cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
TLR4 signaling in neurons enhances calcium-permeable AMPAR currents and drives post-traumatic epileptogenesis

Abstract Traumatic brain injury is a major risk factor for acquired epilepsies and understanding the mechanisms underlying the early pathophysiology could yield viable therapeutic targets. Growing evidence indicates a role for inflammatory signaling in modifying neuronal excitability and promoting epileptogenesis. Here, we identify that signaling through an innate immune receptor, toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), in neurons, augments calcium-permeable AMPA receptor (CP-AMPAR) currents in the hippocampal dentate gyrus after brain injury. Blocking TLR4 signaling in vivo shortly after brain injury reduced dentate network excitability and seizure susceptibility. When blocking of TLR4 signaling after injury was delayed, however, this treatment failed to reduce post-injury seizure susceptibility. Further, TLR4 signal blocking was less efficacious in limiting seizure susceptibility when AMPAR currents, downstream targets of TLR4 signaling, were transiently enhanced. Paradoxically, blocking TLR4 signaling augmented both network excitability and seizure susceptibility in uninjured controls. Despite the differential effect on seizure susceptibility, TLR4 antagonism suppressed cellular inflammatory responses after injury without impacting sham controls. These findings demonstrate that independently of glia, the immune receptor TLR4 directly regulates post-traumatic neuronal excitability. Moreover, the TLR4-dependent early increase in dentate excitability is causally associated with epileptogenesis. Identification and selective targeting of the mechanisms underlying the aberrant TLR4-mediated increase in CP-AMPAR signaling after injury may prevent epileptogenesis after traumatic brain injury. Graphical Abstract Summary of interactions between TLR4 signaling and brain injury on network excitability and epileptogenesis Graphic illustration of the effect of injury and early TLR4 antagonist treatment on early network excitability and the long-term network state. The schematic neurons include TLR4 and AMPAR subunit expression profiles in the acute phase of sham or brain injury. The corresponding early effects on network excitability are depicted by schematic population response traces (inset on upper left). Note the increase in excitability of the uninjured neuron after TLR4 antagonism without changes in AMPAR expression. Note also the increase in TLR4, calcium permeable AMPARs and population excitability after injury and its reduction by TLR4 antagonist treatment. Ampakine enhancement of excitability during TLR4 antagonism is illustrated. The early phase responses and manipulations (including injury, treatments, and molecular responses) are superimposed on a two-tone color-coded network state topology where green indicates low-normal network excitability, ensuring network stability and low risk for epilepsy (Inset on upper right). Note the correspondence between early excitability state (population response profile) and long-term seizure susceptibility and the effects of pharmacological manipulations.
Fundamental host range of Lophodiplosis indentata (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), the last proposed biological control agent for Melaleuca quinquenervia (Myrtaceae) in Florida

Melaleuca quinquenervia (hereafter melaleuca) was until recently one of the worst ecological invaders in Florida. Introduced for horticulture and levee stabilisation during the early twentieth cent...
Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration: The Promising Protective Role of the Citrus Flavanone Hesperetin

Over the past 20 years, there has been a remarkable increase in the scientific interest in polyphenols, bioactive compounds naturally present in plant foods and beverages, due to the recognition of their biological actions, their great abundance in the human diet, and their plausible role in the prevention of various chronic degenerative diseases, such as cancer, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases [...].
Synthesis and characterization of BPA-free polyesters by incorporating a semi-rigid cyclobutanediol monomer

The ability of diol monomers, such as 1,4-cyclohexanedimethanol (CHDM) and 2,2,4,4-tetramethyl-1,3-cyclobutanediol (TMCD), to replace the potentially hazardous BPA in the production of polyesters and polycarbonates with excellent thermal, optical, and mechanical properties has not only gained considerable academic interest but has also garnered significant commercial success. Herein, we report a novel strategy to synthesize a semi-rigid diol, trans-1,3-cyclobutane dimethanol (CBDO-1), a versatile building block which may also serve as a phenol-free BPA replacement. It was synthesized using a facile photoreaction and subsequent reduction. Specifically, an initial photodimerization of trans-cinnamic acid using a 365 nm blacklight was carried out to form a trans-1,3-cyclobutane diacid, CBDA-1, which was then reduced with either NaBH4 in the presence of I2, or by catalytic hydrogenation using CuO–CrO3, to give the desired CBDO-1 in excellent yield. To highlight the potential application of this useful primary diol, CBDO-1 and various diacids were used to synthesize novel polyesters via conventional melt polymerization. The thermal properties of this new series of polyesters were studied, including the glass transition temperature, which ranged from 33 to 114 °C, and the decomposition temperature, which ranged from 381 to 424 °C. The ease of synthesis of this cyclobutane-containing CBDO-1 monomer, coupled with its desirable properties, will not only help in the development of alternatives for the widely used BPA, but will also lead to novel and useful materials that are not accessible employing thermal reactions alone.
Gating of Taurine Transport

