cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Incremental benefits of dual frequency signals for the Wide Area Augmentation System

Satellite Based Augmentation Systems (SBAS) have been implemented in the United States, Europe, and Japan and one is soon to be deployed in India as well. Today, SBAS systems utilize dual frequency L1-CA/L2 semi-codeless measurements to provide precise corrections and integrity bounds to aircraft for use in both enroute and precision approach operations. In contrast to the ground system, the aircraft are limited to the sole use of L1-CA measurements since the L2 frequency does not lie in a protected Aeronautical Radio Navigation Service (ARNS) frequency band. The single biggest source of error in an SBAS position solution and the limiting factor in system performance is the ionospheric corrections. Using two frequencies, the ground system is capable of creating corrections for ionospheric delays although the uncertainty bounds associated with these corrections must be inflated to account for the unpredictable effects of ionospheric storms. With the addition of the L5 signal in block IIF and block III GPS satellites, aviation receivers will be able to correct for ionospheric delay without SBAS corrections drastically improving availability of precision approach operations. Although clear benefits have been shown in the end state, a full constellation of L5 capable GPS satellites will not be available until 2018. This paper quantifies the availability and continuity benefits of utilizing the L5 signal from a partial constellation of GPS IIF and GPS III satellites.
Distribution-free analysis of repairable fault-tolerant systems

Abstract This paper presents a unified treatment of methods for distribution-free analysis of repairable fault-tolerant systems. Material from diverse sources is presented for the first time in an integrated, easily accessible unit. In addition, new results are derived which enable more detailed analysis than had carlier been possible. New, streamlined proofs based only on elementary techniques are developed, facilitating extensions of the theory to a wider range of applications.
Machine Vision Recognition of Weld Pool in Gas Tungsten Arc Welding

The weld pool and its surrounding area can provide a human welder with sufficient visual information to control welding quality. Seam tracking error and pool geometry can be recognized by a skilled human welder and then utilized to adjust the welding parameters. However, for machine vision, accurate real-time recognition of weld pool geometry is a difficult task due to the high intensity arc light, even though seam tracking errors can be detected. A novel vision system is, therefore, used to acquire quality images against the arc. A real-time recognition algorithm is proposed to analyse the image and recognize the pool geometry based on the pattern recognition technique. Despite surface impurity and other influences, the pool geometry can always be recognized with sufficient accuracy in 150 ms under different welding conditions. To explore the potential application of machine vision in weld penetration control, experiments are conducted to show the correlation between pool geometry and weld penetration state. Thus, pool recognition also provides a possible technique for front-face sensing of the weld penetration
Parallel simulation of chip-multiprocessor architectures

Chip-multiprocessor (CMP) architectures present a challenge for efficient simulation, combining the requirements of a detailed microprocessor simulator with that of a tightly-coupled parallel system. In this paper, a distributed simulator for target CMPs is presented based on the Message Passing Interface (MPI) designed to run on a host cluster of workstations. Microbenchmark-based evaluation is used to narrow the parallelization design space concerning the performance impact of distributed vs. centralized target L2 simulation, blocking vs. non-blocking remote cache accesses, null-message vs. barrier techniques for clock synchronization, and network interconnect selection. The best combination is shown to yield speedups of up to 16 on a 9-node cluster of dual-CPU workstations, partially due to cache effects.
A High-Turnover Phenotype of Calsequestrin with Elevated Rates of Synthesis and Degradation Replaces Normal Calsequestrin in Heart Failure

Left ventricular hypertrophy involves an increase in the size of cardiomyocytes. A central feature of the phenotype is accelerated protein synthesis, but changes are complex, involving increases in protein translation capacity, efficiency, and turnover. We purified calsequestrin (CSQ), a major protein component of the Ca2+ release protein complex, from frozen heart samples of sham control mongrel dogs, or dogs subjected to either tachycardia-induced or microembolism (ischemia)-induced heart failure. We found that the levels of CSQ protein did not change significantly as a result of either of these two treatments. CSQ recovered from control dog heart tissue was, however, fundamentally different from that present in normal dogs. CSQ undergoes both co-translational addition of an N-linked glycan as well as an unusual co-translational phosphorylation of its C-terminus. In control heart tissue, CSQ exhibited its characteristic polymorphic pattern of post-translational demannosylation and dephosphorylation. Failing hearts, however, was marked by large percentages of CSQ molecules (20-40% of total levels) with Man9,8 glycans, reflecting more newly synthesized protein in rough ER. In addition, there was a significant “retrograde shift” in the average glycan processing of CSQ glycans, with longer-lived CSQ molecules replaced with shorter-lived. Such changes indicate a major degradation and biosynthesis (increased turnover) phenotype for CSQ, perhaps representing changes needed to support increased hypertrophic growth. Two phenotypes are also evident using a SDS gel-based analysis. Taken together with our recent findings that CSQ is synthesized around myonuclei and phosphorylated on its C-terminus during its biosynthesis, we propose that qualitative alterations in CSQ metabolism occur in hypertrophic heart. In this proposed model, increased CSQ synthesis leads to increased CSQ in perinuclear cisternae, while increased CSQ degradation prevents buildup of protein in junctional SR cisternae.
Clinical outcomes after implantation of small diameter (=2.5 mm) sirolimus- versus paclitaxel-eluting stents.

