cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fatty Acid Composition of the Phosphatide and Triglyceride Fractions of Human Epidermis.

SummaryIn a limited number of analyses the lipid composition of human male and female epidermis of extremities shows differences in that female epidermis has much more triglycerides than does the male epidermis while the latter has more cholesterol, ether eluate and phosphatides than does female epidermis. The fatty acid composition of the triglyceride fraction is characterized in part by containing about 73% unsaturated fatty acids while this figure for the phosphatides is 50%. The phosphatides contain 2 unsaturated acids with 20 carbons and small amounts of pentadecanoic, heptadecanoic, behenic, lignoceric acids as well as the more common fatty acids.
Anaphylatoxin and the mechanism of anaphylaxis

Precipitin is identical with the antibody effective in passive sensitization. This is demonstrated by injecting a guinea-pig with the precipitate formed by a mixture of horse serum with the serum of a rabbit immunized thereto. This guinea-pig, if tested after an interval of three days by the intravenous injection of horse serum, presents a violent, at times a fatal anaphylactic response.If the precipitating antibody is heated at 72° for one half hour, it loses its precipitating functions, but retains its sensitizing power, though somewhat diminished. Such heated precipitin, sometimes described as “precipitinoid,” is known to retain its combining power with antigen. One may conclude, therefore, that the combining power, but not the precipitating power, of antibody is essential in anaphylaxis.Precipitating antibody heated at 72° for one half hour has lost its capacity to bind complement in the presence of antigen. However, it still retains its sensitizing value. These facts are illustrated by the following ...
State Capacity and American Technology: Evidence from the Nineteenth Century

Abstract Robert Gordon's The Rise and Fall of American Economic Growth compellingly shows how technical innovation, stimulated by the country's institutions, has radically improved the living stand...
Hemoglobin Osu-Christiansborg: A Rare Variant

Hemoglobin Osu-Christiansborg is a rare beta globin chain variant reported mostly in the families of Ghana, though a few cases have been reported in other parts of the world as well. This variant is mostly reported in combination with hemoglobin S but has not been identified to cause an overt sickle cell disease. Here, we report a case of a 3-year-old boy from Ghana who was found to have hemoglobin S+ Osu-Christiansborg on screening hemoglobin electrophoresis. J Hematol. 2016;5(2):74-75 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.14740/jh273w
The New Cambridge History of India: Political change, political structure, and the functioning of government

PARLIAMENTARY DEMOCRACY IN INDIA There has been a basic tension in the post-Independence political order, arising in part out of features of the Indian Constitution itself, between authoritarian and democratic tendencies. These in turn overlap with the tension between forces favoring centralization and those favoring decentralization. During the Nehru era, a balance was struck between these opposing tendencies and forces. British parliamentary conventions were adapted to Indian extra-parliamentary practices. Although the Center's supremacy was rarely challenged, politics in the states were largely autonomous. The exercise of direct political control of state government and politics from the Center was quite infrequent. Indian parliamentarism functioned freely, openly, and competitively. A balance was also struck between the use of extra-constitutional methods by opposition groups and the state's use of extraordinary powers such as laws permitting preventive detention. Since Nehru's death, the succession crisis that followed, the imposition of the Emergency regime of 1975-77, increasing difficulties faced by national political leaders in aggregating power throughout this vast country and maintaining it for long, and the recent rise of violent and terrorist movements have unsettled the balance. The use of violence by protest groups has become more common as has the state's use of extreme force. Although Emergency rule was followed by the defeat of Mrs. Gandhi and the restoration of normalcy, the armory of coercive powers available to the state for use against its citizens remained very great and has been reinforced in recent years with the passage of new legislation providing extraordinary powers to the state and limiting those of its citizens in areas where violent secessionist movements are in progress. The use of coercive state powers has increased during the past decade and there has been as well a great growth in the number, size, and deployment of various police and semi-military forces to quell domestic disorder and suppress political dissent. In the process, the autonomy of state politics has been further eroded and the balance of powers in India's federal system has shifted to the Center.
Printed Stretchable Interconnects for Smart Garments: Design, Fabrication, and Characterization

This paper explores stretchability and fatigue life of inexpensive printed stretchable interconnects for smart garments. Multilayer stretchable interconnects are created on a knit fabric by screen printing of Ag/AgCl conductive inks on thermoplastic polyurethane film (TPU). Heat lamination of this layer onto a knit fabric and its protective encapsulation with a second TPU layer yields a multilayer stretchable interconnect structure. Design and optimization of the printed meandering interconnects are performed experimentally. The effect of processing steps, area of substrate, and encapsulation layers on the electro-mechanical properties of the stretchable interconnects are investigated. Washing endurance of the printed lines is also explored. The meandering stretchable printed line demonstrates stretchability of over 100% strain and fatigue life of 1000 cycles at 20% strain. Washing endurance of 100 cycles is reported. This paper presents an inexpensive method of realization of electronics integration on textiles by maintaining textile comfort and wearability.
Rasmussen Encephalitis: Surgical Benefits

Social communication, language, and PET glucose utilization were studied before and after right hemispherectomy in four children with Rasmussen encephalitis (RE) at the University of California, Los Angeles.
Split hand/foot malformation genetics supports the chromosome 7 copy segregation mechanism for human limb development

Genetic aberrations of several unlinked loci cause human congenital split hand/foot malformation (SHFM) development. Mutations of the DLX5 (distal-less) transcription factor-encoding gene in chromo...
Of participation in industry: a hybridized possibility?

