cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pitfalls in Measuring the Impact of File -sharing on the Sound Recording Market

This paper surveys the extant literature on the impact of file -sharing on the recording industry. It begins by examining the theory behind the impact of file-sharing. One novelty from this analysis is the finding that the effect of 'sampling' of copyrighted materials can be expected to have a negative impact on copyright owners, quite the opposite of the impact normally assumed. Overall, although one can create hypothet i- cal situations where network effects might allow file-sharing to be beneficial to cop y- right owners, the expectation that file-sharing would harm copyright owners appears a far more realistic outcome. The analysis then turns to the empirical work that has been performed up to the time this paper was written. The various approaches are critiqued and compared. I posit some explanations for the variations in results and conclude that the evidence strongly suggests that file-sharing harms the sound recording industry. (JEL K0, L0, L5, L8) The sales of music CDs have fallen dramatically in the last few years. A leading candidate among possible causes of this decline is the recent rise in file-sharing. The recording industry has tried to stem this decline by suing or threatening to sue individuals heavily engaged in file sharing. These law suits have attracted a good deal of publicity and discussion. A rather influential school of thought has formed in opposition to the corporate players in thes e industries, and these lawsuits have provided fodder for their critiques of traditional copyright . 1 The motion picture industry has expressed concerns that it s sales are likely to suffer a similar fate to that of the sound recording industry if nothing is done to stem the unrestricted use of file-sharing software. Owners of advertising-based
A theory of time and temporal incidence based on instants and periods

Time is fundamental in representing and reasoning about changing domains. A proper temporal representation requires characterizing two notions: (1) time itself, and (2) temporal incidence, i.e. the domain-independent properties for the truth-value of fluents and events throughout time. There are some problematic issues, such as the expression of instantaneous events and instantaneous holding of fluents, the specification of the properties for the temporal holding of fluents, and the "dividing instant problem". This paper presents a theory of time and temporal incidence which is more natural than its predecessors and satisfactorily addresses the issues above. Our theory of time, called /spl Iscr//spl Pscr/ (Instants and Periods), is based on having instants and periods at equal levels. We define a theory of temporal incidence upon it, whose main original feature is the distinction between continuous and discrete fluents.
Comparing Social Worker and Non–Social Worker Outcomes: A Research Review

This article reports on a review of the literature comparing the outcomes of social workers with those of non-social workers. The review was commissioned by NASW's Texas Chapter to examine empirical evidence regarding the comparative effectiveness of social work to possibly support efforts to educate employers and the public about the value of social work. Because of the limited number of internally valid studies that have compared social workers and non-social workers on actual client outcomes, studies were also included if they examined practitioner variables that might be associated with client outcomes. The mixed findings point to a lack of compelling evidence supporting the superiority of social work in the child welfare field. However, in the mental health and aging fields, the limited evidence suggests that social workers do at least as well as non-social workers regarding practitioner retention, mental health court intervention, efforts to maintain older adult independence in the community, and attitudes toward evidence-based practice. Implications are presented to guide NASW in promoting rigorous research comparing social workers and non-social workers on actual client outcomes, especially in the field of child welfare.
An open-source project for modeling hydrodynamics in astrophysical systems

Numerical modeling has proven useful in astrophysics, where many interesting problems are analytically intractable due to the presence of exotic physics and nonlinearities in the governing differential equations. Because of the unique nature of astrophysical systems, astrophysicists have developed unique numerical methods to model these problems. I describe an open-source project called Spheral++, which implements some of these numerical methods to simulate the time evolution of systems dominated by gravitation and hydrodynamics. Accurate treatment of these processes should let us examine such challenging problems as the formation and evolution of galaxies, stellar formation and collisions, and supernova. I also describe why the numerical algorithms used have evolved, how we chose to implement them in Spheral++, and the rationale for developing Spheral++ as an open-source project. I also consider why the open-source approach to software development has not prevailed in scientific software and what I think an open-source project such as this needs to succeed and be useful.
Adenosquamous Carcinoma of the Pancreas: A Light and Electron Microscopic Study

The light microscopic diagnosis of the tissue removed from the head of the pancreas of an 82-year-old woman was undifferentiated carcinoma. Ultrastructur-ally, the tumor was composed of poorly differentiated glandular and squamous epithelial elements. This is the first detailed electron microscopic study of an adenosquamous carcinoma of the pancreas.
Social Welfare Attitudes and Ambivalence about the Role of Government

Evidence suggests that mistrust of government contributes directly to a lack of support for social welfare programs. An alternative explanation, however, is that many citizens are ambivalent concerning government and the role that it should play in society today and, as result, are less likely to support such programs. Based on our analysis of data from a 2004 telephone survey of Florida residents, we conclude that, first, ambivalent feelings concerning the federal, state, and local levels of government in the United States are fairly common; second, ambivalence has consequences for people's opinions on matters of public policy—specifically, those with conflicted feelings are less likely to endorse progressive action in the social welfare realm; third, self-identified conservatives tend to be more ambivalent concerning government than liberals; and finally, the observed negative relationship between ambivalence and social welfare liberalism is especially pronounced among conservatives.
A new approach for the analysis of the slotted Aloha local packet radio networks

