cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Kinematics and metabolic cost of running on an irregular treadmill surface

The purpose of this study was to investigate the kinematic and metabolic effects of running on an irregular surface. We also examined how altering the frontal plane foot angle (inversion/eversion) ...
Experiments on immunoprophylaxis against Chagas' disease.

It is apparent from Dr.Teixeira’s chapter that attempts to immunize experimental animals against acute infections with Trypanosoma cruzi have met with only limited success, and virtually nothing is known regarding the possibility of immunoprophylaxis against chronic Chagas’ disease. Nevertheless, the limited success achieved thus far offers some encouragement that the development of effective immunizing agents for use against T. cruzi is feasible.
Measurement of Charge Transfer to Aqueous Droplets in High Voltage Electric Fields.

The electric charge acquired by aqueous droplets when they contact an electrode is a crucial parameter in experimental and industrial applications where electric fields are used to manipulate droplet motion and coalescence. For unclear reasons, many investigators have found that aqueous droplets acquire significantly more positive than negative charge. Extant techniques for determining the droplet charge typically rely on a hydrodynamic force balance that depends on accurate characterization of the drag forces acting on the droplet. Here we present an alternative methodology for measuring the droplet charge via direct measurement of the electric current. As the droplet approaches the electrode the current is observed to gradually increase, followed by a large pulse when the droplet makes apparent contact. We interpret the transient current signals as the superposition of the natural response of an RLC circuit and an induced current described by the Shockley–Ramo theory. Nonlinear regression of the observe...
Using SEIRS Epidemic Models for IoT Botnets Attacks

The spread of Internet of Things (IoT) botnets like those utilizing the Mirai malware were successful enough to power some of the most powerful DDoS attacks that have been seen thus far on the Internet. Two such attacks occurred on October 21, 2016 and September 20, 2016. Since there are an estimated three billion IoT devices currently connected to the Internet, these attacks highlight the need to understand the spread of IoT worms like Mirai and the vulnerability that they create for the Internet. In this work, we describe the spread of IoT worms using a proposed model known as the IoT Botnet with Attack Information (IoT-BAI), which utilizes a variation of the Susceptible-Exposed-Infected-Recovered-Susceptible (SEIRS) epidemic model [14]. The IoT-BAI model has shown that it may be possible to mitigate the frequency of IoT botnet attacks with improved user information which may positively affect user behavior. Additionally, the IoT-BAI model has shown that increased vulnerability to attack can be caused by new hosts entering the IoT population on a daily basis. Models like IoT-BAI could be used to predict user behavior after significant events in the network like a significant botnet attack.
Etv5 promotes IL-10 production in Th2 cells

The anti-inflammatory cytokine, IL-10, suppresses inflammatory responses at mucosal surfaces. Among T helper cell subsets, Th2 cells produce the highest concentrations. However, the transcription factors that regulate Il10 gene expression have not been completely defined. Etv5 is a member of the ETS transcription factor family that promotes production of IL-17 in Th17 cells and IL-9 in Th9 cells. To define the effects of Etv5 deficiency on cytokine expression in Th2 cells, T cells from CD4 specific Etv5 knockout (Etv5 fl/fl CD4-Cre+, termed Etv5 KO below) and littermate control (Etv5 fl/fl CD4-Cre-, termed WT below) mice were differentiated under Th2 conditions. Etv5 was required for maximal IL-10 production and modestly repressed the Th2 cytokines IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13. In mice sensitized with Aspergilus fumigatus extract, IL-10 production in both BAL and lung was significantly reduced in Etv5 KO mice, consistent with in vitro data. Using ChIP and reporter assays, we showed that Etv5 directly binds to the Il10 locus, specifically at the CNS3 region. Etv5 promotes IL-10 production by recruiting IL-10 inducing transcription factors including Jun family members, IRF4 and E4BP4, and the binding of these factors to the Il10 locus, but not the expression of these factors, was decreased in the absence of Etv5. Ectopic GATA3 and E4BP4 expression recovers IL-10 production to wild type amounts, suggesting that Etv5 enhances the efficiency of function of these factors. Importantly, ectopic Etv5 expression in Etv5 KO Th2 cells restored binding of the factors to the Il10 locus. Thus, Etv5 promotes IL-10 production by enhancing the recruitment of IL-10 inducing transcription factors.
The treatment of incomplete data: Reporting, analysis, reproducibility, and replicability

Proper analysis and reporting of incomplete data continues to be a challenging task for practitioners from various research areas. Recently Nguyen, Strazdins, Nicholson and Cooklin (NSNC; 2018) evaluated the impact of complete case analysis and multiple imputation in studies of parental employment and health. Their work joins interdisciplinary efforts to educate and motivate scientists across the research community to use principled statistical methods when analyzing incomplete data. Although we fully support and encourage work in parallel to NSNC's, we also think that further actions should be taken by the research community to improve current practices. In this commentary, we discuss some aspects and misconceptions related to analysis of incomplete data, in particular multiple imputation. In our view, the missing data problem is part of a larger problem of research reproducibility and replicability today. Thus, we believe that improving analysis and reporting of incomplete data will make reproducibility and replicability efforts easier. We also provide a brief checklist of recommendations which could be used by members of the scientific community, including practitioners, journal editors, and reviewers to set higher publication standards.
Differential expression of various clones of estrogen receptor in cell block preparation of lung adenocarcinoma

