cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The relationship among depression, subjective cognitive impairment, and neuropsychological performance in multiple sclerosis

The aim of this study was to examine, within the context of a treatment study, the relative contributions of depression and neuropsychological performance on patient ratings of cognitive functioning in a cohort of 58 moderately-depressed multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. All participants were randomized to one of three 16-week conventional treatments for depression. Assessments were conducted pre and post-treatment using: (1) Cognitive Function subscale of the Multiple Sclerosis Quality of Life-54 (MSQOL-54) to evaluate subjective cognitive impairment (SC), (2) Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and (3) a neuropsychological index score (NP). Prior to treatment, 8% of the variance in SC was explained by NP, whereas 14% of the variance was explained by BDI, above and beyond NP. At post-treatment, patients were classified as ‘responders’ (BDI<11) and ‘nonresponders’ (BDI≥11). Among those participants classified as ‘responders’, NP accounted for 39% of the variance in SC, and BDI did not significantly predict S...
The 'Morbid Anatomy' of the Human Genome: Tracing the Observational and Representational Approaches of Postwar Genetics and Biomedicine The William Bynum Prize Essay

This paper explores evolving conceptions and depictions of the human genome among human and medical geneticists during the postwar period. Historians of science and medicine have shown significant interest in the use of informational approaches in postwar genetics, which treat the genome as an expansive digital data set composed of three billion DNA nucleotides. Since the 1950s, however, geneticists have largely interacted with the human genome at the microscopically visible level of chromosomes. Mindful of this, I examine the observational and representational approaches of postwar human and medical genetics. During the 1970s and 1980s, the genome increasingly came to be understood as, at once, a discrete part of the human anatomy and a standardised scientific object. This paper explores the role of influential medical geneticists in recasting the human genome as being a visible, tangible, and legible entity, which was highly relevant to traditional medical thinking and practice. I demonstrate how the human genome was established as an object amenable to laboratory and clinical research, and argue that the observational and representational approaches of postwar medical genetics reflect, more broadly, the interdisciplinary efforts underlying the development of contemporary biomedicine.
Sex differences and effects of sex of examiner in early conservation ability

Twenty-four male and 24 female kindergarten and first-grade students were assessed on two conservation-of-number tasks and a conservation-of-continuous-quantity task to determine whether sex differences exist in conservation ability development and to investigate whether sex of examiner influences conservation performance. No significant sex difference effects were obtained, and the sex of experimenter was not found to reliably influence conservation performance. Support was found for the Piagetian notion of stages in conservation development. A discussion of the reliability of the methodology employed, a compromise between Piaget’s clinical method and standardized assessments, is also presented.
Comprehensive medication management for patients with mental illnesses

Comprehensive medication management (CMM) is a patient-care practice that aims to ensure that a patient's medication therapy is effective and safe. This article reviews pharmacist-provided CMM services, including services for psychiatric patients.
User-driven automation for optimal thermal-zone layout during space programming phases

Although environmental performance-based methodologies are increasingly considered in the early design stages due to their potential for improving the final building performance, few studies have scrutinized the interoperation of floor-plan design and thermal zoning for the purpose of optimized building energy use and indoor comfort. The absence of effective tools, which aid designers incorporate an environmentally adapted thermal zoning into the space arrangement process, invokes the strong necessity for a new space layout design methodology based on optimal thermal zoning. Thus, this paper presents a highly practical decision support tool named EASL (Environmental Architecture Space Layout) optimizer to bridge the gap between thermal and spatial zoning within architectural workflows. In this software, performance evaluation using the whole building simulation tool (Ecotect) and zone-based layout creation techniques is integrated for the automated generation of an optimal geometry of space and envelope g...
Asa Gray, American Botanist, Friend of Darwin

The leading American botanist of the nineteenth century, Asa Gray helped organize the main generalizations of the science of plant geography. The manual of botany that carries his name is still in use today. Friend and confidant of Charles Darwin, Gray became the most persistent and effective American protagonist of Darwin's views. Yet at the same time, he believed that religion and Darwin's theory of natural selection could coexist. A. Hunter Dupree's authoritative biography offers the first full-length interpretation of one of America's most important men of science.
The Ranges of Ionizing Electrons in Helium

The paper shows that a fourth power law for the absorption of ionizing electrons in helium represents experimental results only for initial energies greater than 250 electron volts. For initial energies less than 200 electron volts, the formula $x=(\frac{a}{{c}^{2}})[cE\ensuremath{-}f+flog(cE\ensuremath{-}f)]$ is deduced, where $x$ is the range of an electron of initial energy $E$ electron volts, and the remaining quantities are constants. The formula is in agreement with the available experimental evidence, and appears to be applicable, with suitable changes in the constants, to other gases.
Historians, archivists, and social activism: benefits and costs

