cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Magnetic Energy Storage in Synchronous Machines

A relation is derived for the magnetic energy storage of a synchronous machine as a function of machine reactances, excitation and terminal voltages. The stored magnetic energy may be represented in terms of a per-unit magnetic energy parameter, having the dimension of seconds, analogous to the representation of stored kinetic energy in terms of the per-unit inertia constant, H. It is found that for most conventional synchronous machines, operating at 60 Hz, the magnitude of the stored magnetic energy is about three decimal orders of magnitude less than the stored kinetic energy.
Otto Kernberg's Object Relations Theory: A Metapsychological Critique

A conceptual and empirical critique of Kernberg's influential object relations theory is presented as a case study of the limitations of structural ontological presuppositions in accounting for psy...
A Franciscan Fighter for South American Independence: Fray Luis Beltran

THE SPANISH AMERICAN WARS for independence abounded in events of which novels are born. Among them is the heroic and herculean crossing of the southern Andes by the Argentine general, Jose de San Martin, and his army to crush Spanish rule in Chile. San Martin’s preparations in Mendoza on the eastern side of the Andes in present Argentina, in which almost insurmountable obstacles had to be overcome, merit in themselves much more attention than they have received from historians.
Effectiveness of Wood and Bark in Removing Organic and Inorganic Contaminates from Aqueous Solution

The focus of this study was on aspen wood and other lignocellulosic materials for removing organic and inorganic contaminants typically present in stormwater runoff. The study demonstrated that aspen wood fibers remove PAHs from the aqueous solution. Removal increased with increasing molecular weight of the PAH, but did not seem to be related to the lignin content of the wood. In addition, bark from trees and other agricultural residues have been investigated as a noncompetitive sorbent for copper II ion. It has been found that barks that are high in tannins are the most effective filtration media from all of the agricultural residues tested. These results suggest that filters made from wood or bark could find applications in wastewater treatment and control of roadway runoff pollutants.
Management of Oral and Genital Herpes in the Emergency Department

The epidemiology of oral and genital herpes has dramatically changed over the past decade. Herpes simplex virus-1, traditionally associated with oral herpes, is now implicated in an increasing percentage of genital herpes cases. The possibility of "autoinoculation" (or self-infection) of anatomic sites other than that of the primary infection has been recognized. New methods of suppression therapy are being examined. These changes have led to a revision in the recommendations by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). This review discusses herpes infections of the oral and genital mucosa and the suggested approach to the infected patient who presents in the emergency department. Specific attention is given to the CDC's 2006 guidelines for the treatment of sexually transmitted diseases.
Structural explanation in chemistry and its evolving forms.

: Historically, there has been a close relationship between the concepts of structure and of shape. Is the relationship a matter of fact or is it conceptual? Exploring this question with examples enables us to distinguish several senses of structure. Clearly, spatial shape is not conceptually related to constitutive structure, since a molecule may consist only of an ordered set of potentialities. The concept of structure in chemistry developed in the nineteenth century from an ambiguous but essentially taxonomic use in type theory to a realist hypothesis as to the spatial distribution of atoms in the molecule. This development required a defense of the Daltonian view of elements as constituted by minute corpuscularian atoms. Once a realist concept of structure had been established, the issue of the nature of structural explanation could then be addressed. Template explanation formats as well as jigsaw formats can be found in chemistry. The problem of halting a regress of structural explanations leads to a sketch of a way in which physics can serve as a heterogeneous foundation for chemistry without reductionist implications.
Joint Packet Scheduling and Content-Aware Playout Control for Video Streaming over Wireless Links

Media streaming over wireless links is a challenging problem due to both the unreliable, time-varying nature of the wireless channel and the stringent delivery requirements of media traffic. In this paper, we use joint control of packet scheduling at the transmitter and content-aware playout at the receiver, so as to maximize the quality of media streaming over a wireless link. Our contributions are twofold. First, we formulate and study the problem of joint scheduling and playout control within a dynamic programming framework. Second, we propose a novel content-aware playout control, that takes into account the content of a video sequence, and in particular the motion characteristics of different scenes. We find that the joint scheduling and playout control can significantly improve the quality of the received video, at the expense of only a small amount of playout slowdown. Furthermore, thanks to the content-aware playout, the slowdown takes place mainly in the low-motion scenes, where its perceived effect is limited
Transmission electron microscopy and differential scanning calorimetry studies on the precipitation sequence in an Al?Mg?Si alloy: AA6022

The precipitate sequence in a 6022 aluminum alloy was investigated by means of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), transmission electron microscopy, and Vickers hardness measurements. The solution-treated samples were quenched and then immediately subjected to DSC and isothermal aging experiments. It was observed that in the early stages of aging there are some unknown small precipitates that form prior to the formation of β″ precipitates. Studies on isothermally aged and DSC heated samples suggest that some of the β″ needles transform during growth to lath-shaped precipitates. An alternative precipitation sequence for AA6022 is proposed.
Accurate determination of normal stress differences via transient-time correlation function – non-equilibrium molecular dynamics (TTCF–NEMD) simulations

