cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Influence of COVID-19 on the Well-Being of People: Big Data Methods for Capturing the Well-Being of Working Adults and Protective Factors Nationwide

The COVID-19 outbreak has affected the lives of people across the globe. To investigate the mental impact of COVID-19 and to respond to the call of researchers for the use of unobtrusive and intensive measurement in capturing time-sensitive psychological concepts (e.g., affect), we used big data methods to investigate the impact of COVID-19 by analyzing 348,933 tweets that people posted from April 1, 2020 to April 24, 2020. The dataset covers 2,231 working adults, who are from 454 counties across 48 states in the United States. In this study, we theorize the similarity and dissimilarity between COVID-19 and other common stressors. Similar to other stressors, pandemic severity negatively influenced the well-being of people by increasing negative affect. However, we did not find an influence of pandemic severity on the positive affect of the people. Dissimilar to other stressors, the protective factors for people during COVID-19 are not common factors that make people resilient to stress and they echo the unique experience during COVID-19. Moreover, we analyzed the text content of 348,933 tweets through Linguistic Inquiry Word Count (LIWC) and word cloud analysis to further reveal the psychological impact of COVID-19 and why the protective factors make people resilient to the mental impact of COVID-19. These exploratory analyses revealed the specific emotions that people experienced and the topics that people are concerned about during the pandemic. The theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
[Convenient, but Prone to Error: Invisible Uncounted Mail Ballots].

Voting by mail is increasingly popular. Although voters enjoy the convenience of voting by mail, the public is unaware how prone to error mail ballots are. Election administrations reject mail ballots for a variety of reasons. Because German electoral laws treat rejected ballots as not having been cast, the reported number of invalid mail ballots underestimates the true share of uncounted mail ballots. Between 3.2% and 4.0% of the mailed ballots in German elections are estimated to remain uncounted, which is far higher than the share of invalid in-person votes. This paper argues that rejected mail ballots should be reported in the official records to make voters aware of the risks of an uncounted mail ballot.
Fear of hypoglycemia in adults with type 1 diabetes: impact of therapeutic advances and strategies for prevention - a review

Abstract Purpose This review summarizes the current state of the science related to fear of hypoglycemia (FOH) in adults with type 1 diabetes. Fear of hypoglycemia is a critical deterrent to diabetes self-management, psychological well-being, and quality of life. We examine the influence of contemporary treatment regimens, technology, and interventions to identify gaps in knowledge and opportunities for research and practice. Basic Procedures A literature search was conducted of MEDLINE, PsycINFO, and EMBASE. Fifty-three studies that examined fear of hypoglycemia were included. Main Findings Fear of hypoglycemia influences diabetes management and quality of life. Gender and age differences exist in experiences and responses. Responses vary from increased vigilance to potentially immobilizing distress. Fear of hypoglycemia is greater at night and may contribute to poor sleep quality. Strategies to reduce fear of hypoglycemia have had varying success. Newer technologies hold promise but require further examination. Conclusions Fear of hypoglycemia remains a problem, despite advances in technology, insulin analogs, and evidence-based diabetes management. Clinical care should consistently include assessment for its influence on diabetes self-management and psychological health. Further research is needed regarding the influence of newer technologies and individualized strategies to reduce fear of hypoglycemia while maintaining optimal glucose control.
The Making of Mr. Gray's Anatomy: Bodies, Books, Fortune, Fame – By Ruth Richardson

This study focuses on the origin of a book that has been continuously in print since its publication 151 years ago. Ruth Richardson vividly describes the entire production process, beginning with t...
Bacterial photosynthesis in surface waters of the open ocean

The oxidation of the global ocean by cyanobacterial oxygenic photosynthesis, about 2,100 Myr ago, is presumed to have limited anoxygenic bacterial photosynthesis to oceanic regions that are both anoxic and illuminated. The discovery of oxygen-requiring photosynthetic bacteria about 20 years ago changed this notion, indicating that anoxygenic bacterial photosynthesis could persist under oxidizing conditions. However, the distribution of aerobic photosynthetic bacteria in the world oceans, their photosynthetic competence and their relationship to oxygenic photoautotrophs on global scales are unknown. Here we report the first biophysical evidence demonstrating that aerobic bacterial photosynthesis is widespread in tropical surface waters of the eastern Pacific Ocean and in temperate coastal waters of the northwestern Atlantic. Our results indicate that these organisms account for 2-5% of the photosynthetic electron transport in the upper ocean.
The first heart transplant in man

