cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Leadership and Credibility in N-Person Coordination Games:

It is often assumed that leaders serve as focal points around which followers rally when confronted with a coordination problem. This research begins with one component of leadership—its coordinating role—and disentangles how leadership matters for followers. This analysis proceeds as a simple one-sided signaling game from leaders to followers and investigates when a leader's signals are credible. The empirical analysis is based on a series of laboratory experiments in which groups of four actors were involved in a series of one-stage coordination games. The findings show that although leadership is crucial for coordinating followers, it is not a panacea. The introduction of uncertainty about the type of leader markedly decreases the ameliorating impact of leadership.
Two Types of Instream Stagnation

Unlike separation from a solid body, the instream recirculation regions in laminar incompressible flows with a single vorticity component are associated with two different types of stagnation region. They can be distinguished by the null vorticity contour and the angle of streamline saddlepoint intersection. Examples are drawn from the two-dimensional and axisymmetric literature over a wide range of Reynolds numbers.
Qualitative analysis of the parallel and asynchronous modes of the Hamming network

In this paper convergence analysis of the parallel and deterministic asynchronous modes of operation for the Hamming network is carried out. Conditions ensuring convergence to a stable state in a finite number of steps are derived. An upper bound of the maximum number of steps that is required to reach a stable state is obtained. Finally, a geometrical interpretation of our results is obtained. >
Abatement of perfluorocompounds (PFCs) in a microwave tubular reactor using O/sub 2/ as an additive gas

This paper discusses the abatement of four perfluorocompounds (PFCs) in a microwave tubular reactor-C/sub 2/F/sub 6/, CF/sub 4/, SF/sub 6/, and CHF/sub 3/. The abatement was carried out using O/sub 2/ as an additive gas, and was studied as a function of O/sub 2/:PPC ratio, flow rate, power and pressure. Near 100% abatement was achieved for all the PFCs investigated. A detailed characterization of C/sub 2/F/sub 6/ abatement using GC, GC/MS, and inline Mass Spectrometer showed the major abatement products to be CO/sub 2/, COF/sub 2/, and F/sub 2/. The parameteric dependence of CF/sub 4/, SF/sub 6/, and CHF/sub 3/ abatement was also characterized experimentally, the major products from CF/sub 4/ abatement were similar to those from C/sub 2/F/sub 6/ abatement. Mass Spectroscopy indicated the main products for SF/sub 6/ abatement were SO/sub 2/F/sub 2/, SO/sub 2/, and F/sub 2/ while those for CHF/sub 3/ were CO/sub 2/, COF/sub 2/, F/sub 2/, and HF. Additional experiments indicate that the microwave abatement unit can be successfully used to abate these PFC's in the Integrated Circuit fabrication facilities.
Performance of Apparent Diffusion Coefficient Values and Conventional MRI Features in Differentiating Tumefactive Demyelinating Lesions From Primary Brain Neoplasms.

OBJECTIVE. Tumefactive demyelinating lesions (TDLs) remain one of the most common brain lesions to mimic a brain tumor, particularly primary CNS lymphoma (PCNSL) and high-grade gliomas. The purpose of our study was to evaluate the ability of apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values and conventional MRI features to differentiate TDLs from PCNSLs and high-grade gliomas. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Seventy-five patients (24 patients with TDLs, 28 with PCNSLs, and 23 with high-grade gliomas) with 168 brain lesions (70 TDLs, 68 PCNSLs, and 30 high-grade gliomas) who underwent DWI before surgery or therapy were included in the study. Minimum ADC (ADCmin) and average ADC (ADCavg) values were calculated for each lesion. ANOVA and ROC analyses were performed. ROC analyses were also performed for the presence of incomplete rim enhancement and for the number of lesions. Multiple-variable logistic regression with ROC analysis was then performed to evaluate performance in multiple-variable models. RESULTS. ADCmin was st...
Fast interval-valued statistical modeling of interconnect and effective capacitance

Correlated interval representations of range uncertainty offer an attractive solution to approximating computations on statistical quantities. The key idea is to use finite intervals to approximate the essential mass of a probability density function (pdf) as it moves through numerical operators; the resulting compact interval-valued solution can be easily interpreted as a statistical distribution and efficiently sampled. This paper first describes improved interval-valued algorithms for asymptotic wave evaluation (AWE)/passive reduced-order interconnect macromodeling algorithm (PRIMA) model order reduction for tree-structured interconnect circuits with correlated resistance, inductance, and capacitance (RLC) parameter variations. By moving to a much faster interval-valued linear solver based on path-tracing ideas, and making more optimal tradeoffs between interval- and scalar-valued computations, the delay statistics roughly 10/spl times/ faster than classical Monte Carlo (MC) simulation, with accuracy to within 5% can be extracted. This improved interval analysis strategy is further applied in order to build statistical effective capacitance (C/sub eff/) models for variational interconnect, and show how to extract statistics of C/sub eff/ over 100/spl times/ faster than classical MC simulation, with errors less than 4%.
Negative bias temperature instability “multi-mode” compact model based on threshold voltage and mobility degradation

