cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bactericidal Function of Alveolar Macrophages in Mechanically Ventilated Rabbits

Protective ventilation strategies have been universally embraced because of reduced mortality. We tested the hypothesis that tidal volume (VT) in an in vivo model of mechanical ventilation would modulate bactericidal function of alveolar macrophages (AMs). Adult New Zealand White rabbits were mechanically ventilated for 4 h with a VT of 6 ml/kg (low) or a VT of 12 ml/kg (traditional), with each group receiving 3 cm H2O positive end-expiratory pressure with and without intratracheal lipopolysaccharide (LPS) instillation (20 mg/kg). AMs were isolated from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid taken from the whole left lung and used for bacterial killing assays. There were no significant differences in steady-state levels of nitrite or AM phagocytosis and killing of Klebsiella pneumoniae, although these values trended to be slightly higher in the traditional VT group. However, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid protein concentrations were significantly increased in traditional VT groups receiving LPS compared with animals ventilated with a low VT (1,407.8 ± 121.4 versus 934.7 ± 118.2; P < 0.001). Lung wet:dry weight ratio in the traditional VT group was increased when compared with the low VT group without LPS (7.3 ± 0.4 versus 6.1 ± 0.3, respectively; P < 0.05). Additionally, IL-8 expression was significantly greater under conditions of LPS treatment and mechanical ventilation at VT of 12 ml/kg. These results suggest that the traditional ventilator approach (12 ml/kg VT) in a model of in vivo mechanical ventilation results in lung pathology without affecting AM antibacterial function.
Phase-Shift Bragg Grating in Silicon Using Equivalent Phase-Shift Method

The design, fabrication, and measurement of a phase-shift Bragg grating in silicon using the equivalent phase-shift method are presented. Fabrication constrains are largely relaxed with this method, compared to that with conventional phase-shift structure using electron-beam lithography, enabling the fabrication of high-precision phase-shift gratings with low-cost lithography. We fabricated an equivalent phase-shift Bragg grating in silicon with optical-contact-lithography and interference lithography. The transmission spectrum shows that an equivalent quarter-wave phase-shift is achieved.
IEEE 802.11e (EDCA) analysis in the presence of hidden stations

Abstract The key contribution of this paper is the combined analytical analysis of both saturated and non-saturated throughput of IEEE 802.11e networks in the presence of hidden stations. This approach is an extension to earlier works by other authors which provided Markov chain analysis to the IEEE 802.11 family under various assumptions. Our approach also modifies earlier expressions for the probability that a station transmits a packet in a vulnerable period. The numerical results provide the impact of the access categories on the channel throughput. Various throughput results under different mechanisms are presented.
Sideline management of sport-related concussions

Concussions remain one of the most troublesome injuries sports physicians face. Studies suggest recovery takes hours to weeks, but at what point is the concussed brain no longer at increased risk for reinjury is unknown. Physicians must be alert to the symptoms of concussion and be familiar with the available tools to assess neurocognitive dysfunction. Prospectively validated signs and symptoms include amnesia, loss of consciousness, headache, dizziness, blurred vision, attention deficit, memory, postural instability, and nausea. A player with any signs or symptoms of a concussion should not be allowed to return to the current game or practice and should be monitored closely for deterioration of symptoms. Return-to-play should be individually based and proceed in a step-wise manner. The ongoing risk-benefit analysis of return-to-play must currently be based on experience, corollary data from traumatic brain injuries in animals and humans, and limited prospective data with sports-related concussions.
Photosensitive point defects in optical glasses: Science and applications

The understanding and manipulation of the point defect structure in oxide glasses have been critical to the enhanced performance and reliability of optical-fiber-based, photosensitive photonic devices that currently found widespread application in telecommunications and remote sensing technologies. We provide a brief review of past research investigating photosensitive mechanisms in germanosilicate glasses, the primary material system used in telecommunications fibers. This discussion motivates an overview of ongoing work within our laboratories to migrate photosensitive glass technologies to a planar format for integrated photonic applications. Using reactive-atmosphere, RF-magnetron sputtering, we have demonstrated control of glass defect structure during synthesis, thereby controlling both the material photosensitivity (i. e. dispersion and magnitude of the refractive index change) and its environmental stability.
Effect of side shields on neighbor induced transition shift

Neighbor induced transition shift (NITS) refers to a shift in the recorded transition position due to stray fields that emanate from the, neighboring tracks. The use of side shields to minimize this effect is an obvious first-step towards solving the problem. This paper presents micromagnetic simulations of the recording process to analyze the effectiveness of various shield geometries in perpendicular systems with different soft underlayer (SUL) thicknesses. We model the perpendicular recording system with shields of various lengths in the in-track direction. The micromagnetic model incorporates a modified single pole-type head with side-shields, a Voronoi (granular) medium and a continuous soft underlayer.
A note on xQx as a modelling and solution framework for the Linear Ordering Problem

