cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nilotinib Alters the Efflux Transporter-Mediated Pharmacokinetics of Afatinib in Mice.

Abstract Small-molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are novel anticancer agents with enhanced selectivity and superior safety profiles than conventional chemotherapeutics. A major shortcoming in TKI therapy is the development of acquired resistance. An important resistance mechanism is reduced intracellular drug accumulation due to an overexpression of efflux transporters such as P-glycoprotein (Pgp) and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) in cancer cells. TKIs have dual roles as substrates and inhibitors of Pgp and BCRP; thus, combination TKI therapy could potentially reverse efflux transporter-mediated TKI resistance. In the present study, the effect of 14 TKIs on Pgp-, Bcrp1-, and BCRP-mediated afatinib efflux was investigated in vitro. Nilotinib was a potent inhibitor of Pgp, Bcrp1, and BCRP, with EC50 values of 2.22, 2.47, and 0.692 μM, respectively. Consequently, the pharmacokinetics of afatinib with and without the coadministration of nilotinib was determined in mice plasma and various tissues. Nilotinib increased afatinib AUC by 188% in plasma, and this altered tissue AUC by −38.8% to +221%. Nilotinib also decreased the clearance of afatinib by 65.3%, from 609 to 211 mL/h. Further studies are warranted to assess nilotinib’s chemosensitizing effect in tumor xenograft models.
Conditions at the time of inoculation influence survival of attenuated Escherichia coli O157:H7 on field-inoculated lettuce.

Abstract The impact of plant development, environmental conditions at the time of inoculation, and inoculum concentration on survival of attenuated BSL1 Escherichia coli O157:H7 strain ATCC 700728 on field-grown romaine lettuce was evaluated over 3 years. E. coli 700728 was inoculated onto 4- and 6-week-old romaine lettuce plants in the Salinas Valley, CA, at night or the next morning with either low (5 log) or high (7 log) cell numbers per plant to simulate a single aqueous contamination event. At night, when leaf wetness and humidity levels were high, E. coli cell numbers declined by 0.5 log CFU/plant over the first 8–10 h. When applied in the morning, E. coli populations declined up to 2 log CFU/plant within 2 h. However, similar numbers of E. coli were retrieved from lettuce plants at 2 and 7 days. E. coli cell numbers per plant were significantly lower (P
Interleukin-6 fused to a mutant form of Pseudomonas exotoxin kills malignant cells from patients with multiple myeloma.

IL-6-PE4E is a recombinant protein consisting of interleukin-6 (IL-6) fused to a mutant form of Pseudomonas exotoxin in which four basic amino acids are changed to glutamate (PE4E). The chimeric toxin has been previously shown to specifically kill malignant hepatic, prostatic, epidermoid, and myeloma cell lines in vitro. To explore the possible clinical utility of IL-6-PE4E, particularly as an agent for ex vivo purging of marrow for autologous bone marrow transplantation (ABMT), we tested malignant cells from patients with multiple myeloma for sensitivity to this chimeric toxin. Ficoll-purified bone marrow cells were incubated with and without IL-6-toxin for 2 to 3 days. Eight of the 15 myeloma patients had cells that were sensitive to IL-6-toxin as measured by a decrease in the level of protein synthesis. Cells from five patients were very sensitive to IL-6-PE4E, with 50% inhibition of protein synthesis (ID50) achieved at or below 6 ng/mL (7 x 10(-11) mol/L). Cells from three additional patients showed moderate sensitivity, with ID50s between 30 and 140 ng/mL. The remaining seven samples showed little or no sensitivity, with ID50s greater than or equal to 400 ng/mL. Normal bone marrow cells or normal BFU-E and CFU-GM were resistant to the IL-6-toxin even at 1,000 ng/mL. Neither IL-6, IL- 2-PE4E, nor an enzymatically deficient mutant of IL-6-PE4E was cytotoxic toward the myeloma cells, indicating that the cytotoxic effect of IL-6-PE4E required the adenosine diphosphate-ribosylation function as well as the specific ligand. Our data suggest that IL-6- toxin could be effective in ex vivo marrow purging in selected multiple myeloma patients who are candidates for ABMT, and that this toxin should also be investigated further for in vivo therapy.
Advanced imaging and trends in hospitalizations from the emergency department.

Objective The proportion of US emergency department (ED) visits that lead to hospitalization has declined over time. The degree to which advanced imaging use contributed to this trend is unknown. Our objective was to examine the association between advanced imaging use during ED visits and changes in ED hospitalization rates between 2007–2008 and 2015–2016. Methods We analyzed data from the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey. The primary outcome was ED hospitalization, including admission to inpatient and observation units and outside transfers. The primary exposure was advanced imaging during the ED visit, including computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and ultrasound. We constructed a survey-weighted multivariable logistic regression with binary outcome of ED hospitalization to examine changes in adjusted hospitalization rates from 2007–2008 to 2015–2016, comparing ED visits with and without advanced imaging. Results ED patients who received advanced imaging (versus those who did not) were more likely to be 65 years or older (25.3% vs 13.0%), non-Hispanic white (65.3% vs 58.5%), female (58.4% vs 54.1%), and have Medicare (26.5% vs 16.0%). Among ED visits with advanced imaging, adjusted annual hospitalization rate declined from 22.5% in 2007–2008 to 17.3% (adjusted risk ratio [aRR] 0.77; 95% CI 0.68, 0.86) in 2015–2016. In the same periods, among ED visits without advanced imaging, adjusted annual hospitalization rate declined from 14.3% to 11.6% (aRR 0.81; 95% CI 0.73, 0.90). The aRRs between ED visits with and without advanced imaging were not significantly different. Conclusion From 2007–2016, ED visits with advanced imaging did not have a greater reduction in admission rate compared to those without advanced imaging. Our results suggest that increasing advanced imaging use likely had a limited role in the general decline in hospital admissions from EDs. Future research is needed to further validate this finding.
Breast cancer among Asian Indian and Pakistani Americans: A surveillance, epidemiology and end results-based study

