cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Zucker and Wistar diabetic fatty rats show different response to adrenalectomy

The short-term effects of adrenalectomy on certain aspects of glucose homeostasis and adiposity were examined in Zucker and Wistar diabetic fatty (WDF) rats. Ten-week-old male obese and lean WDF and Zucker rats were adrenalectomized or underwent sham operation. Obese rats of each strain were pair fed the intake of obese adrenalectomized rats. Intragastric glucose tolerance tests showed that sham-operated obese rats of both strains were severely hyperinsulinemic compared with leans; adrenalectomy and pair feeding reduced palsma insulin to lean levels in Zucker but not WDF rats. At the time they were killed, sham-operated obese WDF rats were significantly hyperglycemic and hyperinsulinemic compared with other groups, but adrenalectomy reduced plasma glucose and insulin to lean levels in both strains. Adrenalectomy reduced inguinal and retroperitoneal fat pad weights more in Zucker than WDF obese rats. Although adrenalectomy decreased epididymal and inguinal fat cell size in both obese rat strains, the effect was greater in Zucker compared with WDF rats. These data suggest that the basis for the differential response to adrenalectomy in obese WDF and Zucker rats may reside in their different genetic backgrounds.
Organ Transplantation for Individuals with Neurodevelopmental Disorders

In 1996, Sandra Jensen became the first person with Down syndrome to receive a heart-lung transplant. Although it took place almost 20 years ago, her experience continues to shed light on contemporary challenges that individuals with neurodevelopmental disorders face in securing access to transplantation. While overt discrimination has decreased, barriers persist in physician referrals, center-specific decisionmaking regarding wait-listing, and the provision of accommodations for optimizing the assessment and medical management of these individuals. These issues arise from the persistent biases and assumptions of individuals as well as those of a healthcare system that is inadequately positioned to optimally serve the medical needs of the growing number of individuals with functional impairments. More data and greater transparency are needed to understand the nature and extent of ongoing access problems; however, long-term solutions will require changes at the healthcare professional, regional transplant center, and national levels.
Positioning the breathing but unresponsive patient: what is the evidence?

First aid for the unconscious but still breathing infant or child who has no other life-threatening condition is something everyone needs to know. Providing spinal injury is not suspected, first aid care involves placing the subject in the recovery position so that the airway remains clear and open.1 Videos that explain and show how to position such an infant or a child can be found on a number of professional websites, including National Health Service Choices,1 British Red Cross,2 St. John Ambulance3 and the Epilepsy Society.4 A good quality clinical practice guideline (CPG) is based on a process that includes defining a clear PICO (Patient, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome) question, seeking the highest quality evidence available, appraising and synthesising this evidence, then creating a recommendation by assimilating this information with the clinical/patient expertise of the CPG developers. Recently, the use of the lateral, side-lying recovery position in the breathing but unresponsive patient was reviewed and published by the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (ILCOR) and American Heart Association (AHA).5 Over the timeline of ILCOR's scientific evidence evaluation and review (April 2013 to February 2015), before publication on 15 October 2015, only a few small studies and, at best, low-quality evidence were identified in the literature for outcomes such as ‘incidence of aspiration’, ‘need for airway management’, ‘the likelihood of cervical spinal injury’ and ‘complications’.6 The reviewers found no evidence to address …
Effect of Regolith Compaction on Ripping Efficiency

Lunar regolith is known to be surprisingly stiff compared to terrestrial soils because of its angular grain shape, very small grain size, and high relative density. One of the ways to reduce the excavation force and energy is to loosen the soil prior to excavation. In experiments using JSC-1A lunar regolith simulant at three different compaction levels, ripping of the simulant was followed by pushing a wide blade though it. The energy required to move the ripper and the wide blade was measured and analyzed to determine how the excavation energy is affected by the density of simulant, as well as the number and position of tines on the ripper. It was found that ripping increases the efficiency of excavation of lunar regolith denser than 60% relative density. The optimal spacing of tines in this simulant is about 25mm (1.0inch), which agrees with the condition that the failure zones formed by neighboring tines just touch each other.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF A FIRST GRADE ADJUSTMENT SCALE

THE PURPOSE of the present paper is to dei scribe the development of a rating scale designed to assess the young child's adjustment in first | grade. Although several elementary school be havior rating scales are available (1,2), none applies specifically to the child's adjustment to the demands of the educational regime in the first grade. The development of the present scale was dic tated by the requirements of a larger study deal ing with readiness for first grade and first-grade adjustment. The investigation was a short-term longitudinal one in which a group of five-year-olds were studied throughout the year prior to their entrance into first grade. The group was followed into the first grade where data related to achieve ment and adjustment were collected. Since one of the purposes of the study was to establish re lationships between the skills, abilities, and atti tudes which the child brings to the first-grade situation and the classroom teacher's evaluation of his overall adjustment and achievement in the first grade, some criterion measure of adjustment upon which the subjects could be rated was neces sary. In addition, such a scale would seem de sirable in view of the importance and concern which both parents and educators attach to the child's ability to adjust to the initial experience of formal schooling. While little information is available in the research literature c o n c e rning the relation between early school adjustment and adjustment in later school years, there are indications of at least a moderate degree of con sistency in individuals' adjustment over varying time periods.
Numerical Investigation of Unsteady Turbulent Flows Over Cavities

