cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Perceived racism and mental health among Black American adults: A meta-analytic review.

The literature indicates that perceived racism tends to be associated with adverse psychological and physiological outcomes; however, findings in this area are not yet conclusive. In this meta-analysis, we systematically reviewed 66 studies (total sample size of 18,140 across studies), published between January 1996 and April 2011, on the associations between racism and mental health among Black Americans. Using a random-effects model, we found a positive association between perceived racism and psychological distress (r .20). We found a moderation effect for psychological outcomes, with anxiety, depression, and other psychiatric symptoms having a significantly stronger association than quality of life indicators. We did not detect moderation effects for type of racism scale, measurement precision, sample type, or type of publication. Implications for research and practice are discussed.
Three-dimensional MHD duct flows with strong transverse magnetic fields. Part 4. Fully insulated, variable-area rectangular ducts with small divergences

Part 3 of this study treats a prototype with insulating side walls at z = ± 1 for all x and insulating top and bottom walls a ty = ± a for x 0, where the applied magnetic field is in the y direction and the flow is in the x direction. In the diverging portion (x > 0) of this duct, the entire mass flux is carried by high-velocity jets adjacent to the side walls, while the fluid elsewhere is stagnant. In the constant-area portion (x < 0), the fully developed flow is severely disturbed as it approaches the join at x = 0, and high-velocity jets occur even before the top and bottom walls begin to diverge. The analysis presented in Part 3 is not valid in the limit b → 0, and the object of this paper is to reconcile the stagnant core flow for b ≠ 0 with the fully developed flow for b = 0. Conditions are such that inertia forces are negligible.The fist transitional stage occurs when 1 [Gt ] b [Gt ] M−½, where M is the (large) Hartmann number. The upstream disturbance disappears, and downstream each of the O(M−½) side-wall boundary layers splits into an O(b−lM−½) outer layer and an O(M−½) inner layer. The fluid outside these layers is still stagnant and an O(bM−½) velocity in the outer sublayers accounts for the mass flux. The viscous inner sublayers reduce the velocity in the outer sublayers to zero at the side walls.The second transitional stage occurs when b = O(M−½). The outer sublayers spread across the entire duct so that none of the fluid is stagnant, and an O(1) core velocity accounts for the mass flux. This analysis is valid no matter how small b becomes, and as b → 0 the fully developed solution is recovered every-where.
Internal waves in a rotating stratified spherical shell: asymptotic solutions

Summary. Small amplitude oscillations of a rotating, density-stratified fluid bounded by a spherical shell are examined. No restrictions are placed on the thickness of the shell. The internal mode spectrum is examined in the complete rotation-stratification parameter range including the regime that is appropriate for a plausible stratification distribution in the Earth's fluid core. A mathematical model is derived in terms of an eigenvalue PDE of mixed type. The existence of oscillatory solutions is exhibited in the limits of no rotation and no stratification. The frequency spectrum is extended asymptotically away from these limiting cases. A reduction in the complexity of the PDE for modes oscillating at the inertial frequency is exploited. A variational formulation is constructed in which the stratification parameter is treated as an eigenvalue of the system for fixed wave frequency. The spectral information is again extended asymptotically away from these ‘accessible’ points. Although the PDE reduces to Laplace's tidal equations (LTE) only under stringent parameter restrictions, it is observed that aspects of the behaviour of low frequency LTE modes are reproduced in the general model.
High-performance asynchronous pipeline circuits

This paper presents design and simulation results of two high-performance asynchronous pipeline circuits. The first circuit is a two-phase micropipeline but uses pseudo-static Svensson-style double edge-triggered D-flip-flops (DETDFF) for data storage in place of traditional transmission gate latches or Sutherland's capture-pass latches. The second circuit is a four-phase micropipeline with burst-mode control circuits. We compare our DETDFF and four-phase implementations of a FIFO buffer with the current state-of-the-art micropipeline implementation using four-phase controllers designed by Day and Woods for the AMULET-2 processor. We implemented Day and Woods's design and both of our designs in the MOSIS 1.2 /spl mu/m CMOS process and simulated them with a 4.6 V power supply and at 100/spl deg/C. Our SPICE simulations show that our DETDFF and four-phase designs have 70% and 30% higher throughput respectively than Day and Woods's design. This higher throughput for the DETDFF design is due to latching the data on both edges of the latch control, removing the need of a reset phase and simplifying the control structures. Our four-phase design, on the other hand, has higher throughput because of the simplified control structures and the removal of the latch enable buffers from the critical path. The four-phase design, though not quite as fast as the DETDFF design, requires much smaller area for data storage.
Concept Development and Meaningful Learning Among Electrical Engineering Students Engaged in a Problem-Based Laboratory Experience

