cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Fines on Regulated Industries: Game Theory vs. Decision Theory

A series of papers on regulation and fines utilizes formal analysis to conclude that a firm's compliance with regulation increases when the fines for violation are increased. The common denominator of these papers is the modelling of the firm as a decision-maker under risk: the firm's goal is to minimize expected losses given some probability that it may get caught violating certain regulations. A better approach is to derive these probabilities given that the regulatory agency endeavors to maximize its own gains. Therefore, the agency-firm interaction must be modelled explicitly as a game. If such an approach is adopted, the size of the fine or the level of standards has no impact upon the behavior of the firm under a wide range of conditions. On the contrary, an increase in the fine or a lowering of the standards reduces the frequency with which the agency enforces the law.
Summary report of CALPHAD XLI – Berkeley, California, USA, 2012

Abstract 156 scientists from 24 countries participated in CALPHAD XLI, which was held in Berkeley, California, USA, June 3–8, 2012, with 74 morning and afternoon presentations, and 72 evening presentations. The topics covered during the conference were gathered in five categories: Modeling – Software; Kinetics – Microstructure; CALPHAD Assessments – Experiments; Ab initio; and Nuclear Fuel Materials. In this brief summary, highlights of the conference are presented with titles and abstracts of all presentations.
Determination of uranium isotopes in a complex matrix by optical spectroscopy

Abstract The isotopic determination of 235 U and 238 U in complex matrices, without prior chemical separation and at μg mL −1 detection limits, is demonstrated. A narrow line, pulsed dye laser is used to excite fluorescence from uranium ions in an inductively coupled plasma (ICP) discharge. Measurements of uranium fluorescence in dilute acid solutions and in simulated dissolved glass solutions, similar to those proposed for the vitrification of high level nuclear wastes, are presented. The ICP optical emission spectra of uranium in the matrix and of uranium in a dilute acid solution, in the same wavelength range as the fluorescence measurements, are shown for comparison.
Reduction of an η2-iminoacyl ligand to η2- iminium enabled by adjacent carbon monoxide ligand replacement with a variable electron donor alkyne ligand in a cationic tungsten(II) bis(acetylacetonate) complex

Cationic iminoacyl-carbonyl tungsten complexes of the type [W(CO) (eta (2)-MeNCR)(acac) 2] (+) (acac = acetylacetonate; R = Ph ( 1a), Me ( 1b)) easily undergo thermal substitution of CO with two-electron donors to yield [W(L)(eta (2)-MeNCR)(acac) 2] (+) (L = tert-butylisonitrile [R = Ph ( 2a), Me ( 2b)], 2,6-dimethylphenylisonitrile [R = Me ( 2c)], triphenylphosphine [R = Ph ( 3a), Me ( 3c)], and tricyclohexylphosphine [R = Ph ( 3b)]). Tricyclohexylphosphine complex 3b exhibits rapid, reversible phosphine ligand exchange at room temperature on the NMR time scale. Photolytic replacement of carbon monoxide with either phenylacetylene or 2-butyne occurs efficiently to form [W(eta (2)-alkyne)(eta (2)-MeNCR)(acac) 2] (+) complexes ( 5a- d) with a variable electron donor eta (2)-alkyne paired with the eta (2)-iminoacyl ligand in the W(II) coordination sphere. PMe 3 adds to 1a or 5b to form [W(L)(eta (2)-MeNC(PMe 3)Ph)(acac) 2] (+) [L = CO ( 4), MeCCMe ( 6)] via nucleophilic attack at the iminoacyl carbon. Addition of Na[HB(OMe) 3] to 5b yields W(eta (2)-MeCCMe)(eta (2)-MeNCHPh)(acac) 2, 8, which exhibits alkyne rotation on the NMR time scale. Addition of MeOTf to 8 places a second methyl group on the nitrogen atom to form an unusual cationic eta (2)-iminium complex [W(eta (2)-MeCCMe)(eta (2)-Me 2NCHPh)(acac) 2][OTf] ( 9[OTf], OTf = SO 3CF 3). X-ray structures of 2,6-dimethylphenylisonitrile complex 2c[BAr' 4 ], tricyclohexylphosphine complex 3b[BAr' 4 ], and phenylacetylene complex 5a[BAr' 4 ] confirm replacement of CO by these ligands in the [W(L)(eta (2)-MeNCR)(acac) 2] (+) products. X-ray structures of alkyne-imine complexes 6[BAr' 4 ] and 8 show products resulting from nucleophilic addition at the iminoacyl carbon, and the X-ray structure of 9[BAr' 4 ] reflects methylation at the imine nitrogen to form a rare eta (2)-iminium ligand.
Degradation product emission from historic and modern books by headspace SPME/GC–MS: evaluation of lipid oxidation and cellulose hydrolysis

