cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Construction of meaning: urban elementary students’ interpretation of geometric puzzles

Abstract Mathematical puzzles have long been employed by parents and teachers to augment the standard mathematics curriculum. This paper reports on a study of urban elementary students engaged in the solution of mathematical puzzles. The work confirms that, given the opportunity, these students will construct their own, logically consistent, interpretations of the puzzle clues. In particular, these students used self-generated rules about alignment and orientation to construct meaning in ambiguous clues. Such exercises in logic bring to light the value of student approaches to problem solving, and the possibility of using these approaches as building blocks from which students might construct knowledge in the standard curriculum.
Role of carfilzomib in the treatment of multiple myeloma

The introduction of bortezomib, a first-generation proteasome inhibitor, changed the standard-of-care for newly diagnosed and relapsed multiple myeloma patients. The next generation of proteasome inhibitors, such as carfilzomib, provides a novel pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profile. In vitro data suggest a more specific and irreversible inhibition of the proteasome. Based on the clinical trials conducted to date, carfilzomib has activity in heavily pretreated as well as bortezomib-refractory/relapsed patients. The safety profile, specifically a lower incidence of peripheral neuropathy, efficacy in the high-risk setting, as defined cytogenetically, and the durability of responses indicate a great potential for carfilzomib as a promising therapy. Several trials are underway involving carfilzomib in the newly diagnosed setting and in combination with other active myeloma drugs such as immunomodulatory derivatives of thalidomide, alkylating agents and targeted therapies such as histone deacetylase inhibitors. The introduction of this agent is yet another step in improving the overall outcome of multiple myeloma patients.
[3H]XAC (xanthine amine congener) is a radioligand for A2-adenosine receptors in rabbit striatum

Abstract The intrinsic affinity of 8-phenylxanthine analogs at striatal A 2 -adenosine receptors is highly species dependent. [ 3 H]XAC (8-[2-aminoethyl[amino[carbonyl[methyl[oxyphenyl]]]]]-1,3-dipropylxanthine), although A 1 -selective in the rat brain, binds to A 2 receptors in rabbit striatal membranes with sufficiently high affinity to serve as a radioligand. In the presence of 50 nM CPX (8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine), an A 1 -selective antagonist added to eliminate binding to A 1 receptors, [ 3 H]XAC exhibits saturable, specific binding (70% of total) to A 2 sites with a K d of 3.8 nM and a B max of 1.23 pmol/mg protein. At 24°C, the association and dissociation rate constants were 0.13 min −1 nM −1 and 0.36 min −1 , respectively. Binding was performed for 1 h, with non-specific binding defined in the presence of 100 μM NECA ( N -ethylcarboxamidoadenosine). The potency order for antagonists against 1 nM [ 3 H]XAC at rabbit A 2 -receptors was XAC ≈ N α -Me-XAC ⪢ CPX = XCC > 1,3-dipropyl-8- p -sulfophenylxanthine > PSPT. The relative potency order for agonists was CGS ≈ NECA > APEC [= 2-(aminoethylaminocarbonyl-ethylphenylethylamino)-NECA] > PAPA-APEC > ADAC > R-PIA (N 6 -phenylisopropyladenosine) > S-PIA. The ability to characterize central A 2 -adenosine receptors using an antagonist ligand that is chemically functionalized offers the possibility to design affinity labeling probes for this receptor subtype in the brain, similar to those antagonist probes already developed for A 1 -receptors. The results also suggest that affinity columns containing chemically immobilized XAC may be used for isolating central A 2 -adenosine receptors from rabbit striatum.
Epistemology and Education: An Incomplete Guide to the Social-Epistemological Issues

Recent work in epistemology has focused increasingly on the social dimensions of knowledge and inquiry. Education is one important social arena in which knowledge plays a leading role, and in which knowledge-claims are presented, analyzed, evaluated, and transmitted. Philosophers of education have long attended to the epistemological issues raised by the theory and practice of education (along with the moral, metaphysical, social-political, and mind/language issues so raised). While historically philosophical issues concerning education were treated alongside other philosophical issues, in recent times the former set of issues have been largely neglected by philosophers working in the core areas of the discipline. Interestingly, the rise of social epistemology has been accompanied by a renewed interest by mainstream philosophers in philosophical questions concerning education. Whether or not this accompaniment is accidental, or is legitimately explainable in terms of broad intellectual, philosophical, or social/political currents and movements, I will not endeavor to address here. The increasing respectability of and philosophical interest in both social epistemology and philosophy of education are in any case salutary developments, each signaling both a broadening of the set of interests and issues deemed legitimate by practitioners of the parent discipline, and an increased willingness to take seriously the philosophical problems raised by the ubiquitous social/communal effort to transmit/transform culture(s) by way of education.
THE ECONOMICS OF DEFICIT IRRIGATION

