cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Traffic COPs of the early secretory pathway

Intracellular transport between the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi compartments is mediated by coat protein complexes (COPI and COPII) that form transport vesicles and collect the desired set of cargo. Although the COPI and COPII coats are molecularly distinct, a number of mechanistic parallels appear to be emerging, most notably a general role for small guanine triphosphatases in co-ordinating coat assembly with cargo selection. A combination of morphological, biochemical, and genetic methods is revealing a very dynamic relationship between these compartments, and highlights a central role for COPs in directing traffic through the early secretory pathway. This review focuses on recent advances in molecular mechanisms underlying coated-vesicle assembly and connections with cellular structures.
An empirical study using range of motion and pain score as determinants for continuous passive motion: outcomes following total knee replacement surgery in an adult population.

BACKGROUND The continuous passive motion (CPM) machine is one means by which to rehabilitate the knee after total knee replacement surgery. PURPOSE This study sought to determine which total knee replacement patients, if any, benefit from the use of the CPM machine. METHODS For the study period, most patients received active physical therapy. Patients were placed in the CPM machine if, on postoperative day 1, they had a range of motion less than or equal to 45° and/or pain score of 8 or greater on a numeric rating scale of 0-10, 0 being no pain and 10 being the worst pain. RESULTS Both groups of patients healed at similar rates. The incidence of adverse events, length of stay, and functional outcomes was comparable between groups. CONCLUSION Given the demonstrated lack of relative benefit to the patient and the cost of the CPM, this study supported discontinuing the routine use of the CPM.
Initial–Boundary Value Problem for a Class of Linear Relaxation Systems in Arbitrary Space Dimensions

Abstract In this paper, we consider the characteristic initial–boundary value problem (IBVP) for the multi-dimensional Jin–Xin relaxation model in a half-space with arbitrary space dimension n ⩾2. As in the one-dimensional case ( n =1, see ( J. Differential Equations , 167 (2000), 388–437), our main interest is on the precise structural stability conditions on the relaxation system, particularly the formulation of boundary conditions, such that the relaxation IBVP is stiffly well posed, that is, uniformly well posed independent of the relaxation parameter e >0, and the solution of the relaxation IBVP converges, as e →0, to that of the corresponding limiting equilibrium system, except for a sharp transition layer near the boundary. Our main result can be roughly stated as Stiff Kreiss Condition = Uniform Kreiss Condition for the relaxation IBVP we consider in this paper, which is in sharp contrast to the one-dimensional case (Z. Xin and W.-Q. Xu, J. Differential Equations , 167 (2000), 388–437). More precisely, we show that the Uniform Kreiss Condition (which is necessary and sufficient for the well posedness of the relaxation IBVP for each fixed e ), together with the subcharacteristic condition (which is necessary and sufficient for the stiff well posedness of the corresponding Cauchy problem), also guarantees the stiff well posedness of our relaxation IBVP and the asymptotic convergence to the corresponding equilibrium system in the limit of small relaxation rate. Optimal convergence rates are obtained and various boundary layer behaviors are also rigorously justified.
Creating a Career Culture: Connection and Collaboration

Changes in the career landscape require commensurate revisions in career development (CD) to ensure it meets the needs of both employees and employers in this era of multidimensional career paths. Drawing on a model from the past, we propose building a strong career culture based on the relational approach to CD. Implementing a relational strategy can save money and stretch resources, but it requires practitioners to take on new roles and responsibilities. We describe
Revisionism and collective memory: The struggle for meaning in the Amistad affair

This essay problematizes “history” and “public memory” by examining their polysemic and polyvalent nature. Collective memories are selectively chosen and highlighted to fit the needs of a particular social group. Ownership of “history” then becomes a hegemonic device that controls our interpretation of the past and subsequent behavior in the future. In the case of the “Amistad Affair, “the ramifications of these choices reached from the early nineteenth century court of law to the Hollywood studio of the late twentieth century. Thus, it serves as a paradigm case of the struggle over who controls the narrative possibilities of history and memory.
Multiple-scattering theory of itinerant electron magnetism in random muffin-tin alloys

We discuss the equilibrium electronic structure of a random binary alloy within the framework of a spin-dependent muffin-tin Hamiltonian. The disorder is treated on the basis of the single-site approximations (SSA), especially the average $t$-matrix and the coherent potential approximations. The local-spin-density (LSD) functional approach is employed to relate the electron and the spin densities with the atomic potentials, thus providing a fully self-consistent description of the ground-state properties of the random alloy. By using the atomic magnetic moments as expansion parameters, a Stoner-type linearized form of the full SSA-LSD formalism is developed. This analysis yields insights into the nature of the semiphenomenological isotropic Stoner parameter as it enters a proper multiple-scattering treatment of the electron states in perfect crystals and disordered metals. In particular, the exchange splitting of the atomic scattering matrices, rather than that of the energy bands, is seen to play a more fundamental role in the theory. The linearized scheme would permit a significantly simplified self-consistent determination of the possible ferromagnetic instabilities in the ground state in terms of the solutions of the corresponding nonmagnetic problem. A variety of alternative expressions for the electron and spin densities in the alloy, which are useful from the viewpoint of making contact with relevant experiments, are also presented.
Ten-Year Experience with the Artificial Urianary Sphincter in Children

