cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Regulated hepatic reperfusion mitigates ischemia-reperfusion injury and improves survival after prolonged liver warm ischemia: a pilot study on a novel concept of organ resuscitation in a large animal model.

Background Ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) can occur during hepatic surgery and transplantation. IRI causes hepatic mitochondrial and microcirculatory impairment, resulting in acute liver dysfunction and failure. We proposed a novel strategy of regulated hepatic reperfusion (RHR) to reverse the cellular metabolic deficit that incurred during organ ischemia by using a substrate-enriched, oxygen-saturated, and leukocyte-depleted perfusate delivered under regulated reperfusion pressure, temperature, and pH. We investigate the use of RHR in mitigating IRI after a prolonged period of warm ischemia. Methods Using a 2-hour liver warm ischemia swine model, 2 methods of liver reperfusion were compared. The control group (n = 6) received conventional reperfusion with unmodified portal venous blood under unregulated reperfusion pressure, temperature, and pH. The experimental group (n = 6) received RHR. We analyzed the effects of RHR on post-reperfusion hemodynamic changes, liver function, and 7-day animal survival. Results RHR resulted in 100% survival compared with 50% in the control group (p = 0.05). Post-reperfusion syndrome was not observed in the RHR group, but it occurred in 83% of the control group. RHR resulted in a lesser degree of change from baseline serum alanine aminotransferase levels, aspartate aminotransferase, and lactate dehydrogenase after reperfusion compared with the control group. Histopathologic evaluation showed minimal ischemic changes in the RHR group, whereas a considerable degree of coagulative hepatocellular necrosis was observed in the control group. Conclusions Regulated hepatic reperfusion mitigates IRI, facilitates liver function recovery, and improves survival after a prolonged period of hepatic warm ischemia. This novel strategy has potential applicability to clinical hepatic surgery and liver transplantation when marginal grafts are used.
Radiotoxicity of 17α-[125I]iodovinyl-11β-methoxyestradiol in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells

Therapeutic strategies for human breast cancer using 125I-labeled steroid hormones are clinically attractive in light of the estrogen dependence of many human breast cancers and the favorable microdosimetry resulting from 125I decay. We determined the uptake specific estrogen receptor binding and radiotoxicity of 17 alpha-[125I]iodovinyl-11 beta-methoxyestradiol (125IVME2) in vitro using cultured MCF-7 human breast carcinoma cells. 125IVME2 rapidly enters MCF-7 cells and reaches a plateau in the presence of competing 10(-7) M 17 beta-estradiol. In the absence of competitor, uptake is substantially greater before reaching a plateau. Efflux of 125IVME2 from cells incubated in the absence of estradiol decreases to levels corresponding to specific binding. Under equilibrium conditions and in the absence of competitor, 125IVME2 binds to both specific and nonspecific sites but, in the presence of excess 17 beta-estradiol, the observed binding is nonspecific. 125IVME2 is cytotoxic to exponentially growing MCF-7 cells and produces a survival curve typical of those observed for [125I]iododeoxyuridine and 16 alpha-[125I]iodoestradiol.
Evaluating Teaching: From Reliability to Accountability.

The evaluation of teaching has sparked much debate for many decades. This chapter explores the many uses of teaching evaluations and suggests directions for how to best use the information that is gained.
Small-area population forecasting in an urban setting: a spatial regression approach

This study revisits a spatial regression approach for small-area population forecasting that considers not only direct drivers of local area population growth but also neighbour growth and neighbour characteristics. Previous research suggested that the approach does not outperform extrapolation projections, the currently most-often-used small-area population forecasting technique. We argue the reason is that population growth is affected by its influential factors differently in urban, suburban, and rural areas. Therefore, we hypothesize that the spatial regression forecasting approach can perform better in one type of area at a time, where the influential factors’ effects on population growth can be estimated more accurately. This study is focused on census tracts of the city of Milwaukee, USA, to test the performance of the spatial regression approach in an urban setting. The analyses reveal mixed results and do not suggest that the spatial regression approach unambiguously outperforms extrapolation projections.
The Behaviour of Megarhyssa, a Genus of Parasitic Hymenopterans (Ichneumonidae: Ephialtinae)1

Zusammenfassung In freier Natur wurden bei Megarhyssa macrurus lunator, M. atrata lineata und M. greenei, die sich alle als Parasiten der in Holz bohrenden Larven von Tremex columba entwickeln, Verhaltensbeobachtungen gemacht, beschrieben und funktionell gedeutet. Alle drei Arten zeigten nahezu gleiche Verhaltensweisen, auser wenn Bauunterschiede, z. B. verschieden lange Legerohren mechanische Abweichungen bedingten. Dem Erkunden dienen vor allem Sinnesorgane an den Fuhlerspitzen. Wahrscheinlich erspuren diese sowohl die Wirtslarve als auch den Geschlechtspartner; beim Auffinden der Weibchen durften weitere Sinnesorgane am Hinterleibsende des Mannchens beteiligt sein. Zwei Reize scheinen das Finden und die Auswahl des Geschlechtspartners zu ermoglichen: Ein allgemeiner, der die Mannchen aller drei Arten zum Fundort fuhrt, dort festhalt und paarungsbereit macht, sowie ein artspezifischer, der nur die Mannchen der Art, zu der das aufgefundene Weibchen gehort, zur Paarung anregt. Er tritt erst in Kraft, nachdem das Weibchen ein Loch in die Ausenwand seiner Puppenwiege geschnitten hat.
Vertically Self-Organized InAs Quantum Box Islands on GaAs(100)

