cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Adversarial testing of wireless routing implementations

We focus on automated adversarial testing of real-world implementations of wireless routing protocols. We extend an existing platform, Turret, designed for general distributed systems, to address the specifics of wireless routing protocols. Specifically, we add functionality to differentiate routing messages from data messages and support wireless specific attacks such as blackhole and wormhole, or routing attacks such as replay attacks. The extended platform, Turret-W, uses a network emulator to create reproducible network conditions and virtualization to run unmodified binaries of wireless protocol implementations. Using the platform on publicly available implementations of two representative routing protocols we (re-)discovered 14 attacks and 3 bugs.
Tensions between Teams and Their Leaders

The intersection of teamwork and leadership results in tensions, dilemmas, and paradoxes for both individuals and for institutions such as simultaneously empowering individuals at the same time it frustrates them when our naive, cultural understanding of leadership centralizes power and values leaders who can impose their will and vision on others. Perhaps the fundamental paradox of teamwork and leadership is that the more leadership is focused on an individual the less likely a team’s potential will be realized. Six specific domains where tensions arise are: at team boundaries; culture; who is in charge, rationality/cognition; diversity; and collaborations. Three approaches - clarifying different levels of analysis, temporal factors, and overarching concepts - to resolving tensions are discussed. New conceptions of leadership and the importance of the larger cultural frame within which they are embedded are needed for the management of technology and innovation.
Perfect Accuracy with Human-in-the-Loop Object Detection

Modern state-of-the-art computer vision systems still perform imperfectly in many benchmark object recognition tasks. This hinders their application to real-time tasks where even a low but non-zero probability of error in analyzing every frame from a camera quickly accumulates to unacceptable performance for end users. Here we consider a visual aid to guide blind or visually-impaired persons in finding items in grocery stores using a head-mounted camera. The system uses a human-in-the-decision-loop approach to instruct the user how to turn or move when an object is detected with low confidence, to improve the object’s view captured by the camera, until computer vision confidence is higher than the highest mistaken confidence observed during algorithm training. In experiments with 42 blindfolded participants reaching for 25 different objects randomly arranged on shelves 15 times, our system was able to achieve 100 % accuracy, with all participants selecting the goal object in all trials.
Jewish Federation of Greater Des Moines 100th Anniversary, 1914-2014: Celebrating a Century of Benevolence

Review of: Jewish Federation of Greater Des Moines 100th Anniversary, 1914–2014: Celebrating a Century of Benevolence.
Crystal nucleation in amorphous (Au100 − yCuy)77Si9Ge14 alloys

Abstract Melt-spun alloys of the series (Au100 − yCuy)77Si9Ge14 are found to be amorphous for y ≤ 37.5 and partially or fully crystalline for y = 50 and y = 75. Because, unlike most metallic glasses, these alloys exhibit well separated glass transition and kinetic crystallization temperatures, crystallization can be studied in the fully relaxed amorphous phase. Isothermal calorimetric analysis of the devitrification kinetics of the amorphous alloys indicates sporadic nucleation and a constant growth rate. A steady state nucleation frequency is established after a transient period, except for the y = 37.5 alloy, where the kinetics are dominated by growth on quenched-in nuclei. In the y ≤ 25 alloys, we find that the classical theory of homogeneous nucleation is consistent with the observations, including transient effects. The analysis of the crystallization kinetics indicates that slow crystal growth rates play an important role in glass formation in these alloys. As the copper content of the alloys is increased, the reduced glass transition temperature increases, but, surprisingly, glass formation is more difficult at high copper contents. This is interpreted to be a consequence of a different nucleus composition.
Arthur Conan Doyle's the Reigate Puzzle: A Cartographical and Photographical View (Part 1)

Part 2 of this paper can be found at http://ssrn.com/abstract=2875062 How did Sherlock Holmes and John Watson make their way from Lyon to Reigate, and around Reigate once they arrived? This map and its companion explain.
Breakdown of a defensive symbiosis, but not endogenous defences, at elevated temperatures.

