cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Measurability of the diffusion and surface exchange coefficients using isotope exchange with thin film and traditional samples

Abstract The coefficients of diffusion and surface exchange ( D and k , respectively) are critically important parameters to determine the ability of a material to perform well within solid state electrochemical systems. For oxide materials operating as components within solid oxide fuel cells or other oxygen ion-based devices, the oxygen self diffusion and surface exchange are often measured using an isotopic tracer. Recently, there has been concern regarding the ability of this technique to measure k with high precision when thick ceramic samples are measured. Here, we show that isotope exchange with thin film samples can lead to an increased range of experimental conditions where k can be precisely determined. Thin samples require a more generalized solution to the diffusion equation than typically used in order to understand the ionic motion within the material. Through numerical analysis of the more complex analytical model that results, we describe conditions when k and/or D can be measured using both thin film and traditional samples. Further, we derive characteristic parameters related to the exchange time ( t ), material thickness ( l ), D , and k that can be used to quantify these conditions. Of particular interest is that traditional isotope exchange experimentation can be used to robustly determine k even in situations where l ≫ D k so long as 5 · 10 − 6 ≤ k 2 · t D ≤ 20 .
Yeast HOG1 MAP Kinase Cascade Is Regulated by a Multistep Phosphorelay Mechanism in the SLN1–YPD1–SSK1 “Two-Component” Osmosensor

An osmosensing mechanism in the budding yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) involves both a two-component signal transducer (Sln1p, Ypd1p and Ssk1p) and a MAP kinase cascade (Ssk2p/Ssk22p, Pbs2p, and Hog1p). The transmembrane protein Sln1p contains an extracellular sensor domain and cytoplasmic histidine kinase and receiver domains, whereas the cytoplasmic protein Ssk1p contains a receiver domain. Ypd1p binds to both Sln1p and Ssk1p and mediates the multistep phosphotransfer reaction (phosphorelay). This phosphorelay system is initiated by the autophosphorylation of Sln1p at His576. This phosphate is then sequentially transferred to Sln1p-Asp-1144, then to Ypd1p-His64, and finally to Ssk1p-Asp554. We propose that the multistep phosphorelay mechanism is a universal signal transduction apparatus utilized both in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
Thermal stability of model compounds related to thermostable polymers by pyrolysis-gas chromatography†

Thermal stabilities of eighteen model compounds related structurally to thermostable polymer systems were determined accurately by pyrolysis-gas chromatography. This approach offers distinct advantages over previously used indirect methods which measure parameters other than actual starting material remaining undecomposed. Both the oxadiazole ring and the aromatic amide link were found to have poor thermal stabilities in comparison with other compounds studied. Since polymers based on these two features have been shown to be valuable for use in air at 200–400°C., the data suggest that oxidation resistance rather than the ultimate in pure thermal resistance should be sought in all-purpose thermostable materials.
Improved degree conditions for 2-factors with k cycles in hamiltonian graphs

In this paper, we consider conditions that ensure a hamiltonian graph has a 2-factor with exactly k cycles. Brandt et al. proved that if G is a graph on n>=4k vertices with minimum degree at least n2, then G contains a 2-factor with exactly k cycles; moreover this is best possible. Faudree et al. asked if there is some c =cn would imply the existence of a 2-factor with k-cycles under the additional hypothesis that G was hamiltonian. This question was answered in the affirmative by Sarkozy, who used the regularity-blow-up method to show that there exists some @e>0 such that for every k>=1 and large n, @d(G)>=(12-@e)n suffices. We improve on this result, giving an elementary proof that for every @e>0 and k>=1, if G is a hamiltonian graph on n>=3k@e vertices with @d(G)>=(25+@e)n, then G contains a 2-factor with k cycles.
Novel state minimization and state assignment in finite state machine design for low-power portable devices

In this paper, we present a comprehensive method consisting of efficient state minimization and a comprehensive method of state assignment techniques to synthesize finite state machines (FSMs) to optimize power, area, and delay for "next-state" logic network design. The goal is to reduce the number of gates and literals relevant to power and area, and simultaneously to shorten the critical-path delay in FSM optimization. In the first step, we try to reduce the complexity of state minimization by applying (i) compatible graph to target one of optimal solutions in efficiency, (ii) conflict graph to determine the lower bound of the number of states and possible optimal solutions, (iii) Boolean expression effects due to alternative ways of minimized states, such that the required number of flip-flops is minimum for completely (or incompletely) specified FSMs. Next, a comprehensive method of state assignment techniques consisting of (i) edge-covering algorithm, (ii) block-reordering algorithm, (iii) cost calculation, (iv) ping-pong Graycodes assignment, and (iv) design space exploration, is developed to choose the best state assignment. Finally, Espresso is run to determine the Boolean expressions and choose the best state assignment with the minimal sum-of-product (SOP) terms and literals from those optimal solutions. At last, the performance metrics in power, area, and delay are calculated based on the developed cell libraries for those optimal solutions with same minimized terms and literals. Our solutions provide engineers and designers to choose the best state assignment having less power, area, and delay to meet their system specification. Again this paper provides a comprehensive method of FSM synthesis and optimization for large FSMs in terms of power, area, and delay. Our experiments show that the derived optimal state assignment results in less power, area, and delay in FSM MCNC benchmarks.
THE FORMATION OF URIDINE DIPHOSPHATE L-RHAMNOSE BY ENZYMES OF THE TOBACCO LEAF.

