cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Occurrence frequencies of IMF triggered and nontriggered substorms

The occurrence of triggered and nontriggered substorm are examined in light of current interest in such issues as substorm identification, IMF By variations, and potentially undetected small-scale solar wind perturbation. Global substorms are identified using a sudden, persistent decrease in the AL index. The onset of this global expansion is taken to be the time of the Pi 2 burst nearest in time to the beginning of the AL, decrease. IMF triggers were identified both subjectively through visual scanning of the data and automatically with a computer algorithm. Both northward turnings of the IMF Bz and decreases in the amplitude of the By component were considered as possible triggers. Two different solar wind monitors were used in the investigation: IMP-8 in a circular orbit with a distance 12 to approx.35 Re to the Earth-Sun line and ISEE-2 in an elliptical orbit with a distance only 5 to approx.10 Re to the Earth-Sun line. The IMP-8 results show that the triggering probability does not depend on the distance of the monitor from the Earth-Sun line in the range 12-35 Re. The ISEE dataset shows that closer than 12 Re the triggering probability is the same as it is in the IMP-8 data set. Thus there appears to be no dependence of triggering on the location of the monitor provided it is within 35 Re of the Earth. We also demonstrate that including the By component does not significantly increase the probability of substorm triggering. Approximately 60% of all substorms appear to be triggered. Of the 40% for which we could not identify a trigger, 10% occurred while the IMF was northward. The data suggest that substorm onset is a consequence of an internal magnetospheric instability that is highly sensitive to changes in magnetospheric convection induced by a sudden change in the IMF, but that these changes are not always necessary.
The Prevalence and Effects of Hunger in an Emergency Department Patient Population

Objectives: Little is known about the prevalence and health effects of hunger among ED patients. The objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence of hunger among patients in a large urban ED and to examine whether it has adverse health effects. Methods: A survey about hunger, choices between buying food and buying medicine, and adverse health outcomes related to food adequacy over the preceding 12 months was administered to a convenience sample of adult non-critically ill ED patients from afternoon and evening shifts. The study was conducted in the ED of Hennepin County Medical Center in Minneapolis, Minnesota. Results: Of the 302 eligible patients who were asked to participate, 297 (98%) agreed. Eighteen percent reported not having enough to eat at least once in the preceding 12 months: 14% reported that they had “gotten sick” as a result of not being able to afford their medicine, resulting in an ED visit or hospital admission 50% of the time. Predictors of making choices about buying food vs medicine include having a chronic health condition, lack of private health insurance, having a reduction in food stamps, having an annual income less than 10,000, and lack of alcohol use. By patient report, a reduction in food stamps was a predictor of ED visits and hospitalizations as a result of making choices about buying food over medicine. Conclusion: The ED patients in this urban setting have high rates of hunger and many must make choices between buying food and medicine, which patients report results in otherwise preventable ED visits and hospitalization. Loss or reduction of food stamps is associated with increased hunger and increased perceived adverse health outcomes as a result of not being able to afford medicine.
Wild justice and fair play: cooperation, forgiveness, and morality in animals

In this paper I argue that we can learn much about ‘wild justice’ and the evolutionary origins of social morality – behaving fairly – by studying social play behavior in group-living animals, and that interdisciplinary cooperation will help immensely. In our efforts to learn more about the evolution of morality we need to broaden our comparative research to include animals other than non-human primates. If one is a good Darwinian, it is premature to claim that only humans can be empathic and moral beings. By asking the question ‘What is it like to be another animal?’ we can discover rules of engagement that guide animals in their social encounters. When I study dogs, for example, I try to be a ‘dogocentrist’ and practice ‘dogomorphism.’ My major arguments center on the following ‘big’ questions: Can animals be moral beings or do they merely act as if they are? What are the evolutionary roots of cooperation, fairness, trust, forgiveness, and morality? What do animals do when they engage in social play? How do animals negotiate agreements to cooperate, to forgive, to behave fairly, to develop trust? Can animals forgive? Why cooperate and play fairly? Why did play evolve as it has? Does ‘being fair’ mean being more fit – do individual variations in play influence an individual's reproductive fitness, are more virtuous individuals more fit than less virtuous individuals? What is the taxonomic distribution of cognitive skills and emotional capacities necessary for individuals to be able to behave fairly, to empathize, to behave morally? Can we use information about moral behavior in animals to help us understand ourselves? I conclude that there is strong selection for cooperative fair play in which individuals establish and maintain a social contract to play because there are mutual benefits when individuals adopt this strategy and group stability may be also be fostered. Numerous mechanisms have evolved to facilitate the initiation and maintenance of social play to keep others engaged, so that agreeing to play fairly and the resulting benefits of doing so can be readily achieved. I also claim that the ability to make accurate predictions about what an individual is likely to do in a given social situation is a useful litmus test for explaining what might be happening in an individual's brain during social encounters, and that intentional or representational explanations are often important for making these predictions.
RANDOM EVENT GENERATION WITH PREFERRED FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTIONS.

