cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Web-based synchronizing of start/stop times for interactive in-class learning experiences

What time is it? This paper presents the design, implementation, and use of a web-based system for synchronizing the start/stop time of interactive in-class learning experiences. Besides the immediate application, the examples presented serve as a overview, introduction, or review of aspects of many interrelated web-based technologies including HTML, CSS, XML, JavaScript, the DOM, ASP/PHP, etc. The ideas presented can be used to stimulate student interest in additional web applications involving timing issues.
Phagocytosis and Immunity

Phagocytosis is an phylogenetically conserved mechanism utilized by many cells to ingest microbial pathogens and apoptotic or necrotic corpses. Recent studies have demonstrated that phagocytosis serves to initiate immunity mediated by both Class I and Class II MHC. Depending on the identity of the specific phagocytic receptor involved, phagocytosis can either enhance or suppress inflammation. Dysregulation of phagocytosis can lead to alterations in the immune response and may contribute to autoimmunity. Harnessing the phagocytic capacity of antigen presenting cells may ultimately lead to exploitation of phagocytosis as a therapeutic modality in intractable diseases, such as advanced cancer.
Antibiotics and Host Defense in Immunocompromised Patients

The clinical success of antibiotics permits patients with primary and acquired immune deficiency to survive infections. As a consequence, it is possible for investigators to compare functional aspects of the immune system in these patients with normal persons. These studies have contributed greatly to our knowledge of human host defense systems. The topic of this chapter will be host defenses in patients with identifiable defects in their immune system. We are grateful to these patients for what they have taught us about human physiology.
Prospective cohort study of C-reactive protein as a predictor of clinical events in adults with congenital heart disease: results of the Boston adult congenital heart disease biobank.

Aims Despite the well-defined association of high-sensitivity hsCRP with cardiovascular outcomes in apparently healthy adults and those with acquired heart disease, the relevance of this inflammatory marker in adults with congenital heart disease (ACHD) remains unclear. We aimed to examine the clinical correlates and prognostic value of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels in ACHD. Methods and results We conducted a prospective cohort study of (n = 707) outpatient ACHD (age 39 ± 14 years, 49% women), enrolled mainly at a referral centre, who had serum hsCRP measured in conjunction with a clinical assessment between 2012 and 2016. We analysed clinical correlates of hsCRP and its association with adverse events including the primary combined outcome of all-cause mortality or non-elective cardiovascular hospitalization. Higher hsCRP was strongly associated with measures of functional status including New York Heart Association class and peak VO2, and with comorbidities such as atrial arrhythmia. During average follow-up of 815 ± 536 days, 114 patients (16%) experienced the primary outcome, including 29 deaths. Having elevated hsCRP, in the highest (≥2.98 mg/L) compared with the lower three quartiles, conferred increased risk for the primary outcome [30.5% vs. 11.3%, adjusted hazard ratio (HR) = 2.00, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.35-2.97; P = 0.0006] and all-cause mortality (11.9% vs. 1.5%, adjusted HR = 4.23, 95% CI 1.87-9.59; P = 0.0006). Elevated hsCRP was associated with adverse outcomes across ACHD subgroups and other patient characteristics. Conclusion Adults with congenital heart disease with elevated hsCRP have not only worse functional status and exercise capacity, but also greater risk for death or non-elective cardiovascular hospitalization. Further study is warranted to characterize the role of inflammation in the pathophysiology of ACHD.
The Unconstitutional Tampon Tax

Thirty-six states impose a sales tax on menstrual hygiene products, while products like spermicidal condoms and erectile dysfunction medications are tax-free. This sales tax — commonly called the “tampon tax” — represents an expense that girls and women must bear on top of the cost of biologically-necessary items that they need in order to go to school, work, and otherwise participate in public life. This Article explores the constitutionality of the tampon tax and argues that it is an impermissible form of gender discrimination under the Equal Protection Clause. First, menstrual hygiene products are a unique proxy for female sex, and therefore any disadvantageous tax classification of these products amounts to a facial classification on the basis of sex. There is no “exceedingly persuasive justification” for taxing menstrual hygiene products, and so the tax must fail intermediate scrutiny. Even assuming arguendo that the tampon tax is not viewed as a tax on female sex, it is still unconstitutional because it cannot pass rational basis review. Since 2016, four states and the District of Columbia have repealed their sales tax on menstrual hygiene products. Many state legislatures will consider similar repeal bills in upcoming legislative sessions. At the same time, women also have brought class action litigation in four jurisdictions, seeking a declaration that the state tampon tax is unconstitutional and requesting a refund of prior taxes paid. The Article develops the constitutional arguments that can be used by litigators in any ongoing or future case, recognizing that menstrual equity activism, including impact litigation, is likely to continue in the future. Ultimately what and whom a society seeks to tax signals its larger values. The continued imposition of state sales tax on menstrual hygiene products, seemingly without a principled distinction from other products that are exempted as necessities, exacerbates the aggregate economic inequality that already exists between the sexes. The tampon tax should be repealed in all states.
BEHAVIOR OF A HEAT RESISTANT FOOD SPOILAGE SPORE FORMING ANAEROBE INOCULATED INTO SOILS1,2,3

