cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cancer screening practices among cancer survivors.

Background Cancer survivors are more vulnerable to future cancers than individuals without cancer. As such, it is important to understand whether survivors are engaging in cancer screenings. Methods The screening practices reported in response to the 2000 Health Interview Survey of 2151 individuals with cancer were examined and compared to those of 30,195 individuals without cancer. Results The proportion of cancer survivors obtaining screenings ranged from 21% to 77%. Compared to individuals without cancer, women with cancer were more likely to have had a mammogram (odds ratio [OR]=1.8, 95% CI=1.5–2.1), a clinical breast exam (OR=2.2, 95% CI=1.9–2.5), and/or a Papanicolaou test (OR=1.3, 95% CI=1.1–1.5) in the recommended timeframe. Similarly, men with cancer were more likely than men without cancer to have had a prostate-specific antigen test performed (OR=2.5, 95% CI=2.0–3.0). All cancer survivors were more likely than individuals without a cancer diagnosis to have had a total body skin exam (OR=4.0, 95% CI=3.5–4.6), a fecal occult blood test (OR=1.4, 95% CI=1.2–1.6), and/or a colorectal exam (OR=2.2, 95% CI=1.9–2.5). Similar results were obtained when individuals diagnosed with the cancer for which the screen was designed to detect were excluded. Conclusions The results demonstrate that cancer survivors have higher screening rates than individuals without a cancer diagnosis. Despite this, the proportion of survivors obtaining screenings varies considerably by the type of screen. An understanding of the impact of cancer screening in cancer survivors, as well as the reasons for and against obtaining cancer screenings, is necessary.
The kinetics of G2 and M transitions regulated by B cyclins

B cyclins regulate G2-M transition. Because human somatic cells continue to cycle after reduction of cyclin B1 (cycB1) or cyclin B2 (cycB2) by RNA interference (RNAi), and because cycB2 knockout mice are viable, the existence of two genes should be an optimization. To explore this idea, we generated HeLa BD™ Tet-Off cell lines with inducible cyclin B1- or B2-EGFP that were RNAi resistant. Cultures were treated with RNAi and/or doxycycline (Dox) and bromodeoxyuridine. We measured G2 and M transit times and 4C cell accumulation. In the absence of ectopic B cyclin expression, knockdown (kd) of either cyclin increased G2 transit. M transit was increased by cycB1 kd but decreased by cycB2 depletion. This novel difference was further supported by time-lapse microscopy. This suggests that cycB2 tunes mitotic timing, and we speculate that this is through regulation of a Golgi checkpoint. In the presence of endogenous cyclins, expression of active B cyclin-EGFPs did not affect G2 or M phase times. As previously shown, B cyclin co-depletion induced G2 arrest. Expression of either B cyclin-EGFP completely rescued knockdown of the respective endogenous cyclin in single kd experiments, and either cyclin-EGFP completely rescued endogenous cyclin co-depletion. Most of the rescue occurred at relatively low levels of exogenous cyclin expression. Therefore, cycB1 and cycB2 are interchangeable for ability to promote G2 and M transition in this experimental setting. Cyclin B1 is thought to be required for the mammalian somatic cell cycle, while cyclin B2 is thought to be dispensable. However, residual levels of cyclin B1 or cyclin B2 in double knockdown experiments are not sufficient to promote successful mitosis, yet residual levels are sufficient to promote mitosis in the presence of the dispensible cyclin B2. We discuss a simple model that would explain most data if cyclin B1 is necessary.
Trends in the Intergenerational Elasticity of Family Income in the United States

This paper asks whether the degree to which our incomes resemble our parents’ incomes has changed over time. After comparing various methods of correcting for differences in the ages at which successive birth cohorts are observed, and correcting for sample attrition, I find no evidence of a linear trend in the intergenerational elasticity of family income for those born into the Panel Study of Income Dynamics between 1952 and 1975 and observed as adults between 1977 and 2000.
Density and Expansivity of Alkali Borates and Density Characteristics of Some Other Binary Glasses

The densities of liquids in the systems Li2O–B2O3, Na2O–B2O3, and K2O–B2O3 were measured by a counterbalanced-sphere method over the approximate temperature range 600° to 1000°C. The room-temperature densities of alkali borate glasses were also measured. Density increased with increasing percentages of alkali oxide below 30 mole %. At high temperatures the density-composition curves showed maxima at about 30 mole % alkali oxide. Expansivities over various temperature ranges were calculated from change of density with temperature. Expansivities in the liquid range increased with alkali content. In the low-alkali region, expansivity in the liquid range decreased with rising temperature whereas contrary behavior was noted in the high-alkali region. The most striking effect caused by the addition of alkali to B2O3 was a volume contraction. Some reasons were found to account for the lack of agreement with experimental observations of the methods of Huggins and Stevels for calculating densities.
Authority and Alliance in the Letters of Henry Adams

