cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Glycolytic Control Mechanisms V. KINETICS OF HIGH ENERGY PHOSPHATE INTERMEDIATE CHANGES DURING ELECTRICAL DISCHARGE AND RECOVERY IN THE MAIN ORGAN OF ELECTROPHORUS ELECTRICUS

Abstract Sections of the main electric organ of Electrophorus were stimulated electrically to elicit a discharge, and slices were cut by a rapid sampling guillotine during and after different times of discharge. Kinetic measurements of adenine nucleotides, creatine phosphate, and inorganic phosphate showed that a disappearance of creatine phosphate occurred within a few seconds of the onset of discharge. The levels of ATP were maintained approximately constant by the high activity of creatine phosphokinase, and marked increases of ADP and AMP were not observed until after the end of a 60-sec discharge period, when the creatine phosphate reserves were depleted. Phosphofructokinase activity, as depicted by changes in the phosphofructokinase mass action ratio [fructose-di-P x ADP/fructose-6-P x ATP], increased during discharge but showed a further large but transient increase during recovery, especially after discharge times greater than 40 sec. The initial activation of phosphofructokinase was caused by the early rise of inorganic phosphate, but thereafter the change of the phosphofructokinase mass action ratio followed closely the changes of ADP and AMP. The results show that the duration and magnitude of the increased glycolytic flux after electric discharge of the organ are controlled by the rapid activation and deactivation of phosphofructokinase, which is turned on and off by feedback from the energy-utilizing reactions of the sodium pump.
Assessing syringe exchange programs.

Anyone who has visited several syringe exchange programs (SEPs) is likely to be convinced that there are meaningful differences among the programs. Syringe exchange programs vary in their staffing, operating characteristics, characteristics of the participants and in their legal, cultural and economic environments [1‐3]. Epidemiological research indicates that some of these differences may be very important. Syringe exchange programs have been associated with preventing HIV epidemics among drug injectors [4‐7] and with reducing HIV incidence in high seroprevalence HIV epidemics [8,9], but there are also instances in which the presence of a syringe exchange program was not sufficient to prevent high incidence rates among local IDUs [10]. In this issue, Bluthenthal and colleagues [11] report on a comparison of three different US syringe exchange programs—in Hartford, Connecticut, Chicago, Illinois and Oakland, California. The major findings are certainly plausible: that police contact with drug injectors is associated positively with living in an area with no legal possession of syringes and that the lack of a cap on syringes to be exchanged is associated with less re-use of syringes. However, it is very important to recognize that comparisons of syringe exchanges in different cities involve many different dimensions and that this study had a sample of only three programs. For example, Hartford had the lowest rate of police contact with IDUs and also had the highest rate of receptive sharing (see Table 1 of Bluthenthal et al. in this issue). Additional research is needed urgently on the relationships between characteristics of syringe exchange programs, the participants in those programs, the legal/social/economic environment and actual HIV infection among IDUs in the area. This should include both risk behavior and actual HIV infection rates among program participants. There is a need for both additional case studies and quantitative syntheses of data from large numbers of programs. Statistical techniques of meta-analysis [12] and hierarchical linear modeling [13] may be very useful in quantitative syntheses of data from moderate to large numbers of programs. Qualitative studies, including case studies, can provide better understanding of complex or potentially anomalous findings, and enable development of new hypotheses.
Lack of Bladder Tumor Promoting Activity in Rats Fed Sodium Saccharin in AIN-76A Diet

Sodium saccharin (NaSac) fed as 5% of Prolab diet promotes bladder tumor carcinogenesis in male F344 rats initiated with N -[4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-2-thiazolyl]formamide (FANFT) fed as 0.2% of the diet for 4 weeks. NaSac also increases urothelial proliferation if fed for short periods in Prolab diet, but no increased proliferation is seen if it is fed for up to 10 weeks in AIN-76A semisynthetic diet, even at levels as high as 7.5% of the diet. To determine whether NaSac as part of an AIN-76A diet has promoting activity, groups of approximately 30 male, 5-week-old F344 rats were fed AIN-76A diet containing ( a ) 0.2% FANFT for 4 weeks followed by 5% NaSac for 100 weeks; ( b ) 0.2% FANFT followed by control diet; or ( c ) control diet followed by 5% NaSac. Bladder tumor incidences were 10, 23, and 0%, respectively. When fed in Prolab diet, 0.2% FANFT for 4 weeks followed by NaSac or control diet for 100 weeks resulted in bladder tumor incidences of 40 and 17%, respectively. Groups of rats fed 0.1 or 0.2% FANFT for 1 or 2 weeks followed by 5% NaSac or control diet for 100 weeks had bladder tumor incidences of 0 to 7%. These data demonstrate that NaSac does not promote bladder cancer in male rats if fed in AIN-76A diet. Other studies suggest that this is due to the low urinary pH in rats fed AIN-76A diet.
Public Science of the Savage Mind: Contesting Cultural Anthropology in the Cold War Classroom

