cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pretense, imagination, and belief: the Single Attitude theory

A popular view has it that the mental representations underlying human pretense are not beliefs, but are “belief-like” in important ways. This view typically posits a distinctive cognitive attitude (a “DCA”) called “imagination” that is taken toward the propositions entertained during pretense, along with correspondingly distinct elements of cognitive architecture. This paper argues that the characteristics of pretense motivating such views of imagination can be explained without positing a DCA, or other cognitive architectural features beyond those regulating normal belief and desire. On the present “Single Attitude” account of imagination, propositional imagining just is a form of believing. The Single Attitude account is also distinguished from “metarepresentational” accounts of pretense, which hold that both pretending and recognizing pretense in others require one to have concepts of mental states. It is argued, to the contrary, that pretending and recognizing pretense require neither a DCA nor possession of mental state concepts.
Relationships between dislocations, second phases, and pinning in Y-Ba-Cu-O

The pinning effects and the critical current density predicted to occur in bulk YBa2Cu3O7 from second phase particles and from dislocations are examined. It is shown that core or strain pinning by dislocations provides the best explanation of pinning forces, and that strain pinning by dislocations or particle pinning of individual (but not multiple) flux lines best fit the pinning energy. An experiment in which critical current is increased when particles are coarsened by long molten holding times during melt processing is correlated with increased dislocation density, despite a drop in volume fraction and increase in size of the added normal state particles. The combined aspects of these suggest that strain induced pinning from dislocations may be the dominant mechanism in high critical current bulk materials.
The stored energy in deformed copper: The effect of grain size and silver content

Abstract Measurements have been made to determine the part of the total energy of deformation of copper which remains stored within the material. Variables studied were strain, grain size and minor silver additions. At a true strain of 0.3, values of approx 10 cal/mole were obtained and were only slightly dependent on the silver content and grain size. There is a slight release of energy immediately following the deformation which appears proportional to the flow stress and is temperature sensitive, but is insensitive to grain size.
Study of coexistence of ferromagnetism and superconductivity in single crystal ErRh4B4

Abstract Neutron diffraction and resistivity measurements on single crystals of ErRh 4 B 4 have revealed that both superconductivity and ferromagnetic order coexist in this material between 0.71 and 1.2 K. In this intermediate phase, a linear polarized modulated structure with a wavelength of approximately 100 A is observed. The modulated moment increases faster than the ferromagnetic moment down to 0.71 K and then disappears suddenly, with loss of superconductivity and a transition to a normal ferromagnetic state. This transition is accompanied by temperature hysteresis of about 60 mK. The same hysteresis, in the inverse sense, is exhibited by the ferromagnetic component. We interpret the intermediate phase as being one of coexisting normal ferromagnetic domains and superconducting sinusoidally ordered domains. Evidence of a small percentage of small ferromagnetic regions of size ∼100 A is also seen in both the intermediate and ferromagnetic phases.
Frege, Kant, and the Logic in Logicism

1. The Problem Let me start with a well-known story. Kant held that logic and conceptual analysis alone cannot account for our knowledge of arithmetic: “however we might turn and twist our concepts, we could never, by the mere analysis of them, and without the aid of intuition, discover what is the sum [7+5]” (KrV, B16). Frege took himself to have shown that Kant was wrong about this. According to Frege’s logicist thesis, every arithmetical concept can be defined in purely logical terms, and every theorem of arithmetic can be proved using only the basic laws of logic. Hence, Kant was wrong to think that our grasp of arithmetical concepts and our knowledge of arithmetical truth depend on an extralogical source—the pure intuition of time (Frege 1884, §89, §109). Arithmetic, properly understood, is just a part of logic. Never mind whether Frege was right about this. I want to address a different question: Does Frege’s position on arithmetic really contradict Kant’s? I do not deny that Frege endorsed (F) Arithmetic is reducible to logic
Toughening polymeric composites using nanoclay: Crack tip scale effects on fracture toughness

Fracture behavior of vinyl ester resin and the methods that can be used to toughen vinyl ester resin were studied. Neat resin, 5% by weight nanoclay, 5% by weight core shell rubber (CSR) and hybrid system (3% nanoclay and 2% CSR by weight) were the material systems considered for comparing fracture toughness. Three types of cracks were used to determine the stress intensity factors at failure, viz., sharp crack, blunt crack and notch. The critical stress intensity factor in the case of sharp cracks improved significantly when compared to neat resin. In the case of notched and blunt cracked specimens, a reduction in stress intensity factors (at failure) was observed for reinforced systems. However, for notched and blunt cracked specimens, it was shown from the morphology of the fracture surface that the stress intensity factor calculated by assuming a notch or a blunt crack as an ideal crack was not the controlling parameter for fracture. A method for quantifying the crack tip sharpness using fracture surface roughness has been proposed.
A Numerical Study of Anti-Vortex Film Cooling Designs at High Blowing Ratio