Background Women treated for breast cancer are at increased risk of developing pulmonary nodules which could represent new primary lung carcinomas or metastatic breast carcinoma. The FNA biopsy is frequently the first diagnostic choice in determining the primary site of the tumor. Estrogen receptor (ER) positivity in diagnostic tissue is generally used to favor breast over lung primary. However, the recent studies have shown a wide range of ER antibody cross reactivity with lung adenocarcinoma. We studied the frequency of ER expression in cytology samples of lung adenocarcinoma using antibodies to three different ER clones. Methods Cytology cell block preparations, including 22 lung FNAs and 19 malignant pleural effusions (PE) from 41 patients, with clinically documented primary lung adenocarcinomas were selected for this study. All cases were stained with monoclonal antibodies to ER clones 6F11 and 1D5. Twenty nine cases with remaining available material (15 FNA and 14 PE) were stained with a third antibody to ER clone SP1. The extent of ER nuclear staining was scored as 3+ (50%-100% of tumor cells), 2+ (11%-49%), and 1+ (≤10%). Results Positivity for ER-6F11 clone was present in 4 of 22 lung FNAs (18.2%, 2+ staining). Two of the four 6F11 positive FNAs also co-expressed ER-1D5 (9.1%, 2+ staining). No immunoreactivity was observed for ER clones 6F11 and 1D5 in all 19 malignant PEs. In addition, none of the remaining 15 FNAs and 14 PEs showed immunoreactivity for ER-SP1 clone. Conclusions A small subset of pulmonary adenocarcinomas shows immunoreactivity for ER clones 6F11 and 1D5 in FNA samples (18.2% and 9.1%, respectively). The absence of immunoreactivity for ER-SP1 clone indicates higher specificity of this clone in non-breast tissue. The differential diagnostic value of all ER clones in malignant PEs appears to be secure. Larger studies are necessary to validate this observation.
The Role of Cell-Cell Interaction in the Regulation of Endothelial Cell Growth

Studies of growth control have focused on the role of low-molecular-weight proteins that stimulate growth. Like other hormones or cytokines, these small proteins, including platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and epidermal growth factor (EGF), bind to receptors in target cell membranes and initiate a set of events leading to DNA synthesis. The existence of these growth factors is consistent with the usual view of growth stimulus and response, which occurs when a tissue proliferates during wound repair. That is, we usually think of a wound as disrupting a resting environment. Cytokines and lymphokines released at sites of injury might be thought of as wound-repair hormones, initiating margination of leukocytes, chemotaxis, release of proteases, hemostasis, and so on. In a similar manner, it is reasonable to imagine that growth factors released at a wound site would stimulate cells in the wounded tissue to begin replicating. This idea is well supported by studies showing that many of the blood cells responding to a wound can release mitogens (Ross et al., 1974) and by more recent studies showing that these agents can be effective when released in a wound chamber in vivo (Sporn et al, 1983; Assoian et al, 1984) (see Chapter 9-12).
Low Permittivity Porous Silica Thin Films for MCM-C/D Applications

Preliminary results indicate that nearly crack-free 2.5–12 μm thick low permittivity porous silica thin films can be made by dipping aluminum coated slides into gel solutions prepared by a colloidal processing method. We have been successful in making reproducible films with dielectric constants less than 2 and dielectric losses less than 5%(for kHz-MHz frequencies). The films permittivity and loss increase if exposed to high relative humidities but may be lowered again by an appropriate heat treatment. Suitable hydrophobic coatings are currently being sought. Adaptation to spin coating for further implementation of these films into MCM-C/D applications is being carried out.
Education revolution: from TED talk to treatise

This book review is a comprehensive examination of Creative Schools: The Grassroots Revolution That's Transforming Education by Sir Ken Robinson and Lou Aronica. Robinson and Aronica call for an education revolution in which project-based learning and creative problem-solving, along with academic rigor, replace standardised assessment-based curriculum in kindergarten through 12th grade public schools. They cite a variety of successful case studies of innovative school models that show that prioritising creative pursuits and interest-driven projects in schools increases intrinsic motivation and engagement of students in schools, as well as standardised assessment scores. Although their novel is not written from the direct perspective of a K-12 educator, nor does it cite well-known and accepted learning theories and philosophies, Robinson and Aronica's case studies, rationale and curriculum recommendations create a strong argument in favour of the revolution of current instructional practice.
Intensified Electrocatalytic CO2 Conversion in Pressure‐Tunable CO2‐Expanded Electrolytes

