cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Shadow detection and building-height estimation using IKONOS data

The spectral confusion between shadow and water or other dark surfaces often results in suboptimal urban classification performances, especially from high-resolution satellite imagery e.g. IKONOS. A classification method was developed to incorporate spatial indices of image objects to improve the shadow/water detection. A number of spatial indices, such as size, shape and spatial neighbour of image objects, were characterized to differentiate water and shadow objects. This generated superior shadow/water detection performance compared to a traditional per-field Extraction and Classification of Homogeneous Objects ECHO classification method. The user's accuracies for shadow and water classes were increased to 88% and 92%, compared to 80% and 76% obtained from the traditional ECHO classification approach. Furthermore, an automated approach was developed for shadow-length and corresponding building-height estimation. The accuracy assessment suggested good results for very high buildings, especially for isolated high-rise buildings.
Serum Albumin Is Strongly Associated with Erythropoietin Sensitivity in Hemodialysis Patients

Background and objectives: In hemodialysis patients, the hematological response to erythropoietin (epo) is variable and clinical factors that explain this variability are incompletely understood. We tested the hypothesis that the variability in hemoglobin (Hgb) response (epo sensitivity) is determined by key nutritional, inflammation, and oxidative stress markers. Design, setting, participants, & measurements: Eighty-two consecutive patients on hemodialysis had 3 consecutive monthly predialysis evaluations of Hgb, total white blood cell (WBC) count, serum albumin, malondialdehyde (MDA), and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP1). We analyzed the time course of Hgb in relationship to serum albumin, WBC, MDA, MCP1, epo and iron administration, and tests of iron sufficiency in a linear growth curve model. Results: Subjects with higher Hgb had a fall in Hgb and vice versa, regressing to a mean Hgb (SD) of 11.8 g/dl (1.8 g/dl). Whereas the average slope of Hgb was flat, the SD of slopes was 0.63 g/dl, which explained 39% of the variance in Hgb. Nonuse of epo was associated with a mean Hgb change of −0.18 g/dl (95% confidence interval [CI] −0.26 to −0.10) per 10,000 IU epo/mo (P < 0.05). Epo use was associated with steeper rate of change at 0.04 g/dl per mo per 10,000 IU (95% CI 0.01 to 0.07) (P < 0.01). Hgb at baseline was 0.73 g/dl higher for each 1-g/dl increase in albumin, and the rate of change increased by 0.49 g/dl per mo for each 1-g/dl increase in albumin concentration. WBC, MDA, or MCP1 had no role in predicting the baseline Hgb or its change over time. Conclusions: Serum albumin concentration is an important predictor of both baseline Hgb and epo sensitivity in chronic hemodialysis patients. Factors that improve serum albumin may also improve Hgb in hemodialysis patients.
Family Support and Pregnancy Behavior among Women in Two Border Mexican Cities

Given that, on average, immigrant Mexican women in the United States have relatively low socioeconomic status, researchers have sought explanations for their...
Proximity Matters: Exploring Relationships Among Neighborhoods, Congregations, and the Residential Patterns of Members

Using the Philadelphia Congregations Census, the Neighborhood Change Database, the U.S. Census, and geographic information systems (GIS) software, this study compared characteristics of congregations made up of members who live nearby their congregation’s building to those with more members who commute from outside the immediate area or outside the city. We considered whether the neighborhood characteristics in which the “commuter” versus “resident” congregations were located differed in regard to racial composition, socioeconomic status, and residential stability. The study found that where the pastor lives in relation to the building, denomination, racial composition of membership, and the stability of the neighborhood were related to members’ residential proximity to the congregation building.
Image coding via morphological transformations: a general theory

A general theory for the morphological representation of discrete and binary images is presented. The theory relies on the generation of a set of nonoverlapping segments of an image by repeated erosions and set transformations, which in turn produces a decomposition that guarantees exact reconstruction. The morphological image-representation transform and its properties are examined, with focus on the relationship between the transform and some existing shape-analysis tools, thus introducing the transform as the basis of a unified geometrical image analysis. Particular cases of the general representation scheme are shown to yield a number of useful image representations which are directly related to various forms of digital morphological skeletons. Also considered is the relationship between the transform and the various forms of morphological skeletons. >
Bureaucratic legitimacy and the drug menace: Notes on the Marihuana Tax Act

In recent papers Galliher and Walker argue that much of the conventional wisdom about the Marihuana Tax Act is methodologically ill‐founded and theoretically misleading. According to them, structural pressures in the form of racial and economic conflict account for the legislation. The data discussed in this paper indicate more evidence than heretofore acknowledged for Dickson's position that the Bureau's support for the Act was a way to legitimate itself in the face of decreasing appropriations. By a selective presentation of its own data about marihuana traffic the Bureau played more than a passive role in defining it as a national social problem. Our analysis suggests that the timing of the Bureau's crusading is more responsive to a crisis over organizational legitimacy than conflict between Mexican immigrants and Americans. Elements such as national economic crisis, changes in alcohol controls and attempts to change peoples’ beliefs about marihuana which are common to the 1930s and 1980s provide oppor...
Micromachined polarization beam splitters for the visible spectrum

