cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Christian environmental ethic of the Russian Pomor

This article revisits Lynn White's famous 1967 article that placed the blame for environmental problems in the Western world on the Judeo-Christian belief system, and discusses the case of the Pomor, a Russian sub-ethnicity who settled on the shores of the White Sea in the twelfth century. Although maintaining their Orthodox faith after migrating to the edge of the Slavic cultural zone, the Pomor adopted an entirely new way of life suited to the climate of the far north. Rather than concentrating on agriculture, which proved unreliable at the extreme northern latitude, they turned their attention to the exploitation of marine resources: fishing, sealing, and whaling. Contending with the harsh elements on a daily basis, the Pomor developed a worldview called "sacral geography," which fused animism with Christian eschatology. Sacral geography, in addition to providing an interpretive system for the natural world, also obligated the Pomor to observe and respect the natural world by limiting their economic strategies. The result was a unique environmental ethic. In the late nineteenth century and early twentieth century, the Pomor environmental ethic came under direct criticism from larger social forces-first the local business community and then the Soviet state-because of its low productivity. Ultimately, Stalin's aggressive economic and political policies succeeded in eliminating the Pomor environmental ethic as an effective curb on resource exploitation. Este articulo se propone revisar el famoso articulo de Lynn White de 1967, en el que culpa al sistema de creencias judeocristiano de los problemas medioambientales en el mundo occidental, y analizar el caso de los Pomor, una sub-etnia rusa asentada a orillas del Mar Blanco en el siglo XII. A pesar de mantener su fe ortodoxa despues de migrar a la orilla de la zona cultural eslava, los Pomor adoptaron una nueva forma de vida adaptada al clima nordico. En vez de concentrarse en la agricultura, que resulto ser poco fiable a tal latitud, centraron su atencion en la explotacion de los recursos marinos: la pesca, la caza de focas y la caza de ballenas. Al lidiar con unos elementos tan duros diariamente, los Pomor desarrollaron una vision del mundo llamada "geografia sagrada," que aunaba el animismo con las creencias cristianas. La geografia sacra, ademas de proporcionar un sistema de interpretacion de la naturaleza, tambien obligaba a los Pomor a observar y respetar el mundo natural mediante la limitacion de sus estrategias economicas. El resultado fue una etica del medio ambiente unica. A finales del siglo XIX y principios del XX, la etica del medio ambiente de los Pomor fue criticada por fuerzas sociales mas grandes, primero por la comunidad empresarial local y luego por el estado sovietico, debido a su baja productividad. En ultima instancia, los agresivos principios economicos y politicos de Stalin lograron acabar con la etica medioambiental Pomor como freno eficaz a la explotacion de los recursos.
Random projection: a new approach to VLSI layout

We show that random projection, the technique of projecting a set of points to a randomly chosen low-dimensional subspace, can be used to solve problems in VLSI layout. Specifically, for the problem of laying out a graph on a 2-dimensional grid so as to minimize the maximum edge length, we obtain an O(log/sup 3.5/ n) approximation algorithm (this is the first o(n) approximation), and for the bicriteria problem of minimizing the total edge length while keeping the maximum length bounded, we obtain an O(log/sup 3/ n, log/sup 3.5/ n) approximation. Our algorithms also work for d-dimensional versions of these problems (for any fixed d) with polylog approximation guarantees. Besides random projection, the main components of the algorithms are a linear programming relaxation, and volume-respecting Euclidean embeddings.
Accessibility works: enhancing web accessibility in Firefox

This paper reviews several techniques we have discovered while trying to extend the Firefox browser to support people with visual, motor, reading, and cognitive disabilities. Our goal throughout has been to find ways to make on-the-fly transformations of Web content including adjustments of text and image size, text style, line and letter spacing, text foreground color, text background color, page background removal, content linearization, and reading text aloud. In this paper, we focus primarily on the changes we make to the browser's Document Object Model (DOM) to transform Web content. We review the kinds of approaches we have used to make DOM modifications sufficiently fast and error free. We highlight the problems posed by Web pages with a mix of static and dynamic content generated by client-side scripts and by Web pages that use both fixed and relative placement of page elements, pages of the sort we expect to see in increasingly in the future.
Superoxide Dismutase and Oxygen Toxicity in a Eukaryote

Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. ellipsoideus contained 6.5 times more superoxide dismutase and 2.3 times more catalase when grown under 100% O2 than when grown anaerobically. Growth under oxygen caused equal increases in both the cyanide-sensitive and the cyanide-insensitive superoxide dismutases of this organism. Experience with other eukaryotes has shown that cyanide sensitivity is a property of the cupro-zinc superoxide dismutase of the cytosol, whereas cyanide insensitivity is a property of the corresponding mangani-enzyme found in mitochondria. Cu2+, which has been shown to increase the radioresistance of yeast, also caused an increase of both of the superoxide dismutases of S. cerevisiae. Yeast which had been grown under 1 atm of O2 were more resistant toward the lethal effects of 20 atm of O2 than were yeast which had been grown in the absence of O2. Escherichia coli K-12 his− responded to growth under 1 atm of O2 by increasing its content of catalase and of peroxidase, but not of superoxide dismutase. This contrasts with E. coli B, which was previously shown to respond to O2 by a striking increase in superoxide dismutase. E. coli K-12 his− did not gain resistance toward 20 atm of O2 because of having been grown under 1 atm of O2. Once again, this contrasts with the behavior of E. coli B. These data indicate that, in both prokaryotes and in eukaryotes, superoxide dismutase is an important component of the defenses against oxygen toxicity.
Free-space dynamically reconfigurable bacteriorhodopsin holographic crossbar

