cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
I Did OK, but Did I Like It? Using Ecological Momentary Assessment to Examine Perceptions of Social Interactions Associated With Severity of Social Anxiety and Depression

Socially anxious and depressed individuals tend to evaluate their social interactions negatively, but little is known about the specific real-time contributors to these negative perceptions. The current study examined how affect ratings during social interactions predict later perceptions of those interactions, and whether this differs by social anxiety and depression severity. Undergraduate participants (N = 60) responded to a smartphone application that prompted participants to answer short questions about their current affect and social context up to 6 times a day for 2 weeks. At the end of each day, participants answered questions about their perceptions of their social interactions from that day. Results indicated that the link between negative affective experiences reported during social interactions and the end-of-day report of enjoyment (but not effectiveness) of those experiences was more negative when social anxiety was more severe. The link between negative affective experiences rated during social interactions and the end-of-day report of effectiveness (but not enjoyment) during those social encounters was more negative when depression was more severe. These findings demonstrate the importance of examining self-perceptions of social interactions based both on the extent to which individuals think that they met the objective demands of an interaction (i.e., effectiveness, mastery) and the extent to which they liked or disliked that interaction (i.e., enjoyment, pleasure). These findings also highlight how real-time assessments of daily social interactions may reveal the key experiences that contribute to negative self-evaluations across disorders, potentially identifying critical targets for therapy.
Home health nursing: scope and standards of practice

HOME HEALTH NURSING: SCOPE AND STANDARDS OF PRACTICE is the bible for the scope of practice for nurses practicing in the field of home health. These practice standards were last updated in 2014. Wr...
China and the Reshaping of the Auto Industry: A Dynamic Capabilities Perspective

Chinese firms are grappling with the four paradigm shifts around electric, connected, shared, and autonomous vehicles that are roiling the rest of the global auto industry. This article, which follows my earlier MOR article about the auto industry (Teece, 2018a), looks briefly at the development of capabilities in these fields by Chinese firms. It then analyzes the prospects for Chinese firms to use them to gain a stronger foothold in the global market, and for multinationals to continue to prosper in China. The paradigm shifts are creating new entry points for Chinese firms to capture value in the industry, and some potential global contenders have demonstrated solid dynamic capabilities in electric vehicles (Geely), shared vehicles (Didi Chuxing), and autonomous vehicles (Baidu). However, multinationals are also moving forward in the same fields and have strong complementary assets such as respected brands and well-honed dynamic capabilities.
Tree Mortality After a Hot Drought: Distinguishing Density-Dependent and -Independent Drivers and Why It Matters

Hot drought is a climate phenomenon that has lately received much attention for its potential to disrupt forest function worldwide. A sharp increase in tree mortality associated with this climate pattern are often cast as a disturbance, in which high temperature is responsible for causing exceptional rates of mortality. The alternative interpretation is simply that drought kills trees in a density-regulating manner and within the bounds of normal forest function. To evaluate the evidence for disturbance versus regulating dynamics, we conducted censuses across 30 plots in the Edwards Plateau region of central Texas, USA, four years after the hot drought of 2011. The purpose was to explain variation in population responses to drought, including crown mortality, resprouting rate and sapling survivorship in terms of physical site factors, community characteristics and local climate data. Through model selection analysis, we identified the most parsimonious binomial regression models for the three most common species. In Ashe juniper populations, overall crown mortality was 20% and all predictive factors indicated the influence of population-regulating dynamics. In live oak (Quercus virginiana & Q. fusiformis), which had a crown mortality rate of 23%, the influence of regulating factors was less prominent, but there was also no evidence that crown death was linked to heat exposure. However, resprouting in both species appeared to be inhibited by heat exposure, as was crown mortality in the understory species Texas persimmon (Diospyros texana). Along with overall high levels of sapling survivorship, these patterns suggest that Ashe juniper woodlands, despite having been relatively hard hit by the 2011 drought, are not particularly threatened by hot drought events, although some subordinate species may be. Density-regulating mechanisms of forest drought response are often underplayed, but they are far easier to represent in vegetation models than disturbance dynamics.
FMCW Implementation of Phase-Attached Radar-Communications (PARC)

The phase-attached radar-communications (PARC) framework was recently proposed as a means to realize both functions via an FM waveform structure that is amenable to high-power transmitters. This implementation promotes the operation of both functions simultaneously without sacrificing transmission resources (i.e. power, time, frequency) needed for the primary radar mission. Here, the PARC framework is extended to an FM continuous-wave (FMCW) operation which maximizes both data throughput and energy on target. The FMCW PARC waveforms are tested in a open-air environment for ground-based moving target indication (MTI) and the results compared against traditional FMCW stretch processing. As with the original pulsed version of PARC, it is found that the FMCW version introduces Doppler-spread clutter resulting from range sidelobe modulation (RSM), thus necessitating subsequent steps be taken to compensate.
Cost-Sharing Disparities for Out-of-Network Care for Adults With Behavioral Health Conditions.

