cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Color naming across languages reflects color use

What determines how languages categorize colors? We analyzed results of the World Color Survey (WCS) of 110 languages to show that despite gross differences across languages, communication of chromatic chips is always better for warm colors (yellows/reds) than cool colors (blues/greens). We present an analysis of color statistics in a large databank of natural images curated by human observers for salient objects and show that objects tend to have warm rather than cool colors. These results suggest that the cross-linguistic similarity in color-naming efficiency reflects colors of universal usefulness and provide an account of a principle (color use) that governs how color categories come about. We show that potential methodological issues with the WCS do not corrupt information-theoretic analyses, by collecting original data using two extreme versions of the color-naming task, in three groups: the Tsimane', a remote Amazonian hunter-gatherer isolate; Bolivian-Spanish speakers; and English speakers. These data also enabled us to test another prediction of the color-usefulness hypothesis: that differences in color categorization between languages are caused by differences in overall usefulness of color to a culture. In support, we found that color naming among Tsimane' had relatively low communicative efficiency, and the Tsimane' were less likely to use color terms when describing familiar objects. Color-naming among Tsimane' was boosted when naming artificially colored objects compared with natural objects, suggesting that industrialization promotes color usefulness.
Cultural Issues in Medication Adherence: Disparities and Directions

Adherence to medications is dependent upon a variety of factors, including individual characteristics of the patient, the patient’s family and culture, interactions with healthcare providers, and the healthcare system itself. Because of its association with worse outcomes, poor medication adherence is considered a potential contributor to disparities in health outcomes observed for various conditions across racial and ethnic groups. While there are no simple answers, it is clear that patient, provider, cultural, historical, and healthcare system factors all play a role in patterns of medication use. Here, we provide an overview of the interface between culture and medication adherence for chronic conditions; discuss medication adherence in the context of observed health disparities; provide examples of cultural issues in medication adherence at the individual, family, and healthcare system/provider level; review potential interventions to address cultural issues in medication use; and provide recommendations for future work.
Cascaded PID temperature controller for FOPDT model of shell-and-tube heat exchanger based on Matlab/Simulink

Cascade control is one of the most successful methods for improving single loop control performance. This control can stabilize the system, minimalize both of oscillation and integral error of interference in manipulation variables. Cascade control structure consists of two controllers where loop feedback in the loop feedback. This research takes a case on original shell-and-tube heat exchanger and simulated using Matlab/Simulink. Cascade control is used to stabilize outlet temperature even there is interference. Shell-and-tube heat exchanger is modeled using first order plus delay time (FOPDT). The type of controller is used PID standard with Ziegler-Nichols tuning method. Performance of cascade control is tested by providing inlet fluid flow disturbance. The experiment got the best performance on PI control (secondary controller) with parameter of Kp and Ti worth 1.375 and 2. PI control produces smallest IAE amount 34.57. Test control of cascade (primary controller) obtained a result that control of PID produces the best response. PID control with parameter values Kp, Ti, and Td of 2.85, 53.06 and 13.265 gave the smallest IAE of 601.54 and the fastest rise time of 121.5 seconds. From this research, it is concluded that the shell-and-tube heat exchanger system can use cascade control to regulate the temperature stably even with an unstable fluid flow.
Akt activation improves microregional oxygen supply/consumption balance after cerebral ischemia-reperfusion.

There have been reports that activation of Akt may provide neuroprotection after cerebral ischemia-reperfusion. We tested the hypothesis that activation of Akt would decrease infarct size and improve microregional O2 supply/consumption balance after cerebral ischemia-reperfusion. This hypothesis was tested in isoflurane-anesthetized rats with middle cerebral artery blockade for 1 h and reperfusion for 2 h with or without SC-79 (Akt activator, 0.05 mg/kg, three doses). Regional cerebral blood flow was determined using a C14-iodoantipyrine autoradiographic technique. Regional small vessel (20-60 μm diameter) arterial and venous oxygen saturations were determined microspectrophotometrically. Akt phosphorylation was determined by Western blot. There were no significant hemodynamic or blood gas differences between groups. The control ischemic-reperfused cortex had a similar O2 consumption, but lower blood flow and higher O2 extraction compared to the contralateral cortex. However, microregional O2 supply/consumption balance was significantly reduced in the ischemic-reperfused cortex with many areas of low O2 saturation (42 of 80 veins with O2 saturation below 50%). SC-79 did not significantly affect cerebral O2 consumption, but significantly improved O2 supply/consumption balance in the reperfused area (18 of 80 veins with O2 saturation below 50%). This was associated with a reduced cortical infarct size (13.3 ± 0.5% control vs 6.7 ± 0.3% SC-79). In control, Akt phosphorylation was elevated at 2 h after ischemia. With SC-79, Akt was activated at 15 min but not at 2 h in the ischemic reperfused area. These results suggest that early Akt activation is important for not only cell survival, but also for the control of local oxygen balance after cerebral ischemia-reperfusion.
Best Practices in School Mental Health for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Framework for Intervention

