cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Human Adaptation at the Pleistocene—Holocene Boundary (circa 13,000 to 8,000 bp) in Eastern Beringia

During the past two decades, there has been a substantial evolution in thinking about the earliest human populations in Alaska. The advent of accelerator mass spectrometry CAMS) dating, enabling the dating of small amounts of remnant collagen in ancient bones, allowed the redating of the most diagnostic human implement from the Old Crow basin in the northern Yukon Territory—the famous caribou tibia flesher—from circa 28,000 bp to circa 1,800 bp. Coupled with demonstrations that other taphonomic agents—ranging from carnivores to ice push—could have been responsible for spiral fractures and polish found on the redeposited bones of the Old Crow River gravels, this redating took away the confidence of most Arctic archaeologists that such “preprojectile point” sites did in fact represent an earlier stage in the peopling of northern North America. Thus, Old Crow joined earlier constructions such as Sedna Creek, Engigstciak, and the British Mountain Complex of the North Slope of Alaska and the adjacent Mackenzie River drainage as representative elements of a hypothetical but unproven stage of occupation of northwest North America predating circa 13,000 bp.
Nonlinear Ion-Acoustic Waves

Consider a plasma consisting of cold ions and hot electrons. Let us consider low-frequency waves in such a plasma. The electrons will then remain in thermodynamic equilibrium at a constant temperature T e in these wave motions with a number density given by the Boltzmann distribution $$ {n_e} = {n_0}{e^{{e\phi /K{T_e}}}} $$ (1) where o is the electrostatic potential associated with the wavemotions, and n0 is the number density of electrons (or ions) in the unperturbed state. For low frequency waves we are considering, the underlying motion is that of the ions, with the electrons merely forming a screening cloud about the ions. Usually, the charge separation due to the ion-motion is immediately screened by the electrons so that the creation of ion-plasma waves is counteracted by the electrons. However, if the electron thermal speed is large enough, the electrons will not completely shield all electrostatic fields.
The Ethics of Racist Monuments

In this chapter, we focus on the debate over publicly maintained racist monuments as it manifests in the mid-2010s Anglosphere, primarily in the United States and South Africa. After pointing to some representative examples of racist monuments, we discuss ways a monument can be thought racist and neutrally categorize removalist and preservationist arguments heard in the monument debate. We suggest that both extremist and moderate removalist goals are likely to be self-defeating and that when concerns of civic sustainability are put on moral par with those of fairness and justice, something like a Mandela-era preservationist policy is best: one which removes the most offensive of the minor racist monuments, but which focuses on closing the monumentary gap between peoples and reframing existing racist monuments.
Demonstration of non-absorbing interference rejection using wavelength modulation spectroscopy in high-pressure shock tubes

We experimentally demonstrate the non-absorbing interference rejection capabilities of wavelength modulation spectroscopy (WMS) speciation in shock tube experiments by directly comparing WMS measurements against direct-absorption spectroscopy (DA) measurements. The improved capability is demonstrated by probing the P(20) transition of the CO fundamental band using a quantum cascade laser in shock-heated mixtures of CO and N $$_2$$ across a wide range of pressures between 3.5 and 18 atm. In the WMS measurements, the second harmonic (2f) served as the detection signal, while the first harmonic (1f) provided normalization to counteract intensity drift and fluctuations. These perturbations occur in shock tubes because of significant beam-steering noise and imperfect optical alignment when experiments are conducted at elevated pressures. The WMS detection system was evaluated at reflected shock pressures of 3.5 atm, 8.5 atm, and 18 atm, demonstrating improvement in signal-to-noise ratio over concurrent DA measurements. To the authors’ knowledge, this work represents the first direct experimental quantification of the intensity-fluctuation rejection capabilities of a WMS-based TDLAS sensor at high pressures.
Preserving Spring Oat Yields in New York Through Varietal Resistance to Crown Rust

Crown rust is the principal disease of spring oat in New York. Management with resistance genes is effective but contingent on understanding varietal responses to local pathogen populations. Field ...
Cytomegalovirus infection is associated with worse outcomes in inflammatory bowel disease hospitalizations nationwide

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection may complicate ulcerative colitis (UC) or Crohn’s disease (CD) hospitalizations. Studies examining this relationship are often single-center examining short time periods. To quantify the prevalence of CMV and its impact on outcomes among UC and CD hospitalizations over time using nationwide administrative databases. The National Inpatient Sample and Nationwide Readmissions Database were analyzed to calculate CMV prevalence per 1000 UC and CD hospitalizations between 1998 and 2014. Univariable and multivariable logistic and linear regression were used to assess CMV’s association with outcomes. Separate analyses examined effects from the introduction of anti-TNF therapy in UC in 2005, CD anatomic extent, and Clostridioides difficile infection. Among UC, from 1998 to 2014, the prevalence of CMV infection rose from 1.4 to 6.3 per 1000 UC hospitalizations (p < 0.001), although this increase was not statistically significant for the years 2006 to 2014 (p = 0.07). Among CD, prevalence rose from 0.3 to 1.8 per 1000 CD hospitalizations (p < 0.001) from 1998 to 2014. CMV was independently associated with increased inpatient mortality (UC: odds ratio (OR) 2.3, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.2–4.5; CD: OR 4.6, CI 1.5–13.7), colectomy in UC (OR 2.5, CI 1.9–3.3), and higher length of stay and costs. CMV infection’s prevalence among UC and CD hospitalizations is rising over time, but may have slowed after 2005 in UC. CMV is independently associated with increased inpatient mortality, length of stay, and hospital charges in UC and CD and with colectomy in UC.
Paria urbain: espace, mobilité et illusions

