cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A FEMINIST APPROACH TO UNIVERSITY-INDUSTRY RELATIONS: INTEGRATING THEORIES OF GENDER, KNOWLEDGE, AND CAPITAL

Ever more frequently and globally, universities partner with for-profitfirms. This paper explains why information about university–industry ties is relevant to global justice issues and should be garnering critical scrutiny from various feminist perspectives. Knowledge about university–industry ties aids in understanding of: (1) nonhierarchical structures; (2) academic capitalism and intellectual property laws; (3) how exclusion of women from technoscience networks shapes technology, commodifieswom -en’s bodies, and has implications for justice in developing nations. University–industry relationships are major mechanisms in the production and development of knowledge and its intersections with systems of social hierarchy, and the complex globalization of structures, laws, technologies, and bodies.
Study on the large-scale development of accounting firms—Based on merger case analysis of Xiamen Tianjian accounting firm

At present, the scale of the accounting firms in our country is relatively small in general, which is difficult to contend with the international competitions. Thus, in view of the development need of China's economy and industry, to realize a bigger scale and upper level of accounting firms has been put on the agenda. In that way, whether Chinese local accounting firms exist in an increasing development stage of scale effect? Whether they are suitable for large-scale development? The following parts will analyze and explain them trough cases.
Debate Forum: Carnitine Supplements Have Not Been Demonstrated as Effective in Patients on Long-Term Dialysis Therapy

The database for carnitine supplements in dialysis includes no large-scale randomized trials and no registered trials. Medical practitioners prefer to make treatment decisions based on the outcome of randomized clinical trials, with appropriate controls. Furthermore, registered trials provide a further level of integrity, since trial registration avoids publication bias by ensuring that all outcomes are reported, including trials that are not completed. Positive effects reported from carnitine administration in dialysis patients include decreased erythropoietin dose, increased hematocrit, less intradialytic hypotension, and less fatigue. The evidence for carnitine effectiveness is limited to trials that are mostly open-label and that include no more than a total of 1,000 patients. An analysis of recent carnitine administrations to patients in a large dialysis practice database indicates no overall change in hemoglobin or erythropoietin dose following 6 months of carnitine administration. As outcomes of controlled trials with appropriate power to examine for the benefits of carnitine are not yet available, the dialysis practitioner cannot justify the administration of carnitine.
A framework for interprocedural optimization in the presence of dynamic class loading

Dynamic class loading during program execution in the Java Programming Language is an impediment for generating code that is as efficient as code generated using static whole-program analysis and optimization. Whole-program analysis and optimization is possible for languages, such as C++, that do not allow new classes and/or methods to be loaded during program execution. One solution for performing whole-program analysis and avoiding incorrect execution after a new class is loaded is to invalidate and recompile affected methods. Runtime invalidation and recompilation mechanisms can be expensive in both space and time, and, therefore, generally restrict optimization.To address these drawbacks, we propose a new framework, called the extant analysis framework, for interprocedural optimization of programs that support dynamic class (or method)loading. Given a set of classes comprising the closed world, we perform an offline static analysis which partitions references into two categories:(1) unconditionally extant references which point only to objects whose runtime type is guaranteed to be in the closed world; and (2) conditionally extant references which point to objects whose runtime type is not guaranteed to be in the closed world. Optimizations solely dependent on the first categorycan be statically performed, and are guaranteed to be correct even with any future class/method loading. Optimizations dependent on the second category are guarded by dynamic tests, called extant safety tests, for correct execution behavior.We describe the properties for extant safety tests, and provide algorithms for their generation and placement.
On the interrelationship between serum parathormone levels and osteoporosis in old humans

Abstract Seventy-eight persons (51 females, 29 males) of an average age of slightly higher than 65 yr were studied, suffering mostly from cardiovascular diseases or various degrees of osteo-arthropathies. The so-called compacta index was calculated from the values of the external and internal diameters measured radiologically in the central region of the left-hand second metacarpus. Serum parathormone levels were assayed by radioimmunological methods. Furthermore, a series of other parameters regarding the composition of the serum have been recorded. Statistical analysis of the data obtained revealed no correlation between the serum parathormone level and the compacta index actually found in the patients. Therefore, one can conclude that the senile bone-loss has no common aetiopathogenetic basis with the uraemic osteodystrophies or all other forms of increased parathormone production. The serum levels of parathormone did not increase with aging; on the contrary, as it is known for other hormones, they display a decreasing tendency. However, this decrease proved to be statistically insignificant. Otherwise, the age- and sex-related alterations of the bone mass observed in the patients studies agree with the general knowledge.
RNA and protein synthesis during the change to pupal commitment of Manduca sexta epidermis

