cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Impact of Power-of-Speech Style, Argument Strength, and Need for Cognition on Impression Formation, Cognitive Responses, and Persuasion

This study investigated the impact of power-of-speech style, need for cognition, and argument quality on participants’ perceptions of a speaker, cognitive responses, and attitude toward the topic. Based on the Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM) of persuasion, it was hypothesized that the three independent variables would interact to affect cognitive responses and attitude toward the topic. The results did not support the hypothesis. Path analysis was also used to analyze the data. The path analysis revealed that power-ofspeech style had a small, direct effect on attitude and several, indirect effects mediated by cognitive response categories. Argument quality had a direct effect on attitude toward topic. The results are discussed in terms of their importance for the persuasive effects of power-of-speech style, with specific focus on the role of speech style in an ELM framework. For a number of years, scholars have investigated the consequences of powerful and powerless speech styles for the evaluations of speakers. Generally, this research has found that across a number of situations, a powerful speech style produces positive speaker attributions and evaluations whereas a powerless speech style results in negative speaker attributions and evaluations (e.g., Adkins & Brashers, 1995; Bradac & Mulac, 1984; Erickson, Lind, Johnson, & O’Barr, 1978; Haleta, 1996). Although a great deal is known about these evaluative consequences, little is known about the persuasive consequences of powerful and powerless speech styles. The research on the evaluative consequences of these styles suggests that they should be related to the
Online Routing Problems: Value of Advanced Information as Improved Competitive Ratios

We consider online versions of the traveling salesman problem (TSP) and traveling repairman problem (TRP) where instances are not known in advance. Cities (points) to be visited are revealed over time, while the server is en route serving previously released requests. These problems are known in the literature as the online TSP (TRP, respectively). The corresponding offline problems are the TSP (TRP) with release dates, problems where each point has to be visited at or after a given release date. In the current literature, the assumption is that a request becomes known at the time of its release date. In this paper we introduce the notion of a requests disclosure date, the time when a citys location and release date are revealed to the server. In a variety of disclosure date scenarios and metric spaces, we give new online algorithms and quantify the value of this advanced information in the form of improved competitive ratios. We also provide a general result on polynomial-time online algorithms for the online TSP.
How money matters for children's socioemotional adjustment: family processes and parental investment.

Numerous studies conducted by researchers in public health, psychology, and sociology have found that children and adolescents from disadvantaged families (e.g., “officially poor” families, families with low income-to-needs ratios) are at an increased risk of mental health problems, including depressive symptomatology, hostility, difficulties in peer relations, low self-esteem, and drug use (Bolger, Patterson, & Thompson, 1995; Brooks-Gunn & Furstenberg, 1989; Currie & Lin, 2007; Elder, Nguyen, & Caspi, 1985; Goodman, 1999; Goosby, 2007; Strohschein, 2005; Wadsworth, Raviv, Compas, & Connor-Smith, 2005)
Abusive Corporate Tax Shelters: Old 'Brine' in New Bottles

A brief reprise of the origins of the corporate tax shelter problem, analysis of some of the systemic causes of that problem, and what possibly can be done to fix the problem (in addition to what is already on the books in existing regulations, statutes and rulings). The article tries to define what kind of abusive transaction should be attacked (and what transactions should not be challenged), how the courts have responded to various transactions (the results are decidedly mixed so far), and whether IRS may be overreaching in some of its recent pronouncements. The basic conclusion is that corporate shelters are an old problem, but one that needs to be seriously dealt with on a continuous basis with vigorous (but not overly so) enforcement action by the IRS.
Activity progression in acute cardiac patients.

Progressive advancement of activity in cardiac patients is well documented in the literature. However, the concern in today's practice centers on balancing prudent progression of activity with a cost-effective delivery of care. This article presents a review of the literature, comparing the state of knowledge with current clinical pathway suggestions for activity therapy in various cardiac populations. An overview of the historical background and the physiological adaptations to bedrest, orthostasis, and exercise are described. Research documenting energy costs and cardiovascular responses to activities of daily living, such as bathing, toileting, and ambulating is also critiqued. Generalizability of research findings is examined, particularly regarding the heterogeneity of cardiac populations (i.e., effects of age, gender, multiple medications, comorbidity), and implications for practice are addressed.
Oxygen reduction reactions of monometallic rhodium hydride complexes

Selective reduction of oxygen is mediated by a series of monometallic rhodium(III) hydride complexes. Oxidative addition of HCl to trans-RhICl(L)(PEt3)2 (1a, L = CO; 1b, L = 2,6-dimethylphenylisocyanide (CNXy); 1c, L = 1-adamantylisocyanide (CNAd)) produces the corresponding RhIII hydride complex cis-trans-RhIIICl2H(L)(PEt3)2 (2a–c). The measured equilibrium constants for the HCl-addition reactions show a pronounced dependence on the identity of the “L” ligand. The hydride complexes effect the reduction of O2 to water in the presence of HCl, generating trans-RhIIICl3(L)(PEt3)2 (3a–c) as the metal-containing product. In the case of 2a, smooth conversion to 3a proceeds without spectroscopic evidence for an intermediate species. For 2b/c, an aqua intermediate, cis-trans-[RhIII(OH2)Cl2(L)(PEt3)2]Cl (5b/c), forms along the pathway to producing 3b/c as the final products. The aqua complexes were independently prepared by treating peroxo complexes trans-RhIIICl(L)(η2-O2)(PEt3)2 (4b/c) with HCl to rapidly produce...
420 QUALITY OF LIFE AMONG HIV-POSITIVE PATIENTS PRETREATMENT IN COMPARISON WITH HIV-POSITIVE PATIENTS ON ANTIRETROVIRAL TREATMENT.

