cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
THE VICE-PRESIDENTIAL SUCCESSION EFFECT: Individual or Situational Basis?

Simonton (1981) found that “accidental” presidents do not perform as well as duly elected chief executives. Though this vice-presidential succession effect may be due to individual factors, such as some deficiency in personality or political experience, it might be due instead to situational factors, most notably the failure to be perceived as having legitimate power by those already in power positions. Three studies investigated the relative plausibility of individual and situational explanations. Study 1 examined 49 president-vice-president teams to determine the criteria by which running mates are selected. Study 2 looked at 69 leaders who served as either president, vice-president, or both, in order to discover if accidental presidents can be differentiated on biographical and political background variables. Study 3 scrutinized 100 congressional units in a time-series design to gauge the impact of serving an unelected term as president. The results most support a situational interpretation based on the attribution of legitimate power.
Preisach modeling and compensation for smart material hysteresis

Many of the Smart materials being investigated (e.g., Shape Memory Alloys (SMAs), piezoceramics, and magnetostrictives) exhibit significant hysteresis effects, especially when driven with large control signals. In this paper the similarity between the microscopic domain kinematics that generate static hysteresis effects, or ferromagnetics, piezoceramics and SMAs is noted. The Preisach independent domain hysteresis model, and its derivatives, have been shown to be a comprehensive class of hysteresis operator that captures the major features of ferromagnetic hysteresis, and hence it is proposed here as a suitable model for piezoceramic and SMA hysteresis also. This basic Preisach model is used to model piezoceramic sheet actuators bonded to a flexible aluminum beam, and a Nitinol SMA wire muscle that applies a bending force to the end of the beam. A numerical inverse Preisach hysteresis series compensator is also proposed and applied in a real time experiment thereby reducing the apparent nonlinear hysteresis effects for the piezoceramic actuator quasi-static case.
The Effect of Instruction on Teacher Perceptions of Competence When Including Students With Special Needs in Music Classrooms

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of professional development instruction on teacher perceptions of competence when including students with special needs in music classrooms. Subj...
The Photograph as an Intersection of Gazes: The Example of National Geographic

The National Geographic magazine is of tremendous potential cultural importance. Its photographs have voraciously focused on Third World scenes, its over 10 million subscriber households make it as popular a source of images as any in American mass mediated culture, and its lavish production capabilities and cultural legitimacy as a scientific institution make it an ideological practice that powerfully relates to the history and structure of the society in which it has developed. As part of a larger project to consider the magazine's photographs as cultural artifacts from a changing 20th century American scene, we have been struck by the story told in the photos via a variety of looks and looking relations. Some of the issues raised in this article are particular to this specific genre of photography while many others illuminate photographic interpretation more generally.1 The National Geographic photograph of the non-Westerner' can be seen not simply as a captured view of the other, but as a dynamic site at which many gazes or viewpoints intersect. This intersection creates a complex and multi-dimensional object; it allows viewers of the photo to negotiate a number of different identities both for themselves and for those pictured; and it is one route by which the photograph threatens to break frame and reveal its social context. We aim here to explore the significance of "gaze" for intercultural relations in the photograph, and to present a typology of seven kinds of gaze that can be found in the photograph and its social context. These include (1) the photographer's gaze (the actual look through the viewfinder), (2) the institutional, magazine gaze (evident in cropping, picture choice, captioning, etc.), (3) the readers' gaze, (4) the non-Western subjects' gaze, (5) the explicit looking
Biospheric models, measurements and remote sensing of vegetation

Abstract The roles of biospheric models and measurements in developing a practical technique for remote sensing of vegetation are discussed. Various types of models and an approach to develop models for biospheric processes are considered. Such biospheric models require component models for radiation interception in optical and thermal infrared regions, for soil-plant-atmosphere interaction, and for plant growth. These models and the techniques to measure relevant soil, vegetation, and atmospheric parameters occurring in these models are reviewed. Some directions for future research for modeling and measurements in connection with successful remote sensing of vegetation are suggested. “We have three principal means: Observation of nature, reflection, and experiment. Observation gathers the facts, reflection combines them, experiment verifies the result of the combination. It is essential that the observations of nature be assiduous, that reflection be profound, and that experimentation be exact. Rarely does one see these abilities in combination. And so, creative geniuses are not common.”
Ciliated hepatic cyst leading to squamous cell carcinoma of the liver – A case report and review of the literature

INTRODUCTION Ciliated hepatic foregut cysts (CHFC) are rare, typically benign liver lesions. Primary squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the liver is also a rare entity with only approximately 25 reported cases in the literature. Recently, there have been four reports of malignant transformation of CHFC into primary squamous cell carcinoma of the liver. Here we report a fifth with unique presentation and review the literature.
Correlation of Brain Tissue pH With Histopathology in a Piglet Model of Perinatal Asphyxia † 821

