cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Electrokinetic Mixing for Improving the Kinetics of an HbA1c Immunoassay

The efficiency of the diagnostic platforms utilizing ELISA technique or immunoassays depends highly on incubation times of the recognition elements or signaling molecules and volume of the patient samples. In conventional immunoassays, long incubation times and excess amounts of the recognition and signaling molecules are used. The technology proposed here uses electrokinetic mixing of the reagents involved in a sandwich immunoassay based diagnostic assay in electrode-enabled microwell plates in such a way that the incubation times and volumes can be reduced substantially. The integration of the electrodes at the bottom of the conventional microwell plates ensures that the motions of the liquid flows in the wells can be controlled through the application of high frequency AC current along these electrodes. The strategy to generate chaotic mixing by modification of standard multiwell plates, enables its use in high throughput screening, in contrast to microfluidic channel-based technologies that are difficult to incorporate into conventional plates. An immunoassay for detection of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) that can reveal a patient’s average level of blood sugar from the past 2–3 months instead of just measuring the current levels and thereby constitutes a reliable diabetes monitoring platform was chosen as a pilot assay for technology demonstration. The overall incubation time for the assay was reduced by approximately a factor of five when electrokinetic mixing was employed. Furthermore, when the quantity of the reagents was reduced by half, almost no distinguishable signals could be obtained with conventional immunoassay, while electrokinetic mixing still facilitated acquisition of signals while varying concentration of the glycated hemoglobin. There was also a substantial difference in the signal intensities especially for the low concentrations of the HbA1c obtained from electrokinetic mixing assisted and conventional immunoassay when the quantity of the reagents and incubation times were kept constant, which is also an indication of the increase in bioassay efficiency. The electrokinetic mixing technique has the potential to improve the efficiency of immunoassay based diagnostic platforms with reduced assay time and reagent amounts, leading to higher throughput analysis of clinical samples. It may also open new avenues in point of care diagnostic devices, where kinetics and sampling size/volume play a critical role.
Linked partition ideals and Kanade–Russell conjectures

Abstract This paper will primarily present a method of proving generating function identities for partitions from linked partition ideals. The method we introduce is built on a conjecture by George Andrews and that those generating functions satisfy some q -difference equations. We will come up with the generating functions of partitions in the Kanade–Russell conjectures to illustrate the effectiveness of this method.
Of Course You Want To Die

A primary care physician meets a new patient who has an intellectual disability and is suicidal in the wake of the death of her elderly parent who served as her caretaker. As their physician-patient relationship evolves, the physician comes to wonder at the health care system's failure to anticipate and take steps that would propagate a safe transition in care for adults in similar circumstances.
Co-production from a Third-Sector Perspective

Despite co-production theory’s versatility in explaining collective forms of public service delivery, it does not receive much attention in third-sector theory or research. This chapter introduces the reader to major theories of third-sector behaviour, focusing on those with the most interest in joint nonprofit-government action. The chapter argues that co-production may help to close a gap in third-sector theory development, which has been criticised for too much emphasis on demand-side considerations and on a residual view of nonprofit behaviour vis-a-vis the state, market and community. Co-production, by contrast, takes a supply-side view and speaks to the contemporary, systems-oriented view of service delivery across the sectors. However, when co-productive activity is carried out by organised, nonprofit action, problems of public accountability must be addressed.
The Impact of COVID-19 on Domestic U.S. Air Travel Operations and Commercial Airport Service

Abstract COVID-19 has brought the air transportation sector to a standstill. The purpose of this study is to assess COVID-19′s impact on domestic U.S. air travel operations and commercial airport service in light of the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security (CARES) Act, which offered financial assistance to air carriers and put in place requirements to maintain service to domestic cities served pre-pandemic. This study is based on air traffic data from the Bureau of Transportation Statistics. Findings show that performed departures decreased by 71.5% in May 2020 compared to May 2019. The number of domestic U.S. markets served between commercial airports decreased by 32.1% during the same time as airlines modified their networks. Domestic air service reductions were not uniform. Airlines decreased their departure operations at larger airports more than at non-primary airports (73.7% versus 39.2%). Additionally, large origin airports experienced a greater decline in domestic U.S. markets served compared to non-primary (35.3% versus 11.8%). Markets served by airports in multi-airport cities decreased more than airports in single-airport cities (38.5% versus 15.8%). These trends provide insight into how airlines’ responses to the pandemic have impacted service at U.S. airports, even with CARES Act regulations in place.
Designing Interventions for Implementation in Schools: A Multimethod Investigation of Fidelity of a Self-Monitoring Intervention

Interventions for youth are often studied in school settings, yet there are barriers that hinder schools from actively participating in the research studies. To ensure interventions are studied in ...
Pure SH0 wave tomography for delamination detection in aerospace composites

