cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Avoiding cracks in self-assembled photonic band-gap crystals

Thin colloidal crystals (or synthetic opals) composed of Stober silica spheres typically develop cracks when they are utilized to obtain photonic band-gap crystals (or inverted opals). We find that, by sintering the silica spheres prior to assembly of the opal, these cracks can be avoided. We report the effects of temperature and duration of the heat treatment on 850 nm silica spheres using electron microscopy, thermogravimetry, and light scattering. We also find a large dependence of the refractive index of the silica on the temperature of the heat treatment. This may allow tuning of the refractive index of silica spheres.
Biochemistry, mutagenesis, and oligomerization of DsRed, a red fluorescent protein from coral

DsRed is a recently cloned 28-kDa fluorescent protein responsible for the red coloration around the oral disk of a coral of the Discosoma genus. DsRed has attracted tremendous interest as a potential expression tracer and fusion partner that would be complementary to the homologous green fluorescent protein from Aequorea, but very little is known of the biochemistry of DsRed. We now show that DsRed has a much higher extinction coefficient and quantum yield than previously reported, plus excellent resistance to pH extremes and photobleaching. In addition, its 583-nm emission maximum can be further shifted to 602 nm by mutation of Lys-83 to Met. However, DsRed has major drawbacks, such as strong oligomerization and slow maturation. Analytical ultracentrifugation proves DsRed to be an obligate tetramer in vitro, and fluorescence resonance energy transfer measurements and yeast two-hybrid assays verify oligomerization in live cells. Also, DsRed takes days to ripen fully from green to red in vitro or in vivo, and mutations such as Lys-83 to Arg prevent the color change. Many potential cell biological applications of DsRed will require suppression of the tetramerization and acceleration of the maturation.
Modulation and incommensurability in a superionic conductor

Abstract The structure factor S(q) is calculated for the Frenkel-Kontorova model at high temperatures. Application to the 1-d ionic conductor K-Hollandite gives an explanation of diffuse X-ray scattering in terms of a modulation phenomenon. The positions of the diffuse sheets are predicted precisely from the stoichiometric composition. It is confirmed thereby that the mobile K + ions behave like a chain with spacing b = 1/n where n is the concentration. The disorder is characterized as short-range crystalline order of wavelength b, competing with and modulated by the framework potential with a different period a.
A reassessment of the calculated Ni-Nb phase diagram

A revised calculation of the Ni-Nb (nickel-niobium) phase diagram includes realistic enthalpy of formation values for the intermetallic phases that compare with experimental values, a more accurate crystallographic description of the μ phase, and a better fit to the experimentally determined invariant equilibrium temperatures and liquidus-solidus boundaries between liquid and (Ni). The set of parameters describing the Gibbs energy of each phase is given.
More than Just Wikipedia: Creating a Collaborative Research Library Using a Wiki

Increasingly, wiki technology is being used in education and business settings. Although most students are aware of Wikipedia, many do not understand that a wiki is a malleable platform that has a multitude of uses. Wiki technology is one of many social media tools that students need to not only become familiar with but also be able to effectively use. This paper advocates introducing students to wiki technology and implementing it in marketing courses. Specifically, principle of marketing students were given a short tutorial on wiki technology and required to contribute to the course wiki to create a collaborative research library. The collaborative research library was then used to assist students in writing an environmental scan paper on a product category. Assessment measures were taken at the beginning and end of the term. Recommendations for integrating wiki technology in a course are provided.
Restructuring and Firm Value: The Effects of Profitability and Restructuring Purpose

This study extends prior research on the information content of restructuring charges. We find that the relationship between restructuring activities and returns during the restructuring charge year is different for loss firms than for profit firms. Restructurings that are primarily intended to either eliminate personnel or exit a line of business are positively associated with returns of the loss firms, suggesting that investors view these activities as value-increasing. In contrast, common stock returns of profit firms exhibit a nonpositive association with restructuring charges. Overall, our results point to the role of the context and the content of the restructuring announcement in the market's assessment of the value relevance of restructuring charges reported in the financial statements.
Robustness of Nonlinear Filters Over the Infinite Time Interval

Nonlinear filtering is one of the classical areas of stochastic control. From the point of view of practical usefulness, it is important that the filter not be too sensitive to the assumptions made on the initial distribution, the transition function of the underlying signal process and the model for the observation. This is particularly acute if the filter is of interest over a very long or potentially infinite time interval. Then the effects of small errors in the model which is used to construct the filter might accumulate to make the output useless for large time. The problem of asymptotic sensitivity to the initial condition has been treated in several papers. We are concerned with this as well as with the sensitivity to the signal model, uniformly over the infinite time interval. It is conceivable that the effects of even small errors in the model will accumulate so that the filter will eventually be useless. The robustness is shown for three classes of problems. For the first two cases, the signal model is Markov and the observations are taken in discrete time, and the observation is the usual function of the signal plus noise. The last class treated is a continuous time Markov process, with a point process observation.
Design, Fabrication, and Testing of a Miniature Impulse Turbine Driven by Compressed Gas