"What is human about human beings? How did they get that way? How can they be made more so?" These three questions formed the basis of a fifth-grade social studies curriculum project developed in the 1960s called Man: A Course of Study, or MACOS. In the years between the curriculum's development in the 1960s and its controversial implementation in the 1970s, two separate sets of concerns served to problematize the use of anthropological materials in public school classrooms. On the one hand, MACOS designers were wary of the possibly racist interpretations of exploring so-called "primitive" cultures in the classroom. On the other, conservative textbook reformers objected to claims that all cultural solutions to biological problems were morally equivalent. Once MACOS earned a place in national news, it came to embody both hopes for the redemption of American democratic society and fears about the violent nature of humans, depending on one's political perspective. These mixed messages eventually undermined the long-term success of the program as public science.
Comparative micro-indentation and dislocation activity in silicon and CaF2: a model

The indentation micro-mechanical response of Silicon and CaF2 are studied and compared by using 3D finite element simulation. The effects of elastic anisotropy and crystallographic symmetry on contact profile, indentation modulus, and dislocation nucleation underneath a spherical indenter are investigated.
Multimedia data mining for traffic video sequences

In this paper, a multimedia data mining framework for discovering important but previously unknown knowledge such as vehicle identification, traffic flow, and the spatio-temporal relations of the vehicles at the intersections from traffic video sequences is proposed. The proposed multimedia data mining framework analyzes the traffic video sequences by using background subtraction, image/video segmentation, object tracking, and modeling with multimedia augmented transition network (MATN) model and multimedia input strings, in the domain of traffic monitoring over an intersection. The spatio-temporal relationships of the vehicle objects in each frame are discovered and accurately captured and modeled. Such an additional level of sophistication enabled by the proposed multimedia data-mining framework in terms of spatio-temporal tracking generates a capability for automation. This capability alone can significantly influence and enhance current data processing and implementation strategies for several problems vis-a-vis traffic operations. A real-life traffic video sequence is used to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed multimedia data mining framework.
Gay/Lesbian sexual orientation increases risk for cigarette smoking and heavy drinking among members of a large Northern California health plan.

Background and significance Tobacco and alcohol use and related morbidity and mortality are critical public health problems. Results of several, but not all, studies suggest that lesbians and gay men are at elevated risk for smoking tobacco and alcohol misuse.
Evolutionary Psychology Is a Metatheory for Psychology

We share Ploeger, van der Maas, and Raijmakers's desire for a theoretically integrated and empirically robust evolutionary psychology. Like evolutionary theory itself, which over time incorporated ...
Characterization of a Temperature-Sensitive Fiber Mutant of Type 5 Adenovirus and Effect of the Mutation on Virion Assembly

Abstract A temperature-sensitive, fiber-minus mutant of type 5 adenovirus, H5ts142, was biochemically and genetically characterized. Genetic studies revealed that H5ts142 was a member of one of the three apparent fiber complementation groups which were detected owing to intracistronic complementation. Recombination analyses showed that it occupied a unique locus at the right end of the adenovirus genetic map. At the nonpermissive temperature, the mutant made stable polypeptides, but they were not glycosylated like wild-type fiber polypeptides. Sedimentation studies of extracts of H5ts142-infected cells cultured and labeled at 39.5°C indicated that a limited number of the fiber polypeptides made at the nonpermissive temperature could assemble into a form having a sedimentation value of 6S (i.e., similar to the trimeric wild-type fiber), but that this 6S structure was not immunologically reactive. When H5ts142-infected cells were shifted to the permissive temperature, 32°C, fiber polypeptides synthesized at 39.5°C were as capable of being assembled into virions as fibers synthesized in wild type-infected cells; de novo protein synthesis was not required to allow this virion assembly. In H5ts142-infected cells incubated at 39.5°C, viral proteins accumulated and aggregated into particles having physical characteristics of empty capsids. These particles did not contain DNA or its associated core proteins. However, when the infected culture was shifted to 32°C, DNA appeared to enter the empty particles and complete virions developed. The intermediate particles obtained had the morphology of adenoviruses, but they contained less than unit-length viral genomes as measured by their buoyant density in a CsCl density gradient and the size of their DNA as determined in both neutral and alkaline sucrose gradients. The reduced size of the intermediate particle DNA was demonstrated to be the result of incompletely packaged DNA molecules being fragmented during the preparative procedures. Hybridization of labeled DNA extracted from the intermediate particles to filters containing restriction fragments of the adenovirus genome indicated that the molecular left end of the viral genome preferentially entered these particles.
Improved insulin sensitivity 3 months after RYGB surgery is associated with increased subcutaneous adipose tissue AMPK activity and decreased oxidative stress

