cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Involvement of Endothelial CD44 during in Vivo Angiogenesis

CD44, a cell-surface receptor for hyaluronan, has been implicated in endothelial cell functions, but its role in the formation of blood vessels in vivo has not been established. In CD44-null mice, vascularization of Matrigel implants and tumor and wound angiogenesis were inhibited. Leukocyte accumulation during tumor growth and wound healing in wild-type and CD44-null mice were comparable, and reconstitution of CD44-null mice with wild-type bone marrow did not restore the wild-type phenotype, suggesting that impairments in angiogenesis in CD44-deficient mice are due to the loss of endothelial CD44. Although the cell proliferation, survival, and wound-induced migration of CD44-null endothelial cells were intact, these cells were impaired in their in vitro ability to form tubes. Nascent vessels in Matrigel implants from CD44-null mice demonstrated irregular luminal surfaces characterized by retracted cells and thinned endothelia. Further, an anti-CD44 antibody that disrupted in vitro tube formation induced hemorrhage around Matrigel implants, suggesting that antagonism of endothelial CD44 undermined the integrity of the endothelium of nascent vessels. These data establish a role for CD44 during in vivo angiogenesis and suggest that CD44 may contribute to the organization and/or stability of developing endothelial tubular networks.
Kooperative Haarnadel-Dimere für die Erkennung von DNA durch Pyrrol/Imidazol-Polyamide

Eine Verdopplung der Lange der Erkennungssequenz bei gleicher Grose des Liganden wird dadurch erreicht, das die Titel-Polyamide bei der Bindung an DNA ein kooperatives Haarnadel-Dimer bilden (siehe schematische Darstellung unten). Die Affinitat und die Spezifitat der Bindung werden durch dieses neue Bindungsmuster nicht beeintrachtigt. Kreise symbolisieren die Heterocyclen, die Raute eine β-Alanin- und die gekrummte Linie eine (R)-2,4-Diaminobuttersaureeinheit.
622Mbps testing of an 8-channel hyperfine WDM demux with ~ 3 Ghz channel spacing

We demonstrate an 8-channel ~3 GHz-spaced wavelength demux in hyperfine WDM (HWDM) experiments with 622 Mbps (OC-12) transmission using a virtually-imaged phased-array (VIPA) wavelength demultiplexer. We achieve low power penalties <0.5 dB from adjacent channel crosstalk
Effect of dibutyryl-3',5'-AMP, theophylline and norepinephrine on lipolytic action of growth hormone and glucocorticoid in white fat cells.

The lipolytic action of growth hormone and glucocorticoid on white fat cells was affected by catecholamines and theophylline. Growth hormone and glucocorticoid produced a 5- to 10-fold increase in the sensitivity of fat cells to norepinephrine or theophylline without affecting the maximal response. Dibutyryl-3′,5′-AMP also stimulated fat cell lipolysis but growth hormone and glucocorticoid actually inhibited its lipolytic action. The ability of growth hormone and glucocorticoid to increase the sensitivity of fat cells to theophylline was abolished by cycloheximide, an inhibitor of protein synthesis. These results suggest that growth hormone stimulated the synthesis of a protein involved in the formation but not in the action of 3′,5′-AMP. (Endocrinology 82: 825, 1968)
The Design of Excitation Pulses for Spin Systems Using Optimal Control Theory: With Application to NMR Spectroscopy

This paper considers the use of optimal control theory in designing radio frequency excitation pulses for magnetic spin systems satisfying Bloch dynamics. Such pulses are required in applications of nuclear magnetic resonance to initially transfer sample magnetization vectors to the transverse plane. Once transferred, signals released by nuclei as they respond to a static magnetic field normal to the transverse plane are then analyzed and interpreted. Continuous time deterministic optimal control theory is employed to determine time-dependent pulse amplitudes and frequencies that minimize the distance between final magnetization vectors and a chosen target vector. Pulses are designed to excite a range of resonant frequencies and to tolerate miscalibration errors in applied fields. The model presented permits a unified treatment of the control problem as considered by a variety of authors, and a thorough mathematical analysis of the existence, and characteristics of, optimal excitation pulses. Practical numerical algorithms for designing optimal pulses are given, and the effectiveness of the algorithms is illustrated by comparing the pulses that they generate with those commonly used in high-resolution spectroscopy. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A MERLIN pilot study of faint variable VLA FIRST radio sources

We present the results of a pilot study in which we obtained Multi-Element Radio Linked Interferometer Network (MERLIN) L-band snapshot images of the 20 strongest radio sources from a sample of 123 radio objects that exhibit significant flux density variations at 1.4 GHz on a seven year base-line. The sample was created using FIRST VLA B-array data from 1995 and 2002 on a strip around zero declination near the south Galactic cap. The primary purpose is to assess the presence of radio jets and provide direct evidence between long-term variability and jet structures, as several models suggest. The radio structure of all the sources in this subsample appears very compact and our high resolution MERLIN observations reveal for the first time the presence of small milli-arcsecond (mas) jets and/or jet-like extensions in 17 of the 20 variable sources (literature data show core-jet structures or hints of extended structure in the other three objects which are point sources in our MERLIN observations). In the future we will use the radio results from the complete study, in combination with their optical Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) data, in order to investigate trends and possible differences or similarities between the quasars and galaxies that host these radio sources, and so examine existing unification schemes or open up new aspects in AGN unification.
Design studies of a 3.3-GHz relativistic klystron amplifier