If the letter is an ideal lens through which to view late 19th century American society as it underwent radical change, then Henry Adams is an ideal correspondent. Joanne Jacobson shows how Adams used letters to broker authority, and to construct alliances with correspondents. She demonstrates the rhetorical complexity of the letter and underscores its role in the struggle over cultural authority which shaped much of the late 19th-century American literature. "Authority and Alliance" takes the reader through the evolving stages of Adam's letter writing. His earliest letters, to his older brother Charles Francis Adams, Jr, and to his friend Charles Milnes Gaskell, provided him with an arena in which he could claim authority to establish parity with his correspondents. In succeeding letters the priority of equalising authority between himself and his correspondents shifted to that of building alliances which bound Adams and his correspondents in shared, private opposition to the public discourse of mass democratic culture. Ultimately, Adams emerged in his letters with aggressive authorial control over "reality" by writing himself and his correspondents into narratives whose terms were advantageous to Adams himself. Jacobson also discusses the unity between Adam's letters and his other literary work, to demonstrate the extent to which authority and alliance remained fundamental concerns for him, bound up with and shaped by the problematic status of authorship and audience. In an important final chapter, she compares Adam's letters with those of Alice James and Walt Whitman, demonstrating the readiness of all three to deploy the letter as a means of reinforcing the writer's own rhetorical authority, by exploiting the tension between narrative and authorship and between public and private discourse.
Burkitt's lymphoma presenting as an endobronchial lesion

B urkitt 's lymphoma is an unusual neoplasm of Bcell origin with several distinctive clinical, pathophysiologic, and molecular cytogenetic features [1]. It is an extremely rapidly growing tumor that is usually exquisitely sensitive to chemotherapy but in which drug-resistance can develop quickly. These kinetic features make prompt diagnosis and initiation of appropriate aggressive therapy essential in order to optimize the chances for cure of patients with this disease. We describe a patient with Burkitt 's lymphoma who presented initially with an endobronchial lesion, and who was erroneously diagnosed as having small cell lung carcinoma. Although non-Hodgkin's lymphomas of the airway have occasionally been reported, to our knowledge this is the first report of endobronchial Burkitt 's lymphoma.
CHANGING WATER CONTROL IN A TAIWANESE RICE‐FIELD IRRIGATION SYSTEM1

ABSTRACT In the early 1950's Taiwanese farmers using the Nan-hung Canal for irrigation learned that rice cultivation required less water than they had thought. After several features of their irrigation system were altered, they changed their water control methods as practiced during periods of low water supply and so allowed significant changes in cropping patterns during the first rice crop season. Previously, farmers whose fields took water from the end portion of the canal or of long ditches spent much more time and effort in bringing water to their fields and received less water than did farmers high in the system. The former thus could not allot as much land to wet rice as they wished. As a result of the changes, all users of the Nan-hung system now have enough water to raise rice on as much of their land as they desire. In addition, those who once expended considerable effort on water control activities now work only a little more than do farmers high in the system. Therefore, the location of a fie...
The Sources of Four Commonly Reported Cutoff Criteria What Did They Really Say

Everyone can recite methodological “urban legends” that were taught in graduate school, learned over the years through experience publishing, or perhaps just heard through the grapevine. In this article, the authors trace four widely cited and reported cutoff criteria to their (alleged) original sources to determine whether they really said what they are cited as having said about the cutoff criteria, and if not, what the original sources really said. The authors uncover partial truths in tracing the history of each cutoff criterion and in the end endorse a set of 12 specific guidelines for effective academic referencing provided by Harzing that, if adopted, should help prevent the further perpetuation of methodological urban legends.
Expression and localization of messenger RNA for tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNF-R) I and TNF-RII in pregnant mouse uterus and placenta

The temporal and cell-specific localization of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor mRNAs in the uterus and placenta during pregnancy in the mouse was investigated. Messenger RNA for TNF and the TNF receptors (TNF-RI, p55/p60 and TNF-RII, p75/p80) was assessed by northern blot andin situ hybridization. TNF, TNF-RI and TNF-RII specific transcripts were present on days 7 through 18 of pregnancy. Relative concentrations of TNF mRNA decreased from days 7 to 18 with levels being higher in the uterus than the placenta. In contrast TNF-RI mRNA levels were constant throughout gestation and no differences were seen between steady state levels in the uterus and placenta. Two transcripts for TNF-RII (3.6 and 4.5 kb) were identified in all tissues. Steady state levels of TNF-RII mRNA increased throughout gestation and levels were higher in the placenta than in the uterus. On day 9 of gestation, TNF-RI and TNF-RII mRNAs were localized to undecidualized endometrium, mesometrial decidual cells, and the developing placenta. In addition, muscle cells contained TNF-RI but not TNF-RII mRNA. By day 15 of gestation, TNF-RI and TNF-RII transcripts were primarily localized to the uterine epithelium and trophoblast giant cells and spongiotrophoblast cells in the placenta. The results of these studies reveal the uterine and placental cell-specific expression of TNF receptor mRNAs during pregnancy in the mouse and provide insight into the cellular targets of TNF action.
Respiratory metabolism of mosquitofish, Gambusia affinis: effects of temperature, dissolved oxygen, and sex difference

