cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
‘Faitiche’-izing the People: What Representative Democracy Might Learn from Science Studies

In their recent work, Bruno Latour and Isabelle Stengers propose that scientists, like politicians, practice “representation” in what Latour calls the “its ancient political role (Latour 2004, 41, 248; cf. Stengers 2000, 87). To propose this likeness is to utter an absurdity in the terms of the modernist world view (which Latour calls variously the ‘Modern Constitution’ or ‘Modern Settlement’) which cleaves the problem of representation in two - epistemological and political representation. By their insistence that science and politics both represent in the “ancient” political sense, Latour and Stengers mean to counter the governmentalist fiction of facts that speak for themselves and experts who transmit them. They propose a more pragmatic picture of science, one in which scientists design an experimental apparatus to “stage” a phenomenon as a “reliable witness” (Stengers 2000, 84; 1997, 88). This staging, or mediation, is where science and politics, the laboratory and the assembly, connect. This is what makes their argument so captivating: Latour and Stengers unfold a conception of representation that takes its definition from the assembly but its practice from the laboratory. What would it mean for representative democracy to take its model from science? This is a provocative suggestion but is it viable? This essay takes up the challenge that Latour and Stengers’ work poses to theories of representative democracy, first tracing their line of argument, then considering what political theorists might have to learn from their core concepts of “spokespersonship,” “reliable witness,” and experimental risk.
In Vivo Oxidation in Remelted Highly Cross-Linked Retrievals

Background: Elimination of free radicals to prevent oxidation has played a major role in the development and product differentiation of the latest generation of highly cross-linked ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene bearing materials. In the current study, we (1) examined oxidation in a series of retrieved remelted highly cross-linked ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene bearings from a number of device manufacturers and (2) compared the retrieval results with findings for shelf-stored control specimens. The hypothesis was that radiation-cross-linked remelted ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene would maintain oxidative stability in vivo comparable with the stability during shelf storage and in published laboratory aging tests. Methods: Fifty remelted highly cross-linked ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene acetabular liners and nineteen remelted highly cross-linked ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene tibial inserts were received after retrieval from twenty-one surgeons from across the U.S. Thirty-two of the retrievals had been in vivo for two years or more. Each was measured for oxidation with use of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. A control series of remelted highly cross-linked ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene acetabular liners from three manufacturers was analyzed with electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy to measure free radical content and with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy to measure oxidation initially and after eight to nine years of shelf storage in air. Results: The never-implanted, shelf-aged controls had no measurable free-radical content initially or after eight to nine years of shelf storage. The never-implanted controls showed no increase in oxidation during shelf storage. Oxidation measurements showed measurable oxidation in 22% of the retrieved remelted highly cross-linked liners and inserts after an average of two years in vivo. Conclusions: Because never-implanted remelted highly cross-linked ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene materials had no measurable free-radical concentration and no increase in oxidation during shelf storage, these materials were expected to be oxidation-resistant in vivo. However, some remelted highly cross-linked ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene retrievals showed measurable oxidation after an average of more than two years in vivo. This apparent departure from widely expected behavior requires continued study of the process of in vivo oxidation of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene materials. Clinical Relevance: Remelted highly cross-linked ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene acetabular and tibial retrievals showed unexpected oxidation.
Calculation of dose in asymmetric photon fields.

A method is introduced to calculate monitor units to points off axis. Extensive data are presented comparing this method with measured values of dose per monitor unit on the central ray of asymmetric fields produced by a variety of linear accelerators. The technique demonstrates improvement over existing methods that use large‐field profile data. The method is found to be both simple and accurate: Agreement within ±2% is obtained using parameters readily available within the clinic.
Tightly coupled GPS/INS integration for differential carrier phase navigation systems using decentralized estimation

Much research has been conducted in the area of tightly coupled GPS/INS, and this work has resulted in a vast array of navigation algorithms. A common theme of these methods is that they operate on low rate GPS ranging measurements of code and carrier phase together with high rate raw inertial measurements, such as specific force and inertial angular velocity. For stand-alone (i.e., non-differential) GPS navigation applications, high data rate INS outputs can be properly accommodated with today's computer processors. For relative (i.e., differential) GPS navigation applications, the optimal analogous solution would be for the mobile user to have access to the reference station's raw inertial measurements along with its own. However, due to communication bandwidth limitations, it is generally not possible to broadcast high data rate inertial navigation data. In response, an alternative tightly-coupled, differential GPS/INS navigation system is developed here using a decentralized Kalman filtering approach, which can operate at manageable broadcast data rates.
Iron stress and salt stress responses of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.)