Batch-processed polarization beam splitters (PBS) are built and characterized. PBS are important optical components used to separate the orthogonal TE and TM components of light. The devices are fabricated from thin-film, low-stress silicon nitride membranes and showed excellent performance. By stacking membranes and a triple-layer, PBS produce extinction ratios of 21 and 16 dB for reflected and transmitted light rays, respectively.
Genetics of neurocutaneous disorders: basic principles of inheritance as they apply to neurocutaneous syndromes

Neurocutaneous disorders vary widely in clinical presentation as well as genetic cause and inheritance pattern. Recent advancements in genetic research have identified many of the causal genes for neurocutaneous disorders, allowing families to receive genetic testing and genetic counseling to better understand carrier risks, recurrence risks for future generations, and reproductive options such as prenatal testing and preimplantation diagnosis. Examples of specific neurocutaneous disorders are utilized to illustrate the various inheritance patterns seen in this heterogeneous group of disorders, including autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, X-linked dominant, X-linked recessive, de novo, and somatic and germline mosaicism.
Glutamine: commercially essential or conditionally essential? A critical appraisal of the human data

Glutamine is a nonessential amino acid that can be synthesized from glutamate and glutamic acid by gluta- mate-ammonia ligase. Glutamine is an important fuel source for the small intestine. It was proposed that glutamine is necessary for the maintenance of normal intestinal morphology and func- tion in the absence of luminal nutrients. However, intestinal morphologic and functional changes related to enteral fasting and parenteral nutrition are less significant in humans than in animal models and may not be clinically significant. Therefore, it is unclear whether glutamine is necessary for the preservation of normal intestinal morphology and function in humans during parenteral nutrition. It was suggested that both glutamine- supplemented parenteral nutrition and enteral diets may pre- vent bacterial translocation via the preservation and augmenta- tion of small-bowel villus morphology, intestinal permeability, and intestinal immune function. However, it is unclear whether clinically relevant bacterial translocation even occurs in humans, much less whether there is any value in the prevention of such occurrences. Results of the therapeutic use of glutamine in humans at nonphysiologic doses indicate limited efficacy. Although glu- tamine is generally recognized to be safe on the basis of rela- tively small studies, side effects in patients receiving home parenteral nutrition and in those with liver-function abnormali- ties have been described. Therefore, on the basis of currently available clinical data, it is inappropriate to recommend gluta- mine for therapeutic use in any condition. Am J Clin Nutr 2001;74:25-32.
An Iterated Conditional Modes solution for sparse Bayesian factor modeling of transcriptional regulatory networks

The problem of uncovering transcriptional regulation by transcription factors (TFs) based on microarray data is considered. A novel Bayesian sparse correlated rectified factor model (BSCRFM) coupled with its ICM solution is proposed. BSCRFM models the unknown TF protein level activity, the correlated regulations between TFs, and the sparse nature of TF regulated genes and it admits prior knowledge from existing database regarding TF regulated target genes. An efficient Iterated Conditional Modes (ICM) algorithm is developed, and a maximum a posterior (MAP) solution is calculated from multiple ICM results to avoid the local maximum problem, a context-specific transcriptional regulatory network specific to the experimental condition of the microarray data can then be obtained. The proposed model's ICM algorithm and MAP solution are evaluated on the simulated systems and results demonstrated the validity and effectiveness of the proposed approach. The proposed model is also applied to the breast cancer microarray data and a TF regulated network is obtained.
The Mannose Receptor Mediates the Cellular Immune Response in Human Coccidioidomycosis

Mannose is the predominant monosaccharide in the coccidioidal antigen preparation T27K. Mannan and anti-CD206 antibody significantly decreased the surface expression of mannose receptor (MR) on adherent peripheral blood mononuclear cells and reduced the interleukin-2 (IL-2) release induced by T27K. These data suggest that MR mediates IL-2 release by T27K.
The ISI Classroom Observation System: Examining the Literacy Instruction Provided to Individual Students:

The Individualizing Student Instruction (ISI) classroom observation and coding system is designed to provide a detailed picture of the classroom environment at the level of the individual student. Using a multidimensional conceptualization of the classroom environment, foundational elements (teacher warmth and responsiveness to students, classroom management) and instructional elements (teacher-child interactions, context, and content) are described. The authors have used the ISI system to document that children who share the same classroom have very different learning opportunities, that instruction occurs through interactions among teachers and students, and that the effect of this instruction depends on children’s language and literacy skills. This means that what is effective for one child may be ineffective for another with different skills. With improving classroom observation systems, the dynamics of the complex classroom environment as it affects student learning can be better understood.
Hearing Loss in an Aging American Population: Extent, Impact, and Management