A novel method for the exact calculation of the throughput of a centralized slotted Aloha packet radio network over slow Rayleigh-fading channels is presented, and the results are compared with computer simulations. Upper and lower bounds on the performance are provided. The effects of capture on the throughput of the system are related to the modulation and coding technique, the signal-to-noise ratio of the received signal, the general terminal distribution in the area, and the length of the transmitted packets. BPSK (binary phase shift keying), coherent and noncoherent binary FSK (frequency shift keying) modulations, and BCH coding are considered for the exact calculations. The results of the analysis show that the maximum average throughput of the slotted Aloha packet radio network is around 60%, rather than the 36% predicted from the simplified analysis. In contrast with previous reports, it is shown that the throughput of the system is not affected significantly by the use of coding or the change of packet lengths. >
Network reliability: the concurrent challenges of innovation, competition, and complexity

While networks have become ubiquitous, fast, and cheap, the carriers and vendors face serious challenges in making networks more reliable and secure. Rapid technical evolution, market pressures, and complexity have contributed to large outages in both data and voice networks in the USA. The unreliable deployment and operation of otherwise fault-tolerant communication technologies and architectures are causing severe disruptions to thousands of users and enterprises. Network reliability growth is difficult in an environment that bundles rapidly emerging services and concentrates infrastructure to realize economies of scale.
The large-scale structure of software-intensive systems

The computer metaphor is dominant in most discussions of neuroscience, but the semantics attached to that metaphor are often quite naive. Herein, we examine the ontology of software-intensive systems, the nature of their structure and the application of the computer metaphor to the metaphysical questions of self and causation.
Trouble on Memory Lane: Adults and Self-Retrospection in Researching Youth:

Ethnographers of youth often invoke adolescent memories in relation to their informants. This article examines memory as a concern for ethnographers who study young people. It suggests that this rhetorical strategy heightens the narrator’s authority and authenticates the author’s speaking position, pulling the center of the story from the youthful informants toward the adult researcher. At the same time, this strategy ignores power relations between adults and youth. The article explores multiple representations of memory, the social construction of youth, and these effects in an example of research. The article argues that memory is not a form of bias but a problematic that must be addressed to provide adequate attention to the youthful informant’s legitimacy and authority as an interpreter of experience.
A regional approach to e-commerce global expansion

This paper recommends a regional approach for e-commerce companies to expand into global markets. A regional approach is more appropriate over other approaches with respect to the e-commerce industry's critical success factors including overall economic development, infrastructure level, e-commerce related policies and cultural differences. This paper segments global markets into the eight world regions of North America, Latin America, West Europe, East Europe, Asia, Middle East, Africa and Oceania. The approach is substantiated by macroeconomic data including GDP, per capita GDP, phone subscriptions, cellular phone adoption and broadband penetration in these eight world regions. E-commerce companies are advised to use a regional approach to study the attractiveness of different world regions systematically, devise homogeneous strategies for the same regions and heterogeneous strategies across regions.
Differential gene expression of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii in response to 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) using microarray analysis

The exposure of Chlamydomonas reinhardtiito environmental stress, such as that caused by the explosive 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) can alter its gene expression. Expression analysis was conducted using a microarray composed of 3079 ChlamydomonasESTs to characterize the broad range of responses of gene expression exposed to this common ordnance compound. TNT treatment conditions were determined by growth analysis of Chlamydomonasin 0–5g/mL TNT. One and 3g/mL were used for microarray analysis since 1g/mL of TNT did not decrease the cell count after 7 days of treatment, whereas 3 g/mL of TNT was the maximum TNT concentration that allowed growth, respectively. Transcriptional profiling revealed that approximately 158 responsive genes were differentially expressed representing several functional categories. Genes responsible for photosynthesis, energy metabolism and oxidative stress were upregulated in the presence of TNT, while the expression of cell wall related genes were downregulated. Several unidentified genes were also affected. The microarray results were validated using real-time RT-PCR for a subset of genes. Information from the microarray analysis can be used to engineer algae-based sensors to signal TNT exposure in addition to potential explosives cleanup applications. © 2004 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
A Comparative Study of the Spermatophores of three Scyllarid Lobsters (Parribacus Antarcticus, Scyllarides Squammosus, and Scyllarus Martensii)