Abstract 1. 1. The first clinical heart transplantation was performed in the Hospital of the University of Mississippi on January 23, 1964. 2. 2. This clinical transplantation was preceded by extensive studies in animals and the clinical operation fully supported the value of the technics previously employed in the laboratory. 3. 3. The recipient was a 68 year old white man in preterminal shock from extremely severe atherosclerotic coronary artery disease. A chimpanzee heart was used when the prospective human donor remained alive supported by a respirator. The immunologic and clinical basis for use of the heart xenograft was the success others had achieved with kidney xenografts, one of which was still functioning well when that patient died nine months later from other causes. The cardiac output of the primate donor was 4.25 L./min., and the preshock output of the heart recipient was 3.6 L./min. 4. 4. During transplantation the donor heart was well preserved by retrograde coronary sinus perfusion and it was easily defibrillated. The strong quality of the myocardial contractions was recorded by motion pictures and the transplant functioned for almost two hours after defibrillation. The advanced state of preoperative metabolic deterioration of the recipient and the size of the donor organ both contributed to the ultimate decompensation of the transplanted heart. 5. 5. This first clinical experience clearly established the scientific feasibility of heart transplantation in man.
Using the structure of d-connecting paths as a qualitative measure of the strength of dependence

Pearl's concept of a d-connecting path is one of the foundations of the modern t h e ory of graphical models: the absence of a d-connecting path in a DAG indicates that conditional independence will hold in any distribution factorizing according to that graph. In this paper we show that in singlyconnected Gaussian DAGs it is possible to use the form of a d-connecting path to obtain qualitative information about the strength of conditional dependence. More precisely, the squared partial correlations between two given variables, conditioned on different subsets may be partially ordered by examining the relationship between the d-connecting path and the set of variables conditioned upon.
Medical costs associated with cardiovascular events among high-risk patients with hyperlipidemia.

OBJECTIVES: This study descriptively examined acute and longer term direct medical costs associated with a major cardiovascular (CV) event among high-risk coronary heart disease risk-equivalent (CHD-RE) patients. It also gives a firsthand look at fatal versus nonfatal CV events. METHODS: The MarketScan(®) Commercial Claims and Encounters Database was used to identify adults with a CV event in 2006-2012 with hyperlipidemia or lipid-lowering therapy use in the 18 months prior to one of the following inpatient CV events: myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke, unstable angina, transient ischemic attack, percutaneous coronary intervention, or coronary artery bypass graft (CABG). Patients were required to have a preindex diagnosis of at least one of the following: peripheral arterial disease, abdominal aortic aneurysm, carotid artery disease, or diabetes. A subset analysis was conducted with patients with data linkable to the Social Security Administration Master Death File. Direct medical costs were reported for each quarter following a CV event, for up to 36 months after the first CV event. RESULTS: In total, 38,609 CHD-RE patients were included, mean age 57 years, 31% female. CABG, myocardial infarction, and percutaneous coronary intervention were the most frequent and most expensive first CV events, accounting for >75% of all first CV events with mean first quarter costs ranging from $17,454 (nonfatal transient ischemic attack) to $125,690 (fatal CABG). Overall, 15% of those with a first CV event went on to have a second event during the 36-month study period with mean first quarter nonfatal and fatal costs similar to first event levels. Third CV events were rare, happening in less than 3% of patients. CONCLUSION: CV events among CHD-RE patients were costly regardless of sequence, averaging $47,433 in the first 90 days following an event and remaining high, never returning to preevent levels. When fatal, first CV event costs were 1.2 to 2.9 times higher than when nonfatal.
Place and Nonplace

In the 1960s Melvin Webber challenged assumptions of land use planning by arguing that we were moving away from a local society, where roots, place, and propinquity were the determinants of social relationships, to one where communities would be worldwide networks. The predicted physical and social mobility did occur, but it has been accompanied by a growing public emphasis on place. Although in the 1960s this interest was preempted by other issues, by the late 1970s the pendulum has returned. The neighborhood movement is in full swing, historical preservation is growing in popularity, and Americans search into family histories for their roots. A version of the placeless society has arrived, but it has led to efforts to recreate an earlier image of neighborhood. Although one immediate consequence may be parochialism, the longer term result may be new attitudes toward place. The new neighborhood is one of choice and limited commitment with more freedom to act out different roles than in the past. It may also come to include a new degree of respect for the territory and roots of others. It is a significant social phenomenon.
Current management of the myeloproliferative disorders: a case-based review.

Abstract Context.—Properly managed, the myeloproliferative disorders are generally compatible with prolonged survival. Challenges to the hematologist include knowing when and how best to intervene to prevent and manage complications. The cytoreductive agent of choice for these disorders is currently hydroxyurea, emerging from randomized trials beginning with those of the Polycythemia Vera Study Group. Objective.—To examine the roles and shortcomings of interventions (including hydroxyurea, antiplatelet agents, anagrelide, interferon, thalidomide, alkylating agents, cell cytopheresis, erythropoietins, splenectomy, bone marrow transplantation, and imatinib) for myeloproliferative disorders. Data Sources.—This report uses actual case histories to illustrate the roles and shortcomings of these interventions. Conclusions.—Beyond phlebotomy for polycythemia vera, patients with polycythemia vera and essential thrombocythemia can be stratified by their risk for thrombosis, which guides the institution of cytoredu...
The Logic of Environmentalism: Anthropology, Ecology and Postcoloniality