Environmental factors, including temperature, can have large effects on species interactions, including mutualisms and antagonisms. Most insect species are infected with heritable bacterial symbionts with many protecting their hosts from natural enemies. However, many symbionts or their products are thermally sensitive; hence, their effectiveness may vary across a range of temperatures. In the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum, the bacterial symbiont Hamiltonella defensa and its associated APSE bacteriophages confer resistance to this aphid's dominant parasitoid, Aphidius ervi. Here, we investigate the effects of temperature on both endogenous and symbiont-based protection against this parasitoid. We also explored the defensive properties of the X-type symbiont, a bacterium hypothesized to shape aphid defence when co-occurring with H. defensa. We show that H. defensa protection fails at higher temperatures, although some aphid genotype and H. defensa strain combinations are more robust than others at moderately warmer temperatures. We also found that a single X-type strain neither defended against parasitism by A. ervi nor rescued lost H. defensa protection at higher temperatures. In contrast, endogenous aphid resistance was effective across temperatures, revealing that these distinct defensive modes are not equally robust to changing environments. Through a survey of field-collected pea aphids, we found a negative correlation between H. defensa frequencies and average daily temperatures across North American locales, fitting expectations for reduced symbiont benefits under warm climates. Based on these findings, we propose that rising global temperatures could promote the widespread breakdown of defensive mutualisms, a prospect with implications for both human and ecosystem health.
Better diagnostic accuracy of neuropathy in obesity: A new challenge for neurologists.

Abstract Objective To determine the comparative diagnostic characteristics of neuropathy measures in an obese population. Methods We recruited obese participants from the University of Michigan’s Weight Management Program. Receiver operative characteristic analysis determined the area under the curve (AUC) of neuropathy measures for distal symmetric polyneuropathy (DSP), small fiber neuropathy (SFN), and cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy (CAN). The best test combinations were determined using stepwise and Score subset selection models. Results We enrolled 120 obese participants. For DSP, seven of 42 neuropathy measures (Utah Early Neuropathy Score (UENS, N = 62), Michigan Neuropathy Screening Instrument (MNSI) reduced combined index, MNSI examination, nerve fiber density (NFD) leg, tibial F response, MNSI questionnaire, peroneal distal motor latency) had AUCs ≥ 0.75. Three of 19 small fiber nerve measures for SFN (UENS, NFD leg, Sudoscan feet (N = 70)) and zero of 16 CAN measures had AUCs ≥ 0.75. Combinations of tests performed better than individual tests with AUCs of 0.82 for DSP (two parameters) and 0.84 for SFN (three parameters). Conclusions Many neuropathy measures demonstrate good test performance for DSP in obese participants. Select few small fiber nerve measures performed well for SFN, and none for CAN. Significance Specific combinations of tests should be used for research studies to maximize diagnostic performance in obese cohorts.
Asymptotic Ratio of Harmonic Measures of Sides of a Boundary Slit

Let l be a Jordan arc in the upper half-plane \(\mathbb {H}\) with the initial point at z = 0. For ζ ∈ l, let ω +(a, ζ) and ω −(a, ζ) denote the harmonic measures of the left and right shores of the slit \(l_\zeta \subset \mathbb {H}\) along the portion of the arc l travelled from 0 to ζ. In one of the seminars within the “Complex Analysis and Integrable Systems” semester held at the Mittag-Leffler Institute in 2011, D. Prokhorov suggested a study of the limit behavior of the quotient ω −(a, ζ)/ω +(a, ζ) as ζ → 0 along l. In recent publications, D. Prokhorov and his coauthors discussed this problem and proved several results for smooth slits.
Anaerobic muscle strengthening physical activity and depression severity among USA adults.

Abstract We investigated the association between depression and anaerobic physical activity (while controlling aerobic physical activity), using a nationally representative sample of USA adults (n = 7354) who participated in the cross sectional National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES, 1999–2006). We defined depression using the validated “Patient Health Questionnaire” (PHQ9) scale of 0–27 as PHQ9 ≥ 10. Severity of depression was classified by clinically established PHQ9 levels: mild (5–9), dysthymic (10–14), moderate (15–19), and major depression (≥20). We used logistic regression to estimate adjusted odds ratios of depression associated with distinct types of activity (only aerobic, only anaerobic, combined regime). We used multinomial logistic regression to examine associations of anaerobic activity with various severity levels of depression (mild, dysthymic, moderate, and major depression) with adjustment for aerobic activity. Women had higher prevalence of depression than men (8.4% versus 5.7%), whereas anaerobic muscle strengthening activity was more common in men than women (35% versus 24%). Adjusting for aerobic activity, anaerobic activity was inversely associated with depression (PHQ9 ≥ 10) in women under 50 (OR = 0.57; 95%CI = 0.41–0.81), all women (OR = 0.59; 0.43–0.80), men under 50 (OR = 0.85; 0.58–1.2), and all men (OR = 0.72; 0.51–1.01). Anaerobic activity was inversely associated with severity level of depressive symptoms in women and men. The combined regimen of anaerobic muscle strengthening activity and meeting the Physical Activity Guideline for America (PAGA) was related to the lowest odds ratio of depression in women (OR = 0.50; 95%CI = 0.33–0.75) and men (OR = 0.39; 95%CI = 0.23–0.62). Independent of aerobic physical activity, anaerobic muscle strengthening activity is significantly and inversely associated with depression among USA adults.
Free‐moving artificial eggs containing temperature loggers reveal remarkable within‐clutch variance in incubation temperature