Natural resource economists have paid great attention to irrigation water allocations among competing users. However, the intrauser allocation problem is greatly understudied. As irrigation becomes increasingly capital-intensive, inefficient within-field allocation and ill-designed water-conservation policy can bring considerable value loss to the water resource. We offer a comprehensive treatment of the economic problem of the intrauser allocation of a limited amount of irrigation water. A framework is provided for determining optimal irrigation intensity and extensity in both static and dynamic settings. An empirical application in West Texas cotton production demonstrates model implementation and offers new insights into the water-saving potential of government-sponsored cost-share programs for promoting high-efficiency irrigation adoption.
Health‐Related Risk Perception and Decision‐Making: Lessons from the Study of Motives in Social Psychology

Much research in the decision sciences has shown that risk perception and decision-making are influenced not only by cognitive processes – such as the use of statistical ‘rules of thumb’– but also by motives such as loss aversion, ambiguity aversion, and regret aversion. The field of social psychology has long been interested in a variety of motives that influence self-judgment, social perception, and interpersonal relations. These include, among others, self-enhancement, social comparison, predictability/control, favorable self-presentation, effective resource management, preparedness for bad news, goal attainment, and existential meaning. We suggest that more attention to these motives would greatly strengthen our understanding of how people think about risk and how they make decisions. In this article, we consider the influence of motives on risk perception and decision-making in the context of health outcomes. We argue that theories relating to these various motives (e.g., social comparison theory) can be greatly enhanced by testing them in the context of health-related risk perception and decision-making.
Inhibition of IgE and IgE/anti-IgE mediated responses in mast cells by Omalizumab.

BackgroundIgE binding via the high affinity FceRI receptor modu-lates FceRI expression and cytokine production in mastcells. Antigen crosslinking of bound IgE further activatesmast cells, inducing degranulation and inflammatorymediator release. Omalizumab (Xolair; Genentech Inc)is a recombinant human monoclonal anti-IgE antibodythat prevents IgE binding to FceRI.ObjectiveWe investigated the effects of omalizumab on IgE-mediated responses in human mast cells.MethodsLAD2 and CD34
The synthesis, characterization, and application of a platinum modified graphite electrode (Pt/G) exemplified by chloride oxidation

Abstract A platinum modified graphite (Pt/G) electrode was synthesized by electrodeless technique using sodium borohydride (NaBH4) as the electron donor. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) was used to investigate the electrical double layer characteristics of Pt/G in 0.17 M Na2SO4 electrolyte. The surface reactivity was studied by the electrochemical oxidation of chloride. The electrodeless process enables the deposition of Pt metallic nanoparticles of approximately 15 nm in diameter uniformly dispersed on the graphite surface. The Pt/G exhibited both polarizable and reversible electrode properties. By evaluating the current–potential responses at various applied potential and pH values, it is possible to establish the potential and pH at points of zero charge, i.e., Epzc and pHpzc, respectively. The electrochemical reaction over the Pt/G and the G electrode were studied by chloride oxidation in Na2SO4 electrolyte. Results showed that the current efficiency in terms of chlorine evolution at constant current, on the Pt/G electrode was significantly improved over the raw graphite.
High-level power analysis for multi-core chips

Technology trends have led to the advent of multi-core chips in the form of both general-purpose chip multiprocessors (CMPs)and embedded multi-processor systems-on-a-chip (MPSoCs), with on-chip networks increasingly becoming the defacto communication fabric between cores as the demand for on-chip bandwidth scales up. These multi-core chips are composed of two key subcomponents: processor cores and a network fabric. Rapid, early-stage power estimation of these multi-core chips is crucial in assisting compilers in determining the most efficient thread partitioning and place-ment. While prior work in high-level power analysis exists, the focus has been on uniprocessor cores and ignores the interactions between cores via the on-chip network, as well as the power contribution of the on-chip fabric itself. In this paper we propose a ?rst high-level power analysis framework that synergistically considers both computation and communication in a complete CMP system. Processor cores and the communication fabric are both abstracted as network nodes and links, so data dependencies, structural dependencies and communication dependencies are all modeled as resource contention, with resource utilization as a proxy for relative power. Our tool has been validated against the cycle-accurate BTL simulator of the MITRawCMP, showing an average speed up of 7X while achieving relative accuracy of 9.1%. We see this as a ?rst step towards enabling the implementation of parallelizing compilers that explore various power-performance tradeoffs for future multi-core chips.
Methadone and buprenorphine prescribing in the palliative care population

Opioids are the mainstay of pain management in terminally ill patients. Methadone and buprenorphine are two potent mu-opioid receptor agonists predominantly used in the medical treatment of opioid addiction. In the past two decades there is emerging evidence for their efficacy and potential advantages of these agents over other agents in certain clinical situations such as refractory pain and neuropathic pain syndromes, and in the presence of renal failure, which are frequently encountered in the palliative care setting. However, methadone and buprenorphine have unique and complex pharmacological characteristics including a prolonged half-life, and metabolism by cytochrome P450 enzymes that need to be understood for safe administration of these drugs. Further, the optimal equianalgesic conversion ratios with morphine has not been clearly determined, and necessitates a cautious approach when opioid rotation is undertaken. Due to these issues, these agents should be prescribed by clinicians with relevant knowledge and experience.
Transformative Visions: Governing Through Alternative Practices and Therapeutic Interventions at a Women’s Reentry Center

