cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A visual investigation of the wall region in turbulent flow

The objective of this study is to investigate for turbulent flow the fluid motions very near a solid boundary, and to create a physical picture which relates these motions to turbulence generation and transport processes. An experimental technique was developed which permitted detailed observations of the regions very near a pipe wall, including the viscous sublayer, without requiring the introduction of any injection or measuring device into the flow. This technique involved suspending solid particles of colloidal size in a liquid, and photographing their motions with a high-speed motion picture camera moving with the flow. To provide greater detail, the field of view was magnified.Fluid motions were observed to change in character with distance from the wall. The sublayer was continuously disturbed by small-scale velocity fluctuations of low magnitude and periodically disturbed by fluid elements which penetrated into the region from positions further removed from the wall. From a thin region adjacent to the sublayer, fluid elements were periodically ejected outward toward the centreline. Often there was associated with these events a zone of high shear at the interface between the mean flow and the decelerated region that gave rise to the ejected element. When the ejected element entered this shear zone, it interacted with the mean flow and created intense, chaotic velocity fluctuations. These ejections and resulting fluctuations were the most important feature of the wall region, and are believed to be a factor in the generation and maintenance of turbulence.
Unreconstructible at any radius

Abstract Modeling pattern data series with cellular automata fails for a wide range of deterministic nonlinear spatial processes. If the latter have finite spatially-local memory, reconstructed cellular automata with infinite radius may be required. In some cases, even this is not adequate: an irreducible stochasticity remains on the shortest time scales. The underlying problem is illustrated and quantitatively analyzed using an alternative model class called cellular transducers.
Asymptomatic rotator cuff tears: Patient demographics and baseline shoulder function

Background The purpose of this study is to characterize the demographic features and physical function of subjects with asymptomatic rotator cuff tears and to compare their shoulder function with control subjects with an intact rotator cuff. Materials and methods This study enrolled 196 subjects with an asymptomatic rotator cuff tear and 54 subjects with an intact rotator cuff presenting with a painful rotator cuff tear in the contralateral shoulder. Various demographic features, shoulder function (American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons score and Simple Shoulder Test score), range of motion, and strength were compared. Results The demographic features of the study and control groups were similar. Hand dominance was associated with the presence of shoulder pain ( P P P Conclusions When asymptomatic, a rotator cuff tear is associated with a clinically insignificant loss of shoulder function compared with an intact rotator cuff. Therefore a clinically detectable decline in shoulder function may indicate an "at-risk" asymptomatic tear. The presence of pain is important in cuff-deficient shoulders for creating a measurable loss of shoulder function. Hand dominance appears to be an important risk factor for pain.
Use of Wavelets for Analyzing Transient Radiative Heat Transfer in an Inhomogeneous Medium

Transient radiative heat transfer in a two-dimensional inhomogeneous rectangular medium is considered. The medium is gray, absorbing, emitting and strongly scattering, and bounded by cold, black walls. Inhomogeneous zones of various sizes are placed at different locations within the medium The incident radiant energy due to a short laser pulse produces a highly transient and unique transmittance, which is investigated. The discrete wavelets method is used to solve the corresponding equation of transient radiative transfer. The time dependent transmittance for various inhomogeneous areas and the significance of the size and location of the inhomogeneous zones are computed
Pulsed LINAC Neutron Diffraction

WE have successfully tested a new method of obtaining neutron diffraction patterns from polycrystalline specimens using a pulsed linear accelerator (LINAC) as a neutron source in conjunction with a time-of-flight (TOF) detection system. The TOF technique for neutron diffraction has been used by various investigators since the pioneering studies by Buras et al.1–4, and its advantages for studies at high pressure have been demonstrated recently by Brugger et al.5,6. All the previous applications of the TOF technique to neutron diffraction have used a reactor as a neutron source, and generally the pulsing of neutrons has been achieved by means of a fast chopper. In our application, however, the normal pulsed operation of the accelerator eliminates the need for an elaborate and expensive chopper. Furthermore, it has been found that the flux of usable neutrons provided by an accelerator such as the Rensselaer LINAC (Troy, New York) is quite high, as judged by the satisfactory diffraction pattern for an NiO specimen (Fig. 1) obtained in only 4 h in less than optimum conditions (the main features of the pattern could be discerned in the first 2 min of operation). Accelerator neutron sources7 have been used for a variety of other purposes, but there has been no report of their application to neutron diffraction studies of polycrystalline substances.
Arginine 75 in the Pseudosubstrate Sequence of Type Iβ cGMPdependent Protein Kinase Is Critical for Autoinhibition, Although Autophosphorylated Serine 63 Is Outside This Sequence

