cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A note on the maturation of reproductive bodies of Pyrocystis spp. and its implication for in situ growth rate studies

Abstract Laboratory studies show that size and shape of Pyrocystis species are determined upon completion of swelling of the reproductive bodies formed by these species. Field data support the same conclusion. Thus in situ division rates can be determined without concern that immature vegetative cells would be sampled with low efficiency because of their small size. Our data indicate that more of the big reproductive cells contain two reproductive bodies than do small reproductive cells, which tend to contain more single reproductive bodies.
Photochemistry and photophysics of hydroxyfluorones and xanthenes

Abstract Laser-initiated photopolymerization has opened the doors to the rapid prototyping revolution. Driven by computer control, the polymerization process can create plastic models which conform accurately to a programmed design in three dimensions. The control programs may be derived from various sources including CAD files, CT scans or other tomographic medical imaging sources such as MRI in a process called “stereolithography”. Models formed by stereolithography conform concisely to a design pattern in all dimensions, and the process has shortened the time required for implementation from months to days in industries ranging from automotive and glass to medical devices.
Neuropsychologic effects of lithium discontinuation.

This study investigated the effects of blind lithium discontinuation and resumption on measures of cognition, creativity, and fine motor performance in 46 lithium-maintained euthymic outpatients. Scores on memory measures, tests of tapping speed, and associative productivity all improved significant
The use of co-culturing in solid substrate cultivation and possible solutions to scientific challenges

This perspective systematically summarizes the use of solid substrate co-cultures in agriculture, food, plant, and industrial biotechnology applications. The summarization is organized by organism, i.e. fungus, bacteria, yeast and then co-cultivation of either two or three organisms. Generally, in solid substrate co-culture, the organisms synergistically penetrate and degrade the solid substrate, thereby increasing product yield and productivity over a monoculture. Efforts to increase co-culture performance include optimizing process parameters (pH, temperature, moisture, and oxygen demand) and defining the acceptable types of substrate. Scientific challenges exist in understanding the interactions between microbial stains, such as viability, suite of products, and bio-transformations. The perspective details possible solutions to these challenges and highlights future research directions for co-cultures using either solid or liquid fermentation. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Hedging life insurance with pure endowments

Abstract We extend the work of Milevsky et al., [Milevsky, M.A., Promislow, S.D., Young, V.R., 2005. Financial valuation of mortality risk via the instantaneous Sharpe ratio (preprint)] and Young, [Young, V.R., 2006. Pricing life insurance under stochastic mortality via the instantaneous Sharpe ratio (preprint)] by pricing life insurance and pure endowments together. We assume that the company issuing the life insurance and pure endowment contracts requires compensation for their mortality risk in the form of a pre-specified instantaneous Sharpe ratio. We show that the price P m , n for m life insurances and n pure endowments is less than the sum of the price P m , 0 for m life insurances and the price P 0 , n for n pure endowments. Thereby, pure endowment contracts serve as a hedge against the (stochastic) mortality risk inherent in life insurance, and vice versa.
Food deprivation and effort expended for food

Abstract Wheel turning by rats was studied under several conditions of food deprivation. Two procedures were compared, one in which force required to turn the wheel remained constant throughout a session and one in which required force increased progressively with each revolution of the wheel. Rate of wheel turning decreased as a linear function of force required. Increasing deprivation displaced the rate-force function upward without changing its slope. When body weight was reduced by gradual stages, performance reached a maximum at approximately 78% ad libitum weight and declined with further weight reduction. The results are interpreted in terms of a utility model in which the gains and costs associated with responding are increasing functions of response rate, and S selects the response rate for which net gain (utility) is greatest. In this context, deprivation is construed as modifying the value of food.
Hepatoid adenocarcinoma of the stomach

A 54-year-old man presented to his doctor with hematemesis and was found at endoscopy to have an ulcerated lesion in his stomach. A computed tomography scan was performed and revealed a mass in the fundus of the stomach. Multiple other lesions were identified in the liver, lungs, retroperitoneal space, and mesentery. Gross examination showed two separate gastric lesions containing nests and single cells with mucin intermixed with sheets of tumor cells with abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm invading throughout the wall of the stomach. Immunohistochemical studies were performed and the cells were positive for hepatocyte, MOC 31, cytokeratin A1/A3, and CK 7, and were negative for CK 20, alpha-fetoprotein, and thyroid transcription factor. The histologic features together with the immunohistochemical findings were diagnostic of a hepatoid adenocarcinoma of the stomach. Hepatoid adenocarcinoma is a rare tumor associated with a very poor prognosis. Immunohistochemical studies may help to identify the characteristic features of hepatoid differentiation and prevent mistaking this tumor for other types of carcinoma.
Fault-tolerant controller design for automated guided vehicle systems based on Petri nets