Children with ADHD comprise one of the most common groups requiring supports from school mental health providers, yet current school structures and special education policies are not optimally situated to support and adapt to the inconsistent behaviors that are the hallmark of children with ADHD. The present paper reviews and synthesizes contemporary evidence-based reviews for school mental health interventions for children with ADHD across the preschool, elementary, and middle/high school levels to provide an overview of recommendations for best practice for school mental health practitioners. The preponderance of evidence across meta-analyses, systematic reviews, and practice guidelines support classroom contingency management strategies, with emerging evidence supporting training in organizational skills and homework supports. Behavioral parent training is also a supported intervention, but relatively few attempts have been made to evaluate it when integrated into school environments. A comprehensive, integrated approach for treating ADHD in school settings across universal, targeted, and indicated tiers is presented, providing an initial outline of a framework for school mental health treatment that could be utilized by school mental health practitioners.
Learnability and Models of Decision Making under Uncertainty

We study whether some of the most important models of decision-making under uncertainty are uniformly learnable, in the sense of PAC (probably approximately correct) learnability. Many studies in economics rely on Savage's model of (subjective) expected utility. The expected utility model is known to predict behavior that runs counter to how many agents actually make decisions (the contradiction usually takes the form of agents' choices in the Ellsberg paradox). As a consequence, economists have developed models of choice under uncertainty that seek to generalize the basic expected utility model. The resulting models are more general and therefore more flexible, and more prone to overfitting. The purpose of our paper is to understand this added flexibility better. We focus on the classical expected utility (EU) model, and its two most important generalizations: Choquet expected utility (CEU) and Max-min Expected Utility (MEU).Our setting involves an analyst whose task is to estimate or learn an agent's preference based on data available on the agent's choices. A model of preferences is PAC learnable if the analyst can construct a learning rule to precisely learn the agent's preference with enough data. When a model is not learnable we interpret it as the model being susceptible to overfitting. PAC learnability is known to be characterized by the model's VC dimension: thus our paper takes the form of a study of the VC dimension of economic models of choice under uncertainty. We show that EU and CEU have finite VC dimension, and are consequently learnable. Morever, the sample complexity of the former is linear, and of the latter is exponential, in the number of states of uncertainty. The MEU model is learnable when there are two states but is not learnable when there are at least three states, in which case the VC dimension is infinite. Our results also exhibit a close relationship between learnability and the underlying axioms which characterise the model.
Cutaneous thrombogenic vasculopathy associated with bevacizumab therapy

Bevacizumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody against vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), is an angiogenesis inhibitor used to treat a variety of cancers, including lung, colon, cervical, ovarian, and renal cancers as well as glioblastoma. A significant adverse effect associated with its use is one of thromboembolic events. We report a case of a 74-year-old male with diagnosis of glioblastoma multiforme treated with partial resection, radiation, temozolomide, and bevacizumab. He presented to a plastic surgeon with a several week history of asymptomatic crusted hemorrhagic ulcers and purpuric patches on the lower legs shortly following the initiation of bevacizumab. A biopsy showed an occlusive pauci-inflammatory thrombogenic vasculopathy associated with ischemic epidermal and dermal changes and accompanied by extensive vascular C5b-9 (complement C5b-9 membrane attack complex) deposition. Bevacizumab has been associated with thrombotic complications including atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome and arterial and venous thrombosis. C5b-9 may be the factor most important in the mechanism of vascular thrombosis given the extent of deposition in our index case. Thrombotic events in the skin associated with bevacizumab therapy are without precedent and dermatologists should be aware of this potential complication.
rocket temperature and wind sensors for synoptic observations

A comparative study is made of various rocket instrumentation and sensing techniques for collecting stratospheric wind and temperature data. The rocketsondes employed in synoptic studies in general use the spherical bead thermistor as the temperature sensing element. Different designs of sensors were launched in close proximity, and results agree within 3C. Different parachute configurations and chaff are compared for their ability to sense winds. In most cases, wind velocities agree within reason (5 m sec−1) among the different types of sensors. The major corrections that are applied to wind and temperature data are discussed. The corrections are small (less than 2° and 10 mps) below 50 km but increase with height and in some extreme cases can reach values of 200 m sec−1 for winds and 11C for temperatures at 60–65 km.
2'3'-cGAMP is an immunotransmitter produced by cancer cells and regulated by ENPP1

Abstract 2’3’-cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP) is characterized as an intracellular second messenger that is synthesized in response to cytosolic dsDNA and activates the innate immune STING pathway. Our previous discovery of its extracellular hydrolase ENPP1 hinted at the existence of extracellular cGAMP. Here, using mass spectrometry, we detected that cGAMP is continuously exported as a soluble factor by an engineered cell line but then efficiently cleared by ENPP1, explaining why it has escaped detection until now. By developing a potent, specific, and cell impermeable ENPP1 inhibitor, we detected cGAMP export in cancer cell lines commonly used for mouse tumor models. In tumors, depletion of extracellular cGAMP using neutralizing proteins decreased tumor-associated dendritic cells. Boosting extracellular cGAMP by genetic knockout and pharmacological inhibition of ENPP1 increased tumor-associated dendritic cells, shrunk tumors, and synergized with ionizing radiation and anti-CTLA-4 to cure tumors. In conclusion, cGAMP is an anti-cancer immunotransmitter released by tumors and detected by host innate immunity.
Delayed Sleeve Gastrectomy Following Liver Transplantation: A 5-Year Experience.