This paper presents an ultrasonic guided wave tomography for detecting and sizing delaminations in composites using pure shear horizontal (SH) wave. In this method, pure SH0 wave excitation was achieved using the adjustable angle beam transducers (ABT) in quasi-isotropic composite plates. First, a 3-mm quasi-isotropic composite plate with simulated delaminations by Teflon inserts was manufactured. Then, the ABT tuning angle of SH0 mode was calculated from the theoretical phase-velocity dispersion curve based on Snell’s law. Experiments were conducted on the 3-mm quasi-isotropic composite plate for pure SH0 wave excitation and delamination detection. It was found that a significant decrease in the signal amplitude was observed due to the delaminations. Finally, a linear scanning approach in 0° and 90° directions was conducted to cover the whole delamination area. The collected signals were used to visualize the damage through damage imaging methods. SH0 wave tomography based on the reconstruction algorithm for probabilistic inspection of defects (RAPID) was applied for delamination detection and characterization. The experimental results show that the SH0 wave tomography has a good performance for delamination detection, size estimation, and localization in aerospace composites.
Sweet sensation: Developing a single-cell fluorescent reporter of glycolytic heterogeneity

Conversion of in vitro selected aptamers into functional metabolic sensors is hampered by reduced in vivo aptamer binding and limited tunability of cellular metabolite levels. In this issue of Cell Chemical Biology, Ortega et al. (2021) construct RNA sensors of fructose-6-bisphosphate (FBP) that report on metabolite levels within single yeast cells.
The Eukaryotic Protein Kinase Superfamily

The chapter discusses the structure of protein kinase catalytic domains, and the classification of protein kinases according to the sequences of those domains. These enzymes use the gamma phosphate of ATP to generate phosphate monoesters utilizing protein alcohol groups, (on serine and threonine) and/or protein phenolic groups (on tyrosine) as phosphate group acceptors. They are related by virtue of their homologous “kinase domains” (also known as “catalytic domains”) which consist of 250–300 amino acid residues. In addition to mammals and other vertebrates, eukaryotic protein kinase superfamily members have been identified and characterized from a wide range of other animal phyla, plants, fungi, and microorganisms. Hence, the protein kinase progenitor gene can be traced back to a time prior to the evolutionary separation of the major eukaryotic kingdoms. In the future, it may be possible to model a three-dimensional structure of a novel protein kinase catalytic domain with sufficient accuracy to be able to predict the preferred primary sequence surrounding the hydroxyamino acid it phosphorylates, which in turn will allow one to predict what proteins might be its substrates from the increasingly complete database of protein sequences.
Modeling and Characterization of a Nonblocking $4\times 4$ Mach–Zehnder Silicon Photonic Switch Fabric

We present simulation and experimental results on a silicon photonic strictly nonblocking $4\times 4$ electrooptic Mach–Zehnder-based switch fabric. We propose a simulation framework based on the transfer matrix approach that enables calculating the transmission spectra of any type of multistage interconnect switch network. The model is used to analyze the spectral characteristics of the switch fabric. We also show experimental results on a fabric designed and fabricated in IBM's 90-nm photonics-enabled CMOS process. The fabric monolithically integrates the CMOS logic, the switch drivers, and all the photonics. We fully characterized all the transmittances of the switch and demonstrate onchip insertion loss between 1.5 and 3 dB and a crosstalk less than –25 dB for all the signal paths.
Noise suppression in injection-locked ring oscillators

Presented is a study of the optimal injection frequency using a time-domain model as a technique to improve the noise suppression in injection-locked ring oscillators. It is found that offsetting the injection signal frequency by roughly half of the one-sided lock range relative to the free-running oscillator frequency can lead to higher noise-suppression bandwidth and lower phase noise. Applied to a five-stage ring oscillator, the model shows good agreement with simulations, which indicate that the optimal injection frequency increases the noise-suppression bandwidth by up to 5×, and lowers the phase noise by 15dB.
Professional associations in the health industry

Purpose – This national study of 540 executives in the health industry was designed to examine organizational factors which influenced participation of male and female executives in their professional associations. Instrumental and expressive factors which influenced association membership were also analyzed by gender to assess preferences for specific membership benefits.Design/methodology/approach – Survey methodology was used in this study with questionnaires mailed to 1,680 executives in the US resulting in a response rate of 32.1 percent. Dreher and Ash's mentoring scale was used to analyze preference for specific instrumental and expressive benefits.Findings – Dues posed an organizational barrier to participation in a professional association for female executives. Gender differences also influenced the type of instrumental and expressive benefits desired by executives.Research limitations/implications – Future studies should explore multiple association relationships to assess if there are structur...
Women’s Ultrasound

Women’s imaging is a subspecialty area of radiology devoted to the diagnosis and treatment of conditions and diseases that are unique to women. Women’s imaging uses all imaging modalities to evaluate gynecologic and obstetrical conditions and breast health and contributes to urologic evaluations and overall health. Discussions about some of these modalities and application are further addressed in specific chapters on breast imaging and women’s health interventional procedures.
Shallow science or meta-cognitive insights: a few thoughts on reflection via bibliometrics.