In this paper, we propose an approach for the design of fault-tolerant controllers for automated guided vehicle systems (AGVs) that are modeled by Petri nets. In particular, we consider multiple faults detection and identification in Petri nets that have state machine structures (i.e., every transition in the net has only one input place and one output place). We develop an approximation algorithm to design the fault-tolerant Petri net controller so as to minimize the sum of the arc weights in the (input and output) incident matrices of the redundant controller. A design example for an AGV system is also provided to illustrate our approach.
Serum eosinophil cationic protein in children with atopic dermatitis

BACKGROUND: Eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) is a cytotoxic agent secreted by activated eosinophils during allergic and inflammatory processes. The aim of the study was to determine the ECP level, absolute and relative eosinophil count and IgE antibodies in children with atopic dermatitis (AD) compared with those of nonatopic children, and to assess the correlation of these laboratory parameters with the clinical severity of AD. ----- METHODS: This prospective study comprised 70 children. There were 49 children with AD aged 3-36 months, and the control group comprised 21 children with a negative personal and family history for atopic diseases. Detailed history, serum ECP levels (UniCAP FEIA), relative and absolute eosinophil counts and total serum IgE antibodies were determined in both groups. In the children with AD, skin involvement was measured by the SCORAD index. ----- RESULTS: The calculated SCORAD index was between 16 and 83. IgE antibodies, relative and absolute eosinophil counts showed a significantly wider range of values and a statistically higher median (P 0.05). The same was found for the correlation of serum ECP and intensity of skin changes (r = -0.095) and serum ECP and subjective symptoms (r = -0.045). The correlation was positive, but weak and statistically not significant for the serum ECP and extent of the skin lesions (r = 0.079, P > 0.05). ----- CONCLUSION: Elevated levels of ECP, relative and absolute eosinophil counts, as well as IgE antibodies were determined in the patients with AD. As these laboratory findings did not correlate with the severity of AD, they can be considered only as additional methods in the evaluation of patients with AD.
Analysis of Electric Stress Distribution in Cavities embedded within Dielectric Structures

Electric stress distribution within dielectric cavities are studied using the finite-element numerical technique. The results indicate that the electric stress is enhanced within a gas-filled cavity embedded in the dielectric. The amount of stress enchancement and the electric field distribution within the dielectric are significantly influenced by the dielectric permittivity, the dimensions of the cavity, the number of cavities in series within the dielectric gap, the cavity orientation, the dielectric thickness (electrode spacing), the contour of the edge of the electrodes, and the presence of floating electrodes near electrode edges. The effect of various parameters on the stress distribution within a dielectric is important in the design, fabrication, and testing of devices made of multi-layered dielectric/electrode film structures.
Efficiency of thermal energy dissipation in dry rubbing

The changes in friction and wear, especially during the run-in period, are strongly correlated to the blockage of energy dissipation paths within the sliding materials. As such, the preservation of the tribological integrity of a rubbing material depends, mainly, on the efficiency of dissipation of the friction induced thermal energy (FITE). This paper therefore, studies the mechanistic evolution of FITE and the process of its dissipation during sliding. The study focuses on the intrinsic aspects of the dissipation process. In particular, the role of the mechano-physical properties (conductivity, diffusivity, hardness, etc.) and their respective variation with temperature is studied comprehensively. This is achieved by studying the behavior of two contrasting rubbing pairs: mild steel (AISI 1020) sliding on itself and, a stainless steel (AISI 304HN) sliding on a mild steel counterpart. The results indicate that the external sliding parameters (nominal load and speed) are of limited influence on the dissipation process. The major influence, however, is assumed by the change in the thermal properties and more dominantly, by the rate of degradation of the conductivity in the contacting layers of the rubbing pair. These results support the view that wear generation is, in essence, an intrinsic energy dissipation mechanism the aim of which is to consume part of the FITE released at the surface.
Structural and Reaction Chemistry of Tungstenocene Boryl Complexes

The structural and reaction chemistry of Cp2W(H)(Bcat) (cat = O2C6H4) (1) and Cp2W(Bcat‘)2 (cat‘ = O2C6H3-t-Bu or O2C6H2-t-Bu2) (2a,b) is reported. Compound 1 was prepared by reaction of the anion [Cp2WH]- with ClBcat, and 2a,b were prepared by oxidative addition of cat‘BBcat‘ by photochemical or thermal generation of tungstenocene. The X-ray structures of 1 and 2a are reported, and they display geometries indicating dπ−pπ interaction. The reaction chemistry of these compounds with small molecules involves protonation by alcohols, water-catalyzed protonation by amines, halogenation of the hydride in 1, and resistance toward formation of Lewis acid−base complexes. In addition, 1 undergoes photochemically induced reductive elimination of HBcat. Remarkably, generation of tungstenocene in the presence of cat‘BBcat‘ in benzene solvent led to the formation of 2 rather than oxidative addition of the solvent.
Field ion microscope studies of single-atom surface diffusion and cluster nucleation on metal surfaces

