cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Muscle-Specific Contributions to Lower Extremity Net Joint Moments While Squatting With Different External Loads.

Kipp, K, Kim, H, and Wolf, WI. Muscle-specific contributions to lower extremity net joint moments while squatting with different external loads. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2020-The purpose of this study was to determine muscle-specific contributions to lower extremity net joint moments (NJMs) during squats with different external loads. Nine healthy subjects performed sets of the back squat exercise with 0, 25, 50, and 75% of body mass as an added external load. Motion capture and force plate data were used to calculate NJMs and to estimate individual muscle forces via static optimization. Individual muscle forces were multiplied by their respective moment arms to calculate the resulting muscle-specific joint moment. Statistical parametric mapping (α = 0.05) was used to determine load-dependent changes in the time series data of NJMs and muscle-specific joint moments. Hip, knee, and ankle NJMs all increased across each load condition. The joint extension moments created by the gluteus maximus and hamstring muscles at the hip, by the vastii muscles at the knee, and by the soleus at the ankle all increased across most load conditions. Concomitantly, the flexion moment created by the hamstring muscles at the knee also increased across most load conditions. However, the ratio between joint moments created by the vastii and hamstring muscles at the knee did not change across load. Similarly, the ratio between joint moments created by the gluteus maximus and hamstring muscles at the hip did not change across load. Collectively, the results highlight how individual muscles contribute to NJMs, identify which muscles contribute to load-dependent increases in NJMs, and suggest that joint moment production among synergistic and antagonistic muscles remains constant as external load increases.
Punishment is Organized around Principles of Communicative Inference.

Abstract Humans use punishment to influence each other's behavior. Many current theories presume that this operates as a simple form of incentive. In contrast, we show that people infer the communicative intent behind punishment, which can sometimes diverge sharply from its immediate incentive value. In other words, people respond to punishment not as a reward to be maximized, but as a communicative signal to be interpreted. Specifically, we show that people expect harmless, yet communicative, punishments to be as effective as harmful punishments (Experiment 1). Under some situations, people display a systematic preference for harmless punishments over more canonical, harmful punishments (Experiment 2). People readily seek out and infer the communicative message inherent in a punishment (Experiment 3). And people expect that learning from punishment depends on the ease with which its communicative intent can be inferred (Experiment 4). Taken together, these findings demonstrate that people expect punishment to be constructed and interpreted as a communicative act.
Skewness Swaps on Individual Stocks

This paper implements a novel model-free methodology to measure skewness risk premia in individual stocks. The methodology takes the form of a trading strategy, a skewness swap. The return on the strategy shows a significant positive skewness risk premium in individual stocks. The risk premium massively increased after the 2008/2009 financial crisis due to an increase in the price of put options in individual stocks. Part of this skewness risk premium is idiosyncratic. Frictions on short-selling, measured by high short-interest ratios and low ETF ownership, are key drivers of the idiosyncratic skewness risk premium.
The Co-evolution of online social networks and syphilis incidence among young black men who have sex with men.

Abstract Network contexts have been implicated in the facilitation of syphilis transmission, however little is known about the relationship between online social networks, a proxy for physical networks, and rates of syphilis infection and how they co-evolve over time. To these ends, this study explored the interdependent relationship between Facebook friendship network dynamics and rates of syphilis incidence among young Black men who have sex with men (YBMSM). Specifically, we investigated the extent to which syphilis status, as a latent profile of network members, serves as a selection mechanism of Facebook tie formation and the degree to which Facebook friendships influenced dynamics of syphilis seroconversion. Sexual health, behavioral, and social network data were collected from a cohort of YBMSM (N = 286, Mean age = 22.8) at two time points between 2013 and 2015 in Chicago, IL, USA. The interdependencies between Facebook friendship networks and syphilis infection were assessed using stochastic actor-based models for social networks and behavior. Results showed that YBMSM tended to form Facebook friendships with other YBMSM who had similar syphilis and HIV status profiles, and the hazard of contracting syphilis was likewise influenced by their Facebook friendships, albeit subtly, by being connected to infectious network members. Meanwhile, intrinsic characteristics like condomless sex, HIV status, and online partner-seeking were not associated with dynamics in syphilis incidence. These findings show that there is a mutually dependent relationship between the online network dynamics of YBMSM and rates of syphilis incidence. Findings also direct attention to network-based strategies for intervention.
Hierarchical Neural Network with Layer-wise Relevance Propagation for Interpretable Multiclass Neural State Classification