Abstract The larval epidermis of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta becomes committed to produce pupal cuticle when exposed to 1.3 μg 20-hydroxyecdysone/ml for 24 hr in vitro. The presence of RNA synthesis inhibitors, actinomycin D and α-amanitin, during this exposure was found to inhibit this change in a dose-dependent fashion (ED50's = 0.47 and 0.35 μg/ml respectively). α-Amanitin inhibited the change in 27% of the cells at 0.001 μg/ml indicating a requirement for mRNA synthesis. By contrast, cordycepin had little effect on the ecdysteroid-induced change except at concentrations toxic to the cells. Thus, either some of the mRNA required does not contain poly A or the hnRNA is relatively stable and can be processed later. During exposure to 20-hydroxyecdysone total epidermal RNA synthesis increased 1.3-fold over that in tissue cultured in the absence of hormones. A similar increase was found to occur in epidermis exposed to a JH mimic epoxygeranylsesamole either in the presence or absence of 20-hydroxyecdysone, indicating that qualitative changes rather than quantitative changes are important to the change in commitment. Protein synthesis during exposure to 20-hydroxyecdysone was also found to be important for the change of commitment. Incubation with either cycloheximide or puromycin inhibited the change with both ED50's of about 3 μg/ml.
Reply to Fleming: Symmetries, observables, and the occurrence of events

Abstract In this article I reply to Fleming׳s response to my ‘Time and quantum theory: a history and a prospectus.’ I take issue with two of his claims: (i) that quantum theory concerns the (potential) properties of eternally persisting objects; (ii) that there is an underdetermination problem for Positive Operator Valued Measures (POVMs). I advocate an event-first view which regards the probabilities supplied by quantum theory as probabilities for the occurrence of physical events rather than the possession of properties by persisting objects.
A directional distance function approach to regional environmental–economic assessments

Abstract Numerous difficulties await those creating regional-scale environmental assessments, from data having inconsistent spatial or temporal scales to poorly-understood environmental processes and indicators. Including socioeconomic variables further complicates assessments. While statistical or process-based regional environmental assessment models may be computationally or financially expensive, we propose a simple nonparametric outcomes-based approach using a directional distance function from the efficiency and productivity analysis literature. The regional environmental–economic directional distance function characterizes the relative efficiency of geographic units in combining multiple inputs to produce multiple desirable and undesirable socioeconomic and environmental outputs. This function makes no assumptions about the functional relationships among variables, but by quantifying the extent to which desirable outputs can be expanded and inputs and undesirable outputs contracted, the function can help decisionmakers identify the most important broad-scale management and restoration opportunities across a heterogeneous region. A case study involving 134 watersheds in the Mid-Atlantic region of the USA indicates that, depending on which outputs are specified as desirable in the models, 25%–33% of the watersheds are efficient in producing desirable outputs while minimizing inputs and undesirable outputs. Models including socioeconomic indicators exhibit increased watershed efficiency compared to models using only environmental indicators. Efficiency levels appear to be correlated with ecoregions.
Probabilistic Framework for Liquefaction Potential by Shear Wave Velocity

This paper presents a new empirical equation for assessing liquefaction resistance of soils based on shear wave velocity Vs and the results of probabilistic analyses based on this empirical equation. A database consisting of in situ shear wave velocity measurements and field observations of liquefaction/nonliquefaction in historic earthquakes is analyzed. This database is first used to train and test an artificial neural network to predict the occurrence of liquefaction/nonliquefaction based on soil and seismic load parameters. The successfully trained and tested neural network is then used to establish the empirical equation. The concept of clean soil equivalence is introduced and used in the development of the empirical equation. The established empirical equation represents a deterministic method for assessing liquefaction resistance of a soil. Based on this newly developed deterministic method, probabilistic analyses of the cases in the database are conducted using the logistic regression approach and...
Posterior Fossa Ependymomas: A Tale of Two Subtypes

Ependymomas are common childhood brain tumors, but little is known about their underlying biology. In this issue of Cancer Cell, Witt et al. present that posterior fossa ependymomas comprise two distinct molecular subtypes, each with unique gene expression signatures, different levels of genomic instability, and different prognosis.
Hydrographic variability west of the Galápagos islands during the 1982–1983 El Niño

Abstract Nine hydrographic (temperature, salinity, and in some cases oxygen) and four zonal velocity sections near the equator along 95°W in 1980–1984 are presented and discussed. Perturbations associated with the 1982–1983 El Nino form the locus for the discussion. This event was sampled by sections in November 1982 and in March, May, November and December 1983. The upper ocean response in November 1982 was a downward displacement of isotherms above 400m on the equator. The Equatorial Undercurrent (EUC) was deep and strong for this season. The vertical displacement perturbations extended to at least 5°S and were more uniform with depth off the equator. In May 1983 the largest vertical displacements were observed. The EUC was replaced by a westward jet at about 75m and the Equatorial 13°C Water thermostad has disappeared. Local estimates of the zonal pressure gradient suggest that between 110°W and 95°W this slope had reversed in May 1983 and was, at least in part, responsible for the observed westward jet. Local winds were westerly and forced the observed eastward surface current. By November 1983, surface conditions were fairly normal. However, the deeper stratification remained anomalous; the Equatorial 13°C Water thermostad was still missing. The vertical profile of vertical displacements from a mean suggested a complicated vertical structure near the equator. In April 1984 conditions had returned to near normal.
The prevalence and seriousness of incestuous abuse: Stepfathers vs. biological fathers

