cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transferable Utility Games based Intersection Control for Connected Vehicles

The rapid development and deployment of vehicle technologies offers opportunities to re-think the way traffic is managed. This paper capitalizes on vehicle connectivity and proposes an intersection traffic management scheme that employs transferable utility games. Payoffs to individual vehicles are modeled as travel time savings weighted by value of time (VOT). Vehicles at the intersection are divided into two groups based on whether they benefit from applying a system payoff maximizing control scheme every time a new vehicle arrives to the system. The losers are compensated by the winners and the payoff maximizing scheme is applied. Simulation experiments are performed to test the effect of increased penetration rates of vehicles involved in the game. We also perform comparisons against other widely used control schemes. Our results demonstrate the viability of the proposed control scheme.
The Genetic Power of Paradox: From Dark Precursor to Quasi-Causality

In this article, I conduct a selective reading of Difference and Repetition that intertwines with The Logic of Sense, specifically in relation to the concept of paradox, underscoring how Deleuze's ...
Evaluating Interaction Cue Purpose and Timing for Learning and Retaining Virtual Reality Training

Interaction cues inform users about potential actions to take. Tutorials, games, educational systems, and training applications often employ interaction cues to direct users to take specific actions at particular moments. Prior studies have investigated many aspects of interaction cues, such as the feedforward and perceived affordances that often accompany them. However, two less-researched aspects of interaction cues include the effects of their purpose (i.e., the type of task conveyed) and their timing (i.e., when they are presented). In this paper, we present a study that evaluates the effects of interaction cue purpose and timing on performance while learning and retaining tasks with a virtual reality (VR) training application. Our results indicate that participants retained manipulation tasks significantly better than travel or selection tasks, despite both being significantly easier to complete than the manipulation tasks. Our results also indicate that immediate interaction cues afforded significantly faster learning and better retention than delayed interaction cues.
A Universal Deep Neural Network for In-Depth Cleaning of Single-Cell RNA-Seq Data

Single cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-Seq) has been widely used in biomedical research and generated enormous volume and diversity of data. The raw data contain multiple types of noise and technical artifacts and need thorough cleaning. The existing denoising and imputation methods largely focus on a single type of noise (i.e. dropouts) and have strong distribution assumptions which greatly limit their performance and application. We designed and developed the AutoClass model, integrating two deep neural network components, an autoencoder and a classifier, as to maximize both noise removal and signal retention. AutoClass is free of distribution assumptions, hence can effectively clean a wide range of noises and artifacts. AutoClass outperforms the state-of-art methods in multiple types of scRNA-Seq data analyses, including data recovery, differential expression analysis, clustering analysis and batch effect removal. Importantly, AutoClass is robust on key hyperparameter settings including bottleneck layer size, pre-clustering number and classifier weight. We have made AutoClass open source at: https://github.com/datapplab/AutoClass.
Evaluation of PV integrated sliding-rotating overhangs for US apartment buildings

Abstract The paper evaluates the benefits of integrating PV arrays with sliding and rotating overhangs to both generate electricity and reduce heating and cooling thermal loads for housing units in US apartment buildings. Optimal controls to operate the sliding-rotating overhangs are considered to minimize annual net energy demands with and without the integrated PV arrays. A series of sensitivity analyses is performed to assess the impact of design and operating conditions on the energy performance as well as the environmental impacts of the sliding-rotating overhangs. The analysis results clearly indicate that when integrated with PV modules, sliding overhangs can significantly reduce the energy demand for US housing units especially when they are set at the optimal angles specific to the building location to maximize their electricity generation and solar shading effects. Specifically, it is found that sliding overhangs can not only reduce energy demand but also can achieve net-zero energy conditions for US apartment units with large windows and located in mild climates even when monthly adjustments are applied to operate the shading systems. For instance, 9.2% of the total energy use of an apartment housing unit located in Boulder, CO, can be reduced using the sliding-rotating overhang with no-PV. In San Francisco, CA, more than 100% of the apartment housing unit energy demand can be avoided using PV-integrated sliding-rotating overhangs. To minimize design and operation complexities, it is recommended to consider sliding-only overhangs set at the latitude of the location to reduce both heating and cooling demand as well as increase PV array output. For instance, it is found that sliding overhang set at the latitude angle can be sufficient to achieve net-zero status and even a carbon-neutral operation for an apartment housing unit located in San Francisco, CA, even when adjusted on a monthly basis.
The Origin of the Genetic Code

