cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fabrication and analysis of optoelectronic integrated circuits with one selective area growth

We report our recent development of a fabrication method for monolithic semiconductor waveguided optoelectronic integrated circuits (OEICs) using selective area epitaxy. Selective-area growth (SAG) may can produce an energy band gap variation in the waveguide structure within the same wafer. Therefore, devices such as amplifiers, modulators, and splitters that require different energy band gaps for the same operating wavelength may be fabricated monolithically to avoid the high cost and the signal degradation associated with the hybrid integration. However, epitaxial regrowth is still used in most SAG device fabrication. To further lower the cost and simplify the OEICs fabrication, we proposed a one growth and one waveguide fabrication method. This method requires a single metal-organic-chemical-vapor-deposition (MOCVD) growth of the whole InGaAsP multiple quantum well-waveguide core and InP bottom and top cladding layers on an InP substrate masked by parallel SiO 2 strips. A localized shift of the band gap, that is induced by variations in epilayer thickness and composition, can be controlled by varying the width of the SiO 2 strips and the gap between the strips. We have developed a special waveguide device processing technique for this type of non-uniform SAG materials. The challenge is to obtain the right energy bandgaps, right quantum well widths, right p-i-n electric fields in different waveguide device sections, and maintaining appropriate optical mode profile when the waveguides pass through the layer thickness and composition variations as well as bending curvatures. For the devices discussed here, extensive optical, electrical, and SEM characterizations have been performed to optimize the structure design and processing parameters. A few combinations of integrated waveguide splitters, modulators, and amplifiers have been designed and fabricated. Preliminary device testing has been performed.
Cardiac Surgery for Chronic Renal Dialysis Patients

Twenty-two open-heart operations have been performed on 21 patients receiving chronic renal dialysis. These cases include 16 aortocoronary bypasses and six valve replacements. The average time on dialysis prior to surgery was 26 months; 18 of 21 patients were in NYHA grade 3 or 4. Twenty-seven postoperative complications occurred, with six requiring further surgery and 21 treated nonsurgically. Two perioperative deaths occurred, both due to sepsis. Long-term follow-up was achieved on all hospital survivors. Ten patients remain alive with a mean follow-up of 21 months. At a mean of 16.5 months after surgery, nine deaths occurred, with only two due to known cardiac problems. In summary, indicated cardiac surgery can be performed on chronic renal dialysis patients with a reasonable morbidity and mortality; however, the long-term survival of our patients has not been assured by a successful cardiac operation.
Resistance to Benzimidazole and Dicarboximide Fungicides in Greenhouse Isolates of Botrytis cinerea

ABSTRACT In 1996 and 1997, 325 isolates of Botrytis cinerea were collected from 35 commercial greenhouses growing ornamental crops in South Carolina to determine the incidence of resistance to benzimidazole and dicarboximide fungicides. Conidium germination was assessed on a defined agar medium amended with either thiophanate-methyl (a benzimidazole) or vinclozolin (a di-carboximide). A total of 53 representative isolates were evaluated further for conidium germination and mycelium growth on fungicide-amended medium and for infection of geranium seedlings treated with thiophanate-methyl or vinclozolin at label rates. Isolates were considered sensitive to thiophanate-methyl or vinclozolin when the effective concentration of the fungicide active ingredient resulting in 50% inhibition of germination (EC50-germ) was ≤5 μg/ml or when the effective concentration of fungicide active ingredient resulting in 50% inhibition of mycelium growth (EC50-growth) was ≤1 μg/ml. Of all isolates, 81% (262/325) were resistant...
Tomographic reconstruction of band-limited hermite expansions

In this work, we investigate the parallel-beam projection and reconstruction of band-limited Hermite expansions. Using a recently developed coordinate conversion technique, we show how the Fourier slice theorem can be directly applied. In our new approach, we do not introduce a non-integrable filter that appears in the filtered backprojection method. Since a projection of a 2D band-limited Hermite expansion is a 1D band-limited Hermite expansion and the coordinate conversion technique is lossless with this special expansion, we can avoid a series of approximations that the classical tomography techniques make.
Correlates of Adjustment Among American Indians in an Urban Environment

Partly by choice and partly by necessity, Indians have heretofore tended to remain within or near the boundaries of their reservation. Since World War II, however, and most particularly in the decade just closed, an increasing number of persons are emerging from reservations1 seeking to establish themselves in the larger society.2 Participation in the military forces during and subsequent to World War II has helped stimulate this movement. In addition to whatever attractive power the city may have for the Indian, other factors contributing to the movement include: 1) an increasing level of education among Indians, 2) rapid growth of reservation populations3 coupled with, 3) poor economic conditions and limited opportunities on or near reservations.4 The process of emergence has been accelerated in the past ten years by the Employment Assistance Program5 of the Bureau of Indian Affairs6 which relocates individuals and families who voluntarily choose to move from reservation to urban centers. The program in...
An HP-Adaptive Finite Element Model for Convective Heat Transfer in an Attic Space