In this investigation, the flow simulation over different types of cavities (twoand threedimensional) was performed. The effect of turbulence was implemented with detached-eddy simulation (DES) using the Spalart-Allmaras (S-A) one-equation model in all cases. Initially, the flow behavior was investigated and compared for open and closed cavities. In the sound pressure level (SPL) spectra of the closed cavity, only the broadband noise can be seen, while in the opencavity case, it consisted of harmonic frequency peaks. Results of the twoand three-dimensional computations were compared to each other and with the available experimental data. It was observed that three-dimensional model results were closer to the experimental data than twodimensional results, and the amplitude of the pressure fluctuations in the two-dimensional case was larger than in the three-dimensional model. Moreover, the pressure fluctuation of the twodimensional cavity was more periodic than that of the three-dimensional case. Subsequently, a cavity with two holes on top was investigated. Results show that the existence of these holes changes the characteristics of the flow inside the cavity, which is not exactly similar to the results calculated by the Rossiter semi-empirical formula.
Design and Application of Snake Bone Drill Pipe for Geological Prospecting

Aiming at the problems of conventional drilling machines, including large radius of curvature and limited effective drainage length in coal hole,the paper designed a new snake bone drill pipe for geological prospecting,which was mainly applied in outburst elimination with floor crossing- seam drilling and strong deflection drilling technology,to extend the length of crossing- seam drilling in coal section. The structure and working principal was introduced,and the drilling pipe was simulated with ANSYS,the results were consistent with the design and tests.
Large magnetoresistance in the antiferromagnetic semimetal NdSb

There has been considerable interest in topological semimetals that exhibit extreme magnetoresistance (XMR). These have included materials lacking inversion symmetry such as TaAs, as well Dirac semimetals such as ${\mathrm{Cd}}_{3}{\mathrm{As}}_{2}$. However, it was reported recently that LaSb and LaBi also exhibit XMR, even though the rocksalt structure of these materials has inversion symmetry, and the band-structure calculations do not show a Dirac dispersion in the bulk. Here, we present magnetoresistance and specific-heat measurements on NdSb, which is isostructural with LaSb. NdSb has an antiferromagnetic ground state and, in analogy with the lanthanum monopnictides, is expected to be a topologically nontrivial semimetal. We show that NdSb has an XMR of $\ensuremath{\sim}{10}^{4}%$, even within the antiferromagnetic state, illustrating that XMR can occur independently of the absence of time-reversal symmetry breaking in zero magnetic field. The persistence of XMR in a magnetic system offers the promise of new functionality when combining topological matter with electronic correlations. We also find that in an applied magnetic field below the N\'eel temperature there is a first-order transition, consistent with evidence from previous neutron scattering work.
Focused Evaluation for Image Description with Binary Forced-Choice Tasks

Current evaluation metrics for image description may be too coarse. We therefore propose a series of binary forced-choice tasks that each focus on a different aspect of the captions. We evaluate a number of different off-the-shelf image description systems. Our results indicate strengths and shortcomings of both generation and ranking based approaches.
Answer eludes catapult enquiry

I have, out of curiosity, been trying to find out what long magnetic catapults are, but without success. Milton A Rothman, an ex-Princeton University plasma physics researcher, says with reference to "Methods of space propulsion" in The Laws of Physics (a Pelican Original, 1966): " ... take-off must be straight up (to get out of the air as quickly as possible), and it rules out acceleration by long magnetic catapults. (This last idea is not impossible for take-offs from the moon, where there is no atmosphere and where the escape velocity is only about 1.4 miles per second.)"
A Rare Case of Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis Associated with Parvovirus B19 Infection.

Abstract Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a rare but life-threatening syndrome resulting from excessive immune activation. Secondarily, HLH is often associated with autoimmune disease, infection, and malignancy. The most common infectious trigger is Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection. HLH is rarely triggered by parvovirus B19. We discuss a case of a 62-year-old male who presented with multi-organ failure with presumed septic shock who eventually was diagnosed with HLH, with positive parvovirus B19 deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Prompt treatment with dexamethasone resulted in significant clinical resolution.
Molecular cellular networks: A non von Neumann architecture for molecular electronics

