cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Anionic and hidden hydrogen in ZnO.

First-principles calculations are performed to study energetics and kinetics of hydrogen in ZnO, in particular, the ${\mathrm{H}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ anion and the ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ molecule on the interstitial site and in the oxygen vacancy. We show that the ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ molecule kinetically trapped in the oxygen vacancy, rather than interstitial ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$, can explain a variety of experimental observations on ``hidden'' hydrogen in ZnO. The accumulation of shallow donors, especially the substitutional H, near the ZnO surface is important to the formation of hidden hydrogen in the ZnO bulk and can also lead to persistent photoconductivity.
Creating Relational Ties in Talk: The Collaborative Construction of Relational Jealousy

This study furthers recent investigations into emotional talk between close relational partners by exploring the collaborative construction of one particular type of emotional experience: relational jealousy. Conversation analytic methods were used to investigate a data base comprised of 44 half-hour conversations between male friends, female friends, cross-sex friends, and romantic partners. It was found that both romantic partners and friends constructed relational jealousy as a powerful “negative” emotional experience and, when constructed in this fashion, the content of the construction concerned the negative influence this experience can have on both relational partners and their relationship. The structure of negative constructions of this emotion often included use of the past tense, qualifiers, and normalization strategies to address the face and relationship concerns created by claiming for oneself or attributing to one's partner such an experience. It was also found that partners who shared a romantic attachment sometimes constructed relational jealousy as a “positive” experience and the structure and content of these positive constructions differs markedly from the negative ones. Finally, relational jealousy was found to be a useful resource in romantic partners’ construction of their unique relational bond and in their negotiation of the rights, obligations, and rules entailed by that particular type of relationship.
Ultrasonic Study of Environmental Damage Initiation and Evolution in Adhesive Joints

This article reports on an experimental study of environmental degradation of adhesive joints by an ultrasonic angle—beam technique. The technique is based on measurements of the frequency response of the reflection of obliquely incident ultrasonic signals from a joint bondline. Ultrasonic measurements were performed using a special ultrasonic goniometer with only one ultrasonic transducer. By this method, the degradation of single lap adhesive joints was studied as a function of exposure in NaCl solutions at 68°C under static tensile load. It was found that joint degradation is accompanied by a shift of the ultrasonic reflection spectrum minimum to a lower frequency. Two stages of adhesive joint environmental degradation can be distinguished: a) a relatively slow adhesive joint degradation dominated by adhesive creep, and b) delamination along the adhesive/adherend interface, leading to failure. Several degradation mechanisms are found in the first stage to affect the position of the spectral minimum. The first is adhesive creep caused by normal-to-bond-plane stress concentration at the joint overlap edges. This mechanism is found to have the dominant effect on the ultrasonic signature. Second, changes of the effective density and elastic moduli of the adhesive layer also affect the spectrum of the reflected signal. The third mechanism is the degradation of the adhesive—adherend interface. In the second stage of the joint degradation process, delamination along the adhesive/adherend interface occurs and is followed by joint failure. While the time span of the first stage changes significantly from joint to joint, the time span of the second stage (failure by delamination) in our conditions is about 30—40 h. The delamination results in a significant additional spectral minimum shift to a lower frequency that can be used as an indicator of failure initiation.
Perceptions of Thriving by Women who Have Experienced Abuse or Status-Related Oppression

This study used the term “thriving,” grounded theory design, and focus group interviews to investigate women's health. Purposeful sampling yielded women who had experienced abuse in adult interpersonal relationships and status-related oppression (N = 21). Four focus groups identified factors that define and contribute to thriving, began the analysis, and later confirmed the output. Results indicated thriving exceeds previous exploration of the absence of problems to denote vigorous, even superlative health. A model emerged about the defining and contributing properties of thriving as a specific type of energy characterized by complex interconnections between and cycles of activity, rest, and stasis. Three factors defined the structure and process of thriving: (a) individual perceptions, motives, and resources, (b) the nature of the relationship a woman has with her adversity, and (c) properties of the environment vis-a-vis interpersonal relationships. Implications for assessment, prevention, and intervent...
Time-Domain Simulations of Linear and Nonlinear Aeroelastic Behavior

A method for simulating unsteady, nonlinear, subsonic aeroelastic behavior of an aircraft wing is described. The flowing air and deforming structure are treated as the elements of a single dynamic ...
Accuracy of e-codes assigned to emergency department records.