Morbidly obese individuals are predisposed to a wide range of disorders, including type 2 diabetes, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, fatty liver disease, and certain cancers. Remarkably, all of these disorders can be improved or prevented by Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery. We have reported that decreased AMPK activity, together with increased oxidative stress and inflammation in adipose tissue, is associated with insulin resistance in morbidly obese bariatric surgery patients. In the current study, we assessed how these parameters are affected by RYGB surgery. Eleven patients (average age of 46 ± 4 years) were studied immediately prior to surgery and 3 months postoperatively. We measured subcutaneous adipose tissue AMPK phosphorylation (threonine 172, an index of its activation), malonyl-CoA content, protein carbonylation (a marker of oxidative stress), plasma adiponectin, and mRNA expression of several inflammatory cytokines. After surgery, AMPK activity increased 3.5-fold and oxidative stress decreased by 50% in subcutaneous adipose tissue. In addition, malonyl-CoA levels were reduced by 80%. Furthermore, patients had improvements in their BMI and insulin sensitivity (HOMA) and had increased circulating high–molecular weight adiponectin and decreased fasting plasma insulin levels. In contrast, the expression of inflammatory markers in subcutaneous adipose tissue was unchanged postoperatively, although plasma CRP was diminished by 50%.
A plea for systemic change in education

Purpose – Columbus set out to prove the world was round. Today, Thomas Friedman posits the “world is flat.” The reversion reflects the complexity of today's world and an interdependent global economy. That complexity also relates to how we educate the citizens of tomorrow. The purpose of this commentary is to explore what is, what works, and what possibilities exist to address the complexities that surround education ‐ complexities of learning, complexities of educational systems, and complexities of determining positive outcomes of educational efforts. Related discussion includes comparing different educational systems from different countries and cultures.Design/methodology/approach – The impetus for these perceptions arose from many years of professional practice and observation, most recently piqued by Glass's polemic, Fertilizers, Pills, and Magnetic Strips. Integral to the commentary is an overlay of the educational landscape in the USA.Findings – The essay includes suggestions for change – adapting...
Semiconductor applications of thin films deposited by neutralized ion beam sputtering

Abstract Thin films deposited by sputtering with a neutralized ion beam source have shown promise for performance improvement in two distinct types of devices: insulating barriers on gallium arsenide and heterojunction solar cells. The source, first developed by NASA for space propulsion, accelerates positive argon ions to 100–800 eV and then neutralizes the beam with electrons from a hot filament. MIS structures formed from tantalum oxide, silicon oxide and silicon nitride on GaAs show very high resistivity and relatively low surface state densities. Indium tin oxides deposited on silicon produce respectable diodes and solar cells with efficiencies as high as 12%.
Growth hormone-releasing hormone: an autocrine growth factor for small cell lung carcinoma.

Abstract Antagonists of growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) inhibit the growth of various cancers in vivo. This effect is thought to be exerted through suppression of the pituitary growth hormone–hepatic insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) axis and direct inhibition of autocrine/paracrine production of IGF-I and -II in tumors. However, other evidence points to a direct effect of GHRH antagonists on tumor growth that may not implicate IGFs, although an involvement of GHRH in the proliferation of cancer cells has not yet been established. In the present study we investigated whether GHRH can function as an autocrine/paracrine growth factor in small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC). H-69 and H-510A SCLC lines cultured in vitro express mRNA for GHRH, which apparently is translated into peptide GHRH and then secreted by the cells, as shown by the detection of GHRH-like immunoreactivity in conditioned media from the cells cultured in vitro. In addition, the levels of GHRH-like immunoreactivity in serum from nude mice bearing H-69 xenografts were higher than in tumor-free mice. GHRH(1–29)NH2 stimulated the proliferation of H-69 and H-510A SCLCs in vitro, and GHRH antagonist JV-1–36 inhibited it. JV-1–36 administered s.c. into nude mice bearing xenografts of H-69 SCLC reduced significantly (P < 0.05) tumor volume and weight, after 31 days of therapy, as compared with controls. Collectively, our results suggest that GHRH can function as an autocrine growth factor in SCLCs. Treatment with antagonistic analogs of GHRH may offer a new approach to the treatment of SCLC and other cancers.
CORRECTION OF PENOSCROTAL TRANSPOSITION: A NOVEL APPROACH

Purpose: Penoscrotal transposition is a rare anomaly resulting in a partial or complete positional exchange between the penis and the scrotum. Time-honored repairs of penoscrotal transposition rely on the creation of rotational flaps to mobilize the scrotum. We offer a radically different approach to this anomaly by transposing the penis and not the scrotum to its normal anatomical location.Materials and Methods: Transposition of the penis was performed in 15 patients. The penis is degloved followed by correction of the chordee. A suprapubic buttonhole is created in an anatomically correct location for the penis. The degloved phallus is then delivered into this buttonhole. The shaft skin is mobilized and transposed to resurface the penile shaft. A midline scrotoplasty completes the first stage. The scrotum is never transposed and scrotal rotational flaps are unnecessary.Results: All 15 patients have had an excellent cosmetic outcome. There have been no cases of vascular compromise to the shaft or scrotal ...
Parallel spectral difference method for predicting 3D vortex-induced vibrations

