cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reoperation for Repair of Anastomotic Leaks and Staple Line Disruptions

Although uncommon, postoperative anastomotic leaks (AL) and staple line disruptions (SLD) after bariatric surgery are a matter of critical importance. Proper and timely intervention will minimize the morbidity and mortality associated with the rapid progression from systemic inflammatory response to sepsis and shock. The causes for AL and SLD depend on patient and technical factors. Given its ambiguous clinical presentation, from asymptomatic to sepsis and death, a high index of suspicion is imperative to expedite recognition and early initiation of management. For hemodynamically stable patients, the surgeon’s clinical suspicion can be confirmed with the assistance of laboratory studies, upper gastrointestinal (UGI) contrast studies, and computed tomography (CT) scan. Non-operative management includes control of local and systemic sepsis, control of gastrointestinal secretions, and early nutritional support. Successful management has also been reported using minimally invasive endoscopic techniques. In the face of clinical deterioration or unsuccessful non-operative management, operative intervention involves re-exploration with extensive irrigation and drainage, with or without repair of the leak. Endoscopic stenting and revisional surgery are discussed in Chaps. 26 and 28, respectively.
Greater aridity increases the magnitude of urban nighttime vegetation-derived air cooling

We greatly appreciate the logistical and organizational support from the Urban Water Innovation Network, especially including Mazdak Arabi and Sarah Millonig. We thank Dion Kucera, Julie Ripplinger, Holly Andrews, Mia Rochford, Samuel Meltzer, Ariane Middel, Ales Urban, Erin Everton, and Tess Gallagher for field assistance. We thank Steven Crum for helpful comments on the development of the analysis, and Janet Franklin and Louis Santiago for comments on an earlier draft of this paper. We acknowledge funding from the US National Science Foundation (CBET1444758 and CNH-1924288).
Analysis of Teachers' Resources for Integrating the Skills of Creativity and Innovation, Critical Thinking and Problem Solving, Collaboration, and Communication in Science Classrooms

The significance of learners acquiring the skills required in the 21 st century, including communication skills, teamwork, ICT-related skills and socio-cultural knowledge, imagination, critical thinking, and problem-solving, has been extensively discussed. Integrating the 21 st century into the curriculum requires teachers to have knowledge and resources to foster classroom practices. This qualitative study was designed to explore the resources that Indonesian science teachers use in supporting the implementation of the skills of creativity and innovation, critical thinking and problem solving, collaboration, and communication (4Cs) integrated science instruction. Data analyses include surveys, audio recordings of smalls and large group discussions, and group discussion artifacts of 28 Indonesia vocational high school science teachers to identify the type of resources that teachers have had access to support the integration of 4C into science instruction and the extent to which these resources promote the 4C integration into science instruction. The analysis indicates that teachers use multiple resources to help them prepare for 4C integration into teaching practices, including various professional development (PD) programs, various teacher collaborations, curriculum guidelines, and open resources. Teachers found that Teacher Professional Education (TPE) was the most favorable PD program, and curriculum guideline was the least effective for advancing 4C integration. Implications are discussed further.
First Order Extensions of Classical Systems of Modal Logic; The role of the Barcan schemas

The paper studies first order extensions of classical systems of modal logic (see (Chellas, 1980, part III)). We focus on the role of the Barcan formulas. It is shown that these formulas correspond to fundamental properties of neighborhood frames. The results have interesting applications in epistemic logic. In particular we suggest that the proposed models can be used in order to study monadic operators of probability (Kyburg, 1990) and likelihood (Halpern-Rabin, 1987).
Abstract 17012: Mesencephalic Astrocyte-Derived Neurotrophic Factor is an Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Inducible Protein with Novel Roles as a Regulator of Cardiac Myocyte Growth

Most secreted and membrane proteins, including hormones, receptors, growth factors, ion channels, and calcium-handling proteins are made in the sarco/endoplasmic reticulum (SR/ER) of cardiac myocytes. Many forms of heart disease cause ER stress, leading to the misfolding of proteins made in the SR/ER and subsequent activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR). A major feature of the UPR is a genetic reprogramming that is designed to relieve misfolded protein toxicity in the ER; this adaptive UPR has not been well studied in the heart. Our transcriptome analysis of a transgenic mouse model in which the adaptive UPR can be conditionally activated in cardiac myocytes showed that the recently discovered ER-resident protein, mesencephalic astrocyte-derived neurotrophic factor (MANF) was upregulated. MANF is a ubiquitously expressed, 158 amino acid protein that is not structurally related to any other protein. Moreover, the function of MANF is not well studied. We showed that MANF protects cardiac myocytes and mouse hearts from ischemia/reperfusion injury. We hypothesized that this protection is a result of a critical role for MANF in the adaptive UPR. To address this hypothesis, we studied the effects of altering MANF levels in HEK293 cells, neonatal rat ventricular myocytes (NRVM), and mouse hearts. MANF knockdown in cultured cells using siRNA resulted in an exaggerated UPR, as evidenced by upregulation of numerous proteins involved in the canonical ER stress response. Unexpectedly, MANF knockdown increased the size of both HEK293 cells and NRVM. To investigate the function of MANF in the heart, in vivo, we generated a mouse model in which a microRNA targeted to MANF (miMANF) is expressed in a cardiac-specific manner and decreases MANF levels by 80% in the heart. Adult miMANF mice showed an 11% increase in heart weight/tibia length and an unexpected enhancement of cardiac function, characterized by a 10% increase in fractional shortening. MANF knockdown in mouse hearts did not affect cardiac hypertrophy induced by angiotensin II administration or transaortic constriction-induced pressure overload. These results suggest that MANF is an adaptive UPR-inducible ER-resident protein and a novel regulator of cardiac myocyte and heart growth.
The End of Class Actions

