cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Color stability of hybrid ionomers after accelerated aging.

Purpose The color stability and surface roughness of three commercial hybrid ionomers were determined in vitro after accelerated aging. Three shades of each hybrid ionomer prepared in light-cured and dark-cured conditions were tested. Materials and Methods Samples were aged in an artificial aging chamber by subjecting them to total ultraviolet light irradiation of 150 kJ/m2 over a period of 77 hours. Color (CIE LAB system) was measured before and after aging on a reflection spectrophotometer. Surface roughness was measured with a profilometer. Results After accelerated aging, all samples became lighter. Photac-Fil Aplicap (ESPE-Premier, Norristown, PA) and Fuji II LC (GC America, Chicago, IL) also became less chromatic (less red and less yellow). Among the light-cured samples, Fuji II LC had the greatest change in color followed by Photac-Fil Aplicap and Vitremer (3M Dental Products, St Paul, MN). For the dark-cured samples, Fuji II LC had the greatest change in color followed by Vitremer and Photac-Fil Aplicap. There were no differences in delta E* between the two lightest shades, but the darker shades of each product showed the greatest changes in color. All samples became significantly rougher after aging. Conclusions Hybrid ionomers changed color significantly and perceptibly after in vitro accelerated aging. Surfaces became significantly rougher and showed evidence of cracking and degradation.
Umbilical cord length: clinical significance.

Umbilical cord length in 35,779 neonates was analyzed to determine values after mid-gestation and to see if abnormal values have clinical significance. Growth slowed after the twenty-eighth week of gestation but did not stop before term. Cord length had a positive correlation with maternal height, pregravid weight, pregnancy weight gain, socioeconomic status, and the fetus being male. Short cords were associated with subsequent psychomotor abnormalities, but taken alone their predictive value was low because the normal range of cord lengths is large. Short cords were much better predictors of subsequent impairments when they were combined with other neonatal predictors. Short cords doubled or tripled the predictive values of low Apgar scores and several other neonatal abnormalities for subsequent low IQ values and neurologic abnormalities
A Numerical Study of Single Bubble Dynamics During Flow Boiling

Nucleate flow boiling is a liquid-vapor phase-change process associated with high heat transfer rates. A complete 3D numerical simulation of single bubble dynamics on surfaces inclined at 90°, 45° and 30° to the horizontal line and subjected to forced flow parallel to the surface is performed in this work. The continuity, momentum and energy equations are solved with finite difference method and the level-set method is used to capture the liquid-vapor interface. The heat transfer contribution of the micro-layer between the solid wall and evolving liquid-vapor interface is included in this numerical analysis. The effect of dynamic contact angle is also included. The numerical result of bubble growth and sliding distance have been compared with experimental data.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Case studies in poisoning—Two eagles

Wild, free-ranging birds are susceptible to numerous environmental toxins. Raptors can be seriously affected by ingestion of poisoned prey. This article details the presentation, diagnosis, treatment, and outcome of two toxicology cases at a raptor rehabilitation facility: a golden eagle with lead poisoning and a bald eagle with cholinesterase-inhibitor compound poisoning.
CdTe-InSb heterostructures grown by organometallic-vapor-phase epitaxy: Preparation and electrical properties

Abstract This paper describes the electrical properties of CdTe-InSb heterostructures. These were grown by the organometallic-vapor-phase epitaxy of CdTe on InSb substrates, over a wide range of temperatures and reactant partial pressures. Layers are characterized by photoluminescence measurements at 77 K and by investigating the behavior of Au-CdTe Schottky barrier diodes. It is shown that growth of CdTe on InSb substrates results on material with superior electrical and photoluminescence properties than that grown directly on CdTe substrates. This improvement has been attributed to the superior quality of InSb over CdTe as a starting substrate material. Au-CdTe Schottky barriers on these layers resulted in diodes with an ideality factor of approximately 1.1 and barrier height of 0.75 eV. These results are comparable to the characteristics of the devices fabricated on the best bulk CdTe materials.
Risk factors for coronary heart disease in African Americans: the atherosclerosis risk in communities study, 1987-1997.