Abstract This paper presents high-fidelity simulations of the vortex induced vibration (VIV) phenomena using a new computational model based on the high-order spectral difference (SD) method on 2D and 3D unstructured grids. The SD method constructs continuous fields within each cell with a Riemann solver to compute the inviscid fluxes at the cell interfaces and an averaging mechanism to compute the viscous fluxes. This method has shown promise in the past as a highly accurate, yet sufficiently fast method for solving unsteady viscous compressible flows on moving and deforming grids. A 4th-order, 5-stage Runge–Kutta scheme is used to advance time. In this viscous, compressible flow solver the displacement of an elastically mounted bluff body has been coupled to the lift force created by unsteady vortex shedding. The solver is validated against previously published numerical and experimental data for a single, elastically mounted cylinder. Preliminary studies into 2 cylinder wake galloping and determining the energy transfer coefficient have been performed and comparisons between 2D and 3D predictions have been made.
Looking ahead: Synthesizing what we know about national, regional, and local efforts to improve student preparation and success

The many projects, policies, and practices discussed in this volume suggest promising ideas for improving student success both before matriculation and in developmental education in community colleges. Ideally, improvement in the former will reduce the need for the latter, but until that happens, the goal will be to promote effective strategies for both. In this concluding chapter, the editors combine the information learned from the two strands within this volume to pose some final thoughts and next steps for future work in this area.
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome and Heart Failure

This is a case of a 21-year-old female with a history of polycystic ovary syndrome who was subsequently diagnosed with heart failure. The patient did not have a family history of heart failure, nor did the patient herself have evidence of ischemic or valvular heart disease or prior viral infection. The patient was found, upon further evaluation, to have significant obstructive sleep apnea, a condition that has been linked to the development and/or worsening of heart failure. Interestingly enough, recent evidence has revealed that patients with polycystic ovary syndrome have been found to have a predilection for developing obstructive sleep apnea, irrespective of body weight or habitus.
Influence of common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album) densities and phosphorus fertilization on lettuce

Abstract Field trials were conducted in organic soils to determine the effects of different phosphorus fertilization programs and common lambsquarters ( Chenopodium album L.) densities on ‘South Bay’ lettuce ( Lactuca sativa L.) yield loss. Phosphorus was applied either banded (125 kg P/ha) or broadcast (250 kg P/ha) prior to lettuce planting. Common lambsquarters population densities of 0, 2, 4, 8 or 16 plants/6 m row (5.4 m 2 ) interfered with lettuce for 10 weeks. Two rectangular hyperbola models characterized the relationship between common lambsquarters density and lettuce yield loss. When phosphorus was applied broadcast, predicted lettuce yield losses were 39%, 50%, 59% and 65% for 2, 4, 8 and 16 common lambsquarters plants/6 m row, respectively. However, when the phosphorus rate was reduced by 50% and was applied in bands beneath lettuce rows, these predicted losses were 23%, 30%, 35%, and 38% for the same common lambsquarters densities. Based on the lettuce yield loss models, if a single common lambsquarters plant interferes with lettuce every 6 m row, then predicted lettuce yield losses could be approximately 27% and 16% for broadcast and banded phosphorus applications, respectively.
COINCIDENCE ELECTROPRODUCTION AND SCALING IN THE REGGE REGION.

We consider the coincidence electroproduction process $l+p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{l}^{\ensuremath{'}}+{p}^{\ensuremath{'}}+\mathrm{anything}$. With the momentum transfer between $p$ and ${p}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ held fixed, a single trajectory in the $p{\overline{p}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ channel dominates as the laboratory energy of the virtual photon becomes large. (It is known that the onset of single-trajectory dominance may be ascertained by observing the azimuthal angular distribution of the detected hadron.) In the region of large virtual photon mass and missing mass (with their ratio fixed) the process may be picturesquely described as "deep-inelastic scattering of a lepton on a Reggeon target." We implement the assumed Regge behavior in the language of van Hove. The scaling behavior of the various structure functions is then determined by the "canonical" light-cone commutator (taken between spin-$J$ states), if certain smoothness assumptions are granted. Relations of the Callan-Gross type are also derived. The experimental features corresponding to our results are relatively easy to observe. The kinematics of coincidence electroproduction (with a polarized beam) is discussed in some detail.
Elastic Constants of Potassium Iodide and Potassium Chloride