An hp-adaptive finite element algorithm is used to simulate heat transfer within attic spaces driven by buoyancy forces. The element size (h-) and shape function order (p-) are dynamically controlled by an a-posteriori error estimator based on the L2 norm. A three-step process is used to solve the system of equations. The hp-adaptive algorithm is validated using natural convection heat transfer within a differentially heated enclosure. Application of the model is used to simulate heat transfer within attic spaces subjected to natural convection for Rayleigh numbers ranging from 7.1×102 to 7.1×105 . Attic aspect ratios range from 0.2 to 1.0. Heat transfer rates typical of summer days in Las Vegas are considered: roofs (inclined surfaces) of attics are hot; bases (bottom surfaces) are cold and vertical walls are insulated. Results are compared with data in literature when possible; good agreement is generally observed.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
A technique for measuring CO2 and water vapor profiles within and above plant canopies over short periods

Abstract A multiport air sampling apparatus was developed to measure vertical profiles of CO2 and water vapor concentrations within and above the plant canopy over time intervals of as short as 5 min. Air is drawn continuously from six heights through tubings of equal length and diameter, each connected to a three-way solenoid valve. Flow through five of the six intake lines is driven by a large purge pump while the air from the selected sampling height is drawn by a small sample pump and pushed through an infrared gas analyzer (IRGA) for the simultaneous measurements of CO2 and water vapor concentrations. A data logger controls the solenoid valves and switches the air from each height sequentially through the IRGA. The internal volume of the apparatus is minimized to ensure a fast response in IRGA output when the sample air switches from one height to another. The response was shown to be essentially complete within 2 s or less. By delaying signal recording for 2 s after switching, one cycle of sequential measurements over the six heights is completed in 1 min, and 5 min mean profiles are obtained as the mean of five 8 s measurement periods spaced 1 min apart for each height. The short interval between each measurement period is essential when the scalar concentrations fluctuate or change rapidly. We compared the water vapor pressure within the upper part of a cotton canopy measured with our apparatus, with that measured by a precision, shielded and ventilated psychrometer made of platinum resistance thermometers. The results showed excellent agreement over the daily cycle between the two instruments for the 30-min mean data, and very good agreement for the 5-min mean data, showing coincidence of nearly all the 5-min peaks and troughs between the two methods. Sample diurnal patterns measured by the apparatus over a maize field spanning two consecutive days with contrasting wind speeds are given. The delay of nearly 2 s in response is mostly due to the internal volume of the apparatus. Taking the time required to clear this volume upon switching to a new port into account, it is possible to make CO2 measurements of slightly reduced accuracy at a rate of 1 s per port. The potential use of the apparatus for measuring at several heights over very short time intervals (in terms of seconds) is discussed in the context of the requirements for studying coherent turbulence structures and calculating the storage term in CO2 flux determinations.
Validation of reliability computational models using Bayes networks

This paper proposes a methodology based on Bayesian statistics to assess the validity of reliability computational models when full-scale testing is not possible. Sub-module validation results are used to derive a validation measure for the overall reliability estimate. Bayes networks are used for the propagation and updating of validation information from the sub-modules to the overall model prediction. The methodology includes uncertainty in the experimental measurement, and the posterior and prior distributions of the model output are used to compute a validation metric based on Bayesian hypothesis testing. Validation of a reliability prediction model for an engine blade under high-cycle fatigue is illustrated using the proposed methodology.
Acute-on-chronic effects of fatty acids on intestinal triacylglycerol-rich lipoprotein metabolism.

Postprandial triacylglycerol (TAG) metabolism is an important metabolic state that has been associated with cardiovascular disease. The magnitude of the postprandial TAG response is determined by dietary fat composition, which alters intestinal and hepatic TAG-rich lipoprotein (TRL) metabolism. Caco-2 cell monolayers are morphologically and physiologically similar to the human intestinal enterocytes, hence they are a good model to study intestinal lipoprotein metabolism. To date only the acute effect of fatty acid composition on intestinal TRL metabolism in Caco-2 cells has been investigated. Little is known of the effect of habitual, or chronic, dietary fat composition on intestinal TRL metabolism. Using the Caco-2 cell model, the present study investigated the acute-on-chronic effect of fatty acid composition on TRL metabolism. Caco-2 cells were grown in the presence of 0.05 mm-palmitic acid (PA; 16 : 0), -oleic acid (OA; 18 : 1n-9),-eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20 : 5n-3) or no fatty acid (control) for 19 d, then one of four acute treatments (control (bovine serum albumin (BSA; 5 g/l)) or BSA (5 g/l) plus 0.5 mm-PA, -OA or -EPA) were administered for 22 h. Significant acutexchronic interactions for the effect of fatty acid composition on cellular TAG:secreted de novo TAG, and cellular de novo TAG:de novo phospholipid were observed. Thus the effect of a fatty acid was determined by the duration of exposure to the fatty acid intervention. Acute PA treatment increased de novo TAG synthesis, but chronic PA supplementation did not. Acute and chronic OA treatments increased de novo TAG secretion. For EPA, chronic supplementation had the greatest effect on TAG synthesis and secretion. The acute-on-chronic effects of fatty acids on apolipoprotein B metabolism were relatively minor compared with the changes noted for TRL lipid composition. The present study shows that the Caco-2 cell model is valuable for studying intestinal TRL metabolism and that fatty acids modulate this process, the nature of which can be determined by the length of exposure of the cell to the fatty acid.
Aesthetics and Audiovisual Metaphors in Media Perception