SUMMARY 1. In Parribacus antarcticus and Scyllarus martensii mitotic division of germinal epithelial cells produces primary spermatocytesy whereas in Scyllarides squammosus this function of the germinal epithelium is limited to comparatively few large, oocytelike cells. 2. Metamorphosing spermatids in all three species are expelled from the sacculi of the testis by the rhythmical activity of their germinal epithelium. This probably accounts also for the clumping of the spermatozoa in the collecting tubule; each clump represents the extended contents of a single sacculus. 3. In Scyllarus martensii and Scyllarides squammosus a continuous, cord-like, encapsulated spermatogenic mass traverses the vasa deferentia, whereas in Parribacus antarcticus the spermatogenic mass separates into distinct ampullae which become encapsulated and are further provided with an enveloping sheath. This sheath between adjacent ampullae becomes ribbon-like, twists, and ultimately forms short, doubly twisted peduncles. 4. A secretion of the typhlosole in all three species surrounds the completed spermatophores and forms the homogeneous matrix. 5. Although these three species are anatomically similar, the spermatophores of Scyllarus martensii and Scyllarides squammosus resemble non-pedunculate spermatophores of the palinurids, the astacids, the homarids, and the nephropsids, whereas those of Parribacus antarcticus more nearly resemble the pedunculate spermatophores of certain pagurids. 6. Spermatophoric evidence above does not justify the inference that Parribacus antarcticus occupies a systematic position intermediate between the Macrura and the Anomura.
Dangerous Memory: The Death and Silence of Judge Hwang Yun-Suk (1929-1961)

In this paper, I focus on the second pioneer female jurist in post-war Korea, Hwang Yun-Suk, who became the first woman judge after she passed the Judicial Examination in 1952. Unlike her contemporary, Lee Tai-Young (1914-1998), Hwang's career and life came to an untimely end allegedly at the hands of her husband, who reportedly did not approve of her actions. Shortly before her death, however, Judge Hwang, after many years of remaining silent, spoke out forcefully for gender equality in family law. In the four decades since her death, her legacy has remained hidden from her successors both in Korea and in the wider arena of the struggle for women's rights worldwide. Now, at the beginning of the new millennium, I bring her voice back from the forgotten and erased netherworld. In so doing, I critically embrace her short and tragic life as a "dangerous memory" (Welch 1990), that can heal the wounded past and serve as a guide for the continuing struggle for women's rights.
Partial Wave Damping in Pneumatic Breakwaters

Earlier experimental studies have shown that the power consumption in pneumatic (or hydraulic) breakwaters is very large if complete stopping of the oncoming waves is to be achieved. It is therefore of considerable interest to investigate quantitatively the partial damping achieved if the supplied power is insufficient to give complete wave stopping. The present paper is devoted to a theoretical analysis of this problem in the large-scale case. The characteristic feature of the large-scale breakwaters is that there may be a considerable amplitude amplification in the opposing current. The theory uses (1)The breakwater theory of Taylor published in 1955; (2)the condition about wave saturation in regions of strong opposing currents where local wave breaking occurs; and (3)the amplitude variation theory of Longuet-Higgins and Stewart issued in 1961. Reasonable agreement with the large-scale pneumatic experiment of Bulson of 1963 is obtained.
Risk Assessment in Spectrum Policy

“Everybody wants more radio,” conference organizer Pierre de Vries told participants by way of introduction to the Risk Assessment in Spectrum Policy conference hosted by the Silicon Flatirons Center on October 23, 2015 at the University of Colorado Law School. Spectrum access is hotly contested, De Vries explained, since there are practical limits on the number of radio devices that can operate concurrently in close proximity in time, place and frequency. The main question confronting a spectrum regulator, therefore, is whether to allow new wireless entrants to operate in frequency bands with incumbents. To answer that question the regulator must balance the potential gains to be realized from new services against possible harm that those services would cause to incumbents.Interference analysis is important in determining the costs and benefits of allowing new entrants into the spectrum field. However, spectrum engineering risk analyses have traditionally been deterministic, which is to say that they calculate interference by using single values for all the relevant parameters, often with many or all being extreme values – a worst case analysis. “It tends to be conservative as a method,” De Vries told the audience. “It easily leads to rules that provide incumbents with more protection than they need, while at the same time not allowing the new services to realize their full value.”Worst-case analysis made sense when spectrum rights were not in such great demand, De Vries explained; but as wireless services are packed ever more tightly together, over-conservative protection rules will not maximize the economic and societal value of the spectrum use. For example, worst-case analysis may lead to the establishment of unnecessarily wide guard bands for a particular incumbent service.Risk-informed analysis – also known as Quantitative Risk Assessment (QRA) or Probabilistic Risk Assessment (PRA) – is gaining traction in the spectrum community as a complement to the deterministic, often worst-case, analysis described above. Probabilistic risk assessment takes a range of values as inputs, rather than single worst-case values, and attempts to give a more complete picture of risk by addressing three questions, the “risk triplet”: 1. What can happen? (That is, what can go wrong?); 2. How likely is it to happen?; 3. What are the consequences of it happening?The Silicon Flatirons Conference on Risk Assessment in Spectrum Policy gathered experts in the currently distinct fields of risk assessment and spectrum policy to discuss how engineering risk analysis is being applied to public policy, how risk assessments inform government regulation generally, and what the major challenges and opportunities are for applying quantitative risk assessment to spectrum regulation specifically.This conference report is organized thematically. Each of the four sections that follows identifies a major topic of discussion from the conference, summarizes the views expressed on each topic, and records selected quotes from panelists.
Zero-overhead profiling via EM emanations

