cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The First Vietnamese to Attend Harvard

This article tells the story of the first Vietnamese, Ngo Vinh Long, to attend Harvard as an undergraduate student in 1964. Long taught himself English by reading novels he purchased at an outdoor market translating them with an English-French dictionary. After coming to the states, he became one of the few Vietnamese to speak out against the war while residing in theU.S.
UDel: named entity recognition and reference regeneration from surface text

This report describes the methods and results of a system developed for the GREC Named Entity Recognition and GREC Named Entity Regeneration Challenges 2010. We explain our process of automatically annotating surface text, as well as how we use this output to select improved referring expressions for named entities.
Arabic and English During Study Abroad in Cairo, Egypt: Issues of Access and Use

This article provides a snapshot of the experiences of 18 students studying abroad in Cairo, Egypt. Using a modified version of the language contact profile (Freed, Segalowitz, & Dewey, 2004), I investigate their language use and find that students use English more than they use Arabic and that there is considerable individual variation in Arabic use. Using interviews, I explore factors promoting study abroad participants' use of English and limiting their use of Arabic. The data indicate that students have difficulty gaining access to native speakers of Arabic compared to their use of English with other international students. Furthermore, gaining access to native speakers of Arabic does not guarantee the use of Arabic; their Arabic proficiency, interactional goals, and identification as foreigners can promote the use of English above Arabic. Finally, I examine the ways in which students are nevertheless able to overcome these limitations to gain access to native speakers and use Arabic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Stimuli-responsive protoporphyrin IX silica-based nanoparticles for photodynamic therapy in vitro

Nanoparticle-based delivery systems have been explored recently as efficient vehicles to transport photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy (PDT). In this study; we report the synthesis, characterization and in vitro application of a stimuli-responsive silica nanoparticle platform chemically functionalized with protoporphyrin IX (RR–PpIX–SiNPs). PpIX photosensitizers have been attached to the surface of SiNPs through a redox-responsive linker. PpIX molecules can be selectively released from the RR–PpIX–SiNP platform in their monomeric form in the presence of the highly reducing environment found in cancer cells. The structural, photophysical and photochemical properties of RR–PpIX–SiNPs were characterized and compared with a control sample (PpIX–SiNPs), which does not contained a redox-responsive linker. Cell viability measurements demonstrated that RR–PpIX–SiNPs were more phototoxic than PpIX–SiNPs. Confocal microscopy shows that RR–PpIX–SiNPs are mainly localized in lysosomes. Finally, the redox-responsive release of PpIX molecules was demonstrated in solution and in vitro using UV-vis spectrometry and confocal microscopy, respectively. We envision that further modification of this platform can render colloidal stability and target-specific properties by grafting polymeric chains and small molecules or biomolecules.
Interpenetrating Polymer Networks and Related Materials

To the surprise of practically no one, research and engineering on multi polymer materials has steadily increased through the 1960s and 1970s. More and more people are remarking that we are running out of new monomers to polymerize, and that the improved polymers of the future will depend heavily on synergistic combinations of existing materials. In the era of the mid-1960s, three distinct multipolymer combinations were recognized: polymer blends, grafts, and blocks. Although inter penetrating polymer networks, lPNs, were prepared very early in polymer history, and already named by Millar in 1960, they played a relatively low-key role in polymer research developments until the late 1960s and 1970s. I would prefer to consider the IPNs as a subdivision of the graft copolymers. Yet the unique topology of the IPNs imparts properties not easily obtainable without the presence of crosslinking. One of the objectives of this book is to point out the wealth of work done on IPNs or closely related materials. Since many papers and patents actually concerned with IPNs are not so designated, this literature is significantly larger than first imagined. It may also be that many authors will meet each other for the first time on these pages and realize that they are working on a common topology. The number of applications suggested in the patent literature is large and growing. Included are impact-resistant plastics, ion exchange resins, noise-damping materials, a type of thermoplastic elastomer, and many more."
The Expansive Moment: The Rise of Social Anthropology In Britain and Africa, 1918–1970

The Expansive Moment: The Rise of Social Anthropology In Britain and Africa, 1918–1970. JACK GOODY. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995. viii + 235 pp., notes, references, index.
The moon then Mars

By 2050, America will have permanent occupied bases first on the moon and then Mars. These bases will be for planetary exploration, science, observation and long term National Defense. For occupied planetary surface bases, there are the problems of logistics, communication and habitation. Planetary surfaces, such as Mars, consist of fine, unknown soils that may be hazardous to human explorers. Because EVAs will bring soil into the Astronaut's habitat, if these soils contain as little as 0.01% silica, then the habitat design may become difficult. To keep the respirable quartz particle level within acceptable health limits, then extensive filtration, power and additional habitat weight will be required. Discussed are ways to limit the amount of dust entering said habitat.
Effect of tricyclamol on gastric emptying and intestinal transit; comparative studies with placebos, single dose, and optimal effective dose.

