cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Development of Emotion from a Social Process View

This chapter examines the definition of emotion and how emotions develop. Although many researchers speak of the development of emotion, there is neither consensus about what emotions are nor what it means to say that they develop. These issues have been the focus of an ongoing debate between differential (Izard, 1994; Izard & Malatesta, 1987), cognitive (Frijda, 1993; Lazarus, 1991; Lewis & Brooks-Gunn, 1979; Ortony, Clore, & Collins, 1988; Sroufe, 1979, 1984), and functional approaches to emotion (Barrett, 1993; Campos, 1994; Fischer, Shaver, & Carnochan, 1990). We examine these issues from the perspective of the social process view of emotion (Fogel et al., 1992).
Casino Drink Policies: Limiting Third-Party Liability

In their efforts to provide an atmosphere or hospitality to their casino customers, many operators will provide complimentary alcoholic beverage service. This practice is fraught with liability, particularly in venues outside of Nevada. Conscientious operators must take every precaution to mitigate the possibility of lawsuit.
GM-CSF driven myeloid cells in adipose tissue link weight gain and insulin resistance via formation of 2-aminoadipate.

In a GM-CSF driven myeloid cell deficient mouse model (Csf2−/−) that has preserved insulin sensitivity despite increased adiposity, we used unbiased three-dimensional integration of proteome profiles, metabolic profiles, and gene regulatory networks to understand adipose tissue proteome-wide changes and their metabolic implications. Multi-dimensional liquid chromatography mass spectrometry and extended multiplex mass labeling was used to analyze proteomes of epididymal adipose tissues isolated from Csf2+/+ and Csf2−/− mice that were fed low fat, high fat, or high fat plus cholesterol diets for 8 weeks. The metabolic health (as measured by body weight, adiposity, plasma fasting glucose, insulin, triglycerides, phospholipids, total cholesterol levels, and glucose and insulin tolerance tests) deteriorated with diet for both genotypes, while mice lacking Csf2 were protected from insulin resistance. Regardless of diet, 30 mostly mitochondrial, branch chain amino acids (BCAA), and lysine metabolism proteins were altered between Csf2−/− and Csf2+/+ mice (FDR 4-fold upregulated and plasma 2-AA levels were >2 fold reduced in Csf2−/− mice (p < 0.05). GM-CSF driven myeloid cells link peripheral insulin sensitivity to adiposity via lysine metabolism involving DHTKD1/2-AA axis in a diet independent manner.
Inguinal Hernia Repair in the Setting of Bowel Injury/Resection

The use of permanent synthetic mesh in the repair of inguinal hernias is considered standard of care regardless of whether a laparoscopic or open approach is used. These prosthetics are responsible for a profound reduction in the recurrence rates of inguinal hernia repairs. There are many situations in which the utilization of mesh is considered standard of care, but there are several which warrant further discussion. In particular the utilization of meshes in contaminated fields can lead to higher rates of wound morbidity. One such situation which may lead to contamination is concomitant bowel injury or the need for resection of the bowel. This manuscript seeks to tackle this difficult situation and provide suggestions for clinical management.
The role of illness uncertainty in the relationship between disease knowledge and patient-reported outcomes among adolescents and adults with congenital heart disease.

Abstract Background Greater general disease knowledge predicts better patient-reported outcomes (PROs) among congenital heart disease (CHD) survivors, but higher illness uncertainty is associated with elevated emotional distress and poorer well-being among patients with chronic disease. Objectives This study explored the relationship of illness uncertainty and disease knowledge with emotional distress and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) among patients with CHD. Methods Individuals with CHD (N = 169, ages 15–39) completed self-report measures of disease knowledge (general and risk-related), illness uncertainty, depressive and anxiety symptoms, and HRQoL. Pearson correlations and regressions analyses were utilized. Results Greater risk-related knowledge was associated with greater anxiety (b = .41, p = .03, 95% CI = [.04, .77]) and poorer emotional HRQoL (b = -.53, p = .03, 95% CI = [-1.02, -.05]) when illness uncertainty was higher. Conclusion When individuals with CHD feel uncertain about their disease course and outcomes, knowledge about future cardiovascular risks may result in higher levels of distress.
Reversed phase HPLC with high temperature ethanol/water mobile phases as a green alternative method for the estimation of octanol/water partition coefficients.