AbstractPurpose: To assess the efficacy of the artificial urinary sphincter survival and continence were first evaluated 5 years ago. We now evaluated the effects of the artificial urinary sphincter more than a decade after implantation.Materials and Methods: Before 1985 an artificial urinary sphincter was implanted in 22 male and 14 female consecutive patients 4 to 30 years old (median age 12). In addition, between 1985 and 1990, 18 other children underwent artificial urinary sphincter implantation. Results of both series were compared.Results: Of the 25 sphincters in the original series that were functioning after 5 years 1 was removed and 2 patients were lost to followup, resulting in 22 functioning implants (61 percent of the patients). Mean survival time of the prostheses was 12.1 years and average followup for functioning sphincters was 13.7 years. There was no statistically significant difference in artificial urinary sphincter survival between the original group at 5 years and the second group tre...
Comprehensive On-Line LC/LC/MS of Proteins

This is a description of a comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography (LC) system for the separation of protein mixtures. This system uses cation-exchange chromatography followed by reversed-phase chromatography (RPLC). The two LC systems are coupled by an eight-port valve equipped with two storage loops and under computer control. The RPLC effluent is sampled by both a UV detector and an electrospray mass spectrometer. In this way, complex mixtures of large biomolecules can be rapidly separated, desalted, and analyzed for molecular weight in less than 2 h. The system's utility is demonstrated with a mixture of standards and an Escherichia coli cell lysate.
Antioxidant mechanisms of caseinophosphopeptides and casein hydrolysates and their application in ground beef

Caseinophosphopeptides (CPP) and casein hydrolysates have been shown to bind prooxidant metals such as iron, but their effectiveness as metal chelators to inhibit lipid oxidation in foods has still not been fully investigated. Thus, the antioxidant activity of CPP and casein hydrolysates was studied in phosphatidylcholine liposome model systems. CPP ( 1.0 mg/mL) were prooxidant, whereas casein hydrolysates were observed to be only antioxidative. In the presence of peroxyl radicals, casein hydrolysates were more effective scavengers than enriched CPP (3-15 mM). In cooked ground beef, TBARS formation was inhibited 75, 39, and 17% by 0.5% enriched CPP, casein hydrolysates, and low molecular weight casein hydrolysates, respectively, after 4 days of storage. The results show that CPP and casein hydrolysates are promising sources of natural antioxidants for foods.
Assessing Adolescent and Adult Attachment: A Review of Current Self-Report Measures

Increased interest in attachment theory among counseling researchers and practitioners has led to the development of several measures of attachment-related constructs. Following a brief overview of the theoretical foundations of attachment theory as conceptualized by Ainsworth (1989) and Bowlby (1988), the authors of this article review four self-report measures of adolescent and adult attachment. Many considerations for the selection and use of these instruments in future counseling research and assessment are discussed.
Global Multiculture, Flexible Acculturation

Abstract This article develops two propositions: multiculturalism has gone global and identification has become flexible. Multiculturalism is a global arena, yet most treatments still conceive of multiculturalism as a national arena. In contemporary global multiculture far-off conflicts become part of multiculturalism arenas; this is illustrated with a discussion of two multicultural conflicts, the Danish cartoon episode and the murder of Theo van Gogh in Amsterdam. Muslim women's headscarves from Istanbul and Cairo to Tehran and Lyon display a wide register of meanings, but in the French national assembly have been signified in just one. Multiculturalism means global engagement and to engage with the world is to engage with its conflicts. Multiculturalism is not no man's land. Multiculturalism is not consensus. There is no consensus in Britain about the war in Iraq and there is none among immigrants either. The securitization of cultural difference confirms the interplay between global and multicultural ...
Generation and evolution of a topographically linked, mesoscale eddy under steady and variable wind-forcing

Numerical simulations with the Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS) are used to study the initial spin-up and the evolution of a mesoscale, topographically linked eddy under steady and variable wind conditions. The development of a pool of dense water on the southern Vancouver Island shelf allows cyclonic eddies formed by coastal upwelling off Cape Flattery to spread westward, ultimately contributing to the shelf-wide circulation known as the Juan de Fuca Eddy. This dense water arises through upwelling of water present in the underlying canyon system and tidal mixing over several shallow banks to the north. Tidal mixing is critical to the separation of the eddy from the coast. Although steady upwelling winds with a seasonal mean magnitude (combined with estuarine flow and tides) produce an eddy, only fluctuating winds with timescales and magnitudes typical of the region result in an eddy with a westward extent similar to seasonal observations. With each period of upwelling-favorable winds, newly upwelled water from the coast is entrained into the eddy which grows in size and moves westward. Wind events also significantly affect the baroclinic structure of the eddy. Specifically, during typical summer wind reversals, model surface drifters continue to move cyclonically within the eddy for several days after each downwelling wind event. Under upwelling-favorable wind conditions, model drifters exit the eddy to the southeast as the eddy and coastal upwelling fronts merge into a continuous southeastward shelf break jet.
Women’s Conformity as Resistance to Intimate Partner Violence in Assiut, Egypt

