cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Primary Biliary Cholangitis--A New Name and a New Treatment

Primary biliary cholangitis, previously called primary biliary cirrhosis, is a cholestatic autoimmune liver disease that is marked by the progressive lymphocytic destruction of the smallest intralobular bile ducts.1,2 In the absence of effective therapy, it progresses inexorably to cirrhosis and liver failure. Ursodiol, a hydrophilic bile acid with an excellent safety profile, was approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1988 for the dissolution of gallstones. On the basis of early promising data in the management of primary biliary cholangitis and the unmet clinical need, the FDA granted ursodiol orphan status in 1991 for the management of . . .
An overview of human genetic privacy

The study of human genomics is becoming a Big Data science, owing to recent biotechnological advances leading to availability of millions of personal genome sequences, which can be combined with biometric measurements from mobile apps and fitness trackers, and of human behavior data monitored from mobile devices and social media. With increasing research opportunities for integrative genomic studies through data sharing, genetic privacy emerges as a legitimate yet challenging concern that needs to be carefully addressed, not only for individuals but also for their families. In this paper, we present potential genetic privacy risks and relevant ethics and regulations for sharing and protecting human genomics data. We also describe the techniques for protecting human genetic privacy from three broad perspectives: controlled access, differential privacy, and cryptographic solutions.
Tobacco retail policy landscape: a longitudinal survey of US states

Background There are ∼380 000 tobacco retailers in the USA, where the largest tobacco companies spend almost $9 billion a year to promote their products. No systematic survey has been conducted of state-level activities to regulate the retail environment, thus little is known about what policies are being planned, proposed or implemented. Methods This longitudinal study is the first US survey of state tobacco control programmes (TCPs) about retail policy activities. Surveyed in 2012 and 2014, programme managers (n=46) reported activities in multiple domains: e-cigarettes, retailer density and licensing, non-tax price increases, product placement, advertising and promotion, health warnings and other approaches. Policy activities were reported in one of five levels: no formal activity, planning or advocating, policy was proposed, policy was enacted or policy was implemented. Overall and domain-specific activity scores were calculated for each state. Results The average retail policy activity almost doubled between 2012 and 2014. States with the largest increase in scores included: Minnesota, which established a fee-based tobacco retail licensing system and banned self-service for e-cigarettes and all other tobacco products (OTP); Oregon, Kansas and Maine, all of which banned self-service for OTP; and West Virginia, which banned some types of flavoured OTP. Conclusions Retail policy activities in US states increased dramatically in a short time. Given what is known about the impact of the retail environment on tobacco use by youth and adults, state and local TCPs may want diversify policy priorities by implementing retail policies alongside tax and smoke-free air laws.
Prosthetic and Device Surgery Considerations

Biomedical implants have a broad array of therapeutic uses, most commonly in orthopedic procedures, such as dynamic hip and knee replacements. There are also wide-ranging applications in cardiology, gynecology, and other specialties. Use of metal components will likely expand with further medical innovations. Hypersensitivity reactions to these devices are well documented but uncommon. Patch testing is currently the best evaluation for metal hypersensitivity reactions (MHR). Preimplant testing for asymptomatic individuals is not necessary. Patients with a history of skin rashes dermatitis after metal contact would likely benefit from preimplant testing. Those individuals with postoperative complications such as aseptic loosening; chronic pain; or new, unexplained local or regional dermatitis may benefit from evaluation for MHR. Metal allergy testing is never indicated in emergent or life-threatening situations. Whether prior to or after implant placement, collaborative efforts between the allergist and surgeon should determine the clinical plan. A positive test for metal allergy should not define treatment. When a metal allergy is revealed prior to implant, every effort should be taken to avoid the allergen(s). Often, titanium or oxidized zirconium alloys are the most appropriate choice for those allergic to stainless steel components. Clinical decision making after implantation is challenging. If the implant is asymptomatic, no action should be taken. Symptomatic patients following implant are more challenging. The surgeon and patient need to determine whether replacement with a non-allergenic alternative is feasible, necessary, and safe. Prospective trials in this field are still necessary to develop a more evolved and evidence-based approach to treatment of patients with MHR.
Policy Trends in Teacher Professionalization and Professionalism in India

This chapter presents an overview of trends in teacher professionalization and professionalism in India. A brief introduction clarifies the distinction between the terms professionalization and professionalism. This is followed by historical images of teachers, teaching, and teacher preparation as defined within the India’s socio-cultural context. The development of institutionalized teacher education in colonized and independent India, and the organization of the field of teacher preparation following independence from the British administration is discussed next. Recent policies specifically relevant to early childhood teacher preparation are highlighted. The chapter concludes with a discussion on tensions that are encountered in the process of increasing teacher professionalization, and how these challenges may be addressed.
Leukaemogenic effects of Ptpn11 activating mutations in the stem cell microenvironment