Breast cancer incidence is increasing among Asian Indian and Pakistani women living in the United States. We examined the characteristics of breast cancer in Asian Indian and Pakistani American (AIPA) and non-Hispanic white (NHW) women using data from the surveillance, epidemiology and end results (SEER) program. Breast cancer incidence rates were estimated via segmented Poisson regression using data between 1990 and 2014 from SEER 9 registries, including New Jersey and California. Disease characteristics, treatment and survival information between 2000 and 2016 for 4900 AIPA and 482 250 NHW cases diagnosed after age 18 were obtained from SEER 18 registries and compared using descriptive analyses and multivariable competing risk proportional hazards regression. Breast cancer incidence was lower in AIPA than NHW women, increased with age and the rate of increase declined after age of 46 years. AIPA women were diagnosed at significantly younger age (mean (SD) = 54.5 (13.3) years) than NHW women (mean (SD) = 62 (14) years, P < .0001) and were more likely than NHW cases (P < .0001) to have regional or distant stage, higher grade, estrogen receptor-negative, progesterone receptor-negative, triple-negative or human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-enriched tumors, subcutaneous or total mastectomy, and lower cumulative incidence of death due to breast cancer (hazard ratio = 0.79, 95% CI: 0.72-0.86, P < .0001). AIPA had shorter median follow-up (52 months) than NHW cases (77 months). Breast cancer in AIPA women has unique characteristics that need to be further studied along with a comprehensive evaluation of their follow-up patterns.
Ion acceleration in laser generated megatesla magnetic vortex

Magnetic Vortex Acceleration (MVA) from near critical density targets is one of the promising schemes of laser-driven ion acceleration. 3D particle-in-cell simulations are used to explore a more extensive laser-target parameter space than previously reported in the literature as well as to study the laser pulse coupling to the target, the structure of the fields, and the properties of the accelerated ion beam in the MVA scheme. The efficiency of acceleration depends on the coupling of the laser energy to the self-generated channel in the target. The accelerated proton beams demonstrate a high level of collimation with achromatic angular divergence, and carry a significant amount of charge. For petawatt-class lasers, this acceleration regime provides a favorable scaling of the maximum ion energy with the laser power for the optimized interaction parameters. The megatesla-level magnetic fields generated by the laser-driven coaxial plasma structure in the target are a prerequisite for accelerating protons to the energy of several hundred mega-electron-volts.
Strongly correlated and topological states in [111] grown transition metal oxide thin films and heterostructures

We highlight recent advances in the theory, materials fabrication, and experimental characterization of strongly correlated and topological states in [111] oriented transition metal oxide thin films and heterostructures, which are notoriously difficult to realize compared to their [001] oriented counterparts. We focus on two classes of complex oxides, with the chemical formulas ABO3 and A2B2O7, where the B sites are occupied by an open-shell transition metal ion with a local moment and the A sites are typically a rare earth element. The [111] oriented quasi-two-dimensional lattices derived from these parent compound lattices can exhibit peculiar geometries and symmetries, namely, a buckled honeycomb lattice, as well as kagome and triangular lattices. These lattice motifs form the basis for emergent strongly correlated and topological states expressed in exotic magnetism, various forms of orbital ordering, topological insulators, topological semimetals, quantum anomalous Hall insulators, and quantum spin liquids. For transition metal ions with high atomic number, spin–orbit coupling plays a significant role and may give rise to additional topological features in the electronic band structure and in the spectrum of magnetic excitations. We conclude this perspective by articulating open challenges and opportunities in this actively developing field.
Five Legal Takeaways from the Syrian War

The U.S. Army regularly uses after action reports (AAR) to record observations and capture lessons learned from military operations. While not strictly an AAR, the following list of five takeaways is intended to memorialize some of the legal trends that arose during the military campaigns in Syria and Iraq. Our hope is that this admittedly non-exhaustive list will stimulate a broader conversation about the legal consequences of the Syrian War.
Pre-Arrest Perceptions of George Zimmerman’s Guilt in the Fatal Trayvon Martin Shooting: Examining Racial Differences in the Presumption of Guilt:

The racial gradient hypothesis of comparative conflict theory predicts Black people perceive the greatest social injustices, followed by Latinx and white people, respectively. This study used natio...
Managing Sleep in Adults with ADHD: From Science to Pragmatic Approaches