Abstract Autoinhibitory domains in many protein kinases include either a phosphorylatable substrate-like sequence or a pseudosubstrate sequence. This study shows that Iβ cGMP-dependent protein kinase (cGK) autophosphorylates Ser-63, which is in an atypical cGK substrate sequence (-59AQKQSAS-) that is amino-terminal to the pseudosubstrate motif (-74KRQAI-). cGMP increases the rate of autophosphorylation (∼0.8 phosphate/cGK monomer) ∼3-fold. Autophosphorylation is an intramolecular process since it is independent of cGK concentration. cGMP activation of cGK enhances proteolysis within and near the pseudosubstrate site; treatment of dimeric cGK with three proteases produces three cGK monomers (∼67-70 kDa each). Their amino-terminal sequences are 75RQAISAEPT-, 76QAISAEPTAF-, and 86DIQDLSXV-, respectively. cGMP stimulates these kinases by 10-, 2.5-, and 1.4-fold, respectively, compared with a 10-fold effect on intact cGK. Increased basal activity accounts for the diminished stimulation. Thus, the primary autophosphorylation site of Iβ cGK is well outside the pseudosubstrate site, but Arg-75 in the pseudosubstrate site is critical for autoinhibition. Autoinhibition also involves elements that are carboxyl-terminal to Arg-75.
Acoustically Induced Manipulation of Materials: Experimental Findings and Implications for Laser Metal Deposition

This paper presents the concept of acoustic levitation as a materials manipulation enhancement for the laser metal deposition process, and outlines directions for future R&D based on work performed at the California Institute of Technology. The problem discussed in this paper is the means by which acoustic energy is used to levitate and control the motion of material. To this end, results are presented from a series of experiments, and two control parameters are compared in terms of their effect on acoustic pressure. The viability of using these control parameters for material manipulation is discussed, and existing acoustic radiation force models are presented.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Plasma polymerization of tetramethyldisiloxane by a magnetron glow discharge

Abstract Plasma polymerization of tetramethyldisiloxane by a magnetron glow discharge was studied. The glow discharge was created between parallel electrodes with a 10 kHz electric power source with a superimposed magnetic field using permanent bar magnets. Polymers were deposited onto moving substrates placed on the surface of a rotating disc located in between the electrodes. The deposition rates were determined with a quartz crystal thickness monitor placed on the plane of the rotating disc and just outside the edge of the disc. The current-voltage relationship observed for plasma polymerization of the monomer depends on the monomer feed rate and the conditioning of the electrodes or the establishment of a steady state surface in the polymer-forming plasma, which also depends mainly on the monomer feed rate. Consequently, plasma polymerization cannot be correlated to single operational parameters such as the discharge current, the power or the monomer feed rate in a simple manner. However, when the deposition rate was expressed as R p / FM , where R p is the polymer deposition rate, F is the monomer feed rate and M is the molecular weight ( FM is thus the monomer mass feed rate), it was found that R p / FM is uniquely related to the parameter W/FM where W is the discharge power in Watts. It was shown that many polymer properties were also determined mainly by the same composite parameter. It was also found that the presence of O 2 gas in the monomer feed reduced the carbon content in the polymer and made the surface more hydrophobic while O 2 plasma treatment of the plasma polymer rendered the surface more hydrophilic.
Role of mesoscale circulations on monsoon rainfall over the west coast of India

Abstract Sensitivity of monsoon rainfall to different ambient wind speeds, orography and wind shear was studied using a two-dimensional mesoscale model. Three numerical experiments were performed with different initial uniform ambient wind speeds (U = 0.1 ms−1, 5 ms−1 and 10 ms−1) for a typical summer day. It was found that the rainfall increased over the mountain slopes as the initial ambient wind increased. As expected, sheared flow produced increased amounts of precipitation as compared to the uniform ambient flow. Effect of sea/land temperature difference on monsoon rainfall was also investigated. Incorporation of diurnal heating caused the surface pressure gradient to increase, leading to local accelerations of winds, increased mesoscale circulations and more rainfall. The model did not predict precipitation when the orography was not considered.
Age, disease, and cimetidine disposition in healthy subjects and chronically ill patients

Cimetidine induces reversible dose-related central nervous system (CNS) toxicity. Trough serum concentrations and the development of CNS toxicity correlate. We compared cimetidine kinetics in 12 healthy subjects and 31 patients. Six of the latter had normal renal and liver function, five had renal disease only, 12 had liver disease only, and eight had both renal and liver disease. Postmortem tissue distribution was assessed in 11 patients, and expressed as tissue : serum ratio. Average cimetidine total clearance (ClB) in milliliters per minute for each group was as follows: patients with renal and liver disease (182 ± 105), renal disease only (193 ± 24), liver disease only (463 ± 145), normal patients (510 ± 93), and healthy subjects (583 ± 140). Renal function was the major determinant of ClB, and the relationship was described by ClB = 4.2(CCr) + 140, r = 0.87, where CCr is creatinine clearance. Cimetidine clearance was affected little by age. Tissue : serum ratios from highest to lowest were as follows: kidney > stomach > liver > bone > brain > fat. Central and steady-state distribution volumes were not influenced by age or disease. There was enhanced CNS penetration in liver disease patients; their cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) : serum ratio was twice the normal. Our kinetic studies identify patient characteristics likely to result in elevated blood levels, and suggest that the greatest risk of CNS toxicity is in those with liver disease. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (1981) 29, 737–743; doi:10.1038/clpt.1981.104
Restructuring Clinical Nutrition Services from a Traditional Model to Shared Governance