The characteristics of beam mod ulation in the relativistic klystron amplifier at 1.3 and 3.3 GHz are analyzed. Good agreement is found between our simulation results and the 1.3-GHz RK A experiment by Friedman and Serlin. The unstable window modes for a 3.3-GHz RKA configurat ion are identified, and met hods for suppressing the window modes are discussed.
Chaotic Advection in an Archipelago

Abstract Techniques from dynamical systems theory have been applied to study horizontal stirring of fluid in the Philippine Archipelago. The authors’ analysis is based on velocity fields produced by two high-resolution (3 and 6 km) numerical models. Particular attention is paid to identifying robust surface flow patterns and associating them with dominant Lagrangian coherent structures (LCSs). A recurrent wind-driven dipole in the lee of the coastline is considered in detail. The associated LCSs form a template for stirring, exchange, and biological transport in and around the dipole. Chaotic advection is argued to provide a relevant framework for interpreting mesoscale horizontal stirring processes in an archipelago as a whole. Implications for the formation of filaments, the production of tracer variance, and the scale at which stirring leads to mixing are discussed in connection with an observed temperature record.
Observed recent trends in tropical cyclone rainfall over the North Atlantic and the North Pacific

[1] In this study, we use Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission and Global Precipitation Climatology Project rainfall data together with historical storm track records to examine the trend of tropical cyclone (TC) rainfall in the North Atlantic and the northeast and northwest Pacific during two recent decades (1988–1997 and 1998–2007). We find that there is an approximate linear relationship between TC rain (defined as accumulated total rainfall along storm tracks) and storm intensity as classified by the Saffir-Simpson scheme. During the data period, total TC rain has trended upward at a rate of 23.8% ± 23.5% per decade over the North Atlantic but downward with a rate of 25.1% ± 19.7% per decade over the northeast Pacific. Over the northwest Pacific, there is a reduction in TC rain of approximately 20.9% ± 13.5% per decade, possibly associated with a strong interdecadal-scale oscillation. Storm characteristics such as duration and TC rain energy per storm (EPS) remain unchanged for the North Atlantic and the northeast Pacific. For the northwest Pacific, a 28% ± 18% reduction in EPS from the first decade (1988–1997) to the second decade (1998–2007) is found with the track data from the Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Analyses of the probability distribution function of TC rain show that there is an overall increase in TC frequency across the entire TC rainfall spectrum over the North Atlantic but an overall decrease for the northeast Pacific. In the northwest Pacific, we find a redistribution in EPS with decreased frequency in heavy-rain storms and increased frequency in light-rain storms. Overall, trends in TC rain in the different ocean basins are consistent with long-term relative changes in the ambient large-scale sea surface temperature and vertical wind shear and, to a lesser extent, tropical cyclone Maximum Potential Intensity.
RACIAL DIFFERENCE IN NEWSPAPER READERSHIP

Recent investigations of mass communication among the urban poor, many of whom are blacks, have focused on the relationship between media use and demographic and sociopsychological factors such as race and alienation. At least two general conclusions have emerged: (i) mass media are successful in reaching a large proportion of the urban poor; and (2) there is little difference in media use by low-income whites and blacks. Findings on the newspaper readership of low-income city residents are remarkably consistent. Block found that nearly two-thirds of innercity residents of St. Louis, Missouri, read or at least looked at a newspaper almost every day.' Sargent and Stempel also reported that twothirds of a group of relief recipients in Athens, Ohio, read newspapers for 20 minutes or more per day in comparison to 75 per cent of the general population.2 Greenberg and Dervin reported that 65 per cent of the low-income residents of Lansing, Michigan, read a newspaper every day in comparison to 77 per cent of the general population.3 The picture that emerged from these surveys is that newspapers reach the urban poor only to a slightly lesser degree than they reach the general population. Two of the foregoing studies also investigated racial differences in newspaper readership among low-income samples. Block found that blacks and whites did not differ appreciably in their newspaper reading behavior, while Greenberg and Dervin reported that the difference in newspaper readership between a low-income and a general population sample was greater than between low-income
The effect of pharmacy benefit design on patient-physician communication about costs.

