cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Biomechanical evaluation of total ankle arthroplasty. Part I: Joint loads during simulated level walking.

In total ankle arthroplasty, the interaction at the joint between implant and bone is driven by a complex loading environment. Unfortunately, little is known about the loads at the ankle during daily activities since earlier attempts use two- or three-dimensional models to explore simplified joint mechanics. Our goal was to develop a framework to calculate multi-axial loads at the joint during simulated level walking following total ankle arthroplasty. To accomplish this, we combined robotic simulations of level walking at one-quarter bodyweight in three cadaveric foot and ankle specimens with musculoskeletal modeling to calculate the multi-axial forces and moments at the ankle during the stance phase. The peak compressive forces calculated were between 720 and 873 N occurring around 77%-80% of stance. The peak moment, which was the internal moment for all specimens, was between 6.1 and 11.6 N m and occurred between 72% and 88% of the stance phase. The peak moment did not necessarily occur with the peak force. The ankle joint loads calculated in this study correspond well to previous attempts in the literature; however, our robotic simulator and framework provide an opportunity to resolve the resultant three-dimensional forces and moments as others have not in previous studies. The framework may be useful to calculate ankle joint loads in cadaveric specimens as the first step in evaluating bone-implant interactions in total ankle replacement using specimen specific inputs. This approach also provides a unique opportunity to evaluate changes in joint loads and kinematics following surgical interventions of the foot and ankle.
BMO Solvability and \(A_{\infty }\) Condition of the Elliptic Measures in Uniform Domains

We consider the Dirichlet boundary value problem for divergence form elliptic operators with bounded measurable coefficients. We prove that for uniform domains with Ahlfors regular boundary, the BMO solvability of such problems is equivalent to a quantitative absolute continuity of the elliptic measure with respect to the surface measure, i.e., $$\omega _L\in A_{\infty }(\sigma )$$ . This generalizes a previous result on Lipschitz domains by Dindos, Kenig, and Pipher (see Dindos et al. in J Geom Anal 21:78–95, 2011).
Soil sustainability and harvest operations: A review

Soil productivity is essential to the sustained production of forest ecosystem goods and services. Timber harvests may lead to negative ecological impacts to the soil environment, thus reducing both soil and forest long-term productivity. Impacts caused by timber harvests are site-specific, and soil monitoring at various times post-harvest is critical to understanding both short- and long-term damage. Soil compaction is one of the most important issues that arise from harvest operations because it can alter many soil properties and processes including soil bulk density, gas diffusivity, and water holding capacity. Changes in these factors, and others, can lead to lower plant productivity. Additional impacts from timber harvests include soil displacement, rutting, and puddling (smeared soil pores). Soil and site characteristics influence the degree to which the soil is prone to disturbance, as well as rock-fragment content. Understanding the degree, extent, distribution, and duration of soil disturbance is key to determining how long the impacts may last and whether soil restoration activities are needed. We highlight the literature about long-term soil recovery after timber harvests and review the types of impacts, harvest operation methods, and recovery times.
Helicobacter pylori and Gastric Cancer

Helicobacter pylori is present in approximately one-half of the world's population. There are significant differences in prevalence based on region, age, race/ethnicity, and socioeconomic status. H pylori is the most common cause of infection-related cancers. Studies have demonstrated the relationship between H pylori infection and gastric adenocarcinoma and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma. H pylori has features and enzymatic properties allowing it to survive in the acidic stomach environment, and has specific virulence factors that promote an increased risk of gastric pathology. Eradication of H pylori is first-line therapy for mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma and decreases the risk of gastric adenocarcinoma.
The Return to Happiness Program

The Return to Happiness Program is a psychosocial intervention for the recovery of children affected by disasters. UNICEF created this initiative in the 90s and used in multiple countries and territories affected by conflicts, wars, natural disasters, and combinations of both. Professionals with vast experience working in disasters praise this program as a highly effective psychosocial intervention. Affected children and families benefiting from this program describe it as an effective way “to return to happiness” after the profound physical and emotional losses of those affected by disasters.
Ergonomics for the Minimally Invasive Gynecologic Surgeon

Study Objective Educate gynecologic surgeons on ergonomic techniques to reduce musculoskeletal injuries attributed to minimally-invasive gynecologic surgery. Design Surgical video. Setting Operating room for laparoscopic surgery. Patients or Participants N/A. Interventions Surgical ergonomic guidelines exist but are often not highlighted to surgeons and training is rare. This video serves to educate surgeons on ergonomic techniques to reduce or avoid musculoskeletal strain or injury. Measurements and Main Results There are unique ergonomic risks with minimally invasive surgery. Ergonomics training can improve efficiency, work satisfaction, and fewer lost work-days and sick-leave. Surgical training in gynecology should include education on proper ergonomic techniques. Conclusion The lack of knowledge among surgeons regarding proper ergonomic technique suggests that surgeon safety receives little attention. It has been established that the impact of poor surgical ergonomics has a profound and long-lasting impact on surgical performance and longevity. Interventions in other professional work-spaces have improved efficiency, employee satisfaction, as well as fewer lost workdays and sick-leave. We can assume these improvements can be made in gynecologic surgery as well, and proper ergonomic techniques should therefore be universally incorporated into surgical training.
Uncertainty in interdependent security games

