cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparison of cytochrome P-450 levels in adult rat liver, postnatal rat liver, and primary cultures of postnatal rat hepatocytes.

Abstract A system of primary cultures of postnatal rat hepatocytes has been developed to serve as an experimental model for drug metabolism and toxicity investigations. The purpose of this study was to examine the reported loss of cytochrome P-450 of hepatocytes when placed in culture and to compare activity in culture to intact liver and freshly isolated hepatocytes. A medium enriched with several hormones and a system of floating filters as a substratum for cell attachment were investigated as methods to reduce the expected loss of cytochrome P-450. When compared to initial values of cytochrome P-450 in whole liver and isolated hepatocytes, these methods failed to prevent the reduction of cytochrome P-450 in culture. However, our results compare favorably with other values reported in the literature.
The new yeast genetics

Gene cloning and yeast DNA transformation techniques have greatly enhanced the power of classical yeast genetics. It is now possible to isolate any classically defined gene, to alter the yeast genome at will by replacing normal chromosomal sequences with mutated derivatives produced in vitro, and to create DNA molecules that behave as autonomous replicons or minichromosomes. These unique features of the new yeast genetics have been used to study many problems in eukaryotic molecular biology.
Experimental Validation of the AASHTO Natural Wind Fatigue Design Specifications for Cantilevered Sign Support Structure Anchor Bolts

AbstractA cantilevered sign support structure failed, which was attributed to fatigue fracture of the anchor bolts. The failed structure was designed before the publication of the AASHTO fatigue provisions. The structure was replaced with a similar arrangement but designed using the AASHTO fatigue provisions. It was equipped with a double-nut-moment joint to concrete foundation using a 31.75-mm (1.25-in.) thick, 889-mm (35-in.) diameter base plate and eight galvanized 38.1-mm (1.5-in.) diameter bent anchor bolts. Significant clearance discrepancies between the base plate and the foundation for each of the anchor bolts existed because of topographical limitations. Experimental evaluation on the fatigue behavior attributable to natural wind was conducted on the anchor bolt attachments for validation of the AASHTO fatigue provisions. The results of the study indicated an irregular distribution of stress ranges between anchor bolts, with a portion having stress ranges greater than the values calculated using ...
Loeffler's Endocarditis in Hypereosinophilic Syndrome

t e c s A 28-year-old Chinese man presented at the emergency department for the acute onset of respiratory, neurologic, and cardiac symptoms in association with known hypereosinophilia. Bilateral perihilar opacities were noted on initial chest radiograph performed on admission (Fig 1). Subsequently, the patient underwent noncontrast chest computed tomography (CT), which demonstrated patchy peripheral consolidations in both lungs (Fig 2) compatible with acute eosinophilic pneumonia. Noncontrast head CT was nonspecific. Magnetic resonance imaging with angiography of the brain demonstrated scattered foci of high signal intensity on T2-weighted images (Fig 3) associated with reduced diffusion on diffusion-weighted images and minimal enhancement post contrast medium administration with normal appearance of the head and neck vessels. These findings were consistent with acute-to-subacute embolic infarcts. A contrast-enhanced CT of the abdomen and pelvis was unremarkable. Contrast-enhanced cardiac magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated apical thrombus with increased T2-signal and late gadolinium enhancement involving the mid and apical left ventricular (LV) myocardial segments, consistent with inflammation and fibrosis (Fig 4). Myocardial function was notably impaired in the mid and apical LV myocardial segments on cine and tagged cardiac magnetic resonance images. These findings were consistent with the acute carditis-thrombotic stage of hypereosinophilic syndrome. Treatment
Double-blinded comparison of diphenhydramine versus lidocaine as a local anesthetic

Study objective: To evaluate the efficacy, onset of action, duration of action, and side effects of 1% diphenhydramine compared with 1% lidocaine when used as a local anesthetic agent. Design: Prospective, double-blinded, cross-over study. Setting: Emergency medicine residency program, research section. Participants: Ten healthy male volunteers, aged 26 to 38 years old. Interventions: Baseline levels of sensation to pinprick (18-gauge needle) within a 2.4-cm-diameter midvolar forearm area and levels of sedation were recorded on 10.2-cm visual analog scales. Subjects then underwent subcutaneous infiltration of 20 mg (2 mL) of the study agent using a 27-gauge needle. Visual analog scale sensation and sedation scores were recorded at five, ten, and 15 minutes and then every 15 minutes until return to baseline. Subjects were studied one week later with the alternate agent. Nonparametric data were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney U test with significance at P Results: No significant differences in mean pinprick sensation were seen from baseline to 30 minutes. Significant differences were seen at 45 ( P = 0.36) and 60 minutes ( P = .036). The mean duration of effective anesthesia was significantly longer for lidocaine than diphenhydramine (81 versus 42 minutes, P = .028). No significant differences were seen in the sedation scores or in the frequencies of local reactions. One subject developed skin necrosis at the injection site with diphenhydramine. Conclusion: The duration of local anesthesia for 1% lidocaine was significantly longer and the depth of anesthesia after 30 minutes was significantly higher than that of 1% diphenhydramine. Diphenhydramine resulted in skin necrosis in one test subject.
Catalyst-free GaN nanowire growth and optoelectronic characterization