Volatile organic compounds emitted from a several decade series of bound periodicals (1859-1939) printed on ground wood paper, as well as historical books dating from the 1500s to early 1800s made from cotton/linen rag, were studied using an improved headspace SPME/GC-MS method. The headspace over the naturally aging books, stored upright in glass chambers, was monitored over a 24-h period, enabling the identification of a wide range of organic compounds emanating from the whole of the book. The detection of particular straight chain aldehydes, as well as characteristic alcohols, alkenes and ketones is correlated with oxidative degradation of the C(18) fatty acid constituency of paper. The relative importance of hydrolytic and oxidative chemistry involved in paper aging in books published between 1560 and 1939 was examined by comparing the relative abundances of furfural (FUR) a known cellulose hydrolysis product, and straight chain aldehydes (SCA) produced from the oxidation of fatty acids in paper. The relative abundance of furfural is shown to increase across the 379-year publication time span. A comparison of relative SCA peak areas across the series of books examined reveals that SCA emission is more important in the cotton/linen rag books than in the ground wood books.
Benefits of Rapid Solidification Processing of Modified LaNi5 Alloys by High Pressure Gas Atomization for Battery Applications

A high pressure gas atomization approach to rapid solidification has been employed to investigate simplified processing of Sn modified LaNi{sub 5} powders that can be used for advanced Ni/metal hydride (Ni/MH) batteries. The current industrial practice involves casting large ingots followed by annealing and grinding and utilizes a complex and costly alloy design. This investigation is an attempt to produce powders for battery cathode fabrication that can be used in an as-atomized condition without annealing or grinding. Both Ar and He atomization gas were tried to investigate rapid solidification effects. Sn alloy additions were tested to promote subambient pressure absorption/desorption of hydrogen at ambient temperature. The resulting fine, spherical powders were subject to microstructural analysis, hydrogen gas cycling, and annealing experiments to evaluate suitability for Ni/MH battery applications. The results demonstrate that a brief anneal is required to homogenize the as-solidified microstructure of both Ar and He atomized powders and to achieve a suitable hydrogen absorption behavior. The Sn addition also appears to suppress cracking during hydrogen gas phase cycling in particles smaller than about 25 {micro}m. These results suggest that direct powder processing of a LaNi{sub 5{minus}x}Sn{sub x} alloy has potential application in rechargeable Ni/MH batteries.
CT and MR imaging of radiation hepatitis

The authors describe two cases of radiation hepatitis evaluated by magnetic resonance imaging and CT with CT angiography (CTA) additionally performed in one patient. On CT the radiation hepatitis appeared as sharply demarcated region of lower attenuation than the adjacent normal liver. The region of radiation hepatitis demonstrated decreased perfusion in the portal venous phase of CTA, and 4 min delayed images following CTA showed increased density or relative increased accumulation of contrast. Magnetic resonance in both cases showed that the area of low density on CT had high signal on the T2-weighted image and had increased water content as determined by proton spectroscopic imaging method.
Origin of the ERG omitted stimulus response: evidence from patients with congenital stationary night blindness

Purpose Purpose: The omitted stimulus response (OSR) of the full-field flicker ERG is an additional response component that follows stimulus termination. It has been attributed to a resonant oscillation in depolarizing (ON) bipolar cells. We evaluated this proposal by determining whether an OSR is present in the flicker ERG of patients with the complete type of congenital stationary night blindness (CSNB1) and presumed ON-pathway dysfunction. Methods Methods: Subjects included two patients with ERG findings typical of CSNB1 and 11 normally sighted individuals. Molecular genetic analysis confirmed a mutation in the NYX gene (Trp273Ter) of patient 1 and in the GRM6 gene (Arg621Ter) of patient 2. Monocular ERGs were recorded in response to full-field sinusoidal flicker trains, ranging from 6.33 to 100 Hz, presented against a rod saturating background. The amplitude and relative delay of additional ERG responses following the offset of the flicker trains were analyzed. Results Results: Across the frequency range of 39 to 63 Hz, the number of ERG responses exceeded the number of stimulus cycles for all control subjects. The delay between the additional response component and the last stimulus cycle was frequency dependent, consistent with an OSR. In the two patients with CSNB1, however, the number of ERG responses equaled the number of stimulus cycles at all frequencies. Conclusion Conclusion: The absence of an OSR in these two CSNB1 patients supports the hypothesis that ON bipolar cells play a key role in the generation of this response.
The sorption of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by soils in low-methanol/water mixtures

Abstract The solubility and sorption of three polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (2-methylnaphthalene, phenanthrene, pyrene) by two soils were measured in water and low-volume-fraction (
Genetic basis for electrophoretic variation of adenosine deaminase in Chinook Salmon

Abstract Data from family lots of chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha whose parents had variable electrophoretic phenotypes for adenosine deaminase (ADA) indicated (1) that each of two distinct zones of ADA activity reflected a single genetic locus, (2) that allelic variants that segregated in a Mendelian manner occurred at both loci, and (3) as a consequence of storage, additional isozymes arose from products of the locus encoding the more cathodal zone (ADA-1). The additional bands complicated genetic interpretations, and their occurrence was reduced by treatment of tissue samples with 2-mercaptoethanol. These data permit the use of ADA isozymes in population studies of chinook salmon, and provide a model for interpreting ADA variation in other salmonids. Received May 11, 1983 Accepted November 16, 1983
Factors affecting temporal relationships between estrus and ovulation in commercial sow farms