Importance Individuals in the United States with mental illnesses and substance use disorders can face major access barriers from limited provider (eg, clinicians and facilities) networks in health insurance plans. Objective To evaluate the cost-sharing payments for out-of-network (OON) care for private insurance plan enrollees with mental health conditions, alcohol use disorders, or drug use disorders compared with those with congestive heart failure (CHF) or diabetes. Design, Setting, and Participants This cross-sectional study used data from a large commercial claims database from 2012 to 2017. The study included adults with mental health conditions, with alcohol use disorders, with drug use disorders, with CHF, and with diabetes who were aged 18 to 64 years and enrolled in employer-sponsored insurance plans. Main Outcomes and Measures Main outcomes included OON care during hospitalization, OON care during outpatient care, cost-sharing payments with OON care, OON cost sharing as a proportion of total health care spending, and OON cost sharing as a proportion of total cost sharing. Results The study sample included 3 209 929 enrollees with mental health conditions (mean [SD] age, 45.9 [12.6] years; 64.8% women), 294 550 with alcohol use disorders (mean [SD] age, 42.8 [13.4] years; 60.9% men), 321 535 with drug use disorders (mean [SD] age, 41.1 [13.9] years; 59.1% men), 178 701 with CHF (mean [SD] age, 53.8 [8.9] years; 62.6% men), and 1 383 398 with diabetes (mean [SD] age, 52.5 [9.0] years; 58.9% men). Enrollees with behavioral conditions were more likely to encounter OON clinicians in inpatient and outpatient settings. For instance, those with drug use disorders were 12.9 percentage points (95% CI, 12.5-13.2 percentage points;P Conclusions and Relevance In this cross-sectional study of enrollees in commercial insurance plans, cost sharing for OON care among those with behavioral health conditions was significantly higher than those with chronic physical conditions. These disparities may be indicative of limited in-network availability for behavioral health care.
Basement membrane protein nidogen-1 is a target of meprin β in cisplatin nephrotoxicity

Meprins are oligomeric metalloproteinases that are abundantly expressed in the brush-border membranes of renal proximal tubules. During acute kidney injury (AKI) induced by cisplatin or ischemia-reperfusion, membrane-bound meprins are shed and their localization is altered from the apical membranes toward the basolateral surface of the proximal tubules. Meprins are capable of cleaving basement membrane proteins in vitro, however, it is not known whether meprins are able to degrade extracellular matrix proteins under pathophysiological conditions in vivo. The present study demonstrates that a basement membrane protein, nidogen-1, is cleaved and excreted in the urine of mice subjected to cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity, a model of AKI. Cleaved nidogen-1 was not detected in the urine of untreated mice, but during the progression of cisplatin nephrotoxicity, the excretion of cleaved nidogen-1 increased in a time-dependent manner. The meprin inhibitor actinonin markedly prevented urinary excretion of the cleaved nidogen-1. In addition, meprin β-deficient mice, but not meprin α-deficient mice, subjected to cisplatin nephrotoxicity significantly suppressed excretion of cleaved nidogen-1, further suggesting that meprin β is involved in the cleavage of nidogen-1. These studies provide strong evidence for a pathophysiological link between meprin β and urinary excretion of cleaved nidogen-1 during cisplatin-induced AKI.
HIV-Associated “Double-Hit” Lymphoma of the Tonsil: A First Reported Case

Double-hit lymphoma (DHL) is a unique subtype of non-Hodgkin lymphoma characterized by atleast two rearrangements involving MYC, BLC2, and/or BCL6. These lymphomas are uncommon and aggressive, responding poorly to typical chemotherapy regimens. Lymphomas rarely arise from the oral cavity or tonsils, and those presenting as a neck mass are predominantly diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. To date, primary DHL of the tonsils has yet to be described in the literature. Here, we report a case of a 44 year-old male patient with well-controlled human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) who presented with a sore throat. He subsequently developed acute respiratory compromise due to a rapidly enlarging tonsillar mass. Pathologic and genetic analysis confirmed the presence of BCL6 and MYC rearrangements suggestive of DHL of the tonsils. In a young patient with HIV and a neck mass, it is essential that lymphoma remains on the list of differential diagnoses as prompt diagnosis and treatment may prevent complications from its rapid expansion.
CD44 regulates blood-brain barrier integrity in response to fluid shear stress

Abstract Fluid shear stress is an important mediator of vascular permeability, yet the molecular mechanisms underlying the response of the blood-brain barrier to shear have yet to be studied in cerebral vasculature despite its importance for brain homeostasis. The goal of this study is to probe components of shear mechanotransduction within the blood-brain barrier to gain a better understanding of pathologies associated with changes in cerebral blood flow including ischemic stroke. Interrogating the effects of shear stress in vivo is complicated by the complexity of factors in the brain parenchyma and the difficulty associated with modulating blood flow regimes. Recent advances in the ability to mimic the in vivo microenvironment using three-dimensional in vitro models provide a controlled setting to study the response of the blood-brain barrier to shear stress. The in vitro model used in this study is compatible with real-time measurement of barrier function using transendothelial electrical resistance as well as immunocytochemistry and dextran permeability assays. These experiments reveal that there is a threshold level of shear stress required for barrier formation and that the composition of the extracellular matrix, specifically the presence of hyaluronan, dictates the flow response. Gene editing to modulate the expression of CD44, a receptor for hyaluronan that previous studies have identified to be mechanosensitive, demonstrates that the receptor is required for the endothelial response to shear stress. Manipulation of small GTPase activity reveals CD44 activates Rac1 while inhibiting RhoA activation. Additionally, adducin-γ localizes to tight junctions in response to shear stress and RhoA inhibition and is required to maintain the barrier. This study identifies specific components of the mechanosensing complex associated with the blood-brain barrier response to fluid shear stress, and therefore illuminates potential targets for barrier manipulation in vivo.
Separating Popular Myth from Empirical Reality: The White-Collar Prison Experience