BACKGROUND: Incentive-based formularies have been widely instituted to control the rising costs of prescription drugs. To work properly, such formularies depend on patients to be aware of financial incentives and communicate their cost preferences with prescribing physicians. The impact of financial incentives on patient awareness of and communication about those costs is unknown.
Adulterants in Whiskey: Detection and Identification by Principal Component Analysis

Model adulterants such as gasoline, phenol, rubber hose, and hair were added to whiskies to prepare adulterated samples. Methylene chloride extracts of these and of the unadulterated whiskies were separated by capillary column GC. Principal Component Analysis was applied to the gas chromatograms, and the resulting scores were used to decide upon product acceptability. Using a series of standards, scores were also the basis for identification of adulterants in rejected samples. In the largest of three data sets, decisions were correct for over 95% of samples, and all adulterated samples were correctly identified.
Observation of ultra-low-light-level all-optical switching

Photonic circuits require elements that can control optical signals with other optical signals. Ultra-low-light-level operation of all-optical switches opens the possibility of photonic devices that operate in the single-quantum regime, a prerequisite for quantum-photonic devices. We describe a new type of all-optical switch that exploits the extreme sensitivity to small perturbations displayed by instability-generated dissipative optical patterns. Such patterns, when controlled by applied perturbations, enable control of microwatt-power-level output beams by an input beam that is over 600 times weaker. In comparison, essentially all experimental realizations of light-by-light switching have been limited to controlling weak beams with beams of either comparable or higher power, thus limiting their implementation in cascaded switching networks or computation machines. Furthermore, current research suggests that the energy density required to actuate an all-optical switch is of the order of one photon per optical cross section. Our measured switching energy density of ~4.4 × 10 -2 photons per cross section suggests that our device can operate at the single-photon level with modest system improvement.
Precision of Particle Concentrations Determined by Counting

Measurements of particle concentration or penetration through a collector are more valuable when accompanied by their precision. This note discusses precision when concentration or penetration is determined by counting particles. The same principles apply to radiation measurements in which disintegrations are counted. Estimating precision when using sample blanks is discussed. This analysis shows the best precision possible for a blank-corrected concentration or penetration, and the effect of giving more or less effort to analysis of the blank and the sample.
Particle behavior in aesthetic field theory

We review the principles of aesthetic field theory and the latest results obtained from computer studies of the equations.
Novel all-optical switching node in a self-routed wavelength-addressable network (SWANet)

All-optical networks promise to allow high-bandwidth applications to be provided to many users simultaneously.1-3 We propose a novel all-optical wavelength-routed switching network based on a new address-coding scheme.4 This scheme uses a serial combination of wavelengths as the routing tag of the data packet, as illustrated in Fig. 1. All-optical switching can be accomplished by sensing the wavelength of the routing tag without converting the high-speed data to electronic form. Self-routing is exercised by sensing the wavelength content of the appropriate section of the routing tag at each switching stage of a multistage switching network; each switching node performs a latching function that directs the packet to the corresponding output port until the final destination is reached. The key advantage of this scheme is that a large number of address codes can be accommodated, not limited by the number of available wavelengths as in conventional wavelength- division-multiplexed networks. Further, high-speed data transmission can be realized by using low-speed control channels transmitted on the same fiber.
Comparative mitochondrial genomics within and among species of killifish

This study was motivated by the observation of unusual mitochondrial haplotype distributions and associated physiological differences between populations of the killifish Fundulus heteroclitus distributed along the Atlantic coast of North America. A distinct "northern" haplotype is fixed in all populations north of New Jersey, and does not appear south of New Jersey except in extreme upper-estuary fresh water habitats, and northern individuals are known to be more tolerant of hyposmotic conditions than southern individuals. Complete mitochondrial genomes were sequenced from individuals from northern coastal, southern coastal, and fresh water populations (and from out-groups). Comparative genomics approaches were used to test multiple evolutionary hypotheses proposed to explain among-population genome variation including directional selection and hybridization. Structure and organization of the Fundulus mitochondrial genome is typical of animals, yet subtle differences in substitution patterns exist among populations. No signals of directional selection or hybridization were detected. Mitochondrial genes evolve at variable rates, but all genes exhibit very low dN/dS ratios across all lineages, and the southern population harbors more synonymous polymorphism than other populations. Evolution of mitochondrial genomes within Fundulus is primarily governed by interaction between strong purifying selection and demographic influences, including larger historical population size in the south. Though directional selection and hybridization hypotheses were not supported, adaptive processes may indirectly contribute to partitioning of variation between populations.
Effect of a catechol-O-methyl transferase inhibitor, U-0521, with levodopa administration.

Abstract The in vivo effect of 3,4-dihydroxy-2-methyl-propriophenone (U-0521) was studied in rats treated with l -Dopa, 250 mg/kg, intraperitoneally. In a time-course study, experimental animals received two doses of U-0521, 250 mg/kg, i.p., 30 min before l -Dopa and along with l -Dopa. Rats were decapitated at intervals of 30–120 min. U-0521-treated animals showed elevated levels of plasma and brain DOPA and of brain dopamine; they also had a reduction of 3- O -methyldopa (OMD) in plasma and brain, and of homovanillic acid (HVA) in brain, compared to rats treated with l -Dopa alone. A dose-response study of U-0521, given 30 min before l -Dopa, showed that there was effective inhibition of plasma and brain OMD accumulation at a dose of U-0521 of 100 mg/kg, i.p., or greater. Brain HVA accumulation was inhibited at a dose of 200 mg/kg, i.p., or greater. U-0521 can effectively block formation of O -methylated metabolites of l -DOPA and dopamine peripherally and centrally after high dosage l -Dopa administration.
Generalized fast multipole method

