cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Observability Issues in Kinematic Error Parameter Identification of Manipulators

This paper addresses some observability issues in the kinematic error parameter identification of manipulators through derivation and analysis of a generic error model that is independent of any particular choice of robot kinematic modeling convention. It is pointed out that a consistent differential transformation formalism needs to be taken to construct error models in order to assure that the Identification Jacobian is a matrix function of all joint variables and that the joint variables are about the actual joint axes of the manipulator. It is shown that if robot calibration measurements do not provide the information about the end-effector's orientation, orientational parameters in either the Oth link transformation (i.e., from the robot base frame to the world frame) or the nth link transformation (i.e., from the tool frame to the last link frame) become unobservable. It is also shown that under additional conditions of the tool or world frames, a further reduction in the number of observable kinematic parameters may occur, depending upon the choice of error models. The paper also investigates the relationship between common observability measures and the irreducibility of the error model.
Bandura, Albert (b. 1925)

Keywords: social development; behavior therapy; behaviorism; cognitive behavior therapy; modeling; self-efficacy; social cognitive theory; social learning theory
A NEW APPROACH TO GLASS FIBER REINFORCED HIGH HEAT THERMOPLASTICS

This paper presents the properties of glass-reinforced high-heat ABS/SMA-terpolymer alloys offering cost-effective alternates to reinforced polyesters in automotive applications. It also discusses a unique new approach to the design, prototyping, and raw material selection phases of developing a new product. This approach, based on the terpolymer alloy in combination with a collimated glass concentrate polymerized in SAN, enables the design engineer to empirically establish the optimum glass level for his application using these data as a starting point. The "custom" product thus established can then be supplied on a routine basis.
A Cognitive Task Analysis of Information Management Strategies in a Computerized Provider Order Entry Environment

Objective: Computerized Provider Order Entry (CPOE) with electronic documentation, and computerized decision support dramatically changes the information environment of the practicing clinician. Prior work patterns based on paper, verbal exchange, and manual methods are replaced with automated, computerized, and potentially less flexible systems. The objective of this study is to explore the information management strategies that clinicians use in the process of adapting to a CPOE system using cognitive task analysis techniques. Design: Observation and semi-structured interviews were conducted with 88 primary-care clinicians at 10 Veterans Administration Medical Centers. Measurements: Interviews were taped, transcribed, and extensively analyzed to identify key information management goals, strategies, and tasks. Tasks were aggregated into groups, common components across tasks were clarified, and underlying goals and strategies identified. Results: Nearly half of the identified tasks were not fully supported by the available technology. Six core components of tasks were identified. Four meta-cognitive information management goals emerged: 1) Relevance Screening; 2) Ensuring Accuracy; 3) Minimizing memory load; and 4) Negotiating Responsibility. Strategies used to support these goals are presented. Conclusion: Users develop a wide array of information management strategies that allow them to successfully adapt to new technology. Supporting the ability of users to develop adaptive strategies to support meta-cognitive goals is a key component of a successful system.
Constraints-preserving transformation from XML document type deffinition to relational schema

As Extensible Markup Language (XML) [5] is emerging as the data format of the internet era, there are increasing needs to effciently store and query XML data. One way towards this goal is using relational database by transforming XML data into relational format. In this paper, we argue that existing transformation algorithms are not complete in the sense that they focus only on structural aspects and ignoring semantic aspects. We present the semantic knowledge that needs to be captured during the transformation to ensure a correct relational schema. Further, we show a simple algorithm that can 1) derive such semantic knowledge from the given XML Document Type Definition (DTD) and 2) preserve the knowledge by representing them in terms of semantic constraints in relational database terms. By combining the existing transformation algorithms and our constraints-preserving algorithm, one can transform XML DTD to relational schema where correct semantics and behaviors are guaranteed by the preserved constraints. Experimental results are also presented.
Fourier-wavelet techniques in image searching

This paper reports on a set of techniques useful for searching collections of images for the set of images that match a given template according to a set of criteria. The techniques in this paper compare a filtered form of the template to a similarly filtered form of the image where the filtering is used both to reduce the amount of data and to enhance the features that are being compared. The main idea of the search is to use multiresolution wavelet representations in which coarse subbands are used for an initial search, and then progressively finer subbands are used to search images that pass the initial discrimination test. The wavelet representations are compared by using Fourier transforms on the wavelets in a way that provides several different comparison criteria. The method has an additional advantage that the Fourier transforms of coarse wavelets can be used within the computation of the Fourier transforms of finer wavelets to reduce the cost of the refinement computation. A key feature of the search algorithm is that it uses masking to reduce the effects of image occlusions.
CLEAVAGE OF POLY(A)-BINDING PROTEIN BY ENTEROVIRUS PROTEASES CONCURRENT WITH INHIBITION OF TRANSLATION IN VITRO