Objective: To determine the accuracy of ICD-9-CM external-cause-of-injury codes (e-codes) assigned to the medical records of injured patients treated in an ED and released. Methods: A comparison was made of routine coding and expert recoding of medical records generated in the ED for a convenience sample of patients treated for injuries within 24 hours of injury occurrence and subsequently released from the ED. The medical record was handwritten and subsequently coded by three medical records coders (MRCs). The e-coded charts were sent to an external medical record consultant (expert), who was blinded to the codes previously assigned. The expert reading was used as the criterion standard. Accuracy was measured using a kappa statistic, and errors were described. Results: Of 126 available patient charts, 108 (85.7%) were assigned e-codes by MRCs. The expert assigned two codes to (double-coded) 67 patients, while the MRCs double-coded only one patient. The additional code was usually a “place of occurrence code.” In 60 cases (55.6%), the expert code exactly matched the MRC code; kappa = 0.462. Of the 48 mismatches (44.4%), 20 (41.7%) were e-coded in the wrong category, 20 (41.7%) were e-coded in the correct category but with incorrect specificity of information, either too specific or not specific enough, and eight (16.6%) had combined coding errors. Conclusion: The accuracy of e-codes assigned to ED records was moderate in this single institution analysis. Errors were predominantly related to the specificity of the code, but some e-codes were in the wrong category. There are implications for injury surveillance and research. E-code assignment must be standardized and applied uniformly to obtain accurate codes. Automation of e-coding could improve accuracy and consistency of codes. National and international epidemiologic studies of cause of injury among ED patients will be severely hampered until e-code assignment can be better standardized.
Lung transplantation for emphysema.

Abstract Great strides have been made in lung transplantation in the past two decades. Changes in technique, immunosuppression regimens, and treatment of infectious complications have led to improvements in survival and functional results. Current areas of discussion concern the use of single lung transplantation versus bilateral sequential lung transplantation and the criteria for allocating donor lungs. This article reviews the current state of lung transplantation for emphysema and provides insight from more than one decade of experience with Washington University's lung transplant program.
The development of the Khmer acculturation scale

Abstract The purpose of this investigation was to develop a multidimensional, culture-specific acculturation measure, the Khmer acculturation scale (KAS), for use with Cambodians living in the United States. The KAS development was guided by Berry's [W. H. Holtzman, T. Z. Bornemann (Eds.), (1990) Mental health of immigrants and refugees, Hogg Foundation for Mental Health, Austin, TX, pp. 90–102] framework and involved two studies. The first study involved the derivation of 130 questionnaire items and demonstration of content validity using 22 expert informants and judges, relevant literature on Cambodian and American cultures, and existing acculturation scales that had been developed for other ethnic groups. Items were created for two KAS subscales written in both English and Khmer, the Khmer orientation scale (KOS) and Anglo-American orientation scale (AOS). The second study inspected reliability and validity of KAS scores obtained from 410 Cambodian participants living in nine states. The two subscales were reduced in length via factor analyses and were found to have high internal consistency and stability reliability. Criterion validity was supported by a modest significant correlation between the KAS and scores on the Suinn–Lew Asian self-identity acculturation scale [Suinn, Rikard-Figueroa, Lew, & Vigil, Educ. Psychol. Meas. 47 (1987) 401]. Construct validity evidence for the KAS was indicated by its factor structure and support for the following predictions derived from Berry's acculturation framework: (1) Those who were in the higher SES and educational levels, of a younger generation, and employed were more acculturated compared to their counterparts; (2) Lower psychological distress as measured by the Hopkins Symptom Checklist-25 [Mollica, Wyshak, de Marneffe, Khuon, & Lavelle, Am. J. Psych. 144(4) (1987b) 497] was associated with greater acculturation; (3) Those who acculturate in the integration mode, on average, scored in the normal range on the HSCL-25, while those in the separation mode scored, on average, in the clinical range.
Cellular tolerance to pulsed heating

Many laser therapies involve significant heating of tissue with pulses varying from picoseconds to minutes in duration. In some of the applications heating is a primary goal, while in others it is an undesirable side effect. In both cases, if a hyperthermia is involved, the knowledge about the threshold temperature leading to irreversible cellular damage is critically important. We study the dependence of the threshold temperature on duration of the heat exposure in the range of 0.3 ms to 5 seconds. Thin layer of cells cultured in a Petri dish was exposed to a pulsed CO2 laser radiation. Laser beam was focused onto sample providing Gaussian intensity distribution in the focal plane with a beam diameter (2w) 2-10 mm. Surface temperature in the central part of the focal spot (1mm in diameter) was measured by thermal infrared (IR) emission from the sample, recorded with a fast IR detector. For pulses shorter than 1 s the temperature profile across the focal spot was found to closely correspond to the radial distribution of the laser beam intensity, thus allowing for accurate determination of temperature at any given distance from the center of the spot. Immediate cellular damage was assessed using vital staining with the live/dead fluorescent assay. Threshold temperatures were found to vary from 65 °C at 5 s of heating to 160 °C at pulses of 0.3 ms in duration. The shorter end of this range was limited by vaporization, which occurs during the laser pulse and results in mechanical damage to cells. Dependence of the maximal temperature on pulse duration could be approximated by Arrhenius law with activation energy being about 1 eV.
One-day acceptance and commitment training workshops in medical populations

Chronic medical illnesses often require a high level of self-management, which can be challenging, particularly over extended periods. The challenge is accentuated by comorbid depression or anxiety, which interfere with motivation and drive. Acceptance and Commitment Therapy is an empirically based behavioral intervention aimed at helping individuals develop greater psychological flexibility in the face of life's challenges. It provides a unified model of behavior change and has shown promise in treating depression and anxiety, as well as chronic medical conditions. Importantly, Acceptance and Commitment Therapy has been effectively implemented in various formats, including 1-day group workshops, well-suited for dissemination into medical settings. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of studies of 1-day group workshops in medical populations and suggest future directions for further development of this promising area.
Zone Fever, Project Fever: Development Policy, Economic Transition, and Urban Expansion in China

With the pursuit for global competitiveness and economic growth, Chinese cities have recorded massive urban land expansion. This article examines the effects of development policies and economic re...
Aspirin-induced asthma as a viral disease.