The effects of a placebo, 50 mg. dose, and the “O.E.D.” of Tricyclamol on gastric emptying and intestinal transit of a standard barium mixture and Ewald meal were compared in nine patients with duodenal ulcer. Each patient served as his own control. The medicament was given half an hour prior to the ingestion of the barium mixture and Ewald meal. Serial x-rays of the abdomen were then taken.
Induction of premature chromosome condensation at high frequency following polyethylene glycol-mediated fusion of lectin-bound cells.

Abstract An efficient polyethylene glycol-mediated fusion procedure has been developed and standardised for induction of premature chromosome condensation at high frequency in HeLa cells. High fusion frequencies are achieved on a dense cell monolayer induced by centrifugation of mitotic and interphase cells onto lectin-coated plastic culture dishes. Using this fusion procedure, induction frequencies of 60–90 % can routinely be obtained. This method should be useful in inducing sufficient quantities prematurely condensed chromosomes (PCC) for purification and subsequent biochemical and ultrastructural analysis. The procedure can be readily adapted for other studies that require high fusion frequencies between non-attaching cell types.
Studies of physicochemical and chromatographic properties of mixed amino-alkylamide bonded phases

Abstract Mixed amino-alkylamide chemically bonded phases have been prepared via two-step reaction which involved the initial modification of silica with aminopropyldimethylsilyl groups under environmentally sealed conditions followed by a secondary derivatization with different acid chlorides (i.e., acetyl, hexanoyl and stearoyl chlorides). In addition, for comparative purposes two conventional C18 phases with different coverage densities have been prepared. Subsequently, the physical properties of the mixed phases have been studied by liquid chromatography as well as by elemental analysis and solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry. The resulting data have provided information about how the hydrophobic chains and the specific interaction sites in the bonded phases influence solute retention under reversed-phase conditions. A potentially important application of the mixed amino-alkylamide materials is for separating basic compounds such as amines and amides.
Twistors and actions on coset manifolds

Particle and string actions on coset spaces typically lack a quadratic kinetic term, making their quantization difficult. We define a notion of twistors on these spaces, which are hypersurfaces in a vector space that transform linearly under the isometry group of the coset. By associating the points of the coset space with these hypersurfaces, and the internal coordinates of these hypersurfaces with momenta, it is possible to construct manifestly symmetric actions with leading quadratic terms. We give a general algorithm and work out the case of a particle on AdS_p explicitly. In this case, the resulting action is a world-line gauge theory with sources, (the gauge group depending on p) which is equivalent to a nonlocal world-line sigma-model.
Infrared Modulator for Optical Sensors Based on a Vibrating Fabry-Perot Interferometer

The development, construction and space qualification of an IR modulator for f/1 radiation in the 14-16 pm band is described. The modulation is based on the principle of a vibrating Fabry-Perot (FP) interferometer with gap width variations of -Â±Am/8c,-, 2 pm (A-center wavelength) which is considered micromechanical. By connecting two such Fabry-Perot interferometers in series (with two outer CdTe plates in fixed positions and one common vibrating inner CdTe plate for harmonic gap width variation) a modulation effici-ency of about 75% is attained. CdTe is superior to other materials as far as IR absorption (0.2%/cm) within the -20Â°C to +60Â°C temperature range and the 2 to 25 11M wavelength range is concerned. Its modulation efficiency in a single FP interferometer is however too low because of its low refractive index (n = 2.5). The double FP interferometer is designed for small weight, large receiving aperture, small power consumption and high reliability in long-time space operation. The modulator is operated at a selected resonance frequency between 100 Hz and 1 kHz. It can be tuned to other wavelengths in the 2 to 25 pm range.
Dietary Factors That Promote or Retard Inflammation

Inflammation plays a pivotal role in all stages of atherosclerosis. Cardiovascular risk factors and metabolic syndrome are typified by low-grade inflammation. Intervention trials convincingly demonstrate that weight loss reduces biomarkers of inflammation, such as C-reactive protein (CRP) and interleukin (IL)-6. Limited studies have shown that certain dietary factors; oleic acid, alpha-linolenic acid, and antioxidants RRR-alpha-alpha tocopherol, reduce biomarkers of inflammation. Most of the studies with fish oil supplementation have shown null effects, and conflicting results have been reported with saturated and trans fatty acids, cholesterol, and soy intake. Much further research is needed to define the role of individual dietary factors on the biomarkers of inflammation and the mechanism of the anti-inflammatory effects of weight loss.
An Inscribing Model for Random Polytopes

For convex bodies K with $\mathcal {C}^{2}$ boundary in ℝ d , we explore random polytopes with vertices chosen along the boundary of K. In particular, we determine asymptotic properties of the volume of these random polytopes. We provide results concerning the variance and higher moments of this functional, as well as an analogous central limit theorem.
Genetic analysis of inbreeding depression caused by chlorophyll-deficient lethals in Mimulus guttatus

Genetic analysis of inbreeding depression caused by chlorophyll-deficient lethals in Mimulus guttatus
Complexity in Engineering

