cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Micronutrients and cancer risk

An abundance of epidemiologic evidence, based on numerous and remarkably consistent observations that persons who consume high intakes of fruits and vegetables have reduced risks of most human cancers, supports the concept that micronutrients may play important roles in the prevention of human cancers. Many studies suggest that carotenoid compounds in fruits and vegetables may be important in reducing risk of lung cancer. At least some forms of fiber may contribute to reduced risk of colon cancer, but recent analyses of colonic polyps suggest that folic acid may also play a protective role. Evidence for breast cancer is more limited but protective associations with vitamin A from both carotenoid and preformed sources have been seen in several studies. Although we cannot be certain which compounds are responsible, the evidence is overwhelming that an abundant intake of fruits and vegetables can play an important role in reducing cancer incidence.
Understanding adversarial training: Increasing local stability of supervised models through robust optimization

Abstract We show that adversarial training of supervised learning models is in fact a robust optimization procedure. To do this, we establish a general framework for increasing local stability of supervised learning models using robust optimization. The framework is general and broadly applicable to differentiable non-parametric models, e.g., Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs). Using an alternating minimization-maximization procedure, the loss of the model is minimized with respect to perturbed examples that are generated at each parameter update, rather than with respect to the original training data. Our proposed framework generalizes adversarial training, as well as previous approaches for increasing local stability of ANNs. Experimental results reveal that our approach increases the robustness of the network to existing adversarial examples, while making it harder to generate new ones. Furthermore, our algorithm improves the accuracy of the networks also on the original test data.
Making Practice Visible through Writing for Professional Publication.

Writing is often considered such a tedious, time-consuming task that many practitioners, teachers, policymakers, and child care professionals find an assortment of excuses to avoid it. I often joke...
Advancing Professionalism During Law School

Law schools have an obligation to do far more than provide classroom instruction in black letter law. New attorneys fresh out of law school are expected to be productive and effective without an extensive apprenticeship. As a result law schools must provide skills training to complement and provide context for substantive legal instruction, offer training in the art of oral and written communications, ensure law students have a understanding of the spirit and letter of the ethical rules that govern the conduct of attorneys, and must instill a sense of professionalism in law students so they will know how to conduct themselves as they operate in the legal community.
Principal Residual Strains as a function of Depth for Sputter Deposited Mo Thin Films

Traditionally, the magnitude of the stress in a thin film is obtained by measuring the curvature of the film-substrate couple; however, these techniques all measure the average stress throughout the film thickness. On a microscopic level, the details of the strain distribution as a function of depth through the thickness of the film can have important consequences in governing film quality and ultimate morphology. A new method for determining the magnitude of principal strains (strain eigenvalues) as a function of x-ray penetration depth using grazing incidence x-ray scattering for a polycrystalline thin film will be described. Results are reported for two Mo metallizations ~ 500 A and ~1000 A thick sputtered onto Si {100} substrates. The magnitude of the principal strains at several penetration depths was accomplished by an analysis of the diffraction peak shifts of at least six independent {hkl} scattering vectors from the Mo thin films. An out-of-plane strain gradient was identified in both Mo films and the strain eigenvalues were found to be anisotropic in nature. This new methodology should work with a variety of thin films and hence would provide quantitative insight into the evolution of thin film microstructure.
Strain-induced indirect to direct bandgap transition in multilayer WSe2.

Transition metal dichalcogenides, such as MoS2 and WSe2, have recently gained tremendous interest for electronic and optoelectronic applications. MoS2 and WSe2 monolayers are direct bandgap and show bright photoluminescence (PL), whereas multilayers exhibit much weaker PL due to their indirect optical bandgap. This presents an obstacle for a number of device applications involving light harvesting or detection where thicker films with direct optical bandgap are desired. Here, we experimentally demonstrate a drastic enhancement in PL intensity for multilayer WSe2 (2–4 layers) under uniaxial tensile strain of up to 2%. Specifically, the PL intensity of bilayer WSe2 is amplified by ∼35× , making it comparable to that of an unstrained WSe2 monolayer. This drastic PL enhancement is attributed to an indirect to direct bandgap transition for strained bilayer WSe2, as confirmed by density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Notably, in contrast to MoS2 multilayers, the energy difference between the direct and i...
Gardnerella vaginalis-Associated Leukorrhea: The Disease and Its Treatment

Historically, infectious vaginitis has been classified as trichomonal, yeast-associated, or nonspecific. In 1953, Leopold [1] identified an agent recovered from the urethra of men with prostatitis and women with clinical cervicitis that he felt belonged to the Haemophilus genus. Soon afterward, Lutz and Wurch [2] identified a similar organism in women with vaginal discharges. In a landmark paper in 1955, Gardner and Dukes [3] provided a detailed description of a clinical leukorrhea syndrome associated with this organism, and they unequivocally proclaimed Haemophilus vaginalis as the major cause of nonspecific vaginitis. They proposed that the term "nonspecific vaginitis" be reserved for patients who did not show evidence of Trichomonas vaginalis, pathogenic yeasts, or H. vaginalis organisms. Since then, controversy has persisted regarding the role of this organism in vaginitis and its appropriate treatment. In addition to these questions, the taxonomy of this organism has been repeatedly questioned. In 1963, Zinnemann and Turner [4] recommended that the organism be reclassified as Corynebacterium vaginale. In 1980, the organism was once again reclassified into a new genus and named Gardnerella vaginalis [5], in recognition of Gardner's work.
Research and Design of Video Conference System Based on VOIP Technology