Multiclass machine learning classification has many potential applications for both clinical neuroscience and data-driven biomarker discovery. However, to be applicable in these contexts, the machine learning methods must provide a degree of insight into their decision-making processes during training and deployment phases. We propose the use of a hierarchical architecture with layer-wise relevance propagation (LRP) for explainable multiclass classification of neural states. This approach provides both local and global explainability and is suitable for identifying neurophysiological biomarkers, for assessing models based on established domain knowledge during development, and for validation during deployment. We develop a hierarchical classifier composed of multilayer perceptrons (MLP) for sleep stage classification using rodent electroencephalogram (EEG) data and compare this implementation to a standard multiclass MLP classifier with LRP. The hierarchical classifier obtained explainability results that better aligned with domain knowledge than the standard multiclass classifier. It identified $\alpha$ (10–12 Hz), 0 (5–9 Hz), and β (13–30 Hz) and 0 as key features for discriminating awake versus sleep and rapid eye movement (REM) versus non-REM (NREM), respectively. The standard multiclass MLP did not identify any key frequency bands for the NREM and REM classes, but did identify δ (1–4 Hz), 0, and $\alpha$ as more important than β, slow-y (31–55 Hz), and fast-y (65-100Hz) oscillations. The two methods obtained comparable classification performance. These results suggest that LRP with hierarchical classifiers is a promising approach to identifying biomarkers that differentiate multiple neurophysiological states.
Mild Traumatic Brain Injury in Children.

Mild traumatic brain injury accounts for an estimated 4.8 million cases of pediatric traumatic brain injuries worldwide every year. In the United States, 70% of mild traumatic brain injury cases are due to sports and recreational injuries. Early diagnosis, especially in active children, is critical to preventing recurrent injuries. Management is guided by graded protocols for returning to school and activity. Ninety percent of children recover within 1 month of injury. Promising research has shown that early referral to specialty concussion care and multidisciplinary treatment with physical and occupational therapy may shorten recovery time and improve neurologic outcomes.
Nanopattern multi-well avalanche selenium detector for TOF-PET.

For the first time, we propose using amorphous selenium (a-Se) as the photoconductive material for time-of-flight (TOF) detectors. Advantages of avalanche-modea-Se are having high fill factor, low excess noise due to unipolar photoconductive gain, band transport in extended states with the highest possible mobility, and negligible trapping. The major drawback ofa-Se is its poor single-photon time resolution and low carrier mobility due to shallow-traps, problems that must be circumvented for TOF applications. We propose a nanopattern multi-wella-Se detector (MWSD) to enable both impact ionization avalanche gain and unipolar time-differential (UTD) charge sensing in one device. Our experimental results show that UTD charge sensing in avalanche-modea-Se improves time-resolution by nearly 4 orders-of-magnitude. In addition, we used Cramer-Rao lower bound analysis and Monte Carlo simulations to demonstrate the viability of our MWSD for low statistics photon imaging modalities such as PET despite it being a linear-mode device. Based on our results, our device may achieve 100 ps coincidence time resolution in TOF PET with a material that is low cost and uniformly scalable to large area.
Priors in Bayesian Estimation Under the Two-Parameter Logistic Model

A review of various priors used in Bayesian estimation under the two-parameter logistic model is presented together with clear mathematical definitions of the prior distributions. Examples that compared Bayesian estimation methods are presented using empirical data. The effects of the priors and their specifications on both item and ability parameter estimates are demonstrated. The computer program OpenBUGS that implements the rejection sampling method is the main program employed in the study. Issues in Bayesian estimation and use of priors in item response theory are discussed.
Critical archival theory and the Caribbean’s neoliberal archival turn

This article draws attention to the present-day transnational rise of state archives in the Greater Caribbean. It takes as a case study the Dominican Republic’s National Archives System (NAS) and National General Archives (AGN), which opened in 2008 and 2011, respectively, to signal a Caribbean neoliberal archival turn and interrogate the data politics behind these institutions’ neoliberal promises of equality, progress, and freedom. Intersecting Critical Archival Theory and Critical Caribbean Studies, the article pushes for a new critical archival theory of color that draws from scholarship centering the erasure of histories of enslavement and the hyper-masculinization of white colonial privilege. In doing so, it advocates for a decolonial practice of public archives demanding that archivists and archive users reckon with these archives’ historical role in powering anti-Black racism and structural oppression.
A Mechanism to Structure Mission-Aware Interaction in Mobile Sensor Networks

One of the main appeals of mobile sensors is the variety of environments in which they can operate as an autonomous network. Different environments, however, present different challenges, especially in terms of inter-sensor communication. In sparse environments, it may not be possible to maintain full connectivity at all times, setting off the need for agents to communicate opportunistically when they are close to each other. This, in turn, suggests that communication needs be taken into account in the design of agents' trajectories. In this paper, we introduce a notion of tour and meeting point as an abstraction of trajectories designed for both sensing and communication, and we study the tradeoffs involved between motion to sense and sample and motion to communicate and interact.
Scarless human fetal skin repair is intrinsic to the fetal fibroblast and occurs in the absence of an inflammatory response: in situ hybridization and immunohistochemical studies

