cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Novel partial feedback schemes and their evaluation in an OFDMA system with CDF based scheduling

In an Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) system, cumulative distribution function (CDF) based scheduling can be applied to prioritize users. In such a wideband multiuser system, it is essential to reduce the typically very large feedback requirement. Herein, we consider a system in which several adjacent highly correlated subcarriers are grouped into a resource block. Then, the formed resource blocks can be further combined to form sub-bands, each consisting of a certain number of resource blocks. To reduce feedback, three feedback schemes, which include two new schemes, are considered and compared. They are a novel CDF based opportunistic scheme, the best M feedback scheme and a hybrid scheme. We provide analytical results which are used to optimally set feedback parameters to best exploit system resource while still maintaining fairness among users. In addition, the convergence behaviors of the total feedback requirement of the schemes are also provided. Simulation are conducted to verify the tradeoff between feedback reduction and system performance. The experiments also show the optimal hybrid and opportunistic schemes are identical and result in the least feedback requirement.
Cosmic neutrino fluxes — scaling from UHE gamma rays

Abstract Gamma ray and neutrino observations are closely coupled: in energetic astrophysical objects where copious production of pions takes place, both gammas and neutrinos are produced. Although γ rays can be produced as a result of either electron or hadron acceleration processes, however, the neutrinos are a clean and unequivocal tracer of the hadrons. Assuming that UHE γ rays are produced by energetic hadrons in astrophysical “beam dumps”, it is possible to estimate fluxes of cosmic neutrinos based on the UHE γ ray observations. These estimates are made for Cygnus X-3 and applied to a variety of other sources. Throughout, an attempt is made to parametrize the results so that they can easily be normalized to other detector areas or UHE γ ray fluxes, and so that they can easily be modified for more or less optimistic assumptions about gamma ray attenuation and relative ν - γ intensity levels.
Electronic transport in Re O 3 : dc conductivity and Hall effect

The dc resistivity and low-field Hall effect of the transition-metal oxide Re${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ have been measured as a function of temperature. The samples used were oriented single crystals which were large enough for measurements to be made by a conventional four-point probe method. The samples of Re${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ showed metallic conductivity with a resistance ratio $\frac{\ensuremath{\rho}(300)}{\ensuremath{\rho}(4.2)}$ between 50 and 70. At 300\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K resistivity is (8.95 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.03) \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}6}$ \ensuremath{\Omega} cm, and the Hall coefficient at 300\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K is (-3.28 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.10) \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{3}$ ${\mathrm{C}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. The experimental results show that Re${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ behaves like a simple metal with one free electron per unit cell. A least-squares fitting routine is used to compare the resistivity data to a model involving electron-phonon and electron-electron scattering.
The Limits of Service-Learning in Higher Education.

This article takes a critical look at the attempted institutionalization of service-learning in higher education. It asks whether service-learning can become deeply embedded within the academy; and if so, what exactly is becoming embedded. Specifically, this article suggests that there are substantial pedagogical, political, and institutional limits to service-learning across the academy. These limits, moreover, are shown to be inherent to the service-learning movement as contemporarily theorized and enacted. The article concludes by reframing some of the grounding assumptions of service-learning to position it as a disciplinary field more suited for becoming genuinely embedded within higher education.
SLC39A2 and FSIP1 polymorphisms as potential modifiers of arsenic-related bladder cancer.

Arsenic is a carcinogen that contaminates drinking water worldwide. Accumulating evidence suggests that both exposure and genetic factors may influence susceptibility to arsenic-induced malignancies. We sought to identify novel susceptibility loci for arsenic-related bladder cancer in a US population with low to moderate drinking water levels of arsenic. We first screened a subset of bladder cancer cases using a panel of approximately 10,000 non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Top ranking hits on the SNP array then were considered for further analysis in our population-based case–control study (n = 832 cases and 1,191 controls). SNPs in the fibrous sheath interacting protein 1 (FSIP1) gene (rs10152640) and the solute carrier family 39, member 2 (SLC39A2) in the ZIP gene family of metal transporters (rs2234636) were detected as potential hits in the initial scan and validated in the full case–control study. The adjusted odds ratio (OR) for the FSIP1 polymorphism was 2.57 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.13, 5.85] for heterozygote variants (AG) and 12.20 (95% CI 2.51, 59.30) for homozygote variants (GG) compared to homozygote wild types (AA) in the high arsenic group (greater than the 90th percentile), and unrelated in the low arsenic group (equal to or below the 90th percentile) (P for interaction = 0.002). For the SLC39A2 polymorphism, the adjusted ORs were 2.96 (95% CI 1.23, 7.15) and 2.91 (95% CI 1.00, 8.52) for heterozygote (TC) and homozygote (CC) variants compared to homozygote wild types (TT), respectively, and close to one in the low arsenic group (P for interaction = 0.03). Our findings suggest novel variants that may influence risk of arsenic-associated bladder cancer and those who may be at greatest risk from this widespread exposure.
Contributions of folding cores to the thermostabilities of two ribonucleases H

