cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Another Look at Siouan and Iroquoian

THAT there is a remote relationship between the Siouan and Iroquoian speaking peoples of North America is not a new hypothesis. Robert G. Latham implied something of the sort in 1845 when he noted "affinities" between certain languages which included "the Iroquois tongues," Cherokee, and Catawba (Latham 1846:44). Catawba's place in the Siouan family was later established. Lewis H. Morgan, probably the first systematic observer to take a long and objective look at both groups, wrote that "the Iroquois were, as there are reasons for believing, an early offshoot, and one of the advanced bands of the great Dakota stock, who first made their way eastward to the valley of the St. Lawrence ... and afterwards into the lake region of Central New York . . . " (Morgan 1871:150-151). Considerably less was implied by Edward Sapir's inclusion of both language families in his "Hokan-Siouan" stock (Sapir 1929), since he gave no more reason to believe that Siouan and Iroquoian were more closely related to each other than either was to, say, Keresan or Hokan. Instead, he grouped Siouan most closely with Yuchi (see subsequently Haas 1951), and these two then with Muskogian and Natchez to form a so-called "eastern group" of the stock (see subsequently Haas 1960). Iroquoian was grouped most closely with Caddoan. But in any case HokanSiouan as a whole was among the more tenuous of Sapir's hunches. Shortly after Sapir's publication, an article titled "Siouan and Iroquoian" appeared in the International Journal of American Linguistics, written by one Louis Allen (Allen 1931). Purporting to give evidence of a relationship between the two language families, this article has been given little serious attention. It is partly that the data and methodology were rather disorganized, but the impact of an opening statement by the author must also be considered: "The writer's persistence in the attempt (to establish a relationship) was due, perhaps, more than to anything else, to the evident conviction with which a Wyandot Indian assured him that when he went to an Indian school in Indiana, along with boys from several Indian stocks, he felt by far the most at home with the Sioux, as they seemed to be the same sort of people as the Wyandots, and the words of their language seemed much less unfamiliar to him than those of the other languages." The apparent irrelevance of this observation must have suggested to many readers that little credence need be given to the article as a whole. In what follows I am going to try to vindicate Allen's conclusion, if not his motivation. What I will present was come upon by accident, as a result of using Winnebago and Dakota informants in field methods courses at Georgetown University and the University of California. Similarities between these two Siouan languages and the Iroquoian language Seneca became in-
Are proteins even floppier than we thought

With ever stronger magnetic fields, magnetic alignment of proteins and nucleic acids with the magnetic field can now be observed. In such magnetically aligned systems, dipolar couplings no longer average to zero and the residual splittings contain unique information on molecular conformation and possibly mobility.
Sensitivity of mitochondrial transcription to different free radical species.

Abstract Proper mitochondrial function requires the continual maintenance of the integrity of the mitochondrial gene expression system. The sensitivity of both mitochondrial lipids and mitochondrial respiration to free radicals has been well recognized, but the effect of free radicals and lipid peroxidation on mitochondrial transcription has not yer been examined. Using an in vitro mitochondrial transcription assay, we tested the ability of five prooxidants to affect mitochondrial transcription. Results show that mitochondrial transcription is extremely sensitive to inhibition by peroxyl radicals generated by either 2,2′-azobis-(2-amidinopropane) (AAPH) or 2,2′-azobis-(2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile) (AMVN), and that this inhibition occurs prior to detectable evidence of lipid peroxidation as measured by thiobarbituric acid (TBA)-reactive substances, 4-hydroxynonenal accumulation, and oxygen consumption. Furthermore, although mitochondrial transcription was sensitive to 4-hydroxynonenal, it was resistant to malondialdehyde as well as high levels of lipid peroxidation induced by ADP/Fe/NADPH. Together, these results suggest that the repression of mitochondrial transcription is differentially sensitive to specific modes of free radical reaction.
Does genital tract GBS colonization affect the latency period in patients with preterm premature rupture of membranes not in labor prior to 34 weeks

AbstractObjective: To determine if genital tract colonization with GBS at the time of preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM) affects the latency period.Study Design: A retrospective cohort study was performed of all gravidas admitted with PPROM between 23 and 34 weeks of gestation from 1 January 2003 to 29 February 2012. Vaginal/rectal specimens for GBS were performed on admission. The latency period and infectious complications were evaluated in GBS-positive and GBS-negative groups.Results: Hundred and eighty-nine women were identified with PPROM, 177 meet the inclusion criteria. 60 patients were GBS positive on admission, 117 were GBS negative. Median latency period in GBS-positive and GBS-negative groups did not differ (6.8 versus 7.3 days, p = 0.384). Risk of intra-amniotic, wound infection, maternal and neonatal sepsis, and composite infectious morbidity did not differ between the GBS-positive and GBS-negative groups. Among patients who underwent cesarean delivery, GBS-negative group had a hi...
Increase of the Anisotropy of the Energy Gap in Superconducting Thallium under Pressure