Abstract After nearly 30 years of research, investigations of surface diffusion and cluster nucleation phenomena with the field ion microscope (FIM) continue to provide new insights into the fundamental aspects of atomic interactions on solid surfaces. In this article I review the experimental procedures used in FIM surface diffusion studies and discuss the results in relation to the atomistics of crystal and epitaxial growth processes. Diffusion parameters for over 20 metal-metal combinations are tabulated and chemical trends associated with the measured values are examined. Experiments and theories leading to the discovery of novel diffusion modes and unexpected cluster configurations are described in detail. The influence of surface defects, such as lattice steps and substitutional impurity atoms, as well as external perturbations, such as chemisorbed atoms and applied electric fields, on the surface diffusion rate and transport mechanism is discussed. Methods to extract quantitative information on a variety of atom-surface, atom-defect, and atom-atom interactions are also described. The article is concluded with a section describing the contributions of various theoretical models to the interpretation of FIM experimental results.
Global Models of Document Structure using Latent Permutations

We present a novel Bayesian topic model for learning discourse-level document structure. Our model leverages insights from discourse theory to constrain latent topic assignments in a way that reflects the underlying organization of document topics. We propose a global model in which both topic selection and ordering are biased to be similar across a collection of related documents. We show that this space of orderings can be elegantly represented using a distribution over permutations called the generalized Mallows model. Our structure-aware approach substantially outperforms alternative approaches for cross-document comparison and single-document segmentation.
AN INVERSE BOUNDARY VALUE PROBLEM FOR QUASILINEAR ELLIPTIC EQUATIONS

ABSTRACT We consider the inverse boundary value problem for the quasilinear elliptic equation on a bounded domain in dimension two. We show that under the group of diffeoemorphisms that fix the boundary of the domain, the equivalent class of the quasilinear coefficient A(x, p) is distinguishable by the Dirichlet to Neumann map of the equation, provided that A(x, p) is independent of x or is independent of p.
Use of Moos' Ward Atmosphere Scale in a Residential Setting for Mentally Retarded Adolescents:

A slightly modified version of the Ward Atmosphere Scale was administered to staff members and students at a residential center for mildly and moderately retarded adolescents. This report provides evidence for the applicability and usefulness of the instrument with this population. Differences between staff's perceptions of the environment and their image of an ideal environment, and between staff's and students' perceptions of the school environment were noted. The utility of the profile scores in identifying problem areas in such settings and as a non-threatening catalyst of increased staff-staff and staff-student communication and morale is discussed.
Designed semisynthetic protein inhibitors of Ub/Ubl E1 activating enzymes

Semisynthetic, mechanism-based protein inhibitors of ubiquitin (Ub) and ubiquitin-like modifier (Ubl) activating enzymes (E1s) have been developed to target E1-catalyzed adenylation and thioesterification of the Ub/Ubl C-terminus during the processes of protein SUMOylation and ubiquitination. The inhibitors were generated by intein-mediated expressed protein ligation using a truncated Ub/Ubl protein (SUMO residues 1-94; Ub residues 1-71) with a C-terminal thioester and synthetic tripeptides having a C-terminal adenosine analogue and an N-terminal cysteine residue. SUMO-AMSN (4a) and Ub-AMSN (4b) contain a sulfamide group as a nonhydrolyzable mimic of the phosphate group in the cognate Ub/Ubl-AMP adenylate intermediate in the first half-reaction, and these constructs selectively inhibit SUMO E1 and Ub E1, respectively, in a dose-dependent manner. SUMO-AVSN (5a) and Ub-AVSN (5b) contain an electrophilic vinyl sulfonamide designed to trap the incoming E1 cysteine nucleophile (Uba2 Cys173 in SUMO E1; Uba1 Cys593 in Ub E1) in the second half-reaction, and these constructs selectively, covalently, and stably cross-link to SUMO E1 and Ub E1, respectively, in a cysteine nucleophile-dependent manner. These inhibitors are powerful tools to probe outstanding mechanistic questions in E1 function and can also be used to study the biological functions of E1 enzymes.
Thyroid and adrenal interrelations with special reference to hypotrichosis axillaris in thyrotoxicosis.

FOR SEVERAL decades many investigators have been interested in the interrelations of the thyroid and adrenal glands. With alteration in the function of one of these glands, physiologic and anatomic changes have been observed in the other. However, the many contradictory conclusions that have been drawn indicate the great need for elucidation. Although definite progress has been made in the last few years, there are many phases of the problem that are as obscure as is the etiology of Graves' disease. Since it was noted, in the course of examining thyrotoxic patients, that many of them tended to have less axillary hair than normal, and since the amount of axillary hair is governed to a large extent by the androgenic function of the adrenals (1, 6), the interrelationship of the two glands was given further consideration. The results are reported in this paper. Our interest in the significance of axillary hair as an indicator of the androgenic function of the adrenal glands was aroused in 1941 by Dr. Fuller A...
Progression and Multiple Events in Radiation Carcinogenesis of Rat Skin