Despite contributing substantially to disability in the United States, age-related hearing loss is an underappreciated public health concern. Loss of hearing sensitivity has been documented in two-thirds of adults aged 70 years and older and has been associated with communication difficulties, lower health-related quality of life, and decreased physical and cognitive function. Management strategies for age-related hearing loss are costly, yet the indirect costs due to lost productivity among people with communication difficulties are also substantial and likely to grow. Hearing aids can improve health-related quality of life, but the majority of people with documented hearing loss do not report using them. Uncovering effective means to improve the utilization of hearing health care services is essential for meeting the hearing health care demands of our aging population. The importance of hearing for general well-being warrants an effort to enhance awareness among the general population of the indications...
History of the Representation of the DDC in the MARC Classification Format

This article explores the history of the representation of the Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC) in the Machine Readable Cataloging (MARC) formats, with a special emphasis on the development of the MARC classification format. Until 2009, the format used to represent the DDC has been a proprietary one that predated the development of the MARC classification format. The need to replace the current editorial support system, the desire to deliver DDC data in a variety of formats to support different uses, and the increasingly global context of editorial work with translation partners around the world prompted the Dewey editorial team, along with OCLC research and development colleagues, to rethink the underlying representation of the DDC and choose the MARC 21 formats for classification and authority data. The discussion is framed with quotes from the writings of Nancy J. Williamson, whose analysis of the content of the Library of Congress Classification (LCC) schedules played a key role in shaping the origi...
Individual exome analysis in diagnosis and management of paediatric liver failure of indeterminate aetiology.

Background & Aims In children with liver failure, as many as half remain of indeterminate aetiology. This hinders timely consideration of optimal treatment options. We posit that a significant subset of these children harbour known inherited metabolic liver diseases with atypical presentation or novel inborn errors of metabolism. We investigated the utility of whole-exome sequencing in three children with advanced liver disease of indeterminate aetiology. Methods Patient 1 was a 10year-old female diagnosed with Wilson disease but no detectable ATP7B mutations, and decompensated liver cirrhosis who underwent liver transplant and subsequently developed onset of neurodegenerative disease. Patient 2 was a full-term 2day-old male with fatal acute liver failure of indeterminate aetiology. Patient 3 was an 8year-old female with progressive syndromic cholestasis of unknown aetiology since age 3months. Results Unbiased whole-exome sequencing of germline DNA revealed homozygous mutations in MPV17 and SERAC1 as the disease causing genes in patient 1 and 2, respectively. This is the first demonstration of SERAC1 loss-of-function associated fatal acute liver failure. Patient 1 expands the phenotypic spectrum of the MPV17-related hepatocerebral mitochondrial DNA depletion syndrome. Patient 3 was found to have syndromic cholestasis due to bi-allelic NOTCH2 mutations. Conclusions Our findings validate the application of whole-exome sequencing in the diagnosis and management of children with advanced liver disease of indeterminate aetiology, with the potential to enhance optimal selection of treatment options and adequate counselling of families. Moreover, whole-exome sequencing revealed a hitherto unrecognized phenotypic spectrum of inherited metabolic liver diseases.
Selective Increase in Conjugated Linoleic Acid in Milk Fat by Crystallization

: The objective of this work was to obtain concentrated natural conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) from milk fat by urea complexation. Milk fat was hydrolyzed to provide free fatty acids, followed by crystallization with different ratios of urea. The profiles of fatty acids achieved by urea complexation showed different fatty acid compositions. Long-chain unsaturated fatty acids, including CLA, were concentrated after crystallization. The highest amount of CLA was achieved by the first crystallization with a 2:1 urea/fatty acid ratio. CLA was elevated 2.5-fold. The C18:1/C18:0 fatty acid ratio was increased from 2 to 51, and stearic acid (C18:0) was decreased 17-fold.
Welcoming conservatives to the field

More conservatives would provide advantages, and social psychologists may not be as opposed to increasing the number of conservatives as Duarte et al. think. Recruitment problems concern primarily self-selection and biases in undergraduate instruction. Social psychologists should welcome having conservatives in the field to serve as a conduit for our theories and methods to conservative intellectuals and policy makers.
What Do They Mean? Comparing International and U.S. Resident Second Language Students’ Use of Sociopragmatic Markers in Writing

Writing scholars often note the heterogeneity of the second language (L2) student population in higher education writing courses, but only recently have researchers begun to carefully examine differences in the writing ability of international L2 learners and U.S. resident L2 learners. Most of the empirical research to date focuses on the two groups’ grammatical accuracy to the exclusion of other dimensions of writing ability. Such a limited focus not only underrepresents the multifaceted construct of writing ability, but also overlooks potential areas where noticeable differences across the two groups’ writing ability might surface. Although arguably less salient than grammatical (in)accuracy, and not as prevalent in scoring rubrics, students’ use of sociopragmatic features in writing offers an alternative approach for comparing the two groups of learners beyond their use of grammatical forms. Thus, the current study describes and compares how international and U.S. resident L2 learners used certain sociopragmatic markers in their writing. By focusing on the meanings associated with these markers, the study suggests that students’ use of such markers reflects their sociopragmatic awareness. Findings indicate that the two groups of writers may be more similar than different, contrary to previous research.
NEW MATERIAL OF CENTETODON (MAMMALIA, LIPOTYPHLA) AND THE IMPORTANCE OF (MISSING) DNA SEQUENCES IN SYSTEMATIC PALEONTOLOGY