Abstract LEARNING OUTCOME: To describe a method of restructuring clinical nutrition services in a hospital from a traditional department to shared governance. The medical center leadership undertook restructuring in an effort to improve quality and continuity of care, streamline services and decrease layers of supervision. Clinical staff and over 20,000 patients were reassigned to four Strategic Health Groups (SHG's), Medicine, Surgery, Mental Health and Geriatrics, Rehab and Extended Care. Prior to 1996, clinical dietitians were organized along traditional hospital lines. As reorganization started, workload statistics, projected programs and staff preferences for each SHG were used to assign the correct number of clinical nutrition staff to each SHG. The Chief Clinical Dietitian position was eliminated. The Chief Clinical Dietitian was moved to Chief Nutrition and Food Services (N&FS), and named technical advisor to the dietitians, arranging inter-SHG staff coverage, quality monitoring, planning and Joint Commission standards. Supervision and coordination are shared between Chief N&FS and SHG leadership. Dietitians now are moving toward shared governance which is a collaborative management structure where each staff member has input, ownership and accountability over clinical practice issues and decisions. Dietitians belong to a council with every dietitian taking a turn as the coordinator. Business decisions are made by administration, not the council. Keys to the successful transition were good communication, goal setting and successful goal achievement. Benefits to patients and staff include streamlined systems, close interdisciplinary relationships and empowered employees.
Dual recognition of the ribosome and the signal recognition particle by the SRP receptor during protein targeting to the endoplasmic reticulum.

We have analyzed the interactions between the signal recognition particle (SRP), the SRP receptor (SR), and the ribosome using GTPase assays, biosensor experiments, and ribosome binding assays. Possible mechanisms that could contribute to an enhanced affinity between the SR and the SRP–ribosome nascent chain complex to promote protein translocation under physiological ionic strength conditions have been explored. Ribosomes or 60S large ribosomal subunits activate the GTPase cycle of SRP54 and SRα by providing a platform for assembly of the SRP–SR complex. Biosensor experiments revealed high-affinity, saturable binding of ribosomes or large ribosomal subunits to the SR. Remarkably, the SR has a 100-fold higher affinity for the ribosome than for SRP. Proteoliposomes that contain the SR bind nontranslating ribosomes with an affinity comparable to that shown by the Sec61 complex. An NH2-terminal 319-residue segment of SRα is necessary and sufficient for binding of SR to the ribosome. We propose that the ribosome–SR interaction accelerates targeting of the ribosome nascent chain complex to the RER, while the SRP–SR interaction is crucial for maintaining the fidelity of the targeting reaction.
The Gay 90s?: Models of Legal Decision-Making, Change and History1

Using legal rulings on gay marriages from two periods in the U.S., I analyze the ability of dominant approaches to legal decision-making to explain the rulings, their content, and changes from one period to the next. I show that no single dominant approach can address all three concerns. Instead, an approach that blends existing “attitudinal” and new institutionalist models within a structuration framework is developed and defended. In addition to contributing to a specific debate about legal decision-making, the paper compares the power of cross-sectional models to more temporally sensitive approaches and develops on Sewell's (1992) structuration theory.
Cloning and biochemical characterization of the hectochlorin biosynthetic gene cluster from the marine cyanobacterium Lyngbya majuscula.

Cyanobacteria, or blue-green algae, are a rich source of novel bioactive secondary metabolites that have potential applications as antimicrobial or anticancer agents or useful probes in cell biology studies. A Jamaican collection of the cyanobacterium Lyngbya majuscula has yielded several unique compounds including hectochlorin (1) and the jamaicamides A−C (5–7). Hectochlorin has remarkable antifungal and cytotoxic properties. In this study, we have isolated the hectochlorin biosynthetic gene cluster (hct) from L. majuscula to obtain details regarding its biosynthesis at the molecular genetic level. The genetic architecture and domain organization appear to be colinear with respect to its biosynthesis and consists of eight open reading frames (ORFs) spanning 38 kb. An unusual feature of the cluster is the presence of ketoreductase (KR) domains in two peptide synthetase modules, which are predicted to be involved in the formation of the two 2,3-dihydroxyisovaleric acid (DHIV) units. This biosynthetic motif...
Personalized targeted therapy in advanced non–small cell lung cancer

Personalized targeted therapy for advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) primarily relies on the concept of "oncogene addiction," in which multiple genetic abnormalities are addicted to one or a few genes for tumor cell maintenance and survival. Several molecular aberrations have been identified in NSCLC, with subsequent development of drugs targeted to these aberrations; gefitinib, erlotinib, and cetuximab for the treatment of NSCLC harboring epidermal growth factor receptor mutation or overexpression, and crizotinib for the treatment of NSCLC with the EML4-ALK fusion translocation oncogene being some examples. A more recent actionable target is MET, a multifaceted receptor tyrosine kinase within the human kinome. Cellular heterogeneity within an oncogene-addicted tumor can cause resistance to targeted therapy after an initial response. As our understanding of tumor heterogeneity and tumor resistance mechanisms evolves, more rational therapies and combinations of therapies can be expected.
The challenges of managing antiretroviral treatment in children perinatally infected with HIV in Romania

