cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Clinical Pharmacology of Intramuscularly Administered l‐Asparaginase

Clinical pharmacology of L-asparaginase was compared by intramuscular and intravenous injections in 12 patients with metastatic cancer or leukemia. Following a single intramuscular injection at the gluteal site of L-asparaginase (10,000 IU/m2), the enzyme appeared in plasma as measured initially at 1 hour, but plateau levels were not reached in plasma until 14 to 24 hours after drug administration. The peak plasma level was 1.12 IU/ml, only one fourth of that seen when L-asparaginase was given intravenously at equal doses. However, the enzyme level decrease in the plasma after intramuscular injections was slower, with a half-life ot 46 hours, compared to 7 to 28 hours for intravenously administered drug. The apparent volume of distribution indicated that the intravenously injected enzyme was mostly distributed in plasma, whereas the intramuscularly injected enzyme yielded a much larger volume of distribution (63 versus 245 ml/kg). In addition, only 19 per cent of the intramuscularly injected dose was in plasma, and the area under the curve (C X t) was only 1/24 that by intravenous route (20 versus 487 IU/ml.hr). No enzyme was measurable in patients' urine samples collected for three days after intramuscular injections of the enzyme, and only a trace (less than 1 per cent) of the enzyme was detected in urine after intravenous administration.
LIMEX '87 ice surface characteristics: implications for C-band SAR backscatter signatures

Ice surface characterization data collected in 1987, during the Labrador Ice Margin Experiment, are analyzed to estimate the changes in snow and ice properties at the onset of melt. Surface measurements were made from an ice research vessel on several days (some of which had coincident remote sensing flights) at a number of locations in the marginal ice zone. These data are used as input parameters in a simple scattering model to simulate the effects of variations in material properties upon C-band scattering signatures. >
A compact representation of the one-loop N-gluon amplitude

Abstract Rules for the one-loop n -gluon gauge theory amplitudes which are motivated by bosonic string theory are presented. These rules are similar to ones which have already been presented based on heterotic string theory, but make use of a more compact kinematic expression.
Performance comparison of MRC and EGC on a MC-CDMA system with synchronization errors over fading channels

This work derives the average bit error rate (BER) of the uplink and downlink multicarrier code division multiple access (MC-CDMA) systems using maximum ratio combining (MRC) and equal gain combining (EGC) with synchronization errors over fading channels. The derived equation can simultaneously incorporate the parameters of the fading channel and all of the synchronization errors, including frequency offset, carrier phase jitter, and timing jitter. Numerical results indicate that those two combining schemes on the uplink and downlink MC-CDMA systems are degraded by all of the normalized synchronization errors over 10?2. The comparison outcomes between MRC and EGC reveal that the MRC generally outperforms EGC in the uplink MC-CDMA system. However, EGC achieves better performance when the number of users is small, the normalized synchronization errors are low and the signal to noise ratio (SNR) is high. In the downlink system, EGC mainly outperforms MRC when the SNR and the number of users are gradually increased and the normalized synchronization errors are low. Therefore, the selection of MRC or EGC depends on the SNR, the synchronization errors and the number of users in uplink and downlink MC-CDMA systems.
Hydrogel scaffolds to study cell biology in four dimensions

Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) hydrogels represent a versatile material scaffold for culturing cells in two or three dimensions with the advantages of limited protein fouling and cytocompatible polymerization to enable cell encapsulation. By using light-based chemistries for gelation and for incorporating biomolecules into the network, dynamic niches can be created that facilitate the study of how cells respond to user-dictated or cell-dictated changes in environmental signals. Specifically, we demonstrate integration of a photo-cleavable molecule into network cross-links and into pendant functional groups to construct gels with biophysical and biochemical properties that are spatiotemporally tunable with light. Complementary to this approach, an enzymatically cleavable peptide sequence can be introduced within hydrogel networks, in this case through photoinitiated addition reactions between thiol-containing biomacromolecules and ene-containing synthetic polymers, to enable cellular remodeling of their surrounding hydrogel microenvironment. With such tunable material platforms, researchers can employ a systematic approach for 3D cell culture experiments, spatially and temporally modulating physical properties (e.g., stiffness) as well as biological signals (e.g., adhesive ligands) to study cell behavior in response to environmental stimuli. Collectively, these material systems suggest routes for new experimentation to study and manipulate cellular functions in four dimensions.
The structure of eosinophil leukocyte granules in rodents and in man.

