cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Electrolyte Effects in a Model System for Mesoporous Carbon Electrodes

In this paper, a variety of alkali halide aqueous electrolyte solutions in contact with planar graphite slit pores are simulated using classical molecular dynamics. Size trends in structure and transport properties are examined by varying the choice of ions. The intermediate atomic weight ions within each group are found to diffuse faster than the larger or smaller ions. System dynamics are driven by changes in water hydration behavior and, specifically, by variations in the number of hydrogen bonds per water molecule. Both the cation and the anion sequences demonstrate that confinement effects can significantly alter the expected trends of alkali halide electrolytes.
Error Correction in Batch-Fabricated Memories

Error correcting codes can be used in memories to produce perfect storage modules from components with some defects. The calculations indicate that the additional complexity of using these codes may be very profitable in increasing the yields of integrated circuit memory arrays.
Long-range order of cylinders in diblock copolymer thin films using graphoepitaxy

Abstract Topographically patterned substrates are known to induce long-range lateral order in spherical diblock copolymers, but it is not clear that similar confinement will also order cylindrical diblock copolymers across the whole surface. The role of graphoepitaxial parameters including trough width and mesa height on the ordering process of cylindrical domains in diblock copolymers thin films is monitored in this study. The quantification of order was achieved by the calculation of an order parameter of the hexagonally packed cylinders. These results demonstrate that graphoepitaxy is an effective method to induce long-range order in cylindrical domain diblock copolymer systems. An increase in order was observed in samples prepared on the mesas and in troughs of widths up to 20 μm, and mesa heights greater than 1.0 but less than 5.0 L0 The role of molecular weight on the kinetics of the ordering process of cylindrical domains in diblock copolymers thin films is also monitored in this study, where ordering is readily observed for lower molecular weight copolymers (number average molecular weight, Mn = 63,000), but not for larger copolymers (Mn = 230,000). The reduction of the rate of formation of long-range order is attributed to the impeded diffusion of higher molecular weight polymers. These results demonstrate that there will exist upper limits on the molecular weights of diblock copolymers that can be used to create nanoscale templates with long-range order, which also translates to an upper limit in pore size and spacing in these templates.
Heat pipe research and development in the Americas

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to present a review of the recent heat pipe research and development efforts in the Americas. After discussing the research and development of high performance monogroove, tapered artery, trapezoidally grooved, dual-slot, double wall artery, ceramic and other specially designed heat pipes, the transient modeling and testing efforts are reviewed for a variety of heat pipes that also includes variable conductance heat pipes and thermosyphons. The application of heat pipes to terrestrial systems is discussed for the heat recovery systems, Rankine and solar systems, fusion reactor core cooling and the thermal control of electronic equipment. The application of heat pipes to space systems includes the thermal control of space station and satellites, and the radiator design of large space power systems. Although many advances have been made in the past few years in the development of high heat transfer performance heat pipes, the heat pipe modeling efforts are not in step with the technological requirements.
Review Article: Multimodal interaction: A review

People naturally interact with the world multimodally, through both parallel and sequential use of multiple perceptual modalities. Multimodal human-computer interaction has sought for decades to endow computers with similar capabilities, in order to provide more natural, powerful, and compelling interactive experiences. With the rapid advance in non-desktop computing generated by powerful mobile devices and affordable sensors in recent years, multimodal research that leverages speech, touch, vision, and gesture is on the rise. This paper provides a brief and personal review of some of the key aspects and issues in multimodal interaction, touching on the history, opportunities, and challenges of the area, especially in the area of multimodal integration. We review the question of early vs. late integration and find inspiration in recent evidence in biological sensory integration. Finally, we list challenges that lie ahead for research in multimodal human-computer interaction.
Prime Divisibility Among Degrees of Solvable Groups

Abstract Let G be a finite, nonabelian, solvable group. Following work by D. Benjamin, we conjecture that some prime must divide at least a third of the irreducible character degrees of G. Benjamin was able to show the conjecture is true if all primes divide at most 3 degrees. We extend this result by showing if primes divide at most 4 degrees, then G has at most 12 degrees. We also present an example showing our result is best possible.
Investigations in A40/K40 dating

A number of potassium-bearing minerals and rocks have been studied with reference to their potential use in geochronology. The A40/K40 ratios of oogenetic mica and feldspar were investigated, and in a group of unaltered granites and granitic gneisses ranging in age from 500 to 2500 m y, the feldspars commonly show an argon deficiency of 35 pct compared to the micas. Thermal alteration of granite, however, may affect biotite to a greater degree than the associated feldspar, and in areas where thermal history subsequent to the initial crystallization is supected, dating of both feldspar and mica may be particularly useful. Replicate determinations on crushed feldspar (40–60 mesh) showed no measureable leakage of argon over a period of 4–12 months. Stilpnomelane samples proved to be useless for dating. A series of samples representing progressive metamorphism from slate to phyllite to schist to coarse gneiss gave concordant A40/K40 ages, and fine-grained sericitic materials have been used to advantage for dating an orogeny in central Minnesota.
Toward Crystal Design in Organic Conductors and Superconductors