Routine respiratory metabolic rates of mosquitofish (∼0.2 g live weight) were determined at 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, and 35°C at normoxic, hypoxic (= 40 torr PO2), and extreme hypoxic (= 25 torr PO2) conditions. Rates generally increased with increases in temperature (overall Q10 = 2.11 at normoxia). Significant depressions (P<0.05) in rates were measured at 30 and 35°C at extreme hypoxic conditions. Males exhibited higher mortality at extreme hypoxia than females, especially at 35°C. Metabolic rates were significantly elevated at hyperoxic conditions (= 300 torr PO2) at 25 and 30°C, but not at 35°C. Resting routine rates of less-confined fish were determined at 20, 25, and 30°C at normoxia and were significantly lower than the routine rates at the same temperatures. Behavioral experiments showed that aquatic surface respiration is initiated by mosquitofish at ∼20–65 torr PO2 and is obligatory below 20 torr at 20° C. Overall, respiratory metabolic rates provide a quantitative metabolic basis from which predation rates of mosquitofish in various environments can be estimated.
The homestake scintillation detectors: A status report

We describe the 140 ton, 1200 m2sr Large-Area Scintillation Detector located underground at a depth of 4850 ft and the 0.8 km2 surface air shower array at the Homestake Mine. Half of the underground detector is currently operating. We discuss its performance and describe the monopole sensitivity of the LASD and the ability of the surface-underground telescope to detect cosmic point sources.
Review of beryllium and tungsten erosion behavior and universal modeling of plasma impurity effects observed in recent PISCES experiments

Although they have rather drastically different characteristics, currently beryllium and tungsten are both considered as candidate materials for plasma-facing components in the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER). The erosion behavior of these materials under steadystate deuterium plasma bombardment has recently been investigated using the PISCES-B Mod facility. Several effects of plasma impurities on the materials erosion behavior have been observed in these experiments. At elevated temperatures beryllium tends to be contaminated with carboncontaining plasma impurities, resulting in the deposition of carbonaceous films. These films shield beryllium from plasma bombardment and reduce erosion. In contrast, no sign of impurity deposition has been found with tungsten. However, the overall erosion behavior of tungsten is dictated by trace amounts of oxygen-containing impurities at energies below the sputtering threshold by deuterium. A universal materials balance model is presented to explain these impurity effects.
On the Environments of Tornadic and Nontornadic Mesocyclones

Abstract The authors investigated differences in the environments associated with tornadic and nontornadic mesocyclones are investigated using proximity soundings. Questions about the definition of proximity are raised. As the environments of severe storms with high spatial and temporal resolution are observed, the operational meaning of proximity becomes less clear. Thus the exploration of the proximity dataset is subject to certain caveats that are presented in some detail. Results from this relatively small proximity dataset support a recently developed conceptual model of the development and maintenance of low-level mesocyclones within supercells. Three regimes of low-level mesocyclonic behavior are predicted by the conceptual model: (i) low-level mesocyclones are slow to develop, if at all, (ii) low-level mesocyclones form quickly but are short lived, and (iii) low-level mesocyclones develop slowly but have the potential to persist for hours. The model suggests that a balance is needed between the mi...
Teaching cancer survivors how to search the Internet

The explosion of Web-based information has resulted in an overabundance of health information, making it difficult for consumers to decide how to proceed, where to go, and who to believe. Reliable information is available on the Web, but much misinformation is being posted as well. This paper discusses ten basic points to help consumers conduct good searches on the Internet to find accurate, reliable information about cancer.
How to select microscopy image similarity metrics

Comparisons of two microscopy images can be accomplished in many different ways. This paper presents a system that recommends appropriate similarity metrics for microscopy image comparisons based on biological application requirements. The motivation stems from the fact that task requirements can drive the automatic selection of a similarity metric. The suitability of a particular image similarity metric is modeled as the sensitivity and invariance of the metric to microscopy image content and the associated dynamic changes of this content.. In this paper, we describe a mathematical and experimental basis of an image similarity metric recommendation system. In this system, we build a database of sensitivity signatures, and query this reference database to retrieve a similarity metric based on given biological requirements. We illustrate a prototype recommendation system based on synthetic and measured images for spectral calibration and spatial registration applications.
Signaling at the Growth Cone: The Scientific Progeny of Cajal Meet in Madrid

Abstract I had the good fortune to behold for the first time that fantastic ending of the growing axon. In my sections of the spinal cord of the three day chick embryo, this ending appeared as a concentration of protoplasm of conical form, endowed with amoeboid movements. It could be compared with a living battering ram, soft and flexible, which advances, pushing aside mechanically the obstacles which it finds in its path, until it reaches the region of its peripheral termination. This curious terminal club, I christened the growth cone. Santiago Ramon y Cajal, Recollections of My Life
Diversity within the crowd