Even the most well-motivated models of information security have application limitations due to the inherent uncertainties involving risk. This paper exemplifies a formal mechanism for resolving this kind of uncertainty in interdependent security (IDS) scenarios. We focus on a single IDS model involving a computer network, and adapt the model to capture a notion that players have only a very rough idea of security threats and underlying structural ramifications. We formally resolve uncertainty by means of a probability distribution on risk parameters that is common knowledge to all players. To illustrate how this approach might yield fruitful applications, we postulate a well-motivated distribution, compute Bayesian Nash equilibria and tipping conditions for the derived model, and compare these with the analogous conditions for the original IDS model.
The Evolving Law of Disputed Relocation: constructing inner-city renewal practices in Shanghai, 1990-2005.

The forceful pursuit of inner-city renewal in Shanghai since the early 1990s has to a great extent achieved spatial modernization, but at the same time it has given rise to increasing conflicts over residential relocation. Using law as a prism through which to examine the dialectic relationship between renewal practices and disputed relocation, this article argues that the series of unprecedented enactments in law that have taken place during this period have both paved the way for real estate market expansion and been a significant source of relocation disputes in Shanghai. Rather than viewing law as simply given and determinate, the article traces the regulatory regime's codification of property practices as a means of actively responding to the requirements of the real estate market. Under large-scale renewal practices, residents' legal rights of ‘return settlement’ (huiban) in inner-city areas were largely denied in the early 1990s, before being effectively abolished by the adoption of monetary compensation for displacement in the 2000s. The evolving law on property practices has greatly shaped the process of disputed relocation while simultaneously posing a potential challenge to China's use of law for market-oriented development.
Developing the Idea of Intentionality: Children's Theories of Mind

(1990). Developing the Idea of Intentionality: Children's Theories of Mind. Canadian Journal of Philosophy: Vol. 20, No. 1, pp. 89-113.
Professional comportment: the missing element in nursing practice.

Purpose The aim of this concept analysis of professional comportment is to elucidate the dimension of nursing practice that fosters cooperation, collaboration, effective communication, and team cohesion among nurses. Background Professional comportment is a concept that has not been developed or analyzed, and its integration into nursing practice is unclear and not specified. The body of knowledge concentrating on the spectrum of professional comportment, civility, and lateral violence is presently incomplete. Analyzing and developing the concept of professional comportment will satisfy a gap in the literature. A concept analysis of professional comportment will clarify for the nurse the power of words, behaviors, and communication needed to achieve effective communication and civility. Source The Walker and Avant framework for concept analysis was used to analyze the concept of professional comportment. An electronic review of the literature through the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Health Sources, Medical Complete, and ProQuest was conducted. This review rendered approximately 300 articles, of which 85 were reviewed. Eighteen articles informed comportment as a definition and are utilized in this analysis. The individual nurse is the level of focus in the analysis, not the organizational culture. Conclusion Comportment is defined as a dignified manner or conduct. Professional comportment is critical in determining a nurse's effectiveness in relating, communicating, and collaborating with colleagues and members of the healthcare team. In the absence of professional comportment, a culture of incivility, nurse aggression, and compromised patient safety will emerge. Self-regulation and individual accountability are sequelae to professional comportment. The personal assimilation of professional comportment promotes mutual respect, harmony, commitment, and collaboration. The nurse, patient, and healthcare team are the beneficiaries of a nurse who demonstrates professional comportment.
Approximate model matching for nonlinear systems

An approximate model matching problem is presented in which the objective is to achieve, via dynamic state feedback, a nonlinear closed-loop system possessing a family of linearizations about constant operating points that matches a prescribed family of linear models from a transfer function viewpoint. A necessary and sufficient solvability condition is derived and an algebraic feedback law construction is provided using an extension of Silverman's structure algorithm to the case of parametrized families of linear systems.
Developing Evidence-based Expertise in Emotion Management: Strategically Displaying and Responding to Emotions in Negotiations

Adopting a theoretical model of expertise, this paper integrates the nascent literature on emotion in negotiation with the learning sciences literature to suggest how emotion management expertise can be developed. Emotion management expertise requires a negotiator to develop heightened sensitivities to emotional cues and the ability, not only to accurately identify the relevance of emotional dynamics to the negotiation, but also the ability to strategically display one's own emotions and respond to emotions displayed by others. The paper delineates approaches for developing such expertise in the classroom, and identifies directions for future empirical research on emotions in negotiations.
Molecular pharmacology of alpha adrenergic receptors: utilization of [3H]dihydroergocryptine binding in the study of pharmacological receptor alterations.