This phenomenographic study documented changes in student-held electrical concepts the development of meaningful learning among students with both low and high prior knowledge within a problem-based learning (PBL) undergraduate electrical engineering course. This paper reports on four subjects: two with high prior knowledge and two with low prior knowledge. Subjects were interviewed at the beginning and end of the course to document their understanding of basic electrical concepts. During the term, they were videotaped while solving problems in lab. Concept maps were generated to represent how subjects verbally connected concepts during problem-solving. Significant to PBL research, each subject’s body of meaningful learning changed with each new problem, according to how the subject idiosyncratically interpreted the activity. Prior knowledge among the four subjects was a predictor of final knowledge, but not of problem-solving success. Differences in success seemed related more to mathematical ability and habits of mind. The study concluded that, depending on context, meaningful learning and habits of mind may contribute significantly to problem-solving success. The article presents a testable model of learning in PBL for further research.
Tropical multidecadal and interannual climate variability in the NCEP-NCAR reanalysis

Abstract The leading tropical multidecadal mode (TMM) and tropical interannual (ENSO) mode in the 52-yr (1949– 2000) NCEP–NCAR reanalysis are examined for the December–February (DJF) and June–August (JJA) seasons based on seasonal tropical convective rainfall variability and tropical surface (land + ocean) temperature variability. These combined modes are shown to capture 70%–80% of the unfiltered variance in seasonal 200-hPa velocity potential anomalies in the analysis region of 30°N–30°S. The TMM is the dominant mode overall, accounting for 50%–60% of the total unfiltered variance in both seasons, compared to the 22%–24% for ENSO. The robustness of the tropical multidecadal mode is addressed, and the results are shown to compare favorably with observed station data and published results of decadal climate variability in the key loading regions. The temporal and spatial characteristics of this mode are found to be distinct from ENSO. The TMM captures the global climate regimes observed during the 1950s–6...
Analytical model of the effect of misfit dislocation character on the bubble-to-void transition in metals

Abstract This paper addresses the role of misfit dislocations in the nucleation and growth of nanoscale He bubbles at interfaces. In a recent work, we studied the nanoscale effects on the capillarity equation and on equilibrium conditions. We proposed an expression for surface energy and for the equation of state, EOS, for He in bubbles, which have a size dependence that captures the role of the interface forces, which become relevant at the nanoscale. Here we determine the EOS for several twist grain boundaries in Fe and Cu and incorporate these results into the rate equation that determines the bubble-to-void transition, focusing on the influence of interface dislocations on the evaporation rate of vacancies. We find a significant effect of the magnitude of the Burgers vector of the dislocations on the critical radius for the transition. These results give a quantitative way to characterize grain boundaries in their ability to capture He and alter the onset of swelling.
Peacebuilders: An Ethnography of International Intervention

Why do international peace interventions so often fail to reach their full potential? Based on several years of ethnographic inquiry in conflict zones around the world (notably in DRC, South Sudan, and Burundi), I demonstrate that everyday elements  such as the expatriates social habits, standard security procedures, and habitual approaches to collecting information on violence  strongly impact the effectiveness of intervention efforts. Individuals from all parts of the world and all walks of life share a number of practices, habits, and narratives when they serve as interveners in conflict zones. These shared modes of operation enable foreign peacebuilders to function in the field, but they often have unintended consequences that decrease the effectiveness of international efforts. The way that interveners construct knowledge of their areas of deployment prevents them from fully grasping the contexts in which they work. Consequently, they tend to rely on overly simplistic narratives that obscure the complex causes of and potential solutions to violence. The foreign peacebuilders everyday practices also create and perpetuate firm boundaries and a wide power disparity between them and local people. These dynamics create numerous obstacles to the peace initiatives, and frequently prompt local counterparts to evade, resist, or reject international initiatives.
Conditioning of the Activity Effects of Drugs

A number of studies have reported conditioning of the activity effects of drugs. In these studies, the eliciting or unconditioned stimulus (US) was an injection of a drug which produced a change in activity, and the conditioned stimulus (CS) was a neutral event, such as placing the animal in an activity cage, which was paired with the drug injection. As a result of the CS-US pairing, the presentation of the CS alone was found capable of producing a change in activity similar to that elicited originally by the drug itself.
PTSD Symptoms Mediate Academic Stress and Drinking to Cope in College Students

Heightened perceptions of academic stress may increase college alcohol use behaviors, namely problem drinking and drinking to cope. Leading from prior research, the current study examined posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms as a mediator between academic stress and alcohol use behaviors. Undergraduate participants (N=200) completed an online survey battery. Results indicated that posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms mediated the relationship between academic stress and drinking to cope. Findings maintained after excluding the small portion of the sample without prior trauma. Results suggest that early trauma exposure may increase stress sensitivity, which is associated with elevated nontraumatic academic stress and stress-related symptoms. An increase in stress symptoms likely promotes drinking as a method of coping. Information on the role of trauma and stress may be incorporated into alcohol intervention programs.
Lycopene, tomato products and prostate cancer-specific mortality among men diagnosed with nonmetastatic prostate cancer in the Cancer Prevention Study II Nutrition Cohort

