cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Oxygen imager (OXI) for magnetospheric imagery applications

The study of upflow of ions from the high latitude ionosphere into the magnetosphere and the consequences of this outflow is the primary objective of a proposed small explorer mission. We describe an extreme ultraviolet instrument for imaging upflowing O+ ions which is part of this mission. The instrument is designed to measure solar 834 angstroms emissions resonantly scattered by upflowing O+ ions. Preliminary calculations of the maximum intensity expected from this process yield a value of approximately 0.1 Rayleigh. The technical challenge of measuring this signal in the presence of the bright background due to lower thermospheric airglow and aurora (approximately 1000 Rayleigh) was addressed by the choice of a favorable observational geometry. In addition, the presence of airglow signals in the nearby spectral region must be discriminated against to obtain a high signal-to-noise O+ image. Our instrument uses a normal incidence spherical mirror in prime focus configuration with a curved focal plane detector. The mirror will be coated with a multi-layer coating; further spectral discrimination will be obtained through the use of thin-film metal filter and an appropriate detector photocathode.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Heterogeneous uptake of nitric acid on Na‐montmorillonite clay as a function of relative humidity

[1] Atmospheric mineral aerosol is a potentially important reactive surface that may provide a heterogeneous sink for gas phase species such as nitric acid (HNO3). We have studied the uptake of HNO3 on Na-montmorillonite, a swelling clay mineral, at low temperatures as a function of relative humidity (RH), HNO3 pressure and clay mass. Condensed phase products were probed with transmission Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy while the loss of HNO3 from the gas phase was simultaneously monitored with mass spectrometry. We find that below 16% RH, uptake of HNO3 on Na-montmorillonite is below our detection limit. However, at 29% RH the lower limit to the uptake coefficient for loss of HNO3 on Na-montmorillonite is γ = 8 × 10−5 as calculated using the BET surface area. This value increases to γ = 4 × 10−4 at 44% RH. The HNO3 content, water content and γ all increase with increasing RH, but are independent of temperature from 210 to 232 K and independent of pressure from 1 × 10−5 to 3 × 10−4 torr HNO3. Surprisingly, at 44% RH, Na-montmorillonite can contain approximately 20% water and 30% HNO3 by weight. The results of this study suggest that swelling clays can impact the partitioning of gas phase HNO3 when sufficient water vapor is available and may serve as a potentially important cloud condensation nucleus in the troposphere.
The Ovarian Hormone Content of Pregnant Cow's Urine*

Summary 1.A simple efficient method of extracting the ovarian hormone from the urine of pregnant cows by the use of oil is described. 2.As a result of the study of the diurnal variation in the volume of urine and its ovarian hormone content on a twelve-hour basis, it was found that the excretion of urine from 8 p.m. to 8 a.m. exceeded the collection during the day by 1117 cc. or 13 percent; however, the difference in the excretion of the ovarian hormone was insignificant. For successive twenty-four-hour collections, little variation either in volume of urine or number of rat units was observed. 3.The yield of ovarian hormone is generally independent of the volume of urine excreted during a twenty-four-hour period. 4.Beginning with non-pregnant cows which excrete the ovarian hormone only at oestrum it was shown that following conception there was a slight excretion of the ovarian hormone during the first one hundred days. From one hundred days until parturition there was a considerable increase in the rate of excretion of the ovarian hormone, amounting to 3.5 to 4 rat units per day. 5.Following the alcoholic extraction of oils containing the ovarian hormone, it was found that there was an apparent increase in the number of rat units present in a definite volume of oil. These results are taken to indicate that there is present in the urine, and absorbed by the oil, some agent which has an inhibitory effect on the ovarian hormone. A tentative theory is advanced that this hormone or factor is responsible for maintaining the anoestrous type of cells in the vagina of pregnant animals.
J2EE for the public administration: a success story

Our poster shows how J2EE technologies, well-known design patterns and standard methodologies have successfully been applied in building a complete, robust and well-documented accounting application. Our experience demonstrates that those three factors allow for easy maintenance and reuse of components. The application, whose development was initially outsourced, is now maintained by a CNR internal group and other Public Administrations have shown interest in adopting some of its components.The poster tells, in brief, the story of the application from the planning phase to the latest developments.
Immunological response of the rat to infection with Taenia taeniaeformis: protective antibody response to implanted parasites.

Abstract Intraperitoneally implanted metacestodes of either T. taeniaeformis or T. crassiceps in rats provoked a high degree of resistance to oral challenge with eggs of T. taeniaeformis . This resistance was passively transferred to normal recipients with serum. Immunoglobulin fractions of immune serum containing IgG 1 or IgM were most effective in passive transfer and little activity was associated with IgG 2 antibodies. No skin-sensitizing antibodies were detectable in immune sera. These findings are in sharp contrast to previous observations involving protective immunoglobulins and reaginic antibodies in serum from rats with hepatic cysticerci of T. taeniaeformis. Possible reasons for this are discussed. Cysticerci implanted into normal rats survived for at least 21 days with no sign of host rejection, whereas those implanted into rats with hepatic infections with T. taeniaeformis were killed and encapsulated. Similar results were obtained by implanting cysticerci in normal rats given inoculations of complete Freund's adjuvant. Repeated inoculations of immune serum had no effect on the survival of implanted cysticerci, and it was concluded that exposure to infection by oncospheres provokes cellular defense mechanisms which can be effective against cysticerci in abnormal sites. Why these mechanisms are inoperative against hepatic cysticerci remains unclear.
Combining immunotherapy and targeted therapies in cancer treatment