We discuss the present state-of-the-art concerning the growth mechanism, optical luminescence and electrical properties for GaN nanowires grown with catalyst-free molecular beam epitaxy. These nanowires are essentially defect-free and display long photoluminescence lifetimes and carrier mobilities relative to epitaxially grown GaN films. The exclusion of crystalline defects comes from the ease with which strain-relieving dislocations can reach the sidewalls and terminate. The growth mechanism is based on variations in Ga sticking coefficients and surface energies of the sidewall planes and end facet planes. With control of the nucleation process through selective epitaxy on patterned substrates, a high degree of diameter, length and position control can be achieved. Common difficulties with interpretation of optical and electrical data with regard to internal quantum efficiency and mobility are also addressed.
Resistometric study of Fe-V and Fe-Mo nitrided by constant activity aging

Resistometry has been employed to study alloys of Fe containing 1.1, 2.2, and 3.3 at. pct V and 2.2 and 3.0 at. pct Mo nitrided at 500 to 600 °C in NH33/H2 gas atmospheres for up to 300 hours. The very large resistivity maxima are attributed to static displacements due to interstitial N, as proposed by Hoffman and Cohen for interstitial alloys.15 The platelet size increases with nitridation temperature, and platelet number density increases with substitutional solute concentration at fixed temperature. Platelets in Fe-V-N are smaller and more stable than in Fe-Mo-N. In Fe-Mo-N overaging commences prior to saturation with nitrogen and occurs at a more rapid rate and at lower temperature than for Fe-V-N. Fe-Mo-N samples that are fully nitrided and subsequently aged in pure H2 experience a rapid initial drop in resistivity, due to removal of N from the α-Fe matrix, but then age more slowly than samples in a nitridation atmosphere. Estimates of local atomic displacements around platelets are in approximate agreement with prior results obtained from TEM measurements.
Influence of heparins on inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate-induced calcium mobilization in permeabilized human platelets.

Abstract Heparin has been shown to prevent inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP 3 ) binding to its receptor and to inhibit IP 3 -induced calcium mobilization in a variety of cells. Heparin added to whole blood at a concentration of 1 U/ml prevented thrombin-induced secretion of granule contents and irreversible aggregation of platelets. Heparin (2–15 kDa) had no inhibitory effect on IP 3 -induced calcium mobilization in Fura 2-loaded, saponin (10–15 μg/ml)-permeabilized platelets. None of the commercially available heparin preparations can induce inhibition of agonist-induced calcium mobilization in intact platelets because they are not cell permeant. Mild saponin treatment makes the membrane permeable to IP 3 , but restricts the action of heparins. Recent observations suggesting heparin's affinity to IP 3 binding sites will be of clinical interest if effective cell permeant analogs can be developed.
Negative regulation of Lck by Cbl ubiquitin ligase.

The Cbl-family ubiquitin ligases function as negative regulators of activated receptor tyrosine kinases by facilitating their ubiquitination and subsequent targeting to lysosomes. Cbl associates with the lymphoid-restricted nonreceptor tyrosine kinase Lck, but the functional relevance of this interaction remains unknown. Here, we demonstrate that T cell receptor and CD4 coligation on human T cells results in enhanced association between Cbl and Lck, together with Lck ubiquitination and degradation. A Cbl−/− T cell line showed a marked deficiency in Lck ubiquitination and increased levels of kinase-active Lck. Coexpression in 293T cells demonstrated that Lck kinase activity and Cbl ubiquitin ligase activity were essential for Lck ubiquitination and negative regulation of Lck-dependent serum response element-luciferase reporter activity. The Lck SH3 domain was pivotal for Cbl-Lck association and Cbl-mediated Lck degradation, with a smaller role for interactions mediated by the Cbl tyrosine kinase-binding domain. Finally, analysis of a ZAP-70-deficient T cell line revealed that Cbl inhibited Lck-dependent mitogen-activated protein kinase activation, and an intact Cbl RING finger domain was required for this functional effect. Our results demonstrate a direct, ubiquitination-dependent, negative regulatory role of Cbl for Lck in T cells, independent of Cbl-mediated regulation of ZAP-70.
Is OR/MS Everywhere?

In the May 1978 issue of Interfaces, John Hall, Jr., and Sidney Hess [Hall, J. R., Jr., S. W. Hess. 1978. OR/MS dead or dying? RX for survival. Interfaces8 3, May 42--44.] argued that we are now passing into an era in which the approaches, concepts, and methodologies of OR/MS are becoming pervasive. They cited changes occurring in business school Management Science enrollments as one of the prime indicators. Students interested in Management Science no longer have to study under specialists in the field; they can receive the same training while majoring in a functional area such as finance or accounting. The curricula in these areas are now heavily imbued with OR/MS. The purpose of the present paper is to examine the Hall-Hess hypothesis in terms of evidence implied by what is being published in the scholarly literature. We will show that OR/MS results and applications are no longer being published only in the traditional OR/MS literature if they ever were published only in these sources.
Practitioner Review: Practitioner Review: The Aftercare of Adolescents with Deliberate Self‐harm