A concept for mitigating the adverse effects of jet vorticity and liftoff at high blowing ratios for turbine film cooling flows has been developed and studied at NASA Glenn Research Center. This "anti-vortex" film cooling concept proposes the addition of two branched holes from each primary hole in order to produce a vorticity counter to the detrimental kidney vortices from the main jet. These vortices typically entrain hot freestream gas and are associated with jet separation from the turbine blade surface. The anti-vortex design is unique in that it requires only easily machinable round holes, unlike shaped film cooling holes and other advanced concepts. The anti-vortex film cooling hole concept has been modeled computationally for a single row of 30deg angled holes on a flat surface using the 3D Navier-Stokes solver Glenn-HT. A modification of the anti-vortex concept whereby the branched holes exit adjacent to the main hole has been studied computationally for blowing ratios of 1.0 and 2.0 and at density ratios of 1.0 and 2.0. This modified concept was selected because it has shown the most promise in recent experimental studies. The computational results show that the modified design improves the film cooling effectiveness relative to the round hole baseline and previous anti-vortex cases, in confirmation of the experimental studies.
An Interdisciplinary Approach to Teaching International Law: Using the Tools of the Law School Classroom in Political Science

As the world has grown more interconnected, many political science programs have added courses on international law, international organizations, the laws of war and peace, international human rights, and comparative judicial politics. While in many cases these are relatively new offerings within international studies, all of these subjects have long been part of the law school curriculum. There is, therefore, a long pedagogical history to be examined in terms of the techniques and content used in law schools to teach these courses. This paper examines a number of these techniques and discusses how they may be used in political science courses to enhance student learning opportunities.
Segregation of specific classes of messenger RNA into free and membrane-bound polysomes.

Analysis of mRNA populations from rat liver rough microsomes and free polysomes by homologous and heterologous cDNA mRNA hybridization shows that the two mRNA populations are distinct, demonstrating that specific mRNA classes are efficiently segregated for translation in association with endoplasmic reticulum membranes. We estimate that approximately 90% of the mRNA in membrane bound polysomes contains a diverse set of messengers with a minimum of 500–2000 diferent species although approximately 5–8 messengers may constitute 25–30% of the mRNA mass. The complexity of the mRNA population of free polysomes appears to be comparable to that estimated for total liver poly(A) + mRNA by other investigators, and is likely to be substantially greater than that of the bulk of bound mRNA. In addition, mRNA in free polysomes lacks the high abundance class characteristic of mRNA-bound polysomes. The substantial complexity of the bound mRNA population suggests that the segregation of polysomes in rough microsomes is not limited to a small class specialized in manufacturing secretory proteins, but extends to polysomes engaged in the synthesis of proteins for intracellular distribution. The segregation of specific messengers into the free and membrane-bound classes was abolished when polysome disassembly was induced by administration of ethionine. Thus, messenger RNA molecules themselves lacked the capacity for segregation, although they contain information for segregation which is expressed during translation. These finding, are consistent with the presence of signal sequences in nascent polypeptides which determine the attachment of ribosomes to endoplasmic reticulum membranes.
Synthetic, 'inorganic DNA' as a means to high-density molecular electronics

Molecular electronics is one of the fastest growing fields in modern science, and with good reason. Computers have become a part of the everyday lives of a majority of people around the globe, largely in part to the integrated circuit, seen in Figure 1. They have completely changed the way in which we communicate, do business, and learn. Constant advancement in such a field is highly desirable, as the benefits to such advancement abound. Unfortunately, the current silicon-based economy in the computer industry can only go so far, as there is a lower limit to the size of silicon based parts. Quantum computing and molecular assemblies provide an opportunity to surpass this silicon-imposed limit. Moore’s Law is a description of a trend exhibited in computers since approximately 1965; this “law” states that the number of transistors that can be placed on an integrated circuit doubles every two years. Computer chip makers wishing to push Moore’s Law to and beyond the current limits need to have the ability to shrink components within their systems to the molecular and atomic level.
Simple histochemical stain for acrosomes on sperm from several species.

The acrosome reaction is an exocytotic process that enables a sperm to penetrate the zona pellucida and fertilize an egg. The process involves the fenestration and vesiculation of the sperm plasma membrane and outer acrosomal membrane releasing the acrosomal contents. Many different methods have been developed to detect the acrosomal status of sperm. These techniques are sometimes complicated, costly, and can be used on only a few species. The aim of this study was to develop an efficient and inexpensive method to assess the acrosomal status of sperm from a variety of species. We prepared and fixed sperm from humans, cattle, swine, rabbits, guinea pigs, and mice and stained them with Coomassie G-250. The acrosomes were stained intensely blue in color. Following capacitation, some sperm were incubated for 1 hr with 10 μM calcium ionophore A23187 to induce the acrosome reaction. They were also stained with Coomassie G-250. Ionophore-treated sperm lacked Coomassie staining over the acrosomal region. Differential interference contrast (DIC), bright field microscopy or Pisum sativum agglutinin staining confirmed that the acrosomes of sperm from these species were reacted in response to calcium ionophore treatment and the acrosome reaction frequencies matched results with Coomassie staining. These results demonstrate that the acrosomal status of mammalian sperm from several species can be determined easily and reliably using this simple Coomassie Blue G-250 staining method. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 52:445–449, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
1534 DO VENO-VENOUS (VV) AND VENO ARTERIAL (VA) EXTRACORPOREAL MEMBRANE OXYGENATION (ECMO) CAUSE DIFFERENT MODIFICATIONS OF HEMODYNAMICS AND PROSTANOID HOMEOSTASIS IN NEWBORN LAMBS?