During the past two decades, the paradigm for cancer treatment has evolved from relatively nonspecific cytotoxic agents to selective, mechanism-based therapeutics. Cancer chemotherapies were initially identified through screens for compounds that killed rapidly dividing cells. These drugs remain the backbone of current treatment, but they are limited by a narrow therapeutic index, significant toxicities and frequently acquired resistance. More recently, an improved understanding of cancer pathogenesis has given rise to new treatment options, including targeted agents and cancer immunotherapy. Targeted approaches aim to inhibit molecular pathways that are crucial for tumour growth and maintenance; whereas, immunotherapy endeavours to stimulate a host immune response that effectuates long-lived tumour destruction. Targeted therapies and cytotoxic agents also modulate immune responses, which raises the possibility that these treatment strategies might be effectively combined with immunotherapy to improve clinical outcomes.
Population structure of spotted salamanders (Ambystoma maculatum) in a fragmented landscape

Understanding the impacts of landscape-level processes on the population biology of amphibians is critical, especially for species inhabiting anthropogenically modified landscapes. Many pond-breeding amphibians are presumed to exist as metapopulations, but few studies demonstrate the extent and consequences of this metapopulation structure. Gene flow measures may facilitate the construction of more realistic models of population structure than direct measures of migration. This is especially true for species that are cryptic, such as many amphibians. We used eight polymorphic microsatellite loci to determine the genetic population structure of spotted salamanders (Ambystoma maculatum) breeding at 17 ponds in northeastern Ohio, a landscape fragmented by roads, agriculture, urban areas and the Cuyahoga River. Using a variety of analyses (Bayesian clustering, F-statistics, AMOVA) we generated a model of salamander population genetic structure. Our data revealed patterns of genetic connectivity that were not predicted by geographical distances between ponds (no isolation by distance). We also tested for a relationship between population structure and several indices of landscape resistance, but found no effect of potential barriers to dispersal on genetic connectivity. Strong overall connectivity among ponds, despite the hostile habitat matrix, may be facilitated by a network of riparian corridors associated with the Cuyahoga River; however, high gene flow in this system may indicate a general ability to disperse and colonize beyond particular corridors.
Hydroxyflutamide may not always be a pure antiandrogen.

A and B: 1·5 μg wild-type hAR alone (columns 1, 2, 3, and 4) and cotransfected with 4·5 μg ARA70 (5, 6, 7, and 8) in the absence or presence of 10, 10, 10 mol/L of hydroxyflutamide. C the mutant AR877 was used to replace the wild-type AR to perform the same experiment on panel B. All experiments were performed in human prostate cancer DU145 cells cultured in DMEM with 5% charcoalstripped fetal calf serum. In each transfection, 3·5 μg of PSA-ARE CAT (A) or MMTV-ARE CAT (B and C) were used as a reporter. The mock treatment of lane 1 was counted as standard one-fold. Relative CAT activity was calculated by the quantitation of phosphorimager. Data represent an average of at least three experiments. THE LANCET
Development of M-shell x-ray spectroscopy and spectropolarimetry of z-pinch tungsten plasmas

The development of spectroscopic modeling of M-shell tungsten z-pinch plasma is presented. The spectral region from 3.5 to 6.5 A includes three distinct groups of transitions, and the best candidates for M-shell diagnostics are identified. Theoretical modeling is benchmarked with LLNL electron beam ion trap data produced at different energies of the electron beam and recorded by crystal spectrometers and a broadband microcalorimeter. A new high temperature plasma diagnostic tool, x-ray spectropolarimetry, is proposed to study polarization of W line emission and is illustrated using the results of x-pinch polarization-sensitive experiments. The x-ray line polarization of the prominent M-shell tungsten lines is calculated, and polarization markers are identified. The advantage of using x-pinch W wire experiments for the development of M-shell diagnostics is shown.
Scaling behavior in the conductivity of alkali oxide glasses, polymers, and doped crystals

Abstract Although the frequency dependent conductivity, σ(ω), of ion-containing glasses displays power law dispersion (σ(ω) ≈ ω″) that can usually be described by a master curve, several findings have suggested that this scaling fails at low temperatures as indicated by a temperature dependence of the scaling exponent, n . This behavior is investigated in the frequency range between 1 Hz and 10 6 Hz for different materials including alkali metaphophate glasses and a polymer. Two distinct regimes of conductive behavior, σ I and σ II , are identified. The first, σ I , is strongly temperature dependent and appears to obey a master curve representation. The second, σ II , exhibits only a weak temperature dependence with a roughly linear frequency dependence. A strong depression of σ I occurs for the mixed alkali case, but σ II is unaffected and occurs at roughly the same location in all the alkali compositions studied. It is proposed that σ II does not arise from cation motion, but rather originates from a second mechanism likely involving small distortions of the underlying glassy matrix. This assignment of σ II is further supported by the approximately universal location of σ II , to within an order of magnitude, of a variety of materials, including a polymer electrolyte and doped crystal. Since σ I ( T ) and σ II ( T ≈ const.) are viewed as separate phenomena, the temperature dependence of the scaling exponent is shown to result merely from a superposition of these two contributions and does not indicate any intrinsic failure of the scaling property of σ I .
Synchrotron photoionization measurements of combustion intermediates: The photoionization efficiency of HONO

