cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Implications of lake augmentation on growth of hydrilla

Abstract The growth of hydrilla (Hydrilla verticillata Royle) in lake water, Floridan aquifer waten and mixtures of the two water samples was studied. The water was sampled from Lake Hobbs that has been previously identified as a lake that has not been augmented with water from the Floridan Aquifer. Evidence is presented that adding water from the deep wells enhances growth of hydrilla.
Poisoning mortality in the United States: comparison of national mortality statistics and poison control center reports.

Abstract Study objective: To determine whether the distributions of age and poisoning categories for poisoning deaths are similar in death certificates as compiled by the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) and US poison control centers as reported by the Toxic Exposure Surveillance System (TESS). Methods: Data from both databases for 1994 were examined. Mortality data from NCHS were identified by applicable E-codes of the International Classification of Diseases–ninth revision (ICD-9). All fatalities described in the TESS report were coded to conform to the ICD-9 system. Results: A total of 16,527 poisoning deaths were recorded by NCHS; 766 deaths were reported by TESS. For NCHS and TESS, respectively, the age distribution of unintentional drug poisonings (N=7,823; 155) and unintentional non-drug poisonings (N=1,234; 102) differed ( P P P ICD-9 codes and toxins associated with poisoning deaths. Conclusion: Deaths reported in TESS represent 5% of the poisoning deaths tabulated by NCHS. Differences observed in the 2 data sets may lead to differing health policies to address poisoning hazards. [Hoppe-Roberts JM, Lloyd LM, Chyka PA. Poisoning mortality in the United States: comparison of national mortality statistics and poison control center reports. Ann Emerg Med. May 2000;35:440-448.]
Family Theory According to the Cambridge Model

The family systems theory of David Kantor and William Lehr as expressed in their book, Inside the Family, forms the foundation for the model of family therapy which is taught at the Family Institute of Cambridge. This paper is a summary of and an introduction to that theory. Their concepts of family boundaries, dimensions, typal arrangements, and the four player system are presented and discussed.
Nanotechnology as an experiment in democracy: how do citizens form opinions about technology and policy?

This article analyzes nanotechnology as an experiment in democratic deliberation, one that seems motivated both by a desire to improve deliberative democracy and to protect the technology from undue public interference. However, rather than involving amplified (overstated) risks, nanotechnology appears to involve attenuated (understated) risks. Results from a 3-year panel study are presented to illustrate the ways in which citizens form opinions about nanotechnology, supporting the assertion that public opinion about complex technology can be both reasonable and stable. Nevertheless, the authors also voice concern that, in the absence of public pressure, risk regulation may not evolve as swiftly as it should to protect both society and industry.
High Tibial Osteotomy for the Treatment of Unicompartmental Knee Osteoarthritis: A Review of the Literature, Indications, and Technique

In the past decades, there has been varying support for high tibial osteotomy. This surgical procedure was originally popularized by Mark B. Coventry, MD in the 1960s, but fell out of favor with orthopedic surgeons as knee arthroplasty became more commonplace. In the past 10 years, osteotomy has been rediscovered as an important adjunct to cartilage repair procedures that rely on a normalized biomechanical environment. Furthermore, there has been an increase in the number of patients presenting with unicompartmental disease (eg, after prior meniscectomy) who are at an age and functional level that is not ideally suited for joint arthroplasty. High tibial osteotomy allows 70% to 85% of patients to delay arthroplasty for ≥ 5 to 10 years and 50% to 60% for ≥ 15 years. This article provides an overview of the indications, technique, complications, and outcomes of high tibial osteotomy, specifically the more commonly used opening wedge technique.
Six Step Therapeutic Process to Facilitate Forgiveness of Self and Others

This theoretical article postulates a six step therapeutic process to facilitate forgiveness of self and others. The purpose of this article is to provide therapists with the therapeutic process that can be used to assist clients who are working through forgiveness and self-forgiveness. The combination of several therapeutic methods in a specific order might be effective in assisting clients to work through the forgiveness process in a systematic way. A case example that chronicles a client’s experience while working through forgiveness is provided. Lastly, a discussion of implications for practice and further research questions are presented.
Effect of shear history on the steady shear flow behavior of a thermotropic liquid‐crystalline polymer