This paper expands the list of 0-1 problems that can be effectively modelled and solved as Unconstrained Quadratic Binary Programs (UQPs). UQP has been presented as a general-purpose modelling approach with application to a broad range of problem classes (Kochenberger et al., 2004). In this paper, we demonstrate that the Linear Ordering Problem (LOP) can be easily recast so that it can be treated as a UQP problem, and that large instances of the LOP can be effectively handled within this framework. Computational results are given demonstrating the viability and attractiveness of this approach.
Two-dimensional vortex shedding in a lattice gas

Abstract We study the velocity field in a two-dimensional hexagonal lattice gas for flow around a cylinder at Reynolds numbers of 100 and 185. We discuss drag, lift and Strouhal number. Agreement with data is at best semi-quantitative.
Leveling Crowds: Ethnonationalist Conflicts and Collective Violence in South Asia

Leveling Crowds: Ethnonationalist Conflicts and Collective Violence in South Asia. STANLEY J. TAMBIAH. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996. + 395 pp., figures, maps, tables, notes, bibliography, index.
Overexpression of the human manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) transgene in subclones of murine hematopoietic progenitor cell line 32D cl 3 decreases irradiation-induced apoptosis but does not alter G2/M or G1/S phase cell cycle arrest.

To determine whether overexpression of the human MnSOD transgene protected 32D cl 3 hematopoietic progenitor cells from ionizing irradiation, 32D cl 3 cells were co-electroporated with the pRK5 plasmid containing the human MnSOD transgene and SV2-neo plasmid with G418-resistant colonies selected. Two clones (1F2 and 2C6) were identified to overexpress the human MnSOD transgene by nested reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and increased biochemical activity. Measurement of irradiation-induced damage was determined in cells removed from G418 for 1 week before irradiation. Irradiation survival curves, apoptosis tunnel assay, and Comet assay was performed. Cell cycle distribution was determined for each line at 0, 1, 3, 6, 24, and 48 hr after 500 cGy by fixing the cells in 70% ethanol, staining with propidium iodide, and analysis by flow cytometer. Biochemical MnSOD activity in U/mg protein was 2.6 for 32D cl 3 and significantly elevated to 8.4 and 6.6 (P < 0.001) U/mg protein for subclones 1F2 and 2C6, respectively. Irradiation survival curves demonstrated an increased shoulder on the irradiation survival curve for 1F2 and 2C6 cells with an n of 4.95 ± 0.48 (P = 0.042) and 4.95 ± 0.13 (P = 0.011), compared with 2.77 ± 0.20 for 32D cl 3. A higher percent of 32D cl 3 cells demonstrated apoptosis at 24 and 48 hr after 1,000 cGy irradiation, compared with 1F2 and 2C6 cells (at 24 hr, 29.37% ± 2.01% of 32D cl 3 cells were apoptotic compared with 5.21 ± 2.61 (P = 0.018) and 5.27 ± 2.58 (P = 0.004) for 1F2 and 2C6, respectively). Significantly more DNA strand breaks were detected by Comet assay in 32D cl 3 cells (Comet length at 600 cGy of 103.4 ± 50.3 units, compared with 69.7 ± 36.3 (P < 0.001) and 48.9 ± 27.5 (P < 0.001) for 1F2 and 2C6, respectively). In contrast, irradiation-induced cell cycle arrest was similar between the cell lines with a G2/M phase arrest at 6 hr and a G1/S phase arrest at 24 and 48 hr after irradiation. While overexpression of MnSOD increases the shoulder on the irradiation survival curve of 32D cl 3 cells, decreases irradiation-induced apoptosis, and DNA strand breaks by Comet assay, irradiation-induced alterations in cell cycle distribution were not significantly altered. These 32D cl 3 subclonal lines overexpressing MnSOD provide a potentially valuable system with which to study the mechanism of irradiation-induced cell cycle arrest separate from irradiation-induced apoptosis. Radiat. Oncol. Invest. 7:331–342, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Outcomes and complications related to the management of Bosniak cystic renal lesions.

OBJECTIVE. The objective of our study was to evaluate outcomes and complications related to the management of Bosniak category IIF, III, and IV renal cysts. MATERIALS AND METHODS. For this multiins...
Elimination of the menses: Psychosocial aspects

Abstract Eighty-eight randomly selected 18- to 23-yr-old female subjects were studied regarding demographic, psychological, and biological factors which were associated with their attitudes toward menstruation and their willingness to eliminate their menses for a period of time. Each subject was interviewed regarding personal and family history and then administered a battery of self-report inventories, including measures of self-estee, modernity, socialization, femininity, female role orientation, menstrual distress, and attitudes toward elimination of the menses. Eighty per cent of the subjects indicated a willingness to eliminate their menses. Variance on this measure related most strongly to female role orientation, self-esteem and somatic concern. These three variables, together with the prevalent normative structure regarding manipulation of the menstrual cycle, appear to interact in ways which significantly determine a woman's willingness to eliminate her menses. Given such an opportunity, the woman's central conflict would seem to be between the potential loss in self-image and the potential utilitarian gain. These findings deserve further verification and refinement among other groups of women.
PDG_GEN: A Methodology for Fast and Accurate Simulation of On-Chip Networks