The fast multipole method (FMM) is a technique allowing the fast calculation of long-range interactions between N points in O(N) or O(N ln N) steps with some prescribed error tolerance. The FMM has found many applications in the field of integral equations and boundary element methods, in particular by accelerating the solution of dense linear systems arising from such formulations. Original FMMs required analytical expansions of the kernel, for example using spherical harmonics or Taylor expansions. In recent years, the range of applicability and the ease of use of FMMs has been extended by the introduction of black box [1] or kernel independent techniques [2]. In these approaches, the user only provides a subroutine to numerically calculate the interaction kernel. This allows changing the definition of the kernel with minimal change to the computer program. In this talk we will present a novel kernel independent FMM, which leads to diagonal multipole-to-local operators. This results in a significant reduction in the computational cost [1], in particular when high accuracy is needed. The approach is based on Cauchy's integral formula and the Laplace transform. We will present a numerical analysis of the convergence, methods to choose the parameters in the FMM given some tolerance, and the steps required to build a multilevel scheme from the single level formulation. Numerical results are given for benchmark calculations to demonstrate the accuracy as a function of the number of multipole coefficients, and the computational cost of the different steps in the method.
Intracellular parasitism of macrophages by Cryptococcus neoformans

Cryptococcus neoformans, an encapsulated fungal pathogen, causes meningoencephalitis in immunocompromised patients. Recent in vivo studies have demonstrated that C. neoformans is a facultative intracellular pathogen, as was previously suggested by in vitro studies. For survival in macrophages, C. neoformans utilizes a novel strategy for intracellular parasitism that includes the accumulation of intracellular polysaccharide in cytoplasmic vesicles. Confirmation of the fact that C. neoformans is a facultative intracellular pathogen could provide new insights into several poorly understood areas of cryptococcal pathogenesis, including mechanisms for latency and persistence and the lack of efficacy of humoral immunity. The finding that C. neoformans replicates inside macrophages in vitro in a manner similar to that observed in vivo provides an excellent system to dissect the molecular mechanisms responsible for this unique pathogenic strategy.
Measuring the Extreme Conditions Created During Cavitation

Extreme temperatures and pressures are produced through acoustic cavitation: the formation, growth and collapse of bubbles in a liquid irradiated with high intensity ultrasound. Single bubbles have generally been assumed to give higher temperature conditions than bubble clouds, but confirmation from the single buble sonoluminescence (SBSL) emission spectra have been problematic because SBSL typically produces featureless emission spectra that reveal little about the intra‐cavity physical conditions or chemical processes. Here we present definitive evidence of the existence of a hot, highly energetic plasma core during SBSL. From a luminescing bubble in sulfuric acid, excited state to excited state emission lines are observed both from noble gas ions (Ar+, Kr+, and Xe+) and from neutral atoms (Ne, Ar, Kr, and Xe). The excited states responsible for these emission lines range from 8.3 eV (for Xe) to 37.1 eV (for Ar+) above the ground state. Observation of emission lines allows for identification of intra‐cavity species responsible for light emission; the energy levels of the emitters indicate the plasma generated during cavitation is comprised of highly energetic atomic and ionic species.
Effect of low temperature on the release of vasopressin from the isolated bovine neurohypophysis.

Reduction of the temperature from 37 C to 18, IS, 10 or 0 C evoked a graded release of vasopressin from bovine neurohypophyses incubated in vitro in Locke's solution. Cold temperature was still effective in releasing vasopressin when Na was replaced by Li, K, Cs or Tris in the incubation medium but was inhibited by high concentrations of Ca, Mg or La. Low temperature caused the simultaneous release of vasopressin, ATP and protein from neurohypophyses in stoichiometric amounts comparable to their relative proportions in neurosecretory granules. At the same time, the release of cytoplasmic markers, LDH and K, was decreased. These results suggest that cold-induced release of vasopressin occurs by the process of exocytosis and not by generalized cell damage. In parallel with studies on coldinduced muscle contraction, cold-induced vasopressin release is more prominent in Ca free solution, is inhibited by replacement of NaCl with sucrose, and is potentiated by caffeine.These results suggest that mobilization of...
Neural processing of moral violations among incarcerated adolescents with psychopathic traits