This paper explores, in Assiut, Egypt, how women respond to IPV and how their social relations sustain or prevent it. Nineteen qualitative interviews with married women were coded in MaxQDA, revealing a pattern of strategic conformity. Most women blamed the wife for spousal aggression and recommended modifying her behavior to end it. Talking with female kin, who often advised tolerance, was the next most common reaction. When such tactics failed, a woman might ask male kin to intervene. Seeking the police or courts was considered shameful and might jeopardize a woman’s marriage. Women enacted “the good woman” to preserve self-worth and oblige husbands or male kin to return protection. Ostensibly, these strategies mitigated IPV but maintained its underlying patriarchal structures.
Role of cellulose in protecting Shiga toxin producing Escherichia coli against oxidative and acidic stress

Abstract This study assessed the role of cellulose in protecting Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) against environmental stress. Cellulose producing STEC strain 19B (O5:H-) and 49B (O103:H2) as well as their cellulose deficient derivates (19D and 49D) were subjected to oxidative (10, 20 and 30 mM H 2 O 2 ) and acidic (pH 3.0, 3.5 and 4.5) stress. Approximately 4.25, 2.46 or 1.74 log CFU ml −1 of the 19B cells survived a 2.5-h treatment with 10, 20 and 30 mM H 2 O 2 , respectively, while none of the 19D cells (8.02 logs) survived the same treatments. The population of 49D decreased from 7.70 to −1 , whereas that of 49B decreased from 7.70 to 2.47 log CFU ml −1 by a 2-h treatment with 30 mM H 2 O 2 . Approximately 2.63 log CFU ml −1 of the 19B cells survived at pH 3.0 for 1 h and 4.75 log CFU ml −1 of the 49B cells survived at pH 3.0 for 1.5 h, but the 19D and 49D cells did not survive these treatments. Results indicated that cellulose protected the selected STEC strains against oxidative treatments with 10–30 mM of H 2 O 2 and acidic treatments at pH 3.0–3.5.
Organic and colloidal selenium in Southern Chesapeake Bay and adjacent waters

Abstract River water, estuarine water and coastal seawater were collected and filtered through glass-fiber filters. Subsamples of these three types of waters were subsequently passed through AMICON DIAFLO ultrafilters (UM 2, YM 5 and YM 10) individually. The filtrates were analyzed for dissolved selenium with and without oxidation by irradiation with ultraviolet (UV) light and for dissolved organic carbon (DOC). The concentration of organic selenium is calculated as the difference in the concentrations of selenium with and without UV oxidation. The contribution of colloidal inorganic selenium to total dissolved inorganic selenium decreases with increasing salinity. Colloidal inorganic selenium constitutes 77, 40 and 0% of the total dissolved inorganic selenium in river water, estuarine water and coastal seawater, respectively. Most of the colloidal inorganic selenium is found in material having nominal molecular weights (NMW) between 1000 and 5000. Organic selenium is detected in all three types of waters. The ratio of organic to inorganic selenium ranges from 0.66 to 1.58. The lowest ratio was observed in river water. Colloidal organic selenium was also found in all three types of waters. Its contribution to total dissolved organic selenium again decreases with increasing salinity. Colloidal organic selenium constitutes 70, 64 and 35% of total dissolved organic selenium in river water, estuarine water and coastal seawater, respectively. Most of the organic selenium is found in material having low NMW. For a given sample, except in the subsample of river water containing material with NMW above 10 000, the concentrations of organic selenium in the filtrates are linearly related to those of DOC.
Experimental Research in Wind Tunnel of Aerodynamic Characters for New-Type Energy-Saving Conductor

New-typedenergy-saving conductor can obviously increase conductor conductivity ability, and reduce the transmission losses. But for the changes of structure and surface properties, its load and the vibration impact characteristic are not enough comprehensive, so it is difficult to effectively guide the energy saving design of the conductor. Making use of the wind tunnel test, the aerodynamic character of various conductorsare obtained for single,double, four and six bundle conductor. The result of research is benefit for the far-ranging application of energy-saving conductor.
Environmental managers as institutional entrepreneurs: The influence of institutional and technical pressures on waste management ☆

Abstract Building upon institutional theory, this paper compares environmental management practices in two similar manufacturing plants that operate in different regulatory contexts. Unlike prior research that separates institutional and technical pressures, we find that environmental management decisions are a reaction to both institutional and technical pressures, which co-exist and even co-construct each other. Environmental managers, serving as boundary spanners, are exposed to these technical and institutional pressures, as well as multiple discourses with institutional fields. In this role, they sometimes act as institutional entrepreneurs, purposefully altering the framing of and discourse about environmental performance. Their strategies depend, in part, on their relative power within the organization, the relationship between technical and institutional pressures, and the salience of these pressures.
The Diffraction of Strong Shock Waves

