cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pulsating Poiseuille flow of a cement slurry

Abstract In this paper, we investigate the pulsatile flow of a cement slurry in a pipe. The constitutive relation for the viscous stress tensor is based on the power-law model, where the shear viscosity not only depends on the shear rate but also the volume fraction of the cement particles. To solve for the volume fraction field, a convection–diffusion equation is used. The dimensionless form of the governing equations and the boundary conditions are solved numerically at different pulsatile cycles. A parametric study is conducted to study the effect of different dimensionless numbers at different cycles on the velocity and the volume fraction profiles.
When we move cancer drugs from the second or third to the first line of treatment: what lessons can we learn from KEYNOTE-177 and JAVELIN-100.

If the current standard of care is to give a new cancer drug as the second or third treatment option for a patient and there is interest in moving the drug to the front-line setting, how should we design and evaluate the study? Two recent examples can help us make sense of this question. The recent KEYNOTE-177 Study1 evaluated pembrolizumab in microsatellite-instability-high (MSI-high) advanced colorectal cancer found that front-line use of pembrolizumab is associated with an improved progression-free survival (PFS), median 16.5 months versus 8.2 months, compared with standard chemotherapy. Similarly, JAVELIN-1002 found that among patients with metastatic urothelial cancer who achieved at least stable disease after four to six cycles of therapy, the use of maintenance avelumab increased median PFS from 2.0 months to 3.7 months and median overall survival (OS) from 14.3 months to 21.4 months. Both pembrolizumab and avelumab are checkpoint inhibitors that target immune checkpoints that unleash the immune response to cancer cells. These trials join studies such as KEYNOTE-483 and KEYNOTE-189,4 as justification to move a drug previously used in a latter line of therapy to the front-line setting. Moving these drugs to the front line will certainly increase the number of patients in each of these tumour types who receive the medication, growing market share and unfortunately, also, aggregate immune-related adverse events, but the key question is whether patients are better off as a result and how to make that assessment. Here, we discuss sequencing, duration and patient selection. …
Field induced displacement reactions with proton bound dimers of organophosphorus compounds in a tandem differential mobility spectrometer.

Endothermic displacement reactions between proton bound dimers of organophosphorus compounds (OPCs) and isopropanol (IPA) were enabled in air at ambient pressure with tandem differential mobility spectrometry (DMS). Proton bound dimers (M2H+) were mobility isolated in purified air with a first DMS stage, mixed with IPA at ≥100 ppm in a middle reactive stage at 106 to 160 Td from a symmetrical 4 MHz waveform, and mobility analyzed in a second DMS stage. Although the enthalpy for displacement of M by IPA in M2H+ is unfavorable by +44 to 50 kJ mol−1, formation of the heterogenous proton bound dimer, MH+(IPA) arises from field induced dissociation of M2H+ to MH+ and addition of IPA. While peak dispersion for M2H+ of OPCs is limited to −2.25 to −0.5 V compensation voltage, peaks for MH+(IPA) were located at −10.5 to −8.25 V through a combination of ion transformation and mobility-based vapor modification. This inaugural use of ion reactions in air at ambient pressure demonstrates that multi-stage sequential processing of ions can improve significantly the analytical performance in a mobility spectrometer.
Content and Quality of Science Training Programs Matter: Longitudinal Study of the Biology Scholars Program.

The current study examined a well-established science training program, the UC Berkeley Biology Scholars Program, to see which aspects of the program contribute to students’ greater integration int...
Interfacing of Sensory and Analytical Measurements

The objective of odorous air pollution control is to reduce or eliminate the complaints by the affected population.
Stream bank soil and phosphorus losses within grazed pasture stream reaches in the Rathbun Watershed in southern Iowa

Livestock grazing of riparian zones can have a major impact on stream banks if improperly managed. The goals of this study were to determine the sediment and phosphorus losses from stream bank soils under varying cattle stocking rates and identify other factors that impact stream bank erosion in the Southern Iowa Drift Plain. The study was conducted on thirteen cooperating beef cow-calf farms within the Rathbun Lake watershed in South Central Iowa. Stream bank erosion rates over three years were estimated by using the erosion pin method. Eroded stream bank lengths and area, soil bulk density and stream bank soil-P concentrations were measured to calculate soil and total soil-P lost via stream bank erosion. Results revealed that the length of severely eroded stream banks and compaction of the riparian area were positively related to an increase in number of livestock grazing on the pasture stream reaches. While there was no direct relationship between bank erosion and stocking rate, the erosion rates from two sites enrolled within the Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) were significantly lower than those from all grazed pasture sites especially when seasonal effect, specifically winter/spring, was considered. This result suggests that use of riparian areas as pasture has major negative impacts on water quality and channel integrity through increased sediment and phosphorus from bank erosion, and that impact could be reduced through management of livestock grazing within these riparian areas.
Heterogeneous Predispositions and the Effects of Sorting, Voting, and Communication in Collective Action Dilemmas