Asphyxia causes acidosis which may potentiate neural injury. We hypothesized that hypoxia & hypotension cause lower brain pH and more severe neural injury than hypoxia alone. METHODS: Anesthetized piglets (age 0.05). Brain & serum pHs did not differ in either group (p>0.05). SEP recovery in HTN (6.3± 3.3% of baseline) was less than (p 0.05) over time. Brain and serum pH correlated (p<0.0001) in all groups. HTN pathology had severe neuronal necrosis; HYP pathology was much less severe. CONCLUSIONS: Brain & serum pH are similar with HYP& HTN. The pH changes do not correlate with pathology & SEP recovery. The results indicate that brain pH is not associated with neuropathology.Supported by the Fleur-de-Lis Foundation.
The political economy of monetary policy

Abstract Understanding the political economy of monetary policy has progressed in recent years because of advances in three areas: the application of rational expectations perspectives to monetary policy, the extension of the economic theory of bureaucracy and public choice insights to monetary policy institutions, and statistical research regarding political influences on monetary policy and related inflation performance. This paper first discusses how Keynesian, game theoretic and partisan modeling of monetary policy have actually inhibited a realistic political economy understanding. It then reviews developments in each of the three areas of progress. It also shows how these recent advances provide insights into the costs of monetary policy as well as into the economics of optimal monetary reform — specifically, the optimal restructuring of central banks.
Improving reliability of a shared supplier with competition and spillovers

Abstract Supplier reliability is a key determinant of a manufacturer’s competitiveness. It reflects a supplier’s capability of order fulfillment, which can be measured by the percentage of order quantity delivered in a given time window. A perfectly reliable supplier delivers an amount equal to the order placed by its customer, while an unreliable supplier may deliver an amount less than the amount ordered. Therefore, when suppliers are unreliable, manufacturers often have incentives to help suppliers improve delivery reliability. Suppliers, however, often work with multiple manufacturers and the benefit of enhanced reliability may spill over to competing manufacturers. In this study, we explore how potential spillover influences manufacturers’ incentives to improve supplier’s reliability. We consider two manufacturers that compete with imperfectly substitutable products on Type I service level (i.e., in-stock probability). The manufacturers share a common supplier who, due to variations in production quality or yield, is unreliable. Manufacturers may exert efforts to improve the supplier’s reliability in the sense that the delivered quantity is stochastically larger after improvement. We develop a two-stage model that encompasses supplier improvement, uncertain supply and random demand in a competitive setting. In this complex model, we characterize the manufacturers’ equilibrium in-stock probability. Moreover, we characterize sufficient conditions for the existence of the equilibrium of the manufacturers’ improvement efforts. Finally, we numerically test the impact of market characteristics on the manufacturers’ equilibrium improvement efforts. We find that a manufacturer’s equilibrium improvement effort usually declines in market competition, market uncertainty or spillover effect, although its expected equilibrium profit typically increases in spillover effect.
Independence and interdependencies among global ocean color properties: Reassessing the bio-optical assumption

[1] The bio-optical assumption states that ocean optical properties should covary with the chlorophyll concentration. However, chlorophyll is not the only constituent capable of absorbing and scattering light as phytoplankton, detrital particles, colored dissolved organic material (CDOM), and suspended solids all contribute independently to ocean color. Here we employ a semi-analytical ocean color algorithm, the Garver-Siegel-Maritorena model (GSM01), to decompose ocean color imagery from the Sea-viewing Wide Field of view Sensor (SeaWiFS) into optically relevant components for phytoplankton absorption (related to the chlorophyll concentration, Chl), colored non-algal absorption and particulate backscatter. Semi-analytical Chl retrievals are consistent with available open ocean observations but show important differences compared with the standard SeaWiFS algorithm (OC4v4). These differences may be accounted for by the absorption due to colored detrital materials (CDM; the sum of colored dissolved organic material and detrital particulates). Values of CDM are a large and variable fraction of the total non-water absorption at 440 nm varying from 30 to 40% in the subtropical gyres to more than 60% at high latitudes. Retrievals of particulate backscatter (BBP) vary comparatively little. In the tropical and subtropical oceans, changes in BBP are largely unrelated to Chl, while at higher latitudes, BBP increases mirror changes in Chl. For much of the ocean, alterations in the relationship between BBP and Chl are consistent with a physiological response by phytoplankton to changes in mixed layer light, nutrients, and temperature. Regional scale correspondences among the three ocean color properties illustrate both independent and interdependent variations which can be explained by assessing the regional scale forcing mechanisms driving changes in ocean color properties.
Republican-Controlled Congress Presents Opportunities and Challenges for NIH