This paper reports on the novelty of the bacteriorhodopsin photonic crossbar system for broadband communications. A free- space dynamically reconfigurable bacteriorhodopsin holographic crossbar provides a large interconnectivity density, transparent data redistribution, and fiber optic bandwidth capacity. This switching device resolves optical-to-electronic and electronic-to-optical conversion bottleneck and reduces signal-to-noise degradation which is due to the conversions. This crossbar design is completely free of internal blocking which is one of the major drawbacks of guided optical crossbars. This system takes advantage of the parallelism and multidimensionality inherent in optics and can be scaled to a large capacity of NXN while it maintains a low weight and portability which are a projected requirement for future broadband communications. This NXN crossbar is an intelligent holographic system for routing and switching by dynamically reconfigurable grating of bacteriorhodopsin which has high write/read photocyclicity that is greater than 106.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Mixed-initiative, goal-directed dialog in a fuzzy knowledge based consultant system

Abstract Expert consultant systems can be viewed as a new medium of communication between experts and users, similar in some respects to the telephone and in other respects to the printed page. Fuzzy linguistic variables and approximate reasoning offer a way to increase the expressive power of this communications medium. Recent advances in the application of these techniques allow the use of features such as goal-directed processing, mixed-initiative dialog, sophisticated user and expert interfaces, and efficient knowledge representation that have formerly been associated only with nonfuzzy expert systems.
Road Map for the Controlled Synthesis of CdSe Nanowires, Nanobelts, and Nanosaws— A Step Towards Nanomanufacturing**

One-dimensional (1D) nanostructures of CdSe have been found to exhibit morphologies of nanowires, nanobelts, and nanosaws, but their synthesis is by trial and error. To meet the needs of large-scale, controlled, and designed synthesis of nanostructures, it is imperative to systematically find experimental conditions under which the desired nanostructures are synthesized reproducibly, in large quantity, and with controlled morphology. This article reports the first systematic study on the growth of 1D CdSe nanostructures by a vapor–liquid–solid (VLS) process by varying a wide range of experimental conditions. Over 150 experiments have been conducted to investigate the morphology dependence of three different types of nanostructures: nanowires, nanobelts, and nanosaws, over various substrate temperatures and pressures. The results of this work yield a road map for the controlled growth of 1D CdSe nanostructures. This research serves as a guidance and “menu” for scaling up of the synthesis of CdSe nanostructures. This is a key step towards the controlled synthesis of nanostructures to meet the needs of many industrial applications of nanomanufacturing.
The multiband approach to geological mapping from orbiting satellites: is it redundant or vital?

Photographic and IR multiband spectral discrimination for rock and soil mapping from orbiting ERTS satellites
A Psychological Perspective Comparing the Views of Dai Zhen (戴 震) and Zhu Xi (朱 熹) On Human Nature

The objective of this paper is to provide a psychological perspective on Zhu Xi (ZX) and Dai Zhen (DZ) views about human nature, by comparing the potential implications of their views on an agent's moral cultivation. To help frame this objective, I will ask and answer the following question: if one commits to ZX who holds the view that human nature is innately good, although obscured, versus if one holds DZ's view that while human nature has the potential for good but it is unformed or unknown (i.e., no original nature) then what are some of the possible implications for self love, sympathy, hope, forgiveness, and spontaneity that are relevant considerations, some of which have been noted by ZX and DZ, for the advance of an agent's moral cultivation. The implications of ZX's commitment to human nature being innately good could entail the following: despite an agent’s obscurities, because his nature is good, he is lovable and he can be hopeful that he can shed off his obscurities via proper moral cultivation. Spontaneity is encouraged as an integral part of an agent's moral self-cultivation. His self-responsibility, hinges on his ability to use the instrumentality of moral cultivation, for which he would need the assistance of a moral teacher. There is a greater capacity for forgiveness because of the presumption that the human nature is inherently good. He can sympathize and extend concern for others, in part, because others' nature is also good. ZX's view may potentially carry a risk of excess and a risk of expecting mainly the good, but not the unknown. Alternatively, implications for DZ's commitment to no original human nature, entails the following: DZ's view is likely more conducive to expecting and embracing the unknown, which potentially makes DZ's philosophy more practical, because we live in a world where we often encounter unknowns and unfamiliar people. Self-love is a prerequisite to know love before one can love others. A moral agent can be hopeful because his potential is good, and it will not be a lost opportunity in light of the constitutive essence of moral cultivation. Despite DZ appearing to be against spontaneity, he is only against the kind of spontaneity that could be hurtful to others as does ZX. Lastly, I argue that DZ's view could result in a broader and more practical commitment to sympathy. Compared to ZX, I argue that DZ’s view could have a potential risk of lower self-responsibility and risk of resistance to self-forgiveness, which does not arise out of DZ’s views about the human nature per se, but rather stems from DZ's bias towards externalized morality.
Predicting Preservice Teachers' Self-Efficacy to Resolve a Cultural Conflict Involving an African American Student

