cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A new approach for suppressing harmonic disturbances in distribution system based on regression analysis

Abstract Based on state variable techniques, sensitivity and regression analysis were applied to a distribution system model to study harmonic disturbances. In this research work, a framework for reducing harmonic distortion, in particular the ninth harmonic, is presented. Through measurements, a model based on harmonic distortion representation was developed. The model is represented as a load in the form of an inductor, capacitor, and resistor in parallel with a harmonic current source. With state variable representation of the model, the first- and second-order sensitivity eigenvalues along with Taylor series expansion were employed to study the ninth harmonic. Then a comprehensive analysis was done to reduce the ninth harmonic based on parameters perturbation of the system capacitors. To see the effectiveness of the perturbation analysis and compare it to other methods, the results of a conventional simulation using the Electromagnetic Transients Program (EMTP) are presented. To develop an analytical model representation free of the ninth harmonics, quadratic regression models in multivariables were used.
The function-failure design method

To succeed in the product development market today, firms must quickly and accurately satisfy customer needs while designing products that adequately accomplish their desired functions with a minimum number of failures. When failure analysis and prevention are coupled with a product's design from its conception, potentially shorter design times and fewer redesigns are necessary to arrive at a final product design. In this article, we explore the utility of a novel design methodology that allows failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA)-style failure analysis to be conducted during conceptual design. The function-failure design method (FFDM) guides designers towards improved designs by predicting likely failure modes based on intended product functionality.
Taming the killer lakes of Cameroon

A chain of volcanoes, some of them still active, extends from the Atlantic Ocean into the highlands of Cameroon. Mount Cameroon, located at the edge of the continent, erupted in 1999 and 2000 and spewed lava part-way down its flanks, cutting off a coastal road. A number of the now extinct (or dormant) volcanic craters on the continental part of the line are filled with water, forming crater lakes. These lakes have achieved mythical status in local tribal lore. Lacking a written history, prior to the arrival of the colonial powers, much of our understanding of past natural phenomena relating to the lakes is based on these myths.
A uniformly dissipative scheme for stationary statistical properties of the infinite Prandtl number model

The purpose of this short communication is to announce that a class of numerical schemes, uniformly dissipative approximations, which uniformly preserve the dissipativity of the continuous infinite dimensional dissipative complex (chaotic) systems possess desirable properties in terms of approximating stationary statistics properties. In particular, the stationary statistical properties of these uniformly dissipative schemes converge to those of the continuous system at vanishing mesh size. The idea is illustrated on the infinite Prandtl number model for convection and semi-discretization in time, although the general strategy works for a broad class of dissipative complex systems and fully discretized approximations. As far as we know, this is the first result on rigorous validation of numerical schemes for approximating stationary statistical properties of general infinite dimensional dissipative complex systems.
Therapist Training in Empirically Supported Treatments: A Review of Evaluation Methods for Short- and Long-Term Outcomes

Therapist training efforts have been assessed using several outcomes. A model for evaluating therapist training in empirically supported treatments is presented, adapted from Kirkpatrick’s (in: Craig and Bittel (eds.) Training and development handbook, 1967) training evaluation model. The adapted framework includes short-term outcomes, such as reactions to training and changes in attitude, knowledge, or skills, and longer-term outcomes, such as changes in therapist behavior in practice or client outcomes. Evaluation methods for these outcomes are reviewed, with information on their validity, reliability, and feasibility. An agenda for further research to improve therapist training evaluation is presented, with discussion of how evaluation can inform other areas of the field.
Cultural aspects of the search for extraterrestrial intelligence

Abstract SETI is an acronym which stands for the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence. The NASA SETI High Resolution Microwave Survey Project is a new and comprehensive search for evidence of microwave signals from extraterrestrial civilizations. It will formally begin on October 12, 1992, and last to the end of the century. The discovery of another form of intelligent life would be an important milestone for our civilization. In addition to the new scientific knowledge that we might acquire on the chemistry, physiology, behavior and evolutionary history of extraterrestrial life forms, we may also learn of the cultural achievements of another civilization, or indeed of many other civilizations. It is likely that the society that we detect will be much in advance of our own, so that they may long ago have passed through the evolutionary stage we are at now. The implications of such a discovery would have important consequences for our own future. This paper presents an analysis of some of the important areas which will require study as we approach the beginning of the NASA search. There are significant questions about the ease or difficulty of incorporating the new knowledge into the belief structures of different religions. Sociological and educational changes over time may equal or exceed those of the Copernican revolution. The status of the other civilization relative to ours is a challenging question for international space law. There are institutional and international questions on who will represent Earth in any future interstellar communication endeavors that we may attempt. There may be challenges in how we absorb the knowledge of an advanced technology. In political science we may have much to learn from their history, and what influence it may have on our own future. Last but not least, there is the effect of the discovery on individual and group psychology. These are the cultural aspects of SETI. Each area warrants further study, and recommendations are made as to the mechanisms which could be used to undertake such studies.
Genetic variability of the glycoprotein genes of current wild-type measles isolates.

