cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Detection of impurity states in nuclear magnetic relaxation

Abstract An explanation is proposed for recent NMR experiments in InSb. It is shown that a hydrogenic impurity will bind a second electron in high magnetic fields. The scattering of conduction electrons into this state relaxes the nuclei through the Korringa mechanism.
RSV Infection among HIV-exposed infants: Is RSV-IGIV indicated?† 807

Introduction: The risk of severe infection with RSV in HIV-infected infants is not known. Therefore, it is unclear whether HIV-infected infants should be prophylaxed with RSV-IGIV. The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence of hospitalization for RSV and the severity of RSV illness among our HIV-exposed population.
Diffraction of atoms moving through a standing light wave

The diffraction of sodium atoms from a standing wave of near-resonant light is studied as a function of the atomic velocity component along the k vector of the wave. A simple theory is presented which quantitatively predicts the observed diffraction patterns and the decrease of the rms momentum transfer to the atoms with increasing velocity. This decrease results from the dephasing between the two counterpropagating traveling waves due to the first-order Doppler shift. In addition, these measurements have resolved the previous discrepancy between theory and experiment concerning the overall momentum transferred by a standing wave.
Appreciating the meta-analytic methodological context: Rejoinder to a reply

In this paper, the authors respond to a recent critique of their Journal of Business Ethics article, which provided a meta-analytic review of ethical climate theory research (Martin and Cullen, 2006). They review basic principles of meta-analytic research and discuss the methodological context of their work, which was not discussed in the recent reply article. Additional methodological and practical evidence is presented in support of Martin and Cullen (2006), including a discussion of the paper’s findings and its contribution to ethical climate theory and research.
C-glycoside synthesis II: Henry condensations of 4,6-O-alkylidene pyranoses with a 1,3-proton transfer catalyst- a roote to blocked aminomethyl-C-glycosides.

Abstract In the presence of a novel 1,3-proton transfer catalyst (2-hydroxypyridine (2-HP)/ 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU)/ molecular sieves), 4,6- O -benzylidene- D -glucopyranose (1),4,6- O -isopropylidene- D -mannose (12), and 4,6- O -isopropylidene- D -glucose (16) undergo Henry condensations with nitromethane in THF to give acetal protected nitromethyl C-glycopyranosides (2, 13, and 17, respectively), which were characterized as their O-acetyl derivatives (5, 15, and 18, respectively). The Henry product from 4,6-O-benzylidene- D glucopyranose could be reduced, with retention of the 4,6- O -benzylidene protecting group, by a specially prepared form of elemental iron in aqueous tetrahydrofuran under CO 2 to aminomethyl-C-glycopyranoside (16), characterized as N-acetyl, peracetyl, and N-Cbz derivatives (7, 8, 9, 10), and converted with diazonium salt to a triazene derivative (II). Nitroalkenes are only mechanistic intermediates in our condensations with nitromethane, but they undergo Michael additions with a second mole of nitromethane to give novel 5,7- O -alkylidene-1,2-deoxy-1 nitro-2-nitromethyl- D -heptitols (3 and 14) as side-products.
Client-Firm Market Reaction to Regulatory Action against a Major Accounting Firm

This study assesses the audit client firm share price reactions to a disclosure that the California State Board of Accountancy considered revoking Ernst & Young's (E&Y) license to practice in California due to alleged gross negligence in the Lincoln Savings and Loan fraud scandal. The insurance hypothesis and/or the audit quality explanation justify the expectation of significant client-firm share price reactions. We find limited empirical support that the disclosure of the revocation event is associated with negative market responses for E&Y’s clients. Results also indicate that auditor-supplied insurance and audit quality are more important for client firms experiencing financial distress, higher growth rates, and higher return variability.
Low energy excited states in paraelectric resonance of KI:OH-

Abstract Paraelectric resonance measurements of KI:OH- support a 〈110〉 dipole model for this system with a dipole moment of 1 eA. The data also indicate that a second multiplet of energy level exists about 100–200 GHz above the ground state multiplet.
The kinetics of oxidation of a trifluoroacetylated derivative of cytochrome C by ferricyanide.

Abstract The kinetics of oxidation of a trifluoroacetylated derivative of ferrocytochrome c, which does not bind the oxidizing agent, by ferricyanide were measured. A rate constant of 3.0 x 10 5 M −1 s −1 , an enthalpy of activation of 0.4 kcal/mole and an entropy of activation of −33 e.u. were obtained. Because of the low enthalpy of activation we suggest that the mechanism involves a preequilibrium of the cytochrome c derivative with a conformation mation which is more easily oxidizable and that the actual electron transfer takes place through this conformation.
The Limits of State Autonomy: Post-Revolutionary Mexico

In a historical treatment of Mexico beginning with the pre-Revolutionary period and focusing on the administration of Lazaro Cardenas (1934-1940), Nora Hamilton explores the possibilities and limits of reform in a capitalist society.Originally published in 1982.The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These paperback editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.
Mongolia's Non-nuclear Status - An Important Element of Foreign Policy

DOI: 10.5564/mjia.v0i13.4 Mongolian Journal of International Affairs No.13 2006 pp.13-25
Visual and olfactory oddity learning in rats: What evidence is necessary to show conceptual behavior?