Subjects in collective action experiments like the voluntary contribution mechanism (Davis and Holt, 1993) display varying predispositions ranging from stronger or weaker inclinations to cooperate (including willingness to engage in costly punishment of non-cooperators) to relatively single-minded pursuit of self-interest to costly resistance against the actions of more cooperative individuals. In this paper, I discuss experimental results for three kinds of mechanisms - sorting, voting, and communication - that have been found to foster cooperation in the face of such varied dispositions. In my discussion, I pay special attention to the role played by pro-social, selfish, and anti-social dispositions and their differing appearance within populations.
An inverse problem for scattering by a doubly periodic structure

Consider scattering of electromagnetic waves by a doubly periodic structure S = {X3 = f(Xl,x2)} with f(xl +niAl,x2 +n2A2) = f(Xl,x2) for integers nl, n2. Above the structure, the medium is assumed to be homogeneous with a constant dielectric coefficient. The medium is a perfect conductor below the structure. An inverse problem arises and may be described as follows. For a given incident plane wave, the tangential electric field is measured away from the structure, say at X3 = b for some large b. To what extent can one determine the location of the periodic structure that separates the dielectric medium from the conductor? In this paper, results on uniqueness and stability are established for the inverse problem. A crucial step in our proof is to obtain a lower bound for the first eigenvalue of the following problem in a convex domain Q: --L =Au in Q, { V u = 0 in Q, n xu=0 on &Q.
Full scale hybrid lidar-radar system

This paper concerns a novel hybrid lidar-radar system for underwater surveillance. Simulations and laboratory measurements based on the hybrid detection scheme revealed a 17 dB suppression of the water backscatter signal (clutter) and corresponding target contrast enhancement. These results led to the design, implementation and testing of a full scale lidar-radar system. Details of this system and results obtained in the ocean experiment are presented.
Szent-Györgyi von Nagyrapolt, Albert

1893–1986 Hungarian - born US biochemist who is best known for his work on vitamin C and cellular respiration. Keywords: vitamin C; respiration; actin; myosin
Postmating isolation and genetically variable host use in ecologically divergent host forms of Neochlamisus bebbianae leaf beetles.

Ecological speciation studies have more thoroughly addressed premating than postmating reproductive isolation. This study examines multiple postmating barriers between host forms of Neochlamisus bebbianae leaf beetles that specialize on Acer and Salix trees. We demonstrate cryptic isolation and reduced hybrid fitness via controlled matings of these host forms. These findings reveal host-associated postmating isolation, although a nonecological, ‘intrinsic’ basis for these patterns cannot be ruled out. Host preference and performance results among cross types further suggest sex-linked maternal effects on these traits, whereas family effects indicate their genetic basis and associated variation. Genes of major effect appear to influence these traits. Together with previous findings of premating isolation and adaptive differentiation in sympatry, our results meet many assumptions of ‘speciation with gene flow’ models. Here, such gene flow is likely asymmetric, with consequences for the dynamics of future ecological divergence and potential ecological speciation of these host forms.
Single machine sequencing with random processing times and random due-dates†

A single machine scheduling problem in which both the processing times and due-dates of the jobs awaiting servicing are random variables is analyzed. It is proved that the properties of the shortest processing time rule and the due-date rule which are known for the deterministic situation also hold in the probabilistic environment when they are suitably, and reasonably, refined for this context.
Subcarrier Ordering for OFDM Packet Radio Systems

Subcarrier ordering is a ranking of the subchannels of a multicarrier communication system according to a quality criterion. We describe and evaluate two techniques for subcarrier ordering in half-duplex packet radio systems, including OFDM dynamic spectrum access systems. The ordering techniques require no estimates of subchannel gains or subcarrier signal strengths. The performance of each technique is evaluated for channels with fading and for channels with interference and fading.
Thermochemical study of amino acid imprinted polymer films

Molecularly imprinted polymers provide an alternative to traditional methods of amino acid analysis. The imprinted polymers are more robust and significantly less expensive than, for example, ELISA analysis. Amino acid imprinted nylon-6 thin films were studied by differential scanning calorimetry and scanning electron microscopy. Endothermic peaks were observed for imprinted films at temperatures higher than that for pure nylon, indicating the formation of a more-ordered, hydrogen bonded polymer. Removal of the amino acid from the imprinted film resulted in reversion to the peak observed for pure nylon-6. Additives, β-cyclodextrin and multiwalled carbon nanotubes, were added to the imprinted polymer solutions as a means to increase the porosity of the films. These studies resulted in alternative morphologies and calorimetric results that provide additional functionalities and applications for imprinted polymers. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Enzyme Induction in Green Monkey Kidney Cultures Infected with Simian Adenovirus

Abstract Thymidine kinase was induced after infection of an established strain of green monkey kidney cells (CV-1) with simian adenovirus SV15. Increased levels of thymidine kinase were first observed 8 to 10 hr postinoculation (PI), and the levels increased four- to eightfold by 16 to 24 hr PI. A transient increase (1.5- to 3-fold) of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) polymerase activity was also observed about 18 hr PI, but the level of deoxycytidylic deaminase was not enhanced. The inductions of thymidine kinase and DNA polymerase were not obtained when protein synthesis was inhibited with 10−5 M cycloheximide. However, the enzyme increases did take place when infected cultures were treated with 1-β-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine (ara-C), an inhibitor of DNA synthesis and SV15 replication. The incorporation of tritium-labeled thymidine (H3-dT) into DNA was also stimulated 8 to 24 hr after infection with SV15.
Ionization states in the microenvironment of solid dosage forms: effect of formulation variables and processing.