Abstract The glycoprotein coding sequences from three wild-type measles viruses isolated in the United States during 1988–1989 were examined by mRNA templated sequencing to determine whether contemporary strains have undergone genetic changes relative to the vaccine strain, Moraten. These studies revealed variation in the hemagglutinin (HA) gene and, to a far lesser degree, the fusion (F) gene. The F protein coding region was highly conserved with only three predicted amino acid changes. Among the predicted amino acid changes identified in the HA was a new potential glycosylation site at residue 416, located toward the carboxy-terminal end of the HA peptide. Eighty percent of the predicted amino acid changes in the HA shared by the three wild-type isolates were clustered near the five previously identified potential glycosylation sites. A linear pattern of evolutionary change was observed after comparing the predicted amino acid HA changes from the 1988–1989 viruses to those predicted in the HA protein from U.S. wild types isolated in 1977 and 1983.
Speciation and pulmonary effects of acidic SOx formed on the surface of ultrafine zinc oxide aerosols

Ultrafine metal oxides and SO2 react during coal combustion or smelting operations to form primary emissions coated with an acidic SOx layer. A ZnO-SO2-H2O (mixed 500°C) system generates such particles to provide greatly needed information on both quantitative composition of the surface layer and its effects on the lung. Total S on the particles is related to ZnO concentration and is predominantly SVI. As a surface layer, 20 μg m−3 H2SO4 decreases pulmonary diffusing capacity in guinea pigs after four daily 3-h exposures and produces bronchial hypersensitivity following a single 1-h exposure. That 200 μg m−3 H2SO4 aerosols of equivalent particle size are needed to produce the same degree of bronchial hypersensitivity emphasizes the importance of the surface layer.
Parental Teaching Styles in an Open-Ended Teaching-Learning Environment

Abstract The present study extends earlier work on parental teaching style by making the task to be completed less structured, extending parent-child interaction over a 2 week time period, and equalizing the expertise of the parent relative to the child. Additionally, the study examines the effects of parental intrusiveness on a subsequent task. Subjects were 22 Caucasian middle class parent-child dyads. Audiorecordings were taped over a 2-week period while dyads were learning aspects of Logo computer programming. Even in this prolonged nonspecific learning situation, in which parents were encouraged to proceed at the child's pace, parents were overwhelmingly directive. Additionally, children of directive parents performed best on a subsequent generalization task.
A hybrid kinetic mechanism reduction scheme based on the on-the-fly reduction and quasi-steady-state approximation

Abstract A hybrid kinetic mechanism reduction approach combining global reduction and dynamic reduction methods is proposed in the present work. The approach is based on the dynamic flux-based on-the-fly reduction and the globally applied quasi-steady-state approximation (QSSA). Globally identified quasi-steady-state (QSS) species are separated from the kinetic ODEs and described by a set of nonlinear algebraic equations. Then the dynamic element flux analysis in the on-the-fly reduction is integrated to determine the active non-QSS species at each time step of the computation. The proposed hybrid reduction procedure reduces the number of species involved in the transport calculation, while still maintaining efficient chemistry calculation. The computational framework of the proposed methodology is demonstrated in a PFR model as well as a two-dimensional engine CFD model with detailed methane mechanism and several optimally selected QSS species sets. The ignition timing is accurately predicted under various reaction conditions compared to that from simulations using the detailed mechanism. Also, the temperature, pressure, and species concentration profiles captured with hybrid reduction scheme are in excellent agreement with the results in the detailed mechanism calculations. Satisfactory performance of the hybrid reduction scheme is achieved in predicting important characteristics of fuel combustion process. The hybrid kinetic mechanism reduction scheme is a promising approach to address combustion problems in complex reactive flow environment, especially for enabling the computational simulations of transport-intensive applications.
Seeing Technical Communication from a Career Perspective: The Implications of Career Theory for Technical Communication theory, Practice, and Curriculum Design

This article explores the implications of career research for the field of technical communication. The interdisciplinary strands of career theory provide a useful perspective on the contexts of work with which our field interacts and for which it prepares technical communicators. To help us gain an understanding of the historical, methodological, and ideological contexts of career studies, the article first provides a historical overview then reviews current trends, particularly in the way recent research diverges from traditional approaches. Finally, it discusses four broad but interrelated strands of inquiry that technical communication researchers might pursue based on research in career studies.
Dependence of the pure quadrupole resonance frequency on temperature for KBrO3

