cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dense two-dimensional integration of optoelectronics and electronics for interconnections

Optics has many features, beyond those already exploited in long-distance fiber communications, that make it interesting for interconnections at short distance, including dense optical interconnections directly to silicon integrated circuit chips. Hybrid technologies, such as solder-bump bonding, have recently been successfully used to attach two-dimensional arrays of optical detectors, emitters, and modulators to silicon electronics. Quantum well modulator or self-electro-optic-effect devices (SEEDS), and vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) have received particularly strong attention as candidates for the necessary arrayed output devices. This article summarizes the research and prospects in these fields.
Electronic spectra of organic molecules and their interpretation—IV : Effect of terminal atoms with lone electron pairs on the K-bands of conjugated systems

Abstract The effect of the hydroxyl, methoxyl, mercapto, methylmercapto, and amino groups as well as of the charged O− and S− atoms (X) at the ends of the conjugated systems (1) and (2) on the position of the corresponding K-bands is discussed. The conclusions of earlier investigations are confirmed. The “effective” electron migration in one direction along the absorbing conjugated system (indicated by the long arrow) determines almost exclusively the stability of the observed excited state. The displacement of a K-band to longer wavelengths on introduction of a terminal group (X) can be due either to an electron shift in the substituted system coinciding with the direction of the effective electron migration of the transition or to an increased electron polarisability of the terminal group itself. A consistent qualitative, but very detailed, theoretical interpretation of these observations is possible by a consideration of the electronic perturbations in the excited state due to Heisenberg resonance, if the molecules are accepted as being built up of localised bonds and involving inductive (inductomeric) electron shifts only.
The detection of antigens in immune complexes.

A procedure is described for the purification of soluble immune complexes (IC) from biologica fluids and for the detection of antibody-bound antigen. A model IC, prepared with various amounts of human serum albumin (HSA) and constant amounts of anti-HSA, gave a 44%, recovery after gel filtration on Sephacryl S-300, affinity chromatography on protein A-Sepharose, and concentration of eluates therefrom before analysis by sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacryl-amide gel electrophoresis. It was calculated that 20 ng of antibody-bound HSA should be detectable when polyacrylamide gets are subjected to a direct radioimmunoassay involving of the use of rabbit anti-HSA. 125I-protein A. and autoradiography. Thus defining the sensitivity of the procedure for detecting IC-bound antigen in a model system. The procedure has direct relevance to the examination of IC of unknown composition present in sera of individuals with various diseases.
Spaces of Work: Global Capitalism and Geographies of Labour – By Noel Castree, Neil Coe, Kevin Ward and Michael Samer.

The article reviews the book "Spaces of Work: Global Capitalism and Geographies of Labour," by Noel Castree, Neil Coe, Kevin Ward and Michael Samer.
The Performance of Homophobia in Early Adolescents' Everyday Speech

ABSTRACT Using written language of early adolescents at a California middle school, this study investigated seventh grade students' perspectives on the frequency of hearing and using homophobic name-calling, reasons such language gets used, and reactions to hearing others use it. Students reported widespread use of homophobic name-calling but disagreed about what it means. Most saw it as innocuous banter or generic insult, but others cast it as gender-identity putdown, LGBT slur, or speech that injures even when LGBT people are not present. Students rarely challenged the name-calling. Analyses suggest that pre- and early-adolescents may benefit from instruction in language and power; in ways homophobic name-calling injures; and in how to be allies and advocates, confronting injurious speech among peers.
Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroacopic Determination of Pipobroman in Tablets

Abstract A simple proton nuclear magnetic resonance (PMR) spectroscopic method was developed for the quantitative determination of pipobroman in commercial tablets. Deuterochloroform was used as the PMR solvent and hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane served as the internal standard. The mean ± SD recovery value of pipobroman from synthetic formulations was 99.3 ± 0.49% of the added amount (n=9), with a coefficient of variation of 0.5%, The mean content of pipobroman in a group of commercial individual tablets was 99.2% by the PMR method and 99.7% by the titrimetric method of USP XX (n=11)
Buyer opportunism in business-to-business exchange

Abstract A phenomenon of significance in buyer–supplier relationships is opportunism. In lieu of the known negative effects of opportunistic behavior on buyer–supplier relationships, the circumstances in which a sourcing professional engages in acts of opportunism are unclear. Combining theories from multiple disciplines, a comprehensive model tested buyer–supplier relationship-specific factors, environmental factors, an individual-difference factor, and situational factors likely to affect a buyer's decision to use opportunistic tactics. Results reveal how these different theories combine to provide a more comprehensive explanation of buyer behavior than existed in prior literature. Using structural equation modeling of a sample of 328 procurement transactions, factors found to affect buyer opportunism included buyer power, corporate ethical values, honesty/integrity, leader opportunism, willful ignorance, and subjective expected utility. This study also provides empirical support for distinguishing between two types of opportunism — strong and weak. The research concludes with implications for theory and practice, limitations, and areas for future research.
Heavy metals in sediments from San Antonio Bay and the northwest Gulf of Mexico