The main objective was to examine effects of season, parity, genotype, lactation length, and weaning-to-estrus interval on duration of estrus (DE) and onset of estrus-to-ovulation interval (EOI) in three sow farms. Detection of estrus and ovulation by the back-pressure test and transabdominal ultrasonography, respectively, were performed every 6 h from day 2-10 postweaning in 535 sows (approximately 89 per farm per season). The average weaning-to-estrus interval, DE, and EOI of the 501 sows that returned to estrus by day 10 postweaning were 4.6+/-0.1 days, 55.2+/-0.5 h, and 41.8+/-0.5 h, respectively. Farm x season (P or =4 sows had a 4.5 h longer (P 0.11) in DE or EOI among parity classes in the spring. There was a linear decrease of DE (P or =7 day class on each farm. However, the range of weaning-to-estrus interval that exhibited a stepwise decrease of DE and EOI was narrower on farm 1 (3-5 days) than farms 2 and 3 (3-6 days). Only farms 1 and 3 had multiple genotypes. Genotype did not affect (P>0.14) DE on either farm, but the EOI of genotype B was 4 h shorter (P or =20 days. In general, factors that affected EOI also affected (P<0.05) the percentage of inseminations that occurred within 24 h pre- to 3h post-ovulation. These data indicate that factors other than weaning-to-estrus interval, such as season and parity, can significantly alter DE and EOI. However, the effects of season and weaning-to-estrus interval on DE and EOI can be inconsistent among different farms.
Examination of order-disorder and soft modes in perovskite ferroelectrics by impulsive stimulated Raman scattering

The dynamics of low frequency soft modes and order-disorder modes in the orthorhombic phase of KNbO3 and the tetragonal phase of BaTiO3 have been examined using a time-domain technique, impulsive stimulated Raman scattering (ISRS). There was no evidence in either crystal for an order-disorder mode with the same symmetry as the soft mode. Order-disorder modes were found to have different symmetry from the soft modes. Excellent agreement was found in both crystals between capacitance measurements and the LST value of the component of the low frequency dielectric constant which depends on the soft mode frequency. These results are consistent with the predictions of the eight-site model for the crystals and their transitions.
Logic of confidence

The article studies knowledge in multiagent systems where data available to the agents may have small errors. To reason about such uncertain knowledge, a formal semantics is introduced in which indistinguishability relations, commonly used in the semantics for epistemic logic S5, are replaced with metrics to capture how much two epistemic worlds are different from an agent’s point of view. The main result is a logical system sound and complete with respect to the proposed semantics.
Urea for Lactating Dairy Cattle. V. Concentrate Fiber and Urea in a Corn Silage-High Concentrate Ration

Abstract Four mature, lactating Holstein cows were used in a 4×4 Latin-square design to evaluate high protein rations containing two concentrations each of urea and fiber. Corn silage was offered ad libitum and diets were fed at 100 to 110% of energy requirements. Ration crude protein averaged 114% of requirements, and a 40:60 forage-to-concentrate ratio was employed. Increasing concentrate fiber from 4.6 to 8.2% significantly reduced dry matter, energy, and fiber digestibilities as well as total digestible nutrients and metabolizable energy of the ration without affecting dry matter, energy, or concentrate intake. Energy losses in urine, methane, milk and heat production were not influenced by fiber concentration. There was a trend for higher intake to decrease nitrogen retention, but it did not affect the loss of nitrogen in feces, urine, or milk. Fiber did not influence proportions of ammonia or volatile fatty acids in rumen fluid just before or within three hours after feeding. Incorporation of 2.5% urea in the concentrate in place of plant protein increased urinary nitrogen excretion and reduced efficiency of nitrogen utilization for milk and body retention by about 20%. Urea increased the molar proportion of propionate and decreased the proportion of butyrate in rumen fluid two hours postprandial. The other traits studied were not affected appreciably by inclusion of urea in the concentrate. Energy and nitrogen partition data are compared with previous reports.
Noise measurements in electron-beam-evaporated amorphous silicon thin films

Abstract The low frequency noise of vacuum-evaporated amorphous silicon films, both intrinsic and prepared under a partial pressure of hydrogen, was measured over a range of temperatures. The current noise spectral density shows a predominance of 1/ƒ α noise at room temperature, where α lies between 0.8 and 1.04, and the conduction proceeds primarily by the hopping of carriers near the Fermi energy level. As the temperature is raised towards the region of extended states conduction the noise spectrum changes to more of a generation-recombination type with α having values from 1.66 to 2.04 at the highest temperatures. These results imply that no extremely large, very narrow band of gap states was formed under our fabrication conditions and they therefore agree with earlier work on the mixed conduction process and with field effect data.
Using hexagonal metamorphic robots to form temporary bridges

This paper presents algorithms to plan the concurrent and collision-free movement of n hexagonal metamorphic robots (modules) over a contiguous surface in a hexagonal grid. The problem is complicated by the fact that the surface may include "non-concurrently traversable" segments, where narrow passages between surface cells may result in module collision, regardless of the space separating moving modules. We present a new algorithm to identify unoccupied cells that, when filled with modules, form bridges to span all non-concurrently traversable segments of the surface. Our bridging algorithms have the added benefit of reducing the overall traversal time for a given surface. Additionally, we show that four modules are sufficient to bridge any contiguous non-concurrently traversable segment, allowing concurrent module movement with minimal inter-module spacing. Finally, we present the results of simulating our algorithms using a discrete event simulator.
Patterning and Imaging at the Nanoscale with Far-field Optics via Absorbance Modulation