In this paper we have developed a model to obtain drain current (ID) degradation at all transistor operating modes (linear, saturation and sub-threshold) during NBTI stress based on threshold voltage (VT) and mobility (µ) degradation. This model provides a compact way to comprehend NBTI induced drain current degradation for transistors subject to multiple operating modes (e.g., dynamic voltage scaling, active/standby modes).
Higher-Order Interactions: Understanding the knowledge capacity of social groups using simplicial sets

A predominant benefit of social living is the ability to share knowledge that cannot be gained through the information an individual accumulates based on its personal experience alone. Traditional computational models have portrayed sharing knowledge through interactions among members of social groups via dyadic networks. Such models aim at understanding the percolation of information among individuals and groups to identify potential limitations to successful knowledge transfer. How- ever, because many real-world interactions are not solely pairwise, i.e., several group members may obtain information from one another simultaneously, it is necessary to understand more than dyadic communication and learning processes to capture their full complexity. We detail a modeling framework based on the simplicial set, a concept from algebraic topology, which allows elegant encapsulation of multi-agent interactions. Such a model system allows us to analyze how individual information within groups accumulates as the group's collective set of knowledge, which may be different than the simple union of individually contained information. Furthermore, the simplicial modeling approach we propose allows us to investigate how information accumulates via sub-group interactions, offering insight into complex aspects of multi-way communication systems. The fundamental change in modeling strategy we offer here allows us to move from portraying knowledge as a "token", passed from signaler to receiver, to portraying knowledge as a set of accumulating building blocks from which novel ideas can emerge. We provide an explanation of relevant mathematical concepts in a way that promotes accessibility to a general audience (Current Zoology 61 (1): 114-127, 2015). Keywords Collective decision making, Communication, Cultural transmission, Information flow, Simplex, Social learning
Neurokernel: An Open Source Platform for Emulating the Fruit Fly Brain.

We have developed an open software platform called Neurokernel for collaborative development of comprehensive models of the brain of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster and their execution and testing on multiple Graphics Processing Units (GPUs). Neurokernel provides a programming model that capitalizes upon the structural organization of the fly brain into a fixed number of functional modules to distinguish between these modules’ local information processing capabilities and the connectivity patterns that link them. By defining mandatory communication interfaces that specify how data is transmitted between models of each of these modules regardless of their internal design, Neurokernel explicitly enables multiple researchers to collaboratively model the fruit fly’s entire brain by integration of their independently developed models of its constituent processing units. We demonstrate the power of Neurokernel’s model integration by combining independently developed models of the retina and lamina neuropils in the fly’s visual system and by demonstrating their neuroinformation processing capability. We also illustrate Neurokernel’s ability to take advantage of direct GPU-to-GPU data transfers with benchmarks that demonstrate scaling of Neurokernel’s communication performance both over the number of interface ports exposed by an emulation’s constituent modules and the total number of modules comprised by an emulation.
Recurrent pleural effusion.

A 42-year-old lady was referred for investigation of recurrent right pleural effusions over a six month period. A computed Tomography (CT) was requested to outrule an underlying malignancy. The patient had a known history of chronic renal failure, for which she was treated with peritoneal dialysis for the pre - vious four years.
Heidegger’s Critique of Technology and the Contemporary Return to Artisan Business Activity

So far aesthetics has played a limited role in our understanding of business activity, focused mainly on evaluating product quality and the character qualities (virtues) of the firm that produced them We draw on Heidegger’s fuller account of aesthetic value to show how a firm—like a work of art – can disclose the way human projects and technologies are already at work in a given context. In this way, we show that firms play an essential role in human self-understanding—a role that Heidegger assigns primarily to works of art. We then apply the Heideggerian approach to the contemporary turn to artisanal products such as personalized handcrafts, craft beer and the “third wave” coffee movement.
Cleavage of carbene-stabilized disilicon.

Reaction of carbene-stabilized disilicon L:Si═Si:L (L: = :C{N(2,6-Pri2C6H3)CH}2, 1) with BH3·THF results in facile cleavage of the silicon–silicon double bond and the formation of two quite different “push–pull” stabilized products with borane- and carbene-coordinated silylene moieties: 2, containing a parent silylene (:SiH2); and 3, containing a unique three-membered cyclosilylene.
SENSITIVITY STUDIES IN OPTIMUM RELIABILITY-BASED DESIGN OF PLASTIC STRUCTURES

The paper attempts to establish the connection between structural reliabi 1 ity and structural optimization for the particular case of plastic structures. Along this line, the paper outlines a reliability-base d optimization approach to design plastic structures with uncertain interdependent strengths and acted on by random interdependent 1 oads. The importance of such interdependencie s, and of some of the other statistical parameters u sed as input data in probabilistic computations, is demonstrated by several examples of sensi
Some properties of the nitrogenase proteins from Clostridium pasteurianum. Molecular weight, subunit structure, isoelectric point and EPR spectra.

