cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
“Female athlete” politic: Title IX and the naturalization of sex difference in public policy

ABSTRACTHow did the passage of Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 politically define the “female athlete?” Since the mid-1970s, debates over the application of policy to athletic domains have been profoundly contentious. In this paper, I trace the policy deliberations concerning equity in athletics throughout the 1970s and explore the implications for our political understandings of what makes certain bodies “athletes” versus “female athletes” in contemporary sports and politics. I draw upon literatures from political science, sport sociology, and gender studies, and rely on archival methods to trace the process through which policymakers wed biological sex to policy implementation. I argue that Title IX unexpectedly became a central site for the construction of binary sex difference through three specific means: (1) conflict over the understandings of the role that biological sex should play in congressional debate before Title IX’s passage, (2) conflict over application of sex to policy design...
Comparison of High Resolution X-Ray detectors with Conventional FPDs using Experimental MTFs and Apodized Aperture Pixel Design for Reduced Aliasing.

Apodized Aperture Pixel (AAP) design, proposed by Ismailova et.al, is an alternative to the conventional pixel design. The advantages of AAP processing with a sinc filter in comparison with using other filters include non-degradation of MTF values and elimination of signal and noise aliasing, resulting in an increased performance at higher frequencies, approaching the Nyquist frequency. If high resolution small field-of-view (FOV) detectors with small pixels used during critical stages of Endovascular Image Guided Interventions (EIGIs) could also be extended to cover a full field-of-view typical of flat panel detectors (FPDs) and made to have larger effective pixels, then methods must be used to preserve the MTF over the frequency range up to the Nyquist frequency of the FPD while minimizing aliasing. In this work, we convolve the experimentally measured MTFs of an Microangiographic Fluoroscope (MAF) detector, (the MAF-CCD with 35μm pixels) and a High Resolution Fluoroscope (HRF) detector (HRF-CMOS50 with 49.5μm pixels) with the AAP filter and show the superiority of the results compared to MTFs resulting from moving average pixel binning and to the MTF of a standard FPD. The effect of using AAP is also shown in the spatial domain, when used to image an infinitely small point object. For detectors in neurovascular interventions, where high resolution is the priority during critical parts of the intervention, but full FOV with larger pixels are needed during less critical parts, AAP design provides an alternative to simple pixel binning while effectively eliminating signal and noise aliasing yet allowing the small FOV high resolution imaging to be maintained during critical parts of the EIGI.
On the evolution of terrestrial planets: bi-stability, stochastic effects, and the non-uniqueness of tectonic states

Abstract The Earth is the only body in the solar system for which significant observational constraints are accessible to such a degree that they can be used to discriminate between competing models of Earth's tectonic evolution. It is a natural tendency to use observations of the Earth to inform more general models of planetary evolution. However, our understating of Earth's evolution is far from complete. In recent years, there has been growing geodynamic and geochemical evidence that suggests that plate tectonics may not have operated on the early Earth, with both the timing of its onset and the length of its activity far from certain. Recently, the potential of tectonic bi-stability (multiple stable, energetically allowed solutions) has been shown to be dynamically viable, both from analytical analysis and through numeric experiments in two and three dimensions. This indicates that multiple tectonic modes may operate on a single planetary body at different times within its temporal evolution. It also allows for the potential that feedback mechanisms between the internal dynamics and surface processes (e.g., surface temperature changes driven by long term climate evolution), acting at different thermal evolution times, can cause terrestrial worlds to alternate between multiple tectonic states over giga-year timescales. The implication within this framework is that terrestrial planets have the potential to migrate through tectonic regimes at similar ‘thermal evolution times’ (e.g., points were they have a similar bulk mantle temperature and energies), but at very different ‘temporal times’ (time since planetary formation). It can be further shown that identical planets at similar stages of their evolution may exhibit different tectonic regimes due to random variations. Here, we will discuss constraints on the tectonic evolution of the Earth and present a novel framework of planetary evolution that moves toward probabilistic arguments based on general physical principals, as opposed to particular rheologies, and incorporates the potential of tectonic regime transitions and multiple tectonics states being viable at equivalent physical and chemical conditions.
Point Defects in Materials Part II: Applications to Different Materials Problems

This issue of the MRS Bulletin follows up on the November issue's five articles on point defect phenomena in a wide range of materials with five more articles on point defects. The present articles emphasize the behavior of different phenomena in various materials—nonstoichiometric metal oxides, intermetallic compounds, type II superconductors and semiconductors—in terms of fundamental properties of point defects. Again, point defects is the unifying theme but the emphasis shifts to material behavior.This issue begins with Marshall Stoneham's article on the roles theory plays in predicting and understanding material behavior in terms of point defects in the different classes of materials. The following article by Rudiger Dieckmann discusses the relationships between point defect concentrations in nonstoichiometric metal oxides and diffusion, i.e., mass transport. Next, Georges Martin and Pascal Bellon review their new approach for analyzing the role played by antisite defects in nonequilibrium phase transitions in intermetallic compounds. Then, Donglu Shi focuses on the effect of point, line, and planar defects on three major properties of type II superconductors—the critical transition temperature, the upper critical magnetic field, and the critical current density. Finally, Lionel Kimerling shows how defect engineering is used to achieve a high degree of complexity in product fabrication and greater sophistication in product performance; he illustrates what he means by defect engineering with examples from basic processes used in electronic materials processing.
Seasonal responses of corn rootworm beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) to non-pheromonal attractants.