Abstract A method of random event generation is described that allows wide choices for the frequency distribution of the generated events in Lorentz-invariant phase space.
Contributions of the structural proteins of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus to protective immunity

We investigated the contributions of the structural proteins of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus (CoV) to protective immunity by expressing them individually and in combinations from a recombinant parainfluenza virus (PIV) type 3 vector called BHPIV3. This vector provided direct immunization of the respiratory tract, the major site of SARS transmission, replication, and disease. The BHPIV3/SARS recombinants were evaluated for immunogenicity and protective efficacy in hamsters, which support a high level of pulmonary SARS-CoV replication. A single intranasal administration of BHPIV3 expressing the SARS-CoV spike protein (S) induced a high titer of SARS-CoV-neutralizing serum antibodies, only 2-fold less than that induced by SARS-CoV infection. The expression of S with the two other putative virion envelope proteins, the matrix M and small envelope E proteins, did not augment the neutralizing antibody response. In absence of S, expression of M and E or the nucleocapsid protein N did not induce a detectable serum SARS-CoV-neutralizing antibody response. Immunization with BHPIV3 expressing S provided complete protection against SARS-CoV challenge in the lower respiratory tract and partial protection in the upper respiratory tract. This was augmented slightly by coexpression with M and E. Expression of M, E, or N in the absence of S did not confer detectable protection. These results identify S among the structural proteins as the only significant SARS-CoV neutralization antigen and protective antigen and show that a single mucosal immunization is highly protective in an experimental animal that supports efficient replication of SARS-CoV.
The crystal to glass transformation in relation to melting

Abstract Recent experimental studies of the crystal to glass transformation (CGT) in metallic materials are surveyed. Thermodynamic principles are used to demonstrate the relationship between CGT and ordinary melting. Polymorphic phase diagrams are employed to describe melting under conditions where atomic diffusion is inhibited. This defines the T0-curve (or polymorphic melting curve). Experimental studies of the specific heat, elastic and vibrational properties, and atomic scale structure of crystalline solids as the degree of static disorder is increased (as the T0-curvedis approached) suggest a common underlying mechanism by which crystalline solids are destabilized with respect to amorphization and melting. Molecular dynamics studies of supersaturated binary solid solutions as a function of composition, atomic size ratio, pressure, and temperature have been used to further explore this problem. These results are discussed and compared with the experiments on actual binary alloys. It is concluded that the crystal to glass transformation is driven by a type of localized shear instability of the crystal.
A finitely additive white noise approach to nonlinear filtering

An approach to nonlinear filtering theory is developed in which finitely additive white noise replaces the Wiener process in the observation process model. The important case when the signal is a Markov process independent of the noise is investigated in detail. The theory turns out to be simpler than the current theory based on the stochastic calculus. Stochastic partial differential equations are replaced by partial differential equations in which the observation (in the finitely additive set up) occurs as a parameter. Theorems on existence and uniqueness of solutions are obtained. The white noise approach has the advantage that it provides a robust solution to the filtering problem. Furthermore, the robust theory based on the Ito calculus can be recovered from the results of this paper.
Attracting female attention: the evolution of dimorphic courtship displays in the jumping spider Maevia inclemens (Araneae: Salticidae)

Males of the dimorphic jumping spider (Maevia inclemens) differ in both their morphologies and courtship displays (i.e. phase I). The tufted morph stilts and waves from an average distance of 9 cm from a female, whereas the grey morph crouches and sidles from an average distance of 3 cm from a female. The objective of this study was to determine the significance of the different courtship displays using computeranimated versions of males performing phase I courtship in a Y-maze where first male movement and then the distance of the stimulus was controlled. Females selected the first male that they orientated to at the close distance of 4 cm and at the far distance of 16cm. However, there was no preference for the first male at the intermediate distance of 8 cm or the furthest distance of 24 cm. In addition, males have morph-specific advantages regarding the time it takes to attract female attention. Grey males attracted female attention in less time than tufted males at 4 and 8 cm. However, tufted males attracted female attention in less time than grey males at 16 cm. These results suggest a mechanism for the evolution of two different courtship displays whereby each morph has an advantage at different distances from the female.
Toll-like receptor 7 suppresses virus replication in neurons but does not affect viral pathogenesis in a mouse model of Langat virus infection

Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) recognizes guanidine-rich viral ssRNA and is an important mediator of peripheral immune responses to several ssRNA viruses. However, the role that TLR7 plays in regulating the innate immune response to ssRNA virus infections in specific organs such as the central nervous system (CNS) is not as clear. This study examined the influence of TLR7 on the neurovirulence of Langat virus (LGTV), a ssRNA tick-borne flavivirus. TLR7 deficiency did not substantially alter the onset or incidence of LGTV-induced clinical disease; however, it did significantly affect virus levels in the CNS with a log10 increase in virus titres in brain tissue from TLR7-deficient mice. This difference in virus load was also observed following intracranial inoculation, indicating a direct effect of TLR7 deficiency on regulating virus replication in the brain. LGTV-induced type I interferon responses in the CNS were not dependent on TLR7, being higher in TLR7-deficient mice compared with wild-type controls. In contrast, induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines including tumour necrosis factor, CCL3, CCL4 and CXCL13 were dependent on TLR7. Thus, although TLR7 is not essential in controlling LGTV pathogenesis, it is important in controlling virus infection in neurons in the CNS, possibly by regulating neuroinflammatory responses.
Theophylline-stimulated aerobic glucose uptake by rat thymocytes exposed to anoxia.

Untersuchung der Wirkung von Theophyllin auf den aeroben Glukosestoffwechsel isolierter Thymuszellen. Nach sauerstoffreier Inkubation zeigten die Thymocyten einen Anstieg der Glukoseaufnahme, der jedoch nicht zu einer gleichzeitigen Erhohung von Lactat oder14CO2 fuhrt.
International Student Persistence at a Faith-Based Institution

As college and university campuses continue to increase access and diversify their enrollments, more research must examine the experiences of specific student populations and at specific institutions, particularly as these relate to student success in terms of persistence. Dominant persistence theories are often inadequate to explain the behaviors of today's diverse students. Recent research has attempted to broaden these theories by examining factors such as campus climate, sense of belonging, validation, and cultural background to determine their impact on persistence. Institutional characteristics play a critical role in students’ academic and social experiences and must also be considered. Similarly, additional research is needed that examines factors affecting persistence beyond the first year. This qualitative study explored the experiences of international students in their senior year at a faith-based institution to identify persistence factors. Although international students are significant cont...
Gravity wave saturation and eddy diffusion in the middle atmosphere

Abstract A discussion is given of gravity wave saturation and its relation to eddy diffusion in the middle atmosphere. Attention is focused on the saturation process and some of its observable manifestations. It does not serve as a review of all related work. Although a theoretical point of view is taken, the emphasis is on which wave parameters need be measured to predict quantitatively the influence of gravity waves on eddy transport. The following considerations are stressed: the variation of spectra with observation time T ; that eddy diffusivities are determined by velocity spectra; the anisotropic nature of diffusivity; a unified approach to saturation; an attempt to make eddy diffusivity more precise; the relationship between eddy diffusivity and wave dissipation. The subjects of ‘wave drag’ (momentum flux deposition) and heat flux need only be treated briefly, because they are related to eddy diffusivity in simple ways. Consideration is also given to two different theoretical mechanisms of wave saturation—wave induced convective instability and strong nonlinear wave interactions. The saturation theory is then used to predict a globally averaged height profile of vertical diffusivity in the middle atmosphere. This calculation shows that gravity waves are a major contributor to eddy diffusion from heights of 40–110 km, and that they are significant down to 20 km. A more detailed calculation of wave induced eddy diffusion, including latitudinal and seasonal variations, can be made if wave velocity spectra become available. The paper closes with recommendations for future research.
The anti-tobacco campaign of the Nazis: a little known aspect of public health in Germany, 1933–45

Historians and epidemiologists have only recently begun to explore the Nazi anti-tobacco movement. Germany had the world's strongest antismoking movement in the 1930s and early 1940s, encompassing bans on smoking in public spaces, bans on advertising, restrictions on tobacco rations for women, and the world's most refined tobacco epidemiology, linking tobacco use with the already evident epidemic of lung cancer. The anti-tobacco campaign must be understood against the backdrop of the Nazi quest for racial and bodily purity, which also motivated many other public health efforts of the era. Medical historians in recent years have done a great deal to enlarge our understanding of medicine and public health in Nazi Germany. We know that about half of all doctors joined the Nazi party and that doctors played a major part in designing and administering the Nazi programmes of forcible sterilisation, “euthanasia,” and the industrial scale murder of Jews and gypsies.1 2 Much of our present day concern for the abuse of humans used in experiments stems from the extreme brutality many German doctors showed towards concentration camp prisoners exploited to advance the cause of German military medicine.3 One topic that has only recently begun to attract attention is the Nazi anti-tobacco movement.4 5 6 Germany had the world's strongest antismoking movement in the 1930s and early 1940s, supported by Nazi medical and military leaders worried that tobacco might prove a hazard to the race.1 4 Many Nazi leaders were vocal opponents of smoking. Anti-tobacco activists pointed out that whereas Churchill, Stalin, and Roosevelt were all fond of tobacco, the three major fascist leaders of Europe—Hitler, Mussolini, and Franco—were all non-smokers.7 Hitler was the most adamant, characterising tobacco as “the wrath of the Red Man against the White Man for having been given hard liquor.” At …
Incongruence as a doorway to deeper self-awareness using experiential focusing-oriented dreamwork

According to Rogers, incongruence is a necessary condition of personality change. Gendlin argued that this concept implies experiencing and works only if one views it as a dynamic process. Incongru...
The relation of TAT and inkblot aggressive content scales with each other and with criteria of overt aggressiveness in juvenile delinquents.

