cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tumorigenic Viruses Affecting the RES

The preceding chapters have dealt with the ways in which the mononuclear phagocyte system influences tumor development. Many of the avian and mammalian tumor viruses have been found to be immunosuppressive with concomitant changes in lymphoid organ morphology and in lymphoid cells. The discussion of immunosuppression by tumor viruses falls outside the subject of this review.
IRON CHELATION IN CANCER THERAPY

There is a large body of experimental and clinical literature that attests to the importance of iron in tumor cell growth. High levels of dietary iron have been linked epidemiologically to the increased development of tumors in man;1,2 dietary iron increases the rate of tumor formation in experimental animals.3–5 Although these observations may in part reflect the role of iron in tumor initiation through the generation of oxygen free radicals, there is abundant evidence that an iron-rich environment contributes to enhanced tumor cell growth. For example, administration of iron-dextran to mice inoculated with leukemia cells dramatically enhanced leukemic cell proliferation; at the higher levels of supplemental iron, the leukemic animals died 25% faster than controls.6 In a study of subcutaneously implanted tumors in three strains of mice maintained on a low or normal iron supplemented diet, the low iron diet resulted in less rapid tumor growth.7 Similar observations have been made in spontaneous mammary tumors in rats.8
Miles O. Hayes, Hurricanes as Geological Agents: Case studies of Hurricanes Carla, 1961, and Cindy, 1963, 1967:

Hurricanes affect coastal regions with high winds, storm surges, and flooding rains. However, hurricanes can also alter the geomorphology of coastal regions. Miles O. Hayes’ 1967 report was the sem...
Martingales, Arbitrage, and Portfolio Choice

This is a brief and informal presentation, for mathematicians not familiar with the topic, of the connections in finance theory between the notions of arbitrage and martingales, with applications to the pricing of securities and to portfolio choice.
Comparison of the Fibrometer System and the Bio-Data coagulation Analyzer.

In this study, the Fibrometer System and the Bio/Data Coagulation Analyzer are compared. The Bio/Data machine was found to be precise, easy to use, and capable of performing prothrombin times, partial thromboplastin times, and specific factor assays adequately. The Bio/Data Coagulation Analyzer gives consistently shorter prothrombin time results than the Fibrometer, and if it is employed, new standards of therapeutic anticoagulation should be introduced.
Trends in Emergency Department Visits and Admission Rates Among US Acute Care Hospitals

This observational study describes trends in emergency department visits and admission rates among US acute care hospitals using data from the National Emergency Department Survey.
Review of Eric Perramond's Unsettled Waters - Rights, Law and Identity in the American Southwest

This is a book review of Eric Perramond's Unsettled Waters - Rights, Law and Identity in the American Southwest (2019).
Resveratrol Directly Controls the Activity of Neuronal Ryanodine Receptors at the Single-Channel Level

Calcium ion dyshomeostasis contributes to the progression of many neurodegenerative diseases and represents a target for the development of neuroprotective therapies, as reported by Duncan et al. (Molecules 15(3):1168-95, 2010), LaFerla (Nat Rev Neurosci 3(11):862-72, 2002), and Niittykoshi et al. (Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 51(12):6387-93, 2010). Dysfunctional ryanodine receptors contribute to calcium ion dyshomeostasis and potentially to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases by generating abnormal calcium ion release from the endoplasmic reticulum, according to Bruno et al. (Neurobiol Aging 33(5):1001 e1-6, 2012) and Stutzmann et al. (J Neurosci 24(2):508-13, 2004). Since ryanodine receptors share functional and structural similarities with potassium channels, as reported by Lanner et al. (Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2(11):a003996, 2010), and small molecules with anti-oxidant properties, such as resveratrol (3,5,4'-trihydroxy-trans-stilbene), directly control the activity of potassium channels, according to Wang et al. (J Biomed Sci 23(1):47, 2016), McCalley et al. (Molecules 19(6):7327-40, 2014), Novakovic et al. (Mol Hum Reprod 21(6):545-51, 2015), Li et al. (Cardiovasc Res 45(4):1035-45, 2000), Gopalakrishnan et al. (Br J Pharmacol 129(7):1323-32, 2000), and Hambrock et al. (J Biol Chem 282(5):3347-56, 2007), we hypothesized that trans-resveratrol can modulate intracellular calcium signaling through direct binding and functional regulation of ryanodine receptors. The goal of our study was to identify and measure the control of ryanodine receptor activity by trans-resveratrol. Mechanisms of calcium signaling mediated by the direct interaction between trans-resveratrol and ryanodine receptors were identified and measured with single-channel electrophysiology. Addition of trans-resveratrol to the cytoplasmic face of the ryanodine receptor increased single-channel activity at physiological and elevated pathophysiological cytoplasmic calcium ion concentrations. The open probability of the channel increases after interacting with the small molecule in a dose-dependent manner, but remains also dependent on the concentration of its physiological ligand, cytoplasmic-free calcium ions. This study provides the first evidence of a direct functional interaction between trans-resveratrol and ryanodine receptors. Such functional control of ryanodine receptors by trans-resveratrol as a novel mechanism of action could provide additional rationales for the development of novel therapeutic strategies to treat and prevent neurodegenerative diseases.
Predicting rain garden performance under back-to-back rainfall conditions using stochastic life-cycle analysis