Abstract A flavin‐like compound that accumulates in nutrient solutions of lettuce under osmotic stress is reportedly not a response associated with Fe stress [Cramer and Spurr, J. Plant Nutr. 8:709–719 (1985)]. We re‐examined both salt stress and iron stress in lettuce (Buttercrunch cv.) using four concentrations of chelated and non‐chelated iron. Lettuce was quite Fe efficient and plants grown with no Fe or very low Fe concentrations markedly decreased the pH of their nutrient solutions and experienced only a transient chlorosis. A yellow compound that these plants excreted in the nutrient solution was chromatographed on thin layer plates. The Rf value and fluorescence spectral characteristics of this compound corresponded to those of riboflavin. When plants received adequate Fe, NaCl or KCl in the nutrient solution did not cause roots to excrete riboflavin nor did these salts increase the excretion of riboflavin from Fe‐deficient plants. Salt‐stressed plants were smaller and excreted less riboflavin tha...
A Simplified Displacement-Rotation Form for the Equations of Motion of Nonlinearly Elastic Shells of Revolution Undergoing Combined Bending and Torsion

By appropriately defining two displacements and a rotation, it is shown that the equations of motion of a shell of revolution undergoing combined axisymmetric bending and torsion, in which the extensional strains and the rotations may be arbitrarily large, can be given a form in which there are three effective extensional strains and two effective bending strains, each of which is only linear or quadratic in the displacements and rotation.
The reduction of air pollution by improved combustion

Abstract The contributions of combustion to air pollution and possible remedies are discussed. Control and reduction of air pollution from combustion is more feasible than from other sources because of its discrete localization. The gaseous products of combustion inevitably include H 2 O and CO 2 , NO and/or NO 2 , and may include N 2 O, SO 2 , SO 3 and unburned and partially burned hydrocarbons. Soot, ash and other dispersed solids may also be present, but are not considered herein. Unburned and partially burned hydrocarbons are prima facie evidence of poor mechanics of combustion and should not be tolerated. On the other hand, NO x , SO 2 and SO 3 are unavoidable if the fuel contains nitrogen and sulfur. The best remedy in this latter case is to remove these species from the fuel. Otherwise their products of combustion must be removed by absorption, adsorption or reaction. NO x from the fixation of N 2 in the air and CO may be minimized by advanced techniques of combustion. One such method is described in some detail. If CO 2 must be removed this can be accomplished by absorption, adsorption or reaction, but precooling is necessary and the quantity is an order of magnitude greater than that of any of the other pollutants.
Neuroprotective activity of dimer of 16,16'-dimethyl-15-dehydroprostaglandin B1 (di-Calciphor) in cerebral ischemia

Post-ischemic treatment of di-Calciphor (16,16'-dimethyl-15- dehydroprostaglandin B1) significantly improves animal survival and prevents ischemia-induced neurodegeneration of vulnerable forebrain regions assessed with histochemical and biochemical techniques in gerbils. Neuronal degeneration seen by Cresyl violet staining and silver impregnation in the CA1 sector of the hippocampus and the dorso-lateral sector of the striatum was significantly reduced in animals treated with di-Calciphor. In addition, the early onset of selective degradation of calpain I substrates spectrin and microtubule-associated protein (MAP2) in these same vulnerable regions was prevented. The lack of adverse side effects may facilitate the potential therapeutic use of this drug in preventing neuronal damage caused by stroke.
Activation of silicon ion-implanted gallium nitride by furnance annealing

Ion implantation into III–V nitride materials is animportant technology for high-power and high-temperature digital and monolithic microwave integrated circuits. We report the results of the electrical, optical, and surface morphology of Si ion-implanted GaN films using furnace annealing. We demonstrate high sheet-carrier densities for relatively low-dose (natoms=5×1014 cm−2) Si implants into AlN/GaN/sapphire heteroepitaxial films. The samples that were annealed at 1150°C in N2 for 5 min exhibited a smooth surface morphology and a sheet electron concentration ns ∼9.0×1013 cm−2, corresponding to an estimated 19% electrical activation and a 38% Si donor activation in GaN films grown on sapphire substrates. Variable-temperature Hall-effect measurem entsindicate a Si donor ionization energy ∼15 meV.
Activation of the respiratory burst oxidase in neutrophils: on the role of membrane-derived second messengers, Ca++, and protein kinase C.

A major bactericidal mechanism of neutrophils involves activation of the respiratory burst oxidase to generate superoxide (O 2 − ). The oxidase is activated rapidly, often within a minute, in response to extracellular signals such as chemoattractants, inflammatory mediators, and invading microorganisms. Increasing evidence indicates that lipases also respond rapidly, releasting potent regulatory molecules from progenitor lipids. Released molecules include potential regulators of protein kinase C—diacylglycerol (DAG), arachidonate, and sphingosine—and levels of one of these, DAG, frequently correlate with O 2 − production. In this author's view, the available data implicate DAG and protein kinase C as key factors in the regulation of the respiratory burst. Herein, the array of activating agonists, the generation and function of some lipid-derived mediators, and evidence pertaining to the participation of protein kinase C are reviewed.
Fine optical alignment correction of astronomical spectrographs via in-situ full-field moment-based wavefront sensing

The image moment-based wavefront sensing (IWFS) utilizes moments of focus-modulated focal plane images to determine modal wavefront aberrations. This permits fast, easy, and accurate measurement of wavefront error (WFE) on any available finite-sized isolated targets across the entire focal plane (FP) of an imaging system, thereby allowing not only in-situ full-field image quality assessment, but also deterministic fine alignment correction of the imaging system. We present an experimental demonstration where fine alignment correction of a fast camera system in a fiber-fed astronomical spectrograph, called VIRUS, is accomplished by using IWFS.
Legislative prescriptions for controlling nonmedical vaccine exemptions.