Republican control of both the US House of Representatives and the US Senate for the first time in 40 years presents opportunities as well as challenges for federal funding of biomedical research. Although leadership of committees has been transferred from the Democrats to the Republicans, bipartisan support for the National Institutes of Health (NIH) will continue to flourish. Such support for the NIH was heightened and expanded during lobbying efforts for the proposed National Fund for Health Research during the last Congress. The brainchild of Senators Mark O. Hatfield (R-OR) and Tom Harkin (D-IA), this concept, introduced during the ill-fated health care reform debate in the last Congress, would establish a voluntary income tax checkoff and a 1% set-aside from all health insurance premiums to go to the NIH to supplement the annual congressional appropriation. Republicans pledged to overhaul the tax code during the 104th Congress, so the income tax checkoff component may become a reality, whereas the 1% set-aside will probably not be resurrected under the expected incremental approach to health care reform. Reportedly, Senator Hatfield plans to soon introduce a free-standing bill to establish a National Fund for Health Research during this new Congress. Funds for this purpose may be deposited in the prospective NIH National Foundation for Biomedical Research, which was created under the 1993 NIH Revitalization Act. In addition, the envisioned Fund has been retained in legislation to inspire state-executed health care reform, S. 308, the Health Partnership Act, reintroduced by Senator Hatfield and Senator Bob Graham (D-FL). If S.308 becomes law, it would provide at least $6 billion to the NIH over a period of 5 years to supplement the NIH annual congressional appropriation. The bill contains a voluntary income tax checkoff and a $1 per pack increase in the tobacco excise tax. The American …
Matthew as a Second Testament Deuteronomy

Matthew's phrase "this gospel of the kingdom" is not found elsewhere in the Second Testament. There are distinct signs that Matthew uses this expression in reference to his own document. This conclusion follows from a study of the parallels in Matthew to Deuteronomy as "this book of this law," a unique First Testament designation. Deuteronomy describes itself as a book to be placed beside the holy ark every time it was read to the people. Accordingly, it contained the living, authoritative voice of God from the fiery Mount Sinai. Thematic parallels in Matthew, especially to the mountain of authority, indicate that the Gospel's author likewise intended his book as this gospel of the kingdom to be read perpetually to the people as the living voice and teachings of the son of God.
Loss-of-function alleles of the JIL-1 kinase are strong suppressors of position effect variegation of the wm4 allele in Drosophila.

In this article we show that hypomorphic loss-of-function alleles of the JIL-1 histone H3S10 kinase are strong suppressors of position effect variegation (PEV) of the wm4 allele and that lack of JIL-1 activity can counteract the effect of the dominant enhancer E(var)2-1 on PEV.
Protein electrophoresis and immunoglobulin analysis in HIV-infected patients.

We studied the prevalence and nature of immunoglobulin abnormalities in HIV-1–infected patients in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. Protein electrophoreses (PEP) were performed on and quantitative immunoglobulin levels obtained in samples from 320 consecutive HIV-1–infected patients. Samples with possible PEP abnormalities underwent immunofixation. The PEP pattern was normal in 83.8% of samples, 8.1% had subtle oligoclonal banding, and 4.4% had a low-concentration (<5% of total protein) monoclonal band. Hypogammaglobulinemia and polyclonal hypergammaglobulinemia accounted for 1.9% each. In multivariate analysis, younger age (odds ratio [OR], 1.06 with each decreasing year of life; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.02-1.11; P = .016), female sex (OR, 2.4; 95% CI, 1.13-5.11; P = .02), viral load (OR, 1.50 with each increasing logarithmic viral load of 1.0; 95% CI, 1.14-1.98; P = .004), and CD4 cell count (≥350 vs <350/µL [0.35 × 10 9 /L]) (OR, 2.71; 95% CI, 1.09-6.75; P = .032) were associated with monoclonal or oligoclonal banding. These results suggest that younger HIV-1–infected patients with a more robust immune system (higher CD4 cell count), which is stimulated by uncontrolled viremia, are most likely to have an augmented B-cell response to HIV infection. One manifestation of this B-cell response is low-concentration monoclonal banding in 4.4% of the patients studied.
Who Am I? The Self/ Subject According to Psychoanalytic Theory

The article argues that the importation into psychoanalytic theory of the terms “self” and “subject” is neither true to Freud’s intentions, nor necessary, nor helpful. Having observed how Freud undermined these concepts in both his Topographical Model and Structural Model, the article turns to the position of Ogden. Two of his contributions masterfully deconstruct the concept of “the subject” through a selection of positions advocated by Freud, Klein, and Winnicott. But he then revitalizes the concept in his own way, claiming it to be “central” and “irreducible.” This article argues for a more radical stance than Ogden’s; whereas Ogden is reductionist with regard to the subject, this article argues for eliminativism.
Effects of atropine, isoproterenol and propranolol on the rabbit bladder contraction induced by intra-arterial administration of acetylcholine and ATP