With the advent of large scale chip multiprocessors, there is growing interest in the design and analysis of on-chip networks. Full-system simulation is the most accurate way to perform such an analysis, but unfortunately it is very slow and thus limits design space exploration. To overcome this problem researchers frequently use trace-based simulation to study different network topologies and properties, which can be done much faster. Unfortunately, unless the traces that are used include information about dependencies between packets, trace-based simulations can lead one to draw incorrect conclusions about network performance metrics such as average packet latency and overall execution time. The primary contributions of this work are to demonstrate the importance of including dependency information in traces, and to present PDG_GEN, an inference-based technique for identifying and including dependencies in traces. This technique uses traces obtained from multiple full-system simulations of an application of interest to infer dependency information between packets and augment traces with this information. On the SPLASH-2 benchmark suite, PDG_GEN is 2.3 times more accurate at predicting overall execution time and almost 4,000 times more accurate at predicting average packet latency than traditional trace-based methods.
New Subfamily Classification for the Rutaceae

Abstract Thirty-four species representing all subfamilies and tribes of the Rutaceae Juss. were included in phylogenetic analyses that utilize six molecular data sets from five chloroplast markers, three from the noncoding region (the rps16 gene intron, the trnL–trnF intergenic spacer, and the atpB–rbcL spacer) and two from coding genic regions (rbcL, atpB), with the sixth marker from the Xdh nuclear gene. Based on the large number of nucleotide characters from the chloroplast and nuclear regions as well as the high levels of resolution and support from both parsimony and Bayesian analyses, the results are sufficiently robust to justify reclassification of the Rutaceae, with four subfamilies recognized in contrast to the traditional seven. This subfamily classification includes major rearrangements: (1) taxa within the subfamily Aurantioideae Horan. remain the same; (2) subfamily Cneoroideae Webb encompass the subfamilies Spathelioideae Engl. and Dictyolomatoideae Engl., Harrisonia R. Br. ex A. Juss. of t...
Key Algorithms for Accurate GSM EDGE EVM Measurement on ATE Platform

There's a high demand for accurate, fast, yet easy to implement GSM EDGE EVM algorithm in final production test on ATE platforms. This paper proposes two key algorithms, one for symbol timing recovery, and the other for frequency offset correction. The symbol timing recovery algorithm is based upon constructing the eye diagram on the interpolated EDGE signal and finding the minimum magnitude variance among different sample positions. The frequency offset correction algorithm is realized by brutal demodulation of the EDGE signal, followed by a correction of plusmnpi/4 phase discontinuity, and a linear regression to de-embed frequency offset from the phase noise. Test programs using these algorithms show good correlation with bench equipment when testing a real transceiver device
Development of a species‐specific marker using RAPD analysis to distinguish between sheep and goats

Abstract A method is described for developing a sheep‐ vs. goat‐specific DNA marker using sequence characterized amplified regions (SCARs) derived from a random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) marker from sheep DNA samples. A sheep 645 bp DNA fragment that was absent in goat DNA was identified by analyzing pools of sheep and goat DNA with RAPD primers. This fragment was cloned and partially sequenced to design extended, strand‐specific 24‐mer oligonucleotide primers. Each primer contained the original 10 bases of the RAPD primer and the following 14 internal bases. The pair of primers resulted in the amplification of a single band of 645 bp when used to amplify sheep DNA, and in no amplification when used to amplify goat DNA. These SCAR primers successfully amplified the equivalent of DNA from one nucleated sheep cell in a sample of 5000 nucleated goat cells. This level of sensitivity is especially desirable for research involving the detection of interspecific chimerism.
Efficient Adaptive Routing in Delay Tolerant Networks

Conventional routing algorithms in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs), i.e., multi-hop forwarding, assume the existence of contemporaneous source-destination paths and are not scalable to large networks. On the other hand, in delay tolerant networks (DTNs), routing protocols use the mobility-assisted, store-carry-forward paradigm which allows delivery among disconnected network components. Adaptive routing, which combines multi-hop and mobility-assisted routing protocols, is of practical value: it allows efficient multi-hop forwarding while providing the flexibility to deliver messages among disconnected network components. However, existing adaptive routing protocols use mobility-assisted routing protocols as an alternative only when the former fails. In this paper, we propose to improve the performance of adaptive routing from a resource allocation point of view, in situations where bandwidth is a critical and limited resource affecting routing performance. We propose an adaptive routing protocol, named efficient adaptive routing (EAR), which allocates bandwidth (or forwarding opportunities) between its multi-hop forwarding component and its mobility-assisted routing component dynamically to improve bandwidth utility. Simulations are conducted to evaluate the routing performance of EAR under different network parameters.
The Court and the Judicial Process