Abstract The authors conclude this volume by responding to the commentaries of their colleagues and reviewing relevant scholarship that appeared in the bibliometric literature since their literature reviews for the initial three articles in this issue were completed. They conclude, in part, that examination of bibliometric data regarding the entry of an article into the profession's knowledge base, and its ongoing life therein, may provide insights about the scientific communication process that lead to improvements of that process.
Beam-wave interaction in a quasi-periodic structure

An analytic method to analyze a quasi-periodic disk loaded waveguide is presented. We rely on Cauchy residue theorem to formulate the transmission and reflection from a system composed of radial arms and grooves provided that the inner radius is always the same. The quasi-analytical approach is not limited to slow variations of the geometry. >
The Information Content of Spontaneous Retinal Waves

Spontaneous neural activity that is present in the mammalian retina before the onset of vision is required for the refinement of retinotopy in the lateral geniculate nucleus and superior colliculus. This paper explores the information content of this retinal activity, with the goal of determining constraints on the nature of the developmental mechanisms that use it. Through information-theoretic analysis of multielectrode and calcium-imaging experiments, we show that the spontaneous retinal activity present early in development provides information about the relative positions of retinal ganglion cells and can, in principle, be used at retinogeniculate and retinocollicular synapses to refine retinotopy. Remarkably, we find that most retinotopic information provided by retinal waves exists on relatively coarse time scales, suggesting that developmental mechanisms must be sensitive to timing differences from 100 msec up to 2 sec to make optimal use of it. In fact, a simple Hebbian-type learning rule with a correlation window on the order of seconds is able to extract the bulk of the available information. These findings are consistent with bursts of action potentials (rather than single spikes) being the unit of information used during development and suggest new experimental approaches for studying developmental plasticity of the retinogeniculate and retinocollicular synapses. More generally, these results demonstrate how the properties of neuronal systems can be inferred from the statistics of their input.
Fluoride-binding by the organic matrix of developing bovine enamel

Newly deposited enamel was obtained from foetal bovine incisors and demineralized by flow dialysis against 0.1 M EDTA. Samples of the demineralized enamel matrix were subjected to equilibrium dialysis for 24 h against a 0.2 M Nacl solution containing 100 or 200 parts/106 fluoride. The results showed that 40.7 ± 1.2 μg F was bound per mg of demineralized matrix. Samples of freeze-dried, demineralized matrix were dissolved in saline containing carrier-free 18F− and chromatographed on a BioGel P-150 column. Most of the bound 18F activity was identified with the second, and largest, protein peak. The results suggest that a partial explanation for the relatively high concentrations of fluoride in newly deposited enamel matrix is a capacity of early enamel matrix to selectively bind significant amounts of F−.
Acetazolamide in Bipolar Affective Disorders

Acetazolamide is a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor used for a variety of purposes, including adjunctively in the management of various types of epilepsy. A previous study on its psychotropic effects suggested the possibility of efficacy in atypical psychotic states, especially those characterized by cyclicity. In the present investigation, 16 patients with refractory affective symptomatology were treated with acetazolamide in a prospective open trial after exhaustive trials with antidepressants, lithium, carbamazepine, divalproex, and other anticonvulsants. Seven of the 16 (44%) responded positively, in some cases dramatically, for as long as 2 years. Analysis revealed that all of the responders were either in a depressive phase or in a rapid-cycling phase of a bipolar illness and that all had experienced partial positive response to at least one other anticonvulsant and were being maintained on anti-convulsant therapy when the response occurred. Salient theoretical issues are explored.
How to Be a Successful Publisher

One of the greatest challenges that new scholars face is getting their work published in peer-reviewed journals. Publications weigh heavily in decisions to hire, promote, and tenure faculty, and they occupy a central position in studies about departmental prestige rankings. The problem is that most scholars find success in publishing to be elusive. The purpose of this article is to provide readers with a series of tips to help them organize their academic lives so that they may become a successful publisher. None of the tips I suggest are for the faint of heart, and no tricks or gimmicks are offered. Instead, the broad theme is that scholars need to take agency over their careers. Put simply, your success is your responsibility!
In patients stratified by preoperative risk, endovascular repair of ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms has a lower in-hospital mortality and morbidity than open repair.

Objective Previous studies have reported that endovascular repair (EVAR) of ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms (RAAAs) has lower postoperative mortality than open repair (OR). However, comparisons involved heterogeneous populations that lacked adjustment for preoperative risk. We hypothesize that for RAAA patients stratified by a validated measure of preoperative mortality risk, EVAR has a lower in-hospital mortality and morbidity than does OR. Methods In-hospital mortality and morbidity after EVAR and OR of RAAA were compared in patients from the Vascular Quality Initiative (2003-2013) stratified by the validated Vascular Study Group of New England RAAA risk score into low-risk (score 0-1), medium-risk (score 2-3), and high-risk (score 4-6) groups. Results Among 514 patients who underwent EVAR and 651 patients who underwent OR of RAAA, EVAR had lower in-hospital mortality (25% vs 33%, P = .001). In risk-stratified patients, EVAR trended toward a lower mortality in the low-risk group (n = 626; EVAR, 10% vs OR, 15%; P = .07), had a significantly lower mortality in the medium-risk group (n = 457; EVAR, 37% vs OR, 48%; P = .02), and no advantage in the high-risk group (n = 82; EVAR, 95% vs OR, 79%; P = .17). Across all risk groups, cardiac complications (EVAR, 29% vs OR, 38%; P = .001), respiratory complications (EVAR, 28% vs OR, 46%; P P P P P P Conclusions This novel risk-stratified comparison using a national clinical database showed that EVAR of RAAA has a lower mortality and morbidity compared with OR in low-risk and medium-risk patients and that EVAR should be used to treat these patients when anatomically feasible. For RAAA patients at the highest preoperative risk, there is no benefit to using EVAR compared with OR.
Elevated CO2 and temperature alter net ecosystem C exchange in a young Douglas fir mesocosm experiment