Experiment 1 involved the use of plastic and wooden objects and trial-unique problems. The rats performed successfully on nonconceptual oddity problems given before and after conceptual training, showing that the testing conditions were suitable, but they showed chance performances on the trial-unique problems. Experiment 2 involved the use of olfactory discriminanda. Five pretraining problems and 300 unique five-trial problems were presented. Two of 3 rats performed better than chance on Trial 2 and on Trials 3–5, but all performed at chance levels on Trial 1 throughout. The data suggest that the rats responded to specific odors on Trials 2–5 following the Trial 1 experience, as opposed to respondingconceptually to the “odd” odor. Had they responded conceptually to odd odors, they should have performed better than chance on Trial 1. These findings and the general logical argument that they support are considered in the context of the numerous inconclusive reports of the use of the oddity concept by nonprimate animals.
Large Insulating Gap in Topological Insulators Induced by Negative Spin-Orbit Splitting

In a cubic topological insulator (TI), there is a band inversion whereby the $s$-like ${\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{6\mathrm{c}}$ conduction band is below the $p$-like ${\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{7\mathrm{v}}+{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{8\mathrm{v}}$ valence bands by the ``inversion energy'' ${\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{i}l0$. In TIs based on the zinc-blende structure such as HgTe, the Fermi energy intersects the degenerate ${\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{8\mathrm{v}}$ state so the insulating gap E${}_{g}$ between occupied and unoccupied bands vanishes. To achieve an insulating gap E${}_{g}g0$ critical for TI applications, one often needs to resort to structural manipulations such as structural symmetry lowering (e.g., Bi${}_{2}$Se${}_{3}$), strain, or quantum confinement. However, these methods have thus far opened an insulating gap of only $l$0.1 eV. Here we point out that there is an electronic rather than structural way to affect an insulating gap in a TI: if one can invert the spin-orbit levels and place ${\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{8\mathrm{v}}$ below ${\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{7\mathrm{v}}$ (``negative spin-orbit splitting''), one can realize band inversion (${\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{i}l0$) with a large insulating gap (E${}_{g}$ up to 0.5 eV). We outline design principles to create negative spin-orbit splitting: hybridization of $d$ orbitals into $p$-like states. This general principle is illustrated in the ``filled tetrahedral structures'' (FTS) demonstrating via GW and density functional theory (DFT) calculations E${}_{g}g0$ with ${\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{i}l0$, albeit in a metastable form of FTS.
The voltage-dependent gate in MthK potassium channels is located at the selectivity filter.

In order to locate the voltage-dependent gate in the MthK potassium channel, intracellular quaternary ammonium blockers are used for electrophysiology and crystallographic analyses. The data conclusively show that the inactivation gate is located at the selectivity filter and not at the cytoplasmic bundle crossing entrance.
Childhood non-Hodgkin lymphoma presenting as hemophagocytic syndrome.

An 8-year-old girl with a progressive systemic hemophagocytic syndrome was found to have non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) after multiple nondiagnostic biopsies. Routine histochemistry and flow cytometry demonstrated this to be a peripheral T-cell process and cytogenetics identified a t(2;5)(p23;q35). An extensive evaluation for an infectious agent failed to identify a pathogen. Treatment according to a standard lymphoma protocol produced a rapid response and the girl remains in remission without evidence of hemophagocytic syndrome 18 months from diagnosis. In children with systemic hemophagocytosis, a diagnosis of NHL should be aggressively pursued.
Deep prepiriform cortex modulates neuronal cell death in global ischemia

Deep prepiriform cortex has an important role in modulating neurotransmission during limbic seizures. We used pharmacologic blockade of non-N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors to study excitatory circuitry from the deep prepiriform cortex to the hippocampus during global ischemia in rat. NBQX, a potent non-NMDA glutamate receptor antagonist, was microinjected stereotactically into the deep prepiriform cortex before global ischemia for 10 min. Neuronal cell death in the hippocampus was evaluated quantitatively 72 h after ischemia. The NBQX-injected rats had a greater number of surviving cells in CA1 sector of hippocampus than did saline-injected controls or rats that received NBQX injections 1 mm from the target. Thus, excitatory amino acid-mediated circuitry emanating from deep prepiriform cortex modulates ischemic neuronal injury in the hippocampus.
Five Times Sit-to-Stand Test Performance in Parkinson's Disease

