cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Physiological Correlates of Water Chemistry Requirements in Fairy Shrimps (Anostraca) from Southern California

ABSTRACT In an effort to explain distributional differences among 4 species of fairy shrimps (Anostraca) in southern California, we correlated their ionoregulatory abilities with ion levels in their native pools. Branchinecta sandiegonensis Fugate and Streptocephalus woottoni Eng, restricted to dilute coastal vernal pools in San Diego county, were strong hyperregulators that maintained constant hemolymph [Na'] (average = 82 mmol 1-1, and 69 mmol 1 1, respectively) when external Na' levels were below 60 mmol 1 1. In higher concentrations, however, hemolymph levels rose significantly and mortality increased; no S. woottoni survived in 100 mmol 1-1 Na+. Similarly, both species maintained constant hemolymph levels in alkalinities up to 800–1,000 mg 1-1, but did not survive higher concentrations. In contrast, Branchinecta mackini Dexter, which inhabits saline and alkaline pools, regulated hemolymph ion levels more loosely, but were tolerant of higher ion concentrations. Hemolymph Na+ concentrations rose gradually from 50.0 ± 3.0 mmol 1-1 in 1 mmol 1-1 water to 105.1 ± 1.8 mmol 1 1 in 100 mmol 1 1 water, but there was no mortality. They could tolerate alkalinities up to 2,000 mg 1-1 (double that of the other 2 species), although hemolymph [Na+] fell from 88.8 ± 1.5 mmol 1-1 to 78.0 ± 3.8 mmol 1 '. The fourth species, Branchinecta lindahli Packard, which is found in both types of pools, exhibited intermediate ionoregulatory abilities. In high external Na' concentrations they allowed internal levels to rise, but in low external concentrations (<20 mmol 1-1) they were able to maintain elevated hemolymph levels. These results indicate that the distributions in southern California of the 4 species of fairy shrimps examined here were greatly influenced by the water chemistry of the pools due to different ionoregulatory capabilities.
Review of “Linked Data for Libraries, Archives and Museums: How to Clean, Link and Publish Your Metadata,” by Seth van Hooland

Though primarily a handbook for metadata creators, Linked Data for Libraries Archives and Museums contains several chapters that would appeal to collection managers interested in new ways of levera...
Epithelial and corneal thickness measurements by high-frequency ultrasound digital signal processing.

Purpose: The authors determine the mean central corneal and epithelial thickness in a group of normal human subjects using a new high-frequency ultrasound technique, incorporating digital signal processing. Method: Both eyes of ten volunteers (age range, 23–44 years) were scanned through a normal saline standoff. Digitized ultrasonic echo data were mathematically transformed to produce a plot, the I-scan, which optimally localizes acoustic interfaces to provide improved measurement precision. System precision was determined by analysis of variance of repeated measures. Central epithelial thickness was obtained by averaging multiple measurements. Central corneal thickness was determined by fitting measurements of apparent corneal thickness in consecutive parallel B-scans to a mathematically modeled cornea. A speed of sound of 1640 m/second was used. Results: Epithelial pachymetric precision using A-scan and I-scan was 4.8 and 2.0 μm (standard deviation), respectively. The mean epithelial thicknesses for the right and left eyes were 50.7 ± 3.7 μm and 50.3 ± 3.4 μm, respectively. The mean corneal thicknesses in the right and left eyes were 514.6 ± 38.4 μm and 516.2 ± 37.8 μm, respectively. The root mean-square differences in epithelial and corneal thickness between the left and right eyes of each subject were 1.3 and 7.7 μm, respectively (neither was statistically significant). Conclusion: This system provides a pachymetric precision superior to current optical and ultrasound methods. Epithelial and corneal pachymetry is obtained noninvasively by a method that is not limited to optically clear media.
Relations between solar activity and the lower atmosphere

The existence of close connections between solar activity and physical processes in the upper atmosphere, such as auroras, magnetic storms, and ionospheric variations is well established. Whether similar relations exist between solar activity and the state of the lower atmosphere is an open and sometimes hotly debated question. Solar energy is universally considered as the driving power of the atmospheric engine. However, many meteorologists feel that the observed changes of the solar constant, even if they are real and not only caused by changes of atmospheric transparency, are too small to produce any noticeable changes in the atmospheric circulation.
Client view first: an exodus from implementation-biased teaching

When teaching certain CS topics (e.g., abstract data types, operating systems), the instructor tries to make clear the distinction between the "client" perspective and the "implementer" perspective. But when teaching some programming language features and related programming techniques, this dichotomy often is not respected as strongly as it should be. We illustrate this with a discussion of how to teach recursion, comparing a traditional approach with one that is careful not to blur the distinctions between client view and implementer view. The latter better supports new learners in the creation of a sound and consistent mental model for developing and reasoning about programs that involve recursion.
HOMOEOLOGOUS CHROMOSOME PAIRING AND RESTRICTED SEGREGATION IN THE FERN CERATOPTERIS