The heat resistance of putrefactive spore-forming anaerobes isolated from experimental soil plots was relatively low and not significantly influenced by different fertilizer treatments. The spores ...
Applications of Cosets

The idea of cosets is often thought of as a difficult concept in elementary abstract algebra. To help increase the comfort with cosets and the counting argument in the proof of Lagrange’s Theorem found in Chap. 10, this chapter gives have different applications of cosets to ideas from earlier chapters of the book. We give a proof of part of what is called the “Fundamental Theorem of Linear Algebra”, for vector spaces over the field of p elements \(\mathbb {Z}_{p}\). We look at Hamming codes and Euler’s Theorem from the point of view of cosets. The last two sections use cosets to look again at the strong pseudoprime test for finding large primes, and to obtain a result of Boneh that cracking an RSA cryptosystem by finding some decrypting exponent is essentially equivalent in difficulty to factoring the RSA modulus.
The missing link in contemporary health disparities research: a profile of the mental and self-rated health of multiracial young adults

This study compared the mental and self-rated health of monoracial and multiracial young adults using data from Wave 3 of the National Longitudinal Adolescent to Adult study. Our analytic sample consisted of 10,535 men and women ages 18-25 that self-identified as monoracial (Asian, Black, Native American, and White) or multiracial (White-Nonwhite and Nonwhite-Nonwhite). We find that when comparing aggregated racial groups, multiracials have poorer mental health than monoracials. However, differences emerge when multiracials are disaggregated into their two primary pairings of White-Nonwhite and Nonwhite-Nonwhite and compared to monoracials collectively and individually. We find that White-Nonwhites have poorer mental and self-rated health relative to monoracials generally and Whites specifically. In contrast, Nonwhite-Nonwhites have greater self-esteem and self-rated health than Whites as well as the aggregated monoracial group. Our findings highlight the complexities of examining multiracial health without researchers using consistent multiracial categories and reference groups. The results are discussed using three new perspectives that are introduced to explain health disparities between monoracial and multiracial persons.
A tale of two voles: The challenge of the commonness-rarity continuum in conservation planning. Reply to comments

Abstract The commonness-rarity continuum in species conservation is fraught with challenges because of the complex factors inherent in a population’s persistence and because of the challenges in identifying the level of commonness or rarity. I explored the challenges inherent in determining where a species lies along the continuum by comparing two species of voles. Forsman et al. (2019) challenged my assessment of red tree voles (Arborimus longicaudus) as qualitatively similar in their relative commonness/rarity to the western red-backed vole (Myodes californicus) over a portion of their range. In this reply, I address their main concerns, and emphasize that the much better understanding of the tree vole’s ecology since the listing of the red tree vole as a “survey and manage” species over two decades ago under the Northwest Forest Plan supports the need for a species review under the adaptive management policy of the Plan.
Lung Transplant for the Critical Care Nurse

Lung transplantation is an established treatment of select patients with end-stage pulmonary disease. Lung transplantation should be considered for patients with end-stage pulmonary disease who have an expected 2-year survival of less than 50% without lung transplant and an expected 5-year survival of greater than 80% after transplant. This article reviews routine postsurgical intensive care unit management, along with management of complications such as acute kidney injury, atrial arrhythmias, deep vein thrombosis, primary graft dysfunction, hyperammonemia syndrome, and thrombocytopenia. Finally, management of long-term issues, including diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and bronchial stenosis, is discussed.
Oxidative Degradation of Polypropylene Mesh in E. coli Environment

Medical implants of polypropylene (PP) are commonly used in many surgical procedures to support tissues. Previous studies on polypropylene meshes removed from patients demonstrated biodegradation r...
The Effect of the Coronavirus Pandemic on Physician Assistant Educators.

Purpose The coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic has presented physician assistant (PA) educators with unprecedented challenges in delivering content remotely with minimal time to develop new pedagogical strategies. We surveyed faculty about their experience during the early weeks of adapting to these new instructional techniques. Methods An anonymous quantitative and qualitative survey was distributed to all individuals registered by programs as Physician Assistant Education Association members. Results The survey response rate was 22.3% (667/2991) with 32% of program directors (PD), and 23.7% of faculty reporting they had taught online synchronous content prior to COVID-19 adaptations. Prior experience with technology was associated with significantly lower levels of faculty stress during the pivot to online instruction. A majority of the respondents felt educational quality had remained consistent despite the transition to online teaching, and a majority of both faculty and program directors anticipate only minor changes to program structure once they are able to return to traditional classroom learning. Concerns about technology were most commonly cited as stressors and as causes of decreased quality of instruction. Conclusion Educational challenges and stress during the pandemic were most prominently associated with unfamiliar technology. It remains to be seen what changes persist when the pandemic subsides.
Competing and Complementary Writing Systems in the Horn of Africa