Abstract Duncan RP, Leddy AL, Earhart GM. Five times sit-to-stand test performance in Parkinson's disease. Objectives To (1) determine intrarater and test-retest reliability of the Five times sit-to-stand test (FTSTS) in Parkinson's disease (PD), (2) characterize FTSTS performance in PD at different disease stages, (3) determine predictors of FTSTS performance in PD, and (4) determine the utility of the FTSTS for discriminating between fallers and nonfallers with PD, identifying an appropriate cutoff score to delineate between these groups. Design Measurement study of community-dwelling individuals with idiopathic PD. Setting A medical school laboratory. Participants Participants (N=82) were recruited via population-based sampling. The final sample included 80 participants. Two were excluded because of exclusion criteria and an unrelated illness, respectively. Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures FTSTS time (seconds) was the primary outcome measure. Secondary outcome measures included the Mini-Balance Evaluation Systems Test (Mini-BEST), Maximal Voluntary Isometric Contraction–Quadriceps, 9-Hole Peg Test (9HPT), 6-minute walk, Freezing of Gait Questionnaire, Activities-Specific Balance Confidence Scale, Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly, Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire-39, and Movement Disorders Society–Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale. Results Interrater and test-retest reliability for the FTSTS were high (intraclass correlation coefficients: .99 and .76, respectively). Mean FTSTS performance was 20.25±14.12 seconds. All mobility measures were significantly correlated with FTSTS ( P Conclusions The FTSTS is a quick, easily administered measure that is useful for gross determination of fall risk in individuals with PD.
How to frame the free will problem

The exchange is almost complete. I have argued that if we wish to view the free will problem in a non-question-begging way, we should frame the problem in more radical terms than we usually do. If we frame the problem this way, then we discover a compelling reason for rejecting all of the familiar “isms” in favor of my non-realism thesis. This thesis holds that “free choice” has a coherent meaning just in case it is treated as a subjective term; thus, if we try to view “free choice” as denoting classes of entities that themselves possess the characteristic of freeness, it is logically inconsistent. My thesis is supported by a certain metaphilosophical view. I admit that this metaphilosophical view — which tries to ‘locate’ everything ‘where it belongs’ — is neither provable nor refutable. But if my argument in this paper is correct, when we assert any of the positions that presuppose the coherence of “free will” (Hard Determinism, Soft Determinism, Libertarianism, Incompatibilism, Compatibilism), we should add the fact that we have adopted a metaphilosophical view that supports these. Since these metaphilosophies are non-truth-tracking views, our joint declaration of our lower level free will theory and its supporting metaphilosophy will sound Pickwickian (e.g., “I believe that Libertarianism is true and I support that view with the metaphilosophical thesis that the most important role of philosophy is not to track truth, but to create an intellectual climate best for improving the human condition.”) If I have shown that my opponents are forced to such declarations, I will be satisfied.
Electrochemistry of metalloporphyrins and viologens at zeolite Y-modified electrodes: evidence for electron trapping by monomolecular porphyrin layers

Cyclic voltammetric data are presented for electrodes coated with zeolite Y powder containing porphyrins and viologens. Half-wave potentials for viologen cations (methylviologen, benzylviologen, or N,N'-(1,3-propenyl)-2,2'-bipyridinium) do not change significantly when they are exchanged into zeolite Y, whereas the reduction potentials for cobalt and zinc tetrakis(N-methyl-4-pyridyl)porphyrins shift (relative to aqueous solution) by + 200 mV. When a viologen cation is ion exchanged into the bulk of the zeolite, and cobalt tetrakis(N-methyl-4-pyridyl)porphyrin is adsorbed onto its outer surface in monolayer quantities, current rectification and charge trapping reactions are observed. The charge untrapping reactions are similar to those previously observed at redox polymer bilayer electrodes and are attributed to a kinetically fast cross reaction between double reduced viologens inside the zeolite and cobalt(II)porphyrin on the outer surface. Rotating disk experiments show that the porphyrin monolayer effectively seals up the zeolite against exchange of encapsulated viologens with solution-phase cations.
Staggered-lineup heterojunctions as sources of tunable below-gap radiation: Operating principle and semiconductor selection

Heterojunctions in which both the conduction and the valence band edges of one semiconductor are shifted upward relative to those of the other, can exhibit adjacent dual quantum wells for electrons and holes on the two sides of the interface. Tunneling-assisted radiative recombination between the wells should be an efficient, bias-tunable source of radiation at below-gap quantum energies. Several semiconductor combinations that exhibit the proper lineup are available.
Electronic band structure and properties of α-U

We present some results of a detailed study of the electronic band structure and some physical properties of orthorhombic uranium using a relativistic version of the LAPW method. Total and projected (by orbital angular momentum) densities of states are used to discuss the photo-emission data of Veal and Lam. The Fermi surfaces of the dominant 6th and 7th bands are found to have high symmetry (and some nesting features) of interest to dHvA measurements being pursued by Arko and Schirber. The theoretical magnetic field induced neutron form factor is found to be in good agreement with the measurements of Maglic et al.
Morphine regulates DNA synthesis in rat cerebellar neuroblasts in vitro