We investigated the effects of elevated CO2 (EC) [ambient CO2 (AC) + 190 ppm] and elevated temperature (ET) [ambient temperature (AT) + 3.6 °C] on net ecosystem exchange (NEE) of seedling Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) mesocosms. As the study utilized seedlings in reconstructed soil–litter–plant systems, we anticipated greater C losses through ecosystem respiration (Re) than gains through gross photosynthesis (GPP), i.e. negative NEE. We hypothesized that: (1) EC would increase GPP more than Re, resulting in NEE being less negative; and (2) ET would increase Re more than GPP, resulting in NEE being more negative. We also evaluated effects of CO2 and temperature on light inhibition of dark respiration. Consistent with our hypothesis, NEE was a smaller C source in EC, not because EC increased photosynthesis but rather because of decreased respiration resulting in less C loss. Consistent with our hypothesis, NEE was more negative in ET because Re increased more than GPP. The light level that inhibited respiration varied seasonally with little difference among CO2 and temperature treatments. In contrast, the degree of light inhibition of respiration was greater in AC than EC. In our system, respiration was the primary control on NEE, as EC and ET caused greater changes in respiration than photosynthesis.
Conditions for variable-metric algorithms to be conjugate-gradient algorithms.

Variable-metric algorithms have played an important role in unconstrained optimization theory. This paper presents a sufficiency condition on the sequence of metrics in a variable-metric algorithm that will make it a conjugate-gradient algorithm. The Huang class of algorithms (Ref. 1) and the class of self-scaling variable-metric algorithms by Oren (Ref. 2) all satisfy the condition. This paper also includes a discussion of the behavior of algorithms that meet the condition on nonquadratic functions.
Extensional flow of a viscoelastic filament governed by the FENE-CR model

Abstract A thin filament model is used to analyze the extensional flow of a viscoelastic thread governed by the FENE-CR model. The problem is solved numerically by finite differences using a third-order upwind scheme in space and a second order Runge–Kutta scheme in time. The behavior of the filament is controlled by the competing effects of surface tension and axial normal stresses which are characterized in terms of three-dimensional groups, the Deborah number De, the extensibility parameter L and the capillary number Ca. Surface tension has a destabilizing effect causing the filament to thin in the mid-section leading to a rupture. On the other hand normal stresses tend to stabilize the filament. If axial normal stresses are sufficiently large the filament deforms almost uniaxially due to strain hardening.
National Trends for Certification and Training of Special Education Teachers

Historically the United States has lacked consensus regarding teacher certification and teacher training in special education. A labyrinth of titles, labels, and guidelines causes confusion. A national study to determine individual state policy regarding current special education teacher certification and personnel preparation is described. Recommendations for the direction of future change were also solicited from the questionnaire respondents. Suggestions of the researchers concerning the leadership role to be assumed by individual states are outlined.
A MOLECULAR MODEL FOR A PHOSPHOLIPID‐RETINALDEHYDE COMPLEX ABSORBING AT 500 nm

— –The structure of a complex formed from retinaldehyde and ethanolamine phosphoglyceride has been proposed as a Schiff's base stabilized byπ–πinteraction between the double bond of an oleic acid group (Δ9) and the 9–10 double bond of the retinaldehyde chain. Considerations of stereochemistry and simple MO theory indicate the proposed structure to be energetically favored, and its absorption maximum is predicted by free electron theory.
Mobile genetic elements in the genus Bacteroides, and their mechanism(s) of dissemination

Bacteroides spp. organisms, the predominant commensal bacteria in the human gut have become increasingly resistant to many antibiotics. They are now also considered to be reservoirs of antibiotic resistance genes due to their capacity to harbor and disseminate these genes via mobile transmissible elements that occur in bewildering variety. Gene dissemination occurs within and from Bacteroides spp. primarily by conjugation, the molecular mechanisms of which are still poorly understood in the genus, even though the need to prevent this dissemination is urgent. One current avenue of research is thus focused on interventions that use non-antibiotic methodologies to prevent conjugation-based DNA transfer.
Tapping Mode AFM Studies of Nano-Phases on Fluorine-Containing Polyester Coatings and Octadecyltrichlorosilane Monolayers