Rain garden performance is highly variable, with antecedent soil moisture playing a role in short- and long-term performance. We use a stochastic life-cycle analysis framework to evaluate how inter...
Primum Non Nocere: A Rare Case of Amplatzer Erosion and Cardiac Pseudoaneurysm with Multimodality Imaging

AbstractComplications of septal-occluder devices include erosion, perforation, and embolization, which are most commonly caused by oversized devices or thin rim margins. Cardiac pseudoaneurysm is a...
Factors Influencing Presence or Absence of Laterality During Pharyngeal Bolus Clearance

Purpose The aim of this study was to identify factors influencing pharyngeal laterality of bolus clearance through the pharyngoesophageal segment. Method Two swallowing trials (5-ml nectar-thickene...
Gamma ray log generation from drilling parameters using deep learning

Abstract Lithology identification plays a vital role in defining the petroleum reservoir. Although well logging represents the traditional means of obtaining petrophysical data for lithology identification, there could be cases where logging while drilling instruments may fail during drilling. This paper presents an approach that utilizes drilling parameters obtained from mud logging and measurement while drilling (MWD) for real-time prediction of gamma ray log which is used as a lithology identifier. In this work, several machine learning methodologies, such as simple recurrent neural network (RNN), long short-term memory recurrent neural network (LSTM-RNN), temporal convolution network (TCN), gated recurrent unit (GRU) network, nonlinear autoregressive network with exogenous inputs (NARX) and simple artificial neural network (ANN) were tested for their ability to capture the relationship between hydro-mechanical specific energy (computed from drilling parameters) and gamma ray log. A recently drilled exploration gas well in the tertiary deltaic system of the Niger delta basin was used as the case study. Based on the field data, the results show the TCN and simple RNN performed best. The receptive field of the TCN played a significant role in its performance, and therefore, the LSTM-RNN can be made to perform comparable to that of TCN/simple RNN if the LSTM-RNN is manually made to work with an optimal window of input data points for each output data point. The size and nature of the data (volume, velocity, variety, and veracity) is likely a significant factor in the performance of the machine learning methodologies. Thus, it is recommended to focus on obtaining the best receptive field of the data during the machine learning development phase.
“If we had a little more flexibility.” perceptions of programmatic challenges and opportunities implementing government-funded low-income energy efficiency programs

Abstract Since 1976, the U.S. Department of Energy's Weatherization Assistance Program (WAP) has provided state block grants for no-to low-cost energy efficiency retrofits for more than 7 million low-income households. Yet, more than 35 million households meet income-qualifications for the program. While numerous program evaluations demonstrate the energy- and non-energy-related benefits of WAP, some argue low uptake, and a low rate of return on retrofit costs to energy savings. To further our understanding of government-funded low-income energy efficiency program implementation, we examined local agency-level perceptions of challenges and opportunities. Findings from semi-structured interviews with program managers, representing one-third of Michigan's WAP funding and retrofit production, suggest three funding-related challenges: funding instability; funding allocation formula; and limited advertising and marketing funding, and two regulatory-related challenges: cumbersome paperwork and restrictive guidelines. Program managers also identified three workaround opportunities: collaboration with utilities and other organizations; intra-agency innovation and integration; and strategic productivity and per unit spending. Lastly, one recommendation for further exploration would be testing the efficacy of granting local agencies greater flexibility to work around funding and regulatory challenges to increase the number of households weatherized, reduce long waitlists and deferral rates, and use staff time more efficiently.
Appreciating What He Did

In 1989, a NATO summer school organized by Arthur Miller was held in Erice, Sicily. By a rather unexpected set of circumstances I managed to horn my way into attending that conference, and therein lies a tale I have often told. It bears repeating here.
MixCon: Adjusting the Separability of Data Representations for Harder Data Recovery

To address the issue that deep neural networks (DNNs) are vulnerable to model inversion attacks, we design an objective function to adjust the separability of the hidden data representations as a way to control the trade-off between data utility and vulnerability to inversion attacks. Our method is motivated by the theoretical insights of data separability in neural networking training and results on the hardness of model inversion. Empirically, we show that there exist sweet-spots by adjusting the separability of data representation, such that it is difficult to recover data during inference while maintaining data utility.
Maternal precarity and HPA axis functioning shape infant gut microbiota and HPA axis development in humans

