cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Parent and Caregiver Impressions of Different Educational Models

Parental support for educational innovation has been described as essential in school change. This study examines parent and caregiver perceptions of educational opportunities for students with severe disabilities. Parents and caregivers from two high schools were interviewed. One high school uses an inclusive service delivery model, while the other uses a special day class model with limited mainstreaming. The data suggest that interviewees support inclusive schools and believe that their children are acquiring new skills. Questions remain regarding the balance of community-based Instruction and the amount of teacher training provided.
Impatiens ecornuta, a New Name for Impatiens ecalcarata (Balsaminaceae), a Jewelweed from the United States and Canada

The new name Impatiens ecornuta Gerry Moore, Zika & Rushworth (Balsaminaceae) is proposed for the species of western North America currently recognized as I. ecalcarata Blank. The latter name is an illegitimate later homonym of I. ecalcarata Collett & Hemsl.
Pump-probe studies of travelling coherent longitudinal acoustic phonon oscillations in GaAs

We report comprehensive studies of long-lived oscillations in femtosecond optical pump-probe measurements on GaAs based systems. The oscillations arise from a photo-generated coherent longitudinal acoustic phonon wave at the sample surface, which subsequently travels from the surface into the GaAs substrate, thus providing information on the optical properties of the material as a function of time/depth. Wavelength-dependent studies of the oscillations near the bandgap of GaAs indicate strong correlations to the optical properties of GaAs. We also use the coherent longitudinal acoustic phonon waves to probe a thin buried Ga0.1In0.9As layers non-invasively. The observed phonon oscillations experience a reduction in amplitude and a phase change at wavelengths near the bandgap of the GaAs, when it passes through the thin GaxIn1-xAs layer. The layer depth and thicknesses can be extracted from the oscillation responses. A model has been developed that satisfactorily characterizes the experimental results. (© 2008 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Positive effects of methylphenidate on hyperactivity are moderated by monoaminergic gene variants in children with autism spectrum disorders

Methylphenidate (MPH) reduces hyperactive-impulsive symptoms common in children with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs), however, response and tolerability varies widely. We hypothesized monoaminergic gene variants may moderate MPH effects in ASD, as in typically developing children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Genotype data were available for 64 children with ASD and hyperactivity who were exposed to MPH during a 1-week safety/tolerability lead-in phase and 58 who went on to be randomized to placebo and three doses of MPH during a 4-week blinded, crossover study. Outcome measures included the Clinical Global Impression-Improvement (CGI-I) scale and the Aberrant Behavior Checklist (ABC-hyperactivity index). A total of 14 subjects discontinued the study because of MPH side effects. Subjects were genotyped for variants in DRD1-DRD5, ADRA2A, SLC6A3, SLC6A4, MAOA and MAOB, and COMT. Forty-nine percent of the sample met positive responder criteria. In this modest but relatively homogeneous sample, significant differences by DRD1 (P=0.006), ADRA2A (P<0.02), COMT (P<0.04), DRD3 (P<0.05), DRD4 (P<0.05), SLC6A3 (P<0.05) and SLC6A4 (P<0.05) genotypes were found for responders versus non-responders. Variants in DRD2 (P<0.001) and DRD3 (P<0.04) were associated with tolerability in the 14 subjects who discontinued the trial. For this first MPH pharmacogenetic study in children with ASD, multiple monoaminergic gene variants may help explain individual differences in MPH's efficacy and tolerability.
Use of a urease-antibody conjugate in an enzyme immunoassay for the detection of blastomycosis

A urease-antibody conjugate was used in an enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA) for the detection of antibodies in blastomycosis. A Blastomyces dermatitidis immunodiffusion antigen was used as the reference antigen in a solid phase indirect ELISA procedure and the endpoints were determined visually. Urease ELISA results on serum specimens from patients with blastomycosis compared favorable (90%) with results obtained spectrophotometrically by the alkaline phosphatase enzyme system. Specificity was evaluated with assays on sera from patients with histoplasmosis (20% cross reactivity), coccidioidomycosis (0% cross reactivity) and on Histoplasma capsulatum skin-test positive individuals (0% cross reactivity). The ease of performance of the urease ELISA combined with no requirements for specialized spectrophometric equipment are factors that favor the continued development of the test as an alternative serodiagnostic method. The assay may prove to be useful and a valuable adjunct to fungal antibody screening pro...
Community College Student Mental Health: A Comparative Analysis.