Lightly cross-linked films were made by solvent casting hydrocarbon polyester solutions containing trace fluorocarbon in the bulk and then curing or cross-linking the film to anchor the fluorine groups. The surface nano-morphology was studied by AFM techniques based on tapping mode AFM which allows very low contact forces and gives indirect surface chemical mapping of different domain morphologies with high lateral resolution. The contrast is usually from different local stiffness variations of domains at or near the surface. More conventional friction force microscopy techniques were also applied to verify the results. The percent coverage of fluorine-rich domains was quantitatively related to that determined from hexadecane contact angles. A low-coverage self-assembled octadecyltrichlorosilane (OTS) monolayer system, exhibiting nano-patches on Si substrate, was used as a control for a newly applied ultra-light-tapping technique which derives its chemical resolution from hydrophilicity differences of the...
Birth control, population control, and family planning: an overview.

PIP: This overview of the US birth control movement reflects on the emergence of family planning policy due to the efforts of Margaret Sanger, feminists, and the civil rights movement, the eugenics motive to limit "deviant" populations, and the population control movement, which aims to solve social and economic problems through fertility control. Population control moved through three stages: from the cause of "voluntary motherhood" to advance suffrage and women's political and social status, to the concept of "birth control" promoted by socialist feminists to help empower women and the working class, to, from 1920 on, a liberal movement for civil rights and population control. Physicians such as Dr. Robert Latou Dickinson legitimized the movement in the formation of the Committee on Maternal Health in 1925, but the movement remained divided until 1939, when Sanger's group merged with the American Birth Control League, the predecessor of the present Planned Parenthood Federation of America. A key legal decision in 1939 in the United States v. One Package amended the Comstock Act and allowed for the distribution of birth control devices by mail to physicians. Sanger, after a brief retirement, formed the International Planned Parenthood Federation and supported research into the pill. Eugenicists through the Committee on Maternal Health supported Christopher Tietze and others developing the pill. Final constitutional access to contraception based on the right to privacy was granted in Griswold v. Connecticut. The ruling in Eisenstadt v. Baird in 1972 extended this right to unmarried persons. The right to privacy was further extended in the Roe v. Wade decision in 1973 on legal abortion. The argument for improving the quality of the population remained from the formation of the Population Reference Bureau in 1929 through the 1960s. Under the leadership of Rockefeller, population control was defined as justified on a scientific and humanitarian basis. US government support for national and international family planning proceeded slowly through the 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s. Congress during 1967-70 enacted strong legislation in support of national and international family planning. The Bucharest conference in 1974 highlighted the inadequacies of international population control that deemphasized economic development. Polarization and divisiveness on population policy persists.
Trichloromethyl peroxyl radical (Cl3COO•) mediated oxidation of cholesterol

Abstract Oxidation of cholesterol was studied in situ in a Cl3COO• generating system via a heterogenous reaction of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), KO2 and 18-crown-6 in aprotic solvent (acetonitrile) at 10°C. The reaction mixture without CCl4 served as a control. Reaction performed with CCl4 showed the formation of products more polar than cholesterol which were separated by preparative thin layer chromatography (TLC) and purified by normal phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The data obtained collectively from TLC, HPLC and ammonia chemical ionization mass spectrometry confirmed the formation of 3s-hydroxy-5-cholesten-7-one, 5-cholesten-3s, 7s- and 3s, 7α-diols and possibly 3s-hydroxy-5, 6ξ-epoxy-5ξ-cholestan-7-one as Cl3COO• mediated oxidation products of cholesterol.
Progressive supranuclear palsy and corticobasal degeneration: similarities and differences

Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) and corticobasal degeneration (CBD) are sporadic four-repeat tauopathies that have characteristic clinical and neuropathologic profiles, but also share overlapping features. Both present with various clinical phenotypes, but while the clinical diagnostic criteria of the classical and most frequent presentation of PSP have optimal specificity, the diagnostic accuracy of the various CBD phenotypes is suboptimal. On the other hand, neuropathologic diagnostic criteria for PSP and CBD have been validated and have appropriate accuracy. This article discusses the similarities and differences between these two disorders in clinical manifestations, neuroimaging and neuropathology and provides a perspective on possible future developments that may help in their diagnosis and treatment.
The Leukocyte NADPH Oxidase Subunit p47PHOX: The Role of the Cysteine Residues☆☆☆

Abstract The leukocyte NADPH oxidase is a multi-subunit enzyme that catalyzes the reduction of oxygen to O−2at the expense of a reduced pyridine nucleotide. We have used site-directed mutagenesis to examine the functional role of the four cysteines in p47PHOX, one of the subunits of the oxidase. For these experiments, mutant proteins in which a single cysteine was replaced with alanine were expressed in p47PHOX-deficient Epstein–Barr virus-transformed B lymphoblasts, and O−2production by these transfected cells was measured. The activity of the mutant C98A was similar to that of wild type, but the maximum rate of O−2production by C196A was significantly larger than seen with wild type. The other two mutants (i.e., C111A and C378A) differed from wild type not only in maximum O−2production, but also in the time required for activation, which was considerably delayed with both of these mutants. The similarity in the time courses of oxidase activation with the C111A and C378A mutants, and the finding that C378A occurs in the sequence CSE, raises the possibility that these cysteines may be involved in redox regulation of oxidase activity.
Continuous ethanol production using induced yeast aggregates

