cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Irradiation for locoregionally recurrent, never‐irradiated oral cavity cancers

Background The purpose of this study was to report the clinical outcomes and related prognostic factors of patients who underwent radiotherapy (RT) for the treatment of recurrent, never-irradiated oral cavity cancer (recurrent OCC). Methods The records of consecutive patients with nonmetastatic recurrent OCC who presented to and were treated with RT at our institution between 1989 and 2011 were reviewed. The Kaplan–Meier method was used to calculate overall survival (OS). The cumulative incidences of disease-specific death, local failure, regional failure, and distant metastasis were calculated with death as a competing risk. Results One hundred twenty-three patients were identified. Median follow-up for living patients was 54 months and 16 months for all patients. Ninety-one patients had salvage surgery followed by adjuvant RT. Definitive RT was utilized in the remaining 32 patients. The 5-year OS was 40%. The 5-year cumulative incidence of disease-specific death, local failure, regional failure, and distant metastasis was 55%, 34%, 22%, and 20%, respectively. Recurrent T classification and lack of salvage surgery were independently associated with worse disease-specific death and decreased OS, respectively. Subset analysis of patients who underwent salvage surgery demonstrated that age, recurrent T classification, and perineural invasion (PNI) were independently associated with decreased OS; recurrent T classification and thicker tumors were independently associated with worse disease-specific death; and positive/close margins and primary T classification were independently associated with increased local failure. Conclusion In this group of patients with recurrent OCC, clinical outcomes were similar or improved when compared with other recurrent OCC-specific reports. In the salvage surgery subset, tumor thickness and PNI are recurrent pathologic features associated with outcomes that were only previously demonstrated in studies of primary disease. Because of the relatively worse outcomes in patients receiving definitive or adjuvant RT for recurrent OCC, we advocate for the appropriate use of postoperative RT in the initial management of oral cavity cancers. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 37: 1633–1641, 2015
Beaufort sea rubble fields: Characteristics and implications for nearshore petroleum operations

Abstract Experience with past offshore platforms in the Beaufort Sea has shown that in some regions, a stable rubble field of ice may surround the platform during the winter months. These rubble fields can influence marine operations, emergency evacuation systems and can reduce ice loads on the platform. This paper analyzes the historical rubble information that has been collected pertaining to the nearshore Beaufort Sea and it examines potential empirical relationships between rubble field characteristics and a variety of ice and environmental parameters. Historically, offshore structures in this region were in open water for approximately 100 days. During the remaining time, quasi-stable, grounded rubble could be present around a structure for extended periods — for example, on average 65% of the time that there was moving pack ice in the autumn. Rubble fields formed between 76%–87% of the time when a drilling structure was in water depths from 5 to 32 m. This review shows that grounded rubble fields in the Beaufort Sea can be extensive with areas up to 1 km 2 with maximum sail heights up to 14 m. The extent and shape of each field is interdependent upon a number of factors, such as water depth, number of days the site is in moving ice, and the size and shape of an island, caisson or a submarine berm. But no one factor could guarantee the formation of grounded rubble. Upper bounds to the size of a rubble field are proposed based upon three separate data sets. The potential presence of rubble to such a great degree indicates that operators should clearly identify the strategies to be used to either manage grounded ice rubble or account for its presence with respect to marine operations and emergency evacuation methods. However, the data also show that rubble fields often don't form, even if conditions seem to be favorable for their formation.
Understanding E-Government Benefits: An Examination of Leading-Edge Local Governments

Past research on the topic of e-government activities is heavily rooted in describing technological innovation in terms of a maturational model. Apparently, technological innovation has occurred incrementally?and the benefits, if realized, are slow to accrue. This research examines the utility of maturational models in understanding the achievement of e-government benefits. The findings are predicated on a retrospective panel analysis of how public organizations realize the benefits of technological innovations. This study revealed that although a maturational model may be helpful for describing aggregate efforts, it is less useful in understanding the potential for individual gains. Based on the results of this sample, rapid advances, nonlinear activities, and permeable boundaries are important determinants of achieving the benefits of technological innovation and, thus, worthy of ongoing research.
Neutral-pion production in central collisions of relativistic 12C and 40Ar on 208Pb☆

Abstract The production of π0 mesons in central collisions of 12C and 40Ar on 208Pb has been examined at a number of energies from 1. to 2.1 GeV/N, as part of the first systematic study as a function of beam energy and charged-particle multiplicity of the rate of neutral-pion production in relativistic heavy-ion collisions. For comparison, corresponding π± data acquired with the same detector system have also been presented. The results indicate that, for a given target-projectile combination, both neutral- and charged-pion production increase smoothly by a factor of approximately 2.9 in this energy range. The measurement of charged-particle multiplicity is discussed in order to indicate how the characteristic distributions observed in this study were used to parameterize the experimental results. The average multiplicity of both pions and nucleons projected from these data is found to disagree with statistical models of particle production. The significance of the Nπ±/Ncharge and Nπ±/Nπ0 ratios observed as a function of beam energy and charged-particle multiplicity is discussed in the context of understanding the nature of the collision process.
Residual strain evolution in steel samples: tension versus torsion