Sediments from San Antonio Bay, the northwest Gulf of Mexico, and the Mississippi River Delta were acid leached and analyzed for Fe, Mn, Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu and Ni by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. In order to account for differences in sediment clay, carbonate, and organic matter content, metal concentrations were normalized to Fe. Significant linear correlations of metals to Fe were obtained for unpolluted sediments and deviations from these “natural” statistical populations were found for areas thought to have metal input caused by man.
Determinants of union election outcomes in the non-hospital health care industry

Our research examines union election activity in the non-hospital health care industry over a 12-year period and shows that unions in this industry consistently win a greater percentage of their elections than their counterparts in either the hospital segment of the industry or other industries. Furthermore, the results indicate that several factors, primarily organizational characteristics, significantly affect the union victory rate.
A time integration algorithm for flexible mechanism dynamics : The DAE α-method

This paper introduces a new family of second-order methods for solving the index-2 differential-algebraic equations (DAEs) of motion for flexible mechanism dynamics. These methods, which extend the α-methods for ODEs of structural dynamics to DAEs, possess numerical dissipation that can be controlled by the user. Convergence and stability analysis is given and verifies that the DAE α-methods introduce no additional oscillations and preserve the stability of the underlying ODE system. Convergence of the Newton iteration, which can be a source of difficulty in solving nonlinear oscillatory systems with large stepsizes, is achieved via a coordinate-split modification to the Newton iteration. Numerical results illustrate the effectiveness of the new methods for simulation of flexible mechanisms.
Méthodes totalisantes dans les représentations de fonctions d'une variable complexe

Dans le developpements ci-apres on considere les classes de fonctions f(z)∈[c], continues dans un domaine K (ouvert, borne, connexe),\(F(R) = \int\limits_c {fdz \in [C][c = c(R)} \) est la frontiere de domaine R(\(\bar R\)⊂K) d'une classe convenable Γ″ d'ensembles, R etant interieur a c], ϕ(z)=DF (derivee convenable D) ∈ (δ); on suppose que F est une totale indefinie de ϕ, appropriee a la derivation D. Le probleme principal aborde est celui du calcul effectif de f (de [c]) a partir de ϕ (de (δ)) correspondant.
How evidence can be used to inform policy: A case study of early childhood evidence-based policy development

Albeit science is clear in its support for early childhood, the developmental outcomes for young children, globally, are poor. It is hypothesized that evidence-based policies may be a potential mediator of the application of science to improve the lives and well-being of young children. However, the question arises — at what stage of policy formulation can evidence be infused into the process? The aim of the present study was to test the applicability of the infusion of evidence into the very initial stages of policy development by using a systematic analytical approach. A policy analysis and review protocol, generated from the early childhood and social policy science literatures, was applied to the early childhood (ECD) policy formulation for Lao PDR. The results of the analysis indicated, that while several certain aspects of ECD are addressed in the country, notable gaps need to be addressed. The analysis resulted in a set of recommendations to inform the subsequent stage of policy development. The application of this analytical methodology to use evidence to inform policy, the advantages, challenges and issues for further consideration are discussed in this paper.
POST-ACCRETION MAGMATISM WITHIN THE KUIU–ETOLIN IGNEOUS BELT, SOUTHEASTERN ALASKA

Petrological and geochronological studies of Tertiary granite and gabbro plutons in southeastern Alaska provide information about the Mid-Miocene post-accretionary magmatic history of the region. The Burnett Inlet Igneous Complex is a 20 Ma bimodal granite–gabbro complex located on Etolin Island and adjacent areas in central southeastern Alaska. It consists of three main members: granite, alkali granite, and a gabbro–diorite unit consisting of intermingled mafic, hybrid and granitic rocks. Mafic magmatic enclaves are ubiquitous in the complex. They occur as isolated inclusions in the silicic plutons and as packed masses in the intermingled zones of the gabbro–diorite unit. The mafic enclaves typically display round and pillow-like shapes, igneous textures, and chilled margins, and thus denote the mingling of mafic and felsic magmas. Petrographic and geochemical features indicate that the complex developed via a combination of fractional crystallization, crystal accumulation and magma mixing. Systematic changes in mineralogy and coherent, curvilinear trends on geochemical diagrams indicate that the mafic and felsic magmas each evolved separately, mainly by crystal accumulation and fractionation. Magma-mixing textures, such as micro-inclusions and quartz xenocrysts in some mafic rocks, suggest mafic–felsic magma mixing and hybridization. However, the compositional and viscosity differences precluded bulk mixing between end-member granite and basalt magmas. Mixing probably involved intermediate magmas, whose smaller differences in composition and viscosity would have permitted hybridization. Both the mafic and felsic units have within-plate geochemical characteristics, indicating that post-accretionary magmatism occurred within an overall extensional tectonic setting. Distributions of apatite fission-track lengths and mineral-cooling curves imply that the magmatic rocks cooled to less than 100°C within 5 million years of emplacement. The complex is interpreted to have initially evolved as a shallow-level silicic magma chamber heated by underplated basaltic magma derived from partial melting of enriched upper mantle. Subsequent invasion of the silicic magma chamber by basaltic intrusions induced an explosive eruption phase, followed by rapid crystallization and cooling of the entire complex.
Recognition and management of childhood cancer syndromes: a systems approach.