Multimolar CO2 concentrations are achieved in acetonitrile solutions containing supporting electrolyte at relatively mild CO2 pressures (<5 MPa) and ambient temperature. Such CO2 -rich, electrolyte-containing solutions are termed as CO2 -eXpanded Electrolytes (CXEs) because significant volumetric expansion of the liquid phase accompanies CO2 dissolution. Cathodic polarization of a model polycrystalline gold electrode-catalyst in CXE media enhances CO2 to CO conversion rates by up to an order of magnitude compared with those attainable at near-ambient pressures, without loss of selectivity. The observed catalytic process intensification stems primarily from markedly increased CO2 availability. However, a non-monotonic correlation between the dissolved CO2 concentration and catalytic activity is observed, with an optimum occurring at approximately 5 m CO2 concentration. At the highest applied CO2 pressures, catalysis is significantly attenuated despite higher CO2 concentrations and improved mass-transport characteristics, attributed in part to increased solution resistance. These results reveal that pressure-tunable CXE media can significantly intensify CO2 reduction rates over known electrocatalysts by alleviating substrate starvation, with CO2 pressure as a crucial variable for optimizing the efficiency of electrocatalytic CO2 conversion.
Effective Buffer Utilization

Different operator implementations have different buffer needs. For example, the pipelined implementation of the select operator uses a single buffer very efficiently and has no need for additional buffers. On the other hand, the materialized implementation of the sort operator merges several runs at a time and needs a buffer for each. This chapter considers the various ways in which operator implementations can use additional buffers, and gives efficient multibuffer algorithms for the sort, product, and join operators.
Wernicke's Encephalopathy Presenting as Sensorineural Hearing Loss.

Sleeve gastrectomy is a restrictive-type weight loss surgery that can result in nutritional deficiencies, such as vitamin B1 (thiamine) deficiency. Although Wernicke's encephalopathy is a known complication following bariatric surgery, bilateral sensorineural hearing loss is a rare presenting symptom of this condition. We present a case of a patient two months postoperative following a sleeve gastrectomy whose chief complaint was hearing loss. While initial laboratory evaluation of her complaint showed elevated inflammatory markers, prompting an autoimmune workup, ultimately the diagnosis of Wernicke's encephalopathy was confirmed by a low thiamine level and magnetic resonance imaging findings. A correction of the patient's thiamine deficiency led to an improvement of her symptoms.
Feasibility and tolerability of a cognitive remediation clinical service in first episode coordinated specialty care.

Aim Cognitive remediation is an evidence-based intervention targeting the common and disabling cognitive deficits in people with psychosis. Findings from efficacy studies and meta-analyses show that cognitive remediation produces medium to large effects on cognition in both chronic and first episode patients. However, clinical availability of this treatment remains scarce, reflecting a major gap between science and practice. Here we describe the development of a cognitive remediation programme in an outpatient first episode psychosis clinical service, and preliminary feasibility and acceptability outcomes. Methods Based on evidence from efficacy trials and assessment within the clinic of perceived benefits and barriers, we developed a CR programme that involved both internet-based computer training exercises and a weekly in-person therapy group. Outcomes were assessed based on data from three consecutive 12-week group series. Feasibility outcomes included adoption, fill, cost, and utilization; tolerability outcomes were based on user survey and focus group feedback. Results We found evidence of feasibility including good adoption, fill, utilization, and cost. We also found good tolerability and satisfaction based on feedback from a user survey and focus groups, with more than 80% of respondents reporting high overall satisfaction with the programme and subjective cognitive and functional improvements. Conclusions The present report provides preliminary evidence that cognitive remediation can be translated into real world clinical practice for first episode psychosis. Systematic evaluation of implementation and dissemination of cognitive remediation is needed, and has the potential to improve access to cognitive health interventions for people with psychosis.
Topological Estimation of 2D Image Data via Subsampling and Application to Firn

We develop a novel statistical approach to estimate topological information from large, noisy images. Our main motivation is to measure pore microstructure in 2-dimensional X-ray micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) images of ice cores at different depths. The pore space in these samples is where gas can move and get trapped within the ice column and is of interest to climate scientists. While the field of topological data analysis offers tools (e.g. lifespan cutoff and PD Thresholding) for estimating topological information in noisy images, direct application of these techniques to large images often leads to inaccuracies and proves infeasible as image size and noise levels grow. Our approach uses image subsampling to estimate the number of holes of a prescribed size range in a computationally feasible manner. In applications where holes naturally have a known size range on a smaller scale than the full image, this approach offers a means of estimating Betti numbers, or global counts of holes of various dimensions, via subsampling of the image.
Is there an asymmetric link between the shadow economy and the financial depth of emerging market economies