The sound velocities and elastic constants have been measured for pure single crystals of KI and KCl by the ultrasonic pulse technique over the temperature range from 4\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K to 300\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. In KI, ${c}_{11}=3.38$, ${c}_{12}=0.22$, and ${c}_{44}=0.368$ in units of ${10}^{11}$ dynes/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ at 0\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K according to our extrapolations from 80\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. In KCl, measurements of all three constants were made over the entire temperature range down to 4\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K and their values at 0\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K are ${c}_{11}=4.83$, ${c}_{12}=0.54$, and ${c}_{44}=0.663$ in units of ${10}^{11}$ dynes/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$. The Debye characteristic temperature at 0\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, ${\ensuremath{\theta}}_{0}$, has been calculated from these very low-temperature values of the elastic constants to give 129\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K for KI and 234\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K for KCl. The specific heats of KI, KCl, and KBr have been calculated in this paper by using a combination of a Debye and an Einstein term in the expression for the specific heat. These calculations indicate that the agreement between such a simple theory and experiment becomes better as the ratio of ionic radii and masses increases in these three salts. We point out that in the four alkali halides thus far studied in this laboratory, there is evidence that the Cauchy relation, ${c}_{12}={c}_{44}$, is satisfied at about $T={\ensuremath{\theta}}_{0}$. No reason is offered for this coincidence.
Activation of H-ras61L-specific signaling pathways does not require posttranslational processing of H-ras.

Abstract We have previously demonstrated that H- ras 61L retained transforming activity when lacking C-terminal lipid modifications, provided that plasma membrane localization was restored by an N-terminal transmembrane domain. Since several ras -activated pathways contribute to the transformed phenotype, we utilized a novel set of transmembrane domain-anchored H- ras derivatives to examine if lipids are required for activation of any specific signaling pathways. We demonstrate here that H- ras 61L -induced activation of the Raf /MEK/MAPK pathway, including recruitment of Raf to the plasma membrane and activation of Raf and MAPK, does not require C-terminal processing of H- ras 61L . Biochemical fractionation experiments confirm the localization of TM- ras derivatives to the plasma membrane, as well as the ras -mediated recruitment of c- Raf -1. Changes in the actin cytoskeleton, controlled by H- ras 61L -mediated activation of the Rac/Rho pathway, as well as PI 3-kinase activation, can also occur in the absence of C-terminal lipid modifications. Finally, downstream events, such as the induction of the immediate-early gene c- fos or neurite outgrowth in PC12 cells, are stimulated by the expression of plasma membrane-anchored, nonlipidated H- ras 61L . These results demonstrate that H- ras can be functionally targeted to the plasma membrane using a transmembrane domain sequence and that several signal transduction pathways downstream of H- ras can be activated without the presence of normal lipid modifications.
A computer-assisted approach to micro-analysis of melodic lines

Analyzing and defining the factors affecting the succession of tonal events in a musical composition is a complex task. It requires evaluating particular musical events within the context of the prevailing musical style and abstracting those elements which appear to affect significantly the aural logic of the composition. Through such a method, the analyst hopes to define more clearly, in his own mind, how successfully the composer develops his musical material without violating the composer's own sense of musical logic or order. The depth of study required for a musical analysis is determined by the particular goals of the analyst. To draw a few general conclusions concerning a large number of compositions, detailed analysis of each work may not be necessary. If, however, the task is to analyze a particular composition with respect to its formal structure as well as its harmonic and thematic content, then a detailed analytical approach is required. The analysts wishing to delve further into still smaller determinations of musical style must draw their conclusions after examining the still smaller harmonic and melodic usages. It is this most detailed form of analysis, or micro-analysis, with which this study is concerned. Music micro-analysis brings with it a number of problems, some of which pose so great a burden that this type of analysis is not frequently employed. The greatest hindrance to such an approach is the extraordinary amount of time needed. Granted the fact that all detailed music analysis requires time, a music excerpt of moderate size can suddenly appear enormous when the analytical process requires the examination and labeling of many small bits of information. In addition to these time requirements, such
Quantum Poincaré sections for two-dimensional billiards.

We show a method to extract the quantum Poincar\'e section corresponding to an eigenstate of a two-dimensional billiard. This quantum Poincar\'e section is given in terms of the Birkhoff variables of the problem.
Methods for determination of coal carbon in reclaimed minesoils: a review.