This article examines how staff members at a gender-responsive, outpatient reentry center construct women’s criminality and explain treatment outcomes. Staff members acknowledge the structural caus...
Sentinel Lymph Node Surgery in Locally Recurrent Breast Cancer

Background: Patients with locally recurrent breast cancer can also harbor regional nodal disease. Sentinel lymph node (LN; SLN) surgery is an accepted method for LN evaluation in early-stage breast cancer. We sought to evaluate the feasibility of SLN surgery in patients with locally recurrent breast cancer. Patients and Methods: Patients undergoing SLN surgery at the time of treatment for recurrent breast cancer were identified. Clinical, pathologic, and operative details of initial and recurrent breast cancer events were analyzed. Results: From 2001 to 2005, 21 patients underwent SLN surgery for locally recurrent breast cancer. Previous breast procedures included segmental mastectomy in 17 patients and mastectomy in 4 patients. Previous axillary procedures included axillary LN dissection in 12 patients, SLN surgery in 5 patients, and no axillary surgery in 4 patients. Twelve patients had received breast irradiation. The SLN was identified and excised in 13 patients (62%). Six patients had drainage to nodal basins outside of the axilla (internal mammary and/or contralateral axilla). As the number of axillary nodes removed at primary surgery increased, the incidence of alternative lymphatic drainage increased: no previous axillary surgery, 0; 1-10 LNs removed, 30%; > 10 LNs removed, 50%. Conclusion: Sentinel LN surgery is feasible in patients with locally recurrent breast cancer regardless of previous axillary node surgery or radiation. The incidence of alternative lymphatic drainage is increased in patients with > 10 axillary LNs removed at original operation or when radiation was part of the previous treatment. Sentinel LN surgery is a tool for guiding local-regional management of patients with locally recurrent breast cancer.
Disease and Social Diversity: The European Impact on the Health of Non‐Europeans

Disease and Social Diversity: The European Impact on the Health of Non-Europeans. Stephen J. Kunitz. New York: Oxford University Press, 1994 (paper), vii + 209pp.
Semaphorin3d mediates Cx43-dependent phenotypes during fin regeneration

Gap junctions are proteinaceous channels that reside at the plasma membrane and permit the exchange of ions, metabolites, and second messengers between neighboring cells. Connexin proteins are the subunits of gap junction channels. Mutations in zebrafish cx43 cause the short fin (sof(b123)) phenotype which is characterized by short fins due to defects in length of the bony fin rays. Previous findings from our lab demonstrate that Cx43 is required for both cell proliferation and joint formation during fin regeneration. Here we demonstrate that semaphorin3d (sema3d) functions downstream of Cx43. Semas are secreted signaling molecules that have been implicated in diverse cellular functions such as axon guidance, cell migration, cell proliferation, and gene expression. We suggest that Sema3d mediates the Cx43-dependent functions on cell proliferation and joint formation. Using both in situ hybridization and quantitative RT-PCR, we validated that sema3d expression depends on Cx43 activity. Next, we found that knockdown of Sema3d recapitulates all of the sof(b123) and cx43-knockdown phenotypes, providing functional evidence that Sema3d acts downstream of Cx43. To identify the potential Sema3d receptor(s), we evaluated gene expression of neuropilins and plexins. Of these, nrp2a, plxna1, and plxna3 are expressed in the regenerating fin. Morpholino-mediated knockdown of plxna1 did not cause cx43-specific defects, suggesting that PlexinA1 does not function in this pathway. In contrast, morpholino-mediated knockdown of nrp2a caused fin overgrowth and increased cell proliferation, but did not influence joint formation. Moreover, morpholino-mediated knockdown of plxna3 caused short segments, influencing joint formation, but did not alter cell proliferation. Together, our findings reveal that Sema3d functions in a common molecular pathway with Cx43. Furthermore, functional evaluation of putative Sema3d receptors suggests that Cx43-dependent cell proliferation and joint formation utilize independent membrane-bound receptors to mediate downstream cellular phenotypes.
FUTURE DIRECTIONS FOR THE TREATMENT OF COLORECTAL CARCINOMA

Surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy form the mainstay of colorectal carcinoma therapy. Although further advances in earlier detection and improvements in conventional therapies may have an impact on colorectal carcinoma survival, increasing attention is being directed toward novel approaches based on molecular aspects of this disease. Two areas in particular hold substantial promise: tumor antigen directed therapy and genetic alteration of tumors. These approaches have been made possible by an improved understanding of tumor immunotherapy and the development of new methods for in vivo gene delivery.
An alternative approach to low frequency RF accelerators and power sources