We describe new material of the insectivoran genus Centetodon and discuss its anatomy and relationships in the context of recently developed hypotheses of mammalian phylogeny. Centetodon shows characters common among insectivoran-grade placental mammals, such as an expanded maxillary contribution to the orbital mosaic and relatively small optic foramina. Additional characters such as an enlarged piriform fenestra and a ventrally convex plane of the alveolar maxilla support its position in a clade with extant Holarctic insectivorans (i.e., erinaceids, Solenodon, soricids, and talpids). Our analysis of a combined genetic-morphological matrix supports the recently proposed hypothesis that Solenodon is the basal-most member of a clade of Holarctic insectivorans, including Centetodon and excluding African tenrecoids. Even though DNA sequences are missing for this and most other extinct taxa, they nevertheless help to identify its phylogenetic relationships by better resolving the clades of extant taxa to which it is related. DNA sequences can also influence the topology of fossils by altering the optimization of morphological characters that are known for extinct taxa. The extent of anatomical convergence in Holarctic and African clades of insectivoran-grade mammals is considerable; nevertheless there are diagnostic features that can help determine the affinities of fossil insectivorans with one of these clades.
Open Issues and a Proposal for Open-source Data Monitoring to Assure Quality, Reliability, and Safety in Health Care Devices Targeting Low- and Middle-income Countries

Health care entrepreneurs who design medical devices and mobile health applications for emerging markets face difficulty when deciding how to demonstrate the safety of their products. Many middle and low-income countries have no uniform system to address safety. This paper presents findings from 40 interviews with stakeholders involved in device development. It illustrates multi-stakeholder perspectives on quality, reliability, and safety (QRS) issues for health care devices designed for low- and middle-income markets. The paper identifies key challenges for entrepreneurs in these markets. Then, it proposes an open-source technology approach to build a transnational QRS assurance system. Further research is needed to determine whether and how open-source technology could enable an easy-to-use, effective, and affordable QRS system for health care devices in emerging markets.
Caregiving and Detrimental Mental and Physical Health Outcomes

Providing care to an ill family member is a stressful experience, one that is consistently associated with psychiatric morbidity and, occasionally, adverse physical health outcomes. In the present chapter, we begin with a summary of the prevalence estimates of family caregiving reported in recent national surveys. Next, we describe findings on the links among caregiving and psychiatric morbidity and/or detrimental physical health outcomes that have been published since the earlier reviews by Schulz and his colleagues (Schulz, O ' Brien, Bookwala, & Fleissner, 1995; Schulz, Visintainer, & Williamson, 1990). Studies that treat mental health (e.g., depressive symptoms, depression, anxiety) and/or physical health indicators (e.g., self-rated health, physical symptomatology and illness, health-related behaviors, health service utilization, immune and physiological responses) as outcome variables are reviewed. A section is devoted to a discussion of the specific association (or lack thereof) between caregivers' psychiatric morbidity and indicators of physical health, and finally, the correlates of the mental and physical health effects of caregiving are discussed.
Racial Differences in Treatment Approaches and Mortality Following Arterial Trauma.

OBJECTIVES: We sought to evaluate the impact of race on treatment approaches and mortality following arterial trauma. METHODS: The National Trauma Data Bank (version 7.2, American College of Surgeons) was queried from 2002 to 2012 to identify patients aged 18 to 65 years with arterial trauma. The association between race (white, black, and Hispanic) and mortality following arterial injury was assessed, stratified by penetrating or blunt injury. Temporal trends in the use of open and endovascular procedures were evaluated across the racial groups. Multivariable regression models adjusting for patient demographics, injury severity, hospital characteristics, insurance status, and type of intervention performed were used to evaluate potential contributors to the association of race with mortality. RESULTS: The study cohort consisted of 58 626 patients (52% white, 31% black, and 17% Hispanic). A majority (57%) of patients had penetrating injuries, with black and Hispanic patients being more likely to sustain penetrating injuries (80% and 65%, respectively) compared to white patients (41%, P CONCLUSION: Even after adjusting for potential confounders, minority patients had increased odds of mortality following arterial trauma compared to their white counterparts. Further studies are needed to understand and to eliminate these observed disparities in outcome. Language: en
Oxytocin Receptor Genetic and Epigenetic Variations: Association With Child Abuse and Adult Psychiatric Symptoms