In designing and operating engineering systems such as products and manufacturing systems, the goal is to reduce complexity so as to make the system robust, guarantee their long-term stability, make the system reliable, and minimize the cost. In the complexity theory presented in this keynote paper, the complexity is defined as the measure of uncertainty in achieving the functional requirements (FRs) of a system within their specified design range. This definition of complexity leads to the existence of four different types of complexity: time-independent real complexity, time-independent imaginary complexity, time-dependent combinatorial complexity, and time-dependent periodic complexity. According to this complexity theory, complexity of any system can be reduced by taking the following actions: (1) minimize the number of functional requirements (FRs), (2) eliminate the time-independent real complexity, (3) eliminate the time-independent imaginary complexity, (4) transform a system with time-dependent combinatorial complexity into a system with time-dependent periodic complexity by introducing functional periodicity and by reinitializing the system at the beginning of each period. The importance of the functional periodicity in reducing time-dependent combinatorial complexity is illustrated using examples.
Chitosan/IPMC Artificial Muscles

This presentation discusses how biopolymers such as chitosan and ionic polymer metal composites (IPMCs) can be combined by intercalation and co-polymerization to form a new nanocomposite with actuation, energy harvesting and sensing capabilities and yet have medical healing and diagnostics capabilities. Described are chitosan and ionic polymeric networks containing conjugated ions that can be redistributed by an imposed electric field and consequently act as distributed nanosensors, nanoactuators and artificial muscles. The presentation briefly discusses the manufacturing methodologies and the fundamental properties and characteristics of such chitosan/ionic polymers as distributed nanosensors, nanoactuators and artificial muscles. It will further include descriptions of the basic materials' typical molecular structures. An ionic model based on charge dynamics of the underlying sensing and actuation mechanisms is also presented. Intercalation of chitosan biopolymer and ionic polymers such as perfluorinated sufonic ionomers and subsequent chemical plating of them with a noble metal by a REDOX operation is also reported and the properties of the new product are briefly discussed.
Turing bifurcation in a reaction–diffusion system with density-dependent dispersal

Abstract Motivated by the recent finding [N. Kumar, G.M. Viswanathan, V.M. Kenkre, Physica A 388 (2009) 3687] that the dynamics of particles undergoing density-dependent nonlinear diffusion shows sub-diffusive behaviour, we study the Turing bifurcation in a two-variable system with this kind of dispersal. We perform a linear stability analysis of the uniform steady state to find the conditions for the Turing bifurcation and compare it with the standard Turing condition in a reaction–diffusion system, where dispersal is described by simple Fickian diffusion. While activator–inhibitor kinetics are a necessary condition for the Turing instability as in standard two-variable systems, the instability can occur even if the diffusion constant of the inhibitor is equal to or smaller than that of the activator. We apply these results to two model systems, the Brusselator and the Gierer–Meinhardt model.
Novel Zinc Oxide Nanostructures Discovery by Electron Microscopy

Zinc oxide is an important semiconducting and piezoelectric material. Structurally, due to the three types of fast growth direction: , and as well as the ±(0001) polar surfaces, a diversity group of ZnO nanostructures have been grown in our laboratory: including nanocombs, nanosaws, nanosprings, nanorings, nanobows and nanopropellers. This article reviews our recent progress in the synthesis and characterization of the polar surface induced ZnO nanostructures and their growth mechanisms.
Virologic, immunologic, clinical, safety, and resistance outcomes from a long-term comparison of efavirenz-based versus nevirapine-based antiretroviral regimens as initial therapy in HIV-1-infected persons.

AbstractPurpose: To compare long-term virologic, immunologic, and clinical outcomes in antiretroviral-naive persons starting efavirenz (EFV)- versus nevirapine (NVP)-based regimens. Method: The FIRST study randomized patients into three strategy arms: PI+NRTI, NNRTI+NRTI, and PI+NNRTI+NRTI. NNRTI was determined by optional randomization (NVP or EFV) or by choice. For this randomized substudy, the primary endpoint was HIV RNA >50 copies/mL after 8 months or death. Genotypic resistance testing was done at virologic failure (VF; HIV RNA >1000 copies/mL at or after 4 months). Results: 228 persons (111 randomized to EFV, 117 to NVP) were followed for median 5 years. Rates per 100 person years for the primary endpoint were 41.2 (EFV) and 42.8 (NVP; p = .59). The percent of persons with HIV RNA <50 copies/mL was similar throughout follow-up (p = .24), as were average increases in CD4+ cells (p = .30). 423 persons declining the substudy chose EFV; 264 chose NVP. There were 915 persons in the combined cohort (rand...
Geographic Orientation in the Blind

(1954). Geographic Orientation in the Blind. The Journal of General Psychology: Vol. 51, No. 2, pp. 221-236.
Recognition of chronic kidney disease in a general medicine outpatient clinic.

