cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Role of Visualization in Clarifying Interfacial Heat and Mass Transfer Mechanisms

Mechanisms governing heat and mass transfer at air-water interfaces may be studied experimentally and by mean of Direct Numerical Simulations (DNS). Flow visualizations play a central role in unraveling the mechanisms that govern these transfer rates. In particular visualizations show that the flow is organized in large structures. These are sweeps, high-speed (relative to the interface velocity) fluid traveling toward the interface, and ejections, low speed fluid moving away from the interface region. It is the frequency with which these large flow structures refresh the interface that controls mass transfer. On the liquid side, flow fluctuations in the near-interface region are relatively unimpeded, so fluid poor in solute can be transported by sweeps to the interface, and then pick up solute through diffusion before being carried away again. On the gas side, flow fluctuations in the near-interface region are strongly impeded, so mass transfer is controlled by sweeps and ejections, i.e., any events with significant interface-normal velocity. The frequency, with which these large flow structures are generated, can be computed from the DNS. Simple parameterizations, based on the mechanisms discussed above, can be developed and appear to predict mass transfer velocities in excellent agreement with experimental and numerical results. The parameterizations capture the effect of capillary waves.
Effect of Fibroblast Activation Protein and α2-Antiplasmin Cleaving Enzyme on Collagen Types I, III and IV

Abstract The circulating enzyme, α2-antiplasmin cleaving enzyme (APCE), has very similar sequence homology and proteolytic specificity as fibroblast activation protein (FAP), a membrane-bound proteinase. FAP is expressed on activated fibroblasts associated with rapid tissue growth as in embryogenesis, wound healing, and epithelial-derived malignancies, but not in normal tissues. Its presence on stroma suggests that FAP functions to remodel extracellular matrix (ECM) during neoplastic growth. Precise biologic substrates have not been defined for FAP, although like APCE, it cleaves α2-antiplasmin to a derivative more easily cross-linked to fibrin. While FAP has been shown to cleave gelatin, evidence for cleavage of native collagen, the major ECM component, remains indistinct. We examined the potential proteolytic effects of FAP or APCE alone and in concert with selected matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) on collagens I, III, and IV. SDS–PAGE analyses demonstrated that neither FAP nor APCE cleaves collagen I. Following collagen I cleavage by MMP-1, however, FAP or APCE digested collagen I into smaller peptides. These peptides were analogous to, yet different from, those produced by MMP-9 following MMP-1 cleavage. Amino-terminal sequencing and mass spectrometry analyses of digestion mixtures identified several peptide fragments within the sequences of the two collagen chains. The proteolytic synergy of APCE in the cleavage of collagen I and III was not observed with collagen IV. We conclude that FAP works in synchrony with other proteinases to cleave partially degraded or denatured collagen I and III as ECM is excavated, and that derivative peptides might function to regulate malignant cell growth and motility.
Ileocecal resection (ICR)-driven crypt fission requires intestinal epithelial IGF-1 receptor, is increased with delayed IGF-1 therapy, and results in sustained adaptive increases in body weight and intestinal length

RESULTS: 314,244 patients were identified with 6,072 (1.93%) obese children. Obesity rates increased from 1.34% in 2003 to 2.44% in 2009 (p 0.001). Obese patients were more likely older, black or Hispanic, living in lower income neighborhoods, and using Medicaid (all p’s 0.001). Obese patients were more likely undergo laparoscopic appendectomy than non-obese patients (60.18% vs. 54.5%, p 0.001). Perforation rate was 32.03% among obese patients versus 28.4% among non-obese patients (p 0.001). Complications were more likely among obese patients (6.87% vs. 4.92%, p 0.0001). The mean length of stay and total cost were 3.48 0.08 days and $20,134 $430 for obese patients significantly higher than non-obese children (p 0.001).
EFFECT OF ATMOSPHERIC EXPOSURE ON THE PROPERTIES OF UNFIRED CLAY BODIES

The effect of storage conditions on the unfired properties of seven representative ceramic bodies is reported. These bodies were dried thoroughly and stored in desiccators, open air, and damp rooms for various periods of time. The effect of this treatment on volume, weight, and transverse and compressive strengths was observed. One surface clay showed complete loss of strength after a few hours of exposure in the open air. Other bodies showed less change, but all were affected to some degree. Bodies with low organic content may be restored approximately to their original condition by redrying; those high in organic content can not be restored.
Contractile Ring Stability in S. pombe Depends on F-BAR Protein Cdc15p and Bgs1p Transport from the Golgi Complex

