cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Voices and Visions from the Streets: Gender Interests and Political Participation among Women Informal Traders in Latin America

The extreme social and economic crisis affecting most Latin American countries has precipitated the expansion of a vast network of collective social movements as a means to cope with the increasing difficulty of life throughout the region. This paper is an examination of the collective struggle of women informal traders as they challenge, through workplace politics, the Peruvian state to address issues of family survival and social reproduction. Although the hierarchical and patriarchal structure of the street-trader union movement limits women's participation, a ‘critical consciousness’ has developed among women traders both in the rank-and-file and in low-level leadership positions which utilizes both direct and subtle strategies to influence the course of union politics. It is argued that the actions of these ‘grass-roots feminists’ to address their practical gender interests presupposes a commitment to strategic gender interests. Hence, their activism not only recasts Molyneux's gender-interest model ...
Analysis of source contributions to the ambient aerosol sample by simulated annealing

Abstract Simulated annealing (SA) is an optimization technique for locating the global optimum in a multiparameter problem. In this paper, SA is explored as a receptor modelling method for solving the air pollution source apportionment problem by considering the problem as an optimization process in a multi-dimensional space. The simulated aerosol composition data generated by the then National Bureau of Standards (NBS) for the EPA workshop on mathematical and empirical receptor modeling held at Quail Roost, NC in 1982 have been examined. Based on the concept of mixing fractions of individual sources contributing to the ambient aerosol sample, the search space for the SA algorithm is constrained. Satisfactory results have been obtained for the NBS data sets I and II.
Optical properties of host material for phosphor computational modeling

The lanthanide ions doped hexagon (β)-NaYF4 nanocrystals exhibit photoluminescence outputs, where β-NaYF4 with a strong cation disorder serve as host substance. The ab initio computation of β-NaYF4 with different atomic sizes NamYmF4m, for m = 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, or 96 in periodic boundary conditions is simulated based on density functional theory with the generalized gradient approximation. With the increase of unit sizes, the energy of highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO), lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO), energy gap, and energy per atom exhibit asymptotic convergence as well as the interatomic distances. The calculation of first ionization energy appreciates the prediction of the Koopmans' theorem. The investigation of orbital's spatial distribution proves the ligand (F− −1e F) to metal (Y3+ +1e Y2+) transition during the excitations mainly through the p d path. Two families of lifetimes are observed in the simulated results from the optical absorption spectrum, which indicates that transitions can be divided by two categories. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Multivariate pattern analysis of the human medial temporal lobe revealed representationally categorical cortex and representationally agnostic hippocampus.

Contemporary theories of the medial temporal lobe (MTL) suggest that there are functional differences between the MTL cortex and the hippocampus. High-resolution functional magnetic resonance imaging and multivariate pattern analysis were utilized to study whether MTL subregions could classify categories of images, with the hypothesis that the hippocampus would be less representationally categorical than the MTL cortex. Results revealed significant classification accuracy for faces versus objects and faces versus scenes in MTL cortical regions—parahippocampal cortex and perirhinal cortex—with little evidence for category discrimination in the hippocampus. MTL cortical regions showed significantly greater classification accuracy than the hippocampus. The hippocampus showed significant classification accuracy for images compared to a non-mnemonic baseline task, suggesting that it responded to the images. Classification accuracy in a region of interest encompassing retrosplenial cortex and the posterior cingulate cortex posterior to retrosplenial cortex (RSC/PCC), showed a similar pattern of results to parahippocampal cortex, supporting the hypothesis that these regions are functionally related. The results suggest that parahippocampal cortex, perirhinal cortex, and RSC/PCC are representationally categorical and the hippocampus is more representationally agnostic, which is concordant with the hypothesis of the role of the hippocampus in pattern separation.
Antiferroelectric thin and thick films for high-strain microactuators

Abstract Niobium-doped or lanthanum-doped lead zirconate titanate stannate antiferroelectric thin and thick films have been prepared on platinum-buffered silicon substrates by a modified sol-gel method and their electric properties were characterized, with emphasis on the field-induced phase transition strains. All the films demonstrate zero remanent polarization and a maximum polarization of more than 30 μC/cm2. By choosing the appropriate compositions, the films can have either “square” hysteresis loops with very sharp phase transition or “slanted” hysteresis loops with gradual phase transition. The strain levels of the thin films can reach 0.32% with smaller hysteresis or 0.42% with moderate hysteresis. The thick films can either have a strain level of 0.38% with very small hysteresis or have a strain level of 0.48% with clear digital actuator response. Hence the strain levels of these antiferroelectric films are comparable to that of bulk materials and double that of PZT ferroelectric films, and they ...
SiC Lateral Diodes for ESD Protection of High Temperature Integrated Circuits

Lateral diode based electrostatic discharge (ESD) protection for silicon-on-insulator (SOI) circuits suffer from high leakage currents at elevated temperatures. This may degrade the performance of ...
HIV and Nutrition