AbstractChronic kidney disease (CKD) is a major health problem. Recent emphasis has been to prevent the progression of CKD. We used chart audits to see if CKD was an under-recognized condition in a general medicine resident clinic. Data focused on recognition of CKD, 3 or 4, evaluation of metabolic bone disease, and anemia. A multifaceted educational initiative was developed and occurred between 2005 and 2010. Three retrospective chart audits were performed, in 2005 prior to the education and again in 2007 and 2010. In 2005, less than one-fifth of patients were identified as CKD, 3 or 4. Evaluation of bone disease and anemia is similar. Initial results were reviewed with the residents and handouts for metabolic bone monitoring were developed. Wall charts of the handouts were also posted. In 2007, CKD recognition increased slightly, but more patients had bone disease and anemia evaluations. After 2007, the only educational intervention was a CKD lecture given yearly. In 2010, the audit saw decreased recogn...
The Color of Safety: Ingroup Associated Colors make Beer Safer

Abstract Individuals display high levels of trust and express feelings of safety when interacting with social ingroup members. Here, we investigated whether cues related to ingroup membership would change perceptions of the safety of alcohol. Participants were exposed to images of beer in either a standard can or a can featuring the colors of their university (i.e., ‘fan cans’). We hypothesized that exposure to fan cans would change perceptions of the risks of beer drinking. Results showed that participants exposed to fan cans rated beer consumption as less dangerous (Experiment 1), were more likely to automatically activate safety-related mental content after unconscious perception of beer cues (Experiment 2), and viewed their ingroup's party practices as less dangerous (Experiment 3). These results provide evidence that ingroup-associated colors can serve as a safety cue for alcohol, which may in theory perpetuate alcohol-related risk-taking, already a cause for concern on college and university campuses.
The chromosomes and causation of human cancer and leukemia. XVIII. The missing γ in acute myeloblastic leukemia (aml) and Ph1‐positive chronic myelocytic leukemia (CML)

The occurrence of a missing Y chromosome was investigated in the bone marrow cells of male individuals, i.e., 255 controls, 73 with acute myelocytic leukemia (AML) and 59 with Ph1-positive chronic myelocytic leukemia (CML). The incidence in controls of individuals with 45,X cells increased with age, particularly after the age of 60. In AML, 45,X metaphases were detected in two patients over 70 years of age, but the leukemia seemed to have involved the 46,XY cells rather than the 45,X cells. Four of the six patients with No. 8-No. 21 translocation and two of the 16 with major karyotypic abnormalities (MAKA) exhibited a missing Y in the leukemic cells in addition to other karyotypic aberrations. Four of the Ph1-positive CML patients exhibited a missing Y in all or nearly all the cells in the bone marrow along with the Ph1. In one patient, additional chromosome abnormalities involved the 46,XY,Ph1 rather than the 45,X,Ph1 cells. The genesis of the missing Y in CML cells may be related to the presence of the Ph1, though apparently the patient's age also plays a role. It is our hypothesis that 45,X or 45,X,Ph1 cells are resistant to the development of further chromosomal abnormalities and, thus, reflect their resistance to being involved in an acute leukemic process.
The institutional dimension of document quality judgments

In addition to relevance, there are other factors that contribute to the utility of a document. For examples, content properties like depth of analysis and multiplicity of viewpoints, and presentational properties like readability and verbosity, all will affect the usefulness of a document. These kinds of relevance-independent properties are difficult to determine, as their estimations are more likely to be affected by personal aspects of one's knowledge structure. Reliability of judgments on those properties may decrease when one moves from the personal level to the global level. In this paper, we report several experiments on document qualities. In our experiments, we explore the correlation of judgments on nine different document qualities to see if we can generate fewer dimensions underlying the judgments. We also investigate the issue of reliability of the judgments and discuss its theoretical implications. We find that, between the global level of agreement of judgment and the inter-personal level of agreement of judgment, there is an intermediate level of agreement, which can be characterized as an inter-institutional level.
Clinical application of the FACES score for face transplantation.

OBJECTIVE This study aimed to systematically evaluate all reported outcomes of facial allotransplantation (FT) using the previously described FACES scoring instrument. METHODS This was a retrospective study of all consecutive face transplants to date (January 2012). Candidates were identified using medical and general internet database searches. Medical literature and media reports were reviewed for details regarding demographic, operative, anatomic, and psychosocial data, which were then used to formulate FACES scores. Pre-transplant and post-transplant scores for "functional status", "aesthetic deformity", "co-morbidities", "exposed tissue", and "surgical history" were calculated. Scores were statistically compared using paired-samples analyses. RESULTS Twenty consecutive patients were identified, with 18 surviving recipients. The sample was composed of 3 females and 17 males, with a mean age of 35.0 ± 11.0 years (range: 19-57 years). Overall, data reporting for functional parameters was poor. Six subjects had complete pre-transplant and post-transplant data available for all 5 FACES domains. The mean pre-transplant FACES score was 33.5 ± 8.8 (range: 23-44); the mean post-transplant score was 21.5 ± 5.9 (range: 14-32) and was statistically significantly lower than the pre-transplant score (P = 0.02). Among the individual domains, FT conferred a statistically significant improvement in aesthetic defect scores and exposed tissue scores (P ≤ 0.01) while, at the same time, it displayed no significant increases in co-morbidity (P = 0.17). CONCLUSION There is a significant deficiency in functional outcome reports thus far. Moreover, FT resulted in improved overall FACES score, with the most dramatic improvements noted in aesthetic defect and exposed tissue scores.
Immune cell recruitment following acoustic trauma