Coherent InAs islands separated by GaAs spacer layers are shown to exhibit self-organized growth along the vertical (i.e., growth) direction. The driving force for such vertically self-organized growth is shown to be the interacting strain fields induced by the islands which give rise to a preferred direction for In migration. A model analysis accounting for the mechanochemical surface diffusion gives an island average size and average separation dependent characteristic spacer layer thickness ${z}_{0}$ below which a vertically self-organized growth occurs.
iData: a community geospatial data sharing environment to support data-driven science

With the advent of XSEDE, the national cyberinfrastructure has evolved from a set of traditional HPC resources to a broader range of digital services. Science gateways, which serve as portals to scientific applications, have also evolved as researchers are dealing with rapidly expanding scientific datasets and the increasingly complex workflows. More and more gateways are being developed to support integrated services for running data-driven applications on HPC resources such as those on XSEDE. To facilitate this type of workflow, there is a pressing need for web-based data management systems that are easy to use, support data upload, sharing, access and management, and can be integrated with advanced computation and storage resources. More importantly such systems need to be accessible by users from the broad research and education communities. In this paper, we describe the design and implementation of iData, a web-based community data publishing and sharing system. iData supports both generic file-based data collections and several commonly used environmental data collection formats including time series, GIS vector and raster data. Integrated data processing, visualization and filtering capabilities are provided for these data formats. Currently iData can be downloaded and deployed in a HUBzero-based gateway, and we plan to make it available for non-HUBzero platforms in the future. We present two examples in which iData has been successfully used to support research collaboration in driNET and GEOSHARE projects.
An astronomer's dozen: spectroscopy of six double-lined binaries and constraints on detection limits

Out of a group of 11 previously known binaries with f(m) ≤ 0.1 M ⊙ observed at red wavelengths centred near 6430 A, seven have been found to be double-lined. Orbital elements and the mass ratio for six double-lined systems have been determined from the current and previously published radial-velocity observations. Spectrum addition was used to estimate the spectral types of the secondaries for the four solar-type systems but, because of the weakness of the secondary lines, only a limiting range of spectral types could be determined. HR 7038 appears to be metal rich relative to the spectral-type reference stars
MR imaging–guided breast ablative therapy

The integration of imaging and thermal therapy can provide a minimally invasive or even noninvasive alternative to breast surgery for small tumors. Ongoing trials seek to show safety and efficacy for laser, radiofrequency, microwave, cryoablation, and focused ultrasound surgery. To be successful, these therapies must achieve equivalent or even greater efficacy as surgical outcomes and must demonstrate total ablation of the dominant lesion with negative margins, while sparing normal tissue beyond the target tissue. Procedures have been validated by histopathology subsequent to resection.
Selected Topics on Hadronic B Decays from BaBar

Recent measurements of branching fractions and decay-rate asymmetries in charmless hadronic B decays at the BaBar experiment are presented. The selected topics include Dalitz plot analyses of B → K + π − π and signal searches in B → P P and PV, where isoscalar mesons are involved, and in B → b 1 P ; P and V denote a pseudoscalar and vector meson, respectively. Several measurements in charmless hadronic B decays have indicated possible deviations from the theoretical predictions within the Standard Model. The measurements presented would contribute to searching for and resolving such puzzles.
Commentary to “linear and nonlinear system approaches in pharmacokinetics. How much do they have to offer? I. General considerations”

The review by Veng-Pedersen will hopefully stimulate workers in the field to consider systems techniques more thoroughly. As these techniques are well developed in the engineering fields, students should be encouraged to take relevant courses. In this reviewer's opinion, understanding systems theory will allow pharmacokineticists to “cut through the fat” in the derivation of relationships between kinetic phenomena. However, it should be recognized that the system approaches described in Veng-Pedersen's review probably do not by themselves solve the major problems of response approximation and prediction.
Folate-receptor-mediated delivery of InP quantum dots for bioimaging using confocal and two-photon microscopy.