Genetic code mediating between a codon sequence of a gene and an amino acid sequence of a protein is one of the core members of modern genetic system together with gene and protein. Therefore, many researchers have tried to elucidate the origin of the genetic code. The origin of the genetic code must be considered as dividing two sides. That is, the first one is from what kind of code the genetic code originated and the second one is how correspondences between a codon and an amino acid were determined. About the first problem, several hypotheses, as RNY hypothesis, GC code hypothesis, GCU hypothesis and so on, have been proposed by other researchers thus far. However, the three hypotheses have been presented mainly based on the appearance frequency of codons in modern genes. Another hypothesis, the four column theory, has been presented based on the amounts of amino acids produced with prebiotic means. Therefore, all the four hypotheses are not based on protein structure formation, which should naturally relate to the origin of the genetic code. Therefore, the hypotheses proposed by other researchers cannot explain rationally the origin and evolution of the genetic code. On the other hand, GNC-SNS primitive genetic code hypothesis, which was proposed chiefly based on the protein structure formation, can well explain the origin and evolution of the genetic code. About the second one for explaining the establishment process of the genetic code or the correspondences between a codon and an amino acid, two theories have been mainly proposed thus far. One is the stereochemical theory and the other is the frozen-accident theory. However, there are critical defects in both theories, with which the whole correspondences cannot be rationally explained. On the other hand, I recently proposed the anticodon stem-loop (AntiC-SL) tRNA hypothesis, assuming that modern tRNAs originated from one nonspecific AntiC-SL tRNA through four [GADV]-AntiC-SL tRNAs. When I considered the process how the correspondences between four GNC codons and four [GADV]-amino acids were established, a new idea suddenly came to my mind. The idea is “GNC code frozen-accident theory”, considering that the correspondence relations between GNC codons and [GADV]-amino acids were determined accidentally and were frozen. Thereafter, new amino acids were captured into the first GNC genetic code one by one, presumably in order of Glu, Leu, Pro, His and so on, to complement insufficient abilities of the proteins composed of amino acids encoded by the previous genetic code. The origin and evolutionary process of the genetic code deduced from the GNC code frozen-accident theory are consistent with GNC-SNS primitive genetic code hypothesis, with both the coevolution theory and the adaptive theory on the origin and evolution of the genetic code, and even with the GADV hypothesis on the origin of life. The “GNC code frozen-accident theory” has been presented in this Chapter. The origin and the whole evolutionary process of the genetic code could be reasonably explained with the GNC code frozen-accident theory and GNC-SNS primitive genetic code hypothesis.
Thinking Outside the Box

Do the veterinarians in your clinic work too many hours and still not have time to get everything accomplished? There are many traditional options to remedy this situation, such as working more hours or not taking any new clients. However, there is another option ... hiring a Registered (Certified) Veterinary Technician. You're probably asking yourself "How will this help me?" We will answer that question during this presentation and have you beginning to "think outside the box"! Each practice situation will bring unique opportunities based upon the type of practice and applicable laws for its location. These tasks, delegated by the veterinarian to the technician, may include both traditional "nursing" skills as well as tasks in your herd health programs. This team approach, though new in food animal practice, has been long used in the human nursing and dental professions. The bottom line is that utilizing technicians as part of the veterinary team will positively impact the clinic business ... the doctors are more efficient, the technicians are challenged to do what they are trained to do and the client gets outstanding service.
Identifying Major Health-System Challenges in Developing Countries Using PERs: Equity is the Elephant in the Room

Despite an unprecedented increase in official development assistance to health in the last 25 years, there is no systematic way to assess dominant patterns in health-system challenges and opportunities in developing countries. Developing a new global instrument for and by donors and development partners would be resource-intensive and cumbersome. In this article, we demonstrate that Public Expenditure Reviews (PERs) can be used to reveal such patterns. PERs are analytical reports financed and conducted by the World Bank that have been used for years to identify and prioritize country-specific health sector reform needs. In order to extend their use beyond the country level, a reading instrument is developed in the form of a questionnaire to systematically identify the different themes addressed in each PER. All PERs published over a period of ten years are reviewed for health sector content. A new database is created with data on 70 PERs, spanning 61 countries. Analysis of the data reveals dominant themes globally, patterns across development levels, and some regional variations. Our main finding is that issues related to equity strongly dominate and are relevant across all regions and income groups. In addition, the article highlights the usefulness of PERs beyond providing country-specific information. Without losing the country-focus and flexibility of PERs, thoughtful and minor investments in how Health PERs are conducted can create a relatively cheap and strongly operational instrument for building global knowledge bases on health sector needs and challenges.
Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health-Related Socioeconomic Risks During the Early COVID-19 Pandemic: A National Survey of U.S. Women.

Background: Nearly half of U.S. women experienced new or worsening health-related socioeconomic risks (HRSRs) (food, housing, utilities and transportation difficulties, and interpersonal violence) ...
Reddish Facial Papules

The clinical differential diagnosis of a patient presenting with red facial papules is rosacea, and its variants (steroid rosacea, granulomatous rosacea, Demodex folliculitis, and periorificial dermatitis), adult acne, gram-negative folliculitis, follicular mucinosis, and eosinophilic folliculitis. When clinical differentiation among these disorders is not possible, histological evaluation is extremely helpful.
Perturbed fluorescence spectroscopy