Taurine (2-aminoethanesulfonic acid) is primarily transported by its carrier, the taurine transporter, the gene for which has been cloned recently from several species and tissues 1–5. Expression of the taurine transporter gene (TauT) is regulated by many factors, including the p53 tumor suppressor gene, Wilms’ tumor suppressor gene (WT1), Sp1 transcription factor, and dietary taurine manipulation 6–9. In contrast, the taurine transporter itself, which contains 12 hydrophobic membrane-spanning domains, is mainly regulated by protein kinase C (PKC) phosphorylation 10. Our previous studies show that the fourth intracellular segment (S4) of the taurine transporter may be involved in the gating of taurine transport that is modulated by PKC phosphorylation of Ser-322 located in S4 11. In the present study, the role of charged amino acid residues located in S4 in the gating of taurine transport was determined using site-directed mutagenesis and the Xenopus laevis oocyte expression system.
Traumatic aortic root rupture leading to acute aortic regurgitation and acute type A aortic dissection

A 17-year-old male sustained a blunt thoracic trauma after he had a dirt bike accident. He was admitted for the management of multiple fractures, was hemodynamically stable, and presented without any cardiac symptoms. The patient underwent transthoracic echocardiography and CT angiogram of the thorax as the workup of possible cardiac injury as he had a new aortic regurgitation murmur, troponin rise, and a new RBBB. Imaging showed aortic root rupture, type A aortic dissection involving aortic root and proximal ascending aorta, and acute severe aortic regurgitation, not typically seen with blunt thoracic trauma. The patient was immediately taken to the operating room, underwent a surgical aortic valve and root replacement with the Bentall procedure, and had a good outcome.
Barriers to the Adoption of Autonomous Vehicles in Rural Communities

Rural communities are more dependent on transportation than their urban peers. Transportation within rural areas is necessary to access food, healthcare, educational opportunities, and employment, especially since rural residents have longer distances to travel to access them. Therefore, the availability of efficient and affordable transportation can lead to economic growth in rural areas and ensure that people can obtain the services they need. Autonomous Vehicles (AV) can improve accessibility and mobility in these communities. However, research that discusses autonomous vehicles' impact mostly focuses on urban transportation with limited focus on rural areas. In this paper, the barriers to adopting autonomous vehicles in rural areas are discussed by examining the current struggles of rural communities concerning finance, transportation infrastructure, policy, and demographics. First, we suggest that companies that design and create autonomous vehicles investigate efficient ways to ensure they are affordable to rural communities. Additionally, when using AVs for ridesharing, it must be ensured that rural communities have the financial means to use them. Second, companies must be attentive to these vehicles' accessibility to ensure that all individuals, including disabled and older adults, can use them without difficulty in rural communities. To maximize these vehicles' accessibility, they need to embrace the community in the design and policy-making processes. Lastly, any technologies used in these vehicles, such as facial recognition systems, need to address the potential of bias against minorities in rural communities to avoid the future disparate impacts and injustice toward particular groups of people in the society.
Efficacy of medical dissolution for suspected struvite cystoliths in dogs.

Background Medical dissolution of struvite uroliths in dogs is commonly recommended, but data on success rates and complications are limited. Objectives To evaluate the efficacy of medical dissolution for suspected struvite cystoliths in dogs. Animals Fifty client-owned dogs fed a therapeutic dissolution diet, with or without administration of antimicrobials, for treatment of suspected struvite cystoliths. Methods Single institution, retrospective case series. Medical records were reviewed for dogs with at least 1 follow-up visit. Dissolution success, complications, and possible predictors of success were evaluated. Results Full dissolution of cystoliths was achieved in 58% (29/50) of dogs within a median of 35 days (range, 13-167). Of 21 dogs without success, 7 each had partial dissolution, no dissolution, or undetermined outcome. Uroliths containing >10% nonstruvite mineral were common in the nonsuccess group (11/16 analyzed). Maximum urolith diameter, number of uroliths, and baseline urine pH did not differ significantly between dogs with and without success. Dissolution was more likely in dogs receiving antimicrobial therapy (OR = 16.3, 95% confidence interval 1.9-787.4, P = .002). Adverse events occurred in 9 dogs (18%); urethral obstructions were the most common, but 3 of 4 dogs with this complication were obstructed on presentation, before trial initiation. Conclusions and clinical importance Results support a medical dissolution trial for dogs with suspected struvite cystoliths. If no reduction in urolith size or number occurs by 1 month, a nonstruvite composition is likely, and alternative interventions should be considered. Dogs presenting with urethral obstructions should not be considered candidates for medical dissolution.
Hardware-Based Public-Key Cryptography with Public Physically Unclonable Functions

A physically unclonable function (PUF) is a multiple-input, multiple-output, large entropy physical system that is unreproducible due to its structural complexity. A public physically unclonable function (PPUF) is a PUF that is created so that its simulation is feasible but requires very large time even when ample computational resources are available. Using PPUFs, we have developed conceptually new secret key exchange and public key protocols that are resilient against physical and side channel attacks and do not employ unproven mathematical conjectures. Judicious use of PPUF hardware sharing, parallelism, and provably correct partial simulation enables 1016 advantage of communicating parties over an attacker, requiring over 500 of years of computation even if the attacker uses all global computation resources.
Boom|lash: Fact-Checking, Suicide, and the Lifespan of a Genre