The two fundamental limitations of the present computing paradigm are power dissipation from transistor switching and the architectural von Neumann bottleneck that segregates processing from memory. We examine a cellular architecture which radically intermixes memory and processing, and which is based on a transistor-less approach to representing binary information using the arrangement of charge within the molecule. Representing bits by molecular configuration, rather than a current switch, yields the limits of functional density and low power dissipation. Matching a new computational element to a new architectural framework could enable general purpose computing to evolve along a new roadmap.
Survival and recurrence after acute pulmonary embolism treated with pulmonary embolectomy or thrombolysis in New York State, 1999 to 2013

Abstract Background Pulmonary embolism (PE) results in more than 250,000 hospitalizations annually in the United States, with high mortality. Outcome data are limited, and reperfusion strategies remain controversial. Here we evaluated the outcomes of thrombolysis and surgical embolectomy in patients with acute PE using a statewide database. Methods Among 174,322 patients hospitalized with PE in New York State between 1999 and 2013, we performed a retrospective comparison of 2111 adults with acute PE who underwent either thrombolysis (n = 1854; 88%) or surgical embolectomy (n = 257; 12%) as first-line therapy. Patients were identified using a mandatory database. The median follow-up was 4.2 years (range, 0-16.3 years). The primary study endpoint was all-cause mortality; secondary outcomes included recurrent PE, recurrent deep vein thrombosis, reintervention, and stroke. Results In 2111 patients who underwent reperfusion, there was no difference in 30-day mortality between those who underwent thrombolysis and those who underwent surgical embolectomy (15.2% vs 13.2%; odds ratio [OR], 1.12, 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.72-1.73). Thrombolysis was associated with higher risk of stroke (1.9% vs 0.8%; OR, 4.70; 95% CI, 1.08-20.42) and reintervention (3.8% vs 1.2%; OR, 7.16; 95% CI, 2.17-23.62) at 30 days. Five-year actuarial survival was similar in the 2 groups (72.4% [95% CI, 70.3%-74.5%] vs 76.1% [95% CI, 70.2%-81.0%]; hazard ratio (HR) for death, 1.11; 95% CI, 0.83-1.49). Thrombolysis was associated with a higher rate of recurrent PE necessitating inpatient readmission (7.9% [95% CI, 6.9%-9.4%] vs 2.8% [95% CI, 1.1%-5.8%]; HR, 3.38; 95% CI, 1.48-7.73). Conclusions Pulmonary embolectomy and thrombolysis are associated with similar early and long-term survival, supporting guideline recommendations for embolectomy when thrombolysis is contraindicated.
Management, operational, animal health, and economic characteristics of large dairy herds in 4 states in the Upper Midwest of the United States

Recent trends in dairy farm structure in the United States have included a decreasing number of farms, although farm size has increased, especially the share of milk production from very large herds (>2,500 cows). The objectives of this observational study were to describe common management practices; to characterize labor and operational structure; to measure some aspects of animal health, including lameness, hock lesions, mortality, and mastitis incidence; and to summarize cost of production on farms with more than 2,500 cows in 4 states in the Upper Midwest of the United States. The study included 15 dairy farms in Minnesota, Wisconsin, Iowa, and South Dakota. Farms were visited twice, once each year, and on-farm herd records were collected for those 2 yr. On-farm herd records were used to investigate mortality, culling, pregnancy rate, and clinical mastitis incidence. At least 1 high-producing pen of mature cows and 1 pen of fresh cows were scored for locomotion. Likewise, at least 1 pen of high-producing mature cows was scored for cleanliness and hock lesions. Median herd size was 3,975 cows (range = 2,606-13,266). Milk sold per employee was 1,120,745 kg and the number of cows per employee was 105. Eighty percent of the farms had Holstein cows, 13% had Jersey, and 7% had Jersey-Holstein crosses. All farms used artificial insemination as the sole form of breeding and 100% of the farms used hormonal synchronization or timed artificial insemination programs in their reproductive protocols; 21-d pregnancy rate was 21.7%. Median lameness prevalence was 18.3% and median severe lameness prevalence was 5.1%. Median hock lesion prevalence was 17.4% and median severe hock lesion prevalence was 1.9%; mortality rate was 7.4%. Clinical mastitis incidence was 62.5 cases per 100 cow-years. Feed costs accounted for approximately 53% of the total cost of producing milk, followed by labor at 11%, interest and depreciation expenses at 10%, and replacement costs at 9.5%. Herds in the top 50th percentile for profitability had a net income of $2.40 per hundredweight of milk sold compared with $0.95 per hundredweight for herds in the bottom 50th percentile. Although results of this study were helpful in understanding how large dairy systems operate in the Upper Midwest, more research is yet needed with a larger number of farms and wider variety of management practices to identify factors within these large farms that promote optimal animal health and profitability.
Dimple on the shoulder after a ski injury

