cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
55564 Interactive mindfulness and dialogue sessions are integral components of research training.

ABSTRACT IMPACT: This work demonstrates the integration of interactive mindfulness and dialogue sessions in curricula is both desired by students and effective in conferring resilience, a protective factor that may aid in maintaining wellbeing of trainees interested in pursuing graduate studies in biomedical research and science. OBJECTIVES/GOALS: To support student futures in the field of biomedicine, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biological Sciences utilized digital platforms to deliver a summer research program in the summer of 2020. One goal of this program, in addition to scholastic outcomes and research experience, was to support and improve the wellbeing of college student participants. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Following the cancellation of in-person summer research programs, students were invited to attend a digital Summer Foundations in Research program. The 4-week program included 4 small group dialogue sessions led by trained facilitators and 4 large group mindfulness seminars followed with 3 Q/A style small group sessions. Surveys were delivered on days 1, 27, and 3 months following the program. Wellbeing measures included Brief Resilience, Perceived Stress, and Satisfaction with Life Scales. Students were prompted to indicate how worthwhile they found course components and comment on why they rated each component the way they did. Wellbeing results were assessed using paired t-tests with Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons. Thematic analysis was used to interpret qualitative results. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Students improved across all wellbeing measures at the program conclusion, including resilience (mean difference(SE) pre- to post-program +0.22(0.06) p=0.0007), perceived stress (-1.71(0.66) p=0.0116), and life satisfaction (+1.57(0.52) p=0.0037). Gains in resilience were maintained 3 months out (pre-program to 3 month survey +0.28(0.06) p<0.0001). To our surprise, mindfulness was the highest rated component of the research program with 85% (121/142) of students rating the mindfulness component ‘extremely’ or ‘quite worthwhile.’ At 3 months, 81% (74/91) reported continued use of one or more skills learned in the mindfulness sessions. Student comments endorsed the perceived importance of interactive mindfulness and dialogue sessions to the program and to careers in biomedical science and research. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF FINDINGS: Our results support the use of interactive mindfulness and dialogue programming as a participant supported, evidence-based approach to strengthen the resilience of undergraduate students pursuing careers in biomedicine. In the future, booster programming may be considered to maintain improvements in perceived stress and life satisfaction.
Evaluating and Comparing Emotional Intelligence and Improvement Mindset of Plastic Surgery Residents.

Abstract Background Emotional Intelligence (EI) has been linked to burnout, job satisfaction, and work performance among resident physicians. Individuals with a growth mindset believe intelligence and ability are traits that can be increased or improved upon through learning. EI and mindset have yet to be studied among plastic surgeons in the United States. Materials and Methods An online survey was distributed to plastic surgery residents and general surgery residents at a single institution containing a validated EI survey tool (TEIQue-SF). Second, a survey was sent to all plastic surgery residents in the United States containing the TEIQue-SF and a validated survey tool to assess mindset (ITIS). Results The response rate for the local study was 82% (plastic surgery) and 75% (general surgery). Only 7.8% of plastic surgery residents had any prior formal EI training or education. Mean global EI scores of local plastic surgery residents were higher than the normative population sample (P Conclusion Despite different work profiles, general surgery and plastic surgery residents may have similar EI profiles. Mindset does not appear to correlate to EI domains. Future studies will focus on how EI and mindset may develop over the course of residency training and their relationship to overall resident wellness.
Effects of human variation on foot and ankle pain in rural Madagascar

Objectives Foot and ankle dysfunction in barefoot/minimally shod populations remains understudied. Although factors affecting musculoskeletal pain in Western populations are well-studied, little is known about how types of work, gender, and body shape influence bone and joint health in non-Western and minimally shod communities. This study examines the effect of human variation on locomotor disability in an agrarian community in Madagascar. Materials and methods Foot measurements were collected along with height, weight, age, and self-report data on daily activity and foot and ankle pain from 41 male and 48 female adults. A short form revised foot function index (FFI-R), that measures functional disability related to foot pain, was calculated. Raw and normalized foot measurements were compared by gender and used in a multiple linear regression model to determine predictors of FFI-R. Results Compared to men, women reported higher FFI-R scores (p = 0.014), spent more time on their feet (p = 0.019), and had higher BMIs (p = 0.0001). For their weight, women had significantly smaller and narrower feet than men. Bimalleolar breadth (p = 0.0005) and foot length (p = 0.0223) standardized by height, time spent on feet (p = 0.0102), ankle circumference standardized by weight (p = 0.0316), and age (p = 0.0090) were significant predictors of FFI-R score. Discussion Our findings suggest that human variation in anatomical and behavioral patterns serve as significant explanations for increased foot and ankle pain in women in this non-Western rural population. Foot and ankle pain were prevalent at similar levels to those in industrialized populations, indicating that research should continue to examine its effect on similar barefoot/minimally shod communities.
SOCIALGYM: A Framework for Benchmarking Social Robot Navigation.

