cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The prey as patch model: optimal handling of resources with diminishing returns

Foraging theory provides archaeology with a valuable set of tools for investigating the constraints that influenced procurement decisions of the past. The prey-choice model has been used extensively by archaeologists, but has significant limitations given the nature of archaeological data. This paper suggests that the seldom-used Marginal Value Theorem (MVT) is a valuable tool for examining the ecological constraints on foraging decisions and merits further archaeological application. Ethnoarchaeological and experimental cases are presented demonstrating how patchegains curves can be generated from quantitative data on butchering return rates and handling times. Results indicate that such curves are diminishing return functions. This provides a basis for examining the linkage between processing intensity and resource fluctuation. This model allows archaeologists to address the relationship between attribute-states of faunal remains and predicted optimal post-acquisition decisions. The MVT is valuable to ethnoarchaeology because it identifies how mean foraging return rate influences the handling of acquired prey and makes quantified predictions of return rate based on processing intensity. The MVT can also be applied to archaeological studies of foraging behavior and processing intensity as it can be used to estimate the set of environmental constraints in which a given kill was made (e.g., ‘‘good’’ vs. ‘‘bad’’ times). This approach may also identify the degree to which certain currencies, such as fat, are optimized at the expense of others, such as total caloric intake. 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
A bias/variance decomposition for models using collective inference

Bias/variance analysis is a useful tool for investigating the performance of machine learning algorithms. Conventional analysis decomposes loss into errors due to aspects of the learning process, but in relational domains, the inference process used for prediction introduces an additional source of error. Collective inference techniques introduce additional error, both through the use of approximate inference algorithms and through variation in the availability of test-set information. To date, the impact of inference error on model performance has not been investigated. We propose a new bias/variance framework that decomposes loss into errors due to both the learning and inference processes. We evaluate the performance of three relational models on both synthetic and real-world datasets and show that (1) inference can be a significant source of error, and (2) the models exhibit different types of errors as data characteristics are varied.
Validation of a Model To Predict the Risk of Nephrotoxicity in Patients Receiving Colistin

Despite concerns about its nephrotoxicity, colistin often remains the only effective agent for treating multidrug-resistant Gram-negative infections. Published studies have reported a wide range of nephrotoxicity risk factors. To assess the clinical utility of various models, we compared their performances for predicting the risk of nephrotoxicity. We identified a model demonstrating reasonable overall risk assessment, with an observed/expected ratio of 1.29 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.68 to 1.90) and a positive predictive value of 87.5% for identifying patients at high risk of developing nephrotoxicity.
Counterfactual thinking and the first instinct fallacy.

Most people believe that they should avoid changing their answer when taking multiple-choice tests. Virtually all research on this topic, however, has suggested that this strategy is ill-founded: Most answer changes are from incorrect to correct, and people who change their answers usually improve their test scores. Why do people believe in this strategy if the data so strongly refute it? The authors argue that the belief is in part a product of counterfactual thinking. Changing an answer when one should have stuck with one’s original answer leads to more “if only . . .” self-recriminations than does sticking with one’s first instinct when one should have switched. As a consequence, instances of the former are more memorable than instances of the latter. This differential availability provides individuals with compelling (albeit illusory) personal evidence for the wisdom of always following their 1st instinct, with suboptimal test scores the result.
Optimization of dynamic query evaluation plans

Traditional query optimizers assume accurate knowledge of run-time parameters such as selectivities and resource availability during plan optimization, i.e., at compile time. In reality, however, this assumption is often not justified. Therefore, the “static” plans produced by traditional optimizers may not be optimal for many of their actual run-time invocations. Instead, we propose a novel optimization model that assigns the bulk of the optimization effort to compile-time and delays carefully selected optimization decisions until run-time. Our previous work defined the run-time primitives, “dynamic plans” using “choose-plan” operators, for executing such delayed decisions, but did not solve the problem of constructing dynamic plans at compile-time. The present paper introduces techniques that solve this problem. Experience with a working prototype optimizer demonstrates (i) that the additional optimization and start-up overhead of dynamic plans compared to static plans is dominated by their advantage at run-time, (ii) that dynamic plans are as robust as the “brute-force” remedy of run-time optimization, i.e., dynamic plans maintain their optimality even if parameters change between compile-time and run-time, and (iii) that the start-up overhead of dynamic plans is significantly less than the time required for complete optimization at run-time. In other words, our proposed techniques are superior to both techniques considered to-date, namely compile-time optimization into a single static plan as well as run-time optimization. Finally, we believe that the concepts and technology described can be transferred to commercial query optimizers in order to improve the performance of embedded queries with host variables in the query predicate and to adapt to run-time system loads unpredictable at compile time.
Beyond quantity: individual differences in working memory and the ordinal understanding of numerical symbols.

