cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Separating Models of Learning from Correlated and Uncorrelated Data

We consider a natural framework of learning from correlated data, in which successive examples used for learning are generated according to a random walk over the space of possible examples. A recent paper by Bshouty et al. (2003) shows that the class of polynomial-size DNF formulas is efficiently learnable in this random walk model; this result suggests that the Random Walk model is more powerful than comparable standard models of learning from independent examples, in which similarly efficient DNF learning algorithms are not known. We give strong evidence that the Random Walk model is indeed more powerful than the standard model, by showing that if any cryptographic one-way function exists (a universally held belief in cryptography), then there is a class of functions that can be learned efficiently in the Random Walk setting but not in the standard setting where all examples are independent.
Implicit race bias revisited: On the utility of task context in assessing implicit attitude strength

Abstract Decades of research have shown that many people harbor implicit attitudes that are positive toward Whites relative to Blacks. With some notable exceptions, these findings are almost always obtained using implicit attitude tasks that assess attitudes toward Whites and Black simultaneously. This makes it difficult to determine whether implicit race bias effects are the result of strong liking for Whites, dislike for Blacks, or both. The present article reports results from a study in which participants' automatic bias towards Blacks and Whites is assessed across multiple evaluative contexts. Results show consistent negative automatic attitudes towards Blacks, but there was considerable variability in participants' attitudes toward Whites. Consistent with the idea that strong attitudes are less contextually sensitive than weaker attitudes (e.g. Krosnick, 1988 ), it is concluded that participants harbor strong automatic bias against Blacks, but not strong favoritism for Whites. Implications for a context-centered approach to implicit attitude measurement are discussed.
Scatter reduction for high resolution image detectors with a region of interest attenuator.

Compton scatter is the main interaction of x-rays with objects undergoing radiographic and fluoroscopic imaging procedures. Such scatter is responsible for reducing image signal to noise ratio which can negatively impact object detection especially for low contrast objects. To reduce scatter, possible methods are smaller fields-of-view, larger air gaps and the use of an anti-scatter grid. Smaller fields of view may not be acceptable and scanned-beam radiography is not practical for real-time imaging. Air gaps can increase geometric unsharpness and thus degrade image resolution. Deployment of an anti-scatter grid is not well suited for high resolution imagers due to the unavailability of high line density grids needed to prevent grid-line artifacts. However, region of interest (ROI) imaging can be used not only for dose reduction but also for scatter reduction in the ROI. The ROI region receives unattenuated x-rays while the peripheral region receives x-rays reduced in intensity by an ROI attenuator. The scatter within the ROI part of the image originates from both the unattenuated ROI and the attenuated peripheral region. The scatter contribution from the periphery is reduced in intensity because of the reduced primary x-rays in that region and the scatter fraction in the ROI is thus reduced. In this study, the scatter fraction for various kVp’s, air-gaps and field sizes was measured for a uniform head equivalent phantom. The scatter fraction in the ROI was calculated using a derived scatter fraction formula, which was validated with experimental measurements. It is shown that use of a ROI attenuator can be an effective way to reduce both scatter and patient dose while maintaining the superior image quality of high resolution detectors.
Satellite and mobile wireless transmission of focused assessment with sonography in trauma.

Objectives: Focused assessment with sonography in trauma (FAST) can define life-threatening injuries in austere settings with remote real-time review by experienced physicians. This study evaluates vest-mounted microwave, satellite, and LifeLink communications technology for image clarity and diagnostic accuracy during remote transmission of FAST examinations. Methods: Using a SonoSite, FAST was obtained on three patients with pericardial and intraperitoneal effusions and two control subjects in a remotely located U.S. Army Combat Support Hospital. A miniature vestmounted video transmitter attached to the SonoSite sent wireless ultrasound video 20 m to a receiving antenna. The signal was then transferred over VSAT satellite systems at 512 kilobaud per second (kbps), INMARSAT satellite systems at 64 kbps, and over LifeLink on a moving ambulance through a metropolitan wireless traffic‐management network. Clarity and absence or presence of effusions were recorded by 15 staff emergency physicians. Results: Average sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy were 87% (95% confidence interval [CI] ¼ 79% to 95%), 85% (95% CI ¼ 81% to 89%), and 86% (95% CI ¼ 82% to 90%) for the Premier WirelessVest;98%(95%CI ¼97%to99%),83%(95%CI ¼75% to 91%), and 86% (95% CI ¼ 82% to 90%) for VSAT; 95% (95% CI ¼ 94% to 96%), 70% (95% CI ¼ 58% to 82%), and 75% (95% CI ¼ 70% to 80%) for INMARSAT; and 82% (95% CI ¼ 73% to 91%), 83% (95% CI ¼ 74% to 92%), and 82% (95% CI ¼ 78% to 86%) for LifeLink with clarity of 3.0 (95% CI ¼ 2.7 to 3.3), 2.9 (95% CI ¼ 2.6 to 3.2), 1.3 (95% CI ¼ 1.2 to 1.4), and 2.1 (95% CI ¼ 1.8 to 2.4), respectively. Conclusions: Accuracy correlated with clarity. Roaming vest transmission of FAST provides interpretable, diagnostic imagery at the distances used in this study. VSAT provided the best clarity and diagnostic value with the lighter, more portable INMARSAT serving a lesser role for remote clinical interpretation. LifeLink performed well, and further infrastructure improvements may increase clarity and accuracy. Key words: ultrasound; FAST; telemedicine; prehospital; satellite; VSAT; INMARSAT; LifeLink. ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2003; 10:1411‐1414.
The role of metabolism in N-methylthiobenzamide-induced pneumotoxicity☆☆☆

