cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bisphenol A Promotes Cell Survival Following Oxidative DNA Damage in Mouse Fibroblasts

Bisphenol A (BPA) is a biologically active industrial chemical used in production of consumer products. BPA has become a target of intense public scrutiny following concerns about its association with human diseases such as obesity, diabetes, reproductive disorders, and cancer. Recent studies link BPA with the generation of reactive oxygen species, and base excision repair (BER) is responsible for removing oxidatively induced DNA lesions. Yet, the relationship between BPA and BER has yet to be examined. Further, the ubiquitous nature of BPA allows continuous exposure of the human genome concurrent with the normal endogenous and exogenous insults to the genome, and this co-exposure may impact the DNA damage response and repair. To determine the effect of BPA exposure on base excision repair of oxidatively induced DNA damage, cells compromised in double-strand break repair were treated with BPA alone or co-exposed with either potassium bromate (KBrO3) or laser irradiation as oxidative damaging agents. In experiments with KBrO3, co-treatment with BPA partially reversed the KBrO3-induced cytotoxicity observed in these cells, and this was coincident with an increase in guanine base lesions in genomic DNA. The improvement in cell survival and the increase in oxidatively induced DNA base lesions were reminiscent of previous results with alkyl adenine DNA glycosylase-deficient cells, suggesting that BPA may prevent initiation of repair of oxidized base lesions. With laser irradiation-induced DNA damage, treatment with BPA suppressed DNA repair as revealed by several indicators. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that BPA can induce a suppression of oxidized base lesion DNA repair by the base excision repair pathway.
Identification of zebrafish A2 adenosine receptors and expression in developing embryos.

The A2A adenosine receptor (AdR) subtype has emerged as an attractive target in the pursuit of improved therapy for Parkinson’s disease (PD). This report focuses on characterization of zebrafish a2 AdRs. By mining the zebrafish EST and genomic sequence databases, we identified two zebrafish a2a (adora2a.1 and adora2a.2) genes and one a2b (adora2b) AdR gene. Sequence comparisons indicate that the predicted zebrafish A2 AdR polypeptides share 62–74% amino acid identity to mammalian A2 AdRs. We mapped the adora2a.1 gene to chromosome 8, the adora2a.2 gene to chromosome 21, and the adora2b gene to chromosome 5. Whole mount in situ hybridization analysis indicates zebrafish a2 AdR genes are expressed primarily within the central nervous system (CNS). Zebrafish are known to be sensitive to 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), a neurotoxin that causes selective loss of dopaminergic neurons and PD-like symptoms in humans as well as in animal models. Here we show that caffeine, an A2A AdR antagonist, is neuroprotective against the adverse effects of MPTP in zebrafish embryos. These results suggest that zebrafish AdRs may serve as useful targets for testing novel therapeutic strategies for the treatment of PD.
Extremal graphs for intersecting cliques

For any two positive integers n?r?1, the well-known Turan Theorem states that there exists a least positive integer ex(n,Kr) such that every graph with n vertices and ex(n,Kr)+1 edges contains a subgraph isomorphic to Kr. We determine the minimum number of edges sufficient for the existence of k cliques with r vertices each intersecting in exactly one common vertex.
The doping efficiency in amorphous silicon and germanium

Abstract The incorporation probability and the doping efficiency of phosphorus, arsenic and boron in glow-discharge-deposited hydrogenated amorphous silicon and germanium have been measured. All dopant-host pairs show the same doping efficiency as a function of the dopant concentration in the deposition plasma, but exhibit considerable scatter as a function of the solid-phase concentration. These results are discussed in the context of existing doping models.
Claims-Making and Socio-Cultural Context in the First U.S. Eugenics Campaign

Although historians have for some time been integrating sociological concepts into their work on eugenics, sociologists have for the most part left the study of late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century eugenics to historians. Arguing that our understanding of eugenics can be advanced by combining sociological and historical methods, this paper undertakes a constructionist analysis of the first U.S. eugenics campaign, which redefined poor, feeble-minded women as carriers of “depraved” heredity and resulted in establishment of the first U.S. prophylactic institution. The author merges original research and the results of previous historical investigations with social problems theory to answer three questions about this “discovery” campaign: (1) How did it construct feeble-minded women as a eugenic threat? (2) Why did it (in contrast to other eugenic crusades) concentrate exclusively on women? and (3) Why was it successful?
Characterization of Neurospora crassa mutants isolated following repeat-induced point mutation of the beta subunit of fatty acid synthase.