Though crowdsourcing holds great promise, many struggle with framing tasks and determining which members of the crowd should be recruited to obtain reliable output. In some cases, expert knowledge is desired but, given the time and cost constraints of the problem, may not be available. In this case, it would be beneficial to augment the expert input that is available with input from members of the general population. We believe that reduced reliance on experts will in some cases lead to acceptable performance while reducing cost and latency. In this work, we show that we are able to approach the performance of an expert group for an image labeling task, while reducing our reliance on experts by incorporating non-expert responses.
Prenatal administration of retinoic acid increases the trophoblastic insulin-like growth factor 2 protein expression in the nitrofen model of congenital diaphragmatic hernia

The high mortality rate in congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) is attributed to pulmonary hypoplasia (PH). Insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2) is an important regulator of fetal growth. The highest levels of IGF2 expression are found in the placenta, which are negatively regulated by decidual retinoid acid receptor alpha (RARα). It has been demonstrated that prenatal administration of retinoic acid (RA) suppresses decidual RARα expression. Previous studies have further shown that prenatal administration of RA can reverse PH in nitrofen-induced CDH model. In IGF2 knockout animals, low levels of IGF2 are associated with decreased placental growth and PH. We therefore hypothesized that nitrofen decreases trophoblastic IGF2 expression and prenatal administration of RA increases it through decidual RARα in the nitrofen-induced CDH model. Pregnant rats were exposed to either olive oil or nitrofen on day 9 of gestation (D9). RA was given intraperitoneally on D18, D19 and D20. Fetuses were harvested on D21 and divided into three groups: control, CDH and nitrofen+RA. Immunohistochemistry was performed to evaluate decidual RARα and trophoblastic IGF2 expression. Protein levels of IGF2 in serum, intra-amniotic fluid and left lungs were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Significant growth retardation of placenta and left lungs was observed in the CDH group compared to control and nitrofen+RA group. Markedly increased decidual RARα and decreased IGF2 immunoreactivity were found in the CDH group compared to control and nitrofen+RA group. Significantly decreased IGF2 protein levels were detected in serum, intra-amniotic fluid and left lungs in the CDH group compared to control and nitrofen+RA group. Our findings suggest that nitrofen may disturb trophoblastic IGF2 expression through decidual RARα resulting in retarded placental growth and PH in the nitrofen-induced CDH. Prenatal administration of RA may promote lung and placental growth by increasing trophoblastic IGF2 expression.
THYROID ABNORMALITIES IN TWENTY CHILDREN WITH TURNER SYNDROME

Hashimoto thyroiditis, Addison disease, and diabetes mellitus occurs with a greater than normal frequency among patients with Turner syndrome. Most studies demonstrating this have been of patients over 20 years old. Therefore, 20 pediatric patients with Turner syndrome were recalled to obtain subjective and objective data reflecting thyroid function. Thyroxine (T4) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) were measured in serum samples by radioimmunoassay, and the serum antithyroid antibody titer (Thab) obtained by the tanned red cell agglutination method. Hypothyroidism was diagnosed in the presence of a decreased T4 and an elevated TSH. Hashimoto thyroiditis was presumed when a hypothyroid patient had an elevated Thab. Ten patients with Turner syndrome had structural abnormalities of the X chromosome. Three were hypothyroid, four had elevated serum Thab titers, and one had a goiter and low T4 without other evidence of thyroid dysfunction. Ten patients with Turner syndrome did not have structural abnormality of the X chromosome. None of these were hypothyroid, although five were considered to be at risk by virtue of an elevated serum Thab. One of these had a goiter. The Thab titer was elevated in nine of 15 patients over 10 years old, but in only one of five under 10 years. The three hypothyroid patients were over 10 years of age. Screening of children with Turner syndrome for evidence of thyroid dysfunction is clearly indicated.
New iterative algorithm for the design of phase-only gratings

We present a new algorithm for the design of phase-only gratings. In general, a successful grating design will shape the relative intensities of the diffracted orders while simultaneously maximizing the light contained in the orders of interest. This iterative algorithm achieves both of these goals. Solutions typically have efficiencies of .90 to 1.00 and can be made arbitrarily close to the desired intensity profile. Convergence to a solution is quick for small numbers of orders (about 20) and the performance of the final solution is fairly independent of the starting point.
Unphosphorylated STAT5A stabilizes heterochromatin and suppresses tumor growth

Tumor suppressors known to date impede cancer growth by arresting the cell cycle or promoting apoptosis. Here we show that unphosphorylated human STAT5A functions as a tumor suppressor capable of repressing multiple oncogenes via heterochromatin formation. Unphosphorylated STAT5A binds to heterochromatin protein 1α (HP1α) and stabilizes heterochromatin. Expressing unphosphorylated STAT5A or HP1α inhibits colon cancer growth in mouse xenograft models. Transcriptome profiling shows that expressing an unphosphorylatable STAT5A has similar effects to overexpressing HP1α in global gene expression. Notably, the majority of the genes commonly repressed by unphosphorylated STAT5A and HP1α have been implicated in cancer development. Finally, down-regulation, somatic mutations, and deletions of STAT5 genes are found in certain human cancers. These results suggest that unphosphorylated STAT5A may epigenetically suppress tumor growth by promoting heterochromatin formation.
Biological races in humans