Abstract Acoustic trauma induces cochlear inflammation. We hypothesized that chemokines are involved in the recruitment of leukocytes as part of a wound healing response. The cochleas of NIH-Swiss mice, exposed to octave-band noise (8–16 kHz, at 118 dB) for 2 h, were examined after the termination of exposure. Leukocytes were identified immunohistochemically with antibodies to CD45 and F4/80. Gene array analysis followed by RT-PCR was performed on cochlear tissue to identify up-regulation of chemokine and adhesion molecule mRNA. The expression of the adhesion molecule ICAM-1 was also investigated immunohistochemically. Few CD45- or F4/80-positive leukocytes were observed in the non-exposed cochlea. Following acoustic trauma however, the number of CD45-positive cells was dramatically increased especially after 2 and 4 days, after which time the numbers decreased. F4/80-positive cells also increased in number over the course of a week. Gene array analysis indicated increased expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein 5 (MCP-5), monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1), macrophage inflammatory protein-1β (MIP-1β) and ICAM-1. RT-PCR, performed using primers for the individual mRNA sequences, confirmed the increased expression of MCP-1, MCP-5, MIP-1β, and ICAM-1 relative to non-exposed mice. In the normal cochlea, ICAM-1 immunohistochemical expression was observed in venules, spiral ligament fibrocytes and in endosteal cells of the scala tympani. Expression increased to include more of the spiral ligament and endosteal cells after acoustic trauma. A cochlear inflammatory response is initiated in response to acoustic trauma and involves the recruitment of circulating leukocytes to the inner ear.
Effects of female odors on the sexual behavior of male hamsters

A series of experiments was undertaken to investigate the effects of removal of several scent glands and scent-producing organs of female hamsters on the copulatory performance of male hamsters. In the first experiment it was shown that males engage in less copulatory activity toward females lacking vaginal secretions than toward females with these odors. Eliminating visual cues by observing pairs under infrared illumination did not change the performance of males toward these two kinds of females. The results of Experiment 2 indicated the importance of flank, ear, and Harderian glands as well as vaginal secretions--males showed the highest levels of copulatory behavior toward females with a full complement of odors and the lowest levels toward those lacking three of four sources of scent. Similar results were obtained in the third experiment in which anesthetized females were used as stimulus animals to increase the importance of chemical cues and to reduce variability due to the behavior of females. The sexual behavior of males was greatest toward females with all sources of scent present, lower toward those lacking vaginal secretions, and still lower toward those lacking vaginal secretions and other sources of odors. In the fourth experiment we asked whether any one of the nonvaginal scent glands was particularly important in stimulating male sexual behavior, but we found no differences in male performance toward females that lacked vaginal secretions or that in addition lacked one of the other scent glands. In the fifth experiment males displayed higher levels of sexual behavior toward vaginectomized females than toward vaginectomized females that had been deodorized by a cleaning procedure, again indicating the importance of nonvaginal odors in stimulating copulatory performance. Thus these experiments demonstrate the importance of vaginal secretions in the sexual arousal of male hamsters, a role for nonvaginal odors in sexual arousal of males, and the lack of necessity of these odors for male copulatory behavior. These results have implications for theories of olfactory communication in mammals and for interpretations of experiments in which lesions of the olfactory system lead to deficits in male copulatory performance.
Preconditioned conjugate gradient methods for the compressible Navier-Stokes equations

The compressible Navier-Stokes equations are solved for a variety of two-dimensional inviscid and viscous problems by preconditioned conjugate gradient-like algorithms. Roe's flux difference splitting technique is used to discretize the inviscid fluxes. The viscous terms are discretized by using central differences. An algebraic turbulence model is also incorporated. The system of linear equations which arises out of the linearization of a fully implicit scheme is solved iteratively by the well known methods of GMRES (Generalized Minimum Residual technique) and Chebyschev iteration. Incomplete LU factorization and block diagonal factorization are used as preconditioners. The resulting algorithm is competitive with the best current schemes, but has wide applications in parallel computing and unstructured mesh computations.
Impact of Tourette’s Disorder on Parent Reported Stress

We examined the relationship between Tourette’s Disorder (TD) and parent reported stress. About 84 parents of children with TD participated by completing questionnaires assessing parental stress, TD symptom severity, co-morbid disorders, services received by the child, and parents’ perception of their child’s academic ability. The results indicate that parent reported stress reached clinically significant levels when a co-morbid disorder was present, but not with a diagnosis of TD alone. Similarly, parents report higher levels of stress when they view their child as performing below other students academically. Finally, the types of services that the child receives were found to have little or no relationship to parent reported stress. Limitations of this study, directions for future research, and implications for intervention are discussed.
Partitioning of bacterial plasmids during cell division: a cis-acting locus that accomplishes stable plasmid inheritance