In the past few years, the rate of HIV perinatally exposed children has increased as a consequence of the expanding number of infected women. These women belong, on the one hand, to Romania’s 1990s cohort, and on the other to the group of new sexually or intravenously (i.v.) drug infected women. To report the characteristics of vertically HIV infected children in the last six years in Romania, to investigate temporal trends in their evolution with antiretroviral treatment and to characterize the causes of treatment failure in these children. Children with perinatally acquired HIV infection were followed in a retrospective case series. The cohort included 43 children, evaluated in the National Institute of Infectious Diseases “Prof. Dr. Matei Bals”, born between 2008-2013, from 86 HIV infected children under 6 years, in active records in Romania. We assessed maternal characteristics, HIV vertical transmission prophylaxis, timing of diagnosis, immunological and virologic status, features of the evolution of these children with ART. 43 perinatally HIV infected children were evaluated in our clinic from 396 perinatally exposed children, with a rate of transmission of HIV infection of 10.8%. 16% of mothers belonged to the Romanian ’90s cohort and 84% were recently infected with HIV, sexually or through i.v. drug use. 41% of the subjects were diagnosed with HIV infection at birth. Their median entry CD4% was 23% and 49% had a CD4 >25%; median entry viral load was 7 log. 16 patients (37%) had undetectable viral load after six months of treatment. In 87.5% of them, the virologic suppression was achieved and maintained with one single regimen (2 NRTIs + 1 NNRTI or 2 NRTIs + 1 PI/r). 15 children (35%) had never achieved suppression of viral load to undetectable levels. 19 children (44%) faced special issues related to adherence to antiretroviral treatment. The management of antiretroviral treatment in children with vertically acquired HIV infection is challenging, due to limited therapeutic options, lack of adherence, drug interactions and adverse events.
Recombinant expression and purification of smad proteins.

Abstract Smads transduce intracellular signals initiated by members of the transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) family, including activins, TGFβs, and bone morphogenetic proteins. Recently, various models concerning the mechanism of Smad action have been proposed; however, these models are basically qualitative. Quantitative verification of the validity of the models requires significant amounts of purified Smad proteins, but purification of full-length Smad protein has not been straightforward even using recombinant protein expression systems. Here, we report purification of Smad proteins expressed in E. coli as glutathione S-transferase-fused proteins. By glutathione–Sepharose affinity purification, ATP treatment, DEAE–Sepharose and hydroxylapatite columns, expressed Smads were purified to near homogeneity as judged by SDS–PAGE; protein recovery was ca. 1 mg/l culture for Smad2 and 100 μg/l culture for Smad4. The purified Smad proteins had three known in vitro activities: Smad2 phosphorylation by TGFβ receptor complexes immunoprecipitated from COS7 cells, Smad4 binding to Smad-binding DNA element, and Smad2 interaction with calmodulin. The data suggest that purified proteins could be useful for biochemical analyses to evaluate the current models quantitatively.
Surface permanent magnet synchronous machine position estimation at low speed using eddy-current-reflected asymmetric resistance

This paper proposes an alternative position estimation method of surface permanent magnet (SPM) machines at low speed using high frequency (HF) voltage injection. SPM machines traditionally do not have enough spatial saliency signals because of their symmetric rotors. The proposed solution is to track the HF eddy-current-reflected asymmetric resistance for position estimation. It is shown that the spatial variation of resistance can be enhanced when an HF voltage is superimposed. Finite element analysis is performed to investigate the asymmetric resistance in different SPM machines. By superimposing a d-axis pulsating vector HF voltage, SPM machines can achieve the position estimation performance with reduced degradation at high load conditions. Implementation methods are developed to track the resistance-based saliency signal for speed and position closed-loop control. An SPM machine prototype with a ring magnet rotor is used for the experimental evaluation.
The Equivalence of the Isotropic and Monodirectional Source Problems.

Abstract : A demonstration that the solution of the problem of multiple scattering in a slab that is illuminated by parallel rays of radiation can be expressed in terms of the solution of the problem in which there are isotropic sources of radiation. The quantities of interest for the monodirectional case (the X, Y, I, S, J, and T functions) are given algebraically in terms of the b and h functions that express the internal intensities for the isotropic source problem. For I, this avoids a matrix inversion, thus overcoming a difficulty associated with the direct application of Chandrasekhar's invariance principles. This study is an extension of RM-4906-PR (AD-630 121). (Author)
Facilitating sentence formulation: A case study