Abstract Neuroimaging studies have found that adult male psychopaths show reduced engagement of limbic and paralimbic circuitry while making moral judgments. The goal of this study was to investigate whether these findings extend to adolescent males with psychopathic traits. Functional MRI was used to record hemodynamic activity in 111 incarcerated male adolescents while they viewed unpleasant pictures that did or did not depict moral transgressions and rated each on “moral violation severity”. Adolescents were assessed for psychopathic traits using the Psychopathy Checklist-Youth Version (PCL-YV), Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia-Present and Lifetime Version (KSADS-PL) Conduct Disorder supplement, and Inventory of Callous and Unemotional Traits-Youth Version (ICU-Y). While viewing pictures depicting moral transgressions, CD scores were negatively correlated with hemodynamic responses in the anterior temporal cortex. Adolescents scoring low on the ICU-Y showed a positive correlation between right amygdala responses and severity of violation ratings; those with high ICU-Y scores showed a negative correlation. While viewing unpleasant pictures with and without moral transgressions, PCL-YV scores were negatively correlated with hemodynamic responses in the left amygdala. Overall, the results are consistent with those previously found in adult male psychopaths, but vary depending on the type of psychopathy assessment.
Cake: enabling high-level SLOs on shared storage systems

Cake is a coordinated, multi-resource scheduler for shared distributed storage environments with the goal of achieving both high throughput and bounded latency. Cake uses a two-level scheduling scheme to enforce high-level service-level objectives (SLOs). First-level schedulers control consumption of resources such as disk and CPU. These schedulers (1) provide mechanisms for differentiated scheduling, (2) split large requests into smaller chunks, and (3) limit the number of outstanding device requests, which together allow for effective control over multi-resource consumption within the storage system. Cake's second-level scheduler coordinates the first-level schedulers to map high-level SLO requirements into actual scheduling parameters. These parameters are dynamically adjusted over time to enforce high-level performance specifications for changing workloads. We evaluate Cake using multiple workloads derived from real-world traces. Our results show that Cake allows application programmers to explore the latency vs. throughput trade-off by setting different high-level performance requirements on their workloads. Furthermore, we show that using Cake has concrete economic and business advantages, reducing provisioning costs by up to 50% for a consolidated workload and reducing the completion time of an analytics cycle by up to 40%.
Robust wall gradient estimation using radial basis functions and proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) for particle image velocimetry (PIV) measured fields

A robust method for improving the estimation of near-wall velocity gradients from noisy flow data using Gaussian (GA) and generalized multiquadratic (GMQ) radial basis functions (RBFs) that optimizes fitting parameters to minimize the biharmonic equation is introduced. Error analysis of the wall gradient estimation was performed for RBFs, standard finite difference schemes, and polynomial and spline interpolations at various spatial resolutions, interpolation grid sizes and noise levels in synthetically generated Poiseuille and Womersley flow fields. Also, the effectiveness of the methods on digital particle image velocimetry (DPIV) data is tested by processing images generated using velocity fields obtained from direct numerical simulation (DNS) of an open turbulent channel, and the estimated gradients were compared against gradients obtained from DNS data. In the absence of noise, all methods perform well for Poiseuille and Womersley flows yielding a total error under 10% at all resolutions. In the presence of noise, the GMQ performed robustly with a total error under 10–20% even with 10% noise. With DPIV processed data for the turbulent channel flow, the error is on the order of 25–40% using thin plate spline and GMQ interpolations. Optimization of the RBF fitting parameters that minimize the energy functional associated with the analytical surface results in robust velocity gradient estimators but is computationally expensive. This computational expense is reduced and the accuracy of the proposed techniques is further improved by introducing a novel approach that combines the gradient estimators with proper orthogonal decomposition (POD). The implementation of the interpolation schemes on the POD modes results in improving accuracy by 10–15% and reducing the computational cost by approximately 75%.
Remarks concerning the theory of the segregation of gases in direct current discharges due to ion flow

Abstract The continuity equation (conservation of particle number density), combined with an approximation of the conservation of momentum equation, is used to derive expressions employed previously by other authors in the analysis of studies of the segregation of gases in the positive colume of a dc discharge due to the axial ion motion. The use of the conservation equations reveals the assumptions which have to be made in order to arrive at these expressions. The application to more complex gas discharge systems is discussed.
A multicomponent, developmental analysis of sex typing

A study of the sex-typed self-descriptions of subjects from five grade/age levels (kindergarten through early college) addressed whether (a) levels of sex typing change developmentally, and (b) the attributes on which individuals are most strongly sex typed change with age. Subjects were asked to rate themselves on 24 sex-relevant attributes, including personality traits, physical characteristics, roles or behaviors, and occupations. Overall levels of sex typing did not change developmentally, but the attributes on which subjects were most strongly sex typed were influenced by age: kindergartners, 3rd graders, 7th graders, and college students showed strongest evidence of sex typing on physical attributes, while 10th graders did so on behaviors. Males in general were most likely to distinguish themselves physically from females, while female distinguished themselves behaviorally from males. Findings are discussed in regard to a componential model of the gender concept.
Isotopic estimation of plasma glucose conversion to plasma lactate using [6-3H]glucose and [6-14C]glucose.