Recognition of congenital anomalies that predispose to childhood cancer allows for the institution of a cancer surveillance program, identification of relatives with increased cancer risk, and recurrence risk counseling. In this article, a systems approach to the diagnosis of 21 childhood cancer syndromes is set forth in the format of the pediatric physical examination. In the second part of this article, guidelines are presented for genetic testing, cancer screening, and genetic counseling for the 21 cancer syndromes.
High-accuracy aerial image measurement for electron-beam projection lithography

A direct means of measuring an image blur of electron beam projection lithography (EPL) tools is described. An aerial image sensor used for the image blur measurement was fabricated and evaluated. The signal to noise ratio (SNR) was very high and the signal contrast was 97%. The measured image blur, defined as the distance between 12% and 88% of the beam edge profile, under the optimum condition was 13 nm and the measurement repeatability was 3 nm (e sigma). The measurement error due to the sensor was extremely small, and a quantitative measurement of the image blur can be realized using this technique. The application of this technique to a system calibration is demonstrated. Focus and astigmatism were measured and the optimum settings of focus coils and stigmators were determined with an excellent repeatability. The potential for this technique to provide an automated self-calibration system on the EPL tools is clearly shown.© (2001) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Trachoma Viruses Isolated in the United States. VIII. Separation of TRIG Viruses from Related Agents by Immunofluorescence.

SummaryYolk sacs infected with trachoma, inclusion conjunctivitis, lymphogranuloma venereum, psittacosis 6BC or meningopneumonitis were extracted repeatedly with fluorocarbon. The resulting suspension of elementary bodies contained little egg material. The particles were distinct, and reacted with strain-specific rabbit antisera as measured by indirect fluorescence. The homologous antiserum usually yielded the highest titer; heterologous antisera showed equal, intermediate or no reaction; antisera to normal yolk sac were negative. Psittacosis 6BC and meningopneumonitis could be separated easily from TRIG agents. LGV, an IC isolate, and BOUR, a trachoma isolate, showed much cross-reaction, but BOUR could be differentiated regularly from another trachoma isolate (ASGH).
CYTOMEGALOVIRUS ANTIGEN WITHIN HUMAN ARTERIAL SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS

Arterial tissues from carotid artery plaques or from punch-biopsy samples of uninvolved areas of the aorta were removed from 132 patients with atherosclerosis during blood-vessel surgery. Cells morphologically identical to smooth muscle cells were cultured from 26 to 126 plaque samples and from 6 of 6 punch-biopsy samples. Immunofluorescence tests of these cells showed that more than 25% of the cell cultures from both types of sample contained antigens of human cytomegalovirus (CMV) but not of herpes simplex virus type 1 or type 2. Replicating CMV was not detected by electron microscopy in the antigen-positive cells, suggesting that the artery walls may be a site of CMV latency.
Partial Multimedia Encryption with Different Security Levels

This paper presents three multimedia encryption algorithms base on a new generalized P-gray code (GPGC) to protect the surveillance data in homeland security applications. The GPGC is a k-digital parametric sequence suitable for any base, n. It is also called the (n, k, p)-gray code where p is a parameter that allows the users to change the distance to yield different gray code sequences. The base n and parameter p as security keys have many options to make the encrypted multimedia difficult to decode. This allows the encrypted objects to be protected with high levels of security. The experimental results verify that the presented algorithms are lossless approaches and good at partial multimedia encryption. A method of measuring the percentage of image encryption is introduced and the measure results are also provided to quantify the encryption performance. Experiments demonstrate that the algorithms show good performance for the common attacks. Due to the low complexity of the algorithms, they are also suitable for real-time applications. The principles behind the presented solutions may be applied to various image, audio, and video systems.
STUDIES OF SPHENOPHYLLUM SHOOTS: SPECIES DELIMITATION WITHIN THE TAXON SPHENOPHYLLUM

Structurally preserved ultimate vegetative shoots and attached foliage of Sphenophyllum multirame and two additional taxa from Upper and Middle Pennsylvanian coal balls are described. Shoot axes of all taxa are delimited by small cube-shaped epidermal cells and contain three isolated strands of protoxylem tracheids separated by undifferentiated procambial cells. Metaxylem maturation is delayed for some distance below the apical meristem. Branches originate from a single protoxylem strand and are contiguous with the subjacent leaf trace for a short distance. Sphenophyllum multirame is considered a valid taxon. It is suggested that shoot and foliar anatomical characteristics may form valid criteria for species delimitation within the genus, and S. reedae is delimited by such characteristics. An additional form is tentatively suggested as a possible new species. Anatomical similarities between S. reedae and Peltastrobus reedae suggest that these taxa represent vegetative and reproductive structures of
Orientations of the retinyl and the heme chromophores in the brown membrane of Halobacterium halobium.