The steady shear stress (σ) and first normal stress difference (N1) of a thermotropic liquid-crystalline polyester, poly[(phenylsulfonyl)-p-phenylene 1,10-decamethylene-bis(4-oxybenzoate)] (PSHQ10), in both the isotropic and nematic regions were measured as a function of shear rate (γ), using a cone-and-plate rheometer. For the study, PSHQ10 was synthesized via solution polymerization in our laboratory. The PSHQ10 was found to have (a) the weight-average molecular weight of 45,000 relative to polystyrene standards and a polydispersity index of 2, (b) a glass transition temperature of 88°C, (c) a melting point of 115°C, and (d) a nematic-to-isotropic transition temperature of 175°C. For the measurements of σ and N1 in the nematic region of PSHQ10, its initial conditions for the startup of shear flow was controlled by (a) first heating an as-cast specimen to 190°C, (b) shearing there at γ = 0.085 s−1 for about 5 min, and then (c) cooling slowly down to a predetermined temperature (130, 140, 150, 160, or 171°C) in the nematic region. For each γ chosen, after start-up of shear flow, we waited for a sufficiently long time until both the shear stress and first normal stress difference leveled off, giving rise to steady-state values of σ and N1. Emphasis was placed on investigating the effect of shear history on σ and N1 of PSHQ10 in the nematic region. For this, the following experiments were conducted: (a) a fresh specimen was sheared continuously by increasing the γ stepwise, and (b) a presheared specimen was further sheared continuously by increasing the γ stepwise. We have found that fresh specimens exhibited ‘shear-thinning’ behavior over the entire range of γ (0.008−0.27 s−1) tested, whereas the presheared specimens exhibited both zero-shear viscosities and shear-thinning behavior. When using fresh specimens, we found that N1 was positive over the entire range of γ (0.008–0.27 s−1) tested. However, when using presheared specimens we found that (a) at very low γ, N1 initially was negative and then became positive as shearing continued, and (b) at higher γ, N1 was positive over the entire duration of shearing. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Stability in Plasmas of Various Species of HPMA Copolymer–PGE1 Conjugates

Purpose To determine the stability of HPMA copolymer–prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) conjugates in plasmas of different species and to identify the enzymes responsible for the cleavage of the ester bond.
Distinct functions of COAR and B3 domains of maize VP1 in induction of ectopic gene expression and plant developmental phenotypes in Arabidopsis

Arabidopsis ABI3 and maize VP1 are orthologous transcription factors that regulate seed maturation. ABI3 and VP1 have a C-terminal B3 DNA binding domain and a conserved N-terminal co-activator/co-repressor (COAR) domain consisting of A1, B1, B2 sub-domains. The COAR domain mediates abscisic acid signaling via a physical interaction with ABI5-related bZIP proteins. In order to delineate the COAR and B3 domain dependent functions of VP1, we created site directed mutations in the B3 domain that disrupted DNA binding activity and characterized gene regulation by the mutant proteins in transgenic abi3 mutant Arabidopsis plants. In seeds, COAR domain function of VP1 mutants that lacked B3 DNA binding activity was sufficient for complementation of the desiccation intolerant seed phenotype of abi3. Similarly in seedlings, the B3 domain was dispensable for most VP1 induced gene expression and ectopic developmental phenotypes, except for a small subset of the genes that showed B3 dependent regulation. Unexpectedly, over-expression of the DNA-binding deficient VP1-K519R mutant protein caused quantitative changes in floral organ size including elongation of pistils and shortened stamen filaments that resulted in a self-incompatible longistyly flower morphology, a key component of heterostyly type self-incompatibility.
Varicella zoster virus vasculopathies: diverse clinical manifestations, laboratory features, pathogenesis, and treatment.

Summary Vasculopathies caused by varicella zoster virus (VZV) are indicative of a productive virus infection in cerebral arteries after either reactivation of VZV (shingles) or primary infection (chickenpox). VZV vasculopathy can cause ischaemic infarction of the brain and spinal cord, as well as aneurysm, subarachnoid and cerebral haemorrhage, carotid dissection, and, rarely, peripheral arterial disease. VZV vasculopathy in immunocompetent or immunocompromised individuals can be unifocal or multifocal with deep-seated and superficial infarctions. Lesions at the grey–white matter junction on brain imaging are a clue to diagnosis. Involvement of both large and small arteries is more common than that of either alone. Most patients have a mononuclear cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis, often with red blood cells. Cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis and rash are absent in about a third of cases. Anti-VZV IgG antibody in the cerebrospinal fluid is found more frequently than VZV DNA. In recent years, the number of recognised VZV vasculopathies has grown, and accurate diagnosis is important for the effective treatment of these disorders.
Low-Probability Ventilation-Perfusion Scans

To the Editors: Hull and Raskob (1) state that interpreting a ventilation-perfusion scan pattern as low probability ". . . is no longer clinically correct. . . ." They agree with Moser (2) that suc...
MULTIPLEX EXPRESSION CLONING OF BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER MEMBRANE PROTEINS

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a vascular endothelial interface that separates the brain interior from the bloodstream. Membrane proteins resident at the BBB play important functional and regulatory roles. The current study describes the development and successful implementation of a multiplex expression cloning (MEC) method to allow facile identification of BBB membrane proteins. The overriding goal of the MEC approach was to mine a BBB cDNA library and selectively isolate membrane protein-encoding cDNAs. This selection process was achieved via fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) of cDNA-expressing mammalian host cells for those cells that were immunolabeled with a BBB membrane protein-specific polyclonal antiserum (BMSPA). After optimization of the host cell expression system, four selection rounds allowed the isolation of a panel of 15 unique cDNAs that encoded BBB membrane proteins. The identified proteins display significant diversity in structure, function and in vivo expression levels. The MEC approach thus proved effective for conducting moderate throughput membrane proteome analyses of the BBB while limiting any biases caused by membrane protein insolubility or low in vivo expression levels that can complicate other proteomic approaches.
Noise Aliasing In Interferometric Sensors Utilizing Phase-Generated Carrier Demodulation

