cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On Some Submodules of the Action of the Symmetrical Group on the Free Lie Algebra

Abstract The free Lie algebra Lie[ A ] over the complex held, on an alphabet A , is the smallest subspace of the complex linear span of all words in A , which is closed under the bracket operation [ u , v ] = uv − vu . Define Lie n to be the subspace of the free Lie algebra Lie[1, ..., n ] spanned by bracketings consisting of words which are permutations of {1, ..., n }. The symmetric group S n acts on Lie n by replacement of letters, giving an ( n − 1)!-dimensional representation isomorphic to the induction ω↑ S n C n , where C n is the cyclic group of order n and ω is a primitive n th root of unity. Bracketings in Lie n may be represented graphically by labelled binary trees with n leaves. Fix a particular unlabelled binary tree T ; then the vector subspace spanned by all words corresponding to the n ! possible labellings of T is an S n -module V T . In this paper we study the representations afforded by certain classes of trees T . We show that the plethysm V S [ V T ] is isomorphic to the submodule corresponding to a tree S [ T ] which has a natural description in terms of the trees S and T .
Safety issues and concerns for the neurological patient in the emergency department.

Introduction Patient safety in our medical system has been an increasing national concern. Neurological patient safety in the emergency department (ED) has not been studied. The purpose of this article is thus to describe the issues relevant to neurological patient safety in the ED, review the current status of the literature, identify specific patient populations at risk, and suggest applicable solutions.
Relationship between P700 turnover (m second) and NADP reduction as a function of ferredoxin concentration in isolated broken chloroplasts.

Steady-state electron flux through P700 (t 12 20 msec) and concomitant rate of NADP reduction have been measured under weak actinic illumination as a function of concentration of ferredoxin added to broken chloroplasts isolated from peas. At suboptimal concentrations of ferredoxin this P700 is not sufficient to account for the NADP reduction. At high concentrations ferredoxin inhibits the rate of NADP reduction without affecting the P700 flux under short wavelength illumination. Under far red illumination P700 flux is also inhibited by ferredoxin at high concentrations. Addition of 5 mM Mg++ increases the rate of NADP reduction at all concentrations of ferredoxin under both kinds of illumination, while P700 flux is inhibited under short wavelength illumination and remains unchanged under far red illumination. The results indicate that the observed (20 msec) P700 is not involved in NADP reduction.
Violence in the Classroom: Where We Stand.

The authors provide an overview of this special issue on preparing administrators and teachers to handle violence and problematic behaviors in schoolsThis issue of Intervention in School and Clinic...
Development of a CMP pad with controlled micro features for improved performance

This paper focuses on the development of a new chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) based on characterization of conventional pads. Based on new design rules, new pads are prototyped and tested with planarity in SiO/sub 2/ CMP. The result is compared with the conventional pad and the effect of each pad design is also investigated according to design rules.
Variation in intramembrane components of Trypanosoma brucei from intact and x-irradiated rats: a freeze-cleave study.

SYNOPSIS. Additional information on host interactions with trypanosomatid membranes was obtained from studies of a monomorphic strain of Trypanosoma brucei harvested at peak parasitemia from intact and lethally irradiated rats. Pellets of trypanosomes were fixed briefly in glutaraldehyde and processed for thin section electron microscopy or freeze-cleave replicas. Observations of sectioned material facilitated orientation and comparison of details seen in replicas. Fracture faces of cell body and flagellar membranes as well as 3-dimensional views of the nuclear membrane were studied. Cell body membranes of 80% of the organisms from intact rats contained random arrays of intramembranous particles (IMP). Aggregated clusters of particles appeared on the fracture faces of 20% of the trypanosomes. Some of these membranes had nonrandomly distributed particles aligned in distinct rows on the outer fracture face of both cell body and flagellum. Many inner face fractures of the cell body membranes had a particle arrangement similar to the longitudinal alignment of cytoskeletal microtubules. No aggregated particle distribution was seen in membranes of trypanosomes harvested from lethally irradiated rats. Replicas of trypanosome pellets also had plasmanemes as a series of attached, empty, coated membrane vesicles. These structures were found in close association with, as well as widely separated from the parasites. The shedding of these vesicles and the variation of particles in cell body membranes are discussed in light of antibody-induced architectural and antigenic changes in surface properties of trypanosomatids. The convex face of the inner membrane of the nucleus also is covered with randomly arrayed particles. More IMP were observed on the inner than on the outer nuclear membranes. Images of nuclear pores were also seen. The importance of these structures in drug and developmental studies of trypanosomes is discussed. On fracture faces of the flagellar membrane there were miniature maculae adherentes, unique to the inner fracture face and occurring only at regions of membrane apposition between cell body and flagellum. Each cluster of particles exposed by the freeze-cleave method corresponds to an electron-dense plaque seen in thin section images. However, because of a unique fracture pattern, these plaques were not revealed on the apposing body membranes, as illustrated in thin sectioned organisms.
A comparative mutational analysis of HIV-1 Vpu subtypes B and C for the identification of determinants required to counteract BST-2/Tetherin and enhance viral egress