This paper overviews how what I termed hybrid participatory tools supported user experience definition in an industry setting. Three case studies drawn from work by the User Experience Group (UEG) at Intel Corporation are used to illustrate the approach. The paper is divided into six parts. The first provides a brief background to the case studies. The second, third and fourth part overview three major case studies: projects conducted in 2007 and 2008 by Intel Corporation. The fifth section summarizes key learning and observed benefits and the concluding section reflects on issues surrounding the design and deployment of these tools within industry settings.
Exploring the importance of cancer pathways by meta-analysis of differential protein expression networks in three different cancers

It is believed that all cancers occur due to the mutation or change in one or more genes. In order to investigate the significance of the biological pathways which are interrupted by these genetic mutations, we pursue an integrated analysis using multiple cancer datasets released by the International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC). This dataset consists of expression profiles for genes/proteins of patients receiving treatment, for three types of cancer - Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma (HNSC), Lung Adenocarcinoma (LUAD) and Kidney Renal Clear Cell Carcinoma (KIRC). We consider pathway analysis to identify all the biological pathways which are active among the patients and investigate the roles of the significant pathways using a differential network analysis of the protein expression datasets for the three cancers separately. We then integrate the pathway based results of all the three cancers which provide a more comprehensive picture of the three cancers. From our analysis of the protein expression data, overall, RAS and PI3K signaling pathways appear to play the most significant roles in the three cancers - Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma (HNSC), Lung Adenocarcinoma (LUAD) and Kidney Renal Clear Cell Carcinoma (KIRC). This analysis suggests that the RAS and PI3K signaling pathways are the two most important pathways in all the three cancers and should be investigated further for their potential roles in cancers. This article was reviewed by Joaquin Dopazo and Samiran Ghosh.
Management of Rare Breast Tumors and Male Breast Cancer

There is very little clinical trial data available to guide the management of uncommon breast cancers. This review draws on classic and recent retrospective data to synthesize a clearer understanding of the biology and behavior of these rare tumors. Avoid disfiguring surgery in the pursuit of very wide margins for benign phyllodes tumors unless there are adverse histological features. Encapsulated papillary carcinoma is very good prognosis breast cancer; do not over treat. Metaplastic carcinoma is a basal type breast cancer that may be more responsive to “BRCA1-like” treatments. Complete excision of the capsule is curative for most implant-associated anaplastic large cell lymphomas. Aromatase inhibitors are still controversial for male breast cancer; tamoxifen is standard. Available data are useful for guiding the treatment of rare breast cancers, but it must be recognized that there is still a great deal to be learned about each of these entities.
Energy Balance in Small-Scale Waves — An Experimental Approach Using Optical Slope Measuring Technique and Image Processing

The energy balance in small-scale waves is investigated with optical wave-slope measuring technique. Time series from one point at the water surface are obtained with a laser slope gauge and image sequences of the wave slope with an imaging slope gauge. Frequency spectra, wavenumber spectra, and wavenumber-frequency spectra are calculated from data obtained in different wind/wave facilities. They show a strong nonlinearity of the waves already for wind speeds as low as 1.9 m/s. When the dominant gravity wave frequency is smaller than 4 Hz, an equilibrium range establishes for waves with frequencies larger than 10 Hz. In this range, the slope frequency spectrum is proportional to u * 5/2 , but still increases with fetch, while small gravity waves with frequencies larger than the dominant wave show only very little dependence on fetch and u *. These experimental facts indicate that the energy balance in small-scale waves is more complex than assumed by previous theories.
Distinguishing Remobilized Ash From Erupted Volcanic Plumes Using Space-Borne Multiangle Imaging

Volcanic systems are comprised of a complex combination of ongoing eruptive activity and secondary hazards, such as remobilized ash plumes. Similarities in the visual characteristics of remobilized and erupted plumes, when imaged by satellite-based remote sensing, can complicate the accurate classification of these events. The stereo imaging capabilities of the Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR) were used to determine the altitude and distribution of suspended particles. Remobilized ash plumes show distinct dispersion characteristics, with particles distributed throughout the lower 1.5 km of the atmosphere. Particle transport was consistently constrained by local topography, limiting the possible dispersion pathways downwind. The MISR Research Aerosol (RA) retrieval algorithm was used to assess the plume particle microphysical properties. All remobilized ash plumes displayed a dominance of large, non-absorbing particles, distinct from emitted plumes, particularly in the retrieved fraction of small, spherical particles and the level of absorption within each plume.
Design Engineering Journey

Abstract This book provides an introductory treatment of the design methodology for undergraduate students in multiple disciplines. It introduces the principles of design, and discusses design tool...
The influence of microsporidian pathogens from commercially available lady beetles on larval development of the green lacewing, Chrysoperla carnea, in the absence of infection.