The pseudostationary flow field resulting from diffraction of a strong shock in air over a convex corner has been investigated with the shock tube and interferometer. Only when the shock has turned nearly 180\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}, is it observed to become vanishingly weak. A potential flow theory for part of the field is inadequate to predict the extent of a Prandtl-Meyer expansion around the corner. Viscous forces produce a boundary layer which causes the flow to separate at the corner with significant changes in the density field as a result.
CRYSTAL-LIQUID DENSITY INVERSIONS IN TERRESTRIAL AND LUNAR MAGMAS

Equilibrium liquidus crystals will float in variety of terrestrial and lunar magmas within a wide range of mantle depths. Density inversions exist for ultrabasic mantle melts and olivine at depths between 245 and 500 km in the Earth. Olivine flotation occurs in high-Ti basalts at ∼400 km in the lunar mantle. Basaltic and komatiitic magmas have density inversions with garnet in the upper mantle transition zone and perovskite in the lower mantle. Peridotitic magma, because of its comparatively large bulk modulus (KT) and pressure derivative of the bulk modulus (K′), is likely to be less dense than liquidus garnet and perovskite at all depths within the Earth.
Tree-like structure of eternal inflation: A solvable model

In this paper we introduce a simple discrete stochastic model of eternal inflation that shares many of the most important features of the continuum theory as it is now understood. The model allows us to construct a multiverse and rigorously analyze its properties. Although simple and easy to solve, it has a rich mathematical structure underlying it. Despite the discreteness of the space-time the theory exhibits an unexpected nonperturbative analog of conformal symmetry that acts on the boundary of the geometry. The symmetry is rooted in the mathematical properties of trees, $p$-adic numbers, and ultrametric spaces; and in the physical property of detailed balance. We provide self-contained elementary explanations of the unfamiliar mathematical concepts, which have also appeared in the study of the $p$-adic string. The symmetry acts on a huge collection of very low-dimensional ``multiverse fields'' that are not associated with the usual perturbative degrees of freedom. They are connected with the late-time statistical distribution of bubble-universes in the multiverse. The conformal symmetry which acts on the multiverse fields is broken by the existence of terminal decays---to hats or crunches---but in a particularly simple way. We interpret this symmetry breaking as giving rise to an arrow of time. The model is used to calculate statistical correlations at late time and to discuss the measure problem. We show that the natural cutoff in the model is the analog of the so-called light-cone-time cutoff. Applying the model to the problem of the cosmological constant, we find agreement with earlier work.
“No human form but sexual”: Sensibility, chastity, and sacrifice in Blake's Jerusalem

(1999). “No human form but sexual”: Sensibility, chastity, and sacrifice in Blake's Jerusalem. European Romantic Review: Vol. 10, No. 1-4, pp. 53-83.
How to help patients with restless legs syndrome. Discerning the indescribable and relaxing the restless.

PREVIEWFew conditions are characterized by the difficulty encountered in trying to depict their symptoms, but such is the case in restless legs syndrome. Patients report sensations that are not painful yet are distinctly bothersome and can lead to significant physical and emotional disability. Once correctly diagnosed, restless legs syndrome can usually be effectively treated symptomatically, and in some secondary cases, it can even be cured. In this article, the authors focus on clinical features that enable timely identification of the condition and on current management strategies.
Accuracy of perception in peripheral vision in relation to intellectual abilities among subjects selected on the basis of dextrality.

(1949). Accuracy of Perception in Peripheral Vision in Relation to Intellectual Abilities Among Subjects Selected on the Basis of Dextrality. The Journal of Psychology: Vol. 28, No. 2, pp. 255-264.
Assessing economic activity in coastal areas: A shift‐share approach

Abstract An essential aspect of economic analysis associated with planning efforts is identifying the composition of existing economic activity and understanding historical trends in economic change. The shift‐share model is a useful and inexpensive tool for this purpose. Shift‐share analysis evaluates changes in local economic activities relative to changes in a reference area (usually the state or nation). Economic change is separated into a reference area component, an industry mix component, and a local share component. These measure, respectively, the effect on the local economy due to changes in the reference area, factors specific to the local mix of industries, and the changing competitive position of the local area relative to the reference area. A shift‐share analysis of Florida's coastal counties reveals that all grew much faster over the 1965–1975 period than did the national economy. This rapid growth is primarily a result of a net shift of economic activity toward the study area relative to ...
Comment on: Rayner et al. Stomach bugs and diabetes: an astounding observation or just confounding? Diabetes Care 2012;35:463-464.