A miniature impulse turbine has been developed at the Rochester Institute of Technology. The goal of this project was to design, fabricate, and test a miniature turbine intended to power small vehicles such as micro air vehicles (MAVs). MAV’s are vehicles with a maximum dimension of less then 15 cm and are used for surveillance and scouting. Due to the small size of MAV’s, weight is a key design parameter. The batteries alone can account for more than 50% of the weight of the entire vehicle. A miniature turbine driven by compressed gas and coupled to a generator has been proposed as a replacement for batteries on these and other small vehicles. By decreasing the weight of the power systems, MAV’s will be able to carry more instrumentation, fly longer, and be better able to complete their mission. To investigate the feasibility of this concept a turbine with a 6 mm impeller was designed, fabricated, and tested. The turbine produced 13.8 W of mechanical power. This corresponds to a power density of 230 W/N and a power to weight ratio of 44 W/kg. The generator attached to the turbine produced 208 mW of electrical power. The feasibility of a fuel tank designed to hold compressed gas at 69 MPa (10,000 psi) has also been investigated. The tank was designed to hold enough gas to power a MAV for fifteen minutes. It was shown that the tank is feasible and could power a miniature turbine onboard a MAV.
Neutron scattering and its effect on reaction rates in neutron absorption experiments

Abstract In general there is a systematic error in the results of any in-beam neutron absorption experiment because of neutron scattering in the sample. The error is largest when scattering predominates over absorption, when the transmission of the sample is small, and when the lateral dimensions of the sample are large compared with its thickness. The ratio of the reaction rate in the sample, to the rate calculated ignoring both scattering and self-shielding due to absorption, may be significantly less than or greater than unity, depending on the scattering properties of the sample and its size and shape. These conclusions are derived from Monte Carlo calculations based on a very general expression for the rate of a neutron absorption reaction in a sample which scatters and absorbs neutrons. The expression for the reaction rate, written as a sum over orders of scattering within the sample, was obtained using the technique adopted by V.F. Sears [Adv. Phys. 24 (1975) 1] in his study of multiple scattering effects in neutron scattering experiments. Our calculations were performed for slab samples placed in a narrow, monoenergetic, monodirectional neutron beam. The assumed scattering cross section was isotropic and also static, meaning that no change in neutron energy was permitted to occur within the sample. This work has potentially important implications in various areas of neutron research including activation analysis and radiography.
Photographic Techniques For The Study Of Traffic Flow

Numerous current studies of traffic flow are being carried out via aerial photography. Aerial photography has dominated other means of traffic flow data acquisition, primarily because it provides the instantaneous state of all traffic over a very wide metropolitan area. Sequences of aerial photographs taken at predetermined intervals, for instance one-second intervals, provide discrete data from which the continuous traffic flow may be reconstructed. Vehicular trajectories and various traffic flow parameters are determined from this data. This paper describes ,the photographic techniques, data reduction, and computer interface methods which were developed at the Institute of Transportation and Traffic Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles. Photography is carried out with a camera of 70mm format, utilizing a 3 8mm lens. Data reduction employs the 29E Film Reading System, and its associated 282E Telecordex, both manufactured by Computer Industries. Computer pro-grams have been developed and imple-mented, using the IBM 7094 computer. To eliminate the human operator, computer-controlled film-scanning and data reduction are under development. This method reduces data reduction time to 5-10% of the time required by the method above. It employs the Programmable Film Reader (PFR-3), manufactured by Information International, Inc. This paper describes the photogram-metric techniques employed in locating a vehicle in a ground coordinate system. It also describes pattern recognition techniques, whereby the behaviour of each vehicle traversing the area under study can be determined.© (1969) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Long-term control of mycosis fungoides of the hands with topical bexarotene

Background Limited Stage IA mycosis fungoides (MF) is often treated with topical steroids, which can cause atrophy, or with nitrogen mustard, which imposes several limitations on the patient's lifestyle. Topical bexarotene is a novel synthetic rexinoid with few side-effects that has shown efficacy for treatment of mycosis fungoides skin lesions in recent Phase II–III clinical trials. The Phase I–II trial involving 67 stage IA–IIA MF patients demonstrated complete response (CR) in 21% and partial response (PR) in 42% of the patients. The median time to response was approximately 20 weeks. In the phase III trial of refractory stage IA, IB and IIA MF, the patients demonstrated a 44% response rate (8% CR). Patients with no prior therapy for mycosis fungoides responded at a higher rate (75%) than those with prior topical therapies. Methods Case report of a patient with MF limited to the hands treated with topical bexarotene 0.1% gel in a open label phase II clinical trial. Results Partial response occurred after 2 weeks of topical bexarotene therapy and the lesions were well controlled for 5 years using bexarotene monotherapy, with only occasional mild local irritation. Conclusions Topical bexarotene is effective as long-term treatment monotherapy for limited MF lesions. To our knowledge this is the longest use of the drug by any individual.
Emerging pharmacologic options for treating postoperative ileus.

