cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Diagnostic utility of dual 5-hydroxymethylcytosine/Melan-A immunohistochemistry in differentiating nodal nevus from metastatic melanoma: An effective first-line test for the workup of sentinel lymph node specimen.

Background Distinguishing benign nodal nevus from metastatic melanoma can be diagnostically challenging, with important clinical consequences. Recently, the loss of epigenetic marker, 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5-hmC) expression by immunohistochemistry has been found in melanomas and atypical melanocytic neoplasms. Methods About 41 metastatic melanomas and 20 nodal nevi were retrieved. Nuclear 5-hmC (brown) and cytoplasmic Melan-A Red (red) double immunohistochemical staining was performed. Results Total or partial loss of nuclear expression of 5-hmC was noted in 40/41 metastatic melanomas; these tumor cells were strongly positive for Melan-A Red, except in one case of desmoplastic melanoma. All cases of nodal nevus showed uniformly retained nuclear expression of 5-hmC accompanied by strong Melan-A Red cytoplasmic staining. In two cases containing both nodal nevus and metastatic melanoma, all tumor cells were positive for Melan-A Red, but a nuclear expression of 5-hmC was selectively absent only in the melanoma tumor cells. Conclusion Dual 5-hmC/Melan-A Red immunohistochemistry is highly specific in distinguishing nodal nevus from metastatic melanoma. Our protocol for brown and red chromogens used in this study provides excellent color contrast and is easy to interpret. Furthermore, this dual staining method allows the preservation of limited tumor tissue, which could be used for potential molecular studies.
Power Laws Dominate Shear and Extensional Rheology Response and Capillarity-Driven Pinching Dynamics of Entangled Hydroxyethyl Cellulose (HEC) Solutions

Quantitative studies of capillarity-driven pinching and extensional rheology of aqueous solutions of polysaccharides like hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) are beyond the measurable range of most extens...
Constrained Control of Semilinear Fractional-Order Systems: Application in Drug Delivery Systems

This paper proposes an approach to control fractional-order semilinear systems which are subject to linear constraints. The design procedure consists of two stages. First, a linear state-feedback control law is proposed to prestabilize the system in the absence of constraints. The stability and convergence properties are proved using Lyapunov theory. Then, a constraint-handling unit is utilized to enforce the constraints at all times. In particular, we use the Explicit Reference Governor (ERG) scheme. The core idea behind ERG is, first, to translate the linear constraints into a constraint on the value of the Lyapunov function, and then to manipulate the auxiliary reference such that the Lyapunov function is smaller than a threshold value at all times. The proposed method is applied in a drug delivery system to control the drug concentration, and its performance is assessed through extensive simulation results.
Sung Wan Kim - Early events in blood/material interactions.

Sung Wan Kim's initial efforts as an independent investigator were focused on improving the understanding of the early events in blood/material interactions with the goal to develop blood compatible materials for application in medical devices and prostheses. These initial efforts were centered around blood protein adsorption on biomaterials and related mechanisms of thrombus formation (thrombosis). Ultimately, Sung Wan's efforts were expanded to studies of the non-thrombogenic nature of heparinized biomaterials, prostaglandin biomaterials, and block copolymer systems. These studies were supported by two NIH grants for 22 and 19 years, respectively, and a NIH Career Development Award. Moreover, these studies resulted in over 140 peer-reviewed publications and training of many students and postdoctoral scientists. The intent of this paper is to identify key concepts, papers, and contributions by Sung Wan and his colleagues that fall within the four aforementioned research categories. In this context, many of Sung Wan's early efforts contributed directly to Utah's biomaterials efforts and the Total Artificial Heart program at the time, while providing the foundation for the productive international Triangle Collaboration as well as his following work in polymer-controlled drug releasing systems.
Impact of changing renal function, while waiting for a heart transplant, on post-transplant mortality and development of end stage kidney disease.

Heart transplantation is a viable option for end stage heart disease but long-term complications such as chronic kidney disease are being increasingly recognized. We sought to investigate the effect of change in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) during the heart transplant waitlist period on post-transplant mortality and end stage kidney disease (ESKD). We analysed the United Network of Organ Sharing heart transplant database from 2000 to 2017. Multivariable Cox regression with restricted cubic splines and cumulative incidence competing risk (CICR) methods were used to compare the effects of change in eGFR on mortality and ESKD, respectively. A total of 19 412 patients met our inclusion criteria. Mortality increased with increasing loss of eGFR (adjusted hazard ratio increased from 1.02 [confidence interval (CI) 1.01-1.04, P = 0.008] for 10% loss to 1.15 (CI 1.06-1.26, P = 0.001) for 50% loss of eGFR. Similarly, risk of ESKD also increased monotonically with increasing loss of renal function [subdistribution hazard ratio increased from 1.12 (CI 1.09-1.14, P 10% of eGFR resulted in higher risk of mortality and higher risk of ESKD.
A Preliminary Evaluation of a Digital Token Economy to Increase Student Engagement during Group Teletherapy