A training program was designed to facilitate sentence formulation in a Broca's aphasic patient. Two training methods were compared and generalization to untrained stimuli was measured. Training, using either method, resulted in increased production of correct linguistic constituents and appropriate lexical items. Gains tended to occur on the trained items and generalization to untrained items was limited.
Lattice Model Studies of Designability and Alpha-helix to Beta-sheet Transitions of Short Peptide Chains

The folding kinetics of lattice peptide chains are studied using a directed Markov-chain model. The small-world characteristics of the conformation space has been noted in recent publications, encouraging further study in the move set topology. We extend this idea to study the entropic effects that result from different move sets and energy functions. Markov-chain models allow for an efficient exploration of the steady-state probabilities, parametrized by temperature. This is an improvement over Monte-Carlo simulations, where an efficient exploration of the entire state-space requires some form of adaptive temperatures scheme. Interesting results are shown at intermediate temperatures, where higher energy states are favored over their lower counter-parts due to their connectivity in the move set. We also provide evidence for rudimentary alpha-helix to beta-sheet transitions for specific peptide configurations and the designability of such structures. Given a transition we can elucidate the kinetics of the pathways between them using first passage times.
Human haematopoietic stem cells that mediate long-term in vivo engraftment are not susceptible to infection by human cytomegalovirus.

Summary A human/sheep xenograft model was used to evaluate whether long-term engrafting haematopoietic stem cells (HSC) are susceptible to human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection. CD34+ Lin− HSC were isolated by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) from the bone marrow (BM) of HCMV-positive and HCMV-negative normal donors. Cells from the latter group were infected in vitro with HCMV. HCMV DNA was detected in both cell populations by nested-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and fluorescence in situ hybridization. Cells were transplanted into separate groups of fetal sheep at concentrations of 1·3–5·0 × 105 cells per fetus. Multilineage human haematopoietic cell engraftment, including CD34+ cells, was detected in the BM and peripheral blood of recipients up to 16 months post-transplant as assessed by FACS analysis and PCR for HLA-DQα. Levels of engraftment varied (1·2–24·3%) but no sheep exhibited HCMV-positive cells. To ensure that our inability to detect HCMV-positive cells was not due to immune-elimination of HCMV-infected cells, 3·8–10 × 105 HCMV-positive uncharacterized BM stromal cells were transplanted into fetal sheep. At 5 weeks post-transplant several organs were HLA-DQα- and HCMV-positive, confirming that HCMV was detectable. These results provide evidence that the long-term engrafting HSC is not a primary target of HCMV and suggest that HCMV infection of human haematopoietic cells is exercised at the level of committed progenitors.
WATER BINDING OF COOKED FISH IN COMBINATION WITH VARIOUS PROTEINS

Water binding of cooked fish was determined in combination with (a) sodium, calcium, potassium and isoelectric form of soy protein isolate; (b) sodium and calcium whey protein concentrate; and (c) sodium caseinate. The sodium proteins were added at 0%, 2%, and 5% level, the other proteins at 0% and 2% level. Water binding was determined with a gravimetric adaptation of the filter paper press method. All proteins increased the water binding of cooked fish. The fresh and 2-yr old samples of sodium soy proteinate were significantly better water binders than the same proteinate aged for 8 yr. The ions associated with the soy and whey proteins did not affect the water binding significantly. Sodium soy proteinate and sodium caseinate were both better water binders than the sodium whey proteinate.
Fostering Ethical Marketing Decisions

This paper begins by examining several potentially unethical recent marketing practices. Since most marketing managers face ethical dilemmas during their careers, it is essential to study the moral consequences of these decisions. A typology of ways that managers might confront ethical issues is proposed. The significant organizational, personal and societal costs emanting from unethical behavior are also discussed. Both relatively simple frameworks and more comprehensive models for evaluating ethical decisions in marketing are summarized. Finally, the fact that organizational commitment to fostering ethical marketing decisions can be accomplished by top management leadership, codes of ethics, ethics seminars/programs and ethical audits is examined.
Mechanical Characteristics of Flexible Glass Fiber Optics

Exploratory studies were conducted to determine the factors responsible for possible flexibility problems in glass fiber optics. Commercial glass fiber optic materials of known composition were employed. Such mechanical properties as tensile strength and modulus, Poisson's ratio and fatigue were measured. Single and multi-fiber materials were compared.
Programmable controllers: Industrial strength aspirin for America's ailing infrastructure

Programmable controllers (PCs) are helping to put more productivity into America's ailing infrastructure. Within the industrial control field, PCs are successfully replacing solid-state logic, analog controllers, and even minicomputers. Specific examples will illustrate how PCs have filled a niche for reliable controllers that can be used in process and discrete parts manufacturing applications.
Algorithms for phylogenetic footprinting.