Little is known about the prison experiences of white-collar offenders, despite the fact that the number of individuals incarcerated for white-collar crimes in the United States has precipitously increased over the past three decades. Indeed, much of what is considered “common knowledge” about incarcerated white-collar offenders is influenced by stereotypes about who they are as people before entering the correctional system. By virtue of their socioeconomic status, white-collar offenders are thought to be particularly susceptible to negative outcomes upon entering the prison system—a belief that has influenced judicial decisions with respect to the sentences they mete out. Although empirical research in this area is scant, there is a growing body of evidence to suggest that this view of white-collar inmates is misguided. This chapter presents differing views of white-collar offenders in the broader context of inmate adaptation, with a focus on how media portrayals of white-collar inmates compare and contrast with empirical reality. The goal is to provide readers with a balanced assessment between public and scientific discourse on the subject of incarceration for white-collar offenders who, for reasons to be discussed, constitute an understudied population.
Comorbidity and outcomes in elderly women treated with breast-conserving therapy

599 Background: Breast cancer incidence increases with age and is a major cause of morbidity and mortality among elderly women. Co-morbidities are often considered in treatment management of elderl...
Risk of complication at the time of laparoscopic hysterectomy: a prediction model built from the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database

Abstract Background While laparoscopic hysterectomy is well-established as a favorable mode of hysterectomy due to decreased perioperative complications, there is still room for improvement in quality of care. Though previous studies have described laparoscopic hysterectomy risk factors, there is currently no tool for predicting risk of complication at the time of laparoscopic hysterectomy. Objective Create a prediction model for complications at the time of laparoscopic hysterectomy for benign conditions. Study Design Retrospective cohort study including patients undergoing laparoscopic hysterectomy for benign indications between 2014 and 2017 at United States hospitals contributing to American College of Surgeons- National Surgical Quality Improvement Program Database. Data about patient baseline characteristics, perioperative complications (intraoperative complications, readmission, reoperation, need for transfusion, operative time greater than 4 hour or postoperative medical complication) and uterine weight at the time of pathologic examination were collected retrospectively. Postoperative uterine weight was used as a proxy for preoperative uterine weight estimate. The sample was randomly split to create two patient populations, one for deriving the model and the other to validate the model. Results A total of 33,123 women met inclusion criteria. The rate of composite complication was 14.1%. Complication rates were similar in the derivation and validation cohorts (14.1% [2,306/14,051] vs 13.9% [2,289/14,107], p=0.7207). The logistic regression risk-prediction tool for hysterectomy complication identified seven variables predictive of complication; history of prior laparotomy (increases odds of complication by 21%), age (2% increase odds of complication per year of life), BMI (0.2% increase odds of complication per each unit increase in BMI), parity (7% increased odds of complication per delivery), race (when compared to white women, black women had a 34% increased odds and women of other races had a 18% increased odds of complication) and American Society of Anesthesiologists score (when compared to an score = 1, score = 2 had a 31% increased odds of complication, score = 3 had a 62% increased odds and score =4 had a 172% increased odds). Predicted preoperative uterine weight also had a statistically significant non-linear relationship with odds of complication. The c statistics for the derivation and validation cohorts were 0.62 and 0.62, respectively. The model is well-calibrated for women at all levels of risk. Conclusion The laparoscopic hysterectomy complication predictor model is a tool for predicting complications in patients planning hysterectomy.
Targeting "Plan Colombia": A Critical Analysis of Ideological and Political Visual Narratives by the Beehive Collective and the Drug Enforcement Administration Museum.

This article compares the Beehive Collective’s “Plan Colombia” to a museum exhibition representing the official U.S. position on Plan Colombia. Through a dialectical (Kellner & Share, 2007; Greene,...
Improving Malignancy Prediction in AUS/FLUS Pediatric Thyroid Nodules with the Aid of Ultrasound.