N-Methylthiobenzamide (NMTB) produces pulmonary edema, hydrothorax, and death in rodents. The objectives of the present studies were to establish a relationship between the lethality of NMTB and its pneumotoxicity and to explore the role of S-oxidation in these events. Pulmonary injury was assessed by measuring [14C]thymidine incorporation into pulmonary DNA. Administration of NMTB resulted in increased pulmonary [14C]thymidine incorporation in both rats and mice. These increases were blocked in both species by pretreatment of animals with sublethal doses of NMTB. However, the lethality of NMTB was not blocked in mice by prior administration of NMTB even though this procedure has been shown to protect rats. 1-Methyl-1-phenyl-3-benzoylthiourea (MPBTU) protected both rats and mice from lethal doses of NMTB and blocked NMTB-induced increases in pulmonary [14C]thymidine incorporation. N-Methylthiobenzamide S-oxide (NMTBSO), a metabolite of NMTB, produced lung injury which was similar to that produced by NMTB. NMTBSO was more potent than NMTB when administered iv, but not when given ip. The role of hepatic metabolism in NMTB pneumotoxicity was examined by administering NMTB to rats which had either undergone partial hepatectomy or been pretreated with N-octylimidazole. Neither of these procedures diminished the lethality of NMTB. These data suggest that NMTB lethality is mediated by pulmonary injury resulting from NMTB S-oxidation in the lung.
Designing for dynamic family structures: divorced families and interactive systems

While the HCI community has long investigated issues of designing for family and the home, very little attention has focused on the lives of divorced families and the ways in which interactive systems might be better designed to address the very real and growing issues they face. In this paper we present an overview of related research on divorce and families. We then report field evidence from 13 in depth interviews conducted with families of parents and children in joint custody situations, and unpack key emergent problems and tensions. We conclude with a discussion of the design implications and opportunities that give shape to how the HCI community may be able to have a positive effect on this set of potential users. The overarching goal of this research is to better understand how the HCI community might begin to approach designing for this alternative family.
Comparison of the thermal and concentration criteria for determining the effective charge of a spherical colloidal particle in a salt-free suspension

The techniques of canonical Monte Carlo simulations are employed in a comparative study of two recently proposed criteria for the determination of the renormalized or effective charge of a spherical macroion in a charge-stabilized colloidal suspension. The effective charge is determined using (i) the thermal criterion, where the effective charge consists of the intrinsic macroion charge reduced by the integrated thermodynamically bound counterion charge, the bound counterions being defined as those counterions that are within and up to the radial distance (from the macroion center) at which the reduced mean electrostatic potential energy equals the thermal energy, and (ii) the concentration criterion, where the bound counterions are those that lie within the distance at which the local concentration of the counterions equals its average value. It is found that the former criterion applies to the entire range of bare macroion charge/macroion radius ratios investigated, whereas the latter criterion is more suited to large values of this ratio. The observation that the effective charge/bare charge ratio (Z e f f /Z m ) depends only on the bare charge/macroion radius ratio (Z m /r m ) suggests that all macroions with the same numerical value of the Z m /r m ratio are "equivalent systems" and that one can therefore study highly charged colloids by using a more manageable set of parameters in a simulation. The calculations are extended to divalent counterion systems, and comparisons are also made with other criteria for determining the effective macroion charge in the literature.
New directions for the National Ocean Service

The National Ocean Service, which I've headed since December 1983, is one of the major line components of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). NOAA, in turn, is part of the Department of Commerce and is the leading federal agency in the oceanic and atmospheric sciences. Other agencies are involved in the earth sciences, such as the Department of the Interior's Geological Survey, or are in the business of environmental regulations, like the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, but NOAA is the one federal agency charged specifically with analyzing and predicting oceanic and atmospheric components of the earth's environment as a whole. The importance of this global, integrated air-sea approach is reflected in the five NOAA line offices. This past December, NOAA line offices were reorganized to consolidate programs as part of the Reagan Administration's general government-wide belt tightening (see Figure 1). The idea was for NOAA to grow leaner but stronger. The main thrust of the work of the Weather Service and the Marine Fisheries Service remained the same. The Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research continued to provide research support to the other NOAA components. A trimmed down Environmental Data and Information Service merged with the National Environmental Satellite Service to become today's National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service. Also, this past December the NOAA Office of Coastal Zone Management joined forces with the National Ocean Survey to become the National Ocean Service.
Structure of an unsymmetrical heptalithium cage complex containing aldolate and enolized aldolate dianion