We show that high frequency phase-noise is frequency translated to the baseband in interferometric sensors using phase-generated carrier (PGC) demodulation. Under normal circumstances, this excess noise does not contribute significantly to the true low frequency phase-noise arising due to 1/f laser frequency jitter. However, when a phase noise stabilized laser is used, degradation in phase sensitivity of an interferometer can occur using PGC demodulation when compared with direct homodyne detection. The origins and nature of this noise are discussed, and experimental verification of the effect presented.
An easy method for the preparation of 4-acylisoxazoles from C(α),O-dianions of oximes†

Several C(α),O-dilithiooximes of aromatic ketones were condensed with aroyl chlorides. The presumed diacyl intermediates were not isolated, and the reaction mixtures containing them were acid-cyclized to give 4-acylisoxazoles in 22–62% yield.
FTIR imaging analysis of bioactive microsphere incorporated stem cell sheets for osteochondral defect repair

Several tissue engineering approaches have been proposed for articular cartilage repair, but to date there is no consensus on the optimal method. Self-assembling microsphere-incorporated cell sheets have been developed recently for cartilage tissue engineering applications, as they provide an environment for the chondrogenic induction of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs). In the current study, early articular cartilage repair was assessed in a rabbit osteochondral defect model treated with self-assembling hMSC sheets incorporated with bioactive polymer microspheres. Histological sections were evaluated by FTIR imaging for molecular composition. We found that the incorporation of transforming growth factor β1 to the microspheres improved the quality of repair tissue based on increased repair tissue, and increased collagen maturity, at one and three months post-repair. Evaluation of repair tissue at longer timepoints will assess whether these preliminary results will extend to the quality of more mature repair tissue.
Pathologic findings of photic retinopathy in the human eye.

The macular retina of a patient whose eye was scheduled for enucleation because of progressive growth of a malignant melanoma that had invaded the iris and filtration angle was exposed to unaltered light from the operating-room microscope for 60 minutes. Photic maculopathy was documented with fundus photography and fluorescein angiography 67 hours after light exposure. Seventy-two hours after light exposure, the eye was enucleated, fixed in Trumpe's solution, and studied with light microscopy and electron microscopy. Findings included localized necrosis of the retinal pigment epithelium; loss of the apical villi, plasma membranes, and cytoplasmic organelles; extrusion of pigment granules; and extensive disruption of the outer lamellae of the photoreceptors. The inner segments of the photoreceptors were edematous and contained swollen mitochondria. Near the margins of the photic retinopathy, thinned retinal pigment epithelial cells appeared to have migrated under injured retinal pigment epithelial cells, suggesting early attempts at repair. Additional findings included Muller-cell swelling.
Alteration of primary alcohol reaction pathways on Rh(111) : fluorination blocks oxametallacycle formation

Temperature programmed desorption (TPD) and high-resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy (HREELS) studies of 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol on Rh(111) were performed in order to determine if the oxametallacycle-mediated pathway for ethanol decarbonylation could be circumvented by replacement of H with F at the {beta}-carbon. Reaction of 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol produced trifluoroacetyl fluoride, CO, HF, and H{sub 2}. Trifluoroacetaldehyde could also be desorbed as a product of trifluoroethanol decomposition under certain conditions; the observation of this product and of trifluoroacetyl fluoride indicates that aldehyde and acyl intermediates, rather than metallacycles, are formed in the course of this reaction. These results demonstrate that oxametallacycle formation from alcohols on Rh(111) can be blocked by complete substitution at the {beta}-carbon. 24 refs., 4 figs., 1 tab.
Properties and Reactivity of Chlorovinylcobalamin and Vinylcobalamin and Their Implications for Vitamin B12-Catalyzed Reductive Dechlorination of Chlorinated Alkenes

Vitamin B12-catalyzed reductive dechlorination of perchloroethylene (PCE) and trichloroethylene (TCE) is a potential strategy for cleanup of polluted environments. Presented are crystal structures of vinylcobalamin 2 and cis-chlorovinylcobalamin 1. They show a strong resistance toward photolysis. Reduction of 2 is difficult, but reduction of 1 occurs readily and produces 2. The mechanism of this latter reaction involves acetylene as an intermediate. These and other findings are discussed in the context of environmental studies on B12-catalyzed dechlorination of PCE and TCE and investigations of the haloalkene reductive dehalogenases that catalyze similar reactions.
Images of beauty: Sex, race, age, and occupational analysis of fashion magazine covers

The purpose of this research was to examine the manner in which fashion magazine covers portray ideal female and male images in various countries from western and eastern cultures. Content analysis of Vogue and GQ from four countries (the U.S.A., England, Korea and Japan) was conducted to determine whether a trend exists in presenting certain types of models. Overall, the characteristics of Vogue cover models were more homogeneous compared to GQ cover models in all four countries, with respect to sex, race, occupation and age. Perhaps the reason for this is that social standards for the ideal image are narrower for women than men. Thus, women would likely feel more pressure than men to create their appearance in keeping with the standards of beauty considered to be socially acceptable.
Preparation of myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSC) from naive and pancreatic tumor-bearing mice using flow cytometry and automated magnetic activated cell sorting (AutoMACS).