Germline activating mutations of the protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP2 (encoded by PTPN11), a positive regulator of the RAS signalling pathway, are found in 50% of patients with Noonan syndrome. These patients have an increased risk of developing leukaemia, especially juvenile myelomonocytic leukaemia (JMML), a childhood myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPN). Previous studies have demonstrated that mutations in Ptpn11 induce a JMML-like MPN through cell-autonomous mechanisms that are dependent on Shp2 catalytic activity. However, the effect of these mutations in the bone marrow microenvironment remains unclear. Here we report that Ptpn11 activating mutations in the mouse bone marrow microenvironment promote the development and progression of MPN through profound detrimental effects on haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). Ptpn11 mutations in mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells and osteoprogenitors, but not in differentiated osteoblasts or endothelial cells, cause excessive production of the CC chemokine CCL3 (also known as MIP-1α), which recruits monocytes to the area in which HSCs also reside. Consequently, HSCs are hyperactivated by interleukin-1β and possibly other proinflammatory cytokines produced by monocytes, leading to exacerbated MPN and to donor-cell-derived MPN following stem cell transplantation. Remarkably, administration of CCL3 receptor antagonists effectively reverses MPN development induced by the Ptpn11-mutated bone marrow microenvironment. This study reveals the critical contribution of Ptpn11 mutations in the bone marrow microenvironment to leukaemogenesis and identifies CCL3 as a potential therapeutic target for controlling leukaemic progression in Noonan syndrome and for improving stem cell transplantation therapy in Noonan-syndrome-associated leukaemias.
Higher regularity of uniform local minimizers in Calculus of Variations

A simple link between minimization property and H regularity is found for Lipschitz extremals of vectorial variational problems.
Shooting Kennedy: JFK and the Culture of Images By David M. Lubin. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003. 341 Pp.

(2004). Shooting Kennedy: JFK and the Culture of Images By David M. Lubin. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003. 341 Pp. American Journalism: Vol. 21, Editorial Cartoons in Wartime, pp. 121-123.
Embryologic Origin of Functional Granulopoiesis

Abstract The first progenitors with granulocyte potential arise in the murine yolk sac beginning at embryonic day 8.5 (E8.5), 48 hours before hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are formed. These granulocyte progenitors are part of a wave of definitive erythro-myeloid progenitors (EMPs) that display a unique immunophenotype. By E10.5, we observe EMPs in the bloodstream and enriched in the liver, the site of fetal hematopoiesis, consistent with previous reports of GM-CFC presence in the early embryo. HSCs begin to colonize the fetal liver between E11.5 and E12.5, where they subsequently expand and differentiate. Thus, the presence of maturing blood cells at this time-point likely represent the output of EMP that colonize the fetal liver before HSCs. In vitro culture of purified EMPs results in the complete myeloid repertoire found in the adult, including neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils and mast cells. To see which of these potentials is actually realized in the embryo, we examined myelopoiesis in the liver at E11.5- E12.5. There was no morphological evidence of eosinophils, basophils or mast cells in the early fetal liver, and there were no lineage specific transcripts for these cells types (EPX, FCepsilonR) detected by qPCR before E15.5. However, rare cells with neutrophil morphology were found in the fetal liver and in the bloodstream at E12.5. We utilized flow cytometry to enumerate granulocytes (GF1+, Mac1+) in both liver and the bloodstream during early embryogenesis. In order to rule out contamination from maternal cells, we analyzed embryos generated from GFP+ male mice mated with wild-type females. Per embryo equivalent, we consistently found a small number of granulocytes already present in both fetal liver and circulation at E11.5. The number of granulocytes increases to over one hundred at E12.5 and thousands by E13.5. We used imaging flow cytometry to examine the maturational state of the granulocytes in the fetal liver. Consistent with their recent differentiation, fetal liver granulocytes were predominately at the most immature stages as compared to bone marrow samples. Interestingly, at E11.5 and E12.5, a large proportion the circulating granulocytes were maternal derived (GFP-). The presence of these maternal granulocytes could not be accounted for by contamination of maternal blood given the levels of maternal RBCs in the samples. These data indicate that both maternal- and embryonic EMP-derived neutrophils co-circulate in the early embryo. Furthermore, when fetal blood was stimulated with bacteria-like BioParticles, fetal derived (GFP+) and maternal granulocytes (GFP-) each responded with oxidative bursts. Taken together, these data indicate that the early mammalian embryo utilizes both yolk sac-derived transient definitive progenitors and maternal granulocytes to provide host defense before HSC-derived hematopoiesis is established. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Complete Genome Sequences of Two Genotype A2 Small Ruminant Lentiviruses Isolated from Infected U.S. Sheep.