The Logic of Environmentalism: Anthropology, Ecology and Postcoloniality. Vassos Argyrou. New York: Berghahn Books, 2005. 195 pp.
Neutron fluence and energy reproducibility of a 2-dollar TRIGA reactor pulse

Washington State University’s 1 MW TRIGA reactor has a long history of utilization for neutron activation analysis (NAA). TRIGA reactors have the ability to pulse, reach supercritical (k > 1) for short bursts of time (~50 ms). At this high power and fast time the energy spectrum and neutron fluence are largely uncharacterized. The pulse neutron energy spectrum and fluence were determined by the activation of Cu, Au, Co, Fe, and Ti. These analyses were completed with and without Cd shielding to determine reproducibility between pulses. The applications and implications of the neutron energy and fluence reproducibility to the use of pulsed NAA will be discussed.
Comments on: Nonparametric inference with generalized likelihood ratio tests

This is a very interesting paper reviewing the technique for testing semiparametric hypotheses using GLR tests. I’d like to supplement Fan and Jiang’s review with some cautions and a somewhat different point of view.
Sesquiterpenoids from Coreocarpus arizonicus

Abstract Ten sesquiterpenoids were isolated from the methylene chloride extract of Coreocarpus arizonicus . Five were new, identified on the basis of spectral data as 1 ( R ), 4( R ), 7( S )- and 1( S ), 4( S ), 7( S )-bisabol-2-en- 1,4-diols and dimers of perezone (biperezone) and its 12-(2-methylbutyroxyl) and 12-isovaleroxyl derivatives oxidatively coupled through C-4. The known sesquiterpenoids were costunolide, dihydrocostunolide, perezone, α-pipitzol and spathulenol.
Phase II study of carboplatin, irinotecan, and bevacizumab for bevacizumab naïve, recurrent glioblastoma

We evaluated the efficacy of carboplatin, irinotecan, and bevacizumab among bevacizumab-naive, recurrent glioblastoma (GBM) patients in a phase 2, open-label, single arm trial. Forty eligible patients received carboplatin (area under the plasma curve [AUC] 4 mg/ml-min) on day one, while bevacizumab (10 mg/kg) and irinotecan (340 mg/m2 for patients on CYP3A-enzyme-inducing anti-epileptics [EIAEDs] and 125 mg/m2 for patients not on EIAEDs) were administered on days 1 and 14 of every 28-day cycle. Patients were evaluated after each of the first two cycles and then after every other cycle. Treatment continued until progressive disease, unacceptable toxicity, non-compliance, or voluntary withdrawal. The primary endpoint was progression-free survival at 6 months (PFS-6) and secondary endpoints included safety and median overall survival (OS). All patients had progression after standard therapy. The median age was 51 years. Sixteen patients (40%) had a KPS of 90–100, while 27 (68%) were at first progression. The median time from original diagnosis was 11.4 months. The PFS-6 rate was 46.5% (95% CI: 30.4, 61.0%) and the median OS was 8.3 months [95% confidence interval (CI): 5.9, and 10.7 months]. Grade 4 events were primarily hematologic and included neutropenia and thrombocytopenia in 20 and 10%, respectively. The most common grade 3 events were neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, fatigue, and infection in 25, 20, 13, and 10%, respectively. Eleven patients (28%) discontinued study therapy due to toxicity and 17 patients (43%) required dose modification. One patient died due to treatment-related intestinal perforation. The addition of carboplatin and irinotecan to bevacizumab significantly increases toxicity but does not improve anti-tumor activity to that achieved historically with single-agent bevacizumab among bevacizumab-naive, recurrent GBM patients. (ClinicalTrials.gov number NCT00953121).
Video-Assisted Thoracic Surgery Sleeve Lobectomy: A Case Series

Background As thoracic surgery moves towards more minimally invasive procedures, such as video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) lobectomy, conversion from a VATS to open thoracotomy has been required for a sleeve resection. This article reports a large experience of VATS sleeve lobectomy. Methods We reviewed our thoracic surgery database of more than 1500 VATS lobectomies for VATS sleeve resections. Preoperative, operative, and perioperative outcome variables, including morbidity and mortality were examined. Results Identified were 13 patients (median age, 59 years; range, 16 to 82 years) who underwent VATS sleeve lobectomy. There were no conversions to thoracotomy. Diagnoses included non-small cell lung cancer in 8 patients, typical carcinoid in 4, and metastatic sarcoma in 1 patient. Median tumor size was 2.1 cm (range, 0 to 6.6 cm). Median data were operative time, 167 minutes (range, 90 to 300 minutes); blood loss, 250 mL (range, 75 to 800 mL); chest tube drainage, 692 mL (range, 459 to 1590 mL); and chest tube duration, 3 days (range, 2 to 6 days). Median intensive care unit stay was 0 days (range, 0 to 4 days), and median hospital stay was 3 days (range, 2 to 8 days). No complications occurred in 9 patients (69%). Morbidity in the remaining 4 patients included 1 patient each with atrial fibrillation, anastomotic stricture, reintubation, and bronchial tear requiring repair. There were no deaths at 30 days. Conclusions In experienced centers, VATS sleeve lobectomy is possible with acceptable morbidity and mortality as well as short length of stay.
Release of oxidases from the roots of plants

