cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The partial oxidation of C5 hydrocarbons over vanadia-based catalysts

Abstract The partial oxidation of C5 hydrocarbons was investigated over unpromoted and alkali-promoted V2O5 catalysts. Products of this mild oxidation reaction include both maleic and phthalic anhydride. The apparent effect of alkali promotion is to facilitate the loss of surface oxygen species which are important in the activation of alkanes and the complete oxidation of intermediate species. Studies performed using 1-pentene as feed have indicated that once the first oxidative dehydrogenation step is eliminated, pentene oxidation proceeds readily towards maleic and phthalic anhydride formation. The use of 1-pentene in the feed stream caused a bulk reduction of the catalyst from V2O5 to VO2 in the presence of gas phase oxygen.
Do Hot Halos Around Galaxies Contain the Missing Baryons

Galaxies are missing most of their baryons, and many models predict these baryons lie in a hot halo around galaxies. We establish observationally motivated constraints on the mass and radii of these halos using a variety of independent arguments. First, the observed dispersion measure of pulsars in the Large Magellanic Cloud allows us to constrain the hot halo around the Milky Way: if it obeys the standard Navarro, Frenk, and White (NFW) profile, it must contain less than 4%-5% of the missing baryons from the Galaxy. This is similar to other upper limits on the Galactic hot halo, such as the soft X-ray background and the pressure around high-velocity clouds. Second, we note that the X-ray surface brightness of hot halos with NFW profiles around large isolated galaxies is high enough that such emission should be observed, unless their halos contain less than 10%-25% of their missing baryons. Third, we place constraints on the column density of hot halos using nondetections of O VII absorption along active galactic nucleus (AGN) sightlines: in general they must contain less than 70% of the missing baryons or extend to no more than 40 kpc. Flattening the density profile of galactic hot halos weakens the surface brightness constraint so that a typical L * galaxy may hold half its missing baryons in its halo, but the O VII constraint remains unchanged, and around the Milky Way a flattened profile may only hold 6%-13% of the missing baryons from the Galaxy ((2-4) × 1010 M ☉). We also show that AGN and supernovae at low to moderate redshift—the theoretical sources of winds responsible for driving out the missing baryons—do not produce the expected correlations with the baryonic Tully-Fisher relationship and, therefore, are insufficient to explain the missing baryons from galaxies. We conclude that most of missing baryons from galaxies do not lie in hot halos around the galaxies, and that the missing baryons never fell into the potential wells of protogalaxies in the first place. They may have been expelled from the galaxies as part of the process of galaxy formation.
Inmates' Cultural Beliefs about Sexual Violence and Their Relationship to Definitions of Sexual Assault.

Effective strategies aimed at prison sexual assault require inmates to possess the same definition of sexual assault as prison administrations. This article argues that prison culture is rape-supportive and inmates may not define sexual assault as such. After analyzing questionnaire responses given by male and female inmates in a large Southern prison system, results suggest that increases in subscriptions to inmate rape-supportive beliefs restrict acts of sexual violence from being defined as sexual assaults. Policy recommendations focus on changing inmate culture in addition to informing inmates about what behaviors constitute prison organizations' definition of sexual assault.
Generation of dimethylsilylene and allylidene holmium complexes from trimethylsilylated allyl ligands

The reaction of K[1,3-(SiMe3)2C3H3] with partially hydrated holmium triflate leads to a dimeric complex (1) in which hydrogen abstraction from a trimethylsilyl group has occurred on two allyl ligands, forming dimethylsilylene units that bridge the holmium atoms. When the reaction time is prolonged, a different product (2) is isolated, in which in addition to two dimethylsilylene bridges, the metal centers are joined with a mu-eta1,eta3-allylidene ligand. Both crystallographic and computational studies provide evidence for delocalized bonding in the allylidene fragment.
Trends in western Ross Sea emperor penguin chick abundances and their relationships to climate

The emperor penguin (Aptenodytes forsteri) is extremely dependent on the extent and stability of sea ice, which may make the species particularly susceptible to environmental change. In order to appraise the stability of the emperor penguin populations at six colonies in the western Ross Sea, we used linear regression analysis to evaluate chick abundance trends (1983–2005) and Pearson's r correlation to assess their relation to two local and two large-scale climate variables. We detected only one significant abundance trend; the Cape Roget colony increased from 1983 to 1996 (n = 6). Higher coefficients of variation in chick abundances at smaller colonies (Cape Crozier, Beaufort Island, Franklin Island) suggest that such colonies occupy marginal habitat, and are more susceptible to environmental change. We determined chick abundance to be most often correlated with local Ross Sea climate variables (sea ice extent and sea surface temperature), but not in consistent patterns across the colonies. We propose that chick abundance is most impacted by fine scale sea ice extent and local weather events, which are best evaluated by on-site assessments. We did not find sufficient evidence to reject the hypothesis that the overall emperor penguin population in the Ross Sea was stable during this period.
Computer-determined kinetic parameters from tg curves. Part XXI