Western, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte, and northern, D. barberi Smith and Lawrence, corn rootworm beetles were captured in a cornfield at traps baited with volatile attractants during three portions of the season. In dent-stage maize (3–4 wk past flowering), traps baited with eugenol captured large numbers of D. barberi, whereas traps baited with p-methoxycinnamonitrile (p-MCN) or estragole captured large numbers of D. v. virgifera. The attactants were less effective in two earlier trials when maize was in the whorl or silking stage. Despite seasonal differences, baits containing p-MCN attracted significant numbers of D. v. virgifera during all three trials. Attractants were also tested simultaneously in plots of corn that were planted on one of three different dates. With D. v. virgifera, attractants were relatively less effective in plots of maize that were silking than in plots of whorl-stage or dough-stage maize; with D. barberi, attractants were effective only in plots of whorl-stage maize....
Product reformulation and nutritional improvements after new competitive food standards in schools.

Objective In 2012, Massachusetts enacted school competitive food and beverage standards similar to national Smart Snacks. These standards aim to improve the nutritional quality of competitive snacks. It was previously demonstrated that a majority of foods and beverages were compliant with the standards, but it was unknown whether food manufacturers reformulated products in response to the standards. The present study assessed whether products were reformulated after standards were implemented; the availability of reformulated products outside schools; and whether compliance with the standards improved the nutrient composition of competitive snacks. Design An observational cohort study documenting all competitive snacks sold before (2012) and after (2013 and 2014) the standards were implemented. Setting The sample included thirty-six school districts with both a middle and high school. Results After 2012, energy, saturated fat, Na and sugar decreased and fibre increased among all competitive foods. By 2013, 8 % of foods were reformulated, as were an additional 9 % by 2014. Nearly 15 % of reformulated foods were look-alike products that could not be purchased at supermarkets. Energy and Na in beverages decreased after 2012, in part facilitated by smaller package sizes. Conclusions Massachusetts' law was effective in improving the nutritional content of snacks and product reformulation helped schools adhere to the law. This suggests fully implementing Smart Snacks standards may similarly improve the foods available in schools nationally. However, only some healthier reformulated foods were available outside schools.
Temperature evolution and the oxygen isotope composition of Phanerozoic oceans from carbonate clumped isotope thermometry

Abstract Surface temperature is among the most important parameters describing planetary climate and habitability, and yet there remains considerable debate about the temperature evolution of the Earth's oceans during the Phanerozoic Eon (541 million years ago to present), the time during which complex metazoan life radiated on Earth. Here we critically assess the emerging record of Phanerozoic ocean temperatures based on carbonate clumped isotope thermometry of fossil brachiopod and mollusk shells, and we present new data that fill important gaps in the Late Paleozoic record. We evaluate and reject the hypothesis that solid-state reordering of 13C–18O bonds has destroyed the primary clumped isotope temperature signal of most fossils during sedimentary burial at elevated temperatures. The resulting Phanerozoic record, which shows a general coupling between tropical seawater temperatures and atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) levels since the Paleozoic, indicates that tropical temperatures during the icehouse climate of the Carboniferous period were broadly similar to present (∼25–30 °C), and suggests that benthic metazoans were able to thrive at temperatures of 35–40 °C during intervals of the early and possibly the latest Paleozoic when CO2 levels were likely 5–10× higher than present-day values. Equally important, there is no resolvable trend in seawater oxygen isotope ratios ( δ 18 O ) over the past ∼500 million years, indicating that the average temperature of oxygen exchange between seawater and the oceanic crust has been high (∼270 °C) since at least the early Paleozoic, which points to mid-ocean ridges as the dominant locus of water–rock interaction over the past half-billion years.
Quantitative imaging of gemcitabine engagement and efficacy in pancreatic cancer (Conference Presentation)

