cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Race, Urban Governance, and Crime Control: Creating Model Cities

In the late 1960s and early 1970s, the city of Seattle received federal Department of Housing and Urban Development “Model cities” funds to address issues of racial disenfranchisement in the city. Premised under the “Great Society” ethos, Model cities sought to remedy the strained relationship between local governments and disenfranchised urban communities. Though police-community relations were not initially slated as an area of concern in the city's grant application, residents of the designated “model neighborhood” pressed for the formation of a law and justice task force to address the issue. This article examines the process and outcome of the two law-and-justice projects proposed by residents of the designated “model neighborhood”: the Consumer Protection program and the Community Service Officer project. Drawing on the work of legal geographies scholars, I argue that the failure of each of these efforts to achieve residents' intentions stems from the geographical imagination of urban problems. Like law-and-order projects today, the geographical imagination of the model neighborhood produced a discourse of exceptionality that subjected residents to extraordinary state interventions. The Model cities project thus provides an example of a “history of the present” of mass incarceration in which the geographical imagination of crime helps facilitate the re-creation of a racialized power structure.
Ultrastructural studies of the mouse blastocyst substages.

The mouse blastocyst stage covers approximately 2 days. During this period, embryonic development advances through four ultrastructurally distinct substages. Specific ultra-structural characteristics, such as changes in cell shape and/or the distribution of intracellular organelles, may be used to characterize the various cell types from each other at each substage (e.g. trophoblast from inner cell mass cells), as well as to distinguish the same cells from each other at different substages (e.g. substage 1 abembryonic trophoblast cells from substage 2 abembryonic trophoblast cells). A distinguishing characteristic of these blastocyst substages are the membrane contacts (tight junctions, desmosomes, focal tight junctions) between cells. The apical surfaces of adjacent trophoblast cells, from the time of cavity formation until the initial stage of implantation, are connected by a tight junction and a desmosome. The basal region of the apposed trophoblast membranes, however, vary both in their spatial interrelationship with each other and in their defined cellular contacts. Likewise, the cell contacts between the inner cell mass cells, and between these cells and the embryonic trophoblast cells, are distinctive for each blastocyst substage.
Nonlinear spectral analysis of flow through multifractal porous media

Abstract In previous work, we have considered flow in a saturated D-dimensional aquifer when the hydraulic conductivity K is an isotropic lognormal multifractal field. We found that the resulting hydraulic gradient ∇H and specific flow q are also multifractal fields and obtained their scaling properties in analytical form. Here we use these scaling properties to derive the spectral density tensors of ∇H and q and the macrodispersivities. The analysis is nonlinear and accounts for the local random rotation of the ∇H and q fields as the resolution to which the ln(K) field is developed increases. The spectra show that ∇H and q are anisotropic at large scales, but become increasingly isotropic at smaller scales. The rate at which isotropy is approached depends on the space dimension D and the multifractal characteristics of K. Conventional first- and second-order methods do not capture this important feature and further give incorrect amplitudes and power decays of the spectral density tensors. At short distances, the macrodispersivities from nonlinear theory are significantly larger than those from linear perturbation analysis.
Binding of imidazole to the heme of cytochrome c1 and inhibition of the bc1 complex from Rhodobacter sphaeroides: I. Equilibrium and modeling studies.

We have used imidazole (Im) and N-methylimidazole (MeIm) as probes of the heme-binding cavity of membrane-bound cytochrome (cyt) c1 in detergent-solubilized bc1 complex from Rhodobacter sphaeroides. Imidazole binding to cyt c1 substantially lowers the midpoint potential of the heme and fully inhibits bc1 complex activity. Temperature dependences showed that binding of Im (Kd ≈ 330 μm, 25 °C, pH 8) is enthalpically driven (ΔH0 = −56 kJ/mol, ΔS0 = −121 J/mol/K), whereas binding of MeIm is 30 times weaker (Kd ≈ 9.3 mm) and is entropically driven (ΔH0 = 47 kJ/mol, ΔS0° = 197 J/mol/K). The large enthalpic and entropic contributions suggest significant structural and solvation changes in cyt c1 triggered by ligand binding. Comparison of these results with those obtained previously for soluble cyts c and c2 suggested that Im binding to cyt c1 is assisted by formation of hydrogen bonds within the heme cleft. This was strongly supported by molecular dynamics simulations of Im adducts of cyts c, c2, and c1, which showed hydrogen bonds formed between the NδH of Im and the cyt c1 protein, or with a water molecule sequestered with the ligand in the heme cleft.
Engineering property requirements for high performance ceramics

Abstract The engineering design of components using high performance ceramics requires various material properties. The property requirements depend on the ceramic system being considered: simply supported monolithic ceramics, mechanically attached or bonded ceramics, ceramic composites and ceramic coatings. The basis for the property needs in each of these systems is evaluated within the context of micromechanics descriptions of failure modes. Techniques for property measurements are then discussed and design criteria are identified.
Nonlinear Absorption of Coherent Resonance Radiation in Pink Ruby