The multistage theory of carcinogenesis specifies that cells progress to cancer through a series of discrete, irreversible genetic alterations, but data on radiation-induced cancer incidence in rat skin suggests that an intermediate repairable alteration may occur. Data are presented on cancer induction in rat skin exposed to the following radiations: 1. an electron beam (LET = 0.34 kev/μ), 2. a neon ion beam (LET = 45 kev/μ) and 3. an argon ion beam (LET = 125 kev/μ). The latter 2 beams were generated by the Bevalac at the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, Berkeley, CA. About 6.0 cm2 of skin was irradiated per rat. The rats were observed every 6 weeks for at least 78 weeks and tumors were scored at first occurrence. Several histological types of cancer, including squamous and basal cell carcinomas, were induced. The total cancer yield was fitted by the quadratic equation, and the equation parameters were estimated by linear regression for each type of radiation. Analysis of the DNA from the electron-induced carcinomas indicated that K-ras and/or c-myc oncogenes were activated in all tumors tested. In situ hybridization indicated that the cancers contain subpopulations of cells with differing amounts of c-myc and H-ras amplification. The results are consistent with the idea that ionizing radiation produces stable, carcinogenically relevant lesions via 2 repairable events at low LET and via a non-repairable, linked event pathway at high LET; either pathway may advance the cell by 1 stage in the multistage model.
Effects of acute thyroxin depletion on hearing in humans

Objective: To study the physiologic effect of acute thyroid hormone depletion on hearing and the function of outer hair cells. Design: Audiologic and otoacoustic emission testing of subjects undergoing total thyroidectomy before surgery and up to 6 weeks after surgery. Magnitude of thyroxin depletion monitored by serum thyroid-stimulating hormone levels. Setting: Hearing research laboratory at a state university. Subjects: Ten patients undergoing total thyroidectomy. Main Outcome Measures: Detection of hearing loss on audiogram and decrease or disappearance of otoacoustic emissions as a result of acute thyroxin depletion. Results: No significant changes in the audiogram and otoacoustic emission configurations were detected, although thyroid-stimulating hormone levels became elevated after total thyroidectomy. Conclusion : Although thyroid hormone is thought to play a role in the physiology of hearing in humans, no deleterious effects on hearing can be identified up to 6 weeks after thyroxin depletion.
Allergen provocation augments endotoxin-induced nasal inflammation in subjects with atopic asthma

Abstract Background: Recent epidemiologic and in vivo studies have suggested that inhaled endotoxin plays an important role in asthma pathogenesis. Objective: The present study examines the effect of nasal allergen provocation on subsequent endotoxin challenge in subjects with atopic asthma. Methods: By using a split-nose randomized crossover design, individual nares of 12 asthmatic subjects underwent challenge and lavage as follows. Immediately after a baseline nasal lavage, one nares received normal saline, and the other received dust mite antigen. Four hours later, both nares were exposed to either saline or endotoxin. Dust mite antigen (Dermatophagoides farinae) and endotoxin (Escherichia coli 026:B6) doses were 100 AU and 1000 ng, respectively. Postchallenge lavages were done at 8 and 24 hours after the initial challenge. The subjects then returned a minimum of 3 weeks later for crossover to the study arm. Nasal lavage fluid was analyzed for total and differential cell counts, IL-8, IL-6, intercellular adhesion molecule 1, GM-CSF, eosinophil cationic protein, myeloperoxidase, and soluble CD14. Results: A significant increase in the total inflammatory cell count was seen at 8 hours for the dust mite/endotoxin exposure compared with the saline/saline and saline/endotoxin exposures. Differential cell counts revealed a similar neutrophilic and eosinophilic inflammation for the dust mite/endotoxin exposure at 8 hours. Conclusions: These data demonstrate an interaction between allergen and endotoxin exposure in asthmatic subjects, suggesting that a prior allergen challenge significantly augments the endotoxin-induced inflammation. Moreover, these data provide further evidence that concomitant exposure to allergen and endotoxin may be an important factor in asthma pathogenesis. (J Allergy Clin Immunol 2000;105:475-81.)
Surface energetics and acid-base character of sized and unsized paper handsheets

The surface energetics and acid-base character of paper handsheets were investigated using dynamic contact angle analysis. The surface energies were calculated using both geometric and harmonic mean methods. The surface acid-base property was characterized by calculating the work of acid-base interaction according to Fowkes' theory. To evaluate the effect of sizing on the paper surface properties, handsheets with various sizing treatments were studied in comparison with unsized handsheets. It was found that the sizing on the paper handsheets tends to reduce the surface energy and cover the acid-base sites. The results also show that the handsheet surface can be characterized directly using contact angle analysis.
AUSTIN ET AL. RESPOND