Purpose Evaluation of the effect of formulation composition and processing variables on the microenvironment in solid dosage forms, based on ionization of indicator probes.
Numerical Simulation of a Spar Interacting With a Polyester Mooring System

A numerical scheme, known as CABLE3D, originally developed for the simulation of dynamics of steel mooring lines is extended to allow for special properties pertaining to polyester ropes, such as relatively large elongation under tension, dependence of the modulus on loads, and energy dissipation under cyclic loads. The modified CABLE3D is then integrated into a numerical package, known as COUPLE6D, for computing the interaction between a floating structure and its polyester mooring system. A classical SPAR is chosen in this study as a representative of deepwater floating structures. By considering large elongation in polyester ropes, the static offset curve of a polyester mooring system is softer than that calculated under the assumption of small elongation. The effects of the mean loads on the modulus of polyester ropes are much greater than those of the dynamic loads. The energy dissipation in polyester ropes under cyclic loading does not play a significant role in the responses of the SPAR and tensions in a polyester mooring system. The above observations though made based on a classical SPAR may still have important implications to other floating structures moored by a polyester mooring system.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Strategic management of human resources

The article reviews the book “Strategic Management of Human Resources: A Portfolio Approach,” by George S. Odiorne.
Introduction to the Special Section on Learning Emotionally Focused Couples Therapy

This introductory article briefly describes the purpose and content of the special section on Learning Emotionally Focused Couples Therapy, including a short description of the four manuscripts that follow and their relevance to clinicians regardless of model, training, or license.
Osteogenesis of the human upper jaw: proof of the non-existence of a separate premaxillary centre.

Abstract It is almost universally accepted that man possesses a premaxillary bone. Separate ossification centres have frequently been reported in alizarin embryo studies but seldom in studies which utilized serial sections. This study included 4 serially sectioned Rhesus monkey embryos and 128 human embryos; 93 were serially sectioned and 35 were cleared and alizarin stained. Separate premaxillary and maxillary ossification centres were easily identified in the monkey serial sections. The human serial sections, however, failed to reveal separate maxillary or premaxillary centres in a single embryo. They showed that a primary ossification line exists bilaterally in the upper jaw which lies just superior to the region which will give rise to the alveolar ridge. Ossification occurs in innumerable small independent foci of osteoid tissue along this line. These separate foci rapidly fuse and form a unit structure bilaterally before any calcification occurs. The alizarin stain (calcium specific) showed that calcification begins as different regions within this single osteoid framework, and in past investigations these have been incorrectly identified as “premaxillary” and “maxillary” ossification centres. The human jaw bone forms as a single bone bilaterally.
Simulating correction of adjustable optics for an x-ray telescope

The next generation of large X-ray telescopes with sub-arcsecond resolution will require very thin, highly nested grazing incidence optics. To correct the low order figure errors resulting from initial manufacture, the mounting process, and the effects of going from 1 g during ground alignment to zero g on-orbit, we plan to adjust the shapes via piezoelectric “cells” deposited on the backs of the reflecting surfaces. This presentation investigates how well the corrections might be made. We take a benchmark conical glass element, 410×205 mm, with a 20×20 array of piezoelectric cells 19×9 mm in size. We use finite element analysis to calculate the influence function of each cell. We then simulate the correction via pseudo matrix inversion to calculate the stress to be applied by each cell, considering distortion due to gravity as calculated by finite element analysis, and by putative low order manufacturing distortions described by Legendre polynomials. We describe our algorithm and its performance, and the implications for the sensitivity of the resulting slope errors to the optimization strategy.
Structure and swimming behavior of the larva of Haliclona tubifera (Porifera: Demospongiae).