A high resolution study has been made of the R1 doublet in the absorption spectrum of pink ruby, using a temperature-controlled ruby laser as a variable frequency monochromatic source. The source and sample crystals were oriented for measurement of the absorption of alpha-polarized radiation, and the measurements were made near liquid nitrogen temperature. The observed absorption coefficient was found to decrease as the intensity of the incident beam was increased, indicating that significant depletion of the ground state was effected by the resonant pumping action of the laser beam. The highest laser beam intensity employed was approximately 100 J/cm2. At this intensity level a significant reduction in the spectral spacing of the R1(±32) and R1(±12) components of the absorption doublet was also observed. Time-resolved spectral measurements showed, moreover, that at similar intensity levels, temporally smooth incident beams at frequencies near the absorption line peaks emerged from the sample temporally structured. The observed reduction in the absorption coefficient agrees well with calculations based on a simple model for ground state depletion, but no detailed theoretical explanation of the other observed phenomena has yet been developed.
Isoelectric Heterogeneity of Secreted Renin Differs after β-Adrenergic Stimulation*

Renal cortical slices from rat kidney were found to contain and secrete six forms of renin (EC 3.4.00.19). The multiple forms were demonstrated by an isoelectric focusing technique utilizing a stable, steady state pH gradient. The isoelectric points of the six secreted forms had the following pH values: 5.70, 5.55, 5.30, 5.15, 4.9, and 4.8, and represent, respectively, 1%, 62%, 17.5%, 8.5%, 8%, and 3% of the secreted renin. In the presence of isoproterenol (10-6 M), renin secretion from the renal cortical slices was increased significantly (87%) over control (P < 0.05). The increased renin secretion was accompanied by a significant change in the relative proportions of the six secreted forms of renin. These results indicate that multiple renin forms are stored and secreted by the rat kidney and that stimuli that increase renin secretion can preferentially increase the secretion of some of the multiple forms. It is hypothesized that isoproterenol stimulates the secretion of stored renin, which appears to b...
Analysis of the step response of the saccadic feedback: system behavior.

We used prolonged stimulation of the monkey superior colliculus to elicit staircase eye movements. By changing the parameters of the stimulating current we were able to obtain movements with different dynamics. An increase in the current frequency resulted in the shortening of the intersaccadic interval and a decrease of the amplitudes in the staircase. In cases of high stimulation, after an initial saccade of fixed metrics, the eyes moved in an apparently smooth fashion. The movement was conjugate and in the same direction as the first saccade. By analyzing the velocity trace we found that the movement consisted of a chain of small saccades, each of which started before the previous one ended. We conducted a quantitative analysis of the staircase movements including the cases of apparently smooth movement of the eyes. We conclude that all of the movements elicited by prolonged SC stimulation were generated by the saccadic feedback circuitry. The dynamic profiles of the elicited movements changed continuously with the stimulating current parameters. On one end of the continuum we observed the classically described staircase movements with individual movements separated in time. On the other end of the continuum we saw the apparent smooth movement as the limit case produced by high stimulation of the SC.
Surface Disturbance Evolution and the Splattering of Turbulent Liquid Jets

We investigate the growth of surface disturbances on turbulent liquid jets in air and its relation to the amount of splattering when the jet strikes a target. A laser-based optical technique is used to measure the instantaneous local amplitude of fluctuations on jets produced by fully-turbulent tube nozzles. Measurements were made over the portion of the jet between 0.2 and 45 nozzle diameters downstream of the nozzle. Jets of water, an isopropanol-water mixture, and water with a surfactant were studied. The local rms amplitude of surface disturbances scales with the jet Weber number and the dimensionless distance from the target. The measurements show a nonexponential growth of the rms amplitude as the liquid moves downstream. Power spectra of the disturbance ampliludes show broadband turbulent disturbances to be dominant over any single wavenumber Rayleigh-type instabilily. The measured rms amplitude of roughness on the jet surface correlates well with the fraction of impinging liquid splattered, as hypothesized in previous models of splattering. A mathemalical model of the free-surface/turbulence interaction is also given. The spectrum of surface disturbances is calculated based on the pressure spectrum of isotropic, homogeneous turbulence.
Comment on "Ingestion of slow-release iron treated with gastric lavage - never say late".

To The Editor:The report by Goldstein and Berkovitch in Clinical Toxicology 44(3) suggests that gastric lavage, a nearly abandoned procedure, may play a role in patients presenting hours after an o...
Evaluation of the role of second-look surgery in ovarian cancer

The role of second-look surgery in the management of patients with ovarian cancer has come under question. One hundred one patients have undergone the operation at Yale University over the last decade. Of 67 who had epithelial ovarian cancer, 43% had positive and 57% had negative second-look surgery. Multivariate analysis revealed that stage was a significant prognostic factor with regard to second-look surgery findings, as well as absolute and disease-free survival. We found initial tumor size and results of cytology at second-look surgery to be prognostic factors with regard to survival after a positive second-look surgery. Survival after negative second-look surgery was significantly greater than that after a positive operation. However, no improvement in survival accrued to the group of advanced-stage, platinum-treated patients who underwent second-look surgery, compared with a similar group of patients who were eligible but did not undergo the procedure. We conclude that second-look surgery in epithelial ovarian cancer patients should be limited to experimental protocol situations in which precise measurement of tumor size may be important. In ovarian germ cell malignancies, second-look surgery, in the absence of tumor markers, can be justified.
Treatment of ACE Inhibitor‐Induced Cough

Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors are widely administered to treat numerous medical conditions. Although they are generally well tolerated, they are associated with a dry cough that can lead to discontinuation of treatment. Data concerning the frequency, onset, and clinical effects vary among the agents. When discontinuing the ACE inhibitor is not an ideal option, pharmacologic treatment of the cough may be considered, such as cromolyn, baclofen, theophylline, sulindac, and local anesthetics.
Markers of minor brain damage are associated with developmental performance in preschool children.

(2002) Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology 44, 323; Gosselin J, Amiel-Tison C, Infante-Rivard C, Fouron C, Fouron JC. . Minor neurological signs and developmental performances in high risk children at preschool age. . May; . : . –8. . [OpenUrl][1][CrossRef][2][PubMed][3][Web of Science][4] QUESTION: Is there a relationship between minor neurological signs and later developmental performance in high risk preschool children? Cohort study. One hospital in Montreal, Canada; January 1991 to June 1998. 72 preschool children at risk of poor development due to maternal placental insufficiency (documented with an abnormal umbilical artery Doppler velocity waveform). Mean age 4 years (range 2–5 years); 53% female. Exclusion criteria were gestational age under 29 weeks at birth; families that did not speak French at home; location outside metropolitan area; chromosome disorders; congenital malformations; consanguinity, and evidence of socio-familial problems such as mental illness, drug addiction, receipt of welfare or physical abuse. A short neurological examination was used to assess neurological status. Participants were categorised as … [1]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DDevelopmental%2Bmedicine%2Band%2Bchild%2Bneurology%26rft.stitle%253DDev%2BMed%2BChild%2BNeurol%26rft.aulast%253DGosselin%26rft.auinit1%253DJ.%26rft.volume%253D44%26rft.issue%253D5%26rft.spage%253D323%26rft.epage%253D328%26rft.atitle%253DMinor%2Bneurological%2Bsigns%2Band%2Bdevelopmental%2Bperformance%2Bin%2Bhigh%2Brisk%2Bchildren%2Bat%2Bpreschool%2Bage.%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1017%252FS0012162201002158%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F12033718%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [2]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1017/S0012162201002158&link_type=DOI [3]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=12033718&link_type=MED&atom=%2Febmental%2F6%2F1%2F19.atom [4]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=000175692600007&link_type=ISI
Six-month study of the effects of a chlorhexidine mouthrinse on gingivitis in adults

The effects of a chlorhexidine gluconate mouthrinse on plaque and gingivitis were studied among 430 adults in a six-month clinical trial. Subjects were divided in two comparable treatment groups matched for age, sex, and initial gingivitis severity. Following a thorough oral prophylaxis, they were instructed to rinse twice a day for 30 seconds with 15 ml of a 0.12% chlorhexidine gluconate mouthrinse or a placebo mouthrinse. After three and six months of mouthrinse use, the chlorhexidine group had significantly less gingivitis, gingival bleeding, and plaque accumulation compared to the placebo group. As expected, accumulation of dental calculus and extrinsic dental stain increased in the chlorbexidine group. No significant differences in adverse oral soft tissue effects were observed between the two groups. Since use of oral antimicrobial agents has been reported to produce tooth and tongue stain, gingivitis examinations were done with and without tooth covers to eliminate the potential for examiner bias. Comparable reductions in the Gingival Index scores and gingival bleeding were obtained when the evaluations were conducted with or without the tooth covers. It was concluded that a 0.12% chlorhexidine gluconate mouthrinse can provide an important adjunct to the prevention and control of gingivitis when used with regular personal oral hygiene procedures and professional care.
Proteolytic destruction of synovial boundary lubrication.

ANIMAL joints are subjected to much lower friction than are sliding man-made bearings. This results in part from the soft microporous nature of the articular cartilage1–3, and in part from the synovial fluid4,5 which serves as a lubricant. This mucinous fluid contains large molecules of hyaluronic acid, an unbranched mucopolysaccharide which seems to be coupled to a small protein6. Boundary lubrication arises when these macromolecules adsorb to the rubbing surfaces4,7,8 of the joint.
Lipid Mixing and Content Release in Single-Vesicle, SNARE-Driven Fusion Assay with 1–5 ms Resolution