By illuminating an absorbance-modulation layer with a null at one wavelength, and a focused spot at another wavelength, it is possible to overcome the diffraction limit. We present preliminary experimental results, and rigorous theoretical simulations.
Discovery of metabolite features for the modelling and analysis of high-resolution NMR spectra

This study presents three feature selection methods for identifying the metabolite features in nuclear magnetic resonance spectra that contribute to the distinction of samples among varying nutritional conditions. Principal component analysis, Fisher discriminant analysis, and Partial Least Square Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA) were used to calculate the importance of individual metabolite feature in spectra. Moreover, an Orthogonal Signal Correction (OSC) filter was used to eliminate unnecessary variations in spectra. We evaluated the presented methods by comparing the ability of classification based on the features selected by each method. The result showed that the best classification was achieved from an OSC-PLS-DA model.
Foundationalism, circular justification, and the levels gambit

In ‘Foundationalism, Coherentism, and the Levels Gambit’, David Shatz argued that foundationalists must countenance a circular mediate justification of perceptual beliefs which the foundationalist holds are already immediately justified. Because the circularity of coherentist accounts of the justification of beliefs is a major basis of foundationalist criticism of coherentism, Shatz's claim is a serious challenge to foundationalism. In this paper, using a moderate foundationalism with a reliabilist conception of justification, I give an account of immediately and mediately justified beliefs which shows that such a foundationalism need not accept such a circular justification (and in crucial cases cannot do so) and that Shatz's claim is therefore incorrect.
The algebra of Wilson-'t Hooft operators

Abstract We study the Operator Product Expansion of Wilson–'t Hooft operators in a twisted N = 4 super-Yang–Mills theory with gauge group G. The Montonen–Olive duality puts strong constraints on the OPE and in the case G = SU ( 2 ) completely determines it. From the mathematical point of view, the Montonen–Olive duality predicts the L 2 Dolbeault cohomology of certain equivariant vector bundles on Schubert cells in the affine Grassmannian. We verify some of these predictions. We also make some general observations about higher categories and defects in Topological Field Theories.
Element partitioning during coarsening of (γ - γ') Ni-Al-Mo alloys

In this article, the coarsening rate constants for several of the model Ni-Al-Mo ternary alloys employed in an earlier investigation at 775 C are reported for three additional temperatures, 842 C, 872 C, and 903 C. Arrhenium plots of the coarsening rate constants provide strong experimental indication for a change in the rate-controlling mechanism for coarsening from the long-range diffusion of Al to the long-range diffusion of Mo. This is supported by an estimate of the relative contributions of the alloying elements, Al and Mo, to the overall coarsening resistance of the alloys.
Ammonia and nitric acid concentrations in equilibrium with atmospheric aerosols: Experiment vs theory

The equilibrium between gaseous ammonia, nitric acid, and aerosol nitrate is discussed on the basis of a recent field experiment in southern California. Comparison is drawn between theoretical equilibrium calculations and simultaneous measurements of nitric acid, ammonia, ammonium ion, nitrate ion, sulfate ion, other ionic species, temperature and dewpoint. Particulate and gaseous pollutant concentrations at some inland sampling sites are readily explained if the aerosol is assumed to exist as an external mixture with all particulate nitrate and ammonium available to form pure NH_4NO_3. At other monitoring sites, especially near the coast, aerosol nitrate is found in the presence of NH_3 and HNO_3 concentrations that thermodynamic calculations show are too low to produce pure NH_4NO_3. This can be explained when the amount of aerosol nitrate that can be derived from reaction of nitric acid with sea salt and soil dust is taken into account. A calculation approach that accounts for the presence of mixed sulfate and nitrate salts improves the agreement between predicted and observed pollutant concentrations in the majority of cases studied. Uncertainties in these calculations arise from a number of sources including the thermodynamic quantities, and the effect of these uncertainties on the comparison between theory and experiment is discussed.
The structure of terremutin

Abstract Terremutin, a new metabolite isolated from cultures of an Aspergillus terreus mutant, has been characterized as 4,5-dihydroxy-3-methyl-7-oxabicyclo[4.1.0]hept-3-en-2-one. The complete stereochemistry is presented.
Synthesis and Structure Refinement of the Spinel, γ‐Ge3N4

γ-Ge 3 N 4 is formed from α-or β-Ge 3 N 4 at pressures greater than 12 GPa and temperatures above 100°C. It has the spinel structure, symmetry Fc3m, and lattice parameter a = 8.2125(1) A. Germanium has both tetrahedral [Ge-N = 1.879(2) A] and octahedral [Ge-N = 1.996(1) A] coordination to nitrogen. The difference between the octahedral and tetrahedral bond lengths in this nitride is close to that expected from systematics, which were largely derived from oxides.
Animal Origins of Surfactant: A Survey of Neonatologists’ Perceptions and Practices Regarding Parent Information Sharing