This article aims to demonstrate that mobility has always been made difficult for the African. While the colonized was confined in slums where he was forbidden to access as he wished to the colonizer’s space, the movement of the postcolonial African who lives in so-called globalized world is restricted by immigration laws. Based on Ferdinand Oyono’s Le vieux negre et la medaille (2005) and the documentary entitled Clandestins: ils traversent l’enfer pour venir vivre en France (Courcy et alii, 2013), we will analyze how colonization make the African to believe that France is a paradise where people can find happiness and wealth. The trajectory of both fictional and real characters will help to show that a colonial syndrome affects the management of space in the globalized world where the African is not always welcome.
Collaboratively Teaching Intellectual Freedom to Education Students

Together an education librarian and education professor developed a series of exercises for education students about intellectual freedom and book challenges. The resources are primarily online and they progressively work from book censorship cases and concerns to handling book challenges proactively through discussions, activities, and role playing. The education librarian offers realistic information and research expertise for an issue that is sometimes overlooked.
Inferior Vena Cava Filters in Venous Thromboembolism

Inferior vena cava (IVC) filters have existed as a treatment option for venous thromboembolism for decades. Advances in medical technology have provided clinicians with several options of devices that can be placed on either a permanent or temporary basis. However, there are limited data from randomized, controlled trials on the appropriate use of IVC filters. This chapter will review and summarize the history of IVC filters and the types that are available in clinical practice. It will review the literature on the utilization of IVC filters and discuss the indications that professional societies have endorsed for their use. In addition, it will outline the complications of IVC filter placement and future research directions for this therapy option.
Statesmanship and the Problem of Theoretical Generalization

In this article we argue that in their quest for parsimony and through their denial of human agency, international relations scholars often endorse deterministic theories. The field of international relations suffers greatly for its devotion to excessive theoretical generalization. In rejecting the more pluralistic methodology of early international relations work, scholars may produce superficially valid predictive theories. Yet these theories rarely grant deep insight into why actual states behave as they do. Because of this, they provide little guidance for statesmen. While we do not advocate the complete rejection of any of the major approaches in the field, we argue that international relations scholars should reorient their work to account for the way leadership can overcome the constraints of structure. We suggest the field strive actively to embrace complexity and foster a greater epistemological modesty than it currently demonstrates.
The aerodynamics of flying snake airfoils in tandem configuration.

Flying snakes flatten their body to form a roughly triangular cross-sectional shape, enabling lift production and horizontal acceleration. While gliding, they also assume an S-shaped posture, which could promote aerodynamic interactions between the fore and the aft body. Such interactions have been studied experimentally; however, very coarse models of the snake's cross-sectional shape were used, and the effects were measured only for the downstream model. In this study, the aerodynamic interactions resulting from the snake's posture were approximated using two-dimensional anatomically accurate airfoils positioned in tandem to mimic the snake's geometry during flight. Load cells were used to measure the lift and drag forces, and flow field data were obtained using digital particle image velocimetry (DPIV). The results showed a strong dependence of the aerodynamic performance on the tandem arrangement, with the lift coefficients being generally more influenced than the drag coefficients. Flow field data revealed that the tandem arrangement modified the separated flow and the wake size, and enhanced the lift in cases in which the wake vortices formed closer to the models, producing suction on the dorsal surface. The downforce created by the flow separation from the ventral surface of the models at 0 deg angle of attack was another significant factor contributing to lift production. A number of cases showing large variations of aerodynamic performance included configurations close to the most probable posture of airborne flying snakes, suggesting that small postural variations could be used to control the glide trajectory.
Towards A Trauma-Informed Existential Career Development Group for Veterans-in-Transition: A Conceptual Exploration

After examining the extant literature on career-development in Veterans, the author will outline a new Trauma-Informed Existential Career Development (TI-ECD) group specifically designed to meet th...
A mass-balance model to assess arsenic exposure from multiple wells in Bangladesh.