MDSC are a heterogeneous population of immature macrophages, dendritic cells and granulocytes that accumulate in lymphoid organs in pathological conditions including parasitic infection, inflammation, traumatic stress, graft-versus-host disease, diabetes and cancer1-7. In mice, MDSC express Mac-1 (CD11b) and Gr-1 (Ly6G and Ly6C) surface antigens7. It is important to note that MDSC are well studied in various tumor-bearing hosts where they are significantly expanded and suppress anti-tumor immune responses compared to naive counterparts7-10. However, depending on the pathological condition, there are different subpopulations of MDSC with distinct mechanisms and targets of suppression11,12. Therefore, effective methods to isolate viable MDSC populations are important in elucidating their different molecular mechanisms of suppression in vitro and in vivo. Recently, the Ghansah group has reported the expansion of MDSC in a murine pancreatic cancer model. Our tumor-bearing MDSC display a loss of homeostasis and increased suppressive function compared to naive MDSC 13. MDSC percentages are significantly less in lymphoid compartments of naive vs. tumor-bearing mice. This is a major caveat, which often hinders accurate comparative analyses of these MDSC. Therefore, enriching Gr-1+ leukocytes from naive mice prior to Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorting (FACS) enhances purity, viability and significantly reduces sort time. However, enrichment of Gr-1+ leukocytes from tumor-bearing mice is optional as these are in abundance for quick FACS sorting. Therefore, in this protocol, we describe a highly efficient method of immunophenotyping MDSC and enriching Gr-1+ leukocytes from spleens of naive mice for sorting MDSC in a timely manner. Immunocompetent C57BL/6 mice are inoculated with murine Panc02 cells subcutaneously whereas naive mice receive 1XPBS. Approximately 30 days post inoculation; spleens are harvested and processed into single-cell suspensions using a cell dissociation sieve. Splenocytes are then Red Blood Cell (RBC) lysed and an aliquot of these leukocytes are stained using fluorochrome-conjugated antibodies against Mac-1 and Gr-1 to immunophenotype MDSC percentages using Flow Cytometry. In a parallel experiment, whole leukocytes from naive mice are stained with fluorescent-conjugated Gr-1 antibodies, incubated with PE-MicroBeads and positively selected using an automated Magnetic Activated Cell Sorting (autoMACS) Pro Separator. Next, an aliquot of Gr-1+ leukocytes are stained with Mac-1 antibodies to identify the increase in MDSC percentages using Flow Cytometry. Now, these Gr1+ enriched leukocytes are ready for FACS sorting of MDSC to be used in comparative analyses (naive vs. tumor- bearing) in in vivo and in vitro assays.
Cocaine and lithium: Neurobiological antagonism in the serotonin biosynthetic in rat brain

Abstract Cocaine reduced the uptake and conversion of tryptophan to serotonin in rat brain striate tissue and enhanced tryptophan hydroxylase activity in lateral midbrain cell bodies and striate nerve endings. Lithium augments the uptake and conversion measures and reduces the enzyme activity in cell bodies and nerve endings. The cocaine effects on all four measures were antagonized by three days of lithium pretreatment.
Comparing Online and Face-to-Face Presentation of Course Content in an Introductory Special Education Course:

Instructional content was presented differently in two introductory special education course sections. In a face-to-face (f2f) section, the instructor met with students on regularly scheduled days ...
Speech Perception Benefits of FM and Infrared Devices to Children With Hearing Aids in a Typical Classroom

Children typically learn in classroom environments that have background noise and reverberation that interfere with accurate speech perception. Amplification technology can enhance the speech perception of students who are hard of hearing. Purpose: This study used a single-subject alternating treatments design to compare the speech recognition abilities of children who are hard of hearing when they were using hearing aids with each of three frequency modulated (FM) or infrared devices. Method: Eight 9–12-year-olds with mild to severe hearing loss repeated Hearing in Noise Test (HINT) sentence lists under controlled conditions in a typical kindergarten classroom with a background noise level of +10 dB signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio and 1.1 s reverberation time. Participants listened to HINT lists using hearing aids alone and hearing aids in combination with three types of S/N-enhancing devices that are currently used in mainstream classrooms: (a) FM systems linked to personal hearing aids, (b) infrared sound ...
Estimated daily intake of phthalates in occupationally exposed groups