The chapter examines the works of two Muslim scholars who made unexpected writing choices: Shaykh Ṭalḥa b. Jaʿfar (c. 1853–1936) resisted Christian-based nationalism by writing Amharic ʿAjamī and Shaykh Bakrii Saphalo (1895–1980) invented a new writing system in Hararghe despite having multiple writing systems available to transcribe Oromo. The chapter examines the historical circumstances that shaped the lives of these Muslim scholars and their works. It also compares Shaykh Bakrii with Sulemaana Kante (1922–1987) who invented the N’ko writing system for the varieties of the Manding language in West Africa revealing the interactions of ʿAjamī and other writing traditions in multiliterate, multilingual, multiethnic societies in the Horn of Africa (Ethiopia) and in West Africa (Guinea).
Oral hypoglycemic agents

The chance observation by Janbon in 1942 that p-aminosulfonamide caused hypoglycemia initiated an extensive search for oral hypoglycemic agents for diabetes mellitus. In the 20 years since Janbon's discovery, many agents have been studied. Some of them have been discarded after preliminary animal studies, whereas others have undergone clinical investigation in man before being abandoned. Ten oral hypoglycemic agents have been investigated in our clinic during the past 5 years; however, at the present time, only three of these drugs are currently on the market in this country. Two of these agents are sulfonylureas, and one is a diguanide.
Nuchal thickness and increased risk of surgical site infection in posterior cervical operations.

Abstract Objective Surgical site infections (SSI) are a common post-operative complication, which increase cost, length of stay, and morbidity. Many risk factors have been, identified including body mass index (BMI). The purpose of this study was to evaluate, whether nuchal thickness rather than BMI increases risk for post-operative SSI in, posterior approach cervical spine operations. Methods A retrospective review of 180 patients who underwent posterior cervical spine, surgery at the University of Florida was performed. Nuchal thickness was measured, from the ventral most point of the spinous process of C5 to the skin on mid-sagittal preoperative, imaging. Diabetes status, BMI, smoking status, duration of anesthesia, prior, operations, and subcutaneous layer thickness was also collected. Infections were, identified according to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) definitions for SSI. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed by a biostatistician. Results Twenty patients (11%) had SSI. Smoking status, nuchal thickness of greater, than 55 mm or less than 29.8 mm, and subcutaneous fat thickness were all associated, with SSI. Age (OR 0.99, p = 0.45), diabetes (OR 0.50, p = 0.37), BMI (OR 1.03, p = 0.35), and use of intraoperative antibiotic powder (OR 0.62, p = 0.35) were not associated with, infection. On multivariate analysis (adjusted for smoking status), nuchal thickness, (p Conclusions Nuchal thickness and subcutaneous fat thickness are associated with SSI, in patients undergoing posterior cervical spine surgery. Risk of infection increases with very thin and very thick nuchal measurements.
Dynamics of Respiration

The sections in this article are: 1 Equation of Motion 1.1 Application of Equation of Motion to a Model 1.2 Determination of Resistance and Compliance 1.3 Inertance and Reactance 1.4 Impedance 1.5 Time Constant 1.6 Nonlinear Resistance and Hysteresis 1.7 Application of Equation of Motion to the Respiratory System 2 Applied Pressures 2.1 Relationship to Lung Volume 2.2 Tidal Breathing 3 Opposing Pressures 3.1 Flow Resistance 4 Maximal Expiratory Flow 4.1 Gas Compression and Measurement of Flow-Volume Curves 5 Dynamics of Breathing 5.1 Breathing at Rest and During Exercise 5.2 Factors Affecting Respiratory Dynamics
Finding yourself [panoramic image sensors]

This work presents a robust camera pose algorithm and a working system to compute bounded-error estimates of the position and orientation of panoramic images captured within large, arbitrarily complex environments while moving the camera within a plant. A planning algorithm is used to place fiducials in an environment so as to satisfy a set of fiducial constraints, including the number of visible fiducials, the distance from the viewpoint to the fiducials, and the angle subtended by pairs of fiducials. The fiducial positions are subject to a set of constraints, which, in conjunction with an error model, enables pose estimation at any desired accuracy. Furthermore, results for several large indoor environments, consisting of multiple interconnected spaces are presented and analyzed.
The low altitude cleft - Plasma entry and magnetospheric topology