Early developmental stages of Haliclona tubifera are retained by the parent and larvae are released on illumination of dark-adapted colonies. Larvae are parenchymellae without provision for feeding on particulate matter and without identifiable sensory and neuronal elements. Larvae, however, are strongly photonegative on release and remain so throughout the duration of larval existence. The anterior and lateral epidermal fields are composed predominantly of elongate flagellate cells which form a pseudostratified columnar epithelium. Interspersed among elongate cells are globular flagellate cells which, based on ultrastructural criteria, are thought to be secretory in function. The posterior surface is not flagellated and is composed of a cuboidal epithelium. A 5-7 cells wide ring of epidermal cells with flagella 50 μm in length forms a prominent flagellar band separating the posterior from lateral fields. Measurements of swimming speeds in the horizontal plane indicate that H. tubifera larvae swim at speeds intermediate between Halichondria melanadocia, which have a posterior tuft of 25 μm flagella and Haliclona sp, with a posterior ring 75 μm flagella. Morphometric analysis of larval length, larval diameter, and flagellar band diameter shows significant correlations in all pair-wise tests. Band diameter varies less than larval length or width suggesting that it is a conserved trait. A negative allometry exists between band diameter and larval length. As larval length increases elongate flagellar cells of the lateral and anterior surfaces become relatively more important for locomotion. A prominent cup-like sheath of subepidermal cells separates the epidermis from the central region of the larval interior. These cells are not associated with collagen as are cells similar in appearance and location in several other haplosclerid larvae. Their function remains unknown. Spicules occur in the posterior region. As in the adult, these spicules are hastate oxeas, but they are significantly different in length, width, and length/width from those of the adult. Their function is unknown, but several obvious potential functions in both larval and postlarval life exist and await further study. Archeocytes are the dominant cell type of the central region. Bacteria are found inter- and intracellularly. Based on morphological data, they appear to be of a single type, pleomorphic rods without thick walls, but further study utilizing isolates in culture is needed to establish their diversity and identity. Intracellular bacteria are associated with a cell type provisionally designated a bacteriocyte. Three stages of bacteriocytes are described based on anatomical criteria, presence/absence of bacteria, and what appear to be stages in degradation of bacteria. The significance of this association and of the bacteriocyte cell type remain to be explored. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Newtonian graphs for families of complex polynomials

Abstract The Newtonian graph of all polynomials of degree 4 and all polynomials (xn+1 − 1)/(x − 1) for n _ 24 is determined.
Infrared absorption in ionic insulators due to multiphonon processes

Abstract The absorption β in ionic insulators due to multiphonon processes is examined for frequencies higher than several times the reststrahl frequency. The frequency dependence and temperature dependence of β are calculated for simple models which include approximations appropriate to ionic insulators: anharmonic potential and an estimate of the influence of a small quadratic term in the dipole moment operator. The frequency dependence of β is found to be approximately exponential with a slope given by the log of the ratio of atomic displacement to a distance characterizing the onset of the anharmonicity in the potential. The calculated values of β are found to be in good agreement with the experimental results for reasonable values of the parameters in the models.
Erbium-Doped Silicon Prepared by UHV/CVD

Erbium-doped silicon has been prepared using Ultra High Vacuum/Chemical Vapor Deposition (UHV/CVD). An erbium mctalorganic compound, tris-1,1,1,5,5,5-hexafluoro-2,4-pentanedionato erbium (III) (Er(HFAC)3), was used as the erbium source and silane was used as the silicon source. Films were deposited at 650 °C at a total pressure of 1 mtorr. Erbium concentrations between 8x1019 and 1x1018 Er atoms/cm3 were prepared by varying the Er source reservoir temperature. Low temperature photoluminescence measurements showed strong emission at 1.54fum. The films are single crystal, but with a high concentration of threading defects.
Nutritive content of house fly pupae and manure residue 1

Synopsis The metabolisable energy value of pupae of Musca domestica L. and digested poultry manure was determined to be 10.6 and 2.4 MJ/g (2528 and 580 kcal/g), respectively. Chemical analyses showed that pupae contained 61.4% protein and 9.3% fat: their amino acid composition was comparable with that of meat‐and‐bone meal or fish meal and was better than soybean oil meal. A feeding trial was conducted to evaluate house fly pupae and catabolised poultry residue as alternative protein sources to soybean meal for growing chickens. No significant difference (P>0.05) in weight gain was observed between the control and chicks fed pupae in their diet from 1 d to 4 weeks of age. Food conversion of the chicks fed digested poultry manure was significantly (P<0.05) inferior to that of the controls.
Differential radiosensitizing effect of valproic acid in differentiation versus self-renewal promoting culture conditions.

Purpose: It has been shown that valproic acid (VA) enhances the proliferation and self-renewal of normal hematopoietic stem cells and that breast cancer stem/progenitor cells can be resistant to radiation. From these data, we hypothesized that VA would fail to radiosensitize breast cancer stem/progenitor cells grown to three-dimensional (3D) mammospheres. Methods and Materials: We used the MCF7 breast cancer cell line grown under stem cell-promoting culture conditions (3D mammosphere) and standard nonstem cell monolayer culture conditions (two-dimensional) to examine the effect of pretreatment with VA on radiation sensitivity in clonogenic survival assays and on the expression of embryonic stem cell transcription factors. Results: 3D-cultured MCF-7 cells expressed higher levels of Oct4, Nanog, and Sox2. The 3D passage enriched self-renewal and increased radioresistance in the 3D mammosphere formation assays. VA radiosensitized adherent cells but radioprotected 3D cells in single-fraction clonogenic assays. Moreover, fractionated radiation sensitized VA-treated adherent MCF7 cells but did not have a significant effect on VA-treated single cells grown to mammospheres. Conclusion: We have concluded that VA might preferentially radiosensitize differentiated cells compared with those expressing stem cell surrogates and that stem cell-promoting culture is a useful tool for in vitro evaluation of novel cancer therapeutic agents and radiosensitizers.
Effectiveness of a depression disease management program in improving depression and work function--a pilot study.

