cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Design of single-layer β-sheets without a hydrophobic core.

The hydrophobic effect is the main thermodynamic driving force in the folding of water-soluble proteins1,2. Exclusion of nonpolar moieties from aqueous solvent results in the formation of a hydrophobic core in a protein, which has been generally considered essential for specifying and stabilizing the folded structures of proteins1,2,3,4,5,6. Outer surface protein A (OspA) from Borrelia burgdorferi contains a three-stranded β-sheet segment which connects two globular domains7. Although this single-layer β-sheet segment is exposed to solvent on both faces and thus does not contain a hydrophobic core, the segment has a high conformational stability8. Here we report the engineering of OspA variants that contain larger single-layer β-sheets (comprising five and seven β-strands) by duplicating a β-hairpin unit within the β-sheet. Nuclear magnetic resonance and small-angle X-ray scattering analyses reveal that these extended single-layer β-sheets are formed as designed, and amide hydrogen–deuterium exchange and chemical denaturation show that they are stable. Thus, interactions within the β-hairpin unit and those between adjacent units, which do not involve the formation of a hydrophobic core, are sufficient to specify and stabilize the single-layer β-sheet structure. Our results provide an expanded view of protein folding, misfolding and design.
Semi-Solid Surface Fluorometric Analysis of Glucose

We describe an enzymatic fluorometric method for determining glucose concentrations in blood samples by analysis on a semi-solid surface (silicone-rubber pads). The method is an adaptation of existing spectrophotometric procedures based on the sequential coupling reactions with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and NADP+. The rate of appearance of NADPH fluorescence at 460 nm (excitation wavelength, 340 nm) is monitored and related to the glucose concentration in plasma or serum. The calibration curve is linear to 2.50 g/liter. The chief advantages of this method over the spectrophotometric procedure are low cost and rapid response. The results obtained correlate well with those of the o-toluidine method (correlation coefficient, 0.986).
Synthesis and characterization of magnetic Co nanoparticles: A comparison study of three different capping surfactants

Abstract This paper compares the performance of three long-chain acids—oleic and elaidic (both olefinic) and stearic (aliphatic)—as a capping agent in the synthesis of magnetic Co nanoparticles. The particles were formed through thermal decomposition of dicobalt octacarbonyl in toluene in the presence of the long-chain acid, and characterized by TEM, high-resolution TEM, and SQUID measurements. Infrared spectra revealed that some of the added olefinic acid was transformed from cis- to trans-configuration (for oleic acid) or from trans- to cis- (for elaidic acid) to facilitate the formation of a densely packed monolayer on the surface of Co nanoparticles. As compared to aliphatic acids, olefinic acids are advantageous for dense packing on small particles with high surface curvatures due to a bent shape of the cis-isomer. The presence of an olefinic acid is able to control particle growth, stabilize the colloidal suspension, and prevent the final product from oxidation by air. Our results indicate that oleic acid, elaidic acid, and a mixture of oleic/stearic acids or elaidic/stearic acids have roughly the same performance in serving as a capping agent for the synthesis of Co nanoparticles with a spherical shape and narrow size distribution.
Secondary Voltage Regulation for Improved Power Plant Reactive Power Coordination

Abstract An inter-plant voltage control (IPVC) scheme is introduced for improving the voltage stability margin by coordinating reactive power reserves. The emphasis of the proposed scheme is on improvement of the system dynamic performance using an optimized voltage control of a series of power plants. Besides facilitating controllability by individual generator voltage regulators, this scheme also allows emergency boosting, power plant transmission-side voltage control, as well as coordination of closely-coupled power plants for reactive power reserve management. The IPVC is based on solving an optimal control problem with the dual objectives of minimizing pilot bus voltage deviations from their set-points, and of achieving similar reactive power loadings at control generators. Results, shown on two test systems, are very promising.
The scientific status of psychoanalytic clinical evidence (I)

The main source of evidence for psychoanalytic theory comes from the clinical situation. Yet recent empirical studies in verbal conditioning and the social psychology of persuasion indicate that psychoanalysts and therapists of other schools are speciously validating their own theories by unwittingly influencing their patients’ behavior. In the light of this evidence it is small wonder that psychoanalysts consistently ‘validate’ psychoanalytic theory in their clinical practice while therapists of other schools ‘validate’ their own theories in their clinical practice. Although Freud was not unaware of the problems of ‘suggestion’ and the conflicting evidence of rival schools of psychotherapy, he never met these problems successfully. Contemporary psychoanalysts have added little to Freud's original position. One recent attempt, by Fritz Schmidl, to formulate new criteria for the correctness of psychoanalytic clinical interpretations, does not completely escape the problem of suggestion and has new problems...
Cooperative aircraft defense from an attacking missile