A study has been made of the dependence of the superconducting transition temperature of thallium on the density of lattice defects due to plastic deformation, as a function of hydrostatic pressures up to 4 kbar. The change in critical temperature with resistivity ratio is found to be pressure-dependent. It can be accounted for by a theory of gap anisotropy given by Markowitz and Kadanoff and yields a strongly pressure-dependent anisotropy parameter $\ensuremath{\lambda}〈{a}^{2}〉$ which varies from 0.0008 at zero pressure to 0.007 at $p=4$ kbar. Only a little change in the "valence" effect with pressure is observed. The well-known anomalous enhancement of the transition temperature of thallium at pressures up to 2 kbar can be explained quantitatively by this increase of the gap anisotropy under pressure.
The Road Less Traveled: How to Manage the Recycling Career Stage:

This article examines how organizations can better respond to the needs of individuals who are reexamining and changing their chosen career paths. The term, "career recycling ", reflects a new, growing segment of the workforce describing individuals who are reexamining and changing their career paths. Through exploratory interviews, we found that recylers were dissatisfied with their careers and willing to accept the risks associated with changing career direction. Recycling is generally triggered by organizational change, personal plateauing and/or personal crisis. Firms may need to reassess, redesign, and reevaluate key human resource activities, such as employee counseling, job sharing, and compensation benefits in the light of this new phenomenon.
Degradation in injection lasers

The climb networks to be expected in an injection laser through 1) electromigration and 2) thermomigration are considered. It is shown that a model involving electromigration and dislocation pipe diffusion can explain the experimental results [1], [2], [7]. It is predicted that thermomigration may be important in optically pumped devices. It is further shown that elastic strain, per se, cannot be responsible for the degradation. Where numerical reduction is appropriate, parameters of the GaAs-Ga 1-x Al x As system are used. The activation energy for pipe diffusion in GaAs is estimated to be 0.75 eV and the process is believed to be controlled by the diffusion of arsenic vacancies.
Emotion Socialization and Attachment in Russian Children's Homes

This article examines trends in emotion socialization in Russian children's homes (detdoma) between 1996 and 2002, with a focus on attachment socialization. It examines the shift between different emotion socialization practices such as ‘toughening attachment’ (purposively non-responsive childcare in institutions) and ‘trading children for childhood’ (the framing of inter-country adoption as the exchange of Russian children to Western adoptive parents for the children's chance at economic success and emotional development). It argues that two central features shaped detdoma workers' attachment socialization of children in the 1990s: the perceived need to 1) socialize children's attachment in an attempt to establish economic and emotional security for children in uncertain times after the fall of the Soviet Union; and 2) shape children's understandings of attachment within transnational contexts as child migration to the West increased over the course of the decade. Investigating attachment socialization w...
A type-directed, on-line, partial evaluator for a polymorphic language

Recently, Olivier Danvy introduced a new, simple method for implementing powerful partial evaluators, namely type-directed partial evaluation[9]. He introduced a partial evaluator for the simply-typed lambda calculus (§2). This paper explores the possibility of using the same techniques over a lambda calculus with a richer type system. We generalize and extend Danvy's work in four ways:1. Our system handles a much richer language than that presented by Danvy, including all of the features functional programmers have come to expect, such as polymorphism (§5), inductive datatypes (§10), and recursion (§9).2. Our system includes a new systematic treatment of primitive operators (§7) and the propagation of residualized code (§7.1). This question has either been ignored or treated in an ad-hoc manner in previous work.3. Our system handles non-closed terms (§6). This makes type-directed partial evaluation much more practically useful, and can easily be extended to work in languages with parameterized module systems.4. Our system makes the whole process more efficient, by using a lazy, on-demand implementation (§8). The laziness of our implementation also causes the code produced to be more abstract and compact. Using this lazy implementation we have observed speedup ratios in the range 2--10, and code compactness improvements of more than 10 in some cases.All these extensions are made possible by a key technical innovation, namely, embedding types in values.
Energetics of charge–charge interactions between residues adjacent in sequence

Statistical analysis of the residue separation between a pair of ionizable side chains within 4 A of each other was performed on a set of 1560 non-homologous PDB structures. We found that the frequency of pairs of like charges (i.e., pairs consisting of acidic residues Asp and Glu or pairs consisting of basic residues Arg and Lys) is two orders of magnitude lower than the pairs of oppositely charged residues (salt-bridges). We also found that for pairs of like charges the distribution is skewed dramatically towards short residue separation (<3). On the basis of these observations, we hypothesize that at short residue separation the repulsion between charges does not contribute much to the protein stability and the effects are largely dominated by the long range charge-charge interactions with other ionizable groups in the protein molecule. To test this hypothesis, we incorporated various pairs of charged residues at position 63 and 64 of ubiquitin and compared the stabilities of these variants. We also performed calculations of the expected changes in the charge-charge interactions. A very good correlation between experimental changes in the stability of ubiquitin variants, and changes in the energy of charge-charge interactions provides support for the hypothesis that a pair of ionizable residues next to each other in sequence modulates protein stability via long range charge-charge interactions with the rest of the protein.
Regarding the Confusion between the Population Concept and Mayr's “Population Thinking”