The segregation of a marker characterized by pale green gametophytes was monitored within an inbreeding study of the polyploid fern Ceratopteris. Although all of the sporophytes showing segregation were derived from the self-fertilization of haploid gametophytes, a low overall frequency of 2.5% pale gametophytes was observed in the F3-F5 generations. A model based upon a duplicated locus and homoeologous chromosome pairing can explain the segregational behavior within the study. The overall level of homoeologous pairing was determined to be 10%. Occasionally, green gametophytes that were presumably heterozygous for the marker contained pale sectors. This behavior may
Inverse cumulative approximation and applications

SUMMARY The following general problem is considered: fit the inverse cumulative distribution function F-1(y) by a polynomial expansion in terms of a more tractable function G-1(y). It is shown that the computation of the coefficients of this expansion need not depend upon the evaluation of F-1(y) for specific values of y, but instead can be based on the evaluation of the cumulative F(x). If C-1(y) is chosen to be - log (1 - y), the solution in this particular case is shown to be based upon the Laguerre polynomials. Applications of the above methods are briefly described for such problems, as: random number generation, order statistic moment and product moment calculation, as well as the smoothing of the sample cumulative. There are many theoretical and practical applications of the inverse cumulative distribution function F-1(y). For this reason several investigations have been conducted in search of either exact and tractable expressions for F-1(y) or else, in cases where tractable exact expressions do not exist, for suitable approximations. In this paper the general problem of finding 'suitable' approximations to the inverse cumulative will be considered. In ? 2 the general solution is given for the problem of best approximation of F-1(y) by a polynomial expansion in powers of a second function G-1(y). When G-1(y) is chosen as a more tractable expression than F-1(y), the resulting expansion can be used as a convenient approximation of F-1(y). It is also shown that the computation of the coefficients of this expansion does not rely upon the evaluation of F-1(y) for various specific values of y, which would be the case if ordinary least squares fit were attempted. In ?? 3, 4, and 5 examples are given of the use of the general result of ? 2 to find approximations to the inverse Gaussian cumulative over various subintervals of the unit interval. An increase in accuracy over previously published results is demonstrated. Although there are many applications of the inverse cumulative, three are of particularly current interest. These are: first, the use of approximations of F-1(y) for order statistic moment and product moment evaluation; second, the approximation of specific inverse cumulatives for use in random number generation; and third, the smoothing of the sample cumulative. Tractable expressions for F-1(y) have been used to calculate the moments and product moments of the order statistics which in turn have been used to find Best Linear Unbiased, i.e. B.L.U., estimators. The most extensive research on this topic, that conducted by David & Johnson (1954) was based upon the use of a truncated power series approximation to F-1(y). As an alternate approach, Tarter (1965), has given approximate expressions for
Talent Development in Brazil: As Viewed by Adult Writers and Poets.

A study to investigate the influence of mentors on the development of creative people in Brazil began in 1997. Although, the role of mentors in creative people's lives has been emphasized greatly in the literature, the role of mentors on creativity in Brazil had never been investigated. However, it quickly became obvious that although the study yielded only a small amount of information about mentor influence on the development of creativity, the data from creative adults contributed much knowledge about other influences in their lives that were particular to Brazil.
Resistance, magnetoresistance, and thermopower of zinc nanowire composites.

We report a very large enhancement of the thermopower of 4 nm diameter metallic Zn nanowires, with a temperature dependence that is consistent with that of their electrical resistivity and the Mott formula. The temperature dependence of the resistance, magnetoresistance, and thermopower of composites consisting of 15, 9, and 4 nm diameter Zn nanowires imbedded in porous host materials is reported. The 15 nm wires are metallic. The smaller wires show ID weak localization, but the electrical resistivity mostly follows a T - 1 / 2 law, and the thermopower of the 4 nm wires saturates at -130 μV/K.
EFFECT OF CERTAIN PLANT HORMONES AND COLCHICINE ON THE GROWTH AND RESPIRATION OF VIRUS TUMOR TISSUE FROM RUMEX ACETOSA

THE ROLE of plant hormones in pathological growth of plants has been postulated by many workers (Brown and Gardner, 1936; Link and Eggers, 1941; Riker, 1942; Braun and Laskaris, 1942; and others). Since the use of tissue culture techniques it has been possible to study the effect of hormones on the growth of bacteria-free crowngall tissue in vitro (Hildebrandt and Riker, 1947; de Ropp, 1947). However, very little has been done on the respiration of pathological tissues grown in vitro. Mitchell et al. (1949) have studied the effect of various hormones on the respiration of plant tissues, including bacteria-free crown-gall tissue of sunflower, but their data include only those concentrations which cause inhibition of respiration. Colchicine as a polyploid-inducing agent for plant tissues has been well known since the work of Blakeslee and Avery in 1937. Havas (1937) and Dermen and Brown (1940) have studied the inhibitory effects of colchicine on the growth of crown-gall tumors in plants. As compared with the controls, they found that at certain concentrations this compound caused a reduction in size and number of outgrowths. Physiological studies on the effects of colchicine on plant tissues, however, are relatively few. Paton and Nebel (1940) found that colchicine at a concentration of 10-4 M (40 p. p. m.) lowers the rate of respiration and dipeptidase activity of excised maize roots, and at concentrations of 1, 2, 3 and 4 X 10-4 M, elongation was retarded. As regards normal growth effects, Loo and Tang (1945) found that soaking seeds with colchicine at appropriate concentrations slightly stimulates the rate of germination, but it has no helpful effect on the early growth of wheat seedlings; high concentrations are inhibitory. Newcomer (1945) reported a stimulation of the rate of growth of certain tree seedlings the apical meristems of which had been sprayed with dilute solutions of colchicine. In 1948, Ghosh reported that low concentrations of colchicine "act as a stimulant to the rice plant, producing more tillers and ears and inducing earliness and increased grain yield." The objects of the present investigation were (1) to determine the effect of various plant hormones and colchicine on the growth of virus tumor tissue, and (2) to determine the effect of these same compounds on the respiration of the tumor tissue. A summary of the results has been published (Nickell, 1949) and discussed by Avery (1951) in his review paper covering this subject.
The pioneer gene, apontic, is required for morphogenesis and function of the Drosophila heart.