Background Early life exposure to adverse environments, and maternal stress in particular, has been shown to increase risk for metabolic diseases and neurobehavioral disorders. While many studies have examined the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA axis) as the primary mechanism behind these relationships, emerging research on the brain-gut axis suggests that the microbiome may play a role. In this study, we tested the relationships among maternal precarity and HPA axis dysregulation during the peripartum period, infant gut microbiome composition, and infant HPA axis functioning. Methods Data come from 25 mother-infant dyads in the Galapagos, Ecuador. Women completed surveys on precarity measures (food insecurity, low social support, depression, and stress) and gave salivary cortisol samples during and after pregnancy. Infant salivary cortisol and stool were collected in the postpartum. Statistical significance of differences in microbial diversity and relative abundance were assessed with respect to adjusted linear regression models. Results Maternal precarity was associated with lower diversity and higher relative abundance of Enterobacteriaceae and Streptococcaceae and a lower relative abundance of Bifidobacterium and Lachnospiraceae. These patterns of colonization for Enterobacteriaceae and Bifidobacterium mirrored those found in infants with HPA axis dysregulation. Maternal HPA axis dysregulation during pregnancy was also associated with a greater relative abundance of Veillonella. Conclusions Overall, exposures to precarity and HPA axis dysregulation were associated with an increase in groups that include potentially pathogenic bacteria, including Enterobacteriaceae, Streptococcaceae, and Veillonella, and a decrease in potentially protective bacteria, including Bifidobacterium and Lachnospiraceae, as well as a decrease in overall diversity.
Top-down, constraint-driven design methodology based generation of a second order /spl Sigma/-/spl Delta/ A/D converter

To accelerate the design cycle for analog circuits and mixed-signal systems, we have proposed a top-down, constraint-driven design methodology. In this paper we present a complete design flow to illustrate this design methodology as it applies to the design of a second order sigma-delta (/spl Sigma/-/spl Delta/) analog-to-digital (A/D) converter. We start from its performance and functional specifications and ending with the testing of the fabricated parts. Experimental results are presented.
Down-regulation of multiple cytochrome p450 gene products by inflammatory mediators in vivo: Independence from the hypothalamo-pituitary axis

Abstract Inflammatory stimuli suppress constitutive hepatic expression of the CYP2C11 and CYP2C12 genes in male and female rat livers, respectively. Because growth hormone (GH) is an important regulator of P450 gene expression in the rat, the effects of bacterial endotoxin injection in hypophysectomized rats were compared to those in normal animals. In intact females, 0.2 mg kg endotoxin suppressed total P450 and hepatic expression of CYP2C6, CYP2C7, CYP2C12, and CYP2E1 mRNAs, as well as CYP2C12 and CYP2E1 proteins, measured 16 hr later. CYP2C7 and CYP2E1 mRNAs were most affected (17 and 13% of untreated levels, respectively). Endotoxin treatment also induced the mRNA for the hepatic acute phase protein, haptoglobin, to 260% of control female levels. In hypophysectomized females supplemented with GH infusion, endotoxin caused the same or greater effects on expression of the P450 and haptoglobin gene products than were observed in the intact animals. It is concluded that the P450 suppression observed after endotoxin administration can occur independently of an effect on pituitary hormone secretion.
The Sexual Behavior and Breeding System of Tufted Capuchin Monkeys (Cebus apella)

Publisher Summary In several nonhuman primate species, females play an active role in sexual interactions. In this respect, cebus apella represents an extreme case—female tufted capuchins take the sexual initiative, and they solicit the male with a prolonged, flamboyant, and versatile courtship. In most cases, the target of the female's sexual interest is the alpha male, who typically responds with apparent lack of interest and occasional intolerance. Because of the overt and persistent courtship directed to the alpha male, this species has been considered as having a one-male breeding system. This chapter provides insights into the tufted capuchins' mating system by examining the evidence from their socio-sexual behavior, sexual choice, reproductive physiology, and sexually selected traits as they relate to whether they have a multi-male/multi-female mating system or a uni-male mating system. The chapter reviews and discusses the social structure and mating system of cebus apella and cover sexual behavior in relation to reproductive physiology (including sexual and reproductive maturity, hormonal correlates of sexual behavior, and reproductive seasonality). Furthermore, it describes and discusses intra-sexual competition and mate choice, pre- and post-copulatory competition (sperm competition and cryptic female choice), sexual dimorphism, infanticide, and paternity.
Tether-less implantable upconverting microscale light bulbs for deep brain neural stimulation and imaging

We demonstrate the design and fabrication of implantable micro-scale light “bulbs” comprising of parylene-encapsulated upconverting lanthanide-doped nanocrystals (absorbing near-infrared and emitting blue light) for non-invasive targeted optogenetic stimulation of local neuronal ensembles.
Race and Distrust of Medicine

As a social institution, medicine has historically tended to reflect the biases of the various social contexts in which it is based. In fact, the social history of medicine documents its sometimes very active role in the utilization of race as a fulcrum of social oppression. The result of this long-standing social discrimination against racial minorities is an often palpable distrust among them of social institutions in general, and of medicine in particular. This entry examines the causes and consequences of a distrust of medicine that is rooted in social structures of race and discrimination. Keywords: African American; race and ethnicity; racism; social exclusion
Detection and assessment of xenobiotic-induced sensory neuropathy.