Introduction The standard workup of thyroid nodules concerning for malignancy includes fine-needle aspiration (FNA). In 2015, the American Thyroid Association (ATA) guidelines for the management of pediatric thyroid nodules recommended that all nodules with a Bethesda III cytology undergo surgical resection. Objectives To correlate a Bethesda III cytology with histologic and clinical outcomes to determine the relevance of the ATA recommendations, and to evaluate whether Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System (TI-RADS) scoring could identify Bethesda III nodules at a lower risk of malignancy. Methods A retrospective chart review of patients who had undergone thyroid nodule FNA from 2008 to 2018 was performed. Malignancy rates were determined for each Bethesda category. The reference standard was histopathology or 2-year follow-up of imaging outcomes for nonoperative cases. Ultrasound exams of Bethesda III nodules were reviewed and TI-RADS scores assigned. Results A total of 143 FNA samples from 128 patients were identified. The mean age was 14.9 years (range 7-22). Twenty-two (15%) of the FNA samples were Bethesda III; the malignancy rate was 38%. A TI-RADS score was assigned in 20 of the 22 Bethesda III nodules. ROC analysis found an optimal cut-off for malignancy prediction of ≥7 points (risk category TR5). The negative predictive value was 85.7% (95% CI 35.9-99.6) and the positive predictive value was 83.3% (95% CI 57.2-98.2). Conclusion Although, at baseline, thyroid nodules with a Bethesda III classification carry a moderate risk of malignancy in the pediatric population, TI-RADS scoring can identify nodules with a lower risk within this group. If validated by larger studies, this can inform decision making and reduce unneeded surgery.
It's All About Valuation

The major problem arising from the adoption of a wealth tax is the requirement of annual valuations. This Commentary suggests that annual valuations would cause the tax to be difficult to administer and would erode the tax base. Taxpayers would have a strong economic incentive to engage in avoidance techniques to minimize value. Congress could legislate against some of the techniques--split-ownership of property and family limited partnerships or limited liability companies--by adopting attribution rules imputing ownership by a taxpayer's family to the taxpayer for purposes of calculating marketability and lack-of-control discounts. Even with such legislation, however, the practical problems of annual valuation discusses in this article make the wealth tax unmanageable.
Chapeau de gendarme in a toddler points to focal epilepsy originating from the subcentral gyrus

The chapeau de gendarme sign or ictal pouting has been associated with focal epilepsy of frontal origin. The identification and characterization of this semiologic feature derive mainly from adult epilepsy surgery series, whereas paediatric cases have rarely been reported. Here, we present a 14-month-old girl with a chapeau de gendarme sign with eyes closed as the sole initial manifestation of left frontal lobe epilepsy. Brain MRI revealed an area suspicious for focal cortical dysplasia in the anterior aspect of the left subcentral gyrus, and ictal scalp EEG supported a seizure onset correlating with the lesion. This is the youngest reported patient with a chapeau de gendarme sign and the first to be associated with a lesion in the subcentral gyrus. Our observation extends the age range of patients presenting with this intriguing semiology and the range of localizations where it may originate. We propose considering the chapeau de gendarme sign as a hallmark of focal epilepsy in all age groups, including early life, and that presurgical evaluation should be timely initiated in patients with refractory seizures. [Published with video sequence].
Esophageal hemangiolymphangioma

Esophageal submucosal nodules are not an uncommon finding at endoscopy. Most of these nodules are found incidentally on endoscopy or imaging. We present the case of a 63-year-old woman who was referred to our practice to evaluate dysphagia. An 8 mm submucosal nodule was found close to the gastroesophageal junction. The differential diagnosis for the esophageal nodule in this case included leiomyoma, lipoma, granular cell tumor, duplication cyst and stromal tumor, and malignancy including submucosal metastasis and lymphoma. A pathology that has not been reported previously is presented. Histopathological examination was consistent with a diagnosis of hemangiolymphangioma.
Topics in Random Matrix Theory

The field of random matrix theory has seen an explosion of activity in recent years, with connections to many areas of mathematics and physics. However, this makes the current state of the field almost too large to survey in a single book. In this graduate text, we focus on one specific sector of the field, namely the spectral distribution of random Wigner matrix ensembles (such as the Gaussian Unitary Ensemble), as well as iid matrix ensembles. The text is largely self-contained and starts with a review of relevant aspects of probability theory and linear algebra. With over 200 exercises, the book is suitable as an introductory text for beginning graduate students seeking to enter the field.
Assessment of the Radiation Effects of Cardiac CT Angiography Using Protein and Genetic Biomarkers.

Abstract Objectives The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether radiation exposure from cardiac computed tomographic angiography (CTA) is associated with deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) damage and whether damage leads to programmed cell death and activation of genes involved in apoptosis and DNA repair. Background Exposure to radiation from medical imaging has become a public health concern, but whether it causes significant cell damage remains unclear. Methods We conducted a prospective cohort study in 67 patients undergoing cardiac CTA between January 2012 and December 2013 in 2 U.S. medical centers. Median blood radiation exposure was estimated using phantom dosimetry. Biomarkers of DNA damage and apoptosis were measured by flow cytometry, whole genome sequencing, and single cell polymerase chain reaction. Results The median dose length product was 1,535.3 mGy·cm (969.7 to 2,674.0 mGy·cm). The median radiation dose to the blood was 29.8 mSv (18.8 to 48.8 mSv). Median DNA damage increased 3.39% (1.29% to 8.04%, p Conclusions Patients exposed to >7.5 mSv of radiation from cardiac CTA had evidence of DNA damage, which was associated with programmed cell death and activation of genes involved in apoptosis and DNA repair.
Control of retinotectal axon arbor growth by postsynaptic CaMKII.