While dietary lycopene and tomato products have been inversely associated with prostate cancer incidence, there is limited evidence for an association between consumption of lycopene and tomato products and prostate-cancer specific mortality (PCSM). We examined the associations of prediagnosis and postdiagnosis dietary lycopene and tomato product intake with PCSM in a large prospective cohort. This analysis included men diagnosed with nonmetastatic prostate cancer between enrollment in the Cancer Prevention Study II Nutrition Cohort in 1992 or 1993 and June 2011. Prediagnosis dietary data, collected at baseline, were available for 8,898 men, of whom 526 died of prostate cancer through 2012. Postdiagnosis dietary data, collected on follow-up surveys in 1999 and/or 2003, were available for 5,643 men, of whom 363 died of prostate cancer through 2012. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to calculate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for PCSM. Neither prediagnosis nor postdiagnosis dietary lycopene intake was associated with PCSM (fourth vs. first quartile HR = 1.00, 95% CI 0.78-1.28; HR = 1.22, 95% CI 0.91-1.64, respectively). Similarly, neither prediagnosis nor postdiagnosis consumption of tomato products was associated with PCSM. Among men with high-risk cancers (T3-T4 or Gleason score 8-10, or nodal involvement), consistently reporting lycopene intake ≥ median on both postdiagnosis surveys was associated with lower PCSM (HR = 0.41, 95% CI 0.17-0.99, based on ten PCSM cases consistently ≥ median intake) compared to consistently reporting intake < median. Future studies are needed to confirm the potential inverse association of consistently high lycopene intake with PCSM among men with high-risk prostate cancers.
Photovoice as a Teaching Tool for Client/Student Advocacy

ABSTRACTDespite the growing literature on integrating social justice principles and training into counseling preparation programs, few studies provide evaluative data on the effectiveness of social justice training practices. This article describes an innovative instructional strategy—Photovoice—for teaching counseling students client/student advocacy and presents the results of a brief, open-ended classroom evaluation. Findings indicated increased critical awareness, commitment to social action, and advocacy skills among counseling students (N = 30). Counselor training implications are discussed.
CFD Analysis of a Wing with a Bleed Air Ice Protection System

A conjugate heat transfer analysis was performed with a three-dimensional NavierStokes computer code to investigate the performance of a hot air anti-icing system installed inside the leading edge of a 72-in span, 60-in chord wing model. The hot air system consisted of a piccolo tube and an inner-liner skin installed in the wing leading edge. Approximately 308 million cells were used to mesh the multiple interior and exterior regions of the computational domain including the thicknesses of the piccolo tube, wing leading edge and inner-liner skins. The walls of the icing tunnel facility used in a previous experimental study to document the performance of the wing hot air ice protection system were also modeled in the simulations performed. The computation of the internal flow included the flow inside the piccolo tube, the impinging jet flows on the interior surface of the wing leading edge from 83 hot air jets emanating from the piccolo tube, the flow inside the diffuser, and the exhaust flow downstream of the inner-liner skin. Computations were performed for Warm Hold and Cold Hold dry external flow conditions and for select bleed air mass flows and temperatures. External flow conditions included airspeeds of 110 kts and 115 kts, and freestream static air temperatures of -22F and 20F. In all cases the wing angle of attack was 3. In general the trends, and in most cases the magnitudes of the computed bleed air system internal flow properties were found to be in good agreement with experimental dry air data obtained from icing tunnel tests. Computed leading edge skin temperatures were in good agreement with experimental data except over the wing upper surface downstream of approximately 3% chord where the analysis resulted in higher skin temperatures compared to the experimental results. A computational study was also conducted to assess a methodology for scaling in-flight icing and external flow conditions to better reproduce the performance of bleed air ice protection systems in ground based icing facilities.
3-Cyano-N-methylpyridinium perchlorate.

In the crystal of the title mol­ecular salt, C7H7N2+·ClO4−, the components are linked by C—H⋯O and C—H⋯N inter­actions, generating zigzag chains running parallel to [100].
A Study on Copenhagen's Transit-Oriented Development

Copenhagen has successfully implemented Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) policies to form a "hand-shaped" urban development pattern, and to create a sustainable urban transport system, with the radial metro corridors functioning as the backbone for the TOD efforts in the city. This paper takes Copenhagen's experience as an example to promote Transit-Oriented Development concepts and to explore the feasibilities and benefits of adopting a Bus Rapid Transit system in cities of China based on TOD strategies.
Genotyping analysis of enterovirus 71 isolated from severe and mild cases of hand-foot-mouth disease in Guangzhou,China

Objective To study the genetic features and compare the genotypes of the enterovirus 71 isolated from severe and mild cases of hand-foot-mouth disease(HFMD)in Guangzhou city of China.Methods Stool samples from patients diagnosed as HFMD were collected to detect the CoxA16,EV71 and other entero-viruses by real-time PCR.The VP1 gene of the EV71 was amplified by RT-PCR;PCR products were sequenced,and analyzed using software DNA Man and DNA Star.Phylogenetic tree was constructed using MEGA.Results A total of 1 837 samples were collected during year 2011 and 1 172(63.80%)were enteroviruses,of which,357(30.46%)were EV71.The full length of the EV71 VP1 gene(891 bp)was amplified from samples of 7 severe and 8 mild cases.The nucleotide sequences of the VP1 gene among the 15 strains share 96.7%-99.9% in homology and 96.3%-100.0% in the deduced amino acid sequences.There was no significant difference in the sequences of VP1 genes between strains isolated from severe and those from mild cases.Phylogenetic analysis of the VP1 sequences categorized the 15 strains into EV71 subtype C4a.Conclusions EV71 C4a is the major subtype of virus circulating in Guangzhou of China for the epidemic of HFMD during 2011.There was no significant divergence in the sequences of VP1 gene between strains isolated from severe and mild cases.
Nonperturbative Quantum Nature of the Dislocation-Phonon Interaction.