Cdc15p is known to contribute to cytokinesis in fission yeast; however, the protein is not required to assemble the contractile ring of actin and myosin, but it helps to anchor the ring to the plasma membrane. Cdc15p has a lipid-binding F-BAR domain, suggesting that it provides a physical link between the plasma membrane and contractile ring proteins. However, we find that a more important function of Cdc15p during cytokinesis is to help deliver a transmembrane enzyme, Bgs1p (also called Cps1p), from the Golgi apparatus to the plasma membrane, where it appears to anchor the contractile ring. Bgs1p synthesizes the cell wall in the cleavage furrow, but its enzyme activity is not required to anchor the contractile ring. We estimate that ∼ 2,000 Bgs1p molecules are required to anchor the ring. Without Bgs1p anchors, contractile rings slide along the plasma membrane, a phenomenon that depends on an unconventional type II myosin called Myp2p.
Predicting Public Support for Electronic House Arrest Results From a New York County Survey

This article builds upon an earlier effort to examine citizens' overall support for electronic house arrest (EHA). It explores a variety of demographic and attitudinal factors measured in a survey of residents in Oneida County, New York, and identifies predictors of support for EHA when used with “minor” and “serious” offenders. Survey findings indicate that those who favor the use of EHA with minor offenders have limited faith in the ability of incarceration to reduce crime and view EHA as a cost-effective way of punishing offenders. Those who favor its use with serious offenders tend to be non-White and older and believe that incarceration leads to recidivism. Nevertheless, both groups feel that EHA should also be rehabilitative. The article concludes by discussing the policy implications of this research; particularly the need for correctional decision makers to examine public perceptions when considering the implementation of community corrections programs.
Spontaneous late dislocation of intraocular lens within the capsular bag in pseudoexfoliation patients.

Abstract Purpose To identify a delayed complication of cataract surgery in patients with zonular weakness caused by pseudoexfoliation syndrome. Design Retrospective observational case series. Participants Eight eyes in seven patients with clinically diagnosed pseudoexfoliation syndrome who had undergone previous uncomplicated cataract extraction and placement of a posterior chamber intraocular lens. Methods This study evaluated eight cases of late spontaneous dislocation of posterior chamber intraocular lenses within the capsular bag in patients with pseudoexfoliation syndrome. Data were gathered retrospectively from patients’ operative reports, medical records, and pathology reports. Main outcome measures (1) Interval between original surgery and dislocation; (2) final best-corrected visual acuity and ocular outcome. Results All patients had a diagnosis of pseudoexfoliation syndrome and had previously undergone uncomplicated cataract surgery. No patient had any other predisposing factors that would lead to zonular dehiscence or weakness. Delayed dislocation of the entire capsular bag containing the intraocular lens (IOL) occurred spontaneously in all cases. Mean time from IOL implantation to dislocation was approximately 85 months (7 years and 1 month; range, 57–115 months) after surgery. Seven eyes were treated successfully with IOL exchange: six with placement of an anterior chamber IOL and one with scleral fixation of a posterior chamber IOL. The remaining case was treated by scleral fixation of the dislocated IOL. Gross pathology analysis of seven cases confirmed the presence of the IOL within the intact capsular bag. Six eyes have achieved final best-corrected visual acuity of 20/40 or better. Conclusion Patients with pseudoexfoliation syndrome may be at risk for delayed spontaneous dislocation of IOL within the capsular bag after uncomplicated cataract surgery. Awareness of this newly recognized long-term complication may justify a reevaluation of surgical considerations for cataract removal in these patients.
A charge-based neural Hamming classifier

A charge-based fixed-weight neural Hamming classifier with an on-chip normalization facility is described. The classifier utilizes a purely capacitive synapse matrix for quantization and a multiport sense amplifier for discrimination. The discriminator is compatible with variable-weight synapses as well. A detailed analysis of the classifier configuration is presented; design issues are addressed, and limitations are identified. It is shown that the ratio of the maximum Hamming weight to the minimum Hamming distance that can be handled by the classifier has an upper bound. As long as the exemplars comply with this upper bound, the network does not impose any limitation on the word length. A very large exemplar count, on the other hand, can impair connection density, but this problem can be averted by using multiple discriminators. A 2- mu m p-well CMOS test chip containing a Hamming classifier of ten 20-b-long exemplars is described. >
A generalized scaling based control design for nonlinear nontriangular systems with input and state time delays

A general class of nonlinear systems containing delays in both state and input is considered and a dynamic high-gain scaling based control design is proposed. The class of systems considered is of a general structure which is not necessarily of any triangular form. All functions appearing in the system dynamics are allowed to be uncertain as long as some polynomial bounds on ratios of uncertain system terms are available. Both state and input delays are allowed to be time-varying and uncertain. The control design is based on our recent results on generalized scaling utilizing appropriate (not necessarily successive) powers of the scaling parameter. The control implementation does not require knowledge of the time delays or any magnitude bounds thereof; the only information about the time delays that is required is a bound on the rate of variation of time delays.
Distributed Containment Control for Multiple Autonomous Vehicles With Double-Integrator Dynamics: Algorithms and Experiments