Abstract Organic carbon (OC) of the minesoils reclaimed from coal mining often contains carbon (C) associated with coal particles from mining and the reclamation activities. This C, collectively referred to as geogenic OC (formed as a product of geological processes), must be quantified in order to accurately determine the pools and sequestration potential of OC that originates from recent vegetation input. Reclaimed mined lands can provide significant sink for atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) through C assimilation in vegetation biomass, formation and accumulation of SOM. However, the validity of the reported C sequestration potentials in minesoils reclaimed from coal mining activities is questionable due to inability to quantitatively determine the different C sources that may be present in these soils. Due to its high C content, coal particles present in these soils may lead to overestimation of pools and sequestration rates, and can also represent a large C background against which small changes in recent OC must be measured. This is a methodological challenge which must be overcome in reclaimed minesoils (RMS). Standard procedures for quantifying soil organic C (SOC) cannot distinguish geogenic C and recent OC from plant biomass. Appropriate soil C analysis in RMS must differentiate between inorganic C (carbonates), geogenic OC and recent OC from decomposition of plant biomass. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to collate and synthesize the available information on the existing techniques for separating geogenic and recent OC, and quantifying these OC fractions in RMS. Methods for quantifying geogenic OC in RMS have been grouped into microscopic, thermal, chemical, spectroscopic, isotopic, and combination of some of these methods. The major limitation of thermal and chemical methods is the overlap in sensitivity between some types of coal and recent OM fractions. Most of the spectroscopic techniques are semi-quantitative, and generally yield less accurate estimates of geogenic OC. Radiocarbon analysis is one of the most reliable methods for quantifying geogenic OC in RMS. However, the need for specialized instrumentation, advanced computational skills, and high analytical costs precludes its adoption for routine soil analysis. Additional research is needed to further evaluate the existing techniques, develop some reliable and cost-effective methods, and ultimately propose standard geogenic OC quantification methods that can be widely adopted.
A comparison of selected phonatory behaviors of healthy aged and young adults

Selected phonatory behaviors of healthy aged and young men and women were compared. Inverse-filtered air flow, electroglottograph (EGG), and intraoral air pressure signals were recorded as subjects phonated in each of four conditions: normal, soft, loud, loud/high pitched. Minimum flow offset, flow amplitude, air flow duty cycle, EGG duty cycle, estimated subglottal pressure, and fundamental frequency were derived from the recorded signals and compared among age/gender groups. Males had significantly greater flow amplitude than females regardless of age. Significant Age x Sex interactions were found for fundamental frequency and duty cycle measures. Duty cycles and fundamental frequency increased for males and decreased for females with aging. For the normal phonatory condition, aged men had significantly greater duty cycle measures, flow amplitude, and estimated subglottal pressure than young men. There were significant differences in fundamental frequency and EGG duty cycle between aged and young women during normal phonation. It was concluded that the effects of aging on phonatory behaviors are different in degree and kind for men and women. Fewer significant age-related differences in phonatory measures for women than men were consistent with reports of less age-related laryngeal degeneration in females than males.
On the detection and dynamical consequences of orbits homoclinic to hyperbolic periodic orbits and normally hyperbolic invariant tori in a class of ordinary differential equations

We develop a global perturbation technique similar to that of Melnikov [1963] for detecting the presence of orbits homoclinic to hyperbolic periodic orbits and normally hyperbolic invariant tori in a class of ordinary differential equations. Our techniques are more general in that they apply to systems undergoing large amplitude excitation at low frequencies and to systems undergoing quasiperiodic excitation. We discuss the dynamical consequences of orbits homoclinic to hyperbolic periodic orbits and the recent results concerning orbits homoclinic to tori obtained by Wiggins [1986] and Meyer and Sell [1986] . We illustrate the method with an example of a parametrically excited pendulum. Additionally, we show how our results are complementary to a result of Arnold [1962] concerning the infinite time behavior of adiabatic invariants in Hamiltonian systems. We illustrate this by using our method to prove the existence of Smale horseshoes for a pendulum whose length undergoes a slow periodic variation.
Two upstream elements activate transcription of a major histocompatibility complex class I gene in vitro

Expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I genes exhibits unique tissue and developmental specificity. In an effort to study molecular mechanisms of MHC class I gene regulation, an in vitro transcription system has been established. In B cell nuclear extracts a template DNA containing the mouse H-2Ld promoter sequence accurately directed RNA polymerase II-dependent transcription of a G-free cassette. A conserved class I regulatory complex previously shown to moderately enhance promoter activity in vivo enhanced transcription in vitro by 2-3 fold. Much of this enhancement was accounted for by a 40 bp fragment within the complex, which was capable of activating a basal H-2Ld promoter in either orientation. Farther downstream, another element called site B was identified, which independently activated MHC class I transcription in vitro by 2-4 fold. Site B bound a specific nuclear factor(s) through an NF-1 binding site but not through a neighboring CCAAT site. The functional significance of site B in vivo was demonstrated in transfection experiments in which site B enhanced MHC class I promoter activity to a degree comparable to that seen in vitro. With the identification of the two upstream activators, MHC class I genes may serve as a model to study roles of sequence-specific DNA-binding proteins in transcription in vitro.
First-Year International Graduate Students in Hospitality Programs: School Choice, Career Expectations, and Academic Adjustment

Fifty-six first-year international graduate students enrolled in 15 U. S. hospitality programs responded to a mailed survey. The purpose of the study was to identify school choice, career expectations, and academic adjustment. Information per ceived to be important in deciding where to apply was provided in a moderately satisfactory form by their current programs. Hotels or resorts yielded the most popular career choices. Students perceived orientation to be important in helping them adjust to their hospitality graduate programs, but were only somewhat satisfied with the orientation they received. Obtaining practical experiences as part of the graduate program created the most problems for students.
On some New Features in Pelanechinus corallinus.

