cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Listening backward: early days of marine bioacoustics.

In 1953, the eminent undersea explorer Jacques Cousteau published The Silent World. This small volume was to become the generator of a huge upwelling of research on life in the ocean. The title, however, was a misnomer. The book came out years after the end of World War II (WWII) and the concomitant release of data and equipment from the Navy on the plethora of sounds produced by marine organisms. Probably the reason Cousteau could not hear the sounds was because the human ear is just not built for underwater hearing. Besides, the small amount of animal sound that got to his ears was masked by the bubbling of his breathing apparatus. In fact, information on sounds of fishes and cetaceans was available long before World War I. Moby Dick-era whalers listened for the songs of humpback whales through the hulls of their wooden ships. Historical details can be found elsewhere (Tavolga 1971a).
Instructional television and student attitudes toward teacher, course, and medium

Semantic Differential data were obtained from 234 ninth graders who had just completed an algebra course which included a televised lecture presenting a new approach to the subject matter, and from 269 pupils who had had algebra taught in the usual way.
Parents’ Sex Role Attitudes and Children’s Concepts of Femininity and Masculinity

The title of the workshop to which this paper is presented asks whether parents’, teachers’, and children’s attitudes toward sex roles are changing. Most likely, the organizers of this symposium were moved to ask this question because of the secular changes taking place in the countries represented at this conference. The fact that this issue of changing sex role attitudes is being raised implies that such changes may have important psychological implications. From a developmental-clinical perspective, the most obvious implication of such a question is that changes in parents’, teachers’, and children’s sex role attitudes may result in altered socialization patterns. In this paper, we will briefly review the available evidence regarding changes in sex role standards and attitudes, then discuss the development of children’s concepts of masculinity and femininity, and how this might be influenced by parents’ sex role attitudes and children’s friendship choices. Finally, the implications of changes in parents’ and peers’ sex role attitudes on the developing child’s concepts of masculinity and femininity will be explored. Our general aims are: (1) to delineate some conceptual and methodological issues in the study of how sex role concepts evolve, and (2) to suggest some directions for future research. It seems appropriate, prior to reviewing the psychological research literature on changes in sex role attitudes, to define one’s terms. In this paper, a distinction is made between the terms “sex role standards” and “sex role attitudes.”
Integrated offshore power operation resilience assessment using Object Oriented Bayesian network

Abstract Harsh weather and deep waters create challenging environments for offshore drilling and production facilities, resulting in increased chances of failure. These necessitate improving the resilience of engineering systems. Having a robust power system is an essential element of an offshore facility. A power management system interacts with other engineering systems to maximize performance and limit potential failures. Ensuring a safe and continuous operation requires technological advancement, increased reliability of integrated operations, and improvement of power system resiliency. This paper identifies the main requirements for an improved resilience of an offshore power management scheme. Different potential failure scenarios are identified and analyzed to quantify the resilience of the system. The object-oriented Bayesian network format is adopted to model resilience as a function of anticipated reactions, system adaptability, absorptive capability and restoration. Sensitivity analysis is conducted to study the impact and interdependencies among different variables and strategies used to quantify resilience of an offshore power system, and also to improve the system performance during certain failures by adapting control measures.
A Study of Pattern Density and Process Variations Impact on the Reliability Performance of Multi-Level Capacitance Structure in Low-k Copper Interconnects

Ahstract- Multi-level Metal-Oxide-Metal Capacitors (MOM) is widely utilized in CMOS process. It is an inter-digitated three dimensional multi-level finger capacitor structure formed in dual damascene copper metal layers in the Back-end-of-Line (BEOL) process. Key factors impacting the Time-dependent dielectric breakdown (TDDB) performance of MOM are identified, and results are discussed in this paper. Voltage Ramp (VRamp) analysis is used as the response of the performance of TDDB as it is well known that they are correlated to electric field acceleration parameter of the SQRT E model.
The Joys and Frustrations of Breastfeeding and Rooming-In Among Mothers With Opioid Use Disorder: A Qualitative Study

OBJECTIVES: To investigate perspectives of mothers with opioid use disorder regarding breastfeeding and rooming-in during the birth hospitalization and identify facilitators and barriers. METHODS: We conducted in-depth qualitative interviews with 25 mothers with opioid use disorder 1–12 weeks after delivery. Grounded theory analysis was used until thematic saturation was reached. Findings were triangulated, with experts in the field and a subset of informants themselves, to ensure data reliability. RESULTS: Among 25 infant-mother dyads, 36% of infants required pharmacologic treatment, 72% of mothers initiated breastfeeding, and 40% continued until discharge. We identified the following themes: (1) information drives maternal feeding choice; (2) the hospital environment is both a source of support and tension for mothers exerting autonomy in the care of their infants; (3) opioid withdrawal symptoms negatively impact breastfeeding; (4) internal and external stigma negatively impact mothers’ self-efficacy; (5) mothers’ histories of abuse and trauma affect their feeding choice and bonding; (6) mothers’ recovery makes caring for their infants emotionally and logistically challenging; and (7) having an infant is a source of resilience and provides a sense of purpose for mothers on their path of recovery. CONCLUSIONS: Future interventions aimed at increasing breastfeeding and rooming-in during the birth hospitalization should focus on education regarding the benefits of breastfeeding and rooming-in, supporting mothers’ autonomy in caring for their infants, minimizing stigma, and maximizing resilience.
Focus on Corrections

This issue of Women & Criminal Justice originated with an idea from one of our board members, Dr. Frankie Bailey at the University of Albany. In April, 2018, the university held a symposium entitle...
Direct Interstitial Treatment of Solid Tumors Using an Injectable Yttrium-90-Polymer Composite.