The structure of the specific granules of eosinophil leukocytes has been studied by electron microscopy in sections of tissues, buffy coats, and sediments of peritoneal washings of rats, mice, guinea pigs, and men. The core of eosinophil granules is a crystal which has a cubic lattice with a repeat of ∼30 A in rodents and ∼40 A in man. The chemical composition of the core is discussed in connection with recent cell fractionation studies, and the hypothesis that the core is a crystal of peroxidase is considered.
Feature based visualization of geophysical data

Our goal is to develop a feature based framework for data mining and forecasting from geophysical data fields. These data may be generated from either numerical simulation models or space based platforms. This paper focuses on pertinent features from sea surface temperature (SST) fields that are observed with the AVHRR satellite. Our contribution consist of three components: (1) A method for tracking feature velocities from from fluid motion with incompressibility constraint, (2) a method for localizing singular events such as vortices and saddle points from underlying feature velocities, and (3) application of our protocol to 12 years of high resolution real data to reveal novel seasonal and inter-annual trends based on computed events.
Autoantibody-mediated arthritis in the absence of C3 and activating Fcγ receptors: C5 is activated by the coagulation cascade

Introduction The effector functions of immunoglobulin G (IgG) are mediated by interaction of its Fc region with Fc receptors (FcγRs) and/or the complement system. The three main pathways of complement activation converge at C3. However, C3-independent pathways can activate C5 and other downstream complement components during IgG-initiated inflammatory responses. These C3-independent pathways of C5 activation are triggered by activating FcγRs in some systems or can be activated by factors of the coagulation cascade such as thrombin. Here we studied the interplay of C3, C5, and activating FcγRs in a model of spontaneous autoantibody-driven arthritis.
David versus Goliath: decision analysis predicts results of a large clinical trial in follicular lymphoma.

TO THE EDITOR: The recently published FOLL05 trial, 1 conducted by the Fondazione Italiana Linformi, randomly assigned 543 patients with follicular lymphoma to three differentfirst-line chemotherapy regimens: rituximab plus cyclophosphamide, vincristine, andprednisone(R-CVP),rituximabpluscyclophosphamide,doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone (R-CHOP), and rituximab plus fludarabine and mitoxantrone (R-FM). The study concluded that R-CHOP and R-FM were similarly efficacious, and that both were better than R-CVP in terms of 3-year time-to-treatment failure and progression-free survival. Furthermore, R-CHOP was associated with less toxicity than R-FM and was therefore proclaimed the winning regimen. We would like to point out the results of our decision analysis, which was designed to examine the optimal first-line/second-line approach to follicular lymphoma using rigorous methodology that incorporated efficacy and quality-of-life measures. 2 Our study examined the same three regimens as the FOLL05 trial and arrived at precisely the same conclusions. The decision analysis, based on a meta-analysis of existing trials, was published in early 2010, 3 years before the current report. It required no patients to be randomly assigned, and only minimalfinancial resources. Although we acknowledge the value of randomized trials in answering important clinical questions, it is an unfortunate reality that thesestudiescannotbeperformedforeveryclinicalquestion,andeven
The effects of a nearby biological body on the parameters of a small hand-held radio operating in the H.F. band (3MHz-30MHz)

The effects of a nearby biological body on the efficiency and radiation patterns of a small hand-held radio operating in the H.F. band are determined by computer modeling. The close proximity of the radio operator's body results in the scattered field from the body reradiating and perturbing the known free-space current distribution in the antennas to some extent. However, due to the extremely small electrical size of the radiating system, this body-to-radio coupling is assumed to be minimal and henceforth neglected. Thus, a direct moment method is used to solve a volumetric electric field integral equation with the near field of the radio as the excitation field. Once the equivalent volumetric currents are determined, the efficiency and radiation patterns are found using these currents and the unperturbed free space current of the radio antenna.
Innovation, organizational capabilities, and the born-global firm

We investigate born-global firms as early adopters of internationalization – that is, companies that expand into foreign markets and exhibit international business prowess and superior performance, from or near their founding. Our explication highlights the critical role of innovative culture, as well as knowledge and capabilities, in this unique breed of international, entrepreneurial firm. Case studies are analyzed to better understand the early internationalization phenomenon and reveal key orientations and strategies that engender international success among these innovative firms. Case findings are then validated in a survey-based study. Despite the scarce resources typical of young firms, our findings reveal that born-global firms leverage a distinctive mix of orientations and strategies that allow them to succeed in diverse international markets. Findings have important implications for the internationalization of contemporary firms.
Letter by Singh Regarding Article, “Does Sodium Nitroprusside Decrease the Incidence of Atrial Fibrillation After Myocardial Revascularization? A Pilot Study”

1. The elective coronary artery bypass grafting patients in the current study had relatively preserved left ventricular systolic functions (mean ejection fractions 60%). Risk profile analysis over time has shown that, overall, more “sicker” patients with lower ejection fractions (50%) are currently being referred for coronary artery bypass grafting. 2 The generalizabilty of the findings in the current study remains to be tested in populations that reflect this realworld trend. These populations may actually have a higher risk for postoperative atrial fibrillation. 2. About a third of patients in SNP and placebo groups were preoperatively on -blockers. The postoperative exposure to -blockers was not documented. Neither was the perioperative exposure to amiodarone, statins, or digoxin documented. In the presence of these molecules that have been shown to have a favorable impact on arrhythmia incidence, 3,4 the “true” treatment effect of SNP is difficult to assess. The limitation was not acknowledged in the Discussion and raises the question of whether SNP has a predominant adjunctive role. 3. What was the frequency of perioperative stroke in the study? This information would be relevant because patients with atrial fibrillation in the postoperative period have a 3-fold higher risk of perioperative stroke. 5
Longitudinal course and outcome of personality disorders