This study examined preservice teachers' (1) sense of efficacy to resolve a cultural conflict involving an African American student, (2) sense of preparedness to effectively handle cultural conflicts, and (3) culturally responsive teaching self-efficacy beliefs. After reading a case study describing a teacher working with an African American male student, participants (n = 84) were asked to indicate how efficacious they were in resolving the conflict and how prepared they were to do so. The findings suggest that preservice teachers' sense of preparedness and the strength of their culturally responsive teaching self-efficacy beliefs contribute to the prediction of their sense of efficacy to resolve the conflict presented in the case study. The implications of these findings are discussed.
A multiple-objective planning methodology for information service managers

Abstract The problem of allocation of scarce resources in an organization is frequently complicated by the presence of multiple, often conflicting, managerial objectives and a high degree of ambiguity in the definition of the organization's purpose. This is particularly true within the operating environment of many public and privately operated information centers and special libraries. In recent years, the managers of such centers have been pressed by both the funders and the users of their services to improve the efficiency of their operations. Although techniques are available for determining and evaluating various measures of the performance of these centers, relatively little has been accomplished with respect to the more fundamental decision making problem of allocating resources in order to optimize the achievement level of the various objectives of the decision maker. The problem addressed in this research is the extension of existing techniques to more adequately deal with the resource allocation problem in an ambiguous environment. The technique known as goal programming is extended and a new methodology, termed goal-range programming, is presented. The goal-range programming methodology is related to the information center planning environment through examples derived from the interaction of the authors with several centers.
Micro‐ and macro‐phase behavior in protein‐polyelectrolyte complexes

Negatively charged polyelectrolytes such as carboxymethylcellulose, pectin, and alginate are commonly present in food products. These polyelectrolytes serve a variety of functions such as controlling viscosity and stabilizing emulsions. Proteins are also present in many food formulations. Because of their high charge density, polyelectrolytes can be expected to interact with these proteins. Hence, an understanding of the parameters controlling protein-polyelectrolyte interactions is useful.
SU‐E‐T‐01: Comparison of Head Scatters in Flattening‐Filter‐Free and Flattened Photon Beams

Purpose: To decouple and quantify scatter contributions in air and in phantom for flattening‐filter‐free (FFF) photon beams in comparison with those for flattened beams from a medical linac in radiotherapy. Methods: The 7 UF FFF beam on a Siemens Artiste linac shows equivalent depth dose distribution as the 6 MV flat beam. An ionization chamber was used to measure doses along central axis in air (with a 3 cm diameter buildup cap) and in phantom (SSD = 100 cm and depth = 1.5 cm) for both beams in a range of field size, yielding head scatter factors (Sc) and output factors (Scp). A third‐order polynomial function was used to fit the data within the fields of 3×3 to 12×12 cm2 for each Sc or Scp distribution. An extrapolation of the fitted function to 0×0 field yielded the dose component due to primary radiation. Scatter components for different field sizes can be derived by subtracting this primary component from measured total doses. Results: A primary FFF beam produces only 5% scatters in 10× 10 cm2 field through the linac head while 43% scatters are produced by a flat primary beam, resulting in a reduction of scatter contributions by a factor of 6 in the measured doses in air. Comparable scatter contributions (∼10% in 10× 10 field) produced in the phantom at the same depth were observed for both primary beams as expected. Overall, the significantly reduced head scatter for the FFF beam leads to a total scatter reduction of 60% in phantom at 1.5 cm depth (14% and 34% scatter contributions in 10× 10 field for the FFF and flat beams, respectively). Conclusion: Our method works well in decoupling scatter components from measured total doses. The significant reduction of head scatters for FFF beams would provide dosimetric benefits to patients with reduced shallow‐dose. This work is supported in part by a Siemens research fund.
Fick's First Law Compared with the Stefan-Maxwell Equation in Describing Constant Evaporating Mixtures

Abstract Fick's first law is compared with the Stefan-Maxwell equation indescribing the compositon of a constant evaporating mixture. The maximum deviation between the two predictions varies with the system: 17% for toluene-ethanol solutions evaporating in air, 8.5% for benzene-methanol solutions in air.
Roles of thyroxine and thyrocalcitonin in the response to hypercalcemia in rats.