Abstract The solid state structure of a lithium mixed anion aggregate, 1, containing aldolate, enolized aldolate, and unenolized ketone, which are all derived from pinacolone, is described. Theoretical calculations (semiempirical PM3 and ab initio HF/6-31G*) are used to quantify the relative stabilities of a model aldolate and also enolized aldolate isomers. Ab initio calculations indicate isomers with a cubane core, for both aldolates and enolized aldolate anions, are stabilized over open ring or ladder derivatives. The highly unsymmetrical structure of 1 incorporates three distinct components, i.e., two bridging monomeric enolized aldolates, an open monomeric enolized aldolate, and a monomeric aldolate. The composition of 1 is consistent with origination from an aldolate tetramer.
Calcium crystal deposition diseases: lessons from histochemistry

Purpose of review Recent progress in molecular biology and biochemistry has enabled researchers to identify possible key players in physiologic and pathologic calcification. However, important lessons from immunohistochemical studies have contributed greatly to our current understanding of the pathogenesis of calcium crystal deposition disease. Recent findings Histologic findings led to the hypothesis of the important role of hypertrophic differentiation of articular chondrocytes in calcium crystal deposition. In addition, histologic studies have confirmed the importance of individual proteins that may have direct or indirect roles in calcium crystal formation. Summary Future studies will determine whether in vitro data showing key roles for certain factors in mineralization and calcification in cartilage are relevant to crystal deposition disease in humans.
Matching Delivered Performance

Abstract We claim that the greater the extent to which a performance measure matches delivered performance, the simpler and more robust are the compensation plans based on it. Stock price changes poorly match delivered performance when they anticipate performance. This causes three problems: (1) Price-based plans become complex as they require knowing the extent to which prices lead performance; (2) Price-based plans are less robust to unforeseen events; (3) Price-based plans require period-by-period changes in pay-for-performance relationships even when the underlying production function remains unchanged. The relative use of earnings- and price-based compensation depends on the extent to which each matches delivered performance.
Extraction of a substance with calcitonin-like immunoreactivity from pituitary glands of intact and thyroidectomized rats.

We have previously demonstrated the presence of calcitonin (CT)-like immunoreactivity in the pituitary glands of a number of vertebrate species. Subsequent work by ourselves and others has confirmed this finding by immunohistology and radioimmunoassay (RIA) of pituitary extracts. However, no data have been reported on the site of biosynthesis of the CT-like pituitary peptide, or the relationship of pituitary levels of the substance to experimental alterations of systemic CT levels. In the present study, we measured the content of CT-like peptide in rat pituitaries by using gel filtration chromatography and an RIA, which recognizes rat and human calcitonin. The CT-like peptide has an elution position on gel filtration similar to that of rat and human calcitonin. Its RIA binding appears indistinguishable from that of rat thyroidal CT. Various conditions for extraction were evaluated, and homogenization in acetic acid at 100°C gave the best results. The CT-like content of rat pituitaries was generally 75–125 pg/gland. Presence of CT-like peptide in rat pituitaries was not abolished by prior thyroidectomy. We conclude that the CT-like pituitary peptide is not synthesized in the thyroid, but is similar to thyroidal CT in the characteristics studied.
Reliability and Validity of the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale for Neuroscience Nurses

The National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) is used widely among stroke neurologists and neuroscience nurses. It is most commonly used with acute ischemic stroke (AIS) but is also used to assess patients after hemorrhagic stroke or a suspected transient ischemic attack. The scale is used widely to assess patient status acutely, to assess treatment efficacy, and to predict outcome. This article provides a review of pertinent information about the reliability, validity, instruction, and competency on the scale for neuroscience nurses. The NIHSS was introduced as a 15-item scale, later reduced to 14 items developed by stroke neurologists from the University of Cincinnati, the University of Iowa and the National Institutes of Health-National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke.1,2 This graded physical examination is a measure of impairment that assesses level of consciousness using 3 items, speech, language, cognition, inattention, visual field abnormalities, motor strength (4 items), sensory impairment, and ataxia. It was designed specifically for AIS clinical trials, and potential scores range from 0 to 42. A modified version that removed the initial level of consciousness item, as well as the ataxia, facial weakness, and dysarthria items resulted in an 11-item scale with potential scores ranging from 0 to 31.3 Training and certification in use of the NIHSS are recommended.4 Formal training can be found in ≥2 places (www.strokeassociation.com or www.ninds.gov). Since the success of the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke intravenous recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA) trial, it has been acknowledged that performing and documenting a physical examination in the most efficient and useful manner is a key element of nursing care for the patient with AIS.5 The most efficient manner for assessing patients who are awake is to use the NIHSS. In AIS it is advisable for the …
A comparative study of household interactive variable input-output (HIVIO) model and the conventional input-output models