In two different contexts, we examined the hypothesis that individual differences in working memory (WM) capacity are related to the tendency to infer complex, ordinal relationships between numerical symbols. In Experiment 1, we assessed whether this tendency arises in a learning context that involves mapping novel symbols to quantities by training adult participants to associate dot-quantities with novel symbols, the overall relative order of which had to be inferred. Performance was best for participants who were higher in WM capacity (HWMs). HWMs also learned ordinal information about the symbols that lower WM individuals (LWMs) did not. In Experiment 2, we examined whether WM relates to performance when participants are explicitly instructed to make numerical order judgments about highly enculturated numerical symbols by having participants indicate whether sets of three Arabic numerals were in increasing order. All participants responded faster when sequential sets (3–4–5) were in order than when they were not. However, only HWMs responded faster when non-sequential, patterned sets (1–3–5) were in order, suggesting they were accessing ordinal associations that LWMs were not. Taken together, these experiments indicate that WM capacity plays a key role in extending symbolic number representations beyond their quantity referents to include symbol–symbol ordinal associations, both in a learning context and in terms of explicitly accessing ordinal relationships in highly enculturated stimuli.
Untangling Gloxinieae (Gesneriaceae). II. Reconstructing Biogeographic Patterns and Estimating Divergence Times Among New World Continental and Island Lineages

Gesneriaceae tribe Gloxinieae is a diverse clade of approximately 19 genera and 215 species. As with many tropical lineages, patterns and timing of diversification are poorly understood. This is a particular difficulty in groups such as the Gesneriaceae that have no fossil record. Here we explore maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference of phylogenetic relationships in the tribe based on nuclear, chloroplast, and morphological data sets, use Fitch parsimony optimization (FPO) and dispersal vicariance (DIVA) analyses to explore biogeographic patterns in the Gesnerioideae, and use penalized likelihood calibrated by geological events in the Caribbean and South America to explore timing of movement of lineages among Caribbean, Central American, and South American land masses and islands. Likelihood and Bayesian analyses increase support of previous hypotheses of relationships using parsimony and provide additional resolution in some parts of the phylogeny. FPO and DIVA analyses suggest that the most likely scenario for movement among Central American, Caribbean, and South American areas was either an early dispersal to Central America and the Caribbean prior to diversification of the Gloxinieae clade with subsequent back dispersal to South America, or the ancestor of the Gloxinieae had a broad distribution across Central America and Andean/western South America. Estimations of the timing of movement of these lineages among these land masses suggests that the Greater Antilles/Aves Ridge landbridge likely played a role in dispersal events and that the Gloxinieae/Gesnerieae lineage likely arrived in the Central America/Caribbean zone at least 26 million years ago.
Trajectory analyses of virologic outcomes reflecting community-based HIV treatment in Washington DC 1994–2012

Effective treatment of HIV since 1996 has reduced morbidity and mortality through virologic suppression. Combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) has been recognized as key to the prevention of drug resistance and the transmission of infection. We used eighteen years of virologic outcomes in a long-standing cohort of women to describe longitudinal viral load trajectories; and examine factors associated with sustained viremia and mortality. We analyzed data from DC WIHS women with > four semiannual visits using a group-based logistic trajectory analysis approach to identify patterns of HIV RNA detection (>80 copies/mL or lower assay limit, and >1000 copies/mL). We verified findings using cumulative viral load suppression-years, explored group characteristics using generalized linear modeling with generalized estimating equations for repeated measures, and examined survival using the Kaplan-Meier and Cox proportional hazard analyses. 329 women contributed 6633 visits between 1994 and 2012 and demonstrated high, moderate, and low probability patterns of HIV RNA detection (>80 copies/mL) in 40.7, 35.6, and 23.7 % of participant visits, respectively. Analysis of cumulative years of viral load suppression supported these observations. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis demonstrated high mortality of 31.1 % with sustained viremia, but no significant difference in mortality between intermittent viremia and non-viremia patterns, 6.9 and 4.9 % respectively. Mortality was associated with higher age, lower CD4+ T lymphocyte count, and sustained viremia by Cox multivariate analysis. This ecologic study demonstrates the effectiveness of viral suppression, and conversely the association between viremia and mortality. In community delivery of cART for HIV care, distinct patterns of sustained viremia, intermittent viremia, and non-viremia were identified over nearly 18 years in the DC WIHS, capturing the dynamics and complexity of sustaining long-term HIV care. Persistent viremia was associated with lower CD4s and mortality, but surprisingly mortality was not different between continuous suppression and intermittent viremia. Classification of long-term virologic patterns such as these observed HIV treatment “careers” may provide a suitable framework to identify modifiable factors associated with treatment resilience and failure. Both individual and population interventions are needed to reduce transmission, prevent the emergence of drug resistance, and improve outcomes of community ART programs.
NONRESPONSE OF NATIVE COTTONWOOD TREES TO WATER ADDITIONS DURING SUMMER DROUGHT