In this Article, I give a status report on the life expectancy of class action litigation following the Supreme Court’s decisions in Concepcion and American Express. These decisions permitted corporations to opt out of class action liability through the use of arbitration clauses, and many commentators, myself included, predicted that they would eventually lead us down a road where class actions against businesses would be all but eliminated. Enough time has now passed to make an assessment of whether these predictions are coming to fruition. I find that, although there is not yet solid evidence that businesses have flocked to class action waivers — and that one big category of class action plaintiffs (shareholders) remain insulated from Concepcion and American Express altogether — I still see every reason to believe that businesses will eventually be able to eliminate virtually all class actions that are brought against them, including those brought by shareholders.
A heuristic-based methodology for semantic augmentation of user queries on the web

As the World Wide Web continues to grow, so does the need for effective approaches to processing users’ queries that retrieve the most relevant information. Most search engines provide the user with many web pages, but at varying levels of relevancy. The Semantic Web has been proposed to retrieve and use more semantic information from the web. However, the capture and processing of semantic information is a difficult task because of the well-known problems that machines have with processing semantics. This research proposes a heuristic-based methodology for building context aware web queries. The methodology expands a user’s query to identify possible word senses and then makes the query more relevant by restricting it using relevant information from the WordNet lexicon and the DARPA DAML library of domain ontologies. The methodology is implemented in a prototype. Initial testing of the prototype and comparison to results obtained from Google show that this heuristic based approach to processing queries can provide more relevant results to users, especially when query terms are ambiguous and/or when the methodology’s heuristics are invoked.
COMPLEX HIGH AFFINITY INTERACTIONS OCCUR BETWEEN MHCI AND SUPERANTIGENS

Staphylococcal enterotoxins A and C1 (SEA or SEC1) bound to major histocompatibility-I (MHCI) molecules with high affinity (binding constants ranging from 1.1 microM to 79 nM). SEA and SEC1 directly bound MHCI molecules that had been captured by monoclonal antibodies specific for H-2Kk, H-2Dk, or both. In addition, MHCI-specific antibodies inhibited the binding of SEC1 to LM929 cells and SEA competitively inhibited SEC1 binding; indicating that the superantigens bound to MHCI on the cell surface. The affinity and number of superantigen binding sites differed depending on whether MHCI was expressed in the membrane of LM929 cells or whether it was captured. These data support the hypothesis that MHCI molecules can serve as superantigen receptors.
Systematic selection of cluster heads for data collection

We present a systematic approach to selecting cluster heads (CHs) in networked sensing systems for data aggregation based on the idea of dominating sets of a graph. A set of vertices, D of a graph G=(V,E) is a k-dominating set if every vertex v@?V, is connected to some vertex in D via path of length less than or equal to k. By focusing on regular mesh topologies, in which each node has q neighbors, q=3,4,6,8, we demonstrate an intuitive approach for identifying the CHs. If E is the energy required for a node to send a message to a collection point, e is the energy required to send a similar message to its adjacent node in the system, and C is the compression ratio achieved by aggregation techniques at a CH, we show that CHs selected in our approach are viable whenever k<(3.C.E/2e)-1/2. We present simulation results that validate the analysis and demonstrate how k affects the Quality of Service of the data aggregation scheme. Finally, we show that the approach extends to systems that have non-regular topologies.
Phospholipase in the lysosomes of HEp-2 cells and its release during poliovirus infection

Abstract A phospholipase was found in the lysosomes of HEp-2 cells. The enzyme exhibited properties typical of other lysosomal enzymes including redistribution from the lysosomes during poliovirus infection. It is proposed that this enzyme may play a role in poliovirus-induced cytopathic effects.
Cosmic ray access to Jupiter's magnetosphere

[1] Cosmic ray access to Jupiter's magnetosphere is investigated by numerical calculations of cosmic ray trajectories in the combined magnetic fields of the planetary dipole and the magnetospheric current sheet. Entry along the current sheet allows cosmic rays to reach closer to Jupiter than they would in a dipole planetary magnetic field alone. Observations of galactic cosmic rays from Galileo show that the calculations underestimate the true cutoff rigidities at equatorial radial distances >10 RJ, but that the calculated ∼14 GV cutoff rigidity at 10 RJ is a reasonable estimate.
A model for the unfoamed skin on microcellular foams

