses in Soybean

Development of a method to identify field tolerance to bean pod mottle and soybean mosaic viruses (BPMV and SMV) in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] allowed evaluation of 33 soybean accessions for field response to BPMV and SMV. Based on measurement of parameters that included relative level of virus antigen in seed and mottling of soybean seed coats, three accessions showed tolerance to SMV and BPMV (PI 561353, M90-18411, PI 507353), eight were tol­ erant to SMV (MN 1301, M92-160047, M91-113037, PI 423826A, A99­ 216031, NE 3001, U96-2408, Colfax), and four were tolerant to BPMV (PI 184042, M93-326056, M95-255017, Spansoy 201). Treatment of seed with the insecticide imidacloprid (1-[(6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)­ methyl]-N-nitro-2-imidazolidinimine) did not effect disease control. The relative level of virus antigen in seed harvested from experimental plots was shown to correlate significantly with virus incidence in plots. The data suggest that quantitative assay of virus seed antigen may provide a useful estimate of relative virus incidence in test plots and aid identification of field tolerance to seed-borne viruses.
Alcohol delays clearance of lipoproteins from the circulation

Long-term (18-month) consumption of high-dose ethanol ([EtOH] 24% of total calories) by squirrel monkeys results in marked elevations in plasma antiatherogenic high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and apolipoprotein (apo) A-1, and atherogenic low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and apo B. In an effort to determine whether alterations in lipoprotein turnover could explain the above findings, 131I-HDL apo A-1 and 125I-LDL apo B were injected into EtOH and control animals, following which in-vivo catabolic and production rates were determined. For both lipoproteins, synthetic rates were unaltered, while fractional catabolic rates (FCR) were significantly reduced in EtOH monkeys. Results from this study implicate EtOH-induced changes in hepatic metabolism as the basis for delayed lipoprotein clearance and hence elevated plasma apolipoprotein levels.
Recalibrating positive and negative weighting tendencies in attitude generalization

Abstract Individual differences in the weighting of positive versus negative information when generalizing attitudes towards novel objects predict a variety of assessments that involve the integration of valence information (Pietri, Fazio, & Shook, 2013). The goal of the current research was to manipulate valence weighting in attitude generalization to demonstrate its causal impact on various judgments and behaviors. In four experiments, participants first played BeanFest—a game in which they approached/avoided novel stimuli (beans) varying in shape and speckles, in order to increase and not decrease their points ( Fazio et al., 2004 ). Following the game, participants classified game beans, and novel ones that varied in resemblance to the game beans as either positive or negative. In the recalibration condition, participants were told whether each classification was or was not correct. Thus, they received feedback regarding the appropriate valence weighting of resemblance to a known positive versus a known negative. In Experiment 1, this recalibration influenced individuals' attitude generalizations regarding other (non-bean) novel objects. We then examined if recalibration would produce far-transferring effects by influencing interpretations of ambiguous situations (Experiment 2), risk assessments (Experiment 3), and finally risk-taking behavior (Experiment 4). Across the four experiments, the recalibration procedure led participants who were initially relatively cautious to be more positive when making these various judgments, whereas people who exhibited an initial risky bias became more negative as a function of recalibration.
Refining Use/Misuse/Mitigation Use Cases for Security Requirements

We investigate security at the same time as the functional requirements by refining and integrating use, misuse, and mitigation use cases. Security requirements rely on the interactions among normal system execution (use cases), attacks (misuse cases), and necessary security strategies (mitigation use cases), but previous approaches only use a high-level of abstraction. We use refinement to uncover details of each case and the relationships among them before integrating them. We identify and model “includes” and “extends” relationships within each refined case type, and use a condition-driven process that maintains these relationships as refinement continues. We then systematically identify and model “threatens” and “mitigates” relationships to integrate the cases at a detailed level.
SPINEVOLUTION: A powerful tool for the simulation of solid and liquid state NMR experiments