This paper presents an approach for zero-overhead profiling (ZOP). ZOP accomplishes accurate program profiling with no modification to the program or system during profiling and no dedicated hardware features. To do so, ZOP records the electromagnetic (EM) emanations generated by computing systems during program execution and analyzes the recorded emanations to track a program’s execution path and generate profiling information. Our approach consists of two main phases. In the training phase, ZOP instruments the program and runs it against a set of inputs to collect path timing information while simultaneously collecting waveforms for the EM emanations generated by the program. In the profiling phase, ZOP runs the original (i.e., uninstrumented and unmodified) program against inputs whose executions need to be profiled, records the waveforms produced by the program, and matches these waveforms with those collected during training to predict which parts of the code were exercised by the inputs and how often. We evaluated an implementation of ZOP on several benchmarks and our results show that ZOP can predict path profiling information for these benchmarks with greater than 94% accuracy on average.
In-Network Retransmissions in Named Data Networking

A core mechanism in every forwarding strategy is the decision of whether to retransmit an unsatisfied Interest or to wait for an application retransmission. While some applications request control of all retransmissions, others rely on the assumption that the strategy will retransmit an Interest when it is not satisfied. Although an application can select the forwarding strategy used in the local host, it cannot guarantee that the same strategy will be selected in other nodes in the network, especially in shared resource environments. In this paper we propose a simple forwarding strategy abstraction that allows the application to decide whether a network retransmission is required, and to differentiate application retransmissions from network retransmissions.
Cautionary Note on Using Cross-Validation for Molecular Classification

PurposeReproducibility of scientific experimentation has become a major concern because of the perception that many published biomedical studies cannot be replicated. In this article, we draw attention to the connection between inflated overoptimistic findings and the use of cross-validation for error estimation in molecular classification studies. We show that, in the absence of careful design to prevent artifacts caused by systematic differences in the processing of specimens, established tools such as cross-validation can lead to a spurious estimate of the error rate in the overoptimistic direction, regardless of the use of data normalization as an effort to remove these artifacts.MethodsWe demonstrated this important yet overlooked complication of cross-validation using a unique pair of data sets on the same set of tumor samples. One data set was collected with uniform handling to prevent handling effects; the other was collected without uniform handling and exhibited handling effects. The paired data...
Emergency operative airway techniques

The otolaryngologist—head and neck surgeon must be adept at providing assistance and intervening surgically in airway management when adequate ventilation becomes challenging. A step-wise and logical approach to airway emergencies can prevent poor outcomes. It is therefore important to have both a strong understanding of airway anatomy as well as an armamentarium of strategies or techniques in securing the airway if ones initial approach is problematic. The present article discusses several surgical approaches to the patient with a difficult airway.
Multimodal Learning for Web Information Extraction

We consider the problem of extracting text instances of predefined categories from the Web. Instances of a category may be scattered across thousands of independent sources in many different formats with potential noises, which makes open-domain information extraction a challenging problem. Learning syntactic rules like "cities such as _" or "_ is a city" in a semi-supervised manner using a few labeled examples is usually unreliable because 1) high quality syntactic rules are rare and 2) the learning task is usually underconstrained. To address these problems, in this paper we propose to learn multimodal rules to combat the difficulty of syntactic rules. The multimodal rules are learned from information sources of different modalities, which is motivated by an intuition that information that is difficult to disambiguate correctly in one modality may be easily recognized in another. To demonstrate the effectiveness of this method, we have built a sophisticated end-to-end multimodal information extraction system that takes unannotated raw web pages as input, and generates a set of extracted instances as outputs. More specifically, our system learns reliable relationship between multimodal information by multimodal relation analysis on big unstructured data. Based on the learned relationship, we further train a set of multimodal rules for information extraction. Experimental evaluation shows that a greater accuracy for information extraction can be achieved by multimodal learning.
An Efficient Sampling Algorithm for Network Motif Detection

We propose a sequential importance sampling strategy to estimate subgraph frequencies and detect network motifs. The method is developed by sampling subgraphs sequentially node by node using a care...
Light $\stop\to\wino b$ models are not ruled out by the Tevatron top experiments