We have undertaken a genetic strategy to map Vpu regions necessary for BST-2 antagonism and viral egress. This approach is based on our identification of an egress-defective Vpu variant encoded by an HIV-1 subtype C strain. We constructed a series of chimeric Vpu molecules made from the Vpu C variant and Vpu B from a standard laboratory strain. The TM domain from the inactive Vpu C, which contains multiple non-conserved residues, was responsible for a significant decrease in egress activity and BST-2 downregulation, confirming the functional importance of the Vpu TM domain. However, for complete inactivation, both the N-terminus and TM domain from the inactive Vpu C molecule were required, suggesting a new role for the Vpu N-terminus. In addition, determinants in the C-terminus of Vpu B that may be involved in efficient TGN accumulation were also necessary for enhanced viral egress but are missing or non-functional in Vpu C.
Insect Fertility: Inhibition by Folic Acid Derivatives

Folic acid antagonists inhibited oviposition by screw-worm flies [Cochliomyia hominivorax (Coquerel); Diptera: Calliphoridae]. Fertility was unaltered when sufficient folic acid was administered simultaneously, or it was partly restored spontaneously about 2 weeks after treatment. Folic acid antagonists principally affected only maturing eggs at any age, rather than those already matured.
Migration and Father Absence: Shifting Family Structure in Mexico

Despite many changing demographic processes in Mexico—declining adult mortality, rising divorce, and rising nonmarital fertility—Mexican children’s family structure has been most affected by rising migration rates. Data from five national surveys spanning three decades demonstrate that since 1976, migration has shifted from the least common to the most common form of father household absence. Presently, more than 1 in 5 children experience a father’s migration by age 15; 1 in 11 experiences his departure to the United States. The proportions are significantly higher among those children born in rural communities and those born to less-educated mothers. The findings emphasize the importance of framing migration as a family process with implications for children’s living arrangements and attendant well-being, particularly in resource-constrained countries. The stability of children’s family life in these regions constitutes a substantial but poorly measured cost of worldwide increases in migration.
Effects of seed size on seedling size in Virola surinamensis; a within and between tree analysis.

We conducted a greenhouse study of the effects of initial seed mass on seedling characteristics in a Panamanian population of Virola surinamensis, a canopy tree in which mean seed mass of different individuals ranges from 1.34 to 4.04g. The system is of particular interest because birds preferentially eat fruits of small-seeded plants, leaving seedlings of large-seeded individuals under conditions of potentially severe sibling competition (Howe and Vande Kerckhove 1980). Effects of differences of mean seed mass between trees are explored using an analysis of variance, while effects of seed-mass variation within crops are demonstrated with a regression analysis. A two-way analysis of variance decisively shows effects of parental source and light condition on seedling height, leaf length, and dry shoot mass (all P<0.0001). A posteriori tests show that differences in seedling characteristics reflect differences in initial seed mass, with especially strong differences apparent in shoot mass. Regression of seedling characteristics on initial seed mass shows that variation of seed size within a crop is sufficient to influence shoot mass at 15 weeks (P<0.0001). Effects of size differences of seeds that land adjacent to each other, either under the parent or in monkey droppings, are documented with growth of pairs of seedlings in pots. Differences in shoot height and mass at 15 weeks are evident when seeds of average size differ by only 0.2 g, and dramatic differences are evident when paired seeds differ by an average of 1.5 g. Seedlings grow more when isolated than when planted with conspecifics. These experimental results offer indirect support for the hypothesis that small-seeded Virola parents secure an advantage in reproduction through differential dispersal, while large-seeded plants produce more competitive seedlings under their own crowns — an advantage most likely to be of importance when frugivores are scarce.
Chemoprophylaxis with aspirin (81 mg daily) reduced the incidence of colorectal adenomas in people at risk

(2003) N Engl J Med 348, 891. Baron JA, Cole BF, Sandler RS, et al. . A randomized trial of aspirin to prevent colorectal adenomas. . ; . : . –9 . [OpenUrl][1][CrossRef][2][PubMed][3][Web of Science][4] QUESTION: In persons at risk (recent history of histologically documented adenomas), is chemoprophylaxis with aspirin more effective than placebo for reducing the incidence of colorectal adenomas? Randomised {allocation concealed*}†, blinded (clinicians and patients),* placebo controlled trial with a mean follow up of 33 months. 9 clinical centres in Canada and the US. 1121 patients (mean age 57 y, 64% men) who had ≥1 of the following: ≥1 histologically confirmed colorectal adenoma removed <3 months before recruitment; ≥1 histologically confirmed adenoma removed ≤16 months before recruitment and a lifetime history of ≥2 confirmed adenomas; or a histologically confirmed adenoma ≥1 cm in diameter removed <16 months before recruitment. Exclusion criteria included a history of a familial colorectal cancer syndrome, invasive colorectal cancer, and malabsorption syndromes. Follow up was 97%. Patients were allocated to aspirin, 325 mg/day (n=372) or 81 mg/day (n=377), or placebo (n=372). Number of patients in whom ≥1 colorectal adenoma was detected at ≥1 year of follow up. At ≥1 year, ≥1 colorectal adenoma was detected in fewer patients who received aspirin, 81 mg, … [1]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DNew%2BEngland%2BJournal%2Bof%2BMedicine%26rft.stitle%253DNEJM%26rft.issn%253D0028-4793%26rft.aulast%253DBaron%26rft.auinit1%253DJ.%2BA.%26rft.volume%253D348%26rft.issue%253D10%26rft.spage%253D891%26rft.epage%253D899%26rft.atitle%253DA%2BRandomized%2BTrial%2Bof%2BAspirin%2Bto%2BPrevent%2BColorectal%2BAdenomas%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1056%252FNEJMoa021735%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F12621133%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [2]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1056/NEJMoa021735&link_type=DOI [3]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=12621133&link_type=MED&atom=%2Febmed%2F8%2F6%2F178.atom [4]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=000181341100004&link_type=ISI
Interactions between S4-S5 linker and S6 transmembrane domain modulate gating of HERG K+ channels.