In this paper, we report on the isolation and purification of the oxidase released from the roots ofLactuca sativa seedlings. This is the first time that the release of oxidases from the roots of plants into their rhizosphere has been reported.
Memory impairment in epileptic patients: selective effects of phenobarbital concentration

Nineteen epileptic patients were tested first under medium (week 1) and then under high (week 2) therapeutic levels of phenobarbital. Relative to response times of 20 controls with equivalent practice but without medication, response times of patients in a short-term memory scanning task were strikingly slowed during week 2. However, increased phenobarbital did not slow responses in a task requiring access to information in long-term memory.
En masse analysis of nascent translation using microarrays

We report a robust method for studying en masse changes in translation using cDNA arrays. The relative distribution of messenger RNAs (mRNAs) along polysome gradients was monitored by performing cDNA array analysis of each gradient fraction and quantifying the mRNA translational status by regression analysis. Using this strategy to study human carcinoma cells exposed to short-wavelength ultraviolet light (UVC), we identified a subset of 17 translationally induced mRNAs and a subset of 69 translationally repressed mRNAs following UVC irradiation. We describe an effective approach for globally investigating changes in protein biosynthesis.
Abundance fluctuations among benthic invertebrates in two pacific estuaries

Long-term studies were used to examine (1) contrasting time scales and mechanisms of structural variations within two benthic communities and (2) the usefulness of long data sets for evaluating human impact. A 10-year study of a San Francisco Bay mudflat, the details of which are reported elsewhere, has revealed large short-term (on the order of months) variations in species abundances within a community composed predominantly of opportunistic species. The study site, located in a highly urbanized estuary, is subject to the influence of a nearby sewage-treatment facility. However, rapid changes in population size of the common species, in part due to periodic natural habitat disturbance, impedes the detection of anthropogenic influences on community composition. Only a very long-term data set may provide evidence of progressive change. Data collected for a 20-year period on the benthic community at 200 m depth in the main basin of Puget Sound, an environment subject to little apparent habitat disturbance show that numerical abundance of the common species can also change markedly. Here, however, numerical dominance shifts from one species to another at irregular, multiyear intervals. Recent increases in two heretofore rare species, and a significant increase in total numbers of individuals suggest that long-term changes may be occurring in this community. These two long-term data sets demonstrate the importance of measuring both the amplitude and the periodicity of fluctuations in population size of aquatic species as well as long-term fluctuations and patterns in environmental factors before attempting to demonstrate the effect of anthropogenic influences on aquatic communities. The results of these studies also demonstrate the usefulness of long-term data sets for revealing the potential importance of interactions among species in determining abundance patterns in the soft-bottom benthos.
Evaluating spatial surveillance: detection of known outbreaks in real data

Since the anthrax attacks of October 2001 and the SARS outbreaks of recent years, there has been an increasing interest in developing surveillance systems to aid in the early detection of such illness. Systems have been established which do this is by monitoring primary health-care visits, pharmacy sales, absenteeism records, and other non-traditional sources of data. While many resources have been invested in establishing such systems, relatively little effort has as yet been expended in evaluating their performance. One way to evaluate a given surveillance system is to compare the signals it generates with known outbreaks identified in other systems. In public health practice, for example, public health departments investigate reports of illness and sometimes track hospital admissions. Comparison of new systems with extant systems cannot generate estimates of test characteristics such as sensitivity and specificity, since the actual number of positives and negatives cannot be known. However, the comparison can reveal whether a new or proposed system's signals match outbreaks detected by the existing system. This could help support or reject the new system as an alternative or complement to the extant system. We propose three methods to test the null hypothesis that the new system does not signal true outbreaks more often than would be expected by chance. The methods differ in the restrictiveness of the assumptions required. Each test may detect weaknesses in the new system, depending on the distribution of outbreaks and can be used to construct confidence limits on the agreement between the new system's signals and the outbreaks, given the distribution of the signals. They can be used to assess whether the new system works in that it detects the outbreaks better than chance would suggest and can also determine if the new systems' signals are generated earlier than an extant system.
Buying membership in the transnational community: migrant remittances, social status, and assimilation*

I analyze the effects that social status and immigrant incorporation have on migrant remittances. Understanding remittances as one type of transnational practice, I conceptualize them as the fee that migrants pay to remain members of the transnational community. I define a “status hypothesis” in terms consistent with the view of transnational engagement as a response to status loss, predicting a negative association between increases in social status and remittances. Since immigrant incorporation usually entails status gain, this hypothesis is consistent with the conventional assimilation paradigm. While the status hypothesis could be linked to the new economics of labor migration as well, it collides with the view of transnationalism as an alternative path for successful immigrant incorporation. Using data on male Mexican migrants to the United States, I find enough support for the status hypothesis, indicating the need to clarify the ultimate meaning of transnational practices. In addition, my analysis shows that there is room to integrate economic theory, the assimilation paradigm, and the transnational perspective into a comprehensive understanding of transnational engagement.
Theory and characterization of elliptically polarized modes in vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers

The polarization of the beam emitted from telecom-wavelength vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) is studied in detail. Stokes parameters are extracted separately for the two polarization submodes of the fundamental spatial mode LP01. This characterization was performed at room temperature and for a significant number of devices. This led to the discovery of stable optical modes with a polarization that differs from the linear case. This crucial result was obtained without immersing the devices in an external magnetic field or driving them under external optical injection. In addition, the polarization can be tuned directly with the drive current. Moreover, the polarization handedness can be switched electrically. A theoretical investigation shows that some of the equations forming the basis of the spin-flip model should be reconsidered. In particular, a generalization of this theory is discussed and fantastic agreement is found with the experimental results. This work paves the way for a broad range of novel applications with the VCSEL technology, in particular for spintronics, bio-chemical sensing and telecommunication.
Journeys to the East: Revolution, Solidarity, and Suffering

Radicals on the road: internationalism, orientalism and feminism during the Vietnam War, by Judy Tzu-Chun Wu, Ithaca, Cornell University Press, 2013, 346 pp., $ 26.95 (cloth), ISBN 978-0-8014-7890-...
Changing Incidence and Survival for Heart Failure in a Well-Defined Older Population, 1970–1974 and 1990–1994

Background— An epidemic increase in heart failure (HF) mortality, hospitalization, and prevalence rates has been observed among older persons in recent years. It is unclear whether this reflects an increase in incidence or survival. Methods and Results— We conducted a retrospective cohort study comparing HF in 1970 to 1974 and 1990 to 1994 among persons ≥65 years old belonging to a large, well-defined population with complete medical records available for research. Using Framingham clinical criteria, we identified incident cases of HF in the respective periods. Age-specific and age-adjusted incidence, mortality, and survival rates were compared. Cox proportional-hazards models were used to assess association of comorbidities and medications with survival. During 38 800 and 127 419 person-years for 1970 to 1974 and 1990 to 1994, respectively, 387 and 1555 confirmed incident cases were identified. When adjusted for age, incidence increased by 14% (95% CI 2% to 28%). Increased incidence tended to be greater ...
Calcium uptake by subcellular fractions of denervated anterior and posterior latissimus dorsi muscles

Abstract Five subcellular fractions isolated by differential centrifugation of normal and 7 day denervated ALD and PLD chicken muscles were investigated for distribution of calcium uptake and protein concentration. In normal and denervated muscles the distributions in the PLD were different. The ALD distributions were unchanged. Denervation decreased the calcium uptake of the light mitochondrial fractions of both muscles, but not the total uptake of the entire homogenates. The decreased uptake by light mitochondrial fraction could be reversed by using a more severe homogenization protocol. Changes in the calcium compartment and their relation to muscle degeneration are discussed.
DICB: Dynamic Intelligent Customizable Benign Pricing Strategy for Cloud Computing

As cloud services need a fair pricing for both service providers and customers. If the price is too high, the customer may not use it, if the price is too low, service providers have less incentive to develop services. This paper proposes a novel pricing framework for cloud services using game theory (Cournot Duopoly, Cartel, and Stackelberg models) and data mining techniques (clustering and classification, e.g., SVM (Support Vector Machine)) to determine optimal prices for cloud services. The framework is dynamic because the price is determined based on recent usage data and available resources, it is also intelligent as it takes into various economic models into consideration, it is benign because it considers two conflicting parties, service providers and consumers, into consideration at the same time, and it is customizable based on various pricing strategies proposed by service providers and usage patterns as exhibited by consumers. Linear regression is used in various game theory models to determine the optimal price. A global pricing union (GPU) framework is proposed to achieve the best practice of game theory models. Based on the proposed technique, this paper applies this pricing framework to a case study in cloud services, and demonstrates that the prices obtained meet the requirement of traditional supply-demand analysis. In other words, the price obtained is good enough.
How does presentation method and measurement protocol affect distance estimation in real and virtual environments

We conducted two experiments that compared distance perception in real and virtual environments in six visual presentation methods using either timed imagined walking or direct blindfolded walking, while controlling for several other factors that could potentially impact distance perception. Our presentation conditions included unencumbered real world, real world seen through an HMD, virtual world seen through an HMD, augmented reality seen through an HMD, virtual world seen on multiple, large immersive screens, and photo-based presentation of the real world seen on multiple, large immersive screens. We found that there was a similar degree of underestimation of distance in the HMD and large-screen presentations of virtual environments. We also found that while wearing the HMD can cause some degree of distance underestimation, this effect depends on the measurement protocol used. Finally, we found that photo-based presentation did not help to improve distance perception in a large-screen immersive display system. The discussion focuses on points of similarity and difference with previous work on distance estimation in real and virtual environments.
Utilization of the genetic resources of wild species to create a nontransgenic high flavonoid tomato.