Abstract High temperature ethanol/water was explored as a green eluent in the reversed-phase liquid chromatographic approximation of pure water retention (log kw) and subsequent estimation of the octanol/water partition coefficient (log P) via the Collander equation and the Leave-One-Out method. As part of this work, linear solvation energy relationships were employed to compare the log kw extrapolated systems based on high temperature ethanol/water, ambient acetonitrile/water, and ambient methanol/water mobile phases. Based on the comparisons of the three organic modifiers, high temperature ethanol/water mobile phases were observed to provide the best estimation of log P. This conclusion is based on a high log P correlation of 0.968 R2 and a near unity cos θ value of 0.997 between LSER coefficient vectors of ethanol/water estimated log P and octanol/water log P systems. The method employed in this work, further, provided high correlation for the hydrogen-bonding basicity term between the two systems.
American Voices in a Changing Democracy: Women, Lobbying, and Tax, 1924-1936: Part 1 Introduction

This Part I introduces my book AMERICAN VOICES IN A CHANGING DEMOCRACY: WOMEN, LOBBYING, AND TAX 1924-1936. The book focuses on the intersection of three areas of change in a time of great change: the role of women, the role of lobbying (broadly defined), and the role of taxation. These areas are once again in flux today. Each area is important in itself and each underwent significant change during this time period that affected important aspects of American life. Combined, the three areas illuminate the interrelated nature of society, economics, government and politics. The book is not about lobbying, women, or taxation per se, but about the intersection of these three elements in a period of generally rapid change. Each element is important to democracy and each underwent great changes during the relevant years. Viewing the interaction of the three elements provides not just insight into each strand but expands our knowledge of democracy’s responses to change in an era similar to our current times in many ways: rapid technological change, demographic changes, economic stresses, and political change. Tax-phobic readers should rest easy. The book is not about substantive tax; rather it uses tax as a medium to examine women and lobbying. Consequently, readers need not know any tax—or even be all that interested in tax. The book contains no technical tax or substantive tax policy. Rather, it concerns one aspect of the social construction of tax policy: the influence of mid-level lobbying on public opinion regarding taxes as manifest from one perspective—women’s political action. All the reader needs to know by way of background about taxes, is found in Part D of Chapter I. Although the tax-aholic will be unable to satisfy a technical tax thirst, the tax-ophile will still find a satisfying feast of material about the central role taxation plays in America. This Introduction lays out the scope, purpose and organization of the book. It sets the stage by briefly describing the changing technology, culture and government that underlay the changes affecting women, tax and lobbying. It proceeds to explain the choice of the time period and concludes with a note about research techniques.
Chats Over Spats: Exploring Social Media Use for Mentorship in Youth Development Programs

This paper presents a unique finding from a larger research project exploring social media use for social support among youth development program participants in Lafayette, IN. Through participant observation and semi-structured interviews conducted with Boys and Girls Club members ages 9-15, youth revealed varied uses of social media to sustain unexpected cross-age friendships. These friendships were perceived as integral sources of social support, and members described them to be some of the most significant in their lives at the time of their interviews. This finding raises important questions about the significant role social media may play in the maintenance of such cross-age relationships and mentorships, considering the absence of consistent face-to-face contact during the school day. Ultimately, participation in youth development programs in combination with social media use fosters these mentorships and encourages maturity and stability among these youth, which validates these unique friendships as important sources of social support. This finding offers implications for integrating digital and social media into youth development spaces, as well as for informing social and digital media designers of this particular use case.
Desiccation resistance and pigmentation variation reflects bioclimatic differences in the Drosophila americana species complex.

Disentangling the selective factors shaping adaptive trait variation is an important but challenging task. Many studies—especially in Drosophila—have documented trait variation along latitudinal or altitudinal clines, but frequently lack resolution about specific environmental gradients that could be causal selective agents, and often do not investigate covariation between traits simultaneously. Here we examined variation in multiple macroecological factors across geographic space and their associations with variation in three physiological traits (desiccation resistance, UV resistance, and pigmentation) at both population and species scales, to address the role of abiotic environment in shaping trait variation. Using environmental data from collection locations of three North American Drosophila species—D. americana americana, D. americana texana and D. novamexicana—we identified two primary axes of macroecological variation; these differentiated species habitats and were strongly loaded for precipitation and moisture variables. In nine focal populations (three per species) assayed for each trait, we detected significant species-level variation for both desiccation resistance and pigmentation, but not for UV resistance. Species-level trait variation was consistent with differential natural selection imposed by variation in habitat water availability, although patterns of variation differed between desiccation resistance and pigmentation, and we found little evidence for pleiotropy between traits. Our multi-faceted approach enabled us to identify potential agents of natural selection and examine how they might influence the evolution of multiple traits at different evolutionary scales. Our findings highlight that environmental factors influence functional trait variation in ways that can be complex, and point to the importance of studies that examine these relationships at both population- and species-levels.
When we sleep, where we sleep, and with whom we sleep are all important markers or indicators of social status, privilege, and health.