Amongst the adverse effects of xenobiotics used for industrial or therapeutic purposes is the tendency of some compounds to cause painful sensory neuropathies. Chemotherapeutic agents, antiretrovirals, metals, and many other classes of compounds have been reported to cause such neuropathies. These conditions can be assessed in rodent models during short- or long-term exposure. In this unit, two methods for the detection of xenobiotic-induced neuropathies are discussed. The first assay uses noxious thermal stimulation of the rat hind paw to follow changes in sensitivity as might occur with a progressive peripheral neuropathy. The second method involves the application of nylon von Frey filaments to the hind paw of the rodent to assess the development of decreasing nociceptive thresholds as might occur in the setting of a painful peripheral neuropathy. Keywords: Neuropathy; Pain; von Frey filaments; Sensory; Thermal
Maturation-dependent upregulation of growth-promoting molecules in developing cortical plate controls thalamic and cortical neurite growth

We have tested the hypothesis that maturation-dependent changes in the cortical plate affect the spatiotemporal growth patterns of developing thalamocortical and corticocortical axonal projections. Given a choice between alternating lanes of embryonic (E18-19) and neonatal (P0-1) rat cortical plate membranes, embryonic (E18-19) thalamic and cortical neurites prefer to extend on neonatal membranes. Thalamic and cortical explants do extend neurites on uniform carpets of E19 cortical plate membranes, but the outgrowth is consistently greater on uniform carpets of P1 cortical plate membranes. These experiments demonstrate a maturation-dependent enhancement in the ability of cortical plate to support neurite growth from thalamic and cortical explants. In contrast, retinal and cerebellar neurites, which do not grow into cortex in vivo, generally grew poorly on these membranes, suggesting a degree of specificity to the neurite growth response. Immunohistochemical analysis of developing cortex suggests that several extracellular matrix (ECM) and cell adhesion molecules are upregulated in cortical plate. However, immunocharacterization of membrane carpets for these same ECM and cell adhesion molecules suggests that the growth preferences of thalamic and cortical neurites in vitro are predominantly influenced by membrane-anchored, rather than ECM, molecules. Western analysis of E19 and P1 cortical plate membranes supports this conclusion, and indicates that the membrane-anchored cell adhesion molecules L1 and N-CAM are more abundant in the P1 cortical plate membrane preparation. Experiments in which cortical plate membranes were treated to remove molecules sensitive to phosphatidylinositol (PI)-specific phospholipase C demonstrate that neurite growth promoters present in E19 cortical plate membranes are predominantly PI linked, whereas those present in P1 membranes are predominantly non-PI linked. These findings indicate that the neurite growth preferences are mediated, at least in part, by an upregulation of neurite growth-promoting molecules in developing cortical plate that are not PI linked. Taken together, these findings suggest that a maturation-dependent upregulation of neurite growth-promoting molecules on cortical plate cells controls the invasion of the cortical plate by thalamocortical and corticocortical axons.
Reactions of the protein radical in peroxide-treated myoglobin. Formation of a heme-protein cross-link

Reaction of horse myoglobin with H2O2 oxidizes the iron to the ferryl (Fe(IV) = O) state and produces a protein radical that is rapidly dissipated by poorly understood mechanisms. As reported here, the reaction with H2O2 results in covalent binding of up to 18% of the prosthetic heme group to the protein. The chromophore of the protein-bound prosthetic group is very similar to that of heme itself. High performance liquid chromatography of tryptic digests indicates that the formation of heme-bound peptides is associated with disappearance of the peptide with the sequence YLE-FISDAIIHVLHSK corresponding to residues 103-118 of horse myoglobin. Amino acid analysis, terminal amino acid sequencing, and liquid secondary ion mass spectrometry establish that the heme is primarily attached to this peptide. The heme appears to be bound to the tyrosine residue because the tyrosine is the only amino acid that disappears from the amino acid analysis. The mass spectrometric data indicates that the heme-peptide is formed without addition or loss of an oxygen or other major structural fragment. The site of attachment to the heme group has not been unambiguously determined, but the heme vinyl groups are not essential for the reaction because equal cross-linking is observed in H2O2-treated mesoheme-reconstituted myoglobin. The results are most consistent with binding of tyrosine 103 to a meso-carbon of the prosthetic heme group.
MASS PROFILES OF GALAXY CLUSTER CORES: IMPLICATIONS FOR STRUCTURE FORMATION AND SELF-INTERACTING DARK MATTER