AbstractIntroduction: In the rabbit, both cholinergic and purinergic nerves mediate bladder contraction. Acetylcholine is the neurohumoral transmitter for the cholinergic nerves, and ATP is the neurohumoral transmitter for purinergic innervation. Beta-adrenergic stimulation mediates relaxation of the bladder. In the current study, we investigated the effects of atropine, isoproterenol and propranolol on the bladder contraction induced by intra-arterial administration of acetylcholine and ATP.Methods: Mature male New Zealand White rabbits were used in this study. A polyethylene catheter with an outer diameter of 0.043 inches was inserted through the rabbit's right femoral artery until it reached the lower abdominal aorta. An 8 F catheter was inserted through the urethral orifice into the bladder and secured by tying a 2-0 silk ligature around the bladder neck. The catheter was connected to an infusion pump and a pressure transducer by a 3-way valve. After 15 ml. of saline was infused into the bladder, an i...
Knowledge of the world of work: A test of occupational information for young men

Abstract The study evaluates a test of occupational information administered to a national sample of 5000 young men, aged 14–24 in 1966, as part of the National Longitudinal Surveys of employment behavior. The predictive validity of the test score is assessed by reference to multiple regression analyses which confirm the significance of the score as an independent predictor of subsequent hourly earnings and occupational status. Correlation and factor analyses are used to examine the quality of the measurement instrument. All in all, the instrument is judged to exhibit desirable characteristics in terms of internal consistency reliability, discriminatory power, and level of difficulty. The test's reliability compares favorably with a commercially produced test designed to be used in counseling as a measure of occupational knowledge. With the possible modification of deleting a section relating to knowledge of earnings differentials, the test is commended to those involved in assessing and counseling the occupational choice process.
Theory of Multiply Charged Anomalous Cosmic Rays

The theory of the acceleration, ionization, and transport of anomalous cosmic ray oxygen, including all eight nonzero charge states, is discussed in the framework of a model in which the primary acceleration occurs at the termination shock of the solar wind. This generalizes previous work that considered only singly charged anomalous cosmic rays. The ratio of multiply charged to singly charged anomalous cosmic rays in the inner heliosphere is found in simulations to increase rapidly above a characteristic energy Tc of ~20 MeV nucleon-1. The value of Tc is not very sensitive to variations in the parameters, but it does increase somewhat as the particles' characteristic acceleration time is decreased. Tc is close to the electrostatic potential between the heliospheric pole and equator, suggesting that singly charged particles cannot be readily accelerated beyond this potential energy whereas those with higher charge can. These simulation results are found to be in good agreement with recent SAMPEX observations, reported in a companion Letter.
Beyond cost: the drivers of COTS application value

In the early days of business computing, most software was written from scratch. Companies created applications to automate key business processes such as American Airlines' legendary Sabre computerized reservation system. Such leading-edge applications were challenging to develop. While companies still build custom applications today, the advent of COTS software over the past 30 years has dramatically changed the way they acquire software. In an extensive study involving 126 organizations, we analyze how management information systems (MIS) managers evaluate key attributes of COTS software. The results provide surprising insights into the COTS software characteristics that buyers value most. The findings have important implications for COTS buyers and suppliers. For buyers, we provide an assessment framework for evaluating COTS software. For companies that develop COTS software, we provide insights into what attributes their prospective customers value most.
Transient Response of Beams, Plates, and Shells to Impulsive Loads

Beams, plates and shells are used in many applications where there can be subjected to short duration loads due to impacts or pressure blasts. Here the response of such distributed systems is examined using the modal expansion technique for pulse shapes typically observed during impacts and explosions. The objective is to gain an understanding of the behavior of these structures. For beams and plates the natural frequencies are generally well separated and, typically, a small number of modes participate in the response. Pulses can be classified as being either short, long, or intermediate in comparison with the period of the fundamental vibration mode. Very different behaviors are observed for the three types of pulses. For short pulses, the response depends on impulse applied not on the shape of the pulse and it can be accurately predicted by the response to an equivalent impulse. For long pulses, the maximum response depends on the magnitude of the load applied. For shells, the effect of curvature can be significant and result in several modes with close frequencies. In that case the response is more complicated since many modes participate in the response. In this work, the criteria are developed for predicting the response of each mode to a various pulses and determine how many modes participate in the response. The results obtained are applicable with any other analysis method including the finite element method.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Effects of taurocholic acid on gastric acid secretion and gastrin release.