Studies have demonstrated that some riparian trees may switch their reliance on surface soil water (unsaturated or vadose zone) to groundwater (saturated zone) sources during the growing season in association with changes in moisture availability. A closely related question is: How do these trees respond to pulse increases in water availability in previously dry zones? We tested the whole-tree physiological response of 6 natural Populus genotypes to water additions during the peak of summer drought in northern Utah, USA. We found clear evidence that trees were insensitive to water additions to the surface soil that were twice the magnitude of whole-tree transpiration rates. Our results suggest that some cottonwoods may have little immediate transpiration or leaf conductance response to pulse soil moisture increases. This lack of response may be related to a water-use strategy associated with regional climate patterns (i.e., genetic or environmental programming), cavitation recovery, or other physical determinants of water use such as depth to groundwater. Our data suggest that it is important to consider potential nonresponsiveness to changes in soil water availability when evaluating the impact of climate change on these important and productive ecosystems.
Balanced regulation of the CCN family of matricellular proteins: a novel approach to the prevention and treatment of fibrosis and cancer

The CCN family of matricellular signaling proteins is emerging as a unique common link across multiple diseases and organs related to injury and repair. They are now being shown to play a central role in regulating the pathways to the initiation and resolution of normal wound healing and fibrosis in response to multiple forms of injury. Similarly, it is also emerging that they play a key role in regulating the establishment, growth, metastases and tissue regeneration in many forms of cancer via the interaction of cancer cells with the tumor stroma. Evidence has been recently provided that these proteins do not act independently but are co-regulated working in a yin/yang manner to alter the outcome of both normal physiological processes as well as pathology. The purpose of this review is to twofold. First, it will summarize work to date supporting CCN2 as a therapeutic target in the formation and progression of renal, skin, and other organ fibrosis, as well as cancer stroma formation. Second, it will highlight recent evidence for CCN3 as a counter-regulator and a potential therapeutic agent in these diseases with an exciting, novel potential to both treat and then restore tissue homeostasis in those afflicted by these devastating disorders.
Portal: A Query Language for Evolving Graphs

Graphs are used to represent a plethora of phenomena, from the Web and social networks, to biological pathways, to semantic knowledge bases. Arguably the most interesting and important questions one can ask about graphs have to do with their evolution. Which Web pages are showing an increasing popularity trend? How does influence propagate in social networks? How does knowledge evolve? Much research and engineering effort today goes into developing sophisticated graph analytics and their efficient implementations, both stand-alone and in scope of data processing platforms. Yet, systematic support for scalable querying and analytics over evolving graphs still lacks. In this paper we present Portal, a declarative language that supports efficient querying and exploratory analysis of evolving graphs, and an implementation of Portal in scope of Apache Spark, an open-source distributed data processing framework. Our language supports a variety of operations including temporal selection, join and aggregation, and a rich class of analytics. We develop multiple physical representations and partitioning strategies and study the trade-offs between structural and temporal locality. We provide an extensive experimental evaluation of our system, demonstrating that careful engineering can lead to good performance.
Duties to Rescue and the Anticooperative Effects of Law

Should the law punish those who fail to help the victims of crimes that they witness, or at least report the crimes to the police? Some have argued that the coercive and normative force of such requirements will motivate some otherwise Bad Samaritans to turn into Good Samaritans. No-one claims this effect would be very strong, but, the argument goes, even a little bit helps. But these debates have ignored a countervailing force, which this article calls the "anticooperative effect." Many people may at first hesitate to intervene or report (out of fear, panic, mistake, hurry, misguided loyalty, or a desire not to get involved), but later feel remorse. Without duty-to-rescue/report laws, these Remorseful Samaritans may belatedly report the crime, or at least answer questions if the police come to their door. But they might refuse to cooperate if they know that their initial failure to help or report has already made them into criminals; the duty-to-rescue/report law might thus deter some people from reporting. And while this effect may be diminished by revising the laws somewhat (which itself would be a significant outcome of considering this effect), such revisions would also diminish any benefits that the laws might have. More broadly, this short article hopes to focus attention on anticooperative effects -- of criminal laws as well as of tort doctrines -- which should generally be considered alongside more familiar effects, such as the normative, deterrent, coercive, and incapacitative effects. The legal system often relies on public cooperation, and this cooperation can be much harder to get from people whom the law has marked (even mildly) as outlaws.
High Throughput Sequencing Identifies Misregulated Genes in the Drosophila Polypyrimidine Tract-Binding Protein (hephaestus) Mutant Defective in Spermatogenesis