A novel method for the synthesis of highly monodispersed hydrophillic InP−ZnS nanocrystals and their use as luminescence probes for live cell imaging is reported. Hydrophobic InP−ZnS nanocrystals are prepared by a new method that yields high-quality, luminescent core−shell nanocrystals within 6−8 h of total reaction time. Then by carefully manipulating the surface of these passivated nanocrystals, aqueous dispersions of folate-conjugated nanocrystals (folate-QDs) with high photostability are prepared. By use of confocal microscopy, we demonstrate the receptor-mediated delivery of folic acid conjugated quantum dots into folate-receptor-positive cell lines such as KB cells. These folate-QDs tend to accumulate in multivescicular bodies of KB cells after 6 h of incubation. Receptor-mediated delivery was confirmed by comparison with the uptake of these particles in folate-receptor-negative cell lines such as A549. Efficient two-photon excitation of these particles and two-photon imaging using these particles a...
Highly selective KOH-based etchant for boron-doped silicon structures

Abstract Mixtures of Ethylenediamine, Pyrocatechol and Water (EPW) are highly selective but extremely toxic silicon etchants that are widely used in fabricating boron-doped P ++ silicon structures. A safer etchant based on KOH-H 2 O-Isopropyl alcohol (IPA) solution has been investigated and shown to display a selectivity comparable to EPW. The following dual etchant system has been used successfully for the selective etching of P ++ silicon membranes: (1) 20% aqueous KOH at 80°C for unlimited bulk etching of (100)-Si wafers, and (2) 20% aqueous KOH saturated with IPA at 80°C for maximum P/P ++ selectivity and limited etching of (100)-Si.
DSM‐IV: WhatY's New

The significant differences between the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-III-R; American Psychiatric Association, 1987) and the DSM-IV (American Psychiatric Association, 1994) are described, focusing on the types of mental disorders counselors frequently diagnose and treat. These include several disorders included in the children's section as well as Adjustment Disorders, Substance-Related Disorders, Mood Disorders, Anxiety Disorders, and Personality Disorders.
Issues in information systems planning

Abstract Numerous difficulties face information systems managers as they develop IS plans. Three nominal group technique sessions used IS practitioners from different levels of management to identify specific difficulties. The findings indicate a wide variety of problems faced by these managers. Top IS managers were concerned most with learning the objectives of top general management. Middle IS managers were concerned most with adopting a methodology for planning. Operating IS managers were concerned most with understanding the perceived needs of the user. These results suggest the need for more sophisticated management techniques (or the better use of existing techniques) and the need for research to address the development, utilization and evaluation of such techniques.
Disposition of Zomepirac Sodium in Man

Five healthy male human subjects were administered 200 mg oral solution doses of zomepirac-14C sodium. Plasma and urine samples were analyzed for zomepirac, hydroxyzomepirac, and zomepirac glucuronide. Zomepirac was the major circulating compound, with zomepirac glucuronide and hydroxyzomepirac accounting for the remainder of the radioactivity. Elimination half-lives for zomepirac, zomepirac glucuronide, and hydroxyzomepirac were 7.6, 8.2, and 7.8 hours, respectively. The dose was completely recovered in the urine (95 per cent in 72 hours). Zomepirac glucuronide constituted up to 90 per cent of the urinary radioactivity, with zomepirac and hydroxyzomepirac about 5 per cent each. The urinary zomepirac was probably present as a result of hydrolysis of zomepirac glucuronide. The plasma clearance of zomepirac was 189 +/- 23 ml/min. The metabolites were cleared by the kidney at rates of 343 +/- 88 ml/min (zomepirac glucuronide) and 339 +/- 88 ml/min (hydroxyzomepirac). Thus, metabolic clearance appears to be the sole mode of zomepirac elimination. The metabolites are then rapidly cleared by the kidneys.
Multiphoton-assisted tunneling, dynamic localization and absolute negative conductance

We report the observation of Absolute Negative Conductance (ANC), multiphoton stimulated emission and dynamical localization in sequential resonant tunneling semiconductor superlattices driven by intense terahertz electric fields. With increasing terahertz field strength the conductance near zero dc bias decreases towards zero and then becomes negative. This is accompanied by new steps and plateaus that are attributed to multiphoton-assisted resonant tunneling between ground states of neighboring quantum wells accompanied by the stimulated emission of a photon.
Image geometric corrections for a new EMCCD-based dual modular x-ray imager

An EMCCD-based dual modular x-ray imager was recently designed and developed from the component level, providing a high dynamic range of 53 dB and an effective pixel size of 26 μm for angiography and fluoroscopy. The unique 2×1 array design efficiently increased the clinical field of view, and also can be readily expanded to an MxN array implementation. Due to the alignment mismatches between the EMCCD sensors and the fiber optic tapers in each module, the output images or video sequences result in a misaligned 2048×1024 digital display if uncorrected. In this paper, we present a method for correcting display registration using a custom-designed two layer printed circuit board. This board was designed with grid lines to serve as the calibration pattern, and provides an accurate reference and sufficient contrast to enable proper display registration. Results show an accurate and fine stitching of the two outputs from the two modules.
DIFFERENTIATION OF CLOSELY RELATED CELLS BY A VARIANT OF POLIOVIRUS, TYPE 2, MEF1 STRAIN