In microcellular plastics, an unfoamed skin that is integral with the foamed core can be created by allowing the nucleating gas to diffuse from the surfaces of a gas saturated specimen prior to foaming. In this paper, a semi-empirical model is proposed that predicts the skin thickness variation in microcellular foams as a function of gas desorption time. The model shows good agreement with experimental results on the polycarbonate–carbon dioxide system.
Effects of postsynaptic GABAB receptor activation on epileptiform activity in hippocampal slices

GABA(B) receptor agonists have been reported to have both pro- and antiepileptic properties. Here, the effects of a GABA(B) receptor agonist, baclofen, were studied on epileptiform activity induced in the absence of synaptic transmission - to focus on the postsynaptic effects. Perfusion of hippocampal slices with 0-added calcium and high potassium induced field bursts in CA1 and the dentate gyrus. Addition of baclofen caused a transient suppression of the field bursts in CA1 and the dentate gyrus. The duration of the suppression was dependent on the concentration of baclofen and when the bursts reappeared they had a larger amplitude than before baclofen. Baclofen also suppressed the multiple population spikes evoked by antidromic stimulation in the dentate gyrus. This effect also decreased with continued baclofen perfusion. The effects of baclofen on the amplitude of the spontaneous field bursts and on the stimulation-induced multiple population spikes were blocked by the GABA(B) receptor antagonist SCH 50911, suggesting that these effects of baclofen are mediated by GABA(B) receptor activation. Baclofen significantly increased the peak extracellular K(+) concentration during each field burst in the dentate gyrus but did not change the baseline level of K(+) between field bursts. The results suggest that postsynaptic GABA(B) receptor activation by baclofen has transient antiepileptic effects followed by a rebound increase in excitability.
Optical bandgap and magneto-optical effects in (Pb,Eu)Te

Abstract The optical gap in (Pb,Eu)Te thin single crystal films grown by molecular beam epitaxy has been measured by luminescence and absorption techniques. Up to Eu-concentration x approximately 0.05, the gap increases rapidly but beyond this range dE g /dx decreases substantially. Initial magneto-optical measurements show relatively small Eu-ion spin exchange intermediated effects which have been modeled as for a paramagnetic ion system.
The Pathology of Vasculitis Involving the Kidney

The kidneys are frequently affected by systemic vasculitides. This is not surprising given the numerous vessels within the renal parenchyma. The kidneys are most often involved by small vessel vasculitides, such as microscopic polyangiitis (microscopic polyarteritis), Wegener's granulomatosis, Henoch-Schonlein purpura, and cryoglobulinemic vasculitis. These vasculitides cause renal dysfunction predominantly by inducing glomerular inflammation with resultant nephritis and renal failure. Microscopic polyangiitis (microscopic polyarteritis) and Wegener's granulomatosis are associated with and may be caused by antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies. Henoch-Schonlein purpura is caused by immunoglobulin (Ig) A-dominant immune complex localization in small vessels. Cryoglobulinemic vasculitis is sometimes induced by hepatitis C infection. Necrotizing medium-sized vessel vasculitides, such as classic polyarteritis nodosa and Kawasaki's disease, are less frequent causes of renal disease. They cause infarction secondary to thrombosis of inflamed major extrarenal and intrarenal arteries, and may lead to life-threatening hemorrhage from rupture of aneurysms. Large vessel vasculitides, such as giant cell (temporal) arteritis and Takayasu arteritis, only rarely injure the kidneys, usually by ischemia secondary to vasculitic involvement of the renal arteries or abdominal aorta. This ischemia can cause renovascular hypertension.
MORAL JUDGMENT : A CULTURAL AND SUBCULTURAL COMPARISON WITH SOME PIAGET'S RESEARCH CONCLUSIONS

Abstract Le jugement moral: comparaison inter-culturelle et sous-culturelle avec les conclusions de Piaget. — L'article comporte une revue des recherches faites par I'A. sur certains aspects du developpement moral et une comparaison avec les resultats de Piaget et de Harrower dans le měme domaine. Les Ss. sont des enfants et des adolescents de 3 a 21 ans. L'[acaron]ge mental dans le groupe le plus [acaron]ge qui se compose de sujets retardes, est comparable a celui des enfants d'environ 9 ans, L'A. utilise la methode clinique et deux des histoires de Piaget, ainsi que deux autres histoires du měme type. Deux d'entre elles sont relatives a la distinction entre l'intention et le resultat d'une action, les deux autres a la dependance vis-a-vis de l'adulte et a la reciprocite avec les pairs. Les donnees de l'A. montrent que les theories de Piaget au sujet des stades du jugement moral sont universellement vraies dans les societes occidentales, mais que l'[acaron]ge auquel un nouveau stade est atteint depend de...
Synthese eines Terramycin‐Bausteins

Eine stereospezifische Synthese der Ringe C und D des Terramycins mit einer Aldehydfunktion fur die Angliederung des Ringes A wird beschrieben.
Monolithic integration of a 3-GHz detector/preamplifier using a refractory-gate, ion-implanted MESFET process

High-performance interdigitated metal-semiconductor-metal (IMSM) detectors and photoreceivers have been fabricated using a standard refractory-gate, ion-implanted MESFET process which was also used to fabricate complex digital circuits. A rise time of 110 ps has been observed for a detector-preamplifier combination implying a small-signal bandwidth of about 3 GHz. Detector responsivities as high as 0.45 A/W, and dark currents as low as 5 nA have been observed.
Asbestos and kidney cancer: the evidence supports a causal association.