Chronically parathyroidectomized rats counteracted the hypercalcemia induced by intraperitoneal injection of calcium more rapidly than thyroparathyroidectomized rats, whether the rats compared were thyroxinetreated or not. The results indicate that the thyroid alone, in the absence of all parathyroid secretions, effects a calcium-lowering response in hypercalcemia in the rat, presumably by the release of thyrocalcitonin, a polypeptide with demonstrated calcium-lowering activity. The thyroxine-dependent metabolic status of the animals also played a part in the rate of elimination of an exogenous hypercalcemia. The elimination was more rapid in thyroxine-treated than in saline-treated rats, whether normal thyroid tissue was present or not. Hence, evaluation of calcium tolerance after thyroidectomy requires consideration of the additive effects of lack of thyrocalcitonin and incipient classic hypothyroidism. (Endocrinology 79: 1033, 1966)
Structure and properties of N-palmitoleoylgalactosylsphingosine (cerebroside)

Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X-ray diffraction have been used to study the structure and properties of N-palmitoleoylgalactosylsphingosine (NPoGS; 16:1 galactocerebroside). DSC of fully hydrated NPoGS shows a complex pattern of three endothermic transitions at 35, 39 and 53°C. Using a combination of thermal protocols (varying heating/cooling rates, incubation at different temperatures, etc.), the three ordered chain (gel) phases responsible for the transitions have been isolated; transition I (Tm = 35°C; ΔHI = 6.3 kcal/mol), transition II (Tm = 39°C; ΔHI = 8.6 kcal/mol) and transition III (Tm = 53°C; ΔHIII = 12.8 kcal/mol). The gel phases do not interconvert but rather form independently following cooling from the melted chain phase. X-ray diffraction data of the three isolated phases confirm that they all are bilayer structures with different bilayer periodicities (LI, 50.7 A; LII, 51.7 A; LIII = 49.2 A) and different chain packing modes. The LI, LII, and LIII bilayer phases each melt independently to the melted chain Lα phase. Comparisons with other cerebrosides make it clear that alterations in chain length and chain unsaturation markedly affect the thermotropic behavior of cerebrosides and the metastable and stable phases they are able to form. As with phospholipids, introduction of cis-unsaturation into the N-acyl chain reduces both the chain melting temperature and enthalpy.
Statistical parameter estimation for macro fiber composite actuators using the homogenized energy model

Macro Fiber Composites (MFC) are planar actuators comprised of PZT fibers embedded in an epoxy matrix that is sandwiched between electrodes. Due to their construction, they exhibit significant durability and flexibility in addition to being lightweight and providing broadband inputs. They are presently being considered for a range of applications including positioning and control of membrane mirrors and configurable aerospace structures. However, they also exhibit hysteresis and constitutive nonlinearities that must be incorporated in models to achieve the full potential of the devices. In this paper, we discuss the development of a model that quantifies the hysteresis and constitutive nonlinearities in a manner that promotes subsequent control design. The constitutive model is constructed using the homogenized energy framework for ferroelectric hysteresis and used to develop resulting system models. The performance of the models is validated with experimental data.
White Matter Microstructure Alterations: A Study of Alcoholics with and without Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

Many brain imaging studies have demonstrated reductions in gray and white matter volumes in alcoholism, with fewer investigators using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) to examine the integrity of white matter pathways. Among various medical conditions, alcoholism and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are two comorbid diseases that have similar degenerative effects on the white matter integrity. Therefore, understanding and differentiating these effects would be very important in characterizing alcoholism and PTSD. Alcoholics are known to have neurocognitive deficits in decision-making, particularly in decisions related to emotionally-motivated behavior, while individuals with PTSD have deficits in emotional regulation and enhanced fear response. It is widely believed that these types of abnormalities in both alcoholism and PTSD are related to fronto-limbic dysfunction. In addition, previous studies have shown cortico-limbic fiber degradation through fiber tracking in alcoholism. DTI was used to measure white matter fractional anisotropy (FA), which provides information about tissue microstructure, possibly indicating white matter integrity. We quantitatively investigated the microstructure of white matter through whole brain DTI analysis in healthy volunteers (HV) and alcohol dependent subjects without PTSD (ALC) and with PTSD (ALC+PTSD). These data show significant differences in FA between alcoholics and non-alcoholic HVs, with no significant differences in FA between ALC and ALC+PTSD in any white matter structure. We performed a post-hoc region of interest analysis that allowed us to incorporate multiple covariates into the analysis and found similar results. HV had higher FA in several areas implicated in the reward circuit, emotion, and executive functioning, suggesting that there may be microstructural abnormalities in white matter pathways that contribute to neurocognitive and executive functioning deficits observed in alcoholics. Furthermore, our data do not reveal any differences between ALC and ALC+PTSD, suggesting that the effect of alcohol on white matter microstructure may be more significant than any effect caused by PTSD.
Pressure Oscillation in the Leakage Annulus Between a Shrouded Impeller and Its Housing Due to Impeller-Discharge-Pressure Disturbances