Flavonoids represent a large and important group of plant natural products that are ubiquitous in the plant kingdom. Epidemiological studies have shown the health benefits of a diet high in flavonoids. However, the dietary intake of flavonoids in most western populations is limited, creating a need to find alternative food sources for these polyphenolic secondary metabolites. The domestication of many of our cultivated food crops has resulted in alterations in the biosynthetic pathways of many essential micronutrients and vitamins through inadvertent counterselection against nutritional traits in favor of agronomic ones. Flavonoids are nearly absent from fruits of cultivated tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.), a major vegetable in human diets. Previous attempts to restore the flavonoid pathway in tomato fruits have been limited to transgenic strategies, suggesting that the problem was intractable through traditional methods. Here, we describe for the first time a nontransgenic metabolic engineering ap...
Dual Ontogeny of the Male Coccophagus gurneyi Comp. (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae): A Phenotypic Phenomenon

Dual Ontogeny of the Male Coccophagus gurneyi Comp. (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae): A Phenotypic Phenomenon
Interaction of temperature with hematocrit level and pH determines safe duration of hypothermic circulatory arrest.

Abstract Objective Previous studies have demonstrated that both hematocrit level and pH influence the protection afforded by deep hypothermic circulatory arrest. The current study examines how temperature modulates the effect of hematocrit level and pH in determining a safe duration of circulatory arrest. The study also builds on previous work investigating the utility of near-infrared spectroscopy as a real-time monitor of cerebral protection during circulatory arrest. Methods Seventy-six piglets (9.3 ± 1.2 kg) underwent circulatory arrest under varying conditions with continuous monitoring by means of near-infrared spectroscopy (hematocrit level of 20% or 30%; pH-stat or alpha-stat strategy; temperature of 15°C or 25°C; arrest time of 60, 80, or 100 minutes). Neurologic recovery was evaluated daily by a veterinarian, and the brain was fixed in situ on postoperative day 4 to be examined on the basis of histologic score in a blinded fashion. Results Multivariable analysis of total histologic score revealed that higher temperature, lower hematocrit level, more alkaline pH, and longer hypothermic circulatory arrest duration were predictive of more severe damage to the brain ( P P Conclusion Hematocrit level and pH, as well as temperature, determine the safe duration of hypothermic circulatory arrest. Near-infrared spectroscopy is a useful real-time monitor of safe duration of circulatory arrest.
Nonlinear time-frequency control of PM synchronous motor instability applicable to electric vehicle application

Of the many technologies being explored to address sustainability and environmental issues, electric cars are considered to be the most promising alternative to vehicles powered by IC engines. This paper studies the instability control of electric vehicles propelled by permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs). The nonlinear characteristics of a surface-mounted PMSM model are studied under three different assumed driving conditions. To mitigate undesirable dynamic instabilities including hyperchaotic responses that are frequented at low and high speeds, so as to extend the operating range of the PMSM system, a novel control scheme that exerts simultaneous control in both the time and frequency domains is developed and subsequently validated. The control approach has its foundation established in discrete wavelet transformation and adaptive control. Its physical implementation consists of an adaptive controller and an adaptive filter both implemented in the wavelet domain. Numerical results demonstrate the effectiveness of the controller design in restoring PMSM instability with low-amplitude limit-cycle in response to a properly specified reference signal.
Asthma mortality: England and Wales.

1983. Approximately 25% of these discharges occurred among children less than 15 years of age. Among children, the discharge rate per 100,000 per year increased from 48 in 1965 to 263 in 1983. During the same period, the rate increased in adults (15 years and older) from 74 to 179 (112 if adjusted for the ICD change) per 100,000 per year. The data reflect that in the United States today there is a mild increase in the prevalence of asthma, a definite increase in mortality from asthma, and a very marked increase in hospitalization for asthma. The reasons for these events are far from being understood. 2. Evans R, Mullally DI, Wilson RW, Gergen PJ. Rosenberg HM, Grauman JS, Edmonds FC, Fbinleil M. National trends in the morbidity and mortality of asthma in the U.S.A. Chest (in press). 3. Markham D, Chang M, Evans R, MuIlally D. Epidemiologic study of deaths from asthma among children in U.S. 19651983 [Abstract]. J ALLERGY CLJN IMMIJNOL 1986;77:161. 4. Paulozzi W, Coleman JJ, Buist AS. A recent increase in asthma mortality in the Northwestern United States. Ann Allergy 1986;56:392. 5. Stableforth DE. Asthma deaths in the United Kingdom: international symposium on status asthmaticus and asthma deaths. Providence, R.I.: Brown University, 1985. 6. Mullally DI, Grauman JS, Evans R, Kaslow A. Hospitahzations of children for asthma in U.S.A. 19651982 [Abstract]. J ALLERGY CLIN IMMUNOL 1985;75:197.
Driving style recognition using a smartphone as a sensor platform