The potent alpha adrenergic antagonist [3H]dihydroergocryptine has been shown to bind reversibly to alpha adrenergic receptors in uterine smooth muscle membranes. [3H]Dihydroergocryptine binding is antagonized by phentolamine and phenoxybenzamine. Inhibition of [3H]dihydroergocryptine binding by phentolamine, a reversible inhibitor of adrenergic smooth muscle contraction, was reversible and resulted in a reduction in the apparent affinity of alpha adrenergic receptors with no change in the number of available receptor binding sites. By contrast, phenoxybenzamine, an irreversible inactivator of adrenergic smooth muscle contraction, irreversibly inactivated alpha adrenergic receptor binding sites as assessed by [3H]dihydroergocryptine binding. Irreversible receptor inactivation by phenoxybenzamine occurred rapidly (t1/2 ∼ 1 min), even at low drug concentrations (0.1 µM). Exposure of membranes to 0.1 µM phenoxybenzamine resulted in a 50% reduction in the number of receptor sites, with little or no change in the apparent affinity of the unreacted binding sites for [3H]dihydroergocryptine. This characteristic nonequilibrium blockade of alpha adrenergic receptors contrasts with the competitive blockade produced by phentolamine and ergotamine. The specific sulfhydryl inhibitor p-hydroxymercuribenzoic acid inhibited [3H]dihydroergocryptine binding, causing half-maximal inhibition at a concentration of 0.3 mM. This inhibition of binding was reversed or prevented by 2 mM dithiothreitol, a sulfhydryl-containing compound. Thus the alpha adrenergic receptor binding site appears to possess an essential sulfhydryl group. The presence or absence of calcium did not alter [3H]dihydroergocryptine binding and did not alter the affinity of epinephrine for the binding sites. These results indicate that, unlike competitive antagonists, haloalkylamine alpha adrenergic antagonists act directly to inactivate the alpha adrenergic receptor binding sites irreversibly by covalent bond formation. The mechanism of this inactivation may involve the alkylation of an essential sulfhydryl group at the alpha adrenergic binding site. In contrast, the effect of calcium ion on alpha adrenergic responses is not at the receptor binding site but at some distal step.
Structure/Function Analysis of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Trf4/Pol σ DNA Polymerase

The Trf4p/Pol sigma DNA polymerase (formerly Trf4p/Pol kappa) couples DNA replication to the establishment of sister chromatid cohesion. The polymerase is encoded by two redundant homologs in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, TRF4 and TRF5, that together define a fourth essential nuclear DNA polymerase in yeast and probably in all eukaryotes. Here we present a thorough genetic analysis of the founding member of this novel family of DNA polymerases, TRF4. Analyses of mutants carrying 1 of 34 "surface-targeted" alanine scanning mutations in TRF4 have identified those regions required for Pol sigma's essential function, for its role in DNA double-strand break repair, and for its association with chromosomes. The data strongly support the importance of the regions of predicted structural similarity with the Pol beta superfamily as critical for Trf4p/Pol sigma's essential and repair functions. Surprisingly, five lethal mutations lie outside all polymerase homology in a C-terminal region. The protein possesses Mg2+-dependent 3' to 5' exonuclease activity. Cell cycle analysis reveals that Trf4p/Pol sigma associates with chromosomes in G1, S, and G2 phases, but that association is abolished coincident with dissolution of cohesion at the metaphase-to-anaphase transition.
A Posteriori Error Analysis of Parameterized Linear Systems Using Spectral Methods

We develop computable a posteriori error estimates for the pointwise evaluation of linear functionals of a solution to a parameterized linear system of equations. These error estimates are based on a variational analysis applied to polynomial spectral methods for forward and adjoint problems. We also use this error estimate to define an improved linear functional and we prove that this improved functional converges at a much faster rate than the original linear functional given a pointwise convergence assumption on the forward and adjoint solutions. The advantage of this method is that we are able to use low order spectral representations for the forward and adjoint systems to cheaply produce linear functionals with the accuracy of a higher order spectral representation. The method presented in this paper also applies to the case where only the convergence of the spectral approximation to the adjoint solution is guaranteed. We present numerical examples showing that the error in this improved functional is often orders of magnitude smaller. We also demonstrate that in higher dimensions, the computational cost required to achieve a given accuracy is much lower using the improved linear functional.
National styles of regulation: Child care in three countries

An analysis of child care regulations in Germany, Sweden, and the United States reveals distinctive national policy styles. A ‘social constructionist’ perspective, with its emphasis on variable problem definitions, helps to explain such differences. However, a full understanding of regulatory differences requires attention to regulatory solutions as well. By disaggregating the concept of regulation, we are able to demonstrate rather different rank-orderings of our three countries in their regulatory solutions. We attribute these differences to cultural, institutional, and political characteristics of the three countries.
Delta3D: a complete open source game and simulation engine for building military training systems