Shortly following the temporary nationwide school dismissal amid COVID-19, the current exploratory case-study evaluated the feasibility of two engagement strategies delivered during group teletherapy: Class Dojo and opportunities to respond (OTR). Three elementary students with emotional and behavioral difficulties participated. An A-B-A design was used to evaluate the effects of Class Dojo on student engagement with therapist-delivered OTRs. Due to one student’s poor response to the contingency, an A-B-C design was used to evaluate the additive effect of student-delivered OTRs on his engagement. Results indicated moderate to high rates of student attendance, and consistently high rates of engagement for two students. When students delivered OTRs, the student who initially struggled to engage demonstrated an increase in engagement. Practical issues are discussed and recommendations are considered for future research on increasing student engagement during online settings.
On Being Mindful: What Do People Think They're Doing?

Thoughts are typically dismissed as sources of distraction that hinder a mindful awareness of ongoing experience. Although this may be said of some thoughts, we focus on the undervalued role that regulatory thoughts play in the development and maintenance of mindful action. To do so, we explore the function of thoughts from the perspective of action identification theory. The application of action identification principles to mindfulness yields a new understanding of how the mind coordinates mindful action, with implications for mindfulness instruction, practice, and future research.
Public Pensions and the Promise of Shareholder Activism for the Next Frontier of Corporate Governance: Sustainable Economic Development

In this paper, I bring together recent developments in shareholder activism, responsible investing, and "new governance" regulation, to consider the role of public pension funds as a surrogate regulator for corporate sustainable development. Although a handful of public pensions are active in issues related to sustainability, this paper provides evidence showing that the vast majority are not. These conclusions, and explanations for why this is the case, are based in part on a survey of public pension fund trustees conducted in fall 2006. I propose that public pensions be required to disclose the extent to which (if at all) they incorporate sustainability issues into their investment policies and practices. This proposal is consistent with new governance regulatory approaches that recognize the limits of traditional legal mechanisms in improving corporations' social and environmental performance and seek to harness the potential of informed and interested third-party actors to develop flexible and efficient regulation. Public pensions can serve a powerful role under this approach. These pensions have a natural interest in sustainable economic development, but there are hurdles in the way of their greater involvement. The disclosure requirement serves to motivate action and then continually improve the quality of their involvement. Evidence from a similar law in the United Kingdom supports these arguments. In addition, pensions are a catalyst for change, as their actions can spur greater consideration of long-term responsible investor issues throughout the financial industry. This proposal is not without potential pitfalls. Thus, I also discuss what additional reforms may be necessary to ensure the success of this proposal and respond to potential criticisms from those that believe public pensions will act primarily based on the private interests of politicians or special interest groups and not based on serving the best long-term interests of the corporation or society.
National Income Estimates for the United States Prior to 1870

The analysis summarized below was made in an attempt to study long-term changes in the level and composition of national income in the United States. For reasons that will become dear, this attempt had to be limited to measures for years since 1870; but before this decision was reached, I had to scrutinize and reject the current and rather widely used estimates for the years prior to 1870. The notes below summarize the results of this scrutiny and may be of interest to other workers in the field.
Strategies for improving the immunohistochemical staining of various intranuclear prognostic markers in formalin-paraffin sections: Androgen receptor, estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, p53 protein, proliferating cell nuclear antigen, and Ki-67 antigen revealed by antigen retrieval techniques

Different variations of the antigen retrieval technique using different retrieval solutions have been evaluated for their effectiveness in restoring the antigenicity of six intranuclear antigens, each of which is a potentially valuable prognostic indicator in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections. The results of immunohistochemical staining for estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, androgen receptor, p53 protein, proliferating cell nuclear antigen, and Ki-67 antigen were compared following the different antigen retrieval approaches. The strongest immunostaining signal with the clearest background was obtained by microwave heating of dewaxed paraffin sections for 10 minutes in 0.05 mol/L glycine HCl (pH 3.5) or in citrate buffer solution (pH 6). Urea solution, distilled water, and lead thiocyanate solution yielded improvements with some antigens, but less consistently and less impressively than glycine HCl buffer or citrate buffer. Following antigen retrieval nuclear staining was sharply defined and could be achieved consistently in a variety of tissues after formalin fixation for as long as 7 days. The duration of fixation, however, was an important variable; generally, the longer the fixation time the more vigorous the retrieval procedure required. This study demonstrates the ability to stain a variety of intranuclear antigens, which are not readily demonstrable otherwise, in formalin-paraffin sections with a high degree of consistency and reproducibility. The availability of methods that are effective in paraffin sections may facilitate studies of the possible value of these markers as prognostic indicators for predicting the response of major tumors to different forms of therapy. This study also provided insight into the basic principles of the antigen retrieval method, which may be helpful in attempts to develop a more uniformly standardized technique applicable to many different antigen systems.
Reovirus-coded polypeptides in infected cells: isolation of two native monomeric polypeptides with affinity for single-stranded and double-stranded RNA, respectively.