Races may exist in humans in a cultural sense, but biological concepts of race are needed to access their reality in a non-species-specific manner and to see if cultural categories correspond to biological categories within humans. Modern biological concepts of race can be implemented objectively with molecular genetic data through hypothesis-testing. Genetic data sets are used to see if biological races exist in humans and in our closest evolutionary relative, the chimpanzee. Using the two most commonly used biological concepts of race, chimpanzees are indeed subdivided into races but humans are not. Adaptive traits, such as skin color, have frequently been used to define races in humans, but such adaptive traits reflect the underlying environmental factor to which they are adaptive and not overall genetic differentiation, and different adaptive traits define discordant groups. There are no objective criteria for choosing one adaptive trait over another to define race. As a consequence, adaptive traits do not define races in humans. Much of the recent scientific literature on human evolution portrays human populations as separate branches on an evolutionary tree. A tree-like structure among humans has been falsified whenever tested, so this practice is scientifically indefensible. It is also socially irresponsible as these pictorial representations of human evolution have more impact on the general public than nuanced phrases in the text of a scientific paper. Humans have much genetic diversity, but the vast majority of this diversity reflects individual uniqueness and not race.
Is imprinting an appropriate model for human infant attachment

We generalized the results of animal imprinting studies to see if they predict the development of attachment in 28 polymatrically-reared, Kenyan Gusii infants, whose ages were 6 to 30 months. The hypotheses tested were: (1) there is a sensitive phase for attachment; (2) there is an association between age of infant attachment and developmental level, as well as between age of attachment and caregiving history.Our results provide evidence against a sensitive phase for attachment: infants throughout the age range of the sample showed shifts in attachments, and no particular epoch in the infant's caregiving history was found to be most important in predicting their first attachment figure. There was an association between age of attachment, and both developmental level, and caregiving history. Early attached infants had higher scores on the Bayley Mental Development Index and less maternal body contact than their age matched peers.We may conclude, therefore, that, so far as is at present known, the way in wh...
Master plan (strategic): Accredited Standards Committee X3—information processing systems

Abstract The X3 Strategic Plan is intended as a roadmap; to illuminate major stategic issues and recommend actions which should be taken for the continued health and effectiveness of the organization. Issue areas discussed include technology changes; improvements in the standards development process; and the relationship between X3 and ‘outside’ entities such as governments and consortia.
Transcription, processing and structure of chromatin in SV40-transformed cell.

Abstract In a 3T3 cell line transformed by SV40 (SVB209), which contains one copy of SV40 genome, the entire E strand of the viral genome is transcribed. However, half of the nuclear E strand transcript (in length) is transported into the cytoplasm. DNase I digestion experiment with SVB209 nuclei suggests that chromatin containing the entire length of SV40 DNA is structurally modified in favor of transcription.
Theory of spontaneous cell fusion. Sexuality in cell populations as an evolutionary stable strategy. Applications to immunology and cancer

Abstract It is argued that spontaneous fusion of cells in culture can be understood as a strategy of individual cells to counteract disadvantageous mutations. This explanation generates several predictions, suggested experiments, and a possible mutagen-carcinogen assay. The theory also implies that the standard method of measuring fusion rates (by means of media in which only hybrids can grow) will stimulate fusion and thus may grossly distort spontaneous fusion rates. Fusion and subsequent ploidy reducing divisions are the equivalent of sexual recombination. An appendix discusses implications for a general theory of sex. A second appendix discusses implications for the generation of millions of lymphocyte clones with different antigenic specificities from a small number of germ line genes. Cell fusions in vivo could function as a genetic repair mechanism and may play a role in cancer.
A method for sparse support vector regression

Support Vector Regression is a well established robust method for function estimation. The Support Vector Machine uses inner-product kernels between support vectors and the input vectors to transform the nonlinear classification and regressions problem to a linear version.function where the surface is approximated with a linear combination of the kernel function evaluated at the support vectors. In many applications, the number of these support vectors can be quite large which can increase the length of the prediction phase for large data sets. Here we study a technique for reducing the number of support vectors to achieve comparable function estimation accuracy. The method identifies support vectors that are close to the e-tube and uses them to approximate the function estimate of the original algorithm.© (2005) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A simple route to (tetraethynylcyclobutadiene)cyclopentadienylcobalt

Abstract Reaction of 2-(trimethylsilylethynyl)-1,3-dioxane with CpCo(CO)2 followed by reaction with Me4NF in and NaH furnishes 1,2- and [1,3-bis[2-dioxanyl]cyclobutadienecyclopentadienylcobalt in an overall combined yield of 95% in a 3.5:1 ratio. Metalation of the 1,2-complex or the 1,3-complex by BuLi is followed by formylation. Transformation of the resulting aldehyde into an alkyne by CH3CO(CN2)PO(OEt)2 and repetition of the reaction sequence furnishes the 1,2-diethynyl- or [1,3-diethynyl(2-dioxanyl)cyclobutadiene]cyclopentadienylcobalt. Deketalization and subsequent Ohira reaction transforms these precursors into a host of different tetraethynylated CpCo-stabilized cyclobutadienes. The synthetic method is solution-phase based and circumvents the cumbersome flash-vacuum pyrolysis step hitherto necessary for the preparation of tetraethynylated CpCo-stabilized cyclobutadiene complexes.
Accuracy of stereoscopic localization of small line segments that differ in size or orientation for the two eyes.