The pure quadrupole resonance frequency of KBrO3 in the temperature range 4.17–300.16 K was determined experimentally and compared with the model developed by Stahl which contains three adjustable constants. Excellent agreement between the experimental data and the model was obtained when considering only the temperature range 4.17–52 K. As a result of the comparison, the following values are suggested for KBrO3: the resonance frequency at 0 K is 179.50373 MHz, the Debye temperature, Θd, is 108 K, and the rotational energy, Iωl2, of each of the first two modes of oscillation of the BrO3 group is 1.707 × 10−18 kg m2. Here I is the moment of inertia and ωl is the lattice vibration frequency. Comparison of model and experimental data over the entire temperature range from 4.17 to 300.16 K shows that the suggested theory reflects very well the general trend of the experimental data but lacks in some detail. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Informant Discrepancies in Assessing Child Dysfunction Relate to Dysfunction Within Mother-Child Interactions.

We examined whether mother-child discrepancies in perceived child behavior problems relate to dysfunctional interactions between mother and child and stress in the mother. Participants included 239 children (6–16 years old; 58 girls, 181 boys) referred for oppositional, aggressive, and antisocial behavior, and their mothers. Mother-child discrepancies in perceived child behavior problems were related to mother-child conflict. Moreover, maternal stress mediated this relationship. The findings suggest that discrepancies among mother and child evaluations of child functioning are not merely reflections of different perspectives or artifacts of the assessment process, but can form components of conceptual models that can be developed and tested to examine the interrelations among critical domains of child, parent, and family functioning.
Non-Contact Mechanical Testing and Characterization of Micro-Scale Structures

A non-contact testing and characterization method based on air-coupled acoustic excitation and interferometric displacement measurements of micro-scale MEMS structures at room conditions is introduced. In demonstrating its potential uses in testing and characterization, the present non-contact approach is applied to (i) micro-cantilever beams and (ii) rotational disk oscillators. Air-coupled multi-mode excitation of micromechanical cantilever-type oscillators under a pulsed acoustic field generated by an air-coupled transducer is demonstrated and reported. Also, the testing and characterization of a micro-scale rotational disk oscillator developed for a new class of sensor platform is demonstrated. The main design objective of the rotational disk oscillator class is to overcome the out-of-plane motion related sensitivity limitations of the cantilever-based sensors at high frequency operations. The dynamics of the rotational disk oscillators is more complex than micro-cantilever beams due to its in-plane motion in addition to its various out-of-plane modes of vibration. The fabrication of a rotational disk oscillator requires a suspended disk whose underside is visibly inaccessible due to a narrow micro-gap. In addition to the dynamic characterization of the cantilever beams and rotational disk oscillators, the current investigation demonstrates that the presented approach can address unique structural concerns such as the verification of a gap separation of the rotational oscillator from the underlying silicon substrate. Utilizing the proposed technique, the resonant frequencies of the oscillator structures are obtained and its potential uses in the testing and characterization of micro-scale structures are discussed. The major specific advantages of the introduced approach include that (i) its noncontact nature can eliminate testing problems associated with stiction and adhesion, and (ii) it allows direct mechanical characterization and testing of components and sub-components of a micro-scale devices.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Conflict Frequency with Mothers and Fathers from Middle Childhood to Late Adolescence: Within- and Between-Families Comparisons.

The authors examined siblings' dyadic and differential conflict frequency with mothers and fathers from 7 to 19 years of age. Participants were first- and second-borns from 201 families who reported their conflict with each parent in 4 home interviews spaced over 5 years. Multilevel models examining trajectories of conflict frequency across age and year of study revealed that (a) consistent with a spillover hypothesis, elevation in parent-offspring conflict frequency was timed to firstborns' transition to adolescence for both siblings; and (b) consistent with a learning-from-experience hypothesis, there was no increase in conflict frequency at second-borns' transition to adolescence. These findings highlight the importance of studying the development of parent-offspring conflict within the larger family system.
487 THE EFFECT OF LOW DOSE ESTRADIOL ON 6 MONTH GROWTH RATES IN PATIENTS WITH TURNER'S SYNDROME

We previously noted a biphasic dose-response curve for ethinyl estradiol (EE2) on short term growth in girls with Turner's syndrome. Optimal growth occurred at the dose of 100 ng/kg/d (4 ug/d in a 40 kg girl). In the current study we asked whether the growth stimulation at the dose of 100 ng/kg/d would be sustained during a 6 month period and whether bone age advancement would be accelerated. We randomly assigned 16 girls with Turner's syndrome, age 5 to 15 y, to treatment with 100 ng/kg/d EE2 or placebo for 6 months, after observing basal growth for 2 months. We assessed growth by the 4-week lower leg growth rate (LLGR), and by height measurements, and we determined bone age at the beginning and end of treatment. The results are shown below. Low dose EE2 stimulated growth over a six month period without advancing bone age relative to placebo. Breast development advanced one Tanner stage in 2 of the 8 EE2 treated patients. Serum somatomedin C concentrations did not change significantly during treatment. We conclude that ethinyl estradiol at the dose of 100 ng/kg/d for 6 months produces sustained growth without bone age acceleration in girls with Turner's syndrome.
Is a thymine dimer replicated via a transient abasic site intermediate? A comparative study using non-natural nucleotides.