Abstract This paper compares the HIVIO model with the conventional input-output models. The 1977 Jack Faucett's input-output transaction tables were used to compare the empirical results of the HIVIO model with those of the conventional input-output models for the United States and the State of Oklahoma. The empirical comparisons showed that the HIVIO (income and output) multipliers are consistently smaller than Type II multipliers and larger than Type I multipliers. The HIVIO multipliers are simulated by changing the wage rates to observe the multiplier effects of the wage changes. This property is not observed by the conventional multipliers.
Non-genomic mechanisms of progesterone action in the brain

Progesterone is a gonadal steroid hormone whose physiological effects extend well beyond the strict confines of reproductive function. In fact, progesterone can have important effects on a variety of tissues, including the bone, the heart and the brain. Mechanistically, progesterone has been thought to exert its effects through the progesterone receptor (PR), a member of the nuclear steroid hormone superfamily, and as such, acts through specific progesterone response elements (PRE) within the promoter region of target genes to regulate transcription of such genes. This has been often described as the “genomic” mechanism of progesterone action. However, just as progesterone has a diverse range of tissue targets, the mechanisms through which progesterone elicits its effects are equally diverse. For example, progesterone can activate alternative receptors, such as membrane-associated progesterone receptors (distinct from the classical PR), to elicit the activation of several signaling pathways that in turn, can influence cell function. Here, we review various non-nuclear (i.e., non-genomic) signaling mechanisms that progesterone can recruit to elicit its effects, focusing our discussion primarily on those signaling mechanisms by which progesterone influences cell viability in the brain.
Normal response of Fanconi's anemia cells to high concentrations of O2 as determined by alkaline elution

Abstract In this investigation, normal and Fanconi's anemia fibroblasts were exposed to high concentrations of oxygen and the effects of this treatment on DNA were analyzed by alkaline elution. No DNA single-strand breaks were detected in either cell type with up to 20 h incubation in high (50–95%) concentrations of O2. No evidence of DNA damage by O2 could be detected with an endonuclease preparation from Micrococcus luteus. Cells which have been treated with various DNA-damaging agents in the presence of the polymerase inhibitor cytosine arabinoside have been shown to accumulate DNA single-strand breaks during DNA excision repair. When cells were treated with the polymerase inhibitor in 50 or 95% O2, a low level of DNA single-strand breaks accumulated in both cell types. However, no significant differences in the frequency of DNA single-strand breaks were detected between normal and Fanconi's anemia cells after exposure to high O2.
Geohazard assessment from satellite magnetic data modeling—with examples from the Arctic Margin along the Canada Basin and the Korean Peninsula along 40°N (latitude) parallel

Long-wavelength, relative high-amplitude-magnetic anomalies obtained at satellite altitudes have provided an understanding of the nature of the deeper crust of the Earth. We have studied two such long-wavelength anomalies in regions of high stress—one with a large and one with a lower amplitude anomaly. The first feature is on the Canada Basin continental margin in the Northwest and Yukon Territories, Canada (magnetic anomaly range: 19 nT to −6 nT at 350-km altitude). This area is also the focus of significant stress and earthquake activity. We interpret this anomaly and associated tectonic activity with this region’s position at or near the fulcrum of the scissors-like opening of the Canada Basin in the mid-Mesozoic Era. The second is a section along the 40°N (latitude) parallel crossing the Korean Peninsula (magnetic anomaly range: 3 nT at 350-km altitude), where an east-west fracture zone has been proposed to extend from northeastern China, across the Korean Peninsula, Sea of Japan and (Northern) Japan.
Postoperative endophthalmitis: optimal management and the role and timing of vitrectomy surgery.

Purpose To review the evolving role of pars plana vitrectomy, as well as other therapeutic modalities, in the treatment and prevention of postoperative endophthalmitis and its sequelae. Methods Medline database searches and review of recent relevant literature on the prevention and treatment of postoperative endophthalmitis. Results Despite significant technologic advances in ophthalmic surgery and the ready availability of improved pharmacologic agents, the rates of postoperative endophthalmitis have dramatically increased over the last decade. New surgical procedures, interventions, and techniques have increased patient exposures to this serious surgical complication. Cause, presentation, and outcome vary significantly requiring a tailored approach to each case. Appropriate prophylaxis and good surgical technique remain the mainstays of prevention. Intravitreal antibiotics and pars plana vitrectomy remain the primary treatment options. Conclusions Postoperative endophthalmitis is a complex and multifaceted entity with potentially grave visual consequences. It requires a multifaceted approach, including appropriate prevention and prophylaxis, rapid recognition, and aggressive management. Since publication of the Endophthalmitis Vitrectomy Study, improvements in pharmacologic agents and vitrectomy techniques have refocused debate on the role of early surgical intervention in this condition.
An Introduction to Practical Sequential Inferences via Single-Arm Binary Response Studies Using the binseqtest R Package