Background As part of the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study, the race-specific incidence rates and risk factor prediction for coronary heart disease (CHD) were determined for black and white persons over 7 to 10 years of follow-up, from 1987 to 1997. Methods The sample included 14 062 men and women (2298 black women, 5686 white women, 1396 black men, and 4682 white men) aged 45 to 64 years who were free of clinical CHD at baseline. Results Average age-adjusted incidence rates (95% confidence intervals) for CHD per 1000 person-years were as follows: black women, 5.1 (4.2-6.2); white women, 4.0 (3.5-4.6); black men, 10.6 (8.9-12.7); and white men, 12.5 (11.5-13.7). Incidence rates (95% confidence intervals) using a definition for CHD that excluded revascularization procedures were as follows: black women, 4.9 (4.6-6.0); white women, 2.9 (2.5-3.4); black men, 9.2 (7.6-11.1); and white men, 7.9 (7.0-8.8). In a multivariable analysis, hypertension was a particularly strong risk factor in black women, with hazard rate ratios (95% confidence intervals) as follows: black women, 4.8 (2.5-9.0); white women, 2.1 (1.6-2.9); black men, 2.0 (1.3-3.0); and white men, 1.6 (1.3-1.9). Diabetes mellitus was somewhat more predictive in white women than in other groups. Hazard rate ratios (95% confidence intervals) were as follows: black women, 1.8 (1.2-2.8); white women, 3.3 (2.4-4.6); black men, 1.6 (1.1-2.5); and white men, 2.0 (1.6-2.6). Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level was similarly predictive in all race-sex groups (hazard rate ratio, 1.2-1.4 per SD increment of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level). High-density lipoprotein cholesterol level seemed somewhat more protective in white than in black persons. Conclusions Findings from this study, along with clinical trial evidence showing efficacy, support aggressive management of traditional risk factors in black persons, as in white persons. Understanding the intriguing racial differences in risk factor prediction may be an important part of further elucidating the causes of CHD and may lead to better methods of preventing and treating CHD.
Why license when you can rent? Risks and rewards of the application service provider model

The confluence of several developments in technology and trends in the business environment has led to the emergence of new outsourcing model, the Application Service Provider (ASP). In this paper we draw upon outsourcing literature to understand the factors that are likely to influence the adoption of the ASP model. An initial research model is developed based on factors identified from economic and social perspectives used in outsourcing literature.
Manifold factors that are manifold quotients

This theorem is essentially the converse to a conjecture that has been of interest to a number of topologists in recent years-primarily because of its relation to the elusive “double suspension problem” (cf. [3] and [12].) The proof depends heavily upon the Product Structure Theorem of Kirby-Siebenmann [5] and the main results of Siebenmann’s thesis [I 11. The first author would like to express his appreciation to Dennis Sullivan for many profitable conversations.
Microcystic adnexal carcinoma. Ten cases treated by Mohs micrographic surgery.

background. Microcystic adnexal carcinoma is a slow-growing, nondescript, locally aggressive, deeply infiltrating neoplasm histologically characterized by an infiltrative pattern of basaloid or squamous cells, a desmoplastic stromal reaction, keratin-filled cysts, and glandular structures. objective. Microcystic adnexal carcinoma is uncommon and may be mistaken microscopically for other benign and malignant entities. Perineural or intraneural involvement by tumor cells is characteristic and extension into underlying structures including muscle, fat, and bone are frequently encountered. Although local recurrences are common after standard surgical excision, metastases have not been reported. Extensive resections of lesions may be necessary to extirpate widespread tumor, particularly those that are long standing or recurrent. Because significantly increased morbidity is associated with recurrent disease, surgical and histopathologic techniques that stress examination of all margins are advantageous. methods. We review the course of 10 patients with microcystic adnexal carcinoma of the face (six primary and four recurrent lesions) and their treatment by Mohs micrographic surgery.
Mini track: 'security and reliability'

This mini-track is part of the Complex Systems track. It focuses on topics related to the ability of complex systems such as power systems to survive disturbances with minimal impact on performance. Specific topics include: Modeling and simulation, Steady-State and Dynamic Security Assessment; Available Transfer Capability (ATC); State Estimation; Security-Constrained Optimal Power Flow; Sensor Applications; Large-Scale Real-Time Control; and related technologies. Included in this is the issue of voltage stability, modeling and analysis of failure propagation, and nonlinear control. This year’s papers focus specifically on monitoring and model verification, visualization, operation under multiple objectives, fast contingency analysis, automated fault diagnosis, substation data processing for decision making, and interdependence in fuel supplies and the power system. The papers are particularly relevant after the August 14, 2003 blackout which has drawn considerable attention to the subjects of monitoring, control, and analysis of large electric power grids. The paper by Apostolov is concerned with the verification of models used in security assessment. The paper by Meliopoulos, Cokkinides, and Overbye looks at visualization techniques using realtime power flow data. The paper by McArthur, Davidson, Hossack and McDonald reports on automating power system fault diagnosis through multi-agent system technology. The paper by Kezunovic and Taylor proposes a new solution to substation sensing and decision making issues. The paper by Begovic, Radibratovic, Lambert and Novosel looks at the issues of reactive power in the operation of a large system where optimization requires several objectives. The paper by Venkatasubramanian, Kavasseri, and Lu reports on a new method to monitor generator dynamic states in real time. The paper by Carullo, Olaleye and Nwankpa proposes a bold new approach to contingency analysis using dedicated VLSI components. The paper by Fedora considers the interdependency between fuel systems and the electrical system.
Open posterior stabilization for recurrent posterior glenohumeral instability.