Background Water arsenic (As) sources beyond a rural household's primary well may be a significant source for certain individuals, including schoolchildren and men working elsewhere. Objective To improve exposure assessment by estimating the fraction of drinking water that comes from wells other than the household's primary well in a densely populated area. Methods We use well water and urinary As data collected in 2000-2001 within a 25 km2 area of Araihazar upazila, Bangladesh, for 11,197 participants in the Health Effects of Arsenic Longitudinal Study (HEALS). We estimate the fraction of water that participants drink from different wells by imposing a long-term mass-balance constraint for both As and water. Results The mass-balance model suggest that, on average, HEALS participants obtain 60-75% of their drinking water from their primary household wells and 25-40% from other wells, in addition to water from food and cellular respiration. Because of this newly quantified contribution from other wells, As in drinking water rather than rice was identified as the largest source of As exposure at baseline for HEALS participants with a primary household well containing ≤50 µg/L As. Significance Dose-response relationships for As based on water As should take into account other wells. The mass-balance approach could be applied to study other toxicants.
Changing problematic parent–child interaction in child anxiety disorders: The promise of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT)

Abstract Anxiety disorders present a significant concern for children, affecting up to 20% of those under 12 years old. The importance of parenting behavior in the development and maintenance of childhood anxiety disorders has been established both theoretically and empirically. We review the literature on cognitive-behavioral parenting interventions aimed at reducing child anxiety and discuss the limitations of this approach and of the research to date. We then present Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) as a treatment model that holds promise for shifting problematic parent–child interactions, and we review the relevant theoretical and empirical literature supporting this promise.
The Importance of Considering Spatial Attributes in Evaluating Estuarine Habitat Condition: The South Carolina Experience

The South Carolina Estuarine and Coastal Assessment Program (SCECAP) was initiated in 1999 to assess the condition of the state’s coastal habitats using multiple measures of water quality, sediment quality, and biological condition. Sampling was subsequently expanded to include components required for the National Coastal Assessment (Coastal 2000) Program. Habitats are classified as either “tidal creeks” (< 100 meters in width) or larger “open water” bodies. Approximately 30 sites are sampled within each habitat during the summer months using a probability-based random sampling design. Results obtained from the first two years of sampling documented significant differences in several water quality parameters (DO, salinity, pH, turbidity, fecal coliform bacteria, total nitrogen, TKN, total phosphorus) and biological measures (chlorophyll-a, finfish and crustacean abundance and biomass and a number of benthic species) between the tidal creek and open water habitats. These differences highlight the value of partitioning shallow water habitats separately from the larger open water bodies traditionally sampled in estuarine monitoring programs, especially since tidal creeks serve as critical nursery areas for many species. Based on the differences observed, there is a clear need to identify different physical and biological thresholds for evaluating the condition of each habitat type.
Dualized and scaled Fitzpatrick functions

In this paper, we obtain an explicit formula for the interior of the domain of a maximal monotone multifunction in terms of its Fitzpatrick function.
The Reaction of Carbon-14-Labeled Reagents with Coal

The reasons for carrying out the research presented here were threefold: 1) to allow carbon-14-labeled reagents to react with coal and with coal-derived materials at low temperatures and thus to estimate a) the reagents1 value in determining which functions are present in the original coal or b) have been added or removed during coal reactions; 2) to allow carbon-14-labeled compounds (containing structures similar to those known to be present in coal) to react with coal at or above 400°, then to determine the fates of these compounds using the carbon-14 as a tracer. In this way it was hoped conclusions could be drawn as to how the same kind of moiety behaves in the coal structure; and 3) to elucidate the mechanisms of the thermal reactions of the above-mentioned labeled compounds with coal.
Kernel-based distance metric learning for microarray data classification

Background The most fundamental task using gene expression data in clinical oncology is to classify tissue samples according to their gene expression levels. Compared with traditional pattern classifications, gene expression-based data classification is typically characterized by high dimensionality and small sample size, which make the task quite challenging.
T4 gene 40 mutants. I. Isolation of new mutants.

Abstract The products of genes 40 and 20 act early in the T4 head assembly pathway. A lesion inactivating either p40 or p20 results in the same phenotype: the production of aberrant tubular heads. The gene 20 product is required in stoichiometric amounts during head assembly and is a minor protein component of the capsid. However, the function of p40 in head assembly is probably catalytic. It is not found in phage capsids. Two new amber mutants in gene 40 were isolated using a new (for T4) selection method. The map positions of the mutants were established by two- and three-factor crosses. Two “hot spots” of mutational repeats exist. In addition, gene 40 was found to map between genes 41 and 42, not between genes 58–61 and 41 as previously published. The new mutants have a peculiar temperature-sensitive phenotype. They can grow on am restrictive hosts at 30° but cannot grow at 40.5°; however, they grow on am permissive hosts as well as wild-type phage does at both temperatures.
Temporal Identity Integration as a Core Developmental Process

The construct of identity has captivated scholars across the social sciences, humanities, and the arts. For good reason, too, as the question who am I? cuts to the core of human experience. Following Erikson's theorizing, developmental psychologists have stressed the importance of an identity that is extended through time. A healthy identity is defined, in part, by individuals' ability to reconcile and integrate their past experiences, current concerns, and future prospects, a phenomenon we label temporal identity integration. In this chapter, we review the foundational theoretical and empirical work pertaining to temporal identity integration, drawing on developmental, social, and personality psychology perspectives. We then review some of the most exciting empirical findings across these areas, and provide suggestions for future directions on the topic. Keywords: identity; time; integration; coherence; continuity; development
York-Mason procedure for repair of recto-urinary fistulae: a 40-year experience.