When a non-Newtonian liquid undergoes shear flow, differences between the values taken by the diagonal elements of the pressure tensor arise. These differences, known as normal stress differences, are notoriously difficult to compute accurately. In this work, we propose to apply the transient-time correlation function (TTCF) formalism together with non-equilibrium molecular dynamics (NEMD) simulations to determine normal stress differences, as well as the corresponding normal stress coefficients, in an atomic fluid undergoing shear flow. Our results shed light on the dependence of normal stress differences and coefficients on the applied shear.
Assumptions of agreement and familiarity on the abbreviated conners teachers rating scale

Implicit in the development and use of the Conners' scales are the assumptions that the raters will agree upon their rating of hyperactivity regardless of a lack of operational defitions of items in such scales, and that the cut-off score (1.5) for ADHD should be higher in cases where the rater has some familiarity with the clinical case. This study describes a method for the evaluation of both assumptions. Seven children were rated by nursing staff and school teachers using the Abbreviated Conners Teachers Rating Scale (ACTRS) daily. Observations were conducted during the 7 a.m.-3 p.m. and 3 p.m.–7 p.m. shifts in order to provide two separate scores across raters. The results supported the assumption of agreement within (for example nurses' ratings during the 7 a.m.–3 p.m. period) and between (i.e. nurses' ratings versus teachers' ratings) settings. The results did not support the assumption of familiarity: scores during early observations were similar to the scores during later observations (when more familiarity with the clinical case is assumed). It was concluded that familiarity with the clinical case does not necessarily lead to higher scores (i.e. a better prediction of hyperactivity as a function of the rater's familiarity with the case) on the ACTRS. Agreements within and between observers could be a function of the raters' agreement in terms of using a specific cut-off point (i.e. 1.5) in their definition of a case as ‘hyperactive’, rather than the raters' agreement on reporting similar scores across observers.
Understanding Cognition in Team Collaboration through use of Communications Analysis

Macrocognition has been conceptualized by researchers in a number of ways depending on the perspective of the different disciplines. For this research the focus is on cognition in collaboration contexts, where problem solving teams collaborate on short-term situations which require rapid action to be taken against specific missions. We employed an empirical process for evaluating a model of team collaboration by analyzing and coding transcripts or chat logs that transpired during several real-world problem-solving events. Traditional collaboration systems are domain independent, thus they do not always support the difficult cognitive aspects of the task. The goal for the research reported here is to understand the role of cognition in teams who are collaborating to solve challenging, unique, information-rich problems and to apply this understanding to make recommendations for collaboration support.
Revealing Relationships: First Graders Share Personal Literature.

Literature holds the potential to significantly influence the lives of readers, but what is the nature of this influence for very young readers? This study investigated the question “What are the relationships between beginning readers and their personal literature?” A first-grade class of 18 students individually assembled a collection of personal literature, that is, literature that they chose to read for their own purposes, and shared their literature during presentations to the class. Data collection included observational field notes, multiple forms of literature, audio recordings, and photographs. The data were analyzed using the constant comparative method. The findings indicated four main outcomes: Students’ personal literature is a reflection of who they are as a child within a family structure; students’ personal literature brings them comfort; students’ personal literature is a reflection of their inner desires; and students’ personal literature is selected for their entertainment. The theoretical and practical implications of the study are discussed.
Microbial Kinetics and Dependencies of Individual and Combined Antibiotic Inhibitors of Protein Biosynthesis

The generation rate constants for the steady-state growth of antibiotic-inhibited Escherichia coli have the same formal dependency on concentration for deoxylincomycin, lincomycin (phase I), erythromycin, clindamycin, and U24729A. They may be kinetically classified as a group A, in which the first three compounds comprise a subgroup A 1 and the latter two a subgroup A 2 . Generation rate constants initially decrease linearly with concentration but asymptotically approach zero at higher concentrations. With tetracycline or chloramphenicol, the generation rate decreases linearly with all concentrations, and these compounds may be kinetically classified as group B. Combining an antibiotic from group A with one from group B gives a response equal to that obtained with equivalent amounts of each antibiotic alone, and there are no significant effects from the order of antibiotic addition. However, combinations of an A 1 with an A 2 antibiotic are antagonistic, and there are significant effects from the order of addition. The dependencies of generation rate constants in the presence of these antibiotics can be rationalized by a receptor site model that considers varying degrees of the rate of drug transfer and drug inactivation in the organism.
Germ cells of the mouse testis express P450 aromatase