The vast majority of organic solids are electrical insulators with electrical conductivity values on the order of 10-20-10-15 Ω-1’cm -1. This property is of course exploited in many everyday applications. Two principal reasons are responsible for this fact: (1) The highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) of most organic molecules is completely filled, and there is a significant energy difference to the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO). (2) Organic solids are usually molecular, i.e., they do not possess a system of covalent bonds extending over macroscopic distances. Therefore the quantum mechanical interactions between the HOMOs of adjacent molecules are small. The valence band formed by these interactions remains therefore very narrow. Similarly, the conduction band arising from the interactions between the LUMOs is also small, and the band gap is essentially that of the free molecule. This holds even in the case of conventional polymers, e.g. polyethylene, that are a-bonded.
AGE AND AREA AS VIEWED BY THE PALEONTOLOGIST

May I preface what I have to say on the special phase of the question to which my paper is devoted by a few more general observations? That the book, as well as the special papers, on Age and Area are stimulating is shown by the interest and discussion which they have aroused in botanical circles, and I am sure that the hypothesis will have served a useful purpose if it causes us to re-examine the basis for some of our beliefs. Willis' ideas, it seems to me, are embalmed in a very complicated style, and he makes a great many assertions which are not and can not be substantiated. He claims that the distribution of any species of plant or animal is due solely to the length of time that the species has been in existence, and is not at all dependent on any advantages which it may possess in such matters as production, viability, or dispersal of seeds. Success in life is not dependent on the character of the roots, the nature of the conducting or storage tissues, the form and character of the leaves, the nature of the flowers, or on any other morphological or physiological structures or functions, but is solely a matter of age. In other words, Willis does not believe in those processes which may be grouped under the term adaptation, and he, of course, has no use for natural selection. According to his hypothesis large genera are older than small ones, and he claims that relic endemics constitute but one percent of the existing flora. This figure seems to me too small, but I have not sought to test it, since I have an inborn feeling that mathematics, especially in the field of statistics, can prove anything, and that the value of such proof rests after all on the judgment of the mind behind the figures. The fact that Professor James Small, on analysis by age-and-area methods, finds that the great alliance of the Compositae originated in the mountains of northwestern South America at a time when there were neither mountains nor even land in that region, but seas, does not add to my confidence in the general method. It seems to me to be obvious that, in the abstract, the older the species the more extended should be its range. Reflection will show, however, that the problem is not so simple, and that hosts of other factors are involved in distribution, and that most of these latter are more potent factors than is the time element. Willis explains extinction by the phrase " exhaustion of vit-ality," which to me does not mean anything. Extinction is really the rock on
Pulsed microwave plasma etching of polymers in oxygen and nitrogen for microelectronic applications

Gaseous plasma generated by a half-wave rectified power supply are characterized and applied to the etching of photoresist and polymide in oxygen, dry air, or air. Activation energies of 8.6 kcal/mole and 10.9 kcal/mole are calculated for oxygen plasma etching of photoresist and polyimide, respectively. An average power of 625 W at 2.45 GHz is supplied by a magnetron through a rectangular waveguide to a 51-mm diameter quartz tube generating pulsed plasmas in oxygen and nitrogen at pressures between 0.1 torr and 10 torr with a repetitive rate of 60 Hz. The plasmas are studied by a double Langmuir probe and an optical emission spectrometer. Polymers placed in the downstream of the plasma are etched at high rates, especially when external heating is applied to raise the sample temperature. The characteristics of the plasmas and the application to the fast etching of polymers are discussed. >
Primary HIV-1 Isolates Refractory to Neutralization by Soluble CD4 Are Potently Inhibited by CD4-Pseudomonas Exotoxin

Abstract Despite the ability of soluble forms of CD4 (sCD4) and related CD4 derivatives to neutralize human immunodeficiency type 1 (HIV-1) infectivity in vitro , these agents have shown little evidence of efficacy in clinical trials with infected individuals. These disappointing findings may be related to recent observations that much higher concentrations of sCD4 are required for in vitro neutralization of primary HIV-1 isolates compared to laboratory-adapted strains. An alternative CD4-based therapeutic strategy exploits CD4 as a targeting agent to direct cytotoxic molecules to selectively kill HIV-infected cells. In this report we demonstrate that CD4-Pseudomonas exotoxin inhibits spreading infection by primary HIV-1 isolates known to be highly refractory to neutralization by soluble CD4; the observed potency is at least as great as for a prototypic sCD4-sensitive, laboratory-adapted HIV-1 strain. Thus, the in vitro efficacy of a CD4-based agent, which acts by targeted killing of infected cells, appears not to be compromised by features which render primary HIV-1 isolates refractory to neutralization by sCD4 derivatives. These results have important conceptual and practical implications for CD4-based therapeutic strategies.
The molybdenum oxotransferases and related enzymes