Background: Sleep disorders and sleep problems commonly occur in adults with ADHD and add to functional impairment. Evidence-based treatments for sleep could improve function in the adult ADHD population. Methods: A literature review was conducted to present the clinical science informing treatment of sleep in adults with ADHD. Results: Six systematic prospective studies of sleep intervention in adults with ADHD were identified. Three of these, all including well-characterized ADHD patients, offered evidence for a significant effect of morning light therapy. Across the studies, preliminary evidence for melatonin, behavioral therapy, and weighted blankets were also found. Implication: Low-risk interventions such as light therapy may improve sleep in adults with ADHD, but many sleep interventions currently in use remain unstudied in the ADHD population. Considerations for evidence-informed practice and future research directions are discussed.
Curved Beam Analog for Tunnel Design in Massive Rock

A curved-beam analog is shown to be valid for tunnel design in massive rock. A "mechanics of materials" analysis is used that retains a physical model of the dominant stress action by assuming an experimentally verifiable deformation, thus radically simplifying the mathematics, and providing a continued insight as complexity is added to the fundamental problem. The specific technique, curves-beam analysis isolates some of the material immediately surrounding the opening in the mass, and bordering on the uniform stress field, as a uniformly loaded ring, for which there is precedent. Qualitative and quantitative studies give an orientation into the mechanisms involved, particularly the deformation-controlled loading along the outer boundary of the ring, which was most simply handled by postulating a "degenerate" beam action. /ASLE/
Stability of Electrolyzed Oxidizing Water and Its Efficacy against Cell Suspensions of Salmonella Typhimurium and Listeria monocytogenes

Electrolyzed oxidizing (EO) water has proved to be effective against foodborne pathogens attached to cutting boards and poultry surfaces and against spoilage organisms on vegetables; however, its levels of effectiveness against Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella Typhimurium in cell suspensions have not been compared with those of other treatments. In this study, the oxidation reduction potentials (ORPs), chlorine concentrations, and pHs of acidic and basic EO water were monitored for 3 days at 4 and 25 degrees C after generation. There were no differences between the pHs or ORPs of acidic and basic EO waters stored at 4 or 25 degrees C. However, the free chlorine concentration in acidic EO water stored at 4 degrees C increased after 24 h. In contrast, the free chlorine concentration in acidic EO water stored at 25 degrees C decreased after one day. Cell suspensions of Salmonella Typhimurium and L. monocytogenes were treated with distilled water, chlorinated water (20 ppm), acidified chlorinated water (20 ppm, 4.5 pH), acidic EO water (EOA), basic EO water (EOB), or acidic EO water that was "aged" at 4 degrees C for 24 h (AEOA) for up to 15 min at either 4 or 25 degrees C. The largest reductions observed were those following treatments carried out at 25 degrees C. EOA and AEOA treatments at both temperatures significantly reduced Salmonella Typhimurium populations by > 8 log10 CFU/ml. EOA and AEOA treatments effectively reduced L. monocytogenes populations by > 8 log10 CFU/ml at 25degrees C. These results demonstrate the stability of EO water under different conditions and that EO water effectively reduced Salmonella Typhimurium and L. monocytogenes populations in cell suspensions.
Bacteriophage association of streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin type C.

Abstract A gene encoding streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin type C (SPE C) was isolated from bacteriophage DNA derived from Streptococcus pyogenes CS112. The gene, designated speC2, was shown to reside near the phage attachment site of phage CS112. A restriction endonuclease map of the CS112 phage was generated, and the location and orientation of the speC2 gene were determined. Hybridization analyses of eight SPE C-producing strains revealed restriction fragment length polymorphism of the speC gene-containing DNA fragments and further showed that each speC was linked to a common CS112 phage-derived DNA fragment.
What Color is the Number Seven? Category Mistake Analysis and the 'Legislative/Non-Legislative' Distinction

What color is the number seven? What is the street address of the “average American family,” which consists of exactly 2.75 people? Each of these is an example of “category mistakes,” whereby concepts are sought to be applied in categories to which they do not belong. Category mistakes are logically wrong because when two concepts are in different categories, we cannot measure the second, “target domain,” by methods that are appropriate only to the first, “source domain,” or vice-versa. The risk of category mistakes is ever-present in law because the same terms often carry dramatically different meanings in different contexts. The “legislative/non-legislative” distinction, used to differentiate legislative governmental conduct from non-legislative governmental conduct, has been particularly prone to category mistakes. Thus, standards used in one setting for distinguishing legislative from non-legislative governmental conduct are uncritically applied in settings in which they do not belong. This results in category mistakes, akin to using colors to measure numbers. This article proposes “category mistake analysis” as a methodology for uncovering category mistakes in law. Category mistake analysis reveals the underlying interests and policies in the source domains, from which the legislative/non-legislative distinctions are derived, in contrast to the underlying interests and policies in the target domains, to which the distinctions have been uncritically applied. Part I describes category mistake analysis by distinguishing it from the more conventional use of metaphors and analogies in legal reasoning. Part II examines the category mistake in the use of the legislative/non-legislative distinction to import the separation of powers concept into the popular democracy referendum setting. Part III considers the category mistake of using the legislative/non-legislative distinction to import the rule-making versus rule-enforcement concept into the exactions setting involving takings of property by the government. Part IV analyzes the category mistake of applying law-enactment concepts to determine whether administrative agency action should be subject to deferential judicial review.
Document Delivery for Distance Learners: Not as Difficult as You Fear