Abstract In an effort to isolate genes required for heart development and to further our understanding of cardiac specification at the molecular level, we screened P lacZ enhancer trap lines for expression in the Drosophila heart. One of the lines generated in this screen, designated B2-2-15, was particularly interesting because of its early pattern of expression in cardiac precursor cells, which is dependent on the homeobox gene tinman , a key determinant of heart development in Drosophila . We isolated and characterized a gene in the vicinity of B2-2-15 that exhibits an identical expression pattern than the reporter gene of the enhancer trap. The product of his gene, apontic ( apt ; see also Gellon et al., 1997 ), does not appear to have any homology with known genes. apt mutant embryos show distinct abnormalities in heart morphology as early as mid-embryonic stages when the heat tube assembles, in that segments of heart cells (those of myocardial and pericardial identity) are often missing. Most strikingly, however, apt mutant embryos or larvae only develop a much reduced heart rate, perhaps because of defects in the assembly of an intact heart tube and/or because of defects in the function or physiological control of the myocardial cells, which normally mediate heart contractions. These cardiac defects may be the cause of death of these mutants during late embryonic or early larval stages.
CD and MCD Studies of the Effects of Component B Variant Binding on the Biferrous Active Site of Methane Monooxygenase

The multicomponent soluble form of methane monooxygenase (sMMO) catalyzes the oxidation of methane through the activation of O2 at a nonheme biferrous center in the hydroxylase component, MMOH. Reactivity is limited without binding of the sMMO effector protein, MMOB. Past studies show that mutations of specific MMOB surface residues cause large changes in the rates of individual steps in the MMOH reaction cycle. To define the structural and mechanistic bases for these observations, CD, MCD, and VTVH MCD spectroscopies coupled with ligand−field (LF) calculations are used to elucidate changes occurring near and at the MMOH biferrous cluster upon binding of MMOB and the MMOB variants. Perturbations to both the CD and MCD are observed upon binding wild-type MMOB and the MMOB variant that similarly increases O2 reactivity. MMOB variants that do not greatly increase O2 reactivity fail to cause one or both of these changes. LF calculations indicate that reorientation of the terminal glutamate on Fe2 reproduces t...
Barrier Dysfunction and Pathogenesis of Neutral Lipid Storage Disease with Ichthyosis (Chanarin–Dorfman Syndrome)

Neutral lipid storage disease with ichthyosis (NLSDI; Chanarin–Dorfman syndrome) is an ichthyosiform syndrome, often associated with mutations in a lipid hydrolase, CGI-58. The presence of oil red O-positive, neutral lipid droplets in tissue biopsies, and/or in leukocytes on blood smears, coupled with a constellation of multisystem abnormalities and a pruritic ichthyosiform erythroderma, are together diagnostic of NLSDI. We investigated the pathogenesis of the ichthyosiform erythroderma in patients from three unrelated kindreds with a clinical diagnosis of NLSDI. Basal permeability barrier function and stratum corneum (SC) integrity were abnormal, but barrier recovery rates were faster than normal, as in atopic dermatitis. The basal barrier abnormality was linked to the secretion of lipid micro-inclusions, first segregated within lamellar bodies (LB), which then form a non-lamellar phase within the SC interstices, shown by combined ruthenium tetroxide post-fixation and lipid-retaining resin-white embedding. With colloidal lanthanum nitrate perfusion, excess water/solute movement was restricted to the SC interstices, and further localized to non-lamellar domains. Phase separation of excess stored lipid provides a unifying pathogenic mechanism not only for NLSDI, but also in several other inherited ichthyosiform disorders of lipid metabolism, such as recessive X-linked ichthyosis and type 2 Gaucher's disease.
Time‐Intensity Evaluation of Sweetness and Fruitiness and Their Interaction in a Model Solution

Sweetness and fruitness were evaluated by time-intensity (TI) procedures in solutions varying in concentrations of glucose and peach essence at hvo temperatures. Of the eleven TI parameters quatified to characterize the TI curves, ten parameters varied significantly across samples for sweetness, whereas only seven varied significantly for fruitiness. Maximum sweetness intensity increased as glucose or peach essence concentration or solution temperature was raised. In contrast, maximum fruitiness intensity increased only with an increase in peach flavor concentration. Although the total persistence of aftertaste did not differ significantly between the two attributes, the mean time to maximum intensity for sweetness (6.6 set) was 3.8 set shorter than that found for fruitiness.
On the nanoparticle interphase