Analysis of interviews obtained from a random sample of 930 adult women in San Francisco revealed that 17% or one out of approximately every six women who had a stepfather as a principal figure in her childhood years, was sexually abused by him. The comparable figures for biological fathers were 2% or one out of approximately 40 women. In addition, when a distinction was made between Very Serious Sexual Abuse (including experiences ranging from forced penile-vaginal penetration to non-forceful attempted fellatio, cunnilingus , and anal intercourse) and other less serious forms, 47% of the cases of sexual abuse by stepfathers were at the Very Serious level of violation compared with 26% by biological fathers. Possible explanations for these starting discrepancies are discussed, and some of the implications for remarriage are considered.
Bioengineered human vascular networks transplanted into secondary mice reconnect with the host vasculature and re-establish perfusion.

The ability to form anastomoses with the host circulation is essential for vascular networks incorporated within cell-seeded bioengineered tissues. Here, we tested whether and how rapidly human endothelial colony forming cell (ECFC)/mesenchymal progenitor cell (MPC)–derived bioengineered vessels, originally perfused in one mouse, could become reperfused in a secondary mouse. Using in vivo labeling with a systemically injected mixture of human- and murine-specific lectins, we demonstrate that ECFC/MPC blood vessels reconnect and are perfused at day 3 after transplantation. Furthermore, we quantified the longitudinal change in perfusion volume in the same implants before and after transplantation using contrast-enhanced micro-ultrasonic imaging. Perfusion was restored at day 3 after transplantation and increased with time, suggesting an important new feature of ECFC/MPC blood vessels: the bioengineered vessels can reconnect with the vasculature when transplanted to a new site. This feature extends the potential applications of this postnatal progenitor cell-based technology for transplantable large tissue-engineered constructs.
Molecular weight study of human fibroblast interferon.

Summary Human fibroblast interferon was electrophoresed on polyacrylamide gels containing sodium dodecyl sulfate; when the interferon activity was recovered from these gels, discrete multiple mol. wt. fractions were obtained. However, when 6 M urea was included in the gels, only a single peak of activity was obtained at 25,000 daltons. Coomasie blue stained gels of human fibroblast interferon contained impurities in the high mol. wt. region which were fractionated from the 25,000 dalton peak of interferon activity. These results suggest that the confusing multiple mol. wts. for human fibroblast interferon, which were previous reported, may represent aggregations with other proteins in the preparation.
In vitro metabolism of penicillic acid with mouse-liver homogenate fractions.

The metaboism of penicillic acid (PA), a carcinogenic mycotoxin, was studied in vitro using subcellular fractions of mouse-liver homogenates. PA reacted with glutathione (GSH) both enzymatically and non-enzymatically. Each reaction was of equal importance. The in vitro metabolism of PA using different hepatic subcellular fractions was essentially non-enzymatic when GSH was absent, but metabolism was strikingly increased when GSH was available. In the microsomal preparation in the presence of GSH 75% of the added PA was biotransformed within 30 min to metabolite(s) that were not extractable with organic solvents. HPLC analysis indicated that the metabolite(s) were more polar than the parent compound.
Eye contact between young stutterers and their mothers

Abstract The purpose of the present study was to assess young stutterers' and their mothers' eye contact during stuttered and fluent utterances and that exhibited by normally fluent children and their mothers during comparable utterances. Subjects were 10 stuttering boys (mean age = 57.0 months) and a like number of age- and gender-matched (±4 months) normally fluent boys (mean age = 56.8 months) and their respective mothers. Each mother and child were audio- and videotape recorded as they engaged in a 30-min conversation, and mother-child eye contact was assessed during 10 randomly selected stuttered and 10 fluent words for each young stutterer, and 10 fluent and 22 stuttered (approximately 2 per subject) words for each normally fluent peer. All stuttered and fluent words were matched for variables known to influence speech dysfluency (e.g., word length). Results indicated that eye contact was significantly more frequent for young stutterers and their mothers during stuttering than for normally fluent peers and their mothers during fluency. In essence, normally fluent children and their mothers gazed elsewhere rather than toward each others' faces significantly more often during fluency than young stutterers and their mothers did during stuttering. During stutterings, there were no significant differences in gaze and ocular-related behavior between normally fluent and stuttering children. Findings are taken to suggest that mothers of young stutterers may look to monitor her child's behavior as he stutters, and/ or look to inform her stuttering child that she is attending to him while he is experiencing difficulty speaking.
Creating official language policy from local practice: the example of the Native American Languages Act 1990/1992

This research explores the development of landmark federal language policy in the United States: the Native American Languages Act of 1990/1992 (NALA). Overturning more than two centuries of United States American Indian policy, NALA established the federal role in preserving and protecting Native American languages. Indigenous languages in the United States are currently experiencing unprecedented language shift and NALA is a primary federal resource for Native American language programs. This research examines the local and national contexts and interests in which NALA developed from a grass-roots Native American language movement in the 1980s. The story of NALA stands as a powerful example of traditonally disenfranchised peoples transforming power relationships and creating language policy to support their language educaton practices and goals.
Preferential kill of hypoxic EMT6 mammary tumor cells by the bioreductive alkylating agent porfiromycin