Phylogenetic footprinting is a technique that identifies regulatory elements by finding unusually well conserved regions in a set of orthologous noncoding DNA sequences from multiple species. We introduce a new motif-finding problem, the Substring Parsimony Problem, which is a formalization of the ideas behind phylogenetic footprinting, and we present an exact dynamic programming algorithm to solve it. We then present a number of algorithmic optimizations that allow our program to run quickly on most biologically interesting datasets. We show how to handle data sets in which only an unknown subset of the sequences contains the regulatory element. Finally, we describe how to empirically assess the statistical significance of the motifs found. Each technique is implemented and successfully identifies a number of known binding sites, as well as several highly conserved but uncharacterized regions. The program is available at http://bio.cs.washington.edu/software.html.
Sputtered TiN thin films for improved corrosion resistance

Abstract The general corrosion characteristics of TiN thin films deposited onto type 304 and 316 stainless steel by RF sputtering from a compound TiN target was investigated. In general, TiN film morphology and stoichiometry can vary considerably from film to film depending on deposition parameters and thus can play a major role in the corrosion behaviors of these films. Parametric models of the sputtering process were developed using statistial methods for design and analysis and studying the influence of a combination of variables on the properties of the TiN. The process parameters included RF power, N2 partial presure, total gas pressure, substrate temperature and bias. A number of optimum conditions based on different responses were selected and corrosion testing of these films was carried out potentiostatically in 0.1N HCI and 0.1M NaCl solutions at 25°C.
A simulative analysis of the robustness of Smart Grid communication networks

The need for reliable and quick communication in the power grid is growing and becoming very critical. With the Smart Grid initiative, an increasing number of intelligent devices, such as smart meters and new sensors, are being added to the grid. As these new devices are added, the traffic demand on the communication network increases. This can cause issues like longer delay, dropped packets, and equipment failure. The power grid relies on this data to function properly. The power grid will lose reliability and will not be able to provide customers with power without correct and timely data. The current communication network architecture needs to be evaluated and improved. In this paper, a simulator program has been developed to study the communication network. The simulation model is written in C++ and models the components of the network. The simulation results provide insight on how to design the network in order for the system to be robust from failures. We will use the simulation model to evaluate the interdependency between the communication network and the power grid in the future.
Helmet: A resistance drift resilient architecture for multi-level cell phase change memory system

Phase change memory (PCM) is emerging as a promising solution for future memory systems and disk caches. As a type of resistive memory, PCM relies on the electrical resistance of Ge 2 Sb 2 Te 5 (GST) to represent stored information. With the adoption of multi-level programming PCM devices, unwanted resistance drift is becoming an increasing reliability concern in future high-density, multi-level cell PCM systems. To address this issue without incurring a significant storage and performance overhead in ECC, conventional design employs a conservative approach, which increases the resistance margin between two adjacent states to combat resistance drift. In this paper, we show that the wider margin adversely impacts the low-power benefit of PCM by incurring up to 2.3X power overhead and causes up to 100X lifetime reduction, thereby exacerbating the wear-out issue. To tolerate resistance drift, we proposed Helmet, a multi-level cell phase change memory architecture that can cost-effectively reduce the readout error rate due to drift. Therefore, we can relax the requirement on margin size, while preserving the readout reliability of the conservative approach, and consequently minimize the power and endurance overhead due to drift. Simulation results show that our techniques are able to decrease the error rate by an average of 87%. Alternatively, for satisfying the same reliability target, our schemes can achieve 28% power savings and a 15X endurance enhancement due to the reduced margin size when compared to the conservative approach.
Mining association rules using inverted hashing and pruning

In this paper, we propose a new algorithm named Inverted Hashing and Pruning (IHP) for mining association rules between items in transaction databases. The performance of the IHP algorithm was evaluated for various cases and compared with those of two well-known mining algorithms, Apriori algorithm [Proc. 20th VLDB Conf., 1994, pp. 487-499] and Direct Hashing and Pruning algorithm [IEEE Trans. on Knowledge Data Engrg. 9 (5) (1997) 813-825]. It has been shown that the IHP algorithm has better performance for databases with long transactions.
Including electron inertia without advancing electron flow

There are a variety of plasma physics problems where including electron inertia can be important, e.g., magnetic reconnection [1-9], inertial Alfven waves for auroral electron acceleration [10,11] and electron-temperature-gradient turbulence [12,13]. There has also been recent interest in closure of fluid-electron equations for gyrokinetic turbulence simulations [14-19] where electron inertia is typically neglected, but could be important near mode rational surfaces [20]. Here, we describe a benign way to include the effects of electron inertia without advancing the electron momentum equation and thereby avoiding the associated k | v t e Δt Courant condition or subsequent implicit methods. The effect of electron inertia has been included in simpler Electron-MHD models [4,7,21,22] without advancing the electron momentum equation directly. We apply a related technique to drift-fluid electron models appropriate for gyrokinetic simulation of well-magnetized plasmas. First, we discuss our technique for including the electron inertia in drift-fluid electron equations. Next, we use a simple example of von Neumann stability analysis to demonstrate that the new scheme is stable whereas trivial finite-differencing of the electron flow is shown to be unstable. Finally, a similar method is discussed for extended-MHD models and shown to be a generalization of the Electron-MHD equations.
I can problem solve (ICPS): Interpersonal cognitive problem solving for young children