The evaluation and aftercare of the adolescent suicide attempter is described. The assessment of suicidal risk is aimed at the identification of those factors present in the patient and environment that make repetition of suicidal behavior likely. These factors, along with the motivation and precipitant for the suicide attempt, are used to determine the intensity of care and targets of treatment. Important elements of treatment include: obtaining a no-suicide contract, addressing potential sources of noncompliance, determining proper intensity of treatment, provision of family psychoeducation addressing ongoing family difficulties, treatment of co-occurring psychopathology, and remediation of social skills and problem-solving deficits. Language: en
The visit problem: visibility graph-based solution

An algorithm to navigate a point robot through a sequence of destination points amid unknown stationary polygonal obstacles in a two-dimensional terrain is presented. The algorithm implements learning in the course of building a global terrain model by integrating the sensor information obtained during navigation. This global model is used in planning future navigational paths. This approach prevents the robot from making localized detours, and results in better navigation, in an average case, than obtained using algorithms without learning. The proposed algorithms are implemented in the C language on a simulator for a HERMIES-II robot running on an IBM PC. >
Loss compensation by gain and spasing

We present a theory of the effective dielectric response of metamaterials containing gain. We demonstrate analytically that the conditions of spaser generation and the full loss compensation in a dense resonant plasmonic-gain metamaterial are identical. Consequently, attempting the full compensation or overcompensation of losses by gain will lead to an instability and a transition to a spaser state. This will limit (clamp) the inversion and eliminate the net gain. As a result, the full loss compensation (overcompensation) in such metamaterials is impossible. The criterion of the loss overcompensation, leading to the instability and spasing, is given in an analytical and a universal (independent from system geometry) form. Comparison with existing experiments is carried out.
Space Matters: The Power and Practice of Space

This article argues for the importance of a spatial perspective in critical communication studies. It suggests that a focus on spatial relations of power enables scholars of communication and culture to understand and theorize the complex ways in which identities are being reproduced in our current moment of globalization. The article suggests that, instead of theorizing cultural power only through the category of identity, we need to adopt a spatial perspective on power that may better enable us to theorize various relations of identity and culture.
Androgen-Sensitive Hypertension Associates with Upregulated Vascular CYP4A12–20-HETE Synthase

Although the mechanism underlying the effect of androgen on BP and cardiovascular disease is not well understood, recent studies suggest that 20-hydroxy-5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid (20-HETE), a primary cytochrome P450 4 (Cyp4)-derived eicosanoid, may mediate androgen-induced hypertension. Here, treatment of normotensive mice with 5α-dihydrotestosterone increased BP and induced both Cyp4a12 expression and 20-HETE levels in preglomerular microvessels. Administration of a 20-HETE antagonist prevented and reversed the effects of dihydrotestosterone on BP. Cyp4a14(-/-) mice, which exhibit androgen-sensitive hypertension in the male mice, produced increased levels of vascular 20-HETE; furthermore, administration of a 20-HETE antagonist normalized BP. To examine whether androgen-independent increases in 20-HETE are sufficient to cause hypertension, we studied Cyp4a12-transgenic mice, which express the CYP4A12-20-HETE synthase under the control of a doxycycline-sensitive promoter. Administration of doxycycline increased BP by 40%, and administration of a 20-HETE antagonist prevented this increase. Levels of CYP4A12 and 20-HETE in preglomerular microvessels of doxycycline-treated transgenic mice approximately doubled, correlating with increased 20-HETE-dependent sensitivity to phenylephrine-mediated vasoconstriction and with decreased acetylcholine-mediated vasodilation in the renal microvasculature. We observed a similar contribution of 20-HETE to myogenic tone in the mesenteric microvasculature. Taken together, these results suggest that 20-HETE both mediates androgen-induced hypertension and can cause hypertension independent of androgen.
Retrospective Review of Positron Emission Tomography With Contrast-Enhanced Computed Tomography in the Posttreatment Setting in Human Papillomavirus–Associated Oropharyngeal Carcinoma