Introduction Tools have been developed to assess quality of life (QOL) among HIV-positive individuals in six domains, including physical health, psychological issues, level of independence, social relationships, environment, and spirituality. A comparison study of QOL among nontreated HIV-positive and HIV-positive individuals on antiretroviral treatment (ART) is necessary to understand changes in QOL due to treatment. Purpose of Study To assess QOL in two groups of HIV-positive individuals, one group was pretreatment and another group included individuals on ART. Methods The WHO-BREF QOL assessment was translated into Tamil and administered in Namakkal, India. Twenty-seven males and 26 females not on treatment at the time of the survey comprised the pretreatment group. Thirty males and 25 females on ART for more than 10 months made up the ART-treated group. This study was carried out under a larger study conducted by MGR Medical University in Chennai, India. SPSS version 13.0 software was used to calculate QOL scores for HIV-positive patients. Results Analysis of QOL scores illustrates a significant difference in physical, psychological, and environmental domains. ART-treated individuals report significantly higher QOL scores in the previous categories. Discussion HIV-positive individuals who are not on ART report lower QOL in terms of physical health, psychological well-being, and environment. This baseline information may be used for further study of these specific domains. Future studies may be developed to understand why ART-treated individuals report higher QOL scores for mental health than those individuals pretreatment. Perhaps this understanding will help create focused interventions based on information from both groups. Group counseling targeting issues such as mental health and medical symptoms is being planned at Namakkal Government Hospital based on findings from this study. Further interventions may help HIV-positive individuals in South India by addressing specific issues that affect the quality of their lives.
Value and nursing home profitability

BackgroundNursing homes in the United States are being challenged to demonstrate the value of the care they deliver. While quality and financial benefits of increasing the value of specific service...
Describing Temperature-Dependent Self-Diffusion Coefficients and Fluidity of 1- and 3-Alcohols with the Compensated Arrhenius Formalism.

The location of the hydroxyl group in monohydroxy alcohols greatly affects the temperature dependence of the liquid structure due to hydrogen bonding. Temperature-dependent self-diffusion coefficients, fluidity (the inverse of viscosity), dielectric constant, and density have been measured for several 1-alcohols and 3-alcohols with varying alkyl chain lengths. The data are modeled using the compensated Arrhenius formalism (CAF). The CAF follows a modified transition state theory using an Arrhenius-like expression to describe the transport property, which consists of a Boltzmann factor containing an energy of activation, Ea, and an exponential prefactor containing the temperature-dependent solution dielectric constant, es(T). Both 1- and 3-alcohols show the Ea of diffusion coefficients (approximately 43 kJ mol–1) is higher than the Ea of fluidity (approximately 35 kJ mol–1). The temperature dependence of the exponential prefactor in these associated liquids is explained using the dielectric constant and th...
A Penguin's Defense of the Doctrine of Equivalents: Applying Cognitive Linguistics to Patent Law

There is no dearth of commentary about the doctrine of equivalents in patent law. Many articles proclaim the doctrine's death, often noting its passage with unbridled delight. Some articles provide empirical evidence to support the assertion that the doctrine of equivalents is dead. Others simply yearn for the doctrine to fade from use, pointing out that no court has "articulated a convincing rationale" for the doctrine's continued use. But maybe these scholars have it wrong. It may be true that the instances of doctrine of equivalents analysis in patent cases are on the decline and successful outcomes based on the doctrine waning further. But these observations tell only a small part of the story. This Article contends that, despite evidence to the contrary, the death of the doctrine of equivalents has been greatly exaggerated.
The Misguided Marriage of Responsibility and Autonomy

Much of the literature devoted to the topics of agent autonomy and agent responsibility suggests strong conceptual overlaps between the two, although few explore these overlaps explicitly. Beliefs of this sort are commonplace, but they mistakenly conflate the global state of being autonomous with the local condition of acting autonomously or exhibiting autonomy in respect to some act or decision. Because the latter, local phenomenon of autonomy seems closely tied to the condition of being responsible for an act, we tend to think of the former, global phenomenon as a condition of responsibility as well. But one can act autonomously, or manifest autonomy with respect to some occurrent state, without satisfying the conditions for autonomous agency. Autonomous agency and responsible agency are logically distinct in part due to the varient conceptions of rationality each calls for. Both agent responsibility and holding a person responsible imply a fairly ``thick'' form of rationality, where rationality embodies a normative component and is a matter of satisfying criteria that are objective in the sense that they are independent of what a person happens to want or to value. But autonomous agency calls for a quite different, ``thin'' conception of instrumental rationality.
Metabolism, excretion and pharmacokinetics of [14C]glasdegib (PF-04449913) in healthy volunteers following oral administration.