In her paper, "Aesthetics and Audiovisual Metaphors in Media Perception," Kathrin Fahlenbrach presents a model of audiovisual analysis where focus is on audiovisual aesthetics perceived physically and affectively. Fahlenbrach starts out from the assumption that image and sound are inseparable in audiovisual media and must be treated as a unit, a "synchresis" (Chion). Fahlenbrach proposes that only this premise is able to cover the pre-consciously perceived elements sufficiently, namely the sensorial and affective structures of audiovisual aesthetics. Fahlenbrach articulates some aspects for an audiovisual aesthetics that concentrate on the interfaces between audiovisual perception and audiovisual design and employs to this end the Aristotelian concept of aisthesis. Following the theory of cognitive metaphors (Lakoff and Johnson), Fahlenbrach assumes that audiovisual codes and signs always rely fundamentally on schemata of physical and affective experience. Following George Lakoff and Mark Johnson, Fahlenbrach regards the mapping of physical schemata onto acoustic, visual, and, respectively, audiovisual elements in the media as a metaphorical process. Drawing on an example of film sound, she explains how filmmakers project acoustic qualities onto visual Gestalt patterns and thereby construct audiovisual metaphors that we recognize immediately and long before we reflect on them, that is, they activate meanings that rely on basic experiences of our body. Kathrin Fahlenbrach, "Aesthetics and Audiovisual Metaphors in Media Perception" page 2 of 9 CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture 7.4 (2005):
Genome-scale analysis of anti-metabolite directed strain engineering

Classic strain engineering methods have previously been limited by the low-throughput of conventional sequencing technology. Here, we applied a new genomics technology, scalar analysis of library enrichments (SCALEs), to measure >3 million Escherichia coli genomic library clone enrichment patterns resulting from growth selections employing three aspartic-acid anti-metabolites. Our objective was to assess the extent to which access to genome-scale enrichment patterns would provide strain-engineering insights not reasonably accessible through the use of conventional sequencing. We determined that the SCALEs method identified a surprisingly large range of anti-metabolite tolerance regions (423, 865, or 909 regions for each of the three anti-metabolites) when compared to the number of regions (1-3 regions) indicated by conventional sequencing. Genome-scale methods uniquely enable the calculation of clone fitness values by providing concentration data for all clones within a genomic library before and after a period of selection. We observed that clone fitness values differ substantially from clone concentration values and that this is due to differences in overall clone fitness distributions for each selection. Finally, we show that many of the clones of highest fitness overlapped across all selections, suggesting that inhibition of aspartate metabolism, as opposed to specific inhibited enzymes, dominated each selection. Our follow up studies confirmed our observed growth phenotypes and showed that intracellular amino-acid levels were also altered in several of the identified clones. These results demonstrate that genome-scale methods, such as SCALEs, can be used to dramatically improve understanding of classic strain engineering approaches.
The Discovery of Spectral Opponency in Visual Systems and its Impact on Understanding the Neurobiology of Color Vision

The two principal theories of color vision that emerged in the nineteenth century offered alternative ideas about the nature of the biological mechanisms that underlie the percepts of color. One, the Young-Helmholtz theory, proposed that the visual system contained three component mechanisms whose individual activations were linked to the perception of three principal hues; the other, the Hering theory, assumed there were three underlying mechanisms, each comprising a linked opponency that supported contrasting and mutually exclusive color percepts. These competing conceptions remained effectively untested until the middle of the twentieth century when single-unit electrophysiology emerged as a tool allowing a direct examination of links between spectral stimulation of the eye and responses of individual cells in visual systems. This approach revealed that the visual systems of animals known to have color vision contain cells that respond in a spectrally-opponent manner, firing to some wavelengths of stimulation and inhibiting to others. The discovery of spectral opponency, and the research it stimulated, changed irrevocably our understanding of the biology of color vision.
Effect of a hydraulic jet prophylaxis system on composites

Because air-powered devices that remove surface stain from teeth are commercially available, recent literature concerning the effect of the hydraulic jet prophylaxis system on oral tissues and restorative materials was reviewed. A study designed to compare the volume loss by different types of composites abraded by this system revealed a relatively high rate of abrasion for the small-particle composite compared with composites containing larger filler particles.
Regulation of development time and hatch synchronization in Black Brant (Branta bernicla nigricans)