Hypoxic cells in solid tumors represent a therapeutically resistant population that limits the curability of many solid tumors by irradiation and by most chemotherapeutic agents. The oxygen deficit, however, creates an environment conducive to reductive processes; this results in a major exploitable difference between normal and neoplastic tissues. The mitomycin antibiotics can be reductively activated by a number of oxidoreductases, in a process required for the production of their therapeutic effects. Preferential activation of these drugs under hypoxia and greater toxicity to oxygen-deficient cells than to their oxygenated counterparts are obtained in most instances. The demonstration that mitomycin C and porfiromycin, used to kill the hypoxic fraction, in combination with irradiation, to eradicate the oxygenated portion of the tumor, produced enhanced cytodestructive effects on solid tumors in animals has led to the clinical evaluation of the mitomycins in combination with radiation therapy in patients with head and neck cancer. The findings from these clinical trials have demonstrated the value of directing a concerted therapeutic attack on the hypoxic fraction of solid tumors as an approach toward enhancing the curability of localized neoplasms by irradiation.
Effective properties of composite materials containing voids

Recent results of theoretical and practical importance prove that the two-dimensional (in-plane) effective (average) Young’s modulus for an isotropic elastic material containing voids is independent of the Poisson’s ratio of the matrix material. This result is true regardless of the shape and morphology of the voids so long as isotropy is maintained. The present work uses this proof to obtain explicit analytical forms for the effective Young’s modulus property, forms which simplify greatly because of this characteristic. In some cases, the optimal morphology for the voids can be identified, giving the shapes of the voids, at fixed volume, that maximize the effective Young’s modulus in the two-dimensional situation. Recognizing that two-dimensional isotropy is a subset of three-dimensional transversely isotropic media, it is shown in this more general case that three of the five properties are independent of Poisson’s ratio, leaving only two that depend upon it. For three-dimensionally isotropic composite media containing voids, it is shown that a somewhat comparable situation exists whereby the three-dimensional Young’s modulus is insensitive to variations in Poisson’s ratio, v m , over the range 0 ≤ v m ≤ ½, although the same is not true for negative values of v m . This further extends the practical usefulness of the two-dimensional result to three-dimensional conditions for realistic values of v m .
Domestic Violence and Trauma Care in Teenage Pregnancy: Does Paternal Age Make a Difference?

Objective To determine whether teenagers partnered with adult men were more likely to report domestic violence and trauma‐related care during pregnancy than teenagers partnered with male peers. Design Nonexperimental, descriptive comparative design. Setting Postpartum unit in a large, urban teaching hospital. Participants English‐speaking teenagers who recently delivered a live infant. Methods Semistructured interviews lasting from 30 minutes to 2 hours. Instruments The Abuse Assessment Screen, the Danger Assessment Scale. Main Outcome Measures Domestic violence and trauma‐related care during pregnancy. Results Teenagers with adult partners were not more likely to report domestic violence or seek trauma‐related care during pregnancy than teenagers with peer‐age partners. Conclusion Researchers, policy makers, and health care providers should continue to address violence occurring among pregnant teenagers by identifying subgroups who may be at increased risk of abuse.
Fibrin digestion by thrombin: the significance of the arginyl and lysyl bonds.

Abstract Plasminogen-free human fibrinogen was treated with ethyl acetimidate or phenylglyoxal to modify the lysyl and arginyl residues respectively. The resulting proteins had different clotting properties than the native fibrinogen. Each modified fibrinogen and an untreated control were incubated with plasmin-free human thrombin under sterile conditions. The appearance of the X t , Y t , D t and E t components from both modified samples was delayed. The rate of release of acid soluble peptides from the modified fibrinogens was also slower than that of the untreated control.
Some effects of alcohol and eye movements on cross-race face learning

This study examines the impact of acute alcohol intoxication on visual scanning in cross-race face learning. The eye movements of a group of white British participants were recorded as they encoded a series of own-and different-race faces, under alcohol and placebo conditions. Intoxication reduced the rate and extent of visual scanning during face encoding, reorienting the focus of foveal attention away from the eyes and towards the nose. Differences in encoding eye movements also varied between own-and different-race face conditions as a function of alcohol. Fixations to both face types were less frequent and more lingering following intoxication, but in the placebo condition this was only the case for different-race faces. While reducing visual scanning, however, alcohol had no adverse effect on memory, only encoding restrictions associated with sober different-race face processing led to poorer recognition. These results support perceptual expertise accounts of own-race face processing, but suggest the adverse effects of alcohol on face learning published previously are not caused by foveal encoding restrictions. The implications of these findings for alcohol myopia theory are discussed.
An ecological study of the rare rotifer species Trochosphaera solstitialis (Thorpe 1893) and the first report of the male