The perturbed flow in the leakage path between a shrouded-pump impeller and its housing is analyzed using experiences with the Space Shuttle Main Engine (SSME), high pressure fuel turbopump (HPFTP) wearing-ring seals. Analysis is based on a bulk-flow model which consists of the path-momentum, circumferential momentum, and continuity equations. The pressure oscillations in the leakage annulus are driven by a circumferential variation of the impeller discharge pressure. It is shown that the occurrence and nature of the pressure oscillations depend on the tangential-velocity ratio of the fluid entering the seal, the order of the Fourier coefficient, the closeness of the precessional frequency of the rotating pressure field to the first natural frequency of the fluid annulus, and the clearance of the wearing-ring seal. The results obtained may explain the internal melting observed on SSME HPFTP seal parts.
A carbon-nickel addition to benzyne

The thermal decomposition of benzenediazonium-2-car☐ylate in the presence oftrans-(phenylethynyl)(trichlorovinyl)bis(triethylphosphine)nickel(II), (I), in dichloromethane affords [2-(phenylethynyl)phenyl] (trichlorovinyl)bis(triethylphosphine)nickel(II) < (III). Also present in the product mixtures way 2-(phenylethynyl)(trichlorovinyl)benzene, (IV), which was shown to be formed from (III) under the reaction conditions employed. Evidence is presented which indicates that (III) is derived from a carbon-nickel addition to benzyne.
New methods for evaluating meteorological models used in air quality applications

Abstract Meteorological models in conjunction with air quality models are being used to simulate the transport and fate of pollutants in the atmosphere. Hence, there is a need for an extensive evaluation of the entire modeling system. In this study, several new techniques to assess the performance of mesoscale meteorological models are introduced with an emphasis on evaluating the variables and processes that have the potential to influence the air quality predictions, since errors in the meteorological fields are passed on to the air quality model. Model performance was diagnosed by examining the inter-correlation of observable variables in the atmosphere on distinct time scales: intraday, diurnal, and synoptic. It was found that the Mesoscale Model version 5 (MM5) model did replicate the observed relationship between intraday wind speed and temperature, intraday surface pressure and temperature, diurnal surface pressure and temperature as well as most of the correlations between variables on the synoptic timescale. However, a negative correlation between temperature and precipitation was evident in the observations on the intraday scale, but such relationship was not evident in the model output. Furthermore, the diurnal response of increasing wind speed with temperature was strong in the observed time series, but it was much weaker in the model. The correlation between diurnal changes in temperature and cloud fraction was consistently negative in the model whereas it was slightly positive in the observations. Wind profilers were used to examine the simulated boundary layer wind structure. Of the twelve sites examined, the average distance error between the 24-h observed and modeled trajectory was approximately 150 km at height of 100 m above the surface. Errors in transport of this magnitude (100–200 km) can produce errors in air quality predictions. It is not the intent of this study to establish quantitative links between the performance of the specific meteorological simulation analyzed here and subsequent air quality simulations. Rather, the results presented here draw attention to errors and inconsistencies in the meteorology that are passed on to the air quality model which, in turn, have the potential to cause errors in air quality model predictions.
Diagnostic pitfalls in thyroid fine‐needle aspiration: A review of 394 cases

To determine the diagnostic pitfalls of thyroid fine-needle aspiration (FNA), we reviewed 394 thyroid aspirates obtained between January 1986 and December 1990. Surgical follow-up was available for 150 aspirations. The cytologic diagnoses were categorized into four groups: benign, 57; indeterminate, 51; malignant, 33; and nondiagnostic specimen, nine. There were three false negative diagnoses (3%), which upon review were judged to be inadequate specimens. Three false positive diagnoses (7%) were identified: in the first two cases, follicular adenomas were mistaken for papillary carcinoma; in the third case, atypical Hurthle cells were mistaken for a Hurthle cell carcinoma. Our results showed a sensitivity of 93% and a specificity of 91% for the detection of malignancy. If indeterminate cases were considered positive, the specificity decreased to 50%, while the sensitivity increased to 97%. We conclude that: 1) certain follicular adenomas may display cytologic features mimicking papillary carcinoma; 2) as in follicular neoplasms, aspirates of Hurthle cell adenomas cannot be differentiated from Hurthle cell carcinomas; 3) with adequate sampling, false negative results can be markedly reduced.
Chemistry of the direct acid leach, calsinter, and pressure digestion-acid leach methods for the recovery of alumina from fly ash

Abstract The chemistry of three methods for the recovery of alumina from fly ash is reviewed. Fly ashes are characterized with respect to both physical and chemical properties, and differences in ashes derived from eastern and western coals are identified. Aluminum solubilization from fly ashes is explained in terms of the solid phases present, which are related to the basic element content of the ash. The aluminum solubilized in the Direct Acid Leach method is from the amorphous aluminum-containing phases while aluminum in crystalline mullite remains insoluble and can be dissolved by acid only after a vigorous treatment with a basic reagent. A lime source was employed in the Calsinter method while caustic was used in the Pressure Digestion-Acid Leach method. These methods yield high aluminum solubilization from both eastern and western fly ashes.
Redundancy in measures of depression

Three different scales of depression were administered to 108 subjects in cluding hospitalized inpatients with a diagnosis of major depression (N = 36), inpatients on a renal service (N = 36), and nonhospitalized, healthy volunteers (N = 36). Subjects completed the Beck Depression Inventory and the Depression Adjective Checklist and were reated by a trained clinician on the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale. Correlations were calculated for the total sample, each group individually, and a random sample of 36 (12 from each group). Results suggest that correlations are sufficiently high to advocate the use of only one measure of depression when one is assessing a heterogeneous group.
Cross-desensitization of capsaicin-evoked oral irritation by high but not low concentrations of nicotine in human subjects.