Estrogen production within the testis has been a subject of considerable controversy for many years. Several studies have shown that both Sertoli and Leydig cells produce estrogen during different stages of development. Therefore, we have conducted experiments to localize aromatase, a cytochrome P450 enzyme that converts androgen to estrogen, within the testis. First, P450 aromatase (P450arom) was localized in germ cells of the adult mouse testis by immunocytochemistry, using an antiserum generated against purified human placental cytochrome P450arom. In the germinal epithelium, P450arom was located primarily in the Golgi region of round spermatids, throughout the cytoplasm of elongating spermatids, and along the flagella of late spermatids. Second, localization of P450arom within the germinal epithelium was supported by Western blot analysis of isolated germ cells. Third, Northern blot analysis using a mouse P450arom cDNA probe indicated that the mRNA for the mouse P450arom was present in testicular germ...
Have We Overlooked Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection as a Cause of Stillbirth

Among the most devastating obstetric complications for parents is stillbirth, defined as fetal death in the uterus after 20 weeks of gestation. These tragic deaths, of which half are due to maternal or fetal infections, occur in 1 in 160 infants [1]. Approximately 50% of stillbirths are associated with fetal growth restriction [2]. Human cytomegalovirus (CMV), the most frequent viral cause of congenital infection and birth defects, has now been implicated as a cause of stillbirth. In this issue of the Journal, Iwasenko and colleagues analyzed autopsy specimens from 130 stillbirths for bacterial and viral infections. Evidence of CMV infection—viral DNA and foci of replication—was detected in fetal tissues and placentas from 15% of stillborn infants, greatly outnumbering other pathogens. Histologic analysis revealed that fetal thrombotic vasculopathy in the placenta was significantly associated with congenital CMV infection, compelling evidence that
Life-Span Development in Functional Tasks

A life-span concept of motor development is presented as a framework for interpretation of a series of studies of righting tasks. Beginning with the task of rising from the floor, the use of a component approach for movement pattern description and for the identification of developmental sequences of motor patterns is reviewed. Studies applying this approach to a wide range of age groups and to various functional righting tasks are discussed. Recent studies investigating factors related to movement patterns used to perform one of the righting tasks are also reviewed. Suggestions concerning the ways in which this information could be applied to physical therapy practice are included.
Risk management: the next source of competitive advantage

Purpose – This paper aims to show how proper risk management capabilities can lead to competitive advantage for a company. There is much evidence that suggests that the current very high level of volatilities in the business world is going to get worse in the years and decades to come. This trend of increasing uncertainties and the resulting risks for businesses, demands a strategic‐level attention to risk management. This strategic‐level attention is warranted by the fact that proper risk management capabilities can lead to competitive advantage.Design/methodology/approach – The work is conceptual in its approach. The paper also provides many examples from a wide range of industries, as well as the results from other research works to support the finding of the paper.Findings – The paper first shows how firms' perspective of risk management is evolving. It then characterizes the main drivers behind the trend of increasing uncertainties in the business world which results in higher levels of risk exposure...
Discovery and Subsequent Confirmation of Novel Serum Biomarkers Diagnosing Alzheimer's Disease.

Background Alzheimer's disease (AD) remains challenging to diagnose, especially early disease. Having serum AD biomarkers would be of significant interest both in the clinical setting and in drug development efforts. Objective We applied a novel serum proteomic approach to interrogate the low-molecular weight proteome for serum AD biomarkers. Methods A discovery study used sera from 58 any-stage AD cases and 55 matched controls analyzed by capillary liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry. Candidate biomarkers were statistically modeled and promising biomarkers were retested in a second, blinded confirmatory study (AD cases = 68, controls = 57). Biomarkers that replicated in the second study were modeled for the diagnosis of any-stage and very early stage AD. Further, they were chemically identified by tandem MS. Results The initial discovery study found 59 novel potential AD biomarkers. Thirteen recurred in more than one multi-marker panel. In a second, blinded, confirmatory study, these same biomarkers were retested in separate specimens. In that study, four markers validated comparing controls to patients with any-stage AD and also with very early AD. The four biomarkers with replicable ability to diagnose AD were then chemically identified. Conclusion These results suggest novel serum AD diagnostic biomarkers can be found using this approach.
Factors influencing mean lethal rates of microbial cells in soft-serve ice cream during freezing.

Abstract The mean lethal rates and configurations of the lethal rate curves of microbial cells as influenced by different environmental and physical factors during the freezing of soft-serve ice cream were studied. Statistical analyses of the destruction rate data indicated agitation during freezing had a pronounced lethal effect on microbial cells (P Agitation in the absence of ice crystals at −1.7C, and temperature variation of frozen unagitated mix from −4 to −10C had no significant effect on the counts of Escherichia coli . The mean lethal rate of E. coli was greater in mixes containing 4.9% protein than in protein-free mixes (P Mean lethal rates of microbial cells were related to the consistency of the frozen mixes and free movement of ice crystals. Indirect evidence suggested that death of cells was due to physical disintegration by the abrasive action and collision impacts with rapidly and freely moving extracellular ice crystals.
Comparison of back interface structure alternatives using two sided optical excitation