This Viewpoint discusses types of exemptions from required vaccines and recent legislation to control numbers of nonmedical vaccine exemptions.
A scanning tunneling microscope study of the electrochemical polymerization of perchlorate-doped polypyrrole on highly oriented pyrolytic graphite

Abstract We have used scanning tunneling microscopy to determine the growth morphology for very thin coverages of perchlorate-doped polypyrrole on highly oriented pyrolytic graphite. For samples with nominal coverage 8–40 A the polymer typically grows in widely separated islands. The islands nucleate preferentially on or near steps in the graphite surface and not on the large planar regions of the substrate. On a fine scale the islands are found to be composed of tendrils of typical diameter 10–30 A. Regions of orientationally ordered polymer ridges are also observed in these samples.
Solubility of calcium sulfate and association equilibria in CaSO4 + Na2SO4 + NaClO4 + H2O at 273 to 623 K

The solubility of CaSO4·2H2O at 273 and 298 K and of CaSO4 at 423, 523, and 623 K has been determined in Na2SO4 + NaClO4 + H2O solutions at ionic strengths to 6 mol kg−1. From an interpretation of these results, various equilibrium quotients for CaSO4 have been obtained. These values are compared with similar quotients obtained previously in Na2SO4 + NaNO3 + H2O solutions over the same range of temperature and ionic strength and with values obtained in several mixed salt solutions at 298 K. Although a good correlation is observed for the solubilities in each system of mixed electrolytes, no easily discernible correlation among the various sets has yet been found.
Cysteine sulfinic acid can enhance the central depressant effect of ethanol in mice.

Abstract The interaction between ethanol and cysteine sulfinic acid was examined in male Swiss-Webster mice. The loss of the righting reflex (LORR) was used as a measurement of central nervous system depression. In addition, the interaction between ethanol and cysteic acid, a metabolite of cysteine sulfinic acid, was studied. Immediately after the animals regained the righting reflex following ethanol injection (IP), mice were given an ICV injection of saline, cysteine sulfinic acid (1, 15 or 25 μmol/kg) or cysteic acid (1, 15, or 25 μmol/kg). There occurred a return to the LORR within 30 s after the ICV injection of drugs. The return to the LORR by the administration of the amino acids in the presence of ethanol occurred in a dose-dependent fashion. When cysteine sulfinic acid or cysteic acid (25 μmol/kg, ICV) was injected in the absence of ethanol, no loss of the righting reflex occurred. In other experiments, bicuculline methiodide was given ICV with cysteine sulfinic acid (25 μmol/kg), cysteic acid (25 μmol/kg), or GABA (25 μmol/kg) in the presence of ethanol. Bicuculline methiodide, a GABA antagonist, reduced the effects of the three amino acids to produce a return to the LORR in the presence of ethanol. These results indicate that cysteine sulfinic acid, an excitatory amino acid, and cysteic acid can enhance the central depressant properties of ethanol. Since bicuculline antagonized the effects of these two amino acids, a GABAergic mechanism may be involved in the interaction between ethanol and cysteine sulfinic acid or cysteic acid.
Influence of bupivacaine on mepivacaine protein binding.

To elucidate the mechanism of my drug displacement interaction, we examined the protein binding of mixtures of mepivacaine and bupivacaine in serum and solutions of albumin or a,-acid glycoprotein. Protein binding data with mepivacaine alone were best described by a model with one class of binding site and a partitioning constant in serum and by a model with one class of binding site in both isolated protein solutions. Binding afjniry of mepivacaine in serum was reduced in the presence of bupivacazne. Displacement of mepivacaine by bupivacaine was observed when an a,-acid glycoprotein solution was studied. Classic competitive inhibition was demonstrated. Bupivacaine reduced mepivacaine binding to albumin, but the degree of displacement was not sign$canr. When administered simultaneously, these two amino-amide local anesthetics interact synergistically to produce a higher than expected free concentration of mepivacaine. Thi~ interaction increases the risk of toxicity. C. T. Hartrick, M.D., W. E. Dirkes, B.S., D. E. Coyle, Ph.D., P. Prithvi Raj, M.D., and D. D. Denson, Ph.D. Cincinnati, Ohio Department of Anesthesia, UniversiQ of Cincinnati College of Medicine
Forward Position Analysis of Two 3-R Robots Manipulating a Planar Linkage Payload

