cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fuzzy control of postural stability under external perturbation

Abstract A combination of linear quadratic regulator (LQR) and fuzzy logic controller (FLC) is implemented to control a 4-segment human model under external perturbations. The model contains the major nonlinear dynamics of the physiological system and the time delays in the sensory feedback pathways. Two nonlinear springs with damping are used to simulate the foot-ground interaction. The model is free to float off ground with either toe up or heel up in responding to a perturbation. The LQR is constructed for full state feedback control and fine tuning of the equilibrium. The FLC is designed to regulate the postural stability based on the center of mass (CoM) location. The combination of LQR and FLC makes the design of both controllers much easier and the result is superior to either alone.
Random perturbation theory and quantum chaos

The Floquet Hamiltonian of a time-periodic rank one perturbation of a discrete quantum system has a pure point spectrum for a.e. value of the coupling constant.
Psychometric testing of the healthy eating and physical activity self-efficacy questionnaire and the healthy eating and physical activity behavior recall questionnaire for children.

Purpose The purpose of this study was to develop and assess the psychometric properties for two related questionnaires: the Healthy Eating and Physical Activity Self-Efficacy Questionnaire for Children (HEPASEQ-C) and the Healthy Eating and Physical Activity Behavior Recall Questionnaire for Children (HEPABRQ-C). Design and methods HEPASEQ-C and HEPABRQ-C were administered to 517 participating children with 492 completing. Data were analyzed to evaluate for reliability and validity of the questionnaires. Results Content validity was established through a 10-person expert panel. For the HEPASEQ-C, item content validity index (CVI) ranged from 0.80 to 1.00. The CVI for the total questionnaire was 1.0. All HEPASEQ-C items loaded on a single factor. Cronbach's alpha was deemed acceptable (.749). For the HEPABRQ-C, item CVI ranged from 0.88 to 1.00. CVI for the total questionnaire was 1.0. Pearson product moment correlation between HEPASEQ-C and HEPABRQ-C scores was significant (r = .501, p = .000). Practice implications The HEPASEQ-C and HEPABRQ-C are easily administered and provide helpful insights into children's self-efficacy and behavior recall. They are easy to use and applicable for upper elementary school settings, in clinical settings for individual patients, and in health promotion settings.
Use of Structure-Activity Relationships in the Study of Adenosine Receptors

The study of structure-activity correlations uses information about the chemical attributes and biological activities of ligands to draw indirect inferences about the structure of a receptor and the physical forces that govern the receptor-ligand interaction. Knowledge of this kind can guide the design of artifical ligands, drugs that preserve the essential features of a natural ligand for receptor recognition and activation (or inhibition) at some advantage over the natural ligand, such as lower cost, greater selectivity, or better stability.
Direct costing und Deckungsbeitrag

Die in den vorhergehenden Kapiteln erlauterte Gemeinkostenzuschlagsrate verbindet alle Produktionskosten, fixe und proportionale, in einer Gesamtrate. Wenn diese Rate ermittelt wird, mus man sich fur eine Kapazitats-, Beschaftigungs- oder Aktivitatssituation entscheiden, auf Grund derer alle Kosten uber einen gewissen Zeitraum, allgemein als die Normalkapazitat bekannt, gedeckt werden. Diese Art der Kostenrechnung wird als Absorptions-, Voll- oder konventionelle Kostenrechnung bezeichnet. Am Monats- oder Jahresende werden die Unterschiede zwischen den Ist- und den zugeschlagenen Gemeinkosten als Uber- oder Unterdeckung betrachtet. Werden diese Unterschiede den Einheitskosten zugeschlagen, dann entstehen die oft schwer zu erklarenden Schwankungen in den Einheitskosten der Produkte. Mit dem wachsenden Einflus der fixen Kosten auf die Produktionskosten, die Bestandswerte und den Reingewinn wurden die Gemeinkosten in ihre fixen und proportionalen Elemente aufgeteilt. Diese Aufteilung erlaubt es dem Management, in der sogenannten Verantwortungsrechnung die Kostenverantwortung auf jene Personen zu ubertragen, die die Kosten verursachten. Jedoch besteht die Gemeinkostenzuschlagsrate immer noch aus einer Bindung der beiden Kostenelemente.
PhD Forum: Deep Learning and Probabilistic Models Applied to Sequential Data

Energy and water related problems are becoming more relevant due to their huge impact on our environment. The limited availability of resources necessitates the development of machine learning prediction models that can help in predicting demand and consumption of these resources. We follow a data-driven approach that takes advantage of the data collected about the demand and usage of these resources. Our prediction models help in the decision making processes involved in the management of these resources. Our research focuses on developing deep learning and probabilistic models for sequential data generation and prediction. More specifically, we are focusing in water quality and availability prediction and in the energy disaggregation problem. In the following paragraphs we describe the problems, methods, data sets and some of the results of these ongoing projects. The models applied to these two problems can be extended to other smart living problem such as water demand and distribution, traffic prediction, and transportation demand.
Patient Experience After Cardiac Surgery: Identifying Areas for Improvement.