Exogenous surfactants commonly used to treat a variety of neonatal respiratory diseases are derived from either bovine or porcine sources. The extent to which parents are aware of this fact is currently unclear, as is the impact that this may have on familial cultural or religious belief systems. Our primary aims were to assess U.S. neonatologists’ utilization of bovine and porcine surfactant preparations, their views on parent disclosure pertaining to the particular animal origins of exogenous surfactant therapy, and their willingness to provide alternative surfactant preparations based on parental religious preferences. An anonymous Web-based survey was provided to 2,137 neonatologists. There was a 46.9% response rate. We found that 63.4% of respondents used only bovine-derived surfactants, 14.9% exclusively used porcine-based surfactants, and 21.7% used combinations. While 74.3% of neonatologists discussed surfactant use with parents, only 2.2% always discussed its animal origins. When asked, 47.9% of ...
Continuous infusion of alfentanil in infants undergoing inguinal herniorraphy

Summary We evaluated the safety and efficacy of continuous alfentanil infusions in 37 full-term infants aged 4 to 52 weeks undergoing inguinal herniorraphy as outpatients. The infants were randomly assigned to one of two groups. In all patients anaesthesia was induced with halothane, nitrous oxide and oxygen by mask, then atropine and atracurium were administered intravenously. In the alfentanil group, anaesthesia was maintained with nitrous oxide, oxygen and alfentanil (100 μg·kg-1) followed by a 2.0 μg·kg-1·min-1 continuous infusion whereas in the control group anaesthesia was maintained with nitrous oxide, oxygen, and halothane (1.5%). There were no differences between the groups with respect to intra-operative values of blood pressure and heart rate, post-operative values of oxygen saturation as measured by pulse oximetry and respiratory rate, or post-operative incidence of vomiting and use of pain medication. Sedation lasted longer post-operatively in the alfentanil group, delaying oral intake but not prolonging hospitalization time. This study affirms that intravenous anaesthesia with alfentanil is safe and effective in infants.
Management models for international cybercrime

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to identify how the management structure of cybercriminals has changed and will continue to be revised in the future as their criminal business models are modified. In the early days of hacktivism, a distinction was made between a “hacker” and a “cracker”. The hacker was considered someone who was interested in the vulnerabilities in a computer system, but they were not out to exploit these vulnerabilities for illicit gains. Today, this is no longer true, as loosely coordinated gangs of computer hackers exploit vulnerabilities of financial institutions and the public to steal and transfer money across borders without difficulty. Design/methodology/approach – The paper reviews legal cases dealing with the computer theft of assets from financial institutions and individuals. The focus is on external exploits of hackers not on employee’s theft of assets. It explores the management structure used by cybercriminals who have been caught and prosecuted by legal authorities ...
Mechanism of a musical systolic murmur caused by a degenerated porcine bioprosthetic valve

The cause of a musical (cooing) murmur produced by a degenerated bioprosthetic valve in the mitral position was investigated. Spectral analysis of the murmur recorded at the chest wall at the site of the maximum palpable impulse showed virtually all sound in a narrow frequency band around the dominant frequency of 158 hertz. The same valve, surgically removed and mounted in the mitral position in a pulse duplicating system, produced an audible musical murmur detected by a phonocatheter in the atrial chamber. Nearly all of the sound-pressure occurred in a narrow band of frequency around 145 hertz. High speed motion pictures (500 frames/s) showed systolic flutter of a flail leaflet. The frequency of this leaflet flutter was 142 hertz. Hot film anemometry showed minimal turbulence, all located near the margin of the regurgitant leaflet. The intensity of the murmur was unrelated to the intensity of turbulence. A second degenerated bioprosthetic valve that produced in vivo a typical blowing holosystolic mitral regurgitant murmur produced in vitro a murmur with a broad range of frequencies (20 to 500 hertz). With this valve, the intensity of the murmur was related to the intensity of the turbulence. Motion pictures showed no leaflet flutter. Flutter of an insufficient valve leaflet causing uniform and periodic high frequency fluctuating pressures therefore appeared to be the cause of the musical quality of the systolic murmur in a degenerated bioprosthetic valve.
How companies cultivate relationships with publics on social network sites: Evidence from China and the United States

Abstract This study advances our understanding of relationship cultivation on social media from a cross-cultural perspective. We examined how companies use popular social network sites (SNSs) to facilitate dialogues with publics in two culturally distinct countries: China and the United States. We employed a content analysis of 50 corporate pages with 500 corporate posts and 500 user posts from each country. Overall, companies in both countries have recognized the importance of SNSs in relationship development and employed the appropriate online strategies (disclosure, information dissemination, and interactivity and involvement), but the specific tactics vary across the two markets. Furthermore, cultural differences among the types of corporate posts and public posts on SNSs indicate that culture plays a significant role in shaping the dialogue between organizations and publics in different countries. Implications for corporate relationship management practice in the global market in the digital era are discussed.
Mineral Microniches Control the Diversity of Subsurface Microbial Populations