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and nutritional status maintain a critical and important relationship that is incompletely understood. Consequences of chronic viral infections may have organ-specific effects as well as general effects on health and function. HIV infection is a nutritionally progressive disorder with major metabolic changes in nutrient utilization as the balance of viral replication, immune response, and inflammation changes over time. HIV treatment has its own specific metabolic effects which have been discussed elsewhere [J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 49:S79–85, 2008; 49:S86–92, 2008; J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007;92:2506–12]. Worldwide, nutrition and HIV are important determinants of clinical outcomes including survival, with special importance in areas of food insecurity like Sub-Saharan Africa. States of normal and abnormal nutrition may affect the progression of HIV and response to treatment in different ways. Poor nutrition in the patient infected with HIV not only has implications for the individual, but in conjunction with progressive immune dysfunction also has significant implications for community and global health.
Implications of High Performance Production and Work Practices for Theory of the Firm and Corporate Governance

Theories of the firm based on agency theory, transaction cost economics, and the nexus of contract conception have gained currency in the past three decades. These theories emphasize the central constitutive role of contracts for firms. Critics have charged that these theories ignore crucial aspects of firms, such as human capital, and thus serve as incomplete models of economic organization. This article seeks further expansion of this viewpoint. Specifically, it seeks to deepen the insights of the human capital turn in theory of the firm through a comprehensive analysis of the changed role of employees in production and the intricate workings of contemporary business organizations. Together both analyses support a theory of the firm that relies on an understanding of organizational capabilities as the focal point for gathering these varied inputs. This expanded understanding of the firm also helps reconceptualize corporate governance. This article argues that, given the critical function of knowledge and improvements in performance in new flattened out organizations, governance structures must be realigned to maximize the potential of such factors. Some version of the team production model of corporate governance is best able to integrate and govern these varied inputs. The article thus posits a model of the firm that builds on the notion of organizational capabilities, such as those described in the account of contemporary production offered here, and relies on a governance structure that makes boards of directors responsible for coordinating the inputs of all members of the corporate team. The article concludes by considering some implications of this argument for corporate law and regulatory compliance.
Effect of Diets Deficient In Vitamin A or B on Resistance to Paratyphoidenteritidis Organisms

Interest in the physiological pathology of vitamin deficiencies developed intensively during and immediately after the war. At a symposium on the position of vitamins in clinical medicine held in England in 1920 McCarrison emphasized the relation of vitamins to gastrointestinal disorders, Drummond called attention to the tendency for inadequacies of this nature to increase the incidence of intercurrent diseases of all sorts
Midostaurin: an emerging treatment for acute myeloid leukemia patients

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a hematologic malignancy that carries a poor prognosis and has garnered few treatment advances in the last few decades. Mutation of the internal tandem duplication (ITD) region of fms-like tyrosine kinase (FLT3) is considered high risk for decreased response and overall survival. Midostaurin is a Type III receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor found to inhibit FLT3 and other receptor tyrosine kinases, including platelet-derived growth factor receptors, cyclin-dependent kinase 1, src, c-kit, and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor. In preclinical studies, midostaurin exhibited broad-spectrum antitumor activity toward a wide range of tumor xenografts, as well as an FLT3-ITD-driven mouse model of myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). Midostaurin is orally administered and generally well tolerated as a single agent; hematologic toxicity increases substantially when administered in combination with standard induction chemotherapy. Clinical trials primarily have focused on relapsed/refractory AML and MDS and included single- and combination-agent studies. Administration of midostaurin to relapsed/refractory MDS and AML patients confers a robust anti-blast response sufficient to bridge a minority of patients to transplant. In combination with histone deacetylase inhibitors, responses appear comparable to historic controls, while the addition of midostaurin to standard induction chemotherapy may prolong survival in FLT3-ITD mutant patients. The response of some wild-type (WT)-FLT3 patients to midostaurin therapy is consistent with midostaurin's ability to inhibit WT-FLT3 in vitro, and also may reflect overexpression of WT-FLT3 in those patients and/or off-target effects such as inhibition of kinases other than FLT3. Midostaurin represents a well-tolerated, easily administered oral agent with the potential to bridge mutant and WT-FLT3 AML patients to transplant and possibly deepen response to induction chemotherapy. Ongoing studies are investigating midostaurin's role in pretransplant induction and posttransplant consolidation therapy.
Secondary visual cortex is critical to the expression of surprise‐induced enhancements in cue associability in rats

Considerable evidence indicates that reinforcement prediction error, the difference between the obtained and expected reinforcer values, modulates attention to potential cues for reinforcement. The surprising delivery or omission of a reinforcer enhances the associability of the stimuli that were present when the error was induced, so that they more readily enter into new associations in the future. Previous research from our laboratory identified brain circuit elements critical to the enhancement of stimulus associability by omission of an expected event and to the subsequent expression of that altered associability in more rapid learning. A key finding was that the rat posterior parietal cortex was essential during the encoding, consolidation and retrieval of associability memories that were altered by the surprising omission of an expected event in a serial prediction task. Here, we found that the function of adjacent secondary visual cortex was critical only to the expression of altered cue associability in that same task. This specialization of function is discussed in the context of broader cortical and subcortical networks for modulation of attention in associative learning, as well as recent anatomical investigations that suggest that the rodent posterior parietal cortex overlaps with and may subsume secondary visual cortex.
Daxing with a Dax: Evidence of Productive Lexical Structures in Children.