Abstract The orientations of the retinyl and heme chromophores of bacteriorhodopsin and cytochrome b -561 of the brown membrane of Halobacterium halobium have been determined by linear dichroic spectroscopy of oriented brown membrane films. Both chromophores exhibit cylindrical symmetry with respect to the membrane normal. However, the retinyl transition dipole moment is polarized at an angle of 20 to 24 ° with respect to the plane of the membrane while the plane of the heme is oriented nearly perpendicular to the membrane plane. Therefore, the orientation of retinal bound to bacterio-opsin in the brown membrane is approximately the same as in the purple membrane. This is supportive of our previous conclusions that the fine structures of the bacteriorhodopsins of these membranes are very similar in spite of differences in the composition and structure of the two membranes. The orientation of the heme plane of the membrane-bound cytochrome b -561 is very similar to orientations of several membrane-bound heme proteins that are involved in electron transfer processes and may be suggestive of its function in the brown membrane. Analysis of the linear dichroic spectrum over the entire bacteriorhodopsin band using an exciton formalism is in accord with the energy separation of the in-plane and out-of-plane excitonic transitions being less than 5 nm. Since a similar energy separation was reported for the purple membrane, the relative positions of the retinals must be approximately the same in both membranes. A similar analysis of the Soret region, based on the existence of two degenerate mutually perpendicular porphyrin transitions, indicates that the energy separation should be from 5 to 20 nm. However, the smaller value is unlikely for it would imply very large circular dichroic bands not yet encountered in any heme proteins.
Biceps Tenodesis How Low Do You Go? A Comparison of Location Between Arthroscopic Suprapectoral and Open Subpectoral Techniques

Objectives: Long head biceps (LHB) tenodesis can be performed open or arthroscopically and can be positioned in a suprapectoral or subpectoral position. Suprapectoral tenodesis is easier to accomplish arthroscopically, whereas the subpectoral tenodesis is performed as an open procedure with a longitudinal skin incision at the lower border of the pectoralis major muscle. Numerous studies have investigated these tenodesis techniques, comparing them to tenotomy, and comparing fixation methods between techniques, however, no study has compared the actual postoperative clinical location of suprapectoral and subpectoral LHB tenodesis. The goal of this study is to compare the radiographic location of clinically-performed arthroscopic suprapectoral and open subpectoral biceps tenodesis.
A scaling study of a combined microcombustor and heat engine system

A general heat engine model is developed for determining the scaling characteristics of small combustion-driven energy systems. The model is composed of a Carnot heat engine and a combustor operating at a specified temperature dictated by the thermodynamic maximum power point. Considerations have been made for thermal conduction losses to the surroundings and heat recovery from the exhaust stream of the combustor. Modelling of the conduction heat loss is necessary due to the increased importance of this effect upon a reduction in size. This model is used to determine the ideal system efficiency as a function of characteristic length. This length is then varied from mesoscale dimensions to the microscale with the overall system efficiency being determined at each point. The scaling study provides a sense for the ultimate size limitations imposed on combustion-driven engines due to thermal loss mechanisms to the surroundings. Although a high degree of idealization is employed, this analysis shows that submillimetre engine/combustor systems appear impractical, but characteristic sizes in the range of a few millimetres are feasible, at least in regards to the thermal loss mechanisms. This study also shows that systems having a conduction parameter greater than approximately 0.5 do not benefit significantly from heat exchanger NTU values greater than 3 due to the diminishing benefits of heat recovery with larger conduction losses.
The Crime Drop in America: an Exploration of Some Recent Crime Trends

Between 1993 and 2000 the United States experienced a sharp decline of over 40% in murder and robbery rates. There has been much speculation about the factors that contributed to that decline. In this paper, we examine the effects of incarceration, changing demographic composition, policing and control of guns, and the changing nature of markets selling crack cocaine. We find two major factors contributing to the drop. The first and major effect was the undoing of the rapid rise in violence between 1985 and 1993, a rise that was attributable largely to the recruitment of young people into the crack markets as replacements for those sent to prison. That entire rise was attributable to young people with handguns. Between 1993 and 2000, there was a significant drop in the demand for crack by new users, and so the young people were no longer needed, but they could be absorbed in the robust economy. The second factor that contributed to the decline was a continuation of the reduction in violence by people aged...
Role of microtubules in the contractile dysfunction of hypertrophied myocardium.