1. Properties of the purified nitrogenase proteins fromClostridium pasteurianum were studied. The MoFe protein has a molecular weight of about 210000 as measured by gel filtration; glycerol gradient centrifugation indicated 201000±10500. Electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) gel indicates that it is composed of two 60000 and two 51000 subunits. 2. The molecular weight of the Fe protein was estimated by gel filtration to be 56000; it contains two subunits of 27500. 3. The isoelectric points of the MoFe and Fe proteins are 5.0 and 4.6, respectively as estimated by gel isoelectrofocusing. 4. EPR spectra showed that ferricyanide can reversibly oxidize the isolated MoFe protein to a superoxidized form. 5. The paramagnetic center of the Fe protein changes type when titrated with MgATP. The percentages of the Fe protein as the MgATP complex at various molar ratios of MgATP/Fe protein have been calculated.
Libraries as Content Producers: How Library Publishing Services Address the Reading Experience

This study establishes baseline information about the ways library publishing services integrate user studies of their readers, as well as common barriers to doing so. The Library Publishing Coalition defines library publishing as “the set of activities led by college and university libraries to support the creation, dissemination, and curation of scholarly, creative, and/or educational works.” This area includes traditional as well as novel publication types. Results suggest that discussions of library publishing underrepresent engagement with readers but that ample room for increased attention remains. Existing reader-related efforts vary widely and may in some cases be happenstance. These efforts also face key barriers in lack of prioritization, lack of expertise, and lack of control of out-of-the-box platforms.
Directed Assembly of Single Wall Carbon Nanotube Field Effect Transistors

The outstanding electronic properties of single wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) have made them prime candidates for future nanoelectronics technologies. One of the main obstacles to the implementation of advanced SWCNT electronics to date is the inability to arrange them in a manner suitable for complex circuits. Directed assembly of SWCNT segments onto lithographically patterned and chemically functionalized substrates is a promising way to organize SWCNTs in topologies that are amenable to integration for advanced applications, but the placement and orientational control required have not yet been demonstrated. We have developed a technique for assembling length sorted and chirality monodisperse DNA-wrapped SWCNT segments on hydrophilic lines patterned on a passivated oxidized silicon substrate. Placement of individual SWCNT segments at predetermined locations was achieved with nanometer accuracy. Three terminal electronic devices, consisting of a single SWCNT segment placed either beneath or on top of m...
Redox changes in cat brain cytochrome-c oxidase after blood-fluorocarbon exchange

Rapid scanning near-infrared spectroscopy (730-960 nm) was utilized to determine cat brain cytochrome-c oxidase copper band by blood-perfluorochemical emulsion (Oxypherol) exchange. Spectra were carried out before, during, and after the exchange transfusion on animals with preserved somatosensory-evoked potentials and microsphere-determined cerebral blood flow. Remaining hemoglobin (less than 4% of control) was converted to carboxyhemoglobin that does not absorb in this spectral region. Difference spectra, between an hypercapnic status (8% CO2-92% O2) and postmortem, demonstrated the presence of a broad absorption band centered around 820-845 nm that could be attributed to the oxidized low potential copper ion (CuA) of cytochrome-c oxidase. However, we were unable to further oxidize this band by adding CO2 to the inspired gas mixture, but this inconsistency may be due to the near-maximal cerebral blood flow levels present in this preparation. Cytochrome oxidation by CO2 is normally attributed to increased O2 delivery to the tissue, secondary to an increased cerebral perfusion. We were unable to induce further increases in cerebral blood flow. In contrast, the cytochrome band could be reduced both by lowering fractional O2 concentration and by inducing circulatory arrest. The spectral data support the hypothesis that it is possible to quantify the cytochrome-c oxidase copper band in the near-infrared spectral region.
Acoustic rhinometry predicts tolerance of nasal continuous positive airway pressure: a pilot study