The Muon Collider and Neutrino Factory projects require low frequency RF cavities because the size and emittance of the muon beam is much larger than is usual for electron or proton beams. The range of 30 MHz to 200 MHz is of special interest. However, the size of an accelerator with low frequency will be impractically large if it is simply scaled up from usual designs. In addition, to get very high peak power in this range is difficult. Presented in this paper is an alternative structure that employs a quasi-lumped inductance that can significantly reduce the transverse size while keeping high gradient. Also addressed is a power compression scheme with a thyratron. This gives a possible solution to provide very high peak power.
Rapid binary gage function to extract a pulsed signal buried in noise

The type of signal studied in this paper is a periodic pulse, with the pulse length short compared to the period, and the signal is buried in noise. If standard techniques such as the fast Fourier transform are used to study the signal, the data record needs to be very long. Additionally, there would be a very large number of calculations. The rapid binary gage function was developed to quickly determine the period of the signal, and the start time of the first pulse in the data. Once these two parameters are determined, the pulsed signal can be recovered using a standard data folding and adding technique.
Salmonella survival on pecans as influenced by processing and storage conditions.

Survival of Salmonella senftenberg 775W, S. anatum, and S. typhimurium during exposure to currently practiced, as well as abusive, pecan processing and storage conditions was studied. Thermal treatments normally carried out during the processing of pecans are inadequate to consistently destory salmonellae in highly contaminated inshell nuts. Pecan nut packing tissue was toxic to salmonellae, thus affording some protection against high initial contamination and subsequent survival of the organisms. Examinations of inoculated inshell pecans stored at -18, -7, 5, and 21 C for up to 32 weeks revealed that the extent of survival was inversely correlated to the storage temperature. S. senftenberg 775W and S. anatum were not detectable on inshell nuts after 16 weeks of storage at 21 C. Little decrease in viable population of the three species was noted on inoculated pecan halves stored at -18, -7, and 5 C for 32 weeks. Due to organoleptic quality deterioration in pecan nutmeats at elevated temperatures, sterilization methods other than thermal treatment appear to be required for the elimination of viable salmonellae from pecan nuts.
A Defense of the Principle of Indifference

The principle of indifference (hereafter ‘Poi’) says that if one has no more reason to believe A than B (and vice versa), then one ought not to believe A more than B (nor vice versa). Many think it’s demonstrably false despite its intuitive plausibility, because of a particular style of thought experiment that generates counterexamples. Roger White (2008) defends Poi by arguing that its antecedent is false in these thought experiments. Like White I believe Poi, but I find his defense unsatisfactory for two reasons: it appeals to false premises, and it saves Poi only at the expense of something that Poi’s believers likely find just as important. So in this essay I defend Poi by arguing that its antecedent does hold in the relevant thought experiments, and that the further propositions needed to reject Poi are false. I play only defense in this essay; I don’t argue that Poi is true (even though I think it is), but rather that one popular refutation is faulty. In showing this, I also note something that has to my knowledge gone unnoticed: given some innocuous-looking assumptions the denial of Poi is equivalent to a version of epistemic permissivism, and Poi itself is equivalent to a version of epistemic uniqueness.
A statistical self-organizing learning system for remote sensing classification

A new learning system called a statistical self-organizing learning system (SSOLS), combining functional-link neural networks, statistical hypothesis testing, and self-organization of a number of enhancement nodes, is introduced for remote sensing applications. Its structure consists of two stages, a mapping stage and a learning stage. The input training vectors are initially mapped to the enhancement vectors in the mapping stage by multiplying with a random matrix, followed by pointwise nonlinear transformations. Starting with only one enhancement node, the enhancement layer incrementally adds an extra node in each iteration. The optimum dimension of the enhancement layer is determined by using an efficient leave-one-out cross-validation method. In this way, the number of enhancement nodes is also learned automatically. A t-test algorithm can also be applied to the mapping stage to mitigate the effect of overfitting and to further reduce the number of enhancement nodes required, resulting in a more compact network. In the learning stage, both the input vectors and the enhancement vectors are fed into a least squares learning module to obtain the estimated output vectors. This is made possible by choosing the output layer linear. In addition, several SSOLSs can be trained independently in parallel to form a consensual SSOLS, whose final output is a linear combination of the outputs of each SSOLS module. The SSOLS is simple, fast to compute, and suitable for remote sensing applications, especially with hyperspectral image data of high dimensionality.
Standard technique for laparoscopic Nissen and laparoscopic toupet fundoplication

Background: Laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication and laparoscopic Toupet fundoplication are helpful procedures to treat gastroesophageal reflux disease.
Non-genetic cell-to-cell variability and the consequences for pharmacology

Recent advances in single-cell assays have focused attention on the fact that even members of a genetically identical group of cells or organisms in identical environments can exhibit variability in drug sensitivity, cellular response, and phenotype. Underlying much of this variability is stochasticity in gene expression, which can produce unique proteomes even in genetically identical cells. Here we discuss the consequences of non-genetic cell-to-cell variability in the cellular response to drugs and its potential impact for the treatment of human disease.
Ring current particle distributions derived from ring current magnetic field measurements