This paper addresses a three-body pursuit-evasion scenario where an Attacker missile using Pure Pursuit guidance pursues a Target aircraft and a Defender missile launched by a wingman aims at intercepting the Attacker before it reaches the aircraft. An optimal control problem is posed which captures the goal of the Target-Defender team, namely, to maximize the separation between Target and Attacker at the instant of capture of the Attacker by the Defender. The optimal control law provides the heading angles for the Target and the Defender team.
The p53-Target Gene Puma Drives Neutrophil-Mediated Protection against Lethal Bacterial Sepsis

Disruption of p53/Puma-mediated apoptosis protects against lethality due to DNA damage. Here we demonstrate the unexpected requirement of the pro-apoptotic p53-target gene Puma to mount a successful innate immune response to bacterial sepsis. Puma−/− mice rapidly died when challenged with bacteria. While the immune response in Puma−/− mice was unchanged in cell migration, phagocytosis and bacterial killing, sites of infection accumulated large abscesses and sepsis was progressive. Blocking p53/Puma-induced apoptosis during infection caused resistance to ROS-induced cell death in the CD49d+ neutrophil subpopulation, resulting in insufficient immune resolution. This study identifies a biological role for p53/Puma apoptosis in optimizing neutrophil lifespan so as to ensure the proper clearance of bacteria and exposes a counter-balance between the innate immune response to infection and survival from DNA damage.
Hidden OSp(N,2) symmetries in superconformal field theories

Abstract It is shown that th representation space of the OSp( N ,2) current algebra reduces to that of the N -extended superconformal algebra by imposing constraints on currents. In the classical limit, this results gives the relation between the Wess-Zumino-Witten model for the OSp( N ,2) group and the geometric action for the superconformal algebra.
Activating a mental simulation mind-set through generation of alternatives: Implications for debiasing in related and unrelated domains

Encouraging people to consider multiple alternatives appears to be a useful debiasing technique for reducing many biases (explanation, hindsight, and overconfidence), if the generation of alternatives is experienced as easy. The present research tests whether these alternative generation procedures induce a mental simulation mind-set (cf. Galinsky & Moskowitz, 2000), such that debiasing in one domain transfers to debias judgments in unrelated domains. The results indeed demonstrated that easy alternative generation tasks not only debiased judgments in the same domain but also generalized to debias judgments in unrelated domains, provided that participants were low in the need for structure. The alternative generation tasks (even when they were easy to perform) showed no evidence of activating a mental simulation mind-set in individuals high in need for structure, as these individuals displayed no transfer effects. Implications of the results for understanding the role of the need for structure, ease of generation, and mental simulation mind-set activation for debiasing are discussed.
Spinodal decomposition without diffuse interface theory—I. Theory

Abstract It has been shown that when higher derivative tenns of the diffuse interface expansion are included in the theory of spinodal decomposition, exceptional results are obtained. Within a mean field pair interaction (MFPI) interpretation, the coefficients of terms ▽ 2 n c in the extended diffuse interface expansion eventually become infinite in magnitude. These anomalies are discussed and circumvented in a new analysis of spinodal decomposition. Within the MFPI interpretation a Fourier analysis of the composition is made at an earlier stage in the analysis. The result is a diffusion equation which can be related to the usual diffusion equation of spinodal decomposition. In the early stages, the only change encountered is that the factor κβ 2 in the amplification factor is replaced by a function K ( β ). When κ is defined, K ( β ) approaches κβ 2 in the limit of small β. When, because of long-range intermolecular potentials, the standard definition of κ does not converge, K ( β ) remains well defined but no longer increases as β 2 in the small β limit. This can result in amplification factors which are qualitatively different from those predicted by the standard theory.
Tracking gain expression of a strong signal-to-noise monopulse radar

Introduction T system under consideration is a four-horn type monopulse-radar-signal process used for angle tracking. It is well known that phase determines the target angle. In practice, the receiver Doppler radar consists of limiters, a Doppler filter, a discriminator, and a phase detector. In addition to the signal an amount of clutter noise is introduced into the system. The problem is to determine the signal-tonoise ratio for such a system. Here, it is limited to the strong signal-to-noise case. The complexity of such an analysis lies in the nonlinearities Of the system. Since limiters are nonlinear devices, the system under consideration consists of two nonlinear devices with a linear device, a Doppler filter, between them. It would be interesting to compare this system with that consisting of two linear devices with a nonlinear device between them, as considered by Kac and Siegert. Since this is a Doppler system, the output of the first (ideal) limiter is expressed in terms of a Fourier expansion. A meanvalue type approximation is used here. It is also assumed that the "look angle" is small. Both assumptions can be justified for the system under consideration. A simple expression for the gain is obtained for the strong signal-to-noise case. Some results are plotted, for gain vs signal-to-noise ratio.
Pumping potential wells