Improved analytical methods for measuring urinary phthalate metabolites have resulted in biomarker-based estimates of phthalate daily intake for the general population, but not for occupationally exposed groups. In 2003–2005, we recruited 156 workers from eight industries where materials containing diethyl phthalate (DEP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP), and/or di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) were used as part of the worker's regular job duties. Phthalate metabolite concentrations measured in the workers' end-shift urine samples were used in a simple pharmacokinetic model to estimate phthalate daily intake. DEHP intake estimates based on three DEHP metabolites combined were 0.6–850 μg/kg/day, with the two highest geometric mean (GM) intakes in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) film manufacturing (17 μg/kg/day) and PVC compounding (12 μg/kg/day). All industries, except phthalate manufacturing, had some workers whose DEHP exposure exceeded the U.S. reference dose (RfD) of 20 μg/kg/day. A few workers also exceeded the DEHP European tolerable daily intake (TDI) of 50 μg/kg/day. DEP intake estimates were 0.5–170 μg/kg/day, with the highest GM in phthalate manufacturing (27 μg/kg/day). DBP intake estimates were 0.1–76 μg/kg/day, with the highest GMs in rubber gasket and in phthalate manufacturing (17 μg/kg/day, each). No DEP or DBP intake estimates exceeded their respective RfDs. The DBP TDI (10 μg/kg/day) was exceeded in three rubber industries and in phthalate manufacturing. These intake estimates are subject to several uncertainties; however, an occupational contribution to phthalate daily intake is clearly indicated in some industries.
Method development for simultaneous analyses of multiple legacy and emerging organic chemicals in sediments

The objective of this work was to investigate the feasibility of using a single pretreatment procedure for the analyses of multiple groups of organics, which have a wide range of chemical structures and physicochemical properties, in sediment samples. Nine groups of 162 individual compounds (including 11 surrogates) were investigated, including polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDEs), polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), novel halogenated flame retardants (nXFRs), musk fragrances (MFs) and organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs). The individual and grouped recoveries of spiked analytes from adsorption chromatographic columns using either only fully activated, neutral silica gel (SG) or the combinations of silica gel and alumina (Si/Al) sorbents were compared. The results showed a generally stronger adsorption and more effective fractionation on the Si/Al column than on the SG column. The dependence of fractionation on halogen substitution, molecular planarity, and polar functional groups was discussed. The effects of adding sulfuric acid with two different methods were investigated, and the recoveries of a number of MFs, OCPs, nXFRs and OPFRs were recovered less than 60%. Sodium hydroxide treatment of silica gel had minor effects on some OPFRs. Copper used to remove elemental sulfur did not affect the recoveries of all target analytes except chloroneb. The finalized method was validated by spiking the target analysts into the sediment samples and comparing the analytical results of this work on two standard reference materials for sediment (SRMs 1941b and 1944) with the certified or reference values.
Lesbian Alcohol and Marijuana Use: Correlates of HIV Risk Behaviors and Abusive Relationships

Abstract One hundred fifty-two self-identified lesbian and bisexual women participated in an exploratory study of lesbian health and high-risk sexual behaviors. These women were primarily White, middle class, and college educated. The relationship of alcohol and marijuana use to high-risk sexual behaviors and involvement in past or current abusive experiences was investigated. Having been involved in coercive sexual activities was related to some high-risk sexual activities and alcohol and marijuana use. The women in this sample were engaging in high-risk sexual activities, perhaps because of a lack of HIV-risk perception among lesbians in general, and in this sample in particular. These results demonstrate the need for HIV and safer-sex education even among highly educated women and awareness of the interrelationship between drug use and unsafe sexual activities.
Clinical Updates II: Topics of Interest Pertaining to the Distal Limb

Regional limb perfusion is used to treat infections of the distal limb and can be performed using a peripheral vein or the intraosseous route; the peripheral vein is the preferred technique. Other distal limb entities of clinical importance include foot conformation problems, bruising, heel pain, navicular disease, degenerative joint disease, tendonitis and desmitis. Specific clinical problems of the distal limb seen in the foal and aged horse are frequently managed with good foot care.
The symptom-component approach to knowledge acquisition

Knowledge acquisition is a critical aspect of the knowledge engineering approaches that are used in complex diagnostic problem-solving. Experience with a machine diagnostic problem pointed to difficulties in mapping the acquired knowledge to the fault tree representation and with obtaining an overall picture of the system. We also found that use of the prototype for interactive knowledge elicitation required extremely structured interviews to allow the knowledge engineer time for on-line changes. A knowledge acquisition methodology was developed that works in conjunction with a fault-tree diagnostic tool. The methodology employs task analysis, process analysis, structured interviews, and analogies in a process that focuses on the relationships between symptoms and faults.To correct the problems encountered during task analysis of the fault tree, we used a systems approach to modify the original knowledge acquisition methodology. In the modified methodology, knowledge comprising the symptom and component trees is acquired independently in an almost mechanical fashion. Information to link the symptoms to the components is then obtained from the most capable experts using standard knowledge acquisition techniques. This process has the advantage of providing a framework of symptoms and components that focus the knowledge acquisition activities toward identifying the relationships between these objects as well as assisting in verification and validation during later knowledge acquisition sessions. The new methodology also helps to structure the placement of faults, and questions about faults, to avoid replication and to fit easily into the tool logic. We believe that the symptom-component approach to knowledge acquisition for component diagnostic problems is a significant improvement on our original approach and that it can have general applicability to fault-tree diagnosis.
Need Delimited: The Creative Otherness of Heidegger’s Demigods