The induction of yeast cell aggregates in a column reactor was initiated by packing yeast cell paste of Saccharomyces uvarum into the column, and then YMP broth was fed into the column from the bottom at a linear flow rate of 2.5 cm/h. Thereafter, yeast cells aggregated in the column within 48 h without a supply of oxygen. When this yeast aggregate column reactor was used for continuous ethanol production, a final ethanol concentration of 10.8% (w/v) was obtained from 23% (w/v) of glucose in a YMP broth with a dilution rate of 0.05 h-1, and 4.9% (w/v) was obtained from 10% (w/v) of glucose with a dilution rate of 0.6 h-1. The theoretical yield was above 97% in both cases. The ethanol production rates were 13 g1 h-1 l-1 and 90 g1 h-1 l-1 for producing 10.8% (w/v) and 4.9% (w/v) of ethanol respectively. This column reactor was maintained at a steady state for more than one month.
Optimal Fiscal Policy with Redistribution

I study the optimal taxation oflabor and capital in a dynamic economy subject to government expenditure and technology shocks. Unlike representative-agent Ramsey models, workers are heterogenous and lump-sum taxation is not ruled out. I consider two tax scenarios: (a) linear taxation, with a lump-sum intercept and (b) nonlinear-Mirrleesian taxation. When taxes are linear, I derive a partial-equivalence result with Ramsey settings that provides a reinterpretation of such analyses. I find conditions for perfect tax smoothing oflabor-income taxes and zero capital taxation. Implications that contrast with Ramsey are derived for public-debt management, for the nature of the time-inconsistency problem and for the viability of replicating complete markets without state-contingent bonds. Shifts in the distribution of skills provide a novel source for variations in tax rates. For the nonlinear tax scenario, I show that taxation based on income averages is optimal.
Computational fluid dynamics applied to virtually deployed drug-eluting coronary bioresorbable scaffolds: Clinical translations derived from a proof-of-concept

Background: Three-dimensional design simulations of coronary metallic stents utilizing mathematical and computational algorithms have emerged as important tools for understanding biomechanical stent properties, predicting the interaction of the implanted platform with the adjacent tissue, and informing stent design enhancements. Herein, we demonstrate the hemodynamic implications following virtual implantation of bioresorbable scaffolds using finite element methods and advanced computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations to visualize the device-flow interaction immediately after implantation and following scaffold resorption over time. Methods and Results: CFD simulations with time averaged wall shear stress (WSS) quantification following virtual bioresorbable scaffold deployment in idealized straight and curved geometries were performed. WSS was calculated at the inflow, endoluminal surface (top surface of the strut), and outflow of each strut surface post-procedure (stage I) and at a time point when 33% of scaffold resorption has occurred (stage II). The average WSS at stage I over the inflow and outflow surfaces was 3.2 and 3.1 dynes/cm2 respectively and 87.5 dynes/cm2 over endoluminal strut surface in the straight vessel. From stage I to stage II, WSS increased by 100% and 142% over the inflow and outflow surfaces, respectively, and decreased by 27% over the endoluminal strut surface. In a curved vessel, WSS change became more evident in the inner curvature with an increase of 63% over the inflow and 66% over the outflow strut surfaces. Similar analysis at the proximal and distal edges demonstrated a large increase of 486% at the lateral outflow surface of the proximal scaffold edge. Conclusions: The implementation of CFD simulations over virtually deployed bioresorbable scaffolds demonstrates the transient nature of device/flow interactions as the bioresorption process progresses over time. Such hemodynamic device modeling is expected to guide future bioresorbable scaffold design.
Lipid composition of human dental pulp

Abstract The neutral and phospholipid content and composition was determined. No significant differences were obtained between pulps of adolescents or adults or from those obtained from incisors or molars. The lipid profiles revealed the presence of most of the known neutral and phospholipid families. The ratios of these lipids were similar but not identical to that reported for other animal species.
Modernism In-Between: The Mediatory Architectures of Socialist Yugoslavia

Vladimir Kulic, Maroje Mrduljas, and Wolfgang ThalerJovis Verlag, 2012272 pages, 304 color and black and white images$40.00 (cloth)Modernism In-Between: The Mediatory Architectures of Socialist Yug...
The effect of visible light on the regeneration of rhodopsin

Abstract Both in vitro and in vivo , increased exposure to visible light decreases the regenerability of the visual pigment. Isolated opsin irradiated with increasing periods of white light decreased in pigment formation yields on combination with 9- or 11- cis retinal. The yield of regeneration of the visual pigment extracted from albino rats depended on the amount of light to which the animal had been exposed. Animals exposed to normal room light demonstrated lower regeneration yields than dark-reared animals, but these yields increased on dark adaption. Opsin from animals exposed to sunlamps did not regenerate any pigment. On dark adaption, the pigment yields increased but the opsin level remained below that for the control group.
Oral feeding containers and their influence on intake and ventilation in preterm infants.

