cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Don Kaldor Memorial Lecture "Concepts Of Entrepreneurship And Agricultural Research"

I BEGIN WITH THREE INNOCENT QUESTIONS. WHO ARE THE ENTREPRENEURS IN OUR SOCIETY? WHAT DO THEY DO AS ENTREPRENEURS? What is the economic value of the function they perform? On the first question, entrepreneurship is a pervasive activity because of the social and economic dynamics that characterizes our society and because no oneâ€”not even ivory tower professors OR institutionalized priestsâ€”can escape the on-going dynamics. ACCOMMODATIONS and adjustments are the order of the DAY/ AND these entail entrepreneurship.
EHR Design and Usability Challenges

In the 1950s the clinical data in medical records of patients in the United States were mostly recorded in a natural, English-language, textual form. … Such patients’ data were generally recorded by health-care professionals as hand-written notes, or as dictated reports that were then transcribed and typed on paper sheets, that were all collated in paper-based charts; and these patients’ medical charts were then stored on shelves in the medical record room.
Cognitive changes during the adult years: implications for developmental theory and research.

Publisher Summary Recent research indicates that the elderly often tend to perform cognitive tasks in a manner qualitatively similar to that of young children. If such similarities in cognitive performance are the result of actual regressive change on the part of the elderly rather than the result of cohort differences, then developmental theories should specify the course of the various cognitive processes throughout the entire life-span as well as incorporate the possibility of change in the adult years. A consideration of adult cognitive changes should also facilitate a reevaluation of the present explanations of the developmental change that takes place during childhood years. Such a reevaluation should include a questioning of the utility of global, nonspecific, explanatory terms such as maturation, a more determined look at the contributions of both biological and environmental factors to childhood developmental change, and a questioning of the assumption that children do not use the supposedly more sophisticated cognitive modes because they are incapable of the use of such modes.
Proposed thresholds for pancreatic tissue volume for safe intraportal islet autotransplantation after total pancreatectomy.

The simple question of how much tissue volume (TV) is really safe to infuse in total pancreatectomy–islet autotransplantation (TP–IAT) for chronic pancreatitis (CP) precipitated this analysis. We examined a large cohort of CP patients (n = 233) to determine major risk factors for elevated portal pressure (PP) during islet infusion, using bivariate and multivariate regression modeling. Rates of bleeding requiring operative intervention and portal venous thrombosis (PVT) were evaluated. The total TV per kilogram body weight infused intraportally was the best independent predictor of change in PP (ΔPP) (p 0.25 cm3/kg. Based on this analysis, we have recommended targeting a TV of <0.25 cm3/kg during islet manufacturing and to halt intraportal infusion, at least temporarily, if the ΔPP exceeds 25 cmH2O. These models can be used to guide islet manufacturing and clinical decision making to minimize risks in TP–IAT recipients.
The Role of Director and Executive Interlocks in Mitigating Uncertainty in Auditor Hiring Decisions

Choosing a new auditor imposes uncertainty because a company does not know for sure whether the new auditor will turn out to be a good choice. This uncertainty can be reduced when directors and executives choose an auditor with whom they are better acquainted. We therefore expect that familiarity with a prospective audit firm increases the likelihood that the company selects the firm as its new auditor. To measure a company’s familiarity with prospective auditors we identify directors and executives who have positions at other companies that employ a prospective auditor (hereafter “interlocks”). We have three main findings. First, companies tend to select audit firms that their directors and executives are better acquainted with through serving other companies. Second, the length of tenure with the new auditor is longer when directors and executives are better acquainted with the new auditor. Third, audit quality is higher when companies select audit firms with which their directors and executives are better acquainted. Overall, we conclude that interlocks help companies to make more informed and therefore better auditor appointment decisions.
A lie algebraic decomposition of nonlinear systems

Techniques from the theory of Lie algebras are used to decompose control systems modeled by nonlinear ordinary differential equations with control appearing linearly into systems whose solutions can be written as the composition of flows of more elementary pieces. Methods from algebraic geometry are then applied to obtain information about attainable sets and to give a computable, high order, test for local controllability.
Thermal resistance of 1.3μm InGaAsP vertical cavity lasers

The thermal resistance of 1.3μm InGaAsP vertical cavity lasers is calculated using the finite difference method in cylindrical coordinates. Three etched-well laser structures are compared and the thermal resistance is calculated for a range of active area diameters and a typical cavity size. Using an InP regrown laser structure appears to be most promising for achieving room-temperature continuous operation of long-wavelength vertical cavity lasers. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Care coordination and telemedicine improves glycaemic control in ethnically diverse veterans with diabetes.