Abstract The HONO radical has recently been observed by photoionization mass spectrometry in low-pressure hydrogen–oxygen flames doped with NO2. The photoionization efficiency (PIE) spectrum has been measured between 10.83 and 11.63 eV. A Franck–Condon simulation using calculated geometries and force constants of the cation and neutral, and including the effects of Duschinsky rotation, is presented to describe the PIE as a function of photon energy. The simulated PIE is used as a fitting function to estimate the adiabatic ionization potential from the experimental data. The apparent ionization threshold of (10.97 ± 0.03) eV is in excellent agreement with calculated values and is consistent with published bracketing determinations of the proton affinity of NO2.
The 5-HT1a Receptor in Development in Adult Brain: Modulation of Brain Function

Serotonin, like many neurotransmitters, plays a role in modulating the development of the mammalian brain largely through interactions with the 5-HT1a receptor. We have studied the effects of treating developing rat pups during critical periods of postnatal development (PD 3–10 or PD 10–17) with the 5-HT1a agonist, 8-OH-DPAT (1 mg/kg). Interestingly, the results on behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical development of these groups appears to be, in many cases, completely opposite. Treatment with the agonist at the earlier timepoint accelerates development - the animals opened their eyes sooner, had earlier incisor eruption and gained weight more rapidly than their saline littermates. As adults, the animals showed significant anxiety and decreased serotonin innervation of the caudate and hippocampus. Animals treated at the later time (PD 10–17) gained weight normally and performed better on learning models as adults and showed loss of serotonin terminals in the cortex. Our work has also shown that many of the effects of serotonin in development are still operative in the adult brain and play a role in synaptic stabilization. Changes in the 5-HT1a receptor in adults or the immature brain, such as through the influence of glucocorticoids on this receptor, could thus have profound effects on brain function.
Ferroelectric-paraelectric transition in lithium trihydrogen selenite

Abstract A ferroelectric-to-paraelectric transition has been observed in LiH 3 (SeO 3 ) 2 under hydrostatic pressure. At 12.5 kbar the Curie point is 72° C, and the dielectric constant in the paraelectric phase obeys a Curie-Weiss law with C = 4.42 × 10 4 ° K and T o = 69.5° C.
Effects of Arroyo Sediment Influxes on the Rio Grande River Channel near El Paso, Texas

Arroyos that flow into the Rio Grande River channel along the U.S.–Mexico border provide intermittent influxes of sediment that may obstruct the channel and cause overflow as well as sedimentation problems downstream. These phenomena were studied using a recently developed, unique, in situ method for measuring the erosion properties of sediments with depth and at high shear stresses. Results of the investigation confirm that the arroyo sediments can affect the channel of the Rio Grande by introducing sediments that are more difficult to erode compared to those already present. Two sites were mapped and characterized in terms of vegetation and soil distribution. Sediment samples were collected, and erosion rates, mineralogy, and sediment grain-size distributions were determined. Results showed that large flows in both arroyos were capable of obstructing the Rio Grande channel by introducing sediments that were more difficult to erode than the existing channel sediments.
Dialysate protein losses with bleach processed polysulphone dialyzers.

We measured dialysate protein losses from polysulphone dialyzers undergoing repetitive processing with bleach and formaldehyde. The entire dialysate was collected during the first, fifth and tenth use of F-80 dialyzers. Dialysate protein concentration was 1.5 +/- 0.4 mg/dl N = 11 +/- SEM) during the first use, 2.1 +/- 0.3 mg/dl during the fifth use and 3.6 +/- 0.5 mg/dl (N = 10) during the tenth use. In a follow-up study, dialyzers were evaluated for up to 25 uses. After 12 to 15 uses dialysate protein was 7.9 +/- 0.8 mg/dl (N = 13), after 16 to 20 uses; 12.0 +/- 1.2 mg/dl (N = 13) and after 23 to 25 uses; 19.9 +/- 2.1 mg/dl (N = 5). Mean dialysate volume was 83.9 +/- 1.1 liters (N = 63) yielding total protein losses of up to 20.7 grams per treatment. Dialysate albumin losses, which were unmeasurable during the first use of the dialyzers, revealed a similar increase with reuse resulting in a mean value of 14.4 +/- 3.2 mg/dl after 23 to 25 reuses (N = 5). Dialysate beta-2 microglobulin (beta 2m) levels were 1.05 +/- 0.13 mg/l for dialyzers bleached 10 times (N = 31, P < 0.02 vs. < 10 reuses). A random sampling of dialyzers processed without bleach for 8, 14, 15, 24 and 25 reuses revealed minimal protein losses, ranging from 1.4 to 2.7 mg/dl with no relation to reuse number and no measureable albumin.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Further evidence for a possible excitatory serotonergic synapse on raphe neurons of pons and lower midbrain