We review sequential designs, including group sequential and two-stage designs, for testing or estimating a single binary parameter. We use this simple case to introduce ideas common to many sequential designs, which in this case can be explained without explicitly using stochastic processes. We focus on methods provided by our newly developed R package, binseqtest, which exactly bound the Type I error rate of tests and exactly maintain proper coverage of confidence intervals. Within this framework, we review some allowable practical adaptations of the sequential design. We explore issues such as the following: How should the design be modified if no assessment was made at one of the planned sequential stopping times? How should the parameter be estimated if the study needs to be stopped early? What reasons for stopping early are allowed? How should inferences be made when the study is stopped for crossing the boundary, but later information is collected about responses of subjects that had enrolled befor...
Study of linear information for classes of polynomial equations

We study linear sequential (adaptive) information for approximating zeros of polynomials of unbounded degree and establish a theorem on constrained approximation of smooth functions by polynomials. For a positive e we seek a pointx * such that|x * − α p | ⩽ e, whereα p is a zero of a real polynomialp in the interval [a, b]. We assume thatp belongs to the classF 1 of polynomials of bounded arbitrary seminorm and having a root in [a, b] or to the classF 2 of polynomials which are nonpositive ata, nonnegative atb and have exactly one simple zero in [a, b]. The information onp consists ofn sequential (adaptive) evaluations of arbitrary linear functionals. The pointx * is constructed by means of an algorithm which is an arbitrary mapping depending on the information onp. We show that there exists no information and no algorithm for computingx * for everyp fromF 1, no matter how large the value ofn is. This is a stronger result than that obtained by us for smooth functions. For the classF 2 we can find a pointx * for arbitraryp ande. Anoptimal algorithm, i.e., an algorithm with the smallest error, is thebisection of the smallest known interval containing the root ofp. We also exhibitoptimal information operators, i.e., the linear functionals for which the error of an optimal algorithm that uses them is minimal. It turns out that in the class of nonsequential (parallel) information, i.e., when the functionals are given simultaneously, optimal information consists of the evaluations of a polynomial atn-equidistant points in [a, b]. In the class of sequential continuous information, optimal information consists of evaluations of a polynomial atn points generated by thebisection method. To prove this result we establish a theorem on constrained approximation of smooth functions by polynomials. More precisely, we prove that a smooth function can be arbitrarily well uniformly approximated by a polynomial which satisfies constrains given byn arbitrary continuous linear functionals. Our results indicate that the problem of finding an e-approximation to a real zero of a real polynomial (of unknown degree) is essentially of the same difficulty as the problem of finding an e-approximation to a zero of an infinitely differentiable function.
Polyboroides radiatus Predation Attempts on Propithecus verreauxi

Observations of raptor predation on lemurs are rare [reviewed in Goodman et al., 1993], but indirect evidence derived from raptor prey remains [Karpanty and Goodman, 1999; Thorstrom and La Marca, 2000], raptor pellets [Goodman et al., 1993], and vocal/behavioral responses to potential avian and terrestrial predators [Sauther, 1989; Karpanty and Grella, 2001; Schulke, 2001; Fichtel and Kappeler, 2002] suggest that predation may play an important role in regulating lemur populations. Recent reports of Madagascar harrier hawk (Polyboroides radiatus) predation attempts on Cheirogaleus [Gilbert and Tingay, 2001] and Lepilemur [Thorstrom and La Marca, 2000; Schulke and Ostner, 2001] lend support to Goodman et al.s [1993] contention that increased predation on nocturnal prosimians has evolutionary significance for some taxa (e.g. Microcebus murinus). Polyboroides is a potential predator of large-bodied (34 kg) diurnal lemurs as well, based upon the ubiquity of lemur alarm calls, but observations of these predations are few [Propithecus verreauxi: Rasoaninrainy in Goodman et al., 1993]. Based on prey remains, sifaka make up the largest component of the harrier hawks courtship diet in terms of biomass [Karpanty and Goodman, 1999] at Berenty and Bealoka Reserves. Here I report three predation attempts of Polyboroides on adult Verreauxs sifaka, P. verreauxi, at Beza Mahafaly Special Reserve (BMSR), Madagascar.
Rigidity-Dependent Cross Talk between Integrin and Cadherin Signaling

Integrin-cadherin cross talk is an important aspect of cell function. We explored this signaling using substrates micropatterned with islands of fibronectin surrounded by E-cadherin, capturing the segregation of these signals in normal tissue. While MDCK cells were able to concurrently form adhesive structures with these two proteins, engagement of fibronectin by MCF-7 cells, an adenocarcinoma cell line, inhibited response of these cells to E-cadherin. We further demonstrated that this inhibition is rigidity dependent; on soft elastomer substrates with Young's modulus in the range of tens of kiloPascals, MCF-7 cells were able to engage both integrin and cadherin ligands.
Handbook-based high unit-value software reliability prediction method