A single-vesicle, fluorescence-based, SNARE-driven fusion assay enables simultaneous measurement of lipid mixing and content release with 5 ms/frame, or even 1 ms/frame, time resolution. The v-SNARE vesicles, labeled with lipid and content markers of different color, dock and fuse with a planar t-SNARE bilayer supported on glass. A narrow (<5 ms duration), intense spike of calcein fluorescence due to content release and dequenching coincides with inner-leaflet lipid mixing within 10 ms. The spike provides more sensitive detection of productive hemifusion events than do lipid labels alone. Consequently, many fast events previously thought to be prompt, full fusion events are now reclassified as productive hemifusion. Both full fusion and hemifusion occur with a time constant of 5–10 ms. At 60% phosphatidylethanolamine lipid composition, productive and dead-end hemifusion account for 65% of all fusion events. However, quantitative analysis shows that calcein is released into the space above the bilayer (vesicle bursting), rather than the thin aqueous space between the bilayer and glass. Evidently, at the instant of inner-leaflet mixing, flattening of the vesicle increases the internal pressure beyond the bursting point. This may be related to in vivo observations suggesting that membrane lysis often competes with membrane fusion.
Mechanical characteristics of the mandible after bilateral sagittal split ramus osteotomy: comparing 2 different fixation techniques.

Purpose Using finite element (FE) computer model simulation, we compared the mechanical characteristics of the mandible after bilateral sagittal split ramus osteotomy (BSSRO) through the use of 2 different techniques to stabilize the osteotomy. Materials and methods Based on the reconstructed geometry from computed tomography scans of dry adult skull with a mandibular deformity requiring surgical correction, we developed 3-dimensional FE models that simulate BSSRO with 2 different techniques to stabilize the osteotomy. Technique 1 uses 3 bicortical titanium screws. Technique 2 uses a curved titanium plate with 4 monocortical screws. Five different load cases were applied to the mandible after the simulated BSSRO with the mandible being constrained at both temporomandibular joints. To evaluate the efficacy of these 2 stabilization techniques, we compared 1) the resulting deflections at the central incisor, 2) the mechanical stresses developed in the bone in the vicinity of the stabilizing implants, and 3) the mechanical stresses developed within the screw/plating system themselves. Results Technique 1, using 3 bicortical titanium screws, leads to smaller deflections at the central incisor for all 5 load cases, suggesting higher mechanical stability. Technique 1 also leads to lower mechanical stresses in the bone and in the implanted screws, whereas technique 2 is associated with higher values in each of these quantities. Conclusions To stabilize osteotomies after a 3-dimensional simulated BSSRO, 3 bicortical screws forming an inverted-L configuration are shown to offer more effective load transmission in the mandibular construct. This technique, when examined in an FE model, leads to higher stability with lower mechanical stresses in the bone near the bicortical screws.
Control of the uteroplacental circulation in health and disease

Abstract The various neurohumoral and intrinsic factors that control the uteroplacental hemodynamics in health and disease and in responses to physiologic and pharmacologic stimuli have been reviewed. The following conclusions may be derived: 1. (a) We still need improvement in our methodology of monitoring uterine blood flow. The present methods, which have some reliability, are not easily applicable to human subjects and even in animals their use presents problems of accuracy and sensitivity with which the investigator must become familiar. 2. (b) The marked and progressive increase in uterine blood flow that occurs during pregnancy is caused by complex factors, some of which are hormonal and hemodynamic in nature. The increased vascularity of the pregnant uterus and the opening of the arterioles during the process of formation of the intervillous space are important factors that facilitate the increase in uterine blood flow. The increment seems to be totally derived from the increment in the cardiac output that occurs during pregnancy. There seems to be no redistribution among the regional blood flows of the body. 3. (c) In the anesthetized condition the blood flow to the uterus depends largely on the perfusing pressure; the critical closing pressure seems to be around the 40 mm Hg level. This linear flow-pressure relationship does not, however, apply to the unanesthetized condition. A rise or fall in the perfusing pressure in the conscious state may be accompanied by an increase or decrease in the uterine blood flow, depending on the underlying mechanisms. Factors that lead to α-adrenergic stimulation produce an increase in uterine vascular resistance and a decrease in flow, irrespective of the status of the perfusing pressure. β-adrenergic stimulation may increase uterine blood flow either through their vasodilating action or through their myometrial relaxing effects. Hypertensive diseases are most often accompanied by a decrease in uterine blood flow, whereas hypoxic states may decrease the flow even though the arterial pressure may not change significantly. 4. (d) It is extremely risky to extrapolate from information obtained in the anesthetized animal to the unanesthetized, conscious animal. Likewise, data obtained from normotensive conditions may not hold true for the hypertensive or hypotensive states. This is of particular relevance when one is dealing with the effects of pharmacologic agents that act on the cardiovascular system. 5. (e) Uterine contractions, whether induced through spontaneous or oxytocin-induced labor, produce a decrease in uterine blood flow. The decrease is related strictly to an increase in the vascular resistance brought about by the contraction and not to central hemodynamic events. 6. (f) Events that lead to maternal hypoxia produce uterine vasoconstriction and a decrease in uterine blood flow despite an increase in the cardiac output. The uterine vasoconstriction is related to α-adrenergic stimulation produced by oxygen deprivation.
Disposition of hydrogen in quenched zirconium-hydrogen alloys☆

Abstract Transmission electron microscopy has been used to study the disposition of hydrogen in quenched zirconium-hydrogen alloys. Hydrogen in interstitial solid solution at 573° K was not retained in supersaturated solution by quenching in water. Freshly quenched alloys contained finely dispersed needles of zirconium hydride, some of which increased in size during aging at room temperature. Nucleation sites for precipitation were randomly distributed in the matrix.
Differences in the response of inbred lines of mice to thiouracil and thyroprotein.