Abstract The utilization of thermogravimetry should allow an estimate of the extent of reaction for consecutive equations such as based on the amount of gas liberated. An expression was developed for the concurrent determination of the rate constants, k 1 and k 2 , for the above two consecutive irreversible first-order reactions, which required the measurement of reaction rates (slopes). Then a computer algorithm was presented to implement this expression. This algorithm involved a modification of an algorithm previously reported by the authors, and was tested for the cases of theoretical and experimental data. Values of k 1 and k 2 obtained for these cases are compared with assumed and previously reported values.
Etiologic heterogeneity in the oculoauriculovertebral syndrome

The occurrence of this syndrome in two siblings, a boy and a girl, of normal parents suggests that this condition is inherited in an autosomal recessive fashion. Because of the consistent type and severity of l imb reduction defects seen in this syndrome, prenatal diagnosis using ultrasound should be able to detect affected individuals prior to 20 weeks' gestational age. The difference in facial appearance in these affected siblings demonstrates that phenotypic variability is present in the postaxial acrofacial dysostosis syndrome.
Nuclear accumulation of androgens in perfused rat accessory sex organs and testes.

The uptake of androgens into the nuclei of caput epididymis, ventral prostate, seminal vesicle and testis was studied by recirculating physiological and pharmacological concentrations of [3H]testosterone in an artificial medium through the lower half (hemicorpus) of castrated or hypophysectomized rats. The accumulation of dihydrotestosterone in accessory sex organ nuclei was saturable, inhibited by perfusion of excess testosterone or cyproterone acetate, and associated with binding to 3S salt-extractable molecules. In castrated preparations the mean saturation levels (pmol/mg DNA) were different in the three organs: seminal vesicle, 2.8; ventral prostate, 1.8; caput epididymis, 0.9. The saturation level was significantly lower in ventral prostate of hypophysectomized rats (1.2) treated with testosterone to regenerate the accessory sex organs. Testosterone was the major nuclear androgen in the testes of mature hypophysectomized preparations perfused with testosterone. Although there was a large amount of n...
Feature Geometry from the Perspective of Polish, Russian, and Ukrainian

This article looks at two current models of feature geometry, the Halle-Sagey model as modified by Halle (2005) and the Clements-Hume model, from the perspective of palatalization and related processes in Polish, Russian, and Ukrainian. The Halle-Sagey model predicts that palatalization should be analyzed by assuming derivational levels and is thus at odds with the tenet of strict parallelism in Optimality Theory. In contrast, the Clements-Hume model appears to be able to achieve the same goal without recourse to derivational stages because it is based on the assumption that, in the ways relevant for palatalization, vowels and consonants are characterized by the same features. However, analysis of palatalization and related processes shows that this assumption is incorrect. The consequence is that derivational stages cannot be avoided and that the tenet of strict parallelism must be rejected.
LASSOing HRI: analyzing situation awareness in map-centric and video-centric interfaces

Good situation awareness (SA) is especially necessary when robots and their operators are not collocated, such as in urban search and rescue (USAR). This paper compares how SA is attained in two systems: one that has an emphasis on video and another that has an emphasis on a three-dimensional map. We performed a within-subjects study with eight USAR domain experts. To analyze the utterances made by the participants, we developed a SA analysis technique, called LASSO, which includes five awareness categories: location, activities, surroundings, status, and overall mission. Using our analysis technique, we show that a map-centric interface is more effective in providing good location and status awareness while a video-centric interface is more effective in providing good surroundings and activities awareness.
Lateral Clay Mineral Variations in Certain Pennsylvanian Underclays

X-ray diffraction techniques were used to identify the clay mineral assemblages of Pennsylvanian underclay samples taken mainly from beneath the Colchester (No. 2) and Herrin (No. 6) Coals of Illinois and the Middle Kittanning Coal of Ohio. The clay minerals present are kaolinite, illite, chlorite, vermiculite, montmorillonite, and mixed-layer clay minerals. The minerals are not restricted to any particular stratigraphic unit, and their areal distribution is related to paleogeographic position in the original basin of deposition. Kaolinite shows a decrease in abundance from near shore to more basinward areas; illite is not present in near shore regions, becomes common basinward, and then shows a decrease with increasing distance from shore; chlorite is not found in near shore or in extreme basinward areas but is most common slightly basinward of the illite maximum; montmorillonite is fairly rare but is prominent in the most basinward positions; vermiculite is uncommon but usually occurs where kaolinite is the dominant mineral; mixed-layer clay minerals are present in all samples, constituting a small fraction of the clay minerals in the near shore regions but increases to the major constituent in the most basinward areas. Clay minerals entering the basin of deposition during underclay formation were mainly kaolinite and mixed-layer clay minerals. As the mixed-layer clays were carried basinward into waters of increasing salinity, some of the mixed-layer clays, formed from weathered illite and chlorite, preferentially adsorbed potassium and magnesium and were regraded. Mixed-layer clay minerals that had undergone severe structural damage during weathering were not regraded and were deposited further basinward. Maps showing lateral variation of clay minerals in an underclay also show the paleogeography. These maps may be used in outlining positive areas and deltas, or specific types of clay deposits.
The flux‐angle distribution of momentum as determined from propeller anemometer measurements