In order to achieve the interoperability between IP network of video conference and traditional PSTN network,while the existing Smartmeeting system is a pure IP network video conference,so as not to take advantage of the telephone video conference under the traditional PSTN.The system increases the VOIP gateway to analyze the protocol conversion of H.232 protocol and SIP protocol,analyzes the interoperability between IP network and PSTN network on the basis of existing SmartMeeting system.The system can be developed in the VC++ 6.0 platform and realized using C/S mode.
Cephaloridine nephrotoxicity is potentiated by selenium deficiency but not copper deficiency in rats.

Lipid peroxidation may contribute to the nephrotoxicity of cephaloridine, a beta-lactam antibiotic. Copper and Se may protect against free radical damage, and dietary Se deficiency potentiates cephaloridine nephrotoxicity. The objectives of this study were to further investigate potentiation of cephaloridine toxicity by Se deficiency and to determine whether Cu deficiency increases cephaloridine-induced injury. Weanling male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed adequate, Cu-deficient, Se-deficient, and Se and Cu-deficient diets for 4 wk and subsequently injected i.p. with cephaloridine (1200 mg/kg body wt) or saline. Nephrotoxic response to cephaloridine occurred, with increased plasma urea, kidney weight, excretion of urinary enzymes, and kidney lesions. Cephaloridine also increased plasma sorbitol dehydrogenase activity. Selenium deficiency depressed kidney glutathione peroxidase activity (78%) and potentiated cephaloridine nephrotoxicity. Copper deficiency did not increase cephaloridine nephrotoxicity; the small depression (13%) in kidney Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase activity may not have been sufficient to impair antioxidant status. However, the marked depression in kidney glutathione peroxidase activity during Se deficiency may have impaired antioxidant status and enhanced cephaloridine-induced injury. In contrast to results in the kidney, neither Se deficiency nor Cu deficiency potentiated cephaloridine hepatotoxicity, as assessed by plasma SDH activity.
State of the Non-operations Based Research of Hard Shoulder Running☆

Abstract Hard Shoulder Running (HSR) is an operationally focused active traffic management strategy to optimize the utilization of the roadway, specifically the shoulder portion of the roadway geometry. Roadway networks needs to be more sustainable by utilizing its full capacity before using more materials to construct an expanded roadway. The understanding of the operational benefits has been the focus of much HSR research as it is an operational focused Active Traffic Management (ATM) strategy. Before HSR can be utilized, its effects on safety and the pavement structure on the shoulder need to be understood. While it has been found to improve the road operation, it must be safe and structurally sound. This paper provides a literature review of the HSR research that analyzed the safety effects and the pavement performance effects. HSR is a quality strategy that can reduce congestion, car emissions, and paved lane use requirements through improved traffic flow.
Evaluation of a Development Program for Transportation Engineers

A shortage of trained, prepared transportation engineers for leadership positions is growing in state departments of transportation (DOTs). This shortage is influenced by four factors. First, insufficient numbers of engineering graduates choose work at DOTs. Second, those who do choose DOT jobs enter with deficits in transportation-related engineering knowledge. Third, the DOTs have difficulty retaining the new engineers. Finally, increasing levels of experienced staff are retiring, adding to the expertise and leadership deficit. DOTs are reaching out to students at college and high school levels to encourage careers in transportation engineering; this outreach includes diversity programs and summer internships. Some DOTs work with colleges through cooperative research programs. To maintain engineering staff expertise, those agencies are increasingly providing young unlicensed engineers with in-house training that can include mentoring, functional area rotations, instructional training, and support for st...
CRIB scores as a tool for assessing risk for the development of pulmonary hypertension in extremely preterm infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia.

Objective Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) increases the risk for developing pulmonary hypertension (PH). However, the risk factors associated with BPD-associated PH remain unclear. Our primary aim was to determine perinatal risk factors associated with the development of PH in infants with BPD. Study Design We retrospectively reviewed medical records of 303 infants born at ≤ 28 weeks' gestation. Infants were categorized as having no, mild, moderate, or severe BPD. PH was diagnosed by echocardiogram. Data were analyzed using Fisher exact test, two-sample t-test, and multivariable logistic regression. Results The incidence of PH in our cohort was 12%. Infants with PH had lower birth weights and gestational ages (p Conclusion Severe BPD increases the risk for developing PH. Higher CRIB scores correlate with PH development in infants with BPD. We speculate that CRIB scores may allow for early categorization of preterm infants with a higher likelihood of developing PH.
SU-D-BRA-03: Analysis of Systematic Errors with 2D/3D Image Registration for Target Localization and Treatment Delivery in Stereotactic Radiosurgery