An ecological study of the rotifer species Trochosphaera solstitialis (Thorpe, 1893) was conducted for a period of eight months in a temporary pond in eastern Texas, U.S.A. The pond was found to be environmentally stressed and contained large amounts of decomposing vegetation. Physico-chemical factors contributing to the stressed conditions were low dissolved oxygen concentrations, low pH values, high ammonia concentrations, and high color values caused by large concentrations of iron, tannin and lignin. Large concentrations of iron, tannin, and lignin seem to be highly correlated with T. solstitialis populations. Physicochemical conditions probably eliminated predators of the rotifer, such as fish. Males of T. solstitialis were observed which never left the body cavity of the female. Males probably do not feed with an apparent rudimentary digestive system.
Changes in Body Composition Measures of Cadets During a Twelve-week Training Program

Abstract LEARNING OUTCOME: To describe different methods of body composition assessment to estimate percent body fat of cadets before and after a 12-week long law enforcement training program A component of a 12-week regional law enforcement training program includes fitness training, but no nutrition intervention. Conventional fitness assessment of the program includes aspects of muscle strength and cardiovascular fitness; however, assessment of body composition is not usually performed. To improve the cadets fitness, the program incorporates one hour of physical training (PT) four days/week. To better evaluate the status of cadets entering the program and the effects of training, we assessed body composition in the first and last week of the program. Measurements included height, weight, a 3-site skinfolds (Jackson & Pollock) and bioelectrical (BIA, RJL) resistance and reactance. Calculated variables evaluated included body mass index (BMI) and body fat by both skinfolds (BF-S) and by BIA (BF-BIA). A comparison of these variables for the first and last weeks were made only for paired data. Entering cadets (age = 28.3±0.65) had a BMI of 30.1±0.6, a BF-S of 24.3±0.6, and BF-BIA of 29.2±0.7. The pre-post comparison showed modest reduction in body weight (−0.62±0.34kg) and BMI (−0.18±0.11kg/m 2 ). Small but significant (p>0.05, paired t-test) decreases were found for BF-S (−0.65±0.25 % fat) and BF-BIA (2.56±0.30 % fat). These data indicate that many entering cadets are at moderate risk (BMI of Grade II or above). Modest reductions in body fat were associated with small increases in lean body mass. Alone, PT successfully lowered body fat but only at minimal levels. These findings support the introduction of nutritional intervention by menu modifications and individual counseling to reduce the risk of disease
Information flow based connectivity maintenance of a multi-agent system during formation control

Network connectivity is paramount for multi-agent systems with limited sensing and communication capabilities, since agents need to coordinate and communicate to make appropriate decisions in formation control. The goal in this work is to steer a group of agents to a desired configuration from any given initially connected graph in a decentralized manner, without partitioning the underlying network, and avoiding collision with other agents and moving obstacles. To maintain network connectivity, an information flow is proposed to specify the communication among agents. The underlying network graph is connected as long as all the information flows are maintained. Based on the approach of information flow, each agent is able to choose a short path to reach the desired agent in the information graph by dynamically building new communication links or breaking existing links. A navigation function formulation is used to maintain the information flow among agents, and guarantee the convergence of the system to the desired configuration.
Electrical self-stimulation without lead wires.

Electrical self stimulation without lead wires, discussing contact establishment between overhead plate and implanted electrode
Time-of-flight ion energy and ion reaction time spectrometry, spectral line shape and mechanisms of ion formation

Abstract Methods are presented for achieving a better accuracy in the ion energy analysis and an excellent time resolution in the ion reaction time measurement using the time-of-flight spectrometer. Analyses are also presented to show that the mechanisms of ion formation can be derived directly from the spectral line shape. Specific examples drawn from high resolution pulsed-laser time-of-flight atom-probe spectrometer measurements are used to illustrate these methods and analyses. The richness of information contained in a high resolution time-of-flight spectrum is demonstrated with a study of field dissociation by atomic tunneling of RhHe 2+ ions. The time resolution in this dissociation time measurement is as good as 20 fs, and a feature related to half a period of the rotational motion of the ion can be observed in the time-of-flight spectrum from fully resolved peaks.
A phylogeny of megachiropteran bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera: Pteropodidae) based on direct optimization analysis of one nuclear and four mitochondrial genes

The phylogeny of megachiropteran bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera: Pteropodidae) has been investigated using several different molecular datasets. These studies differed widely in taxonomic and locus sampling, and their results tended to lack resolution of internal nodes and were themselves largely incongruent. To address this, we assembled a data set of 5 loci (up to 3.5 kbp from 12S rDNA, 16S rDNA, tDNA-valine, cytochrome b, and the nuclear gene c-mos) for 43 species of megachiropterans and 6 microchiropteran outgroups. We analyzed these data with direct optimization under equal costs for substitutions and indels. We used POY in a parallel setting, and searches consisted of replicated swapping + refinements (ratcheting, tree fusing, and iterative pass optimization). Our results indicate that Megachiroptera and all recognized genera (including Pteropus) are monophyletic, and that Melonycteris is the sister group of the clade containing all the other genera. Clades previously proposed using molecular data, as well as many new and traditional groups, were well-supported, and various sources suggest that the degree of conflict with morphological data may be considerably less marked than previously supposed. Analysis of individual loci suffer 70% loss in the number of compatible groups recovered across all analyses with respect to combined analyses. Our results indicate that, within Megachiroptera, nectarivory and cave-dwelling originated several times, but echolocation (used for obstacle detection) evolved only once. Megachiropterans likely originated in SE Asia-Melanesia, and colonized Africa at least four times.
Hard X-rays from accretion disk boundary layers