By application of a variant of poliovirus, Type 2, MEF1 strain, as a selective agent it was possible to distinguish among stable parent strains of epithelial cells and their clonal derivatives by their differential morphologic response to infection. The variant of poliovirus grew in a number of cell strains without induction of observable cytopathogenic changes. Other strains of cells reacted to viral infection by manifesting partial or complete degeneration. Parent HeLa cells and virus underwent simultaneous serial propagation in the absence of homotypic antiserum to virus. The stability of the virus-cell relationship was established by results from replicate experiments conducted over a period of years. Some cell strains of common origin maintained in different laboratories did not react similarly to the cytopathogenic effect of virus. Representative experiments revealed that the morphologic response of HeLa cells to MEF virus infection was not influenced by the presence or absence of pleuropneumonia-like organisms. The differential morphologic response of cells to infection was confirmed by efficiency-of-plating experiments which revealed differences in the capacity of MEF virus to form plaques in the test cell strains. Serial passages of MEF virus in cell strains demonstrated differences in their selection for cytopathogenic "mutants" of virus.
THE EFFECTS OF CARBON MONOXIDE ON NEURONS OF THE CEREBELLUM

The effects of carbon monoxide on neurons of the cerebellum Acute CO exposure in rats produces multifocal edema and neuroglial swelling in cerebellar cortex and nuclei. Chronic multiple daily exposures to CO produce degenerative changes in neurons–shrinkage of cell somata and dendrites, enlargement of nuclei and nucleoli, vacuolation in neuronal cytoplasm, pyknosis and ultimate engulfment by microglia. Focal areas of Purkinje cell loss are typical; individual basket cells and their axons, stellate cells and the deep nuclear neurons are severely affected. Counts of Purkinje cells and their dendritic thorns show reductions of 30% and 31% respectively in affected regions. In foci of severe Purkinje cell loss, dendritic thorns of the neighboring cells which remain assume a greater number of synapses with unusual presynaptic partners, e. g. both parallel fibers and climbing fibers in a single thorn. An increase of 4.2% more synapses per thorn was measured when compared to the normal. Thus, the stress of chronic CO exposure stimulates synaptic plasticity or a compensatory remodelling of neuronal elements in the central nervous system. A scheme is proposed to summarize these changing relationships caused by the loss of some dendritic thorns and the migration of the presynaptic partners to other surviving thorns.
Graphical approach to Shack-Hartmann lenslet array design

The performance of a Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor is largely determined by the design of the lenslet array. In its simplest form, there are two available design parameters: the number of lenslets across the diameter of the wavefront, and the focal length. Spatial resolution, sensitivity, accuracy, and dynamic range are all affected by one or both of these parameters. For example, by virtue of increased spot motion under a fixed wavefront slope, longer focal lengths provide greater slope sensitivity. Simultaneously, longer focal lengths reduce the dynamic range, since spots may overlap for smaller wavefront curvatures. This paper presents a graphical approach to lenslet array design where various considerations constrain the possible solutions of the design problem.
Reaction of soybean callus to culture filtrates of Phialophora gregata

Abstract Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] calli derived from susceptible and resistant soybean genotypes were exposed to the culture filtrates of pathogenic and non-pathogenic isolates of Phialophora gregata (Allington and Chamberlain) W. Gams. The rate of browning, growth and viability (measured by 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride reduction) of the callus were determined after various exposure times to the fungus culture filtrates. Callus from susceptible Century, Cumberland, Corsoy 79, Harosoy and Clark 63 were sensitive to the culture filtrates of pathogenic isolates of P. gregata. Callus from Plant Introductions 437833 and 84946-2, when treated with fungal culture filtrates, did not develop browning and callus growth and cell viability were not decreased compared to untreated controls. Culture filtrates from non-pathogenic isolates of the fungus did not affect the growth of susceptible and resistant callus. Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) callus was not sensitive to the culture filtrate of a P. gregata isolate pathogenic to soybean. The fungal culture filtrate, based on limited evaluation, appears to be selective towards soybean callus. Based on this initial work, it appears that soybean callus bioassays have utility for evaluating soybean for resistance to P. gregata as well as assessing pathogenicity of fungus isolates.
The utility of histopathology in identifying structural differences among layers of the lamina propria.

Abstract Objective The purpose of this study is to assess the modality of laryngeal histopathology in identifying 1, 2, or 3 layers in the lamina propria. Methods Blinded analysis was performed, with a set of histophathologic slides where the magnification and localized regions shown were all standardized. Two senior pathologists with experience reviewing laryngologic histophathology were asked to assess whether the vocal fold lamina propria they evaluated contained 1, 2, or 3 layers. Their ability to accurately assess this was calculated. Results The first pathologist correctly identified 13 of 25 (52%) specimens. The second identified 19 of 25 (76%) specimens after receiving gold referents before the test. No significant difference was seen between the pathologists’ interpretations (McNemar test; p = 0.0833). Conclusion Our results show the difficulty of using histopathology to distinguish layers in the lamina propria even when the reviewers are senior pathologists. These findings imply that more objective modalities for such analyses may be beneficial.
Immunotherapy of bladder cancer targeting P53.