Abstract The cytoplasm of cells infected with rovirus contains 8 of the 10 polypeptides coded by this virus in free form in amounts equivalent to 1 to 10% of the progeny virus yield. All of these polypeptides exist in monomeric form except polypeptides μ1 and μ2 which occur as dimers, the form in which they are present in virions. One of these polypeptides, σ3, a constituent of the outer capsid shell, binds strongly to double-stranded RNA; it can be isolated in high yield in pure form by passing extracts of infected cells through columns of poly(IC)-cellulose and eluting. Another polypeptide, σ2A, a nonstructural polypeptide, binds strongly to single-stranded RNA and appears to exist in infected cells complexed with RNA. It can be isolated in high yield in pure form by passing extracts of infected cells, suitably treated to dissociate these complexes, through columns of poly(A)-cellulose and eluting. The possible significance of the highly specific nucleic acid affinities of these two reovirus-coded polypeptides is discussed.
Adverse neuropsychiatric events associated with dexfenfluramine and fenfluramine

1. There is a large body of evidence indicating that fenfluramines damage brain serotonin neurons in animals. 2. Little is known about potential adverse neuropsychiatric consequences in humans associated with use of fenfluramines that could potentially be related to serotonergic dysfunction. 3. The authors now report numerous cases of severe and, sometimes persistent, neuropsychiatric syndromes associated with fenfluramine use. 4. Thirty one representative cases are presented and summarized in table form. 5. Several of the cases presented suggest long-lasting deleterious effects of fenfluramines on brain serotonin function. 6. Clinicians should be vigilant for disorders of mood, anxiety, cognitive function and impulse control in patients previously exposed to fenfluramines.
A 17-month evaluation of a chlorine dioxide water treatment system to control Legionella species in a hospital water supply.

Objective:To assess the safety and efficacy of a chlorine dioxide water treatment system in controlling Legionella in a hospital water supply.Design:For 17 months following installation of the system, we performed regular water cultures throughout the building, assessed chlorine dioxide and chlorite levels, and monitored metal corrosion.Results:Sites that grew Legionella species decreased from 41% at baseline to 4% (P = .001). L. anisa was the only species recovered and it was found in samples of both hot and cold water. Levels of chlorine dioxide and chlorite were below Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) limits for these chemicals in potable water. Further, enhanced carbon filtration effectively removed the chemicals, even at chlorine dioxide levels of more than twice what was used to treat the water. After 9 months, corrosion of copper test strips exposed to the chlorine dioxide was not higher than that of control strips. During the evaluation period, there were no cases of nosocomial Legionella in the building with the system, whereas there was one case in another building.Conclusions:Our results indicate that operation of a chlorine dioxide system effectively removed Legionella species from a hospital water supply. Furthermore, we found that the system was safe, as levels of chlorine dioxide and chlorite were below EPA limits. The system did not appear to cause increased corrosion of copper pipes. Our results indicate that chlorine dioxide may hold promise as a solution to the problem of Legionella contamination of hospital water supplies.
Cardiac enkephalins attenuate vagal bradycardia: interactions with NOS-1-cGMP systems in canine sinoatrial node

Endogenous opioids and nitric oxide (NO) are recognized modulators of cardiac function. Enkephalins and inhibitors of NO synthase (NOS) both produce similar interruptions in the vagal control of he...
Influence of NPK fertilization on calcium and magnesium in Poa pratensis L. with reference to dietary requirements of grazing cattle

Abstract A two‐year experiment was conducted on Edwards muck (Limnic Medisaprist) on the Pinney‐Purdue Agricultural Center at Wanatah, Indiana to study the effect of NPK fertilization on Ca and Mg concentrations in Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.). Eight combinations of N‐P‐K fertilizer (0–0–0, 0–99–0, 0–0–372, 0–99–372, 168–0–0, 168–99–0, 168–0–372, 168–99–372 kg/ha), were applied each spring. Four cuttings were taken annually during the 1979 and 1980 growing seasons from a 1.5 m2 caged area. The Ca concentration in the forage ranged from 0.31 to 0.64% and the Mg concentration from 0.18 to 0.34%. Application of 168 kg/ha N and 99 kg/ha of P applied together resulted In the highest Ca concentration in the forage for each of the four cuttings. However, N and P applied alone had little if any effect on Ca concentration. The application of 372 kg/ha of K significantly decreased Ca (LSD ≤ 0.05) throughout the growing season. Magnesium levels in the forage were Increased by N fertilization and decreased b...
Assessment of sharp- and continuous-interface methods for drop in static equilibrium

Abstract Among the successful approaches for treating multiphase problems involving an interface, the continuous-interface method often handles the surface force via a locally integrated body force formulation. On the other hand, the sharp-interface method treats each phase separately while coordinating them via an explicit interface treatment. The sharp interface method computationally more demanding, but the continuous interface method can create spurious velocity in the interface region, which compromises the solution accuracy. Furthermore, the large property jumps often observed between liquid and vapor phases can influence the numerical accuracy, and needs to be investigated. In order to quantitatively demonstrate the relative performance of the sharp- and continuous-interface methods, we have considered a spherical drop in static equilibrium to highlight the role of the interface treatment. It is shown that the sharp-interface method is second-order accurate while the continuous-interface method is first-order. Furthermore, the sharp interface method is insensitive to the property jumps.
Avoidance training and incorporation of 3H-uridine into RNA, UMP and UDP-sugars in mouse brain.