Driving style can characteristically be divided into two categories: “typical” (non-aggressive) and aggressive. Understanding and recognizing driving events that fall into these categories can aid in vehicle safety systems. Potentially-aggressive driving behavior is currently a leading cause of traffic fatalities in the United States. More often than not, drivers are unaware that they commit potentially-aggressive actions daily. To increase awareness and promote driver safety, we are proposing a novel system that uses Dynamic Time Warping (DTW) and smartphone based sensor-fusion (accelerometer, gyroscope, magnetometer, GPS, video) to detect, recognize and record these actions without external processing. Our system differs from past driving pattern recognition research by fusing related inter-axial data from multiple sensors into a single classifier. It also utilizes Euler representation of device attitude (also based on fused data) to aid in classification. All processing is done completely on the smartphone.
Theorizing strategies: Households and markets in 15th-century Tuscany

This article uses empirical evidence from rural Tuscany in the 15th century to compare three frameworks for conceptualizing household strategies: Chayanov's analysis of the domestic economy, Bourdieu's treatment of social reproduction, and Weber's distinction between budgetary units and profit-making enterprises. Although Bourdieu's framework did not work well in this context because there was little evidence that peasants employed strategies to prevent the division of land, there was considerable evidence to support Chayanov and Weber. As Chayanov predicted, many households allocated labor according to a tradeoff between providing for family members and avoiding drudgery. The Weberian perspective also worked well because it explained why these smallholders often divided their holdings and used money in their household strategies.
Social Scientists' Ethical Responsibilities to Superordinates: Looking Upward Meekly

Social scientists have recently been exhorted to study superordinate people and groups. The anthropologist Laura Nader (1969:289-301) observes that "scientific adequacy," or complete description, requires that social scientists "study up" as well as down. She argues that social scientists already know a good deal about the poor, so that the time has come to "study up" in the stratification system. Nader continues by arguing that "democratic relevance" also requires studying up since "citizens need to know something about the major institutions, government or otherwise, that affect their lives."
Response of man to egg-adapted Colorado tick fever virus.

SummaryTwenty volunteers were inoculated with the egg-adapted strain of CTF living virus. Reactions ranged from enlarged, tender axillary lymph glands to single-episode attacks of illness resembling Colorado Tick Fever. Five of the inoculated individuals were subsequently challenged with a human strain of CTF living virus but they showed no reactions whatsoever to this second inoculation. All of the individuals developed neutralizing antibodies, but the 3 who presumably were immune prior to the inoculations showed a comparatively earlier and greater response. Sera obtained from the 3 individuals after they had been challenged with a human strain likewise showed a high neutralizing titer.
Delineation of some Outer Deltaic Plain Subenvironments Based on Sedimentary Properties in Vertical Section: ABSTRACT

A small wedge of detrital sedimentary rocks (deposits of the outer part of a deltaic plain) was investigated to delineate subenvironments. The rock unit (Middle Pennsylvanian age) is as thick as 40 ft and occupies an area of about 300 sq mi in western Pennsylvania, where intense strip mining provides excellent continuity of outcrop. Criteria for defining rock subfacies are vertical sequences of bed-thickness properties of sandstone and siltstone, together with minor sedimentary structures and fossil content--in brief, those properties observable in smaller exposures or subsurface records. Lateral relations of the vertically defined rock subfacies, exposed in continuous cut faces, delineate End_Page 710------------------------------ five distinct lithologic facies. The composite properties of these facies imply deposition in subenvironments associated with an outer, predominantly subaqueous deltaic plain--distributary-channel, distributary-mouth-bar, crevasse, reworked and probably drifted bar-sand, and open-bay subenvironments. End_of_Article - Last_Page 711------------
Snoring exclusively during nasal breathing: a newly described respiratory pattern during sleep

The aim of this study is to describe a distinctive respiratory pattern seen in subjects with inferior turbinate hypertrophy, nasal obstruction, and a polysomnogram-proven diagnosis of primary snoring or mild obstructive sleep apnea. These subjects demonstrated increased snoring with purely nasal breathing and alleviation of snoring with oral breathing. The study design is case series with chart review. The setting was a university-based tertiary care hospital. A retrospective chart review was performed for patients with complaints of nasal obstruction with associated inferior turbinate hypertrophy and a polysomnogram-proven diagnosis of mild obstructive sleep apnea or primary snoring. Demographic and polysomnography information were collected and analyzed. Snoring and airflow patterns were reviewed. Twenty-five subjects were identified as having met the inclusion and exclusion criteria on polysomnography for either primary snoring or mild obstructive sleep apnea with inferior turbinate hypertrophy and no other significant nasal deformity or abnormality. Seventeen (68 %) of these patients had polysomnograms which demonstrated snoring during nasal breathing and alleviation of snoring with oral breathing. Of the 17 who snored during nasal breathing, ten of the subjects were female and seven of the subjects were male. The mean age was 27 years (range 18 to 68 years). The mean apnea–hypopnea index was 2.3 events/h (range 0 to 9.7 events/h). The mean body mass index was 25 kg/m2 (range 20 to 43 kg/m2). Our study describes a newly recognized pattern of snoring in patients with a polysomnogram-proven diagnosis of either primary snoring or mild obstructive sleep apnea. This pattern of breathing demonstrates patients who snore during nasal breathing even with known nasal obstruction present and subsequently have resolution or improvement of the snoring with oral breathing.
Effects and measurement of internal surface stresses in materials with ultrafine microstructures