Outward movement of the voltage sensor is coupled to activation in voltage-gated ion channels; however, the precise mechanism and structural basis of this gating event are poorly understood. Potential insight into the coupling mechanism was provided by our previous finding that mutation to Lys of a single residue (Asp540) located in the S4-S5 linker endowed HERG (human ether-a-go-go-related gene) K+ channels with the unusual ability to open in response to membrane depolarization and hyperpolarization in a voltage-dependent manner. We hypothesized that the unusual hyperpolarization-induced gating occurred through an interaction between Lys540 and the C-terminal end of the S6 domain, the region proposed to form the activation gate. Therefore, we mutated six residues located in this region of S6 (Ile662–Tyr667) to Ala in D540K HERG channels. Mutation of Arg665, but not the other five residues, prevented hyperpolarization-dependent reopening of D540K HERG channels. Mutation of Arg665 to Gln or Asp also prevented reopening. In addition, D540R and D540K/R665K HERG reopened in response to hyperpolarization. Together these findings suggest that a single residue (Arg665) in the S6 domain interacts with Lys540 by electrostatic repulsion to couple voltage sensing to hyperpolarization-dependent opening of D540K HERG K+ channels. Moreover, our findings suggest that the C-terminal ends of S4 and S6 are in close proximity at hyperpolarized membrane potentials.
DRACUNCULIASIS ERADICATION: THE TIDE HAS TURNED

Rapport sur les campagnes d'eradication de la dracunculiase dans 6 pays contigus endemiques, de la Cote-d'Ivoire au Cameroun en passant par le Nigeria (conference d'Accra, Assemblee de l'OMS a Geneve). L'eradication pourrait etre esperee pour 1990 ou 1995 selon les pays
Effects of phenazine ethosulfate during culture of bovine embryos on pregnancy rate, prenatal and postnatal development

Abstract The objective was to evaluate the use of phenazine ethosulfate (PES) during culture of embryos on fetal and postnatal calf development. Oocytes collected from abbatoir-derived ovaries were matured and fertilized, and the resulting embryos were cultured in vitro by standard procedures, in a chemically defined medium plus BSA. Day 0 of culture was 18 ± 2 h after the onset of IVF. From 2.5 to 6.5 d, half of the eight-cell embryos served as controls, and the remainder were exposed to 0.3 μM PES, which decreases lipid content of embryos. Good-quality blastocysts exposed to PES ( n = 38) or control ( n = 35) blastocysts were transferred nonsurgically to synchronized recipients in estrus 6–7.5 d earlier, resulting in 9 calves in each group. These in vitro-produced pregnancies were evaluated weekly between 35 and 98 d postestrus by ultrasonography, and postnatal development of the calves was monitored for 1 month. Based on a limited number of transfers, use of PES during in vitro culture did not affect pregnancy rates compared to the control at 35 or 98 d ( P > 0.1). Transfer at 7–7.5 d after estrus resulted in higher 98-d pregnancy rates than at 6–6.5 d (34% vs. 10%; P P > 0.1) on pregnancy rates, conceptus losses between Days 35 and 98 of pregnancy, nor fetal postnatal development in calves born normally.
Numerical Modeling of LES Based Turbulent Flow Induced Vibration

Flow-induced vibration caused by fully developed pipe flow has been recognized, but not fully investigated under turbulent conditions. This paper focuses on the development of a numerical, fluid-structure interaction (FSI) model that will help define the relationship between pipe wall vibration and the physical characteristics of turbulent flow. Commercial FSI software packages are based on Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) fluid models which do not compute the instantaneous fluctuations in turbulent flow. This paper presents an FSI approach based on Large Eddy Simulation (LES) flow models that compute the instantaneous fluctuations in turbulent flow. The results based on the LES models indicate that these fluctuations contribute to the pipe vibration. It is shown that there is a near quadratic relationship between the standard deviation of the pressure field on the pipe wall and the flow rate. It is also shown that a strong relatonship between pipe vibration and flow rate exists. This research has a direct impact on the geothermal, nuclear, and other fluid transport industries.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Optimization of thermostated electrodeless discharge lamps for analytical atomic spectrometry