Abstract The incorporation of 3H-uridine into RNA and selected nucleotides of mouse brain during avoidance training was assayed using intracranial injections of precursor. The net incorporation of uridine into total brain RNA, as assayed by three methods, was not detectably affected by training. Training induced a decrease in the amount of radioactivity recovered from the brain as uridine monophosphate, while concomitantly increasing the amount of radioactivity in substances that chromatographed as uridine diphosphate sugars. The results suggest that changes in the cerebral metabolism of uridine observed during this form of avoidance training may reflect changes in the cellular uptake of uridine, or the metabolism of carbohydrate compounds, rather than increases in the rate of cerebral RNA synthesis.
Tubo-ovarian abscess in adolescents

Abstract Little information is available regarding the clinical presentation of tubo-ovarian abscess (TOA) in adolescents and how to distinguish it from uncomplicated pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) specifically in this age group. By chart review, we compared 37 adolescent girls with the diagnosis of TOA (by direct visualization or pelvic sonography) with 28 matched control subjects with PID. The mean age was 17.0 (±1.6); 57% were black. The mean body temperature was significantly higher in the PID group, but a longer duration of pain (>7 days) and a higher erythrocyte sedimentation rate (>30 mm/hour) were significantly related to the presence of TOA. Considerable overlap in clinical presentations was noted between the two groups in history of intermenstrual bleeding, gastrointestinal symptoms, vaginal discharge, and parity. In 29% of the TOA group, an abscess was not suspected on physical examination. Thus, we would recommend that pelvic sonography be used liberally in adolescents with PID with particular focus on those with a prolonged history of abdominal pain and high erythrocyte sedimentation rate.
Changes in Gene Expression in the Larval Gut of Ostrinia nubilalis in Response to Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1Ab Protoxin Ingestion

We developed a microarray based on 2895 unique transcripts assembled from 15,000 cDNA sequences from the European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis) larval gut. This microarray was used to monitor gene expression in early third-instar larvae of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)-susceptible O. nubilalis after 6 h feeding on diet, with or without the Bt Cry1Ab protoxin. We identified 174 transcripts, for which the expression was changed more than two-fold in the gut of the larvae fed Cry1Ab protoxin (p < 0.05), representing 80 down-regulated and 94 up-regulated transcripts. Among 174 differentially expressed transcripts, 13 transcripts putatively encode proteins that are potentially involved in Bt toxicity, and these transcripts include eight serine proteases, three aminopeptidases, one alkaline phosphatase, and one cadherin. The expressions of trypsin-like protease and three aminopeptidase transcripts were variable, but two potential Bt-binding proteins, alkaline phosphatase and cadherin were consistently up-regulated in larvae fed Cry1Ab protoxin. The significantly up and down-regulated transcripts may be involved in Cry1Ab toxicity by activation, degradation, toxin binding, and other related cellular responses. This study is a preliminary survey of Cry1Ab protoxin-induced transcriptional responses in O. nubilalis gut and our results are expected to help with further studies on Bt toxin-insect interactions at the molecular level.
Fatal Vibrio parahemolyticus septicemia in a patient with cirrhosis. A case report and review of the literature.

Vibrio parahemolyticus has been well documented to cause outbreaks of infectious diarrhea, usually related to poor food handling; only rarely has it been reported to cause fatal septicemia. In contrast,Vibrio vulnificus is a well-known cause of septicemia, especially in patients with cirrhosis. A 31-year-old woman with cirrhosis who developed fatalV. parahemolyticus sepsis after ingesting raw seafood is described. We review the clinical syndromes associated with sepsis caused by these two organisms. Leg pain and bullous skin lesions may be a clue to the diagnosis. Febrile patients with cirrhosis should be questioned regarding recent seafood ingestion, and appropriate antibiotics chosen if this history is obtained. Physicians should inform patients at risk to avoid raw seafood in an attempt to prevent this potentially lethal syndrome.
‘Trojan horse’ or ‘Workhorse’? the evolution of U.S.–Japanese joint ventures in the United States

Foreign investors and their domestic joint venture partners must find ways to share the benefits of the venture if both sides are to be satisfied. Some work in the literature on joint ventures has asserted that there is a danger in all joint ventures, and especially joint ventures with Japanese, that one side will exploit the venture for its own gain, using it as a Trojan Horse. To test this assertion, we build a full data set of Japanese firms with joint ventures in the United States and track the ventures over time. Our data show that the Japanese partners do not take actions consistent with the Trojan Horse hypothesis. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The pregnancy exclusions: respect for women requires repeal.