It has been well documented that the addition of nanoparticles, size less than 100 nm, to various polymer matrices leads to desirable properties, including higher permittivity values and increase in the storage modulus. Often these improvements are related to the nanoparticle-matrix interphase, a region with properties different from both the matrix and filler. Due to the large surface-area-to-volume ratio of nanoparticles, the interphase is much more influential in affecting nanocomposite properties compared with properties of composites containing microparticles. In certain nanocomposites, low filler loadings of high-dielectric nanoparticles can lead to an anomalous reduction in permittivity resulting in a dielectric constant lower than that of the matrix. A simple theoretical model to describe this anomalous reduction in permittivity has yet to be formulated. We propose a three-dimensional theoretical model that assumes hard, spherical nanoparticles, surrounded by interphase layers that may overlap, arranged on a simple-cubic lattice. The volume fractions of the individual phases are calculated analytically in distinct geometrical regimes that arise from different filler loadings. Subsequently, the bulk permittivity of the composite is calculated using three-phase Wiener bounds.
Generalized fading channel model with application to UWB

To date, a number of statistical UWB channel models have been proposed. However, when compared with measurement data, inconsistencies are observed between theoretical model and practical measurement. In this paper, a novel statistical UWB channel model is proposed based on current measurement results, one which overcomes the inconsistencies of previous modelings. Some key features of the proposed model include: (1) the arrival time of each resolvable path is calculated using a 2-state Markov model-each state of the model characterizes a different likelihood of arrival based on a unique Poisson distribution (this accounts for the clustering property of paths observed in UWB channel measurements), and (2) individual multipath components demonstrate powers that follow a gamma distribution with an average power determined by an exponential decay. Furthermore, the proposed channel model represents a generalized model. By simply updating the initial parameter setting, other commonly used channel models (both narrowband and wideband) can be derived from our channel model.
Spontaneous abdominal hematoma in dermatomyositis

Dermatomyositis is associated with a number of systemic manifestations and diseases. We present 2 patients with dermatomyositis, aged 11 and 50 years, who developed acute abdominal pain, both a result of spontaneous hemorrhage. Hemorrhage was detectable by physical examination in one and on computed tomography scan of the abdomen in the other. Both patients made a full recovery with supportive treatment. While the cause of the hemorrhage was uncertain, in 1 patient massive calcinosis of the abdominal wall was present, and trauma may have been the precipitant. Spontaneous abdominal hematoma is a cause of acute abdominal pain in patients with dermatomyositis, and surgery may be avoided if the diagnosis is recognized.
The in-vitro activity of O-demethylfortimicin

The activity of O-demethylfortimicin against ampicillin, cefazolin and carbenicillin resistant bacteria was determined. O-Demethylfortimicin showed excellent in-vitro activity against Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter cloacae, Ent. agglomerans, Ent. aerogenes, Citrobacter freundii, Proteus vulgaris, Morganella, and Providencia inhibiting these organisms at less than or equal to 3.1 mg/l. It was particularly effective against Ent. cloacae and Serratia marcescens that were resistant to cefotaxime, cefoperazone and moxalactam. O-Demethylfortimicin did not show particularly good activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Acinetobacter or other Pseudomonas species, MIC90 values were 100 mg/l. Combination of O-demethylfortimicin and ticarcillin or cefsulodin tested against Ps. aeruginosa were primarily indifferent. Combination of O-demethylfortimicin and ticarcillin showed partial synergy for 65% of Enterobacter isolates.
Diagnosis and treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis

Although traditionally mostly confined to the endemic areas of Latin America, Africa, the Middle East and Central Asia, cutaneous leishmaniasis is increasingly seen in clinical practices in the Northern hemisphere due to the consequences of tourism and armed conflict. It is a group of diseases with a varied spectrum of clinical manifestations, ranging from small, benign cutaneous nodules to disfiguring mucosal tissue destruction. Caused by several Leishmania spp., cutaneous leishmaniasis is transmitted to human beings and animals by sandflies. Clinical diagnosis is difficult because diseases of other etiologies with a similar clinical spectrum are common in endemic areas. Hence, any clinical suspicion of cutaneous leishmaniasis should be confirmed by parasitological diagnosis. The standard treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis is still using pentavalent antimonials. Although effective, antimonials can have potentially severe side effects and, ideally, patients should be monitored closely while undergoing t...
Developing a land-cover classification to select indicators of forest ecosystem health in a rapidly urbanizing landscape

Abstract As moderate-sized cities become more urbanized, ecosystems are altered by land-use change. Key ecological services, such as clean air and water, drought and flood protection, soil generation and preservation, and detoxification of wastes are disrupted, risking the health and welfare of society. An understanding of ecosystem responses to urbanization is necessary to evaluate and balance short-term needs with long-term sustainability goals. Our main objective was to develop a land management and planning tool using a land-cover classification to select landscape indicators of ecosystem health near Columbus, GA. Spearman's Rho correlations were calculated to compare landscape and field-based indicators. Results suggest there are significant inverse correlations between ‘percent forest land-cover’ and ‘population, housing, and road densities’; ‘tree species richness’ and ‘forest patch density’; ‘percent urban land-cover’ and ‘lichen species richness’; ‘lichen incidence’ and ‘forest perimeter-area fractal dimension’. Overall, there were 152 significant urban/biological correlations obtained from this assessment (Rho ≥ |0.50| and p ≤ 0.10). Such a tool could prove useful to land managers and environmental planners by providing a quick and simple method to assess broad areas of land in a single analysis.
The structural heterogeneity of the lipooligosaccharide (LOS) expressed by pathogenic non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae strain NTHi 9274.

Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) is an important pathogen responsible for otitis media in children and of pneumonitis in adults with depressed resistance. NTHi is acapsular and, therefore, capsular polysaccharide-based vaccines are ineffective for preventing infections by this pathogen. Recently it was found that a detoxified lipooligo-saccharide (LOS) conjugate from NTHi 9274 induced bactericidal antibodies effective against a large number of NTHi isolates, and conferred protection against NTHi otitis media in chinchillas (X.-X.Gu et al., 1996, Infect. Immun.,64, 4047-4053; X. -X.Gu et al., 1997., Infect. Immun.,65, 4488-4493). In this paper we report the chemical character-ization of the LOS from NTHi 9274 LOS. NTHi is capable of expressing a heterogenous population of LOS exhibited by multiple oligosaccharide (OS) epitopes. OSs released from the LOS of NTHi 9274 by mild acid hydrolysis were purified using Bio-Gel P4 gel permeation chromatography. The OSs were characterized by glycosyl composition analysis, glycosyl linkage analysis, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), fast atom bombardment mass spectro-metry (FAB-MS), matrix-assisted laser desorption time of flight mass spectro-metry (MALDITOF-MS), and tandem MS/MS. At least 17 different OS molecules were observed. These contained variable glycosyl residues, phosphate (P), and phospho-ethanolamine (PEA) substituents. These molecules contained either three, four, or five hexoses, and all contained four heptosyl residues. The four heptosyl residues consisted of one D,D-Hep and three L,D-Hep. Dephosphorylation of the OSs with aqueous 48% hydrofluoric acid (HF) reduced the number of molecules to about to seven; Hex(1)-(7)Hep(4)Kdo(1). Of these seven, Hex(2)Hep(4)Kdo(1), Hex(3)Hep(4)Kdo(1), and Hex(4)Hep(4)Kdo(1)were the major constituents. Thus, this NTHi LOS preparation is very heterogeneous, and contains structures different from those previously published for Haemophilus influenzae. The tandem MS/MS analysis and glycosyl linkage data suggest that the LOS oligosaccharides have the following structures where Hex is either a Glc or Gal residue.
Nonsolar energy use and one-hundred-year global warming potential of Iowa swine feedstuffs and feeding strategies.

Demand for nonsolar energy and con- cern about the implications of fossil fuel combustion have encouraged examination of energy use associated with agriculture. The United States is a global leader in pig production, and the United States swine industry is centered in Iowa. Feed is the largest individual input in pig production, but the energy consumption of the Iowa swine feed production chain has yet to be critically examined. This analysis examines nonsolar energy use and resulting 100-yr global warming potential (GWP) associated with the swine feed production chain, begin- ning with cultivation of crops and concluding with diet formulation. The nonsolar energy use and accompany- ing 100-yr GWP associated with production of 13 com- mon swine feed ingredients are estimated. Two diet for- mulation strategies are considered for 4 crop sequence × ingredient choice combinations to generate 8 crop sequence × diet formulation scenarios. The first formu- lation strategy (simple) does not include synthetic AA or phytase. The second strategy (complex) reduces CP content of the diet by using l-lysine to meet standard- ized ileal digestibility lysine requirements of pigs and includes the exogenous enzyme phytase. Regardless of crop sequence × diet formulation scenario, including the enzyme phytase is energetically favorable and re- duces the potential excretion of P by reducing or re- moving inorganic P from the complete diet. Including l-lysine reduces the CP content of the diet and requires less nonsolar energy to deliver adequate standardized ileal digestible lysine than simply feeding soybean meal. Replacing soybean meal with full-fat soybeans is not energetically beneficial under Iowa conditions. Swine diets including dried distillers grains with solubles and crude glycerol require approximately 50% more nonso- lar energy inputs than corn-soybean meal diets or corn- soybean meal diets including oats. This study provides essential information on cultivation, processing, and manufacture of swine feed ingredients in Iowa that can be coupled with other models to estimate the nonsolar energy use and 100-yr GWP of pig production.
Chemical peeling in ethnic/dark skin