ABSTRACTErnst Mayr said that one of Darwin's greatest contributions was to show scholars the way to population thinking, and to help them discard a mindset of typological thinking. Population thinking rejects a focus on a central representative type, and emphasizes the variation among individuals. However, Mayr's choice of terms has led to confusion, particularly among biologists who study natural populations. Both population thinking and the concept of a biological population were inspired by Darwin, and from Darwin the chain for both concepts runs through Francis Galton who introduced the statistical usage of “population” that appears in Mayr's population thinking. It was Galton's “population” that was modified by geneticists and biometricians in the early 20th century to refer to an interbreeding and evolving community of organisms. Under this meaning, a population is a biological entity and so paradoxically population thinking, which emphasizes variation at the expense of dwelling on entities, is usua...
Effects of nonsulfur and sulfur amino acids on the regulation of hepatic enzymes of cysteine metabolism.

To determine the role of nonsulfur vs. sulfur amino acids in regulation of cysteine metabolism, rats were fed a basal diet or diets supplemented with a mixture of nonsulfur amino acids (AA), sulfur...
The representation of suboceanic relief on maps of intermediate scale

The maps of most frequent occurrence that give information as to the configuration of the ocean-floor are generally at the two extremes of scale, being either coast-charts showing numerous spot-soundings, often by stippling grouped into depth belts, or general bathymetric maps of the oceans, usually with gradational tints. Examples of the former are the coast-charts of the great hydrographic offices of the world, such as the 1:10,000 to 1:80,000 series of our Atlantic, Gulf, and Pacific shores by the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey or the British Admiralty charts of British and foreign coasts on similar scales. Examples of the latter are the General Bathymetric Map of the Oceans on an equatorial scale of 1:10,000,000 [see 1 of “References” at end of paper]; Groll's three maps of the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian oceans, each 1:40,000,000 [2]; Schott's maps of the Atlantic, 1:30,000,000, and of the joint Pacific and Indian oceans, 1:60,000,000 [3]; the recent map of the Atlantic, 1:20,000,000, in the scientific results of the Meteor Expedition [4]; the new map of the South Pacific, equatorial scale 1:27,000,000, by the United States Hydrographic Office [5]; and the American Geographical Society's map of Antarctic waters, 1:20,000,000 [6].
On cosine-modulated wavelet orthonormal bases

Multiplicity M, K-regular, orthonormal wavelet bases (that have implications in transform coding applications) have previously been constructed by several authors. The paper describes and parameterizes the cosine-modulated class of multiplicity M wavelet tight frames (WTFs). In these WTFs, the scaling function uniquely determines the wavelets. This is in contrast to the general multiplicity M case, where one has to, for any given application, design the scaling function and the wavelets. Several design techniques for the design of K regular cosine-modulated WTFs are described and their relative merits discussed. Wavelets in K-regular WTFs may or may not be smooth, Since coding applications use WTFs with short length scaling and wavelet vectors (since long filters produce ringing artifacts, which is undesirable in, say, image coding), many smooth designs of K regular WTFs of short lengths are presented. In some cases, analytical formulas for the scaling and wavelet vectors are also given. In many applications, smoothness of the wavelets is more important than K regularity. The authors define smoothness of filter banks and WTFs using the concept of total variation and give several useful designs based on this smoothness criterion. Optimal design of cosine-modulated WTFs for signal representation is also described. All WTFs constructed in the paper are orthonormal bases. >
Circuit techniques for large CSEA SRAMs

The CMOS-storage emitter-access (CSEA) memory cell offers faster access than the MOS cells used in conventional BiCMOS SRAMs but using it in large memory arrays poses several problems. Novel BiCMOS circuit approaches to address the problems of decoding power, electronic noise, level translation, and write disturbance are described. Results on a 64-kb CSEA SRAM using these techniques are reported. The device, fabricated in an 0.8- mu m BiCMOS technology, achieves read access and write pulse time of less than 4 ns while dissipating 1.7 W at a case temperature of 70 degrees C. >
A work-efficient parallel breadth-first search algorithm (or how to cope with the nondeterminism of reducers)