This study explores community college student mental health by comparing the responses of California community college and traditional university students on the American College Health Association–National College Health Assessment II (ACHA-NCHA II). Using MANOVA, we compared community college and traditional university students, examining overall group differences on four multicomponent questions; pairwise comparisons also were used to examine individual survey items. This study found significant differences in reported mental health issues and needs between the students. More specifically, a pattern of difference in psychological concerns, available resources, and resource utilization emerged, with community college students having more severe psychological concerns and less institutional mental health resources than traditional university students. Findings suggest that both community colleges and traditional universities would benefit from increased mental health resources, though community colleges ...
Robust, Vectorized Search Algorithms for Interpolation on Unstructured Grids

Several search algorithms for the interpolation of data associated with unstructured grids are reviewed and compared. Particular emphasis is placed on the pitfalls these algorithms may experience for grids commonly encountered and on ways to improve their performance. It is shown how the most CPU-intensive portions of the search process may be vectorized. A technique for the proper interpolation of volumetric regions separated by thin surfaces is included. Timings for several problems show that speedups in excess of 1:5 can be obtained if due care is used when designing interpolation algorithms.
Synchronous interaction among hundreds: an evaluation of a conference in an avatar-based virtual environment

This paper presents the first in-depth evaluation of a large multi-format virtual conference. The conference took place in an avatar-based 3D virtual world with spatialized audio, and had keynote, poster and social sessions. We studied it by drawing on logs, a survey and interviews with 30 participants. We develop a model - Coalescence, Focused Interaction, Remixing (CoFIRe) -- of large synchronous interactions, and use it to discuss how the technology supported, or failed to support, the interactions that are the raison d'etre of conferences. We conclude by discussing the prospects for such large virtual gatherings.
Exploring the Impact of Educational Television and Parent-Child Discussions on Children's Racial Attitudes

The purpose of this study was to test the potential of educational television and parent-child discussions about race to change White children's attitudes toward Blacks. Ninety-three White children ages 5-7 and their parents participated. Families were randomly assigned into three experimental groups and one control group. Those in the experimental groups were asked either to show their children five educational videos, with or without additional discussions, or to have race-related discussions with their children without the videos. Improvements were seen in children's out-group attitudes in both the video and discussion groups, whereas in-group attitudes decreased for those who watched videos and had discussions with their parents. Results revealed lack of parental compliance. Even when instructed to do so, only 10% of parents reported having in-depth race-related discussions with their children. Children's racial attitudes were not significantly correlated with those of their parents, but children's perceptions of their parents' attitudes were positively correlated with their own. Reasons for parents' reticence about race discussions, their outcome implications, and directions for future research and intervention are discussed. Language: en
Diagnostic errors: moving beyond ‘no respect’ and getting ready for prime time

Over more than a decade of widespread attention to medical error and patient safety, a small group of academicians lamented that diagnostic errors have been relatively underemphasised and received ‘no respect’ in the larger conversation about improving care.1–3 In response, this dedicated group organised the annual Diagnostic Error in Medicine (DEM) conferences with support from the US Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality.4 The goal of the DEM conference (now in its 6th year)5 is to promote a better understanding of diagnostic error and to foster the creation of novel intervention strategies to improve the quality of diagnosis. Thus far, the DEM conferences have successfully united researchers and other experts in the field of diagnostic error, practitioners from a variety of clinical and non-clinical specialties, educators, patients, informaticians and several national stakeholders. This month's supplement to BMJ Quality and Safety reflects the novel scholarship and synthesis of knowledge that have been shaped through the DEM forum presentations and discussions specifically over the past 3 years. At the outset, I would like to thank the 30 anonymous reviewers, many of whom are experts from outside the field of diagnostic error, who helped strengthen the contributions to this supplement. Their comments helped improve the rigour and overall quality of the papers. As a result of the contributors’ and reviewers’ hard work, this supplement offers a critical, up-to-date summary of the current state of the science for diagnostic error. Although the science is still early in its development, I am confident that these contributions will promote engagement between the diagnostic error community and others with a stake in improving the quality of healthcare. Historically, diagnostic errors have been on the sidelines of patient safety research, in part because we do not have good estimates on how common these events are relative …
Scaling the quality of teammates' mental models: equifinality and normative comparisons

We tested the impact of teammates' team and task mental model sharedness on team processes and performance using 70 undergraduate teams that completed a series of missions on a PC-based flight simulator. Moreover, we considered how the quality of mental models might moderate such relationships. Team processes were found to partially mediate the relationship between task mental model sharedness and team performance. Although team mental model sharedness failed to exhibit a significant linear relationship with team processes or performance, it did evidence a multiplicative relationship as moderated by the quality of those models. Team processes and performance were better among teams sharing higher-quality team mental models than among teams evidencing less sharedness or who had lower-quality models. Again, team processes partially mediated these relationships. Results are discussed in terms of the equifinality of mental model quality and applications to various team environments. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of depletion-region collection in GaInNAs solar cells

We provide qualitative insight into depletion-region collection in GaInNAs cells to (1) understand the effect of diffusion length L on the QE; and (2) describe the magnitude of L required to get adequate current from the cell. We use Wolf's equations for the QE including a drift field E, and model E as being equal to the junction built-in voltage distributed uniformly across the depletion region. This allows us to calculate the QE as a function of L and depletion width W/sub D/. We show that if L is sufficiently small, increasing W/sub D/ can actually decrease the QE. To determine how long L needs to be in a practical GaInNAs junction, we calculate from the QE the short-circuit current density as a function of W/sub D/ and L. This allows us to estimate that L/sub ambipolar/ needs to be greater than roughly 1 /spl mu/m in order to obtain enough photocurrent for the 4-junction application, giving guidance to the experimental effort to develop such cells.
The role of defective mental models in generating the global financial crisis