Background Nasal continuous positive airway pressure (nCPAP) is usually the first-line intervention for obstructive sleep apnea, but up to 50% of patients are unable to tolerate therapy because of discomfort-usually nasal complaints. No factors have been definitively correlated with nCPAP tolerance, although nasal cross-sectional area has been correlated with the level of CPAP pressure, and nasal surgery improves nCPAP compliance. This study examined the relationship between nasal cross-sectional area and nCPAP tolerance. Methods We performed acoustic rhinometry on 34 obstructive sleep apnea patients at the time of the initial sleep study. Patients titrated to nCPAP were interviewed 18 months after starting therapy to determine CPAP tolerance. Demographic, polysomnographic, and nasal cross-sectional area data were compared between CPAP-tolerant and -intolerant patients. Results Between 13 tolerant and 12 intolerant patients, there were no significant differences in age, gender, body mass index, CPAP level, respiratory disturbance index, or subjective nasal obstruction. Cross-sectional area at the inferior turbinate differed significantly between the two groups (p = 0.03). This remained significant after multivariate analysis for possibly confounding variables. A cross-sectional area cutoff of 0.6 cm2 at the head of the inferior turbinate carried a sensitivity of 75% and specificity of 77% for CPAP intolerance in this patient group. Conclusion Nasal airway obstruction correlated with CPAP tolerance, supporting an important role for the nose in CPAP, and providing a physiological basis for improved CPAP compliance after nasal surgery. Objective nasal evaluation, but not the subjective report of nasal obstruction, may be helpful in the management of these patients.
The role of the inflammasome in patients with autoinflammatory diseases

Autoinflammatory diseases are disorders of the innate immune system, characterized by systemic inflammation often driven by inflammasomes, and independent of infection and autoreactive antibodies or antigen-specific T cells. These diseases are increasingly recognized as disorders of immune dysregulation, presenting with a constellation of fevers, rashes, and mucosal symptoms in many cases, which suggests that the allergist/immunologist is the appropriate specialist for these patients. However, many practicing physicians are unaware of these disorders in their pediatric and adult patient populations, leading to substantial delays in diagnosis. Recognizing autoinflammatory disease symptom patterns, performing appropriate diagnostic tests, and instituting early effective therapy are essential to reduce morbidity and mortality in these patients. This review will focus on understanding the molecular basis of inflammasomes, recognizing the distinguishing features of the classic autoinflammatory disorders, and appreciating the treatment modalities available.
Cumulative Abnormal Returns or Structural Change Tests

In this chapter, it is shown that if the impact of event(s) is considered as permanent, the cumulative abnormal return statistics in event studies coincides with the CUSUM statistics in the tests for parameter changes of regressions such as market models. Namely, the applications for the tests on abnormal returns are closely related with the model specification of normal returns, especially with the regression models assumed for the normal (expected) returns. If the statistical approach is reterospective (where the studies of interest are to identify the possible (permanent) change in parameters within the given history of stock returns), and if the presumed initial date for event window is the correct time period where parameter changes, the hypotheses testings of the conventional CARs and CUSUM statistics are almost identical except for the asymptotic distributions applied. The CARs tests apply the (asymptotic) normality, while CUSUM tests are based on Brownian motion or Brownian bridge.
Combined finned microgap with dedicated extreme-microgap hotspot flow for high performance thermal management

There are a number of emerging electronic applications that are thermally limited and may exhibit high overall power dissipation (“background”) combined with local very high power fluxes (“hotspot”). We have batch fabricated a microfluidic heat sink specifically designed to address both levels of heat removal. A microgap for hotspot cooling and micropin-fins are sequentially deep etched in a silicon substrate. The combined microfluidic heat sink is sealed by bonding another layer of silicon to the substrate. The coolant is injected into the combined heat sink from two distinct ports to dissipate the generated heat by micro-heaters. These micro-heaters emulate hotspot and background heat generation by active circuits as well as enable chip junction temperature measurement. Mechanical modeling is conducted to verify the reliability of the design and assess limits on the operating pressure of the fabricated system.
A Multi-robot Control Policy for Information Gathering in the Presence of Unknown Hazards

This paper addresses the problem of deploying a network of robots to gather information in an environment, where the environment is hazardous to the robots. This may mean that there are adversarial agents in the environment trying to disable the robots, or that some regions of the environment tend to make the robots fail, for example due to radiation, fire, adverse weather, or caustic chemicals. A probabilistic model of the environment is formulated, under which recursive Bayesian filters are used to estimate the environment events and hazards online. The robots must control their positions both to avoid sensor failures and to provide useful sensor information by following the analytical gradient of mutual information computed using these online estimates. Mutual information is shown to combine the competing incentives of avoiding failure and collecting informative measurements under a common objective. Simulations demonstrate the performance of the algorithm.
STOP-BANG Questionnaire to Screen Sleep-Disordered Breathing for Football Players: Methodological Validity-Reply.