In English, many words can be used flexibly to label artifacts, as nouns, or functional uses of those artifacts, as verbs: We can shovel snow with a shovel and comb our hair with a comb. Here, we examine whether young children form generalizations about flexibility from early in life and use such generalizations to predict new word meanings. When children learn a new word for an artifact, do they also expect it to label its functional use, and vice versa? In Experiment 1, we show that when fourand five-year-olds are taught a first novel word to label a familiar action—e.g., that bucking means shoveling—they exclude the artifact involved in this action— i.e., the shovel—as the meaning of a second novel word (e.g., gork). This suggests that children spontaneously expected the first novel word—which referred to the action—to also refer to the artifact. In Experiment 2, we show that this pattern extends to words that label novel actions involving novel artifacts, suggesting that children expect any word for an action to label the artifact that helps carry out that action. Experiment 3 traces how such generalizations may arise in development. In particular, we show that while fourand five-year-olds each expect words to label artifacts and their functional uses, three-yearolds may not.
Secreted protein kinases regulate cyst burden during chronic toxoplasmosis

Toxoplasma gondii is an apicomplexan parasite that secretes a large number of protein kinases and pseudokinases from its rhoptry organelles. Although some rhoptry kinases (ROPKs) act as virulence factors, many remain uncharacterized. In this study, predicted ROPKs were assessed for bradyzoite expression then prioritized for a reverse genetic analysis in the type II strain Pru that is amenable to targeted disruption. Using CRISPR/Cas9, we engineered C-terminally epitope tagged ROP21 and ROP27 and demonstrated their localization to the parasitophorous vacuole and cyst matrix. ROP21 and ROP27 were not secreted from microneme, rhoptry, or dense granule organelles, but rather were located in small vesicles consistent with a constitutive pathway. Using CRISPR/Cas9, the genes for ROP21, ROP27, ROP28, and ROP30 were deleted individually and in combination, and the mutant parasites were assessed for growth and their ability to form tissue cysts in mice. All knockouts lines were normal for in vitro growth and bradyzoite differentiation, but a combined ∆rop21/∆rop17 knockout led to a 50% reduction in cyst burden in vivo. Our findings question the existing annotation of ROPKs based solely on bioinformatic techniques and yet highlight the importance of secreted kinases in determining the severity of chronic toxoplasmosis.
Simulation of electronic transport in single nanobelt tin dioxide gas sensors

Chemical sensors based on tin dioxide metal-oxides have attracted much attention recently because of their high sensitivity, high selectivity, and easy integration which have a great potential to revolutionize the chemical and environmental sensing. Such sensors can relatively easily be built using FET structures and integrated in large network sensors for quantitative chemical detection. In this presentation we discuss our approach for the modeling and simulation of single nanobelt metal-oxide chemical sensors with FET structure. Experimental data is used to test the validity of our approach.
Mechanism Underlying Conformational Effects of a Disease-Associated Hydrophobic-to-Hydrophobic Substitution on an Intrinsically Disordered Region

Disease-associated Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) are common in the disordered regions of proteins (21.7 % of SNPs are found in the disordered region). Most mutational studies of IDP's consider loss or gain of a charged residue. In this study, we explore the local and global effect of a charge-neutral mutation between two hydrophobic residues, with known effects on function: the Val66Met SNP in the 100-residue disordered prodomain of Brain Derived Neurotropic Factor (BDNF). Val66Met is the most frequently found SNP in the BDNF disordered domain, and is associated with various neurological and psychiatric disorders such as bipolar disorder and Alzheimer's disease. Previously, NMR studies demonstrated that the prodomain is disordered with different secondary structure preferences for Val and Met at 275K (Anastasia et al 2013). We attempt to elucidate this phenomenon at the microscopic level using large-scale, fully atomistic temperature replica exchange calculations of both the Val and Met forms of the BDNF prodomain. MD simulations indicate high propensity of secondary structure in regions similar to those identified in NMR studies. Interestingly, we observe reversed temperature dependence of the secondary structure around the SNP between Val and Met from 300K to 420K. With increasing temperature, Val66 is less likely to assume helical secondary structure, while Met66 is more likely, which is consistent with previous observations that entropy of the valine side-chain is significantly reduced upon helix formation. This cost likely offsets the entropic gain of nearby water molecules upon helix formation, associated with the hydrophobic effect and common to Val66 and Met66 helices. At room temperature, we also observe an increase in the radius of gyration of the Met66 prodomain relative to the Val66 prodomain, which can be reliably attributed to differential hydrogen bonding preferences of residues near in sequence to the SNP, affecting their likelihood of forming beta-bridges with distant residues. This is consistent with an experimentally observed higher hydrodynamic radius for the Met66 proregion than for Val66 proregion. These results indicate the seemingly subtle substitution may exert its effects by critically adjusting entropic cost of local secondary-structure elements, which, in turn, affects the conformational ensemble via differential long-range beta bridging patterns. Furthermore, although the SNP is neutral, it alters the exposure of charged residues around the SNP, which can potentially affect the binding characteristics of the prodomain to its highly charged receptor, SORCS2.
Magnetotransport of Weyl semimetals due to the chiral anomaly