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to stress the role that several defective theories or views of the world played in generating the subprime financial crisis.Design/methodology/approach – This is done by describing these views, showing that they were widely held by relevant decision makers, and by analyzing the flaws in these views. A considerable amount of literature is surveyed in the process.Findings – It was found that these defective views did play a major role in generating the crisis.Research limitations/implications – Implications of the analysis for future research are discussed.Practical implications – Implications of the analysis for reform of private and public sector financial policies are discussed.Originality/value – While most of the arguments in the paper are not new, no paper of which the author is aware pulls them together with the same emphasis on how faulty mental models interacted with dangerous incentive structures to play a prime role in generating the crisis. The paper also r...
Prevalence of embryotoxic factor in sera from women with unexplained recurrent abortion.

PROBLEM: The presence of embryotoxic factors in sera from women with recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA) has been proposed as a basis for classification of unexplained RSA. To determine the prevalence of circulating embryotoxins among women with idiopathic RSA, sera from 160 women were studied using the mouse blastocyst assay. METHODS: Two-cell embryos were collected from superovulated mated CB6F1/J mice and cultured in media supplemented with fetal bovine serum (FBS) or 10% serum at 37°C with 5% CO2 and high humidity. Each assay was run in triplicate using three mice with at least five embryos from each mouse. Results were determined by calculating the average percentage atresia for each mouse. FBS, known to support embryo proliferation, was used to control in each assay. RESULTS: The prevalence of embryotoxic factors among women experiencing RSA was 24.4% (39/160). There is no correlation found between the presence of embryotoxicity and phospholipid antibodies, lupus anticoagulant, and thyroglobulin/microsomal antibodies. CONCLUSION: The embryotoxicity assay can serve as a basis for a new approach for classification of unexplained recurrent spontaneous abortion.
Spatial patterning of water quality in Biscayne Bay, Florida as a function of land use and water management.

Abstract An objective classification analysis was performed on a water quality data set from 25 sites collected monthly during 1994–2003. The water quality parameters measured included: TN, TON, DIN, NH 4 + , NO 3 - , NO 2 - , TP, SRP, TN:TP ratio, TOC, DO, CHL A, turbidity, salinity and temperature. Based on this spatial analysis, Biscayne Bay was divided into five zones having similar water quality characteristics. A robust nutrient gradient, driven mostly by dissolved inorganic nitrogen, from alongshore to offshore in the main Bay, was a large determinant in the spatial clustering. Two of these zones (Alongshore and Inshore) were heavily influenced by freshwater input from four canals which drain the South Dade agricultural area, Black Point Landfill, and sewage treatment plant. The North Bay zone, with high turbidity, phytoplankton biomass, total phosphorus, and low DO, was affected by runoff from five canals, the Munisport Landfill, and the urban landscape. The South Bay zone, an embayment surrounded by mangrove wetlands with little urban development, was high in dissolved organic constituents but low in inorganic nutrients. The Main Bay was the area most influenced by water exchange with the Atlantic Ocean and showed the lowest nutrient concentrations. The water quality in Biscayne Bay is therefore highly dependent of the land use and influence from the watershed.
Overwintering of codling moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) larvae in apple harvest bins and subsequent moth emergence

Codling moths, Cydia pomonella (L.), have long been suspected of emerging from stacks of harvest bins in the spring and causing damage to nearby apple and pear orchards. With increased use of mating disruption for codling moth control, outside sources of infestation have become more of a concern for growers using pheromone based mating disruption systems. Studies were designed to provide information on bins as a source of codling moth and the pattern of codling moth emergence from stacks of bins. In these studies, codling moth larvae colonized wood harvest bins at a much higher frequency than harvest bins made of injection molded plastic (189 moths emerged from wood compared with five from plastic). There was no statistical difference in the number of moths infesting bins that had been filled with infested fruit compared with bins left empty at harvest. This suggests that codling moth enter the bins during the time that the bins are in the orchard before harvest. Emergence of laboratory reared adult codling moth from wood bins placed in stacks was found to be prolonged compared with field populations. Temperature differences within the bin stacks accounted for this attenuated emergence pattern. Covering bin stacks with clear plastic accelerated codling moth development in the upper levels of the stack. Codling moth emergence patterns from plastic-covered stacks more closely coincided with male flight in field populations. This information could be important in developing a technique for neutralizing codling moth-infested bins, and in understanding how infested bins may influence pest management in fruit orchards that are located near bin piles. Implications for control of codling moth in conventional orchards and in those using mating disruption as the principal component of an integrated pest management system include increased numbers of treatments directed at areas affected by infested bins.
Premature labor and meperidine analgesia.