This paper offers a close analysis of Heidegger’s interpretation of the demigod in his 1934/35 lecture course, Holderlins Hymnen “Germanien}” und} “Der Rhein}” (Gesamtausgabe 39). Focusing on Holderlin’s two different versions of Strophe VIII of “The Rhine” hymn, it traces through Heidegger’s inaugural insights into the structure of need (Brauch}) articulated in the “The Rhine” hymn as the gods’ need and use of the demigods to “feel something of themselves.” Contrasting this with Plato’s analysis of the demigod in the Symposium, the paper argues that for Heidegger the between is original in first founding the limit between gods and human beings through the creation of a new kind of otherness. It then goes on to follow out this insight through Heidegger’s interpretation of the counterturning course of the Rhine river in relationship to its origin, asserting that what is at stake in that analysis is Heidegger’s working out of a new conception of creativity realized through the river’s dwelling poetically.
Severe Hypophosphatemia Associated with Gallstone Pancreatitis: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

Severe hypophosphatemia (<1.0 mg/dl) is a rarely reported complication of acute pancreatitis; when it does occur, it is typically attributed to alcohol abuse rather than the pancreatitis itself (1, 2, 3, 4, 5). In the literature, pancreatitis is not cited as a cause of hypophosphatemia (5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16). Both pancreatitis and hypophosphatemia have widespread ramifications on human physiology, affecting hematologic, neural, hepatic, endocrine, respiratory, and renal systems. Given the possible synergistic consequences of pancreatitis and low serum phosphate, we emphasize the importance of recognizing hypophosphatemia as a complication of pancreatic inflammation.
Perceptions of level of intoxication and risk related to drinking and driving

This study investigated variables of perceived risk associated with one's decision to drink and drive, as well as with the occurrence and successfulness of intervention efforts by others in preventing individuals from drinking and driving. Undergraduate students were presented with scenarios manipulating number of drinks, consumption time, and distance needed to drive. Participants then provided estimates of intoxication, degree of impairment, and likelihood of getting in an accident and getting arrested for drinking and driving. In addition, participants rated three criterion variables: intention to drive, likelihood someone would try to intervene, and receptiveness to someone attempting to intervene. Data was analyzed using three random effects regression models, one for each of the criterion variables. Results indicated that perceptions of risk were associated with decisions to drive after drinking and expected likelihood of, and receptiveness to, intervention efforts, over and above one's estimate of intoxication.
Purity and Exile: Violence, Memory and National Cosmology Among Hutu Refugees in Tanzania

Purity and Exile: Violence, Memory and National Cosmology Among Hutu Refugees in Tanzania. LIISA MALKKI. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995. xiv + 352 pp., maps, notes, references, index.
Treatment of posterior circulation aneurysms with the pipeline embolization device.

Background Treatment of complex intracranial aneurysms with the pipeline embolization device (PED) has become common practice in neurovascular centers. Very few studies have assessed the safety and efficacy of PED treatment for posterior circulation aneurysms. Objective To retrospectively present our experience with use of the PED in the posterior circulation. Methods A total of 7 patients harboring 7 posterior circulation aneurysms were treated with the PED at our institution between November 2011 and July 2012. Results Aneurysm size was 14.1 mm on average. All patients had unruptured aneurysms. Three aneurysms arose from the vertebral artery, 2 from the basilar artery, and 2 from the vertebrobasilar junction. A single stent was used in 4 patients, 2 stents in 2 patients, and 3 stents in 1 patient. Treatment was successful in all 7 patients. No procedural complications or perforator infarcts were noted in the series. No patient experienced new neurological symptoms related to PED treatment during the follow-up period. Angiographic follow-up was available for 6 patients at a mean time point of 5.5 months. Follow-up angiography showed 100% aneurysm occlusion in 3 patients, marked decrease in aneurysm size in 2 patients, and no change in 1 patient. Conclusion In our initial experience, it appears that PED treatment in select patients with vertebrobasilar aneurysms may have a reasonable safety-efficacy profile. Larger studies are needed to confirm our findings.
How can we make this work? Understanding and responding to working parents of children with autism

Abstract As autism spectrum disorder (ASD) escalates in prevalence, organizations are likely to encounter employees whose lives are touched and reframed by this intense, pervasive, and lifelong condition. Families are dramatically affected as emotional and financial challenges are heightened. Employees want and need to remain productive members of their organizations, but some adjustments are necessary. However, little is known regarding the needs and expectations of employees whose children have been diagnosed with ASD. Even less is known about how organizations, managers, and co-workers can respond to provide sensitivity, maintain overall team equity, and ensure high-quality performance. This article reports the results of an in-depth study of working parents of children with ASD as they openly and candidly share perspectives on workplace needs and accommodations. Employees—adamant that performance expectations should not be mitigated—discussed the support and the primary accommodation they sought: flexibility. Guides for both managers and co-workers are offered herein.
Correlates of recovery of social functioning in types I and II bipolar disorder patients.