Purpose. Characteristics of the ideal drug therapy for postoperative ileus (POI); the pharmacology, efficacy, and safety of currently available nonselective opioid antagonists and the new peripherally selective opioid antagonists methylnaltrexone and alvimopan for the treatment of POI; and formulary considerations associated with the introduction of these new POI drug therapies are discussed. Summary. The ideal drug therapy for treating POI would selectively antagonize the inhibitory effects on the gastrointestinal (GI) tract of all of the potential factors implicated in the pathophysiology of POI (neurogenic, inflammatory, hormonal, and pharmacologic mediators). The most promising target to date is inhibition of the adverse GI effects of endogenous and exogenous opioids. Selective inhibition of the μ-opioid receptors in the GI tract, without reversing centrally mediated opioid-induced analgesia, may be beneficial in reducing POI. The nonselective opioid antagonists naloxone and nalmefene have not been studied for POI, and they cross the blood–brain barrier. Therefore, they are not appropriate for preventing or treating POI. The peripherally selective opioid antagonist methylnaltrexone shortens the duration of POI and the hospital length of stay (LOS). Alvimopan, a more extensively studied peripherally selective opioid antagonist, has been shown to reduce the duration of POI, frequency of postoperative nausea and vomiting, and hospital LOS. Both methylnaltrexone and alvimopan also appear effective for treating opioid-induced constipation. Preliminary results of a long-term study of alvimopan safety have revealed some potential concerns, and the significance of the adverse effects must be understood before the most appropriate role of alvimopan in patient care can be determined. Restricting the prescribing of new POI drug therapies to certain types of patients, surgeries, and prescribers; incorporating these therapies into preoperative and postoperative policies, procedures, and protocols; and the potential cost savings from reducing hospital LOS are among the considerations in adding these agents to health-system formularies. Conclusion. Peripherally selective opioid receptor antagonists are promising new drug therapies that can reduce the clinical and economic burden of POI.
Upper bounds on the quenched free energy of magnetic systems with random interactions

Abstract The quenched free energy of a completely random system is shown to be bounded from above by that of partially random systems obtained on substituting part of the exchange interactions by their mean values. The free energy of the completely regularized system is the highest bound.
Therapeutic strategies for ovarian cancer.

Excerpt To the editor: The review of epithelial carcinoma of the ovary (1) did not discuss three methods of analysis that repeatedly show that combination chemotherapy already offers two to four ti...
Evaluation of enantiopure and non-enantiopure Co(III)-salen catalysts and their counter-ion effects in the hydrolytic kinetic resolution (HKR) of racemic epichlorohydrin

Abstract Hydrolytic kinetic resolution (HKR) resolves racemic epoxides using water as the nucleophile and is most often catalyzed by chiral Co(III)-salens. 1 Previous studies have shown that the counter-ion of the Co(III)-salen has a direct effect on rate of HKR; when catalyzed by a 50:50 mix of (R,R)-Co(III)-salen-OH and (R,R)-Co(III)-salen-SbF6, the fastest HKR rates occurred. It has further been shown that the enantioselectivity is primarily associated with the reaction of (R,R)-Co(III)-salen-OH on the activated epoxide. Based on the aforementioned origin of selectivity, a catalyst containing a 50:50 mix of (R,R)-Co(III)-salen-OH and (±)-trans-Co(III)-salen-SbF6 could, in principle, give high activities and enantioselectivities for HKR comparable to a mixed counter-ion system containing both (R,R)-Co(III)-salens. Here, a series of experiments are described that demonstrate that highly selective catalysis is only achieved using 100% enantiopure ligand, and mixtures of (R,R)-Co(III)-salen and (±)-trans-Co(III)-salen yield lower activity and selectivity. Control experiments demonstrate this is due to rapid counter-ion scrambling under reaction conditions, precluding the possibility of effectively co-utilizing enantiopure (expensive) and racemic (inexpensive) catalysts with differing counter-ions. The mechanistic investigations resolving the counter-ion scrambling are consistent with the currently accepted mechanism for catalysis, involving cooperative activity of two Co(III)-salen species that activate the epoxide and water in the reaction.
Vapor Pressure of Holmium

The vapor pressure of holmium was measured from 10−8 to 101 torr using modifications of the Langmuir and Knudsen methods. A tube‐type orifice permitted use of the Knudsen method at the higher pressures, with suitable corrections. Lowest pressures were measured using a graphite condenser surrounding a large area Langmuir sample, with the vaporized metal being trapped as the nonvolatile carbide. The vapor pressure of the solid α‐holmium is given by logPtorr=(−15 137/T°K)+8.426, and the vapor pressure of the liquid by logPtorr=(−14 122/T°K)+7.849. The heat of vaporization and heat of sublimation (298°K) were 64.7±0.5 and 70.6±0.7 kcal/mole, respectively. The enthalpy change from α‐solid to liquid holmium, corresponding to heats of fusion and transformation, was 4.6±0.7 kcal/mole.
Singular perturbation theory for homoclinic orbits in a class of near-integrable Hamiltonian systems