Purpose: Yttrium-90 (90Y)-polymer composite (radiogel) may be administered directly into cancerous tissues to deliver highly localized beta radiation for therapy. In a dose-escalation study, the au...
Clinical characteristics and factors associated with admission to intensive care units inhospitalized COVID-19 patients in Lyon University Hospitals, France

Abstract Introduction A new respiratory virus, SARS-CoV-2, has emerged and spread worldwide since late 2019. This study aims at analyzing clinical presentation on admission and the determinants associated with direct admission or transfer to intensive care units (ICUs) in hospitalized COVID-19 patients. Patients and Methods In this prospective hospital-based study, socio-demographic, clinical and biological characteristics, on admission, of adult COVID-19 hospitalized patients were prospectively collected and analyzed. The outcome was admission/transfer to intensive care units compared with total hospital stay in medical wards according to patient characteristics. Results Of the 412 patients included, 325 were discharged and 87 died in hospital. Multivariable regression showed increasing odds of admission/transfer to ICUs with male gender (OR, 1.99 [95%CI, 1.07-3.73]), temperature (OR, 1.37 [95% CI, 1.01-1.88] per degree Celsius increase), abnormal lung auscultation on admission (OR, 2.62 [95% CI, 1.40-4.90]), elevated level of CRP (OR, 6.96 [95% CI, 1.45-33.35 for CRP>100mg/L vs CRP 10 days vs time Conclusions Clinical and biological features on admission and time until admission were associated with admission to ICUs. Signs to predict worsening on admission could be partially associated with the time until admission. This finding reinforces the need for appropriate guidelines to manage COVID-19 patients in this time window.
Impact of Virtual Reality–Generated Construction Environments at Different Heights on Postural Stability and Fall Risk:

BackgroundFalls due to postural instability are common in construction environments especially from a height. The purpose of the study was to investigate the impact of virtual reality (VR)-generate...
Identification of activity-dependent EGR3 target genes reveals genes associated with DNA damage response and schizophrenia

Abstract The immediate early gene transcription factor early growth response 3 (EGR3) has been identified as a master regulator of genes differentially expressed in the brains of patients with neuropsychiatric illnesses ranging from schizophrenia and bipolar disorder to Alzheimer’s Disease. These studies used bioinformatics approaches that identify networks of gene and proteins. However, few gene targets of EGR3 have actually been identified and validated in the mammalian brain. Our studies in mice have shown that Egr3 is required for stress-responsive behavior, memory, and the form of hippocampal plasticity long-term depression. To identify genes regulated by Egr3 that may play a role in these processes, we conducted an expression microarray on hippocampi from (WT) and Egr3-/- mice following electroconvulsive seizure (ECS), as stimulus that induces maximal expression of immediate early genes including Egr3. We identifies 71 genes that were differentially expressed between the WT and Egr3-/- mice one hour following ECS, a time when we would expect to identify direct targets of EGR3. Bioinformatic analyses showed that many of these are altered in schizophrenia. Ingenuity pathway analysis revealed that the leading category of differentially expressed are members of the GADD45 (growth arrest and DNA-damage-inducible) family (Gadd45b, Gadd45g, and Cdkn1a). Together with members of the AP-1 transcription factor family (Fos, Fosb), and the centromere organization protein Cenpa, that were also identified, these results revealed that Egr3 is required for activity-dependent expression of genes involved in the response to DNA damage. Using quantitative real time PCR (qRT-PCR) we validated key genes in the original RNA samples from male mice as well as in an independent cohort of female mice. Promoter analyses indicate that a number of these genes may be direct targets of EGR3 regulation. Our findings indicated that EGR3 as a critical regulator of genes that are disrupted in schizophrenia and reveal a novel role for EGR3 in regulating genes involved in activity-induced DNA damage response.
Advancing Non-Contact Vital Sign Measurement using Synthetic Avatars.

Non-contact physiological measurement has the potential to provide low-cost, non-invasive health monitoring. However, machine vision approaches are often limited by the availability and diversity of annotated video datasets resulting in poor generalization to complex real-life conditions. To address these challenges, this work proposes the use of synthetic avatars that display facial blood flow changes and allow for systematic generation of samples under a wide variety of conditions. Our results show that training on both simulated and real video data can lead to performance gains under challenging conditions. We show state-of-the-art performance on three large benchmark datasets and improved robustness to skin type and motion.
Can the BH&J Buy vs. Rent Index Anticipate Housing Price Movements?