Abstract Since bipolar disorder (BPD) patients are often functionally impaired, and factors associated with recovery from disability are largely unknown, we investigated demographic, clinical, and neurocognitive correlates of current social functional recovery in 65 stable participants diagnosed with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) type I (n = 42) or II (n = 23) BPD. Regaining highest previous levels of social functioning was rated with the Interpersonal Relationships Questionnaire. We also considered neuropsychological test findings as well as demographic and clinical information including mania and depression symptom-ratings. We examined factors associated with social recovery status using univariate analyses and then multiple logistic regression modeling. Of all subjects, 30 (46%) achieved current social functional recovery and 35 (54%) did not. Younger age (P = 0.005) and lesser current depressive symptoms (P = 0.02) were associated with social functional recovery, even after controlling for time since the last major mood episode, diagnostic type (II vs. I), co-morbid psychiatric illness, and executive functioning status. The findings are consistent with deleterious effects of even residual depressive symptoms in BPD patients.
Diagnostic and therapeutic challenges of childhood brucellosis in a nonendemic country.

OBJECTIVE We sought [corrected] to define the current epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and course of childhood brucellosis in the United States. METHODS A retrospective chart review was performed of 20 patients who received a diagnosis of brucellosis over a period of 13 years at a large, tertiary care children's hospital in Dallas, Texas. Diagnostic criteria, epidemiology, clinical presentations, and outcomes were recorded. RESULTS Ninety-five percent of the patients had a recent history of either travel to Mexico or ingestion of unpasteurized milk products from Mexico. Fever was an initial complaint in 80% of the patients, and 50% of the patients presented with arthritis. Diagnosis was made via the identification of Brucella melitensis in the blood cultures of 18 patients. Five patients experienced relapse, and 3 experienced treatment failure. CONCLUSIONS Childhood brucellosis in the United States is now an imported disease, primarily from Mexico. In the context of this epidemiologic link, the diagnosis should be entertained for a patient who presents with signs of systemic inflammation and arthritis. Therapeutic challenges remain.
Solder Joint Reliability Challenges in Sub 1.00 mm Ball Pitch for Flip Chip Ball Grid Array

FCBGA is an electronic package used to achieve a high Inputs/Outputs (I/Os). To continue to achieve a higher I/O count without increasing package size, ball pitch reduction is inevitable. However, ball pitch reduction using smaller ball size has posed substantial challenges to solder joint reliability (SJR). On top of that, rising power dissipation requirement in FCBGA package has created a need for high performance heat sinks. These heat sinks require significant compression loading to ensure good thermal conductance of thermal interface materials. The impact of these loads on SJR has typically not been considered in thermal cycle stressing. Hence, this paper focuses on different types of heat sinks and their compressive load effect on solder joint thermal fatigue performance. It also covers package size and board thickness effect when heat sink compressive load is taken into account during thermal stressing. Lastly, lead free and eutectic solders at sub 1.00mm ball pitch technology were also evaluated.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Migration in a socialist transitional economy: heterogeneity, socioeconomic and spatial characteristics of migrants in China and Guangdong province.

The peculiar features of Chinas socialist transitional economy including the coexistence of "plan" and "nonplan" mechanisms the hukou institution uneven spatial development and gendered constraints and opportunities have brought about a high degree of heterogeneity among population movements. Using the 1990 Census data on reasons for migration and an empirical analysis of both national patterns and migration in Guangdong the author documents the socioeconomic characteristics and spatial patterns of major types of migration focusing on migration for employment in industry and business male migration due to job transfer and female marriage migration. The author argues that the multitude of migration types and the contrasts among them are products of the combination of state-planning and market mechanisms. The findings highlight institutional explanations for migration and show that the "plan"/"nonplan" dichotomy is more meaningful that the economic-social dichotomy for understanding population movements in China. (authors)
Variations of disseminated choroid plexus papilloma: 2 case reports and a review of the literature

Abstract Background Choroid plexus papillomas are typically considered benign lesions, but histology is not always predictive of their behavior. These tumors can metastasize anywhere along the neuraxis and may be intraventricular, subarachnoid, or intraparenchymal. We present 2 cases that illustrate the wide diversity with which choroid plexus papillomas can disseminate. Case Descriptions The patient described in case 1 had a primary fourth ventricular choroid plexus papilloma that produced diffuse cystic subarachnoid and leptomeningeal lesions. Patient 2 also had a primary fourth ventricular tumor but with subsequent suprasellar and spinal drop metastases. Patient 1 was treated with temozolomide, resulting in regression of symptoms including headache and dizziness. Patient 2 has been treated with several modalities, including radiation therapy and chemotherapy, with slowing of symptom progression. Conclusions Variations of choroid plexus papilloma dissemination include intraventricular, subarachnoid, and leptomeningeal nodules or cystic lesions, and intraparenchymal locations. There is no consensus on the most effective treatment for choroid plexus papilloma metastases; surgical resection, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy may all yield benefits. The prognosis for patients with disseminated choroid plexus papilloma can range from prolonged stable disease and symptoms to death within months.
Advancements in hepatocellular carcinoma.

