cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Direct methods for dynamic monitoring of secretions from single cells by capillary electrophoresis and microscopy with laser-induced native fluorescence detection

Microscale separation and detection methods for real-time monitoring of dynamic cellular processes (e.g., secretion) by capillary electrophoresis (CE) and microscopic imaging were developed. Ultraviolet laser-induced native fluorescence (LINF) provides simple, sensitive and direct detection of neurotransmitters and proteins without any derivatization. An on-column CE-LINF protocol for quantification of the release from single cell was demonstrated. Quantitative measurements of both the amount of insulin released from and the amount remaining in the cell ({beta}TC3) were achieved simultaneously. Secretion of catecholamines (norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine (E)) from individual bovine adrenal chromaffin cells was determined using the on-column CE-LINF. Direct visualization of the secretion process of individual bovine adrenal chromaffin cells was achieved by LINF imaging microscopy with high temporal and spatial resolution. The secretion of serotonin from individual leech Retzius neurons was directly characterized by LINF microscopy with high spatial resolution.
Estimating Policy Trajectories During the Financial Crisis

We apply text-matching techniques to trace the trajectory of policy ideas contained in four bills related to the Financial Crisis during the 110th (2007-08) and 111th (2009-10) Congresses. By identifying the first appearance of bill text, visualizing the results, and constructing metrics to quantify the congressional “consideration time” of a bill’s ideas, our analysis reveals that two of the four bills were dominated by ideas that were first introduced many months before their eventual passage, while the other two bills contained mostly new text and were truly novel responses to the Crisis. In addition, we also apply the method to find policy ideas related to the Financial Crisis that were not included in successful bills. We suggest possible applications by both researchers and open-government advocates.
Understanding U.S. Fertility: Continuity and change in the National Survey of Family Growth, 1988-1995

About 50 studies based on the 1988 National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG) and a telephone reinterview conducted with the same women two years later provide continuing information about the fertility and health of American women. Among the findings of these studies are that black women have almost twice as many pregnancies as do white women (5.1 vs. 2.8), with nearly all of the difference being unintended pregnancies. Unwanted births increased between 1982 and 1988, particularly among less-educated, poor and minority women. This increase in the proportion of unwanted births may have prompted the increase in female sterilization among these groups. Concern with the AIDS epidemic led to increases in condom use between 1982 and 1990, especially among the partners of teenagers and college-educated women. Rates of teenage pregnancy were fairly stable during the period 1980-1988, as increases in the proportion of teenagers having intercourse were offset by increases in condom use. Rates of infertility did not change significantly in the 1980s, but because of delayed childbearing and the aging of the baby-boom cohort, the number of older childless women increased substantially. The 1995 NSFG was redesigned in a number of ways in order to answer a new generation of questions about fertility and women's health in the United States.
Colonialism, Modern, and Race

Empire, colonialism, and race have been linked for more than two millennia. The very concept of race emerged in the context of empire. Modern colonial empires intensified the connections to race, since these polities were predicated on defining the colonized as inherently inferior to their colonizers. Present-day race relations should not automatically be assumed to have a colonial dimension, but neither should colonialism be dismissed as a possible determinant. Some contemporary race relations are objectively colonial ones; others continue to be shaped by past colonial subjectivities, institutions, and social structures. Keywords: colonialism; empire; imperialism; internal colonialism; postcolonialism
Orientation and tactile symbol recognition.

This study was designed to evaluate the effect of orientation on the recognition of symbols drawn o n the skin. Recently, Heller (1980) reported that the retention of passively drawn numeral o r letter sequences requires slow presentation rates, since recall is degraded by the lingering effects of aftersensations. Recall of letter sequences was not influenced by orientation. Rock (1973) has described the effects of orientation o n form detection. It is not known, however, if orientation has an impact o n accuracy of recognition for individually drawn symbols. Thirty-six adult subjects were recruited from an undergraduate population. Each subject was exposed to blocks of 2 0 letters, limited to the letters A through 1, 2 0 consonants, and 20 digits (0-9) , in random order. The order of presentation of the blocks of symbols was completely counterbalanced. The symbols were drawn with a srylus on the preferred palm in an inverted orientation, an upright orientation, o r perpendicular to the arm axis, for independent groups of subjects. The method of presentation was similar to that employed by Heller ( 1 9 8 0 ) , as subjects were not provided with feedback or view of the skin. Subjects were required to identify each symbol verbally immediately after its presentation. The experiment was a mixed-factor analysis of variance, the factors being orientation and type of symbol, with repeated measures o n the last factor. The only significant effect was for type of symbol ( P = 29.85, p < .01).= W i t h the data collapsed over orientatinn, the mean frequencies correct for the leaers A through J, consonants, and digits were 82.5%, 77.2%, and 91.996, respectively. Orientation had no effect on recognition of symbols, but digits were easier to "read" than letters.
Structure, dynamics, and activity of xylanase solvated in binary mixtures of ionic liquid and water.