The effects of morphine on DNA synthesis by external granular layer (EGL) neuroblasts was examined in whole-mount organotypic cultures isolated from 10-day-old rat cerebella using bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU). After 24 h in vitro, explants were treated for 24 h with 10 nM, 1 or 100 microM morphine, morphine plus 30 nM, 3 or 300 microM of the opiate antagonist naloxone, respectively, or those concentrations of naloxone alone. BrdU was added during the last 4 h of drug treatment. EGL neuroblasts were unambiguously identified by size and morphology, location and by protein kinase C II immunocytochemistry. The proportion of EGL neuroblasts incorporating BrdU was significantly reduced in the presence of 1 microM morphine, while 100 microM morphine had little additional effect. The concentration of morphine predicted to cause a half-maximal reduction in BrdU labeling index was 22.5 nM. Morphine's ability to reduce BrdU incorporation by EGL neuroblasts was concentration dependent and was prevented by concomitant treatment with naloxone, implicating the involvement of opioid receptors. The results suggest that morphine can directly regulate the growth of the developing cerebellum by inhibiting neuroblast proliferation within the EGL.
Communication: CAD/CAM adoption in US textile and apparel industries

This study examines the determinants of CAD/CAM adoption in American textile and apparel industries. Theories of innovation were used to develop hypotheses relating market factors to manufacturers' decisions to adopt CAD/CAM technologies. A variety of sources were used to develop the survey which was mailed to a national random sample of 500 textile and apparel manufacturers. The responses of 103 manufacturers from 30 different states were analyzed. Factor analysis was used to identify the dimensions of reasons for CAD/CAM adoption. Hypotheses were tested with logistic regression analysis procedures. The CAD/CAM adoption was found to be driven primarily by the market and affected by the business‐unit size. In addition, labor considerations affected recent CAD/CAM adoption.
LFG: a candidate apoptosis regulatory gene family

The expanding wealth of human, model and other organism’s genomic data has allowed the identification of a distinct gene family of apoptotic related genes. Most of these genes are currently unannotated or have been subsumed under two questionably related gene families in the past. For example the transmembrane Bax inhibitor 1 (BI1) motif family has been reported to play a role in apoptosis and to consist of at least seven mammalian protein genes, GRINA, BI1, Lfg/FAIM2, Ghitm, RESC1/Tmbim1, GAAP/Tmbim4, and Tmbm1b. However, a detailed sequence and phylogenetic analysis shows that only five of these form a clear and unique protein family. This now provides information for understanding and investigating the biological roles of these proteins across a wide range of tissues in model organisms. The evolutionary relationships among these genes provide a powerful prospective for extrapolating to human conditions.
Focal Mechanism Determination using High Frequency, Full Waveform Information

In this research, we use high frequency waveform information to determine the focal mechanisms of small local earthquakes at an oil reservoir. During the waveform inversion, we maximize both the phase and amplitude matching between the observed and synthetic waveforms. In addition, we use the polarities of the first P-wave arrivals and the S/P amplitude ratios to better constrain the matching between the synthetic and observed waveforms. The objective function is constructed to include all four criteria. Due to the complexity in the objective function, it is almost impossible to directly perform an inversion with derivative techniques. Instead, an optimized grid search method is used to search over all possible ranges of fault strike, dip and rake, as well as a predetermined range of earthquake locations. To speed up the algorithm, a library of Green‟s functions is pre-calculated for each of the moment tensor components and possible earthquake locations. Careful optimizations in filtering and crosscorrelation are performed to further improve the grid search algorithm, such that no filtering and cross correlations are performed in searching through the parameter space of strike, dip, and rake. Consequently, speed is boosted tenfold by these optimizations in filtering and cross correlation. We apply the new method to induced seismic events in an oil reservoir. Satisfactory matching between synthetic and observed seismograms is obtained, as well as reasonable focal mechanisms, considering the local geological structure and possible causes for induced seismicity.
ARE HOME AND AUTO INSURANCE POLICIES EXCESSIVELY PRICED IN CITIES? RECENT EVIDENCE FROM MICHIGAN

: Our study contributes to the growing literature on how insurance industry practices vary across space in ways that may unfairly penalize central cities. We utilize a unique, comprehensive database that allows us to examine the spatial patterns of premiums collected and claims paid out to policyholders for all home and auto insurance companies in Michigan during 2001–2002. As a result, we can test whether higher premiums typically charged in urban areas are justified by the higher claims losses incurred there. Territories that persistently evince low ratios of losses to premiums for a given policy type, all else equal, provide prima facie evidence of excessive premium-setting. We analyze three groups of homeowners' policies, delineated by the comprehensiveness of perils covered and the nature and level of compensation provided in case of loss, and three auto policy types—mandatory, collision, and comprehensive coverage. We find that both premiums and claims losses are higher in urban than suburban areas of Michigan, on average. However, the mean loss ratios for all segments of the home insurance market are not systematically lower in urban areas, even after a host of proxies for transactions costs are employed as controls. The same results appertain in the case of auto insurance across all but one policy type, comprehensive, where loss ratios are 16% lower in urban compared to suburban territories statewide, all else equal.
Protection of ferrets against influenza challenge with a DNA vaccine to the haemagglutinin.