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) has the poorest five-year survival rate of any cancer. Surgical resection is the only curative treatment but, is only possible in 15-20% of cases. Systemic therapies that demonstrate some efficacy are limited to chemotherapeutics, such as Gemcitabine, Abraxane (nab-Paclitaxel) and FOLFIRINOX, a multidrug chemotherapy regimen. Numerous studies have tried to apply multi-agent therapies to advance standard of care for metastatic PDAC. However, consistent improvement in survival remains poor. Of broader interest, there is an urgent need for improved treatment selection and early assessment of therapeutic responses as mean survival time following diagnosis is less than one year. Paired agent imaging (PAI) is a spatially-resolved, quantitative imaging methodology, which enables quantification of bound and unbound drugs on a cell by cell basis, using a targeted and control (untargeted) imaging agent. PAI has the potential to provide a spatially resolved map of drug engagement and treatment efficacy for PDAC. Herein, we have developed fluorescently labeled, paired targeted and control Gemcitabine, which have been characterized for their similarity to the parent Gemcitabine using competitive binding, liquid chromatography mass spectroscopy based uptake and pharmacokinetic studies, and cytotoxicity assays. Using our validated targeted and control agents, we have generated maps of targeted and untargeted Gemcitabine in murine models of PDAC, demonstrating that therapeutic efficacy is correlated to the bound drug fractions. We anticipate that PAI using fluorescently labeled targeted and control drug derivatives will be useful for future studies to prediction therapy combinations for personalized PDAC therapy.
Controversies in VTOS: Is Lysis Always Required in Patient with Effort Thrombosis?

The treatment of subclavian venous thrombosis due to thoracic outlet compression has been significantly altered over the past few decades due to the advent of percutaneous therapies. Most believe that the combination of venous thrombolysis followed by thoracic outlet decompression is safe and effective, and best for most patients. The only cases that thrombolysis is not used are those with subacute or chronic occlusions, those patients with limited symptoms and functional needs, and those with significant medical contraindications.
Stressful Work Relationships: A Study of Target Characteristics, Coping, and Positive Outcomes

Over the past several decades, many scholars have studied how the various types of negative and stressful workplace relationships (e.g., abusive supervision, social undermining, bullying) develop a...
Influence of trimethylaluminum predoses on the growth morphology, film-substrate interface, and microstructure of MOCVD-grown AlN on (1 1 1)Si

Abstract Aluminum nitride (AlN) was deposited on (1 1 1) silicon by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition after varied trimethylaluminum “predoses”. Growth morphologies, film-substrate interfaces, and film microstructures were examined using scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and transmission electron microscopy. In samples grown with predoses, lateral growth was observed over faceted “patches” formed during the predose. Three-dimensional growth was observed to seed from small islands on the surface of these patches and eventually overgrow them. The three-dimensional growth mode was similar to that observed when AlN was grown without a predose, resulting in similar morphologies in all films, regardless of predose, after the islands coalesced. The AlN-silicon interface was found to be predominantly amorphous when no predose was used. However, narrow regions were observed over which the film was in atomic registry with the substrate. This indicates AlN nucleates in epitaxy with the substrate and amorphous silicon nitride forms between nucleation sites due to ammonia exposure. Films grown with predoses had structurally abrupt interfaces, suggesting aluminum within the observed patch features inhibits the reaction between ammonia and silicon at the onset of growth. A structure distinct from both wurtzite AlN and diamond cubic silicon was observed at the substrate interface in films grown with a predose, consistent with either zinc blende AlN or a strained Si/Al alloy. A mosaic microstructure was observed in all films, grown with or without predoses, which consisted of sub-boundaries formed by clusters of threading dislocations. Threading dislocations, separated by hundreds of nanometers, were found to be tilted along common directions, providing evidence for a dislocation bending mechanism possibly enhanced by the predose.
Management of Ileal Pouch Vaginal Fistulas

Restorative proctocolectomy (RPC) with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA) is a safe, accepted surgical treatment for mucosal ulcerative colitis (MUC) and familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP). Pouch vaginal fistula (PVF) formation, first described in 1985 by Wong [1], is an uncommon and difficult to address complication of IPAA. The incidence of PVF has been reported to be between 3.3–16% [2–7]. Contributing factors to the development of PVF include underlying Crohn’s disease, pelvic sepsis as well as surgical technique [4–10]. PVFs often require multiple operations, with 20% of patients ultimately requiring pouch excision [7, 11]. This number is much higher in patients with Crohn’s disease [4–8].
Systemic Therapies for Melanoma Brain Metastases: A Primer for Radiologists

Objective The purpose of this article is to provide a primer for radiologists outlining the modern systemic therapies used in melanoma brain metastases, including tyrosine kinase inhibitors and immune checkpoint inhibitors. The role of radiologic treatment response evaluation will be discussed from the standpoint of both modern systemic therapies and more traditional treatments. Conclusion Understanding the role of systemic treatments in melanoma brain metastases is critical for oncologic imaging interpretation in this unique patient population.
Measuring mutual movements, mixing, and mingling among multiple mangrove bays by an important estuarine sea bream (Archosargus rhomboidalis)