This paper discusses the development of the Books and Article Delivery Service at Brigham Young University. Instituted in 2003, Faculty Delivery Service was developed and refined to meet the diverse needs of students who are completing courses without the aid of on-campus resources. It also provides statistics and cost data in a common practices atmosphere. Past challenges and solutions are identified and anticipated future opportunities are discussed.
Louisiana Land Reform in the Storms' Aftermath

Louisiana was hit hard by two very different storms in the beginning of the 21st century. In 2005, the literal storms of Hurricanes Katrina, Rita and Wilma devastated much of the state, destroying homes and driving away residents. Just prior to the hurricanes, Louisiana’s hope for land reform was drastically altered by the storm surrounding the U.S. Supreme Court’s Kelo decision, which augmented the government’s eminent domain powers. Louisiana responded to Kelo with its own legislation, creating a new and winding maze of expropriation laws. This article examines how the combination of these two storms affected the post-Katrina land reforms in Louisiana, focusing on the potential for land reform through property tax reform and land banking.
Isolated Wetland Commons and the Constitution

Isolated wetlands provide great ecological and economic value to the United States. While some states provide protection for isolated wetlands, a great many do not. These wetlands are also left outside the ambit of federal wetland regulatory protections under the Clean Water Act, with its murky jurisdictional reach. Notwithstanding jurisdictional questions under current federal statutes, the U.S. Supreme Court has gone so far as to call into question the constitutionality of federal isolated wetland regulation. This article makes a normative argument that, in the absence of state programs providing holistic isolated wetland protections, federal action is needed. The article further provides the legal foundation — despite doubts manifested by the nation’s highest court — for the constitutionality of federal isolated wetlands regulation. This legal foundation is based upon commons analysis, which ties developers of isolated wetlands — those engaged in interstate commerce — to isolated wetlands within a single act of appropriation. Such acts of appropriation are economic transactions that in the aggregate substantially affect interstate commerce — thus meeting one of the tests established by the Supreme Court for determining the constitutionality of federal legislation.
Are the effects of nicotinic acid on insulin resistance precipitated by abnormal phosphorous metabolism

Nicotinic acid is a unique cholesterol modifying agent that exerts favorable effects on all cholesterol parameters. It holds promise as one of the main pharmacological agents to treat mixed dyslipidemia in metabolic syndrome and diabetic patients. The use of nicotinic acid has always been haunted with concerns that it might worsen insulin resistance and complicate diabetes management.
Constraint questions: How can they be taught to children with special needs?

The current study was designed to determine whether efficient question-asking strategies can be taught to children who do not display them spontaneously. The relative efficacy of two different teaching techniques was compared to determine which would increase the quality of question asking. This study is descriptive in nature. Twenty-eight students served as subjects. The treatment took place during a 28-day time period and consisted of a pre-test, two teaching sessions and a post-test session, each 14 days apart. An array of 25 pictorial objects and animals was used to stimulate constraint questions, which are more efficient than hypothesis questions for information seeking. A major finding in this investigation was that 6-year-old children with special needs could be taught to ask constraint questions and generalise this strategy using a self-evaluative teaching method. The number of constraint questions asked increased significantly using this method in comparison to the modelling teaching method. The findings of this study contribute to a better understanding of the relationship between teaching methods and cognitive-linguistic strategy development.
Effect of passive antibody on the immune response of cotton rats to purified F and G glycoproteins of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)

The effect of passively transferred RSV immune serum on the antibody response to a single dose of purified RSV fusion (F) and large (G) glycoproteins was studied in cotton rats. Passively transferred antibody that achieved serum antibody levels similar to those seen in newborn human infants resulted in a seven- to eightfold suppression of the neutralizing antibody response of cotton rats to low doses of purified F and G glycoproteins (0.2-1.7 micrograms) and a twofold suppression to higher doses of these antigens (5-15 micrograms). This suppression of the antibody response was accompanied by a reduction in the protective efficacy of the F and G purified glycoprotein vaccine. These results suggest that parenteral immunization with RSV antigens could be less immunogenic in seropositive human infants, but that this suppressive effect might be partially overcome with increased antigen dose.
Dynamic mechanical analysis of heat, microwave and visible light cure denture base resins

The clinical durability and performance of a denture are limited by the properties of the denture base resins used in the fabrication of the prosthesis. Among the properties considered important for denture base resins are viscoelastic properties such as storage modulus, damping and glass transition. In this study, dynamic mechanical analysis using a flexural mode of deformation in the temperature range 25–180°C has been used to characterize the viscoelastic properties of three denture base resins with different curing modes including conventional thermal cure, microwave cure and visible light cure. The resins studied were popular commercial systems. The results indicate that the microwave cure and conventional thermal cure resins are significantly different in their viscoelastic properties from the current visible light cure resin system. The latter resin is characterized by higher flexural modulus and loss modulus across the entire range of temperatures investigated and in addition shows higher glass transition temperature relative to the other resins studied. The results indicate that filler loading and crosslinking effects may be responsible for this behaviour of the visible light cure resin and may indicate a potential brittle behaviour not desirable in a permanent denture.
A time-saving technique in angiography of aortocoronary bypass patients.