Ring current particle energy density distribution for symmetric portion of magnetic storm derived from current magnetic field profile measurements
Body wall tears during late pregnancy in mares: 13 cases (1995–2006)

Objective—To review management of pregnant mares with body wall defects and assess the effect of various management strategies on the outcome of mares and their foals. Design—Retrospective case series. Animals—13 mares. Procedures—Medical records of eligible mares were reviewed. Signalment, history, admitting complaint, clinical findings, parity, type of body wall defect, concurrent diagnoses, postpartum complications, outcome of fetus, outcome of mare, and type of clinical case management were recorded. Results—8 mares received conservative management and 5 mares received interventional management. Survival of mares to discharge was good, and no difference in mare survival was identified on the basis of type of management, type of body wall defect, or presence of hydrops. Foal survival was significantly better in the conservative management group, compared with those managed by interventional management, and was also better without hydrops. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Foal survival can be improved...
Molecular Serotyping of Escherichia coli O26:H11

Serotyping is the foundation of pathogenic Escherichia coli diagnostics; however, few laboratories have this capacity. We developed a molecular serotyping protocol that targets, genetically, the same somatic and flagellar antigens of E. coli O26:H11 used in traditional serotyping. It correctly serotypes strains untypeable by traditional methods, affording primary laboratories serotyping capabilities.
Effects of mixed-mode I/III loading on environment-induced cracking

Abstract Many materials that exhibit ductile, tough behavior during conventional Mode I testing exhibit reduced toughness when loaded with combinations of Mode I and Mode III. A minimum in the energy for crack initiation and stable crack growth was demonstrated for ductile metals with mixed-mode loading with crack planes at angles between 40° to 60°, relative to Mode I loading. Internal hydrogen further reduced these energies in aferritic/martensitic steel with the effect being relatively equal in pure Mode I and mixed-mode loading conditions. Hydrogen effects rationalized a number of observations concerning Mode I crack growth rates being faster than Mode III rates for environment-induced cracking. Where hydrogen was not a factor, cracks loaded in Mode I and mixed-Mode I/III grew at similar rates.
Cortex and memory: Emergence of a new paradigm

Converging evidence from humans and nonhuman primates is obliging us to abandon conventional models in favor of a radically different, distributed-network paradigm of cortical memory. Central to the new paradigm is the concept of memory network or cognit-that is, a memory or an item of knowledge defined by a pattern of connections between neuron populations associated by experience. Cognits are hierarchically organized in terms of semantic abstraction and complexity. Complex cognits link neurons in noncontiguous cortical areas of prefrontal and posterior association cortex. Cognits overlap and interconnect profusely, even across hierarchical levels (heterarchically), whereby a neuron can be part of many memory networks and thus many memories or items of knowledge.
Probabilistic Identification of Spin Systems and their Assignments including Coil-Helix Inference as Output (PISTACHIO).

We present a novel automated strategy (PISTACHIO) for the probabilistic assignment of backbone and sidechain chemical shifts in proteins. The algorithm uses peak lists derived from various NMR experiments as input and provides as output ranked lists of assignments for all signals recognized in the input data as constituting spin systems. PISTACHIO was evaluate00000000d by comparing its performance with raw peak-picked data from 15 proteins ranging from 54 to 300 residues; the results were compared with those achieved by experts analyzing the same datasets by hand. As scored against the best available independent assignments for these proteins, the first-ranked PISTACHIO assignments were 80–100% correct for backbone signals and 75–95% correct for sidechain signals. The independent assignments benefited, in a number of cases, from structural data (e.g. from NOESY spectra) that were unavailable to PISTACHIO. Any number of datasets in any combination can serve as input. Thus PISTACHIO can be used as datasets are collected to ascertain the current extent of secure assignments, to identify residues with low assignment probability, and to suggest the types of additional data needed to remove ambiguities. The current implementation of PISTACHIO, which is available from a server on the Internet, supports input data from 15 standard double- and triple-resonance experiments. The software can readily accommodate additional types of experiments, including data from selectively labeled samples. The assignment probabilities can be carried forward and refined in subsequent steps leading to a structure. The performance of PISTACHIO showed no direct dependence on protein size, but correlated instead with data quality (completeness and signal-to-noise). PISTACHIO represents one component of a comprehensive probabilistic approach we are developing for the collection and analysis of protein NMR data.
Synthesis of (±)-7-Hydroxylycopodine

A seven-step synthesis of (±)-7-hydroxylycopodine that proceeds in 5% overall yield has been achieved. The key step is a Prins reaction in 60% sulfuric acid that gave the key tricyclic intermediate with complete control of the ring fusion stereochemistry. A one-pot procedure orthogonally protected the primary alcohol as an acetate and the tertiary alcohol as a methylthiomethyl ether. The resulting product was converted to 7-hydroxydehydrolycopodine by heating with KO-t-Bu and benzophenone in benzene followed by acidic workup. During unsuccessful attempts to make optically pure starting material, we observed the selective Pt-catalyzed hydrogenation of the 5-phenyl group of a 4,5-diphenyloxazolidine under acidic conditions and the Pt-catalyzed isomerization of the oxazolidine to an amide under neutral conditions. In attempts to hydroxylate the starting material so that we could adapt this synthesis to the preparation of (±)-7,8-dihydroxylycopodine (sauroine) we observed the novel oxidation of a bicyclic vin...
IV-treated pulmonary exacerbations in the prior year: An important independent risk factor for future pulmonary exacerbation in cystic fibrosis.

