cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The State's Right to Be Free from Trial: Is the Denial of Sovereign Immunity Immediately Appealable?

This article previews the issues and arguments in Puerto Rico Aqueduct and Sewer Authority v. Metcalf & Eddy, on the Supreme Court’s 1992-92 appellate docket. The issue in Puerto Rico Aqueduct and Sewer Authority v. Metcalf & Eddy, Inc. is whether a trial court's denial of the defense of sovereign immunity satisfies the requirements of the collateral order doctrine so as to permit immediate appellate review of that decision.The Supreme Court this Term will conduct its early procedural warm-up exercises with yet another case involving the immediate appealability of a trial court's decision. Questions surrounding the possibility of an immediate review of an adverse trial ruling are now blooming Supreme Court annuals. In federal court, the basic rule is that litigants are not permitted to interrupt trial proceedings to appeal a trial court's order concerning some aspect of procedure before the trial ends in a final judgment. However, certain federal statutes allow immediate or "interlocutory" appeal.In addition, various court-developed exceptions permit relief from the harshness of the final judgment rule. Puerto Rico Aqueduct is the seventh case in five years involving the so-called "collateral order" doctrine of interlocutory appeal. See Lauro Lines S.R.L. v. Chasser, 490 U.S. 495 (1989); Midland Asphalt Corp. v. United States, 489 U.S. 794 (1989); United States Catholic Conference v. Abortion Rights Mobilization, Inc., 487 U.S. 72 (1988); Van Cauwenberghe v. Biard, 486 U.S. 517 (1988); Gulfstream Aerospace Corp. v. Mayacamas Corp., 485 U.S. 217 (1988); and Stringfellow v. Concerned Neighbors in Action, 480 U.S. 370 (1987). In this year's flowering of interlocutory appellate review, the Eleventh Amendment meets the collateral order doctrine.In the broadest sense, the Court's consideration of the interlocutory appeal issue in PRASA v. Metcalf & Eddy offers the Court an opportunity to further define the interest that the Eleventh Amendment protects. If the Court takes this analytical approach, then the Justices doctrinally may refine our understanding of the nature of sovereign immunity. In the narrowest sense, PRASA's appeal is significant to the extent that governmental entities are named as defendants in federal lawsuits. In this regard, the Court will have to assess a potential "floodgates" argument: whether the prevalence of governmental defendants in lawsuits and the frequent invocation of sovereign immunity weighs against expanding the opportunity for interlocutory appeal.
The stratigraphic distribution of graptolites in the classic upper Middle Ordovician Utica Shale of New York State; an evolutionary succession or a response to relative sea-level change?

The stratigraphic distribution of graptoloid species within the upper Middle Ordovician strata of New York State represents a complex pattern of origination, extinction, faunal migration, and fluctuating relative abundances. In particular, the observed patterns of species turnover at graptolite biozone boundaries are apparently strongly correlated with lithofacies, sampling strat- egies, and the depositional effects of relative sea-level change. Vertical facies changes that occur within third-order depositional sequences and fourth- or fifth- order parasequences are mirrored by changes in the graptoloid faunal composition. Large-scale -faunal turnovers at biozone boundaries tend to occur either at sequence boundaries or at flooding surfaces within sequences (e.g., the base of Highstand System Tracts). The base of the Corynoides americanus and Climacograptus (D.) spiniferus Zones coincide with major onlap events, and the Or- thograptus ruedenianiii Zone fauna appears just below a Lowstand Systems Tract. Within individual biozones, smaller-scale changes such as the fluctuating relative abundances of graptoloid species coincide with higher-order parasequence cyclicity. These distribution patterns resemble recent computer-generated models for the sequence stratigraphic distribution of hypothetical taxa. By combining good biogeographic control with a detailed sampling program, we are able to see through the patterns attributable to depositional cyclicity and identify the different components of faunal turnover (migration, speciation, and extinction).
Isolation and characterization of a rough microsomal fraction from rat kidney that is enriched in lysosomal enzymes

1. A special population of rough microsomal material (microsomes) rich in lysosomal acid hydrolases was separated by isopycnic centrifugation as a discrete fraction (RM(2)) from the bulk of rough microsomal material in rat kidney because of its greater density. 2. The specific activities of five acid hydrolases in the RM(2) fraction were approximately one-half those of a purified lysosomal (L) fraction and 10- to 30-fold greater than those of an ordinary rough microsomal (RM(1)) fraction. 3. These special rough microsomes have a distinctive ultrastructure and electron-cytochemical properties. Their cisternal content resembles the matrix of lysosomes in that it is electron-dense, osmiophilic and plumbophilic and gives a positive reaction for acid phosphatase activity. 4. Polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis of soluble proteins from the L fraction resolved nine anionic glycoproteins, most of which exhibit acid hydrolase activities (Goldstone & Koenig, 1970, 1973; Goldstone et al., 1971a). The most anionic glycoprotein is the acidic lipoglycoprotein of the lysosomal matrix (Goldstone et al., 1970). 5. Polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis of soluble proteins from the RM(2) fraction resolved two cationic glycoproteins with acid hydrolase activities (Goldstone & Koenig, 1973) and an anionic glycoprotein with the same electrophoretic mobility as the lysosomal lipoglycoprotein, but without its lipid constituents or capacity to bind the basic fluorochrome Acridine Orange. These constituents are considered to be the precursors of the lysosomal glycoproteins.
Monetary policy in interdependent economies: A game theoretic approach Matthew B. Canzoneri and Dale W. Henderson MIT Press, 1991, 133 pp.