It is well known that there are wide species, sex and age differences in thyroid activity; that marked alteration in thryoid function can be brought about by environmental changes such as temperature; and that alteration of nutritional or endocrine status may affect the activity of the thyroid gland. Less well known are the influences of genetic constitution on thyroid function. Such differences in genetic makeup may be referred to as breed differences within a species, e.g., differences between the White Leghorn, Rhode Island Red, etc. Strain differences, in the case of chickens, generally refer to chickens which have been selected over a period of time for a specific purpose such as rapid-growth, slow-growth, rapid-feathering, etc. Line differences, as in mice, generally refer to lines of mice which have been selected over a period of time for some particular character such as growth rate, mature body size, etc.
The use of the Gompertz curve in an analysis of the dynamics of lizard tail regeneration.

Abstract The application of “least square fit” analysis to time curves of regenerate length provides insight into the effects of temperature, photoperiod, and age on the rate and extent of tail regeneration in Anolis carolinensis. The results of different experimental regimes are indicated by two parameters of the Gompertz equation in a precise, repeatable manner. One parameter reflects some aspect of the regenerative process during the period prior to measureable elongation (e.g. during the period of blastema initiation and/or formation) and is responsible for the wide variability in final regenerate length reported previously. This parameter appears to be lognormally distributed throughout the population. The other parameter is essentially constant for all animals under a given set of environmental conditions, but varies with environmental conditions. Equations derived from the Gompertz function permit prediction of the progress of individual regenerates. Improved methods for standardizing reporting and comparison of rates of regeneration in different experimental groups and species are suggested.
The influence of stacking fault energy on the wear resistance of nickel base alloys

An effort has been made in the present investigation to correlate the deformation and sliding wear resistance of a series of nickel-cobalt and nickel-copper single phase, fcc, solid-solution alloys with their stacking fault energy (SFE) by conducting reciprocating sliding wear tests against a diamond ball in ambient air. The surface damage has been characterized through scanning electron microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. For the nickel-cobalt alloys the measured wear rates were found to be mostly controlled by work-hardening and fatigue fracture of the near surface region and a good correlation was obtained between the wear rates and the SFE of these alloys. The same trend has also been observed in nickel-copper alloys having less than 50 wt.% copper. In higher alloy compositions, however, it was found that the influence of SFE on the wear rate is overshadowed by the beneficial lubricating effect of build-up of copper oxides on the wearing alloy surface.
Photosynthetic and leaf morphological characteristics in Leucaena leucocephala as affected by growth under different neutral shade levels.

Morphological and physiological measurements on individual leaves of Leucaena leucocephala seedlings were used to study acclimation to neutral shading. The light-saturated photosynthetic rate (Pn max) ranged from 19.6 to 6.5 μmol CO2 m−2 s−1 as photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) during growth decreased from 27 to 1.6 mol m−2 s−1. Stomatal density varied from 144 mm−2 in plants grown in high PPFD to 84 mm−2 in plants grown in low PPFD. Average maximal stomatal conductance for H2O was 1.1 in plants grown in high PPFD and 0.3 for plants grown in low PPFD. Plants grown in low PPFD had a greater total chlorophyll content than plants grown in high PPFD (7.2 vs 2.9 mg g−1 on a unit fresh weight basis, and 4.3 vs 3.7 mg dm−2 on a unit leaf area basis). Leaf area was largest when plants were grown under the intermediate PPFDs. Leaf density thickness was largest when plants were grown under the largest PPFDs. It is concluded that L. leucocephala shows extensive ability to acclimate to neutral shade, and could be considered a facultative shade plant.
Mutants of Rhizobium tropici strain CIAT899 that do not induce chlorosis in plants