To determine whether (6-{sup 3}H)glucose could be used to quantitatively estimate the rate of plasma glucose conversion to plasma lactate, we compared the relative transfer of ({sup 3}H) and ({sup 14}C)plasma glucose to plasma lactate in nine postabsorptive anesthetized rats infused to isotopic steady state with (6-{sup 3}H)glucose and (6-{sup 14}C)glucose. Glucose turnover (mumol/kg/min) measured with (6-{sup 3}H)glucose (29.4 +/- 1.7) and (6-{sup 14}C)glucose (25.0 +/- 1.5), Cori cycle activity (4.35 +/- 0.79), and the percentage of plasma lactate derived from plasma glucose calculated from {sup 14}C-specific activities (59.8 +/- 5.8) were all comparable to previously reported values for the overnight fasted rat. Although the percentage of plasma lactate derived from plasma glucose calculated from {sup 3}H-specific activities (30.0 +/- 3.3) was only half that calculated from {sup 14}C-specific activities (P less than 0.001), the {sup 3}H:{sup 14}C ratios were constant over a wide range of percentage of lactate derived from glucose (r = 0.95, P less than 0.001). We conclude that {sup 3}H-specific activity ratios of plasma lactate to plasma glucose cannot be directly used as a quantitative estimate of the percentage of plasma lactate derived from plasma glucose; however, correction for the apparent constant proportionality of detritiation ofmore » lactate relative to {sup 14}C loss could permit use of (6-{sup 3}H)glucose for this purpose.« less
Review article: understanding the pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic differences between proton pump inhibitors – focus on pKa and metabolism

Summary Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) have been shown to be clinically more effective than other antisecretory agents, including H2-receptor antagonists, in the treatment of acid-related disorders and are recognized as the treatment of choice in gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GERD).1 Five PPIs are currently available in the United States: omeprazole, its S-enantiomer esomeprazole, lansoprazole, pantoprazole and rabeprazole. PPIs are effective in suppressing gastric acid, controlling GERD symptoms and healing erosive oesophagitis and ulcers. There are differences in pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic profiles among PPIs, including the onset of gastric acid suppression, routes of metabolism and specific drug–drug interactions. Some of these differences may affect the clinical utility of these agents, at least in certain clinical settings. Using rabeprazole as an example, this article investigates some of the pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties among PPIs, specifically pKa, routes of metabolism and the effect of food. In addition to reviewing the results of studies with PPIs concerning these factors, this article will define and more fully describe these measures/mechanisms to further our understanding of their impact. Finally, this article discusses the potential clinical significance of these pharmacological properties.
Transnationalism, Multilingualism, and Literature: the Challenge of Caribbean Studies

Jean Jonassaint is an Associate Professor at Syracuse University, and an associate editor for book reviews of Nouvelles Etudes Francophones, a scholarly journal published by the Conseil Internation...
Special relativity derived from spacetime magma.

We present a derivation of relativistic spacetime largely untethered from specific physical considerations, in constrast to the many physically-based derivations that have appeared in the last few decades. The argument proceeds from the inherent magma (groupoid) existing on the union of spacetime frame components and Euclidean which is consistent with an “inversion symmetry” constraint from which the Minkowski norm results. In this context, the latter is also characterized as one member of a class of “inverse norms” which play major roles with respect to various unital -algebras more generally.
Drop-Off, the Vanishing Voters in On-Year Elections, and the Incumbency Advantage

House "drop-off" (voting for President but not for the U.S. House) has increased in the 1968-1980 period to the point that about 1 of every 11 on-year voters neglects to cast a House ballot. The increase is surprising, because many developments (e.g., fewer uncontested House seats, more third-party choices, and so on) would suggest declining, rather than increasing, drop-off. The competitiveness of the House campaign is the best predictor of drop-off, but most of the other key factors reflect characteristics of the district and the ballot, rather than the facets of the House campaign. Although the increased drop-off could have affected only a few House outcomes, it is likely responsible for part of the House incumbency advantage. Circumstantial evidence comes from a comparison of 1964 and 1980 drop-off, from a more pronounced House incumbency edge in on-year than in off-year elections, and from drop-off not increasing in Senate elections.
Nonresident father involvement and adolescent well-being: Father effects or child effects?

Is active fathering by nonresident fathers a cause or a consequence of adolescent well being? Past studies of nonresident father involvement assume a father effects model in which active parenting by fathers improves adolescent adjustment. A child effects model, in which fathers respond to levels of well-being among their adolescent offspring by becoming more or less involved parents, could also account for the positive association between active fathering and adolescent adjustment. We use nationally representative data from the 1995 and 1996 waves of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health) to estimate the cross-lagged associations between nonresident father involvement and the externalizing problems, internalizing problems, and academic achievement of 3,394 adolescents. Contrary to assumptions from a socialization perspective and findings from past research on nonresident fathers, our results do not support a father effects model. Our data are more consistent with a child effects model in which levels of adolescent well-being cause, rather than result from, levels of nonresident father involvement.
Germanium crystal chemistry in hematite and goethite from the Apex Mine, Utah, and some new data on germanium in aqueous solution and in stottite