UV light causes the formation of thymine dimers that can be misreplicated to induce mutagenesis and carcinogenesis. This report describes the use of a series of non-natural indolyl nucleotides in probing the ability of the high-fidelity bacteriophage T4 DNA polymerase to replicate this class of DNA lesion. Kinetic data reveal that indolyl analogues containing large π-electron surface areas are incorporated opposite the thymine dimer almost as effectively as an abasic site, a noninstructional lesion. However, there are notable differences in the kinetic parameters for each DNA lesion that indicate distinct mechanisms for their replication. For example, the rate constants for incorporation opposite a thymine dimer are considerably slower than those measured opposite an abasic site. In addition, the magnitude of these rate constants depends equally upon contributions from π-electron density and the overall size of the analogue. In contrast, binding of a nucleotide opposite a thymine dimer is directly correla...
Classification of microheterogeneity in solid samples using µXRF

Micro X-ray fluorescence (µXRF) has been used nondestructively to investigate elemental heterogeneity by constructing two-dimensional maps of elemental concentrations in reference materials. µXRF probes sample sizes well below the 100 mg mass usually recommended for reference materials by NIST. Multivariate methods of analysis, such as principal-component analysis (PCA), show promise in identifying whether “nugget” effects exist within a material, where an element is enriched in small, isolated areas of the sample. The PCA model is built based on data taken in one location and compared with each elemental map. This methodology is shown for several reference materials including SRM 2702 and SRM 2703 to show how PCA treatment can be used to identify which elements exhibit nugget effects within the sub-mg mass range. A method of calculating the minimum recommended mass for solid samples is suggested using PCA iteratively on X-ray maps from which adjacent data points have been averaged. This is repeated until the mass sampled in a map is indistinguishable from data taken at a single location, suggesting no nugget effects can be detected. For SRM 1577c, a mass as low as 370 µg can be used without measurable nugget effects.
Early Growth of Infantile Hemangiomas: What Parents’ Photographs Tell Us

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Infantile hemangiomas (IH) are recognized as growing rapidly during the first months of life, but details of early growth before 3 months of age have not been well-characterized. Our goal was to study early IH growth by using parental photographs of infant children with facial IHs to better understand early hemangioma growth, with the aim of improving guidance for physicians and parents of infants with high-risk IH. METHODS: Serial images of 30 infants showing IH at intervals of 1 to 2 weeks up to 6 months were analyzed for characteristics of color, thickness, and distortion of anatomic landmarks. The presence or absence of an IH precursor at birth was noted. Mean scores per age interval were compiled. Results were analyzed by using signed rank test. An assessment of “optimal time for referral” was made. RESULTS: IH growth was nonlinear; most rapid growth occurred between 5.5 and 7.5 weeks of age. The mean “optimal age for referral” was 4 weeks of age. Hemangioma precursors were present at birth in 65% of patients. CONCLUSIONS: The most rapid hemangioma growth occurs before 8 weeks of age, much earlier than previously appreciated. Specialty evaluation and initiation of treatment, however, typically occur after the age of most rapid growth. Our findings suggest a need for a paradigm shift in the timing of referral and initiation of treatment of high-risk IH so that therapy can be initiated before or early in the course of most rapid growth, rather than after it is already completed.
The effects of running activity on the reproductive axes of rodents

Access to a running wheel causes gonadal recrudescence in Syrian hamsters whose reproductive axes have been suppressed by housing them under short day lengths (Borer et al. 1983). The first experiment tested the generality of this phenomenon in a population of rodents that is genetically heterogeneous for reproductive photoresponsiveness. Male meadow voles (Microtus pennsylvanicus) of the two extreme phenotypes — reproductively photoresponsive and non-responsive — were either provided with a running wheel or housed without one. After 4 weeks with a wheel, the responsive voles had recovered full reproductive function, while the reproductive axes of responsive voles housed without wheels remained suppressed. Three experiments queried whether the use of a wheel would have reproductively stimulative effects in other rodents. First, intact male mice given access to wheels showed no increase in testis size when compared to mice housed without wheels. Likewise, locomotor activity had no effect on male rats whose testes were partially regressed in response to testosterone implants or on female mice whose estrous cycles were pheromonally suppressed by housing them in groups. Thus the neuroendocrine pathway used by locomotor activity to enhance the secretion of gonadotropin is specifically allied with the pathway used by photoperiod to control GnRH secretion.
Primary sellar-parasellar esthesioneuroblastoma.