To investigate the contribution of the folding cores to the thermodynamic stability of RNases H, we used rational design to create two chimeras composed of parts of a thermophilic and a mesophilic RNase H. Each chimera combines the folding core from one parent protein and the remaining parts of the other. Both chimeras form active, well-folded RNases H. Stability curves, based on CD-monitored chemical denaturations, show that the chimera with the thermophilic core is more stable, has a higher midpoint of thermal denaturation, and a lower change in heat capacity (ΔCp) upon unfolding than the chimera with the mesophilic core. A possible explanation for the low ΔCp of both the parent thermophilic RNase H and the chimera with the thermophilic core is the residual structure in the denatured state. On the basis of the studied parameters, the chimera with the thermophilic core resembles a true thermophilic protein. Our results suggest that the folding core plays an essential role in conferring thermodynamic parameters to RNases H.
Analysis of the intracellular development of a DNA-containing mammalian virus (pseudorabies) by means of ultraviolet light irradiation.

Abstract Experiments of the Luria-Laterjet type, using ultraviolet light (UVL), were carried out with ERK cells infected with pseudorabies (Pr) virus. A family of survival curves of decreasing slopes, which remained of the single-hit type throughout the course of the experiment, was obtained. The same type of experiment was also performed with cells in which the synthesis of DNA was inhibited by 5-fluorouracil (FU). Although many of the metabolic changes which normally accompany the infective process can be observed in infected FU-treated cells, the gradual radiostabilization of the virus-cell complexes with time after infection does not take place under these conditions. The inhibition by FU of this radiostabilization is overcome by thymidine. The mechanisms which may be responsible for the decrease in radiosensitivity of the Pr virus-infected ERK cells are discussed in the light of these experiments.
Calculation of X-ray and Auger transition rates, lifetimes, X-ray wavelengths, and fluorescence yields of variously ionized silicon atoms

X-ray and Auger transition rates, X-ray wavelengths, and fluorescence yields are calculated for variously ionized silicon atoms with configurations 1s2sm2pn, m=0–2, n=1–6. The calculation has been performed using the Hartree–Fock atomic model. Intermediate coupling and configuration interaction have been taken into account. The energies and widths are found to be strongly affected by configuration mixing. The results from the present calculation have been compared with those available in the literature. The theoretical Kα hypersatellite and satellite spectra fall into several well-separated regions, corresponding to each of the possible number of spectator electrons in the 2s and 2p shells. The dependence of radiative rates and fluorescence yields on the number of spectator electrons is also investigated.
Additional morphological and physiological heterogeneity within the midgut of larval Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) revealed by histology, electrophysiology, and effects of Bacillus thuringiensis endotoxin

Abstract Analysis of larval Aedes aegypti midgut using scanning electron microscopy, nuclear and mitochondrial dyes, response to Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis CryIVB toxin, and electrophysiology is described. The anterior ventriculus (“stomach”) region is found to have much lower mitochondrial densities than other midgut regions. The transitional region is distinguished by apical surface architecture, and by region-specific effects of CryIVB endotoxin. In this region CryIVB causes holes ranging from 1.0 to 7.0 μm in diameter (mean 3.3 ± 0.53 μm, N = 12), blisters 16.9 ± 1.54 μm in diameter (N = 10), and separation of adjacent cells. The holes are not consistent with damage due to the colloid osmotic lysis model of δ-endotoxin activity. The posterior ventriculus possesses a distinctive cellular architecture consisting of hemispherical, domed apical membranes surrounded by deep clefts. Functional and morphological heterogeneity is revealed within the posterior ventriculus, with the anterior end dominating the electrical profile of isolated, perfused preparations and showing the greatest response to serotonin. Hyperpolarization of the transepithelial potential by serotonin occurred in conjunction with a decrease in the space constant lambda, ruling out closure of ion channels as the mechanism of action of serotonin.
Microsphere-assisted fabrication of high aspect-ratio elastomeric micropillars and waveguides

Obtaining poly(dimethylsiloxane) micropillar arrays with high aspect-ratios has been challenging. Here, the authors report a direct drawing-based fabrication technique for obtaining upright micropillars with millimeter-scale heights, and demonstrate an airflow sensor based on them.
Race and decision making within juvenile justice: The importance of context

Previous tests of the influence of race on decision making within juvenile justice proceedings have traditionally focused on case-level variables and/or macrolevel factors that characterize the jurisdictions under study. Often excluded are measures of the attitudinal context within which decision making occurs. Using a revised conflict perspective that incorporates the role of racial stereotyping, hypotheses are developed centering on racial differences in case processing decisions within four midwest jurisdictions. Attitudes of juvenile court officials toward the punitiveness of the juvenile court and perceptions regarding differences between the behavior and attitudes of whites and those of African Americans are included in additive and race interactive models of five decision-making stages. Results indicate both lenient and harsh treatment of African Americans compared to whites. Hypotheses regarding racial stereotyping in the decision-making process receive some support and the discussion focuses on how inconsistent racial effects may be a function of variation in structural “coupling” across system decision points.
Globular hepatic amyloid–-an unusual morphologic presentation