We thank Spielman for commenting on our article and giving us an opportunity to continue the dialogue on methodological issues in studying food environments. In response to his point about network versus straight-line distances, we would like to note that in a related study, our research team found network and straight-line distances in Chicago to be highly correlated, and results did not differ when models were tested with network versus straight-line distances. Chicago streets follow a fairly dense grid, which may explain why a difference was not found between the 2 methods. That said, Spielman has identified an aspect of spatial analyses that needs more methodological development. ArcGIS software1 will calculate network distances, but it is only as good as the available network data. For instance, street network data generally available for geocoding addresses do not indicate barriers to pedestrians, such as a divided roadway with limited pedestrian crossings. In response to Spielman’s comment about zoning regulations affecting land-use patterns, we would like to clarify that our analyses and the reported confidence intervals were not based on an assumption of complete spatial randomness of restaurants throughout Chicago. Rather, simulations used to generate confidence intervals were based on a null hypothesis of spatial randomness of restaurants relative to the spatial location of schools. We too were interested in examining the potential importance of zoning regulations, so we repeated our spatial analyses within strata defined by degree of commercialization. As reported in our article, we found evidence of clustering within areas of the city characterized by high and moderate levels of commercialization. Taking a step back from the details of the statistical methods, an observation we would add to the discussion is that rather than overestimating the availability of unhealthful food in school neighborhoods, our study is very likely to have underestimated it. Our fast-food database did not include convenience stores, corner stores, gas station food markets, and vending machines that offer children access to an abundance of inexpensive, calorie-dense food of low nutritional value. Future work that includes these additional food outlets in characterizing food environments in school neighborhoods may in fact paint a more dismal nutritional picture than our study did.
The Evolution of Software and Its Impact on Complex System Design in Robotic Spacecraft Embedded Systems

Abstract The growth in computer hardware performance, coupled with reduced energy requirements, has led to a rapid expansion of the resources available to software systems, driving them towards greater logical abstraction, flexibility, and complexity. This shift in focus from compacting functionality into a limited field towards developing layered, multi-state architectures in a grand field has both driven and been driven by the history of embedded processor design in the robotic spacecraft industry.The combinatorial growth of interprocess conditions is accompanied by benefits (concurrent development, situational autonomy, and evolution of goals) and drawbacks (late integration, non-deterministic interactions, and multifaceted anomalies) in achieving mission success, as illustrated by the case of the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. Approaches to optimizing the benefits while mitigating the drawbacks have taken the shape of the formalization of requirements, modular design practices, extensive system simulation, and spacecraft data trend analysis. The growth of hardware capability and software complexity can be expected to continue, with future directions including stackable commodity subsystems, computer-generated algorithms, runtime reconfigurable processors, and greater autonomy.
Hamster mitochondrial transfer RNA lacks T and the universal GUUCG sequence.

Abstract Earlier inferences (based on incorporation of radio-activity from methyl-labeled methionine) that mammalian mitochondrial tRNA lacks ribothymidine (‘T’) have been confirmed using [14C]uridine as precursor. Moreover, oligonucleotide fingerprint analysis of 32P-labeled samples have shown that hamster mitochondrial tRNA lacks the ‘universal’ pentanucleotide of conventional tRNA in which T normally occurs, GTΨCG, in modified or unmodified form.
Experiential Learning in Engineering Practice

The American Society of Civil Engineers is asserting an increasingly broad and deep body of knowledge (BOK) that reflects contemporary expectations for professional leadership. The BOK is to be fulfilled with a combination of formal education and practical experience. The formal education part includes renewed emphasis on an integrated base of liberal learning, greater technical breadth, specific professional preparation, and mastery of a specialization. Important elements of cognitive development are “assigned” to prelicensure experience. Among these are several learning outcomes critical to realizing the announced vision of the professional for the current century. The current system of prelicensure experience is inadequate and will not perform without structural change. The shortfall lies in the arrangements for fulfilling and validating specific learning outcomes beyond the university. The status quo in engineering is reviewed and compared with other professions. A model program is sketched in terms o...
Two-dimensional IR spectroscopy and isotope labeling defines the pathway of amyloid formation with residue-specific resolution

There is considerable interest in uncovering the pathway of amyloid formation because the toxic properties of amyloid likely stems from prefibril intermediates and not the fully formed fibrils. Using a recently invented method of collecting 2-dimensional infrared spectra and site-specific isotope labeling, we have measured the development of secondary structures for 6 residues during the aggregation process of the 37-residue polypeptide associated with type 2 diabetes, the human islet amyloid polypeptide (hIAPP). By monitoring the kinetics at 6 different labeled sites, we find that the peptides initially develop well-ordered structure in the region of the chain that is close to the ordered loop of the fibrils, followed by formation of the 2 parallel β-sheets with the N-terminal β-sheet likely forming before the C-terminal sheet. This experimental approach provides a detailed view of the aggregation pathway of hIAPP fibril formation as well as a general methodology for studying other amyloid forming proteins without the use of structure-perturbing labels.
Mobile medical care for alienated youths