Flux-angle distributions of momentum derived from measurements of a UVW propeller anemometer were compared with results from a three-component sonic anemometer and were found similar. Under unstable and near neutral conditions, momentum fluxes were negative both at small angles of attack for updraughts and at large angles of attack for downdraughts. At other angles of attack, the momentum flux-angle distribution was always positive. A flux-angle distribution algorithm is presented which shows the relative contribution made by each angle of attack of the flow to the total flux.
The sorption of N-heterocyclic compounds on reference and subsurface smectite clay isolates

The sorption of the nitrogen heterocycle compounds (NHC) pyridine, quinoline and acridine was measured from Na and Ca electrolyte solutions on specimen montmorillonite (SWy1) and natural smectite clays isolated from subsurface materials. Sorption was dominated by highly selective exchange for the NHC cation with neutral species sorption noted only at high surface concentrations. The selectivity sequence acridine > quinoline > pyridine was observed on all smectites. Na-saturated SWy1 and natural smectites sorbed NHC compounds comparably. Exchange constants on the Na-smectites were fairly constant with surface coverage and correlated with the octanol-water partition coefficients of the NHC and calculated formal charge on specific atom centers in the molecules. In contrast, the exchange of NHC differed between Ca-saturated SWy1 and natural clays. Ca saturation decreased NHC sorption only on SWy1. Exchange constants for the Ca-smectites varied with surface coverage, and the natural Ca-smectites exhibited higher affinity for NHC than Ca-SWy1. Mineralogic differences between the specimen and natural smectites are believed to effect NHC exchange when the smectite clays are aggregated as quasi-crystals in Ca suspensions. Organic material and Fe-oxides associated with natural smectites have no observable effect on NHC adsorption.
Spatial instabilities in the regeneration of diesel-particulate filters

An instability is proposed that can lead to channel formation during the regeneration of monolithic diesel-particulate filters. This instability, which occurs during the transport-controlled combustion of the soot bed, is compared to a kinetically driven instability by using a numerical model for channel growth. Both mechanisms are shown to be important and may lead to higher thermal stresses in the filter wall. It is suggested that both mechanisms can be controlled by the ratio of the filter-plate to soot-bed flow resistance, lateral heat transfer, and other design parameters.
Coronary no‐reflow phenomenon: From the experimental laboratory to the cardiac catheterization laboratory

Coronary no-reflow occurs commonly during acute percutaneous coronary intervention, particularly in patients with acute myocardial infarction and those with degenerated vein grafts. It is associated with a guarded prognosis, and thus needs to be recognized and treated promptly. The pathophysiology originates during the ischemic phase and is characterized by localized and diffuse capillary swelling and arteriolar endothelial dysfunction. In addition, leukocytes become activated and are attracted to the lumen of the capillaries, exhibit diapedesis and may contribute to cellular and intracellular edema and clogging of vessels. At the moment of perfusion, the sudden rush of leukocytes and distal atheroemboli further contributes to impaired tissue perfusion. Shortening the door-to-balloon time, use of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa platelet receptor inhibitors and distal protection devices are predicted to limit the development of no-reflow during percutaneous interventions. Distal intracoronary injection of verapamil, nicardipine, adenosine, and nitroprusside may improve coronary flow in the majority of patients. Hemodynamic support of the patient may be needed in some cases until coronary flow improves.
Electron spin resonance determination of proton locations in a hydride

Abstract The low temperature electron spin resonance (ESR) spectrum of dilute Er in ScH x powder contains distinct signals which are due to the presence of octahedral as well as tetrahedral protons in the vicinity of the Er ions. The occupation probability for the octahedral protons versus the bulk hydrogen-to-metal ratio is determined from the ESR signal intensities and compared with a lattice-gas calculation.
Topological insulators and superconductors