Abstract An enzyme preparation from the leaves of tobacco ( Nicotiana tabacum ) catalyzes the conversion of uridine diphosphate d -glucose to uridine diphosphate l -rhamnose. Reduced pyridine nucleotide is required to effect the reduction. The postulated intermediate, uridine diphosphate 4-keto-6-deoxy- d -glucose, was isolated from reaction mixtures incubated with nonreduced pyridine nucleotide. Uridine diphosphate l -rhamnose and thymidine diphosphate l -rhamnose were compared for their effectiveness as rhamnosyl donors in the mung bean leaf ( Phaseolus aureus ) enzyme system which glycosylates 3-quercetin-β- d -glucoside to rutin and with the enzyme from Pseudomonas aeruginosa which synthesizes a rhamnolipid. l -Rhamnose was transferred from the uridine diphosphate derivative to 3-quercetin-β- d -glucoside at several times the rate of its transfer from the thymidine diphosphate derivative. The opposite order of nucleotide reactivity prevailed in the rhamnosylation of the bacterial lipid.
Persuasion in social conflicts: A critique of prevailing conceptions and a framework for future research

It is argued here that students of rhetoric and communication, along with scholars in other disciplines, have tended to reflect “Establishment” biases in treatments of persuasion in social conflicts. As a result, we have often failed to come to grips with the nature of conflict, the needs of “OUTS” and “HAVE‐NOTS,” and the utility of conflict for societies. In the place of prevailing “system orientations,” a “dual perspective” is proposed—one which would examine persuasion in conflicts from the viewpoint of both the actors attempting to maximize their interests in conflict situations and the system attempting to regulate conflict in the collective interest. The concept of “coercive persuasion” is introduced, and several suggestions for research are offered.
Ethnic bargaining and state breakdown in Africa

This article analyses the dynamics of state‐society relationships in Africa through the prism of changing bargaining relationships in three contexts: the colonial hegemonic regime, the post‐colonial hegemonic regime, and the mixed patterns of the contemporary period. It finds that, with the exception of the new, multiparty democratic orders, ethnic bargaining has proved more of a transitional expedient than a method of furthering regularity in political exchange relations over an extended time period. Ethnic bargaining is an indispensable means of promoting the change from colonial rule to independence, facilitating societal compromise and co‐operation within an ongoing authoritarian regime (that is, hegemonic exchange), and putting the collapsed state back together again (in most cases, as a pact among elites). However, such instrumental bargaining encounters are limited in what they can achieve. They can promote exchanges among tangible political and economic resources, but are not sufficient to ensure ...
Electromagnetic forces in the vacuum region of laser-driven layered grating structures

Symmetric multilayer grating structures that have an embedded vacuum channel and that are powered by external laser beams are analyzed for their ability to manipulate charged particle beams. It is shown that acceleration, deflection and focusing forces can all be generated in a controlled fashion from the same grating architecture and by adjustment of phase of the incoming laser beams
Profiling concentration gradient in a tubular membrane pervaporation module: A modeling approach

Concentration gradient appears in as flow tube formed by the pervaporation membrane as a result of different diffusion rates of permeating species in the liquid boundary layer and in the membrane matrix. The occurrence of this phenomenon is sometimes considered detrimental to pervaporative separations resulting in decrease in trans-membrane flux. Thus, the ability to describe the concentration gradient in the pervaporation membrane module is highly desirable in process design and optimization. A mathematical model was developed to illustrate the interplay between concentration gradient and the process performance in pervaporation operation. Incorporating pervaporative mass transfer, laminar hydrodynamics, and boundary layer theory, the model allows speedy analysis of the sensitivity of process parameters and concentration gradient upon trans-membrane flux.
Rights, affect and precarity: Post-racial formations in carework

Bringing together two sites of carework, the human household and the chimpanzee sanctuary, this article considers the limits of a politics of precarity, where vulnerabilities and differences are conceptualized as shared rather than hierarchical. Outlining the ways the notion of shared precarity produces a post-racial landscape where the labor taking place in human households is rendered equivalent to the work of providing lifelong care for captive chimpanzees formerly used in state-sponsored biomedical research—both captured under the shared sign of “carework”—we argue instead for attention to the different and differentiating mechanisms that come to define carework. We trace the ways differentiation takes place at the site of carework, both among humans and between human careworkers and chimpanzees in order to highlight the ways the politics of shared precarity reproduces the very differentiation it claims to move beyond. We examine the differential dispersal of deserving subjectivity through affective e...
Immediate provisionalization with a CAD/CAM interim abutment and crown: A guided soft tissue healing technique