We study the electric field and temperature gradient driven magnetoconductivity of a Weyl semimetal system. To analyze the responses, we utilize the kinetic equation with semiclassical equations of motion modified by the Berry curvature and orbital magnetization of the wave packet. Apart from the known positive quadratic magnetoconductivity, we show that due to the chiral anomaly, the magnetoconductivity can become a nonanalytic function of the magnetic field, proportional to the $\frac{3}{2}$ power of the magnetic field at finite temperatures. We also show that time-reversal symmetry breaking tilt of the Dirac cones results in linear magnetoconductivity. This is due to the one-dimensional chiral anomaly for which the tilt is responsible.
Teaching Targeted Drug Discovery and Development to Healthcare Professionals.

Drug discovery and development (DDD) is an interdisciplinary enterprise that spans the translational continuum. Despite DDD's importance, formal training within medical and biomedical schools is lacking. In this tutorial, we outline the current educational landscape in DDD and the growing educational need in this area. Lastly, we describe the Health Innovations and Therapeutics concentration as an example of how to design and implement an educational program in DDD. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved
A Scalable Real-Time Framework for DDoS Traffic Monitoring and Characterization

Volumetric DDoS attacks continue to inflict serious damage. Many proposed defenses for mitigating such attacks assume that a monitoring system has already detected the attack. However, many proposed DDoS monitoring systems do not focus on efficiently analyzing high volume network traffic to provide important characterizations of the attack in real-time to downstream traffic filtering systems. We propose a scalable real-time framework for an effective volumetric DDoS monitoring system that leverages modern big data technologies for streaming analytics of high volume network traffic to accurately detect and characterize attacks.
Visual Arts Curriculum for Students with Autism Spectrum Disorder

There is great value to including creative arts experiences in learning environments for those individuals on the autism spectrum. The creative arts can reveal new understandings about ASD, in particular about how the arts may help facilitate verbal and nonverbal communication, emotional expressivity, social connectivity, intellectual acuity, and content mastery. The arts can also provide strong pathways for vocational training, economic growth, self-determination, and professional and life skills independence. At times students with ASD have been relegated to minimal or no participation in group discussions in the art room for fear of eliciting inappropriate responses and behavioral outbursts. This chapter attempts to break down the wall of fear around implementing creative arts curricula for students with ASD and offers helpful tips and tools for educators, therapists, or other practitioners. This chapter also shows that by using the unique blend of approaches described, students with ASD can engage deeply with themselves, their personal experiences, and others through art materials.
Joint Production-inventory-location Problem with Multi-variate Normal Demand

Abstract This paper develops a mixed integer nonlinear programming formulation for the production–inventory–location problem with correlated demands across the retailers. Several structural results for special cases of the problem are derived and studied. A solution method based on the outer approximation of the nonlinear terms is developed to solve the problem. The efficiency of the proposed model and solution approach is investigated through extensive numerical studies. Ignoring correlations can increase the total costs of a production–location–inventory system. Accounting for correlations may lead to changes in supply chain configuration. The effect of capacity on computational times was more pronounced in lower correlations than higher correlations. In addition, we show that the efficiency of the solution method increases significantly for two special cases – when all products have the same holding cost and when the number of orders for different products at each warehouse is constrained to be the same.
Production and polarized secretion of basement membrane components by glomerular epithelial cells

To study the formation of basement membrane by glomerular epithelial cells (GECs), production and secretion of type IV collagen and laminin by rat GECs in culture were evaluated. GECs produced two chains of type IV collagen (180 and 170 kDa) in the ratio of approximately 2 to 1, when immunoprecipitated with antibody to type IV collagen of mouse Engelbreth-Holm-Swarm (EHS) sarcoma. GECs also produced proteins that were precipitated by antibody to EHS laminin, i.e., two bands each in the positions of the A and B chains of mouse laminin. On enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), type IV collagen and laminin were found mainly in the cell-associated fraction and in the subepithelial culture medium. Confluent GECs on membrane filters formed a tight barrier against the flux of macromolecules. Under these conditions, 80% of newly synthesized and secreted matrix proteins were detected in the basolateral medium. Moreover, treatment with ammonium chloride, which is known to affect polarized secretion, caused both type IV collagen and laminin to be secreted via the basolateral and apical surfaces in similar amounts. These results indicate that cultured GECs are polarized and that they produce and secrete basement membrane components via the basolateral side.
Lévy–Driven Continuous–Time ARMA Processes