CITATIONCintron WR. When we sleep, where we sleep, and with whom we sleep are all important markers or indicators of social status, privilege, and health. J Clin Sleep Med. 2020;16(2):163.
Physical Therapy for Pain Management

The aim of this chapter is to provide an overview of the most common, evidence-based techniques and approaches used by physical therapists to evaluate and treat patients with pain. The first section on evaluation includes examination techniques, prognosis, and patient diagnosis/classification. The second section on treatment presents management strategies linked to a pain mechanism classification scheme of nociceptive, neuropathic, or nociplastic pain. Specific recommendations from clinical practice guidelines are included for the physical therapy management of spinal pain, lower extremity osteoarthritis, radiculopathy, carpal tunnel syndrome, fibromyalgia, and complex regional pain syndrome, type I.
Translanguaging and Early Childhood Education in the USA: Insights from the CUNY-NYSIEB Project

This chapter offers insights into the education of young children—what is referred to in the United States as early childhood education—who come from homes where languages other than English are spoken. Drawing on recent critiques of early childhood education in the U.S., this chapter provides classroom-based examples of how teachers can leverage young children’s translanguaging and cultural knowledge in their education. Overall, the chapter demonstrates both the possibilities and challenges of adopting a translanguaging pedagogy (Garcia et al., The Translanguaging classroom. Leveraging student bilingualism for learning, Caslon, Philadelphia, 2017) in early childhood classrooms in the United States.
Long-term effects of maternal cannabis vapor exposure on emotional reactivity, social behavior, and behavioral flexibility in offspring.

Abstract The use of cannabis during pregnancy is a growing public health concern. As more countries implement legislation permitting recreational cannabis use, there is an urgent need to better understand its impact on fetal neurodevelopment and its long-term effects in exposed offspring. Studies examining effects of prenatal cannabis exposure typically employ injections of synthetic cannabinoids or isolated cannabis constituents that may not accurately model cannabis use in human populations. To address this limitation, we developed a novel e-cigarette technology-based system to deliver vaporized cannabis extracts to pregnant Long Evans rats. We used this model to determine effects of prenatal cannabis exposure on emotional, social, and cognitive endpoints of male and female offspring during early development and into adulthood. Dams were exposed to cannabis vapor (CANTHC: 400 mg/ml), vehicle vapor (VEH), or no vapor (AIR) twice daily during mating and gestation. Offspring exposed to CANTHC and VEH showed reduced weight gain relative to AIR offspring prior to weaning. CANTHC offspring made more isolation-induced ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) on postnatal day 6 (P6) relative to VEH-exposed offspring, which is indicative of increased emotional reactivity. Male CANTHC offspring engaged in fewer social investigation behaviors than VEH-exposed male offspring during a social play test on P26. In adulthood, CANTHC-exposed offspring spent less time exploring the open arms of the elevated plus maze and exhibited dose-dependent deficits in behavioral flexibility in an attentional set-shifting task relative to AIR controls. These data collectively indicate that prenatal cannabis exposure may cause enduring effects on the behavioral profile of offspring.
Mechanically Ventilated Patients at the Massachusetts General Hospital During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic of 2020 placed enormous stress on the national and individual state health care systems but especially on individual healthcare institutions, with relation to a number of areas; insufficient staffing, ICU beds, and mechanical ventilators. In this abstract we describe the initial experiences at the Massachusetts General Hospital from March 23, to May 25, 2020. Methods: This retrospective study was done with local IRB approval. Staffing was addressed by voluntarily suspending vacation time and working overtime, hiring traveling therapists, and the temporary movement of staff from other institutions not experiencing a surge to the MGH. Workflow was also adjusted. ICU beds were increased by conversion of many general care floors. Number of mechanical ventilators was increased by purchasing new ICU ventilators, borrowing from other hospitals not experiencing a surge and the rental of ventilators. Results: Minimal staff took vacation and most worked at least one overtime shift a week. A total of 24 travelers were hired, 8 staff temporarily reassigned from other institutions and 8 staff employed on a provisional basis. As the surge increased the number of routine patient/ventilator assessments decreased from every 4 hours to every 6 hours then to every 12 hours. The conversion of general care floors increased adult ICU beds from 119 to 256. The number of available ventilators increased from 167 (121 ICU, 30 transport, 16 NIV) to 321 (186 ICU, 63 transport, 72 NIV). At the peak, 156 COVID-19 patients were ventilated. During this period a total of 394 COVID-19 patients were ventilated with a median length of 16.3 days. Of these patients 263 (66.8%) were successfully liberated from the ventilator, 42 (10.7%) remained intubated and 89 (22.6%) died. In addition, 19 patients were maintained on ECMO at a median length of 12.5 days. A total of 8 patients were successfully decannulated (4 survived to hospital discharge to date), 4 died, and 7 remain on ECMO. Conclusions: We were able to successfully negotiate the COVID-19 surge first as a result of the unselfish dedication and professionalism of the Massachusetts General Hospital Respiratory Care staff. Second, the ability to cooperate with other institutions regarding temporary transfer of ventilators and staff. Third, willingness to innovate by all involved. Fourth, the Massachusetts General Hospital and the Partners Healthcare System’s willingness to ensure that resources were available to meet the needs of all of our patients.
Integrative network analysis reveals USP7 haploinsufficiency inhibits E-protein activity in pediatric T-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL)