This essay offers a new term, boom/lash, to reflect the incorporation of the backlash against memoir as a genre into the boom itself, and to interrogate the resulting relations among genre, evidence, and ethics. I examine how Lifespan of a Fact, John D’Agata's representation of fact-checking and suicide, became entangled in debates about what counts as credible evidence of truth-telling in literary nonfiction.
Operant Learning Theory

Operant learning theory is an empirical approach to understanding human behavior within the social environment. This approach analyzes effects of antecedent and consequent environmental stimuli on the acquisition, differentiation, and maintenance of responses. This chapter reviews basic principles of operant learning, advanced topics of rule-governed behavior and self-control, and recent research on functional analysis, matching law, stimulus equivalence, and relational frame theory. The chapter also examines applications of operant learning theory in areas of social work practice such as parent and staff training, social skills training, family safety, and primary prevention, as well as in the treatment of clinical disorders such as phobias, obsessive compulsive disorders, schizophrenia, and aggression. Keywords: learning; skills training; reinforcement; environmental design; prevention; clinical disorders; operant; skinnerian
Involvement of dileucine motifs in the internalization and degradation of the insulin receptor

Dileucine motifs have been shown to be involved in trans Golgi sorting, lysosomal targeting, and internalization of a number of proteins. The insulin receptor contains four dileucine pairs in its cytoplasmic domain. To determine if these insulin receptor sequences can serve as lysosomal sorting sequences, chimeric molecules expressing the Tac antigen fused to each isolated insulin receptor motif were constructed. A chimera containing the juxtamembrane dileucine motif (EKITLL), which closely resembles the sequences originally identified in the gamma- and delta-chains of the T cell receptor (DKQTLL and EVQALL), was shown to sort to lysosomes by immunofluorescence microscopy, as did a chimera expressing the dileucine motif (GGKGLL) found in the tyrosine kinase domain. Chimeras expressing either a second tyrosine kinase domain sequence (HVVRLL) or the carboxyl-terminal sequence (EIVNLL) localized to both lysosomes and the plasma membrane. In contrast, chimeras expressing two other potential sorting signals found in the cytoplasmic tail of the insulin receptor (NARDII and KNGRIL) localized predominantly to the plasma membrane. Exclusively cell surface staining was also seen for a chimera expressing a mutant motif (EKITAA), where the leucine residues were mutated to alanines. When the alanine pair was introduced into the juxtamembrane domain of the intact insulin receptor and the mutant receptor expressed in NIH-3T3 cells, we found that the mutation did not impair insulin binding or receptor tyrosine kinase activity. However, the Ala-Ala mutant internalized insulin 5-fold slower than the wild-type receptor. Taken together, these findings suggest that the dileucine motif found in the juxtamembrane domain of the insulin receptor is involved in receptor internalization and that other insulin receptor sequences may mask the potential lysosomal targeting signals in the intact molecule.
Energy and Thickness of Knots

Knots in real physical systems, be they rope or DNA loops, have real physical properties; that is a truism. The behavior of physical knots depends on the topological types of the knots; that is an experimental observation. Mathematical differences between knot types and, more generally, the whole body of knot theory should help explain the physical behavior; that is a hope. If we make the three simplest knots out of similar “rope” having the same lengths Figure 1, we see that one kind of knot seems more “tight” or “compact” than another. Somehow this difference will manifest itself in physical systems and should be predictable from the topology.
Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus

Herpes zoster is a commonly encountered disorder. It is estimated that there are approximately 1 million new cases of herpes zoster in the United States annually, with an incidence of 3.2 per 1000 person-years. Patients with HIV have the greatest risk of developing herpes zoster ophthalmicus compared with the general population. Other risk factors include advancing age, use of immunosuppressive medications, and primary infection in infancy or in utero. Vaccination against the virus is a primary prevention modality. Primary treatments include antivirals, analgesics, and anticonvulsants. Management may require surgical intervention and comanagement with pain specialists, psychiatrists, and infectious disease specialists.
Perceptions of Parental Gender Roles and Conflict Styles and Their Association With Young Adults' Relational and Psychological Well-Being

According to social cognitive theory and intergenerational transmission, young adults acquire attitudes and behaviors that are relevant to interpersonal relationships from observation of their parents, and these tendencies are assumed to be associated with young adults' own relational and psychological well-being as they form and manage close relationships. This study expanded on past research in this area by examining the extent to which young adult perceptions of parental gender roles and conflict styles were predictive of their own gender roles and conflict styles. It was expected that traditional gender role beliefs and distributive conflict styles would be deleterious to young adults' relational locus of control, which would, in turn, be predictive of their psychological distress. In contrast, integrative conflict styles were anticipated to be beneficial to relational locus of control. Data from 368 young adults supported all of these predictions. Structural equation models were suggestive of a proce...
New Methods for NMR of Cuprate Superconductors

New nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) methods for the investigation of high temperature superconductors are reported which alleviate many of the problems NMR faces in such materials. The methods rely on combining population transfers between quadrupolar split Zeeman levels with ordinary NMR experiments. Spins labeled in this manner can be investigated selectively, e.g., allowing the differentiation between isotopes, crystallographic sites, and misaligned grains. Examples for Cu NMR on ${\mathrm{YBa}}_{2}{\mathrm{Cu}}_{4}{\mathrm{O}}_{8}$ and ${\mathrm{La}}_{1.85}{\mathrm{Sr}}_{0.15}{\mathrm{CuO}}_{4}$ are reported. The methods will also be applicable to other areas of solid state NMR.
Mechanisms of Left-Right Asymmetry: What's Right and What's Left?