Abstract Published scientific laboratory and clinical data indicate that analgesia during premature labor is detrimental to the newborn. An anterospective study of 1,002 premature labors in which meperidine, scopolamine, and a placebo were given is analyzed. Regardless of whether the labor and pregnancy were complicated or not, when the mother received 100 mg. of meperidine during labor, there was no clinical effect on death rates, incidence of respiratory distress, Apgar scores, need for resuscitation, and incidence of severe neurological defects within one year.
Phosphoinositide 3-kinase knockout mice: role of p85alpha in B cell development and proliferation.

Cur. Opin. Cell Biol. 10, 504-5 I 2 49 Barylko, B., Binns, D., Lin, K. M., Atkinson, M. A,, Jameson, D. M., Yin, H. L. and Albanesi, J. P. ( I 998) J. Biol. Chern. 273, 379 1-3797 50 Achiriloaie, M., Barylko, B. and Albanesi, J. P. ( I 999) Mol. Cell. Biol. 19, 141Ck1415 51 Vallis, Y., Wigge, P., Marks, B., Evans, P. R and McMahon, H T. ( 1999) Curr. Biol. 9, 257-260 52 Lee, A., Frank, D. W., Marks, M. S. and Lemrnon, M. A. ( I 999) Cur. Biol. 9, 26 1-264 53 Owen, D. J., Wigge, P., Vallis, Y., Moore, J. D. A,, Evans, P. R and McMahon, H. T. ( 1998) EMBO J. 18, 5273-5288
Effect of ingested thermally oxidized corn oil on fat composition in the rat.

SummaryFive groups of weanling rats were kept for 59 days in individual cages and fed adequate diets which contained 2% cottonseed oil and 10% of the following fats: 1) corn oil, 2) oxidized corn oil, 3) hydrogenated oxidized corn oil, 4) fatty acids from oxidized corn oil, and 5) 10% oxidized fatty acids plus 90% fresh fatty acids from corn oil. All animals were restricted to the same amount of daily food intake as those fed corn oil and samples of feces collected for lipid analysis. At the end of the test period the animals were sacrificed; the carcass lipids were extracted, converted to methyl esters and subjected to gas liquid chromatographic analysis. The results indicated that hydroxy acids, originating from oxidized fats, are deposited and influence the character of the normal mixed fatty acid composition of the carcass fat.The authors are happy to acknowledge the invaluable assistance of Mrs. Alberta F. Perkins, Messrs. Frank Kosco, L. A. Michael and H. J. Ast in obtaining the analytical data repo...
A Simple Model for Predicting Contrast and Proactive Summation Effects

The impact of different stimulus parameters on judgments has been doggedly investigated in numerous settings with multiple and varied experimental designs. It seems possible now to suggest a theoretical scheme for predicting the constellation of variables necessary and sufficient to produce contrast and proactive summation effects. By judgmental contrast we intend those cognitive and affective processes determined by the stimulus simarion which cause judgments of a given stimulus to be displaced away from the subject's "anchor," i.e., the attitude positions, past experiences, previous commitments, etc., with which the subject enters the critical judgment situation. Proactive summation denotes those processes in a stimulus situation whereby the effects of earlier stimuli "spill over" or add to the effects of the test stimulus thereby increasing or intensifying the critical judgments. In sequential judgments contrast effects can be expected to occur only when prior judgments are anchored, as by overt expression or public recording of one's opinions, and the sequence involves a sharp disjunction, that is, there is a marked difference in a crucial parameter between the test stimulus and the preceding stimuli. With minimal discrepancy assimilation may result. Proactive summation occurs when prior judgments are unanchored and the sequence is unchanging (the test stimulus does not differ significantly from the preceding stimuli with regard to critical variables). Also, the initial stimuli must be of a high intensity in order to manifest its spill-over effect onto the test judgment; otherwise, the proactive summation will remain undetected.
Pilot evaluation of 1-amino-2-[18F] fluorocyclopentane-1-carboxylic acid (anti-2-[18F] FACPC) PET-CT in recurrent prostate carcinoma

1266 Objectives Aminocyclopentane carboxylic acid (ACPC) is an unnatural alicyclic amino acid which was originally developed as a therapeutic agent for malignant tumors via competitive inhibition of valine synthesis by tumor cells. Anti-2-[18F]FACPC is an ACPC analogue with high uptake in the DU-145 prostate cancer cell line in-vitro. Methods 5 patients with elevated PSA (1.1-20.5 ng/mL) after curative therapy for prostate carcinoma, underwent 60 minute dynamic imaging of the pelvis on a GE Discovery PET-CT after IV injection of 193-340 MBq of anti-2-[18F]FACPC. Uptake was compared against recently performed PET scans in the same patients with the leucine analogue, anti-[18F]FACBC, at similar time points and validated via pathology, clinical and imaging follow-up. Results At 5 min, mean(SD) SUVmax of known lesions is 4.1(1.3) for FACPC and 4.3(1.1) for FACBC. Yet, blood pool is significantly higher for FACPC with SUVmean 2.7(0.5) compared to FACBC 1.3(0.3). Lesion/blood pool SUV ratio for FACPC is 1.4(0.5) vs. 3.4(0.8) for FACBC. At 20 min, mean(SD) SUVmax of known lesions is 2.8(1.0) for FACPC and 3.9(0.8) for FACBC. Yet, bladder demonstrates intense activity for FACPC with SUVmean of 41.8(31) compared with FACBC 1.5(0.7). Lesion/bladder SUV ratio for FACPC is 0.8(1.6) vs. 3.2(1.2) for FACBC. Bone lesions in one patient were only identified with FACBC. Conclusions While prostate bed lesions are visible on early imaging with anti-2-[18F]FACPC, there is relatively high blood pool obscuring evaluation of nodal disease. As blood pool fades, nodal uptake decreases and high bladder activity then obscures pelvic structures. Compared with anti-[18F]FACBC in these 5 patients, imaging characteristics for anti-2-[18F]FACPC are unfavorable for pelvic prostate carcinoma detection. Research Support Research sponsored by the Georgia Cancer Coalition
Cultural Influences Reflected in Divergent US vs UK Human Embryo Research Policies