Abstract In order to examine the properties of the neural mechanism that is responsible for the detection of retinal disparity, measurements were made of the effects on stereoacuity of introducing differences in either the size or the orientation of small single line segments used as stimuli for the two eyes. When the stimuli differed in orientation by 90° for the two eyes a reduction in stereoacuity was observed as soon as the lines were made sufficiently long for their orientation to be judged nearly perfectly. As the lines were further increased in size the stereoacuity became progressively worse. Differences of a factor of three in the lengths of small vertical line stimuli resulted in no reduction of stereoacuity, but greater differences resulted in a progressive decline in stereoacuity. These results were taken as evidence that the neurones involved in the detection of retinal disparity in the human visual system are specifically sensitive to images that are both of a certain size and of a precise orientation. In contrast to the high degree of binocular similarity that is required for the accurate detection of small disparities, the ability to detect large disparities of 1/2° or more is unaffected by the presence of large differences in either the shape, size, or orientation of the disparate images.
Evaluation of vestibular function in young children

Together, these tests provide a full evaluation of vestibular function in infants and small children. If attention is paid to creating the appropriate testing environment, and interpretation of the tests takes into account the unique properties of the responses of infants and young children, this testing can provide a useful adjunct to audiometric evaluation in young children.
In vitro activity and pharmacodynamics of oral beta-lactam antibiotics against Streptococcus pneumoniae from southeast Missouri.

Study Objectives. To determine the frequency of reduced susceptibility to penicillin, and to compare the in vitro activity and pharmacodynamics of oral β-lactam antibiotics against clinical isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae from southeast Missouri. Setting. Cape Girardeau, Missouri (population 35,500). Interventions. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined for penicillin, amoxicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, cefprozil, cefuroxime, cefpodoxime, cefaclor, and loracarbef by E test for 108 isolates of S. pneumoniae. The MIC 50 , MIC 90 , and percentage susceptibility were calculated for each agent. Pharmacokinetic variables were obtained from the literature, and serum concentration-time profiles were simulated for a 25-kg child taking pediatric dosages commonly administered to treat otitis media. The average time above MIC (T > MIC) was calculated as percentage of the dosing interval using free concentrations and the MIC for each individual isolate. Analysis of variance (Scheffe post hoc test) was used to determine differences among agents for in vitro activity and T > MIC (level of significance, p MIC for amoxicillin and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, simulated at 13.3 mg/kg every 8 hours, was significantly longer than that for all other β-lactams. Conclusion. Amoxicillin and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid have superior in vitro activity and longer T > MIC for penicillin-intermediate isolates than the other oral β-lactams.
On simultaneous block-diagonalization of cyclic sequences of commuting matrices

We study simultaneous block-diagonalization of cyclic d-tuples of commuting matrices. Some application to ideal projectors are also presented. In particular, we extend Hans Stetter's theorem characterizing Lagrange projectors.
ENDOSCOPIC MANAGEMENT OF URETERAL STRICTURES

ABSTRACTPurpose: We investigated and defined the role of endourological methods in the treatment of patients with ureteral stricture.Materials and Methods: A literature search was performed of the MEDLINE data base from 1978 through August 1996 concerning endoscopic treatment of patients with ureteral strictures. Additional articles from before 1978 were also selectively included.Results: Many endourological methods are available to treat patients with ureteral strictures. Ureteral dilation via an antegrade or retrograde approach may be accomplished in most cases with varying rates of success depending on stricture etiology, location and length. Endoscopic ureterotomy may also lead to long-term patency in select cases and appears to be superior to dilation alone in patients with anastomotic ureteral structures. However, no randomized studies comparing endourological methods in the treatment of ureteral stricture disease were found.Conclusions: Significant advances in technique and technology have led to a...
Consistent dark matter interpretation for CoGeNT and DAMA/LIBRA

In this paper, we study the recent excess of low-energy events observed by the CoGeNT Collaboration and the annual modulation reported by the DAMA/LIBRA Collaboration, and discuss whether these signals could both be the result of the same elastically scattering dark matter particle. We find that, without channeling but when taking into account uncertainties in the relevant quenching factors, a dark matter candidate with a mass of approximately $7\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{GeV}$ and a cross section with nucleons of ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\mathrm{DM}\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{N}}\ensuremath{\sim}2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{pb}$ ($2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}40}\text{ }\text{ }{\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$) could account for both of these observations. We also comment on the events recently observed in the oxygen band of the CRESST experiment and point out that these could potentially be explained by such a particle. Lastly, we compare the region of parameter space favored by DAMA/LIBRA and CoGeNT to the constraints from XENON10, XENON100, and CDMS (Si) and find that these experiments cannot at this time rule out a dark matter interpretation of these signals.
Prostaglandin production by amnion and decidual cells in response to bacterial products.