A recent meeting at the Juan March Foundation in Madrid, Spain, covered current understanding of the pathways and mechanisms involved in generating left-right asymmetry.
Compound 48/80 suppresses monocytic tissue factor-initiated extrinsic blood coagulation induced by bacterial endotoxin.

Abstract Background. Hypercoagulability is one of the commonly exhibited endotoxemia septic symptoms; it could contribute to the manifestation of disseminated intravascular coagulation presenting threats to cardiovascular functions. The underlying mechanism, however, remains largely complex and unknown. Objectives. We herein determine whether bacterial endotoxin (LPS) upregulates the activities of clotting factors in plasma, contributing to extrinsic hypercoagulation. Compound 48/80 (48/80) is also tested for its ability to suppress hypercoagulation. Methods. In an in vitro infection model, we exposed whole blood to LPS ( Escherichia coli 0111:B04; 100 ng/ml) for 2 h. Thrombin time (TT), prothrombin time (PT), and the activities of clotting factors ( FVII, FIX, FX ) in plasma contributing to the extrinsic coagulation were determined. Peripheral blood monocytes were isolated from Histoplaque 1077 gradient centrifugation, and the procoagulant activity was determined by a single-stage clotting assay on a Fibrometer. Results. LPS drastically activated monocytic procoagulant activity which was defined as tissue factor (TF) activity, whereas LPS had no effect on TT, PT, and the activities of clotting factors in plasma. 48/80 not only instantaneously offset LPS-induced monocytic TF activation, but also significantly inhibited PT including the activities of clotting factors (FVII, FIX, and FX) in plasma, whereas TT remained unaffected. Conclusions. Monocytic TF activation was solely responsible for the extrinsic hypercoagulation in response to LPS. 48/80 effectively suppressed LPS-induced monocyticTF-initiated extrinsic coagulation at multiple sites, possibly presenting a new therapy for an instantaneous relief of hypercoagulation under septic conditions.
Geomorphic control of radionuclide diffusion in desert soils

[1] Diffusion is a standard model for the vertical migration of radionuclides in soil profiles. Here we show that diffusivity values inferred from fallout 137Cs profiles in soils on the Fortymile Wash alluvial fan, Nye County, Nevada, have a strong inverse correlation with the age of the geomorphic surface. This result suggests that radionuclide-bound particles are predominantly transported by infiltration rather than by bulk-mixing processes such as wetting/drying, freeze/thaw, and bioturbation. Our results provide a preliminary basis for using soil-geomorphic mapping, point-based calibration data, and the diffusion model to predict radionuclide transport in desert soils within a pedotransfer-function approach.
Application of the Relative Weight Index to Juvenile Walleyes

Abstract Weight-length data for juvenile walleyes Stizostedion vitreum from 39 populations (N = 2,006) in seven states were used to develop a standard weight (Ws ) equation. We used the regression-line-percentile technique, which provides a 75th-percentile standard, to develop the equation. The proposed Ws equation is log10 Ws (g) = −4.804 + 2.869 log10total length (TL, mm). The equivalent in English units is log10 Ws (lb) = −3.431 + 2.869 log10TL(in). The walleye Ws equation is valid for juvenile fish between 30 and 149 mm. This proposed Ws equation should serve as a basis for further evaluation of Wr as an index and the continued development of Ws equations for juvenile fishes.
The Prevalence of Men With National Institutes of Health Category IV Prostatitis and Association With Serum Prostate Specific Antigen

ABSTRACTPurpose: We evaluated the prevalence and relationship of serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) levels in a screening population of men diagnosed with National Institutes of Health (NIH) category IV prostatitis.Materials and Methods: In September of 2001, 300 men were randomly selected from our prostate cancer awareness screening program to be evaluated for NIH category IV prostatitis. After informed consent was obtained all patients completed the NIH prostate cancer awareness survey and had a serum sample obtained for PSA before examination. Expressed prostatic secretions were obtained from 227 of the 300 participants. Patients were classified according to findings on examination of the expressed prostatic secretions. The records were entered into our data base and subsequently reviewed.Results: The prevalence of NIH category IV prostatitis was 32.2% in our population of men. Patient age, American Urological Association symptom scores and clinical prostate gland size did not differ between men wit...
w-Stability of feedback systems

Abstract This paper introduces the notion of w-stability of feedback systems. This is a generalization of a concept of well-posedness discussed by Willems. w-Stability requires that a feedback system should remain stable under a certain class of perturbations which may not be vanishingly small when measured by the gap metric. The paper derives necessary and sufficient conditions for a feedback system to be w-stable. Further, an investigation of well posedness is given for feedback systems where high frequency roll-off has been suppressed for modelling simplicity. This question is pertinent in standard PID control.
Stereochemical control of yeast reductions: Synthesis of R-(+)-α-lipoic acid

Abstract The stereoselectivity of the reduction of alkyl 7-cyano-3-oxo-heptanoates with bakers' yeast was found to be influenced by the nature of the ester group. The octyl ester 2c was reduced in 82%ee and 77% chemical yield to the corresponding S alcohol, which was converted to R-(+)-α-lipoic acid ( 1 ).
Pharmacological characterization of angiotensin II binding sites in the canine pancreas.