Abstract Small vessel and stent size continue to be strong predictors of restenosis in the drug-eluting stent (DES) era. Data comparing the efficacy and safety of small diameter sirolimus-eluting stents (SES) to paclitaxel-eluting stents (PES) are conflicting and confounded by the use of angiographic follow-up and the melding of various stent diameters. In this retrospective study we compared the clinical outcomes at 1 year of 571 patients after implantation of either a 2.5-mm diameter SES or PES in a real world population. Baseline characteristics including clinical presentation and cardiovascular risk factors were similar between the 2 groups. Mean length of stent implanted per patient was 19.5±5.8 mm (SES) vs 17±5 mm (PES) ( p p =0.68) with an adjusted HR of 0.8 (95% CI, 0.5–1.5, p =0.56). The cumulative rate of stent thrombosis at 1 year was 0.7% for SES vs.1.2% for PES ( p =0.64). In conclusion, the rates of repeat revascularization are low with DES use in small vessels (=2.5 mm), with no clinical differences between SES and PES in a real world population.
Aeroacoustics of subsonic turbulent shear flows

Sound generation in turbulent shear flows is examined. The emphasis is on simultaneous calculation of the turbulent flow along with the resulting sound generation rather than the alternative acoustic analogy approach. The first part of the paper is concerned with solid surface interaction. The second part concentrates on the sound generated by turbulence interacting with itself.
Using adaptive weighted least squares to reduce the lengths of confidence intervals

The author proposes an adaptive method which produces confidence intervals that are often narrower than those obtained by the traditional procedures. The proposed methods use both a weighted least squares approach to reduce the length of the confidence interval and a permutation technique to insure that its coverage probability is near the nominal level. The author reports simulations comparing the adaptive intervals to the traditional ones for the difference between two population means, for the slope in a simple linear regression, and for the slope in a multiple linear regression having two correlated exogenous variables. He is led to recommend adaptive intervals for sample sizes superior to 40 when the error distribution is not known to be Gaussian. Emploi d'une methode adaptative de moindres carres ponderes pour reduire la longueur d'un intervalle de confiance L'auteur propose une methode adaptative conduisant a des intervalles de confiance qui sont souvent plus courts que ceux obtenus par les procedures traditionnelles. Les methodes proposees utilisent a la fois les moindres carres ponderes pour reduire la longueur de l'intervalle et une technique de permutation pour faire en sorte que sa probabilite de couverture soit au niveau voulu. L'auteur fait etat de simulations comparant les intervalles adaptatifs aux intervalles traditionnels pour la difference de deux moyennes, pour la pente d'une regression lineaire simple et pour celle d'une regression multiple a deux variables exogenes correlees. II est conduit a recommander les intervalles adaptatifs pour des tailles superieures a 40 lorsque l'on ne sait pas si la loi des erreurs est gaussienne.
Secondary School Size: A Continuing Conundrum for Administrators and Planners.

In recent years the credo that small schools are superior to large schools has gained wide, and often uncritical support. The purpose of this paper is to indicate serious shortcomings in the case for small secondary schools as presented in the past several years in South Australia. Moreover, in the light of these shortcomings, the need for a reappraisal of the concept of school is emphasized, particularly in view of the fact that an unwarranted acceptance of the argument in favour of small secondary schools could exert a deleterious effect on secondary school provision.
Coherence as an ideal of rationality

Probabilistic coherence is not an absolute requirement of rationality; nevertheless, it is an ideal of rationality with substantive normative import. An idealized rational agent who avoided making implicit logical errors in forming his preferences would be coherent. In response to the challenge, recently made by epistemologists such as Foley and Plantinga, that appeals to ideal rationality render probabilism either irrelevant or implausible, I argue that idealized requirements can be normatively relevant even when the ideals are unattainable, so long as they define a structure that links imperfect and perfect rationality in a way that enables us to make sense of the notion of better approximations to the ideal. I then analyze the notion of approximation to the ideal of coherence by developing a generalized theory of belief functions that allows for incoherence, and showing how such belief functions can be ordered with regard to greater or lesser coherence.
Lactic acid sensitive receptors in the autogenous mosquito Aedes atropalpus

Abstract Host seeking behavior is not observed during the first gonotrophic cycle in Aedes atropalpus . The objectives of this study were to examine the possible role of the peripheral sensory system in this phenomenon. The results show that the rate of maturation of the lactic acid sensitive neurons is relatively rapid in this species so the absence of host-seeking during the first gonotrophic cycle cannot be attributed to delayed development of the peripheral sensory system. Furthermore, lactic acid receptors of high sensitivity are present on the antennae of females that are gravid and in the early stages of egg development. These results support the conclusion that a humoral mechanism of host-seeking inhibition is not operative in this species, at least during autogenous egg development, and show that receptors for at least one host attractant are fully mature early in the first autogenous gonotrophic cycle.
On the positive radial solutions of some semilinear elliptic equations on ℝn