ABSTRACT Two distinct subgroups of genotype A2 small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLVs) have been identified in the United States that infect sheep with specific host transmembrane protein 154 (TMEM154) diplotypes. Here, we report the first two complete genome sequences of SRLV strains infecting U.S. sheep belonging to genotype A2, subgroups 1 and 2.
Abusive Head Trauma

Abusive head trauma (AHT) is a form of child maltreatment that involves intentional injury to a child’s skull and/or brain caused by inflicted blunt impact, violent shaking, or both. It is the most common cause of serious or fatal brain injuries in children less than 2 years of age, and most deaths occur in infants younger than 6 months. Determining that a child is the victim of AHT can be challenging as the presenting signs and symptoms are often nonspecific and the history provided by caregiver(s) may be absent or inaccurate. Classic injuries associated with AHT include subdural hemorrhage, retinal hemorrhages, and rib fractures, but this triad of injuries is not always present. Associated injuries include additional brain hemorrhages and parenchymal injuries, as well as other bone fractures. A multidisciplinary team approach to the management of the child suffering AHT is paramount and the family will need psychosocial support. Survivors of AHT may have lifelong disabilities; thus, the development and implementation of effective preventative strategies are vital.
Crystal structure of {(R)-N2-[(benzo[h]quinolin-2-yl)meth-yl]-N2'-[(benzo[h]quinolin-2-yl)methyl-idene]-1,1'-binaphthyl-2,2'-di-amine-κ4N,N',N'',N'''}(trifluoromethane-sulfonato-κO)zinc(II)} trifluoromethane-sulfonate di-chloro-methane 1.5-solvate.

The zinc(II) atom in the title compound, [Zn(C48H31N4)(CF3SO3)](CF3SO3)·1.5CH2Cl2, adopts a distorted five-coordinate square-pyramidal geometry. It is coordinated by one tri­fluoro­methane­sulfonate ligand and four N atoms of the N2-[(benzo[h]quinolin-2-yl)meth­yl]-N2′-[(benzo[h]quinolin-2-yl)methyl­idene]-1,1′-binaphthyl-2,2′-di­amine ligand. The complex is present as a single-stranded P-helimer monohelical structure incorporating π–π and/or σ–π inter­actions. One of the imine bonds present in the original ligand framework is reduced, leading to variations in bond lengths and torsion angles for each side of the ligand motif. The imine-bond reduction also affects the bond lengths involving the metal atom with the N-donor atoms located on the imine bond. There are two mol­ecules of the complex in the asymmetric unit. One of the mol­ecules exhibits positional disorder within the coordinating tri­fluoro­methane­sulfonate ion making the mol­ecules symmetric­ally non-equivalent.
Quantum Crystallography: Features and Application

Quantum crystallography (QCr) is an area of research that arises from the fact that experimental X-ray diffraction data obtained from crystals can also be readily described theoretically by the use of quantum mechanical modeling. The intimate connection between experiment and theory arises from the fact that X-rays are scattered by electrons whose distributions are represented in the experimental data and models of electron density distributions are given by quantum mechanics (Q.M.). An objective of this type of research is to obtain a quantum mechanical model that is consistent with the crystallographic data, thus affording the opportunity to calculate numerous properties of interest, for example, various energies, electron distributions, atomic charges and electrostatic potentials. Our approach to quantum crystallography is based on the use of a single, idempotent density matrix (a projector matrix) [1]. In the initial stages of the process of optimizing the fit of a quantum mechanical model to X-ray diffraction data, it is valuable to have a projector matrix that is as close as possible to the one that results from the fitting process. Such a matrix is obtainable from ab initio calculations. The fitting process involves the adjustment of the values of the elements in the projector matrix and certain other parameters while preserving the idempotency of the matrix and its normalized trace. These properties will be described later on.
Inhibition of microRNA-210 suppresses pro-inflammatory response and reduces acute brain injury of ischemic stroke in mice

Stroke is a leading cause of mortality and chronic neurologic disability. Yet, the successful treatment remains limited. In this study, we investigated the efficacy and the mechanism of a novel treatment, microRNA-210 (miR-210) inhibition, in protecting acute ischemic brain injury in adult mice. Focal cerebral ischemia was induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in adult male C57BL/6 mice. MiR-210-LNA (miR-210 inhibitor) or the negative control was administered via intracerebroventricular injection 24h prior or 4h after MCAO. Cerebral infarction volume and behavioral deficits were determined 48h after MCAO. The expression of inflammation-related genes and infiltration/activation of various immune cells in the brain were assessed by RT-qPCR, flow cytometry, and immunohistochemistry. Acute ischemic stroke significantly increased miR-210 levels in the brain, which was abolished by miR-210-LNA administered prior to MCAO. Pre- and post-MCAO treatments with miR-210-LNA significantly decreased cerebral infarction and ameliorated behavioral deficits induced by MCAO. Long-term behavioral recovery was also improved by miR-210-LNA post-treatment. At the same time, inhibition of miR-210 significantly reduced the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6) and chemokines (CCL2 and CCL3), but had no significant effect on anti-inflammatory factors (TGF-β and IL-10). In addition, MCAO-induced macrophage infiltration and microglial activation in the brain were inhibited by the miR-210-LNA treatment. In summary, inhibition of miR-210 suppresses pro-inflammatory response and reduces brain damage in the acute phase of ischemic stroke, providing new insight in molecular basis of a novel therapeutic strategy of miR-210 inhibition in the treatment of acute ischemic stroke.
Editorial: Tumor Necrosis Factor Antagonists: Killing Two Birds With One Biologic Stone.