Despite the long history of dislocation–phonon interaction studies, there are many problems that have not been fully resolved during this development. These include an incompatibility between a perturbative approach and the long-range nature of a dislocation, the relation between static and dynamic scattering, and their capability of dealing with thermal transport phenomena for bulk material only. Here by utilizing a fully quantized dislocation field, which we called a “dislon”, a phonon interacting with a dislocation is renormalized as a quasi-phonon, with shifted quasi-phonon energy, and accompanied by a finite quasi-phonon lifetime, which are reducible to classical results. A series of outstanding legacy issues including those above can be directly explained within this unified phonon renormalization approach. For instance, a renormalized phonon naturally resolves the decade-long debate between dynamic and static dislocation–phonon scattering approaches, as two limiting cases. In particular, at nanosca...
Lipoxins formation by rat basophilic leukemia (RBL-1) cells.

Rat basophilic leukemia (RBL-1) cells (1.5 x 10(9) were incubated with (15S), 15-hydroperoxy-5,8,11-cis-13-trans-eicosatetraenoic acid (15-HPETE) (100 microM) and calcium ionophore A23187 (5 microM) for 30 min at 37 degrees C. The reaction products were extracted and separated on reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). The fraction of interest which showed the characteristic UV spectrum of lipoxins (LXs) (lambda max at 301 nm, shoulders at 289 nm and 317 nm) was further purified using a second RP-HPLC. This step produced four distinct peaks, three of which co-eluted with synthetic lipoxin A4 (LXA4), lipoxin B4 (LXB4), and authentic 6S-LXA4 standards, respectively. These fractions were analyzed by capillary gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC/MS) for structural identity. Based on these data (chromatographic profile, UV spectrum, mass spectra) and the reported criteria (Serhan/Samuelsson, 1984-88), these three fractions were identified with LXA4[(5S,6R,15S)-5,6,15-trihydroxy-7,9,13-trans-11-cis-eicosatetra enoic acid)], LXB4[(5S,14R,15S)-5,14,15-trihydroxy-6,10,12-trans-8-cis-eic osa-tetraenoic acid)] and 6S-LXA4[(5S,6S,15S)-5,6,15-trihydroxy-7,9,13-trans-11-cis-eicosate traenoic acid)]. It is concluded that RBL-1 cells have the capacity to generate LXs by metabolizing arachidonic acid (AA) derivatives (i.e., 15-HPETE) and that LXs produced by RBL-1 cells are indistinguishable from those derived from other cells.
THE PARADOXES OF LABOR

THE YEARS IMMEDIATELY FOLLOWING 1834 were outwardly quiet. It was not until 1839 and 1840 that the agitations of the early 1830s reemerged in French public life. During the intervening period, the repressive policies of the government fostered underground forms of labor organization and political activity. Workers' corporations certainly continued to exist, and some of them even retained the “philanthropic” forms they had assumed in 1832 or 1833; strikes, however, were rare. The flurry of working- class intellectual and organizational innovation of the early 1830s was also halted by the repression. Nevertheless, the ideas of exploitation, of association, and of the fecundity of labor were quietly ruminated by workers all over the country in the later 1830s, and they emerged in public with renewed force in 1839 and 1840, when several simultaneous events brought the problem of labor to the center of public attention. The year 1839 witnessed the first serious attempt at a workers' insurrection since 1834, an abortive rising in Paris led by Auguste Blanqui and the Society of the Seasons. In the following year a wave of strikes occurred in the skilled trades of Paris, the first major strike wave since 1833. These events were part of a more general reawakening, one that spawned and was intensified by the rebirth of a Parisian working-class press, ha Ruche populaire (The People's Beehive), founded by a group of Saint-Simonian workers, published its first number in 1839; in 1840 it was joined by L'Atelier, organe des interets moraux et materiels des ouvriers (The Workshop, Organ of the Moral and Material Interests of the Workers).
From Fascism in Britain to World War: Dystopic Warnings

Stephen Spender begins his account of the 1930s by declaring it ‘the decade in which young writers became involved in politics’.1 Reflecting his own turbulent political involvement, instead of assuming any harmony or consistency, he describes his generation’s divided heart: … extremely non-political with half of themselves and extremely political with the other half. With the political half they really did try to see the world from the ideological viewpoint … a struggle between opposed interests, those of capitalist imperialism and those of the socialist revolution. Perhaps one might not in past historical situations have seen this, but in the thirties it was so highlighted by current circumstances … (p. 18).
An almost superposition of hammerstein systems for simultaneous hysteresis-dynamics compensation