A hypothesis is presented which states that aspirin-induced asthma results from chronic viral infection. This type of asthma has, indeed, a highly characteristic clinical course, reminiscent of viral upper respiratory tract infection. It is suggested that, in response to a virus, a long time after the initial exposure, specific cytotoxic lymphocytes are produced. Their activity is suppressed by prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) produced by pulmonary alveolar macrophages. Anti-cyclo-oxygenase analgesics block PGE2 production, and allow cytotoxic lymphocytes to attack and kill their target cells, i.e. the virus-affected cells of the respiratory tract. During this reaction, toxic oxygen intermediates, lysosomal enzymes and mediators are released, which precipitate attacks of asthma. These acute attacks can be prevented by avoidance of all drugs with anti-cyclo-oxygenase activity, however, asthma continues to run a protracted course because of chronic viral infection.
Splintered Sisterhood: Gender and Class in the Campaign against Woman Suffrage

When Tennessee became the 36th and final state needed to ratify the Nineteenth Amendment in August 1920, giving women the right to vote, one group of women expressed bitter disappointment and vowed to fight against "this feminist disease". Why this fierce and extended opposition? In "Splintered Sisterhood", Susan Marshall argues that the women of the antisuffrage movement mobilized not as threatened homemakers, but as influential political strategists. Drawing on surviving records of major antisuffrage organizations, Marshall makes clear that antisuffrage women organized to protect gendered class interests. She shows that many of the most vocal antisuffragists were wealthy, educated women who exercised considerable political influence through their personal ties to men in politics as well as by their own positions as leaders of social service committees. Under the guise of defending an ideal of "true womanhood", these powerful women sought to keep the vote from lower-class women, fearing it would result in an increase in the "ignorant vote" and in their own displacement from positions of influence. This book reveals the increasingly militant style of antisuffrage protest as the conflict over female voting rights escalated. "Splintered Sisterhood" adds a missing piece to the history of women's rights activism in the United States and illuminates current issues of antifeminism.
Efficacy of CT scanning in a group of 174 patients with orthopedic and musculoskeletal problems

One hundred and seventy-four patients with orthopedic and musculoskeletal problems received computed tomography (CT) scans between January 1979 and July 1980. There were 34 trauma patients, 35 patients with known or suspected primary tumors, 20 patients with metastases, 18 patients with suspected spinal stenosis, 25 patients with disc problems, five patients with infections, 13 children with congenital anomalies, and 24 patients with miscellaneous problems. The CT scans proved useful in all the pediatric cases, 97% of the trauma patients, and in the majority of patients with tumors. It appears that absolute indications for CT scanning in orthopedic patients include acute trauma to the spine, pelvis, hip, and shoulder girdles as well as in children with congenital spinal anomalies. Relative indications include determining the extent of the tumor and also aiding in the correct approach for biopsying a lesion.
Comparison of laparoscopic versus open nephrectomy in the pediatric population.

Purpose: Laparoscopic renal surgery has become an accepted approach for benign disease in adults. We compare our experience with laparoscopic and open nephrectomy in a pediatric population. Materials and Methods: A total of 10 pediatric patients underwent laparoscopic nephrectomy or nephroureterectomy and an additional 10 consecutive children underwent similar open procedures. All patients had benign disease and were treated at a single institution. Medical records were reviewed retrospectively for relevant clinical data. Results: Planned surgery was completed in all cases. There were no conversions to open surgery in the laparoscopic group. Mean operative time was 175.6 versus 120.2 minutes (p = 0.01) and mean hospital stay was 22.5 versus 41.3 hours (p = 0.03) in the laparoscopic and open nephrectomy groups, respectively. Blood loss was not statistically different. Analgesic use was qualitatively less in the laparoscopic nephrectomy group. Conclusions: Laparoscopic nephrectomy and nephroureterectomy may be performed safely in children. While operative time was somewhat longer in our initial laparoscopic series, postoperative hospital stay was significantly shorter than for open surgery. Further experience with this technique is warranted.
Synthesis of zinc, copper, nickel, cobalt, and iron complexes using tris(pyrazolyl)methane sulfonate ligands: a structural model for N,N,O binding in metalloenzymes.

