cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Degradation of a Biomedical Polyurethane: Surface Integrity and Fatigue Effects

Polyurethanes degrade under a variety of conditions. In cardiovascular applications of polymeric materials emphasis is placed on elastomers that have extended fatigue lives. The effect of surface integrity on the performance properties of Biomer®, a segmented poly(etherurethaneurea) used on many blood contacting surfaces, has been investigated using tensile tests at room temperature, and biaxial fatigue tests at body temperature. No significant differences other than ultimate tensile strength (UTS) were noted in the stress-strain curves of the specimens with varying surfaces, however preliminary results from fatigue tests indicate a decreasing fatigue life with increasing surface roughness.
How Does Social Network Position Influence Prosocial Behavior

Consider the sheer number of people you interact with on any given day. How do you keep up with all the complex bonds, relationships, and hierarchies between people in your social community? Being able to track the quality of your connections to individuals within your social group, and to subsequently track their relationships to others, reflects the topologies of our social networks [1].
Do students lie on placement surveys?: an action research study

Students who are new to computer science are often unsure about how to respond on pre-course surveys when taking their first computer programming courses. In two sections of an introductory programming (CS1) course, the investigator administered a pre-course survey to allow students to self-report their preparation for and interest in writing code. In one section, the investigator introduced the survey as a way to do departmental assessment. In the other section, the investigator introduced it as a way to do placement for pairs and group programming assignments. Average test scores on the midterm examination showed students in both sections were nearly the same in programming knowledge mid-way through the course. Results from a second common survey administered later in the semester, found that students responding to the "placement" survey had significantly understated their prior coding experience when responding to the pre-course survey, whereas those responding to the "assessment" survey showed little difference between the two instruments.
Gravity and Turbidity Currents: Numerical Simulations and Theoretical Models

Part 1 of this article describes high-resolution Direct Numerical Simulations (DNS) of gravity and turbidity currents, with an emphasis on the structure, Lagrangian dynamics and energy budget of the flow. In part 2, we review a novel approach for modeling stratified flows based on vorticity, which avoids many of the empirical assumptions required by earlier modeling efforts.
A Novel Perfusion System for Damage Control of Hyperkalemia in Swine.

Introduction The standard of care for refractory hyperkalemia is renal replacement therapy (RRT). However, traditional RRT requires specialized equipment, trained personnel, and large amounts of dialysate. It is therefore poorly suited for austere environments. We hypothesized that a simplified hemoperfusion system could control serum potassium concentration in a swine model of acute hyperkalemia. Methods Ten pigs were anesthetized and instrumented. A dialysis catheter was inserted. After bilateral nephrectomy, animals received intravenous potassium chloride and were randomized to the control or treatment group. In both groups, blood was pumped through an extracorporeal circuit (EC) with an in-line hemodialyzer. In the treatment arm, ultrafiltrate from the hemodialyzer was diverted through cartridges containing novel potassium binding beads and returned to the EC. Blood samples were obtained every 30 min for 6 h. Results Serum potassium concentration was significantly lower in the treatment than in the control group over time (P = 0.02). There was no difference in serum total calcium concentration for group or time (P = 0.13 and 0.44, respectively) or platelet count between groups or over time (P = 0.28 and 1, respectively). No significant EC thrombosis occurred. Two of five animals in the control group and none in the treatment group developed arrhythmias. All animals survived until end of experiment. Conclusions A simplified hemoperfusion system removed potassium in a porcine model. In austere settings, this system could be used to temporize patients with hyperkalemia until evacuation to a facility with traditional RRT.
A validation study of Fitbit Charge 2™ compared with polysomnography in adults.

We evaluated the performance of a consumer multi-sensory wristband (Fitbit Charge 2™), against polysomnography (PSG) in measuring sleep/wake state and sleep stage composition in healthy adults.In-l...
Navigating Identity and Privilege in Multifaith Engagement on a College Campus

AbstractTo be successful global citizens, students need greater religious literacy and competency engaging diverse religions and worldviews. Effective multifaith work in higher education is a form of intercultural engagement: When done well, this work does not belong just to religious life professionals but involves a collaborative, interdisciplinary approach. This article explores how issues of privilege and intersectional identity impact multifaith work, drawing on specific case studies and on relevant scholarship in race and gender studies, intercultural studies, and social justice studies. Practical suggestions are offered for introducing identity and privilege to students in the context of multifaith engagement.
Redundancy gain for categorical targets depends on display configuration and duration