Abstract Quantifying the spatial and temporal aspects of fish residency is needed to understand energy transfer, habitat function, contaminant exposure, and effective design of MPAs in estuarine systems. The spatial and temporal movements of 19 sea bream (Archosargus rhomboidalis), an ecologically important species in mangrove estuaries of the western Atlantic, were investigated in multiple bays on a Caribbean Island over two years using surgically implanted acoustic transmitters. Fish were almost continuously monitored (residency index 96–100%) by an array of hydrophones during the 11–13 month battery-life of their transmitters. Individual fish utilized small core areas (mean = 9.8 ha during daytime and 11.0 ha at night), displayed daily site fidelity (mean = 57% overlap in day night core area), showed no evidence of an ontogenetic increase in core habitat size, and many exhibited a change in the bays utilized during winter months which is coincident with suspected spawning. Fish captured from the same bay generally occupied the same spaces within the study area, and in similar proportions, compared to fish captured in adjacent bays. Fish from different bays did not mix and wander throughout the ecosystem even though it is all suitable habitat and is used by different groups of localized individuals. This similarity of occupancy patterns is limited to the spatial scale of bays and temporal scales of weeks or months. When considered at the resolution of individual receivers and hourly time steps, most fish are not in close proximity to one another for the vast majority of the time. Although some pairs of fish had as many as 84% of their hourly detections on the same receivers in the month after tagging, they gradually spent less time near each other, even though their overall pattern of movements was consistent at the scale of whole bays. This highlights the importance of examining movements of fish on multiple spatial scales and time-intervals to understand their interactions.
What You Should Know About Mergers and Divisions of Partnerships

This Article discusses the partnership mergers and divisions rules and provides examples of how tax advisors may use them to plan transactions.
Testing Psychology of Working Theory Among Spanish-Speaking Latinx Workers in the U.S.:

Psychology of Working Theory (PWT) has recently gained empirical support; however, its assumptions have yet to be tested for cultural responsiveness in Latinx communities, one of the fastest-growin...
Prediction of DIII-D Pedestal Structure From Externally Controllable Parameters

The sharp increase of pressure at the edge of a high confinement mode (H-mode) plasma, the pedestal, strongly impacts overall plasma performance. Predicting the pedestal is a necessity to control and optimize tokamak operations. An experimental data-driven machine learning (ML) approach is presented, which predicts the pedestal heights and widths of electron density ( $n_{\mathrm {e}}$ ) and electron temperature ( $T_{\mathrm {e}}$ ) profiles as well as the separatrix $n_{\mathrm {e}}$ from externally controllable parameters such as the plasma shape, heating method and power, and gas puff rate and integrated gas puff. The one modeling framework for integrated tasks (OMFIT) framework was used with DIII-D data to efficiently, robustly, and automatically build a database of pedestal parameters to train ML models. Database creation was enabled by the search engine tool for DIII-D data, TokSearch, which parallelizes data fetching, enabling fast searches through basic signals of thousands of DIII-D shots and selection of relevant time intervals. Principal component analysis (PCA) separated the database into three clusters that represent classes of plasma shapes that are regularly used in DIII-D. The most important parameters for setting the pedestal structure were plasma current ( $I_{\mathrm {p}}$ ), toroidal magnetic field ( $B_{\phi }$ ), neutral beam heating power ( $P_{{\mathrm {NBI}}}$ ), and shaping quantities. The deep jointly informed neural networks (DJINNs) algorithm was applied to identify suitable neural network (NN) architectures that appropriately capture the features of the pedestal database. Separate NNs were implemented for each pedestal parameter, and ensembling methods were used to improve the prediction accuracy and allowed estimation of the prediction uncertainty. The pedestal predictions of the test dataset lie within the measurement uncertainties of the pedestal parameters. The NN outperformed simple linear regression (LR) analysis, indicating nonlinear dependencies in the pedestal structure. The presented achievements illustrate a promising path for future research, using feature extraction to infer experimental trends and thereby improve pedestal models as well as deploying NN for a fast pedestal prediction in DIII-D scenario development.
Heart Failure in African Americans and Hispanic Americans: A Persistent and Disproportionate Burden in Underrepresented Minorities

Heart failure (HF) is increasing in prevalence in the United States. African Americans and Hispanic Americans have a disproportionate burden of cardiovascular disease risk factors contributing to a higher prevalence and worse outcomes in HF. In 2011, the American Heart Association outlined the “Life’s Simple 7” metrics created to improve cardiovascular health in the United States by 20% by 2020. These goals are of particularly import for the African American and Hispanic American populations to mitigate the risk of HF and improve outcomes once overt disease is present. In addition, the social determinants of health also play a major role in contributing to the disparities seen in minority groups. While disparities exist, there are a number of successes in treatment and utilization of guideline-directed medical therapies. Clinicians should be aware of the prevalence of heart failure in special populations and factors that contribute to disparities in HF outcomes.
Solid-Liquid Reactions in Part of the System Si, Al, Y/N, O