This paper describes a new type of orbits homoclinic to resonance bands in a class of near-integrable Hamiltonian systems. It presents a constructive method for establishing whether small conservative perturbations of a family of heteroclinic orbits that connect pairs of points on a circle of equilibria will yield transverse homoclinic connections between periodic orbits in the resonance band resulting from the perturbation. In any given example, this method may be used to prove the existence of such transverse homoclinic orbits, as well as to determine their precise shape, their asymptotic behavior, and their possible bifurcations. The method is a combination of the Melnikov method and geometric singular perturbation theory for ordinary differential equations.
Effects of Gap Leakage on Fluid Flow in a Contoured Turbine Nozzle Guide Vane

Computations were performed to study the three-dimensional flow in a nozzle guide vane with leakage issuing from a narrow gap with a backward-facing step located upstream of the airfoil on each endwall. The nozzle guide vane investigated has one flat and one contoured endwall. For the contoured endwall, two configurations of the same contouring profile were investigated with and without gap leakage. In one configuration, all contouring is upstream of the airfoil passage. In the other, the contouring starts upstream of the airfoil passage and continues through it.Results obtained show that when there is gap leakage, secondary flows are reduced at all endwalls for both nozzle configurations investigated. Without gap leakage, secondary flows are reduced only on the contoured endwall in which the contouring started upstream of the airfoil passage and continued through it. When all of the contouring is located upstream of the airfoil passage, there is considerable hot gas ingestion into the gap at both endwalls. When the contouring starts upstream of the airfoil passage and continues throught it, hot gas ingestion was minimal at the contoured endwall and greatly reduced at the flat endwall.This computational study is based on the ensemble-averaged conservation equations of mass, momentum (compressible Navier-Stokes), and energy. Effects of turbulence were modeled by the low Reynolds number shear-stress transport k-ω model. Solutions were generated by a cell-centered finite-volume method that uses third-order accurate flux-difference splitting of Roe with limiters and multigrid acceleration of a diagonalized ADI scheme with local time stepping on patched structured grids.Copyright © 2000 by ASME
Microstructures of Tl2Ba2CuO6 thin films with different doping levels

Abstract Microstructures of Tl2Ba2CuO6 (Tl-2201) thin films with different doping levels grown on SrTiO3 substrates were studied by transmission electron microscopy. It is found that Tl-2201 films are epitaxial single phase over large area. A new three-dimensional modulation structure was observed for the heavily overdoped films. With decrease of doping level from heavily overdoped to optimally doped, the modulation structure becomes weaker and weaker and finally disappears at Tc of about 50 K. The structural symmetry of the optimally doped Tl-2201 films was confirmed to be tetragonal I4/mmm by convergent-beam electron diffraction. The tetragonal symmetry is broken into orthorhombic due to the modulation structure and consequently orthogonal twinning bands along 〈1 1 0〉 directions were observed. The modulation was found to be mainly localized in the CuO2 plane.
Incorporation of the electrode electrolyte interface into finite-element models of metal microelectrodes

An accurate description of the electrode–electrolyte interfacial impedance is critical to the development of computational models of neural recording and stimulation that aim to improve understanding of neuro–electric interfaces and to expedite electrode design. This work examines the effect that the electrode–electrolyte interfacial impedance has upon the solutions generated from time-harmonic finite-element models of cone- and disk-shaped platinum microelectrodes submerged in physiological saline. A thin-layer approximation is utilized to incorporate a platinum–saline interfacial impedance into the finite-element models. This approximation is easy to implement and is not computationally costly. Using an iterative nonlinear solver, solutions were obtained for systems in which the electrode was driven at ac potentials with amplitudes from 10 mV to 500 mV and frequencies from 100 Hz to 100 kHz. The results of these simulations indicate that, under certain conditions, incorporation of the interface may strongly affect the solutions obtained. This effect, however, is dependent upon the amplitude of the driving potential and, to a lesser extent, its frequency. The solutions are most strongly affected at low amplitudes where the impedance of the interface is large. Here, the current density distribution that is calculated from models incorporating the interface is much more uniform than the current density distribution generated by models that neglect the interface. At higher potential amplitudes, however, the impedance of the interface decreases, and its effect on the solutions obtained is attenuated.
Post-seismic relaxation theory on a laterally heterogeneous viscoelastic model