Abstract In order to determine if the contradictions in the literature on the relation between projective test measures of aggression and overt aggressive behavior is the result of the many different scales and criteria which have been used, the TAT and Holtzman Inkblot protocols of 76 juvenile delinquents were scored on 4 TAT and 5 inkblot aggressive content scales and the scores related to 11 different criteria of overt aggression. The data showed quite different patterns of relations depending on the scales and criteria used. While the TAT and HIT appeared to tap different aspects of the personality, there was no evidence that the HIT elicited “deeper” material or that it was less subject to distortion.
Temperature modulation of the transmission barrier in quantum point contacts

We investigate near-equilibrium ballistic transport through a quantum point contact (QPC) along a GaAs/AlGaAs heterojunction with a transfer matrix technique as a function of temperature and the shape of the potential barrier in the QPC. Our analysis is based on a three-dimensional (3D) quantum-mechanical variational model within the Hartree-Fock approximation that takes into account the vertical depletion potential from ionized acceptors in GaAs and the gate-induced transverse confinement potential that reduce to an effective slowly varying one-dimensional (1D) potential along the narrow constriction. The calculated zero-temperature transmission exhibits a shoulder ranging from 0.3 to 0.6 depending on the length of the QPC and the profile of the barrier potential. The effect is a consequence of the compressibility peak in the 1D electron gas and is enhanced for antiferromagnetic interaction among electrons in the QPC, but is smeared out once temperature is increased by a few tenths of a Kelvin.
Detection of Bacillus anthracis Spore Germination In Vivo by Bioluminescence Imaging

We sought to visualize the site of Bacillus anthracis spore germination in vivo. For that purpose, we constructed a reporter plasmid with the lux operon under control of the spore small acid-soluble protein B (sspB) promoter. In B. subtilis, sspB-driven synthesis of luciferase during sporulation results in incorporation of the enzyme in spores. We observed that B. anthracis Sterne transformed with our sspBp::lux plasmid was only luminescent during germination. In contrast, Sterne transformed with a similarly constructed plasmid with lux expression under control of the protective antigen promoter displayed luminescence only during vegetative growth. We then infected A/J mice intranasally with spores that harbored the germination reporter. Mice were monitored for up to 14 days with the Xenogen In Vivo Imaging System. While luminescence only became evident in live animals at 18 h, dissection after sacrificing infected mice at earlier time points revealed luminescence in lung tissue at 30 min after intranasal infection. Microscopic histochemical and immunofluorescence studies on luminescent lung sections and imprints revealed that macrophages were the first cells in contact with the B. anthracis spores. By 6 h after infection, polymorphonuclear leukocytes with intracellular spores were evident in the alveolar spaces. After 24 h, few free spores were observed in the alveolar spaces; most of the spores detected by immunofluorescence were in the cytoplasm of interstitial macrophages. In contrast, mediastinal lymph nodes remained nonluminescent throughout the infection. We conclude that in this animal system, the primary site of B. anthracis spore germination is the lungs.
Induction of cell-mediated cytotoxic self responses by epidermal cells modified with a haptenic sulphydryl reagent

Murine epidermal cells (EC) act as stimulator cells in the generation of allogeneic cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) in cell-mediated lympholysis (CML) and are suitable targets for allogeneic and hapten-self CTL. To analyse the role of EC in the generation of and recognition by anti-self CTL, syngeneic hapten-modified murine EC were used as in vivo and in vitro stimulating populations and as target cells in a hapten-self CML system. Epidermal cells were modified with the sulphydryl-reactive haptenic reagent N-iodoacetyl-N'-(5-sulphonic-1-naphthyl)ethylenediamine (I-AED). C3H.SW (H-2b) AED-self CTL responses were generated by stimulation with syngeneic AED-modified EC and were readily demonstrated when tested on syngeneic hapten-modified EC. These CML responses were hapten-specific and H-2 restricted. No substantial difference was detected in the ability of AED-modified EC and spleen cells (SC) to stimulate the generation of secondary AED-self CTL. Cold target inhibition experiments with hapten-modified EC and SC blockers did not reveal tissue-specific recognition of hapten-modified EC or SC targets by AED-self CTL. These findings demonstrate that hapten-modified EC, when used for priming in vivo and subsequently for in vitro sensitization, can induce hapten-specific self CTL that are reactive against syngeneic hapten-modified EC.
Religion and Free Will Perceptions as Coping Mechanisms in Caregivers of Individuals With Dementia: A Review of the Literature