ABSTRACTRedundancy gain is an improvement in speeded target detection when the number of targets associated with a single response is increased within a single display. The effect has been clearly demonstrated with specific targets, but it is not clear if it occurs in categorization tasks with non-identical targets. The current study tested the effect of target redundancy on speed and accuracy in a go/no-go categorization task. Targets were digits tilted 45° to the left, and were displayed in unilateral, bilateral, or central displays for either 1500 ms or 100 ms. Redundancy gain only occurred for brief targets displayed bilaterally in the upper visual field. The results indicate that redundancy gain is possible for categorization tasks with some bilateral configurations, supporting a role for interhemispheric processing in redundancy gain. Additionally, the results may indicate that processing strategies mask redundancy gain when participants can view targets for a long period of time.
Regulation of NMDA receptors by ethanol.

NMDA receptors are glutamate-gated ion channels, mediating excitatory neurotransmission in the brain. These widely distributed receptors are known to play a role in neuronal development and synaptic plasticity, but over stimulation of these receptors can lead to neurotoxicity. In recent years, NMDA receptors have emerged as an important site of action of ethanol. It is believed that at least some of the deleterious effects of ethanol like alcohol dependence, development of tolerance to alcohol and alcohol withdrawal syndrome are mediated via NMDA receptors. The sensitivity of NMDA receptors to ethanol, however, varies regionally. This diversity of NMDA receptor sensitivity is believed to result, at least in part, from heterogeneity of receptor subunit composition. Ethanol’s effects on NMDA receptors, including alteration in receptor function and number, probably result from interplay of multiple mechanisms some of which are discussed here.
Gender and box office performance

ABSTRACTWe analyse the box office–movie star relationship since the 1990s. We find that, on average, the contribution of at least one star was large, equalling roughly 10% of a film’s revenues. Also, consistent with the substantial difference in the average compensation between male and female stars, having a male star in a film generated a premium in the neighbourhood of 12%, while female star had no statistical impact on a movie’s performance.
Deposition and Etch Process Equipment Capabilities for Embedded STT MRAM

Improvements in PVD Deposition and Etching of perpendicular MTJ stacks, to enable embedded STT MRAM are presented. Some developments in area of high temperature data retention and barrier reliability are highlighted using electrical results of integrated MTJ arrays with cell pitch of 130nm to 200nm. Equipment capabilities used to achieve these results are described, including volume manufacturing considerations. Further scaling in terms of etching of dense MTJ arrays are also discussed, using the novel etch process developed at Applied Materials [1]. Critical to device reliability is having a high breakdown voltage of the MgO barrier. By optimizing the RF MgO deposition process, high BDV > 1.5V was obtained for RA ~ 100hms-um2 bottom pinned perpendicular MTJ Stack as shown in Fig. 1. In addition, by using a novel etch process, MTJ arrays with CD of 40-60nm and with 350C BEOL process temperatures as shown in Figure 2. Finally MTJ arrays with average coercivity of > 3kOe were demonstrated indicating strong PMA achieved for high temperature data retention.
Self-Injurious Behavior Among Adults With ASD: Hospitalizations, Length of Stay, and Costs of Resources to Deliver Care

Objective:Research on hospitalizations related to self-injurious behavior and ideation among adults with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is limited. This study compared admissions, average length of...
Introduction Assessment in Early Childhood

This chapter provides a foundation for appreciating how the assessment of very young children with mental health problems is different from that of older children or adults. It includes an introduction to the field of infant and early childhood mental health, explicates the principles of working in early childhood mental health, and discusses rewards and challenges of assessing very young children. In addition, concrete recommendations are provided to help clinicians begin their work in infant and early childhood mental health.
Setting readers at sea: Fatou Diome’s Ventre de l’Atlantique