Incubation is a crucial aspect of avian parental care and measuring incubation temperature in the wild can improve our understanding of life history tradeoffs and inform conservation efforts. However, there are challenges associated with measuring the temperature of eggs in natural nests. Most studies to date have measured incubation temperature by using a single, stationary logger in each nest. However, real eggs are rotated and moved throughout the nest by the parent during the incubation period, and thus, a stationary logger may not accurately represent the temperature experienced by individual eggs within the entire clutch. We recorded incubation temperature in nests by using multiple, mobile artificial egg temperature loggers. We installed six mobile loggers and one stationary logger in wood duck Aix sponsa nests to compare the two logger types in the field. We found that at a given ambient temperature, mobile loggers recorded lower average and more variable temperatures than stationary loggers. Further, temperatures recorded by stationary loggers showed no relationship with clutch size, while mobile loggers captured temperatures that were lower and more variable as clutch size increased. Also, the multiple mobile loggers revealed that eggs within a nest experienced a substantial range of temperatures throughout the incubation period. We discuss potential limitations of this method, but believe that it is a promising way to collect biologically‐relevant incubation temperature data and provides an opportunity to advance our understanding of incubation temperature as a parental effect.
Food Riots, Urbanization, and Mass Killing Campaigns: Indonesia and Malaysia

We analyze two additional cases in this chapter: authoritarian Indonesia and nondemocratic Malaysia. We begin this chapter by analyzing the Indonesian case. We first show that Indonesia was characterized by relatively high levels of urban development over most of its nondemocratic spell. Unlike Pakistan, however, Indonesia did not experience a food crisis until the late 1990s. Considering that urban development levels in the country were high throughout the 1978–1998 period, the occurrence of a food crisis provides a “treatment” on which we can test our argument. As we did in our analysis of Pakistan, we rely on a combination of secondary historical sources and original within-country city year data on anti-regime riots and local mass killing campaigns to evaluate our claims. We then turn to conduct a historical analysis of Malaysia, our corollary case. We first present evidence and descriptive data showing that the level of urban development per capita in the country was relatively high over its entire nondemocratic spell. Unlike Pakistan and Indonesia, however, Malaysia experienced no food crises over the same period. Thus, Malaysia serves as our analysis’ contrarian case. We then assess this case in detail using historical process to evaluate whether the absence of the food crisis “treatment” in the context of high urban development influenced the probability of local mass killing campaigns in the country.
Thoracic Damage Control

The successful management of patients sustaining severe or life-threatening thoracic injuries demands a rapid and organized approach to injury identification and operative intervention based on the principles of damage control surgery. Resuscitative thoracotomy remains the procedure of choice for patients who present in extremis or agonal following both blunt and penetrating truncal trauma. A variety of rapid and effective techniques for hemorrhage control and injury management are available to the trauma surgeon and should be used judiciously in the setting of exsanguination or life-threatening injuries to allow for the rapid transport of patients to the operating room for further temporary or definitive repair of injuries. In this chapter, we shall briefly review the key tenets and principles of damage control surgery as they relate to specific thoracic injuries.
Myosins in Osteoclast Formation and Function.

Skeletal quantity and quality are determined by processes of bone modeling and remodeling, which are undertaken by cells that build and resorb bone as they respond to mechanical, hormonal, and other external and internal signals. As the sole bone resorptive cell type, osteoclasts possess a remarkably dynamic actin cytoskeleton that drives their function in this enterprise. Actin rearrangements guide osteoclasts’ capacity for precursor fusion during differentiation, for migration across bone surfaces and sensing of their composition, and for generation of unique actin superstructures required for the resorptive process. In this regard, it is not surprising that myosins, the superfamily of actin-based motor proteins, play key roles in osteoclast physiology. This review briefly summarizes current knowledge of the osteoclast actin cytoskeleton and describes myosins’ roles in osteoclast differentiation, migration, and actin superstructure patterning.
Students’ Lived Experience of Using Seesaw Class Application in English I Class

This paper aims at discovering students’ lived experience in using Seesaw Class application in English I Class. Seesaw Class is an application for teaching-learning in the smartphone. Applications are used as the media for learning in the present era. Seesaw Class application is used to enhance English skills and components during teaching-learning activities. Various features in Seesaw Class application provide more space for students to express their ideas. The method used is a hermeneutic- phenomenology method. It focuses on the description and interpretation of lived experience. The data were gathered with in- depth interview, observation, and document review. The research was validated with triangulation. The research results are divided into empirical themes and transcendent themes. Meaning in each theme is revealed with deep understanding of the research and has the implication in the practice area. The concept discovered in this study is explained in a Venn diagram and has the implication in the theory area.
Responses to bullying among individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities: Support needs and self‐determination