Objective To determine the value of positron emission tomography (PET) with contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) in assessing the need for neck dissection by retrospectively reviewing the pathology reports of patients with human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Design Retrospective cohort study. Setting Tertiary medical center. Patients Seventy-seven patients with HPV-related SCC. Main Outcome Measures Seventy-seven consecutive patients with a diagnosis of HPV-related SCC who were treated with radiotherapy as the primary treatment between August 2007 and October 2010 were retrospectively evaluated for radiologic and pathologic rate of persistence of nodal metastasis after completion of definitive radiotherapy. Pretreatment and posttreatment imaging included contrast-enhanced CT and PET. Response to treatment was measured on CT, PET at standardized uptake value (SUV) thresholds of 2 and 2.5, and PET/CT by a neuroradiologist in a blinded fashion. Then, the pathology report of the patients who underwent neck dissections was reviewed for nodal status after resection and correlated with the imaging findings. Results Of the 77 patients, 67 met the study criteria, with an average follow-up PET/CT scan at 90.5 days after completion of radiotherapy. Ten patients did not undergo follow-up PET/CT imaging. Twenty patients underwent neck dissections after completion of radiation therapy. Of these 20 patients, 4 had persistent tumor and 16 did not have viable tumor. Using the final pathology report to correlate with imaging responses, CT had a negative predictive value (NPV) of 85.7% (95% CI, 48.7%-97.4%), PET with SUV thresholds of 2 had an NPV of 91.7% (95% CI, 64.6%-98.5%), PET with a cutoff SUV of 2.5 had an NPV of 85.7% (95% CI, 60.1%-96.0%), PET/CT with an SUV of 2 had an NPV of 100% (95% CI, 59.8%-100.0%), and PET/CT with an SUV of 2.5 had an NPV of 85.7% (95% CI, 48.7%-97.4%). The 47 patients who did not undergo neck dissection had a median follow-up of 26 months without an isolated neck failure. Analysis of all 67 patients in the cohort revealed the following values: CT had an NPV of 95.7% (95% CI, 85.8%-98.8%), PET with an SUV of 2 had an NPV of 98.2% (95% CI, 90.4%-99.7%), PET with an SUV of 2.5 had an NPV of 95.0% (95% CI, 86.3%-98.3%), PET/CT with an SUV of 2 had an NPV of 100.0% (95% CI, 92.0%-100.0%), and PET/CT with an SUV of 2.5 had an NPV of 95.7% (95% CI, 85.8%-98.8%). Conclusions Positron emission tomography combined with contrast-enhanced CT has a better NPV than either imaging modality alone in patients with HPV-associated oropharyngeal SCC. Furthermore, PET/CT with an SUV threshold of 2 used in patients with HPV-related SCC offers an imaging modality with a high NPV that may obviate the need for unnecessary neck dissections.
ASSESSMENT AND TREATMENT OF OBSESSIONAL HARASSMENT

Obsessional harassment and stalking have become increasingly recognized as significant social problems, often with dramatic negative repercussions on the lives of victims. As the public awareness of this problematic behavior has grown, the amount of clinical attention and empirical research focused on understanding the perpetrators of harassment has increased accordingly. Nevertheless, relatively little research has addressed the numerous issues involved in the assessment and treatment of obsessional harassment offenders. This article reviews the existing research on obsessional harassment/stalking, and offers a diagnostic typology of these offenders based on the nature of the relationship with the victim and the motivation of the offender. Treatment modalities are then discussed with regard to each of the primary diagnoses that occur among obsessional harassment offenders. Finally, strategies for initiating treatment for unmotivated or unwilling offenders are discussed, along with clinical issues that arise in the evaluation and treatment process.
High channel-count optical interconnection for servers

When optical input/output is the essential signal path from one CPU, the aggregate optical bandwidth will exceed 10 Tbps, which requires 500 optical channels at 20 Gbps. Since the CPU is mounted on a CPU carrier, the carrier has to have attachment points at the interface of the carrier. Although one can use the side walls to connect to optical cables with a large number of optical channels, 10 or more optical connectors are needed. We propose a more compact and rugged approach, where the bottom of the carrier area is shared by electrical and optical contacts in the socket on an optically enabled printed circuit board (PCB). Proper packaging design including the lens coupling allows many optical channels exceeding 500 can be simply connected to the optical channels on the PCB without high precision mounting.
Punishment as Fair Play

This article defends the fair-play theory of legal punishment against three objections. The first, the irrelevance objection, is the long-standing complaint that fair play fails to capture what it is about crimes that makes criminals deserving of punishment; the others are the recently raised false-equivalence and lacks-integration objections. In response, I sketch an account of fair-play theory that is grounded in a conception of the political order as a meta-cooperative practice—a conception that falls somewhere between contractual and communitarian conceptions—and draw on this account to show how the theory can overcome the objections.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa Invasion and Cytotoxicity Are Independent Events, Both of Which Involve Protein Tyrosine Kinase Activity

Pseudomonas aeruginosa clinical isolates exhibit invasive or cytotoxic phenotypes. Cytotoxic strains acquire some of the characteristics of invasive strains when a regulatory gene, exsA, that controls the expression of several extracellular proteins, is inactivated. exsA mutants are not cytotoxic and can be detected within epithelial cells by gentamicin survival assays. The purpose of this study was to determine whether epithelial cell invasion precedes and/or is essential for cytotoxicity. This was tested by measuring invasion (gentamicin survival) and cytotoxicity (trypan blue staining) of PA103 mutants deficient in specific exsA-regulated proteins and by testing the effect of drugs that inhibit invasion for their effect on cytotoxicity. A transposon mutant in the exsA-regulated extracellular factor exoU was neither cytotoxic nor invasive. Furthermore, several of the drugs that inhibited invasion did not prevent cytotoxicity. These results show that invasion and cytotoxicity are mutually exclusive events, inversely regulated by an exsA-encoded invasion inhibitor(s). Both involve host cell protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) activity, but they differ in that invasion requires Src family tyrosine kinases and calcium-calmodulin activity. PTK inhibitor drugs such as genistein may have therapeutic potential through their ability to block both invasive and cytotoxicity pathways via an action on the host cell.
A New Tripod Polisher Method For Preparing Tem Specimens of Particles and Fibers