Fatou Diome’s first novel, Le Ventre de l’Atlantique (2003), can be read as a work of migrant literature in which the Atlantic figures as a separating expanse beholden to a single past, that of the Atlantic Slave Trade. The ocean divides contemporary African migrants to Europe from the continent, as it did enslaved Africans taken forcibly to the Americas; it consumes a returned impoverished migrant, as it swallowed those who did not survive the Middle Passage. Yet for the authorial protagonist, Salie, and her island home, the Senegalese fishing village of Niodior, the Atlantic evokes multiple histories and experiences. This ocean is a place of freedom, as well as its absence; of daily sustenance, as well as migration; of life, as well as death; of postcolonial violence, as well as the violence of the Trade. The novel’s Atlantic, like the text as a whole, alludes to many pasts and, at times, abandons the dualities of place, race, and gender that organize most contemporary discourse about migration and oppression. Passages of opaque desire and oblique critique diverge from a dichotomous geography of continents and subject positions. Where Salie and Niodior emerge uncontained by categories inherited from colonial discourses, there are intimations of what genuinely postcolonial freedom might be. Keywords: diaspora, Senegalese literature, Fatou Diome, Atlantic, postcoloniality, freedom
PAVE: An In Situ Framework for Scientific Visualization and Machine Learning Coupling

Machine learning (ML) has emerged as a tool for understanding data at scale. However, this new methodology comes at a cost because ML requires the use of even more HPC resources to generate ML algorithms. In addition to the compute resources required to develop ML algorithms, ML does not sidestep one of the biggest challenges on leading-edge HPC systems: the increasing gap between compute performance and I/O bandwidth. This has led to a strong push towards in situ, processing the data as it is generated, strategies to mitigate the I/O bottleneck. Unfortunately, there are no in situ frameworks dedicated to coupling scientific visualization and ML at scale to develop ML algorithms for scientific visualization. To address the ML and in situ visualization gap, we introduce PAVE. PAVE is an in situ framework which addresses the data management needs between visualisation and machine learning tasks. We demonstrate our framework with a case study that accelerates physically-based light rendering, path-tracing, through the use of a conditional Generative Adversarial neural Network (cGAN). PAVE couples the training over path-traced images resulting in a generative model able to produce scene renderings with accurate light transport and global illumination of a quality comparable to offline approaches in a more efficient manner.
Cognitive Remediation Services for People with Schizophrenia: Considerations for Health Service Practitioners

Cognitive deficits are a prominent feature of many psychiatric disorders and are predictors of decreased functioning, quality of life, and treatment response. Cognitive remediation focuses on improving cognitive skills through repeated practice and strategy learning. In people with schizophrenia, cognitive remediation is associated with improvements in cognition and psychosocial functions. This article provides an overview of cognitive remediation and some considerations for developing a cognitive remediation service in a treatment setting.
Efficacy of scalp cryotherapy in preventing alopecia among patients with breast cancer patients receiving adjuvant docetaxel and cyclophosphamide.

e20641 Background: Chemotherapy induced alopecia (CIA) is a distressing adverse effect of many chemotherapy agents. The TC chemotherapy regimen (four cycles of docetaxel 75mg/m2 and cyclophosphamid...
Collaborative Learning in Chemistry: Impact of COVID-19

Student learning and course performance are often improved when students actively engage with content. However, pedagogical practices that foster active engagement often rely on student–student and student–instructor interactions that may be difficult to adapt to an online environment. Here we describe a Collaborative Learning program that provides such a learning opportunity to self-selecting General and Organic Chemistry students, describe how this program suddenly transitioned to remote learning due to the COVID-19 pandemic, and reflect on the benefits and challenges that we observed. We believe this online adaptation impacted students’ content preparation, slowed content coverage, and influenced student use of resources. Students appeared more accepting of the role system within each team, which was modified for the remote workspace. In some circumstances, we found students to be more process-oriented in their problem solving, which we attribute to students being reluctant to “guess and check” given the cumbersomeness of the shared, online annotation space. We observed that seeing faces during collaborative work enhances group cohesion, but we did not require students to use their cameras out of respect for their privacy. While we are engaged in a forthcoming study to assess student outcomes and facilitator experiences, our aim for this reflection is to aid others in the community, as decisions are being made for the upcoming term.
Staged brachioradial artery to brachioradial vein arteriovenous fistula creation for hemodialysis access in three patients with a high origin of the radial artery.