Open posterior capsular shift is used for posterior glenohumeral instability that has failed nonoperative treatment. Few series have fully evaluated the outcome after open posterior stabilization. The purpose of this series was to evaluate the clinical and radiographic outcome after open posterior stabilization of the shoulder. Preoperative and intraoperative factors were analyzed with regard to their impact on results. Forty-eight consecutive shoulders were identified that had undergone primary open shoulder stabilization by use of open posterior capsular shift. Of the shoulders, 4 were lost to follow-up, resulting in a study group of 44 shoulders in 41 patients. Shoulders were evaluated at a range of 1.8 to 22.5 years after surgery by use of the L’Insalata shoulder form, Short Form-36 (SF-36), and a subjective shoulder rating in 44 shoulders. Thirty-nine shoulders were evaluated by physical examination, and thirty-seven underwent radiographic examination. A recurrence of posterior instability occurred in 8 shoulders (19%). Of the patients, 84% were satisfied with the current status of their shoulder. The mean L’Insalata score was 81.25 ± 17.8 points, the mean SF-36 physical component score was 50.81 ± 7.87, and the mean mental component score was 53.82 ± 7.55. Significantly poorer satisfaction and outcome scores were seen in shoulders found to have a chondral defect at the time of stabilization and in patients aged greater than 37 years at the time of surgery. No progressive radiographic signs of glenohumeral arthritis were seen up to 22 years after surgery. Open posterior shoulder stabilization is a reliable procedure for treating significant posterior instability without causing arthritic changes. Patients found to have chondral damage within the shoulder and older patients were found to have less success after stabilization.
Beyond Guided Listening: Exploring World Musics With Classroom Instruments:

This article explores issues of authenticity related to adapting world music examples for classroom instruments and suggests ways to engage students in active, participatory music-making activities derived from diverse musical cultures. Several lesson plan segments are provided to aid general music specialists in implementing “play along” activities and performance-based recreations of listening examples.
Solidification in anisotropic thermoplastic composites

Heat transfer analysis in thermoplastic composites manufacturing offers several challenges. The melting/solidification process results in the appearance of a molving solid-fluid interface or two-phase zone. The presence of reinforcing fibers with thermal conductivities substantially different than those of matrix meterials causes the composite material to behave anisotropically. Furthermore, an analysis should be adaptable to complex geometries if it is to be useful for practical applications. In this paper, a numerical approach is presented to develop an analysis tool for the processing of thermoplastic-matrix composites. A numerical grid generation technique is employed to determine the temperature distribution within the part while accounting for the heat absorption and liberation during the solidification stage. The influence of anisotropy in the domain is accounted for by considering thermal conductivity as a second-order tensor which varies continuously throughout the domain. Sample part configurations are used to demonstrate the applicability of this technique to thermoplastic composites processing.
Bending and Twisting of Suspended Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes in Solution

We combine suspended carbon nanotube transistors with optical trapping techniques and scanning photocurrent microscopy to investigate the motion of suspended single-walled carbon nanotubes in solution. We study the movement of nanotubes by monitoring their photocurrent images and measure their thermal fluctuations by imaging microbeads that are tightly attached to nanotubes by single-stranded DNA. By analyzing their thermal fluctuations, we are able to obtain the torsional and bending stiffness of nanotubes and then calculate their diameters. We can also measure, with subangstrom resolution, the effective attachment point of the microbead to the nanotube.
Users Beware: Variable Effects of Parenthood on Happiness Within and Across International Datasets

Researchers have begun assessing differences in well-being among parents versus non-parents using a cross-national comparative approach. Given the availability of multiple major datasets, a systematic methodological study isolating the effects of data choice would be helpful. To accomplish this objective, we draw upon two major datasets (European Social Survey and International Social Survey Programme) and we devise and implement a uniquely controlled method on five fronts by holding time, outcome measurement, parenthood operationalization, geographic sampling, and set of covariates constant. Our design features four distinct observations for each of 11 European countries (two from the 2006 and 2008 ESS, two from the 2007 and 2008 ISSP; 44 cross sections, N = 57,539). Employing both fixed- and random-effects approaches, we demonstrate that choice of major dataset (ISSP or ESS) and choice between contemporaneous cross-sections both contribute strikingly to the estimates of parenthood on happiness. In fact, effect variances at the cross-sectional, dataset and country levels are all significant and are not statistically different. We conclude by discussing several limitations of our analyses and implications for parenthood researchers.
Uncertainties in Life Cycle Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Advanced Biomass Feedstock Logistics Supply Chains in Kansas