Obesity has become an epidemic in the United States over the past decade, and recent studies have shown this trend in the liver transplantation (LT) population. These patients may be candidates for laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) to promote significant and sustained weight loss to prevent recurrence of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. However, safety remains a concern, and efficacy in this setting is uncertain. A single-institution database from 2014 to 2018 was queried for patients undergoing LSG following LT. The selection criteria for surgery were consistent with National Institutes of Health guidelines, and patients were at least 6 months after LT. A total of 15 patients (median age, 59.0 years; Caucasian, 86.7%; and female, 60%) underwent LSG following LT. Median time from LT to LSG was 2.2 years with a median follow-up period of 2.6 years. The median hospital length of stay (LOS) was 2 days after LSG. Mortality and rate of liver allograft rejection was 0, and there was 1 postoperative complication (a surgical site infection). Following LSG, body mass index (BMI) decreased from 42.7 to 35.9 kg/m2 (P < 0.01), and in 12 patients with at least 1 year of follow-up, the total body weight loss was 20.6%. Following LSG in patients with diabetes, the median daily insulin requirements decreased from 98 (49-118) to 0 (0-29) units/day (P = 0.02), and 60% discontinued insulin. Post-LT patients had a similar decrease in BMI and reduction in comorbidities at 1 year compared with a matched non-LT patient cohort. In the largest patient series to date, we show that LSG following LT is safe, effective, and does not increase the incidence of liver allograft rejection. Larger longer-term studies are needed to confirm underlying metabolic changes following LSG.
National Cultures and Racial Formations: Articulating the Knowledge Cultures of Kłoskowska And Du Bois

One of the most powerful ways in which we can globalize knowledge, and sociology, is to figure ways in which leading intellectual figures within insufficiently articulated knowledge cultures might inform readings of the other’s work. With the recent revivals of Antonina Kloskowska and W.E.B. Du Bois in Polish and US sociology respectively, it is a propitious time to figure the ways in which their scholarship aligns, contrasts, and can mutually transform. In particular, the two are both concerned for how marginalized communities with their associated subjectivities engage dominant cultures, but Kloskowska works within a national/regional frame and Du Bois a global and racial one. Too, Du Bois theorizes from within that marginalized community, with political pointedness, not from outside it or with any attempt to refrain from value judgements. Finally, while Du Bois blends Marxist accounts with a culturally rich account of Blackness and its others, Kloskowska offers a more semiotic and intersubjective hermeneutic view of how various fusions of horizons might also create a more open world. Those who extend Kloskowska’s tradition exemplify that very potential while Du Bois, in his very conditions of existence, made racism’s hardest shell manifest. Figuring exemplars of national and racial leadership might, however, invite powerful figurations of the future, but only when their cultural and political constitutions are made explicit.
Nonseparating spheres and twisted Heegaard Floer homology

If a 3–manifold Y contains a nonseparating sphere, then some twisted Heegaard Floer homology of Y is zero. This simple fact allows us to prove several results about Dehn surgery on knots in such manifolds. Similar results have been proved for knots in L–spaces.
Type-specific impacts of silver on the protein profile of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.).

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are particularly among the widely used nanomaterials in medicine, industry, and agriculture. The small size and large surface area of AgNPs and other nanomaterials result in their high reactivity in biological systems. To better understand the effects of AgNPs on plants at the molecular level, tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) seedlings were exposed to 30 mg/L silver in the form of nanoparticle (AgNPs), ionic (AgNO3), or bulk (Ag0) in 50% Hoagland media for 7 days. The effects of silver on the expression of plant membrane transporters H+-ATPase, vacuolar type H+-ATPase (V-ATPase), and enzymes isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH), and catalase in roots was assessed using RT-qPCR and immunofluorescence-confocal microscopy. We observed significantly higher expression of catalase in plants exposed to AgNPs (Fold of expression 1.1) and AgNO3 (Fold of expression 1.2) than the control group. The immunofluorescence imaging of the proteins confirmed the gene expression data; the expression of the enzyme catalase was upregulated 41, 216, and 770% higher than the control group in plants exposed to AgNPs, Ag0, and AgNO3, respectively. Exposure to AgnO3 resulted in the upregulation (fold of expression 1.2) of H+-ATPase and downregulation (fold of expression 0.7) of V-ATPase. A significant reduction in the expression of the redox-sensitive tricarboxylic cycle (TCA) enzyme mitochondrial IDH was observed in plants exposed to AgNPs (38%), AgNO3 (48%), or Ag0 (77%) compared to the control. This study shows that exposure to silver affects the expression of genes and protein involved in membrane transportation and oxidative response. The ionic form of silver had the most significant effect on the expression of genes and proteins compared to other forms of silver. The results from this study improve our understanding about the molecular effects of different forms of silver on important crop species. Novelty statementSilver nanoparticles released into the environment can be oxidized and be transformed into ionic form. Both the particulate and ionic forms of silver can be taken by plants and affect plants physiological and molecular responses. Despite the extensive research in this area, there is a scarce of information about the effects of silver nanoparticles on the expression of membrane transporters especially H+-ATPase involved in regulating cells' electrochemical charge, and the activity of enzymes involved in oxidative stress responses. This is a unique study that evaluates the expression of cellular proton transporters and enzymes of redox balance and energy metabolisms such as membrane transporters, H+-ATPase, and V-ATPases, and enzymes catalase and IDH. The results provide us valuable information about the impact of silver on plants at the molecular level by evaluating the expression of genes and proteins. Key MessageThe exposure of plants to silver as an environmental stressor affects the expression of genes and proteins involved in maintaining cell's electrochemical gradient (H+-ATPase, V-ATPase) and redox potential (IDH, catalase).
Degradable polymers via olefin metathesis polymerization