Forty years have passed since it was first recognized that patients with autoimmune rheumatic disease have an increased risk of fatal and non-fatal cardiovascular (CV) events (1) Although initial reports focused on rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), similar findings were verified subsequently in patients with psoriasis (Ps) and/or psoriatic arthritis (PsA) and spondyloarthritis. An early feature of the atherosclerotic lesion is infiltration with inflammatory cells, particularly monocytes/macrophages, and the presence of these cells in mature plaque elevates the risk of plaque rupture and thrombosis (2). In the general population, modest elevations of circulating inflammatory proteins, including C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and soluble endothelial adhesion proteins, are associated with an increased risk of acute CV events (3). This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Ellipsometric study of a palladium catalyst during the oxidation of carbon monoxide and methane

Spectroscopic ellipsometry is used to monitor the surface of a thick Pd‐film catalyst during the oxidation of either carbon monoxide or methane. Dense PdO layers form under sufficiently lean conditions (excess oxygen) for both reactions. A stable metal surface exists in the case of CO, but a very porous PdO layer develops in the case of methane, under rich conditions. There is a large hysteresis in the conditions for PdO formation in the case of CO oxidation. Spontaneous oscillations in catalytic activity and Pd‐surface composition occur for both reactions, the higher activities corresponding to O‐atom‐rich or PdO‐rich surfaces for CO or methane oxidation, respectively.
HRQOL in Diverse Ethnic Groups with Diabetes: Findings from the 2014 BRFSS

The study’s objective is to examine differences in mental and physical health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in non-Hispanic White, non-Hispanic Black, and Hispanic adults with diabetes. A secondary analysis of 2014 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) data was conducted. A total of 26 states participated in the 2014 BRFSS core and optional diabetes models (n = 17,923). HRQOL was measured by the number of mentally and physically unhealthy days during the past month, respectively. A series of regression models were developed to assess differences in HRQOL without and with inclusion of demographic (age, marital status, income, gender, and education) and diabetes-related (depression, sleep time, insulin use, complications, age of diabetes diagnosis, BMI, smoking, and exercise) factors. In the fully adjusted models (inclusion of demographic and diabetes-related factors), non-Hispanic Whites had more mentally (β = 0.88, p = 0.03) and physically (β = 1.35, p = 0.01) unhealthy days per month compared to Hispanics. Non-Hispanic Blacks (β = 1.42, p < 0.01) also had more mentally unhealthy days per month in relation to Hispanics when adjusting for demographic and diabetes-related factors. Depression emerged as a potent predictor of mentally (β = 8.60; p < 0.0001) and physically (β = 4.43; p < 0.0001) unhealthy days in the multivariate models. Non-Hispanic Black and White adults with diabetes may be more vulnerable to poor HRQOL compared to their Hispanic counterparts. Increased, widened application of diabetes interventions targeting depression appears warranted to improve HRQOL outcomes.
Asynchronous Modeling and Simulation with Orthogonal Agents

This paper considers a class of systems of autonomous self-governed agents with purpose-specific behavior. Agents of this class contribute most to the overall performance if they have an unobstructed transparent access to the environment. Many examples of such systems can be found in swarm technologies and asynchronous simulation of discrete and continuous systems. An efficiency metric for a multi-agent system operating within a given environment is proposed as a dot product of the system's characteristic time-vectors: one of an agent's demands for resources and the other of the resources' availability. It is shown that the smaller the dot product the higher the efficiency of the agents. In some cases, the better efficiency of individual agents translates into improvement of the overall performance of the system. This observation is postulated as the principle of orthogonality: under some conditions, the asynchronous, ungoverned systems outperform the systems with synchronized actions. It is shown that the asynchronous "chaotic" multi-agent models, properly devised to achieve a higher level of transparency, can produce a better throughput beyond the level achieved by simply improving the latency of the system. Examples of orthogonal systems include many discrete-continuous physical, financial, control and some machine learning multi-agent models. Conditions of convergence of asynchronous models are presented. Some experimental results are shown, as well. More general observations are made in the context of natural decomposition.
Interpreter services in pediatric nursing

A critical part of every encounter between a pediatric nurse and a patient is obtaining accurate patient information. Unique obstacles are encountered when patients and their families have little or no understanding of the English language. Federal and state laws require health care systems that receive governmental funds to provide full language access to services. Both legal and ethical issues can arise when caring for non-English-speaking patients. Often, obtaining accurate patient information and a fully informed consent cannot be done without the use of an interpreter. The interpreter informs the family of all the risks and benefits of a specific avenue of care. When inappropriate interpreter services are used, such as when children in the family or other family members act as interpreters, concerns about accuracy, confidentiality, cultural congruency, and other issues may arise. The purpose of this article is to: (a) explore principles related to the use of medical interpreters, (b) examine different models of interpreter services, and (c) identify available resources to assist providers in accessing interpreter services (e.g., books, online resources, articles, and videos). The case study format will be used to illustrate key points.
Spatially recursive estimation and Gaussian process dynamic models of bat flapping flight