Neurospora crassacel-2 mutants were isolated following repeat-induced point mutation using part of the gene encoding β-fatty acid synthase. These mutants are phenotypically less leaky than cel-1, which has a defective α-fatty acid synthase. The cel-2 mutant had a strict fatty acid (16:0) requirement for growth, and syn-thesized less fatty acid de novo than cel-1. Unlike cel-1, cel-2 has impaired fertility, and homozygous crosses are infertile, suggesting a low but strict requirement for fatty acid synthesis during sexual development. Like cel-1, cel-2 synthesized unusually high levels of the polyunsaturate 18:3Δ9,12,15, and elongated 18:2Δ9,12 and 18:3Δ9,12,15 to 20:2Δ11,14 and 20:3Δ11,14,17, respectively. These fatty acids are not synthesized by wild-type, except following treatment with cerulenin (a fatty acid synthase inhibitor), demonstrating that inhibition of fatty acid biosynthesis results in a relative increase in both fatty acid desaturation and elongation activity.
Uses of parameter estimation in flight test

An overview of the experience gained at the NASA Dryden Flight Research Facility in aircraft parameter estimation is presented and the ways in which this experience is used in flight test are explained. Some of the reasons for the current importance of parameter estimation in most modern aircraft test programs are discussed, and three examples from projects underway at Dryden are used to illustrate how parameter estimation of stability derivatives can be integrated into a flight-test program.
Abstract 861: Selective small-molecule kinase inhibitors of the c-Src:FAK complex

The c-Src protein-tyrosine kinase is the prototype of a large non-receptor kinase family involved in a variety of signaling pathways in virtually every cell type. In normal cells, c-Src controls cell-cell adhesion, cell-matrix adhesion, and cell motility by interacting with and phosphorylating focal adhesion and extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins. Focal adhesion kinase (FAK), a key component of focal adhesions, activates c-Src by binding to its SH2 and SH3 domains and disrupting their negative regulatory influence on the kinase domain. The c-Src:FAK complex plays a major role in the migration and invasion of both normal and cancer cells. Both c-Src and FAK are over-expressed and constitutively active in many tumor types, enhancing focal adhesion turnover, cell migration and metastatic potential. The goal of our project is to determine whether distinct conformational changes occur in the c-Src kinase domain as a function of binding to FAK that can be selectively targeted with small molecule inhibitors. Using the FRET-based Z’-Lyte in vitro kinase assay, we first identified assay conditions where recombinant, downregulated c-Src activation was dependent on a synthetic phosphopeptide based on the FAK SH3- and SH2-binding motifs for c-Src. We then screened a chemical library of about 600 kinase-biased inhibitors for compounds that preferentially inhibited FAK-peptide-dependent c-Src activation compared to c-Src alone. Remarkably, 13 compounds showed at least five-fold selectivity for the FAK peptide:Src complex in the primary screen. Several of these compounds are of the Type II kinase inhibitor class and may exploit unique conformations of c-Src that are induced by FAK peptide binding to the SH3 and SH2 region of c-Src. These compounds are currently being evaluated for their impact on cell growth, invasion and migration in both fibroblasts and epithelial tumor cell lines. Discovery and development of selective inhibitors for a unique FAK-induced c-Src conformation may provide a new approach to targeted therapy for metastatic cancer. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 861. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-861
Late onset dysthymic disorder and major depression differ from early onset dysthymic disorder and major depression in elderly outpatients.

Abstract Background: Age of onset may affect clinical features and prognosis in elderly patients with major depression (MDD), but there is a lack of such data in elderly patients with dysthymic disorder (DD) and systematic comparisons of late onset MDD and DD have not been conducted. Methods: In a Late Life Depression Clinic, patients≥60 years old who met DSM-III-R or DSM-IV criteria for MDD or DD were studied. The 24-item Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD) and SCID-P were completed, family history was obtained, and medical illnesses were assessed. Results: In the total sample ( n =370; 211 MDD and 159 DD), compared to early onset patients, late onset (onset≥60 years) patients had a higher rate of cardiovascular disease ( χ 2 =4.12, df=1, P χ 2 =4.19, df=1, P χ 2 =9.37, df=1, P χ 2 =5.63, df=1, P χ 2 =0.35, df=1, P χ 2 =10.71, df=1, P χ 2 =0.07, df=1, P χ 2 =6.98, df=1, P n =32) did not alter the cardiovascular or family history findings, but the difference in anxiety disorders between early and late onset DD patients was no longer significant. Limitations: Academic clinic sample results may not generalize to community populations. Conclusions: In the elderly, late-onset DD is typically different from early onset DD. Cerebrovascular disease appears to play a role in the etiology of late onset DD. The similarities between late onset DD and late onset MDD suggest a single condition along a continuum.
Formation of malonaldehyde and acetaldehyde from the oxidation of 2'-deoxyribonucleosides.

2‘-Deoxyribonucleosides, ribonucleosides, nucleobases, deoxyribose, and ribose were oxidized with Fenton's reagent. Malonaldehyde (MA) formed was derivatized with N-methylhydrazine to N-methylpyrazole, and acetaldehyde formed was derivatized with cysteamine to 2-methylthiazolidine. The resulting nitrogen-containing derivatives were quantitatively analyzed using gas chromatography with a nitrogen−phosphorus detector. MA and acetaldehyde were found in 2-deoxy-d-ribose and 2‘-deoxyribonucleosides but not in ribonucleosides, nucleobases, and d-ribose. Amounts of MA formed from four deoxynucleosides were in the following order: 2‘-deoxyguanosine > 2‘-deoxycytidine > 2‘-deoxyadenosine ≥ thymidine. Amounts of acetaldehyde formed from four deoxynucleosides were in the following order: 2‘-deoxycytidine > thymidine > 2‘-deoxyadenosine ≥ 2‘-deoxyguanosine. The results suggest that the formation of MA and acetaldehyde requires a deoxy group on carbon 2‘ of a ribose moiety. Keywords: Malonaldehyde; nucleosides; acet...
TH-D-M100E-03: Use of EBT Film for Multi-Planar Dosimetry in Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Phantoms