Torsion provides a unique opportunity to probe mechanical behavior of materials subjected to pure state of shear stress. In this research, identical steel alloy (12L14) hollow cylinder samples are subjected to predetermined amounts of plastic axial and shear strain such that their octahedral shear strain (an invariant) are identical for comparison. Measurements were made at the residual stress measuring facility at the High Flux Isotope Reactor in Oak Ridge (NRSF2), using a small gauge area in the direction of strain gradients (0.5 mm×0.5 mm) through the hollow cylinder wall thickness. These orthogonal strains are obtained for BCC Fe for three hkl’s. Three normal strains in the hoop, radial, and axial directions are obtained as a function of centroid position of the gauge volume through the 2 mm wall thickness. Significant differences in measured residual strains are noted between the torsion and the tension samples. The largest differences are found for the Fe (200) planes while the smallest differences are observed for the Fe (211) planes. This research demonstrates the need for a systematic study of residual strain as a function of applied stress path moving beyond tensile testing for solving real world problems.
Differential neural coding of acoustic flutter within primate auditory cortex

A sequence of acoustic events is perceived either as one continuous sound or as a stream of temporally discrete sounds (acoustic flutter), depending on the rate at which the acoustic events repeat. Acoustic flutter is perceived at repetition rates near or below the lower limit for perceiving pitch, and is akin to the discrete percepts of visual flicker and tactile flutter caused by the slow repetition of sensory stimulation. It has been shown that slowly repeating acoustic events are represented explicitly by stimulus-synchronized neuronal firing patterns in primary auditory cortex (AI). Here we show that a second neural code for acoustic flutter exists in the auditory cortex of marmoset monkeys (Callithrix jacchus), in which the firing rate of a neuron is a monotonic function of an acoustic event's repetition rate. Whereas many neurons in AI encode acoustic flutter using a dual temporal/rate representation, we find that neurons in cortical fields rostral to AI predominantly use a monotonic rate code and lack stimulus-synchronized discharges. These findings indicate that the neural representation of acoustic flutter is transformed along the caudal-to-rostral axis of auditory cortex.
Deregulation of poly(A) polymerase I in Escherichia coli inhibits protein synthesis and leads to cell death

Polyadenylation plays important roles in RNA metabolism in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Surprisingly, deregulation of polyadenylation by poly(A) polymerase I (PAP I) in Escherichia coli leads to toxicity and cell death. We show here that mature tRNAs, which are normally not substrates for PAP I in wild-type cells, are rapidly polyadenylated as PAP I levels increase, leading to dramatic reductions in the fraction of aminoacylated tRNAs, cessation of protein synthesis and cell death. The toxicity associated with PAP I is exacerbated by the absence of either RNase T and/or RNase PH, the two major 3' → 5' exonucleases involved in the final step of tRNA 3'-end maturation, confirming their role in the regulation of tRNA polyadenylation. Furthermore, our data demonstrate that regulation of PAP I is critical not for preventing the decay of mRNAs, but rather for maintaining normal levels of functional tRNAs and protein synthesis in E. coli, a function for polyadenylation that has not been observed previously in any organism.
Preventing Pregnancy OR Supporting Students? Learning from the Stories of Young Mothers

Researchers have long discussed the negative implications of discourses about teenage pregnancy. The authors of this article join this discussion by focusing on the tension between social/educational imperatives to prevent teenage pregnancy and the educational imperative to support all students. Drawing from data from the My Pregnancy Story Project—a mixed-method study of the lived experiences of 27 young pregnant and/or mothering women—this article illustrates that pregnant and mothering students often endure school environments in which they are consistently reminded of their “mistake” by teachers, peers, and sex education learning activities. Although some participants reported feeling stigmatized and silenced, these young women also articulated what they want from their schools. Reflecting on these youth voices, the authors call for school personnel and those making policy decisions to examine and revise school policies in the areas of harassment and bullying, school codes of conduct, personnel hiring and training, health and sex education pedagogy, and access to information.
A review of testing methods for thermal spray coatings

AbstractThe primary focus of this review concerns the test methods used to evaluate thermal spray coatings. Techniques to measure coating intrinsic properties such as (i) porosity and (ii) residual stress state; as well as extrinsic mechanical properties that include (iii) hardness, (iv) adhesion, (v) elastic modulus, (vi) fracture toughness, and (vi) the Poisson’s ratio of thermal spray coatings are presented. This review also encompasses the feedstock and thermal spray method since process variants create a specific microstructure. An important aspect of this work is to highlight the extrinsic nature of mechanical property measurements with regard to thermal spray coatings. Thermal spray coatings exhibit anisotropic behaviour and microstructural artefacts such as porosity and the splat structure of coatings influence the mechanical characterisation methods. The analysis of coating data variability evolving from the different measurement techniques is of particular relevance to interpret the character of...
An analysis of the androgens of musth in the Asian bull elephant (Elephas maximus)