We conducted a pilot study of a care-coordination programme involving daily monitoring and education of elderly diabetic veterans from different racial/ethnic groups. A telephone-based, in-home messaging device was used for patient monitoring and education. Sixty-nine patients were enrolled in the study and HbA1c values were obtained both before and after the telemedicine intervention in 41 of them. The mean HbA1c before enrolment was 7.6% and the mean value 9 months later was 7.3% (P = 0.09). The greatest fall in HbA1c occurred in African-Americans (0.65%, P = 0.05). The total number of hospital admissions decreased from 31 pre-enrolment to 25 post-enrolment (P = 0.0002). Bed days of care decreased from 368 to 149 (P = 0.0002). Care coordination, facilitated by telemedicine, appeared to improve glycaemic control in veterans with diabetes from diverse ethnic backgrounds, particularly African-Americans. This may reduce health-care resource utilization.
THE CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS OF BILATERAL MICROPHTHALMOS WITH CYST

An infant with bilateral congenital microphthalmos with cyst developed neurologic and cardiac abnormalities that resulted in her death at the age of 7 months. When she was first examined, the cystic masses in both eyes transilluminated and were easily deformable. No ocular structures could be identified. Bilateral microphthalmos with cyst appears to be associated with major systemic abnormalities whereas unilateral microphthalmos with cyst is associated with much less serious systemic abnormalities.
Inositol polyphosphates are not increased by overexpression of Ins(1,4,5)P3 3-kinase but show cell-cycle dependent changes in growth factor-stimulated fibroblasts.

Abstract NIH 3T3 fibroblasts were stably transfected with rat brain inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (Ins(1,4,5)P3) 3-kinase to explore the relationship between increased production of Ins(1,3,4,5)P4 and the formation of InsP5 and InsP6. Mass measurements of InsP5 and InsP6 revealed no significant difference between kinase- and vector-transfected fibroblasts. However, such 3-kinase-transfected cells, when labeled with [3H]inositol for 48-72 h, showed lower levels of [3H]InsP5 and [3H]InsP6, as well as [3H]Ins(1,3,4,6)P4 and D/L[3H]Ins(1,4,5,6)P4, than their vector-transfected counterparts. Because Ins(1,4,5)P3 3-kinase-transfected cells grew less rapidly than vector-transfected controls, we determined whether the synthesis of InsP5 and InsP6 was related to a specific phase of the cell cycle. When NIH 3T3 cells prelabeled with [3H]inositol were synchronized by serum deprivation followed by stimulation with platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), the amounts of labeled InsP5 and InsP6 began to increase only after 12 h of stimulation, when cells entered the S-phase as indicated by increased [3H]thymidine incorporation. The enhanced synthesis of these inositol polyphosphates was preceded by an early increase in Ins(1,4,5)P3 and its metabolites that was no longer evident by the fifth hour of PDGF action. There was also a prominent and biphasic increase in the level of D/L-Ins(1,4,5,6)P4 with an early peak at approximately 3 h and a second rise that paralleled the increases in InsP5 and InsP6. These results indicate that the formation of highly phosphorylated inositols is not tightly coupled to the receptor-mediated formation of Ins(1,4,5)P3 and its metabolites but is mainly determined by other factors that operate at specific points of the cell cycle.
Surface-induced and biofilm-induced changes in gene expression

A biofilm is a community of microorganisms attached to a surface. Based on studies of single-species communities, biofilm formation follows a progression from initial attachment to a mature form composed of pillar-like multicellular structures interspersed with fluid-filled channels. The developmental progression leading to a mature biofilm requires changes in gene expression. With recent technological advances for visualizing biofilm growth, gene expression can be directly monitored during biofilm development. Hence, analyses of surface-induced and biofilm-induced changes in gene expression have begun in earnest. Recent studies have identified regulatory pathways that are important for biofilm formation and have focused on genetic responses to environmental stimuli in mature biofilms. These findings are providing new insights into biofilm development and physiology.
U(1) as the minimal horizontal gauge symmetry

A horizontal U\ensuremath{'}(1) gauge symmetry is proposed to distinguish two fermionic generations. By extending the notion of generation structure to the Higgs system, and using anomaly-free conditions with the requirements of lepton-number conservation and proper Cabibbo structure, we determine ${Y}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ associated with U\ensuremath{'}(1), uniquely. The model can easily be generalized to account for ${2}^{N}$ ($N=1,2,\ensuremath{\cdots}$) generations.
Normal embryonic stages of the western painted turtle, Chrysemys picta bellii.

Twenty-three stages in the embryonic development of the western painted turtle, Chrysemys picta bellii are described. The staging is based primarily on morphological changes, as well as age and size of the embryo.
Reversed of Retinal and Optic Disc Ischemia in a Patient with Sickle Cell Trait and Glaucoma Secondary to Traumatic Hyphema

Abstract A 14-year-old black boy with sickle cell trait, who sustained a traumatic hyphema, developed moderately elevated intraocular pressure that failed to respond to carbonic anhydrase inhibitors and osmotic agents. On the tenth postinjury day, a sudden increased cupping of the optic disc and partial central retinal artery obstruction caused painless loss of vision. Reversal of the cupping, the retinal ischemia, and the intraocular pressure was documented following anterior chamber paracentesis, and visual acuity returned to 6/6. Pathophysiology of the posterior ischemia is discussed. This case documents the potentially debilitating course of traumatic hyphema in “benign” sickle cell trait and its avoidance with proper management. The authors endorse recent suggestions for careful observation of any sickle cell patient with traumatic hyphema, and recommend anterior chamber paracentesis, supplemental oxygen, and avoidance of osmotic agents, if secondary glaucoma develops following the initial trauma.
A new approach in hypospadias repair