This article explores how activism by historians and archivists relates to and affects their work and how their work affects their activism. The findings are based on a survey of 195 historians (including educators) and archivists who self-identified as “someone who takes part in activities that are intended to achieve social or political change, especially someone who is a member of an organization.” The respondents participate in a wide variety of causes. Typically, their activities as activists reflect their professional skills and concerns, with a large majority involved in collecting and preserving the records of activist organizations. The article examines the benefits and costs for employers of employee activism, concluding the benefits outweigh the costs. The article also examines how activism affects the relationship between employers and their activist employees. While many activists receive recognition and other benefits from their employers for their activism, a minority suffers negative consequences up to and including firing and a substantial number feel inhibited from activism by their employers. The article also explores the effects of activism for the different occupational groups, determining that they are relatively similar but with some differences.
Fieller's method and net health benefits.

Statistical and conceptual difficulties complicate the estimation of the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER). An alternative approach is to measure cost-effectiveness by the incremental net health benefit (INHB), defined as the difference in mean effectiveness of a new treatment compared with a standard, adjusted for cost difference by subtracting the health foregone if purchasing care at the rate of a marginally cost-effective therapy. Because net health benefit (NHB) is dependent on this threshold rate, one can construct confidence intervals for the INHB at various values of the rate. It turns out that the set of rates where new and standard are not significantly different is equal to the Fieller's method confidence set for the ICER. We review the derivation of the Fieller's method confidence set, present numerical examples, and discuss the implications of our result for the calculation and interpretation of NHB analyses.
Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: Evidence Supporting the Hypothesis of a Behaviorally-Activated Neuromodulator of Fatigue

AbstractChronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) is a disorder characterized by a prolonged, debilitating fatigue of unknown etiology. In addition, patients with CFS frequently report enhanced fatigue symptoms following even mild physical exertion, and their tolerance for physical exercise is limited relative to healthy individuals. The physiological mechanisms underlying the excessive fatigue and weakness common to this disorder remain an issue of scientific debate. Collectively, the available data suggest that fatigue in CFS is not due to any neuromuscular dysfunction, per se, but possibly is caused or influenced by some centrally acting mediator that is released during behavioral activities that require physical or mental exertion. In addition to persistent fatigue, there is growing evidence that many CFS patients exhibit alterations in hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and autonom-ic function, including the inability to maintain the blood pressure response to orthostatic challenge.When an individual eng...
Sources of Competition in State Legislative Primary Elections

Primaries are an important but understudied component of American elections. In this article, I examine competition in state legislative primaries across 25 states during the 1994 and 1996 election cycles. My findings indicate that competition varies greatly and is affected by a number of factors on the state and district levels. The presence of an incumbent reduces competition, but strong district support for a party leads to greater competition in that party's primaries. Population size and social diversity do little to affect competition, but urbanism and unified party control have a positive impact. Further, legislative professionalism is associated with greater competition, particularly in open-seat races. Overall, the results have important implications for theories about the conditions that enhance or inhibit competition across different types of elections.
1D hybrid simulations of planetary ion‐pickup: Energy partition

[1] Ion pickup in planetary environments results in unstable newborn ion populations with sufficient free energy to generate electromagnetic plasma waves. Estimates of the SO2+ pickup rates near the Jovian moon, Io, based on ion cyclotron wave observations assumed that the newborn pickup ions lose 50% of their energy to wave growth. Using one-dimensional initial-value hybrid simulation, we test this assumption and predict that at most ∼25% of the energy of the newborn ion population is lost to wave growth for conditions at Io. This energy is lost over >1400 SO2+ gyroperiods (∼1 hour), with the majority lost after saturation of the instability. Thus the saturation wave energy is low, at <3% of the newborn ion population's energy. In contrast, newborn ions in cometary environments saturate at substantially higher wave energies (∼30% of the newborn ion population's energy), but do not continue to lose energy afterwards.
Forage Production and Grazing Management of Chicory

'Grasslands Puna' chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) is a perennial cool-season herb developed as a forage in New Zealand. The objective of this study was to evaluate forage production potential and rotational grazing strategies for chicory grown in central Oklahoma. Pastures were established on two soil types and grazed for 2 yr with 3 rotational strategies described as fast (13 d rest periods), moderate (27 d rest periods), and slow (38 d rest periods). Chicory plant density during the seeding year was higher on a silt loam (4.5 plants/sq ft) than on a silty clay loam soil (2.2 plants/sq ft; P < 0.05). By the second year, however, natural reseeding resulted in equally dense stands on both soil types (4.3 plants/sq ft). Moderate and slow rotational grazing resulted in significantly greater (P < 0.05) amounts of harvested forage (7050 Iblacre) compared with the fast rotational treatment (5890 Iblacre). Fewer chicory plants bolted under the fast rotation; however, it is likely that this treatment did not allow adequate time for substantial leaf area accumulation and regrowth. Crude protein (CP) content of chicory averaged 18.3% and in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) averaged 70.9%. Chicory appears to have potential as a productive and high quality cool-season forage crop in Oklahoma.
Chloride-induced corrosion of reinforced concrete bridge decks