We have discovered that a family 11 xylanase from Trichoderma longibrachiatum maintains significant activity in low concentrations of the ionic liquids (IL) 1-ethyl-3-methyl-imidazolium acetate ([E...
Stimulation of human leukocyte thromboplastic activity by endotoxin.

SummaryLeukocytes incubated in vitro in plasma or serum, but not in saline, develop a potent procoagulant activity like tissue factor. This activity is not present in freshly collected leukocytes from normal individuals. The generation of activity is stimulated by gram-negative endotoxin.
Onyx embolization in distal dissecting posterior inferior cerebellar artery aneurysms.

Background Dissecting aneurysms located along the distal segments of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA) are extremely rare, accounting for only 0.5–0.7% of all intracranial aneurysms. Treatment of these aneurysms is challenging, both surgically and endovascularly. We present our preliminary experience and clinical data utilizing Onyx as an embolization agent in the treatment of these lesions with proximal parent artery preservation. Methods 7 consecutive ruptured peripheral PICA aneurysms, in 7 patients, were treated with superselective Onyx embolization at our institutions. According to the anatomical classification of Lister et al , these aneurysms were located in the lateral medullary segment (n=1), tonsillomedullary segment (n=1), and the telovelotonsillary segment (n=5) of the PICA. Technical feasibility, procedure related complications, angiographic results, follow-up diagnostic imaging, and clinical outcome were evaluated. Results In all cases, endovascular treatment was successful, with complete occlusion of the aneurysm with proximal parent artery preservation at the final postprocedural angiogram. Procedure related complications were not observed. One patient with a poor clinical condition at admission died during the initial hospital stay due to extensive subarachnoid and intraventricular hemorrhage. No rebleeding or recanalization was noted during follow-up. Two patients had a residual moderate to severe disability at follow-up. Favorable outcomes, with no or mild disability, were observed in four of the surviving patients. Conclusions Angiographic, diagnostic imaging, and clinical results of our small series indicate that Onyx embolization of dissecting distal PICA aneurysms with parent artery preservation is an effective option with acceptable morbidity and mortality rate, in those cases in which surgical clipping or endovascular coiling of the aneurysmal sac is not suitable.
The Effect of Temperature and Food on the Development of the Variegated Cutworm Peridroma Margaritosa Haw. (Order Lepidoptera, Family Noctuidae),

One of the commonest and most widely distributed cutworms is the variegated cutworm which has been reported as attacking a wide variety of plants throughout the world. Ordinarily it is a minor pest, but occasionally it occurs in enormous numbers and destroys every plant in its path. There are numerous records of crops attacked and damage done by the variegated cutworm. Aside from field observations, however, little has been written on its biology. This paper is concerned with certain reactions of the larva and pupa to temperature and food.
On the research and the writing phase of the historian's work

This comment on Chris Lorenz’s comment on my work indicates a number of typical failings of reviewers, of which Lorenz’s comments on my talk are typical. One, like most philosophers, Lorenz treats my work as a whole rather than as a congeries of individual works as if they were all written and published at the same time. He finds inconsistencies or contradictions between works written many years apart. My response is that many of these inconsistencies are a result of changes in my point of view over time. Secondly, instead of quoting a passage from my work and criticising it, Lorenz typically paraphrases an argument and then proceeds to criticise his own paraphrase. Often, I do not recognise the paraphrase as a position I hold. Third, I hold that historical writing is often and should be more associative than logical, more poetic than technical. Fourth, about causality in history, I do not think that we have any examples of a universal causal law of historical change or structure. So his demand for a causal law from me is beside the point.
5. What’s So Special About Two-Sided Markets?

An unusual feature of two-sided markets is that there is no consensus regarding what they are. Our approach to deriving a definition is to identify examples that have been found to represent an interesting phenomenon in common and then reverse engineer the outcomes to determine the drivers of what are perceived to be the distinguishing or interesting features of equilibrium. In our view, the central focus of the two-sided-markets literature has been on identifying and analyzing cross-platform externalities. We identify two critical features that give rise to such externalities at the margin: idiosyncratic matching and inefficient rationing.
Application of decoupling linear plane charge in chamber blasting

In order to investigate the application of linear chamber blasting in complex environment,firstly,action mechanism of linear charge was analyzed.According to semi-theoretical or semi-experiential formulas for plane primer of linear charge of chamber blasting,a mathematical model was established.The linear charge arrangement theory was applied to the practice of blasting with plane charge in living engineering projects.The design cycle of plane primer of linear charge was shorter than those of primer.The research shows that by decoupling linear plane charge technology,the effective loosen rate is increased;the second blasting working is reduced;and the remarkable economical benefit is obtained.And some similar engineerings can draw lessons from it.
Fragment-Specific Internal Fixation of Distal Radius Fractures