A POINT of departure for considering the evolution of the judicial function in the United Nations system can be found in three interrelated decisions of principle incorporated in the UN Charter itself, of which the Statute of the International Court of Justice (ICJ) forms an integral part. The first of these decisions of principle was that while the Members of the United Nations have taken upon themselves the negative obligation to refrain from the use or threat of force in their international relations, save in conformity with the Charter, they assumed no positive obligations with respect to the employment of any particular means of pacific settlement for any given type of dispute. More specifically, insofar as relates to recourse to the principal judicial organ of the Organization, they did not, as was the case with the League of Nations, undertake as a matter of principle to submit so-called justiciable d'isputes, according to some abstract and a priori definition, to either judicial settlement or arbitration. This is embodied in Articles 2, 33, and 36 of the Charter. The latter provision also emphasizes the political character of the preliminary decision of "justiciability," of whether to have recourse to judicial settlement in any concrete case. The second decision of principle was that, save where the Security Council is taking enforcement measures with respect to threats to the peace, breaches of the peace, and acts of aggression under Chapter VII (Articles 39-5i) of the Charter, the machineries of the Charter would be at the disposal of statesMembers or non-Members-on a voluntary basis. This finds expression in the powers of recommendation given to the General Assembly in Articles IOI2 and I4 and to the Security Council in Articles 36-38. A similar thought lies behind Article 36 of the Sta-tute of the Court which represents a compromise between those who desired to see some form of compulsory jur'isdiction and those who thought that since the Statute was to be integrated with
A systematic examination of surface coatings on the optical and chemical properties of semiconductor quantum dots

A number of procedures are currently available to encapsulate and solubilize hydrophobic semiconductor Quantum Dots (QDs) for biological applications. Most of these procedures are based on the use of small-molecule coordinating ligands, amphiphilic polymers, or amphiphilic lipids. However, it is still not clear how these different surface coating molecules affect the optical, colloidal, and chemical properties of the solubilized QDs. Here we report a systematic study to examine the effects of surface coating chemistry on the hydrodynamic size, fluorescence quantum yield, photostability, chemical stability, and biocompatibility of water-soluble QDs. The results indicate that quantum dots with the smallest hydrodynamic sizes are best prepared by direct ligand exchange with hydrophilic molecules, but the resulting particles are less stable than those encapsulated in amphiphilic polymers. For stability against chemical oxidation, QDs should be protected with a hydrophobic bilayer. For high stability under acidic conditions, the best QDs are prepared by using hyperbranched polyethylenimine. For stability in high salt buffers, it is preferable to have uncharged, sterically-stabilized QDs, like those coated with polyethylene glycol (PEG). These insights are expected to benefit the development of quantum dots and related nanoparticle probes for molecular and cellular imaging applications.
Cationic Proteins of Polymorphonuclear Leukocyte Lysosomes II. Composition, Properties, and Mechanism of Antibacterial Action

ZEYA, H.I.(University ofNorthCarolina, Chapel Hill), ANDJ.K.SPITZNAGEL. Cationic proteins ofpolymorphonuclear leukocyte lysosomes. II.Composition, properties, andmechanism ofantibacterial action. J.Bacteriol. 91:755-762. 1966.A basic proteins fraction fromguinea pigpolymorphonuclear (PMN)granules was obtained byacidextraction andprecipitation with20%(v/v) ethyl alcohol. The fraction accounted formostoftheantibacterial activity ofthePMN granules and corresponded totheantibacterial cationic components ofintact granules (bands I, II,andIII) resolved byzoneelectrophoresis. Absence fromthefraction ofcomponents identical totheenzymatic components ofintact lysosomes showed that the fraction wasessentially free fromlysosomal enzymes. Theaminoacidanalysis of proteins inthefraction gaveapreponderance ofbasic aminoacids (25%),especially ofarginine (16%). Thecomparative aminoacid analysis showed that thelysosomal cationic proteins (LCP)fraction wasmarkedly different fromnuclear histones. The LCPfraction manifested antibacterial activity against certain gram-negative and gram-positive microorganisms, including Candida albicans, andexhibited stoichiometric relationship inits activity. Microorganisms treated withLCPfraction were agglutinated. Anionic substances suchasnucleic acids, heparin, andendotoxin effectively blocked theantibacterial activity ofthefraction. TheLCPfraction caused suppression ofoxygen uptake bybacterial cells anddamaged thepermeability barriers ofcells asmanifested byrapid release ofP32aswell asultraviolet-absorbing material at260m,u, inthesupernatant fluid. Thepreceding paper dealt withtheelectrophoretic resolution oftheantibacterial activity of polymorphonuclear (PMN)lysosomes, distinct fromknownlysosomal enzymes. Theactivity was associated withcationic protein components which migrated fastest towards thecathode ahead oflysozyme andother enzymes. Thispaper describes someofthebiological and biochemical properties ofthelysosomal cationic proteins inrelation tothemechanism oftheir antibacterial activity.
Conductance Modeling for Graphene Nanoribbon (GNR) Interconnects