In this paper, the almost superposition of hammerstein systems (ASHS) and its application to precision control of hysteresis-hammerstein systems is considered. We first show that for hammerstein operator satisfying a Lipschitz condition, a weak form of the ASHS—the linear combination of outputs approaches to the response to the linear combination of the corresponding inputs with a different set of combination coefficients—exists when there are enough output elements. Furthermore, the strict form of the ASHS—the coefficients of the output and the input combination match to each other exactly—holds for a certain choice of the inputs. The number of outputs in the ASHS is further quantified for hysteresis-hammerstein system. We then present the realization of the ASHS for hysteresis-hammerstein systems to compensate for hysteresis and dynamics simultaneously in decomposition-learning-based output tracking applications.
Internet Anonymity, Reputation, and Freedom of Speech: The US Legal Landscape

The ability to “speak” anonymously has long been a valued component of United States political discourse. From the early days of anonymous pamphleteering, courts and scholars have recognized that sometimes speech will be less hindered and be more candid where there is no demand for the speaker to identify himself. In fact, courts in the United States have explicitly recognized the right to speak anonymously as extending to speech on the Internet. But not all anonymous Internet posts are speech, and not all speech is beneficial speech. In fact, some postings might fall into the criminal area, while some might be defamatory. Others, while not outright defamatory, might yet be injurious to the reputations of individuals and corporations. This paper addresses three major concerns and analyzes the legal responses to those concerns in the United States: (a) the protection of individual and corporate reputation in the face of online anonymity, (b) the protection of online anonymity in the face of legal challenges, and (c) the effect the Internet has on jurisdiction in online anonymity litigation. The paper approaches the analytical task by legal analysis, reviewing some of the state and federal laws regarding online anonymity passed in US legislatures, as well as court opinions addressing the subject. Where available, laws within an international context are also analyzed. The laws were accessed by a search of the Westlaw legal database using focused search query strings to address the three concerns.
Relationships among psychoneurological symptoms and levels of C-reactive protein over 2 years in women with early-stage breast cancer

The aim of the present study was to explore clusters of psychoneurological symptoms and inflammation (levels of C-reactive protein) over time in a cohort of women with early-stage breast cancer. Specifically, we examined the relationships among affective symptoms (depression, anxiety, fatigue, sleep disturbances, pain, and perceived stress), domains of cognitive performance, and levels of peripheral C-reactive over a period of 2 years. This was a prospective, longitudinal study of 77 women diagnosed with early-stage breast cancer. Data collection, including symptom questionnaires, performance-based cognitive testing, and blood draws, took place at 5 time points: prior to initiating adjuvant chemotherapy, prior to the fourth chemotherapy treatment, and at 6, 12, and 24 months after the initiation of chemotherapy. Exploratory factor analysis with varimax orthogonal rotation was used to examine the covariance among symptoms at each visit. Using the factor scores and weighted sums, three clusters were identified: global cognition, affective symptoms, and cognitive efficiency. Peripheral levels of C-reactive protein were inversely correlated with the cognitive efficiency factor across time. The findings suggest that objectively measured domains of cognitive function occur independently of other affective symptoms that are commonly reported by women with breast cancer in long-term survivorship. The cognitive efficiency symptom cluster may be amenable to interventions targeted to biological influences that reduce levels of C-reactive protein.
Methylphenidate and Sleep Patterns

The effects of methylphenidate (0.3-0.4 mg/kg) cf placebo on sleep in 10 children with ADHD are reported in a double-blind crossover study at the Bnai Zion Medical Center and the Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
Architectural characterization and analysis of high-end mobile client workloads

With the rapid development of hardware and software technologies, mobile client platforms now run a vast diversity of applications, catering to the needs of various end users. In this paper, we conduct an extensive investigation and analysis of multiple representative high-end mobile client workloads, to shed lights on the workload characterization and the interaction between the application/software and the platform/processor behaviors. Our measurement and analysis provide a deep understanding on the architectural characterization of those mobile workloads. For example, we find that the today's mobile processors, while performing well with traditional client workloads, exhibit some inefficiency with certain emerging less CPU-intensive workloads such as casual games. The analysis and insights we gained can be used to guide future design of not only the hardware such as the micro-architecture design, but also the software stack and application development, in order to achieve both high performance and energy efficiency.
Characterization and silencing of the fatty acid‐ and retinol‐binding Pp‐far‐1 gene in Pratylenchus penetrans