At the Apex Mine in southwest Utah, fine-grained hematite contains as much as 1.0 wt. percent Ge, and fine-grained goethite contains as much as 0.7 wt. percent Ge. The mode of Ge incorporation in these minerals was investigated by high-resolution K-edge fluorescence spectroscopy using synchrotron radiation. Analysis of extended fine structure (EXAFS) K-edge data for Ge and Fe shows that Ge substitutes for Fe in the octahedral metal sites of the studied hematite and goethite, with average Ge-ligand bond lengths of 1.88 A. The solid solution in hematite probably occurs through the coupled substitution 2Fe(III) = Ge(IV) + Fe(II), similar to the coupled substitution 2Fe(III) = Ti(IV) + Fe(II) that occurs in the solid solution series hematite-ilmenite. The solid solution in goethite probably occurs by the loss of an H atom from an OH group, through the coupled substitution Fe(III) + H(I) = Ge(IV). In related experiments, EXAFS data indicate that in a neutral aqueous solution containing 790 ppm Ge, the Ge occurs predominately as Ge(OH)4, with tetrahedral Ge-OH bond lengths of 1.74 A. In stottite, FeGe(OH)6, Fe(II) and Ge(IV) occur in octahedral sites with average Fe-OH and Ge-OH bond lengths of about 2.20 A and 1.88 A.
REFRIGERATED APPLE SLICES: EFFECTS OF pH, SULFITES AND CALCIUM ON TEXTURE

— Apple slices of two varieties were dipped in solutions at various pH values with and without sulfite and with and without calcium. After dipping, the apples were packed in plastic bags and stored at 34°F. At weekly intervals shear strength was measured and related to pH of the dipping bath for the following treatments: 1) unsulfited, 2) sulfited, 3) calcium treated, unsulfited and 4) calcium treated, sulfited. An alkaline sulfite dip resulted in firmer apple slices than an acidic sulfite dip. Addition of calcium to an alkaline sulfite dip resulted in a further increase in firmness, but addition of calcium to an acidic sulfite dip did not. Sulfite was necessary to preserve the light color of apple slices during storage of refrigerated apple slices for several weeks.
Nonlinear system theory: Another look at dependence

Based on the nonlinear system theory, we introduce previously undescribed dependence measures for stationary causal processes. Our physical and predictive dependence measures quantify the degree of dependence of outputs on inputs in physical systems. The proposed dependence measures provide a natural framework for a limit theory for stationary processes. In particular, under conditions with quite simple forms, we present limit theorems for partial sums, empirical processes, and kernel density estimates. The conditions are mild and easily verifiable because they are directly related to the data-generating mechanisms.
The morphology of dermal chromatophores in the infrared-reflecting glass-frog Centrolenella fleischmanni

The morphology and organization of chromatophores in the neotropical glass-frog, Centrolenella fleischmanni (family Centrolenidae), were studied with both light and electron microscopes. Four types of pigment cells are described in the dorsal skin. The fine structure of two chromatophores corresponds to the typical amphibian xanthophore and iridophore; one is similar to the unusual melanophore found in phyllomedusine hylids; the fourth cell type is unlike any chromatophore previously described. Pigment granules in the unusual chromatophore are moderately electron-dense and have an irregular shape, suggesting a fluid composition. This pigment appears to be laid down in organelles similar in appearance to pterinosomes. The organization of pigment cells in this species differs from that of other green, leaf-sitting frogs in that there are few discrete groups resembling "dermal chromatophore units." It is suggested that the unusual new pigment cell contributes significantly to the overall green color of C. fleischmanni.
Geographic variation of pediatric burn injuries in a metropolitan area

OBJECTIVES: To use a geographic information system (GIS) and spatial statistics to describe the geographic variation of burn injuries in children 0-14 years of age in a major metropolitan area. METHODS: The authors reviewed patient records for burn injuries treated during 1995 at the two children's hospitals in St. Louis. Patient addresses were matched to block groups using a GIS, and block group burn injury rates were calculated. Mapping software and Bayesian analysis were used to create maps of burn injury rates and risks in the city of St. Louis. RESULTS: Three hundred eleven children from the city of St. Louis were treated for burn injuries in 1995. The authors identified an area of high incidence for burn injuries in North St. Louis. The filtered rate contour was 6 per 1,000 children at risk, with block group rates within the area of 0 to 58.8 per 1,000 children at risk. Hierarchical Bayesian analysis of North St. Louis burn data revealed a relative risk range of 0.8771 to 1.182 for census tracts within North St. Louis, suggesting that there may be pockets of high risk within an already identified high-risk area. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows the utility of geographic mapping in providing information about injury patterns within a defined area. The combination of mapping injury rates and spatial statistical analysis provides a detailed level of injury surveillance, allowing for identification of small geographic areas with elevated rates of specific injuries. Language: en
Comparison of solubilizing ability for heptanol of bile salts and sodium dodecyl sulfate

Abstract A method is described for comparing the solubilization of heptanol in solutions of sodium cholate, sodium deoxycholate, and sodium dodecyl sulfate. Based on a vapor pressure technique, the measurements allow determination of the fraction of alcohol in the micellar pseudophase compared to the amount in the aqueous solution. The results indicate dodecyl sulfate has significantly greater solubilizing ability for heptanol than the bile salts. The bile salts show deviation from the two-phase model of solubilization which in part is explained by the presence of nonsolubilizing aggregates at low concentrations of surfactant. The nature of the micellar aggregations equilibria seems to play a role in the observed solubilization behavior.
Postmortem changes in rat brain extracellular opioid peptides revealed by microdialysis.