Graphene nanoribbons (GNRs), which are single graphene sheets, share many of the fascinating electronic, mechanical, and thermal properties of carbon nanotubes. Compact physical models for conductance of GNRs as functions of chirality, width, Fermi level, and the type of electron scatterings at the edges are presented. For widths below 8 nm, the models demonstrate that single-layer GNRs can potentially outperform copper wires with unity aspect ratio
Quantitative infrared spectra in D2O of some nucleosides, nucleotides, and polynucleotides: A new measure of polynucleotide interaction

Abstract Integrated infrared absorption intensities have been determined for some nucleosides, nucleotides, and polynucleotides in D2O solution. There are marked changes in the infrared spectra upon mixing the polynucleotides Poly A and Poly U. These changes are considered to result from hydrogen-bonding interaction between the two polynucleotides. The spectra indicate that the uracil residues in the nucleosides, nucleotides, polynucleotides, and in the mixture of polynucleotides are in the keto form and that the adenine units are probably in the amino form.
Vortex organization in a turbulent boundary layer overlying sparse roughness elements

Vortex organization in the outer layer of a turbulent boundary layer overlying sparse, hemispherical roughness elements is explored with two-component particle-image velocimetry (PIV) in multiple streamwise–wall-normal measurement planes downstream and between elements. The presence of sparse roughness elements causes a shortening of the streamwise length scale in the near-wall region. These measurements confirm that vortex packets exist in the outer layer of flow over rough walls, but that their organization is altered, and this is interpreted as the underlying cause of the length-scale reduction. In particular, the elements shed vortices which appear to align in the near-wall region, but are distinct from the packets. Further, it is observed that ejection events triggered in the element wakes are more intense compared to the ejection events in smooth wall. We speculate that this may initiate a self-sustaining mechanism leading to the formation of hairpin packets as a much more effective instability comp...
Molecular graphs as topological objects in space

Stereochemistry deals primarily with distinctions based on rigid geometry, e.g., bond angles and lengths. But some chemical species have molecular graphs (such as knots, catenanes, and nonplanar graphs K5 and K3.3) that reside in space in a topologically nontrivial way. For such molecules there is hope of using topological methods to gain chemical information. Viewing a molecular graph as a topological object in space makes it unrealistically flexible; but if one proves that a certain graph is “topologically chiral” or that two graphs are “topological diastereomers,” then one has ruled out interconversion under any physical conditions for which the molecular graph still makes sense. In this paper, we consider several kinds of topological questions one might ask about graphs in space, methology and results available, and specific topological properties of various molecules.
Hydrocarbon source apportionment for the 1996 Paso del Norte Ozone Study.

The 1996 Paso del Norte (PdN) ozone study was conducted to improve current understanding of the significant meteorological and air quality processes that lead to high concentrations of ozone in El Paso, Texas (USA) and Ciudad Juarez, Chihuahua (Mexico). Two-hour canister samples were collected five times daily at 05.00-07.00 h, 07.00-09.00 h, 09.00-11.00 h, 11.00-13.00 h, and 15.00-17.00 h MST during intensive study periods at one urban and one rural site on each side of the border. An automated gas chromatograph was operated at one site in central El Paso. Source profiles (the fractional chemical composition of emissions) from motor vehicles, gasoline, liquefied petroleum gas, and commercial natural gas were combined with source profiles from other studies for input to the Chemical Mass Balance (CMB) receptor model to apportion the measured non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHC) to sources. On-road vehicle emissions accounted for one-half to two-thirds of the NMHC in Ciudad Juarez and El Paso with the highest contributions occurring during the morning and afternoon commute periods. Emissions from diesel exhaust contributed approximately 2-3% of NMHC in Ciudad Juarez and less than 2% in El Paso. The average sum of liquid gasoline and gasoline vapor increased during the day in Ciudad Juarez from 2% at 06.00 h to approximately 12% at 16.00 h. Diurnal and day-of-the-week patterns in the liquid gasoline contributions are essentially identical to the corresponding patterns for motor vehicle exhaust, which suggest that a large fraction of the liquid gasoline contribution may be associated with tailpipe emissions rather than evaporative emissions from motor vehicles or industrial sources. Including the sum of the two sources put the upper limit for tailpipe contributions at 60-70% of NMHC.
A Simple Numerical Model of the Flight Behavior of Small Insects in the Atmospheric Convective Boundary Layer