We read the commentary by Rayner, Talley, and Horowitz (1) with much interest, since it raised the possibility of confounding by sociodemographic factors in our findings. We would like to clarify that our study on elderly Latinos (2) controlled for potential confounding of the relationship between chronic infections and diabetes by sociodemographic factors. We controlled for age, sex, and education level, which is an important maker of socioeconomic status in elderly whose income may not necessarily reflect wealth postretirement. Rayner, Talley, and Horowitz point to …
The ‘Great Game’ in the Pamirs and the Hindu-Kush: The British Conquest of Hunza and Nagar

The motivations for imperial advance have, over the years, caused considerable debate among historians. It has been thought by some that a law of the turbulent frontier forced the expansion of empire, for a region of order surrounded by an area of disorder had eventually, for its own protection, to conquer the area of turbulence. Thus, empires would inexorably advance their borders until they reached some great natural barrier or the frontiers of another stable power.
Utilizing Community Resources: The Conversation Lab

Most innovative pedagogical approaches have focused on the classroom, with little attention being paid to the practical use of language study. Utilizing volunteers from the local Spanish-speaking community, the conversation lab was developed in order to provide students with a safe environment in which to consolidate interactive skills. In the conversation lab described, a group of Spanish-speaking senior citizen volunteers met with first- and second-year students twice weekly on a one-to-one basis for unstructured conversation. Both students and staff benefitted from the program, and results indicate the practical value of incorporating the conversation lab into the regular foreign language curriculum.
The Perfect Island

There is an objection to the Ontological Argument which is almost as old as the argument itself. In his critique of St. Anselm's Proslogion, Gaunilo claims that by using the same argument that Anselm uses to prove the existence of God, one can prove the existence of a perfect island.' Gaunilo evidently intends his objection to be a kind of reductio by counter-argument: Anselm's argument, if it worked, would admit into existence all sorts of perfect things which we all know do not exist. Thus there is something wrong with Anselm's argument. Anselm did not say much by way of reply to Gaunilo. In this paper I shall offer a defence of Anselm. I shall argue that whatever other faults his version of the Ontological Argument may have, it does not let a host of perfect things into existence.
Salinity variability in the equatorial Pacific Ocean during the 1993-98 period

The salinity variability during the 1993–98 period in the equatorial Pacific Ocean is estimated by an indirect method based on statistical modes which are fitted to the TAO temperature profiles and the T/P sea level observations. The maximum variability in salinity occurs primarily in the fresh warm pool of the western Pacific. The nature of the variability is consistent with different mechanisms recently proposed. From mid-95 to the end of 1996, positive anomalies of salinity in the upper layers near the eastern edge of the warm pool lead to a negative steric height anomaly which represent up to 30–40% of the thermal counterpart. As a consequence, the heat storage is significantly greater than the one would have inferred from observed sea level fluctuations only. The potential impact of the salinity field during the 1997–98 El Nino event is also discussed.
Biocompatibility of Nickel-Base Dental Alloys

Four commercial nickel-base alloys were implanted in rabbit muscle for periods of 2 to 54 weeks. Biocompatibility and tissue reaction was assessed by histological and histochemical techniques. Results were compared with control implants of AISI Type 316L stainless steel. A prominent and constant feature associated with implanted nickel-base alloys was the histological appearance of adipose tissue surrounding the implant.
Tuning Wnt Signals for More or Fewer Hairs

Activation of β-catenin was shown to be of central importance for hair development and cycling. Recent progress brought more understanding to how Wnt signaling is regulated during hair follicle generation and regeneration, telogen–anagen reentry, and extra-follicular macro-environmental modulation. This new understanding presents multiple possibilities to fine tune Wnt signaling for desired hair growth.
Human Pharmacology of Urapidil

Urapidil is a phenylpiperazine-substituted uracil derivative used in hypertension. It is rapidly absorbed when given by mouth. Peak blood concentrations of the slow release capsule occur 4 to 6 hours after administration. Oral bioavailability is 78% (range 72 to 84%) and distribution half-life and terminal half-life are about 35 minutes and 3 hours, respectively. Plasma clearance is 12 L/h and renal clearance 1.8 L/h. Seventeen percent appears in urine as the parent compound within 24 hours of dosing. There is extensive hepatic metabolism to the parahydroxylated(34% in urine), N-demethylated (4% in urine) and O-demethylated (3% in urine) products. Elimination is not saturable at usual clinical doses. The major action of urapidil is post-synaptic α1adrenergic blockade, with a minor degree of β1-adrenergic blockade and a centrally mediated reduction in sympathetic outflow which has an as yet unidentified basis.
Process Evaluation Methods of a Peer-Delivered Health Promotion Program for African American Women

The Eat Well, Live Well (EWLW) Nutrition Program was a community-based, dietary change program delivered by peer educators to low-income African American women. To ensure that the program was delivered as intended, a process evaluation was conducted to determine the extent to which the content was accurate and comprehensive. The methodology included developing checklists for each of the intervention sessions, audiotaping randomly selected sessions, and independently rating the audiotapes. Overall comprehensiveness of the content delivered by the peer educators was 91.42%. Cohen’s kappa () for each data collection interval ranged from 0.95 to 0.97. Overall accuracy of information delivered was 88.52%. A process evaluation as described for the EWLW program is essential for peer-led health promotion programs and necessary to ensure program integrity. Practice implications are discussed.
Neurobiology of 50-kHz ultrasonic vocalizations in rats: Electrode mapping, lesion, and pharmacology studies