Abstract We have identified and characterized a genetic function (designated par , for partition) that is required for stable maintenance of plasmids within exponentially growing cell populations. This function, which accomplishes the active distribution of plasmid DNA molecules to daughter cells, has been localized within the pSC101 plasmid to a 270 bp segment adjacent to the replication origin. The par locus, which appears to be functionally equivalent to the centromere of eucaryotic cells, is able to rescue unstable pSC101-derived replicons or an unrelated par − P15A-derived multicopy replicon in the cis, but not the trans, configuration. It is independent of copy number control and does not specify plasmid incompatibility. Furthermore, it is not associated directly with plasmid replication functions.
Tracking calcium in the San Joaquin basin, California: A strontium isotopic study of carbonate cements at North Coles Levee

Abstract Strontium isotopes have been used as geochemical tracers of calcium to document pore water evolution and to track mass transfer at the North Coles Levee reservoir in the central San Joaquin basin, California. At North Coles Levee, the arkosic Miocene Stevens sandstone has been progressively cemented with a series of carbonate zones, with isotopically calculated crystallization temperatures ranging from approximately 25 to 95°C. This series of cement zones record a systematic decrease in the 87 Sr 86 Sr ratios of the pore water since burial, from sea water ratios of 0.7086 in early ( 80°C) calcite cements. Strontium analyses of potential Ca-Sr sources in the central basin indicate that plagioclase, rather than calcium smectite or microfossil tests, is the only potential source with low enough strontium ratios to account for the isotopic compositions of the cements and the present pore water. This implies that plagioclase alteration is the dominant influence on the Sr-Ca pore water evolution at North Coles Levee. Our results indicate that calcium in the early calcites was derived from deeper in the basin, with mass transfer distances on the order of 1 km implied, and that calcium in later calcite cements was derived from plagioclase dissolving within the reservoir.
Natural history of cavernous malformations of the brain

Cavernous malformations of the brain are a subgroup of vascular malformations that can be asymptomatic or that can manifest with hemorrhage, seizures, or focal neurological deficits. Since the advent of magnetic resonance imaging, they are readily detectable and are diagnosed with increasing frequency. Understanding the natural history of cavernous malformations represents the first critical step in choosing the most appropriate treatment for patients. This article reviews the current literature on the natural history of cavernous malformations of the brain, including the rates of hemorrhage and seizures associated with these lesions. Potential risk factors for hemorrhage are also discussed.
Stable coalitions in a continuous-time model of risk sharing

In an economy with a continuum of individuals, each individual has a stochastic, continuously evolving endowment process. Individuals are risk-averse and would therefore like to insure their endowment processes. It is feasible to obtain insurance by pooling endowments across individuals because the processes are mutually independent. We characterize the payoff from an insurance contracting scheme of this type, and we investigate whether such a scheme would survive as an equilibrium in a noncooperative setting. We focus on the stability of cooperative arrangements with respect to the dynamic formation of coalitions. The economy “crystallizes” into a collection of coalitions in equilibrium.
Plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy of SnO2 on TiO2

Abstract Epitaxial growth of SnO 2 on TiO 2 (1 1 0) substrates by plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy was studied under various growth conditions to explore the potential for high-quality single crystalline growth. Phase-pure (1 1 0)-oriented SnO 2 films with an optimum on-axis X-ray rocking curve scan full-width at half-maximum equal to 0.612° were grown. The film epitaxy proceeded in the Volmer–Weber growth mode. We identified different growth regimes by measuring growth rate variations correlated with increasing tin fluxes at a fixed oxygen pressure. Beginning in the oxygen-rich growth regime, growth rates increased linearly as the tin flux increased. Atomically flat surfaces were observed in the oxygen-rich regime. Continued tin flux increases resulted in a maximum growth rate of 470 nm/h. Further tin flux increases prevented SnO 2 formation on the growth surface and acted as a nucleation barrier of SnO 2 on the TiO 2 substrates identifying a metal-rich growth regime.
Phosphorylation of an α-Synuclein Peptide Fragment Enhances Metal Binding

By using Tb3+ as a luminescent probe, we demonstrate that the phosphorylation state of a 14-residue peptide fragment of α-synuclein, a protein implicated in Parkinson's Disease, dramatically affects the metal ion affinity of the peptide. Whereas the unphosphorylated peptide and its phosphoserine analogue show weak Tb3+ binding, its phosphotyrosine analogue shows tight 1:1 binding as well as 2:1 and 3:1 Tb:peptide adducts. Our data suggest that the phosphorylated amino acid must be appropriately positioned among additional ligating residues to establish this phosphorylation-dependent metal binding.
The Evolution of Caring and Nonaggressive Persons and Societies