Many enteroviruses, members of the family Picornaviridae, cause a rapid and drastic inhibition of host cell protein synthesis during infection, a process referred to as host cell shutoff. Poliovirus, one of the best-studied enteroviruses, causes marked inhibition of host cell translation while preferentially allowing translation of its own genomic mRNA. An abundance of experimental evidence has accumulated to indicate that cleavage of an essential translation initiation factor, eIF4G, during infection is responsible at least in part for this shutoff. However, evidence from inhibitors of viral replication suggests that an additional event is necessary for the complete translational shutoff observed during productive infection. This report examines the effect of poliovirus infection on a recently characterized 3' end translational stimulatory protein, poly(A)-binding protein (PABP). PABP is involved in stimulating translation initiation in lower eukaryotes by its interaction with the poly(A) tail on mRNAs and has been proposed to facilitate 5'-end-3'-end interactions in the context of the closed-loop translational model. Here, we show that PABP is specifically degraded during poliovirus infection and that it is cleaved in vitro by both poliovirus 2A and 3C proteases and coxsackievirus B3 2A protease. Further, PABP cleavage by 2A protease is accompanied by concurrent loss of translational activity in an in vitro-translation assay. Similar loss of translational activity also occurs simultaneously with partial 3C protease-mediated cleavage of PABP in translation assays. Further, PABP is not degraded during infections in the presence of guanidine-HCl, which blocks the complete development of host translation shutoff. These results provide preliminary evidence that cleavage of PABP may contribute to inhibition of host translation in infected HeLa cells, and they are consistent with the hypothesis that PABP plays a role in facilitating translation initiation in higher eukaryotes.
Right from the Start: Exploring the Effects of Early Team Events on Subsequent Project Team Development and Performance:

This study examines if high- and low-performing project teams differ with respect to how they are mobilized and launched and the effects of their mobilization and launch activities and outputs on s...
Linking EDI to MRPII to reduce cycle time

Discusses various aspects of linking EDI to MRPII to reduce cycle time. In particular the authors consider: EDI and quality; Benefits of EDI/MRPII; Reengineering; Linking EDI to MRPII. Results in tabular form are given. >
On the numerical solution of the flow between a rotating and a stationary disk

Abstract The flow between two co-axial, infinite disks, one rotating with constant angular velocity and one stationary is treated in this paper. The problem is reduced to that of finding the solution of a two-point boundary value for a sixth order nonlinear ordinary differential equation and three boundary conditions at each of a finite interval. The numerical solutions are obtained by using a fourth order Runge-Kutta integration scheme in modification due to Gill and in conjunction with a modified shooting method to correct the initial guesses at one boundary. The numerical calculations for different Reynolds numbers are carried out. The results obtained by this method are compared with available results. The comparison shows excellent agreement.
Molecular identification of major and minor bullous pemphigoid antigens

The skin antigens defined by basement membrane zone antibodies in 38 patients with bullous pemphigoid were analyzed by Western immunoblot. Thirty-four patients (89%) had antibodies to a major bullous pemphigoid antigen with a molecular weight of approximately 230 kD. Twelve patients (32%) had antibodies to a minor bullous pemphigoid antigen with a molecular weight of approximately 160 kD; this included four patients who did not have antibodies to the 230 kD antigen. Depending on the epidermal extract used, a variable number of patients (up to 75%) also had antibodies to minor bullous pemphigoid antigens with molecular weights of approximately 180 and 200 kD. The results of this study confirm that bullous pemphigoid antigens are heterogeneous at the molecular level. Approximately 10% of patients have antibodies directed solely to a minor bullous pemphigoid antigen.
Working conditions and employee commitment in indigenous private manufacturing firms in Nigeria: managing business organisations for industrial development

Investment in medium and large-scale manufacturing enterprises by Nigerian entrepreneurs has continued to grow; but little is known about their organisation and management in general, or the nature of working conditions and employee commitment in particular. This study examines the relationship between working conditions and employee commitment in twenty indigenously owned private manufacturing firms in Igbo states of southeastern Nigeria. The findings show that these firms have the potential to contribute to the industrial future of the country. However, a substantial number of their workers were dissatisfied with the extrinsic and equity factors of their work, which are stronger predictors of employee commitment than the intrinsic/responsibility component. To build a viable workforce for enterprise success and industrial development, entrepreneurs should invest in the long-term goals of their workers, and learn to balance their own interests with those of their employees.
Renovascular Hypertension and Ischemic Nephropathy