Hepatic amyloid, when identified, is usually located in the sinusoids, portal tracts, and arterioles. We report 14 cases of hepatic amyloidosis where eosinophilic globules having the histochemical and electron microscopic features of classic amyloid were found. The globules were round to oval, 5 to 40 micrometer in diameter, and were found within the space of Disse as well as aggregated within the portal tracts. There were no distinctive clinical or laboratory features distinguishing this type of amyloidosis from classic hepatic amyloidosis. However, there were no cases of multiple myeloma and only one of benign monoclonal gammopathy. All seven patients who were studied at postmortem examination had systemic (nonglobular) amyloidosis. This form of hepatic amyloidosis is probably not an early form of the disease but is an original but rare presentation of hepatic amyloid deposition.
WD40 and CUL4-based E3 ligases: lubricating all aspects of life

The ubiquitin proteasome pathway is one of the major regulatory tools used by eukaryotic cells. E3 ligases, which allow controlled modification of proteins with ubiquitin, are crucial for the specificity of the pathway. Recently, an additional plant cullin-based E3 ligase complex was described which contains cullin 4 (CUL4) and DAMAGED DNA BINDING 1 protein as core subunits. Our knowledge of this E3 ligase has increased tremendously since its first description, and it seems to be involved in many developmental and physiological processes. Here, we review the most recent studies on CUL4 E3 complexes, with a focus on their substrate recognition and the plethora of processes that they regulate in plants, such as photomorphogenesis, flowering and abiotic stress response.
The Human Microbiome. Early Life Determinant of Health Outcomes

The development of new technologies to isolate and identify microbial genomes has markedly increased our understanding of the role of microbiomes in health and disease. The idea, first proposed as part of the hygiene hypothesis, that environmental microbes influence the developmental trajectories of the immune system in early life, has now been considerably extended and refined. The abundant microbiota present in mucosal surfaces, especially the gut, is actively selected by the host through complex receptor systems that respond differentially depending on the molecular patterns presented to mucosal cells. Germ-free mice are more likely to develop allergic airway inflammation and show alterations in normal motor control and anxiety. These effects can be reversed by neonatal microbial recolonization but remain unchanged if recolonization occurs in adults. What emerges from these recent studies is the discovery of a complex, major early environmental determinant of lifetime human phenotypes. To change the na...
Investors, turbulence, and transition: Democratic transition and foreign direct investment in nineteen developing countries

Do profit‐seeking foreign direct investors value a country's transition to democracy? If they do, they should vote with their pocketbooks, resulting in a post‐transition increase in foreign direct investment flows. This study attempts to uncover links between transition to democracy and foreign direct investment (FDI) in Asia, Latin America, and the Caribbean, In doing so, it addresses existing arguments about connections between democracy and investor behavior. The regions examined have not only experienced democratic transitions, they also account for the majority of the increasing flow of FDI to the developing world. This research employs time‐series cross‐sectional (TSCS) economic and political data, using ordinary least squares with panel corrected standard errors. The central finding is that transition to democracy has a negative effect on FDI. Secondarily, political instability and higher levels of democracy also deter foreign direct investors.
Electrophysiological and morphological characterization of the winter flounder mauthner cell

Flatfish (Pseudopleuronectes americanus) have Mauthner cells (M-cells) which are small as compared to certain other teleosts and behaviorally these fish display a suppression of a M-cell initiated startle response while on the substrate. They may depend on camouflage and, therefore, immobility in protection from predation. This ability to suppress the startle response could then be expressed in membrane properties of the M-cell, inhibition of the motoneurons innervated by M-axon collaterals or visual, tactile, auditory and vestibular inputs to the M-cell. Thus the present experiments were designed to study some electrophysiological and morphological properties of the winter flounder M-cell for comparison with that of the goldfish. Morphologically the winter flounder M-cell is similar to that of the goldfish. Specifically it has two major dendrites, is located at the level of the VIIIth nerve, has an axon that decussates to the opposite side of the medulla and has an axon cap. The latter structure is similar in its organization to that of the goldfish, a finding which contradicts previous reports (Figs. 8–10). Electrophysiological identification of the winter flounder M-cell was complicated by the similarity of its antidromic response latency to that of other adjacent neurons. In addition, the frequent failure of the antidromically activated spike to invade the M-cell initial segment-axon hillock region resulted in small field potentials recorded in the axon cap. Rather, the cell was localized utilizing orthodromic fields generated by stimulation of the VIIIth nerve or more commonly with an ‘extrinsic hyperpolarizing potential’ which is localized to the axon cap (Fig. 2). Intracellular records of membrane potential, inhibitory potentials (Fig. 4) and VIIIth nerve EPSPs (Fig. 5) were similar to those described in the goldfish. However, the saccular input, which in goldfish is auditory in nature, most likely is responsive to postural changes in the adult flatfish and would have little influence on M-cell excitability in response to an abrupt sound stimulus. This postulated reduction of excitatory input may be one factor contributing to the suppression of sound-evoked startle responses when the winter flounder is on a compatible background.
SR13/PMP-22 EXPRESSION IN RAT NERVOUS SYSTEM, IN PC12 CELLS AND C6 GLIAL CELL LINES