This paper presents the forward position analysis of two planar three degree-of-freedom robots, with all revolute joints, manipulating a single degree-of-freedom closed-loop linkage payload. Kinematic constraint relations are developed which provide geometric insight into the cooperating robot-payload system and are important in the control of the two robots. For illustrative purposes, the payload that is considered here is a planar four-bar linkage. The paper shows that the orientation of a specified link in the payload can be described by a sixth-order polynomial. This polynomial is an important contribution, not only to the kinematics of the cooperating robots, but to the multiple-input closed-loop nine-bar linkage formed by the two robots and the payload. The polynomial contains important information regarding the assembly configurations and the stationary configurations of the system. The paper shows that zero, two, four, or six assembly configurations are possible and that each configuration corresponds to a different circuit of the system. Graphical methods are utilized to provide geometric insight into the assembly and stationary configurations and to check the results obtained from the sixth-order polynomial. A numerical example is included which demonstrates the importance of the polynomial in solving the forward position problem, and in determining the number of assembly configurations.
Friendship issues between African American men in a therapeutic support group

Very of ten the relat ionship issues presented by Afr ican American men masquerade as being no di f ferent f rom those of o ther men and, therefore, risk being mis interpreted as manifestat ions of convent ional interpersonal concerns. This v iew is simplistic since black men believe, and of ten deeply feel, tha t they are targeted by racism and thus t reated d i f ferent ly f rom other men (Hutchinson, 1994; Kunjufu, 1983; Terkel, 1992). The exten t of under ly ing shared experiences makes the bel ief in unfa i r t r ea tmen t a power fu l psychological context d i f fe ren t ia t ing the i r real i ty and consequent behavior f rom others. An understanding of such a perspective is necessary in o rder to sort ou t the issues under ly ing fr iendships among Afr ican American men and ways in which therapeut ic intervent ions might enhance them. In the i r fr iendships, Afr ican American men conf ron t scrutiny of thei r abi l i ty to handle the response of others to the i r race and gender. They must represent h o w they con f ron t the dai ly slights and indigni t ies reserved for black men as wel l as deal w i t h the larger issues of the i r social marginal izat ion and psychological
Use of the electrocardiogram in optimizing reperfusion for ST-elevation myocardial infarction: a new role for an old tool?

Rapidly obtaining an electrocardiogram (ECG) is the critical first step in the evaluation of patients with chest pain. For >25 years, the ECG has been used to detect those patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) who are eligible for reperfusion therapy with either fibrinolytic therapy or primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).1,2 The ECG also has been instrumental in identifying those patients at highest risk for complications following STEMI and who may gain the most benefit from reperfusion therapy, based on features such as infarct location, the sum of ST-elevations, and the presence of reciprocal ST-depression or arrhythmias.3 Once patients with STEMI are identified, the decision to administer reperfusion therapy should be made as rapidly as possible and, ideally, it should be delivered within 12 h from symptom onset. Primary PCI is generally recognized as superior to fibrinolytic therapy due to its higher TIMI 3 (Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction) flow rates and lower rates of reinfarction, intracerebral haemorrhage, and mortality.4 However, primary PCI is not immediately available at many hospitals, and time delays in performing it may negate its advantages over fibrinolytic therapy.5 In fact, fibrinolytic therapy may actually be preferred when patients present very early after symptom onset and face potentially long delays to primary PCI.6 With these challenges in mind, risk stratification in STEMI has become increasingly important in selecting the optimal type of reperfusion therapy. The intent is to identify those patients who might benefit the most from primary PCI or, conversely, those who may be safely treated with fibrinolytic therapy. Using data from the landmark DANAMI-2 trial,7 for example, Thune et al. found that differences in mortality between primary PCI and fibrinolytic therapy were primarily driven by a high-risk subgroup of patients with TIMI risk scores of ≥5.8 … *Corresponding author. Tel:+1 734 936 8214; fax:+1 734 615 3326. E-mail address : ckasapis{at}med.umich.edu
The martensitic transformation in uranium metal and its effect on superconductivity

It is proposed that the superconducting transition temperature (T /SUB c/) of uranium metal is affected by the degree of completion of the ..cap alpha..-U ..-->.. ..cap alpha../sup 1/-U martensitic displacive) transformation and that the superconducting behavior must therefore respond to factors found to be important with high-T /SUB c/ materials. It is suggested that the effects of impurities on phase stability and a variable low-temperature martensitic transformation can be explained by a combination of three theories: VELD theory, McMillian's Landau theory, and Roitburd's domain theory. It is proposed that there may be more than one incommensurate CDW state in the premartensitic temperature range of ..cap alpha..-phase U. The observed superconducting transition temperature of uranium appears to depend upon whether the structure is commensurate or incommensurate at T /SUB c/. It is explained how factors affecting the variable T /SUB c/ can be responsible for the anomalous thermal properties of U.
Treatment of the elderly patient with cardiovascular disease—The challenge to do better

Summary As the elderly population increases worldwide and the aged population itself becomes older with more people surviving to advanced ages, cardiovascular diseases will increase in prevalence. The presentation of cardiovascular disease in elderly patients reflects both its superimposition on the physiologic and structural cardiovascular changes of aging and its typical association with multisystem disease; these variables also influence the response of elderly cardiac patients both to specific cardiac diseases and to therapies. Prompt recognition and implementation of appropriate, often high technology, interventions for properly selected elderly patients can enhance both the quality and the quantity of their lives.
The Basic Reproductive Ratio of a Word, the Maximum Size of a Lexicon

Language is about words and rules. While there is some discussion to what extent rules are learned or innate, it is clear that words have to be learned. Here I construct a mathematical framework for the population dynamics of language evolution with particular emphasis on how words are propagated over generations. I define the basic reproductive ratio of word, R, and show that R > 1 is required for words to be maintained in the lexicon of a language. Assuming that the frequency distribution of words follow Zipf's law, an upper limit is obtained for the number of words in a language that relies exclusively on oral transmission.
Increasing screening intentions for oral and pharyngeal cancer.