One might imagine that a free atom is a simple and well-understood system, since it is held together by electromagnetic forces, which are the most completely understood forces of nature. In one sense this is true, and as yet there is no evidence that forces other than those of electromagnetism play any role in atomic physics. However, except for hydrogen, and to a lesser extent helium, the many-body effects of the different electrons of an atom on each other are so complex that a priori calculations cannot even predict the correct sign of some important atomic properties. This is particularly true of small effects like atomic fine structure and hyperfine structure. Many a newly educated undergraduate physicist has found to his or her dismay that a thorough knowledge of Maxwell’s equations is not sufficient for repairing a television receiver. The situation is much the same with atoms, and if one really wants to know precise information about multielectron atoms it is necessary to resort to experiment.
Initial Reflections on an Evolving Standard: Constraints on Risk Taking by Directors and Officers in Germany and the United States

The collapse in the market for exotic financial instruments, the liquidity crisis in major financial institutions and the government bailouts in 2008-09 illustrate the massive social cost of financial risk taking. The credit crisis of 2008-2009 also convinced many observers that the level of risk in the financial sector was excessive. In general, it is difficult to escape the conclusion that there was an enormous amount of risk taking in financial markets in the years leading up to 2008. Risky investments were blamed for the downfall of major financial institutions, destruction of markets for financial instruments and widespread economic chaos. The more hotly debated question, however, is whether bankers assumed too much risk in particular transactions, and if so, how to define how much risk is too much. The article makes some preliminary observations on how two countries – the United States and Germany – are likely to deal with this problem in the aftermath of the 2008 financial crisis. The article illustrates how attitudes toward markets and risk in the United States and in Germany are likely to affect the response to the crisis of 2008.
Understanding America's hesitant steps toward financial capitalism: Politics, the Depression, and the separation of commercial and investment banking *

Few would disagree that the Glass-Steagall Act of 1933 is thecontinental divide in American financial and banking history. Bydisallowing banks from getting involved in the investment bankingindustry, this Act imposed an institutional change that shaped howfinancial institutions conduct their business, even today in itsdecline. Conventional wisdom has it that the Act was enacted tocorrect the ``deficient'' financial system that existed during theperiod. In this paper we investigate whether this assertion can beempirically verified by analyzing the Senate vote on a predecessorof this Act (which included the clause separating commercialbanking from investment banking activities). Using multinomiallogits, we examine what may have motivated senators to vote for itspassage. The econometric evidence indicates that the Senate votewas significantly influenced by important interest groups(including national banks as well as manufacturing sectorinterests), despite the large populist outcry for financial marketreforms at the onset of the Depression.
Partial Purification and Properties of Guanosine Triphosphate Cyclohydrolase, the First Enzyme in Pteridine Biosynthesis, from Comamonas sp. (ATCC 11299a)

Abstract GTP cyclohydrolase, the first enzyme in pteridine biosynthesis, has been purified from cell-free extracts of Comamonas sp. (ATCC 11299a). A 20-fold purification was obtained using ammonium sulfate fractionation, adsorption on calcium phosphate gel, and DEAE-Sephadex chromatography. Because of extreme instability, less than 2% of the total activity was generally recovered. The enzyme can be assayed by its ability to produce formic acid from C-8 of GTP. This activity requires Mg++, and the magnesium requirement is quite specific. The activity is markedly increased by preliminary incubation of the enzyme with sulfhydryl compounds, and this activation is prevented by GTP, but not by Mg++. No inhibitors or effectors have been observed. The major pteridine product has absorption and fluorescence properties similar to those of neopterin. The presence of phosphate has been shown by the use of GT32P as substrate. The product at this stage of purification appears to be a cyclic phosphate of neopterin (2-amino-4-hydroxy-6-trihydroxypropyl pteridine). Chemical and enzymatic evidence for this structure has been obtained. The properties and products of this enzyme are different than those of a previously described enzyme of similar function from E. coli. The possible reasons for the production of a cyclic phosphate by Comamonas are discussed.
Eddy Current Probe Design for Second-Later Cracks under Installed Fasteners

The United States Air Force has an operational need to reliably detect second-layer cracks around fastener holes in two-layer airframe structures with the fasteners in place. Because access to the second layer is usually not available, the inspection must be performed by placing a probe on the outer surface of the structure and detecting cracks through the first layer. Eddy current methods have been applied to this inspection problem [1–6], and have met with some success; however, much improvement is still needed to achieve the desired sensitivity to cracks and rejection of signals caused by the geometry of the structure under inspection.
Cultivation of stable, reproducible microbial communities from different fecal donors using minibioreactor arrays (MBRAs)