Nonmonotonic plasma potential structures are a common feature of many double layers and sheaths. Steady state plasma potential wells separating regions having different plasma potentials are often found in laboratory experiments. In order to exist, all such structures must find a solution to a common problem. Ions created by charge exchange or ionization in the region of the potential well are electrostatically confined and tend to accumulate and fill up the potential well. The increase in positive charge should eliminate the well. Nevertheless, steady state structures are found in which the wells do not fill up. This means that it is important to take into account processes which pump ions from the well. As examples of ion pumping of plasma wells, potential dips in front of a positively biased electron collecting anode in a relatively cold, low density, multidipole plasma are considered. Pumping is provided by ion leaks from the edges of the potential dip or by oscillating the applied potential. In the former case the two-dimensional character of the problem is shown to be important.
Parenting Stress and Child Behavior Problems: A Transactional Relationship Across Time

Parenting stress and child behavior problems have been posited to have a transactional effect on each other across development. However, few studies have tested this model empirically. The authors investigated the relationship between parenting stress and child behavior problems from ages 3 to 9 years old among 237 children, 144 of whom were typically developing and 93 who were identified as developmentally delayed. Behavior problems and parenting stress covaried significantly across time for both groups of children. Cross-lagged panel analyses generally supported a bidirectional relationship between parenting stress and child behavior problems for mothers and fathers.
Parasagittal biopsies are more important as part of an initial biopsy strategy than as part of a repeat biopsy strategy: observations from a unique population.

Parasagittal biopsies are more important as part of an initial biopsy strategy than as part of a repeat biopsy strategy: observations from a unique population
Spinal Fixation in Dogs Using Steinmann Pins and Methylmethacrylate

Steinmann pins and methylmethacrylate were used to stabilize 17 vertebral fractures or luxations and one unstable congenital spinal deformity in 18 dogs of a wide range of ages and body weights. Of 12 dogs available for follow-up examination (4–43 months), 10 were normal or only mildly ataxic, and two were ambulatory but severely ataxic. Five dogs died or were euthanized in the early postoperative period, but none of the deaths could be attributed to the technique. Uncommon complications associated with this fixation technique were pin migration and wound infection.
Simulated Impacts of a Mesoscale Convective System on the Track of Typhoon Robyn during TCM-93

Abstract The contribution that a mesoscale convective vortex that developed within the circulation of Typhoon Robyn (1993) may have had to a significant tropical cyclone track change is simulated with a mesoscale model using initial conditions that approximate the circulations measured by aircraft during the Tropical Cyclone Motion (TCM-93) field experiment. A dry version of the PSU–NCAR Mesoscale Model is used to first investigate the dynamic aspects of the interaction. A deceleration of about 2 m s−1 and then more northward movement, similar to that observed for Typhoon Robyn, could have been produced by an interaction with the mesoscale convective vortex of the type modeled in the control run. Sensitivity of the simulated track change is tested for various aspects of the mesoscale vortex and tropical cyclone. It is found that track deflections between 67 and 130 km in 18–24 h could be produced under a variety of realistic scenarios. As the mesoscale vortex is advected around the tropical cyclone by the...
Flap endonuclease homologs in archaebacteria exist as independent proteins

The work in Shen's laboratory is supported by an institutional fund from the City of Hope. D. H. is supported by a Graduate Fellowship from the Skaggs Institute for Research.
Effect of Non-Uniform Tissue Configuration on Conductance Catheter Measurement for Arterial Lumen Sizing

A novel approach of two bolus injections of saline solutions has been proposed for conductance catheter measurement of cross-sectional area (CSA) and parallel conductance for medium size arteries [1–2]. The parallel conductance or current leakage through surrounding tissue is dependent on how differently the combined configuration of lumen, surrounding tissue, and conductance catheter forms an electric field. Arteries have a variety of surrounding tissue geometries and electrical conductivities depending on their anatomic situations. Specifically, coronary/peripheral arteries are often characterized by their superficial anatomic positions so that surrounding tissue has asymmetric configurations. Such notions highlight the need for addressing the impact of anatomically relevant tissue properties on the performance of conductance catheter measurement. In the present study, we computationally probe how asymmetric surrounding tissue thickness and/or inhomogeneous/anisotropic electric conductivity of tissue can modulate the electric field and hence accuracy of CSA measurement for a medium size artery.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Angiotensin Type 2 Receptor (AT2R): A Challenging Twin

Angiotensin II (AngII) regulates such physiological responses as salt and water balance, blood pressure, and vascular tone, and thus plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of diabetes, hypertension, myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, and stroke. These effects are mediated through at least three receptors: AT1R, AT2R, and AT4R, which are expressed under different developmental, tissue-specific, and disease-specific conditions and which couple to distinct effector pathways. Signaling through the AT1R, a classical G protein-coupled receptor, has been extensively studied and is well understood. Less is known about signaling through the AT2R, which often antagonizes the effects of signaling through the AT1R, but intriguing data are beginning to emerge concerning the signaling strategies and pathways that the AT2R employs.
The effects of relative price changes on the household's demand for money