Publisher Summary The chapter focuses on the control of retinotectal axon arbor growth by postsynaptic of CaMKII. The in vivo imaging of individual axons in the intact animal permits the observation of growing axons in their normal complex environment These observations have shown that retinal axons gradually elaborate the complex arbor by the profuse addition of excess branches and the stabilization of only a small fraction of the new branches. The elaboration of the axon arbor may be influenced by a variety of factors in the tectal environment including cell surface molecules, the extracellular matrix, growth factors and neuronal activity. It is tested whether the dynamic rearrangements seen in normal axons might reflect the outcome of activity-dependent mechanisms including postsynaptic Ca 2+ /calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) activity. A selective increase in CaMKII activity in postsynaptic tectal neurons results in the loss of shorter branch tips in the presynaptic retinal axons.
The Question of Adequate Representation in the Tyson Court's Denial of Intervention

In 2005, the State of Oklahoma (State) brought a suit against Tyson Foods, Inc. for the improper disposal of poultry waste in the Illinois River Watershed (IRW). Approximately four years later, the Cherokee Nation (Nation) asserted its interests in the IRW and its right to intervene under Rule 24 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. The district court found that the Nation had delayed too long and denied the motion as untimely. On appeal, this decision was upheld based on the fact that the Nation could never have reasonably believed that it was being adequately represented by the State. This Comment argues that the Nation’s belief that it was adequately represented was in fact reasonable.
Geospatial interpolation analytics for data streams in eventshop

EventShop is an open-source software which provides a generic infrastructure for the analysis of heterogeneous spatio-temporal data streams. Efficient interpolation of data from spatially sparse sources is critical but currently missing in EventShop. To address this challenge, we implement a Spatial Gaussian Process based statistical operator into the EventShop framework. Spectral analysis is employed to generate features at higher spatial resolution and to improve interpolation accuracy at unsampled locations. Further, we test this operator by interpolating air pollution levels in California. The evaluations of multiple metrics demonstrate that our operators outperform earlier EventShop operators, chemical transportation models, and state-of-the-art methods.
Diagrammatic Representation of Equity Principles

In this expository note, we depict various procedural and consequentialist equity notions in a picture.
Rapid Detection of Viral Antibody by Cellulose Acetate Electrophoresis

Abstract An immunoelectrophoretic procedure utilizing microprecipitation and cellulose acetate electrophoresis was developed for detection of antibody to specific virus. A model system of tobacco mosaic virus and homologous rabbit antiserum is described.
Syntheses, structures, and 1H, 13C{1H} and 119Sn{1H} NMR chemical shifts of a family of trimethyltin alkoxide, amide, halide and cyclopentadienyl compounds

The synthesis and full characterization, including Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) data (1H, 13C{1H} and 119Sn{1H}), for a series of Me3SnX (X = O-2,6-tBu2C6H3 (1), (Me3Sn)N(2,6-iPr2C6H3) (3), NH-2,4,6-tBu3C6H2 (4), N(SiMe3)2 (5), NEt2, C5Me5 (6), Cl, Br, I, and SnMe3) compounds in benzene-d6, toluene-d8, dichloromethane-d2, chloroform-d1, acetonitrile-d3, and tetrahydrofuran-d8 are reported. The X-ray crystal structures of Me3Sn(O-2,6-tBu2C6H3) (1), Me3Sn(O-2,6-iPr2C6H3) (2), and (Me3Sn)(NH-2,4,6-tBu3C6H2) (4) are also presented. These compiled data complement existing literature data and ease the characterization of these compounds by routine NMR experiments.
Tri‐n‐butyltin Trifluoromethanesulfonate

[68725-14-4] C13H27F3O3SSn (MW 439.18) InChI = 1S/3C4H9.CHF3O3S.Sn/c3*1-3-4-2;2-1(3,4)8(5,6)7;/h3*1,3-4H2,2H3;(H,5,6,7);/q;;;;+1/p-1 InChIKey = LIQOILBASIAIQC-UHFFFAOYSA-M (powerful stannylating reagent;1 readily stannylates vinylcuprates and vinylaluminum compounds;1-3 catalyzes hydrostannation of aldehydes and ketones by tin hydrides4) Physical Data: mp 41–43 °C; bp 155–167 °C/0.08 mmHg. Solubility: freely sol polar and nonpolar organic solvents. Preparative Methods: by analogy to the preparation of trialkyltin carboxylates,5 tribuyltin trifluoromethanesulfonate is prepared from Bis(Tri-n-butyltin) Oxide and either Trifluoromethanesulfonic Acid (with subsequent removal of water) or Trifluoromethanesulfonic Anhydride,2 as in eq 1. (1) The following procedure is quite convenient: freshly distilled trifluoromethanesulfonic anhydride6 is caused to react with an equal molar amount of tributyltin oxide cooled at 20 °C under nitrogen. When the exothermic reaction completely subsides, the flask is set up for a short-path distillation and the resulting red oil is distilled at about 0.1 mmHg. The distillate is collected without cooling to prevent crystallization of the product in the condenser. Alternatively, this reagent can be prepared in situ by the action of trifluoromethanesulfonic acid on Tri-n-butylstannane in benzene or dichloroethane.4 Handling, Storage, and Precautions: this reagent is deliquescent. Therefore it is best handled as a solution in benzene, ether, or hexane, stored at room temperature under nitrogen. Solutions can be dried with 4∠ molecular sieves. As with certain other trialkyltin electrophiles, tributyltin trifluoromethanesulfonate is foul smelling. The toxicity of this class of compounds has been described.7 Use in a fume hood.
Entrance block: A previously unrecognized phenomenon associated with transthoracic demand pacemaker implantation