Background The Hospital Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems (HCAHPS) is a publicly reported survey of patient experience with in-hospital care. We reviewed institutional HCAHPS survey data to assess our patients’ experiences after cardiac surgery and to identify targets for practice improvement. Methods We reviewed data from patients undergoing the most common cardiac operations, with dismissal from October 1, 2012 to September 30, 2015. We used top-box methodology to combine survey results into nine domains, including the global (composite) hospital rating, dichotomized as high versus low. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the independent associations of variables with low global ratings. Key driver analysis using domain means and Spearman correlation between the global rating and the eight other domains identified targets for quality improvement. Results Among 1,315 surveyed patients a low global hospital rating was independently associated with low perceived overall health (fair or poor vs excellent; odds ratio [OR], 5.4; p = 0.001), younger age (18 to 59 vs ≥70 years; OR, 1.6; p = 0.048), prolonged length of stay (OR, 1.6; p = 0.02), and robotic mitral valve (MV) repair (robotic vs open repair; OR, 2.4; p = 0.045). Patients undergoing transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) reported global ratings similar to that of patients with open aortic valve operations (OR, 0.9; p = 0.64). Key drivers of patient experience were care transitions and communication regarding medications. Conclusions The primary targets of improvement for our institution are care transitions and communications regarding medications. The less-invasive procedures (robotic MV repair, TAVR) were not independently associated with higher patient-experience scores.
Subvalvular Pulmonic Stenosis

Isolated subvalvular stenosis is exceedingly rare, accounting for less than 0.5% of congenital heart disease requiring surgical intervention.
Imaging in Patellofemoral Pain

Anatomic function of the patellofemoral compartment requires congruency and synergy of its osseous and soft tissue components. At different degrees of flexion, various components provide the main stabilizing force protecting against lateral patellar maltracking. Knowing the anatomy allows for a better understanding of patterns of injury seen on imaging (e.g., lateral trochlear bone contusion seen with transient lateral patellar dislocations). Anatomic variants can predispose to particular pathologies and outcomes, and some of these variants can be associated with pain (e.g., trochlear dysplasia), while others are typically not (e.g., bipartite patella).
Drp1/Fis1 interaction mediates mitochondrial dysfunction in septic cardiomyopathy

Abstract Mitochondrial dysfunction is a key contributor to septic cardiomyopathy. Although recent literature implicates dynamin related protein 1 (Drp1) and its mitochondrial adaptor fission 1 (Fis1) in the development of pathologic fission and mitochondrial failure in neurodegenerative disease, little is known about the role of Drp1/Fis1 interaction in the context of sepsis-induced cardiomyopathy. Our study tests the hypothesis that Drp1/Fis1 interaction is a major driver of sepsis-mediated pathologic fission, leading to mitochondrial dysfunction in the heart. Methods H9C2 cardiomyocytes were treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to evaluate changes in mitochondrial membrane potential, oxidative stress, cellular respiration, and mitochondrial morphology. Balb/c mice were treated with LPS, cardiac function was measured by echocardiogaphy, and mitochondrial morphology determined by electron microscopy (EM). Drp1/Fis1 interaction was inhibited by P110 to determine whether limiting mitochondrial fission can reduce LPS-induced oxidative stress and cardiac dysfunction. Results LPS-treated H9C2 cardiomyocytes demonstrated a decrease in mitochondrial respiration followed by an increase in mitochondrial oxidative stress and a reduction in membrane potential. Inhibition of Drp1/Fis1 interaction with P110 attenuated LPS-mediated cellular oxidative stress and preserved membrane potential. In vivo, cardiac dysfunction in LPS-treated mice was associated with increased mitochondrial fragmentation. Treatment with P110 reduced cardiac mitochondrial fragmentation, prevented decline in cardiac function, and reduced mortality. Conclusions Sepsis decreases cardiac mitochondrial respiration and membrane potential while increasing oxidative stress and inducing pathologic fission. Treatment with P110 was protective in both in vitro and in vivo models of septic cardiomyopathy, suggesting a key role of Drp1/Fis1 interaction, and a potential target to reduce its morbidity and mortality.
Microfinance institutions, financial intermediation and the role of deposits

Microfinance institutions (MFIs), widely regarded as bankers to the poor, have extended their financial functions beyond lending to managing deposits. We empirically examine the influence of MFI deposit‐taking on MFI financial performance. Using data of 1,301 MFIs worldwide, we find that an MFI's deposit level is an important determinant of its financial viability. However, the relationship is influenced by MFIs’ institutional type (for‐profit or nonprofit) and the legal environment (common law or civil law). The results suggest that the positive financial impact of deposits has not been fully realised, reflecting the need to further improve cost management and revenue generation.
What are the main challenges to the pharmacological management of cystinuria

Cystinuria is a rare urologic condition affecting approximately 0.1% of incident stone formers and accounting for 1–2% of urolithiasis cases requiring surgical care [1,2]. The disease is characteri...
Towards A Generic In Vivo In Situ Camera Lens Cleaning Module for Laparoscopic Surgery