The Drosophila polypyrimidine tract-binding protein (dmPTB or hephaestus) plays an important role during spermatogenesis. The heph2 mutation in this gene results in a specific defect in spermatogenesis, causing aberrant spermatid individualization and male sterility. However, the array of molecular defects in the mutant remains uncharacterized. Using an unbiased high throughput sequencing approach, we have identified transcripts that are misregulated in this mutant. Aberrant transcripts show altered expression levels, exon skipping, and alternative 5' ends. We independently verified these findings by reverse-transcription and polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis. Our analysis shows misregulation of transcripts that have been connected to spermatogenesis, including components of the actomyosin cytoskeletal apparatus. We show, for example, that the Myosin light chain 1 (Mlc1) transcript is aberrantly spliced. Furthermore, bioinformatics analysis reveals that Mlc1 contains a high affinity binding site(s) for dmPTB and that the site is conserved in many Drosophila species. We discuss that Mlc1 and other components of the actomyosin cytoskeletal apparatus offer important molecular links between the loss of dmPTB function and the observed developmental defect in spermatogenesis. This study provides the first comprehensive list of genes misregulated in vivo in the heph2 mutant in Drosophila and offers insight into the role of dmPTB during spermatogenesis.
3D Surface Elastic-Plastic Strain Mapping in Hemming, Bending, and Indentation Tests

To measure the surface deformation of an initially flat object undergoing three-dimensional rigid body motion and deformation by digital image correlation technique (see Tong [1, 2, 3] and Tong et al. [4, 5]), one needs to have at least two images of the object at two different viewing angles before and after the deformation. While a dual-camera stereo imaging system commonly used in machine vision is a natural choice for such measurements, there are many practical applications when such a dual-camera stereo imaging system is not feasible. Here we present a 3D surface strain mapping technique based on digital image correlation using mostly a single camera imaging system for several applications, including hemming of automotive sheet metals, three-point and four-point bending tests, and indentation test with cylindrical or spherical indenters.
Characterizing the catalyzed hydrolysis of β-1,4 glycosidic bonds using density functional theory.

Unraveling the mechanistic details of biomass deconstruction at ambient conditions has remained a challenge for many years. In this study we examine a crucial step in the pretreatment of biomass: the hydrolytic cleavage of the glycosidic bond present in many forms of biomass and other oligomeric saccharides. We present the detailed mechanistic steps found using density functional theory and transition state calculations on the acid catalyzed hydrolysis of a pyranose dimer linked by a β-1,4 glycosidic bond in a vacuum and various continuum solvation models. The order that the bonds in the double displacement reaction form and break was revealed along with the transition state energies and an overall intrinsic reaction pathway for the two-step mechanism. The uncatalyzed hydrolysis reaction, mediated by a single water splitting event, was also determined with DFT calculations and a detailed comparison to the two-step catalyzed reaction was performed. The effects of the surrounding solvent on the reaction ene...
Role Involvement and Delay Maintenance Behavior in Preschool Children

Abstract The influence of the content of statements regarding delay and the level of role involvement (free choice of verbalization condition, assignment to verbalization condition, or passive listening to statement) on self-control in 98 preschool boys and girls was investigated in a task in which the child's possession of accumulating candy rewards was made contingent upon the child's stopping further accumulation. Children who chose to verbalize the task-centered utterance waited longer before taking the rewards than did the children in the three conditions involving reward-centered statements. Children who were told to use the task-centered statement or who passively heard it waited longer than did children who were told to use the reward-centered statement or who passively heard it. Children who chose the reward-centered statement waited less than children in the other two reward-centered conditions. Children given no direction regarding what to do during the waiting period delayed less than children...
Absolute Ultraviolet Absorption Spectrum of a Criegee Intermediate CH2OO

We present the time-resolved UV absorption spectrum of the B ((1)A') ← X ((1)A') electronic transition of formaldehyde oxide, CH2OO, produced by the reaction of CH2I radicals with O2. In contrast to its UV photodissociation action spectrum, the absorption spectrum of formaldehyde oxide extends to longer wavelengths and exhibits resolved vibrational structure on its low-energy side. Chemical kinetics measurements of its reactivity establish the identity of the absorbing species as CH2OO. Separate measurements of the initial CH2I radical concentration allow a determination of the absolute absorption cross section of CH2OO, with the value at the peak of the absorption band, 355 nm, of σabs = (3.6 ± 0.9) × 10(-17) cm(2). The difference between the absorption and action spectra likely arises from excitation to long-lived B ((1)A') vibrational states that relax to lower electronic states by fluorescence or nonradiative processes, rather than by photodissociation.
Seasonal migrations of the harbor propoise (Phocoena phocoena) and other Cetacea in the Bay of Fundy.