USP7, which encodes a deubiquitylating enzyme, is among the most frequently mutated genes in pediatric T-ALL, with somatic heterozygous loss-of-function mutations (haploinsufficiency) predominantly affecting the subgroup that has aberrant TAL1 oncogene activation. Network analysis of > 200 T-ALL transcriptomes linked USP7 haploinsufficiency with decreased activities of E-proteins. E-proteins are also negatively regulated by TAL1, leading to concerted down-regulation of E-protein target genes involved in T-cell development. In T-ALL cell lines, we showed the physical interaction of USP7 with E-proteins and TAL1 by mass spectrometry and ChIP-seq. Haploinsufficient but not complete CRISPR knock-out of USP7 showed accelerated cell growth and validated transcriptional down-regulation of E-protein targets. Our study unveiled the synergistic effect of USP7 haploinsufficiency with aberrant TAL1 activation on T-ALL, implicating USP7 as a haploinsufficient tumor suppressor in T-ALL. Our findings caution against a universal oncogene designation for USP7 while emphasizing the dosage-dependent consequences of USP7 inhibitors currently under development as potential cancer therapeutics.
Detection of Damage in OperatingWind Turbines by Signature Distances

Wind turbines operate in the atmospheric boundary layer and are subject to complex random loading. This precludes using a deterministic response of healthy turbines as the baseline for identifying the effect of damage on the measured response of operating turbines. In the absence of such a deterministic response, the stochastic dynamic response of the tower to a shutdown maneuver is found to be affected distinctively by damage in contrast to wind. Such a dynamic response, however, cannot be established for the blades. As an alternative, the estimate of blade damage is sought through its effect on the third or fourth modal frequency, each found to be mostly unaffected by wind. To discern the effect of damage from the wind effect on these responses, a unied method of damage detection is introduced that accommodates different responses. In this method, the dynamic responses are transformed to surfaces via continuous wavelet transforms to accentuate the effect of wind or damage on the dynamic response. Regions of signicant deviations between these surfaces are then isolated in their corresponding planes to capture the change signatures. The image distances between these change signatures are shown to produce consistent estimates of damage for both the tower and the blades in presence of varying wind eld proles.
Understanding the anisotropic phonon thermal transport through 2D β-siligraphene

Abstract Low dimensional and 2D materials have been considered as promising candidates for thermoelectric applications due to their intrinsic high carrier mobilities. Amongst them, β-SiC7 has gained interest due to its direct band gap and thermal stability. To further explore the potential of this material, we present a detailed analyses of the lattice thermal conductance ( κ L ) of 2D β-SiC7 through a full iterative solution of the Boltzmann transport equation. We find the thermal transport to be anisotropic with κ yy = 97.62 (10−9 W/K), significantly lower than that of graphene due to the presence of Si atom in the lattice which causes distortion and weakening of the acoustic branches. The TA and LA modes to possess the highest phonon group velocities due to their linear nature around the Γ point in the phonon dispersion, while the ZA mode possesses the lowest group velocity as a result of the quadratic shape of the branch within the vicinity of the Γ point. On the other hand, the flexural ZA branch possesses the longest carrier lifetime that is about three orders of magnitude higher than the LA and TA branches, since the mass disorder in the lattice softens the acoustic modes. The thermodynamic limit to the κ L is attained for a sample domain size of ∼45 μm and nanostructuring emerges as a possibility to reduce the κ L by 50% to enhance the thermoelectric efficiency of the material.
Multi-method geoarchaeological analyses demonstrates exceptionally rapid construction of Ridge West 3 at Poverty Point

This report presents results of re-excavation and reanalysis of unit 5276N 4790E, located on Ridge West 3 (RW3) at the Poverty Point site. Jon Gibson excavated this unit and others in 1991 and argu...
Cardiac Resident Macrophages Prevent Fibrosis and Stimulate Angiogenesis.

Rationale: The initial hypertrophy response to cardiac pressure overload is considered compensatory, but with sustained stress, it eventually leads to heart failure. Recently, a role for recruited ...
Fraud Created the Market: Presuming Reliance in Rule 10(b)-5 Primary Securities Market Fraud Litigation

This Note addresses the circuit split regarding the “fraud created the market” presumption of reliance in Rule 10b-5 securities fraud cases. Fraud created the market was first adopted by the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit in Shores v. Sklar, and applies in cases where a defendant has engaged in a “scheme to defraud” the investing public in the primary securities market. This Note first discusses Congress’s intent behind relevant securities laws, the effect presuming reliance has on the class certification process, and how the presumption of reliance has been applied in Rule 10b-5 actions by the U.S. Supreme Court. Next, this Note analyzes the initial acceptance of the fraud created the market theory in Shores, and the split between the U.S. Courts of Appeals for the Fifth, Tenth, and Eleventh Circuits, which have accepted the theory, and the U.S. Courts of Appeals for the Third and Seventh Circuits, which have rejected the theory. Finally, this Note argues that the Fifth Circuit’s unique interpretation of what constitutes a “scheme to defraud” in Abell v. Potomac Insurance Co. is consistent with congressional intent, urging its acceptance by the Supreme Court so that investors may have reliance presumed in the primary market.
Editorial: "Struck by Lightening"