Childhood abuse can alter biological systems and increase risk for adult psychopathology. Epigenetic mechanisms, alterations in DNA structure that regulate the gene expression, are a potential mechanism underlying this risk. While abuse associates with methylation of certain genes, particularly those in the stress response system, no study to date has evaluated abuse and methylation of the oxytocin receptor (OXTR). However, studies support a role for OXTR in the link between abuse and adverse adult outcomes, showing that abuse can confer greater risk for psychiatric symptoms in those with specific OXTR genotypes. This study therefore sought to (a) assess the role of epigenetics in the link between abuse and psychopathology and (b) begin to integrate the genetic and epigenetic literature by exploring associations between OXTR genotypes and DNA CpG methylation. Data on 18 OXTR CpG sites, 44 single nucleotide polymorphisms, childhood abuse, and adult depression and anxiety symptoms were assessed in 393 African American adults (age = 41 ± 12.8 years). Overall, 68% of genotypes were associated with methylation of nearby CpG sites, with a subset surviving multiple test correction. Child abuse associated with higher methylation of two CpG sites yet did not survive correction or serve as a mediator of psychopathology. However, abuse interacted with CpG methylation to predict psychopathology. These findings suggest a role for OXTR in understanding the influence of early environments on adult psychiatric symptoms.
Impending Legal Issues for Integrated Broadband Networks

Given human nature, computer networks are prone to many of the same legal problems that have affected earlier forms of communication. The insatiable human appetite for mischief, information, pornography, and anti-competitive activity guarantees that the many legal conflicts that afflict computers, telephones, cable television, and broadcasting will be visited upon IBNs. This article focuses on several of these legal problems. By examining the history of controversies involving the electronic media and breaches of security, protection of privacy, regulation of sexual material and refusals to deal, this article attempts to outline some ways to think about applying the lessons from the past to the newest technologies.
Attribution of the Source of Creativity and How It Relates to Future Creative Work

The purpose of this conceptual paper is to explore how individuals attribute the source of their creativity and how this attribution may have implications for their future creative work. I first briefly review existing literature and identify an important gap in research on attribution of creativity. I then draw on creativity research and attribution theory to categorize different types of creativity attributions. In addition to the widely used internal-external dimension of attribution, I propose transcendental attribution as a new type of attribution that is unique to creative work and does not fall into either the internal or the external category. I then develop propositions about how the type of attribution may influence creators’ affect, cognition and behaviors towards future creative work. I conclude by elaborating the theoretical, methodological and managerial implications of the paper.
Beyond Harm and Fairness: A Study of Deviance and Morality

ABSTRACTUsing data from 1,429 students, we test whether a moral foundations approach focusing on both individual- and group-oriented measures of morality improves our ability to predict deviant behavior over and above the effects of individual-oriented measures alone. Results show that the emphasis individuals place on group-oriented moral concerns is inversely associated with a range of deviant behaviors. Moreover, these associations are stronger and more pervasive than the emphasis placed on individual-level moral concerns. Additionally, we find that a recently developed “moral identity” measure does not add to the prediction of deviant behavior over and above group-oriented measures.
The Structure of Interfaces in Oxide Heterojunctions Formed by CVD

Weak-beam imaging is used to characterize the interface structure of hematite (α-Fe2O3)/ sapphire (α-Al2O3) heterojunctions parallel to (0001). The heterojunctions were prepared by lowpressure chemical vapor deposition of hematite directly onto electron-transparent sapphire substrates. Bright-field imaging and selected-area diffraction show that the growth is epitactic. The 5.5% lattice misfit at the interface is found to be accommodated by one of two different hexagonal dislocation networks: (1) b = 1/3 or (2) b = 1/3 . The latter are associated with a “basal twin”-type orientation relationship of the hematite and the alumina.
Metallization and Superconductivity in the Hydrogen-Rich Ionic Salt BaReH9

BaReH9 is an exceedingly high-hydrogen-content metal hydride that is predicted to exhibit interesting behavior under pressure. The high-pressure electronic properties of this material were investigated using diamond-anvil-cell electrical conductivity techniques to megabar (100 GPa) pressures. The measurements show that BeReH9 transforms into a metal and then a superconductor above 100 GPa with a maximum transition temperature (Tc) near 7 K. The occurrence of superconductivity was confirmed by the suppression of the resistance drop upon application of magnetic fields. The transition to the metallic phase is sluggish, but it is accelerated by laser irradiation. Raman scattering and X-ray diffraction measurements, used to supplement the electrical measurements, indicate that the Ba–Re sublattice is largely preserved upon compression under the conditions explored, but there is a possibility that hydrogen atoms are gradually disordered under pressure. This is suggested by the sharpening of the peaks in Raman s...
A piezoelectric shear stress sensor

In this paper, a piezoelectric sensor with a floating element was developed for shear stress measurement. The piezoelectric sensor was designed to detect the pure shear stress suppressing effects of normal stress generated from the vortex lift-up by applying opposite poling vectors to the: piezoelectric elements. The sensor was first calibrated in the lab by applying shear forces and it showed high sensitivity to shear stress (=91.3 +/- 2.1 pC/Pa) due to the high piezoelectric coefficients of PMN-33%PT (d31=-1330 pC/N). The sensor also showed almost no sensitivity to normal stress (less than 1.2 pC/Pa) because of the electromechanical symmetry of the device. The usable frequency range of the sensor is 0-800 Hz. Keywords: Piezoelectric sensor, shear stress, floating element, electromechanical symmetry
Technology-Based Assessment and Problem Analysis