The back interface of a solar cell is an important part of the device structure, providing several important functions: 1) reduces the effective surface recombination velocity, therefore raises both the short circuit current and Voc; 2) it may contain a high-low junction which adds it's own contribution to the Voc and Vmax; 3) provides a low resistance ohmic contact. An added optical effect includes reflectance of long wavelength light back into the semiconductor not absorbed on the first pass through the material. The most common back interface structure is a “back surface field” created by a high - low junction. Others include a passivated surface using dielectrics such as SiO2, SiN, or Al2O3, a floating junction inbetween localized contacts, and a local BSF where a h-l junction is present between passivated regions. This paper focuses on the contribution to Voc made by the h-l junction.
Thinking and Drinking: Alcohol-Related Cognitions across Stages of Adolescent Alcohol Involvement

Alcohol-related cognitions, particularly expectancies for drinking and nondrinking and motives for nondrinking, are involved in the initiation, maintenance, and cessation of alcohol use and are hypothesized to play key roles in adolescent decision making. This study explored (a) the relationships between alcohol use expectancies, nondrinking expectancies, and nondrinking motives; (b) the roles of these cognitions across hypothesized developmental stages of adolescent alcohol use; and (c) the relationships between these cognitions and recent or intended future changes in drinking behavior in a cross-sectional sample. Surveys assessing alcohol use behaviors and attitudes were administered to 1,648 high school students. Heavier drinkers reported more positive alcohol use expectancies and fewer nondrinking motives than did lighter drinkers or nondrinkers; however, nondrinking expectancies only differed between nondrinkers and rare drinkers and all subsequent drinking classes. Alcohol use expectancies, nondrinking expectancies, and nondrinking motives differentiated students who recently initiated alcohol from those who had not, while nondrinking expectancies and nondrinking motives differentiated binge-drinking students who had made recent efforts to reduce/stop their drinking from those who had not. Intentions to initiate or reduce drinking in the coming month were also associated with these alcohol-related cognitions. Drinking and nondrinking expectancies and motives for not drinking may play critical roles in decisions to alter alcohol-use behavior during adolescence. Future exploration of temporal relationships between changes in alcohol-related cognitions and behavioral decision making will be useful in the refinement of effective prevention and intervention strategies.
Isolation of Genes Mediating Resistance to Inhibitors of Nucleoside and Ergosterol Metabolism in Leishmania by Overexpression/Selection

We tested a general method for the identification of drug resistance loci in the trypanosomatid protozoan parasite Leishmania major. Genomic libraries in a multicopy episomal cosmid vector were transfected into susceptible parasites, and drug selections of these transfectant libraries yielded parasites bearing cosmids mediating resistance. Tests with two antifolates led to the recovery of cosmids encoding DHFR-TS or PTR1, two known resistance genes. Overexpression/selection using the toxic nucleoside tubercidin similarly yielded the TOR (toxic nucleoside resistance) locus, as well as a new locus (TUB2) conferring collateral hypersensitivity to allopurinol. Leishmania synthesize ergosterol rather than cholesterol, making this pathway attractive as a chemotherapeutic target. Overexpression/selection using the sterol synthesis inhibitors terbinafine (TBF, targeting squalene epoxidase) and itraconazole (ITZ, targeting lanosterol C14-demethylase) yielded nine new resistance loci. Several conferred resistance to both drugs; several were drug-specific, and two TBF-resistant cosmids induced hypersensitivity to ITZ. One TBFresistant cosmid encoded squalene synthase (SQS1), which is located upstream of the sites of TBF and ITZ action in the ergosterol biosynthetic pathway. This suggests that resistance to “downstream” inhibitors can be mediated by increased expression of ergosterol biosynthetic intermediates. Our studies establish the feasibility of overexpression/selection in parasites and suggest that many Leishmania drug resistance loci are amenable to identification in this manner.
Rare nonsynonymous exonic variants in addiction and behavioral disinhibition

Background Substance use is heritable, but few common genetic variants have been associated with these behaviors. Rare nonsynonymous exonic variants can now be efficiently genotyped, allowing exome-wide association tests. We identified and tested 111,592 nonsynonymous exonic variants for association with behavioral disinhibition and the use/misuse of nicotine, alcohol, and illicit drugs. Methods Comprehensive genotyping of exonic variation combined with single-variant and gene-based tests of association was conducted in 7181 individuals; 172 candidate addiction genes were evaluated in greater detail. We also evaluated the aggregate effects of nonsynonymous variants on these phenotypes using Genome-wide Complex Trait Analysis. Results No variant or gene was significantly associated with any phenotype. No association was found for any of the 172 candidate genes, even at reduced significance thresholds. All nonsynonymous variants jointly accounted for 35% of the heritability in illicit drug use and, when combined with common variants from a genome-wide array, accounted for 84% of the heritability. Conclusions Rare nonsynonymous variants may be important in etiology of illicit drug use, but detection of individual variants will require very large samples.
Cerebral Arteriovenous Malformations and Epilepsy, Part 1: Predictors of Seizure Presentation.

