cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Exposure to a fearful context during periods of memory plasticity impairs extinction via hyperactivation of frontal-amygdalar circuits

An issue of increasing theoretical and translational importance is to understand the conditions under which learned fear can be suppressed, or even eliminated. Basic research has pointed to extinction, in which an organism is exposed to a fearful stimulus (such as a context) in the absence of an expected aversive outcome (such as a shock). This extinction process results in the suppression of fear responses, but is generally thought to leave the original fearful memory intact. Here, we investigate the effects of extinction during periods of memory lability on behavioral responses and on expression of the immediate-early gene c-Fos within fear conditioning and extinction circuits. Our results show that long-term extinction is impaired when it occurs during time periods during which the memory should be most vulnerable to disruption (soon after conditioning or retrieval). These behavioral effects are correlated with hyperactivation of medial prefrontal cortex and amygdala subregions associated with fear expression rather than fear extinction. These findings demonstrate that behavioral experiences during periods of heightened fear prevent extinction and prolong the conditioned fear response.
Gene Profiling of Cell Cycle Progression through S-Phase Reveals Sequential Expression of Genes Required for DNA Replication and Nucleosome Assembly

The ordered expression of genes after growth factor stimulation in G(1) supportsthe onset of DNA replication. To characterize regulatory events during S-phase when cell cycle progression has become growth factor independent, we have profiled the expression of over 7,000 human genes using GeneChip DNA microarray analysis. HeLa cells were synchronized at the beginning of S-phase by thymidine/aphidicolin block, and RNA populations were analyzed throughout the S and G(2) phases. Expression of genes involved in DNA replication is maximal during early S-phase, whereas histone mRNAs peak at mid S-phase. Genes related to cell proliferation, including those encoding cyclins, oncoproteins, growth factors, proteins involved in signal transduction, and DNA repair proteins, follow distinct temporal patterns of expression that are functionally linked to initiation of DNA replication and progression through S-phase. The timing of expression for many genes in tumor-derived HeLa cells is highly conserved when compared with normal cells. In contrast, a number of genes show growth phenotype-related expression patterns that may directly reflect loss of stringent growth control in tumor cells. Our data reveal there is a core subset of cell growth-related genes that is fundamental to cycling cells irrespective of cell growth phenotype.
Characterizing binge drinking among U.S. military Veterans receiving a brief alcohol intervention

Abstract Background Brief web-based alcohol interventions (BAIs) are effective for reducing binge drinking in college students and civilian adults, and are increasingly being applied to U.S. military populations. However, little is known about factors associated with binge drinking in Veteran populations and therefore some concern remains on the generalizability of studies supporting BAIs for addressing binge drinking in this population. This study sought to better understand the characteristics (e.g., demographic, coping related mental health factors, prior exposure to traumatic events, and factors assessing motivation to change alcohol use) of a predominantly male sample of binge drinking Veterans receiving a BAI from a VA provider. Methods A primarily male (93.5%) sample (N = 554) of Veterans completed a BAI consisting of brief assessment and personalized feedback. Results We found that Veterans who were younger, used drugs/alcohol to cope with symptoms of PTSD and depression (e.g., nightmares and flashbacks and sleep difficulties), and had experienced sexual assault, had higher self-reported peak blood alcohol concentration and a higher likelihood for a binge drinking episode in the last 90 days. Conclusions BAIs may be a promising approach for addressing binge drinking in Veterans. However, binge drinking among a sample of mostly male Veterans receiving a BAI may be associated with a complex set of factors that are less prevalent in the college student population and thus studies demonstrating the efficacy of BAIs with Veterans are needed.
Ice nucleation by surrogates for atmospheric mineral dust and mineral dust/sulfate particles at cirrus temperatures

This study examines the potential role of some types of mineral dust and mineral dust with sulfuric acid coatings as heterogeneous ice nuclei at cirrus temperatures. Commercially-available nanoscale powder samples of aluminum oxide, alumina-silicate and iron oxide were used as surrogates for atmospheric mineral dust particles, with and without multilayer coverage of sulfuric acid. A sample of Asian dust aerosol particles was also studied. Measurements of ice nucleation were made using a continuous-flow ice-thermal diffusion chamber (CFDC) operated to expose size-selected aerosol particles to temperatures between -45 and -60°C and a range of relative humidity above ice-saturated conditions. Pure metal oxide particles supported heterogeneous ice nucleation at lower relative humidities than those required to homogeneously freeze sulfuric acid solution particles at sizes larger than about 50 nm. The ice nucleation behavior of the same metal oxides coated with sulfuric acid indicate heterogeneous freezing at lower relative humidities than those calculated for homogeneous freezing of the diluted particle coatings. The effect of soluble coatings on the ice activation relative humidity varied with the respective uncoated core particle types, but for all types the heterogeneous freezing rates increased with particle size for the same thermodynamic conditions. For a selected size of 200 nm, the natural mineral dust particles were the most effective ice nuclei tested, supporting heterogeneous ice formation at an ice relative humidity of approximately 135%, irrespective of temperature. Modified homogeneous freezing parameterizations and theoretical formulations are shown to have application to the description of heterogeneous freezing of mineral dust-like particles with soluble coatings.
EVALUATION OF REACTION KINETICS FOR THE DECOMPOSITION OF TETRAPROPYLAMMONIUM CATIONS IN SILICALITE