A perspective is provided of recent advances in our understanding of molybdenum-containing enzymes other than nitrogenase, a large and diverse group of enzymes that usually (but not always) catalyze oxygen atom transfer to or from a substrate, utilizing a Mo=O group as donor or acceptor. An emphasis is placed on the diversity of protein structure and reaction catalyzed by each of the three major families of these enzymes.
Mechanical Properties of Bioactive Glass (13-93) Scaffolds Fabricated by Robotic Deposition for Structural Bone Repair

There is a need to develop synthetic scaffolds to repair large defects in load-bearing bones. Bioactive glasses have attractive properties as a scaffold material for bone repair, but data on their mechanical properties are limited. The objective of the present study was to comprehensively evaluate the mechanical properties of strong porous scaffolds of silicate 13-93 bioactive glass fabricated by robocasting. As-fabricated scaffolds with a grid-like microstructure (porosity 47%, filament diameter 330μm, pore width 300μm) were tested in compressive and flexural loading to determine their strength, elastic modulus, Weibull modulus, fatigue resistance, and fracture toughness. Scaffolds were also tested in compression after they were immersed in simulated body fluid (SBF) in vitro or implanted in a rat subcutaneous model in vivo. As fabricated, the scaffolds had a strength of 86±9MPa, elastic modulus of 13±2GPa, and a Weibull modulus of 12 when tested in compression. In flexural loading the strength, elastic modulus, and Weibull modulus were 11±3MPa, 13±2GPa, and 6, respectively. In compression, the as-fabricated scaffolds had a mean fatigue life of ∼10(6) cycles when tested in air at room temperature or in phosphate-buffered saline at 37°C under cyclic stresses of 1-10 or 2-20MPa. The compressive strength of the scaffolds decreased markedly during the first 2weeks of immersion in SBF or implantation in vivo, but more slowly thereafter. The brittle mechanical response of the scaffolds in vitro changed to an elasto-plastic response after implantation for longer than 2-4weeks in vivo. In addition to providing critically needed data for designing bioactive glass scaffolds, the results are promising for the application of these strong porous scaffolds in loaded bone repair.
The Redox Environment in the Mitochondrial Intermembrane Space Is Maintained Separately from the Cytosol and Matrix

Redox control in the mitochondrion is essential for the proper functioning of this organelle. Disruption of mitochondrial redox processes contributes to a host of human disorders, including cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, and aging. To better characterize redox control pathways in this organelle, we have targeted a green fluorescent protein-based redox sensor to the intermembrane space (IMS) and matrix of yeast mitochondria. This approach allows us to separately monitor the redox state of the matrix and the IMS, providing a more detailed picture of redox processes in these two compartments. To verify that the sensors respond to localized glutathione (GSH) redox changes, we have genetically manipulated the subcellular redox state using oxidized GSH (GSSG) reductase localization mutants. These studies indicate that redox control in the cytosol and matrix are maintained separately by cytosolic and mitochondrial isoforms of GSSG reductase. Our studies also demonstrate that the mitochondrial IMS is considerably more oxidizing than the cytosol and mitochondrial matrix and is not directly influenced by endogenous GSSG reductase activity. These redox measurements are used to predict the oxidation state of thiol-containing proteins that are imported into the IMS.
A Mathematical Model for Tear Drainage Through the Canaliculi

Purpose: Tear drainage through the canaliculi has been extensively studied experimentally but there has been no attempt to develop a quantitative model for this process. In this paper, we develop a...
Borrelia Burgdorferi Infection: Clinical Diagnostic Techniques

Borrelia burgdorferi is a tick-borne spirochete and the etiologic agent of Lyme disease. This pathogen now accounts for 91% of vector-borne infections in the United States, and from a public health viewpoint is one of our major emerging infectious disorders. Specific properties of B. burgdorferi have resulted in diagnostic problems, including the lack of a readily available laboratory assay to detect active infection. Most laboratory testing for Lyme disease relies on serologic documentation of prior exposure to the agent. However, such testing detects asymptomatic infections, and does not detect seronegative infections. In addition, antibody tests for Lyme disease are not standardized. Cases of Lyme disease are both underdiagnosed and overdiagnosed. This review will discuss the spirochetal properties which contribute to diagnostic difficulties, will discuss current laboratory diagnostic tests, including serology and detection of B. burgdorferi DNA, and will discuss diagnostic tests in development, includ...
Inverse Strategies for Molecular Design

An “inverse” molecular design strategy is described to assist in the development of new molecules with optimized properties. This approach is based on a molecular orbital view and can be used to tailor ground state or excited state properties subject to particular constraints. In this scheme, wave functions are sought that optimize a chemical or electronic property, and then a Hamiltonian is constructed that generates these optimized wave functions. Analysis of the chemical properties in the optimized systems may suggest new synthetic targets. Examples are presented that optimize the transition dipole moment in some simple structures.
Underpotential deposition of cadmium onto (111) face of silver from chloride containing solution