Abstract Immunization of ferrets with a plasmid DNA expressing influenza virus haemagglutinin (pCMV/H1 DNA) provided complete protection from challenge with the homologous A/PR/8/34 (HINI) influenza virus. Delivery of DNA-coated gold beads by gene gun to the epidermis was much more efficient than intramuscular delivery of DNA in aqueous solution. The antibody response induced by DNA delivered by gene gun was more cross-reactive than DNA delivered in aqueous solution or after natural infection. This novel approach to vaccination against influenza may afford broader protection against antigenic drift than that provided by natural infection.
Fibre and fibre-surface treatment effects in carbon/aluminium metal matrix composites

A systematic study of the relationship between the microstructure of the interface in C/Al composites and its dependence on variations in squeeze-casting parameters has been undertaken. This research has shown that the amount of Al4C3 reaction product at the interface is dependent on the surface structure of the reinforcing fibre and the surface treatment of the fibre. Additionally, the interface shear strength increases with an increase in the amount of reaction product at the interface. An increase in interface shear strength leads to a decrease in composite longitudinal strength. High-resolution electron microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analyses indicate that carbide formation is a conventional two-step process of nucleation and growth. Nucleation occurs preferentially at graphite edge planes on the carbon fibre surface, and growth is restricted along certain matrix planes and directions.
Genetic counselors and the future of clinical genomics

Barbara Bernhardt discusses how the increasing importance of genomics in the clinic will change the role of genetic counselors.
Evidence Against Alcohol as a Proximal Cause of Sexual Risk Taking Among College Students

Studies have suggested that drinking leads to promiscuity and sexual risk taking. This claim, however, has not remained unchallenged, and several investigations have suggested this relationship may be at best limited to a narrow band of sexual behavior or at worst entirely spurious. An on-line survey about two discrete sexual events: one with intercourse, one without college students (a smaller subsample was used to examine crucial hypotheses) completed by 216 (148 female). Within-subjects analyses yielded no evidence indicating that condom use was less prevalent when alcohol was consumed regardless of relationship status (casual or romantic partners). Alcohol was consumed more often during noncoital events. Among females, intercourse events showed higher levels of arousal and perceived benefits and lower perceived costs and internal conflict than noncoital events, suggesting a rather rational decision-making process even when under the influence. Stable personality and behavioral dimensions (sociosexuality, impulsivity/sensation seeking, sociability, and usual drinking) provided a better explanation for sexual risk taking than acute alcohol effects.
Extended plus closure and colon-capturing☆

Abstract Three results concerning the colon-capturing property for extended plus closures in excellent mixed characteristic rings are demonstrated. It is shown that the extended plus closure has the colon-capturing property for arbitrary sets of three parameters. It is also seen that establishing the colon-capturing property for the extended plus closure is sufficient to guarantee the existence of balanced big Cohen–Macaulay algebras. Also, for three-dimensional complete domains, the second local cohomology of R + is annihilated by arbitrarily small powers of every non-unit.
Need for Electroencephalogram Video Confirmation of Atypical Absence Seizures in Children With Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome

Children with childhood epileptic encephalopathy (Lennox-Gastaut syndrome) frequently have both multiple seizure types and nonepileptic stereotyped events that are difficult to differentiate. We hypothesize that electroencephalogram (EEG) video monitoring is essential for correct identification of atypical absence seizures in this population. All video/EEG monitoring records on patients with confirmed Lennox-Gastaut syndrome between September 1992 and December 1996 were reviewed for clinical events and EEG changes. A subset of patients with suspected atypical absence seizures during the video/EEG formed the cohort for analysis. Thirty-eight patients had 48 monitoring periods ranging from 1 to 4 days (mean, 2.2 days). Twenty-six monitoring periods captured suspected atypical absence seizures and formed the study cohort. Suspected atypical absence seizures were epileptic seizures in only 27% (7 of 26) of the study cohort. By contrast, parents reliably and correctly identified tonic, atonic, and tonic-clonic...
Understanding sintering characteristics of ZnO nanoparticles by FIB-SEM three-dimensional analysis

Abstract In this study, we utilize three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction by focused ion beam (FIB) cutting and SEM imaging to understand the evolution of pore volume, pore-solid interfacial area, pore shape, pore connectivity, and pore number during the two-step sintering of ZnO nanoparticles. After the first-step sintering, the density is 75% and all the pores are connected. During the second-step sintering, the decrease of pore volume leads to the segmentation of pores and formation of closed pores. The shape of closed pores is irregular. The pore number first increases with the formation of closed pores, and then decreases due to the disappearance of small pores. The pore-solid interfacial area keeps decreasing during sintering. FIB-SEM 3D reconstruction offers an opportunity to directly and quantitatively observe the pore evolution and understand the sintering process at nanoscale.
Message Dissemination in Intermittently Connected D2D Communication Networks