We have combined aircraft and airborne Doppler radar observations to show that microinsects in the atmospheric convective boundary layer (CBL) are concentrated in rather well-defined plumes, that these plumes are generally found in thermals of rising air, and that the insects in those plumes oppose the updrafts at a rate that increases as the updrafts become stronger. In this paper, a simple numerical simulation of the airflow field and insect concentration in the CBL is developed. The model shows a consistency of the observed insect flight behavior with the presence of well-defined insect plumes in the otherwise well-mixed CBL and with the tendency of insects to cluster in updrafts. The model also explains the growth of insect plumes in the morning hours and their disappearance in the late afternoon. Other studies have proposed that the response of insects to being lofted high into the CBL is controlled by air temperature. Our simulation shows that a temperature-sensitive response alone does not yield well-defined plumes in regions of rising air currents. The observed flight strategy may be counterintuitive, but we suggest that it has a clear adaptive advantage.
The history of behavior analysis: Some historiography and a bibliography

This article has two main purposes. First, it introduces the discipline of historiography and, second, it provides a selected bibliography on the history of behavior analysis. In introducing the former in the context of the latter, four important methodological considerations involved in the process and product of historiography are described: The sources from which historical materials are drawn (i.e., primary, secondary, and tertiary) and three dimensions along which historiography is conducted and evaluated—internalist vs. externalist, great person vs. Zeitgeist, and presentist vs. historicist. Integrated throughout are four purposes for the historiography of behavior analysis, as well as an overview of the topics covered in the extant literature. The manuscript concludes with a listing of current bibliographic material by publication type and topic.
Mechanical response of tendon subsequent to ramp loading to varying strain limits.

Abstract Objective . To determine the in vitro elastic limit of avian flexor tendons utilizing more current methodologies. Design . Assess the mechanical changes between subfailure and subsequent failure ramps at various loading levels. Background . Currently accepted values of elastic strain limits were determined utilizing older methodologies. Consequently, reported values are fairly small and imply matrix damage occurs with small strains. Methods . Flexor tendons were loaded in vitro, to various subfailure strain levels between 1% and 14%, allowed to rest for 5 min, then taken to failure. Suture markers, across the midsubstance, and cryo-grip displacement were monitored for strain using a video strain analysis system and a linear variable displacement transducer, respectively. The mechanical changes between the various subfailure and failure ramp loadings were assessed. Results . Varying strains of subfailure ramp loading did not influence ( P >0.05) the ultimate tensile failure strength, elastic modulus, strain at failure, or strain energy density of tendons. In addition, residual strain after subfailure loading was not significant, nor was it influenced by the level of the subfailure loading. Conclusions . Tendon behaves elastically under ramp loading to significantly higher strains (nearly failure) than previously reported (4%). Relevance. This study has found strain thresholds required to cause matrix damage to be significantly higher than previously thought, implying that matrix changes to acute loading events are more a result of the cellular response to the loading event. The clinical relevance is that the clinician may have a greater opportunity to prevent matrix changes than once thought by biochemically altering the cellular response.
Response of fish assemblages to winter in two adjacent warmwater streams

Abstract Fish assemblages of small temperate streams are strongly influenced by harsh winter conditions, which are tolerated by year-round resident species and avoided by seasonal migrants. We tested effects of season and longitudinal position on total biomass, species abundances and body condition of fish in two neighboring streams (Plum Run, Brintons Run) in southeast Pennsylvania, USA. In each stream we sampled four pools in a downstream reach in close proximity to a larger (6th order) stream and four pools in a more isolated upstream reach during fall, winter and spring. Total biomass depended strongly on pool volume, with which other habitat variables (area, maximum depth, extent of undercut bank) were also correlated. Downstream pools of Plum Run (mean volume 18.1 m3, link magnitude 5) had 21 fish species, including 6 species of Centrarchidae that largely vacated the pools in winter. The assemblage in upstream pools of Plum Run and in both upstream and downstream pools of Brintons Run (mean volumes ...
Modeling the Development of Resistance by Stalk-Boring Lepidopteran Insects (Crambidae) in Areas with Transgenic Corn and Frequent Insecticide Use

We simulated the population dynamics and population genetics of two bivoltine species of corn borers, the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner), and the southwestern corn borer, Diatraea grandiosella Dyar, in a hypothetical region of irrigated transgenic and nontransgenic corn where insecticide was applied only to the nontransgenic refuge crop. Over the 100-yr time horizon, resistance developed quickly in both species and to both transgenic corn and the insecticide when the allele for resistance to the respective toxin was dominant. When the allele for transgenic resistance was not dominant and the refuge location was constant over the time horizon, spraying the refuge to control southwestern corn borer had no effect on how quickly resistance to the transgenic corn developed. In contrast, the European corn borer developed resistance to transgenic corn much sooner when the refuge was sprayed once per year, and the time to 3% resistance allele frequency decreased as efficacy of the insecticide increased. Only when the refuge was treated less than once every 5 yr (10 generations) did the frequency of application decline enough to permit resistance management for the European corn borer to approximate the effectiveness of an unsprayed refuge. A consistently sprayed refuge <40% of the corn acreage was an inadequate resistance management strategy for the European corn borer even when a low efficacy insecticide (70% mortality) was used. When assumptions about European corn borer adult behavior were changed and the adults behaved similarly to adult southwestern corn borer, the development of resistance to the transgenic crop was slowed significantly.
Hemodynamics in pericardial and myocardial diseases