This paper proposes a generic cleaning module to address lens fogging and soiling problems for insertable robotic cameras in laparoscopic surgery. The proposed lens cleaning module features minimal intraoperative interruption for surgeons to maintain clear visual field. The technical challenges for developing such a compact modular design involve confining the wiping mechanism within small space, yet delivering sufficient energy for the lens cleaning task. Inspired by thermo-activated phase transformation of shape memory alloy, we develop an effective mesoscale actuation mechanism to overcome the design challenges. A prototype is designed and manufactured for performance evaluation. The design effectiveness was verified by experiments.
Alongshore correspondence of beach users and rip channels at Pensacola Beach, Florida

The potential for rescues and drownings is dependent on the spatial and tem- poral correspondence of an active rip current with the distribution of vulnerable beach users. This short communication examines the alongshore correspondence among the (1) exit locations of the walkovers, (2) the spatial and temporal distribution of beachgoers, and (3) the position of semipermanent accretion rips at Pensacola Beach, Florida. Results suggest that the alongshore distribution of beach users on the beach and in the water corresponds to the location of beach access points, which during this period of time sit directly landward of the three rip channels visible in the camera frame during the busy summer season of 2010. Assuming that the majority of beach users are unable to identify a rip current and avoid the hazard, the selection of swimming locations based on conve- nience suggests that beach safety efforts need to focus on guiding beach users to relatively safe locations away from rip current activity.
Target recovery process optimization to improve image based overlay performance for critical recording head manufacturing processes

Overlay and alignment target recovery process is often required in recording head fabrication where targets are covered by opaque materials. In this study, we have investigated the recovery process impact on the image based overlay (IBO) measurement performance in critical stages of the recording head fabrication. The trench topography created by the target recovery process can result in the asymmetric resist coating uniformity across the wafer and result in errors in the measured overlay values and modeled correctable wafer terms such as the scale and rotation. These errors become significant at critical pattering layers when there is a large z-spacing between the current resist overlay mark and the previous overlay reference mark layer. The recovery pattern size and the recovery depth impact on the measured overlay performance are evaluated. The overlay mark needs to be optimized to reduce the overlay measurement variation. Overlay mark designs, including box-in-box, AIMid and multi AIMid overlay marks, are investigated. Self-referencing marks (SRM) are used to evaluate recovery process and overlay mark impacts on overlay measurement accuracy.
“Circadian Misalignment and The Gut Microbiome. A Bidirectional Relationship Triggering Inflammation and Metabolic Disorders"- A Literature Review

Over the last decade, emerging studies have related the gut microbiome and gut dysbiosis to sleep and sleep disorders. For example, intermittent hypoxia associated with obstructive sleep apnea was shown to reproducibly alter the gut microbiome. Circadian rhythm disorders (CRD) (eg, shift work disorders, delayed sleep phase syndrome, and advanced sleep phase syndrome) constitute another group of conditions that might be influenced by gut dysbiosis. Indeed, both central and peripheral clocks can affect and be affected by gut microbiota and their metabolites. In addition, the tight rhythmic regulation of almost all metabolic pathways involved in the anabolism and catabolism of carbohydrates, protein, and lipids in addition to detoxification processes that take place in specific cells could be ultimately linked to changes in the microbiota. Since there are no studies to date examining the impact of gut dysbiosis on delayed sleep phase and advanced sleep phase syndrome, and considering the ever-increasing number of people engaging in shift work, more accurate and informed delineation of the association between gut dysbiosis and shift work can provide guidance and opportunities for new avenues of treating circadian rhythm disorders and preventing the metabolic complications of shiftwork via restoration of gut dysbiosis. In this review, the potential bidirectional relationships between gut dysbiosis and circadian rhythm misalignment, their impact on different metabolic pathways, and the potential development of metabolic and systemic disorders, especially in shift work models are critically assessed.
Weighted $L^p$ Estimates for the Bergman and Szeg\H{o} Projections on Strongly Pseudoconvex Domains with Near Minimal Smoothness

We prove the weighted $L^p$ regularity of the ordinary Bergman and Cauchy-Szegő projections on strongly pseudoconvex domains $D$ in $\mathbb{C}^n$ with near minimal smoothness for appropriate generalizations of the $B_p/A_p$ classes. In particular, the $B_p/A_p$ Muckenhoupt type condition is expressed relative to balls in a quasi-metric that arises as a space of homogeneous type on either the interior or the boundary of the domain $D$.
Discrepancies between author- and industry-reported disclosures of financial relationships at an annual gynecologic oncology research meeting.