Chemical peeling for skin of color arose in ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia, and other ancient cultures in and around Africa. Our current fund of medical knowledge regarding chemical peeling is a result of centuries of experience and research. The list of agents for chemical peeling is extensive. In ethnic skin, our efforts are focused on superficial and medium-depth peeling agents and techniques. Indications for chemical peeling in darker skin include acne vulgaris, postinflammatory hyperpigmentation, melasma, scarring, photodamage, and pseudofolliculitis barbae. Careful selection of patients for chemical peeling should involve not only identification of Fitzpatrick skin type, but also determining ethnicity. Different ethnicities may respond unpredictably to chemical peeling regardless of skin phenotype. Familiarity with the properties each peeling agent used is critical. New techniques discussed for chemical peeling include spot peeling for postinflammatory hyperpigmentation and combination peels for acne and photodamage. Single- or combination-agent chemical peels are shown to be efficacious and safe. In conclusion, chemical peeling is a treatment of choice for numerous pigmentary and scarring disorders arising in dark skin tones. Familiarity with new peeling agents and techniques will lead to successful outcomes.
Effect of Sintering Temperature on Mechanical Properties of Electrospun Silica Nanofibers

Mechanical Properties of materials depend upon the crystal structure, presence of dislocations and slip planes in the unit cells. Nano-structures due to its nano scale size are expected to have defect free unit cells and hence posses very good mechanical properties. Electrospinning provides simple and cost effective means to produce nanofibers on a mass scale. These electrospun nanofibers could be subsequently used in woven composites to improve interlaminar properties. This paper addresses manufacturing of silica nanofibers by electrospinning and effect of sintering temperature on properties of these fibers. Electrospinning produces nanofibers by stretching liquid droplet emanating from spinnerate under the combined action of Columbic forces due to applied voltage and repulsion of charged ions. When the formed electrospun silica nanofibers are sintered at different temperatures, there is variation SiO2 content due to evaporation of solvents. This results into variation in the mechanical properties of electrospun silica nanofibers based on the sintering temperature. Differential Scanning Calorimetric (DSC) studies are carried out to relate variation in SiO2 content with sintering temperature. The mechanical properties of these electrospun fibers under various sintering temperatures are ascertained by evaluating their performance of composite laminates with electrospun interlaminate layers.© 2008 ASME
New algorithms for best local cosine basis search

We propose a best basis search algorithm for local cosine dictionaries. We improve upon the classical best local cosine basis selection based on a dyadic tree (Coifman, R.R. and Wickerhauser, M.V., IEEE Trans. Inf. Th., vol.38, no.2, p.713-18, 1992), by considering a larger dictionary of bases. This results in more compact representations, lower costs, and approximate shift-invariance. We also provide a version of our algorithm which is strictly shift-invariant.
Pigments of a color polymorphism in a cichlid fish

Abstract 1. 1. Cichlasoma citrinellum occurs as gray or gold morphs in lakes in Nicaragua. The gold morph is variable and individuals range from yellow to dark orange. 2. 2. The pigments responsible for the carotenoid coloration are e-carotene and canthaxanthin. The gray morph contains a carotenoid component and also heavy melanin deposits. 3. 3. The carotenoids are dietary in origin, but their distribution and intensity is presumably under genetic control. 4. 4. The relation of color morphs to the ecological and selective forces which might produce them is discussed.
Computations in Algebraic Geometry with Macaulay 2

This book presents algorithmic tools for algebraic geometry and experimental applications of them. It also introduces a software system in which the tools have been implemented and with which the experiments can be carried out. Macaulay 2 is a computer algebra system devoted to supporting research in algebraic geometry, commutative algebra, and their applications. The reader of this book will encounter Macaulay 2 in the context of concrete applications and practical computations in algebraic geometry. The expositions of the algorithmic tools presented here are designed to serve as a useful guide for those wishing to bring such tools to bear on their own problems. These expositions will be valuable to both the users of other programs similar to Macaulay 2 (for example, Singular and CoCoA) and those who are not interested in explicit machine computations at all. The first part of the book is primarily concerned with introducing Macaulay2, whereas the second part emphasizes the mathematics.
Dextran/Glucan Binding by Streptococcus Mutans : The Role of Molecular Size and Binding Site in Agglutination

Streptococcus mutans cells are known to agglutinate in the presence of glucan synthesized from sucrose by cell-associated glucosyltransferase (GTF, 1,2). Soluble dextrans of high molecular weight also induce cell agglutination, whereas levan, starch and inulin or dextran of low molecular weight were ineffective (3). It was shown that heat-treated cells did not agglutinate and it was suggested that the cells possess specific surface binding sites which are capable of binding dextran and thereby causing agglutination (3). Binding studies using 14C-labeled glucan or dextran of MW 1 × 104 to 2 × 106 d emonstrated that these polymers bind to S. mutans cells (2–6). However, the significance of this binding in relation to cell agglutination was not described.
Patterns of Opiate, Benzodiazepine, and Antipsychotic Drug Dosing in Older Patients in a Medical Intensive Care Unit

Background Anecdotal observation suggests that older patients in medical intensive care units receive higher doses of psychoactive medications during evening shifts than day and night shifts.
Charging Practices in Hazardous Waste Crime Prosecutions