A technique is described in which a single interim abutment and crown were fabricated in advance and placed the day of dental implant surgery. The contours of the interim crown were identical to the contours of a tentatively designed definitive prosthesis and allowed the tissue to heal and obtain contours that accommodated the contours of the definitive prosthesis. After osseointegration was established, a definitive impression was made with a custom computer-assisted design and computer-assisted manufacturing impression coping. The definitive prosthesis then was fabricated.
MADCAPP: Measurement and analysis of high-level communications of asynchronous distributed algorithms on parallel processors:

The issue of correctness of complex asyn chronorcs distributed algorithms imple mented on loosely coupled parallel processor systemsis difficult to address given the lack of effective debugging too...
The impact of video‐based lesson analysis on teachers' thinking and practice

This paper describes how elementary teachers' thinking and practice developed as a result of video‐based professional development designed to promote reflection on the decision making involved in planning for and implementing mathematics lessons. Of the 189 teachers who attended the video‐based sessions, 180 completed post‐session questionnaires and a subset were interviewed and observed teaching after the sessions. The video‐based sessions were designed to embody many of the characteristics of lesson study, but scaled up to involve a large number of teachers. The majority of teachers believed that their ability to question their students and probe their thinking was extended as a result of the sessions. The teachers who were observed were also able to alter their practice in ways that supported student thinking. The results suggest that these video‐based sessions have the potential to impact a large number of teachers across diverse districts.
Dependence of endocochlear potential on vascular pH.

The vasculature of the inner ear was perfused with simple salt solutions which were buffered with HCO3CO2, PO4 or Hepes (N-2-hydroxyethylpiperazine-N′-2-ethanesulfonic acid). Replacement of HCO3CO2 with either PO4 or Hepes at constant pH led to a rapid decline of about 15 mV in the endocochlear potential (EP) to a new steady-state level which could be maintained for over 30 min. This effect was reversible. Changes in [HCO3] over a wide range (nominally 0–100 mM) at constant CO2 tension produced only small ( < 3 mV) changes in the EP. However, the EP declined markedly when [HCO3] was maintained constant at 25 mM while CO[in2] tension was lowered. The response to increased CO2 was more complex. Additional experiments were performed in which intracellular pH was presumably altered by vascular perfusion of NH4 (alkalinization), or propionate (acidification). Perfusion of ammonium led to a strong decline of the EP (− 38.2 ± 2.5 S.D.) while propionate produced a small positive shift of about 3–4 mV. Acetazolamide (1 mM) decreased the EP by 7.6 ± 2.7 mV and 14.8 ± 4.6 mV in HCO3/CO2 and Hepes medium, respectively, after 10 min perfusion; this effect was poorly reversible. These results suggest that intracellular pH has a strong influence on the level of EP and further demonstrate that vascular [HCO3] and pH are not critical parameters for generation of the EP.
DISTRIBUTED DEADLOCK DETECTION ALGORITHMS

A distributed system consists of a set of loosely connected state machines which do not share a global memory. The global state of the system depends on the state of each process in the system. The set of global states can be split up into two categories, legal and illegal. This paper deals with methods of detecting deadlocks in distributed systems. One way that has been used to detect deadlocks is by sending probes around the system. If a process thinks that it may be deadlocked, it initiates a probe. If the probe is received by the initiator, the initiator declares deadlock. This paper uses the idea of states of processes In order to detect the deadlock. The algorithm runs continually and does not have to be initiated. This paper presents deadlock detection algorithms for single and multiple outstanding requests. A method for deadlock resolution is also discussed. The algorithms detect all deadlocks and do not detect false deadlocks.
Hardware architecture for a visualization classroom: VizClass

Interactive learning, critical thinking, creative problem-solving, and problem-based learning are all critical elements for enhancing engineering education. Visualization can provide the much needed computer-assisted design and analysis environment to foster problem-based learning, while virtual reality (VR) can provide the environment for hands-on manipulation, stimulating interactive learning in the engineering classroom. To provide such a space, at the University of California, Irvine a new interactive, spatially balanced learning environment, termed VizClass, has been developed. VizClass incorporates a specially designed lecture room and laboratory integrating both 2- and 3-dimensional spatial learning by coupling a series of interactive projection display boards (touch sensitive whiteboards) and a semi-immersive 3D wall display. Control of devices integrated with VizClass is supported via a centrally located, easy to activate, touch-sensitive display. Digital material, including slides, web content, video clips, sound files, numerical simulations, or animations may be loaded and presented by instructors using either 2D or 3D modalities. This environment has already been integrated into both undergraduate and graduate level courses, providing a balanced spatial learning environment for students. This article describes the unique hardware architecture developed to support this new environment and presents the first course activities conducted within the space. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 12: 232–241, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com); DOI 10.1002/cae.20024
First‐ and Second‐Order Change: Implications for Rationalist and Constructivist Cognitive Therapies

Inquiry into the nature and process of change is fundamental to the domains of counseling and psychotherapy. Particularly relevant to counselors is an understanding of the distinction between first- and second-order change. This article clarifies the distinction and suggests a relationship between these two types of change and Mahoney's (1988) recent metatheoretical contrast between rationalist and constructivist approaches to counseling. Specifically, it is proposed that rationalist approaches are guided by first-order assumptions about change whereas constructivist approaches are based on second-order principles and processes. Within this context, a number of implications for the counseling practitioner are discussed.
Toward a constructive theory of unbounded linear operators