To meet Energy Independence and Security Act (EISA) cellulosic biofuel mandates, the United States will require an annual domestic supply of about 242 million Mg of biomass by 2022. To improve the feedstock logistics of lignocellulosic biofuels in order to access available biomass resources from areas with varying yields, commodity systems have been proposed and designed to deliver quality-controlled biomass feedstocks at preprocessing “depots”. Preprocessing depots densify and stabilize the biomass prior to long-distance transport and delivery to centralized biorefineries. The logistics of biomass commodity supply chains could introduce spatially variable environmental impacts into the biofuel life cycle due to needing to harvest, move, and preprocess biomass from multiple distances that have variable spatial density. This study examines the uncertainty in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of corn stover logistics within a bio-ethanol supply chain in the state of Kansas, where sustainable biomass supply varies spatially. Two scenarios were evaluated each having a different number of depots of varying capacity and location within Kansas relative to a central commodity-receiving biorefinery to test GHG emissions uncertainty. The first scenario sited four preprocessing depots evenly across the state of Kansas but within the vicinity of counties having high biomass supply density. The second scenario located five depots based on the shortest depot-to-biorefinery rail distance and biomass availability. The logistics supply chain consists of corn stover harvest, collection and storage, feedstock transport from field to biomass preprocessing depot, preprocessing depot operations, and commodity transport from the biomass preprocessing depot to the biorefinery. Monte Carlo simulation was used to estimate the spatial uncertainty in the feedstock logistics gate-to-gate sequence. Within the logistics supply chain GHG emissions are most sensitive to the transport of the densified biomass, which introduces the highest variability (0.2–13 g CO2e/MJ) to life cycle GHG emissions. Moreover, depending upon the biomass availability and its spatial density and surrounding transportation infrastructure (road and rail), logistics can increase the variability in life cycle environmental impacts for lignocellulosic biofuels. Within Kansas, life cycle GHG emissions could range from 24 g CO2e/MJ to 41 g CO2e/MJ depending upon the location, size and number of preprocessing depots constructed. However, this range can be minimized through optimizing the siting of preprocessing depots where ample rail infrastructure exists to supply biomass commodity to a regional biorefinery supply system.
Representing the Coastal Boundary Condition in Regional Groundwater Flow Models

Numerical experiments were performed to investigate how the coastal boundary condition could be approximated in a groundwater flow model to yield accurate values for hydraulic heads and fluxes in the freshwater part of a coastal aquifer. These experiments consisted of obtaining steady-state solutions for hydraulic heads in a vertical cross section using the groundwater flow code MODFLOW and comparing the results to a steady-state solution in a similar cross section for equivalent freshwater heads obtained using the variable-density flow and transport code SEAWAT, which was considered to be the accurate solution to the problem. Six different boundary conditions that have been used to approximate the coastal boundary in groundwater flow models were tested, and simulations were run for both specified-flux and specified-head boundary conditions at the upstream freshwater boundary. For both upstream boundary conditions, the MODFLOW solution that best matched the SEAWAT solution for hydraulic heads and fluxes in the freshwater part of the aquifer was the solution in which equivalent freshwater heads were specified over the full thickness of the aquifer at the coastal boundary.
A comparison of surface doses for two immobilizing systems

Abstract To achieve accurate and reproducible treatments, many types of immobilizing systems have been used. Two of these systems: Alpha Cradle™ and VacFix™, conform around the patient to improve day-to-day treatment repositioning. The Alpha Cradle™ system has been in clinical use for several years. The system involves tow polyurethane chemicals which upon mixing in a latex bag will expand and harden around the patient. The second system (VacFix™) uses a 0.15 mm thick plastic bag loosely filled with 1 mm polysterol spheres. The patient lays on the bag in the treatment position and the air is evacuated from the bag. This system retains its shape for the entire treatment and can be re-used. In some patient set-ups, it is possible that the beam is modified as it passes through these devices, causing a potential change in the target dose and an increase in the patient surface dose. CT scans of the Alpha Cradle™ and VacFix™ systems were performed and relative densities were calculated and compared to air. Material densities and surface dose data for a Cobalt-60 teletherapy unit and a dual photon linear accelerator are presented.
The Cost of Prestige: Do New Research I Universities Incur Higher Administrative Costs?

The authors construct and respond to several questions about changing administrative costs for new Research I Universities, a group of institutions that might be expected to incur new costs as a result of their new status. Using IPEDS data, the study provides mixed support for the claim that universities reaching the pinnacle of research university status experience increase administrative costs as a result of their aspirations and the realities of their new stature.
1-thioglycerol: Inhibitor of glycerol kinase activity in vitro and in situ

The infantile form of glycerol kinase (GK) deficiency (McKusick No. 30703) (1) is characterized by adrenal cortical insufficiency, adrenal hypoplasia and developmental delay. The underlying biochemical mechanism(s) responsible for the observed clinical presentations are undetermined. Pursuant to our examination of the molecular pathogenesis of this enzyme deficiency, we have endeavored to develop a model for this disorder. 1-thioglycerol (1-TG) was investigated as a potential GK inhibitor in adrenal gland, an organ consistently affected, and in cultured fibroblasts, available from affected individuals. In 105,000 g bovine adrenal supernatant the Ki for 1-TG was 1.9 mM. In human fibroblast 105,000 g supernatant, the Ki for 1-TG was 3.4 mM. In both tissues the inhibition was purely competitive with respect to glycerol. Using incorporation of [14C(U)]-glycerol into protein as an index of GK activity in situ in human skin fibroblasts, GK deficient fibroblasts incorporate less than 10% of that observed in normal fibroblasts. Addition of 1-TG to normal fibroblasts resulted in inhibited incorporation rates. The specificity of these effects in situ was examined. Our findings indicate that 1-TG may be a suitable inhibitor of GK activity for the development of a model for glycerol kinase deficiency.
Atypical glandular cells of undetermined significance: clinically significant lesions and means of patient follow-up