Summary 1Eggs of precocial bird clutches hatch more synchronously than they are laid. The widely accepted hypothesis to explain hatching synchrony has been that vocalizations from earlier laid embryos accelerate development of later laid embryos. The relationship between position in the laying sequence (hereafter PILS) and time to hatching was investigated in Black Brant (Branta bernicla nigricans L.; hereafter brant). Factors associated with variation in incubation duration were also examined. 2Experimental clutches comprising eggs laid on the same day from the same PILS were assembled to eliminate the effects of earlier laid eggs on those laid later. This experiment allowed us to examine developmental time in clutches without the effects of interactions between eggs laid earlier in the sequence and those laid later. In a separate experiment, clutches were manipulated so that the full complement of laying sequences was maintained in each clutch, but each egg originated from a different female. This experiment allowed us to separate the influences of genetic-maternal effects from the influence of nest environment and incubation behaviour. Developmental time was also monitored in a set of clutches that were unmanipulated. 3Metabolic rates of eggs from each PILS were measured at mid-incubation and the day before hatch for both experimental and control nests. By measuring metabolic rates, it was possible to examine changes in metabolic rates of embryos as hatch approaches, which may be another mechanism to synchronize hatch. 4No difference was detected in incubation period between control and manipulated clutches. There was a steady decline in incubation period from first to last laid eggs independent of the clutch type. Fifth laid eggs required >3 days less to hatch than those laid first. These data suggest that sounds produced by brood mates and/or female incubation patterns are not the principal mechanisms for hatching synchrony. Both genetic and host mothers influenced overall developmental time, indicating that genetic-maternal effects and incubation behaviour and nest environment also influenced developmental time. 5Embryonic metabolic rate was negatively correlated with number of days before hatch, but there was not a positive relationship between PILS and metabolic rate. Our findings show that embryonic metabolic rate may affect development more than vocalizations between brood members in synchronizing hatch.
Generalizability of in-shoe peak pressure measures using the F-scan system

Abstract In-shoe pressure analysis can be useful in the management of a variety of foot and ankle problems, but guidelines are needed to determine the practical limitations of the measures. The primary purpose of this study was to determine the reliability of peak plantar pressures taken with the F-Scan system over multiple steps, sensors, and days, and using a force platform for additional calibration. Data were collected on 10 healthy subjects as they walked across a force platform for a minimum of three trials on four separate sessions that were 1 week apart. Using a mean of three steps with a single sensor on 1 day, generalizability coefficients were 0.75 for manufacturer calibration and 0.82 with force platform calibration; reliability coefficients for absolute decisions (index of dependability) were 0.60 for manufacturer calibration and 0.76 with force platform calibration. Force measures from the F-Scan and force platform were highly correlated (r = 0.93), but the absolute difference between the measures varied between sensors and over time.
Spectrophotometric determination of iron with bis(2-hydroxymethyl-5-hydroxy-4-pyrone-6)ketone

A method has been developed for the direct spectrophotometric determination of iron by using the reddish-orange coloured complex formed in the interaction of iron with bis(2-hydroxymethyl-5-hydroxy-4-pyrone-6)ketone. The red colour follows Beer's Law and is stable. The method is sensitive, reproducible and accurate. Of the several anions and cations studied, only a few interfered seriously in the determination of iron. However, the ones that do interfere seriously can be separated by conventional methods of separation.
Assisted storytelling: Deploying shared knowledge as a practical matter

Previous studies have shown that storytelling in conversation consists of more than a speaker producing an extended narrative. Stories issue from the concerted action of storyteller and story recipients. The current study identifies features of storytelling found when some participants share knowledge of the source events for the story. Practices for assisting story initiation are described. Through these practices participants arrange who will deliver the story and concomitantly establish the other participant as a story consociate and thereby as a possible co-teller. Practices for assisting the delivery of a story are then described. A set of story entry devices is identified, and these devices are shown to provide occasions for changing tellers in the course of a story. Repeated use of these devices can provided repeated opportunities for re-arranging who will continue the story, thus producing the possibility of a collaboratively told story. The report ends with a discussion of assisted story reception. Assisted storytelling is shown to be a systematic elaboration of storytelling organization with opportunities for a story consociate to participate in both the delivery and reception of the story from the story preface, throughout the story, and into the final reception by story recipients.
Secretory transport in Plasmodium

The asexual blood stage of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum resides within the mature erythrocyte - a cell that has no intracellular organelles and few biosynthetic activities. However, Plasmodium, as on actively growing and dividing cell, has numerous requirements for the uptake o f nutrients and expulsion of waste. Hence, the parasite must extensively remodel the erythrocyte to facilitate its survival, not only by exporting numerous proteins, but also by providing the requisite machinery for their .trafficking. In this review, Heidi Elmendorf and Kastun Haldar propose a model for secretion in P. falciparum.
Outcome of anorexia nervosa related to treatment utilizing an adolescent medicine approach