Abstract Thermostated and unthermostated electrodeless discharge lamps (EDL's) operated at 2450 MHz with either an A-antenna or a 3 4 -wavelength Broida cavity have been critically studied with respect to the effect of type and pressure of fill gas, lamp temperature, microwave power and the form of element and/or compound within the lamp, upon the source radiant output, atomic absorption and atomic fluorescence signals of Zn-213·8 nm, Pb-283·3 nm, Mn-279·5 nm, Hg-253·7 nm and Tl-377·6 nm. Temperature control of electrodeless discharge lamps eliminates most of the problems which have previously plagued their operation. Also as a result of these studies, certain misconcepts in the operation and characteristics of electrodeless discharge lamps have been clarified; e.g., the ‘skin effect’ is present in many electrodeless discharge lamps, but all lamps also exhibit a homogeneous glow discharge; at high microwave powers and/or at high lamp temperatures, spectral lines apparently exhibit little self-absorption and self-reversal; and most important, control of lamp temperature is the most critical parameter controlling spectral output because atomization within the lamps is predominantly thermal in origin. Also, contrary to the conclusions reached by some workers evaluating the analytical usefulness of atomic fluorescence flame spectrometry, it is shown that detection limits one-to-three orders of magnitude lower result when thermostated EDL's are used in atomic fluorescence spectrometry with C2H2-air flames.
Perioperative matrix metalloproteinase inhibition therapy does not impair wound or anastomotic healing

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) catalyze the degradation of collagen and extracellular matrix. They play a role in pathologic states including malignancy, in which they facilitate invasion and metastasis. MMP inhibition has been shown to block neoplastic invasion and improve survival in animal models of malignancy. Concern about the effects of MMP inhibitors on wound and anastomotic healing may limit their potential use in the perioperative period to prevent local and systemic showering of cancer cells from surgical manipulation. We sought to assess the safety of perioperative administration of an MMP inhibitor (BB-94) with respect to skin and bowel healing in a rat model. Absorption of BB-94 was confirmed through high-pressure liquid chromatography and mass spectroscopy of sera from treated animals. Bowel bursting pressure in all animals increased almost 10-fold between 4 and 14 days. Two-way analysis of variance showed no significant difference in bowel bursting pressure between control and treatment animals over time. There was a significant increase in the collagen content of skin specimens of all animals combined between 4 and 28 days. Similarly, all animals showed an increase in bowel collagen between 4 and 28 days. There was no significant difference in skin or bowel collagen concentrations between control and treatment animals over time. Perioperative treatment with MMP inhibition does not impair wound or enteric healing in a rat model of laparotomy and small bowel resection. MMP inhibitors are safe for use as adjuvant therapy after resection for cancer.
A paradigm for programming style research

Programming style guidelines and automated coding style analyzers have been developed without a solid experimental or theoretical basis. In this paper we make a distinction between typographic style characteristics and underlying structural style content and show that this distinction aids in assessing the influence of style factors. This distinction permits straightforward identification of specific style factors and a better understanding of their effect on program comprehension. The results of our studies have a direct impact on automated coding style assessment programs, programming standards, program maintainability, and code formatting tools.
Hierarchical Divergence-Free Bases and Their Application to Particulate Flows

We present an algebraic scheme to construct hierarchical divergence-free basis for velocity in incompressible fluids. A reduced system of equations is solved in the corresponding subspace by an appropriate iterative method. The basis is constructed from the matrix representing the incompressibility constraints by computing algebraic decompositions of local constraint matrices. A recursive strategy leads to a hierarchical basis with desirable properties such as fast matrix-vector products, a well-conditioned reduced system, and efficient parallelization of the computation. The scheme has been extended to particulate flow problems in which the Navier-Stokes equations for fluid are coupled with equations of motion for rigid particles suspended in the fluid. Experimental results of particulate flow simulations have been reported for the SGI Origin 2000
A SOLID SAMPLING DEVICE FOR USE IN BATCH SOLUTION CALORIMETRY

A stainless steel ampul has been designed which greatly facilitates batch solution calorimetric analyses. The device has been validated by measurement of the enthalpy of solution of potassium chloride in water at 298.15 K. Ampul-to-ampul reproducibility of measurements has been demonstrated by determination of the enthalpy of solution of two polymorphic forms of chloramphenicol palmitate dissolving in 95% ethanol.
You can't get there from here : Student citations in an ephemeral electronic environment

This study investigates 1,666 citations to Internet resources from 529 freshman English composition papers from two different years, 1999 and 2004. Web citations are examined in relation to traditional print resources, by type and domain, and with special attention to their persistence through time. After 7 months from submission of the papers for the 1999 sample, 38 percent of the links led to the document cited. After 12 months for the 2004 sample, 45 percent of the links accessed the document. A resubmission of the 1999 citations after 7 years reduced the number of successful links to 9 percent. The instability of Web citations in undergraduate student papers is discussed in the larger context of citation structure, with implications for future scholarship.
Photonic crystal defect mode cavity modelling : a phenomenological dimensional reduction approach