Pericarditis can be followed by cardiac tamponade and/or constrictive disease. The diagnosis of tamponade is clinical and is due to the inability of the heart to fill adequately because of a positive intrapericardial pressure. In constrictive disease, there are elevated and equilibrated (<5 mmHg difference) diastolic pressures of the ventricles, whereas there is a systolic dissociation between the right ventricle and left ventricle. Distinguishing between constrictive disease and restrictive cardiomyopathy is sometimes difficult. Myocardial diseases require a catheter study to assess suitability for heart transplantation, especially in those cases with elevated pulmonary pressure.
Interspecific variation in ovipositor morphology among Manaosbiid and Nomoclastid Harvestmen (Arachnida, Opiliones, Laniatores)

The external anatomy of the ovipositor has generally been overlooked as a source of informative characters in systematic studies of laniatorean harvestmen. In this study, we used scanning electron microscopy to examine the ovipositors of nine species representing the families Manaosbiidae (five species) and Nomoclastidae (four species). Similar to the ovipositor morphology of many gonyleptoidean families, the distal tips of the ovipositors of these harvestmen have four external lobes, with the margins most commonly adorned with 10 large peripheral setae. In manaosbiid and nomoclastid species, these peripheral setae have undivided bases, striated shafts and undivided distal tips. There are typically three setae on each anterior lobe and two setae on each posterior lobe. The medial setae on both anterior and posterior lobes insert into sockets that are slightly more dorsal. We observed small, surface denticles, usually associated with a pore, on the external surface of the lobes. There was interspecific and intraspecific variation in the number and shape of these surface denticles. The association of pores with denticles on the ovipositor appears to be a feature common to not only both families but is also a trait that has not been observed on ovipositors in other families of laniatorean harvestmen.
Imperfect Automation in Aviation Traffic Alerts: A Review of Conflict Detection Algorithms and Their Implications for Human Factors Research:

Automated warning and alert devices such as airborne collision avoidance systems (ACASs) represent a class of automation that is often found to be imperfect. The imperfections can be expressed as t...
Lymphokine-augmented activation of avian heterophils

Heterophils are important mediators of innate resistance in poultry, especially in young birds that have not yet developed an acquired immune response. Invasion of the intestinal mucosa by Salmonella spp. initiates the recruitment of large numbers of heterophils to the lamina propria. Thus, the heterophilic response can control, but not eliminate, bacterial numbers in the bird until development of acquired immunity. Unfortunately, chicks and turkey poults are highly susceptible to Salmonella infections during the first 4 d posthatch due to the functional immaturity of both the innate and acquired immune systems. We have previously shown that the administration of Salmonella enteritidis (SE)-immune lymphokines (ILK) into either 18-d-old developing embryos or day-of-hatch chicks and poults conferred increased resistance to SE organ invasion. In this review, we present evidence that the protection induced by ILK is mediated by vigorous recruitment and activation of heterophils. These activated heterophils migrate rapidly to the site of bacterial invasion where they phagocytize and kill the SE. Specifically, in vitro studies demonstrate an enhancement of functional activities of the heterophils including chemotaxis, adherence, phagocytosis, and bacterial killing. In addition, during the activation process, membrane expression of adhesion molecules rapidly changes from L-selectins to beta2 integrins (CB11b/CD18) on the cells that become activated. These results further demonstrate the validity of preventive activation in poultry to induce the migration of large numbers of activated phagocytic cells to the site of infection by a pathogenic organism. Importantly, this immunopotentiation of the inflammatory response by ILK, as described here, induces the functional maturation of heterophils during the first 4 d posthatch.
Effect of Manual Editing of Total Recording Time: Implications for Home Sleep Apnea Testing

Study Objectives:Type 3 home sleep apnea tests may underestimate the apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) due to overestimation of total sleep time (TST). We aimed to evaluate the effect of manual editing of...
On the dynamics of unstable film boiling

Abstract A recently developed feedback system for the control of boiling heat transfer made possible the experiental investigation of process dynamics as well as static characteristics in all boiling regions. The region in which the process is normally unstable has now been studied experimentally for water boiling on a wire. A process transfer function previously developed analytically for this region gives quite good agreement between analytical and experimental transfer functions when heater end effects are taken into account.
Spatiotemporal Control of Intracellular Phase Transitions Using Light-Activated optoDroplets