Abstract Serum gastrin concentrations and Heidenhain pouch acid outputs were measured in dogs before and during perfusion of denervated antral pouches with 10 mM taurocholic acid. Perfusates were maintained at an osmolality of 300 mosM, with pH adjusted to 7.0, 3.0, or 1.0. Results were compared with those obtained with antral perfusion of isosmolar solutions at the same pH, but not containing taurocholic acid, and with 0.5% acetylcholine, pH 7.0. Antral pouch perfusion with taurocholic acid at pH 3.0 and 7.0 stimulated both Heidenhain pouch acid output and gastrin release into the circulation. Perfusion of antral pouches with taurocholic acid at pH 1.0 produced no increases in serum gastrin concentrations nor in acid output from the Heidenhain pouches. Peak acid outputs and serum gastrin concentrations produced by perfusion of the antral pouches with 10 mM taurocholic acid at pH 3.0 and at pH 7.0 approximated 15–20% of those achieved with 0.5% acetylcholine (pH 7.0). Results of this study demonstrate the capacity of perfusion of the antrum with taurocholic acid at pH 3.0 and pH 7.0 to stimulate gastrin release and confirm previous observations that antral perfusion with taurocholic acid stimulates gastric acid output. The stimulatory effects of taurocholic acid were not noted with antral perfusion of pH 1.0, a pH known to inhibit gastrin release in response to almost all stimuli. These results are consistent with the conclusion that release of gastrin is the mechanism by which antral pouch perfusion with bile acids induces gastric acid secretion.
Race, Class and Power: Some Comments on Revolutionary Change

Such is the power of early conditioning, that it is only after many years of reflection that I have come to question the university of the class struggle. Economic exploitation, and an intimate relationship between economic and political power, may be almost universal. But there are some societies in which the relationship to the means of production does not define the political struggle, and in which class conflict is not the source of revolutionary change.
Yet Another Possible Explanation of the Solar Neutrino Puzzle

Mikheyev and Smirnov have shown that the interactions of neutrinos with matter can result in the conversion of electron neutrinos produced in the center of the sun to muon neutrinos. Bethe has exploited this and has pointed out that the solar-neutrino puzzle can be resolved if the mass difference squared of the two neutrinos is m/sub 2//sup 2/ - m /sub 1//sup 2/ approx. = 6 x 10/sup -5/ eV/sup 2/, and the mixing angle satisfies sin theta/sub v/ > 0.0065. We discuss a qualitatively different solution to the solar-neutrino puzzle which requires 1.0 x 10/sup -8/ < (m/sub 2//sup 2/ - m/sub 1//sup 2/) (sin/sup 2/ 2theta/sub v//cos 2theta/sub v/) < 6.1 x 10/sup -8/ eV/sup 2/. Our solutions result in a much smaller flux of neutrinos from the p - p process than predicted by standard solar models, while Bethe's solution results in a flux of neutrinos from the p - process that is about the same as standard solar models.
NCAA Academic Performance Program (APP): Future Directions

This paper represents the first major effort to conduct a comprehensive review of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Academic Performance Program (APP) and to recommend to the NCAA Board of Directors those modifications that will lead to further improvement in graduation performance. They fall into four categories: (a) new initial eligibility standards; (b) new requirements for 2-year college transfers; (c) new requirements for eligibility for postseason competition; and (d) new penalty structure and penalty thresholds. Conclusions and recommendations are offered.
Solution structures of all parallel-stranded monomeric and dimeric G-quadruplex scaffolds of the human c-kit2 promoter

Previous studies have demonstrated that nuclease hypersensitivity regions of several proto-oncogenic DNA promoters, situated upstream of transcription start sites, contain guanine-rich tracts that form intramolecular G-quadruplexes stabilized by stacked G•G•G•G tetrads in monovalent cation solution. The human c-kit oncogenic promoter, an important target in the treatment of gastrointestinal tumors, contains two such stretches of guanine-rich tracts, designated c-kit1 and c-kit2. Our previous nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based studies reported on the novel G-quadruplex scaffold of the c-kit1 promoter in K(+)-containing solution, where we showed for the first time that even an isolated guanine was involved in G-tetrad formation. These NMR-based studies are now extended to the c-kit2 promoter, which adopts two distinct all-parallel-stranded conformations in slow exchange, one of which forms a monomeric G-quadruplex (form-I) in 20 mM K(+)-containing solution and the other a novel dimeric G-quadruplex (form-II) in 100 mM K(+)-containing solution. The c-kit2 promoter dimeric form-II G-quadruplex adopts an unprecedented all-parallel-stranded topology where individual c-kit2 promoter strands span a pair of three-G-tetrad-layer-containing all-parallel-stranded G-quadruplexes aligned in a 3' to 5'-end orientation, with stacking continuity between G-quadruplexes mediated by a sandwiched A•A non-canonical pair. We propose that strand exchange during recombination events within guanine-rich segments, could potentially be mediated by a synapsis intermediate involving an intergenic parallel-stranded dimeric G-quadruplex.
Market microstructure in a global B2B network

