cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Battery Polling and Trace Determination for Bluetooth Attack Detection in Mobile Devices

This paper introduces a supporting model for a unique battery-sensing intrusion protection system (B-SIPS) for mobile computers, which alerts when power changes are detected on small wireless devices. An analytical model is employed to examine the smart battery characteristics to support the theoretical intrusion detection limits and capabilities of B-SIPS. This research explores the modification of the smart battery polling rates in conjunction with the variance of malicious network activity. Using the results from a previous study of optimized static polling rates to create minimum and maximum thresholds, a dynamic polling rate algorithm was devised. This algorithm allowed the smart battery to gauge the network's illicit attack density and adjust its polling rate to efficiently detect attacks, while conserving battery charge life. Lastly, a trace signature methodology is presented that characterizes unique activity for IEEE 802.15.1 (Bluetooth) attack identification.
Differential virulence mechanisms of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) include host entry and virus replication kinetics

Host specificity is a phenomenon exhibited by all viruses. For the fish rhabdovirus infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV), differential specificity of virus strains from the U and M genogroups has been established both in the field and in experimental challenges. In rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), M IHNV strains are consistently more prevalent and more virulent than U IHNV. The basis of the differential ability of these two IHNV genogroups to cause disease in rainbow trout was investigated in live infection challenges with representative U and M IHNV strains. When IHNV was delivered by intraperitoneal injection, the mortality caused by U IHNV increased, indicating that the low virulence of U IHNV is partly due to inefficiency in entering the trout host. Analyses of in vivo replication showed that U IHNV consistently had lower prevalence and lower viral load than M IHNV during the course of infection. In analyses of the host immune response, M IHNV-infected fish consistently had higher and longer expression of innate immune-related genes such as Mx-1. This suggests that the higher virulence of M IHNV is not due to suppression of the immune response in rainbow trout. Taken together, the results support a kinetics hypothesis wherein faster replication enables M IHNV to rapidly achieve a threshold level of virus necessary to override the strong host innate immune response.
Open issues in router buffer sizing

Recent research results suggest that the buffers of router interfaces can be made very small, much less than the link's and width-delay product, without causing a utilization loss, as long as the link carries many TCP flows. In this letter we raise some concerns about the previous recommendation. We show that the use of such small buffers can lead to excessively high loss rates (up to 5%-15%in our simulations) in congested access links that carry many flows. Even if the link is fully utilized, small buffers lead to lower throughput for most large TCP flows, and significant variability in the per-flow throughput and transfer latency. We also discuss some important issues in router buffer sizing that are often ignored
Nonparametric belief propagation for distributed tracking of robot networks with noisy inter-distance measurements

We consider the problem of tracking multiple moving robots using noisy sensing of inter-robot and inter-beacon distances. Sensing is local: there are three fixed beacons at known locations, so distance and position estimates propagate across multiple robots. We show that the technique of Nonparametric Belief Propagation (NBP), a graph-based generalization of particle filtering, can address this problem and model multi-modal and ring-shaped uncertainty distributions. NBP provides the basis for distributed algorithms in which messages are exchanged between local neighbors. Generalizing previous approaches to localization in static sensor networks, we improve efficiency and accuracy by using a dynamics model for temporal tracking. We compare the NBP dynamic tracking algorithm with SMCL+R, a sequential Monte Carlo algorithm [1]. Whereas NBP currently requires more computation, it converges in more cases and provides estimates that are 3 to 4 times more accurate. NBP also facilitates probabilistic models of sensor accuracy and network connectivity.
Behavioral modeling and simulation of data converters

The authors present a behavioral representation for the class of Nyquist rate analog to digital (A/D) converters that captures the nominal behavior, as well as all the statistical variations. To describe behavioral effects due to process variations a covariance matrix, Sigma /sub t/ is used. Applications of the model include identification of important A/D error sources, efficient computation of the distributions of integral nonlinearity and differential nonlinearity, signal-to-noise plus distortion ratio and efficient worst case and Monte Carlo system simulations. Parameter extraction results are presented that agree well with actual measurements. >
Criticisms of and an alternative to the Shadish, Cook, and Campbell validity typology

I give four criticisms of the Shadish, Cook, and Campbell (2002) typologyof validity. An alternative typology is proposed that avoids these criticisms. © Wiley Periodicals, Inc., and the American Evaluation Association.
Effects of Impairment-Based Exercise on Performance of Specific Self-Reported Functional Tasks in Individuals With Knee Osteoarthritis