1534 DO VENO-VENOUS (VV) AND VENO ARTERIAL (VA) EXTRACORPOREAL MEMBRANE OXYGENATION (ECMO) CAUSE DIFFERENT MODIFICATIONS OF HEMODYNAMICS AND PROSTANOID HOMEOSTASIS IN NEWBORN LAMBS?
Slip transfer across hetero-interfaces in two-phase titanium aluminum intermetallics

The role of slip transfer processes across the heterophase interfaces in two-phase TiAl intermetallics has been studied. Polysynthetically twinned (PST) crystals of TiAl (PST-TiAl) have been used as model systems for individual grains in technologically relevant polycrystalline lamellar TiAl alloys. Compressive plastic loads have been applied for orientations of the lamellar interfaces parallel and perpendicular to the loading directions to produce hard mode slip activity in both the γ and the α2 phases. Transmission electron microscopy has been used to determine the active deformation modes in the constituent phases and to study details of the hard mode of the slip transfer across heterophase interfaces. The results are discussed with respect to the mechanical behavior of PST-TiAl.
Pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and outcome investigations as the basis for mycophenolic acid therapeutic drug monitoring in renal and heart transplant patients

Mycophenolate mofetil is widely used in combination with either cyclosporine or tacrolimus for rejection prophylaxis in renal and heart transplant patients. Although not monitored routinely nearly to the degree that other agents such as cyclosporine or tacrolimus, there is an expanding body of experimental evidence for the utility of monitoring mycophenolic acid, the primary active metabolite of mycophenolate mofetil, plasma concentration as an index of risk for the development of acute rejection. The following are important experimentally-based reasons for recommending the incorporation of target therapeutic concentration monitoring of mycophenolic acid: (1) the MPA dose-interval area-under-the-concentration-time curve, and less precisely, MPA predose concentrations predict the risk for development of acute rejection; (2) the strong correlation between mycophenolic acid plasma concentrations and expression of important cell surface activation antigens, whole blood pharmacodynamic assays of lymphocyte proliferation and median graft rejection scores in a heart transplant animal model; (3) the greater than 10-fold interindividual variation of MPA area under the concentration time curve values in heart and renal transplant patients receiving a fixed dose of the parent drug; (4) drug-drug interactions involving other immunosuppressives are such that when switching from one to another (eg, from cyclosporine to tacrolimus or vice-versa) substantial changes in MPA concentrations can occur in patients receiving a fixed dose of the parent drug; (5) significant effects of liver and kidney diseases on the steady-state total and free mycophenolic acid area under the concentration time curve values; (6) the need to closely monitor mycophenolic acid when a major change in immunosuppression is planned such as steroid withdrawal. Current investigations are focused on determination of the most optimal sampling time and for mycophenolic acid target therapeutic concentration monitoring. Further investigations are needed to evaluate the pharmacologic activity of the newly described acyl glucuronide metabolite of mycophenolic acid which has been shown to inhibit, in vitro, inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase.
A variable stoichiometry model for pH homeostasis in bacteria

The composition of the proton-motive force of a hypothetical bacterial cell of wide pH tolerance is analyzed according to a model whereby the electron transport chain and various proton-linked sodium and potassium ion transporting modes are responsible for the development of the membrane potential and the chemical potentials of the three cations. Simultaneous use of two or more modes employing the same metal cation, but at a different stoichiometric ratio with respect to protons, produces nonintegral stoichiometry; the modes could represent either different devices or different states of a single device. Cycling of the cation, driven by proton-motive force, results. The relative conductances of the various modes are postulated to be pH-dependent. The pattern of potentials that results is qualitatively in accord with current knowledge and may reflect the mechanism of pH homeostasis in bacteria. The membrane potential is outwardly directed (positive inside) at extremely acid pH, becoming inwardly directed as the pH increases; the pH gradient across the membrane is large and inwardly directed (alkaline inside) at acid pH, becoming smaller and eventually inverting at alkaline pH values; the transmembrane potassium gradient is outwardly directed (high concentration inside) at all pH values; the transmembrane sodium gradient is inwardly directed at all pH values, following the pH gradient from acid through neutral pH, but then diverging at alkaline pH.
Mental age and cognitive stage in young handicapped and at-risk children

Abstract This research addressed the question of whether stage-related patterns of early cognitive development, reported for normally developing children in the first two and a half years of life, may also characterize the development of at-risk and handicapped children when mental age rather than chronological age is used to organize the data. Performance on a psychometric infant test and two neo-Piagetian-based stage measures was assessed for 95 at-risk and handicapped children. Mental age predicted cognitive level of performance for levels 1 to 3, representing the first year and a half of development, but did not predict the highest level, symbolic functioning. In addition, transition points between levels were observed at mental ages similar to the chronological ages when these transitions have been reported for normally developing infants, for all but the last level. The significance of the correspondence between the psychometric measure and the stage measures is discussed and several alternatives for the breakdown at the highest level are considered.
Simultaneous analysis of antipyrine and lorazepam by high-performance liquid chromatography.