We study the existence and behavior of positive radial solutions of the equationΔu + f(u) = 0 in ℝ n . This equation arises in various problems in applied mathematics, e.g. in the study of phase transitions, nuclear cores and more recently in population genetics and solitary waves. The important model casef(u) = − u + u p, p>1, describes for instance the pressure distribution in a van der Waals fluid. In this case, we obtain fairly complete knowledge of all positive radial solutions.
Macromolecular micromovements: how RNA polymerase translocates

Multi-subunit DNA-dependent RNA polymerases synthesize RNA molecules thousands of nucleotides long. The reiterative reaction of nucleotide condensation occurs at rates of tens of nucleotides per second, invariably linked to the translocation of the enzyme along the DNA template, or threading of the DNA and the nascent RNA molecule through the enzyme. Reiteration of the nucleotide addition/translocation cycle without dissociation from the DNA and RNA requires both isomorphic and metamorphic conformational flexibility of a magnitude substantial enough to accommodate the requisite molecular motions. Here we review some of the more recently acquired insights into the structural flexibility and morphic fluctuations of RNA polymerases and their mechanistic implications.
Updating emotional content in working memory: A depression-specific deficit?

Abstract Background and objectives Interference from irrelevant negative material might be a key mechanism underlying intrusive ruminative thoughts in depression. Considering commonalities between depression and social anxiety and the presence of similar intrusive thoughts in social anxiety, the current study was designed to assess whether interference from irrelevant material in working memory is specific to depression or is also present in social anxiety disorder. Methods To examine the effects of irrelevant emotional material on working memory performance, participants memorized two lists of words on each trial and were subsequently instructed to ignore one of the lists. Participants were then asked to indicate whether a probe word belonged to the relevant list or not. Results Compared to control and social anxiety groups, the depression groups (both pure and comorbid with social anxiety disorder) exhibited greater difficulties removing irrelevant emotional material from working memory (i.e., greater intrusion effects). Greater intrusion effects were also associated with increased rumination. Limitations Although we included three clinical groups (depression, social anxiety, and the comorbid groups), the results are based on a relatively small number of participants. Conclusions The results indicate that difficulties removing irrelevant material from working memory might be unique to depression, and the ability to inhibit irrelevant information is relatively preserved in social anxiety disorder.
Intravenously injected radiolabelled fatty acids image brain tumour phospholipids in vivo: differential uptakes of palmitate, arachidonate and docosahexaenoate

This paper investigates the incorporation of intravenously (i.v.) administered radiolabelled fatty acids—[9, 10-3H]palmitate (3H-PA), [1-14C]arachidonate (14C-AA) and [1-14C]docosahexaenoate (14C-DHA)—into intracerebrally implanted tumours in awake Fischer-344 rats. A suspension of Walker 256 carcinosarcoma tumour cells (1 × 106 cells) was implanted into the right cerebral hemisphere of 8- to 9-week-old rats. Seven days after implantation, the awake rat was infused i.v. for 5 min with 3H-PA (6.4 mCi/kg), 14C-AA (170 µCi/kg) or 14C-DHA (100 µCi/kg). Twenty minutes after the start of infusion, the rat was killed and coronal brain sections were obtained for quantitative autoradiography and histology. Each fatty acid showed well-demarcated incorporation into tumour tissue. Areas of necrosis or haemorrhage showed no or small levels of incorporation. The ratios of incorporation into the tumour to incorporation into contralateral brain regions were 2.8–5.5 for 3H-PA, 2.1–3.3 for 14C-AA and 1.5–2.2 for 14C-DHA. The mean ratios differed significantly between the fatty acids (p < 0.01). 3H-PA was not incorporated into necrotic tumours despite the presence of an open blood-tumour barrier, indicated by extravasated horseradish peroxidase. The incorporation rate constant of 3H-PA was similar for small intracerebral and large extracerebral tumours. The results show that 3H-PA, 14C-AA and 14C-DHA. are incorporated more readily into tumour tissue than into brain, and that the increase is primarily due to increased utilization of fatty acids by tumour cells and not due to a high blood-tumour permeability. The relative increases in rates of incorporation for the different fatty acids may be related to lipid composition of the tumour and to the requirement of and specific role of these fatty acids in tumour cell growth and division.
Photonic crystal fabrication by way of coherent microparticle interaction