Continuous-flow culture models are one tool for studying complex interactions between members of human fecal microbiotas because they allow studies to be completed during an extended period of time under conditions where pH, nutrient availability, and washout of waste products and dead cells can be controlled. Because many of the existing well-validated continuous-flow models are large and complex, we were interested in developing a simpler continuous-flow system that would allow microbial community dynamics to be examined in higher throughput while still maintaining complex microbial communities. To this end, we developed minibioreactor arrays (MBRAs), small volume bioreactors (15 ml) that allow simultaneous cultivation of up to 48 microbial communities in a single anaerobic chamber. We used MBRA to characterize the microbial community dynamics of replicate reactors inoculated from three different human fecal donors and reactors seeded with feces pooled from these three donors. We found that MBRA could be used to efficiently cultivate complex microbial communities that were a subset of the initial fecal inoculum (15–25 % of fecal OTUs initially observed). After an initial acclimation period of approximately 1 week, communities in each reactor stabilized and exhibited day-to-day variation similar to that observed in stable mouse fecal communities. Replicate reactors were predominately populated by shared core microbial communities; variation between replicate reactors was primarily driven by shifts in abundance of shared operational taxonomic units (OTUs). Consistent with differences between fecal donors, MBRA communities present in reactors seeded with different fecal samples had distinct composition and structure. From these analyses, we conclude that MBRAs can be used to cultivate communities that recapitulate key features of human fecal communities and are a useful tool to facilitate higher-throughput studies of the dynamics of these communities.
Contract Damages as a Substitute for Full Performance

According to classical contract theory, money damages are supposed to put the non-breaching party in the same position as if the contract had not been breached. This is seldom the case, however, because several principles of contract law prevent damages from being the equivalent of full performance. This paper examines those doctrines and explains why they diminish damage recovery in many cases.
Punctuated equilibria; the tempo and mode of evolution reconsidered

We believe that punctuational change dominates the history of life: evolution is concentrated in very rapid events of speciation (geologically instantaneous, even if tolerably continuous in ecological time). Most species, during their geological history, either do not change in any appreciable way, or else they fluctuate mildly in morphology, with no apparent direction. Phyletic gradualism is very rare and too slow, in any case, to produce the major events of evolution. Evolutionary trends are not the product of slow, directional transformation within lineages; they represent the differential success of certain species within a clade—speciation may be random with respect to the direction of a trend (Wright's rule).As an a priori bias, phyletic gradualism has precluded any fair assessment of evolutionary tempos and modes. It could not be refuted by empirical catalogues constructed in its light because it excluded contrary information as the artificial result of an imperfect fossil record. With the model of punctuated equilibria, an unbiased distribution of evolutionary tempos can be established by treating stasis as data and by recording the pattern of change for all species in an assemblage. This distribution of tempos can lead to strong inferences about modes. If, as we predict, the punctuational tempo is prevalent, then speciation—not phyletic evolution—must be the dominant mode of evolution.We argue that virtually none of the examples brought forward to refute our model can stand as support for phyletic gradualism; many are so weak and ambiguous that they only reflect the persistent bias for gradualism still deeply embedded in paleontological thought. Of the few stronger cases, we concentrate on Gingerich's data for Hyopsodus and argue that it provides an excellent example of species selection under our model. We then review the data of several studies that have supported our model since we published it five years ago. The record of human evolution seems to provide a particularly good example: no gradualism has been detected within any hominid taxon, and many are long-ranging; the trend to larger brains arises from differential success of essentially static taxa. The data of molecular genetics support our assumption that large genetic changes often accompany the process of speciation.Phyletic gradualism was an a priori assertion from the start—it was never “seen” in the rocks; it expressed the cultural and political biases of 19th century liberalism. Huxley advised Darwin to eschew it as an “unnecessary difficulty.” We think that it has now become an empirical fallacy. A punctuational view of change may have wide validity at all levels of evolutionary processes. At the very least, it deserves consideration as an alternate way of interpreting the history of life.
Induction of Adrenomedullin mRNA and Protein by Lipopolysaccharide and Paclitaxel (Taxol) in Murine Macrophages

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a potent inflammatory stimulus derived from the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria, has been implicated in septic shock. Plasma levels of adrenomedullin (AM), a potent vasorelaxant, are increased in septic shock and possibly contribute to the characteristic hypotension. As macrophages play a central role in the host response to LPS, we studied AM production by LPS-stimulated macrophages. When peritoneal exudate macrophages from C3H/OuJ mice were treated with protein-free LPS (100 ng/ml) or the LPS mimetic paclitaxel (Taxol; 35 μM), an ∼10-fold increase in steady-state AM mRNA levels was observed, which peaked between 2 and 4 h. A three- to fourfold maximum increase in the levels of immunoreactive AM protein was detected after 6 to 8 h of stimulation. While LPS-hyporesponsive C3H/HeJ macrophages failed to respond to protein-free LPS with an increase in steady-state AM mRNA levels, increased levels were observed after stimulation of these cells with a protein-rich (butanol-extracted) LPS preparation. In addition, increased AM mRNA was observed following treatment of either C3H/OuJ or C3H/HeJ macrophages with soluble Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoite antigen or the synthetic flavone analog 5,6-dimethylxanthenone-4-acetic acid. Gamma interferon also stimulated C3H/OuJ macrophages to express increased AM mRNA levels yet was inhibitory in the presence of LPS or paclitaxel. In vivo, mice challenged intraperitoneally with 25 μg of LPS exhibited increased AM mRNA levels in the lungs, liver, and spleen; the greatest increase (>50-fold) was observed in the liver and lungs. Thus, AM is produced, by murine macrophages, and furthermore, LPS induces AM mRNA in vivo in a number of tissues. These data support a possible role for AM in the pathophysiology of sepsis and septic shock.
Defective photoproduction of cholecalciferol in normal and uremic humans.