Renovascular disease remains among the most prevalent and important causes of secondary hypertension and renal dysfunction. Many lesions reduce perfusion pressure including fibromuscular diseases and renal infarction, but most are caused by atherosclerotic disease. Epidemiologic studies establish a strong association between atherosclerotic renal-artery stenosis (ARAS) and cardiovascular risk. Hypertension develops in patients with renovascular disease from a complex set of pressor signals, including activation of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), recruitment of oxidative stress pathways, and sympathoadrenergic activation. Although the kidney maintains function over a broad range of autoregulation, sustained reduction in renal perfusion leads to disturbed microvascular function, vascular rarefaction, and ultimately development of interstitial fibrosis. Advances in antihypertensive drug therapy and intensive risk factor management including smoking cessation and statin therapy can provide excellent blood pressure control for many individuals. Despite extensive observational experience with renal revascularization in patients with renovascular hypertension, recent prospective randomized trials fail to establish compelling benefits either with endovascular stents or with surgery when added to effective medical therapy. These trials are limited and exclude many patients most likely to benefit from revascularization. Meaningful recovery of kidney function after revascularization is limited once fibrosis is established. Recent experimental studies indicate that mechanisms allowing repair and regeneration of parenchymal kidney tissue may lead to improved outcomes in the future. Until additional staging tools become available, clinicians will be forced to individualize therapy carefully to optimize the potential benefits regarding both blood pressure and renal function for such patients.
Composite electrodes of disordered carbon and graphite for improved battery state estimation with minimal performance penalty

Abstract Voltage based state of charge (SOC) estimation is challenging for lithium ion batteries that exhibit little open circuit voltage (OCV) change over a large SOC range. We demonstrate that by using a composite negative electrode composed of disordered carbon and graphite, we were able to introduce additional features to the OCV–SOC relationship that facilitate voltage-based SOC estimation. In contrast to graphite, the potential of disordered carbon is sensitive to the state of charge; this behavior, when manifested in a lithium ion battery, gives rise to additional beneficial features of the cell OCV–SOC relationship in terms of state estimation. We have demonstrated the effectiveness of the approach by comparing model simulations and corresponding experimental data of a cell composed of LiFePO 4 positives and graphite + disordered carbon composite negative electrodes. Last, we find that although the graphite material has a higher coulombic capacity, very little (dynamic) performance loss is manifest with the mixed graphite + disordered carbon composite is employed.
Toxin-related Seizures

Toxin-related seizures are secondary to an imbalance in the brain's equilibrium of excitation-inhibition. This delicate balance is maintained via excitatory neurotransmis- sion (eg, glutamate or the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor) and inhibitory neurotransmission (eg, gaminobutyric acid (GABA) or the GABA receptor complex). Balance is also dependent on normal ion flux and homeostasis of biogenic amines and acetylcholine. Perturbation of this equilibrium can be the result of the presence of a toxin or the abrupt removal of one (withdrawal). This article reviews the epidemi- ology, pathophysiology, toxicology, clinical features, and management of toxin- related seizures. Particular emphasis is placed on contrasting the management of toxin-related seizures with seizures of other etiologies, because clinicians are likely to have greater experience, knowledge, and comfort dealing with the latter. Despite the differences, the basic management principles for any seizure are the same: rapidly stabilize the patient and provide supportive care; expediently terminate seizure activity; diagnose the cause of the seizure; and abate associated morbidity and mortality.
Subcutaneous chest ports via the internal jugular vein. A retrospective study of 117 oncology patients.

Purpose: To review image-guided chest port insertion using the right internal jugular vein as the access site of choice. Material and Methods: One hundred and eighteen subcutaneous chest ports were placed via the internal jugular vein in 117 patients with malignancies using both fluoroscopic and US guidance in interventional radiology suites. Results: The technical success rate was 100% with no procedural complications. Follow-up was obtained in all patients with total access days of 40,450 days (mean, 342.8 days). Premature catheter removal was required in 8 patients (6.8%, 0.20 per 1,000 access days) due to non-treatable complications: 2 catheter occlusions/malfunctions (1.7%, 0.05 per 1,000 access days), 1 catheter-related skin erosion (0.85%, 0.024 per 1,000 access days), and 5 infections (4.2%, 0.15 per 1,000 access days). Two symptomatic right upper extremity venous thromboses also occurred (1.7%, 0.05 per 1,000 access days) that were treated successfully with anticoagulation. Conclusion: Image-guided placement of internal jugular vein chest ports has a high success rate and low complication rate compared with reported series of unguided subclavian vein port insertion. The internal jugular vein should be used as the preferred venous access site compared to the subclavian vein.
Shut up and Move: The Uses of Board Games in Child Psychotherapy

(2000). Shut up and Move: The Uses of Board Games in Child Psychotherapy. Journal of Infant, Child, and Adolescent Psychotherapy: Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 23-41.
Service utilization among veterans with schizophrenia and a comorbid anxiety disorder.