The field of hypospadiology remains full of challenges in the search for new and better solutions. In recent years, our concept has involved being very radical in penile reconstructive surgery, using an aggressive approach. The penile disassembly technique, either complete or incomplete, is used successfully in epispadias repair. We began using penile disassembly in hypospadias repair in November 1995. The technique was applied on 112 patients aged from 9 months to 32 years. Indications were: hypospadias with severe penile curvature (especially when the curvature was located in the distal third of the corpora cavernosa), chordee without hypospadias, and small penises with hypospadias. The principle of the technique involves separation of the penis into its component parts: the glans cap with neurovascular bundle (dorsally) together with the nondivided or divided urethra and urethral plate (ventrally) and the corpora cavernosa. This maneuver enables an excellent correction of curvature, especially if it is located in the distal third of the corporal bodies and glans tilt. With this technique, substitution urethroplasty can be avoided or its extent, decreased. It enables penile enlargement, above all its lengthening, which is a significant gain in small penises with hypospadias. The patients were followed for 3–23 months (mean 16 months). Straightening of the penis was achieved in all cases without recurrence of curvature. In 37 patients penile disassembly combined with extensive urethral mobilization solved the problem of hypospadiac meatus without the need to form a neourethra. Complications related to urethroplasty included four urethral stenoses, two fistulas, and three diverticula. There was no injury to the neurovascular bundle and urethra. Sensitivity and erection were preserved in all patients. Penile disassembly is an optimal technique for repair of hypospadias with severe curvature and small hypospadiac penises. Real penile augmentation is possible with this technique.
Web-scale image search by color sketch

Most existing image search engines rely on the associated texts or tags with images to index and retrieval images, which results in limited ability on searching images with visual requirement. In this demonstration, we present an image search system, which enables consumers to find images on the requirement of how the colors are spatially distributed. It is a well-designed trade-off between scalability and feasibility. To the best knowledge, this system is the first one to scale up to Web-scale images. The interface is very intuitive and requires users to only scribble a few color strokes or drag an image and mask a few regions of interest, to express the search intent.
Influence of hydrogen pressure and notch severity on hydrogen-environment embrittlement at ambient temperatures

Abstract The influence of hydrogen pressure on the degree of hydrogen-environment embrittlement was determined on unnotched and notched specimens of AISI Type 310 stainless steel, ASTM A-302 and Inconel 718. The hydrogen test pressures ranged between 1 atm and 10,000 p.s.i. for AISI Type 310 stainless steel and ASTM A-302 and between 100 and 2000 p.s.i. for Inconel 718. Embrittlement was shown to be a linear function of the square root of hydrogen pressure. The influence of notch severity on the degree of hydrogen-environment embrittlement in 10,000 p.s.i. hydrogen was determined for ASTM A-302, ASTM A-517 and AISI Type 310 stainless steel specimens with notch geometries ranging from K t = 1 (unnotched) to precracked specimens. The results showed that embrittlement of low-alloy steels increases with stress concentration factor ( K t ) at low K t , passing through a maximum for K t ≅ 6 to 9, and then decreasing with K t for higher K t values.
Electron-Density Scaling of Conversion Efficiency of Laser Energy into L-shell X-rays

Laser-produced plasmas at subcritical densities have proven to be efficient sources for x-ray production. In this context, they obtain new results from experiments performed in Kr and Xe gas-filled targets that were irradiated by the high-power OMEGA (Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester) laser. Nearly 40% of the laser energy was converted into x-rays in the L-shell-photon-energy range ({ge} 1.6 keV) by a Kr-filled target. The conversion efficiency measurements were correlated with time-resolved plasma-temperature measurements done by means of a Thomson-scattering diagnostic. The measured range of temperatures, between 2-3.5 keV, is in good agreement with LASNEX radiation-hydrodynamics simulations. X-ray-cooling rates and charge-state distributions were computed using detailed atomic data from the HULLAC suite of codes. X-ray yields predicted by the cooling-rate calculations are compared to measured spectra, and good agreement is found for predictions made with highly-detailed atomic models. They find that x-ray conversion efficiency in Kr-filled targets is a strong function of temperature, and has an optimum density near 10-15% of the laser's critical density.
FIELD LINE SHRINKAGE IN FLARES OBSERVED BY THE X-RAY TELESCOPE ON HINODE

The X-Ray Telescope on Hinode has observed individual loops of plasma moving downward in a manner that is consistent with field line shrinkage in the aftermath of reconnection at higher altitudes. An on-disk B3.8 flare observed on 2007 May 2 has loops that clearly change in shape from cusp-shaped to more rounded. In addition, bright loops are observed that decrease in altitude with a speed of approximately 5 km s−1, and fainter, higher loop structures shrink with a velocity of 48 km s−1. A C2.1 flare observed on 2006 December 17 also has loops that change shape. Many bright features are seen to be moving downward in this event, and we estimate their speed to be around 2-4 km s−1. We measure the shrinkage in both of these events, and find that it is 17%-27%, which is consistent with theoretical predictions.
Women's Voices and Experiences of the Hill‐Thomas Hearings