The notion of personality disorders (PDs) as stable disorders has persisted despite traditional follow-up studies showing that fewer than 50% of patients diagnosed with PDs retained these diagnoses over time. Because these studies had methodological limitations, four more rigorous large-scale studies of the naturalistic course of PDs have been conducted. The results indicate (1) personality psychopathology improves over time at unexpectedly significant rates; (2) maladaptive personality traits are more stable than PD diagnoses; (3) although personality psychopathology improves, residual effects can be seen in the form of persistent functional impairment, continuing behavioral problems, reduced future quality of life, and ongoing Axis I psychopathology; (4) improvement in personality psychopathology may eventually be associated with reduction in ongoing personal and social burden.
Responding to policies at runtime in TrustBuilder

Automated trust negotiation is the process of establishing trust between entities with no prior relationship through the iterative disclosure of digital credentials. One approach to negotiating trust is for the participants to exchange access control policies to inform each other of the requirements for establishing trust. When a policy is received at run-time, a compliance checker determines which credentials satisfy the policy so they can be disclosed. In situations where severed sets of credentials satisfy a policy and some of the credentials are sensitive, a compliance checker that generates all the sets is necessary to insure that the negotiation succeeds whenever possible. Compliance checkers designed for trust management do not usually generate all the satisfying sets. In this paper, we present two practical algorithms for generating all satisfying sets given a compliance checker that generates only one set. The ability to generate all of the combinations provides greater flexibility in how the system or user establishes trust. For example, the least sensitive credential combination could be disclosed first. These Ideas have been implemented in TrustBuilder, our prototype system for trust negotiation.
2,3‐Bis(phenylsulfonyl)‐1,3‐butadiene

[85540-20-1] C16H14O4S2 (MW 334.41) InChI = 1S/C16H14O4S2/c1-13(21(17,18)15-9-5-3-6-10-15)14(2)22(19,20)16-11-7-4-8-12-16/h3-12H,1-2H2 InChIKey = MZRCSZMGBMHTJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N (electrophilic 4-carbon annulation reagent; electron-deficient diene component; sulfonyl allene precursor) Alternate Name: bPSB. Physical Data: white crystalline solid, mp 181–183 °C. Solubility: soluble in CH2Cl2, THF, o-DCB, acetonitrile, and toluene. Preparative Methods: the title reagent can be prepared by the reaction of 2-butyne-1,4-diol with phenylsulfenyl chloride, followed by oxidation of the resulting bis(sulfoxide) with hydrogen peroxide, according to the following procedure. A solution of 2-butyne-1,4-diol (90 mmol) and triethylamine (270 mmol) in dichloromethane (700 mL) is treated with phenylsulfenyl chloride (180 mmol) over 0.5 h at −78 °C. After warming to room temperature and stirring for 12 h, the reaction mixture is subjected to aqueous extraction, dried, and concentrated to give a residue which is recrystallized (MeOH/Et2O) to provide the bis(sulfoxide) in 74% isolated yield. A solution of this compound (56.3 mmol) and 33% hydrogen peroxide (366 mmol) in glacial acetic acid (170 mL) is subsequently heated to 90 °C for 5 h, after which the reaction mixture is diluted with water and allowed to cool to room temperature. The resulting white precipitate is collected by filtration, dried, and recrystallized (CH2Cl2/hexane) to give the title compound in 61% yield.1, 2 Purification: recrystallization from CH2Cl2/hexane (1:1). Handling, Storage, and Precautions: neither air-nor moisture-sensitive; should be stored in a tightly closed bottle under nitrogen, shelf-stable for several years. Toxicity has not been determined.
Interactive, Compensatory Reading Strategies

Three experiments examined the trade-off between the text-based and task-based importance. Text-based importance was defined as information in a text that is important due to its structural relation to other text segments. Task-based importance was defined as text information that is important due to external constraints such as instructions. Undergraduates in this study spontaneously adopted an interactive, compensatory strategy in which task-based importance superseded the role of text-based importance. Implications for reading instruction and practice were discussed.
A Hot Spot for the Interaction of Gating Modifier Toxins with Voltage-Dependent Ion Channels

The gating modifier toxins are a large family of protein toxins that modify either activation or inactivation of voltage-gated ion channels. ω-Aga-IVA is a gating modifier toxin from spider venom that inhibits voltage-gated Ca2+ channels by shifting activation to more depolarized voltages. We identified two Glu residues near the COOH-terminal edge of S3 in the α1A Ca2+ channel (one in repeat I and the other in repeat IV) that align with Glu residues previously implicated in forming the binding sites for gating modifier toxins on K+ and Na+ channels. We found that mutation of the Glu residue in repeat I of the Ca2+ channel had no significant effect on inhibition by ω-Aga-IVA, whereas the equivalent mutation of the Glu in repeat IV disrupted inhibition by the toxin. These results suggest that the COOH-terminal end of S3 within repeat IV contributes to forming a receptor for ω-Aga-IVA. The strong predictive value of previous mapping studies for K+ and Na+ channel toxins argues for a conserved binding motif for gating modifier toxins within the voltage-sensing domains of voltage-gated ion channels.
The Saturn spectrum in the EUV‐electron excited hydrogen