This paper investigates whether and to what extent the Beracha, Hardin, and Johnson Buy vs. Rent Index (BH&J Index) is able to anticipate future housing price movements. The BH&J Index is based on ...
The Association of COVID-19 With Acute Kidney Injury Independent of Severity of Illness: A Multicenter Cohort Study.

Rationale & objective Although coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been associated with acute kidney injury (AKI), it is unclear whether this association is independent of traditional risk factors such as hypotension, nephrotoxin exposure, and inflammation. We tested the independent association of COVID-19 with AKI. Study design Multicenter, observational, cohort study. Setting & participants Patients admitted to 1 of 6 hospitals within the Yale New Haven Health System between March 10, 2020, and August 31, 2020, with results for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) testing via polymerase chain reaction of a nasopharyngeal sample. Exposure Positive test for SARS-CoV-2. Outcome AKI by KDIGO (Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes) criteria. Analytical approach Evaluated the association of COVID-19 with AKI after controlling for time-invariant factors at admission (eg, demographic characteristics, comorbidities) and time-varying factors updated continuously during hospitalization (eg, vital signs, medications, laboratory results, respiratory failure) using time-updated Cox proportional hazard models. Results Of the 22,122 patients hospitalized, 2,600 tested positive and 19,522 tested negative for SARS-CoV-2. Compared with patients who tested negative, patients with COVID-19 had more AKI (30.6% vs 18.2%; absolute risk difference, 12.5% [95% CI, 10.6%-14.3%]) and dialysis-requiring AKI (8.5% vs 3.6%) and lower rates of recovery from AKI (58% vs 69.8%). Compared with patients without COVID-19, patients with COVID-19 had higher inflammatory marker levels (C-reactive protein, ferritin) and greater use of vasopressors and diuretic agents. Compared with patients without COVID-19, patients with COVID-19 had a higher rate of AKI in univariable analysis (hazard ratio, 1.84 [95% CI, 1.73-1.95]). In a fully adjusted model controlling for demographic variables, comorbidities, vital signs, medications, and laboratory results, COVID-19 remained associated with a high rate of AKI (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.40 [95% CI, 1.29-1.53]). Limitations Possibility of residual confounding. Conclusions COVID-19 is associated with high rates of AKI not fully explained by adjustment for known risk factors. This suggests the presence of mechanisms of AKI not accounted for in this analysis, which may include a direct effect of COVID-19 on the kidney or other unmeasured mediators. Future studies should evaluate the possible unique pathways by which COVID-19 may cause AKI.
Entrainment of the Circadian Clock of the Enteric Bacterium Klebsiella aerogenes by Temperature Cycles

We have previously shown that the gastrointestinal bacterium, Klebsiella (nee Enterobacter) aerogenes, expresses an endogenously generated and temperature-compensated circadian rhythm in swarming motility and gene expression. As a human gastrointestinal commensal, we hypothesized that this circadian rhythm may be synchronized/entrained in vivo by the daily rhythm in body temperature (TB). Cultures of K. aerogenes transformed to express a plasmid containing luxCDABE with a MotA promoter exhibited rhythms in bioluminescence and in spatial distribution on the culture dish with a circadian period (τ). To determine entrainment, cultures were exposed to temperature cycles of 1o (35oC-36oC) or 3oC (34oC-37oC) in amplitude and cycles with varying periods (T cycles) of T=22 hours, T=24 hours, or T=28 hours. Bacteria entrained to all 3 T cycles at both temperature amplitudes with stable phase relationships (Ψ) to the Zeitgebers. To better understand the nature of this entrainment, a phase response curve (PRC) was constructed in response to 1 hr. pulses of 3oC increase in temperature (34oC-37oC) at different circadian phases (Φ) of the bioluminescence rhythm. A very high amplitude PRC, with small phase shifts (ΔΦ) during subjective day, large phase delays (-ΔΦ) during early subjective night, and large phase advances (+ΔΦ) during late subjective night was constructed, explaining the entrainment patterns of these bacteria. A phase transition curve (PTC) revealed a Type 0 PRC. To determine whether spatial patterns of bioluminescence rhythms contributed to the overall circadian organization of K. aerogenes, cultures were imaged for 2.5 days in a cooled CCD camera system, revealing a spatiotemporal pattern the circadian rhythmicity. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that the K. aerogenes circadian clock entrains to its host via detection of and phase-shifting to the daily pattern of TB.
Implementation of Direct Access Physical Therapy Within the Military Medical System.