Gaussian ARMA processes with continuous time parameter, otherwise known as stationary continuous-time Gaussian processes with rational spectral density, have been of interest for many years. (See for example the papers of Doob (1944), Bartlett (1946), Phillips (1959), Durbin (1961), Dzhapararidze (1970,1971), Pham-Din-Tuan (1977) and the monograph of Arato (1982).) In the last twenty years there has been a resurgence of interest in continuous-time processes, partly as a result of the very successful application of stochastic differential equation models to problems in finance, exemplified by the derivation of the Black-Scholes option-pricing formula and its generalizations (Hull and White (1987)). Numerous examples of econometric applications of continuous-time models are contained in the book of Bergstrom (1990). Continuous-time models have also been utilized very successfully for the modelling of irregularly-spaced data (Jones (1981, 1985), Jones and Ackerson (1990)). Like their discrete-time counterparts, continuous-time ARMA processes constitute a very convenient parametric family of stationary processes exhibiting a wide range of autocorrelation functions which can be used to model the empirical autocorrelations observed in financial time series analysis. In financial applications it has been observed that jumps play an important role in the realistic modelling of asset prices and derived series such as volatility. This has led to an upsurge of interest in Levy processes and their applications to financial modelling. In this article we discuss second-order Levy-driven continuous-time ARMA models, their properties and some of their financial applications. Examples are the modelling of stochastic volatility in the class of models introduced by Barndorff-Nielsen and Shephard (2001) and the construction of a class of continuous-time GARCH models which generalize the COGARCH(1,1) process of Kluppelberg, Lindner and Maller (2004) and which exhibit properties analogous to those of the discretetime GARCH(p,q) process.
Inhalation: Uptake into the Respiratory Tract

The principles of uptake into the bloodstream reviewed in Chapter 3 apply to pollutants which have reached the membranes of the deep lungs. The respiratory tract, however, provides a challenge in predicting whether inhaled pollutants will make it to the specific parts of the tract associated with these membranes and, having made it there, be either deposited or absorbed. The reason is that the anatomy of the tract consists of a large series of branching passageways in which several mechanisms of deposition and absorption take place simultaneously 1. This produces large variability in the uptake into different parts of the lungs, which results in turn in variability of dose to cellular subpopulations.
Why We Cheer for Viktor Ahn: Changing Characteristics of Sporting Nationalism and Citizenship in South Korea in the Era of Neoliberal Globalization:

This article examines online discussions of the South Korean–born Russian short-track speed skater Viktor Ahn, formerly known as Ahn Hyun-soo, with a particular focus on the changing characteristic...
Creating a scoped ejournal list of biomedical journals in a large university setting: A case study

AbstractThe Harrell Health Sciences Library: Research and Learning Commons (HHSL) at the Penn State College of Medicine has access to a wide range of library resources through the university but maintains an eJournal list of titles scoped to biomedical content. The separate list is important to maintain accurate holdings information for the annual reporting of library statistics and for interlibrary loan. The authors created a systematic way of building a scoped biomedical eJournal list based on titles indexed in major biomedical databases. The scoped eJournal list is active on the HHSL website, and there is a systematic process in place to maintain and update it.
Comparison of Percutaneous and Surgical Right Ventricular Assist Device Support After Durable Left Ventricular Assist Device Insertion.

ABSTRACT Background Early right ventricular (RV) failure after left ventricular assist device (LVAD) implantation increases morbidity and mortality. Percutaneous right ventricular assist device (pRVAD) support is an alternative to more invasive surgical RVAD (sRVAD). Methods and Results We retrospectively reviewed patients receiving isolated pRVAD or sRVAD after durable LVAD at our center in the years 2007–2018. Hemodynamic parameters before and after implantation and survival outcomes were compared among groups. Nineteen patients received pRVAD and 21 sRVAD. Hemodynamic parameters improved immediately with the use of pRVAD; central venous pressure decreased (from 15.9 ± 2.4 to 12.3 ± 3.2 mm Hg; P Conclusions Novel pRVAD systems for RV failure provide hemodynamic benefits similar to sRVAD, are associated with less morbidity, and should be considered as an alternative to sRVAD.
Neonatal Hyponatremia in the Setting of Untreated Progressive Hydrocephalus

Background Hyponatremia in the neonatal population is an uncommon occurrence and can be associated with significant increase in morbidity and mortality. In the neonatal population, it is typically associated with an excess of antidiuretic hormone and rarely has been found to be associated with hydrocephalus, short of being caused by the subsequent treatment of hydrocephalus. Case Description We present a case report of a patient with neonatal hydrocephalus, secondary to intraventricular hemorrhage in the setting of prematurity, treated at our institution, in whom sodium levels reached a nadir as head circumference peaked and subsequent treatment of hydrocephalus resolved the associated hyponatremia. Conclusions Hydrocephalus secondary to intraventricular hemorrhage is a notable complication in the premature neonatal population. Physicians should be aware of its potential association with hyponatremia and consider early neurosurgical intervention when other etiologies of the electrolyte disturbance cannot be identified.
Laminin as a Potent Substrate for Large-Scale Expansion of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells in a Closed Cell Expansion System.