Bats exhibit exceptional agility, maneuverability, and efficiency during flight due to the complex articulated multibody structure of their wings and to the nonlinear and unsteady dynamics that govern their motion. While excellent progress has been made in the study of the kinematics of bat flapping flight, there still does not exist a dynamic model which is suitable for use in state estimation. This issue is typically overcome by using a few high-frame-rate cameras to capture motion; however, such systems are expensive and prone to measurement occlusion. This paper establishes a methodology that is designed to exploit an emerging class of experimental hardware which employs low-resolution, low-cost, and highly redundant imaging networks. The redundant camera network ameliorates the issue of self-occlusion, but the large-baseline, nonlinear motion of points in image space makes tracking difficult without a suitable motion prior. To remedy this issue, this paper exploits the tree topology of the bat skeleton and introduces a conditionally independent Bayes’ filter implemented with inboard state correction. Our results show that at low frame rates, this estimator performs better than both the standard and conditionally independent without inboard correction approaches for state estimation of an open kinematic chain. In addition to the estimation strategy, we construct a Gaussian process dynamic model (GPDM) of flight dynamics which we will use in future work as a suitable motion prior for state estimation. The GPDM presented in this paper is the first nonlinear dimensionality reduction of bat flight.
Biomedical Concept Recognition Using Deep Neural Sequence Models

Abstract Background the automated identification of mentions of ontological concepts in natural language texts is a central task in biomedical information extraction. Despite more than a decade of effort, performance in this task remains below the level necessary for many applications. Results recently, applications of deep learning in natural language processing have demonstrated striking improvements over previously state-of-the-art performance in many related natural language processing tasks. Here we demonstrate similarly striking performance improvements in recognizing biomedical ontology concepts in full text journal articles using deep learning techniques originally developed for machine translation. For example, our best performing system improves the performance of the previous state-of-the-art in recognizing terms in the Gene Ontology Biological Process hierarchy, from a previous best F1 score of 0.40 to an F1 of 0.70, nearly halving the error rate. Nearly all other ontologies show similar performance improvements. Conclusions A two-stage concept recognition system, which is a conditional random field model for span detection followed by a deep neural sequence model for normalization, improves the state-of-the-art performance for biomedical concept recognition. Treating the biomedical concept normalization task as a sequence-to-sequence mapping task similar to neural machine translation improves performance.
Vaccines: An Educational Imperative & Opportunity for Biology Teachers

In January, the World Health Organization (WHO) identified vaccine hesitancy, or reluctance to vaccinate because of concerns about vaccine safety, as one of the top 10 threats to global health in 2019. Climate change denial also made the list. Vaccines and climate change are among a group of scientific topics viewed differently by scientists and the public. In part, this divergence is the result of public misperceptions about current scientific understanding and agreement on the topic, but it also results from a lack of understanding of the scientific enterprise. These challenges provide a unique opportunity and responsibility for those who teach science. As suggested in the WHO report, “the reasons why people choose not to vaccinate are complex,” and concerns about vaccine safety have existed as long as vaccines themselves. Images of people slowly becoming cows were circulated in the early 1800s because the smallpox vaccine was made using cowpox. Many of today's concerns echo those of the 1800s, such as fear that vaccines cause a variety of chronic problems, a distrust of government and industry, …
A LARGE DYNAMIC RANGE VERTICAL ARRAY OF ACOUSTIC SENSORS

A large dynamic range vertical line array of acoustic sensors has been designed and four of these arrays have been fabricated and deployed at sea. Each of the four arrays consists of 64 hydrophone elements with 1.875 m interelement spacing (λ/2 at 400 Hz). The time series from the array elements is sampled at fs = 1.5 kHz using 24 bit A/D converters and multiplexed onto a single digital data stream for transmission to the data recording hardware. In addition, there are 16 navigation receivers embedded in each array for localizing the array elements. These navigation receivers detect transponder arrivals in the 7.5–14.5 kHz band.
How Propaganda Manipulates Emotion to Fuel Nationalism: Experimental Evidence from China

Influential studies depict propaganda as a heavy-handed tool with limited persuasive power. By contrast, we argue that propaganda can effectively manipulate emotions and cause durable changes in nationalist attitudes. We conduct a series of experiments in which we expose over 6,800 respondents in China to propaganda videos drawn from state-run newscasts, television dramas, and state-backed social media accounts, each containing nationalist messages favored by the Chinese Communist Party. Exposure to nationalist propaganda increases anger as well as anti-foreign sentiment and behavior, with heightened anti-foreign attitudes persisting up to a week, even after anger has cooled. However, we find that nationalist propaganda has no effect on perceptions of Chinese government performance or self-reported willingness to protest against the state. Our findings suggest that nationalist propaganda can manipulate emotions and anti-foreign sentiment, but does not necessarily divert attention from domestic political grievances.
Spectral Theory on Manifolds

This chapter gives a brief introduction to the spectral theory of graphs. The primary focus is on quantum graphs consisting of the Laplacian operator acting on a metric graph.
Examining the effects of mindfulness-based yoga instruction on positive embodiment and affective responses.