1. The metabolism, excretion and pharmacokinetics of glasdegib (PF-04449913) were investigated following administration of a single oral dose of 100 mg/100 μCi [14C]glasdegib to six healthy male volunteers (NCT02110342). 2. The peak concentrations of glasdegib (890.3 ng/mL) and total radioactivity (1043 ngEq/mL) occurred in plasma at 0.75 hours post-dose. The AUCinf were 8469 ng.h/mL and 12,230 ngEq.h/mL respectively, for glasdegib and total radioactivity. 3. Mean recovery of [14C]glasdegib-related radioactivity in excreta was 91% of the administered dose (49% in urine and 42% in feces). Glasdegib was the major circulating component accounting for 69% of the total radioactivity in plasma. An N-desmethyl metabolite and an N-glucuronide metabolite of glasdegib represented 8% and 7% of the circulating radioactivity, respectively. Glasdegib was the major excreted component in urine and feces, accounting for 17% and 20% of administered dose in the 0-120 hour pooled samples, respectively. Other metabolites with abundance <3% of the total circulating radioactivity or dose in plasma or excreta were hydroxyl metabolites, a desaturation metabolite, N-oxidation and O-glucuronide metabolites. 4. Elimination of [14C]glasdegib-derived radioactivity was essentially complete, with similar contribution from urinary and fecal routes. Oxidative metabolism appears to play a significant role in the biotransformation of glasdegib.
Liability for Exposure to Risk without Actual Harm

Law and economics are both hostile to liability in tort for exposure to risk in the absence of actual harm. Actual harm is a fundamental requirement of tort law. Economics teaches that adequate compensation in the event of harm eliminates risk, obviating the need for compensation for mere exposure. I show that if there is risk that compensation will fail to equal the value of the loss, as must always be the case, then, under plausible assumptions about the probability distribution of compensation, compensation for exposure to risk in the absence of harm is required to make a victim whole. The result applies to all measurable harms.
Heritable Gene Regulation in the CD4:CD8 T Cell Lineage Choice

The adaptive immune system is dependent on functionally distinct lineages of TCRαβ-expressing T cells that differentiate from a common progenitor in the thymus. CD4+CD8+ progenitor thymocytes undergo selection following interaction with MHC class I or class II molecules bearing peptide self-antigens, giving rise to CD8+ cytotoxic and CD4+ helper or regulatory T cell lineages, respectively. The strict correspondence of CD4 and CD8 expression with distinct cellular phenotypes has made their genes useful surrogates for investigating molecular mechanisms of lineage commitment. Studies of Cd4 and Cd8 transcriptional regulation have uncovered cis-regulatory elements that are critical for mediating epigenetic modifications at distinct stages of development to establish heritable transcriptional programs. In this review, we examine the epigenetic mechanisms involved in Cd4 and Cd8 gene regulation during T cell lineage specification, and highlight the features that make this an attractive system for uncovering molecular mechanisms of heritability.
Role of proteoglycans on the biochemical and biomechanical properties of dentin organic matrix

Abstract Objective Proteoglycans (PGs) are multifunctional biomacromolecules of the extracellular matrix of collagen-based tissues. In teeth, besides a pivotal regulatory role on dentin biomineralization, PGs provide mechanical support to the mineralized tissue and compressive strength to the biosystem. This study assessed enzymatic protocols for selective PGs removal from demineralized dentin to determine the roles of these biomacromolecules in the bulk mechanical properties and biostability of type I collagen. Methods Selective removal of glycosaminoglycans chains (GAGs) and PGs from demineralized dentin was carried out by enzymatic digestion protocols using chondroitinase ABC (c-ABC) and trypsin (Try). A comprehensive study design included assessment of dentin matrix mass loss, biodegradability of the PGs/GAGs-depleted dentin matrix, ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and energy to fracture tests. Quantitative data was statistically analyzed by two-way and one-way ANOVA followed by the appropriate post hoc tests (α = 0.05). Results Transmission electron microscopy images show effective GAGs removal by c-ABC and Try and both enzymatic methods released statistically similar amounts of GAGs from the demineralized dentin. Try digestion resulted in about 25% dentin matrix mass loss and increased susceptibility to collagenolytic digestion when compared to c-ABC (p = 0.0224) and control (p = 0.0901). Moreover, PGs digestion by Try decreased the tensile strengths of dentin. Statistically lower energy to fracture was observed in c-ABC-treated dentin matrix. Conclusions GAGs plays a pivotal role on tissue mechanics and anisotropy, while the core protein of PGs have a protective role on matrix biostability.
Financial Crises and Constitutional Compromise

Constitutional constraints are often designed with crisis in mind: Framers wish to constrain the exercise of power precisely in those circumstances in which policymakers will be tempted to take actions that may violate underlying normative commitments. These constraints are only as strong as the willingness and ability of courts to enforce them though; and because judges care about both themselves and policy outcomes, they are sometimes less than willing to enforce constitutional constraints. Existing scholarship has explored this phenomenon, focusing primarily on the possibility that the weakness of courts may prevent them from effectively policing constitutional boundaries in the face of governments determined to deal with a crisis. We suggest that such strategic judicial retreat may also result from judicial strength. In times of crisis, courts that command significant authority, and are likely to garner compliance with their rulings, confront a quandary that weaker courts can escape: The enforcement of constitutional boundaries may prevent an effective governmental response to a crisis. If judges are sufficiently concerned about the practical consequences of hamstringing a government under these circumstances, they may engage in judicial self-censoring not because they are weak, but because they are strong.
Putting on the Brakes: Regulatory Kinases and Phosphatases Maintaining B Cell Anergy.