Abstract Thermogravimetric analysis was used to study the decomposition of tetrapropylammonium cations intercalated in silicalite. The decomposition was modelled using temperature-programmed desorption theory (TPD) assuming that the decomposition reaction was first-order in TPA+ concentration. The temperature at which the maximum decomposition rate occurred was determined as a function of heating rate. Using these data, values for the activation energy and the reaction rate constant were calculated to be 5l.4kcal/mol and 3.0 × 1015 min−1, respectively. It was shown that the activation energy was independent of sample weight, indicating that macropore mass transfer limitations were insignificant. It was also determined that activation energy was independent of crystal size indicating that micropore diffusion limitations were also insignificant.
Ectopic expression of either the Drosophila gooseberry-distal or proximal gene causes alterations of cell fate in the epidermis and central nervous system

Previous studies have shown that the segment polarity locus gooseberry, which contains two closely related transcripts gooseberry-proximal and gooseberry-distal, is required for proper development in both the epidermis and the central nervous system of Drosophila. In this study, the roles of the gooseberry proteins in the process of cell fate specification have been examined by generating two fly lines in which either gooseberry-distal or gooseberry-proximal expression is under the control of an hsp70 promoter. We have found that ectopic expression of either gooseberry protein causes cell fate transformations that are reciprocal to those of a gooseberry deletion mutant. Our results suggest that the gooseberry-distal protein is required for the specification of naked cuticle in the epidermis and specific neuroblasts in the central nervous system. These roles may reflect independent functions in neuroblasts and epidermal cells or a single function in the common ectodermal precursor cells. The gooseberry-proximal protein is also found in the same neuroblasts as gooseberry-distal and in the descendants of these cells.
Mobile outdoor SuperMISTI Compton imager

The SuperMISTI coded aperture imager trailer has been modified as a Compton imager with a 5 × 5 array of either NaI or plastic detectors and a 6 × 13 array of NaI detectors separated by 1.66 m. Gamma-ray sources were located by both the NaI-NaI and the Plastic-NaI imagers at 10s of meters standoff distances. The results from the new Compton cameras are compared to the coded aperture imager that also utilizes the 6 × 13 array of NaI detectors.
Estimation of Shear Wave Speed in the Rhesus Macaques’ Uterine Cervix

Cervical softness is a critical parameter in pregnancy. Clinically, preterm birth is associated with premature cervical softening and postdates birth is associated with delayed cervical softening. In practice, the assessment of softness is subjective, based on digital examination. Fortunately, objective, quantitative techniques to assess softness, and other parameters associated with microstructural cervical change are emerging. One of these is shear wave speed (SWS) estimation. In principle, this allows objective characterization of stiffness because waves travel more slowly in softer tissue. We are studying SWS in humans and rhesus macaques, the latter in order to accelerate translation from bench to bedside. For the current study, we estimated SWS in ex vivo cervices of rhesus macaques, $n=24$ nulliparous (never given birth) and $n=9$ multiparous (delivered at least one baby). Misoprostol (a prostaglandin used to soften human cervices prior to gynecological procedures) was administered to 13 macaques prior to necropsy (nulliparous: 7; multiparous: 6). SWS measurements were made at predetermined locations from the distal to proximal end of the cervix on both the anterior and posterior cervix, with five repeat measures at each location. The intent was to explore macaque cervical microstructure, including biological and spatial variability, to elucidate the similarities and differences between the macaque and the human cervix in order to facilitate future in vivo studies. We found that SWS is dependent on location in the normal nonpregnant macaque cervix, as in the human cervix. Unlike the human cervix, we detected no difference between ripened and unripened rhesus macaque cervix samples, nor nulliparous versus multiparous samples, although we observed a trend toward stiffer tissue in nulliparous samples. We found rhesus macaque cervix to be much stiffer than human, which is important for technique refinement. These findings are useful for guiding study of cervical microstructure in both humans and macaques.
Why We Chose to Stay Together: Qualitative Interviews with Separated Couples Who Chose to Reconcile

ABSTRACTThe objective was to explore factors in the decision to reconcile after filing for divorce. Participants were asked to discuss how the resources available to them and the meanings they associated with experiencing marital difficulty influenced their decisions to stay married. A qualitative model was used. Seven couples (N = 14) who filed a petition for divorce in a Southern state between 2000 and 2010, but reconciled their marriages before the divorce proceedings were finalized, participated in a semistructured, open-ended interview. Using grounded theory techniques, the 5 major themes that emerged the decision-making process for the couples included (a) pulling together during difficult times, (b) growth from separation and reconciliation, (c) multiple attempts and rough starts, (d) it’s worth the hard work, and (e) big moves and grand gestures.
The Worry That’s Always With Us: Tragic but Not Rare