Clinical introduction A 74-year-old woman was brought to the ski clinic shortly after a fall on her left shoulder while skiing. She did not remember the exact fall mechanism. She felt a popping sensation in her left shoulder and was unable to move her left arm due to severe pain. Her medical and social histories were unremarkable. On physical examination, she had a deformity in her left shoulder (figure 1). Her neurovascular examination was intact. Question What is the most likely diagnosis of the injury? An acromioclavicular joint (ACJ) sprain (shoulder separation) A proximal humerus fracture A distal clavicle fracture A posterior glenohumeral dislocation
Designs with Three or More Factors: Latin-Square and Related Designs

When more than two factors are under study, the number of possible treatment combinations grows exponentially. For example, with only three factors, each at five levels, there are 53 = 125 possible combinations. Although modeling such an experiment is straightforward, running it is another matter. It would be rare to actually carry out an experiment with 125 different treatment combinations, because the management needed and the money required would be great.
Control for a single-phase inverter using a grid current observer

Presented in this paper is grid current observer-based compensation control for a single-phase grid-connected inverter that is connected to a weak grid. Traditional single-loop PI current control performance suffers in the presence of the grid voltage distortion and grid impedance uncertainty. To compensate for disturbances from the grid side, two different compensation control structures are proposed. One is a feed forward method, which uses estimated grid current as a feed forward signal. The other one is a modified disturbance observer method, which compensates for the estimated disturbance. Disturbance rejection ability can be improved by adopting disturbance compensation. Simulation and experiments have been carried out on a 1 kW single-phase grid-connected inverter and show that the proposed controller can achieve low total harmonic distortion (THD) and robustness to grid impedance variation.
Conjunctival Dehiscence and Scleral Necrosis following Iodine-125 Plaque Brachytherapy for Uveal Melanoma: A Report of 3 Cases.

Background/aims Plaque brachytherapy is currently the most common treatment for uveal melanoma and has many known potential complications. Here we present 3 cases of early conjunctival and scleral necrosis following iodine-125 plaque. Methods This study was conducted as a retrospective case series. Results We identified 3 cases of early conjunctival and scleral necrosis following iodine-125 plaque. All patients were managed conservatively with resolution of the necrosis. Conclusions While delayed corneoscleral necrosis following plaque brachytherapy has been previously reported, occurring many months to years after treatment, the 3 cases in this series presented within 2-6 weeks in the postoperative period. While we were unable to identify a specific etiology, we believe this represents a distinct clinical entity of post-brachytherapy cornea-scleral necrosis that is important to recognize. Possible causes include acute radiation toxicity, mechanical trauma, and/or conjunctival microinfection.
Challenges in delivering peritoneal dialysis to a premature infant.

The proposed outcomes for C.Q. were achieved. Communication between dietician, neonatal intensive care and pediatric nursing staff, pediatric nephrology nurses and physicians played a critical role in providing optimal care for C.Q. Due to her multiple problems, it was imperative that all disciplines collaborate and coordinate their care. The meticulous supervision by the staff nurses allowed this tiny patient to overcome her multiple problems. Careful follow-up included monitoring nutritional markers, laboratory results, and adequacy of dialysis. It is also important to note that open communication by the nephrology nurses allows small patients like C.Q. to have enhanced quality of life at home with their families. C.Q. is now a thriving infant, cared for by her mother at home.
Determining Compound Comorbidities for Heart Failure from Hospital Discharge Data

The course of treatment and ultimate clinical outcome often depends on a holistic understanding of the patient status, which often requires cataloguing of concomitant conditions ("comorbidities"). A number of approaches have been developed to quantify the effect of comorbidities (e.g., the Charlson Comorbidity Index); however, reported metrics have been based on pair-wise analyses of co-occurring conditions. This study explored the potential to develop "compound co-morbidities" (CCMs) as a knowledge construct to represent multiple comorbidities, which accommodates for relative prevalence, statistical significance, and rate of increased cost. In the context of congestive heart failure, which is a leading cause for hospital admissions nationally (particularly for the elderly), CCMs were developed and analyzed based on hospital discharge data for an entire state population (Vermont). The results suggest that CCMs may be a valuable construct for characterizing complex co-morbidity relationships that may not be captured using conventional pair-wise approaches.
Biomechanical evaluation of the motor function of the thumb

An experimental apparatus was developed to measure force production of a digit at various points of force application along the digit and in any direction within the transverse plane of the longitudinal axis of the digit. Eight normal subjects with asymptomatic hands were tested. Maximum voluntary isometric contraction forces were measured at the interphalangeal joint of the thumb in 16 directions that were evenly distributed within 360 degrees. Peak forces measured in all directions were used to create polar plots and to construct force envelopes using cubic spline interpolation. The areas of the force envelope and force quadrants were then calculated. The force produced by the thumb was dependent on the direction of force application. The highest force, 104.8 ± 14.2 N, was generated in flexion, while the lowest force was generated in extension. The forces in extension, abduction and adduction were 24.8%, 57.2%, and 46.2% of the flexion force, respectively. Relatively high forces were generated in the directions of flexion combined with abduction, and flexion combined with adduction. The area of the entire force envelope was found to be 12,142 ± 3,149 N-N. The percentage quadrant areas, relative to the total force envelope area, for extension-adduction, extension-abduction, flexion-abduction, and flexion-adduction were 7.8%, 11.4%, 39.3%, and 41.4%, respectively. The percentage quadrant areas for extension, abduction, flexion, and adduction were 4.9%, 23.6%, 52.7%, and 18.8%, respectively. The current study provides a more advanced and comprehensive method for quantification and investigation of the motor function of the thumb, which has potential in clinical applications for diagnosis of hand disorders, evaluation of deterioration or improvement of hand motor function, and guidance of therapeutic and surgical intervention.
Insulin Therapy and Outpatient Diabetes Management