This chapter discusses features of technology-based assessments particularly relevant for applications in school settings implementing response to intervention (RTI). Using easyCBM®, a popular learning management system developed to support RTI, the chapter illustrates measurement development and delivery that can provide instructionally relevant reports. Three important constructs are addressed that need additional research and development: measurement sufficiency, instructional adequacy, and data-based decision making. Consideration of these areas has received little attention in the empirical literature but is likely to have profound implications for successful RTI implementation.
Low oxygen storage modulates invertase activity to attenuate cold-induced sweetening and loss of process quality in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)

Abstract Russet Burbank and Innovator are mid- to late-season frozen-processing cultivars with inherently different dormancy periods and susceptibilities to low temperature-induced sweetening (LTS). In contrast to Russet Burbank, which is highly prone to accumulation of reducing sugars (Glc + Fru) when stored below 8–9 °C, Innovator tubers exhibit moderate resistance to LTS and retain process quality longer at lower temperatures (4–6 °C). However, Innovator’s LTS resistance is not robust and often varies across production regions. Here we show that low O2 storage modulates LTS to reveal metabolic differences intrinsic to these cultivars. Changes in tuber respiration, process quality, reducing sugars, sucrose, starch phosphorylase and invertase activities were compared at 4 and 8 °C in 2.5 and 21 kPa O2 over a 212-d storage period. Tuber respiration declined rapidly as O2 level decreased from 21 to 2.5 kPa during acclimation at 8 °C. Respiration rates then fell further as the temperature was lowered from 8 to 4 °C, but this response was greatly muted for tubers at 2.5 versus 21 kPa O2. Tubers at 21 kPa O2 completed their cold-induced respiratory acclimation response (RAR) within 7 d compared with 13 d at 2.5 kPa O2, and the RAR was much greater for tubers at 2.5 kPa O2. While reducing sugars increased most rapidly in tubers over the first 30 d at 4 °C, Innovator tubers had lower invertase activity and sweetened less than Russet Burbank tubers, characterizing its LTS-resistant phenotype. Low O2 greatly attenuated these initial LTS responses for both cultivars; however, the effect was only temporary in Innovator. LTS resumed in Innovator tubers from 93 to 212 d with reducing sugar levels increasing to equal that of Russet Burbank tubers stored at 4 °C and 21 kPa O2. Activities of α-1,4 glucan phosphorylase (SP) were higher in Russet Burbank than Innovator and increased progressively over the storage period regardless of temperature and oxygen concentration. Innovator tubers stored at 2.5 kPa O2 had higher SP activities from 30 to 153 d at 4 and 8 °C compared with tubers stored at 21 kPa O2, which correlated well with increased sucrose buildup and earlier sprouting. The low O2-mediated inhibition of LTS was largely a consequence of reduced invertase activities.
Long field-of-view MRI using continuous table motion

A method is presented for formation of an MK image of an arbitrarily long object. This is done by translating the object continuously through the magnetically homogenous volume of the MRI scanner, acquiring data during table motion, and accounting during the reconstruction for the relative displacement of the object for each cach measurement. The method is applied to MR imaging of the blood vessels of the abdomen, pelvis, and legs using intravenous administration of contrast material. Real-time reconstruction allows the operator to dynamically track the flow of contrast material through the legs and potentially adjust the table velocity interactively.
Organic transistors on fiber: a first step towards electronic textiles

For the first time, we demonstrate flexible transistors formed directly on fibers. This represents a significant step towards the realization of electronics textiles. Fiber transistors exhibit mobilities of >10/sup -2/ cm/sup 2//V-s measured at 20 V V/sub DD/. The entire transistor is fabricated without resorting to conventional lithography techniques. Patterning is achieved via shadowing from overwoven fibers. The process is compatible with textile manufacturing, and is therefore a promising technology for scalable e-textile fabrication.
Differences in the Evaluation of Generic Statements About Human and Non-Human Categories.

Generic statements (e.g., “Birds lay eggs”) express generalizations about categories. Current theories suggest that people should be especially inclined to accept generics that involve threatening information. However, previous tests of this claim have focused on generics about non-human categories, which raises the question of whether this effect applies as readily to human categories. In Experiment 1, adults were more likely to accept generics involving a threatening (vs. a non-threatening) property for artifacts, but this negativity bias did not also apply to human categories. Experiment 2 examined an alternative hypothesis for this result, and Experiments 3 and 4 served as conceptual replications of the first experiment. Experiment 5 found that even preschoolers apply generics differently for humans and artifacts. Finally, Experiment 6 showed that these effects reflect differences between human and non-human categories more generally, as adults showed a negativity bias for categories of non-human animals, but not for categories of humans. These findings suggest the presence of important, early-emerging domain differences in people's judgments about generics.
Automatic Environment Map Construction for Mixed Reality Robotic Applications