Fifty-kHz ultrasonic vocalizations have been proposed to reflect a positive appetitive affective state in rats, being consistently linked to the positive appetitive behavior. In the first study, we examined the brain substrates of 50-kHz ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) by using localized electrical stimulation of the brain (ESB) at various sites that are known to mediate reward. We found that the brain areas that produced ESB-induced 50-kHz calls are the areas that have previously been shown to support the most vigorous self-stimulation behavior (prefrontal cortex, nucleus accumbens, ventral pallidum, lateral preoptic area, lateral hypothalamus, ventral tegmental area, and raphe). Importantly, all animals that showed repeatable ESB-induced 50-kHz USVs demonstrated self-stimulation behavior. In the second study, conditioned place preference was assessed following microinjection of the mu-opiate agonist Tyr-D-Ala-Gly-N-methyl-Phe-Gly-ol (DAMGO) directly into the ventral tegmental area (VTA) at a dose previously found to be rewarding. Animals that showed more 50-kHz USVs in response to drug injections compared to vehicle injections showed significant place preferences, whereas animals that did not show elevated vocalization to DAMGO did not show place preference. In experiment 3, we examined the effect of VTA electrolytic lesions, 6-OHDA lesions, and the effect of the D1/D2 dopamine antagonist flupenthixol (0 and 0.8 mg/kg, i.p.) on 50-kHz ultrasonic vocalizations. We found that these manipulations all selectively reduced 50-kHz ultrasonic vocalizations, and that these effects could be disassociated from any side effects. These data are consistent with the proposition that 50-kHz calls are tightly linked to reward in rats and that the neural circuit of 50-kHz calls closely overlaps that of ESB self-stimulation reward, drug reward, and the mesolimbic dopamine system.
On the K-Winners-Take-All Network

We present and rigorously analyze a generalization of the Winner-Take-All Network: the K-Winners-Take-All Network. This network identifies the K largest of a set of N real numbers. The network model used is the continuous Hopfield model.
On quality-of-service and energy consumption tradeoffs in FEC-encoded audio streaming

This paper addresses the energy consumption of forward error correction (FEC) protocols as used to improve quality-of-service (QoS) for wireless computing devices. The paper also characterizes the effect on energy consumption and QoS of the power saving mode in 802.11 wireless local area networks (WLANs). Experiments are described in which FEC-encoded audio streams are multicast to mobile computers across a WLAN. Results of these experiments quantify the tradeoffs between improved QoS, due to FEC, and additional energy consumption caused by receiving and decoding redundant packets. Two different approaches to FEC are compared relative to these metrics. The results of this study enable the development of adaptive software mechanisms that attempt to manage these tradeoffs in the presence of highly dynamic wireless environments.
Controls on nitrous oxide production and consumption in reservoirs of the Ohio River Basin

Aquatic ecosystems are a globally significant source of nitrous oxide (N2O), a potent greenhouse gas, but estimates are largely based on studies conducted in streams and rivers with relatively less known about N2O dynamics in reservoirs. Due to long water residence times and high nitrogen (N) loading rates, reservoirs support substantial N processing and therefore may be particularly important sites of N2O production. Predicting N2O emissions from reservoirs is difficult due to complex interactions between microbial N processing in the oxygen-poor hypolimnion and oxygen-rich epilimnion. Here we present the results of a survey of N2O depth profiles in 20 reservoirs draining a broad range of land use conditions in four states in the U.S. Nitrous oxide was supersaturated in the epilimnion of 80% of the reservoirs and was undersaturated in only one, indicating that reservoirs in this region are generally a source of N2O to the atmosphere. Nitrous oxide was undersaturated in the hypolimnion of 10 reservoirs, supersaturated in 9, and transitioned from supersaturation to undersaturation in 1 reservoir that was monitored periodically from midsummer to fall. All reservoirs with a mean hypolimnion nitrate concentration less than 50 µg N L−1 showed evidence of net N2O consumption in the hypolimnion. All reservoirs sampled during lake turnover supported N2O production throughout the water column. These results indicate that N2O dynamics in reservoirs differ widely both among systems and through time but can be predicted based on N and oxygen availability and degree of thermal stratification.
Lack of Association of Glutamate Decarboxylase 2 Gene Polymorphisms with Severe Obesity in Utah

Three polymorphisms of the glutamate decarboxylase 2 gene, which encodes the glutamic acid decarboxylase enzyme, have been associated with severe obesity in a large French cohort. One of these polymorphisms was shown to have functional consequences on promoter expression. Another polymorphism was associated with insulin levels and secretion. These associations were examined in 855 severely obese Utah subjects (mean BMI = 48 kg/m2) and a normal-weight and normoglycemic subset (N = 130, mean BMI = 22 kg/m2) of a random sample of the Utah population (N = 462). Comparisons of the normal-weight random group with the severely obese group did not result in significant genotype or allele frequency differences for any of the three polymorphisms, C61450A, T83897A, or A-243G (all p ≥ 0.18). Haplotypes were also not related to severe obesity (p = 0.10). None of the polymorphisms was significantly related to fasting glucose, insulin levels, or homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance or secretion indices. This study of normal-weight and severely obese subjects from Utah does not provide evidence for involvement of the three genotyped polymorphisms in the glutamate decarboxylase 2 gene with obesity or with insulin- and glucose-related measures associated with obesity.
Image processing as an instructional tool in introductory signals and systems