In order to determine whether changes in feeding container properties could expedite oral feeding without compromising ventilation, the rate of feeding and respiration were studied in 10 healthy prete
Generalized van der waals partition function for fluids. Modification to yield better second virial coefficients

Abstract When parameters in the generalized van der Waals partition function are evaluated from high-density data, predicted second virial coefficients are too positive. An empirical modification is suggested; this modification gives marked improvement in the second virial coefficient without significantly changing the fit for data in the high-density region. Illustrations are given for argon and for water. Extension to mixtures is stragihtforward.
Localized bases in L2(0,1) and their use in the analysis of Brownian motion

Motivated by problems on Brownian motion, we introduce a recursive scheme for a basis construction in the Hilbert space L^2(0,1) which is analogous to that of Haar and Walsh. More generally, we find a new decomposition theory for the Hilbert space of square-integrable functions on the unit-interval, both with respect to Lebesgue measure, and also with respect to a wider class of self-similar measures @m. That is, we consider recursive and orthogonal decompositions for the Hilbert space L^2(@m) where @m is some self-similar measure on [0,1]. Up to two specific reflection symmetries, our scheme produces infinite families of orthonormal bases in L^2(0,1). Our approach is as versatile as the more traditional spline constructions. But while singly generated spline bases typically do not produce orthonormal bases, each of our present algorithms does.
Fragilariopsis cylindrus (Grunow) Krieger : The most abundant diatom in water column assemblages of Antarctic marginal ice-edge zones

Planktonic diatoms were sampled in the ice-edge zone of the Bellingshausen Sea during the early austral spring of 1990 and of the Weddell Sea during the late spring of 1983, the autumn of 1986, and the winter of 1988. The four cruises in the Antarctic marginal ice edge zones, combined with the summer cruise in Prydz Bay during a brief ice-free period (1988) provided us with opportunities for spatial and seasonal studies of diatom abundance and distribution in the water column. Cells from discrete water samples from 73 stations near the marginal ice-edge zones during all seasons were counted to gain quantitative information on the composition, abundance, and distribution of diatoms. Diatom abundance was dominated by the pennate diatom, usually nanoplanktonic, Fragilariopsis cylindrus (Grunow) Krieger, during all five cruises. The highest integrated numbers of F. cylindrus were found during the summer cruise with 7.9 × 1010 cells m−2 and the lowest numbers were found during the winter cruise with 1.1 × 108 cells m−2. The average integrated abundance of F. cylindrus from the five cruises was about 35% of the total diatom abundance. The overall spatial pattern of F. cylindrus near the marginal ice-edge zones during the five seasonal cruises were similar with the highest number of cells in open waters compared to ice-covered waters. When all 73 stations during the five cruises were included in the correlation analysis, the abundance of total diatoms was positively correlated with the abundance of F. cylindrus, suggesting that the ice-edge pulses of diatom assemblages in the water column largely reflected its abundance. Cluster analysis revealed that the stations in marginal ice-edge zones were not only separated by seasons and locations, but they also separated based on location of stations in relation to the ice edge (open water stations vs. ice-covered stations).
Recharge into Southern High Plains Aquifer. Possible Mechanisms, Unresolved Questions.

The High Plains aquifer in the Southern High Plains (Texas and New Mexico), consisting of Tertiary, Cretaceous, and Triassic formations, has traditionally been considered to be recharged by its uppermost water-bearing unit, the Tertiary Ogallala aquifer. This article provides hydrologic, chemical, and isotopic evidence that in the Southern High Plains: (1) Cretaceous rocks actually contain independent recharge sources; (2) Triassic rocks cannot currently be recharged by the Ogallala aquifer in significant quantities; and (3) in places, both Cretaceous and Triassic aquifers recharge the overlying Ogallala aquifer. On the basis of chemical and isotopic data, playa lakes seem to act as the predominant recharge source of the Ogallala aquifer, suggesting recharge rates greater than 30 mm/yr, as opposed to the much lower rates reported by others. The Cretaceous aquifers are being recharged by cross-formational flow from the Ogallala aquifer but also from overlying Quaternary sands and the underlying Triassic aquifer in eastern New Mexico. Current recharge into the Triassic aquifer may be insignificant.
Evaluation of Latent Membrane Protein 1 as a novel vaccine adjuvant

Methods To determine activity, LMP1 was analyzed using a luciferase report assay for NF-kB and IFN-b. To establish if LMP1 could activate human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DC), LMP1 transfected DC were analyzed for activation/maturation markers and cytokines. DC migration was determined using a transwell-migration assay. LMP1 was also evaluated in a DNA vaccination/flu challenge mouse model. To determine the benefits of incorporating LMP1 into a DC therapeutic vaccine, LMP1 was tested in a tumor DC therapy mouse model.
Membrane Remodelling and Protein Interactions - A Free Energy Perspective