ALLAN I. JACOB,* AŽALAN SALLMAN,* ZENAIDASANTIZ* ANDBRUCE W. HOLLIS'AŽ'Department of Medicine, University of Miami School ofMedicine, Miami, FL 33101, AŽA/brt/iBeach Dialysis Clinic,North Miami Beach, FL 33169 and iDepartment of Nutrition, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106ABSTRACT The initial step in cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) metabolism is thephoto-conversion of 7-dehydrocholesterol to previtamin D3. This reaction occurs inthe epidermis and requires ultraviolet light. We measured the circulating concentration of vitamin D (ergocalciferol and cholecalciferol), 25-hydroxyvitamin D and1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in 14 normal white, 9 normal black subjects, and in 9 whiteand 17 black hemodialysis patients. The mean plasma vitamin D in normal whitesubjects was greater than in normal black subjects, 4.01 Â±1.02 ng/ml versus 0.96Â±0.30 ng/ml, respectively (P < 0.05). Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D in normalblacks was also less than in normal whites, 17.7 Â±1.5 ng/ml versus 31.3 Â±3.0 ng/ml,respectively (P < 0.01). In uremie white subjects, plasma vitamin D, 6.7 Â±2.6ng/ml, was similar to normal white subjects. However, vitamin D was not detectablein 12 of 17 uremie black subjects and was depressed in the remainder of the group.Following exposure to a single minimal erythema dose of ultraviolet-B irradiation, themaximal increase in plasma vitamin D was depressed in white dialysis patients ascompared to healthy white subjects, 6.3 Â±1.9 ng/ml versus 21.3 Â±2.8 ng/ml, respectively (P < 0.02). 7-Dehydrocholesterol content was similar in epidermis from site-matched skin of fresh cadavers and white hemodialysis patients, 131 Â±23 ng/mgversus 124 Â±14 ng/mg skin, respectively. It is concluded that chronic hemodialysispatients exhibit defective photoproduction of cholecalciferol, despite normal epidermal content of substrate, 7-dehydrocholesterol. J. Nutr. 114: 1313-1319, 1984.INDEXING KEY WORDS uremia â€¢vitamin D â€¢photobiologyMajor advances in understanding the of 25-OH-D then occur in various tissues ofmechanisms and biological regulation of which renal tissue is quantitatively the mostvitamin D synthesis have recently been important (10). The effects of chronicachieved, and sensitive assays for plasma uremia on the photoproduction and circu-vitamin D have been developed (1-4). Dur- lating concentration of vitamin D are theing exposure to ultraviolet-B [UV(B), spec- subject of this investigation,trai range 290-320 nm], 7-dehydrocholesterol (7-DHC) in the epidermis is converted MATERIALSAND METHODSto previtamin D3, which slowly undergoesthermal isomerization to cholecalciferol Sterols. [la,2a-3H]D3 (22 Ci/mmol) and(vitamin D3) (5-8). A carrier protein, vita- 25-OH-[26,27-3H]D3 (20 Ci/mmol) weremin D-binding protein, transports theparent compound to the liver for hydroxyla-tion, giving rise to 25-hydroxyvitamin D 27^^teâ„¢^" Ins"'uteÂ°fNutriMÂ°"'ReceivedfÂ°rpublication(25-OH-D) (9). Subsequent hydroxylations 'TOwhomreprintrequestsshouldbeaddressed.1313
Atmospheric Oxidation of SO2 in Coal-Burning Power Plant Plumes

Abstract Sampling equipment and procedures applicable for use in a helicopter were devised for collecting the separate SO2 and SO3 components in progressive plume cross sections at a large coal-burning power plant. Samples were collected during a variety of meteorological conditions with particular attention to a wide range of relative humidity. During periods of low humidity, data reveal that oxidation of SO2 is relatively slow, increasing from 2% at one mile (12 minutes) to 3% at 6 miles (60 minutes). With moderately high humidity, oxidation was initially rapid, 22% at one mile (12 minutes), increasing to 32% at 8 miles (96 minutes). The highest total oxidation, 55%, was observed in a slight mist at 9 miles (108 minutes).
Stochastic Energy Source Access Management: Infrastructure-integrative modular plant for sustainable hydrogen-electric co-generation

The proposed Stochastic Energy Source Access Management (SESAM) comprises renewable energy sources coupled via a direct current bus with storage modules of complementary characteristics to achieve co-generation of hydrogen and electric power on a continuous duty basis. As complementary solutions, hydrogen energy storage to provide a large capacity and access-oriented storage based on magnetic, electric or kinetic energy with less capacity but a faster response time are considered. These are arranged to form a multi-level storage that can compensate stochastic fluctuations of power over diverse time scales. The developed energy management coordinates the operation of the diverse storage modules. In this context, the access-oriented storage acts as a shock absorber in order to shield fuel cells and electrolysers from fast fluctuations of wind power and load. The functions of the plant are validated through simulation using meteorological information obtained from the National Wind Technology Center in the USA. The plant is shown to provide the scheduled output of hydrogen and electric power. Since seen from its terminals SESAM behaves in the same way as a power plant with controlled fuel input, it can be readily integrated with given infrastructures.
Linear condensate deflagration for large activation energy