In a first, the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority (HFEA) of the United Kingdom recently approved a research application to use a gene-editing tool on early human embryos (http://nyti.ms/219K7DR). The applicant, Kathy K. Niakan, PhD, a developmental biologist with the Francis Crick Institute in London, England, is seeking to define the molecular program of the earliest stages of human development. The studies would use surplus embryos from in vitro fertilization treatments donated by consenting parties and would conclude at the embryonic blastocyst stage without transfer to a recipient uterus. Preliminary experiments to edit out select genes with an eye toward delineating their role in cell lineage fate specification—how the single cell of an embryo develops into different cell lines—may soon be under way.
Discussion about current status and development of clinical trials for new antibacterial drugs in China

Clinical trial plays an important role in a new anti-bacterial drug research and development.Based on the analysis of situation of clinical trails in China and the experiences in drafting out new guidance for clinical trials of anti-bacterial drugs.Some suggestions are given to promot the new anti-bacterial drug development and evaluation in China.
Cash Regimes and the Marginal Value of Cash

Certain estimates of the marginal value of cash (MVC) reported by Faulkender and Wang (FW, 2006) conflict with the predictions of their conceptual framework. The ex ante procedure they use to identify cash regimes, a central determinant of MVC, misclassifies firms. We propose an ex post cash regime identification, along with a modest change to FW’s regression specification. These modifications align the estimates with the predictions of FW’s framework. Ex post identification renders the effects of financial constraints on MVC insignificant. This paper reaffirms the importance of identifying and accounting for cash regimes, ignored by most existing studies of MVC.
Urban Myths in Plastic Surgery: Postoperative Management of Surgical Drains.

Background Surgical patients are frequently discharged with surgical drains to assist in wound closure that could be disrupted by postoperative hematomas, lymphoceles, or seromas. In clinical practice, duration of drain use is typically dependent on daily output. Objective The aim of this paper was to examine the origins and justifications of drain removal criteria. The authors considered factors that may influence recommendations such as duration, area of surgical site, and risk of infection. Methods A literature review was performed regarding the indications for drain removal in patients undergoing reconstructive and breast surgeries. PubMed was queried for publications up to May 2015 with the following search terms: drain removal, hematomas, lymphoceles, seroma, volume, reconstruction, and mastectomy. Clinical trials, retrospective reviews, meta-analyses, and literature reviews were included. Results Most plastic surgeons remove drains based on volume criteria; however, some evidence supports early, fixed-duration drain removal. Patients who produce large volumes of fluid from the surgical site are more likely to continue to do so after drain removal and may require increased duration of drain use. Surgical site surface area may also be a factor to consider when pulling a drain. Conclusion Though drain-associated infection rates are low and appear unaffected by duration, poor outcomes such as implant loss and need for reoperation may be mitigated by antisepsis strategies.
Orphan Works Comments of the Internet Archive

Comments of The Internet Archive regarding orphan works in response to the Notice of Inquiry issued by U.S. Copyright Office. Orphan works — works for which the owner of the copyright in the work is difficult or even impossible to locate — raise difficult problems for libraries and archives. In other contexts the Internet Archive and other libraries and archives have developed practical, workable solutions to related problems, and we suggest that the Copyright Office and Congress could craft a plan for orphan works that draws from, and builds on, these real-world solutions. The Internet Archive is a nonprofit library that has collected billions of works (books, music, moving images, web pages, and software programs) and served millions of users since 1996. The Internet Archive works with the Library of Congress, the National Archives and Records Administration, the Bibliotheque Nationale de France and the British National Archives as well as policymakers and standards committees to find workable solutions to libraries’ and archives’ missions in the digital world.In these comments, we identify various problems that archives and libraries now experience with respect to orphan works, and real-world solutions that we recommend. We also identify several solutions that we developed in response to similar problems in other contexts, which we hope can be used as a foundation for a solution to the orphan works problem.
Multidimensional Stability of Planar Viscous Shock Waves