The fetus heals skin wounds without scar formation. Human fetal skin that is transplanted to a subcutaneous location on an adult athymic mouse and subsequently wounded heals without scar formation, whereas the same skin heals with scar formation when transplanted to a cutaneous location. In situ hybridization with species-specific DNA probes and immunohistochemistry were performed to characterize the healing process of human fetal skin in these two locations. Species-specific human and mouse DNA probes were constructed and used to probe graft wounds under high stringency in situ hybridization conditions. Immunostaining for species-specific fibroblasts, macrophages, and neutrophils was also performed. We found that the cutaneous human fetal grafts healed with scar and showed an influx of mouse fibroblasts and macrophages. In contrast, subcutaneous human fetal grafts showed exclusively human fetal fibroblasts in the wound environment, an absence of inflammatory cells, and scar-free repair. We conclude that the highly organized collagen deposition in scarless human fetal wound repair appears to be intrinsic to the human fetal fibroblasts and occurs in the absence of an adult-like inflammatory response.
Urban Neighborhoods and Mental Health across the Life Course

Intraurban neighborhood environments shape mental and neurological health at each stage of life. From preconception to death, environmental exposures such as air and noise pollution, crumbling buildings and sidewalks, high crime rates, poverty, and social supports influence neurological and psychological development and affect individuals' social and occupational function. These environments often vary substantially between neighborhoods, leading to different experiences and health indicators for persons living in urban environments.
Status of the design and construction of the Confinement Physics Research Facility (CPRF) and the ZTH experiment

Design and construction of the Confinement Physics Research Facility (CPRF) and the reversed-field-pinch fusion experiment ZTH are continuing. Integrated system checkout is scheduled to begin in the first quarter of 1993. First operation will be at up to 1.7 MA plasma current with 2 MA upon the addition of power supplies and 4 MA by the addition of power supplies and upgrading of key components. Site separation is continuing, installation of the 1420 MVA generator has begun, some magnet coils have been received, construction of the torus is underway and all components are at or near the final design stage. >
Effect of pregnancy hormones on herpesvirus and other deoxyribonucleic acid viruses

Clinical impressions and observations of genital herpesvirus infections indicate that lesions are more persistent and more severe during pregnancy. Several explanations are possible: an altered immune state, increased vascularity and blood flow, and/or increased viral infectivity due to increase in one or more hormones during pregnancy. Studies presented here were directed toward investigating the latter possibility. Herpesvirus, type 2, isolated from a genital lesion was titrated in WI-38 cells in the absence and presence of estriol, progesterone, human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and human placental lactogen. Two other deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) viruses, adenovirus type 7 and vaccinia virus, were included for control purposes. Although estriol significantly inhibited and hCG significantly enhanced the single-cycle production of herpesvirus, there was little or no effect on these hormones on adenovirus. Progesterone, after 48 hours but not after two hours of preincubation, inhibited production of herpesvirus and vaccinia virus but had no effect on aderiovirus. When end-point titers were measured after multiple cycles of viral growth, there were no differences in viral titers with any of the hormones, except for a slight reduction with estriol. Except for the uniform effect of progesterone on DNA viruses, hormonal effects on viral production cannot be generalized from experiments with one virus.
Video streaming over multi-hop wireless networks

In this paper, we considered the problem of transporting layered video over erroneous multi-hop wireless networks and proposed a distributed system. Our proposed distributed scheme is comprised of distributed control (DC), distributed buffer (DB) and distributed error control schemes. The DC scheme improves the efficiency of the network bandwidth usage and reduces the end-to-end delay of the streaming application. End-to-end delay jitter can be reduced by proper use of the DB nodes' buffer. Replacing the traditional EEC and ARQ with our distributed FEC and ARQ scheme reduces the error-protection overhead and ARQ delay and improves the wireless channel throughput. A layered video module is developed in GlomoSim 2.03 for video streaming application. We simulated our distributed scheme employing the layered video module in GlomoSim 2.03. Our simulation results confirm that QoS of streaming video over erroneous multi-hop wireless network can be improved using our proposed distributed scheme.
A Concise Glimpse of Water in the History of Photography

Water is universal and indispensable to life. Therefore, it has always been a central metaphor, both sprightly and exacting, for artists. In this brief article, we examine how a few photographers have looked to water for inspiration and also used it as the very substance of their work. There have, of course, been hundreds of photographers who have tested water as their subject matter or used it in their work in various ways at some stage of their career; some of the more notable and interesting are presented here. A few examples have been chosen, beginning with the earliest photographers of the nineteenth century. Keywords: photography; art
Targeting of Human p53-overexpressing Tumor Cells by an HLA A*0201-restricted Murine T-Cell Receptor Expressed in Jurkat T Cells