Purpose: This work investigates the use of Gafchromic EBT film for dosimetry in homogeneous and heterogeneous phantoms for static and IMRT fields. This information is necessary for thorough algorithm verification for static and IMRT fields. Method and Materials: EBT film was used to measure dose in three phantom configurations. The first configuration consisted of solid water. The second configuration consisted of 6 cm thickness of lung‐equivalent slabs sandwiched between solid water slabs. Film measurements were compared to EDR film and calculations with the Dose Planning Method (DPM) Monte Carlo code. The third configuration, non‐slab, consisted of solid water with an 8×10×2 cm3 lung‐equivalent region in the solid water. EBT film was placed perpendicula and parallel to the beam within and between materials. Measurements were made for static fields and sample IMRT fields. Results: When converted to dose, EBT measurements showed good agreement with EDR film. For an example IMRT field, agreement was between 86% and 83% for EBT to EDR and EBT film to DPM calculations comparisons, respectively, using a χ evaluation of 2%/2 mm. In the non‐slab inhomogeneous phantom, the EBT film clearly showed the effect of disequilibrium at the interfaces. Conclusions: Because EBT film is not light sensitive, EBT film is a practical choice for phantom measurements that require precise placement. In addition, EBT film can be used for measurements parallel to the beam because it is less dependent on the photon energy spectrum. Tentative results indicate that EBT can be used for dosimetry for static and IMRT fields at planes perpendicular to the beam for homogeneous and heterogeneous slab geometries. Results show that the use of EBT film at interfaces is promising in providing dosimetric data to verify dose calculations in previously difficult to measure geometries.
GPU processing for parallel image processing and real-time object recognition

In this paper, we present a method for reducing the computation time of Automated Target Recognition (ATR) algorithms through the utilization of the parallel computation on Graphics Processing Units (GPUs). A selected multistage ATR algorithm is refounded to encourage efficient execution on the GPU. Such refounding includes parallel reimplementations of optical correlation, Feature Extraction, Classification and Correlation using NVIDIA's CUDA programming model. This method is shown to significantly reduce computation time of the selected ATR algorithms allowing the potential for further complexity and real-time applications.
On the resistivity of TiSi 2 : The implication for low-temperature applications

The electrical resistivity of TiSi 2 formed on polysilicon implanted with phosphorus and arsenic and on n+and p+diffusions implanted with arsenic and boron was measured in the 4.2-300 K temperature range. It is found that in all cases, the resistivity is reduced by a factor of 3-4 when TiSi 2 is cooled from room to liquid-nitrogen temperature. Sheet resistance as low as 1 Ω/sq. at liquid-nitrogen temperature can be easily achieved for self-aligned thin TiSi 2 layers over polysilicon and diffusion regions, which is very attractive for low-temperature CMOS applications. The residual resistivity ratio, which is a measure of the electron mean free path, decreases with growing surface concentration of dopants, regardless of doping species. The analysis of thickness effects in terms of surface scattering and of grain boundary resistivity models, suggests that degradation of sheet resistance R s with increased implantation dose is due only partly to the difficulty in forming thick enough TiSi 2 at high doses, and that dopant impurities segregated at the grain boundaries can account for the observed increase.
Puerto Rican kindergartners' self-worth as coded from the Attachment Story Completion Task: correlated with other self-evaluation measures and ratings of child behavior toward mothers and peers

This multi-method multi-informant study assessed 105 Puerto Rican kindergartners' sense of self-worth in family relationships as coded from their responses to the Attachment Story Completion Task (ASCT). The ASCT scores were compared with responses to two other age-appropriate self-evaluation measures (the Cassidy Puppet Interview and the Pictorial Scales of Social Acceptance). Correlations of children's scores on the three self-measures with maternal ratings of the mother–child relationship and teacher ratings of the child's prosocial behavior with peers were then compared. ASCT self-worth and Puppet Interview scores were strongly correlated with each other and both were modestly related to the pictorial social acceptance scales. All three measures were significantly associated with maternal and teacher reports of child behavior, but the strongest correlations were obtained with the ASCT. Coding the ASCT in terms of self-worth appears to be a promising approach for evaluating young children's (vicariousl...
Feasibility study of optically pumped molecular lasers with small quantum defect

An analytical analysis of continuous wave (CW) optically pumped molecular lasers with small quantum defect is presented. The results show the conditions under which lasing with small Stokes shifts are possible. The general results are applied to HCN as an example gas. The predictions from the analytical approach are in good quantitative agreement with numerical calculations. The effective vibrational lifetimes and rotational relaxation rates of the molecule determine the principal behavior of such lasers. High overall laser efficiencies are possible for long interaction length of pump laser and gas media, which for example can be achieved in waveguide structures. This makes such lasers potentially interesting for coherently combining the output of mutually incoherent fiber and or diode lasers.
From neurotransmitter to gene: identifying the missing links