This article provides an empirical testing ground for speculative claims about special dangers inherent in criminal enforcement of environmental laws. Critics of criminal enforcement maintain that the criminal provisions in environmental statutes lay a trap for the unwary, particularly in the context of hazardous waste violations. Apart from their concerns about the complexity of environmental law and the obscurity of regulatory standards, criminal enforcement critics are distrustful of prosecutorial discretion as a mechanism to screen out unavoidable technical violations. This article examines how prosecutors have utilized the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) as a criminal enforcement tool. Drawing on nearly one hundred forty hazardous waste prosecutions, the article analyzes whom the government prosecutes for hazardous waste crimes, what kinds of violations culminate in criminal charges, the business contexts in which the violations occur, and the interplay between RCRA and other criminal statutes. Contrary to assumptions found in the theoretical literature, the data show that prosecutors assign priority to prosecuting knowledgeable economic actors who operate outside the regulatory system and to prosecuting those who technically operate within the system but deliberately undermine it through misrepresentation and concealment. Rather than constituting isolated and inadvertent technical violations, offenses that lead to criminal prosecution commonly involve obviously illegal -- and often pervasive -- criminal conduct.
Neighborhood Effects on Racial-Ethnic Identity: The Undermining Role of Segregation

African American and Latino youth experience stereotypes about their group's academic ability but youth high in three components of racial-ethnic identity Con- nectedness, Awareness of Racism, and Embedded Achievement are buffered from these stereotypes and are more likely to attain good grades in school, feel efficacious, and engaged with academics. In the current study, the effect of neighborhood segregation on these components of racial-ethnic identity was examined. Segregation impairs racial-ethnic identity Connectedness, Awareness of Rac- ism, and Embedded Achievement among African American and Latino youth. Eighth graders (n = 206 African American, n = 131 Latino) living in 100 census tracks filled out racial-ethnic identity scales. A multilevel model demonstrates that segregation is associated with lower scores on each of the components of racial-ethnic identity.
Individual variation in life history characteristics can influence extinction risk

The white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus) shows great individual variation in the age at maturation. This study examines the consequences of model assumptions about individual variation in the age at maturation on predicted population viability. I considered: (1) the effects of variation in age at maturation alone; (2) the effects of heritability; and (3) the influence of a stable and an altered selective regime. Two selective regimes represented conditions before and after the impoundment of a river, blocking access of anadromous white sturgeon populations to the ocean. In contrast to previous simulation studies, I found that increased individual variation in the age at maturity did not necessarily lead to a higher likelihood of persistence. Individual variation increased the simulated likelihood of persistence when the variation was heritable and the selective regime had changed such that the mean age at maturity was no longer optimal.
DIVERSITY AND CONFLICT IN TEAMS: A FAULTLINE MODEL PERSPECTIVE.

Although the relationship between diversity and conflict in teams has received much attention in the past two decades, prior research has yielded inconsistent results. Drawing from the conceptual w...
Open Calcaneus Fractures and Associated Injuries

Open calcaneus fractures are usually the result of high-energy mechanisms and are associated with other orthopedic and whole body system injures. Understanding the difference between open versus closed fractures is essential for the provider, and they must be vigilant for the associated injuries that present with this condition. We performed a retrospective medical record review of 62 patients (64 calcaneus fractures) with open calcaneus fractures from January 2003 to January 2013 presenting at a level 1 trauma center. Sex, age, laterality, mechanism of injury, wound appearance, initial management, and associated injures were recorded. The most common mechanisms were motor vehicle accidents (35 [56.4%]) and falls from >6 ft (15 [24.1%]). Four (6.4%) patients had a posterior tibial artery transection. Eight (12.9%) patients had a femoral shaft fracture, 14 (22.5%) an ipsilateral ankle fracture, 16 (25.8%) a metatarsal fracture, and 11 (17.7%) had associated midfoot fractures. Of the midfoot fractures, 12 (19.3%) patients had a talus fracture and 5 (8.0%) a cuboid fracture. Spinal fractures were present in 9 (14.5%) of the patients, with lumbar fractures occurring in 6 (9.6%) patients. Fifteen (24.1%) patients had associated upper extremity fractures. Thirteen (20.9%) patients had an associated pulmonary injury, including 8 pneumothoraces. Ten (16.1%) patients had a closed head injury and 6 (9.6%) had an abdominal injury. Fifteen (23.4%) patients were treated with percutaneous wire fixation and 7 (10.9%) with open reduction internal fixation. A total of 44 (68.7%) fractures were treated without internal fixation. Overall, 5 (8.0%) patients with an open calcaneus fracture eventually underwent a below-the-knee amputation. Open calcaneus fractures are severe, high-energy injuries with the potential for considerable morbidity to the patient, given the high rate of concomitant orthopedic and whole body system injuries. Type III open injuries have an increased risk of requiring subsequent amputation. The management of these injuries should include intravenous antibiotics, tetanus prophylaxis, and urgent debridement and irrigation.
Effect of 1,3-Butylene Glycol on Growth and In Vivo and In Vitro Lipogenesis by Turkey Poults

Abstract A series of feeding trials lasting 21 days was conducted with Large White turkey poults to determine the effects of 0, 12.5, and 25% energy as 1,3-butylene glycol (BG) on growth and on both in vivo and in vitro lipogenesis. The substitution of 12.5 and 25% of the energy as BG depressed growth and feed efficiency of 21-day-old poults (P
The Effect of Disturbances upon the Rhythm of Egg Production