Despite governmental attempts to ban bleaching products and the extreme health risks, including skin cancer, brain and kidney damage, and sometimes death, many African women, continental and Diasporan alike, continue to use chemical agents and homemade concoctions to lighten the complexion of their skin. Although the social practice of skin bleaching has had long history in Africana communities, it is seldom the focus of academic research and/or critical analysis. As such, this special edition examines and further interrogates various dimensions for which skin bleaching has implications (social, cultural, gendered, health, economic, political, etc.).
Drug allergy in cystic fibrosis

In the absence of a rational therapeutic approach to the basic molecular defect in cystic fibrosis (CF), contemporary therapy remains an amalgam of variably effective empiric treatments aimed at various clinical manifestations and components of this complex and protean disease. The result is a remarkable polypharmaceutical regimen of antibiotics, pancreatic enzymes, nutritional supplements, bronchodilators, and assorted other medications. In this chapter, I will review the two components of this polypharmacy that have resulted in significant problems with allergic reactions, not only in CF patients, but also (in some cases) in their caretakers. These two components are antibiotic and pancreatic enzyme therapy. Among the antibiotics used to treat pulmonary infection in CF, antipseudomonal semisynthetic penicillin derivative and cephalosporin β-lactam drugs have caused most of the allergic problems found in patients; accordingly, the major focus of this review will be on these compounds.
Chapter 19 Experiments in Decentralized Monopoly Restraint

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on laboratory experimental examinations of a particular class of institutions, policies or mechanisms of monopoly control. These are mechanisms which take the existence of a monopoly as a given and ask how might the “abuses” of monopoly be controlled in a decentralized manner. The most prevalent form of monopoly control in the United States for many decades was cost-based “rate of return” regulation. The academic and practitioner critics of rate of return regulation were numerous. In general, the arguments were that the incentives in the rate of return regulatory process itself led to distortions relative to standard measures of efficiency. This chapter focuses exclusively on experiments that do more than simply reform centralized price regulation, that is, we examine decentralized forms of monopoly control.
Complications of Surgical Hemorrhoidectomy

Treatment of hemorrhoids can be by sclerotherapy, rubber band ligation, cryotherapy, infrared coagulation, ultroid therapy,* bipolar diathermy (BICAP), or surgical excision by various techniques. One should employ the most appropriate treatment option according to the indications that have already been described. This chapter will focus on the complications of surgical hemorrhoidectomy.
Do the Tropics Rule

Climate is not the same from one decade to the next, but as Cane and Evans explain in their Perspective, the mechanisms and even the patterns of decadal climate change are not well understood. The proxy climate record reported by Linsley et al. is an example of the kind of highly resolved records required from across the world to understand climate on these time scales.
Local Area Networks: A Client/Server Approach

Partial table of contents: INTRODUCTION TO LOCAL AREA NETWORKS AND CLIENT/SERVER INFORMATION SYSTEMS Local Area Networks: A Business Perspective CLIENT AND SERVER TECHNOLOGY Client Hardware Server Hardware and Software Internet Clients and Servers LOCAL AREA NETWORKS ARCHITECTURES, HARDWARE, AND SOFTWARE Local Area Network Hardware LOCAL AREA NETWORK OPERATING SYSTEMS Novell NetWare Windows NT Unix, TCP/IP, and NFS LAN CONNECTIVITY LAN Internetworking LAN Remote Access ENTERPRISE NETWORKS Enterprise Network Architecture and Topology Enterprise Network Applications and Management Glossary Index.
Impact of SLCO1B1 521T > C variant on leucovorin rescue and risk of relapse in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia treated with high-dose methotrexate.

Background Recent studies suggest that SLCO1B1 c.521T > C variant decreases the clearance of methotrexate (MTX) and elevates its plasma concentration, hence leucovorin doses may need to be adjusted. However, high leucovorin doses may affect the cure rate in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Hitherto neither the appropriate dose of leucovorin in carriers of SLCO1B1 c.521T > C variant nor the impact of SLCO1B1 polymorphism on the risk of ALL relapse has been clarified. Procedure A double-blind and controlled study was conducted in 136 children with ALL. They were genotyped for rs4149056 single nucleotide polymorphism into wild-type group and variant group, and received MTX at 3–5 g/m2. Plasma concentration MTX and its metabolite were determined by HPLC. The toxicity of MTX, dose of leucovorin and 5-year relapse rate of ALL were recorded. Results Compared with wild-type group, area under the concentration time curve of MTX increased by 4.2-fold and peripheral clearance rate decreased significantly in variant group. Patients carrying rs4149056 C allele endured a remarkable longer time above the MTX safety threshold and suffered from a higher frequency of toxicity, so 2.2-fold leucovorin was given. However, no association was found between SLCO1B1 c.521T > C variant and the relapse risk in five years. Conclusions The SLCO1B1 c.521T > C variant was an important determinant of MTX disposition and their carriers were exposed to increased intensity and time of MTX. An appropriate leucovorin dose raise in variant group was beneficial to reducing the serious toxicity. The c.521T > C variant wasn't associated with the risk of ALL relapse. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2014;61:2203–2207. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The development of past tense morphology in L2 Spanish