: Microdialysis combined with a solid-phase radioimmunoassay was used to monitor changes in extracellular opioid peptide levels in the rat globus pallidus/ventral pallidum as a result of terminal brain ischemia. Ischemia was induced by anesthetic overdose or by severance of blood vessels supplying the brain. In control animals the recovered immunoreactivity increased an average of 13-fold in the 30-min sample following anesthetic overdose. Perfusion of a calcium-free, 10 mM EGTA-containing medium through the dialysis probe significantly attenuated the amplitude of this response, with the average increase being only threefold. Shorter sampling intervals (5 min) indicated that release of opioid peptide material into the extracellular environment occurs within the first 5 min of ischemia resulting from severance of the blood supply to the brain. HPLC analysis identified the majority of the postmortem-induced immunoreactive material as Met- and Leu-enkephalin.
Mangroves in Kampuchea

Abstract The total area of mangroves in Kampuchea is estimated at 37 000 ha, the most important concentration of which is located north of Koh Kong, in a rectangle 8 km × 20 km. The dominant species are Rhizophora conjugata, R. mucronata, and Avecennia spp., Bruguiera spp. and Ceriops spp. Large quantities of mangrove are used in the production of firewood and charcoal for domestic consumption. Little is known about how much the mangrove forest affects the production of fish. However, the practice of active aquaculture is insignificant at this time. In some areas where mangrove forest has been reclaimed for agricultural use, coconut, pineapple, rice, and black pepper have been planted. There is no apparent population pressure on the mangrove forest, but this fact does not mean that the forest has not been abused. Some areas have been reduced to low shrubs of no value. A well formulated land-use scheme should be developed for the mangrove forests.
Getting in shape with RanBP10

In this issue of Blood , Kunert and colleagues have characterized mice lacking RanBP10, demonstrating an essential role for this β1-tubulin binding protein in platelet microtubule organization. Although not thrombocytopenic, RanBP10−/− mice have a bleeding diathesis and abnormal platelet
Assessing Students' Mathematical Communication

Assessment of students' mathematical communication through the use of open-ended tasks and scoring procedures is addressed, as is the use of open-ended tasks to assess students' mathematical communication by providing students opportunities to display their mathematical thinking and reasoning. Also, two scoring procedures (quantitative holistic scoring procedure and qualitative analytic scoring procedure) are described for examining students' communication skills.
The Role of Reputation in U.S. News & World Report's Rankings of the Top 50 American Hospitals

U.S. News & World Report's annual rankings of the top 50 American hospitals in each specialty are based on both subjective and objective measures of quality. In this cross-sectional study, Sehgal q...
Perturbative and iterative methods for photon transport in one-dimensional waveguides

Abstract The problems of photon transport in one-dimensional waveguides have recently attracted great attentions. We consider the case of single photons scattering off a Λ-type three-level quantum emitter, and discuss the perturbative treatments of the scattering processes in terms of Born approximation for the Lippmann–Schwinger formalism. We show that the iterative Born series of the scattering amplitudes converge to the exact results obtained by other approaches. The generalization of our work provides a foundational basis for efficient computational schemes for photon scattering problems in one-dimensional waveguides.
The Histone Methyltransferase EZH2 Mediates Tumor Progression on the Chick Chorioallantoic Membrane Assay, a Novel Model of Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Current in vivo models for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) have limitations in simulating some essential tumorigenic phenotypes, such as invasion. Most mouse models of human HNSCC are inadequate because tumor cells are injected directly into the connective tissue, thereby bypassing the basement membrane of the surface epithelium, the first barrier to invasion. In this manuscript, we establish the chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay as an in vivomodel of human HNSCC tumor progression. Using the CAM model of HNSCC, we investigated the role of enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2), a histone methyltransferase, in multiple aspects of HNSCC tumor progression. We found that knockdown of EZH2 reduced tumor size, angiogenesis, invasion, and metastasis of tumors produced by grafting human HNSCC cells onto the CAM. In addition, we demonstrate that EZH2 expression mediates a mesenchymal phenotype in HNSCC cell lines and mouse tumors. These findings demonstrate the advantages of the newly proposed CAM model of human HNSCC and highlight the emerging role of EZH2 in HSNCC tumor progression.
Hyperbranched crystalline nanostructure produced from ionic π-conjugated molecules

Self-assembled crystalline nanostructures with sheaf-like morphology fabricated from tetra(4-aminophenyl)porphyrin and tetra(4-sulfonatophenyl)porphyrin are reported for the first time. The hierarchical sheaf-like growth of the assemblies exhibits Arrhenius behaviour. The observed morphology results from crystal splitting during initial oriented attachment growth followed by Ostwald ripening.