Background Little is known regarding how impairment-based exercises may improve performance of specific functional tasks in people with knee osteoarthritis (OA). Objective The purpose of this study was to compare the probability that participation in an impairment-based exercise program or the same impairment-based program supplemented with agility and perturbation training will improve patient-reported function on specific functional tasks. Design This study was a secondary analysis of data from a randomized clinical trial. Setting The study was conducted in the outpatient physical therapy clinic of a large, university-based health center. Participants One hundred eighty-three people with knee OA (122 women, 61 men) participated. Interventions Participants were randomly assigned to either a group that received agility and perturbation training with standard exercise therapy or a group that received only the standard exercise. Measurements Specific functional items were taken from the physical function subscale of the Western Ontario and McMasters Universities Osteoarthritis Index, the Lower Extremity Function Scale, and the Activities of Daily Living Scale of the Knee Outcome Survey. Results The probability of self-reported improvement in a variety of specific functional tasks was low following participation in either of the exercise programs. When only participants with moderate to severe difficulty performing specific functional tasks were considered in the analysis, the probability of success improved but was still limited. Limitations The results are generalizable only to self-reported assessment of performance of specific functional tasks. Conclusions Impairment-based exercise may not be enough to make substantial improvement in performance of specific functional tasks. Task-specific exercise approaches need to be explored for people with knee OA.
Volumetric Measurement of Synthetic Lung Nodules with Multi–Detector Row CT: Effect of Various Image Reconstruction Parameters and Segmentation Thresholds on Measurement Accuracy

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of various multi–detector row computed tomographic (CT) reconstruction parameters and nodule segmentation thresholds on the accuracy of volumetric measurement of synthetic lung nodules. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Synthetic lung nodules of four different diameters (3.2, 4.8, 6.4, and 12.7 mm) were scanned with multi–detector row CT. Images were reconstructed at various section thicknesses (0.75, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, and 5.0 mm), fields of view (30, 20, and 10 cm), and reconstruction intervals (0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 mm). The nodules were segmented from the simulated background lung region by using four segmentation thresholds (−300, −400, −500, and −600 HU), and their volumes were estimated and compared with a reference standard (measurements according to fluid displacement) by computing the absolute percentage error (APE). APE was regressed against nodule size, and multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was performed with APE as the dependent variable and with four within-subject fact...
Measuring effects of latency in brain activity with fMRI

In fMRI analysis, general linear modelling (GLM) is commonly used because of its explanatory power, statistical simplicity and computational efficiency. Such models primarily measure the parametric effects of experimental conditions on amplitude of activation, and neglect other important effects on nature of the hemodynamic response, including its temporal characteristics such as relative latency (delay). In this paper, we present a GLM approach to estimate experimental effects on, not only activation amplitude, but also latency. We validate the statistical properties of our method through simulations, and show that on in vivo fMRI data, latency can characterize aspects of neural recruitment during different cognitive tasks, that amplitude alone cannot.
Allometry measurements from in situ video recordings can determine the size and swimming speeds of juvenile and adult squid Loligo opalescens (Cephalopoda: Myopsida).

SUMMARY Juvenile and adult Loligo opalescens Berry were video taped in Monterey Bay with the remotely operated vehicle (ROV) Ventana, captured with an otter trawl in Santa Monica Bay, California, and adults were taken from the Monterey Bay fishery. Behavioral observations were made over a 13 h period of video sequences. Allometry measurements were made on 157 squids ranging in size from 12 to 151 mm mantle length (ML). In addition to ML we measured the morphometric characters of fin length (FL), fin width (FW), mantle width (MW), eye diameter (ED), head width (HW), funnel aperture diameter (FA), fourth arm length (AL) and tentacle length (TL). Loligo opalescens changes shape with ontogeny due to negative allometric growth of ED, HW, TL, MW, FA and positive allometric growth of AL, FL and fin area. The allometry measurements were used to determine the size of juvenile squids video-taped in open water. A linear regression can predict dorsal ML in mm from a dimensionless ratio of ML upon ED (r2=0.857, P<0.001). Sizes and velocities of video-taped animals were estimated from 26 video sequences ranging from <1.0 to 8 s. The average velocity for squids ranging from 12–116 mm ML was 0.21 m s–1 and the maximum velocity was 1.60 m s–1 (116 mm ML). Allometric measurements can provide scale for 2-dimensional images in order to estimate size, velocity and age of animals.
Perception of English Vowels by Bilingual Chinese–English and Corresponding Monolingual Listeners