Fatty acid- and retinol-binding proteins (FARs) are unique to nematodes, and are implicated in a wide range of metabolic and parasitic related functions. Along with the in silico analyses performed in this study, three different FAR members of this family were identified in Pratylenchus penetrans. The cDNA corresponding to the fatty acid- and retinol-binding Pp-far-1 gene was cloned and herein characterized at the molecular level for the first time for this genus. The translated 185 amino acid sequence of P. penetrans FAR-1 sequence, with a predicted molecular weight of 20.82 kDa and a pI of 5.49, shares highest sequence identity to FARs of other migratory nematodes of the Pratylenchidae family (90% to P. vulnus and 80% to Radopholus similis). In situ hybridization localizes Pp-far-1 transcripts in the hypodermis of the nematode. RT-qPCR detected Pp-far-1 transcripts for all nematode developmental stages, with highest expression levels found in juveniles, adult females and adult males, respectively. Pp-far-1 is also highly expressed during infection and establishment of P. penetrans in roots of different host plants, such as corn, lily and soybean. The importance of Pp-far-1 was studied by in planta RNA interference (RNAi) assays using stable soybean hairy root lines. Targeting Pp-far-1 decreased expression of the nematode Pp-far-1 and significantly reduced the reproduction of nematodes, with a total of between 44% and 70% fewer nematodes in comparison to the average number of nematodes counted for control lines. The results indicate that suppressing the expression levels of Pp-far-1 can act as an effective target gene to control P. penetrans.
Incidence and characterization of antiandrogen withdrawal syndrome (AAWS) after enzalutamide (ENZA) in patients (pts) with metastatic castration-refractory prostate cancer (mCRPC).

228Background: AAWS manifested as PSA decline after discontinuation of first generation AAs, like bicalutamide, has been well characterized and reported. Objective of this study was to assess the incidence and characterize AAWS after ENZA in pts with mCRPC. Methods: From a single institution cohort, pts with mCRPC who discontinued ENZA after documented disease progression per PCWG2 criteria were included. AAWS after ENZA was defined as any degree of PSA decline after discontinuation of ENZA. Baseline pts, disease, and treatment characteristics were compared between Opts with AAWS after ENZAO vs. Opts without AAWS after ENZAO treated during the similar time period: median values were compared with the Wilcoxon rank sum test; proportions were compared with FisherOs Exact test; and the log rank test was used to compare PFS (Table). Results: 5 pts of 72 eligible pts (~7%) experienced AAWS after discontinuation of ENZA. The levels of PSA decline were as follows: 84%, 32%, 17%, 15% and 15%, respectively. Median...
Stochastic Star Formation and Spiral Structure

Most approaches to explaining the long-range order of the spiral arms in galaxies assume that it is induced by the long-range gravitational interaction. However, it is well-known in many fields of physics that long-range order may be induced by short-range interactions. A typical example is magnetism, where the exchange interaction between magnetic spins has a range of only 10 angstrőms, yet a bar magnet can be made as large as one likes. Stochastic self-propagating star formation (SSPSF) starts from the point of view of a short-range interaction and examines the spiral structure arising from it (Seiden and Gerola 1982). We assume that the energetic processes of massive stars, stellar winds, ionization-front shocks and supernova shocks, in an OB association or open cluster can induce the creation of a new molecular cloud from cold interstellar atomic hydrogen. In turn this new molecular cloud will begin to form stars that will allow the process to repeat, creating a chain reaction. The differential rotation existing in a spiral galaxy will stretch the aggregation of recently created stars into spiral features.
Functional silos, integration & encroachment in internal communication

Abstract Some companies and organizations are pursuing joint planning and coordination between internal and external communicators; however, functional silos still appear to be a barrier and concern. Through in-depth interviews with 28 communication executives working in the United States, this study provides evidence that dual oversight of external and internal communication by a senior executive from marketing or corporate communication appears to be a good way to reduce functional silos, but the arrangement can weaken the power and influence of internal communicators. Recommendations and implications for practice are provided.
Real-time Dispenser Replenishment Optimization Based on Receding Horizon Control

Abstract This paper presents a real-time optimization approach to enhance dispenser replenishment planning in central fill pharmacy systems. Dispenser replenishment is a key function that directly impacts the overall pharmacy performance. It is influenced by various stochastic variables such as demand variety, counting speed, and medication size. These variables increase the complexity of planning, especially when demand volume is high. In this research, a mixed integer programming model is proposed to minimize the total replenishment costs. A receding horizon control (RHC) mechanism is applied to reduce the computational burden and enhance the solution's quality. Experimental results indicate that dynamic planning using RHC reduces the total replenishment costs by 64%.
Gut–Brain Axis in Regulation of Blood Pressure

Hypertension (HTN) is an escalating health issue worldwide. It is estimated that 1.56 billion people will suffer from high blood pressure (BP) by 2025. Recent studies reported an association between gut dysbiosis and HTN, thus proposing interesting avenues for novel treatments of this condition. The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and the immune system (IS) play a recognized role in the onset and progression of HTN, while reciprocal communication between gut microbiota and the brain can regulate BP by modulating the interplay between the IS and SNS. This review presents the current state of the science implicating brain-gut connection in HTN, highlighting potential pathways of their interaction in control of BP.
Quantification of wetting front movement under the influence of surface topography