Objective To review the use of the York-Mason transanal, transrectal procedure, used in properly selected patients over a 40-year period, for repairing recto-urinary fistulae. Patients and methods We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of all patients who underwent acquired recto-urethral or rectovesical fistula repair at our institution. A total of 51 patients have undergone York-Mason recto-urinary fistula repair at our institution during this time. Results Since our last report in 2003, we have performed this procedure an additional 27 times. We continue to have good results, with 25 of these patients having resolution of their fistulae after one procedure. Failures in the updated cohort were radiation-induced fistulae. We continue to find no evidence of faecal incontinence or stenosis after this procedure. Conclusions Over a period of 40 years, the York-Mason posterior, transanal, transrectal correction of iatrogenic recto-urinary fistula has been highly successful, reliable and safe, when used for fistulae occurring after prostate surgery. Preliminary faecal diversion can often be avoided in selected patients.
Monetary Policy and Politics in Mid-Eighteenth-Century Sweden

NEXT to John Law's Banque Royale, the most important mercantilist monetary experiment attempted in western Europe during the pre-Adam Smith era took place in Sweden. The Bank of Sweden (Riksens StA¤nders Bank), which had been established as a national bank in 1688, was used by the Swedish government in the mid-eighteenth century as an engine for economic development. Sweden's experiment in paper money mercantilism gave rise to an active debate which may be called the â€œSwedish bullionist controversyâ€ because of its similarity to the monetary debate in England at the outset of the nineteenth century. This controversy took place in a highly charged political environment. Political power in Sweden from 1739 to 1772 was centered in the Swedish Riksdag, a representative body composed of the Four Estates: burghers, nobles, clergy, and peasants. Within this organization, the mercantile class predominated by virtue of its control of the influential House of Burghers when the Riksdag was in session and its control of the Secret Committee, which directed government policy when the Riksdag was not in session. The two political partiesâ€”the Hats and the Capsâ€”vied with one another for control of the government from 1739 to 1772, a span including most of the epoch known in Swedish history as the â€œAge of Freedom,â€ 1719â€“1772. Participants in the bullionist controversy typically fell into one or the other political camp, and the political element is strong in most of the economic literature of the period. The two political parties locked horns on the issue of the â€œcorrectâ€ monetary policy. At stake in the struggle was not only the correctness of economic theories and policies but, ultimately, also the viability of the Swedish parliamentary form of government. It is the purpose of this article to review the policies of the Riksbank in the mid-eighteenth century and to examine the economic theories of the two contending political parties.
Facility Location Decisions Based on Driving Distances on Spherical Surface

Facility location problems are concerned with the location of one or more facilities in a way that optimizes a certain objective such as minimizing transportation cost, providing equitable service to customers, capturing the largest market share, etc. Many facility location decisions involving distance objective functions on Spherical Surface have been approached using algorithmic, metaheuristic algorithms, branch-and-bound algorithm, approximation algorithms, simulation, heuristic techniques, and decomposition method. These approaches are most based on Euclidean distance or Great circle distance functions. However, if the location points are widely separated, the difference between driving distance, Euclidean distance and Great circle distance may be significant and this may lead to significant variations in the locations of the corresponding optimal source points. This paper presents a framework and algorithm to use driving distances on spherical surface and explores its use as a facility location decision tool and helps companies assess the optimal locations of facilities.
Critical Thinking and the Unity of Virtue

Two prominent features of the current educational-theoretical landscape are the mountains of literature on critical thinking and on moral education. Between them lies a fertile wilderness, where the streams fed by those mighty sources vanish in a lush tangle of confusion. Those who sit on the mountains above look across with suspicion, and are hesitant to descend from the security of the high ground and meet each other below in the darkness of a jungle floor where friends and enemies may be hard to distinguish. From the vantage point of these heights it is not easy to detect, through the overgrowth of supposition and forgetting, the paths of previous expeditions and the neglected remnants of their outposts, the bodies of thought once laid out so carefully, lying long since in a vegetative state. Little notice is taken, and not much made, of the fact that the dominant aim of higher education, from its birth in fifth-century Athens onward, was good judgment (phronesis), which was understood to be a product of both virtue and reason and the consummation of both.
Prolonged treatment of Menetrier's disease with an oral anticholinergic drug