Numerous methods of fixation have been developed to treat distal radius fractures and minimize radiocarpal and radioulnar incongruity. Fragment-specific fracture fixation was developed to address complex distal radius fractures that were previously challenging to treat with single-plate fixation. Fragment-specific fixation aims to address all fracture fragments independently with small plates, pins, or wire-forms to anatomically reduce the fracture with adequate biomechanical stability.
Post-Traumatic Stress and Alcohol-Related Problems Following a College Shooting: Effect of Help-Seeking

ABSTRACTOur aim was to test the hypothesized relationships between trauma exposure and alcohol-related problems, mediated by PTS symptoms, moderated by prior trauma exposure and help-seeking. Participants were 244 members of a private university who were enrolled or employed at the school on the date of a campus shooting. Online measures were distributed via e-mail in October 2014, and included the AUDIT, BTQ, PCL-5, and self-report measures of trauma exposure and counseling services utilized. The overall moderated mediation model examining the indirect effect of exposure to trauma on alcohol-related problems through PTSD symptoms, moderated by prior trauma and help seeking was significant, β(SE) = .310(.3554), p = .0001. This study highlights the importance of crisis interventions following trauma exposure.
Three-dimensional photoacoustic tomography through coherent-weighted focal-line-based image reconstruction

Here, we introduce a new image reconstruction algorithm that combines coherent weighting with focal-line-based three-dimensional image reconstruction. The new algorithm addresses the major limitation of a linear ultrasound transducer array, i.e., the poor elevation resolution, and does not require any modification to the imaging system or the scanning geometry. We first numerically validated our approach through simulation and then experimentally tested it in phantom and in vivo. Both simulation and experimental results proved that the method can significantly improve the elevation resolution (up to 3.4 times in our experiment) and enhance object contrast.
Probing the Behavioral and Neurophysiological Effects of Acute Smoking Abstinence on Drug and Nondrug Reinforcement During a Cognitive Task.

Introduction Smoking abstinence is theorized to increase smoking reinforcement and decrease nondrug reinforcement. A separate literature demonstrates the detrimental effects of abstinence on cognition. The present study integrates these two areas by examining the separate and combined effects of reinforcement and smoking abstinence on behavior and a neurophysiological index of response monitoring (ie, error-related negativity [ERN]) during a cognitive task. Methods After a screening visit, adult smokers attended two laboratory visits, once while smoking and once while abstinent. Participants completed a flanker task under cigarette-, money-, and no-reinforcement conditions. The initial 15 participants had an easier reaction time (RT) requirement; to ensure sufficient error rates for ERN computation, a harder RT deadline was employed for the remaining 21 participants. Results Smoking abstinence reduced speeded accuracy and ERN amplitude only among participants tested with the harder RT deadline. Cigarette and money reinforcement each increased speeded accuracy and ERN amplitude compared to no reinforcement. The effect of cigarette reinforcement tended to be greater during abstinence for speeded accuracy but not the ERN. The effect of money reinforcement was unaffected by abstinence. Conclusions The impact of smoking abstinence on reinforcement may depend on task demands. However, the effects of cigarette and money reinforcement generalize well from operant paradigms to cognitive tasks, fostering integration between the two literatures. Results provided modest evidence of abstinence-induced increases in smoking reinforcement; the absence of abstinence-induced reductions in nondrug reinforcement is consistent with recent work in suggesting that such effects are limited to a subset of sensory reinforcers. Implications This study draws attention to the need for greater integration of reinforcement and cognition to better understand the mechanisms that contribute to smoking relapse. Results emphasize thoughtful consideration of the nature of the nondrug reinforcer(s) included in the study of smoking abstinence in addition to the levels of cognitive demand impacted by acute smoking abstinence.
Monitoring of Recommended Metabolic Laboratory Parameters Among Medicaid Recipients on Second-Generation Antipsychotics in Federally Qualified Health Centers:

Background: In 2004, a consensus statement outlining recommended metabolic monitoring for patients prescribed second-generation antipsychotics (SGAs) was published. More than a decade later, subopt...
From “Three Mile Island” to the “Stars”: The Construction of Quality in US Health Care

Using an inductive approach involving topic modeling, word co- occurrences and historical analysis, we investigate how the concept of “quality” in health care and the vocabularies of quality evolve...
The Influence of Increased Tubular Hydrostatic Pressure on Renal Function

AbstractThe effect of tubular obstruction on renal function has been understood poorly at the tubular level and from the clinical standpoint. In our review the evidence for a direct influence of hydrostatic pressure on tubular transport and glomerular filtration is examined. The data generated to date indicate a direct influence of hydrostatic pressure on tubular transport only at the level of the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct. With respect to glomerular filtration increased tubular pressure reduces the net driving force for filtration and reduces glomerular filtration rate in the absence of a compensatory increase in glomerular hydrostatic pressure. We next review physiological data concerning the mechanism of post-obstructive diuresis. Available information suggests 4 factors that play a significant role in the clinical syndrome of post-obstructive diuresis: 1) medullo-papillary washout, 2) decreased fractional and absolute salt and water reabsorption in the collecting duct, presumably se...
In vitro measurement of the permeability of endovascular coils deployed in cerebral aneurysms.