As activist research, this study of women's experiences of the Hill-Thomas hearings was conducted within three weeks of the Senate Judiciary Committee hearings on Anita Hill's charges of sexual harassment by Supreme Court nominee Clarence Thomas. Unlike polls at the time, interviews of 100 Detroit-area women (65 percent white, 35 percent African American) revealed a majority of strong support for Hill, a default category of support for Thomas, age rather than race as predictor of strong support for Hill or Thomas, and responses of anger and pain from women across the board. The study brings out strengths and challenges of activist research.
The influence of intramolecular hydrogen bonding on the structure and E ↔ Z photoisomerization of urocanic acid derivatives

The molecular structures and E ↔ Z photoisomerization reactions of methyl urocanate and several urocanamides were investigated. All of the Z isomers possess intramolecular hydrogen bonds. The intramolecular hydrogen bonds may influence the efficiency of photoisomerization but do not totally inhibit its occurrence. The relative energies of the electronic absorption of the E and Z isomers depends on the mode of hydrogen bonding and are accurately predicted in the case of methyl urocanate using INDO/S-CI calculations. The solvent dependence of the absorption spectra of methyl urocanate can be related to the effects of inter- and intramolecular hydrogen bonding.
On‐line consolidation of thermoplastic towpreg composites in filament winding

A study of the use of thermoplastic powder coated towpregs in filament winding was conducted. A suitable technique for manufacturing parts with adequate on-line consolidation was identified through an experimental investigation that compared several techniques. This process utilized a single compaction roller on-line consolidation head with hot air guns to obtain consolidation at the lay-down point on the mandrel. The addition of a heated pultrusion die between the creel system and the filament winder was found to produce the best process. Nylon 11/E-glass towpreg was used in this study. The effect of winding speed and compaction force on the quality of the resulting parts was determined in order to optimize the process. Only the speed was found to have a significant effect, with better quality parts being made at higher speed. Observations were also made on parts manufactured with polypropylene and E-glass towpreg, as well as on parts wound with helical patterns.
The "skinny" on obesity and prostate cancer prognosis.

Of the 8.9 million cancer survivors in the United States, approximately 20% are prostate cancer survivors [1]. These men may live for years beyond their cancer diagnosis and must deal with the chronic and late effects of their initial treatment as well as the constant fear of recurrence. We, as clinicians, are expert in the conventional modalities of oncologic treatment, but are often at a loss when attempting to advise these survivors on how they can improve their prognosis in other ways. Yet patients and their families are often concerned and interested in such issues as diet and exercise, and how they may influence disease outcomes. Although most studies have focused on the role of lifestyle factors in the incidence of cancer, recent reports suggest that these same risk factors can also influence prognosis and survival after diagnosis. There is evidence that dietary intake and obesity influence survival from breast cancer [2,3] and that continued cigarette smoking during treatment reduces survival in small-cell lung cancer patients [4], but there has not been clear evidence that any modifiable lifestyle factors can affect cancer-related outcomes in prostate cancer survivors. Recent international trends show that prostate cancer incidence is increasing in low-incidence countries, such as China and Japan [5], at the same time that these countries are adopting Westernized lifestyles associated with higher rates of obesity [6]. These observations suggest that obesity may be a risk factor for prostate cancer. Establishing this association could have enormous implications for prostate cancer management, given that obesity is a modifiable factor. Obesity is a manifestation of energy imbalance, reflecting excessive caloric intake relative to physical activity. Studies evaluating the relationship of obesity with prostate cancer seek to demonstrate the influence of energy imbalance on prostate carcinogenesis. Several observational studies have addressed this issue, and they have produced inconsistent results. Although some large cohort studies have found a positive relationship between body mass index (BMI) and prostate cancer incidence [7,8], others have found no association [9,10]. In fact, a subset analysis of the Health Professionals Follow-Up Study found that obesity was protective for men who had a family history of prostate cancer or were under 60 years of age [9].
Atomic force microscopic detection enabling multiplexed low-cycle-number quantitative polymerase chain reaction for biomarker assays.

Quantitative polymerase chain reaction is the current “golden standard” for quantification of nucleic acids; however, its utility is constrained by an inability to easily and reliably detect multiple targets in a single reaction. We have successfully overcome this problem with a novel combination of two widely used approaches: target-specific multiplex amplification with 15 cycles of polymerase chain reaction (PCR), followed by single-molecule detection of amplicons with atomic force microscopy (AFM). In test experiments comparing the relative expression of ten transcripts in two different human total RNA samples, we find good agreement between our single reaction, multiplexed PCR/AFM data, and data from 20 individual singleplex quantitative PCR reactions. This technique can be applied to virtually any analytical problem requiring sensitive measurement concentrations of multiple nucleic acid targets.
Magneto-optical properties of [Li]0 defects in MgO

Abstract Magnetic circular dichroism and optical absorption spectra are reported for MgO crystals containing [Li]0 defects. The spectra are identified by optical detection of the [Li]0 ground-state paramagnetic resonance spectrum. The spectra are interpreted for both the ion and polaron models of the defect. Either model gives a qualitative interpretation of the spectra, but neither gives quantitative agreement.
The pathophysiology of varicocele-associated male infertility.