Survival demands adaptation to changes in the environment, and some of the most important adaptations are accomplished by the nervous system. Adaptive processes such as learning and memory are mediated by complex intracellular adjustments that result, at least in part, from changes in the levels of certain proteins. The involvement of neurotransmitters in the regulation of protein biosynthesis has recently become the focus of much investigation. Questions that are beginning to be explored include: how do neurotransmitters regulate the expression of specific genes in various cell populations? How can a gene product be regulated in opposing or coordinated fashion by different stimuli? How does a neurotransmitter exert differential regulatory influences in the same cell type under different growth conditions? Teresa Esterle and Elaine Sanders-Bush examine these questions with an emphasis on the studies that explore the ability of neurotransmitters to have diverse actions on the same target gene in different tissues or on different genes in the same cell.
Wavefront sensor and wavefront corrector matching in adaptive optics

Matching wavefront correctors and wavefront sensors by minimizing the condition number and mean wavefront variance is proposed. The particular cases of two continuous-sheet deformable mirrors and a Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor with square packing geometry are studied in the presence of photon noise, background noise and electronics noise. Optimal number of lenslets across each actuator are obtained for both deformable mirrors, and a simple experimental procedure for optimal alignment is described. The results show that high-performance adaptive optics can be achieved even with low cost off-the-shelf Shack-Hartmann arrays with lenslet spacing that do not necessarily match those of the wavefront correcting elements.
Reliability of anthropometric methods and replicate measurements

The Spearman-Brown Prophesy formula, derived from psychometrics, may be used in anthropometric studies to describe the relationship between the intraclass reliability coefficient for a single measurement and the reliability resulting from the mean of replicate measurements. This theory may be applied to determine expected reliabilities of anthropometric protocols using replicate measurements and to determine the numbers of replicate measurements necessary to achieve desired levels of reliability.
Immediate renal transplantation after radical prostatectomy for low-risk prostate cancer.

Introduction For most cancers, a two- to five-yr period with no evidence of disease must be demonstrated before organ transplantation. The natural history of prostate cancer is unique both because of extensive pre-treatment screening and the ease of post-treatment monitoring for recurrence. Using available predictive models for prostate cancer recurrence, we examine whether current evidence supports a prolonged waiting period after radical prostatectomy and before renal transplantation. Materials and Methods A MedLine search was conducted to identify five series (published between 2000 and 2011), which examined biochemical recurrence (BCR) after prostatectomy for low-risk prostate cancer. The likelihood of BCR at one, two, and five yr after radical prostatectomy was identified for each series. Results Each of the analyzed series demonstrated that the likelihood of BCR after radical prostatectomy for low-risk prostate cancer was identical at one, two, and five yr and did not exceed 5%. Conclusions The likelihood of BCR does not increase during the first five yr after radical prostatectomy for low-risk prostate cancer. Additionally, the risk of recurrence approaches zero during this period. Therefore, current evidence does not support the mandated waiting period of five yr before organ transplantation.
Genetic susceptibility to infection-mediated preterm birth.

Preterm birth is a heterogeneous disorder that is responsible for significant neonatal morbidity and mortality. Intrauterine infection is implicated in a significant proportion of preterm birth—particularly in early gestation. Epidemiologic evidence supports a genetic component to infection overall and preterm birth in particular. Furthermore, a number of studies examining genes involved in pathogen recognition and our response to pathogens suggest a genetic susceptibility to infection-mediated preterm birth. On the whole, however, these studies have been difficult to replicate and explain only a small portion of the phenotypic variation in preterm birth. Given this, methodological considerations are emphasized to improve our understanding of the genetic susceptibility to infection-mediated preterm birth.
The innate immune system: gatekeeper to the female reproductive tract

Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are a major worldwide health problem that compromise reproductive fecundity as well as cut short the lives of millions of men, women and children.1,2 Despite extensive efforts, only limited success has been achieved in dealing with STDs, including herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2), Chlamydia trachomatis, group B streptococcus and human immunodeficiency virus [(HIV), the causative agent of acquired immune-deficiency syndrome (AIDS)],3 which collectively devastate both adults and newborns. It is now well recognized that the heterosexual transmission of HIV, which is reponsible for 70–80% of the new cases identified in the last 2 years, is the major route of infection worldwide.4,5 With the identification of HIV in semen and cervical secretions,6–8 AIDS is now the major life-threatening STD.9,10 As strategies are developed to prevent and effectively treat this growing global health problem, understanding the immune system in the female reproductive tract and the way it is regulated by the endocrine system has particular importance.
The Cloverleaf Skull Anomaly: Managing Extreme Cranio-orbitofaciostenosis