Ligands of intermediate steric bulk were designed to mimic metalloenzymes with histidine and carboxlyate binding sites. The reaction between tris(3-isopropylpyrazolyl)methane and butyllithium followed by SO3NMe3 in THF yielded the new ligand lithium tris(3-isopropylpyrazolyl)methane sulfonate (LiTpmsiPr). Various metal salts reacted with LiTpmsiPr to give the octahedral complexes M(TpmsiPr)2 (M = Zn, Cu, Ni, Co, Fe) in which each ligand has N,N,O binding to the metal. In the reaction between LiTpmsiPr and ZnCl2, in addition to the major product Zn(TpmsiPr)2, [LiTpmsiPrZnCl2]·2THF was also formed as a minor product with a tetrahedral zinc atom coordinated to either N,N,Cl,Cl in the solid phase or N,N,N,Cl in acetonitrile solution. Although TpmsiPr is coordinatively flexible and can act as a bipodal or tripodal ligand, it appears to favor the formation of octahedral L2M complexes.
A spectropolarimetric titrimetric method for the determination of cadmium, mercury, lead and bismuth

Abstract Spectropolarimetric methods of analyses for cadmium(II), mercury(II), lead(II) and bismuth (III) were developed, based on the stereospecific ligand, D-(—) -1,2-propylenediaminetetraacetic acid (D(—)PDTA). The optical rotation of the solution was monitored with a photoelectric polarimeter to determine the end-point of the titration. The titrant and metal complexes formed are optically active and serve as self-indicators. Since D(—)PDTA is stereospecific in its reaction with these metals, maximum utilization of the optical rotation of these complexes is achieved. The observed optical rotation is linear with respect to concentration of the metal complexes, hence straight-line extrapolations to the end-point are possible. The effects of pH, wavelength, and dilution are discussed and the optimum conditions for the determination of each metal are established. The range of accurate spectropolarimetric analyses at 365 nm with the Perkin-Elmer 141 spectropolarimeter was 10-1–10-3M for cadmium(II), and 10-1–10-4M for lead(II), mercury(II) and bismuth(III). The range of the average deviations from visual chelometry for the four metals titrated was 0.05–0.29%.
Learning of Grammar-Like Visual Sequences by Adults With and Without Language-Learning Disabilities

Purpose Two studies examined learning of grammar-like visual sequences to determine whether a general deficit in statistical learning characterizes this population. Furthermore, we tested the hypothesis that difficulty in sustaining attention during the learning task might account for differences in statistical learning. Method In Study 1, adults with normal language (NL) or language-learning disability (LLD) were familiarized with the visual artificial grammar and then tested using items that conformed or deviated from the grammar. In Study 2, a 2nd sample of adults with NL and LLD were presented auditory word pairs with weak semantic associations (e.g., groom + clean) along with the visual learning task. Participants were instructed to attend to visual sequences and to ignore the auditory stimuli. Incidental encoding of these words would indicate reduced attention to the primary task. Results In Studies 1 and 2, both groups demonstrated learning and generalization of the artificial grammar. In Study 2, ...
Kinematics at infinite momentum

Abstract In this paper we perform a contraction on the Poincare group which leads to a group isomorphic to the Poincare group. By “contracting” the canonical representation of the Poincare generators, we show that this iso-Poincare group describes the kinematics of a system of particles all with νz = 1. We give explicitly the behavior of the pz infinite states under finite iso-Poincare transformations. We also give the corresponding transformation laws under parity and time reversal. As an application, we study a scattering process as viewed by an observer moving with νz = −1. This leads to a very natural justification of the impact parameter representation of S-matrix element. In conclusion, we give some indications on the covariant generalization of the iso-Poincare group.
Sediment sorting and transport by flash floods

[1] Flash floods partition the sediment load of arid and semiarid watersheds into components that travel at different rates through the fluvial system and are deposited in characteristic settings. This paper examines sediment sorting and transport by flash floods within a small, sand-dominated alluvial valley in a semiarid environment, upper Los Alamos Canyon, New Mexico. Floods in the study area partition the sediment load into two distinct facies: a coarse-grained facies that travels near the channel bed and a fine-grained facies that travels in suspension. The particle size distributions of channel and floodplain deposits resemble the measured textures of the bed load and suspended load, respectively. Calculations predict that typical flows sort the load into the same two fractions observed in the field. Whereas the transport rate of the coarse fraction depends on flow transport capacity, transport of the fine fraction is controlled by its supply. The long-term discharge of both fractions is estimated by integrating instantaneous transport relationships over the probability distribution of flows. Over several decades the computed fluxes of the two fractions are approximately the same. Most of the load in both fractions is transported during small to moderate events that occur more than once per year. However, the two fractions are distinct because they are supplied by different sources, transported by different mechanisms, and stored in distinct locations in the valley floor. Sediment sorting by flash floods is an important mechanism in constructing floodplains and in determining the residence times of various particle size classes in alluvial valleys.
Heavy Traffic Convergence of a Controlled, Multiclass Queueing System

This paper provides a rigorous proof of the connection between the optimal sequencing problem for a two-station, two-customer-class queueing network and the problem of control of a multidimensional diffusion process, obtained as a heavy traffic limit of the queueing problem. In particular, the diffusion problem, which is one of ``singular control'' of a Brownian motion, is used to develop policies which are shown to be asymptotically nearly optimal as the traffic intensity approaches one in the queueing network. The results are proved by a viscosity solution analysis of the related Hamilton--Jacobi--Bellman equations.
Permeability of Earthen Liners Containing Organobentonite to Water and Two Organic Liquids