Present elements in our medical system—individual and institutional—can be recombined in nontraditional ways to explore new directions in health care. An attempt has been made to reach alienated youth by meeting them on their own terms in a spirit of service free of criticism or by trying to persuade them to compromise their own beliefs. These young people develop small “communes” or “families,” joining together at specific locations to form a larger social unit: the street community. The use of a mobile medical van was considered to be a workable way to bring a diversity of medical services, principally for the treatment of acute physical disorders, to youths living in the streets. This is a report of six months' experience with a volunteer-staffed, “free,” highly mobile service available to street youths. It has provided an effective outreach program that might lend itself to improving service to other segments of our society.
Gender Differences in College Student Sexual Abuse Victims and Their Offenders

A sample of 796 students in psychology classes completed an anonymous sex survey that included questions to identify sexual abuse victims (as children, teenagers, or adults) and their offenders. Most child sexual abuse was incestuous, with women students more likely to have been abused by a nuclear or non-nuclear family member, and men students were more likely to have been abused by a non-nuclear family member or family friend. Heterosexual abuse predominated in both genders, but more so in women (86%) than in men (64%). Homosexual child abuse predominated in males offended by a family friend and was common in women only when the offender was a babysitter. Though most child sexual abuse in college students was incestuous (59% of female and 38% of male child victims), the incidence of incestuous abuse was less than that found in a clinical sample (71% and 60%, respectively). On the other hand, college student male child victims were not abused at a younger age than female child victims, as has been reported in clinical samples. The latter finding may be spurious, a function of the inclusion of teenage victims in clinical samples, where females are over-represented. Cognitive predictors of teenage or adult sexual abuse were: uncertainty that forcible rape in a date rape vignette really was rape; a lesser tendency to blame the male perpetrator; and more accurate sexual knowledge. Child sexual abuse also was a predictor of teenage or adult sexual abuse, especially in women.
Direct simulation of shock front radiation in air

An absorption model has been incorporated in a simulation of shock front radiation in air at a shock velocity of 10.2 km/s and a pressure of 0.1 torn The conditions selected correspond to two shock-tube experiments carried out at AVCO and NASA Ames Research Center. Comparisons are made with experiment, with another absorption model, and with recent continuum calculations. In general, calculated intensities are within a factor of 2-4 of measured values. Moreover, allowing for absorption brought prediction of the intensity of N^"(l—) well within experimental error.
Phytophthora tropicalis isolated from diseased leaves of Pieris japonica and Rhododendron catawbiense and found in irrigation water and soil in Virginia.

An unidentified species of Phytophthora was isolated from irrigation water at a production nursery in Suffolk, VA in 2000 and 2001. Water samples were assayed using a filtration method (3). A similar species was recovered from soil samples collected in two mixed-hardwood forests in Fairfax County in 2002. Soil samples were air dried, remoistened, flooded, and then baited with rhododendron and camellia leaf pieces at room temperature (22 to 24°C) (2). A Phytophthora sp. was recovered from bait pieces cultured on PARPH-V8 selective medium (2). This same species also was isolated from symptomatic leaves of Pieris japonica cv. Temple Bells and Rhododendron catawbiense cv. Maximum Roseum at a garden center in Virginia Beach in 2004. On P. japonica, symptoms appeared as water-soaked, necrotic lesions and marginal necrosis on leaves and necrosis of shoot tips; on R. catawbiense, symptoms were wilting, dieback, and death of shoots. Representative isolates produced semipapillate to papillate sporangia with tapered...
Three-dimensional image integration: a first experience with guidance of atrial fibrillation ablations.

Editorial Comment The treatment of atrial fibrillation (AF) can be challenging, with a rate control strategy not being optimal for all patients and antiarrhythmic drugs frequently ineffective and possessing serious adverse effects. A fluoroscopic or electroanatomic catheter-based approach is rapidly becoming one of the preferred treatments of AF. 1-3 However, success rates are still not ideal and complications due to damage of extra thoracic structures remain a problem. 1 Also of concern is the significant ionizing radiation exposure during the prolonged fluoroscopy required to delineate the complex anatomy of the left atrium and pulmonary veins, even with advanced techniques to minimize exposure. Total fluoroscopy duration for AF ablations is typically 8-fold higher than atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia ablations, averaging over 60 minutes of fluoroscopy time, with radiation exposure in the 1.0‐1.5 Gy range. 4 One of the major promises of using integratedmodality navigation systems such as this for AF ablation is faster, more accurate catheter navigation, reduced complications, and diminished fluoroscopy use. In view of the complex and variable anatomy of cardiac structures and pulmonary veins, many of which remain invisible to fluoroscopy, the addition of further, more accurate imaging modalities are likely to improve ablation success and safety. 5,6 While three-dimensional (3D) mapping techniques using magnetic or electrical localizing systems in the modern electrophysiology laboratory are extremely useful and are currently in widespread clinical use, they require catheter manipulation to identify geometry and do not provide independent anatomic information. Both magnetic resonance (MR) imaging 7,8 and computed tomography (CT) scanning 9,10 have been shown prior to be suitable for delineating the left atrial anatomy and assisting with catheter navigation. However, it is not yet clear which imaging modality is superior for mapping of the left atrium and other cardiac structures; certainly navigation and imaging systems that allow the use of either format will be advantageous.
Human erythrocyte sugar transport is incompatible with available carrier models.