Abstract In examining the economic response to changes in the rate of inflation, models of the demand for money have traditionally assumed that all prices change equiproportionately. This paper alternatively examines the effect on the demand for money of relative price changes. The analysis develops a choice theoretic framework of household behavior by combining a utility maximization framework with the inventory approach to the transactions demand for money. A significant result of the analysis is that the net effect of a change in relative prices on the household's money holding depends on the purchase frequencies and price elasticities of the relevant commodities.
Nutrient limitation of epilithic and epixylic biofilms in ten North American streams

SUMMARY 1. Nutrient diffusing substrata were used to determine the effect of added inorganic nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) on the development of epilithic and epixylic biofilms in 10 North American streams. Four treatments of diffusing substrata were used: Control (agar only), N addition (0.5 M NaNO3), P addition (0.5 M M KH2PO4), and N + P combined (0.5 M NaNO3 + 0.5 M KH2PO4). Agar surfaces were covered with glass fibre filters (for epilithon) or discs of untreated white oak wood veneer (for epixylon). 2. We found that if algae showed significant response to nutrient addition, N limitation (either N alone or N with P) was the most frequent response both on GF ⁄ F filters and on wood. Despite the low dissolved nutrient concentrations in our study streams, more than a third of the streams did not show any response to N or P addition. In fact, P was never the sole limiting nutrient for algal biofilms in this study. 3. Nutrient addition influenced algal colonisation of inorganic versus organic substrata in different ways. The presence of other biofilm constituents (e.g. fungi or bacteria) may influence whether algal biomass on wood increased in response to nutrient addition. Algae on organic and inorganic substrata responded similarly to nutrient addition in only one stream. 4. Fungal biomass on wood was nutrient limited in six of 10 study streams. N limitation of fungal biomass (with or without secondary P limitation) was most frequent, but P limitation did occur in two streams. 5. Our results show that biomass responses to nutrient addition by the heterotrophic and autotrophic components of the epixylic biofilm were different, though both experienced the same stream nutrient conditions. For algae and fungi growing on wood, limiting nutrients were rarely similar. Only three of nine streams showed the same biomass response to nutrient addition, including two that showed no significant change in biomass despite added nutrients.
Simulation analysis of just-in-time feasibility in a manufacturing environment

Abstract There is much interest in American industries in the use of just-in-time (JIT) manufacturing to reduce the work-in-progress (WIP) inventory and to increase the quality of the end product. However, while it promises significant results, it may be difficult to justify that management discard an operating MRP system in favor of a philosophy. This paper describes a study conducted in a manufacturing environment for a possible JIT implementation in the production floor and describes the simulation analyses of the operation.
Environmental and social implications of waste in U.S. agriculture and food sectors

Because the agriculture/food sectors appear to be driven by short-term economic and political forces, cheap energy, and agricultural-chemical technologies, waste and environmental/social problems in the agricultural/food sectors are estimated to cost the nation at least $150 billion per year. Most of the waste and environmental/social problems can be eliminated through better resource management policies and the adoption of sustainable agricultural practices.
Hacking Is Pervasive

A true hacker is an individual who can achieve miracles by appropriating, modifying, or "kludging" existing resources (devices, hardware, software, or anything within reach) to suit other purposes, often in an ingenious fashion. Gifted hackers can be thought of as transmutation or collage artists. They take everything from streamlined commercial products to bits of junk as their raw materials, leveraging the development and cost efficiencies of mass production as they modify established technology to serve their needs. Their work often juxtaposes unrelated modules in shotgun marriages, transforming off-the-shelf "lead" into technological "gold." In this special issue, we turn our attention to this positive connotation of the hacker from the perspective of pervasive computing.
Reaction of Internucleotidic Phosphorothioate Diesters with Fluorescent Reporter groups

Abstract The substitution of a non-bridging oxygen by sulfur in a DNA intemucleotidic phosphorus residue creates a nucleophilic site which is amenable to labeling by reporter groups such as fluorophores or spin labels. Placement of a single phosphorothioate diester at a selected position allows site-specific attachment of the reporter group. Incorporating a phosphorothioate at each and every intemucleotidic phosphorous linkage allows the incorporation of multiple reporter groups, ideally one for each nucleoside residue.
Epidemiology of anther-smut infection of Silene alba (= S. latifolia) caused by Ustilago violacea : patterns of spore deposition in experimental populations

Experimental populations of Silene alba consisting of healthy individuals and individuals infected by the anther-smut fungus Ustilago violacea were used to examine the effect of density and frequency of diseased individuals on spore deposition on healthy flowers. The results showed increasing spore deposition with increasing frequency but not density. Similar trends were observed for pollen deposition on females. The results support the hypothesis that spore transmission is via pollinators that adjust their flight distances to compensate for host density. Frequency-dependent transmission, characteristic of vector borne and venereal diseases, may by an important component of disease transmission of U. violacea in nature.
Abstract B68: Colorectal Cancer in the Setting of Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Role of Hemoglobin