Modern electronic systems typically contain significant amounts of software. Therefore, for a system reliability prediction to be accurate, it must include software reliability predictions. Many of the commonly used software reliability prediction methods are based on estimation models that require empirical test data. Typically, however, this kind of data is not readily available when a software reliability prediction is needed. For this reason, handbook-based methods, such as the Software Capability Maturity Model (CMM®) developed by the Software Engineering Institute (SEI), are commonly used throughout industry. This paper discusses an enhancement to traditional handbook-based software reliability prediction method that facilitates obtaining repeatable results as well as overcoming limitations in modeling initial reliability of the software. This enhancement results in a handbook-based software reliability prediction method that is appropriate for use on high unit-value software components.
Mothers, communities and the scale of difference

Only recently did geographic concern turn to why and how, and when and where political identities are reproduced but, as yet, our understanding of the political relations between families and communities remains understudied. This lack of attention is attributable, in part, to the complexities of families and communities but, this aside, all societies regulate reproduction and there are always claims for legitimization of particular views of family values and community relations. With this paper, I argue that highlighting the social construction of scale suggests ways that the social imaginary of a domestic myth is spatially embedded within a nurturing local community. I outline some recent feminist discussion of local childcare cultures and critique of 'the public sphere' prior to raising scale as a way to open up static versions of justice and difference. Arguments in the paper that relate to the social construction of scale are illustrated by examples from a study of the impact of a new child and a res...
1423 TRANSIENT CELL MEDIATED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY ACCOMPAYING CONGENITAL ISIOPATHIC CHYLOTHORAX

During the management of a 3 kg term black female infant whose chylothorax was diagnosed at 7 days of age, a total of 450 ml of chyle was removed by repeated thoracentesis before spontaneous healing occured. The total number of lymphocytes removed during 18 days was greater than 109. Monoclonal antibody studies showed 95% of these cells were T-lymphocytes which were functionally immature as evidenced by their non-responsiveness to mitogen-There was no associated peripheral blood lymphopenia. Nevertheless, peripheral T-cells were abnormal as shown by lack of sheep RBC rosette formation and lack of response to mitogens. The thymus which was absent during the 18 days of therapy, reappeared 2 weeks after disappearance of the chylothorax accompanied by normalization of peripheral T-lymphocyte functions. Loss of large volumes of chyle in congenital idiopathic chylothorax can cause transient severe depletion of T-lymphocytes associated with cell mediated immune deficiency as evidenced by a decrease in T-cell forming rosettes with either sheep RBC or lymphoblastoid B cell lines, and functional tests of cellular immunity.
Detecting specification errors in declarative languages with constraints

Declarative specification languages with constraints are used in model-driven engineering to specify formal semantics, define model transformations, and describe domain constraints. While these languages support concise specifications, they are nevertheless prone to difficult semantic errors. In this paper we present a type-theoretic approach to the static detection of specification errors. Our approach infers approximations of satisfying assignments and represents them via a canonical regular type system. Type inference is experimentally efficient and type judgments are comprehensible by the user.
Measurement of Nitric Oxide with a Solid-State-Char EPR Probe

Recently, highly oxygen-sensitive solid-state paramagnetic probes have been developed from glucose chars which are capable of providing measurements of very low, millitorr, oxygen concentrations in biological cells and tissues. With the increased interest and recognition of the presence and importance of the free-radical gas nitric oxide, NO., in biology, studies were performed aimed at characterizing the effect of NO. on this probe. It was observed that NO. exerts a similar concentration-dependent broadening as does molecular oxygen, O2. In anaerobic solutions, concentrations of NO. could be detected down to 10-100 nM levels. Measurements of NO. formation in aqueous solution were performed from a pharmacological NO. donor, which produced micromolar concentrations of NO.. This technique, however, was not sufficiently sensitive to measure physiological 1-10 nM concentrations. Thus, the glucose-char EPR probe could be used to detect pharmacological levels of NO. but was not significantly affected by the low physiological levels which occur in normal biological tissues. These results indicate that, under normal physiological conditions, the linewidth alterations measured using the glucose-char EPR probe are solely caused by oxygen.
Emotional organization of autobiographical memory

The emotional organization of autobiographical memory was examined by determining whether emotional cues would influence autobiographical retrieval in younger and older adults. Unfamiliar musical cues that represented orthogonal combinations of positive and negative valence and high and low arousal were used. Whereas cue valence influenced the valence of the retrieved memories, cue arousal did not affect arousal ratings. However, high-arousal cues were associated with reduced response latencies. A significant bias to report positive memories was observed, especially for the older adults, but neither the distribution of memories across the life span nor response latencies varied across memories differing in valence or arousal. These data indicate that emotional information can serve as effective cues for autobiographical memories and that autobiographical memories are organized in terms of emotional valence but not emotional arousal. Thus, current theories of autobiographical memory must be expanded to include emotional valence as a primary dimension of organization.
Circular dichroism study of the mechanism of formation of DNA templated nanowires.