Purpose: Superficial bladder cancer is often responsive to immunotherapy with bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG). However, some tumors progress despite BCG treatment, and most of these have mutations in the p53 tumor suppressor gene resulting in its over-expression. Over-expressed p53 is therefore a potential target for immunotherapy. The objective of this study was to demonstrate whether human bladder cancer xenografts in SCID mice could be eliminated by cytotoxic T cells (CTL) which recognize over-expressed p53. Materials and Methods: Murine CTL which are specific for human p53 were previously generated in our laboratory by peptide immunization of HLA A2.1 transgenic mice. These CTL recognize and lyse human tumor cell lines which over-express p53 in the context of HLA A2.1. The p53 over-expressing HLA A2.1+ human bladder cancer cell line J82 was used to establish subcutaneous or intravesicular tumors in SCID mice. The mice were then administered tail vein injections of 5 × 10 7 p53-specific CTL, control CTL, or phosphate buffered saline (PBS). Results: The subcutaneous tumor mean volume at 5 weeks for the p53-specific CTL treatment group was significantly lower than for both the control CTL or the PBS group (32 mm. 3 versus 185 mm. 3 , p=0.04 and 32 mm. 3 versus 418 mm. 3 , p=0.0001). In the mice with intravesicular tumors, a reduction to nonpalpable tumor size in vivo was seen with specific CTL therapy (14% palpable) versus control CTL treatment (86% palpable), the final tumor volume at necropsy was 127 mm. 3 versus 246 mm. 3 (N.S.). Conclusion: The overall response of the human bladder tumors in the SCID mouse model suggests the possibility of targeting p53 in patients with bladder cancer.
Parametric face coding for invariant model representation

Abstract This paper addresses the development of a transformation-invariant coding system for CAD models and form features by multi-scale wavelet representations in order to automate algorithmic search and retrieval shape patterns in CAD models. The coding system is implemented in terms of the topology entity—face. A face consists of the internal surface patches and the external contours. Both the surface patch and contour information are included in the code. Discrete wavelet transforms are unstable under the translation, rotation, and dilation of an input signal. In order to overcome this limitation, one of the most intrinsic shape characteristics—curvature, which is invariant to transformation and parameterization, is used to represent the surface patches. The face contour is approximated by the radial distance function and represented by the wavelet zero-crossings. These two transformation-invariant shape descriptors are then decomposed into fine-to-coarse approximations and details by discrete wavelet transforms. A few of these wavelet detail coefficients are then selected and normalized as codes.
Experts' and novices' abilities to detect children's high-stakes lies of omission.

We investigated adults’ abilities to detect lies told by 3- to 6-year-old children. Expert forensic interviewers and novices watched videotapes of children who either lied or told the truth about their parent’s transgression, rendered a dichotomous judgment of whether the child lied, rated their confidence in that judgment, and rated the children on various characteristics. Adults detected lies with greater than chance— but not impressive—accuracy, regardless of expertise level. Older children’s lies were more detectable by experts than were younger children’s. Adults were more confident in their judgments about older than younger children. Confidence in lie/truth judgments was not significantly correlated with actual lie detection accuracy.
Locally henselian going-down domains

For an integral domain R, several necessary and sufficient conditions are given for R to be unibranched inside its absolute integral closure; one such condition is that Rpbe Henselian for each prime ideal P of R. Additional conditions are given in case R is a going-down domain. Unlike the situation in the Noetherian context, such going‐down domains R need not be quasilocal or of Krull dimension at most 1. A number of examples are given for the locally pseudo‐valuation domain case
Discontinuity of the isothermal elastic compliance across the superconducting transition in Y1Ba2Cu3O7−δ

Abstract The discontinuity of the isothermal elastic compliances across the superconducting transition are calculated for a single crystal. The discontinuity is based on measurements of jumps in the thermal expansion coefficient matrix, the adiabatic elastic compliances and the specific heat for the second order superconducting phase transformation. It is shown that the jump in the adiabatic compliance is significantly smaller than the jump in the isothermal compliance. Wide differences exist between the reported values of the thermal expansion coefficients and the measured jumps in the leastic compliances. These physical differences might result from the spinoidal decomposition of Y 1 Ba 2 Cu 3 O 7−δ into a series of homologous ordered phases at low temperatures, with each phase having significantly different physical properties with relatively no change in the microscopic transition temperature.
A methodology for analyzing finite buffer tandem manufacturing systems with N -policy

Abstract We develop a methodology for the analysis of a finite buffer tandem manufacturing system where the machines follow N-policy. We model the system using open queuing networks. The throughput of the system is calculated using decomposition, isolation and expansion methodologies. The methodology is tested rigorously by using orthogonal arrays to design the experiments. A t-test is used to investigate the differences between the results of the methodology and their corresponding simulation results. The comparison shows that the methodology is robust and remarkably accurate over a wide range of parameters.
Reducing Postponements of Elective Pediatric Cardiac Procedures: Analysis and Implementation of a Discrete Event Simulation Model