Type B strains of Rhizobium tropici induce severe foliar chlorosis when applied at planting to seeds of symbiotic host and non-host dicotyledonous plants. A Tn5-induced mutant, designated CT4812, of R. tropici strain CIAT899 that was unable to induce chlorosis was isolated. Cloning and sequencing of the DNA flanking the transposon in CT4812 revealed that the Tn5 insertion is located in a gene similar to glnD, which encodes uridylyltransferase/uridylyl-removing enzyme in enteric bacteria. Two marker-exchange mutants with insertions in glnD also failed to induce chlorosis in bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) plants. The 5′-most insertion in glnD (in mutant strain ME330) abolished the ability of R. tropici to utilize nitrate as a sole carbon source, whereas a mutation in glnD further downstream (in mutant strain ME245) did not have an obvious effect on nitrate utilization. A gene similar to the Salmonella typhimurium virulence gene mviN overlaps the 3′ end of the R. tropici glnD homologue. A mutation in mviN had no effect on the ability of CIAT899 to induce chlorosis in bean plants. Therefore the glnD homologue, but not mviN, appears to be required for induction of chlorosis in plants by R. tropici strain CIAT899. A high nitrogen:carbon ratio in the rhizosphere of bean plants also prevented R. tropici from inducing chlorosis in bean plants. Mutations in either the glnD homologue or mviN had no significant effect on root nodule formation or acetylene reduction activity. A mutation in mviN eliminated motility in R. tropici. The sequence data, the inability of the glnD mutant to utilize nitrate, and the role of the R. tropici glnD gene in chlorosis induction in plants,a process that is nitrogen regulated, suggest that glnD plays a role in nitrogen sensing in R. tropici as its homologues do in other organisms.
Is Advertising a Good or a Bad? Evidence from U.S. Magazine Subscriptions*

This article investigates whether advertising has a beneficial or deleterious impact on the demand for magazine subscriptions. Specifically, we test whether the demand for magazines indicates if consumers consider advertising a “bad” or a “good.” Using data describing 95 U.S. magazines for the years 1996–98 we find that advertising substituted for editorial content reduces both the quantity and price of magazine subscriptions. However, the full impact of additonal advertising on subscription price and quantity is tied to the percentage of a magazine dedicated to advertising. We show how this ambiguity is reflected in the magazines included in our sample.
Improved responsiveness of reconfigurable manufacturing systems using a standards-based approach to assess manufacturing capacity

Market acceptance of the S95 enterprise-control system integration standard and its adoption in IEC 62264, combined with the use of the ISO 15745 application integration scheme, offers a common framework for integrating diagnostic and control activities with asset maintenance and management activities. This paper describes a standard-based approach to improve the responsiveness of reconfigurable systems by using condition-based maintenance and diagnostics information to assess manufacturing capacity. Use of integration models and interoperability schemas enable manufacturing management to have greater visibility into the current state and the capabilities of manufacturing assets to meet scheduled manufacturing requirements.
Tracking by the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory

Artificial satellites tracking by Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, discussing station locations, instrumentation, operation modes, interface and selection
“Prettier Than They Used to Be”: Femininity, Fashion, and the Recasting of Radcliffe's Reputation, 1900–1950

Brains and beauty? From the pants suit of Wellesley grad Hillary Clinton to the toned arms of Princetonian Michelle Obama, the American public is preoccupied with the physical appearance of highly educated women. This article explores how administrators, publicists, and students at Radcliffe College mounted a half-century-long campaign to convince America that smart girls can be sexy.
Individual Psychotherapy for the Sexually Abused Child.

This paper describes one Center's experience using individual psychotherapy to help the sexually abused child. The approach described rests upon a five-part conceptualization of the traumatic experience: trauma, threat to ontogeny, neglect and emotional unavailability by the caregiver, child's feeling of exploitation, and the child's adaptation. The process of treatment is divided into three phases: starting, middle and closing. Some common issues which occur are guilt, loss and anger, as well as alterations in the child's sexual feelings. The psychotherapeutic approach to these and other issues is coordinated with other therapies. If the child is to appear in court, the experience of testifying provides a reality-based focus for treatment and is not a divisive problem for the therapist. At times, therapists experience feelings of anger, hopelessness and a desire to rescue their patients. The therapists meeting in a supervision group provided a means of understanding and working through the therapists' experiences. Future study of the therapy process with long term follow-up could reveal the issues necessary for an abused child to negotiate in order to achieve full recovery. Further research could establish which treatment modality is primarily suited to a particular type of sexually abused child taking into account differences in age, duration and severity of abuse, family dynamics and psychological impact.
Aristotle On Elemental Motion

L'A. souleve le probleme theorique du mouvement des elements chez Aristote, en tant qu'il doit obeir a la fois au mouvement naturel defini dans le livre VIII de la «Physique», et a la necessite d'une cause interne de ce mouvement, en vertu de la conception d'un principe interne regissant la nature, tel qu'il est defini au livre II de la «Physique»
EPR study of high-Tc superconductor Y0.9Ho0.1Ba2Cu3O7−δ

Abstract X-band EPR study of polycrystalline Y0.9Ho0.1Ba2Cu3O7−δ high-Tc superconductor has been made in the temperature range 4.2-300 K. As the temperature is lowered, the dependence of the intensity of the Cu2+ line on temperature exhibits a jump at 80 K, while the low-field microwave absorption, indicating onset of superconducting properties, begins to occur at the superconducting transition temperature Tc = 60 K. The estimated sizes of Josephson junctions are in the range 0.2–0.4 μm below 60 K. The amplitude of the low-field microwave absorption line fitted to (Tc−T)n, yields the critical exponent to be n = 1.45. The values of the lower critical field, the thermodynamic critical field, and the upper critical field for the Y0.9Ho0.1Ba2Cu3O7−δ sample, extrapolated to 0 K, have been determined to be 75 mT, 1.75 T, and 173 T, respectively. The electronic specific heat coefficient is estimated to be γ = 3.4 mJ/(mole Cu)K2. Significant covalency due to Cu2+−O2- bonds is observed. The Cu2+ EPR spectrum is due to the phase with increased oxygen vacancies.
Inverse filtering as a tool in voice research and therapy