Physical and mathematical considerations warrant the inclusion of regularizing effects such as diffusion, dissipation, and/or relaxation in the study of stability of shock waves, particularly in MHD, combustion, and multiphase flow. Indeed, in this generality, the “ideal shock” approximation has relevance only in the long-wave limit, that is, in the large, but not in the small scale. Likewise, multidimensional effects are known both from experiment and from the study of the inviscid (hyperbolic) case to play a key role in determining stability. Yet, until very recently, there were no rigorous analyses for systems taking into account both effects simultaneously.
Predictors of Poor School Readiness in Children Without Developmental Delay at Age 2.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Current recommendations emphasize developmental screening and surveillance to identify developmental delays (DDs) for referral to early intervention (EI) services. Many young children without DDs, however, are at high risk for poor developmental and behavioral outcomes by school entry but are ineligible for EI. We developed models for 2-year-olds without DD that predict, at kindergarten entry, poor academic performance and high problem behaviors. METHODS: Data from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, Birth Cohort (ECLS-B), were used for this study. The analytic sample excluded children likely eligible for EI because of DDs or very low birth weight. Dependent variables included low academic scores and high problem behaviors at the kindergarten wave. Regression models were developed by using candidate predictors feasibly obtainable during typical 2-year well-child visits. Models were cross-validated internally on randomly selected subsamples. RESULTS: Approximately 24% of all 2-year-old children were ineligible for EI at 2 years of age but still had poor academic or behavioral outcomes at school entry. Prediction models each contain 9 variables, almost entirely parental, social, or economic. Four variables were associated with both academic and behavioral risk: parental education below bachelor’s degree, little/no shared reading at home, food insecurity, and fair/poor parental health. Areas under the receiver-operating characteristic curve were 0.76 for academic risk and 0.71 for behavioral risk. Adding the mental scale score from the Bayley Short Form–Research Edition did not improve areas under the receiver-operating characteristic curve for either model. CONCLUSIONS: Among children ineligible for EI services, a small set of clinically available variables at age 2 years predicted academic and behavioral outcomes at school entry.
Integrating Thought Provoking Conversation into Writing: Blogging in the Classroom

In this session, we will discuss a strategy to encourage students (both undergraduate and graduate) to read the material and engage in thoughtful conversation with their peers outside of class. In a blogging format, students are required to choose 1-2 partners from the class to discuss outside of class, on a regular (at least bi-weekly basis) the class the readings, the class discussion, and any other course materials, such as films, with each other. One advantage to this format is that often students who are not strong participators in the classroom are able to gather their thoughts and engage with their peers through this assignment. Not only does this technique encourage reading of the course texts in their entirety, but it encourages synthesis and applicability to daily life. We call these assignments â€œintegrative essaysâ€ because they encourage students to integrate course readings and life experiences as well as the observations of their peers. These assignments have been used in Women and Gender Studies and sociology courses that focus on gender, race, sexuality, intimate partner violence, and institutional violence.Â
Testosterone replacement for fatigue in male hypogonadic patients with advanced cancer: A preliminary double-blind placebo-controlled trial.

e19643 Background: Hypogonadism affects two thirds of men with advanced cancer. Uncontrolled studies show fatigue, anorexia, depression,and insomnia are associated with low testosterone in men with...
Coping with Higher Sea Levels and Increased Coastal Flooding in New York City

The 837 km New York City shoreline is lined by significant economic assets and dense population vulnerable to sea level rise and coastal flooding. After Hurricane Sandy in 2012, New York City developed a comprehensive plan to mitigate future climate risks, drawing upon the scientific expertise of the New York City Panel on Climate Change (NPCC), a special advisory group comprised of university and private-sector experts. This paper highlights current NPCC findings regarding sea level rise and coastal flooding, with some of the City’s ongoing and planned responses. Twentieth century sea level rise in New York City (2.8 cm/decade) exceeded the global average (1.7 cm/decade), underscoring the enhanced regional risk to coastal hazards. NPCC (2015) projects future sea level rise at the Battery of 28–53 cm by the 2050s and 46–99 cm by the 2080s, relative to 2000–2004 (mid-range, 25th–75th percentile). High-end SLR estimates (90th percentile) reach 76 cm by the 2050s, and 1.9 m by 2100. Combining these projections with updated FEMA flood return period curves, assuming static flood dynamics and storm behavior, flood heights for the 100-year storm (excluding waves) attain 3.9–4.5 m (mid-range), relative to the NAVD88 tidal datum, and 4.9 m (high end) by the 2080s, up from 3.4 m in the 2000s. Flood heights with a 1% annual chance of occurrence in the 2000s increase to 2.0–5.4% (mid-range) and 12.7% per year (high-end), by the 2080s. Guided by NPCC (2013, 2015) findings, New York City has embarked on a suite of initiatives to strengthen coastal defenses, employing various approaches tailored to specific neighborhood needs. NPCC continues its collaboration with the city to investigate vulnerability to extreme climate events, including heat waves, inland floods and coastal storms. Current research entails higher-resolution neighborhood-level coastal flood mapping, changes in storm characteristics, surge height interactions with sea level rise, and stronger engagement with stakeholders and community-based organizations.
More dissimilar than alike? Public values preferences across US minority and white managers