Over the years since the completion of the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT)1,2,3 the benefits for infants, children and youth with type 1 diabetes of following a system of diabetes management that allows for optimal glycemia has become increasingly apparent. Not only is there reduction in long-term diabetes complications, but there is normalization of growth and pubertal development and improvement in physical and psychosocial well-being. Unfortunately, coupled with these benefits is the risk of increased episodes of hypoglycemia that might have neurocognitive consequences, particularly for young children. Therefore, the systems of diabetes management that improve glycemic control must be well-defined and carefully taught to patients and families. Certain aspects of diabetes care must also be conveyed to school personnel and other caregivers if pediatric subjects with type 1 diabetes are to maximally benefit from an intensive management approach. To accomplish this, the family must work in concert with a multidisciplinary diabetes team as well as their primary care provider.
Codimension-Two Objects

Typically, level set methods are used to model codimension-one objects such as points in ℜ1, curves in ℜ2, and surfaces in ℜ3. Burchard, Cheng, Merriman, and Osher [22] extended level set technology to treat codimension-two objects using the intersection of the zero level sets of two level set functions. That is, instead of implicitly representing codimension-one geometry by the zero isocontour of a function φ, codimension-two geometry is represented as the intersection of the zero isocontour of a function φ1 with the zero isocontour of another function φ2. In one spatial dimension, zero isocontours are points, and their intersection is usually the empty set. In two spatial dimensions, zero isocontours are curves, and the intersections of curves tend to be points which are of codimension two. In three spatial dimensions, the zero isocontours are surfaces, and the intersections of these surfaces tend to be codimension two curves.
A transducer-based XML query processor

The XML Stream Machine (XSM) system is a novel XQuery processing paradigm that is tuned to the efficient processing of sequentially accessed XML data (streams). The system compiles a given XQuery into an XSM, which is an XML stream transducer, i.e., an abstract device that takes as input one or more XML data streams and produces one or more output streams, potentially using internal buffers. We present a systematic way to translate XQueries into efficient XSMs: First the XQuery is translated into a network of XSMs that correspond to the basic operators of the XQuery language and exchange streams. The network is reduced to a single XSM by repeated application of an XSM composition operation that is optimized to reduce the number of tests and actions that the XSM performs as well as the number of intermediate buffers that it uses. Finally, the optimized XSM is compiled into a C program. First empirical results illustrate the performance benefits of the XSM-based processor.
Reciprocal n-Body Collision Avoidance

In this paper, we present a formal approach to reciprocal n-body collision avoidance, where multiple mobile robots need to avoid collisions with each other while moving in a common workspace. In our formulation, each robot acts fully independently, and does not communicate with other robots. Based on the definition of velocity obstacles [5], we derive sufficient conditions for collision-free motion by reducing the problem to solving a low-dimensional linear program. We test our approach on several dense and complex simulation scenarios involving thousands of robots and compute collision-free actions for all of them in only a few milliseconds. To the best of our knowledge, this method is the first that can guarantee local collision-free motion for a large number of robots in a cluttered workspace.
RISK FACTORS FOR PRINZMETAL ANGINA AND CORONARY ATHEROSCLEROSIS: HOW DIFFERENT ARE THEY?

The predisposing factors of Prinzmetal angina (PA) have not been well established. Current data suggests no direct association with CV risk factors, however larger studies are needed to clarify the potential risk factors and triggers of the disease and overlap with those for coronary atherosclerosis
Shaping and Making a Future: Iranian American Business and Technology Leaders in Silicon Valley

The Iranians in America is a compelling yet understudied topic area within the academic literature. Although there have been recent efforts dedicated to the lives and contributions of Iranians elsewhere within the United States (U.S.), very little academic work has focused on Iranian Americans within the San Francisco Bay area and more importantly, Silicon Valley. Despite the industrious leadership and intellectual and professional contributions that these Iranian Americans make towards the advancement of Silicon Valley, there is limited understanding of this high achieving group. Although there is special attention to highly skilled Taiwanese, Indians, and Israelis in Silicon Valley and their on-going relationship with their respective countries of origin within the recent academic literature, little work has been conducted on the role of highly skilled Iranian Americans in Silicon Valley. Thus, this chapter begins to document and explore who is this elusive, yet extremely important, highly skilled group of Iranian Americans. Drawing from 20 semi-structured interviews as a primary methodology, the study works to uncover the various types of highly skilled Iranian Americans and their entrepreneurial and/or professional contributions to Silicon Valley through two lenses; the first focuses on elements of self-motivation; the second includes a better understanding of regional conditions that may have supported such success.
Toddler Sleep Challenges: All in a Day's Work.