Rocks and minerals surround the subsurface microbial habitat, yet mineralogy and rock chemistry are rarely considered when characterizing microbial diversity and the microbial ecosystem. Using laboratory biofilm reactors with both a pure culture of Thiothrix unzii and a mixed environmental sulfur-metabolizing community we found that the combination of buffering-capacity, cell wall electronegativity, nutrient content of the rock, and competitive exclusion of some populations control biomass density, α-diversity (local diversity), and β-diversity (global diversity) of the attached communities on mineral and rock surfaces. This suggests that different populations are better adapted to, and more competitive on, specific rock types. The primary influence on rock/mineral colonization by sulfur-oxidizing organisms is the acid-buffering capacity of the mineral substratum, with neutrophiles preferentially colonizing highly buffering carbonate rocks, while acidophiles select nonbuffering quartz. Beyond chemical con...
The prognostic significance of cell type and lesion size in patients with cervical cancer treated by radical surgery.

Abstract Tumor cell type and lesion size were evaluated as prognostic factors in 82 patients with invasive cervical cancer treated by radical hysterectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy. Tumors were classified as large-cell nonkeratinizing cancer, keratinizing squamous-cell cancer, small-cell cancer, and adenocarcinoma according to the histologic criteria proposed by Reagen and colleagues [Reagen, J. W., Hamonic, M. S., and Wentz, W. B., Lab. Invest . 6 , 241–250 (1957)]. The incidence of lymph nodal metastases and tumor recurrence was more directly related to lesion size than to tumor-cell type. The incidence of metastatic disease was significantly increased and survival was reduced in those patients whose tumors were greater than 2 cm in diameter.
Intensity of the Self-Broadened Fundamental Band of Hydrogen Chloride*

Hydrogen chloride self broadened fundamental vibration rotation band intensity variation with pressure investigated by absorption spectroscopy analysis
Milankovitch theory of ice ages: Hypothesis of ice-sheet linkage between regional insolation and global climate

J. D. Hays, J. Imbrie, and N. J. Shackleton (1976, Science 194, 1121–1132) showed that the astronomical theory explained many features of late Quaternary ice-age climates, but they did not specify the physical mechanisms involved. Here it is proposed that interlocked variations of ice-sheet heat sinks in both polar hemispheres amplified and transmitted Milankovitch summer half-year insolation changes (a version of the astronomical theory) between 45° and 75°N into the globally synchronous climate changes recorded in geologic records. It is suggested that late Quaternary ice sheets had terrestrial components (grounded above sea level, melting margins, fluctuations controlled by climate) and marine components (grounded below sea level, drained largely by ice streams, limited melting margins, fluctuations controlled primarily by sea level and secondarily by climate, interior surface elevations coupled to downdraw through ice streams). Northern Hemisphere ice sheets were largely marine (with minor melting margins) in the Arctic and terrestrial (with major melting margins) in the midlatitudes. West Antarctic and peripheral East Antarctic ice was marine-based and lacked melting margins. Because of their geographic array, these terrestrial and marine components formed an ice-sheet system whose variations were coupled on a global scale. Milankovitch summer isolation changes near midlatitude Northern Hemisphere melting margins controlled most variations of this system, because advance or retreat of melting margins initiated concurrent eustatic sea-level change. Such sea-level change afforded the critical interlocking mechanism between terrestrial and marine components because it forced simultaneous expansion or contraction of marine margins in both polar hemispheres. This initiated an amplifying feedback loop among all marine components and influenced interior downdraw through ice streams. Arctic summer insolation change was less important because northern melting margins were relatively minor. Its greatest influence was on surface ablation of ice streams that controlled interior downdraw. This affected eustatic sea level and activated global linkage of marine sectors. By analogy with present-day Antarctica, late Quaternary ice sheets were enormous planetary heat sinks due to their reflective and radiative surface characteristics. It is suggested that the effectiveness of these ice-sheet heat sinks varied with their areal extent and interior surface elevation. Thus, it is postulated that concurrent growth or decay of these interlocked ice-sheet heat sinks in both polar hemispheres served as the global amplifier of regional Milankovitch summer insolation.
An historical view of the clinical and research base of functional analysis

Abstract A functional analysis of behavior is of paramount importance in conducting a functional assessment. This paper reviews the historical clinical and empirical research bases of functional analysis of behavior. Specific landmark studies in the development of this assessment methodology are presented. Implications of functional analysis assessment methods for school settings are discussed
EXCITATION FUNCTIONS OF BISMUTH AND LEAD