Thomas Mayo (2014) argues that the immunity provision of the Texas Advance Directives Act (TADA) renders the act's requirements optional, including the seeming mandate of its pregnancy exclusion: T...
Iterative methods based on domain decomposition, with particular reference to problems of machining distortion

We consider some iterative methods for problems of elasticity theory based on the idea of substructuring. Suppose that the given complicated domain can be decomposed into two or more simple subdomains for which solutions are available. In contrast to costumary methods of substructuring, we allow subdomains to overlap, or one to be inside another. The given domain can be formed in a rather flexible way as a union, product, or relative complement (difference) of subdomains. We study several iterative schemes of patching solutions for subdomains, to give the solution of the required problem. Convergence is established by presenting the operator of an iterative procedure as a product of two or more projectors. We then apply one of the algorithms for a problem of machining distortion as a result of residual stresses.
Photosensitivity in HIV-infected individuals.

Objective To characterize photosensitivity in HIV-infected individuals using minimal erythema dosage (MED) UVA (ultraviolet A light) and UVB (ultraviolet B light) photoprovocation light testing. Design Prospective, controlled analytical study Setting University of California, San Francisco, between March 1995 and January 1997. Patients 13 HIV-seropositive patients with clinical and pathological features consistent with photodermatitis, 13 HIV-seropositive patients with biopsy-proven eosinophilic foliculitis (EF), and 10 HIV-seropositive patients with CD4 (T helper cell) count below 200 cells/uL and no history of photosensitivity or EF. Intervention Each patient underwent MED testing for UVB. All 13 patients with suspected photodermatitis underwent full photochallenge testing with UVA and UVB for up to 10 consecutive week days. Results Mean MED to UVB in patients with clinical photosensitivity and EF was lower (p=0.004 and p=0.022 respectively) than that of patients without a clinical history of photodermatitis. There were no significant differences in mean CD4 count or Fitzpatrick skin type. Positive photochallenge tests (papular changes at site of provocative light testing) to UVB (9 of 13 patients) were much more common than reactions to UVA (3 of 13 patients) in the photodermatitis group. All patients with clinically active photodermatitis developed papular changes at the site of UVB photochallenge testing, but only 1 of 5 patients with photodermatitis in remission developed papular changes with UVB photochallenge testing. Seven of the 13 patients with photodermatitis had Native American ancestry. Photosensitive patients were commonly taking trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX), but no more commonly than EF or control patients. Conclusions Photosensitivity in HIV-infected individuals appears to be a manifestation of advanced disease. Most patients are sensitive to UVB. The most severely affected individuals are both UVB and UVA sensitive, and may show reactions to visible light. A significant Native American ancestry may be a risk factor for development of photodermatitis in patients with advanced HIV disease. Finally, patients with eosinophilic folliculitis may be subclinically photosensitive.
Spectroscopic detection of nitrogen concentrations in sagebrush

The ability to estimate foliar nitrogen in semi-arid landscapes can yield information on nutritional status and improve our limited understanding of controls on canopy photosynthesis. We examined two spectroscopic methods for estimating sagebrush dried leaf and live shrub nitrogen content: first derivative reflectance (FDR) and continuum removal. Both methods used partial least squares (PLS) regression to select wavebands most significantly correlated with nitrogen concentrations in the samples. Sagebrush dried leaf spectra produced PLS models (R 2 = 0.76–0.86) that could predict nitrogen concentrations within the data set more accurately than PLS models generated from live shrub spectra (R 2 = 0.41–0.63). Inclusion of wavelengths associated with leaf water in the FDR transformations appeared to improve regression results. These findings are encouraging and warrant further exploration into sagebrush reflectance spectra to characterize nitrogen concentrations.
The qualitative behavior of Yang-Mills theory in 2 + 1 dimensions

The SU(2) gauge theory of gluons (no quarks) is studied in two space and one time dimensions. Only qualitative or suggestive discussions are made. Starting from the quantum field equations it is argued that the necessary gauge invariance of the wave functional results, in this non-abelian case, in a finite energy for any excitation ('"glueball"') above the ground state. Furthermore, fluctuations in which gauging factors change sign can occur independently in regions adequately separated in space. This results in a potential between distant massive quarks rising linearly with distance (quark confinement). The situation in 3 + l dimensions is not discussed.
Changes in cardiac function during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for persistent pulmonary hypertension in the newborn infant.

The effects of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) on cardiac function and its determinants (preload, afterload, contractility, and heart rate) are largely unknown, although some evidence exists that function may decrease. To determine whether cardiac function decreases and what changes in the determinants take place during and after ECMO, we observed 26 newborn infants with persistent pulmonary hypertension. Serial echocardiograms were performed before ECMO, during maximum cardiopulmonary bypass, and after ECMO. Cardiac function was assessed by using standard echographic ejection phase indices (shortening fraction and cardiac output). Heart rate, preload (left ventricular end-diastolic dimension and area), afterload (left ventricular end-systolic wall stress), and contractility (relationship between velocity of circumferential fiber shortening and wall stress) were also measured. Ejection phase indices significantly decreased during ECMO (shortening fraction 33% to 25%, cardiac output 205 to 113 ml/kg/min; p p p 2 ; p
Estimating Kinetic Parameters when the Amount of Enzyme Added to an Assay Is Not a Controlled Variable NITROGENASE ACTIVITY OF INTACT LEGUMES