ACCRETION disks1,2 are found in many astrophysical objects, ranging from newly formed stars and mass-transferring binary systems to quasars and other active galactic nuclei. An important feature of accretion disks is the boundary layer—the interface between the disk and the accreting objects—where up to half the accretion luminosity may be liberated. The lack of a satisfactory description of the flow and thermal structure of this layer has long been a handicap when modelling disk spectra. Here we report numerical solutions of a model of thin accretion disks around a central white dwarf which includes a self-consistent description of the boundary layer. We find two distinct kinds of solution depending on the mass accretion rate Ṁ. At high rates, we find optically thick boundary layers whose radial width and peak temperature decrease with decreasing Ṁ, but when the accretion rate falls below a critical value, the boundary layer becomes optically thin, and the width and temperature increase dramatically. Our results provide an explanation for the hard X-rays observed3 in cataclysmic variables, particularly at low Ṁ. It should be possible to extend our analysis to other accretion-disk systems.
Mars: Real-time spatio-temporal queries on microblogs

Mars demonstration exploits the microblogs location information to support a wide variety of important spatio-temporal queries on microblogs. Supported queries include range, nearest-neighbor, and aggregate queries. Mars works under a challenging environment where streams of microblogs are arriving with high arrival rates. Mars distinguishes itself with three novel contributions: (1) Efficient in-memory digestion/expiration techniques that can handle microblogs of high arrival rates up to 64,000 microblog/sec. This also includes highly accurate and efficient hopping-window based aggregation for incoming microblogs keywords. (2) Smart memory optimization and load shedding techniques that adjust in-memory contents based on the expected query load to trade off a significant storage savings with a slight and bounded accuracy loss. (3) Scalable real-time query processing, exploiting Zipf distributed microblogs data for efficient top-k aggregate query processing. In addition, Mars employs a scalable real-time nearest neighbor and range query processing module that employs various pruning techniques so that it serves heavy query workloads in real time. Mars is demonstrated using a stream of real tweets obtained from Twitter firehose with a production query workload obtained from Bing web search. We show that Mars serves incoming queries with an average latency of less than 4 msec and with 99% answer accuracy while saving up to 70% of storage overhead for different query loads.
Gonadal Failure with Cyclophosphamide Therapy for Lupus Nephritis: Advances in Fertility Preservation

Intravenous cyclophosphamide remains an important therapy for patients with severe systemic lupus erythematosus--including lupus nephritis, which primarily affects women in their reproductive years. As prognosis improves, the chronic toxicity of this therapy assumes greater importance. This article reviews cyclophosphamide use, its effect on gonadal function, and protection of gonadal reserve during therapy. Egg, embryo, or gonadal tissue cryopreservation and alternative therapeutic strategies are considered.
Structural characterization of the voltage-sensor domain and voltage-gated K+-channel proteins vectorially oriented within a single bilayer membrane at the solid/vapor and solid/liquid interfaces via neutron interferometry.

The voltage-sensor domain (VSD) is a modular four-helix bundle component that confers voltage sensitivity to voltage-gated cation channels in biological membranes. Despite extensive biophysical studies and the recent availability of X-ray crystal structures for a few voltage-gated potassium (Kv) channels and a voltage-gate sodium (Nav) channel, a complete understanding of the cooperative mechanism of electromechanical coupling, interconverting the closed-to-open states (i.e., nonconducting to cation conducting) remains undetermined. Moreover, the function of these domains is highly dependent on the physical-chemical properties of the surrounding lipid membrane environment. The basis for this work was provided by a recent structural study of the VSD from a prokaryotic Kv-channel vectorially oriented within a single phospholipid (1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POPC)) membrane investigated by X-ray interferometry at the solid/moist He (or solid/vapor) and solid/liquid interfaces, thus achi...
Computer animation method for simulating polymer flow for injection-molded parts

This method pertains to polymer flow data visualization in the field of computer-aided engineering (CAE) known as injection molding. Flow front data output from injection molding analysis generates a flat-shaded animated display representative of polymer flow into a mold cavity. This is superior to static graphics as it enables the engineer to examine and identify undesired filling patterns and allows CAE engineers to make quicker and more accurate predictions.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Non-Gaussianclosure techniques for stationary random vibration

Abstract The classical method of statistical linearization when applied to a non-linear oscillator excited by stationary wide-band random excitation, can be considered as a procedure in which the unknown parameters in a Gaussian distribution are evaluated by means of moment identities derived from the dynamic equation of the oscillator. A systematic extension of this procedure is the method of non-Gaussian closure in which an increasing number of moment identities are used to evaluate additional parameters in a family of non-Gaussian response distributions. The method is described and illustrated by means of examples. Attention is given to the choice of representations of non-Gaussian distributions and to techniques for generating independent moment identities directly from the differential equation of the non-linear oscillator. Some shortcomings of the method are pointed out.
Characterization of rat schwannoma-Schwann cell hybrids.