Introduction Readiness is the Army's number one priority. Physical therapists (PTs) are musculoskeletal (MSK) experts and have been serving as physician extenders in a direct access role in the military since Vietnam. Utilizing a PT in the direct access role has demonstrated a reduction in imaging, medication prescribed, number of physical therapy visits, and overall reduction in healthcare utilization. Materials and methods The Joint Base Lewis-McChord physical therapy service line initiated a readiness-focused direct access initiative in May 2018. A simple algorithm was developed to help screen and identify appropriate service members for direct access physical therapy sick call. Physical therapy sick call hours were established at seven Joint Base Lewis-McChord Physical Therapy clinics. Results During the initial 18 months of this direct access PT initiative, a total of 3,653 initial physical therapy evaluations were completed. Injury location included 26% (953) knee, 26% (945) ankle, 16% (585) low back, 15% (551) shoulder, 9% (316) hip, and 8% (303) leg. Conclusion In the military, where readiness is the number one priority, it is essential that we optimize the medical resources available to our service members in order to minimize lost duty days and overall long-term disability. This project demonstrates a way to optimize the military healthcare system in order to reduce cost and healthcare utilization and minimize duty days lost to MSK injuries. Utilizing a conservative estimate, $3.6 million was potentially saved in military healthcare utilization costs. The subanalysis performed at one clinic comparing referral-based care with the direct access model demonstrated a reduction in imaging, days on profile, cost savings, reduction in referral to specialty care, and decreased long-term disability. In the military healthcare system, where our primary care team resources are limited, it is important to consider the PT as part of the acute MSK injury management team.
Predicting Biosecurity Threats: Deployment and Detection of Biological Weapons

Understanding what kinds of biological weapons can be made with what sort of technology and by whom is an important component of biosecurity. An equally important component is understanding the different potential targets a biological weapon could be designed to attack, how the weapon would be deployed against these targets, and the available strategies to detect the creation and deployment of an illegal biological weapon. Understanding how a weapon could be deployed against specific targets affords decision makers a better picture of the current state and capabilities of biowarfare and bioterrorism that need to be protected against. Understanding current detection capabilities allows for a more informed discussion on biosecurity tools, and, more importantly, allows for the identification of critical gaps and research needs to improve risk-screening, detection, environmental remediation, and various other normatively beneficial and legitimate uses of emerging biotechnologies (Trump et al. 2020a). These two topic areas are discussed in this chapter.
Modeling deflagration in energetic materials using the Uintah computational framework

Abstract Predictive computer simulations of highly resolved large-scale 3D deflagrations and detonations are dependent on a robust reaction model embedded in a computational framework capable of running on massively parallel computer architectures. We have been developing such a model in the Uintah Computational Framework, which has exhibited good strong and weak scaling characteristics up to 512 K cores[16]. Our focus is on predicting a Deflagration to Detonation Transition (DDT) when a large number of energetic devices are present. An example of this is a semi-tractor-trailer loaded with thousands of mining boosters that rolled over, ignited and went through a DDT. Our current reaction model adapts components from a) Ward, Son and Brewster[22] which incorporates the effects of pressure and initial temperature on deflagration,b) Berghout et al. [9] to model burning in cracks of damaged explosives, and c) Souers[20] for describing fully developed detonation. The reaction model has been subjected to extensive validation against experimental tests. Current efforts are focused on the effects of varying the grid resolution on multiple aspects of deflagration and the transition to detonation.
Improved Measurements of Case Depth by the Application of Signal Processing Algorithms to Barkhausen Effect Data

Industrial components such as cam shafts and ring gears often need to have a hard outer surface for wear resistance and a good internal toughness to resist deformation due to impact and loading. These two properties, however, are often mutually exclusive. Case hardening is one solution whereby carbon diffusion into steel results in hardened surface and near-surface layers. Wear resistance is improved while maintaining the bulk toughness of the component. As with many production processes, it is necessary to monitor the quality of the components being manufactured, with case hardening, it is the depth of treatment that is normally measured. Conventional case-depth measurements are destructive, time-consuming, and expensive. Although eddy-current techniques have been applied to the problem [1], the process is often cumbersome due to the need to use more than one frequency. In this paper we investigate how magnetic nondestructive measurement techniques can be used to form the basis of an NDE tool that can quickly and reliably determine case depth from surface measurements.
The evolution of a woman college president: Theodora J Kalikow

In order to combat the dearth of women at the helm of American colleges and universities, the experiences of the women who serve as college presidents need to be explored to inform the literature about women leaders. Despite the fact that there are numerous well-known women college presidents who serve as role models for aspiring leaders and from whose stories we can learn, the number of women college presidents in the United States is still very low. Furthermore, the women whose stories are known lead or have led well-known institutions that are frequently in the spotlight. The purpose of this dissertation was to explore the experiences of Theodora J. Kalikow, president of the University of Maine at Farmington (UMF). This study of a female president of a small, less well-known public college sheds light on an experience less told and highlights the work of a woman whose leadership has had a tremendous impact on the health and vitality of her campus. Under Theo's leadership, UMF has found its niche and has garnered the attention of higher education researchers interested in learning what makes campuses and students successful. The significance of this autoethnographic study lies in the simple act of sharing a story. This is a story of leadership, challenges, and successes. The knowledge gained from this study—and the meaning made of the knowledge—will help higher education scholars, administrators, and stakeholders extend their understanding of what it takes to be a successful woman college president and what one woman has faced in that role.
Monograph: 'Police Interventions with Persons Affected by Mental Illnesses'