We investigate the interplay between cell membrane curvature induced at the atomic scale, due to specialized peripheral membrane proteins, and the resulting membrane morphologies, of varying complexity, observed at the mesoscale. The biological membrane, in our approach, is represented by a dynamically triangulated surface while the proteins are modeled as curvature fields on the membrane, that are either isotropic or anisotropic. In order to compare with experiments, we have focused on the ENTH domain containing EPSIN whose curvature field is modeled as isotropic, and on the BAR, Exo70 and ESCRT family proteins whose curvature fields are determined to be anisotropic, both in experiments and in molecular simulations. Thermal undulations in the membrane and cooperativity in the curvature fields, due to the stabilization of a nematic phase, collectively drive the membrane into different morphological states (buds, tubules, etc.) that resemble those in cellular experiments in vivo and vesicle experiments in vitro. The relative stabilities of these self-organized shapes are examined by two approaches to compute the free energy of the system: (i) the Widom insertion technique to compute excess chemical potentials and (ii) thermodynamic integration using the Kirkwood coupling parameter to compute free energies. Building on these methods, we propose a hybrid scheme that couples both the approaches for computing free energies in membrane systems with heterogeneous and phase-segregated protein field - examples being the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane discs with α- calreticulon protein confined to the rim and the vesicular bud formed due to the constriction by ESCRT proteins at its neck.
Transversely illuminated liquid core waveguide based fluorescence detection: Fluorometric flow injection determination of aqueous ammonium/ammonia

Abstract The analytical performance of a new type of fluorescence detector, based on a transversely illuminated liquid core waveguide (LCW), has been investigated using the determination of NH3/NH4+ as the 1-sulfonatoisoindole. With a very inexpensive combination of a miniature Hg blacklight as an excitation source, a colored plastic sheet as the emission filter, and an integrated blue sensitized photodiode-operational amplifier as the detector (totaling
Improvement to the lattice‐fluid prediction of gas solubilities in polymer liquids

Previously we have shown that the Lattice Fluid (LF) model can quantitatively predict, without adjustable parameters, gas solubilities for hydrocarbon and chlorinated hydrocarbon vapors in nonpolar polymers. For polar polymers, the model can also predict, with reasonable success, the solubilities of polar and aromatic vapors. However, the solubilities in polar/nonpolar combinations of gas and polymer are systematically overestimated. These are cases in which the geometric mean approximation for the interaction parameter is not expected to be valid. This paper demonstrates that with the addition of a simple empirical correlation for the interaction parameter based on Hansen's three-dimensional solubility parameters, the LF model is then able to quantitatively predict solubilities in all types of gas/polymer systems (excluding strongly self-associating systems, such as alcohols). No adjustable parameters are used; only the pure component equation-of-state and solubility parameters are required. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Near-field scanning optical microscopy of cleaved vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers

Near-field scanning optical microscopy (NSOM) and near-field optical spectroscopy (NFOS) techniques have been applied to cleaved vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs). Collection mode NSOM of the cleaved VCSEL operating above the threshold current indicates emission outside the active layer. Using the spatially resolved spectroscopy afforded by NFOS, it was possible to map changes in the electroluminescence spectrum with spatial resolution of the order of 100 nm . The emission spectra acquired with the tip positioned over the p-DBR layers show evidence for p-DBR luminescence. The p-DBR luminescence indicates the presence of minority carriers in this region of the device which have been postulated as a cause of dark line defects (DLDs) which play an important role in device degradation.
Application of VCSEL arrays to micro-manipulation of small objects and biological cells

Vertical cavity surface emitting laser arrays are used to drive optical micro beams to transport inorganic and organic objects. This VCSEL tweezers method provides a more compact optical setup and allows manipulation of objects in an array.
Differential efficiency of photosynthetic oxygen evolution in flashing light in triazine-resistant and triazine-susceptible biotypes of Senecio vulgaris L.

Abstract Photosynthetic oxygen evolution in response to flashing light was studied in triazine-susceptible and triazine-resistant biotypes of Senecio vulgaris L. Studies were conducted to determine if the modification of the herbicide-binding site which confers s -triazine resistance also affects the oxygen-evolving system. Oxygen evolution was measured using a Joliot-type oxygen-specific electrode on broken, stroma-free chloroplasts of both biotypes. We observed abnormal patterns of oxygen evolution in resistant chloroplasts. The S′ 1 → S 2 transition is slower while the S 2 decay is faster. The S′ 2 → S 3 transition, in contrast, is slightly faster in resistant chloroplasts, while the decay of the S 3 state is the same as in susceptible chloroplasts. These altered kinetics may be due to altered Q → B (B − ) electron flow in resistant chloroplasts. These results are also consistent with the hypothesis that back-reactions from the reducing (acceptor) side of Photosystem II to the oxidizing (donor) side occur with greater frequency in resistant than susceptible chloroplasts. These events are responsible for lower oxygen yield and increased ‘misses’ and ‘double hits,’ resulting in abnormal yield patterns and lower quantum yield of CO 2 fixation in resistant chloroplasts compared to the susceptible ones.