The role of asbestos in the etiology of lung cancer and of mesothelioma of the pleura and peritoneum has been well documented. The evidence for a causal association between asbestos and other human cancers is not as extensive but suggests that asbestos may be carcinogenic at several different sites. This paper is concerned specifically with a possible causal association between asbestos and human kidney cancer. A review of the evidence to date indicates that only three human studies have sufficient statistical power to detect an excess mortality from kidney cancer among workers exposed to asbestos. All three were occupational cohort studies, and two of these gave strong direct evidence for such an excess; a study of U.S. insulators (kidney cancer SMR = 2.22, 90% CI 1.44-3.30), and a study of U.S. asbestos products company workers (kidney cancer SMR = 2.76, 90% CI 1.29-5.18). The third study, of Italian shipyard workers, reported excess mortality from "cancers of the kidney, urinary bladder, and other urinary organs" (SMR = 1.98, 90% CI 1.42-2.70). Further support for a causal association includes studies finding asbestos fibers in human kidneys and urine, as well as reports of kidney tumors in two animal bioassays. It is concluded that asbestos should be regarded as a probable cause of human kidney cancer.
Optimally simple connection between the reaction matrix and the observables

Abstract A class of optimal formalisms is derived to describe in the simplest possible way the relationship between the amplitudes of an arbitrary four-particle reaction and the experimental observables for that reaction. Within the optimal class (which includes none of the currently used formalisms) there are an infinite number of realizations depending on coordinate systems and quantization axes. The matrix connecting the bilinear combinations of amplitudes and the experimental observables (the X-matrix) for the optimal class consists only of small submatrices along the main diagonal, the maximum sizes of which are independent of the values of the spins involved. Two examples are worked out in detail: 1 2 + 0 → 1 2 + 0 and 1 + 1 2 → 0 + 1 2 , and it is shown that the optimal prescription in conjunction with quantization along the normal of the reaction plane gives an unprecedentedly simple X-matrix as well as constraints among the observables imposed by parity conservation, which are also maximally simple. The advantages of the new class of formalisms are enumerated for the purposes of studies of high energy and nuclear reaction.
Localization and expression of the c-Kit receptor protein in human and rodent testis and sperm

Abstract Objectives To examine the localization and expression of the c-kit receptor protein in the testes of the mouse, rat, and human, and then compare these among the three species. Methods Testis tissue from all three species was obtained through biopsy or orchiectomy. Immunohistochemistry was used for the localization, using a monoclonal antibody to the c-kit receptor. The expression of the c-kit receptor protein was examined in the testes and sperm with Western blot analysis. Results Localization was noted in the early spermatogenic cells, most likely type A spermatogonia, as well as in the acrosomal region of more mature germ cells, such as the round spermatids. The c-kit receptor was localized in analogous sites in all three species. The Western blot data revealed testicular expression of the c-kit receptor protein in all three species as well. Similar bands were recognized on the Western blots of all three species in testes at approximately 75 kDa and approximately 90 kDa, and sperm at approximately 90 kDa only. Conclusions The c-kit receptor protein is expressed in the early spermatogenic cells, as well as the later stages of spermatogenesis, specifically, the acrosomal granules of the round spermatids, and the acrosomal region of testicular spermatozoa, in the mouse, rat, and human. All three species exhibit similar expression of the c-kit receptor protein in both testis and sperm, although to a varying degree. We believe that these observations allow direct valid comparisons concerning the expression of the c-kit receptor to be made cautiously to the human condition from experimental data obtained from rodents.
Measurement of long-range carbon–carbon coupling constants in a uniformly enriched complex polysaccharide

Abstract A quantitative coherence transfer scheme for 1 H-detected measurement of long-range carbon–carbon coupling constants in NMR spectra of complex carbohydrates is described. It is applied to a uniformly highly 13 C-enriched monosaccharide and to a complex cell wall polysaccharide from Streptococcus mitis J22 having seven distinct sugars in the repeating subunit. Coupling values within the ring were compared to published values for monosaccharides to demonstrate the validity of the method. An attempt was made to relate coupling constants between carbon atoms across the glycosidic linkage to the dihedral angles of a recently published flexible model for the polysaccharide which is based on 3 J CH data. The experimental coupling constants do not agree with any single conformation demonstrating that the repeating subunit of the polysaccharide must be flexible. This conclusion is in accord with results of molecular modeling, nuclear Overhauser effect and 3 J CH data.
Changes in isozymes of adenylosuccinate synthetase.