Varicocele is the most commonly identifiable, surgically correctable lesion associated with male-factor infertility. Surgical correction of a varicocele, whether unilateral or bilateral, results in improvement not only in semen parameters but also in spontaneous and assisted pregnancy rates. Varicoceles seem to induce a number of changes in the testicular microenvironment. These alterations in temperature, hemodynamics, and reactive oxidative species and antioxidant concentrations have been demon-strated to produce deleterious effects on spermatogenesis. However, despite current knowledge in the patho-physiology of varicocele-associated male infertility, the exact mechanism—or mechanisms—by which varicoceles impair fertility remains elusive. This review examines scientific evidence regarding the pathophysiology of varicocele-associated male infertility.
The Impact of Managerial Quality on Employee Turnover

Abstract This paper empirically examines, at the organizational level, the impact of quality public managers on turnover. Quality managers can influence turnover through human capital management, budgeting, setting tasks and providing goals. However, their ability to affect turnover depends on managerial level, which in this study are the upper and middle levels. Managerial quality is operationalized with superintendent and principal salaries and turnover is operationalized with the retention rate of teachers in school districts. The findings reveal that quality middle managers exert a significant and negative effect on organizational turnover and quality upper level managers do not directly influence turnover.
Panel Studies: Some Practical Problems:

Panel studies, undertaken with grandiose plans and high hopes, frequently fail to live up to the expectations of the initiators of the research. Practical problems, such as continuity of personnel, institutional commitment, funding, design and substance of the data bank, and changing of facilities and equipment may interfere with the success of the project. The purpose of this paper is to describe some of the pitfalls that may be encountered in such longitudinal studies and to suggest ways in which the researchers' awareness of these hazards may facilitate planning to circumvent some of the difficulties.
Enhanced lithiation of doped 6H silicon carbide (0001) via high temperature vacuum growth of epitaxial graphene

The electrochemical lithiation capacity of 6H silicon carbide (0001) is found to increase by over 1 order of magnitude following graphitization at 1350 °C in ultrahigh vacuum. Through several control experiments, this Li-ion capacity enhancement is correlated with SiC substrate doping and removal of the native oxide surface layer by thermal annealing, which renders both the bulk and surface electrically conductive. Characterization via multiple depth-resolved spectroscopies shows that lithium penetrates the activated SiC upon lithiation, the bulk lattice spacing does not appreciably change, and the surface structure remains largely intact. The electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) extracted compositional ratio of Li to Si is approximately 1:1, which indicates an intrinsic bulk Li capacity in activated SiC of 670 mAh g–1. In addition, inelastic X-ray scattering spectra show changes in the Si chemical bonding configuration due to lithiation. X-ray scattering data show a decrease in the SiC Bragg peak int...
Book Review: Forced Limb-Use and Recovery following Brain Injury:

Animals subjected to exercise display significant alterations in brain function and neurochemistry, reflecting the innate plasticity of the adult brain to environmental challenges. Following injury, the brain is sensitive to reorganization and regeneration, and thus may be primed for influence by external behavioral demand such as increased use of an injured forelimb. The focus of this review is on the effects of altered use of the impaired forelimb in unilateral rodent models of brain injury. Both the benefits of increased use and the detrimental effects of decreased use following injury will be discussed.
Tribology of Hard Protective Coatings Under Realistic Operating Conditions for Use in Oilless Piston-Type and Swash-Plate Compressors

In current compressor designs, increasing efficiency through the use of tighter tolerances and extreme application conditions is becoming more prevalent. Moreover, in an effort to enable reduced oil usage and the ambitious goal of oil-less compressor operation, greater surface protection is sought through the application of hard protective tribological coatings. Unlubricated laboratory experiments were performed to simulate two common types of compressors: piston-type and swash-plate compressors. Bare materials investigated (52100 steel against cast iron and against Al390-T6) exhibited high friction, high wear, and abrupt scuffing failures. Using WC/C and WC/C + DLC coatings applied on 52100 steel wrist pins and tested against uncoated cast iron disks (piston-type compressor) as well as uncoated 52100 crowned pins tested against coated Al390-T6 disks (swash-plate compressor), the authors achieved significant improvements in the tribological performance. Specifically, under the operating conditions investi...
Computation of Thermodynamic Oxidation Potentials of Organic Solvents Using Density Functional Theory

Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley,California 94720, USAEthers and organic carbonates are commonly used as solvents in lithium battery electrolyte. It is important to determine theoxidation potentials of these organic solvents due to the high cathode potential ~;5V! in many of these batteries. There aresigniﬁcant variations in the reported oxidation potentials for electrolytes containing these solvents. The factors contributing to thevariation include the type of salt used in the electrolyte, composition of the electrode, and a somewhat arbitrary determination ofthe oxidation potential from the anodic cutoff current. We report here the application of density functional theory ~DFT! tocalculate solvent oxidation potentials assuming oxidation occurs via one-electron transfer to form the radical cation. No speciﬁcion-ion, ion-solvent, or ion-electrode interactions are included. These values are then compared to the experimental observations.Eleven solvent molecules are studied: 1,2-dimethoxyethane, tetrahydrofuran, 1,3-dioxolane, diethylcarbonate, dimethylcarbonate,ethylmethylcarbonate, ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, butylene carbonate, vinylene carbonate, and catechol carbonate.Optimized geometries of the radical cations correlate well with the fragmentation patterns observed in mass spectrometry. Theoxidation potentials of saturated carbonates are calculated to be approximately 1 V higher than the organic ethers, which isconsistent with reported literature values. Quantitative comparison with experiment will require more careful measurements toeliminate other oxidation reactions and a standardized procedure for determining the oxidation potential.© 2001 The Electrochemical Society. @DOI: 10.1149/1.1362546# All rights reserved.Manuscript submitted October 11, 2000; revised manuscript received January 22, 2001.
Multi-scale intrinsic deformation mechanisms of 3D graphene foam

Abstract The mechanical properties and multi-scale deformation mechanisms of a freestanding 3D graphene foam are evaluated for the first time. Nanoindentation is used to evaluate the nanoscale properties in compression whereas in situ tensile testing inside scanning electron microscope (SEM) is used to evaluate the tensile properties of the bulk foam. Nano-compression results show that the hardness (19.9–26.1 kPa) and elastic modulus (1.2–1.5 MPa) of the foam are relatively low. The deformation mechanisms in compression are graphene branch bending and branch wall elastic depression, which do not utilize the exceptionally high in-plane mechanical properties of graphene. The elastic modulus (69.9 GPa) during tensile loading is found to be four orders of magnitude higher owing to graphene branch alignment which enables branches to bear load along the high strength in-plane direction of graphene. In situ SEM tensile testing of free standing 3D graphene foam supports the proposed mechanisms and reveals that the ductile graphene branches gradually become aligned by rotating at rates of ∼0.59 °/s, while the brittle node junctions become aligned abruptly at rates of ∼3.08 °/s. It is observed that due to defects such as cracked branches and discontinuous graphene sheets, only a fraction of graphene branches bear significant loads.
Intrinsic gate delay of Si/SiGe integrated injection logic circuits

Abstract The potential of a Si/SiGe heterostructure for I2L circuit application is investigated using an analytic model. Owing to heterojunctions on both the emitter and collector sides of the base, the minority carrier injection from the base into the emitter and extrinsic emitter is suppressed. Reduced minority injection leads to a reduced storage charge. Consequently, faster switching speeds are expected in SiGe base double heterojunction bipolar transistors than in their Si counterparts. It is shown that a minimum gate delay of 31 ps for a fanout of 1, and 79 ps for a fanout of 4 can be achieved using a base thickness of 500 A, base doping of 2 × 1019 cm−3 and Ge mole fraction of 0.2. With the addition of a diode in parallel to the emitter-base heterojunction of the SiGe HBT, the intrinsic gate delay can be further reduced to 10.6 and 32 ps for fanouts of 1 and 4, respectively.
Characteristics associated with genetic counseling referral and BRCA1/2 testing among women in a large integrated health system

Characteristics associated with genetic counseling referral and BRCA1/2 testing among women in a large integrated health system
Moral Markets for Troubling Youths: A Disruption!.

Public policy discourses with narrow views of morality and character are at the center of contemporary definitions and marketing of services for violent and troubled youths and children, especially...
Seven years of activity in the field of mesoscale ensemble forecasting by the COSMO-LEPS system: main achievements and open challenges

In this work, the main characteristics of COSMO-LEPS, the Limited-area Ensemble Prediction System developed in the framework of the COnsortium for Small-scale MOdelling, are presented. The present status of the system is shown with the description of the methodology and of the main upgrades which took place during its years of activity. The performance of COSMO-LEPS for the probabilistic prediction of precipitation is assessed in terms of both time-series and seasonal scores over a 7-yr period. A fixed number of stations are selected and observations are compared to short and early medium-range forecasts. Different verification indices are used to assess the skill of COSMO-LEPS and to identify the impact of system modifications on forecast skill. The different system upgrades are found to impact positively on COSMO-LEPS performance, with a gain of 2 d of predictability in the last 4 yr of operational forecasts. This holds when the skill of the system is assessed both for single events (e.g. precipitation surpassing a fixed threshold) and for multi-event situations. Scores for fixed forecast ranges but varying thresholds confirm increasingly better performance of the system. For a few seasons, the performance of COSMO-LEPS is also assessed in terms of probabilistic prediction of some upper-air variables. Then, the skill of COSMO-LEPS is compared to that of the global-ensemble system providing the boundaries, to identify the extent to which skill improvements may relate to those of the driving ensemble. Finally, the main streams of development for COSMO-LEPS system are discussed with future possible upgrades and methodology modifications.
Synthesis and characterization of high surface area CuWO4 and Bi2WO6 electrodes for use as photoanodes for solar water oxidation