Abstract In North America, more than 70 species of natural enemies are available for pest control, including the aphid predators, Adalia bipunctata L. (two-spotted lady beetle) and Hippodamia convergens Guerin-Meneville (convergent lady beetle), and the generalist predator Chrysoperla carnea Stephens (green lacewing). The two lady beetle species are known to host microsporidian pathogens: Nosema adaliae was originally described from Adalia bipunctata and Tubulinosema hippodamiae from H. convergens. Microsporidia are spore-forming pathogens that typically produce chronic, debilitating disease. Because the spores of both pathogens are transovarially transmitted through beetle eggs, the predation behavior of lacewing larvae provides an opportunity for the transmission of these pathogens when infected lady beetles and lacewings share the same local environment. In this study, uninfected and microsporidia-infected eggs from A. bipunctata and H. convergens were offered to C. carnea larvae. The development of larvae that consumed N. adaliae-infected eggs was not affected, but larval development was prolonged by almost 3 days for those that consumed two or more T. hippodamiae-infected eggs. Prolonged larval development is considered to be costly because larvae remain vulnerable to cannibalization by sibling larvae or other predators. Longevity did not differ significantly between sexes of C. carnea, and the sex ratio of newly eclosed adults did not differ from the previously reported sex ratio of 1♂: 1♀. Upon examination by light microscopy at the end of the trial, two C. carnea larvae were infected with N. adaliae and none were infected with T. hippodamiae, suggesting that T. hippodamiae influenced lacewing larval development without establishing an infection.
Extension of Rapid Buffering Approximation to Ca2+ Buffers with Two Binding Sites

Abstract Fundamental cell processes such as synaptic neurotransmitter release, endocrine hormone secretion, and myocyte contraction are controlled by highly localized calcium (Ca 2+ ) signals resulting from brief openings of trans-membrane Ca 2+ channels. On short temporal and spatial scales, the corresponding local Ca 2+ nanodomains formed in the vicinity of a single or several open Ca 2+ channels can be effectively approximated by quasi-stationary solutions. The rapid buffering approximation (RBA) is one of the most powerful of such approximations, and is based on the assumption of instantaneous equilibration of the bimolecular Ca 2+ buffering reaction, combined with the conservation condition for the total Ca 2+ and buffer molecule numbers. Previously, RBA has been generalized to an arbitrary arrangement of Ca 2+ channels on a flat membrane, in the presence of any number of simple Ca 2+ buffers with one-to-one Ca 2+ binding stoichiometry. However, many biological buffers have multiple binding sites. For example, buffers and sensors phylogenetically related to calmodulin consist of two Ca 2+ -binding domains (lobes), with each domain binding two Ca 2+ ions in a cooperative manner. Here we consider an extension of RBA to such buffers with two interdependent Ca 2+ binding sites. We show that in the presence of such buffers, RBA solution is given by the solution to a cubic equation, analogous to the quadratic equation describing RBA in the case of a simple, one-to-one Ca 2+ buffer. We examine in detail the dependence of RBA accuracy on buffering parameters, to reveal conditions under which RBA provides sufficient precision.
Paying to save the beach: effects of local finance decisions on coastal management

As sea level rises and storm frequency and severity increase, communities worldwide are investing in coastline management projects to maintain beach widths and dunes that support recreational amenities and mitigate storm risks. These projects are costly, and differences in property owners’ returns from maintaining wide beaches will influence community-level support for investment in shoreline defense. One way to account for these differences is by funding the project through a tax instrument that imposes the heaviest cost on residents who benefit most from beach nourishment. Some communities along the US east coast have adopted this approach. We use an agent-based model to evaluate how the imposition of project costs affects coastline management over the long-term. Charging higher tax rates on oceanfront properties reduces desired beach width among those owners but increases desired width for owners of inland properties. The aggregate impact on beach width depends on coastline shape and development patterns that determine the balance between these two groups, heterogeneity of beach width preferences and climate change beliefs, and levels of participation in local politics. Overall, requiring property owners who benefit most from beach nourishment to bear the highest cost results in wider beaches. The result suggests that delineating tax rates to account for unequal benefits of local public goods across taxpayers could facilitate local investment in climate change adaptation.
Determination of Priorities

The actual reengineering of an organization starts with the definition of the organization in terms of processes, and specification of the processes. The costs, risks, and benefits associated with different processes and their implementation variants determine reengineering priorities. Of particular concern is the process that converts research and development findings into products for the market.
Death the Supreme Ironist