In reply: On behalf of my co-authors, I thank Dr Kawada for comments on our recent paper.[1][1] We do not dispute his principle points, which are that (1) the STOP-BANG questionnaire was prepared for the general population and therefore would not be appropriate to screen athletes with muscularity
Current Challenges and Future Needs in Biomaterials and Devices for Bone Disorders

Abstract We wanted to write this short final chapter on current challenges and future needs in biomaterials and devices for bone disorders based on our perspective after working in the field for over 15 years. Our idea is not to repeat topics that have already been covered in the book with significant details, but to reiterate some of the most important challenges in the biomaterials research toward bone disorders. As indicated before, the biomaterials field is very dynamic, interdisciplinary, and almost every day some forms of new discoveries are being made by researchers around the world. During the past three decades, interest in biomaterials has grown at a very rapid rate to solve a variety of clinical challenges. Unlike Chapter 1, Introduction to Biomaterials and Devices for Bone Disorders, in which we have briefly discussed mature areas of biomaterials, in this chapter we have outlined some of the areas where future developments are likely to happen to reduce healing time and enhance patient comfort. We hope that this chapter helps readers to understand various long-standing issues in bone disorders that are still waiting to be solved, and instigate new ideas for the next generations of devices and treatment options.
Seeing with bosons

Measuring the intensity of light after it has been transmitted or reflected forms the basis of most imaging techniques. It might therefore seem to be of little practical consequence whether we describe light classically in terms of an electromagnetic wave or quantum mechanically as a stream of photons. Now, however, a team at Boston University has harnessed the wave–particle duality of light to improve microscopic imaging in biomedicine.
Direct Integration of Individually Controlled Emissive Pixels Into Knit Fabric for Fabric-Based Dynamic Display

The creation of fabrics capable of dynamically communicating information would have a great impact on future smart fabric technologies for applications ranging from fashion and entertainment to biomedical monitoring. Typically, state-of-the-art displays are fabricated onto flexible substrates and then mounted onto textiles. However, recent progress in fabricating electroluminescent (EL) fiber-shaped devices that can be directly integrated into knitted and woven structure has unlocked new opportunities for developing fabric-integrated displays. Here, a novel method of directly integrating an EL system into a network of fibers to create a dynamic knit display is presented. A 4-pixel prototype with individually controllable pixels disposed within a knitted fabric matrix is demonstrated. The control system and structure of isolated pixels in the knit fabric matrix are explained. Important display features based on the prototype performance that demonstrate the current and future potential of this structure are reported.
What Are People’s Lay Theories About Mind Wandering and How Do Those Beliefs Affect Them?

Many of the thoughts that pass through our minds are unrelated to our current activity or environment. The mind simply wanders, often spontaneously and without intention. Over the last couple of decades, much progress has been made in getting a better scientific understanding of the causes and consequences of such spontaneous stimulus-unrelated thoughts, or mind wandering, but only very recently have studies started to examine people’s lay theories about these thoughts. This chapter gives an overview of the current state of this research. First, we discuss lay theories about the frequency and importance of spontaneous stimulus-unrelated thoughts. We then review recent evidence suggesting that the extent to which people believe that their tendency to mind wander is controllable or outside their control affects how much they actually mind wander. We will also draw on clinical research addressing the aspect of controllability in the context of intrusive thoughts, which, while common among healthy individuals, are also a hallmark feature of a range of mental disorders. We examine the role lay theories about intrusive thoughts play in the development and maintenance of these disorders. Finally, we discuss ways in which it may be possible to change people’s lay theories about spontaneous stimulus-unrelated thoughts in adaptive ways.
Longitudinal Modeling Approaches to Assess the Association Between Changes in 2 Clinical Outcome Assessments.

Understanding how one clinical outcome assessment (COA) (eg, a patient-reported outcome [PRO]) relates to a second COA (eg, a clinician-reported outcome [ClinRO]) may provide insights into disease burden or treatment efficacy. We aimed to briefly review commonly used cross-sectional methods to evaluate the association between a PRO and a ClinRO and to demonstrate the advantages of longitudinal modeling approaches, particularly a joint mixed model for repeated measures (MMRM), to evaluate this association. We generated an example longitudinal data set that included a PRO measured on an 11-point numeric rating scale and a binary ClinRO. The association between change in PRO score and ClinRO response at each time point was examined using 2 cross-sectional analyses: point biserial correlation and logistic regression. We conducted longitudinal analyses of the association between the 2 COAs across time points using MMRM and joint MMRM approaches. Point-biserial correlation and logistic regression analyses correctly captured the “built in” associations between the 2 COAs that strengthened over time, but each association was applicable only for a single time point. The MMRM approach provided correlations over time but only for a single outcome variable. The joint MMRM approach modeled the relationship between both outcome variables simultaneously, allowing for evaluation of the correlations both within and between the variables over time. Each analysis demonstrated the relationship between PRO score changes and ClinRO response. Longitudinal analysis methods, particularly the joint MMRM, allow for a more thorough examination of the correlations among the 2 outcomes than cross-sectional analysis methods.
Weight bearing cone beam CT scan versus gravity stress radiography for analysis of supination external rotation injuries of the ankle.