We show that the following results in the classical theory of unbounded linear operators on Hilbert spaces can be proved within the framework of Bishop's constructive mathematics: the Kato-Rellich theorem, the spectral theorem. Stone's theorem, and the self-adjointness of the most common quantum mechanical operators, including the Hamiltonians of electro-magnetic fields with some general forms of potentials.
Territorial defense and advertisement by footdrumming in bannertail kangaroo rats (Dipodomys spectabilis) at high and low population densities

Behaviors associated with territorial defense of large dirt mounds by bannertail kangaroo rats (Dipodomys spectabilis) at high and low population densities are reported. Rats were observed for 640 h during three summers and one spring from 1980–1982 in SE Arizona.
Biofunctionalized Magnetic Nanoparticle Integrated Mid-Infrared Pathogen Sensor for Food Matrixes

Magnetic nanoparticles functionalized with anti-Escherichia coli O157:H7 or anti-Salmonella typhimurium antibodies that can specifically bind to their target organisms were used to isolate E. coli O157:H7 and S. typhimurium separately from a cocktail of bacteria and from food matrixes. The pathogens were then detected using label-free IR fingerprinting. The binding and detection protocol was first validated using a benchtop FT-IR spectrometer and then applied to a portable mid-IR spectrometer to enable this approach as a point-of-detection technology. Highly selective detection was achieved in less than 30 min at both species (E. coli O157:H7 vs S. typhimurium) and strain (E. coli O157:H7 vs E. coli K12) levels in complex food matrixes (2% milk, spinach extract) with a detection limit of 104−105 CFU/mL. The combined approach of functionalized magnetic nanoparticles and IR spectroscopy imparts specificity through spectroscopic fingerprinting and selectivity through species-specific antibodies with an in-bu...
Void initiation, growth, and coalescence in ductile fracture of metals

Ductile fracture in metals and alloys occurs through the coalescence of voids in the necked region of the specimen. While considerable information exists on the propagation of cracks, the mechanism of their initiation is still unclear. This paper reports onin situ electron microscope investigations aimed at an elucidation of crack initiation and the enlargement of crack nuclei to final rupture. Single crystal ribbons of silver 0.5 − 7.0 μm thick were pulled to fracture inside of a high voltage electron microscope (HVEM). After considerable necking, cracks initiated at the edges; their propagation occurred by the formation of microcracks ahead of the macrocrack, followed by the growth of the microcracks and finally their coalescence. Thesein situ experiments were complemented by stress-strain data obtained from fractured austenitic 304 stainless steel foils; subsequent examination of fracture surfaces in a scanning electron microscope allowed the accurate measurement of intervoid spaclngs. Inter-particle spacings were determined by HVEM. It was found that the average void density is 100 times larger than the average particle density. The combination and analysis of all experimental data led to a detailed model of void initiation and growth, which is based on a dislocation-vacancy mechanism and crystal plasticity.
Polyclonal Hypergammaglobulinemia and Formation of Hydrophobic Immune Complexes in Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus-Infected and Uninfected Pigs

Infection of young conventional, domestic pigs with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) strains VR2332 and JA142 resulted in a rapid, progressive increase in serum IgG reaching maximum levels of 20-30 mg/mL at about 3 weeks post infection (p.i.), which were maintained until at least 63 days p.i., whereas the level of serum IgG remained at 4-6 mg/mL in sham infected pigs. In most of the VR2332 and JA142-infected pigs hypergammaglobulimenia was associated with the formation of hydrophobic, 150-300-kDa IgG-containing immune complexes that bound in the presence of 0.1% Tween 20 to ELISA plates that were not coated with any antigen. The ELISA plate-binding activity remained low in most infected pigs, but reached high levels in some JA142-infected pigs. Binding of the immune complexes was also observed, but at a lower level, to uncoated ELISA plates in the peptide ELISA for anti-PRRSV Abs. The immune complexes bound to uncoated ELISA plates with a much lower affinity than Abs to plates coated with peptides containing the appropriate epitopes. The immune complexes also bound to HerdChek ELISA plates, but because of low binding affinity for these plates, the bound complexes were removed by the repeated washes with Tween 20 solution. Overall the PRRSV-induced hypergammaglobulinemia and generation of ELISA plate-binding immune complexes resembled those observed in mice infected with the closely related lactate dehydrogenase-elevating virus (LDV) and thus, like the latter, seem a result of a polyclonal activation of B cells. We also found that sera of a group of older sows possessed high levels of IgG as well as of ELISA plate-binding immune complexes, in spite of being PRRSV infection negative by all criteria presently available. On the other hand, sera from wild hogs contained no ELISA plate-binding IgG in spite of possessing high total serum IgG levels.
Programming by semantic refinement