Movements of harbor porpoises in the Bay of Fundy were studied from observations of Cetacea by the watch-keeping officers of three daily ferries from December of 1965 to November of 1966. Definite movements were shown with porpoises abundant only in July, August, and September. The inward migration in late June and July was farther off shore than September movement out of the Bay. Porpoises moved in larger groups in autumn than in the spring. A small overwintering population remained in the Bay all year round.
Viewing risky underage drinking through the lens of human development

In this issue, the report by Richter and colleagues (1) demonstrates that on a variety of measures of drinking behavior, underage individuals are riskier drinkers than their older adult counterpart...
Extracorporeal Renal Surgery and Autotransplantation: Indications, Techniques and Results

Renal autotransplantation and/or an extracorporeal renal operation has been done 67 times in 65 patients. The indications for operation were severe ureteral injury in 8 patients, urinary undiversion in 2, renovascular hypertension in 10, carcinoma in a solitary kidney in 3, recurrent renal colic in 1 and donor arterial reconstruction before renal transplantation in 43. Methods of renal preservation and operative repair are described. Sixty-five operations were successful and 2 operations failed because of severe perirenal fibrosis in patients undergoing urinary undiversion. Renal autotransplantation and extracorporeal reconstruction can provide the best solution for selected urologic problems not correctable by conventional methods.
Exploring Trophic Cascades in Lake Food Webs with a Spreadsheet Model

The living organisms of an ecosystem interact within food webs, transferring energy and nutrients through trophic (i.e., feeding) linkages. Human impacts on the environment may lead to disturbances that alter food webs, which may in turn affect important ecosystem services such as the availability of clean water. Anthropogenic changes at one trophic level of a food web may cause a trophic cascade, affecting all other levels of the food web. Lakes exhibit these trophic cascades which may be caused by human disturbance. The goal of this learning activity is for students to discover how anthropogenic perturbations can induce trophic cascades in a lake food web. Using a spreadsheet model, students explore how overfishing, stocking fish, fertilizer runoff, and invasive species impact lake food webs. After completing this activity students should be able to (1) describe a food web and trophic cascades; (2) distinguish between predatory and resource controls on food webs; (3) state hypotheses and interpret model output; (4) evaluate management strategies that sustain ecosystem services; and (5) predict the causes of trophic cascades in diverse ecosystems and the consequences for ecosystem services and human health.
The importance of frailty in lung transplantation and chronic lung disease

Frailty is a state of functional decline and increased vulnerability to adverse health outcomes, associated with increased inflammation and dysregulated immune and physiological systems. Frailty plays an important role in morbidity and mortality in elderly patients and is emerging as an important risk factor in chronic diseases and solid organ transplant patients. There is no consensus as to the best frailty measure, and a multitude of options are available to researchers and clinicians. The prevalence in chronic lung disease and solid organ transplant varies by organ and frailty measurement type but appears higher than in elderly community populations. Frailty has been linked to removal from the transplant waiting list, mortality, delayed graft function, and length of stay in transplant populations. Much work remains to discover methods to prevent or reverse frailty. Encouragingly, studies suggest that frailty is not a permanent state and may be responsive to exercise training.
Qualitative Analysis of the Degradation of RNA via Ribonuclease A versus B

RNA has traditionally been somewhat of the “black box” of molecular biology. Today we have a fairly deep understanding of genomics and proteomics, but the myriad of RNA structures and functions RNA serves in cells and tissues in regulating gene expression has gone vastly underappreciated. There are many RNases present in cells and tissues that direct the cleavage and regulate the half-life of RNA—one wellstudied example being RNase A and its glycosylated version, RNase B. In this laboratory experiment, you gain hands-on experience working with RNA by comparing its degradation by RNase A and B and investigating the kinetics of its reaction.
From first daughter to first lady to first woman president: Park Geun-Hye’s path to the South Korean presidency