The intrinsic permeabilities of compacted specimens containing sand and bentonite and specimens containing sand, bentonite, and either of two organobentonites (hexadecyltrimethylammonium or benzyltriethylammoniumbentonite) have been measured for three permeant liquids (water, nitrobenzene, and heptane) with dielectric constants ranging from 80.2 to 1.92. When the permeant liquid was changed from water to heptane, the intrinsic permeability of sand/bentonite specimens increased by a factor of about 100. Conversely, when the permeant liquid was changed from water to heptane for sand/bentonite/organobentonite specimens, the intrinsic perme abilities of the specimens showed no significant change. Results of tests for nitrobenzene, which has a dielectric constant intermediate to water and heptane, showed uniformly low permeabilities for all specimens. X-ray diffraction and contact-angle measurements were used to explain these results in terms of the interlayer expansion/compression and the dispersion/flocculat...
Inclusive pion double charge exchange in light p -shell nuclei

We report the results of a series of measurements of the differential cross sections for inclusive pion double charge exchange in {sup 6,7}Li, {sup 9}Be, and {sup 12}C for positive and negative incident pions of energies 120, 180, and 240 MeV. The data are compared with the predictions of an intranuclear cascade model and a model based on two sequential single charge exchange processes.
That's your left foot and…

Olfaction involves pattern recognition processes: in the olfactory bulb each odor is represented as a specific spatial activity pattern, serving as the basis for downstream spatiotemporal encoding and odor perception. The principle of pattern generation, the general properties of the patterns and new evidence regarding the functions of the patterns are discussed.
Scalability planning for reconfigurable manufacturing systems

Abstract Scalability is a key characteristic of reconfigurable manufacturing systems, which allows system throughput capacity to be rapidly and cost-effectively adjusted to abrupt changes in market demand. This paper presents a scalability planning methodology for reconfigurable manufacturing systems that can incrementally scale the system capacity by reconfiguring an existing system. An optimization algorithm based on Genetic Algorithm is developed to determine the most economical way to reconfigure an existing system. Adding or removing machines to match the new throughput requirements and concurrently rebalancing the system for each configuration, accomplishes the system reconfiguration. The proposed approach is validated through a case study of a CNC-based automotive cylinder head machining system.
Androgen signaling promotes translation of TMEFF2 in prostate cancer cells via phosphorylation of the α subunit of the translation initiation factor 2.

The type I transmembrane protein with epidermal growth factor and two follistatin motifs 2 (TMEFF2), is expressed mainly in brain and prostate. Expression of TMEFF2 is deregulated in prostate cancer, suggesting a role in this disease, but the molecular mechanism(s) involved in this effect are not clear. Although androgens promote tmeff2 transcription, androgen delivery to castrated animals carrying CWR22 xenografts increases TMEFF2 protein levels in the absence of mRNA changes, suggesting that TMEFF2 may also be post-transcriptionally regulated. Here we show that translation of TMEFF2 is regulated by androgens. Addition of physiological concentrations of dihydrotestosterone (DHT) to prostate cancer cell lines increases translation of endogenous TMEFF2 or transfected TMEFF2-Luciferase fusions, and this effect requires the presence of upstream open reading frames (uORFs) in the 5′-untranslated region (5′-UTR) of TMEFF2. Using chemical and siRNA inhibition of the androgen receptor (AR), we show that the androgen effect on TMEFF2 translation is mediated by the AR. Importantly, DHT also promotes phosphorylation of the α subunit of the translation initiation factor 2 (eIF2α) in an AR-dependent manner, paralleling the effect on TMEFF2 translation. Moreover, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress conditions, which promote eIF2α phosphorylation, also stimulate TMEFF2 translation. These results indicate that androgen signaling promotes eIF2α phosphorylation and subsequent translation of TMEFF2 via a mechanism that requires uORFs in the 5′-UTR of TMEFF2.
Does treatment with eicosapentaenoic acid prevent major coronary events in patients with hypercholesterolemia

Does treatment with eicosapentaenoic acid prevent major coronary events in patients with hypercholesterolemia?
Conservative Protestantism and attitudes toward family planning in a sample of seminarians.