Abstract The development of degradable polymers has commanded significant attention over the past half century. Approaches have predominantly relied on ring-opening polymerization of cyclic esters (e.g., lactones, lactides) and N-carboxyanhydrides, as well as radical ring-opening polymerizations of cyclic ketene acetals. In recent years, there has been a significant effort applied to expand the family of degradable polymers accessible via olefin metathesis polymerization. Given the excellent functional group tolerance of olefin metathesis polymerization reactions generally, a broad range of conceivable degradable moieties can be incorporated into appropriate monomers and thus into polymer backbones. This approach has proven particularly versatile in synthesizing a broad spectrum of degradable polymers including poly(ester), poly(amino acid), poly(acetal), poly(carbonate), poly(phosphoester), poly(phosphoramidate), poly(enol ether), poly(azobenzene), poly(disulfide), poly(sulfonate ester), poly(silyl ether), and poly(oxazinone) among others. In this review, we will highlight the main olefin metathesis polymerization strategies that have been used to access degradable polymers, including (i) acyclic diene metathesis polymerization, (ii) entropy-driven and (iii) enthalpy-driven ring-opening metathesis polymerization, as well as (iv) cascade enyne metathesis polymerization. In addition, the livingness or control of polymerization reactions via different strategies are highlighted and compared. Potential applications, challenges and future perspectives of this new library of degradable polyolefins are discussed. It is clear from recent and accelerating developments in this field that olefin metathesis polymerization represents a powerful synthetic tool towards degradable polymers with novel structures and properties inaccessible by other polymerization approaches.
Racing all over the place: A dispersion model of international regulatory competition

There is a large body of literature, both within academic International Relations and in popular discourses, about globalization and regulatory convergence, either through regulatory races to the bottom or the upwards harmonization of regulatory standards. Neither pattern is well supported by empirical findings with respect to industries that can easily move offshore in search of lower regulatory standards. Rather, global patterns of regulation in these industries tend toward dispersion rather than conversion either upward or downward. There is as yet, however, little work in the International Relations literature on how to understand these patterns of global regulatory dispersion, in which states attract offshore business by establishing differentiated regulatory niches. One of the key models of regulatory dispersion in the economics literature was developed by Charles Tiebout in the context of the provision of municipal services, but several International Relations scholars have noted that the assumptions of the model are not appropriate to international regulatory competition. This article develops a model of international regulatory heterogeneity that draws on Tiebout’s, and that describes patterns of regulatory dispersion in industries that engage in international regulatory arbitrage. It explains both specific patterns of dispersion and mechanisms for increasing average regulatory levels over time.
Culture, Cognition, and Intercultural Relations

Na and Chan examine the cultural variations in reasoning style. They highlight the well-documented differences in cognition that paints Easterners as being holistic processors and Westerners being analytic processors. Na and Chan assess this overarching construct by reviewing the cultural differences of attention, attribution, and motivation.
Histology of the Pituitary

In the previous chapter, we examined some characteristics of protein hormones, including those of the pituitary. In this chapter, we concentrate on the tissue structure of the pituitary and the relationship of this gland’s morphology to its secretions.
THE NEUROSCIENCE OF EMOTION AND REASONING IN SOCIAL CONTEXTS: IMPLICATIONS FOR MORAL THEOLOGY

The neuroscience of emotion and its relation to moral action is a critical area of engagement for deepening understanding of faith, rationality, and the passions. Moral philosophies and theologies often examine the function of passion in relation to reason and justification in moral action. Whether they find emotion to be an obstacle to or a constitutive part of justifiably rational or ethical decision making, the neuroscience of emotion and moral action should prove to be of interest. Here, after briefly motivating this interest (while avoiding psychologism), this article reviews the abundant evidence from lesion studies linking emotion to human reasoning, especially in contexts relevant for evaluation of one's own ends and those of others. After a brief consideration of dual process models, newly reintroduced into affective and social neuroscience, the article concludes by pointing to two active areas in these sciences that support an integrative view of emotion for reason.
Impact of hospital Type II violent events: Use of psychotropic drugs and mental health services