Dela3D, the open source game and simulation engine built for military training, in continuing to be improved to meet the requirements of the military users. The most recent upgrades, available in versions 1.4 and later, include adding capability for After Action Rerview, integration with SCORM-compliant learning management systems (LMS's), and distributed interactive simulation (DIS) networking. Additionally, more applications, created by both government users and civilian companies, continue to be built using Delta3D and its expanding capabilities. With these added features, Delta3D has become the engine of choice for several military simulations, including programs of record. The developers and program managers of these programs were attracted by its advanced technical features, its lack of proprietary vendor lock-in and licensing fees, and the ability to quickly produce sophisticated applications using Delta3D. This paper discusses the current state of Delta3D version 1.4 and how developers and program managers can use Delta3D to quickly and cheaply build complex training systems. It will also briefly touch uopn the systems currently being built using Delta3D and how some of these have been proven to work in a training environment. It will also discuss what improvements to the engine will be added in the near future.
The relationships among social support and short- and long-term recovery outcomes in men with coronary heart disease.

To determine the extent to which social support from the spouse and a health care provider (HCP) is associated with short- and long-term recovery outcomes in individuals after a cardiac illness, 93 patients were interviewed 2 months (short-term) after their event; 73 (78%) subjects responded to a follow-up questionnaire 1 year later (long-term). Tangible aid from the spouse was associated with better short-term psychological recovery. Satisfaction with and more emotional support from the spouse were associated with better short- and long-term psychological recovery outcomes. Greater satisfaction with HCP support was associated with patients' short- and long-term physical recoveries. These results highlight the value of different sources and types of support as having differential effects on physical and psychological recovery outcomes. ©1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Degradation of unconsolidated Quaternary landforms in the western North America

Abstract One of the major goals of geomorphology is to understand the rate of landscape evolution and the constraints that erosion sets on the longevity of land surfaces. The latter has also turned out to be vital in modern applications of cosmogenic exposure dating and interpretation of lichenometric data from unconsolidated landforms. Because the effects of landform degradation have not been well documented, disagreements exist among researchers regarding the importance of degradation processes in the dating techniques applied to exposures. Here, we show that all existing qualitative data and quantitative markers of landform degradation collectively suggest considerable lowering of the surface of unconsolidated landforms over the typical life span of Quaternary moraines or fault scarps. Degradation is ubiquitous and considerable even on short time scales of hundreds of years on steeply sloping landforms. These conservative analyses are based entirely on field observations of decreasing slope angles of landforms over the typical range of ages in western North America and widely accepted modeling of landscape degradation. We found that the maximum depth of erosion on fault scarps and moraines is on average 34% of the initial height of the scarp and 25% of the final height of the moraine. Although our observations are limited to fault scarps and moraines, the results apply to any sloping unconsolidated landform in the western North America. These results invalidate the prevailing assumption of no or little surface lowering on sloping unconsolidated landforms over the Quaternary Period and affirm that accurate interpretations of lichen ages and cosmogenically dated boulder ages require keen understanding of the ever-present erosion. In our view, the most important results are twofold: 1) to show with a large data set that degradation affects universally all sloping unconsolidated landforms, and 2) to unambiguously show that even conservative estimates of the total lowering of the surface operate at time and depth scales that significantly interfere with cosmogenic exposure and lichen dating.
Nuclear DNA phylogeny of the squirrels (Mammalia: Rodentia) and the evolution of arboreality from c-myc and RAG1

Although the family Sciuridae is large and well known, phylogenetic analyses are scarce. We report on a comprehensive molecular phylogeny for the family. Two nuclear genes (c-myc and RAG1) comprising approximately 4500 bp of data (most in exons) are applied for the first time to rodent phylogenetics. Parsimony, likelihood, and Bayesian analyses of the separate gene regions and combined data reveal five major lineages and refute the conventional elevation of the flying squirrels (Pteromyinae) to subfamily status. Instead, flying squirrels are derived from one of the tree squirrel lineages. C-myc indels corroborate the sequence-based topologies. The common ancestor of extant squirrels appears to have been arboreal, confirming the fossil evidence. The results also reveal an unexpected clade of mostly terrestrial squirrels with African and Holarctic centers of diversity. We present a revised classification of squirrels. Our results demonstrate the phylogenetic utility of relatively slowly evolving nuclear exonic data even for relatively recent clades.
Optimization of noisy nonuniform sampling and image reconstruction for fast MRI using a human vision model

We are developing clinical magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) strategies using spiral acquisition techniques that sample k-space nonuniformly. These methods require a regridding process. Multiple regridding and reconstruction algorithms have been proposed, and we use a perceptual difference model (PDM) to optimize them. We acquired sixteen in vivo MR brain images and simulated reconstruction from a spiral k-space trajectory. Regridding was done by the conventional method of Jackson et al., the block uniform resampling algorithm (BURS), and a newly developed method named matrix rescaling. Each of 16 reference images was reconstructed with multiple parameter sets resulting in a total of over 800 different images. The spiral MR images were compared to the original, fully sampled image using a PDM. Of the three reconstruction methods, the conventional and high-level matrix rescaling methods produce high quality images, but the latter method executed much faster. BURS worked only in extremely low- noise instances, making it often inappropriate. We also demonstrated the effect of display parameters, such as grayscale windowing on image quality. We believe that the PDM techniques provide a promising tool for the evaluation of MR image quality that can aid the engineering design process.
Granulomatous infiltration of the talus and abnormal vitamin D and calcium metabolism in a patient with sarcoidosis: successful treatment with hydroxychloroquine.