On-line marketplaces raise several interesting issues, among them the relevance of location when content is digitized, and the assessment of a supplier's capabilities when buyers worldwide only have electronic contact with sellers. In global B2B on-line marketplaces, market microstructures, i.e. which firms compete for the same customers, are thus likely to be influenced by how customers value location and firm capabilities in their decisions to do business with different suppliers on-line. We suggest that both these sets of attributes will continue to matter on-line—firms possessing similar capabilities, as well as firms that are similar in location by country, time zones or clusters, will compete for business from the same customers. We model the similarity in competitive positions between pairs of firms based on the overlap in their customer networks, using data on actual interactions between supplier and customer banks on an electronic trading system. Using QAP network regression techniques on the 100 largest banks in this industry, we find that similarity in capabilities influences who competes with whom, and that location still matters in a global B2B exchange. Interestingly, location influences who a firm's competitors are, but not where its customers are from. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dynamic Numerical Modeling and Simulation of Interfacial Cracks in Sandwich Structures for Damage Detection

Dynamic modeling of interfacial cracks between the skin and core materials was performed and numerical simulation was undertaken to study the feasibility of crack detection. The cracks were modeled in the way as they were physically in the sandwich beam structures using the finite element method. Numerical simulation of impact-hammer hit was applied to the finite element models to calculate the time history of strain responses along the sandwich beams. Dynamic crack opening and closure was considered with friction at the surfaces of interfacial cracks. Thus, nonlinear dynamic analysis was conducted. Then, the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) was used to transform the time responses to frequency responses. The effects of interfacial cracks were examined in both time and frequency plots by comparing those responses between the damaged structure and the intact structure. The present study showed that the effect of crack closure was important so that nonlinear analysis was necessary to represent the interfacial c...
Countering Anthrax: Vaccines and Immunoglobulins

Anthrax spores rank as the leading threat among bioweapons. This article reviews the accumulated evidence for immunization, either active or passive, to counter the malicious release of anthrax spores. The key protective factor in current anthrax vaccines for humans is a protein called protective antigen, which allows ingress of toxins into cells. The US vaccine is licensed to prevent anthrax, regardless of the route of exposure. Its dosing schedule is cumbersome and somewhat painful (shortcomings that may be resolved by ongoing clinical studies). It can be prescribed with the confidence commensurate with dozens of human safety studies and experience in 1.8 million recent vaccinees. For post-exposure prophylaxis, combining antibiotic prophylaxis and active immunization before illness onset may offer the best combination of prompt and sustained protection, especially for people who inhale large doses of spores. To treat anthrax infection, passive immunization using a polyclonal or monoclonal antibody product may offer important clinical benefit, especially if the anthrax bacteria are resistant to multiple antibiotics.
The tabun and its misidentification in the archaeological record

The tabun is a clay oven that was common in rural areas in the southern Levant in the 20th century AD; linguistic and literary sources, ethnographic information and archaeological remains offer insights into the manufacture and use of this female-gendered baking installation. Despite its earliest attestation in the writings of medieval Palestinian geographer al-Muqadassi, the term tabun has been adopted by archaeologists to describe any ancient oven in excavation reports. This has both obscured our understanding of ancient ovens and resulted in the dissemination of erroneous information about ancient baking and cooking in popular works about daily life in biblical times.
Spatiotemporal Patterns of Contact Across the Rat Vibrissal Array During Exploratory Behavior

The rat vibrissal system is an important model for the study of somatosensation, but the small size and rapid speed of the vibrissae have precluded measuring precise vibrissal-object contact sequences during behavior. We used a laser light sheet to quantify, with 1 ms resolution, the spatiotemporal structure of whisker-surface contact as five naive rats freely explored a flat, vertical glass wall. Consistent with previous work, we show that the whisk cycle cannot be uniquely defined because different whiskers often move asynchronously, but that quasi-periodic (~8 Hz) variations in head velocity represent a distinct temporal feature on which to lock analysis. Around times of minimum head velocity, whiskers protract to make contact with the surface, and then sustain contact with the surface for extended durations (~25 – 60 ms) before detaching. This behavior results in discrete temporal windows in which large numbers of whiskers are in contact with the surface. These “sustained collective contact intervals” (SCCIs) were observed on 100% of whisks for all five rats. The overall spatiotemporal structure of the SCCIs can be qualitatively predicted based on information about head pose and the average whisk cycle. In contrast, precise sequences of whisker-surface contact depend on detailed head and whisker kinematics. Sequences of vibrissal contact were highly variable, equally likely to propagate in all directions across the array. Somewhat more structure was found when sequences of contacts were examined on a row-wise basis. In striking contrast to the high variability associated with contact sequences, a consistent feature of each SCCI was that the contact locations of the whiskers on the glass converged and moved more slowly on the sheet. Together, these findings lead us to propose that the rat uses a strategy of “windowed sampling” to extract an object’s spatial features: specifically, the rat spatially integrates quasi-static mechanical signals across whiskers during the period of sustained contact, resembling an “enclosing” haptic procedure.
Originalism and the Legislature