Colorectal carcinoma (CRC) is a serious complication of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and accounts for approximately 15% of all IBD-associated deaths. The likelihood of IBD-related carcinoma is greater than that of sporadic CRC. Over one half are diagnosed at stage III or IV when cancer cells have already invaded surrounding tissues and most conventional therapeutics are limited in their success. Therefore the early detection of cancer, which is difficult in IBD, is crucial for its ultimate control and prevention. While mining the colonic mucosal and submucosal layers for biomarkers that differentiate ulcerative colitis (UC) from Crohn's colitis (CC) using Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) profiling, we found a signal at m/z 5045 to be more intense in UC. Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis allowed identification of this signal as triply charged hemoglobin alpha chain. Macrophages are highly versatile phagocytes active in multiple roles in the immune system and key players in the inflammatory response. Their presence within the inflammatory microenvironment, in some cases, has been proven to increase transformation, angiogenesis, and immunosuppression. In hemorrhagic situations (as in UC), macrophages engulf erythrocytes that are outside the vascular bed and as a result free hemoglobin is released. Hemoglobin induces DNA damage in human colonic cells and is genotoxic. The potential carcinogenic effects of hemoglobin were documented when it was shown that hemoglobin increases the number of aberrant crypt foci in colon mucosa. In the colon, free hemoglobin is expected to increase the production of reactive oxygen (O2) species (ROS) from peroxides via the Fenton reaction, which may be the cause of cellular toxicity and eventually pro-mutagenic lesions. Intracellular reactions with active O2 can result in the initiation and progression of carcinogenesis by induction of gene mutations, chromosomal damage and cytotoxic effects. We hypothesize that elevated expression of mucosal free hemoglobin would be associated with an increased risk of CRC. To validate this hypothesis will require investigating whether hemoglobin could be classified as a proliferative or transforming agent for colon cancer cells by causing reactive oxygen species release and subsequent DNA damage. For this purpose, we will assess the cellular viability of normal colonic cell-lines, NCM 356 and NCM 460. These cell-lines will be treated with hemoglobin at different concentrations to determine the changes in levels of ROS. ROS production will be measured using C-400 staining assay and further analysis will be carried out using FACS. Additionally, we will also examine the potential cytotoxicity of hemoglobin. Supported: MMC-VICC Cancer Partnership Grant#: 3U54CA091408-09S 1; MeTRC grant#: 5U54RR026140-03, and Vanderbilt SPORE in GI Cancer Grant#: P50CA095103 .
SU-GG-I-152: Rapid Evaluation of X-Ray/Light Field Alignment for Digital Radiographic Systems

Purpose: This study investigated the development of a device to rapidly quantify x‐ray and light field alignment. The device is a useful alternative to traditional measurement techniques requiring film and is particularly useful for all‐digital facilities that no longer have film processors. The system that is investigated provides rapid and accurate evaluation of the difference between x‐ray and light fields. Method and Materials: A fiber‐optic coupled (FOC) dosimetry system was adapted to evaluate the misalignment between the light and x‐ray fields of mammography imaging systems. An FOC detector element providing a variable output as a function of exposed dosimeter length is used to measure the deviation of each side of the X‐ray/light field. Each detector element incorporates two FOC dosimeters which were constructed by coupling plastic scintillator fibers, 500 microns in diameter, one 2mm and the other 5cm in length, to sensitive photomultiplier tubes(PMTs). The detector element is positioned such that the 5 cm dosimeter intersects the edge of the light and X‐ray fields. The second dosimeter (2mm) is positioned entirely in the X‐ray field to provide a relative measure of beam intensity. Characterization involved varying the length of the 5 cm dosimeter exposed within the x‐ray field. Results: The system consistently demonstrated linearity with tube output and exposed length. Trials have shown a linear response of detected counts to length of scintillation material in the light field over the range of interest. The system's spatial resolution is evaluated and characterized for a variety of exposure parameters. Conclusion: Multiple PMTs allow all edges of the light field to be evaluated simultaneously, permitting x‐ray/light field alignment for a typical digital mammography system to be completed in approximately ten minutes. The time savings and improved accuracy over current alternatives makes the device an attractive tool for digital mammography quality control.
Drug Use, Misuse, and Abuse Incidents among Elementary School Children:

The purpose of this research paper was to review recent drug use, misuse, and abuse incidents among elementary school children in order to emphasize the fact that the drug problem in society has spread rapidly in a downward fashion from adults to college and secondary school age students and to elementary school children. It also highlights the fact that elementary school children are constantly being exposed to the drug problem due to the use of drugs by people in their immediate environment and their subsequent carelessness. The research emphatically demonstrates that it is no longer feasible for responsible adults to deny the existence of drug problems on the elementary school level.
The software sampler workshop: Intermediate training for university microcomputer users