We have developed a multithreaded implementation of breadth-first search (BFS) of a sparse graph using the Cilk++ extensions to C++. Our PBFS program on a single processor runs as quickly as a standar. C++ breadth-first search implementation. PBFS achieves high work-efficiency by using a novel implementation of a multiset data structure, called a "bag," in place of the FIFO queue usually employed in serial breadth-first search algorithms. For a variety of benchmark input graphs whose diameters are significantly smaller than the number of vertices -- a condition met by many real-world graphs -- PBFS demonstrates good speedup with the number of processing cores.Since PBFS employs a nonconstant-time "reducer" -- "hyperobject" feature of Cilk++ -- the work inherent in a PBFS execution depends nondeterministically on how the underlying work-stealing scheduler load-balances the computation. We provide a general method for analyzing nondeterministic programs that use reducers. PBFS also is nondeterministic in that it contains benign races which affect its performance but not its correctness. Fixing these races with mutual-exclusion locks slows down PBFS empirically, but it makes the algorithm amenable to analysis. In particular, we show that for a graph G=(V,E) with diameter D and bounded out-degree, this data-race-free version of PBFS algorithm runs it time O((V+E)/P + Dlg3(V/D)) on P processors, which means that it attains near-perfect linear speedup if P
Intrinsic charge ladders of a monoclonal antibody in hydroxypropylcellulose-coated capillaries

Capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) has been used to resolve the charge heterogeneity of an intact (∼150 kDa) monoclonal IgG antibody (mAb). Although this microheterogeneity can also be observed by isoelectric focusing, CZE allows the net charge of each variant to be measured as a function of pH and other solution conditions. Separation was achieved in both borate and Tris run buffers using capillaries that had been statically coated with hydroxypropylcellulose (HPC). The HPC coating makes inadvertent chromatographic retention of the mAb undetectably small and decreases electroosmotic flow (EOF) to ∼10−5 cm2 V−1 s−1, with reasonable stability over dozens of runs under the conditions tested (pH 8.5 and 9.0 for each buffer). We also describe a novel means of measuring small, positive EOF coefficients and larger, negative net mobilities in the same run. This allows determination of accurate electrophoretic mobilities despite variations in EOF. The resolved mAb charge variants (which most likely result from deamidation or partial truncation) constitute what we call an “intrinsic” charge ladder. As with conventional charge ladders formed by deliberate modification of a homogeneous protein, net charge is obtained by extrapolating a plot of electrophoretic mobility versus (assumed) incremental charge difference. At a given pH, the mAb is more negatively charged in borate than in Tris, reflecting specific binding of the B(OH)4− anion. We also report hydrodynamic radii calculated from the slopes of these plots.
New Learning Programs in Cognitive Vitality, Alzheimer's Disease, and Related Dementias

Abstract As the population continues to age there remains an unmet need in preventing, identifying, treating, and managing mental/behavioral health problems among older adults. The purpose of this paper is to describe educational and training programs offered through three Geriatric Education Centers: (1) the Meharry Consortium Geriatric Education Center, which offers a certificate program on Cognitive Vitality dispelling myths that dementias are part of the normal aging process, (2) the Harvard Upper New England Geriatric Education Center, which offers a self-study web-based learning module on Alzheimer's Disease and related dementias, and (3) the South Carolina Geriatric Education Center, which has developed multi-use and train-the-trainer programs for counseling drivers with dementia and communicating effectively with cognitively impaired older adults. The programs together begin to address the wide range of mental health issues clinicians may encounter in older adult health care delivery and the ways ...
Histidine-rich glycoprotein inhibits the antiangiogenic effect of thrombospondin-1

Angiogenesis is critical for the growth and proliferation of tumors as well as for normal development. We now describe a novel role for histidine-rich glycoprotein (HRGP) in the modulation of angiogenesis. HRGP is a plasma protein that circulates in relatively high concentrations (1.5 μM), but has no known function in vivo. We have shown previously that HRGP binds with high affinity to thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1), a homotrimeric glycoprotein that is a potent inhibitor of angiogenesis. The antiangiogenic activity of TSP-1 is mediated by the binding of properdin-like type I repeats to the receptor CD36. We found that binding of HRGP to TSP-1 was similarly mediated by TSP type I repeats. HRGP colocalized with TSP-1 in the stroma of human breast cancer specimens, and this interaction masked the antiangiogenic epitope of TSP-1. In assays performed in vitro of endothelial cell migration and tube formation, and in vivo corneal angiogenesis assays, HRGP inhibited the antiangiogenic effect of TSP-1. These studies suggest that HRGP can modulate the antiangiogenic activity of TSP-1, and identify a potential mechanism of resistance to the antiangiogenic effect of TSP-1.
Elements of a Paracrine Tubular Renin-Angiotensin System Along the Entire Nephron

The renin-angiotensin system is a major regulator of body sodium, predominantly through the actions of intrarenal angiotensin II of unclear origin. We show that polarized epithelium of the proximal tubule synthesizes and secretes angiotensinogen at its apical side and that the protein can be detected in urine as a function of dietary sodium. Furthermore, we demonstrate that renin is expressed and secreted in a restricted nephron segment, the connecting tubule, also in a sodium-dependent fashion. A paracrine renin-angiotensin system operating along the entire nephron may contribute to long-term arterial pressure regulation by integrating distant tubular sodium-reabsorbing functions.
On the Intersection of Human-Centered Computing and Web Science