Olfactory esthesioneuroblastomas are relatively well necognized neoplasms with oven 1 00 cases having been descnibed [1 -9]. Still rarer is their initial manifestation with neunologic symptoms [9]. In the reported cases, the neurologic symptoms have been produced by contiguous intracranial spread of the tumor, usually under the frontal lobes. If the three types of esthesioneunoma (esthesioneunoepithelioma, esthesioneunocytoma, and esthesioneunoblastoma) are combined, then six such cases have been reported where the initial manifestation was intracranial tumor [91 3]. However, if only esthesioneuroblastoma itself is considered, then the list is reduced to three [9, 1 2, 13]. A case of a sellan-parasellan esthesioneunoblastoma without involvement of the olfactory apparatus is reported because of its unique location. A brief review of the origin and radiographic features of this neoplasm is presented.
Effect of treeshelters on the early growth of four Australian tree species

Summary The effects of the commercial treeshelter ‘Growtube®’ on the growth of Eucalyptus cloeziana, Grevillea robusta, Araucaria cunninghamii and Casuarina cunninghamiana seedlings are reported. Twelve months growth data were analysed for seedlings grown in nil, 0.9 m, 1.9 m and 2.9 m lengths of Growtube. While differences between treatments were significant, the pattern of responses was similar for all species. Increasing the Growtube length resulted in increased height growth and a change in stem form. The use of 1.9 m and 2.9 m lengths of Growtube induced a columnar stem form which results in tree instability, thus long lengths of Growtube cannot be recommended for routine use. The 0.9 m Growtube provided an advantage over the nil Growtube, however, further research is required in order to determine an optimum Growtube length and to explore the full potential of these treeshelters.
Design of the polarimeter for the Solar Activity Measurements Experiments (SAMEX) vector magnetograph

A design concept developed for a polarimeter on the vector magnetograph of the SAMEX satellite that would be very sensitive to solar vector magnetic fields is described. A description of the Poincare sphere is presented, along with the instrument scientific requirements, to provide an understanding of how the polarimeter design has been selected. It is shown that the design goal of a polarimetric sensitivity of 0.0001 can be achieved in the linear measurements using a hybrid analyzer. It is also noted that the systematic errors that produce linear crosstalk into the circular measurement will require the use of the redundant polarization measurements for in-flight calibrations and corrections of the data.
Hardy's inequality and fractal measures

Abstract Hardy's inequality and the subsequent improvement by McGehee, Pigno, and Smith are generalized from the positive integers to sets of dimension 0, dimension 1, and in between. The asymptotic estimate obtained for the Fourier transform of fractal measures is much in the spirit of recent work by Strichartz.
On the significance of permutation symmetry

There has been considerable recent philosophical debate over the implications of many-particle quantum mechanics for the metaphysics of individuality (cf. Huggett [1997]). In this paper 1 look at things from a rather different perspective: by investigating the significance of permutation symmetry. I consider how various philosophical positions link up to the physical postulate of the indistinguishability of permuted states -permutation invariance-and how this postulate is used to explain quantum statistics. I offer an explanation of the statistics that relies on the neglected parallel between permutations and covariant spatial transformations. And I explore the parallel, showing that a further kind of symmetry explains why permutations are invariant when spatial symmetries are not.
A chromosome-specific DNA sequence which reveals a high level of RFLP in wheat.

An unusual genomic DNA clone, PSR454, was isolated from a partial genomic library of wheat. This sequence is moderately repeated and detects at least 30 related sequences, all located in a tight linkage block on the long arm of chromosome 3B. When used as a RFLP probe, PSR454 detects a high level of polymorphism between wheat varieties that carry the sequence. There is no detectable hybridisation to sequences in one-third of the varieties tested, providing an “on-off” polymorphism that can be detected on dot blots, rather than the more resource-consuming conventional Southern analysis.
Theory-Based University Admissions Testing for a New Millennium

This article describes two projects based on Robert J. Sternberg's theory of successful intelligence and designed to provide theory-based testing for university admissions. The first, Rainbow Project, provided a supplementary test of analytical, practical, and creative skills to augment the SAT in predicting college performance. The Rainbow Project measures enhanced predictive validity for college grade point average (GPA) relative to high school GPA and the SAT (an acronym that originally stood for Scholastic Aptitude Test but that now stands for nothing in particular) and decreased ethnic-group disparities in test scores. The second, the University of Michigan Business School Project, provided supplementary tests of practical skills to augment the Graduate Management Admissions Test (GMAT) in predicting business school performance. Scores on two types of measures of practical skills predicted performance inside and outside the classroom and explained variance in performance beyond GMAT scores and underg...
Fast hashing of variable-length text strings