Abstract Objective Trillions of dollars pass to physicians from industry-related businesses annually, leading to many opportunities for financial conflicts of interest. The Open Payments Database (OPD) was created to ensure transparency. We describe the industry relationships as reported in the OPD for presenters at the 2019 Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) Annual Meeting and evaluate concordance between author disclosures of their financial interests and information provided by the OPD. Methods This is an observational, cross-sectional study. Disclosure data were collected from authors with oral and featured abstract presentations in the 2019 SGO annual conference. These disclosures were compared to data available for each author in the 2018 OPD, which included the amount and nature of industry payments. Results We examined the disclosures of 301 authors who met inclusion criteria. Of 161 authors who had disclosure statements on their presentations,147 reported “no disclosures,” and 14 disclosed industry relationships. The remaining 140 did not list any disclosure information. Sixty percent (184/301) of authors had industry relationships in the 2018 OPD, including 173 of 287 (60.3%) of authors who either reported no disclosures or did not have disclosure data available in their presentations. These transactions totaled over 43 million USD from 122 different companies, with most payments (46%) categorized as “Research or Associated Research.” Accurate disclosure reporting was associated with receiving higher payments or research payments, and being a presenting author. Conclusions Most authors at the SGO annual conference did not correctly disclose their industry relationships when compared with their entries in the OPD.
Intergenerational Associations Between Maternal Diet and Childhood Adiposity: A Bayesian Regularized Mediation Analysis

Growing evidence supports a positive association between childhood obesity and chronic diseases in later life. It is also suggested that childhood obesity is more prevalent for children born from pregnancies complicated by metabolic disorders such as gestational diabetes, and can be related to maternal dietary factors during gestation. Extending conventional analyses that report only the marginal associations within non-causal mediation frameworks, we present mediation analysis in the case of multiple exposures and multiple mediators using a regularized two-stage approach. By placing shrinkage priors on each parameter relating to direct and indirect effects, a parsimonious model can be obtained, and consequently, the most relevant pathways will be selected to inform the development of efficient prevention programs. We apply this method to data from the Danish site of the Diabetes & Women’s Health Study, Danish National Birth Cohort (DNBC), and find 6 significant maternal risk factors either directly or indirectly affecting childhood body mass index z score at age 7. Simulations with data-generating mechanisms similar to the DNBC data demonstrate good performance of the proposed model.
Toward a Quantification of Anhedonia: Unified Matching Law and Signal Detection for Clinical Assessment and Drug Development

Anhedonia, the loss of pleasure from previously rewarding activities, is a core symptom of several neuropsychiatric conditions, including major depressive disorder (MDD). Despite its transdiagnostic relevance, no effective therapeutics exist to treat anhedonia. This is due, in part, to inconsistent assays across clinical populations and laboratory animals, which hamper treatment development. To bridge this gap, recent work has capitalized on two long-standing research domains dedicated to quantifying responsivity to antecedents and consequences across species: the generalized matching law and signal detection theory. This review traces the integration of these quantitative frameworks, which yielded two empirically derived metrics: response bias (log b) and task discriminability (log d). These metrics serve as primary dependent variables in the Probabilistic Reward Task (PRT). In this computerized task, subjects make visual discriminations and probabilistic contingencies are arranged such that correct responses to one alternative are rewarded more often (rich) than correct responses to the other (lean). Under these conditions, healthy participants consistently develop a response bias in favor of the rich alternative, whereas participants with MDD exhibit blunted biases, which correlate with current and predict future anhedonia. Given the correspondence between anhedonic phenotypes and response bias, the PRT has been reverse-translated for rodents and nonhuman primates. Orderly log b and log d values have been observed across diverse clinical populations and laboratory animals. In addition, pharmacological challenges have produced similar outcomes across species. Taken together, this quantitative framework offers a highly translational approach to assaying reward responsiveness to accelerate treatment development for neuropsychiatric disorders involving anhedonia.
Possibilities for Grid Friendly System Integration of Renewables through Power Electronic based Devices in the Electrical Energy Supply

This paper gives two examples and describes the possibilities for grid friendly system integration of renewabies through power electronic based devices in the electrical energy supply especially proposed for the so-called model region “Energiekosmos” (Energy cosmos) in the north of Germany.
Differences in Branch Hydraulic Architecture Related to the Aridity of Growing Sites and Seed Sources of Coastal Douglas-fir Saplings.

To better understand hydraulic adaptations of coastal Douglas-fir (P. menziesii var. menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) to local climate, we examined genetic (G) and environmental (E) responses of branch hydraulic architecture of 7-year-old saplings from dry and wet climates of origin grown at a relatively dry and a relatively wet common garden site in western Oregon. We sampled two years of branch growth from three dry-source and three wet-source families grown at both sites (72 branches, total). Overall, only 4 of the 11 traits had significant genetic (G) effects, whereas 9 traits had significant environmental (E) effects (P < 0.05). Both dry and wet sources had higher leaf-specific conductance (kl) at the dry than the wet site, but the values were achieved by different mechanisms and driven by G x E effects for leaf area/sapwood area (Al/As), shoot length (L), specific conductivity (Ks), and leaf-specific conductivity (Kl). Dry sources achieved higher kl in the dry site through higher Kl (via a lower Al/As and no change in Ks) with no difference in L. Wet sources achieved higher kl at the dry site through no difference in Kl (via no effect on Al/As, despite decreases in Al and As, and lower Ks) with lower L. Vulnerability to embolism (measured as percentage loss of conductivity at 4 MPa) had no G effect but an E effect, with slightly lower values at the dry site. Specific leaf area (SLA) had G and E effects, with lower values for the dry sources and site. There were no G or E effects on wood density. The different responses of dry and wet sources to site aridity suggest that populations are differentially adapted to the aridity of growing sites. Population variation in response to aridity should be considered when selecting seed sources for establishing forests for future climates.
Development of a Theory-based, Sociocultural Instrument to Assess Black Maternal Intentions to Vaccinate Their Daughters Aged 9 to 12 Against HPV