OBJECTIVES: We sought to determine whether the ameliorative effects of microtubule depolymerization on cellular contractile dysfunction in pressure overload cardiac hypertrophy apply at the tissue level. BACKGROUND: A selective and persistent increase in microtubule density causes decreased contractile function of cardiocytes from cats with hypertrophy produced by chronic right ventricular (RV) pressure overloading. Microtubule depolymerization by colchicine normalizes contractility in these isolated cardiocytes. However, whether these changes in cellular function might contribute to changes in function at the more highly integrated and complex cardiac tissue level was unknown. METHODS: Accordingly, RV papillary muscles were isolated from 25 cats with RV pressure overload hypertrophy induced by pulmonary artery banding (PAB) for 4 weeks and 25 control cats. Contractile state was measured using physiologically sequenced contractions before and 90 min after treatment with 10(-5) mol/liter colchicine. RESULTS: The PAB significantly increased RV systolic pressure and the RV weight/body weight ratio in PAB; it significantly decreased developed tension from 59+/-3 mN/mm2 in control to 25+/-4 mN/mm2 in PAB, shortening extent from 0.21+/-0.01 muscle lengths (ML) in control to 0.12+/-0.01 ML in PAB, and shortening rate from 1.12+/-0.07 ML/s in control to 0.55+/-0.03 ML/s in PAB. Indirect immunofluorescence confocal microscopy showed that PAB muscles had a selective increase in microtubule density and that colchicine caused complete microtubule depolymerization in both control and PAB papillary muscles. Microtubule depolymerization normalized myocardial contractility in papillary muscles of PAB cats but did not alter contractility in control muscles. CONCLUSIONS: Excess microtubule density, therefore, is equally important to both cellular and to myocardial contractile dysfunction caused by chronic, severe pressure-overload cardiac hypertrophy.
STYLE: Project Overview

The purpose of this paper is to introduce a new EUROATOM project focusing on the structural integrity assessment of reactor coolant pressure boundary components (RCPB) relevant to ageing and life time management. The project started in January 2010 and will last 4 years. The project is coordinated by AREVA NP GmbH with 20 partner organizations from Europe, one collaborator from USA and one collaborator from Russia: AEKI, Hungary; AREVA NP GmbH, Germany (coordination, WP2 leader) ; AREVA NP SAS, France; Bay Zoltan, Hungary; British Energy Generation Ltd., UK (WP7 leader) ; CEA, France (WP1 leader) ; EDF, France; IdS, France; INR, Romania; IWM, Germany; JRC, Netherlands (WP4 leader) ; NRI, Czech Republik; NRG, Netherlands; SCK-CEN, Belgium; Serco Assurance Technical Services, UK (WP3 and WP5 leader) ; University of Bristol, UK; University of Manchester, UK; Technatom, Spain; Vattenfall, Sweden (WP6 leader) ; VTT, Finland. Within STYLE (S tructural int egrity for l ifetime manageme nt – non-RPV components) realistic failure models for some of the key components will be identified. The range of assessment tools considered will include those for assessment of component failure by advanced fracture mechanics analyses validated on small and large scale experiments, quantification of weld residual stresses by numerical analysis and by measurements, stress corrosion crack initiation/ growth effects and assessment of RCPB components (excluding the reactor pressure vessel) under dynamic and seismic loading. Based on theoretical and experimental results, performance assessment and further development of simplified engineering assessment methods (EAM) will be carried out considering both deterministic and probabilistic approaches. Integrity assessment case studies and large scale demonstration experiments will be performed on Mock-ups of safety-relevant components. These will include a repair weld in an aged butt-welded austenitic pipe, a dissimilar narrow gap TIG weld (following the EPR design) and a cladded ferritic pipe. Moreover experiments on specimens and feature test pieces will be carried out to support the large scale Mock-up analyses. The end product of the project (“STYLE TOOLS”) will comprise best practice guidelines on the use of advanced tools, on improvement and qualification of EAM as a part of European Leak-before-break (LBB) procedures and on life time management of the integrity of RCPB components in European nuclear power plants. The project will interact with the European Network of Excellence NULIFE.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Finding Complex Cycles through a Set of Nodes

A cycle could support a SONET ring, a reliable multicast, a multipoint to multipoint traffic request, or service as a dependable connection, backup paths for requested number of pairwise connection or be used as a p-cycle. In this paper we develop a novel and efficient heuristic to find a cycle in a mesh network that includes a specified set of nodes. We allow links to be used only once in a cycle whereas a node may appear multiple times. This cycle, called a non-simple cycle, reduces the total number of links required to form the cycle. The simulation results show that the proposed heuristic outperforms other cycle finding heuristic algorithms like Optimized Collapsed Ring (OCR) and Enumeration in terms of percent blocking.
Nervous System Effects of Antituberculosis Therapy

Nervous system toxicity with current antituberculosis pharmacotherapy is relatively uncommon, although the frequency of the usage of antituberculosis therapy requires that physicians be aware of such toxicity. Antituberculosis therapy manifests both central and peripheral nervous system effects, which may compromise patient compliance. Among the traditional forms of first-line antituberculosis therapy, isoniazid is most often associated with nervous system effects, most prominently peripheral neuropathy, psychosis and seizures. Adverse events are reported with other antituberculosis therapies, the most prominent being optic neuropathy with ethambutol and ototoxicity and neuromuscular blockade with aminoglycosides. The second-line agent with the most adverse effects is cycloserine, with psychosis and seizures, the psychosis in particular limiting its usage. Fluoroquinolones are rare causes of seizures and delirium. Newer forms of therapy are under development, but to date no significant neurotoxicity is documented with these agents. Future needs include the development of surveillance mechanisms to increase recognition of nervous system toxicities. It is also hoped that the development of new pharmacogenomic assays will help with the identification of patients at risk for these toxicities.
Seasonal regulation of primary production in eastern boundary upwelling systems