This article reviews the recent book by Matthew Canzoneri and Dale Henderson on international monetary policy. The review discusses the basic model used by the authors to illustrate the welfare losses that arise as a result of non-cooperative behavior and the proposed solutions for moving closer to the socially optimal cooperative solutions. The proposed solutions are then examined in detail and the reviewer asks whether these solutions accurately describe the way he believes cooperation has occurred in the last two decades. Finally, this work is compared to recent research on policy cooperation that does not have game-theoretic foundations.
Robot-assisted techniques and outcomes in the realm of pelvic reconstructive surgery.

Robotic-assisted surgery for the treatment of pelvic organ prolapse continues to grow in popularity as more surgeons adopt this technology. Encompassing all of the benefits of laparoscopic surgery, robotic-assisted techniques allow more surgeons the ability to perform complex tasks such as meticulou
Insulin: evidence for inhibition of release in spontaneous hypocalcemia.

SummaryA requirement of calcium ion for normal insulin release has been demonstrated in vivo. It was shown that subnormal amounts of immunoreactive insulin were released in response to infusions of...
Alpha-Lipoic Acid for Treatment of Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy.

Intravenous (IV) ALA can improve neuropathy symptoms when administered for three weeks, but symptom improvement with oral ALA is not clinically significant. There is no evidence evaluating long-term treatment.
Targeting a Novel RNA-Protein Interaction for Therapeutic Intervention of Hantavirus Disease.

Abstract An evolutionarily conserved sequence at the 5′ terminus of hantaviral genomic RNA plays an important role in viral transcription initiation and packaging of the viral genome into viral nucleocapsids. Interaction of viral nucleocapsid protein (N) with this conserved sequence facilitates mRNA translation by a unique N-mediated translation strategy. Whereas this evolutionarily conserved sequence facilitates virus replication with the assistance of N in eukaryotic hosts having multifaceted antiviral defense, we demonstrate its interaction with N presents a novel target for therapeutic intervention of hantavirus disease. Using a high throughput screening approach, we identified three lead inhibitors that bind and induce structural perturbations in N. The inhibitors interrupt N-RNA interaction and abrogate both viral genomic RNA synthesis and N-mediated translation strategy without affecting the canonical translation machinery of the host cell. The inhibitors are well tolerated by cells and inhibit hantavirus replication with the same potency as ribavarin, a commercially available antiviral. We report the identification of a unique chemical scaffold that disrupts a critical RNA-protein interaction in hantaviruses and holds promise for the development of the first anti-hantaviral therapeutic with broad spectrum antiviral activity.
Coordinating attention and cooperation in multi-user virtual reality narratives

Limited research has been performed attempting to handle multiuser storytelling environments in virtual reality. As such, a number of questions about handling story progression and maintaining user presence in a multi-user virtual environment have yet to be answered. We created a multi-user virtual reality story experience in which we intend to study a set of guided camera techniques and a set of gaze distractor techniques to determine how best to attract disparate users to the same story. Additionally, we describe our preliminary work and plans to study the effectiveness of these techniques, their effect on user presence, and generally how multiple users feel their actions affect the outcome of a story.
Mechanisms of resistance to systemic therapy in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer

Patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCPRC) now have an unprecedented number of approved treatment options, including chemotherapies (docetaxel, cabazitaxel), androgen receptor (AR)-targeted therapies (enzalutamide, abiraterone), a radioisotope (radium-223) and a cancer vaccine (sipuleucel-T). However, the optimal treatment sequencing pathway is unknown, and this problem is exacerbated by the issues of primary and acquired resistance. This review focuses on mechanisms of resistance to AR-targeted therapies and taxane-based chemotherapy. Patients treated with abiraterone, enzalutamide, docetaxel or cabazitaxel may present with primary resistance, or eventually acquire resistance when on treatment. Multiple resistance mechanisms to AR-targeted agents have been proposed, including: intratumoral androgen production, amplification, mutation, or expression of AR splice variants, increased steroidogenesis, upregulation of signals downstream of the AR, and development of androgen-independent tumor cells. Known mechanisms of resistance to chemotherapy are distinct, and include: tubulin alterations, increased expression of multidrug resistance genes, TMPRSS2-ERG fusion genes, kinesins, cytokines, and components of other signaling pathways, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Utilizing this information, biomarkers of resistance/response have the potential to direct treatment decisions. Expression of the AR splice variant AR-V7 may predict resistance to AR-targeted agents, but available biomarker assays are yet to be prospectively validated in the clinic. Ongoing prospective trials are evaluating the sequential use of different drugs, or combination regimens, and the results of these studies, combined with a deeper understanding of mechanisms of primary and acquired resistance to treatment, have the potential to drive future treatment decisions in mCRPC.
Uyghur -ip as a verb linker in multiple constructions