B cell antigen receptor (BCR) signaling is a tightly regulated process governed by both positive and negative mediators/regulators to ensure appropriate responses to exogenous and autologous antigens. Upon naive B cell recognition of antigen CD79 [the immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM)-containing signaling subunit of the BCR] is phosphorylated and recruits Src and Syk family kinases that then phosphorylate proximal intermediaries linked to downstream activating signaling circuitry. This plasma membrane localized signalosome activates PI3K leading to generation of PIP3 critical for membrane localization and activation of plecktrin homology domain-containing effectors. Conversely, in anergic B cells, chronic antigen stimulation drives biased monophosphorylation of CD79 ITAMs leading to recruitment of Lyn, but not Syk, which docks only to bi-phosphorylated ITAMS. In this context, Lyn appears to function primarily as a driver of inhibitory signaling pathways promoting the inhibition of the PI3K pathway by inositol phosphatases, SHIP-1 and PTEN, which hydrolyze PIP3 to PIP2. Lyn may also exert negative regulation of signaling through recruitment of SHP-1, a tyrosine phosphatase that dephosphorylates activating signaling molecules. Alleles of genes that encode or regulate expression of components of this axis, including SHIP-1, SHP-1, Csk/PTPn22, and Lyn, have been shown to confer risk of autoimmunity. This review will discuss functional interplay of components of this pathway and the impact of risk alleles on its function.
Predictors of financial burden at a comprehensive cancer center.

e18263Background: As the cost of cancer care escalates, patients’ financial concerns are increasingly common and can lead to the inability to afford basic needs such as food and clothes, non-adhere...
Loss of protein synthesis quality control in host-restricted organisms

Intracellular organisms, such as obligate parasites and endosymbionts, typically possess small genomes due to continuous genome decay caused by an environment with alleviated natural selection. Previously, a few species with highly reduced genomes, including the intracellular pathogens Mycoplasma and Microsporidia, have been shown to carry degenerated editing domains in aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases. These defects in the protein synthesis machinery cause inaccurate translation of the genetic code, resulting in significant statistical errors in protein sequences that are thought to help parasites to escape immune response of a host. In this study we analyzed 10,423 complete bacterial genomes to assess conservation of the editing domains in tRNA synthetases, including LeuRS, IleRS, ValRS, ThrRS, AlaRS, and PheRS. We found that, while the editing domains remain intact in free-living species, they are degenerated in the overwhelming majority of host-restricted bacteria. Our work illustrates that massive genome erosion triggered by an intracellular lifestyle eradicates one of the most fundamental components of a living cell: the system responsible for proofreading of amino acid selection for protein synthesis. This finding suggests that inaccurate translation of the genetic code might be a general phenomenon among intercellular organisms with reduced genomes.
Comparative analysis of myometrial and vascular smooth muscle cells to determine optimal cells for use in drug discovery.

Abstract Novel therapeutic regulators of uterine contractility are needed to manage preterm labor, induce labor and control postpartum hemorrhage. Therefore, we previously developed a high-throughput assay for large-scale screening of small molecular compounds to regulate calcium-mobilization in primary mouse uterine myometrial cells. The goal of this study was to select the optimal myometrial cells for our high-throughput drug discovery assay, as well as determine the similarity or differences of myometrial cells to vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs)-the most common off-target of current myometrial therapeutics. Molecular and pharmacological assays were used to compare myometrial cells from four sources: primary cells isolated from term pregnant human and murine myometrium, immortalized pregnant human myometrial (PHM-1) cells and immortalized non-pregnant human myometrial (hTERT-HM) cells. In addition, myometrial cells were compared to vascular SMCs. We found that the transcriptome profiles of hTERT-HM and PHM1 cells were most similar (r = 0.93 and 0.90, respectively) to human primary myometrial cells. Comparative transcriptome profiling of primary human myometrial transcriptome and VSMCs revealed 498 upregulated (p ≤ 0.01, log2FC≥1) genes, of which 142 can serve as uterine-selective druggable targets. In the high-throughput Ca2+-assay, PHM1 cells had the most similar response to primary human myometrial cells in OT-induced Ca2+-release (Emax = 195% and 143%, EC50 = 30 nM and 120 nM, respectively), while all sources of myometrial cells showed excellent and similar robustness and reproducibility (Z’ = 0.52 to 0.77). After testing a panel of 61 compounds, we found that the stimulatory and inhibitory responses of hTERT-HM cells were highly-correlated (r = 0.94 and 0.95, respectively) to human primary cells. Moreover, ten compounds were identified that displayed uterine-selectivity (≥5-fold Emax or EC50 compared to VSMCs). Collectively, this study found that hTERT-HM cells exhibited the most similarity to primary human myometrial cells and, therefore, is an optimal substitute for large-scale screening to identify novel therapeutic regulators of myometrial contractility. Moreover, VSMCs can serve as an important counter-screening tool to assess uterine-selectivity of targets and drugs given the similarity observed in the transcriptome and response to compounds.
Improving care for critically ill patients with community-acquired pneumonia

PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to improve antimicrobial management and outcomes of critically ill patients with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) through implementation of a pharmacist-driven bundle for ordering evidence-based diagnostic tests in a medical intensive care unit (MICU). METHODS An inpatient collaborative practice agreement (CPA) was established for MICU pharmacists to order criteria-driven diagnostic testing for CAP from November 2017-March 2018. Adults admitted to the MICU and started on empiric antibiotics for CAP were included. The intervention arm was compared with a standard of care (SOC) group from November 2016-March 2017. RESULTS Ninety-one patients were included in each group. There was no difference in the median antibiotic duration between SOC and CPA, at 7 days (interquartile range [IQR], 6-10) versus 7 days (IQR, 6-8), respectively. The overall use of evidence-based diagnostic tests increased in the CPA group. Patients in the CPA group had more frequent pathogen identification (SOC and CPA, respectively: 31 [34%] versus 46 [51%], p = 0.035) and antimicrobial deescalation (24 [26%] versus 53 [58%], p < 0.001). There was no significant difference in length of intensive care unit stay, at 4 days for SOC (IQR, 2-10) versus 6 days for CPA (IQR, 3-10), and no significant difference in inpatient all-cause mortality (13 [14%] versus 7 [8%]), retreatment 14 [15%] versus 11 [12%]), or 30-day readmission 16 ([18%] versus 13 [14%]) for SOC and CPA, respectively. The CPA was the only variable that was independently associated with antimicrobial deescalation (odds ratio, 4.030; 95% confidence interval, 2.101-7.731) in a multiple logistic regression. CONCLUSION Implementation of a pharmacy-driven pneumonia diagnostic stewardship bundle improved the use of evidence-based diagnostics and increased the frequency of pathogen identification. This intervention was associated with increased antimicrobial deescalation without a negative impact on patient safety outcomes.
Pick your language: how riot reporting differs between English and Hindi newspapers in India

Riot reporting is one aspect of newspaper coverage that can drive people into the streets in acts of collective protest or violence. Media observers and scholars have proposed that the language of ...
E-cigarettes, vaping-related pulmonary illnesses, and asthma: A perspective from inhalation toxicologists

The recent outbreak of e-cigarette or vaping-product use–associated lung injury (EVALI) is alarming. As of October 18, 2019, 33 deaths and nearly 1500 hospitalizations associated with e-cigarette use have been reported in 49 states and the US Virgin Islands. Initial epidemiologic investigations of EVALI cases in Illinois and Wisconsin identified that more than 80% of the reported cases occurred in young white male subjects who presented with respiratory, gastrointestinal, and constitutional symptoms that rapidly progressed to severe acute lung injury. Interestingly, underlying asthma was reported in 30% of these cases, which is much higher than the 8% to 10% of asthmatic patients seen in the general population. Although many questions regarding the safety of e-cigarettes have come to the forefront with the emergence of EVALI, health care providers and concerned parents are also asking what might be causing this outbreak and who might be susceptible to EVALI.
MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION WITH NONOBSTRUCTIVE CORONARY ARTERIES (MINOCA) MANIFESTING AS ATYPICAL TAKOTSUBO SYNDROME

A subset of patients presenting with chest pain have myocardial infarction with nonobstructive coronary arteries (MINOCA). Takotsubo syndrome is a subclass that can be identified by cardiac MRI and supported by biomarkers and EKG abnormalities. A 59-year-old female presented with chest pain. EKG
Inductance of YBa $_{2}$ Cu $_{3}$ O $_{7-\delta }$ Thin-Films With and Without Superconducting Ground Planes

We experimentally measured and compared the sheet inductance of YBa $_{2}$ Cu $_{3}$ O $_{7-\delta }$ (YBCO) films with and without superconducting ground planes. Specifically, we fabricated several superconducting quantum interference devices from single and multilayer films with different geometries using a focused helium ion beam. Measurements of the device electrical transport properties were analyzed to determine the sheet inductance. Additionally, temperature dependent measurements of the inductance were used in order to separate the contributions from geometric and kinetic inductance. We found that the presence of a ground plane in our multilayer structure significantly reduces the contribution of the geometric inductance with no detectable change in the kinetic inductance.
Literaturkritische Essays und Frankfurter Vorlesungen