A phenomenological dimensional reduction approach (PDRA) for the cavity characteristics in defect mode based photonic crystal (PC) lasers is presented. Based on the fully vectorial three-dimensional finite-difference time-domain (3D FDTD) technique, simultaneous enhancement and suppression in spontaneous emission and absorption were obtained in an absorptive photonic crystal slab (PCS) cavity. Effective index perturbation (EIP) was proposed for fast and accurate determination of the effective index and the dominant resonant cavity frequency in a 3D PCS structure, with two-dimensional (2D) FDTD simulation. Further dimensional reduction from 2D to one-dimensional planar cavity enables phenomenological modelling of lasing characteristics via the effective reflectivity calculation and rate equation analysis. Very fast and accurate results have been achieved with this PDRA approach. A high spontaneous emission factor and cavity quality factor Q were obtained in a single defect cavity, which led to over an order reduction in lasing gain threshold. The model offers a fast and accurate tool for the design and modelling of PC defect mode cavity based devices and aids the research in the proposed novel defect mode based devices such as ultra-compact light sources on Si and spectrally resolved PC infrared photodetectors.
The Structure of Nature's Solvent: Water

Simultaneous advances in experimental and theoretical methods are providing new insights into the intermolecular interactions that control the dissolution of chemicals in water. Progress in theoretical methods and computer technology has greatly extended the range of computational techniques for modeling molecular clusters. Although water clusters have long been the subject of theoretical studies, only recently has it become feasible to perform accurate computational studies on water clusters and molecule-water clusters with more than two water molecules. On the experimental side, clusters of water molecules, and of water molecules with another chemical species, can now be constructed one molecule at a time. The properties of these unique [open quotes]aqueous solutions[close quotes] can be measured spectroscopically and form a rich test bed for guiding the development of detailed molecular descriptions of solvation. This article describes experiments being performed to elucidate the structure of water clusters.
Use of a displacement model for solvent sorption to study non-specific selectivity in reversed-phase liquid chromatography

A thermodynamic equation is derived for the non-specific selectivity of alkyl bonded phases as a function of the mobile phase composition using a displacement mechanism to model the sorption of solvents into the bonded phase. The equation is used to calculate the thermodynamic parameters which characterize the incremental behavior of a hydrophobic group in ethyl alkanoate and methyl perfluoroalkanoate ester solutes chromatographed with water-methanol and water-acetonitrile mobile phases on both octyl and octadecyl bonded phases.
Electrophysiologic and hemodynamic effects of propafenone, a new antiarrhythmic agent, on the anesthetized, closed-chest dog: Comparative study with lidocaine

Abstract The relative hemodynamic and electrophysiologic effects of a new antiarrhythmic drug, propafenone, and lidocaine were evaluated in eight closed-chest, anesthetized dogs. Propafenone (4 mg/kg intravenously) significantly ( p p p p p p = 0.05) intraatrial conduction delay; however, neither drug caused conduction slowing in the His-Purkinje system. Both drugs had no effect on sinus nodal recovery time and on the effective refractory period of the right ventricular endocardium (apex). Mean plasma propafenone levels during hemodynamic and electrophysiologic measurement ranged between 3.2 ± 1.8 μg/ml and 1.7 ± 1.1 μg/ml. All of the propafenone-induced effects were reversible within 90 minutes. We conclude that propafenone differs from lidocaine in its atrial, AV nodal, and ventricular electrophysiologic properties, and thus these may explain propafenone's greater efficacy over lidocaine against both certain atrial and ventricular arrhythmias. Propafenone's negative inotropic effects, however, should necessitate caution in its use.
Engineering of a functional interleukin-5 monomer: A paradigm for redesigning helical bundle cytokines with therapeutic potential in allergy and asthma

Interleukin (IL) 5 specifically induces the differentiation of eosinophils which are central to the pathogenesis of allergies and asthma. Structurally, IL-5 is a unique member of the short-chain helical bundle subfamily of cytokines. In contrast to other subfamily members which fold unimolecularly into a single helical bundle, IL-5 forms a pair of helical bundles by the inter-digitation of two identical monomers covalently linked by a pair of intermolecular disulfide bonds. Although a native IL-5 monomer lacks bioactivity, we recently reported the engineering of an insertional mutant of IL-5 (designated mono5) which folds unimolecularly into a single helical bundle and has biological activity similar to that of native IL-5. Here we demonstrate no differences in signal transduction pathways utilized by mono5 and IL-5, as determined by western blot analysis of early tyrosine phosphorylation events, Jak2 activation, and mitogen-activated protein kinase activation. However, binding studies utilizing conformationally dependent neutralizing anti-IL-5 monoclonal antibodies localized a tertiary structural perturbation near the insert of mono5. This perturbation enabled localization of a limited region of the tertiary structure of IL-5 that engages the IL-5 receptor α-chain. Fluorescent labeling studies further revealed that the cysteines of mono5 contained free sulfhydryl groups, thereby demonstrating that the role of the disulfide bonds of IL-5 is the structural maintenance of other functional domains. The retention of conformational epitopes by mono5, but not IL-5, under reducing conditions and the equivalent thermostability of mono5 and IL-5 despite the absence of a disulfide bond in mono5 indicated that the conformation assumed by mono5 is very stable. In addition to providing the structural framework for designing novel IL-5 agonists and antagonists, the knowledge gained from the development of mono5 will enable other helical bundle proteins to be redesigned with therapeutic potential.
Optimization of Heat Sink–Limited Thermoelectric Generators