This case discusses the additive respiratory effects of benzodiazepines and opioid narcotics. The case was complicated by obstructive sleep apnea.
Unabhängigkeit des Auftretens der autoimmunhämolytischen Anämie vom Auftreten natürlicher thymozytolytischer Autoantikörper und Autoantikörper, nachgewiesen durch Lyse des DBA/2-Lymphoms L 5178 Y in NZB-Mäusen

New Zealand Black-(NZB)-Mause entwickeln spontan ein dem menschlichen Lupus erythemat. diss. (LED) ahnliches Krankheitsbild, bestehend aus Warmeantikorper autoimmunhamolytischer Anamie (AIHA) und Immunkomplex-nephritis [1]. Der Immunstatus dieser Mause ist gekennzeichnet einerseits durch fruhzeitiges Auftreten von naturlichen Autoantikorpern [1] und andererseits durch spontanes Auftreten von Defekten des zellularen Immunsystems mit zunehmendem Alter [2 bis 6].
Breaking the isotropic scattering assumption in wide-beam stripmap SAR imaging

This paper considers stripmap SAR imaging using a wide-beam antenna. In this case, anisotropic scattering is observed from objects that are illuminated from a wide range of aspect angles. Traditional imaging algorithms assume isotropic scattering. This paper investigates the use of constrained optimization for jointly estimating a sequence of images that correctly account for aspect dependent scattering.
Factor IX Substrate Binding Exosite on the Light Chain of Factor Xia.

Binding of factor IX (FIX) to an exosite on the heavy chain of factor XIa (FXIa) is essential for the optimal activation of FIX (Biochemistry26:3768–3775, 1987). We now provide evidence that a second substrate binding exosite resides on the light chain (LC) of FXIa. To understand the mechanism of activation of FIX by LC we have investigated 1) the kinetics of S-2366 hydrolysis by FXIa and its isolated LC in the presence and absence of a reversible inhibitor of serine proteases ( p -aminobenzamidine, PAB); 2) the kinetics of activation of the macromolecular substrate FIX by FXIa and its isolated light chain in the presence and absence of either PAB or the alternative substrate S-2366; and 3) the effect of active site inhibited FXIa LC (LC i , i.e., FXIa LC treated with phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride) on the activation of FIX by FXIa. Kinetic parameters for the hydrolysis of S-2366 by FXIa and its isolated LC are comparable. However k cat for the activation of the macromolecular substrate FIX by LC compared to full-length FXIa is reduced by ~300-fold whereas the K m was only slightly higher (2- to 3-fold). PAB inhibited the hydrolysis of S-2366 both by FXIa and LC in a classical competitive fashion. If an exosite on the heavy chain of FXIa is solely responsible for formation of the Michaelis complex then PAB should have inhibited the activation of FIX by LC in a competitive fashion. However, PAB and S-2366 were found to be noncompetitive inhibitors of FIX activation by FXIa or LC demonstrating the presence of an exosite for FIX binding on the LC remote from its active site. The presence of the second exosite on the light chain of FXIa was further confirmed by the fact that the V vs. S as well as the V vs. I plots of the activation of FIX by FXIa in the presence of LC i were sigmoidal suggesting formation of a nonproductive SI complex. We conclude that for FIX-activation, two macromolecular substrate-binding exosites, one on the heavy chain and one on the light chain of FXIa are required to mediate the formation of the Michaelis complex.
Isolating the building thermal envelope

The evaluation of the thermal integrity of building envelopes by infrared scanning tech-niques is often hampered in mild weather because temperature differentials across the envelope are small. Combining the infrared scanning with positive or negative building pressures, induced by a "blower door" or the building ventilation system, considerably extends the periods during which meaningful diagnostics can be conducted. Although missing or poorly installed insulation may lead to a substantial energy penalty, it is the search for air leakage sites that often has the largest potential for energy savings. Infrared inspection of the attic floor with air forced from the occupied space through ceiling by-passes, and inspecting the interior of the building when outside air is being sucked through the envelope reveals unexpected leakage sites. Portability of the diagnostic equipment is essential in these surveys which may include access into some tight spaces. A catalog of bypass heat losses that have been detected in residential housing using the combined infrared pressure differential technique is included to point out the wide variety of leakage sites which may compromise the benefits of thermal insulation and allow excessive air infiltration. Detection and suppression of such leaks should be key items in any building energy audit program. Where a calibrated blower door is used to pressurize or evacuate the house, the leakage rate can be quantified and an excessively tight house recognized. Houses that are too tight may be improved with a minimal energy penalty by forced ventilation,preferably with a heat recuperator and/or by providing combustion air directly to the furnace.© (1981) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Open data, [open] access: linking data sharing and article sharing in the Earth Sciences

INTRODUCTION The norms of a research community influence practice, and norms of openness and sharing can be shaped to encourage researchers who share in one aspect of their research cycle to share in another. Different sets of mandates have evolved to require that research data be made public, but not necessarily articles resulting from that collected data. In this paper, I ask to what extent publications in the Earth Sciences are more likely to be open access (in all of its definitions) when researchers open their data through the Pangaea repository. METHODS Citations from Pangaea data sets were studied to determine the level of open access for each article. RESULTS This study finds that the proportion of gold open access articles linked to the repository increased 25% from 2010 to 2015 and 75% of articles were available from multiple open sources. DISCUSSION The context for increased preference for gold open access is considered and future work linking researchers’ decisions to open their work to the adoption of open access mandates is proposed.
The New Closed Shop? The Economic and Structural Effects of Occupational Licensure:

During the past few decades, licensure, a state-enforced mechanism for regulating occupational entry, quickly became the most prevalent form of occupational closure. Broad consensus among researchers holds that licensure creates wage premiums by establishing economic monopolies. This article demonstrates that, contrary to established wisdom, licensure does not limit competition, nor does it increase wages. Results are based on a new occupational dataset, covering 30 years, that exploits interstate variability in licensure across the 300 census-identified occupations. I argue that licensure, instead of increasing wages, creates a set of institutional mechanisms that enhance entry into the occupation, particularly for historically disadvantaged groups, while simultaneously stagnating quality.
Incongruence of subjective memory impairment ratings and the experience of memory problems in older adults without dementia: a mixed methods study.

ABSTRACTObjectives: The objective of this study was to describe the experiences of older adults living with subjective memory impairment (SMI) and examine the extent to which SMI severity was associated with impact of SMI on daily life.Method: A mixed methods convergent design was utilized. Participants with SMI (n = 19, mean age 80.7 years) were recruited from community settings. Semi-structured interviews were analyzed using thematic analysis; these findings were integrated with descriptive statistics from questionnaire and cognitive status data.Results: The impact of SMI varied depending on the personal meaning individuals attributed to the experience. Older adults with normal cognition reported episodic memory problem compared to more pervasive problems reported by participants with mild cognitive deficits. The impact of memory problems ranged from frustration/embarrassment to avoidance of social activities, but the degree of emotional impact was not reflected in SMI severity or cognitive status.Concl...
What color is red? Exploring the implications of phenotype for Native Americans

Perhaps even more dangerous than the stereotypical image of Native Americans held by America at large are the images internalized by Native people themselves. For Native mixed-bloods, often it has been more acceptable to claim European heritage than descent from African ancestors. This complexity mirrors ideas about skin color in Native communities where people of mixed heritage with light skin tones historically had some political advantages. People of mixed Native and African heritage who espouse an indigenous identity are often “denied, scrutinized, and neglected within the Native communities with which they identify” (Naylor, “Playing Indian?” The selection of Radmilla Cody as Miss Navajo Nation, 1997–1998. In: Miles T, Holland SP (ed) Crossing waters, crossing worlds: the African diaspora in Indian country. Duke University Press, Durham, pp 145–163, 2006). Absent European influence, generations past were accepting of diversity within Native communities and those of mixed heritage were integrated into community norms.
Data Management Support for Faculty Facing New Funding Mandates: The Case of the U. S. Department of Agriculture's National Institute of Food and Agriculture

Data management is a way for liaison librarians to support faculty research. American liaison librarians face new demands in data management due to expanding public access guidelines. This article ...
Reply to comment by E. Bard et al. on “Younger Dryas sea level and meltwater pulse 1B recorded in Barbados reef crest coral Acropora palmata” by N. A. Abdul et al.

Abdul et al. (2016) presented a detailed record of sea level at Barbados (13.9 - 9 kyr B.P.) tightly constraining the timing and amplitude during the Younger Dryas and Meltwater Pulse 1B (MWP-1B) based on U-Th dated reef crest coral species Acropora palmata. The Younger Dryas slow-stand and the large (14 meter) rapid sea-level jump are not resolved in the Tahiti record. Tahiti sea-level estimates are remarkably close to the Barbados sea level curve between 13.9 and 11.6 kyr but fall below the Barbados sea-level curve for a few thousand years following MWP-1B. By 9 kyr the Tahiti sea level estimates again converge with the Barbados sea level curve. Abdul et al. (2016) concluded that Tahiti reefs at the core sites did not keep up with intervals of rapidly rising sea level during MWP-1B. We counter Bard et al. (2016) by showing: 1) there is no evidence for a hypothetical fault in Oistins Bay affecting one of the Barbados coring locations: 2) that the authors confuse the rare occurrences of A. palmata at depths > 5 meters with the “thickets” of A. palmata fronds representing the reef-crest facies, and 3) that uncertainties in depth habitat proxies largely account for differences in Barbados and Tahiti sea-level differences curves with A. palmata providing the most faithful proxy. Given the range in Tahiti paleo-depth uncertainties at the cored sites, the most parsimonious explanation remains that Tahiti coralgal ridges did not keep up with the sea level-rise of MWP-1B.
Parents have both implicit and explicit biases against children with obesity

Weight bias (negative attitudes towards individuals with obesity) has been widely observed, but not examined in parents. In this study, we measured parents’ (N = 658; 74.2% female) explicit and implicit weight bias against children with obesity. Many parents (n = 612; 93%) endorsed some moderate explicit weight bias. Fathers had greater explicit bias than mothers and parents with overweight/obesity had less bias than those with healthy-weight. Other parent/child variables (i.e., parent age, child sex, child weight, child age) were not significantly associated with explicit bias. Parents also demonstrated implicit weight bias. No parent or child variables were significantly associated with implicit bias. Parents may contribute, among many others, to the stigmatizing environment experienced by youth with overweight/obesity, which has been associated with negative child psychosocial functioning and health. Clinical research into strategies to reduce parental weight bias against children with obesity or increase children’s resilience to weight discrimination is needed to improve children’s health and well-being.
The opportunity for and significance of alteration of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase activities in crop production.