Abstract: For AO 44-B2 ankle fractures of uncertain stability, the current diagnostic standard is to obtain a gravity stress radiograph, but some have advocated for the use of weight-bearing radiographs. The primary aim was to compare measures of medial clear space (MCS) on weight-bearing cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans versus gravity stress radiographs for determining the state of stability of ankle fractures classified as AO SER 44-B2 or Weber B. The secondary aim was to evaluate the details offered by CBCT scans with respect to other findings that may be relevant to patient care. Nine patients were enrolled in this cross-sectional study between April 2016 and February 2017 if they had an AO SER 44-B2 fracture of uncertain stability, had a gravity stress radiograph, and were able to undergo CT scan within seven days. The width of the MCS was measured at the level of the talar dome on all radiographs and at the mid coronal slice on CT. Wilcoxon signed-ranks tests were used to compare MCS between initial radiographs, gravity stress radiographs and weight-bearing CBCT scans. MCS on weight-bearing CBCT scan (1.41±0.41 mm) was significantly less than standard radiographs (3.28±1.63 mm, P=0.004) and gravity stress radiographs (5.82±1.93 mm, P=0.02). There was no statistically significant difference in MCS measured on standard radiographs versus gravity stress radiographs (P=0.11). Detailed review of the multiplanar CT images revealed less than perfect anatomical reduction of the fractures, with residual fibular shortening, posterior displacement, and fracture fragments in the incisura as typical findings. Similar to weight-bearing radiographs, weight-bearing CBCT scan can predict stability of AO 44-B2 ankle fractures by showing restoration of the MCS, and might be used to indicate patients for non-operative treatment. None of the fractures imaged in this study were perfectly reduced however, and further clinical research is necessary to determine if any of the detailed weight-bearing CBCT findings are related to patient outcomes.
Securing interconnected PUF network with reconfigurability

Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) are known for their unclonability and light-weight design. Recent advancement in technology has significantly compromised the security of PUFs. Machine learning-based attacks have been proven to be able to construct numerical models that predict various types of PUFs with high accuracy with a small set of challenge-response pairs (CRPs). To address the problem, we present a reconfigurable interconnected PUF network (IPN) design that significantly strengthens the security and unclonability of strong PUFs. While the IPN structure itself provides high resilience against modeling attacks, the reconfiguration mechanism remaps the input-output mapping before an attacker could collect sufficient CRPs. Experimental results show that all tested state-of-the-art machine learning attack methods have prediction accuracy of around 50% on a single bit output of a reconfigurable IPN.
TIEBOUT IN THE COUNTRYThe Inevitable Politics of Rural School Consolidation

This article explains why school consolidation issues are especially difficult in rural America. Consolidation is most appropriate when adjacent districts have similar preferences for taxation and spending on schools. In that case, economies of scale can be reaped without interfering much with resident preferences on taxes and school quality. In urban areas, residents signal these preferences by moving into (or out of) school districts that match their preferences, a process known as Tiebout sorting. As a result, school consolidation decisions can be based on good information about resident preferences. The basic claim of this article is that Tiebout sorting works much less well in rural areas for a variety of reasons. This means that consolidation decisions are based on thinner information; consequently, school consolidation is more contentious and "political" in rural America. The article then argues that, given this situation, a Legislature interested in exploring rural school consolidation would do well to consider using legal and political processes that would enhance the ability of residents to express and record their preferences. Newer forms of political engagement that call on modern technology are available to do this and they may be effective in this context given the size and level of interest of the groups involved.
Addition of aliphatic amines to montmorillonite to improve its adsorption capacity for organic pollutants in aqueous solution

Adsorption is one of the prominent separation techniques used in the treatment of wastewaters containing soluble organics. Activated carbon has been employed almost exclusively in adsorbing the 129 "priority pollutants", as defined by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), from water and wastewater. Synthetic resins have recently begun to receive attention, but are derived from energy related sources, as is activated carbon. A few clays have been considered for use as adsorbents, but in nearly all cases the clays were used in their natural state. This research has explored the addition of the chloride salts of propylamine, dodecylamine, and dodecyldiamine to sodium montmorillonite (a smectite) in an attempt to im­ prove its adsorptive capacity for removing organics from water and waste­ water. X-ray diffraction analysis, differential thermal and thermogravimetric analyses, infrared spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy, were used to determine the interaction between montmorillonite and the alkylammonium salts. Replacement of exchangeable cations on the interlamellar surface of montmorillonite with alkylammonium ions has been shown by several researchers to permit ready intercalation of a wide variety of polar and nonpolar organic species. Adsorption isotherms con­ ducted with acetaldehyde, acetone, benzene, butanol, chloroform, dimethyIphthalate, hexanol, nitrobenzene, octanol, phenol, and toluene as the solutes showed some indication of intercalation of these eleven organic compounds. Intercalation of these compounds at low organic solution con­ centrations, 100 and 1,000 milligrams per liter, was found within the
Toxicity following concurrent intrathecal and moderate-dose intravenous methotrexate