We have used the sidewinder catheter for selective cattwterization and anglography of aortocoronary bypass grafts and have been Impressed by the usefulness of this catheter. Selective anglography of vein grafts can be done easily and quickly wtth this catheter, with a very high success rate.
The carpal boss: A 20-year review of operative management

Between 1969 and 1989, 116 patients were evaluated and treated surgically for symptomatic carpal boss. Their mean age was 32 years and male and female patients were equally affected. 28 patients gave a history of previous injury. Surgical treatment consisted of excision of the localized bony abnormality and the associated degenerative arthritic process to the level of normal articular surfaces and normal adjacent cancellous bone. The mean follow-up period for the patients in this study was 42 months. Complete symptomatic relief was observed in 94% of the patients undergoing surgical treatment. Recurrence or persistence of symptoms developed in seven surgical patients. Six had a second operation with more extensive removal of sclerotic bone and degenerate cartilage, and all patients had relief of symptoms.
THE EFFECT OF THE ADRENAL AND THYROID GLANDS UPON THE RISE OF PLASMA AMINO ACIDS IN THE EVISCERATED RAT

The mechanism of action of the adrenal cortical hormones upon the nitrogen metabolism has not as yet been elucidated. Previous observations (Engel, Schiller and Pentz, 1949; Bondy, Engel and Farrar, 1949) have suggested that their chief action is probably to promote the breakdown of protein to amino acids, rather than to alter the rate of deamination of amino acids and the formation of urea. Since urea is formed chiefly in the liver, it seemed possible that further information bearing on this point might be obtained by studying the effects of the adrenocortical hormones upon the nitrogen metabolism of the liverless animal. It has also been shown (Rupp, Paschkis and Cantarow, 1949) that the thyroid exerts a protein-catabolic effect under certain circumstances. Previous workers have suggested that this effect may be separate from the effect of the adrenal cortex (White and Dougherty, 1947). An attempt was made to verify this contention in the present experiments.
Effect of different coloured luminous surrounds on LED discomfort glare perception

Recently, there has been increased interest in energy-efficient lighting as energy resources become higher in demand. Anecdotal evidence suggests that certain populations believe light-emitting diodes (LED) produce more glare than traditional technologies. This may be due to a number of factors such as spectral power distribution (SPD), source luminance, or beam intensity distribution. A study was conducted to assess the effect of different SPDs on the perception of discomfort glare from an LED source. For the range of conditions evaluated, the presence of any luminous surround significantly reduced the perception of discomfort glare from the LED array. The blue luminous surround reduced discomfort glare perception significantly less than the white or the yellow luminous surrounds. The implications for solid-state lighting systems are discussed.
HEXA: Compact Data Structures for Faster Packet Processing

Data structures representing directed graphs with edges labeled by symbols from a finite alphabet are used to implement packet processing algorithms used in a variety of network applications. In this paper we present a novel approach to represent such data structures, which significantly reduces the amount of memory required. This approach called history-based encoding, execution and addressing (HEXA) challenges the conventional assumption that graph data structures must store pointers of lceillog2nrceil bits to identify successor nodes. We show how the data structures can be organized so that implicit information can be used to locate successors, significantly reducing the amount of information that must be stored explicitly. We demonstrate that the binary tries used for IP route lookup can be implemented using just two bytes per stored prefix (roughly half the space required by Eatherton's tree bitmap data structure) and that string matching can be implemented using 20-30% of the space required by conventional data representations. Compact representations are useful, because they allow the performance-critical part of packet processing algorithms to be implemented using fast, on-chip memory, eliminating the need to retrieve information from much slower off-chip memory. This can yield both substantially higher performance and lower power utilization. While enabling a compact representation, HEXA does not add significant complexity to the graph traversal and update, thus maintaining a high performance.
Turbulence Resolution Scale Dependence in Large-Eddy Simulations of a Jet Flame

The explicit dependence of LES fields on the turbulence resolution scale Δ implies that LES statistics usually vary with Δ and exhibit different convergence behaviors for different types of statistics, flow variables and subgrid LES models. The present work compares the performance of two popular subgrid models—the dynamic Smagorinsky model and the Vreman model—based on the convergence of their LES statistics with respect to Δ for a piloted methane-air (Sandia D) flame. The Δ-dependence of the LES statistics is studied based on five grids with progressively increased resolution ranging from 3 × 105 to about 10.4 × 106 cells. The simulation results show that the resolved velocity statistics converge for the finest grids with some weak Δ-dependence observed in the variance fields. The mixture fraction statistics are found to be more sensitive to the turbulence resolution scale upstream in the flame signifying the importance of the estimation of the Δ-invariant LES statistics at the DNS limit. For the considered flame the Vreman subgrid model exhibits good performance with the statistics being very close to those given by the dynamic Smagorinsky model, and being rather insensitive to a choice of the model constant.
Stride Rates of Quarter Horses and Thoroughbreds During Races of Short and Classic Race Distances