The cloverleaf skull anomaly represents the most manifestly extreme form of cranio-orbitofaciostenosis with hydrocephalus that has to date been associated with a uniformly poor outcome and frequent death in infancy. Assessment of the primary deformity and the approach to treatment in a consecutive series of 10 patients with the cloverleaf skull anomaly in the one unit are presented. Early predictable surgical correction of the cranio-stenosis is possible by fronto-orbital advancement and lambdoid craniectomy. Less satisfactory correction of hydrocephalus and orbitostenosis is possible with the attendant increased morbidity. Early survival and the potential for a satisfactory long-term outcome depend on the management of the faciostenosis and an airway that may be anomalous at multiple levels. The initial approach was routine tracheostomy, which provided short-term relief but with the morbidity associated with such airway maintenance in any environment other than the most sophisticated health services. More recently, upper airway surgery (uvulopalatopharyngoplasty, adenoidectomy, and soft palatal split) has ensured airway control and avoided the progression to tracheostomy. When utilized later (1 to 10 years), such surgery may alleviate the symptoms of upper airway obstruction and sleep apnea and permit delay of midfacial advancement.
Investigation of basic imaging properties in digital radiography. 13. Effect of simple structured noise on the detectability of simulated stenotic lesions

We investigated the effects of structured background noise on the detectability of stenotic lesions. Digital subtraction angiographic (DSA)images of stenotic blood vessels were simulated and superimposed onto uniform noise samples. Eighteen‐alternative forced choice (18‐AFC) experiments were employed to determine the detectability of the stenotic lesion in the structured‐noise background of a blood vessel. In this study, the dependence of detectability on lesion size, vessel size, and incident x‐ray exposure was examined. Our results indicate that the presence of structured noise in an image will reduce the detectability of a lesion. However, the relative performance of an observer when the lesion size and incident exposure were varied was the same with and without the presence of the structured background. Thus, conclusions obtained previously with regard to changes in the detectability of a lesion in the presence of uniform background noise can be applied directly to conditions in which simple structured anatomic background is present.
β2-Adrenergic receptor stimulation inhibits nitric oxide generation by Mycobacterium avium infected macrophages

Catecholamine regulation of nitric oxide (NO) production by IFNγ-primed macrophages infected with Mycobacterium avium was investigated. Epinephrine treatment of IFNγ-primed macrophages at the time of M. avium infection inhibited the anti-mycobacterial activity of the cells. The anti-mycobacterial activity of macrophages correlated with NO production. Using specific adrenergic receptor agonists, the abrogation of mycobacterial killing and decreased NO production by catecholamines was shown to be mediated via the β2-adrenergic receptor. Elevation of intracellular cAMP levels mimicked the catecholamine-mediated inhibition of NO in both M. avium infected and LPS stimulated macrophages. Specific inhibitors of both adenylate cyclase and protein kinase A prevented the β2-adrenoceptor-mediated inhibition of nitric oxide production. β2-adrenoreceptor stimulation at the time of M. avium infection of IFNγ-primed macrophages also inhibited expression of iNOS mRNA. These observations show that catecholamine hormones can affect the outcome of macrophage–pathogen interactions and suggest that one result of sympathetic nervous system activation is the suppression of the capacity of macrophages to produce anti-microbial effector molecules.
Evidence for the Existence of an α1(V)α2(V)α3(V) Collagen Molecule in Human Placental Tissue

Abstract Chromatography of native type V collagen from human placenta on phosphocellulose using nondenaturing conditions results in the partial resolution of two fractions. The first fraction contains each of the three type V α chains in approximately equal proportions and upon thermal denaturation exhibits a melting temperature of 33°C. Fraction two contains the α1 (V) and α2 (V) chains in approximately a 2:1 ratio, respectively, and has a melting temperature of 35°C. These data indicate the presence of two molecular species of type V collagen in placenta, namely an α1 (V) α2 (V) α3 (V) molecule and the previously described [α1 (V)] 2 -α2 (V) molecule.
Depression and communication processes in later life marriages.

Objective: About six hundred and fourteen elderly people married to each other, average ages 66 and 63 respectively, in long term, mature marriages, lasting on the average 36 years, completed the Marital Satisfaction Inventory, Revised–MSIr (Snyder, D.K. 1999) and the short version of the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (Kohout, F.J., Berkman, L.F., Evans, D.A., & Cornoni-Huntley, J. (1993). The purpose of this study was to determine whether depression in one or both spouses and poor affective and problem solving communication occur together. Methods: Husbands and wives were divided into nine groups based on their levels of depression (hlow/wlow, hmed/wmed, hhigh/whigh, hhigh/wlow, hhigh/wmed, wlow/hhigh, and wlow/hmed, hmed/wlow, and hmed/whigh). Analysis of Variance was used to examine the difference in couple affective communication and problem solving scores from the MSIr (1999). Results: The findings indicated that when husbands or wives are more depressed, both affective communic...
Toxicity of Head-and-Neck Radiation Therapy in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Positive Patients