Objective Seizures are relatively common in patients harboring cerebral arteriovenous malformations (AVMs). Because the pathogenesis of AVM-associated epilepsy is not well-defined, we aim to determine the factors associated with seizure presentation in AVM patients. Methods We evaluated our institutional AVM radiosurgery database, from 1989–2013, to select patients in whom pertinent clinical information at presentation and adequate clinical and radiologic follow-up was available. Baseline patient demographics and AVM angioarchitectural features were compared between patients with and without seizure presentation. In addition to standard descriptive statistics, logistic regression analyses were performed to identify predictors of seizure presentation. Results Of the 1007 AVM patients included for analysis, 229 patients presented with seizures (22.7%). The incidence of seizure presentation was significantly higher in cortical than noncortical AVMs (33.1% vs. 6.6%, P P = 0.0012), whereas the rates of seizure presentation in frontal (37.3%), temporal (37.7%), and parietal (34.0%) AVMs were similar. The lack of prior AVM hemorrhage ( P P P Conclusions Large, unruptured, cortical nidi are most prone to seizure presentation in patients referred for radiosurgery. Further investigations of the molecular biology, neuronal and glial physiology, and natural history of AVM-associated epilepsy appear warranted.
Training highly multiclass classifiers

Classification problems with thousands or more classes often have a large range of class-confusabilities, and we show that the more-confusable classes add more noise to the empirical loss that is minimized during training. We propose an online solution that reduces the effect of highly confusable classes in training the classifier parameters, and focuses the training on pairs of classes that are easier to differentiate at any given time in the training. We also show that the adagrad method, recently proposed for automatically decreasing step sizes for convex stochastic gradient descent, can also be profitably applied to the nonconvex joint training of supervised dimensionality reduction and linear classifiers as done in Wsabie. Experiments on ImageNet benchmark data sets and proprietary image recognition problems with 15,000 to 97,000 classes show substantial gains in classification accuracy compared to one-vs-all linear SVMs and Wsabie.
Is the `New Sentence Problem' a Genuine Problem?

The theoretical problem of explaining how people can produce and understand `sentences' they have never heard before has, for some time, been at the center of psycholinguistic and cognitive theorizing. It has rarely been questioned as a coherently formulated `problem' in itself. In recent years, however, a range of conceptual criticisms has been advanced from within the Wittgensteinian tradition. A consideration of these criticisms in relation to Chomsky's various formulations constitutes the main purpose of this paper. Among the critical issues discussed are: (1) the compositional theory of linguistic behavior which was developed as part of the solution to the new sentence (projection) problem; (2) the conception of linguistic comprehension which underlies it; (3) the `ideas/utterance' translation assumption; (4) the characterization of language learning embraced by the treatment of the projection problem; (5) the internal rule-system model; and (6) alternative versions of the phenomena grouped under the...
The library, the computing center: an innovative organization in Nevada

According to Stephen Zink, there are various possible organizational approaches to providing technology and information support. He sees the two (technology and information) as inseparable in the current and future information environment. He believes that a coordinated federated model of support, which is only one facet of the numerous organizational changes taking place within the Information Resources and Technologies Division at the University of Nevada, is a logical extension of the information age ‐ placing assistance close at hand and making the experience as intermediary free as possible. This trend began with individual personal computers on desktops, continued through early networking efforts with microcomputers, and moves on toward the goal of a campus network that is sufficiently robust and flexible to handle Internet 2 activities. Throughout its infrastructure, emphasis is being placed on the intelligent network. The federated model of support for this environment is viewed as being one solution to providing key information support to clients at the point closest to where and when they are needed.
Proper Care of Early Wounds to Optimize Healing and Prevent Complications

Proper wound care has broad applications for all clinicians. Much of the future direction for enhancing wound repair focuses on key cells and growth factors, which is why possessing a strong understanding of the basic physiology of wound healing is imperative. This article first provides a thorough review of the phases of wound healing followed by a discussion on the latest wound management strategies. Wound conditions and surgical techniques are important components for optimizing wound healing and preventing complications. Special consideration has been given to the unique settings of contaminated wounds, open wounds, or avulsed tissue.
An interactive video course in multidisciplinary and collaborative design for systems on a chip

In 2002 it is estimated that circuits will have a complexity of 150 million transistors and require as many as 1,000 design engineers. As a result, technology is mandating the need both for collaborative design and for multidisciplinary design skills. We describe here a video course taught in Fall 2000 and focusing on developing both multidisciplinary design and collaborative skills.
β-Catenin–induced melanoma growth requires the downstream target Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor

The transcription factor Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) is a lineage-determination factor, which modulates melanocyte differentiation and pigmentation. MITF was recently shown to reside downstream of the canonical Wnt pathway during melanocyte differentiation from pluripotent neural crest cells in zebrafish as well as in mammalian melanocyte lineage cells. Although expression of many melanocytic/pigmentation markers is lost in human melanoma, MITF expression remains intact, even in unpigmented tumors, suggesting a role for MITF beyond its role in differentiation. A significant fraction of primary human melanomas exhibit deregulation (via aberrant nuclear accumulation) of beta-catenin, leading us to examine its role in melanoma growth and survival. Here, we show that beta-catenin is a potent mediator of growth for melanoma cells in a manner dependent on its downstream target MITF. Moreover, suppression of melanoma clonogenic growth by disruption of beta-catenin-T-cell transcription factor/LEF is rescued by constitutive MITF. This rescue occurs largely through a prosurvival mechanism. Thus, beta-catenin regulation of MITF expression represents a tissue-restricted pathway that significantly influences the growth and survival behavior of this notoriously treatment-resistant neoplasm.
IFE TARGET FABRICATION AND INJECTION — ACHIEVING "BELIEVABILITY"

Abstract At the heart of an inertial fusion energy (IFE) power plant is a target that has been compressed and heated to fusion conditions by the incident driver energy beams. The “Target Factory” at an inertial fusion power plant must produce about 500,000 targets per day, fill them with deuterium–tritium fuel, cool them to cryogenic temperature, and layer the solid fuel into a symmetric and smooth shell inside the capsule. The target must then accurately be delivered to the target chamber center at a rate of about 5 Hz, with a precisely predicted target location. These fragile targets must survive injection into the target chamber without damage. While IFE power plant design studies have presented plausible scenarios for IFE target fabrication and injection, these issues have become “believability” issues for IFE. A credible pathway for development of accurate, economic and reliable IFE target fabrication and injection must be demonstrated before we can proceed with the next major step in the IFE Program, the construction of an IFE Integrated Research Experiment. General Atomics is designing, constructing, and testing an experimental Target Injection and Tracking System to develop the scientific understanding necessary for injection of IFE targets into a high temperature reaction chamber. This paper summarizes the requirements for IFE target fabrication and injection, reviews the results from the studies that predict success, discusses the development program now underway, and presents the current status of and results from that program.
The Double-Stranded RNA Binding Protein 76:NF45 Heterodimer Inhibits Translation Initiation at the Rhinovirus Type 2 Internal Ribosome Entry Site

Poliovirus (PV) plus-strand RNA genomes initiate translation in a cap-independent manner via an internal ribosome entry site (IRES) in their 5' untranslated region. Viral translation is codetermined by cellular IRES trans-acting factors, which can influence viral propagation in a cell-type-specific manner. Engineering of a poliovirus recombinant devoid of neuropathogenic properties but highly lytic in malignant glioma cells was accomplished by exchange of the cognate poliovirus IRES with its counterpart from human rhinovirus type 2 (HRV2), generating PV-RIPO. Neuroblast:glioma heterokaryon analyses revealed that loss of neurovirulence is due to trans-dominant repression of PV-RIPO propagation in neuronal cells. The double-stranded RNA binding protein 76 (DRBP76) was previously identified to bind to the HRV2 IRES in neuronal cells and to inhibit PV-RIPO translation and propagation (M. Merrill, E. Dobrikova, and M. Gromeier, J. Virol. 80:3347-3356, 2006). The results of size exclusion chromatography indicate that DRBP76 heterodimerizes with nuclear factor of activated T cells, 45 kDa (NF45), in neuronal but not in glioma cells. The DRBP76:NF45 heterodimer binds to the HRV2 IRES in neuronal but not in glioma cells. Ribosomal profile analyses show that the heterodimer preferentially associates with the translation apparatus in neuronal cells and arrests translation at the HRV2 IRES, preventing PV-RIPO RNA assembly into polysomes. Results of this study suggest that the DRBP76:NF45 heterodimer selectively blocks HRV2 IRES-driven translation initiation in neuron-derived cells.
Preference for Anonymous Classroom Participation: Linking Student Characteristics and Reactions to Electronic Response Systems

Electronic response systems (ERS) are a means to foster class participation by students who are reluctant to participate in class. In this study, we identify individual characteristics that relate ...
The Ends of Music History, or: The Old Masters in the Supermarket of Cultures

This article begins with a description of the essential features and current state of the social practice called art music, concluding that as recently as the late twentieth century it was in excellent shape, as documented by a series of canonic masterpieces. I continue with an outline of the principal questions pursued by, and the current state of, music history, demonstrating that it too was flourishing in the same period, producing work of enduring worth. In conclusion, I consider the main dangers that currently threaten a successful cultivation of music history. These include our inability to notice historical developments that really matter when we are blinded by thinking in terms of group identities, and the unfortunate confluence of two recent cultural trends: the flood of ever new products of the music (or entertainment) industry, combined with our inability and unwillingness to discriminate.
Water‐storage capacity controls energy partitioning and water use in karst ecosystems on the Edwards Plateau, Texas