Abstract Iontophoretic techniques were employed to investigate the response of neurons in the nucleus raphe pontis and median raphe nucleus to 5HT. Neurons were identified by response to stimulation of nucleus paragigantocellularis lateralis (NPL) as driven (D), inhibited (I) or non-responsive (NR) cells. Of 35 D cells tested, 33 were excited by 5HT and 2 inhibited. Of 10 I cells tested, 7 were inhibited by 5HT and 3 excited. Of 56 NR cells tested, 5HT excited 30, inhibited 23 and produced no response for 3. Combining this and previous work, 100 D cells have been tested of which 97 were excited by 5HT. This 97% excitatory response of D cells to 5HT provides a strong suggestion that the NPL-to-raphe projection represents an excitatory serotonergic pathway in the central nervous system.
774 ANOTHER LOOK AT CAREER CHOICE AND LEARNING STYLES

Few relationships have been found between physicians' career choices and learning and personality styles. This study re-examines physicians' career choices utilizing a learning preference inventory which assesses approaches to learning. METHOD: The majority of residents in the specialties of internal medicine (62), obstetrics/gynecology (16), pediatrics (52), psychiatry (15), and surgery (24) completed the Rezler Learning Preference Inventory, and the FIRO-B Scale. The analysis method to determine differences was an ANOVA. RESULTS: Residents in all specialties except psychiatry had strong preferences for concrete, practical learning while many psychiatry residents prefer learning theoretically (p .05). Significantly more (p .05) psychiatry residents preferred teacher structured learning while residents in other specialties were more likely to prefer student-structured learning (p .05). Pediatric residents preferred learning with others (p .05) while ob/gyn residents preferred independent learning such as reading (p .05). On the FIRO-B Scale which measures typical ways individuals interact with other people, pediatric residents as compared to the other specialties were more likely to want others involved in their activities and to have warm and personal relationships instead of doing things alone or have businesslike relationships.
TREND IMPACT ANALYSIS AND SCENARIO WRITING : STRATEGIES FOR THE SPECIFICATION OF DECISION ALTERNATIVES IN EDUCATIONAL PLANNING

Futures research and long‐range planning in an urban school district involve the use of a methodology having no direct answers or precise rules in terms of experimental and design alternatives. While some design options can be found in operations research and management science, futures research projects in education are more likely to follow the directions for policy analysis initially suggested by Yehezkel Dror and re‐examined in Aaron Wildavsky. They note in policy analysis, 1. Much attention would be paid to the political aspects of public decision‐making and public policy‐making (instead of ignoring or condescendingly regarding political aspects) … 2. A broad conception of decision‐making and policy‐making would be involved (instead of viewing all decision‐making as mainly a resources allocation) … 3. A main emphasis would be on creativity and search for new policy alternatives, with explicit attention to encouragement of innovative thinking … 4. There would be extensive reliance on … qualitative methods … 5. There would be much more emphasis on futuristic thinking … 6. The approach would be looser and less rigid, but nevertheless systematic, one which would recognise the complexity of means‐ends interdependence, the multiplicity of relevant criteria of decision, and the partial and tentative nature of every analysis … (Wildavsky, Aaron, “Rescuing Policy Analysis from PPBS” Public Administration Review 29. 1969. pp. 189–202. Wildavsky's reference is to Dror's “Policy Analysts : A New Professional Role in Government Service” Public Administration Review. 27. 1967. pp.200–201). The intent is to describe a single futures research project conducted in a large urban school district staff development program. It is reported here as a means to outline a general approach to policy planning that might be used or adapted by other administrators who share an interest in futures research.
Beamforming microphone arrays for speech enhancement

It is shown that beamforming with microphone arrays can be used to significantly reduce the effects of noise and reverberation. The Frost algorithm and a new vectorized algorithm called the row-action projection (RAP) method are shown to yield approximately 11 dB of interference suppression. Computer simulations demonstrate the performance of the beamforming techniques for various locations of interference sources. The scenarios used for the computer simulations consist of a speech signal arriving normal to the array contaminated with speech interference from an unknown direction off the normal. The direction of the desired speaker is taken to the normal to the array for the simulation; however, it could be at any specified 'look direction'. >
Polythene fine structure

Part I traces fine structural features of polythene, beginning with the arrangement of carbon atoms disclosed by x-ray diffraction, and including the incorporation of crystalline segments into crystallites, and finally the combination of crystallites and amorphous regions to form spherulites–the largest structural elements of polythene. Attention is called to the frequent occurrence of side chains in the molecules. The structures of spherulitic and cold-drawn polythenes are compared. Part II describes an experimental study of the cold-drawing of polythene which discloses an interesting variant of this process, designated as “redrawing,” in which dimensional changes differ greatly from those of ordinary cold-drawing. On the basis of these observations and structural considerations presented in Part I, a mechanism of cold-drawing as a rheological process is outlined.
Histopathologic classification of bronchogenic carcinomas among a cohort of workers occupationally exposed to beryllium