This brief studies distributed containment control for double-integrator dynamics in the presence of both stationary and dynamic leaders. In the case of stationary leaders, we propose a distributed containment control algorithm and study conditions on the network topology and the control gains to guarantee asymptotic containment control in any dimensional space. In the case of dynamic leaders, we study two cases: leaders with an identical velocity and leaders with nonidentical velocities. For the first case, we propose two distributed containment control algorithms to solve, respectively, asymptotic containment control under a switching directed network topology and finite-time containment control under a fixed directed network topology. In particular, asymptotic containment control can be achieved for any dimensional space if the network topology is fixed and for only the 1-D space if the network topology is switching. For the second case, we propose a distributed containment control algorithm under a fixed network topology where the communication patterns among the followers are undirected and derive conditions on the network topology and the control gains to guarantee asymptotic containment control for any dimensional space. Both simulation results and experimental results on a multi-robot platform are provided to validate some theoretical results.
High-Resolution Magnetic Resonance Imaging Evaluation of Blood-Retinal Barrier Integrity Following Transscleral Diode Laser Treatment

Objective: To compare the effects of contact transscleral diode laser treatment and retinal cryotherapy on blood-retinal barrier integrity with the use of high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging techniques with constant infusion of gadolinium—diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (Gd-DTPA). Methods: Transscleral diode laser photocoagulation and retinal cryotherapy were used to treat equivalent areas of the inferior retinal periphery of pigmented rabbits. Magnetic resonance imaging time-course studies with measurement of signal enhancements due to Gd-DTPA leak-age were conducted 2 and 15 days following treatment. Results: Two days following treatment, cryotherapytreated eyes exhibited a mean (±SD) effective Gd-DTPA permeability coefficient of 4.6±0.8×10 −6 cm/s; in comparison, diode laser—treated eyes exhibited 1.6×1.4×10 −6 cm/s effective permeability. Significant decreases in the effective permeability were also noted 15 days after treatment in both groups. Conclusions: Transscleral contact probe diode laser photocoagulation induces less disruption of the blood-retinal barrier than does conventional cryotherapy. In addition, the continuous infusion method of Gd-DTPA delivery is a reliable and easily interpretable alternative to the commonly used bolus injection approach.
LOCAL GOVERNMENT'S PROBLEM WITH DISASTER MANAGEMENT: A LITERATURE REVIEW AND STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS1

In response to the recent attention given the disaster management responsibilities of local governments, this study asks two questions: how have local governments managed the demands associated with major natural disasters, and what explanation have been offered for the perfor- mance patterns observed? In the first part of the paper the social science disaster literature is reviewed to ascertain performance across four disaster stages (predisaster planning, emergency, early recovery, and long-term recovery). Among the explanations offered for the performance patterns, it was surprising to find little attention devoted to underlying structural factors. In the second part of the paper, “the disaster management problem” is stipulated and a structural analysis of it is undertaken, focusing on the role of local government within both the intergovernmental system and the local power structure. The conclusion is that the disaster management problem has roots deep within American society and culture, and any attempts to redress the problem will require attention to limiting struc- tural realities.
Spectral properties of MCMC algorithms for Bayesian linear regression with generalized hyperbolic errors

We study MCMC algorithms for Bayesian analysis of a linear regression model with generalized hyperbolic errors. The Markov operators associated with the standard data augmentation algorithm and a sandwich variant of that algorithm are shown to be trace-class.
Exploiting data diversity and multiuser diversity in noncooperative mobile infostation networks

In wireless networks, it is often assumed that all nodes cooperate to relay packets for each other. Although this is a plausible model for military or mission based networks, it is unrealistic for commercial networks and future pervasive computing environments. We address the issue of noncooperation between nodes in the context of content distribution in mobile infostation networks. We assume all nodes have common interest in all files cached in the fixed infostations. In addition to downloading files from the fixed infostations, nodes act as mobile infostations and exchange files when they are in proximity. We stipulate a social contract such that an exchange occurs only when each node can obtain something it wants from the exchange. Our social contract enables much higher system efficiency compared to downloading from fixed infostations only while not requiring true cooperation among nodes. We show by analysis and simulations that network performance depends on the node density, mobility and the number of files that are being disseminated. Our results point to the existence of data diversity for mobile infostation networks. The achievable throughput increases as the number of files of interest to all users increases. We have also extended the common interest model to the case where nodes have dissimilar interests. Our simulation results show that as mobile nodes change from having identical interests to mutually exclusive interests, the network performance degrades dramatically. We propose an alternative user strategy when nodes have partially overlapping interests and show that the network capacity can be significantly improved by exploiting multiuser diversity inherent in mobile infostation networks. We conclude that data diversity and multiuser diversity exist in noncooperative mobile infostation networks and can be exploited.
Optimization-based decision support algorithms for a team-in-the-loop planning experiment