Abstract A previously unreported malfunction of epicardial demand pacemakers is presented. Failure of suppression of the pulse generator by the myocardial action potential is termed "entrance block." Mechanisms and therapeutic implications are discussed.
Theory of magnetization of TmSb, TmAs, TmP with singlet ground state

Abstract Calculations are presented which show that the susceptibility and high field magnetization curves of TmSb, TmAs and TmP can be understood on the basis of predominant crystal field effects.
Informal diabetes education: impact on self-management and blood glucose control.

PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to determine if participation in screening clinics to detect and treat diabetes-related eye disease also led to informal patient learning that had an impact on self-management behavior and blood glucose control. METHODS To evaluate the evidence for patient learning over time, the data of patients who returned as advised for 2 subsequent annual diabetes disease screenings were analyzed. Evaluation measures included medication use, self-management behavior, and hemoglobin A1c (A1C). RESULTS During the 2-year study period, the use of insulin increased by 37% at the first exam, 43% at the second exam, and 42% at the third exam (P = .02). No significant changes were found in the use of oral medication. Glucose self-monitoring also increased by 61% at the first exam, 71% at the second exam, and 76% at the third exam (P < .01). Mean A1C values for returning participants declined by 9.2% at the first exam, 8.9% at the second exam, and 8.6% at the third exam (P = .03). CONCLUSIONS The screening clinics had an educational impact associated with behavior change (improved self-management and glucose control) even though the clinics were not intended to produce such change. Therefore, caregivers should consider that patient learning can and should be part of every diabetes care encounter.
CT evaluation of tracheobronchial tumors in children.

Computed tomography (CT) of the chest is a reliable method for the evaluation of lesions which may involve the mediastinum, tracheobronchial tree, pulmonary parenchyma and chest wall. The addition of the direct coronal scanning to routine axial sectioning can result in better demonstration of endobronchial tumors. We describe imaging of the bronchi in 6 pediatric patients with rare tracheobronchial tumors.
Optimal control of information epidemics

In this work we address two problems concerning information propagation in a population: a) how to maximize the spread of a given message in the population within the stipulated time and b) how to create a given level of buzz- measured by the fraction of the population engaged in conversation on a topic of interest- at a specified time horizon. Arising in the context of two rather disparate networks- social and wireless vehicular networks, their importance in campaigning on social networks and security in vehicular networks can only be understated. Taking a mean-field route, we pose the two problems as continuous-time deterministic optimal control problems. We characterize optimal controls, present some numerical results and provide practical insights. Interestingly, the problems we address are antithesis to those in disease epidemics, which need to be contained rather than actively spread.
Preoperative parathyroid localization with sestamibi

Purpose Results of noninvasive preoperative parathyroid localization with technetium 99m -labeled sestamibi are reported in a series of 51 patients. Patients and methods Forty-four patients had hyperparathyroidism surgically treated for the first time and seven patients underwent reexploration for recurrent or persistent hyperparathyroidism. Preoperative scintigraphy with sestamibi was performed in all patients before surgical exploration. Results of the radionuclide studies were compared with surgical and pathologic findings. Results Twenty-six patients had solitary adenomas. All 26 were localized preoperatively by the scans. Among 18 patients with multiglandular pathology, 69 pathological glands were found at surgery. Thirty-six of these glands, in 15 patients, were localized by the scans. Among the 7 patients evaluated after failed exploration or recurrent hyperparathyroidism, 7 pathologic glands were found, of which 6 were correctly localized by the scan. Ectopic lesions in 2 patients were correctly localized by the scan. Conclusions The authors conclude that sestamibi parathyroid localization is an effective method for preoperative parathyroid localization, with accuracy exceeding that of other noninvasive studies.
A model for the detector response function in neutron depth profiling