Background and purpose Aneurysm recurrence is the primary limitation of endovascular coiling treatment for cerebral aneurysms. Coiling is currently quantified by a volumetric porosity measure called packing density (pd). Blood flow through a coil mass depends on the permeability of the coil mass, and not just its pd. The permeability of coil masses has not yet been quantified. Here we measure coil permeability with a traditional falling-head permeameter modified to incorporate idealized aneurysms. Methods Silicone replicas of idealized aneurysms were manufactured with three different aneurysm diameters (4, 5, and 8 mm). Four different coil types (Codman Trufill Orbit, Covidien Axium, Microvention Microplex 10, and Penumbra 400) were deployed into the aneurysms with a target pd of 35%. Coiled replicas were installed on a falling-head permeameter setup and the time taken for a column of fluid above the aneurysm to drop a certain height was recorded. Permeability of the samples was calculated based on a simple modification of the traditional permeameter equation to incorporate a spherical aneurysm. Results The targeted 35% pd was achieved for all samples (35%±1%, P=0.91). Coil permeabilities were significantly different from each other (P Conclusions A simple in vitro setup was developed to measure the permeabilities of coil masses based on traditional permeametry. Coil permeability should be considered when evaluating the hemodynamic efficacy of coiling instead of just packing density. Coils made of thicker wires may be more permeable, and thus less effective, than coils made from thinner wires. Whether aneurysm recurrence is affected by coil wire diameter or permeability needs to be confirmed with clinical trials.
Providers’ preferences for pediatric oral health information in the electronic health record: a cross-sectional survey

The majority of primary care physicians support integration of children’s oral health promotion and disease prevention into their practices but can experience challenges integrating oral health services into their workflow. Most electronic health records (EHRs) in primary care settings do not include oral health information for pediatric patients. Therefore, it is important to understand providers’ preferences for oral health information within the EHR. The objectives of this study are to assess (1) the relative importance of various elements of pediatric oral health information for primary care providers to have in the EHR and (2) the extent to which practice and provider characteristics are associated with these information preferences. We surveyed a sample of primary care physicians who conducted Medicaid well-child visits in North Carolina from August – December 2013. Using descriptive statistics, we analyzed primary care physicians’ oral health information preferences relative to their information preferences for traditional preventive aspects of well-child visits. Furthermore, we analyzed associations between oral health information preferences and provider- and practice-level characteristics using an ordinary least squares regression model. Fewer primary care providers reported that pediatric oral health information is “very important,” as compared to more traditional elements of primary care information, such as tracking immunizations. However, the majority of respondents reported some elements of oral health information as being very important. Also, we found positive associations between the percentage of well child visits in which oral health screenings and oral health referrals are performed and the reported importance of having pediatric oral health information in the EHR. Incorporating oral health information into the EHR may be desirable for providers, particularly those who perform oral health screenings and dental referrals.
The reliability of operative rating tool evaluations: How late is too late to provide operative performance feedback?

BACKGROUND Operative rating tools can enhance performance assessment in surgical training. However, assessments completed late may have questionable reliability. We evaluated the reliability of assessments according to evaluation time-to-completion. METHODS We stratified assessments from MileMarker's™ Operative Entrustability Assessment by evaluation time-to-completion, using concordance correlation coefficient (CCC) between self-assessment and evaluator scores as a measure of reliability. RESULTS Overall, self-assessment and evaluator scores were strongly correlated (CCC = 0.72; p < 0.001) though self-assessments were slightly higher (p = 0.048). Reliability remained stable for evaluations completed within 0 days (CCC = 0.77; p < 0.001), 1-3 days (CCC = 0.73; p < 0.001), and 4-13 days after surgery (CCC = 0.69; p < 0.001), but dropped for evaluations completed within 14-38 days (CCC = 0.60; p < 0.001) and over 38 days (CCC = 0.54; p < 0.001) after surgery. There was strong evidence for an interaction between time-to-completion and reliability (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Our data support the reliability of assessments completed until 2 weeks after surgery. This finding may help refine the interpretation of evaluation scores as surgical specialties move toward competency-based accreditation.
Nutritional Support in Patients with an Open Abdomen