In this paper, we explore how the innate interest in image processing exhibited by students can be parlayed into an interest in the mathematics of signals and systems. Specifically, we describe how image processing has been used in Electrical and Computer Engineering at Carnegie Mellon University as a tool to introduce undergraduate and secondary school students to signals and systems concepts. Specifically, we use a combination of demonstrations, lectures, and laboratory exercises and experiments to provide students with an intuitive and mathematical understanding of the use of signals and systems concepts in the context of image processing. As a result, students appear to be more motivated to explore more advanced applied mathematics for signals and systems. >
Ocean Acidification 2.0: Managing our Changing Coastal Ocean Chemistry

Ocean acidification (OA) is rapidly emerging as a significant problem for organisms, ecosystems, and human societies. Globally, addressing OA and its impacts requires international agreements to reduce rising atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations. However, the complex suite of drivers of changing carbonate chemistry in coastal environments also requires regional policy analysis, mitigation, and adaptation responses. In order to fundamentally address the threat of OA, environmental managers need to know where, when, and by how much changes in coastal ocean carbonate chemistry will influence human livelihoods and what they can reasonably do about these effects. Here, we synthesize available biogeochemical and ecological information on the problem of coastal acidification and review actions managers have undertaken thus far. We then describe nine opportunities ripe for decisionmakers to mitigate - and, where necessary, to adapt to - ocean acidification at the spatial scales relevant to their authority. © 2014 The Author(s) 2014.
Differential thermal analysis of polyethylene under high pressure

The design of a differential thermal analysis apparatus for use at elevated pressure is described. Experiments on melting and crystallization of folded-chain crystals of polyethylene and poly(ethylene–butene-1) copolymer, and melting of extended-chain polyethylene crystals have been conducted at pressures up to 4200 bars. The precision in transition temperature measurement was ±1°C. The Clausius-Clapeyron equation predicts the melting point increase with pressure at atmospheric pressure to be 32.0°C/kb. The melting point depression due to copolymerization remained constant over the complete pressure range analyzed on the poly(ethylene–butene-1) used in this study. Crystallization of polyethylene is retarded at elevated pressures, and a 50% larger degree of supercooling is necessary at 5000 bars to give a crystallization rate equal to that observed at atmospheric pressure. The difference in melting point between folded-chain and extended-chain polyethylene increases from 8.4°C at 1 bar to 25.6°C at 3000 bars.
Estimate of global atmospheric organic aerosol from oxidation of biogenic hydrocarbons

The results from a series of outdoor chamber experiments establishing the atmospheric aerosol-forming potential of fourteen terpenoid hydrocarbons have been used to estimate the annual amount of secondary organic aerosol formed globally from compounds emitted by vegetation. Hydroxyl radical, ozone, and nitrate radical oxidation each contribute to aerosol formation in full-photooxidation experiments; because oxidation by nitrate radical under ambient, remote conditions is likely to be negligible, parameters describing aerosol formation from hydroxyl radical and ozone reaction only are developed. Chamber results, temporally and spatially resolved, compound-specific estimates of biogenic hydrocarbon emissions, and hydroxyl radical and ozone fields are combined to lead to an estimate for atmospheric secondary organic aerosol formed annually from biogenic precursors of 18.5 Tg, a number smaller than the previously published estimate of 30–270 Tg [Andreae and Crutzen, 1997].
Diagnostic yield of EGD in children: a retrospective single-center study of 1000 cases

Background Pediatric EGD is increasingly being used, but few studies have recently evaluated the diagnostic yield. Objective To assess the association between presenting clinical symptoms and the likelihood of significant endoscopic and histologic abnormalities for initial diagnostic endoscopy. Design Retrospective cohort study. Setting Large, tertiary care children's hospital. Patients One thousand patients, ages 1 month to 18 years, who underwent initial diagnostic EGD in 2009 and 2010. Interventions None. Main Outcome Measures Endoscopic and histologic abnormalities. Results The most common primary indications for endoscopy were generalized abdominal pain (28.7%), gastroesophageal reflux (11.7%), and failure to thrive (9.5%). The overall prevalence of an endoscopic abnormality was 34.7% and of a histologic abnormality, 40.4%. The highest rates of endoscopic abnormalities were found in patients with strictures on upper GI radiology (100%), foreign body (88%), and GI bleeding (57%). The highest rates of histologic abnormalities were in patients with positive celiac screening (91%), foreign body (88%), dysphagia (51%), and GI bleeding (49%), and the lowest rates of histologic abnormalities were miscellaneous indications (17%), strictures on radiology (25%), and reflux (26%). Females and patients Limitations Retrospective nature of the study, limitation to a single tertiary care center, and simplification of complex patient presentations to a single indication. Conclusions Rates of endoscopic and histologic abnormalities from EGD vary based on age and indication for endoscopy, and this should be factored into the decision to proceed with initial endoscopy along with consideration of adverse event rates and effects of anesthesia.
Mechanisms Underlying the Relationship between Negative Affectivity and Problematic Alcohol Use

The mechanisms that underlie how negative affective traits influence problematic alcohol use and attentional biases are not well understood. The current article sought to characterize mechanisms th...
Early versus delayed autologous stem cell transplant in patients receiving novel therapies for multiple myeloma.