To evaluate factors predisposing children with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma to toxicity from moderate dose methotrexate (MTX) (300 mg/m2 per 4 hours), we reviewed the medical records of 15 patients treated at our institution according to two similar protocols. Five patients experienced hyperemesis and/or severe mucositis. In two of these patients, pharmacokinetic analysis demonstrated delayed terminal excretion of methotrexate with a half-life of 3-3.5 days, compared to a previously reported t1/2 of 8-15 hours in subjects with normal clearance. All affected patients were large (body surface area 1.6-1.9 m2), and MTX toxicity was seen only during courses where intravenous MTX was given concurrently with intrathecal MTX. Four patients also received simultaneous prophylactic doses of oral trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (trimethoprim 5 mg/kg per day). We recommend that, in protocol design, consideration be given to avoiding concurrent use of intravenous and intrathecal MTX, and possibly trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Where high doses of MTX are given based on large body surface area, urine alkalinization may be indicated.
Effects of combined brief etomidate anesthesia and postnatal stress on amygdala expression of Cl- cotransporters and corticotropin-releasing hormone and alcohol intake in adult rats.

Abstract Early life stressors, including general anesthesia, can have adverse effects on adult neural and behavioral outcomes, such as disruptions in inhibitory signaling, stress responsivity and increased risk of psychiatric disorders. Here we used a rat model to determine the effects of combined exposure to etomidate (ET) neonatal anesthesia and maternal separation on adult amygdala expression of genes for corticotropin-releasing hormone (Crh) and the chloride co-transporters Nkcc1 and Kcc2, as well as ethanol intake. Male and female Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to 2 h of ET anesthesia on postnatal days (P) 4, 5, or 6 followed by maternal separation for 3 h on P10 (ET + SEP). During the P91-P120 period rats had daily 2 h access to three 0.05% saccharin solutions containing 0%, 5%, or 10% ethanol, followed by gene expression analyses. The ET + SEP group had increased Crh mRNA levels and Nkcc1/Kcc2 mRNA ratios in the amygdala, with greater increases in Nkcc1/Kcc2 mRNA ratios in males. A moderate increase in 5% ethanol intake was evident in the ET + SEP males, but not females, after calculation of the ratio of alcohol intake between the last week and first week of exposure. In contrast, control males tended to decrease alcohol consumption during the same period. A brief exposure to ET combined with a subsequent episode of stress early in life induced significant alterations in expression of amygdala Crh, Nkcc1 and Kcc2 with greater changes in the Cl− transporter expression in males. The possibility of increased alcohol intake in the exposed males requires further confirmation using different alcohol intake paradigms.
Diffusion Tensor Imaging in Athletes Sustaining Repetitive Head Impacts: A Systematic Review of Prospective Studies

Abstract Competitive sport participation, in contact and collision sports, exposes athletes to repetitive head impacts. Although these impacts do not always result in overt symptomology or a diagno...
Readiness to Perform Aerobic Activity in Adults With Obesity: A Thematic Analysis of Online Surveys.

ABSTRACTFlexible nonlinear periodization (FNLP) was designed to optimize sport-specific resistance training by matching bout demand to pre-exercise mental and physical states (“readiness to train”)...
Bayesian network model for quality control with categorical attribute data

Abstract A Bayesian network is developed to monitor a production process where categorical attribute data are available. The number of sample items in each category is entered each time period, allowing the revised probability that the system is in-control or in one of multiple out-of-control states to be calculated. In contrast to other Bayesian methods, qualitative knowledge can be combined with sample data. The network permits the classification of the system into more than two states, so diagnostic analysis can be performed simultaneously with inference. The system state can be updated to reflect evidence on variables that complements the sample data.
Teaching self-efficacy of graduate student instructors: Exploring faculty motivation, perceptions of autonomy support, and undergraduate student engagement

Abstract In the U.S., graduate student instructors teach a substantial percentage of undergraduate courses. Teaching motivation is an important predictor of high-quality teaching; thus, understanding the motivations and beliefs of graduate student instructors is essential for undergraduate student success. Graduate students also form the pool from which faculty members are selected, so the trajectories of emerging faculty are often set during these formative teaching experiences. Our study explored antecedents of teaching self-efficacy for 98 graduate student instructors from STEM, humanities, and social science disciplines. We found that the number of semesters completed in graduate school and being in a non-STEM field were positively associated with teaching self-efficacy for instructional approaches and teaching self-efficacy for learning environment, respectively. Additionally, we found that teaching self-efficacy along with autonomy-supportive instruction was positively related to undergraduates’ classroom engagement (n = 2623). Relations between perceptions of autonomy-support and classroom engagement were moderated by teaching self-efficacy; this moderation was more pronounced for STEM contexts. Implications for research and practice are discussed.
A Multilayer Collaborative Defense Model Design for Power Dispatching Data Network