Background Oral and pharyngeal cancer is a serious health threat that goes unnoticed by most people. Increasing screenings for oral and pharyngeal cancer is essential to achieving early detection when the disease is most treatable.
Integrins modulate cellular fibrogenesis at multiple levels; Regulation of TGF-β signaling.

Abstract Fibrosis could occur in virtually any organ or tissue. The fibrotic lesion indolently disrupts the structure of the healthy organ, thereby hampering its proper function, consequence of which is devastating. Among the myriad factors that modulate fibrogenesis, transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) is one of the most studied and its central role for fibrotic disorders has been strongly suggested. Due to the pleiotropic nature of this cytokine, TGF-β modulates multiple cellular responses throughout fibrogenesis. The complexity is supported by the TGF-β receptor-specific phosphorylation of both the canonical, Smad-, and non-canonical, "non-Smad," pathways. The latter modulates Smad activity either independent of Smad or by phosphorylating the Smad linker region, distinct from those receptor-regulated. Despite the commodity of this mediator, the mechanism by which TGF-β signaling causes specific pathogenesis and disease varies depending on the nature of the organ and the cells that compose that organ. Cells express a specific series of integrins that act as cellular sensors for the extracellular environment, determining subsequent cellular signals in a cell-type specific manner. Integrins may change their expression pattern under pathological conditions and contribute to the regulation of fibrogenesis via modulating ambient TGF-β activity. This regulation includes release of active TGF-β from its latent form and modulation of various signals downstream of integrin-engagement, which participate in the non-canonical regulation of TGF-β signaling. TGF-β also induces expression of integrins, as well as their ligand extracellular matrix, generating an amplification loop. Furthermore, myriads of intracellular signaling molecules that associate with integrin engagement could non-canonically modulate TGF-β signals. The entire picture of this mutual regulation between integrin and the TGF-β pathways might be difficult to draw. Instead, this review intends to depict several critical aspects of this regulation, with examples from various types of fibrosis in different tissues to help understanding the integrin-modulation of fibrogenesis, a critical clue for therapeutic approaches to fibrosis.
Entanglement entropy of coupled conformal field theories and Fermi liquids

In this paper, we calculate the entanglement R\'enyi entropy of two coupled gapless systems in general spatial dimension $d$. The gapless systems can be either conformal field theories or Fermi liquids. We assume the two systems are coupled uniformly in an $h$-dimensional submanifold of the space, with $0\ensuremath{\le}h\ensuremath{\le}d$. We will focus on the scaling of the R\'enyi entropy with the size of the system, and its scaling with the intersystem coupling constant $g$. Three approaches will be used for our calculation: (1) exact calculation with ground-state wave functional, (2) perturbative calculation with functional path integral, and (3) scaling argument.
Learning novel mappings from optic flow to the control of action.

Many perceptual-motor skills can be captured in terms of mappings from information in sensory arrays to movements of the body, but little is known about how these mappings are acquired and updated. The present study demonstrates that people adapt to changes in the dynamics of a controlled system by learning novel mappings from information in optic flow to movement of the system. Two groups of subjects performed a simulated braking task, using a foot pedal to decelerate to a stop at a target. Brake dynamics were manipulated such that deceleration was proportional to pedal position for one group, and both pedal position and current speed for the other group. Both groups adapted to their respective brake dynamics by learning to use different combinations of optic flow field variables, revealing a form of adaptation that has not been previously reported, but likely plays a critical role in robust visuomotor control. Language: en
DEFORMATION AND FRACTURE AROUND CYLINDRICAL OPENINGS IN ROCK - I. OBSERVATIONS AND ANALYSIS OF DEFORMATIONS