We previously showed that sequential application of a relatively low nicotine concentration (7.4 mM) to the tongue, followed by a rest period, induced self-desensitization, i.e. a reduction of oral irritation elicited by subsequent nicotine, but not cross-desensitization of capsaicin-evoked irritation. We presently investigated if cross-desensitization of capsaicin-evoked irritation might be induced by higher concentrations of nicotine. Nicotine (74 or 300 mM) was applied once, unilaterally to the tongue of human subjects. When the irritant sensation had completely subsided, capsaicin (33 μM) was applied bilaterally. In a 2-alternative forced-choice (2-AFC) test, subjects indicated which side of the tongue had a stronger irritant sensation. They additionally rated the intensity of irritation on each side separately. Pretreatment with 74 mM nicotine did not induce cross-desensitization, since no significant difference was observed in intensity ratings or in choice of the treated vs. non-treated side in the 2-AFC. However, 300 mM nicotine did induce cross-desensitization, since a significant majority of subjects chose the non-treated side as having a stronger capsaicin-evoked irritant intensity and assigned significantly higher ratings to that side. These psychophysical findings are discussed in terms of possible neural mechanisms of desensitization.
Building Information Modeling: Systematic Course Development for Undergraduate Construction Students

AbstractThe construction industry is actively adopting building information modeling (BIM) concepts and technologies to benefit from the resulting improved communication and productivity, better coordination of construction drawings, faster delivery, reduced costs, and safer construction jobsites. This requires construction professionals to understand how best to utilize BIM and to become proficient in the new and innovative skills involved. Consequently, construction and engineering programs need to introduce BIM courses that equip their students with the relevant BIM knowledge and skills and make them aware of potential BIM applications to prepare them for their future careers in the construction industry and to improve productivity. The main purpose of the research reported in this paper was therefore to develop a BIM course suitable for undergraduate construction and engineering programs using a systematic course-development approach consisting of three stages, as follows: (1) preparation, (2) develop...
Optimal linear income taxation in the presence of emigration

Abstract This paper examines optimal linear income taxation when individuals are able to escape taxation by migrating. A model is presented in which closing the economy to migration must raise the optimal marginal tax. However, this result may be reversed under an alternative definition of a closed economy.
POINT AND INTERVAL ESTIMATORS, BASED ON M ORDER STATISTICS, FOR THE SCALE PARAMETER OF A WEIBULL POPULATION WITH KNOWN SHAPE PARAMETER

A derivation is given of the maximum likelihood estimator , based on the first m out of n ordered observations, of the scale parameter θ of a Weibull population with known shape parameter K. It is shown that 2m k/θK has a chi-square distribution with 2m degrees of freedom (independent of n). Use is made of this fact to set upper confidence bounds with confidence level 1 – P (lower confidence bounds with confidence level P) on the scale parameter θ. Formulas are given for the mean squared deviations of the upper and lower confidence bounds from the true value of the parameter. From these one can obtain expressions for the efficiency of confidence bounds and confidence intervals. The expected value of is also determined, and from it the unbiasing factor / by which must be multiplied to obtain an unbiased estimator . An expression for the variance of the unbiased estimator is found. Values of the unbiasing factor and of the variance of the unbiased estimator, both of which are independent of n, are tabled fo...
Relationship of Field Dependence/Independence with Learning Styles and Locus of Control among Registered Nurses:

Summary.-This study invest~~n~rd the relations among scores on field dependence/ independence, learning styles, and locus of control for 199 Registered Nurses. Hypotheses were that nurses with higher scores on field independence would score higher on internal locus of control and nurses with scores on concrete learning styles would score higher on field independence and internal locus of control. The Group Embedded Figures Test, Learning Style Inventory, and the Internal-External Scale, and a demographic questionnaire were administered. Analysis showed that nurses were field dependent, used the Reflective Observation mode of learning, displayed abstract and active learning styles, and scored as internal on the measure of locus of control. Witkin, Lewis, Hertzman, Machover, Bretnd, Meissner, and Wapner (1954) reported that perception of the upright is an integral part of a person's daily life and is based on the perception of the direction of the force of gravity through the proprioceptive organs as well as the person's ability to perceive the surrounding environment. Witkin found that people were consistently stable in the ways they perceived the upright, that this represented part of the person's basic psychological makeup, and that perceptual functioning varied with age (Witkin, et al., 1954). In his theory of psychological differentiation Witkin proposed that the tendency to function at a more differentiated (analytical field approach or field independent) or less differentiated level (global field approach or field dependent) pervades all areas of a person's performance. Kolb's theory of Experiential Learning involves a cycle of four adaptive learning modes of concrete experience, reflective observation, abstract conceptualization, and active experimentation. Concrete experiencelabstract conceptualization and active experimentation/reflective observation are two opposing dimensions of adaptive orientation (Kolb, 1984). Learning is viewed as an individualized process, and the individual styles of learning, measured on the Learning Style Inventory (Kolb, 1984), describe people's various approaches to learning a task. Rotter (1982) defined perceived control as internal (from the point of view of the organism) or external (from the point of view of the objects or conditions of the environment). He viewed these orientations as the potential for occurrence of a group of related behaviors in specific life situations. The orientations are mediated by culture and behaviors used to satisfy these
R by C CHI-Square Analyses with Small Expected Cell Frequencies