BACKGROUND The clinical significance of atypical glandular cells of undetermined significance (AGUS) remains poorly understood, and patient management is not standardized. The authors evaluated the rate, qualification, and follow-up (FU) findings of AGUS patients. METHODS Computerized records from the authors' institution were searched from April 1992 to December 1997 for diagnoses of AGUS. Results of cytologic and histologic FU were evaluated up to 48 months of FU. Clinically significant lesions were defined as squamous intraepithelial lesion (SIL), endometrial pathology of hyperplasia or higher, adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS), or invasive adenocarcinoma. RESULTS AGUS was diagnosed in 92 of 87,632 patients (0.11%). FU data were available from 69 patients, consisting of smears and/or surgical pathology specimens from the cervix, endometrium, or ovary. Forty patients had FU smears only, 13 had histologic FU only, and 16 had both. Seventeen patients (25%; 15 patients with unqualified AGUS and 2 patients with “favor endometrial origin” according to the Bethesda System of AGUS subclassification) had clinically significant lesions: high grade SIL (n = 8 patients), low grade SIL (n = 2 patients), endometrial lesion (n = 5 patients), AIS (n = 1 patient), and invasive cervical adenocarcinoma (n = 1 patient). It is noteworthy that 4 patients with carcinoma (3 patients with AIS and 1 patient with invasive carcinoma) were diagnosed after a long FU (36–48 months). The remaining 13 lesions were detected at first FU (1–24 months). Six lesions were detected on FU smear, whereas 15 were detected histologically (4 lesions were detected in both). CONCLUSIONS AGUS is associated with clinically significant lesions in 25% of patients who are followed. Most of the lesions were high grade and were detected histologically. Moreover, 4 of 17 lesions were detected after a FU period ranging from 36 months to 48 months. The role of qualifying AGUS needs further study. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2000;90:207–14. © 2000 American Cancer Society.
Implicit moment particle simulation of plasmas

It is shown that an implicit E field can be obtained from Poisson's equation with the aid of the lower two fluid moment equations, permitting stable particle simulations for ..omega../sub p/..delta..t>>1 and ..delta..x/lambda/sub D/>>1, where ..omega../sub p/ and lambda/sub D/ are the plasma frequency and Debye length, respectively. In the quasi-neutral limit the effect of this E is to provide just the predicted current required to drive all present deviations in the total charge density to zero in the next cycle. In near vacuum, or with ..omega../sub p/..delta..t>>1, the field expression reduces to the standard form used with conventional leapfrog schemes. Sample applications are discussed.
Updated analysis of NN elastic scattering to 3-GeV

A partial-wave analysis of $NN$ elastic scattering data has been updated to include a number of recent measurements. Experiments carried out at the Cooler Synchrotron (COSY) by the EDDA Collaboration have had a significant impact above 1 GeV. Results are discussed in terms of the partial-wave and direct-reconstruction amplitudes.
Synthesis, structure, and conductivity of the new ternary chalcogenide NbPdTe5

Abstract The new ternary chalcogenide NbPdTe5 has been prepared by reaction among the elements at 700/750°C. NbPdTe5 crystallizes with four formula units in a cell with dimensions a = 15.673(9), A, b = 3.728(2), A, c = 12.720(6), A in space group D162h-Pnma of the orthorhombic system. The structure has been refined to a final R index on F2o of 0.097 for 43 variables and 1786 observations. NbPdTe5 displays a new layered structural type. Each layer is composed of bicapped trigonal prismatic Nb atoms and octahedral Pd atoms coordinated by Te atoms. Electrical conductivity measurements show that NbPdTe5 is metallic; σ 295 ≈ 1.3 × 10 3 Ω −1 , cm −1 . Although structurally NbPdTe5 is very similar to NbNiTe5, their electrical conductivity behavior is vastly different.
Ontogenetic shift in geotaxis for walleye pollock,Theragra chalcogramma free embryos and larvae: potential role in controlling vertical distribution

The behavioral capability of walleye pollock,Theragra chalcogramma free embryos and larvae to control vertical distribution was assessed by examining buoyancy during resting and swimming orientation and activity as they developed in complete darkness from hatching to first feeding readiness (1 to 7 d post hatching at 6° C). Free embryos exhibited positive geotaxis 1 d post hatching, actively swimming through a density gradient to remain in the lower water column. Activity increased with free embryo development and by 7 d post hatching, feeding-ready larvae reversed their vertical orientation, now exhibiting negative geotaxis as they migrated to the upper water column. The results indicate that even at the earliest developmental stages, walleye pollock possess the capability to control vertical distribution. Laboratory results are compared with patterns of vertical distribution observed in the sea.
A Fetus with Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy, Restrictive, and Single-Ventricle Physiology, and a β-Myosin Heavy Chain Mutation

Cardiomyopathy is a significant clinical problem associated with sudden death. A molecular taxonomy is emerging that is refining the clinical classification system. We describe a patient with a pathogenic familial β-myosin heavy chain mutation who was prenatally diagnosed with left ventricular hypoplasia and restrictive diastolic physiology.
Early components of the averaged electroencephalic response to monaural and binaural stimulation.