A tripod polisher method that extends the use of the tool to the preparation of difficult particulate and fiber specimens, sufficiently thin to permit direct TEM examination with minimal or no ion milling, is detailed. The specimen is surrounded with Si in order to take advantage of the colour changes displayed by thin Si to assess the thickness of the specimen during preparation.
Session 17: Special session - issues at the confluence of technology and design

As CMOS technology has continued to scale aggressively, the need for tighter interactions between design and technology has become extremely apparent. In recognition of this trend, a special all-invited session on issues at the convergence of technology and design has been included in the IEDM program this year. The session includes leading speakers from around the world, speaking on various issues lying at the intersection of these fields. The first talk, by Professor T. Sakurai from the University of Tokyo will focus on technology-circuit interaction issues for the design of low-power circuits. The second talk, by Professor P. Gupta from University of California, Los Angeles will discuss the use of devices with tunable parameters for use in future generations of logic technology. The third talk, by Professor A. Strojwas from Carnegie-Mellon University and PDF Solutions will focus on interplay between yield, variability, and robust design. Continuing with an analysis of variability and its impacts, the fourth talk, by Professor A. Asenov from the University of Glasgow will discuss the use of statistical simulation techniques to model variability and reliability in highly scaled devices. The last three talks will address specific application areas and technologies at the confluence of design and technology. The fifth talk, by Professor D. Sylvester from the University of Michigan will discuss the design of robust low-power circuits. Recognizing the trend towards ever-increasing functional integration, the sixth talk, by Professor K. Makinwa from TU Delft will discuss the design of temperature sensors in CMOS, while the final talk, by Professor M. Horowitz, from Stanford University will focus on the requirements for future devices intended as CMOS replacements from the perspective of the needs of future circuit applications of the same.
Self‐Directed, Therapist‐Directed, and Assessment‐Based Interventions for Premarital Couples*

In this study, we present the findings of an investigation of the effectiveness of 3 models of premarital education. The study compares the outcomes between a workbook-only self-directed program, a therapist-directed (unstructured) program, and an assessment-based (RELATE) relationship enhancement program. Results revealed significant differences in effectiveness between the 3 approaches at the 6-month follow-up. The assessment-based program had more influence than the therapist-directed and self-directed programs on problem areas and was better than the therapist-directed program at improving communication and relationship satisfaction. Participants indi- cated that the most helpful aspects of these programs were the opportunity to discuss previously undiscussed issues, improvements in communication, and the perspectives provided by the facilitator.
Trends in microwave tube technology and markets past and future

The mini-tube TWT were products clearly motivated by markets which could be reasonably predicted and assessed. Today, the 'Vacuum Electronics Devices' (VED) industry, at least in the US, is entirely market driven. The inroads of solid-state devices continue to undercut sales not only in current applications, but, interestingly, also in future ones, for which no proven solid-state devices exist. The VEDs manufactured with solid-state technology, will find a niche market in millimeter-wave sources. In any case, it is not clear whether renewed growth in VEDs in likely to be spurred by new technology, developed with the limited government or private support now available in most countries, or a clear vision of developing markets.
Metabolism and excretion of 6-chloro-9-(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-ylmethyl)-9H-purin-2-ylamine, an HSP90 inhibitor, in rats and dogs and assessment of its metabolic profile in plasma of humans

6-Chloro-9-(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethyl-pyridin-2-ylmethyl)-9H-purin-2-ylamine (BIIB021), a synthetic HSP90 inhibitor, exhibited promising antitumor activity in preclinical models and was in development for the treatment of breast cancer. The metabolism and excretion of BIIB021 was investigated in rats and dogs after oral administration of [(14)C]BIIB021. The administered radioactive dose was quantitatively recovered in both species, and feces/bile was the major route of excretion. Metabolic profiling revealed that BIIB021 is extensively metabolized primarily via hydroxylation of the methyl group (M7), O-demethylation (M2), and to a lesser extent by glutathione conjugation (M8 and M9). M7 was further metabolized to form the carboxylic acid (M3) and glucuronide conjugate (M4). Human plasma obtained from the phase I study in cancer patients were also analyzed to assess the metabolism of BIIB021 in humans and to ensure that selected animal species were exposed to all human major metabolites. Results suggested that BIIB021 is metabolized via hydroxylation followed by carboxylation and glucuronidation in humans consistent with rat and dog; however, an additional dominant circulating metabolite, hydroxylation at the purine ring (M10), was identified in humans. Preliminary in vitro studies using liver cytosolic fractions indicated that M10 formation is primarily catalyzed by aldehyde oxidase (AO). AO catalytic activity for M10 formation was the highest in the monkey, followed by mouse, human, and rat. The apparent K(m) and V(max) values of M10 formation were 174 ± 8 µM and 14.0 ± 0.3 pmol•min(-1)•mg protein(-1) in human and 132 ± 9 µM and 131 ± 4 pmol•min(-1)•mg protein(-1) in monkey, respectively.
Can We Say What Diet Is Best for Health