Uyghur grammars and linguistic works have traditionally described the - ip morpheme as a suffix that derives adverbs from verbs (Tomur 2003, Tohti 2012). This paper uses structural diagnostics involving passive morphology, single negation and NPI licensing to argue that -ip is a functional head with multiple syntactically distinct roles in different structures. The distinct properties of these structures, according to the types of verbs that are linked by - ip , provide evidence against a uniform derivational process of adverb formation. In some case - ip allows for adjunction of a TP-sized constituent, suggesting it may be a non-finite T head. In other cases it allows for adjunction of a verb phrase, and in yet another case it creates a lexical verb + auxiliary sequence in a monoclausal structure. I suggest that - ip in the latter two cases may be an event head.
UMA ANÁLISE SOBRE O REFERENCIAL CURRICULAR DE LÍNGUA ESTRANGEIRA DO ESTADO DO TOCANTINS SOB A PERSPECTIVA DA CRIATIVIDADE E DA INTERDISCIPLINARIDADE

O presente artigo tem como objetivo principal analisar o Referencial Curricular de Lingua Estrangeira (Ingles) do Ensino Fundamental do Estado do Tocantins (RCLE/TO). Este estudo se define como uma pesquisa documental, de abordagem qualitativa e de carater bibliografico. Buscou-se verificar se a interdisciplinaridade e a criatividade sao conceitos trabalhados na composicao desse documento para auxiliar os professores e alunos no processo de ensino-aprendizagem. Constatou-se que a palavra criatividade e contemplada no RCLE/TO e que o documento analisado indica a necessidade de uma linguagem dialogica. O RCLE/TO traz orientacoes a serem seguidas, especie de subsidio para a organizacao mental que permitira ao professor efetivar os conteudos a serem trabalhados no espaco escolar.
Radar research at University of Oklahoma (Conference Presentation)

This abstract is for the academic institution profiles session This presentation will focus on radar research programs at the University of Oklahoma, the radar research in OU has more than 50 years history of collaboration with NOAA, and has been through tremendous growth since early 2000. Before 2010, the focus was weather radar and weather surveillance, and since the Defense, Security and Intelligence (DSI) initiative in 2011, there have many new efforts on the defense and military radar applications. This presentation will focus on the following information: (1) The history, facilities and instrumentations of Advanced Radar Research Center, (2) Focus area of polarimetric phased array systems, (3) Focus area of airborne and spaceborne radars, (4) Intelligent radar information processing, (5) Innovative antenna and components.
Review: Every Building in Baghdad: The Rifat Chadirji Archives at the Arab Image Foundation

Every Building in Baghdad: The Rifat Chadirji Archives at the Arab Image Foundation Graham Foundation for Advanced Studies in the Fine Arts, Chicago 15 September–31 December 2016 The sober yet expectant atmosphere of a rich archive, brimming with objects that point to numerous riveting stories, greeted visitors to this exhibition at the Graham Foundation. An array of documents were displayed within austere spaces, mostly photographs by Iraqi architect Rifat Chadirji, curated from his extensive collection previously deposited at the Arab Image Foundation in Beirut (now at MIT) (Figure 1). The photographs, amassed by Chadirji over several decades, capture his design work from 1952 to 1978, alongside various aspects of Iraq's cultural life—rituals, crafts, and spaces—as well as his social circle and travels. The stark presentation of the images suggested a minimum mediation between the archive and the visitor, giving the intricate details, enigmatic figures, and unfamiliar landscapes a striking impact. Figure 1 Installation view of Every Building in Baghdad: The Rifat Chadirji Archives at the Arab Image Foundation , Graham Foundation for Advanced Studies in the Fine Arts, Chicago, 2016 (photo by RCH | EKH). The selection for this exhibition—focused primarily on architectural projects and urban scenes—was similar to that for the first iteration of the show at Columbia University's Arthur Ross Architecture Gallery, held earlier the same year, but filled a larger space at the Graham Foundation's Madlener …
Palladium-Catalyzed Direct C(sp2)-H ortho-Arylation of Anilides Using 2-Aminophenylpyrazole as the Directing Group.