Summary The activities of the two adenylosuccinate synthetase isozymes in rat liver have been determined under varying dietary conditions. It was found that the expression of the acidic isozyme appears to be coordinated with purine biosynthesis, while the activity of the basic isozyme increases in situations where the animal is metabolizing large amounts of protein. It was found that, under normal conditions, all organs tested contained some of the basic isozyme; it was the only form detectable in skeletal muscle and heart. Liver, kidney, and brain contained both types. In liver the two activities were present in roughly equal amounts, while the acidic form predominates in kidney, brain and spleen.
Determination of the absolute partial and total cross sections for electron-impact ionization of the rare gases

Accurate values of the electron-impact ionization cross sections for the rare gases are needed in a variety of contexts. However, despite numerous investigations over many decades, uncertainty as to the correct values has persisted. The pioneering total-cross-section measurements of Rapp and Englander-Golden are generally regarded as the most reliable but no comprehensive study has independently verified their correctness. In this paper, measurements of electron-impact ionization cross sections of helium, neon, argon, krypton, and xenon are reported for energies ranging from the first ionization threshold to 1000 eV. These data confirm the essential correctness of Rapp and Englander-Golden's total measurements and at the same time provide a complete set of consistent absolute partial cross sections.
Instability of formaldehyde air samples collected on a solid sorbent

In May, 1980, an article appeared in the American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal which described a new method for sampling and analysis of formaldehyde vapor in air. Recent experiments have shown that samples collected according to this method (currently designated as NIOSH P&CAM 318) are unstable. This paper describes some of these experiments and presents data which show that ambient temperatures and storage times in excess of one week contribute to sample loss.
Squamous metaplasia and chronic rhinosinusitis: a clinicopathological study.

BACKGROUND: The significance of squamous metaplasia (SM) in chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is unknown. The objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence of SM in histopathological specimens from patients with CRS and to correlate these histological findings with clinical features. METHODS: We reviewed the clinical records and pathological slides from 87 consecutive patients who underwent endoscopic sinus surgery for CRS. Demographic and clinical data, preoperative Chronic Sinusitis Survey (CSS) scores, and sinus CT stage were evaluated. Pathological slides were graded by a pathologist to characterize the degree of inflammation and SM, when present. CRS patients with and without SM were compared using student's t-test and chi2 test. RESULTS: Evaluation of the pathology slides revealed that 18.4% of specimens had SM present, whereas only 2.2% of pathology reports noted this. Histological grading of chronic inflammation showed significantly greater severity in specimens with SM (n = 16) when compared with the cohort without SM (n = 75; 100.0% versus 77.5%, respectively; p = 0.016). There was no difference in preoperative CT stage or the presence of hyperostosis on imaging, CSS scores, duration of CRS symptoms, or other clinical features between those with SM and those without SM (p > 0.05). Immunodeficiency was the only comorbidity more prevalent in the metaplastic group (12.5% versus 0%, respectively; p = 0.003). CONCLUSION: SM is present in approximately 18% of routine CRS specimens. It has a positive correlation with the severity of inflammation noted histologically in CRS but does not correlate with disease severity or chronicity, clinically.
Modelling and analysis of traffic queue dynamics at signalized intersections

Abstract The dynamics of formation and dissipation of queues at isolated signalized intersections are investigated by analyzing the vehicle conservation equation along the street. Solution of the conservation equation is obtained by the method of characteristics for general initial and boundary conditions, and the effect of the control variables (cycle length, green and red intervals) and system parameters (arrival rates, capacity) on the length of the queue is examined. The theoretical results are obtained by examining the dynamics of the shock waves which are formed because of the intermitted service of traffic by the signal. These results include analytical criteria for the development of saturated or unsaturated situations, analytical expressions for the maximum queue length and limits on the control variables so that the queues remain bounded. The basic findings of this study can be employed for the solution of the traffic signal optimal control problem.
Human-specific nuclear protein that associates with the polar region of the mitotic apparatus: Distribution in a human/hamster hybrid cell

We describe the first example of a predominantly nuclear protein which during mitosis becomes part of the mitotic apparatus. This protein has been termed the nuclear-mitotic apparatus (NuMA) protein. In interphase cells NuMA protein is restricted to the nucleus and is a constituent of isolated nuclear matrices, but in mitotic cells it is observed by indirect immunofluorescence microscopy to be concentrated at the polar regions of the mitotic apparatus. This mitotic localization is dependent on the integrity of the spindle, since treatments which disrupt the spindle result in dispersion of NuMA protein throughout the cell. Comparison to the subcellar distribution of tubulin at different stages of the cell cycle indicates that NuMA protein is distinct from the previously identified components of the mitotic spindle. Its association with the nuclear matrix and its localization during mitosis to the site of nuclear reassembly suggest the interesting possibility that NuMA protein could be representative of a class of proteins involved in the early events of nuclear reassembly. NuMA is present in the nuclei and mitotic spindle of all types of human cells that have been examined, but proteins of similar molecular weight (300,000 daltons in dissociating solvents) or immunological specificity are not detected in cells of other species (including monkey). However, the NuMA protein is synthesized in a human/Chinese hamster hybrid cell containing a reduced number of human chromosomes. Immunofluorescence studies of this hybrid cell showed that the distribution of NuMA protein is equivalent to that in human cells. These results suggest that the human gene coding for NuMA protein, unlike other genes coding for human specific nuclear proteins, can be expressed in human/hamster hybrid cells and that the cell hybrids will be useful in further characterization of NuMA protein.
Urban and agricultural competition for water, and water reuse