Abstract The regulation of seasonal satellite-derived primary production (PP) was investigated within a 150 km coastal box in four eastern boundary upwelling systems (EBUS): California, Peru, Northwest Africa and Benguela. The following regulating factors were considered: (1) wind-driven nitrate supply; (2) iron supply inferred from proxies (shelf mud belt width, modeled atmospheric iron deposition, river discharge); (3) temperature; (4) light and (5) physical export consisting of offshore export, eddy-driven and wind-driven subduction. The ratio of potential new production (carbon-equivalent of nitrate supply) to primary production, termed the N-ratio, is shown to be an indicator of PP limitation by nitrate supply (low N-ratios) vs. inhibition by other factors (high N-ratios). The factors regulating PP were assessed by analyzing the N-ratios and computing spatial correlations between PP and each factor each month. The regulation of primary production was found to vary spatially, seasonally and from one EBUS to another. Macronutrient supply is shown to be the dominant regulating factor off Northwest Africa and during some seasons and locations in other systems. Light regulation within the mixed layer occurs in all EBUS in winter but may only inhibit PP (high N-ratios) off Peru and Benguela. Evidence for iron limitation was found in each EBUS (except Northwest Africa) at varying levels and was greatest off Peru during austral winter when iron demand by phytoplankton increases due to low light levels. Rapid offshore advection combined with wind-driven and/or eddy-driven subduction may inhibit PP off California. A simple generalization regarding the regulation of primary production in EBUS is not forthcoming.
A system of dipole magnets for 180° electron scattering

Abstract The design and performance of a four-magnet system for the measurement of 180° scattering of electrons with energies up to 450 MeV is described. Two of the magnets are moved perpendicular to the incident beam direction during an experiment. The post-target beam is directed along the same line as the incident beam, and a constant solid angle for backscattering is maintained regardless of the inelasticity of the collision suffered by the electron. The system is used in conjunction with a dispersion-matching transport system and a large spectrometer set at a fixed angle of 160°. Measured resolutions of less than 3 × 10 −4 have been obtained.
Targeted radiofrequency ablation (t-RFA) prior to cement augmentation of symptomatic malignant spine lesions: clinical evaluation

Purpose: We are reporting early clinical outcome of t-RFA followed by cement augmentation in painful malignant lesions of the spine using a novel bipolar RF ablation system, purpose built for minimally invasive procedures in the axial skeleton. Materials and Methods: 51 spinal lytic lesions in 34 patients with different malignant etiologies were included after IRB approval. Primary diagnosis includes; myeloma (n1⁄411), breast cancer (n1⁄49), lung cancer (n1⁄46), lymphomas (n1⁄45) and pancreatic (n1⁄41), renal (n1⁄41) and neuroendocrine tumor (n-1). The STAR Tumor Ablation System is a bipolar device that contain two thermocouples (TC) positioned at 10 and 20 mm from center of the ablation zone to permit real-time monitoring of the ablation zone. RF warmed cement augmentation via the same guiding cannula was performed after lesion ablation. Results: All procedures were performed safely with no complications or thermal injury. Ablation time ranged from 1.5-6 minutes. Maximum recorded temperature was 651C at the distal TC and 501C at the proximal TC (10 and 20 mm from the center of the ablation zone, respectively). TCs on the electrode were used to confirm re-establishment of core temperature prior to cement augmentation. Post procedure CT showed no significant cement leakage. Average VAS scores dropped from 7.8 pre-procedure to 3.6, 2-4 weeks post-procedure. Average ODQ scores improved from 26.5 to 15.7, 2-4 weeks postprocedure. Decreased tumor volume and decreased metabolic activity was confirmed by MRI and PET scan, respectively. Conclusion: Targeted RF Ablation followed by RF warmed high viscosity cement augmentation was performed successfully in this series of malignant spinal lesions. Improvement in pain and functional status was noted in all patients. The articulating ability of the STAR Tumor Ablation System permitted minimally invasive access to all lesions, regardless of location. Proximal and distal TCs allowed accurate monitoring of the temperature inside the vertebral body to avoid complications of nearby vital structures. Targeted delivery of high viscosity cement following ablation via the same guiding cannula provided vertebral stability.
Cosmic Rays and the Magnetic Moment of the Sun