Reliable estimates of Michaelis constants (K(m)) and inhibitor constants may be obtained, in the absence of control over the amount of enzyme being added to any assay system, provided the following constraints are met. Michaelis-Menten kinetics are obeyed. Two rate measurements must be made with the same sample of enzyme: at low and high substrate concentration for determining K(m) or minus and plus an inhibitor for determining inhibitor constants. The Michaelis constant may be calculated from the equation [Formula: see text] Inhibitor constants are derived graphically from Lineweaver-Burk or Dixon plots, once the K(m) has been calculated. The above technique has been applied to study of the acetylene-reducing ability of intact legume plants. The apparent K(m) for acetylene reduction by nitrogenase in legume nodules is approximately 1/100 atmosphere in the absence of nitrogen and approximately 1/40 atmosphere in its presence.
Novel membrane and device for vacuum membrane distillation-based desalination process

Abstract In vacuum membrane distillation (VMD) process for desalination, water vapor flux is strongly affected by the hot brine heat transfer coefficient and membrane mass transfer coefficient. The VMD process has been studied here using porous hydrophobic polypropylene hollow fibers having three different dimensions, two different wall thicknesses and pore sizes. The outside surface of the hollow fibers has been coated with a variety of porous/microporous plasmapolymerized silicone fluoropolymer coatings. A large number of rectangular modules having the hot brine in cross flow over the outside of the fibers and vacuum on the fiber bore side have been investigated for their VMD performances to hot brine (1% NaCl) over a brine temperature range of 60–90 °C. Studies were carried out with hot water as well; further hot water flow in the tube side and vacuum in the shell side were also implemented. The shell-side Reynolds number was varied between 9 and 95. Module MXFR #3 containing larger size fibers having a much more open coating and larger pore size yielded at a high Reynolds number a water vapor flux as high as 71 kg/m2 h from a 85 °C hot feed in cross flow. The temperature polarization was reduced considerably with the temperature polarization coefficient varying between 0.93 and 0.99. Zukauskas equation for heat transfer coefficient in cross flow over a tube bank allows one to predict the water vapor flux behavior over a wide range of Reynolds number of the shell-side brine provided an empirically determined membrane mass transfer coefficient is employed.
Dependence of carrier lifetime on Cu-contacting temperature and ZnTe:Cu thickness in CdS/CdTe thin film solar cells☆

Abstract Cu diffusion from a ZnTe:Cu contact interface can increase the net acceptor concentration in the CdTe layer of a CdS/CdTe photovoltaic solar cell. This reduces the space-charge width ( W d ) of the junction and enhances current collection and open-circuit voltage. Here we study the effect of Cu concentration in the CdTe layer on carrier lifetime ( τ ) using time-resolved photoluminescence measurements of ZnTe:Cu/Ti-contacted CdTe devices. Measurements show that if the ZnTe:Cu layer thickness remains constant and contact temperature is varied, τ increases significantly above its as-deposited value when the contacting temperature is in a range that has been shown to yield high-performance devices (~ 280° to ~ 320 °C). However, when the contacting temperature is maintained near an optimum value and the ZnTe:Cu thickness is varied, τ decreases with ZnTe:Cu thickness.
Dust Devils and Dustless Vortices on a Desert Playa Observed with Surface Pressure and Solar Flux Logging

Abstract Dust devils are convective vortices rendered visible by lofted dust, and may be a significant means of injecting dust into the atmosphere, on both Earth and Mars. The fraction of vortices that are dust-laden is not well-understood, however. Here we report a May/June 2013 survey on a Nevada desert playa using small stations that record pressure and solar flux with high time resolution (2 Hz): these data allow detection of vortices and an estimate of the dust opacity of the subset of vortices that geometrically occult the sun. The encounter rate of vortex pressure drops of 0.3 hPa or larger is 50–80 per 100 days, with 0.6 hPa or larger drops occurring about 3 times less often. Obscuration events associated with pressure drops occur less frequently, in part because near-misses must be in the sunward direction to cause attenuation of the solar beam and in part because some vortices are not dust-laden. 40% of vortex events had no detectable attenuation, and only 20% of events caused dimming greater than about 2% (a maximum of ∼35%), with stronger dimming tending to occur with larger pressure drops. The distribution suggests dust lifting may be dominated by a few intense devils, complicating estimation of the total flux into the atmosphere.
Dilatational band formation in bone