Empirical evidence provides support for the inclusion of yoga as part of eating disorder prevention efforts through its positive impact on positive embodiment and experience of positive core affect...
Identification of adulteration in botanical samples with untargeted metabolomics

Adulteration remains an issue in the dietary supplement industry, including botanical supplements. While it is common to employ a targeted analysis to detect known adulterants, this is difficult when little is known about the sample set. With this study, untargeted metabolomics using liquid chromatography coupled to ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (LC-UV) or high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-MS) was employed to detect adulteration in botanical dietary supplements. A training set was prepared by combining Hydrastis canadensis L. with a known adulterant, Coptis chinensis Franch., in ratios ranging from 5 to 95% adulteration. The metabolomics datasets were analyzed using both unsupervised (principal component analysis and composite score) and supervised (SIMCA) techniques. Palmatine, a known H. canadensis metabolite, was quantified as a targeted analysis comparison. While the targeted analysis was the most sensitive method tested in detecting adulteration, statistical analyses of the untargeted metabolomics datasets detected adulteration of the goldenseal samples, with SIMCA providing the greatest discriminating potential. Graphical abstract.
Increased risk for binge drinking among college students with disability who report sexual violence

Objective: This study investigated binge drinking in college students with and without disabilities and sexual violence (SV). Participants: This analysis includes 2,113 college students recruited from campus health or counseling centers between 2015 and 2017, aged 18-24. Method: Multinomial logistic regression procedures were used to estimate adjusted odds ratios (AOR) for past month binge drinking days (BDD). Results: Among students with disabilities, 68% endorsed SV, compared with 53% of those without disability. Disability was not significantly associated with BDD; SV was significantly associated with BDD (p < .0001). Students with SV, regardless of disability status, had 1.7- to 2.1-fold greater odds of having 4+ past month BDD. Conclusions: While disability alone is not a risk factor for binge drinking, novel findings include that students with disabilities binge drink at similarly high rates to their nondisabled peers, and are at elevated risk for SV, which is closely associated with binge drinking.
Olfactory Bulb Signal Abnormality in Patients with COVID-19 Who Present with Neurologic Symptoms.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Unique among the acute neurologic manifestations of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus 2, the virus responsible for the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, is chemosensory dysfunction (anosmia or dysgeusia), which can be seen in patients who are otherwise oligosymptomatic or even asymptomatic. The purpose of this study was to determine if there is imaging evidence of olfactory apparatus pathology in patients with COVID-19 and neurologic symptoms. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective case-control study compared the olfactory bulb and olfactory tract signal intensity on thin-section T2WI and postcontrast 3D T2 FLAIR images in patients with COVID-19 and neurologic symptoms, and age-matched controls imaged for olfactory dysfunction. RESULTS: There was a significant difference in normalized olfactory bulb T2 FLAIR signal intensity between the patients with COVID-19 and the controls with anosmia (P = .003). Four of 12 patients with COVID-19 demonstrated intraneural T2 signal hyperintensity on postcontrast 3D T2 FLAIR compared with none of the 12 patients among the controls with anosmia (P = .028). CONCLUSIONS: Olfactory bulb 3D T2 FLAIR signal intensity was greater in the patients with COVID-19 and neurologic symptoms compared with an age-matched control group with olfactory dysfunction, and this was qualitatively apparent in 4 of 12 patients with COVID-19. Analysis of these preliminary finding suggests that olfactory apparatus vulnerability to COVID-19 might be supported on conventional neuroimaging and may serve as a noninvasive biomarker of infection.
Investigations into the Role of Metabolism in the Inflammatory Response of BV2 Microglial Cells.