BACKGROUND: While violence can adversely affect mental health of victims, repercussions of violence against workers is not as well characterized. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We explored relationships between workplace violent events perpetrated by patients or visitors (Type II) against hospital employees and the employee use of psychotropic medications or mental health services using a data system that linked violent events with health claims. RESULTS: Significant associations were observed between reported Type II workplace violent events and employee prescription claims for anti-depressants and anxiolytics combined (RR = 1.45, 95% CI = 1.01-2.33) and anti-depressants alone (RR = 1.65, 95% CI = 1.10-2.48). No significant association between reported violent events and health claims for treatment of depression or anxiety was observed. CONCLUSIONS: Type II violence experienced by hospital workers may lead to increased use of psychotropic drugs, particularly anti-depressants but also anxiolytics. Our results suggest an important role of employee assistance programs in mitigating the psychological consequences of workplace violent events. Am. J. Ind. Med. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Language: en
Hyperthermia and hypoxia increase tolerance of retinal ganglion cells to anoxia and excitotoxicity.

PURPOSE Knowledge of the mechanisms by which retinal ganglion cells are damaged may provide information required to develop novel treatments for diseases that cause retinal ganglion cell death. The authors investigated whether the expression of the 72-kDa heat shock protein in cultured rat retinal ganglion cells increases tolerance to hypoxic and excitotoxic injury. METHODS Hyperthermia (42 degrees C for 1 hour) and sublethal hypoxia (9% O2 for 6 hours) were used to induce synthesis of the 72-kDa heat shock protein in cultured rat retinal ganglion cells and cultured retinal Muller cells. Induction of the 72-kDa heat shock protein was detected with immunocytochemical and immunoblot techniques. Survival of cultured retinal ganglion cells after exposure to anoxia (< 1% O2 for 6 hours) and glutamate (200 microns for 6 hours) was measured and compared to control cultures stressed previously by hyperthermia or sublethal hypoxia. The effect of quercetin, a blocker of heat shock protein synthesis, was evaluated in parallel experiments. RESULTS Heat shock protein immunoreactivity was expressed in cultured retinal ganglion cells and Muller cells after hyperthermia and sublethal hypoxia. The mean (+/- standard deviation) retinal ganglion cell survival rates after exposure to anoxia (expressed as a percentage of untreated control cultures) in cells pretreated with sublethal hypoxia (83% +/- 17%) and hyperthermia (82% +/- 19%) were significantly greater than for cells that had no pretreatment (50% +/- 18%, P < 0.001). The mean (+/-standard deviation) retinal ganglion cell survival rate after exposure to glutamate in cells pretreated with sublethal hypoxia (82% +/- 19%) and hyperthermia (86% +/- 17%) were significantly greater than for cells that had no pretreatment (56% +/- 17%, P < 0.001). Inhibition of heat shock protein synthesis with quercetin abolished the protective effects of sublethal hypoxia and hyperthermia on cell survival after anoxia and glutamate exposure. CONCLUSIONS The neuroprotective effect of hyperthermia and sublethal hypoxia suggests that heat shock proteins confer protection against ischemic and excitotoxic retinal ganglion cell death.
Randomized sinc interpolation of nonuniform samples

It is well known that a bandlimited signal can be uniquely determined from nonuniformly spaced samples, provided that the average sampling rate exceeds the Nyquist rate. However, reconstruction of the continuous-time signal from nonuniform samples is more difficult than from uniform samples. This paper develops and compares simpler approximate methods for signal reconstruction from nonuniform samples.
Forest Health Monitoring

Forest health monitoring (FHM) focuses on the health of the forest ecosystem. Recognition of the importance of forest health and, especially, the role of monitoring, increased with the acceptance of the Santiago Declaration. The declaration was accompanied by a set of criteria and indicators for the conservation and sustainable management of temperate and boreal forests. The criteria focus on conservation of biological diversity, maintenance of productive capacity, maintenance of forest ecosystem health, conservation of soil and water resources within forests, maintenance of forest contribution to global carbon cycles, and enhancement of long-term multiple socio-economic benefits to meet the needs of societies. The declaration calls for quantitative measurements of indicators associated with the criteria. The periodic and systematic measurement of the indicators requires nations to have FHM programs.
Abstract P5-16-01: End-of-life outcomes and hospice and palliative care utilization in hospitalized patients with metastatic breast cancer