Purpose: To examine the acute morbidity of high dose head and neck RT and CRT in patients with infected with HIV. Methods and Materials: All HIV-positive patients who underwent radiation therapy for head and neck cancer in our department between 2004 and 2008 were reviewed. Treatment related data were examined. All treatments were delivered with megavoltage photon beams or electron beams. Patients were evaluated by an attending radiation oncologist for toxicity and response on a weekly basis during therapy and monthly after treatment in a multidisciplinary clinic. Acute toxicities were recorded using the Radiation Therapy and Oncology Group (RTOG) common toxicity criteria. Response to treatment was based on both physical exam as well as post-treatment imaging as indicated. Results: Thirteen patients who underwent RT with a diagnosis of HIV were identified. Median age was 53 years and median follow-up was 22 months. Twelve had squamous cell carcinoma and one had lymphoproliferative parotiditis. Median radiation dose was 66.4 Gy and median duration of treatment was 51 days. The median number of scheduled radiotherapy days missed was zero (range 0 to 7). One patient (8%) developed Grade 4 confluent moist desquamation. Eight patients (61%) developed Grade 3 toxicity. Conclusion: Based on ourmore » results, HIV-positive individuals appear to tolerate treatment for head and neck cancer, with toxicity similar to that in HIV-negative individuals.« less
Reintroduction of Conservation Reliant Species: An Assessment of the Southwestern Grizzly Bear's Place on the Recovery Continuum

The concept of “conservation reliance” offers an alternative way of thinking about recovery of species under the Endangered Species Act (ESA) by placing endangered species along a recovery continuum. In this article, we argue that the management of species can be improved by employing the concept of a recovery continuum and extend the concept of conservation reliance to an often controversial topic: the reintroduction of species under the ESA. We examine proposals for reintroduction of a population of grizzly bears (Ursus arctos horribilis) into the American Southwest to demonstrate how the concept of conservation reliance provides an increased understanding of the management considerations underlying reintroduction efforts. Consideration of conservation reliance can aid in the planning of such efforts by evaluating the advisability of a reintroduction, and the concept can be used both as an educational tool for establishing public support and for examining the ethical implications of a reintroduction.
Episodic growth hormone secretion in the domestic fowl (Gallus domesticus): alpha adrenergic regulation.

Abstract 1. In animals the secretion of GH is characterized by a series of spontaneous peaks. The situation in avian species, however, is unknown. The present study examines this in the domestic fowl. 2. Blood samples were obtained via a remote catheter at 5-min intervals from young male chickens. An episodic pattern of GH secretion was observed having an interpulse interval (frequency) of approximately 1 h. 3. Episodic GH secretion was altered by peripheral administration of drugs which influence adrenergic function. 4. Spontaneous GH peaks were not observed following the administration of (1) bis-(4-methyl-1-homopiperazinyl-thiocarbonyl) disulfide (FLA63) or diethyldithiocarbamate (DDC) (which blocks norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine (E) synthesis by inhibiting dopamine-beta-hydroxylase), (2) phenoxybenzamine (an α 1 -adrenergic antagonist) and (3) clonidine (an α 2 -adrenergic agonist). 5. Neither alpha-methyl- p -tyrosine, which blocks dopamine (DA), NE and E synthesis, nor yohimbine, a predominantly α 2 -antagonist could completely suppress episodic GH secretion. 6. These data support a role for NE/E, acting via alpha adrenergic receptors, in the control of epidosic GH secretion in the domestic fowl.
Images of assimilation: photographs of Indian schools in Arizona

This paper examines recently discovered photographs of Arizona Indian schools. The amateur snapshots were drawn from a personal album of about 150 photographs collected by a woman who, we deduce, w...
Advanced screen printed polymer Ag paste for HIT cells

The Photovoltaic market has grown tremendously during the past decade. HIT (Heterojuction with Intrinsic Thin layer) cells have drawn special attention because of their potential ability for further cost reduction to achieve grid parity. HIT cells have achieved higher conversion efficiency than traditional crystalline silicon solar cells, and demonstrated better performance stability at high temperature. Similar to thin film solar cell, the pastes for HIT cell are printed on TCO (transparent conductive oxide) substrate, and are required to be curable at low temperature (≤200°C) to minimize the possibility of cell degradation. In this paper we will discuss the paste requirements for HIT cell application and the effect of paste chemistry on cell performance. This paper will also present the various attributes of these pastes such as excellent electrical conductivity, strong adhesion to ITO layer, high aspect ratio and good printability.
Resonance Wave Expansions:Two Hyperbolic Examples

For scattering on the modular surface and on the hyperbolic cylinder, we show that the solutions of the wave equations can be expanded in terms of resonances, despite the presence of trapping. Expansions of this type are expected to hold in greater generality but have been understood only in non-trapping situations.
Restorative Neurosurgery: Opportunities for Restoration of Function in Acquired, Degenerative, and Idiopathic Neurological Diseases

Historically, neurosurgery has improved the environment of the nervous system to promote maximal spontaneous recovery of function. The population of patients whom we treat at present is a small portion of those who suffer from disabling neurological illnesses. Based on a combination of new technology, and advances in neuroscience, restorative neurosurgery is advancing the frontiers of our specialty, and providing the potential to restore lost function. Significant advancements in gene therapy, the discovery and delivery of neurotrophic factors, and cell transplantation now require neurosurgeons to broaden the scope of our practice so that it includes the restoration of function in an enormous number of patients with acquired, degenerative and idiopathic neurological diseases. In order to meet the present challenge, neurosurgeons must broaden our vision, our role, and our future educational goals. In this review, we summarize the landmark advances in the basic and clinical neurosciences and the results of clinical trials that are driving our evolution from passive reaction to disease to active attempts to restore lost central nervous system function.
Library Web page usage: a statistical analysis