While the extent to which Congress ought to be involved in interpreting the Constitution has been the subject of scholarly debate in recent years, the question of how Congress should interpret the document has been overlooked. This paper examines the justifications underlying several schools of originalist thought to tease out what these schools have to say about congressional constitutional interpretation. When the major originalist theories are scrutinized, the logical conclusion is that Congress ought to be originalist when engaging in constitutional interpretation. The paper thus breaks new ground in pointing out this radical implication of originalist thought, but its novel exploration of congressional interpretive methods makes it highly relevant to nonoriginalist scholars as well.
Going Global and Getting Graphic: Critical Multicultural Citizenship Education in an Afterschool Program for Immigrant and Refugee Girls

This qualitative case study reports on the experiences of six recent-arrival immigrant and refugee girls as they participated in an afterschool program designed to promote critical multicultural citizenship through graphic novels. Analysis of discourse data revealed how the girls explored the interdependence among nation-states and wrestled with the complexities in their new home country. The study’s findings challenge deficit perspectives that immigrant youth, who are learning English, are not ready to engage in deliberative discourse around social and global issues. The findings offer a different way of thinking about citizenship education for recent-arrival immigrant youth.
Noctuiseius treati, a New Genus and Species of Moth Mite from Hawaii and Easter Island

Noctuiseius treati, a new genus and species of moth mite is described from a noctuid moth Achaea janata (L.). The host moths were collected in Hawaii and on Easter Island. The mite adults and nymphs were found in the external parts of both ears of A. janata and were mainly in the external cleft between the thorax and abdomen, under the tegulae, and around the wing bases.
The Combined Impact of Irregular Roughness and Favorable-Pressure-Gradient Conditions on Wall Turbulence Structure

The combined impact of irregular surface roughness and moderate favorable-pressuregradient conditions (K 3 3.5◊ 10 7 ) on the structure of a turbulent boundary layer was assessed using stereo particle image velocimetry (PIV) measurements in the wall-normal‐ spanwise plane. The roughness under consideration was replicated from a turbine blade damaged by deposition of foreign materials and contains a broad range of topographical scales. These measurements were compared to measurements of smooth-wall flow under the identical favorable-pressure gradient (FPG) condition to reveal the combined impact of roughness and FPG conditions on the underlying structure of the flow. Instantaneous fields revealed low momentum and high momentum regions (LMRs and HMRs) alternating in the spanwise direction that contribute heavily to the Reynolds shear stress. In the roughwall FPG case, more intense sweeps and ejection events were observed within the LMRs and HMRs compared with the smooth- wall case. Two point correlations were analyzed to explore the average spatial structure of the flow. While two-point correlations of velocity reflected the basic signature that LMRs are bounded by HMRs, and vice-versa, correlations of velocity fields only embodying the largest spatial scales revealed an even higher degree of spanwise coherence in these motions.
The Influence of Non-Uniform Initial Conditions on Temperature Field Development in Rapid Compression Machine Experiments

Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations are used to investigate the role of nonuniform initial boundary temperatures on the development of the temperature field in rapid compression machine (RCM) experiments that use a non-creviced piston. Three boundary temperatures cases are investigated for initial pressures of 1 atm and 2 atm. The first test case is a baseline where all boundary temperatures are uniform and the other cases represent non-uniform boundary temperatures by setting the piston crown to a lower temperature than the other boundaries. Steady-state CFD simulations are used to obtain an initial gas temperature field for each combination of boundary temperatures. These temperature fields serve as the initial condition in 2D CFD simulations of the RCM compression and post-compression periods, where the evolution of the gas temperature field is calculated. The simulations reveal that non-uniform boundary temperatures are important to the development of the compressed gas temperature field, particularly in the region near the piston crown. The temperature of the roll-up vortex is strongly influenced by the piston temperature which becomes an important consideration for measuring hot ignition delay times in the negative temperature coefficient region.
The effect of preexisting anti-carrier immunity on subsequent responses to CRM197 or Qb-VLP conjugate vaccines.

AbstractContext: Certain antigens, such as haptens (small molecules), short peptides, and carbohydrates (e.g. bacterial polysaccharides) are non- or poorly immunogenic unless conjugated to a carrier molecule that provides a structural scaffold for antigen presentation as well as T cell help required for B-cell activation and maturation. However, the carriers themselves are immunogenic and resulting carrier-specific immune responses may impact the immunogenicity of other conjugate vaccines using the same carrier that are administered subsequently.Objective: Herein, using two different carriers (cross-reactive material 197, CRM and Qb-VLP), we examined in mice the impact that preexisting anti-carrier antibodies (Ab) had on subsequent immune responses to conjugates with either the same or a different carrier.Method: For this purpose, we used two nicotine hapten conjugates (NIC7-CRM or NIC-Qb), two IgE peptide conjugates (Y-CRM or Y-Qb), and a pneumococcal polysaccharide conjugate (Prevnar 13®).Results: Prior...
Salvage Procedures for the Distal End of the Ulna : There Is No Magic