Background Compared to the general population, individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) more often experience bullying and its negative social and emotional impacts. Prior studies explored bullying of individuals with IDD primarily through investigations of the perspectives of others and the negative impacts of bullying. The current study examined how individuals with IDD describe their responses to experiences of bullying, with a focus on whether responses included component skills of self-determination. Method Eighteen adults with IDD (50% female) aged 18-63 years were interviewed about their experiences with bullying. Interviews were analysed to determine responses to bullying and the degree to which their responses demonstrated self-determination. Results Data analysis revealed two primary themes, outside support and self-determination, with additional subthemes. Conclusions Findings provide a more nuanced description of the ways in which individuals with IDD respond to bullying, including the demonstration of self-determination skills. Implications for research and practice are discussed.
Istanbul, Open City: Exhibiting Anxieties of Urban Modernity

Ipek Tureli. New York, NY: Routledge, 2018. xiii and 169 pp., maps, photos, notes, bibliography, index. $140.00 cloth (ISBN 9781409422112); $27.48 electronic (ISBN 9781315590196).Istanbul, Open Cit...
Entropy analysis of SWCNT & MWCNT flow induced by collecting beating of cilia with porous medium

In this article, we considers the thermodynamics analysis of creeping viscous nanofluid flow in a horizontal ciliated tube under the effects of a uniform magnetic field and porous medium. Moreover, energy analysis is performed in the presence of an internal heat source and thermal radiation phenomena. The thermal conductivity of base fluid water is strengthened by considering the carbon nanotubes (CNTs). Mathematical formulation operated, results in a set of non-linear coupled partial differential equations. The governed differential system is transformed into an ordinary differential system by considering suitable similarity variables. Exact solutions in the closed form are computed for the temperature, momentum and pressure gradient profiles. In this study, special attention is devoted to the electrical conductivity of the CNTs. Streamlines patterns are also discussed to witness the flow lines for different parameters. Thermodynamics analysis shows that entropy of the current flow system is an increasing function of Brinkmann number, magnetic parameter, nanoparticle concentration parameter and Darcy number.
A simple predictive model for estimating relative e-cigarette toxic carbonyl levels

E-cigarette devices are wide ranging, leading to significant differences in levels of toxic carbonyls in their respective aerosols. Power can be a useful method in predicting relative toxin concentrations within the same device, but does not correlate well to inter-device levels. Herein, we have developed a simple mathematical model utilizing parameters of an e-cigarette's coil and wick in order to predict relative levels of e-liquid solvent degradation. Model 1, which is coil length/(wick surface area*wraps), performed in the moderate-to-substantial range as a predictive tool (R2 = 0.69). Twelve devices, spanning a range of coil and wick styles, were analyzed. Model 1 was evaluated against twelve alternative models and displayed the best predictability. Relationships that included power settings displayed weak predictability, validating that power levels cannot be reliably compared between devices due to differing wicking and coil components and heat transfer efficiencies.
Depression in multiple sclerosis patients associated with risk variant near NEGR1.

Abstract Background A substantial number of patients diagnosed with multiple sclerosis (MS) suffer from depression in addition to physical symptoms and disability. Recent evidence suggests a stronger relationship may exist between MS and depression than previously thought, in which a diagnosis of depression may be prodromic to the development of MS. Methods A genome-wide association study (GWAS) was performed to identify genetic variants associated with the development of depression in a cohort of MS patients. The control group (n = 1180) was composed of MS patients with no diagnoses of depression as determined by ICD-9 and ICD-10 billing codes present in the electronic health record (EHR). Separate analyses were performed for three different case groups: 1) MS patients having a depression diagnosis at any time (n = 182), 2) MS patients having a depression diagnosis one year pre-MS diagnosis (n = 27), and 3) MS patients having a depression diagnosis one year post-MS diagnosis (n = 130). Logistic regression analyses were also performed to test for associations between the development of depression and an APOE tagging variant, as APOE was previously linked to depressive affect in MS. An additional logistic regression analysis tested for associations between depression in MS patients and SNPs associated with depression in the general population. Pathway enrichment analyses were also conducted to identify pathways that link the two diseases. Results GWAS identified no novel associations between variants and a diagnosis of depression relative to a diagnosis of MS. One variant, rs1432639, associated with depression in the general population, was significantly associated with the development of depression post-MS diagnosis. The APOE-related SNPs were not associated with depression in this study population. An IGF1 pathway approached statistical significance in patients diagnosed with depression prior to a diagnosis of MS. Conclusion rs1432639 and the IGF1 pathway provide evidence for a genetic link between MS and depression that warrants further research.
How Two Rights Made a Wrong—Sullivan, Anti-SLAPP, and the Under-Enforcement of Public Figure Defamation Torts