Abstract Background Single-center analyses have suggested that the number of CF pulmonary exacerbations (PEx) treated with intravenous antibiotics an individual has experienced in the prior year is significantly associated with their future PEx hazard. Methods We studied Prior-year PEx association with future PEx hazard by Cox proportional hazards regression among CF Foundation Patient Registry patients who experienced PEx after Jan 1, 2010. Results Among 13,579 patients, those with 1, 2, 3, or ≥4 Prior-year PEx treated with intravenous antibiotics were at 1.8, 2.9, 4.8, and 8.7 higher PEx hazard vs those without (P 1.7. Conclusions Prior-year PEx strongly associate with future PEx hazard and should be accounted for in prospective trials where treatment-associated change in PEx hazard is an efficacy outcome.
Foulke Consumer Products, Inc.: Supplement

This supplement is meant to accompany Foulke Consumer Products, Inc. (UVA-QA-392), and should be accompanied by a spreadsheet file of the model described herein, using the supplement precludes students having to build their own LP model thereby permitting the students more time to actually analyze the case itself. By manually selecting different plant configurations and using LP to determine the optimal distribution network given each, students can test different solutions.
Salt appetite in rat pups: ontogeny of angiotensin II-aldosterone synergy

Preweanling rats were tested to determine whether angiotensin II (ANG II) and aldosterone (Aldo) act synergistically to enhance salt appetite at 12 and 17 days. Twelve-day-old pups received one of four hormone treatments in four doses: 1) ANG II only [1, 2, 10, or 100 ng pulse intracerebroventricular (icv)], 2) Aldo only (1, 2, 10, or 40 micrograms/day sc), 3) Aldo + ANG II (four individual doses combined), or 4) vehicle. Seventeen-day-old rats received the same treatments in two doses (2 or 100 ng ANG II; 2 or 40 micrograms Aldo). Pups were presatiated with milk through anterior oral catheters and then given either 4% NaCl or water for 30 min. Intake was assessed by body weight change. At both ages, ANG II enhanced salt (and water) intake, and Aldo enhanced salt (but not water) intake. Minimum effective doses were comparable to those reported for adults. ANG II-Aldo synergy was absent at 12 days and present at 17 days, when salt intake was 590% greater than the summed intakes evoked by ANG II and Aldo alone. The neural mechanisms for ANG II-Aldo synergy thus mature later than those mediating the hormone's individual actions in arousing salt appetite.
Enteritis cystica polyposa.

A disease of the jejunum of an infant girl similar to multifocal colitis cystica is reported and termed enteritis cystica polyposa. It consisted of multiple polypoid lesions which involved primarily the mucosa, but in one instance it also involved the submucosa to the muscularis propria. There were cystic glands and pools of extruded mucin surrounded by a chronic productive inflammation and a hyperplastic disorganized muscularis mucosae. The infant also had congenital cystic disease of the lungs and polycystic kidneys, but an acquired etiology for the jejunal lesions was favored rather than a congenital one on the basis of their similarity to those of colitis cystica, their structural features, and the fact that similar lesions have been produced experimentally.
The Aerobiology of an Environmental Test Chamber

Environmental test chambers are used for determining the resistance of military equipment to the effects of fungal growth. In this survey, we have determined the nature of the organisms in the atmosphere of our chamber to see how they compare with the mixtures of organisms required as inocula for mildew-resistance testing of military equipment. From our experiments, we have found representatives of all but one of the species of fungi required as inocula in chamber specification testing, plus representatives of many species found in the natural environment. Comparison of organisms indigenous to our chamber with those isolated by various investigators from materials exposed in natural environments, indicates that materials in our chamber will be exposed to a range of organisms representative of those found in natural environments.
A Valid Way to Improve Success Ratio of Switch in WCDMA System

In the practical testing of WCDMA system, during the interchange of Dedicated Channel (DCH) status and Forward Access Channel (FACH) status, User Equipment (UE) may fail to switch because of error uplink packets in case of poor air transmission quality. In fact, this problem can be avoided by Radio Network Controller (RNC). On the process of the switch, the switch to FACH is decided by Media Access Control (MAC) layer, not by Radio Resource Control (RRC) layer. This method can also be applied in the hard handoff of WCDMA. The practical application shows that this technique can successfully improve the ratio of switch. Consequently, it improves the stability and reliability of the system.
339 MULTIMEDIA INTERVENTION TO INCREASE BREAST CANCER SCREENING AMONG WOMEN WITH LOW HEALTH LITERACY.