In order to control the fabrication method, the mechanism used in the formation of DNA templated nanowires is investigated through circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy. Metallic (Au) and magnetic (Fe 2 O 3 and CoFe 2 O 4 ) nanoparticles (NP) are aligned along the DNA strand at various mass ratios. The DNA templated nanowires are compared to the structure of B-form dsDNA through CD experiments. Absorbance and thermal melting tests are performed to verify the structural changes of DNA templated nanowires. Low concentrations of nanoparticles preserve the DNA B-form through electrostatic interactions. Conversely, at higher concentrations of nanoparticles aligned along the DNA strand, the template is denatured. Information on the mode of nanoparticle binding and DNA helix alterations are explored for metallic and magnetic nanowires based upon the results.
Induction of cell division in BALB/c-3T3 cells by phorbol myristate acetate or bovine serum: effects of inhibitors of cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase and Na+-K+-ATPase.

Cell division is induced in stationary cultures of BALB/c-3T3 mouse embryo cells without renewal of medium by addition of the tumor promoter, phorbol myristate acetate (PMA), or bovine serum. The addition of dbcAMP (10−3m) or other inhibitors of cAMP phosphodiesterase, papaverine (6.7×10−6m), Persantin (5×10−5m) or RO-20-1724 (10−4m), prevents cell replication induced by PMA or serum. In contrast, ouabain (10−4m) and N,N′-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (10−5m), inhibitors of Na+−K+-ATPase activity, block the PMA-stimulated effect but do not inhibit serum-stimulated cell division. Several stages in the cell cycle are sensitive to dbcAMP addition. One is early in the G1 phase at the time of reinitiation of the cell cycle from a stationary (G0) phase, a second is associated with the G1-S transition, and a third with passage of cells from a post-S phase to mitosis. Based on observations of early morphological changes, responses of plasma membrane ezymes and effects of enzyme inhibitors, the stimulation of cell division in BALB/c-3T3 cells by PMA or serum appears to involve several membrane functions which may act in a cooperative manner.
Shock sensitivity in parabolized Navier-Stokes solution of high angle-of-attack supersonic flow

Previous investigations with PNS/shock-fitting algorithms suggest that the lee-side shock profile is overly sensitive to the initial data when the angle of attack becomes large. The nature of this sensitivity is identified in the present work through an eigenvalue analysis of the coefficient matrices of the associated Euler system. These eigenvalues are evaluated along the evolving shock boundary and determine the relative amount of local numerical dissipation in the marching scheme
Microsatellite analysis of genetic variability in Waler horses from Australia

The Waler horse breed is an integral part of Australian history. The purposes of this study were to analyse the genetic variability in Waler horses from Australia and to investigate genetic relationships with other horse breeds. We examined the genetic diversity of 70 Waler horses sampled from seven breeding stations in Australia. Also we analysed the relationships of these horses with 11 other horse breeds. Analysis of the genetic structure was carried out using 15 microsatellite loci, genetic distances, AMOVA, factorial correspondence analysis and a Bayesian method. We found that the genetic diversity in the Waler was greater than the domestic horse mean and exceeded that of all endangered horse breeds. Our findings also revealed moderate population subdivision rather than inbreeding. All genetic similarity measures indicated that the Thoroughbred might be a key ancestor to the Waler. This study indicates that there is no immediate concern for loss of variation in Waler horses. Also, there clearly has been a strong input from the Thoroughbred into the Waler horse breed. However, the genetic evidence suggests that this input was not just direct but also came through other types of horses with a Thoroughbred cross background.
CULTURAL CHANGE: A FRAMEWORK FOR GETTING STARTED

As arduous as articulating a vision of a college's future can be, the bigger challenge often lies in engaging the key player in the college in the process of implementing required changes. Community colleges across the country are experimenting with strategies to raise faculty and staff awareness of the need for change and to engage them in the fundamental redesign of their institutions. In this article, the major forces driving the need for transformation in community colleges are described along with observations regarding some of the organizational stress that is resulting on college campuses. Successful strategies for bridging the “old” and the “new” are combined with others that are suggested by transition and change literature to provide a framework and a systematic process for getting started.
Preferential Activation of Nuclear Factor of Activated T Cells c Correlates with Mouse Strain Susceptibility to Allergic Responses and Interleukin-4 Gene Expression

Dysregulated expression of the T helper 2 cytokine interleukin (IL)-4 is thought to play a fundamental role in the pathogenesis of allergic asthma. The molecular basis for dysregulated IL-4 production is not well understood. We analyzed in detail the molecular factors involved in regulating IL-4 transcription in a well-characterized mouse model. In this model, A/J mice developed allergen-induced IL-4 cytokine gene expression, airway inflammation, and hyperresponsiveness, whereas C3H/HeJ (C3H) mice did not. Here we report that isolated splenocytes from A/J and C3H mice stimulated ex vivo with concanavalin A reproduced the cytokine phenotype observed in the airway after antigen challenge. We hypothesized that differences in splenocyte IL-4 production involved either polymorphisms in regulatory IL-4 promoter regions, or the expression and activation of transcription factors necessary for promoter transactivation in a strain-dependent manner. To address these questions, we first sequenced ∼ 700 base pairs con...
Service-dominant logic — a guiding framework for inbound marketing

With the rise of a network economy, customers are part of an extended enterprise and co-producers of the firm’s marketing. Enterprises need to learn not to fear it but embrace it as a healthy part of a highly networked market economy. Inbound marketing is made more effective, efficient and whole when your customers are viewed as a partner to be “marketing with” or “co-creators of value”, which is the essence of service-dominant logic.
Immunological alterations in the lungs of mice following ozone exposure: changes in immunoglobulin levels and antibody-containing cells.