Palladium-catalyzed ortho-arylation of anilides was achieved using 2-aminophenyl-1H-pyrazole (2-APP) as a new directing group. Using Pd(OAc)2 as the catalyst and AgO as the promoter, mono- and diarylation of anilides were realized in up to 89% isolated yield. Further manipulation of the arylation product may be accomplished by a 2-step sequence involving an acidic hydrolysis of the methylated amide. More interestingly, in the presence of K2CO3, tandem C–C/C–N cyclization products were obtained for a couple of substrates.
Biologically inspired hierarchical structure for self-repairing FPGAs

In this paper we follow the lead of biology, and utilize modular redundancy to achieve self-test and, especially, self-repair in VLSI systems. We first review dual- and tri-modular redundancy (DMR and TMR) and show why these well-established techniques alone are not sufficient for self-repair. We introduce two enhancements to these: (1) distributed BER test, and (2) self-diagnostics with autonomous repair logic. The first is used to distinguish between common transient errors and less-frequent soft faults. The second is used to distinguish and isolate the failing unit, which in FPGAs can usually be healed by reprogramming configuration memory using dynamic partial reconfiguration. To enable completely autonomous repair of soft and hard faults, we add one more redundant (spare) unit per cell, making a quadruple-redundant system (QMR∗). We compare these methods as applied to several benchmark designs in a 28nm Xilinx Kintex-7 FPGA. We show that our QMR∗ approach extends system reliability to the order of centuries (neglecting wear-out effects).
Simultaneous formation of multiscale hierarchical surface morphologies through sequential wrinkling and folding

Highly organized hierarchical surface morphologies possess various intriguing properties that could find important potential applications. In this paper, we demonstrate a facile approach to simultaneously form multiscale hierarchical surface morphologies through sequential wrinkling. This method combines surface wrinkling induced by thermal expansion and mechanical strain on a three-layer structure composed of an aluminum film, a hard Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) film, and a soft PDMS substrate. Deposition of the aluminum film on hard PDMS induces biaxial wrinkling due to thermal expansion mismatch, and recovering the prestrain in the soft PDMS substrate leads to wrinkling of the hard PDMS film. In total, three orders of wrinkling patterns form in this process, with wavelength and amplitude spanning 3 orders of magnitude in length scale. By increasing the prestrain in the soft PDMS substrate, a hierarchical wrinkling-folding structure was also obtained. This approach can be easily extended to other thin films for fabrication of multiscale hierarchical surface morphologies with potential applications in different areas.
Advancing the Practice of CRCs: Why Professional Development Matters.

Clinical research coordinators (CRCs) assume critical responsibilities central to the success of the research team. The complexity of their role requires essential professional qualifications. One barrier to professionalization, however, has been the inconsistent, or absent, competency-based training. This study explored participants’ perceptions of training experiences designed to prepare them for the national certification exam. Focus group methodology was used to document their experiences. The findings showed that sustainable mentoring relationships developed, participant confidence levels increased, and anxiety about performance capacity diminished. Cognitive reframing of the work environment and CRC roles was facilitated by training that fostered sharing and social reinforcement of professional and personal identities. Findings from this study suggest that access to meaningful training and quality instruction supports the professionalization of CRCs.
Models of Crust-Mantle Evolution

The Sm-Nd isotopic data have been used as a basis for testing models of the chemical evolution of the earth which lend themselves to mathematical description. The Sm-Nd system offers a particularly powerful constraint because of the ability to predict the Sm/Nd ratio of the total earth. This characteristic also applies to the Lu-Hf system. The models that have been considered are relatively crude, considering the large number of complex processes that they must attempt to represent. By comparison, for instance, to stellar evolution models, they are simple back-of-an-envelope calculations as opposed to hour-long computer calculations. The geochemical earth models have treated only mass transport, and only in a quasi-equilibrium manner. Various parts of the earth’s interior are considered to be “boxes”, each generally homogeneous within, and only the transfer of material between these boxes has been considered. There has been little attempt to concurrently model the other aspects of the physical evolution of the reservoirs, such as heat transfer and the fluid dynamic problems associated with the retention of “homogeneity” in the boxes. Instead, there have been attempts to describe the mass transport in sufficiently general terms to allow some relatively robust first-order conclusions to be drawn.
Keynote Speech: A Letter from the Original Cause Lawyer

This symposium speech is a short piece which talks about why there is a need for law students to become cause lawyers, the symposium being: cause lawyers and cause lawyering in the sixty years after Brown v. Board of Education. The writer creates an allegorical scene where he's snowed in in his home during a snowstorm, lightning strikes his computer, and the computer comes to life in the form a message being typed, and "channeled" to him by Thurgood Marshall. The former Justice of the Supreme Court proceeds to state the many reasons why there is still a need for cause lawyering due to ongoing racial injustice and discrimination despite the gains that have been made in recent years.
Internet Involvement: Instrument Development, Measurement and Implications for Electronic Commerce

The concept of involvement underlying human behavior has been found to be a crucial construct in various disciplines. For example, a greater understanding of this construct has allowed marketing and consumer behavior researchers to develop insights into consumer search processes and strategies, audience involvement in advertising (Greenwald and Leavitt, 1984), temporal context of product involvement (Richins and Bloch, 1986), and advertising effectiveness (Petty, Cacioppo and Schumann, 1983). Similarly, a better understanding of the Internet involvement can allow researchers and business managers to develop better insights about consumer behavior in the context of electronic commerce. This study draws upon existing theories on involvement in multiple disciplines such as consumer behavior, information systems and economic psychology and adapts existing instruments (validated in past research), to develop a measure of internet involvement. The developed instrument is then used to investigate consumers’ distinct behaviors regarding electronic commerce. The study provides evidence that high and low involved consumers differ in terms of their behaviors regarding the Internet.
“Y'all trying to make a mockery out of me.” The confined sexualities of girls in a US juvenile detention facility