Abstract A novel analytical methodology was developed for simultaneous high-performance liquid chromatographic quantitation of antipyrine and lorazepam in biological fluids using phenacetin and flunitrazepam as internal standards, respectively. A gradient solvent system was used to achieve specificity and sensitivity for each of the compounds in biological fluids. The between-run coefficients of variation for replicate analysis of antipyrine and lorazepam in identical plasma samples were 9.4 and 6.4% at 60 μg/ml and 5.5 μg/ml, respectively, for antipyrine, and 9.1 and 9.9% at 110 ng/ml and 10.5 ng/ml, respectively, for lorazepam. Accuracy ranged from 99.7 to 101.4% at concentrations of 8, 45 and 105 μg/ml for antipyrine and from 94.8 to 95.8% at concentrations of 12, 55 and 125 ng/ml for lorazepam. This method requires only one organic extraction procedure for all four compounds, allows quantitation of these two drugs in samples also containing indocyanine green, and sample throughput following extraction is totally automated.
Regression of Experimental Brain Tumors with 6-Thioxanthine and Escherichia coli gpt Gene Therapy

ABSTRACT The identification of transgenes with antitumor activity is critical to the development of gene therapy of cancer. Retrovirus-mediated transfer of the Escherichia coli gpt gene into rat C6...
Usability Magnitude Estimation

Magnitude estimation is a measurement method that is very useful for measuring multi-faceted constructs that do not have a physical analog (e.g., usability) and are produced from multidimensional s...
Comment on “potential energy surfaces of ozone in its ground state and in the lowest-lying eight excited states”

Abstract The suggestion by Banichevich, Peyerimhoff, and Grien (Chem. Phys. 178 (1993) 155) that two weak absorption bands of ozone previously assigned as belonging to the Huggins system might be members of the Chappuis system is shown to be contrary to available evidence. The original assignment of these bands as belonging to the Huggins system is shown to be correct.
The effect of pH on the kinetic constants of peptic substrates and inhibitors.

Abstract The kinetic constants, K m , k cat , and K I of two series of peptic substrates and inhibitors have been determined at pH 2.0 and 4.5. In one series, the substrate or inhibitor contained an α-carboxyl group. Measurements of the p K a of this group on each compound indicated that the group is extensively titrated between the two pH values. In the other series, the substrate or inhibitor contained no group capable of being significantly titrated between pH 2.0 and 4.5. In addition, pH-activity profiles of representative substrates from both series were made under conditions where the initial velocity was approximately proportional to the initial substrate concentration. Comparisons of the kinetic constants at the two different pH values and of the pH-activity profiles indicated that little conformational change occurs in the binding region in the active center of pepsin when the pH is raised from 2.0 to 4.5 but that substrates and inhibitors with an α-carboxyl group are bound much less strongly at the higher pH because of the significant amount of ionization of this group that takes place at pH 4.5. In addition, K cat values of substrates with α-carboxyl groups decrease more rapidly with pH increases than substrates without this moiety. The binding and K cat data therefore show that substrates without an α-carboxyl group are much better substrates at high pH values than those with the acid group. Based on an assumed mechanism, calculation of p K a values of functional groups on the enzyme from the kinetic data indicates that there is a group in the enzyme-substrate complex with a p K a of 4.1 for substrates with an α-carboxyl group and 4.7 for substrates without this group that must be protonated for hydrolysis to take place. The data also indicate that there is a group (s) on the enzyme molecule of p K a 4.0–4.4 that must be protonated for substrate to be bound. Modification of the mechanism, for ionizable substrates, has the effect of bringing the p K a values of these groups closer to those calculated for nonionizable substrates and suggests that the intrinsic p K a values are intrinsic and the same for both types of substrates. The inter-pretation of the data in this publication and the data itself have been compared with results from other laboratories and explanations are given for the differences that have been noted between the findings of different laboratories.
Oxygen kinetic isotope effects in soluble methane monooxygenase.