Abstract Elastic and inelastic deformation, fracture and failure around underground openings were investigated through experiments on thick-walled hollow cylinders of Berea sandstone and Indiana limestone, incorporating plane strain loading, the application of different stress paths, transference of the external pressure to infinity, and “freezing” of the fracture geometry under stress through metal saturation. This first of two parts discusses elastic and inelastic deformations on both an experimental and theoretical level. Most elastic (recoverable) deformations exhibit non-linearity and hysteresis. Hole deformations due to internal (in the hole) pressure are controlled by different overall moduli than those due to external pressure. These overall deformations are successfully explained by a radially anisotropic moduli model, which allows different overall moduli for different stress paths. A radial-pressure-dependent modulus model cannot adequately explain these measurements. There is some evidence, however, that the stiffness of these rocks is greater with higher pressures. Evaluation of non-constant modulus models reveals that the rate of modulus increase near the hole is critical in determining whether the maximum tangential stress will occur at the hole wall or away from the wall. The apparent strength of the rock adjacent to the unsupported holes is two to three times the uniaxial compressive strength. Significant raadial dilation occurs in the failing material, as evidenced by hole closure measurements both during loading and after test completion. Proper modelling of this failure requires the incorporation of extreme dilation and extreme strength loss. A support pressure in the hole greatly strengthens and stabilizes the rock, and also reduces the amount of hole closure and dilation upon failure. Hole closure is time-dependent, especially for the unsupported holes.
Proteose-peptone fractions of human and bovine milk

Abstract 1. 1. Human milk proteose-peptone fraction contained an average of 45% carbohydrate compared to about 11% carbohydrate present in the bovine milk fraction. 2. 2. The human milk proteose-peptone fraction contained Lactobacillus bifidus var. Penn. growthpromoting factors, whereas there was very little such growth-promoting activity in the bovine milk material. 3. 3. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed that human milk proteose-peptone fraction contained 4 major protein components with the respective mol. wts of approx 100,000, 70,000, 30,000, and 13,000. The latter was the most abundant component of human milk proteose-peptone fraction. There was, in addition a very low mol. wt carbohydrate-containing component. Bovine milk proteose-peptone fraction had 3 major protein components with mol. wts of 30,000, 18,000 and 12,000. 4. 4. The human milk proteose-peptone component with the mol. wt of 13,000 was identified as α-lactalbumin, the component with the mol. wt of 30,000 was identified as a temperature-sensitive protein probably similar to galactothermin, and the components having mol. wts of 100,000 and 70,000 were closely associated to give a protein of a very high mol. wt. This complex also contained carbohydrate and was thus glycoprotein in nature. 5. 5. The low-mol. wt carbohydrate-containing material was identified as being similar if not identical to glycoprotein B previously described.
Group 9 half-sandwich complexes containing the unique P,P′-diphenyl-1,4-diphospha-cyclohexane ligand: Synthesis, X-ray structure analyses and spectroscopic studies

Abstract We wish to report the synthesis and characterization of Group 9 metal complexes with the novel P , P ′-diphenyl-1,4-diphospha-cyclohexane (dpdpc) ligand. The complexes are readily prepared by direct ligand substitution reactions from the dichloro-bridged binuclear complexes, [{η 5 -Cp*M(Cl) 2 } 2 ]. The complexes include: [η 5 -Cp*Rh(Cl) 2 ] 2 (μ-dpdpc) ( 1 ), [η 5 -Cp*Ir(Cl) 2 ] 2 (μ-dpdpc) ( 2 ), and [η 5 -Cp*Rh(Cl)(dpdpc)]PF 6 ( 3 ). The structures for all three complexes are supported by 1 H, 13 C{ 1 H}, and 31 P{ 1 H} NMR spectroscopy as well as elemental analysis. The molecular structures of 1 and 3 have also been established by single-crystal X-ray analysis.
Quantifying the significance of phage attack on starter cultures: a mechanistic model for population dynamics of phage and their hosts isolated from fermenting sauerkraut.

We investigated the possibility of using starter cultures in sauerkraut fermentation and thereby reducing the quantity of salt used in the process. This, in turn, would reduce the amount of waste salt that would enter in our water resources. Phage, naturally present in sauerkraut fermentation, could potentially affect the starter cultures introduced. Thus, a mechanistic mathematical model was developed to quantify the growth kinetics of the phage and starter cultures. The model was validated by independent experiments with two Leuconostoc mesenteroides strains isolated from sauerkraut and their corresponding phage. Model simulations and experimental evidence showed the presence of phage-resistant cell populations in starter cultures which replaced phage-sensitive cells, even when the initial phage density (P0) and multiplicity of infection (MOI) were low (P0 < 1 × 103 PFU/ml; MOI < 10−4) in the MRS media. Based on the results of model simulation and parameter optimization, it was suggested that the kinetic parameters of phage-host interaction, especially the adsorption rate, vary with the initial phage and host densities and with time. The model was validated in MRS broth. Therefore, the effects of heterogeneity and other environmental factors, such as temperature and pH, should be considered to make the model applicable to commercial fermentations.
Uses of Fabry-Perot velocimeters in studies of high explosives detonation

The Fabry Perot has become an important and valuable tool by which explosive performanceinformation can be obtained relatively easily and inexpensively. Principle uses of the Fabry Perot have beenfree surface, and particle velocity measurements in one dimensional studies of explosive performance. In thecylinder test, it has been very useful to resolve early wall motions.We have refined methods of characterizing new explosives i.e. equation of state, C-J pressure, viathe cylinder shot, flat plate, and particle velocity techniques. All of these use Fabry Perot as one of theprinciple diagnostics. Each of these experimental techniques are discussed briefly and some of the resultsobtained. Modeling developed to fit Fabry-Perot results are described along with future testing.
Mapping of Regional Cancerous Tissue Mechanical Property Changes Using Harmonic Motion Imaging