SUMMARY Investigation was carried out into the problem of relaxation of a laterally heterogeneous viscoelastic Earth following an impulsive moment release event. The formal solution utilizes a semi-analytic solution for post-seismic deformation on a laterally homogeneous Earth constructed from viscoelastic normal modes, followed by application of mode coupling theory to derive the response on the aspherical Earth. The solution is constructed in the Laplace transform domain using the correspondence principle and is valid for any linear constitutive relationship between stress and strain. The specific implementation described in this paper is a semi-analytic discretization method which assumes isotropic elastic structure and a Maxwell constitutive relation. It accounts for viscoelastic–gravitational coupling under lateral variations in elastic parameters and viscosity. For a given viscoelastic structure and minimum wavelength scale, the computational effort involved with the numerical algorithm is proportional to the volume of the laterally heterogeneous region. Examples are presented of the calculation of post-seismic relaxation with a shallow, laterally heterogeneous volume following synthetic impulsive seismic events, and they illustrate the potentially large effect of regional 3-D heterogeneities on regional deformation patterns.
Silent otitis media

There is a traditional view that chronic otitis media and chronic mastoiditis must exist in the presence of a tympanic membrane perforation. Based on a human histopathological study of 123 temporal bones with chronic otitis media out of 333 temporal bones with all forms of otitis media pathology, only 24 patients (36 ears) had symptoms of otological disease recorded on their charts and only 19.5% of these had an associated tympanic membrane perforation. Unsuspected findings of chronic otitis media (active or inactive) are occasionally confirmed at exploratory tympanotomy. Such quiet chronic pathological findings in the middle ear have occurred in association with endolymphatic hydrops and cochlear end organ lesions suggesting the possibility that silent chronic otitis media may help explain sensorineural hearing loss, vertigo, and tinnitus for certain patients. We put forth the hypothesis that clinically undetectable silent otitis media in neonates and infants might help explain why certain children are otitis media prone. Our otopathology laboratory includes 111 ears harvested from neonates and infants (average age 8 months). Histological analysis revealed normal findings in some, whereas significant numbers of others show all forms of otitis media, including purulent otitis media, chronic otitis media, serous otitis media, and mucoid otitis media, with occasional overlap of types. Clinical implications will be discussed with emphasis on silent otitis media and its relationship to the pathogenesis of otitis media and silent chronic otitis media and its possible role in causing insidious labyrinthine changes. A significant outcome of this study was the marked degree of unresolved mesenchyme in the clinically manifest otitis media group or silent otitis media group as compared to a control group. This association and role of mesenchyme is discussed relative to the pathogenesis of infantile otitis media.
Development of a Biomonitoring Assay for ortho-Toluidine or its Metabolites in Human Urine

We describe a method for the measurement of a metabolite of ortho-toluidine in urine. The method uses capillary gas chromatographic separation with mass spectrometric detection to quantitate the metabolite, and it requires no derivatization or extraction of the urine sample prior to analysis. Quantitation is accomplished by comparison with a control spiked with a standard of the metabolite. The coefficient of variation for day-to-day reproducibility of the assay was 9.7%. The limit of quantitation was 10 pg/t (10 parts per billion).
Restrictive factors in strabismus

Either muscle weakness (paresis) or mechanical restrictions can account for diminished ocular rotation. In practice, restrictions are more commonly seen. The forced duction test, differential intraocular pressure measurement and saccadic velocity studies can all assist in documenting the presence of restriction. Restrictions frequently occur with orbital floor fracture, endocrine ophthalmopathy and Brown's syndrome, and following multiple stabismus procedures, orbital or retinal detachment surgery, or muscle transposition surgery. They also occur as a result of antagonist muscle contracture after rectus muscle palsy or they may be due to orbital tumor or inflammation.
Label swapping routing with self-termination

In networks that use label swapping routing, like asynchronous transfer mode (ATM), inconsistent routing tables, due to either incorrect setups or memory failures, can result in infinite looping of packets. A method for ensuring self-termination in such networks is proposed and analyzed. The method is based on imposing linear order on the labels chosen by the stations along the route during connection setup, and on a simple online check performed by every station upon taking routing decisions. the self-termination method along a simple route is then extended to routing over multicast trees. >
Intracellular cholesterol homeostasis and amyloid precursor protein processing

Many preclinical and clinical studies have implied a role for cholesterol in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). In this review we will discuss the movement of intracellular cholesterol and how normal distribution, transport, and export of cholesterol are vital for regulation of the AD related protein, Abeta. We focus on cholesterol distribution in the plasma membrane, transport through the endosomal/lysosomal system, control of cholesterol intracellular signaling at the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi, the HMG-CoA reductase pathway and finally export of cholesterol from the cell.
Extreme value models with application to drought data

The exact distributions of the productXY are derived whenX andY are independent random variables and come from the extreme value distribution of Type I, the extreme value distribution of Type II or the extreme value distribution of Type III. Of the, six possible combinations, only three yield closed-form expressions for the distribution ofXY. A detailed application of the results is provided to drought data from Nebraska.
A numerical investigation of domain wall and horizontal Bloch line motion in thin films with perpendicular anisotropy