Asset assignment and scheduling algorithms were developed and implemented to support a team-in-the-loop planning experiment conducted at the Naval Postgraduate School (NPS) in March 2009. The experiment examined planning and information flows among three cells in an abstracted and simplified Maritime Operations Center (MOC). This paper describes two optimization-based modules that focused on the Future Operations (FOPS) cell's planning activities. Module 1, a FOPS Planning Module, was a decision aid that presented the planners with N-best asset packages that would meet individual task requirements, while maximizing task execution accuracy. Module 2, a Scheduling Module, was an optimization-based scheduling algorithm that was used by experiment designers to set the conditions for the mission planning activity (e.g., asset types and numbers, task requirements and asset capabilities), and to assure that the tasks presented to the human planners would be achievable to a specified level of accuracy. A third module, termed Current Operations (COPS) Risk Analysis module, not discussed in detail here, was also implemented to assist COPS players on the consequences of redirecting assets from an ongoing task.
Entrepreneurial Team Formation: An Exploration of New Member Addition

We explored in this article the process of entrepreneurial team formation. As theory specific to this topic is scant, we drew first on disparate views of team formation and its correlates; we then ...
Vascular Problems Associated with The Management of Head and Neck Tumors—A Case Report

The approach to vascular complications associated with the treatment of head and neck carcinomas can be very challenging. The major vascular prob lems are related to the carotid artery and include tumor involvement, carotid rupture, and radiation-induced accelerated atherosclerosis. This is a case report of carotid artery involvement by a squamous cell carcinoma and a review of the management of these vascular problems.
Design and implementation of high-speed asynchronous communication ports for VLSI multicomputer nodes

The authors present the design of synchronizing communication ports for a communication coprocessor chip. These ports minimize the probability of synchronization failure and support communication at a very high rate relative to the limits of the implementation technology. The scheme presented does not require any lines in the link in addition to the data lines and does not require byte-per-byte handshaking. The design includes a synchronizer and a high-performance FIFO (first-in, first-out) buffer. This design is particularly well-suited for VLSI implementation and, for a given technology, can support higher communication speeds than previous synchronizer designs. >
Acute effects of ethanol on motor performance and movement-related brain potentials.

The acute effects of ethanol on skilled motor functions were examined in male social drinkers, under four doses raning from 0 (placebo) to 1.05 g/kg lean body weight. The movement entailed a forewarned choice transitive motion of the arm and hand, aimed at a flanking target. Performance measures disclosed only small effects of ethanol on speed and accuracy of movement. The simultaneously-recorded movement-related brain potentials disclosed decreased involvement of frontal and posterior brain areas, suggesting that ethanol disrupted the planning and regulation of movement despite the overall preservation of reaction speed.
Advanced precipitation Radar antenna: array-fed offset membrane cylindrical reflector antenna

As part of the overall NASA earth science technology research effort, a half-size prototype model of light-weight, dual-frequency and wide-swath scanning antenna for the next generation of spaceborne precipitation radar has recently been developed. It operates radar channels at both 13.6 and 35 GHz for improved rainfall retrieval accuracy. The antenna for proposed spaceborne precipitation radar is an offset parabolic cylindrical reflector fed by two linear arrays. This design is adopted, instead of a double-curved offset reflector, because it provides the required wide scan angle in the cross-track plane at both the Ku and Ka band operating frequencies. To demonstrate the technological readiness of the concept, the focus is on a half-scale model of 2.65 m operating at Ku and Ka band. In this paper, the technology development status on this Advanced Precipitation Radar Antenna will be presented. Design and characterization of the 2.65 m antenna is detailed by presenting the features of various components of the antenna, including simulation of the performance, 2/spl times/166 Ku and 4/spl times/166 Ka element feed array designs and evaluation and the design concept of the membrane reflector. Measurement results of the entire antenna system using a compact range facility will also be summarized.
The impact of dementia prevalence on the utility of the AD8

ARTICLE Sir, Galvin et al . (2010) suggest that the AD8, a brief informant-based test, may improve detection of dementia in community settings. Research on the AD8 has been conducted in settings where the prevalence of dementia is unusually high. The prevalence of dementia is likely to be much lower in community settings, and it is likely that the utility of the AD8 will be reduced accordingly. The World Alzheimer Report (Alzheimer’s Disease International, 2010) estimates the global prevalence of dementia at 4.7% in individuals aged 60 and older. In contrast, the prevalence of dementia or Alzheimer’s disease in published studies of the AD8 …
Harmony Behind Bars

As prison populations swell across the country, lawmakers and prison officials must face difficult questions concerning how to accommodate growing numbers of inmates. Aside from where to house them and what kind of medical care to provide, decision makers must also consider the constitutional rights of prisoners to practice their religion behind bars as guaranteed under the First Amendment. This is no simple task, however. Native American spirituality comes in many forms, ranging from traditional ceremonies such as the Sun Dance to organizations modeled after Christian sects. But which ceremonies and practices are permissible for Native Americans to practice behind bars remains unclear. Courts have applied various tests to balance these interests with the security concerns of individual prisons, leaving many Native prisoners without a spiritual outlet, which is neither constitutional nor constructive. This article assesses the health of Native American spirituality in prison and reports its well-being in ...
Manipulation of Magnetic Particles Using Adaptive Magnetic Traps