Background This study describes the use of discrete event simulation (DES) to model and analyze a large academic pediatric and test cardiac center. The objective was to identify a strategy, and to predict and test the effectiveness of that strategy, to minimize the number of elective cardiac procedures that are postponed because of a lack of available cardiac intensive care unit (CICU) capacity. Methods A DES of the cardiac center at The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia was developed and was validated by use of 1 year of deidentified administrative patient data. The model was then used to analyze strategies for reducing postponements of cases requiring CICU care through improved scheduling of multipurpose space. Each of five alternative scenarios was simulated for ten independent 1-year runs. Results Reductions in simulated elective procedure postponements were found when a multipurpose procedure room (the hybrid room) was used for operations on Wednesday and Thursday, compared with Friday (as was the real-world use). The reduction Wednesday was statistically significant, with postponements dropping from 27.8 to 23.3 annually (95% confidence interval 18.8–27.8). Thus, we anticipate a relative reduction in postponements of 16.2%. Since the implementation, there have been two postponements from July 1 to November 21, 2014, compared with ten for the same time period in 2013. Conclusions Simulation allows us to test planned changes in complex environments, including pediatric cardiac care. Reduction in postponements of cardiac procedures requiring CICU care is predicted through reshuffling schedules of existing multipurpose capacity, and these reductions appear to be achievable in the real world after implementation.
A proposed high-speed computer design

The designs of several high performance general purpose computers built during the last two decades are examined. The performance limitations they encountered and their approaches to overcoming these problems are discussed. An alternate design approach is described which avoids these problems. This is to have the computer support the simultaneous execution of several independent programs by multiprogramming its various components at the sub-instruction level. Estimates of its performance are made, and the implications for the Operating System are examined.The principles discussed are generally applicable, but to make the proposals more concrete the hardware implications are worked out in some detail for the IBM System/370, architecture.
THE ENERGY CRISIS, CHARACTERISTICS OF TRAFFIC FLOWS, AND HIGHWAY SAFETY

Abstract The impact of changes in traffic flow upon accident frequency and severity as represented by mean speed and standard deviation of speeds was investigated in terms of effects observed during the energy crisis of 1973–1974. Based upon empirically reported results which related accident rate to deviation from mean speed and accident severity to speed at the time of accident, accident rates were predicted as function of highway types and flow characteristics. These relationships were used to investigate the effect of observed changes in traffic flows upon accident rates for the state of Wisconsin. Apparently as much of the improvement in accident conditions observed stemmed from changes in the standard deviation of the vehicle speeds as from the reduction in mean speed.
Effects of a hair cell transcription factor, Brn-3.1, gene deletion on homozygous and heterozygous mouse cochleas in adulthood and aging

The transcription factor Brn-3.1, is expressed in the inner ear hair cells throughout life and is necessary for the development of these cells. Mutant mice in which the Brn-3.1 encoding region has been deleted have no identifiable hair cells, greatly reduced numbers of spiral ganglion cells and are deaf. A mutation in the human homologue of this gene has been shown to be related to adult onset, sensorineural hearing loss (Vahava et al., 1998). The question whether haploinsufficiency in the mutant Brn-3.1 mouse with a mixed C57BL6/129Sv genetic background could affect the adult or aged cochlea was tested, therefore, by measuring the auditory brainstem responses and examining the cochlea's histologically at 2, 18 and 24 months of age. The heterozygotes had a comparable hearing to the wild-type animals and similar patterns of cochlear degeneration. Both groups showed an about 30 dB hearing loss beginning at 18 months of age, outer hair cell degeneration and loss of spiral ganglion neurons in the basal turn. There appeared to be no effect of Brn-3.1 haploinsufficiency on the mouse cochlea, implying that one intact copy of the gene is sufficient to maintain a normal cochlea.
Characteristics of second pain and flexion reflexes indicative of prolonged central summation.

Abstract Characteristics of first and second pain (human subjects) and flexion reflexes (spinal cats) were studied to assess their consistency with dorsal horn cell responses to cutaneous A and C fiber stimulation. For both experiments, two percutaneous electrical shock intensities were used to activate only A fibers and both A and C fibers. Selective block of ulnar nerve impulses necessary for first (pricking) pain was achieved by pressure to the ventral forearm. During blockade, sensation thresholds to shock and graded von Fry hairs increased progressively. After about 40 min, touch, first pain, and pinprick were no longer perceived, but long-latency (> 1 sec) burning sensations due to intense shocks and strong pinch persisted. Differences in reaction time to first and second pain indicated that second pain was related to impulses conducting between 0.8 and 1.6 m/sec (mean = 1.3 m/sec). Sensations of second pain increased with each successive shock if stimulus frequencies were greater than 0.3/sec. These progressive increases occurred both before and after blockade of first pain but not with shock intensities sufficient only to produce first pain. Second pain could be selectively suppressed by mildly painful clamping of adjacent or contralateral digits. A similar analysis applied to flexion reflexes showed that late (or second) flexion reflexes increased progressively when C fibers were activated and when shock frequency exceeded 0.3/sec. The stimulus intensities and frequencies of shocks producing progressively more intense second pain and late flexion reflexes are consistent with previously observed increases in dorsal horn responses to iterative C fiber stimulation.
Rehearsal, generative processes, and the activation of underlying stimulus representations