A potent anti-human (hu) p53 CD8 + CTL response develops in HLA A*0201 transgenic (Tg) mice after immunization with peptides corresponding to HLA A*0201 motifs from hu p53. Mice immunized with the hu p53 149–157 peptide develop a CTL response that is of moderately high affinity and is capable of recognizing hu tumor cells expressing mutated p53. In this report, the mRNAs encoding the predominantly expressed T-cell receptor (TCR) sequences were molecularly cloned from a murine (mu) CTL clone derived from immunized Tg mice, which recognized endogenously processed hu p53 restricted by HLA A*0201. The separate A and B chain TCR cDNAs were transfected in the corresponding TCR A − and B − Jurkat-CD3 − mutant T-cell lines, and each rescued CD3 surface expression. Both TCR chains were simultaneously introduced into Jurkat-CD3 + cells, and the transfected Jurkat cells recognized hu T2 cells sensitized with the p53 149–157 CTL epitope but not T2 cells sensitized with a nonspecific CTL epitope. Breast, pancreatic, and sarcoma tumor cell lines, which overexpress endogenous mutated p53, were recognized in the presence of anti-CD28 costimulation, only if they also expressed HLA A*0201. Normal hu fibroblasts established from skin cultures were not recognized. These results represent the first time that a p53-specific TCR capable of recognizing hu cancer cells was heterologously expressed in a naive recipient cell, converting that cell to one recognizing hu tumor cells with mutated p53. This TCR represents a candidate molecule for a genetic strategy in combating hu cancer by an adoptive immunotherapy approach, which uses the strong xenorecognition of hu p53 in mice.
Nonlinear Stability in Fluids and Plasmas

This paper discusses some recent progress in the field of stability of fluid and plasma equilibria. The objective is to derive explicit criteria which guarantee the nonlinear stability of specific equilibria. Most of the work described was done by H. Abarbanel, V. Arnold, R. Hazeltine, D. Holm, P. Morrison, M. Pulvirente, T. Ratiu, Y. Tang, Y.H. Wan, A. Weinstein and the author, although others have been involved in related work cited in the paper.
Differences between Some Radar-Rainfall Estimation Procedures in a High Rain Rate Gradient Storm

Abstract Radar and gage data from a convective storm were analyzed with the objective of examining how much gage-estimated and radar-estimated rainfall differ in a high rainfall-rate gradient situation considering 1) the location and size of the radar contributing area, 2) whether radar-estimated rainfall was computed using maximum, average or integrated values, and 3) the radar reflectivity factor threshold. Differences exceeding a factor of 6 and 3 have been observed for individual gages and for the mean of 17 gages, respectively.
Need‐fulfillment and consistency theory: Relationships between self‐esteem and eye contact

Subjects’ duration of eye contact was measured while they received either complimentary or critical feedback messages from an interviewer. Eye contact scores were treated by a 3 X 2 [self esteem level X feedback condition] analysis of variance which revealed a significant interaction effect between self‐esteem and feedback condition. Results are discussed in terms of eye contact, need‐fulfillment theory, consistency theory and methodological implications.
Shank2 redistributes with NaPilla during regulated endocytosis

Serum phosphate levels are acutely impacted by the abundance of sodium-phosphate cotransporter IIa (NaPiIIa) in the apical membrane of renal proximal tubule cells. PSD-95/Disks Large/Zonula Occludens (PDZ) domain-containing proteins bind NaPiIIa and likely contribute to the delivery, retention, recovery, and trafficking of NaPiIIa. Shank2 is a distinctive PDZ domain protein that binds NaPiIIa. Its role in regulating NaPiIIa activity, distribution, and abundance is unknown. In the present in vivo study, rats were maintained on a low-phosphate diet, and then plasma phosphate levels were acutely elevated by high-phosphate feeding to induce the recovery, endocytosis, and degradation of NaPiIIa. Western blot analysis of renal cortical tissue from rats given high-phosphate feed showed NaPiIIa and Shank2 underwent degradation. Quantitative immunofluorescence analyses, including microvillar versus intracellular intensity ratios and intensity correlation quotients, showed that Shank2 redistributed with NaPiIIa during the time course of NaPiIIa endocytosis. Furthermore, NaPiIIa and Shank2 trafficked through distinct endosomal compartments (clathrin, early endosomes, lysosomes) with the same temporal pattern. These in vivo findings indicate that Shank2 is positioned to coordinate the regulated endocytic retrieval and downregulation of NaPiIIa in rat renal proximal tubule cells.
Ordered OLPS and CF Nth numerators

Abstract Definitions, theorems and examples are established for a general model of Laurent polynomial spaces and ordered orthogonal Laurent polynomial sequences, ordered with respect to ordered bases and orthogonal with respect to inner products · = L ∘ ⊙ decomposed into transition functional ⊙ and strong moment functional, or, more generally, sample functional L couplings. Under this formulation that is shown to subsume those in the existing literature, new fundamental results are produced, including necessary and sufficient conditions for ordered OLPS to be sequences of nth numerators of continued fractions, in contrast to the classical result concerning nth denominators which is shown to hold only in special cases.
Equity and sustainability over the next fifty years: An exercise in economic visioning

A simplistic aggregate model of global economic activity supports a 50-year visioning exercise with targets defined in terms of aggregate measures of global equity (convergence) and sustainability (contraction). Some ambitious combinations of these targets turn out to be infeasible even under the most favorable modeling assumptions. No contraction target (no reduction in fossil fuel consumption relative to the present) was possible, for example, if international capital transfers pushed per capita incomes in low-income countries above 33% of levels achieved in high-income countries. Lower prices for renewable alternatives to exhaustible resources generally made sustainability targets easier to achieve, but lower prices for renewable resources also made equity targets more difficult to achieve. Improved substitution between capital and labor made equity targets easier to achieve in relative terms, but improved substitution between capital and labor could make any given sustainability target more or less difficult to achieve. All the results suggest that it is possible to overstate the purported conflict between achieving sustainability and equity targets. The very transfers of international capital that would promote relative equity between high-income and low-income countries could also work to spread the incidence of achieving any sustainability target more evenly across their boundaries.
Noise‐parameter measurements with a reflection type phase shifter