Abstract This study investigates the relationship between the shadow economy and financial depth for a group of 17 selected emerging countries over the period of 1980–2018 in both the long-run and short-run. The main feature of this study is to distinguish the short-run effects of the shadow economy from its long-run impacts by using the bounds testing approach to cointegration and error-correction modeling. Using a linear model estimation approach (ARDL), our findings show that, in a majority of countries, the existence of the shadow economy has a significant adverse impact on financial depth, implying that with an uncertain financial environment, there will be less opportunity to have a developed financial sector for this group of emerging market economies. Using the non-linear model estimation approach (NARDL), to investigate this relationship, we provide robust statistical evidence that the effect of the shadow economy on the depth of financial market development is not symmetric. The results indicate that despite similarities as emerging market economies, the estimated results could be very much country-specific in terms of unique country characteristics.
Abstract P506: Machine Learning Models Improve Prediction of Large Vessel Occlusion and Mechanical Thrombectomy Candidacy in Acute Ischemic Stroke

Background and Purpose: Early identification of large vessel occlusions (LVO) and timely recanalization are paramount in improved clinical outcomes in acute ischemic stroke. Multiple simple stroke ...
Uncovering Burdens, Examining Needs, and Shedding Assumptions of Evidence-Based Social Support Programs for Mothers: A Descriptive Qualitative Study in a Remote Community

Many studies have demonstrated a significant burden of maternal stress and depression for women living on the Galapagos Islands. Here, we aim to uncover burdens and needs of women with young children on San Cristobal Island and then explore options for implementing evidence-based programs of social support to meet these needs. We conducted 17 semi-structured qualitative interviews with mothers of young children, healthcare workers, and community stakeholders. We then used Summary Oral Reflective Analysis (SORA), an interactive methodology, for qualitative analysis. Despite initial reports of a low-stress environment, women described many sources of stress and concerns for their own and their children's health and well-being. We uncovered three broad areas of need for mothers of young children: (1) the need for information and services, (2) the need for trust, and (3) the need for space. In response to these concerns, mothers, healthcare workers, and community leaders overwhelmingly agreed that a social support program would be beneficial for the health of mothers and young children. Still, they expressed concern over the feasibility of such a program. To address these feasibility concerns, we propose that a web-based education and social support intervention led by nurses would best meet mothers' needs. Women could learn about child health and development, develop strong, trusting friendships with other mothers, and have their own space to speak freely among experts and peers.
Novel assessment of leukocyte-rich platelet-rich plasma on functional and patient-reported outcomes in knee osteoarthritis: a pilot study.

Background: Leukocyte-rich platelet-rich plasma (LR-PRP) has demonstrated to be beneficial for patients with knee osteoarthritis (KOA); however, reliable objective end points to accurately assess its therapeutic effects is lacking. Aim: To investigate the efficacy of LR-PRP as assessed by functional and patient-reported outcomes at early time points (6 weeks). Materials & methods: We conducted a prospective cohort study in 12 patients with diagnosed KOA (Kellgren Lawrence score of II-III), who underwent a single ultrasound-guided LR-PRP injection. Results: There was significant improvement in timed up and go, pain and quality of life scales and balance parameters. There were nonsignificant improvements in range of motion and gait parameters. Conclusion: LR-PRP demonstrates efficacy in meaningful end points for functional and patient-reported outcomes at early time points in patients with KOA.
Kung Flu and Roof Koreans: Asian/Americans as the Hated Other and Proxies of Hating in the White Imaginary

The COVID-19 pandemic brought about not only political, social, and economic disaster globally, but also rising hate and the exacerbation of social inequity. As the pandemic spread beyond China, hate crimes against Asians skyrocketed in the United States and internationally. Amidst growing xenophobia and a global health crisis, 2020 also marked worldwide Black Lives Matter protests. Memes that featured “Roof Koreans” started being shared during the protests, along with the already racist memes about COVID-19 that targeted Asians. In this essay, we critically analyze memes from the spring and summer of 2020 to examine how Asian/Americans are not only positioned and reproduced as the Hated Other (“Kung Flu”), but also how they function as Proxies of Hating (“Roof Koreans”) in service to white hegemony. Using critical discourse analysis, while also responding to Palumbo-Liu’s 1994 essay examining images of Korean Americans from the 1992 LA Uprising as proxies of white hegemony, we explore the symbolic connections between these memes and the pervasive narrative of Asian/Americans as both yellow peril and model minority.
English Language Learning and Technology: Lectures on applied linguistics in the age of information and communication technology

This book explores implications for applied linguistics of recent developments in technologies used in second language teaching and assessment, language analysis, and language use. Focusing primarily on English language learning, the book identifies significant areas of interplay between technology and applied linguistics, and it explores current perspectives on perennial questions such as how theory and research on second language acquisition can help to inform technology-based language learning practices, how the multifaceted learning accomplished through technology can be evaluated, and how theoretical perspectives can offer insight on data obtained from research on interaction with and through technology. The book illustrates how the interplay between technology and applied linguistics can amplify and expand applied linguists’ understanding of fundamental issues in the field. Through discussion of computer-assisted approaches for investigating second language learning tasks and assessment, it illustrates how technology can be used as a tool for applied linguistics research.
A VLSI implementation of a universal programmable low sensitivity sampled data filter