Topological insulators are new states of quantum matter which cannot be adiabatically connected to conventional insulators and semiconductors. They are characterized by a full insulating gap in the bulk and gapless edge or surface states which are protected by time-reversal symmetry. These topological materials have been theoretically predicted and experimentally observed in a variety of systems, including HgTe quantum wells, BiSb alloys, and Bi2Te3 and Bi2Se3 crystals. Theoretical models, materials properties, and experimental results on two-dimensional and three-dimensional topological insulators are reviewed, and both the topological band theory and the topological field theory are discussed. Topological superconductors have a full pairing gap in the bulk and gapless surface states consisting of Majorana fermions. The theory of topological superconductors is reviewed, in close analogy to the theory of topological insulators.
A Response to Intervention Model to Promote School Attendance and Decrease School Absenteeism

Regular school attendance is foundational to children’s success but school absenteeism is a common, serious, and highly vexing problem. Researchers from various disciplines have produced a rich yet diverse literature for conceptualizing problematic absenteeism that has led to considerable confusion and lack of consensus about a pragmatic and coordinated assessment and intervention approach. To lay the foundation and suggested parameters for a Response to Intervention (RtI) model to promote school attendance and address school absenteeism. This is a theoretical paper guided by a systematic search of the empirical literature related to school attendance, chronic absenteeism, and the utilization of an RtI framework to address the needs of school-aged children and youth. The RtI and absenteeism literature over the past 25 years have both emphasized the need for early identification and intervention, progress monitoring, functional behavioral assessment, empirically supported procedures and protocols, and a team-based approach. An RtI framework promotes regular attendance for all students at Tier 1, targeted interventions for at-risk students at Tier 2, and intense and individualized interventions for students with chronic absenteeism at Tier 3. An RtI framework such as the one presented here could serve as a blueprint for researchers as well as educational, mental health, and other professionals. To develop this model and further enhance its utility for all youth, researchers and practitioners should strive for consensus in defining key terms related to school attendance and absenteeism and focus more on prevention and early intervention efforts.
Dynamic Stabilization: Principles and Current Clinical Practice

Lumbar spinal instability leading to chronic mechanical low back pain is thought to be secondary to abnormal load distribution. Therefore, the goals of dynamic stabilization are to create a uniform load distribution across the endplates and to decrease the abnormal motion with minimal restriction of range of motion. Dynamic stabilization devices may be broadly classified as spinous process distraction devices, non-metallic devices between pedicle screws, or metallic springs between pedicle screws. The unique challenge with dynamic stabilization devices is resistance to fatigue failure in an environment of continued motion. In vivo fatigue resistance of these implants is difficult to evaluate in biomechanical laboratories. Dynamic stabilization promises a theoretical advantage of decreased adjacent segment disease, although clinical evidence is lacking. Currently, the primary indications are stabilization following decompression, multiple segment disc degeneration with concern for adjacent segment disease, or for stabilization of segments adjacent to a multilevel fusion. Dynamic stabilization has raised many expectations; however cautious biomechanical and clinical evaluation of each device needs to be undertaken prior to clinical use to prevent failures.
KIWI-BlA Test Facilities and Procedures

The general Test Cell "A" facility - test cell and control building - is described. Particular attention is given to the use of closed loop controls, automatic programming methods and the use of analog simulation techniques at the Nevada Test Site. Use of this equipment in the KIWI-BlA test operation is described.
A creep model

Abstract The introduction of recovery into the logarithmic (exhaustion) creep model leads to a form of creep curve which accords with the experimental observations. In particular, an approximately cubic transient creep, followed by a steady state creep, are both exhibited. The general properties of the model require more detailed investigation, but the initial results at least demonstrate that a distinction between the rate-controlling processes in the transient and steady state regions is unnecessary.
The Importance of Number Sense to Mathematics Achievement in First and Third Grades

Children's symbolic number sense was examined at the beginning of first grade with a short screen of competencies related to counting, number knowledge, and arithmetic operations. Conventional mathematics achievement was then assessed at the end of both first and third grades. Controlling for age and cognitive abilities (i.e., language, spatial, and memory), number sense made a unique and meaningful contribution to the variance in mathematics achievement at both first and third grades. Furthermore, the strength of the predictions did not weaken over time. Number sense was most strongly related to the ability to solve applied mathematics problems presented in various contexts. The number sense screen taps important intermediate skills that should be considered in the development of early mathematics assessments and interventions.
Comparing Latent Structures of the Grade of Membership, Rasch, and Latent Class Models