CASE Leo is a 26-month-old boy who you are seeing for an urgent care visit due to "sleep difficulty," particularly sleep onset. Since age 1, he screams, hits, and kicks his mother every day, starting after she gets home from work at 5 PM (or before the family's dinnertime on her days off) and escalating over the course of the evening until he "wears himself out" and falls asleep in a crib in his own room around 9 to 10 PM Once asleep, he sleeps well through the night and wakes easily around 7 AM in a pleasant mood; his mother leaves for work soon after he awakens. He naps after lunch for 2 to 3 hours on weekdays at an in-home child care with 1 to 2 adult caregivers and 5 other children aged 0 to 5 years. He refuses to nap at home.Leo goes to bed easily when his father puts him to bed if his mother is not at home, but his mother feels that evenings are the only time she can spend with Leo, and so, she tries to put him to bed most nights. However, because of Leo's behaviors at bedtime with her, she feels inadequate, depressed, and guilty; when she tries to disengage or allow her husband to help, Leo screams, "Mommy, mommy!" and tries to gain access to her and resists his father putting him to bed until his mother returns. Both parents worry that "he would not grow out of this," and his mother now avoids coming home from work for fear of Leo's behavior. Both parents feel that this situation is causing marital strain.Leo was born healthy at full-term and is an only child; pregnancy was complicated by hyperemesis gravidarum. Leo has been healthy and meeting developmental milestones. His parents describe his temperament as "like his father at that age," "easy, but never able to self-soothe," "intense" in his emotional reactions, persistent, "strong-willed and serious," and "shy and observant, withdrawn at first and then getting more pleasant after a while" in novel situations. Behaviorally, he engaged in noninjurious head-banging at home when upset between 12 and 15 months; bit children a few times at child care between 20 and 24 months; and lately refuses to share or will push other children at child care every few weeks. His parents recently read a book about parenting "spirited" children but did not find it helpful. What would you do next?
Social media and medicine.

Patients are exposed to and actively seeking health information on social media. Greater attention to and engagement with social media communication could improve health literacy and counteract misinformation as well as promote innovation. However, effective and responsible social media use is nuanced and requires guidance.
Living in a Liminal Space: Feminist and LGBT Alliances in Kenya

Movements advocating for the rights of women and members of the lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) community in Kenya are on the rise. The “My Dress, My Choice” campaign that sprang up ...
Dissecting Twitter Discussion Threads with Topic-Aware Network Visualization

Twitter is the archetype of social networks designed for information exchange and discussion among users with similar interests and passions. Twitter prompts users to disseminate a new topic and get involved in forming opinions around it. It is always of interest how and why some tweets get more attention and involve more users, especially in the case of social issues and political debates. In this paper, we use an attention-based deep learning model to extract the topics of discussion on Twitter. Then, we reconstruct the network of discussion threads to visualize a topic-aware network of discussions. The proposed method yields the amount of attention given by users to different topics over time. As a case study, we applied our analyses to discussion threads around tweets by President Donald Trump during 9 months. Such analyses help us to understand how much each topic triggers discussions, how the topics are interrelated, and how opinions form around the tweets.
Postmodern Social Work: Reflective Practice and Education

As educators, it is essential that we practice what we preach in order to achieve authenticity in the knowledge-sharing process with students. Thus, when attempting to teach about how postmodern co...
COVID-19 Pandemic and Neurological Disease: A Critical Review of the Existing Literature

Most of what we know about the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is limited to what we know about severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and COVID-19's epidemiology, fatality, and acute care. However, infection with COVID-19 may also involve the central nervous system (CNS), which may or may not be due to a multi-organ injury. Our aim in this paper is to briefly summarize the main aspects of the growing literature on neurological manifestations of the COVID-19 infection. As such, after mentioning some general background on the economic and medical implications of the pandemic on individuals, the healthcare system, and the society, we summarize some common aspects of the published literature on neurological manifestations of the COVID-19 infection. We also highlight the existing gaps in the literature, which requires additional work. The most common neurological manifestation of COVID-19 infection is an olfactory deficit. However, it is still unknown if it is inflammatory or degenerative in nature. Still, the incidence of neurological complications, and also their mechanisms and treatments are unknown. This literature is predominantly composed of opinions and reviews rather than original articles, so the patients' data are not used for a majority of the studies. Multi-center studies that not only conduct chest CT or MRI but also brain CT or MRI are needed. Randomized trials are still required on the management of acute and chronic neurological conditions due to COVID-19 infection. Cohort studies may also determine the natural history of the conditions and factors that are prognostic. Furthermore, while disparities in COVID-19 infections are known, inequalities in neurological manifestations are unknown. Besides this, the efficacy of specific treatments on CNS involvement is still unknown. We will discuss the health care needs of patients with chronic neurological conditions. We Included a few recommendations for practice and further research at the end of this paper.
53. Understanding Adolescent Acceptance of Universal Screening for Gonorrhea and Chlamydia