Teachers of low‐income preschool and kindergarten children were trained to help youngsters learn to think through and solve typical interpersonal problems with peers and adults. Compared to non‐ trained controls, youngsters trained to think of alternative solutions to problems and consequences to acts most improved in impulsive and inhibited behaviors as observed in the classroom. Training was equally effective in nursery and in kindergarten, though those trained in nursery began school from a better behavioral vantage point. Also, low income children trained at home by their mothers were able to generalize their new problem solving thinking skills to a different setting, the school.
Healing internalized racism: The role of a within-group sanctuary among people of African descent

This article addresses the role of a "within-group" sanctuary for healing internalized racism among people of African descent. Internalized racism is distinguished from racism, juxtaposing the different experience of those who are oppressed and those who are privileged by racism. It is suggested that a context consisting exclusively of persons of African descent can provide an optimally safe space for initial stages of healing from internalized racism. The anxiety that a collective of African descendants can generate among whites, and subsequently among those of African descent, is examined by raising questions as to its possible meanings. Whites are encouraged to use their privilege to support such self-determined sanctuaries, rather than to obstruct them. People of African descent are encouraged to tolerate the anxiety that can be generated without "changing back," and to examine whether internalized racism is also implicated.
A High-Stability, Wide-Band, Low-Noise Transductor Circuit Suitable for High-Precision Magnet-Current Regulators

Typical performance of this transductor circuit includes a long-term stability of a few parts in 105, an output noise level less than 0.002% of full output voltage, and a pass band from 0 to 1 MHz. The circuit provides low-pass, band-pass, and high-pass sections, suitably designed to provide a uniform frequency response. The circuit configuration inherently filters out the commutation noise, thus providing a high signal-to-noise ratio.
A Black and White and Color TV Video I-F Output Transistor

A new Fairchild silicon planar transistor has been designed specifically to satisfy the requirements of both black and white and color TV video i-f output stages. Characterization of the transistor is discussed with particular emphasis on the parameters important to this application. The use of Y parameters and a study of gain and stability requirements result in a device characterization which directly relates the device parameters to circuit performance. Specific designs of i-f output stages are considered. Other possible applications of this new device are discussed briefly.
Short-Term Opportunities for Decreasing CO2 Emissions from the Steel Industry

There is a strong political will to decrease CO2 emissions. Although the steel industry only accounts for some 5% of worldwide CO2 emissions (which totalled 1,200 million tonnes per annum in the late 1990s), it will be strongly affected by this. The EU, for example, is putting up strong economic incentives for reductions. This is taking place at a time when demand for steel products is greater than ever. To radically change existing processes and production routes to decrease the CO2 emissions would be extremely expensive, even if it were possible. Nevertheless, many of the solutions which have been discussed seem to go in this direction. The other alternative discussed seems to be the creation of process solutions and alterations that lead to a focusing of CO2 streams, i.e., much higher CO2 concentrations in flue gases than today, for entrapment of the CO2 so that it is not discharged into the atmosphere. These solutions are feasible, but expensive. However, there exists today a number of solutions and t...
Counting Generalist Physicians

THERE HAS recently been renewed interest in the specialty balance in the US physician workforce, with many groups calling for increased production of generalist physicians. A number of factors are responsible for this, including declining medical student interest in generalist careers, 1 continued shortages in rural and inner-city areas, 2,3 increased demand from managed care organizations, cross-national experience, 4 as well as some evidence of cost savings from higher proportions of generalists. 5,6 The Council on Graduate Medical Education 7 has called for a reduction in first-year graduate medical education positions to 110% of US medical graduates with a 50:50 generalist-to-specialist mix, and the Physician Payment Review Commission 8 has also considered such changes. Similar recommendations have been proposed in the Clinton Health Security Act as well as independently in Congress. Such changes are significant and could be approached from a variety of educational, financial, and regulatory perspectives. In order
Nuclear effects in Kerr rotation-detected magnetic resonance of electrons in GaAs

Abstract We have studied nuclear effects on electron spins in lightly doped n-GaAs bulk and quantum well samples using optically detected magnetic resonance, with the optical detection done via Kerr rotation. The magnetic resonance signal allowed us to measure the electron T 2 ∗ lifetimes and g -factors. We observed strong dynamic nuclear polarization, which was controllable via nuclear magnetic resonance techniques. We measured the nuclear spin relaxation time ( T 1 ) by monitoring the changing Overhauser field in time, and were able to perform combined electron and nuclear resonance.
Vasopressors and propofol infusion syndrome in severe head trauma.