This article explores ways to shape individual personalities, societies, and the relations among them, with the ultimate aim of diminishing inter group hostility and war. The evolution described in the article requires committed individuals and groups to work for change. Certain human proclivities, such as us-them differentiation, the devaluation of outgroups, and stereotyping are sources of intergroup hostility. Socialization practices by parents and schools that promote positive connection to and caring about people are described, as well as ways to bring about their use. Parent training and family system diagnoses can impart awareness and skills and influence parental attitudes. On a societal level, institutions and culture can be shaped by creating systems of positive reciprocity among groups, by cross-cutting relations among members of different groups, and by other steps along the continuum of benevolence.
Structural studies of N-2-(6-aminopyridine)- N'-arylthioureas

Abstract N-2-(6-aminopyridine)-N′-2-methoxyphenylthiourea, 6AmTu2OMe, monoclinic, C2/c, a=16.3150(17), b=11.3000(13), c=14.8970(9) A, β=101.219(7)°, V=2693.9(4) A3 and Z=8; N-2-(6-aminopyridine)-N′-4-chlorophenylthiourea, 6AmTu4Cl, monoclinic, P21/n, a=14.2080(9), b=9.8060(7), c=19.041(1) A, β=104.616(4)°, V=2567.0(3) A3 and Z=8 and N-2-(6-aminopyridine)-N′-4-nitrophenylthiourea, 6AmTu4NO2, monoclinic, P21/n, a=10.809(8), b=10.427(8), c=12.303(7) A, β=110.47(7)°, V=1299.1(16) A3 and Z=4. The intramolecular hydrogen bonding common to 2-pyridylthioureas between N′H and the pyridine nitrogen is present as well as the intermolecular hydrogen bonding involving the thione sulfur and the NH hydrogen, which is often found for thioureas. In addition, the presence of an amino group in the 6-position of the pyridine ring results in additional intermolecular hydrogen bonding as do the functional groups on the aryl ring of these thioureas.
VEGF, sunburn, and wrinkles

Comment on Hirakawa et al, page [2392][1] From Hollywood actors to a family at the beach, seldom has a scientific study held such broad potential implications as those found in a paper by Hirakawa and colleagues. Sunburn and wrinkles have always been considered the obligate consequences of short-
Business incubation mechanisms and new venture support: emerging structures of US science parks and incubators

This article surveys the last several decades of the emergence of business incubation mechanisms in supporting the development of innovative small firms. Focusing on the more established business incubation programmes, the paper presents four representative cases of the US science park and their incubator programmes initiated in the 1980s. A longitudinal review of the last three decades of their emerging organisational structures, management policies, and services provided reveal that these incubation mechanisms are responsive to the client firms changing needs and have evolved into sustainable models of new venture support. The article provides lessons for those interested in benchmarking, managing, and assessing the roles of modern science park and incubator mechanisms.
The number of endothelial progenitor cell colonies in the blood is increased in patients with angiographically significant coronary artery disease.

The Number of Endothelial Progenitor Cell Colonies in the Blood Is Increased in Patients With Angiographically Significant Coronary Artery DiseaseHasan Guven, Rebecca M. Shepherd, Richard G. Bach, ...
Abstract B213: Isolation of muscle fatigue substance(s) with antitumor activities.

It has been scientifically established that regular physical exercise can reduce cancer risk by as much as 40% (Newton et al. 2008 Curr Treat. Options Oncol. 9:135). In early 19609s, Hoffman and colleagues reported that electric stimulation of rat femoris muscles caused the release of certain substance(s) that inhibited growth of transplanted rat tumors. The researchers called the substance “F-Substance” (fatigue substance) (Hoffman et al. 1961 Cancer Res. 22:597). However, the nature of the substance and the mechanism of its action are not known. In this study we sought to isolate and characterize the F-Substance. Femoris muscles freshly removed from 8–9 week old Wistar rats were electrically stimulated to induce contraction fatigue in a saline solution. Substances released to the saline solution were dialysed and lyophilized. Cell growth assays showed the substances isolated from the stimulated muscles had more significant inhibitory effect on the breast cancer cell line MCF-7 that those isolated from unstimulated muscles. To identify the molecule(s) responsible for the antitumor activity, we used a rat cytokine antibody array to profile the cytokines in the substances. Among the 29 different cytokines contained on the array, 3 showed greater than 3-fold difference between the substances isolated from the stimulated and unstimulated muscles. LIX (also known as CXCL5) is 6-fold higher in the substances isolated from stimulated muscles than those from the unstimulated muscles. TIMP-1 is 4.6 fold higher and sICAM-1 is 3.6 fold higher in the substances from the stimulated muscles. We are currently confirming the results by Western blotting and also evaluating the antitumor activity of these cytokines using cell based assays. Our results indicated that cytokines released from contracting muscles might be responsible for the antitumor effect of the “F-Substance”. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR-NCI-EORTC International Conference: Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics; 2011 Nov 12-16; San Francisco, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2011;10(11 Suppl):Abstract nr B213.
Three Layers Of Vector Outer Product Neural Networks For Optical Pattern Recognition