SR13/PMP-22 is a protein that was identified after screening a sciatic nerve cDNA library. Our study focused on comparing the level and pattern of expression of SR13/PMP-22 protein and RNA. Northern blot analysis revealed that although SR13/PMP-22 mRNA was present in all nervous tissues and cells studied, levels were at least seven fold higher in the sciatic nerve and the spinal cord. During sciatic nerve postnatal development and maturation, the SR13/PMP-22 mRNA was detected at 2 days after birth, reached a maximal level at day 24, and decreased to 1/3 of the maximum in adult animals. Nerve transection reduced the level of SR13/PMP-22 mRNA to less than 5% in the segment distal to the nerve injury. Experiments using in situ hybridization localized the SR13/PMP-22 mRNA in Schwann cells. Schwann cells present in the vicinity or distal to the nerve cut repressed the signal for the message. In situ hybridization experiments also demonstrated that dorsal root ganglia satellite cells contained the message for SR13/PMP-22. The SR13/PMP-22 antisera used in our study showed a complex pattern of staining. As expected, the SR13/PMP-22 antibody peptide 1 immunoreacted with the sciatic nerve sheath. However, immunocytochemistry of the dorsal root ganglia revealed that the staining was contained in the neuron's cell body and processes and also in satellite cells. We also identified immunoreactive cell bodies and fibers in the spinal cord dorsal horn. Tissue culture studies demonstrated that SR13/PMP-22 mRNA is induced in NGF treated PC12 but not in C6 glioma cell lines grown under experimental conditions that stimulated cell growth arrest. Our experiments suggest that SR13/PMP-22 may have some other function(s) in addition to its hypothesized role in peripheral myelination.
The art of making persuasive presentations

© 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ert.20040 In today’s world of video conferencing, PowerPoint templates, voice-mail messages, and faxed memos, it is the spoken word that is the heart of any presentation. CEOs, politicians, department directors, instructors, committee chairs, and others will stumble or rise based on what they say and how they say it. We can recall our own reactions to Senator Howard Dean repeatedly screaming after his Iowa caucus loss; when President Bush squinted and scowled with what seemed to be annoyed impatience; and at Senator John Kerry’s woodenness when interacting in public. The words they chose were important, and the manner in which they were expressed became quite critical. Most people don’t like making presentations. Whether the audience consists of 6 or 6,000, making a speech strikes fear into the hearts of most of us. We sweat, mumble, and race through our words, eyeing the door, eager to escape. However, making a persuasive presentation is personally and professionally satisfying, and almost anyone is capable of making a good speech. My goal when working with presenters who want to make polished, persuasive presentations is not to create a new persona or a miniversion of a popular television personality. It is to help the speaker become the best that he or she can be. For example, I was asked to coach a chief executive officer in charge of a very successful, fast-growing, high-tech, entrepreneurial company. He was well known for his amazing success and was almost as well known for his unfocused and rambling style of speaking. The CEO, Louie, was asked to make a presentation describing his success. His primary goal was to tell the story of how he created his company. I suggested to him that many of the people in the audience were hoping to be in his shoes at this time next year—that is, being CEO of a number-one company. Those people would be interested not only in learning what to do, but also in learning what not to do. Because his climb to the top had not been an easy one, it would be both illuminating for the audience and humanizing for Louie to talk about some of the mistakes he made along the way and the obstacles that he had to overcome. Louie had lots of stories and warmed to the task. Now Louie had overcome one of the first obstacles in making an effective presentation—he had a clear idea of what he wanted to say. When you are asked to speak, it is because people want to hear what you have to say. They want your knowledge, perspective, and personality, with just a bit more than the usual polish and organization. But whether you are a novice or veteran presenter, the notion of speaking can create anxiety, knowing that in a few days, weeks, or months your audience will be waiting for you, hoping that you will be informative,
Cold-acclimation in Peromyscus: temporal effects and individual variation in maximum metabolism and ventilatory traits.