Background Universal gonorrhea and chlamydia (GC/CT) screening (offering GC/CT testing regardless of self-reported sexual activity) is a potentially effective method to address limitations of risk-based screening. No published studies have evaluated adolescents’ perspectives on universal GC/CT screening in a primary care setting. The purpose of this study is to describe previous GC/CT testing experiences among adolescents, and their intention to accept universal testing. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional quantitative survey study using convenience sampling at 2 academic center-affiliated primary care clinics in North Carolina. Eligible participants were English-speaking adolescents (13-23 years-old) seen within the past 3 years. Recruitment was via telephone. Variables of interest included age, sex, gender, sexual orientation, sexual behavior/activity, race, and factors related to acceptance of universal screening. History of GC/CT testing was examined in relation to variables of interest. The primary outcome was intention to be tested for GC/CT by universal screening in the future. Descriptive and bivariable statistics were calculated using χ2 and logistic regression. Results 68 adolescents have completed the survey and were included in this analysis. The majority of respondents self-identified as non-White (80%), heterosexual (77%), and female gender (59%). The mean age was 16.6 (range 13-21). 47% of the sample reported being sexually active, but only 40% had ever been tested for GC/CT. Sexual activity was not associated with a history of being tested (p=0.285). Of those tested in the past year (71%), most cited “because a healthcare provider recommended testing” as reason for testing (62%). The most common enabler for testing was physician recommendation (72%), and the most common barrier was not being sexually active (45%). The majority of respondents intend to be screened (81%). Those who do not intend to be screened (19%) were younger (mean 15.6 vs 16.8 years old, p=0.070), had never been tested for GC/CT (100%, p=0.003), and reported no sexual activity (92%, p=0.002). Of respondents who do not intend to be screened, 77% chose not being sexually active as a reason to not be comfortable testing. All respondents who identified as nonbinary gender or non-heterosexual reported intention to be screened. Conclusions Our findings suggest that many adolescents who are sexually active are not being screened for GC/CT. However, the majority of adolescents intend to be universally in the future. We found physician recommendation it is a key factor for adolescents agreeing to screening. Providers should foster open communication with adolescents about their personal risks and well-being.
Proportional sampling strategy often captures more genetic diversity when population sizes vary

Abstract Collecting and conserving genetic diversity from plant populations for ex situ collections is a major objective of seed banks and botanic gardens. However, current guidelines for collecting germplasm to preserve plant species ex situ might not adequately capture the genetic diversity present in real plant population systems. Here, we tested a previously unexplored challenge for sampling practices: when populations of a rare plant species vary in size. We hypothesized that sampling proportional to the population size would capture more genetic diversity than sampling an equal number of individuals from every population. Using simulations of a hypothetical rare species, we tested equal and proportional strategies and calculated how many alleles were captured by either strategy. The effects of migration rate, recent bottlenecks, and sampling intensity on genetic diversity capture were also examined. We found that when population sizes differ (e.g., one population 3 times the size of median population size), proportional sampling captures more genetic diversity under constant size populations. The relatively modest improvement (1–5% more allelic diversity for most cases) was observed across all parameters of migration and intensity tested–except when there were recent bottlenecks. We also created simulations tailored to three IUCN Red List threatened oaks (Quercus oglethorpensis, Q. engelmanii, and Q. acerifolia) and found similar results for these detailed case studies as for our generic simulations. We conclude that sampling proportional to population size may often be a useful sampling strategy to create genetically diverse ex situ plant populations, ultimately resulting in more efficient use of resources.
An evaluation of surge uptake capability in the giant kelp (Macrocystis pyrifera) in response to pulses of three different forms of nitrogen

This study examined the capacity of the giant kelp, Macrocystis pyrifera, to exhibit surge uptake as a mechanism to enhance nitrogen assimilation during seasons when nitrate is depleted. Surge uptake of nitrate, ammonium, and urea was assessed in the spring and summer with whole-blade incubation experiments using 15 N tracers. The incubation experiments showed evidence of surge uptake lasting up to 5 min for ammonium and 1 min for nitrate during the summer only. Giant kelp showed little capacity for surge uptake of urea regardless of season. The ecological importance of the patterns of surge uptake observed for ammonium and nitrate, however, is questionable, given the small scale and ephemeral nature of ammonium pulses most likely experienced by giant kelp, and the longer duration pulses of nitrate associated with internal waves and upwelling. Rather it seems more likely that uptake of ammonium and urea at ambient concentrations, combined with normal uptake of nitrate during longer duration pulses of high concentrations, sustains giant kelp growth during seasons when ambient concentrations of nitrate are low.
On the prediction of steady-state wear rate in spur gears