Abstract A closed-form solution is developed to predict the corrosion initiation time of reinforced concrete bridge decks using measured time varying surface chloride accumulations. The data base for the surface chlorides are core measurements at a shallow depth below the surface of 15 bridge decks in the snow belt region. The data base was collected during the bridges' biennial inspections over a period of 15 years. Regression analysis is used to represent the surface chlorides by an exponential variation with time. The time predicted to initiate corrosion is computed for different values of the effective diffusion coefficient and the concrete cover thickness. The results are compared to the constant surface accumulation model commonly used in the literature. As expected, the corrosion initiation based on constant chloride accumulation at the surface is faster (in some case by up to 100%) than the initiation time calculated from actual chloride concentration data. Such results are useful for the realistic estimation of the service lives of bridge decks and for scheduling bridge deck maintenance and rehabilitation programs.
Anatomic and functional outcomes of sacrocolpopexy with or without posterior colporrhaphy.

Introduction and hypothesis The optimal surgery for combined apical and posterior vaginal prolapse is not well defined. Our objective was to examine the anatomic and functional outcomes following sacrocolpopexy (SCP) with or without posterior colporrhaphy (PC).
Rees matrix covers for regular semigroups

By a local submonoid, of a regular semigroup S, we mean a subset of the form eSe, where e is an idempotent of S. Many classes of regular semigroups can be defined in terms of properties of their local submonoids. For example, rectangular bands can be characterized as those regular semigroups all of whose local submonoids are trivial while completely simple semigroups are those whose local submonoids are groups. We say that a regular semigroup has a property ‘3 locally, or is a locally 5?7 semigroup, if each local submonoid of S has property %Y. In a previous paper we showed that a regular semigroup is locally inverse if and only if it is an image, by a homomorphism which is one to one on local submonoids, of a regular Rees matrix semigroup over an inverse semigroup. In this paper we extend that result to various other classes of regular semigroups. In particular, we show the analog of this result for locally E-solid semigroups. (A regular semigroup is E-solid if the subsemigroup generated by its idempotents is a union of groups.) The class of locally E-solid regular semigroups is extremely extensive. It includes almost all classes of regular semigroups which have been studied from a structural point of view since inverse semigroups, orthodox semigroups, unions of groups semigroups and their localizations all belong to this class. The first section of the paper contains preliminary results which we shall require later in the paper. Section 2 describes a general procedure for constructing Rees matrix covers for regular semigroups which is applied in subsequent sections to obtain Rees matrix covers for special classes of regular semigroups. These classes include locally E-solid regular semigroups, locally orthodox semigroups and locally Sunipotent semigroups. The covering theorems on these classes of regular semigroups can be obtained directly through a painstaking analaysis of special cases. We have, however, chosen to obtain them as applications of the covering theorem for locally inverse semigroups which was proved earlier [ 81 by making use of recent interesting results of Hall concerning the relationship between locally E-solid
The accuracy of digital radiography in orthopaedic applications.

Background Recent advances in technology and the use of image archiving and communication systems (PACS) has led some institutions to abandon conventional plain film radiography and rely solely on digital computed radiography. The level of accuracy of digital radiography in measuring distances for orthopaedic applications is unclear.
Intracameral administration of neurotensin induces miosis in the rabbit

Abstract The present investigation was designed to evaluate the effect of selected peptides on pupillary diameter and intraocular pressure (IOP) in rabbits. Intracameral (IC) administration of neurotensin (NT) in doses of 5–100 μg produced a significant, long lasting and dose-dependent decrease in pupillary diameter without affecting IOP. NT-induced miosis appears to be relatively specific because a variety of peptides including Gn-RH, somatostatin, met-enkephalin, bombesin, leu-enkephalin or NT1–6, (a biologically inactive N-terminal fragment of NT), produced no effect on pupillary diameter; only substance P produced miosis similar to NT when tested in a dose equimolar to 30 μg of NT. In addition, peripheral (intravenous) administration of NT (100 μg/kg) was equally ineffective. Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis with indomethacin, did not prevent subsequent NT-induced miosis. Finally, IC administration of an effective dose of NT (30 μg) did not alter the protein concentration in the aqueous humor. These results indicate that NT-induced miosis is not mediated by endogenous prostaglandins and that this effect of NT does not appear to involve disruption of the blood-aqueous barrier, suggesting that NT may play a role in regulation of pupillary diameter
Adolescent observers of marital violence