This paper describes technical and practical aspects of inverse filtering applied to speech signals, with particular emphasis on the filtering of flow signals. Theoretical and practical methodological problems are discussed as well as the possibilites and limitations of the technique. Analysis of both sustained phonation and running speech is exemplified. Possible clinical applications are suggested.
Simulations of the Extratropical Transition of Tropical Cyclones: Phasing between the Upper-Level Trough and Tropical Cyclones

Abstract Whether the tropical cyclone remnants will become a significant extratropical cyclone during the reintensification stage of extratropical transition is a complex problem because of the uncertainty in the tropical cyclone, the midlatitude circulation, the subtropical anticyclone, and the nonlinear interactions among these systems. In a previous study, the authors simulated the impact of the strength of the midlatitude circulation trough without changing its phasing with the tropical cyclone. In this study, the impact of phasing is simulated by fixing the initial position and amplitude of the midlatitude trough and varying the initial position of the tropical cyclone. The peak intensity of the extratropical cyclone following the extratropical transition is strongly dependent on the phasing, which leads to different degrees of interaction with the midlatitude baroclinic zone. Many aspects of the simulated circulation, temperature, and precipitation fields appear quite realistic for the reintensifyin...
A New Formulation and an Efficient Numerical Technique for a Nonisothermal, Anisotropic, Two-Phase Transport Model of PEMFC

In this paper, a new formulation and an efficient numerical technique are preliminarily studied for a nonisothermal, anisotropic, two-phase transport model of PEMFC, where flow, species, charge and energy equations are all addressed. The importance of water and temperature management are investigated in the anisotropic and nonisothermal point of view. Due to the employment of multi-phase mixture (M2 ) model, the diffusivity of water transport presents the significant discontinuity and degeneracy across the interface of single gas phase region and two-phase region. In addition, the distinct discontinuity of water diffusivity also emerges through the membrane. Such discontinuities and degeneracy of water diffusivity challenge the fast convergence of nonlinear iteration in numerical simulation, showing oscillating and even divergent iteration process. Based on an intensive new formulation of M2 model for PEMFC, an efficient numerical technique, Kirchhoff transformation, is specifically employed in order to overcome such numerical difficulties and achieve fast and convergent simulation. Numerical experiment is implemented accordingly to indicate the efficiency of the presented numerical technique, in contrast to the oscillating iterations without new numerical technique.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Synthetic Relatives of Reserpine

A group of Mannich bases, containing the 3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl moiety as in reserpine, has been synthesized. Preliminary pharmacological screening suggests that one of the group, the morpholine Mannich base from 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzalacetone, demonstrated certain CNS depressant effects in mice, indicating that it might be considered as a tranquilizing agent for further studies.
Atomic layer deposited silicon dioxide films on nanomechanical silicon nitride resonators

Thin silicon dioxide films are deposited on nanomechanical resonators using atomic layer deposition (ALD), and their effect on the resonant properties of silicon nitride devices is studied as a function of thickness. We present experimental data and an analytical model for the effect of ALD growth and corroborate the model by studying resonators coated with atomic layer deposited aluminum nitride as well. As thicker films are deposited, device frequency shifts, become nonlinear with thickness, and quality factors drop significantly. Thin silicon dioxide coatings can be deposited on virtually any device surface to support surface chemistries commonly used in biochemical functionalization on glass surfaces. We also demonstrate that the efficiency of silane functionalization improves by 35% when low stress silicon nitride surfaces are coated with only 2.1 nm of atomic layer deposited silicon dioxide. This ALD modification technique should be particularly useful for nanomechanical resonant sensors since a thi...
Béla Bartók’s Arab music research and composition

In 1913 Bela Bartok traveled to Algeria to research Arab folk music. He took with him the most modern technological device then available, the Edison phonograph, and recorded Arab peasants performing their music. Analysis of his ensuing scholarly documentation and free composition reveals the inspiration Bartok drew from Arab folk music, not only in his treatment of traditional musical elements — melody, rhythm, and harmony — but also in novel incorporation of exotic timbre, scales, drum modes, ululation, and exorcism. This paper elucidates diverse musical elements with examples from authentic folk music and Bartok’s compositions. What emerges is a remarkably comprehensive image of Arab music, seen through the lens of Bela Bartok’s unique scholarship and creativity.
The injury severity score in pregnant trauma patients: predicting placental abruption and fetal death.