The human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine could assist in reducing the cervical cancer disparity existing between Black and White women. Understanding factors influencing Black maternal intentions to vaccinate their daughter is essential in improving vaccination uptake. However, existing instruments do not comprehensively assess factors (e.g., culture) influencing maternal intentions. This paper describes the development of the Human Papillomavirus Vaccination Survey for Black Mothers with Girls Aged 9 to 12 (HPVS-BM), the first instrument to measure knowledge, attitudes, subjective norms, and cultural beliefs relating to Black maternal intentions to vaccinate their daughters aged 9 to 12 years against HPV. The items and scales were refined using content review by experts, as well as cognitive interviews and pilot testing with target audience participants. The final version of the HPVS-BM was administered to 242 Black mothers with adolescent daughters. Internal reliability was determined using Cronbach's alpha. An a priori hypothetical model was developed to determine convergent and discriminant validity. All scales of the HPVS-BM had an acceptable internal reliability of 0.70 or higher. The intention scale of HPVS-BM was significantly correlated (p < .05) with perceived benefits, perceived barriers, and subjective norms, supporting strong convergent validity. Moderate discriminant construct validity was also demonstrated. Exhibiting good psychometrics, this instrument could be used by healthcare researchers and professionals to develop programs to increase HPV vaccination among Black adolescent females aimed at reducing the racial disparities in cervical cancer. Further psychometric testing of this survey tool for understanding factors influencing maternal intentions is warranted.
Organization-As-Classroom Approaches to Management Education

“Last fall we launched a new way of delivering the Principles of Management course at (your institution). It was a live, experiential approach using student project companies. Over the course of the semester, some of our Business School colleagues began referring to what we were doing as the crazy classes. Students were indignant. We, on the other hand, kind of like the label and are content to wear it as a badge and a bandage of what we have been through.
Cowden's disease (multiple hamartoma and neoplasia syndrome): A case report and review of the English literature

Cowden's disease is a multisystem disease complex inherited as an autosomal dominant trait with incomplete penetrance and variable expressivity. Its mucocutaneous findings are the most characteristic feature of the syndrome and the key to its diagnosis. The findings of multiple facial trichilemmomas appear to be pathognomonic of the disease. Multiple extracutaneous hamartomas are a regular feature of Cowden's disease. The most important hamartomas to recognize include fibrocystic disease of the breast, thyroid goiters or adenomas, multiple polyposis of the gastrointestinal tract, and ovarian cysts. Although many developmental anomalies have been described in these patients, only adenoid facies and high-arched palates appear significant from a statistical standpoint. The most important feature of Cowden's disease, that which makes early recognition absolutely essential, is an increased prevalence of malignant neoplasia primarily in affected female patients, and principally involving the breasts and thyroid gland. All patients, however, must be screened for occult malignancies of all types. A detailed review of the English literature offers a basis for the formation of guidelines that should be helpful in making a diagnosis of the disease.
Multiphoton photochemistry and resonant laser ignition of reactive gases

The primary goal of this work is to determine what fraction of the incident laser energy (ILE) that drives the formation of the microplasma and ignition is absorbed in the ignition event. The fraction of energy absorbed is the minimum ignition energy under these experimental conditions. Although a distinct wavelength dependence on the ILE required for ignition was observed in our past work, an additional motivation of this work is to ascertain that if once a minimum ignition energy has been deposited is there a selective enhancement in ignition which is wavelength dependent. A tunable laser system which operates in the ultraviolet (UV) has been utilized to ignite premixed reactive gaseous flows of H/sub 2//O/sub 2/, D/sub 2//O/sub 2/ and CH/sub 4//N/sub 2/O in a jet burner at atmospheric pressure. Multiphoton UV photodissociation of the fuel or oxidizer molecules produced ground state radicals (H and 0 atoms). Resonance enhanced multiphoton excitation and ionization of these radicals formed a laser-produced microplasma which served as an ignition source. >
Trust: A Collision of Paradigms

The technological challenges of securing networks are great, as recently witnessed in widespread denial of service and virus attacks. The human reaction to these attacks may be either a loss of trust or a willingness to tolerate increasing risk having weathered one assault. Examining human and computer interaction with a focus on evaluations, the human response to loss of trust is a key part of the search for more secure networks. The success of current efforts to design appropriate security mechanisms depends as much on an understanding of human extensions of trust to computers as it does on an understanding of underlying mathematics. However, the former has not been sufficiently examined.In this work we survey the findings in social psychology and philosophy with respect to trust. We introduce three hypotheses that remain unanswered with respect to the manner in which humans react to computers. We discuss potential design revisions in light of findings from other disciplines. Then we conclude by noting that research which empowers users to be their own security manager may be based on a fundamentally flawed view of human- computer interaction. We close by encouraging designers of computer security systems to examine the humans, which these systems are intended to empower, and recommend that any security system be built on the basis of understanding of human trust provided by the social sciences.
Variations of OH radical in an urban plume inferred from NO2 column measurements