Purpose Though mammography screening can decrease breast cancer mortality, actual mammography screening remains low. Health literacy may be a barrier to obtaining a mammogram. There is conflicting evidence as to which method is the most effective in educating low-literate women and increase mammography screening. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effectiveness of a multimedia breast cancer education program compared to a standard breast cancer brochure among women with low health literacy. Methods Minority women between the ages of 50 and 69 who were patients of the urgent care clinic of a large urban hospital and who had not received a mammogram within the previous year were recruited by a research assistant from August 2003-2004. Baseline questionnaires and health literacy assessments were administered. Information on income, education level, general health, and mammography status were collected. Health literacy levels were assessed using the 66-item Rapid Estimate of Adult Literacy in Medicine (REALM) screening instrument. Participants were randomized into the brochure or multimedia CD group. Post-test questionnaires were administered immediately after completing the intervention. Results 56 women participated in the study, with 21 in the multimedia group and 35 in the brochure group. Groups did not differ significantly by race/ethnicity, marital status, income, education, health literacy level, or past mammography history. There were no significant differences at baseline between the groups for breast cancer/screening knowledge, likelihood of obtaining a mammogram, cancer beliefs, perceived cancer risk, perceived treatment response efficacy, and barriers to obtaining a mammogram. There were no significant differences between groups at post-test for knowledge, beliefs, response efficacy, and barrier scores. Those in the multimedia group had higher likelihood mean scores (18.29) than those in the brochure group (17.09) (p = .058), indicating greater intention to obtain a mammogram. No significant differences were found between groups in the number of women who obtained mammograms within 9 months of receiving the intervention, however. Conclusions Future research is needed to replicate the study with a larger sample size. Lower-cost health education materials, such as brochures and videos, may be more appropriate educational tools until the efficacy of multimedia interventions in low-literacy populations have been proven.
Draft Genome Sequence of a Multidrug-Resistant Klebsiella quasipneumoniae subsp. similipneumoniae Isolate from a Clinical Source.

ABSTRACT We report here the draft genome sequence of a multidrug-resistant clinical isolate of Klebsiella quasipneumoniae subsp. similipneumoniae, KP_Z4175. This strain, isolated as part of a hospital infection-control screening program, is resistant to multiple β-lactam antibiotics, aminoglycosides, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole.
Reflective language teacher education: Fostering discourse awareness through critical performative pedagogy

Abstract Informed by performance studies and an interactional sociolinguistics orientation to meaning- making, this paper investigates how performing, analyzing, and reflecting on reenactments of classroom experience supported our thinking about how we negotiate institutional, societal, and global challenges in multilingual contexts. Two implications for language education and research are discussed: the potential of performance as an instructional tool in fostering reflexivity among teachers and students, and the potential of collaborative critical discourse analysis to support educators in stepping out of their everyday lives to analyze the multifaceted nature of bilingual education.
Lateral Species Separation in the Lipid Bilayer

The different lipid species in a system of two different kinds of lipids arranged in a bilayer can be well mixed with little lateral species separation or poorly mixed with a large degree of excess lateral species separation according to the magnitude of the nonideal intermolecular forces between the two kinds of lipids in the surface. I shall begin this talk by defining the terms we will be using to describe the excess lateral species separation; secondly, comment on the experimental measurements required to determine the degree of excess species separation; thirdly, discuss the theory for two dimensional systems which we have developed to analyze the data; and finally talk about the ways to represent the results which will give a good physical picture of the membrane.
Psychological stress, immune and endocrine function, and cancer risk

PL02-01 There is extensive evidence linking psychological stress and depression with immune and endocrine dysregulation. This presentation will primarily focus on stress-related changes in inflammation, a noteworthy component in tumor progression. Production of proinflammatory cytokines can be substantially enhanced by stress and depression. Furthermore, stress and depression also contribute to greater risk for infection, prolonged infectious episodes, and delayed wound healing, all processes that indirectly fuel sustained proinflammatory cytokine production. Compounding the risks, health behaviors including poor sleep are commonplace consequences of stress and depression; poor sleep enhances proinflammatory cytokine production. In addition to these pathways, evidence from animal and human studies suggest that stress and depression can permanently alter the responsiveness of the immune system; stressors can effectively prime the inflammatory response, promoting larger proinflammatory cytokine increases in response to subsequent stressors and/or minor infectious challenges. Furthermore, stress and depression have also been associated with two important processes for carcinogenesis, poorer repair of damaged DNA, and alterations in apoptosis. Stress hormones can modulate many different aspects of the tumor microenvironment, including local growth factors. These data have provided mechanistic explanations for some of the epidemiological evidence linking stress and depression with cancer incidence and progression. These studies and others suggest that psychological or behavioral factors may influence the incidence and progression of cancer through psychosocial influences on immune and endocrine function and other physiological pathways.
Negative chemical ionization and accurate mass measurement applications for a linked gas chromatography/Fourier transform infrared spectrometer/Fourier transform mass spectrometer