Objective:The objective was to assess the prevalence and impact of anxiety disorders on service utilization among Veterans Health Administration (VHA) patients with schizophrenia.Methods:This cross-sectional study examined diagnostic, utilization, and medication records included in the VHA National Psychosis Registry. Relationships between schizophrenia and anxiety disorders were evaluated along demographic and service utilization dimensions.Results:During fiscal year 2011, 23.8% (N=20,722) of 87,006 VHA patients with schizophrenia were diagnosed as having a comorbid anxiety disorder; 15.2% of the sample had a posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) diagnosis and 8.6% a non-PTSD anxiety disorder. Comorbid anxiety disorders were associated with increased psychiatric comorbidity (depression, personality disorder, and substance use disorder), higher rates of psychiatric and medical hospitalization, and increased utilization of outpatient mental health services.Conclusions:Anxiety disorders are common among indi...
Effect of Albumin and Fibrinogen on Calcium Phosphate Formation on Sol−Gel-Derived Titania Coatings in Vitro

The sol−gel technique provides a method to produce porous titania (TiO2) coatings, which are known to induce bone-like hydroxyapatite formation on their surface in vitro. In this study, the calcium phosphate formation (in vitro bioactivity) on a sol−gel-derived titania coating was investigated in vitro in a simulated body fluid in the presence and absence of albumin (BSA) and fibrinogen (Fib) in solution as well as the effect of surface immobilized proteins on the biomineralization process. The effect of proteins on calcium phosphate (CP) formation was followed by ion concentration analysis, XRD, SEM-EDX, and XPS. When BSA and Fib were present in solution, the CP layer growth kinetics were strongly retarded. It is suggested that the bone-like apatite formation on sol−gel-derived titania coatings occurs via continuous dissolution/reprecipitation processes, where the initially formed CP phase(s) recrystallizes into a more thermodynamically stable phase(s), as previously observed for other biomaterials. Inho...
ONTOGENY OF SEXUAL CONCEPTACLES IN A SPECIES OF BOSSIELLA (CORALLINACEAE)1

SUMMARY The first evidence of conceptacle formation in male and female plants of Bossiella californica ssp. Schmittii is the secretion of a cap below the epithallium. Subsequent development involves the disintegration of the upper enucleate parts of cortical cells below the center of the cap concomitant with the growth of tissue surrounding these cells. Protoplasts in the lower parts of these cortical cells recover and become initials of reproductive cells. Differentiation of each initial in female plants results in a supporting cells bearing 1 or 2, 2-celled carpogonial filaments, and in male plants results in a basal cell bearing 2 or 3 spermatangial mother cells which bud off spermatangia. Following fertilization, supporting cells fuse and form a broad, thin fusion cell from the upper surface of which gonimoblast (carposporangial) filaments arise.
The Effect of Perceived Teacher Burnout on Credibility

This study investigated the effect of perceived teacher burnout on perceived teacher credibility. One hundred eighty-two college students were randomly exposed to a written scenario manipulating the level of perceived teacher burnout (high or low) and responded to a scale measuring perceived teacher credibility in reference to the scenario. Results of one-way multivariate analyses of variance indicated that perceived teacher burnout has a negative impact on perceived teacher competence, caring, and trustworthiness. Low-burnout teachers are perceived as more credible than high-burnout teachers.
Effect of Molecular Crowding on the Response of an Electrochemical DNA Sensor

E-DNA sensors, the electrochemical equivalent of molecular beacons, appear to be a promising means of detecting oligonucleotides. E-DNA sensors are comprised of a redox-modified (here, methylene blue or ferrocene) DNA stem-loop covalently attached to an interrogating electrode. Because E-DNA signaling arises due to binding-induced changes in the conformation of the stem-loop probe, it is likely sensitive to the nature of the molecular packing on the electrode surface. Here we detail the effects of probe density, target length, and other aspects of molecular crowding on the signaling properties, specificity, and response time of a model E-DNA sensor. We find that the highest signal suppression is obtained at the highest probe densities investigated, and that greater suppression is observed with longer and bulkier targets. In contrast, sensor equilibration time slows monotonically with increasing probe density, and the specificity of hybridization is not significantly affected. In addition to providing insight into the optimization of electrochemical DNA sensors, these results suggest that E-DNA signaling arises due to hybridization-linked changes in the rate, and thus efficiency, with which the redox moiety collides with the electrode and transfers electrons.
Long-term status of calcium hydroxide saturation of pore solutions in hardened cements

Abstract The treatment of the Debye-Huckel theory as applied to the solubility of calcium hydroxide by Greenberg and Copeland is extended to permit calculation of the ion concentration solubility product in solutions of high ionic strength and high alkalinity, such as are present in the pores of hardened cement paste and concrete. Analytical data on such solutions expressed from hardened pastes after periods of up to a year provided by Longuet et al. are interpreted according to the equations developed. The solutions are initially supersaturated with respect to calcium hydroxide, as expected, but after a few days these solutions are in fact saturated with respect to calcium hydroxide. This concentration level (and saturation) is maintained for several months. The data indicate that subsequently the content of calcium in the pore solutions drops to undetectable amounts. Therappear to be no concurrent changes in other solution parameters to explain such a behavior; if confirmed, it would indicate that the pore solutions after a few months are no longer in effective contact with calcium hydroxide.
Stochastic transition matrix approach to stochastic transport and its implementation in two-stream transport

Abstract The “stochastic transition matrix approach” to stochastic transport is described, and its implementation is demonstrated adopting the two-stream stochastic transport model and applying it to a purely scattering, and a purely absorbing slab. The conditional averages of the angular flux are obtained analytically in these applications, and shown that they are everywhere positive in the slab within their range of validity. The correct interpretation and use of the MLP equations are emphasized.
Duration of day care attendance during infancy predicts asthma at the age of seven: the Cincinnati Childhood Allergy and Air Pollution Study.