Approximately 11 years (Burch, 1968; Winningham, 1970; Heikkila & Winningham, 1971; Frank, 1971; Frank & Ackerson, 1971 and Russell et al., 1971) after the confirmation of “relatively uninhibited access” of magnetosheath plasma to the earth’s magnetosphere, in a region referred to as the polar cusp, we can pose the following question. Have we advanced our knowledge of the detailed access mechanism and place of entry of solar wind plasma into the magnetosphere and of the detailed magnetospheric magnetic field topology by examination of data acquired in the polar cusp region? In the following review we will attempt to answer this question and to pose future directions for interpretation of data obtained in the polar cusp vis a vis this question.
Tech Expo: A Model for Emerging Technology Education for Library Staff

Â Emerging technologies, such as personal information management tools like Zotero, productivity software like Google Documents, and Web-based API's and mashups are important resources for library staff development and productivity. To keep up with rapid technological change, the University of Minnesota Libraries developed a staff education program on emerging technologies. Begun in 2009, the fun and interactive program called Tech Expo has been a success. This paper describes the approach taken and lessons learned.
Evidence for Nitric Oxide Regulation of Hamster Sperm Hyperactivation

Involvement of reactive oxygen species has been im- plicated in the process of hyperactivation and capacitation of sperm. Nitric oxide has recently been found to function both as an intracel- lular and extracellular messenger, with its synthetic enzyme found in several cell types, including male and female genital tract organs. The objective of the present study was to investigate the role of nitric oxide in hamster sperm hyperactivation. Caudal epididyrnal contents of mature golden hamster sperm were diluted with human tubal me- dium supplemented with a sperm motility preparation. Inhibitors of nitric oxide synthase (nitro-L-arginine, methyl-L-arginine, and 1,3- phenylene-bis(1 ,2-ethenediyl)-bis-isothiourea) were added to incu- bation media in various doses. Alternatively, a nitric oxide donor, sodium nitroprusside, was used. The percentage motile and grade of movement were recorded at intervals encompassing the normal period of capacitation and hyperactivation. Acrosomal status was evaluated by phase contrast microscopy. Inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis did not affect motility during early capacitation but dra- matically inhibited later hyperactivation. An inactive stereo-enanto- mere of the inhibiting drug had no effect. Addition of nitric oxide to nonstimulated sperm induced hyperactivation in a similar time course. In conclusion, nitric oxide plays a significant role in hyper- activation of hamster epididymal sperm.
Magnetic X‐Ray Scattering

There are two regimes of importance in magnetic x-ray scattering, characterized by the incident photon energy relative to the positions of the absorption edges in the system under study. These are the nonresonant and resonant limits to the cross-section. This article provides an overall background to the theoretical and experimental principles of nonresonant and resonant magnetic x-ray scattering. The experimental techniques are very similar to standard synchrotron x-ray diffraction experiments; therefore discussion of the beamlines and spectrometers are limited, with only those elements particular to magnetic scattering, such as polarization analyzers, discussed in any detail. At high incident photon energy, it is possible to perform inelastic experiments utilizing the nonresonant magnetic scattering terms in the cross-section. This allows for the measurement of magnetic Compton profiles (projections of the momentum density of the magnetic electrons, along a given direction). Magnetic Compton scattering may only be applied to ferromagnets, because of the incoherent nature of the inelastic scattering, and the technique differs in many aspects of its practical implementation from the diffraction experiments discussed here. Keywords: magnetic x-ray scattering; principles; nonresonant scattering; resonant scattering; ferromagnetic scattering; practical aspects; data analysis
Actinomycin D and p-fluorophenylalanine, inhibitors of nuclear replication in HeLa cells

Abstract The effects of actinomycin D and p- fluorophenylalanine on DNA synthesis and cell division in synchronized cultures of HeLa cells were examined. If added early in the period of DNA synthesis, actinomycin D prevented replication of a portion of the DNA and blocked division of the cells. If added 2 h or more after initiation of DNA synthesis actinomycin D prevented cell division but had little effect on DNA synthesis. p- Fluorophenylalanine did not affect DNA synthesis but prevented cell division if added during the period of replication of DNA. These processes were characterized by the time of their occurrence in the cell cycle and by their relative sensitivity to the drugs. The findings support the concept that cell replication requires the synthesis of specific RNA's and protein at definite times in the cell cycle, and increases our understanding of the function of these sequential phenomena in nuclear replication.
CO2 Laser Systems for Fusion Experiments

For some time it has been recognized that significant thermonuclear yields produced by laser-induced fusion will require many kilojoules of laser light energy properly coupled into cleverly designed targets, regardless of the wavelength of the light. The development of large power amplifiers needed to generate these intense optical beams has absorbed much effort in the fusion programs; yet, there is more to developing a satisfactory laser fusion system than merely obtaining a power amplifier. Some of the requirements demanded of the fusion system are the following: proper temporal pulse shape satisfactory freedom from wave front error efficient energy extraction adequate energy on target freedom from parasitic or system oscillation satisfactory absence of prepulse energy protection against retropulse-produced damage proper pointing and focusing of on-target beams absence of optically-induced damage to components
OBSERVATIONS OF SUPERNOVA REMNANTS WITH THE EINSTEIN OBSERVATORY