Although the hallmarks of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) are amyloid beta plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, there is growing evidence that neuroinflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress play important roles in disease development and progression. A major risk factor for the development of AD is diabetes, which is also characterized by oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction along with chronic, low-grade inflammation. Increasing evidence indicates that in immune cells, the induction of a pro-inflammatory phenotype is associated with a shift from oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) to glycolysis. However, whether hyperglycemia also contributes to this shift is not clear. Several different approaches including culturing BV2 microglial cells in different carbon sources, using enzyme inhibitors and knocking down key pathway elements were used in conjunction with bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) activation to address this question. The results indicate that while high glucose favors NO production, pro-inflammatory cytokine production is highest in the presence of carbon sources that drive OXPHOS. In addition, among the carbon sources that drive OXPHOS, glutamine is a very potent inducer of IL6 production. This effect is dampened in the presence of glucose. Together, these results may provide new prospects for the therapeutic manipulation of neuroinflammation in the context of diabetes and AD.
Is Bangalore achieving herd immunity

The emergence of a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) in late 2019 has led to millions of infections and substantial morbidity and mortality across the world. COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection ranges from mild self-limiting disease to acute respiratory distress syndrome and death. India is presently reeling under the second wave of COVID-19 pandemic with more than 2,52,28,996 cases and 2,78,719 deaths as of 18 May, 2021 making it the country with highest reporting cases in the world. Till that date, Bangalore, the capital city of Karnataka alone reported a total of 22,42,065 COVID-19 positive cases overstretching Indian Health care system in this pandemic situation. Considering its high population densities and contact rates it poses a challenge for controlling COVID-19 which is transmitted directly from person to person. The question of herd immunity and how soon it would develop therefore appears to be highly relevant in the context of disease elimination programs.
A Reconsideration of Safety First

This paper studies the choice theoretic properties of safety first and some of its implications for the theory of assets. Its first part presents a brief analysis of the relationship between safety first and the usually adopted axioms of risky choice. Its second part studies the attitudes toward risk of safety-first investors from the point of view of the Arrow-Pratt theory of risk aversion. The results of this analysis are then applied to the portfolio problem, and conditions for the separability of portfolio composition and scale decisions are obtained. Finally, a simple equilibrium valuation model for a market of safety-first investors is derived and shown to include as a special case the valuation formula of the two-parameter capital asset pricing literature.
The Moral Reasoning of Family Law: The Case of Same-Sex Marriage

Leading communities of faith in the United States are on record opposing the legal recognition of same-sex marriage. Perhaps the most well known opponents are the members of what have been called the “Abrahamic faiths”1: Christianity, Judaism, and Islam. Many Americans likely believe that Abrahamic groups base their opposition to same-sex marriage solely upon their scriptures, which they believe to be the revealed word of God. Indeed, the written scriptures of each of the Abrahamic faiths do specifically prohibit homosexual behavior.2 Yet there is more to these faiths’ opposition to legally recognized same-sex unions: there are fundamental differences between Abrahamic believers and supporters of same-sex marriage about how lawmaking regarding human sexual relations should be approached. Another way of articulating this is to say that there are differences in the elements of “moral reasoning”—how we come to know how we ought to behave, given
The Price of Capital: Evidence from Trade Data

We use highly disaggregated data on trade in capital goods to study differences in the price of capital across countries. This strategy is motivated by the fact that most countries import the bulk of machinery equipment from a small number of industrialized countries. We find the price of imported capital goods to be negatively and significantly correlated with the income of the importing country. We cross check our results in number of ways. Our results, which differ from findings using Penn World Tables data, caution against discounting a role for the higher price of capital goods in explaining the higher relative price of capital to consumption goods observed in poor countries.
The oral apparatus of Tetrahymena pyriformis, mating type 1, variety 1. I. Solubilization and electrophoretic separation of oral apparatus proteins.

Abstract The protein composition of the oral apparatus of Tetrahymena pyriformis has been investigated with urea-acrylamide gel electrophoresis. The data show that the oral apparatus is composed of numerous proteins, two of which appear to be microtubule proteins (tubulins 1 and 2).
Disorders of Muscle

The periodic paralyses are characterized by episodic attacks of paralysis. They are usually classified as primary (familial) or secondary and, according to the associated change in serum potassium, as hypokalemic, hyperkalemic, or normokalemic. The pattern of electrolyte changes is usually similar from attack to attack in a given patient; however, rarely, a single patient will have paralysis associated with an elevated, depressed, or un-changed serum K+ concentration.(1) The different forms of pe-riodic paralysis share several features: (1) the attacks may last from minutes to days and occur sporadically, (2) the paralysis can be focal or generalized, (3) the tendon reflexes are depressed, (4) respiratory and cranial nerve-innervated muscles are relatively spared, (5) rest after exercise can provoke an attack whereas continuous activity can allay paresis, (6) cooling of muscles may produce weakness, (7) whereas early in the course of the disease the patient may have normal strength between attacks, progressive proximal weakness can develop after re-peated attacks in the primary forms of periodic paralysis.(2)
Reinventing Government: The Promise of Institutional Choice and Government Created Charitable Corporations