The acquisition of microcomputers has changed the nature of user support at the Ohio State University. The pioneer micro users of a few years ago primarily desired assistance in these areas:• introductory terminology, “computerese” vocabulary;• setting up their new systems;• communicating with the mainframes on campus.As users gained experience on their systems, training demands evolved. Now micro users want training in the “big three,” word processing, data base management, and electronic spreadsheets.In this paper, I shall examine this evolution in training support. What is taught, including a basic outline of objectives, and specific examples of materials, will be discussed. Finally, a plan for administration will be given.
Horizontal tube evaporators: Part I. Theoretically-based correlations

Abstract Based on previous studies carried out by the authors, theoretically-based correlations are developed for predicting the internal condensation and external evaporation heat transfer coefficients which can be used for the thermal performance of horizontal tube evaporators. It is shown that the evaporation heat transfer outside tubes in a tube bundle can be correlated in terms of film Reynolds number, Prandtl number, dimensionless tube spacing, and pipe diameter. It is also shown that the evaporation heat transfer in a tube bundle decreases from the first tube until a fully-developed region is reached. On the other hand, the condensation heat transfer inside tubes is correlated in terms of Kutateladze number, Galileo number, vapor and liquid phase superficial Reynolds number and the dimensionless pipe length. Comparisons of the present predictions and experimental results are made and found to be in good agreement.
Factors Affecting Ceftriaxone Plasma Protein Binding During Open Heart Surgery

Factors most likely contributing to reduced ceftriaxone plasma protein binding in patients undergoing open heart surgery (OHS) were examined. Binding was determined by equilibrium dialysis. It was found that ceftriaxone does not bind significantly to red blood cells, alpha 1-acid glycoprotein, or to protamine, and that the pH of serum did not significantly affect binding. Albumin is the major protein to bind ceftriaxone, and binding decreases with lower albumin concentrations due to fewer binding sites. The binding of ceftriaxone was not affected by the in vitro addition of heparin or methylprednisolone, but high concentrations of methylprednisolone hemisuccinate increased the free fraction of ceftriaxone. Increased concentrations of free fatty acids (FFA) were demonstrated in several patients undergoing OHS. The in vitro addition of palmitic, stearic, linoleic, and oleic acids in high concentrations decreased the binding of ceftriaxone. Ceftriaxone binding in patient samples correlated with the molar ratio of FFA to albumin, but not to either individually. The dual effect of increased FFA and decreased albumin concentrations in OHS patients appears responsible for most of the observed binding alterations.
Characterization of chitosans via coupled size-exclusion chromatography and multiple-angle laser light-scattering technique

Abstract Chitosan [(1 → 4)-2-amino-2-deoxy-β- d -glucan], a cationic biopolymer, was obtained by deacetylation of chitin samples from various sources. Nine chitosan samples differing in their degree of acetylation and molecular weight were used in this study. They were characterized by size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) coupled to a multiple-angle laser light-scattering (MALLS) photometer. The results show that accurate, reliable, and reproducible molecular weight and radius of gyration data are obtained by using SEC-MALLS. These samples were also characterized by a conventional secondary calibration technique. The molecular weights obtained by secondary calibration were found to be 2–3 times higher than those obtained using SEC-MALLS. The dissimilarity between the chitosan samples and polymer standards employed for calibration were presumed to be responsible for overestimation of the molecular weights. Therefore, we conclude that the unavailability of chitosan polymer standards underscores the need of an absolute molecular-weight determination technique, such as SEC-MALLS. This technique can be used for establishing structure-function relationships of chitosans and as a quality control tool for monitoring bulk production of chitosans.
Improved Fatigue Life Cycle Using Surface Finish and Surface Coating in a Cam-Roller System: Multi-Scale System Analysis and Verification

Surface failure in the form of pitting wear is encountered in cam-roller systems. The failure appears to be initiated at micron-scale subsurface region. High stress is a result of the macro-scale requirement on the cam-roller motion event that produces high contact loads due to inertia of the roller and its follower link. Sliding of the roller and its impact onto the cam surface further compounds the detrimental effect of contact load. While conventionally a Hertz contact stress analysis can be used in ascertaining contact stress and maximum subsurface von Mises stress, it generally underestimates the stress when compared to the micron-scale subsurface stresses due to the presence of surface roughness. Contact analyses of cam and roller with rough surfaces are performed to examine the effects of two surface treatments. These involve surface finishing process in which a surface is rendered smooth, and the addition of a coating to the roller surface. Measurements of such cam and roller surfaces are used in micro-contact analysis module of Surface Distress Analytical Toolkit (SDAT) to examine the effect of surface finish and coating on maximum subsurface stress. It is found that smooth surface provides a 53% reduction in maximum subsurface stress. The analysis also shows that the addition of coating reduces subsurface stress nearly 7%. The impact of the combined treatment of the surface is an increase in fatigue life of the cam-roller system by nearly two orders of magnitude. The above findings are based on laboratory tests using six rollers without and with various degrees of finishing processes, and with and without addition of coating to the surfaces. Examination of the rollers indicates a general improvement in roller performance due to addition of coating. Most notably, the combination of finishing process and coating was found to provide the best fatigue life since the corresponding rollers showed no observable wear even after testing for 2161 hours, or the same number of cycles accumulated over about 500,000 truck miles.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Carrier-mediated transport of urate by chicken (Gallus domesticus) renal brush-border membrane vesicles.