As for almost any other aspect of X-ray Astronomy, the sensitivity, the arcsecond angular resolution and the spectral resolution achieved with the Einstein Observatory are giving new surprising results in the observation of Supernova Remnants (SNR’s). We will concentrate here on the results obtained with the imaging experiments on the galactic SNR’s.
Nondegenerate-wavelength ghost imaging

We study nondegenerate-wavelength thermal ghost imaging and found that the spatial resolution of the ghost image depends strongly on the wavelength of the light illuminating the object but not on that in the reference arm.
Coherence in the Phosphorescence Triplet State of Naphthalene in Dihalobenzenes

Abstract The use of multiple pulse sequence in the lowest phosphorescent triplet state of naphthalene in single crystals of dihalobenzenes, p-dichlorobenzene and p-dibromobenzene is reported. Spin relaxation times from these experiments indicate that the external perturbations from the halogens overwhelm subtle intramolecular interactions such as deuteration of the guest naphthalene molecule. In addition, the use of a new method of determining the nature of line width broadening is reported. The result of the presaturated pulse optically detected magnetic resonance (ODMR) shows that the zero Held ODMR of naphthalene in dihalobenzenes is inhomogeneously broadened for the bulk of the spins.
Convergence of the transcriptional responses to heat shock and singlet oxygen stresses.

Cells often mount transcriptional responses and activate specific sets of genes in response to stress-inducing signals such as heat or reactive oxygen species. Transcription factors in the RpoH family of bacterial alternative σ factors usually control gene expression during a heat shock response. Interestingly, several α-proteobacteria possess two or more paralogs of RpoH, suggesting some functional distinction. We investigated the target promoters of Rhodobacter sphaeroides RpoHI and RpoHII using genome-scale data derived from gene expression profiling and the direct interactions of each protein with DNA in vivo. We found that the RpoHI and RpoHII regulons have both distinct and overlapping gene sets. We predicted DNA sequence elements that dictate promoter recognition specificity by each RpoH paralog. We found that several bases in the highly conserved TTG in the −35 element are important for activity with both RpoH homologs; that the T-9 position, which is over-represented in the RpoHI promoter sequence logo, is critical for RpoHI–dependent transcription; and that several bases in the predicted −10 element were important for activity with either RpoHII or both RpoH homologs. Genes that are transcribed by both RpoHI and RpoHII are predicted to encode for functions involved in general cell maintenance. The functions specific to the RpoHI regulon are associated with a classic heat shock response, while those specific to RpoHII are associated with the response to the reactive oxygen species, singlet oxygen. We propose that a gene duplication event followed by changes in promoter recognition by RpoHI and RpoHII allowed convergence of the transcriptional responses to heat and singlet oxygen stress in R. sphaeroides and possibly other bacteria.
Ability of dialysates containing transfer factor to induce lymphocyte activating factor by human mononuclear cells.

Abstract Dialysates of human leukocyte lysates containing transfer factor (TF d ) stimulated human mononuclear cells (MNL) to produce lymphocyte activating factor (LAF). Both unfractionated and adherent MNL cultures were stimulated by TF d to produce a factor which was mitogenic for murine thymocytes and had the biochemical characteristics of LAF as determined by Bio-Gel P-100, DEAE cellulose, and hydroxylapatite chromatography. Fractionation of TF d on Sephadex G-25 showed that the specific transfer factor activity of converting in vivo skin tests was present in the major uv-absorbing peak, whereas the substance(s) that induced LAF activity was present in a number of the other fractions. Therefore, the capacity of TF d to induce monocytes to produce LAF is not a measure of classical transfer factor activity. However, this effect of TF d may instead participate in the nonspecific immunoenhancing effects of TF d .
The truth is out there: an overall perspective on androgen deprivation

Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is a mainstay in the treatment of prostate cancer. The ideal timing, duration and composition of ADT remains undefined. At the present time, first-line therapy consists of orchiectomy, LHRH agonists, or combined androgen blockade (CAB). However, new combinations and treatment settings show promise for improving outcomes and decreasing toxicity.
Debromoisocymobarbatol, a new chromanol feeding deterrent from the marine alga Cymopolia barbata

Abstract A new bromochromanol, debromoisocymobarbatol, has been isolated from a Florida Keys collection of the green marine alga Cymopolia barbata. The structure of this new compound was determined by spectral methods. In field experiments and aquarium assays the new metabolite reduced grazing by an herbivorous fish, an omnivorous fish and an amphipod, thus indicating that the compound may serve a defensive role in this alga.
High density group IV semiconductor nanowire arrays fabricated in nanoporous alumina templates