During musth in bull elephants, the androgens testosterone (T), dihydrotestosterone (DHT), and androstenedione all increase significantly. Given the unusual endocrine physiology that has been discovered in female elephants, it is also possible that bull elephants produce some unusual androgens. A cell-based androgen receptor assay was used to explore this possibility using two different methods. The first method compared the level of T measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) with the level of androgen receptor (AR) activity measured in the serum of eight bull elephants during musth and non-musth periods. A ratio was calculated for T/AR activity for non-musth and musth, to determine if there was a change in the ratio between these two states. The second method used HPLC to separate two pooled serum samples (one non-musth and one musth) into fractions using a protocol which separates known androgens into specific, previously identified fractions. Each fraction was then tested with the AR assay to determine the androgenicity of any compounds present. This was done to determine if there were any fractions which had androgenic activity but did not contain any previously identified androgens. Results from the first analysis indicated no change in the T/AR ratio between non-musth and musth states. Clearly whatever active androgens are present during musth, they increase proportionately with T. Findings from the second analysis suggested that the only bioactive androgen present in the serum of non-musth Asian bulls is a low level of T. During musth, the only bioactive androgens detected were T and DHT; of these, T was by far the predominant active androgen present. Taken together, these two analyses suggest that T is by far the predominant active androgen present during musth in Asian bull elephants, and that no previously unidentified bioactive androgen is present.
Inhibitors of histone demethylation and histone deacetylation cooperate in regulating gene expression and inhibiting growth in human breast cancer cells

Abnormal activities of histone lysine demethylases (KDMs) and lysine deacetylases (HDACs) are associated with aberrant gene expression in breast cancer development. However, the precise molecular mechanisms underlying the crosstalk between KDMs and HDACs in chromatin remodeling and regulation of gene transcription are still elusive. In this study, we showed that treatment of human breast cancer cells with inhibitors targeting the zinc cofactor dependent class I/II HDAC, but not NAD+ dependent class III HDAC, led to significant increase of H3K4me2 which is a specific substrate of histone lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1) and a key chromatin mark promoting transcriptional activation. We also demonstrated that inhibition of LSD1 activity by a pharmacological inhibitor, pargyline, or siRNA resulted in increased acetylation of H3K9 (AcH3K9). However, siRNA knockdown of LSD2, a homolog of LSD1, failed to alter the level of AcH3K9, suggesting that LSD2 activity may not be functionally connected with HDAC activity. Combined treatment with LSD1 and HDAC inhibitors resulted in enhanced levels of H3K4me2 and AcH3K9, and exhibited synergistic growth inhibition of breast cancer cells. Finally, microarray screening identified a unique subset of genes whose expression was significantly changed by combination treatment with inhibitors of LSD1 and HDAC. Our study suggests that LSD1 intimately interacts with histone deacetylases in human breast cancer cells. Inhibition of histone demethylation and deacetylation exhibits cooperation and synergy in regulating gene expression and growth inhibition, and may represent a promising and novel approach for epigenetic therapy of breast cancer.
Systematic reviews of medical evidence: The use of meta-analysis in obstetrics and gynecology

Objective To review the technique of meta-analysis and its uses and limitations in obstetrics and gynecology. Data Sources We reviewed four major journals in obstetrics and gynecology ( American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fertility and Sterility, Journal of Reproductive Medicine , and Obstetrics & Gynecology ). Methods of Study Selection Journals were reviewed to determine frequency of meta-analysis as a method of systematic review in obstetrics and gynecology. We also summarized objectives and scientific guidelines for performing a meta-analysis. Tabulation, Integration, and Results Meta-analysis is used with increased frequency in obstetrics and gynecology as a way of systematically reviewing medical evidence. This technique is an attempt to improve on traditional methods of narrative review by an expert and as a framework for evidence-based medicine and developing practice guidelines. By combining data from replicate studies, a meta-analysis can increase statistical power, more precisely estimate the typical effect size of treatment or risk factor, and attempt to resolve controversies in the medical literature. Meta-analysis is a retrospective look at data already collected and is therefore subject to the biases of all retrospective studies. Conclusions The technique of meta-analysis requires all the scientific rigor of a randomized clinical trial with careful attention to study design, including a formal protocol for literature search strategies, quality assessment of candidate studies, specific inclusion and exclusion criteria, issues of sampling and publication bias, statistical tests of homogeneity, and sensitivity analysis.
Clinical and physiologic studies in pulmonary thromboembolism