Abstract The underpotential deposition (UPD) of cadmium and Ag–Cd alloy formation on the (111) face of silver in chloride containing solutions were investigated by cyclic voltammetry and the potentiostatic pulse technique. It was shown that the UPD of cadmium commences at about −400 mV versus SCE (300 mV vs. Cd2+/Cd) with the formation of ordered structure of the type ( 3 x 3 )R30°. Chloride adatoms, which are adsorbed on the silver substrate when UPD of Cd starts, do not desorb. They become replaced by Cd adatoms and remain adsorbed and discharged on top of a Cd layer. At potentials close to the reversible potential of Cd alloying of Ag with Cd takes place, being expressed by two sharp cathodic peaks on the voltammograms.
Geographical and developmental components of adult size of neotropical Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus)

. 1 Wing lengths were used as indicators of size of host-seeking females of four species of malaria vectors captured at human or animal baits in South America. 2 Geographic variation in size was observed among populations of Anopheles aquasalis and A.nuneztovari, but not A.albitarsis or A.triannulatus. 3 The frequency distributions of wing lengths in large collections of host-seeking A.aquasalis and A.albitarsis exhibited significant negative skewness, suggesting that the preponderance of biting females approached maximum size. 4 Relationships between season or physiological state (parity, blood, eggs) and the sizes of host-seeking females were not generally significant. 5 When A.aquasalis, A.albitarsis and A.nuneztovari were reared separately at two larval densities, initial density, but not species, significantly affected wing lengths. Significant species × density interactions may be attributable to species-specific responses to density. 6 Compared to other mosquitoes, the sizes of host-seeking Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) varied little within natural populations. Laboratory studies on the fitness of unnaturally small malaria vectors may bear little relevance to the fitness of host-seeking Anopheles in nature.
Nanomechanical properties of ordered phthalocyanine Langmuir–Blodgett layers

The mechanical properties of monolayer and multilayer structures of several symmetrically substituted alkoxy copper phthalocyanine, CuPc(OR)8, Langmuir–Blodgett (LB) films were evaluated. One-dimensional compliance of the monolayers was determined from the slopes of the surface pressure–area isotherms. Multilayers were examined using a SPM and a commercial nanoindentation system. The nanomechanical studies show a distinct relationship between the position and length of alkoxy substituents on the Pc macrocycle and the LB film elasticity and hardness. The phthalocyanine complexes with peripheral octabutoxy and octaoctyloxy substituents form stiff LB monolayers and multilayers. The nonperipheral alkoxy derivetized CuPc films were less stiff. For monolayer films, it appears that the extent of π-π interaction determines the strength of the film. In multilayers, significant additional stability can be imparted through interdigitation of long paraffinic chains which play a significant role in determining the interlayer structure of the LB layers.
Avian parathyroid physiology: including a special comment on calcitonin.

During the reproductive cycle, the females of avian species metabolize large amounts of calcium, deposit large amounts of apatite in intramedullary bone, and develop hyperplastic and hypertrophied parathyroid glands. Secondary hyperparathyroidism develops when the amount of calcium in the diet is low. Hyperparathyroidism, either endogenous or from injections of parathyroid extract, produces resorption of endosteal bone and not mobilization of the deposits of intramedullary bone that normally store calcium for calcification of the eggshell.The specificity of the site of action of the hormone suggests that the process of mobilization of mineral from intramedullary bone and fluctuations in the level of calcium in the blood are attributable not to the action of the parathyroid hormone but indirectly to cyclical changes in the output of estrogen. Methods of measurement of calcium kinetics, parathyroid hormone-induced metabolic processes, and cellular reactions of bone cells to calcitonin should be investigated in vitro in explants of intramedullary bone to learn more about the specialized physiological characteristics of the tissue.
Understanding Differences in College Enrollment: Race, Class and Cultural Capital

Scholarship on race and class differences in educational outcomes has identified cultural capital, or cultural resources that can be utilized to increase educational success, as important mechanisms of educational inequality. However, despite substantial interest, the role of cultural capital in producing inequalities among American students remains unclear. In this research, we use nationally representative data from the Educational Longitudinal Study to clarify the relationships among race, social class, cultural capital and 4-year college enrollment. Using a theoretically based approach to operationalizing social class and measures of both cultural capital possession and activation, this research finds that while black students tend to possess fewer resources than their white counterparts at any class level, they activate cultural capital to a greater degree than white students. Results also show that while cultural capital can explain differences between low-income and middle-income students, a persistent middle-class advantage remains for both black and white students. Additionally, results indicate that at any class level, black students are more likely than their white counterparts to attend a 4-year university. Finally, results show that measures of cultural capital possession and activation have generally independent effects on college enrollment.
Going Ballistic Over Missile Defenses: What Matters and Why

Missile defenses have become a source of controversy between the United States and Russia, out of proportion to their technological capabilities and in negligence of strategic and political realities. Cooler heads should prevail. U.S. or other national missile defenses will not abolish mutual deterrence based on assured retaliation. In addition, whether defenses support or undermine deterrence is a question of political intent, not of technology determinism. U.S. missile defenses deployed in Europe, for example, might be provocateurs of Russian distrust or they might be instruments of collaborative research and development under a regime of cooperative security.
Association in anionic polymerization. Its effect on the polymerization mechanism