The dynamic structure of a magnetic domain wall in a thin film with large uniaxial anisotropy perpendicular to the plane of the material has been determined by numerical integration of the Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert equation. The geometry corresponds to a domain wall whose structure is uniform along the wall, but can vary normal to the wall and normal to the plane of the material. For external fields in the range of a few Oersted, a constant mobility is observed. In this region, the wall remains flat and horizontal Bloch lines (HBL) are not formed. At larger fields, HBLs are formed that propagate through the wall and punch through at the opposite surface from which they formed. During punch through, the region of the wall undergoing a quick 180 degrees rotation is seen to move backward compared with the rest of the wall. This causes the average wall position to be stationary during punch through. At larger fields, the structure of the domain wall is significantly more complex and multiple HBLs are found in the domain wall. >
Models arising from a flexible manufacturing machine, Part II: minimization of the number of switching instants

This paper deals with a job scheduling problem for a flexible manufacturing machine. We consider the same manufacturing environment described in a companion study Part I, but we use a different performance criterion: to minimize the total number of instants at which tools are switched. This performance criterion is appropriate when the switching time is roughly constant and independent of the number of tool switches. We show that this scheduling problem generalizes the classical bin packing problem, and we present a non-LP-based branch-and-bound procedure that terminates with an optimal solution. We extend this procedure to the case of K machines in sequence.
Transoral robotic surgery in the pediatric patient

Although the role of transoral robotic surgery (TORS) is rapidly expanding in its surgical management options for both benign and malignant head and neck pathology in the adult population, its role is currently less defined in the pediatric population. Results using TORS to perform lingual tonsillectomy, laryngeal cleft repair, and oropharyngeal reconstruction with local flaps are promising, nevertheless, this technology is still in its infancy with respect to use in pediatric airway disease. The following text describes indications for utilization of TORS, operative techniques, and expected postoperative outcomes and complication profiles in the pediatric patient.
On the T-RAM and FED-RAM memory mechanism

We take a closer look on the memory mechanism (“store”) of the T-RAM and FED-RAM memory cells, with the help of extensive numerical simulations. The resulting carrier profiles demonstrate that the accepted interpretation of the memory mechanism as the accumulation (“1”) or depletion (“0”) of holes, under the gate above the p-base, is incorrect. Instead, it is the state (equilibrium or not) of the depletion regions on the sides of the p-base, that determine the stored state of the cell.
Root Carbon Dioxide Fixation by Phosphorus-Deficient Lupinus albus (Contribution to Organic Acid Exudation by Proteoid Roots)

When white lupin (Lupinus albus L.) is subjected to P deficiency lateral root development is altered and densely clustered, tertiary lateral roots (proteoid roots) are initiated. These proteoid roots exude large amounts of citrate, which increases P solubilization. In the current study plants were grown with either 1 mM P (+P-treated) or without P (-P-treated). Shoots or roots of intact plants from both P treatments were labeled independently with 14CO2 to compare the relative contribution of C fixed in each with the C exuded from roots as citrate and other organic acids. About 25-fold more acid-stable 14C, primarily in citrate and malate, was recovered in exudates from the roots of -P-treated plants compared with +P-treated plants. The rate of in vivo C fixation in roots was about 4-fold higher in -P-treated plants than in +P-treated plants. Evidence from labeling intact shoots or roots indicates that synthesis of citrate exuded by -P-treated roots is directly related to nonphotosynthetic C fixation in roots. C fixed in roots of -P-treated plants contributed about 25 and 34% of the C exuded as citrate and malate, respectively. Nonphotosynthetic C fixation in white lupin roots is an integral component in the exudation of large amounts of citrate and malate, thus increasing the P available to the plant.
Speed of word recognition and vocabulary knowledge in infancy predict cognitive and language outcomes in later childhood

The nature of predictive relations between early language and later cognitive function is a fundamental question in research on human cognition. In a longitudinal study assessing speed of language processing in infancy, Fernald, Perfors and Marchman (2006) found that reaction time at 25 months was strongly related to lexical and grammatical development over the second year. In this follow-up study, children originally tested as infants were assessed at 8 years on standardized tests of language, cognition, and working memory. Speed of spoken word recognition and vocabulary size at 25 months each accounted for unique variance in linguistic and cognitive skills at 8 years, effects that were attributable to strong relations between both infancy measures and working memory. These findings suggest that processing speed and early language skills are fundamental to intellectual functioning, and that language development is guided by learning and representational principles shared across cognitive and linguistic domains.
Tumor profiling and the incidentalome: patient decisions and risks.