Objective:We examined whether there were differences in depression and work function outcomes among primary care and specialty mental health patients treated by the Michigan Depression Outreach and...
The effects of cyclosporin and hydrocortisone on human T lymphocyte colony formation

Abstract The immunosuppressive activities of two compounds, cyclosporin A and hydrocortisone, were evaluated using a human T lymphocyte colony assay. Both compounds produced a dose-related reduction in colony formation. With cyclosporin, concentrations of 1.0–100 μg/ml virtually abolished PHA-induced lymphocyte growth; as little as 0.01 μg/ml decreased clonal growth by 48%. Suppression was observed as late as 4 days after the addition of PHA. The addition of exogenous IL-2 did not completely restore clonal growth to normal. Similarly, hydrocortisone, in concentrations of 0.4 μg/ml, produced a 96% inhibition in clonal growth. Partial suppression could also be obtained if the drug was added as late as 4 days after PHA. Exogenous IL-2 completely reversed the inhibitory effects of hydrocortisone. By contrast, IL-1 was able to only partially restore growth potential. Parallel studies using TPA indicated that both immunosup-pressants inhibited responses to this mitogen. However, in plates containing both TPA and PHA, hydrocortisone failed to impair clonal growth.
One- and two-dimensional cobalt benzenecarboxylate coordination polymers containing a kinked organodiimine: Synthesis, structure, and magnetic properties

Abstract Hydrothermal reaction of cobalt nitrate, phenylmalonic acid, and 4,4′-dipyridylamine (dpa) resulted in formation of the coordination polymer [Co2(phac)4(dpa)2(H2O)] (1, phac = phenylacetate), where the phac ligand is formed in situ by the decarboxylation of phenylmalonic acid. Binuclear [Co2(phac)4(H2O)] units with both bridging and monodentate benzenecarboxylate ligands are linked into a two-dimensional (4, 4) rhomboid grid network via dpa tethers within the structure of 1. Use of benzoate as the anionic component allowed the formation of [Co(benzoate)2(dpa)2] (2), which manifested a dpa-linked one-dimensional chain coordination polymer motif with pendant monodentate and chelating carboxylates. Modest antiferromagnetic coupling was observed within the binuclear units in 1.
COMPUTER-AIDED ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF AN ATP REGENERATION REACTOR

Abstract The two coupled reactions catalyzed by the enzymes adenylate kinase and acetate kinase for the regeneration of ATP from AMP in a CSTR were analyzed to obtain information required for the design of such a reactor. Unconventional but efficient computational methods were developed to handle the difficulty associated with the extremely complex rate expressions involved.
Acrilamide and N,N-dimethylacrylamide complexes. II. N-protonation and N-bonding to some transition metal perchlorates and tetrafluouroborates

Abstract Simple molecular orbital calculations were carried out on acrylamide (AA) and N,N-dimethylacrylamide (DAA), the results indicating that molecules of lower energy are formed upon coordination through N rather than O. Protonation studies in FSO3H by nmr show that both AA and DAA are N-protonated, in agreement with the m.o. calculations. Complexes of some first row transition metal perchlorates and tetraflouroborates exhibit attachment through nitrogen for the AA but O-coordination for the DAA molecules. Steric factors are invoked to explain the different modes of bonding.
Auditory Forebrain Neurons Track Temporal Features of Time-Warped Natural Stimuli

A fundamental challenge for sensory systems is to recognize natural stimuli despite stimulus variations. A compelling example occurs in speech, where the auditory system can recognize words spoken at a wide range of speeds. To date, there have been more computational models for time-warp invariance than experimental studies that investigate responses to time-warped stimuli at the neural level. Here, we address this problem in the model system of zebra finches anesthetized with urethane. In behavioral experiments, we found high discrimination accuracy well beyond the observed natural range of song variations. We artificially sped up or slowed down songs (preserving pitch) and recorded auditory responses from neurons in field L, the avian primary auditory cortex homolog. We found that field L neurons responded robustly to time-warped songs, tracking the temporal features of the stimuli over a broad range of warp factors. Time-warp invariance was not observed per se, but there was sufficient information in the neural responses to reliably classify which of two songs was presented. Furthermore, the average spike rate was close to constant over the range of time warps, contrary to recent modeling predictions. We discuss how this response pattern is surprising given current computational models of time-warp invariance and how such a response could be decoded downstream to achieve time-warp-invariant recognition of sounds.
Time zone-related continuity and synchronization effects on bilateral trade flows

This paper finds the first empirical evidence of the time zone-related continuity effects on international trade. Several recent studies in the fragmentation/distance literatures provide theoretical justification for both positive (continuity) and negative (synchronization) effects of increased time zone differences on global export flows. This paper explicitly tests for the presence of both effects using bilateral manufacturing and service trade for 20 countries and 56 partner countries from 2000 to 2008. Results consistent with the theoretical expectations are found using a Poisson pseudo-maximum likelihood estimator. The general time zone difference effect on total exports is negative, suggesting the synchronization effect dominates. However, for services trade, the positive continuity effect is noted, indicating that time zones affect manufacturing and service trades differently. These results are robust to changes in the time zone, distance, and language measures, as well as alternate estimation techniques.
SEX RATIO EVOLUTION UNDER LOCAL MATE COMPETITION IN A PARASITIC WASP.