Abstract When patients lack suitable superficial veins in the upper extremity to create an arteriovenous fistula, surgeons are faced with a decision between a synthetic graft or autologous fistula using deep veins, such as a brachial artery to brachial vein arteriovenous fistula. In patients with a high radial artery origin (or brachioradial artery) and inadequate superficial veins, arteriovenous fistula creation will be even more challenging. In the present report, we describe a technique used in three such patients who underwent successful staged brachioradial artery to brachioradial vein arteriovenous fistula creation.
Audit Quality: Insights from the Academic Literature

SUMMARY: This study presents a review of academic research on audit quality. We begin with a review of existing definitions of audit quality and describe general frameworks for establishing audit ...
Bridges or Barriers? How Interactions between Individuals and Institutions Condition Community College Transfer

Institutional practices and conditions at community colleges can improve rates of transfer, as can access to transfer student capital. However, we know little about how institutions attempt to buil...
Analysis of Bolted Butt Joints

A general theoretical solution for the load partition in double-lap butt joints is developed. The solution is applicable to both the elastic and inelastic regions of bearing-type connections. The solution was aided by the development of analytical expressions for the stress-strain relationship of plates with holes and for the shear-deformation relationship of high-strength bolts. A digital computer program was developed to make the solution practical. The theoretical solution was compared with test results of large bolted connections and showed good agreement with the greatest difference between test and theory of approximately 4%. The solution is used to study the influence varying the relative proportions of the bolt shear area and the net tensile area. This study showed that an increase in net plate area increased the average shear strength of the fasteners in the longer joints. Supplemental tests are shown to verify this behavior.
A Functional View of the Plasma Lipoproteins

In 1929 Macheboeuf isolated in crude form what are now considered alpha lipoproteins1. One detects in his report a note of hopefulness that the complexes he obtained from horse serum did not represent merely a random association of lipid and protein but were part of an ordered mechanism of some biological importance. The ensuing years have seen this belief not only supported but enormously expanded by the varied contributions of many experimentalists.
A stochastically-generated auto-regressive model

A summary is presented of new work related to an adaptive stochastic filter that is used to generate an auto-regressive model for an unknown system. Simulations are presented that show the convergence on the unit circle of the adaptive poles to the optimum poles. >
Using a Community of Knowledge to Build Intelligent Agents

The modeling of individual consumer preference can be aided by incorporating others' opinions which contain information above and beyond identified product attributes. The value of others' opinions is tested using two empirical data sets. The results indicate that incorporating others' opinions into an attribute-based model can reduce systematic error and increase predictive accuracy by serving as a proxy for missing information (e.g., undiscovered attributes or attribute interactions, sensory or experiential aspects of the product, as well as advertising or word of mouth effects). Additionally, modeling individual preference based on others' opinions alone is shown to predict as well or better than traditional multiattribute models thus bypassing the need for defining a product attribute space.
Monetary Policy Coordination and the Level of National Debt

This paper uses the Canzoneri-Henderson benchmark framework of monetary policy coordination in interdependent economies to analyze how high levels of national debt affect monetary policy interactions. Using a two-country model, I first study how central banks interact in a flexible exchange-rate regime. I find that a low-debt country is better off interacting with a country with high debt, when both economies are affected by an aggregate inflationary shock. I also consider a political dependence scenario, in which central banks are subject to political pressure. In the case of a debt-burdened country, the political incentive to reduce interest payments on debt will spur a Gordon–Barro like inflation bias. However, under a flexible exchange-rate regime, the low-debt country will not be affected. Under a monetary union instead, political pressure may affect the low-debt country as well, and possibly create an inflation bias even greaterthan in the flexible exchange-rate regime. This scenario presents another example of how Rogoff's counterproductive monetary cooperation may arise under European Monetary Union.
Differences between primary care physicians and cardiologists in management of congestive heart failure: relation to practice guidelines.