A method for determining steady-state particle density distribution resulting from an incident standing-wave field is discussed. A brief review of photonic crystals relates their established properties and their symmetry along with spectral relationships using 1D eigenvalue equations. Electrostatic interactions between neutral but polarizable particles are derived from Maxwell's equations and the Lorentz force equation. The role of the stress tensor in electromagnetic propagation is discussed. Macroscopic van der Waals forces are described in terms of the Maxwell stress tensor, and equations for the microscopic van der Waals forces between two parallel dipoles are given for in- phase and out-of-phase cases. Spatial distribution of the electric field magnitude for the two cases are illustrated. Possible applications are described.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
GOVERNMENT STRUCTURAL POLICIES AND THE AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRY

Structural policy has two elements: rules of competition and concentration in the marketplace, and deliberate attempts to structure industrial sectors. Historically, Europe, Japan, and the U.S. have pursued quite dissimilar structural policies, reflecting their differing perceptions of the national interest, different international imperatives, and different conceptions of the role of the state. The automobile industry offers sharp cross-country comparisons of structural policy at i t s most vigorous. In this paper, the successes and failures of U.S. antitrust activity toward the automobile industry are considered in comparison to the relative absence of such policies abroad. Similarly, governments' attempts to develop internationally competitive automobile industries in Europe and Japan contrast with the domestic regulatory orientation in the U.S. This historical analysis suggests the current need for reorientations in national structural policies in order to deal effectively with internationalized markets, firms, and competition in the automobile and other industries today.
Knowledge and structures of scientific growth measurement of a cancer problem domain

In the context of bridging the so-called externalist and cognitive perspectives on the growth of research communities, a cancer “problem domain” is examined (1) to distinguish a growth in knowledge from a proliferating research literature, and (2) show how measurement of formal communication, uninformed by the “historical record,” clarifies or distorts sociological interpretations of innovation and growth in biomedicine. Specifically, coauthorship and citation networks are analyzed for reverse transcriptase researchers, 1970–74. This analysis reveals the visibility of large National Cancer Institute laboratories in the research literature, but demonstrates the need to augment disaggregated network data with intellectual and social (policy) history to explain the growth and structure of the domain.
Rate-dependent effects of intravenous lidocaine, procainamide and amiodarone on intraventricular conduction.

In this study, the duration of the QRS complex during ventricular pacing was used as an index of intraventricular conduction to quantitate the rate-dependent effects of intravenous lidocaine, procainamide and amiodarone. Right ventricular apical pacing (15 to 20 beats) was performed at cycle lengths of 600, 500, 400, 350, 300, 275 and 250 ms, before and 5 minutes after the intravenous administration of lidocaine in 11 patients (serum level 3.2 ± 0.8 μg/ml [mean ± SD]), procainamide in 14 patients (serum level 8.2 ± 1.9 μg/ml) and amiodarone in 12 patients (serum level 3.9 ± 1.2 μg/ml). Electrocardiographic recordings were made at a paper speed of 150 mm/s. QRS duration was measured in a blinded fashion, with reproducibility within 5%. In the control state, QRS duration was the same at all paced cycle lengths. After lidocaine, procainamide and amiodarone administration, the shortest paced cycle length with complete ventricular capture was 250 ± 0, 275 ± 38 and 264 ± 20 ms, respectively. At a paced cycle length of 600 ms, the increase in QRS duration compared with the control state was 1 ± 2% with lidocaine (p>0.05), 21 ± 7% with procainamide (p The acute effects of lidocaine, procainamide and amiodarone on intraventricular conduction are rate-dependent, with the effects of intravenous amiodarone being more similar to those of lidocaine than those of procainamide. Prolongation of conduction occurs at a slower rate with procainamide than with lidocaine or amiodarone. These data suggest that each of these three drugs blocks sodium channels, and that recovery from block is slower with procainamide than with lidocaine or amiodarone.
Demonstration of a high-efficiency free-space optical communications link

In this paper we discuss recent progress on the implementation of a hardware free-space optical communications test-bed. The test-bed implements an end-to-end communications system comprising a data encoder, modulator, laser-transmitter, telescope, detector, receiver and error-correction-code decoder. Implementation of each of the component systems is discussed, with an emphasis on 'real-world' system performance degradation and limitations. We have demonstrated real-time data rates of 44 Mbps and photon efficiencies of approximately 1.8 bits/photon over a 100m free-space optical link.
Cross-national measurement of school learning environments: Creating indicators for evaluating UNICEF's Child Friendly Schools Initiative☆

Abstract The present study examines the psychometric properties of a student-reported measure of school quality, the CFS Conditions for Learning Survey, to examine its utility as a cross-national comparative measure to evaluate UNICEF's Child Friendly Schools initiative. Factor analyses conducted on data from fifth- and sixth-grade students in 68 schools across the Philippines, Nicaragua, and South Africa revealed a core set of items that loaded highly onto each of the three dimensions of the CFS Conditions for Learning survey across all three countries. Formal tests established measurement invariance for a subset of these items, indicating that they were free from methodological bias across countries. However, meaningful differences in the country-specific structure and substantive interpretation of school quality were also detected. The results suggest that items in the CFS Conditions for Learning survey can be used to create both reliable cross-national and country-specific indicators of school quality and provide a blueprint for future psychometric work in the field of comparative child and family policy.
Thin-film, wide-angle, design-tunable, selective absorber from near UV to far infrared