Device-to-device (D2D) communications enable direct communications and information distribution among closely located devices in wireless networks. Many applications of D2D communications require message dissemination to a group of mobile users at certain locations. The challenges of message dissemination come from highly dynamic network environments due to movements of devices. Existing studies on message dissemination have focused on information propagation speed and latency, but the size of the area affected by message dissemination at time t is also critical to D2D communication applications that heavily depend on message dissemination among users in a geographic region. In this paper, we study the fundamental issues in D2D communications: how far the message dissemination can reach by time t (referred as dissemination distance) and how long the dissemination takes to inform nodes located at distanced (referred to as hitting time), especially in dynamic, intermittently connected networks. We first derive analytic bounds of dissemination distance and hitting time under different dissemination mechanisms, providing the spatial and temporal limits of message dissemination. Analytic results are further validated by simulation results of several corresponding dissemination algorithms. Finally, two application scenarios are provided to illustrate how our results serve as guidelines to choose or design appropriate dissemination methods for different D2D communication applications.
Efficiency of mating in C57BL/6J female mice as a function of age and previous parity

Abstract Age did not alter the incidence of insemination between the ages of 3 to 12 mo. in C57BL/6J female mice mated with C3HeB/FeJ males. Virgin females, 3–12 mo old, required a much longer mating period to achieve first insemination; the failure rate of pregnancy was not influenced by the interval between exposure to a male and insemination. Virgin mice which failed to become pregnant after the first insemination were shown to be fertile on second mating.
Experimental Characterization of Sliding Friction: Crossing From Deformation to Plowing Contact

A pin-on-disk tribometer was used to investigate the influence of several parameters on the sliding friction coefficient between hard and deformable surfaces. Pits (1045 tool steel) and disk (aluminum 1100) were utilized to simulate the interaction of a harder tool sliding relative to a softer deformable workpiece. Friction coefficient results were obtained at 561 distinct operating conditions by varying the hall diameter (3.18, 6.35, and 12.70 mm), lubricant (oil B, oil A, and grease), sliding speed (0.1∼0.8 m/s) and normal load (50∼1200 g). Several relalionships which characterize the behavior of the friction coefficient as a function of the shear factor, τ k , are established, the importance of these relationships, as related to stamping and forming processes, is discussed.
The prevention of depression: Current research and practice.

Abstract In 1984, a National Institute of Mental Health public information pamphlet titled Depression: What We Know stated that “In general, the onset of a clinical depression cannot be prevented” ( Lobel & Hirschfeld, 1984, p. 4 ). This paper examines the current evidence on this question. After the scope of depression prevention research has been specified, studies focused on preventing clinical episodes of depression, preventing high symptom levels, and reducing symptom levels in high-risk groups will be reviewed. This will represent what has been done to date in terms of preventive interventions. Next, several research areas that have potential contributions to make in the quest for future depression prevention strategies will be explored.
Studies on dark adaptation. I. The pre-exposure tolerance of the dark-adapted fovea.

The effect on foveal dark adaptation of pre-exposure of the eye for brief durations to light of relatively low brightness was investigated. Monocular measurements of absolute brightness sensitivity (RL) were made with a modified Crozier-Holway discriminometer. A one degree square, centrally fixated test patch was presented for 0.033 sec. The course of dark adaptation as measured by the RL was investigated following pre-exposures of the dark-adapted eye to 0.10, 1.0, 10, and 100 ft-L for 1, 10, and 100 seconds. Dark adaptation was too slight to be measured by the techniques used in this investigation following pre-exposures of the dark-adapted eye to quantities of light in which the brightness×duration product was 100 foot-lambert-seconds or less. The extent of dark adaptation was found to increase as combinations of pre-exposure duration and brightness increased above that critical value.
Decreased streamflow in semi-arid basins following drought-induced tree die-off: A counter-intuitive and indirect climate impact on hydrology

Drought- and infestation-related tree die-off is occurring at regional scales and is projected to increase with global climate change. These large-scale changes in vegetation are expected to influence hydrological responses, but the ecohydrological consequences of die-off have rarely been studied empirically and consequently remain uncertain. Here we evaluate observed hydrologic responses to recent regional-scale die-off of pinon pine (Pinus edulis) in Southwestern USA. Basins with the most tree die-off showed a significant decrease in streamflow over several years following die-off, and this decrease was not attributable to climate variability alone. The results are counterintuitive compared to responses to reductions in tree cover by harvest that have shown an increase in streamflow, although such increases are more substantial for locations with higher precipitation than where the pinon pine die-off occurred. We are unable to isolate the cause of the increase, but note that it is consistent with a reported increase in understory herbaceous cover post-die-off and associated increase in solar radiation reaching near-ground (below the tree canopy overstory), which together would be expected to reduce overland flow. Our study highlights the need to more fully evaluate hydrological responses to drought-induced tree die-off empirically, in addition to modelling studies. More generally, the result illustrate potential indirect effects of climate on hydrological responses mediated through ecohydrological changes in vegetation, which will need to be considered in future water resources assessments.
The cellular structure of narrow cold‐frontal rainbands