SUSY events in which a light stop decays to a chargino may manage to pass the cuts designed for top counting experiments at the Tevatron with no significant diminution of signal. Events in which a top decays via stop are detected with fair efficiency compared to SM top events when $\stop\into b\wino$. More importantly, direct pair production of light stops contributes significantly to the cut samples. Many SUSY models with stops lighter than 100 GeV are viable even for $\Gamma(t\into\stop) \approx \Gamma(t\into bW)$.
For What Can the Kantian Feminist Hope? Constructive Complicity in Appropriations of the Canon

As feminist scholars, we hope that our own work is exempt from structural problems such as racism, sexism, and Eurocentricism, that is, the kind of problems that are exemplified and enacted by Kant’s works. In other words, we hope that we do not re-enact, implicitly or explicitly, Kant’s problematic claims, which range from the unnaturalness of a female philosopher, “who might as well have a beard,” the stupid things that a black carpenter said “because he was black from head to foot,” the poor women “living in the greatest slavery in the Orient,” to the “sheep-like existence of the inhabitants of Tahiti.” In this piece, I argue that we cannot simply hope to avoid these problems unless we are vigilant about incorporating the full picture of Kant’s and Kantian philosophy into our feminist appropriations. I will show that one way to minimize if not altogether avoid this risk is to follow the model of a new methodology that establishes the continued relevance of all of Kant’s claims for our present. Inspired by Spivak’s A Critique of Postcolonial Reason, I will call this alternative methodology the “constructive complicity” approach.
From Muller to mechanism: How LNT became the default model for cancer risk assessment

This paper summarizes the historical and scientific foundations of the Linear No-Threshold (LNT) cancer risk assessment model. The story of cancer risk assessment is an extraordinary one as it was based on an initial incorrect gene mutation interpretation of Muller, the application of this incorrect assumption in the derivation of the LNT single-hit model, and a series of actions by leading radiation geneticists during the 1946-1956 period, including a National Academy of Sciences (NAS) Biological Effects of Atomic Radiation (BEAR) I Genetics Panel (Anonymous, 1956), to sustain the LNT belief via a series of deliberate obfuscations, deceptions and misrepresentations that provided the basis of modern cancer risk assessment policy and practices. The reaffirming of the LNT model by a subsequent and highly influential NAS Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation (BEIR) I Committee (NAS/NRC, 1972) using mouse data has now been found to be inappropriate based on the discovery of a significant documented error in the historical control group that led to incorrect estimations of risk in the low dose zone. Correction of this error by the original scientists and the application of the adjusted/corrected data back to the BEIR I (NAS/NRC, 1972) report indicates that the data would have supported a threshold rather than the LNT model. Thus, cancer risk assessment has a poorly appreciated, complex and seriously flawed history that has undermined policies and practices of regulatory agencies in the U.S. and worldwide to the present time.
Social Tagging: Organic and Retroactive Folksonomies

To develop a richer understanding of how folksonomies and social tagging differ from and are similar to professional indexing languages, the following paper presents preliminary analysis of over 2 million keyword tags on the community blog MetaFilter and its companion question-and-answer site Ask MetaFilter. Most of the tags in these narrow folksonomies were created by users when they published a post, but some tags were retroactively created for old posts by a small group of volunteers. Both organic and retroactive tags on MetaFilter and Ask MetaFilter followed a power law distribution, which is expected for folksonomies. Based on tag distribution, use of organization tags, and avoidance of synonyms, however, retroactive taggers did not tag like professional indexers. Instead, they tagged using similar practices to organic taggers, even actively accommodating the broader community's use of synonyms. These findings suggest that folksonomies remain a distinctly different approach to knowledge organization.
How should knowledge composed of schemas be represented in order to optimize student model accuracy

Most approaches to student modeling assume that students’ knowledge can be represented by a large set of knowledge components that are learned independently. Knowledge components typically represent fairly small pieces of knowledge. This seems to conflict with the literature on problem solving which suggests that expert knowledge is composed of large schemas. This study compared several domain models for knowledge that is arguably composed of schemas. The knowledge is used by students to construct system dynamics models with the Dragoon intelligent tutoring system. An evaluation with 52 students showed that a relative simple domain model, that assigned one KC to each schema and schema combination, sufficed and was more parsimonious than other domain models with similarly accurate predictions.
Determinants of Belief in Conspiracy Theories

Why do people believe in conspiracy theories? Most explanations in the American political context involve demographic factors or partisan attachments, but their utility is limited because they deal with conspiracies that are closely linked to pre-existing attitudes and therefore struggle to identify the mechanisms behind conspiratorial belief in general. This study investigates both the attributes of people who are likely to believe in conspiracy theories, and the general properties of conspiratorial conjectures that make them more credible. Through an Internet-based survey experiment, I tested several hypotheses about what makes people more likely to perceive a conspiracy: whether they are in a calm or anxious state of mind; whether the putative conspirator is a government or corporation; whether the putative victim is named or left anonymous; and whether factual information changes opinions. Several families of theories find support. Conspiratorial thinking is shown to be highly situational, depending on the interaction of material, ideological, and psychological variables, and can be altered in the face of discrepant information. Factual statements caused significant changes in both “high” and “low” conspiracists in the expected direction, but were more effective in making conspiracy believers less conspiratorial.
Métrologie en biologie médicale: un nouveau challenge