As Virtual Reality technologies proliferate to traditional multimedia application areas, there is a need to create systemic and automated processes to establish the main building blocks of the virtual environments in support of such applications. In this paper, we propose a unified framework for procedurally creating a virtual reality replica of a remotely situated robot’s physical environment. The proposed approach utilizes only robot’s onboard camera and automatically generates the environment map for the final VR environment. The main contributions of this paper are in the hierarchical generation of the epirectangular panorama, the efficient diffuse filling of missing pixel values and the use of the developed virtual environment in improving telepresence for remote social robotics applications.
Macromolecular Design Strategies for Preventing Active-Material Crossover in Non-Aqueous All-Organic Redox-Flow Batteries

Intermittent energy sources, including solar and wind, require scalable, low-cost, multi-hour energy storage solutions in order to be effectively incorporated into the grid. All-Organic non-aqueous redox-flow batteries offer a solution, but suffer from rapid capacity fade and low Coulombic efficiency due to the high permeability of redox-active species across the battery's membrane. Here we show that active-species crossover is arrested by scaling the membrane's pore size to molecular dimensions and in turn increasing the size of the active material above the membrane's pore-size exclusion limit. When oligomeric redox-active organics (RAOs) were paired with microporous polymer membranes, the rate of active-material crossover was reduced more than 9000-fold compared to traditional separators at minimal cost to ionic conductivity. This corresponds to an absolute rate of RAO crossover of less than 3 μmol cm-2 day-1 (for a 1.0 m concentration gradient), which exceeds performance targets recently set forth by the battery industry. This strategy was generalizable to both high and low-potential RAOs in a variety of non-aqueous electrolytes, highlighting the versatility of macromolecular design in implementing next-generation redox-flow batteries.
In-Flight Size Focusing of Aerosols by a Low Temperature Plasma

Thermodynamics dictate the direction of all chemical and physical processes. In the case of aerosols, maximization of entropy leads to a broadening of the size distribution as the system proceeds toward equilibrium. The expectation is that as an aerosol ages, the size distribution will broaden. Contrary to this expectation, in this work we demonstrate that the unique nonequilibrium environment in a low temperature plasma can modify particulate materials to make the size distribution narrower. Submicrometer aerosols composed of bismuth particles with a polydispersed size distribution were prepared and passed through a low temperature argon plasma. For lower powers at which the plasma operated near room temperature, the incoming polydispersed aerosol was converted into a monodispersed aerosol of geometric standard deviation approximately 1.1 with 65% mass yield. The mechanism by which the process took place involved the particles vaporizing in the plasma operating at near room temperature, which resulted in...
An embeddable optical strain gauge based on a buckled beam.

We report, for the first time, a low cost, compact, and novel mechanically designed extrinsic Fabry-Perot interferometer (EFPI)-based optical fiber sensor with a strain amplification mechanism for strain measurement. The fundamental design principle includes a buckled beam with a coated gold layer, mounted on two grips. A Fabry-Perot cavity is produced between the buckled beam and the endface of a single mode fiber (SMF). A ceramic ferrule is applied for supporting and orienting the SMF. The principal sensor elements are packaged and protected by two designed metal shells. The midpoint of the buckled beam will experience a deflection vertically when the beam is subjected to a horizontally/axially compressive displacement. It has been found that the vertical deflection of the beam at midpoint can be 6–17 times larger than the horizontal/axial displacement, which forms the basis of a strain amplification mechanism. The user-configurable buckling beam geometry-based strain amplification mechanism enables the...
Analyzing Food Samples—Inorganic Chemicals

In this chapter, several different sample preparation techniques and analytical methods are described in order to analyze 16 elements determined in the Total Diet Study (TDS). The concentrations of these elements found in TDS samples vary from parts per billion to parts per hundred (percent). A variety of sample preparation techniques are described consisting of the digestion of these samples by various mixtures of acids or the direct oxidation of organic matter via ashing of these samples in a muffle furnace. A variety of instruments are used for the determination of the elements of interest including inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrophotometers, atomic absorption spectrophotometers (heated graphite furnace and hydride generation techniques), ultraviolet-visible spectrometers, and a direct reading mercury analyzer. These topics are all briefly addressed in this chapter.
Case 89: Watch Out

Today you are working with a very keen medical student. Your patient is a 6-year-old male scheduled for a knee arthroscopy (25 kg, 4′11″, ASA 1). Your anesthetic plan is to use an LMA and have the patient breath spontaneously. He is anesthetized with propofol and is easy to ventilate without a Guedel-styled airway. You ask the medical student to attempt to ventilate the patient, but he is not able to do so satisfactorily. You take over and you have mores success. Thinking that the student will be able to ventilate better with a Guedel-styled airway, you ask him to open a number 2 Guedel airway from its plastic cover (Portex Ltd., Ashford, UK). He rips the cover off and you ask him to insert the airway. Unfortunately, despite the fact that the airway looks correctly placed, the student still cannot ventilate the child. You take over, but you cannot ventilate the child either. You remove the airway and find that it is now easy to ventilate the child.
Subclinical mastitis and milk production in primiparous Simmental cows.