Cross sections for the reactions ${\mathrm{Bi}}^{209}({\mathrm{He}}^{4}, 2n){\mathrm{At}}^{211}$, ${\mathrm{Bi}}^{209}({\mathrm{He}}^{4}, 3n){\mathrm{At}}^{210}$, and ${\mathrm{Bi}}^{209}({\mathrm{He}}^{4}, 4n){\mathrm{At}}^{209}$ were measured with helium ions of energies from 20.6 to 43.3 Mev. Cross sections for the reactions ${\mathrm{Bi}}^{209}(d, p)\mathrm{RaE}$, ${\mathrm{Bi}}^{209}(d, n){\mathrm{Po}}^{210}$, ${\mathrm{Bi}}^{209}(d, 2n){\mathrm{Po}}^{209}$, ${\mathrm{Bi}}^{209}(d, 3n){\mathrm{Po}}^{208}$, and ${\mathrm{Pb}}^{208}(d, p){\mathrm{Pb}}^{209}$ were measured with deuterons of energies from 6.3 to 21.5 Mev. Some information is presented on the ${\mathrm{Bi}}^{209}({\mathrm{He}}^{4}, t){\mathrm{Po}}^{210}$ reaction. A half-life of 7.23\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.04 hr was measured for ${\mathrm{At}}^{211}$. The ${\mathrm{Bi}}^{209}(d, 3n){\mathrm{Po}}^{208}$ threshold energy is 12.0\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.3 Mev (center-of-mass system). The compound nucleus reaction cross sections are compared with the predictions of the Jackson model, and good agreement is obtained. The ($d, n$) and ($d, p$) stripping cross sections are discussed briefly.
Incorporating highlighting animations into static visualizations

Rendering a lot of data results in cluttered visualizations. It is difficult for a user to find regions of interest from contextual data especially when occlusion is considered. We incorporate animations into visualization by adding positional motion and opacity change as a highlighting mechanism. By leveraging our knowledge on motion perception, we can help a user to visually filter out her selected data by rendering it with animation. Our framework of adding animation is the animation transfer function, where it provides a mapping from data and animation frame index to a changing visual property. The animation transfer function describes animations for user selected regions of interest. In addition to our framework, we explain the implementation of animations as a modification of the rendering pipeline. The animation rendering pipeline allows us to easily incorporate animations into existing software and hardware based volume renderers.
The Second-Order Effects of Steve Jobs

Jobs-inspired Apple and NeXT products were platforms for many of the amazing innovations we take for granted today. Much has been written about Steve Jobs' amazing leadership at Apple and how he transformed the company into one of the world's most recognizable and profitable brands after his return from NeXT. But if you look closer, it's easy to find examples of how Jobs-inspired Apple and NeXT products were platforms for many of the amazing innovations we take for granted today. Between 1987 and 1997, we experienced a Cambrian-like explosion of completely new ideas bursting from computer science research labs into broader society at an unprecedented rate. Although Jobs wasn't directly involved in the innovations around the Internet and World Wide Web, his technologies quite often were the platforms used to launch those innovations.
Design optimization of porting in a rotating sleeve expander

The flow losses associated with operation of a rotating sleeve expander depend on the rotational speed as well as flow rate and geometry. In this work, the proper width of the ports is determined for a chosen speed so that expansion takes place from a design value of the inlet pressure to atmospheric exhaust pressure. The proper split in length between the inlet and exhaust is also identified. This split is obtained from a minimum in the sum of losses associated with inlet and discharge. This optimum performance is found to be attractively high and is given as a function of speed and pressure ratio.
Gold Nanostars For Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering: Synthesis, Characterization and Optimization

The controlled synthesis of high-yield gold nanostars of varying sizes, their characterization, and their use in surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) measurements are reported for the first time. Gold nanostars ranging from 45 to 116 nm in size were synthesized in high yield, geometrically and statistically modeled, and optically characterized using transmission and scanning electron microscopy and UV−visible absorption spectroscopy. The nanostar characterization involved studying both morphology evolution over time and size as a function of nucleation (injected seed volume). The nanostar properties as substrates for SERS were investigated and compared with respect to size. As the overall star size increases, so does the core size, the number of branches and branch aspect ratio; the number of branch tips per star surface area decreases with increasing size. The stars become more inhomogeneous in shape, although their yield is high and overall size remains homogeneous. Variations in star size are also ...
Imaging evaluation in the diagnosis and staging of malignant pleural mesothelioma.

ALIGNANT PLEURAL mesothelioma is an uncommon neoplasm arising from mesothelial cells of the pleura and less commonly of the pericardium or the peritoneum. The annual incidence of 3,000 cases is expected to increase by more than 50% in the coming decade because of the patterns of occupational exposure to asbestos and a latency period of 30 to 40 years. 1,2 Treatment options depend on the stage at presentation with an increasing tendency to perform surgical resection in limited disease. In an attempt to distinguish those patients who are potentially resectable and to stratify patients into categories with similar prognoses, the new International Staging System for mesothelioma describes the anatomic extent of disease in a traditional tumor, node, metastasis (TNM) system. Because accurate anatomic staging is becoming important in determining the selection of patients for potentially curative resection, imaging evaluation is an essential component in the appropriate management of these patients. ETIOLOGY AND EPIDEMIOLOGY OF MALIGNANT PLEURAL MESOTHELIOMA Mesothelioma occurs more frequently in men than women with a ratio of 2-6:1; however, the incidence of mesothelioma in women is increasing. 3 The peak incidence occurs in the sixth and seventh decades of life, and mesothelioma is associated with a history of occupational exposure to asbestos in 40% to 80% of patients. 4 In asbestos workers, the incidence of mesothelioma is 10%. 5 In contrast, the incidence of mesothelioma in the general population is estimated at 0.01% to 0.24%. 4,5 Asbestos, a collective term for a group of complex hydrated silicates, has varying degrees of carcinogenicity. The exposure-specific risk of mesothelioma from the 3 principal commercial asbestos types is approximately 1:100:500 for chrysotile, amosite, and crocidolite. 6 Chrysotile accounts for approximately 80% of the asbestos used in the Western world. Occupations at highest risk include those in insulation work, asbestos production and manufacturing, shipyard work, construction, automotive brake-lining manufacture and repair, and the heating industry. 4
Confidentiality-preserving distributed proofs of conjunctive queries