We report a miniaturized phase shifter operating in the frequency range from 5 to 7 GHz for noise-parameter extraction. Such a tunable solid-state unit represents a significant reduction in the size and mass as a source-pull component, compared to its mechanical counterparts. It provides adequate impedance coverage, ultra-fast response, as well as high repeatability, across the designed region. A packaged low-noise amplifier was measured at integer frequencies by use of the phase shifter on the NIST NFRad system. The measured results exhibited good accuracy. The combined uncertainties (Type-A and Type-B) are below 6% for both the minimum noise temperature and the magnitude of the optimum input reflection coefficient. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 52:2600–2603, 2010; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.25532
New Layered Materials in the K–In–Ge–As System: K8In8Ge5As17and K5In5Ge5As14

Abstract Exploratory synthesis in the K–In–Ge–As system has yielded the unusual layered compounds K 8 In 8 Ge 5 As 17 (1) and K 5 In 5 Ge 5 As 14 (2), both of which contain In–Ge–As layers with interleaved potassium ions, Ge–Ge bonds, InAs 4 tetrahedra, As–As bonds, and rows of Ge 2 As 6 dimers. Compound 1 has As 3 groups, while compound 2 has infinite As ribbons on both faces of each layer. Unlike compound 1, compound 2 has substitutional defects where indium partially occupies each of the three independent germanium sites in the ratio of 1:5 for In:Ge. This partial occupancy makes 2 an electron-precise compound. The Ge(In)–Ge(In) bond of 2 is longer than the Ge–Ge bond of 1, and this bond lengthening effect was confirmed by performing DFT-MO calculations on the model compounds H 3 Ge–GeH 3 and H 3 Ge–InH − 3 . Possible implications of electron imprecise formulas determined by X-ray crystal structure determinations are discussed. Compound 1: space group P 2 1 / c with a =18.394 (8) A, b =19.087 (7) A, c =25.360 (3) A, β =105.71 (2)°, V =8571 (4) A 3 , and D calcd =4.45g/cm 3 for Z =4. Refinement on 4455 reflections yielded R ( R w )=6.8%(7.8%). Compound 2: space group C 2/ m with a =40.00 (1) A, b =3.925 (2) A, c =10.299 (3), β =99.97 (2)°, V =1592 (1) A 3 , and D calcd = 4.55g/cm 3 for Z =8. Refinement on 1206 reflections yielded R ( R w )=5.6% (5.7%).
Non-destructive gas chromatographic detection using laser intracavity photothermal spectroscopy

Abstract A novel gas chromatographic detector is described which measures the infrared absorption of an eluting molecule by monitoring the photothermal perturbation in an intracavity laser. Laser intracavity photothermal spectroscopy is a non-destructive technique which can be highly selective by using specific infrared absorptions which are characteristic of the molecule or class of compounds of interest to the analyst. Gas chromatography—laser intracavity photothermal spectroscopy detection has comparable sensitivity and selectivity to the previously reported gas chromatographic use of phase-fluctuation optical heterodyne spectroscopy. Thus, absorption sensitivity of ca . 10 −8 cm −1 and detection limits of ca . 1.0 pg s −1 (30 cc min −1 ) are anticipated for species with absorption cross-sections of 10 cm −1 atm −1 (a typical absorption coefficient for the strongest infrared bands of most molecules). Analyses of sulfur hexafluoride and ethylene are presented which demonstrate the capabilities of this technique: the simplicity of the detector makes it attractive for non-destructive analyses, especially in the area of atmospheric trace gas analysis.
The algebraic radical of a normed ideal inL 1(G)

LetA be a proper normed ideal (in the sense ofCigler) insideL 1 (G), whereG is a non-discrete LCA group. This is proved: For each integern≧1 there existsf∈L 1 (G) such thatf, f 2 ,..., f n∉A whilef n+1 ∈A.
Calculating Conductance of Ion Channels – Linking Molecular Dynamics and Electrophysiology

Molecular dynamics computer simulations were combined with an electrodiffusion model to compute conduction of simple ion channels. The main assumptions of the model, and the consistency, efficiency and accuracy of the ion current calculations were tested and found satisfactory. The calculated current-voltage dependence for a synthetic peptide channel is in agreement with experiments and correctly captures the asymmetry of current with respect to applied field.
The fine structure of the nucleolus in mitotic divisions of Chinese hamster cells in vitro.