Mechanical changes in breast tissues as a result of cancer are usually detected through palpation by the physician and/or self examination. However, physicians are unable to palpate most masses under 1 cm in diameter and microscopic diseases. The goal of our study is to introduce the application of the Harmonic Motion Imaging (HMI), an acoustic radiation force technique, for reliable sensitive tumor detection and real-time monitoring of tumor ablation. Here, we applied the HMI technique using a single-element Focused Ultrasound (FUS) transducer. Due to the highly localized and harmonic nature of the response, the motion characteristics can be directly linked to the regional tissue modulus. In this experiment, a confocal transducer, combining a 4.68 MHz therapy (FUS) and a 7.5 MHz diagnostic (pulse-echo) probe, was used. The FUS beam was further modulated by a low AM continuous wave at 25 Hz. A pulser/receiver was used to drive the pulse-echo transducer at a Pulse Repetition Frequency (PRF) of 5.4 kHz. The radio-frequency (RF) signals were acquired using a standard pulse echo technique. The intensity amplitudes of the FUS beam at the focus (Ispta ) were 231 W/cm2 for tumor detection and 1086 W/cm2 for FUS ablation. An analog bandpass filter was used to remove the spectrum of the FUS beam prior to displacement estimation. The resulting axial tissue displacement (i.e., HMI displacement) was estimated using an RF-based speckle tracking technique based on 1D cross-correlation. For tumor mapping, a harmonic radiation force was applied using a 2D raster-scan technique. The 3D HMI image was obtained by combining multiple 2D planes at different depths. The 2D and 3D HMI images in ex vivo breast tissues could detect a benign tumor (2×5×5mm3 ) surrounded by normal tissue, and a malignant tumor (8×7×5mm3 ) embedded in glandular and fat tissues. For FUS therapy, temperature measurements and RF signals were acquired during thermal ablation. HMI images during FUS ablation showed lower displacements, indicating thus tissue hardening due to lesion formation at temperatures higher than 50°C. A finite-element model (FEM) simulation was also used to analyze the findings of the experimental results. In conclusion, this technique demonstrates feasibility of the HMI technique for tumor detection and characterization, as well as real-time monitoring of tissue ablation based on the associated tissue elasticity changes.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Tall Fescue Toxicosis and Management

Tall fescue toxicosis is one of the most costly animal disorders facing livestock producers in the eastern U.S. As reported by Georgia researchers in 1977, it is caused by a fungal endophyte. At present, there is no cure for tall fescue toxicosis. There are, however, proven management strategies that can lessen the effect of toxicosis. One strategy is the replacement of toxic tall fescue with cultivars that are endophyte-free or contain beneficial endophytes. Other strategies involve management of toxic tall fescue pastures by interseeding other forages that can dilute the toxins, rotating livestock to non-toxic pastures, supplementing the diet, limiting the rate of nitrogen fertilizer, controlling the seedheads, ammoniating the hay, and in the case of horses, administering medicinal treatments. Nearly all of these management practices are designed to limit the amount of toxin that is ingested in the animal. This guide will discuss the science and application of these management practices.
Elementary computation of object approach by a wide-field visual neuron

An essential function of the brain is to detect threats, such as those posed by objects or predators on a collision course. A wide-field, movement-sensitive visual neuron in the brain of the locust was studied by presenting simulated approaching, receding, and translating objects. The neuron's responses could be described simply by multiplying the velocity of the image edge (dθ/dt) with an exponential function of the size of the object's image on the retina (e−αθ). Because this product peaks before the image reaches its maximum size during approach, this neuron can anticipate collision. The neuron's activity peaks approximately when the approaching object reaches a certain angular size. Because this neuron receives distinct inputs about image size and velocity, the dendritic tree of a single neuron may function as a biophysical device that can carry out a multiplication of two independent input signals.
The Effects of Self-Esteemand Self-Consciousness on Interpersonal Attraction

This study investigates the effects of rater and target similarity along the personality dimensions of self-esteem, private self-consciousness, and public self-consciousness on interpersonal attraction. Previously unacquainted opposite-sex subject pairs completed personality measures and engaged in ten-minute conversation with each other. After the conversation all subjects rated their partner's attractiveness. The traits of self-esteem and public self-consciousnesss produced rater x target interaction effects. Subjects liked one another more when they were similar rather than dissimilar along these dimensions. Private self-consciousness yielded a target main effect, such that targets were liked more if they were high rather than low in private self-consciousness. Implications are discussed.
Investigation of robust video streaming using a wavelet-based rate-scalable codec

In this paper we investigate the use of a fully rate scalable wavelet codec known as SAMCoW (Scalable Adaptive Motion Compensated Wavelet) for use in robust video streaming. We develop a theory based on the notion of additive temporal distortion to predict the performance of the bit stream under error conditions. Due to the regular nature of SAMCoW, a closed-form solution is found and compared experimentally to a SAMCoW stream in a simulated channel.© (2000) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The association of the cortisol awakening response with experimental pain ratings