Increased population and the dietary changes accompanying increased affluence are creating a need for a suggested doubling of world cereal grain production (a 3% per year compounding rate) and quadrupling of grain legume production (a 6% per year compounding rate) during this quarter century (1). CO2 enrichment of field-grown crops has demonstrated the possibility of enhancing RuBP carboxylase activity to achieve improved crop production; it increases the production of grain legumes by 50 to 100% and that of cereal grains, for which the studies are less complete, by perhaps 10 to 50%. Results of O2 alteration of growth-room legumes and cereal grains are consistent with the results of CO2 enrichment except for a second role of O2 in assimilate partitioning. It may be necessary to include other components of the system, e.g., additional soil fertility, especially for non-N2-fixing plants, to enable an improved RuBP carboxylase to increase production. No practical method—chemical, genetic, or physical—of improving RuBP carboxylase activity has been reported.
Implementing an Electronic Data Capture System to Improve Clinical Workflow in a Large Academic Radiation Oncology Practice.

PurposeTo describe the feasibility and benefits of implementing a custom radiation oncology electronic data capture (EDC) system in a large academic radiation oncology practice.Patients and MethodsA Web-based point-and-click EDC known as Brocade was internally developed and implemented systemwide in 2016. Brocade captures key data elements, such as stage, histology, and patient and treatment characteristics; links this information to radiation dose data extracted from the record and verify system; and creates clinical notes that are automatically exported to the hospital electronic health record. We report the number of unique radiation episodes captured by Brocade in its first full year of implementation and describe the notes generated, toxicities captured, compliance with staging and quality assurance, and time of day in which documentation occurred with Brocade versus our prior human transcription system.ResultsA median of 756 radiation episodes per month was captured for a total of 9,283 unique episo...
The Circadian PER2 Enhancer Nobiletin Reverses the Deleterious Effects of Midazolam in Myocardial Ischemia and Reperfusion Injury.

Background Recently, we identified the circadian rhythm protein Period 2 (PER2) in robust cardioprotection from myocardial ischemia (MI). Based on findings that perioperative MI is the most common major cardiovascular complication and that anesthetics can alter the expression of PER2, we hypothesized that an anesthesia mediated downregulation of PER2 could be detrimental if myocardial ischemia and reperfusion (IR) would occur. Methods and results We exposed mice to pentobarbital, fentanyl, ketamine, propofol, midazolam or isoflurane and determined cardiac Per2 mRNA levels. Unexpectedly, only midazolam treatment resulted in an immediate and significant downregulation of Per2 transcript levels. Subsequent studies in mice pretreated with midazolam using an in-situ mouse model for myocardial (IR)-injury revealed a significant and dramatic increase in infarct sizes or Troponin-I serum levels in the midazolam treated group when compared to controls. Using the recently identified flavonoid, nobiletin, as a PER2 enhancer completely abolished the deleterious effects of midazolam during myocardial IR-injury. Moreover, nobiletin treatment alone significantly reduced infarct sizes or Troponin I levels in wildtype but not in Per2-/- mice. Pharmacological studies on nobiletin like flavonoids revealed that only nobiletin and tangeritin, both found to enhance PER2, were cardioprotective in our murine model for myocardial IR-injury. Conclusion We identified midazolam mediated downregulation of cardiac PER2 as an underlying mechanism for a deleterious effect of midazolam pretreatment in myocardial IR-injury. These findings highlight PER2 as a cardioprotective mechanism and suggest the PER2 enhancers nobiletin or tangeritin as a preventative therapy for myocardial IR-injury in the perioperative setting where midazolam pretreatment occurs frequently.
A Focused Review on the Treatment of Pediatric Patients with Atypical Antipsychotics

Abstract Objectives: The use of atypical antipsychotic medications in pediatric patients has become more prevalent in recent years. The purpose of this review is to provide a clinically relevant up...
Non-spherical micro- and nanoparticles in nanomedicine

Recent studies have revealed the effects of shape on in vivo nanoparticle circulation, distribution, extravasation, and cellular uptake. Morphology is therefore becoming a key factor to be considered in the rational design of nanoparticulate systems for specific biomedical applications such as targeted drug delivery. Technologies for reliable and scalable fabrication of shape-specific micro- and nanoparticles are emerging, which will allow further investigations into this crucial parameter that is poised to substantially impact nanomedicine.
Adolescent development and schooling in the digital age

Abstract Adolescence is a time of great physical and cognitive change. During this period of development, adolescents learn to make health and lifestyle choices, maneuvering a number of biological and sociocultural transitions. These lifestyle choices become the habits and routines of adulthood and thus have consequences throughout the life course. Therefore, adolescence is a critical period for addressing health behaviors. Schools have a critical role in facilitating healthy transitions to adulthood. This chapter provides an overview of the biological and psychosocial milestones of adolescent development, situating this developmental process within the context of schools and emerging digital technologies.
Recurrence of Endometrial Stromal Sarcoma, Two Decades Post-Treatment.