Abstract This paper examines how girls confined in a juvenile detention facility contend with messages from adult staff about their gender, sexual, and racial identities and practices. I show that girls are perpetually on the cusp of being punished for sexual misconduct for merely being sexually expressive, although actual punishment is arbitrary and inconsistently applied by staff. More importantly, girls' stories about their sexualities illuminate the force of punitive confinement sculpted by intergenerational relations that mask carceral logics under a facade of adult care. Constant surveillance and behavioral evaluations deem all sexuality to be available for inspection and introspection. I explore how girls come to understand their capacities for sexual expression within these limits of tight spatial control, persistent behavioral scrutiny, and a pervasive adult language of youth pathology. Racism and heterosexism centrally situate intergenerational relations of control and care in the facility, disturbingly burdening African-American and queer girls with the added pain of coming to terms with the impossibility of achieving the conformity that they are taught should be within their grasp with proper gender-sexual behaviors. Thus, rehabilitation is perpetually beyond girls' reach, since in spaces of juvenile detention personal and behavioral reform is an unending process.
Reflections on Thyroid Autoimmunity: A Personal Overview from the Past into the Future.

After investigating thyroid autoimmunity for more than 40 years, we present a personal perspective on the field. Despite effective therapies for Graves’ hyperthyroidism and Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, cures are elusive. Novel forms of therapy are being developed, such as small molecule inhibitors of the TSH receptor (TSHR), but cure will require immunotherapy. This goal requires advances in understanding the pathogenesis of thyroid autoimmunity, the ‘keys’ for which are the thyroid antigens themselves. Presently, however, greater investigative focus is on non-thyroid specific immune cell types and molecules. Thyroid autoantigens are the drivers of the autoimmune response, a prime example being the TSHR. In our view, the TSHR is the culprit as well as the victim in Graves’ disease because of its unique structure. Unlike the closely related gonadotropin receptors, the TSHR cleaves into subunits and there is strong evidence that its shed extracellular A-subunit, not the holoreceptor, is the major antigen driving pathogenic thyroid stimulating autoantibodies (TSAb) development. There is no Graves’ disease of the gonads. Studies of potential antigen-specific immunotherapies require an animal model. Such models have been developed in which TSAb can be induced or, more importantly, arise spontaneously. Not appreciated until recently by thyroid investigators is that B cell surface autoantibodies are highly efficient ‘antigen receptors’ and the epitope to which an autoantibody binds influences antigen processing and which peptide is presented to T cells. These animal models and recombinant human autoantibodies cloned from Graves’ and Hashimoto’s B cells (plasma cells) are available for study by future generations.
Bicultural accommodation: A critical examination of the academic and social experiences of Sikh American college students

This study contributes to the scholarship concerning the Sikh diaspora by critically examining the experiences of Punjabi Sikh American students in a Northern California community college to identi...
Fly Ash Class C based Geopolymer for Oil Well Cementing

Abstract For many years Portland cement has been used in oil well cementing. Even though Portland cement has been used for many years, it has several drawbacks, including operational failures and severe environmental impacts. Fly ash based geopolymer cement has been recently investigated as a low-cost, environmentally friendly alternative to Portland cement. This research develops a novel formulation of Class C fly ash based geopolymer and investigates its applicability as an alternative to Portland cement in hydrocarbon well cementing. Twenty-four variations of fly ash Class C based geopolymers were prepared, and by comparing several of their properties using API standard tests, the most favorable geopolymer formulation was determined. The effect of varying the ratios of alkaline activator to fly ash, sodium silicate to sodium hydroxide, and sodium hydroxide concentration was investigated. The selection of the formulation was based on four different tests, including rheology, density, compressive strength, and fluid loss test. Then, a comparison between the selected mix design and Portland cement was conducted using the same tests, in addition to stability tests (sedimentation test and free fluid test). Based on our results, geopolymer was found to have superior rheological and mechanical properties compared to the Portland cement. The geopolymer design, which had lower fluid loss, 93 ml after 30 min, sufficient compressive strength, 1195 psi in 24 h, and an acceptable density, 14.7 lb/gal, and viscosity, 50 cp, was further compared to the Portland cement. The higher mechanical strength of geopolymer using fly ash Class C compared to Portland cement is very promising for achieving long-term wellbore integrity goals and meeting regulatory criteria for zonal isolation.
Transmission of X-linked Ovarian Cancer: Characterization and Implications

We recently reported evidence that a strong, BRCA-independent locus on the X-chromosome may contribute to ovarian cancer predisposition in families ascertained from the Familial Ovarian Cancer Registry (Buffalo, NY, USA). While it has been estimated that approximately 20% of all ovarian cancer cases are hereditary, it is possible that a significant proportion of cases previously believed to be sporadic may, in fact, be X-linked. Such X-linked disease has a distinct pattern; it implies that a father will necessarily pass a risk allele to each of his daughters, increasing the prevalence of cancers clustered within a family. X-chromosome inactivation further influences the expression of X-linked alleles and may represent a novel target for screening and therapy. Herein, we review the current literature regarding X-linked ovarian cancer and interpret allele transmission-based models to characterize X-linked ovarian cancer and develop a framework for clinical and epidemiological familial ascertainment to inform the design of future studies.
Optimization of ultraviolet Raman spectroscopy for trace explosive checkpoint screening.