Two wrongs don’t make a right, but can two rights make a wrong? With public-figure defamation actions, the answer is sometimes “yes.” To protect the right to freedom of speech, the Supreme Court held in New York Times v. Sullivan that public officials who sue for defamation must prove that defendants acted with “actual malice.” On its own, the Sullivan standard is almost impossible to satisfy. But in many states, the true standard for public-figure defamation suits has become even tougher. Seeking to protect the right to petition, many state legislatures have enacted statutes targeting so-called “strategic lawsuits against public participation” (SLAPP)—suits filed in retaliation for the exercise of First Amendment rights. These statutes permit defendants who claim they were sued for their First Amendment activities to make “anti-SLAPP” motions early in the litigation. To prevent dismissal of their claims, plaintiffs then must show—before discovery—a probability of success on the merits. Whatever these statutes’ utility in ordinary litigation, they saddle public-figure defamation plaintiffs with an almost-comical catch-22: to survive an anti-SLAPP motion and obtain discovery, plaintiffs must demonstrate that defendants likely acted with actual malice. But because “actual malice” refers to the defendant’s mental state, it often requires discovery to prove. By trapping plaintiffs in this dilemma, anti-SLAPP double-counts defendants’ rights and creates an anti-plaintiff super-standard. This synergy of Sullivan and anti-SLAPP has led to an undesirable underenforcement of defamation law. Despite Sullivan and anti-SLAPP’s intended goals, their union immunizes defamatory speech unrelated to the search for “political truth” or the “marketplace of ideas.”
The Physics of Life: Darwin, Thomson Joule, Boltzmann

Although the Victorian sciences of evolution and energy physics are now inextricably bound in modern ecology, it took some time for these sciences to sit comfortably together. This chapter briefly explores the historical connection between energy concepts and ecology, as well as some of the problems, limitations and potential attached to their common usage, especially as nineteenth century thinking about energy intersects with Darwinian biology. Among other things, William Thomson’s famous calculation predicted a probable lifespan for the sun that was far too short to allow for evolutionary processes as Darwin described them. Darwin himself increasingly discussed “energy,” though he eschewed its emergent scientific sense and implied, among other things, that energy can be created. In spite of these manifest differences, however, several Victorian physicists argued for the biological and ecological implications of energy science—notably Ludwig Boltzmann and James Prescott Joule. Physicists and biologists sought to find a language of nature that decentered the human, and both struggled with, and contributed to, a worldview that still dogs our attempts to foster more ecological ways of being and reading.
What are the attackers doing now? Automating cyber threat intelligence extraction from text on pace with the changing threat landscape: A survey.

Cybersecurity researchers have contributed to the automated extraction of CTI from textual sources, such as threat reports and online articles, where cyberattack strategies, procedures, and tools are described. The goal of this article is to aid cybersecurity researchers understand the current techniques used for cyberthreat intelligence extraction from text through a survey of relevant studies in the literature. We systematically collect "CTI extraction from text"-related studies from the literature and categorize the CTI extraction purposes. We propose a CTI extraction pipeline abstracted from these studies. We identify the data sources, techniques, and CTI sharing formats utilized in the context of the proposed pipeline. Our work finds ten types of extraction purposes, such as extraction indicators of compromise extraction, TTPs (tactics, techniques, procedures of attack), and cybersecurity keywords. We also identify seven types of textual sources for CTI extraction, and textual data obtained from hacker forums, threat reports, social media posts, and online news articles have been used by almost 90% of the studies. Natural language processing along with both supervised and unsupervised machine learning techniques such as named entity recognition, topic modelling, dependency parsing, supervised classification, and clustering are used for CTI extraction. We observe the technical challenges associated with these studies related to obtaining available clean, labelled data which could assure replication, validation, and further extension of the studies. As we find the studies focusing on CTI information extraction from text, we advocate for building upon the current CTI extraction work to help cybersecurity practitioners with proactive decision making such as threat prioritization, automated threat modelling to utilize knowledge from past cybersecurity incidents.
Characterizing Cloud Performance with TPC Benchmarks