ABSTRACTWe present a spectroscopic deprojection analysis of a sample of ten relaxed galaxy clusters. We usean empirical F-test derived from a set of Markov Chain Monte Carlo simulations to determine if thecore plasma in each cluster could contain multiple phases. We derive non-parametric baryon densityand temperature proﬁles, and use these to construct total gravitating mass proﬁles. We compare theseproﬁles with the standard halo parameterizations. We ﬁnd central density slopes roughly consistentwith the predictions of ΛCDM: −1 . dlog(ρ)/dlog(r) . −2. We constrain the core size of each clusterand, using the results of cosmological simulations as a calibrator, place an upper limit of ∼ 0.1 cm 2 g −1 = 0.2 b(GeV/c 2 ) (99% conﬁdence) on the dark matter particle self-interaction cross section.Subject headings: X-rays : galaxies: clusters — cosmology : dark matter 1. INTRODUCTION The ΛCDM theory of cosmological structure forma-tion – a cold dark matter (CDM) universe evolving un-der gravitation with a cosmological constant (Λ) – hasbeen very successful in characterizing large scale struc-ture on scales greater than ∼ 0.1 Mpc (Mohr et al. 2000;Lahav et al. 2001; Spergel et al. 2003; Percival et al.2003). However, ΛCDM makes three predictions whichappear to conﬂict with observations. The ﬁrst of thesediscrepancies is the “satellite problem” – the MilkyWay contains at least an order of magnitude fewersatellites than simulations predict for a dark matterhalo of its size (Kauﬀman, White, & Guideroni 1993;Moore et al. 1999a; Klypin et al. 1999). The second isthe “disk problem,” – disk galaxies produced in simu-lations contain too little mass and angular momentum(Navarro & Steinmetz 2000). The third is the “coreproblem” – galaxy-sized dark matter halos produced insimulations tend to have signiﬁcantly steeper logarithmicdensity gradients in their cores than do observed struc-tures.The density proﬁle of a dark matter halo formedthrough the hierarchical assembly of smaller structuresis usually parameterized as a pair of power laws with atransition scale radius r
Analysts' Earnings Forecast Accuracy And Activity: A Time-Series Analysis

We examine time-series variations in the accuracy of analysts’ earnings forecasts and analyst-specific factors that may explain these variations. Our analysis shows that the accuracy of analysts’ annual earnings forecast accuracy has increased over our sample period (1984-2006). In addition, forecasts have become more timely and frequent and analysts tend to issue forecasts for more consecutive years before being replaced. We also find evidence that analysts issue forecasts for fewer companies per year and have a greater degree of industry-specific specialization. Results of our analysis suggest that changes in analyst-specific characteristics have enhanced analysts’ ability to make accurate forecasts.
A Review of: “Teaching Music History”

A book on teaching music history is long overdue. To encounter Teaching Music History, edited by Mary Natvig, is to wonder why this volume appears to be the first of its type. Teaching Music Histor...
Experiences in building and scaling an enterprise application on multicore systems

Even though Java is the de facto programming language for enterprise applications, there exist only a limited number of Java-based benchmarks to understand the performance on emerging multicore systems. To bridge this gap, this paper presents a report generation benchmark that is developed on top of Open Source Apache Geronimo's DayTrader benchmark. Report generation and rendering is at the heart of many enterprise business analytics and business intelligence software products, and it is used by many enterprise applications. We evaluate the performance scalability of this benchmark on a state-of-the-art Power7 multicore system with 8 Power7 cores and 32 hardware threads. The benchmark throughput scales linearly up to eight hardware threads, but beyond that point, the throughput falls sharply. Significant locking in the Java class libraries for non-shared objects results in this performance drop. Splitting the locks on these shared classes results in near linear scaling from eight to 32 threads and improved the throughput by 80%. We also show that the Linux operating system load balancing could result in a degraded application performance in hardware multithreaded systems and simultaneous-multithreads-aware task scheduling results in uniform core-resource utilization as well as improved application performance. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Moral Virtue of Authenticity: How Inauthenticity Produces Feelings of Immorality and Impurity

The five experiments reported here demonstrate that authenticity is directly linked to morality. We found that experiencing inauthenticity, compared with authenticity, consistently led participants to feel more immoral and impure. This link from inauthenticity to feeling immoral produced an increased desire among participants to cleanse themselves and to engage in moral compensation by behaving prosocially. We established the role that impurity played in these effects through mediation and moderation. We found that inauthenticity-induced cleansing and compensatory helping were driven by heightened feelings of impurity rather than by the psychological discomfort of dissonance. Similarly, physically cleansing oneself eliminated the relationship between inauthenticity and prosocial compensation. Finally, we obtained additional evidence for discriminant validity: The observed effects on desire for cleansing were not driven by general negative experiences (i.e., failing a test) but were unique to experiences of inauthenticity. Our results establish that authenticity is a moral state--that being true to thine own self is experienced as a form of virtue.
Parents' perceptions regarding the discipline of their hearing-impaired children.