Endometrial stromal cell sarcomas (ESS) are a unique subtype of uterine malignancy. Recurrent low grade endometrial stromal sarcomas (LESS) is identified in half of the patients. Here, we discuss a case of a 76-year-old Asian female with a past medical history of adenomyosis and hypertension who presented to the outpatient clinic with a chief complaint of painless hematuria for one day. Computed tomography scan of abdomen and pelvis with contrast showed a new right-sided mixed cystic and solid pelvic mass measuring up to 6 cm, obstructing and invading the distal right ureter, which was concerning for malignancy. Positron emission tomography (PET scan) demonstrated a right pelvic mass with increased radiotracer activity consistent with malignancy. She underwent laparotomy with excision of the right-sided pelvic mass with an abdominal washout and at the same time, also underwent cystoscopy with right ureteral stent placement. Tissue pathology was consistent with spindle cell neoplasm with staining and histologic features consistent with a recurrent stromal cell sarcoma. Uterine sarcomas tend to have an aggressive nature but there are key features about ESS that distinguish it from other uterine sarcomas. ESS has a more indolent clinical course and can reoccur years after initial diagnosis. They usually relapse locally, although relapses in extra-uterine sites have also been reported. Treatment of ESS depends on the grade and stage at the time of diagnosis. The main line of treatment for ESS consists of a total abdominal hysterectomy (TAH) and salpingo-oophorectomy (BSO). The significance of this case demonstrates that, although remission can be obtained after the initial diagnosis, recurrence can happen. Even when patients seem to be disease-free, clinicians should follow them closely; early diagnosis is important as treatment for this type of entity has a high survival rate.
The Mini-CAPTAIN liquid argon time projection chamber

Author(s): Taylor, CE; Bhandari, B; Bian, J; Bilton, K; Callahan, C; Chaves, J; Chen, H; Cline, D; Cooper, RL; Danielson, DL; Danielson, J; Dokania, N; Elliot, S; Fernandes, S; Gardiner, S; Garvey, G; Gehman, V; Giuliani, F; Glavin, S; Gold, M; Grant, C; Guardincerri, E; Haines, T; Higuera, A; Ji, JY; Kadel, R; Kamp, N; Karlin, A; Ketchum, W; Koerner, LW; Lee, D; Lee, K; Liu, Q; Locke, S; Louis, WC; Madigan, P; Manalaysay, A; Maricic, J; Martin, E; Martinez, MJ; Martynenko, S; Mauger, C; McGrew, C; Medina, J; Medina, PJ; Mills, A; Mills, G; Mirabal-Martinez, J; Olivier, A; Pantic, E; Philipbar, B; Pitcher, C; Radeka, V; Ramsey, J; Rielage, K; Rosen, M; Sanchez, AR; Shin, J; Sinnis, G; Smy, M; Sondheim, W; Stancu, I; Sterbenz, C; Sun, Y; Svoboda, R; Teymourian, A; Thorn, C; Tull, CE; Tzanov, M; Van de Water, R; Walsh, N; Wang, H; Wang, Y; Yanagisawa, C; Yarritu, A; Yoo, J | Abstract: This manuscript describes the commissioning of the Mini-CAPTAIN liquid argon detector in a neutron beam at the Los Alamos Neutron Science Center (LANSCE), which led to a first measurement of high-energy neutron interactions in argon. The Mini-CAPTAIN detector consists of a Time Projection Chamber (TPC) with an accompanying photomultiplier tube (PMT) array sealed inside a liquid-argon-filled cryostat. The liquid argon is constantly purified and recirculated in a closed-loop cycle during operation. The specifications and assembly of the detector subsystems and an overview of their performance in a neutron beam are reported.
Estimation of Dynamic Laplacian Eigenvalues in Dynamic Consensus Networks

In this paper we generalize recent results on networks with static weights by introducing the idea of dynamic networks with real rational weights. Specifically, we consider networks whose nodes are transfer functions (typically integrators) and whose edges are strictly positive real transfer functions representing dynamical systems that couple the nodes. We show that strictly positive realness of the edges is a sufficient condition for dynamic networks to be stable (i.e., to reach consensus). To study the spectral properties of dynamic networks, we introduce the Dynamic Grounded Laplacian matrix, which is used to estimate lower and upper bounds for the real parts of the smallest and largest non-zero eigenvalues of the dynamic Laplacian matrix. These bounds can be used to obtain stability conditions using the Nyquist graphical stability test for undirected dynamic networks controlled using distributed controllers. Numerical simulations are provided to verify the effectiveness of the results.
A Diagnostic Human Workload Assessment Algorithm for Collaborative and Supervisory Human--Robot Teams