Recent laboratory observations of electron excited H2 in the EUV have brought about the realization that higher Rydberg series band systems make a significant contribution to the emission spectrum. Theoretical cross section estimates for the excitation of the D, D-prime, B-prime, and B-double-prime states agree with these results. Model calculations for particle excitation of the Saturn atmosphere, including the higher states, now show excellent agreement with Voyager auroral and dayside equatorial spectra. The model data also confirm the relative spectral response calibration of the Voyager instruments, providing a basis for accurate analysis of the excitation processes on both Jupiter and Saturn.
Mechanisms of Immune Regulation at Mucosal Surfaces

This review focuses on three aspects of immunity at mucosal surfaces. The first is the origin of the commitment of mucosal surfaces to IgA synthesis and the possible role of isotype-specific regulatory T cells in this process. The role of T cells in switching from virgin, IgM-bearing cells to antigen-sensitive IgA-producing B cells is discussed in the context of recent developments in molecular biology, i.e., the possibility that the T cell regulates switching by providing a specific IgA recombinase. Second, the migratory patterns of cells from the gut mucosa to other mucosal sites are reviewed, and new data substantiating the migration of T cells in addition to B cells are presented. Third, the concept of oral tolerance is discussed, and the implications of the concomitant development of secretory immunity and systemic tolerance following enteric immunization are reviewed. New data are presented that suggest that although suppressor cells are present following oral immunization, prior treatment with agents such as cytoxan and colchicine, which eliminate splenic T suppressor cells, does not influence the induction of oral tolerance.
Development of Immature Culicoides mississippiensis (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in the Laboratory

Laboratory investigations were conducted to determine the fecundity of blood fed females, the effects of constant temperature on development of immature stages, and the presence of autogeny in Culicoides mississippiensis Hoffman. Average fecundity of blood-fed females was 35 eggs per female. A positive seasonal correlation between fecundity and wing length was established (range, 32 to 38 eggs per female for females with wing lengths of 1.06 to 1.3 mm). The mean number of eggs which hatched per female was 10.33. Development of immature stages was studied at five constant temperatures (10, 15, 20, 25, and 30°C), and was successful at 15, 20, and 25°C. Development times were inversely related to temperature. The optimal temperature for rearing was 20°C. Complete development at this temperature required a total of 57 days.
Evaluating early-life asthma definitions as a marker for subsequent asthma in an electronic medical record setting.

BACKGROUND Case definitions for asthma incidence in early life vary between studies using medical records to define disease. This study assessed the impact of different approaches to using medical records on estimates of asthma incidence by age 3 and determined the validity of early-life asthma case definitions in predicting school-age asthma. METHODS Asthma diagnoses and medications by age 3 were used to classify 7103 children enrolled in Kaiser Permanente Georgia according to 14 definitions of asthma. School-age asthma was defined as an asthma diagnosis between ages 5 and 8. Sensitivity (probability of asthma by age 3 given school-age asthma), specificity (probability of no asthma by age 3 given no school-age asthma), positive and negative predictive values (probability of (no) school-age asthma given (no) asthma by age 3), and likelihood ratios (combining sensitivity and specificity) were used to determine predictive ability. RESULTS 9.0-35.2% of children were classified as asthmatic by age 3 depending on asthma case definition. Early-life asthma classifications were more specific than sensitive and were better at identifying children who would not have school-age asthma (negative predictive values: 80.7-86.6%) than at predicting children who would have school-age asthma (positive predictive values: 43.5-71.5%). CONCLUSIONS Choice of case definition had a large impact on the estimate of asthma incidence. While ability to predict school-age asthma was limited, several case definitions performed similarly to clinical asthma prediction tools used in previous asthma research (e.g., the Asthma Predictive Index).
CBER: new approaches to biological product testing.

Biological products are complex molecules and their testing presents unique technical challenges. Furthermore, there are certain expectations for the validation of methods applied for regulatory purposes. A few recent CBER policy initiatives which have an impact on the use of animal tests for biological products will be discussed, followed by an expose of the MAPREC test for polio virus neurovirulence as an example of alternative test development and the validation process. Finally, some general comments about the validation process will be made.
More on Generalized Derivatives

In Section 4.4, we defined generalized derivatives. This chapter attempts to take derivatives as far as we can. In particular, we define them for the most general expressions considered in this book, namely expressions with union, concatenation, star, and complementation. We formulate the corresponding version of the λ-property and derive several useful properties of these derivatives. Most significantly, it allows us to show that any explicit equation has a unique solution, provided its expression has this λ-property. We conclude the chapter with a discussion of techniques that permit us to determine whether a given word is in the solution, even though that solution may not be regular.
Key Parameter Controlling the Sensitivity of Plasmonic Metal Nanoparticles: Aspect Ratio