This study compares the underlying perceptual structure of vowel perception in monolingual Chinese, monolingual English and bilingual Chinese-English listeners. Of particular interest is how listeners' spatial organization of vowels is affected either by their L1 or their experience with L2. Thirteen English vowels, /i, I, e, epsilon, ae, u, omega, o, (see symbol), alpha, (see symbol)I, alphaI, alphaomega/, embedded in /hVd/ syllable produced by an Ohio male speaker were presented in pairs to three groups of listeners. Each listener rated 312 vowel pairs on a nine-point dissimilarity scale. The responses from each group were analyzed using a multidimensional scaling program (ALSCAL). Results demonstrated that all three groups of listeners used high/low and front/back distinctions as the two most important dimensions to perceive English vowels. However, the vowels were distributed in clusters in the perceptual space of Chinese monolinguals, while they were appropriately separated and located in that of bilinguals and English monolinguals. Besides the two common perceptual dimensions, each group of listeners utilized a different third dimension to perceive these English vowels. English monolinguals used high-front offset. Bilinguals used a dimension mainly correlated to the distinction of monophthong/diphthong. Chinese monolinguals separated two high vowels, /i/ and /u/, from the rest of vowels in the third dimension. The difference between English monolinguals and Chinese monolinguals evidenced the effect of listeners' native language on the vowel perception. The difference between Chinese monolinguals and bilingual listeners as well as the approximation of bilingual listeners' perceptual space to that of English monolinguals demonstrated the effect of L2 experience on listeners' perception of L2 vowels.
Rapid seasonal-like regression of the adult avian song control system

We analyzed how rapidly avian song control nuclei regress after testosterone (T) withdrawal. Regression of neuronal attributes resulting from T withdrawal has been observed in several animal models. The time course over which regression occurs is not known, however. To address this issue, we castrated adult male white-crowned sparrows and rapidly shifted them to short-day photoperiods after being held under breeding conditions (long-day photoperiod and systemic T exposure) for 3 weeks. We found that the volume of one song nucleus, HVC, regressed 22% within 12 h after T withdrawal. Changes in HVC neuron density after T withdrawal were dynamic; density increased at 12 h and then decreased by 4 days. HVC neuron number was reduced by 26% by 4 days. The volumes of Area X and the robust nucleus of the arcopallium (RA) were significantly regressed by 7 and 20 days, respectively. RA somatic area and neuronal spacing were significantly reduced by 2 days. The rapidity of HVC regression is unprecedented among vertebrate models of hormone-sensitive neural circuits. These results reveal that the rapid regression of the song control system provides a model for the important role sex steroid hormones play in mediating adult neural plasticity and in neuroprotection.
The Global Impact of Drug Resistance

Measuring the impact of drug resistance is an important step in understanding the scope of the problem and formulating policies to limit the emergence and spread of resistant organisms. Studies have focused on measuring the increased costs, morbidity, and mortality in patients with infections due to resistant versus susceptible organisms. These have generally found that resistance worsens outcomes. By focusing only on infected patients, however, they may understate the impact of resistance. It is important to recognize that resistance also affects the treatment of individuals with nonresistant organisms. In areas with high rates of resistance, physicians and governments have changed empiric therapy for malaria, tuberculosis, acute respiratory infections, and other diseases, increasing overall treatment costs. In some instances, these costs may exceed those attributable to treatment failure.
Route tracking of border crossing vehicles using inductance signatures of loop detectors

Monitoring border-crossing vehicles has been one of the focus areas of the Department of Homeland Security since its inception. The USA has a total of 7,514 land miles of borders with Canada and Mexico, and more than 140 million vehicles enter the US border every year. The vehicles then travel using a part of 4 million miles of available US public roads. Monitoring and tracking so many vehicles is a huge challenge and requires automated non-intrusive computerized technology. The paper proposes a new way of tracking vehicle routes through vehicle sensors that exist in the US transportation infrastructure. In most US highways and local roads, inductive loop detectors (ILDs) are embedded in the pavement to monitor traffic conditions, and the number of installations is constantly increasing. The paper introduces a method that utilizes the inductive signatures of vehicles generated by ILDs for vehicle identification and tracking. Signal processing techniques of inductance signatures and the experimental results on a highway data are presented.
Compressed domain texture classification from a modified EZW symbol stream

Summary form only given. Researchers have demonstrated the effectiveness of wavelet subband energy values as a feature for representing and classifying texture images. However, the extraction of these texture features from compressed data can be cumbersome using traditional decompress-process approaches. A method has been developed for calculating wavelet energy features directly from a compressed embedded zerotree wavelet (EZW) symbol stream. The resulting technique is efficient and requires less memory than traditional approaches. In order to simplify the detection of subbands within the compressed data stream, end-of-subband markers have been inserted during the dominant pass of the EZW coding process. After compressing the test image, the reconstruction values described in Shapiro (1993) are used to calculate the energy of each subband. Following this technique, the memory requirements are reduced since the image is no longer reconstructed prior to the energy calculations. Additionally, the potentially large reconstruction matrix is no longer traversed which also reduces the time complexity.
Static and Functional Anatomy of the Human Masticatory System

In accordance with the primary intent of this book, part one of this chapter will address the basic and common occlusal concepts and terminology used in dental practice in general, and orthodontic practice in particular. Because so much of the controversy about temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) revolves around these occlusal concepts, the authors will address those relationships wherever appropriate. This also will set up the framework for similar discussions in other chapters throughout this book. Due to the many controversies and “philosophical” explanations reported in the literature regarding occlusal concepts, our intent will be to enlighten the reader rather than to argue about belief systems. Evidence-based explanations and definitions will be offered rather than teleological explanations, and the emphasis will be on physiology rather than philosophy.
Mentoring strategies for decreasing suspensions of students with behavioral disorders