Early components of the averaged electroencephalic response were recorded in 11 subjects from Cz-A1, Cz-A2, C3-A1, and C4-A2. The early components were examined in response to stimulation of either the left, right, or both ears with 40 dB SL clicks at a rate of 4/sec in awake subjects. Peak latency and peak-to-peak amplitude measures failed to discriminate between stimulus conditions. Left minus right difference scores obtained for each subject showed no consistent relationship to the ear stimulated
Risk of breast cancer with hormone replacement therapy

Abstract The age-related rise in breast cancer incidence is steeper prior to menopause. Hormonal changes during menopause are likely to be responsible for the less pronounced increase in risk after menopause. Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) elevates serum levels of estrogens to those of premenopausal women, thus eliminating the relative protection menopause confers. Epidemiologic evidence supports a positive association between HRT use and breast cancer risk that increases with increasing duration of use. This excess risk decreases after HRT cessation. Cell proliferation is the likely mechanism underlying the hormone-induced increase in breast cancer risk. The addition of progestin may increase the rate of cell proliferation beyond that of estrogen alone. Recent epidemiologic evidence indicates a higher breast cancer risk associated with combined estrogen and progestin use than with estrogen alone. Adoption of an HRT regimen should be an individual decision largely based on menopausal symptoms. The risk of osteoporosis and possibly of coronary heart disease may be reduced by HRT use but can also be decreased by lifestyle and risk factor modification. Such measures are not readily available for the prevention of cancer, and the risk–benefit evaluation of HRT use should take this fact into account.
Potential constants of nitrous oxide

Abstract Least squares estimates of compliance constants, force constants, and interaction coordinates have been calculated for nitrous oxide from recent literature values of vibrational frequencies and centrifugal distortion constants of isotopic species. Mean square amplitudes and Coriolis coupling constants have also been calculated. Observed amplitudes have not been reported; however, the observed Coriolis values for 14 N 14 N 16 O are in reasonable agreement with the calculated values. It is shown that for mean square amplitudes to be useful in the least square calculations of the potential constants they would have to be known within a few per cent, which is not likely with present-day electron diffraction techniques. The interaction coordinates tell us that if the NO bond length is constrained in a configuration longer than its equilibrium length, the resulting electron rearrangement would lead to a shortening of the NN bond, for minimum energy, equal to 6% of the NO displacement [that is, (NN) NO = −0.06]. Similarly, (NO) NN = −0.096. The average of (NN) NO and (NO) NN is equal to the interaction coordinate of CO 2 , in accord with the similarity in bonding.
Steroid Hydroxylation and Oxidative Phosphorylation in Human Adrenal Cortex Mitochondria

The 11β-steroid hydroxylation and oxidative phosphorylation were examined in mitochondria isolated from adrenal glands surgically removed from 4 patients with Cushing's disease. With the substrates used (isocitrate, malate, and β-OH-butyrate), steroid hydroxylation was blocked by KCN but could be restored by ATP, indicating an energy requirement. Only a partial inhibition due to KCN was observed with isocitrate and malate and, in agreement with this, latent forms of both malic enzyme and the NADP-linked isocitrate dehydrogenase were present in the mitochondria. The latter enzyme had the higher specific activity. The conversion of 11-deoxycortisol to cortisol was about 2 times faster than the hydroxylation of deoxycorticosterone to corticosterone. Oxidative phosphorylation supported by several substrates was examined with the oxygen electrode. High ADP/O and respiratory control ratios and ADPstimulated respiratory rates were observed. (Endocrinology 88: 318, 1971)
Comfrey toxicity revisited

Abstract Comfrey is a herbal medicine with a history of efficacious use in humans. However, owing to the presence in comfrey of pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs), which are compounds known to be hepatotoxic, many countries have restricted its availability. This review emphasizes crucial aspects of PA toxicity, and suggests that comfrey might not be as dangerous to humans as current restrictions indicate.
The medicalization of repression: eugenics and crime.