SummaryBackground Studies vary with respect to the reported effects of day care attendance on childhood asthma. Objectives To evaluate the independent and combined effects of day care attendance and respiratory infections on the development of asthma at the age of seven in a prospective birth cohort. Method At the age of seven, the study sample included 589 children with complete data of 762 enrolled at birth. Day care hours and number of respiratory infections were reported in follow-up questionnaires through age four. At 7 years of age, asthma was diagnosed in 95 children (16%), based on predefined symptoms criteria confirmed by either asthma FEV1 reversibility after bronchodilator or a positive methacholine test (PC20 ≤ 4 mg/mL). Logistic regression was used to investigate the relationships between asthma at the age of seven, cumulative hours of day care attendance and reported respiratory infections at ages 1–4. Results In the univariate analyses, day care attendance at 12 months was associated with an increased risk of asthma [odds ratio (OR) = 1.8, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.1–3.0]. Both upper and lower respiratory infections at 12 months also increased the likelihood of asthma [OR = 2.4 (1.4–4.1); OR = 2.3 (1.5–3.7), respectively]. In the final multivariate logistic model, cumulative hours of day care attendance and number of lower respiratory infections at 12 months were associated with asthma [OR = 1.2 (1.1–1.5); OR = 1.4 (1.2–1.7), respectively]. However, a threshold of greater than 37.5 hours per week of day care attendance was associated with a lower risk of asthma [OR = 0.6 (0.4–0.9)]. Conclusion Depending on duration of attendance, day care during infancy can either increase or reduce risk of asthma at the age of seven.
Distribution of enzymes involved in mannan synthesis in plasma membranes and mesosomal vesicles of Micrococcus lysodeikticus.

Abstract The distribution of membrane-bound enzymes involved in mannan biosynthesis in plasma and mesosomal membranes of Micrococcus lysodeikticus has been investigated. Isolated mesosomal vesicles, unlike plasma membrane preparations, cannot catalyze the transfer of [ 14 C]mannose from GDP-[ 14 C]mannose into mannan. This appears to result from the inability of this membrane system to synthesize the carrier lipid [ 14 C]mannosyl-l-phosphorylundecaprenol. In contrast, this is the major manno-lipid synthesized from GDP-[ 14 C]mannose by isolated plasma membranes. The possibility that substrate inaccessibility could account for the failure to detect the enzyme in isolated mesosomal vesicles appears unlikely from the lack of activity following disruption of the vesicles with ultrasound or with surface active agents. Both membrane preparations possessed the ability to catalyse the transfer of [ 14 C]mannose from purified [ 14 C]mannosyl-l-phosphorylundecaprenol into mannan. Furthermore, free mannan and mannan located on both unlabeled mesosomal and unlabeled plasma membranes could act as acceptors of [ 14 C]mannosyl units from 14 C-labeled carrier lipid located in prelabeled plasma membranes. The possibility that the juxtaposition of mesosomal vesicles and enveloping plasma membrane (i.e. the mesosomal sacculus) in vivo allows mannan, located on mesosomal vesicles, to accept mannosyl units from carrier lipid located in the sacculus membrane is discussed.
Selective Isolation of Species of Phytophthora from Natural Soils on an Improved Antibiotic Medium

DIRECT isolation from soil on many of the common agar media used for isolating soil fungi has long been unsuccessful for species of Phytophthora, one of the most destructive fungal pathogens. Until recently1–5, the most successful methods for isolating these species from soil involved susceptible plant hosts or fruit traps6–8. The selective antibiotic media developed a few years ago—the 3P medium9 and the PV medium10—are satisfactory for isolating Phytophthora from infected plant tissues. The antifungal polyene antibiotic pimaricin, used at 100 p.p.m. (µg/ml.) in both media, inhibits the growth of almost all fungi except the pythiaceous members (Pythium and Phytophthora species)9. But neither of these media has been effective for isolating Phytophthora from infested soils. Reasons for this difference in recovery between the use of infected tissue and infested soil were unknown for several years. It was later discovered3,4,11,12 that spores and mycelia of many species of Phytophthora have a differential sensitivity to pimaricin. At 100 p.p.m., the concentration used in both the 3P and PV media, pimaricin did not inhibit mycelial growth but strongly or completely inhibited the germination of the resistant chlamydospores, sporangia and zoospores of many species tested. It was partially inhibitory to these spores at 25 p.p.m., but was non-inhibitory at 12 p.p.m. or less. Most species of Phytophthora do not exist in soil as mycelia, but chiefly as non-mycelial propagules (for example, chlamydospores), and so it became apparent why Phytophthora could not be recovered from soil whenever selective media containing pimaricin at 100 p.p.m. were used. It also explained the recovery of P. megasperma variety sojae from soil by Haas1 on a modified 3P medium containing only 2 p.p.m. of pimaricin.
11.5.2 A NASA Space Communications and Navigation SysML Profile Adaptation