Abstract Objectives. This study was designed to characterize physician practices in the management of congestive heart failure (CHF) and to determine whether these practices vary by specialty and how they relate to guideline recommendations. Background. Congestive heart failure is responsible for considerable mortality, morbidity and health care resource utilization. Although there have been important advances in the diagnostic evaluation and treatment of CHF, little information is available on physician practices in this area. Methods. We surveyed physicians concerning their management of patients with CHF. The results were analyzed in multivariate models to determine the relation of diagnostic and treatment approaches to physician specialty, time since training, board certification and volume of patients with CHF. Surveys were sent to a sample of 2,250 family and general practitioners (FP/GPs), internists and cardiologists. Responses were examined in relation to guidelines issued by the Agency for Health Care Policy and Research that had been released 9 months previously. Results. Significant differences were found between physician groups with regard to each of the major guideline recommendations. For example, routine evaluation of left ventricular function, a point of emphasis in the guideline, is performed by 87% of cardiologists, but by only 77% of internists and 63% of FP/GPs (p Conclusions. Cardiologists report practices more in conformity with published guidelines for CHF than do internists and FP/GPs. Because of the large numbers of patients with CHF and their substantial mortality, morbidity and cost of care, these differences may have a major impact on outcomes and health care costs.
Retratos e Relatos: da Sucata ao Computador − Um Trabalho com Comunidades e Oficinas Temáticas

Resumo: Este projeto apresenta um trabalho realizado com materiais de sucata e ambientes tecnologicos, valorizando o contato humano presente nas comunidades durante todo o processo. Atraves de Oficinas Tematicas foi possivel integrar a aprendizagem ao contexto ambiental, promovendo reflexoes e discussoes contextualizadas. Abstract: This project works with "sucata" materials in technological environments, giving value to the humain contact which is present all the time during the process. Thematic Workshops were responsible by contextualized discussions and reflections integrating learning and environmental reality.
Estimation of parameter values appearing in space and orientation dependent curve evolution process models

Level sets are a robust and flexible mathematical framework for the representation of evolving curves and surfaces. The heart of the level set approach is a "speed function" that models the physical processes underlying the evolution. Though in general such a model may be quite complex, here we take the point of view that some processes may be characterized reasonably well by a model with relatively few free parameters. Such models would be of significant value for optimal design and real-time control. One possible area of application is thin film manufacturing processes such as etching and deposition. Our goal is to estimate the value of experimental test results. The paper considers specifically the case of speed functions that vary as a function of spatial position and orientation. Examples of such processes are found in lithographic development, and ion-assisted etching. Simple simulations demonstrate the feasibility of the method.
Automation of Nanoscale Microcapillary Liquid Chromatography−Tandem Mass Spectrometry with a Vented Column

To fully automate the sample introduction step for nanoscale microcapillary liquid chromatography−tandem mass spectrometry (LC−MS/MS) analyses, 75 μm i.d. × 14 cm capillary columns were interfaced with a commercial autosampler instrument using a novel procedure which allowed dilute peptide samples to be transferred from the AS loop injector to the nanoscale column at flow rates up to 5 μL min-1. On-column enrichment and desalting was demonstrated for large sample volumes (>40 μL) by constructing a vent 2 cm after the entrance to the packed bed of 5-μm ODS-AQ modified silica. Salts and nonretained solutes were removed via the vent, which allowed for column washing independent of the continuation of the bed into the electrospray source. Separations of test peptide mixtures demonstrated 50-nL elution peak volumes with low- to subfemtomole detection levels. In addition, a highly complex peptide mixture (outer membrane preparation from Psuedemonas aeruginosa) was efficiently separated with more than 100 protei...
Identification and characterization of a growth factor secreted by an established cell line of human retinoblastoma maintained in serum-free medium

Abstract A growth factor is obtained from a human retinoblastoma cell line (Y-79) growing in culture in the absence of any added serum or hormone. The retinoblastoma derived growth factor (RDGF) is still secreted by the Y-79 cells after they have been growing in a serum-free environment for over 5 months. RDGF stimulates both cell division and thymidine uptake of Swiss mouse 3T3 fibroblasts in media containing 0.2% fetal bovine serum. The thymidine uptake occurs maximally 16–42 hr after addition of RDGF. The factor has an apparent molecular weight of 38,000 as determined by Sephadex G-100 chromatography and is heat and trypsin labile. There appears to be additional material of higher MW which also stimulates thymidine uptake by the 3T3 cells.
Computation of Three-Dimensional Viscous Flow in High Reynolds Number Pump Guide Vane