Purpose: Determine systematic deviations between 2D/3D and 3D/3D image registrations with six degrees of freedom (6DOF) for various imaging modalities and registration algorithms on the Varian Edge Linac. Methods: The 6DOF systematic errors were assessed by comparing automated 2D/3D (kV/MV vs. CT) with 3D/3D (CBCT vs. CT) image registrations from different imaging pairs, CT slice thicknesses, couch angles, similarity measures, etc., using a Rando head and a pelvic phantom. The 2D/3D image registration accuracy was evaluated at different treatment sites (intra-cranial and extra-cranial) by statistically analyzing 2D/3D pre-treatment verification against 3D/3D localization of 192 Stereotactic Radiosurgery/Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy treatment fractions for 88 patients. Results: The systematic errors of 2D/3D image registration using kV-kV, MV-kV and MV-MV image pairs using 0.8 mm slice thickness CT images were within 0.3 mm and 0.3° for translations and rotations with a 95% confidence interval (CI). No significant difference between 2D/3D and 3D/3D image registrations (P>0.05) was observed for target localization at various CT slice thicknesses ranging from 0.8 to 3 mm. Couch angles (30, 45, 60 degree) did not impact the accuracy of 2D/3D image registration. Using pattern intensity with content image filtering was recommended for 2D/3D image registration to achieve the best accuracy. For the patient study, translational error was within 2 mm and rotational error was within 0.6 degrees in terms of 95% CI for 2D/3D image registration. For intra-cranial sites, means and std. deviations of translational errors were −0.2±0.7, 0.04±0.5, 0.1±0.4 mm for LNG, LAT, VRT directions, respectively. For extra-cranial sites, means and std. deviations of translational errors were - 0.04±1, 0.2±1, 0.1±1 mm for LNG, LAT, VRT directions, respectively. 2D/3D image registration uncertainties for intra-cranial and extra-cranial sites were comparable. Conclusion: The Varian Edge radiosurgery 6DOF-based system, can perform 2D/3D image registration with high accuracy for target localization in image-guided stereotactic radiosurgery. The work was supported by a Research Scholar Grant, RSG-15-137-01-CCE from the American Cancer Society.
Immunoscintigraphy Using F(Ab—)2 Fragments

The purpose of the study was to evaluate in patients the pharmacokinetics, biodistribution, and tumor localization potential of the Indium-111 labeled F(ab’) 2 fragments of the antibody 19-9 coupled with DTPA using a method we have developed (1). These studies were carried out in 13 patients who either had known sites of tumor or in whom recurrence of tumor was suspected.
Short-lived effects of walnut shell biochar on soils and crop yields in a long-term field experiment

Abstract Many field studies exploring biochars’ effects on plant productivity and soil quality have been limited to just one or two seasons, particularly in temperate agroecosystems, and have not shown how such impacts change as biochars age in the soil. Therefore, we investigated the lasting effects of a walnut shell (WS) biochar on crop yields and soil nutrient cycling and availability over four years in a field experiment. Long-term plots of a tomato-corn rotation were established in a 2 × 2 factorial design of treatments i) with or without WS biochar amendment and ii) fertilized with mineral fertilizer (MF) or composted poultry manure (CP). Biochar was applied once in 2012 (Year 1) at a rate of 10 t ha−1. Crop yields were measured over four seasons, and soil samples were analyzed for ammonium (NH4+-N) and nitrate (NO3−-N) concentrations and for other nutrient parameters, including exchangeable K+, Ca2+, PO4-P, SO4-S, each year. Walnut shell biochar had an effect only in Year 2 when it increased corn yields by ∼8% in both MF and CP fertilizer systems and increased exchangeable K+, PO4-P, and Ca2+ in soil through direct additions of these nutrients. These impacts were not observed until a year after application and faded in subsequent years. Inorganic N pools were not significantly affected by the biochar in any season. The WS biochar has a delayed yet short-lived effect on plant-available nutrient concentrations and crop productivity but does not significantly alter nutrient transformations.
Measurements of gold nanoparticle concentration with K-shell x-ray fluorescence spectrum

In this study, the AuNP k-shell fluorescence spectra were measured by using a 100 mm long collimator to improve the detectability. The AuNPs were suspended in deionized water at different concentrations. The AuNP suspensions were excited by a micro focal spot x-ray tube with 130 kVp, 300 μA x-ray exposures. The emissions of the AuNP fluorescence were measured by a spectrometer located with an angle of 90 degrees with respect to the excitation beam. The fluorescence acquisition durations for each concentration mode were 3000 s. A 1.0 mm Pb filter and a 1 mm Al filter were utilized to optimize excitation beam and fluorescence emission, respectively. As a result, the k-shell fluorescence peaks, 66.99 keV and 68.80 keV of AuNP, were measured and observed in 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0 mg/mL concentration modes. The linear relationship between the AuNP suspension concentrations and the number of photons of the fluorescence peaks were observed in the range of 0.1–4.0 mg/mL. The results of experimental measurements demonstrated up to 0.1 mg/mL (0.01 % in weight concentration) detectability.
Later-Life Disability in Environmental Context: Why Living Arrangements Matter.