With the rapid development of smart grid, the scale and business application of power dispatching data network are gradually expanding, and the security threats are increasing. Combining with the network structure and the problems faced, this paper proposes a multilayer collaborative defense model design idea, and gives a complete set of implementation method from the perspective of model structure, function and mechanism. The design combines the concept of autonomous defense in the local domain and collaborative defense with the cross-domain, achieving rapid response and disposal of security threats, improving security risk monitoring and overall defense capabilities.
The I131-triolein Absorption Test

1. The I131-triolein absorption test is discussed in relation to other methods for studying absorption. A standard procedure using a milk emulsion is described.
Grisel’s syndrome: A rare cause of torticollis with subluxation of the atlantoaxial joint secondary to a retropharyngeal abscess

Abstract Background Atraumatic rotary subluxation of the atlantoaxial joint (Grisel’s syndrome) is a rare cause of torticollis. Although rare, prompt recognition and treatment of this disorder is essential in preventing permanent deformity. Case presentation A 4-year-old female with no significant past medical history presented to the emergency department (ED) after an outpatient positive streptococcus test with intermittent subjective fevers for one week. In the ED, the patient had a temperature of 103.0 F and was found to have a leukocytosis of 26,700 K/UL with a leftward shift of neutrophils. Initial radiograph of the neck found asymmetric soft tissue fullness and increased opacity in the right upper and mid cervical neck. Subsequently, contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) of the soft tissues of the neck found a right-sided retropharyngeal abscess measuring 1.5 cm. It was located medial to the carotid space with surrounding edema, inflammation, and fluid tracking inferiorly along the prevertebral soft tissues. There was associated lateral displacement of the right cervical internal carotid artery and jugular veins with regional stenosis. Additionally, there was atlantoaxial subluxation of C1 on C2. The patient was medically managed with intravenous antibiotics. The patient received dexamethasone for the edema and was admitted as an inpatient. She subsequently improved and had an uneventful hospital course with discharge to home. Conclusions Grisel’s syndrome is an infrequent diagnosis, which is seen with atlantoaxial rotary subluxation accompanying infection or recent otolaryngolic surgery. Diagnosis typically requires cross-sectional imaging, often with CT. Without treatment with reduction and immobilization, there can be permanent fixed deformity.
FRI0233 Low back pain from “the joint and bone decade perspective”

Background Low back pain (LBP) is a common health problem yet it still raises controversies about rationales for appropriate and cost effective management. LBP burden is reported to be higher in developing compared to developed countries in the absence of an adequate work leave compensation system. Objectives Estimate LBP prevalence, assess risk factors and evaluate the impact in term of work leave. Methods Three observational studies were conducted between 1997 and 1999. The first was population based on a random sample of 1035 adults asked to report on LBP over the past week. The second was conducted among nursing profession looking at LBP occurrence fever the past month in a sample of 633 subjects. The third was in an occupational setting addressing past history of LBP and included 201 individuals. Results Among adults, prevalence of LBP at any given day was 13.1 (CI:11.0–14.2). Mean age is 41.8(SD:16.3) and M/F ratio is 0.7. A history of trauma was recorded by 13.2% (7.5–18.9) of LBP cases. Among nurses, 54% had experienced LBP over the past month. Handling patients was related to LBP by 60% (CI:55–65) of nurses. In an occupational setting, heavy workload is associated with higher frequency of LBP. 30.7% of those seeking medical care were offered a sick leave. Conclusion At any given day,13.1% (CI: 11.0–14.2) of adult population would report acute LBP. Workload is related to LBP occurrence. Sick leave is commonly prescribed for LBP.
Univ. of California at Berkeley’s Synthesis System

The University of California at Berkeley’s synthesis system includes transformations, scheduling and data path synthesis.
The Supersecretary in Chief

The President often makes binding decisions using authority that statutes delegate to another federal officer. I dub the President in this capacity the Supersecretary in Chief. Presidents Obama and Trump, for example, dictated environmental and immigration policies even though federal statutes assign such decisions to other officers. Unitary executive theory accepts this practice on the premise that the Constitution vests all executive power in the President. Hence, the President may act in place of any officer in the executive branch. When acting as Supersecretary in Chief, however, the President does not engage the procedures that statutes require of statutorily designated officers and does not face the same scope of judicial review. Therefore, the President acting as Supersecretary in Chief inappropriately shifts the balance of powers between the three branches of government. The President should not be permitted to act as Supersecretary in Chief. In the absence of action to rein in the Supersecretary in Chief, the Administrative Procedure Act presents a second-best alternative. Applying the Act to the Supersecretary in Chief would partially restore the balance of powers and advance the Act’s normative goals.
Racism and Resistance: A Qualitative Study of Bias As a Barrier to Breastfeeding

Background: Nearly 75% of Black non-Hispanic babies born in 2016 ever breastfed. However, Black mothers still experience barriers to breastfeeding, perpetuating disparities in exclusivity and durat...