In 2006, nearly 3.3 million students in the United States received out of school suspensions, demonstrating that exclusionary discipline is on the rise and a frequently used practice in schools across the country. Studies have shown that behaviors such as disobedience, inappropriate language, disrespect, defiance, disruption and excessive noise are the most frequent reasons for office referrals. There is a need for effective strategies to decrease disruptive behaviors. Mentoring relationships that incorporate Positive Behavior Support (PBS) strategies are effective for a student who display disruptive behaviors in the classroom setting and decreases the need for more intensive levels of behavioral support. One specific mentoring intervention that has been used to decrease students' disruptive behavior is Check-in Check-out. Check-in Check-out (CICO) is a type of mentoring program used at both the elementary and secondary levels. This research-based intervention is a component of PBS and is a secondary level of support for the 5-15% of students who have not responded to instruction on school wide expectations and are at-risk of dropping out. This paper talks about the need for CICO, the positive effects of CICO, and the steps for implementation.
Comparative Study of Imidazole and Pyridine Catalyzed Reduction of Carbon Dioxide at Illuminated Iron Pyrite Electrodes

The chemistry of the electrocatalytic reduction of CO2 using nitrogen containing heteroaromatics is further explored by the direct comparison of imidazole and pyridine catalyzed CO2 reduction at il...
Monascus Purpureus in Silage

During the year I909, the writer had frequent occasion to examine the molds which are common in silage not properly prepared or cared for. Such moldy silage has in several instances caused the death of farm animals, particularly horses; the symptoms of the disease being those of " forage poisoning" or " equine cerebro-spinal meningitis." Numerous cultures have been made and many molds isolated from different silages, among them several species of Penicillium, Aspergillus, Mucor, the mycelium of a hymenomycete (probably a Coprinus), and, in one instance, Monascus. The last mentioned was practically the only mold found in one sample. Inasmuch as no record has been found of its occurrence in America and no record of its occurrence in silage, a brief account of the fungus is here given with notes on its morphology and cultural characters. In March, I909, a moldy sample of silage was brought to the laboratory by a veterinarian. It was part of the contents of a silo and had been the apparent cause of the death of nine horses that had been fed upon it. Experimental evidence was brought forward later by Dean Stange, of the Department of Veterinary Medicine at the Iowa State College, which demonstrated the causal relationship of this silage to the disease. An examination of the material showed it to be thoroughly infected and matted with the mycelium of Monascus. Although no experimental evi-
High-Speed Distributed Sensing Based on Ultra Weak FBGs and Chromatic Dispersion

A high-speed quasi-distributed fiber optic sensing technique is proposed. A sensing link consisting multiple identical fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) was interrogated by a pulsed light source, and a dispersive unit at the receiver end was used to convert the wavelength shifts of the reflected pulses into time-delay changes. This Bragg wavelength-dependent time delay can be accurately calculated by a fast cross-correlation-based algorithm, enabling distributed high-speed sensing. This technique is experimentally demonstrated using a sensing link containing 2014 FBGs with a reflectance of about −35 dB. A wavelength resolution of 9.03 pm was achieved without any data averaging. Dynamic strain was applied to one of the FBGs, and corresponding wavelength variation was measured at a sampling rate of 20 kHz, obtaining a dynamic resolution of $\surd $ Hz.
Design of Integrated Service Platform in Intelligent Business Hall of Electric Power Enterprises

In order to improve the marketing service level of electric power enterprises,an integrated service platform in intelligent business hall of electric power enterprises is constructed according to the requirements of intelligent electricity service system construction.It is built on the basis of the current marketing business information systems,and uses the mainstream technologies,like streaming media technology,mass data storage technology,and intelligent analysis technology.The monitoring of service quality of business branches is realized,and the transition of marketing management methods in electric power enterprises is promoted.
Effect of production techniques on nutrient content in Lin'an pecans

In order to explore the change of nutritional components in walnuts after frying processing and steaming processing,the changes of the contents of nutritional components in walnuts were analyzed by using gas chromatography(GC),liquid chromatography(LC). The results showed that compare with raw walnuts the total amino acids contents in the two processes cooked pecan decreased by 14.86%(under boiling and baked process) and 25.95%(under fried process) respectively,while essential amino acids decreased by 19.69%(under boiling and baked process) and 29.96%(under fried process). The contents of total amino acids and essential amino acids in cooked pecan under fried process were lower than it under boiling and baked process by 13.02% and 12.79% respectively. The content of unsaturated fatty acids in cooked pecan was lower than raw walnuts by 6.43%(under boiling and baked process) and 18.18%(under fried process) respectively,the content of saturated fatty acids in cooked pecan processed was higher than it in raw by 40.61%(under boiling and baked process) and 114.70%(under fried process) respectively.
Deleterious effects of digitalis on newborn rabbit myocardium after simulated cardiac surgery.