Autologous stem cell transplant (ASCT) is an effective treatment for multiple myeloma (MM). However, the timing of ASCT in the era of novel agents (lenalidomide, thalidomide, bortezomib) is unknown...
Representation and learning of nonlinear compliance using neural nets

A new approach to compliant motion control using neural networks is presented. In the paper, "compliance" is treated as a nonlinear mapping from a measured force to a corrected motion. The nonlinear mapping by a multilayer neural network is outlined, this allows one to deal with complex control strategies that cannot be represented by linear compliance, such as in stiffness and damping control. >
FAR-DS: full-plane AWE routing with driver sizing

We propose a Full-plane AWE Routing with Driver Sizing (FAR-DS) algorithm for performance driven routing in deep sub-micron technology. We employ a fourth order AWE delay model in the full plane, including both Hanan and non-Hanan points. Optimizing the driver size simultaneously extends our work into a two-dimensional space, enabling us to achieve the desired balance between wire and driver cost reduction, while satisfying the timing constraints. Compared to SERT experimental results showed that our algorithm can provide an average reduction of 23% in the wire cost and 50% in the driver cost under stringent timing constraints.
GENOCIDE AND CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY: DISPELLING THE CONCEPTUAL FOG

Genocide and crimes against humanity are among the core crimes of international law, but they also carry great moral resonance due to their indissoluble link to the atrocities of the Nazi regime and to other egregious episodes of mass violence. However, the concepts of genocide and crimes against humanity are not well understood, even by the international lawyers and jurists who are most concerned with them. A conceptual fog hovers around the discussion of these two categories of crime. In this paper, I draw a number of distinctions aimed at clarifying the concepts. I distinguish three concepts of genocide, two legal and one moral, and two concepts of crimes against humanity, a legal and a moral one. I criticize the current legal concept of genocide and, using the idea of discrimination, propose a model for developing a more adequate legal concept and for better understanding the moral concept. I also criticize the moral concept of crimes against humanity, which many thinkers have conflated with the legal concept of such crimes.
Qdot nanobarcodes for multiplexed gene expression analysis.

We report a quantum dot (Qdot) nanobarcode-based microbead random array platform for accurate and reproducible gene expression profiling in a high-throughput and multiplexed format. Four different sizes of Qdots, with emissions at 525, 545, 565, and 585 nm are mixed with a polymer and coated onto the 8-μm-diameter magnetic microbeads to generate a nanobarcoded bead termed as QBeads. Twelve intensity levels for each of the four colors were used. Gene-specific oligonucleotide probes are conjugated to the surface of each spectrally nanobarcoded bead to create a multiplexed panel, and biotinylated cRNAs are generated from sample total RNA and hybridized to the gene probes on the microbeads. A fifth streptavidin Qdot (655 nm or infrared Qdot) binds to biotin on the cRNA, acting as a quantification reporter. Target identity was decoded based on spectral profile and intensity ratios of the four coding Qdots (525, 545, 565, and 585 nm). The intensity of the 655 nm Qdot reflects the level of biotinylated cRNA capt...
Correlations of RAR isoforms and cellular retinoid-binding proteins mRNA levels with retinoid-induced teratogenesis.

Retinoic acid (RA) plays an important role in normal embryogenesis; however, excessive doses are teratogenic. At present, the molecular mechanisms responsible for these effects of RA are not well understood. The action of retinoids are believed to be mediated by two classes of proteins, nuclear receptors (retinoic acid receptors [RARs] and retinoid X receptors [RXRs]) and small cellular retinol-binding and retinoic acid-binding proteins (CRBP-I, CRBP-II, CRABP-I and CRABP-II)
Dominican Immigrants and Discrimination in a New Destination: The Case of Reading, Pennsylvania:

The last decade has witnessed the diversification of immigrant destinations in the United States. Although the literature on this phenomenon is burgeoning, research on the experiences of smaller im...
Bone Marrow B cell Precursor Number after Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation and GVHD Development

Patients without chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD) have robust B cell reconstitution and are able to maintain B cell homeostasis after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). To determine whether B lymphopoiesis differs before cGVHD develops, we examined bone marrow (BM) biopsies for terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) and PAX5 immunostaining early post-HSCT at day 30 when all patients have been shown to have high B cell activating factor (BAFF) levels. We found significantly greater numbers of BM B cell precursors in patients who did not develop cGVHD compared with those who developed cGVHD (median = 44 vs 2 cells/high powered field [hpf]; respectively; P
Linear optical frequency discriminator

Summary from only given. We have proposed and analyzed a novel FM discriminator that is simple and lends itself to integration. It is shown that a potential 7 dB improvement in the dynamic range can be attained without paying a bandwidth penalty. The proposed device, consists of an unbalanced Mach Zehnder interferometer with ring resonators coupled to each of its arm.