In vol. xxxiv. p. 924, of the ‘Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society,’ Mr. Walter Keeping, F.G.S., described two specimens of a form previously referred by Dr. Wright to the genus Hemipedina . He showed that this form was quite distinct from Hemipedina , and gave it the name of Pelanechinus . It showed, in his opinion, affinities with the Echinothuridae on the one hand and the Diadematidae on the other. These two specimens have hitherto been the only ones known, with the exception of a few fragments described by Dr. Wright. I was fortunate enough to find in 1881 in the Coral Rag at Calne, in a quarry at the north end of the town, a third specimen which shows some interesting features hitherto undescribed. The diameter of the test is about 85 millim.; it is considerably flattened from above downwards. The whole of the oral surface is beautifully preserved, with the exception of a sector including one ambulacral and the greater part of two interambulacral areas. The teeth are exposed in situ , together with most of the peristomial imbricating plates; the latter, however, are not exhibited so clearly as in the specimen in the Woodwardian Museum. A zone, about 15 millim. wide, belonging to the oral surface is also preserved. My specimen quite confirms Mr. Keeping9s opinion that the test was flexible. The plates have frequently separated along the line of suture, especially on the aboral surface, while the median interambulaeral line and the lines of junction between the ambulacral and
a Mathematical Solution of General Relativistic Binary Systems

A mathematical solution for general relativistic binary systems is obtained. A conclusion concerning the black hole in some binary systems is deduced from the mathematical solution.
Quantification of scan-specific ergonomic risk-factors in medical sonography

Abstract Medical sonographers are known to be at an increased risk of developing occupationally related musculoskeletal pain or injury. However, scan-specific, on-site ergonomic job evaluations which also include a quantitative analysis of upper extremity joint biomechanics are not the norm. The objective of the study is to identify and quantify scan-specific risk-factors for upper extremity work-related musculoskeletal pain in sonography. Seven subjects participated in the study which used a combination of self-reported and measured job analyses to specifically address risk-factors related to diagnostic medical sonography. 86% of sonographers reported upper extremity musculoskeletal pain. Ergonomic evaluation revealed that changes should be made soon. Shoulder abduction and wrist deviation angles were quantified and found to be greater than previously published acceptable limits. Relevance to Industry Although all the investigated scans involve injury risk, the specific risk-factors and their relative importance varies between scan types. The scan-specific risk-factors must be considered when determining the risk of musculoskeletal pain and in designing interventions to prevent or reduce the incidence of injury among sonographers.
Generalization and Self-Renormalization of the Wellner Equation

The technique of improving the Born series for a one-coupling-constant theory is generalized for the case of two or more coupling constants. It is shown that no explicit coupling-constant renormalization is necessary in this scheme, since renormalization is accomplished automatically.
EFFECT OF HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE ON POLIOVIRUS SURVIVAL IN GROUND WATER

. Poliovirus survival was studied in ground water under hyperbaric pressures ranging from 500 to 4000 psi. It was found that, as compared to control samples incubated at atmospheric pressure, poliovirus was stable under hyperbaric pressures. The virus was, however, comparatively less stable in sea water subjected to 1000 psi pressure.
Polarization transfer in CIDNP experiments via scalar paramagnetic exchange mechanisms

Abstract A theory is outlined explaining how chemically induced nuclear polarization can be transfered by a diamagnetic-paramagnetic exchange reaction from a group of nuclei to another group not originally polarized. The mechanism depends critically on the scalar nuclear spin-spin coupling in the diamagnetic state. Experiments on the photochemical charge transfer between N,N-diethylaniline and pyrene are given as an example of this polarization transfer.
A correlation study between the total permeated water vapor and lifetime of an encapsulated OPV

Barrier films play a critical role in the packaging and protection of solar cells, especially organic photovoltaics. While high performance barrier films are needed to limit the ingress of water vapor and oxygen into the cells, little has been done to correlate the performance of such cells with their barrier films. In this work, a study is presented with correlates the shelf lifetime of an encapsulated organic solar cells with barrier films having differing water vapor transmission rates. The study shows that overall barrier performance of multilayer thin films and the extended shelf lifetime of encapsulated organic solar cells can be related through the calculation of the total permeated water vapor through the barrier films. The total permeated water vapor was calculated separately in the transient and steady-state regions considering the lag time effect of the multilayer barriers. The efficiency of pentacene/C 60 -based solar cells encapsulated with one or two pairs of SiN X /parylene dropped to 50% after permeation of about 1.63 g/m2 of water vapor regardless of transmission rate. From these calculations, the lifetime of encapsulated devices with three pairs are predicted.
TH‐E‐220‐10: Cine Cone Beam CT for Image Guided Lung Cancer Radiotherapy