Robots moving safely and in a socially compliant manner in dynamic human environments is an essential benchmark for long-term robot autonomy. However, it is not feasible to learn and benchmark social navigation behaviors entirely in the real world, as learning is data-intensive, and it is challenging to make safety guarantees during training. Therefore, simulation-based benchmarks that provide abstractions for social navigation are required. A framework for these benchmarks would need to support a wide variety of learning approaches, be extensible to the broad range of social navigation scenarios, and abstract away the perception problem to focus on social navigation explicitly. While there have been many proposed solutions, including high fidelity 3D simulators and grid world approximations, no existing solution satisfies all of the aforementioned properties for learning and evaluating social navigation behaviors. In this work, we propose SOCIALGYM, a lightweight 2D simulation environment for robot social navigation designed with extensibility in mind, and a benchmark scenario built on SOCIALGYM. Further, we present benchmark results that compare and contrast human-engineered and model-based learning approaches to a suite of off-the-shelf Learning from Demonstration (LfD) and Reinforcement Learning (RL) approaches applied to social robot navigation. These results demonstrate the data efficiency, task performance, social compliance, and environment transfer capabilities for each of the policies evaluated to provide a solid grounding for future social navigation research.
Minimum equivalent subspanner algorithms for topology aggregation in ATM networks

In a hierarchical network, the process of summarizing and compressing topology information at each hierarchical level to determine the topology information to be advertised at the level above is referred to as topology aggregation. Specifically, a problem of topology aggregation is to encode a full mesh representation of a given topology with a compact auxiliary graph, such that it could be used to reconstruct the full mesh representation with little or no distortion. This paper presents some algorithms that can be used to determine, for a given topology, a minimum representation with no compromise on accuracy. The minimum representation can be used to characterize the amount of redundancy in the topology. The application of these algorithms to generate complex node representations for topology aggregation in ATM networks is discussed.
Arbeit mit Mädchen und Jungen, deren Mütter misshandelt wurden. Erfahrungen einer Spezialberatungsstelle in Stockholm

Zeuge von Misshandlungen der eigenen Mutter zu werden, ist eine ernst zu nehmende Form psychischer Kindesmisshandlung, die Spuren hinterlasst. Viele Kinder werden auch selbst Opfer physischer oder sexueller Kindesmisshandlung. Kinder entwickeln uberlebensstrategien, um sich nach ausen hin nichts anmerken zu lassen. Sie reden nicht uber schwierige Erlebnisse, lernen die Wahrheit zu verschweigen, schirmen sich ab und isolieren sich. Kinder verdrangen Erlebtes und weigern sich, es zu akzeptieren. Viel zu vielen Kindern wird nicht geholfen, und ihre Mutter, die in einer Situation chronischer Furcht, Angst und Depression leben, sind nicht fahig, den emotionalen Bedurfnissen der Kinder gerecht zu werden. Kinder geraten in den Hintergrund elterlicher Probleme und destruktiver Verhaltensmuster aus Rucksichtnahme und Loyalitat.
Abstract T P342: Clot Busting: Enhancing Nursing Documentation

Background: Stroke is the leading cause of death and disability in the United States. The only FDA-approved treatment of ischemic stroke is tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA) which dissolves the clot and improves blood flow to the compromised brain area(s). According to the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke rt-PA Study Group, 6.4% of patients treated with rt-PA experienced a hemorrhagic conversion. Thus, it is critical to closely monitor neurologic status (neurologic exam and vital signs) during treatment. During the Joint Commission Comprehensive Stroke Certification (CSC), we identified opportunities for improvement in our documentation of neurological status for our patients receiving rt-PA. Purpose: Following the Iowa Model of EBP to promote quality patient care, our purpose was to develop a standardized guideline for neurological assessment and documentation for patients following administration of rt-PA. Our goal was to attain a 90% compliance rate for appropriate neurological assessment documentation. Methods: Based on research, the American Heart Association clinical guidelines, and consultation with a CSC and our Regulatory Compliance department, we developed the standardized documentation guideline. The project included strategies addressing the four process phases required to implement and integrate EBP. Strategies included: 1) education on standards utilizing information sessions at staff meetings, tip sheets, and badge cards, 2) standardization of neurological assessment in EMR, 3) utilization of the stroke page system for patient identification, and 4) audit and feedback loops with just-in time in-servicing. Results: Prior to the implementation of this standardized guideline, of the 14 patients who received rt-PA, 14% met the threshold goal; of the 10 patients who received rt-PA after our implementation, all patients met the threshold. Conclusions: Through the implementation of our standardized protocol for neurological assessment and documentation of patients following administration of rt-PA, we were able to improve the quality of neurological assessments, meet Joint Commission requirements, and improve the quality of patient care.
Studies on the mechanism of oxidative phosphorylation: VII. Preparation of a submitochondrial particle (ETPH) which is capable of fully coupled oxidative phosphorylation