Raman spectroscopy has long been considered a gold standard for optically based chemical identification, but has not been adopted in non-laboratory operational settings due to limited sensitivity and slow acquisition times. Ultraviolet (UV) Raman spectroscopy has the potential to address these challenges through the reduction of fluorescence from background materials and increased Raman scattering due to the shorter wavelength (relative to visible or near-infrared excitation) and resonant enhancement effects. However, the benefits of UV Raman must be evaluated against specific operational situations: the actual realized fluorescence reduction and Raman enhancement depend on the specific target materials, target morphology, and operational constraints. In this paper, the wavelength trade-space in UV Raman spectroscopy is evaluated for one specific application: checkpoint screening for trace explosive residues. The optimal UV wavelength is evaluated at 244, 266, and 355 nm for realistic trace explosive and explosive-related compound (ERC) residues on common checkpoint materials: we perform semi-empirical analysis that includes the UV penetration depth of common explosive and ERCs, realistic explosive and ERC residue particle sizes, and the fluorescence signal of common checkpoint materials. We find that while generally lower UV wavelength provides superior performance, the benefits may be significantly reduced depending on the specific explosive and substrate. Further, logistical requirements (size, weight, power, and cost) likely limit the adoption of optimal wavelengths.
A Family of Strict/Tolerant Logics

Strict/tolerant logic, ST, evaluates the premises and the consequences of its consequence relation differently, with the premises held to stricter standards while consequences are treated more tolerantly. More specifically, ST is a three-valued logic with left sides of sequents understood as if in Kleene’s Strong Three Valued Logic, and right sides as if in Priest’s Logic of Paradox. Surprisingly, this hybrid validates the same sequents that classical logic does. A version of this result has been extended to meta, metameta, … consequence levels in Barrio et al. (2019). In my earlier paper Fitting (2019) I showed that the original ideas behind ST are, in fact, much more general than first appeared, and an infinite family of many valued logics have Strict/Tolerant counterparts. This family includes both Kleene’s and Priest’s logic individually, as well as first degree entailment. For instance, for both the Kleene and the Priest logic, the corresponding strict/tolerant logic is six-valued, but with differing sets of strictly and tolerantly designated truth values. The present paper extends that generalization in two directions. We examine a reverse notion, of Tolerant/Strict logics, which exist for the same structures that were investigated in Fitting (2019). And we show that the generalization extends through the meta, metameta, … consequence levels for the same infinite family of many valued logics. Finally we close with remarks on the status of cut and related rules, which can actually be rather nuanced. Throughout, the aim is not the philosophical applications of the Strict/Tolerant idea, but the determination of how general a phenomenon it is.
Ambivalent economizations: the case of value added modeling in teacher evaluation

Research on economization processes is increasingly taking seriously the social and material processes through which various policy domains are transformed into economic problems and solutions. This article engages “Value Added Modeling” (VAM) in teacher evaluation systems as a case study in economization. VAM is a statistical technology for evaluating the effectiveness of schoolteachers using student test scores, which wrests authority for the determination of quality teaching away from education professionals and toward quantitative economic modelers. Mobilizing field theory, we trace a half century of changing relationships among economists, other academics, and various policy audiences (from media to philanthropists to state and federal government) in struggles to define education policy concerning teacher quality. We show that economization is a set of overlapping, sometimes contradictory processes that can take different forms: in this case, the spread of an “economic style of reasoning” or the establishment of “economic policy devices.” The case of VAM shows stages of economization in which processes first proceeded independently of one another, then interacted in contradictory ways, and finally, mutually reinforced one another. What primarily drove these interactions was the struggle for scientific capital within the economics discipline and the changing place of education policy and VAM within it. Ultimately, VAM’s original role as a policy device for evaluating and selecting individual teachers has foundered even as it has become an important tool for economists to accrue scientific capital and expand their style of reasoning to broader audiences.
Level of agrarian Governance sustainability in Bulgaria