IT is generally assumed that the constant intensity of cosmic radiation at sea-level beyond a certain latitude is accounted for by the clocking effect of the atmosphere, which absorbs all particles of energy below the limit of that latitude resulting from the action of the earth's magnetic field. An important consequence of this assumption is that the latitude at which the intensity becomes constant should be displaced towards the geomagnetic poles as the altitude above sea-level increases, since then the thickness of the absorbing air layer decreases and therefore also the energy absorbed. Compton's mountain experiments1 already throw doubt on the existence of this displacement, and this doubt is strengthened by Cosyns's stratospheric measurements2 which, while admittedly inconclusive, indicate that the intensity remains constant north of 49° even at the highest altitudes reached.
Unusual echocardiographic manifestation of pericardial effusion

Echocardiographic and sector scanning examinations were performed in a patient with pericardial effusion. In addition to the demonstration of fluid posterior to the left ventricle and anterior to the right ventricle, as in most significant pericardial effusions, there was an echo-free space representing fluid recorded posterior to the left atrium. Several possible explanations of this finding are offered.
Surface-structural analysis by use of spin-polarized low-energy electron diffraction: An investigation of the Cu(100) surface

A detailed theoretical and experimental study of the Cu(100) surface using spin-polarized low-energy electron diffraction (SPLEED) is reported. An R-factor analysis of the present SPLEED data for the 10, 20, and 11\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{} beams provides evidence of multilayer relaxation in Cu(100), and suggests that the first and second interlayer spacings deviate by -1.2% and +0.9%, respectively, from the bulk value. The present structural conclusions are in accord with those deduced in earlier LEED I-V studies, and suggest that combined measurements of spin-asymmetry and intensity profiles should provide an improved basis for structure determinations on surfaces of greater complexity.
School refusal: Family constellation and family functioning

Abstract One hundred thirty-four families of children with school refusal were evaluated with the Family Assessment Measure (FAM). The families were divided into seven types based on adults in the home. Single-parent families were overrepresented in this sample compared to the general population. Comparisons were made between the two largest family types: mother-only families, in which the mothers were separated, divorced, or widowed (n = 40), and families with two biological parents (n = 61). Mothers of school refusers in these single-parent families reported significantly more family problems on the FAM compared with mothers living with the children's fathers. The two areas of family problems identified in the single-parent families were role performance and communication. Children in both groups reported normal family functioning on the FAM. Fathers of school refusers, compared to mothers, reported more symptoms of somatization, depression, and phobic anxiety on the Symptom Checklist-90-Revised.
How to choose an effective third party logistics provider

The purpose of this article was to identify the steps that need to be taken when choosing an effective third party logistics provider. Based on the research completed, it was determined that third party logistics are beneficial to many companies. The use of third party logistics provides a competitive advantage in today’s business world. The optimal solution for a company choosing a third party logistic provider would be a five‐step process.
Electronic Media and Beverage Intake Among United States High School Students—2010

Objective: To describe electronic media exposure and its associations with beverage intake among United States high school students. Methods: School-based survey data from a nationally representative sample of 9th- through 12th-grade students from the National Youth Physical Activity and Nutrition Study were analyzed using chi-square and multivariate logistic analyses. Results: Onanaverageschoolday,23.5%ofstudentsusedacomputerorplayedvideo/computergames$ 3 h/d, 28.3% watched television (TV) $ 3 h/d, 79.9% had $ 3 TVs in the home, 70.2% had a TV in their bedroom, and 41.0% most of the time or always had a TV on while eating dinner at home. Students with highmediaexposure weremorelikely to drink sugar-sweetened beverages$3times per day andless likely to drink water $ 3 times per day and drink $ 2 glasses of milk per day. Conclusions and Implications: Efforts to reduce sugar-sweetened beverage intake among adolescents may include limiting exposure to electronic media.
Testing a thermal-stress origin of fractures in a pluton

Abstract Several factors suggest that mineralized joints in the Lake Edison Granodiorite of the Sierra Nevada formed as the pluton cooled. Biotites and hornblendes in the granodiorite yield radiometric ages of ∼80 m.y. and ∼85 m.y., respectively, whereas minerals in fault zones that developed from the joints are dated at 79 m.y. The age of the joints thus is consistent with cooling of the pluton. Mineral fillings in the joints consist principally of epidote and chlorite, an assemblage consistent with the joints having formed as the pluton cooled. The joints approach the boundary of the elongate pluton at nearly right angles. The joints usually terminate at or near the pluton boundary rather than extending well into an older adjacent pluton. Thermoelastic stress analyses suggest conductive cooling of the pluton could have caused the observed joint patterns and the strains accommodated by joints. If joints in plutons characteristically form as a result of thermal stresses during cooling, then the large-scale pattern of joints should be predictable based on pluton geometry. Practical applications of this work with regard to large-scale fluid flow in the crust include petroleum recovery and nuclear waste repository siting.
Excitonic gain and laser emission in ZnSe-based quantum wells.