Phase relationships in the system Si3N4-SiO2-AlN-Al2O3-Y2O3 have been studied. Twenty-one compatibility tetrahedra were established in this system at sub-solidus temperatures. In the later stage of the investigation, efforts have been concentrated on the studies of the sub-quaternary system Si3N4-Al2O3:AlN-Y2Al5O12-Y2Si2 O7.
Pollution Prevention: Avoiding the Need to Manage Wastes

Today’s industrial processes generate many types of waste products that constitute risks to human health and the surrounding environment. While proper waste management procedures can lower this risk, prevention of the waste’s generation will eliminate the risk. For this reason, the United States has established pollution prevention as a national objective, through the passage of its Pollution Prevention Act of 1990.
I Have a Self to Recover: Sylvia Plath and the Literary Success of the Failed Suicide

For most people, Sylvia Plath's work represents the epitome of suicidal poetry. The corpus of her poetic oeuvre forever captures the exhumation and resurrection of the material corpses it recomposes through figuration—fragments of bone from the colossal father, the "rubble of skull plates" in the cadaver room, Lady Lazarus' perpetual suicide strip-tease (Collected Poems 114). Plath's poetry is virtually a playground of decomposition; her speakers inhabit a "cramped necropolis," piecing together a ferocious love gathered among the graves (117). By collecting the force of this energy, Plath's work evidences a honed, disciplined voice of controlled extremity. This leads many critics, and often my students, to read into Plath's poetic intensity that she is an angry poet—considering her characters and poetic speakers' fierce energy as evidence of Plath's own anger. But as Plath's speakers wrestle with their anger on the page, they reveal the pain they feel and peace they fiercely and desperately wish for. This anger derives from their frustrated desire to find a lasting peace by recovering language from the constriction of suicidal thinking. Her speakers' rage represents the voice of anger turned against the self. Scavenging the ruins of the suicide's inner landscape—their inscape—Plath's speakers piece themselves together, death after self-inflicted death, becoming virtual experts at trying to recover from failed suicides. 1
Mattis Dementia Rating Scale: Performance of the Very Elderly

Abstract This study provided information concerning the performance of 40 non-demented elderly individuals, mostly in the age range of 80-95 years, on the Mattis Dementia Rating Scale (DRS). The results indicated that age was not invariably associated with DRS performance. Elderly individuals residing in the community obtained total DRS scores that were virtually identical to those reported for the 9-year-younger DRS normative sample. However, residential facilities non-demented dwellers obtained total DRS scores that were, on average, 1 SD lower (p < .01) than those obtained by the community residents. Finally, DRS scores were significantly correlated (p < .01) with scores on the Questionnaire of Daily Functional Competence (QFDC).
Economic Analysis of Property Rights: The property rights model

THE DEFINITION OF ECONOMIC AND LEGAL RIGHTS What are property rights? The term “property rights” carries two distinct meanings in the economic literature. One, primarily developed by Alchian (1965, 1987) and Cheung (1969), is essentially the ability to enjoy a piece of property. The other, much more prevalent and much older, is essentially what the state assigns to a person. I designate the first “economic (property) rights” and the second “legal (property) rights.” Economic rights are the end (that is, what people ultimately seek), whereas legal rights are the means to achieve the end. In this book I am concerned primarily with economic rights. Legal rights play a primarily supporting role – a very prominent one, however, for they are easier to observe than economic rights. I define the economic property rights an individual has over a commodity (or an asset) to be the individual's ability, in expected terms, to consume the good (or the services of the asset) directly or to consume it indirectly through exchange. According to this definition, an individual has fewer rights over a commodity that is prone to theft or restrictions on its exchange. The notion of rights is closely related to that of residual claimancy. The residual claimant to, say, an apartment house is its economic owner in that he is able to gain (here by exchange) from an increase in the value of the building, whereas he loses from a reduction in that value.
Chemistry of guanine and its biologically significant derivatives.

Publisher Summary This chapter explains the chemistry of guanine and its biologically significant derivatives. The position of guanine as an essential component of the genetic material of all living organisms has lent great importance to the study of its chemistry. A number of misconceptions have arisen in the past because of faulty analogies between guanine and benzenoid systems and this has led to the use of incorrect structures, such as enol tautomers and protonated amino groups. There is now at hand a considerable amount of information concerning a number of the transformations of the guanine molecule, but many others are undoubtedly still awaiting discovery. A major challenge is to devise reagents capable of modifying under physiological conditions a single component of the nucleic acids, such as guanine. Such reagents could help in determining base sequences by facilitating or inhibiting specific cleavages, changing enzymatic specificities, or acting as markers visible with the electron microscope. Other reagents might serve as mutagens and be valuable adjuncts to genetic studies.
Motor Systems — The Basal Ganglia System

This important portion of the C.N.S. involved in the over all regulation of motor function comprises a widely spread system of nuclei and fiber tracts, cerebral cortex and numerous sub-cortical regions. In contrast to the pyramidal system, this complex motor system influences lower motor neurons via numerous neurons and synapses, involving complex feedback mechanisms. Working in concert with the pyramidal motor system, the basal ganglia apparatus assists in the control of purposive movement. This system has a greater influence over proximal musculature than does the pyramidal system, and conversely, the pyramidal system has a greater influence upon the distal musculature.
Characterization of rat ribosomal DNA. The highly repetitive sequences that flank the ribosomal RNA transcription unit are homologous and contain RNA polymerase III transcription initiation sites.