Looking after a person with a mental illness takes a profound toll on the caregiver (Spurlock, 2005; Suro & Weisman de Mamani, 2013). Pinpointing beliefs and practices that can ameliorate this dist...
The Social Origins of Popular Nationalism in Syria: Evidence for a New Framework

In his Interpreting the French Revolution, Francois Furet defines political sociability as the “specific mode of organizing the relations between citizens (or subjects) and power, as well as among citizens (or subjects) themselves in relation to power.” According to Furet, shifts from one form of political sociability to another can and do take place, particularly during periods of comprehensive economic, political, and social change. One such period preceded the events of 1789 when, as an unintended consequence of state building and economic development under the ancien regime, a democratic/horizontal political sociability increasingly replaced the hierarchic/ vertical political sociability that had previously ordered French society.
A study on using structured lighting to analyze time varying image sequences

Abstract In this paper, we investigate the problem of analyzing time varying image sequences using structured lighting. The goal is to estimate the structure and motion parameters of 3D objects in arbitrary motion from a sequence of structured light coded images. The surface of the moving objects may be either planar or curved, and the mode of motion is unrestricted. In our analysis, a structured light coded image is partitioned into small windows, and each window is assumed to view a piece of a plane, of a sphere, or of a cylinder. These windows can be processed in parallel. The distortion of the projected pattern observed in an image is related to the surface orientation and structure of the imaged object. Furthermore, as the imaged object moves, the light pattern cast on its surface changes accordingly. Change of the observed light pattern over time is utilized to compute the motion parameters of the imaged object.
Kainate-activated cobalt uptake in the primary gustatory nucleus in goldfish: visualization of the morphology and distribution of cells expressing AMPA/kainate receptors in the vagal lobe.

Gustatory afferent fibers of the vagus nerve that innervate taste buds of the oropharynx of the goldfish, Carassius auratus, project to the vagal lobe, which is a laminated gustatory nucleus in the dorsal medulla. As in the mammalian gustatory system, responses by second-order cells in the goldfish medulla are mediated by N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and non-NMDA ionotropic glutamate receptors. We utilized a cobalt uptake technique to label vagal lobe neurons that possess cobalt-permeable ionotropic glutamate receptors. Vagal lobe slices were bathed in kainate (40 μM) or glutamate (0.5 or 1 mM) in the presence of CoCl2, which can pass into cells through the ligand-gated cation channels of non-NMDA receptors made up of certain subunit combinations. Cobalt-filled cells and dendrites were observed in slices that were activated by kainate or glutamate, but not in control slices that were bathed in CoCl2 alone, nor in slices that were bathed with the non-NMDA receptor antagonist 6,7-dinitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (10 μM) in addition to an agonist. Likewise, simple depolarization of the cells with KCl failed to induce cobalt loading. Cobalt-filled round unipolar cells, elongate or globular bipolar cells, and multipolar cells with elongate or polygonal perikarya were distributed throughout the cell layers in the sensory zone of the vagal lobe. Numerous labeled neurons had dendrites spanning layers IV and VI, the two principal layers of primary afferent input. Apical and basal dendrites often extended radially through neighboring laminae, but many cells also extended dendrites tangential to the lamination of the sensory zone. In the motor layer, cell bodies and proximal dendrites of small, multipolar neurons, and large motoneurons were regularly loaded with cobalt. J. Comp. Neurol. 431:59–74, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
An application of a finite spectrum assignment technique to the design of control laws for a wind tunnel

An application of a finite spectrum assignment method for time-delay systems to a feedback control of Mach number in a wind tunnel is presented. The linearized model of Mach number control is a system of three state equations with a delay in one of the state variables. The proposed feedback is a linear combination of state variables and weighted integrals of some of the state variables over a period equal to time delay. The spectrum of the closed loop system is finite and consists of three eigenvalues that can be placed arbitrarily. Four possible variants of the feedback control law are presented. The calculation of feedback coefficients is very simple. Systems dynamics and feedback laws were simulated numerically.
Promises and Challenges of the Neurobiological Approach to Empathy

Empathy is a complex social cognitive construct. Its scientific investigation requires both a careful analysis of the concepts used as well as a multilevel integrative analysis, including studies with atypical populations, not just neuroimaging data in healthy participants. Further, the fact that the experience of empathy involves both intrapersonal and interpersonal emotional states poses a challenge to neuroscientific investigations.
Chromosomal deletion and plasmid complementation of the photosynthetic reaction center and light-harvesting genes from Rhodopseudomonas capsulata.