We begin by developing arguments linking aspects of Conservative Protestant theology with attitudes toward family planning. We then develop a theoretical model, and test hypotheses distilled from this model using data on a sample of Protestant seminary students (base N = 635) drawn in 1995-96. As expected, seminarians from Conservative Protestant denominations are less supportive of family planning than their mainline counterparts, although respondents in both groups express broadly favorable views of family planning. This observed denominational pattern is accounted for by the disproportionate tendency of fundamentalist and evangelical students to view the Bible as the inerrant Word of God. In turn, the strong relationship between inerrancy and family planning attitudes seems to reflect the inclination of inerrantists : (a) to interpret a key fertility-related passage, Gen. 1:28a, as a command and/or a blessing from God directed at individuals and couples; and (b) to harbor more conservative attitudes regarding human sexuality. Several alternative explanations for the denominational variations in family planning attitudes are also explored. We conclude by discussing the implications of our findings for future research on Conservative Protestant attitudinal distinctiveness, and on the links between religion and health issues.
Transient studies and kinetic modeling of ethylene oxidation on Pt/SiO2

This paper describes a reaction-reactor model, utilizing alternative reaction pathways, developed to explain experimental results from the total oxidation of ethylene on a Pt/SiO2 catalyst. Transient temperature-programmed reaction and concentration-programmed reaction experiments were utilized to study the reaction through FTIR spectroscopic and surface temperature measurements combined with bulk measurements of concentration and temperature. Different elementarystep pathways were incorporated into the concentration and energy balances in performing the simulations. One pathway utilized adsorbed CO, formed from adsorbed ethylene, as the route to CO2 formation. This pathway is shown to become important under ethylene-rich conditions. The second pathway utilized the direct reaction between adsorbed ethylene and adsorbed oxygen as the path to CO2 formation. The latter route is shown to become important under oxygen-rich conditions. Finally, an example is utilized to show the advantages of the nonequilibrium elementary-step modeling approach over conventional “equilibrium” models where only one step is taken to be rate-determining.
Localized excitations in diluted magnetic Cd1−xMnxTe semiconductor ternary alloys and CdTe/Cd1−xMnxTe superlattices

Abstract In terms of a long-wavelength optical response theory, we have analysed the far-infrared reflectivity spectra of Cd1−xMnxTe ternary alloys and predicted s- and p-polarized reflectance in CdTe/Cd1−xMnxTe thick multiple heterostructures. Lattice dynamics of bulk cubic CdTe, MnTe; folded phonons and anisotropy of optical modes in CdTe/Cd1−xMnxTe [0 0 1] SLs are investigated using a realistic rigid-ion-model (RIM). The short-range forces in CdTe and MnTe materials are optimized by incorporating neutron scattering and transformed Raman data of phonons and elastic constants. The long-range Coulombic forces are evaluated exactly by Ewald summation method. In CdTe/Cd1−xMnxTe SLs, the influence of composition and disorder in Cd1−xMnxTe ternary alloys is described within a modified random-element iso-displacement scheme generalized to layered structures with arbitrary wavevectors and composition profiles. Theoretical results are compared and discussed with the existing far infrared and Raman scattering data.
Optimisation of a mixed truck fleet schedule through a mathematical model considering a new truck-purchase option

Mining is a capital-intensive industry that requires hundreds of million-dollar investment in major equipment. In regards to surface mining operations, mine trucks are the most common pieces of equipment that are used for material haulage. Their maintenance cost, however, constitutes a significant proportion of the overall operational cost. Currently available costing methods and models do not take into account all key constraints and as a result, maintenance cost cannot be minimised. A new mixed integer programming (MIP) model is developed to minimise the maintenance cost for a heterogeneous truck fleet over a multi-year period while considering a new truck-purchase option. The proposed model is applied to truck maintenance cost data from a gold mine in Western Australia. Results indicate 21·64% and 14·76% cost savings over 10 years in comparison to the spread sheet based and original MIP models, respectively.
Agreeableness, conscientiousness, and effortful control processes

Abstract Effortful control (EC) is believed to be a superordinate, temperament system that is associated with early-appearing individual differences in self-regulation. It has been suggested that EC indexes the common developmental process underlying Agreeableness and Conscientiousness. Theory suggests this association, but little empirical evidence has linked personality to actual self-regulatory behaviors. This study examined personality and cognitive assessments associated with impairments in self-regulation. College students ( N =113) gave self-reports on the five dimensions of personality. They also completed the Stroop test, Wisconsin Card Sorting Task (WCST), and a verbal fluency test. Agreeableness predicted Stroop reaction times. Both Agreeableness and Conscientiousness predicted WCST measures. Conscientiousness predicted verbal fluency for men. Results were discussed in terms of EC being a common developmental substrate of Agreeableness and Conscientiousness.
Accumulated deep sleep is a powerful predictor of LH pulse onset in pubertal children.

Context: During puberty, reactivation of the reproductive axis occurs during sleep, with LH pulses specifically tied to deep sleep. This association suggests that deep sleep may stimulate LH secretion, but there have been no interventional studies to determine the characteristics of deep sleep required for LH pulse initiation. Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the effect of deep sleep fragmentation on LH secretion in pubertal children. Design and Setting: Studies were performed in a clinical research center. Subjects: Fourteen healthy pubertal children (11.3–14.1 y) participated in the study. Interventions: Subjects were randomized to two overnight studies with polysomnography and frequent blood sampling, with or without deep sleep disruption via auditory stimuli. Results: An average of 68.1 ±10.7 (± SE) auditory stimuli were delivered to interrupt deep sleep during the disruption night, limiting deep sleep to only brief episodes (average length disrupted 1.3 ± 0.2 min vs normal 7.1 ...
The HIV-1 transgenic rat model of neuroHIV