Currently the synthesis of plasmonic nanoparticles for sensing applications mostly focuses on their shape because it is believed that nanoparticles with sharp tips provide higher sensitivities than those without. Herein, by measuring and analyzing the sensitivities of more than 74 types of nanoparticles of various shapes, sizes, and compositions, we found that, contrary to this common belief, the correlation between shape and sensitivity is much weaker than that between aspect ratio and sensitivity. Among all the parameters investigated here, including size, shape, composition, aspect ratio, cross-sectional area, and initial plasmonic resonance frequency, the aspect ratio (R) is the key parameter that controls the nanoparticle sensitivity (S) following an empirical equation, S = 46.87R + 109.37. Other parameters have much less influence on the nanoparticle sensitivity to refractive index changes. The stronger dependence of the sensitivity on aspect ratio than on shape encourages us to reassess the current...
Modeling and calibration of a capacitive threshold sensor for in situ calibration of MEMS gyroscope

A capacitive sensor design is introduced with an associated method for constructing a trusted threshold crossing angle (θ TH ) from the capacitance profile to perform precise measurement of the out-of-plane (X and Y) tilting angles of a 6 degree of freedom (DOF) piezoelectric actuation stage for in situ calibration of micro electromechanical (MEMS) gyroscopes. The capacitance vs. tilting angle relationship of the sensor is calibrated with the assist of an external Laser Doppler vibrometer (LDV) and a closed-form model of the sensor. The θ TH are extracted by detecting the crossing location of the reconstructed capacitance trajectories using measurement from LDV or on-chip capacitive sensor, the comparison shows close agreements. The experimental results demonstrate: (a) the on-chip capacitive sensor is able to track the tilting motion with high accuracy; (b) the θ TH extracted from on-chip capacitive sensor can serve as an invariant reference point for scale factor calibration of MEMS gyroscopes.
Predicting off-target effects for end-to-end CRISPR guide design

To enable more effective guide design we have developed the first machine learning-based approach to assess CRISPR/Cas9 off-target effects. Our approach consistently and substantially outperformed the state-of the-art over multiple, independent data sets, yielding up to a 6-fold improvement in accuracy. Because of the large computational demands of the task, we also developed a cloud-based service for end-to-end guide design which incorporates our previously reported on-target model, Azimuth, as well as our new off-target model, Elevation (https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/project/crispr).
Longitudinal Analysis of Antibody Response to Immunization in Pediatric Survivors After Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation.

Abstract Abstract 795 Re-immunization is a common practice after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT), but the optimal vaccine schedule and long-term response have not been established. We prospectively and longitudinally evaluated the antibody response to childhood vaccines in 210 survivors after allo-HSCT. Positive titer lasting for 5 years or more after immunization was observed more often for diphtheria (98.1%), tetanus (96.1%), rubella (92.9%), and polio vaccines (96.2% for type 1; 98.1% for type 2 and 3), but less often for pertussis (25.0%), measles (65.4%), mumps (64.3%), and hepatitis B (75.0%). As shown in the table below, vaccine failure was associated with patients who were older at the time of re-immunization, received a T cell depleted graft, had a high-risk hematological malignancy, lower IgG levels, higher IgM levels, chronic GvHD, positive recipient CMV status, and negative titers prior to immunization. These clinical factors are useful to formulate immunization and monitoring strategies for survivors after allo-HSCT. Patients at risk for vaccine failure should be monitored closely during long-term follow-up, and booster immunizations should be considered when there is no seroconversion. Table . Factors associated with negative titers after re-immunization Vaccine Factor Odds ratio 95% confidence interval p value Diphteria T cell depleted graft 5.52 1.14-26.82 0.034 Tetanus Older age at immunization 1.54 1.05-2.22 0.026 Lower IgG level * 1.03 1.00-1.05 0.033 Measles Lower IgG level * 1.01 1.00-1.02 0.022 Mumps High risk vs. standard risk 2.63 1.02-6.67 0.045 Rubella Higher IgM level * 1.12 1.03-1.23 0.012 High risk vs. standard risk 16.7 1.56-100.00 0.02 Poliovirus Type 1 Older age at immunization 1.43 1.05-1.92 0.021 Positive recipeint CMV titer 3.18 1.58-6.41 0.001 Higher IgM level * 1.08 1.01-1.15 0.027 Negative titer before immunization 8.33 2.17-33.33 0.002 Type 2 Older age at immunization 1.41 1.04-1.92 0.027 Positive recipeint CMV titer 2.65 1.36-5.20 0.004 Higher IgM level * 1.06 1.00-1.14 0.04 Negative titer before immunization 14.3 4.55-50.00 Type 3 Older age at immunization 1.41 1.04-1.89 0.027 Positive recipient CMV titer 3.11 1.67-5.80 Higher IgM level * 1.06 1.00-1.12 0.035 Chronic GVHD 2.7 1.05-6.95 0.04 Negative titer before immunization 5.88 1.92-20.00 0.002 * Total IgG and IgM, not disease specific Ig levels Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
An Efficiency Comparison Between Capture-Recapture Estimators Derived Using Maximum Likelihood and Martingale Theory