In this presentation, a CMOS custom Integrated Circuit featuring a multi-stage Universal Switched-Capacitor (SC) Filter is Introduced. The network is based on the Generalized Immittance Converter (GIC) configuration, known for its excellent passive and active sensitivities. CMOS switches were used for elements relocation and are digitally controlled to select and realized different filter topologies. Switches were also used to control banks of binary-weighted capacitors that determine the filter center frequency, quality factor as well as its order. The bilinear transformation were utilized in the SC implementation of the filter resistive elements. Extra care was considered in the design procedure to minimize the effect of stray capacitors on the network transfer functions. The result was a general purpose digitally programmable multi-stage network that can equally compete with the best available stray insensitive filter. The design also inherit the low active and passive sensitivities the GIC enjoys.
Comparison of age at natural menopause in BRCA1/2 mutation carriers with a non–clinic‐based sample of women in northern California

BACKGROUND: Germline mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 (BRCA1/2) are related to an increased lifetime risk of developing breast and ovarian cancer. Although risk-reducing salpingo-oophorectomy reduces the risk of both cancers, loss of fertility is a major concern. A recent study suggested an association between BRCA1 mutation and occult primary ovarian insufficiency. The objective of the current study was to determine whether BRCA1/2 mutation carriers have an earlier onset of natural menopause compared with unaffected women. METHODS: White carriers of the BRCA1/2 gene (n = 382) were identified within the Breast Cancer Risk Program Registry at the University of California at San Francisco and compared with non–clinic-based white women in northern California (n = 765). The 2 groups were compared with regard to median age at the time of natural menopause before and after adjustment for known risk factors, and the role of smoking within each group was examined using the Kaplan-Meier approach for unadjusted analyses and Cox proportional hazards regression analyses for adjusted analyses. RESULTS: The median age at the time of natural menopause in the BRCA1/2 carriers was significantly younger than among the unaffected sample (50 years vs 53 years; P < .001). The unadjusted hazard ratio for natural menopause when comparing BRCA1/2 carriers with unaffected women was 4.06 (95% confidence interval, 3.03-5.45) and was 3.98 (95% confidence interval, 2.87-5.53) after adjusting for smoking, parity, and oral contraceptive use. For BRCA1/2 carriers who were current heavy smokers (smoking ≥ 20 cigarettes/day), the median age at natural menopause was 46 years versus 49 years for nonsmokers (P = .027). CONCLUSIONS: The BRCA1/2 mutation was associated with a significantly earlier age at natural menopause, and heavy smoking compounded this risk. Because the relationship between menopause and the end of natural fertility is considered to be fixed, these findings suggest the risk of earlier infertility among BRCA1/2 carriers. Cancer 2013. © 2012 American Cancer Society.
Non-intrusive system level fault-tolerance

High-integrity embedded systems operate in multiple modes, in order to ensure system availability in the face of faults. Unanticipated state-dependent faults that remain in software after system design and development behave like hardware transient faults: they appear, do the damage and disappear. The conventional approach used for handling task overruns caused by transient faults is to use a single recovery task that implements minimal functionality. This approach provides limited availability and should be used as a last resort in order to keep the system online. Traditional fault detection approaches are often intrusive in that they consume processor resources in order to monitor system behavior. This paper presents a novel approach for fault-monitoring by leveraging the Ravenscar profile, model-checking and a system-on-chip implementation of both the kernel and an execution time monitor. System fault-tolerance is provided through a hierarchical set of operational modes that are based on timing behavior violations of individual tasks within the application. The approach is illustrated through a simple case study of a generic navigation system.
Fully distributed DC-OPF approach for power flow control

The recent interest in distributed control strategies is motivated by the fact that the future electric power grid is expected to accommodate significantly more distributed resources. This future distributed infrastructure requires more autonomous control schemes for its scattered components, e.g., power flow control devices as considered in this paper. To this end, this paper presents a distributed control scheme for solving the DC Optimal Power Flow problem for an electricity network in which transmission lines are potentially instrumented with Distributed Flexible AC Transmission Systems (D-FACTS). Our approach constitutes a distributed iterative procedure which aims to solve the first order optimality conditions of the corresponding optimization problem. In this iterative algorithm, the responsibility of each bus includes updating a few local variables and exchanging updated variables with a few neighboring buses. Specifically, the updates at each bus include local innovation terms that are derived from the first order optimality conditions and preserve the coupling between the neighboring Lagrange multipliers and enforce the supply/demand balance. Due to the non-convexity of the primal problem, global optimality is not guaranteed, however, our results show that the distributed procedure converges to a solution of the first order optimality conditions yielding a local optimum. The performance of this algorithm is evaluated using the IEEE 14-bus and the IEEE-118 bus test systems.
Karman-Howarth Theorem for the Lagrangian averaged Navier-Stokes alpha model