Soluble methane monooxygenase (sMMO) contains a nonheme, carboxylate-bridged diiron site that activates dioxygen in the catalytic oxidation of hydrocarbon substrates. Oxygen kinetic isotope effects (KIEs) have been determined under steady-state conditions for the sMMO-catalyzed oxidation of CH3CN, a liquid substrate analog. Kinetic studies of the steady-state sMMO reaction revealed a competition between fully coupled oxygenase activity, which produced glycolonitrile (HOCH2CN) and uncoupled oxidase activity that led to water formation. The oxygen KIE was measured independently for both the oxygenase and oxidase reactions, and values of 1.0152 ± 0.0007 and 1.0167 ± 0.0010 were obtained, respectively. The isotope effects and separate dioxygen binding studies do not support irreversible formation of an enzyme-dioxygen Michaelis complex. Additional mechanistic implications are discussed in the context of previous data obtained from single turnover and steady-state kinetic studies.
Induction of metallothionein by superantigenic bacterial exotoxin: probable involvement of the immune system

Abstract Metallothionein (MT) can be induced in mouse liver by a bacterial exotoxin, toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1). Hepatic MT was induced by TSST-1 in a dose-dependent manner from 100 μg/kg through 3 mg/kg in CF-1 mice, and by 6 h the induction was almost maximal. The increase of hepatic MT occurred at the mRNA level, also, and both MT-I and II mRNAs increased coordinately. Because TSST-1 is a superantigen, it was investigated whether TSST-1 induces MT through cytokines as a consequences of immunostimulation. In low-cytokine-producing mice (C3H/HeJ), up to a dose of 1 mg/kg of TSST-1, there was only 2- to 3-fold increase of hepatic MT. In contrast, in normal-cytokine-producing mice (C3Heb/FeJ), TSST-1 increased MT in a dose-dependent manner, and at a dose of 1 mg/kg, there was a 25-fold increase in hepatic MT. This suggests that activation of the immune system is probably involved in the induction of MT by TSST-1. Studies on the role of specific hepatic cytokines (IL-1, TNF-α, and IL-6) in TSST-mediated hepatic MT induction showed that TSST-1 did not increase hepatic IL-1 or TNF-α significantly over controls in any of the mouse strains studied. In contrast, TSST-1 induced hepatic IL-6 in all three strains of mice. However, in CF-1 and C3Heb/FeJ mice (normal-cytokine-producing) IL-6 induction preceded MT mRNA induction, but in C3H/HeJ mice (low-cytokine-producing), IL-6 induction did not precede MT and mRNA induction.
Lytic cytomegalovirus replication and the hormones of human pregnancy

The frequency of human cytomegalovirus (CMV) excretion during pregnancy denoting active infection has been demonstrated to increase as gestation advances and at term involves a significant percentage of women. This increase enhances the risk of congenital infection of the fetus. Thus it appears that some factor(s) unique to the condition of pregnancy favors susceptibility to maternal CMV infection. We designed our studies to investigate the possible association of the continuously rising levels of selected hormones and this increased susceptibility. Progesterone, 17 beta-estradiol, and cortisol were added to tissue culture media in final concentrations to match those occurring in term pregnancy serum. Two strains of human foreskin cells, one neonatal and the other fetal, were treated with either single or paired combinations of hormone-containing media. Lytic CMV replication in neonatal foreskin cells was enhanced by a maximum of 5.7-fold when these cells were treated with cortisol. Such enhancement did not occur in the fetal cells. No synergistic effects were seen when cortisol was used in combination with other hormones nor when neonatal foreskin cells were replicated for at least three generations in either single or paired combinations of hormones prior to use. Differential hormonal enhancement of CMV replication in vitro suggests a possible mechanism for the increased incidence of CMV infection observed during human pregnancy.
Structure and properties of microsomal nucleoprotein particles from pea seedlings.

Abstract The microsomal nucleoprotein particles from pea seedlings have been dissociated by salts, dialysis, and chelating agents, etc. A main conclusion from these studies is that dissociation of the particles occurs when divalent ions, especially Mg, are removed. Up to a critical low level of Mg, the dissociation process may be reversed by addition of Mg. The particle contains six times more Mg than Ca on a molar basis and the Mg is most probably bound by the phosphate groups of RNA. There is present 1 Mg ion for each 3–3.5 phosphate group of the particle. The dissociated products from the Mg-deficient particles are nucleoproteins which have the same RNA/protein ratios as the original particle. This indicates that Mg is critically involved in the linkage of the nucleoprotein units and is not involved in binding of RNA to protein. The microsomal particle appears to consist of four subunits, two pairs of each of two kinds (40 S and 26 S) cemented together by Mg-RNA phosphate bonds.
Early variceal rebleeding after successful distal splenorenal shunt.

• Of 77 patients with repeated variceal hemorrhage who underwent distal splenorenal shunt, five (6.5%) developed rebleeding despite a patent splenorenal anastomosis. Three of the five patients died. Early variceal rebleeding usually indicates shunt thrombosis but may occur with a patent anastomosis. Anatomic or functional left renal vein and/or splenic vein hypertension producing incomplete variceal decompression is generally the cause. Ineffective separation of the main portal vein from the gastrosplenic venous plexus may coexist and further intensify variceal congestion. Urgent angiographic studies and direct shunt catheterization with measurement of splenic vein, left renal vein, and inferior vena cava pressures should be performed to plan appropriate therapy. A significant gradient between the splenic and renal veins is evidence of an unsatisfactory anastomosis and should be managed by balloon angioplasty or reoperation. High splenic and left renal vein pressures with a gradient of more than 10 mm Hg between the renal vein and the inferior vena cava indicate renal vein hypertension. Initial therapy should include serial injection sclerotherapy, as renal vein hypertension will usually resolve over time as additional collaterals develop. However, persistent or recurrent variceal hemorrhage may require total portal decompression to bypass the restrictive left renal vein segment. (Arch Surg1986;121:547-552)
A controlled comparison of doxepin h.s. and doxepin q.i.d.