Abstract Using in vitro interposon mutagenesis, Rhodopseudomonas capsulata strains have been constructed wherein all or part of the reaction center (RC), light-harvesting I (LHI), and light-harvesting II (LHII) structural genes have been deleted. In one series of strains, the 2778-bp ApaI fragment bearing more than 90% of the rxcA operon (promoter and structural genes coding for LHIβ, LHIα, RC-L and RC-M) has been deleted from the chromosome. When the rxcA operon is deleted, resultant strains possess only LHII and are photosynthetically defective. The rxcA deletion in an LHII− background results in a strain lacking all LH antennae and RC subunits. As expected this strain has no near-infrared absorption characteristic of LH or RC bacteriochlorophyll. The rxcA deletion may be complemented by a pBR322 derivative carrying the entire rxcA operon (pU21). In a second series of deletion mutants, the 2500-bp BstEII-StuI fragment, including the β and α structural genes coding for LHII has been deleted from the chromosome. In the wild-type background, functional RC and LHI are synthesized. LHII may be restored in the deletion strain by conjugal transfer of the plasmid pU2 which carries the LHII operon.
Development of cooling strategy for an air cooled lithium-ion battery pack

Abstract This paper describes a cooling strategy development method for an air cooled battery pack with lithium-ion pouch cells used in a hybrid electric vehicle (HEV). The challenges associated with the temperature uniformity across the battery pack, the temperature uniformity within each individual lithium-ion pouch cell, and the cooling efficiency of the battery pack are addressed. Initially, a three-dimensional battery pack thermal model developed based on simplified electrode theory is correlated to physical test data. An analytical design of experiments (DOE) approach using Optimal Latin-hypercube technique is then developed by incorporating a DOE design model, the correlated battery pack thermal model, and a morphing model. Analytical DOE studies are performed to examine the effects of cooling strategies including geometries of the cooling duct, cooling channel, cooling plate, and corrugation on battery pack thermal behavior and to identify the design concept of an air cooled battery pack to maximize its durability and its driving range.
What is the cosmion

Abstract The solar neutrino problem can be solved if the sun has accreted a sufficient number of weakly interacting particles from the dark matter of the galaxy. Three explicit particle physics models for these cosmions are given, each having a different mechanism for suppressing cosmion annihilations in the sun.
Potentially Macrocyclic Peptidyl Boronic Acids as Chymotrypsin Inhibitors.

The possibility of forming a peptide boronate adduct in a serine protease active site that mimics the first tetrahedral intermediate in the peptide hydrolysis mechanism was explored with the complex boronic acid analogs 7, 8-OH, and 8-NH2. In these structures, the P1 and P2 residues and the P1‘-P3‘ residues are connected through the P2 and P1‘ side chains, to encourage formation of the diester or amide-ester adducts via macrocyclization. These inhibitors were assembled from suitably protected derivatives of 2,4-diaminobutanoic acid or 2,4-diaminopentanoic acid (11), borophenylalanine (12), aspartic acid, malic acid or the substituted malic acid analog 13, and Leu-Arg dipeptide. Stereoselective syntheses were developed for the (S,S)-2,4-diaminopentanoate 11 and for the (S,S)-β-isobutylmalate 13 derivatives. The complex peptidyl boronates 7 (Ki = 26 nM) and 8-OH (68 nM) are potent inhibitors of α-chymotrypsin; however, the affinity of 7 is neither time- nor pH-dependent, and it is only moderately greater th...
Late Life Attachment in Context: Patterns of Relating Among Men and Women from Seven Ethnic Groups

The purpose of the present study was to develop the later life attachment literature by providing data contrasting patterns of attachment among 616 older men and women (aged 50 to 70) from seven ethnic groups in the United States: African Americans, English-speaking Caribbeans, Haitians, Dominicans, Puerto Ricans, Eastern Europeans, and European Americans. A multivariate analysis of the variance with ethnicity, gender, and income as factors predicting four dimensional styles of attachment (secure, dismissive, preoccupied, and fearful avoidant) revealed numerous ethnic differences in attachment styles. Most notably, Haitians reported greater dismissiveness than all other groups, with Eastern Europeans reporting more than Dominicans, Puerto Ricans, European Americans and African Americans. Haitians also reported lower fearful avoidance than all other groups. Dominicans and Puerto Ricans reported greater preoccupation than Haitians, African Americans, and English-speaking Caribbeans. The most notable interactions with gender and income revealed that although preoccupation was lower among African American, English-speaking Caribbean, Haitian, and European American women versus men, it was greater among Dominican, Puerto Rican, and Eastern European women, and that whereas security was generally high among European Americans notwithstanding income, income strongly impacted attachment security in other groups. These differences are interpreted in light of ethnic differences in historical, familial, and religious contexts. This study provides a glimpse into the ethnic and cultural diversity in the ways in which older adults relate to significant others.
Does heart transplantation confer additional benefit over medical therapy to patients who have waited >6 months for heart transplantation?