Abstract This paper examines steady linear deflagration of condensates that gasify either by surface pyrolysis or by simple vaporization and undergo a general one-step Arrhenius type gas phase reaction. Heat loss by radiation from the surface of the condensate is taken into account. What distinguishes the study from previous investigations is that rational analytical results are deduced by assuming the activation energy for the gas phase reaction to be very large. For pyrolyzing solids the results agree with experimental observations which show that the burning rate increases with pressure up to a plateau extending beyond a certain critical pressure; that there is a minimum pressure below which deflagration will not occur; that this extinction pressure is lowered by preheating the solid. Extinction is found to occur in two different ways: in true extinction the flame sheet, to which the combustion is confined for large activation energy, suddenly disappears; effective extinction occurs when the flame sheet moves far away from the surface of the condensate, so that surface gasification products effectively pass away unburnt. Effective extinction occurs even for adiabatic deflagration. The results for vaporizing condensates show that the pressure may not be lowered below a minimum without causing the entire condensate to evaporate. At high pressures the burning rate may increase, stay essentially constant or decrease depending upon the relative magnitudes of the pressure exponent and the order of the gas phase reaction. Radiation loss tends to lower the burning rate at a given pressure; in particular Spalding's closed curves are not obtained.
DEVELOPMENTS IN VACUUM SINTERING FURNACES

(1958). DEVELOPMENTS IN VACUUM SINTERING FURNACES. Powder Metallurgy: Vol. 1, No. 1-2, pp. 104-113.
DIAGENETIC CONTROLS ON FRACTURE PERMEABILITY AND SEALING

Abstract Although the degree to which fractures are open and interconnected in the subsurface governs their ability to transmit fluid, information on in situ fracture apertures and connectivity is usually incomplete. Fracture apertures remaining open and effective for fluid flow (hydraulic apertures) depend on a number of factors that reflect fracture growth, diagenesis, and the modern state of stress. Of these, diagenesis—mineral precipitation and dissolution within fractures—has received little systematic study. Yet observations in petroleum reservoirs show that diagenetic minerals prop open some fractures but close others. Study of coupled diagnesis and fracture processes yield insight into fracture permeability and sealing. For example, using microstructural evidence for the timing of fracture formation relative to cementation episodes, fracture openness can be estimated from cement volumes in rock matrix, even where large fractures are not sampled. Interaction of diagenesis and fracture processes might also play an active role in governing fracture growth. This could moderate the partitioning of permeability and porosity among fractures of different size.
Extra-facial gestures in relation to speechreading

Abstract In a pilot study ( N = 32) it was found that extra-facial gestures, by themselves, elicited responses ranging from identical to similar but non-identical. It was hypothesized that the use of extra-facial gestures would influence the proficiency of speechreading. Twenty sentences based upon corresponding concepts of gestures used in the pilot study were presented to two groups of 16 subjects each. Each of the subject groups received alternate test items without gestures and with gestures. To minimize possible facial gestures a face-mask was worn by the speaker which allowed only his lips to be seen. Results indicated that for the 20 gestures employed in this study, there was a statistically significant increase in the proficiency of speechreading.
Adjuvants and Immune Regulation by Lymphoid Cells

The modern concept of the mode of action of adjuvants has evolved in exact relation to our understanding of the lymphoid organ system and the complexity of the immune response and its regulation. In the late 60’s, attention remained focussed primarily on ‘the antibody response’ and on the physical attributes of adjuvants which enhanced this response. A major symposium published in 1967 [145] emphasized: the value of depot formation, with slow release of antigen and development of a local granuloma; the value of particles bearing antigenic determinants; the relative merits of water-in-oil emulsions, and the usefulness of metabolizable oils; the apparent importance of lipophilic or surface active materials as adjuvants; and the striking activity of cationic quarternary ammonium compounds with long alkyl side chains.
Magnetic phase transitions in EuNi5P3: Unusual steps in the magnetization with field.