Summary Perceptions that parents have of their hearing-impaired children's misbehaviour, the techniques used in handling these behaviours, and the perceptions of success the parents experience in controlling such actions are examined in this study. One hundred and thirty-four parents with hearing-impaired children responded to a self-report questionnaire eliciting the following information: family background, perceptions of their children's misbehaviours, techniques used in dealing with their children's misbehaviour, perceived success of corrective techniques used, and their beliefs concerning the use of disciplinary techniques. Findings indicate that successful parents (those who perceived themselves as ‘successful’ in handling their hearing-impaired children's misbehaviour) differed from the unsuccessful parents (those who perceived themselves as ‘unsuccessful’ in handling their hearing-impaired children's misbehaviour) in two important ways. One was in the way parental groups perceived the incidence of misbehaviour in their children, that is, successful parents reported a significantly lower incidence of misbehaviour than did unsuccessful parents. The second difference involved the types of disciplinary techniques practised to control misbehaviour, that is, successful parents most often chose a technique involving ‘discussion with explanation’, while unsuccessful parents most often employed techniques involving ‘scolding’.
Study of the reaction π−p→π°n between 1.0 and 2.4 GeV/c

Abstract The differential cross section for the reaction π − p→n π ° has been measured with high statistics at six incident beam momenta between 1.0 and 2.4 GeV/ c . The results are compared with predictions of recent phase shift analyses and forward dispersion relations.
Defects in RNA+ temperature-sensitive mutants of Sindbis virus and evidence for a complex of PE2-E1 viral glycoproteins.

Abstract Three temperature-sensitive mutants of Sindbis virus that are able to make viral RNA and belong to distinct complementation groups were found to share a common defect in the conversion of the PE2 precursor glycoprotein to E2 at the nonpermissive temperature. To resolve the conflict between the genetic data which suggest that the mutants have defects in different viral proteins with the biochemical data presented, we postulate the formation of a PE2-E1 complex in the infected cell. Further evidence for this complex was found in experiments showing that antiserum specific for E1 glycoprotein inhibits formation of E2 from PE2.
Effect of surface reconstruction on stability and reactivity of Si clusters

It is proposed that ``magic number'' Si clusters of intermediate size correspond to structures in which exactly all surface atoms participate in reconstructions similar to bulk-Si surfaces. Models are given for the experimentally observed stable clusters of 33 and 45 atoms, which display features similar to the 7\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}7 and 2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1 reconstructions of the Si(111) surface. The nature of bonding in the energy-optimized atomic geometries is revealed, through first-principles electronic structure calculations, to be covalent.
A simple effective regimen for preservation of the dog with a pancreatic fistula.

Summary(1) A simple kennel and dietary routine for the maintenance of the health and vigor of dogs with pancreatic fistulas is outlined. (2) Pancreatic fistula dogs supported by this regimen tolerated major abdominal surgery (gastrectomy).
Microwave response of vegetation

The radar backscatter behavior is discussed as a function of the vegetation geometrical and electrical properties. Experimental data covering the 1-18 GHz region are used to model the vegetation canopy as a water cloud, evaluate the attenuation of the canopy, and generate a vegetation clutter model describing the statistical distribution of vegetation backscatter under a wide range of environmental conditions. The use of radar in conjunction with optical sensors for crop identification is then discussed. Analysis of studies conducted to date indicates that the observation angle should be in the 50-70 deg range (from nadir) and the frequency should be higher than 8 GHz.
Roger W. Shuy, Creating language crimes: How law enforcement uses (and misuses) language

Roger W. Shuy, Creating language crimes: How law enforcement uses (and misuses) language. New York: Oxford University Press, 2005. Pp. xiv, 194. Hb $29.95.Legal process, whether civil or criminal, depends heavily on the medium of language. It is the glue that runs through all of legal process, the medium of all interactive communication prior to, during, and after trial process. In criminal law, it is also the spoken medium of police investigations, prisons, and consultations among lawyers and between lawyers and their clients. It is also the medium through which the innocent are sometimes convicted of crimes that they did not, in fact, commit. Creating language crimes explores the use of conversational strategies by cooperating witnesses, by law enforcement officers, and as trial evidence in a book that will serve to introduce many to the goals and methods of forensic linguistics in the criminal context, as well as to the specific conversational strategies sometimes used to convict innocent individuals.
Positional Sources of Inequality in Job Satisfaction

Differences in job satisfaction constitute an important form of social inequality. In this paper, we conceptualize and assess that portion of the variation injob satisfaction that is generated by d...
RACES OF PERONOSPORA MANSHURICA IN THE UNITED STATES

A B S T R A C T I propose a set of 11 soybean varieties for the differentiation of races of Peronospora manshurica: Pridesoy, Norchief, Mukden, Richland, Roanoke, Illini, S 100, Palmetto, Dorman, Kabott, and Ogden. When I employed these, I found fifteen new races of Peronospora manshurica, the casual agent of downy mildew of soybeans, described them, and assigned numbers 9 through 23. Race 8 was encountered most frequently and occurred at 40 % of the locations from which seed samples were obtained. Races 1, 2, 10, 12, 18, and 23 occurred at 5-8 % of the locations sampled. Race 10 was common in the southern U. S. Of 247 soybean seed lots sampled, 73 % contained some oospore-encrusted seeds. These ranged from 12-26 % lighter than healthy seeds. The percentage of oospore-encrusted seeds occurring in seed lots ranged from 0-25 %. DOWNY MILDEW, caused by the fungus, Peronospora manshurica (Naum.) Syd. ex Gaum., is one of the most common diseases of soybeans, Glycine max (L.) Merr., in the United States (Dunleavy, Chaamberlain, and Ross, 1966). The fungus infects leaves, grows within the plant by establishing mycelium with haustoria, invades the pods, and covers seeds with a crust of oospores. The existence of distinct pathogenic races in the Peronosporaceae has seldom been demonstrated. Many species within this family can
The effects of vocal participation and questioning behavior on perceptions of dominance