Woody plants are encroaching into grasslands and savannas of the karst Edwards Plateau, but their impacts on climate and hydrology are unclear because of high variability in soil depth and uncertainties about the contribution of water in fractured limestone to the water available to trees. Water use is controlled by available energy (AE) and its partitioning between latent (λE) and sensible (H) heat fluxes. We hypothesized that the partitioning of AE depends on soil depth, with greater depth leading to more λE and less H. We compared energy fluxes of a deep soil savanna with ~50% woody cover dominated by Ashe juniper (Juniperus ashei) and a shallow soil woodland dominated by live oak (Quercus virginiana) and juniper over a 5-year period, which included periods of unusually high rainfall and severe drought. Although AE was 7% higher in the woodland, λE was about 2% higher at the savanna over the 5-year study. Site differences in evapotranspiration were maximal during dry periods between rainfall events, suggesting greater storage of water at the savanna site. During periods of high rainfall, the impact of water storage limitations was minimal, and site differences in evapotranspiration were controlled mainly by AE and its partitioning into H. Both sites were characterized by rapid reductions in λE and reciprocal increases in H during drying cycles following rainfall, indicating that neither of these ecosystems had access to easily utilized sources of deep water. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Recommendations for the early diagnosis of COPD: the AIMAR view.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has the dubious distinction of being one of the few major causes of death that continues to rise in the United States and the world [1]. In that sense, its prevention, early diagnosis when clinically present, and finally its appropriate treatment should constitute a priority item in today’s health care agenda. In this sense, the recently published AIMAR’s recommendation for the early diagnosis of COPD constitutes a valuable contribution to this concerted effort [2]. Professor Nardini and colleagues are to be commended for the comprehensive effort that has made this publication possible. Perhaps the title is a little misguided as it only describes the document as a “recommendation for diagnosis”, when in reality the content is extremely comprehensive covering not just diagnostic issues of relevance, but it also develops, in rich detail, primary and secondary prevention as well as treatment. Furthermore, it extends its recommendations to the often forgotten area of end-of-life and palliative care so important in our ageing
A Review of: “Thompson, T. L., Dorsey, A. M., Miller, K. I., & Parrott, R. (Editors). (2003). Handbook of Health Communication”

This handbook includes 30 chapters, 753 pages of text, a 48-page author index, a 25-page subject index, and six sections coupled with a brief editor-specific introduction. Notably, each editor took...
The Design of HighOrder SingleBit ADCs

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Motivation for Using High-Order Single-Bit Loops Design Choices: SC or Active-RC? Stability Choices for the NTF Comparison of Loop Topologies Nonlinear Global Stabilization Techniques Practical Measures for Preventing Idle Tones Practical Implementation of a Stereo 18-Bit ?> ?> ADC IC This chapter contains sections titled: References
Risk-taking behavior: effects of ethanol, caffeine, and basal sleepiness.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: This study examined the effects of ethanol, caffeine, and basal sleepiness on a laboratory measure of risk-taking behavior, the Stop Light Task. The aims were to determine whether sleepiness and ethanol degrade psychomotor speed and risky choice and whether caffeine attenuates these effects. DESIGN: Mixed design with participants chosen for basal level of sleepiness and each assessed under 4 conditions presented in a Latin-square crossover design. PARTICIPANTS: Thirteen healthy adult volunteers aged 21 to 35 years. INTERVENTIONS: Participants received ethanol 0.5 g/kg and caffeine placebo, ethanol 0.5 g/kg and caffeine 150 mg, ethanol 0.5 g/kg and caffeine 300 mg, or a dual (ethanol-caffeine) placebo between 9:00 am and 9:30 am. MEASUREMENTS: The Multiple Sleep Latency Test (MSLT) was used to determine basal level of sleepiness. Subjects completed the Stop Light Task about 60 to 90 minutes after drug administration to assess psychomotor speed and risky choices. RESULTS: Seven subjects were classified as Alert (MSLT = 12.6 +/- 2.0 minutes) and 6 Sleepy (MSLT = 8.1 +/- 1.0 minutes). Sleepy compared to Alert subjects did not differ in psychomotor speed overall. Ethanol significantly slowed psychomotor speed relative to placebo, and ethanol-caffeine combinations attenuated this effect. Consistent with previous studies using the Stop Light Task, higher response requirements (FR15-FR50) and higher point loss probability (12.5%, 37.5%, 100%) significantly decreased risky choice, across sleepiness and treatment conditions. Alert subjects made"go"(primary measure of risk-taking) choices more often at lower response requirements and less often at higher response requirements, relative to Sleepy subjects. Ethanol did not significantly affect"go"choices but did produce changes in"go"choices as a function of response requirement. Given their more optimal pattern of choice behavior, Alert subjects gained significantly more money than Sleepy subjects; ethanol and caffeine combinations did not significantly affect money earned. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that sleepiness moderates risky choice such that Alert subjects have improved choice"acuity."Also, under conditions where risk-taking depends on responding rapidly (like the Stop Light Task), ethanol may also impair responding and caffeine may attenuate this effect. Language: en
Bilateral gynandromorphism in Dermacentor andersoni (Acari: Ixodidae): morphologic and cytogenetic analysis.