A single homogeneous layer of neural network is reviewed. For optical computing, a vector outer product model of neural network is fully explored and is characterized to be quasi-linear (QL). The relationships among the hetero-associative memory [AM], the ill-posed inverse association (solved by annealing algorithm Boltzmann machine (BM)), and the symmetric interconnect [T] of Hopfield's model E(N) are found by applying Wiener's criterion to the output feature f and setting [EQUATION].
On groups generated by three-dimensional special unitary groups II

We shall determine in this paper groups of types D n , E 6 , E 7 and E 8 generated by SU (3, q)'s, q odd, q > 3. These groups are defined in Phan (1975). [We shall refer to this paper as I]. Acquaintance with the results of I is assumed. The identification of groups of type D 4 is similar to that of SU (n, q). We actually construct an isomorphism from the universal group of type D 4 onto Spin + (8, q). This direct approach does not appear to be feasible for groups of type D n with n ≧ 5. Fortunately Wong's recent result (1974) is applicable here. But his theorem requires that the characteristic of the field be odd; hence unlike the unitary case, we assume that q is odd and q 3. Using Wong's theorem, we proceed to show by induction that groups of type D n are homomorphic images of Spin + (2n, q) or Spin − (2n, q) according as n is even or n is odd.
Improving electromechanical output of IPMC by high surface area Pd-Pt electrodes and tailored ionomer membrane thickness

In this study, we attempt to improve the electromechanical performance of ionic polymer–metal composites (IPMCs) by developing high surface area Pd-Pt electrodes and tailoring the ionomer membrane thickness. With proper electroless plating techniques, a high dispersion of palladium particles is achieved deep in the ionomer membrane, thereby increasing notably the interfacial surface area of electrodes. The membrane thickness is increased using 0.5 and 1 mm thick ionomer films. For comparison, IPMCs with the same ionomer membranes, but conventional Pt electrodes, are also prepared and studied. The electromechanical, mechanoelectrical, electrochemical and mechanical properties of different IPMCs are characterized and discussed. Scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDS) is used to investigate the distribution of deposited electrode metals in the cross section of Pd-Pt IPMCs. Our experiments demonstrate that IPMCs assembled with millimeter thick ionomer membranes and newly developed Pd-Pt...
On methods in the analysis of profile data.

This paper is concerned with methods for analyzing quantitative, non-categorical profile data, e.g., a battery of tests given to individuals in one or more groups. It is assumed that the variables have a multinormal distribution with an arbitrary variance-covariance matrix. Approximate procedures based on classical analysis of variance are presented, including an adjustment to the degrees of freedom resulting in conservativeF tests. These can be applied to the case where the variance-covariance matrices differ from group to group. In addition, exact generalized multivariate analysis methods are discussed. Examples are given illustrating both techniques.
Evaluation of Empirical Ground-Motion Relations in Southern California

Regression analysis to develop empirical ground-motion relations that predict ground-motion characteristics as a function of magnitude and distance are an essential part of seismic design and probabilistic seismic hazard assessment. Several different ground-motion relations have been presented based on different data and assumptions. This study evaluates five that were judged likely to be appropriate for southern California. We test them against the strong-motion data recorded in this region between 1933 and 1994, for magnitudes between 5.0 and 7.5, and for distances up to 150 km. The ground-motion parameters examined are peak acceleration and response spectral acceleration, SA, at 0.3-, 1.0-, and 3.0-sec periods. Some of the ground-motion relations are more consistent than others with the limited set of southern California data, but none of them stand out as either “best” or “unacceptable”. Residuals from all of these models indicate that as the magnitude increases the standard deviation decreases at high frequencies but increases for SA (3.0 sec). Among those found to be most consistent, significant differences remain with respect to predicting ground motion under conditions not yet sampled by the existing observational data set (e.g., near-source shaking for large earthquakes). Theoretical simulations are used elsewhere in this report (Ni et al., 2000; Anderson, 2000) to help resolve these ambiguities. The implications with respect to probabilistic seismic hazard assessment are explored in Field and Petersen (2000).
Oral Structure Development and Nuclear Behavior During Conjugation in Paramecium aurelia1

SYNOPSIS. Conjugation in Paramecium aurelia has been studied in live and sectioned cells and oral development studied following ultraviolet microbeam irradiation. The live cells allow a clear correlation to be made between nuclear behavior and gullet development. The paroral cone lies at the level of the buccal overture. The new oral area develops while the old one is still present, the latter structure being still visible after the conjugants have separated. Sectioned material confirms the fact of cytoplasmic fusion at the level of the paroral cones. It also confirms the appearance of new buccal organelles on the right side of the buccal overture of the pre-existing gullet. Ultraviolet microbeam irradiation of the buccal area shows that the posterior edge of the buccal overture must remain undisturbed for normal development. Irradiation of the anterior edge of the buccal overture also affects development. These results differ from earlier work on fissioning cells. Discussion of these differences leads to the conclusion that the factors controlling stomatogenesis are developmentally regulatory.