The number of high-quality cells required for engineering an adult human-sized bioartificial organ is greater than one billion. Until the emergence of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), autologous cell sources of this magnitude and with the required complexity were not available. Growing this number of cells in a traditional 2D cell culture system requires extensive time, resources, and effort and does not always meet clinical requirements. The use of a closed cell culture system is an efficient and clinically applicable method that can be used to expand cells under controlled conditions. We aimed to use the Quantum Cell Expansion System (QES) as an iPSC monolayer-based expansion system. Human iPSCs were expanded (up to 14-fold) using the QES on two different coatings (laminin 521 (LN521) and vitronectin (VN)), and a karyotype analysis was performed. The cells were characterized for spontaneous differentiation and pluripotency by RT-PCR and flow cytometry. Our results demonstrated that the QES provides the necessary environment for exponential iPSC growth, reaching 689.75 × 106 ± 86.88 × 106 in less than 7 days using the LN521 coating with a population doubling level of 3.80 ± 0.19. The same result was not observed when VN was used as a coating. The cells maintained normal karyotype (46-XX), expressed pluripotency markers (OCT4, NANOG, LIN28, SOX2, REX1, DPPA4, NODAL, TDGFb, TERT3, and GDF), and expressed high levels of OCT4, SOX2, NANOG, SSEA4, TRA1-60, and TRA1-81. Spontaneous differentiation into ectoderm (NESTIN, TUBB3, and NEFH), mesoderm (MSX1, BMP4, and T), and endoderm (GATA6, AFP, and SOX17) lineages was detected by RT-PCR with both coating systems. We conclude that the QES maintains the stemness of iPSCs and is a promising platform to provide the number of cells necessary to recellularize small human-sized organ scaffolds for clinical purposes.
Metastasen an der Wirbelsäule interdisziplinär angehen

Parallel zur gestiegenen Uberlebenswahrscheinlichkeit der Patienten mit malignen Tumorerkrankungen stieg in den letzten Jahren auch die Zahl der Patienten mit Metastasen — sehr haufig sind dies komplexe Knochenmetastasen zum Beispiel in der Wirbelsaule. Fur diese multidisziplinare therapeutische Herausforderung bietet das NOMS-Framework einen zuverlassigen Algorithmus.
Hypoxia-inducible gene domain 1 proteins in yeast mitochondria protect against proton leak through complex IV

Hypoxia-inducible gene domain 1 (HIGD1) proteins are small integral membrane proteins, conserved from bacteria to humans, that associate with oxidative phosphorylation supercomplexes. Using yeast as a model organism, we have shown previously that its two HIGD1 proteins, Rcf1 and Rcf2, are required for the generation and maintenance of a normal membrane potential (ΔΨ) across the inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM). We postulated that the lower ΔΨ observed in the absence of the HIGD1 proteins may be due to decreased proton pumping by complex IV (CIV) or enhanced leak of protons across the IMM. Here we measured the ΔΨ generated by complex III (CIII) to discriminate between these possibilities. First, we found that the decreased ΔΨ observed in the absence of the HIGD1 proteins cannot be due to decreased proton pumping by CIV because CIII, operating alone, also exhibited a decreased ΔΨ when HIGD1 proteins were absent. Because CIII can neither lower its pumping stoichiometry nor transfer protons completely across the IMM, this result indicates that HIGD1 protein ablation enhances proton leak across the IMM. Second, we demonstrate that this proton leak occurs through CIV because ΔΨ generation by CIII is restored when CIV is removed from the cell. Third, the proton leak appeared to take place through an inactive population of CIV that accumulates when HIGD1 proteins are absent. We conclude that HIGD1 proteins in yeast prevent CIV inactivation, likely by preventing the loss of lipids bound within the Cox3 protein of CIV.
Trascription in practice: nonstandard orthography