Abstract. In Bulgaria, like in many other countries, practically there are no comprehensive assessments of the governance sustainability of agriculture and its importance for the overall agrarian development. This study tries to fill the gap and suggests a holistic framework for understanding and assessing the governance sustainability of Bulgarian agriculture. The newly elaborated approach is “tested” in a large-scale study for assessing the governance sustainability of country’s agriculture at national, sectoral, regional, eco-system and farm levels. The study has proved that it is important to include the “missing” Governance Pillar in the assessment of the Integral sustainability of agriculture and sustainability of agro-systems of various type. Multiple Principles, Criteria and Indicators assessment of the Governance sustainability of Bulgarian agriculture indicates that the Overall Governance Sustainability is at a “Good” but very close to the “Satisfactory” level. Besides, there is a considerable differentiation in the level of Integral Governance sustainability of different agro-systems in the country. What is more, the individual indicators with the highest and lowest sustainability values determine the “critical” factors enhancing and deterring the particular and integral Governance sustainability of evaluated agro-system. Last but not least important, results on the integral agrarian sustainability assessment based on micro (farm) and macro (statistical, etc.) data show some discrepancies which have to be taken into consideration in the analysis and interpretation, while assessment indicators, methods and data sources further improved. Keywords. Governance sustainability, Assessment, Agriculture, Subsectors, Agro-regions, Agro-ecosystems, Farming organizations, Bulgaria. JEL. Q10, O31, O33, Q01, Q16, Q18.
The Juvenile Delinquent

This chapter begins with a discussion of the differences between the adult and juvenile justice systems, including the different vernacular, guiding philosophies, and procedures. We then provide an overview of risk factors for juvenile delinquency within three categories: biological (e.g., hormones, brain development, and ADHD); psychological (e.g., personality traits and the “maturity gap”); and environmental (e.g., parent-child relationship, antisocial peers, and education). Next, we discuss nine necessities required for juvenile correctional workers to understand their juvenile offenders and to meet their needs. We then review some of the treatment modalities shown by research to address juvenile delinquency, including family counseling and the use of risk and needs assessments tailored to juvenile offenders.
Is impaired dopaminergic function associated with mobility capacity in older adults

The capacity to move is essential for independence and declines with age. Slow movement speed, in particular, is strongly associated with negative health outcomes. Prior research on mobility (herein defined as movement slowness) and aging has largely focused on musculoskeletal mechanisms and processes. More recent work has provided growing evidence for a significant role of the nervous system in contributing to reduced mobility in older adults. In this article, we report four pieces of complementary evidence from behavioral, genetic, and neuroimaging experiments that, we believe, provide theoretical support for the assertion that the basal ganglia and its dopaminergic function are responsible, in part, for age-related reductions in mobility. We report four a posteriori findings from an existing dataset: (1) slower central activation of ballistic force development is associated with worse mobility among older adults; (2) older adults with the Val/Met intermediate catecholamine-O-methyl-transferase (COMT) genotype involved in dopamine degradation exhibit greater mobility than their homozygous counterparts; (3) there are moderate relationships between performance times from a series of lower and upper extremity tasks supporting the notion that movement speed in older adults is a trait-like attribute; and (4) there is a relationship of functional connectivity within the medial orbofrontal (mOFC) cortico-striatal network and measures of mobility, suggesting that a potential neural mechanism for impaired mobility with aging is the deterioration of the integrity of key regions within the mOFC cortico-striatal network. These findings align with recent basic and clinical science work suggesting that the basal ganglia and its dopaminergic function are mechanistically linked to age-related reductions in mobility capacity.
Influence of various water quality parameters on passive sampler accumulation kinetics of different metal valencies in freshwater.

Stabilized liquid membrane devices (SLMDs) have been used for passive integrative sampling of metals in freshwater systems. Field measurements of metal accumulation on SLMDs can provide a time-weighted average mass of labile metals over the deployment period. We exposed SLMDs in the laboratory to 0.5 μM solutions of silver, zinc, or aluminum as nitrate salts at three levels of water hardness, measuring metal accumulation every 4 days for 32 days. We saw linear accumulation in all experimental treatments, except for silver in high hardness (345.9 mg/L as CaCO3). The time-accumulation relationships indicated that metal sorption rates vary across valency with the lower valency metals generally accumulating at greater rates. Water hardness also affected accumulation rates and accumulated mass with greater rates as hardness increased for zinc and aluminum. The accumulated zinc mass at 32 days in soft water was 78% of the mass in hard water for zinc, and accumulated aluminum mass was 29% of the mass in hard water. Factors such as oleate formation on the SLMD surface and solution chemistry, including pH and chemical speciation, were evaluated in explaining our results. Our work supports that SLMDs have utility for sampling metals in freshwater over extended time periods, which may be beneficial when there is limited access to sites; it also provide important interpretive guidance for the use of SLMDs.
Maize Response to Sulfur Fertilizer in Three Iowa Soils

Maize (Zea mays L.) yield increases from sulfur (S) fertilizer have recently been documented in Iowa, but responses have not been consistent. The objective for this study was to evaluate the respon...
Individually Vulnerable, Collectively Safe: The Security and Privacy Practices of Households with Older Adults