The nucleolus of Chinese hamster tissue culture cells (strain Dede) was studied in each stage of mitosis with the electron microscope. Mitotic cells were selectively removed from the cultures with 0.2 per cent trypsin and fixed in either osmium tetroxide or glutaraldehyde followed by osmium tetroxide. The cells were embedded in both prepolymerized methacrylate and Epon 812. Thin sections of interphase nucleoli revealed two consistent components; dense 150-A granules and fine fibrils which measured 50 A or less in diameter. During prophase, distinct zones which were observed in some interphase nucleoli (i.e. nucleolonema and pars amorpha) were lost and the nucleoli were observed to disperse into smaller masses. By late prophase or prometaphase, the nucleoli appeared as loosely wound, predominantly fibrous structures with widely dispersed granules. Such structures persisted throughout mitosis either free in the cytoplasm or associated with the chromosomes. At telophase, those nucleolar bodies associated with the chromosomes became included in the daughter nuclei, resumed their compact granular appearance, and reorganized into an interphase-type structure.
Hydrogen transport in molybdenum

Abstract The permeability of cold-rolled molybdenum to deuterium at about 1 atm pressure for the temperature range of 523 to 730 K is given by the relation φ = 3.22 × 10 −4 exp [ −19 828 cal · mol −1 /RT ] in general agreement with earlier studies of hydrogen permeation. Evidence of reversible trapping of hydrogen at internal defects is found in autoradiographs of tritium-charged molybdenum wires, which show inhomogeneous darkening, and in the transient permeation and evolution rates of deuterium from molybdenum foils.
Activity coupling of Vibrio harveyi luciferase and flavin reductase (FRP): oxygen as a probe.

Abstract Several lines of evidence have been reported previously to document the ability of the Vibrio harveyi NADPH-specific flavin reductase FRP to directly transfer reduced riboflavin-5′-phosphate to luciferase for bioluminescence. This study aimed at characterizing further the kinetic properties of FRP in such a direct channeling system and investigating whether the complete direct transfer of reduced flavin was the exclusive pathway in the FRP:luciferase coupled bioluminescence reaction. To these ends, a new kinetic approach of oxygen variation was employed. Results indicated that increases in oxygen concentration led to gradual decreases of the peak bioluminescence intensity, Km, FMN, and Km, NADPH of FRP in the coupled reaction. In comparison with theoretical schemes, these findings indicated that the FRP:luciferase coupled reaction can utilize reduced flavin by both free diffusion and direct transfer. The upper limits of the true Km, FMN and Km, NADPH of FRP in the direct transfer system were determined.
Gender diversity--struggle in the glass house.

Slightly more than one-quarter of US medical school faculty members are women, I and half the current medical students nationwide are female. Despite the in­ creasing and substantial numbers of women, many areas of gender inequity exist in the academic medical environment and have been the subject of considerable research and study in recent years. In the current issue of Mayo Clinic Proceedings (pages 113 to 119), Heid and associates ad­ dress several of these problems, commencing with their initial focus: how to increase the gender diversity of their physician consulting staff. They have derived a math­ ematical model that predicts the proportion of female phy­ sician consulting staff at specific points in time on the basis of factors such as retirement and resignation rates of staff and the annual recruitment rate for women. Use of Modeling Techniques The use of a model to address the needed increase in female consulting physicians is extremely helpful in this situation. It allows the accurate prediction of the numbers of female staff members if current policies are continued and the recognition that Mayo Clinic Rochester would fall further behind the national average every year without a change in current practices. Not only does the model have historic predictive validity, but the variables included in the model and their various interactions provide a range of possible strategies to increase the proportion of female physician consulting staff. The design and implementation of the proposed model could effectively improve gender diversity at Mayo Clinic Rochester and allow that institu­ tion to reach its target of 25% women among the consulting staff within the next 13 years. For achievement of this goal, however, monitoring the performance of the model and retooling it with data over time will be important. Dissemi­ nation of the model-perhaps by means of a website-to other institutions with similar difficulties in attaining suffi­ cient numbers of women on staff should also be an impor­ tant goal of this research.
Some reactions of diphosphorus tetraiodide

Abstract The reactions of diphosphorus tetraiodide with phenol and certain aliphatic alcohols, Grignard reagents, and amines have been investigated. Although small quantities of the expected substituted diphosphorus compounds have been detected spectrophotometrically among the products from some of the reactions, the major products are monophosphorus compounds and amorphous, highly polymerized solids related to red phosphorus and the solid phosphorus hydrides. Reaction paths resulting in the cleavage of the PP bond and ultimate polymer formation are considered.
Assessing quality documents

In recent years, an emphasis on quality has emerged in a variety of organizations and in several fields, including technical documentation. Producing Quality Technical Information (PQTI) was one of the first comprehensive discussions of the quality of documentation. An important contribution of the book is in identifying quality as multiple, measurable dimensions that can be defined and measured (previous views of quality identified it more as some elusive thing that could be identified if present but was difficult to articulate and describe). Despite its contributions to the quality discussion, PQTI runs the risk of simplifying the quality process, reducing quality to a simple checklist that information developers can use to develop effective documentation. PQTI fails to address the fluid nature of some aspects of quality: some dimensions that are important in assessing one document may be less important or irrelevant with other documents. Additionally, PQTI falls short of accounting for the larger contextual framing of documents--that the importance of individual dimensions of quality changes depending upon the audience, context, and purpose of the document.This commentary suggests that all quality efforts should be grounded in customer data and user-centered design processes, and that we should learn to better differentiate among quality dimensions, determining those dimensions that are essential to customer satisfaction and those that are merely attractive. Through increased attention to developing the quality of information, organizations can better differentiate their products and services, facilitate greater productivity, and increase customer satisfactions, all significant activities in an increasingly competitive marketplace.
A point-of-attraction result for Newton's method with point-based approximations