Diet is established among the most important influences on health in modern societies. Injudicious diet figures among the leading causes of premature death and chronic disease. Optimal eating is associated with increased life expectancy, dramatic reduction in lifetime risk of all chronic disease, and amelioration of gene expression. In this context, claims abound for the competitive merits of various diets relative to one another. Whereas such claims, particularly when attached to commercial interests, emphasize distinctions, the fundamentals of virtually all eating patterns associated with meaningful evidence of health benefit overlap substantially. There have been no rigorous, long-term studies comparing contenders for best diet laurels using methodology that precludes bias and confounding, and for many reasons such studies are unlikely. In the absence of such direct comparisons, claims for the established superiority of any one specific diet over others are exaggerated. The weight of evidence strongly supports a theme of healthful eating while allowing for variations on that theme. A diet of minimally processed foods close to nature, predominantly plants, is decisively associated with health promotion and disease prevention and is consistent with the salient components of seemingly distinct dietary approaches. Efforts to improve public health through diet are forestalled not for want of knowledge about the optimal feeding of Homo sapiens but for distractions associated with exaggerated claims, and our failure to convert what we reliably know into what we routinely do. Knowledge in this case is not, as of yet, power; would that it were so.
Governing for Results on a Postcollective Bargaining Wisconsin School Board.

The popular narrative of Wisconsin’s collective bargaining battle started out being about money. Should public employees pay more toward their healthcare? Can school districts offset state aid cuts using the additional revenue from employee healthcare contributions? Does collective bargaining have a cost? This article gives an overview of Wisconsin school boards, explains exactly how Act 10 increased their power, demonstrates why and how improved school board governance can have an impact on student achievement, reviews the changes Wisconsin school boards are making because of Act 10, and provides policy recommendations to improve both board governance behaviors, and the quality of policies enacted by school boards in the postcollective bargaining era.
The Persuasive Power of Foreign Development Assistance: Senate Discourse on Foreign Aid as Counterterrorism

Debates about power and persuasion play out in many areas of U.S. Foreign Policy. One area of research where these debates are particularly salient, and where power and persuasion intersect, is foreign development assistance. This paper investigates how senators emphasize the importance of economic aid in pursuing the enforcement of international counterterrorism regime norms. Long considered an important persuasive complement to the United States’ military might, and in more recent history touted as an important component of “soft power,” the goals and utility of foreign aid are regularly debated — while the period since 9/11 has seen a growing number of claims by analysts and academics that foreign assistance can be used as an effective counterterrorism tool (e.g., Azam and Thelen 2010; Beyer 2012). Using qualitative content analysis, this research examines Senate subcommittee hearing transcripts pre- and post-9/11 to establish to what extent counterterrorism regime-based rhetoric is employed by senators emphasizing enforcement of these norms as a crucial objective of the foreign aid program. The paper investigates how language based on norms and rules of the international counterterrorism regime was used over a 10-year span of time in hearings of the Senate Subcommittee on State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs — during which important issues related to foreign aid allocation are discussed.
Cardiac rhythmicity among NTS neurons and its relationship to sympathetic outflow in rabbits

The caudal nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) is the primary termination site for baroreceptor afferents, but distinct pulse phasic activity is rarely recorded from NTS neurons. In the present study cross-correlation analysis was used to identify pulse phasic activity in NTS neurons in the anesthetized rabbit. Cross-correlation analysis demonstrated that 19 of 38 pressure-sensitive neurons had activity that correlated with the cardiac cycle, including 5 of 11 neurons activated by aortic depressor nerve stimulation, and 12 of 28 pressure-sensitive NTS neurons had activity that correlated with renal sympathetic nerve activity. Autocorrelation analysis identified 17 of 38 pressure-sensitive neurons that had rhythmic activity not related to the cardiac cycle (mean frequency 14.1 +/- 2 Hz). The results indicate that many NTS neurons do have pulse phasic activity consistent with baroreceptor input, but this activity is difficult to detect because it is distributed throughout the cardiac cycle.
Change Over Time in the Type and Functions of Crib Speech Around the Fourth Birthday

Abstract Crib speech, the monologue speech of a young child before s/he falls asleep, has been examined in very few studies to date. Private speech has been explored in relation to potential motivational and self-regulatory functions, but few studies have examined private speech in pretend play or pre-sleep contexts. This longitudinal case study examines the crib speech of a young girl between the ages of 46 and 50 months by exploring the content of her speech and how it changes over time, relations between types of speech content, and differences between the speech used on days when she did and did not fall asleep. A total of 57, 45-min recordings were collected over four months during her daily nap/quiet time. Utterances were coded as whispered or full volume, spoken or sung/hummed, and social or private. Speech was reliably coded into content categories: self-regulation, fantasy dialogue, emotion content, and language/literacy practice. Growth curve models examined changes in the frequency of different types of speech over time. Crib speech was common, occurring each day, with on average, 340 utterances with 1001 words per day and a mean length of utterance (MLU) of three words. Fantasy role-playing speech and private singing were particularly common, with sung utterances showing more complexity than spoken utterances. MLU followed a non-linear, inverted-U shape curve over time. Language/literacy practice increased over time, while emotional content, fantasy dialogue, and role-playing dialogue followed an inverted U-shape over time. Fewer undecipherable and more emotion-related utterances occurred on days that she fell asleep. Emotion-related speech was positively associated with self-regulatory utterances, and the more she engaged in word play/literacy practice, the less she engaged in fantasy dialogue.
Acclimation of shade-developed leaves on saplings exposed to late-season canopy gaps