Abstract High affinity 125 I-angiotensin II (Ang II) binding sites were characterized in the canine pancreas. Total binding increased with protein concentration and equilibrium was reached within 60–90 min at 22°C. Specific binding was saturable and averaged 70% of total. Scatchard analysis of binding yielded a K D of 0.48±0.18 nM with a B max of 32.8±6.5 fmol/mg protein (mean ± SEM, n = 6 ). The addition of the reducing agent dithiothreitol increased specific binding two-fold. The rank order of displacement of 125 I-Ang II binding by native angiotensin peptides was Ang II ≥ Ang III > AngI > Ang(1–7) > > Ang(1–6) . The use of the specific Ang II antagonists CGP 42112A, PD 123177, and DuP 753 revealed that the pancreas expresses two receptor subtypes. The majority of Ang II binding sites in the pancreas could be classified as type 2 (AT 2 ), although type 1 (AT 1 ) sites were also detected. In vitro autoradiography revealed binding sites localized over islet cells, acinar and duct cells, as well as the pancreatic vasculature. In addition, the autoradiographic studies confirmed the predominance of the AT 2 receptor subtype throughout the pancreas.
Management Education—Industrial, 1960–1969

This paper stresses the continuing education of engineers in industry for the period 1960–1969. The forces conditioning engineering education are delineated with particular emphasis on the acceleration of technology and the shift in importance of diagnosis. Engineering education courses designed to meet the new demands are described. Discussed are the influences that will shape the next decade. They will be dominated by “new” concerns for human problems and the task of setting priorities.
The Effect of Content Instruction in L2 on L1 Pragmatics

This study investigates whether content instruction in English has an impact on L1 pragmatics. In this study a discourse completion test with eight request situations in Turkish was given to three groups of Turkish students enrolled in undergraduate programs in a faculty of education in Turkey. One group of students received most of their education in English. The other two groups received their education in Turkish. An interesting finding is that the differences in the make-up of the situations were only observed in situations with high imposition. This shows that instruction in the foreign language has an impact on sociopragmatic interpretation in L1. Overall, the results reveal that instruction in foreign language has an impact on first language pragmatic use.
COMMON OFFICE PROBLEMS IN PEDIATRIC UROLOGY AND GYNECOLOGY

Genital disorders are not uncommonly encountered in the pediatrician's office. A basic understanding of genital development and the pathophysiology of related disorders can often lead to straightforward management decisions.
Feature-Based Computer Aided Manufacturing Planning for Mass Customization of Non-Rotational Parts

This paper introduces a comprehensive system of production planning for mass customization. The combined features are defined based on the concept of part families. The process parameters are associated with the feature parameters so that a rapid production planning can be achieved for product design changes. Setup planning is carried out based on both the best practice knowledge in industry and the analysis based generation of setups. Manufacturing resource, fixture design, and tolerance issues are considered in the system. The cycle time estimation and standard documentation are included in the system.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
When Government Becomes the Principal Philanthropist: The Effects of Public Funding on Patterns of Nonprofit Governance

This study uses board governance as an analytical lens for exploring the effects of government funding on the representational capacities of nonprofit organizations. A typology of governance patterns is first developed that captures the board’s strength relative to the chief executive and its representation of community interests. Using this typology and employing multinomial logit analyses of survey data from a sample of urban charitable organizations, the study tests how nonprofit governance is mediated by levels of government funding. Controlling for other relevant environmental and institutional factors, reliance on government funding decreases the likelihood that nonprofit organizations will develop strong, representative boards.
Melting behavior of nanosized lead particles embedded in an aluminum matrix

Abstract Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, employing semi-empirical glue-type (similar to embedded atom method) many-body potentials, have been used to model the melting behavior of nanosized Pb particles embedded in an Al matrix. All the Pb particles studied melt well above the bulk melting temperature, with the melting point elevation displaying a damped periodic trend with increasing Pb particle size. By inspecting snapshots derived from the simulations, it is also possible to conclude that melting occurs via nucleation at {1 0 0} interfaces. A phenomenological model, based on the consideration of interfacial energy, volume expansion and lattice mismatch, has been developed to describe this interesting melting behavior. Our model leads to the conclusion that the periodic variation of melting point with size is due to an oscillatory strain energy contribution arising from the large size mismatch of Pb and Al atoms.
LiCoO2 and LiCo1−xAlxO2 thin film cathodes grown by pulsed laser ablation