Abstract The clinical and physiologic studies of 72 patients with pulmonary thromboembolism were analyzed in detail. Pulmonary emboli occurred most frequently in the setting of some chronic condition, such as heart disease, previous pulmonary embolism, or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Coronary disease was most common, followed by mitral disease. The incidence of chronic bronchitis and emphysema can be expected to rise. The four most often encountered symptoms were: dyspnea in all patients, cough and pleural pain in about two thirds, and hemoptysis in slightly more than one third. Nonspecific physical findings were most frequent: loud P2, tachypnea, rales and tachycardia. More specific findings of embolism, such as pleural friction rub and chest splinting, occurred in less than a fifth of the patients. Phlebitis was present in only a third. No specific laboratory test is presently available, but determination of enzyme levels (LDH, SGOT) were useful in suggesting the presence of pulmonary embolism. Over half of the patients had the characteristic elevated level of serum lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) and a normal level of serum glutamic oxalacetic transaminase (SGOT). However, negative studies do not exclude embolism. The most frequent biochemical triad consisted of elevated LDH and normal SGOT and bilirubin. Bilirubin elevation generally signaled the presence of complicating congestive failure. The white cell count in uncomplicated embolism was less than 15,000/mm.3 Ventilatory derangements included hyperventilation, pulmonary restriction, bronchoconstriction and diminished diffusing capacity. Impairment of oxygenation was observed in almost all patients. Two thirds showed evidence of venous admixture, and other contributing factors responsible for hypoxemia were diffusion defects and diminished ventilation-perfusion ratios. Virtually all patients with pO2 levels less than 60 mm. Hg showed evidence of venous admixture. Pulmonary hypertension was observed in varying degrees in 80 per cent of the patients. Almost all patients with mean pulmonary artery pressures above 30 mm. Hg and all those with pressures above 40 had hemodynamic evidence of right heart failure. About two-thirds of the patients showed a diminished cardiac index, increased arteriovenous oxygen extraction, and elevated right ventricular end-diastolic pressure when these combined determinations were made. Fifty-eight per cent of the patients were initially correctly diagnosed. The others had various nonspecific symptoms and signs attributed to congestive failure, pneumonia, myocardial infarction or chronic pulmonary disease. In each instance, a diagnostic protocol was useful in heightening suspicion of pulmonary emboli. The final decision was based on the results of lung scanning, selective pulmonary angiography, or both.
X-ray structure of a soluble Rieske-type ferredoxin from Mus musculus

The 2.07 A resolution X-ray crystal structure of a soluble Rieske-type ferredoxin from Mus musculus encoded by the gene Mm.266515 is reported. Although they are present as covalent domains in eukaryotic membrane oxidase complexes, soluble Rieske-type ferredoxins have not previously been observed in eukaryotes. The overall structure of the mouse Rieske-type ferredoxin is typical of this class of iron–sulfur proteins and consists of a larger partial β-barrel domain and a smaller domain containing Cys57, His59, Cys80 and His83 that binds the [2Fe–2S] cluster. The S atoms of the cluster are hydrogen-bonded by six backbone amide N atoms in a pattern typical of membrane-bound high-potential eukaryotic respiratory Rieske ferredoxins. However, phylogenetic analysis suggested that the mouse Rieske-type ferredoxin was more closely related to bacterial Rieske-type ferredoxins. Correspondingly, the structure revealed an extended loop most similar to that seen in Rieske-type ferredoxin subunits of bacterial aromatic dioxygenases, including the positioning of an aromatic side chain (Tyr85) between this loop and the [2Fe–2S] cluster. The mouse Rieske-type ferredoxin was shown to be capable of accepting electrons from both eukaryotic and prokaryotic oxidoreductases, although it was unable to serve as an electron donor for a bacterial monooxygenase complex. The human homolog of mouse Rieske-type ferredoxin was also cloned and purified. It behaved identically to mouse Rieske-type ferredoxin in all biochemical characterizations but did not crystallize. Based on its high sequence identity, the structure of the human homolog is likely to be modeled well by the mouse Rieske-type ferredoxin structure.
Production of L-tryptophan by azaserine-, 6-diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine- and cinnamate-resistant mutants of Bacillus subtilis K

Azaserine (AzaSer) and 6-diazo-5-oxo-l-norleucine (DON), which are glutamine antagonists, strongly inhibited the activity of anthranilate synthetase of Bacillus subtilis K. Mutant strains AJ 11980 (AzaSerr) and AJ 11981 (AzaSerr, DONr) showed increased accumulation of l-Trp compared with the parent strain, AJ 11979 (5FTr, IMr). Furthermore, we obtained from AJ 11981 mutant, AJ 11982, resistant to cinnamate, which was shown to block the common pathway of aromatic amino acid biosynthesis. A J 11982 accumulated 13.6 g/1 of l-Trp from 130 g/1 of glucose in a flask culture. We optimized the conditions for large-scale cultivation of this mutant and l-Trp accumulation of 21.5 g/1 was attained using a jar fermentor.
Distance education in North American library and information science education: applications of technology and commitment