Soil surface topography affects fundamental hydrologic processes, such as infiltration and soil water percolation. Topographic variations potentially alter both the magnitude and directions of unsaturated flow. The objective of this study is to evaluate the effects of surface topography on wetting front moving patterns under different rainfall and soil conditions through combined experimental and numerical modelling studies. Specifically, laboratory-scale infiltration and unsaturated flow experiments and HYDRUS-2D modelling were conducted for different topographic surfaces, rainfall intensities, and soil types. The simulated and observed wetting front distributions were compared and evaluated. Two different stages were observed: topography-dominated two-dimensional flow and uniform one-dimensional flow. A uniformly distributed wetting front was eventually achieved although soil surfaces had dissimilar topographic characteristics. However, the timing or duration to reach such a uniform flat wetting front varied, mainly depending on surface topography, rainfall characteristics, and soil hydraulic properties. The findings from this study are important to better understand the mechanism of topography-controlled unsaturated flow, wetting front movement, and overland flow generation, and to further improve modelling of soil water flow and transport processes under such complex conditions across different scales.
The relationship between the P wave and local atrial electrogram in predicting conduction block during catheter ablation of cavo-tricuspid isthmus-dependent atrial flutter.

The endpoint for radiofrequency catheter ablation (RFA) of cavo-tricuspid isthmus (CTI)-dependent atrial flutter (AFL) is complete conduction block along the CTI. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the utility of the temporal relationship between the P wave and the local atrial electrograms in determining complete CTI block. RFA of CTI was performed in 125 patients (age 63 ± 11 years). During pacing from the coronary sinus (CS), the intervals from the peak of the P wave (Ppeak) in lead V1 to the second component of the local atrial electrogram (A2) along the ablation line (Ppeak-A2) and from the end of the P wave (Pend) to A2 (Pend-A2) were investigated before and after complete block in the first 100 patients (training set). In the next 25 patients (validation set), Ppeak-A2 and Pend-A2 intervals were prospectively assessed to determine CTI block. The mean Ppeak-A2 and Pend-A2 immediately before complete block were − 15±24 and − 39±23 ms compared to 49 ± 17 and 21 ± 16 ms after CTI block (P < 0.0001). Ppeak-A2 ≥ 20 ms and Pend-A2 ≥ 0 ms predicted CTI block with 98% sensitivity and 95% specificity and 96% sensitivity and 100% specificity, respectively. In the validation set, the positive and negative predictive values of Ppeak-A2 ≥ 20 ms or Pend-A2 ≥ 0 ms were 100 and 96%, respectively. The diagnostic accuracy was 98%. During pacing from the CS, the temporal relationship between the P wave in lead V1 and A2 is a simple and reliable indicator of complete block during RFA of CTI-AFL.
Structural evolution of oxidized surface of zirconium-silicide under ion irradiationm

Abstract Irradiation-induced structural evolution and compositional alterations on nanometer length scales of ZrO2-SiO2 nanocomposite and crystalline ZrSiO4, produced by oxidation of ZrSi2 at 1000 °C and 1400 °C, respectively, have been investigated. Irradiations were performed with 3.9 MeV Si2+ at 305 °C up to damage levels of 60 displacements per atom (dpa), and post-irradiation characterization was conducted by cross-sectional scanning- and transmission electron microscopy (STEM and TEM) in conjunction with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), as well as glancing-angle X-ray diffraction (XRD). The multilayered nanocomposite oxide showed extensive phase mixing so that the originally distinct interfaces between ZrO2 and SiO2 phases were obliterated resulting in the formation of a single amorphous Zr-Si-O phase. Crystalline ZrSiO4 grains were completely amorphized at damage levels of 5–15 dpa, as evidenced by disappearance of grain boundaries and as confirmed by electron diffraction. The irradiation-induced phase transformation for both types of oxide structures has the potential to dramatically enhance corrosion resistance in high temperature aqueous and steam environments.
The Kinetochore of Mammalian Chromosomes: Structure and Function in Normal Mitosis and Aneuploidy

The kinetochore is a structurally differentiated site on mitotic chromosomes to which spindle microtubules (MTs) are attached. In mammalian cells, the kinetochore is organized into a trilamellar plate and is morphologically distinct from the centromere. Although kinetochores and centromeres are morphologically and biochemically distinct regions, they are functionally linked and necessary for normal chromosome movement and segregation.
Developing a process for assessing equivalency of wheelchair cushion pressure redistribution performance.

For wheelchair users who are at risk for developing pressure ulcers, cushion prescription seeks to address tissue integrity. Because many designs of wheelchair cushions exist, a need exists to esti...
A 915-MHz Far-Field Energy Harvester With −22-dBm Sensitivity and 3-V Output Voltage Based on Antenna-and- Rectifier Codesign