Exact numerical simulations of NMR experiments are often required for the development of new techniques and for the extraction of structural and dynamic information from the spectra. Simulations of solid-state magic angle spinning (MAS) experiments can be particularly demanding both computationally and in terms of the programming required to carry them out, even if special simulation software is used. We recently developed a number of approaches that dramatically improve the efficiency and allow a high degree of automation of these computations. In the present paper, we describe SPINEVOLUTION, a highly optimized computer program that implements the new methodology. The algorithms used in the program will be described separately. Although particularly efficient for the simulation of experiments with complex pulse sequences and multi-spin systems in solids, SPINEVOLUTION is a versatile and easy to use tool for the simulation and optimization of virtually any NMR experiment. The performance of SPINEVOLUTION was compared with that of another recently developed NMR simulation package, SIMPSON. Benchmarked on a series of examples, SPINEVOLUTION was consistently found to be orders of magnitude faster. At the time of publication, the program is available gratis for non-commercial use.
A review of spelling acquisition: Spelling development as a source of evidence for the psychological reality of the phoneme

Abstract This review article discusses how empirical data on the acquisition of spelling by children inform the question of the psycholinguistic validity of the phoneme , a concept central (at least implicitly) to most phonological theories. The paper reviews data on children's early spelling attempts as well as on the development of spelling proficiency. The evidence highlighted in the paper presents a number of challenges for many conceptions of the phoneme, which do not account for the complexity of the developmental data. A synthetic interpretation of the apparently contradictory evidence is offered suggesting that orthographic and phonological knowledge develop together into a hierarchy of representations. While the idea of multidimensional phonological representations has been previously entertained in psycholinguistic literature, none of the previous proposals has explicitly incorporated literacy factors into modeling phonological knowledge. In this article, we show that the spelling acquisition data support and are best accounted for by models allowing for a hierarchy of representations, that learning to read and write has a profound effect on the phonological knowledge of an adult literate speaker, and finally that the traditional notion of the phoneme is too simplistic to incorporate the dynamic and multidimensional nature of phonological knowledge.
Underlying and Superficial Critical Structure

The superficial structure of Maddocks oritique of Shapiro (1979) consists of trivial complaints, misreadings of Shapiro's arguments, and flawed analysis of ethnographic materials. The chief generative element in this structure is Maddock's pose as Defender of the Faith for LBvi-Straussian scholasticism.
Milestones and millstones: A retrospective on 50 years of research to improve productivity in loblolly pine plantations

Abstract The productive potential of plantations together with the expansion of the pulp and paper industry in the region prompted a broadly based program of research and development in southern pine plantation establishment and management. The first major research contribution to pine plantation forestry in the South was the USDA-Forest Service Publication, Agricultural Monograph No. 18, Planting the Southern Pines by P.C. Wakeley. This publication summarized 30 years of research by Wakeley and his colleagues at the Southern Forest Experiment Station and served as a road map for essentially every agency and organization, public and private that wished to establish and manage plantations of southern pine. In 1951, the Texas Forest Service and Texas A&M University established the first southern pine tree improvement program. This program not only introduced a new area of forest research in the South, it established a new way to conduct research through the creation of a forest industry–university–government research cooperative. The passage of the McIntire–Stennis Cooperative Forestry Research Act of 1962 greatly expanded the forestry research potential at state universities and soon thereafter a number of cooperatives were formed in pine tree improvement, forest fertilization, competing vegetation management, forest biology, nursery management, growth and yield, hardwood tree improvement, and hardwood silviculture. These cooperative endeavors fostered creativity and innovation and provided a network for the rapid testing and dissemination of ideas and discoveries. Naturally regenerated second growth stands of southern pine typically had a mean annual increment of 2–3 m3 ha−1 year−1. Today, operational plantations of genetically improved loblolly pine with basic site preparation will produce 9–12 m3 ha−1 year−1 over a 25-year rotation while experimental plantations with complete competition control and annual fertilization have achieved mean annual increments as high as 34 m3 ha−1 year−1 by age 12 years. In 1999, planted forests accounted for only 11% of the South's total growing-stock volume, but contributed 41% of the softwood net annual growth and 29% of the softwood harvest. These figures are forecast to increase during the first half of the 21st century.
Experimental manipulation leading to induction of dorsal ectodermal ridges on normal limb buds results in a phenocopy of the Eudiplopodia chick mutant.