Mental illnesses and substance abuse disorders constitute a global public health problem of enormous proportions. Developing and implementing cost-effective interventions to improve the lives of people with mental illnesses and comorbid substance abuse disorders remains a challenge for multiple, interfacing service systems, from public health to social welfare to law enforcement, the courts, and corrections. This monograph illuminates one key component of these systems, policing, highlighting the role of police officers as front-line workers in the community. We examine trends in thinking and practice and common challenges surrounding policing and mental illnesses internationally. We suggest that police organizations (and their community and research partners) should not be uncritically accepting of existing intervention models without first engaging in a ‘Problem-Oriented Policing’ approach, designed so that available resources inter-lock to address the problems identified in particular geographical areas. We also examine challenges associated with implementing these steps, such as the need for police, health practitioners, and academic partners to collaborate in developing better and more integrated data collection systems to track health-related outcomes. Such extensive analysis, we argue, is fundamental to the development of tailored police interventions for persons affected by mental illnesses.
Biological carbon sequestration must and can be a win-win approach

What concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide should we not exceed, what is asafe level? The opinions necessarily diverge. But the stakes are high and probably weare well advised to shoot for a lower value (Schneider 2009) since dangerous climatechange and irreversible consequences have graduated from a possibility to a nearcertainty (Solomon et al. 2009). If 350 ppm should be our target (Hansen et al. 2008),it is clear that we have to actively withdraw carbon dioxide from the atmosphere,not only reduce emissions from fossil fuels. The same is still true for less ambitioustargets.But we should not delude ourselves; the reverse argument is equally true. Eventhe most ambitious sequestration method or package of methods will not buy usout of the need for serious efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from energygeneration. We must use energy more efﬁciently, and we must substitute fossil energywith renewable energy at a much larger scale than is presently established. The workon sequestration options should not divert funds from these efforts.Biocarbon approaches appear to deliver the most immediate options for carbonsequestration—options that can be implemented in the near future. Ornstein et al.(2009) propose a rather drastic but theoretically effective way of using photosynthesisto draw down atmosphere carbon dioxide: large-scale afforestation of the World’slargest deserts through irrigation with desalinized sea water.Afforestation of the Sahara desert and the Australian outback may be an ex-tremely worrying proposition for most, and correctly so. There surely are manyhurdles to success with such an approach that begin with implementation and endwith permanence of the forests that may succumb to logging, forest ﬁres or pestinfestation. Fires may lead to massive and rapid evasion of carbon dioxide as seenfor the 1997 ﬁres of forests and especially peatland in Indonesia (Page et al. 2002).Bark beetle infestation is currently leading to wide-spread mortality in pine forests insome areas such as western North America (Negron et al. 2008). However, some feel
Electrodeposited MCrAlY Coatings for Gas Turbine Engine Applications

Electrolytic codeposition is a promising alternative process for fabricating MCrAlY coatings. The coating process involves two steps, i.e., codeposition of CrAlY-based particles and a metal matrix of Ni, Co, or (Ni,Co), followed by a diffusion heat treatment to convert the composite coating to the desired MCrAlY microstructure. Despite the advantages such as low cost and non-line-of-sight, this coating process is less known than electron beam-physical vapor deposition and thermal spray processes for manufacturing high-temperature coatings. This article provides an overview of the electro-codeposited MCrAlY coatings for gas turbine engine applications, highlighting the unique features of this coating process and some important findings in the past 30 years. Challenges and research opportunities for further optimization of this type of MCrAlY coatings are also discussed.
Ectoparasites cause increased bilateral asymmetry of naturally selected traits in a colonial bird

Abstract Parasitism has been shown to correlate with levels of bilateral symmetry in some organisms, with more asymmetric individuals often having more parasites. However, few studies have shown experimentally that parasitism directly causes increased asymmetry. By fumigating some cliff swallow (Petrochelidon pyrrhonota) colonies and leaving others untreated, we investigated experimentally whether ectoparasitism by the cimicid swallow bug led to higher levels of asymmetry in length of wings, outer tail feathers, and tarsus among juvenile and adult birds. Juveniles from fumigated colonies measured soon after fledging had significantly less asymmetry in wing and outer tail length than juveniles from nonfumigated colonies; asymmetry in tarsus length was unaffected by parasitism. Adults that had undergone one or more post-juvenal molts on the wintering grounds showed no differences in asymmetry between those reared in fumigated vs. nonfumigated colonies. These results show that ectoparasitism directly leads to increased feather asymmetry in cliff swallows, probably through parasite-induced nutritional stress. Because wing and tail asymmetry impair flight performance and reduce foraging efficiency, the increased asymmetry caused by parasites represents a fitness cost to cliff swallows. This is among the few experimental studies to show an effect of parasites on asymmetry of naturally selected characters.
Retrofit Hardening of Electronic Shelters with Composite Panels