The fabrication of high density arrays of semiconductor nanowires is of interest for nanoscale electronics, chemical and biological sensing and energy conversion applications. We have investigated the synthesis, intentional doping and electrical characterization of Si and Ge nanowires grown by the vapor-liquid-solid (VLS) method in nanoporous alumina membranes. Nanoporous membranes provide a convenient platform for nanowire growth and processing, enabling control of wire diameter via pore size and the integration of contact metals for electrical testing. For VLS growth in nanoporous materials, reduced pressures and temperatures are required in order to promote the diffusion of reactants into the pore without premature decomposition on the membrane surface or pore walls. The effect of growth conditions on the growth rate of Si and Ge nanowires from SiH 4 and GeH 4 sources, respectively, was investigated and compared. In both cases, the measured activation energies for nanowire growth were substantially lower than activation energies typically reported for Si and Ge thin film deposition under similar growth conditions, suggesting that gold plays a catalytic role in the VLS growth process. Intentionally doped SiNW arrays were also prepared using trimethylboron (TMB) and phosphine (PH 3 ) as p-type and n-type dopant sources, respectively. Nanowire resistivities were calculated from plots of the array resistance as a function of nanowire length. A decrease in resistivity was observed for both n-type and p-type doped SiNW arrays compared to those grown without the addition of a dopant source.
More on Tariffs, Import Quotas, and Customs Unions

It is known that the welfare of a small, quota-imposing country will always increase after it joins a customs union because the trade diversion effect of a customs union never arises. However, this paper shows that the welfare of a large, quota-imposing country may increase, decrease, or remain the same after it joins a customs union even though the trade diversion effect of a customs union also never arises. The offer curve approach is used in this study.
Psychological ownership theory: an exploratory application in the restaurant industry.

This exploratory study conceptualizes psychological ownership (PO)—a state in which individuals feel as though the target of ownership is theirs—and investigates how customers form PO toward a company. Considering the PO is a new concept to hospitality research, the study develops and empirically validates a conceptual model of PO and a PO measurement scale in the context of the restaurant industry. The model incorporates fundamental human relationship variables, such as sense of belonging, identification, and perceived control, as the antecedents of PO. The model also relates PO to several practically important consequences, such as relationship intentions, word-of-mouth communications, competitive resistance, and willingness to pay. The results generally support the proposed mediating role of PO between the antecedents and consequences, consistent with the initial conceptualizations. This study discusses the potential that PO may play in enhancing loyalty and relationship marketing research in the hospi...
Stress and the skin: Significance of emotional factors in dermatology

This article reviews findings from clinical observation, developmental research, and research in the neurosciences that demonstrate the developmental significance of skin as an organ of perception, and the importance of appropriate tactile cutaneous stimulation within the context of the mother-child relationship for healthy physical and emotional development. Psychological regression to that emotional developmental level in inherently predisposed individuals under stress is invoked to account for stress-induced or stress perpetuated skin symptoms, and stress-triggered pathophysiologic mechanisms are described. A classification of psychocutaneous disease is offered as a guide to evaluation and treatment and the possible operative psychopathophysiologic pathways are discussed. Complete dermatologic evaluation and treatment must include consideration of possible stress effects and stress mechanisms; the somatopsychic effect-as-stress also cannot be ignored.
Fluids, discontinuities and renormalization group methods

Abstract A wide range of physical phenomena involve shocks or discontinuous solutions. Examples range from oil reservoir simulation to laser fusion and crystal growth. Physics-independent numerical methods for such problems are currently being developed, based on data-structures for representing multivalued data and topologically complex discontinuity surfaces. This is in contrast with standard numerical methods which are usually based on rectangular arrays. Applications are under way to a variety of physical systems. For elliptic problems, even with sharp discontinuities, renormalization-group type numerical methods provide very efficient solution methods. These same techniques might also be useful in analyzing quantum field theories numerically.
Distributed formation control for fractional-order systems: Dynamic interaction and absolute/relative damping

Abstract This paper studies the distributed formation control problem for multiple fractional-order systems under dynamic interaction and with absolute/relative damping. In the context of this paper, formation control means that a group of systems reaches the desired state deviations via a local interaction. We first study a formation control algorithm in the case of a directed dynamic network topology. The convergence conditions on both the network topology and the fractional orders are presented. When the fractional-order α satisfies α ∈ ( 0 , 1 ) ⋃ ( 1 + 2 n ) , sufficient conditions on the network topology are given to ensure the formation control. We then propose fractional-order formation control algorithms with absolute/relative damping and study the conditions on the network topology and the control gains such that the formation control will be achieved under a directed fixed network topology. The final equilibria are also given explicitly. Finally, several simulation examples are presented as a proof of concept.
BECOMING A FORCE IN THE ZONE: Hedonopolitics, Masculinity, and the Quest for Respect on Haiti's Streets