SUMMARY Thermal acclimation in small endotherms provides an excellent model for the study of physiological plasticity, as energy requirements can be easily manipulated and the results are relevant for natural conditions. Nevertheless, how physiology changes throughout acclimation, and how individuals vary in their response to acclimation, remain poorly understood. Here we describe a high temporal-resolution study of cold acclimation in the deer mouse Peromyscus maniculatus . The experimental design was based on repeated measures at short intervals throughout cold acclimation, with controls (maintained at constant temperature) for measurement artifacts. We monitored body mass, maximum metabolic rate in cold exposure and ventilatory traits (respiratory frequency, tidal and minute volume and oxygen extraction) for 3 weeks at 23°C. Then, half of the individuals were held for 7 weeks at 5°C. Body mass was differently affected by cold acclimation depending on sex. Maximal metabolism ( V O 2 max ) increased significantly during the first week of cold acclimation, `overshot9 after 5 weeks and dropped to a plateau about 34% above control values at week 7. Similarly, ventilatory traits increased during cold acclimation, though responses were different in their kinetics and magnitude. Body mass, maximum metabolism, and most ventilatory traits were repeatable after 7 weeks in control and cold-acclimated animals. However, repeatability tended to be lower in the cold-acclimated group, especially while animals were still acclimating. Our results show that acclimation effects may be under- and/or overestimated, depending on when trials are performed, and that different traits respond differently, and at different rates, to acclimation. Hence, future studies should be designed to ensure that animals have attained steady-state values in acclimation experiments.
Full wave analysis and optimization of microwave power dividers based on the angled bend HqO - mode exciters

The algorithms and numerical optimization results are presented for three original constructions of compact microwave power dividers that are carried out on the base of H-plane angular HqO,-mode exciters in a rectangular waveguide. Analysis and optimization of the dividers are made by the generalized scattering matrix technique using unsymmetrical angled bends, bifurcations, and one-side linear tapers as key-building blocks. The high efficiency of algorithm is provided due to applying rigorous numerical-analytical techniques for calculation of the full wave scattering matrices of used key-building blocks.
An Interior Fixed Point Property of the Disc

1. STIRRING THE COFFEE. At the end of this evening's meal, stir your cup of coffee and watch the motion of the top of the coffee. You will probably notice that there seem to be points where the coffee is not moving. The Brouwer Fixed Point Theorem, implies that such points must always exist. To be precise, suppose you could set the whole top surface of the coffee in motion at once. Then after a moment, every point of the surface would have moved. We could think of this motion as defining a map, that is a continuous function, f: D -> D of the closed disc (the top surface) to itself. But Brouwer proved that the disc has the fixed point property, that is, that every map from D to itself has a fixed point: a point p E D such that f(p) = p. This contradiction shows that there is a point on the surface where the coffee is not moving. You will probably observe some fixed points, but they may turn out to be difficult to detect. Since Brouwer's Theorem says nothing about the location of the fixed points, the fixed points might lie only on the boundary of the disc. If the way you stir your coffee produces a map with fixed points of this kind, it may be hard to convince you that Brouwer's Theorem is true because the entire (interior) surface of the coffee would be in motion, with fixed points only where the coffee touches the cup. If a map f: D --> D moves every point on the boundary of D, which we shall call S, then f must have a fixed point in int(D), the interior of D, since f must have a fixed point somewhere on D. But when f does have a fixed point on S, then f may or may not have additional fixed points in int(D). It is natural to ask what one can conclude about the interior fixed points just from knowing the restriction of f to the boundary S, which we denote by f IS. We will be concerned with the case where f IS takes S to itself. If f IS: S -> S has at least one fixed point, then there is a map G: D --> D with no interior fixed points such that GIS = f IS, as we will show in the next section. What is surprising is that, even if f IS: S --> S is smooth, that is, continuously differentiable, there may not be any smooth map G: D -> D with GIS = f IS that has no interior fixed points. In joint research with Helga Schirmer [1], we investigated when smooth extensions of maps on the boundary of a compact differentiable manifold must have interior fixed points. Our goal in this article is to explain these ideas in a concrete and easily-visualized setting, the 2-dimensional disc. Most of the things that can be done continuously in topology can be done smoothly also, because of general results about smooth approximation of continuous functions. But there are some exceptions, usually surprising, to that general principle. We will tell you about a new surprising exception.
DETECTING CHANGES IN SIMULATED EVENTS II: USING VARIATIONS OF MOMENTARY TIME-SAMPLING TO MEASURE CHANGES IN DURATION EVENTS

The extent to which a greater proportion of small behavior changes could be detected with momentary time-sampling (MTS) was evaluated by (a) combining various interval sizes of partial-interval recording (PIR) with 20 s, 30 s, 1 min MTS and (b) using variable interval sizes of MTS that were based on means of 20 s and 1 min. For each targeted percentage, low, moderate, and high inter-response times (IRTs) to event-run ratios were compared with reversal designs to determine whether sensitivity increased with either variation of MTS. The results showed that (a) combinations of 30 s and 1 min MTS/PIR yielded increased sensitivity over MTS alone; however, the increased sensitivity was offset by an increased probability of generating false positives and (b) variable-interval MTS produced comparable sensitivity to fixed-interval MTS. Thus, none of the methods increased detection of small behavior changes (decreased false negatives) without also increasing false positives. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Anticonvulsants. A study of some alpha, alpha‐disubstituted malondiamides