Nutritional support has evolved over the last 50 years with improvements in line care, enteral access, enteral formulas, and intestinal rehabilitation, which has occurred in conjunction with major advances in critical care and operative management of surgical emergencies. The utilization of the open abdomen in cases of damage control surgery and for treatment of abdominal compartment syndrome has been a paradigm shift. Although the open abdomen was initially popularized in trauma patients, it is now commonly applied in burn patients and patients with catastrophic operative emergencies. Nutritional support of these patients is extremely challenging, and a standardized approach remains elusive. Several retrospective and prospective studies have demonstrated that early enteral feedings benefit this population, but there is no consensus on how to proceed if this therapy fails (Burlew et al., J Trauma Acute Care Surg 73:1380–1387, 2012; Moore and Burlew, Nutr Clin Pract 31:9–13, 2016; Collier et al., J Parenter Enter Nutr 31:410–415, 2007; Dissanaike et al., J Am Coll Surg 31:410–415, 2008; Byrnes et al., Am J Surg 199:359–362, 2010). Recent publications on nutritional support in ICU patients have reported increased mortality and complications in patients treated with aggressive nutritional support, while others have reported these same adverse events in patients who developed progressive caloric and protein deficits (Weijs et al., J Parenter Enter Nutr 36:60–68, 2012; Singer et al., Intensive Care Med 37:601–609, 2011; Caesar et al., N Engl J Med 365:506–517, 2011; Heiddegger et al., Lancet 381:385–393, 2013).
Habit Reversal Training for Tics

Abstract Habit reversal training (HRT) is a well-established behavioral treatment package targeting tics. Since its development by Azrin and Nunn (1973), researchers have tested and adapted the treatment to enhance its efficacy. This treatment has historically not been widely available to patients and families partly due to a lack of trained treatment providers. However, training opportunities led by a number of professional organizations and academic centers are growing in number. Additionally, several intensive- and technology-based forms of this treatment (i.e., videoconference, web camera) have been tested, with promising preliminary outcomes, and other modalities (e.g., interactive, internet-based behavior therapy programs) are currently being explored. This chapter describes HRT in its modern form, and features descriptions of the core procedures, including awareness training, competing response training, social support, self-monitoring, and relaxation training (i.e., diaphragmatic breathing, and traditional and modified progressive muscle relaxation). This chapter also includes clinical insights to enhance treatment success, sample explanatory statements, and dialog to provide thorough examples of the way in which treatment procedures may occur in session, and worksheets to guide treatment. The present chapter serves as a straightforward cross-disciplinary guide on HRT for tics that is appropriate for clinicians of all training levels.
Response learning stimulates dendritic spine growth on dorsal striatal medium spiny neurons

Abstract Increases in the number and/or the size of dendritic spines, sites of excitatory synapses, have been linked to different types of learning as well as synaptic plasticity in several brain regions, including the hippocampus, sensory cortex, motor cortex, and cerebellum. By contrast, a previous study reported that training on a maze task requiring the dorsal striatum has no effect on medium spiny neuron dendritic spines in this area. These findings might suggest brain region-specific differences in levels of plasticity as well as different cellular processes underlying different types of learning. No previous studies have investigated whether dendritic spine density changes may be localized to specific subpopulations of medium spiny neurons, nor have they examined dendritic spines in rats trained on a dorsolateral striatum-dependent maze task in comparison to rats exposed to the same type of maze in the absence of training. To address these questions further, we labeled medium spiny neurons with the lipophilic dye DiI and stained for the protein product of immediate early gene zif 268, an indirect marker of neuronal activation, in both trained and untrained groups. We found a small but significant increase in dendritic spine density on medium spiny neurons of the dorsolateral striatum after short-term intensive training, along with robust increases in the density of spines with mushroom morphology coincident with reductions in the density of spines with thin morphology. However, these results were not associated with zif 268 expression. Our findings suggest that short-term intensive training on a dorsolateral striatum-dependent maze task induces rapid increases in dendritic spine density and maturation on medium spiny neurons of the dorsolateral striatum, an effect which may contribute to early acquisition of the learned response in maze training.
Gsα, Pseudohypoparathyroidism, Fibrous Dysplasia, and McCune–Albright Syndrome

G s α is a ubiquitously expressed heterotrimeric G protein α-subunit that couples numerous heptahelical receptors to stimulation of cAMP formation. Heterozygous, germline inactivating G s α mutations cause the congenital syndrome Albright hereditary osteodystrophy (AHO). Mutations on the maternal allele result in AHO plus multihormone resistance (pseudohypoparathyroidism type 1A, PHP1A) while those on the paternal allele result in the AHO phenotype alone (pseudoPHP). Imprinting defects in the G s α gene GNAS lead to a more isolated form of renal parthyroid hormone (PTH) resistance (PHP1B). Somatic gain-of-function mutations in G s α lead to constitutive cAMP formation. When such mutations occur in a highly localized manner, they can cause monostotic fibrous dysplasia or isolated endocrine tumors. Mutations occurring much earlier in development lead to a mosaic distribution of mutation-bearing cells, and phenotypic manifestations including polyostotic fibrous dysplasia, hyperfunction of multiple endocrine organs, cafe-au-lait skin pigmentation (all three together in McCune–Albright syndrome), and dysfunction of other organs.
The efficacy of colostomy as a bowel management alternative in selected spinal cord injury patients.