A controlled double-blind study of 40 depressed psychiatric outpatients who received doxepin either q.i.d. or h.s. showed that doxepin may be administered h.s. without loss of efficacy or increase in side effects. The patients who received doxepin h.s. felt significantly better rested in the morning than the patients who received doxepin in divided doses.
Gay and Lesbian Politics

"Stonewall" has become part of the American lexicon, a result of events at Sheridan Square in New York City in the early morning hours of June 28, 1969. The Stonewall Inn, one gay bar amid scores of others in Manhattan, was about to be raided by the New York Police Department. Nothing unusual for New York, or most other large cities for that matter. Gays and lesbians had become almost inured to police harassment. When one's sexual preference is the object of criminal law, when one's psychological status is continually demeaned, when one is denounced from the pulpit and ridiculed in the mass media, what is one more raid on an after-hours gay bar? But the raid on the Stonewall Inn did not go as planned. Instead of the usual compliant crowd the police encountered "catcalls and cries to topple the paddy wagon."' The crowd, in an unruly mood, was soon joined by sympathizers and other bystanders. Hundreds if not thousands of youths participated. Several nights of often brutal confrontations with the police followed. As a young instructor in the political science department at Ohio University, I read the news stories about the Stonewall riots with incredulity. Like so many other gays and lesbians of my generation, I found it quite easy to identify with the plight of other minorities. The civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s was a great inspiration to all who identified with the demands for equality under the law. The anti-war and the women's rights movements were similarly energizing. These movements demonstrated what could be accomplished through grassroots organizing. But the idea that gays and lesbians would one day organize for the purpose of establishing their legal rights was an idea that I had never entertained-even in my dreams--until Stonewall. Ten years passed before the idea of creating a course on the politics of the gay and lesbian rights movement dawned on me as a possibility. It was not until I was approached by a
Communication Policy Changes from 1971 to 1991 in State Correctional Facilities for Adult Males in the United States

The objective of this research is to determine whether and how correctional institutions's policies on correspondence, visitation, and telephoning have changed between 1971 and 1991. Data were gathered in 1971, 1981, and 1991 from state correctional institutions for adult males in maximum and medium security facilities. The findings indicate to the authors that correctional institutions are making serious commitments to reduce the social isolation of inmates through more liberal communication policies. Implications for further research are suggested to determine the effects of inmates' increased contacts with the outside society through more liberal policies regarding correspondence, visitation, and telephoning.
FURTHER OBSERVATIONS ON THE NATURAL HISTORY OF ISOLATED VENTRICULAR SEPTAL DEFECTS IN INFANCY AND CHILDHOOD. SERIAL CARDIAC CATHETERIZATION STUDIES IN 75 PATIENTS.

Serial cardiac catheterization has been performed in 75 patients with isolated ventricular septal defect. At the time of the first cardiac catheterization, 39 were under 1 year of age, 19 were between 1 to 3 years, 14 between 3 to 10 years, and three over 10 years. In 68 patients the second catheterization was performed 1 to 7 years after the first, and in seven patients a third cardiac catheterization was performed 2 to 5 years after the second. Normal pulmonary artery pressure was observed at the initial study in 25 patients. Of these, only one revealed a slight rise in pulmonary artery systolic pressure by 19 mm. Hg; the rest revealed no significant hemodynamic changes. Mild pulmonary hypertension (31 to 59 mm. Hg systolic pressure) was noted in 28 patients at first catheterization, at which time moderate or severe pulmonary hypertension (60 mm. Hg or more systolic pressure) was present in 22 patients. In 33 of these 50 cases, the initial investigation was done during infancy and not later than the sec...
Odor-cued taste avoidance: A simple and efficient method for assessing olfactory detection, discrimination and memory in the rat

Rats quickly learn to avoid licking at a drinking tube containing an odorant and quinine hydrochloride. After training, the rat responds readily to water but sniffs at but does not lick a tube containing a solution of isoamyl acetate. Learning occurs after only one or two exposures to the combination of odor and tastant. This method can be used to demonstrate odor discrimination, odor memory, and to assess detection of low concentrations of odors.
Structure calculations for 25Mg-25Al

Abstract The results of a shell model calculation for 25Mg-25Al are presented in which the Hamiltonian for the system was taken to be that of an inert 16O core plus nine s-d shell particles interacting through the usual one-body l2 and l · s terms plus general two-body residual interactions of the Kuo-Brown type. The basis was truncated to include nine favored representations of SU(3) in each of the two leading spatial symmetries ([441]: (66), (93), (74), (82)2, (55)2, (28), (90); [432]: (10,1), (74), (82)2, (55)2, (28), (47), (90)). It is found that a (λμ)-dependent renormalization of the type proposed by Harvey but empirically modified for axially asymmetric shape distributions is required to reproduce the experimentally observed ordering of the three lowest rotational bands. The goodness of KJ as a band label for the calculated eigenstates is investigated by comparing calculated quadrupole moments with simple rotational model predictions. Calculated B(E2) and B (M1) rates are compared with the available data. Results for relative spectroscopic factors from (d, p) stripping on the ground state of 24Mg are also presented.
FDI theory and foreign direct investment in the United States: a comparison of investors and non-investors