Abstract Elongation of chick limb buds depends on the presence of the apical ectodermal ridge which is induced by subjacent limb bud mesoderm. Recombination experiments have shown that the limb bud mesoderm loses the capacity to induce ridges by late stage 17. Moreover, in normal limb development only one ridge forms. However, in the eudiplopodia chick mutant accessory ectodermal ridges form on the dorsal surface of limb buds as late as stage 22. Tissue recombinant experiments show that the mutation affects the ectoderm, extending the time it responds to ridge induction ( Fraser and Abbott, 1971a , Fraser and Abbott, 1971b while the mesoderm is normal. The result is polydactyly, with extra digits dorsal to the normal digits. Because eudiplopodia limb bud dorsal mesoderm can induce ridges at stage 22 but is unaffected by the gene, genetically normal dorsal limb bud mesoderm may also be able to induce ridges after stage 17. To test this possibility we grafted stages 14–18 flank ectoderm to normal limb bud dorsal mesoderm and found that mesoderm from stages 17 through 20 was able to induce a ridge and subsequently dorsal digits developed. Limbs with duplicate digits were similar to eudiplopodia limbs. In other experiments, stage 18, 19, and 20 leg bud dorsal ectoderm did not form ridges when grafted to leg bud dorsal mesoderm of the same stage, indicating a lack of response to the mesoderm. Finally, the inductive capacity of limb bud mesoderm appeared to be reduced compared to mesoderm at pre-limb bud stages. These experiments demonstrate a spatially generalized potential in limb bud dorsal mesoderm to induce ridges during the stages when the apical ridge is induced. The determination of where the ridge will form and the acquired inability of limb bud dorsal ectoderm to respond to induction by underlying mesoderm are necessary early pattern forming events which assure that a single proximodistal limb axis will form.
Puerto Rican Victimization and Crime on the Mainland The Role of Acculturation

This study addresses criminal victimization and contact with police among older Puerto Ricans living in Northeastern United States. Framing their experiences within the context of immigration, we a...
Novel Cellular Organization in a Gliding Mycoplasma, Mycoplasma insons

Mycoplasmas that are known to exhibit gliding motility possess a differentiated tip structure. This polar organelle mediates cytadherence and gliding motor activity and contains a cytoskeleton-like component that provides structural support. Here, we describe gliding motility and a unique cytoskeleton in Mycoplasma insons, which lacks any obviously differentiated tip structure.
Water into wine: converting scanner RGB to tristimulus XYZ

A simple method of converting scanner (RGB) responses to estimates of object tristimulus (XYZ) coordinates is to apply a linear transformation to the RGB values. The transformation parameters are selected subject to minimization of some relevant error measure. While the linear method is easy, it can be quite imprecise. Linear methods are only guaranteed to work when the scanner sensor responsivities are within a linear transformation of the human color- matching functions. In studying the linear transformation methods, we have observed that the error distribution between the true and estimated XYZ values is often quite regular: plotted in tristimulus coordinates, the error cloud is a highly eccentric ellipse, often nearly a line. We will show that this observation is expected when the collection of surface reflectance functions is well-described by a low-dimensional linear model, as is often the case in practice. We will discuss the implications of our observation for scanner design and for color correction algorithms that encourage operator intervention.
Pacific Climate Forcing of Multidecadal Springtime Minimum Temperature Variability in the Western United States