This paper focuses on model interpretation issues and employs a geometric approach to compare the potential value of using the Grade of Membership (GoM) model in representing population heterogeneity. We consider population heterogeneity manifolds generated by letting subject specific parameters vary over their natural range, while keeping other population parameters fixed, in the marginal space (based on marginal probabilities) and in the full parameter space (based on cell probabilities). The case of a 2 × 2 contingency table is discussed in detail, and a generalization to 2J tables with J ≥ 3 is sketched. Our approach highlights the main distinction between the GoM model and the probabilistic mixture of classes by demonstrating geometrically the difference between the concepts of partial and probabilistic memberships. By using the geometric approach we show that, in special cases, the GoM model can be thought of as being similar to an item response theory (IRT) model in representing population heterogeneity. Finally, we show that the GoM item parameters can provide quantities analogous to more general logistic IRT item parameters. As a latent structure model, the GoM model might be considered a useful alternative for a data analysis when both classes of extreme responses, and additional heterogeneity that cannot be captured by those latent classes, are expected in the population.
The Legal Basis of Response to Intervention: Analysis and Implications

The Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act (IDEIA) of 2004 makes significant and controversial changes to the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA). Two very significant changes in this law are provisions that (a) allow school districts to spend up to 15% of their IDEA Part B funds on early intervening services in general education settings and (b) prohibit states from requiring that school districts use discrepancy formulas to determine if students are eligible for special education services in the category of learning disabilities. Additionally, Congress recommended that school districts use a response to intervention procedure in both early intervening services and for the identification of students with learning disabilities. In this article we first describe two significant reports that recommended that Congress abandon the current eligibility system in special education for students with high-incidence disabilities. Second we explain how Congress and the U.S. Department...
Single Molecule Study of Disassembly of SNARE Complex by NSF/α−SNAP

In eukaryotic cells, material exchange between distinct organelles within the cytosol is required for many biochemical processes. The phospholipid vesicles containing the materials are transported to the target membrane and merged. All known forms of intracellular membrane fusion or vesicle fusion involve a highly conserved family of proteins termed SNAREs (Soluble N-ethyl maleimide sensitive-factor Attachment Protein Receptors). The assembly and dissociation of SNARE proteins drives membrane fusion. A good example is chemical release in the synapse, which is essential for inter-communication between neurons. Although it has been known that the ATPase activity of NSF (N-ethyl maleimide Sensitive-Factor) is involved in the disassembly of SNARE complex, the molecular details of the reaction are not understood. In order to investigate the molecular mechanism, we applied a fluorescence-based in vitro approach at the single molecule level. SNARE complexes from three neuronal proteins (Syntanxin1a, Snap-25, and Synaptobrevin) were labeled with suitably chosen FRET dye pairs based on the available structural information about the SNARE complex. For the particular labeling pairs, high FRET corresponds to assembled complex, low FRET corresponds to dissociated complex. To test the labels, we used a conventional bulk FRET assay and found a progressive temporal change from high FRET to low FRET states, indicating complex dissociation into each individual protein in a Mg2+, ATP, and α-SNAP dependent manner. Using a single molecule TIRF optical setup, the same reactions were monitored, and likewise show a change in FRET signal corresponding to complex disassembly. We are studying the disassembly reaction for a number of different labeling pairs along the SNARE helical bundle. Single molecule kinetic studies are underway to understand the molecular mechanism of NSF catalyzed SNARE protein disassembly.
Resonant Capture in a System of Two Coupled Homoclinic Oscillators

The authors investigate the dynamics of a system of two coupled oscillators, each of which has a separatrix loop in its uncoupled phase portrait. The effect of the coupling, which is of the diffusive viscous type, is to enhance the region Ce of phase space, which consists of all motions that do not escape to infinity. The authors offer numerically obtained descriptions of the region Ce, as well as some analytical investigations into its location and nature.
Scenario-Based Approach to Analysis of Travel Time Reliability with Traffic Simulation Models

This study established a conceptual framework for capturing the probabilistic nature of travel times with the use of existing traffic simulation models. The framework features three components: scenario manager, traffic simulation models, and trajectory processor. The scenario manager captures exogenous sources of variation in travel times through external scenarios consistent with real-world roadway disruptions. The traffic simulation models then produce individual vehicle trajectories for input scenarios while further introducing randomness that stems from endogenous sources of variation. Finally, the trajectory processor constructs distributions of travel time either for each scenario or for multiple scenarios to allow users to investigate scenario-specific impact on variability in travel times and overall system reliability. Within this framework, the paper discusses methodologies for performing scenario-based reliability analysis that focuses on (a) approaches to obtaining distributions of travel tim...
Review of flow limited transfer in the placenta

Summary Much of our view of the human placenta is inferred from animal experiments. Flow limited transfer is a regime of transfer in which there is complete equilibration of maternal and fetal bloods in a single pass through the placental exchange vessels. Placental exchange of non-protein bound lipid soluble materials is flow limited and the exchange of oxygen is very nearly flow limited. The relatively inefficient human placenta requires greater perfusion rates than some animal placentas do for the same rate of oxygen transfer but it offers considerable protection should one (but not both) of the placental blood flows decrease. The evolution of the placental vascular arrangement and of the difference in half saturation pressures of maternal and fetal hemoglobin point to the necessity to protect the fetus against high oxygen pressures. Wash-in and wash-out rates of non-protein bound anesthetics appear to be almost exclusively governed by the maternal and fetal placental flow rates and the distribution volume in the conceptus.
Exposure of employees to man-made mineral fibers: Mineral wool production