Many recent advances in thermoelectrics have focused on the nanoscale engineering of materials for higher figure of merit (Z). A thermoelectric generator using these thin-film materials can present new challenges due to its inherently large temperature gradient, but also correspondingly larger generated power if the heat can be managed. In such cases performance is expected to be limited as much by the heat sink as by intrinsic material properties. New criteria for optimizing the generated power density of devices in this regime are discussed here The effects of future material improvements on performance are studied, with the surprising result that optimizing material Z is not the best strategy for optimizing efficiency or power in this regime. The theory is tested with a numerical solution of the Onsager relations. This work was supported by the ONR.
Differential Changes in the Rate and Pattern of Follicle-Stimulating Hormone Secretion from Pituitaries of Cyclic Rats Superfused in Vitro*

To study the dynamics of FSH secretion in vitro, we superfused quartered anterior pituitaries obtained from rats at 1230 h on each day of the 4-day estrous cycle. FSH, and in some cases LH, concentrations were determined in sequential effluent collections. A 10-min pulse of LHRH (8 nM) was given at 2 h or at 2 and 4 h of superfusion. With proestrous pituitaries, both gonadotropins responded with a significant increase in the secretory rate during exposure to LHRH and reached a peak rate within 20 min. For LH, this was followed by an exponential decrease to prestimulus baseline; in sharp contrast, the rate of FSH secretion did not return to the prestimulus level during the remaining 4 h of superfusion. Because of this, the FSH secretory response to LHRH was analyzed for maximal initial secretory rate change and total net amount secreted. During the estrous cycle, the initial FSH rate change in response to the first LHRH pulse was low on the days of diestrus and high on proestrus and estrus; with estrous pi...
Effects of Cell Cycle Inhibitors on Tau Phosphorylation in N2aTau3R Cells

Neurofibrillary tangles are one of the pathologic hallmarks of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). They are composed of paired helical filaments (PHF) containing hyperphosphorylated forms of tau. Hyperphosphorylation of certain tau sites favors its dissociation from the microtubules (MT), interfering with axonal transport and compromising the function and viability of neurons. Reappearance of cell cycle proteins have been reported in neurons exhibiting tau aggregation, suggesting that an aberrant cell cycle occurs before neurons die. Cell cycle suppression in neurons is crucial to survival, thus prevention of progression through the cell cycle may offer a therapeutic approach. Using a neuroblastoma cell line overexpressing 3-repeat (3R) tau, we investigated the effects of cell cycle inhibitors on tau phosphorylation. G2/M phase inhibitors did not alter phosphorylation of tau at Ser-202 and Ser-396/404 at the lower doses, but did at higher doses. Ser-202 and Ser-396/404 are phosphorylation sites of early and late neurofibrillary tangles, respectively, in AD. Cisplatin, a G1 phase inhibitor, did not phosphorylate tau. Cyclophosphamide and phosphoramide mustard, DNA cross-linking agents, decreased tau phosphorylation at Ser-396/404 site, but increased phosphorylation at Ser-202. These studies demonstrate that the G2/M blockers have a dose-dependent effect on tau phosphorylation. This seems to be a consequence of both the disruption of MT-organization and MT-dynamics when doses are higher, but only a disruption of MT-dynamics with lower doses. These results are also in agreement with the lack of phosphorylation seen for cisplatin, another inhibitor that produces disruption of the MT-dynamics.
Cyclic Voltammetric Evaluation of Rate Constants for Conformational Transitions Accompanying Electron Transfer. Effect of Varying Structural Constraints in Copper(II/I) Complexes with Dicyclohexanediyl-Substituted Macrocyclic Tetrathiaethers.

Variable-temperature slow- and rapid-scan cyclic voltammetry has been applied in a solvent system of 80% methanol−20% water (w/w) to both the Cu(II) and Cu(I) complexes formed with a series of five...
Overlapping Communities Explain Core–Periphery Organization of Networks