A number of standard U.S. Army S-280 electronic equipment shelters were hardened to give nuclear thermal, blast, and conventional fragment protection by the addition of panels to both the inside and outside surfaces of the walls and roof of each shelter. Each added panel was made from an aluminum honeycomb core glued on one surface to a face sheet made of Kevlar cloth and epoxy resin; the other surface of the honeycomb was glued to the shelter wall. The retrofitted shelters were mounted on trucks and tested in event DICE THROW (a large, non-nuclear explosion).
Rheology of waterborne coatings

The rheology of a latex paint must be controlled to produce an acceptable coating. Conditions vary as a paint is sequentially taken from storage, applied to a substrate and then cured in place. As shown byTable 1, desirable films are produced only when paint viscosities and yield points are controlled at each process step. Thus, an understanding and control of paint rheology are essential if high quality coatings are to be produced from latex paints.
Enhanced Cu emission in ZnS:Cu,Cl/ZnS core–shell nanocrystals

ZnS:Cu,Cl/ZnS core–shell nanocrystals (NCs) have been synthesized via a facile aqueous synthesis method. The shell growth of the NCs was observed via a red-shift in the UV-Vis absorption spectra with increasing NC size. The Cu photoluminescence (PL) emission was enhanced by capping with a thin ZnS shell. The ZnS:Cu (0.2%) and ZnS:Cu (0.5%) show a more pronounced red-shift in the apparent PL peak position as well as a 37% and 67% increase in emission intensity, respectively, in comparison to the undoped NCs. The observed red-shift is mainly due to an increase in intensity of the Cu PL emission. The 1% Cu-doped NCs exhibit very little red-shift because the observed emission is dominated by the Cu-dopant and thus nearly independent of the size of the NCs. The increase in Cu emission is evidence that Cu atoms occupying non-emissive surface sites in doped ZnS NCs were encapsulated by the ZnS shell. Extended X-Ray Absorption Fine Structure (EXAFS) data also suggests that the Cu had slightly more neighbors upon growth of a ZnS shell, indicating its encapsulation into the core of the NCs. The EXAFS Zn edge data also indicate greater disorder in the ZnS structure when the shell is grown, which may be attributed to the ZnS shell being more amorphous than the core NCs. This study demonstrates that core–shell structures can be used as a simple and yet powerful strategy to enhance PL properties of doped semiconductor NCs.
Geochronological studies on whole-rock basalts, Deccan Traps, India: evaluation of the timing of volcanism relative to the K-T boundary

KAr and 40Ar39Ar incremental heating studies have been carried out on whole-rock basalts spanning different sections of the Deccan Traps. KAr dates typically fall in the range ∼ 55–65 Ma and, for an individual section, are commonly out of stratigraphic order; indicating post-crystallization loss of 40Ar∗ from some samples. Specimens from six lava flows spanning a composite Western Ghats section and another six from sections in the southern, western, and northern areas of the Deccan, were selected for 40Ar39Ar step-heating studies. Many of these specimens yield low temperature steps with apparent ages 70 Ma) older than crystallization values. Such spectra are characteristic of fine-grained basalts exhibiting 39Ar recoil loss and could involve: (1) 39Ar internal redistribution, out of K-rich sites into K-poor phases, and/or (2) 39Ar recoil loss out of the sample. Comparison of total gas ages with KAr dates permitted constraints to be placed on these two mechanisms. For some rocks, plateau ages were recovered from the intermediate-high temperature steps in the range 64–66 Ma, with 1σ errors of 0.5–1.0 m.y. A dyke specimen from the western Deccan, with a KAr date of ∼ 97 Ma, shows a descending staircase type of age spectrum and its estimated crystallization age is ∼ 65 Ma. Two lava flows from the central Deccan with low KAr dates ( ∼ 50–55 Ma) yield crystallization ages of ∼ 65 Ma; KAr dates deviating significantly from ∼ 65 Ma, do not reflect crystallization ages. Integration of the age data with the magnetic polarity of the different sections of lavas suggests the main reversed polarity epoch trapped in the Deccan volcanic province is chron 29R, which includes the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary (estimated age 64.5 Ma). The plateau ages presented herein tend to be slightly older ( ∼ 1%) than the age of chron 29R; this probably results from minute amounts of 39Ar recoil loss out of the sites degassed in the intermediate-high temperature range. The Western Ghats section of the Deccan Traps, representing > 80% of the exposed material, was extruded in ∼ m.y.
CXCR2 is the Tpo of the iceberg

In this issue of Blood , Kohler and colleagues show that thrombopoietin, a hematopoietic cytokine best known for its regulation of platelet production, may also control neutrophil release from the bone marrow by regulating expression of CXCR2 ligands in endothelial cells and megakaryocytes.[1][1]
Bayes and empirical bayes estimation of survival function under progressive censoring

The purpose of this note is to derive the Bayes and the empirical Bayes estimators of an unknown survival function F under progressively censored data with respect to the squared error loss function and a Dirichlet process prior using the fact that the posterior distribution of F given the data is a mixture of Dirichlet processes, and the assumption that the survival and the censor in0- distributions are continuous.
Latissimus dorsi flap versus pedicled transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous breast reconstruction: outcomes.