It is becoming increasingly evident that human programmers are not capable of efficiently producing reliable programs if they must be concerned initially with every detail of the final program. The approach described here is one of “semantic levels of programming”, which involves a graduated approach to the production of programs.A common but fallacious belief of some software implementors today is that the efficient execution of software systems should be a major concern in the initial system version. In fact, the primary concern in the initial version should be the reliable operation of the system, which is closely connected with the existence of a sound, overall system design. Assuming that we recognize that there is some reasonable time from the initiation of a software system implementation project to the availability of an initial version, the philosophy of semantic refinement is based on the belief that: “If a major concern in the implementation of the initial version of a software system is efficiency, then the initial version will be unreliable.” Many systems which are initially unreliable have a way of remaining unreliable for a discouragingly long period of time.
Intra-amygdala infusion of the protein kinase Mzeta inhibitor ZIP disrupts foreground context fear memory

Protein kinase Mzeta has been the subject of much recent interest, as it is the only molecule currently identified to maintain memory. Despite the wealth of studies investigating PKMζ in memory, questions remain about which types of memory PKMζ supports. Further, it is unclear how long the inhibitor of PKMz, ζ-pseudosubstrate inhibitory peptide (ZIP) remains in the brain after infusion. Here, we demonstrate that foreground context fear memory requires PKMζ activity in the amygdala. We also show that ZIP is fully cleared from the brain by 24h after infusion. These data contribute to a growing body of literature that demonstrates that PKMζ plays a key role in maintaining amygdala-dependent memory and provides new information about the degradation timecourse of the most commonly used inhibitor of PKMζ, ZIP.
Qholorha and the dialogism of place in Zakes Mda's the heart of redness

Abstract Appraisals have focused on the historical components of Mda's novel, although the role of the present in The Heart of Redness is equally if not more important. By concentrating on the dialogism of place as a device for connecting the past, present, and the future, this paper points to some of the ways in which Mda challenges our thinking about race, class, gender, history, the economy, the environment and, ultimately, the new African identity within the context of the ‘African Renaissance’. The setting of Qholorha, once a significant landmark in the encounter between British colonialism and traditional African culture, is now a microcosm of South Africa: an ideal place for defining and implementing strategies for sustainable development at the turn of the twentieth century.
Commentary on "Rickenbacher et al. Fundoplication versus medical management of gastroesophageal reflux disease: systematic review and meta-analysis." Surg Endosc. doi: 10.1007/s00464-013-3140-z.

In their review article, Rickenbacher et al. [1] used a metaanalysis to show that surgical management of GERD is more effective than medical therapy in regards to shortand medium-term, patient-relevant outcomes. One of the seven trials cited by the group was the LOTUS trial [2]. In Table 5, they cite the symptoms of dysphagia, bloating, and flatulence reported in the LOTUS trial as more frequent in the medical group. However, upon review of the original source material, Galmiche et al. [2] report significantly higher rates of dysphagia, bloating, and flatulence at 5 years in the surgical group versus the medical group. No significant difference at 5 years was observed between groups for heartburn severity, epigastric pain, or diarrhea. The LOTUS trial was a major component of this metaanalysis and was interpreted incorrectly. Based on the interpretation, the group concludes that evidence is inconsistent regarding the prevalence of gastrointestinal symptoms associated with surgery. The data appear to demonstrate that such GI symptoms are actually consistently more frequent with surgical therapy. As the debate continues on the nuanced approach to the management of GERD, it is important to clarify the results of the large, randomized-control trials comparing medical and surgical therapy before conclusions are drawn.
Pulsed Doppler frequency and carotid stenosis

Two hundred and forty-two internal carotid arteries (ICA) were evaluated by independently interpreted arteriography and pulsed Doppler spectrum analysis using ultrasonic arteriography to evaluate the ability of peak systolic frequency (PSF) to predict the degree of internal carotid stenosis. Mean PSF in the 129 (53.3%) high grade ICA stenoses of greater than 50% diameter reduction was 6.55 ± 0.14 (SEM) khz, while mean PSF in the 113 (46.7%) low grade (<50% diameter reduction) stenoses was 3.38 ± 0.12 (SEM) kHz (P < 0.0001). Receiver-operator characteristic (ROC) analysis revealed that PSFs of 4.5 kHz (sensitivity 87%, specificity 88%) and 5.0 kHz (sensitivity 83%, specificity 93%) were best for identifying a 50% diameter stenosis. Positive predictive value of 5.0 kHz was 93% (107115) and negative predictive value was 82.7% (105127). Linear regression analysis of PSF in kHz versus percentage diameter reduction yielded the equation: % stenosis = 10.7 (PSF) − 4.1 (r = 0.76). A nonlinear equation was also derived: % stenosis = 61.9 − 33.5 (PSF) + 8.7 (PSF)2 − 0.5 (PSF)3 (r = 0.77). Based on this analysis peak systolic frequency criteria measured by pulsed Doppler spectrum analysis appear to be useful for distinguishing high grade from low grade stenoses. Both the linear and nonlinear equations further suggest that PSF can more precisely quantitate the degree of ICA luminal narrowing.
Specificity of acute effects of Cd on renal function