Das Verstandnis der essayistischen Schriften Ingeborg Bachmanns ist angewiesen auf eine besondere Berucksichtigung der Form, die mit ihrer im Anschluss an Theodor W. Adorno und Robert Musil entwickelten Auffassung des Essays einhergeht. Zeugt der Schluss ihrer Dissertation von der grundlegenden Kritik an dem Versuch, die Unzulanglichkeit wissenschaftlicher Begrifflichkeit mit ›Intuition‹ uberbieten zu wollen (Bartsch 1988, 19), so dokumentiert Bachmanns Auseinandersetzung mit den Schriften Ludwig Wittgensteins einen Gegenentwurf zu dieser Art des unbestimmten Denkens im bewussten Umgang mit dem Wissen um die Vorbegrifflichkeit der Sprache. Diese Auffassung bestimmt auch Adornos Ausfuhrungen uber den »Essay als Form«, auf die Bachmanns literaturkritische Arbeiten und die Frankfurter Vorlesungen immer wieder bezogen worden sind (bes. Świderska 1989, 6–8).
Promoting Identity Wellness in LGBTGEQIAP+ Adolescents Through Affirmative Therapy

Affirmative therapy is a strength-based and non-pathological treatment approach that allows counselors to help lesbian, gay, bisexual, trans/transgender/two-spirit, gender expressive, queer/questio...
β-cyclodextrin polymer/Soluplus® encapsulated Ebselen ternary complex (EβpolySol) as a potential therapy for vaginal candidiasis and pre-exposure prophylactic for HIV.

Abstract Epidemiological findings have discussed recurrent and persistent vulvovaginal candidiasis to be a major manifestation of HIV infected women. Conversely, women with vulvovaginal candidiasis have higher risk of acquiring HIV transmitted during intercourse. Common treatments for such conditions include combined antiretroviral and antifungal therapy. Drug-Drug interaction is a major problem encountered due to common CYP450 metabolic pathway of azoles and antiretroviral drugs. Ebselen (EB), lipophilic, organo-selenium compound has demonstrated promising anti-HIV and anti-fungal activity. The aim of current research was to develop and characterize a rapidly soluble and non-cytotoxic vaginal film of ebselen which could serve dual purpose of treating vulvovaginal candidiasis and pre-exposure prophylactic (PrEP) against HIV. Ebselen/cyclodextrin polymer/Soluplus® (1:10:10) ternary complex (EβpolySol) showed 200 fold enhancement in aqueous solubility and no degradation of EB in thermogravimetry analysis. EβpolySol film with tensile strength of 33.12 ± 1.98 N/cm2 disintegrated within 30 sec, presented instant drug release with no apparent precipitation in simulated vaginal fluid. EβpolySol film showed compatibility with HEC-1A monolayer and HeLa cells compared to VCF®. EβpolySol film showed MIC of 20 μM against Candida species and IC50 of 0.71 μM against HIV.
Outcomes of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in acute respiratory distress syndrome due to COVID-19: The lessons learned from the first wave of COVID-19.

INTRODUCTION: Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) has been used as a refractory treatment for acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) due to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), but there has been little evidence of its efficacy. We conducted this study to share our experience using ECMO as a bridge to recovery for ARDS due to COVID-19. METHODS: All adult patients who were placed on ECMO for ARDS due to COVID-19 between April 2020 and June 2020 (during the first wave of COVID-19) were identified. The clinical characteristics and outcomes of these patients were analyzed with a specific focus on the differences between patients who survived to hospital discharge and those who did not. RESULTS: In total, 20 COVID-19 patients were included in this study. All patients were placed on veno-veno ECMO. Comparing survivors and non-survivors, older age was found to be associated with hospital mortality (p = .02). The following complications were observed: renal failure requiring renal replacement therapy (35%, n = 7), bacteremia during ECMO (20%, n = 4), coinfection with bacterial pneumonia (15%, n = 3), cannula site bleeding (15%, n = 3), stroke (10%, n = 2), gastrointestinal bleeding (10%, n = 2), and liver failure (5%, n = 1). The complications associated with patient mortality were culture-positive septic shock (p = .01), culture-negative systemic inflammatory response syndrome (p = .01), and renal failure (p = .01). The causes of death were septic shock (44%, n = 4), culture-negative systemic inflammatory response syndrome (44%, n = 4), and stroke (11%, n = 1). CONCLUSIONS: Based on our experience, ECMO can improve refractory ARDS due to COVID-19 in select patients. Proper control of bacterial infections during COVID-19 immunomodulation therapy may be critical to improving survival.
Standardization, GATT and the Fresh Food System

This paper examines fresh fruit and vegetable industry struggles to define 'quality and consistency'. It uses a theory of 'standardization' - the dual process of adopting product 'standards' and developing 'standardized' commodities - as a way to conceptualize these struggles. And it analyzes the Uruguay Round of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) negotiations in this context, arguing that the adoption of GATT proposals to make Codex Alimentarius responsible for setting industry standards, extend patent protection to agricultural technologies, reduce agricultural tariffs and subsidies and eliminate restrictions on agricultural exports will affect industry efforts to raise standards and standardize commodity production. Resumen La Estandarizacion, el Gatt y el Sistema de Alimentos Frescos Este trabajo examina las luchas en la rama de las frutas y vegetales frescos (FVF) por definir «la calidad y la consistencia». Utiliza la teoria de «estandarizacion» - el proceso dual de adoptar productos «estandar» y el desarrollo de mercancias «estandarizadas» - como una forma de conceptualizar estas luchas. A la vez, dentro de este contexto, este trabajo analiza las negociaciones de la Ronda de Uruguay y el Tratado General sobre Tarifas y Comercio (GATT), argumentando que la adopcion de las propuestas del GATT de elaborar un Codigo Alimentario responsable del establecimiento de estandarcs industriales, extender la proteccion de palentes a las tecnologias agricolas, reducir las tarifas y los subsidios agricolas y eliminar las restricciones a las exportaciones agricolas afectara los esfuerzos industriales para elevar los estandares y uniformar la produccion de mercancias.
Survival among patients with untreated metastatic breast cancer.