Background: Hospitalizations in patients with metastatic cancer occur commonly at the end of life but have not been well-described in those with metastatic breast cancer (MBC). The goal of this study was to describe the reasons for admission, end-of-life outcomes, and hospice and palliative care utilization in hospitalized patients with MBC. Methods: We identified all patients with MBC who had their first hospital admission (index admission) at Massachusetts General Hospital since their diagnosis of metastatic disease between 1/1/2009 and 12/31/2010 through a centralized clinical data registry. We collected demographic and clinical information and data on all hospital admissions and utilization of palliative care and hospice services during a three-year follow-up period. Results: We identified 123 patients hospitalized for the first time since their diagnosis of MBC. The median number of hospital admissions during the three-year follow-up period was 2 (range 1 to 17). Uncontrolled symptoms accounted for half (62/123, 50%) of the index admissions [20 (16%) with central nervous system systems, 17 (14%) with respiratory symptoms, 10 (8%) with pain, 9 (7%) with gastrointestinal symptoms, 4 (3%) with failure to thrive, and 2 (2%) with dehydration]. The majority of patients (93/123, 76%) died during the follow-up period. The median time from first hospitalization to death was 6 months (range 0 to 53). Among patients who died, 20/93 (22%) died in the hospital and 49/93 (53%) died within 14 days of hospital discharge. Among the deceased group, the inpatient palliative care team evaluated 53/93 (57%) of patients at least once during an admission, but only 18/93 (19%) patients attended an outpatient palliative care clinic appointment. A minority of patients who died (27/93, 29%) were referred to hospice upon discharge. An additional 34/93 (37%) patients who died were referred to hospice from the outpatient setting. Conclusions: Hospitalized patients with MBC are commonly admitted for uncontrolled symptoms. They have a poor prognosis, and approximately half die within two weeks of a hospital admission. However, only a minority receive outpatient palliative care or are referred to hospice services from the inpatient setting. These findings highlight the need to develop interventions to improve end-of-life care for patients with MBC who are hospitalized. Citation Format: Amanda Parkes, Jennifer A Shin, Helen Knight, Areej El-Jawahri, Lara Traeger, Jennifer S Temel. End-of-life outcomes and hospice and palliative care utilization in hospitalized patients with metastatic breast cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Thirty-Seventh Annual CTRC-AACR San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium: 2014 Dec 9-13; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(9 Suppl):Abstract nr P5-16-01.
Optimum Layout and Shape of Plate Structures Using Homogenization

Different models that can be used to compute the optimum layout and shape of plate structures using homogenization techniques are presented. These models differ in the plate equation used as the basis for the analysis, the microstructure assumed for the material, and the order in which the homogenization and the assembly of plies is performed. Different ply stacking arrangements to assemble the plate are used to build plates with external ribs, internal ribs (honeycomb plates) and transversely perforated plates. The shape optimization problem is stated and the optimality conditions are derived. It is found that the optimality condition for the orientation of the ribs requires the solution of a fourth order polynomial equation, giving directions that are not necessarily aligned with the in-plane principal stress directions. Some shape optimization examples are solved and compared with results from the literature.
Mechanism of action of glucocorticoid-induced immunoglobulin production: role of lipoxygenase metabolites of arachidonic acid

Glucocorticoids stimulate polyclonal immunoglobulin (Ig) production in cultures of human peripheral blood lymphocytes. The mechanism of action of glucocorticoids in this system, and indeed in any physiologic system, is unknown. Because glucocorticoids stimulate the production of phospholipase A2-inhibitory glycoproteins, we investigated whether glucocorticoids stimulate polyclonal Ig production by inhibition of arachidonic acid metabolism. Nonspecific lipoxygenase/cyclooxygenase inhibitors stimulate polyclonal Ig production in a manner similar to the effect of glucocorticoids, whereas specific cyclooxygenase inhibitors actually inhibit Ig production. Two specific 5-lipoxygenase inhibitors, with little or no activity against cyclooxygenase or other lipoxygenases, also stimulate Ig production. The dose-response effect of all of these drugs on Ig production was similar to the dose response of inhibition of 5-lipoxygenase. Leukotriene B4 (LTB4) added in low concentrations (10(-10)M) on days 1, 2, and 3 of a culture eliminated the stimulatory effect of glucocorticoids or 5-lipoxygenase inhibitors, whereas LTC4, LTD4, prostaglandin E, or 5-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid had no effect. These results suggest that the relevant action of glucocorticoids in stimulating Ig production might be in preventing endogenous arachidonic acid metabolism, perhaps the endogenous production of LTB4.
The effect of immigrant communities on foreign-born student achievement

This paper explores the effect of the human capital characteristics of co-ethnic immigrant communities on foreign-born students' math achievement. We use data on New York City public school foreign-born students from 39 countries merged with census data on the characteristics of the immigrant household heads in the city from each nation of origin and estimate regressions of student achievement on co-ethnic immigrant community characteristics, controlling for student and school attributes. We find that the income and size of the co-ethnic immigrant community has no effect on immigrant student achievement, while the percent of college graduates may have a small positive effect. In addition, children in highly English proficient immigrant communities test slightly lower than children from less proficient communities. The results suggest that there may be some protective factors associated with immigrant community members' education levels and use of native languages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Mechanism of the Heat Sensitization of Bacillus subtilis Spores by Ethidium Bromide.