Abstract The primary purpose of this study was the preparation of a series of α,α‐disubstituted malondiamides not previously prepared nor investigated for their pharmacological properties. Because of their structural relationships to well‐known compounds having anticonvulsant activity, and furthermore, since two of the lower members of the series have been shown to be without hypnotic activity, a characteristic desirable in a good anticonvulsant, this series was considered worthy for further investigation as anticonvulsants. The prepared compounds were tested for anticonvulsant activity on the male albino rat against electroshock and against Metrazol®. Some of the compounds exhibited anticonvulsant activity. At the maximum tolerated oral dose the compounds had no action against the stimulating effect of 30 mg./Kg. of ephedrine sulfate injected subcutaneously.
Projecting mechanics into morphospace: disparity in the feeding system of labrid fishes

In no group of organisms has the link between species richness, morphological disparity, disparity in mechanics and functional or ecological diversification been made explicit. As a step towards integrating these measures of diversity, we examine how the mechanics of the anterior-jaw four-bar linkages of 104 species of Great Barrier Reef (GBR) labrid fishes maps into a scale-independent morphospace. As predicted from theory, no relationship exists between overall size and the mechanics of velocity and force transmission in labrid anterior-jaw linkages. Nonetheless, mechanics associated with the anterior jaw appear to have constrained diversification of labrid anterior-jaw morphology. Furthermore, simulations depict a generally nonlinear relationship between the length of individual links and transmission of motion. In addition, no relationship was found between morphological disparity and mechanical disparity among the most species-rich labrid groups from the GBR. It is also established that regions of morphospace equivalent in morphological disparity differ over nearly an order of magnitude in mechanical disparity. These results illustrate that without an explicit interpretation of the consequences of per unit change in morphology, conclusions about diversification drawn only from morphological disparity may be misleading.
Can caring survive school restructuring

Currently, education leaders and reformers from government, business, schools, universities, and communities are battling to “fix” what was discovered to be “broken” in 1983, when theNation at Risk report was first published. Many of these reform leaders warn us to beware of reform fads. Fads are seen as curricular or organizational movements that enjoy a quick ascent to the forefront of reform initiatives, but that just as quickly fade to footnote status. In this paper, i explore the caring ethic as a reform effort, and as a possible “fad.” I examine the life cycle of reforms to see why some become fads while others apparently endure. I discuss several levels at which reform operates and the impact these levels have on school practice. Finally, i point out ways in which advocates of the caring ethic may be pushing it toward faddishness (ultimate failure) and offer ways in which they may avoid such an outcome.
Robust estimation in fault detection

Modeling errors present a significant and difficult challenge in the design of analytic fault detection mechanisms. The authors discuss the sensitivity to model uncertainty of estimator-based failure detection techniques. In particular, they discuss desired statistical properties for the decision variable, and why these characteristics are difficult to achieve in situations involving significant uncertainty in the noise, fault, or plant dynamic modeling assumptions. This discussion motivates the use of robust estimation techniques in failure detection. An aircraft example is presented to illustrate the effect of modeling error on the failure detection performance of detection test designs based on a Kalman filter and an H/sub infinity // mu estimator. >
Enterococcus faecalis 6-Phosphogluconolactonase Is Required for Both Commensal and Pathogenic Interactions with Manduca sexta

Enterococcus faecalis is a commensal and pathogen of humans and insects. In Manduca sexta, E. faecalis is an infrequent member of the commensal gut community, but its translocation to the hemocoel results in a commensal-to-pathogen switch. To investigate E. faecalis factors required for commensalism, we identified E. faecalis genes that are upregulated in the gut of M. sexta using recombinase-based in vivo expression technology (RIVET). The RIVET screen produced 113 clones, from which we identified 50 genes that are more highly expressed in the insect gut than in culture. The most frequently recovered gene was locus OG1RF_11582, which encodes a 6-phosphogluconolactonase that we designated pglA. A pglA deletion mutant was impaired in both pathogenesis and gut persistence in M. sexta and produced enhanced biofilms compared with the wild type in an in vitro polystyrene plate assay. Mutation of four other genes identified by RIVET did not affect persistence in caterpillar guts but led to impaired pathogenesis. This is the first identification of genetic determinants for E. faecalis commensal and pathogenic interactions with M. sexta. Bacterial factors identified in this model system may provide insight into colonization or persistence in other host-associated microbial communities and represent potential targets for interventions to prevent E. faecalis infections.
Genome scan linkage results for longitudinal systolic blood pressure phenotypes in subjects from the Framingham Heart Study