ABSTRACTAlthough colostomy has been used to divert the fecal stream from pressure sore sites and to deal with fecal incontinence in patients with conus/cauda level injuries, its use on an elective basis to shorten and simplify the bowel routines of SCI patients to improve their quality of life has not normally been advocated. A questionnaire and two case histories were used to gather data relating to self-care and management of elimination in order to delineate criteria for consideration of elective colostomy. The study concludes that elective colostomy may be an appropriate alternative for some SCI patients, particularly those who have failed in self-care or for whom their vocation or avocation is impaired by prolonged bowel routines. (J Am Paraplegia Society 1990;13: 9–13)
Price Discovery in the Stock and Corporate Bond Markets

This paper uses intraday U.S. bond transaction and stock quote data to investigate whether corporate bonds lead stocks in price discovery of underlying rm value. I use Hasbrouck’s (1995) \information share" approach to determine the relative contribution of corporate bond to price discovery. Based on a sample of 214 rms, I nd that corporate bond markets contribute 12.6% on average to price discovery from 2009 to 2011. Corporate bond market price discovery increases with the riskiness of the underlying rm value, and is related to contemporaneous market conditions. The ndings are consistent with the informed trading theory and Merton (1973) model.
Effects of Opiate Drugs on the Metabolism of Calcium in Synaptic Tissue

Pharmacological actions of opiate drugs are characterized by analgesia, respiratory depression and sedation or CNS depression. These parameters together with changes in body temperature may be observed after a single dose of the opiate agonist. However, repeated administration of the drug at a constant dose or the necessity to increase the dose to achieve the same degree of response produces an effect commonly referred to as tolerance. This effect, although easily produced by opiate drugs, is clearly one of the least understood events in all of narcotic research.
Punishment and reinforcement by opioid receptor agonists in a choice procedure in rats.

Intravenous (i.v.) drug self-administration remains the 'gold standard' for assessing abuse potential of drugs. Failure of a drug to maintain self-administration might indicate merely the absence of positive-reinforcing effects but might also indicate presence of aversive effects. Sensitivity to aversive effects is thought to affect the initiation and maintenance of drug use as well as relapse. Choice procedures are used to study positive-reinforcing effects of drugs and to a much lesser extent to study punishing effects of drugs. Experiment 1 compared the μ-opioid receptor agonist remifentanil (0.001-0.01 mg/kg/infusion), the κ-opioid receptor agonist spiradoline (0.0056-0.056 mg/kg/infusion), and histamine (1.0 mg/kg/infusion) in rats choosing between a food pellet only and an i.v. infusion+a food pellet. To test whether a history with one punishing drug affects the punishing effects of a second drug, experiment 2 compared sensitivity with spiradoline in rats with and without a history of histamine punishment. All rats predominantly chose a pellet alone when histamine+a pellet was the alternative, and they predominantly chose remifentanil+a pellet over a pellet alone. In experiment 2, spiradoline was punishing in rats with a history of histamine punishment but not drug-naive rats. This food choice procedure is sensitive to reinforcing and punishing effects of different drugs in the same subjects, suggesting that the procedure is well-suited for studying drug mixtures (e.g. μ and κ agonists) and the impact of different physiological conditions (e.g. pain) on reinforcement and punishment.
Versicherungsunternehmen im kognitiven Zeitalter

Die kunstliche Intelligenz ist ein breit aufgestelltes Forschungsgebiet, das sich uber die letzten Jahrzehnte immer weiter entwickelt hat und – ahnlich wie das Internet in den vergangenen Jahren – vieles verandern wird. In der Versicherungsbranche wird die kunstliche Intelligenz massiven Einfluss auf die Unternehmensstrategien ausuben und zukunftig von existenzieller Bedeutung sein. In der von Daten getriebenen Versicherungsbranche besteht die Hoffnung, dass KI eine Vielzahl neuer Moglichkeiten und Chancen mit sich bringt. Kundenbedurfnisse konnen mithilfe von KI erfullt, Schadensprozesse optimiert und die Effizienz im gesamten Unternehmen gesteigert werden. KI leitet einen Umbau der Versicherungsunternehmen ein.
Uncoupling of the Electron Transport Chain Compromises Mitochondrial Oxidative Phosphorylation and Exacerbates Stroke Outcomes.

Objective Mitochondrial dysfunction is known to be implicated in stroke, but the complex mechanisms of stroke have led to few stroke therapies. The present study to disrupted mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation through a known electron transport chain (ETC) uncoupler, Carbonyl cyanide-4 (trifluoromethoxy) phenylhydrazone (FCCP). Analyzing the resulting neurological deficits as well as infarct volume could help determine the role of mitochondria in stroke outcome and determine whether uncoupling the ETC could potentially be a strategy for new stroke therapies. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of uncoupling electron flow on mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and stroke infarction. Methods Cerebral endovascular cells (CECs) were treated with various concentrations of FCCP, and bioenergetics were measured. For the stroke mouse model, FCCP (1 mg/kg, i.p) or vehicle was administered followed by 1-hour transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO). Infarct volume was measured after a 23-hour reperfusion, and triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining was used to assess infarct volume. Results FCCP significantly decreased basal respiration, ATP turnover, maximal respiration, and spare capacity when the concentration of FCCP was greater than 1000 nM. The mice pretreated with FCCP had a significantly increased infarct volume within the cortex, striatum, and total hemisphere. Mice receiving FCCP had a significantly increased neurological deficit score compared to the vehicle. Conclusions FCCP compromised mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation in CECs in a dose-dependent manner. Uncoupling the electron transport chain with FCCP prior to tMCAO exacerbated stroke infarction in mice.
Employee Voice in Arbitration