Transcriptions of spoken data are a central element of much applied linguistic research, serving both as the basis for large-scale corpora used by multiple analysts, and as one of the primary ways in which spoken data is presented in scholarly work. This article applies a political and ideological perspective to the analysis of a specific aspect of transcriptional practice that is seldom given much attention: the use of nonstandard orthography. While orthographic choices are often treated as neutral, transparent or trivial dimensions of applied linguistics transcripts, a review of the literature shows that nonstandard orthographies covertly attribute sociolinguistic stigma to those they represent. It goes on to explore in detail the sociolinguistic and pragmatic information value of nonstandard orthography in transcriptions, considering issues of predictability, consistency, intertextuality, and audience and readers’ interpretive frameworks. The conclusions argue for recognition among applied linguists of the representational work done by nonstandard orthographies and hence, for very selective, principled and explicitly flagged uses of these spellings in academic corpora and transcripts.
Using neural networks for data mining

Abstract Neural networks have been successfully applied in a wide range of supervised and unsupervised learning applications. Neural-network methods are not commonly used for data-mining tasks, however, because they often produce incomprehensible models and require long training times. In this article, we describe neural-network learning algorithms that are able to produce comprehensible models, and that do not require excessive training times. Specifically, we discuss two classes of approaches for data mining with neural networks. The first type of approach, often called rule extraction, involves extracting symbolic models from trained neural networks. The second approach is to directly learn simple, easy-to-understand networks. We argue that, given the current state-of-the-art, neural-network methods deserve a place in the tool boxes of data-mining specialists.
Risk factors for ED visits and admissions during outpatient chemotherapy in head and neck cancer.

223Background: Despite the recent introduction of the CMS metric, OP-35, which tracks 30-day inpatient admissions and ED visits after outpatient chemotherapy administration, the risk factors drivin...
RSVP: Resource Reservation Protocol: Providing QoS by Reserving Resources in the Network

This chapter illustrates the Resource Reservation Protocol (RSVP) as a part of the integrated services approach in order to provide Quality of Service (QoS) to individual applications or flows. For many years, packet-switched networks have offered the promise of supporting multimedia applications, such as audio, video, and data. A network that can provide different levels of service is often said to support QoS. Two approaches developed to provide a range of QoS include integrated services and differentiated services. The RSVP follows the integrated services approach, whereby QoS is provided to individual applications or flows. The differentiated services approach provides QoS to large classes of data or aggregated traffic. One of the key assumptions underlying RSVP is that it should not detract from the robustness that is found in the Internet. RSVP uses the idea of “soft state” in the routers. “Soft state” in connection-oriented networks does not need to be explicitly deleted when it is no longer needed. Instead, it times out after some fairly short period if it is not periodically refreshed.
Counting Metaphors: What Does this Reveal about Language and Thought?

Counting metaphors has become quite fashionable in metaphor research. There are numerous attempts to reliably identify metaphors in discourse and count their frequencies. These studies aim to accurately assess the prominence of metaphor in language, but also provide insights into active metaphorical thinking. My evaluation of this research suggests that there may be rough correspondences between the frequency of metaphor and the richness of metaphorical thought. At the same time, even a single verbal metaphor can fundamentally structure an entire discourse, illustrating the power of metaphor to shape how we think about many abstract ideas and events. I also describe instances in which nonmetaphorical language can also enhance metaphorical thinking, and suggest the need for new ways of measuring metaphoricity in language and thought.
The physical and biological properties of 7S and beta-NGF from the mouse submaxillary gland.

Recent progress with the Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) from the mouse submaxillary gland has concentrated on the further characterization of the two major molecular weight forms in which it exists, namely the 7S NGF complex present in homogenates of the gland and the smaller basic proteins which may be obtained from the complex by dissociation. 0f the latter, two species, the β subunit isolated from 7S NGF (21) and 2.5 S NGF, obtained from the complex at an intermediate stage in its purification (4) have been investigated in detail. Such studies are the basis for an examination of structurefunction relationships and for a variety of approaches to determine the mechanism of action of NGF. Although the morphological effects of NGF are well described, the sequence of biochemical events underlying these phenomena remains obscure.
Exploiting Filter Stopband for Radio Frequency Interferometer Operation

We propose to exploit filter stopband for high sensitivity radio frequency (RF) interferometer operation by utilizing reflection scattering parameters. Combined with passband filter operation, the modified RF interferometer effectively expands its frequency coverage. A simple model is described to analyze and predict interferometer performance. A high-pass filter and a low-pass filter are designed and built to demonstrate the interferometer operation as well as to verify the model over a frequency of 1–4 GHz. Lossy materials are shown to significantly degrade filter sensitivity enhancement effects due to reduced group delay and lower RF fields. Further work is needed to address the issue.
Variability in the sorghum anthracnose fungus Colletotrichum graminicola in Brazil and USA.