Magnetization measurements on single crystals ${\mathrm{EuNi}}_{5}$${\mathrm{P}}_{3}$ show that it is an antiferromagnet below 0.5 T and 7.5 K. Above 0.5 T and below 7.5 K, there are a series of steps in the magnetization isotherms until saturation is reached. Hysteresis with both field and temperature is observed, as well as a large time dependence of the magnetization at fields near the first step.
A very-high-density scintillation-data-storage device

A new paradigm for very-high-density data storage is described which utilizes a scintillating data-storage medium. Data-storage densities greater than 30 Gb/cm^2, and data read-out rates in excess of 100 Mb/s, are obtainable with this method. Preliminary experimental results are given.
A categorical look at tree automata and context-free languages

In this article, we indicate how the category theoretical approach to tree automata, due to Betti and Kasangian, can be fruitfully combined with Walters’ categorical approach to context-free grammars to provide a simple way of establishing the well-known correspondence between context-free languages and the behaviors of non-deterministic tree automata. The connecting link between the two notions is provided by the theory of relational presheaves.
STEM ANATOMY AND ASPECTS OF DEVELOPMENT IN TOMATO

Aspects of anatomical development were correlated with internodal growth in tomato plants, variety 'Yellow Plum,' grown for more than 3 months. Internodal length was measured weekly in control plants and those harvested for anatomical study. Gross structure indicated progressive development with increasing age. Primary xylem and phloem first mature in distinct strands and the strands are joined laterally by procambium to form a continuous vascular cylinder. Primary phloem occurs on the outer periphery of the procambium between the early-formed vascular strands. Successive periclinal divisions in the procambium during internode elongation give rise to pronounced radial seriations of the cells. Procambial derivatives are included in the cylinder of thick-walled, lignified vascular cells that become prominent after elongation ceases. Secondary xylem is of greater radial width in the stem sectors which include protoxylem. During early secondary growth, vessels develop in the secondary xylem only in these sectors. Nucleate fibers and rays constitute the remainder of the secondary xylem. The rays exhibit an organization noted in other plants of reduced growth habit. Some of these interpretations do not agree with those described for tomato in earlier studies, and they are discussed in relation to pertinent aspects of development. Anatomical investigations of tomato, Lycopersicon esculentum Mill., have been fewer and less extensive than those which have been concerned with the nutrition and other phases of physiology, horticulture, and genetics of this species. Although certain studies have emphasized aspects of growth and development, little attention has been given to the development of structural characteristics. A previous study of stem structure (Heimsch, Rabideau, and Whaley, 1949) suggested that information on the developmental status of stem internodes was essential for critical interpretations of certain anatomical relationships. Hayward (1938) described the primary stem of tomato as a dissected amphiphloic siphonostele in which the bicollateral bundles are at first separated by broad medullary rays. He stated further that the outer phloem strands, like those of the inner phloem, form a discontinuous ring at first, but after development of secondary phloem this outer zone becomes more or less continuous. Hayward described the secondary xylem formed by the fascicular cambium as consisting of large vessels and wood parenchyma, that produced by the interfascicular cambium being chiefly connective or conjunctive tissue. The fibers associated with the inner and outer phloem were termed pericyclic fibers by Hayward. Woodcock (1935) reviewed the primary organization of the stem. Young stems are nearly
Mechanically alloyed Al-Li powders

Abstract Mechanically alloyed powders with the composition Al 0.7 Li 0.3 are synthesized. Materials milled for different times are studied using electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and thermal analysis. A solid solution of Li in Al (α-phase) is formed with as much as 10 at.% of dissolved Li. The LiAl intermetallic δ-phase is readily produced by mechanical alloying but disappears after extended milling times. The final product of milling for 102 h consists of an X-ray amorphous phase. Mechanically alloyed powders heated in inert environment exhibit several weak exothermic reactions between 420 and 700 K, and two endothermic reactions, around 810 and 870 K. All the observed relaxation processes become less pronounced and eventually become undetectable as the milling time increases and an amorphous material is produced.
Characterization of ultrasonic imaging systems using transfer functions

Abstract The transfer functions for focussed and defocussed, coherent and confocal optical imaging systems have been applied to the equivalent ultrasonic imaging systems. The transfer functions with varying degrees of defocus were calculated to show the defocus effects for ultrasonic imaging systems. Assuming that the acoustic waves are reflected perfectly on the surface of the step edge, the theoretical line-scans for small amplitude signals across a step edge, with various degrees of defocus, were generated. The first derivative of the line-scan for a step edge is shown theoretically to yield the same impulse response as that calculated using the inverse Fourier transform applied to the original transfer function. These results show how the real and imaginary parts of the transfer functions contribute to ultrasonic image formation. A method for the experimental determination of the impulse response, and the transfer functions for the characterization of an ultrasonic imaging system, such as an acoustic microscope, is provided.
Fatty acid desaturation by mammary gland microsomes from lactating mice

Microsomal fractions obtained from lactating mouse mammary glands catalyze the desaturation of myristic, palmitic, and stearic acids in the presence of adenosine 5′-triphosphate, coenzyme A, and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, reduced form. The products of this reaction are the corresponding monoenoic fatty acids, myristoleic, palmitoleic, and oleic acids respectively. Desaturase, activity was greater with stearate as substrate than with either palmitate or myristate. Palmitate was desaturated at a rate ca. 50% greater than that of myristate. Although both nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, reduced form and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, reduced form served as electron donors, the former was superior in this regard. Desaturase activity was not influenced by the addition of glycerol 3-phosphate to the incubation medium. However, the presence of this compound did affect the type of lipid formed. In the absence of the added glyceride-glycerol precursor, the major products were phospholipids, whereas in its presence they were triglycerides.
A high throughput respirometric assay for mitochondrial biogenesis and toxicity