Abstract Present practice in thermal neutron depth profiling (TNDP) is to use small fractional detector solid angles of the order of 0.1% or less. This allows one to assume that the distortion in the charged particle spectra caused by the solid angle subtended by the detector can be approximated by a Gaussian distribution. While this simplifies the mathematical analysis greatly, it requires very long nuclear reactor irradiation times for many applications of interest. The present paper derives and verifies a model for spectral distortion caused by detecting with circular detectors subtending any solid angle, which allows the use of much larger detector solid angles and correspondingly shorter irradiations. Experimental results with a circular silicon surface barrier detector in conjunction first with a circular coaxially mounted 241Am source of alpha particles passing through various thickness of mylar and then with a boron doped silicon wafer mounted in a thermal neutron reactor beam at a 30 ° angle so as to give an elliptically shaped target of alpha particles both gave excellent agreement with the derived model. The latter experiment is a typical TNDP application.
Sexuality attitudes: The impact of trauma

This study examines the relationship between traumatic events and attitudes toward sexuality. Our results show that suffering trauma is related to more accepting attitudes concerning sexuality. Generally, people who suffer negative events, many of which are traumatic, are more likely to see both pornography and having a homosexual friend or family member as acceptable. Traumatic events that are sex-related or related to other physical assault proved to be most significant in the prediction of sexuality attitudes for women only. The results are specified by gender: Trauma predicts attitudes toward pornography for women but not for men, and traumatic events are associated with attitudes concerning homosexuality for women. These results are discussed in light of the previous research, and suggestions for future research made.
Buckling and Ferromagnetism of Aligned Cr-Doped ZnO Nanorods

Aligned Cr-doped ZnO nanorods have been successfully fabricated at 600 °C by in situ doping of Cr into ZnO nanorods using a vapor transport approach. Comprehensive structural analyses indicate that dopant Cr occupies Zn sites in ZnO and nanorods align along the [0001] direction. Photoluminescence spectra reveal unusual features peaked at 401 and 488 nm, respectively. Magnetic measurements have shown that nanorod arrays exhibit ferromagnetism at 10 and 293 K, which is likely due to defect-mediated exchange interactions. Nanomechanical studies have revealed a critical buckling load of 517 μN and a buckling energy of ca. 4.2 × 10−11 J, respectively, for the Cr-doped ZnO nanorod arrays.
Drosophila melanogaster p24 genes have developmental, tissue-specific, and sex-specific expression patterns and functions.

Genes encoding members of the p24 family of intracellular trafficking proteins are present throughout animal and plant lineages. However, very little is known about p24 developmental, spatial, or sex-specific expression patterns or how localized expression affects function. We investigated these problems in Drosophila melanogaster, which contains nine genes encoding p24 proteins. One of these genes, logjam (loj), is expressed in the adult female nervous system and ovaries and is essential for oviposition. Nervous system-specific expression of loj, but not ovary-specific expression, rescues the behavioral defect of mutants. The Loj protein localizes to punctate structures in the cellular cytoplasm. These structures colocalize with a marker specific to the intermediate compartment and cis-Golgi, consistent with experimental evidence from other systems suggesting that p24 proteins function in intracellular transport between the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi. Our findings reveal that Drosophila p24 transcripts are developmentally and tissue-specifically expressed. CG31787 is male-specifically expressed gene that is present during the larval, pupal, and adult stages. Female CG9053 mRNA is limited to the head, whereas males express this gene widely. Together, our studies provide experimental evidence indicating that some p24 genes have sex-specific expression patterns and tissue- and sex-limited functions. Developmental Dynamics 236:544 –555, 2007. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Size distributions of mineral grains suspended in Chesapeake Bay and nearby coastal waters

Recognizable mineral grains constituted 2 to 15% of the suspended matter in surface waters collected in June 1965 from Chesapeake Bay and from the offshore area between Cape Henry and Cape Hatteras. In the upper bay, the mineral grain size became progressively finer in the down-bay direction. Mineral size distributions in the middle and lower bay showed little relation to those in either the upper bay or the offshore waters. Most of the mineral grains suspended in the offshore waters (considered on a weight basis) seemed to be derived from sources other than the bay effluent.
Publication trends in behavior therapy analogue research on phobias

Abstract In order to increase the validity of experimental designs, a number of refinements are suggested in analogue research methodology for the study of phobias. This review surveys 102 analogue studies on small animals appearing in six professional journals between January 1971 and December 1977. The results indicate an increase in the number of blind assessors used to conduct the behavioral tests. However, analogue researchers persistently use college students as subjects, employ nondemanding behavioral tests, and offer extra-therapy incentives for experimental participation. There is a recent increase in the investigation of cognitive behavior modification techniques without a concomitant increase in methodological rigor. It is recommended that analogue researchers employ, and journal reviewers demand, design characteristics to increase the validity of analogue phobia research.
Animal model for angiotensin II effects in the internal anal sphincter smooth muscle: mechanism of action

Effect of ANG II was investigated in in vitro smooth muscle strips and in isolated smooth muscle cells (SMC). Among different species, rat internal and sphincter (IAS) smooth muscle showed signific...
Do you feel what I feel? Mood contagion and leadership outcomes