The author traces the development of distance education as a concept driven by educators who have used the available technology, almost at the time of its inception, to extend education to individuals who are without formal learning alternatives. The similarities between the developments in distance education generally, beginning with correspondence study in the 1800s to the present day use of the Internet, compared with a similar evolution by library and information science education are stressed. The author concludes that library and information professionals have been given the opportunity to participate in a model which reflects the best human service possible as well as a demonstration of the profession's commitment to the use of technology to meet the needs of individuals and groups in our society. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
COMPARISON OF THE AVERAGE CORTICAL AND SUBCORTICAL EVOKED RESPONSE TO CLICKS DURING VARIOUS STAGES OF WAKEFULNESS, SLOW WAVE SLEEP AND RHOMBENCEPHALIC SLEEP.

Abstract The purpose of the present paper was to examine the relationship of background EEG and evoked response to clicks with changes in wakefulness-sleep cycles in cats with chronically implanted eletrodes. Specifically it has been possible to obtain some information about the functional significance of the rhombencephalic phase of sleep (RPS). As a result of these studies several points are apparent: 1. 1. Shape and amplitude of evoked responses in the anterior suprasylvian gyrus (ASG) changed in a predictable manner during the various states of wakefulness and sleep. 2. 2. The evoked response in ASG is similar during RPS, distraction and wakefulness, whereas that in the reticular formation (MBRF) is reduced or absent during RPS and distraction but present during wakefulness. This suggests that the long latency ASG response does not require the integrity of the MBRF. 3. 3. The evoked response and background EEG are similar during both RPS and alert distraction in the ASG, thalamus, caudate and MBRF. This suggests that the RPS is a state similar to distraction, rather than a deep stage of sleep.
On the Independence of Real-Time Definability and Certain Structural Properties of Context-Free Languages

An operator precedence language which is not real-time definable by any multitple Turing machine is constructed. This strengthens previous results about the existence of unambiguous context-free languages (CFL's) which are not real-time definable. In contrast, a family of CFL's of increasing degree of inherent ambiguity, each real-time definable by a one-tape Turing machine, is exhibited. In fact, an unboundedly ambiguous CFL, also real-time definable by a one-tape Turing machine, is presented. These results are the basis for the assertion that real-time definability of a CFL is independent from each of the structural properties considered.
Growth of nonlinear intermittent fluctuations in linearly stable and unstable simulation plasma

Simulations of nonlinear instability in a one‐dimensional Vlasov plasma with a relative electron‐ion drift velocity have been extended to parameter ranges more extensive than previously reported [Phys. Fluids 28, 155 (1985)]. Linearly stable runs, with Te/Ti =1, mi/me =100, and a system length of L=512λD show nonlinear hole instability. As in the case of mi/me =4, and L=32λD, the hole depth, double‐layer potential structure, acceleration, and growth rate agree well with a theory of hole growth that results from momentum exchange from reflected particles. For a linearly unstable plasma (Te/Ti ≫1), the fluctuations and their time evolution are related to the linearly stable case, but are somewhat more complex. A spatially intermittent distribution of ‘‘wavelike fluctuations’’ grows to large amplitude and then evolve into trapped ion phase‐space hole structures. The hole potentials are of order eφ/Te =1, as in the linearly stable (Te/Ti =1) runs, but because Te/Ti ≫1, are of large amplitude (eφ/Ti ≫1) relati...
High-resolution remote rendering of large datasets in a collaborative environment

In a time when computational and data resources are distributed around the globe, users need to interact with these resources and each other easily and efficient. The Grid, by definition, represents a connection of distributed resources that can be used regardless of the user's location. We have built a prototype visualization system using the Globus Toolkit, MPICH-G2, and the Access Grid in order to explore how future scientific collaborations may occur over the Grid. We describe our experience in demonstrating our system at iGrid2002, where the United States and the Netherlands were connected via a high-latency, high-bandwidth network. In particular, we focus on issues related to a Grid-based application that couples a collaboration component (including a user interface to the Access Grid) with a high-resolution remote rendering component.
Estimating the proportions of two populations in a mixture using linear maps

We address the problem of estimating the proportions of two statistical populations in a given mixture on the basis of an unlabeled sample of n–dimensional observations on the mixture. Assuming that the expected values of observations on the two populations are known, we show that almost any linear map from Rn to R1 yields an unbiased consistent estimate of the proportion of one population in a very easy way. We then find that linear map for which the resulting proportion estimate has minimum variance among all estimates so obtained. After deriving a simple expression for the minimum-variance estimate, we discuss practical aspects of obtaining this and related estimates.
Trending time-varying coefficient market models