Introduction Racing Quarter Horses (QH) typically compete at shorter distances and faster speeds than Thoroughbreds (Tbred). The two components of speed are stride rate and stride length. The hypothesis of this study is that racing QH have greater stride rates than Tbreds, and that stride rate decreases as distance increases, even within breed. Methods Five runnings of sprint and classic distance stakes races for both QH (Texas Twister Stakes, 100.6 m; Champion of Champions, 402.3 m) and Tbred (Breeders′ Cup Sprint, 1,207.0 m; Breeders′ Cup Classic, 2,011.7 m) contested from 2008 to 2012 were obtained and viewed by five individuals. Individuals watched each race three times (in slow motion when needed) and the average number of strides per second taken by the winning horse was calculated. Using the PROC Mixed Procedure of SAS, the averages from the five individuals were used to compare differences between breeds, and between distances within a breed. The stride rates were also used to determine average stride length by factoring in length of each race. Results The average stride rate was greater for QH than for Tbred (2.88 vs 2.34 strides/sec; P<0.0001). Additionally, stride rate decreased (P<0.0001) as distance increased (2.96, 2.81, 2.45, 2.23 strides/sec, respectively). Stride length was longest in the Tbred races and shortest in the 100.6 m QH race (P<0.0001). Conclusions The Tbred stride rates reported here, and associated respiratory rates, have been previously reported and are remarkable. However, QH rates are nearly 25% greater. The associated rapid acceleration and deacceleration of the lower limb and quick breathing rate may have implications for skeletal and respiratory soundness. Ethical Animal Research No animals were used in this study and all information was obtained from previously conducted races for which video was publicly available. Sources of funding: Michigan State University and MSU AgBioResearch provided funding for support of investigators conducting this study. Competing interests: none.
Radiation-Induced Minor Element Segregation at Austenitic Stainless Steel Grain Boundaries

Measurement of minor element compositions at irradiated grain boundaries in austenitic stainless steels indicates that Si is the only element that significantly responds to radiation-induced segregation. Other minor elements, such as P or S, do not exhibit elevated grain boundary concentrations after irradiation. A rate theory evaluation of segregation is in accord with ioninduced Si enrichment, but reveals complexities in the interpretation of extrapolating behavior from ion-irradiation to neutron-irradiation behavior. The model calibrated to measured high-rate, ioninduced segregation greatly overestimates measured low-rate, neutron-irradiation segregation of Si.
The Communitarian Foreign Policy of Amitai Etzioni

Amitai Etzioni’s communitarian perspective offers a comprehensive approach to international affairs in addition to offering guidance for domestic policy. His argument that a focus on traditional “realist” concerns for a nation’s security and interests (“security first”), combined with a dialogue over competing moral imperatives, is more likely to lead to the emergence of an idealist end state--a sustainable international community. His emphasis on gradualism--of breaking apart complex policy goals into small, discrete steps--comes from his assessment that this is a better way of promoting lasting change in the international system. His perspective does not fit neatly into any of the dominant U.S. foreign policy approaches, but his ideas have formed part of the foreign policy debate for the last fifty years.
A comparative analysis of αA- and αB-crystallin expression during the cell cycle in primary mouse lens epithelial cultures

AlphaA- and alphaB-crystallins are small heat shock proteins and molecular chaperones that prevent non-specific aggregation of denaturing proteins. Previous work in our laboratory has shown that lens epithelial cells derived from alphaA-/- mice exhibit slower growth, whereas alphaB-/- lens epithelial cells hyperproliferate at a higher rate in culture [Andley et al., J. Biol. Chem. 273 (1998) 31252; FASEB J. 15 (2001) 221]. Although both have been implicated in apoptosis and cell proliferation, direct analysis of their expression during the cell cycle has not been investigated. This study was undertaken to define the expression levels of alphaA and alphaB-crystallins during the cell cycle. Primary lens epithelial cell cultures derived from wild type mice were synchronized by serum starvation, and pulsed with bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) at different times after re-stimulation with serum. Dual parameter flow cytometric studies with BrdU and propidium iodide (PI)-labeled cells were performed. Cells entered S phase 14 hr after serum re-stimulation. The duration of the S phase was 6 hr, and the total cell cycle transit time was between 24-27 hr. Enhanced expression of cyclin A, a protein essential for DNA synthesis was used as an additional marker to define the initiation of the S phase. Immunoblotting analysis demonstrated that the expression of alphaA and alphaB-crystallin was up to 10-fold higher in cells synchronized in G0 phase than in G1 phase. The levels of the proteins increased three-fold again as the cells entered the S phase and progressed to mitosis, but did not rise to the levels observed in G0 phase. This increase in expression of alphaA-crystallin resulted in part from enhanced synthesis during the S phase, as shown by an increase in [35S]methionine-labeling and immunoprecipitation of the radiolabeled alphaA-crystallin. The results were further confirmed by flow cytometric analysis using DNA content and alphaA-crystallin expression. The increase in alphaB-crystallin in S phase was paralleled by an increase in gene expression as shown by real-time RT-PCR analysis. These results demonstrate for the first time that in lens epithelial cells, alphaA and alphaB-crystallin levels are modulated during the cell cycle. Since the absence of alphaA and alphaB- crystallin in lens epithelial cells has been associated with disturbance of the tubulin cytoskeleton during mitosis, and with increased cell death or genomic instability, our results indicating that the alphaA- and alphaB-crystallin expression increases prior to mitosis are significant. The differential expression of these crystallins in the cell cycle may be important for optimal lens epithelial growth and lens transparency.
Lead Coolant Test Facility - Design Concept and Requirements