[1] The evolution of atmospheric composition downwind of a city depends strongly on the concentration of OH within the plume. We use space-based observations of NO2, a molecule that affects both the sources and sinks of OH, to examine the functional dependence of OH concentration on the speed of the wind over Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. These observations illustrate the nonlinear dependence of the OH concentration on NO2 and on the rate of atmospheric mixing. We derive a range of NOx lifetimes of 5.5–8.0 h, lifetimes that correspond to an effective plume-averaged OH concentration of 7.6 × 106 molecules cm–3 at fast (26 km h–1) and 5.2 × 106 molecules cm–3 at slow (4 km h–1) wind speeds.
Effects of NREM sleep on dynamic within-breath changes in upper airway patency in humans

Morrell, M. J., and M. S. Badr. Effects of NREM sleep on dynamic within-breath changes in upper airway patency in humans.J. Appl. Physiol. 84(1): 190–199, 1998.—The purpose of our study was to comp...
Hand-Held Electromagnet-Probe

Descript ion of a hand-held electromagnet of variable f ield strength consist ing of a soft i ron core wound with magnet wire powered by a 9 V battery. Hand-held electromagnet-Probe An electromagnet-probe is a useful tool to selectively remove magnetic grains from a disaggregated sample. This hand-held device consists of a soft iron probe wound with magnet wire and powered by a 9 volt battery. For convenience, a push-button switch is located on the wooden handle of the probe to energize the magnet windings, a current reversing switch is located on the control box, and the intensity of the magnet is controlled by means of a variable resistor (Fig. I ). Purging the sample of magnetic grains entails using the electromagnet at full field strength. When the soft iron core begins to retain some residual magnetism, this may be erased by setting the resistor to minimum field strength position and momentarily reversing the current. Single magnetic grains can be picked from a sample by using the probe at less than full f ield strength. The copper magnet wire, American Wire Gage 130 cor{TROL BOX I r-r ^iziii ll i gt\-7Trl isvl1lNl-ll l l I DPor ii sPsT I R E_v q Rer [G_s tY ILc H _ _ J [E!!iL c]Z.l [G-s]! | r c H J Frc l. Schematic wiring diagram for hand-held electromagnetprobe. of 0.010" diameter, is wound into two layers around a soft iron core lf 4" in diameter for 2" then wrapped with plastic electrical tape (Fig. 2). An inexpensive 9 V transistor radio DC power supply that operates off 115 V AC may be substituted for a 9 V battery. Manuscript receiaed, July l8' 1975; accepted for publication, October 7' 1975. f;bo. {'bo$b o *'b o. *'b.o. Frc. 2. Detailed dimensions for soft iron core and wooden handle of probe WIRE WOUNO HERE
Incorporation of Proline and Aromatic Amino Acids into Cell Walls of Maize Coleoptiles

Sections excised from maize coleoptiles incorporated radioactivity from proline, tyrosine, and phenylalanine into structural components of the cell wall. Only about 2% of radioactivity from proline taken up by sections was incorporated into cell wall; about 24% of that incorporated was in hydroxyproline and the rest remained in proline. In contrast, as much as 40% of the radioactivity from phenylalanine and 30% from tyrosine was incorporated into cell wall material. Most of this radioactivity was in saponifiable ferulic acid. Small amounts of p-coumaric and diferulic acid were found, but only a small fraction of the hemicellulose can possibly be immobilized directly through cross-linking of diferulic esters. Substantial amounts of radioactivity from aromatic amino acids remained insoluble after strong alkali extractions of wall material, and a large fraction of polysaccharide was solubilized by dilute alkali following oxidation of phenolics by acidic NaClO2. Hence, hemicellulosic material in the cell walls of maize coleoptiles may be organized and cross-linked primarily through alkali-resistant etherified aromatics.
Altered NMDA receptor expression in renal toxicity: Protection with a receptor antagonist

Altered NMDA receptor expression in renal toxicity: Protection with a receptor antagonist. Background The N -methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor is expressed in the kidney. The receptor plays a major role in gentamicin ototoxicity. We assessed the role of the renal NMDA receptor subunits NR1 and NR2C in a model of gentamicin nephrotoxicity. Methods Rats were exposed to either saline (control), high-dose, short-term gentamicin, or short-term gentamicin plus the NMDA antagonist MK-801 (short-term gentamicin + MK-801) for 3 days. Results Real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) revealed that NR1 mRNA expression was significantly higher ( P = 0.03) in the renal cortex of short-term gentamicin rats. NR2C subunit mRNA expression was unaltered in short-term gentamicin rats. Western blot analysis revealed that NR1 ( P = 0.009) and NR2C ( P = 0.003) protein abundance was significantly higher in the renal cortex short-term gentamicin rats. We assessed two potential intracellular pathways that may mediate short-term gentamicin/NMDA. Calpain I and II expression was similar in short-term gentamicin and control rats. Endothelin type B receptor (ETBR) expression was significantly increased in the renal cortex of short-term gentamicin rats ( P = 0.0003), and urinary nitrite concentration (reflecting nitric oxide) was significantly increased in short-term gentamicin rats ( P = 0.03). Serum creatinine was significantly elevated in short-term gentamicin animals ( P = 0.03), and this increase was attenuated in short-term gentamicin + MK-801 rats. Blood pressure was higher in short-term gentamicin rats; this was attenuated in short-term gentamicin + MK-801 rats. Urine pH was significantly lower in short-term gentamicin ( P P = 0.005) rats. Urinary nitrite was significantly higher in short-term gentamicin rats; this was normalized in short-term gentamicin + MK-801 rats. MK-801 alone had no effect on clinical parameters. Conclusion NMDA receptor subunit expression is increased in short-term gentamicin animals, and the receptor likely mediates cell damage via the endothelin-ETBR-nitric oxide pathway. NMDA antagonism ameliorated renal damage after exposure to short-term gentamicin.
ASPECTS OF THE PRECIPITATION CLIMATOLOGY OF CANADA INVESTIGATED BY THE METHOD OF HARMONIC ANALYSIS