We experimentally demonstrate a structured thin film that selectively absorbs incident electromagnetic waves in discrete bands, which by design occur in any chosen range from near UV to far infrared. The structure consists of conducting islands separated from a conducting plane by a dielectric layer. By changing dimensions and materials, we have achieved broad absorption resonances centered at 0.36, 1.1, 14, and 53 microns wavelength. Angle-dependent specular reflectivity spectra are measured using UV-visible or Fourier spectrometers. The peak absorption ranges from 85 to 98%. The absorption resonances are explained using the model of an LCR resonant circuit created by coupling between dipolar plasma resonance in the surface structures and their image dipoles in the ground plane. The resonance wavelength is proportional to the dielectric permittivity and to the linear dimension of the surface structures. These absorbers have application to thermal detectors of electromagnetic radiation.
Zinc, chromium, vanadium and iron in the Mediterranean Sea

Abstract Mediterranean surface waters contain elevated levels of zinc and chromium and slightly lower levels of vanadium compared to similar nutrient-depleted open ocean waters. A detailed mapping of surface concentrations in the Alboran Sea (immediately east of the Strait of Gibraltar) reveals that maximum total dissolvable concentrations of Zn (9.4 nmol kg −1 , Cr (3.9 nmol kg −1 ), V (35 nmol kg −1 ) and total Fe (53 nmol kg −1 ) occur in the core of the Atlantic inflow jet. These distributions imply that a portion of Mediterranean trace metal enrichment occurs during passage of surface water through the coastal region and into the Strait, as observed previously for Cu and Cd. Mass balance indicates that about half of the Mediterranean Zn enrichment, and most of the Cr enrichment, is due to sources within the basin itself. High concentrations of particulate Fe in the Alboran Sea suggest eolian input or recent sediment resuspension, but in general metal sources are difficult to identify and could be fluvial or anthropogenic as well as eolian and sedimentary. Chromium and V levels in Mediterranean deep water are similar to surface water concentrations near deep-water formation regions, but Zn is enriched in deep water, implying some vertical transport by biological cycling. A simple steady-state box model indicates that about 30% of the Zn transport is particulate and that the Zn: nutrient ration in sinking particulate matter is similar to that in open ocean particulates.
Dark Matter and Gas Concentrations in the NGC 4532/DDO 137 System

H I synthesis mapping of NGC 4532 and DDO 137, a pair of Sm galaxies on the edge of the Virgo Cluster, is used to determine rotation curves for each of the galaxies and to resolve the structure and kinematics of three distinct H I concentrations embedded in an extended envelope of diffuse H I discovered in earlier Arecibo studies of the system. The H I masses of the three concentrations do not appear to be sufficient for them to be self-gravitating; however, their H I masses and dynamical masses are very similar to those of faint Im galaxies in the Virgo Cluster. The peak H I column density of each of the clouds is close to the star formation threshold, but CCD images in B and R reveal no trace of stars or star formation. If the system is gravitationally bound and in virial equilibrium, we find its total mass to be 10 times that within the outermost H I contours of the individual galaxies and clouds. Thirty-seven percent of the total H I lies outside the boundaries of the individual galaxies as determined by the VLA mapping; 28% cannot be ascribed to either galaxy or to the discrete concentrations. One possible way to account for the velocity field and the large quantity of diffuse gas is to assume that DDO 137, the gas concentrations, and other apparent tidal features are due to gas infall into clumps within the dark matter potential of the group, and that prior to the interaction the group consisted of an irregular galaxy (NGC 4532) and a large, star-poor H I cloud like H I 1225+01.
Liposomal preparations of calcium- or zinc-DTPA have a high efficacy for removing colloidal Ytterbium-169 from rat tissues.

Abstract Results from this study demonstrate that liposomes increase the effectiveness of chelating agents in removing heavy metals from contaminated tissues in vivo. We compared the ability of free and liposomal preparations of Ca- and zn-diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) to remove 169Yb from tissues of rats previously injected intravenously with either soluble or colloidal forms of 169Yb. Although single injections of liposomal Zn-DTPA were better than the free chelator in reducing the body burden of 169Yb administered in a soluble form (citrate), the liposomal preparations of Zn-DTPA or Ca-DTPA were even more effective in removing the 169Yb that had been injected as the colloidal form. However, a second injection of liposomal Zn-DTPA given 8 days after the initial treatment was not as effective in removing 169Yb as a second injection of the free chelator. Whether injected in the free or liposomal forms, Ca-DTPA was more effective than Zn-DTPA in removing the colloidal 169Yb. Significantly lower amounts of colloidal 169Yb remained in the liver, kidney, muscle, bone, and blood of rats after injection of the liposomal preparations of Ca- or Zn-DTPA than in the corresponding organs of the control ( P ). The liposomal preparations were also more efficient in reducing the retention of colloidal 169Yb in bone and blood than the free chelators ( P ).
Thyroidectomy under local anesthesia