Abstract This study used discriminant function analysis on a sample of 240 non-US firms to determine if they could be correctly classified as direct investors or non-investors in the United States for each year during the five year period 1984–1988. Results were robust, correctly classifying 72.81% of all firms (5-year average). Specifically, investors were larger and more profitable than non-investors. They came from industries with higher exports to the United States, and which spend more on research and development. Unexpectedly, prior rates of industry export growth to the United States and global industry concentration did not discriminate between investors and non-investors.
Characterization of gas components and deposits in bubbles in silicate glasses prepared with sodium sulphate

The gas contents and surface deposits in bubbles that were formed at various temperatures in sodium calcium silicate glasses using sodium sulphate as a starting material were investigated by means of Raman microprobe and scanning microscopic techniques. Either elemental sulphur or sodium sulphate could be readily detected in the deposits, depending on treatment conditions for the glass. Higher amounts of elemental sulphur were found as deposits on bubble surfaces for glasses prepared using both carbon and sodium sulphate. SO2 or CO2 could be detected as gas components in various bubbles.
Principal topologies and transformation semigroups

Abstract For a given set X, the set F ( X ) of all maps from X to X forms a semigroup under composition. A subsemigroup S of F ( X ) is said to be saturated if for each x ∈ X there exists a set O x ⊆ X with x ∈ O x such that S = { f ∈ F ( X ) | f ( x ) ∈ O x ∀ x ∈ X } . It is shown that there exists a one-to-one correspondence between principal topologies on X and saturated subsemigroups of F ( X ) . Some properties of principal topologies on X and the corresponding properties of their associated saturated subsemigroups of F ( X ) are discussed.
English in Macedonian commercial nomenclature

: The purpose of the present study was an account of the frequency of English elements in Macedonian commercial naming. Questions of the extent and creativity of English name use in relation to business types and Macedonian cities guided the research. The data were 9,548 entries from the online version of the Macedonian Yellow Pages. Results suggest English names were significantly more likely to be found in the capital than in all the other cities in Macedonia, and business enterprises related to leisure/entertainment/media. Orthographic, formative, and semantic types of creativity were identified in the processes of transliteration, word/phrase formation, and style. English is the most dominant foreign language used in commercial names because of its associations with globalization and modernity.
U.S. scientific and technical information policy in the context of a diffusion-oriented national technology policy☆

Abstract Science and technology information (STI) policy in the United States has been treated as a specialized topic of concern to libraries, publishers, and information providers in and outside the government for most of the post-World War II period. As such it has not enjoyed much visibility on the national agenda. This problem has been exacerbated by U.S. science and technology policy during these four decades: a focus on the generation of technology in pursuit of federal agency missions, leaving to market forces the diffusion of the benefits to the economy of these mission-oriented technology investments. The debate over U.S. competitiveness has drawn attention to U.S. shortcomings in the use of technology and science in the downstream elements of the innovation process, which is reflected in low productivity growth in manufacturing, higher costs, lower quality, and slower response to market demand than some competitors enjoy. A diffusion-oriented, or capability-enhancing, technology policy would give high priority to a number of areas of information policy: building knowledge infrastructure, increasing R&D productivity, building a strong secondary literature and improved information services for STI, among them. Early signs that the Bush administration may be willing to move in this direction suggest that information policy may be headed for a revival of interest and priority.
EXPLORING ACADEMIC DISCOURSE ON CRIMINAL JUSTICE ETHICS: WHERE ARE WE?

ABSTRACT The purpose of this paper is to understand the current state of discourse on ethics in the disciplines of criminal justice and criminology, in terms of pedagogy, verbal dialogue (with criminal justice professionals, faculty, and students), and scholarly activities (conference attendance, conference presentations, and publishing). Understanding the extent to which faculty and students are engaged in such discourse on criminal justice ethics is critical for both criminal justice and academic professionals, due to the increased call for accountability in professional conduct, as well as the rise in popularity of academic criminal justice programs. Using quantitative and qualitative data obtained from an email survey of American Society of Criminology members, we find that respondents discuss criminal justice ethics more with faculty and students than criminal justice professionals, and these discussions are influenced by academic rank, type of institution, and academic exposure to ethics. Further, r...
Scores of scores.