Using only a few simple and commonplace instructions, this algorithm efficiently maps variable-length text strings small integers.
Corrosion behaviour of steels in lead–bismuth at 823 K

The corrosion behaviour of the martensitic T91 steel and the austenitic AISI 316L steel was analysed. The steels were immersed in stagnant molten Pb-55.2wt%Bi alloy at 823 K for different exposure times (t = 550-2000 h). The corrosion tests were carried out both under Ar and under Ar-5%H 2 mixture. Under the oxidising conditions (PO 2 = 6 x 10 -3 Pa), the formation of oxide layers was observed which prevent the penetration of the liquid alloy into the matrix, while under the Ar-5%H 2 mixture (P O2 = 3.2 × 10 -23 Pa), two phenomena occurred: a 'reactive penetration' at the liquid alloy/steel interface and the competition between oxidation and penetration.
Expression of human lysozyme mRNA in the mammary gland of transgenic mice

Owing to its inherent antimicrobial effect and positive charge, the expression of human lysozyme in bovine milk could be beneficial by altering the overal microbial level and the functional and physical properties of the milk. We have used transgenic mice as model systems to evaluate the expression of human lysozyme containing fusion gene constructs in the mammary gland. Expression of human lysozyme was targeted to the mammary gland by using the 5′ promoter elements of either the bovine β (line B mice) or αs1 (line H mice) casein genes coupled to the cDNA for human lysozyme. Expression of human lysozyme mRNA was not found in mammary tissue from any of line B mice. Tissues were analysed from six lines of H mice and two, H6 and H5, were found to express human lysozyme mRNA in the mammary gland at 42% and 116%, respectively, of the levels of the endogenous mouse whey acidic protein gene. At peak lactation, female mice homozygous for the H5 and H6 transgene have approximately twice the amount of mRNA encoding human lysozyme as hemizygous animals. Expression levels of human lysozyme mRNA in the mammary gland at time points representing late pregnancy, early, peak and late lactation corresponded to the profile of casein gene expression. Human lysozyme mRNA expression was not observed in transgenic males, virgin females or in the kidney, liver, spleen or brain of lactating females. A very low level of expression of human lysozyme mRNA was observed in the salivary gland of line H5.
Time's barbed arrow: irreversibility, crypticity, and stored information.

We show why the amount of information communicated between the past and future---the excess entropy---is not in general the amount of information stored in the present---the statistical complexity. This is a puzzle, and a long-standing one, since the former describes observed behavior, while optimal prediction requires the latter. We present a closed-form expression for the excess entropy in terms of optimal causal predictors and retrodictors---both $ϵ$ machines of computational mechanics. This leads us to two new system invariants: causal irreversibility---the asymmetry between the causal representations---and crypticity---the degree to which a process hides its state information.
The relation of distressful childhood experiences and empathy in college undergraduates.

Abstract We assessed the relation between the empathic responsiveness of young adults and the relative frequency and intensity of distressful events they experienced as children. Undergraduate subjects (N = 111; 56 men and 55 women) were led to believe that they were participating in two separate studies. In the first study, students completed the Distress Experiences in Childhood questionnaire, a filler task, and a slightly abbreviated version of the Mehrabian and Epstein (1972) empathy measure. In the second study, students watched an emotion-laden videotape of a patient (actually an actress) in a therapy session and subsequently completed an emotional-response questionnaire adapted from Batson, O'Quin, Fultz, Vanderplas, and Isen (1983). Students who rated their distressful childhood experiences as highly distressing scored higher on both measures of empathy than did students who rated their experiences as relatively less distressing. In contrast, the number of distressful childhood experiences reporte...
A multiple sclerosis cluster associated with a small, north-central Illinois community.

Abstract The authors investigated a reported incidence cluster of multiple sclerosis (MS) cases in a small, north-central Illinois community to determine validity and statistical significance. DePue, Illinois–a small, north-central Illinois community–has previously been the site of significant environmental heavy-metal exposure from a zinc smelter. Significant contamination of soil and water with zinc and other metals has been documented in this community during the time period of interest. In the mid-1990s, several cases of MS were reported to the Illinois Department of Public Health within the geographic limits of this community. Available medical records from purported MS cases reported to the Illinois Department of Public Health were reviewed, and living individuals were seen and examined. Statistical analyses were conducted with clinically definite MS cases; onset dates were determined by first symptom, and expected incidence rates were determined from published epidemiologic studies. Nine new cases ...
CDDO-methyl ester delays breast cancer development in BRCA1-mutated mice.