This article explores neighborhood organizing among young men in urban Haiti as a vernacular enactment of sovereignty that involves both a hedonistic and a gendered logic. Under conditions of democratization and global governance, the urban block, or base, has become a key site for building political community and creating connections to those in power. Central to base politics are public outings that engender power and respect for the organizers by demonstrating their force not through violence but through masculine social pleasures. This article elaborates three key outings—a street party, a soccer tournament, and a beach day—organized by neighbors and supported by state, NGO, and criminal actors. By focusing on hedonopolitics, rather than on the common tropes of violence and death, this article extends recent work on the embodiment of sovereign power, while also showing that masculine pleasure represents an underanalyzed yet important dimension of sovereignty.
Spin‐Polarized LCGTO–FF band structure technique: Application to 3d transition metal monolayers

The linear combinations of Gaussian-type orbitals-fitting function (LCGTO–FF) technique, as embodied in the program package FILMS, has been extended to include spin-polarization effects. The spin-polarized LCGTO–FF method is described here. Test results are presented for square monolayers of seven 3d-transition metals (Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, and Ni) at the lattice constant of Ag(001). The LCGTO–FF results compare favorably with previous results obtained with the FLAPW technique. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Freeze-fracture studies on the synapse between the type I hair cell and the calyceal terminal in the guinea-pig vestibular system.

The apposition between type I hair cells and the calyceal terminals of vestibular ganglion cell peripheral processes was studied in the vestibular epithelium of the guinea-pig, using thin-sectioned and freeze-fractured specimens. Chemical synaptic junctions were exceedingly rare in thinsectioned specimens, and were not seen in freeze-fracture replicas. Furthermore, no gap junctions were present between the hair cell and the calyx. There were, however, regions along the apposition where the membranes were closely apposed. At these regions, the hair cell was invaginated by cytoplasmic protrusions of the calyx and the plasmalemmata of the two cells were separated by only 6–7 nm. The number and conformation of the close appositions varied between different cells. In freeze-fracture replicas, the closely-apposed plasmalemmata of the hair cell and the calyx had no special distribution of intramembrane particles on either membrane leaflet. However, on the external membrane leaflet of the hair cell, a large patch of widely-spaced, large particles surrounded the regions of close apposition. The corresponding region of the plasmalemma of the calyx had no special distribution of particles on either membrane leaflet. The scarcity of chemical synaptic junctions, the absence of gap junctions between the cells and the unique arrangement of particles in the hair cell plasmalemma surrounding regions of close membrane apposition may indicate an unusual mode of synaptic transmission between the type I hair cell and the calyx.
Reproductive performance in mice selected for divergence in body fat content.

Summary Correlated responses in female reproductive performance were studied in lines of mice selected for high (HF) and low (LF) fat content relative to a randomly selected control line (RC). Selection was based on an indicator trait of body fat percentage in males (epididymal fat pad weight as a percentage of body weight at 12 weeks of age). LF mice showed a positive correlated response (P < 0.05) in number of pups born (NB), whereas HF showed no significant change. The increase in NB could be explained partially by an increase in ovulation rate (adjusted for body weight at mating; P < 0.01), measured as number of corpora lutea (CL) 16 days postcoitus (P < 0.05) or number of ova (OR) shed 2 days postcoitus (P < 0.01). Asymmetry was observed for CL (P < 0.05) and OR (P < 0.01); the major correlated response was observed in the LF line. Preimplantation and total embryo survival were higher (P < 0.01) in LF than in HF mice, whereas no significant divergence was found for post-implantation embryo survival. Reciprocal crosses of HF and LF lines allowed partitioning of divergence in OR into maternal (P < 0.10) and individual (P < 0.10) effects with LF being larger than HF. No significant heterosis was found for OR or mating weight. Body weight at mating was larger in HF females than in RC controls, while LF females were larger than controls in one experiment and not different from controls in a second experiment. Therefore, body weight at mating did not explain the positive correlated response in ovulation rate observed in the LF line. Zusammenfassung Reproduktion in gegensatzlich auf Korperfett selektierten Mausen Korrelierte Selektionswirkungen auf weibliche Reproduktion wurden in Linien untersucht, die auf hohen (HF) oder niedrigen (LF) Fettgehalt selektiert worden waren, relativ zu einer zufallsgepaarten Kontrolle. Selektion beruhte auf Nebenhodenfett, korrigiert auf 12 Wochengewicht, als Indikator-merkmal. LF Mause hatten signifikant hohere Zahl geborener Junge (NB), HF zeigten keine signifikanten Wirkungen. Die Steigerung von NB kann teilweise durch hochsignifikante Steigerung der gewichtsadjustierten Ovulationsrate, gemessen als Zahl von Gelbkorper (CL) 16 Tage postcoitus oder Zahl Eier (OR) 2 Tage pc, erklart werden. Asymmetrie zeigte sich fur CL (p < .01) und OR (p < .1), aber keine signifikanten Unterschiede zeigten sich fur Post-Implantations Uberleben. Reziproke Kreuzungen von HF und LF erlaubten Aufteilung der OR Unterschiede in maternal (p < .1) una individuell verursachte (p < .1) Wirkungen, wobei LF groser als HF waren, aber sich keine Heterosis fur OR oder Gewicht bei der Paarung ergab. Dieses war in HF Tieren hoher als in RC Kontrollen, was bei LF Tieren in einem, aber nicht im zweiten Versuch zutraf, so das Korpergewicht nicht die korrelierte Wirkung auf OR erklaren kann.
Bilateral gluteus maximus transposition for anal incontinence.