Previous research found that subjects engaged in mental rehearsal could reduce stimulus encoding time in classification and identification tasks by generating an appropriate represen­ tation of the probe stimulus prior to its presentation. The present experiment examined the types of representational codes activated by generative processes in character classification. Numerical stimuli were employed which could differ visually, yet have the same name and meaning (e.g., TWO, 2, II, & . '). The results indicate that generative processes may activate visual and nonvisual memory codes prior to the encoding of an external stimulus. Effects of generative processes were discussed in terms of an activation model which defines the function of rehearsal in perceptual processing. Attention, through rehearsal, activates stimulus representations which are described by distributions of activation which change continuously over time. The momentary state of each distribution determines the rate of stimulus encoding.
Cardiac gene expression of atrial natriuretic peptide and brain natriuretic peptide in trisomic fetuses

Objective To investigate whether the increased nuchal translucency of trisomic fetuses is the consequence of heart failure by examining cardiac expression of atrial natriuretic peptide and brain natriuretic peptide genes. Methods Cardiac atrial natriuretic peptide and brain natriuretic peptide messenger RNA (mRNA) levels were measured in fetal hearts from 15 pregnancies affected by trisomy 21 or 18 at 12–16 weeks' gestation and from 30 normal controls at 10–20 weeks. Results In normal fetuses, mRNA levels of atrial natriuretic peptide decreased, but levels of brain natriuretic peptide did not change significantly with gestation. In trisomic fetuses, mRNA levels of both atrial natriuretic peptide and brain natriuretic peptide were significantly higher than in gestational age-matched normal controls. Conclusion These data demonstrate that atrial natriuretic peptide and brain natriuretic peptide genes are transcribed prenatally, and the findings in trisomic fetuses suggest that the increased translucency of trisomie fetuses may be the consequence of heart failure.
The role of equatorial waves in the onset of the South China Sea summer monsoon and the demise of El Niño during 1998

Abstract The observed sequence of events leading to the onset of the summer monsoon in the South China Sea (SCS) is described, with a particular focus on conditions during the South China Sea monsoon experiment (SCSMEX) in May–June 1998. During SCSMEX, SCS monsoon onset occurred within the context of a multitude of scale interactions within the ocean-atmosphere system on intraseasonal time scales. Results from the 1998 SCSMEX case study illustrate that SCS monsoon onset is preceded by the development of an eastward-propagating Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO) in the Indian Ocean, as suggested by previous authors, and the subsequent emanation of a convectively coupled Kelvin wave into the Pacific. Remarkably similar results are obtained in an independent composite of 25 years of data. Since both the MJO and Kelvin waves generate westerly surface winds in their wake, it is suggested that these waves may accelerate or trigger the monsoon onset process in the southern SCS. A detailed analysis of the Kelvin wave that propagated through the SCS during SCSMEX shows that it was responsible for a large portion of the surface wind shift leading to monsoon onset in 1998. Finally, easterly wind anomalies in the eastern Pacific associated with the Indian Ocean MJO event during the SCSMEX period are shown to result in the sudden demise of the 1997–1998 El Nino event.
Health and safety implications of occupational exposure to engineered nanomaterials

The rapid growth and commercialization of nanotechnology are currently outpacing health and safety recommendations for engineered nanomaterials. As the production and use of nanomaterials increase, so does the possibility that there will be exposure of workers and the public to these materials. This review provides a summary of current research and regulatory efforts related to occupational exposure and medical surveillance for the nanotechnology workforce, focusing on the most prevalent industrial nanomaterials currently moving through the research, development, and manufacturing pipelines. Their applications and usage precedes a discussion of occupational health and safety efforts, including exposure assessment, occupational health surveillance, and regulatory considerations for these nanomaterials.
An ethically justified algorithm for offering, recommending, and performing cesarean delivery and its application in managed care practice

When cesarean delivery is substantively supported and vaginal delivery is not supported in beneficence-based clinical judgment, the physician should offer and recommend only cesarean delivery. When both cesarean and vaginal delivery are substantively supported in beneficence-based clinical judgment, the physician should offer both, discuss any controversy, and make a recommendation. When cesarean delivery is substantively supported and vaginal delivery is more substantively supported in beneficence-based clinical judgment, the physician should offer both and recommend vaginal delivery. If cesarean delivery is not supported and vaginal delivery is substantively supported in beneficence-based clinical judgment, the physician should offer only vaginal delivery. When cesarean delivery is requested and well supported solely in autonomy-based clinical judgment, the physician should repeat the recommendation for vaginal delivery and either perform cesarean delivery or make a referral. Physicians may use this algorithm in negotiating managed care contracts.
Deterministic Modeling of Fluid Flow through a CT-scanned Fracture Using Computational Fluid Dynamics