It is too difficult to realize... that death is the ultimate verification of life, that to live means to die. He who withdraws from life may think that he has avoided death; however, he has merely foregone life, and death, instead of being avoided, closes in from all sides and creeps into one’s very heart, a petrified heart. If he is to be restored to life he must recognize the sovereignty of death.1
Evolutionary Origins of Immunoglobulin Gene Diversity

During the past several years, our laboratory has identified immunoglobulin genes in species that represent major phylogenetic groups of vertebrates (Litman et al. 1989). Taken together, the descriptions of immunoglobulin genes in chondrichthyes (Litman et al. 1985a; Hinds and Litman 1986; Kokubu et al 1988a), bony fishes (Amemiya and Litman 1990, 1991), amphibians (Schwager et al. 1988b, 1989; Haire et al. 1990, 1991), avians (Reynaud et al. 1987, 1989) and mammals (Blackwell and Alt 1988), as well as ongoing studies in our laboratory involving other phylogenetically important species are revealing, the overall patterns in the evolution of immunoglobulin gene structure and diversity. In all of these species, segmental organization and DNA sequence-mediated selective rearrangement in somatic tissues, the most distinctive features of the immunoglobulin gene system, are conserved. The nucleotide and predicted peptide sequences of individual VH, VL, DH, JH, JL and some CH exons, in most instances, are highly conserved as are the recombination signal sequences (RSSs) flanking the VH, VL, DH, JH and JL segmental elements (Litman et al. 1985a; Hinds and Litman 1986; Kokubu et al. 1988a). In addition, the exon-intron organization of the CH exons in Heterodontus (horned shark), a phylogenetically primitive vertebrate, as well as other chondrichthyes (see below), is equivalent to that described in mammals (Kokubu et al. 1988b). To a certain degree, some of these findings are not unexpected since in many cases the genes in lower vertebrates were detected by cross-hybridization with a mammalian immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region gene-specific probe (Litman et al. 1983, 1985a). Typically, any gene detected using this procedure would have to be at least 60% related at the nucleotide sequence level. Although it is informative to compare the sequences of these genes to one another in an overall sense, it must be emphasized that the VH genes are members of extensively diversified multigene families and few guidelines can be applied to determine whether similarities and/or differences in gene sequence reflect orthologous evolutionary relationships (Litman et al. 1985b).
Employment in Large U.S. Metropolitan Airport Areas

Airport area planning founders on the lack of a basis for realistic projections of future employment. Using a commercial establishment database including detailed data on location, activities (sector), establishment type, and employment for the 62 airports with scheduled passenger service in the 51 metropolitan areas with resident populations of one million or more in 2010, this paper makes inroads towards addressing those needs. The results confirm earlier findings that airport areas contain significant employment but also finds that favorable land price, rather than airport access, is the likely salient location factor for all but direct transportation-providing activities and accommodations. These results will help guide planners in developing airport areas and in forming informed expectations of the impact of airport cities on regional economies.
Radiation-balanced thin-disk lasers in Yb:YAG and Yb:YLF (Conference Presentation)

We present the experimental progress in the investigation of radiation-balanced lasers in Yb:YAG and Yb:YLF thin discs. Due to low absorption of the pump beam, we explored pump absorption schemes including VECSEL intracavity pumping as well as multipass approach. The results are compared with theory and predictions are made for prospects of these lasers for high power (multi kW) operation.
Changing reimbursement models and private equity ownership in spine surgery.

Rising costs of healthcare have been a problem in the United States in the past decade, with unnecessary strain on both providers and patients. The fee-for-service reimbursement model has been proposed as one of the biggest contributors to this phenomenon; as such, newer reimbursement model—including the bundled payments model—have been proposed and are becoming more widely adopted. This review will first discuss the current payment models in practice and then overview private equity ownership as a new avenue in this particular domain.
Multiplayer Virtual Reality Game for Pediatric Patients

Virtual reality (VR) games represent a new world for players and game developers alike. Game developers have made numerous innovations in this field, and they continue to search for new ways to immerse players in the VR gaming world. Many challenges arise in the effort to troubleshoot new problems that come with the development of VR. Consumer satisfaction is extremely important, and game developers constantly work to improve and enhance the player experience. In particular, pediatric patients as a whole face unique challenges, and developers must aim to create specific gaming experiences for these individuals. VR gaming may provide multiple therapeutic effects, such as providing analgesia, relieving anxiety, and rehabilitation. In this paper, we provide a model of strategic interaction between rational decision-makers for designing and developing the multiplayer VR game. We will also discuss applications of this technology to enhance the gaming experience and therapeutic benefits to pediatric patients.
Formula Transformers and Combinatorial Test Generators for Propositional Intuitionistic Theorem Provers.