The breast cancer-associated gene 1 (BRCA1) is the most frequently mutated tumor suppressor gene in familial breast cancers. Mutations in BRCA1 also predispose to other types of cancers, pointing to a fundamental role of this pathway in tumor suppression and emphasizing the need for effective chemoprevention in these high-risk patients. Because the methyl ester of the synthetic triterpenoid 2-cyano-3,12-dioxooleana-1,9(11)-dien-28-oic acid (CDDO-Me) is a potent chemopreventive agent, we tested its efficacy in a highly relevant mouse model of BRCA1-mutated breast cancer. Beginning at 12 weeks of age, Brca1Co/Co;MMTV-Cre;p53+/- mice were fed powdered control diet or diet containing CDDO-Me (50 mg/kg diet). CDDO-Me significantly (P < 0.05) delayed tumor development in the BRCA1-mutated mice by an average of 5.2 weeks. We also observed that levels of ErbB2, pErbB2, and cyclin D1 increased in a time-dependent manner in the mammary glands in BRCA1-deficient mice, and CDDO-Me inhibited the constitutive phosphorylation of ErbB2 in tumor tissues from these mice. In BRCA1-deficient cell lines, the triterpenoids directly interacted with ErbB2, decreased constitutive phosphorylation of ErbB2, inhibited proliferation, and induced G0/G1 arrest. These results suggest that CDDO-Me has the potential to prevent BRCA1-mutated breast cancer.
The direct spatial vectorcardiogram in the infant.

Abstract 1. 1. The resemblance of the normal neonatal vectorcardiogram to adult right ventricular hypertrophy is confirmed. Since this is a normal finding, the term “physiological right ventricular preponderance” is used. 2. 2. A previously unnoted transition from “physiological right ventricular preponderance” to the normal adult vectorcardiogram is described. This consists of the development of a progressively larger counterclockwise twist in the horizontal plane until only a counterclockwise loop remains. 3. 3. This transition begins at about thirty days in the infant of normal weight and size. After this age, if the infant has maintained a normal weight, the presence of a vectorcardiogram in the right anterior inferior octant with a clockwise horizontal plane loop probably indicates right ventricular hypertrophy. 4. 4. The significance of the figure-of-eight horizontal plane vector loop is discussed.
Risk of hepatoblastoma in familial adenomatous polyposis.

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Polyglutamine expansion down-regulates specific neuronal genes before pathologic changes in SCA1

The expansion of an unstable CAG repeat causes spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 (SCA1) and several other neurodegenerative diseases. How polyglutamine expansions render the resulting proteins toxic to neurons, however, remains elusive. Hypothesizing that long polyglutamine tracts alter gene expression, we found certain neuronal genes involved in signal transduction and calcium homeostasis sequentially downregulated in SCA1 mice. These genes were abundant in Purkinje cells, the primary site of SCA1 pathogenesis; moreover, their downregulation was mediated by expanded ataxin-1 and occured before detectable pathology. Similar downregulation occurred in SCA1 human tissues. Altered gene expression may be the earliest mediator of polyglutamine toxicity.
Probabilistic optimal design in the presence of random fields

This article describes a methodology to incorporate a random field in a probabilistic optimization problem. The approach is based on the extraction of the features of a random field using a reduced number of experimental observations. This is achieved by proper orthogonal decomposition. Using Lagrange interpolation, a modified random field is obtained by changing the contribution of each feature. The contributions are controlled using scalar parameters, which can be considered as random variables. This allows one to perform a random-field-based probabilistic optimization with few random variables. The methodology is demonstrated on a tube impacting a rigid wall for which a random field modifies the planarity of the tube’s wall.
Molecular modeling of polymers at surfaces

This paper discusses the application of liquid state methods for the molecular modeling of polymeric liquids at solid surfaces. The techniques of integral equation theory, density functional theory, and computer simulation are described and used to investigate the density profiles of polymer melts at smooth surfaces. It is shown that an excellent description of the surface behaviour of polymers can be obtained with only modest computational effort. In particular, the density functional theory is in quantitative agreement with simulation results for a wide range of conditions.
Immanent Utopia/Utopia Imminent: Thomas Hirschhorn's Gramsci Monument

Thomas Hirschhorn’s Monuments are works of art that demand new nomenclature. His Gramsci Monument in the South Bronx was at once physical structure and pure idea, community center and philosophical proposition, reality and dream. What does it take to build a utopia we can see, feel, and inhabit?
Kinetics of Slag Hydration in the Presence of Calcium Hydroxide