Background and Objectives Household social and environmental context are key elements of the disablement process, yet few studies explicitly examine the relationship between household composition, housing type, and disability progression. This study investigates the risk of older adults' disability progression by type of living arrangement (e.g., household composition, housing type) and whether the relationship varies by socioeconomic status. Research Design and Methods We used Health and Retirement Study data (waves 1998-2012; n = 41,467 total observations) and fit time-series logistic regression models to estimate increases in activities of daily living (ADLs) and instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs) limitations. Because living arrangements are influenced by financial resources, we also stratified analyses by wealth. Results Disability rates were highest among those living alone or with nonfamily others and in self-described fair/poor quality housing. Overall, disability risk was more strongly associated with wealth than living arrangements. For more affluent older adults, living alone was associated with a decreased risk of IADL disability; for the least affluent older adults, living alone had the opposite association-increased risk of both ADL and IADL disability. Discussion and Implications Later-life disability progression should be understood in the context of both household environment and wealth. Household composition and housing characteristics were associated with disability progression and the risk of increasing disability was consistently higher for those in the lowest wealth quintile. These findings identify where older adults with disabilities live and that comprehensive interventions to reduce disability progression should consider household social and environmental context, as well as wealth.
Freshman Flu Vaccination Behavior and Intention During a Nonpandemic Season.

Objective. To examine predictors of flu vaccination and vaccination intention among college freshmen during a nonpandemic influenza season using the health belief model (HBM). Participants. A total of 184 college freshmen at a single institution participated in a mixed-mode (paper or online) survey in October-November 2015. Method. Flu vaccination and intention to vaccinate were predicted using binomial logistic regression on HBM constructs (perceived susceptibility, severity, benefits, barriers, cues to action, and availability), prior flu vaccination history, family and peer reference behaviors, and demographics. Results. Overall, 31.5% of participants received the seasonal flu vaccine by mid-November, and 25% intended to receive it. In full models, history of past flu vaccination (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 7.90; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.55-24.49) was significant for vaccination while availability (aOR = 2.00; 95% CI = 1.32-3.01) and family intention (aOR = 250.59; 95% CI = 3.77 to >999) were ...
Repeat computed tomography is highly sensitive in determining need for delayed exploration in blunt abdominal trauma.

Abstract Background Computed tomography (CT) imaging has an established role in the initial evaluation of blunt abdominal trauma. What is less clear is the role of CT in guiding delayed exploration in patients initially managed nonoperatively after blunt trauma. We hypothesized that a repeat CT would accurately identify the need for an exploratory laparotomy in this patient population. Materials and methods From 2005 to 2014, we reviewed all blunt abdominal trauma patients at our institution who received an admission CT scan. We identified patients who underwent repeat CT of the abdomen within 72 h for the documented purpose of reevaluating potential intra-abdominal injuries. CT findings were categorized as either having a CT indication for exploration or not, allowing a sensitivity analysis. Results Of the 50 patients who met our inclusion criteria, 9 underwent surgical exploration of the abdomen and 41 did not. Admission clinical indicators such as Glasgow Coma Scale, Injury Severity Score, and vitals were similar between the operative and nonoperative groups ( P > 0.05). When compared with initial CT scan, repeat scan was found to increase the sensitivity from 67% to 100%, while also improving the specificity to 86%, positive predictive value to 50%, and negative predictive value to 100%. Conclusions Repeat CT scan of the abdomen may be useful in evaluating blunt trauma patients initially managed nonoperatively. The second CT scan increases the sensitivity of CT evaluation to 100% while also improving the specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value.
Effect of Methyl Bromide and Hydrocyanic Acid Fumigation on the Germination of Oats

Two varieties of oats, Kanota and Ventura, with a graded moisture range of 8, 10, 12, and 14% were fumigated with methyl bromide in 100-cubic-foot gastight chambers at an exposure period of 72 hours. Various dosages and temperatures were used. One variety of oats, Kanota, was fumigated with methyl bromide and hydrocyanic acid under varying conditions of temperature, exposure, and dosages of fumigant. One half of the fumigated samples of seed received one fumigation; the others were fumigated twice. Two series of germination tests were made, the first within 5 days following fumigation of seeds, and the second after 84 days of postfumigation storage at 50° F. Under the conditions of the experiments, the germination of oats was not affected by fumigation with hydrocyanie acid. Dosage, temperature, period of exposure, and the moisture content of seeds were variables found to be most important in contributing to injury from methyl bromide. Although oat seeds were relatively resistant to fumigation with methyl bromide, some injury did occur.
Diving and Skating in Whirligig Beetles: Alternative Antipredator Responses