Toughening in hierarchically structured materials like bone arises from the arrangement of constituent material elements and their interactions. Unlike microcracking, which entails micrometer-level separation, there is no known evidence of fracture at the level of bone’s nanostructure. Here, we show that the initiation of fracture occurs in bone at the nanometer scale by dilatational bands. Through fatigue and indentation tests and laser confocal, scanning electron, and atomic force microscopies on human and bovine bone specimens, we established that dilatational bands of the order of 100 nm form as ellipsoidal voids in between fused mineral aggregates and two adjacent proteins, osteocalcin (OC) and osteopontin (OPN). Laser microdissection and ELISA of bone microdamage support our claim that OC and OPN colocalize with dilatational bands. Fracture tests on bones from OC and/or OPN knockout mice (OC−/−, OPN−/−, OC-OPN−/−;−/−) confirm that these two proteins regulate dilatational band formation and bone matrix toughness. On the basis of these observations, we propose molecular deformation and fracture mechanics models, illustrating the role of OC and OPN in dilatational band formation, and predict that the nanometer scale of tissue organization, associated with dilatational bands, affects fracture at higher scales and determines fracture toughness of bone.
An algorithm for finding novel gapped motifs in DNA sequences

We propose a novel algorithm that, given a long DNA sequence, finds approximate repeats, allowing general insertions and deletions. The idea is based on the Gibbs sampling approach of Lawrence et al. The novelty of our algorithm stems largely from our handling of gaps in the motif occurrences. Another contribution is the use of relative entropy as a natural scoring function for alignment of the motif occurrences. We describe the results of experiments with this algorithm on the full H. influenzae genome.
Raman spectroscopic study of gadolinium(III) in sodium-aluminoborosilicate glasses

Abstract A Raman spectroscopy study was performed on a series of sodium-aluminoborosilicate glasses with Gd2O3 from 0 mass% up to its solubility (47 mass% or 13.58 mol%). Experimentally measured spectra were fitted with a Gaussian function for each individual band without any restriction on the band position, width, and intensity. The evolution of the spectroscopic bands appears to result from partitioning of the rare earth cation, as its dissolution mechanism, in these borosilicate glasses. Specifically, the evolution of the Raman bands was correlated well with Gd cations partitioning in the borate-rich environment at low Gd2O3 concentration, Gd2O3/[1/3B2O3] 1. Raman bands near 1420 and 710 cm −1 suggest the presence of a local Gd-metaborate environment, which appeared to occur at all Gd2O3 concentrations. The bands near 300 and 910 cm −1 further suggest the formation of Gd–O–Gd clusters in the silicate-rich environment at high Gd2O3 concentrations.
AN ALTERED HPRT PROTEIN, CREATED BY AN IN VITRO MUTAGENESIS OF THE GENE, CAN BE RECOGNIZED SPECIF: CALLY BY AN ANTIPEPTIDE ANTIBODY: 235

AN ALTERED HPRT PROTEIN, CREATED BY AN IN VITRO MUTAGENESIS OF THE GENE, CAN BE RECOGNIZED SPECIF: CALLY BY AN ANTIPEPTIDE ANTIBODY: 235
Erratum to: Religious Attendance, Stress, and Happiness in South Korea: Do Gender and Religious Affiliation Matter?

Is religious attendance positively associated with happiness in South Korea? If yes, can religious attendance buffer against the harmful effect of stress on happiness? Moreover, do gender and religious affiliation modify these associations? This study addresses these questions with data from 2009 Korean General Social Survey which is a nationally representative survey (N = 1,599). Ordinal least square regression analyses reveal that although the effect size is relatively small, religious attendance is associated with a higher level of happiness in South Korea. However, this positive effect holds only for women and only for Protestants. In addition, an interaction effect between religious attendance and stress is observed for women only; the negative association between stress and happiness is weakened among those women who report more frequent church attendance. In this regard, a high level of church attendance buffers against the deleterious effects of stress on happiness for women. I discuss the implications of the findings with regard to theories about religion, mental health, and gender in South Korean context.
Femoral prosthesis implantation induces changes in bone stress that depend on the extent of porous coating

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of implantation of porous-coated anatomic medullary fitting prostheses on stress in the proximal femur. Three-dimensional finite element models of a cadaveric femur before and after implantation were used to evaluate the resulting changes in stress in the bone. Models of the femur were generated automatically from computed tomographic scan data with use of an innovative mesh-generation technique. The models were analyzed for three levels of porous coating (proximal, 5/8, and full), with the assumption of ideal ingrowth (perfect bonding) over porous areas and a frictionless, tension-free surface on smooth areas. All models were loaded and restrained to represent conditions of normal gait. The stresses predicted in the implanted femur are consistent with clinical observations of proximal cortical atrophy (normal stress reduced to 6-9% of normal at the calcar and 50-55% at mid-prosthesis) and of hypertrophy at the porous coating junctions (normal stress at the 5/8-coating junction, 123% of stress proximal to the junction) and hypertrophy near the distal tip of the prosthesis (anterior and posterior normal stresses 200-800% of normal). The fully coated prosthesis induced stresses in the bone near the tip of the prosthesis that were most like stresses in the normal femur (medial and lateral normal stress 105 and 102% of the stress in the normal femur). Below the collar, the normal stress associated with the proximally coated prosthesis was 6% greater than that produced with the other two levels of coating but still was only 2% of normal. The 5/8-coated prosthesis appeared to combine the worst features of the fully coated and proximally coated prostheses--greater stress-shielding at the calcar and higher stress near the tip of the prosthesis.
Sputtering and migration of trace quantities of transition metal atoms on silicon