In this paper we study time-varying coefficient (beta coefficient) models with a time trend function to characterize the nonlinear, non-stationary and trending phenomenon in time series and to explain the behavior of asset returns. The general local polynomial method is developed to estimate the time trend and coefficient functions. More importantly, a graphical tool, the plot of the kth-order derivative of the parameter versus time, is proposed to select the proper order of the local polynomial so that the best estimate can be obtained. Finally, we conduct Monte Carlo experiments and a real data analysis to examine the finite sample performance of the proposed modeling procedure and compare it with the Nadaraya–Watson method as well as the local linear method.
Partially filled linear Hubbard model near the atomic limit

The linear Hubbard model is considered when the intrasite Coulomb repulsion is very large compared to the intersite charge-transfer interaction. The solution for a general density of electrons per site is carried out by a perturbative treatment which relates this Hubbard model to a generalized Heisenberg spin Hamiltonian describing effective exchange interactions between (partially) delocalized electrons. Accurate numerical results for the linear Heisenberg model are employed to obtain good estimates of the static thermodynamic properties for Hubbard models near the atomic limit. Some modifications of the simple Hubbard model are also briefly discussed.
Dense-cored vesicle-containing components of the terminal nerve of sharks and rays

This paper describes electron microscopic observations of dense-cored vesicle-containing axons, cell bodies, and endings of the terminal nerve in several elasmobranchs. The vesicles are found in two apparent cell types, one with a polymorphic nucleus and another with an oval nucleus. The types may correspond to cells producing one each of two neuropeptides (LHRH and FMRF-amide) that have previously been localized in the nerve. Dense-cored vesicles are found in many unmyelinated fibers in both the terminal nerve proper and its major ganglia. Some of these form complicated structures with interdigitation and wrapping of membranes. Vesicle-containing fibers branch from the nerve, run along nearby blood vessels, and appear to end adjacent to endothelial cells which demonstrate vesicular activity. The observations suggest terminal nerve neurosecretion into the cerebral circulation. Synapses are found in and near the ganglia where they appear to be axodendritic, with multiple contacts in some cases.
Disorder in the molecular conformation of crystalline isotactic polypropylene at high pressures

Abstract Crystalline IPP was compressed non-hydrostatically and the Raman spectra of CC-chain coupled bands monitored. The spectra indicated an increase in chain kinking with increasing pressure.
School Smarts: A Reflection of Pedagogical and Personal Insights

Recent studies show that many college instructors still believe that Latino students lack the “school smarts” for academic success. This essay challenges the notion of school smarts in order to highlight Latino students’ numerous strengths. I share my model for a mentorship program that facilitates better student–faculty communication and deepens a student-centered learning environment in a large general education course. Establishing the program led me to reflect on how the enduring belief in school smarts affected my own academic training. Directly challenging deficit thinking, I argue that Latino students contribute to a transformative educational process in which faculty are also learners.
Landscape context and selection for forest edge by breeding Brown-headed Cowbirds

We evaluated support for four alternate hypotheses explaining the distribution of breeding Brown-headed Cowbirds (Molothrus ater) in forests at varying distances from the forest edge in three Midwestern USA landscapes with varying amounts of forest fragmentation (core forest area ranged from 5 to 70%). We focused on breeding cowbirds’ use of forest because of the risk of nest parasitism to forest-dwelling hosts and to identify factors affecting breeding cowbird habitat selection. We compared distances of cowbird locations in the forest from the forest edge (“edge distances”) to distances of random forest locations in the entire landscape or within individual cowbird home ranges. We analyzed 1322 locations of 84 cowbirds across three landscapes. We found support for the landscape context hypothesis that breeding cowbird preference for forest edge varied with landscape context. Ninety percent of cowbird locations were within 150–350 m of forest edge, despite the overall availability of forest at greater distances from edge (as far as 500–1450 m) both within cowbird home ranges and the entire forested landscape. Cowbird preference for edge varied by landscape context largely due to differences in the availability of forest edge. In a highly fragmented forest cowbirds utilized the entire forest and likely viewed it as “all edge.” In less fragmented forests, cowbirds preferred edge. We consider how variation in cowbird edge preference might relate to patterns in host abundance, host diversity, and host quality because cowbird movements indicate they are capable of using forest farther from edges.
Male SJL mice do not relapse after induction of EAE with PLP 139–151

SJL mice immunized with proteolipid protein (PLP) develop relapsing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (R-EAE). R-EAE is a CD4+, Th1 cell-mediated demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that is used as a model for the human disease multiple sclerosis (MS). Previous studies showed that young (< 8 weeks) male SJL mice were resistant to active induction of EAE with CNS homogenate, while female mice were susceptible. We have recently observed that young male SJL mice immunized with a major encephalitogenic peptide of myelin, PLP 139-151, developed initial clinical and histological symptoms of EAE with a severity similar to age-matched females; however, unlike females, male mice did not relapse. Significant T cell proliferation to PLP 139-151, but not to other PLP and myelin basic protein (MBP) epitopes, was observed in both males and females during the initial episode, recovery, and first relapse of clinical disease. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis of lymphokine mRNA revealed differences in IFN-gamma and IL-4 synthesis consistent with the hypothesis that Th2 T cells develop in young male SJL mice that regulate the relapsing phase of the disease. These data suggest that immunization of young male SJL mice with PLP 139-151 overrides a defect in antigen presentation responsible for the previously observed resistance to EAE, and that natural processing and presentation of neuroantigens during the course of acute EAE induces Th2 cells that prevent the relapse of disease.
Chromosome aberrations in irradiated human subjects