The relationship between elevated blood pressure and cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease risk is well accepted. Both systolic and diastolic hypertension are associated with this risk increase, but systolic blood pressure appears to be a more important determinant of cardiovascular risk than diastolic blood pressure. Subjects for this study are derived from the Framingham Heart Study data set. Each subject had five records of clinical data of which systolic blood pressure, age, height, gender, weight, and hypertension treatment were selected to characterize the phenotype in this analysis. We modeled systolic blood pressure as a function of age using a mixed modeling methodology that enabled us to characterize the phenotype for each individual as the individual's deviation from the population average rate of change in systolic blood pressure for each year of age while controlling for gender, body mass index, and hypertension treatment. Significant (p = 0.00002) evidence for linkage was found between this normalized phenotype and a region on chromosome 1. Similar linkage results were obtained when we estimated the phenotype while excluding values obtained during hypertension treatment. The use of linear mixed models to define phenotypes is a methodology that allows for the adjustment of the main factor by covariates. Future work should be done in the area of combining this phenotype estimation directly with the linkage analysis so that the error in estimating the phenotype can be properly incorporated into the genetic analysis, which, at present, assumes that the phenotype is measured (or estimated) without error.
Keeping it real: Recognizing expressions in real compared to schematic faces

Controversy exists over whether facial expression recognition is a holistic or feature-based process. The present research explored the extent to which processing is affected by whether stimuli are photographs of real faces or computer-generated schematic faces. Using a composite facial expression recognition task, we observed greater holistic processing for photographic faces than for schematic faces in two experiments. In Experiment 1, processing was more holistic when stimuli were photographs of real faces based on multiple identities than when they were computer-generated schematic faces based on a single identity. Experiment 2 replicated this effect using a between-subjects design and extended it to photographic faces based on a single identity: Processing was more holistic for single-identity photographs than for single-identity schematics. As such, results demonstrate that stimulus format influences the extent of holistic processing, and provide a potential explanation for discrepant findings in th...
Development and survival of immature Aedes albopictus and Aedes triseriatus (Diptera: Culicidae) in the laboratory: effects of density, food, and competition on response to temperature.

Abstract Effects of food, density, and heterospecific interactions on temperature-dependent development of Aedes albopictus (Skuse) and Aedes triseriatus (Say) larvae and pupae were described using a degree-day model. Under all conditions, the predicted number of degree-days (DDT0) to complete larval development was less, and the threshold temperature (T0) for initiation of larval development was higher for Ae. albopictus than for Ae. triseriatus. The DDT0 for both species was food and density dependent. However, the per capita food ration appeared to exert a greater influence on the developmental times of Ae. triseriatus immatures, whereas for Ae. albopictus effects of density were not completely eliminated by an increase in the per capita food ration. The presence of heterospecific larvae did not prolong the DDT0 of either species. At the low food ration, DDT0 for both species were significantly greater under conspecific conditions. The DDT0 for Ae. triseriatus increased directly as the proportion of co...
A review of non-specific enteritis in the rabbit.

The earliest cases of the enteritis complex in the United States were recorded in Los Angeles in 1929 (Hurt, 1949). Grieder (1936) found that 55·0% of his rabbits died of coccidiosis compared with 11·7 % which died of enteritis. Seidel (1936) lost 11·2 % of young rabbits and 10·2 % of adults as a result of enteritis. Bos (1941) had a 74,0 %mortality from coccidiosis compared with a 10,0% mortality from enteritis. Gordon (1943) and Hare & Orr (1943) lost more rabbits from coccidiosis than from the enteritis complex. With the emergence of more effective coccidiostats the position has been reversed and now more rabbits are lost as a result of the enteritis complex. Paterson (1956) found that losses from enteric disease was equal to the losses from all other conditions. Lund (1951) found the enteritis complex accounted for 49,4 % of all deaths in a series of 3210 autopsies. Greenham (1962) lost 61·2 % of rabbits under 8 weeks old from the enteritis complex while Harriss (1961) suffered a 16'6% loss from similar diseases. In contrast, Basse (1963)
Some exact results for plane incompressible flow

Simple results are derived from an exact conformal transformation of the flow field about a lifting circular cylinder at an angle of attack in incompressible flow to that about a profile. The mapping function is one proposed by Moriya several decades ago which stretches the field at great distances from the foil and is here used to derive a two-parameter family of symmetrical shapes. The geometry and flow speed are easily evaluated at arbitrary points on the profile surface and hence errors can be readily defined for evaluation of numerical predictions. The strength of equivalent contour distributions of sources, vortices and dipoles is also given.
Gas transport model for chemical vapor infiltration

A node-bond percolation model is presented for the gas permeability and pore surface area of the coarse porosity in woven fiber structures during densification by chemical vapor infiltration (CVI). Model parameters include the number of nodes per unit volume and their spatial distribution, and the node and bond radii and their variability. These parameters relate directly to structural features of the weave. Some uncertainty exists in the proper partition of the porosity between “node” and “bond” and between intra-tow and inter-tow, although the total is constrained by the known fiber loading in the structure. Applied to cloth layup preforms the model gives good agreement with the limited number of available measurements.
Variant Preexcitation Syndrome: A True Nodoventricular Mahaim Fiber or an Accessory Atrioventricular Pathway with Decremental Properties?