Abstract We have investigated the behavior of low levels of transition metal atoms on silicon surfaces subject to nitrogen bombardment. Submonolayer coverages of gold, iron, copper, molybdenum and tungsten were deposited on 〈100〉 silicon surfaces. Samples were analyzed using 270 keV He + time-of-flight backscattering before and after irradiation with 6 mC of 270 keV N + at current levels in the hundreds of nanoamps. The yield of sputtered metallic atoms ranged from 1.0 × 10 −3 per incident nitrogen ion to 3.3 × 10 −3 per incident ion. Lower yields were correlated with migration of the metallic species into the silicon. The implications for ultra-high sensitivity measurement of contamination on silicon wafers by time-of-flight heavy-ion backscattering spectrometry are discussed.
Estrogen genomic and membrane actions at an intersection

Estradiol is a primary hormonal signal that synchronizes central neuronal activity changes during the female reproductive cycle. The cellular and molecular mechanisms for many of these changes are still not well understood. Exciting new findings of Roepke and colleagues indicate that estradiol regulates expression of key potassium channels as well as modulatory intracellular signaling molecules. This regulation might contribute to region-specific changes in neuronal excitability in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus and to the integration of neuronal responses that influence homeostatic functions.
NUTRITIONAL QUALITY OF FOUR COMMERCIALLY PROCESSED SOYBEAN PRODUCTS

Comparisons were made among isonitrogenous (1.6%) diets containing isolated soybean protein (ISP), soybean flakes, soybean nuts, tofu and bovine nonfat dry milk (NFDM). Each diet was fed for 3 wk at different levels of intake to male weanling rats and change in body weight was related to dry matter intake by linear regression. The slope of the regression line was designated as the weight gain coefficient. For the tofu and soybean flake diets, the weight gain coefficient was 65%, for the ISP diet 76%, and for the soybean nut diet 86% of that obtained for the NFDM diet. Since diets were isonitrogenous, differences among weight gain coefficients were attributed to differences with which the various sources of protein influenced the utilization of diets to promote body weight gain. There was no correlation between weight gain coefficient and trypsin inhibitor activity, supporting the conclusion that variation in the nutritional quality of soybean products is not directly related to trypsin inhibitor activity. Soybean products are becoming increasingly important in human diets, thus further investigation of factors affecting their nutritional quality is warranted.
Environmental regulation of hypopial apolysis of the mite, Caloglyphus boharti

Abstract Caloglyphus boharti hypopi will apolyse at temperatures over 15°C and/or r.h. in excess of 97 per cent if they are isolated, but not if they are retained in old stock cultures. At temperatures over 15°C and r.h. over 97 per cent, certain concentrations of salts in the environment influenced termination of hypopi. There was an optimum concentration of NH 4 NO 3 for maximum hypopial termination and a concentration above which hypopial apolysis was completely inhibited. The optimum and inhibiting salt concentration for hypopi from old cultures was higher than for hypopi from young cultures. Certain concentrations of water extracts of culture debris and brewer's yeast resulted in either maximum apolysis or inhibition of hypopial apolysis. Hypopial termination is influenced by environmental osmotic pressure, which may vary with qualitative or quantitative aspects of food and/or debris in the microenvironment of the mite.
Proposal for translational analysis and development of clinical radiolabeled immunoglobulin therapy

Abstract Background and purpose : Radiolabeled immunoglobulin therapy (RIT) can be a selective, effective, low-toxicity outpatient cancer therapy. A consensus on the best approach for the preclinical and clinical development of RIT reagents needs to be developed. We report the M.D. Anderson Cancer Center prior experience in translating RIT from laboratory to clinic for the treatment of Hodgkin's disease and propose a flow diagram for the development of RIT for other malignancies. Material and methods : Three different animal models are described: nude mice bearing human tumor xenografts, normal beagle dogs, and normal rhesus monkeys. We produced and purified antibodies and prepared chelate-immunoconjugates reactive with six different human tumor-associated antigens. The Igs used were derived from rabbits, mice, and humans (human-derived RIT reagents being less immunogenic in human patients). Eighty patients with refractory Hodgkin's disease were treated with radiolabeled antiferritin. Results : We recommend a two-injection scheme using, (1) an indium-111-labeled radioimmunoconjugate for diagnosis, pharmacokinetic studies, and dosimetry, and (2) a yttrium-90-labeled radioimmunoconjugate for therapy. The animal models provide useful data on tumor targeting, radiotoxicology, and undesirable biodistributions. A 70% response rate is obtained in patients with advanced recurrent Hodgkin's disease. More extensive preclinical testing allows for safer and more effective clinical RIT studies. Conclusions : We recommend, (1) preclinical optimization of chelation chemistry, Ig size, Ig origin, route of administration, and fractionation, (2) new clinical Phase I–III studies more appropriate for RIT development than the classical Phase I–III studies used for the development of chemotherapeutic agents, and (3) more extensive preclinical testing of RIT reagents.