Abstract The non-transcribed spacers (NTS) of the ribosomal genes of a number of organisms have been studied and were found to contain repetitive sequences. In these studies with plasmid subclones of NTS, designated p3.4, p2.6 and p1.7, which come from both 5′ and 3′ flanking regions of the rat ribosomal genes, respectively, it has been determined that these sequences are found elsewhere within the genome. Southern hybridization analysis has demonstrated that the 5′ and 3′ NTS subclones cross-hybridize, and that the cross-hybridizing regions are synonymous with the highly repetitive regions. Sequences homologous to the rat NTS were specifically localized to both 5′ and 3′ flanking regions as well as to a number of the introns of cloned genes including rat serum albumin, rat α-fetoprotein, rat casein and human serum albumin. No hybridization was detected of the 5′ NTS subclone to the human Alu sequence clone, Blur 8, or to the rodent equivalent, a clone containing Chinese hamster ovary type I and II Alu sequences. However, as reported for type II Alu sequences, the subcloned rat NTS sequences contain RNA polymerase III initiation sites and also hybridize to a number of small RNAs, but not 4.5 S or 7 S RNA. Sequence analysis of two distinct repetitive regions in p1.7 has revealed a region of alternating purinepyrimidine nucleotides, potentially of Z DNA, and stretches of repetitive sequences. The possible roles for these repetitive sequences in recombination and in maintaining a hierarchical structure for the ribosomal genes are discussed.
The Effects of Macroprudential and Fiscal Policy on Mortgage Debt: Evidence from the Netherlands

This paper studies the effects of LTV limits, PTI limits and the mortgage interest deduction on mortgage debt exploiting a series of policy changes in the Netherlands. As intended, regulatory loan limits reduce mortgage leverage ratios and they also induce bunching at the loan limits. Loan limits and restrictions of the mortgage interest deduction trigger large declines in mortgage volumes. The leverage- and volume responses are larger for young, borrowing-constrained households. The repeal of the mortgage interest deduction for non-amortizing mortgages decimates the market for non-amortizing mortgages. The PTI tightening is also associated with a substantial rise in the fraction of mortgages that have very short periods during which the interest rate is fixed. This unintended risk-shifting pattern to quasi- adjustable-rate mortgages (ARM) may increase income risk. The reform of the mortgage interest deduction, which boosts amortization, is also associated with a significant decline in principal amounts at origination. Overall, this paper highlights the distributional effects as well as the unintended potential consequences of macroprudential and fiscal policies aiming to reduce mortgage debt.
Theories of basal forebrain organization and the "emotional motor system".

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the neuroanatomy of the heterogenous structures that comprise the basal forebrain, insofar as this territory, together with its most closely associated cortical areas, is likely to provide important projections activating emotionally related motor areas of the brainstem. Special consideration is given to the ventral striatopallidal system and the extended amygdala and areas of transition between these two systems. Many of the structures in the basal forebrain have been included within the various conceptualizations of the limbic system, and the majority of behavioral observations following the early formulations of this concept by Papez and MacLean have generally reinforced the notion that the basal forebrain is systematically involved in the experience and expression of emotions. To some extent, the description of a “descending limbic motor control system” can face difficulties similar to the definition of the “limbic system” at large. The chapter also summarizes the multiple output channels from the basal forebrain to the motor areas of the brainstem.
Forest cover, socioeconomics, and reported flood frequency in developing countries

[1] In this paper, we analyze the determinants of the number of large floods reported since 1990. Using the same sample of countries as Bradshaw et al. (2007), and, like them, omitting socioeconomic characteristics from the analysis, we found that a reduction in natural forest cover is associated with an increase in the reported count of large floods. This result does not hold in any of three new analyses we perform. First, we expand the sample to include all the developing countries and all countries for which data were available but were omitted in their study. Second, and more importantly, since forest management is just one possible channel through which humans can influence reported flood frequency, we account for other important human–flood interactions. People are typically responsible for deforestation, but they are also responsible for other land use changes (e.g., urbanization), for floodplain and flood emergency management, and for reporting the floods. Thus, in our analysis we account for population, urban population growth, income, and corruption. Third, we exploit the panel nature of the data to control for unobserved country and time heterogeneity. We conclude that not only is the link between forest cover and reported flood frequency at the country level not robust, it also seems to be driven by sample selection and omitted variable bias. The human impact on the reported frequency of large floods at the country level is not through deforestation.
Engaging Capital Emotions