Le developpement de la metrologie dans les LABM est un nouveau challenge qui permettra, a terme, d’assurer une meilleure transferabilite des resultats de patients ainsi qu’une demonstration plus efficace de la qualite des analyses en s’assurant, quand cela est possible, de leur tracabilite et de l’incertitude de mesure attachee a leur resultat.
Clinical Opportunities in Purinergic Neuromodulation

With the characterization of the functional role of the purines, ATP, ADP, AMP, and adenosine, and the pyrimidine nucleotides, UTP and UDP, as extracellular messengers in both normal and diseased tissues (Ralevic and Burnstock 1998), an implicit challenge has become the use of the knowledge derived from this research over the past 25 years to gain a better under-standing of the role of the purinergic receptor family in disease pathophysi-ology. This can then be used to discover novel therapeutic agents to redress or alter the cellular dysfunction associated with various disease states.
Biogeography and the Comparative Method

Advances in biogeography and paleobiogeography are very much linked to the expanding prominence of phylogenetic systematics as a research program in evolutionary biology and paleobiology. Phylogenetic systematics, as part of the comparative method in biology, emphasizes the evolutionary relationships among groups of organisms as an important aspect for testing hypotheses about the nature of the evolutionary process. For instance, to understand whether or not a particular trait is an adaptation and how selection pressures may have influenced its development, we need to know its primitive condition and how it changed with evolutionary events in the relevant group. In other words, we have to have some understanding of phylogenetic relationships within the group. As another example, if we want to look at how climate change has influenced the evolution of a particular group, we have to know the sequence of branching events within it. The relevance of phylogenetic systematics to a research program in evolutionary biology is part of a broader framework for testing hypotheses in geology and biology. In the historical sciences we are confronted with patterns, such as the movement of glaciers, the movement of continents, and the evolution of terrestrial organisms, which we wish to explain by invoking one or more processes. In each of these cases, before historical scientists such as geologists or biologists invoke a process to explain a pattern, they have to know what that pattern actually was.
Best (but oft-forgotten) practices: missing data methods in randomized controlled nutrition trials

Missing data ubiquitously occur in randomized controlled trials and may compromise the causal inference if inappropriately handled. Some problematic missing data methods such as complete case (CC) analysis and last-observation-carried-forward (LOCF) are unfortunately still common in nutrition trials. This situation is partially caused by investigator confusion on missing data assumptions for different methods. In this statistical guidance, we provide a brief introduction of missing data mechanisms and the unreasonable assumptions that underlie CC and LOCF and recommend 2 appropriate missing data methods: multiple imputation and full information maximum likelihood.
Isolated metastatic pancreatic adenocarcinoma to the uterine cervix: A case report.

Abstract The uterine cervix is an uncommon site of metastatic cancer. Specifically, pancreatic adenocarcinoma metastatic to the cervix is an exceptionally rarely reported phenomenon. We encountered a case of recurrent pancreatic adenocarcinoma presenting as a solitary metastasis to the cervix. To our knowledge, this is the only report describing an isolated recurrence of pancreatic adenocarcinoma to the cervix. When diagnosing metastatic disease to the cervix, it is also imperative for the clinician and pathologist to consider histologic mimics, such as the newly described gastric-type mucinous endocervical adenocarcinoma. Metastatic disease to the cervix may benefit from surgical resection.
Greasing the Wheels of Regeneration.

In this issue of Neuron, Yang et al. (2020) identify glycerolipid metabolism as a neuron-intrinsic mechanism that regulates axonal growth and regeneration. Shifting glycerolipid metabolism toward increased triglyceride synthesis blocks PNS neuron regeneration, whereas shifting it toward membrane phospholipid synthesis overcomes regeneration failure in CNS neurons.
From phosphorus nanorods/C to yolk–shell P@hollow C for potassium-ion batteries: high capacity with stable cycling performance

A thin hollow C (HC) was synthesized to host a high phosphorus (P) loading of 75 wt%, forming a P@HC yolk/shell structure, which delivered a reversible capacity of 841 mA h g−1, with excellent rate capability and stable cycling performance. P vapor concentration was found to be critical to the formation of P@HC or the P nanorod (PNR)/C composite. At a very high concentration of P vapor, well-crystallized PNRs were formed, which, however helped to identify the potassiation mechanism.
Functional characterization of androgen receptor in two patient-derived xenograft models of triple negative breast cancer