TPC Benchmarks have become the gold standard in database benchmarks. The Companies who publish TPC Benchmarks have a significant investment in the workload, benchmark implementation and publication requirements. We will explore ideas on how TPC Benchmarks with limited modification can be used to characterize database performance in a cloud environment. This is a natural progression beyond the current TPC-VMS Specification that leverages existing TPC Benchmarks to measure database performance in a virtualized environment. The TPC-VMS Specification only addresses the consolidation of multiple databases in a virtualized or cloud environment. In addition to consolidation, we will address the cloud characteristics of load balancing, migration, resource elasticity and deployment.
Very Low Birth Weight Infants: Effects of Brain Growth During Infancy on Intelligence Quotient at 3 Years of Age

To evaluate the role of postnatal growth on IQ at 3 years of age, 139 appropriate for gestational age, very low birth weight infants (less than 1.5 kg) born in 1977 and 1978 were studied at 40 weeks (term), and at 8, 20, and 33 months (corrected) of age. Weight, height, and head circumference were measured at each age, neurologic status was measured at 20 months, and Stanford Binet IQ at 33 months. Multiple regression analysis revealed that head circumference at 8 months of age is the best growth predictor of IQ at 3 years of age. Path analysis was performed to measure the effects of biologic and social factors measured earlier in life on IQ at 3 years. These factors explained 43% of the variance in IQ at 3 years of age. Head circumference at 8 months had a direct effect on IQ at 3 years, controlling for all other variables in the model. Neonatal risk had an indirect effect via head circumference. Neurologic impairment had direct and indirect (via head circumference) effects; race and socioeconomic status had direct effects on IQ but no effects on growth at 8 months of age. Thus, brain growth at 8 months significantly influenced 3 year IQ at 3 years of age among very low birth weight infants, even when medical and sociodemographic variables were controlled.
Physical activity assessment methods in the Jackson Heart Study.

Physical activity was recognized as a risk factor for coronary heart disease CHD) almost 40 years ago in the Framingham Heart Study.1,2 Data from the Honolulu Heart Study in the 1980s also found physical activity to be among the lifestyle factors that predicted heart disease in Japanese-American men.3 However, the extent to which the results from these studies could be generalized to African Americans was not known. In the 1980s, the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study was initiated, including a large cohort of African Americans in Jackson, Mississippi. Physical activity studies in the ARIC study revealed significant body mass index (BMI) by sex and race.4 Notably, a study of excess incident type 2 diabetes in African-American and European- American ARIC participants revealed significantly lower leisure-time physical activity and higher rates of obesity in African-American compared with European- American women. These findings contributed to the conclusion that almost 50% of the excess risk for diabetes in African-American women might be related to potentially modifiable factors.5
Stable isotopes in the diagnosis and treatment of inherited hyperammonemia

Stable isotopes have greatly contributed to our understanding of nitrogen metabolism and the urea cycle. The measurement of urea flux via isotopic methods has traditionally been utilized to determine total body protein synthesis in subjects with an intact urea cycle. However, isotopic studies of nitrogen metabolism are also a useful adjunct to conventional clinical investigations in the diagnosis and management of the inherited hyperammonemias. Such studies offer a safe non-invasive method of measuring the reduction of in vivo hepatic ureagenesis, and thus may provide a more accurate measure of phenotypic severity in affected patients. In addition, isotopic methods are ideally suited to evaluate the efficacy of novel therapies to augment urea production.
Steltzer Receives 2013 Sulzman Award for Excellence in Education and Mentoring: Citation

Heidi Steltzer, an assistant professor at Fort Lewis College, received the 2013 Sulzman Award for Excellence in Education and Mentoring at the 2013 Fall Meeting. This award “recognizes women in AGU who have sustained an active research career in a field related to biogeosciences, while excelling in teaching and especially in mentoring young scientists.” Awardees are to serve as critical role models for the next generation of female scientists by sharing their passion for the natural world. Those who know her best agree that Heidi's passion for teaching and training the next generation of researchers truly embodies the spirit of the Sulzman award. According to one nominator, “Heidi single-handedly pushed [her] department toward a more modern and integrated view of the biological sciences, revamping curricula in both majors' and non-majors' courses to include citizen science, cross-disciplinary investigation techniques, and thought-provoking forays into real-world/real-time problems.” Another nominator commented that “Heidi has made an incredibly strong impact on the careers of countless students through both compassionate and enthusiastic mentoring, as well as leadership in institutional and programmatic efforts that foster student professional development and that provide research experiences. I think it is extraordinary that at this relatively early point in her career, she has already achieved a lasting legacy.”
Theory of Resonance Ionization Spectroscopy