Human-centered computing (HCC) as a field was defined several years ago. Since then, the Web has grown significantly, and so has its impact in society at every level, creating the grounds for a new Web science. In this paper, we examine the definitions of HCC and Web science, and discuss how they might be related. On the one hand, HCC can be viewed as a set of methodologies, and on the other hand, Web science can be viewed as a platform or repository, from which behavioral data can be drawn. We examine the relationship between the two, and summarize three different research approaches that in many ways show this intersection. Category: Human computing
Agency as Place in Teacher Education

We build upon the conceptualizations of agency in teacher education presented in the three previous articles in this issue to address the question of “where” agency occurs in the context of globalization. We rely on theories of place and place-based education to illuminate the paradoxical dimensions of the global commons, raising questions about where knowledge is situated and how educators connect with cultures that lie beyond school walls. We also synthesize research themes presented in this issue such as sites for teacher education, experiential learning, perspectives on intergenerational knowledge, and detailed reflection to use place as a heuristic to raise additional questions about how to navigate the messiness of sustainable change.
IMP-L2: an essential secreted immunoglobulin family member implicated in neural and ectodermal development in Drosophila

The Drosophila IMP-L2 gene was identified as a 20-hydroxyecdysone-induced gene encoding a membrane-bound polysomal transcript. IMP-L2 is an apparent secreted member of the immunoglobulin superfamily. We have used deficiencies that remove the IMP-L2 gene to demonstrate that IMP-L2 is essential in Drosophila. The viability of IMP-L2 null zygotes is influenced by maternal IMP-L2. IMP-L2 null progeny from IMP-L2+ mothers exhibit a semilethal phenotype. IMP-L2 null progeny from IMP-L2 null mothers are 100% lethal. An IMP-L2 transgene completely suppresses the zygotic lethal phenotype and partially suppresses the lethality of IMP-L2 null progeny from IMP-L2 null mothers. In embryos, IMP-L2 mRNA is first expressed at the cellular blastoderm stage and continues to be expressed through subsequent development. IMP-L2 mRNA is detected in several sites including the ventral neuroectoderm, the tracheal pits, the pharynx and esophagus, and specific neuronal cell bodies. Staining of whole-mount embryos with anti-IMP-L2 antibodies shows that IMP-L2 protein is localized to specific neuronal structures late in embryogenesis. Expression of IMP-L2 protein in neuronal cells suggests a role in the normal development of the nervous system but no severe morphological abnormalities have been detected in IMP-L2 null embryos.
The Line of Beauty in River Designs: Hogarth’s Aesthetic Theory on Capability Brown’s Eighteenth-Century River Design and Twentieth-Century River Restoration Design

William Hogarth (1697–1764) was an influential eighteenth-century philosopher whose theory of beauty (1753) held that the “serpentine” line was the ideal “line of beauty.” Contemporary with Hogarth, the landscape architect Capability Brown (1716–1783) designed landscapes in England and Wales, creating sinuous water features by damming and reshaping small streams, perhaps the earliest examples of stream restoration. Prior authors suggested that Brown’s designs reflected the influence of Hogarth. Twentieth-century stream restoration projects in North America have been characterised by highly sinuous and symmetrical curves. Comparing the sinuosity and symmetry of Brown’s eighteenth-century water features, twentieth-century stream restoration projects, and Hogarth’s line of beauty, we found Brown’s features matched Hogarth’s line in sinuosity but were asymmetrical, while the recent stream restoration project designs had higher sinuosities and were nearly perfectly symmetrical.
An implantable antenna designed for ease of manufacturing

This article describes an improved method of manufacturing PIFA antennas for medical implants, and associated design considerations. The antenna is manufactured “upside down,” by molding the silicone superstrate first, placing the radiating element against it, and then pouring epoxy into the mold to form the substrate. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 58:619–623, 2016
Use of a mechanical pressure device for hemostasis following cardiac catheterization

Background Peripheral vascular complications that can occur after cardiac catheterization are costly and cause patient discomfort. Objectives To determine the difference in frequency of vascular complications in a convenience sample of cardiac catheterization patients who had mechanical pressure vs digital pressure for postprocedural hemostasis. Methods A quasi-experimental design was used. The study group consisted of 100 patients on whom a mechanical clamp was used to effect hemostasis; the control group consisted of 100 patients who received digital pressure for hemostasis. Data from the control group were obtained retrospectively through review of cardiac catheterization charts. Results The two groups showed statistically significant differences for the number of catheters used, mean time elapsed between arterial entry and catheter removal, and compression time. There was no significant difference in complication rate between the groups. Discussion Complications including hematoma formation, arterial occlusion, ischemia and traumatic neuropathy were monitored. Conclusions The mechanical pressure device is a safe, cost-effective alternative to digital pressure for hemostasis following cardiac catheterization. Further studies are needed to verify these results and the effectiveness of the device following other percutaneous intra-arterial procedures.
Abstract SY35-03: Gene expression and epigenetic programs in leukemia stem cell development