Abstract Modeling flow through fractures is a major challenge in the design of recovery mechanisms from naturally fractured reservoirs, since proper structural characterization of fracture networks and fracture transport properties are rarely available. We investigate single-phase flow dynamics in a rough fracture model constructed from high-resolution X-ray computed tomography images, using computational fluid dynamics. Flow simulations gave a detailed description of pressure and velocity fields and showed that this approach can be used for the deterministic analysis of single-phase flow through fractures. Our results demonstrate the formation of preferential flow channels and their correlation with local structural characteristic of the fracture.
Pushing the frontiers of multicultural training in community psychology

Suarez-Balcazar, Durlak, and Smith (1994) have provided the field with important baseline information regarding multicultural training practices in community psychology. This report can serve as a catalyst in our quest to place an understanding of human diversity, in particular, ethnic-cultural diversity, at the heart of community psychology. To do so, we need to move beyond the teaching of culturally sensitive research and practice to a reconceptualization of the knowledge base and methods of community psychology, to an examination of the conflicts engendered by the inclusion of multiple voices, and to the implementation of institutional arrangements that can support such a challenging task in constructive ways.
Improvement in Reading Rate under Independent and Difficult Text Levels: Influences on Word and Comprehension Skills.

Improving reading rate can be difficult for poor readers. In this experiment, we investigated the impact of improvement in reading rate on other aspects of reading, including word recognition, decoding, vocabulary, and comprehension. Poor readers in Grades 2 or 4 (N = 123) were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 conditions: practice reading text at their independent reading level (92%-100% word reading accuracy), practice reading text at a difficult reading level (80%-90% accuracy), or an untreated control. Students in practice conditions read aloud to an adult listener who assisted with difficult words. Before, midway, and following 20 weeks of treatment, we assessed improvement in reading rate, word recognition, decoding, vocabulary, and comprehension across conditions and determined the impact of improved rate on comprehension. We found significant differences favoring the treatment groups in rate, word recognition, and comprehension, but not in decoding or vocabulary. We found no significant differences in growth between levels of text difficulty.
“To Build a Mirror Factory”: The Mirror and Self-Examination in Ray Bradbury's Fahrenheit 451

Abstract In Fahrenheir 451 Ray Bradbury creates an unthinking society so compulsively hedonistic that it must be atom-bombed flat before it ever can be rebuilt. Bradbury's clearest suggestion to the survivors of America's third atomic war “started … since 1990” (73) is “to build a mirror factory first and put out nothing but mirrors … and take a long look in them” (164).
Ambient air quality and drug aftermaths of the Notte Bianca (White Night) holidays in Rome

The environmental impact of Notte Bianca (White Night) holidays held during September 2007 in Rome, Italy, was investigated by measuring aerial concentrations of several genotoxic, psychotropic or source-dependent organic pollutants. Chemical characterization of airborne particulates collected concurrently at Montelibretti RM (semi-rural locality lying ∼30 km NE of Rome centre) was used as a reference. n-Alkanes, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and nitrogen/oxygen-containing polyaromatic compounds (PAC) did not seem to undergo important enhancements during the holiday celebration, whilst recreational drugs peaked downtown (87 vs 41 pg m−3, on the average, of cocaine, and 5.0 vs. 2.6 ng m−3 of nicotine). By contrast, a simultaneous raising of aerial drugs was not detected at Montelibretti.
Morphological innervation pattern of the developing rabbit heart.

The morphological innervation pattern of developing fetal and neonatal rabbit hearts was delineated histochemically by a cholinesterase/silver procedure and immunohistochemically with the monoclonal antibody HNK1, an antibody which recognizes some cells derived from neuroectoderm. Cholinesterase-containing nerves appeared distally on the outflow tract by gestational day 15 (G15). Isolated cells with cholinesterase-stained fine processes were present near the base of the pulmonary trunk. HNK1 antibody stained the same nerves and ganglia revealed by the cholinesterase reaction and other nerves in the rabbit heart. It was used to confirm that cells with fine neuron-like processes were present before nerve ingrowth. The G14 heart contained many HNK1 staining cells in the right atrium, outflow, and inflow tracts; cells with fine processes were few but increased at G16. By G17, a plexus of interweaving nerves and associated cells began to form at the base of the pulmonary trunk. Fine nerves encircled the base of the aorta, and others crossed the intercaval region dorsally. At G19, nerves (1) extended downward from a rich “bulbar” plexus along the front ventricular surface, (2) grew near the epicardial surface at the base of the heart along the atrial floor and ventricular roof, (3) traversed the vena cavae and intercaval region to enter the atrial roof, and (4) crossed the coronary sinus to reach the back ventricular walls. By G23, cholinesterase-staining nerves and ganglia in the atria and, epicardially, in the ventricles formed the general innervation pattern of the newborn and adult rabbit heart.