The Supreme Court, in Kennedy v. Louisiana, is about to decide whether the Eighth Amendment forbids capital punishment for child rape. Commentators are aghast, viewing this as a vengeful recrudescence of emotion clouding sober, rational criminal justice policy. To their minds, emotion is distracting. To ours, however, emotion is central to understand the death penalty. Descriptively, emotions help to explain many features of our death-penalty jurisprudence. Normatively, emotions are central to why we punish, and denying or squelching them risks prompting vigilantism and other unhealthy outlets for this normal human reaction. The emotional case for the death penalty for child rape may be even stronger than for adult murders, contrary to what newspaper editorials are suggesting. Finally, we suggest ways in which death-penalty abolitionists can stop pooh-poohing emotions' role and instead fight the death penalty on emotional terrain, particularly by harnessing the language of mercy and human fallibility.
Impact of diabetes mellitus on long-term clinical outcomes of patients on chronic hemodialysis after percutaneous coronary intervention.

Background:End-stage renal disease (ESRD) is known to correlate with poor outcome in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). This study examines the impact of diabetes mellitus (DM) on the long-term outcome of patients with ESRD on chronic hemodialysis. Methods:A cohort of patients with ESRD on chronic hemodialysis, who underwent PCI with drug-eluting stents, was followed for 1 year. The clinical outcome in this population was compared retrospectively based on the presence of DM. Major adverse cardiac events (MACE) as the composite of all-cause death, Q-wave myocardial infraction and target lesion revascularization (TLR), as well as TLR as an individual outcome, were the main end points of the study. Results:In the study cohort (n = 198), 48.5% had DM. Diabetic patients were more commonly female. The lesion characteristics were similar between groups except for more frequent saphenous vein graft intervention in nondiabetics. At 1-year follow-up there was no difference in the rate of MACE between diabetic and nondiabetic patients (40.4% vs. 39.3%, respectively, p = 0.89), driven primarily by a very high mortality rate (1-year overall mortality of 33.5%). After adjustment for the relevant clinical co-variables, DM was not associated with the composite end point. However, diabetic patients had a significantly higher incidence of 1-year TLR compared to nondiabetics (13.8% vs. 3.6%, respectively, p = 0.04). Conclusion:The prognosis of patients with ESRD after PCI is dismal with a very high overall mortality rate regardless of the presence of DM. Patients with ESRD appear to be at higher risk for the need of revascularization. (J Interven Cardiol 2012;25:147–155)
Successional changes in nitrogen availability as a potential factor contributing to spruce declines in boreal North America

This paper examines the hypothesis that the depression of soil nitrogen availability by litter from black and white spruce (Piceamariana and P. glauca), which is low in nitrogen and high in recalci...
The Design of an Efficient Data Base to Support an Interactive LSI Layout System

The increasing size and complexity of integrated circuits has made an efficient data base essential to the operation of an interactive layout system. This paper describes the design of a data base for IC mask data which features rough bit-maps of entities for sorting by location, a routine for the automatic selection of the bit-map regions' boundaries, and a page-filling algorithm which facilitates the separation of dissimilar data between pages. The routine for automatic selection of region boundaries is described in detail.
UAV Task Assignment with Timing Constraints

Abstract : This paper addresses the problem of task allocation for wide area search munitions. The munitions are required to search for, classify, attack, and verify the destruction of potential targets. We assume that target field information is communicated between all elements of the swarm. We generate a tour of optimal assignments for each vehicle using a Mixed Integer Linear Program, or MILP format. MILP can assign tasks that look infeasible, due to timing, by adding time to a UAV's path, and vehicle paths are then recalculated to match the required arrival times. The MILP formulation with variable arrival times provides an optimal solution to multiple-assignment problems for groups of UAVs with coupled tasks involving timing and task order constraints.
REMAKING TRANSPORTATION ORGANIZATIONS FOR THE 21ST CENTURY: CONSORTIA AND THE VALUE OF ORGANIZATIONAL LEARNING

The US faces a number of important issues in the way it organizes and manages transportation facilities and services. A key issue is how to create organizations that pay attention to customers and focus on results and performance. However, these two organizational characteristics are often difficult to achieve in formal organizations like governments, which are bound by requirements for procedural integrity. This paper examines a way out of this dilemma: transportation organizations can participate in voluntary consortia, which may offer more flexibility and adaptability and facilitate organizational learning. To gain new insights into the potential benefits of voluntary consortia this paper examines two case studies of transportation-related voluntary consortia, taking an organizational learning perspective. It concludes that although further research is needed, consortia may offer many benefits, including their ability to provide a quick, low-threat response to changing conditions.
Education in Hong Kong, pre-1841 to 1941, fact and opinion : materials for a history of education in Hong Kong

To reflect the development and history of education in Hong Kong, the author has collected a wide range of fascinating and illuminating material from different sources, and, wherever appropriate, has included his own commentaries.
Energy efficiencies of heat pumps in residential buildings