Extensive efforts, through cell line-based models, have been made to characterize the androgen receptor (AR) signaling pathway in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). However, these efforts have not yet reached a consensus with regards to the mechanism of AR in TNBC. Considering that patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) are more appropriate than cell line-based models for recapitulating the structural and molecular features of a patient's tumor, we have identified and molecularly characterized two new AR-positive TNBC PDX models and assessed the impacts of AR agonist [dihydrotestosterone (DHT)] and antagonist (enzalutamide) on tumor growth and gene expression profiles by utilizing immunohistochemistry, western blots, and RNA-Seq analyses. Two PDX models, termed TN1 and TN2, were derived from two grade-3 TNBC tumors, each harboring 1∼5% of AR nuclear positive cancer cells. DHT activated AR in both PDX tumors by increasing nuclear localization and AR protein levels. However, the endpoint tumor volume of DHT-treated TN1 was 3-folds smaller than that of non-treated TN1 tumors. Conversely, the endpoint tumor volume of DHT-treated TN2 was 2-folds larger than that of non-treated TN2. Moreover, enzalutamide failed to antagonize DHT-induced tumor growth in TN2. The RNA-Seq analyses revealed that DHT mainly suppressed gene expression in TN1 (961 down-regulated genes versus 149 up-regulated genes), while DHT promoted gene expression in TN2 (673 up-regulated genes versus 192 down-regulated genes). RNA-Seq data predicted distinct TNBC molecular subtypes for TN1 and TN2. TN1 correlated to a basal-like 1 (BL1) subtype, and TN2 correlated to a basal-like 2 (BL2) subtype. These analyses suggest that TN1 and TN2, which both express functional AR, are two molecularly distinct PDX models. The molecular characterization of these PDX models expands our current knowledge on AR-positive TNBC. Our results do not support that AR is a suitable therapeutic target in TNBC. To our best knowledge, the molecular mechanisms of AR in TNBC are equivocal and should be evaluated using clinically relevant models, considering both the heterogeneous expression of AR in TNBC and the general complexities of AR signaling.
The impact of accreditation on advanced-nascent technology adoption: evidence from the U.S. healthcare industry

Although adopting advanced-nascent technologies is critical to achieving competitive advantage, it is also a highly risky strategic decision, as these technologies are not yet fully institutionaliz...
Recasting the Second Fiddle: The Need for a Clear Line of Lieutenant-Gubernatorial Succession

Lieutenant governorships originally did not exist in the United States in significant numbers. But as states were faced with the unsatisfactory results of their gubernatorial succession provisions, state constitutions were amended to provide the governor with a built-in successor. However, despite these changes, state constitutions generally did not provide for filling lieutenant-gubernatorial vacancies. Following the ratification of the Twenty-Fifth Amendment, this began to change, as states adopted lieutenant-gubernatorial succession provisions—which echoed the Twenty-Fifth Amendment’s provisions for vice-presidential vacancies—in a flurry of activity. This Article focuses on the history and current reality of lieutenant-gubernatorial vacancies, exploring the absence of explicit succession provisions, the adoption of these provisions following the Twenty-Fifth Amendment, and surveys how lieutenant-gubernatorial vacancies are currently filled. It then argues that states without explicit succession provisions should adopt them and discusses what factors might be considered in drafting these provisions.
Algorithmic Hiring in Practice: Recruiter and HR Professional's Perspectives on AI Use in Hiring

The use of AI-enabled hiring software raises questions about the practice of Human Resource (HR) professionals' use of the software and its consequences. We interviewed 15 recruiters and HR professionals about their experiences around two decision-making processes during hiring: sourcing and assessment. For both, AI-enabled software allowed the efficient processing of candidate data, thus providing the ability to introduce or advance candidates from broader and more diverse pools. For sourcing, it can serve as a useful learning resource to find candidates. Though, a lack of trust in data accuracy and an inadequate level of control over algorithmic candidate matches can create reluctance to embrace it. For assessment, its implementation varied across companies depending on the industry and the hiring scenario. Its inclusion may redefine HR professionals' job content as it automates or augments pieces of the existing hiring process. Finally, we discuss how candidate roles that recruiters and HR professionals support drive the use of algorithmic hiring software.
A process-based perspective of smart tourism destination governance

The tourism management literature has recently shown increasing interest in exploring the potential offered by the smart tourism destination initiative, conceived as the integrated use of ICT solutions for achieving greater efficiency and sustainability, enriching the tourist experience and boosting destination competitiveness. However, innovative technologies risk to be ineffective without adequate governance structures that are required to ensure the effective coordination and integration of tourism firms, government and communities in implementing a holistic smart-oriented development plan for destinations. This paper aims to integrate the recent smart approach with the destination governance theory to develop a governance process framework for smart tourism destinations. The framework explains how the smart approach can inform the planning and implementation of smart development goals, and specifically how smartness principles, tools and methods can be applied to increase the sustainable competitiveness of destinations beyond the mere technology dimension, making explicit the role of collaborative structures, user-driven services, social innovation and local community involvement. At the theoretical level, the paper offers an integrative perspective for designing and implementing effective smart tourism destination governance structures and processes. In practical terms, the framework can be viewed as a flexible tool in the hands of destination managers and policy makers: it shows how to match the design of governance structures and processes with the specific destination context and how to exploit “smart dimensions” for its development by relying on an incremental logic based on subsequent, interdependent stages.
Developing Deep Learning Models for Storm Nowcasting