The current report describes findings in a patient with sarcoidosis who had pulmonary and lymphatic involvement, abnormal vitamin D and calcium metabolism, and extensive granulomatous infiltration of the talus causing pain and debilitation. Both the abnormal vitamin D and calcium metabolism and the disability caused by disease of the talus were successfully treated with hydroxychloroquine
Effects of thermal excitation and quantum-mechanical transmission on photothreshold determination of Schottky barrier height

Abstract Quantum-mechanical electron transmission effects on photothreshold determination in Schottky barriers with high electric fields are shown to produce a strong effect on apparent photothresholds without a concomitant large change in shape of the photoresponse curve. Quantum-mechanical electron transmission probabilities are determined by numerical integration of the Schroedinger equation for a Schottky barrier model which includes Thomas-Fermi shielding in the metal, image force lowering in the semiconductor, and conservation of transverse momentum at the metal-semiconductor interface. Results are presented for n -type Si and n -type GaAs. In the case of Si, conservation of transverse momentum at the interface produces a discontinuity in the electron kinetic energy associated with motion normal to the interface but does not greatly affect the transmission probability. Using these results, the difference between the true barrier height, qΦ B , and the apparent barrier height, qΦ A , is calculated as a function of temperature, doping, and electric field at the metal-semiconductor interface. qΦ A is defined as the intercept on the hv axis of the slope of a plot of (photocurrent per absorbed photon) 1 2 versus quantum energy, hv . Effects of barrier curvature due to doping are negligible for impurity densities below about 10 18 cm −3 for Si and 10 17 cm −3 for GaAs. Values of q ( Φ B - Φ A ) in excess of 50 meV occur in many cases. The corrections derived are used to reinterpret previously reported measurements of the dependence of Schottky barrier height on temperature and impurity concentration.
Rap music: Its role as an agent of change

(1992). Rap music: Its role as an agent of change. Popular Music and Society: Vol. 16, No. 3, pp. 89-107.
A prevalence study of denture stomatitis in subjects with diabetes mellitus or elevated plasma glucose levels

The purpose of this study was to determine if a relation between diabetes mellitus and denture stomatitis could be supported by observing an increased prevalence of denture stomatitis in subjects with either diagnosed diabetes mellitus or elevated plasma glucose levels. The study involved 301 subjects wearing either complete or partial maxillary dentures. Medical history information, oral examination records, and laboratory data were used for the study. No significant increase in the prevalence of denture stomatitis was found in those subjects with either previously diagnosed diabetes mellitus or elevated plasma glucose levels when compared with subjects with normal glucose metabolism.
Indentured Migration in America's Great Basin: Occupational Targeting and Adverse Selection

The Perpetual Emigration Fund (PEF) was a nineteenth-century financial intermediary established by the Mormon church in 1849 to assist European emigrants to America's Great Basin. Unlike other forms of indentured servitude, the PEF had multiple, yet conflicting, objectives that required it to adjust its selection criteria to remain financially solvent. Its ultimate policy of enlisting older, skilled workers with long-time connections to the church, who would not have been likely to default on their loans, had a major influence on labor market development in America's Great Basin
Concerning the use of the Kramers-Kronig transforms for the validation of impedance data

Abstract The application of the Kramers-Kronig transforms to a number of typical corrosion systems has shown that severe problems exist with their use for validation of experimental impedance data. Even for theoretical data no agreement with the transforms is observed if the impedance data have not reached their dc limit within the frequency range used for the transform.
Evolution of highly pathogenic avian H5N1 influenza viruses and the emergence of dominant variants.