A fundamental distinction in sex ratio theory concerns how selection acts upon autosomal genes in panmictic populations versus spatially structured populations. Fisher (1930) originally predicted that natural selection favors "equal investment" of resources in male and female offspring in panmictic populations. This results in a 50:50 primary sex ratio for species in which the cost of producing a son or a daughter is equal. Fisher's conclusion has been repeatedly confirmed mathematically (e.g., Shaw and Mohler, 1953; Bodmer and Edwards, 1960; Leigh, 1970). Hamilton (1967) observed that altering the assumption of panmixia led to quite different results. He considered a large population divided into many mating groups, each composed of the progeny of one or more female foundresses. After mating, the daughters disperse throughout the larger population before dividing into groups which produce the next generation. Such a population structure selects for a female-biased sex ratio because daughters of a parent compete for reproductive success within the large population whereas sons tend to compete with each other in the local mating group (Local Mate Competition). As the number of foundresses contributing progeny to a local mating group increases, the optimal sex ratio becomes less female biased (Hamilton, 1967; Taylor and Bulmer, 1980). With many foundresses contributing to a mating population, the optimum is one-half sons, as predicted for panmictic populations by Fisher (1930). Sex ratio evolution in spatially structured populations is of special interest be-
McCollough effect: A theory based on the anatomy of the lateral geniculate body

A model network derived from anatomy and physiology of the monkey retina and lateral geniculate body (LGN) is presented. Control of the strength of concentric surrounds by receptive field center illumination leads to inhomogeneous use of different surround parts, and this occurs even in the presence of irregular eye movements (“autostroboscopic impression”). Various pattern- and movement-contingent color aftereffects, as well as threshold findings, can be explained. Anatomical studies have revealed that the output signals of LGN interneurons are presynaptically controlled at each ending by retinal afferents. This is assumed to result in the above center-surround interaction, and it implies that an interneuron producesdifferent output signals at each of its numerous output endings. The inability of the somatic metabolic machinery to cope with a multitude of different time-varying demands is proposed to be the origin of the remarkably long persistence of the McCollough effect
Compare and contrast as microscopes get up close and personal

To explore the meaning of inter-instrumentality, Chris Toumey provided samples of his blood and hair to be imaged by four different types of microscope. Here he describes the results.
Compound formation in the system cadmium oxide-boric oxide

Compound formation has been investigated in the CdOB2O3 system. From X-ray examination, differential thermal analysis, and high temperature microscopy, it is concluded that three compounds can be prepared by ceramic techniques; 3CdO.B2O3, 2CdO.B2O3, and 2CdO.3B2O3. In contrast with the findings of other workers, the 2CdO.B2O3 compound was not found to be metastable below 780°C, nor could a 3CdO.2B2O3 compound be prepared.
Surface Heat-Transfer Coefficeints for Hydrogen-Cooled Rotating Electric Machines

A method is given for calculating the surface heat-transfer coefficients for hydrogen-cooled roating electric machinery from the values of these coefficients as determined from tests in air. The influence of hydrogen purity and of the velocity exponent on the ratio of heat transfer in hydrogen to heat transfer in air is evaluated; also, for gas flowing in ducts, the effect of the type of flow on this ratio is discussed. A method is also given for calculating the heat-transfer coefficients for ventilating ducts, in either air or hydrogen, on an inlet temperature basis, as an aid to simplifying the calculation of the surface temperature rise.
Differential impact on bank valuation of interstate banking law changes

Abstract By 1988 forty-seven states and the District of Columbia had enacted legislation liberalizing interstate banking restrictions. This study systematically investigates the market impact of these law changes on bank stock prices. Using an event parameter event study methodology, we assess the differential impact on in-state and out-of-state banks to a given state law change. We also assess the differential impact of law changes upon banks included in, or excluded from, any regional compacts among states. Money center banks are treated as a special class of out-of-state or excluded banks. We find that out-of-state and out-of-region banks, excluding money center banks, have profited most from these law changes and money center banks have been least positively affected both at the time of enactment and at the effective date of the law changes. We attribute these findings to the opening of interstate banking opportunities to other than money center and foreign banks, thus ‘leveling the playing field’.
Learning From the “Little Guys”: What do Middle and High School Preservice Teachers Learn from Tutoring Elementary Students?