The relationship between observation of marital violence and adolescent behavior and adjustment was studied. One hundred and one predominantly white 13- to 18-year-olds from four residential treatment agencies and one youth shelter were interviewed. Approximately half reported witnessing marital violence and were compared with those not exposed to interparental violence with respect to depression, running away, use of violence toward parents, and approval and use of violence toward dating partners. Substantial numbers reported being depressed, running away, hitting their parents, and hitting and being hit by dating partners. However, the findings indicated only a modest effect of witnessing interparental violence, which was mediated by gender. Males exposed to spousal abuse were significantly more likely to have run away, report suicidal thoughts, and somewhat more likely to hit their mothers as compared to nonobservers. Witnessing marital violence was unrelated to females' behavior or well-being.
Factors Affecting Crash Severity on Gravel Roads

This study focused on the characteristics of crashes reported on gravel roads, with the objective of identifying factors affecting severity of crashes on such roads. Crash data from Kansas over a 10 year period was used in the analysis. Logistic regression models were developed to estimate the probability of having a crash of different level of severity for a given set of explanatory variables. The regression modeling considered 29 candidate variables related to driver, road, environment, and collision type, which have been recorded by the police. It was found that multiple factors were very significant in these models, such as safety equipment usage, driver ejection, alcohol involvement, speed limit, and some driver-related factors. Existence of these factors was very likely to result in high-severity crashes on gravel roads, compared to the circumstances without them. The magnitude of such contributing effects was also estimated by computing the conditional odds ratios for individual predictors.
A SELF-CONSISTENT QUASIDEGENERATE COUPLED-CLUSTER THEORY

Abstract A new multireference coupled-cluster theory is suggested which extends the idea of a self-consistent primary space introduced earlier (J. Chem. Phys. 108 (1998) 8317) in the context of quasidegenerate perturbation theory. The suggested approach, which we refer to as the self-consistent quasidegenerate coupled-cluster (SC-QDCC) method, is developed within a Hilbert space framework. The method is both stable to intruder states and reduces to a correct single-reference coupled-cluster theory; moreover, it is appropriate for both strongly and weakly quasidegenerate systems. The theory uses canonical normalization and produces hermitian effective Hamiltonians.
Telltale Signs: Micromanagement Signals Insecurity and Low-levels of Leadership

When managers engage in micromanagement, what types of signals do they send about their power and leadership strength? The current research suggests that when managers micromanage their subordinate...
Initiating a design pattern catalog for embedded network systems

In the domain of desktop software, design patterns have had a profound impact; they are applied ubiquitously across a broad range of applications. Patterns serve both to promulgate expert knowledge and as a vocabulary for documenting software design. The result is higher-quality software, reduced development effort, and improved documentation.This impact has yet to be felt in the emerging domain of embedded network software. The applications are characterized by highly distributed, reactive computations executed over resource-constrained processors; they present a host of new design challenges. Without a coherent repository of expert solutions, best practices do not emerge, design flaws are repeated, and developer communication is hindered.In this paper, we initiate a pattern catalog for embedded network software. The contributions are two-fold. First, we present three new design patterns distilled from a careful analysis of expert-crafted software. Second, we present a formalism for specifying the structural requirements of such patterns. The resulting specifications provide a rigorous foundation for pattern identification and documentation.
The Effect of Standardized Information on Firm Survival and Marketing Strategies

We argue that standardized information disclosure information using a common format and uniform metrics creates asymmetric opportunities for firms, which affects their strategies and survival. We test our predictions using a longitudinal, quasi-experimental field study, involving the Nutrition Labeling and Education Act of 1990 NLEA, and we focus on firm market share within a category as a key asymmetry. Findings indicate that, in general, the NLEA had no effect on firm responses. However, when accounting for firm differences, we observe that the NLEA led to 1 an increase in small-share firm exits and 2 a greater increase in distribution for large-share firms. No concurrent increase in price by large-share firms following the NLEA was observed. We conclude by discussing the implications of these effects for firm strategy, the design of public policy, and theories regarding the impact of information on markets.
Determination of the energy in body and surface waves

Part I of this paper presents the basic theory for estimating the energy in body and surface waves. Limitations in epicentral distances within which satisfactory results can be obtained for body waves are considered. Methods for obtaining the energy in both Love and Rayleigh waves are developed for a structure consisting of a superficial layer overlying a semi-infinite medium of differing elastic properties.
High-frequency power generation and distribution in multi-megawatt power systems

A model of an autonomous power system that generates and distributes power at 240 Hz has been developed. This high-frequency ac power system (HFAC) includes several gas turbine-generator units, two propulsion power trains, several power distribution and conversion units, a super-capacitor energy storage module, a high-power pulse load, and multiple service loads. Four case studies are considered. These are: partial loss of generation, application of a large step load, power restoration to a vital load, and operation of energy storage. Preliminary analysis shows that the power system remains under control during the four events. Some benefits of the HFAC architecture are highlighted first and analysis results of the case studies follow.
Children with cerebral palsy: a systematic review and meta-analysis on gait and electrical stimulation:

Objective: To conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis using the International Classification of Functioning to determine the summary effect of electrical stimulation on impairment and activity limitations relevant to gait problems of children with cerebral palsy.Methods: We identified 40 cerebral palsy and electrical stimulation studies, and 17 gait studies qualified for inclusion. Applying enablement classification methods to walking abnormalities created two subgroups: impairment (N = 14) and activity limitations (N = 15). Overall, 238 participants experienced electrical stimulation treatments and 224 served as a no stimulation control group. Calculations followed conventional data extraction and meta-analysis techniques: (a) individual standardized mean differences, (b) summary effect size, (c) I 2heterogeneity test, (d) fail-safe N analysis and (e) moderator variable analyses.Results: Common outcome measures associated with impairment (n = 3) and activity limitations (n = 6) were submitted to se...
The Fate of Cartilage Oligomeric Matrix Protein Is Determined by the Cell Type in the Case of a Novel Mutation in Pseudoachondroplasia

We have identified a novel missense mutation in a pseudoachondroplasia (PSACH) patient in one of the type III repeats of cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP). Enlarged lamellar rough endoplasmic reticulum vesicles were shown to contain accumulated COMP along with type IX collagen, a cartilage-specific component. COMP was secreted and assembled normally into the extracellular matrix of tendon, demonstrating that the accumulation of COMP in chondrocytes was a cell-specific phenomenon. We believe that the intracellular storage of COMP causes a nonspecific aggregation of cartilage-specific molecules and results in a cartilage matrix deficient in required structural components leading to impaired cartilage growth and maintenance. These data support a common pathogenetic mechanism behind two clinically related chondrodysplasias, PSACH and multiple epiphyseal dysplasia.
The rehabilitation of the amputee in the developing world: a review of the literature.

Introduction For this presentation, 388 references were reviewed including journal articles, progress reports, field assessments, internal documentation, books, newspapers and magazine articles. Many of the amputeeinvolved organizations very graciously sent additional materials and a collection of articles was provided from RECAL at the University of Strathclyde. A general point about collecting literature on the rehabilitation of the amputee in the developing world is that search parameters should include landmines, recent wars, humanitarian programmes, leprosy, as well as amputation, prosthetics, orthotics and wheelchairs. All these areas will lead to information on the subject. This paper is organised into seven sections including: cause and incidence of amputation in the developing world; action triggers for amputee rehabilitation; amputee rehabilitation programmes in the developing world; cultural, geographical, and economic impediments to amputee rehabilitation; rehabilitation triage; prosthetics profession culture building; and outcomes in amputee rehabilitation and prosthetics production.
Communities of interpretation in the study of religion in Burma

The paper delineates stages in the interpretation of religion in Burma. Beginning with colonial constructions, the discussion moves to subsequent studies in anthropology and history from which emerged an emphasis on localised articulations of Theravada Buddhist traditions. Others examined religion as a site for colonial resistance and as a means for engaging issues of modernity. More recent interpreters focused on Buddhist voices in the public domain of contemporary Burma and some recent studies moved beyond received boundaries of inquiry to consider religions among ethnic minorities and diaspora communities. The final section charts future development in the study of religion in Burma.
A NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF THE ONE-LOCUS, MULTIPLE-ALLELE FERTILITY MODEL

Numerical simulations were performed to determine the equilibrium behavior of the one-locus fertility model in which fitness is considered as a property of a pair of mating diploids. A series of patterns of "fertility matrices" were considered for a single locus with two to six alleles. From these simulations, 19 different statistics were collected that characterize, at equilibrium, the heterozygosity, the mean fitness and the fate of populations begun at the allele-frequency centroid. For more than one-half of the trajectories produced by random fertility matrices, there was a decrease in the mean fitness at some time on the way to equilibrium. The mean number of alleles maintained at equilibrium increased only slightly with matrix dimension. Despite the potential for fertility models to display multiple stable equilibria, random fertility models maintain fewer distinct stable points than do random one-locus viability models. Pleiotropic models were also considered with fertility and viability selection operating sequentially within each generation. Most of the equilibrium statistics (with the exception of mean fertility) for the pleiotropic model were intermediate between the corresponding random viability and fertility models.
Non-Traditional Student Persistence and First Year Experience Courses.