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses alternative anti-predation tactics of whirligigs through a lab experiment. Whirligigs are easy to capture and mark, and their anti-predation behavior can be easily observed by placing the beetles in a small aquarium and startling them. Alternative tactics have been documented in many species, in a wide range of behaviors including mating, foraging, aggressive behavior, and parental care. The existence of alternative tactics within a single population caused evolutionary biologists to wonder why and how different behaviors that have a single function would evolve. Alternative tactics may be maintained in a population through a number of different mechanisms. Alternative tactics are often part of a single conditional strategy, in which individuals inherit an ability to adopt either tactic depending on the environmental conditions that they experience. For example, horned beetle males develop either into "majors," which are large and possess a large horn (used in competing with other males), or into "minors," which are smaller and have proportionately smaller horns.
Lipedema: friend and foe

Background Lipedema is a chronic disorder presenting in women during puberty or other times of hormonal change such as childbirth or menopause, characterized by symmetric enlargement of nodular, painful subcutaneous adipose tissue (fat) in the limbs, sparing the hands, feet and trunk. Healthcare providers underdiagnose or misdiagnose lipedema as obesity or lymphedema. Materials and methods The benefits (friend) and negative aspects (foe) of lipedema were collected from published literature, discussions with women with lipedema, and institutional review board approved evaluation of medical charts of 46 women with lipedema. Results Lipedema is a foe because lifestyle change does not reduce lipedema fat, the fat is painful, can become obese, causes gait and joint abnormalities, fatigue, lymphedema and psychosocial distress. Hypermobility associated with lipedema can exacerbate joint disease and aortic disease. In contrast, lipedema fat can be a friend as it is associated with relative reductions in obesity-related metabolic dysfunction. In new data collected, lipedema was associated with a low risk of diabetes (2%), dyslipidemia (11.7%) and hypertension (13%) despite an obese average body mass index (BMI) of 35.3 ± 1.7 kg/m2. Conclusion Lipedema is a painful psychologically distressing fat disorder, more foe than friend especially due to associated obesity and lymphedema. More controlled studies are needed to study the mechanisms and treatments for lipedema.
Abstract 9502: Is Auscultation the Achilles' Heel of Sports Screening? -Evidence on the Proficiency of Primary Care Physicians

Background Preparticipation sports screening relies heavily on physical examination. Studies have shown that most sports preparticipation examinations are performed by non-cardiology physicians. Th...
Effects of systemic chemotherapy on cervical spinal cord FDG uptake

1157 Objectives: Accurate interpretation of FDG-PET images requires optimal knowledge of the normal distribution of the tracer in various anatomical structures. This distribution may change due to systemic treatments such as chemotherapy. The objective of our study was to asess the effect of chemotherapy on cervical spinal cord FDG-PET uptake. Methods: Head and neck FDG-PET images of 76 subjects were retrospectively assessed (24 male, 52 female; ages 24-75 years). The study population consisted of two groups. The first group had 30 subjects (12 men, 18 women, ages 40 ± 13 years) with a previous history of chemotherapy and/or ongoing chemotherapy. The control group had 46 age-matched subjects (12 men, 34 women, ages 42 ± 13 years) with no previous history of chemotherapy and with no evidence of cervical spinal cord disease. The subjects did not have any evidence of FDG uptake which could interfere with the measurement of spinal cord uptake. FDG uptake of the cervical spinal cord was visually evaluated from the attenuation-corrected FDG-PET images. Mean and maximum standardized uptake values (SUVs) of cervical spinal cord were calculated for all subjects with visible spinal cord uptake. t testing was used for statistical analysis to calculate the differences of mean and maximum values for the two groups mentioned above. Results: Seventy subjects had visible cervical spinal cord FDG uptake. Three subjects from the first group and three subjects from the second group did not have visible spinal cord FDG uptake. The averages and standard deviations of the mean and maximum cervical spinal cord SUVs for subjects with a previous history of chemotherapy were 1.48 ± 0.25 and 1.60 ± 0.25, respectively, whereas corresponding SUVs for the control group were 1.76 ± 0.35 and 1.97 ± 0.40 respectively. There were statistically significant differences for the mean and maximum SUVs between the two groups. Conclusions: FDG uptake within the cervical spinal cord is lower in subjects with a previous history of or current exposure to chemotherapy compared to subjects who have not received chemotherapy. This may indicate toxic effect of such interventions on central nervous system function.
VLSI IMPLEMENTATION OF SENSORY PROCESSING SYSTEMS

The implementation of neural-network-based computational schemes in silicon is an important means of solving real-world problems in real-time. Current technology imposes severe constraints upon the nature of circuits that are implementable. It is hence necessary to design otherwise biologically-inspired schemes to conform to these physical constraints. This work describes two vision-related applications which use only local spatial information and are hence excellent candidates for VLSI implementation.
The Place of the People in Criminal Procedure