Distributed proof construction protocols have been shown to be valuable for reasoning about authorization decisions in open distributed environments such as pervasive computing spaces. Unfortunately, existing distributed proof protocols offer only limited support for protecting the confidentiality of sensitive facts, which limits their utility in many practical scenarios. In this paper, we propose a distributed proof construction protocol in which the release of a fact's truth value can be made contingent upon facts managed by other principals in the system. We formally prove that our protocol can safely prove conjunctions of facts without leaking the truth values of individual facts, even in the face of colluding adversaries and fact release policies with cyclical dependencies. This facilitates the definition of context-sensitive release policies that enable the conditional use of sensitive facts in distributed proofs.
A Regression-Based Energy Method for Estimating Vehicle Interior Noise in Road Tests

A regression-based energy method is developed for rapid estimation of the overall passenger-compartment interior noise (dBA) and Articulation Index (AI) in a vehicle of prescribed architecture when the vehicle travels on a particular road at a particular speed. The method is developed for use in the early vehicle design stage when only limited vehicle architecture design information are known. Regression analyses from a database of vehicle on-road tests and vehicle wind-tunnel tests are used to identify the energy transfer functions that represent the prescribed vehicle architecture. Energy excitation from both tire-road interaction and aerodynamic loads is then used to predict the interior dBA and AI responses. Comparisons of the predicted versus measured dBA and AI responses show reasonable agreement for car and wagon-type vehicles, although limited architecture data somewhat underestimates the actual response in certain vehiclesCopyright © 2005 by ASME
Recurrence of a Left Ventricular Thrombus After Surgical Excision in a Young Patient With Normal Left Ventricular Systolic Function—A Case Report

The case report of a young patient with recurrence of intraventricular thrombus represents an unusual presentation with no apparent clinical explanation despite echocardiographic, surgical, and pathologic confirmation. The other unusual feature of this case is the absence of predisposing factors for intraventricular thrombus. The patient developed the second left ventricular thrombus after he stopped taking anticoagulants. The authors' recommendation for such a patient is that he continue to receive anticoagulants for life.
Asymptotic analysis of a subinterface crack in dissimilar orthotropic media

A subinterface crack paralleling an interface between two dissimilar orthotropic solids is analyzed. When the distance between the interface and crack is small compared to all other in-plane lengths, a universal relation between stress intensity factors of the subinterface crack and the interface stress intensity factors of the corresponding interface crack is obtained, with only one parameter undetermined, which is then extracted from solutions to an integral equation. The integral equation is derived using a solution of a dislocation embedded in an anisotropic bimaterial. A perturbation solution of the integral equation for small generalized Dundurs parameters is obtained, which is accurate to the first order. Numerical solutions of the integral equation for some sets of values of nondimensional parameters are also obtained.
Formation kinetics of nanocrystalline Fe–4 wt.% Al solid solution during ball milling

Formation of nanocrystalline Fe–4 wt.% Al solid solution has been achieved through SPEX ball milling of blended elemental Fe and Al powders. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and x-ray diffraction (XRD) have been employed to follow the structural evolution during the ball-milling process. Exothermic peaks exhibited in DSC diagrams of the powders milled for 10 to 60 min yielded thermal enthalpies corresponding to the formation of Fe–4 wt.% Al solid solution, from which the kinetics of formation were found to follow the Johnson–Mehl–Avrami equation. Assessment of the kinetic parameter n reveals a diffusion controlled mechanism, in which grain and interphase boundaries may play a crucial role, during the solid solution formation of Fe–4 wt.% Al.
Genetic studies on the location of a chromosome II gene conferring resistance to parathion in the house fly.

Genetic tests were performed to determine the order of 3 chromosome II visible recessive mutants in Musca domestica L. and to locate a gene conferring resistance to parathion in relation to the mutants. Crosses between mutant strains and a susceptible wild type strain indicated a gene order of aristapedia-carnation eye-stubby wing. In crosses between mutant strains and the resistant strain, the gene order was R (for resistance)-aristapedia-stubby wing carnation eye. Thus, the gene order was not the same in the 2 sets of crosses. In addition to the change in gene order, the distance between the mutants was reduced in the parathion resistant X mutant crosses. The results indicate that a suppression of crossing over, most probably in the form of an inversion, occurs on chromosome II in the resistant strain. The relationship of this anomaly to resistance is unknown.
Income, Location and Default: Some Implications for Community Lending

This paper investigates differences in default losses across income groups and neighborhoods, in an effort to see if there are significant differences between default experience on loans to low-income households or low-income neighborhoods and other loans. We find that while defaults and losses are somewhat higher in low-income neighborhoods, default behavior is similar in the sense that responses to negative equity are similar across neighborhoods, and remaining differences are small and might be explained by omitted variables such as those measuring credit history.