The NASA Space Communications and Navigation (SCaN) Office has been conducting trade studies to investigate integrating its three independent space networks into an integrated space network. SCaN has also chosen to use a model-based systems engineering approach for the trade studies. SysML, being a general-purpose modeling language for systems engineering, was chosen to model the Operational Process Flow for each of the three, independent space networks, as well as for a common, integrated network. This paper describes how the base SysML profile was modified to meet the purposes of the trade study investigating network monitoring and control. Though the methodology described in this paper, neither completely adheres to, nor completely deviates from, standard SysML usage, a working form of SysML modeling has been developed for the network monitoring and control trade study and future anticipated trade studies.
An empirically based model of variation in rotational elements in centric diatoms with comments on ratios in phycology

Ratios are commonly used to relate taxonomic, physiological and ecological properties of algal cells to variation in cell shape and size. However, ratios can be more difficult to interpret than the original variables. A detailed example of a ratio commonly used in diatom taxonomy is presented. The abundance of a reported rotational element on a centric diatom valve is often expressed as density (e.g. number of marginal spines per μm of circumference), rather than simply as total number. It is empirically demonstrated that density if often curvilinearly related to diameter, whereas total number is linearly related (when related at all) to diameter. This linear relationship is the basis for an empirical model which accounts for variation in density in real examples. Under this model, densitywill be a poorer taxonomic character than total number except under rare occasions (e.g. when the slope of the total element versus diameter regression in zero and variance in the numerator is not dependent on the denominator). Other ratios are similarly difficult to interpret. Length/width (or width/length) is often curvilinearly related to width (or width/lenght) is often curvilinearly related to width (Length) because variation is compounded from several sources. Surface/volume has been employed to investigate the relative contributions of size and shape to phytoplankton sinking. However, the properties of this ratio have not been fully investigated, and the relationship between size, shape and sinking rate has not been fully elucidated for the data set in question.
A Plastic Potential Function Suitable for Anisotropic Fiber Composites

A 3-D plastic potential function was proposed to describe nonlinear be havior in anisotropic fiber composites following classical plasticity theory. The assump tion that uniform dilatational strains do not contribute to plastic deformation was used. Further simplification was obtained by ignoring the plastic deformation along the fiber direction which is an acceptable assumption for most advanced fiber composites. The va lidity of this plastic potential was examined by employing finite element micromechanical analysis.
mTORC1 Activation Regulates β-Cell Mass and Proliferation by Modulation of Cyclin D2 Synthesis and Stability

Growth factors, insulin signaling, and nutrients are important regulators of β-cell mass and function. The events linking these signals to the regulation of β-cell mass are not completely understood. The mTOR pathway integrates signals from growth factors and nutrients. Here, we evaluated the role of the mTOR/raptor (mTORC1) signaling in proliferative conditions induced by controlled activation of Akt signaling. These experiments show that the mTORC1 is a major regulator of β-cell cycle progression by modulation of cyclin D2, D3, and Cdk4 activity. The regulation of cell cycle progression by mTORC1 signaling resulted from modulation of the synthesis and stability of cyclin D2, a critical regulator of β-cell cycle, proliferation, and mass. These studies provide novel insights into the regulation of cell cycle by the mTORC1, provide a mechanism for the antiproliferative effects of rapamycin, and imply that the use of rapamycin could negatively impact the success of islet transplantation and the adaptation of β-cells to insulin resistance.
Stability analysis of a pressure‐solution surface

We present a linear stability analysis of a dissolution surface subjected to non-hydrostatic stress. A sinusoidal perturbation is imposed on an initially flat solid/fluid interface, and the consequent changes in elastic strain energy and surface energy are calculated. Our results demonstrate that if the far-field lateral stresses are either greater, or much smaller than the fluid pressure, the perturbed configuration has a lower strain energy than the initial one. For wavelengths greater than a critical wavelength this energy decrease may be large enough to offset the increased surface energy. Under these conditions, the perturbation grows unstably. If these conditions are not met, the surface becomes flat. The growth rate and wavelength of the maximally unstable mode depend on the mechanism of matter transport. We conclude that the instability discussed in this paper may account for the formation of stylolites and other pressure-solution phenomena, such as roughening of grain contacts.
Word Learning in Very Young Children From Infant‐Directed DVDs

This study examined if babies (6–24 months; n = 60) learn words from a DVD modeled on Baby Einstein™. The study was novel in that it utilized an infant-directed DVD, but was edited to include low-frequency words (e.g., medallion) and it utilized the preferential looking method in the posttest so that very young babies could be tested. Results suggested that babies could learn the novel words in the live condition; however, they did not appear to learn them in the video condition. Furthermore, there was no age effect in the video condition. Finally, there was no relationship between visual attention to the video and learning from it. Thus, high attention did not necessarily result in learning.
Void/Bridged-Crack Interactions and Their Implications for Defect Coalescence