Abstract Competition for water can be resolved by construction of more facilities for storing water in wet years for use in dry years, by weather modification, watershed management, urban and agricultural water conservation, reuse of sewage effluent and other wastewater, desalination of saline water, water banking and transfer of water rights or other changes in water use. Reuse of wastewater requires treatment so that the water meets the quality requirements for the intended reuse. Groundwater recharge and recovery can play an important role in the treatment and storage of wastewater for reuse—agricultural, urban, and industrial, as well as potable. Often, water shortages are only shortages of cheap and abundant water, and competition problems can be resolved by good planning and management if the public is willing to pay the price and to accept changes in water use.
Neural networks based on peano curves and hairy neurons

Abstract Neural Intelligence (NI) can automatically extract pattern features given an Artificial Intelligence (AI) performance rule. For example, neurocomputing searches for features that satisfy a rule-based criterion: intraclass-minimum-interclass-maximum cost function among features. The features representing images so discovered by NI can be passed to AI for further processing to increase efficiency and reliability, for AI can follow any formulated algorithm exactly, and provide (an imagery context knowledge base as) a constraint on further NI neurocomputing. Such integration, with a dialogue between the two, is believed actually to happen in the human visual system in tracking of moving objects, for instance. Consequently, we propose that both AI and NI are two sides of an intelligence coin that can together solve the pattern recognition problem and unify an intelligent machine. The rule-based minimax cost function used for feature search can, furthermore, give us a top-down architectural design of neural networks by means of Taylor series expansion of the cost function. A typical minimax cost function consists of the sample variance of each class in the numerator, and separation of the centers of classes in the denominator. Thus, when the total cost energy is minimized, the conflicting goals of intraclass clustering and interclass segregation are achieved simultaneously. This Taylor expansion variable must be a one-dimensional array that traces along a space-filling curve which, as Peano proved, preserves two-dimensional neighborhood relationships. Therefore, this one-dimensional array can support Taylor series expansion in terms of neighborhood derivatives. An adaptive space-filling capability is postulated for useful neuronic representations by using a top layer neural network, similar to Adaptive Resonance Theory, when more detailed spatial resolution becomes desirable at the place in the picture where an interesting change occurs. A self-consistent perturbation expansion can speed up the training procedure. A hairy neuron model that has two internal degrees of freedom is useful to determine a dynamically self-reconfigurable architecture. The convergence theorem of such a morphology is given for a hairy neural network under arbitrary time scales.
Lightning Physics and Effects

Lightning Physics and Effects is not a lightning book; it is a lightning encyclopedia. Rarely in the history of science has one contribution covered a subject with such depth and thoroughness as to set the enduring standard for years, perhaps even decades, to come. This contribution covers all aspects of lightning, including lightning physics, lightning protection, and the interaction of lightning with a variety of objects and systems as well as the environment. The style of writing is well within the ability of the technical non-expert and anyone interested in lightning and its effects. Potential readers will include physicists; engineers working in the power industry, communications, computer, and aviation industries; atmospheric scientists; geophysicists; meteorologists; atmospheric chemists; foresters; ecologists; physicians working in the area of electrical trauma; and, lastly, architects.
Are cannabinoids a new treatment option for pain in patients with fibromyalgia

Preliminary studies suggest that the synthetic cannabinoid nabilone might be an effective therapy in patients with fibromyalgia. Skrabek et al. performed a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial to analyze the effects of nabilone on pain and quality of life in patients with fibromyalgia. After 4 weeks of treatment (0.5 mg once daily in week 1, 0.5 mg twice daily in week 2, 0.5 mg in the morning and 1 mg in the evening in week 3, and 1 mg twice daily in week 4), patients who received nabilone (n = 15) experienced significant improvements in clinical pain, measured on a visual analog scale (P <0.02), Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire score (P <0.02) and the 10-point anxiety scale of the Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire (P <0.02). After a 4-week wash-out period at the end of the trial, all benefits were lost in the nabilone cohort, which returned to their baseline levels of pain and quality of life. Patients who received placebo (n = 18) experienced no change throughout the study. Although nabilone was not associated with serious adverse effects, some patients did experience drowsiness, dry mouth, vertigo and ataxia as a result of treatment.
Nutrient flux into an intense deep chlorophyll layer in a mode-water eddy