Purpose of review This review primarily focuses on new developments in the prevention and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. Recent findings Molecular markers for tumor biology are still in development, but advances thus far are promising. The Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) staging system offers the best prognostic information in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. While surgery remains the gold standard for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma, new methods are emerging with greater potential response, lower risk and lower cost. Percutaneous local ablative therapy has proved very effective. Chemoemobolization therapy in hepatocellular carcinoma has been effective in selected patients with improved survival reported in a large cohort. Summary New methods for the management of hepatocellular carcinoma need to continue to evolve. This includes more focused therapies to reduce tumor development or more effective adjuvants to promote positive pre and posttransplant response. With the advent of better treatment options due to a clearer understanding of the pathogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma, there is hope that the seemingly insurmountable burden of this disease will come under better control.
Thermodynamical properties of thallium-based III–V materials

Thermodynamical factors that affect growth of the thallium-bearing zinc-blende alloys InTIP and InTlAs are examined within the local density approximation (LDA), using the linear muffin-tin orbital method. The LDA predicts TIP and TIAs to be unstable with respect to decomposition into the elemental constituent solids, or marginally stable if conservative estimates of the LDA errors are made. Several thallium-rich and anion-rich compounds have also been examined; some are found to have excess energies per atom comparable to the zinc-blende phase. The equilibrium partial pressures over InTIP and InTlAs have also been calculated as a function of composition. Even with conservative error estimates, we predict that only low concentrations of thallium can be achieved in InTIP (<5% at 350°C) using gas source molecular beam epitaxy (GSMBE), far less than the 67% needed for long-wave infrared (LWIR) applications. Although much less than 1% thallium is predicted to be soluble in InTlAs for GSMBE growth at 350 °C, the addition of error estimates into the calculation indicates that obtaining the 15% thallium needed for LWIR applications may be possible. Native defect populations have been calculated for alloy compositions corresponding to band gaps in the LWIR, and the anion antisite densities are predicted to be quite high, especially in InTIP, reflecting the comparable stability of the TIP and T1P3 phases.
Southern Corn Leaf Blight: Susceptible and Resistant Mitochondria

Mitochondria isolated from etiolated shoots of blight-susceptible and blight-resistant corn plants were subjected, in various respiratory states, to the pathotoxin released by Helminthosporium maydis (race T). The addition of the pathotoxin to susceptible mitochondria caused respiratory rate and oxidative phosphorylation changes. The addition of pathotoxin to susceptible mitochondria suspended in a potassium chloride reaction medium induced an immediate and irreversible swelling regardless of the respiratory state of the mitochondria. This membrane swelling correlates with the observed respiratory and coupling effects of the pathotoxin. In all instances, mitochondria isolated from blightresistant corn failed to exhibit any of the above responses to the pathotoxin.
Chronic amphetamine treatment increases striatal calmodulin in rats

A radioimmunoassay was developed to measure calmodulin in striatum from rats treated with one dose or repeated injections of amphetamine. Chronic, but not acute, amphetamine treatment resulted in a significant increase in total calmodulin levels in striatal homogenates. This effect may be linked to the behavioral sensitization which develops after chronic amphetamine treatments.
Thickness of Enamel at the Base of Pits and Fissures in Human Molars and Bicuspids

The anatomy of pit and fissure areas* in human posterior teeth has long been a subject for dental research. In 1841, W. Robertson, in his book A Practical Treatise on the Human Teeth,2 stressed the possibility of small openings on the occlusal surface leading into large cavities and published a drawing illustrating a fissure extending to the dentin. In 1870 James Truman3 suggested that fissures predispose to dental caries. A year later J. H. McQuillan4 made the observation that minute fissures may extend almost to the dentin, and he supported this with an illustration of a ground section showing a fissure leading through a small opening into an oval space in the enamel. In 1899 R. R. Andrews,5 quoting Tomes, stated: "From the natural depressions which separate the cusps of the molars, minute but deep fissures may be extended through the enamel to within a short distance of the dentin, and they may become larger as they recede from the surface of the tooth." Hopewell Smith6 in 1926 published a series of articles on enamel with numerous illustrations of deeply invaginated pit and fissure areas. Hyatt and Bodecker7-19 have both contributed voluminously to the subject and regarded these areas as "faults" in the enamel. Standard texts support this view.20' 21 More recently, Hodson22, 23 published several papers on investigations of "T hypoplasia," his term for the deep invaginations he found in posterior teeth, using a technique of slow decalcification, followed by microdissection. He stated that these areas were "manifestations of arrested amelogenesis, often associated with defective matrix formation." Reviews on the pit and fissure area and the associated subject of occlusal caries have been published by Hyatt12 in 1922 and by Brucker24 in 1944, the latter containing many references. Since decay often starts in pit or fissure areas, the presence of deep invaginations of the enamel is thought by many to be an important predisposing factor. Moreover, clinical studies have demonstrated the susceptibility of these areas to caries.25-28 Methods for caries prevention have been directed at limiting the accumulation of