We hypothesized that photoinhibition of shade-developed leaves of deciduous hardwood saplings would limit their ability to acclimate photosynthetically to increased irradiance, and we predicted that shade-tolerant sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) would be more susceptible to photoinhibition than intermediately shade-tolerant red oak (Quercus rubra L.). After four weeks in a canopy gap, photosynthetic rates of shade-developed leaves of both species had increased in response to the increase in irradiance, although final acclimation was more complete in red oak. However, photoinhibition occurred in both species, as indicated by short-term reductions in maximum rates of net photosynthesis and the quantum yield of oxygen evolution, and longer-term reductions in the efficiency of excitation energy capture by open photosystem II (PSII) reaction centers (dark-adapted F(v)/F(m)) and the quantum yield of PSII in the light (phi(PSII)). The magnitude and duration of this decrease were greater in sugar maple than in red oak, suggesting greater susceptibility to photoinhibition in sugar maple. Photoinhibition may have resulted from photodamage, but it may also have involved sustained rates of photoprotective energy dissipation (especially in red oak). Photosynthetic acclimation also appeared to be linked to an ability to increase leaf nitrogen content. Limited photosynthetic acclimation in shade-developed sugar maple leaves may reflect a trade-off between shade-tolerance and rapid acclimation to a canopy gap.
Some effects of administration of fluoride on calcifying cartilage in rat.

SummaryCostal cartilage of untreated rats contained less than 1% calcium at birth. Calcium content remained constant for the first 2 weeks of life but during the third and fourth weeks it increased to 5–7% of the total dry weight. A microscopic examination of the costal cartilage of 4-week-old rats showed no evidence of bone formation. When sodium fluoride was administered daily to rats, starting soon after birth, the calcification of the costal cartilage was inhibited. The degree of inhibition was proportional to the dose of fluoride (maximum dose 1.5 mmoles/kg of body wt.). The cartilage of the fluoride-treated rats contained more total fatty acids than the cartilage of the untreated rats.
Test for metabolic attack on tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane and alpha-hydroxymethylserine in the rat.

SummaryWe may conclude that tris undergoes very little if any metabolic oxidation in the rat, if we agree that α-hydroxymethyl-serine must be an intermediate in that oxidation. This conclusion follows from the finding that no significant quantity of radioactive α-hydroxymethylserine appears in the urine after injection of labeled tris, whereas when the amino acid is injected it appears largely in the unchanged form in the urine, although a part is excreted into the atmosphere, presumably as C14O2.
Getting Home Alive (1986): Urgency and polyphony in the figuration of the “diasporican”

This article analyzes the attempt to redefine Puerto Rican diasporic identity through personal memoir exhibited in Getting Home Alive, by Aurora Levins Morales and Rosario Morales (1986). The book's interwoven narrative and poetry poses a key questioning of the historical literary process most commonly described by critics, and challenges accepted notions of puertorricanness by exploring the nature of displacement and the creation of a new collective identity through biauthorial writing. Departing from the nuyorican aesthetic and the “barrio bildungsroman,” Morales and Levins Morales’ story is set in multiple locations, alerting us to the need to understand the variety of ethnic, experiential and genealogical origins of the neo-rican, the diverse motives of migration and its connection to histories of exile. The text thus becomes a reflection – before the 1990s era of “new Latino narrative” – on the internal diversity and hybridity of the Latino/a experience. This exploration may allow us to move beyond the impasse that the stark distinction between nuyorican literary production of the civil rights era, and writing in post-nuyorican times has created.
A novel, validated risk score to predict surgical site infection after pancreaticoduodenectomy.

Background Although pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) outcomes have improved, complications including surgical site infection (SSI) remain common. We present a stratification tool to predict risk for SSI after PD.
Cyclic nucleotide-dependent regulation of Mn2+ influx, [Ca2+]i, and arterial smooth muscle relaxation

Elevations in cyclic nucleotide levels can decrease myoplasmic [Ca2+] ([Ca2+]i) and thereby induce arterial smooth muscle relaxation. We evaluated whether cyclic nucleotide-induced reductions in [Ca2+]i are caused by 1) decreased Ca2+ influx or 2) increased Ca2+ sequestration or efflux. Swine carotid medial tissues were loaded with fura-2, and Ca2+ influx was estimated from the quenching rate of 360-nm fluorescence after addition of extracellular Mn2+. Histamine stimulation or high KCl depolarization increased Mn2+ influx, [Ca2+]i, and contractile force. The Ca2+ channel blocker diltiazem attenuated histamine- or KCl-induced increases in Mn2+ influx, [Ca2+]i, and force. Addition of forskolin (which increases cAMP) or nitroglycerin (which increases cGMP) attenuated histamine-induced increases in Mn2+ influx, [Ca2+]i, and force. Addition of forskolin or nitroglycerin also relaxed KCl depolarized tissues; however, Mn2+ influx and [Ca2+]i remained high. These results suggest that Mn(2+)-induced quenching of 360-nm fluorescence is an estimate of Ca2+ influx in the intact swine carotid artery. These results also suggest that cyclic nucleotides can relax swine arterial smooth muscle by at least two mechanisms: 1) reduction of [Ca2+]i primarily induced by decreases in Ca2+ influx and 2) uncoupling force from [Ca2+]i without changing Ca2+ influx or [Ca2+]i.
A Comprehensive Comparison of Routing Protocols for Large-Scale Wireless MANETs