Phase transitions driven by intrinsically disordered protein regions (IDRs) have emerged as a ubiquitous mechanism for assembling liquid-like RNA/protein (RNP) bodies and other membrane-less organelles. However, a lack of tools to control intracellular phase transitions limits our ability to understand their role in cell physiology and disease. Here, we introduce an optogenetic platform that uses light to activate IDR-mediated phase transitions in living cells. We use this “optoDroplet” system to study condensed phases driven by the IDRs of various RNP body proteins, including FUS, DDX4, and HNRNPA1. Above a concentration threshold, these constructs undergo light-activated phase separation, forming spatiotemporally definable liquid optoDroplets. FUS optoDroplet assembly is fully reversible even after multiple activation cycles. However, cells driven deep within the phase boundary form solid-like gels that undergo aging into irreversible aggregates. This system can thus elucidate not only physiological phase transitions but also their link to pathological aggregates.
Do Patients With Borderline Dysplasia Have Inferior Outcomes After Hip Arthroscopic Surgery for Femoroacetabular Impingement Compared With Patients With Normal Acetabular Coverage

Background:The literature contains conflicting reports regarding whether outcomes of hip arthroscopic surgery for patients with borderline dysplasia are inferior to outcomes in patients with normal...
Hypothalamic hamartoma with epilepsy: Review of endocrine comorbidity.

Summary The most common, and usually the only, endocrine disturbance in patients with hypothalamic hamartoma (HH) and epilepsy is central precocious puberty (CPP). The mechanism for CPP associated with HH may relate to ectopic generation and pulsatile release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) from the HH, but this remains an unproven hypothesis. Possible regulators of GnRH release that are intrinsic to HH tissue include the following: (1) glial factors (such as transforming growth factor α[TGFα) and (2) γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)–mediated excitation. Both are known to be present in surgically-resected HH tissue, but are present in patients with and without a history of CPP, suggesting the possibility that symptoms related to HH are directly associated with the region of anatomic attachment of the HH to the hypothalamus, which determines functional network connections, rather than to differences in HH tissue expression or pathophysiology. CPP associated with HH presents with isosexual development prior to the age of 8 years in girls and 9 years in boys. It is not uncommon for CPP with HH to present in children at an earlier age in comparison to other causes of CPP, including in infancy. Surgical resection of the HH can be effective for treating CPP, but is reserved for patients with intractable epilepsy, since GnRH agonists are widely available and effective treatment. Other endocrine disturbances with HH are rare, but can include growth hormone deficiency, hypothyroidism, and adrenal insufficiency. Diabetes insipidus is commonly encountered postoperatively, but is not observed with HH prior to surgical intervention.
An Adaptive Triangulation Method for Bivariate Spline Solutions of PDEs

We report numerical performance of our adaptive triangulation algorithms to improve numerical solutions of PDEs using bivariate spline functions. Our ultimate goal is to find a PDE-solution-dependent triangulation which improves both the accuracy and computational efficiency of the spline solution. We present little theory to guide our search for such a triangulation, but instead approach the problem numerically. Starting with some initial triangulation \(\triangle \), we use the gradient values of the spline solution based on \(\triangle \) to generate an updated triangulation \(\triangle '\) and compute a new spline solution. We consider both refining and coarsening the initial triangulation \(\triangle \) in order to make the spline solution more effective. As we add vertices to and remove vertices from the vertex set, we use a global retriangulation instead of local refinement techniques. We introduce a new concept of mesh efficiency to measure the effectiveness of a spline solution over a given triangulation. Extensive numerical experiments have been conducted and are summarized in this paper. In addition, we report a heuristic for generating an initial solution-dependent triangulation and show numerical evidence that this algorithm produces an initial triangulation which yields a better spline solution than one based on a uniform initial mesh.
Publication Bias in Special Education Meta-Analyses:

Publication bias involves the disproportionate representation of studies with large and significant effects in the published research. Among other problems, publication bias results in inflated omn...
Leadership in Ophthalmology: The Role of Physician-MBAs.

Purpose As American health care evolves, an increasing number of doctors are pursuing MBAs. However, relatively little is known about how business training translates into their future careers. This study characterizes ophthalmologists who have completed MBAs and identifies opportunities for physician leadership in the field. Design Cross-sectional study. Methods We identified 120 ophthalmologists who hold MBAs. We searched each individual's online profiles to collect information on demographics, training, and professional activities. Results Physician-MBAs in ophthalmology are 80% male; 80% are fellowship trained; and 28% are in primarily nonclinical roles and 55% participate in significant nonclinical activity. Hospital administration is most common (31%), followed by pharmaceutical administration (7%) and consulting (5%). Older ophthalmologist-MBAs were more likely to work in nonclinical roles, with 79% of those who completed residency before 2000 engaged in significant nonclinical activity compared to 30% of those who completed residency after 2000. The most common employers of physician-MBAs in ophthalmology are academic medical centers (43%), large group practices (30%), and private practices (13%). Conclusions The majority of ophthalmologist-MBAs work in primarily clinical roles, although a sizable proportion hold nonclinical positions. Moving forward, we anticipate an increased role for physician leaders in health care administration, policy, and entrepreneurship. While formal management training is not necessary for these roles, a growing number of physicians have sought out MBAs to support their nonclinical interests.