Abstract Background Pedicled breast reconstruction is a mainstay treatment for plastic surgeons. Although indications vary for each breast reconstruction technique, there exist some overlapping characteristics that may determine a successful outcome. We aimed to determine the impact flap selection has on postoperative outcomes and resource utilization. Materials and methods Nationwide Inpatient Sample database (2010–2011) was reviewed for cases of latissimus dorsi (LD; International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification, 85.71) and pedicled transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous (pTRAM; 85.72) breast reconstruction. Males were excluded. Demographic, socioeconomic, clinical factors, postoperative complications, length of stay (LOS), and total charges (TC) were assessed. Chi-squared and multivariate analyses were performed to identify independent risk factors of resource utilization and postoperative complications. Results A total of 29,074 cases were identified; 17,670 (61%) LD and 11,405 (39%) pTRAM. 74% percent were Caucasian, 94% insured, and 66% were treated in teaching hospitals. There were 24 mortalities (15 LD, 9 pTRAM). LD patients were more likely to be obese (odds ratio [OR] = 1.3), suffer from flap loss (OR = 1.4), wound infection (OR = 1.6), wound dehiscence (OR = 2.2), and hematoma (OR = 1.3), P P P P Conclusions Analysis of a national database found LD breast reconstruction to have higher TC and increased risk for surgical site complications. Patients undergoing pTRAM had increased risk for pulmonary complications and LOS. Procedure selection may be refined as additional characteristics are discovered using outcomes-based research.
On the nature of deformation of a crystalline solid: I. discontinuous nature of elastic deformation

The elastic deformation process in a periodic lattice is analyzed. It is concluded that the concepts developed to date for the treatment of high strain rate deformation are generally applicable, regardless of the magnitude of strain rate. Elastic deformation is shown to be fundamentally discontinuous, with very steep strain and stress gradients localized at the elastic wave front, which moves at sonic velocity. The observed strain is the sum of discrete steps, occurring in rapid succession, but explicitly determinable in time and location. It is pointed out that the externally applied deformation velocityv is the fundamental variable governing the deformation behavior. The relationship between strain, therefore also stress, and time of deformation is developed in terms ofv, the longitudinal wave velocityc, and length of a finite specimen.
EFFECTS OF TOTAL PARENTERAL NUTRTTION (TPN) CN BILIARY FUNCTION IN RAPIDLY GROWING RATS

The cholestatic effects of TPN in early infancy are well documented, whereas little is known about the influence of TPN on bile flow and bile acid output in growing children. Unrestrained actively growing rats weighing 50±4g (Y) and non-growing mature rats weighing 225±8g (A) were kept on TPN for 8 days with fluids containing 4.0% amino acids, 27.5% dextrose, minerals, vitamins, and trace metals. Controls were on standard chow or fed via gastrotomy using the nutrient solution. In each subgroup (3-5 rats), the study was terminated with a 150 min collection of bile obtained in 15 min aliquots from the common bile duct. All Y gained at least 20% B.W. during the 8 days; weight in all A was stable. Bile flow (μl/h/100g), biliary bile acid concentrations (mM), and bile acid output (mM/h/100g) were comparable in control and TPN-treated A. In Y controls compared with A, bile flow was greater (773±90 vs 298±45) and bile acid concentrations higher (45±7 vs 29±5), resulting in 3-4 fold greater bile acid output in Y. In striking contrast with A, bile flow was reduced 38% (p<0.004) and biliary bile acid concentration decreased 33% (p<0.002) in Y on TPN, causing bile acid output to decline from 35.6±11.4 to 14.8±2.6. Conclusions: Bile flow and bile acid output are greater in Y than in A. TPN has no effect on these functions in A detectable after 8 days, while both bile flow and biliary bile acid concentrations are reduced in Y. Thus, growing rats secrete more bile and bile acids, and are susceptible to cholestasis from TPN.
Dependency detection in MobiMine: a systems perspective

This paper considers the problem of detecting dependencies among data streams and presenting the results in a mobile data mining system. It particularly focuses on the systems issues addressed by MobiMine, a system for mining financial data streams from PDAs. It presents an overview of the MobiMine, explains the two algorithmic techniques (correlation and conditional probability rules) used for detecting dependencies between a pair of stocks, identifies the systems challenges, and offers solutions. The paper also presents experimental results supporting MobiMine's scalable performance.
Compositional analysis of muscle in boys with Duchenne muscular dystrophy using MR imaging.