The Karman-Howarth theorem is derived for the Lagrangian averaged Navier-Stokes alpha (LANS−�) model of turbulence. Thus, the LANS−� model's preservation of the fundamental transport structure of the Navier-Stokes equations also includes preservation of the transport relations for the velocity autocorrelation functions. This result implies that the alpha-filtering in the LANS−� model of turbulence does not suppress the intermittency of its solutions at separation distances large compared to alpha.
Environment, Security, and Terrorism in the Trinational Frontier of the Southern Cone

This article analyzes the transformations of notions of governmentality, security, and sovereignty behind recent processes of securitization in the trinational frontier of the Southern Cone, which encompasses the cities of Puerto Iguazœ (Argentina), Ciudad del Este (Paraguay), and Foz do Igua?œ (Brazil). It examines how early concerns with security that were primarily focused on the territorial integrity of nation-states have been replaced with security concerns of a more global nature, which call into question established mechanisms of control, particularly those related to the defense of national borders. It examines how environmental concerns are increasingly becoming conflated with other current forms of securitization such as terrorism, popular unrest, and narcotraffic and it analyzes devastating effects of these processes on peoples of the South, particularly the poor.
A sensitivity analysis of retailer shelf management models

Abstract A shelf management model was developed to assist retailers with the decision of which products to stock and how much space to allocate to those products. Due to the non-linearities in the formulation a closed form solution is not possible. Borin, et al. develop a search heuristic based on simulated annealing and compare the solution against a known optimum. A barrier to the use of such models is the fact that managers typically do not have access to error-free estimates of the parameters required for the model construction (shelf elasticities, search loyalty, and consumer preferences). In this article we analyze the degree of error that may be introduced into estimates of the parameters before the model yields assortments and shelf allocations that are inferior to those produced by the merchandising rule of thumb, share-of-shelf = share-of-sales. The results indicate that judgmental estimates of parameters can vary by as much as 50 percent and still make application of the model useful.
Do guppies play TIT FOR TAT during predator inspection visits

Cooperative behavior during predatorinspection visits of the guppy (Poecilia reticulata) was examined. Wild caught guppies from Trinidad were tested on two types of mirror. In one treatment individual guppies were tested using a long mirror that ran parallel to the path toward the predator. In the second treatment, guppies were tested with a shorter mirror that was placed at an angle of thirty-two degrees to the path toward the predator. Guppies in both mirror treatments showed consistent behavior throughout a trial, with subjects in the straight-mirror treatment spending more time near the predator. It appears that guppies employ a “conditional-approach” strategy during predator inspections. The conditional-approach strategy instructs a player to swim toward the predator (inspect) on the first move of a game and subsequently only to move forward if the other player swims beside it. “Conditional-approach” is analogous to a TIT FOR TAT strategy, the difference being that the conditional-approach strategy makes no assumptions about the player's payoff matrix.
Investigations of Ultra-Thin Single Layer A-Si:H Films

Measurements are presented as direct evidence of tail states in ultra-thin a-Si:H single layer films. Including tail states in computer simulations completely removes the staircase structure in the differential optical spectra, previously associated with the quantum confinement of carriers.
The bortezomib-induced mitochondrial damage is mediated by accumulation of active protein kinase C-δ

Bortezomib (PS-341) is an inhibitor of the S26 proteasome. Bortezomib induces mitochondrial damage but the exact mechanism remains unclear. We studied PKC-delta, a kinase that is regulated by proteasome degradation and translocates to mitochondria in apoptosis, and examined whether PKC-delta could be a potential mediator of bortezomib-induced mitochondrial damage. Co-incubation of bortezomib with a PKC-delta inhibitor, rottlerin, suppressed bortezomib-induced apoptosis in U937 cells. Western analysis of U937 cells treated with bortezomib revealed accumulation of full-length PKC-delta in the first 4 h. By 16 h an active catalytic fragment of PKC-delta accumulated in mitochondria. The cleavage of PKC-delta after bortezomib treatment was mediated by caspases, because a pan-caspase inhibitor BAF prevented the appearance of the active fragment of PKC-delta. These findings indicate that accumulation of the active PKC-delta fragment in mitochondria is responsible for bortezomib-induced mitochondrial damage.
Skylab attitude control system

The attitude stabilization and control system for Skylab evolved from an analog controller into a fully digital processing system. Features of this system include a software-determined attitude reference to provide general maneuvering ability, an in-orbit programming capability, the use of large control moment gyros for attitude control, and the use of vehicle maneuvers to desaturate gyro momentum. The objectives, requirements, and implementations of the control system software are described, along with the rationales for certain design decisions and discussion of some system dynamics and actual performance.
The influence of maternal life transitions and financial strain on adolescents' educational and occupational attainment