This book presents an extended analysis of the development of L2 Spanish past tense morphology among L1 English-speaking learners. The study addresses three major questions: (1) what is the developmental pattern of acquisition of past tense verbal morphology among tutored learners? (2) what are the relevant factors that may account for the particular distribution of morphological endings (especially at the beginning stages)?, and (3) how does instruction affect the movement from one stage to the next? The analysis provides a reassessment of the general claim of Andersen’s lexical aspect hypothesis and proposes minor changes that may render the hypothesis more appropriate for, especially, L2 classroom learning. The study includes an overview of theoretical positions on the notion of lexical versus grammatical aspect, and a comparison of the findings from previous empirical studies on the development of past tense verbal morphology among both classroom and naturalistic learners.
Normal serum bilirubin levels in the newborn and the effect of breast-feeding.

We measured the serum bilirubin concentrations in 2,416 consecutive infants admitted to our well-baby nursery. The maximum serum bilirubin concentration exceeded 12.9 mg/dL (221 mumol/L) in 147 infants (6.1%), and these infants were compared with 147 randomly selected control infants with maximum serum bilirubin levels less than or equal to 12.9 mg/dL. In 66 infants (44.9%), we identified an apparent cause for the jaundice, but in 81 (55%), no cause was found. Of infants for whom no cause for hyperbilirubinemia was found, 82.7% were breast-fed v 46.9% in the control group (P less than .0001). Breast-feeding was significantly associated with hyperbilirubinemia, even in the first three days of life. The 95th percentile for bottle-fed infants is a serum bilirubin level of 11.4 mg/dL v 14.5 mg/dL for the breast-fed population, and the 97th percentiles are 12.4 and 14.8 mg/dL, respectively. Of the formula-fed infants, 2.24% had serum bilirubin levels greater than 12.9 mg/dL v 8.97% of breast-fed infants (P less than .000001). When compared with previous large studies, the incidence of "readily visible" jaundice (serum bilirubin level greater than 8 mg/dL) appears to be increasing. The dramatic increase in breast-feeding in the United States in the last 25 years may explain this observation. There is a strong association between breast-feeding and jaundice in the healthy newborn infant. Investigations for the cause of hyperbilirubinemia in healthy breast-fed infants may not be indicated unless the serum bilirubin level exceeds approximately 15 mg/dL, whereas in the bottle-fed infant, such investigations may be indicated if the serum bilirubin exceeds approximately 12 mg/dL.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Journal Rankings in Sociology: Using the H Index with Google Scholar

There is considerable interest in the ranking of journals, given the intense pressure to place articles in the “top” journals. In this article, a new index, h, and a new source of data—Google Scholar – are introduced, and a number of advantages of this methodology to assessing journals are noted. This approach is attractive because it provides a more robust account of the scholarly enterprise than do the standard Journal Citation Reports. Readily available software enables do-it-yourself assessments of journals, including those not otherwise covered, and enable the journal selection process to become a research endeavor that identifies particular articles of interest. While some critics are skeptical about the visibility and impact of sociological research, the evidence presented here indicates that most sociology journals produce a steady stream of papers that garner considerable attention. While the position of individual journals varies across measures, there is a high degree commonality across these measurement approaches. A clear hierarchy of journals remains no matter what assessment metric is used. Moreover, data over time indicate that the hierarchy of journals is highly stable and self-perpetuating. Yet highly visible articles do appear in journals outside the set of elite journals. In short, the h index provides a more comprehensive picture of the output and noteworthy consequences of sociology journals than do than standard impact scores, even though the overall ranking of journals does not markedly change.
Mirror Lake Intrusive Breccia, Seven Devils Mountains, Western Idaho

The Mirror Lake Intrusive Breccia cuts Upper Triassic rocks of the Seven Devils Volcanics. Plutonic clasts, mostly of “mafic” and “granitic” compositions, are suspended in a hornblende metadiabase porphyry matrix. “Mafic” clasts are hornblende metagabbro and metadiorite, and “granitic” clasts are metamorphosed quartz diorite and albite granite. The plutonic clasts are representative of underlying plutons which had been intruded in Late Triassic–Middle Jurassic time. The intrusive breccia also was injected during that time interval. Devolatilization of a water-rich magma gave impetus to the rising mass and pieces of wall rock were broken off and carried upward. Clasts were rounded by corrasion and assimilation during transport and magma crystallization. Later regional metamorphism produced greenschist mineralogy in the rocks.
Influence of phase-locked loop on input admittance of three-phase voltage-source converters

A regulated power converter can cause instability issues at its terminals with its input filter or the source. The Generalized Nyquist stability Criterion (GNC), when applied to the product of the source impedance and load admittance in the dq frame, can be used to analyze the stability of balanced three-phase ac systems. This paper presents the influence of the Phase-Locked Loop (PLL) on the input admittance of three-phase Voltage-Source Converters (VSC) for open loop, current-feedback and voltage feedback control conditions. Analytical results show that the PLL introduces a parallel admittance to the open loop admittance of the VSC, and that the current and voltage control loop have additional effects on it. Both simulation and experimental results are presented to verify this analysis. The possible instability due to different PLL design is also shown.
Sensitivity Analysis and the Ground‐Water Inverse Problem