Abstract Using the state-of-the-art computer program, DOE 2.1A, the hourly and resulting seasonal coefficients of performance of four residential heat pumps were simulated for a typical house in one city in each of the four major climate zones in the U.S. For purposes of comparison a conventional gas furnace and air conditioner system were also analyzed. This study shows that heat pump systems could be developed with seasonal thermodynamic efficiencies of over 200% in resource energy. In addition, sizing the heat pumps according to a building's thermal integrity and operating conditions maximizes seasonal efficiencies.
Adult Normative Data for the KayPENTAX Phonatory Aerodynamic System Model 6600

Summary Objectives The primary purpose of the present study was to establish a preliminary adult normative database for 41 phonatory aerodynamic measures obtained with the KayPENTAX Phonatory Aerodynamic System (PAS) Model 6600 (KayPENTAX Corp, Lincoln Park, NJ). A second purpose was to examine the effect of age and gender on these measures. Design Prospective data collection across groups. Method A sample of 157 normal speakers (68 males and 89 females) were divided into three age groups (18–39, 40–59, and 60+ years). The PAS protocols of vital capacity, maximum sustained phonation, comfortable sustained phonation, variation in sound pressure level, and voicing efficiency were used to collect 41 phonatory aerodynamic measures. Comfortable pitch and loudness levels were used with each protocol requiring phonation. Results A statistically significant main effect of age was found for seven measures, and a statistically significant main effect of gender was found for five measures. The remaining 29 measures did not reach statistical significance; however, 13 of these had high observed power. The remaining 16 measures did not reach significance and had low observed power. Conclusions Because age- and gender-related changes were found for some measures, one must account for these two variables when assessing phonatory aerodynamics using the PAS Model 6600 . The clinical implications of the findings for the assessment and treatment of individuals with voice disorders using the PAS Model 6600 are discussed.
Flowering under controlled conditions by Cymodocea serrulata, halophila stipulacea, syringodium isoetifolium, zostera capensis and Thalassia hemprichii from Kenya

Abstract Flowers have been reported rarely for tropical seagrasses of the Indo-Pacific, but after transplanting from Kenya to experimental cultures, flowering was observed in five out of nine species. For Cymodocea serrulata (R. Br.) Aschers. & Magnus, pistillate flowers were produced at 31/27°C (day/night) after eight months in culture, and flowering was continuous for three months under these conditions, but not at lower temperatures. In Halophila stipulacea (Forsk.) Aschers., pistillate flowers were produced at 24°C, but were also produced over a range of higher temperatures if the nutrient status of the artificial sea-water medium was altered. Flowering spathes of Zostera capensis Setchell appeared in the experimental cultures seven months after transplanting to a 16–18°C temperature regime. In Syringodium isoetifolium (Aschers.) Dandy, flowers were not produced during nine and a-half months at any of a range of temperatures, but were produced subsequently at 26 and 24°C in a specially prepared seawater prepared seawater medium. Thalassia hemprichii (Ehrenb.) Aschers. did not flower during eleven months at a range of temperatures, but flowered after transfer from a higher temperature regime (31/27°C, day/night) to a lower one of 26/24°C (day/night). Four other species from Kenya did not flower under any of the experimental conditions. It is concluded that a wide range of environmental conditions is involved in the reproductive physiology of members of this tropical seagrass flora.
A shape-generating approach for multi-axis machining G-buffer models

Abstract In this paper, a new approach is presented to find the 3D shape-generating profiles of different types of cutters for constructing the G-buffer models for 5-axis machining. The G-buffer for 3-axis machining is natural because the tool has only three degrees of freedom (x,y,z) for the configuration space. Five-axis machining has five degrees of freedom, and two of them are non-Euclidean. The traditional G-buffer method cannot be directly used for 5-axis machining due to the complex tool motions. In this paper, the analytic 3D shape-generating profiles are formulated to construct the swept envelope in 5-axis tool motion. The enhanced G-buffer models are updated by the constructed 5-axis swept envelope. A generalized cutter geometry, which represents different types of endmills, is used in this study. The techniques presented in this paper can be used for 5-axis tool path generation and the machined surface error analysis. Computer implementation and illustrative examples are presented in this paper.
Wal-Mart's monopsony power in metro and non-metro labor markets

Abstract This paper measures the potential degree of monopsony power that Wal-Mart can exert over retail workers using a dominant-firm model and nationwide, county-level data, presenting for the first time a measure of the company's potential anti-competitive behavior and detailed spatial impacts on wages, particularly for metropolitan and non-metropolitan counties. Empirical results show that, at the national level, Wal-Mart's potential wage markdown below the competitive level amounts to less than 3% on average. However, the potential markdowns in non-metropolitan counties are three-fold those in metropolitan counties and are highest in non-metro areas of the south and central states but negligible in northeastern states.