Seven patients (five men and two women) ranging in age from 26 to 65 years (¯x=44) underwent bilateral gluteus maximus transposition for complete anal incontinence. The indications for operation were sphincter destruction secondary to multiple fistulotomies (n=4), bilateral pudendal nerve damage (n=2), and high imperforate anus (n=1). The procedure is performed without the use of a diverting colostomy. The inferior portion of the origin of each gluteus maximus is detached from the sacrum and coccyx, bifurcated, and tunneled subcutaneously to encircle the anus. The ends are then sutured together to form two opposing slings of voluntary muscle. Postoperatively, six patients regained continence to solid stool, two to liquid stool as well, and only one patient in this group was able to control flatus. Although resting pressures remained unchanged, voluntary squeeze pressures were restored by this operation. In addition, rectal sensation was markedly improved, which helps make this a worthwhile procedure for properly selected patients.
Role of Endothelial Cells in Myocardial Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury

Minimizing myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury has broad clinical implications and is a critical mediator of cardiac surgical outcomes. "Ischemic injury" results from a restriction in blood supply leading to a mismatch between oxygen supply and demand of a sufficient intensity and/or duration that leads to cell necrosis, whereas ischemia-reperfusion injury occurs when blood supply is restored after a period of ischemia and is usually associated with apoptosis (i.e. programmed cell death). Compared to vascular endothelial cells, cardiac myocytes are more sensitive to ischemic injury and have received the most attention in preventing myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. Many comprehensive reviews exist on various aspects of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. The purpose of this review is to examine the role of vascular endothelial cells in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury, and to stimulate further research in this exciting and clinically relevant area. Two specific areas that are addressed include: 1) data suggesting that coronary endothelial cells are critical mediators of myocardial dysfunction after ischemia-reperfusion injury; and 2) the involvement of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore in endothelial cell death as a result of an ischemia-reperfusion insult. Elucidating the cellular signaling pathway(s) that leads to endothelial cell injury and/or death in response to ischemia-reperfusion is a key component to developing clinically applicable strategies that might minimize myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury.
SAPPHIRE middleware and software development kit for medical video analysis

This paper presents SAPPHIRE — a novel middleware and software development kit, developed to reduce implementation efforts in utilizing task parallelism to speed up execution time of analysis of a stream of data, such as medical video. As a case study, we implemented a real-time quality measurement of colonoscopy using SAPPHIRE. We increased the number of threads in our case study from 4 (prior to our middleware) to 28 with ease. As a result, through better load-balancing and taking better advantage of available processor cores, we increased the case study's maximum processing rate from 40 frames per second to 90 frames per second.
The prevalence of cardiac ectopy in elderly patients with echocardiographically normal hearts is not increased by significant coronary artery disease.

Abstract Issue A higher frequency of abnormal heart rhythms has previously been shown in elderly subjects with overtly normal hearts as demonstrated by noninvasive testing. However, no prior study on elderly patients with echocardiographically structurally normal hearts has distinguished cardiac dysrhythmia incidence based on the presence or absence of angiographically documented coronary artery disease (CAD). Methods We performed 24-hour ambulatory monitoring on patients with no coronary stenosis of greater than 30% and normal left ventricular (LV) systolic function by angiography. This group was then compared with a group of elderly patients with normal LV systolic function and at least one major coronary artery stenosis of 70% or greater. All patients had echocardiographically normal LV wall thickness and systolic function and no significant valvular disease. Results The experimental group was composed of 15 patients with CAD aged 71 ± 6 years. The control group without significant CAD was composed of 20 patients aged 73 ± 4 years ( P = not significant [NS]). There was no difference with respect to prevalence of hypertension, use of calcium-channel blockers, and history of smoking. There was no difference between the groups with regard to the number of premature atrial contractions (467 ± 759 [experimental] vs 672 ± 1789 [control]; P = NS); premature ventricular contractions (359 ± 599 [experimental] vs 290 ± 858 [control]; P = NS); and prevalence of ventricular couplets, ventricular tachycardia, paroxysmal atrial fibrillation, and supraventricular tachycardia (all P = NS). Conclusions These findings indicate that the prevalence of cardiac dysrhythmias in elderly patients with echocardiographically normal hearts is not influenced by the presence of angiographically significant CAD.