Sciatic nerve Schwann cell from strain LEC rats, homozygous for the c form of 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6-PGD), and RN22 rat Schwannoma cells, a subclone of RN2 deficient in hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase and expressing the s form of 6-PGD, were fused to produce ‘RNS’ hybrid clones which proloferate rapidly ina medium containing hypoxanthine, aminopterin and thymidine (HAT) and express c, s and c/s heterodimeric forms of 6-PGD. RNS cells, like both parents, maintain a high baseline activity of 2′,3′-cyclic nucleotide 3′-phosphohydrolase and, as in RN22, activity of this enzyme is further inducible by 1 mM N6, O2 -dibutyryl 3′,5′-cyclic AMP. The RNS clones resemble normal Schwann cells in the capacity to bind radioiodinated axolemmal fragments to their plasma membranes.
Metallacyclic Zinc Complexes of Alkylidene-Linked Bitopic Bis(pyrazolyl)methane Ligands: Unusual Exocyclic Bridging Fluoride Ligands

The alkylidene-linked, bitopic bis(pyrazolyl)methane ligands 1,1,3,3-tetrakis(1-pyrazolyl)propane ([CH(pz)2]2CH2; L1; pz = 1-pyrazolyl), 1,1,4,4-tetrakis(1-pyrazolyl)butane ([CH(pz)2]2(CH2)2; L2), and 1,1,5,5-tetrakis(1-pyrazolyl)pentane ([CH(pz)2]2(CH2)3; L3) react with Zn(BF4)2·5H2O in tetrahydrofuran (THF) to afford complexes with the empirical formula [ZnL](BF4)2 (L = L1 (1), L2 (2), and L3 (3)). 1H NMR studies indicate that all three complexes are fluxional in solution. Recrystallization of the complexes from acetonitrile yields the crystallographically characterized compounds [Zn(μ-[CH(pz)2]2CH2)(H2O)(CH3CN)]3(BF4)6·2.5CH3CN (1a), {[Zn2(μ2-[CH(pz)2]2[CH2]2)2(μ2-F)](BF4)3·CH3CN·0.5H2O}∞ (2a), and [Zn3(μ-[CH(pz)2]2(CH2)3)3(H2O)5](BF4)6·4CH3CN (3a). Compounds 1a and 3a are trimeric metallacycles in which acetonitrile and water molecules complete the coordination spheres of the octahedral or trigonal bipyramidal Zn2+ ions. Compound 2a consists of one-dimensional chains of dimeric metallacycles connected...
A Criminal Justice System–Wide Response to Mental Illness Evaluating the Effectiveness of the Memphis Crisis Intervention Team Training Curriculum Among Law Enforcement and Correctional Officers

The present study sought to evaluate the effectiveness of the Memphis Crisis Intervention Team (CIT) training curriculum among law enforcement and correctional officers. A panel research design was...
Cervical prevertebral fat stripe: a normal variant simulating prevertebral hemorrhage.

We present a rare case of marked cervical prevertebral soft-tissue thickening detected on plain films in a patient being examined for acute cervical spine trauma in whom subsequent CT examination showed a large prevertebral fat stripe but no acute injuries. To our knowledge this finding, which has not been previously reported, is a normal variant that should be recognized in order to avoid further unnecessary diagnostic workup and treatment.
Mass Customization: The New Frontier in Business Competition

The article reviews the book “Mass Customization: The New Frontier in Business Competition,” by B. Joseph Pine II.
Effects of a high-fat diet on postabsorptive and postprandial testosterone responses to a fat-rich meal

Postprandial testosterone concentrations have been shown to significantly decrease after a fat-rich meal, which may be due to inhibition of testosterone production by chylomicrons. We examined the effects of a high-fat diet known to reduce postprandial chylomicrons on the testosterone response to a fat-rich meal. Total testosterone (TT), free testosterone (FT), cortisol, and insulin responses to a high-fat test meal containing 5.44 MJ (1,300 kcal, 11% carbohydrate, 3% protein, 86% fat) were determined before (week 0) and after (week 8) an 8-week high-fat diet (64% fat) in 11 healthy men. The high-fat diet resulted in significant reductions in postabsorptive and postprandial serum triacylglycerols (55% and 50%, respectively). There were no significant changes in postabsorptive serum TT, FT, and cortisol, but insulin concentrations were significantly (P < or = .05) lower at week 8 (-28%). There was a significant reduction 1 hour after the fat-rich meal for TT (-22%) and FT (-23%), which remained significantly below baseline for 8 hours. Postprandial TT and FT responses were not significantly different after the 8-week high-fat diet. Postprandial serum cortisol concentrations were significantly reduced 1 hour after the meal. There were no significant differences before and after the high-fat diet. Insulin was significantly increased at the 0-, 1-, and 2-hour postprandial time points before and after the high-fat diet. Compared with week 0, insulin concentrations were significantly lower prior to and immediately after the fat-rich meal at week 8. These data indicate a fat-rich meal results in a prolonged reduction in TT and FT concentrations that is not altered by lowering postprandial chylomicrons. Alternative mechanisms (eg, higher uptake at the receptor level of cells) other than chylomicron-induced or insulin-induced inhibition of steroidogenesis are likely responsible for the reduction in TT and FT after a fat-rich meal.
Prospects for the power sector in nine developing countries