Pretreatment with ethidium bromide (5 μg/ml) followed by a water wash had no effect on unheated Bacillus subtilis spores, but the viability of these spores after heating was much lower than that of similarly heated spores exposed to water alone. The fate of water- or ethidium bromide-treated spores, unheated or heated, was followed by allowing them to germinate and outgrow in a minimal or a complex liquid medium. Spores exposed to ethidium bromide and then heated (85°C, 10 min) exhibited a developmental block during germination and outgrowth. Many of them were blocked at the stage when the bacterium emerged from the germinated spore. When 0.35 μg of ethidium bromide per ml was added to heated spores in the germination-growth medium, the outgrowth of heated spores was inhibited to the same extent as were pretreated spores. Ethidium bromide acted in the first hour of germination of heated spores since addition after this time was ineffective in inhibiting recovery events. Repair of heat-damaged spore DNA was detected during the first 2 h of germination. The addition of ethidium bromide (final concentration, 0.35 μg/ml) inhibited DNA repair during early outgrowth. Increased sensitivity of spores to heat after pretreatment with sublethal concentrations of ethidium bromide was due to the inhibition of the repair of heat-damaged DNA.
Totally implanted venous access device removal in interventional radiology.

Abstract PURPOSE: To demonstrate that totally implanted venous access device (TIVAD) removal in the out-patient interventional radiology (IR) recovery room is safe and effective. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty-seven TIVADs were removed in 56 patients using a standard cut-down technique. Forty-one devices (72%) in 40 patients without signs of pocket infection were closed with primary intention with sub-cuticular absorbable or simple non-absorbable sutures, depending on operator preference. All patients were followed up to assess for bleeding or infection. Sixteen devices (28%) in 16 patients with suspected pocket infection were allowed to heal by secondary intention. These patients were managed with antibiotics and dressing changes until healing was complete. Catheter tips were sent for culture and sensitivity. RESULTS: TIVADs were removed intact in all 57 cases. There were no cases of air embolism, uncontrolled hemorrhage, retained foreign body or catheter fragmentation. No bleeding or infectious complications were noted in those patients who were allowed to heal with primary intention. Wound closure was accomplished in all patients who were allowed to heal with primary or secondary intention. CONCLUSION: TIVAD removal in an out-patient recovery room by an interventional radiology team is safe and feasible, providing a possible alternative venue for this procedure. Murthy, R. et al . (2002) Clinical Radiology 57 , 850–852.
Eukaryotic TPP riboswitch regulation of alternative splicing involving long-distance base pairing

Thiamin pyrophosphate (TPP) riboswitches are found in organisms from all three domains of life. Examples in bacteria commonly repress gene expression by terminating transcription or by blocking ribosome binding, whereas most eukaryotic TPP riboswitches are predicted to regulate gene expression by modulating RNA splicing. Given the widespread distribution of eukaryotic TPP riboswitches and the diversity of their locations in precursor messenger RNAs (pre-mRNAs), we sought to examine the mechanism of alternative splicing regulation by a fungal TPP riboswitch from Neurospora crassa, which is mostly located in a large intron separating protein-coding exons. Our data reveal that this riboswitch uses a long-distance (∼530-nt separation) base-pairing interaction to regulate alternative splicing. Specifically, a portion of the TPP-binding aptamer can form a base-paired structure with a conserved sequence element (α) located near a 5' splice site, which greatly increases use of this 5' splice site and promotes gene expression. Comparative sequence analyses indicate that many fungal species carry a TPP riboswitch with similar intron architecture, and therefore the homologous genes in these fungi are likely to use the same mechanism. Our findings expand the scope of genetic control mechanisms relying on long-range RNA interactions to include riboswitches.
A training paradigm to enhance motor recovery in contused rats: effects of staircase training.

Background. Ambulating on stairs is an important aspect of daily activities for many individuals with incomplete spinal cord injury (SCI), and little is known about the effect of training for this specific task. Objective. The goal of this study was to determine whether staircase ascent training enhances motor recovery in animals with contusion injury. Methods. Rats received a midthoracic contusion lesion of moderate severity and were randomly divided into 2 groups, with one group receiving staircase ascent training for up to 8 weeks and the other receiving no training. To assess the direct effect of training, a task-specific staircase climbing test was performed. Open field test (BBB) and gait analysis (CatWalk) assessed overground recovery, and a grid test was used to assess improvement in sensorimotor tasks. Changes in muscle mass of the forelimb and hindlimb muscles were also measured, and the extent of spared white matter was determined for lesion verification and anatomical correlations. Results. St...
Usefulness of psychiatric grand rounds for medical student education.