Many capture-recapture population estimators have been derived using maximum likelihood (ML) theory. Recently, Becker (1984) and Yip (1989) introduced a capture-recapture population estimator derived using martingale theory. The estimator was developed for continuous time and allows individual capture probabilities to vary by time. A similar estimator was developed by Craig (1953) and Darroch (1958) using ML theory. In continuous time, animals are captured one at a time. Monte Carlo simulations were performed to assess the efficiency of the martingale estimator compared to the maximum likelihood estimator. The martingale estimator was less efficient than the ML estimator for all cases. Efficiency of the martingale estimator decreased with increasing capture probability and increased with increasing population size. Percent relative bias of both estimators was similar. The martingale approach may prove more useful for complex models where ML estimation has so far been difficult.
Similar DIFs: Differential Item Functioning and Factorial Invariance for Scales with Seven (“Plus or Minus Two”) Response Alternatives

Measurement invariance in the factor analytic tradition and a lack of differential item functioning (DIF) in item response theory (IRT) are essentially the same. However, the two types of analysis have rarely been cast in exactly parallel form. Either categorical (IRT) or continuous linear/confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) models may usefully be applied to item response data with seven (or so) response alternatives. This chapter is intended to clarify some of issues involved in the application of CFA to DIF detection, by using the CFA procedures slightly differently than they are used in the analysis of factorial invariance. Summaries are provided of DIF detection using parametric IRT models and the conventional evaluation of factorial invariance. The evaluation of factorial invariance is reformulated to make it more like DIF detection, for the context of item analysis. An empirical illustration is provided using both parametric IRT DIF detection procedures and a parallel version of the evaluation of factorial invariance using CFA models.
Entanglement distance between quantum states and its implications for a density-matrix renormalization group study of degenerate ground states

We study the concept of entanglement distance between two quantum states, which quantifies the amount of information shared between their reduced density matrices (RDMs). Using analytical arguments combined with density-matrix renormalization group (DMRG) and exact diagonalization (ED) calculations, we show that for gapless systems the entanglement distance has power law dependence on the energy separation and subsystem size, with ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{E}$ and ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{\ensuremath{\ell}}$ exponents, respectively. Using conformal field theory (CFT) we find ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{E}=2$ and ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{\ensuremath{\ell}}=4$ for Abelian theories with $c=1$, as in the case of free fermions. For non-Abelian CFTs ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{E}=0$, and ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{\ensuremath{\ell}}$ is twice the conformal dimension of the thermal primary fields. For instance, for ${Z}_{3}$ parafermion CFT ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{E}=1$ and ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{\ensuremath{\ell}}=4/5$. For gapped 1+1 dimensional (1+1D) fermion systems, we show that the entanglement distance divides the low energy excitations into two branches with different values of ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{E}$ and ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{\ensuremath{\ell}}$. These two branches are related to momentum transfers near zero and $\ensuremath{\pi}$. We also demonstrate that the entanglement distance reaches its maximum for degenerate states related through nonlocal operators such as Wilson loops. For example, degenerate ground states (GSs) of 2+1D topological states have maximum entanglement distance. In contrast, degenerate GSs related through confined anyon excitations such as genons have minimum entanglement distance. Various implications of this concept for quantum simulations are discussed. Finally, based on the ideas developed we discuss the computational complexity of DMRG algorithms that are capable of finding all degenerate GSs.
Exploitation of Consumer Decision-making and How to Address it: Lessons From Past Demand-side Interventions

In a number of recent antitrust cases, the authorities’ concerns have centred on firms’ ability to distort and exploit the behaviour of consumers to their own ends. Example include: the recent EU Google infringement decision, which related to Google's manipulation of its search results, aware that this diverted consumers towards its own shopping comparison service; the ongoing EU Google Android case, which focuses on the requirement that the Search app and the Google Chrome browser be loaded onto Android phones by default, exploiting the natural inertia of consumers towards trying alternatives; similar concerns in relation to the Microsoft/LinkedIn merger, which led to commitments being given in order to gain EU approval; and the ongoing Bundeskartellamt antitrust investigation into Facebook, which is grounded in a concern that people may feel pressurised into signing up...
Benign Squamous and Melanocytic Tumors

Benign tumors of the eyelid include a variety of nonpigmented and pigmented epidermal tumors (arising from squamous or melanocytic cells), adnexal tumors ( Chap. 4), and stromal tumors ( Chap. 5). Important to note is that not all clinically pigmented lesions are melanocytic, since squamous cells can pick up melanin pigment, thus giving a pigmented appearance to a lesion. The benign epidermal tumors of the eyelid are similar to those observed in the other sun-exposed areas of the skin, but they may also include conjunctival tumors as well. Some of these tumors represent manifestations of systemic disease ( Chap. 12). A classification of the epidermal eyelid tumors is presented in Table 3.1. Only the description of the most common and frequently observed benign tumors, along with their corresponding premalignant lesions and tumorlike nonneoplastic lesions are included in this chapter.
Very light smoking and alternative tobacco use among college students.