The analytical utility of a linked GC/FTIR/ FTMS system operating in accurate mass and negative CI modes is demonstrated. In addition to the complementary information derived from IR and MS search results, accurate mass measurement data (average error of 4.2 ppm) is employed in the analysis of a seven component mixture. A post search filter uses accurate mass data to eliminate spectral search results with incorrect elemental compositions. An alternate positive ion EI and negative ion CI GC/IR/MS analysis is also performed on a mixture of substituted phenyl aldehydes and ketones. The reagent gas, ammonia, is introduced by pulsed valve thus minimizing crossover spectral contamination while maximizing spectral resolution. Proton abstraction by the amide produces an intense (M-1)− for all compounds in the mixture. Molecular weight information from the negative CI data is used in a post search filter to improve the reliability of both IR and MS search results.
High expression and persistent activation of STAT1, 3 and 5 predicts resistance to the histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor vorinostat (suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid, SAHA) in cutaneous T cell lymphoma cells.

699 Vorinostat is an HDAC inhibitor that induces differentiation, growth arrest and/or apoptosis of malignant cells both in vitro and in vivo , and is currently being tested in the clinic for a variety of indications. In particular, vorinostat has demonstrated an overall response rate of approximately 30% in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL). The purpose of this study was to identify biomarkers that predict response to vorinostat in CTCL using gene expression profiling in preclinical model systems. Herein we report the results of our evaluation of the STAT (signal transducer and activator of transcription) signaling pathway. The relative level of mRNA and protein expression as well as activation status of several members of this family has been evaluated in lymphoid cell lines with diverse vorinostat sensitivity (proliferation/ viability IC 50 range: 0.3-14 μM). Among them the more responsive CTCL cells lines HH and HUT102 exhibited an IC 50 ~ 0.8 μM. These cells underwent apoptosis in response to vorinostat as assessed by TUNEL assay, in contrast to Hut78 and MJ cells (IC 50 > 2 μM) that did not show signs of DNA fragmentation upon incubation in vorinostat-containing media for 48 h. Our results indicate that in lymphoma cell lines elevated protein levels and persistent activation of STAT1, 3 and 5 correlate with resistance to vorinostat. Simultaneous treatment with pan-JAK inhibitors resulted in synergistic anti-proliferative effects consistent with a survival, anti-apoptotic role for STAT proteins in the response to vorinostat treatment. Immunohistochemical analysis of STAT1 in skin biopsies isolated from CTCL patients (N=48) enrolled in the vorinostat Phase IIb clinical trial showed that malignant T cells were positively stained in approximately half of the samples and in those cases a relationship between nuclear accumulation of STAT1 and lack of response to treatment exists (p
Chapter 20 - A Simple Technique for Quantifying Apoptosis in 96-Well Plates

Analyzing apoptosis has been an integral component of many biological studies. Here we describe a modified ethidium bromide and acridine orange (EB/AO) staining assay, which may be performed entirely in a 96-well plate. Our method is very simple and combines the advantages of the 96-well format and the conventional EB/AO method for apoptotic quantification. By eliminating the detaching and washing steps, our method drastically reduces the time needed to perform the test, minimizes damage to adherent cells, and decreases the possibility of losing floating cells.
A 160 J, 100 Hz rep rate, compact Marx generator for driving and HPM source

This paper presents the electrical and mechanical design considerations of a compact, 160 J modular pulse forming network (PFN) based Marx generator used to drive a high-power microwave (HPM) source with a time variant load at a PRF of 100 Hz. The modular Marx generator is designed to produce an open circuit output voltage of 600 kV from a 50 kV source using twelve stages. Each stage of the Marx was constructed from a PFN created with five, 2.1 nF, high voltage capacitors in parallel. Each Marx module was machined out of acetyl copolymer or Delrin to provide optimal strength, rigidity, and a dielectric constant that closely matches transformer oil. These Marx modules include air supply lines that are machined directly into each block of Delrin allowing airlines to connect to each module chamber rather than every spark gap. The spark gaps are comprised of two electrode inserts placed into the sealed pressure vessel contained within the Marx modules. The electrode inserts are of a sleeve-electrode design, which allows the user to insert the electrode into the sleeve, then the sleeve into the Marx module. The benefit of this design is the ability to adjust the electrode gap spacing without compromising the high pressure seal. Two continuous charging inductors run between each PFN and underneath the Marx modules. Due to high voltages generated by the Marx, outer field shaping rings are used to reduce the field stress across the induction coils, resulting in longer lifetime. The inductors are also of modular design allowing for individual coils to be replaced in the event of failure. Output voltage and current waveforms from a 60 Ohm water load are presented.