(1962). ASPECTS OF THE PRECIPITATION CLIMATOLOGY OF CANADA INVESTIGATED BY THE METHOD OF HARMONIC ANALYSIS. Annals of the Association of American Geographers: Vol. 52, No. 4, pp. 426-440.
A semigroup treatment of the Hamilton-Jacobi equation in several space variables

from a semigroup point of view. He constructed a semigroup of contractions in Li(W) and showed that for initial data in La(W) n Ll(W), the semigroup gave generalized solutions in the sense of Kruikov [9]. For n = 1, Aizawa [l] constructed a semigroup of contractions in Lm( W) on the space of bounded uniformly continuous functions on R. Under the assumption of L1 continuity of the derivative of the initial data, he was able to show the solution obtained was also a solution in the sense of Kruikov [8]. It is well known that in order to have uniqueness for (1) or (2) restrictions must be placed on the possible solutions. For (2) Kruikov [9] proved unique dependence upon initial data for solutions satisfying a certain condition which generalized the “entropy condition” of Oleinik [I I]. He showed existence of such a solution as the limit of solutions of the parabolic equation
Natural attenuation of nitrogen loading from septic effluents: Spatial and environmental controls

Abstract We assess the role of septic systems as potential nitrogen (N) sources to coastal open water bodies. To quantify the potential role of septic tanks, we document the distribution pattern and functionality of septic tanks in McIntosh County in Georgia, USA, and examine factors governing the mitigation of septic N loading in coastal groundwater. Employing a field calibrated 2D variable-density reaction-transport model, we focus on the role of setback distance of a leaky septic source from the receiving surface waters, on transport and biogeochemical characteristics of the subsurface environment, and on leachate composition and reactivity. We conclude that the removal of bioavailable nitrogen via denitrification may be increased by increasing the septic system setback distance, in particular in brackish and saline coastal settings where sulfide produced in sulfate reduction can limit N 2 production.
Induced Resistance to Sulfonamides in Chilomonas paramecium

SUMMARY. Strains of Chilomonas paramecium differing in degree of resistance to sulfanilamide have been established through acclimatization to this sulfonamide at 50, 100 and 200 mg. %. Resistant strains differ from the normal stock in their enhanced sensitivity to p-aminobenzoic acid. In the normal stock, sulfanilamide inhibition is reversed at an SA/PABA ratio of 10,000 but not at 20,000; in the least resistant strain, at a ratio of 400,000 but not at 800,000. In resistant strains inhibition is reversed by folk acid, methionine, adenine, cytosine and thymine; in the normal stock, none of these metabolites produces reversal. In high concentrations of PABA (10–20 mg. %) growth of the normal stock is only retarded, whereas the strain least resistant to sulfanilamide fails to recover from exposure to 20 mg. % PABA. The strain most resistant to sulfanilamide is most susceptible to PABA in high concentrations. The data suggest that resistance to sulfanilamide in C. paramecium may depend mainly upon an accelerated synthesis of PABA.
Neurobehavioral profiles of children with neurofibromatosis 1 referred for learning disabilities are sex‐specific

We compared neurobehavioral profiles of 10 children with neurofibromatosis 1 (NF-1) referred for evaluation of learning disabilities (NF/LD) to those of learning disabled children without known genetic disease (LD), matched for age, sex, and estimated IQ. It was hypothesized that the NF/LD children would exhibit a neurobehavioral profile diagnostic of compromise of frontal/subcortical brain systems while those of the case controls would be heterogeneous. Records from a clinic data base were reviewed retrospectively for the neurological and neuropsychological components of an interdisciplinary learning disabilities evaluation. Neurological abnormalities were more frequent in the NF/LD group, involving gross and fine motor coordination, praxis, and megencephaly. As predicted, clinical neuropsychological diagnostic ratings and composite neurobehavioral observation scores were consistent with compromise of frontal systems in the NF/LD group. An unanticipated finding was that outcomes in the NF/LD group were sex dependent: Megencephaly was observed in females only; and the frontal/subcortical neurobehavioral profile was more consistently observed in females. Females with NF-1 with megencephaly may be at increased risk for a neurobehavioral syndrome contributing to LD that is consistent with compromise of frontal/subcortical brain systems. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Oblique shock wave with sweep

An attached planar, oblique shock with sweep is investigated for the inviscid flow of a perfect gas. The ratio of specific heats, freestream Mach number, and wedge angle in the plane of the freestream velocity are prescribed, with the sweep angle as a free parameter. Explicit relations are provided for jump and detachment conditions. A number of trends, some non-intuitive, are discussed, e.g., the downstream Mach number may increase with sweep.
Characterization of natural killer cells induced in the peritoneal exudates of mice infected with Listeria monocytogenes: a study of their tumor target specificity and their expression of murine differentiation antigens and human NK-associated antigens.