As teacher educators, we continue to focus on tutoring experiences as ways to help tutors connect coursework to practice. This study presents a preservice tutoring program designed to provide a field-based experience where the tutors would be able to (a) learn about literacy instruction, (b) use a multitude of assessment data rather than representing students by single scores, (c) design literacy curriculum based on students' needs, and (d) focus on motivating students to read and write in addition to helping them succeed academically. Unlike previous studies, the tutors were middle and high school preservice teachers tutoring elementary struggling readers.
Long-term update of a prospective randomized trial of combined-modality therapy versus chemotherapy in advanced Hodgkin’s disease

Purpose/Objective: The role of consolidation radiotherapy (RT) in the treatment of advanced Hodgkin’s disease (HD) is controversial. Several randomized trials have addressed this issue with contradictory results. The follow-up in these trials has generally been short and questions have often been raised concerning protocol violations, specifically adherence to radiotherapy guidelines. This paper presents long-term results of a prospective randomized trial of consolidation radiotherapy in advanced HD carried out at Duke University Medical Center.
The Quality Gap: Searching for the Consequences of Emergency Department Crowding

From the Clinical Research Unit, Kaiser Permanente Colorado, the Department of Preventive Medicine and Biometrics, and the Division of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, CO (Magid); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Regions Hospital and HealthPartners Research Foundation, and the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, St. Paul and Minneapolis, MN (Asplin); and the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Florida Health Center Jacksonville, Jacksonville, FL (Wears).
SHARED: An information model for cooperative product development

One fundamental issue in developing collaborative engineering systems is the representation of product information which supports communication and coordination. This product information includes not only the geometric and physical properties of the product and its parts, but also information about functions, constraints and the design rationale. In this paper, we describe an information model, SHARED, which was developed for encoding product information in DICE, a distributed and integrated environment for computer-aided engineering. SHARED provides multiple levels of both functional and geometric abstractions, multiple views and techniques for maintaining consistency between the various abstractions and views. These elements are essential for a good representation model of product information. The use of the SHARED model is illustrated through an example, depicting the various representations of a product as it evolves through the design process. The SHARED model has been implemented over a distributed OODBMS as a toolkit/framework for developing environments which need to model, manipulate and communicate product information between distributed cooperating applications, while supporting coordination between them.
Giants of orthopaedic surgery: Masaki Watanabe MD.

“The real voyage of discovery consists not in seeking new landscapes, but in having new eyes,” Marcel Proust said. On May 4, 1962, Masaki Watanabe MD opened new eyes. On that day, he performed the first arthroscopic menisectomy using the arthroscopic instruments he developed [7, 14, 22]. The patient was a 17-year-old boy who twisted his knee playing basketball. Watanabe debrided the flap tear of the medial meniscus. The patient went home the same day. In 6 weeks, he was back playing basketball [22]. A pioneer in the development of the modern arthroscope with fiberoptic illumination, Watanabe is widely considered the “father of arthroscopy.” (Fig. 1) [8] His arthroscope was a specialized endoscope, derived from a rudimentary cystoscope. The humble orthopaedic surgeon from Japan rarely spoke of his own personal achievements, so his peers did the talking for him, championing his instruments and techniques at international orthopaedic meetings. Fig. 1 Watanabe (left) with his former student Prof. Hideshige Moriya (right) in June 1980. Watanabe is widely considered the “father of arthroscopy” Arthroscopic surgery is now commonplace—an indispensible outpatient procedure in many parts of the world. The benefits of minimally invasive surgery and early mobilization afforded by arthroscopic surgery are accepted as the standard of care. It was a long road to commonplace. The development of the arthroscope is a story of mentorship, dedication, and passion. Watanabe, among many others, revolutionized orthopaedic surgery. The quest to look into body cavities with small incisions dates to Pompeii, but the modern version of the arthroscope emerged from Japan.
PROGEN: An automated modelling algorithm for the generation of complete protein structures from the α-carbon atomic coordinates

A modelling algorithm (PROGEN) for the generation of complete protein atomic coordinates from only the α-carbon coordinates is described. PROGEN utilizes an optimal geometry parameter (OGP) database for the positioning of atoms for each amino acid of the polypeptide model. The OGP database was established by examining the statistical correlations between 23 different intra-peptide and inter-peptide geometric parameters relative to the α-carbon distances for each amino acid in a library of 19 known proteins from the Brookhaven Protein Database (BPDB). The OGP files for specific amino acids and peptides were used to generate the atomic positions, with respect to α-carbons, for main-chain and side-chain atoms in the modelled structure. Refinement of the initial model was accomplished using energy minimization (EM) and molecular dynamics techniques. PROGEN was tested using 60 known proteins in the BPDB, representing a wide spectrum of primary and secondary structures. Comparison between PROGEN models and BPDB crystal reference structures gave r.m.s.d. values for peptide main-chain atoms between 0.29 and 0.76 A, with a grand average of 0.53 A for all 60 models. The r.m.s.d. for all non-hydrogen atoms ranged between 1.44 and 1.93 A for the 60 polypeptide models. PROGEN was also able to make the correct assignment of cis- or trans-proline configurations in the protein structures examined. PROGEN offers a fully automatic building and refinement procedure and requires no special or specific structural considerations for the protein to be modelled.
Implications of fuel selection for an SI engine: Results from the first and second laws of thermodynamics