To improve the design of the library home page and facilitate user access to it, a Web usage analysis was conducted by the Humanities & Social Sciences Services at Texas Aamp;M University General Libraries through examination of statistics generated by Web tracking software, which many library managers are now implementing. The study examined the geographic distribution of users and usage patterns of the library Web page, the peak usage times, and the computer environment information, which includes type of Web browsers, operating systems, screen resolutions, and screen colors, etc. In addition, the study also compared usage statistics gathered before and after the library’s Web page promotion activities, to measure the effectiveness of these business management and library marketing efforts. The findings of the study concentrate on identifying Web page design problems, thus allowing the establishment of recommendations that will modify standards of library Web page design and improve strategies of library home page promotion.
Metabolism of acetanilides and anisoles with rat liver microsomes.

The metabolism of various substituted (F, Cl, Br, I, CF3, NO2) acetanilides and anisoles have been studied with 3-methylcholanthrene-induced rat liver microsomes. Metabolism of acetanilides and anisoles, which occurs primarily at the position para- to the acetamido or methoxy function, is markedly influenced by the presence of other substituents in the ortho-, meta- or para-positions. A novel loss of an adjacent substituent during hydroxylation ortho- to an iodo group was observed in the conversion of 4-iodoanisole to 3-hydroxyanisole. Migration of substituents (the NIH Shift) was not a significant metabolism with any of these substrates.
Pharmacogenetics of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors and Associated Adverse Drug Reactions

The selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) have become one of the most widely prescribed classes of drugs. They are relatively safe for the pharmacologic treatment of various psychiatric disorders; however, certain patients cannot tolerate some adverse drug reactions associated with this drug class. In addition, clinicians currently have no way to predict who will respond appropriately to a given SSRI, and the paradigm of trial and error is especially distressing for patients with mental illness. Pharmacogenetic association studies may provide insight into which genetic polymorphisms might be clinically relevant for individualizing pharmacotherapeutic regimens. Thus, we reviewed and summarized the literature regarding the pharmacogenomics of SSRI-associated adverse drug reactions. This growing body of knowledge may inform subsequent design of pharmacogenetic studies with respect to adverse drug reactions. As we appreciate the many pharmacologic mechanisms related to adverse drug reactions and gain polymorphic functional data, we will have opportunities to refine hypotheses for future pharmacogenetic association analyses.
A comparison of three screening tools to identify perinatal depression among low-income African American women.

Background The purpose of the current study was to determine the sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive value of three depression screening tools among a low-income African American population of pregnant and recently delivered women enrolled in home visitation programs in a low-income urban community.
Silicon surface emission of hot electrons

Abstract A new emission model, based on a probabilistic treatment of electron trajectories, is developed for hot electron emission from a silicon surface. Primary electrons, generated thermally or optically, are heated by a normal electric field and cooled by phonon collisions and by impact ionization. Unlike the case in previous models, the semiconductor field need not be uniform, and multistage phonon processes are included. The model provides hot electron energy distributions both for electrons transported in the non-equilibrium layer at the silicon surface and for electrons emitted into the oxide. It shows that the most probable trajectory of an emitted electron is not one of zero collisions (as assumed in the analysis of Verwey et al. [2]), but one involving the generation of many optical phonons. The model, used together with photoexcited hot electron measurements (as developed by Ning and Yu [6]), also provides an accurate method for determining phonon and ionization mean free paths.
Arithmetic Sinn and Effectiveness