Efficient routing protocols can provide significant benefits to mobile ad hoc networks, in terms of both performance and reliability. Many routing protocols for such networks have been proposed so far. Amongst the most popular ones are dynamic source routing (DSR), ad hoc on-demand distance vector (AODV), temporally-ordered routing algorithm (TORA) and location-aided routing (LAR). Despite the popularity of those protocols, research efforts have not focused in evaluating their performance when applied to large-scale wireless networks. Such networks are comprised of hundreds of nodes, connected via long routes. This greatly affects the network efficiency, since it necessitates frequent exchange of routing information. In this paper we present our observations regarding the behavior of the above protocols, in large-scale mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). We consider wireless mobile terminals spread over a large geographical area, and we perform extensive simulations, using the QualNet and NS-2 simulators. The results of the simulations yield some interesting conclusions: AODV suffers in terms of packet delivery fraction (PDF) but scales very well in terms of end-to-end delay. DSR on the other hand scales well in terms of packet delivery fraction but suffers an important increase of end-to-end delay, as compared to its performance achieved in small-scale topologies. Also, the effect of maximum connections is severe on TORA, which seems unable to route large amounts of traffic. LAR, seems to scale very well, in terms of all metrics employed
Controlling the microstructure and associated magnetic properties of Ni0.2Mn3.2Ga0.6 melt-spun ribbons by annealing

Here we report on the structural and magnetic properties of Ni0.2Mn3.2Ga0.6 melt-spun ribbons. The as-spun ribbons were found to exhibit mixed cubic phases that transform to non-cubic structure upon annealing. Additionally, an amorphous phase was found to co-exist in all ribbons. The SEM images show that minor grain formation occurs on the as-spun ribbons. However, the formation of extensive nano-grains was observed on the surfaces of the annealed ribbons. While the as-spun ribbons exhibit predominantly paramagnetic behavior, the ribbons annealed under various thermal conditions were found to be ferromagnetic with a Curie temperature of about 380 K. The ribbons annealed at 450 °C for 30 minutes exhibit a large coercive field of about 2500 Oe. The experimental results show that the microstructure and associated magnetic properties of the ribbons can be controlled by annealing techniques. The coercive fields and the shape of the magnetic hysteresis loops vary significantly with annealing conditions. Exchang...
A reformulation of the conservative level set reinitialization equation for accurate and robust simulation of complex multiphase flows

Abstract This paper presents an accurate and robust reinitialization equation for the conservative level set that does not significantly deform stationary surfaces. The compression and diffusion term of the reinitialization equation are reformulated to use a distance level set directly mapped from the conservative level set. The normals are calculated using a distance level set reconstructed from the interface using a fast marching method, increasing robustness and allowing the use of high order, non-TVD transport schemes. Using this new reinitialization equation, we present results for canonical test cases, such as Zalesak's disk and spurious currents, which show significant improvement. A simulation of a liquid–gas jet with R e = 5000 is also presented to demonstrate the volume conservation properties of the method in more complex flows.
The transnational assemblage of Indian rape culture

ABSTRACTWe analyse the affective-cultural assemblage of “Indian rape culture” across historical time and social space. We examine news coverage of a highly visible 2012 rape in Delhi in two newspapers, New York Times and Times of India, and the longevity of these articulations through an analysis of online discourses three years later. We further trace colonial-era materializations of Indian rape culture which emerged in the context of the “Indian Mutiny” in contrast to local perspectives, and which were rearticulated by development and human rights organizations. We show that at each moment, Global north voices and institutions dominate. The processes of articulation emanating from Global north institutions serve to realize a racialized transnational assemblage of Indian rape culture. Our framework points to the “soft” power and fluidity of racializing processes, the heterogeneity, and the multiple logics that appear disconnected, but which nonetheless flow and come together to sustain racialized power s...
INTERIM REPORT ON THE SIGNIFICANCE OF BLUNT FLAWS IN PIPELINE GIRTH WELDS

Experiments are being performed to determine if slag, porosity or arc strikes are significant contributors to brittle fracture of pipeline girth welds. API 1104-qualified manual and automatic welds and deliberately flawed welds were produced in 101.6 cm (40-inch) diameter API 5LX65 pipe. Procedures were developed to test large transverse-weld specimens under low-cycle, fully reversed, strain-controlled fatigue at −2°C and at strain levels up to twice net section yield while maintaining pipe curvature. Flaw significance is being assessed by determining the number of cycles to crack initiation as defined by a 10% drop in the load required to maintain the desired strain range. Initial test results are presented and discussed.