This study was designed to assess the relative effects of two types of communicative cues on perceptions of dominance. Stimulus tapes were constructed of two-person conversations in which the amount of vocal participation a speaker contributed and the type of question asked (closed-ended/open-ended) in the interaction were controlled. The results of a 3 x 2 x 2 (floor time by question type by speaker role) ANOVA revealed that (a) vocal participation is a stronger contributor to perceptions of dominance than either open-ended questions which manage the interaction or closed-ended questions which lead the respondent in a desired direction, and (b) closed-ended questions are seen as more dominant than open-ended questions. The results are discussed in terms of the monitoring demands the cues place on an observer.
Electronic Properties of Carbon Nanotubes with Covalent Sidewall Functionalization

We show that covalent sidewall functionalization of single-wall nanotubes leads to drastic changes of nanotube electronic states near the Fermi level. The sp3 hybridization between the functional group and nanotube induces an impurity state near the Fermi level. The impurity state is found to be extended over a large distance (>1 nm) even though the structural deformation is confined to the vicinity of the functionalizing site. Thus, dramatic changes in the conductive properties of the nanotube can be expected even if the concentration of functionalization molecules is small. This effect provides an effective pathway for band structure engineering, nanoelectronic device, and sensor applications through covalent sidewall functionalization.
The Rise of Modern Subjectivity in Iran

God and Juggernaut: Iran's Intellectual Encounter with Modernity, Farzin Vahdat, Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 2002, xviii +217 pp. Appendix to p. 40. Bibliography to p. 253. Index to p....
TH-E-AUD-05: Evaluation of Inter-Fractional Dosimetric Variations in MammoSite Partial Breast HDR Irradiation

Purpose: To evaluate the inter‐fractional dose variations due to changes in balloon shape and location in MammoSite partial breast HDR irradiation. Method and Materials: Eleven MammoSite HDR patients were treated with a dose of 34 Gy delivered in 10 fractions twice a day at our institution. For each of these patients, a plan was generated for the first fraction based on the CT scan acquired before treatment. The plan was then used for the remaining 9 fractions without any modification unless a significant change in balloon shape and/or location was observed on the CT scan acquired prior to each treatment fraction. To assess the inter‐fractional dose variations, we retrospectively contoured the target (including PTV_EVAL for planning evaluation) as well as critical structures and positioned the catheter on the CT datasets of fraction 2 – 10. Then, we generated two plans utilizing a multiple and single dwell position approaches while using the same dwell time distribution as for the clinical plan of the first fraction. A total of 220 plans generated on 110 CT datasets were evaluated using the following dosimetric metrics: PTV_EVAL coverage, target dose homogeneity index (DHI), target dose conformal index (COIN) as well as maximum dose to ipsilateral lung and skin.Results: For the multiple dwell position approach, the average (maximum) percent inter‐fractional variation relative to the first fraction was 1.5% (6.2%) for PTV_EVAL coverage, 1.1% (12.5%) for DHI, 3.4% (11.8%) for COIN, 10.2% (42.6%) for maximum ipsilateral dose, and 6.9% (29.4%) for maximum skin dose. No difference in the dosimetric values was observed using either a multiple or single dwell position approach. Conclusion: The inter‐fractional dose variation was patient‐specific and dependent upon the balloon deformity and location. While the average variation may not significantly impact the treatment, the maximum variation may be clinically significant.
Making waves with hairs.

The skin is like a canvas. Pigment distribution, skin appendages, skin ridges, etc. are arranged on the skin surface. The arrangement may be random but every now and then they form specific patterns. In some occasions, the specific arrangement is important for organism function or message display. In all occasions, these distinct arrays provide us with windows into the fundamental processes of pattern formation. Skin patterns can be studied by non-invasive visual observations, and dynamic changes can be recorded in vivo for analyses. The hair distribution pattern consists of multiple hair primordia with different developmental stages, directionality, and spacing. Hair primordia on the skin can be randomly distributed, de-synchronized in hair cycling, or coordinated to give rise to a higher level pattern. When there are incremental changes of developmental stages or hair orientation from one primordium to the next, they give the impression of a wave. These waves can be parallel to each other and form stripes or radiate out from focal centers, thus forming whorls as seen in fingerprints and hair patterns on the scalp. Do these patterns result from precise genetic coding or self-organizing cellular events? Patterns such as fingerprints have similar attributes (similar width, organization plan) but they are non-identical (with enough difference to be used as individual identifiers). In fact fingerprints among monozygotic twins, while more similar than nonrelated individuals, are still different (Jain et al, 2002). Thus there is a non-genetic component in the formation of fingerprints. The hair whorls in the scalp of monozygotic twins have not been documented previously and in this issue there is a case report (Paine et al, 2004).
Metal-reinforced glass ionomers: Their flexural and bond strengths to tooth substrates