The scientific literature suggests that outcome for adolescents with eating disorders bears little relation to the type of treatment used. Practitioners of adolescent medicine care for adolescents with eating disorders and have reported outcome in three studies, to which a fourth is added in this paper. This new sample of 34 adolescents represents consecutive admissions to an inpatient adolescent medicine unit who were then followed as outpatients by the same interdisciplinary treatment team. An average of more than 5 years after hospitalization, the group had a mean weight of 97.9% of normal and 94% were menstruating (87.5% regularly). Depending on the outcome criteria used, between one-half and two-thirds of the subjects had an excellent to good outcome, with only about 10% of subjects symptomatic at follow-up. Comparing the most recent cohort of 34 adolescents (Group II) with the older cohort of 49 subjects (Group I) reveals a trend toward behaviors associated with bulimia more commonly on entering treatment. These encouraging results suggest that adolescent medicine may offer a complementary approach to traditional methods for adolescents with eating disorders.
Mechanism and vitalism: A reappraisal

(1968). Mechanism and vitalism: A reappraisal. Pacific Philosophy Forum: Vol. 6, No. 3, pp. 57-68.
Interactive Surface Display System Of Three Dimensional Object

Three dimensional surface reconstruction and visualization are well recognized to be useful in the area of pre-operative surgical planning and radiation treatment therapy planning. This function has been integrated into the capabilities of the comprehensive PACS system of the Harbor-UCLA Diagnostic Imaging Center. This paper describes how the user can transfer and view CT or MR images from the scanners on the radiation treatment node thru SYNERCOM* or microwave. Afterwards, an interactive segmentation algorithm is used to isolate an arbitrary region of interest and gray level thresholding is applied to generate an intermediate bin'ary image. A ray tracing algorithm is used for visible surface formation and a shading value is then calculated. Different views of the object can be generated by interactive manipulation of the rotational angles. The final 256 x 256 images are shown in cine-mode on a color Deanza 5512 system.
An analysis of the microstructure of rapidly solidified Al-8 wt pct Fe powder

Rapidly solidified powders of Al-8 wt pct Fe exhibit four distinct microstructures with increasing particle diameter in the size range of 5 μm to 45 μm: microcellular α-Al; cellular α-Al; a-Al + Al6Fe eutectic; and Al3Fe primary intermetallic structure. Small powder particles (~10 μm or less) undercool significantly prior to solidification and typically exhibit a two-zone microcellular-cellular structure in individual powder particles. In the two-zone microstructure, there is a transition from solidification dominated by internal heat flow during recalescence with high growth rates (microcellular) to solidification dominated by external heat flow and slower growth rates (cellular). The origin of the two-zone microstructure from an initially cellular or dendritic structure is interpreted on the basis of growth controlled primarily by solute redistribution. Larger particles experience little or no initial undercooling prior to solidification and do not exhibit the two-zone structure. The larger particles contain cellular, eutectic, or primary intermetallic structures that are consistent with growth rates controlled by heat extraction through the particle surface (external heat flow).
Overcoming challenges: life with an ostomy

Abstract Background Studies have demonstrated decreased health-related quality of life in patients with stomas. Methods Using US Department of Veterans Affairs electronic medical records, veterans with stomas were surveyed using the City of Hope Quality of Life–Ostomy questionnaire. Focus groups were conducted segregated by type of stoma (ileostomy vs colostomy) and quality-of-life score (high vs low). Qualitative analysis was performed on the basis of the City of Hope Quality of Life for Ostomates format of health-related quality of life (physical, psychological, social, and spiritual). The findings of the colostomy focus groups are reported. Results Two new domains emerged: colostomy specific and health care specific. The most common domains discussed were colostomy specific, psychological, and social. The most frequently discussed colostomy-specific theme was effective and ineffective solutions to colostomy care. Family and spousal relationships were the main theme from the psychological category. The predominant social issue was sexual relationships. Conclusions Awareness of patients' social, psychological, and medical status allows surgeons to identify those likely to have problems and devote resources to those veterans.
Central cholinergic regulation of respiration: nicotinic receptors.

Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are expressed in brainstem and spinal cord regions involved in the control of breathing. These receptors mediate central cholinergic regulation of respiration and effects of the exogenous ligand nicotine on respiratory pattern. Activation of α4* nAChRs in the preBotzinger Complex (preBotC), an essential site for normal respiratory rhythm generation in mammals, modulates excitatory glutamatergic neurotransmission and depolarizes preBotC inspiratory neurons, leading to increases in respiratory frequency. nAChRs are also present in motor nuclei innervating respiratory muscles. Activation of post- and/or extra-synaptic α4* nAChRs on hypoglossal (XII) motoneurons depolarizes these neurons, potentiating tonic and respiratory-related rhythmic activity. As perinatal nicotine exposure may contribute to the pathogenesis of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), we discuss the effects of perinatal nicotine exposure on development of the cholinergic and other neurotransmitter systems involved in control of breathing. Advances in understanding of the mechanisms underlying central cholinergic/nicotinic modulation of respiration provide a pharmacological basis for exploiting nAChRs as therapeutic targets for neurological disorders related to neural control of breathing such as sleep apnea and SIDS.
Effects of nest site concealment on hatching success, reproductive success, and paternal behavior of the threespine stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus

Male sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus) actively competed for a limited number of clay flowerpots as nest sites in circular wading pools. Males nesting in pots spawned earlier and more often, had higher mean and lower variance for hatching success (number of fry per gram of estimated clutch weight), and suffered fewer stolen fertilizations, nest raids, and territorial encounters than did males nesting outside pots, and in pools without pots (Table 2). Males nesting in pots had the more even temporal distribution of fanning bouts and interfanning intervals; the durations of fanning bouts and interfanning intervals were less variable for these males (Table 2). In replicate aquaria, one male nested on each side of a glass partition and both males spawned approximately simultaneously. Flowerpots were provided to one, both, or neither male. Males with pots had higher mean hatching success, fewer territorial encounters, and the more even temporal distribution of fanning bouts and interfanning intervals (Table 4). Thus it appears that nest site concealment, in the form of clay flowerpots, affected male hatching success, reproductive success, and parental behavior, even when physical contact between males was prevented. These data suggest that a causal relationship may exist between the paternal fanning regime and the subsequent hatching success. Furthermore, these data suggest that males which nest in high concealment increase their reproductive success, and that females which spawn with these males reduce the variance of their hatching success as well as increase their mean hatching success.
Satiable egg eating predators

Abstract A model is constructed of a satiable, egg eating predator and a self-limiting, egg-laying prey. As the level of predator satiability and efficiency increases, the response changes from predator extinction and prey survival to the stable coexistence of both species, then to a stable predator-prey cycle through a Hopf bifurcation, and finally to a distorted cycle of extreme predator variation. All calculations have been carried out by computer routines, and the portraits of the population orbits have been done by computer graphics.
Effect of oxygen on the response of a constant-current 63Ni electron-capture detector

Abstract A constant-current electron-capture detector (ECD) with a 63 Ni ionization cell has been used in a study of the effect of oxygen in nitrogen carrier gas on its response to several compounds. Because of the greatly increased linear dynamic range and the high temperature capabilities of this instrument, oxygen contamination of the carrier gas was found to be much less harmful to the chromatogram baseline than had been previously reported for earlier ECD models. Measurements of the changes in the molar responses of several compounds caused by the addition of up to 2000 ppm of oxygen to the nitrogen carrier gas have been made. For the chlorinated hydrocarbons studied, an effect of oxygen on their molar responses was observed only with the highest oxygen dopings. Anthracene behaved differently, showing an increased molar response at very low levels of oxygen doping. These results suggest that constant-current ECD analyses of polynuclear aromatics may be very sensitive to uncontrolled oxygen contamination of carrier gas, while those of halocarbons will not. For 1-chlorobutane a greatly enhnaced response factor is caused by doping of the carrier gas with large amounts of oxygen. As this effect is observed at high detector temperatures where the baseline frequency is only moderately impared by oxygen, oxygen doping is suggested as a means of improving the ECD sensitivity to molecules that have only one or a few halogen atoms. Two reaction mechanisms are proposed to account for the oxygen effects observed.
Simultaneous Measurement of Desaturase Activities Using Stable Isotope Tracers or a Nontracer Method

Abstract We report here methods for simultaneous determination of in vitro desaturase activities using stable isotope tracers or using a nontracer method in place of radiotracers. Rat microsomal Δ 6 - and Δ 9 -desaturase activities were assayed using standard incubationmedium by monitoring the increase in product dueto the reactions [U- 13 C]18:2 n -6 → [U- 13 C]18:3 n -6 or [U- 13 C]16:0 → [U- 13 C]16:1 n -7, respectively. The stable isotope measurements were made by high-precision gas chromatography–combustion isotope ratio mass spectrometry. Reaction-dependent changes in product or substrate concentrations were also monitored quantitatively by conventional capillary gas chromatography with flame-ionization detection. Desaturase activities calculated from these data are consistent with tracer results. Microsomal Δ 5 -desaturase activity was monitored by quantifying the decrease in unlabeled substrate mass using the reaction 20:3 n -6 → 20:4 n -6. All activities showed the expected dependencies on time, temperature, pH, and microsome and substrate concentrations and were well within the range of published activities. Activities in brain, liver, kidney, and heart microsome preparations measured with either labeled or nonlabeled substrate were not significantly different, but were highly significantly different from organ to organ. These methods demonstrate a means to measure desaturase activities conveniently without radiotracers and for reactions involving substrates which are not available in labeled form.
Pulmonary function in firefighters: A six‐year follow‐up in the boston fire department