We studied the effect of the digitalis glycoside ouabain on isolated blood-perfused neonatal (4- to 6-day-old) rabbit hearts during 60 minutes of hypothermic/ischemic arrest (at 15° C), simulating conditions during cardiac surgery. Compared with a control (no ouabain) group, both low- and high-dose ouabain groups had increased left ventricular diastolic chamber stiffness (“contracture”) during and after the arrest period. The high-dose ouabain group also showed less recovery of contractile function than did the control group. We conclude that digitalis glycosides have the potential to impair recovery of myocardial function in the newborn infant after hypothermic/ischemic arrest; myocardial relaxation and diastolic function appear more sensitive to this manifestation of digitalis toxicity than does contractile function.
The relative importance of pain and functional disability to patients with rheumatoid arthritis.

OBJECTIVE Pain and functional disability are 2 major factors influencing the health status of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). To determine the relative importance ascribed to these factors by patients, we examined the relationship of levels of both pain and functional disability to self-reported global arthritis status in patients with RA. METHODS Pain, disability and global arthritis status were measured prospectively in 305 patients with RA using the Health Assessment Questionnaire, which was completed by patients every 6 months for up to 9.5 years. The relative importance of pain and functional disability was determined by the relative magnitude of their association with global arthritis status, as estimated by pooled time series regression analysis. RESULTS At study entry, median levels of pain, functional disability, and global arthritis status for the cohort were 1.1 (possible range: 0-3.0), 1.25 (possible range: 0-3.0), and 35 (possible range: 0-100), respectively, indicating moderate arthritis severity. Both pain (p < 0.0001) and functional disability (p < 0.0001) were significantly related to changes in global arthritis status over time. The standardized regression coefficient of pain was 1.2 times larger than that of disability, indicating that patients' ratings of their arthritis status was only slightly more heavily weighted by changes in pain than by changes in functional disability. Pain was a more important feature than disability among nonwhites (pain/disability standardized coefficient ratio = 2.7), while disability appeared to be more important for males (ratio = 0.8). The duration of RA did not influence the relative importance of pain and disability. CONCLUSION Pain and functional disability were of similar importance to this group of patients with RA, and the relative importance of pain and disability did not vary with the duration of RA.
Fachangestellte(r) für Markt- und Sozialforschung

Das duale Ausbildungssystem in Deutschland hat sich uber viele Jahrzehnte entwickelt. Es ist das Ergebnis eines durch viele Veranderungen und Anpassungen gepragten Prozesses. Uber eine lange Zeit hinweg war das Ausbildungssystem in Deutschland durch zwei parallel laufende Systeme von betrieblicher Ausbildung und Berufsschule gepragt. Erst 1964 wurde der Begriff des Dualen Systems vom Deutschen Ausschuss fur das Erziehungsund Bildungswesen in dem „Gutachten uber das berufliche Ausbildungsund Schulwesen“ eingefuhrt. So wie in Deutschland wird das duale Ausbildungssystem in nur 4 weiteren europaischen Staaten angewendet (Abb. 1).
A sociocultural neuroscience approach to pain

A significant body of research has identified ethnic, racial, and national differences in pain report. Although a number of contemporary models of the pain experience include top-down modulation by social and cultural factors, the neurobiological mechanisms underlying these group differences in pain remain unknown. We argue that a sociocultural neuroscience approach to pain may elucidate the sociocultural and neurobiological mechanisms underlying group differences in pain report. As a foundation for this approach to pain we will (1) review examples of group differences in pain report, (2) propose a neurocultural model of pain that outlines and connects cultural and neurobiological mechanisms that may account for these group differences, (3) review the literature that supports the connections between culture, pain, and the brain in each stage of our model, and (4) discuss the novel contributions that a sociocultural neuroscience approach to pain can make to our understanding of pain and to improving pain diagnosis and treatment.
Width of 12 O(g.s.)

We have calculated the expected width for ${}^{12}\mathrm{O}$ sequential decay through a broad ${}^{11}\mathrm{N}(\mathrm{g}.\mathrm{s}.)$ to ${}^{10}\mathrm{C}(\mathrm{g}.\mathrm{s}.)$ and for simultaneous ${(}^{2}\mathrm{He})$ decay by convoluting $2p$ decay widths with the $\mathrm{pp}$ relative energy. Both widths are found to be about 60 keV.
Jails in the Early American Republic: Transcarceration, Decarceration, and Rabble Management

Recent state-level penal policy reforms have the potential to shift the burden of incarceration to local jails. We argue that such transcarceration is not a new phenomenon, but rather, is a persist...
The Eucharistic Materials in Enriching Our Worship 1: A Consideration of its Trinitarian Theology:

Enriching Our Worship 1 (1998) provides official supplemental liturgical texts for the Rite II services of Morning and Evening Prayer, the Litany, and the Holy Eucharist in the 1979 Book of Common ...
Exceptional summer warming leads to contrasting outcomes for methane cycling in small Arctic lakes of Greenland

Abstract. In thermally stratified lakes, the greatest annual methane emissions typically occur during thermal overturn events. In July of 2012, Greenland experienced significant warming that resulted in substantial melting of the Greenland Ice Sheet and enhanced runoff events. This unusual climate phenomenon provided an opportunity to examine the effects of short-term natural heating on lake thermal structure and methane dynamics and compare these observations with those from the following year, when temperatures were normal. Here, we focus on methane concentrations within the water column of five adjacent small lakes on the ice-free margin of southwestern Greenland under open-water and ice-covered conditions from 2012–2014. Enhanced warming of the epilimnion in the lakes under open-water conditions in 2012 led to strong thermal stability and the development of anoxic hypolimnia in each of the lakes. As a result, during open-water conditions, mean dissolved methane concentrations in the water column were significantly (p
High Circulatory Leptin Mediated NOX-2 Promotes Kidney Inflammation in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Via MiR21-Dependent Mesangial Cell Activation

High insulin and leptin resistance followed by underlying inflammation is often ascribed to the ectopic manifestations in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) but the exact molecular pathways remain unclear. We have shown previously that CYP2E1-mediated oxidative stress and circulating leptin in NAFLD is associated with renal disease severity. Extending the studies, we hypothesized that high circulatory leptin in NAFLD causes renal mesangial cell activation and tubular inflammation via a NOX2 dependent pathway that upregulates proinflammatory miR21. High fat diet (60%kcal) was used to induce fatty liver phenotype with parallel insulin and leptin resistance in WT, Leptin knockout (ob/ob) and p47 phox knockout mice. Kidneys were collected after pathology showed NASH-like phenotype and accelerated oxidative stress in the liver. The kidneys were probed for mesangial cell activation and tubular inflammation. Results showed that NAFLD kidneys had significant increases in α-SMA, a marker of mesangial cell activation, miR21 levels, tyrosine nitration and renal inflammation while they were significantly decreased in leptin and p47 phox knockout mice. Micro RNA21 knockout mice showed decreased tubular immunotoxicity and proinflammatory mediator release. Mechanistically, use of apocynin or phenyl boronic acid (FBA) or DMPO or miR21 antagomir inhibited leptin primed-miR21-mediated mesangial cell activation in vitro suggesting a direct role of leptin-mediated NOX-2 in miR21-mediated mesangial cell activation. Finally JAK-STAT inhibitor completely abrogated the mesangial cell activation in leptin-primed cells suggesting that leptin signaling in the mesangial cells depended on the JAK-STAT pathway. Taken together the study reports a novel mechanistic pathway of leptin-mediated renal inflammation in NAFLD. Grant support R00ES019875 to SC
Oregon Shelf Hypoxia Modeling

Bottom hypoxia on the shelf in the Northeast Pacific is caused by different processes than coastal hypoxia related to riverine inputs. Hypoxia off the coast of Oregon is a naturally occurring process as opposed to the anthropogenically forced hypoxia found in many coastal environments (e.g., Gulf of Mexico shelf, Chesapeake Bay). Off Oregon, bottom hypoxia occurs in summers that have large upwelling-driven near-bottom transport of high nitrate, low dissolved oxygen (DO) waters onto the shelf. The combination of low DO and high nitrate provides initially low (but not hypoxic) DO conditions near the bottom, and nitrate fertilization of shelf surface waters, leading to substantial phytoplankton production. Some production is grazed, and some of it sinks to the bottom where it decomposes consuming oxygen, creating bottom hypoxia in some years. Terrestrial runoff of nutrients into the system is small and not responsible for the development of bottom hypoxia. Similar processes contribute to natural hypoxia in other eastern boundary current upwelling regions, such as the Humboldt Current off Peru and the Benguela Current off Namibia and South Africa. We summarize the observational data on DO and illustrate the coupled biophysical modeling of hypoxia that has been done on the Oregon shelf. We compare hypoxia development in summer of 2002 and 2006, which differed in timing, spatial extent and intensity of hypoxia. Sensitivity analysis using various initial and boundary conditions for nitrate and dissolved oxygen reveals some of the essential conditions responsible for hypoxia development on the Oregon shelf.
Female Leadership and Firm Performance across Business Contexts

The stark underrepresentation of women in top management roles in today’s organizations has garnered much interest due to the social and ethical implications of such an imbalance. Above and beyond ...
The pediatric echocardiography Boot Camp: Four-year experience and impact on clinical performance.