The prevalence of subclinical mastitis in beef cows was investigated and its relationship with milk production and 205-d adjusted calf weaning weights (ADJWW) determined. Primiparous Simmental cows (n = 25) were milked six times at approximately 30-d intervals. Before each milking, milk samples were aseptically collected from each quarter for bacteriological analyses. After recording milk weights, samples were obtained for determination of somatic cell counts (SCC), butterfat (BF), and protein (PRO). Somatic cell counts were transformed to Dairy Herd Improvement Association linear scores for statistical analyses. Cows were retrospectively assigned to one of two groups based on their SCC linear score being either less than (LOSCC) or more than (HISCC) 4.5, which corresponded to a SCC of 292 x 10(3) cells/mL. Milk samples from 32% (8/25) of the cows and 18% (18/100) of the quarters were culture-positive for bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus dysgalactiae, Streptococcus species, Actinomyces pyogenes, and[or] coagulase-negative Staphylococcus) at one or more times. Milk production was higher in LOSCC than in HISCC cows (6.3 +/- .2 vs 5.4 +/- .3 kg/24 h; P = .004). Mean SCC linear score tended to be negatively correlated with mean milk production over the entire study (r = -.36; P = .08). Adjusted weaning weights were similar between calves suckling LOSCC and HISCC cows (243 +/- 5 vs 236 +/- 10 kg; P = .57). In summary, milk SCC concentrations in primiparous Simmental cows were highly variable. Higher SCC concentrations were associated with lower milk production in cows.
Intrinsic Motivation, Psychology of

When intrinsically motivated people engage in activities, it is because they find them interesting and satisfying and not because the activities lead to separable rewards or consequences. Emergence of the concept of intrinsic motivation within the psychology of motivation is discussed, various definitions are considered, and recent research on the concept is reviewed. Because intrinsic motivation relates positively to persistence, creativity, cognitive flexibility, and conceptual understanding, a substantial body of research has examined factors in the social environment that tend to enhance versus undermine this important type of motivation. Beginning with the frequently replicated finding that extrinsic rewards tend to undermine intrinsic motivation, the research has now examined the effects of numerous environmental factors such as positive and negative feedback, threats, deadlines, competition, and interpersonal climates. The findings have been well integrated in terms of how they support versus thwart the underlying needs for competence and self-determination. A differentiated view of extrinsic motivation, based in the concept of internalization is also provided.
Teaching Residents Chest Tubes: Simulation Task Trainer or Cadaver Model?

Objective. To compare simulation task trainers (sim) with cadaver for teaching chest tube insertion to junior residents. Methods. Prospective study involving postgraduate year (PGY) one and two emergency medicine (EM) and PGY-1 surgery residents. Residents were randomized into sim or cadaver groups based on prior experience and trained using deliberate practice. Primary outcomes were confidence in placing a chest tube and ability to place a chest tube in a clinical setting during a seven-month follow-up period. Secondary outcomes include skill retention, using an objective assessment checklist of 15 critical steps in chest tube placement, and confidence after seven months. Results. Sixteen residents were randomized to cadaver (n=8) and simulation (n=8) groups. Both groups posttraining had statistically significant increase in confidence. No significant difference existed between groups for median posttraining assessment scores (13.5 sim v 15 cadaver). There was no statistically significant difference between groups for confidence at any point measured. There was moderate correlation (0.58) between number of clinical attempts reported in a seven-month follow-up period and final assessment score. Conclusion. Both sim and cadaver models are effective modalities for teaching chest tube placement. Medical education programs can use either modalities to train learners without notable differences in confidence.
The P-Factor and What It Means to Be Human: Commentary on Criterion A of the AMPD in HiTOP.

The Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP; Kotov et al., 2017) model is a dimensional alternative recently constructed to offer an improvement in nosology over the DSM–5 system. The devel...
Image Inpainting Using Nonlocal Texture Matching and Nonlinear Filtering

Nonlocal texture similarity and local intensity smoothness are both essential for solving most image inpainting problems. In this paper, we propose a novel image inpainting algorithm that is capable of reproducing the underlying textural details using a nonlocal texture measure and also smoothing pixel intensity seamlessly in order to achieve natural-looking inpainted images. For matching texture, we propose a Gaussian-weighted nonlocal texture similarity measure to obtain multiple candidate patches for each target patch. To compute the pixel intensity, we apply the $\alpha $ -trimmed mean filter to the candidate patches to inpaint the target patch pixel-by-pixel. The proposed algorithm is compared with four current image inpainting algorithms under different scenarios, including object removal, texture synthesis, and error concealment. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm outperforms the existing algorithms when inpainting large missing regions in images with texture and geometric structures.