The Supreme Court’s 2018 decision in Epic Systems v. Lewis allows employers to force employees to agree to individual arbitration of any claims against the employer, removing their ability to bring class and collective actions. These unilaterally imposed arbitration agreements deprive employees of any voice in this important term of employment. If arbitration is to serve its intended function of a mutually agreeable forum to resolve disputes, Congress should require employers who desire to use arbitration to negotiate the terms of the agreement with a representative of their affected employees. Such a requirement would reduce some of the adverse effects of employment arbitration, making it more like labor arbitration, which has functioned as an effective dispute resolution mechanism under collective bargaining agreements for many years. A negotiation requirement would insure that employees have notice of the arbitration provision and input into its terms. The National Labor Relations Board could use its existing election machinery to facilitate employee choice of representative which could be an individual, a group of employees, an attorney, a labor union, or another workers’ rights organization. In addition to providing employee voice, requiring negotiation would discourage arbitration where the employer’s only goal is to reduce employee rights and might also spur employee participation in the workplace and the community.
Medical diligence uncovers fallopian tube cancer after abnormal Pap test.

The fallopian tube has received attention as an origin of high-grade pelvic malignancies. This is a case of bilateral fallopian tube cancer discovered after an abnormal Pap test. A 62-year-old woman with a history of one term delivery had atypical glandular cells on a Pap test. She had an unsatisfactory colposcopy and a normal transvaginal ultrasound. A loop electrode excision procedure and hysteroscopy with dilation and curettage revealed atypical glandular cells concentrated in floating balls. CA-125 was 10 U/mL. A robotic hysterectomy revealed histopathological stage IIIA serous carcinoma arising from both fallopian tubes. She received six cycles of carboplatin and paclitaxel. After chemotherapy, she has no evidence of disease at 5 years. Fallopian tube carcinoma is a differential diagnosis of abnormal glandular cells on a Pap test. Diagnosis by systematic pursuit of abnormal tests can lead to successful treatment of a small disease burden.
Introduction to the Theme Issue on Dynamics of Health Behavior: Revisiting Systems Science for Population Health:

Systems science can help public health professionals to better understand the complex dynamics between factors affecting health behaviors and outcomes and to identify intervention opportunities. Despite their demonstrated utility in addressing health topics such influenza, tobacco control, and obesity, the associated methods continue to be underutilized by researchers and practitioners addressing health behaviors. This article discusses the growth of systems science methods (e.g., system dynamics, social network analysis, and agent-based modeling) in health research, provides a frame for the articles included in this themed issue, and closes with recommendations for enhancing the future of systems science and health behavior research. We argue that integrating systems sciences methods into health behavior research and practice is essential for improved population health and look forward to supporting the evolution of the field.
Three‐dimensional Transesophageal images of a pulmonary autograft in the mitral position (Ross II Procedure) in an adult

Few images are available in the literature of the Ross II procedure wherein the pulmonary valve is autotransplanted into the mitral position. These images are from a 33-year-old woman who underwent the procedure 18 years ago.
Factors associated with the use of dental health services

This paper seeks to analyze the factors associated with the use of dental health services (UDHS) by adults in the city of Corrientes, Argentina. A cross-sectional study was conducted. Information concerning the study variables was collected via a home survey. The sample size was established with a 95% confidence interval level (381 individuals). A simple random sampling design was used, which was complemented with a non-probability quota sampling. The data was analyzed using SPSS version 21.0 and Epidat version 3.1 softwares. Socio-economic level, dental health coverage, perception of oral health care, perception of oral health, knowledge about oral health, and oral hygiene habits were significantly associated with the UDHS over the last twelve months. These same factors, excluding dental health coverage and knowledge about oral health, were associated with the UDHS for routine dental check-ups. Measures should be implemented to increase the UDHS for prevention purposes in men and women of all socio-economic levels, particularly in less-privileged individuals.
Peer Effects on Violence: Experimental Evidence from El Salvador

This paper provides experimental evidence of the effect of having peers with different propensities for violence in the context of an afterschool program. By randomly assigning students to participate in the program with a set of similar or diverse peers in terms of violence, the study measures the effects of segregation or integration on students' behavioral, neurophysiological, and academic outcomes. The paper also exploits a discontinuity around the median of the propensity for violence distribution, to measure the impacts of segregation on marginal students. The results indicate that integrating students with different propensities for violence is better for highly and less violent children than segregating them. In particular, the intervention can have unintended effects on misbehavior and stress, if highly violent students are segregated and treated separately from their less violent peers.
Stock demand curves and TARP returns