This Article focuses on a subset of private/public partnerships - those that involve relationships between the public sector and charitable organizations, specifically "government created charitable organizations" (GCCOs). For example, the first President Bush, known as the "Education President," championed the creation of the New American Schools Development Corporation (NASDC) as the cornerstone of his education policy. Designed as an independent charitable organization, the NASDC's proposed budget relied on private corporate contributions. In this way, the federal government could assert that it would fund its new educational program without increasing the federal bureaucracy, raising taxes, or cutting other budget items. To create a government that "works better" (i.e., is more efficient) and "costs less" (i.e., maximizes access to nontax revenue), reinvention literature encourages policy makers to weigh the relative benefits and burdens associated with locating a particular program in the public, charitable, or private sectors. For example, the charitable sector is considered to perform best where "consumer trust" is important, as in the case of medical care and child care. The private sector, on the other hand, is considered superior where innovation is desired. Both offer access to various forms of nontax revenue. However, in the case of the charitable sector, the emphasis is on corporate contributions. The comparative institutional analysis advocated by reinventing government is very promising. It recognizes that the institution chosen to deliver the program influences and, to some degree, ultimately determines the success of the program. Unfortunately, the level of analysis is compromised by an obsession with immediate efficiency gains and access to nontax revenue. This ignores the effect of GCCOs on corporations and the charitable community, and leaves little room for considerations of equity and social justice. Thus, the political exigencies of reinventing government threaten to reduce its comparative institutional analysis to nothing more than a short-term cost management tool. The attempt to quantify the effect of GCCOs on corporations and the charitable community underscores how little is known about the composition and actions of the charitable sector. GCCOs represent yet another instance where policy choices are based on largely unexamined assumptions concerning the nature of charitable organizations. For example, significant tax subsidies rest on certain assumptions about the charitable community for which there is very little empirical support: such as charitable organizations deliver social services more efficiently than government, and they "lessen the burdens" of government in a meaningful way. Reinventing government uses these same assumptions to determine questions of institutional choice.
THYMIC ALYMPHOPLASIA AND CONGENITAL ALEUKOCYTOSIS.

Thymic alymphoplasia has been found to be a part of the histopathological picture of congenital aleukocytosis. As in children with congenital agammaglobulinemia who have thymic alymphoplasia, the thymic anomaly is accompanied by lymphopenia and a marked generalized paucity of lymphocytes in the tissues or lymphocytic hypoplasia. The patient described in this report, a girl who succumbed at 15 days to overwhelming bacterial infection, also had agranulocytosis and no granulocytes or granulocyte precursors could be discerned in her bone marrow; megakaryocytes were present in the marrow in normal numbers and hematocytoblasts, normoblasts, and monocytes were present as well. Hence, the defect in this syndrome, whether intracellular or conveyed humorally, would appear to be highly selective. On the basis of the normal development of the human thymus and other lymphoid tissues including the bone marrow, it would seem that the defect in the development of the lymphocyte was manifest at or before the 10th week of gestation. The possible relations between lymphocytes, plasma cells, and granulocytes are discussed.
A Model for Prediction of the Impact of Topography on Microwave Emission

Topography can be important for future passive microwave remote sensing of soil moisture from space. One of the problems in assessing the importance of topography is that a digital elevation model (DEM) for the surface does not provide an intuitive estimation of when topography will be important. This is especially true given the large footprint of L-band radiometers on future space missions such as the Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS), Aquarius and the Soil Moisture Active-Passive (SMAP) missions. To address this issue, the DEM has been replaced with a probability density function (pdf) for slopes. It is shown that the slope pdf can be separated into “smooth” and “rough” distributions that provide insight into when topography will be important. The model is applied to the site of the 2004 Soil Moisture Experiment (SMEX04) in Arizona, and to the site of the Australian Airborne Cal/Val Experiment for SMOS (AACES) and shown to produce results comparable to the direct application of the DEM.
Treatment of chronic cervicitis by cryotherapy

Abstract The preliminary experience with the use of cold cauterization for the treatment of 102 patients with cervicitis is reported. Cautery was achieved by the use of liquid nitrogen as the refrigerant which was delivered through a special cervical probe. Treatment was carried out in the outpatient department without analgesia or anesthesia. The typical case required freezing at −160° C. for 120 seconds to treat an area of cervicitis of approximately 4 cm. 2 . Significantly, the majority of patients experienced only mild discomfort during the freezing process. Changes in parameters such as coital pain, postcoital bleeding, vaginal discharge, and systemic symptomatology were noted. The surface of the cervix was measured, and the diameter of the cervical canal determined before treatment and after completion of healing. No serious complications have occurred, and no patients have complained of systemic symptomatology. Healing was virtually complete in nearly all patients 8 weeks after freezing. Cryosurgery seems to have a place in the treatment of cervicitis.
Effects of Infra-red Light on Subsequent Cleavage of the eggs of Urechis caupo

1. Eggs of Urechis caupo were exposed to infra-red light of wave-lengths from 0·7 to 2·0µ. 2. Upon subsequent insemination the rate of cleavage and sometimes also the proportion of the eggs forming fertilisation membranes was reduced. 3. This effect gradually disappeared after irradiation, especially during the time preceding insemination. This has been interpreted as due either to recovery from the effects of the irradiation or to a more lasting retardation of normal ageing processes in the eggs. 4. The photochemical nature of these effects is pointed out and discussed.