Abstract 1. 1. A subunit (ETPH) having nearly theoretical P/O ratios may be prepared from heavy mitochondria from beef heart when both Mg2+ and Mn2+ are included in the medium during the isolation procedure. 2. 2. Optimal concentration of the ions required during the preparation are 5 mM for Mg2+ and 10 mM for Mn2+. 3. 3. The addition of succinate (1 mM) improved the reliability of the preparative procedure, and minimized seasonal difficulties in the preparation of ETPH during summer months. 4. 4. Certain preparations of ETPH show increased lability of the phosphorylation mechanism, and deteriorate during the temperature equilibrium period of the assay, when shaken in the assay medium in the absence of substrate. This can be overcome by including substrate in the preliminary incubation and starting the assay reaction with ADP and the hexokinase (ATP: d -hexose 6-phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.1.1) trapping system.
An Identity Crisis: Regime Legitimacy and the Politics of Intellectual Property Rights in China

Since Deng Xiaoping first defined the trajectory of "socialist modernization" in December 1978, the creation of an effective body of intellectual property law has become a crucial component in the Chinese government's efforts at economic reform.1 The development of a "socialist legal system" was initially conceived as a complement to new efforts at economic reform and as a source of legitimacy for the government's reform policies.2 In this regard, the promulgation of new patent, copyright, and trademark laws, as well as China's accession to multilateral intellectual property treaty regimes, not only represent governmental efforts to facilitate foreign investment and transfer of technology, but also represent a way for the government to establish and legitimate associated "modernization" and reform policies.3 Despite the proliferation of formal legal protections for intellectual property, China's lack of adequate protections has become a central issue in ongoing trade disputes with the United States. Notwithstanding a bilateral Memorandum of Understanding between China and the United States; revisions of patent and trademark law; accession to the Berne, Geneva, and Universal Copyright Conventions; the promulgation of unfair competition laws; and a Regulation on Customs Protection for Intellectual Property? China's inability to secure intellectual property protections continue to worry the United States, even after ostensibly achieving the minimum substantive standards for member states of the World Trade Organization (WTO) as set forth in the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS).4
Shy Children, Phobic Adults: Nature and Treatment of Social Phobia

Clinical Presentation of Social Phobia in Adults Clinical Presentation of Social Phobia in Children and Adolescents Prevalence of Social Phobia Aetiology of Social Phobia Assessment Patient and Parent Management Pharmacological Treatment for Social Phobia Behavioural and Cognitive-Behavioural Treatment of Social Phobia in Adults Behavioural and Cognitive-Behavioural Treatment Strategies for Children and Adolescents Epilogue.
A Model of Information Sharing for Fault-Tolerant Flexible Manufacturing Systems

It is extremely important for a Flexible Manufacturing System (FMS) to have the ability to recover errors or failures automatically since an FMS is error-prone, and it is usually a complex and large-scale system consisting of multi-cells and multi-stages of work centers. We hereby propose a formal FMS information model and formulate an approach to automatic error-recovery in the FMS based on information sharing among different work stations.
Satisfiability and Computing van der Waerden Numbers

In this paper we bring together the areas of combinatorics and propositional satisfiability. Many combinatorial theorems establish, often constructively, the existence of positive integer functions, without actually providing their closed algebraic form or tight lower and upper bounds. The area of Ramsey theory is especially rich in such results. Using the problem of computing van der Waerden numbers as an example, we show that these problems can be represented by parameterized propositional theories in such a way that decisions concerning their satisfiability determine the numbers (function) in question. We show that by using general-purpose complete and local-search techniques for testing propositional satisfiability, this approach becomes effective — competitive with specialized approaches. By following it, we were able to obtain several new results pertaining to the problem of computing van der Waerden numbers. We also note that due to their properties, especially their structural simplicity and computational hardness, propositional theories that arise in this research can be of use in development, testing and benchmarking of SAT solvers.
Evaluation of a microsensor fabricated using VLSI technology and doped phthalocyanines for detecting nitrogen dioxide

An integrated circuit microsensor for detecting nitrogen dioxide was designed and fabricated. The microsensor combined conventional VLSI fabrication techniques along with the deposition of chemically sensitive membranes. The microsensor consisted of an array of nine discrete sensing elements with in situ amplifiers, a reference amplifier, and an analog multiplexer. The nine individual sensing elements were composed of an interdigitated gate electrode field-effect transistor which was coupled to a serially connected pair of inverting amplifiers realized with metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors. Thin films of cobalt (II) phthalocyanine (CoPc), copper (II) phthalocyanine (CuPc), lead phthalocyanine (PbPc), nickel (II) phthalocyanine (NiPc), and, as a control, undoped phthalocyanine (Pc) were evaluated as candidate chemically sensitive membranes, and their performance was compared with respect to sensitivity, specificity, and reversibility. The electrical response was evaluated upon exposure to parts-per-billion concentrations of nitrogen dioxide (NO/sub 2/) and diisopropyl methylphosphonate (DIMP) using dried filtered room air as the diluent. >
Association between binge eating and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in two pediatric community mental health clinics.