We show spectroscopically that the origin of optical gain and laser emission in (Zn,Cd)Se/ZnSe quantum wells at blue-green wavelengths is of excitonic nature. This circumstance derives from the large enhancement in the exciton binding and its oscillator strength which occurs in the quasi-2D case, so that an exciton gas is stable against ionization by optical phonons up to room temperature and that gain in the context of partial phase-space filling can develop at pair densities below the onset to an electron-hole plasma.
Thermal Stresses due to a Laser Pulse: Elastic Solution

The thermal stress field in an elastic half-space due to a single pulse from a laser is derived for the general case of a mixed-mode structure beam. The mode structure models the output from a cylindrical laser resonator and thus defines a radially symmetric intensity distribution about the beam axis. The functional form of the temporal pulse profile is quite general in that it models the temporal pulse shapes emitted by a laser that is either internally pulsed through radio frequency modulation of its power supply, Q-switched, or mode locked. It also models a continuous beam that is mechanically chopped through external means.
Euro Area Monetary Policy in Uncharted Waters

European economies are in the most severe and protracted economic and financial crisis in many decades. The crisis, which originated in the global financial sector, has spread to economic activity and resulted in significant output declines and growing unemployment. To contain the crisis, and to put the economy on a sustained recovery path, policy makers have used a combination of fiscal, financial sector, and monetary policy measures.
Combination therapy of Schistosoma japonicum by tubercidin and nitrobenzylthioinosine 5'-monophosphate.

Coadministration of nitrobenzylthioinosine 5'-monophosphate (NBMPR-P) with high doses of tubercidin by i.p. injection into Schistosoma japonicum infected mice beginning 5 weeks post-infection was highly toxic to the parasite but not the hose. Combination therapy resulted in a striking reduction in the number of worms, and the few worms that could be found were stunted. Combination therapy also caused a drastic reduction in the number of eggs in the livers (from 86,500 to 2,800 eggs/liver) and intestines (from 2,200 to 74 eggs/cm2), and 95% of eggs that were found were dead, indicating the termination of oviposition. Mice receiving the combination of tubercidin plus NBMPR-P appeared healthy and had normal size livers and spleens. These results demonstrate that by combining NBMPR-P with tubercidin high selective toxicity against S. japonicum can be achieved, as was shown previously with S. mansoni.
Association between condom use at sexual debut and subsequent sexual trajectories: A Longitudinal Study using biomarkers

Objectives. We compared subsequent sexual behaviors and risk of sexually transmitted infections among adolescents who did and did not use a condom at their sexual debut.Methods. We derived data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, which followed a sample of 4018 sexually active adolescents between 1994 and 2002. During waves I, II, and III of the study, data on sexual behavior were gathered, and at wave III urine specimens were collected to test for sexually transmitted infections.Results. Among interviewed adolescents, those who reported condom use at their debut were more likely than those who did not use condoms at their debut to report condom use at their most recent intercourse (on average 6.8 years after sexual debut), and they were only half as likely to test positive for chlamydia or gonorrhea (adjusted odds ratio=0.50; 95% confidence interval=0.26, 0.95). Reported lifetime numbers of sexual partners did not differ between the 2 groups.Conclusions. Adolescents who use condoms...
The Buffalo System: an example of remediation as a method of social control.

Abstract This paper has two foci: an ethnographic description of the‘Buffalo System’and a discussion of socializing practices that are aimed at preventing unrepairable and stigmatizing failure. The‘Buffalo System’is a method of socialization and social control which was used in the process of training residents in the obstetric and gynaecological department of a university teaching hospital. An ethnographic account of the system is presented. The main features of the system that are described include the method of reporting‘outstanding surgical activity above, below and lateral to the call of duty’(Buffalo Chips), the nature of monetary fines for these‘feats of negativity’(Buffalo Bills), and the hierarchy which controls the symbolic and behavioural components of the system (Buffalo Chiefs). The role and mechanisms of peer review and the impact of failure and humour are also discussed. The paper attempts to show how a socialization system can operate which does not confer the stigmatizing label of‘failure’on the seemingly failed, but rather transforms them into 'successful’before their failure becomes unrepairable and stigmatizing. The Buffalo System is unique in that it capitalizes on failure and encourages the discovery of failure as a technique for training residents to deal with the possibility of their own and others’failure at medical tasks.
On the new analytical solution for a well in Cartesian coordinates with MODFLOW comparisons.

In this paper, the comparison process of Batu (2012) generalized three-dimensional well hydraulics solution for confined aquifers in Cartesian coordinates with MODFLOW is presented. First, a brief description of Batu (2012) solution along with the governing equations and some of its key features are described. The final average drawdown expression in an observation well is given with the conversion expressions from Cartesian to radial coordinates. A generalized comparison using Batu (2012), Hantush (1964), and MODFLOW (Harbaugh et al. 2000), for vertical wells in horizontally isotropic aquifers, that is, ayx =Ky/Kx = 1, is presented. Comparisons are also presented with Batu (2012) and MODFLOW for horizontally anisotropic aquifers, that is, ayx � 1. After that comparisons are presented for horizontal wells between Batu (2012) and MODFLOW.