A critical analysis is presented of the measurement and interpretation of association phenomena in anionic polymerization in non-polar solvents. In chain initiation, measured differences in reaction order arise because of differences in the way the process is defined. Some also may be caused by the extreme sensitivity of these systems to traces of polar impurities. In chain propagation, differences in measured association numbers of the active centers exist in diene polymerization. These can be caused by problems in the experimental technique. This is illustrated by data on concentrated solution viscosity measurements on linear and regular four-star polystyrenes and polyisoprenes as models for dimeric and tetrameric association.
Statistics and Galvanomagnetic Effects in Germanium and Silicon with Warped Energy Surfaces

A method is developed for calculating the statistical properties and galvanomagnetic effects of $p$-type Ge and Si for weak magnetic fields. The calculations involving the use of the Boltzmann transport theory are applied to the warped energy surfaces which have been determined by the cyclotron resonance experiments. Expressions are developed for the hole densities, conductivity, effective masses, intrinsic carrier concentration, and Hall coefficient as a series expansion in terms of the anisotropy parameters of the warped surfaces. Results have been obtained for the assumption that the relaxation time $\ensuremath{\tau}=l{\ensuremath{\epsilon}}^{\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\lambda}}$, where $l$ is a constant, $\ensuremath{\epsilon}$ is the energy of the carriers and $\ensuremath{\lambda}$ is a parameter whose numerical value depends on the scattering processes. By using the results of the calculations and existing experimental data, a speculation is made concerning the possible change with temperature of the combined effective mass of holes in germanium and the corresponding change in the band structure.
Assessment of the language laterality index in patients with brain tumor using functional MR imaging: effects of thresholding, task selection, and prior surgery.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Functional MR imaging (fMRI) is used to determine preoperatively the laterality of cortical language representation along with the relationship of language areas to adjacent brain tumors. The purpose of this study was to determine whether changing the statistical threshold for different language tasks influences the language laterality index (LI) for a group of controls, patients with tumor without prior surgery, and patients with tumor and prior surgery. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Seven controls, 9 patients with tumor without prior surgery, and 4 patients with tumor and prior surgery performed verb-generation, phonemic fluency, and semantic fluency language tasks during fMRI. Interhemispheric activation differences between the left and right Broca regions of interest were determined by calculating language LIs. LIs were compared within each group, between groups, and between language tasks. Intraoperative electrocortical mapping or the presence of aphasia during postoperative neurology examinations or both were used as ground truth. RESULTS: The language LI varied as a result of statistical thresholding, presence of tumor, prior surgery, and language task. Although patients and controls followed a similar shape in the LI curve, there was no optimal P value for determining the LI. Three patients demonstrated a shift in the LI between hemispheres as a function of statistical threshold. Verb generation was the least variable task both between tasks and across groups. CONCLUSION: For preoperative patients with tumor, the LI should be examined across a spectrum of P values and a range of tasks to ensure reliability. Our data suggest that the LI may be threshold- and task-dependent, particularly in the presence of adjacent tumor.
Purification and properties of trehalase from tobacco hornworm larvae.

Abstract Trehalase was extracted from homogenates of whole fifth instar tobacco hornworm larvae, Manduca sexta , and purified by (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 precipitation, DEAE cellulose ion exchange chromatography and gel filtration on Sephadex G-200. Final purification was about 250-fold. The molecular weight of the enzyme was estimated to be 250,000. The enzyme was found to be highly specific for trehalose, had an optimum pH of 6·0, a K m of 0·647 mM, a heat of activation at 37·5°C of 17·66 kcal/mole and a transition temperature of about 53°C. The activity of the enzyme was inhibited by divalent cations such as Mg, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, and Hg in concentrations as low as 10 −2 M.
Analyzing data for CMOS leakage faults

Abstract Stuck-on and leakage faults are among the major failure modes for CMOS ICS. The only definite way to test for these faults is to monitor the supply current under different test vectors. To evaluate the effectiveness of this test technique, distribution of normal and abnormal conductance values has to be obtained. This paper presents two procedures which can be used to extract the required information from measurable data. Experimental data for a number of CMOS chips has been analyzed and the results are presented.
Stabilized Terphenyl-Substituted Digermene Derivatives of Simple Organic Groups and Their Halide Precursors: Preference for Symmetrically Bonded Structures

The reaction of 1 equiv of MeMgBr, EtMgBr, or LiPh with Ge(Cl)C6H3-2,6-Trip2 (1; Trip = C6H2-2,4,6-i-Pr3) in diethyl ether solution afforded the dimers {Ge(R)C6H3-2,6-Trip2}2 (R = Me (2), Et (3), Ph (4)), which have trans-bent Ge−Ge-bonded structures that are maintained in solution. The compounds 2 and 3 are rare examples of “digermene” species having alkyl substituents. The previously described halide precursor 1 was found to crystallize simultaneously as both a V-shaped monomer and weakly Ge−Ge-bonded dimer {Ge(Cl)C6H3-2,6-Trip2}2 (5), which dissociated readily to monomers in hydrocarbon solution. This species reacted readily with pyridine (py) to form the monomeric 1:1 adduct py·Ge(Cl)C6H3-2,6-Trip2 (7), which has pyramidal coordination at germanium. The dimeric structures found for 2−4 were in sharp contrast with recently published results for their tin and lead analogues, which displayed either unsymmetric dimeric structures as in 2,6-Trip2H3C6(Me)2SnSnC6H3-2,6-Trip2 or monomeric structures as in Pb...
ACTIVATING PROPERTIES OF COCAINE AND COCAETHYLENE IN A BEHAVIORAL PREPARATION OF DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER

The use of Drosophila as a model to study the behavioral consequences of stimulant drugs was analyzed in an active preparation of decapitated Drosophila. Application of cocaine and cocaethylene to discrete nerve cord cells regulating motor programs of behavior produced striking patterns of behavioral activity in a concentration-related manner. In general, intense circling behavior and significant wing buzzing activity were distinguishable behavioral markers in flies treated with mM concentrations of cocaine or cocaethylene. The significant changes in motor behavior induced by stimulant drugs in decapitated flies were not reproduced by the application of apomorphine, a direct dopamine (DA) agonist, or octopamine, a naturally occurring transmitter in arthropods. Because both cocaine and cocaethylene interfere with DA reuptake in mammals, we characterized the role of DA receptors mediating increased stereotypy and motor behavior in flies. Coadministration of SCH-23390, a specific D1 receptor antagonist, significantly attenuated the behavior-activating properties of cocaine and cocaethylene in this active experimental preparation. Therefore, the receptor protein mediating the behavioral responses to stimulant drugs in Drosophila is pharmacologically similar to the mammalian D1 subtype. In rats, cocaine- and cocaethylene-induced behavioral activity is complex, with increasing evidence that the D1 receptor interacts significantly with N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor pathways to produce an altered behavioral phenotype. To further characterize additional receptor subtypes targeted by the actions of cocaine and cocaethylene, we pretreated flies with MK-801 and dextromethorphan. Both of these drugs are potent, selective noncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonists. Interestingly, MK-801 and dextromethorphan profoundly reduced the behavior-activating properties of cocaine and cocaethylene in Drosophila. Therefore, as in rats, the NMDA (and D1) receptor pathways in this arthropod represent obligatory targets for the behavioral effects of stimulant drugs.
Dopant diffusion studies and free carrier lifetimes during rapid thermal processing of semiconductors

Abstract Rapid thermal processing of semiconductors involves significant photonic and subsequent thermal excitation. In the past, photonic excitation during rapid thermal annealing had been speculated to lead to significant enhancement of dopant diffusion or activation. In this work we present some experimental results indicating the absence of any such enhancement at high temperatures (∼1000–1050°C) which most often are employed during the metal-oxide–semiconductor device processing. The implanted dopant (boron, arsenic or phosphorus) movement in silicon during different rapid thermal annealing conditions was studied using secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS) technique. To understand the effect of point defects in controlling the diffusion process, the concentrations of charged and neutral point defects were calculated as a function of carrier concentration using previously published defect-carrier relations. The dependence of free carrier concentration on lattice perturbation parameters such as impurities and temperature was formulated and used in calculating carrier lifetimes ( τ ) in silicon. We qualitatively analyze two competing reactions, (i) the phonon release at the defect sites and (ii) the Auger electron process due to many electron interactions, to explain the apparent absence of any enhanced dopant diffusion. In our analyses, we obtain a highest free carrier lifetime of about 442 ns in the case of low dose (1e13/cm 2 ) implanted sample during the transient stage (700°C) of the dopant activation cycle. The corresponding smallest (∼17 fs) free carrier lifetime was obtained for the high dose implanted sample (dopants already activated) at 1000°C, the steady state part of an extended anneal cycle. Based on the detailed free carrier lifetime analyses, we suggest that any enhanced dopant activation or diffusion, at the best, may occur only at very low temperatures in the samples implanted with low doses of dopant atoms.
Nucleon-nucleon, γp and γγ scattering using factorization: the Aspen model and analytic amplitude analysis

Using the Aspen, model, a QCD-inspired eikonal model, we fit high energy nucleon-nucleon total cross sections, nuclear slopes and ϱ-values, including cosmic ray p-air data. This model which is crossing symmetric, insures unitarity and analyticity, as well as satisfying the Froissrt bound. Assuming that the ratio of σelastic/σtotal is independent of process, the Aspen model predicts factorization. Utilizing the model parameters found for nucleon-nucleon scattering, we predict the total cross sections and nuclear slope parameters for γp reactions, as well as total cross sections for γγ scattering, by invoking the naive quark model and vector dominance. In particular, by making a χ2 fit to the nuclear slope parameters for the ‘elastic’ reactions γ + p → ϱ+p, γ+p → φ+p, γ+p → ω+p, we find the proportionality constant κ = 0.661±0.008, in excellent agreement with the value of κ = 23 predicted by the naive vector quark model (2 quarks in the vector meson-like photon and 3 quarks in the nucleon). We next test the (lack of) sensitivity of the factorization theorems to the assumed distributions of the impact parameter b, for nucleon-nucleon, γp and γγ scattering, that are used in the eikonal. Finally, making an independent analysis utilizing real analytical amplitudes and assuming factorization, we make a simultaneous fit to the total cross sections for pp, pp, γp and γγ cross sections, as well as the ϱ-values for pp and pp. In this global fit we separately fit to the results of L3 and OPAL obtained using either the PHOJET or PYTHIA Monte Carlo program—the published values use the average of the two. It should be noted that these two Monte Carlos give different normalizations as well as different energy behaviors. The overall fit is good using PHOJET and poor using PYTHIA, lending strong support for the factorization hypothesis, as well as the naive quark model and vector dominance.
The Reliability and Accuracy of Time Series Model Identification