There is considerable evidence, both in patients with Menetrier's disease and from animal models of protein-losing gastropathy, that antisecretory drugs can acutely decrease or abolish gastric plasma protein shedding. Serial measurements on serum protein components were performed in a patient with Menetrier's disease before, during, and after long term treatment with propantheline bromide. Total serum protein concentration increased significantly during the treatment period from 4.3 +/- 0.50 to 5.9 +/- 0.55 g per dl during treatment, while albumin increased from a pretreatment value of 2.5 +/- 0.12 to 3.4 +/- 0.16 g per dl. The improvement in serum proteins and symptoms continued after therapy was stopped. Intensive anticholinergic drug therapy should be tried in this disease before resorting to gastrectomy.
Relational Maintenance Behaviors in the Grandchild–Grandparent Relationship

This study examined grandchildren's use of relational maintenance behaviors when interacting with their grandparents and how these behaviors are associated with grandchildren's perceived communication satisfaction with their grandparents and grandparent provision of communication-based emotional support. Undergraduate students (N = 238) reported on their relationships with the grandparent with whom they had the most recent interaction. Results indicate that grandchildren use (in descending order) the positivity, conflict management, tasks, assurances, networks, advice, and openness relational maintenance behaviors. Perceived grandparent provision of communication-based emotional support and grandchildren communication satisfaction with grandparents were directly and positively related to grandchildren's use of relational maintenance behaviors.
Experimental reversal of soil acidification in a deciduous forest: Implications for seedling performance and changes in dominance of shade-tolerant species

Abstract Acer saccharum Marsh. (sugar maple) and the less valuable Fagus grandifolia Ehrh. (American beech) are the dominant shade-tolerant canopy species over large forest tracts in northeast North America. Negative effects of soil acidification on sugar maple could favor greater dominance of beech in the “zero-sum game” dynamics of closed-canopy forests. A watershed-level Ca addition experiment, reversing some effects of acidification (including pH and Ca availability), provided an opportunity to test effects on beech and sugar maple seedling performance over 5 yrs, under different canopy species. Ca addition almost doubled leaf area of sugar maple and increased that of beech by over 40%. However extension growth was increased only in sugar maple. Both the direction of effects and the relative performance of maple and beech were consistent across canopy species. We combine our results and other evidence into a conceptual model of how soil acidification and Ca depletion is shifting the competitive balance in the seedling stage toward beech, implying an increase in beech relative abundance in the canopy, unless compensated by other factors, such as beech bark disease. These findings, and mounting evidence of other negative effects of soil acidification, suggest re-examination of the cost-effectiveness of chemical remediation in some poorly buffered forested watersheds.
Horton: Online Query Execution Engine for Large Distributed Graphs

Graphs are used in many large-scale applications, such as social networking. The management of these graphs poses new challenges as such graphs are too large for a single server to manage efficiently. Current distributed techniques such as map-reduce and Pregel are not well-suited to processing interactive ad-hoc queries against large graphs. In this paper we demonstrate Horton, a distributed interactive query execution engine for large graphs. Horton defines a query language that allows the expression of regular language reach ability queries and provides a query execution engine with a query optimizer that allows interactive execution of queries on large distributed graphs in parallel. In the demo, we show the functionality of Horton managing a large graph for a social networking application called Codebook, whose graph represents data on software components, developers, development artifacts such as bug reports, and their interactions in large software projects.
ASSESSING RACE RELATIONS IN THE CLASSROOM

Court-ordered busing of students in order to achieve equal educational opportunity has dramatically altered the classrooms of inner-urban America. Forced together and expected to learn are disparate groups of children, each with differing cultural backgrounds and expectations for schooling. Within such a mixed-group context, what is “disadvantaged” for one culture may not be “disadvantaged” for another. Understanding the effects of schooling under such circumstances can be enhanced by understanding intergroup relations, in particular between children and teachers of different races. How can we best assess race relations in the classroom and their effect on schooling?
Immunoblot analysis of the structure of protein synthesis initiation factor eIF3 from HeLa cells

Abstract Translational initiation factor eIF3 is a large, multisubunit protein complex involved in early steps of the initiation pathway. Affinity-purified polyclonal antibodies were used to analyze by immunoblotting the mass and charge characteristics of the subunits in HeLa cell lysates and in purified eIF3 preparations. The evidence indicates that eIF3 comprises at least seven antigenically distinct subunits: p170, p115, p66, p47, p44, p40 and p36. During purification, p170, p115 and p66 are partially degraded to smaller forms, which appear to be the major cause of variable subunit composition among preparations of eIF3.
A chemical uncertainty principle challenge

We would like to invite you to participate in the Analytical Challenge, which is a series of puzzles to entertain and challenge our readers. This special Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry feature has established itself as a truly unique quiz series, with a new scientific puzzle published every second month. Readers can access the complete collection of published problems with their solutions on the Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry homepage at http://www.springer. com/journal/00216. Test your knowledge and tease your wits in diverse areas of analytical and bioanalytical chemistry by viewing this collection. In the present challenge the uncertainty principle is the topic. And please note that there is a prize to be won (a Springer book from our catalogue up to a value of €75). Please read on...
Recent progress in interferometric fiber sensor technology