Trends toward an earlier spring season onset in the western United States have been increasingly documented and are of interest to many different users of climate information throughout the region. Studies, however, have not adequately quantified the variability of spring season temperatures on multidecadal time scales. This study examines the spatio-temporal variability of spring season minimum temperatures in the western United States as a function of multidecadal Pacific climate variability for the period from 1925 to 1994. Spatio-temporal variations in minimum temperature patterns, as determined by a principal-components-based regionalization analysis, indicate a significant statistical relationship between March and April minimum temperatures and multidecadal Pacific climate variability, measured diagnostically using an index of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO). Anomalous temperature patterns associated with cool phases of the PDO are evident in the Pacific Northwest region during March, whereas...
Atherosclerosis imaging using 3D black blood TSE SPACE vs 2D TSE.

AIM: To compare 3D Black Blood turbo spin echo (TSE) sampling perfection with application-optimized contrast using different flip angle evolution (SPACE) vs 2D TSE in evaluating atherosclerotic plaques in multiple vascular territories. METHODS: The carotid, aortic, and femoral arterial walls of 16 patients at risk for cardiovascular or atherosclerotic disease were studied using both 3D black blood magnetic resonance imaging SPACE and conventional 2D multi-contrast TSE sequences using a consolidated imaging approach in the same imaging session. Qualitative and quantitative analyses were performed on the images. Agreement of morphometric measurements between the two imaging sequences was assessed using a two-sample t-test, calculation of the intra-class correlation coefficient and by the method of linear regression and Bland-Altman analyses. RESULTS: No statistically significant qualitative differences were found between the 3D SPACE and 2D TSE techniques for images of the carotids and aorta. For images of the femoral arteries, however, there were statistically significant differences in all four qualitative scores between the two techniques. Using the current approach, 3D SPACE is suboptimal for femoral imaging. However, this may be due to coils not being optimized for femoral imaging. Quantitatively, in our study, higher mean total vessel area measurements for the 3D SPACE technique across all three vascular beds were observed. No significant differences in lumen area for both the right and left carotids were observed between the two techniques. Overall, a significant-correlation existed between measures obtained between the two approaches. CONCLUSION: Qualitative and quantitative measurements between 3D SPACE and 2D TSE techniques are comparable. 3D-SPACE may be a feasible approach in the evaluation of cardiovascular patients.
High-density oligonucleotide arrays

Abstract We are attempting to produce high-density arrays of surface-bound oligonucleotides for hybridization experiments. Our approach is to mechanically miniaturize conventional DNA synthesis chemistry. Ink-jet printer heads are used to deliver small drops of reagents to a chemically modified silicon dioxide surface, where they react to synthesize DNA. The drops are confined to small areas by a pattern of hydrophobic surface modifications, thus allowing the formation of high-density arrays without mixing between adjacent drops.
Methods of cluster validation for archaeology

Abstract Despite increasing sophistication in their use of cluster analysis, archaeologists have yet to apply objective validation methods to the results of their research. Validation methods are a mixed bag of procedures and statistics which measure the adequacy of results obtained from a clustering process. There are many different methods, and most are biased in favor of particular types of clustering algorithms. This paper introduces the concept of validation, and presents the use of four readily available procedures as applied to an archaeological problem.
The paradigms of marginality

ABSTRACT: The acquisition of English in its various functions and canons is now a major motivation for the increase in multilingualism around the world. This paper addresses the responses and reactions to this linguistic reality and varied perceptions about it. It argues that most linguists have marginalized multilingualism and neglected to face the complexities of multilinguals’ language behavior, being reluctant to modify, reformulate, and reassess our favorite paradigms of language acquisition, linguistic creativity, language function, and language contact. The result of this attitude is the paradigms of marginality. The study elaborates on three paradigms of marginality and concludes that we must be cynical about our cherished views and attitudes toward world Englishes. This discussion of the paradigms of marginality may help to purge this academic intransigence.