Association between binge eating and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in two pediatric community mental health clinics
The Dna Damage Checkpoint Protein Atm Promotes Hepatocellular Apoptosis And Fibrosis In A Mouse Model Of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

Steatoapoptosis is a hallmark of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and is an important factor in liver disease progression. We hypothesized that increased reactive oxygen species resulting from excess dietary fat contribute to liver disease by causing DNA damage and apoptotic cell death, and tested this by investigating the effects of feeding mice high fat or standard diets for 8 weeks. High fat diet feeding resulted in increased hepatic H2O2, superoxide production, and expression of oxidative stress response genes, confirming that the high fat diet induced hepatic oxidative stress. High fat diet feeding also increased hepatic steatosis, hepatitis and DNA damage as exemplified by an increase in the percentage of 8-hydroxyguanosine (8-OHG) positive hepatocytes in high fat diet fed mice. Consistent with reports that the DNA damage checkpoint kinase Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated (ATM) is activated by oxidative stress, ATM phosphorylation was induced in the livers of wild type mice following high fat ...
Synthesis and sintering of Ca0.5Zr2P3O12 -a low thermal expansion material

Abstract The single phase compound Ca0.5Zr2P3O12 (CZP) was prepared by solid state reaction technique. This material shows a negative thermal expansion in the temperature region of 30°–500°C. The effect of MgO and ZnO addition on the sintering behavior and thermal expansion characteristics of Ca0.5Zr2P3O12 was investigated. Mg3(PO4)2 and Zn3(PO4)2 were observed as minor phases responsible for improving the overall thermal expansion of CZP + MgO, ZnO systems. SEM studies and density data are also discussed. Observed sintering kinetics suggest that a liquid phase is promoting the sintering reaction. 98+% of theoretical density and near zero expansion behavior in certain compositions were observed.
Extreme value statistics for wave run-up on a natural beach

Abstract Statistics of wave run-up maxima have been calculated for 149 35-minutes data runs from a natural beach. During the experiment incident wave height varied from 0.4 to 4.0 m, incident wave period from 6 to 16 s, and beach face slope from 0.07 to 0.20. Four extreme statistics were calculated; the maximum run-up height during each run, the 2% exceedence level of shoreline elevation, the 2% exceedence height for individual run-up peaks, and the 2% exceedence level for swash height as determined by the zero-upcrossing method. These statistics were best parameterized when normalized by the incident significant wave height and plotted against the Iribarren number, ξ = β/(H/L 0 ) 1 2 . The swash data (with set-up removed) showed less scatter than total run-up (with set-up included). For Iribarren number greater than 1.5 the run-up was dominated by the incident frequencies, for lower Iribarren number longer period motions dominated the swash. A reasonable value of wave steepness for a fully developed storm sea is 0.025 so that a storm Iribarren number can be estimated as 6.3 times the beach slope. Using this and an offshore design wave height, the included graphs may provide guidance in determining a design run-up height.
Incidence of hypoglycemia following insulin‐based acute stabilization of hyperkalemia treatment

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to assess the incidence of hypoglycemia in hospitalized patients following acute treatment of hyperkalemia with insulin. A characterization of the affected patients and the administered insulin/dextrose regimens was also performed. METHODS: A retrospective search of the electronic records of a large university-based tertiary care hospital was conducted, from June 1, 2009 to December 1, 2009, to identify patients who developed hypoglycemia following acute stabilization of hyperkalemia treatment with regular insulin. RESULTS: Of 219 hyperkalemic patients who met the criteria of the study, 19 patients (8.7%) were identified as hypoglycemic (blood glucose <70 mg/dl), and 5 of these patients (2.3% of study patients) were classified as severely hypoglycemic (blood glucose <40 mg/dl). Fifteen (79%) of the hypoglycemic patients had acute kidney injury or were end-stage renal disease patients on hemodialysis at the time of treatment. Fifty-eight percent of the hypoglycemic events occurred following the commonly employed 10 units of regular insulin and 25 gm of dextrose 50% treatment regimen. CONCLUSION: Iatrogenic hypoglycemia, as a result of treatment for hyperkalemia, is a common occurrence. Hyperkalemia occurs disproportionately in patients with acute kidney injury or end-stage renal disease, and these patients are predisposed to an increased risk of hypoglycemia. The risk of severe hypoglycemia escalates in patients with lower body weight and creatinine clearance. Hypoglycemia risk can be minimized by providing sufficient dextrose in the treatment regimen, however, patient variability in treatment response dictates careful blood glucose monitoring before and after treatment. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2011;. © 2011 Society of Hospital Medicine.
MONTICELLO: A GLASS‐RICH HOWARDITE

Monticello is a new howardite similar to Malvern in that it contains abundant (15 percent) glass fragments, which show a range of compositions from olivine-normative to quartz-normative. Like Kapoeta, it contains pyroxene grains that range up to highly magnesian compositions, Fs16. Because their pyroxenes are more magnesian than those occurring in diogenites, Monticello and Kapoeta are exceptions to the simple two-component mixing model in which howardites are considered to be mechanical mixtures of fragmented eucrites and diogenites. Monticello also contains clasts of what appear to be a cumulate eucrite and a noncumulate eucrite, as well as a radiating pyroxene chondrule from a chondrite. Monticello is a regolith breccia containing more evolved components than are usually considered in eucrite-diogenite genesis models. As such, it supports those models that involve reworking of a complex parent body crust rather than straightforward partial melting of primitive chondritic parent material.
Increases in collagen type IV and laminin in galactose-induced retinal capillary basement membrane thickening--prevention by an aldose reductase inhibitor.