The current work examines the detailed thermodynamics of the use of eight (8) fuels by an automotive, spark-ignition engine using a thermodynamic engine cycle simulation. The fuels examined were methane, propane, hexane, isooctane, methanol, ethanol, carbon monoxide, and hydrogen. Both overall engine performance parameters and detailed instantaneous quantities are determined for each of the fuels. Results include thermal efficiencies, heat transfer, and exhaust gas temperatures as functions of engine speed and load. In general, the overall engine results were similar for the various fuels. The second law results showed that, for the same operating conditions, the destruction of exergy during the combustion process ranged between about 8% (for carbon monoxide) and 21% (for isooctane) of the fuel exergy depending on the specific fuel. The differences of the exergy destruction during combustion appear to be related to the complexity of the fuel molecule and the presence (or lack) of oxygen atoms in the fuel molecule.
Bounded Geometry in the Supports of Ergodic Invariant Probability Measures

In this paper we put some techniques and methods of [Misurewicz, 1979; Hu & Sullivan, 1997; Hu & Tresser, 1998; Blokh & Lyubich, 1990; Martens et al., 1992] together to show that if a map f, from an interval I into itself with finitely many turning points, satisfies a new smooth regularity in [Hu & Sullivan, 1997] and is on the boundary of chaos, and if μ is an ergodic f-invariant probability measure on I which is not concentrated on a periodic orbit of f, then the support K of μ is a Cantor set of bounded geometry, and hence has Lebesgue measure 0 and Hausdorff dimension strictly between 0 and 1. We also include some natural examples which satisfy this new smooth regularity rather than the traditional ones.
Newborn Minor Physical Anomalies and Prediction of Infant Behavior.

The relationship between a newborn score of minor physical anomalies (MPAs) and behavior at ages 1 and 2 was examined. From an initial screening population of 933, 63 high anomaly and 78 low anomaly infants were followed until age 2 by examiners blind for the newborn anomaly score. High anomaly infants were more likely to be temperamentally difficult as rated by parent interview and direct observation. A subgroup of six infants who were considered irritable at both ages 1 and 2 were all from the high anomaly group. However, there was little agreement between behavioral ratings across situations and over time, and there were no significant predictors of behavior problems at age 2 based on any newborn or 1-year measure. These results indicate that the newborn anomaly score by itself is unlikely to prove clinically useful in predicting preschool behavior problems for an unselected population. The usefulness of this measure for other, “high-risk,” populations remains to be explored.
Reactive sorption of chlorinated VOCs on ZSM-5 zeolites at ambient and elevated temperatures

Abstract Reactive sorption of two chlorinated volatile organic compounds (CVOCs) has been investigated on ZSM-5 zeolites using in situ FTIR. Zeolites exchanged with different cations (Cr-ZSM-5, Ag-ZSM-5, and H-ZSM-5) and with atomic Si/Al ratios of 15, 25, and 40 were examined. Two dilute vapor phase CVOCs, trichloroethylene (TCE) and 1,3-dichloropropene (DCP) were added in N2 at both 25 and 120 °C to the zeolite samples in an FTIR transmission cell during separate experiments. For TCE, based on repetitive FTIR scans, a reaction mechanism that included formation of dichloroacetaldehyde and phosgene was proposed for the ambient data. Results show that chemisorbed oxygen, coordinated with the active catalytic sites, formed CO bonds with TCE under the oxygen depletive cell conditions studied. A dehydrochlorination mechanism was proposed to explain the ambient DCP data. Relative ambient reactivity by cation type for both CVOCs was Cr > H > Ag. This ordering is consistent with the oxygen pick-up capacities of the exchanged cations. Total acidity values of the catalysts and their relative site strengths appear to be of secondary influence. No clear trends could be found relating reactivity to Si/Al ratio, presumably because the range of values studied was too narrow. For both feeds and all catalysts, coke formation was the main reaction at 120 °C.
Infection of cats with molecularly cloned and biological isolates of the feline immunodeficiency virus.

Molecularly cloned viruses are considered essential reagents for characterizing viral domains responsible for infectivity and disease pathogenesis in the host. The infectivity and hematological alterations associated with two molecularly cloned isolates of feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV-pPPR and FIV-pF34) and an uncloned isolate (FIV-PPR) were assessed by inoculation of cats. Inoculated cats were tested for viral antibody, viremia, and clinical pathological disease. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells isolated from inoculated cats were assayed for virus infection by virus isolation, amplification of proviral DNA (by polymerase chain reaction), and in situ hybridization for viral RNA. Over 50% of the cats inoculated with cloned virus FIV-pF34 failed to seroconvert even when coinfected with feline leukemia virus; these cats were consistently virus positive only by amplification of proviral DNA. All cats inoculated with cloned virus FIV-pPPR seroconverted and were found virus positive by at least two of three virus detection assays. Both cloned viruses were less capable of suppressing CD4:CD8 ratios when compared to the biological isolates from which they were cloned. Isolates which replicate efficiently in feline peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), i.e., FIV-pPPR or biological FIV-PPR, caused greater virus load and lower CD4:CD8 ratios when compared to cloned FIV-pF34, which replicates efficiently in feline adherent cell lines and macrophages but poorly in primary feline PBMC. Molecular clones FIV-pF34 and FIV-pPPR will be useful reagents for characterization of viral determinants of virus load and possibly, cell tropism in vivo.