Abstract Introduction Concurrent use of cigarettes with alternative tobacco products (ATPs), even among very light smokers, may be harmful. This study examined current use of e-cigarettes, cigars, and hookah, and susceptibility to future use of these products in a sample of college student cigarette smokers. Methods Participants were 1161 18–29 year old (M age = 21.15; SD = 2.72; 52.7% female; 41.2% non-Hispanic white) current, or past 30-day cigarette smokers, drawn from a larger study. Current smokers were categorized as very light smokers [≤5 cigarettes per day (cpd)] and heavier smokers (>5 cpd). Results 88.6% of all participating college student smokers were very light smokers and 67.7% used at least one ATP concurrently. The prevalence of current use in this sample was 42.9% for e-cigarettes, 36.4% for hookah, and 25.9% for cigars. Compared to heavier smokers, very light smokers were more likely to be younger, racial/ethnic minorities, and four-year versus two-year college students. Multilevel logistic regression models showed that after controlling for socio-demographic characteristics and substance use, being a very light smoker, compared with a heavier smoker, was negatively associated with concurrent e-cigarette use, but positively associated with concurrent cigar use, and not associated with concurrent hookah use. Moreover, compared to heavier smokers, very light smokers reported being more susceptible to future cigar and hookah use, but not e-cigarette use. Conclusions Concurrent use of cigarettes with ATPs is popular among all college student smokers, but very light smokers are more likely than heavier smokers to use combustible ATPs. Smoking intervention programs and campus policies should caution smokers, especially very light smokers, against ATP use.
Hands-On Defibrillation Skills of Pediatric Acute Care Providers During a Simulated Ventricular Fibrillation Cardiac Arrest Scenario.

Introduction: Timely defibrillation in ventricular fibrillation cardiac arrest (VFCA) is associated with good outcome. While defibrillation skills of pediatric providers have been reported to be poor, the factors related to poor hands-on defibrillation skills of pediatric providers are largely unknown. The aim of our study was to evaluate delay in individual steps of the defibrillation and human and non-human factors associated with poor hands-on defibrillation skills among pediatric acute care providers during a simulated VFCA scenario. Methods: We conducted a prospective observational study of video evaluation of hands-on defibrillation skills of pediatric providers in a simulated VFCA in our children's hospital. Each provider was asked to use pads followed by paddles to provide 2 J/kg shock to an infant mannequin in VFCA. The hands-on skills were evaluated for struggle with any step of defibrillation, defined a priori as >10 s delay with particular step. The data was analyzed using chi-square test with significant p-value 10 s delay) with each of connecting the pads/paddles to the device, using pads/paddles on the mannequin and using buttons on the machine was 34 (50%), 26 (38%), and 31 (46%), respectively. Conclusions: The defibrillation skills of providers in a tertiary care children's hospital are poor. Both human and machine-related factors are associated with delay in defibrillation. Prior use of the study defibrillator is associated with a significantly shorter time-to-first shock as compared to prior use of any other defibrillator or no prior use of any defibrillator.
Choosing Nonmortars: Does it Influence the Performance of FETI-DP Algorithms?

We investigate whether different choices of nonmortar sides for the geometrically conforming partitions inherent to FETI-DP influence the convergence of the algorithms for four different preconditioners. We conclude experimentally that they do not, although better condition number estimates exist for a Neumann-Dirichlet choice of nonmortars.
Control of Chemotaxis Through Absolute Concentration Robustness

Chemotaxis, the directed motion of cells in response to chemical gradients, is important for a variety of biological processes ranging from embryogenesis to killing of pathogens. Increasing the speed and efficiency of directed migration is critical in such situations. We provide a control mechanism by which one can minimize the noise-driven firings at the back of the cell, enabling faster motion towards the front. We achieve this through a mechanism called absolute concentration robustness (ACR), which robustly maintains the steady-state concentration of intracellular biochemical species and, at the same time, provides control over the concentration variance. More particularly, by incorporating ACR, we develop a correspondence between the concentration mean and variance - both of which are independent of total concentrations. We show that by incorporating ACR into the back of a moving cell, we can create a mechanism to robustly control the noise variance at the back - thus limiting the deterring firings while the cell moves in the direction of the gradient.
Wiener-Hopf Factorization for Time-Inhomogeneous Markov Chains

This work contributes to the theory of Wiener-Hopf type factorization for finite Markov chains. This theory originated in the seminal paper Barlow et al. (1980), which treated the case of finite time-homogeneous Markov chains. Since then, several works extended the results of Barlow et al. (1980) in many directions. However, all these extensions were dealing with time-homogeneous Markov case. The first work dealing with the time-inhomogeneous situation was Bielecki et al. (2018), where Wiener-Hopf type factorization for time-inhomogeneous finite Markov chain with piecewise constant generator matrix function was derived. In the present paper we go further: we derive and study Wiener-Hopf type factorization for time-inhomogeneous finite Markov chain with the generator matrix function being a fairly general matrix valued function of time.
Psychological and social outcomes of sport participation for older adults: a systematic review