WPW Variant. Introduction: The differentiation between a nodoventricular fiber and an accessory atrioventricular (AV) pathway with long conduction times and decremental properties could he very difficult even at detailed electrophysiologic study. Methods and Results: A 20-year-old male with a history of a wide QRS tachycardia underwent electrophysiologic study. Baseline intervals were normal. There was evidence of dual AV pathways, and a sudden increase in AH interval was associated with the emergence of a delta wave. The atrio-delta interval showed a progressive prolongation. The preexcited QRS complex was typical of a posteroseptal pathway, and the earliest ventricular activation site was recorded at the posteroseptal region. Retrograde conduction was exclusively over the normal conduction system. During ventricular extrastimulation, a sudden increase in HA interval was associated with anterograde conduction over the accessory pathway. The intervals between the stimulus artifact and the onset of the delta wave during atrial pacing from two atrial sites (S-Delta) were compared with those between the retrograde atrial electrogram on the His channel and the onset of the delta wave during ventricular pacing (A2HB-Delta). When pacing from the proximal coronary sinus, the shortest S-Delta interval did become shorter than the longest A2HK-Delta interval (155 vs 170 msec). Conclusion: The finding that the S-Delta interval could become shorter than the A2HB-Delta interval provides strong evidence that this accessory pathway was not connected to the AV node hut arose directly from the atrial tissue of the posteroseptal region.
Effect of Essential Fatty Acid Deficiency on Acyl Group Composition, Membrane Fluidity and Adenylate Cyclase Activity in Plasma Membranes of Rat Submandibular Salivary Glands

The effects of a marginal and severe deficiency of essential fatty acids (EFA) on the fatty acid composition, fluorescence polarization of diphenyl- hexatriene (DPH) and adenylate cyclase activity were studied in plasma membranes of rat submandibular salivary glands (SMSG). Three groups of male weanling Sprague-Dawley rats were fed ad libitum EFA-deficient (EFAD), marginally EFA- deficient (MEFAD) or the control diets. Rats were killed after 8-17 wk of feeding and plasma membranes were prepared from the SMSG and the assayed for basal and fluoride-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity. In membranes prepared from EFAD and MEFAD rats, the fluoride-stimulated enzyme activity was 30-35 % higher than that of the control group. Lower double-bond index of phospholipids in plasma mem branes of the SMSG from EFAD and MEFAD rats was observed, suggesting a lower fluidity compared with the control group. Higher fluorescence polarization of DPH in membranes of EFAD and MEFAD rats was more evidence of lower fluidity. It is suggested that higher adenylate cyclase activity in SMSGof rats fed EFAD or MEFAD diets may be related to lower membrane fluidity. Fluoride-stimulated enzyme activity and fatty acid composition of membrane lipids were restored to normal values after feeding the control diets for 6 wk to the EFAD and MEFAD rats. J. Nutr. 116: 1620-1630, 1986. INDEXING KEYWORDS adenylate cyclase â€¢ EFA deficiency â€¢ membrane fluidity â€¢ SMSG
Locating the Semiotic Power of Multimodality

This article reports research that attempts to characterize what is powerful about digital multimodal texts. Building from recent theoretical work on understanding the workings and implications of multimodal communication, the authors call for a continuing empirical investigation into the roles that digital multimodal texts play in real-world contexts, and they offer one example of how such investigations might be approached. Drawing on data from the practice of multimedia digital storytelling, specifically a piece titled “LyfeN-Rhyme,” created by Oakland, California, artist Randy Young (accessible at http:// www.oaklanddusty.org/videos.php), the authors detail the method and results of a finegrained multimodal analysis, revealing semiotic relationships between and among different, copresent modes. It is in these relationships, the authors argue, that the expressive power of multimodality resides.
Platelet-Rich Plasma as a Treatment for Patellar Tendinopathy A Double-Blind, Randomized Controlled Trial

Background:Previous studies have shown improvement in patellar tendinopathy symptoms after platelet-rich plasma (PRP) injections, but no randomized controlled trial has compared PRP with dry needling (DN) for this condition.Purpose:To compare clinical outcomes in patellar tendinopathy after a single ultrasound-guided, leukocyte-rich PRP injection versus DN.Study Design:Randomized controlled trial; Level of evidence, 1.Methods:A total of 23 patients with patellar tendinopathy on examination and MRI who had failed nonoperative treatment were enrolled and randomized to receive ultrasound-guided DN alone (DN group; n = 13) or with injection of leukocyte-rich PRP (PRP group; n = 10), along with standardized eccentric exercises. Patients and the physician providing follow-up care were blinded. Participants completed patient-reported outcome surveys before and at 3, 6, 9, 12, and ≥26 weeks after treatment during follow-up visits. The primary outcome measure was the Victorian Institute of Sports Assessment (VISA)...
Recent developments in digital image processing at the image processing laboratory at the jet propulsion laboratory

Image processing of spacecraft images has been carried on at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory since 1964. The most recent advances in removal of geometric distortion and residual image effects along with various types of mapping projections are covered. The recent applications of image processing to the areas of bio-medicine, forensic sciences, and astronomy are discussed. These treatments are of a tutorial nature and should serve as a guide to more complete discussions on the subjects.