Networks provide a powerful way to study complex systems of interacting objects. Detecting network communities—groups of objects that often correspond to functional modules—is crucial to understanding social, technological, and biological systems. Revealing communities allows for analysis of system properties that are invisible when considering only individual objects or the entire system, such as the identification of module boundaries and relationships or the classification of objects according to their functional roles. However, in networks where objects can simultaneously belong to multiple modules at once, the decomposition of a network into overlapping communities remains a challenge. Here we present a new paradigm for uncovering the modular structure of complex networks, based on a decomposition of a network into any combination of overlapping, nonoverlapping, and hierarchically organized communities. We demonstrate on a diverse set of networks coming from a wide range of domains that our approach leads to more accurate communities and improved identification of community boundaries. We also unify two fundamental organizing principles of complex networks: the modularity of communities and the commonly observed core–periphery structure. We show that dense network cores form as an intersection of many overlapping communities. We discover that communities in social, information, and food web networks have a single central dominant core while communities in protein–protein interaction (PPI) as well as product copurchasing networks have small overlaps and form many local cores.
Experimental Goal Regression: A Method for Learning Problem-Solving Heuristics

This research examines the process of learning problem solving with minimal requirements for a priori knowledge and teacher involvement. Experience indicates that knowledge about the problem solving task can be used to improve problem solving performance. This research addresses the issues of what knowledge is useful, how it is applied during problem solving, and how it can be acquired. For each operator used in the problem solving domain, knowledge is incrementally learned concerning why it is useful, when it is applicable, and what transformation it performs. The method of experimental goal regression is introduced for improving the learning rate by approximating the results of analytic learning. The ideas are formalized in an algorithm for learning and problem solving and demonstrated with examples from the domains of simultaneous linear equations and symbolic integration.
Index Futures Trading and Stock Return Volatility: Evidence from the Introduction of Mid Cap 400 Index Futures

The MidCap 400 stock index is used to provide new evidence on the relation between stock index futures trading and stock return volatility. The study documents a significant decrease in return volatility and systematic risk, and a significant increase in trading volume for the MidCap 400 stocks after the introduction of the MidCap index. A control sample of medium-capitalization stocks, however, exhibits similar contemporaneous changes in these measures. The MidCap stocks and the control stocks also experience a significant decrease in volatility and an increase in volume after the introduction of MidCap 400 index futures. Thus, the study finds no difference in the behavior of the MidCap 400 stocks and the control stocks and no evidence of a relation between index futures trading and volatility in the stock market.
Supporting bug investigation using history analysis

In my research, I propose an automated technique to support bug investigation by using a novel analysis of the history of the source code. During the bug-fixing process, developers spend a high amount of manual effort investigating the bug in order to answer a series of questions about it. My research will support developers in answering the following questions about a bug: Who is the most suitable developer to fix the bug?, Where is the bug located?, When was the bug inserted? and Why was the bug inserted?
BALANCING MULTIPLE ROLES AMONG A GROUP OF URBAN MIDLIFE AMERICAN INDIAN WORKING WOMEN

Presented are the results of a secondary analysis of group data from a study of a six-week role conflict reduction intervention among a group of urban American Indian women (n = 8). The specific aim of this researcher was to understand the process of balancing multiple roles as expressed in the participants' daily lived experiences as mothers, wives, and workers. A construction of the process of balancing multiple roles was accomplished through the use of narratives. Balancing multiple roles represented a major current attempt on the part of the participants to integrate and balance traditional and contemporary feminine strengths in a positive, culturally consistent manner. The study themes included: traditional sex role expectation conflicts, family guilt, guilt management, transitioning inner conflict and stress, breaking the silence-learning to say no, and healing the spirit to reclaim the self. Further support for retraditionalization of roles for this group of Indian women was maintained as an effective means of balancing roles and achieving Indian self-determination.
A network-based interface for the exploration of high-dimensional data spaces

The navigation of high-dimensional data spaces remains challenging, making multivariate data exploration difficult. To be effective and appealing for mainstream application, navigation should use paradigms and metaphors that users are already familiar with. One such intuitive navigation paradigm is interactive route planning on a connected network. We have employed such an interface and have paired it with a prominent high-dimensional visualization paradigm showing the N-D data in undistorted raw form: parallel coordinates. In our network interface, the dimensions form nodes that are connected by a network of edges representing the strength of association between dimensions. A user then interactively specifies nodes/edges to visit, and the system computes an optimal route, which can be further edited and manipulated. In our interface, this route is captured by a parallel coordinate data display in which the dimension ordering is configured by the specified route. Our framework serves both as a data exploration environment and as an interactive presentation platform to demonstrate, explain, and justify any identified relationships to others. We demonstrate our interface within a business scenario and other applications.
Potentiation of uremic bleeding by hereditary storage pool disease

This study demonstrates that specific bleeding tests can separate the thrombocytopathy of uremia alone from the bleeding disorders caused by uremia superimposed on preexisting platelet dysfunction. The case history of a uremic patient with exaggerated bleeding tendencies is presented. The findings in this patient are compared with the clinical characteristics and platelet function studies of nine other patients with chronic renal failure. The index and other uremic patients were similar except for the clinical bleeding and results of platelet function studies. The patient's nonocclusive bleeding time and measured blood loss during bleeding time tests were increased compared with the other uremic controls. In addition, her platelet aggregation in response to collagen was lower than that of the other uremic subjects. Repeat studies following renal transplantation were consistent with hereditary storage pool disease. An underlying platelet disorder may potentiate the hemostatic defects of uremia. The diagnosis should be suspected in patients with frequent and severe bleeding manifestations. Renal transplantation led to control of clinical bleeding.
Context-Aware Composition of Mobile Services