Abstract That M1/70, a monoclonal anti-murine macrophage antibody, recognizes murine natural killer cells (NK) and that there is an increase in NK following intraperitoneal infection with live Listeria monocytogenes (LM) was previously reported. Here, LM-induced NK cells were further characterized with respect to tumor target specificity and the expression of murine mast cell, mononuclear phagocyte, and lymphocyte differentiation antigens plus human NK-associated antigens. The M1/70-selected NK (Mac 1 NK) lysed Yac 1, RL♂ 1, and WEHI 164.1, but not EL 4 or WTS cells. Immunoprecipitation with M1/70 demonstrated that Mac 1, the antigen recognized by M1/70, was present on NK and thioglycollate-elicited macrophages. Contaminating macrophages in the NK-enriched population did not account for the immunoprecipitated Mac 1. Mac 1 NK that lysed Yac 1 displayed Qa 5, LFA 1, asialo GM 1, Ly 5.1, and NK 1.2, but not Lyt 1, Lyt 2, Mac 2, Mac 3, or Mac 4. Thirty percent of these Mac 1 NK bore Thy 1.2. The presence of Thy 1.2 did not correlate with individual lytic efficiency or cell cycle. Antibodies to human NK antigens Leu 7, Leu 1 1a, and Leu 15 did not recognize LM-induced NK cells.
A note on the hedging effectiveness of GARCH models

Abstract This note compares the hedging effectiveness of the conventional hedge ratio and time-varying conditional hedge ratios (of which GARCH ratio is a special case). It is shown that, in large sample cases, the conventional hedge ratio provides the best performance. For small sample cases, a sufficiently large variation in the conditional variance of the futures return is required to produce the opposite result. The result is due to the fact that the hedging effectiveness measure is based upon the unconditional variance; meanwhile, the conventional hedge ratio minimizes the unconditional variance and the conditional hedge ratio aims at minimizing the conditional variance.
Nordhaus-Gaddum inequalities for domination in graphs

Abstract A node in a graph G = ( V , E ) is said to dominate itself and all nodes adjacent to it. A set S ⊂ V is a dominating set for G if each node in V is dominated by some node in S and is a double dominating set for G if each node in V is dominated by at least two nodes in S . First we give a brief survey of Nordhaus-Gaddum results for several domination-related parameters. Then we present new inequalities of this type involving double domination. A direct result of our bounds for double domination in complementary graphs is a new Nordhaus-Gaddum inequality for open domination improving known bounds for the case when both G and its complement have domination number greater than 4.
Determinants of Perceived Pay Inequities: The Effects of Comparison Other Characteristics and Pay‐System Communication1

Using an equity theory framework, we hypothesized that performance, seniority, and gender differences in comparison others lead to perceived pay inequities, but that this relationship is moderated by an explanation of the pay system. A policy-capturing methodology was used. We found that performance and seniority differences are related to perceived pay inequities, but these perceived inequities were less pronounced when the pay system was explained to employees. Interestingly, we did not find any evidence of gender effects in perceived pay inequities. These results are discussed in terms of new developments in integrating procedural-justice and distributive-justice domains.
Mortality salience increases death-anxiety for individuals low in personal need for structure

Research derived from terror management theory suggests that death cognition does not lead to death-anxiety because people respond to thoughts of death by turning to social and cultural structures that provide a sense of psychological security. However, recent research indicates that it is people high, but not low, in personal need for structure that turn to social and cultural structures in response to heightened death cognition. Such findings suggest that people low in PNS may be vulnerable to experiencing death-anxiety when death thoughts are activated. The current study explored this possibility. Individual differences in personal need for structure were measured and death cognition (mortality salience) was manipulated. Subsequently, death-anxiety was assessed. Mortality salience increased death-anxiety, but only among individuals low in personal need for structure.
Low-level lead exposure and contingency-based responding in preschoolers: An exploratory study

Two reversal paradigm tasks (spatial reversal and spatial reversal with irrelevant color cues) originally designed to assess contingency-based responding in primates were adapted for use with 139 preschool children with a mean peak blood lead level (BLL) of 4.2 µg/dl (SD = 2.2). Sixty-nine children with BLL ≥5 µg/dl and 70 children with BLL of <5 µg/dl were included. Results indicated that preschool children with low-level lead exposure take longer to learn associations than preschool children with very low levels of lead exposure, and this difference cannot be attributed to increased distractibility or perseverative responding. These results support the use of these measures to assess specific cognitive functions in preschool children.