Abstract An intense deep chlorophyll layer in the Sargasso Sea was reported near the center of an anticyclonic mode-water eddy by McGillicuddy et al. [2007. Eddy–wind interactions stimulate extraordinary mid-ocean plankton blooms, Science, accepted]. The high chlorophyll was associated with anomalously high concentrations of diatoms and with a maximum in the vertical profile of 14C primary productivity. Here we report tracer measurements of the vertical advection and turbulent diffusion of deep-water nutrients into this chlorophyll layer. Tracer released in the chlorophyll layer revealed upward motion relative to isopycnal surfaces of about 0.4 m/d, due to solar heating and mixing. The density surfaces themselves shoaled by about 0.1 m/d. The upward flux of dissolved inorganic nitrogen, averaged over 36 days, was approximately 0.6 mmol/m2/d due to both upwelling and mixing. This flux is about 40% of the basin wide, annually averaged, nitrogen flux required to drive the annual new production in the Sargasso Sea, estimated from the oxygen cycle in the euphotic zone, the oxygen demand below the euphotic zone, and from the 3He excess in the mixed layer. The observed upwelling of the fluid was consistent with theoretical models [Dewar, W.K., Flierl, G.R., 1987. Some effects of wind on rings. Journal of Physical Oceanography 17, 1653–1667; Martin, A.P., Richards, K.J., 2001. Mechanisms for vertical nutrient transport within a North Atlantic mesoscale eddy. Deep-Sea Research II 48, 757–773] in which eddy surface currents cause spatial variations in surface stress. The diapycnal diffusivity at the base of the euphotic zone was 3.5±0.5×10−5 m2/s. Diapycnal mixing was probably enhanced over more typical values by the series of storms passing over the eddy during the experiment and may have been enhanced further by the trapping of near-inertial waves generated within the eddy.
Redox reactions in lipid bilayers and membrane bioenergetics

Abstract This paper begins with a consideration of electronic processes in ultrathin artificial bilayer lipid membranes (BLM) and biomembranes of chloroplasts and mitochondria. Methods and materials used in the study of BLMs are described next. The results of recent experiments, as obtained by voltammetric techniques, are summarized. The remaining sections of the paper deal with the application of basic electrochemistry to membrane research, in particular, the Eyring equation, the Butler-Volmer equation and the Tafel equation, and the origin of electronic processes in membranes in terms of electrostenolysis. The paper concludes with a discussion on the determination of standard potentials (Uo′) of redox protein components in the absence of the lipid bilayer, and finally a suggestion of the future experiments in relation to electron-transfer and bioredox reactions in bilayer lipid membranes.
Silicon content of intact nuclear polyhedra from the corn earworm, Heliothis zea.

Abstract Analysis of intact and whole inclusion bodies of the corn earworm, Heliothis zea , showed a silicon content of 0.12 percent of the weight of the total body. The presence of silicon in the polyhedral protein and the absence of this element in the virus rod were demonstrated. However, the possibility remained that under the in vitro conditions of virus liberation, the silicon might have been present in the virus but was lost prior to assay. Evidence gathered supported the idea that dissolution of the polyhedral protein material was primarily attendant upon solubilization of the silicates protein material was primarily attendant upon solubilization of the silicates present. A framework or skeletal function was thus assigned to these silicates. A possible function for magnesium and iron ions present in the polyhedra is discussed in the light of their possible incorporation into the silicate lattice.
Onset of Resin Micro-Cracks in Unidirectional Glass Fiber Laminates with Integrated SHM Sensors: Experimental Results

This article presents the results of experiments conducted in order to identify and locate the failure initiation in glass fiber/epoxy laminates with integrated structural health monitoring sensors (SHM) and electronics. Recent advances in health monitoring technologies have resulted in the development of micro-dimensional devices that can be embedded into composite laminates. Notwithstanding their small size, such inclusions may affect the response of the composite. Damage induced by the peak values of stress concentration around the embedded inclusion is, in fact, one of the main concerns in smart structures technology. To address this specific issue, unidirectional S2 glass fiber/epoxy laminated composites are fabricated with embedded small implants that mimic potential sensors and microprocessors. Quasi-static tensile tests are then performed on those samples while monitoring them by the acoustic emission (AE) technique. Additionally, the microstructure of the material with and without implants is explored. The AE results show that early low-medium amplitude events are detected at the implant location and the micrographic inspections reveal that micro-cracks initiate at the device-composite matrix interface and grow around the implant causing the debond of the external component from the surrounding resin system.
The Influence of Dietary Tryptophan on Broiler Chick Growth and Lipid Metabolism as Mediated by Dietary Protein Levels

Three experiments were conducted to determine how dietary protein and tryptophan influence the lipid metabolism of growing broiler chicks. A diet-dilution method (corn-corn gluten meal-gelatin summit/corn starch basal) was used in three factorial experiments. Various levels of protein and tryptophan were fed in each experiment: protein from 16 to 28% and tryptophan from .34 to 2.74% of protein. Gain was maximized when the dietary levels of tryptophan were .83 +/- .03, 77 +/- .04, 77 +/- .05, and .78 +/- .05% of the protein for 16, 20, 24, and 28% dietary protein, respectively. The requirement estimates for feed efficiency and gain were similar. Liver lipids significantly decreased as the level of dietary tryptophan increased at each protein level (P less than .0001). Dietary tryptophan did not significantly alter the concentration of total plasma lipid in the chicks or in the carcass lipid content (P greater than .2399). Tryptophan supplementation significantly increased the concentration of plasma linoleic acid and plasma free tryptophan. The requirement of the chicks for tryptophan was estimated to be .80 +/- .01% of the dietary protein for the growing chick. Increased liver lipid and decreased plasma tryptophan are diagnostic lesions suggesting a tryptophan deficiency.
Implications of combined solar-neutrino observations and their theoretical uncertainties.