Despite the ability of current combination anti-retroviral therapy (cART) to limit the progression of HIV-1 to AIDS, HIV-positive individuals continue to experience neuroHIV in the form of HIV-associated neurological disorders (HAND), which can range from subtle to substantial neurocognitive impairment. NeuroHIV may also influence substance use, abuse, and dependence in HIV-positive individuals. Because of the nature of the virus, variables such as mental health co-morbidities make it difficult to study the interaction between HIV and substance abuse in human populations. Several rodent models have been developed in an attempt to study the transmission and pathogenesis of the HIV-1 virus. The HIV-1 transgenic (HIV-1Tg) rat is a reliable model of neuroHIV because it mimics the condition of HIV-infected patients on cART. Research using this model supports the hypothesis that the presence of HIV-1 viral proteins in the central nervous system increases the sensitivity and susceptibility of HIV-positive individuals to substance abuse.
Mechanical Behavior of Foamed Materials under Dynamic Compression.

Abstract : Dynamic compressive stress-strain data of several polymer foams obtained from uniaxial compressive tests over a wide range of loading rates are presented. For the tests with lower loading rates, an electro- hydraulically operated tester was used, while the higher rate test data were obtained by a gravity-operated drop tester. It is shown that the isothermal, uniaxial dynamic compressive stress-strain behavior of the foams tested can be described by a constitutive equation which is a power law in the strain rate. Exploratory uniaxial compressive data of an open-cell foam showing the air flow effect are also presented. (Author, modified-PL)
An isolated reduction of the FEV3/FVC ratio is an indicator of mild lung injury.

Background The FEV 3 /FVC ratio is not discussed in the American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society (ATS/ERS) guidelines for lung function interpretation in spite of narrow confidence limits of normal and its association with smoking. We sought to determine whether a reduction in only the FEV 3 /FVC ratio was associated with physiologic changes compared with subjects with normal FEV 1 /FVC and FEV 3 /FVC ratios. Methods Lung volumes and diffusion were studied in individuals with concomitant spirometry. Patients with restriction on total lung capacity (TLC) were excluded, as were repeat tests on the same patient. A total of 13,302 subjects were divided into three groups: (1) normal FEV 1 /FVC and FEV 3 /FVC (n = 7,937); (2) only a reduced FEV 3 /FVC (n = 840); and (3) reduced FEV 1 /FVC (n = 4,525). Results Subjects with only a reduced FEV 3 /FVC compared with those with normal FEV 1 /FVC and FEV 3 /FVC ratios had higher mean % predicted TLC (99.1% vs 97.1%, P P P 1 (82.6% vs 90.2%, P P P P P P 1 /FVC, similar but greater differences were noted in all of the previous measurements, though mean age and sex were not significantly different. Conclusions The FEV 3 /FVC ratio should be routinely reported on spirometry. An isolated reduction may indicate an early injury pattern of hyperinflation, air trapping, and loss of Dlco.
Spectral Analysis of Tropical Atmospheric Dynamical Variables Using a Linear Shallow-Water Modal Decomposition

AbstractSpace–time spectral analysis has been used frequently in studying observational evidence of convectively coupled equatorial waves. Here 23 yr of brightness temperature Tb data and dynamical reanalysis data are analyzed by an appropriate projection onto the meridional basis functions of the β-plane linear shallow-water equations. Evidence of peaks in power along linear equatorial mode dispersion curves in Tb, zonal and meridional wind, divergence, and geopotential spectra are presented.Another feature of all space–time spectra considered is the redness in frequency, zonal wavenumber, and meridional mode number. It is found that spectral peaks in the dynamical variable spectra are largely consistent with linear shallow-water waves, but peaks related to barotropic waves and extratropical storm track activity are also apparent. The convectively coupled wave signals are seen to be confined to the first few meridional basis functions, suggesting a filtering method to reduce noise for these signals. This...
Digoxin and Reduction in Mortality and Hospitalization in Geriatric Heart Failure: Importance of Low Doses and Low Serum Concentrations

Background Digoxin reduces hospitalizations due to heart failure (HF) and may also reduce mortality at low serum digoxin concentrations (SDC). Most HF patients are ≥ 65 years, yet the effects of digoxin on outcomes in these patients have not been well studied.
Phenology and dispersal of Larinus minutus Gyllenhal and Larinus obtusus Gyllenhal (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), two biological control agents of Centaurea stoebe ssp. micranthos (spotted knapweed) in Michigan