A Dermacentor andersoni bilateral gynandromorph, removed from a laboratory-reared colony, was studied morphologically using scanning electron microscopy and cytogenetically by means of the aceto-orcein squash technique. The morphological sexual dimorphism was correlated with the chromosomal constitution usually found in each sex [i.e., the morphologically male side had a testis with spermatogonial cells containing 2n = 21 (20 + X) chromosomes and the female side had ovaries with oogonial cells containing 2n = 22 (20 + 2X) chromosomes]. The dimorphism, therefore, is the result of unequal distribution of sex-linked chromosomes rather than control at the gene or physiological level.
The role of sample dimension and temperature in cellulose pyrolysis

Fast pyrolysis of biomass is a next-generation biofuels production process that is capable of converting solid lignocellulosic materials (in their raw form) to a transportable liquid (bio-oil) which can be catalytically hydrogenated to fuels and chemicals. While biomass fast pyrolysis has enormous potential to produce renewable fuels, an understanding of the fundamental chemistry that converts biomass components, such as cellulose, to bio-oil is not available in the literature. In this work, we use thin-film pyrolysis to reveal the effect of temperature under transport-free reaction conditions and then evaluate the effect of sample dimension (i.e., characteristic length scale) by comparing product distributions of conventional powders and thin films. In the first part of the work, we show that the yield of total furan rings (i.e., all products containing a five-membered furan ring) does not change significantly with increased reaction temperature compared to other pyrolysis products, such as light oxygena...
Carl J. Wiggers and the pulmonary circulation: a young man in search of excellence.

Oddly, Carl Wiggers (1883–1962), who is remembered for his work on the systemic circulation, may be considered the “American father of the pulmonary circulation.” In nearly 20 papers published in t...
Computer systems planning, development, and impact assessment.

In this final installment of a 12-article series on managing computer systems for the hospital pharmacy department, contemporary issues related to the topic of the series are discussed. Assessment of institutional strategy for acquiring systems and determining the departmental direction is reviewed. The far-reaching impact of computerization on personnel staffing and job functions is discussed. The results of a telephone survey of 23 pharmacy computer system vendors that had at least one installation of a unit dose and i.v. admixture system are also presented. Because of the current and future widespread use of computers, pharmacists must acquire knowledge of computer systems.
Survey of parental acceptance of massage therapy, energy therapy and acupuncture for their children in the acute pediatric inpatient rehabilitation setting.

Abstract Objective To examine factors that influence parents' decision to accept or decline complementary therapies on an inpatient rehabilitation unit. Design/Setting Parents of children aged 2–21 admitted for acute pediatric rehabilitation were provided a survey regarding their child's use of massage, energy therapy and acupuncture during admission. They were also asked about religious beliefs, education, perceived severity of injury and perceived response to the therapies. The study was conducted on the Inpatient Acute Pediatric Rehabilitation Unit at Kennedy Krieger Institute in Baltimore, Maryland, USA. Results Of those who completed the survey (n=38), 39% accepted massage services, 49% accepted energy therapy, and 16% accepted acupuncture for their child. Acceptance of massage services was significantly correlated with belonging to an organized religion (p Conclusions Prior exposure to massage therapy and acupuncture was the most important factor in a parent accepting these services for their child. All three services were subjectively felt to have facilitated recovery. Future studies should assess subjective versus objective utility of these therapies in acute pediatric rehabilitation.
Cell lineage responses to photobiomodulation therapy

Photobiomodulation (PBM) therapy has been noted to promote cell proliferation and growth in many different cell types shown both in vitro and in vivo. Currently, treatment regimens are used in the clinic for a variety of ailments, including wound healing. However, most protocols treat an anatomical site without considering individual cell types constituting the target tissues. This study investigates the maximal dose threshold for oral keratinocyte and fibroblast cell types treated with near-infrared laser therapy. We observed keratinocytes have increased sensitivity to laser irradiances (>0.047 W/cm2 , 300 sec, 14.2 J/cm2 ) compared to the fibroblast cells (>0.057 W/cm2 , 300 sec, 15.1 J/cm2 ) (p < 0.0001). Laser treatments were noted to generate increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in keratinocytes compared to fibroblasts that appeared to inversely correlate with higher basal catalase expression. To validate these observations, melatonin was used to treat keratinocytes to induce catalase activity (p < 0.0001). Increased melatonin-induced catalase levels were noted to significantly improve keratinocyte survival to phototoxic laser doses. These observations suggest that clinical laser dosing should account for differential effects of lasers on individual cell types to improve safety and clinical efficacy of PBM therapy.