Acute myelogenous leukemia stem cells (LSC) are the subset of leukemia cells capable of extensive self-renewal and maintenance of leukemia. We are interested in the mechanisms of leukemia development as they relate to activation and maintenance of gene expression programs by epigenetic pathways responsible for deregulated self-renewal in leukemia. We have demonstrated that oncogenic fusion proteins can activate a self-renewal associated gene expression program when expressed in myeloid progenitor cells that normally have limited self-renewal capabilities. Detailed characterization of LSC from multiple different mouse leukemias has shown that LSC are most similar to differentiating myeloid cells that express a limited hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) associated signature. Detailed analysis of the gene expression data from normal HSC and progenitors as compared to LSC identified the Wnt/β-catenin pathway as potentially important for acute myeloid leukemia LSC, and we have subsequently validated this pathway as critical using conditional mouse models. We are continuing to assess the gene expression programs subverted during the transition from normal HSC and progenitor cells to LSC and are comparing these data to genome wide epigenomic analyses to determine which specific epigenetic programs are required for leukemia stem cell maintenance. Identification of epigenetic pathways required to maintain leukemia self-renewal should provide new targets for novel therapeutic approaches. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr SY35-03. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-SY35-03
INBREEDING DEPRESSION UNDER JOINT SELFING, OUTCROSSING, AND ASEXUALITY.

Partial asexual reproduction was introduced into a model of inbreeding depression due to nearly recessive lethal mutations in a partially selfing population. The frequencies of asexuality, selfing, and outcrossing were either constant or occurred in cycles of a single sexual generation followed by one or more asexual generations. We found that increasing the degree of asexuality generally increases the inbreeding depression maintained in an equilibrium population with a given selfing rate. This is due to the increase in the number of mutations relative to sexual generations during which selfing-induced purging of mutations may take place. For very high genomic mutation rates, sufficient to produce a threshold rate of self-fertilization for purging recessive lethal mutations, asexuality can have the opposite effect, decreasing equilibrium inbreeding depression, because of an increase in the efficiency of selection against mutations in heterozygotes with asexuality.
The uncertainty of treatment: Women's use of HIV treatment as prevention in Malawi.

In countries throughout sub-Saharan Africa, antiretroviral therapy is seen as the solution to not only treat existing patients, but also to prevent the future spread of HIV. New policies for the prevention of mother-to-child transmission place women on lifelong treatment as soon as they are tested HIV positive. This article looks at how women understand this prescription for lifelong treatment. Drawing on interviews with HIV-positive women in Lilongwe, Malawi (N = 65) during July-September 2014, I examine the process of making treatment decisions, and why - despite increased access - women refuse or stop treatment. Using treatment for preventative purposes transforms the experience of HIV from an acute to a chronic condition where both the symptoms of disease and the efficacy of treatment are unclear. Women look for evidence of the cost and benefit of treatment through their personal experiences with illness and drug-taking. For some women, the benefits were clearer: they interpreted past illnesses as signs of HIV infection, and felt healthier and more economically productive afterwards. For others, taking treatment sometimes led to marital problems, and side effects made them feel worse and disrupted their ability to work. While women understand the health benefits of antiretroviral therapy, taking treatment does not always make sense in their present circumstances when there are costly physical and economic repercussions. This study builds on existing sociological research on medical decision-making by situating decisions in a broader political economy of changing HIV policies, economic conditions, and everyday uncertainty.
Positive Bias in Teenage Drivers With ADHD Within a Simulated Driving Task.

Objective: Youth with ADHD exhibit positive bias, an overestimation of ability, relative to external indicators. The positive bias construct is understudied in adolescents, particularly in the doma...
Current concepts in estrogen replacement therapy in the menopause.

Objective To provide a review of the risks and benefits of hormonal replacement therapy in the menopause, including new therapeutic regimens and modes of delivery. Design A review of the literature to identify published studies was accomplished using a computerized bibliographical search (Medline). Results Replacement therapy is effective in treating symptoms of estrogen deficiency and in lowering the risk of osteoporosis and cardiovascular disease. The daily administration of an estrogen and progestin eliminates the withdrawal bleed and increases patient compliance. This continuous form of therapy also consistently suppresses the endometrium, decreasing the risk of hyperplasia. More studies investigating the effect of continuous therapy on the lipid profile and cardiovascular disease are needed. Conclusions New therapeutic regimens and modes of delivery decrease risks and increase patient acceptance of hormonal replacement therapy.
An Emic, Mixed Methods Approach to Defining and Measuring Positive Parenting Among Low-Income, Black Families.