Biochemical alterations in the composition of retinal capillary basement membrane components were investigated in galactosemic rats, an animal model that develops basement membrane lesions comparable to those of diabetic retinopathy. Normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats fed a 30% galactose diet for 9 months developed significant thickening of retinal capillary basement membranes by comparison with animals fed a control test diet (P < 0·001), or animals on a diet containing 30% galactose and 250 mg kg−1 of the aldose reductase inhibitor sorbinil (P < 0·001). A quantitative electron microscopic immunogold technique applied on ultrathin sections of the retinas of these animals showed that the labeling densities of collagen type IV and laminin per unit cross-sectional area (which is presumably proportional to the concentrations of these molecules) were significantly increased in the retinal capillary basement membranes of galactose-fed rats, compared with animals on the control test diet. Increases in these two components of basement membranes were prevented by addition of sorbinil to the diet. However, there was no significant change in the labeling density of heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG) core protein in the basement membranes of galactose-fed rats in comparison to animals on either the control diet or galactose-sorbinil diet. Two types of striated fibrillar materials were frequently found in areas of focal thickening of basement membranes of galactose-fed rats only. Thinner fibrils reacted strongly with collagen type III antibody, whereas thicker fibrils reacted weakly with collagen type I antibody. Our results indicate that there is an increase in labeling densities of collagen type IV and laminin in thickened basement membranes of retinal capillaries of galactosemic rats along with the expression of interstitial collagens like collagen type III and an abnormal collagen that weakly cross-reacts with antibody to collagen type I, and these effects of galactosemia on the basement membranes are preventable by an aldose reductase inhibitor.
A new evaluation of membrane processes for the oxygen-enrichment of air. II. Effects of economic parameters and membrane properties

The optimum process configuration and operating conditions of a membrane process for the generation of oxygen-enriched air (containing a minimum of 30 mol% O2) have been identified previously [Bhide and Stern, J. Membrane Sci., 62 (1991) 13]. The present study reports the results of an economic assessment of the optimized oxygen-enrichment process. The effects of the following factors on the production cost of “equivalent” pure oxygen (EPO2) were considered: (1) cost of energy, (2) cost and efficiency of vacuum pumping, (3) plant capacity, (4) replacement cost of membrane elements, (5) expected membrane life, (6) effective membrane thickness, and (7) O2 permeability and O2/N2 selectivity of membranes. It is concluded that membrane processes for the oxygen-enrichment of air have the best potential of becoming economically competitive for small plant capacities (less than ca. 20 tons of EPO2/day) and at oxygen concentrations in the range of 30–45 mole%. The properties of polymer membranes required to develop an economically-competitive membrane process for the oxygen-enrichment of air are indicated.
Interactions between thalamic and cortical rhythms during semantic memory recall in human

Human scalp electroencephalographic rhythms, indicative of cortical population synchrony, have long been posited to reflect cognitive processing. Although numerous studies employing simultaneous thalamic and cortical electrode recording in nonhuman animals have explored the role of the thalamus in the modulation of cortical rhythms, direct evidence for thalamocortical modulation in human has not, to our knowledge, been obtained. We simultaneously recorded from thalamic and scalp electrodes in one human during performance of a cognitive task and found a spatially widespread, phase-locked, low-frequency rhythm (7–8 Hz) power decrease at thalamus and scalp during semantic memory recall. This low-frequency rhythm power decrease was followed by a spatially specific, phase-locked, fast-rhythm (21–34 Hz) power increase at thalamus and occipital scalp. Such a pattern of thalamocortical activity reflects a plausible neural mechanism underlying semantic memory recall that may underlie other cognitive processes as well.
On factors influencing arc filament plasma actuator performance in control of high speed jets