Pathology specimens were examined and classified according to WHO criteria for 27 of 47 individuals identified by death certificate diagnosis as having died from lung cancer, among a cohort of 3055 white males occupationally exposed to beryllium. Twenty-five of the 27 lung tumor specimens were verified as bronchogenic carcinoma: 5 epidermoid; 9 small cell anaplastic; 6 adenocarcinoma, bronchogenic type; 2 adenocarcinoma, bronchiolar-alveolar type; and 3 large cell undifferentiated. Pathology and/or autopsy reports, available for an additional 10 of the 47 individuals, substantiated the death certificate diagnosis.
Synthesis and structures of the group 1 metal/germanium cage complexes [M(μ-OC6H3Ph2-2,6)3Ge](M = Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs); periodic trends and alkali metal dependent arene bonding

Reaction of three equivalents of the alkali salts of 2,6-diphenylphenoxide, [MOC6H3Ph2-2,6] (M = Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs) with GeI2 provides the corresponding cage complexes [M(μ-OC6H3Ph2-2,6)3Ge], all of which have been structurally characterized. These species contain a germanium(II) metal and an alkali metal connected by the oxygen atoms of the bridging aryloxide ligands. The two metal atoms are at the apices of a five-atom trigonal bipyramidal metal framework. The alkali cations are also bound to the carbon atoms of three of the 2,6-diphenyl substitutents of the aryloxide ligands. The number of bonds to these arene rings is strongly dependent on the identity of the alkali metal. This results in high formal coordination numbers for the group 1 metals K, Rb and Cs. The germanium and alkali metal form similar bonds to all three aryloxide oxygens except in the case of the caesium compound. In this case some localization of bonding occurs with structural parameters more consistent with a caesium aryloxide adduct of a germanium(II) bis(aryloxide).
Scientific information: Balancing the needs of openness and secrecy

Many high-technology companies have policies that discourage their researchers from publishing scientific articles, which creates conflict between management and the scientists. This article offers some ideas on why a policy of openness with scientific findings might be preferred, and a framework for deciding on an approach. Some of the reasons to support openness include better recruitment of scientists, stimulating internal creativity, and even better protection of proprietary knowledge assets through membership in a social network. This issue of publication policies impacts competitive intelligence professionals in two facets of their job: the collection of secondary data (particularly patenting analysis) and the protection of their firm's own scientific findings. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
MODIFIABLE AREAL UNITS: PROBLEM OR PERCEPTION IN MODELING OF RESIDENTIAL LOCATION CHOICE?

The sensitivity of spatial analytic results to the way in which the areal units are defined is known as the modifiable areal unit problem (MAUP). Although a general solution to the problem does not yet exist, it has been suggested in the literature that the effects of the problem may be controllable within specific application contexts. This line of inquiry is pursued, and MAUP is addressed in the context of residential location choice modeling. Previous residential location choice analysis typically involved the representation of alternative locations by areal units and the measurement of residential neighborhood characteristics based on these areal units. The vulnerability of such an approach to effects of the MAUP is demonstrated. It is contended that the fundamental issue is the inconsistency between the analyst's definition of areal units and the decision maker's perception of residential neighborhoods. An alternative approach of using a multiscale modeling structure is proposed to mimic the notion of a neighborhood being a hierarchy of residential groupings. The proposed approach allows the spatial extent of choice factors to be determined endogenously. The authors show that the multiscale approach produces richer and more interpretable results than its single scale counterpart.
Development of internal jet targets for high-luminosity experiments

Abstract We report on recent developments of the internal supersonic gas jet target at IUCF. The emphasis has been on hydrogen jets that can be used as targets of ∼ 10 16 atoms/cm 2 thickness in high-luminosity experiments. A method of scanning jets with an ionizing 1 keV electron beam has been employed in order to study jet formation as a function of nozzle geometry and temperature. We summarize our results, obtained by scanning H 2 jets from 23 different nozzles, most of them made from glass capillaries. The present setup of the jet target in the Cooler storage ring is described.
The future of distribution management in the restaurant industry

Restaurants that take reservations have traditionally had complete control over their distribution and have relied on customers calling the restaurant to make reservations. Restaurant distribution is rapidly changing as third-party reservation sites such as OpenTable.com and http://UrbanspoonRez.com have entered the market and restaurants offer online reservations through their own websites. The emergence and popularity of these sites offers the possibility for true distribution and revenue management to evolve in the restaurant industry. In the future, the use of mobile reservations applications and third-party sites will continue to grow as restaurant IT systems begin to become more integrated. This trend has considerable implications for the way in which restaurants will manage their distressed inventory through both allocations and coupon promotions and in how they manage their revenue. The challenge for Revenue Management researchers and practitioners is to understand how best to apply the lessons learned in other industries to the emerging distribution and revenue management issues in the restaurant industry.
Analysis of the Performance of Earthship Housing in Various Global Climates