Background: We sought to develop and validate a simple clinical prediction rule for death and severe disability after acute ischemic stroke that can be used by general clinicians at the time of hospital admission. Methods: We analyzed data from a registry of 9847 patients (4943 in the derivation cohort and 4904 in the validation cohort) hospitalized with acute ischemic stroke and included in the Registry of the Canadian Stroke Network (July 1, 2003, to March 31, 2008; 11 regional stroke centers in Ontario, Canada). Outcome measures were 30-day and 1-year mortality and a modified Rankin score of 5 to 6 at discharge. Results: Overall 30-day mortality was 11.5% (derivation cohort) and 13.5% (validation cohort). In the final multivariate model, we included 9 clinical variables that could be categorized as preadmission comorbidities (5 points for preadmission dependence [1.5], cancer [1.5], congestive heart failure [1.0], and atrial fibrillation [1.0]), level of consciousness (5 points for reduced level of consciousness), age (10 points, 1 point/decade), and neurologic focal deficit (5 points for significant/total weakness of the leg [2], weakness of the arm [2], and aphasia or neglect [1]). Maximum score is 25. In the validation cohort, the PLAN score (derived from preadmission comorbidities, level of consciousness, age, and neurologic deficit) predicted 30-day mortality (C statistic, 0.87), death or severe dependence at discharge (0.88), and 1-year mortality (0.84). The PLAN score also predicted favorable outcome (modified Rankin score, 0-2) at discharge (C statistic, 0.80). Conclusions: The PLAN clinical prediction rule identifies patients who will have a poor outcome after hospitalization for acute ischemic stroke. The score comprises clinical data available at the time of admission and may be determined by nonspecialist clinicians. Additional studies to independently validate the PLAN rule in different populations and settings are required.
Isoparametric axisymmetric shell elements with temperature gradients for heat conduction

Abstract This paper presents a finite element formulation for axisymmetric shell heat conduction where temperature gradients through the shell thickness are retained as primary nodal variables. The element geometry is constructed using the coordinates of the nodes lying on the middle surface of the shell and the middle surface nodal point normals. The element temperature field is approximated in terms of element approximation functions, the nodal temperature, and the nodal temperature gradients. The weak formulation of the two-dimensional Fourier heat conduction equation in cylindrical coordinate system is constructed. The finite element properties of the shell element are then derived using the weak formulation and the element temperature field approximation. The formulation permits linear temperature gradients through the shell thickness. Distributed heat flux as well as convective boundaries are permitted on all four faces of the element. Furthermore, the element can also have internal heat generation as well as orthotropic material properties. The superiority of the formulation in terms of efficiency and accuracy is demonstrated. Numerical examples are presented and a comparison is made with the theoretical results.
The effectiveness of an improved combination therapy for experimental Staphylococcus aureus keratitis.

Introduction Antibiotic and steroid combination therapies, such as tobramycin with dexamethasone, are often used in ophthalmology to treat or prevent infection and inflammation. The purpose of this study was to use a model of Staphylococcus aureus keratitis to quantify and compare the effectiveness of a standard tobramycin and dexamethasone combined therapy, with each drug individually, and with a new formulation of the two drugs in a xanthan gum vehicle.
Mechanisms involved in the intrinsic isoniazid resistance of Mycobacterium avium

Isoniazid (INH), which acts by inhibiting mycolic acid biosynthesis, is very potent against the tuberculous mycobacteria. It is about 100-fold less effective against Mycobacterium avium. This difference has often been attributed to a decreased permeability of the cell wall. We measured the rate of conversion of radiolabelled INH to 4-pyridylmethanol by whole cells and cell-free extracts and estimated the permeability barrier imposed by the cell wall to INH influx in Mycobacterium tuberculosis and M. avium. There was no significant difference in the relative permeability to INH between these two species. However, the total conversion rate in M. tuberculosis was found to be four times greater. Examination of in vitro-generated mutants revealed that the major resistance mechanism for both species is loss of the catalase-peroxidase KatG. Analysis of lipid and protein biosynthetic profiles demonstrated that the molecular target of activated INH was identical for both species. M. avium, however, formed colonies at INH concentrations inhibitory for mycolic acid biosynthesis. These mycolate-deficient M. avium exhibited altered colony morphologies, modified cell wall ultrastructure and were 10-fold more sensitive to treatment with hydrophobic antibiotics, such as rifampin. These findings may significantly impact the design of new therapeutic regimens for the treatment of infections with atypical mycobacteria.
A biomechanical analysis of solvent-dehydrated and freeze-dried human fascia lata allografts. A preliminary report.

This study compares the basic mechanical properties of two groups of commercially available fascia lata allografts processed by different means (solvent-dehy drated and sterilized via gamma radiation, and freeze- dried without secondary sterilization). The results reveal significantly (P < 0.05) higher stiffness, higher maxi mum load to failure, and higher maximum load per unit width of graft with the solvent-dried as opposed to the freeze-dried fascia lata. Subsections of individual sol vent-dried specimens were also more uniform in their mechanical properties than those of the freeze-dried allografts.Clinical relevance: Fascia lata is used as a graft material in a variety of orthopaedic procedures. Allo graft fascia lata offers an increased cross-sectional area of material and eliminates the morbidity associated with the harvesting of autologous tissues. However, the structural uniformity of such large grafts has been questioned. Processing techniques used in the sterili zation and storage of such graft...