Using the National Postsecondary Student Aid Study Risk Factor Index, students were placed into four traditional/non-traditional (NT) status categories. For each category, persistence was compared ...
Epistemic Trust and Education: Effects of Informant Reliability on Student Learning of Decimal Concepts

The epistemic trust literature emphasizes that children's evaluations of informants' trustworthiness affects learning, but there is no evidence that epistemic trust affects learning in academic domains. The current study investigated how reliability affects decimal learning. Fourth and fifth graders (N = 122; Mage = 10.1 years) compared examples from consistently accurate and inaccurate informants (consistent) or informants who were each sometimes accurate and inaccurate (inconsistent). Fourth graders had higher conceptual knowledge and fewer misconceptions in the consistent condition than the inconsistent condition, and vice versa for fifth graders due to differences in prior exposure to decimals. Given the same examples, learning differed depending on informant reliability. Thus, epistemic trust is a malleable factor that affects learning in an academic domain.
Failure of transmission of low-pathogenic avian influenza virus between mallards and freshwater snails: an experimental evaluation.

In aquatic bird populations, the ability of avian influenza (AI) viruses to remain infectious in water for extended periods provides a mechanism that allows viral transmission to occur long after shedding birds have left the area. However, this also exposes other aquatic organisms, including freshwater invertebrates, to AI viruses. Previous researchers found that AI viral RNA can be sequestered in snail tissues. Using an experimental approach, we determined whether freshwater snails (Physa acuta and Physa gyrina) can infect waterfowl with AI viruses by serving as a means of transmission between infected and naive waterfowl via ingestion. In our first experiment, we exposed 20 Physa spp. snails to an AI virus (H3N8) and inoculated embryonated specific pathogen-free (SPF) chicken eggs with the homogenized snail tissues. Sequestered AI viruses remain infectious in snail tissues; 10% of the exposed snail tissues infected SPF eggs. In a second experiment, we exposed snails to water contaminated with feces of AI virus-inoculated Mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) to evaluate whether ingestion of exposed freshwater snails was an alternate route of AI virus transmission to waterfowl. None of the immunologically naive Mallards developed an infection, indicating that transmission via ingestion likely did not occur. Our results suggest that this particular trophic interaction may not play an important role in the transmission of AI viruses in aquatic habitats.
The response of Arctic vegetation and soils following an unusually severe tundra fire

Fire causes dramatic short-term changes in vegetation and ecosystem function, and may promote rapid vegetation change by creating recruitment opportunities. Climate warming likely will increase the frequency of wildfire in the Arctic, where it is not common now. In 2007, the unusually severe Anaktuvuk River fire burned 1039 km2 of tundra on Alaska's North Slope. Four years later, we harvested plant biomass and soils across a gradient of burn severity, to assess recovery. In burned areas, above-ground net primary productivity of vascular plants equalled that in unburned areas, though total live biomass was less. Graminoid biomass had recovered to unburned levels, but shrubs had not. Virtually all vascular plant biomass had resprouted from surviving underground parts; no non-native species were seen. However, bryophytes were mostly disturbance-adapted species, and non-vascular biomass had recovered less than vascular plant biomass. Soil nitrogen availability did not differ between burned and unburned sites. Graminoids showed allocation changes consistent with nitrogen stress. These patterns are similar to those seen following other, smaller tundra fires. Soil nitrogen limitation and the persistence of resprouters will likely lead to recovery of mixed shrub–sedge tussock tundra, unless permafrost thaws, as climate warms, more extensively than has yet occurred.
The elephant in the room: Advertising science as a driver of economic growth is a long‐term losing strategy

Many scientists make the argument that research funding is worthwhile because it drives economic growth. However, economic growth is neither reliable or sustainable, so the strategy could backfire and damage science in the long term.
Diblock copolymer directed self-assembly for CMOS device fabrication

We present our recent work on using diblock copolymer directed self-assembly for the fabrication of silicon MOSFETs. Instead of using self-assembly to assemble the entire device, we plan to utilize self-assembly to perform one critical step of the complex MOSFET process flow in the beginning. Initial results of using PS-b-PMMA to define pores with hexagonal array having diameter of 20 nm for contact hole patterning will be described. Potential integration issues for making MOSFETs will also be addressed.
Flow‐induced vibrations of non‐linear cables. Part 1: Models and algorithms

In this paper, we develop governing equations for non-linear cables as well as a formulation for the coupled flow-structure problem. The structure is discretized with second-order accuracy while the flow is discretized using spectral/hp elements in the context of the arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian formulation (ALE). Several benchmark problems are considered and the computational implementation is detailed. In the second part of this work large-scale simulation examples are presented.
Designing Next-Generation Massively Multithreaded Architectures for Irregular Applications

Massively multithreaded architectures like the Cray XMT address the needs of irregular data-intensive applications better than commodity clusters. A proposed evolution of the XMT integrates multicore processors and next-generation interconnects, along with memory reference aggregation to optimize network utilization.
The worker as politician: How online information and electoral heuristics shape personnel selection and careers