Abstract Ozone was added to the air of environmental chambers containing specific pathogen-free mice. At levels of 0.5 and 0.8 ppm the oxidant was seen to have inflammatory effects, as shown by rising serum albumin levels in lung lavage fluid. Fluorescein conjugated anti-heavy chain sera were used to detect cells containing IgM, IgG, and IgA in measured lung areas termed Pulmonary Units. Antigenic stimuli occurred along the airways, with significant increases of IgA-containing cells in the bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue. The numbers of IgM- and IgG-containing cells did not increase. Immunodiffusion analyses for immunoglobulins in lung lavage fluid indicated increases of IgG1 IgG2, and IgA in lung secretions. The calculation of changing Ig/Alb ratios suggested that the IgA present was largely the result of local synthesis, while IgG molecules were mainly of serum origin. Possible sources of the antigenic stimuli to ozone-exposed lungs are discussed.
Resistivity and electric-field poling behaviors of DNA-based polymers compared to selected non-DNA polymers

Resistivity studies were carried out on DNA-based polymer films and selected traditional polymer films, including PMMA and APC. The films were spin coated on glass slides configured for guarded electrode measurements of resistance. The measurements used the alternating polarity method to determine the applied-voltage-dependent current independent of charging and background currents. The data for the temperature dependence of all the polymers were fitted to a common Arrhenius-type expression plus a constant. The poling studies described various dependencies of the measured electro-optic coefficient on how the heating and electric field are applied to the films. The severe impact of poling DNA-based films with vacuum-deposited gold electrodes and the persistent problem of electrode burning and failure presumably due to the high electric fields at the electrode edges are described. How these problems were managed is discussed. The presence of an emf following poling of the DNA-based films is described.
Xerxes: Distributed Load Generator for Cloud-scale Experimentation

With the growing acceptance of cloud computing as a viable computing paradigm, a number of research and real-life-dynamic cloud-scale resource allocation and management systems have been developed over the last few years. An important problem facing system developers is the evaluation of such systems at scale. In this paper we present the design of a distributed load generation framework, Xerxes, that can generate appropriate resource load patterns across varying data center scales, thereby representing various cloud load scenarios. Toward this end, we first characterize the resource consumption of four distributed cloud applications that represent some of the most widely used classes of applications in the cloud. We then demonstrate how, using Xerxes, these patterns can be directly replayed at scale, potentially even beyond what is easily achievable through application reconfiguration. Furthermore, Xerxes allows for additional parameter manipulation and exploration of a wide range of load scenarios. Finally, we demonstrate the ability to use Xerxes with publicly available data center traces which can be replayed across data centers with different configurations. Our experiments are conducted on a 700-node 2800-core private cloud data center, virtualized with the VMware vSphere virtualization stack. The benefits of such a microbenchmark for cloud-scale experimentation include: (i) decoupling load scaling from application logic, (ii) resilience to faults and failures, since applications tend to crash altogether when some components fail,particularly at scales, and (iii) ease of testing and the ability to understand system behavior in a variety of actual or anticipated scenarios.
QCM Studies of Phononic and Electronic Contributions to Sliding Friction in Adsorbed Monolayers

Studies of the fundamental origins of friction have undergone rapid progress in recent years with the development of new experimental and computational techniques for measuring and simulating friction at atomic length and time scales. The increased interest has sparked a variety of discussions and debates concerning the nature of the atomic-scale mechanisms, which dominate the dissipative process by which mechanical energy is transformed into heat. Measurements of the sliding friction of physisorbed monolayers and bilayers provides information on the relative contributions of electronic to phononic.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Incomplete deductive databases

We investigate the complexity of query processing in databases which have both incompletely specified data and deductive rules. The paper is divided into two parts: in the first we consider databases in which incompletely specified data occurs only in the database intension; in the second we consider databases in which incomplete information is represented only in database extension. We prove that, in general, the query processing problem for databases with incomplete intensions is undecidable. A number of classes of rules for which all conjunctive queries can be processed in polynomial time is then characterized. For databases with incomplete extensions we prove a number of CoNP completeness results. For instance, we demonstrate that processing disjunctions which are restricted to individual columns of database predicates can, in general, be as bad as processing arbitrary disjunctions (i.e. CoNP-complete). This falsifies the conjecture that such limited disjunctions could be computationally beneficial. We also show two simple examples of situations in which query processing is guaranteed to be polynomial. These situations are linked to certain assumptions about database updates.