The rules and practices of criminal procedure assume a clean separation between the interests of the public and the interests of the lone defendant who stands accused. Even the names given to criminal prosecutions often declare this dichotomy, as in jurisdictions such as California, Illinois, and New York that caption criminal cases “The People of the State of X v. John Doe.” This Essay argues that this traditional people/defendant dichotomy is critically flawed, and then builds on that critique to point the way toward a more realistic, inclusive, and just vision of the role of the public in the criminal process. The people/defendant dichotomy in the ideology of contemporary criminal procedure rests on two mistaken premises: first, that prosecutors are and should be the primary representatives of the public in the courtroom; and second, that the rules of criminal procedure must limit direct public participation to an illusory, limited subset of the public that is deemed “neutral” and “unbiased.” These conceptions of representation and neutrality distort the criminal legal system’s understanding of who “the people” are, marginalizing and excluding the voices of those members of the community who stand to be harmed by the defendant’s prosecution or incarceration. As a result, the ideology of the people/defendant dichotomy promotes practices that are more punitive than the multifaceted interests of the public dictate. This Essay puts forth a new, alternative approach to thinking about popular participation in criminal procedure, an approach that recognizes that “the people” can and do appear on both sides of the scale of justice. This recognition casts new light on the role of bottom-up resistance to local police actions and prosecutions - such as through courtwatching, participatory defense, and community bail funds - by those who otherwise do not have a voice in the process. And it directs us toward procedural rules and constitutional jurisprudence that both acknowledge communal interests beyond prosecution and promote an inclusive system of criminal adjudication responsive to the multidimensional demands of the popular will.
Eight Decades of Hatchery Salmon Releases in the California Central Valley: Factors Influencing Straying and Resilience

The California Central Valley contains the southernmost native populations of Chinook Salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, which inhabit a highly variable, anthropogenically altered environment. To mitigate habitat loss and support fisheries, millions of fall‐run hatchery salmon are released each year, often transported downstream to avoid in‐river mortality, with consequences not fully understood. We synthesize historical trends in release location and timing (1941–2017), focusing on outcomes influencing stock resilience, adult straying, and ocean arrival timing. Over time, juveniles have been transported increasing distances from the source hatchery, particularly during droughts. Transport distance was strongly associated with straying rate (averaging 0–9% vs. 7–89% for salmon released on site vs. in the bay upstream of Golden Gate Bridge, respectively), increasing the effects of hatchery releases on natural spawners. Decreasing variation in release location and timing could reduce spatiotemporal buffering, narrowing ocean arrival timings and increasing risk of mismatch with peak prey production. Central Valley salmon epitomize the pervasive challenge of balancing short‐term (e.g., abundance) against long‐term (e.g., stability) goals.
Mechanical design of a flexural nanopositioning stage system for hard x-ray nanofocusing at the Advanced Photon Source 32-ID-C station

The Transmission X-ray Microscope (TXM) at beamline 32-ID-C of the Advanced Photon Source (APS) is a high throughput instrument with high spatial resolution for operando nano-tomography experiments [1]. Recently, a flexural nanopositioning stage system has been designed, and constructed at the APS for a set of JTECTM Kirkpatrick-Baez (KB) mirrors to be installed at the beamline 32-ID-C station. It will focus X-ray down to a 15-20 nm focal spot that will serve as a point source for projection microscopy. Many flexural stages in the stage system are using the same designs developed by APS for the beamline 34-ID-E [2]. However, the new stage system configuration is optimized for the operation conditions at the APS 32-ID-C to accommodate large nano-tomography sample stages. The experiences gained from this new flexural nanopositioning stage system design will benefit designs of K-B mirror nanofocusing stages for other x-ray nanoprobe beamline instruments at the APS-Upgrade project, especially for the In-Situ Nanoprobe instrument design. The mechanical design of the flexural stages, as well as its preliminary mechanical test results with laser interferometer are described in this paper.
Re: Timely Outpatient Follow-Up Is Associated with Fewer Hospital Readmissions Among Patients with Behavioral Health Conditions.

To the Editor: I commend Dr Nadareh Pourat and colleagues[1][1] for their important work on timely outpatient follow-up and hospital readmissions among patients with behavioral health conditions. I do, however, have a few concerns. First, the concept of trust in the doctor-patient relationship is
Understanding the overlap and differences in terms describing patterns of maladaptive avoidance and intolerance of negative emotional states

Abstract Maladaptive avoidance/intolerance of negative emotional states has been widely shown to contribute to negative outcomes. Growing interest in this construct has led to the use of multiple terms (e.g., emotion dysregulation, distress intolerance, experiential avoidance, anxiety sensitivity, negative urgency) to describe such individual differences, each with their own measurement tools. However, to date, the degree to which these terms reflect truly unique attributes is understudied. The aim of the current manuscript is to review five of the most common terms (and associated measurement tools) used to describe these patterns of avoidance/intolerance of negative emotional states to better understand areas of overlap and key differences. We used qualitative content analysis and examined correlations between measures across 114 datasets from published manuscripts (i.e., Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale, Distress Tolerance Scale, Acceptance and Action Questionnaire, Anxiety Sensitivity Index, UPPS Impulsive Behavior Scale–Negative Urgency Subscale; N = 28,648 administrations). Our review suggests that measurement tools for existing terms demonstrate considerable qualitative overlap and moderate-to-large positive correlations (r = 0.24–0.67). Failures to emphasize the unique features associated with each term in existing measures may have minimized the field's ability to evaluate distinct facets of avoidance/intolerance of negative emotional states and to determine whether these facets differentially predict outcomes.
Just Deserts: Engineering for All, Everywhere