Older adults are especially vulnerable to online cybersecurity and privacy (SP) threats, such as phishing, ransomware, and targeted misinformation campaigns. Prior work has suggested that this vulnerability may be addressed with the design of social SP interfaces, such that groups of individuals might work together on behalf of one another to manage SP threats collectively. To this end, we present findings from a qualitative inquiry conducted with older adults and members of technology-rich middle-income households in urban India, where technology users have been shown to engage in relatively more social SP practices. Our research examines the collaborative behaviors enacted by different members of the household for protection from SP threats. In particular, we show how self-appointed family technology managers straddle the line between stewardship and paternalism in their efforts to protect older adults from perceived digital threats. We also offer design implications for supporting collaborative cybersecurity within households based on the insights derived from our analysis.
A Convenient Synthesis and Spectral Studies of Diamines Derivatives

A new series of substituted anthranilic esters derivatives linked with a 1,3-dithiolane and benzyloximino moiety was synthesized using the simple esterfication reaction and products were fully characterized. The isolated yields of these compounds range from 59 to 96%. 1,3- dithiolane ester and the benzyloxy substituted diamine derivatives are white solids and stable to air and moisture. The synthesized compounds can be exhibits UV-vis absorption properties by their structures with a amine or amide group, It is observed that absorption maximum is excellent for 2,6-disubstituted benzyloxy esters which can be explained by electron transfer or conjugation is steric effect in ortho substitution from the amino group and the amide group.
Copper-Catalyzed Difluoromethylation of Alkyl Iodides Enabled by Aryl Radical Activation of Carbon–Iodine Bonds

The engagement of unactivated alkyl halides in copper-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions has been historically challenging, due to their low reduction potential and the slow oxidative addition of copper(I) catalysts. In this work, we report a novel strategy that leverages the halogen abstraction ability of aryl radicals, thereby engaging a diverse range of alkyl iodides in copper-catalyzed Negishi-type cross-coupling reactions at room temperature. Specifically, aryl radicals generated via copper catalysis efficiently initiate the cleavage of the carbon-iodide bonds of alkyl iodides. The alkyl radicals thus generated enter the copper catalytic cycles to couple with a difluoromethyl zinc reagent, thus furnishing the alkyl difluoromethane products. This unprecedented Negishi-type difluoromethylation approach has been applied to the late stage modification of densely functionalized pharmaceutical agents and natural products.
Key Structural Issues Concerning the MBA Program as a Whole

In addition to discussing many issues concerning individual courses, the CRC spent much time addressing several key structural matters concerning the MBA program. These issues included: program size, size and structure of the core curriculum, core course sequencing, core course consistency, desirability of variable-length courses, pre-enrollment assignments, exemptions from core courses and clustering. The discussion concerning these several matters is outlined in this chapter. The CRC spent relatively little time on concentrations, electives or grading policy.
The University's Role in Promoting Human Rights Through Nurturing Human Diversities

Summary This qualitative study explored those components that contribute to an atmosphere which promotes and nurtures human diversities at a new expansion campus of a public university. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with a snowball sample of faculty, staff, and administrators who were identified by other participants as having had a positive impact on the creation and maintenance of such an atmosphere. Using grounded theory, a preliminary data analysis indicated a mixed picture of the institution's success at this endeavor. Although many individual and collaborative efforts are already in place, they are not coordinated in any campus-wide manner. Intentional and shared responsibility across the university community was identified as the core component of turning diversity rhetoric into action. Administrative sanction, visibility, and support (modeling) were identified as critical to facilitating the kind of ongoing communication and systematic planning necessary for this intentional effort to ...
The Effects of Issue Salience, Elite Influence, and Policy Content on Public Opinion

When do citizens rely on party cues, and when do they incorporate policy-relevant information into their political attitudes? Recent research suggests that members of the public, when they possess some policy-relevant information, use that information as much as they use party cues when forming political attitudes. We aim to advance this research by specifying conditions that motivate people to use content over cues and vice versa. Specifically, we believe that increased issue salience motivates people to go beyond heuristics and engage in the systematic processing of policy-relevant information. Using data from a survey experiment that isolates the effects of policy-relevant information, party cues, and issue salience, we find that people are more likely to incorporate policy-relevant information when thinking about hydraulic fracturing (fracking), a relatively high-salience issue. When thinking about storm-water management, a relatively low-salience issue, people are more likely to rely on party cues.
Surface-Wave Description of π + p Backward Scattering

We report the results of fitting the Regge-pole portion of the amplitude of Nussenzveig's impenetrablesphere solution to ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}p$ backward-scattering measurements. The fits, which require determination of the location of a pole in the complex angular momentum plane (two parameters), are made to data at 14 different energies from 2 to 17 GeV, and range in quality from good to indifferent. The locus of fitted poles on the angular momentum plane determines a trajectory similar to, but closer to the real axis than, that of the lowest Nussenzveig-Regge surface pole. A study of fits at 5.2 and 6.9 GeV/c, in which the over-all normalization of the data was varied, indicates that the magnitude of the backscattered-pion cross section is near optimum for consistency with the surface-wave description.