Variations in lattice parameters for materials that form very thin lamellae are analyzed using a thermodynamic model that incorporates surface stress effects. It is predicted that lattice spacing variations should be proportional to the reciprocal of the lamella thickness, in agreement with experimental data for polyethylene, n-paraffins, and a copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene and hexafluoropropylene. The model is then used to calculate the surface stress associated with lamella interfaces in these crystalline materials. The calculated surface stress has the same order of magnitude as a surface tension, but is negative. The model is extended so that surface stresses associated with grain boundaries can be measured in very fine-grained metals and ceramics.
Synthesis and in vitro antibacterial activity of spermidine-based mixed catechol- and hydroxamate-containing siderophore—Vancomycin conjugates

Abstract The first antibiotic conjugates of vancomycin (1) and siderophore analogues containing spermidine-based catechol ligands (conjugate 11) as well as mixed catechol and hydroxamate ligands (conjugate 13) are described. The design of the conjugates was based on the earlier observation that conjugation of siderophore components to β-lactam antibiotics induced active iron transport-mediated drug delivery. The novel conjugates (11 and 13) were synthesized by selective acylation of the primary amino group of 1. Preliminary biological studies indicated that siderophore modified vancomycins lost some activity (4- to 16-fold) against Gram-positive bacteria relative to vancomycin itself, and were generally similar to vancomycin in activity against Gram-negative bacteria under iron-sufficient conditions. However, under iron-depleted conditions which mimic human serum, conjugate 11 displayed enhanced antibacterial activity against an antibiotic hypersensitive strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa .
Ventriculographic Patterns and Hemodynamics in Primary Myocardial Disease

Thirty-four patients with primary myocardial disease were studied and classified into three distinct types based on their left ventriculogram. Each had unique ventriculographic characteristics and findings. Type I are patients with a normal contraction pattern and an elevated left ventricular end-diastolic pressure. Type II A are patients with a hypertrophic pattern without obstruction to outflow while type II B patients have outflow obstruction. Type III A are patients with generalized hypokinesis. Type III B have a similar contraction pattern but in addition show asynergy. Analysis of the right ventriculogram in seven patients showed changes paralleling those seen in the left ventricle, including asynergic patterns of contraction. The electrocardiogram and chest roentgenogram were found to be sensitive but nonspecific indicators of disease. The short-term prognosis was excellent with type I and poor with type III while type II patients had an intermediate prognosis.
Some inverse spectral results for semi-classical Schrödinger operators

We show that the Birkhoff normal form of a classical Hamiltonian $H(x,\xi) = \norm{\xi}^2+V(x)$ at a non-degenerate minimum $x_0$ of the potential determines the Taylor series of the potential at $x_0$, provided the eigenvalues of the Hessian are linearly independent over $\bbQ$ and $V$ satisfies a symmetry condition near $x_0$. As a consequence, if $x_0$ is the unique global minimum of $V$, the low-lying eigenvalues of the semi-classical Schr\"odinger operator, $-\h^2\Delta + V(x)$, determine the Taylor series of the potential at $x_0$.
Metabolic properties and ultrastructure of alveolar type II cells isolated with elastase

Abstract We used porcine pancreatic elastase to isolate type II cells from the lungs of rats; the yield and purity of the type II cells was better than that obtained by methods using trypsin. In 102 experiments we obtained 82 ± 23 · 10 6 cells/rat, 68 ± 11% ( mean ± S . D .) of which were type II cells. This preparation of cells, when centrifuged over a discontinuous density gradient, yielded 25 ± 10 · 6 cells/rat, 80 ± 13% of which were type II cells ( n = 102). The cells, after density gradient centrifugation, could be further purified by centrifugal elutriation (94 ± 3% type II cells, n = 22) or adherence in primary culture (94 ± 2% type II cells, n = 34). Type II cells isolated with elastase are similar morphologically and biochemically to type II cells isolated from rats with trypsin. The preparations of cells appeared healthy by several different criteria: ultrastructure, exclusion of vital dye, lack of stimulation of oxygen consumption by exogenous sodium succinate, and linear rates of oxidation of [1- 14 -C]palmitic acid and of incorporation of [1- 14 C] acetate into fatty acids. Type II cells consumed 75 ± 20 nmol O 2 /10 14 cell per h, oxidized [1- 14 C]palmitic acid at a rate of 0.4 nmol/ 6 cells per h, and incorporated [1- 14 jacetate into fatty acids at a rate of 7.5 nmol/ 6 cells per h.