Cortisol is a key stress hormone that is implicated in a variety of physiological responses. Attenuated Cortisol Awakening Response (CAR) is associated with many negative health outcomes, but little research has investigated CAR and pain. The current study examines the association of CAR with experimental acute-pain ratings in healthy men and women. Attenuated CAR was related to greater pain intensity and unpleasantness ratings. Future research should examine this association across various pain populations.
Convergence to a Gaussian limit as the normalization exponent tends to

Abstract Certain quadratic forms with long-range dependence, normalized by Nd with d > 1 2 , have a non-Gaussian limit, but under further normalization, as d → 1 2 , the limit becomes Gaussian.
Phylogeny, hologeny and coenogeny, basic concepts of environmental biology.

Some data from earlier work concerning the evolutionary correlation of anthophilous insects, entomophilous plants, herbivorous animals, and natural soil groups are briefly summarized. Presumed successive evolution of plant and animal communities from the early Paleozoic era to the more recent formation of prairies, steppes and other grassland areas is described and pictured in Fig. 6. A definite correlation has been found among the coevolution of flowering plants, pollinating insects, ruminant animals and fertility grades of natural soil groups (Fig. 7). Plants, insects, animals and soil are interrelated in evolution as reciprocal selective and regulating factors in certain biotic and abiotic environments. This complex system can be better studied by application of the coenogenic concept and hologenic and syngenic methods. Various stages of the development of an agricultural environment in the prairie areas of the North American plains are briefly described and illustrated in Plates I–VII. A new radical change in the development by the introduction of so-called “Circle Farming” is pictured in Plates VIII–IX. This new irrigated farming system is not only profitable for the increasing of yields, but promises to some extent the restoration of a biologically balanced environment in an extensively cultivated agricultural landscape.
Correction of specific heat in isobaric expansion data

We have measured unusually high specific heats for liquid metals using the isobaric expansion apparatus at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. In an effort to improve the pyrometer used in the facility, the cause of this discrepancy was discovered. The properties of liquid tantalum have since been remeasured, which can be expressed by: H=0.15002+1.0164×10−4T+2.1476×10−8T2V/V0=1.0545−3.5578×10−6T+9.9015×10−9T2ϱ=1.3068−4.6420×10−5T+1.3163×l0−8T2 over the range 3270 K⩽T⩽7250 K, where H is enthalpy in MJ · kg−1 relative to the value at 300 K and 0.1 GPa, ϱ is the resistivity in μΩ · m, and V0 is the specific volume at STP (6.024×10−5 m 3 · kg−1).
CHARACTERIZING STRONG ESTIMATES

We describe necessary and sufficient conditions for square functions to map L°° to L°° for ergodic averages and Lebesgue derivatives.
USING 'STAGES OF BEHAVIORAL CHANGE' CONSTRUCTS TO MEASURE THE SHORT-TERM EFFECTS OF A WORKSITE-BASED INTERVENTION TO INCREASE MODERATE PHYSICAL ACTIVITY

We evaluated a three-level incentive program to promote regular, moderate physical activity among employees working in a federal agency. The objective was to assess the short-term effects of the intervention by examining the stages people go through as they attempt to make permanent changes in physical activity. Indicators of the process by which changes in physical activity take place were based on a modified version of the Transtheoretical Model of Behavior. A one-group pretest/posttest design was used to ascertain which of the stages the 1,192 participants were in both before and after the intervention. Analysis indicated that, of the 1,192 participants, 6.5% regressed one or more stages, 30.3% did not regress or progress from one stage to another, 27.7% remained in the maintenance stage, and 35.4% progressed one (21.1%) or more (14.3%) stages during the 50-day intervention. Among those who progressed, the most common change was from preparation to late preparation (20.8%) and from late preparation to ...
Implementation of the Welfare-to-Work Program in Arkansas

How is success for Welfare-to-Work (WtW) programs defined, and is that definition adequate? This article assesses a snapshot of interagency communication in the 2000 Arkansas WtW program and its potential effects on the state's progress toward real welfare reform. Three key areas deemed necessary for successful implementation are explored: case management, inter-agency communication, and goal congruence. Data for the evaluation were generated via surveys of agency personnel and program participants. The data reveal that interagency staff frequently disagree on responsibility for client assessment, that interagency staff do not always communicate effectively and seldom share data, and that staff from service providers and the Department of Human Services cite differing goals for the program they are charged with implementing. The authors reassess the adequacy of Arkansas' WtW program and suggest that in an era marked by systemic work-related program reform, it is imperative that administrative linkages between state labor-related agencies and personal welfare-related agencies operate effectively.
Notes on British and Norwegian Hydroids and Medusae

The notes collected in this paper are a continuation of earlier observations on British and Norwegian hydroids and their medusae. The observations were made at the Biological Stations of Herdla (Bergen), Millport and Plymouth.