Abstract This research examines the role of mood and mood contagion in a leadership situation. In phase 1 of the study participants received a positive or negative mood induction and completed a leadership speech describing how to complete a hiring task. In phase 2, participants watched one of the speeches from phase 1, completed ratings, and performed the hiring task. Followers in the positive mood condition had higher levels of positive mood and lower levels of negative mood, rated their leaders as more charismatic, and performed better than followers in the negative mood condition. Followers' mood mediated the relationship between leader mood and follower outcomes. In the third phase of the study, participants read transcripts of the speeches from phase 2 but experienced no change in mood or performance, suggesting the previous effects found in phase 2 were due to mood contagion rather than the content of the speeches.
Do stem cells contribute to short term engraftment in transplant patients

Abstract It has been proposed that stem cells are capable of providing both short and long term engraftment in transplant patients. However, the clinical studies reported using stem cells defined as CD34+Thy+Lin−, have only used enriched populations that contain progenitor cells as well as stem cells. We have transplanted ex vivo expanded PBPC in an attempt to provide more rapid engraftment following high dose chemotherapy in breast cancer patients. CD34+ cells were cultured for 10 days in defined media containing 100 ng/ml each of rhSCF, rhG-SCF and rhMGDF in teflon bags at 20,000 cells per ml. Nine of 21 patients engrafted neutrophils (ANC > 500/ul) in 4 to 6 days. No significant correlation was obtained between the time to ANC recovery and the dose of CD34+ cell/kg in the expanded cells infused (r 2 = 0.28). However, comparison of the total expanded nucleated cells/kg to time to ANC recovery resulted in a highly significant correlation (r 2 = 0.77). All patients who received a minimum of 40 × 10 6 TNCs/kg engrafted neutrophils in 8 days or less. Patients who received less than 40 × 10 6 TNCs/kg all had slower neutrophil recovery (9 to 14 days). The median time to neutrophil engraftment in a historical group of patients (N = 175), who received rhG-CSF mobilized PBPC, was 9 days with the earliest engraftment occurring at day 7. The patients have been followed post transplant and 11 of 11 patients transplanted with only expanded cells, have durable engraftment at more than 100 days. Also we have evaluated the content of SCID repopulating cells (SRC) in the ex vivo expanded cells and 7 of 10 products contained significant levels of SRC. A median of 35% CD45+ human cells was obtained with a range of 1 to 70% human cells. However, no correlation was seen between SRC and the time to neutrophil engraftment in patients. We conclude that stem cells do not provide early engraftment and propose the ideal graft contains a mixture of mature cells, committed progenitor cells and stem cells.
Risk factors for group B streptococcal disease in adults

Objective: To determine risk factors for community-acquired and nosocomial group B streptococcal disease in adults. Design: Case-control study. Setting: 3 metropolitan areas in the United States wi...
HEMOLYTIC SYSTEMS CONTAINING ANIONIC DETERGENTS.

1. The members of the homologous series of anionic detergents, the sodium salts of the sulfated straight chain alcohols with the general formula C n H2 n +1·SO3·Na, are hemolytic, the lytic activity being at a maximum when the compound contains 14 carbon atoms in the chain. In systems in which lysis is comparatively rapid, the hemolytic effect increases with increasing pH, but in systems containing quantities of lysin near the asymptotic concentrations the pH dependence of the activity is reversed. The effect of temperature is principally one on the velocity constant of the lytic reaction, with smaller effects on the position of the asymptotes of the time-dilution curves and on their shape. 2. The quantities of the detergents which produce disk-sphere transformations are approximately one-tenth of those required to produce complete hemolysis. In most cases, the shape change occurs when there are too few detergent molecules present to cover the red cell surfaces with a monolayer. 3. Plasma inhibits the hemolytic action of these detergents, and, in the quantities in which they occur in plasma, lecithin, serum globulin, cholesterol, and serum albumin, produce inhibitory effects which increase in that order in systems containing the C-14 sulfate. It can be inferred from these inhibitory effects that the anionic detergents can form compounds or complexes with lipid, lipoprotein, and protein components of the red cell ultrastructure.
Erratum to: K-Bayes Reconstruction for Perfusion MRI II: Modeling and Technical Development

Journal of Digital Imaging, Vol. 23, No. 4 (August), 2010: pp. 374-385 (DOI: 10.1007/s10278-009-9184-x) The Equation for the update of that appears on both pages 7 and 9 of the paper is incorrect and should read:
PROBLEMS RESULTING FROM MULTIPLE TESTS

The consequences of multiple tests within a study have received much attention in recent years. In spite of many detailed considerations, there remains controversy concerning the seriousness of these consequences. To appreciate fully the arguments that abound in this controversy, it is necessary to be aware of several different definitions of errors that can occur in hypothesis testing. The definitions of Type I error (rejection of a true null hypothesis) and Type II error (failure to reject a false null hypothesis) remain basic. Consider initially the Type I error, which receives the major emphasis of arguments concerning the effects of multiple testing. Its usual definition is based on the fact that for a single variable and a single comparison, there is a probability (α) that the hypothesis of no effect erroneously can be rejected. If all studies consisted of only one variable and if only one comparison were of interest (for example, only two treatments or two groups were studied), there would be no multiple testing controversy. Of course, few, if any, studies are so limited in their intent. Thus, the consequences of multiple testing apply to nearly all studies.