Employers’ use of increasingly visible online information extends when, where, and in what role contexts personnel selection—and correspondingly career management—occurs. Data from 59 employers suggest the use of a new lens to evaluate workers: the worker as politician. By appropriating strategies from electoral contexts to “vote” on job candidates, employers are (unintentionally) reimagining personnel selection. Participants report seeking appropriately endorsed workers with electable personalities, who demonstrate commercially “sanitized” public images and reflect the “right” kind of private life and mainstream values. Results contribute to research on how new technologies and information visibility affect personnel selection, career management, and reputation management.
THE EFFECTS OF SOIL FLOODING ON THE ESTABLISHMENT OF COGONGRASS (IMPERATA CYLINDRICA), A NONINDIGENOUS INVADER OF THE SOUTHEASTERN UNITED STATES

Cogongrass (Imperata cylindrica), an invasive perennial introduced from Southeast Asia, is currently spreading throughout the southeastern United States from Florida to Louisiana. In the U.S., cogongrass is generally not considered a wetland species, although it’s range is expanding in regions with high wetland abundance. The objective of this study was to determine if excessive soil moisture might prevent cogongrass from establishing in areas with seasonaly flooded soils. In one greenhouse experiment, we examined cogongrass germination and seedling growth in soils that were freely drained, saturated, and inundated. We performed a second greenhouse experiment to evaluate growth and survival of cogongrass seedlings of four different size classes in five soil moisture treatments ranging from dry to inundated. Cogongrass germination was lowest when seeds were overtopped with water. There were no differences in germination between saturated and freely drained treatments; however, seedlings grew larget in freely drained soil and were smallest when immersed. In our second experiment, most cogongrass plantswsurvived except when given no water, but growth differed by watering treatment depending on seedling size. Increasing moisture was more detrimental to the growth of small seedlings compared to the growth of larger cogongrass plants. Overall, cogongrass was most sensitive to soil inundation in the earliest stages of establishment; thus, excessive moisture conditions in the spring, during early seedling development, could restrict invasion of cogongrass by seed. Once cogongrass is established, however, it tolerance of flooding appears to increase.
Determination of clofibrate in biological fluids by thin-layer and gas-liquid chromatography.

A specific and sensitive method is described for the detection of clofibrate in biological fluids. The drug is separated from associated fatty acids by thin-layer chromatography and the methyl ester is quantified by gas—liquid chromatography. Recovery is excellent, and any small losses are corrected with an internal recovery standard. Although more time-consuming than other available techniques, the method offers advantages for accurate studies of clofibrate metabolism.
Ethical Considerations: Pediatric Short-Term Medical Missions in Developing Countries

For many years pediatric healthcare experts have debated how much benefit was derived by host nations from the well intentioned efforts of Pediatric Short-Term Medical Missions (STMMs). Most of the literature on STMMs, while limited, has focused on frameworks for the delivery of care. Today the focus of these endeavors is on the ethical implications. The purpose of this article is to describe how the focus of STMMs has changed over the past 15 years from delivery of care frameworks to ethical considerations.
Commercial encryption

The author discusses cryptographic privacy systems, in which the goal is to keep the content of the message secret. He describes public key encryption and offers some comments on its use. Factors affecting commercial use are examined. The author then describes the Data Encryption Standard (DES) and the impact of NASA's Commercial Commsec Endorsement Program algorithms on the DES. He concludes with a proposal for future encryption strategy.
Imipenem: A New Carbapenem Antibiotic

Imipenem is a new carbapenem antibiotic that has an extremely broad spectrum of antibacterial activity. It has been used to treat a variety of serious infections and an increasing volume of literature documents its value in infections due to multiresistant bacteria. This article reviews the antibacterial activity, pharmacology, and clinical uses of imipenem.
121 THE CLINICAL FAILURE OF VITAMIN E TO PREVENT ATHEROSCLEROSIS: IS VITAMIN E SUPPRESSING ITSELF?

Purpose Vitamin E alpha is the only form of vitamin E (Vit E) available as a supplement. Recent clinical trials have failed to demonstrate a beneficial effect of this supplement on atherosclerosis prevention. We tested the hypothesis that exogenous Vit E alpha supplementation suppresses the concentration of the potent endogenous antioxidant Vit E gamma. Methods We performed a randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover trial in 12 type 2 diabetic subjects. Each subject participated in four study arms: placebo, low-dose (200 IU/d), medium-dose (400 IU/d ), and high-dose (800 IU/d ) vitamin E. Each vitamin dose was taken daily for 2 weeks. The protocol included an atherogenic high-fat meal. Primary outcomes were lipid standardized plasma levels of Vit E alpha and gamma. Secondary outcomes were surrogate markers of atherosclerosis (see table). The concentration of Vit E alpha demonstrated an appropriate dose response and did not alter any surrogate markers of oxidative stress, inflammation, or hypercoagulation. At all dosages, endogenous Vit E gamma was suppressed by Vit E alpha (by approximately 50%) (p Conclusion Supplementation of vitamin E in type 2 diabetic individuals did not alter any surrogate markers of atherosclerosis. The suppression by exogenous Vit E alpha of endogenous Vit E gamma reasonably explains Vit E alpha9s ineffectiveness in atherosclerosis prevention.
Die Dermatologie im Wandel der Zeiten (Der letzten 30 Jahre)