Abstract Determination of wear rate in spur gears requires treatment of the mixed elastohydrodynamic lubrication problem along the gear's line of action (LoA). For this purpose, a procedure is developed to predict the film thickness, traction coefficient and the wear rate with provision for the interactions between the surface asperities of the gear's teeth at each point on LoA. The results reveal that the surface finish has a more pronounced influence on the wear rate compared to the traction coefficient. The wear results are also compared to those obtained by an engineering approach that utilizes an estimate of the contact flash temperature with reasonable accuracy. Also investigated is the effect of starvation on the wear rate for applications where the inlet is not fully flooded. The results show that wear rate can be enormously large depending on the degree of starvation.
Differential intracellular localizations of GDP dissociation inhibitor isoforms. Insulin-dependent redistribution of GDP dissociation inhibitor-2 in 3T3-L1 adipocytes.

Insulin action on fat cell/skeletal muscle glucose transporter (GLUT4) redistribution to cell surface membranes appears to involve small GTP-binding proteins. It has been recently recognized that at least two GDP dissociation inhibitor (GDI) isoforms, GDI-1 and GDI-2, can bind and release GDP-bound Rab proteins from membranes (Shisheva, A., Sudhof, T.C., and Czech, M. P. (1994) Mol. Cell. Biol. 14, 3459-3468). The present studies show that a strikingly higher level of GDI-2 fractionates with total membranes of COS-1 cells, Chinese hamster ovary cells, and 3T3-L1 adipocytes compared to GDI-1, which is virtually totally cytosolic. In 3T3-L1 adipocytes, most of the membrane-bound GDI-2 was present in a low density, intracellular membrane fraction. Immunodepletion of GLUT4-enriched vesicles from this membrane fraction also depleted significant amounts of GDI-2 proteins. Localization of both GDI-2 and GLUT4 in the same perinuclear regions of these cells was established by immunofluorescence microscopy, whereas GDI-1 displayed a diffuse, cytoplasmic distribution. Insulin acutely decreased both GLUT4 and GDI-2 protein levels in the low density microsomes by about 50%. Concomitantly, GLUT4 but not GDI-2 protein content of plasma membranes increased, suggesting release of GDI-2 into the cytoplasm in response to insulin. Taken together, these data suggest functional differences for the GDI-1 and GDI-2 protein isoforms, as well as a potential role of GDI-2 in the action of insulin on membrane movements.
Accurate rise time and overshoots estimation in RLC interconnects

A closed form expression for the rise time of a gate driving a distributed RLC line is introduced that is within 8% of dynamic circuit simulations for a wide range of RLC loads. It is shown that the rise time decreases as the inductance effect increases. Also, a closed form expression for the maximum percentage overshoots is introduced that is within 5% error of dynamic circuit simulations. The expressions introduced here are analytical and differentiable over all damping conditions. Hence, these solutions are suitable for design and optimization tools.
Using reinforcement learning to build a better model of dialogue state

Given the growing complexity of tasks that spoken dialogue systems are trying to handle, Reinforcement Learning (RL) has been increasingly used as a way of automatically learning the best policy for a system to make. While most work has focused on generating better policies for a dialogue manager, very little work has been done in using RL to construct a better dialogue state. This paper presents a RL approach for determining what dialogue features are important to a spoken dialogue tutoring system. Our experiments show that incorporating dialogue factors such as dialogue acts, emotion, repeated concepts and performance play a significant role in tutoring and should be taken into account when designing dialogue systems.
Cancer-related web sites: A selective annotated guide

Purpose – There are thousands of web sites about cancer and cancer‐related topics on the internet today; this webography offers an annotated list of selected sites.Design/methodology/approach – The article begins with a brief explanation of how the web sites were evaluated and chosen. The generally accepted rules of authority, currency, purpose, objectivity, accuracy and audience were used in each case.Findings – The sites included cover cancer in general, specific cancers, patient information, clinical trials and medical centers that treat cancer. Information on each site includes the name of the site, the URL and a brief abstract explaining what the site is about.Originality/value – The information may be used by librarians as a quick reference, by physicians and other health‐care workers and by the patients and their families.
Human Performance in Sampling Inspection

In the design of industrial inspection tasks, the assumption is usually made that human performance data collected in a 100% inspection scheme is valid for use when the inspector is engaged in sampling inspection. A direct test of this assumption using 60 student subjects showed it to be valid. Analysis of the inspection data in terms of stopping policy in selfpaced inspection showed close correspondence with a model of systematic visual search.