This brief discusses incorporating an adaptive Q-parametrized compensator structure into the design of magnetic traps. This approach characterizes all stabilizing controllers using a single, stable filter, that can be used as a free parameter to tune and adapt the instrument. Q-parameterization transforms the feedback control problem into an equivalent feedforward control problem, and adaptive filter theory is used to adjust the weights of an finite impulse response to account for changing instrument dynamics and to reduce the effects of Brownian disturbances. This ensures the performance of the magnetic trap instrument meets specific performance requirements while accounting for the changing dynamics of the instrument. The adaptive system was implemented in a hardware-in-the-loop simulation. The adaptive control approach converged to a controller that exhibits disturbance rejection performance at least as good as a fixed-gain controller designed for the system.
Road bank angle considerations in modeling and tilt stability controller design for narrow commuter vehicles

Narrow tilting vehicles that occupy a half width lane can play a big role in addressing traffic congestion problems by effectively doubling the capacity of existing highway lanes. In designing the tilt stability control system of such a vehicle consideration of the road bank angle is crucial since it plays a big role in minimizing the torque requirement of the tilt actuation system. In this paper the dynamic model of a tilting vehicle that takes into account the road bank angle is first developed. Then the design of a direct tilt control scheme that stabilizes the tilt mode of such a vehicle is outlined. Since the controller designed makes use of current road bank angle data, a method is outlined on how to determine the road bank angle from accelerometer readings. Finally simulation results are presented and discussion of the results is given.
Cigarette smoke-related oxidants and the development of sub-RPE deposits in an experimental animal model of dry AMD.

PURPOSE. Oxidative injury to the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) has been proposed to be an important injury stimulus relevant to the accumulation of subretinal deposits in agerelated macular degeneration (AMD). Cigarette smoking is a major risk factor for AMD, and cigarette smoke-related tar contains high concentrations of a potent oxidant, hydroquinone (HQ). This study was an investigation of the effects of cigarette smoke (CS) and HQ in the development of sub-RPE deposits in an experimental mouse model. METHODS. Sixteen-month-old C57BL/6 female mice were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) for 4.5 months. Mice were divided into two major experimental groups, one to examine the effects of cigarette smoke and one to study the effects of a defined cigarette smoke component such as HQ. In the first group, mice eyes were exposed to blue-green light (positive controls) or to whole cigarette smoke. A third group with no intervention served as the negative control. In the second experimental group, animals received a purified diet with HQ (0.8%) with low or high fat content for 4.5 months. Mice in both groups were euthanatized at 4.5 months and eyes processed for transmission electron microscopy. RESULTS. As previously demonstrated by our laboratory and others, most mice fed an HFD without other oxidant exposure demonstrated normal morphology or, in a few cases, small nodular basal laminar deposits. Eyes of mice exposed to whole cigarette smoke or to HQ in the food demonstrated a variable degree of basal laminar deposits and diffusely thickened Bruch’s membrane. The choriocapillaris endothelium was variably hypertrophic.
Social Attributes And Economic Instability In Africa

How do the social characteristics of African economies affect their relative economic stability? This paper offers a new nominal definition of economic instability in terms of average standard deviations from the exponential growth path suggested by neoclassical growth theory under ideal conditions. We used the portion of the population that subsists on agriculture as an indication of how diverse and adaptable any particular economy is. Literacy rates may serve as a proxy for the quality and adaptability of the labor force in the various countries. Other variables used are urban population as a percentage of total population, life expectancy, infant mortality rates and the corruption perception index. These variables were all statistically significant in explaining economic instability with the expectation of corruption perception index and infant mortality rates which were statistically insignificant.
Floristic records from Momase region, Papua New Guinea

Kairoa cromeana (Monimiaceae) is described from ultrabasic environments in the Momase region of Papua New Guinea. Distributional records are also reported for Cryptocarya magnifolia (Lauraceae), Gleichenia peltophora (Gleicheniaceae), Paphia megaphylla (Ericaceae), Rhysotoechia applanata (Sapindaceae), and Steganthera hentyi (Monimiaceae). Cryptocarya cordifolia is proposed as a synonym for C. magnifolia .
Morphology of elastomeric alloys

Abstract The field of thermoplastic elastomers has shown an explosive growth with the successful commercialization of elastomeric alloys (EAs) in 1981, based on the original work of Coran, Das, and...
Cellular Response to Nanoparticles