The danger of therapeutic tyranny lies in the fact that under a purely therapeutic approach to crime, health standards and regulations can become little more than tools for political coercion and oppression [ 1]. There is an increasing tendency in both politics and academia to seek biological explanations for crime. These theories parallel a growing support for biomedical or technological solutions to the social problems of crime, and assume that crime is a reflection of the quality of our people (i.e., that criminogenic characteristics are inherent in people, can be identified, and can be treated) [2]. Proposed solutions include both direct interventions (such as psychosurgery or drug treatments to reduce the likelihood of recidivism) [3 ] and sleuthing for criminogenic traits prior to any anti-social behavior [4]. Citing public health preventive medicine programs [5], for example, both the screening of infants for XYY chromosomal abnormalities [6] and the testing of small children for genetic "deficiencies" [7] have been used to support state intervention in the very personal lives of very young people. Some argue that we have crossed a new horizon with this approach to crime; that it is a social advance coinciding with technological advances in unraveling the mysteries of DNA and the biomedical intricacies of human behavior. They are convinced that this new ability to identify criminogenic characteristics creates a social duty, as burdensome as that might be, to intervene in the most hitherto private dimensions of human beings in order to substantially reduce crime. We are less millennial. We perceive these current biological theories and intervention strategies as simply a continuation of much older theories and methods of social control; methods that sought to locate the cause of anti-social behavior within individuals as a way of justifying the status quo and explaining away its failures. The "scientific explanation" of crime may have changed and the proposed medical solution may have more terrible consequences, but the underlying assumptions and values have remained virtually unchanged. As a result we are faced with a recurring but subtle threat to personal integrity and self
Teacher Leadership and Intellectual Stimulation: Improving Students' Approaches to Studying through Intrinsic Motivation

Teachers provide leadership in college classrooms, and the behaviors they exhibit as leaders impact a variety of student outcomes (Bolkan & Goodboy, 2009, 2010; Pounder, 2008). Specifically, transformational leadership (Bass, 1985) has been shown to be an important predictor of student learning (Bolkan & Goodboy, 2009). This study examined a specific component of transformational leadership to investigate how communicating intellectual stimulation transforms the nature of the classroom by encouraging student motivation and, subsequently, students’ approaches to their studying. Results suggest that when teachers influence students’ intrinsic motivation through the use of intellectually stimulating behaviors, students approach their learning in deep and strategic ways, and are less likely to adopt a surface-level approach to their studies.
The development of the line-scan image recognition algorithm for the detection of frass on mature tomatoes

In this research, a multispectral algorithm derived from hyperspectral line-scan fluorescence imaging under violet LED excitation was developed for the detection of frass contamination on mature tomatoes. The algorithm utilized the fluorescence intensities at two wavebands, 664 nm and 690 nm, for computation of the simple ratio function for effective detection of frass contamination. The contamination spots were created on the tomato surfaces using four concentrations of aqueous frass dilutions. The algorithms could detect more than 99% of the 0.2 g/ml and 0.1 g/ml frass contamination spots and successfully differentiated these spots from clean tomato surfaces. The results demonstrated that the simple multispectral fluorescence imaging algorithms based on violet LED excitation can be appropriate to detect frass on tomatoes in high-speed post-harvest processing lines.
Cost-benefit studies in psychiatry.

Abstract I T has been axiomatic for scientific psychiatry to beat its breast periodically about the relative lack of adequate research to answer the rather fundamental question: Does psychotherapy help? That deficit, although still painfully the case, has been narrowed by studies in increasing number and sophistication. 1–4 The answer to the question above is still largely undetermined but there are gross impressions emerging which should lead us to at least tentative optimism. 5 But as the work goes on in evaluation of psychotherapy, a new plaintive cry is being increasingly heard. We are now being urged to address ourselves to cost-effectiveness or cost-benefit studies. How much does it cost to get what? As is often the case when a concept gains popularity, it can quickly become reified and people behave as though the concept is magic. This has already begun with the concept “cost-benefit”. Having experienced the shattering effects of shifting fiscal priorities, the mental health establishment has hoisted a new banner. It is with an eye to this new magnificat that this paper is addressed. We shall first consider the concept of outcome research as applied to psychotherapy and to mental health delivery systems. Throughout these discussions we shall attempt to remain focused on those factors that are necessary for such studies and the inherent problems associated with this interest.
Knowledge and opinions of designers of industrialized wall panels regarding incorporating ergonomics in design

Abstract As residential construction moves towards industrialized construction methods, ergonomic exposures of construction workers may increase due to heavier components and changes in construction activities. Ergonomic considerations early in the design stages are expected to have the most impact, provided that designers are aware of ergonomic risks and are willing to incorporate ergonomic principles into designs. To determine current knowledge and opinions regarding ergonomics in the context of one commonly used industrialized construction method (prefabricated wall panels), 12 panel designers completed a questionnaire, and seven of those designers participated in a semi-structured interview. Results showed that panel designers generally have little knowledge about the influence of panel designs on workers’ ergonomic risks. Panel designers were neutral or slightly resistant to incorporating ergonomics into designs, due to perceptions of lack of responsibility and influence over workers’ long-term health. Though the participants acknowledged the necessity of ergonomics in panel design, they were concerned with the possibilities of increased workload, costs, and decreased design flexibility. To advance the incorporation of ergonomics in panel design, panel designers need to recognize the potential ergonomic impact of their panel wall system designs. Current research represents an initial step in creating support tools for use in designing wall panel plans that decrease the risk of work-related injuries and illnesses in construction workers. Relevance to industry Understanding the background knowledge and opinions of panel designers regarding ergonomics in construction is necessary to develop successful design support tools that incorporate ergonomic principles into panel design.
Central groupoids, central digraphs, and zero-one matrices A satisfying A 2 = J

We study central groupoids, central digraphs, and zero-one matrices A satisfying A2 = J. A survey of known results is given, including short proofs for some of them; new results and techniques are developed, and conjectures are settled. Open questions and new conjectures are mentioned.
Distribution and cytokine production of CD4 and CD8 T-lymphocyte subsets in patients with acute asthma attacks.