Propofol infusion syndrome (PRIS) is a rare, but lethal complication of high-dose propofol infusions. We undertook this study to evaluate the incidence of PRIS in a cohort of patients with severe head trauma and its relation to the use of vasopressors. We reviewed all patients with severe head trauma admitted to our Neuro-Intensive Care Unit over a 4-year period for use of propofol and vasopressors. Those patients who developed unexplained acidosis, creatine kinase elevation unrelated to trauma, and electrocardiographic changes were considered having PRIS. We investigated the concomitant use of vasopressors while propofol was used and calculated odds ratios for developing PRIS. We report three adult patients who developed PRIS out of 50 (6%) admitted patients with severe head trauma on propofol infusions. Two of these patients survived and one expired after withdrawal of life support. Concomitant use of vasopressors was associated with development of PRIS in this cohort (odds ratio 29, 95% CI 1.5–581, P < 0.05). Awareness and early recognition of PRIS in critically ill neurosurgical patients on vasopressors and daily screening for creatine kinase elevation, unexplained acidosis, or electrocardiographic changes may reduce the incidence and case-fatality.
Prevention of Surgical Site Infection

Surgical site infections are a frequent cause of morbidity following surgical procedures. Gram-positive cocci, particularly staphylococci, cause many of these infections, although gram-negative organisms are also frequently involved. The risk of developing a surgical site infection is associated with a number of factors, including aspects of the operative procedure itself, such as wound classification, and patient-related variables, such as preexisting medical conditions. Both nonpharmacologic measures and antimicrobial prophylaxis for selected procedures are used to prevent development of these infections. Compliance with these generally accepted preventive principles may lead to overall decreases in the incidence of these infections.
Balkanization, Bilingualism, and Comparisons of Language Situations at Home and Abroad

Abstract In this article, I address the “balkanization argument” made by conservatives for English-Only legislation and against bilingualism. The argument here is that the United States faces the sort of linguistic divisions found in other countries. Most frequently invoked are the cases of Canada and Belgium. The claim that the United States should take warning from these countries and avoid the promotion of bilingualism has been made by a number of people, including Linda Chavez, Arthur Schlesinger, Jr., and Newt Gingrich. I argue that this claim is alarmist, at best. Data from Canada and Belgium indicate that the linguistic situations in these two countries are far too different to make reasonable comparisons to the United States. I make my case by using data of language shift, language demographics, and language prestige. These data indicate just how far the United States is from being on the same road toward linguistic division. This is not to say, however, that linguistic division cannot occur, and ...
A Berry-Esseen-type theorem of quantile density estimators

A Berry-Esseen-type theorem showing the near-optimal quality of the normal distribution approximation to the distribution of smooth quantile density estimators is established in this paper. Under more restrictive conditions on the smoothing kernel, an n−12-error bound Berry-Esseen result is established as well.
Auditory singularity detection by a gerbil cochlea model

Abstract A singularity event in an acoustic waveform typically produces at most one extra spike in any cochlear neuron, but the synchrony of such spikes over a subpopulation often yields a distinct (whole-nerve) compound action potential, or CAP (Lewis and Henry, Hear. Res. 39 (1989) 209–224). Thus, while a single extra spike among the spontaneous spikes in one neuron seems insufficient to encode the event, the widespread spike synchrony implied by the CAP should provide very secure encoding. To examine how such a code might be distributed over a tonotopically organized ensemble of afferent axons, we have constructed a cochlear model from experimental gerbil data and computed the neural spectrograph produced in response to various kinds of singularities.
Reaction of m-terphenyldichlorophosphanes with sodium azide: synthesis and characterization of stable azidocyclophosphazenes.

Reaction of the m-terphenyldichlorophosphanes 2,6-(2-MeC6H4)2C6H3PCl2 (1), 2,6-(4-t-BuC6H4)2C6H3PCl2 (2), or 2,6-Mes2C6H3PCl2 (3) with excess NaN3 in acetonitrile at room temperature afforded the c...
Three-dimensional laser alignment of polyatomic molecular ensembles

We explore the physics of alignment and three-dimensional alignment of polyatomic molecular ensembles in moderately-intense laser fields. To that end we develop a purely classical approach to molecular alignment and compare its results with those of quantum mechanical calculations in appropriate limits, finding qualitative agreement. The method is applied to explore a new phenomenon in strong field coherent control that is unique to the ensemble case, namely the formation of organized assembly due to induced dipole–induced dipole interactions at sufficiently large intensities or/and densities. The effects of the laser field polarization, its intensity, and the initial rotational temperature on the degree of alignment and the translational and orientational order of the assembly are investigated.
Cross sections of photoionization and ac Stark shift measured from Doppler-free B ← X(0,0) excitation spectra of CO

Using high-resolution, Doppler-free spectroscopy, we recorded through resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization the response of two-photon rotational lines of the Q-branch of CO B←X(0, 0) to an independent photoionizing optical field. In direct proportion to the photoionization intensity, transitions Q(0)–Q(12) were lifetime broadened and shifted toward positive frequency, from which we extracted absolute cross sections of photoionization (σi) and Stark shift (σs), respectively. Cross sections of σi=10±3×10-18 cm2 and σs=7±2×10-18 cm2 were determined for the case of photoionizing light at 230 nm, tuned in near resonance with the two-photon transition. Photoionization by 345-nm light resulted in similar cross sections, of σi=6±2×10-18 cm2 and σs=8±2×10-18 cm2. We observed a variation of σi and σs with rotational level for photoionization at 230 nm.