Storm nowcasting relies on reasonably fast sampled radar data, and deep learning (DL) can be used to harness this vast amount of data. Despite all the publications on this topic over the past five years, there are still ad hoc assumptions and a lack of standardization. This work addresses aspects that have not yet been analyzed on the development of DL models for nowcasting systems, such as the effects of different history lengths or using non-convex metrics during the training phase. For example, we show that even if the loss function is varied, it does not significantly influence the predictions, and that the number of predicted frames has a significant impact. We used the experiments' results to propose different models and compare their performance against other DL models. The results show that the proposed models outperform, in many aspects, the existing implementations.
Long-term Therapeutic and Functional Outcomes With Organ Preservation for T4 Larynx and Hypopharynx Cancers.

Purpose/Objective(s) Stage T4 larynx and hypopharynx cancers were poorly represented in the original organ preservation trials, so concerns over reduced outcomes with nonoperative management have led to a preference for surgery. For patients who refuse surgery or are not surgical candidates, there is little data to guide decision making and counseling. Therefore, we conducted a retrospective analysis of nonoperatively managed T4 larynx and hypopharynx cancer to report long-term therapeutic and functional outcomes. Materials/Methods Patients with primary larynx (n = 44) and hypopharynx (n = 53) cancer treated non-surgically with definitive radiation therapy (RT) or chemoradiation therapy (CRT) between 1/1/1997 and 12/31/2015 were included. Data collected included age, sex, KPS, smoking status, cancer site, T stage, N stage, CRT versus RT alone, IMRT versus non-IMRT, RT dose, resectability (as noted by surgeon), percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) and tracheostomy status, locoregional failure (LRF), distant metastases (DM), disease-free survival (DFS), and overall survival (OS). The Kaplan-Meier method was used to estimate time-to-event outcomes on univariate analysis (UVA). Results Median follow-up of surviving patients was 59 (range 15-154) and 45 (range 14-190) months for larynx and hypopharynx patients, respectively. The 2-/5-year OS rates were 73%/38% for larynx patients and 52%/29% for hypopharynx patients. LRF occurred in 25% (n = 11) and 19% (n = 10) of larynx and hypopharynx patients, respectively. Median disease-free interval to recurrence was 12 and 7 months in larynx and hypopharynx patients, respectively. On UVA of the larynx subset, N3 nodal status and non-IMRT treatment (n = 20, 45%) were significantly associated with detriment to OS (P = 0.046 and 0.037); treatment with RT alone impacted DFS (P = 0.028); age > 70 was significantly associated with LRF (P = 0.038, Gray's test). On UVA of the hypopharynx subset, only T4b status significantly impacted OS (P = 0.009) with no other predictive factors on outcomes analysis. In the larynx group, 75% required a tracheostomy and/or PEG, 55% of whom had neither device at most recent follow-up. Likewise, of the 86% of hypopharynx patients requiring tracheostomy and/or PEG, 27% had neither at last follow-up. Conclusion We report very encouraging disease control and survival for patients with stage T4 larynx and hypopharynx cancer who are not surgical candidates or refuse surgery. Overall, outcomes are better for larynx cancers than hypopharynx. With adequate supportive care and rehabilitation, patients are able to reach functional preservation, especially in the larynx subset. Given our analysis, we predict that both functional and therapeutic outcomes are further improved in the current IMRT era.
Spiroconjugation in 1-, 2- and 3-Dimensions: The Foundations of a Spiro Quantum Chemistry

A recent paper has described the structure of a hypothetical 3-,4-connected net termed glitter. This is a model of an allotrope of carbon in the form of a synthetic metal. That paper pointed to the importance of through-space p interactions of adjacent olefin units in the net in understanding the electronic structure at the Fermi level. The present communication elucidates the role of spiroconjugation in understanding features of the electronic band structure and density of states of glitter. With this analysis of spiroconjugation in the 1-dimensional polyspiroquinoid polymer and the 3-dimensional glitter lattice, the foundations have been laid for a new type of quantum chemistry herein called spiro quantum chemistry. Spiro quantum chemistry complements traditional quantum chemistry which is focused on linear polyenes, circular annulenes, polyhexes, 2-dimensional graphene sheets and related structures including fullerenes, by focusing on spiroconjugated hydrocarbon structures in 1- ,2- and 3-D, including linear spiro[n]quinoids and polyspiroquinoid in 1D, circular cyclospiro[n]quinoids, spiro[m,n]graphene fragments and spirographene in 2D and [m,n,o]glitter fragments and glitter in 3D.