Work in Progress: When we talk about inclusion, we often neglect geographic constraints. Akin to a food desert, education deserts exist in the United States and affect the participation of students in higher education. Accessing an engineering education program is not always possible for placebound students if they are far from engineering programs, even if nearby community colleges support lower division training. This paper presents information about where the engineering education deserts are in the United States and seeks to broaden the conversation about access to engineering degrees. There are both lower-division and upper-division deserts, but community colleges expand the availability of engineering education in ways that are not always studied and are sometimes dismissed. This work-in-progress paper highlights an initial investigation of this issue and presents the early stages of an innovative curriculum that addresses the challenge of providing access to upper-division engineering learning for all prepared students.
Differential diagnosis of ventriculomegaly and brainstem kinking on fetal MRI

Abstract Background Fetal ventriculomegaly is a common and frequently leading neuroimaging finding in complex brain malformations. Here we report on pre- and postnatal neuroimaging findings in three fetuses with prenatal ventriculomegaly and brainstem kinking. We aim to identify key neuroimaging features that may allow the prenatal differentiation between diseases associated with fetal ventriculomegaly and brainstem kinking. Methods All pre- and postnatal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data were qualitatively evaluated for infra- and supratentorial abnormalities. Data about clinical features and genetic findings were collected from clinical histories. Results In all three patients, fetal MRI showed ventriculomegaly and brainstem kinking. In two patients, postnatal MRI also showed supratentorial migration abnormalities and eye abnormalities were found. In these children, the diagnosis of α-dystroglycanopathy was genetically confirmed. In the third patient, basal ganglia had an abnormal shape on MRI suggesting a tubulinopathy. Conclusion The differential diagnosis of prenatal ventriculomegaly and brainstem kinking includes α-dystroglycanopathies, X-linked hydrocephalus due to mutations in L1CAM , and tubulinopathies. The prenatal differentiation between these diseases may be difficult. The presence of ocular abnormalities on prenatal neuroimaging may favor α-dystroglycanopathies, while dysplastic basal ganglia may suggest a tubulinopathy. However, in some patients the final differentiation between these diseases is possible only postnatally.
Aging, Mental Health, and the Criminal Justice System: A Content Analysis of the Literature

Whereas older adults in the criminal justice system are a significant public health concern, there has been little research examining mental health among this population. This content analysis attempts to fill that gap by examining the international peer-reviewed empirical journal articles on mental health and older adults in the criminal justice system. English-language articles that examined mental health among older adults in the criminal justice system were locating through a comprehensive search of peer-reviewed journals of Academic Search Premier Literature databases, which included MEDLINE and PsycLIT. Trained researchers extracted data on the research methods and major findings on mental health among older adults in the criminal justice system. Thirty-one empirical studies were identified as meeting the study criteria. Content analysis was conducted using deductive (frequency counts) and analytic strategies (thematic analysis of major findings across studies). Results indicated that between 1988 and 2012, 31 empirical studies were published on mental health among older adults in the criminal justice system. Most of the studies were conducted in secure care settings that were prisons (n = 16) or forensic psychiatric hospital or units (n = 8). Of the 31 studies, schizophrenia, major depressive disorder, dementia, and substance use disorder were the most widely diagnosed mental illness. Comorbid physical ailments were noted in the 10 studies. Common themes across studies were related to the mental health detection and access to services, group differences, comorbid conditions, and the relationship of age, mental health, and criminal behavior, including potential risk and protective factors. Relatively few studies have focused on the mental health needs of older adults in the criminal justice system, especially at the time of arrest, court processing, probation, and parole. These results suggest that mental illness, including serious mental illness, needs to be addressed at all stages of the criminal justice process.
Cutting the fat: advances and challenges in sleep apnoea genetics.

Comments on a FinnGen sleep apnoea genetics study: need to disambiguate causal and pleiotropic associations with obesity/cardiometabolic diseases and opportunities for biobanks (and deeper phenotyping) to discover new treatments and disease subtypeshttps://bit.ly/3dntk0I
Postmortem Neocortical 3H-PiB Binding and Levels of Unmodified and Pyroglutamate Aβ in Down Syndrome and Sporadic Alzheimer's Disease.