Abstract The relationship of the rate of ovulation in the domestic fowl to its environment is a problem that has a bearing upon many phases of experimentation. The size of the clutch (eggs laid on successive days) is a factor of importance in considering rate of production. The work of Goodale, 2 Hays, 3 and Atwood 4 has shown that the clutch size is a relatively definite characteristic and results in a more or less regular rhythm. The rhythm is far from perfect and scarcely discernable in females with a low rate of production. However, the examination of the daily egg record of most hens will show a tendency to lay in a regular manner. It may be a case of laying every other day, two days out of three, or three out of four, and so on, but whatever the type of rhythm, it remains fairly constant. Atwood 5 has shown that the interval . . .
Research on digital performance evaluation of large medical equipment

Objective: Performance appraisal of large-scale medical equipment has a significant impact on hospital management. Process equipment performance evaluation of digital is an important part of digital medical hospital. How to fully utilize the large number of advanced medical equipment resources, how to monitor and manage equipment are focuses that hospital administrators pay much attention to. Methods: The effective performance appraisal of largescale medical equipment can promote the resource allocation optimization, accurate and scientific management, reasonable and benign application, and then allows large-scale medical equipment fully and effectively applied to clinical practice. Results: Collecting basic data is the basis for performance appraisal of large-scale medical equipment; its instant validity, accuracy, and scientific can enhance the operability and the scientific accuracy of the performance appraisal for large-scale medical equipment. Conclusion: The acquisition of basic data has few specialized research in previous studies, the rules set up for basic data acquisition of large-scale medical equipment in this paper can improve the timeless, accuracy and normalization of the basic data using in the performance appraisal of large-scale medical equipment.
Activating childhood expertise to engage with disciplinary concepts

Child experts in museums have demonstrated their ability to rehearse well organized dinosaur knowledge in conversation with their parents that distinguishes them from novice children and parents (Palmquist & Crowley, 2007). This study builds on research about parent-child learning conversations and considers the potential opportunities made possible when prior knowledge can be activated in museum exhibitions to support learning conversations that include ecological and evolutionary relationships.
MYCOBACTERIUM-AVIUM COMPLEX

SUMMARY The ubiquitous MAC causes disseminated disease in a large proportion of patients with AIDS. It will become an increasingly important clinical pathogen as more patients survive within the context of prolonged immunodeficiency. The primary risk factor for DMAC is CD4
Inhomogeneities and Non-Friedmann Light Propagation

Driven by the need to reconcile large scale inhomogeneity with global isotropy, we investigate the rigorous development of a metric realistically describing our cosmology. Using the result we then estimate the order of magnitudes for various observational effects due to the presence of inhomogeneities affecting light propagation.
COMPARABLE MITOCHONDRIA–MEDIATED CELL DEATH MECHANISMS IN CLASSIC AND ALTERNATIVE MODELS OF NEURODEGENERATION

Objectives: Familial forms of non-Aβ cerebral amyloidosis are attractive alternative models for understanding the process of neurodegeneration occurring in more common forms of cognitive impairment, e.g. Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Familial British and Danish dementias (FBD/FDD) –both linked to specific mutations in the chromosome XIII BRI2 gene– fall into this category, manifesting with severe cognitive decline and showing neuropathological features strikingly similar to those in AD, including parenchymal and cerebrovascular deposits of the non-Aβ amyloid subunits ABri and ADan. We aimed to study the impact of FBD/FDD mutations and specific post-translational modifications on the mechanism(s) of neurotoxicity induced by ABri/ADan. Methododology: A combination of biochemical/biophysical/microscopy approaches evaluated molecular alterations, mitochondrial function and induction of neurotoxicity. Results: Pre-fibrillar assemblies of ABri/ADan triggered oxidative stress and loss of mitochondrial membrane potential in neuronal cells, a mechanism primarily driven by the specific mutations. Mitochondrial dysfunction was accompanied by release of cytochrome c and activation of caspase-mediated apoptotic mechanisms in a manner comparable to Aβ-challenged cells. Conclusions: The induction of common mitochondria-mediated cell death pathways by similar pre-fibrillar structures of unrelated amyloid subunits suggest that pharmacologic targeting of mitochondria may constitute novel therapeutic avenues to explore in neurodegenerative disorders.
Jointly Building the 'Belt and Road' towards the Sustainable Development Goals

This brief paper is intended to delineate the important role of the "Belt and Road" Initiative in facilitating the implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. The paper has found that the "Belt and Road" and the 2030 Agenda share in many respects a similar vision and some basic principles. The paper has identified how the five priority areas under the "Belt and Road" can contribute directly or indirectly to the achievement of the 17 SDGs, as well as the link of the "Belt and Road" to the seven Action areas of the AAAA.
Programming in a data factory

Among the advantages of visual dataflow programming is that it can give the user a sense of location for the data in a computation. This can help novices build a mental picture of a program and its execution. This paper presents an experimental programming system called the data factory that uses a manufacturing metaphor to give data an even stronger sense of place. A key affordance for learners is the explicit display of every data object as it moves through a factory. The system provides facilities for handling streams of data and parallel operations, as well as basic operations on numerical values. The data factory supports low-level computations that might be studied by novices, but it also offers novel constructs that might invite the attention of others.