Void-crack interactions with crack bridging play an important role in the determination of rupture failure modes of composite materials. In this paper, an integral equation approach is developed to study the behavior of systems containing multiple in teracting voids and cracks with a general form of crack bridging. The formulation is based on a superposition technique that decompose the interacting voids and cracks into a number of subproblems, each involving only a single void or single crack. The integral equations are fully non-singular and thus can be solved effectively with a Gauss integra tion scheme. Numerical examples are given in order to study the effects of bridging, bridg ing anisotropy, void size, and void spacing, among others, on the crack-tip behavior. The influence of void-crack interactions on the fracture path are also investigated. For a material containing doubly periodic collinear holes arranged with offsets in subsequent rows, it is found that the fracture path can be formed either ...
Avoidance Goals for a Specific Social Situation Influence Activated Negative and Positive Affect

Anxiety disorder research may benefit from examining motivational factors, such as the difference between approach and avoidance goals. Self-regulation theories in particular suggest that affect serves as feedback for goal pursuit, with anxiety primarily providing feedback regarding avoidance. However, little information is available on participant goals for a specific task that generates social anxiety. In Study 1, we demonstrate that confidence regarding avoidance goals, importance ascribed to these goals, and the interaction between confidence and importance showed the most robust relationships with activated negative affect and positive affect ratings. In Study 2, we partially replicated the interactive effect but fully replicated the general finding of the importance of confidence in avoidance goals for both types of affect. Against hypothesis, ratings regarding avoidance goals were also more strongly related to positive affect. It appears likely that the various findings regarding cost and probability in the study of social anxiety disorder are related to these findings.
THE EFFECT OF n-METHYL-PHENYL-ETHYL BARBITURIC ACID ON THYROID FUNCTION IN THE RAT

INTRODUCTION THE barbituric acids have been assumed to have no effect, or a slight depressing effect on the thyroidal accumulation of I131 (Wase and Greenspan, 1953; Wase et al., 1953). Thus it was somewhat surprising when n-methyl-phenyl-ethyl barbituric acid (MPEBA) was reported to increase the thyroidal accumulation of I131 in the rat (Schwarz, 1955). It is the purpose of the present report to present data that confirm and extend the observation that MPEBA enchances the thyroidal accumulation of I131 in the rat. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ninety-five Sprague-Dawley male rats were maintained on ground commercial rat chow2 and tap water ad lib. from the 23rd day of age until sacrifice at 35 days of age in a temperature controlled animal room (72° F±2°). Forty-five of the rats received MPEBA3 added to the diet at a concentration of 0.1%. Each rat received 2/xc. of carrier free I1314 by the interperitoneal route and 9 animals from each group were sacrificed at 1.5, 3, 6, 12, and 24 hours after receiving the iso...
More than just metastases: a practical approach to solid mesenteric masses

The abdominal mesenteries are important peritoneal structures that give rise to a wide spectrum of abnormalities, including solid mesenteric masses. Despite similarities in appearance, solid masses in the mesentery may have diverse etiologies, ranging from benign to highly malignant. While metastases are the most common cause of solid masses in the mesentery, other less common conditions are also important diagnostic considerations. This article reviews four pathologic entities (sclerosing mesenteritis, carcinoid tumors, desmoids tumors, and gastrointestinal stromal tumors) that may be manifested on abdominal imaging examinations by one or more mesenteric masses. These four pathologic entities are used to present a systematic approach to the radiographic characterization of solid mesenteric masses based on the morphology of the lesions, locoregional effects, and distant findings on various abdominal imaging examinations.
A magneto-acoustic method for the noninvasive measurement of bioelectric currents

A method for the noninvasive measurement of low-level ionically conducted electric currents flowing in electrolytes and tissue is investigated. Experiments show that the application of oscillating magnetic fields to current-carrying media will cause focal Lorentz forces which generate detectable vibrations. These vibrations can be sensitively and noninvasively detected by surface contact detectors and can be used to determine the magnitude of internal current flows. Microampere-level currents introduced in hamsters to simulate natural bioelectric currents have been sensitively detected by this approach. >
Effect of current pulses delivered during the ventricular vulnerable period upon the ventricular fibrillation threshold.

The effect of current delivered to the myocardium as either a pulse or train of pulses upon the recovery of excitability and upon the subsequent threshold for initiating ventricular fibrillation was studied in open chest dogs. Bipolar epicardial electrodes delivered current during the vulnerable period, and a circular array of six electrodes surrounding the central current electrode recorded the time course of recovery of myocardial excitability. Increasing the current intensity of either a pulse or train of pulses at the central site increased the temporal dispersion in recovery of excitability among the six peripheral electrode sites. This increase in temporal dispersion was associated with a decrease in ventricular fibrillation threshold immediately after the application of current. The degree of temporal dispersion in recovery after the train was increased by coronary occlusion but decreased by administration of lidocaine. Increasing the intensity of current delivered during the vulnerable period increases the degree of inhomogeneity in recovery of the myocardium until a level is attained that allows multiple asynchronous reentry and fibrillation. Interventions that increase or decrease the intrinsic amounts of inhomogeneity in the myocardium modify the amount of “extra inhomogeneity” that the current pulses must add during a fibrillation threshold determination to bring the myocardium to a level for fibrillation. In this way current delivered during the vulnerable period assesses vulnerability to fibrillation. These experiments also suggest that the ventricular fibrillation threshold following premature ventricular beats evoked by malfunctioning cardiac pacemakers may be lower than that following spontaneously occurring premature beats at the same coupling interval.
Measurement of elastic electron - neutron scattering and inelastic electron - deuteron scattering cross-sections at high momentum transfer