Abstract Thyroidectomy under local anesthesia has a long history. Although the author performs only about one third of operations under local anesthesia, the technique is a time honored and valuable one and is similar to performing other procedures under local anesthesia. The technique is described in detail; conversion to a general anesthetic is required in less than 2% of patients and usually reflects poor patient selection. The procedure can be safely performed on an outpatient basis if only a hemithyroidectomy is performed, no active drain is necessary, and the patient has a responsible adult at home, leading to cost-efficient medical care.
Sensilla numbers and antennal morphology of parasitic and non-parasitic bees (Hymenoptera : Apoidea)

Abstract The antennal forms and sensilla of 114 species of bees (Hymenoptera : Apoidea), representing all major lineages, were compared to ascertain the relationship between sensory structures and behavior. For all taxa, males and females of parasitic bee species do not differ significantly in the relative sizes of their antennal structures. For non-parasitic species, females have relatively longer scapes, but relatively shorter flagella. There are significant taxonomic effects in these relationships; the family Megachilidae is aberrant. These findings may relate to similarities in search behavior of males (both parasitic and non-parasitic) and parasitic females, which in general may be more dependent on longer-range olfactory cues, while non-parasitic females also use visual cues and contact or short-range olfactory cues. In the family Halictidae, there is a significant association between body-size and density of sensilla placodea. Among non-parasitic female bees, pollen specialists and generalists do not differ in the relative density of sensilla. Parasitic forms in Halictidae, however, have fewer sensilla placodea per unit aarea than do their hosts.
Photoemission studies of the Fe 3s spin splitting in Fe-V alloys.

The concentration dependency of the Fe 3s spin splitting in Fe-V alloys has been investigated using x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and synchrotron radiation photoemission. Based on line-shape fits, we demonstrate that the spin splitting decreases with increasing V concentration in the same fashion as the local moment, indicating that there is a correspondence between them. It is found that the magnitude of the spin splitting, the line shape, and the intensity ratio of the two spin components are photon-energy dependent.
Forage quality and morphological components of diverse clovers during primary spring growth

Forage quality of clover (Trifolium spp.) may be influenced by changes in nutrient concentration of morphological fraction as a function of growth habit or life cycle. We compared the dry matter (DM) accumulation trends of four clovers differing in growth habit and life cycle, and determined the influence of plant fraction nutritive value on total forage quality. Primary spring growth of berseem (T. alexandrinum L.), red (T. pratense L.), subterranean (T. subterraneum L.), and white (T. repens L.) clovers was harvested in each of 2 yr beginning in late March, and thereafter every 10 d (eight harvests total) (.)
Transsphenoidal Surgery for Lesions Involving the Interpeduncular Fossa: What If the Path Is Not Created By the Tumor?

ccess to the interpeduncular fossa is a surgical challenge, which is documented by the many different A approaches that have been described to expose it. The approaches can be subdivided in two major groups, according to their entry point. Lateral approaches expose the area starting from a lateral entry point, whereas median approaches achieve a midline, symmetric exposure. Each approach has specific limitations, and some approaches have precise indications; all of them are technically demanding, mainly because the interpeduncular fossa remains a narrow, deep, and fragile confined area, regardless of the approach (7). Accessing this region has proved to be a challenge independent of the approach taken (12).
Investigating “self-conscious” speech: The performance register in Ocracoke English

This article examines PERFORMANCE SPEECH in the historically isolated island community of Ocracoke, North Carolina. Over the past several decades islanders have come into increasingly frequent contact with tourists and new residents, who often comment on the island's “quaint” relic dialect. In response, some Ocracokers have developed performance phrases that highlight island features, particularly the pronunciation of/ay/ with a raised/backed nucleus, i.e. [Λ-1]. The analysis of/ay/ in the performance and non-performance speech of a representative Ocracoke speaker yields several important insights for the study of language in its social context. First, performance speech may display more regular patterning than has traditionally been assumed. Second, it lends insight into speaker perception of language features. Finally, the incorporation of performance speech into the variationist-based study of style-shifting offers support for the growing belief that style-shifting may be primarily proactive rather than reactive. (Keywords: Ocracoke, performance speech, style-shifting, stylistic variation, register, self-conscious speech.)
Flavor Lexicon for Sensory Descriptive Profiling of Different Rice Types