Media from bacterial cultures have been tested for actions on prostaglandin biosynthesis by human amnion and decidual cells. The bacterial species, which are commonly associated with intrauterine infections, were Group B streptococcus, Escherichia coli, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Bacteroides fragilis, Gardnerella vaginalis, Neisseria gonorrhea, Mycoplasma hominis and Ureaplasma urealyticum. Overall, low doses of bacterial products were stimulatory of amnion prostaglandin production, whereas high doses were inhibitory. A similar pattern of results was obtained for effects on decidual prostaglandin production, although stimulatory actions at low doses were less pronounced. In all experiments interleukin 1 β consistently induced a stimulation of prostaglandin production that greatly exceeded that caused by any bacterial product. It is possible that the inhibitory action of high doses of bacterial products on prostaglandin biosynthesis may contribute to the poor course of labor experienced by women with chorioamnionitis. Furthermore, these data lend credence to the view that the host response to infection (i.e. cytokin secretion) is the major mediator of subsequent preterm labor.
Phase transitions in Ising systems of doubly degenerate four-level ions

Abstract An exchange-coupled Ising system of doubly degenerate four-level ions, with uniaxial crystal-field single-ion anisotropy, is investigated. Using the technique of thermodynamic Green functions the system free energy is calculated within the random-phase approximation (RPA). By consideration of an appropriate three-level system, previously analyzed by Capel, the RPA is shown to yield identical results to the Bragg-Williams molecular field approximation. Landau's theory of phase transitions is used to study regions of first and second order phase transitions. In contrast to the three-level system, it is found that the four-level system may have isolated continuous transitions occurring at nonzero magnetization.
Schedulability: Real-Time Tasks Scheduling in a Multiprocessor System

This research investigates the capability of a multiprocessor system in guaranteeing the execution of critical tasks and determines the cause of deadline failures. By implementing a real-time application using an INMOS transputer and Occam language, we were able to distribute required tasks among the processors and determine their CPUs usage. We evaluated the performance of the system in terms of the number of guaranteed critical and non-critical tasks, arrival rates, and conflicting deadlines.
The Ancestral Lords: Gender, Descent, and Spirits in a Northern Thai Village

The Ancestral Lords: Gender, Descent, and Spirits in a Northern Thai Village. MICHAEL R. RHUM. Center for Southeast Asian Studies Special Reports, 29. DeKalb: Northern Illinois University, Center for Southeast Asian Studies, 1994. vi + 202 pp., charts, diagrams, notes, appendix, glossary, bibliography.
Modeling Intrinsic Kinetics of Enzymatic Cellulose Hydrolysis

A multistep approach was taken to investigate the intrinsic kinetics of the cellulase enzyme complex as observed with hydrolysis of noncrystalline cellulose (NCC). In the first stage, published initial rate mechanistic models were built and critically evaluated for their performance in predicting time-course kinetics, using the data obtained from enzymatic hydrolysis experiments performed on two substrates: NCC and alpha-cellulose. In the second stage, assessment of the effect of reaction intermediates and products on intrinsic kinetics of enzymatic hydrolysis was performed using NCC hydrolysis experiments, isolating external factors such as mass transfer effects, physical properties of substrate, etc. In the final stage, a comprehensive intrinsic kinetics mechanism was proposed. From batch experiments using NCC, the time-course data on cellulose, cello-oligosaccharides (COS), cellobiose, and glucose were taken and used to estimate the parameters in the kinetic model. The model predictions of NCC, COS, cellobiose, and glucose profiles show a good agreement with experimental data generated from hydrolysis of different initial compositions of substrate (NCC supplemented with COS, cellobiose, and glucose). Finally, sensitivity analysis was performed on each model parameter; this analysis provides some insights into the yield of glucose in the enzymatic hydrolysis. The proposed intrinsic kinetic model parametrized for dilute cellulose systems forms a basis for modeling the complex enzymatic kinetics of cellulose hydrolysis in the presence of limiting factors offered by substrate and enzyme characteristics.
Voluntary Organizations and Advocacy: The Case of Housing for Older Americans

This article provides a brief overview of nonprofit organizations and advocacy that outlines the multiple forms that advocacy might take and introduces a conceptual frame work for understanding better the discursive attributes of advocacy. Housing opportunities for older people in the United States are then reviewed, focusing in particular on the role of nonprofit organizations. This brief historical review provides the context for a consideration of the ways in which nonprofits have advocated on behalf of elderly people, in debates about housing, looking in particular at representations made at the Select Committeeon Aging. Conclusions address matters relating to both housing in particular and the role of nonprofits in a more general view.
Risk for incident diabetes mellitus following initiation of second-generation antipsychotics among Medicaid-enrolled youths.