AbstractThis paper examines the role of gender and familial ties in Park Geun-Hye’s political trajectory to become the first female president of South Korea. Even though her entry into politics was heavily indebted to her kinship ties to her father Park Jung-Hee, an authoritarian leader who led South Korea from 1963 to 1979, she has consolidated her position within the party and among Korean voters as a viable, competent politician over the last fifteen years. Analyzing Korean news reports, campaign pamphlets, and her autobiography, this study reveals that Park used stereotypes of women as problem solvers in difficult times to open doors for her political entry. During the presidential campaign in 2012, Park was adept at stressing her positive “feminine” traits, overcoming the perceived weaknesses of female politicians by emphasizing her long political credentials and strengths in diplomacy and national security issues. Park presented herself as the embodiment of both change and experience through her cam...
Family Treatment Within A Psychodynamic Treatment Milieu

Family therapy for acute inpatient treatment is invaluable. It serves to support the patient as well as the family through the crisis of hospitalization. On intensive treatment milieus, the family treatment augments the other modalities, furthering the reconstitution of the patient by preventing acting out and splitting, providing a holding environment for the family's anxieties, and supporting their interest and involvement in treatment while educating them about the illness and the aftercare needs. The area of inpatient family therapy is still fledgling. Despite early observations about family pathology stemming from inpatient units, the family treatment focus has shifted to outpatient treatment. This has left a vacuum for clinicians whose primary involvement is in inpatient settings. In the past decade, however, more emphasis has been placed on family-oriented units, but the focus has been primarily on the structure and generalized treatment recommendations or on specific interventions tied to illness categories, that is, schizophrenia, anorexia, substance abuse. Unfortunately, these disparate pieces of work have not led to an overall understanding of how to integrate family concepts and treatment strategies for general psychiatric populations into dynamic treatment units. In order to integrate family treatment into a dynamic milieu, an overall assessment of familial ego functioning, strengths and weaknesses, is necessary. Utilizing an ego psychological perspective renders this assessment integratable into the language and interventions of an intensive treatment unit. Identifying drive-taming capabilities, level of object relations, anxiety tolerance, defenses, and adaptive capacities of the whole family allows for the designation of appropriate interventions. These interventions are tailored toward engaging the family's strengths while limiting the destructive nature of existing pathologies. Treatment interventions are based first on the establishment of familial treatment alliances that can withstand the regressive pull of a psychotic or near-psychotic illness. From this the more traditional therapeutic interventions flow, based on the needs of the case. The focus may be purely informative, educative, and supportive or may be more insight oriented, restructuring. The particular choice of interventions, though, is designated by the strengths and weaknesses identified in the assessment. In this manner we can utilize a biopsychosocial model of treatment that is truly integrated and in which the component parts are understood conceptually by all disciplines.
Blur as Vagueness: Seeing Images Vaguely and Seeing Vague Images; Perception and Representation

What is the point of examining the role of vagueness in perception? Pictures are visual items whose use depends on their perceptual properties. Their perceptual character can be established either through their generation, partly through eyesight, or their ability to be seen. Pictures can represent, among their possible uses, partly by virtue of their visibility. As a result they possess a twofold status, they can be seen and the viewer can also see in them or, imaginatively, through them—he can recognize actual objects of experience or conventionally encoded information, and be aware and even come to believe he does. What is the value of the distinguishing between perception and depiction, image and picture? Since one might consider the processing of mental images to constitute the ground zero of visual cognition, it is a relevant domain to examine in order to explore whether vagueness is possible in any form and role. With the linguistic standard of vague predicates as a starting point, this possibility becomes inseparable from the possibility of different kinds of contents linked to different categorizations. The case of blurred images is instructive because it challenges the emphasis on representation based on assumptions of precision and a single kind of content.
Lattice reconfiguration and phononic band-gap adaptation via origami folding

We introduce a framework of utilizing origami folding to redistribute the inclusions of a phononic structure to achieve significant phononic band-gap adaptation. Cylindrical inclusions are attached to the vertices of a Miura-Ori sheet, whose 1 degree-of-freedom rigid folding can enable fundamental reconfigurations in the underlying periodic architecture via switching between different Bravais lattice types. Such a reconfiguration can drastically change the wave propagation behavior in terms of band gap and provide a scalable and practical means for broadband wave tailoring.
The interplay between metabolic remodeling and immune regulation in glioblastoma

The fields of tumor metabolism and immune oncology have both independently received considerable attention over the last several years. The majority of research in tumor metabolism has largely focused on the Warburg effect and its resulting biologic consequences, including energy and macromolecule production. However, recent investigations have identified elegant, multifaceted strategies by which alterations in tumor metabolism can also contribute to a potent tolerogenic immune environment. One of the most notable is increased tryptophan metabolism through activation of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) and tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO). However, this pathway represents one of numerous metabolic pathways that may modulate the immune system. For example, metabolites associated with aerobic glycolysis, adenosine, arginine, and prostaglandin metabolism have all been implicated in cancer-mediated immune tolerance and represent attractive therapeutic targets. In this review, we will provide an overview of the emerging interface between these 2 timely areas of cancer research and provide an overview of strategies currently being tested to target these next-generation metabolic immune checkpoints.
A Systolic Array Implementation of the One-Shot Decorrelating Detector Used for Mobile CDMA Communications