This paper describes an intelligent distributed framework that enables the dynamic composition of mobile services and applications based on existing services and technologies, while enriching them with high-level and up-to-date contextual information. The framework makes the service implementation totally platform-unaware, thus increasing the number of potentially available services and shortening application time-to-market
Significance of blood lactate levels in critically III patients with liver disease

Lactic acidosis unrelated to tissue hypoxia has been described in patients with liver disease. This raises questions regarding the utility of the arterial lactate level as an indicator of tissue hypoperfusion in critically ill patients with hepatic dysfunction. The incidence of hyperlactatemia in a group of critically ill patients with liver disease and its association with clinical indicators of circulatory shock as well as hospital mortality were examined. The medical records of all patients admitted to the medical intensive care unit of Detroit Receiving Hospital between July 1, 1984, and June 30, 1985, with parenchymal liver disease and a total bilirubin level of more than 2 mg/dl were reviewed. Patients were excluded if lactate was not assayed. The severity of liver disease was assessed by Child's classification. Shock was defined as a systolic blood pressure of less than 90 mm Hg and at least two of the following: urine output of less than 20 ml/hour, evidence of decreased skin perfusion, or acutely altered mentation. These criteria were met in 35 patients; three patients had two medical intensive care unit admissions separated by more than one week. There were two patients in Child's class A, three in class B, and 30 in class C. Shock was identified in 27 of the 38 medical intensive care unit admissions. In the group with shock, the maximal lactate level ranged from 1.2 to 30 mM (mean, 9.6). The lactate level was significantly lower (p less than 0.0005) in the group without shock, ranging from 0.6 to 2.0 mM (mean, 1.3). The mean bilirubin level was significantly higher in the group without shock (16.7 mg/dl) than in the group with shock (8.5 mg/dl). A maximal arterial lactate concentration of more than 2.2 mM was significantly associated with hospital mortality. Thus, lactic acidosis in critically ill patients with liver disease is associated with clinical evidence of shock and with increased hospital mortality.
Methidiumpropyl-EDTA-Fe(II) and DNase I footprinting report different small molecule binding site sizes on DNA

DNase I and MPE.Fe (II) footprinting both employ partial cleavage of ligand-protected DNA restriction fragments and Maxam-Gilbert sequencing gel methods of analysis. One method utilizes the enzyme, DNase I, as the DNA cleaving agent while the other employs the synthetic molecule, methidium-propyl-EDTA (MPE). For actinomycin D, chromomycin A3 and distamycin A, DNase I footprinting reports larger binding site sizes than MPE.Fe (II). DNase I footprinting appears more sensitive for weakly bound sites. MPE.Fe (II) footprinting appears more accurate in determining the actual size and location of the binding sites for small molecules on DNA, especially in cases where several small molecules are closely spaced on the DNA. MPE.Fe (II) and DNase I report the same sequence and binding site size for lac repressor protein on operator DNA.
Minimum weight design of foam core sandwich panels for a given strength

Abstract In a sandwich beam made of materials that yield plastically, the main modes of failure are yielding and wrinkling of the face and yielding of the core in shear. The minimum weight design of beam is such that the face and core fail simultaneously; otherwise, one component is overdesigned. In this paper, we find the minimum weight design of a foam core sandwich beam or plate of a given strength by constraining the face and core to fail simultaneously using the failure equations developed in the companion paper. We also make use of property-density relationships for foam cores to include the density of the core as one of the beam design parameters to be found in the optimization analysis. The results give the face and core thicknesses and the core density which minimize the weight of a foam core sandwich beam or plate of a given strength.
Can evolutionary design of social networks make it easier to be ‘green’?

The social Web is swiftly becoming a living laboratory for understanding human cooperation on massive scales. It has changed how we organize, socialize, and tackle problems that benefit from the efforts of a large crowd. A new, applied, behavioral ecology has begun to build on theoretical and empirical studies of cooperation, integrating research in the fields of evolutionary biology, social psychology, social networking, and citizen science. Here, we review the ways in which these disciplines inform the design of Internet environments to support collective pro-environmental behavior, tapping into proximate prosocial mechanisms and models of social evolution, as well as generating opportunities for ‘field studies’ to discover how we can support massive collective action and shift environmental social norms.
Techniques to improve the usability of nickel–hydrogen cells

The voltages at which the different charging and discharging peaks occur in a nickel electrode were investigated for a set of six representative electrodes. The impact of cycling temperature, electrolyte concentration, and cycling history on these different electrodes resulted in alterations in the usable capacities of the electrodes and/or the efficiency of the charging reaction. The cobalt level in the active material, the KOH concentration of the electrolyte, and the cycling temperature were all found to impact the position of the charging peaks of the beta and the gamma charging reactions. The position of the oxygen evolution characteristic was found to be mainly a function of the cycling temperature. The findings of these studies resulted in recommendations for selecting certain cell design factors and charging protocols that will lead to improved cycle lives and higher levels of usable cell capacities.