Renal reabsorption of a typical low-molecular weight protein (cytochrome c) by rats was compared in controls and in rats acutely poisoned with CdCl2 (20 mumol/kg i.p., together with 300 mumol mercaptoethanol), HgCl2 (3 mg/kg i.m.), or NiCl2 (10 mg/kg i.p.). The effects of these metals on reabsorption of filtered cytochrome c were expressed in terms of changes induced in total protein excretion and in urinary concentrating ability. On this basis, only Cd exerted an acute specific effect on transport of cytochrome c, similar to its production of low molecular weight proteinuria following chronic exposure. At the time of the experiments the animals contained only low Cd levels in the renal cortex (7 micrograms/g). We conclude that the acutely injected rat can serve at least to some extent as a valid model for the study of Cd nephrotoxicity and that cytochrome c is a useful probe for the study of Cd-induced low molecular weight proteinuria.
Regulation of immediate early gene c-fos and zif/268 mRNA expression in rat striatum by metabotropic glutamate receptor.

Metabotropic glutamate receptors are coupled to multiple intracellular second messenger systems through G-proteins and densely expressed by medium spiny projection neurons in the rat striatum. In chronically-cannulated rats, this study demonstrated that pharmacological activation of metabotropic glutamate receptors by intrastriatal injection of a selective agonist, ACPD, elevated immediate early gene c-fos and zif/268 mRNA expression in the injected dorsal striatum as revealed by quantitative in situ hybridization. The elevation of both c-fos and zif/268 was dose-dependent and the responsiveness of c-fos to ACPD at each dose surveyed was greater than that of zif/268. Induction of the two mRNAs was rapid and transient as increases in the 2 mRNAs became evident as early as 30 min, reached a peak at 1 h, and returned to normal levels 3 (c-fos) or 6 (zif/268) h, after ACPD injection. Coadministration of the selective metabotropic glutamate receptor antagonist, MCPG, with ACPD markedly attenuated ACPD-stimulated c-fos, but not zif/268, expression. Pretreatment with the ionotropic NMDA receptor antagonist, CPP, had no effect on ACPD-stimulated c-fos expression, but partially attenuated ACPD-stimulated zif/268 expression. Blockade of D1 dopamine receptors with SCH-23390 did not alter the ability of ACPD to induce the expression of these genes. These data demonstrate a difference between the profound induction of c-fos and zif/268 gene expression in response to specific activation of metabotropic glutamate receptors in striatal neurons. Furthermore, c-fos induction was independent of D1 dopaminergic and NMDA glutamatergic transmission, whereas zif/268 induction was mediated, at least in part, by NMDA receptors.
Peroxidase activity of enzymes bound to the ends of single-wall carbon nanotube forest electrodes

This communication reports the first example, to our knowledge, of enzymes covalently attached onto the ends of vertically oriented single-wall carbon nanotube (SWNT) forest arrays used as electrodes. Quasi-reversible FeIII/FeII voltammetry was observed for the iron heme enzymes myoglobin and horseradish peroxidase coupled to carboxylated ends of the nanotube forests by amide linkages. Results suggest that the “trees” in the nanotube forest behaved electrically similar to a metal, conducting electrons from the external circuit to the redox sites of the enzymes. Electrochemically manifested peroxidase activity of myoglobin and horseradish peroxidase attached to the SWNT forests was demonstrated, with detection limits for hydrogen peroxide in buffer solutions of ∼100 nM. These prototype SWNT-forest biosensors are easy to prepare, and enzyme layers were stable for weeks.
Production, allocation, and stemwood growth efficiency of Pinus taeda L. stands in response to 6 years of intensive management

Loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) is a highly plastic species with respect to growth responses to forest management. Loblolly pine is the most planted species across the southern United States, a region with the most expansive and intensively managed forest plantations in the world. Management intensity, using tools such as site preparation and fertilization, is increasing greatly in scope over time. To better define to the productive potential of loblolly pine under intensive management, the influence of 6 years of management with weed control (W), weed control plus irrigation (WI), weed control plus irrigation and fertigation (irrigation with a fertilizer solution) (WIF), or weed control plus irrigation, fertigation, and pest control (WIFP) since plantation establishment on stand productivity in loblolly pine was examined. The site is located near Bainbridge, GA (30848 0 N latitude and 84839 0 W longitude) and is of medium quality (site index ¼ 18 m, base age 25). Increasing management intensity greatly accelerated stand development and biomass accumulation. At age 6 total production (above plus belowground) was nearly doubled from 50 to 93 Mg ha � 1 in WIFP stands compared to W stands, and standing stem biomass increased from 24 Mg ha � 1 in W stands to 48 Mg ha � 1 in response to WIFP treatment. Stem current annual increment (CAI) peaked at age 5 in the WIF and WIFP stands at 17‐18 Mg ha � 1 per year at a basal area between 18 and 21 m 2 ha � 1 . Year to year variation in CAI was better explained by previous-year leaf area index (LAI) than current-year LAI. Maximum stemwood production in loblolly pine was achieved through large increases in LAI and small decreases in allocation to woody roots (tap þ coarse roots) versus woody shoots (stem þ branches) associated with intensive treatments. # 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Expression of adhesion molecules in rat renal cortex during experimental hydronephrosis