Particles of BaSO4 with sizes in nano-scale and micro-scale ranges were investigated for their interactions with fibroblasts in order to determine the biocompatibility of nano-sized particles. Cells were incubated in the presence of particles at 1, 10 and 100 times the particle to cell surface area ratio and at a single concentration of 0.138 mg/ml. Production by the fibroblasts of an inflammatory cytokine in response to the particles was measured and the effect of particle size and volume on cell viability was examined. All particles were cell associated and some agglomeration was visible at all size ranges. Release of interleukin-6 by cells subjected to the same concentration of Ba SO4was similar to control levels, while addition of 1x surface area ratio (SAR) of particles to cells resulted in an increase in IL-6 from 94 pg/ml for 100 nm particles to 218 pg/ml with 2 μm particle diameter. By increasing particle to cell surface area ratios from 1× to 100x, cell viability was compromised for the 2μm particles but was not affected by the nanometer sized BaSO4 particles.
The Structure of Silicon Thin Films Grown on Sapphire by MBE

From a series of imaging experiments performed in the transmission electron microscope (TEM), it is apparent that for silicon grown on sapphire (SOS) by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE), silicon thin film growth on the (1012) sapphire plane resembles that observed for analogous films grown by chemical vapor deposition (CVD). At 900°C very thin (150A) silicon films grow as islands with either the (001) or (110) planes parallel to the (1012) plane; it is also found that most of the silicon grows as (001) rather than (110) islands, as is true for CVD-grown SOS. The orientation, however, of (110) islands occuring in this MBE-grown SOS sample differs from that of (110) islands occuring in CVD-grown SOS. By following this initial 150A of growth with 2500A of silicon deposited at. 750°C, a continuous (001) film was grown in which microtwins appear to be the predominant defect. The MBE-grown SOS also resembles that grown by CVD in that the microtwin densities associated with the “majority” and “minority” twinning systems are influenced by the orientation of the sapphire substrate.
Laboratory and field evaluation on molluscicidal effect of quinoid-2′,5-dichloro-4′-nitrosalicylanilide against Oncomelania hupensis from mountainous areas

ObjectiveTo observe the molluscicidal effect of a novel molluscicide, 10% wettable powder of quinoid-2′, 5-dichloro-4′-nitrosalicylanilide(LDS), on Oncomelania hupensis from the mountainous areas in Zhejiang province, China in the laboratory and field and to provide a scientific basis for the application of LDS in the field.Methods O. hupensiswas immersed in 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, or 0.8 mg/L LDS in the laboratory and field; 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, or 1.0 g/m2LDS was sprayed onto O. hupensis in the laboratory and field, or powder form of LDS was scattered onto O. hupensis in the field. Meanwhile, 50% wettable powder of niclosamide ethanolamine salt(WPN) and clean water were used as controls. The molluscicidal effects were evaluated.Results O. hupensis had mortality rates of 100% and over 95% after being immersed in 0.1 mg/L LDS for one day in the laboratory and field, respectively, with no significant differences compared without O. hupensis treated with WPN(P0.05). O. hupensis had a mortality of over 95% after being sprayed with 0.8 g/m2LDS for one day in the laboratory, a mortality of over 85% after being sprayed with 0.2 g/m2LDS for three days in the field, and a mortality of over 85% after being scattered with 0.4 g/m2LDS powder for one day in the field. The mortality of O. hupensis increased as the concentration of LDS rose and the exposure to LDS was prolonged.ConclusionLDS(10%) has a good molluscicidal effect on O. hupensis from mountainous areas of Zhejiang province in the laboratory and field.
Bromus Response to Climate and Projected Changes with Climate Change

A prominent goal of invasive plant management is to prevent or reduce the spread of invasive species into uninvaded landscapes and regions. Monitoring and control efforts often rely on scientific knowledge of suitable habitat for the invasive species. However, rising temperatures and altered precipitation projected with climate change are likely to shift the geographic range of that suitable habitat. Here, we review experimental and modeling studies of climatic limits to exotic annual Bromus (Bromus hereafter) distribution in the Intermountain West in the context of projections of future climate change. We update empirical models of range shifts to test whether Bromus rubens L. (red brome) is likely to expand into ranges that become less suitable for Bromus tectorum L. (cheatgrass or downy brome). Warming temperatures are likely to create an advantage for Bromus species throughout much of the Intermountain West, potentially enhancing invasion into formerly resistant ecosystems if native species mortality increases with warming and drought. Bromus rubens is likely to expand into areas of the Southern Great Basin and Colorado Plateau as warmer winters reduce range constraints caused by cold intolerance. However, a primary limitation to exotic annual Bromus invasion and expansion is growing season precipitation. Projections for precipitation change are uncertain, but increased precipitation during periods critical for exotic annual Bromus germination and growth is forecast for the Northern Great Basin. Increased Bromus reproduction and biomass may exacerbate B. tectorum invasion and associated fire risk, especially if coupled with longer fire seasons and more extreme fire weather. Managers should anticipate both shifts in the overall distribution of Bromus species, as well as changes in relative abundance within its existing range.
Toward The Future Practice Room: Empowering Musical Pedagogy through Hyperinstruments.