Phenotypic diversity, as detected for 10 RAPD (Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA) and virulence on 8 sorghum differential cultivars were compared for 29 monoconidial isolates from four different sorghum areas of Brazil (Minas Geraiz, Goias, Pernambuco, and Rio Grande do Sul) and 9 monoconidial isolates from the United States (Texas and Georgia). RAPD reactions were conducted using one cycle of 3 minutes at 94C, followed by 40 cycles of 1 minute at 94C, 1 minute at 36C, and 2 minutes at 72C. Virulence tests were carried out under greenhouse conditions, using the sorghum genotypes TX378, SC326-6, SC283, TX623, Brandes, TX398, TX2536, and SC748-5 as differentials.
Paraliparis hawaiiensis, a new species of snailfish (Scorpaeniformes: Liparidae) and the first described from the Hawaiian Archipelago

Paraliparis hawaiiensis n.sp. is described from the north-western Hawaiian Islands from two specimens collected at 2196 and 3055 m. It differs from other North Pacific Ocean species in its chin pore arrangement, tooth pattern and body proportions. Although liparid specimens have previously been collected from Hawaii, they were undescribed and are now lost. Therefore, this is the first liparid species described from the archipelago. In situ photographs of Hawaiian snailfishes are also shown and discussed here.
The Role of Footwear in the Prevention of Foot Lesions in Patients With NIDDM: Conventional wisdom or evidence-based practice?

OBJECTIVE To conduct a prospective evaluation of footwear characteristics as predictors of diabetic foot wounds. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS A total of 352 patients with NIDDM enrolled in a randomized controlled trial aimed at preventing diabetic foot lesions in an academic general medicine practice were studied. Foot wounds ( n = 63) were modeled univariately and multivariably using generalized estimating equations. The dependent variable was a wound classified as a 1.2 or greater according to the Seattle Wound Classification System, indicating at least a superficial or healing minor lesion with no functional interruption of the protective cutaneous barrier. Independent variables included detailed measures of style and material of patients9 indoor and outdoor shoes, appropriate length and width, sock fibers, whether the patient had bought new shoes in the past 6 months, and if the patient had been recommended for special shoes. Modeling controlled for intervention status and physiological measures (baseline wound, monofilament abnormalities, and serum HDL level). RESULTS Initial screening ( P CONCLUSIONS Many variables commonly cited as protective measures in footwear for diabetic patients were not prospectively predictive when controlling for physiological risk factors. Rigorous analyses are needed to examine the many assumptions regarding footwear recommendations for diabetic patients.
Power and Politics in Federal Regulatory Commissions

Patterns of power and political processes within public agencies are poorly understood. From a political-economy perspective and based upon interview data, seven federal regulatory commissions are examined to ascertain the structure and foundations ofpower in them and salient characteristics of its mobilization and utilization. The analysis shows that contrary to common perceptions, the structure ofpower in the commissions is marked by substantial stability and integration in the position of chairman.
The relationship between the method of successive residuals and the method of exhaustion

The relationship between Horst's method of successive residuals and Gengerelli's method of exhaustion is demonstrated by transforming both methods intoL notation. TheL notation form is much more efficient computationally.
Sb-based infrared materials and photodetectors for the near-room-temperature applications

We report on the growth of InSb, InAsSb, and InTlSb alloys for infrared photodetector applications. The fabrication and characterization of photodetectors based on these materials are also reported. Both photoconductive and photovoltaic devices are investigated. The materials and detector structures were grown on (100) and (111)B semi-insulating GaAs and GaAs coated Si substrates by low pressure metalorganic chemical vapor deposition and solid source molecular beam epitaxy. Photoconductive detectors fabricated from InAsSb and InTlSb have been operated in the temperature range from 77 K to 300 K. The material parameters for photovoltaic device structures have been optimized through theoretical calculations based on fundamental mechanisms. InSb p-i-n photodiodes with 77 K peak responsivities approximately 103 V/W were grown on Si and (111) GaAs substrates. An InAsSb photovoltaic detector with a composition of x equals 0.85 showed photoresponse up to 13 micrometers at 300 K with a peak responsivity of 9.13 X 10-2 V/W at 8 micrometers . The RoA product of InAsSb detectors has been theoretically and experimentally analyzed.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
233 - Comparison of the effects of minute levels of direct current and nerve growth factor on embryonic sensory ganglia in vitro

Abstract In this report, direct current and nerve growth factor (NGF) were used to stimulate neuritic outgrowth from eight day chick embryo sensory ganglia. The effects of both agents have been analyzed and compared to control cultures as well as to each other on a morphological and biochemical basis. The morphological study was done on the scanning electron microscope which affords a three-dimensional view of the complex arrangement of nerve fibers and glial cells as they relate to each other and to the underlying fibroblast mat upon which they grow. In order of complexity, control cultures show minimal outgrowth, cultures treated with direct current exhibit stimulated growth and NGF produces the maximal growth response in terms of length, density and branching of the neurites. NGF also produces a maximal effect on the glial cell component and on the expansion of growth cones found at the end of the elongating neurites. Direct current and NGF treatment cause a two fold increase over controls in uptake and incorporation of leucine-3H into trigeminal ganglia after 20 hours of incubation. Thus, the effects of direct current and NGF though similar are not equal. The mechanisms by which either exert their influence are proposed.