Interest in public values has grown considerably over the past two decades. Much of this attention reflects a growing awareness that public values hold considerable significance for citizens and public employees. Yet, despite the rapid expansion of research on public values, we still know little about the role of race in shaping and determining public employees’ values preferences. To begin remedying this gap, this article examines whether minority and white public managers in large US local governments exhibit the same value preferences when making departmental decisions. Results from a multiple group confirmatory factor analysis indicate that minority and white managers express similar preferences for traditional public administration values; however, minority managers report a stronger preference for both traditional public administration (e.g., efficiency and effectiveness) and social equity-oriented (e.g., equity, representation) values.
Shock wave propagation and spall failure of nanocrystalline Cu/Ta alloys: Effect of Ta in solid-solution

The role of the concentration and distribution of the Ta solute in a solid solution in the shock response and spall failure of a bulk nanocrystalline Cu (nc-Cu) system is investigated using large scale molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The nanocrystalline Cu/Ta (nc-Cu/Ta) microstructures comprise a 16 nm grain size Cu matrix with distributions of 3.0%, 6.3%, and 10.0% Ta atoms either along the grain boundary or randomly in the Cu matrix. The shock response is investigated by identifying the modifications in the dynamic evolution of defect structures (dislocation nucleation and interactions), as well as the nucleation and evolution of voids. The MD simulations reveal the complex role of Ta in altering the spall behavior of the nc-Cu system. The presence of Ta is observed to improve the spall strengths of the nc-Cu system, and the strengthening behavior is achieved by limiting the capability to nucleate dislocations during shock compression and under tensile pressures. The highest values for spall streng...
Strong room-temperature ferromagnetism in VSe2 monolayers on van der Waals substrates.

Reduced dimensionality and interlayer coupling in van der Waals materials gives rise to fundamentally different electronic 1 , optical 2 and many-body quantum3–5 properties in monolayers compared with the bulk. This layer-dependence permits the discovery of novel material properties in the monolayer regime. Ferromagnetic order in two-dimensional materials is a coveted property that would allow fundamental studies of spin behaviour in low dimensions and enable new spintronics applications6–8. Recent studies have shown that for the bulk-ferromagnetic layered materials CrI3 (ref. 9 ) and Cr2Ge2Te6 (ref. 10 ), ferromagnetic order is maintained down to the ultrathin limit at low temperatures. Contrary to these observations, we report the emergence of strong ferromagnetic ordering for monolayer VSe2, a material that is paramagnetic in the bulk11,12. Importantly, the ferromagnetic ordering with a large magnetic moment persists to above room temperature, making VSe2 an attractive material for van der Waals spintronics applications.
The Axolotl as Food and Symbol in the Basin of Mexico, from 1200 BC to today

A strange creature, known for its regenerative abilities, formed part of the edible resources of the Aztecs in the Basin of Mexico (Fig. 1). Alexander von Humboldt, who was instrumental in the European collection and study of the creature, described the Aztec consumption of the comestible as follows: In the year 1245 (according to the chronology of the Abbe Clavigero) they arrived at Chapoltepec. Harassed by the petty princes of Zaltocan… the Aztecs, to preserve their independence, withdrew to a groupe of small islands called Acocolco, situated toward the southern extremity of the lake of Tezcuco. There they lived for half a century in great want, compelled to feed on roots of aquatic plants, insects, and a problematical reptile called axolotl, which Mr. Cuvier2 looks upon to be the nympha of an unknown salamander (Humboldt 1966 [1811]:Vol. II:16–17).
Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy and Utilization in Infectious Disease

This review explores the multiple infectious processes in which the Undersea and Hyperbaric Medicine Society recommends hyperbaric oxygen as an adjunct to standard treatment to determine the benefit of including hyperbaric oxygen in standard treatment protocols. While the utilization of hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) has been shown to improve outcomes, there is limited research comparing it to other therapies. There are numerous case reports and retrospective analyses of the use of HBO as adjunctive treatment, but randomized control trials are glaringly absent from recent literature. The Undersea and Hyperbaric Medicine Society recommends the utilization of HBO as an adjunct to standard treatment for necrotizing fasciitis, clostridial myonecrosis, chronic refractory osteomyelitis, malignant otitis externa, intracranial abscesses, and diabetic foot ulcers. After review of recent literature, the utilization of HBO has been shown to improve patient outcomes in the previously mentioned infectious processes when added to standard antimicrobial and surgical treatment.
The Content of Coercion