Summary According to Dummett's understanding of Frege, the sense of a denoting expression is a procedure for determining its denotation. The purpose of this article is to pursue this suggestion and develop a semi-formal interpretation of Fregean sense for the special case of a first-order language of arithmetic. In particular, we define the sense of each arithmetic expression to be a hypothetical process to determine the denoted number or truth value. The sense-process is “hypothetical” in that the senses of some expressions cannot be completed in a finite number of steps. The motivation for this work is to explicate an intensional notion of effectiveness in terms of the senses of function names. It is proposed, in particular, that an expression is effective if and only if its sense can be completed in a finite number of steps. It is shown that a function is computable if and only if it has an effective name. Resume Selon la lecture que Dummet donne de Frege, le sens ?on;une expression consiste en une procedure pour determiner sa denotation. Le but de cet article est de developper cette suggestion par une interpretation semi-formelle du sens fregeen dans le cas particulier ?on;un langage de premier ordre en arithmetique. En particulier, nous definissons comme sens de toute expression mathematique un procede hypothetique pour determiner le nombre denote ou la valeur de verite. Le procede createur de sens est hypothetique en ce sens que les sens de certaines expressions ne peuvent pas etre donnes en un nombre fini de pas. Le but de cette etude est ?on;expliciter une notion intensionnelle ?on;effectuabilite en termes de sens des noms de fonction. II est en particulier propose qu'une expression soit dite effectuable si et seulement si son sens peut etre epuise en un nombre fini de pas. On montre qu'une fonction est calculable si et seulement si elle a un nom effectuable. Zusammenfassung Dummets Auffassung von Frege gemass besteht der Sinn eines denotierenden Ausdruckes in einem Verfahren, das dessen Denotation bestimmt. Es ist der Zweck der vorliegenden Arbeit, die-sen Vorschlag weiterzufuUhren und eine halbformale Interpretation des Fregeschen Sinnes fiir den besonderen Fall der Sprache erster Stufe der Arithmetik zu entwickeln. Es wird im besonderen der Sinn eines jeden arithmetischen Ausdruckes als hypothetisches Verfahren zur Bestimmung der denotierten Zahl oder des Wahrheitswertes definiert. Die Sinngebung ist insofern hypothe-tisch, als der Sinn gewisser Ausdrucke nicht in einer endlichen Zahl von Schritten gegeben wer-den kann. Das Anliegen der Arbeit grundet in der Absicht, einen intensionalen Begriff der Effek-tivitat aufgrund des Sinnes von Funktionsnamen zu erlautern. Es wird im besonderen festgelegt, dass ein Ausdruck dann und nur dann effektiv sei, wenn sein Sinn in einer endlichen Zahl von Schritten erreicht werden kann. Es wird gezeigt, dass eine Funktion genau dann berechenbar ist, wenn sie einen effektiven Namen hat.
Inter-generational contact from a network perspective

Abstract Pathways for resource – or other – exchanges within families have long been known to be dependent on the structure of relations between generations ( [Silverstein, 2011] , [Fuller-Thomson et al., 1997] , [Agree et al., 2005] , [Treas and Marcum, 2011] ). Much life course research has theorized models of inter-generational exchange – including, the ‘sandwich generation’ ( Miller, 1981 ) and the ‘skipped generation’ pathways ( Chalfie, 1994 ) – but there is little work relating these theories to relevant network mechanisms such as liaison brokerage ( Gould & Fernandez, 1989 ) and other triadic configurations ( [Davis and Leinhardt, 1972] , [Wasserman and Faust, 1994] ). To address this, a survey of models of resource allocation between members of inter-generational households from a network perspective is introduced in this paper. Exemplary data come from health discussion networks among Mexican-origin multi-generational households.
A high-order finite difference method for numerical simulations of supersonic turbulent flows

This paper describes a new class of three-dimensional finite difference schemes for high-speed turbulent flows in complex geometries based on the high-order monotonicity-preserving (MP) method. Simulations conducted for various 1D, 2D, and 3D problems indicate that the new high-order MP schemes can preserve sharp changes in the flow variables without spurious oscillations and are able to capture the turbulence at the smallest computed scales. Our results also indicate that the MP method has less numerical dissipation and faster grid convergence than the weighted essentially non-oscillatory method. However, both of these methods are computationally more demanding than the COMP method and are only used for the inviscid fluxes. To reduce the computational cost for reacting flows, the scalar equations are solved by the COMP method, which is shown to yield similar results to those obtained by the MP in supersonic turbulent flows with strong shock waves. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A note on Gettier cases in epistemic logic

The paper explains how Gettier’s conclusion can be reached on general theoretical grounds within the framework of epistemic logic, without reliance on thought experiments. It extends the argument to permissive conceptions of justification that invalidate principles of multi-premise closure and require neighbourhood semantics rather than semantics of a more standard type. The paper concludes by recommending a robust methodology that aims at convergence in results between thought experimentation and more formal methods. It also warns against conjunctive definitions as sharing several of the drawbacks of disjunctive definitions.
Network analysis of brain cognitive function using metabolic and blood flow data

Functional neuroimaging has become a powerful tool for investigating the neurobiological foundations of cognition. An overview is presented of the two major strategies by which such data are currently analyzed. One strategy compares the pattern of activity between two (or more) tasks, looking for those brain areas that show significant changes. The second investigates the functional relationships between regional activities in an attempt to determine the systems-level neural networks mediating the tasks. Object and spatial visual processing tasks are used to illustrate each of these strategies.
Sustaining rice–wheat system productivity in the Indo-Gangetic plains: water management-related issues

Abstract The Indo-Gangetic plains constitute the most important agricultural region in south Asia. From early 1960s to late 1980s, the area under rice–wheat cropping systems in the Indian portion of the plains has grown rapidly and the crop yields have increased resulting in large production gains. The gains were particularly significant in the north-western region covered by the states of Punjab, Haryana, and western Uttar Pradesh although, of late, growth rates have slowed. In comparison productivity levels and growth rates in the eastern region represented by eastern Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and West Bengal have remained low. Water management-related issues pose a major concern to the sustainability of production systems across the region. In the eastern region flooding is widespread, groundwater resources have not been adequately developed and water availability to crops from surface irrigation systems is unreliable and poorly distributed. Over exploitation of groundwater resources and quality degradation are major concerns in sustaining high productivity in the north-western region. Suggestions are made on areas which call for enhanced research efforts.