BACKGROUND: The Injury Severity Score (ISS) is the national standard for injury severity assessment but has been rarely validated in the pregnant population. METHODS: We evaluated 294 pregnant women who were hospitalized for injury in Washington State from 1989 to 1997. We used ICDMAP-90 computer software to assign an ISS to all women. We identified injured pregnant women who experienced a placental abruption or a fetal death using the Washington State delivery hospitalization data and the birth certificate or fetal death records. We evaluated the accuracy of the ISS in predicting these adverse outcomes using sensitivity analysis. RESULTS: We found that the ISS was not accurate in predicting placental abruption and fetal death. We also found that relatively minor injuries were associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes. CONCLUSION: A more comprehensive injury assessment tool is needed to accurately predict adverse outcomes in the pregnant trauma population.
The time control theory of linear differential equations of neutral type

Abstract The paper tackles the time optimal control theory of linear neutral equations. Controllability questions in function space are answered. The existence and forms of an optimal control are established both in function space and in Euclidean space.
Habitat Use of Fox Squirrels in an Urban Environment

Abstract Tree squirrels are one of the most familiar mammals found in urban areas and are considered both desirable around homes and, conversely, a pest. We examined fox squirrel (Sciurus niger) habitat use in inner city and suburban areas using radiotelemetry. We estimated habitat selection ratios at differing scales by season and fox squirrel activity. Telemetry data suggests that during periods of inactivity radiocollared fox squirrels (n = 82) selected 1) areas with greater tree canopy, 2) live oaks (Quercus fusiromis and Q. virginiana), and 3) trees with larger diameters and canopies. When inactive during the winter and spring, fox squirrels also preferred, within their core areas, to use the inside of buildings, and during periods of activity in the autumn and spring, fox squirrels preferred grassy areas. During periods of activity, fox squirrels avoided using pavement but did not exclude it from their core-area movements. Fox squirrels' ability to use buildings and to tolerate pavement in core-area...
Inhibition of binding of [3H]metolazone to rat kidney membrane by stilbene disulfonates

Abstract Thiazide diuretics inhibit an electroneutral chloride and sodium reabsorptive transport pathway in the renal distal convoluted tubule. [ 3 H]Metolazone binds with high affinity to the drug recognition site on the thiazide-sensitive ion transporter. The molecular nature of this transporter is currently unknown. This report examines whether stilbene disulfonates [4,4'-diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid (DIDS) and 4-acetamido-4'-isothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid (SITS)], agents that have been used to identify other anion-transporting proteins, could be useful m the identification of the thiazide receptor. We found that high concentrations of DIDS or SITS were required to inhibit binding of [ 3 H]metolazone to rat kidney membranes, with apparent IC 50 values of 380 and 940 μM, respectively. The inhibition was due to a decrease in the number of binding sites without alteration in the affinity of the binding. The inhibition was not reversible, as judged by the inability of the inhibition to be reversed by removal of the DIDS or SITS from the membranes prior to equilibration with [ 3 H]metolazone. Addition of 100 mM NaCl to the incubation medium did not protect the [ 3 H]metolazone binding site from inhibition by DIDS. We infer that DIDS and SITS irreversibly inhibit binding of [ 3 H]metolazone by reaction with the thiazide receptor at a site other than the anion-transporting site.
The role of radionuclide scanning in the evaluation of neoplasms of the salivary glands: A review

Evaluation of neoplasms of the salivary glands is a challenging surgical problem since there is no reliable laboratory procedure to confirm the diagnosis of a tumor or to indicate its nature or extent. Radionuclide scanning of the salivary glands can be performed using Tc99m-pertechnetate, which is actively concentrated by the glands at the level of the intralobar ducts. This test does not appear capable of detecting lesions which are not evident clinically. The only two types of tumors which give a consistent scan appearance are Warthin's tumor, which appears ‘hot’ relative to the surrounding tissue, and metastatic lesions, which are ‘cold’ or distort the normal portions of the gland. In general, primary malignancies also appear ‘cold,’ but the mixed tumor has a highly variable appearance. This procedure is useful in evaluating the topographic relationships of salivary gland neoplasms and in differentiating them from neck or facial masses, as well as in determining the functional impairment of the glands caused by the tumor. The results with salivary gland scanning to date have been somewhat disappointing, although the application of recent technologic advances in this field and standardization of the scanning technique in a large series of patients may eventually justify the initial optimism in this diagnostic study.
Digital games in academic libraries: a review of games and suggested best practices

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of available online library games and offer six suggestions for best practices based on the available games.Design/methodology/approach – The paper presents a thorough review of the literature on online games in libraries as well as an analysis of the games freely available online. Further information from some game designers was sought by e‐mail as needed to enhance the published literature.Findings – A total of 17 online library games have been mentioned in the literature, 11 of which are at least partially available online. They vary greatly in type of game, technical sophistication, cost of development, and visual appeal. Some have been successful (designers report being satisfied), some have been less successful, and some have been abandoned before completion. Suggestions for development of future games include keeping it simple; having a plan to use it in class or market to faculty; “gating” key concepts; making it fun; giving feedback; a...
Mechanics of Rate-Independent Materials

In this paper we consider the formulation of constitutive equations for rate-independent materials with memory, i.e. materials for which the stress at any instant of time depends on the deformation history, but not on the rate at which the deformation history is executed.