This Article is about a new approach to one of the law’s most basic questions: what is coercion? Under its traditional framing, coercion is about transactions. One person makes an offer to another person, who, under the circumstances, has no realistic option but to say “yes.” But that conception has not helped courts articulate a way to test when pressures cross the line from lawful persuasion to illegal compulsion. Without a metric, critics charge that coercion analyses are inevitably normative. This Article challenges that inevitability. Using the workplace as a case study, it argues that it is possible to weigh the impact of speech or conduct on choice, but only if the coercion’s content is clarified so that judges know what they are supposed to be evaluating. Drawing from rapid advances at the intersection of decision-making and emotion science, the Article is the first to describe what it is, exactly, about an external force that might push employees, their superiors, and consumers toward irrational judgments. The new approach unites labor law with emerging law and emotion scholarship, applies across existing doctrine, and, by lending itself to quantifiable assessments, defies normative assumptions to finally standardize the law of coercion at work.
Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL), rare subtypes: five case presentations and review of the literature

The vast majority of cutaneous T-cell lymphomas (CTCL) are encompassed by mycosis fungoides and CD30+ lymphoproliferative disorder (LPD), however rare distinct CTCLs have been defined. The current edition of the World Health Organization (WHO) includes 12 CTCL subtypes with discrete diagnosable clinical, histologic and phenotypic features. The rarest subtypes, i.e. those that comprise <1% to 2%, include indolent entities, such as primary cutaneous CD4+ small/medium T-cell LPD (SMPTC-LPD), primary cutaneous acral CD8+ T-cell lymphoma (acral CD8+ TCL) and subcutaneous panniculitis-like TCL (SPTCL) and aggressive entities, such as primary cutaneous CD8+ aggressive epidermotropic cytotoxic T-cell lymphoma (CD8+ PCAETL) and primary cutaneous gamma /delta T-cell lymphoma (PCGDTCL). Case presentations, clinical features, and treatment approaches for these five rare CTCL subtypes will be reviewed.
Examining Changes in Healthy Days After Health Coaching.

Purpose:To describe changes in health-related quality of life (HRQOL) related to variation in demographic characteristics, program goals, and program participation, among health coaching program pa...
Many, but one

The problem of the many threatens to show that, in general, there are far more ordinary objects than you might have thought. I present and motivate a solution to this problem using many-one identity. According to this solution, the many things that seem to have what it takes to be, say, a cat, are collectively identical to that single cat.
Native Lives in Colonial Times: Insights from the Skeletal Remains of Susquehannocks, A.D. 1575–1675

The experiences of Susquehannock Indians during the early period of European colonialism (1575–1675) included changes in subsistence, health, and violence, creating stressors that affected their lived experience. To begin to understand the embodied effects of these pressures, the skeletal remains of a number of Susquehannocks, recovered from sites in Pennsylvania and Maryland, were examined for evidence of oral health (dental caries, antemortem tooth loss, and dental abscess), skeletal trauma, growth disruption, and anemia. Our approach, informed by the “Osteological Paradox,” finds a trend of improvement in Susquehannock living conditions during that period that correlates well with the signing of a “Treaty of Friendship” with the colonial Maryland government in 1652. The treaty created an alliance and a southern “safe zone” for food procurement, and helped limit warfare to one front with the Iroquois to the north. This reprieve was short lived, as colonial relationships deteriorated by 1675, and Susquehannocks fled after the siege of their fort, which helped to trigger Bacon’s Rebellion in colonial Virginia.
Perfluoroalkyl substances and anthropomorphic measures in children (ages 3-11 years), NHANES 2013-2014.

Abstract Background Perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) are man-made compounds that are persistent in the environment and highly bioaccumulative in the body. Humans are exposed to a mixture of these substances, and the effects of these mixtures may be different than the effects noted for individual compounds. Prenatal exposure to PFAAs has been associated with decreased birth weight. The objective of the present study is to evaluate concurrent serum PFAA levels, as single compounds and as mixtures, in relation to anthropomorphic measures in children. Methods Using multivariate linear regression, we evaluated the association between single or PFAA mixtures and with height-for-age (HAZ), weight-for-age (WAZ), and BMI (BMIZ) z-scores in children (ages 3–11 years) participants of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2013–2014. Analyses were also stratified by sex. The PFAA mixture was based on relative potency factors express in terms of PFOA equivalency (CmixRPFi) or as molar sum of the PFAA congeners (∑molPFAA). Results There was a statistically significant association of PFHxS and PFOS with decreased HAZ in boys. The significantly decreased HAZ in boys was also found when the PFAAs were analyzed as mixtures: CmixRPFi (β = −0.33; 95%CI: 0.63, −0.04) or ΣmolPFAAs (β = −0.30; 95%CI: 0.56, −0.04). In boys, PFHxS was also associated with decreased WAZ and BMIZ. The only statistically significant association found in girls was between decreased HAZ and PFHxS. Conclusions We found sex differences in the association between concurrent serum PFAA levels and anthropomorphic measures in children 3–11 years old. PFAA levels, as single congeners or as mixture concentrations were associated with decreased height-for-age z-score in boys.
Strategies to prevent burnout: Are grit and optimism the answer?

Abstract Grit and optimism are great character traits and may prevent burnout. Here we discuss the manuscript by Loftus et al. and discuss some of the limitations to these traits.