Abstract Centaurea stoebe L. ssp. micranthos (Gugler) (spotted knapweed) is an invasive plant that has been the target of classical biological control in North America for more than four decades. The seedhead-feeding weevils Larinus minutus Gyllenhal and Larinus obtusus Gyllenhal (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) are two of the most-widely released C. stoebe control agents, and have more recently been introduced into the eastern US. While there have been many studies focusing on their ability to impact C. stoebe in the western US and Canada, there have been few studies from eastern North America, and basic knowledge of important aspects of their biology is lacking. Here we report on the phenology and dispersal of L. minutus and L. obtusus in Michigan. We regularly sampled two established Larinus spp. populations in southern Michigan in 2012 and 2013, and found that while adult abundance fluctuates during the growing season, they remained at easily detectable levels from mid-June through the end of August. We also used previously established populations of L. minutus and L. obtusus released in 1996 ( n = 1), 2007 ( n = 2), and 2010 ( n = 5) to determine how dispersal of Larinus spp. into the surrounding landscape changes with time since release. Populations of Larinus spp. weevils showed little dispersal for 2 years post-release . However, after initial establishment dispersal rates increased rapidly, resulting in average dispersal rates that increased exponentially with time since release. These findings can inform future biological control release and sampling programs for Larinus spp. in eastern North America.
Divergence of Verbal Expression and Embodied Knowledge: Evidence from Speech and Gesture in Children with Specific Language Impairment.

It has been suggested that phonological working memory serves to link speech comprehension to production. We suggest further that impairments in phonological working memory may ineuence the way in which children represent and express their knowledge about the world around them. In particular, children with severe phonological working memory deecits may have difeculty retaining stable representations of phonological forms, which results in weak links with meaning representations; however, nonverbal meaning representations might develop appropriately due to input from other modalities (e.g., vision, action). Typically developing children often express emerging knowledge in gesture before they are able to express this knowledge explicitly in their speech. In this study we explore the extent to which children with speciec language impairment (SLI) with severe phonological working memory deecits express knowledge uniquely in gesture as compared to speech. Using a paradigm in which gesture-speech relationships have been studied extensively, children with SLI and conservation judgement-matched, typically developing controls were asked to solve and explain a set of Piagetian conservation tasks. When gestures accompanied their explanations, the children with SLI expressed information uniquely in gesture more often than did the typically developing children.
Illustrating motion through DLP photography

Strobe-light photography creates beautiful high-frequency effects by capturing multiple object copies. Single-chip DLP projectors produce a similar effect, with two important distinctions. Firstly, strobing occurs at different frequencies: at 10000 Hz, due to the DMD chip, and at 120 Hz, due to the colorwheel. Secondly, DLP illumination lacks the perception of `on-off' flashing that characterizes a strobe-light, since these frequencies are beyond human perception. While higher spatial frequencies are preserved in a motion-blurred DLP photograph, deblurring is still difficult, especially for articulated and deformable objects, since the deconvolution kernel can be different at each pixel. Instead we process DLP photographs to create new images that either summarize a dynamic scene or illustrate its motion. We conclude by discussing the frequencies present in DLP photographs, comparing them to images taken under skylight and fluorescent light.
Characterization of uraninite nanoparticles produced by Shewanella oneidensis MR-1

Abstract The reduction of uranium(VI) by Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 was studied to examine the effects of bioreduction kinetics and background electrolyte on the physical properties and reactivity to re-oxidation of the biogenic uraninite, UO 2(s) . Bioreduction experiments were conducted with uranyl acetate as the electron acceptor and sodium lactate as the electron donor under resting cell conditions in a 30 mM NaHCO 3 buffer, and in a PIPES-buffered artificial groundwater (PBAGW). MR-1 was cultured in batch mode in a defined minimal medium with a specified air-to-medium volume ratio such that electron acceptor (O 2 ) limiting conditions were reached just when cells were harvested for subsequent experiments. The rate of U(VI) bioreduction was manipulated by varying the cell density and the incubation temperature (1.0 × 10 8 cell ml −1 at 20 °C or 2.0 × 10 8 cell ml −1 at 37 °C) to generate U(IV) solids at “fast” and “slow” rates in the two different buffers. The presence of Ca in PBAGW buffer altered U(VI) speciation and solubility, and significantly decreased U(VI) bioreduction kinetics. High resolution transmission electron microscopy was used to measure uraninite particle size distributions produced under the four different conditions. The most common primary particle size was 2.9–3.0 nm regardless of U(VI) bioreduction rate or background electrolyte. Extended X-ray absorption fine-structure spectroscopy was also used to estimate uraninite particle size and was consistent with TEM results. The reactivity of the biogenic uraninite products with dissolved oxygen was tested, and neither U(VI) bioreduction rate nor background electrolyte had any statistical effect on oxidation rates. With MR-1, uraninite particle size was not controlled by the bioreduction rate of U(VI) or the background electrolyte. These results for MR-1, where U(VI) bioreduction rate had no discernible effect on uraninite particle size or oxidation rate, contrast with our recent research with Shewanella putrefaciens CN32, where U(VI) bioreduction rate strongly influenced both uraninite particle size and oxidation rate. These two studies with Shewanella species can be viewed as consistent if one assumes that particle size controls oxidation rates, so the similar uraninite particle sizes produced by MR-1 regardless of U(VI) bioreduction rate would result in similar oxidation rates. Factors that might explain why U(VI) bioreduction rate was an important control on uraninite particle size for CN32 but not for MR-1 are discussed.