Abstract This paper reports the results of a study in which employee exposure to mineral wool fibers in the mineral wool production industry was measured. Data for this study were collected in five plants operated by three different corporations. The results of the study indicate that the average exposure is about 0.1 to 0.5 fibers/ml. The results also indicate that despite operational diversities among the plants the size and length distributions of airborne fibers were consistent. It was also found that there is an excellent correlation between average total suspended particulate matter and average fiber exposure for types of work activity found in the plants.
Estimating distribution functions from survey data

SUMMARY A simple method for estimating population distribution functions and associated quantiles from sample survey data is described and some asymptotic theory for it presented. The method assumes a model-based approach to survey estimation and allows auxiliary population information to be directly incorporated into the estimation process. Monte Carlo results comparing the proposed method with conventional design-based methods are given. These suggest that the model-based approach offers significant gains when the auxiliary population information is linearly related to the survey variables of interest.
Rotation and magnetism of Earth's inner core

Three-dimensional numerical simulations of the geodynamo suggest that a superrotation of Earth9s solid inner core relative to the mantle is maintained by magnetic coupling between the inner core and an eastward thermal wind in the fluid outer core. This mechanism, which is analogous to a synchronous motor, also plays a fundamental role in the generation of Earth9s magnetic field.
alpha-Amido boronic acids: a synthetic challenge and their properties as serine protease inhibitors.

This review includes a personal account of the history of the development of the α-amido boronic acid synthesis and related chemistry in the author's laboratory, as well as a review of some of the more significant developments that have occurred elsewhere more recently. The simple initial target, suggested by biochemist G. E. Lienhard, proved much more elusive to reach than anticipated.1 The circuitous effort that ultimately revealed the deceptively simple successful route,1 for which there is still no alternative, will be described. The properties of these compounds as enzyme inhibitors will be described very briefly. More extensive reviews of the enzyme inhibiting properties of α-amido boronic acids have appeared recently.2 © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Med Res Rev, 28, No. 2, 233–246, 2008
Generation of 15 nJ pulses from a highly efficient, low-cost multipass-cavity Cr^3+:LiCAF laser

We describe the generation of enhanced pulse energies using a multipass-cavity (MPC) Cr3+:LiCAF laser, pumped by inexpensive, single spatial mode laser diodes. A semiconductor saturable absorber was used for stable mode-locked operation. The MPC reduced the pulse repetition rate to the ~10 MHz level, scaling pulse energies and intensities. With only 540 mW of absorbed pump power, 98 fs pulses with energies of 9.9 nJ and peak powers of ~101 kW, corresponding to 95 mW of average power at a repetition rate of 9.58 MHz, were generated. By increasing the intracavity negative dispersion, 310 fs pulses with energies of 15.2 nJ and peak powers of ~49 kW, corresponding to 160 mW of average power at 10.51 MHz repletion rate, were also generated. These results demonstrate that low-cost MPC Cr3+-doped colquiriite lasers can generate pulse energies and intensities comparable to more expensive Ti:sapphire lasers.
Serum lipid transport systems: recent advances.

Lipids circulating in the plasma are transported in water soluble form as lipid-protein complexes. Lipoproteins can be classified according to size, density, electrophoretic mobility and protein composition. The ability of low density lipoproteins and very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) to form complexes with different polyanions has been also used as a method for separation and study of serum lipoproteins. Even within classes of lipoproteins closely related otherwise, the amount of different lipids and their ratios to each other and to protein are variable. Two enzymatic systems seem to be at least partly responsible for the different lipid compositions of serum lipoproteins: lipoprotein lipase and lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT). LCAT, which seems to be associated with α-lipoproteins, is responsible for the formation of the bulk of cholesteryl-esters in human serum. Changes in activity of this enzyme may explain the observed changes with age and disease of serum cholesteryl-ester fatty acids (CEFA). Differences in CEFA pattern are found between newborn and adult animals, including man. The activity of serum LCAT was observed to increase with age in animals and to decrease markedly in patients with liver cirrhosis. These patients show abnormal serum CEFA patterns and abnormally low proportions of pre-β- (VLDL) and α- (high density) lipoproteins.
“Trust in the Lord”: Religious and Spiritual Practices of African American Breast Cancer Survivors