The most widely employed procedure for interrupted time series analysis consists of a two-step procedure: (1) determining the ARIMA model by examining the pattern of autocorrelations and partial autocorrelations; and (2) employing a general linear model solution after the effect of dependency has been removed. In order to determine the reliability and accuracy of model identification, 12 extensively trained subjects were each asked to identify 32 different computer generated time series. Six commonly occurring models were employed with different levels of dependency (high, medium, or low) and different numbers of data points (N=40 and N=100). The overall accuracy, 28%, was affected by the number of data points, the type of model, and the degree of dependency.
In vitro biomechanical comparison of solid and tubular interlocking nails in neonatal bovine femurs.

This study biomechanically evaluates solid and tubular interlocking nails in bovine neonatal femurs. Paired femurs from 40 neonatal dairy calves were obtained for mechanical testing. Intact femurs and four combinations of experimentally manipulated femurs (intact or ostectomized femurs with either a solid or tubular interlocking nail) were tested in craniocaudal and lateromedial bending, eccentric axial compression, and external torsion to evaluate composite rigidity, local/gap stiffness, and load to failure (compression and torsion only). In torsional composite rigidity, femurs with tubular interlocking nails were more compliant than intact femurs or intact femurs with solid interlocking nails (P <.001). Ostectomized femurs with solid interlocking nails were similar to intact femurs with tubular interlocking nails. Within femurs with tubular interlocking nails, ostectomized femurs were more compliant than intact femurs (P <.0001). In craniocaudal and lateromedial bending rigidity, ostectomized femurs were more compliant than intact femurs, regardless of interlocking nail type (P <.001). Within ostectomized femurs, tubular interlocking nails were more compliant than solid interlocking nails in craniocaudal bending (P <.05) and there was a similar trend in lateromedial bending (P=.06). In eccentric axial compression, local/ gap stiffness was significantly greater in intact femurs compared with intact femurs with solid (48% of intact bone) or tubular (45% of intact bone) interlocking nails and ostectomized femurs with solid (18% of intact bone) or tubular (11 % of intact bone) interlocking nails (P <.0001). In torsional testing, local/gap stiffness was not significantly different between intact femurs and intact femurs with interlocking nails, but was significantly lower in ostectomized femurs with solid (2% of intact bone) and tubular (0.2% of intact bone) interlocking nails (P <.0001). In torsional and compressive failure testing, plastic deformation of the tubular interlocking nail occurred at the unoccupied screw hole at the ostectomy site before bone failure. Interlocking nails should be considered as an optional repair method for neonatal bovine femoral fractures. Until the actual physiological loading characteristics of neonatal calf femurs are measured, it is uncertain whether solid or tubular interlocking nails tested in this study will provide sufficient strength and stiffness to stabilize neonatal bovine femoral fractures and facilitate healing.
Intracellular distribution of calcium and phosphorus during the first cell division of the sea urchin egg.

Abstract The intracellular distribution of calcium and phosphorus during metaphase and anaphase of the first cleavage in sea urchin eggs was studied with the electron-probe microanalyzer. This study allowed a comparison of the relative concentrations of both elements on the polar and cleavage furrow regions of the membrane and on the mitotic asters and cytoplasm. The results show that in most eggs, both calcium and phosphorus are more highly concentrated in the mitotic asters than in surrounding cytoplasm during both anaphase and metaphase. Calcium is more concentrated at the furrow region than at the polar region during metaphase but not anaphase. The role of calcium during mitosis was reviewed with special reference to the theories on the formation of the cleavage furrow along the equatorial zone between two mitotic centers.
Immediate reproducibility of the tilt-table test in adults with unexplained syncope