Abstract 1. 1. Urate is transported by an anion exchange system in chicken renal brush-border membrane vesicles. An outward chloride gradient stimulates an overshoot in urate uptake. 2. 2. The anion exchanger is similar to those described for the kidneys of rats and dogs except that the chicken exchanger has a higher specificity for urate. 3. 3. p -Aminohippurate has only a weak affinity, if any, for the urate exchanger. 4. 4. There were no apparent qualitative differences in urate transport between brush-border membrane vesicles from genetically normouricemic and hyperuricemic chickens.
Abstract Representations of Location and Facing Direction in the Human Brain

Humans, like other mobile organisms, rely on spatial representations to guide navigation from place to place. Although previous work has identified neural systems involved in wayfinding, the specific spatial codes supported by these systems are not well understood. We use functional magnetic resonance imaging to identify regions within the human medial temporal and medial parietal lobes that encode two fundamental spatial quantities-location and facing direction-in a manner that abstracts away from sensory inputs. University students were scanned while viewing photographs taken at several familiar campus locations. Multivoxel pattern analyses indicated that the left presubiculum, retrosplenial complex, and parietal-occipital sulcus coded location identity even across non-overlapping views, whereas the right presubiculum coded facing direction even across noncontiguous locations. The location and direction codes supported by these regions may be critical to our ability to navigate within the extended environment and to understand its large-scale spatial structure.
Impurity Diffusion and Space Charge Layers in "Fused-Impurity" p − n Junctions

Fused-impurity $p\ensuremath{-}n$ junctions have properties which depend upon alloying and diffusion of impurities. The inverse-voltage space charge distribution in such junctions is found to be such that nearly all the applied potential drop occurs within the base material. The barrier capacitance varies inversely as the square root of the applied voltage as expected for an abrupt transition junction. However, the diffusion of only 2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{12}$ acceptor atoms per ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ into $n$-type germanium is found sufficient to include the space charge layer (which includes the region of maximum dielectric stress) entirely below the diffused surface, in the relatively undisturbed base material.Diffusion calculations are reported, based on the latest values of diffusion constants, for various impurities, heating times, and temperatures. These lead to the conclusion that even a few seconds diffusion time at very moderate temperatures (even below 500\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C) is sufficient to result in the diffusion of more than 2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{12}$ atoms of any of the common donors or acceptors.
Multi-scale entropy-based measures of electroencephalogram during sleep as quantitative criteria for chronic insomnia

Introduction Patterns of transient EEG correlates of sleep, such as sleep spindles, can potentially serve as fingerprint of the underlying neurological disease. Our primary goal was to explore the feasibility of adopting complexity measures of sleep architecture as quantitative criteria for insomnia diagnostics and to assess its discriminative power in comparison with traditional polysomnography (PSG) measures through Receiver Operating characteristic (ROC) analyses. Materials and methods Participants were 29 normal sleepers and 26 insomnia patients who underwent 1 overnight ambulatory PSG. Records were scored by a registered sleep technician and were finalized by a doctoral level sleep specialist. Sleep spindles were detected from EEG waveforms during NREM sleep with frequency ranges 11–15 Hz. The three entropy-based measures used: (1) univariate entropy measuring the variability of spindle events over REM cycles, (2) multi-scale entropy measuring the variability of REM periods over time (MSER) and (3) multi-scale entropy measuring the variability of spindle event intervals (MSES). ROC was conducted to compare sensitivity and specificity of primary measures at varying thresholds. Area Under the Curve (AUC) served as the primary index of accuracy. Finally, Spearman correlation between entropy scores and the sleep severity index were calculated within 26 insomnia patients. Results ROC analyses of traditional PSG-based measures show the following rank of AUC: sleep efficiency (0.60) > WASO (0.57) > sleep latency (0.56) > sleep duration = REM duration = spindle numbers (0.55). Sleep efficiency is the best discriminator, consistent with published literature on ROC analysis of PSG-based measures in insomnia, but all measures fall into the “low” discriminative class (AUC MSER (0.69) > cyclic spindles (0.57). Only the full-range spindles demonstrated significant association with sleep severity index among insomnia patients (rs = 0.410, p = 0.0466). Conclusion Our proposed multi-scale entropy measures demonstrates superior performance over traditional PSG measures in discriminating insomnia from normal sleepers by integrating the temporal patterns at multiple layers. Interestingly, entropy analysis of spindles show increased variability at all scales in insomnia patients (F-test p Acknowledgements The project described was supported by the following grants NIAMS R01AR059410 and NIDA R01DA032922 .
Characteristics of dermatologists who read dermatopathology slides