Tests of ventilatory capacity, objective cough, and standardized respiratory questionnaires were used in a prospective study to measure the effect of firefighting on pulmonary function in a cohort of 951 white Boston firefighters between 1970-1976. During the six years of follow-up, the mean annual decrements in forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) and forced vital capacity (FVC) were 36 and 29 ml per year, respectively. At the end of the study in 1976, the mean FEV1 for this group was 98.3% of the level predicted for healthy nonsmoking adults, while the FVC was 97.8%. Current cigarette smoking was associated with an increased prevalence of bronchitis, a loose cough, reduced levels of FEV1 and FVC, and increased longitudinal changes in FEV1 and FVC. The longitudinal changes and current levels of FEV1 and FVC were not correlated with any index of firefighting exposure in active firefighters. Increased use of protective respiratory apparatus and previously described selection effects within the Boston Fire Department appear to be protecting this group of firefighters from long-term effects of smoke exposure as measured by these techniques.
Prospective, Randomized, Controlled Clinical Trial of a Novel Matrix Hemostatic Sealant in Patients with Acute Anterior Epistaxis†

Objectives: Floseal, a novel hemostatic sealant composed of collagen-derived particles and topical bovine-derived thrombin, is applied as a high-viscosity gel for hemostasis. This study is a prospective, randomized, controlled clinical trial of Floseal compared with nasal packing in patients with acute anterior epistaxis. Study Design: Institutional review board-approved, prospective, randomized, controlled, nonblinded, crossover clinical trial. Methods: Seventy consecutive patients presenting with acute anterior epistaxis were randomized to receive Floseal or nasal packing for control. Patients were crossed over to the other technique after two unsuccessful attempts of the first technique. Patients were seen in the clinic within 7 days for follow-up. Ten-point visual analogue scales were used to rank effectiveness (1 = ineffective, 10 = effective), physician technical ease (1 = difficult, 10 = easy), physician satisfaction (1 = unsatisfied, 10 = satisfied), patient discomfort during hemostasis (0 = none, 9 = unbearable), patient discomfort at follow-up office visit, and patient satisfaction. Additional data included need for subspecialist consultation to control bleeding, rebleeding rates within 7 days, and rebleeding at follow-up visit. Results: Floseal (n = 35) was judged by physicians to be more effective than nasal packing (n = 35) at initial control of anterior epistaxis (9.9 vs. 7.7, P < .001). Physicians found Floseal to be easier to use (9.4 vs. 3.2, P < .001) and were more satisfied with Floseal (9.6 vs. 3.5, P < .001). Patients experienced less discomfort with Floseal than with nasal packing both at initial control (1.4 vs. 8.9, P < .001) and at follow-up visit (0.0 vs. 8.5, P < .001), and Floseal patients were more satisfied overall (9.1 vs. 2.9, P < .001). Fewer in-person otolaryngology consultations were requested for Floseal patients (8.6% vs. 31.0%, P < .05). Floseal patients experienced fewer rebleeding rates within 7 days (14% vs. 40%, P < .05). Rebleeding rates at follow-up visit were higher in the nasal packing than the Floseal group at time of packing removal (63% vs. 0%, P < .001). Eight (23%) patients were crossed over from the nasal packing group to the Floseal group when nasal packing was ineffective. One Floseal patient (3%, P < .05) was crossed over into the nasal packing group. There were no complications in either group. Conclusions: Floseal hemostatic sealant is a better tolerated, more effective, safe, and easy alternative to nasal packing in patients presenting with acute anterior epistaxis. Future studies may wish to evaluate Floseal's use in posterior epistaxis.
Excretions and secretions of Trichinella spiralis and their role in immunity.

Abstract The nature of the excretions and secretions of Trichinella spiralis larvae and their role in producing immunity has not been thoroughly investigated. Trichinella spiralis larvae were incubated for short periods of time (1–6 hours) in Simms' Z solution and the excretions and secretions were collected. The incubation fluids were studied by immunoelectrophoresis and by agar double-diffusion techniques for the evaluation of their antigenic potential against sera obtained from experimentally infected animals. Biochemical determinations of these fluids indicated that they were of a protein nature and often complexed with polysaccharide. The incubation fluids were fractionated by column chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex. At least four immunologically active fractions were obtained. Most of these were found to be heat stable (at 56 °C for 1 hour). Precipitin tests showed that during a natural infection with T. spiralis, antibodies to the secretions and excretions appear in the serum only after 30 days and reach a peak titer at 50 days. The effect of anti E. S. antibodies on infectivity of Trichinella larvae is shown.
Public Trust Principles and Trust Administration Functions in the North American Model of Wildlife Conservation: Contributions of Human Dimensions Research

The public trust doctrine (PTD) is the common law basis for governments to hold wildlife in trust for the benefit of current and future generations of Americans. Wildlife as a public trust resource...
Effects of 2′-deoxy-5-fluorouridine on regenerating liver following partial hepatectomy in the rat

Abstract This study evaluated the effect of 2′-deoxy-5-fluorouridine (FUDR) on the regeneration of the liver following partial (68%) hepatectomy in the rat. Male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing between 190 and 240 g underwent partial hepatectomy under ether anesthesia. Twelve hours postoperatively rats received intraperitoneal injections of 2′-deoxy-5-fluorouridine or 0.9%. NaCl solution as follows: Group I, 0.9% NaCl solution ( n = 49); Group II, 89 mg 2′-deoxy-5-fluorouridine/kg of body weight ( n = 25); and Group III, 178 mg 2′-deoxy-5-fluorouridine/kg of body weight ( n = 24). Sham groups underwent celiotomy and liver palpation followed by 0.9% NaCl solution injections ( n = 5) or low dose 2′-deoxy-5-fluorouridine ( n = 5) and high dose 2′-deoxy-5-fluorouridine ( n = 5). The regenerative ability of the liver was evaluated by weight and deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis in the liver remnant. Result: Both low and high dose 2′-deoxy-5-fluorouridine delayed the peak of deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis from 36 to 72 hr as compared to control animals which had maximal synthesis at 25 to 36 hr postoperatively ( P
Bayesian statistical modeling of disinfection byproduct (DBP) bromine incorporation in the ICR database.