Resection of the distal end of the ulna is not a benign procedure; nor is it a panacean surgical treatment of disorders at the distal radioulnar and ulnocarpal joints. Over the past 96 years, since Darrach first described his classic procedure, many authors have warned surgeons of the consequences of the Darrach resection. For salvaging the persistently painful distal forearm after Darrach resection, researchers have recommended a spectrum of possible surgical options. Each has its advantages and disadvantages; none substitutes completely for the painless, load-bearing capacity of a healthy distal radioulnar joint. Resection of the seat of the distal ulna eliminates the fulcrum of the ulna through which load is transferred from the hand to the forearm. At this time, there is still no surgical "magic" available to the reconstructive surgeon for salvaging normal use of the upper limb after failed Darrach resection.
Complications of homograft tympanoplasty

The use of a homograft tympanic membrane with an attached malleus has provided an excellent alternative for reconstructing the severely damaged middle ear. I have limited homograft tympanoplasty to four specific indications: previous failure of standard tympanoplasty techniques, high risk of failure (total perforation, absent malleus, slag burns), reconstruction of radical mastoidectomy, and congenital aural atresia. Homograft tympanoplasty has provided a 94 per cent incidence of anatomic success in these severely damaged middle ears. Closure of the air-bone gap to within 25 dB. was accomplished in 85 per cent of these patients. Complications must be viewed in the perspective of the extensive disease in the middle ear that was being reconstructed. Only meticulous attention to surgical technique and postoperative care will provide the successes described by Wehrs, Marquet, Perkins, and others. The otologic surgeon is urged to observe the surgical techniques of homograft tympanoplasty rather than merely read about it. I believe that the transplant tympanic membrane should be used only when it provides an advantage over standard grafting techniques. Underlay fascia tympanoplasty yields excellent results in the majority of eardrum reconstructions. A final word about homograft tympanic membrane and ossicles. Although several "banks" for ear tissue are available in the United States, there are few established guidelines that these banks are required to follow. The otologic surgeon who uses homograft tissue must be guaranteed that the biologic product he is implanting in his patient is sterile, is anatomically perfect, has been stored in a chemically stable preservative, and has proven biologic effectiveness. Ear banks should be managed by surgeons who are using that tissue in their own patients, thus monitoring the tissue's quality. Each bank has a responsibility to donors, recipients, and surgeons to maintain the highest laboratory standards that will guarantee the quality of its product. Since there is no regulating agency, the practicing physician should insist that these standards for processed homograft ear tissue be maintained.
Absorption of light dark matter in semiconductors

Semiconductors are by now well-established targets for direct detection of MeV to GeV dark matter via scattering off electrons. We show that semiconductor targets can also detect significantly lighter dark matter via an absorption process. When the dark matter mass is above the band gap of the semiconductor (around an eV), absorption proceeds by excitation of an electron into the conduction band. Below the band gap, multiphonon excitations enable absorption of dark matter in the 0.01 eV to eV mass range. Energetic dark matter particles emitted from the sun can also be probed for masses below an eV. We derive the reach for absorption of a relic kinetically mixed dark photon or pseudoscalar in germanium and silicon, and show that existing direct detection results already probe new parameter space. With only a moderate exposure, low-threshold semiconductor target experiments can exceed current astrophysical and terrestrial constraints on sub-keV bosonic dark matter.
Creating a sustainable mission

Background: Medical missions have become a part of the Global Health Programs at many academic institutions. Commonly these programs involve annual trips to locations in the United States and around the world. The University of Toledo Medical Center (UTMC) sought to develop a sustainable mission that has educational and clinical value to both the local community and academic institution. Methods: The Department of Emergency Medicine at UTMC has worked with Salud Total, a small health clinic in La Ceiba, Honduras. Salud Total is staffed by a general practitioner, nurse and ancillary staff. During a mission the clinical volume increases over 100 patients a day. UTMC staff and senior ED residents see general medical complaints and perform small surgical procedures. Specialists, such as cardiologists and obstetricians see those needing specialty care. Education is provided in the form of bedside clinical teaching and materials distributed to staff and patients. Results: This mission has provided clinical serv...
Simulation of higher-order stochastic processes by spectral representation

Abstract The Spectral Representation Method is generalized for simulation of asymmetrically nonlinear (skewed higher-order) stochastic processes. This is achieved by deriving new orthogonal increments for the spectral process in the Cramer spectral representation that include wave interactions and satisfy third-order orthogonality properties. These orthogonal increments are derived by introducing two new quantities – the pure power spectrum and the partial bicoherence – that decouple the contributions of single waves and wave interactions in the Fourier-type expansion of a stochastic process. The further extension to fourth and higher-order processes is discussed. Several mathematical examples demonstrate the capabilities of the proposed methodology to generate general third-order stochastic processes. The method is then applied to the generation of turbulent wind velocities characterized from Large Eddy Simulations of the atmospheric boundary layer.