In recent years, the field of oncology has witnessed rapid advancements in genetic sequencing simultaneously with steeply declining costs of sequencing technology. As a result, genomics-driven cancer medicine and the use of tumor profiling are quickly becoming mainstays of cancer therapy. Oncology patients can benefit from tumor profiling by allowing the selection of targeted therapies tailored to their disease. However, it is increasingly recognized that the process of determining a tumor DNA sequence may lead to incidental discovery of underlying germline mutations which can impact other aspects of a patient’s health, and that of their family. How to handle the ‘incidentalome’ has been the subject of recent public debate, yet patient education about the potential risks of tumor profiling remains sparse. Patient perspectives and clinical implications of the tumor incidentalome must be specifically addressed by the oncology community as tumor profiling expands to become a new standard of care.
Divergence Times and Historical Biogeography of Nymphaeales

Abstract Nymphaeales (Nymphaeaceae and Cabombaceae) comprise eight genera and approximately 70 species of aquatic plants, with a worldwide distribution in tropical to temperate regions. Previous analyses of molecular and morphological data have provided a well-resolved and strongly supported generic-level phylogeny for the order. Using published nuclear 18S rDNA and plastid rbcL and matK DNA sequences and a published topology for Nymphaeales, we estimated the divergence times of genera in this clade. We applied four different methods, a strict molecular clock, nonparametric rate smoothing (NPRS), penalized likelihood (PL), and a Bayesian method, to estimate divergence times. We calibrated the trees by using the minimum age of the angiosperm crown group constrained to 131.8 mya. Our results indicate that extant Nymphaeales diversified into two major clades corresponding to Cabombaceae and Nymphaeaceae during the Eocene (44.6 ± 7.9 mya); extant genera of Nymphaeaceae date to 41.1 ± 7.7 mya, and extant Cabom...
The Announcement Effect of the EFSF

This paper documents the market reaction to the introduction of the European Financial Stability Facility (EFSF) in 2010 and 2011. The effect on borrowing rates is ambiguous - Greece, Ireland, Portugal, Spain, Italy and Slovenia exhibit a decrease in rates on event days, the remaining Eurozone countries exhibit an increase. The sovereign CDS market shows that not all of the effect on rates can be attributed to the assumption of default risk. CDS spreads do not increase in the case of Germany, France, the Netherlands, and Finland, consistent with a moderate increase in riskless rates. However, the net effect on the value of all Eurozone debt is positive and amounts to EUR 108 billion. Market participants also seem to anticipate an impact on real economic conditions given that the increase in non-financial equity value is EUR 126 billion, or 1.4% of Eurozone GDP.
The Story of Knetsch V. United States and Judicial Doctrines Combating Tax Avoidance

This paper presents the story of Knetsch v. United States, 364 U.S. 361 (1947), the leading case in defining impermissible tax avoidance. Drawing upon newspaper stories, briefs, unpublished judicial opinions and memoranda, and other sources, it describes the tax shelter market of the 1950s, the government's and the taxpayer's litigation strategies (and errors), the decision-making processes of the courts, and the case's impact on the development of the tax law.
The Theory of the Consumer Price Level

THE THEORY of prices developed by Keynes in the General Theory is always likely to appeal strongly to the student approaching the subject from the side of value theory for in his analysis customary supply-demand categories are reaffirmed.2 Yet, despite its insights, his analysis here is incomplete: although there is a fairly detailed account of the supply curve the chapter is vague on the exact composition of the corresponding demand function.8 This paper reviews the problem, constructs an appropriate demand-supply apparatus, and uses it to analyse the determination of the price level of consumer goods, as measured by index numbers. It appears, however, that the same technique can be extended to explain the price level of investment goods if certain of the functional connections are modified.
Discussion: Relevant Research Programs to be Conducted in Developing Countries

Dorner and Thiesenhusen are to be complimented on their paper. It cogently characterizes and effectively focuses attention on a range of significant problems faced, in one form or another, by many developing nations. There appears to be little reason to question their points that: (a) agricultural development in such areas will be associated with marked changes in economic and social institutions, (b) land tenure arrangements and factor and product market institutions tend to constitute important aspects of this broad range of problems and, (c) a research program designed to shed light on such problems should include three kinds of studies-those designed to find out
Stability analysis of multi-objective planning problems for unmanned aircraft

By performing sensitivity analysis on multi-objective mission planning problems for unmanned aircraft, this paper provides insight into properties of optimal solutions and their robustness with respect to trade-offs between objectives and also perturbations in the objective functions. We consider mission planning for unmanned aircraft in hostile environments, where a trade-off between short mission execution time and low risk must be made. This paper develops a method to compute stability regions for a set of schedules for a prototypical mission for unmanned aircraft, the weighted multi-objective symmetric traveling salesman problem. A stability region associated with an optimal solution is the set of all perturbations to the input parameters for which that solution remains optimal. In particular, this paper studies perturbations to the weights and costs in the objective functions. This work has multiple potential benefits such as providing insight into how robust a solution is with respect to modeling uncertainties, how limited intelligence resources should be allocated, and the influence of each objective on the solution. A numerical example is given to demonstrate the methods developed in this paper.
A Random Matrix Approach to Manipulator Jacobian