Expression of adhesion molecules in rat renal cortex during experimental hydronephrosis. Unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) is associated with an early and steadily increasing infiltration of macrophages into the renal cortical interstitium. As adhesion molecules may play an important role in macrophage recruitment following the mechanical disturbance after UUO, we delineated the time course of intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 and vascular adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1 mRNA and protein expression. A significant 6.6- ( P P P P In situ hybridization showed mRNA transcription for ICAM-1 localized in the peritubular interstitium and cortical tubules from obstructed kidneys. To lend mechanistic insight into the response of ICAM-1 to the mechanical disturbance after UUO, the expression of ICAM-1 mRNA was examined when freshly isolated proximal tubules were exposed to angiotensin II (1 to 1000 µ M) immediately after preparation. Levels of ICAM-1 mRNA were elevated 1.4-, 7.1-, and 3.7-fold when exposed to 10 µ M, 100 µ M and 1000 µ M of angiotensin II for one hour, respectively, when compared to control cultures. The addition of losartan to proximal tubules for one hour prior to angiotensin II stimulation decreased ICAM-1 levels to control values. In summary, this investigation demonstrates that ICAM-1 is important in the initiation of macrophage recruitment into the renal cortex of the obstructed kidney. These findings provide evidence that angiotensin II, produced after ureteral ligation as a result of tubular injury and dysfunction, may play a central role in the release of ICAM-1 from the proximal tubule epithelial cells.
EFFECTS OF EYE COLOR ON TYPING SPEED

51 high school students enrolled in a typing class were categorized according to eye color. Dark-eyed individuals are reportedly better at reactive activities and light-eyed individuals are reporte...
Chiral-symmetry constraints on the critical temperature in QCD.

We study the restoration of chiral symmetry at finite temperatures in QCD. We focus on the role light particles play in disordering the system and compute the critical temperature in the linear sigma model, the Nambu--Jona-Lasinio model, and in the nonperturbative one-gluon-exchange approximation in QCD. In all three cases we obtain T/sub c/ = 2f/sub ..pi../approx. =180 MeV, which might be a model-independent result.
Court-Related Predictors of Parental Cooperation and Conflict After Divorce

Abstract A sample of 237 divorced parents were surveyed to test a model predicting parental cooperation and conflict. The predictor variables included participation in a divorce education program, participation in divorce mediation, child custody arrangement (sole versus joint legal), and means of terminating the marital relationship (dissolution versus divorce). Socioeconomic status and gender were statistically controlled in this study. Ordinary least square regression revealed that participation in a divorce education program was negatively related to conflict with one's former spouse, whereas mediation was positively related to parental conflict after divorce. Joint custody was positively related to parental cooperation and conflict was negatively related to parental cooperation after divorce.
IN VITRO FORMATION OF SAGITTAL HELICES FROM NEWBORN RAT SKIN: CHIRALITY, ONTOGENY, AND LINEAR DIMENSIONS

Organ culture explants adapt to conditions in vitro by forming “figures of equilibrium” with their environment (conformations of minimal surface energy). We propose that explant “morphogenesis” during in vitro adaptation is a function of in vivo tissue organization and lines of tension. In this report, we used a Mcllwain tissue chopper to prepare 1mm x 20mm strips of newborn rat dorsal skin and compared the figures of equilibrium obtained from perpendicularly oriented sections. Transversely cut strips remained extended or formed gentle “u's” in culture. Sagittal strips, however, rapidly formed helices of opposite handedness in serum free Waymouth's media. Measurements of 18 sagittal strips from newborn (day 0) pups are shown: The number of coils was stable for 24h in culture. In 3-day-old rat pups, mean coil number was 2.5 + 0.2 (N=30). Conclusions: 1) In the newborn rat, sagittal skin strips form helices in vitro which retain their in vivo chirality; 2) sagittal helices are conical rather than cylindrical with the tightest coil located at the caudal end; 3) helix formation is stable for 24h in vitro; 4) the number of coils formed per sagittal centimeter of skin decreases rapidly after birth.
Disinhibitory actions of the GABAA agonist muscimol in immature hippocampus.

Bath application of muscimol (10–20 μM) to hippocampal slices obtained from rats on postnatal days 10–15 produced epileptiform activity in the form of multiple population spikes in 20% of slices tested, concurrent with marked disinhibition. The disinhibition occurred in nearly 100% of cases tested at muscimol concentrations that produced epileptiform activity. Paired pulse analysis of GABAergic recurrent inhibition revealed a muscimol-induced disinhibitory effect involving a decrease in maximum possible inhibition. Spontaneous and antidromically elicited inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) recorded intracellularly were suppressed by muscimol. Current-voltage analysis of the recurrent IPSPs suggests that muscimol acted at a number of sites to produce disinhibition. The input conductance of the postsynaptic pyramidal cell increased due to muscimol, creating a current shunt which likely decreased the efficacy of synaptic currents. Muscimol also caused a decrease in the conductance due to the IPSP as well as a shift in the depolarizing direction of the equilibrium potential of the IPSP. The data indicate that muscimol, a GABAA agonist, can produce disinhibition resulting from the multiple consequences of its action. We conclude that the physiologic consequences of GABAA agonist treatment are complex. On the other hand, neurons are likely to be inhibited by a tonic increase in membrane conductance. However, since recurrent inhibition is simultaneously compromised, excitatory vollies of sufficient intensity may overcome the tonic inhibition and produce a hyperexcitable state. In some cases, this disinhibition may induce epileptiform activity. These observations are relevant in light of the proposed use of GABA agonists clinically to control seizures.
Transgender Victims and Offenders: Failures of the United States Criminal Justice System and the Necessity of Queer Criminology