An ultrasensitive far-field energy harvester based on antenna-and-rectifier codesign is presented in this letter. To eliminate the lossy impedance matching section, a square loop antenna is optimized to directly connect a highly efficient cross-coupled rectifier. The product of the radiation and matching efficiencies is proposed as the optimization metric for such antenna-and-rectifier codesign. The rectifier and the power conditioning circuitry are fabricated in 180-nm CMOS technology, which requires a minimum incident power of $6.2~\mu \text{W}$ (−22 dBm). The optimized antenna is implemented on a Rogers substrate with an overall size of 10 cm2. An LED is used as the load to illustratively indicate the duty-cycled discharging of the energy harvester. A maximum operating distance of 20 m at 4-W Tx effective isotropic radiated power is demonstrated. This energy harvester can be used in remote sensing and Internet-of-Things (IoT) applications.
Choosy Gulf pipefish males ignore age but prefer active females with deeply keeled bodies

Within Syngnathidae (pipefish, seadragons and seahorses), male pregnancy often results in choosy males and competitive females. Females in these species often evolve secondary sexual traits and engage in courtship displays that make their ornaments more noticeable to males. Most syngnathids probably continue to grow larger throughout their lives, but we know little about the relationship between age and mating competition in these taxa. Here, we use the Gulf pipefish, Syngnathus scovelli, to investigate the roles of ornament size, courtship activity level, age and fecundity in female mating competition. We conducted male choice trials that allowed males to choose between similarly sized females of different ages. We also measured age and size at maturity. We found that females with larger ornaments were deeper bodied and engaged in longer courtship displays, yet males chose females based on body depth and display rather than ornamentation. This result suggests that ornamentation serves to help males assess female quality. Female age plays no role in male choice or in female ornamentation. Our finding that males care more about female phenotype than female age considerably simplifies the interpretation of mating patterns in natural populations of Gulf pipefish, which are characterized by considerable age structure.
Demographic Characteristics and Frequency of Use among Current Users of Classic Hallucinogens

Little is known about the demographic characteristics of classic hallucinogen users and few investigations address the frequency of their use. This study used five years of data from The National Survey on Drug Use and Health, an annual, nationally representative, cross-sectional survey, conducted by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration of the United States government, to examine age, gender, marital status, race/ethnicity, income, education, employment status and health status and among low, medium, and high frequency users of classic hallucinogens ( N = 1323). Results indicated classic hallucinogen users were most likely to be White males between 18 and 25 years old, who had never been married, had some college, were employed full-time, had a family income less than $20,000 per year, and were in very good health. High frequency hallucinogen users were more likely to be males in the â€œOtherâ€ racial/ethnic category who were less well educated, and less healthy, but they did not differ from other users in age, marital status, family income, or employment. Limitations and suggestions for future research are discussed.
A Generalized and Dynamic Framework for Solar-Powered Roadside Transmitter Unit Planning

Roadside Unit (RSU) planning is a key step for the development of a robust Intelligent Transportation System (ITS). Many factors, including traffic flow variation, energy consumption, and budgetary constraints, all affect the daily operation and performance of the ITS. Therefore, there is an urgent need to effectively incorporate all these factors in designing a planning program that addresses this complex and dynamic problem. In this paper, we propose a general RSU planning solution, where complex and dynamic parameters are investigated. The objective is to maximize the effective coverage area of the placed RSUs, given: i) a planning budget comprised of periodic operating expenses (OPEX) and capital expenditures (CAPEX), ii) the physical limitations of the transceivers, and iii) the potential use of renewable energy to offset the on-grid electricity cost. We formulate a Mixed-Integer Quadratically Constrained Programming (MIQCP) problem that can simultaneously determine the optimal placement and daily activation/deactivation schedules of each RSU, whether or not they have a solar panel attached, and their ranges during each period of time. We performed a sensitivity analysis over a realistic map, and results show that as the budget increases, no matter the CAPEX/OPEX, there is an increase in coverage efficiency with a diminishing-returns behavior, a positive correlation between maximum transmission power ratings on the RSUs and coverage efficiency, and a negative correlation between minimum required data transfer rate and coverage efficiency.
Carebit: A Mobile App for Remote Informal Caregiving

Assistive technologies have been developed to make informal caregiving more feasible, but are typically privacy invasive, unaffordable, or inconvenient. To address this gap, we present Carebit, a cross-platform app for iOS and Android users that allows caregivers to be notified based on preset thresholds about their loved one (caregivee). We have designed Carebit to protect the privacy of the caregivee while allowing the caregiver to conveniently check up on them through their phone. Carebit also provides an app for the caregivee to be able to communicate with their caregiver.
Integrated Microvessel Diameter and Microregional Blood Content as Determined by Cerebrocortical Video Reflectometry

Quantitative television reflectometry of the exposed brain cortex with digital processing of its reflectance image has been applied for the measurement of arterial, venous diameter and parenchymal blood content integrated over a selected region. A map of the region’s blood content has also been constructed from several thousand individually determined values of tissue optical density (OD), which linearly correlate with the tissue blood content2, 3. Image processing of these maps has separated the low density pixels within parenchymal areas from those of high density within vascular areas, and allowed the integration of the parenchymal blood content by means of the low density pixels. The difference between the number of high-density pixels in maps with and without arterial bolus perfusion—when temporarily no blood remains in the arteries—was found to be proportional to the integrated arterial diameter, whereas the high-density pixel-count during the arterial haemodilution measured the integrated venous diameter.