Abstract LiCoO 2 and LiCo 0.5 Al 0.5 O 2 thin films have been grown by pulsed laser ablation on SnO 2 -coated glass substrates. For both stoichiometries, the resultant films are dense and uniaxially textured films with the Li and Co layers parallel to the substrate. In general, to grow LiCo 0.5 Al 0.5 O 2 films, a laser flux roughly 80 mJ pulse −1 higher than that used for LiCoO 2 films is required to achieve a similar deposition rate. LiCoO 2 films grown at T s =600°C and p [O 2 ]=2000 mTorr have a typical grain size of ∼100 nm. For constant current cycling between 3.8 and 4.2 V at 5 μA, the LiCoO 2 films have an initial discharge capacity of ∼0.33 Li per LiCoO 2 (89 (mA h) g −1 ) decreasing to ∼0.18 Li/LiCoO 2 (49 (mA h) g −1 ) after 100 cycles and have a continued capacity loss of ∼0.25% per cycle. The LiCo 0.5 Al 0.5 O 2 films grown to date have roughly 3 times less capacity than the LiCoO 2 films and apparently a large asymmetry between Li extraction and reintercalation.
STATISTICAL EVIDENCE OF RATIONALIZATION: PREFERENCES FOR SEX OF CHILD

Evidence of rationalization is usually clinical. Hence, it seems appropriate to call the attention of psychologists to some quantifiable evidence of rationalization, published in a journal little read by psychologists (1; 3, v. 3, pp. 621-674). Data were collected in 1941 or January 1942, from a stratified random sample of "all" Indianapolis couples meeting these criteria: Married 1927-1929, married only once, lived in a large city most of married life, both spouses native white Prorestants who had finished at least the eighth grade, and wife under 30 at marriage (3, v. 2, p. 157). Satisfactoty completed interview schedules were obtained for 1,080 couples; some of the couples were randomly selected for inclusion more than once, to achieve a more balanced "inflated sample" of 1,977 couples (3, v. 2, p. 185). Spouses with at least one live birth were asked this multiple-choice question (3, v. 3, p. 625) : If you could have only two children, would you rather have: .....--. a boy and a girl; ....-... two boys; ........ two girls; ..--.... don't care? Table 1 presents answers of a subgroup of parents, fathers having exactly two children per couple. There is a tendency for fathers to say they would prefer whatever they had. Table 1 is only an illustrative abstraction from the mass of detail originally tabulated. The tendency to "prefer what you have" was also manifested among wives of these husbands and among men and women with different numbers of children and in statements of preference "If you could have only one child. . . ." Tabulations also suggest, incidentally, some preference for boys and for at least one child of each sex. This is consistent with other evidence ( 2 ) .
The exchange of Li+, Na+ and K+ on cerium(IV) phosphate☆

The temperature dependence of the exchange of Li+, Na+ and K+ for H+ on a cerium(IV) phosphate gel of CeO2/P2O5 mole ratio 1·48 gave ΔH° for exchange 0·87±0·13, +0·75±0·15 and −0·15±0·03 cal/g. ion respectively. Cerium(IV) phosphate oxidizes and retains certain exchanged cations and releases oxidized anionic species to the solution.
Time analyticity and backward uniqueness of weak solutions of the Navier–Stokes equations of multidimensional compressible flow

Abstract We prove that solutions of the Navier–Stokes equations of three-dimensional compressible flow, restricted to fluid-particle trajectories, can be extended as analytic functions of complex time. As consequences we derive backward uniqueness of solutions as well as sharp rates of smoothing for higher-order Lagrangean time derivatives. The solutions under consideration are in a reasonably broad regularity class corresponding to small-energy initial data with a small degree of regularity, the latter being required for conversion to the Lagrangean coordinate system in which the analysis is carried out.
Predicting Consistency-Maintenance Requirement of Code Clonesat Copy-and-Paste Time

Code clones have always been a double edged sword in software development. On one hand, it is a very convenient way to reuse existing code, and to save coding effort. On the other hand, since developers may need to ensure consistency among cloned code segments, code clones can lead to extra maintenance effort and even bugs. Recently studies on the evolution of code clones show that only some of the code clones experience consistent changes during their evolution history. Therefore, if we can accurately predict whether a code clone will experience consistent changes, we will be able to provide useful recommendations to developers onleveraging the convenience of some code cloning operations, while avoiding other code cloning operations to reduce future consistency maintenance effort. In this paper, we define a code cloning operation as consistency-maintenance-required if its generated code clones experience consistent changes in the software evolution history, and we propose a novel approach that automatically predicts whether a code cloning operation requires consistency maintenance at the time point of performing copy-and-paste operations. Our insight is that whether a code cloning operation requires consistency maintenance may relate to the characteristics of the code to be cloned and the characteristics of its context. Based on a number of attributes extracted from the cloned code and the context of the code cloning operation, we use Bayesian Networks, a machine-learning technique, to predict whether an intended code cloning operation requires consistency maintenance. We evaluated our approach on four subjects—two large-scale Microsoft software projects, and two popular open-source software projects—under two usage scenarios: 1) recommend developers to perform only the cloning operations predicted to be very likely to be consistency-maintenance-free, and 2) recommend developers to perform all cloning operations unless they are predicted very likely to be consistency-maintenance-required. In the first scenario, our approach is able to recommend developers to perform more than 50 percent cloning operations with a precision of at least 94 percent in the four subjects. In the second scenario, our approach is able to avoid 37 to 72 percent consistency-maintenance-required code clones by warning developers on only 13 to 40 percent code clones, in the four subjects.
Phonological processing and oral language abilities in fourth-grade poor readers.