High-stress environments, such as first-response or a NASA control room, require optimal task performance, as a single mistake may cause monetary loss or even the loss of human life. Robots can partner with humans in a collaborative or supervisory paradigm to augment the human’s abilities and increase task performance. Such teaming paradigms require the robot to appropriately interact with the human without decreasing either’s task performance. Workload is related to task performance; thus, a robot may use a human’s workload state to modify its interactions with the human. Assessing the human’s workload state may also allow for dynamic task (re-)allocation, as a robot can predict whether a task may overload the human and, if so, allocate it elsewhere. A diagnostic workload assessment algorithm that accurately estimates workload using results from two evaluations, one peer based and one supervisory based, is presented. The algorithm correctly classified workload at least 90% of the time when trained on data from the same human--robot teaming paradigm. This algorithm is an initial step toward robots that can adapt their interactions and intelligently (re-)allocate tasks.
How human runners regulate footsteps on uneven terrain

Running was crucial for human evolution, especially for persistence hunting. But how people remain stable on uneven natural terrain is not understood. In particular, we do not know how runners manage competing demands on their attention, like seeking level ground areas to step on versus seeking out prey. Previous work used step-like terrain with height variations but not the more destabilizing combination of height and slope variations like a natural undulating terrain. So we studied human runners on undulating uneven terrain and measured their energetics, kinematics, and ground forces. Here we show that runners do not selectively land their feet on more level areas. Instead, they remain stable using their body9s mechanical response and possibly occasional feedback corrections, with little increase in energy consumption relative to flat ground. These findings may explain how persistence hunters can devote visual attention to tasks other than stability while running on uneven ground.
Use and disparities in parathyroidectomy for symptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism in the Medicare population

Abstract Background Few studies assess use of parathyroidectomy among older adults with symptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism. Our objective was to determine national usage and disparities in parathyroidectomy for symptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism among insured older adults. Methods We identified older adult patients with symptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism using Medicare claims (2006–2017). Primary study variables were race/ethnicity, rurality, and zip-code socioeconomic status. We calculated cumulative incidence of parathyroidectomy and used multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression models to assess the adjusted association of our study variables with parathyroidectomy. Results We included 94,803 patients. The median age at primary hyperparathyroidism diagnosis was 76 years (interquartile range 71–82). The majority of patients were female (72%), non-Hispanic White (82%), from metropolitan areas (82%), and had a Charlson Comorbidity score ≥3 (62%). Nine percent of patients (n = 8,251) underwent parathyroidectomy during follow-up. After adjustment, non-Hispanic Black patients, compared to non-Hispanic White (hazard ratio 0.80; 95% confidence interval 0.74, 0.87), and living in a low socioeconomic status neighborhood (low socioeconomic status vs highest socioeconomic status hazard ratio 0.89; 95% confidence interval 0.83, 0.95) were both associated with lower incidences of parathyroidectomy. Patients from non-metropolitan areas were more likely to undergo parathyroidectomy. Conclusion Parathyroidectomy is underused for symptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism in older adults. Quality improvement efforts, rooted in equitable care, should be undertaken to increase access to parathyroidectomy for this disease.
Sonic ecosystems of loss: Voices of the Rainforest at twenty-five

The twenty-fifth-anniversary edition of Voices of the Rainforest: A Day in the Life of Bosavi invites listeners to traverse Bosavi’s acoustemological “then” and “now”. Some of the material included...
p53 induces a survival transcriptional response after nucleolar stress.

Inhibition of ribosome biogenesis induces nucleolar stress characterized by p53-dependent cell cycle arrest. Here we find that during nucleolar stress p53 activates a transcriptional program involv...
Teacher Education in the United States of America: An Overview of the Policies, Pathways, Issues and Relevant Research

Reforms affecting teacher education have occurred rapidly in the U.S. beginning in the 1990s when policymakers became concerned about U.S. global competitiveness due to pupils’ low scores in international achievement tests. Several official policies have emerged over the years in response to quality concerns. Quality is understood in various ways: in terms of programs’ performance against accreditation criteria and in terms of the knowledge, skills, and dispositions that teachers are expected to have and how these are reflected on their teaching practice, but also as simply represented by pupils’ tests results which are assumed to have a direct correlation with teacher preparation and performance. In this chapter, I review pivotal policies that have influenced teacher education in the last 10 years. After an abridged overview of the system of teacher education in the U.S., I conclude with a review of the major issues affecting the field and discussing implications for future research.
WNT7B Regulates Cholangiocyte Proliferation and Function During Murine Cholestasis.