ABSTRACTResearch Findings: This within-group exploratory sequential mixed-methods investigation sought to identify how ethnically diverse, urban-residing, low-income Black families conceptualize positive parenting. During the item development phase 119 primary caregivers from Head Start programs participated in focus groups and interviews. These qualitative data were content analyzed using a 3-stage iterative process that resulted in the development of a final set of 72 items for a paper-and-pencil measure. In the measure validation phase of the study initial construct validity of the 72-item measure was assessed with an independent sample of 665 respondents. Common factor analyses revealed 5 dimensions of positive parenting on the Black Parenting Strengths in Context scale that related in expected ways with other parent self-report measures. Practice or Policy: Black Parenting Strengths in Context dimensions provide initial support for a more nuanced operationalization of positive parenting than currentl...
The Life Course Perspective Through the Lens of Race

Life course theorists argue that key transitions such as marriage and employment heavily influence criminal desistance in adulthood among those who committed delinquent acts during their adolescence. Although much research supports this notion, race has generally been left out of the discourse. Very few researchers have examined whether and how race plays a role within life course theory. This is surprising insofar as race is an important correlate of crime, marriage, employment, and other life course transitions that are associated with criminal desistance. Data from Waves 1, 2 and 4 of Add Health are used to examine differences in the effect of marriage and employment on desistance among 3,479 Black, Hispanic, and White men. Results show mixed support for the life course perspective in that classic life theory applies to Whites, but less so to Blacks and Hispanics.
Third Quarter: College Football in the American South

This chapter traces the history of college football in the American South, and how the violence of American football fits with that history and the ethos of the region. Despite a dramatic and tumultuous history, the reader sees how college football played and continues to play a central role in the civil religion of the American South.
Financial Analysis Of Various Companies In The Pigs Group Of Countries

This paper attempts to examine and offer insight in the investment opportunities in several industries of different sizes located in two of the PIGS countries (Portugal, Italy, Greece, and Spain) looking at their similarities/differences as well as anomalies in comparison to their US counterpart. These companies were chosen because of a number of factors including size, age, and relevance to the current world economy:â€¢ The Buckle Corporation (US) and Inditex (SPAIN)â€¢ Coach (US) and Prada (ITALY)â€¢ Ford (US) and Fiat (ITALY)â€¢ Verizon Wireless (US) and Telefonica S.A.(SPAIN)By examining pertinent financial ratios, namely Net profit margin, Current ratio, Quick ratio, return on Assets, return on Equity, return on Investment, P/E ratio, and Price to Book Value ratio, and using various statistical methods we have determined the optimum investment alternatives.
Bundled Payments for Care Improvement: Preparing for the Medical Diagnosis-Related Groups.

BACKGROUNDThe Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services Innovation Center introduced the Bundled Payments for Care Improvement (BPCI) initiative in 2011 as 1 strategy to encourage healthcare organizations and clinicians to improve healthcare delivery for patients, both when they are in the hospital
A Digital Moving Target Indicator System for Detection of Intracranial Arterial Echoes

Echoencephalography has been used primarily to detect shifts from midline structures and to measure ventricular size in the brain. While performing these procedures, many investigators have observed pulsatile echoes originating from the major intracranial arteries. In many instances, these intracranial arterial echoes are not easily isolated from echoes originating from surrounding tissue. This problem of arterial echo isolation has limited diagnostic information obtained from such echoes.
How Malleable is the ‘Gold Standard’?: A Case Study in Respect of South Africa’s Access to Information Regime

This paper examines the difficulties encountered by Biowatch, a South African civil society environmental organisation, in its attempts to obtain access to government information in respect of genetically engineered plants. The elaboration of the case is based on interviews conducted with the Director of Biowatch and the organisation’s legal counsel. Cette communication porte sur les difficultes rencontrees par Biowatch, une organisation environnementale de la societe civile sud-africaine, lors de ses tentatives d’obtenir acces aux donnees gouvernementales relativement aux plantes issues du genie genetique. L’elaboration du cas se base sur des entrevues menees aupres du directeur de Biowatch et le conseiller juridique de l’organisation.
La surveillance pour cancer colique dans la colite ulcéreuse

La prise en charge du patient porteur d’une pancolite ulcereuse de longue duree est principalement orientee vers la prevention du cancer dans cette categorie de malades a haut risque. La colectomie prophylactique, fondee seulement sur la duree de la maladie, n’est pas une attitude acceptable puisqu’un sous-groupe de patients a risque plus eleve peut etre determine par l’etude histologique des biopsies obtenues par voie coloscopique. L’indication de la colectomie est basee sur la mise en evidence d’un cancer colique ou d’une dysplasie confirmee, lesion connue comme etant un precurseur du carcinome.
The Role of Mentors in Early Intervention Referrals: Overlooked Views of Pediatric Residency Training Directors.