Statistical models are developed for bromine incorporation in the trihalomethane (THM), trihaloacetic acids (THAA), dihaloacetic acid (DHAA), and dihaloacetonitrile (DHAN) subclasses of disinfection byproducts (DBPs) using distribution system samples from plants applying only free chlorine as a primary or residual disinfectant in the Information Collection Rule (ICR) database. The objective of this study is to characterize the effect of water quality conditions before, during, and post-treatment on distribution system bromine incorporation into DBP mixtures. Bayesian Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods are used to model individual DBP concentrations and estimate the coefficients of the linear models used to predict the bromine incorporation fraction for distribution system DBP mixtures in each of the four priority DBP classes. The bromine incorporation models achieve good agreement with the data. The most important predictors of bromine incorporation fraction across DBP classes are alkalinity, specifi...
The problem with futility.

"Futility" is one of the newest additions to the lexicon of bioethics. Physicians, ethicists, and members of the media are increasingly concerned about patients and families who insist on receiving...
Changes in Gray Matter Volume in Patients with Bipolar Disorder

Background Several lines of evidence suggest the presence of neurofunctional abnormalities in patients with bipolar disorder. These functional abnormalities may stem from structural pathology in these or connected brain regions. Previous studies have generally used a region of interest (ROI) approach to study morphologic changes in bipolar disorder with inconsistent findings among research groups, which may reflect differences in how ROIs are defined. Voxel based morphometry (VBM) allows a more exploratory analysis without the necessity for predefined anatomic boundaries. In this study we utilized VBM to compare gray matter volume between groups of bipolar and healthy subjects. Methods Thirty-two patients with bipolar disorder and 27 healthy subjects participated in structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. MRI images were segmented, normalized to a standard stereotactic space, and compared on a voxel-by-voxel basis using statistical parametric mapping. Results Bipolar subjects showed increased gray matter in several regions including portions of anterior cingulate, ventral prefrontal cortex, fusiform gyrus and parts of the primary and supplementary motor cortex. Bipolar subjects showed decreased gray matter volume in superior parietal lobule. Conclusions These data support suggestions that neurofunctional deficits are related to structural brain abnormalities in patients with bipolar disorder. The increased gray matter observed in several regions suggests that some affected areas may demonstrate volumetric expansion, at least in some patient populations.
TAKING SOME OF THE MYSTERY OUT OF OMISSIONS

Philosophers often talk of acts of omission, but such talk is immediately puzzling; for omissions (of all sorts) appear to be paradigms of not-doing rather than doing, even though no omission is merely a not-doing. But, as I shall seek to show, although talk of acts of omission is frequently misleading, it is not altogether inappropriate and is not to be eschewed, as some would argue.
Calcification of a hydrophilic acrylic intraocular lens after Descemet-stripping endothelial keratoplasty: Case report and laboratory analyses

We describe the case of an 83-year-old woman who had uneventful phacoemulsification with implantation of a tripod hydrophilic acrylic intraocular lens (IOL). Because of postoperative corneal decompensation, 2 Descemet-stripping endothelial keratoplasty (DSEK) procedures were performed within 2 years. After the second procedure, the graft was not well attached, requiring an intracameral injection of air on day 3. Approximately 9 months later, opacification was observed on the anterior surface of the IOL, with a significant decrease in visual acuity. The IOL was explanted within the capsular bag. Laboratory analyses revealed granular deposits densely distributed in a round pattern within the margins of the capsulorhexis. Granules were located at the anterior surface/subsurface of the IOL and stained positive for calcium (alizarin red and von Kossa method). Scheimpflug photography revealed high levels of light scattering from the opacified area. Surgeons should be aware of possible localized calcification following DSEK procedures in pseudophakic patients with hydrophilic acrylic IOLs.
Nine microsatellite loci developed from the octocoral, Paragorgia arborea

Paragorgia arborea, or bubblegum coral, occurs in continental slope habitats worldwide, which are increasingly threatened by human activities such as energy development and fisheries practices. From 101 putative loci screened, nine microsatellite markers were developed from samples taken from Baltimore canyon in the western North Atlantic Ocean. The number of alleles ranged from two to thirteen per locus and each displayed equilibrium. These nuclear resources will help further research on population connectivity in threatened coral species where mitochondrial markers are known to lack fine-scale genetic diversity.