We develop combinatorial test generation algorithms for progressively more powerful theorem provers, covering formula languages ranging from the implicational fragment of intuitionistic logic to full intuitionistic propositional logic. Our algorithms support exhaustive and random generators for formulas of these logics. To provide known-to-be-provable formulas, via the Curry-Howard formulas-as-types correspondence, we use generators for typable lambda terms and combinator expressions. Besides generators for several classes of formulas, we design algorithms that restrict formula generation to canonical representatives among equiprovable formulas and introduce program transformations that reduce formulas to equivalent formulas of a simpler structure. The same transformations, when applied in reverse, create harder formulas that can catch soundness or incompleteness bugs. To test the effectiveness of the testing framework itself, we describe use cases for deriving lightweight theorem provers for several of these logics and for finding bugs in known theorem provers. Our Prolog implementation available at: this https URL and a subset of formula generators and theorem provers, implemented in Python is available at: this https URL. Keywords: term and formula generation algorithms, Prolog-based theorem provers, formulas-as-types, type inference and type inhabitation, combinatorial testing, finding bugs in theorem provers.
La Guerre Froide de la France, 1941–1990

Was it just a dream? This is the question that Georges-Henri Soutou, the distinguished and emeritus French historian, asks in the introduction of his new book that tackles France and the Cold War. ...
Humming hummingbirds, insect flight tones and a model of animal flight sound

Why do hummingbirds hum and insects whine when their wings flap in flight? Gutin proposed that a spinning propeller produces tonal sound because the location of the center of aerodynamic pressure on each blade oscillates relative to an external receiver. Animal wings also move, and in addition, aerodynamic force produced by animal wings fluctuates in magnitude and direction over the course of the wingbeat. Here we model animal wing tone as the equal, opposite reaction to aerodynamic forces on the wing, using Lowson's equation for the sound field produced by a moving point force. Two assumptions of Lowson's equation are met: animal flight is low (< 0.3) Mach and animals from albatrosses to mosquitoes are acoustically compact, meaning they have a small spatial extent relative to the wavelength of their wingbeat frequency. This model predicts the acoustic waveform of a hovering Costa's Hummingbird (Calypte costae), which varies in the X, Y, and Z directions around the animal. We modeled the wing forces of a hovering animal as a sinusoid with an amplitude equal to body weight. This model predicts wing sound pressure levels below a hovering hummingbird and mosquito to within 2 dB; and that far-field mosquito wing tone attenuates to 20 dB within about 0.2 m of the animal, while hummingbird humming attenuates to 20 dB at about 10 m. Wing tones play a role in communication of certain insects, such as mosquitoes, and influences predator-prey interactions, because it potentially reveals the predator's presence to its intended prey.
Exploring business doctoral students attitudes, training, and use of classroom experiential learning activities

Abstract There are growing calls both within universities and from external stakeholders to utilize experiential pedagogy in business courses. In this mixed-methods study, we use the Theory of Planned Behavior and Social Learning Theory as frameworks to investigate how business doctoral students learn about and use experiential pedagogical practices. Findings from quantitative data show that a conceptual change (student-focused) attitude towards teaching has a positive relationship with the use of experiential learning activities. Interestingly, teaching norms and pedagogical training did not have a direct relationship with these pedagogical practices. Exploring qualitative responses revealed that doctoral student pedagogical practices are influenced by other doctoral students, observing faculty teaching behaviors, their own learning experiences as students, and previous experience before the doctoral program in education and training environments. This study contributes to ongoing conversations about business pedagogical practices and business doctoral training on teaching. Limitations and possibilities for future research are discussed.
Alterations in oxidative function and respiratory regulation in the post-ischemic myocardium.

Abstract In the normal and post-ischemic, isovolumic Langendorff perfused rat hearts, 31P NMR spectra and mechanical performance were evaluated over a wide range of myocardial oxygen consumption rates (MVO2). Hearts were perfused with either glucose and insulin, palmitate and glucose, or pyruvate and glucose as exogenous carbon sources. After ischemia at 38 degrees C until the onset of ischemic contracture and subsequent reperfusion, the "free" ADP levels were significantly reduced as compared to controls. In the control palmitate + glucose and glucose + insulin groups, the ADP levels were virtually independent of approximately 2.5-fold variation in MVO2; in contrast, they changed 4-fold with a approximately 30% variation in MVO2 in the post-ischemic myocardium following ischemia to contracture. In the pyruvate + glucose group, ADP levels varied with MVO2 in controls and post-ischemia; however, MVO2-ADP relationship was significantly altered following ischemia. Analysis of these observations within the concept of kinetic regulation of oxidative phosphorylation yielded the following significant conclusions: 1) the mode of respiratory regulation changed from a non-ADP to an "ADP:Pi limited" domain with non-pyruvate carbon sources; 2) respiratory regulation was in the ADP:Pi limited domain before and after ischemia in the pyruvate + glucose group; however, the Km for the relationship between MVO2 and ADP was reduced following the ischemia/reperfusion insult; 3) the post-ischemic oxidative capacity (Vmax for MVO2) was significantly reduced in all groups and this reduction would limit maximal post-ischemic mechanical performance.
Efficacy of aerosolized oltipraz in the strain a mouse lung tumor model