A systolic array implementation of the one-shot decorrelating detector algorithm designed for Code-Division Multiple-Access (CDMA) spread spectrum communication systems used in mobile communications environments is developed. This detector has the advantage that it is near-far resistant, that is, it minimizes the interference effects that near-end users have on far-end users. However, its implementation requires the on-line inversion of the correlation matrix between the desired and interfering users. For this reason, a systolic computation approach is chosen to help solve the problem of fast on-the-fly matrix inversion. Performance of the proposed implementation is assessed via digital computer simulation. The implementation methodology presented here leads to a VLSI implementation structure.
Ethnic group institutions and electoral clientelism

Individual electoral clientelism involves the allocation of handouts to voters around elections. Why is this strategy common in some contexts but not in others? This article demonstrates that ethni...
Optical Processes in Nitride Semiconductors

One of the most amazing properties of semiconductors, particularly direct-bandgap semiconductors, is the light emission, which revolutionized the op-to-electronics field. Light emission can be caused through a variety of stimuli among which electroluminescence has seen the most practical application. When an external voltage is applied across a p-n junction, electrons and holes that are injected into the medium recombine. This annihilation results in the emission of a photon whose energy is equal to the difference in the energies of states occupied by electrons and holes prior to recombination. In indirect semiconductors, phonons are generated predominantly, making them inefficient light emitters unless highly localized centers are utilized such as N in GaP.
Vehicle-Level System Impact of Boundary Layer Ingestion for the NASA D8 Concept Aircraft

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the vehicle-level impact of a boundary layer ingestion (BLI) propulsion system on a commercial transport aircraft concept. The NASA D8 (ND8) aircraft was chosen as the BLI concept aircraft to be studied. A power balance methodology developed by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology was adapted for use with the existing NASA sizing and performance tools to model the fuel consumption impact of BLI on the ND8. A key assumption for the BLI impact assessment was a 3.5% efficiency penalty associated with designing a fan for and operating in the distorted flow caused by BLI. The ND8 was compared to several other ND8-like aircraft that did not utilize BLI in order to determine the fuel consumption benefit attributable to BLI. Analytically “turning off” BLI on the ND8 without accounting for the physical requirements of redirecting the boundary layer or resizing the aircraft to meet the performance constraints resulted in a 2.8% increase in block fuel consumption to fly the design mission. When this non-physical aircraft was resized to meet the performance constraints, the block fuel consumption was 4.0% greater than the baseline ND8. The ND8 was also compared to an ND8-like aircraft with conventionally podded engines under the wing. This configuration had a 5.6% increase in block fuel consumption compared to the baseline ND8. This result is more reflective of the real world impact if BLI is not an available technology for the ND8 design. The BLI benefit results presented for this study should not be applied to other aircraft that have a propulsion-airframe integration design or BLI implementation different from the ND8.
Modern Open Prostatectomy

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is the most common cause of lower urinary tract symptoms in men older than 50 years of age. Although transurethral prostate debulking procedures are effective minimally invasive methods to treat obstructive prostate adenoma, according to the AUA and EAU guidelines, open simple prostatectomy is the standard treatment in symptomatic individuals with larger size prostate glands (>80–100 g). Meanwhile, advancements in laparoscopic technology and the drive to apply the minimally invasive approach to most surgical procedures have led to the recent introduction of a variety of laparoscopic and robot-assisted simple prostatectomy techniques. In this chapter, we mainly focus on the available data regarding surgical outcomes and possible perioperative complications of the minimally invasive transabdominal simple prostatectomy techniques.
An analysis of the effects of suburban densification on vehicle use for shopping: Do existing residents respond to land-use changes in the same way as recent movers?