The paper summarizes recent developments in interferometric fiber sensors for physical field applications, based on two-beam interferometric configurations, mainly the all-fiber Mach-Zehnder interferometer. Developments in signal processing which are reviewed include those in phase noise reduction, low-phase noise sources, passive homodyne detection, and polarization phenomena, and recently developed multiplexing techniques. Special attention is given to applications of interferometric fiber-optic sensors in the areas of underwater acoustic sensing, magnetic sensing, and dc sensing.
Determination of zinc in pharmaceutical products by neutron activation analysis

Nondestructive neutron activation analysis was applied as a rapid, efficient, and specific method for the determination of zinc at either low or major concentration levels in various pharmaceutical products in bulk or dosage forms. This technique yielded results that compare well with more conventional methods and offers decided advantages over them.
Laser imaging of chemistry-flowfield interactions: Enhanced soot formation in time-varying diffusion flames

Models of detailed flame chemistry and soot formation are based upon experimental results obtained in steady, laminar flames. For successful application of these descriptions to turbulent combustion, it is instructive to test predictions against measurements in time-varying flowfields. This paper reports the use of optical methods to examine soot production and oxidation processes in a co-flowing, axisymmetric CH4/air diffusion flame in which the fuel flow rate is acoustically forced to create a time-varying flowfield.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Association of Uterine Fibromyomas with Other Clinical Conditions

In 1922 the simultaneous occurrence of tumors of the uterus, thyroid and breast was reported (1). In a series of 200 cases (100 uterine myomata and 100 goiters) fiftythree patients, or 26.5 per cent, had both goiter and uterine myomata. Five per cent had breast tumors. The present report is based on 410 cases of Caucasian women with uterine fibromyomas. The ages ranged from 22 to 55 years, the average age being 42 years. Three hundred and forty-eight of the patients (85%) were married. Of these, 75 (21%) had never been pregnant; 84 (24.5%) had had one or more spontaneous miscarriages. One hundred and twenty-nine (37%) had migraine headaches. Two hundred and fifty-three (63%) had a goiter. Of this number 83 (33%) had a subsequent thyroidectomy. Of the 410 patients with uterine fibromyomas, 268 (65%) had a hysterectomy. Seventy-seven (18%) had radium therapy for the uterine fibromyoma.
Unnatural killer cells to prevent bloodborne metastasis: inspiration from biology and engineering

Metastasis contributes to over 90% of cancer-related deaths. Many types of cancer metastasize via the bloodstream, where circulating tumor cells (CTCs) originating from the primary tumor can undergo selectin-mediated adhesion with the blood vessel wall and subsequently transmigrate to anatomically distant organs. In an effort to neutralize CTCs with the potential to form metastases, a new therapeutic approach has been developed in which circulating leukocytes are functionalized to target and kill cancer cells in the bloodstream. This approach mimics the cytotoxic activity of natural killer cells and the chemical engineering concept of a fluidized bed reactor, which increases the surface area for surface-catalyzed reactions. The resulting ‘unnatural killer cells’, proven effective in vitro with human blood and also in the living mouse, holds promise in neutralizing CTCs to interrupt the metastasis process.
Use of the silver-hydroquinone sequence for the display of reticular fibers.

Although many techniques for reticulum depend on the reduction of ammino silver by formalin, silver proteinate reduced by hydroquinone is equally feasible. Procedure: Fix 1-3 days in formalin or in Bouin's, Bodian's, or Carnoy's fixative; take paraffin sections to water; place in 30% aqueous phosphotungstic acid, 3 min; wash 1-2 min; rinse in 90% ethanol; place in 95% ethanol containing 1% tannic and 2% glacial acetic acid, 2 min; rinse 3 times in distilled water; impregnate in 10% aqueous AgNO3, 1.5-2 hr at 56 C; pass through 3 changes of distilled water, 30 sec each; give a second silvering in 0.2-0.4% protein silver (proteinate d'argent—Roques, or Protargol-S—Winthrop, were used), 2-5 hr at 37 C; rinse in distilled water; reduce in a solution containing 1% hydroquinone and 10% Na2SO3, 3-5 min; wash well, rinse in distilled water; tone in 0.5% gold chloride, 10 min; wash 2-3 min; reduce in 2% oxalic acid, 4-5 min; wash well; place in 5% Na2S2O3, 5-10 min; wash; counterstain if desired (hematoxylin-eosin...
Legacies of EU Conditionality: Explaining Post-Accession Adherence to Pre-Accession Rules on Roma