BACKGROUND We previously reported on the short-term impact of an echocardiography "Boot Camp" on a single class of cardiology fellows (CF). The impact of the Boot Camp on performance throughout fellowship is unknown. METHODS We enrolled four classes of CFs and two classes of cardiac ICU fellows (CVs) prospectively into the Boot Camp and compared CFs to a historical cohort. Experience with echocardiography was surveyed. Outcome measures included written pre- and post-Camp exams, a performance based test (PBT), self-efficacy assessments, numbers of echocardiograms performed, and echocardiogram quality during the last 3 months of fellowship. RESULTS A total of 25 CFs and 7 CVs participated in the Boot Camp from July 2012-July 2015. Median experience score was 13/40 (4-23). Median self-efficacy improved from 22/147 (range 21-45) to 90/147 (range 49-133) (P=<.001), and written scores from 14/29 (8-24) to 24/29 (13-29) (P<.001). CFs who completed the Boot Camp performed more independent echocardiograms compared to controls at the end of the 1st (37.7±12.2 vs 28.2±12.1, P=.15), 2nd (71.3±24.4 vs 47.6±16.0, P=.044), and third year of fellowship (130.4±44.0 vs 100.0±29.3, P=.230), and on average achieved 150 total echocardiograms in the 4.8th quarter compared to the 7.8th quarter in controls, P=.053. 2D quality scores were higher and shortening fraction more often obtained in echocardiograms performed by Boot Camp CFs compared to controls. CONCLUSIONS The pediatric echocardiography Boot Camp improved self-efficacy, acquisition, and retention of echocardiography skills and knowledge, and increased echocardiogram performance. Observed differences between Boot Camp and control CFs appear to wane across fellowship.
Misdiagnosis: CNS Erdheim–Chester disease mimicking CLIPPERS

Introduction Chronic lymphocytic inflammation with pontine perivascular enhancement responsive to steroids (CLIPPERS) is an inflammatory central nervous system (CNS) disorder with particular involvement of the pons. Diagnostic criteria include a range of clinical symptoms related to the underlying brainstem pathology, visible with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). MRI findings include the appearance of punctuate and curvilinear gadolinium enhancement 'peppering' the pons. We discuss a patient presenting with clinical and radiographic characteristics of CLIPPERS who was diagnosed with Erdheim-Chester disease (ECD). Case report A 52-year-old male presented with 2 years of progressive spasticity, dysarthria, and gait instability. Initially, he was diagnosed with Parkinson's disease at an outside hospital, based on tremor, rigidity, and gait instability; however, he failed to improve with a trial of levodopa. Brain MRI showed small enhancing parenchymal nodules coalescing in the central pons, but also affecting the cerebellum and cerebellar peduncles, with more punctate enhancing lesions in the cerebral lobar subcortical white matter. When the patient's response to steroids was inadequate, further imaging was done, revealing perinephric processes. Subsequent biopsy revealed ECD. Conclusions A review of the literature for cases of CLIPPERS demonstrated a subset of patients later found to have various malignancies involving the CNS. This case report uses the patient's unique radiographic and clinical presentation to demonstrate the importance of the exclusion criteria within the CLIPPERS diagnostic requirements and stresses red flags suggestive of alternative diagnoses. This distinction is of high importance when differentiating a relatively benign process such as CLIPPERS from more malignant diseases.
The Influence of Visual, Auditory, and Linguistic Cues on Children’s Novel Verb Generalization

An influential theory proposes that children learn words by initially relying on perceptual cues to identify referents, only later recruiting social or linguistic cues to acquire new words (Golinkoff and Hirsh-Pasek 2007). Here we ask whether a similar bias also characterizes children’s extensions of words to novel contexts. In order to establish relative preference for cues in different modalities, we focus on how children recruit auditory, visual, and lexical distributional cues in extending verbs to unfamiliar contexts involving missing or conflicting information regarding the referent of the verb. Four-year olds were taught two nonce verbs and subsequently asked to produce one of the two verbs in novel contexts involving conflicting cues (e.g., the linguistic cue associated with one verb is paired with the visual cue associated with the other verb). To assess relative cue preference, children’s responses in the ‘bimodal conflicting cues’ condition were compared with their responses in a ‘baseline unimodal’ condition in which only one of the three cues was presented. Four-year olds overwhelmingly prefer to produce verbs associated with visual cues versus auditory or linguistic cues. But there is no advantage for auditory over linguistic cues when they are placed in conflict. These findings demonstrate that children weight perceptual cues more heavily than linguistic cues during the process of verb generalization, but only if the cues are visual. The cue-weighting strategies that children recruit during verb generalization are similar in some respects to those proposed for the process of mapping word forms onto referents during word learning and additionally may be driven by visual dominance effects that characterize cognitive processing in other kinds of tasks (Colavita 1974).
Cervantes, los musulmanes nuevos y la Información de Argel