Abstract This study investigated the contribution of phonological processing and oral language skills to reading abilities (word attack, word recognition, and comprehension) in 17 fourth graders identified as poor readers. Participants were assessed in the areas of phonological awareness, verbal working memory, and rapid naming, in addition to oral language abilities as predictors of poor reading skills. Results indicated that the strongest predictors of word attack skills were phonological awareness and grammaticality judgment. The combination of phonological awareness, grammaticality judgment, phoneme manipulation, and rapid naming of digits accounted for more than half of the variance in word recognition. Furthermore, the amount of discrepancy between IQ scores and reading achievement did not distinguish groups of poor readers. The results support the importance of metalinguistic skills to support reading ability. Phonological processing and oral language abilities may vary in children with poor reading skills as processing demands change with age and task. Learning outcomes As a result of this activity, the reader will be able to: (1) identify phonological processing and oral language skills that are most predictive of specific reading skills in poor readers; (2) describe further evidence of the lack of utility of the discrepancy model to define reading disorders in children.
Minimum traveltime calculation in 3-D graph theory

Traveltime calculation is a crucial part of seismic migration schemes, especially prestack migration. There are many different ways to compute traveltimes. These methods can be divided into three categories: (1) Ray tracing. These treat the problem as a initial value problem by shooting rays from the source to the receivers. Or they can also treat the problem as a two-point boundary value problem. An initial raypath is bent using perturbation theory until Fermat`s principle is satisfied. Nichols (1994) also computed traveltimes with the amplitude information attached to it in two dimensions. (2) Finite-difference methods. These solve the eikonal equation directly by using different numerical schemes such as the Runge-Kutta method, wave-front expansion, or upwind finite difference. (3) Graph theory. This method recasts the traveltime problem into a shortest path search over a network, which is constructed from the velocity model. This method is guaranteed to find a stable minimum traveltime with any velocity model. In this short note, the authors extend the methodology of 2-D graph theory in Moser (1991) to calculate the minimum traveltime in 3-D velocity models and to demonstrate its efficient implementation in 3-D by focusing the computational speed on the memory requirements.
A case of T2 muscle-invasive bladder cancer treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy

Background A 61-year-old woman with a substantial history of smoking presented with gross hematuria. Cystoscopic evaluation revealed a large bladder tumor. Investigations Cystoscopic evaluation, histological examination, crosssectional imaging. Diagnosis High-grade muscle-invasive transitional cell carcinoma (clinical stage T2N0M0, later confirmed as pathologic stage T3aN0M0). Management Transurethral resection of the bladder tumor, clinical trialbased neoadjuvant treatment with paclitaxel, carboplatin and gemcitabine, and radical cystectomy.
Distribution of the cystine/glutamate antiporter system x-c in the brain, kidney, and duodenum

System x−c, one of the main transporters responsible for central nervous system cystine transport, is comprised of two subunits, xCT and 4F2hc. The transport of cystine into cells is rate limiting for glutathione synthesis, the major antioxidant and redox cofactor in the brain. Alterations in glutathione status are prevalent in numerous neurodegenerative diseases, emphasizing the importance of proper cystine homeostasis. However, the distribution of xCT and 4F2hc within the brain and other areas has not been described. Using specific antibodies, both xCT and 4F2hc were localized predominantly to neurons in the mouse and human brain, but some glial cells were labeled as well. Border areas between the brain proper and periphery including the vascular endothelial cells, ependymal cells, choroid plexus, and leptomeninges were also highly positive for the system x−c components. xCT and 4F2hc are also present at the brush border membranes in the kidney and duodenum. These results indicate that system x−c is lik...
Unleashing the True Power of Mobile Systems: Big Data and Analytics

Mobile systems have continuously evolved in the last years. However, user demand really smart phones that will assist them in daily activities. The new developments in processing and analyzing data are a new chance to make a quantum jump in mobile systems. Every two years the available data duplicates and in combination with existing machine learning and unstructured data analysis closed doors have been open. Today we can really personalized mobile applications to meet the specific needs of each customer, we have more than enough data to develop true context aware mobile solutions; it is just a matter of connecting the dots. This keynote will explore the challenge and opportunities that Big Data and Advanced Analytics are facing, and will present some examples of how we can combine the power of processing and analyzing unstructured and structure data to unleash the true power of mobile systems.
Impact of Triticum mosaic virus infection on hard winter wheat milling and bread baking quality.