Abstract This article explores the issue of post-accession adherence to EU conditions, looking at the case of the Roma. It asks why policies, institutions and programmes put in place by new member states in order to meet EU membership requirements and expectations remain in place after enlargement. It finds that EU conditions have had enduring effects because the key precipitating factors during the accession period almost all remain in some form after accession. These factors include EU attention and expectations, EU funding and capacity building, EU law, NGO advocacy and monitoring, other international programmes and commitments and pressures related to Roma migrants.
Prevention of Peritendinous Adhesions Using a Hyaluronan-Derived Hydrogel Film Following Partial-Thickness Flexor Tendon Injury

Peritendinous adhesions are an important complication of flexor tendon injury. Three hyaluronan (HA)-derived biomaterials were evaluated for the reduction of peritendinous adhesions following partial-thickness tendon injury in rabbits. Rabbits (n = 24) were divided into three groups (n = 8 per group), which were used for gross evaluation, histologic assessment, or biomechanical testing. The fourth and third toes from both hindpaws of each rabbit were randomly assigned to one of four treatments: (i) untreated control, (ii) Seprafilm®, (iii) Carbylan™-SX in situ crosslinked hydrogel, and (iv) preformed Carbylan™-SX film. Rabbits were sacrificed at 3 weeks postsurgery and evaluated anatomically, histologically, and mechanically. All materials used reduced adhesions relative to untreated controls for all three evaluations. Both the gross anatomic and histologic results revealed that Carbylan™-SX film was statistically superior to Seprafilm® and Carbylan™-SX gel in preventing tendon adhesion formation. In biomechanical tests, the Carbylan™-SX film-treated hindpaws required the least force to pull the tendon from the sheath. This force was statistically indistinguishable from that required to extrude an unoperated tendon (n = 8). Carbylan™-SX gel was less effective than Carbylan™-SX film but superior to Seprafilm® for all evaluations. A crosslinked HA-derived film promoted healing of a flexor tendon injury without the formation of fibrosis at 3 weeks postoperatively. © 2007 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 26:562–569, 2008
Distinct neural circuits subserve interpersonal and non-interpersonal emotions

Emotions elicited by interpersonal versus non-interpersonal experiences have different effects on neurobiological functioning in both animals and humans. However, the extent to which the brain circuits underlying interpersonal and non-interpersonal emotions are distinct still remains unclear. The goal of our study was to assess whether different neural circuits are implicated in the processing of arousal and valence of interpersonal versus non-interpersonal emotions. During functional magnetic resonance imaging, participants imagined themselves in emotion-eliciting interpersonal or non-interpersonal situations and then rated the arousal and valence of emotions they experienced. We identified (1) separate neural circuits that are implicated in the arousal and valence dimensions of interpersonal versus non-interpersonal emotions, (2) circuits that are implicated in arousal and valence for both types of emotion, and (3) circuits that are responsive to the type of emotion, regardless of the valence or arousal level of the emotion. We found extensive recruitment of limbic (for arousal) and temporal-parietal (for valence) systems associated with processing of specifically interpersonal emotions compared to non-interpersonal ones. The neural bases of interpersonal and non-interpersonal emotions may, therefore, be largely distinct.
Mass distributions for monoenergetic-neutron-induced fission of U 235

Fission product yields for 37 masses were determined for the fission of $^{235}\mathrm{U}$ with essentially monoenergetic neutrons of 0.17, 0.55, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, 5.5, 6.3, 7.1, and 8.1 MeV. Fission product activities were measured by Ge(Li) $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray spectrometry of irradiated $^{235}\mathrm{U}$ targets and by chemical separation of the fission product elements followed by $\ensuremath{\beta}$ counting and/or $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray spectrometry. The mass-yield data show a sensitive increase of fission yields in the near symmetric mass region (valley) with increasing incident neutron energy ${E}_{n}$ (peak-to-valley ratio decreasing from 590 to 13) over the range of 0.17 to 8.1 MeV with only small changes in yields in other regions of the mass distribution. Curves of valley yields as a function of ${E}_{n}$ display a flat step in the region of second-chance fission (above \ensuremath{\sim}6 MeV) where the excitation energy is lowered by competition with neutron evaporation prior to fission. Comparison is made with monoenergetic-neutron-induced fission of $^{238}\mathrm{U}$.NUCLEAR REACTIONS, FISSION $^{235}\mathrm{O}$($n$,$f$), ${E}_{n}=0.17, 0.55, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, 5.5, 6.3, 7.1, \mathrm{and} 8.1$ MeV; measured mass yields.
Neonatal neurobehavioral correlates of lateral bias and affect in infant chimpanzees (pan troglodytes)