Earthships are houses that use walls of recycled automobile tires packed with soil to retain a berm on three sides of the home while glazing on the sunny side (south in the Northern Hemisphere, north in the Southern Hemisphere) allows solar heat into the home’s interior. This paper discusses the design and application of earthships and assesses the feasibility of earthships as sustainable and healthy places of residence. The paper begins by describing the aspects of earthship design which contribute to sustainability, including the construction of the thermal envelope and its effect on the thermal comfort of the occupants; the building’s ability to harness renewable energy; and the catchwater and water reuse system. Each of these aspects is analyzed with computer models that simulate homes in four distinct climate zones to determine (a) whether the design meets the comfort, electrical, and water demand for each location, and (b) the financial implications for construction and operation of an earthship in each location in comparison with a standard wood-frame house. The study shows that earthships are a financially feasible design alternative for dry/arid, humid continental, and continental sub-arctic climates; but are not feasible for tropical wet/dry
All-optical nonblocking M*M switchless connector with O( square root (M log M)) wavelengths and without wavelength changers

All-optical networks without switches are considered where the signals are routed based on wavelength only. 2 square root (M log/sub 2/( square root (2)M)) wavelengths are shown to be sufficient to build an M*M nonblocking connector without switches and without wavelength changers. >
Canaloplasty: A Minimally Invasive and Maximally Effective Glaucoma Treatment

Canaloplasty is a highly effective, minimally invasive, surgical technique indicated for the treatment of open-angle glaucoma that works by restoring the function of the eye's natural outflow system. The procedure's excellent safety profile and long-term efficacy make it a viable option for the majority of glaucoma patient types. It can be used in conjunction with existing drug based glaucoma treatments, after laser or other types of incisional surgery, and does not preclude or affect the outcome of future surgery. Numerous scientific studies have shown Canaloplasty to be safe and effective in lowering IOP whilst reducing medication dependence. A recent refinement of Canaloplasty, known as ab-interno Canaloplasty (ABiC), maintains the IOP-lowering and safety benefits of traditional (ab-externo) Canaloplasty using a more efficient, simplified surgical approach. This paper presents a review of Canaloplasty indications, clinical data, and complications, as well as comparisons with traditional incisional glaucoma techniques. It also addresses the early clinical evidence for ABiC.
Diagnostic imaging of the cardiovascular system in the Marfan syndrome

Abstract The effectiveness of current medical and surgical interventions for the cardiovascular complications of the Marfan syndrome is highly dependent upon data derived from noninvasive diagnostic imaging techniques. Indeed, such studies are inherent to the initial diagnostic evaluation, guide preventative medical management, allow the appropriate timing of surgical intervention, and are a standard component of the follow-up assessment. Standard transthoracic echocardiography provides an effective means to identify aortic root dilatation in the Marfan syndrome. The availability of standardized techniques and body size- and age-dependent normative values allows accurate assessment for the presence and progression of aortic root dilatation. While transthoracic echocardiography is also effective in the evaluation for aortic regurgitation, mitral valve prolapse, and mitral regurgitation, its use is limited for the detection of aortic dissection. Superior methods include contrast aortography, MRI scanning, contrast CT scanning and transesophageal echocardiography. This latter technique is also particularly useful for the intraoperative assessment of mitral valve anatomy and function. MRI and CT scanning may be useful adjuncts in the surveillance for disease in more distal segments of the aorta.
Reference Events for Regional Seismic Phases at IMS Stations in China

Seismic-event location within the context of monitoring the Compre- hensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty entails a priori knowledge of the travel time of seismic phases for a given source to stations of the International Monitoring System (IMS). Such travel-time information (or ground truth, GT) is provided empirically by seismic reference events, events that have well-determined hypocenter locations (epicenters typically known to � 5 km with high confidence) and origin times. In this study we present new reference events for the calibration of six seismic stations of the IMS in China, a region with high seismic activity. We use the Annual Bulletin of Chinese Earthquakes, which lists about 1000 earthquakes in and near China each year with consistent phase picks at regional stations, to determine precise relative earthquake locations from double-difference cluster analysis. The resulting high- resolution image of active faulting at seismogenic depths in areas of dense seismicity is correlated with the tectonic structure derived from mapped fault information at the surface to validate the absolute locations. We generated 59 reference events with M 3.5, distributed in six clusters in central and eastern China, and recorded by at least one of the six IMS stations. The scatter in relative travel-time residuals is reduced from 1.28 sec before to 0.61 sec after relocation, consistent with the relocated po- sitions of the events. The degree of correlation between seismicity structure and well- characterized fault data indicates that, in four clusters, the locations of the new ref- erence events are accurate to within 5 km (GT5), and in two clusters within 10 km (GT10).
Performance Analysis of Diversity Combining Algorithms in Shadowed Fading Channels

A compound fading model incorporating short term fading and shadowing proposed recently is used to analyze the performance of wireless systems employing microscopic diversity to mitigate the effects of flat fading. This model can account for the presence of different levels of fading and shadowing and provide an analytical solution for the probability density function of the signal-to-noise ratio. Using that model, the performances of MRC and SC diversity combining algorithms were studied. The amount fading (AF) following diversity implementation was calculated and it is seen that the decline in the amount of fading is bound by the level of shadowing present, with the MRC providing a larger decrease in the amount of fading than the SC algorithm. The effect on the error rates was studied using the example of the coherent BPSK modem. Results show that the performances of wireless systems can be analyzed using the compound model for the shadowed fading channels.
Signal processing platform: a tool chain for designing high performance signal processing applications