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to determine if the US Treasury's at‐the‐market sales of 5.27 billion Citigroup shares in 2010 drove down the banks' share price. It attempts to use the evidence of Citigroup's stock returns to accept or reject competing hypotheses of larger stock sales.Design/methodology/approach – The paper uses a geometric Brownian motion model to test if there were abnormal returns at various points in the US Treasury's highly publicized stock sale that lasted from 26 April to 6 December 2010.Findings – There was a weakly significant drop in the stock price at the announcement of the sale and a weakly significant rise in the stock price just after it ended. This is evidence that the demand curve for the stock had a negative slope.Practical implications – The evidence from this study will influence policy makers and investors in the upcoming privatizations of large bailed‐out firms such as American International Group, Ally Financial, Chrysler, and General Motors. The evidence ind...
Hecke Algebras With Unequal Parameters

Introduction Coxeter groups Partial order on $W$ The algebra ${\mathcal H}$ The bar operator The elements $c_w$ Left or right multiplication by $c_s$ Dihedral groups Cells Cosets of parabolic subgroups Inversion The longest element for a finite $W$ Examples of elements $D_w$ The function $\mathbf{a}$ Conjectures Example: The split case Example: The quasisplit case Example: The infinite dihedral case The ring $J$ Algebras with trace form The function ${\mathbf{a}}_E$ Study of a left cell Constructible representations Two-sided cells Virtual cells Relative Coxeter groups Representations A new realization of Hecke algebras Bibliography Other titles in this series.
Suppression of innate immunity by orthomyxoviruses.

This chapter discusses how influenza virus infection triggers the production of type I interferon (IFNs), the signaling cascades that the cytokines stimulate to establish a protective antiviral response, and the mechanisms that orthomyxoviruses employ to circumvent the host's innate immunity. Orthomyxoviruses employ several strategies to circumvent the host’s innate and adaptive immune responses; the effectiveness by which the viruses apply the strategies contributes to the clinical outcome of virus infections. For influenza A viruses, the viral hemagglutinin and neuraminidase glycoproteins substantially contribute to the pathogenesis of influenza virus infections. An important consideration in the induction of IFN by influenza virus relates to the actual nature of the viral inducer recognized by the cellular sensors. IFN-inducible Mx homologues belong to the dynamin-like family of GTPases that are normally associated with intracellular vesicle trafficking and organelle homeostasis. Promyelocytic leukemia (PML) protein (also known as TRIM19) is an additional IFN-inducible protein that accumulates within nuclear structures that have been referred to as nuclear dot 10 (ND10) or nuclear bodies. The studies discussed in the chapter have concisely described the mechanisms by which, in the absence of the nonstructural protein 1 (NS1), the host detects virus replication, stimulates expression of the IFN-β gene and IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs), and establishes an antiviral state that controls replication of and pathogenicity resulting from infection by orthomyxoviruses.
Cell Cycle Analysis by Flow Cytometry

Flow cytometry, the methodology that provides a way to measure physical and chemical attributes of individual cells rapidly and with high accuracy, is widely used in cell cycle analysis. The most common assays are: univariate analysis of cellular deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) content discloses frequencies of cells in G0/1, S and G2/M phases; bivariate analysis of DNA versus ribonucleic acid (RNA) content reveals frequencies of G0, G1, S and G2M cells, of DNA content versus histone H3 phosphorylated on Ser10 defines frequencies of G0/1, S, G2 and M cells. Detection of cells that incorporated DNA precursor, such as 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine (BrdU) or 5-ethynyl-2′-deoxyuridine (EdU) identifies cells that replicated DNA. Immunocytochemical detection of cyclin D1, cyclin E, Cyclin A and cyclin B1 concurrent with DNA content reveals the proteins that are essential for driving the cell through the cell cycle. The stathmokinetic approach makes it possible to assess the kinetics of progression through the cell cycle. Key Concepts: Cellular DNA content identifies cell position in the cell cycle. Fractional cellular DNA content (‘sub-G1’ cells) is a marker of apoptotic cells. Low cellular RNA content is a biomarker of G0 (quiescent) cells. Incorporation of BrdU or EdU identifies DNA replication cells. Phosphorylation of histone H3 on Ser10 is a marker of mitotic cells. Detection of cyclin proteins is a marker of cell progression machinery. Stathmokinetic approach based on cell arrest in metaphase makes it possible to assess the entry of cells to mitosis (‘mitotic rate’, ‘cell birth rate’) and reveals kinetics of cell progression through the cycle. Keywords: cell cycle; flow cytometry; DNA replication; DNA content; cell cycle phases; mitosis; apoptosis; stathmokinesis; cell cycle kinetics; cyclin proteins