This study compared the flexural strengths and bond strengths to dentin and enamel of two brands of silver-reinforced glass ionomers with their respective unfilled glass-ionomer cements for luting. The results led to the following conclusions. 1. No significant differences in bond strengths to tooth substrates were recorded between silver-reinforced and unfilled glass ionomers. 2. Although the mean bond-strength values of enamel were higher than those of dentin, no statistically significant differences were observed. 3. No significant differences in bond strengths to tooth substrates were observed between the two brands of glass ionomers studied. 4. No differences in flexural strengths were recorded between the silver-reinforced glass ionomer and glass ionomer of a similar brand for luting. 5. Ketac-Silver and Ketac-Cem cements had significantly higher flexural strength than Fuji II Lumi Alloy and Fuji I cements.
A Thermodynamic Model of Membrane Humidifiers for PEM Fuel Cell Humidification Control

Maintaining proper membrane humidity is crucial to ensure optimal operation of a polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell system. A membrane humidifier using the fuel cell exhaust gas to humidify the dry air is studied in this paper. We first develop a thermodynamic model, which captures the crucial dynamic variables of the humidifier, including the pressure, flow rate, temperature, and relative humidity of the air flow. Steady-state simulations are then conducted to optimize the humidifier design. Subsequently, dynamic simulations are performed to predict the behavior of the humidifier during transient operations typical for automotive applications. A simple proportional controller was designed to control the humidifier operation.
Oxidative Stress Diverts tRNA Synthetase to Nucleus for Protection against DNA Damage

Tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase (TyrRS) is known for its essential aminoacylation function in protein synthesis. Here we report a function for TyrRS in DNA damage protection. We found that oxidative stress, which often downregulates protein synthesis, induces TyrRS to rapidly translocate from the cytosol to the nucleus. We also found that angiogenin mediates or potentiates this stress-induced translocalization. The nuclear-localized TyrRS activates transcription factor E2F1 to upregulate the expression of DNA damage repair genes such as BRCA1 and RAD51. The activation is achieved through direct interaction of TyrRS with TRIM28 to sequester this vertebrate-specific epigenetic repressor and its associated HDAC1 from deacetylating and suppressing E2F1. Remarkably, overexpression of TyrRS strongly protects against UV-induced DNA double-strand breaks in zebrafish, whereas restricting TyrRS nuclear entry completely abolishes the protection. Therefore, oxidative stress triggers an essential cytoplasmic enzyme used for protein synthesis to translocate to the nucleus to protect against DNA damage.
Isolation of lipids from plasma by affinity chromatography.

Abstract Dodecylamine-agarose was used for the isolation of lipids from plasma by affinity chromatography. All of the major neutral lipids and phospholipids, commonly found after extraction by classical procedures, are recovered from plasma with this procedure. It was also shown that treatment of serum with dodecylamine-agarose quantitatively removed the lipoproteins. These preliminary data suggest that dodecylamine-agarose, with its broad specificity, may become a very useful tool for the extraction and fractionation of lipids and lipoproteins.
Potential Impacts of Longer and Heavier Vehicles on Texas Pavements

AbstractThis paper discusses the impacts of heavier and longer combination vehicles (LCVs) on the pavements of five major Texas corridors. These corridors were divided into 152 segments presenting uniform pavement properties and truck volumes. For each segment, axle load spectra were estimated for the baseline (existing) scenario and an LCV scenario was developed in concert with industry stakeholders and transportation officials. Axle weight data came from 10 weigh-in-motion stations. Pavement lives under both scenarios were estimated using elastic theory and classical fatigue equations. Non-significant impacts happened when both lives were 30 years or longer, or when the difference between lives was under one year. The LCV scenario had no impact on rigid pavements, decreased the life of some flexible pavements, and was less detrimental than the baseline in segments carrying overweight axles. Annualized overlay cost differences were calculated for all segments with significant LCV impacts. Total cost decr...
Investigation of Large-Scale Inhomogeneities in the Earth by the Magnetotelluric Method

In the magnetotelluric analysis proposed by Cagniard, a resistivity profile of a homogeneous stratified earth model is determined from the ratio of the tangential components of the natural electric and magnetic fields at the surface of the earth. This type of analysis is often confused by the fact that apparent resistivity estimates obtained from data recorded at one site on different occasions may vary considerably. Also the apparent resistivities computed from one component of the E field and its orthogonal H field component may be significantly different from those computed from another pair of orthogonal field components. Cantwell points out that these variations may, at least in part, be due to two-dimensional inhomogeneities and/or anisotropies together with randomly polarized magnetotelluric fields. Accordingly he has suggested testing the wave impedance of the earth as a rank two tensor. This paper describes a measurement and analysis procedure developed using a model based on a two-dimensional wave impedance tensor. It was found that a rotation of the measuring axis to minimize the main diagonal terms in the impedance tensor yields a reasonably consistent estimate of the direction and magnitude of a major inhomogeneity in the apparent resistivity profile.