Resonance Ionization Spectroscopy (RIS) can be defined as a state selective detection process in which pulsed tunable lasers are used to promote transitions from the selected state of the atoms or molecules in question to higher states, one of which will be ionized by the absorption of another photon. At least one resonance step is used in the stepwise ionization process, and it has been shown[1–4] that the ionization probability of the spectroscopically selected species can nearly always be made close to unity. Since measurements of the number of photoelectrons or ions can be made very precisely and even one electron (or under vacuum conditions, one ion) can be detected, the technique can be used to make quantitative measurements of very small populations of the state-selected species. Counting of individual atoms has special meaning for detection of rare events.
Decomposing and Recomposing Transactional Concepts

Distributed systems are different from concurrent (and parallel) systems because they need to deal with failures, not just concurrency. Transactions are a way of masking the distributed nature of a computation at the programming language level by transforming all failures into aborted transactions. If a communication link goes down or a node crashes, the transaction simply aborts. Users may try again later to rerun their computation, but they are at least guaranteed that the system is left in some consistent state. Transactions are a well-known and fundamental control abstraction that arose out of the database community. They have three properties that distinguish them from normal sequential processes: (1) A transaction is a sequence of operations that is performed atomically ("all-or-nothing"). If it completes successfully, it commits; otherwise, it aborts; (2) concurrent transactions are serializable (appear to occur one-at-a-time), supporting the principle of isolation; and (3) effects of committed transactions are persistent (survive failures).
CEO Compensation and Firm Performance - Are They Related?

This paper attempts to assess the ability of compensation packages to affect firm performance. Following a review of principal-agent theory and previous research, a section is devoted to the explanation of the model that is utilized in this paper. This article is available in The Park Place Economist: http://digitalcommons.iwu.edu/parkplace/vol2/iss1/8 About the author: Barb Kube '94, an economics major, wrote this paper for her Econometrics class, which she described as being enormously useful. Econometrics is one of the first highly quantitative classes Economics majors encounter, and Barb felt that for a "non-math person" like herself/ working on this paper was excellent preparation for her Senior Project. She tested for forms of discrimination against female lawyers for her Senior Project which she is presently extending into a Research Honors Project. It is an issue of personal concern to her since she is going on to law school after graduation. CEO Compensation and Firm Performance— Are They Related? Barb Kube What do IBM, Sunbeam/Oster, Westinghouse Electric, Time Warner, General Motors and American Express all have in common? In the past year all of these companies have acquired new chief executive officers (CEOs) (Saporito, p. 10). These changes are just a small example of the growing power of disgruntled shareholders. Upset at increasing wealth of CEOs in the face of poor or stagnant corporate performance, shareholders are speaking out, and they aren't the only ones. This controversy has also prompted the Securities Exchange Commission (SEC) to enact stricter guidelines for proxies. Additionally, movements to enact compensation-limiting legislation have been initiated by several members of Congress. Alternatively, it can be argued that well-structured compensation packages, by increasing CEO incentives, actually benefit shareholders. This paper attempts to assess the ability of compensation packages to affect firm performance. Following a review of principal-agent theory and previous research, a section is devoted to the explanation of the model that is utilized in this paper. Both theoretical and empirical models are outlined. The next portion reports the results of the statistical testing of the model. Finally, this paper addresses the "real-world" implications of its findings. I. LITERATURE REVIEW At the heart of the debate surrounding CEO compensation is a classic principal-agent problem. Economists theorize that a principal-agent problem arises whenever there are incentives for the agent to pursue interests that differ from those of the principal. In this case the CEO (agent) may be tempted to maximize his/her personal utility, as opposed to maximizing
Statistical Mechanics: A Concise Introduction for Chemists

1. The Boltzmann Distribution Law and statistical thermodynamics 2. The ideal gas 3. Chemical equilibrium in ideal-gas mixtures 4. Ideal harmonic solid and black-body radiation 5. Third law 6. Non-ideal gas 7. The liquid state 8. Quantum ideal gas.
Equality-based translation validator for LLVM

We updated our Peggy tool, previously presented in [6], to perform translation validation for the LLVM compiler using a technique called Equality Saturation. We present the tool, and illustrate its effectiveness at doing translation validation on SPEC 2006 benchmarks.
Optical characterization of a precipitation event in a moderately hypersaline lake

[1] The role of mineral precipitation events in creating large patches of bright green water in the Salton Sea was investigated by comparing in situ inherent optical properties (IOPs) and constituent concentrations within and outside a green water region. While absorption was similar in both regions, scatter and backscatter were ∼2 and 3 times higher in green water, respectively. Ratios of scatter to absorption and backscatter to absorption had nearly identical spectral shapes but much higher magnitudes within green water. CIE chromaticity values were similar between stations, but luminance was 2.4 times greater in green water. Therefore, differences in observed water color were mostly due to increased brightness within green water. Further analyses of IOPs indicated that particles were small at both stations (average diameter ∼0.3 μm), but a larger proportion of particles present in green water were inorganic. Scanning electron microscopy analysis revealed the presence of small (up to 5 μm) particles consistent with gypsum. Because precipitated minerals only increase backscatter and do not by themselves affect water color, simple reflectance ratios will not always detect these events. Therefore, the magnitude of reflectance must be incorporated into analyses of precipitation events.
Animal Caries Models: Reaction Paper:

All caries models, including animal models, must demonstrate validity, which is the ability to assess the caries process as it relates to humans. One aspect in assessing validity is the establishme...
Mature club members: are they a homogeneous or heterogeneous market.