2468 We have previously evaluated the chemopreventive efficacy of oltipraz, a glutathione-maintaining antioxidant and a dithiolthione against the strain A/J mouse lung adenoma induced by B[a] P (benzo[a]pyrene) when it was delivered directly to the respiratory tract as an aerosol. The study has shown that there is a significant decrease (p = 0.0004) in the number of tumors (gross lesions) at 105mg/m 3 of oltipraz exposed for 1.0 hr. In order to observe a dose response, the current study utilized two additional doses (10 and 30 mg/m 3 of air). Female Strain A/J mice were treated with oltipraz at three doses (10, 30 and 100 mg/m 3 ) using a Nose Only inhalation exposure system to deliver the aerosolized drug particulates directly to the respiratory tract for four weeks (5 days /week). During the second and third week, the animals received three doses of 2 mg B[a]P in 0.2 ml cotton seed oil. After the animals were shelved for another 16 weeks to develop tumors, they were sacrificed; lung tissues removed and fixed for tumor counting and pathological examination. The results indicated that, oltipraz did not show any toxicity in any of the exposure doses. There was very low spontaneous tumors in A/J mice with average 0.75 tumors per lung (cotton seed oil group), whereas, there was an average of 15.1 tumors per lung (20 fold induction) in B[a]P treated group. Gross evaluation of lung tumor post-exposure to otipraz exhibited significant reduction of tumor incidence and multiplicity. Oltipraz inhibited the tumor development in a dose-dependent manner with inhibition ranging from 37-50 %, when compared to the B[a]P only group. Analysis of the tumor multiplicity data showed that 67 % of the lungs were with 10 or more tumors in the B [a]P group, whereas, in oltipraz exposure group, there was a significant dose-dependent decrease in the number of lungs with 10 or more tumors (19-40 %). Pathological examination of lungs also revealed an oltipraz exposure related reduction in tumor incidence. The data from this study shows that oltipraz is an effective agent for lung cancer prevention, when delivered directly to the target tissue as aerosolized particulate (Supported by N01-CN-25112).
Vaccination induced rotator cuff tear: A case report

Intramuscular vaccinations are a necessary tool in the prevention of communicable disease in the public health realm. While commonplace, these vaccinations have the potential for adverse side effects and complications. While local skin reactions are the major cause of morbidity associated with immunizations, other more significant problems can arise. These problems can be secondary to the vaccine itself and/or the technique of administration. We present a rare and previously undescribed case of a vaccination induced rotator cuff tear occurring as the direct result of an inadvertent administration of a TDaP vaccine into the insertion of the infraspinatus and teres minor tendons on the posterior aspect of the greater tuberosity.
Power reduction in test-per-scan BIST with supply gating and efficient scan partitioning

Reduction in average and peak power during test application is important to improve battery lifetime in portable electronic devices employing periodic self-test and to improve reliability/cost of testing. This paper proposes an integrated solution for peak and average power reduction in test-per-scan BIST by targeting power reduction in both combinational block and scan chain. First, we present a novel circuit technique, called first level supply gating (FLS), to virtually eliminate power dissipation in combinational logic by masking signal transition at the logic inputs during scan shifting. We realize the masking effect by inserting an extra supply gating transistor in the VDD to GND path for the first level gates at the output of scan flip-flops. Simulation results on ISCAS89 benchmarks show an average reduction of 65% in area overhead, 119% in power overhead (in normal mode), and 104% in delay overhead compared to the lowest-cost known signal masking alternative. To reduce the leakage power of the combinational block, which is considerably high in scaled technologies, we propose input vector control using FLS during scan shifting. Experiments on a set of ISCAS89 benchmarks show about 38% average reduction in leakage power with the proposed leakage reduction technique. Second, to address the power in the scan chain, we propose an efficient scan partitioning technique that reduces both average and peak power in the scan chain during shift and functional cycles. Experiments on a set of ISCAS89 benchmarks show 12.6% average reduction in peak power with the proposed partitioning method over partitioning according to RTL description.
Fine mapping of secondary structures of fd phage DNA in the region of the replication origin

A synthetic heptaribonucleotide, GACCCCC, which is complementary to a unique site on fd bacteriophage DNA, primes DNA synthesis of fd by T4 bacteriophage DNA polymerase. The rate of the GACCCCC-primed DNA synthesis was not uniform as reflected by the appearance of discrete DNA fragments as replication intermediates on an alkaline agarose gel. After 10 minutes of synthesis a significant fraction of the DNA product ran as a single band with a length of about 1960 nucleotides. We have isolated this DNA fragment, hybridized back to unlabeled fd DNA template, and mapped the Taq I restriction fragments by urea polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. This fine mapping procedure has located two major pause sites at fd nucleotide positions 5575 and 5674. These sites reside in the stem of two very stable hairpin helices near the origin of DNA replication of fd. Models for the functional roles of these two hairpin helices are presented.
Excited state kinetics and stern‐Volmer quenching plots in the photolysis of azoisopropane at 366 nm