The heaviest precipitation in narrow rainbands situated along surface cold fronts has been observed on radar PPI displays to be organized into regularly spaced small mesoscale elements having shapes which are roughly elliptical. The long axes of the ellipses are essentially parallel to each other and oriented at an angle of about 35° to the front.
The Impact of Subsistence Change on Mobility and Settlement Pattern in a Tropical Forest Foraging Economy: Some Implications for Archeology

I critically examine archeological presumptions that a continuum from "mobility" to "sedentism" underlies the evolutionary transition from hunting-gathering to agriculture. An ethnographic case from the Philippines shows that some foraging societies undergoing subsistence change may become more mobile as they near or cross the threshold to sedentary life. A distinction between residential and logistical mobility does not account for this finding, because the increased mobility in question has both residential and logistical dimensions. MUCH ARCHEOLOGICAL THEORY HINGES ON A SHARP EVOLUTIONARY CONTRAST between mobility and sedentism in the characterization of human settlement patterns, the first associated primarily with hunting-gathering economies, the second, with agriculture (e.g., Harris 1977; Bender 1978; Hassan 1981). Separately, these terms have been valuable enough, but their frequent conceptual juxtaposition conflates multiple meanings of each term, meanings that could more usefully be kept distinct. Furthermore, modeling evolutionary change in the archeological record of particular societies in terms of a continuum from mobility to sedentism may obscure rather than clarify the actual changes in patterns of mobility as particular groups, once "mobile," become "sedentary." Presumably, by the terms of such models, as such groups "settle down," they "move around less" or at least become "residentially stationary." Such presumptions at best provide only limited guidance for the interpretation of the archeological record and may sometimes be empirically wrong, as the case examined here will demonstrate. Hence the argument of this paper: that mobility and sedentariness are not simple polar concepts related on a single continuum. Rather, these concepts each have multiple referents and are related in a problematic fashion that deserves greater attention from anthropologists. The settlement and mobility patterns of contemporary tropical forest foraging peoples, in contrast to such patterns among arctic and desert-dwelling foragers, have received only limited attention from anthropologists. Such peoples today typically continue to hunt and gather but have also taken up agriculture and other new economic activities under the aegis of more complex, sedentary societies. The patterns of settlement and mobility associated with the multidimensional or "transitional" subsistence economies of these
sl 4 ℂ and sl n ℂ

In this lecture, we will illustrate the general paradigm of the previous lecture by applying it to the Lie algebras\(\mathfrak{s}{\mathfrak{l}_n}\mathbb{C}\) this is typical of the analyses of specific Lie algebras carried out in this Part. We start in §15.1 by describing the Cartan subalgebra, roots, root spaces, etc., for\(\mathfrak{s}{\mathfrak{l}_n}\mathbb{C}\)in general. We then give in §15.2 a detailed account of the representations of\(\mathfrak{s}{\mathfrak{l}_n}\mathbb{C}\), which generalizes directly to\(\mathfrak{s}{\mathfrak{l}_n}\mathbb{C}\)in particular, we deduce the existence part of Theorem 14.18 for \(\mathfrak{s}{{\mathfrak{l}}_{n}}\mathbb{C} \).
Periprosthetic Knee Infection: Ten Strategies That Work

Periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) is one of the most serious complications following total knee arthroplasty (TKA). The demand for TKA is rapidly increasing, resulting in a subsequent increase in infections involving knee prosthesis. Despite the existence of common management practices, the best approach for several aspects in the management of periprosthetic knee infection remains controversial. This review examines the current understanding in the management of the following aspects of PJI: preoperative risk stratification, preoperative antibiotics, preoperative skin preparation, outpatient diagnosis, assessing for infection in revision cases, improving culture utility, irrigation and debridement, one and two-stage revision, and patient prognostic information. Moreover, ten strategies for the management of periprosthetic knee infection based on available literature, and experience of the authors were reviewed.
Bandwidth enhancement and further size reduction of a class of miniaturized slot antennas