In this work, an indirect inverse method utilizing sensitivity analysis is employed to help understand the reasons for model insensitivity. The results of the sensitivity analysis allow the modeler to delineate insensitive areas of the model where inverse procedures will be more subject to error. Sensitivity coefficients are defined and discussed. A differential equation is developed for the sensitivity coefficients that will generally be solved by numerical techniques. A relatively simple least squares' inverse procedure is used on a hypothetical model to illustrate typical problems that can be encountered. In particular, the effect of data accuracy is considered. The low sensitivity areas of models are generally related to small values of δh/δx and δh/δt. The fact that considerable error in the transmissivity and storativity may occur in areas of low sensitivity should not be looked upon as a failing of the inverse procedure. It is simply a fact that not all areas of the model have been stressed equally. The main advantage of the present work is that areas of low sensitivity may be delineated.
Infrared visualization with two-wave mixing in photorefractive BaTiO 3 crystal

frequencies of light. For example, in the nondegenerate four wave-mixing configuration, one signal beam and onepumping beam write a holographic grating in a photorefractive medium, and a third beam (another pumping beam)reads out the hologram. Two pumping beams can be at different frequencies. This illustrates the principle that lightof different frequencies can lead to interactions in certain photorefractive devices so as to visualize JR images.In this communication, we describe two different two-wave mixing techniques. Both can visualize JR images.In the first configuration, two infrared laser beams, one of which contains image information, are used to record ahologram in a BaTiO3 crystal, and the stored image is read out by an visible laser. The second one is the expansionof a previously-described incoherent-to-coherent conversion technnique [31•
Fractographic observations of Ti−6Al−4V alloy fatigued in vacuum

These observations were made as part of a study of the influence of temperature and chemical environment on fatigue-crack growth. The results obtained, along with additional fractographic results in other environments, suggest that the mechanism for fatigue-crack growth in the Ti-6Al-4V alloy is basically similar (striations are observed) for a wide range of environments. In addition to ?vacuum,' these environments include distilled water, ?dry' and ?wet' air, ?dry' hydrogen, and ?dry' and ?wet' argon.
Gaussian polynomials and invertibility

The content of a polynomial f over a commutative ring R is the ideal c(f) of R generated by the coefficients of f. If c(fg) = c(f)c(g) for each polynomial g ∈ R[x], then f is said to be Gaussian. If c(f) is an invertible ideal of R, then f is Gaussian. An open question has been whether the converse holds for a polynomial whose content is a regular ideal of R. The main theorem shows slightly more than this; namely, if c(f) has no nonzero annihilators, then c(f) Hom R (c(f), R) = R.
Obesity Promotes Aerobic Glycolysis in Prostate Cancer Cells

Obesity is the leading preventable comorbidity associated with increased prostate cancer-related recurrence and mortality. Epidemiological and clinical studies indicate that a body mass index >30 is associated with increased oxidative DNA damage within the prostate gland and increased prostate cancer-related mortality. Here we provide evidence that obesity promotes worse clinical outcome through induction of metabolic abnormalities known to promote genotoxic stress. We have previously reported that blood serum derived from obese mice may enhance the proliferative and invasive potential of human prostate cancer cell lines ex vivo. Here we show that a 1-h exposure of LNCaP or PacMetUT1 prostate cancer cell lines and nonmalignant RWPE-1 prostate epithelial cells to 2% serum from obese mice induces markers of aerobic glycolysis relative to those exposed to serum from nonobese mice. This metabolic change was correlated with accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and increased frequency of DNA double-strand breaks. Interestingly, N-tert-Butylhydroxylamine, an antioxidant, significantly suppressed markers of aerobic glycolysis in the cells exposed to the blood serum of obese mice, suggesting that ROS contributes to a metabolic shift toward aerobic glycolysis. Here we describe obesity-induced changes in key metabolic markers that impact prostate cancer cell progression and explore the role of antioxidants in ameliorating these effects.
Seafloor precipitates and C-isotope stratigraphy from the Neoproterozoic Scout Mountain Member of the Pocatello Formation, southeast Idaho: implications for Neoproterozoic earth system behavior