We have measured inelastic electron-deuteron, electron-proton, and electron-aluminum cross sections at 10\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} in the kinematic region between elastic deuteron scattering and the second resonance region at six beam energies between 9.8 and 21 GeV. The elastic electron-neutron cross section was extracted from the quasielastic data at ${Q}^{2}=2.5,4.0,6.0,8.0, \mathrm{and} 10.0$ ${(\mathrm{G}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{V}/\mathit{c})}^{2}$. The ratio of elastic cross sections $\frac{{\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{n}}{{\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{p}}$ falls with increasing ${Q}^{2}$ above 6 ${(\mathrm{G}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{V}/\mathit{c})}^{2}$. The inelastic data are compatible either with $y$ scaling (scattering from a single nucleon) or with $\ensuremath{\xi}$ scaling (scattering from quarks).
Turnings and adaptations in resilient daughters of battered women.

Purpose: To examine the major life-turning points and adaptations of adult daughters of battered women, as a means of describing the dynamic of resilience in daughters of battered women. Design: A convenience sample of 10 community-based adult daughters of battered women in 1995. Methods: Two unstructured, tape-recorded life history interviews lasting 3–5 hours each and an investigator-developed self-report of significant life events. Results: Seven major turnings and six adaptations were identified and described. Conclusions: The findings indicate that these resilient adult daughters of battered women were able to experience formidable life events and to overcome them, but not without suffering. The women's adaptations resulted from a confluence of individual and environmental characteristics that are amenable to nursing interventions.
Development and Application of a Poly(ethylene glycol)-Supported Triarylphosphine Reagent: Expanding the Sphere of Liquid-Phase Organic Synthesis

Continuing studies into the utility of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-supported triarylphosphines as functional polymer reagents in liquid-phase organic synthesis (LPOS) are being pursued. This report describes the synthesis and NMR characterization of an aryl−alkyl ether-linked PEG-triarylphosphine derivative (2) and its subsequent application in LPOS. The utility of 2 as a mild stoichiometric reagent for ozonide reduction has been demonstrated, and a direct comparison between 2, a Merrifield resin-bound triarylphosphine derivative, and a solution-phase triphenylphosphine reagent revealed that the highest observed yields occur under liquid-phase conditions. Transformation of phosphine 2 into a phosphonium salt (3) then allowed the inherent aqueous solubility of PEG-functionalized moieties to be exploited by enabling a Wittig reaction, between a range of aldehydes and 3, to occur under mildly basic aqueous conditions. This led to the generation of substituted stilbenes in good to excellent yields. Finally, r...
Optimization and Borel summability

Abstract In the context of a toy model, recently investigated by Stevenson, we argue that a finite non-zero limit of optimized QCD perturbation theory will only be obtained if the perturbation series is convergent or divergent although Borel-summable. We give reasons for favoring the latter possibility. If the series is not Borel-summable the optimized sum will be zero.
Overshooting: Mixing Length Yields Divergent Results

Overshooting (OV) is the signature of the nonlocal nature of convection. To describe the latter, one needs five nonlocal, coupled differential equations to describe turbulent kinetic energies (total K and in the z-direction Kz), potential energy, convective flux, and rate of dissipation e. We show analytically that if e is assumed to be given by the local expression, e = K3/2l-1 (mixing length l = αHp or l = z/a, since the region is small in extent), the remaining differential equations exhibit singularities (divergences) for specific values of a within the range of values usually employed. No solution can be found. Thus, OV results from such an approach are quite accidental, as they stem from an arbitrary fine tuning of a.
An Efficient Steric Controlled Photo-Fries Rearrangement in the Naphthalene Series

Abstract For the work on the synthesis of 2-acyl-5-methoxynaphthoquinones as tricyclic analogues of daunomycinone1, we wanted to develop an efficient regioselective synthesis of 5-methoxy-2-acyl-1-naphthols without using Lewis acids. This requirement precluded the use of the thermal Fries but not the photo-Fries rearrangement. Although the mechanistic aspects of the photo reaction have received much study2, the reaction has been little used preparatively3 because it usually gives poor yields of hydroxy ketones even when only one product is possible.
Which should it be called: convergent validity or discriminant validity?

(2000). Which Should it Be Called: Convergent Validity or Discriminant Validity? Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport: Vol. 71, No. 2, pp. 190-194.