Abstract Based on information drawn primarily from official planning documents issued by national governments and/or utilities, this article examines the outlook for the power sector in the year 2000 in nine countries: China, India, Indonesia, Thailand, the Philippines, South Korea, Taiwan, Argentina and Mexico. This study found that the implicit rates of average annual growth of installed electric power capacity between 1991 and 2001 range from a low of 3.3% per year in Argentina to a high 13.2% per year in Indonesia. In absolute terms, China and India account for the vast majority of the growth. The plan calls for a shift in the generating mix towards coal in six of the countries, and continued strong reliance on coal in China and India. The use of natural gas is expected to increase substantially in a number of the countries. The historic movement away from oil continues, although some countries are maintaining dual fuel capabilities. Plans call for considerable growth of nuclear power in South Korea and China and modest increases in India and Taiwan. The feasibility of the official plans varies among the countries. Lack of public capital is leading towards greater reliance on private sector participation in power projects in many of the countries. Environmental issues are becoming a more significant constraint than in the past, particularly in the case of large-scale hydropower projects. The financial and environmental constraints are leading to a rising interest in methods of improving the efficiency of electricity supply and end use. The scale of such activities is growing in most of the study countries.
ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing — Theme Issue "Remote Sensing and GIS for Coastal Ecosystem Assessment and Management"

Coastal ecosystem management involves procedures of monitoring and modeling which require reliable information base and robust analytical technologies. Remote sensing and GIS, given their costeffectiveness and technological soundness, are increasingly being used to develop useful sources of information and to support decision making in connection with a wide array of coastal applications. Recent innovations in data, technologies, and theories in the wider arena of remote sensing and GIS have permitted scientists with invaluable opportunities to advance the study of the coastal environments. This theme issue focuses on the use and applications of remote sensing and GIS techniques to develop environmental indicators for coastal ecosystem assessment and management. Specifically, this issue addresses the following topics (but not limited to): Nearshore bathymetry, shoreline erosion, and coastal morphologic change Characterization, analysis, and modeling of changing landscape structure and patterns in coastal environments Coastal wetland mapping and change detection Watershed hydrological and nutrient modeling in coastal environments Remote sensing of coastal water quality (chlorophyll concentration, turbidity, TSS and others) Mapping seagrass, littoral aquatic vegetation, and benthic habitats Linking conditions in upstream watersheds to downstream estuaries for integrated assessment of the estuarine ecosystems Coastal ecosystem management case studies
Cloning and characterization of a thermostable cellobiose dehydrogenase from Sporotrichum thermophile

Cellobiose dehydrogenase (CDH) is an extracellular hemoflavoenzyme produced by several wood-degrading fungi. CDH contains one hemeband one FAD per molecule and oxidizes cellobiose to cellobionolactone in the presence of cytochromec.In this report, a thermostable CDH from the thermophilic ascomyceteSporotrichum thermophilehas been purified, cloned, and characterized. The temperature optimum for this CDH reaction was 60°C, and the activation energy for the reaction was 26.3 kJ/mol. TheKmandkcatwere temperature-dependent and increased as reaction temperature increased. These kinetic properties prove that this CDH is truly thermophilic. A 2.8-kb cDNA was isolated by screening an expression library ofS. thermophilewith a polyclonal antisera raised againstPhanerochaete chrysosporiumCDH. The cDNA encoded an 807-amino-acid protein with a predicted mass of 86,332 Da.S. thermophileCDH is organized into three domains, an N-terminal flavin domain, a middle heme domain, and a C-terminal cellulose-binding domain, which shows sequence similarity with the cellulose-binding domains of endoglucanases and cellobiohydrolases fromTrichoderma reesei.Comparison with the CDH sequences ofP. chrysosporiumandTrametes versicoloridentified Met 95 and His 143 as potential heme coordinations. EFIG, LGGPM, and VNSTH motifs in the heme domain and the XRXPXTDXPSXDGXRY motif in the flavin domain were identified as CDH-specific motifs. With regard to the amino acid composition,S. thermophileCDH has more disulfide linkages and acidic and basic amino acids compared to CDHs fromP. chrysosporiumandT. versicolor.