Abstract Studies examining the influence of smart growth and compact development on travel behavior often focus on a limited subgroup of the population: those who have recently moved from one neighborhood to another. Despite the substantial proportion of existing residents in the population, their responses to land-use changes have not been thoroughly studied. To address this gap in the literature, this study compares two groups of suburban residents in the Atlanta metropolitan area: a treatment group whose neighborhoods experienced increases in density, land-use mix, and street connectivity and a control group whose neighborhoods did not experience such land-use changes. After correcting for self-selection, this study reveals that residents in the treatment group who relocated to suburban neighborhoods before land-use changes drove more miles for household maintenance activities than their control group counterparts in other suburban neighborhoods. The same households, however, drove substantially less for subsistence activities (e.g., commutes to school and work), which more than compensates for the moderate increase in vehicle miles traveled for household maintenance. These findings suggest that increased residential density and land-use mix in older suburbs contributes to a reduction in automobile vehicle miles traveled.
The Influence of Posture and Balance on Voice: A Review: A Influência da Postura e do Equilíbrio na Voz: Revisão

The role of posture in vocal performance is recognized for many years. Speech therapists and singing teachers use this knowledge to correct bad postures to improve vocal quality with good results, although most of that knowledge is empirical. This review evaluates the influence of posture and balance on voice. Modification in posture secondary to exogenous stimulation can affect voice, while alterations to the voice production mechanism can cause modifications in posture. Vocal effort results in segmental alterations of posture, accompanied by global postural changes. Dysphonic individuals demonstrate a greater displacement of the centre of gravity forward, which results in postural instability, increasing muscular work to maintain the posture and balance. After vocal rehabilitation, dysphonic patients presented an improvement in posture parameters in static and dynamic posturography. Posturography evaluation of patients before and after vocal treatment may represent a clinically useful variable in evaluating the efficacy of vocal therapy.
Robust Distance Queries on Massive Networks

We present a versatile and scalable algorithm for computing exact distances on real-world networks with tens of millions of arcs in real time. Unlike existing approaches, preprocessing and queries are practical on a wide variety of inputs, such as social, communication, sensor, and road networks. We achieve this by providing a unified approach based on the concept of 2-hop labels, improving upon existing methods. In particular, we introduce a fast sampling-based algorithm to order vertices by importance, as well as effective compression techniques.
A Fast Transient Stability Assessment Approach by Combined System Decomposition-Aggregation and Transient Energy Method

Abstract In this paper a combined simulation and transient energy method is proposed. A system decomposition-aggregation and Nys trom's numerical integration method is chosen to determine the fault trajectory as well as the transient energy along the fault trajectory. Potential energy boundary surface (PEBS) method is used to calculate the critical potential energy at UEP and consequentely the critical clearing time. Simulation tests have shown that this approach is very efficient and reliable, which seems promissing for practical implementation on-line in some power systems.
New software tools in EMAN2 inspired by EMDatabank map challenge.

Abstract EMAN2 is an extensible software suite with complete workflows for performing high-resolution single particle analysis, 2-D and 3-D heterogeneity analysis, and subtomogram averaging, among other tasks. Participation in the recent CryoEM Map Challenge sponsored by the EMDatabank led to a number of significant improvements to the single particle analysis process in EMAN2. A new convolutional neural network particle picker was developed, which dramatically improves particle picking accuracy for difficult data sets. A new particle quality metric capable of accurately identifying “bad” particles with a high degree of accuracy, no human input, and a negligible amount of additional computation, has been introduced, and this now serves as a replacement for earlier human-biased methods. The way 3-D single particle reconstructions are filtered has been altered to be more comparable to the filter applied in several other popular software packages, dramatically improving the appearance of sidechains in high-resolution structures. Finally, an option has been added to perform local resolution-based iterative filtration, resulting in local resolution improvements in many maps.
Risk Factors for Persistent Cognitive Impairment After Critical Illness, Nested Case-Control Study.

Objectives:Persistent cognitive impairment after critical illness is an important healthcare problem forecasted to worsen in the near future. However, the epidemiology is insufficiently explored. We aimed to determine potentially modifiable risk factors during ICU hospitalization that play a signifi
Online course enrolment and tuition: empirical evidence from public colleges in Georgia, USA

In the USA, higher education has witnessed substantial increases in tuition levels and online course offerings. In an effort to estimate the demand for online courses, this study collected institutional-level enrolment data during four academic years (2010-2011 through 2013-2014) from 22 colleges within the University System of Georgia (USG). The results indicate that: 1) the demand for online courses is price-elastic (a 10% increase in online tuition rates reduces online credit hours by 15-18% when the effect of traditional course tuition rate is not controlled, and by 30-36% when this effect is controlled); 2) online credit hours increase 1.0 to 1.3 times more than overall student enrolment; 3) online courses and traditional courses are shown to be substitutes, rather than complements.
Técnicas perdidas y halladas: la concepción medieval de la historia de las técnicas artísticas

This article addresses medieval texts that comment on the loss or revival of artistic media. Mostly written by ecclesiastical authors, these texts offer evidence of how medieval viewers understood objects and techniques in historical context. They demonstrate the medieval people used media to periodize past art historic production, unlike ancient or Renaissance authors who prioritized the rise or fall of representational skills. This periodization is linked to local or institutional history.