The photochemistry of azoisopropane is reinvestigated at 366 nm over an extended pressure range by using n-butane as an added bath gas, and over a range of temperature from 277° to 180°C. The Stern-Volmer type plot of the N2 product quantum yield is interpreted in terms of the decomposition of the vibrationally excited upper singlet and triplet states, with the onset of the dissociation of the vibrationally equilibrated triplet state as the temperature is increased. The energy barrier for the dissociation of the vibrationally equilibrated first triplet state is found to be 8.8 kcal/mole. Triplet sensitization experiments with biacetyl correlate with our observations, and it is suggested that the proposed mechanism is generally applicable to the photodissociation of acyclic azoalkanes at 366 nm, based on a comparison of our data with those of Wu and Rice on hexafluoroazomethane.
U.S. public's experience with ticks and tick-borne diseases: Results from national HealthStyles surveys

Surveillance data indicate that tick-borne diseases (TBDs) are a substantial public health problem in the United States, yet information on the frequency of tick exposure and TBD awareness and prevention practices among the general population is limited. The objective of this study was to gain a more complete understanding of the U.S. public's experience with TBDs using data from annual, nationally representative HealthStyles surveys. There were 4728 respondents in 2009, 4050 in 2011, and 3503 in 2012. Twenty-one percent of respondents reported that a household member found a tick on his or her body during the previous year; of these, 10.1% reported consultation with a health care provider as a result. Overall, 63.7% of respondents reported that Lyme disease (LD) occurs in the area where they live, including 49.4% of respondents from the West South Central and 51.1% from the Mountain regions where LD does not occur. Conversely, in the New England and Mid-Atlantic regions where LD, anaplasmosis, and babesiosis are common, 13.9% and 20.8% of respondents, respectively, reported either that no TBDs occur in their area or that they had not heard of any of these diseases. The majority of respondents (51.2%) reported that they did not routinely take any personal prevention steps against tick bites during warm weather. Results from these surveys indicate that exposure to ticks is common and awareness of LD is widespread. Nevertheless, use of TBD prevention measures is relatively infrequent among the U.S. public, highlighting the need to better understand barriers to use of prevention measures.
Tutorial on modeling and control challenges of fuel cell based Powertrain Systems

Fuel cell based hybrid vehicles represent a promising future technology direction, given their high energy conversion efficiency and zero emissions. However, besides the cost and manufacturing issues, a number of technology challenges have to be resolved in order to make the large scale application of fuel cell vehicles a reality. In this presentation, we will discuss a number of representative control problems on fuel cell vehicles, and explain some of the associated solutions. The goal is to expose those challenges to control engineers and researchers, in the hope that it will stimulate further efforts from this community that will lead to new innovative solutions and speed up the introduction of the fuel cell vehicles for the benefits of sustainable energy and clean environment.
Target-specific optimization of four-dimensional cone beam computed tomography

Purpose: Under-sampling artifacts are a major problem in four-dimensional cone-beam computed tomography (4D-CBCT) and may compromise evaluation of target motion. Several studies have addressed scan parameter selection for minimizing under-sampling artifacts; however, the role of the target characteristics in scan parameter selection has not been investigated. In this work, the authors evaluated 4D-CBCT performance by assessing the accuracy of target motion measurements for various target sizes and motions. The results may serve as patient-specific guidelines for scan parameters selection in 4D-CBCT. Methods: The authors acquired 4D-CBCT scans of a moving phantom consisting of six water-filled sphere targets of sizes 10–37 mm, using various scan times ranging from 30 s to 3 min., setting the motion to 3-s and 6-s periods. The authors used automatic image registration to extract the target motion trajectories and evaluated these measurements for various target sizes and motions over various combinations of scan parameters including scan time, detector configuration, number of respiration phases, and reconstruction filters. Results: The most important object parameter to 4D-CBCT performance was the period of motion. Measurements for the 6-s motion were always systematically less accurate than measurements for the 3-s motion for 34 of 36 objects of various sizes and periods of motion. The 6-s motion required a greater scan time than the 3-s motion for equivalent measurement accuracy. The second most influential parameter was the target size. For the 3-s period of motion, objects larger than 13 mm were tracked with sub-millimeter accuracy with a 1-min scan time. For the 6-s period of motion, objects larger than 22-mm were tracked with sub-millimeter accuracy with a 1.5-min scan time. For all sizes and motions, temporal blurring was observed when the number of phases was fewer than 8. Offset detector configuration provided the same performance as centered detector except for small targets (20 mm.) at short scan times (≤1 min). Finally, reconstruction filtering and number of respiratory phases did not affect performance. Conclusions: Scan time should be set according to target size and motion. The authors have provided figures that provide the minimum scan time needed to achieve the particular motion measurement accuracy for a particular size and motion period.
Stability and mechanical properties of some metastable austenitic steels