Two n-type W-containing ternary oxides, CuWO4 and Bi2WO6, were prepared as high surface area electrodes and characterized for use as photoanodes in a water-splitting photoelectrochemical cell. The synthesis involved electrochemical preparation of porous WO3 electrodes and annealing them with Cu2+- or Bi3+-containing solutions on their surfaces to form the respective electrodes. The resulting CuWO4 electrode had a bandgap of 2.3 eV, and showed excellent photostability and photocurrent-to-O2 conversion efficiency (ca. 100%) in 0.1 M borate buffer solution (pH 9). Bi2WO6 had a bandgap of 2.8 eV but, regardless of its higher bandgap energy, Bi2WO6 showed an earlier photocurrent onset and much higher photocurrent than CuWO4 due to its more favorable CB edge and flatband potential position for water splitting. Bi2WO6 also showed chemical stability over a wide pH range (−0.26 ≤ pH ≤ 9.0). The photocurrent-to-O2 conversion efficiency of Bi2WO6 was in the range of 50–75% and its photocurrent decayed over time, indicating photocorrosion. However, stable photocurrent was obtained when H2O2, which has faster oxidation kinetics than water, was introduced into the electrolyte as a hole scavenger. This suggests that the photocorrosion of Bi2WO6 can be suppressed when an oxygen evolution catalyst is placed on its surface to improve interfacial hole transfer kinetics. With proper oxygen evolution catalysts and improved charge transport properties, both CuWO4 and Bi2WO6 have the possibility of achieving better photoelectrochemical performances than WO3.
Theoretical studies of the solvent effect on conformational equilibria and atomic charges for isolated and hydrogen-bonded dimethoxy thiadiazoles

Abstract Thiadiazoles and their dimethoxy derivatives are substructure motifs for specific muscarinic agonist ligands under development in this laboratory. The B3LYP/aug-cc-pvtz and MP2/aug-cc-pvtz optimized geometric parameters for the four isomeric thiadiazole rings were close to the experimental values in the gas phase. Relative free energies were calculated for 11 conformers of the isomeric dimethoxy thiadiazoles in the gas phase, in tetrahydrofuran, and water solvent. In-solution calculations were performed using the IEF-PCM polarizable continuum method at the B3LYP/6-31G ∗ and B3LYP/aug-cc-pvtz levels. In aqueous solution, a main conformation with at least 95% of the total population was calculated for each of the dimethoxy-1,2,3- and 1,2,5-thiadiazoles, whereas a second conformation with populations of 14–18% was predicted to be present in aqueous solution for the 1,2,4- and 1,3,4-thiadiazole derivatives. Net atomic charges obtained by the CHELPG fit to the in-solution molecular electrostatic potential indicated only a moderate solvent effect on the derived values. The IEF-PCM/B3LYP/6-31G ∗ -derived charges provide a reasonable alternative to those from IEF-PCM/B3LYP/aug-cc-pvtz calculations and could be applied in molecular dynamics and Monte Carlo simulations for thiadiazole ligand – receptor complexes. Consideration of the charge transfer for hydrogen-bonded complexes of the dimethoxy 1,2,4-thiadiazole and amino acid side-chain mimics is, however, a key issue throughout MC/FEP calculations. The applied charge sets affect the calculated binding constant by a factor up to 40–80 at T = 310 K. A re-parameterization for the amino acid residues has been suggested in such cases so that the ligand + amino acid residue maintain together an integer value net charge.
High-speed optical transceiver and routing switch using VCSEL-based integrated optoelectronics

Recent advances in the design of high-speed optical switches and transceivers for a reconfigurable, spatially-multiplexed optical interconnection network are described. Monolithic switches based on the integration of vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers with heterojunction bipolar transistors and photodetectors have achieved switching operation at a data rate of close to 1 Gb/s. Optical transmission experiments through fibers have been carried out using these switches at a data rate between 650 Mb/s and 1 Gb/s. For future improvements in performance, the photonic and electronic elements should be separately integrated and independently optimized. To facilitate photonic integration, VCSELs and resonance-enhanced photodetectors have been integrated on the same substrate.
Particulate sulfur species in the water column of the Cariaco Basin

Abstract The biogeochemistry of iron sulfide minerals in the water column of the Cariaco Basin was investigated in November 2007 (non-upwelling season) and May 2008 (upwelling season) as part of the on-going CARIACO (CArbon Retention In A Colored Ocean) time series project. The concentrations of particulate sulfur species, specifically acid volatile sulfur (AVS), greigite, pyrite, and particulate elemental sulfur, were determined at high resolution near the O 2 /H 2 S interface. In November 2007, AVS was low throughout the water column, with the highest concentration at the depth where sulfide was first detected (260 m) and with a second peak at 500 m. Greigite, pyrite, and particulate elemental sulfur showed distinct concentration maxima near the interface. In May 2008, AVS was not detected in the water column. Maxima for greigite, pyrite, and particulate elemental sulfur were again observed near the interface. We also studied the iron sulfide flux using sediment trap materials collected at the Cariaco station. Pyrite comprised 0.2–0.4% of the total particulate flux in the anoxic water column, with a flux of 0.5–1.6 mg S m −2 d −1 . Consistent with the water column concentration profiles for iron sulfide minerals, the sulfur isotope composition of particulate sulfur found in deep anoxic traps was similar to that of dissolved sulfide near the O 2 /H 2 S interface. We conclude that pyrite is formed mainly within the redoxcline where sulfur cycling imparts a distinct isotopic signature compared to dissolved sulfide in the deep anoxic water. This conclusion is consistent with our previous study of sulfur species and chemoautotrophic production, which suggests that reaction of sulfide with reactive iron is an important pathway for sulfide oxidation and sulfur intermediate formation near the interface. Pyrite and elemental sulfur distributions favor a pathway of pyrite formation via the reaction of FeS with polysulfides or particulate elemental sulfur near the interface. A comparison of thermodynamic predictions with actual concentration profiles for iron sulfides leads us to argue that microbes may mediate this precipitation.
A pilot qualitative study of the under-representation of Hispanics in public relations