Embedded signal processing applications require high-performance in a small form-factor and low-power, necessitating the use of heterogeneous execution platforms including modern FPGAs with embedded processor cores. We present SPP, a tool chain that supports model-based design of such high-performance signal processing applications. The tool chain consists of a semantically rich modeling environment, a design-space exploration tool, analysis tools, a synthesis tool and a heterogeneous dataflow execution platform. These tools are connected in a tool chain through a set of model translators supporting a coherent and consistent design flow. The emphasis of the paper is on the signal processing modeling language, its syntax and semantics.
A proposed high-current nanosecond source of energetic ions

Experiments by Friedman (1972), and theoretical analysis by Sudan & Lovelace (1973), Rostoker (1972), Rostoker & Poukey (1971) and Wheeler (1974), considered ion emissionin a vacuum diode. The ions emitted (e.g. in the Friedman experiment) were generated by laser irradiation of the anode. Using this technique, multiply-ionized species could be obtained. The ion currentwas limited non-relativistically to the square root of the mass ratio times the electron current, so that energy transfer to the ions was relatively inefficient. Some improvement was obtained at relativistic electron energies. Sloan & Drummond (1973) proposed a high-current ion accelerator, where the transfer of energy to the ions is achieved by a negative energy cyclotron wave on an intense E beam. Such an accelerator requires an ion source capable of providing several hundred Amperes of protons at energies in the range of a few hundred keV to several MeV. In this article, we propose a suitable ion source for an accelerator.
Overview of the ISCE ECG “genome project”

The International Society for Computerized Electrocardiography (ISCE) "genome" project was begun at the end of 2000 to explore mechanisms for development of a cross-platform electrocardiogram (ECG) database. Ultimate feasibility of this project is based on established interactive cooperation of clinical investigators, engineers, and industry within the ISCE framework. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) mandate for centralized access to digitized ECG waveforms used in clinical trials provides a complementary stimulus to technologies that facilitate ECG database development. The constituency of ISCE is interested in acquisition and analysis of data from both standard 12-lead (resting) ECG and ambulatory (monitoring) ECG. Support for project goals from industry, at the Trustee as well as at the engineering level, has led to initial focus on the resting ECG. A one-year pilot project has been proposed to establish and implement software methodology for transmission, storage, and integrated reanalysis of digitized ECG waveforms provided by several major manufacturers. Beyond data acquisition, storage, and analysis, a number of critical issues are associated with database development. These include definition of clinically relevant "gold" standards, acquisition and validation of non-ECG data, protection of patient privacy, control and ownership of data, and accessibility and use of the database. However, implementation of the pilot project is a necessary first step, since all issues become moot without technical cooperation for shared formatting and analysis.
Tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 is an ATPase regulated by silencer of death domain.

Self-aggregation of tumor necrosis factor receptor type 1 (TNFR1) induces spontaneous downstream signaling and results in cell death. It has been suggested that silencer of death domain (SODD) binds TNFR1 monomers to prevent self-aggregation. We found that SODD binds through its BAG domain to the ATPase domain of Hsp70. We also determined that SODD binds through its BAG domain to TNFR1. ATP, but not nonhydrolyzable ATP-γS, regulates the SODD binding by Hsp70 or TNFR1. ATP binding by TNFR1 was abolished when a point mutation was introduced into a phosphate-binding loop motif characteristic of ATP-binding proteins, suggesting that TNFR1 functions as an ATPase. Furthermore, TNFR1 was present in aggregates in ATP-depleted cells and SODD disassembled aggregates in vitro only in the presence of ATP. These data suggest that SODD functions as a cofactor analogous to the nucleotide exchange factor BAG-1, which modulates the ATPase cycle of Hsp70 proteins. We propose a new model in which a nucleotide-dependent conformational change in TNFR1 has a key role in regulating TNF signaling.
A Mutation in the Ebola Virus Envelope Glycoprotein Restricts Viral Entry in a Host Species- and Cell-Type-Specific Manner

Zaire Ebola virus (EBOV) is a zoonotic pathogen that causes severe hemorrhagic fever in humans. A single viral glycoprotein (GP) mediates viral attachment and entry. Here, virus-like particle (VLP)-based entry assays demonstrate that a GP mutant, GP-F88A, which is defective for entry into a variety of human cell types, including antigen-presenting cells (APCs), such as macrophages and dendritic cells, can mediate viral entry into mouse CD11b(+) APCs. Like that of wild-type GP (GP-wt), GP-F88A-mediated entry occurs via a macropinocytosis-related pathway and requires endosomal cysteine proteases and an intact fusion peptide. Several additional hydrophobic residues lie in close proximity to GP-F88, including L111, I113, L122, and F225. GP mutants in which these residues are mutated to alanine displayed preferential and often impaired entry into several cell types, although not in a species-specific manner. Niemann-Pick C1 (NPC1) protein is an essential filovirus receptor that binds directly to GP. Overexpression of NPC1 was recently demonstrated to rescue GP-F88A-mediated entry. A quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) demonstrated that while the F88A mutation impairs GP binding to human NPC1 by 10-fold, it has little impact on GP binding to mouse NPC1. Interestingly, not all mouse macrophage cell lines permit GP-F88A entry. The IC-21 cell line was permissive, whereas RAW 264.7 cells were not. Quantitative reverse transcription (RT)-PCR assays demonstrate higher NPC1 levels in GP-F88A permissive IC-21 cells and mouse peritoneal macrophages than in RAW 264.7 cells. Cumulatively, these studies suggest an important role for NPC1 in the differential entry of GP-F88A into mouse versus human APCs.
The community is becoming.