Abstract Objectives . This study compared the survival of patients with heart failure who have waited > 6 months for heart transplantation with that of patients who undergo heart transplantation after a similarly prolonged waiting period. Background . There are little data describing outcome in patients with severe heart failure who have waited for extended periods of time on the heart transplant waiting list. Methods . Sixty-three consecutive patients who spent >6 months on the heart transplant waiting list were examined. Mean (± SD) age was 53 ± 9 years, mean left ventricular ejection fraction was 19 ± 6%, and all were taking digoxin and diuretic and vasodilator agents. Patients who underwent transplantation during the follow-up period were censored from the pretransplantation analysis, and their survival was examined as part of the posttransplantation phase of the study. Results . Of the 63 original patients examined, 25 underwent transplantation, 10 during inotropic or mechanical circulatory support. The pretransplantation mortality rate was 6% at 6 months after the 6-month milestone on the waiting list, 12% at 12 months and 22% at 18 months. The posttransplantation mortality rate was 5% at 6 months, 10% at 12 months and 24% at 18 months. There were no differences in survival at any time between the two phases of the study. Conclusions . Survival of patients who have survived >6 months on the heart transplant waiting list is generally good. Although heart transplantation did not appear to confer additional survival advantage over medical therapy, a large proportion of the patients who underwent transplantation were critically ill at the time of transplantation and would undoubtedly have died of progressive heart failure had they not undergone transplantation. We conclude that heart transplantation should still be considered a therapeutic alternative in patients with heart failure even after a prolonged waiting period on the heart transplant waiting list.
Relationship Between Periodic Resuspension Events and Planktonic Diatom Community Structure in Lake Michigan: A Field and Laboratory Investigation

Lake Michigan provides an ideal location for comparing episodic physical forcing events (storms) on phytoplankton processes and the more persistent seasonal variability of phytoplankton communities. This is due to the duration and extent of the highly turbid, recurrent coastal plume (RCP) in the lake during the winter/early spring. Although the RCP can coincide with the initiation of the basin wide spring diatom bloom, linkages between the duration and intensity of the plume and the prominent role of light availability in regulating Lake Michigan phytoplankton growth during the spring isothermal period have been postulated, but not verified. The concurrent physical and biological events provide a novel opportunity to examine phenomena associated with the RCP affecting the distribution and abundance of species in Lake Michigan's planktonic diatom flora. In this study, planktonic diatom assemblages from pre, post and active spring plume events were examined from stations along Lake Michigan's southern shoreline. Species abundance changed rapidly during storm events. Sediment resuspension via storm activity created a suboptimal growth environment. Post-storm event diatom phytoplankton communities were floristically distinct from prestorm event communities, with resting cell-forming taxa playing a significant role in these community-restructuring periods. Laboratory simulations of resuspension events using Lake Michigan sediments were conducted under a variety of environmental conditions. Parameters varied included day length, temperature, and silica. The resulting assemblages were quantitatively counted. A statistically significant relationship was identified between day length and the vegetative growth of many resting cell-forming diatom species. When day length was calculated for poststorm event field data, it revealed a high correlation between poststorm event communities and those predicted by the laboratory simulations. Timing of storm events and latitudinal position of the aquatic system are then important elements for consideration when predicting diatom phytoplankton community structure due to the relationship these factors have with day length.
Neonatal and early childhood outcomes following early vs later preterm premature rupture of membranes.

Objective Data regarding long-term outcomes of neonates reaching viability following early preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM; Study Design This was a secondary analysis of a multicenter randomized controlled trial of magnesium sulfate vs placebo for cerebral palsy prevention. Women with singletons and PPROM of 15-32 weeks were included. All women delivered at 24.0 weeks or longer. Those with PPROM less than 25.0 weeks (cases) were compared with women with PPROM at 25.0-31.9 weeks (controls). Composite severe neonatal morbidity (sepsis, severe intraventricular hemorrhage, periventricular leukomalacia, severe necrotizing enterocolitis, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, and/or death) and composite severe childhood morbidity at age 2 years (moderate or severe cerebral palsy and/or Bayley II Infant and Toddler Development scores greater than 2 SD below the mean) were compared. Results A total of 1531 women (275 early PPROM cases) were included. Demographics were similar between the groups. Cases delivered earlier (26.6 vs 30.1 weeks, P P P P Conclusion Early PPROM is associated with high rates of neonatal morbidity. Early childhood outcomes at age 2 years remain poor compared with those delivered after later PPROM.
Review of haploporid (Trematoda) genera with ornate muscularisation in the region of the oral sucker, including four new species and a new genus