Sport participation is well known to promote health outcomes for children and adolescents. Nevertheless, there is insufficient evidence about the psychological and social outcomes of sport participation for older adults. This article provides the results of a systematic review of the psychological and social outcomes of sport participation for older adults. A systematic review of seven electronic databases was conducted and a total of 21 studies published that attended to psychological and/or social health benefits from sport participation of older adults (50 years old and over) were included. The outcomes of older adults’ sport participation included life satisfaction, depression, anxiety, stress, mood state, hedonistic values, socialisation, competition, and personal psychological outcomes such as personal empowerment, self-confidence, self-esteem and resistance to the negative view of ageing. Future studies are needed to conceptualise and operationalise the different levels of involvement of sport participation.
Efficient identification of neoantigen-specific T-cell responses in advanced human ovarian cancer

Efficient identification of neoantigen-specific T-cell responses in epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) remains a challenge. Existing investigations of spontaneous T-cell response to tumor neoepitope in EOC have taken the approach of comprehensive screening all neoantigen candidates, with a validation rate of 0.5–2%. Whole-exome and transcriptome sequencing analysis of treatment-naive EOC patients were performed to identify neoantigen candidates, and the immunogenicity of prioritized neoantigens was evaluated by analyzing spontaneous neoantigen-specfic CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses in the tumor and/or peripheral blood. The biological relevance of neoantigen-specific T-cell lines and clones were analyzed by evaluating the capacity of autologous ovarian tumor recognition. Genetic transfer of T-cell receptor (TCR) from these neoantigen-specific T-cell clones into peripheral blood T-cells was conducted to generate neoepitope-specific T-cells. The molecular signature associated with positive neoantigen T-cell responses was investigated, and the impacts of expression level and lymphocyte source on neoantigen identification were explored. Using a small subset of prioritized neoantigen candidates, we were able to detect spontaneous CD4+ and/or CD8+ T-cell responses against neoepitopes from autologous lymphocytes in half of treatment-naive EOC patients, with a significantly improved validation rate of 19%. Tumors from patients exhibiting neoantigen-specific T-cell responses exhibited a signature of upregulated antigen processing and presentation machinery, which was also associated with favorable patient survival in the TCGA ovarian cohort. T-cells specific against two mutated cancer-associated genes, NUP214 and JAK1, recognized autologous tumors. Gene-engineering with TCR from these neoantigen-specific T-cell clones conferred neoantigen-reactivity to peripheral T-cells. Our study demonstrated the feasibility of efficiently identifying both CD4+ and CD8+ neoantigen-specific T-cells in EOC. Autologous lymphocytes genetically engineered with tumor antigen-specific TCR can be used to generate cells for use in the personalized adoptive T-cell transfer immunotherapy.
O-025 Quantifying arousal: an analysis of the ascending reticular activating system in intracerebral hemorrhage using diffusion tensor imaging

Background We hypothesize that fractional anisotropy (FA) of the Ascending Reticular Activating System (ARAS) can be used to predict the state of consciousness of patients suffering intracerebral hemorrhage. To test this hypothesis, we performed a pilot analysis of the ARAS correlating NIH Stroke Score with quantitative assessment of the ARAS on DTI imaging. Methods 21 patients with spontaneous ICH admitted to the Mount Sinai Health System between October 2017 and February 2018 were evaluated with NIHSS and MRI-DTI at 24–48 hours and 7–10 days using a 1.5 T scanner. DTI and tractography were performed with the READY view software, quantifying mean FA (mFA) and density with a ROI in the ventromedial mesencephalon. We divided patients into 2 subgroups: ‘conscious’ (NIHSS=0–15) and ‘unconscious’ (NIHSS=16–42). Results Pearson’s correlation coefficient demonstrated that quantitative DTI metrics (mFA and density) negatively correlate with the NIHSS at 7–10 days. The biserial correlation test demonstrated a significant association between mFA and NIHSS subgroups at 7–10 days. We assessed the probability for each patient of being in the subgroups given mFA using multivariate logistic regression model. Using a decision tree analysis, the mFA cut-off threshold between the two subgroups is 0.3765 (sensitivity 93.3%, specificity 83.3%, ROC AUC=0.86). Conclusions The mFA measured by quantitative DTI at 7–10 days after onset of intracerebral hemorrhage strongly predicts NIHSS. Patients with lower mFA values in the ARAS are far more likely to be unconscious. Disclosures J. Scaggiante: None. N. Dangayach: None. X. Zhang: None. J. Mocco: 2; C; Rebound Therapeutics, Consulting Agreement, Consultant, Synchron, Consultant, Cerebrotech, Consulting Agreement, Consultant. 4; C; Synchron, Ownership Interest (Stock, options, shareholder), NeuroTechnology Investors, Ownership Interest (Stock, options, shareholder), The Stroke Project, Ownership Interest (Stock, options, shareholder), Endostream, Ownership Interest (Stock, options, shareholder), Apama, Ownership Interest (Stock, options, shareholder), NeurVana, Ownership Interest (Stock, options, shareholder). D. Lefton: None. C. Kellner: 2; C; Penumbra, Inc, Consulting Agreement.