Somatic chromosomes were studied in men 29 months after accidental exposure to whole-body irradiation. Using the peripheral leukocyte technique of Moorhead, rings, dicentrics, and deletions were observed in all but the lowest dose case. A second study of leukocytes of the men made 42 months after the accident yielded vintually the same results as the 29-month study. Peripheral blood samples were studied at four hours and at 2, 4, and 10 weeks in men exposed to mixed gamma and neutron irradiation. In the first three samples, the aberration frequencies remained approximately constant, but dropped in the last sample. Deletion and dicentric frequencies are presented. A third group of men received whole-body irradiation in an incident involving only gamma radiation. Samples were analyzed three days after the accident for deletion and dicentric frequencies. (H.M.G.)
Peripheral venous aneurysms with recurrent pulmonary embolism: Report of a case and review of the literature

This clinical report deals with a femoral venous aneurysm as a source of recurrent pulmonary embolism. The literature concerning venous aneurysms is reviewed with emphasis on those cases which were complicated by venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. This case demonstrates that lower leg venous aneurysms can occur in either sex and in different age groups. Venography was shown to be important in diagnosing these lesions. Surgical resection may be necessary to prevent potential thrombosis and life-threatening pulmonary embolism.
Planning horizons for the production smoothing problem: a heuristic search procedure

Abstract An optimal or proper planning horizon is essential to the effectiveness of planning activity. In this paper, we point out some limitations of the existing studies and develop a heuristic search algorithm for finding a planning horizon for a production smoothing problem. This direct search algorithm is simple and straightforward, and hence, is readily understandable by practitioners. An experimental study is also conducted for performance evaluation. The results show that heuristic search procedure outperforms the K-M algorithm in the sense that a search heuristic can find the planning horizons for various types of demand patterns efficiently, if the planning horizons do exist.
Double-layer dynamics in the adsorption of tetrabutylammonium ions at the mercury | water interface Part 4. The reduction of hexammine-cobalt(III) through tetrabutylammonium films

Abstract The reduction of hexamminecobalt(III) at the mercury-water interface is strongly affected by the presence of a condensed tetrabutylammonium film. When the anions present are fluoride and/or tetrafluoroborate, electron transfer through the film proceeds via an inner-sphere mechanism, i.e. the film must be opened so that hexamminecobalt(III) can make direct contact with the metal. In the presence of bromide anions, an outer-sphere pathway is indicated, probably involving bridging by bromide ions. Unusual current-time transients of the reduction of hexamminecobalt(III) in the presence of tetrabutylammonium ions are correlated with the kinetics of film formation.
Cine magnetic resonance imaging and color Doppler flow mapping in infants and children with pulmonary artery bands.

Abstract Cine magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and color Doppler flow mapping were performed in 12 infants and children (aged 3 to 35 months) after pulmonary artery banding to define the anatomy and physiology of the right ventricular outflow tract and evaluate the anatomy. MRI was performed using a 1.5 Tesla magnet in the sagittal, axial and oblique views with all patients studied in the 24 cm head coil following adequate sedation. Highresolution cine MRI was obtained in all patients and the narrowest flow diameter on cine MRI correlated well with the pressure gradient measured across the band in 11 patients at cardiac catheterization or surgery (r = −0.95). Signal loss was always seen distal to the band associated with turbulent flow as seen by color Doppler flow mapping. Signal loss in cine MRI was also seen proximal to the band. The length of this proximal signal void also correlated well with the pressure gradient measured across the band (r = 0.91) and was closely matched by the zone of proximal spatial acceleration defined by digital computer analysis of color Doppler flow map images (r = 0.89), which also demonstrated low grade variance associated with the laminar accelerating flow stream. The position of the band was accurately defined by cine MRI which identified inadequate pulmonary artery banding in 2 patients confirmed subsequently at cardiac catheterization and angiography. Cine MRI and color Doppler flow mapping when used together provide high-resolution detail about the right ventricular outflow tract and pulmonary artery band anatomy and function. Comparative observations of spatial flow velocity information on color Doppler flow mapping allow important insights into the flow visualization haracteristics of cine MRI.
Self-fertility and uni-directional mating-type switching in Ceratocystis coerulescens, a filamentous ascomycete