BACKGROUND:Triticum mosaic virus (TriMV) is a newly discovered wheat virus. Information regarding the effect of wheat viruses on milling and baking quality is limited. The objective of this study was to determine the impact of TriMV infection on the kernel characteristics, milling yield and bread baking quality of wheat. Commercial hard winter varieties evaluated included RonL, Danby and Jagalene. The TriMV resistance of RonL is low, while that of Danby and Jagalene is unknown. KS96HW10-3, a germplasm with high TriMV resistance, was included as a control. Plots of each variety were inoculated with TriMV at the two- to three-leaf stage. Trials were conducted at two locations in two crop years. RESULTS: TriMV infection had no effect on the kernel characteristics, flour yield or baking properties of KS96HW10-3. The effect of TriMV on the kernel characteristics of RonL, Danby and Jagalene was not consistent between crop years and presumably an environmental effect. The flour milling and bread baking properties of these three varieties were not significantly affected by TriMV infection. CONCLUSION: TriMV infection of wheat plants did not affect harvested wheat kernel characteristics, flour milling properties or white pan bread baking quality. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
The Use of Cognitive and Social Apprenticeship to Teach a Disciplinary Genre Initiation of Graduate Students Into NIH Grant Writing

This study reports about a yearlong study of the initiation of novice grant writers to the activity system of National Institutes of Health grant applications. It investigates the use of cognitive apprenticeship within writing classrooms and that of social apprenticeship in laboratories, programs, departments, and universities, which introduced students to the genre system of National Institutes of Health grant proposals and helped them in moving from peripheral participation to more central participation. While cognitive apprenticeship employs devices such as modeling, scaffolding, coaching, and collaboration to enhance learning in formal settings, social apprenticeship requires socialization, interaction, and collaboration with experts, colleagues, and peers in informal settings to acquire disciplinary knowledge and experiences. The study suggests that writing instructors should acknowledge and incorporate resources in other activity systems in which students participate, i.e., their laboratories and ho...
Carbon nanotube ink for writing on cellulose paper

Abstract A water-based conductive carbon nanotube (CNT) ink was synthesized with single-walled CNT and sodium dodecylbenezenesulfonate as surfactant. Direct writing on paper using this ink was demonstrated with off-the-shelf nib and cartridges in a fountain pen handwriting tool. It is lightweight and portable which allows writing on curved substrates. The through paper via was easily achieved by wetting method. Dual-side and multi-layer paper circuit boards were demonstrated by direct writing. The drawn pattern displays uniformity and reproducibility. The exceptional adhesion of CNT on cellulose paper shows good robustness against bending, folding, crumpling and other mechanical stress. A chemical sensor fabricated by direct writing showed good response down to 10 ppm of ammonia vapor in air.
Investigating Issues of Display Content vs. Clutter during Air-to-Ground Targeting Missions:

Abstract : This paper investigates competing influences of display content and clutter on pilot performance during flight guidance and target acquisition phases of air-to-ground targeting missions. Based on interviews with F/A-18 pilots, a cognitive process model is presented to help understand how pilots use and transition between internal and external sources of information to support decision-making and aircraft control. Experiments were conducted in which subjects flew targeting missions using a flight simulator connected to the Navy's Falcon View moving-map. In one experiment, subjects referred to three versions of the display: (1) a detailed map overlaid with critical mission symbology, (2) the map only, and (3) mission overlays only. Flight guidance and target acquisition performances were best with the overlays-only display. Performance was comparable or worse with the combination display and significantly worse with the map only, suggesting that the distraction of map clutter countered the benefits of map content.
4-[2-(9-Anthryl)-2-hydroxyethyl]-4′-methyl-trans-2,2′-bipyridine: a ligand with 2,2′-bipyridine and anthracene subunits

In the title compound, C27H22N2O, the N—C—C—N torsion angle of the bipyridine unit has a magnitude of 171.21 (8)°, and the bipyridine and anthracene planes are approximately parallel, forming a dihedral angle of 6.24 (8)°. Mol­ecules form centrosymmetric dimers via O—H⋯N hydrogen bonds of length 2.8221 (11) A.
An oxidation enhanced mechanical polishing technique for CVD diamond films

Abstract An oxidation enhanced mechanical polishing technique of CVD diamond films has been developed in order to expand its industrial applications. Although numerous machining methods [David G. Jeng, H.S. Tuan, Appl. Phys. Lett. vol.56 (No.20) (May 1990) p. 1968] were explored for years, including mechanical polishing, thermal chemical polishing, plasma etching, excimer laser etching, and ion beam polishing, some issues need to be studied in order to apply for large area and take cost down. In the present work, microwave plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (CVD) is used to obtain diamond films with full width half magnitude (FWHM) less than 10 wave numbers at 1332 cm −1 Raman peak. Slurry containing 0.4 M potassium permanganate (KMnO 4 ) and diamond powders was supplied to a grooved ceramic plate at 70 °C. During the polishing process, diamond film was hold against rotational ceramic plate with transverse oscillation. A profilometer, an atomic force microscope, and a scanning electron microscope have been used to evaluate the surface states of diamond films before and after polishing. The average surface roughness of diamond film performed by the current technique is less than 20 nm. This result reveals a great potential for commercializing.