Species of the Haploporidae Nicoll, 1914 with elaborate muscularisation of the oral sucker belong in three trematode genera, including three new species and a new genus from the intestine of fishes in Australian waters. Spiritestis Nagaty, 1948 is resurrected and S. herveyensis n. sp. is described from the mullet Moolgarda seheli (Forsskal) collected in Hervey Bay, Queensland, Australia; the latter differs from S. arabii Nagaty, 1948 in that the position of the genital pore is pharyngeal rather than post-pharyngeal and the geographical range is off Australia rather than the Red Sea. A new genus is proposed for two new species, with a uniquely ornamented oral sucker, which infect Australian scatophagids. Members of Capitimitta n. g. are distinguished from Waretrema Srivastava, 1937, species of which have a simple oral sucker with six radially arranged anterior muscular lobes, in that their oral sucker is V-shaped with six embedded muscular finger-like structures in the anteroventral portion. The relatively small C. darwinensis n. sp., collected from Selenotoca multifasciata (Richardson) at Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia, is distinguished from C. costata n. sp., collected from Scatophagus argus (Linnaeus) in the same locality and S. multifasciata off Brisbane, Australia, and by having smaller eggs, a vitellarium commencing at a level close to the ventral sucker rather than at greater than one ovarian length posterior to the ventral sucker, and shorter tegumental body spines. Sequence data of a c.2,500 bp region of the 3′ end of 18S, the entire ITS region and the 5′ end of the 28S revealed that Spiritestis and Capitimitta are not as closely related as some morphological features would suggest and are probably not the closest relative of each other. What has been reported as Waretrema piscicolum Srivastava, 1937 probably consists of several species, some in different genera, and one, based on material collected by Dr Masaaki Machida, is proposed as Spiritestis machidai n. sp. from Crenimugil crenilabis (Forsskal) off Japan. Phylogenetic hypotheses, based on analysis of an alignment of partial 28S sequences with other haploporids, provide a framework for the evaluation of interrelationships within the Haploporidae. These analyses show that: (1) Spiritestis and Capitimitta are supported within the Haploporidae; (2) branches to Forticulcita Overstreet, 1982, Saccocoelioides Szidat, 1954, Spiritestis and Capitimitta create a clade that is sister to haploporines from the Mediterranean Sea; (3) the branch to Saccocoelioides, Spiritestis and Capitimitta create a polytomy; and (4) the two new species of Capitimitta, plus an immature specimen of an unnamed species, form a monophyletic clade.
Direct Writing of Metallic Nanoparticle Concentric Multi‐Ring Structures by Template‐Directed Convective Self‐Assembly Processes

We report a simple and inexpensive method to directly write complex ring-typed monolayer arrays of metallic nanoparticles by a combination of template-directed and convective selfassembly processes. Our method rotates the nano-stepping piezo stage and uses an attached stationary pipette to create circular tracks with a diameter of hundred micrometers on a thin gold film. These tracks serve as templates to create ring-typed structures by simultaneously depositing gold colloid as an ink from the pipette, similar to a pen. The diameter of the ring can be independently controlled by positioning the pipette on the rotation stage via a linear nanostepping motor. By driving the attached pipette to different locations, one can create concentricring structures. We demonstrate that the fabricated ring-typed nanostructures combined with the gold film can induce collective surface plasmon resonance and significantly enhance the fluorescence and Raman intensities. The written ordered metallic nanostructures can find many important technological applications.
Medical Dominance and Institutional Change in the Delivery of Health Care Services

This paper puts the theory of medical dominance, as it understood as a sociological theory of historical change, into a broader theory of institutional change of the delivery of medical care. The application of medical dominance theory to three institutional contexts (Australia, USA, and Canada) is reviewed. The possibility of progressive institutional change in the delivery of medical care is addressed, as well as the type of technological innovation that might accompany such institutional change. The concept of medical dominance is useful to explain the dominant characteristics supporting the institution of medical practice. However, an explanatory theory of the evolution of health care delivery should be linked to the instrumentally warranted standards for medical care. These standards are then discussed.
A method of simultaneous dual-radionuclide cardiac imaging with technetium 99m and thallium 201. I: Analysis of interradionuclide crossover and validation in phantoms.

Simultaneous dual-radionuclide technetium 99m/thallium 201 scintigraphy can potentially produce perfectly aligned stress and rest images in less time than conventional protocols. However, interradionuclide crossover limits diagnostic accuracy. Accordingly, we evaluated99mTc and201Tl crossover in line and heart phantoms. 99mTc crossover in the201Tl imaging window constituted as much as one half of the counts in the99mTc window, varied significantly with attenuation, and was spatially incoherent.201Tl crossover was relatively small, less variable, and spatially similar to the primary image. Based on these findings, the following simultaneous dual-radionuclide99mTc/201Tl method was developed, and validated in line and heart phantoms. The99mTc source is imaged first into dual201Tl/99mTc windows, followed by201Tl administration and dual-radionuclide imaging. The single-radionuclide99mTc image in the201Tl window is count-normalized for acquisition time and then subtracted from the dual-radionuclide201Tl image to specifically correct for99mTc crossover. Image quality of the corrected dual-radionuclide201Tl images approached their single-radionuclide counterparts. Correction for201Tl crossover was relatively unimportant. Simultaneous dual-radionuclide99mTc/201Tl myocardial scintigraphy is feasible with99mTc crossover correction specific to each acquisition. The proposed dual-radionuclide99mTc/201Tl method and the principles on which it is based can be applied to a broad range of dual-radionuclide pairs.