Author(s): Pivtoraiko, Violetta N; Racic, Tamara; Abrahamson, Eric E; Villemagne, Victor L; Handen, Benjamin L; Lott, Ira T; Head, Elizabeth; Ikonomovic, Milos D | Abstract: Individuals with Down syndrome (DS) have a genetic predisposition for amyloid-β (Aβ) overproduction and earlier onset of Aβ deposits compared to patients with sporadic late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD). Positron emission tomography (PET) with Pittsburgh Compound-B (PiB) detects fibrillar Aβ pathology in living people with DS and AD, but its relationship with heterogeneous Aβ forms aggregated within amyloid deposits is not well understood. We performed quantitative in vitro 3H-PiB binding assays and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays of fibrillar (insoluble) unmodified Aβ40 and Aβ42 forms and N-terminus truncated and pyroglutamate-modified AβNpE3-40 and AβNpE3-42 forms in postmortem frontal cortex and precuneus samples from 18 DS cases aged 43-63 years and 17 late-onset AD cases aged 62-99 years. Both diagnostic groups had frequent neocortical neuritic plaques, while the DS group had more severe vascular amyloid pathology (cerebral amyloid angiopathy, CAA). Compared to the AD group, the DS group had higher levels of Aβ40 and AβNpE3-40, while the two groups did not differ by Aβ42 and AβNpE3-42 levels. This resulted in lower ratios of Aβ42/Aβ40 and AβNpE3-42/AβNpE3-40 in the DS group compared to the AD group. Correlations of Aβ42/Aβ40 and AβNpE3-42/AβNpE3-40 ratios with CAA severity were strong in DS cases and weak in AD cases. Pyroglutamate-modified Aβ levels were lower than unmodified Aβ levels in both diagnostic groups, but within group proportions of both pyroglutamate-modified Aβ forms relative to both unmodified Aβ forms were lower in the DS group but not in the AD group. The two diagnostic groups did not differ by 3H-PiB binding levels. These results demonstrate that compared to late-onset AD cases, adult DS individuals with similar severity of neocortical neuritic plaques and greater CAA pathology have a preponderance of both pyroglutamate-modified AβNpE3-40 and unmodified Aβ40 forms. Despite the distinct molecular profile of Aβ forms and greater vascular amyloidosis in DS cases, cortical 3H-PiB binding does not distinguish between diagnostic groups that are at an advanced level of amyloid plaque pathology. This underscores the need for the development of CAA-selective PET radiopharmaceuticals to detect and track the progression of cerebral vascular amyloid deposits in relation to Aβ plaques in individuals with DS.
Transcranial Doppler findings in reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome.

Background and purpose Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome (RCVS) is a syndrome characterized by reversible segmental vasoconstriction of cerebral arteries. Digital subtraction and noninvasive angiograms are typically used to detect vasospasm; however, due to the dynamic nature of RCVS these tests are often negative initially and may need to be repeated multiple times. Transcranial Doppler (TCD) offers many advantages as it is a noninvasive and nonradiating modality. Studies investigating its diagnostic utility for capturing vasospasm and studying temporal evolution of RCVS are limited. Methods We conducted a retrospective analysis on all patients admitted with suspected RCVS from 2009 to 2014 to a single center at Jackson Memorial Hospital. Results We identified 9 patients (88.9% women, age 46.6 ± 13.5 years) who met diagnostic criteria for RCVS. All patients presented with headache, 5 developed nonaneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage, 5 developed ischemic stroke, and 1 developed posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome. At initial TCD, 8 patients had increased flow velocities in at least one large intracranial artery and ultimately all patients had abnormal middle cerebral artery flow velocity over the course of RCVS. We found that the number of vessels with abnormal velocities increases gradually and peaks between 13 and 14 days after first symptom onset. Finally, mean flow velocity of affected vessels also increases around the same time frame and normalizes at 60 days. Conclusions In this case series, we found TCD to be useful in detecting vasospasm and monitoring the temporal evolution of RCVS. TCD could be a helpful clinical tool to diagnose and monitor RCVS.
Long-chain fatty acid oxidation and respiratory complex I deficiencies distinguish Barth Syndrome from idiopathic pediatric cardiomyopathy.

Barth syndrome (BTHS) is an X-linked disorder that results from mutations in the TAFAZZIN gene, which encodes a phospholipid transacylase responsible for generating the mature form of cardiolipin in inner mitochondrial membranes. BTHS patients develop early-onset cardiomyopathy and a derangement of intermediary metabolism consistent with mitochondrial disease, but the precise alterations in cardiac metabolism that distinguish BTHS from idiopathic forms of cardiomyopathy are unknown. We performed the first metabolic analysis of myocardial tissue from BTHS cardiomyopathy patients compared to age- and sex-matched patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) and non-failing (NF) controls. Results corroborate previous evidence for deficiencies in cardiolipin content and its linoleoyl enrichment as defining features of BTHS cardiomyopathy, and reveal a dramatic accumulation of hydrolyzed (monolyso-) cardiolipin molecular species. Respiratory chain protein deficiencies were observed in both BTHS and DCM, but a selective depletion of Complex I was seen only in BTHS after controlling for an apparent loss of mitochondrial density in cardiomyopathic hearts. Distinct shifts in the expression of long-chain fatty acid oxidation enzymes and the tissue acyl-CoA profile of BTHS hearts suggest a specific block in mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation upstream of the conventional matrix beta-oxidation cycle, which may be compensated for by a greater reliance upon peroxisomal fatty acid oxidation and the catabolism of ketones, amino acids and pyruvate to meet cardiac energy demands. These results provide a comprehensive foundation for exploring novel therapeutic strategies that target the adaptive and maladaptive metabolic features of BTHS cardiomyopathy. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.