Importance Second-generation antipsychotics (SGAs) have increasingly been prescribed to Medicaid-enrolled children, either singly or in a medication combination. Although metabolic adverse effects have been linked to SGA use in youths, estimating the risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus, a rarer outcome, has been challenging. Objective To determine whether SGA initiation was associated with an increased risk for incident type 2 diabetes mellitus. Secondary analyses examined the risk associated with multiple-drug regimens, including stimulants and antidepressants, as well as individual SGAs. Design, Setting, and Participants Retrospective national cohort study of Medicaid-enrolled youths between January 2003 and December 2007. In this observational study using national Medicaid Analytic eXtract data files, initiators and noninitiators of SGAs were identified in each month. Included in this study were US youths aged 10 to 18 years with a mental health diagnosis and enrolled in a Medicaid fee-for-service arrangement during the study. Those with chronic steroid exposure, a diagnosis of diabetes mellitus, or SGA use during a 1-year look-back period were ineligible. The mean follow-up time for all participants was 17.2 months. Youths were followed up until diagnosis of diabetes mellitus or end of follow-up owing to censoring caused by the transition into a Medicaid managed care arrangement or Medicaid ineligibility (the end of available data). Propensity weights were developed to balance observed demographic and clinical characteristics between exposure groups. Discrete failure time models were fitted using weighted logistic regression to estimate the risk for incident diabetes mellitus between initiators and noninitiators. Exposure A filled SGA prescription. Main Outcomes and Measures Incident type 2 diabetes mellitus identified through visit and pharmacy claims during the observation period. Results Among 107 551 SGA initiators and 1 221 434 noninitiators, the risk for incident diabetes mellitus was increased among initiators (odds ratio [OR], 1.51; 95% CI, 1.35-1.69; P P = .002) but was not significantly different for SGA initiators who were concomitantly using stimulants. As compared with a reference group of risperidone initiators, the risk was higher among those initiating ziprasidone (OR, 1.61; 95% CI, 0.99-2.64; P = .06) and aripiprazole (OR, 1.58; 95% CI, 1.21-2.07; P = .001) but not quetiapine fumarate or olanzapine. Conclusions and Relevance The risk for incident type 2 diabetes mellitus was increased among youths initiating SGAs and was highest in those concomitantly using antidepressants. Compared with risperidone, newer antipsychotics were not associated with decreased risk.
International migration and labor force participation of married women.

A focal issue in international immigration research has been immigration adaptation and assimilation and especially absorption and integration of immigrants into labor force roles. Nevertheless, such research has largely been focused on immigrant men, neglecting the systematic examination of labor force participation among immigrant women. This research is focused on the correlates of economic activity among immigrant and native born Jewish, urban, married females aged 18–54 in Israel. The specific objectives of the investigation are: (1) the impact of education, socioeconomic status, familial child care burdens, and ethnic background on the economic activity of native-born and immigrant, married women; and (2) to evaluate the extent to which the above patterns vary by veterancy and age. The data for this analysis are drawn from Israel's quarterly labor force survey of 6,000 families for 1970 and 1971. Education, socioeconomic status, ethnic origin, and child care burden were all found to have some effect on women's labor force participation; however, the pattern of effect was different for younger and older women and varied by veterancy status. Indications can be found in the data that age at immigration, or in other words the point in the women's life cycle at which immigration occurs, makes a difference in the type and strength of effect of immigration on labor force participation.
Creating Collaboration Opportunity: Designing the Physical Workplace to Promote High-Tech Team Communication

Despite the increasing use of electronically mediated communication when team members are not collocated, research continues to underline the importance of face-to-face (F2F) communication for the successful accomplishment of complex team tasks. Although a crucial aspect of F2F communication is the physical proximity of participants, studies that have explored the relationship between the design of the physical workplace and F2F communication have produced conflicting findings. The results of this field study conducted at two R&D sites of a large Midwestern U.S. pharmaceutical company suggest that the typical space planning solution of simply moving people from closed offices to open cubicles does not, in and of itself, increase F2F communication. We found that the visibility of the work environment and the amount of collaboration opportunity, defined as formal and informal space available for meetings and collaboration, are related to F2F communication. The implications of our findings for theory, future research, and management practice are discussed.
Recurrence of anti-glomerular basement membrane antibody mediated glomerulonephritis in an isograft.

Abstract A renal isograft was performed without immunosuppression in a patient with Goodpasture's syndrome, whose anti-glomerular basement membrane (GBM) antibody titer by radioimmunoassay had been undetectable for more than 1 year. Within 2 weeks of the transplant hematuria and proteinuria were noted, and 5 months post-transplant renal biopsy showed linear IgG deposits in glomerular basement membrane and the anti-GBM antibody titer rose. Treatment with steroids, azathioprine, and plasmapheresis was instituted. The glomerular filtration rate has remained normal, and the anti-GBM antibody titer fell and has remained undetectable. Follow-up is now more than 3 years. The data suggest that reintroduction of renal tissue stimulated reappearance of anti-GBM antibody.