Objectives There continues to be a pressing need to increase referrals to family-centered early intervention (EI) for more eligible infants and toddlers with inadequate consideration for the role of senior, mentoring professionals. Methods To address a dearth in our understanding, a subset of Pediatric Residency Training Directors shared views on EI, referral, and relevant training efforts. Results Participating directors primarily reported limited understanding of EI. Greater knowledge of family-focused EI correlated with its perceived helpfulness (r = .420; p = .021), which positively correlated with referring a child to EI. Despite 67% of the sample viewing pediatricians as ‘most important’ in screenings and EI referrals, residents were perceived as only somewhat aware of EI referral and services, and only somewhat aware of differences between clinic options and Part C EI. Although nearly all respondents noted minimal EI exposure during training, only 43% felt this amount was ‘inadequate/insufficient’. The sample was fairly evenly divided in being ‘extremely’ or ‘somewhat’ interested in communicating with state EI leaders. Conclusions for Practice This preliminary analysis describes perceptions among senior medical professionals who may influence referrals via mentoring, training, and interdisciplinary collaboration. Findings inform next steps in terms of research, improving education for directors and residents, and collaborative information-sharing to bolster family-centered EI referrals to improve child and family outcomes.
Intellectual humility's links to religion and spirituality and the role of authoritarianism

Abstract A US community sample of 302 adults completed surveys suggesting small, negative links between intellectual humility and a variety of religious/spiritual variables as well as parabolic relationships with highest levels of intellectual humility occurring among those with low and high levels of religion/spirituality. Longitudinal analyses (N = 100) indicated a number of religious/spiritual variables predicted less intellectual humility 3 years later. Right-wing authoritarianism accounted for most of the links between religion/spirituality and intellectual humility, suggesting that it is not religion/spirituality per se, but rather sociopolitical attitudes about authority that are associated with decreases in intellectual humility. After controlling right-wing authoritarianism, a small, negative relationship remained between religious participation and intellectual humility.
How to Think—Not Feel—about Tobacco Harm Reduction

Introduction The debate over tobacco harm reduction (THR) has divided the tobacco control community into two camps, one expressing serious reservations about THR whereas the other believes that reduced-risk products like e-cigarettes will disrupt the cigarette market. The often emotional debate would benefit from dispassionate data-based evaluation of evidence. Methods After briefly discussing harm reduction in public health and specifically in tobacco control, this paper identifies major issues concerning e-cigarettes and reviews relevant evidence. Issues include: e-cigarettes' risks compared to cigarette smoking; the effect of vaping on youth smoking; vaping's impact on adult smoking cessation; the net long-term public health implications of vaping; and differences in views on policy issues. The intent is to provide a broad overview of issues and evidence, directing readers to more detailed reviews of specific issues. Findings Principal findings include the following: (1) while longitudinal studies suggest that vaping increases never-smoking young people's odds of trying smoking, national survey data indicate that adolescents' 30-day smoking prevalence decreased at an unprecedented rate precisely whereas vaping increased. Use of all other tobacco products also declined. (2) Recent population-level studies add evidence that vaping is increasing adult smoking cessation. (3) Vaping is likely to make a positive contribution to public health. Conclusions THR can be a complement to, not a substitute for, evidenced-based tobacco control interventions. Tobacco control professionals need to focus on objective assessment of and discussion about the potential costs and benefits of THR. Implications Participants on both sides of the divisive THR debate need to examine the complicated issues and evidence more objectively. This entails considering both the potential benefits and costs associated with reduced-risk products like e-cigarettes. Furthermore, it requires examining different kinds of evidence when considering specific issues. For example, those concerned by longitudinal study findings that vaping increases students' trial of cigarettes should consider US national survey evidence that youth smoking has decreased at an unprecedented rate. A review of the major issues suggests that the potential of vaping to assist adult smokers to quit outweighs the potential negatives.
The United States Nuclear Factories

In order to arm itself with nuclear weapons, the US government mined, refined, and transported uranium products at well over 1,000 sites across the nation and in the process left levels of nuclear and chemical contamination that have become the primary mission of the Office of Environmental Management within the DOE. Nine of these sites, which are the focus of this book, have received about 90 % of the DOE’s waste management budget of about $6.5 billion a year.
Efficiently Enforcing the Security and Privacy Policies in a Mobile Environment

Effective delivery of location-based services (LBS) requires efficient processing of access requests to find the past, present and future location of the mobile customers (or moving objects) that match a certain profile. However, this gives rise to a number of security and privacy concerns because LBS may need to locate and track a mobile customer, and gain access to his/her profile. Location information has the potential to allow an adversary to physically locate a person, and user profile information may include sensitive attributes such as name, address, linguistic preference, age group, income level, marital status, education level, etc. As such, mobile customers have legitimate concerns about their personal safety, if such information should fall into the wrong hands. One way to take these concerns into account is by establishing security policies and enforcing them for every access. A comprehensive security policy can encode spatiotemporal restrictions on access to location and profile. To incorporate security, an appropriate access control mechanism must be in place to enforce the authorization specifications reflecting the above security and privacy policies. Serving an access request requires to search for the desired moving objects that satisfy the query, as well as identify and enforce the relevant security policies.