Highly pathogenic avian H5N1 viruses have circulated in South-east Asia for more than a decade and have now spread to more than 60 countries. The evolution of these viruses is characterized by frequent reassortment of the so-called ‘internal’ genes, creating novel genotypes. Additionally, over time, the surface glycoprotein, haemagglutinin (HA), which is the primary target of the adaptive immune response, has evolved by point mutation into 20 genetically and potentially antigenically distinct clades. To investigate the evolution of avian H5N1 influenza viruses, we undertook a high-resolution analysis of the reassortment of internal genes and evolution of HA of 651 avian H5N1 viruses from 2000 to 2008. Our analysis suggested: (i) all current H5N1 genotypes were derived from a single, clearly defined sequence of initial reassortment events; (ii) reassortment of just three of the internal genes had the most importance in avian H5N1 virus evolution; (iii) HA and the constellation of internal genes may be jointly important in the emergence of dominant variants. Further, our analysis led to the identification of evolutionarily significant molecular changes in the internal genes that may be significant for the emergence of these dominant variants.
Effective properties of a piezocomposite containing shape memory alloy and inert inclusions

We use the energy equivalence principle and the Mori-Tanaka method of considering the interaction among inclusions to derive the effective thermo-electro-mechanical properties of a 4-phase composite consisting of an elastic matrix and shape memory alloy, piezoelectric and inert (nonpiezoelectric) inclusions. It is shown that the shapes and the volume fraction of inert (e.g. air) inclusions significantly influence the effective properties of the composite, and the addition of soft inert inclusions decreases the axial stress required to initiate the phase transformation in the SMA inclusions, and increases the electromechanical coupling constant. The 4-phase composite makes a very good sensor to measure low values of the applied axial stress since the axial strain induced by an axial stress of 80 MPa is 2%, and the sensitivity of the sensor is improved by the addition of soft spherical inert inclusions. With a suitable choice of the matrix material, its compliance can be adjusted and its shape made to conform to that of the host structure.
Geoffrey H. Moore and dynamic statistical methods

Abstract Geoffrey H. Moore's professional life has been devoted to ongoing research in the development of a variety of statistically innovative techniques applied to business cycle research. His approach is convincing proof that constant reassessment of statistical measures is a prerequisite for improving our techniques for monitoring and for forecasting aggregate economic performance.
Constrained Global Optimization of Expensive Black Box Functions Using Radial Basis Functions

We present a new strategy for the constrained global optimization of expensive black box functions using response surface models. A response surface model is simply a multivariate approximation of a continuous black box function which is used as a surrogate model for optimization in situations where function evaluations are computationally expensive. Prior global optimization methods that utilize response surface models were limited to box-constrained problems, but the new method can easily incorporate general nonlinear constraints. In the proposed method, which we refer to as the Constrained Optimization using Response Surfaces (CORS) Method, the next point for costly function evaluation is chosen to be the one that minimizes the current response surface model subject to the given constraints and to additional constraints that the point be of some distance from previously evaluated points. The distance requirement is allowed to cycle, starting from a high value (global search) and ending with a low value (local search). The purpose of the constraint is to drive the method towards unexplored regions of the domain and to prevent the premature convergence of the method to some point which may not even be a local minimizer of the black box function. The new method can be shown to converge to the global minimizer of any continuous function on a compact set regardless of the response surface model that is used. Finally, we considered two particular implementations of the CORS method which utilize a radial basis function model (CORS-RBF) and applied it on the box-constrained Dixon---Szego test functions and on a simple nonlinearly constrained test function. The results indicate that the CORS-RBF algorithms are competitive with existing global optimization algorithms for costly functions on the box-constrained test problems. The results also show that the CORS-RBF algorithms are better than other algorithms for constrained global optimization on the nonlinearly constrained test problem.
Observations of angina and myocardial infarction in constrictive pericarditis

The common symptoms of constrictive pericarditis, i.e. dyspnea on exertion, shortness of breath and cough, relate to impairment of ventricular filling and to a progressive rise in systemic and pulmonary venous pressures. Myocardial ischemia, angina and myocardial infarction are rarely associated with this disease. We have encountered two patients with constrictive pericarditis, one presenting with angina and the other with acute anterior wall infarction. Possible etiologies of constrictive pericarditis in the first case include cardiac surgery, chronic renal failure and myocarditis; in the second case, Crohn's disease. The proposed mechanism of chest pain in the first patient was a reduced cardiac output resulting in underperfusion of the coronary arteries, although it is possible that the patient experienced angina due to the presence of severe coronary artery disease. In the second patient an anterior wall infarction and post-infarction angina were attributed to obliteration of the left anterior descending artery by constraint of a thickened pericardium. In both cases non-invasive imaging modalities were not of use in establishing the diagnosis of constrictive pericarditis. Clinical awareness and accurate hemodynamic measurements continue to play a key role in the diagnostic process.
Water purification systems: a comparative analysis based on the occurrence of disinfection by-products

Trihalomethanes (THMs) are halogenated hydrocarbons, and are by-products of the chlorination of drinking water. Most THMs are formed in drinking water when chlorine reacts with naturally occurring organic substances such as decomposing plant and animal materials. Risks for certain types of cancer are now being correlated with the presence of disinfection by-products (DBPs). The present research uses gas chromatography to analyze the presence and levels of THMs in drinking water samples from a variety of sources. These include (1) municipal drinking water from two south Florida counties; (2) two brands of bottled water; (3) untreated residential well water; and (4) municipal tap water passed through additional water purification systems. The results are summarized in a tabular format, and the compliance of each water with existing US EPA-mandated standards is examined. General conclusions from this study are that all the waters tested complied with federal regulations regarding THM levels, properly functioning home filtration units may be quite effective in further reducing DBP concentrations and, as expected, non-chlorinated waters such as bottled water and residential well water contain lower THM levels.
Neoadjuvant chemoradiation followed by interstitial prostate brachytherapy for synchronous prostate and rectal cancer