Music education is a rich subject with many approaches and methodologies that have developed over hundreds of years. More than ever, technology plays important roles at many levels of a musician’s practice. This paper begins to explore some of the ways in which technology developed out of the NIME community (specifically hyperinstruments), can inform a musician’s daily practice, through short and long term metrics tracking and data visualization.
Kinetic concepts in the treatment of breast cancer.

A great puzzle of modem medical oncology is why the survival times of patients with advanced breast cancer have not improved significantly over several decades [1]. Although most patients’ tumors respond to modern high-dose chemotherapies, median survival times have advanced by mere months [2]. Indeed, prolongation of life to the length of a “natural”lifespan sans cancer is rarely achieved. Even ultrahigh-dose chemotherapy with autologous bone marrow reinfusion is of major benefit only to the unusual patient whose cancer is being exquisitely responsive to conventional chemotherapy [3].
Education and international development: an introduction

It is difficult to deny the impact that education has on a nation, its citizens and its overall economic power and stability. In the developed West, educated individuals typically experience more a...
Moral Hazard, Entrepreneurial Incentives, and Risk Mitigation

Investors face, in addition to the adverse selection, the moral hazard when the entrepreneur’s effort is not directly observable. The moral hazard exists in that the entrepreneur might not provide a desired level of effort and not choose the tasks that maximize the investor’s return. Investors minimize losses from the moral hazard by incentivizing and monitoring the entrepreneur, and through their active and supportive involvement with the venture.
Agency Boundaries and Network Neutrality

The Federal Communications Commission’s latest network neutrality regulations, released in 2015, have been the subject of compliment and critique by a varied set of politicians, industry leaders, and scholars. But a potentially surprising font of criticism for these new rules lies within the administration itself: During the FCC’s rule-making proceeding, the Federal Trade Commission cautioned that the FCC could undermine the FTC’s authority to sanction unfair and anticompetitive conduct in broadband industries by activating its powers under Title II of the Communications Act. Simultaneously, members of the FTC argued that it, rather than the FCC, was better suited to address network neutrality harms. This interagency competition gives rise to a novel, descriptive account of executive coordination among independent agencies: The White House responded to the network neutrality proceeding with comments strongly supporting the use of Title II powers — effectively favoring the allocation of authority to the FCC. The White House’s intervention is analogous in many respects to the resolution of other interagency disputes, but takes places among independent, rather than executive, agencies. Moreover, the choice to favor the FCC over the FTC has important effects on the substantive choice between communications regulation and the more general (and thus less specific) principles of the antitrust laws.
PCFIRE: towards provable p reventative c ontrol- f low i ntegrity enforcement for r ealistic e mbedded software

Control-Flow Integrity (CFI) is an important safety property of software, particularly in embedded and safety-critical systems, where CFI violations have led to patient deaths and can render cars remotely controllable by attackers. Previous techniques for CFI may reduce the robustness of embedded and safety-critical systems, as they handle CFI violations by stopping programs. In this work, we present PCFIRE, a preventative approach to CFI that prevents the root-causes of CFI violations to allow recovery, and enables programmers to specify robust recovery actions by providing CFI via source-code safety-checks. PCFIRE's CFI can be formally proved automatically, and supports realistic features of embedded software such as hardware and I/O access. We showcase PCFIRE by providing, and automatically proving, CFI for: benchmark programs, text utilities containing I/O, and embedded programs with sensor inputs and hardware outputs on the Raspberry Pi single-board computer.
Missing the Nile: Melancholic Nostalgia and Making Home

Al Rasheed demonstrates how the invisibility of Sufi Islam is evidence of how power relations produce more powerful and hegemonic Muslim performances. Examining the nature of Sufi Sudanese Islam, She proceeds with a look at what makes nostalgia and homemaking, and how Sudanese women survive the state of alienation they experienced in West Yorkshire. Al Rasheed asserts the im/possibility of finding a place for African Sufi Islam in West Yorkshire and how nostalgia enriches the women’s experiences and allows more comprehension of the nature of their Sufi Islam and the mainstream Islam in West Yorkshire. She explains how the politics of the diasporic space help Sudanese women capture the structural difference between Sufi Islam and the mainstream Islam in West Yorkshire.
Neuronal excitation and permeabilization by 200-ns pulsed electric field: An optical membrane potential study with FluoVolt dye