Abstract This pilot study explored the under-representation of Hispanics/Latinos in the public relations profession by conducting focused interviews with Hispanic practitioners. The study found that public relations was not the Latinos’ initial career choice, identified three barriers to Hispanics entering the profession, elicited practical suggestions to attract more Hispanics, and also revealed opportunities for future scholarly research to address the under-representation of Hispanics in public relations.
Learning in the neonatal rat.

Abstract For the first 3 days after birth, five groups of rats were differentially reared in order to vary learning opportunities. One of the groups was reared in an incubator and tube-fed. The other four groups were reared by foster mothers, and three of these groups were additionally treated with stimulus components of the artificial feeding situation. After only eighteen feedings, or learning trials, incubator-reared pups were found to respond to being handled and to being stimulated with the feeding tube with very active wriggling, squealing and suckling movements, whereas most untreated pups either did not respond or responded negatively to the test stimuli. In a test situation in which a pup could orient towards either a surrogate mother or a live rat mother, the untreated pups did not move to make a choice. Rather than indicating group preferences, this test revealed a striking difference between untreated and incubator-reared pups in their activity level.
Detection and characterization of hepatitis C virus RNA in immune globulins.

BACKGROUND: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA was measured in immune globulins and its chemical and physical properties were characterized. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: The study examined 69 immune globulin lots from 7 manufacturers, including 44 intravenous and 25 intramuscular immune globulin preparations. In addition, 8 experimental intravenous immune globulin preparations were investigated. Detection and quantitation of HCV RNA were achieved by reverse transcription and nested polymerase chain reaction at limiting dilution. A multi-antigen anti-HCV enzyme immunoassay was also used to test these immune globulins. RESULTS: The highest level of HCV RNA was found in an experimental immune globulin lot derived from a plasma pool made up of 186 anti-c100-3-reactive units. HCV RNA was detected only in 1 of 7 manufacturers' experimental intravenous immune globulin preparations derived from a pool made up of 2887 anti-c100-3-negative units. It was also detected in commercial intravenous immune globulin lots prepared by the same manufacturer from source plasma, but not from recovered plasma. More than half of the commercial intramuscular immune globulin lots, including specific immune globulin products, were HCV RNA positive. All immune globulin products examined were reactive for anti- HCV. Certain similarities were found for HCV RNA present in an immune globulin product and plasma. Ethanol at 20 or 25 percent had no effect upon the buoyant density of HCV RNA. CONCLUSION: Many immune globulin preparations contained HCV RNA, with levels depending upon both the type of starting plasma and the manufacturing process. Exposure to ethanol did not appear to affect the physical characteristics of HCV RNA.
Adverse reactions to xenon-enhanced CT cerebral blood flow determination

Fourteen institutions performed 1,830 computed tomographic (CT) cerebral blood flow (CBF) examinations with 32% inhaled stable xenon. Respiratory rate delay greater than 10 seconds occurred in 3.6% of patients, with 83% of the delays lasting 10-15 seconds. There was no incident of prolonged respiratory difficulty. Headache (0.4%), seizures (0.2%), nausea and vomiting (0.2%), and change in neurologic status (0.1%) were uncommon, and there were no transient ischemic attacks. The CT CBF method with 32% inhaled stable xenon is thus associated with an acceptably low incidence of adverse reactions.
Lessons Learned from Two School Tuberculosis Investigations

We describe the results from tuberculosis (TB) contact investigations of two high-school students. Following the development of active TB in two foreign-born students, contact investigations were performed to detect contacts with active TB disease or latent TB infection (LTBI). The two students developed pulmonary TB within 2 years of immigrating to the United States. Among household contacts, no case of active TB was identified; however, LTBI was identified in 7 of 20 persons screened (35%). Of the 104 high-risk school contacts identified, no cases of active TB disease were found, but 7 (9.3%) were diagnosed with LTBI. An additional 683 low-risk contacts were screened and 9 (1.5%) were positive. Schools and Public Health departments needs to be prepared for outbreak investigations and should screen only persons with a high risk of exposure to the index case with active TB in an attempt to identify secondary infections. Those persons with a low risk of exposure should not be screened.