Constraints on the core temperature ([ital T][sub [ital c]]) of the Sun and on neutrino-oscillation parameters are obtained from the existing solar neutrino data, including the recent GALLEX, SAGE, and Kamiokande III results. (1) A purely astrophysical solution to the solar-neutrino problem is strongly disfavored by the data: the Homestake and Kamiokande data together are incompatible with any temperature in the Sun; the central values of both the SAGE and GALLEX results require a large reduction of [ital T][sub [ital c]] when they are fit to a cooler Sun. (2) Assuming the standard solar model (SSM) and matter-enhanced neutrino oscillations, the Mikheyev-Smirnov-Wolfenstein (MSW) parameters are constrained to two small regions: nonadiabatic oscillations with [Delta][ital m][sup 2]=(0.3--1.2)[times]10[sup [minus]5] eV[sup 2], sin[sup 2]2[theta]=(0.4--1.5)[times]10[sup [minus]2], or large mixing-angle oscillations with [Delta][ital m][sup 2]=(0.3--3)[times]10[sup [minus]5] eV[sup 2], sin[sup 2]2[theta]=0.6--0.9. The nonadiabatic solution gives a considerably better fit. For [nu][sub [ital e]] oscillations into sterile neutrinos, the allowed region (90% C.L.) is constrained to nonadiabatic oscillations. As long as the SSM is assumed, the neutrino mixing angles are at least four times larger, or considerably smaller, than the corresponding quark mixing angles.
Effect of Phenolase on Anthocyanins

SEVERAL anthocyanin-decolorizing systems have been reported, as present in leaves and fruits1–4. Although oxidizing enzymes are apparently involved, none has been isolated from these systems. In this communication the effect of a mushroom phenolase (‘Tyrosinase’, General Biochemicals, Inc.) on purified tart cherry anthocyanins is described. In view of the wide distribution and low specificity of phenolases, the testing of an enzyme not originating in the same tissue with the possible substrate seems justified, at least as a first step in the search for the enzyme responsible for the in situ reaction. Furthermore, phenolase activity has been detected in the cherries used here5.
The economic benefits of the arts: A neuropsychological comment

It is often difficult to provide hard economic justification for the support of the arts. Usually the barrier is one of immeasurable costs and benefits; that social investment in the arts is not practical if one seeks high rates of return. In using the "measuring rod of money" it is likely that many alternative public projects would yield a more favorable cost/benefit result than would funding for museums, symphonies, literary subsidies, music and art classes, and so on. In addition to the immeasurability problem, one is pressed to provide a convincing cause-and-effect or means-to-end relationship between the arts and the so-called practical side of life. To argue that there is vital connection between the arts and economic growth or the amelioration of social problems is difficult at best. Consequently arts funding decisions are based on cultural, aesthetic or educational grounds since any linkage between cultural pursuits and direct economic benefits has been weak. The major purpose of this paper is to argue that a nontraditional link can be made; that is, social and economic advances can be realized through the increased use of the arts. These benefits obtain from gains in the physical and social sciences that often yield substantial rewards in economic terms. It will be maintained that the essence of scientific advancement comes through creativity and that the creative process is, to a large degree, stimulated by the arts. A theoretical psychological model, applied to the science of economics, will be the basis for the conceptualization.
THERMODYNAMIC GREEN'S FUNCTION METHODS IN NEUTRON SCATTERING BY CRYSTALS

Formulas were derived for the transition probabilities per unit time for both inelastic coherent scattering of neutrons by crystals and resonant emission of photons and neutrons by nuclei bound in crystals, without making the assumption that the crystal is hamnonic. In deriving these transition probabilities, the analytic structure of thermodynamic correlation or Green's functions, considered as functions of complex temperatures and times, was developed and used. In particu1ar a spectral form was found for the phonon Green's function. Only one assumption was made about the crystal, namely that the displacement of the nuclei due to the forces exerted by the neutron in scattering are linear functions of these forces. This led to an evaluation of the transition probabilities in terms of the exact thermodynamic displacement autocorrelation function. This evaluation obeyed the detailed balancing condition, and Placzek's sum rule. A consequence of this evaluation is that the widths of the "one-phonon" peaks in the neutron scattering are exactly equal to the widths of the corresponding phonon states of the crystal. (auth)
Laser Processing of Ion Implanted Semiconductor Materials for Device Applications

Both pulsed and CW lasers have been used to anneal ion implanted single crystal silicon, polysilicon and ion implanted devices. The advantages and limitations of each type of laser and laser processing in general is discussed. Our results and those in the literature are compared to conventional thermal anneals. The thermal stability of ion-implanted, laser-annealed, single crystal silicon and polysilicon is reported.