Few studies have examined the role of religion and spirituality among African American breast cancer patients. This study explored how African American women cope with breast cancer through religious and spiritual practices. Forty-seven African American women who had completed treatment for breast cancer participated in in-depth interviews about their experiences. The majority of the women mentioned using both individual and communal religious and spiritual practices to cope with their breast cancer diagnosis and treatment. The main themes that emerged in terms of the types of religious and spiritual practices included: (1) attendance at religious services, (2) comfort through prayers of others, and (3) encouragement through reading Biblical scriptures. These practices helped women “trust in the Lord” throughout the many challenges of cancer from diagnosis through survivorship. Although this study is exploratory, the findings illustrate how African American women with breast cancer use religious and spiritual practices to cope with their diagnosis and treatment. For clinicians, the findings provides an understanding of spiritual and religious needs in diverse populations and the importance of referring patients onto spiritual and religious resources and support.
Fuzzy expert control of coordinated robots using 3D measurements of human arm motions: coordinated motion control

For multi-robot coordination experiments, traditional algorithmic approaches through partial optimization methods have given incomplete solutions with very heavy computational burdens. Complete neural-fuzzy solutions are still in exploratory stages, and are yet to be worked out. This paper addresses problems of planning coordinated robot motions by applying 3D measurement of human arm motions. This paper then proposes an improved fuzzy expert controller which executes optimally-planned paths given by the coordinated-motion planner. This fuzzy controller consists of a rule-based fuzzy tuner and intermittent algorithmic optimizer.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Sierra Nevada Plutonic Cycle: Part II, Tidal Energy and a Hypothesis for Orogenic-Epeirogenic Periodicities

The dissipative power of the solid earth tides is the order of 10 19 ergs/sec, or a few percent of terrestrial heat flow. It is proposed that this energy is concentrated along oceanic ridge systems and in the asthenosphere by mechanisms of viscous dissipation involving shear melting. Tidal energy localizes and sustains sources of sea-floor spreading through the melting mechanism, convection and magmatic transfer. Components of this energy enter the continent as magmatic heat either where ridge type sources and continents interact or where lateral motions induce shear zones and viscous dissipation within the continent. Temporal maxima of igneous intrusion into continental crust and related epeirogenic oscillations, spaced at intervals of about 30 m.y., are explained in terms of periodic thermal instabilities in the process of shear melting in the mantle. That is, maxima in rates of magma production in the mantle are relieved by vertical magmatic transfer. This process is coupled with lateral motions of the continent in a way analogous to episodic creep episodes of much shorter period in motions of active fault systems. Calculated periodicities are found to be simultaneously compatible with (l) the Sierra Nevada intrusive epochs of Part I, (2) oscillations in the eustatic curve during the Mesozoic Era, (3) concepts of sea-floor spreading, and (4) the magnitude of tidal power. More profound epeirogenic oscillations, having periods of about 200 m.y., are induced by variations in proportioning of tidal energy dissipation between the solid earth and the epicontinental seas. Thus, the tidal deformations of the earth provide information that leads to a general dynamic theory where magmatism, orogency, epeirogeny, sea-floor spreading and continent migration are systematically interrelated.
Preservation and distortion of area in finitely presented groups

IfK=G⋊ φ ℤ whereφ is a tame automorphism of the 1-relator groupG, then the combinatorial area of loops in a Cayley graph ofG is undistorted in a Cayley graph ofK. Examples of distortion of area in fibres of fibrations over the circle are given and a notion of exponent of area distortion is introduced and studied. The inclusion of a finitely generated abelian subgroup in the fundamental group of a compact 3-manifold does not distort area.
Code as speech: A discussion of Bernstein v. USDOJ,Karn v. USDOS, and Junger v. Daley in light of the U.S. Supreme Court's recent shift to Federalism

The purpose of this paper is to address the question of whether computer source code is speech protected by the First Amendment to the United States Constitution or whether it is merely functional, a ``machine'', designed to fulfill a set task and therefore bereft of protection. The answer to this question is a complex one. Unlike all other forms of ``speech'' computer source code holds a unique place in the law: it can be copyrighted, like a book and it can be patented like a machine or process. Case law, intellectual property law and encryption export regulations all reflect this contradictory dichotomy.
A natural generalization of orthogonality of Latin squares

Abstract In this paper, a new concept, k -plex orthogonality of Latin squares, is introduced. It generalizes the concept of orthogonality of Latin squares. Some examples of Latin squares with the new orthogonality are given. Bose, Shrikhande, and Parker’s Theorem is generalized to the case of k -plex orthogonality for every positive integer k while Mann’s Theorem is extended to the case of k -plex orthogonality for every positive odd integer k . Some other existence or nonexistence theorems are given. We also discuss constructions for k -plex orthogonal Latin squares and generalize MacNeish’s Theorem.
Internal and External Validity in Economics Research: Tradeoffs between Experiments, Field Experiments, Natural Experiments, and Field Data