Purpose: Cone beam CT(CBCT) has been widely utilized for localizing daily tumor position and patient positioning in lungcancerradiotherapy. However, due to the respiratory motion during the CBCT scan, the tumorimage is blurred and may introduce inaccuracy in treatment delivery. To solve this problem, and to obtain accurate daily lungtumor motion information, in this work we develop a cine CBCT technology, which can reconstruct a series of 3D CBCTimages from a regular CBCT scan. Methods: Provided a set of volumetric images of a patient at N breathing phases obtained by 4DCT as training data, a deformable image registration is first carried out between a reference phase and the other N‐1 phases. As a result, N‐1 deformation vector fields (DVFs) are generated. These DVFs are represented by a few eigenvectors and coefficients obtained from principal component analysis (PCA). New DVFs relative to reference images as a function of space and time can be generated by varying those PCA coefficients, resulting in new volumetric images. The volumetric reconstruction from a CBCT projection is realized by optimizing the PCA coefficients such that the computed projection matches the measured CBCT projection. Results: The cine‐CBCT method was tested on real patient data. 200 CBCT projection images acquired during a regular CBCT scan are used to reconstruct 200 corresponding cine CBCTimages. Each reconstructed cine CBCTimage precisely represent the patient anatomy and tumor geometry at a specific time point during the regular CBCT scan and thus can be utilized to improve the treatment accuracy. Conclusions: Cine‐CBCT, a method to reconstruct volumetric images based on a single CBCT projection, is introduced in this study. Experimental results based on real patient data also demonstrate that volumetric images can be precisely generated. Acknowledgement: The authors would like to acknowledge the support from Varian Medical Systems, Inc.
Potential and Possibility: Psychodynamic Psychotherapy and Social Change with Incarcerated Patients

In the present paper, Pierre Bourdieu’s theory of symbolic power is used to illustrate how the practice of psychodynamic psychotherapy in a prison-based mental health treatment program constitutes both a psychological and sociological intervention, congruent with clinical needs of this particular population. The author draws from psychodynamic theory, Bourdieu’s framework and her experience as a clinical social worker with the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation.
Using the AMIGOS/OCLC collection analysis CD and student credit hour statistics to evaluate collection growth patterns and potential demand

Abstract In this collection evaluation study, the AMIGOS/OCLC Collection Analysis CD (CACD) was used to determine areas of comparative weakness and strength in the history holdings at the University of Central Arkansas. North American Title Count statistics from an appropriate peer group were matched, as closely as possible, with current course offerings at the University of Central Arkansas to identify holdings deficiencies in the various subfields of history. In order to estimate potential demand for materials, student credit hours for history courses presently being offered were calculated and correlated with the North American Title Counts. Comparative holdings data were then compared to potential demand statistics and current acquisitions computations. The findings indicated that in areas that already demonstrated comparative weaknesses, new acquisitions were failing to keep pace with enrollment trends. Based on the evidence produced by this study, the Department of History decided to modify its selection procedures and its method of allocating the book fund.
Availability and Shipment of Grain Survival of a Nuclear Attack

It is assumed that at least 90% of the American population would survive the direct effects (blast, fire, and initial nuclear radiation) of a nuclear attack of 6,600 megatons if about 90 million people were relocated from high-risk areas during a crisis period preceding the attack. If the survivors from the direct effects are protected from radioactive fallout by suitable shelters, the remaining major problem affecting survival will be adequate food. This paper indicates that sufficient grain stocks and transportation will likely be available after the attack to assure survival of the American population.
Potential pitfalls in microRNA profiling

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, noncoding RNAs that post-transcriptionally influence a wide range of cellular processes such as the host response to viral infection, innate immunity, cell cycle progression, migration, and apoptosis through the inhibition of target mRNA translation. Owing to the growing number of miRNAs and identification of their functional roles, miRNA profiling of many different sample types has become more expansive, especially with relevance to disease signatures. In this review, we address some of the advantages and potential pitfalls of the currently available methods for miRNA expression profiling. Some of the topics discussed include isomiRNAs, comparison of different profiling platforms, normalization strategies, and issues with regard to sample preparation and experimental analyses.
Understanding and Treating Depression in Couples

Current couples approaches to the treatment of depression show considerable promise but also room for improvement. Conjoint approaches that are efficacious may not benefit the majority of depressed persons in intimate relationships in the community. Depressed persons whose partners refuse to participate in therapy highlight the need for individual treatments that can enhance marital functioning without relying on a conjoint format. Depressed persons who report marital satisfaction highlight the need for ways to focus on the dyad without implying the relationship is distressed. Developing a more flexible set of options for implementing treatment with a marital focus seems important.