The relation between austenite stability and the tensile properties, as affected by testing temperature and processing, was studied for a series of alloys of increasing compositional complexity, viz., the Fe-Ni, Fe-Ni-C, and Fe-Ni-Cr-Mn-C systems. The “stress” and “strain induced” modes of transformation to martensite differed significantly in their influence on the shape of the stress-strain curve. Under certain testing conditions, unusually low yield strengths and high work hardening rates were observed in some of these alloys. Maxima in yield strengths were observed for all austenitic alloys containing carbon that were processed at deformation temperatures between 200° and 300°C. Evidence gleaned from electron microscopy and magnetic and mechanical testing suggested that the maxima were due to the formation of carbon atmospheres on dislocations during processing. The influence of austenite stability on the mechanical properties of steels, varied by systematic changes in test temperature (22° to -196°C), composition (8 pct, 12 pct, 16 pct, and 21 pct Ni) and deformation temperature (25° to 450°C), was evaluated quantitatively.
Semiparametric Regression Models for a Right-Skewed Outcome Subject to Pooling

Pooling specimens prior to performing laboratory assays has various benefits. Pooling can help to reduce cost, preserve irreplaceable specimens, meet minimal volume requirements for certain lab tests, and even reduce information loss when a limit of detection is present. Regardless of the motivation for pooling, appropriate analytical techniques must be applied in order to obtain valid inference from composite specimens. When biomarkers are treated as the outcome in a regression model, techniques applicable to individually measured specimens may not be valid when measurements are taken from pooled specimens, particularly when the biomarker is positive and right skewed. In this paper, we propose a novel semiparametric estimation method based on an adaptation of the quasi-likelihood approach that can be applied to a right-skewed outcome subject to pooling. We use simulation studies to compare this method with an existing estimation technique that provides valid estimates only when pools are formed from specimens with identical predictor values. Simulation results and analysis of a motivating example demonstrate that, when appropriate estimation techniques are applied to strategically formed pools, valid and efficient estimation of the regression coefficients can be achieved.
Mexican Immigrant Gardeners: Entrepreneurs or Exploited Workers?

Suburban maintenance gardening is one service sector that has grown in the United States, and in many parts of the country it has become a gendered occupational niche for Mexican immigrant men. What is the social organization of this occupation and to what extent are Mexican immigrant gardeners following in the footsteps of Japanese gardeners, achieving socioeconomic mobility through gardening? Based on interviews conducted with 47 Mexican immigrant maintenance gardeners in Los Angeles, this article examines the occupational structure of this informal sector job, the social context in which it has developed, the mix of informal and formal economic transactions involved, and the strategic challenges that gardeners negotiate. The data show that there is occupational differentiation and mobility within the gardening occupation, and that mobility in the job remains dependent on combining both ethnic entrepreneurship and subjugated service work. Gendered social and human capital, together with financial and legal capital are necessary for occupational mobility. Jardineria, or suburban maintenance gardening, is analogous to the longstanding labor incorporation of female immigrant domestic workers into affluent households, but it is also indicative of a new trend: the proliferation of hybrid forms of entrepreneurship and service work and the incorporation of masculine "dirty work" service jobs into affluent households.
RECOVERY OF ROCKWEED FOLLOWING EXPERIMENTAL REMOVAL

ABSTRACT Recovery following experimental removal of rockweed along rocky shorelines was monitored at five study sites in Washington and Alaska. Rockweed plants were cleared from experimental plots using methods that simulate cleanup techniques applied to rocky shorelines that have been affected by oil spills. Three treatments were evaluated: removal of rockweed only, complete removal of rockweed and all other biota, and an undisturbed control. One year after treatment, results indicate that the percent cover of rockweed remained lower at treated plots compared to control plots, and was lowest where all biota had been totally cleared.
Massive transfusion for trauma: opportunities and risks

Massive transfusion is a response to uncontrolled haemorrhage, and uncontrolled haemorrhage is the leading cause of preventable death following injury. To be successful, massive transfusion must be timely and directed at the needs of the patient for volume replacement, oxygen transport, and the prevention or correction of coagulopathy. This means that the full array of blood components must be available quickly, that the components need to be of high quality, and that the components need to be given in appropriate ratios and sequences and guided by the condition and response of the patient. One in four severely injured patients present to emergency care with a coagulopathy that is related to the type and severity of injury. The mortality of coagulopathic patients is four times higher than other patients with equivalent injury severity scores. Giving more plasma and perhaps platelets earlier in massive transfusion appears to be associated with substantially improved outcome in this 2% of civilian and 8% of military casualties where resource use and mortality are concentrated. However, AB plasma is in short supply, the use of more plasma containing products is associated with an increased incidence of complications, and there is a need for more concentrated plasma products. There are opportunities and risks associated with changing the way we transfuse the injured and with developing new blood products to better meet their needs.