Abstract The Idaho National Laboratory prepared a preliminary technical and functional requirements (TF average linear heat generation rate of 300 W/cm. The core inlet temperature for liquid lead or Pb/Bi eutectic is 420 °C. The design includes approximately seventy-five data measurements such as pressure, temperature, and flow rates. The preliminary estimated cost of construction of the facility is $3.7 M (in 2006 $). It is also estimated that the facility will require two years to be constructed and ready for operation.
The Statistical Work of Oskar Anderson

T HE death of Professor Oskar Anderson in Munich, Germany on February 12, 1960 in his 73rd year is a great loss for statisticians everywhere. Professor Anderson was born on August 2, 1887 in Minsk, Russia. He studied mathematics, physics, economics, and law at the Universities of Kasan and St. Petersburg (Leningrad). He was an assistant of the well known Russtian statistician A. A. Tschuprow. He taught mathematical statistics at the High School of Commerce in Kasan, later at the High School of Commerce in Varna (Bulgaria), the University of Kiel, and the University of Munich. Apart from his teaching activities he participated actively in sampling censuses in Russia and Bulgaria. He was perhaps the most widely known statistician in Central Europe. During his very distinguished career, he provided a link between the Russian school of statistics, from which he originated (Markoff, Tschuprow) and the Anglo-American school. He was an honorary doctor of the University of Vienna, also of the High School of Economics, Mannheim (Germany), an honorary member of the Royal Statistical Society, and of the German Statistical Society, fellow and founder of the Econometric Society, member of the International Statistical Institute, fellow of the American Statistical Society, the Institute of Mathematical Statistics, and the American Society for the Advancement of Science. Through his origin in the flourishing Russian school of "probabilistes," who are certainly today the most important contributors in this field (Kolmogoroff, Khintchin, Gnedenko, etc.), Anderson belongs to the so-called "continental" school of statistics, and worked in the tradition of the well known German statisticians Lexis and von Bortkiewich. He might be the last representative of this approach, since recent textbooks in statistics published in German show already the overwhelming influence of the Anglo-American school of Sir Ronald Fisher and Jerzy Neyman. It is, of course, impossible to isolate "schools" of statistics in this manner, as actually the members of the various tendencies in statistics were in contact with each other. Anderson himself appreciated the achievements of the AngloAmerican school to a certain extent, and was also somewhat critical about the applicability of these methods in the field of the social sciences. We propose to discuss the works of Anderson under seven headings: (1) biographical and bibliographical, (2) probability, (3) survey sampling, (4) Variate Difference Method, (5) time series analysis, (6) econometrics, (7) index numbers, (8) correlation methods, (9) textbooks.
Harleyodendron, a new genus of Leguminosae (Swartzieae)

A monotypic new genus,Harleyodendron, is described from the relict coastal rainforest of eastern Brazil. Gross morphology, wood and leaf anatomy, and pollen morphology are considered.
The kinetics of ion exclusion

As a preliminary to detailed kinetic analysis of ion-exclusion operations a study of the rate of absorption of glycerol from dilute aqueous solution has been made in small fixed beds of ion exchange resin. The resin used was Amberlite IR-120 (hydrogen form) ranging in size from 0.210 to 1.190 mm., as determined by dry screening. Solution flow rates were varied from 0.45 to 22.20 ml./(sq.cm.min.). Analysis of this problem has shown that the operation of such a process may be described by a simple linear rate equation and the usual transient column material balance relations. It was found that experimental breakthrough data could be well matched with curves predicted by such analysis. Furthermore, three characteristic regions of operation are apparent in which different rate controlling processes may be operating.
Dielectric and ferroelectric properties of acetatederived PBZT and PSZT thin films

Abstract Ferroelectric thin films in the PBZT (lead barium zirconate titanate) and PSZT (lead stannate zirconate titanate) compositional systems were prepared from as-received acetate precursors. The water-soluble PBZT and PSZT solutions consisting of approximately ten weight percent solids (oxide content) were found to be stable for an extended period of time. Multiple-layer thin films of these solutions were fabricated via a spin coating technique and sintered at 650 – 700°C from two to three minutes per layer. The dielectric and ferroelectric hysteresis loop properties of these films were measured and compared with bulk properties. These results show that the thin film properties for both the PSZT and PBZT systems are substantially the same as those of their bulk material counterparts. On the basis of the dielectric and hysteresis loop data, phase diagrams for both systems were constructed.
Fas (CD95/APO-1) and Fas ligand expression in normal pancreas and pancreatic tumors. Implications for immune privilege and immune escape.