Localized arc filament plasma actuators (LAFPAs) have been developed and used at The Gas Dynamics and Turbulence Laboratory for the purpose of controlling high-speed and high Reynolds number jets. The ability of LAFPAs for use in both subsonic and supersonic jets has been explored, and experiments to date have shown that these actuators have significant potential for mixing enhancement and noise control applications. While it has been established that the actuators manipulate instabilities of the jet, the exact nature of how the actuation couples to the flow is still unclear. All of the results previously reported have been based on a nozzle extension that has an azimuthal groove of 1 mm width and 0.5 mm depth along the inner surface approximately 1 mm upstream of nozzle extension exit. The ring groove was initially added to shield the plasma arcs from the high-momentum flow. However, the effect of the ring groove on the actuation mechanism is not known. To explore this effect, a new nozzle extension is designed, which relocates the actuators to the nozzle extension face and eliminates the ring groove. Schlieren images, particle image velocimetry and acoustic results of a Mach 0.9 jet of Reynolds number ~6.1 × 105 show similar trends and magnitudes with and without a ring groove. Thus, it is concluded that the ring groove does not play a primary role in the LAFPAs’ control mechanism. Furthermore, the effect of the duty cycle of the actuator input pulse on the LAFPAs’ control authority is investigated. The results show that the minimum duty cycle that provides complete plasma formation has the largest control over the jet.
Low energy dislocation structures produced by cyclic softening

Abstract Cyclic softening occurs when a prestrained metal is subsequently fatigued at strain amplitudes sufficient to produce microslip in the inherited dislocation structures. The dependence of this threshold on the nature and magnitude of the prestrain is reviewed along with the changes which occur in the cyclic mechanical properties and the dislocation structures. It is shown that cyclic softening is a recovery process induced by cyclic strain and that it leads to low energy dislocation structures. Speculation on the relation of cyclically softened structures to the Dickson wall model is offered. New results on the dislocation structures produced in high-low amplitude block tests suggest softened structures are self-organizing non-equilibrium structures, and the connection of these with low energy structures is indicated.
An Optimum Design for Integrated Switched-Capacitor Dickson Charge Pump Multipliers With Area Power Balance

This letter expands upon an optimum design of integrated switched-capacitor Dickson charge pump multipliers for minimizing the power, which considers the parasitic capacitance of both the top and bottom plates of pump capacitors. This letter also discusses an optimum design with area power balance, and suggests that the number of stages should be e NMIN, where e is 1.5-1.7 and NMIN is the minimum number of stages required to meet the condition that the output current is zero at a given output voltage.
The study of dyslexia: Two nascent trends and a neuropsychological model

Two fields of inquiry into the language function which have obviously parallel aspects are those concerned with aphasia and with dyslexia. This has often been pointed out in the literature of neurology; some recent compari sons with significant implications are considered in this paper. A review of dyslexia was published recently (Benton 1975). [See Re views below. Editor.] While it did not point to the growing trend to investigate dyslexia vis-a-vis hemispheric specialization, that trend is well established. Examination of the subsequent literature revealed two trends that will probably become well established. That is why the term "nascent" is used. One trend is phenomenological; the other, developmental. Both are fundamental to progress in understanding dyslexia and in the relation of lateralization of function to dyslexia. Analysis of what appears to be the direction that some of this research is taking and analysis of what seems to be the concepts of brain organization underlying this direction led to the suggestion of an alternate neuropsychological model. This somewhat different way of looking at the brain in development is offered in order to provide a rationale for integrating and extending these important trends. Controversy continues over the definition of dyslexia, whether it is unitary or not, and even its existence. An additional element to the older arguments is the idea of dyslexia as a variant of minimal brain dysfunction. This idea was put forth explicitly by Wender (1971) and has been followed in recent studies (Mattis et al. 1975; Denckla and Rudel 1976). A glance at the state of aphasiology is instructive, reassuring and directing. Noted investiga tors of aphasia have recently written:
Erratum to: In Vitro Characterization of Bicuspid Aortic Valve Hemodynamics Using Particle Image Velocimetry

This erratum is to correct for a normalization factor that was not applied in the contour plots in Figure 10(b) of the published paper. The viscous shear stress (VSS) values were not normalized by the number of vector fields utilized for ensemble averaging (N = 50), hence the correct magnitudes of the VSS for all three valves should be smaller by a factor of 50 than the images presented in the original manuscript. However, the trends observed from the VSS, which are presented in the Results and Discussion sections of the paper, are not affected due to this error, since results from all three valve models are scaled by the same number of images (N = 50). The corrected version of Fig. 10 is presented here. As such, all other figures in the original manuscript were verified to be correct.
The myogenic repressor gene Holes in muscles is a direct transcriptional target of Twist and Tinman in the Drosophila embryonic mesoderm

Understanding the regulatory circuitry controlling myogenesis is critical to understanding developmental mechanisms and developmentally-derived diseases. We analyzed the transcriptional regulation of a Drosophila myogenic repressor gene, Holes in muscles (Him). Previously, Him was shown to inhibit Myocyte enhancer factor-2 (MEF2) activity, and is expressed in myoblasts but not differentiating myotubes. We demonstrate that different phases of Him embryonic expression arises through the actions of different enhancers, and we characterize the enhancer required for its early mesoderm expression. This Him early mesoderm enhancer contains two conserved binding sites for the basic helix-loop-helix regulator Twist, and one binding site for the NK homeodomain protein Tinman. The sites for both proteins are required for enhancer activity in early embryos. Twist and Tinman activate the enhancer in tissue culture assays, and ectopic expression of either factor is sufficient to direct ectopic expression of a Him–lacZ reporter, or of the endogenous Him gene. Moreover, sustained expression of twist in the mesoderm up-regulates mesodermal Him expression in late embryos. Our findings provide a model to define mechanistically how Twist can both promotes myogenesis through direct activation of Mef2, and can place a brake on myogenesis, through direct activation of Him.
Influence of Landscape Position, Soil Series, and Phosphorus Fertilizer on Cotton Lint Yield

Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) response to P fertilizer can vary within fields, making P recommendations difficult. Phosphorus response may be more predictable with variable-rate fertilization, which matches soil test P and P fertilizer rate on a site-specific basis. Our first objective was to determine the effect of landscape position and soil series on cotton P accumulation, lint yields, and P fertilizer response on two irrigated cotton sites in the Southern High Plains of Texas. The second objective was to compare variable-rate P, blanket-rate P, and zero P applications. Mehlich-3 P levels ranged from 8 to 25 mg P kg - 1 at Lamesa, and from 12 to 23 mg P kg - 1 at Ropesville. Phosphorus fertilizer was not recommended when Mehlich-3 P >33 mg P kg - 1 . In both years at Lamesa, P accumulation at early squaring and lint yields were greater in the bottomslope than in the south-facing sideslope. Phosphorus fertilizer did not affect lint yields at Lamesa in 2000. In 2001, Lamesa lint yields responded to variable-rate and blanket-rate P in the south-facing sideslope only, which had just 8 mg P kg - 1 . At Ropesville in 2000, early P accumulation, biomass and lint yields responded to P on a calcareous soil but not on a noncalcareous soil. In all cases, yields were similar between variable-rate and blanket-rate P. Thirty-eight percent less P was applied with variable-rate than blanket-rate treatments in 3 of 4 site-yr. However, more research is needed to determine if fertilizer savings are consistent enough to offset the greater costs of variable-rate P fertilization.
Viscosity and spray formation studies of coal-oil mixtures

Abstract Atomization characteristics of coal-oil mixtures are studied by an experimental apparatus consisting of an airblast atomizer fed from a flow control rig, which discharges through a spray channel into a storage tank. Vapours generated are removed via an exhaust system. The fully developed spray is photographed at different axial locations using a 35 mm camera fitted with a microflash designed for high-speed photography. Slides and prints are analysed for particle size distribution and Sauter mean diameter using an α-Image analyser. It was found that for No. 6 oil the distribution is normal with mean particle diameter, d , of 50 μm while for coal-oil mixtures d increases with the coal concentration. Results are presented covering the ranges of all operating parameters which characterize the spray formation. The potential effect of atomization on combustion efficiency is discussed.
Blockade of cyclic Amp-responsive element Dna binding in the brain of Crebδ/α mutant mice

The cAMP-responsive element binding protein (CREB) gene transcription factor has been implicated in the synaptic plasticity and memory. Here, we investigated the mechanisms of CREB and/or cyclic AMP-responsive element modulatory protein (CREM) binding to CRE sites in brain tissues. CRE-DNA binding was determined in nuclear extracts obtained from the several brain structures of wild-type and CREB delta/alpha mutant mice. It was found that antibodies to CREB, phosphorylated CREB, and CREM supershifted the CRE-DNA binding complex in cortical nuclear extracts from wild-type mice, which suggests that the CRE-DNA binding complex contains both CREB and CREM proteins. In contrast, CRE-DNA binding is abolished in the cortex, hippocampus, cerebellum, and amygdala of CREB delta/alpha mutant mice. Because the CREB delta and alpha isoforms have been deleted in CREB mutant mice, consequently, other forms of CREB, such as CREB-beta and CREM, are up-regulated. These results suggest that the binding of CREM to CRE sites requires the presence of CREB delta/alpha, and that CREB-beta may be inefficient in binding to CRE-sites. Thus, these results indicate that CREB delta/alpha mutant mice are a useful animal model for studying the functional role of CREB-dependent gene expression.
Dynamics of the benthic boundary layer and seafloor contributions to oxygen depletion on the Oregon inner shelf