Point-based approximations (PBAs) permit the construction and analysis of Newton-type methods for functions that may not be differentiable. A convergence theorem of Kantorovich type exists for these methods. Here we establish a point-of-attraction result for the same class of methods, exhibiting conditions on a solution so that for starting points sufficiently close to that solution the Kantorovich conditions will hold and, therefore, all of the consequences of the convergence theorem will follow. We discuss application of these results to equations on monotone graphs, demonstrate the construction of PBAs for such problems and give a small demonstration example.
Development of the Fraction Concept in Two Physical Contexts: An Exploratory Investigation

Development, 1968, 11, 287-295. Travers, R. M. W. A study) of the advantages and disadvantages of using simplified visual presentations in instructional materials. Final Report. USOE Grant No. OEG-1-7-0701445235, June, 1969. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 031 951) Travers, R. M. W., & Alvarado, V. The design of pictures for teaching children in the elementary school. A V Communication Review, 1970, 18, 47-64.
Effect of advective mass transfer on field scale fluid and solute movement: Field and modeling studies at a waste disposal site in fractured rock at Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Tennessee, USA

Advective mass transfer is a pore scale mass-transfer process that affects fluid and solute movement between pore domains such as fracture and matrix in a structured porous medium. Mechanistically similar to advection in the advection-dispersion of solutes in non-structured porous medium, it redistributes solutes by moving solute and solvent simultaneously between pore domains. While there is much research on diffusive mass transfer that is often referred to as matrix diffusion, there is a lack of information and study for advective mass transfer in the literature. The objective of this research is to study the effects of advective mass transfer on fluid and solute movement between pore domains. First, field hydraulic measurements at a waste disposal site in fractured rock at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Tennessee, USA, are used to calibrate a fracture-matrix, two-pore-domain groundwater flow model. Latin-hypercube sensitivity analysis suggests that the uncertainty of the calibrated model parameters is small and the calibrated flow model is nearly the optimal. Fracture spacing thus obtained is used to calculate diffusive mass transfer coefficients. The individual effects of advective and diffusive mass transfer on solute movement are then quantitatively evaluated. The calculations indicate that pore structure conceptual models may significantly affect the role of advective mass transfer in field and pore-scale mass transfer. In the particular ORNL field site and with a fracture-matrix pore structure model, contribution of advective mass transfer to solute mass movement is about three to eight orders of magnitude smaller than that of diffusive mass transfer.
The Milgram Paradigm After 35 Years: Some Things We Now Know About Obedience to Authority1

Guided by the belief that we cannot make broad extrapolations from the obedience studies without first firmly establishing what has and has not been found using the paradigm itself, this article draws on 35 years of accumulated research and writings on the obedience paradigm to present a status report on the following salient questions and issues surrounding obedience to authority: (a) How should we construe the nature of authority in the obedience experiment? (b) Do predictions of those unfamiliar with the obedience experiment underestimate the actual obedience rates? (c) Are there gender differences in obedience? and (d) Have obedience rates changed over time?
Endothelial Cell Heparanase Modulation of Lipoprotein Lipase Activity: EVIDENCE THAT HEPARAN SULFATE OLIGOSACCHARIDE IS AN EXTRACELLULAR CHAPERONE *

A unique feature of lipoprotein lipase (LpL), the rate-limiting enzyme in the hydrolysis of circulating triglycerides, is its movement from its cell of synthesis, adipocyte or myocyte, to its site of action, the luminal endothelial surface. This involves processes that allow LpL to be released from the adipocyte cell surface and transferred against the flow of interstitial fluid to the luminal surface of endothelial cells. LpL, an unstable enzyme, must retain its activity during this process. Whether a chaperone-like molecule is involved in LpL stabilization and transport is unclear. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that endothelial cells secrete factors that release LpL and promote its transfer to the luminal endothelial surface. Incubation of adipocytes with endothelial cell conditioned medium (ECCM) led to release of about 2-fold more LpL activity than control medium. Medium from endothelial cells exposed to lysophosphatidylcholine (lyso-ECCM), a product of LpL lipolysis of lipoproteins, released approximately 3-fold more LpL than ECCM. Concomitant with the release of LpL, adipocyte cell surface heparan sulfate (HS) proteoglycans were degraded suggesting that lyso-ECCM contained a heparanase-like activity. More heparanase was found in media from the basolateral than the apical side of lysolecithin-stimulated polarized endothelial cells. In coculture experiments, lipolysis and lysolecithin stimulation of endothelial cells increased LpL release from adipocytes. LpL released by lyso-ECCM remained stable and did not lose enzymatic activity at 37 °C for 1 h. LpL activity was also stabilized by heparanase-digested fragments of HS (HS oligosaccharide) and by purified LpL binding decasaccharide. Moreover, LpL·HS oligosaccharide complexes crossed endothelial cell monolayers and bound to the apical side of the cells. Thus, an endothelial heparanase may play a critical role in releasing subendothelial HS bound proteins, and specific HS oligosaccharides produced by this enzyme may serve as extracellular chaperones.
Regulation of human colon-carcinoma cell adhesion to extracellular matrix by transforming growth factor β1