Abstract Purpose To describe outcomes with the use of neoadjuvant pelvic chemoradiation followed by prostate interstitial brachytherapy for the treatment of synchronous prostate and rectal cancers. Methods and Materials An Internal Review Board approved retrospective review was undertaken of 4 patients with synchronous prostate and rectal cancer treated between 2006 and 2008. Patients underwent pelvic chemoradiation followed by prostate brachytherapy, then low anterior resection of the rectum with diverting loop ileostomy and adjuvant chemotherapy. Follow-up evaluation included imaging and laboratory analysis of cancer markers in addition to routine interval history and physical examination. Results At 38-62 months postdiagnosis (24-53 months post-treatment), 6 of 8 cancers remained without evidence of relapse. One patient had rising carcinoembryonic antigen levels but no clinically evident rectal cancer relapse; another developed bony metastasis of his high-risk prostate cancer. Three patients experienced grade 1-2 treatment-related toxicity; one patient had grade 3 gastrointestinal toxicity from radiation and surgery, which precluded his receiving adjuvant chemotherapy and ileostomy reversal. Conclusions Chemoradiation followed by prostate brachytherapy, surgery, and adjuvant chemotherapy may be utilized to manage patients with synchronous prostate and rectal cancers.
A Model for Relating Environmental Variation to Water Permit Violations at Thermoelectric Facilities in the Taunton River Watershed

An original model is presented that relates the rate of National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) water use permit violations and reduced capacity events (dial-back) at once-through cooled thermoelectric power plants to electricity demand and ambient environmental conditions using historical data. 31 percent of U.S. generation capacity is composed of thermoelectric facilities that use once-through (open loop) cooling [1]. Open loop systems have substantial water demands, which put energy facilities and downstream ecosystems at risk during extreme climate events (e.g. heat waves, droughts) [2]. During such events, power plant managers must decide to either dial back electricity generation or violate their water permits by using too much water or by discharging it at too high a temperature. Withdrawal rate and effluent temperature violations can be costly for energy utilities and are detrimental to the biota of receiving waters [3].Copyright © 2011 by ASME
The next big idea.

Abstract George S. Eisenbarth will remain in our memories as a brilliant scientist and great collaborator. His quest to discover the cause and prevention of type 1 (autoimmune) diabetes started from building predictive models based on immunogenetic markers. Despite his tremendous contributions to our understanding of the natural history of pre-type 1 diabetes and potential mechanisms, George left us with several big questions to answer before his quest is completed.
Steric Effects on the Titanium Tetrachloride-Promoted Dimerization of Silyl Ketene Acetals

Abstract Moderate steric effects are reported for the dimerization of dialkylketene methyltrimethylsilyl acetals with titanium tetrachloride. The absence of Claisen type dimerization supports previous evidence for a radical mechanism.
Circadian and ultradian components of hunger in human non-homeostatic meal-to-meal eating

A unifying physiological explanation of the urge to initiate eating is still not available as human hunger in meal-to-meal eating may not be under homeostatic control. We hypothesized that a central circadian and a gastrointestinal ultradian timing mechanism coordinate non-deprivation meal-to-meal eating. We examined hunger as a function of time of day, inter-meal (IM) energy expenditure (EE), and concentrations of proposed hunger-controlling hormones ghrelin, leptin, and insulin. Methods In two crossover studies, 10 postmenopausal women, BMI 23-26 kg/m(2) engaged in exercise (EX) and sedentary (SED) trials. Weight maintenance meals were provided at 6h intervals with an ad libitum meal at 13 h in study 1 and 21 h snack in study 2. EE during IM intervals was measured by indirect calorimetry and included EX EE of 801 kcal in study 1, and 766-1,051 kcal in study 2. Hunger was assessed with a visual analog scale and blood was collected for hormonal determination. Results Hunger displayed a circadian variation with acrophase at 13 and 19 h and was unrelated to preceding EE. Hunger was suppressed by EX between 10 and 16 h and bore no relationship to either EE during preceding IM intervals or changes in leptin, insulin, and ghrelin; however leptin reflected IM energy changes and ghrelin and insulin, prandial events. Conclusions During non-deprivation meal-to-meal eating, hunger appears to be under non-homeostatic central circadian control as it is unrelated to EE preceding meals or concentrations of proposed appetite-controlling hormones. Gastrointestinal meal processing appears to intermittently suppress this control and entrain an ultradian hunger pattern.
PiZ Mouse Liver Accumulates Polyubiquitin Conjugates That Associate with Catalytically Active 26S Proteasomes