Mitochondria are a common target of toxicity for drugs and other chemicals and result in decreased aerobic metabolism and cell death. In contrast, mitochondrial biogenesis restores cell vitality, and there is a need for new agents to induce biogenesis. Current cell-based models of mitochondrial biogenesis or toxicity are inadequate because cultured cell lines are highly glycolytic with minimal aerobic metabolism and altered mitochondrial physiology. In addition, there are no high-throughput real-time assays that assess mitochondrial function. We adapted primary cultures of renal proximal tubular cells (RPTCs) that exhibit in vivo levels of aerobic metabolism, are not glycolytic, and retain higher levels of differentiated functions and used the Seahorse Bioscience analyzer to measure mitochondrial function in real time in multiwell plates. Using uncoupled respiration as a marker of electron transport chain (ETC) integrity, the nephrotoxicants cisplatin, HgCl2, and gentamicin exhibited mitochondrial toxicity prior to decreases in basal respiration and cell death. Conversely, using FCCP (carbonylcyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone)-uncoupled respiration as a marker of maximal ETC activity, 1-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenyl)-2-aminopropane (DOI), SRT1720, resveratrol, daidzein, and metformin produced mitochondrial biogenesis in RPTCs. The merger of the RPTC model and multiwell respirometry results in a single high-throughput assay to measure mitochondrial biogenesis and toxicity and nephrotoxic potential.
Values in Action: A Comment

These papers express a recent development in anthropology: attempts to reconcile or combine the scientific and the humane aspects of the anthropologist's nature into a single operation contributing to both scientific knowledge and human welfare. The two roots of which Lisa Peattie spoke—the concern for the native peoples the anthropologist so specially knows about; and the movement toward a science of social change with predictive precision—grow together, in certain cases, to produce a hybrid activity at once scientific and humanely active. She has reviewed some of the sources of the choices of positions taken by one or another anthropologist as to acting or not acting or as to how one acts in native communities, and as to the bearing of science on values and of values on science. She provides something of a map of the positions taken with explanations as to how various shades or extremes of doctrines have come about.
The effect of ketamine on human somatosensory evoked potentials and its modification by nitrous oxide.

The effect of ketamine alone and in combination with N2O (70% inspired) on median nerve somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEPs) was investigated in 16 neurologically normal patients undergoing elective abdominopelvic procedures. The anesthetic regimen consisted of ketamine (2 mg/kg iv bolus followed by continuous infusion at a rate of 30 micrograms.kg-1.min-1) [corrected], neuromuscular blockade (atracurium), and mechanical ventilation with 100% oxygen. SSEP recordings were obtained immediately preinduction and at 2, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 30 min postinduction. Thereafter, N2O was added with surgical incision and maintained for 15 min. At 5-min intervals, SSEP recordings were again taken during and after N2O. With minor exceptions, mean cortical and noncortical latencies as well as noncortical-evoked potential amplitude were unaffected by either ketamine or N2O. Ketamine induction increased cortical amplitude significantly with maximal increases occurring within 2-10 min. For example, at 5-min postinduction, mean N1-P1 amplitude increased from 2.58 +/- 1.05 (baseline) to 2.98 +/- 1.20 microV and P1-N2 amplitude increased from 2.12 +/- 1.50 (baseline) to 3.99 +/- 1.76 microV. Throughout the 30-min period after ketamine induction, mean P1-N2 amplitude increased generally by more (57-88%) than did mean N1-P1 amplitude (6-16%). N2O added to the background ketamine anesthetic produced a rapid and consistent reduction in both N1-P1 and P1-N2 amplitude. Thus, at 1 min after N2O, mean N1-P1 amplitude decreased from 2.74 +/- 1.11 to 1.64 +/- 0.63 microV, while P1-N2 amplitude decreased from 3.32 +/- 1.52 to 1.84 +/- 0.87 microV.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Connecting net energy with the price of energy and other goods and services

Net energy is intuitively compelling and useful in calculating total impacts (e.g., primary energy, greenhouse gases, land use, and water requirements.) of delivering useful energy to the larger economy. However, it has little policy impact unless connected quantitatively to the price of energy and other goods and services. I present an input–output (IO)-based method to do this. The method is illustrated by a two-sector model fitted to U.S. IO economic data. In an IO-characterized system, the energy returned on energy invested (EROI) and the energy intensity of energy are directly related. However, EROI and prices are not uniquely related because they depend differently on four independent IO coefficients representing internal structure of, and the relationship between, the energy sector and the rest of the economy. If only one of these coefficients varies, then EROI does uniquely determine prices. Uncertainties in the IO coefficients, as well as persistent issues of choosing system boundary and aggregating diverse energy types, further complicate the EROI-price connection. In this context I review two recent empirical comparisons of U.S. oil and gas prices and EROI for 1954–2007.