Individual perithecia from selfings of most Ceratocystis species produce both self-fertile and self-sterile progeny, apparently due to uni-directional mating-type switching. In C. coerulescens, male-only mutants of otherwise hermaphroditic and self-fertile strains were self-sterile and were used in crossings to demonstrate that this species has two mating-types. Only MAT-2 strains are capable of selfing, and half of the progeny from a MAT-2 selfing are MAT-1. Male-only, MAT-2 mutants are self-sterile and cross only with MAT-1 strains. Similarly, self-fertile strains generally cross with only MAT-1 strains. MAT-1 strains only cross with MAT-2 strains and never self. It is hypothesized that the switch in mating-type during selfing is associated with a deletion of the MAT-2 gene.
Primary projections on L2 of a nilmanifold

Let N denote a connected, simply connected nilpotent Lie group with discrete cocompact subgroup Γ. Let U denote the quasi-regular representation on N on L2(NΓ). L2(NΓ) can be written as a direct sum of primary subspaces with respect to U. A realization for the projections of L2(NΓ)) onto these primary summands is given in this paper.
An ultrastructural study of human epithelial rests of Malassez maintained in a differentiated state in vitro.

Abstract Healthy human periodontal ligaments (PDL), obtained from the extracted teeth (premolars and third molars), were cultivated for 1–35 days, using a multi-purposes culture chamber (MPCC) equipped with various transparent membranes. The resting state of the epithelial rests of Malassez (ERM), similar to their in vivo counterparts, appeared as small islands or strands with scant cytoplasm containing poorly developed organelles. This state was most effectively maintained in MPCC with a cellophane sheet. MPCC with a Sartorius membrane filter permitted proliferation and emigration of ERM. Proliferating ERM were characterized by more profiles of rough endoplasmic reticulum and free ribosomes, new formation of actin-containing microfilaments, less prominent tonofilaments and desmosomes and loss of gap junctions. Most of these ultrastructural changes are manifested in epithelial cells during wound healing. The emigrating ERM from PDL explants, as well as occasional proliferating ERM within explants, consisted of two cell types—outer basal-like cells, as described above, and inner tonofilament-rich prickle-like cells, suggesting a propensity for differentiation of ERM. The results show the possibility of controlling the growth and differentiation of ERM through the MPCC culture environment.
Lunar Ferroan Anorthosite Petrogenesis: Clues from Trace Element Distributions in FAN Subgroups

The rare earth elements (REE) and selected other trace elements were measured in plagioclase and pyroxene from nine samples of the lunar ferroan anorthosite (FAN) suite of rocks. Samples were selected from each of four FAN subgroups previously defined by James et al. (1989). Plagioclase compositions are homogeneous within each sample, but high- and low-Ca pyroxenes from lithic clasts typically have different REE abundances from their counterparts in the surrounding granulated matrices. Measured plagioclase/low-Ca pyroxene concentration ratios for the REE have steeper patterns than experimentally determined plagioclase/low-Ca pyroxene partition coefficients in most samples. Textural and trace element evidence suggest that, although subsolidus equilibration may be responsible for some of the discrepancy, plagioclase compositions in most samples have been largely unaffected by intermineral redistribution of the REE. The REE systematics of plagioclase from the four subgroups are broadly consistent with their derivation through crystallization from a single evolving magma. However, samples from some of the subgroups exhibit a decoupling of plagioclase and pyroxene compositions that probably reflects the complexities inherent in crystallization from a large-scale magmatic system. For example, two anorthosites with very magnesian mafic minerals have highly evolved trace element compositions; major element compositions in plagioclase also do not reflect the evolutionary sequence recorded by their REE compositions. Finally, a noritic anorthosite breccia with relatively ferroan mafic minerals contains several clasts with high and variable REE and other trace element abundances. Although plagioclase REE compositions are consistent with their derivation from a magma with a KREEPy trace element signature, very shallow REE patterns in the pyroxenes suggest the addition of a component enriched in the light REE.
Lower bounds on type checking overloading

Smith has proposed an elegant extension of the ML type system for polymorphic functional languages with overloading. Type inference in his system requires solving a satisfiability problem that is undecidable if no restrictions are imposed on overloading. We explore the effect of recursion and the structure of type assumptions in overloadings on the problem's complexity.
Where the Rubber Meets the Road: Revising Promotion and Tenure Standards According to Boyer

If one acknowledges that scholarship comes in many shapes and forms, and if one agrees with Boyer's argument that it is time to reconsider scholarship in light of the role of faculty members within departments, colleges, and universities, the next logical step then is to see if Boyer's principles can be effectively applied in a university setting. At the 1995 NAPEHE conference, Boyer acknowledged that the next step, as indicated by the title of the Carnegie Foundation's forthcoming sequel Scholarship Assessed, is to identify ways to fairly and equitably evaluate faculty scholarship within the context of the professoriate in general, and in higher education institutions in particular. The authors argue the case for differential application of standards within and among universities, based upon the diversity of missions and goals. Following that, examples are given for how Boyer's classifications have been applied to promotion and tenure standards at one comprehensive land grant university in the midwest. A...