1095Background: Treatments for metastatic breast cancer (MBC) have significantly improved survival for patients who receive treatment, yet data describing the prognosis for untreated patients is la...
A Brief Study on Bullet Train Physics with Gill’s Electronic Theory of Magnetism 1964

A summarized Gill’s electronic theory of magnetism 1964 shows diagrammatically and experimentally that a magnet has a negative or north magnetic pole and a positive or south magnetic pole . These magnetic poles are called the north and south magnetic poles owing to the direction of a magnetic compass on the surface of the magnetic Earth. The Tesla unit is explained with the help of Gill’s electronic theory of magnetism 1964 combined with Coulomb’s law 1784. An economical L-shaped electro-magnet will be used under the ‘Bullet Train’ and above the rail track. The rail track will also The exposed electron dependant negative or north magnetic pole under and at the train wheel level is repelled by the electrons flowing as a direct electric current on the surface of the rail track. This levitation of the ‘Bullet train’ results in loss of resistance between the train wheels and the rail track. Dot-product calculations will be offered for this levitation. The levitated train will be pulled longitudinally with the linear motor in front of the train which has the exposed proton dependant positive or south magnetic pole . The negative electron dependant direct electric current flow on the railway track results in attractional force between the proton dependent positive or south magnetic pole on the front of the train and the flowing electrons in the metallic strip on the surface of the railway track. While the ‘Bullet train’ is levitated and has minimal friction, this longitudinal attractional force results in great speed. This will also be presented as a dot-product calculation. The linear motor on the front of the train is a flexible positive electro-magnetic pole of the electro-magnet which will help in varying the speed and direction of the ‘Bullet Train’. A brief discussion will follow offering the economical and mathematical advantages of the above ‘Bullet Train’ over the existing ‘Magelev system’. ‘Gill’s electronic theory of magnetism 1964’ also shows that there is no asymmetry between the electrical and magnetic forces.
Biodegradierbarer Cage

Ein biodegradierbarer Cage kann eine Vielzahl von Vorteilen gegenuber dem autologen trikortikalen Beckenkammspan und metallischen Cages bieten. Zum jetzigen Zeitpunkt steht jedoch kein solcher fur die Anwendung beim Menschen zur Verfugung. Ziel dieser Studie war, 2 Fusionstechniken fur die intervertebrale Spondylodese miteinander zu vergleichen. Der autologe trikortikale Beckenkammspan wurde mit einem biodegradierbaren Cage in einem tierexperimentellen Fusionsmodell fur die intervertebrale Spondylodese an Schafhalswirbelsaulen von 16 ausgewachsenen Merinoschafen verglichen. Nach 12 Wochen konnte kein signifikanter Unterschied zwischen dem biodegradierbaren PLDLLA-Cage und dem trikortikalen Beckenkammspan fur die intervertebrale Fusion an der Schafhalswirbelsaule gefunden werden. Jedoch zeigte der PLDLLA-Cage im gesamten Intervertebralraum Fremdkorperreaktionen von Grad I–III. Obwohl die Entstehung dieser grosen Fremdkorperreaktionen derzeit noch unklar ist, kann davon ausgegangen werden, dass das bereits fruhe Auftreten von grosen Osteolysen und ventraler Implantatwanderung in Verbindung mit dem PLDLLA-Cage seine Anwendung beim Menschen fragwurdig erscheinen lasst.
“Grammar Scares Me”: An Exploration of American Students’ Perceptions of Grammar Learning

Abstract Grammar instruction in SLA contexts has received much scholarly attention ranging from competence levels, teaching methods, learners’ and teachers’ attitudes and perceptions, cross-linguistic transfer, among others. However, research that focuses on American students’ perceptions regarding learning grammar, especially those enrolled in teacher training programs, is still limited. While it is argued that first language learners/users (L1) have the authority of the grammar of their language, it is still important to examine how their antecedent knowledge -naturalistic and/or instructional- of grammar influence their current perceptions and future teaching of grammar. These meanings may leave students with some ambivalent and, at times, misinformed views about grammar. Therefore, in this paper, we report on American students’ perceptions of grammar learning and the extent to which these perceptions are (dis)associated with their grammar performance. Twenty-three American students enrolled in a grammar class in a Midwestern university were given a pre-and post-test divided into three sections, two of which report on their perceptions and one section covers their grammar knowledge. The results of the pre-test suggest that most participants perceived grammar learning as unimportant or irrelevant and such findings correlate with their low performance on the grammar section of the test. However, such perception has been reversed in their post-test responses as they performed higher in the grammar section. The findings suggest that understanding students’ perceptions and using explicit grammar teaching is beneficial in building their scientific knowledge of the world, enhancing their analytic skills, and reducing their fear of grammar.
Does mindfulness reduce negative interpretation bias