Rice flavor is a significant factor in determining quality and consumer acceptability as exemplified by scented rice, which is highly favored and commands a price premium. Sensory descriptive analysis has primarily been performed to assess rice flavor characteristics, but these studies feature only a limited lexicon for characterizing specific flavors or the range of flavor types is limited. This study was undertaken to establish a descriptive lexicon with reference standards for describing the flavor properties of a broad spectrum of rice types and use the developed lexicon to characterize which sensory attributes are most important in rice flavor quality. A rice flavor lexicon consisting of 24 descriptive notes was developed and expanded by 8 trained sensory panelists to characterize the flavor of cooked rice differing in terms of forms, types, and specialty (n = 36). Of these 24 descriptive terms, 19 were aromatic notes and 5 were fundamental tastes and oral feeling factors. Eighteen aromatic terms were significantly present in most rice samples whereas some descriptors exhibited unique characteristics of a specific-rice type. Subsequent multivariate analysis indicated that 18 descriptive terms were required to fully understand the characteristics of rice flavor in greater details. This lexicon covered a wider range of rice samples than in the previous studies and will facilitate targeting the characteristic notes important to rice processors as well as producers.
On the existence of diagonal solutions to the Lyapunov equation for a third order system

An algebraic characterization of necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of a diagonal solution P>0 to the Lyapunov equation for third order matrices has been derived. In this paper we show an alternative way of obtaining the same conditions. This is based on necessary and sufficient conditions that we derive for the existence of a common diagonal solution to the Lyapunov equation for two stable matrices in R/sup 2/spl times/2/. The importance of the new approach is that it appears to be possible to extend it to determine a common diagonal solution P>0 to the Lyapunov equation for two matrices A,B /spl isin/ R/sup 3/spl times/3/ and even to more general cases.
Wave‐modified mean exothermic heating in the mesopause region

We employ a model of wave-driven OH nightglow fluctuations to calculate the effects of gravity waves on the chemical exothermic heating due to reactions involving odd hydrogen and odd oxygen species in the mesopause region. Using a model based on time means and deviations from those means, it is demonstrated that gravity waves contribute to the time-average exothermic heating. The effect can be significant because the fractional fluctuations in minor species density can be substantially greater than the fractional fluctuation of the major gas density. Our calculations reveal that the waves mitigate the exothermic heating, demonstrating their potential importance in the heat budget of the mesopause region.
The response to ACTH is determined early in the treatment of infantile spasms

Although adrenocorticotropic hormone is the most commonly used treatment for infantile spasms in the United States, the optimal regimen for this indication is not known. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the optimal adrenocorticotropic hormone treatment duration. We conducted a retrospective chart review of response to adrenocorticotropic hormone among all patients with infantile spasms managed at our institution from January 2009 to September 2013. Treatment response was defined as clinical remission for greater than or equal to 28 days starting at any point within the adrenocorticotropic hormone course and remission of hypsarrhythmia (or definite EEG improvement if hypsarrhythmia was absent at baseline). For responders, the diagnostic and post-treatment EEG tracings were reviewed. Electroclinical remission was achieved in 21 of 39 patients (54%) receiving adrenocorticotropic hormone, including 11/25 (44%) receiving a long course (typically 12 weeks) and 10/14 (71%) receiving a short course (typically four weeks). The mean time to clinical remission was 5.8 days (median: 5 days; range: 1-20 days). Only one patient responded beyond two weeks of treatment. This study provides Class IV evidence that among patients with infantile spasms, the response to adrenocorticotropic hormone is most often determined early in the treatment course. Given the importance of rapid remission, clinicians should consider adding or changing treatment if infantile spasms do not resolve within two weeks of adrenocorticotropic hormone initiation. Further study is needed to determine the optimal adrenocorticotropic hormone regimen for infantile spasms.
Connecting alveolate cell biology with trophic ecology in the marine plankton using the ciliate Favella as a model

Planktonic alveolates (ciliates and dinoflagellates), key trophic links in marine planktonic communities, exhibit complex behaviors that are underappreciated by microbiologists and ecologists. Furthermore, the physiological mechanisms underlying these behaviors are still poorly understood except in a few freshwater model ciliates, which are significantly different in cell structure and behavior than marine planktonic species. Here, we argue for an interdisciplinary research approach to connect physiological mechanisms with population-level outcomes of behaviors. Presenting the tintinnid ciliate Favella as a model alveolate, we review its population ecology, behavior, and cellular/molecular biology in the context of sensory biology and synthesize past research and current findings to construct a conceptual model describing the sensory biology of Favella. We discuss how emerging genomic information and new technical methods for integrating research across different levels of biological organization are paving the way for rapid advance. These research approaches will yield a deeper understanding of the role that planktonic alveolates may play in biogeochemical cycles, and how they may respond to future ocean conditions.
ANALYSIS OF EFFECTS OF FARE-FREE TRANSIT PROGRAM ON STUDENT COMMUTING MODE SHARES: BRUINGO AT UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA AT LOS ANGELES