In addition to enthusiasm, the community psychiatry movement needs a theoretical base. To date, hopes, goals, technical procedures and community organizations are used frequently as if they were interchangeable. Some of the alternatives are identified.
Analysis of range-angle coupled beamforming with frequency-diverse chirps

Recently range-dependent (or time-varying) beamforming has been presented as a method to spread transmit energy over a desired spatial extent via a linear frequency shift across the waveforms transmitted at each element of an array. This element-level waveform diversity yields additional degrees of freedom relative to traditional beamforming techniques for which some sensing benefits have been suggested. In this paper, chirp waveforms with slightly different starting frequencies are analyzed to characterize the associated range-dependent beampattern. Specifically, it is determined that by utilizing this particular waveform structure, the energy transmitted over a pulse duration can be spread in a practically linear manner within the spatial extent specified by two angles despite the nonlinear relationship between spatial and electrical angles if the set of frequency-diverse chirps are appropriately parameterized. Additionally, a space-range ambiguity diagram is formulated. The ambiguity is discussed for the traditional and frequency-diverse array scenarios.
Nrf2 and Keap1 Abnormalities in Non–Small Cell Lung Carcinoma and Association with Clinicopathologic Features

Purpose: To understand the role of nuclear factor erythroid-2–related factor 2 (Nrf2) and Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1) in non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), we studied their expression in a large series of tumors with annotated clinicopathologic data, including response to platinum-based adjuvant chemotherapy. Experimental Design: We determined the immunohistochemical expression of nuclear Nrf2 and cytoplasmic Keap1 in 304 NSCLCs and its association with patients9 clinicopathologic characteristics, and in 89 tumors from patients who received neoadjuvant ( n = 26) or adjuvant platinum-based chemotherapy ( n = 63). We evaluated NFE2L2 and KEAP1 mutations in 31 tumor specimens. Results: We detected nuclear Nrf2 expression in 26% of NSCLCs; it was significantly more common in squamous cell carcinomas (38%) than in adenocarcinomas (18%; P P = 0.0057). In NSCLC, mutations of NFE2L2 and KEAP1 were very uncommon (2 of 29 and 1 of 31 cases, respectively). In multivariate analysis, Nrf2 expression was associated with worse overall survival [ P = 0.0139; hazard ratio (HR), 1.75] in NSCLC patients, and low or absent Keap1 expression was associated with worse overall survival ( P = 0.0181; HR, 2.09) in squamous cell carcinoma. In univariate analysis, nuclear Nrf2 expression was associated with worse recurrence-free survival in squamous cell carcinoma patients who received adjuvant treatment ( P = 0.0410; HR, 3.37). Conclusions: Increased expression of Nrf2 and decreased expression of Keap1 are common abnormalities in NSCLC and are associated with a poor outcome. Nuclear expression of Nrf2 in malignant lung cancer cells may play a role in resistance to platinum-based treatment in squamous cell carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res; 16(14); 3743–53. ©2010 AACR.
Magnesium diffusion in plagioclase: Dependence on composition, and implications for thermal resetting of the 26Al–26Mg early solar system chronometer

Article history: Experimental data are reported on Mg diffusion in plagioclase crystals with a range of anorthite content (xAn), at temperatures between 800 and 1150 ◦ C. Oriented and polished single crystals of anorthite (xAn = 0.93), labradorite (xAn = 0.67), andesine (xAn = 0.43) and oligoclase (xAn = 0.23) were each embedded in powered source material enriched in natural MgO or 25MgO and suspended in a furnace at constant temperature. Diffusion profiles in quenched samples were measured from the polished surface using SIMS depth profiling. The diffusion coefficient does not depend significantly on the Mg concentration gradient, and little anisotropy is observed between the b and c directions in labradorite. Diffusion coefficients increase systematically with decreasing xAn, and the entire data set is described by ln D = (−6.06 ± 1.10) − (7.96 ± 0.42)xAn −
Validation of the Automated Readability Index: A Follow-Up

The Automated Readability Index (ARI) is a measure of reading difficulty level of narrative material. In computing the ARI a modified electric typewriter is used to compute average word and sentence length. One hundred and ten Army National Guard personnel read passages of technical material at three levels of reading difficulty, 8th, 12th, and 16th grades, as measured by the ARI. Tested reading comprehension was lower for material written at the highest level of difficulty (16th grade), and was significantly correlated with scores previously obtained on the Armed Forces Qualification Test, which can be considered a measure of general reading ability.