Abstract There are few data regarding the immediate reproducibility of the tilt-table test (TTT). Therefore, the immediate reproducibility of the TTT was examined in 19 patients (11 men and 8 women; mean age 49 ± 19 years) with syncope or presyncope. The mean number of episodes that patients had experienced was 14 ± 25 (range 1 to 100). After baseline supine observation for 10 minutes, patients were placed in 80 ° of head-up tilt until a positive response occurred or for a maximum of 10 minutes. Patients were then returned to the supine position for 5 minutes, followed by retilt for another 10 minutes. If the baseline tilt was negative, the study was repeated with intravenous isoproterenol, and immediate reproducibility was examined in the same manner. The 19 patients underwent a total of 31 TTTs (19 baseline and 12 follow-up on drug). The TTT was immediately reproducible in 24 of 31 tests performed (77%). Eight tests were reproducibly positive and 16 negative. The results of 7 TTTs (23%) (5 baseline and 2 follow-up on drug) were not reproducible. In 6 of these studies (86%), the positive result occurred first and the negative result second. The reproducibility of an initially negative TTT result (16 of 17; 94%) was much higher than that of an initially positive one (8 of 14; 57%). The immediate reproducibility of the TTT in adult patients with unexplained syncope is approximately 75%. In studies that are not reproducible, most (86%) are positive first and negative second. Therefore, in most patients it is not necessary to check immediate reproducibility. If a baseline TTT is negative, it may be reasonable to repeat the test during the same session in some patients, because in 1 of 9 cases (11%) a positive result will be found on the second test. The performance of acute drug testing is limited by the relatively poor immediate reproducibility of positive TTT results.
Electrogeneration of triplet states of intramolecular anthracene-amine systems

Abstract In the electron transfer between the cation radicals of the amine moiety of four intramolecular anthra cene-amine systems and the anion radicals B XXX of some heterocyclic and carbonyl compounds in acetonitrile/toluene, the triplet state of the anthracene moiety is formed. As intermediates in this process, intramolecular and intermolecular triplet exciplexcs or and or are discussed.
Anderson localization and "universal" degradation of Tc in high-temperature superconductors.

Anderson, Muttalib, and Ramakrishnan (AMR) showed that strong disorder leads to a frequency (\ensuremath{\omega}) dependent increase of the Coulomb repulsion in a three-dimensional superconductor. Their one-free-parameter theory agrees nicely with the experimentally observed decrease in ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$ but only for a fitted critical resistivity (${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\rho}}}_{\mathit{c}}$) that is very much smaller than the free-electron-gas estimate (${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\rho}}}_{\mathit{c}}^{\mathit{f}}$). We reexamine the effect of AMR's disorder-enhanced Coulomb repulsion using the Eliashberg equations for ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$ rather than the simple two-square-well aproximation to them which is suspect when there are more than two characteristic frequencies involved. The most important modification of the original calculation is the inclusion of the Coulomb contribution to the renormalization function Z(\ensuremath{\omega}).For the strongly disordered system Z(\ensuremath{\omega}) decreases with increasing disorder thus acting to increasing ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$. For the high-${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$ superconductor considered in detail this dominates the effect of the disorder-induced decrease in the pairing self-energy considered by AMR so that the calculated ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$ increases with increasing disorder, contrary to experiment. In our opinion, the frequency-dependent enhancement of the Coulomb kernel derived by AMR is essentially correct in form but of undetermined magnitude because of the large uncertainty in \ensuremath{\rho}dc. A possible interpretation of our results is that ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\rho}}}_{\mathit{c}}$ is of order @${\mathrm{g}}^{\mathit{f}}$dc in which case the effect considered by AMR is small and the observed degradation of ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$ must be due to some other mechanism. This interpretation is consistent with the recent work of Geerk, Rietschel, and Schneider who found no experimental evidence for a large enhancement of the Coulomb repulsion in ${\mathrm{Nb}}_{\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{Sn}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x}}$ as x departs significantly from stoichiomery (x=0.75). If, on the other hand, ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\rho}}}_{\mathit{c}}$ is very much less than ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\rho}}}_{\mathit{c}}^{\mathit{f}}$ as argued by AMR then there must be important effects not considered by them or the present author which counteract the decrease of Z(\ensuremath{\omega}) with increasing disorder.
Demonstration of Nerve Terminals Containing Adrenaline by a New Histochemical Technique

PREVIOUS reports on the presence of high concentrations of adrenaline in the frog heart have been confirmed and extended1. Using the histochemical technique of Falck in whole mount preparations of the atrium and sinus venosus of the frog, it was shown that tissue catecholamines were confined within the nerve fibre terminals of the sympathetic plexus. These findings were in agreement with a previous report2.
Pupillary light-near dissociation in cranial arteritis: A case report

(1983). Pupillary light-near dissociation in cranial arteritis: A case report. Neuro-Ophthalmology: Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 65-69.
Silicon-directed selective gamma substitution of an α,β-unsaturated ester

Abstract Ethyl 3-methyl-2-trimethylsilyl-3-butenoate ( 3 ) undergoes reaction selectively at carbon 4, upon treatment with a Lewis acid and carbonyl compounds, acetals/ketals, acid chlorides, and chloromethyl phenyl sulfide. This overall conversion represents a highly selective gamma substitution on an α,β-unsaturated ester.
Adoption as a strategy on a Chuukese atoll

A new look at adoption is made possible with the use of software capable of computing social organization by examining residence, group membership, marriage, and the ownership and transmission of property using the scaffold of kinship. The Chuukese data set collected by the Goodenoughs and Fischer, and later compiled by Hyde, permits the study of residence as a means of clarifying population and resource flows, sheds new light on the data themselves, and offers new insight concerning the Fischer-Goodenough residence debate.