Objective The author studies medical students’ perception of the educational value of weekly psychiatric grand rounds and attempts to clarify whether their specific needs should be considered in planning the program.
The Distribution of Wealth in Nineteenth Century Boston: Inequality among Natives and Immigrants, 1860

Abstract This article draws on evidence from the 1860 federal manuscript census to study wealth inequality among the adult male population of Boston. The analysis reveals that Boston was relatively wealthy, but wealth was distributed unequally. Even after controlling for age and occupation, immigrants held significantly less wealth than and exhibited strikingly different wealth holding patterns from natives. Additionally, the effect of age differed markedly among nativities as older immigrants were less skilled than younger immigrants. In addition to providing estimates of overall inequality in Boston, the paper isolates the effects of principal demographic characteristics on wealth holding and wealth inequality.
A Theoretical Model and Computer Simulations to Describe Diffusion Enhancement by the Beam-Beam Interaction

Several observers have speculated that the simultaneous presence of diffusion processes and the beam-beam interaction may lead to enhanced diffusion or beam loss greater than that present with either diffusion or the beam-beam interaction alone. To test those ideas we have developed analytical and numerical methods to estimate the magnitude and variation of this enhancement. We find substantial agreement between simulation results and our theoretical model that describes diffusion enhancement caused by a major resonance located within the beam. In this paper, we present results of beam-beam simulations with random diffusion which systematically cover fractional tunes between 0.0 and 0.5 and tune shifts between 0.0 and 0.10. Our theoretical model is tested systematically, and is found to provide an adequate approximate description of the phenomena.
The NMDA receptor may participate in widespread suppression of circuit level neural activity, in addition to a similarly prominent role in circuit level activation.

Abstract The N-methyl- d -aspartate receptor (NMDAR) plays a critical role in glutamatergically mediated neurotransmission, and thereby affects a wide range of brain circuits and important behavioral functions, not limited to learning and memory. While glutamate is classically considered to be the brain's principal excitatory neurotransmitter, there is also evidence the NMDAR plays a “functionally inhibitory” role, not in that it directly hyperpolarizes neurons but rather it suppresses circuit level neural activity, including through activation of GABAergic interneurons. This paper reviews data on the NMDAR “suppression” hypothesis (while also examining circuit level activation), with a focus on the following 6 lines of evidence: (1) epilepsy studies, (2) neurotoxicity studies, (3) mouse knockout studies of particular receptor subunits, (4) electrophysiological studies, (5) 2-deoxyglucose studies, and (6) functional brain imaging studies. For many of these lines of evidence, the review focuses on data from two well-characterized NMDAR antagonists, ketamine and phencyclidine. Also, evidence regarding the NMDAR and schizophrenia, including the psychotomimetic properties of ketamine and phencyclidine, cuts across several of the lines of evidence. The data suggest the NMDAR participates in activation, as well as widespread suppression, of circuit level neural activity, where the suppression may be particularly prominent in limbic circuits.
Tangles and plaques in nondemented aging and “preclinical” Alzheimer's disease

The distribution and density of neurofibrillary tangles and amyloid plaques was studied in a unique series of cases whose premortem cognitive status had been assessed with the Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR), including 39 nondemented cases (CDR 5 0; age, 51‐ 88 years), 15 very mildly demented cases (CDR 5 0.5), and 8 severely demented (CDR 5 3) cases. The initial formation of tangles and plaques in healthy aging appeared to be independent of each other. Tangles were found in all the nondemented cases, especially in hippocampal and parahippocampal areas; the average tangle concentration increased exponentially with age. In contrast, plaques were absent in some brains up to age 88, and the earliest plaque formation in other cases occurred in the neocortex, in patches of diffuse plaques. Widely distributed neuritic as well as diffuse plaques throughout neocortex and limbic structures characterized a further group of nondemented cases. In these cases there was also a substantial increase over other nondemented cases, both in the number of tangles and in the rate of increase in tangles with age, suggesting an interaction between amyloid and neurofibrillary change at this stage. Such cases closely resemble CDR 5 0.5 cases, and it is proposed they represent “preclinical” Alzheimer’s disease. Price JL, Morris JC. Tangles and plaques in nondemented aging and “preclinical” Alzheimer’s disease. Ann Neurol 1999;45:358 ‐368 It is generally recognized that the incidence of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is age related, increasing exponentially after the sixth decade of life. 1 Neurofibrillary tangles and b-amyloid plaques are commonly reported to occur in the brains of aged individuals, even without clinical criteria for AD. 2‐ 4 Despite this, recent studies have suggested that when AD or other disorders are carefully excluded, aging itself may not result in substantial cognitive or neuronal loss. 5‐7 In contrast, even the mildest stage of dementing change may indicate the presence of AD, as supported by sufficient plaques and tangles for pathological diagnosis of the disease, 8,9 and substantial neuronal loss in vulnerable areas such the entorhinal cortex 6 . To define the pattern of tangle and plaque formation during healthy aging, it is necessary to identify and study individuals without even very slight cognitive or memory impairment. We have an opportunity to study these issues, because of availability of a unique series of nondemented and very mildly demented cases who were assessed with the Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR). 10 This instrument is sensitive enough to identify nondemented cases accurately, as well as to recognize the earliest clinically detectable stage of AD (CDR 5