Although we know for certain that Cervantes tried to escape from captivity in Algiers on four occasions, a consensus has not yet been reached on the reasons behind his survival of these adventures, at a time when recaptured fugitives suffered hard torments that served as examples in order to maintain the principal economic activity of that dominium of the Turkish Empire. After a brief review of the assumptions made by many critics and biographers, this work explores the documents related to Cervantes’ captivity alongside other sources from the period, finding an answer in the thesis that there existed ties of friendship and cooperation between Christian captives and the influential community of new Muslims in the Barbary Coast of the 16 th and 17 th centuries.
Team situation awareness in human-autonomy teaming: A systems level approach

Project overview. The current study focuses on analyzing team flexibility by measuring entropy (where higher values correspond to system reorganization and lower values correspond to more stable sy...
Role of Radiation Therapy in Hepatocellular Carcinoma

The toxicities of radiation to the liver have previously limited the feasibility and utility of radiation therapy in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. Traditional treatment techniques did not allow for high, curative doses of radiation to be delivered while sparing the surrounding functional liver, bowel, and other critical organs. However, due to advances in technology, long-term tumor control rates appear to be comparable to ablation and surgical resection when curative doses can be administered. Similarly, toxicity rates from modern series are acceptable, particularly given the common comorbidity profile of this patient population. This may due to advances in radiation delivery techniques which allow for higher doses to be given more precisely with a lower risk of toxicity to the uninvolved liver and other nearby critical structures. More conformal techniques using IMRT or proton therapy can help to achieve this goal. SBRT and hypofractionated regimens also appear promising and allow shorter courses without compromising safety or efficacy.
To Build by Destruction.

In this issue of Molecular Cell, Weith et al. (2018) demonstrate that p97, together with a SEP adaptor, can catalyze ordered subunit exchange to facilitate the biogenesis of protein phosphatase-1 (PP1) holoenzyme, establishing a novel ubiquitin-independent "segregase" function for this versatile ATPase.
Perceptions of Latinos and Political Stances

This paper explores perceptions among white Americans about Hispanics in the United States, the relationship between perceptions and policy stances on immigration and laws pertaining to culture (like official-English laws), and whether the dissemination of facts can affect perceptions and policy stances. In a survey experiment, half of the respondents were asked to guess the share of the Hispanic population living in the United States that is undocumented, unemployed, and fluent in English. The other half of respondents read true information about Hispanic documentation status, employment status, and English fluency. All respondents were then asked about immigration policies and culturally-related laws. Results reveal that great misperceptions about Hispanics exist. People overestimate the share undocumented and unemployed, and drastically underestimate the share fluent in English. Such misperceptions have a relationship with support for restrictive immigration policies and cultural laws. Moreover, when people are faced with facts that counter their misperceptions, while most do update their perceptions accordingly, a substantial share of respondents firmly hold on to misperceptions. Finally, learning new information that counters misperceptions does not affect policy stances.
Biotechnological Approaches for Generating Zinc-Enriched Crops to Combat Malnutrition

The past twenty years have seen the application of biotechnology to generate nutritionally improved food crops. Biofortified rice, cassava, maize, sorghum and other staple crops biofortified with essential micronutrients have great potential to benefit the world’s poor, in terms of both health and economics. This paper describes the use of genetic modification to generate crops that are biofortified with zinc. Examples of zinc-enhanced crops which have been developed using biotechnological approaches will be discussed, and new approaches for research and development will be outlined. The impact of these biofortified crops on human health and well-being will be examined. This paper will conclude with a discussion of the obstacles that must be overcome to enable zinc-fortified crops to be accessible for the world’s malnourished.
Creativity in Science

Science would not exist if it were not for the creative ideas of its participants. The psychology of science has empirically addressed and answered the questions of who becomes a creative scientist. The answers provide particular profiles of neural complexity, development, personality, and cognition. This article summarizes these literatures and provides an integrated profile of the creative scientist. For example, the creative scientist compared to the less creative scientist is called to the life of science at a younger age, remains highly productive, is more confident, flexible, and hostile, and solves problems more often using analogy, metaphor, and visual imagery.
Detection prospects of core-collapse supernovae with supernova-optimized third-generation gravitational-wave detectors

We discuss how to optimize the third-generation gravitational-wave detector to maximize the range to detect core-collapse supernovae. Based on three-dimensional simulations for core-collapse and the corresponding gravitational-wave waveform emitted, the corresponding detection range for these waveforms is limited to within our Galaxy even in the era of third-generation detectors. The corresponding event rate is two per century. We find from the waveforms that to detect core-collapse supernovae with an event rate of one per year, the gravitational-wave detectors need a strain sensitivity of $3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}27}\text{ }\text{ }{\mathrm{Hz}}^{\ensuremath{-}1/2}$ in a frequency range from 100 to 1500 Hz. We also explore detector configurations technologically beyond the scope of third-generation detectors. We find with these improvements, the event rate for gravitational-wave observations from core-collapse supernovae is still low, but is improved to one in twenty years.