Traditional kinematic analysis of manipulators, built upon a deterministic articulated kinematic modeling often proves inadequate to capture uncertainties affecting the performance of the real robotic systems. While a probabilistic framework is necessary to characterize the system response variability, the random variable/vector based approaches are unable to effectively and efficiently characterize the system response uncertainties. Hence in this paper, we propose a random matrix formulation for the Jacobian matrix of a robotic system. It facilitates characterization of the uncertainty model using limited system information in addition to taking into account the structural inter-dependencies and kinematic complexity of the manipulator. The random Jacobian matrix is modeled such that it adopts a symmetric positive definite random perturbation matrix. The maximum entropy principle permits characterization of this perturbation matrix in the form of a Wishart distribution with specific parameters. Comparing to the random variable/vector based schemes, the benefits now include: incorporating the kinematic configuration and complexity in the probabilistic formulation, achieving the uncertainty model using limited system information (mean and dispersion parameter), and realizing a faster simulation process. A case study of a 6R serial manipulator (PUMA 560) is presented to highlight the critical aspects of the process. A Monte Carlo analysis is performed to capture the deviations of distal path from the desired trajectory and the statistical analysis on the realizations of the end effector position and orientation shows how the uncertainty propagates throughout the system.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
The Pupal Wings of Hepialus Thule

The adult wings of the different species of the genus Hepialus are of particular interest because they show such a generalized condition. They approximate the closest to the hypothetical wing type of Comstock and Needham of any insect’s wings with which I am acquainted. This hypothetical type is supposed to show the number and arrangement of the longitudinal veins as they existed in the primitive insect’s wing. These authors have shown that a study of the arrangement of the tracheae preceding the formation of the veins in developing wings throws much light on the homology of the veins of the adult wing. Many developing wings of Lepidoptera have been studied and figured, but so far as I am aware no investigator has studied and figured the developing wing veins of a species of Hepialus . It was my good fortune, through the kindness of Professor J. M. Swaine of MacDonald College, Quebec, Canada, to obtain pupae of Hepialus thule hardened in formol in the right stage for a study of the developing wing veins. These specimens showed not only the tracheae, which are represented as black lines on the accompanying figure, but also the veins, which are represented as white bands. Unfortunately nothing could be determined as to the arrangement of the tracheae after they left the veins and entered the body. The various veins will be taken up in order.
A model analytical method of multi-DOF electrothermal MEMS micro-mirror

The deformation reason of actuator caused by heat conduction and interaction force is analyzed by introducing thermal conduction and spring rigid model combined with structure of micro-mirror actuator,and multiDOF mathematical model for micro-mirror is established.Comparison of simulation,and experimental data show that the constructed model agrees well with experimental results,it can predict input responses characteristics of four actuators.
Inertial response study on the year 2030 U.S. Eastern Interconnection (EI) high wind scenario

This paper documents a dynamic simulation study of inertial response on the U.S. Eastern Interconnection (EI) in the year 2030. The 2030 EI model features 17% wind penetration, which is mainly located in the Midcontinent Independent System Operator (MISO) and the Southwest Power Pool (SPP) territories. This comparison study looks at the difference in system wide inertial responses between wind and conventional generators by displacing the wind machines with synchronous generators. Simulation results show the impact of reduced inertia due to the wind penetration. The performance of wind inertia control is also studied.
Bewegungskontrolle durch das Gehirn

In diesem Kapitel wird untersucht, wie das Gehirn die Aktivitat des Ruckenmarks beeinflusst und so willkurliche Bewegungen steuert. Das zentrale motorische System ist hierarchisch organisiert, wobei das Vorderhirn die obere und das Ruckenmark die untere Kontrollebene bildet. In diesem Kapitel werden wir diese Hierarchie der Bewegungskontrolle genauer betrachten und untersuchen, auf welche Weise jede Ebene zur Kontrolle der peripheren Motorik beitragt. Wir beginnen mit den Bahnen, die Informationen zu den Motoneuronen im Ruckenmark weiterleiten. Danach betrachten wir die hochsten Ebenen der Bewegungshierarchie, um anschliesend die einzelnen Teile zu einem Gesamtbild zusammenzusetzen. Zwischendurch wird beschrieben, wie pathologische Veranderungen in bestimmten Teilen des motorischen Systems zu Storungen fuhren.
THE RESPIRATORY CHAIN AS A MODEL FOR METABOLIC CONTROL IN MULTI-ENZYME SYSTEMS

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on respiratory chain as a model for metabolic control in multienzyme systems. Oxidative phosphorylation exemplifies idealized control characteristics for multienzyme systems. A method of determining the site of an inhibitory interaction with the system and its relationship to the location of sites of the control of electron transfer is afforded by the crossover theorem. Although the respiratory chain is controlled simultaneously at three sites, usually only one of these sites is identified under a particular condition of dehydrogenase or oxidase activities. As in the case of the respiratory chain, more than one control site may be involved, even though only one crossover point is identified. Generally, data on metabolic control identify only one of the possible control sites in an enzymatic sequence.