GLUT1-mediated, passive d-glucose transport in human erythrocytes is asymmetric. Vmax and Km(app) for d-glucose uptake at 4 °C are 10-fold lower than Vmax and Km(app) for d-glucose export. Transport asymmetry is not observed for GLUT1-mediated 3-O-methylglucose transport in rat, rabbit, and avian erythrocytes and rat adipocytes where Vmax for sugar uptake and exit are identical. This suggests that transport asymmetry is either an intrinsic catalytic property of human GLUT1 or that factors present in human erythrocytes affect GLUT1-mediated sugar transport. In the present study we assess human erythrocyte sugar transport asymmetry by direct measurement of sugar transport rates and by analysis of the effects of intra- and extracellular sugars on cytochalasin B binding to the sugar export site. We also perform internal consistency tests to determine whether the measured, steady-state 3-O-methylglucose transport properties of human erythrocytes agree with those expected of two hypothetical models for protein-...
IL-15 Receptor Deletion Results in Circadian Changes of Locomotor and Metabolic Activity

Interleukin-15 (IL-15) is a cytokine produced in the normal brain that acts on its specific receptor IL-15Rα and co-receptors IL-2Rβ and IL-2Rγ in neuronal cells. The functions of the cerebral IL-15 system, however, are not yet clear. To test the hypothesis that IL-15Rα regulates metabolic activity and body temperature, we quantified the specific metabolic phenotype of IL-15Rα knockout mice. These normal-appearing mice were leaner with lower fat composition. During the entire circadian cycle, the knockout mice had a significantly higher acrophase in locomotor activity and heat dissipation. During the light phase, there was significantly greater food intake, oxygen consumption, and carbon dioxide production. The difference in the dark and light phases suggests that IL-15Rα participates in circadian rhythm regulation. The higher oxygen consumption in the light phase indicates adaptive thermogenesis in the knockout mice. The body temperature of the receptor knockout mice was significantly higher than the control in the light phase, and this was mainly caused by a large difference occurring between 0600 and 0900 h. In addition to the metabolic chamber studies and circadian rhythm analyses, qPCR of hypothalamic homogenates indicated higher mRNA expression of orexin and transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 cation channels. Consistent with a direct role of IL-15Rα in the hypothalamus, IL-15 treatment of the wild-type mice induced c-Fos expression in the preoptic area. We conclude that activation of hypothalamic neurons by IL-15 in mice contributes to thermoregulation and modifies the metabolic phenotype.
Cancún and After: The United States and the Developing World

The meetings of heads of state and foreign ministers of the eight already industrialized and the fourteen developing nations' held at Mexico's lush island resort of Cancun raised high hopes and expectations among some, consternation and frustration among others. The real meaning and substance of the meeting were often obscured by the media's forced reliance on the official press briefings and, in the absence of other information, the emphasis on the food eaten, the elaborate security precautions, and the luxury of the surroundings. By now Cancin has faded from the headlines, but the issues and agendas raised are likely to be with us for a long time.
Upper Gastrointestinal Cancer Predisposition Syndromes

Malignancies of the upper gastrointestinal tract form a heterogeneous group of cancers characterized by unique epidemiology and biology. Despite these differences, survival for advanced disease remains poor across the panel of diseases, from cancers of the esophagus, stomach, pancreas, and, until recently, even gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Genetic predisposition syndromes associated with these diseases comprise an emerging subset of these diseases that may provide valuable information on cause and etiology. They may provide insight into molecular drivers for the disease, or disease subtypes, and also insights into novel gene/environment interactions. This review summarizes the current understanding of genetic predisposition syndromes of cancers of the upper gastrointestinal tract.
Clarifying and Measuring Filial Concepts across Five Cultural Groups

Literature on responsibility of adult children for aging parents reflects lack of conceptual clarity. We examined filial concepts across five cultural groups: African-, Asian-, Euro-, Latino-, and Native Americans. Data were randomly divided for scale development (n = 285) and cross-validation (n = 284). Exploratory factor analysis on 59 items identified three filial concepts: Responsibility, Respect, and Care. Confirmatory factor analysis on a 12-item final scale showed data fit the three-factor model better than a single factor solution despite substantial correlations between the factors (.82, .82 for Care with Responsibility and Respect, and .74 for Responsibility with Respect). The scale can be used in cross-cultural research to test hypotheses that predict associations among filial values, filial caregiving, and caregiver health outcomes. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Res Nurs Health 34:310–326, 2011
African American women in the computing sciences: a group to be studied