Background: The characteristics and prevalence of dermatologists reading dermatopathology slides are not well understood. Methods: We surveyed 1406 members of the American Academy of Dermatology (AAD), including all 497 who were also members of the American Society of Dermatopathology (ASDP) along with a random sample of the remaining AAD members who were not ASDP members. Seven hundred and thirty of 1406 (51.9%) responded with a usable survey. Logistic regression was used to analyze responses by ASDP member dermatologists, non-ASDP member dermatologists and in a weighted analysis for dermatologists as a whole. Results: A total of 32.7% of dermatologists as a whole generated at least one final microscopic diagnosis in the preceding year. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that men were significantly more likely to read dermatopathology slides (odds ratio (OR) = 1.90; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.16–3.12; p = 0.01). Additionally, there was significant variation by region (p < 0.001); compared with dermatologists in the Midwest, dermatologists in the Southeast (OR = 0.39; 95% CI 0.19–0.80) were significantly less likely to read slides, while those in the Mountain (OR = 3.09; 95% CI 1.10–8.72) and West (OR = 2.01; 95% CI 1.04–3.90) regions were significantly more likely. There were no significant associations found between reading slides and the year of residency completion, the number of patients seen per week or being primarily in academics. Conclusions: The practice of dermatologists reading dermatopathology slides is relatively common, with significant regional and sex differences.
Quality measurement of fruits and vegetables

Abstract To investigate and control quality, one must be able to measure quality-related attributes. Quality of produce encompasses sensory attributes, nutritive values, chemical constituents, mechanical properties, functional properties and defects. Instrumental measurements are often preferred to sensory evaluations in research and commercial situations because they reduce variations in judgment among individuals and can provide a common language among researchers, industry and consumers. Essentially, electromagnetic (often optical) properties relate to appearance, mechanical properties to texture, and chemical properties to flavor (taste and aroma). Instruments can approximate human judgments by imitating the way people test the product or by measuring fundamental properties and combining those mathematically to categorize the quality. Only people can judge quality, but instruments that measure quality-related attributes are vital for research and for inspection.
Amino-terminal sequence of the 21 kDa apoprotein of a minor light- harvesting pigment-protein complex of the Photosystem II antenna (LHC IId/CP24)

The 21 kDa apoprotein of LHC IId, a minor light-harvesting antenna component of Photosystem II, has been isolated and subjected to N-tenninal protein sequencing. A sequence of 66 residues was obtained which contains regions of considerable homology to both those reported for LHC II and LHC I, but which is obviously distinct from them. The proposed occurrence of an identical 21 kDa LHC subunit in both photosystems I and II is shown to be incorrect.
Visual Analytics Law Enforcement Toolkit

We present VALET, a Visual Analytics Law Enforcement Toolkit for analyzing spatiotemporal law enforcement data. VALET provides users with a suite of analytical tools coupled with an interactive visual interface for data exploration and analysis. This system includes linked views and interactive displays that spatiotemporally model criminal, traffic and civil (CTC) incidents and allows officials to observe patterns and quickly identify regions with higher probabilities of activity. Our toolkit provides analysts with the ability to visualize different types of data sets (census data, daily weather reports, zoning tracts, prominent calendar dates, etc.) that provide an insight into correlations among CTC incidents and spatial demographics. In the spatial domain, we have implemented a kernel density estimation mapping technique that creates a color map of spatially distributed CTC events that allows analysts to quickly find and identify areas with unusually large activity levels. In the temporal domain, reports can be aggregated by day, week, month or year, allowing the analysts to visualize the CTC activities spatially over a period of time. Furthermore, we have incorporated temporal prediction algorithms to forecast future CTC incident levels within a 95% confidence interval. Such predictions aid law enforcement officials in understanding how hotspots may grow in the future in order to judiciously allocate resources and take preventive measures. Our system has been developed using actual law enforcement data and is currently being evaluated and refined by a consortium of law enforcement agencies.
Caring for Preschool Children in Urban Brazil

ABSTRACT: This paper examines modes of child care choice for young children in urban Brazil. Analysis of child care in developing countries is rare, in spite of its relevance to many policy issues. We model child care choice as a function of characteristics of the child and the mother, including the mother's predicted wage and probability of employment, the presence of other young children and potential caregivers. The results highlight the importance of the institutional structure of the labour market and the formal child care market and reveal policy-relevant information regarding the allocation of child care responsibility among household members.