Electric field pulses of nano- and picosecond duration are a novel modality for neurostimulation, activation of Ca2+ signaling, and tissue ablation. However it is not known how such brief pulses activate voltage-gated ion channels. We studied excitation and electroporation of hippocampal neurons by 200-ns pulsed electric field (nsPEF), by means of time-lapse imaging of the optical membrane potential (OMP) with FluoVolt dye. Electroporation abruptly shifted OMP to a more depolarized level, which was reached within 10s), so cells remained above the resting OMP level for at least 20-30s. Activation of voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSC) enhanced the depolarizing effect of electroporation, resulting in an additional tetrodotoxin-sensitive OMP peak in 4-5ms after nsPEF. Omitting Ca2+ in the extracellular solution did not reduce the depolarization, suggesting no contribution of voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCC). In 40% of neurons, nsPEF triggered a single action potential (AP), with the median threshold of 3kV/cm (range: 1.9-4kV/cm); no APs could be evoked by stimuli below the electroporation threshold (1.5-1.9kV/cm). VGSC opening could already be detected in 0.5ms after nsPEF, which is too fast to be mediated by the depolarizing effect of electroporation. The overlap of electroporation and AP thresholds does not necessarily reflect the causal relation, but suggests a low potency of nsPEF, as compared to conventional electrostimulation, for VGSC activation and AP induction.
Adverse childhood experiences and suicide attempts among those with mental and substance use disorders

Using the 2012-2013 National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions data, we examined the associations of ten types of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) with (1) lifetime suicide attempts and (2) number and age of attempts among U.S. adults aged 18+. In a case-control design, suicide attempters (5.14% of the full sample) were matched with never attempters (matched sample N=3912) on nine mental and substance use disorders. ACE rates were higher among attempters (3.30 [SE=0.07]) than their matched controls (2.19 [SE=0.06]). Results from multivariable logistic regression analyses showed that sexual abuse and parental/other family member's mental illness were associated with increased odds of having attempted suicide among both genders, and emotional neglect was also a factor for men. Population attributable risk fractions for sexual abuse were 25.75% for women and 8.56% for men. Sexual abuse and a higher number of ACEs were also related to repeated suicide attempts. A higher number of ACEs was associated with a younger first attempt age. Gay/bisexual orientation in men and the lack of college education in both genders were significant covariates. In conclusion, this study underscores that ACEs are significantly associated with lifetime suicide attempts even when mental and substance use disorders are controlled.
Developing Transformative Space for Student Resistance: Latina/o Students’ Interruption of Subtractive Schooling Practices

Social reproduction scholars and the literature on critical race theory and student resistance contend that schools are not neutral institutions existing in a vacuum free of the political and social struggles for rights and resources (Delgado Bernal, 1998; Fine, 1991). Instead, schools can be institutions that reproduce dominant ideologies and oppressive hierarchies or arenas from which to challenge power and status-quo policies (Freire, 1970). Drawing from two years of participant observations at Hillcrest High School, this study explores how Latina/o students in collaboration with their teacher engage in transformational resistance to subtractive schooling. I document how co-leadership in the classroom between teacher and students supports the co-creation of a transformative space for critical reflection. Similar to activist groups creating spaces to cultivate youth political engagement, classrooms can be reconstructed to foster the development of students as agents of change. This article presents the process through which Latina/o students gain critical reflection of social inequalities and systems of oppression that enables them to advocate for more inclusive and just schooling practices.
Mission Operations Cost Estimation Tool (MOCET) 2020

The Mission Operations Cost Estimation Tool (MOCET) is a model developed by the Aerospace Corporation in partnership with NASA's Science Office for Mission Assessments (SOMA). MOCET provides the capability to generate cost estimates for the operational, or Phase E, portion of NASA science missions. The underlying Cost Estimating Relationships (CERs) are based upon actual historical monthly cost data from NASA Planetary, Earth Science, Explorer, and other missions. The monthly cost data has been separated into operational phases, and CERs are fitted to each phase allowing for a building block approach to generating an overall Phase E cost estimate. MOCET was first released in 2015 and has been updated annually to improve the model and incorporate the latest data from NASA science missions. A summary of updates to the tool and user community statistics for the year 2019 as well as planned updates for the year 2020 will be presented in this paper. In 2019, new missions have been added for Explorers, Earth Science, and Planetary models as well as updating those ongoing missions already found in the tool. Additional enhancement capabilities for MOCET such as CERs for Instrument Only missions, reserves capability, level II Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) estimates, and extended mission estimates will also be discussed. An overview of the state of the user community will be presented including statistics from the One NASA Cost Engineering (ONCE) model portal and software.nasa.gov.
Extending n times differentiable functions of several variables

It is shown that n times Peano differentiable functions defined on a closed subset of \(\mathbb{R}^m \) and satisfying a certain condition on that set can be extended to n times Peano differentiable functions defined on \(\mathbb{R}^m \) if and only if the nth order Peano derivatives are Baire class one functions.
Multicomponent UV Spectral Analysis of Aquatic Organics

ABSTRACT The utilization of multiwavelength ultraviolet absorbtion measurements for analyzing multicomponent mixtures of aquatic organic material is described. Applications are visualized in monitoring organic pollutant levels in natural bodies of water, process control in wastewater treatment and water treatment. The methodology for analyzing measurements of UV absorbance spectra and elemental composition of multicomponent mixtures to determine the concentration in terms of their major constituents is described.