The regulatory effect of transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-beta 1) on the adhesion of human colon-carcinoma cells to the extracellular matrix (ECM) was investigated. ECMs used in this study included tissue-culture wells coated with fibronectin, laminin, collagen and BSA, as well as plastic wells. Three phenotypically different human colon-carcinoma cell lines (Moser, HCT116, and KM12SM) were used. The Moser cell line is moderately differentiated and, in terms of the diversity of responses elicited by TGF-beta 1, is the human colon-carcinoma cell line most responsive to TGF-beta 1 as reported to date. By comparison, the undifferentiated HCT116 and the highly metastatic KM12SM cells are unresponsive to this growth factor. We showed that TGF-beta 1 regulated the adhesion responses of all 3 cell lines. However, the response profiles as well as the endogenous adhesive properties of each cell line were quite different from those of the others. Endogenous Arg-Gly-Asp(RGD)-related receptors were present on the HCT116 but not on the other cells. The observed regulatory effect of TGF-beta 1 was contingent on the cell line, the type of ECM, and the growth-factor treatment protocol used. When cells were treated with TGF-beta 1 for 16 hr prior to exposure to ECM in a 4-hr adhesion assay, a significant increase in adhesion to fibronectin and collagen was observed for the Moser cells. For the identical experimental protocol, the KM12SM cells responded by increasing adhesion to fibronectin, while the HCT116 cells responded by decreasing adhesion to collagen. Kinetic analyses of TGF-beta 1 treatment showed that increased adhesion response to laminin was induced in the Moser cells after 2 hr of growth-factor treatment. This response declined rapidly upon further exposure of the cells to TGF-beta 1. Simultaneous exposure of cells to both TGF-beta 1 and ECM negated the adhesion responses described above. The up-modulation of adhesion to fibronectin, laminin and collagen by TGF-beta 1 was mediated through RGD-related integrin receptors. RGD-containing peptides effectively blocked the enhanced adhesion responses induced by TGF-beta 1.
Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Challenges in Acute Porphyrias

The porphyrias are a group of disorders characterized by an enzyme deficiency in the heme biosynthetic pathway. These can be classified into either erythropoietic or hepatic forms depending on the site of the major enzyme deficiency. The diagnosis of acute porphyrias, however, can be very challenging due to overlapping features amongst the various types. Initial suspicion is based on a myriad of clinical manifestations, which then are confirmed by laboratory testing where available. Genetic testing is now also available for the different types of porphyrias, aiding in the definitive diagnosis. Here, we present a challenging case of porphyria in a patient with end-stage renal disease and present the diagnostic challenges associated with the case and the ways forward.
The use of goal programming in the design of electroacoustic transducers and transducer arrays

Abstract The design of piezoelectric transducers or of acoustic transducer arrays often involves the satisfaction of multiple conflicting design specifications. To arrive at an optimal compromise solution to a specific design formulation, nonlinear goal programming techniques can be applied. In this paper, the section on transducer design contains a discussion of the mathematical model of a particular type of transducer and its associated housing. An example is given of a transducer constructed using the parameters indicated by the Goal Programming technique. In the section on array design, the compromise between beamwidth and side lobe level necessary in designing beam patterns is discussed and an example of the application of Goal Programming to the selection of array shading coefficients is given.
Functional Characterization of Flagellin Glycosylation in Campylobacter jejuni 81-176

The major flagellin of Campylobacter jejuni strain 81-176, FlaA, has been shown to be glycosylated at 19 serine or threonine sites, and this glycosylation is required for flagellar filament formation. Some enzymatic components of the glycosylation machinery of C. jejuni 81-176 are localized to the poles of the cell in an FlhF-independent manner. Flagellin glycosylation could be detected in flagellar mutants at multiple levels of the regulatory hierarchy, indicating that glycosylation occurs independently of the flagellar regulon. Mutants were constructed in which each of the 19 serine or threonines that are glycosylated in FlaA was converted to an alanine. Eleven of the 19 mutants displayed no observable phenotype, but the remaining 8 mutants had two distinct phenotypes. Five mutants (mutations S417A, S436A, S440A, S457A, and T481A) were fully motile but defective in autoagglutination (AAG). Three other mutants (mutations S425A, S454A, and S460A) were reduced in motility and synthesized truncated flagellar filaments. The data implicate certain glycans in mediating filament-filament interactions resulting in AAG and other glycans appear to be critical for structural subunit-subunit interactions within the filament.