The purpose of this article is to highlight the experiences of transgender people within the criminal justice system as both victims and offenders. We contend that queer criminology is both needed and can assist in exploring the experiences of this unique population who face discrimination within the US criminal justice system and who are often ignored within criminological research. The article will provide an overview of transgender people’s general experiences within the criminal justice system and explore influences of cultural stereotypes about transgender people by examining the cases of three transgender victims of violence—Brandon Teena, Gwen Araujo, and Cece McDonald. This article highlights the importance of concepts such as sex, gender, transpanic, transphobia, victim-blaming, and the responses by key players in the criminal justice system (police, courts, and corrections) to transgender victims and offenders.
Grain Boundary Motion under Dynamic Loading: Mechanism and Large-Scale Molecular Dynamics Simulations

Grain boundaries (GBs) are not static structures during shock loading, despite the short timescales. We present a mechanistic explanation for why non-coherent Σ 3 GBs are particularly mobile, due to their consisting of coherent twin boundaries every third (111) glide plane, separated by incoherent twin boundary segments with three Shockley partial dislocations that can readily glide into either grain. Asymmetric GBs with such structures can thus move in response to the elastic driving force provided by uniaxial compression. We present large-scale molecular dynamic simulations that illustrate this mechanism, which explains the Σ 3 GB faceting recently observed in shock-recovered copper multi-crystals.
The functional anatomy and hemispheric specialization for directed attention: The role of the parietal lobe and its connectivity

Abstract The ability to direct attention towards behaviorally relevant sensory events within the extrapersonal space is modulated by a complex cerebral network which includes cortical and subcortical components. The posterior parietal cortex of the inferior parietal lobule, the periarcuate region (including the frontal eye fields), and cingulate cortex constitute its three major cortical components. The anatomical connectivity within this network explains why disturbances of directed attention in the form of unilateral neglect emerge after lesions of several widely separated cerebral areas. In the human, clinical and electrophysiological observations suggest that the right hemisphere of the brain is specialized for the processes of directed attention.
Implementing Planned Change: An Empirical Comparison of Theoretical Perspectives

Planned organizational change has been viewed from a variety of conceptual perspectives, and a plethora of variables that impact the change process have been proposed. However, few empirical studies have investigated the relationships thought to exist among change process variables. Drawing from questionnaire‐based data obtained from managers involved in the implementation of change, we evaluate three plausible change model configurations using multivariate methods. Findings from the study support a dynamic change process configuration over a direct effects model. Results, discussion, implications and direction for further research are offered.
Clone Size of Andropogon Gerardii Vitman (Big Bluestem) at Konza Prairie, Kansas

Abstract Clone size of plants of Andropogon gerardii from Konza Prairie Biological Station, Manhattan, Kansas was estimated from spatial patterns of genetic variation, using proteins detected by starch gel electrophoresis and DNA content (ploidy) measured by flow cytometry. Unique multi-locus protein banding patterns and differences in ploidy were used to exclude plants as members of the same clone. Individual clones averaged about 2 m in diameter and areas of prairie of 100 m2 were calculated to contain an average of 31.8 genetic individuals.
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) X gene diversity and evidence of recombination in HBV/HIV co-infected persons.

The high frequency of mutation during hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection has resulted in 8 genotypes (A–H) with varying effects on disease severity and treatment efficacy. However, analysis of intrapatient HBV diversity is limited, especially during HIV co-infection. Therefore, a preliminary study was performed to analyze HBV X gene diversity in 17 HBV/HIV co-infected individuals. Phylogenetic analysis revealed HBV genotype A in 13 individuals (76.5%) or genotype E in 1 individual (5.9%). Additionally, 3 individuals were dually infected with HBV genotypes A and G (17.6%). Overall, higher genetic distance and entropy were observed in the X region and overlapping polymerase (Pol(X)) regions when compared to the PreS, S, and overlapping polymerase (Pol(PS) and Pol(S)) regions analyzed in the same patients as part of a previous study. In addition, multiple viral variants from 2 individuals with dual HBV infection did not group with either genotype A or G by phylogenetic analysis, indicating possible recombination. SimPlot bootscan analysis confirmed recombination breakpoints within the X gene in both individuals. Recombination between HBV genotypes may represent an important evolutionary strategy that enhances overall pathogenic potential and/or alters the downstream effects of the HBV X protein.