Negative interpretation bias, or the tendency to interpret ambiguous life events in a negative manner rather than positive or neutral, is a precursor to depression and anxiety. Evidence suggests that mindfulness reduces depression and anxiety, as well as a number of different negative cognitive biases. However, little is known about the association between mindfulness and negative interpretation bias specifically. Across two cross-sectional studies, we investigated this relation. In Study 1 (N = 135), greater trait mindfulness was correlated with less negative interpretation bias. In Study 2 (N = 173), we experimentally tested whether a brief mindfulness induction, compared to a mind-wandering task, decreased negative interpretation bias. Although there was not a direct effect of condition (mindfulness vs. mind-wandering) on negative interpretation bias, there was a significant indirect effect through negative mood. That is, participants in the mind-wandering condition reported greater negative mood following the induction compared to participants in the mindfulness condition, which was associated with more negative interpretation bias. The results suggest mindfulness is associated with less negative interpretation bias and may reduce negative interpretation bias by decreasing negative mood.
The Role of Newer Quinolones in the Management of Infections in Patients with Hematologic Malignancies

Patients with hematologic malignancies are at substantial risk for developing infections particularly during episodes of profound and persistent neutropenia [1]. Strategies for the management of such patients include: infection prevention (prophylaxis) empiric therapy of febrile neutropenia therapy of specific infections
Preference Reversals and Induced Risk Preferences: Evidence for Noisy Maximization

We combine two research lines: preference reversal research (Lichtenstein and Slovic, 1971) and research on lottery-based risk preference induction (Roth and Malouf, 1979). Our results are informative for both research lines. We show that inducing risk preferences in preference reversal experiments has dramatic effects. First, while our subjects still display reversals, they do not display the usual pattern of “predicted” reversals suggested by the compatibility hypothesis. By inducing risk averse and risk loving preferences, we can dramatically reduce reversal rates and even produce the opposite pattern of reversals. Our results are consistent with the assumption that subjects maximize expected utility with error. This provides evidence that Camerer and Hogarth's (1999) framework for incentive effects can be extended to include the risk preference induction reward scheme.
Buzzing with disclosure of social shopping rewards

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the dilemma that is based on a decision to disclose or not to disclose social shopping rewards (SSRs), in an effort to enhance the effectiveness of social shopping. To protect consumers and guide marketers, emergent forms of online commerce on social media platforms warrant closer examination. One such form is social shopping, which combines social media and online shopping. To motivate word of mouth (WOM) through social signs of approval or endorsement of brands, marketers have typically relied on social shopping rewards (SSRs). It is not typical, however, for the reason behind the social endorsement to be disclosed, leaving the branded message open to multiple interpretations. Design/methodology/approach – The dilemma of SSR disclosures is presented in a marketing and public policy analysis, drawing from findings from the WOM literature on disclosure, incentives, source credibility and on social media Disclosure Guidelines by the Federal Trade Commission...
Models in Ecotoxicology: Methodological Aspects

The science of ecotoxicology is based to a large extent on extrapolation— extrapolation from one system and one stress to another; extrapolation from laboratory tests and microcosm studies to field situations; extrapolation across scales. Such extrapolation must be based on some underlying model or models; thus, models are an essential and ineluctable component of ecological risk assessment.
Effectiveness of pre‐applied wetting agents in prevention of wildland urban interface fires

The purpose of the work described in this paper is to investigate the effectiveness of pre-wetting structures, dead fuels, and landscaping plants in preventing fire spread from wildland fires to structures. Critical fluxes for fire growth were determined using intermediate-scale testing for three wetting agents (water, type A foam, and gel) applied to 10 landscaping plants conditioned to 20% moisture, a mulch material, and four external structural materials (vinyl siding, plywood siding, asphalt shingle roofing, and cedar shake roofing). The critical flux for fire growth values was determined at 3-min heat radiation exposure and simultaneous 300-mm long flame exposure. Test specimens were exposed to various durations and intensities of drying prior to exposing them to heat radiation. Application of water or foam provided no noticeable protection. Gel was effective in providing protection even after 60 min of laboratory condition drying but was less successful when exposed to fire weather simulating accelerated drying. Some uncertainty is associated with the results of this work because of the variability of landscaping plants and gel wetting agent application uniformity. The intermediate-scale test results were verified using full-scale testing. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pancreatic Tumor Presenting as Diarrhea

VIPoma, Verner-Morrison syndrome, is a rare functioning neuroendocrine tumor that secretes vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP). It is also known as pancreatic cholera or WDHA syndrome (watery diarrhea, hypokalemia and hypo or achlorhydria). Verner and Morrison first described the symptoms of VIPoma in 1958 as watery diarrhea, hypokalemia and achlorhydria [1]. Approximately 90 % of cases arise from the pancreas but they may also occur in periganglionic tissue or other locations such as the adrenals, colon, bronchus, liver and sympathetic ganglia. VIPomas are found to be malignant in about 60–80 % cases and are metastatic at the time of diagnosis, with the liver being the most common site of metastasis [2]. Herein, we present a patient with chronic diarrhea who was found to have VIPoma and did well after surgical resection.