A nonasymptotic analysis algorithm based on Pearson's chi-square statistic is presented to investigate r by c contingency tables where small expected cell frequencies render the usual asymptotic an...
Prevention of sulfide mineral leaching through covalent coating

The use of benzene-1,3-diamidoethanethiol as a covalent surface coating for the prevention of metal leaching was demonstrated with several sulfide minerals including cinnabar (HgS), pyrite (FeS2), chalcopyrite (CuFeS2), covellite (CuS), galena (PbS), realgar (As4S4) and sphalerite (ZnS). The minerals were coated with sufficient H2BDT to bind the surface metals in a 1:1 ratio. Leaching at pH 1, 3 and 7 was then conducted on both treated and untreated minerals. ICP and CVAFS (for mercury) analyses revealed that the coated minerals showed a dramatic reduction in metal leaching as compared to uncoated control samples. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy indicated the formation of covalent bonds between the sulphur of the ligand and the metals from the minerals.
Understanding how nutrient cycles and freshwater mussels (Unionoida) affect one another

Nutrient loads and nutrient cycling, especially of phosphorus and nitrogen, are among the most important controls on the character of freshwater ecosystems and have been greatly affected by human actions. Despite the widespread importance of nutrients in freshwater ecosystems, the varied linkages between nutrient cycling and freshwater mussel populations have not been thoroughly described. Here, I explore three of these linkages. First, I suggest that nutrient loads are related to the well-being of mussel populations through several mechanisms, probably producing a nonlinear and non-monotonic relationship between nutrient loads and mussel populations. Second, I discuss the ability of mussels to spatially focus nutrients from the overlying water onto the sediments, which has not been fully appreciated, perhaps because nutrient cycling has been viewed chiefly from the viewpoint of the well-mixed water column rather than the patchy sediments. Third, I discuss the ability of mussel populations to accumulate and release nutrients, introducing time lags into nutrient dynamics and stoichiometry (“nutrient capacitance”). Finally, I propose a speculative analysis of the role of freshwater mussels in the nutrient cycles of pristine river systems, which must have been much greater than in modern rivers, with their high nutrient loads and depleted mussel populations.
Surgical Ablation of Atrial Fibrillation — When, Why, and How?

In 1987, Dr. James L. Cox performed the first maze procedure for surgical ablation of atrial fibrillation.1 Previous efforts at surgical correction were not uniformly successful, and some procedures corrected cardiac rhythm but did not restore synchronized atrial contraction. Cox's maze procedure, performed with a precise pattern of incisions and suturing of the right and left atria, proved highly successful in restoring sinus rhythm and, in many patients, reestablishing atrial transport function. There is, however, a lack of consensus regarding indications for surgical ablation of atrial fibrillation. In patients with structural heart disease, atrial fibrillation is a common coexisting problem, . . .
The dual role of CD8+ T lymphocytes in the development of stress-induced herpes simplex encephalitis.

Despite the generally restrictive nature of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), circulating lymphocytes can infiltrate into the central nervous system (CNS) during a variety of disease states. Although the contributions of these lymphocytes to CNS-associated disease have been identified in some viral models, the factors which govern this infiltration following herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection remain to be elucidated. We have developed a murine model of HSV encephalitis (HSE) to define the relationship among psychological stress, the recruitment of HSV-specific T cells into the CNS, and the development of HSE. Naive mice, as well as mice that had been vaccinated with a recombinant vaccinia virus (rVVESgB498-505) that elicits the generation of HSV-1 gB498-505-specific CD8(+) T cells, were infected intranasally (i.n.) with HSV-1 McIntyre. Beginning one day prior to HSV-1 infection and continuing for a total of 9 days, naive and vaccinated mice were exposed to a well-established stressor, restraint stress. Naive, stressed mice exhibited increased symptoms of HSE and HSE-associated mortality as compared to non-stressed controls. A concomitant increase in CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells in the brain was observed throughout the infection, with CD8(+) T cells outnumbering CD4(+) T cells. The development of HSE in these naive, stressed mice was accompanied by a delayed infiltration of gB498-505-specific CD8(+) T cells after HSV spread into the brain. In contrast, both stressed and non-stressed rVVESgB498-505-vaccinated mice possessed gB498-505-specific CD8(+) T cells prior to HSV challenge and were protected against HSE despite having detectable HSV-1 DNA in the brain. Together, these findings suggest that a delayed infiltration of CD8(+) T cells into the brain may promote HSE in naive mice, while the presence of HSV-specific CD8(+) T cells in the brain prior to HSV challenge is protective, possibly by limiting HSV replication and spread within the CNS.
Field and laboratory comparison of the sensitivity and reliability of cocaine detection on currency using chemical sensors, humans, K-9s, and SPME/GC/MS/MS analysis