Ich will damit beginnen, meine Gedanken uber dreisig Jahre in die Vergangenheit zuruckgehen zu lassen, bis zu der Zeit, als ich im Jahre 1929 in New York City mit Dr. Fred Wise zu arbeiten begann.
Some Effects of Noncontingent Aversive Stimulation

Publisher Summary Aversive stimuli produces a general suppression of behavior to serve as drive that energizes behavior, to elicit unconditioned skeletal responses, to activate escape and avoidance behavior, to induce aggressive attack, and to arouse fear. Everyday observation and a considerable body of experimental evidence indicate that aversive stimuli do produce these varied effects, but it is clear that they cannot all occur simultaneously. This chapter discusses the responses elicited by aversive stimulation and reviews the studies of behavior during electric shock that were conducted to determine reactions to electric shock. Electric shock is regarded as “painful,” producing a complex of skeletal and autonomic responses, some of which are readily conditionable. The readily conditionable components of the “pain” response are considered to be a “fear” response. Thus, shock produces a “pain–fear reaction,” and the reaction produced by stimuli that have acquired aversiveness through association with shock is called “fear” or “anxiety.” The chapter reviews a number of studies in which the behaviors elicited by aversive stimuli have been studied directly and discusses the effects of noncontingent aversive stimulation on ongoing behavior to determine the conditions under which the various reactions to aversive stimulation occur. It also discusses the suppressive effects of punishment.
Learning Loops: A Replication Study Illuminates Impact of HS Courses

A recent study about the effectiveness of subgoal labeling in an introductory computer science programming course both supported previous research and produced some puzzling results. In this study, we replicate the experiment with a different student population to determine if the results are repeatable. We also gave the experimental task to students in a follow-on course to explore if they had indeed mastered the programming concept. We found that the previous puzzling results were repeated. In addition, for the novice programmers, we found a statistically significant difference in performance based on whether the student had previous programming courses in high school. However, this performance difference disappears in a follow-on course after all students have taken an introductory computer science programming course. The results of this study have implications for how quickly students are evaluated for mastery of knowledge and how we group students in introductory programming courses.
Byzantine Fault Tolerant Software-Defined Networking (SDN) Controllers

A Software-Defined Network (SDN) with a centralized controller suffers from a single point of compromise and failure which is detrimental to both security and reliability. Currently, the design space for robust and reliable distributed controllers remains largely unexplored except for some initial proposals incorporating simple majority voting. This paper develops, and assesses performance of, a prototype SDN controller that can tolerate Byzantine faults in both the control and data planes. The performance of our resilient controller implementation is measured against current standard fault vulnerable open source SDN controllers. We experiment with our prototype and show a reasonable slowdown as is expected in the transition from a fault vulnerable to a fault tolerant design, our best controller exhibits only a 2x slowdown even though we have 4 replica components, and thus can tolerate a single compromised component without affecting control and/or forwarding decisions in the networks. Our controllers do not yet achieve high performance levels to be adopted in large-scale networks, e.g., to handle tens of thousands of new flows or flow modification requests per second, but we argue that (as a proof of concept) our controllers demonstrate feasibility of constructing such resilient programmable networks.
Toxicology and Risk Assessment of POPs

Polyhalogenated industrial compounds and combustion by-products including the polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and dibenzofurans (PCDFs) have been identified in almost every component of the global ecosystem including fish, wildlife and humans. Many of these compounds such as 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) induce a common pattern of biochemical and toxic responses that are mediated through initial binding to the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). These compounds primarily differ in their potencies, and risk/hazard assessment for these AhR-active contaminants can be determined using a toxic equivalency factor (TEF) approach where TCDD equivalents (TEQ) of a mixture is equal to the sum of the concentrations of individual components times their potency (TEF) relative to TCDD. A number of studies also demonstrate that AhR-inactive POPs including ortho-substituted PCBs and hydroxy-PCBs also induce multiple toxic and biochemical responses; however, methods for risk assessment of these chemicals have not yet been developed.
Forest Nutrient Cycling: Influence of Air Pollutants on Symbiotic Microorganisms

Symbiotic microorganisms have roles of very great importance in nutrient relations in forest ecosystems. Forests frequently flourish in regions of low, marginal, or poor soil nutrient status. In addition to nutrient conservation and tight control over nutrient cycling, trees have evolved critically significant symbiotic relationships with soil fungi and bacteria that enhance nutrient supply and uptake. The interaction between air contaminants, symbiotic microbes, and their relationship with host trees is of critical importance. Adverse impact on mycorrhizae by air pollution has been hypothesized (Sobotka, 1968).