Most will likely agree that fewer and fewer women are finding their way to completing a bachelor's degree in one of the computing sciences. However, in looking at data collected by the National Science Foundation (NSF) on bachelor's degrees in Computer Science (CS), an interesting anomaly is evident when African American women are viewed as a separate trend. This paper presents some preliminary analysis and suggests that research is needed to better understand this ethnic group that has remained relatively stable in its production of bachelor's degrees in CS.
Drug-Associated Renal Dysfunction

Acute renal failure (ARF) in patients in the ICU is associated with a high mortality. Drug-induced renal dysfunction is an important, yet often overlooked, cause of ARF in this patient population. A drug use evaluation at the authors' institution, to assess the prescribing patterns of potential nephrotoxins in the adult and pediatric ICUs, found that antibiotics (aminoglycosides, amphotericin B, penicillins, cephalosporins, acyclovir), nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, contrast dye, and various other nephrotoxic medications are used widely in all of the ICUs. By focusing on several commonly prescribed classes of nephrotoxic medications in the ICU, this article reviews the general mechanisms of drug-associated renal dysfunction.
The influence of point defects on the floatability of cassiterite, I. Properties of synthetic and natural cassiterites

Abstract Cassiterite is an n-type semiconductor whose properties may be altered by aliovalent doping. Such changes are noted in color, electrical conductivity, electrokinetic behavior and, as will be demonstrated in Parts II and III, by flotation behavior. The isoelectric point (IEP) of synthetic cassiterites is found to depend on both electronic (i.e. dopants) and atomic (i.e. oxygen vacancies) defects. The temperature of cassiterite formation has a profound influence on the IEP with most samples reaching a limiting value at pH ∼6.5. Two natural samples showed similar values.
Tests of stochastic models of timing in mobility histories: comparison of information derived from different observation plans.

The fundamental assumption about the timing of moves in Markov semi-Markov and other renewal-theoretic models of residential mobility-that the intervals between moves are statistically independent-is tested using residence histories of Norwegian men 1965 - 1971. The evidence strongly supports the assumption. It is shown that given basic model parameters predictions of duration-of-residence distributions are quite accurate; and conversely duration-of-residence data can be used in conjunction with the independence assumption to estimate model parameters. The implication of these findings for the design of mobility studies is discussed and a question raised as to the necessity of gathering detailed histories. (authors)
Improving the informed consent process for surgery.

OBJECTIVE: Obtaining and documenting informed consent is of vital importance to physicians. We developed a procedure-based consent form that facilitates patient discussion and validated this process by surveying the patient regarding elements of the consent process, using an independent evaluator. METHODS: One hundred and twenty consecutive outpatients were evaluated before different neurosurgery procedures. The consent form listed specific diagnoses, procedures, alternatives (eight listed), and risks (22 listed), and each point discussed was checked off by the surgeon. Between 10 and 20 minutes later, each element was questioned by one lay-member of the office staff. A group of patients not at risk for cognitive decline were resurveyed months later. RESULTS: One hundred and twenty (100%) of 120 of patients answered correctly regarding their diagnosis and the planned procedure. Four hundred and twenty-eight alternative treatments were discussed, and 420 (98.1%) of the 428 were recalled correctly. Of 1207 risks that were discussed, 1176 (97.4%) were recalled correctly. When a subset of the patients were reevaluated at a mean of 4.5 months later, all 20 patients correctly recalled their procedure and diagnosis. Of 79 alternatives discussed with patients before surgery, 73 (92.4%) were subsequently recalled. Of 217 risks discussed before surgery, 199 (91.7%) were recalled. Although the immediate or delayed recall rates were high (>90%), there was a reduction in the recall rate over time (alternatives, P =.007; risks, P < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: A consent process designed for an individual surgeon's practice was validated and showed high rates of patient recall in the postprocedural period. We think that this method to obtain and document informed consent should be considered for use by physicians.
Cooperative Advertising in a Dynamic Retail Market Duopoly

Cooperative advertising is an important incentive offered by a manufacturer to influence retailers' promotional decisions. We analyze a retail market duopoly where one or both of competing retailers are supported by the manufacturer in their advertising costs. We model the problem as a Stackelberg differential game in which the manufacturer announces his shares of advertising costs of the two retailers or his subsidy rates, and the retailers in response play a Nash differential game in choosing their optimal advertising efforts over time. We obtain the feedback equilibrium solution consisting of the optimal advertising policies of the retailers and manufacturer's subsidy rates. We identify the key drivers that determine the optimal subsidy rates and, in particular, obtain the conditions under which the manufacturer will support one or both of the retailers. We analyze the extent to which cooperative advertising coordinates the channel. Finally, we investigate the impact of an anti-discriminatory act which would restrict the manufacturer to offer equal subsidy rates to the two retailers.