In this study, I extend previous findings of population‐level asymmetries in lateral bias of multiple behavioral measures in infant chimpanzees. Moreover, I propose that different neurobehavioral mechanisms are associated with different behavioral measures. A longitudinal design was employed to assess neonatal neurobehavioral integrity, lateral bias at 3 months old, and lateral bias and affect at 9 to 10 months old. Approximately half of the sample was raised under standard nursery conditions (females, n = 9; males, n = 11), and the other half was raised in a “responsive care” nursery designed to promote species‐typical chimpanzee development (females, n = 9; males, n = 8). Significant right biases were confirmed for hand‐to‐mouth self‐calming behavior. Significant left biases were found in grasping of objects (at 9–10 months old). Hand‐to‐hand grasping, reflexive stepping, head posture while sleeping in a supine position, and defensive swipes were individually lateralized rather than population level bia...
Instability Mechanisms of a Centrally Clamped Rotating Circular Disk Under a Space-Fixed Spring-Mass-Dashpot System

The transverse vibrations of a circular disk of uniform thickness rotating about its axis with constant angular velocity are analyzed when the disk is subject to a space-fixed spring-mass-dashpot system. The disk is clamped at the center and free at the periphery. Using the method of multiple scales, the authors determine a set of four nonlinear ordinary-differential equations governing the modulation of the amplitudes and phases of two interacting modes. The symmetry of the system and the loading conditions are reflected in the symmetry of the modulation equations. They are reduced to an equivalent set of two first-order equations whose equilibrium solutions are determined analytically. The stability characteristics of these solutions is studied; the qualitative behavior of the response is independent of the mode being considered. Considering the case of a spring moving periodically along the radius of the disk, the authors show how its frequency can be coupled to the rotational speed of the disk and sub...
High-energy neutron depth-dose distribution experiment.

A unique set of high-energy neutron depth-dose benchmark experiments were performed at the Los Alamos Neutron Science Center/Weapons Neutron Research (LANSCE/WNR) complex. The experiments consisted of filtered neutron beams with energies up to 800 MeV impinging on a 30 x 30 x 30 cm 3 liquid, tissue-equivalent phantom. The absorbed dose was measured in the phantom at various depths with tissue-equivalent ion chambers. This experiment is intended to serve as a benchmark experiment for the testing of high-energy radiation transport codes for the international radiation protection community.
Collagen and glycosaminoglycan synthesis in aging human keratocyte cultures

Abstract Human corneal keratocytes were serially subcultured and the synthesis and secretion of collagen and glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) were studied as a function of increasing culture age in five different keratocyte strains. With repeated passage these cultures showed a significant decrease in the synthesis and secretion of total protein, collagen, and GAGs into the culture medium. These events were observed as gradual changes over a significant portion of the keratocyte's lifespan. Cultures at all ages studied synthesized and secreted type I procollagen. At all passage levels studied hyaluronic acid, dermatan sulfate, heparan sulfate, chondroitin 4-sulfate, chondroitin 6-sulfate, and non-sulfated chondroitin were present in the culture medium. Sepharose 6B chromatography of the GAG fractions from young and old keratocyte cultures showed similar size ranges with no age associated decrease in GAG chain length to account for the observed decrease in GAG synthesis. Thus, cellular aging is an important factor in the evaluation of the synthetic potential of human keratocytes in culture. However, in our system the phenotypic expression of the major extracellular matrix components seems to be independent of aging in culture.
The Waning George Eliot

Taken together, the four books under review here make me feel, not too comfortably, like a character in Middlemarch: in the aggregate, recent work on George Eliot is so slight that it evokes books unwritten, mighty tasks not only unfinished, but unbegun. The comparative modesty of even excellent work like Rosemarie Bodenheimer's, the sense that criticism is returning, in a smaller compass with more scrupulous vision, to ground already broken, is symptomatic of a void in our generation's imagination. An adequate appraisal of George Eliot needs an ambition as encompassing as George Eliot's own, but we seem to have directed our intensity to smaller, slyer writers.
Defects in a nonlinear pseudo one-dimensional solid.

These infrared studies of acetanilide together with the existence of two equivalent structures for the hydrogen-bonded chain suggest the possibility of a topological defect state rather than a Davydov soliton as suggested previously. Acetanilide is an example of a class of one-dimensional materials where solitons are a consequence of a twofold degenerate structure and the nonlinear dynamics of the hydrogen-bonded network.
Brought to life: targeted activation of enzyme function with small molecules.

Cell-permeable small molecules that are capable of activating particular enzymes would be invaluable tools for studying protein function in complex cell-signaling cascades. But, is it feasible to identify compounds that allow chemical–biology researchers to activate specific enzymes in a cellular context? In this review, we describe some recent advances in achieving targeted enzyme activation with small molecules. In addition to surveying progress in the identification and targeting of enzymes that contain natural allosteric-activation sites, we focus on recently developed protein-engineering strategies that allow researchers to render an enzyme of interest “activatable” by a pre-chosen compound. Three distinct strategies for targeting an engineered enzyme are discussed: direct chemical “rescue” of an intentionally inactivated enzyme, activation of an enzyme by targeting a de novo small-molecule-binding site, and the generation of activatable enzymes via fusion of target enzymes to previously characterized small-molecule-binding domains.