Spring 2002 concluded the second year of the BruinGo pilot demonstration program of the University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA). BruinGo allows students and employees of UCLA to board buses of the Santa Monica Municipal Bus Lines (Big Blue Bus) free of charge. At a time when the future of BruinGo is at stake (both its existence and the possible expansion of the program to other transit agencies), a brief analysis of what has been accomplished by the program at this stage is provided. The program is analyzed using two methods: (a) the analysis of the changes in the commuting mode share for all off-campus student commuters and (b) an intricate process of geocoding survey data in which the relationship of the proximity of a student's residence to the Big Blue Bus lines and the corresponding choice of mode to campus is analyzed. The conclusion is that providing fare-free transit to students did, in fact, increase transit ridership and decrease students' reliance on the automobile to reach campus. Transit ridership for 2001 (the first year of BruinGo) increased by more than 50% over ridership in 2000 (the year before BruinGo), while more than 1,000 fewer automobile trips were taken to the UCLA campus each day. Even more striking is the rate at which students are leaving their cars at home in the areas best served by the Big Blue Bus. After BruinGo, fully 50% of all students in walking distance of a direct line to campus took transit (compared with 35% before BruinGo). That is much higher than in other areas. The mode share of walking and bicycling also decreased dramatically, however.
Modeling Consistency in a Speaker Independent Continuous Speech Recognition System

We would like to incorporate speaker-dependent consistencies, such as gender, in an otherwise speaker-independent speech recognition system. In this paper we discuss a Gender Dependent Neural Network (GDNN) which can be tuned for each gender, while sharing most of the speaker independent parameters. We use a classification network to help generate gender-dependent phonetic probabilities for a statistical (HMM) recognition system. The gender classification net predicts the gender with high accuracy, 98.3% on a Resource Management test set. However, the integration of the GDNN into our hybrid HMM-neural network recognizer provided an improvement in the recognition score that is not statistically significant on a Resource Management test set.
(+)‐(2R,8aS)‐10‐(Camphorylsulfonyl)Oxaziridine

(+)-(2R,8aS)-10-(camphorylsulfonyl)oxaziridine intermediate: (+)-(1S)-10-Camphorsulfonamide intermediate: (−)-(camphorsulfonyl)imine product: (+)-(2R, 8aS)-10-Camphorylsulfonyloxaziridine product: (−)-(2S,8aR)-10-(camphorylsulfonyl)oxaziridine Keywords: annulation, heterocyclic-[3]; annulation, heterocyclic-[5]; oxidation, CN oxaziridine; sulfonation, N-sulfonation; stirrers, teflon bearing
Morphology and foliar chemistry of containerized Abies fraseri (Pursh) Poir. seedlings as affected by water availability and nutrition

• We present the results of a two-year (2007–2008) greenhouse study investigating the effect of water availability and nitrogen fertilization on the growth, biomass partitioning, and foliar nutrient content of Abies fraseri (Pursh) Poir. • Fertilizer and moisture content (irrigation) were varied in a factorial experiment combining four levels of irrigation and three levels of fertilization to evaluate growth and foliar nutrient content. In addition, a numerical optimization was used to estimate appropriate levels of each factor necessary to achieve simulated goals for response variables. • Irrigation increased the height growth by 12 to 35% depending on the fertilization treatment (p = 0.0001). Fertilization increased height growth by 10 to 26% (p = 0.02). A similar response was observed for stem diameter growth (SDG). Total biomass accumulation increased as result of positive response of stem and root biomass development, and foliar nitrogen content was positively affected by nitrogen fertilization and negatively affected by irrigation. The numerical optimization for simulated target growth and nitrogen content responses produced levels of input combinations with high desirability factors to achieve the target responses. • These results suggest that nutrient addition is a strong determining factor for early development of this species. The improved growth efficiency in this study is likely attributed to a combination of factors including, improved photosynthetic capacity, decreased stomatal limitations, or increased resource allocation to stems.
Self-triggered assistive stimulus training improves step initiation in persons with Parkinson’s disease

Prior studies demonstrated that hesitation-prone persons with Parkinson’s disease (PDs) acutely improve step initiation using a novel self-triggered stimulus that enhances lateral weight shift prior to step onset. PDs showed reduced anticipatory postural adjustment (APA) durations, earlier step onsets, and faster 1st step speed immediately following stimulus exposure. This study investigated the effects of long-term stimulus exposure. Two groups of hesitation-prone subjects with Parkinson’s disease (PD) participated in a 6-week step-initiation training program involving one of two stimulus conditions: 1) Drop. The stance-side support surface was lowered quickly (1.5 cm); 2) Vibration. A short vibration (100 ms) was applied beneath the stance-side support surface. Stimuli were self-triggered by a 5% reduction in vertical force under the stance foot during the APA. Testing was at baseline, immediately post-training, and 6 weeks post-training. Measurements included timing and magnitude of ground reaction forces, and step speed and length. Both groups improved their APA force modulation after training. Contrary to previous results, neither group showed reduced APA durations or earlier step onset times. The vibration group showed 55% increase in step speed and a 39% increase in step length which were retained 6 weeks post-training. The drop group showed no stepping-performance improvements. The acute sensitivity to the quickness-enhancing effects of stimulus exposure demonstrated in previous studies was supplanted by improved force modulation following prolonged stimulus exposure. The results suggest a potential approach to reduce the severity of start hesitation in PDs, but further study is needed to understand the relationship between short- and long-term effects of stimulus exposure.