Abstract This study utilizes the family life course development framework to explore two research questions on how exposure to maternal life transitions and fluctuations in financial strain experienced during early adolescence influence adolescents' educational and occupational status attainment six years later. Three waves of longitudinal data from the Welfare, Children, and Families: A Three-City Study (1999–2006; N = 509) and multinomial logistic regressions were used to delve into these questions for a sample of African-American and Hispanic youth growing up in low-income urban areas of the United States. Results found that adolescents' educational status was predicted by mothers' transitions into or out of a union and the interaction between changes in financial strain and welfare transitions. Adolescents' occupational status was predicted by the interaction of financial strain and the mother being stably separated. The results illustrate how experiences of low-income families post-welfare reform can influence the successful status attainment of the adolescent, and highlight the need for educational, vocational, or life skills training programs for low-income adolescents.
Pathogenetic Studies of Hexane and Carbon Disulfide Neurotoxicity

Two commonly employed solvents, n-hexane and carbon disulfide (CS2), although chemically dissimilar, result in identical neurofilament-filled swellings of the distal axon in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. Whereas CS2 is itself a neurotoxicant, hexane requires metabolism to the gamma-diketone, 2,5-hexanedione (HD). Both HD and CS2 react with protein amino functions to yield initial adducts (pyrrolyl or dithiocarbamate derivatives, respectively), which then undergo oxidation or decomposition to an electrophile (oxidized pyrrole ring or isothiocyanate), that then reacts with protein nucleophiles to result in protein cross-linking. It is postulated that progressive cross-linking of the stable neurofilament during its anterograde transport in the longest axons ultimately results in the accumulation of neurofilaments within axonal swellings. Reaction with additional targets appears to be responsible for the degeneration of the axon distal to the swellings.
Advances in cognitive psychology relevant to education: Introduction to the special issue.

It is September 2012—let us take stock of the past 55 years in the field of education. In 1957–1958, the Soviet launching of Sputnik led to the National Defense Education Act and interest in teaching advanced math and science to all students. In 1983, a report entitled “A Nation at Risk” was released and caused widespread panic about our failing education system. In 2001, the No Child Left Behind (NCLB) Act ushered in a new era of standardized testing and accountability. And today, states are being granted “waivers” from specific provisions of NCLB to provide increased flexibility in the hopes of drastically improving educational outcomes around the country. Currently, we are witnesses to profound educational “experimentation,” for example with charter schools, voucher programs, educational technology, new standards and assessments, revamped educator evaluations, and the growth modeling and analysis of student data. Year after year, decade after decade, we implement new initiatives for our nation's education system, yet we often fail to obtain significant improvements. In the current era of flexibility and experimentation, we have a golden opportunity as cognitive and educational scientists to take what we have learned over the course of at least 100 years about human learning and memory and apply it to the “real world” of education. Our research has drastic implications for education and by “giving our research away,” we could add an element of scientific rigor to the discussion of education, encourage tougher standards for teacher training and professional development programs, increase understanding of and decision making based on student data (rather than simply “the more data, the better”), and ultimately move toward a higher quality education system for our nation. In doing so, we may finally move away from a system in which educational practices are based on history and doctrine. Instead, I hope that someday, we will look to cognitive and educational research when we demand scientific rigor in education and seek evidencebased practices. As an initial step, this special issue of Educational Psychology Review “gives away” cognitive psychology research related to education. Each article included herein reviews recent advances in learning and memory research, and addresses the potential implementation of Educ Psychol Rev (2012) 24:353–354 DOI 10.1007/s10648-012-9212-0
An undiscovered von Neumann-Morgenstern solution for the (5, 3) majority rule game

A solution for the (5, 3) symmetric majority voting game is given which has not been inclued inBuckley's andWesten's [1975] listing of all known solutions.
Factors that influence food amount ratings by white, Hispanic, and Asian samples.

Objective: Two studies explored in nonclinical samples variables that may influence meal size assessments. Research Methods and Procedures: In Study 1, the contribution of dietary restraint, weight, depressive symptoms, and gender to ratings on the Food Amount Rating Scale was examined in 153 white women and 121 white men; in Study 2, the contribution of dietary restraint, weight, ethnicity, and ethnic group identification to Food Amount Rating Scale ratings was examined in 67 Asian, 81 Hispanic, and 107 white women. Results: Study 1 indicated that food amounts were rated as larger when rated by male rather than female raters (male rater, mean = 62.37, SD = 1.14; female rater, mean = 59.28, SD = 0.89), for female rather than male targets (male target, mean = 56.16, SD = 0.97; female target, mean = 64.87, SD = 1.02), and by restrained rather than unrestrained eaters (restrained, mean = 63.14, SD = 1.11; unrestrained, mean = 58.69, SD = 0.91). Study 2 indicated that food amounts were rated as larger when rated by restrained eaters (restrained, mean = 67.53, SD = 1.21; unrestrained, mean = 64.99, SD = 1.09), Hispanic women (Asian, mean = 64.59, SD = 1.61; Hispanic, mean = 68.71, SD = 1.30; white, mean = 65.41, SD = 1.34), and underweight women (underweight, mean = 70.38, SD = 1.68; normal weight, mean = 64.52, SD = 0.93; overweight: mean = 64.23, SD = 1.64). Discussion: Food amount judgments may be influenced by personal characteristics. Future research should examine whether variation in food amount judgments is related to dieting behavior, disordered eating, or obesity.
An immunohistochemical evaluation of progesterone receptor in frozen sections, paraffin sections, and cytologic imprints of breast carcinomas