Boys with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) present by age 5 years with weakness and, untreated, stop walking unaided by age 10 or 11 years. We used magnetic resonance (MR) imaging to study age-related changes in the composition and distribution of diseased muscles. Eleven boys (mean 7.1±1.6 years) with DMD underwent clinical and MR examinations. Quantitative muscle strength and timed functional testing was performed. Thigh muscles were scanned at three levels (hip, mid-thigh, and knee) using T1-weighted spin echo and short-tau inversion recovery (STIR) sequences. Outcome measures included intramuscular fatty infiltration, intermuscle fat deposition, edema, and muscle size. Ten boys completed the study. Older boys demonstrated more prominent fatty infiltration of muscles. Fatty infiltration occurred in a characteristic pattern with the gluteus and adductor magnus muscles most commonly involved and the gracilis most commonly spared. Similarly, patchy increases in free water content suggested a pattern of intramuscular edema or inflammation. Atrophy occurred in muscles heavily infiltrated with fat, and true hypertrophy selectively occurred in those that were spared. While fibrofatty changes have been described in DMD, this study further defines differential involvement and additionally suggests widespread edema or inflammation. Improved imaging techniques to quantify the degree and distribution of these changes may provide a basis for exploring mechanisms of action of medications and perhaps another means for selecting treatment regimens and monitoring their effects.
Numerical and experimental studies of the flow in the nip region of a partially intermeshing co‐rotating twin‐screw extruder

The flow pattern within a partially intermeshing co-rotating twin-screw extruder is three dimensional and extremely complex. In order to simplify the problem, a slice perpendicular to the axis of the twin-screw extruder has been considered for flow analysis as a two-dimensional or a quasi-three-dimensional problem. The flow in this slice may be considered to consist of a nip region (located between the two screws) and a translation region in which the movement of the material is very similar to the one found in single-screw extruders. The flow in these two regions have been studied separately. This paper presents the numerical and experimental results of the nip region study. The flow division in the nip region has been quantified and results are presented in terms of a flow division ratio Xf. The flow field patterns have also been obtained. Newtonian as well as non-Newtonian behavior has been investigated. The influences of such factors as (i) the geometry (the radius of the barrel, radius of the screw, distance between the two screws), (ii) the material properties (the power-law index for shear rate dependent viscosity), and (iii) processing conditions (the screw speed), have also been studied.
A Proposed Domain of Human Performance Technology: Implications for Theory and Practice

In this article, I have proposed a domain and definition for the human performance technology field. I contend that the domain can provide an organizing structure for the field. The proposed domain consists of three major components: management functions, performance systems development functions, and components of human performance systems. In making this proposal, I have discussed as well systems theory and professional practice and outlined three major areas of implications: research, practice, and professional preparation. The domain presented is explicitly derived from and consistent with the principles of systems theory.
Pertubation of Mesospheric Dust Associated Irregulariteis by High Powered Radio Waves

Summary form only given. Important observational manifestations of subvisible mesospheric dust are Polar Mesospheric Summer Echoes PMSE which are produced by scattering from electron irregularities produced by dust charging. It has been observed that the PMSE strength can be artificially modified by using a ground-based ionospheric heating facility to perturb the electron irregularity source region that is believed to produce PMSE. Recently it has become evident that significant diagnostic information may be available about the dust layer from the temporal behavior of the electron irregularities during the heating process which modifies the background electron temperature. Particularly interesting and important periods of the temporal behavior are during the turn-on and turn-off of the radio wave heating. Although significant progress has been made, past work has not exploited the full range of possibilities for diagnostic information. A new theoretical model has been developed to address limitations of the previous models. This model predicts new phenomenon during the temporal evolution of the irregularities during the ionospheric heating. These will be discussed as well as new possibilities for diagnostic information of the dust layer.
Childhood cancer in siblings.

The medical records of 973 previously untreated patients diagnosed between January 1960 and December 31, 1978 with childhood cancer were reviewed. Siblings in 13 families were diagnosed with cancer 9/12 to 15 years after the diagnosis of cancer in the index sibling. Previously unreported associations of acute lymphoblastic leukemia with Hodgkin's disease, neuroblastoma with malignant hemangiopericytoma, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma with malignant melanoma, Wilms' tumor with non-Hodgkin 's lymphoma, Hodgkin 's disease with malignant teratoma of the testis and craniopharyngioma with acute myeloblastic leukemia were identified. Two families appeared to transmit a predisposition to childhood tumors. The data from these families extend previous observations regarding multiple cases of cancer in sibships.
Analyzing road safety in the United States

This paper reviews road safety performance in the United States. The paper develops a framework for assessing dimensions of road safety, and analyzes the importance of economic factors, travel patterns, demographics, road/traffic/vehicle technology, driver behavior, and public policy. Issues and challenges for future road safety research are discussed.
Experimental results for hybrid energy storage systems coupled to photovoltaic generation in residential applications

Abstract An experimental solar-hydrogen powered residence simulator was built and tested. The system consisted of a solar photovoltaic array connected to an electrolyzer which produced hydrogen as a means of energy storage. The hydrogen was used to produce electricity in a fuel cell that operated in parallel with a battery to meet dynamic power demand similar to that found in residential applications. The study demonstrated the technical feasibility of operating such a system under the simultaneous dynamics of solar input and load. Limitations of current fuel cell and electrolyzer designs, as they pertain to both power delivery and energy storage, were identified. The study also established the need to understand and address dynamic performance in the design and application of solar-hydrogen reversible fuel cell hybrid systems. An economic analysis found that major cost reductions would need to be achieved for such systems to compete with conventional energy storage devices.