In the realm of empirical research, investigators are first and foremost concerned with the validity of their results, but validity is a multi-dimensional ideal. In this article we discuss two key dimensions of validity - internal and external validity - and underscore the natural tension that arises in choosing a research approach to maximize both types of validity. We propose that the most common approaches to empirical research - the use of naturally-occurring field/market data and the use of laboratory experiments - fall on the ends of a spectrum of research approaches, and that the interior of this spectrum includes intermediary approaches such as field experiments and natural experiments. Furthermore, we argue that choosing between lab experiments and field data usually requires a tradeoff between the pursuit of internal and external validity. Movements toward the interior of the spectrum can often ease the tension between internal and external validity but are also accompanied by other important limitations, such as less control over subject matter or topic areas and a reduced ability for others to replicate research. Finally, we highlight recent attempts to modify and mix research approaches in a way that eases the natural conflict between internal and external validity and discuss if employing multiple methods leads to economies of scope in research costs.
Development of the embryonic chick limb bud in avascular culture

Summary It has been found that limb buds obtained from the chick embryo after 3 days of incubation may form cartilaginous limb structures in avascular culture. The best results, both quantitatively and qualitatively, were obtained with leg buds from stage 19 embryos. Intact leg buds from older embryos developed digits more rarely, but distal portions from older leg buds the size of a stage 19 leg bud developed digits with about the same frequency as stage 19 leg buds. I was unable to obtain distal portions from stage 19 leg buds so thin that they could no longer develop digits. Both cartilage and muscle differentiated in leg buds in avascular cultures. Cartilage did not differentiate in any consistent relationship with either the source of nutrient or the area of gaseous exchange.
Academe's increasing non-technical usage of PCs: Computers can enhance the education of students of all curricula

Currently, there is a virtual PC revolution on the campuses of many universities. Personal computers are increasingly changing the scope of college study. Major universities, including Dartmouth, Drexel, Carnegie-Mellon and Brown, now require incoming freshmen of all curricula to purchase personal computers. It is hoped that this extensive and diversified use of personal computers will add a new dimension to the college education of the 80s and produce computer-literate graduates from all courses of study.
Neural repair and rehabilitation: the effect of therapeutic hypothermia on prognostication.

Neurological markers are used to predict outcomes in patients resuscitated after cardiac arrest, and are crucial in informing treatment decisions in comatose patients. A multicenter study reports that therapeutic hypothermia in cardiac arrest alters the reliability of several recommended prognostic parameters, and the authors highlight challenges to optimization of prognostic paradigms.
A novel technique of rapid solidification net- form materials synthesis

A novel method of net-form materials synthesis that is related to spray forming has been conceived, and initial verification experiments have been successfully completed. The method uses streams of ultra-uni-form droplets of molten metal that are deposited onto a substrate in a controlled environment. The drop-lets are directed onto the substrate with measured angular dispersions as small as 2 × 10-6 radians, and speed dispersions as small as 3.5 × 10-7 times the average speed of the droplet, thereby facilitating the synthesis of small, detailed parts as well as large bulk parts with high resolution and a uniformly fine grain structure.
An evidence-based software engineering evaluation approach

Evaluation of software project management is a crucial for software development organizations. However, the process of software project management is burdened, among other reasons, by various sources of uncertainty due to the lack of information for objectives of evaluation, differences in knowledge and experience of participating experts, fuzzy reviews of experts. A step-by-step algorithm for uncertainty reasoning of software project management using mathematical tools of evidence theory is presented. It is shown that the presented evidential uncertainty reasoning is very efficient for evaluating the successful level of software project management and is helpful for software development organizations to improve management.
The postoperative period summary.

Following considerable discussion of this area, it was noted that meta-analysis of pain management has been done. However, this does not include analysis of subgroups. It was the consensus that considerable data are missing on hard numbers and there is little information regarding the duration of therapy. In subspecialty groups such as thoracic and orthopedic patients, a local epidural is good in postoperative use only with less hypotension, hypertension, nausea, vomiting and ileus, earlier mobilization, and decreased pulmonary complications. Operatively, opioids plus analgesia are believed to be better than opioids alone, and those are better than local anesthesia. The skill and experience of both physicians and nurse teams are considered important. Additionally, pain was a determining factor in patients who go to the ICU.
Approximating Geographical Queries

This article proposes a graph-theoretic methodology for query approximation in Geographic Information Systems, enabling the relaxation of three kinds of query constraints: topological, semantic and structural. An approximate query is associated with a value corresponding to the degree of similarity with the original query. Such a value is computed for topological constraints on the basis of the topological distance between configurations, for semantic constraints using the information content approach, and for structural constraints revisiting the maximum weighted matching problem in bipartite graphs. Finally, the high correlation of our proposal with human judgment is demonstrated by an experiment.