BACKGROUND Fas (CD95/APO-1) and Fas ligand (FasL) play key roles in immunologic homeostasis and immune privilege and may regulate normal cell turnover. Earlier studies had suggested that FasL-positive pancreatic carcinoma cell lines can induce apoptosis in T cells, thereby evading host immune surveillance. In the current study the authors have characterized the expression of Fas and FasL in the normal pancreas and in pancreatic neoplasia. METHODS Pancreatic resection specimens with ductal-type adenocarcinoma or intraductal dysplasia (n = 41), nonductal pancreatic neoplasms (n = 5), and chronic pancreatitis (n = 4) were examined for Fas and FasL expression by immunohistochemistry. The results in invasive adenocarcinoma were compared to those for benign ducts and intraductal dysplasia, and correlated with clinicopathologic features of the tumors and with patient survival. RESULTS Fas was expressed in the normal pancreatic ducts and in intraductal dysplasia in a mixed membrane/cytoplasmic pattern. In all cases of invasive ductal-type adenocarcinoma, membranous Fas could not be detected; cytoplasmic Fas staining was reduced or completely lost. Loss of Fas expression in pancreatic ductal-type adenocarcinomas significantly correlated with poorer differentiation and extrapancreatic spread of the tumors and was associated with a shorter overall survival. FasL expression was present in the normal pancreatic ducts as well as in islet cells and was maintained in all pancreatic tumors. CONCLUSIONS These results implicate the Fas pathway in the regulation of physiologic cell turnover and immune privilege in the normal pancreas and indicate that loss of Fas expression is correlated with malignant transformation and biologic aggressiveness in pancreatic adenocarcinomas. This may represent a mechanism by which pancreatic tumor cells become resistant to apoptosis and escape immune surveillance in vivo. Cancer 2002;94:2552–60. © 2002 American Cancer Society. DOI 10.1002/cncr.10549
The influence of season and volatile compounds on the acceptance of introduced European honey bee (Apis mellifera) Queens into European and Africanized colonies

Mated European honey bee (Apis mellifera) queens were introduced into Africanized and European colonies to determine if acceptance rates differed. Prior to introduction, volatile compounds emitted by queens were collected. More queens were accepted by European colonies compared with Africanized. The highest supersedure rate occurred in Africanized colonies during summer introductions. Queen acceptance did not differ between European and Africanized colonies during spring or fall introductions. E-s-ocimene was the only compound consistently detected in queens prior to their introduction, and was present in lower amounts in queens that were rejected within the first week of their introduction. The best time to introduce European queens appears to be in the fall when overall rejection rates are the lowest.
Monitoring the Radiosensitizing Effects of Implantable Micro-oxygen Generator in Pancreatic Cancer Xenografts

Purpose/Objective(s): Over the past decades, little progress has been made to improve the extremely low survival rates observed in patients diagnosed with pancreatic cancer (overall 5-year survival rate is less than 5%). Extreme hypoxia observed in pancreatic tumors significantly contributes to the ineffectiveness of conventional radiation and chemotherapy. To overcome this hypoxia-induced ineffective radiation treatment, we used a novel device, the Implantable Micro-oxygen Generator (IMOG) for in-situ tumor oxygenation as a radiation sensitizer. Due to its small size, IMOG can be directly inserted into tumor and stimulated by wireless ultrasonic power to electrolyze water inside tumor to generate oxygen. Materials/Methods: Five nude rats with BxPC-3 pancreatic tumors in both flanks were used for longitudinally measuring oxygen produced by IMOG through the Phase Measurement System. For each rat, one tumor was inserted with IMOG and the other was used as control. Thirty-nine nude mice with BxPC-3 tumor were divided into three groups: 5 Gy (tumors implanted with inactivated IMOG and received 5 Gy x-ray, n Z 14), IMOG plus 5 Gy (tumor implanted with functional IMOG and received 5 Gy x-ray, n Z 19), and 7 Gy (tumors received 7 Gy x-ray, n Z 6). Localized x-ray irradiation (320 kV Precision x-ray machine, set at 250 kV, 12.5 mA, dose rate 1.594 Gy/min) was given to the tumors immediately after 10 minutes of IMOG stimulation. Tumor size in each group was measured every three days with digital caliper. Detailed description of IMOG implantation and oxygen measurement by NeoFox system was described in the previously published paper by Maleki et al. Results: Significant oxygen production inside tumor by wireless ultrasonically-powered IMOG was observed using the NeoFox system in a longitudinal fashion. The tumor growth study demonstrated that tumors with the functional IMOG treated by 5 Gy radiation exhibited the equivalent tumor growth inhibition as the 7 Gy radiation treated tumors. Conclusion: Our study confirmed that activated IMOG is able to produce sufficient oxygen to radiosensitize pancreatic tumors, generating about 2 Gy boost effect. Author Disclosure: N. Cao: None. S. Song: None. M.R. Shaffer: None. T. Maleki: O. Patent/License Fee/Copyright; Patent. M. Cao: None. C. Kao: None. K.M. Stantz: None. B. Ziaie: E. Research Grant; Research Grant. O. Patent/License Fee/Copyright; Patent. S. Ko: E. Research Grant; Research Grant. O. Patent/License Fee/Copyright; Patent.