ABSTRACT Reports that money in general circulation is contaminated with cocaine have resulted in contaminated money theoriespurporting that any person carrying currency could potentially initiate a drug dog alert. Field tests on dozens of different drugdetector dogs with widely varying breeds, ages and training regimes show a consistent threshold level of 1-10 tg of methylbenzoate spiked along with cocaine on U.S. currency or 0. 1- 1 ng/sec methyl benzoate diffusion required to initiate an alert.No other substance studied to date has initiated consistent responses by the drug dogs studied. The evaporation rate of methylbenzoate from U.S. currency shows an exponential decrease with rates varying considerably (2 to 2000 ng/sec) depending onconditions, decreasing with increasing number of bills and covering of the currency. SPME/GC/MSIMS is capable ofdetecting femtogram quantities ofmethyl benzoate, which is much lower than the threshold level ofthe detector dogs studiedto date. Methyl benzoate was identified and quantified in all illicit cocaine specimens analyzed at an average amount of ca.0.02% (w/w). Human tests revealed a similar threshold level ofdetection for methyl benzoate but with less reliability than for
Is Chlorogenic Acid Bitter

Chlorogenic acid at 5° published threshold concentration (100 mg/ L) in aqueous 0.2% potassium acid tartrate was not significantly more bitter than aqueous 0.2% potassium tartrate alone when evaluated by taste panel.
Stereochemistry of the cyclization of alkoxy-substituted 5-hexenyllithiums: effect of solvent and lithium iodide on diastereoselectivity

Abstract The stereochemistry of the cyclization of 4-methoxy-5-hexenyllithium, 4-(methoxymethoxy)-5-hexenyllithium, 4- tert -butoxy-5-hexenyllithium, and 3-methoxy-5-hexenyllithium, each of which was generated from the corresponding iodide by low-temperature lithium–iodine exchange, has been studied in a variety of solvent systems. The results of these studies demonstrate that the stereochemical outcome of the cyclizations of alkoxy-substituted 5-hexenyllithiums may be profoundly affected by the medium in which the ring closures are conducted. The etiology of these often dramatic solvent effects is attributed to the ability of certain lithiophilic ligands to competitively complex the lithium iodide salt that is present as a co-product from the exchange reaction used to prepare the organolithiums.
The idea of rhetoric in the rhetoric of science

A striking but insufficiently examined feature of the current revival of interest in rhetoric is its positioning primarily as a hermeneutic metadiscourse rather than as a substantive discourse practice. When one invokes metadiscourse to account for a discursive practice, what one hopes to achieve is minimally a “redescription” of the latter. Rhetoric has entered the orbit of general hermeneutics. This essay, divided into three parts, examines the cultural identity of rhetoric, the interpretive turn and rhetorical criticism, the politics of repression and recognition, the rhetoric of science as a discursive formation, communitarian and epistemic strategies, and the inventional strategy and humanist paradigm. The works of Michael Leff Allan G. Gross, John Angus Campbell, and Lawrence J. Prelli are critiqued.
Media Review: Paying for the Party: How College Maintains Inequality

(2014). Media Review: Paying for the Party: How College Maintains Inequality. Journal of Student Affairs Research and Practice: Vol. 51, No. 3, pp. 337-339.
Observation of a stable methoxy intermediate on Cr(110)

Abstract Ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS) and work function changes are used to identify a stable methoxy intermediate, CH 3 O(ads), on Cr(110) at 90 K following low exposures of methanol, CH 3 OH(g). Higher methanol exposures at 90 K add subsequent layers of physisorbed methanol which desorb above 120 K. Methoxy dissociation into atomic fragments occurs between 250 and 400 K. The absence of a stable CO(ads) dissociation intermediate indicates that methyl group dehydrogenation is rate limiting on Cr(110). As was previously found on Fe(100) and Mo(100), the stability of CH 3 O(ads) over CO(ads) on Cr(110) is opposite of that proposed by Sexton based upon relative heats of adsorption. Consideration of the CH 3 O: metal and CO: metal bonding mechanisms leads to the proposition that substrate electronic properties, rather than steric or substrate morphological factors, are responsible for the anomalous methoxy stability on these surfaces.
A generalized temporal logic approach for control problems of a class of nondeterministic discrete event systems

A linear-time temporal logic is generalized to an uncertain world in order to apply it to the verification of a class of nondeterministic discrete event systems with probabilities known. Such systems are modeled by bounded stochastic models which specify structures for the language and the proof system. Properties of this class of systems are verified by deducing temporal logic specifications of desired behavior from descriptions of the system dynamics. The formulas do not mention probabilities explicitly (except probability one) so that the analysis of the control problem is completed qualitatively without using probability theory. Applications are illustrated by an example of a flexible manufacturing system. >