Abstract Measurement of in situ O 2 consumption and production within permeable sediments, such as those found over the Oregon–Washington inner shelf, has traditionally been done using methods that isolate the sediments from the dynamic influences of currents and wave motions. Modified from atmospheric research, the non-invasive eddy correlation technique can be used to characterize benthic boundary layer dynamics and measure O 2 flux across the sediment–water interface without excluding the natural hydrodynamic flow. In 2009, eddy correlation measurements were made in 5 discrete months with varying conditions at a 30 m site off Yaquina Head, Newport, OR. The O 2 flux was found to be primarily into the bed (−18±3 mmol m −2 d −1 ; mean±SE, n =137 15-min bursts) but was sensitive to non-steady state changes in O 2 concentrations caused by the differential advection of water masses with variable mean O 2 concentrations. Important contributions to O 2 eddy fluxes at surface wave frequencies were seen in eddy correlation cospectra and these are interpreted as being indicative of consumption enhanced by advective transport of O 2 into the bed. The sediments were deposits of fine sand with permeabilities of 1.3–4.7×10 −11 m 2 and wave-generated ripples. Sediment pigment and organic carbon concentrations were low (chlorophyll-α: 0.02–0.45 μg g −1 , phaeophytin-α: 0.38–1.38 μg g −1 and organic carbon: 0.05–0.39% dry wt in discrete depth intervals from cores collected between March and October), but it was evident that during the summer fresh pigments were trapped in the sand and rapidly mixed over the uppermost 0–13 cm. From these results it is inferred that physical forcing associated largely with waves and currents may accentuate the role of sediment-covered inner shelf habitats as a regional O 2 sink compared to the middle shelf. In effect, the action of waves and currents in the benthic boundary layer enables aerobic respiration that counterbalances the oxygenation of the water column by primary production and mixing in the surface layer.
Abstract P3-07-01: Clonal Relatedness between Lobular Carcinoma In Situ and Synchronous Malignant Lesions: Analysis of Fresh Frozen Tissue Using SNP Array

INTRODUCTION: Lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS) confers one of the greatest risks for subsequent development of invasive breast carcinoma yet historical data suggests that LCIS is not a precursor to invasive disease. Emerging evidence of shared molecular alterations between LCIS and co-existing invasive lesions in a small number of archival samples have reopened the debate regarding the true significance of LCIS and its malignant potential. METHODS: We investigated clonality between LCIS and adjacent malignant lesions in 26 patients using fresh frozen samples harvested from mastectomy specimens. Laser Capture Microdissection was used to isolate pure cell populations and DNA was subject to Affymetrix SNP 6.0 array. Data were converted for copy number analysis and the closeness of identified paired copy number changes was measured to determine the probability of clonality. RESULTS: After excluding cases with low DNA yield/quality and noise signals, 14 LCIS with seven patient matched invasive lobular carcinomas (ILC), 6 matched ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) and 3 matched invasive ductal carcinomas with lobular features (IDCLF) were considered adequate for statistical comparison. The immunohistochemical profile of invasive cancer showed: 10 cases ER+/PR+/Her-2(-), 2 cases ER-/PR-/Her-2(+), 1 ER-/PR-/Her2(-) and 1 case non-available for staining (microinvasive carcinoma). The results suggest that the tumor pairs are more likely to be of clonal than independent origin between LCIS and DCIS in 4/6 samples (66.6%), between LCIS and low-grade IDCLF in 3/3 (100%) samples and between LCIS and classic ILC in 5/7 (71.4%) samples. Independent LCIS/DCIS samples were seen in association with Her2+ cancers. In LCIS/DCIS samples favoring a clonal origin the DCIS were low-grade cribriform type associated with ER+ cancers. CONCLUSION: Clonal relatedness was detected in the majority of LCIS and adjacent malignancies, including cases of low-grade DCIS and IDCLF. These results support a true precursor role for LCIS and provide additional evidence to the concept of a low-grade malignancy pathway as opposed to the classic lobular versus ductal dichotomy. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2010;70(24 Suppl):Abstract nr P3-07-01.
Regulation of the synthesis of silk fibroins of spiders at the glandular level

1. 1. The course of incorporation of C14-alanine into the silk fibroin of the spider, Araneus sericatus, was studied by means of autoradiographs. Physostigmine and carbachol increased the rate of appearance of labeled material into both the epithelium and lumen of the silk gland. The rate of adsorption from the hind intestine was not affected by these drugs. 2. 2. It was found in the isolated gland that the rate of incorporation could be approximately doubled by carbachol and physostigmine and reduced to low levels by atropine. Thus the acetylcholine-cholinesterase mechanism is still active in the isolated gland. In addition the isolated gland is stimulated by re-emptying after the removal of the cephalothorax. This peripheral regulatory mechanism is not inhibited by atropine.
Cultural Orientation of Hmong Young Adults

Summary Most studies of Hmong Americans focus on the cultural adjustment of refugees who arrived in the United States immediately after the Vietnam War. Few studies have examined the cultural adjustment of the children of these refugees, who have been raised primarily in the United States. This study explored whether American-born [ABH] and overseas-born [OBH] Hmong young adults differed in levels, models, and meanings of cultural orientation. Fourteen ABH and 32 OBH college students were asked what “being Hmong” and “being American” meant to them and complete were asked to the General Ethnicity Questionnaire (American and Hmong versions). Both groups reported being more oriented to American culture than Hmong culture. Despite similarities in mean levels of orientation to Hmong and American cultures and in the meanings of “being Hmong” and “being American,” ABH and OBH differed in their underlying models of cultural orientation. For ABH, “being Hmong” and “being Americank” were unrelated constructs, where...