Abstract Macroscopic seafloor-precipitated crystal fans are rare in post-Paleoproterozoic strata, but they are more common in the unusual carbonates that cap certain Neoproterozoic glacial strata. The uppermost carbonate and marble unit of the Scout Mountain Member of the Neoproterozoic Pocatello Formation (younger than 667±5 Ma) contains seafloor fans, records negative δ 13 C values, and lies within a transgressive sequence, all features consistent with such post-glacial carbonate units. It does not, however, rest directly upon a known glaciogenic deposit or sequence boundary. Instead, it occurs within a cyclic upward-fining succession that overlies an erosional contact on the pink dolostone post-glacial carbonate atop the late Sturtian Scout Mountain Member diamictites. It is possible that the carbonate unit in question is a cap carbonate and thus requires recognition of an additional glaciation recorded in the Pocatello Formation. Alternatively, it may imply that means independent of glaciation, such as overturn of an anoxic ocean, foster the deposition of cap-like carbonates independent of post-glacial processes. Thus, Neoproterozoic carbonate units with unusual lithofacies and negative carbon isotope values need not indicate the aftermath of low-latitude glaciation. Additionally, the radiometrically calibrated δ 13 C record of the Pocatello Formation demonstrates that the interval from 700 to 580 Ma has more variation than previous compilations would suggest.
A note on the arithmetic of differential equations

Abstract In this note we give a method for computing the differential Galois group of some linear second-order ordinary differential equations using arithmetic information, namely the p -curvatures.
Resistivity Level Runs to Detect Water-filled Mine Voids between Drill Holes

Resistivity level runs are collected by lowering a current source down one well and measuring the resulting voltage at the same depth in another well. Mine voids between the wells that contain acid water appear as conductive anomalies on the resulting apparent resistivity profiles. Resistivity level runs can be collected rapidly and without lowering expensive equipment down holes of unknown stability. The data can be interpreted on-site, and are relatively insensitive to positioning errors. The method is well suited to sites where several drill holes have failed to intersect a known mine void. We demonstrated the feasibility of resistivity level run profiling at an abandoned mine complex in central Pennsylvania, where resistivity level runs were successfully used to locate haulage ways containing mine water.
Psychological inhibition and CD4 T-cell levels in HIV-seropositive women.

Abstract Objective: This cross-sectional study examined the hypothesis that the capacity for emotional expression is a critical moderator of the emotional support–health relationship. Methods: In a sample of 61 HIV-seropositive women without AIDS, coping interviews were conducted to assess HIV-specific emotional support and emotional expression and inhibition (percentage of positive/negative emotion words and inhibition words, respectively). Results: Hierarchical regression analyses revealed no relationship between availability of HIV-specific emotional support and concurrent CD4 levels and no moderation of emotional expression or inhibition. However, a higher percentage of inhibition words was associated with lower CD4 T-cell levels controlling for health behaviors, demographics, and treatment regimen (ΔR2=.08, P
Walking Speed, Handgrip Strength and Risk of Dementia and Stroke: The Framingham Offspring Study (S24.003)

Objective: We explored the association of two simple office based tests, walking speed (WS) and hand grip strength (HGS), with the risks of incident dementia and stroke/TIA, and with brain MRI and cognition. Background Frailty and lower physical performance are frequent findings in persons with a wide range of subclinical and clinical brain injuries, and have been associated with an increased risk of dementia in the elderly. However, their predictive value in a middle-aged community sample is uncertain. Design/Methods: Stroke- and dementia-free Framingham Offspring (n=2,410; mean age 62, 54% female) had WS, HGS, brain MRI and cognitive function assessed between 1999 and 2005. We related age-standardized HGS and WS to baseline volumetric brain MRI and age- and education-standardized cognitive function using multivariable logistic regression, and to incident stroke and dementia on follow-up using Cox models. All analyses were adjusted for age, sex and vascular risk factors. Results: Over a follow-up period of up to 11years 34 persons developed incident dementia (28 AD) and 79 incident stroke/TIA. Slower WS was associated with a higher risk of dementia (HR=1.50[95%CI 1.07-2.11]/SDU,p=0.020) as well as with lower total cerebral brain volume[TCBV] (β=-0.17±0.06,p=0.007) and poorer performance on tests of memory (visual reproduction[VR],β=-0.06±0.02,p=0.009; paired associate learning[PAS],β=-0.07±0.02,p= Conclusions: In a middle-aged community sample, WS and HGS were associated, respectively, with the risks of incident dementia and of stroke/TIA and with markers of subclinical brain injury. Thus WS and HGS might serve as clinical markers of the need for a more detailed assessment of brain function. Supported by: The dedication of the Framingham Heart Study participants, the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute9s Framingham Heart Study (Contract No. N01-HC-25195) and by grants from the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NS17950) and the National Institute on Aging (AG08122, AG16495, AG033193, AG031287, P30AG013846). Disclosure: Dr. Camargo has nothing to disclose. Dr. Beiser has nothing to disclose. Dr. Tan has nothing to disclose. Dr. Au has nothing to disclose. Dr. DeCarli has received personal compensation for activities wtih Merck Pharmaceutical, Avanir, Bayer Pharmaceuticals, and Pfizer as a consultant.Dr. DeCarli has received personal compensation in an editorial capacity for Alzheimer9s Disease and Associated Disorders.Dr. DeCarli has received research support from Merck. Dr. Pikula has nothing to disclose. Dr. Kelly-Hayes has nothing to disclose. Dr. Kase has nothing to disclose. Dr. Wolf has nothing to disclose. Dr. Seshadri has nothing to disclose.