Accumulation of aggregation-prone human alpha 1 antitrypsin mutant Z (AT-Z) protein in PiZ mouse liver stimulates features of liver injury typical of human alpha 1 antitrypsin type ZZ deficiency, an autosomal recessive genetic disorder. Ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis by the 26S proteasome counteracts AT-Z accumulation and plays other roles that, when inhibited, could exacerbate the injury. However, it is unknown how the conditions of AT-Z mediated liver injury affect the 26S proteasome. To address this question, we developed a rapid extraction strategy that preserves polyubiquitin conjugates in the presence of catalytically active 26S proteasomes and allows their separation from deposits of insoluble AT-Z. Compared to WT, PiZ extracts had about 4-fold more polyubiquitin conjugates with no apparent change in the levels of the 26S and 20S proteasomes, and unassembled subunits. The polyubiquitin conjugates had similar affinities to ubiquitin-binding domain of Psmd4 and co-purified with similar amounts of catalytically active 26S complexes. These data show that polyubiquitin conjugates were accumulating despite normal recruitment to catalytically active 26S proteasomes that were available in excess, and suggest that a defect at the 26S proteasome other than compromised binding to polyubiquitin chain or peptidase activity played a role in the accumulation. In support of this idea, PiZ extracts were characterized by high molecular weight, reduction-sensitive forms of selected subunits, including ATPase subunits that unfold substrates and regulate access to proteolytic core. Older WT mice acquired similar alterations, implying that they result from common aspects of oxidative stress. The changes were most pronounced on unassembled subunits, but some subunits were altered even in the 26S proteasomes co-purified with polyubiquitin conjugates. Thus, AT-Z protein aggregates indirectly impair degradation of polyubiquitinated proteins at the level of the 26S proteasome, possibly by inducing oxidative stress-mediated modifications that compromise substrate delivery to proteolytic core.
Application of the boson polynomials of U(n) to physical problems

A review is given of the properties of a general class of polynomials in the boson operators which were found useful for obtaining the explicit unitary irreducible representations of the unitary group itself, and to show how these same polynomials provide a unified approach for obtaining the explicit solutions to several classic problems in physics and chemistry. 24 references. (JFP)
Analytical solution for the integral contact line evaporative heat sink

Heat transfer by evaporation from a thin film is studied theoretically. The film thickness decreases with position and approaches an asymptotic value. The film is influenced by long-range iniermolecular forces, in particular van der Waals forces. According to the model, as well as previous models, these forces may partially suppress evaporation, locally, but may draw fluid into the thin film from a bulk pool, generally. The insulation effect of the fluid is included, whereas, capillary and thermocapillary effects are not considered. Analytical expressions are presented for the film slope, curvature, and flow in terms of the film thickness. The film is semi-infinite and steady, therefore, the flow at some position is equal to evaporation from the portion of the film downstream of that position and is proportional to the integral heat sink. Curvature may become quite large for small film thicknesses. An expression for the film thickness as a function of position is presented for the special case of a relatively strong insulation effect. Also presented is an engineering model relating the integral heat sink to a reduction in the Laplace pressure driving force for porous media flow, through a dynamic contact angle.
Many-body delocalization in a strongly disordered system with long-range interactions: Finite-size scaling

Many-body localization in a disordered system of interacting spins coupled by the long-range interaction $1/{R}^{\ensuremath{\alpha}}$ is investigated combining analytical theory considering resonant interactions and a finite-size scaling of exact numerical solutions with number of spins $N$. The numerical results for a one-dimensional system are consistent with the general expectations of analytical theory for a $d$-dimensional system including the absence of localization in the infinite system at $\ensuremath{\alpha}l2d$ and a universal scaling of a critical energy disordering ${W}_{c}\ensuremath{\propto}{N}^{\frac{2d\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\alpha}}{d}}$.
Hepatic Neoplasia and Metabolic Diseases in Children

Hepatic neoplasia is a rare but serious complication of metabolic diseases in children. The risk of developing neoplasia, the age at onset, and the measures to prevent it differ in various diseases. This article reviews the most common metabolic disorders in humans that are associated with neoplasms, with a special emphasis on the molecular etiopathogenesis of this process. The cellular pathways driving carcinogenesis are poorly understood, but best known in tyrosinemia.
PARTIAL REPAIR OF MASSIVE ROTATOR CUFF TEARS: THE EVOLUTION OF A CONCEPT

Partial repair of massive rotator cuff tears has eliminated the need for tendon transfers to close large defects. Side-to-side repair is usually done as a first step, with the margins of the tear then repaired to bone. Side-to-side repair causes a "margin convenience" toward the greater tuberosity, enhancing the mechanics of the construct by decreasing the strain at the free margin of the rotator cuff tear. By combining tendon-to-tendon repair with the tendon-to-bone repair, the surgeon can create a functional rotator cuff in most patients with massive tears.