Abstract This article takes a case study approach to presenting findings from a member survey completed for a private club in Michigan. The club has 1,800 members and offers dining, banquet service, tennis and swimming. The 535 responding members who are 50 years or older were segmented into two groups: Matures (50-64) and Seniors (65+). Findings indicate that there are significant differences between these segments in dining patterns, factors important for membership, overall opinion of their club, as well as the current and future scopes of the club. Implications for clubs are offered.
Current and Emerging Options for Taxol Production

Paclitaxel (trademark "Taxol") is a plant-derived isoprenoid natural product that exhibits potent anticancer activity. Taxol was originally isolated from the Pacific yew tree in 1967 and triggered an intense scientific and engineering venture to provide the compound reliably to cancer patients. The choices available for production include synthetic and biosynthetic routes (and combinations thereof). This chapter focuses on the currently utilized and emerging biosynthetic options for Taxol production. A particular emphasis is placed on the biosynthetic production hosts including macroscopic and unicellular plant species and more recent attempts to elucidate, transfer, and reconstitute the Taxol pathway within technically advanced microbial hosts. In so doing, we provide the reader with relevant background related to Taxol and more general information related to producing valuable, but structurally complex, natural products through biosynthetic strategies.
Application of compensators for nonperiodic currents

Based on a new definition of nonactive current/power, this paper presents the application of a parallel active filter for the compensation of nonperiodic currents. Analysis of the compensation characteristics required for a variety of nonperiodic currents such as those associated with arc furnaces is presented. In addition, the corresponding current rating and energy storage requirements of the compensator are also presented.
Discussion of “The Evaluation of Forensic DNA Evidence”

The current study began in 1994 as an update to the 1992 report on the issues of (i) the accuracy of laboratory determinations and (ii) the accuracy of calculations based on population and genetics theory and the available databases and the statistical assessments of similarities …
Differences in the development of jejunum and ileum as observed in fetal rat isografts. Possible implications related to the villus size gradient.

Previous studies have shown that villus size in the small intestine decreases from the duodenum toward the ileum. Villus-enlarging and villus-reducing factors have been found in the gastric, pancreatic, and duodenal secretions, and in bile (Altmann and Leblond, ′70; Altmann, ′74). We here explore the role of intrinsic factors present in the individual sections of the small intestine by following the development of villus height in fetal (21-day old) jejunal and ileal segments implanted under the kidney capsule of syngeneic adult rats. Twenty-eight and 45 days after implantation, the jejunal villi contained significantly more columnar epithelial cells than did the ileal villi, but the jejunoileal gradient was even greater in small intestine of corresponding ages, developing in situ. Our experiments, thus, show that the jejunoileal gradient is already programmed in rats 1 day before birth, while other factors contribute postnatally to regulation of its magnitude.
Constrained sequence alignment

This paper presents a dynamic programming algorithm for aligning two sequences when the alignment is constrained to lie between two arbitrary boundary lines in the dynamic programming matrix. For affine gap penalties, the algorithm requires only O(F) computations time and O(M+N) space, when F is the area of the feasible region and M and N are the sequence lengths. The result extends to concave gap penalities, with somewhat increased time and space bounds.
Ion association of lithium and sodium picrate in 2-propanol at 25°C. II. Spectrophotometric measurements

The molar absorptivities of lithium picrate and of sodium picrate have been measured as a function of salt concentration (in the 0.1–1 mmol-dm−3 concentration range) in 2-propanol at 25°C. Values of the molar absorptivities of the free picrate ion ∈i, of the ion pair ∈p, and of the ion pair association constant Ka have been calculated for each salt. The Ka values for these two salts in this solvent calculated from spectrophotometric measurements were found to be the same within experimental uncertainty as the values of Ka calculated from conductance measurements.
Electrostatic effects in vortical flows

Abstract Electrostatic forces have been shown to significantly enhance the collection efficiency of cyclones. In this paper, an analytic model will be developed for the effect of an applied electric field on charged particle trajectories within a laminar, two-dimensional vortical flow. Boundary conditions for particle injection are developed and collection efficiencies are predicted.