The reaction between ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) having an empirical formula of C 7.88 S 7.39 M 3 A and calcium hydroxide (CH) was investigated. The kinetics of the reaction were explored. Thermogravimetric analysis was used to monitor the consumption of CH from which rate constants were determined. Based on Knudsen's kinetic model, activation energies of 14.5, 17.9, and 22.6 kJ/mol were determined for three different mass ratios of slag and CH reacted over a temperature range of 15° to 50°C and hydrated for a period of time from 0 to 32 days. A comparison of the kinetics of the slag/CH reaction was made with slag/portland cement hydration. The basic features of both appear similar.
Failure Analysis Of Raw Printed Circuit Boards Using Infrared Thermography

Modern technology and the need for faster systems has resulted in the design and manufacture of printed circuit boards (PCBs) having multiple layers of signal and power cores. The use of surface mounted components having differing operating voltages has dictated the need for PCBs that have both single and multi-voltage internal planes. The present manufacturing processes result in raw PCBs having power to power defects that occur both externally and internally. A need exists for a procedure that can accurately locate these defects. It should allow the capture of the defects with the least exposure of the board to any damage from the investigative and repair operations. Such a procedure, in order to reduce cost and maintain product flow, should be as automated as possible and be capable of being run by personnel from the manufacturing area. This paper deals with an Infrared Thermography application to address this need.
Detection of multiple proteins in an antibody-based protein microarray system

A new antibody-based protein array assay is described. This assay combines the advantages of the specificity of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), sensitivity of enhanced chemiluminescence (ECL) and high-throughput of microspot. In this system, the capture proteins, either antibodies or antigens are spotted onto membranes in an array format. Biological samples are then incubated with membranes. After antigens or antibodies in the samples bind to their corresponding targets and unbound proteins are washed away, the membranes are exposed to Horseradish Peroxidase (HRP)-conjugated antibody(ies). The signals are finally visualized with ECL system. Experiments demonstrate that multiple cytokines and antibodies can be simultaneously detected using this new approach. The procedure is so simple that no sophisticated equipment is required. The concept should be able to be extended to develop a high-throughput protein array system. Future applications of this new approach include direct protein expression profiling, immunological disease diagnostics and discovery of new biomarkers.
Elastic constants of HgTe

Abstract Using the ultrasonic pulse technique, the room temperature elastic constants of HgTe were found to be, in units of 1011 dynes/cm2: c11 = 5.08, c12 = 3.58, and c44 = 2.05. From these values, a fundamental lattice absorption frequency ωo = 1.87 × 1013 and a Debye characteristic temperature at absolute zero, ϑo = 105°K have been calculated.
The glycosaminoglycans of open wounds.

Abstract Histochemical methods and selective enzymatic digestions were used to study the time course and location of specific glycosaminoglycans in open rabbit wounds. Hyaluronic acid seems to be increased in whole edge tissue, which may account for wound contraction and epithelial migration. The appearance of dermatan sulfate was correlated with collagen deposition. This current work also compares the healing wound to other developmental systems in which the glycosaminoglycans have been implicated in morphogenesis and cytodifferentiation.
Spatial and temporal silencing of the human maternal UBE3A gene

Angelman syndrome (AS) is characterized by severe cognitive disruption, seizures, difficulty speaking and ataxia. Nearly all cases are attributed to the disruption or absence of the imprinted maternal copy of UBE3A, transcribing an E3-type ubiquitin ligase. Much of what is known about the molecular and biochemical changes in the CNS associated with AS has been obtained through this murine model. This widely used mouse model created by a null mutation of the maternal UBE3A gene recapitulates the major phenotypes characteristic of AS patients. The imprinting of maternal UBE3A was originally believed to be brain region specific; however recent reports using the AS mouse model have revealed a more wide-spread absence of the protein. The present study is the first to determine that the Ube3a protein ablation seen in the AS mouse model is also characteristic of AS patients and the silencing of the paternal UBE3A allele appears to be lifelong.
Hiring an innovative workforce: A necessary yet uniquely challenging endeavor

To increase innovative performance in work settings, most scholars agree that organizations need both an environment that is supportive of creativity as well as employees with high levels of creative potential. Substantial research effort has been aimed at understanding work contexts that facilitate creative thinking, yet less is known regarding how to most effectively recruit and hire creative talent. To fill this knowledge gap and guide future research efforts, we discuss the KSAOs most predictive of creative potential as well as the means and methods for assessing this potential. In addition, we explore the challenges to quantifying successful innovation, proposing that creative achievement represents a unique and specialized form of organizational performance. Supplementing this discussion we provide recommendations for obtaining high-quality, substantive criterion data. We conclude with a brief discussion on recruitment and long-term selection strategies for innovation.