Two monoclonal antibodies to progesterone receptor (PR), JZB39 and KD68, were used for the immunocytochemical visualization of PR in different kinds of breast cancer specimens including (1) cryostat sections of tumors frozen at -80 degrees C; (2) paraffin sections of tumors fixed in formalin or in Bouin's fixative for varying periods of time at room temperature or at 4 degrees C; and (3) imprints and cryostat sections prepared from the tissue used for frozen section diagnosis and stored at -80 degrees C after fixation in Zamboni's solution. Sections of conventionally frozen specimens as well as imprints and cryostat sections stored for varying periods of time were stained with the peroxidase-antiperoxidase technique, whereas the avidin-biotin technique was used for paraffin sections. In all types of specimens the PR immunostaining was localized to the nuclei of carcinoma cells and displayed considerable heterogeneity both in intensity and in distribution of positive cells. Close correspondence was found between the different immunohistochemical techniques as well as between immunostaining and steroid-binding assays. PR staining was more frequently positive in well-differentiated than in moderately or poorly differentiated carcinomas, whereas no meaningful correlation was found between PR staining and extent of the disease. Similar results were obtained with the immunostaining of estrogen receptor in the same material using monoclonal antibodies H222 and D75P3 gamma. Thus, by choosing the technique that best suits the type of specimen available, it is possible to obtain valid information on the receptor status of any breast carcinoma, regardless of its size and clinical presentation.
Multi-user detection for asynchronous space-frequency block coded schemes in frequency selective environments

Multi-user detection is an efficient approach proposed to boost the spectral efficiency of a wireless communication system. While multi-user detection in synchronous systems or in flat fading environments has been successfully addressed, it is still an open and challenging problem in the practical case of asynchronous MIMO systems employing space-frequency (time) block coding and operating in frequency selective environments. In this paper, we show how the concept of multi-user detection can be efficiently extended to the latter case with a low complexity overhead and a small performance loss compared to the synchronous case.
JustMyFriends: full SQL, full transactional amenities, and access privacy

A major obstacle to using Cloud services for many enterprises is the fear that the data will be stolen. Bringing the Cloud in-house is an incomplete solution to the problem because that implies that data center personnel as well as myriad repair personnel must be trusted. An ideal security solution would be to share data among precisely the people who should see it ("my friends") and nobody else.Encryption might seem to be an easy answer. Each friend could download the data, update it perhaps, and return it to a shared untrusted repository. But such a solution permits no concurrency and therefore no real sharing.JustMyFriends ensures sharing among friends without revealing unencrypted data to anyone outside of a circle of trust. In fact, non-friends (such as system administrators) see only encrypted blobs being added to a persistent store. JustMyFriends allows data sharing and full transactions. It supports the use of all SQL including stored procedures, updates, and arbitrary queries. Additionally, it provides full access privacy, preventing the host from discovering patterns or correlations in the user's data access behavior.The demonstration will show how friends in an unnamed government agency can coordinate the management of a spy network in a transactional fashion. Demo visitors will be able to play the roles of station chiefs and/or of troublemakers. As station chiefs, they will write their own transactions and queries, logout, login. As troublemakers, visitors will be able to play the role of a curious observer, kill client processes, and in general try to disrupt the system.
A pursuit-evasion bibliography—Version 1

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the subject of “pursuit-evasion” type differential games. The reason for embarking on the subject project was the shared feeling that while the subject is of great importance, it is also limited in scope so that it might be possible to construct a definitive bibliography for it, and to keep it updated. The bibliography provides the lowest common denominator in information content, for the sake of uniformity.
Reaction centers from triazine-resistant strains of Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides: Localization of the mutation site by protein hybridization experiments

Abstract A procedure for dissociation and reconstitution of reaction centers has been used to hybridize reaction centers from three different herbicide-resistant mutant strains of Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides with LM or H subunits derived from the native (susceptible) strains. All three mutant strains exhibited low rates of electron transfer. Hybridization of mutant reaction centers with native LM restored the high rates of electron transfer. Hybridization with native H did not. This procedure shows that the site of mutations in these mutant strains are on the LM unit.