We previously identified an up-regulation of specific Wnt proteins in the cholangiocyte compartment during cholestatic liver injury and found that mice lacking Wnt secretion from hepatocytes and cholangiocytes showed fewer proliferating cholangiocytes and high mortality in response to a 3,5-diethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydrocollidine (DDC) diet, a murine model of primary sclerosing cholangitis. In vitro studies demonstrated that Wnt7b, one of the Wnts up-regulated during cholestasis, induces proliferation of cholangiocytes in an autocrine manner and increases secretion of proinflammatory cytokines. We hypothesized that loss of Wnt7b may exacerbate some of the complications of cholangiopathies by decreasing the ability of bile ducts to induce repair. Wnt7b-flox mice were bred with Krt19-cre mice to deplete Wnt7b expression in only cholangiocytes (CC) or with albumin-Cre mice to delete Wnt7b expression in both hepatocytes and cholangiocytes (HC + CC). These mice were placed on a DDC diet for 1 month then killed for evaluation. Contrary to our expectations, we found that mice lacking Wnt7b from CC and HC + CC compartments had improved biliary injury, decreased cellular senescence, and lesser bile acid accumulation after DDC exposure compared to controls, along with decreased expression of inflammatory cytokines. Although Wnt7b knockout (KO) resulted in fewer proliferating cholangiocytes, CC and HC + CC KO mice on a DDC diet also had more hepatocytes expressing cholangiocyte markers compared to wild-type mice on a DDC diet, indicating that Wnt7b suppression promotes hepatocyte reprogramming. Conclusion: Wnt7b induces a proproliferative proinflammatory program in cholangiocytes, and its loss is compensated for by conversion of hepatocytes to a biliary phenotype during cholestatic injury.
Comparison of Dimethyl Fumarate vs Fingolimod and Rituximab vs Natalizumab for Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis.

Importance As disease-modifying treatment options for multiple sclerosis increase, comparisons of the options based on real-world evidence may guide clinical decision-making. Objective To compare the relapse outcomes between 2 pairs of disease-modifying treatments: dimethyl fumarate vs fingolimod and natalizumab vs rituximab. Design, setting, and participants This comparative effectiveness study integrated data from a clinic-based multiple sclerosis research registry and its linked electronic health records (EHR) system between January 1, 2006, and December 31, 2016, and built treatment groups for each pairwise disease-modifying treatment comparison according to both registry records and electronic prescriptions. Parallel analyses were conducted from October 11, 2019, to July 7, 2021. Main outcomes and measures The main outcomes were the 1-year and 2-year relapse rates as well as the time to relapse. To compare relapse outcomes, the study adjusted for covariates from 2 sources (registry and EHR) and corrected for confounding biases among the covariates by the doubly robust estimation. Results The study included 4 treatment groups: dimethyl fumarate (n = 260; 198 women [76.2%]; 227 non-Hispanic White individuals [87.3%]; mean [SD] age at diagnosis, 41.7 [10.4] years), fingolimod (n = 267; 190 women [71.2%]; 222 non-Hispanic White individuals [83.1%]; mean [SD] age at diagnosis, 37.9 [9.9] years), natalizumab (n = 204; 160 women [78.4%]; 172 non-Hispanic White individuals [84.3%]; mean [SD] age at diagnosis, 37.2 [10.6] years), and rituximab (n = 115; 83 women [72.2%]; 99 non-Hispanic White individuals [86.1%]; mean [SD] age at diagnosis, 44.1 [11.1] years). No significant differences were found in the relapse outcomes between dimethyl fumarate and fingolimod after correcting for confounding biases and multiple testing (difference in 1-year relapse rate, 0.028 [95% CI, -0.031 to 0.084]; difference in 2-year relapse rate, 0.071 [95% CI, 0.008-0.128]; relative risk of 2-year non-relapse, 0.957 [95% CI, 0.884-1.035] with dimethyl fumarate as reference). When compared with rituximab, natalizumab was associated with a higher relapse rate for all 3 outcomes after bias correction and multiple testing (difference in 1-year relapse rate, 0.080 [95% CI, 0.013-0.137]; difference in 2-year relapse rate, 0.132 [95% CI, 0.043-0.189]; relative risk of 2-year non-relapse, 0.903 [95% CI, 0.822-0.944]). Confounders were identified from EHR data not recorded in the registry data through data-driven feature selection. Conclusions and relevance This study reports real-world evidence of equivalent relapse outcomes between dimethyl fumarate and fingolimod and relapse reduction in favor of rituximab relative to natalizumab. This approach illustrates the value of incorporating EHR data as high-dimensional covariates in real-world treatment comparison.
The Familiar Letter In Early Modern English A Pragmatic Approach

This research monograph examines familiar letters in seventeenth- and eighteenth-century English to provide a pragmatic reading of the meanings that writers make and readers infer. The first part of the book presents a method of analyzing historical texts. The second part seeks to validate this method through case studies that illuminate how modern pragmatic theory may be applied to distant speech communities in both history and culture in order to reveal how speakers understand one another and how they exploit intended and unintended meanings for their own communicative ends. The analysis demonstrates the application of pragmatic theory (including speech act theory, deixis, politeness, implicature, and relevance theory) to the study of historical, literary and fictional letters from extended correspondences, producing an historically informed, richly situated account of the meanings and interpretations of those letters that a close reading affords. This book will be of interest to scholars of the history of the English language, historical pragmatics, discourse analysis, as well as to social and cultural historians, and literary critics.
Making cheese: Archaeology of a 19th century rural industry

The concept of production strategies is employed to analyze the variety of organizational forms and technologies created by 19th century rural cheese makers. Archaeologically recovered data and historic documents are used to reconstruct the sequence of production strategies utilized at the Columbus Center Cheese Factory site in south-central New York State. Information on six changing aspects of plant operation is provided. These include ownership and management, marketing, materials procurement, manufacturing processes, expansion of production, and disposition of by-products.