Background The activation of T cells and the elevation of Th2-type cytokines have been observed in asthmatic patients, but the relative role of CD4 and CD8 T cell is still unclear. Objective To investigate the role of T cell subset in patients with acute asthma attacks, we analyzed the distribution, activation status, and cytokine production of CD4 and CD8 cells. Methods The percentages of the CD4 and CD8 cell in peripheral blood (PB) and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid were analyzed by flow cytometry. The cytokines (IL-4, IL-5, and IFN-γ) and soluble IL-2 receptor (sIL-2R) were measured by ELISA in culture supernatants of CD4 and CD8 cells purified from PB. Results The CD4/CD8 ratio in PB of asthmatic patients was significantly higher than that of controls, which was significantly reduced after treatment. In contrast, there was a tendency to high percentage of CD8 cells in asthmatic patients as compared with controls in BAL, which resulted in a decreased CD4/CD8 ratio. Comparing the T cell subsets in BAL with paired PB in asthma, the CD4 cells were higher in PB, but CD8 cells were higher in BAL. The IL-4, IL-5, and sIL-2R produced by CD4 cells were significantly higher than those produced by CD8 cells in asthmatic patients. Conclusions Our results provide evidence that activated CD4 T cells increase and produce type 2 cytokines in PB, but CD8 T cell are more sequestrated than CD4 T cells in the airway during an acute asthma attack.
Enzymatic sulfation of steroids—XIV. The glucocorticoid sulfotransferases of Bos taurus liver

1. 1. A radioisotopic glucocorticoid sulfotransferase assay was developed using partly purified enzyme fractions from DEAE Sephadex A-50 chromatography of Bos taurus cytosol, with cortisol as substrate. 2. 2. The enzyme activity in cytosol was estimated as 86.2±32.8 nmoles cortisol sulfated/hr/ml. The reaction product was cortisol-21-sulfate. 3. 3. The observed cortisol sulfotransferase activity was due to two enzymes, heifer sulfotransferases I and II. These appeared to have pH optima at pH 6.5 ± 0.3 and 7.4 ± 0.3, respectively. 4. 4. Sephadex G-100 chromatography demonstrated two enzyme species, molecular weights 62,100 ± 2700 and 45,700 ± 1500 in cytosols. The Bos taurus enzymes are compared to Rattus norvegicus glucocorticoid sulfotransferases and other steroid sulfotransferases.
After 130 years, the molecular mechanism of action of nitroglycerin is revealed.

Nitroglycerin, which was originally synthesized by Ascanio Sobrero, was used by Alfred Nobel to manufacture dynamite. It was in Nobel's dynamite factories in the late 1860s that the antianginal effect of nitroglycerin was discovered. Two interesting observations were made. First, factory workers on Monday mornings often complained of headaches that disappeared over the weekends. Second, factory workers suffering from angina pectoris or heart failure often experienced relief from chest pain during the work week, but which recurred on weekends. Both effects were attributed to the vasodilator action of nitroglycerin, which quickly became apparent to the physicians and physiologists in local communities. But what was the mechanism of this vasodilator action of the most powerful explosive chemical discovered in the nineteenth century? The answer to this question was not to come for another century. In the late 1970s and early 1980s, the vasodilator effect of nitroglycerin was discovered to be caused by nitric oxide (NO), which was apparently generated from nitroglycerin in vascular smooth muscle (1–4). These early observations on NO culminated less than 10 years later, in 1986, with the discovery that mammalian cells synthesize NO (5). In 1998, about 130 years after Alfred Nobel's invention of dynamite and the first observed clinical benefit of nitroglycerin, the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded for “Nitric Oxide as a Signaling Molecule in the Cardiovascular System”. Despite these achievements, the precise molecular mechanism by which NO is generated from nitroglycerin remained elusive until the work of Chen et al. (6), reported in this issue of PNAS.
Automatic management of partitioned, replicated search services

Low-latency, high-throughput web services are typically achieved through partitioning, replication, and caching. Although these strategies and the general design of large-scale distributed search systems are well known, the academic literature provides surprisingly few details on deployment and operational considerations in production environments. In this paper, we address this gap by sharing the distributed search architecture that underlies Twitter user search, a service for discovering relevant accounts on the popular microblogging service. Our design makes use of the principle that eliminates the distinction between failure and other anticipated service disruptions: as a result, most operational scenarios share exactly the same code path. This simplicity leads to greater robustness and fault-tolerance. Another salient feature of our architecture is its exclusive reliance on open-source software components, which makes it easier for the community to learn from our experiences and replicate our findings.
An unusual case of complete reduplication of the urethra.

This case of complete reduplication of the urethra is unusual in that the accessory channel, which is far the mcre functional of the two, follows a course which takes it from the bladder neck to the anterior anal margin.