In this paper, new methods for further reducing the size and/or increasing the bandwidth (BW) of a class of miniaturized slot antennas are presented. This paper examines techniques such as parasitic coupling and inductive loading to achieve higher BW and further size reduction for this class of miniaturized slot antennas. The overall BW of a proposed double resonant antenna is shown to be increased by more than 94% compared with a single resonant antenna occupying the same area. The behavior of miniaturized slot antennas, loaded with series inductive elements along the radiating section is also examined. The inductive loads are constructed by two balanced short circuited slot lines placed on opposite sides of the radiating slot. These inductive loads can considerably reduce the antenna size at its resonance. Prototypes of a double resonant antenna at 850 MHz and inductively loaded miniaturized antennas at around 1 GHz are designed and tested. Finally the application of both methods in a dual band miniaturized antenna is presented. In all cases measured and simulated results show excellent agreement.
School-Linked Collaborative Services and Systems Change Linking Public Agencies with Public Schools

This study examines whether the alternative policy instrument, systems change, fits the problem of efficient and effective local services. An initiative known as school-linked collaborative services, implemented by a team of county-level policy makers and community-based teams, is the focus. The findings reveal that the policy instrument of systems change devolved authority to the street-level bureaucrats but not responsibility for meeting objectives. As well, the effort to minimize duplication of services through collaboration inadvertently created new layers of bureaucratic control. Implications suggest that systems change alone is not an adequate policy instrument. Suggestions for combining policy instruments of systems change and capacity building are discussed.
Autoinfarcted Wandering Spleen and Fatal Pneumococcal Sepsis in an Infant

A wandering or ectopic spleen, a rare congenital condition caused by improper fixation of the ligamentous attachments, was identified during a postmortem examination of a 10-month-old female who had died of Streptococcus pneumoniae sepsis. The wandering spleen was autoinfarcted and adherent to the left hepatic lobe, with resultant functional hyposplenism.
Kinetics of a second order reaction involving two intermediate second order reactions

We have studied the kinetics of a reaction in which starting materials A and B react to form the products C and D directly, as well as by way of two additional intermediate reactions. In the first intermediate reaction, A and C react to form D and E, and in the second intermediate reaction, B and E react to form 2C. There are three conservation laws, which effectively reduce the number of variables to two, resulting in nonlinear coupled first order differential equations for [A](t) and [B](t). These equations are readily solved by standard numerical procedures, for various values of the relative reaction rates and starting concentrations. Our results are used to fit experimental data for the case in which A and B are 1-acetyl-4-(1-ethoxycarbonyl-1-cyano)methylene-1,4-dihydroquinoline and water, for which the first and third reverse reactions can be neglected.
Deep venous thrombosis revealed during ultrasound-guided femoral nerve block

Ultrasound imaging used to facilitate performance of a femoral nerve block also affords imaging of adjacent anatomical structures. Following a fracture of the femur, an ultrasound guided femoral nerve block (UGFNB) was performed to provide analgesia; this led to the incidental finding of a previously undiagnosed femoral vein thrombosis (DVT), resulting in a change in patient management before surgery. An inferior vena cava (IVC) filter was placed before intramedullary nailing of the fracture.
Calcium deprivation disrupts enlargement of Chara corallina cells: further evidence for the calcium pectate cycle

Pectin is a normal constituent of cell walls of green plants. When supplied externally to live cells or walls isolated from the large-celled green alga Chara corallina, pectin removes calcium from load-bearing cross-links in the wall, loosening the structure and allowing it to deform more rapidly under the action of turgor pressure. New Ca2+ enters the vacated positions in the wall and the externally supplied pectin binds to the wall, depositing new wall material that strengthens the wall. A calcium pectate cycle has been proposed for these sub-reactions. In the present work, the cycle was tested in C. corallina by depriving the wall of external Ca2+ while allowing the cycle to run. The prediction is that growth would eventually be disrupted by a lack of adequate deposition of new wall. The test involved adding pectate or the calcium chelator EGTA to the Ca2+-containing culture medium to bind the calcium while the cycle ran in live cells. After growth accelerated, turgor and growth eventually decreased, followed by an abrupt turgor loss and growth cessation. The same experiment with isolated walls suggested the walls of live cells became unable to support the plasma membrane. If instead the pectate or EGTA was replaced with fresh Ca2+-containing culture medium during the initial acceleration in live cells, growth was not disrupted and returned to the original rates. The operation of the cycle was thus confirmed, providing further evidence that growth rates and wall biosynthesis are controlled by these sub-reactions in plant cell walls.
Resistance of nutrient cycling systems to perturbations of the flow rates

Abstract The resistance of a nutrient cycling system to a disturbance that alters the flow rates, measured by the displacement of the nutrient levels while the disturbance continues, is as important an aspect of stability as the rate of return to equilibrium after the disturbance ends. Two important characteristics of the resistance of a system are the ultimate displacement that would occur if the disturbance lasted indefinitely, and the rate at which the system approaches the ultimate displacement. The mathematical theory is worked out for linear systems and applied to a group of eight nutrient cycling models. The relative resistance of individual compartments of different systems depends heavily on the period of interest, because of the wide range of magnitudes of the eigenvalues, which determine the response times. However, when measuring the change in total nutrients in a system with small exterior flows compared with the amount of internal cycling, only the critical root is significant in determining the response rate.