A three-dimensional Navier-Stokes solver which utilizes a pressure based method is used to compute the incompressible flow field through the inlet guide vane (IGV) of a high Reynolds number pump. The solver has precise control of numerical dissipation through the second and fourth order artificial dissipation terms added to the momentum equations. A low-Reynolds-number form of two-equation turbulence model is used to account for the turbulence effects. Predicted blade surface static pressure distributions are in good agreement with the measurement. The tangential and radial components of the IGV wake velocity, as well as the IGV secondary flow, are predicted well. However, the predicted maximum defect in wake is larger than the measured data. Possible causes for this discrepancy are discussed. The defect in velocity in wakes at midspan is found to decay faster than the perturbation in velocity due to the secondary flow and wake in the tip region.
Sex Differences in Inflammatory and Apoptotic Signaling Molecules In Normal and Diseased Human Gingiva

Background: The purpose of this study is to determine whether sex dimorphism exists in the expression of inflammatory and apoptotic mediators in gingiva obtained from normal and diseased sites of periodontal disease.Methods: Gingival papillae were obtained from individuals (56 males and 62 females) who required extraction of adjacent teeth. Gingival samples were grouped by adjacent sulcus depth: 1 to 3 mm (normal), 3 mm with bleeding on probing (slight disease), 3 to 6 mm (moderate disease), and >6 mm (severe disease). The tissue concentrations of cysteine-requiring aspartate-directed protease 3 (caspase-3), interleukin-2, tumor necrosis factor–related apoptosis-inducing ligand, Fas ligand, p38α mitogen-activated protein kinase, extracellular signal-related kinase 1/2, and survivin were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. These mediator concentrations, age of donor, sex of donor, and gingival sulcular depth were the outcome variables. Data were compared by factorial analysis of variance, post...
Electrophysiologically recorded C-fiber reflexes in intact and acute decerebrate-spinal cats: Absence of nalckone facilitation in intact cats

Abstract A C-fiber reflex was obtained from stimulating and recording electrodes attached respectively to the superficial peroneal and posterior biceps semitendinosus nerves in intact cats. Naloxone in a dose dependent manner increased vocalizations produced by nerve stimulation, but it did not facilitate the C-fiber reflex in the intact cat. However, naloxone facilitated C-fiber reflexes in decerebrate-sptnal cats under identical stimulating and recording conditions as used in the Intact cat. It was concluded that naloxone causes Increased nociception to cutaneous nerve stimulation in intact cats but for naloxone to facilitate the C-fiber reflex, removal of supraspinal control is necessary. Many C-fiber afferents transmit nociception to the CNS (Bessou and Perl, 1969). Electrical stimulation of the superficial peroneal nerve that activates C fibers produces a segmental reflex in the unanesthetized decerebrate-splnal cat (Koll, Hasse, Schutz and Muhlberg, 1963). This C-fiber reflex is manifested by a long latency discharge recorded from an ipsilateral L 7 or S 1 ventral root. The C-fiber reflex is considered nociceptive because only intense stimulation evokes it and morphine depresses it in doses lower than those that depress other spinal reflexes (Koll et al., 1963). Low doses of the opiate antagonists naloxone and naltrexone consistently facilitate the C-fiber reflex (Bell and Martin, 1977). These results support the hypothesis that released endogenous opioids inhibit the C-fiber reflex. However, the facilitative effects of the opiate antagonists could be confined to the decerebrate-spinal preparation where invasive expert mental procedures (decerebration, dissection, etc.) may release endogenous opioids. Furthermore, eliminating supraspinal control may unmask the facultative effects of naloxone. Therefore, we examined the effect of naloxone on the C-fiber reflex of the intact cat.
Night-time N2O5NO3 chemistry and nitrate in dew water

Abstract Night-time gas-phase chemistry and deposition of HNO 3 , NO 3 and N 2 O 5 to dew water have been evaluated by using a one-layer model and dew nitrate data obtained at a site on Allegheny Mountain in southwest Pennsylvania. The major source of dew nitrate is generally HNO 3 vapor generated by photochemical reactions during daylight hours. However, if N 2 O 5 is deposited to dew as efficiently as HNO 3 vapor, the night-time deposition of N 2 O 5 is shown to contribute significantly to dew nitrate. For a few events where the highest NO 2 concentrations (13–16 ppb) were measured, it is shown that the deposition of N 2 O 5 could have been the main source of nitrate in dew water.
Modifiable Futures: Science Fiction at the Bench

ABSTRACT Science fiction remains an alien dimension of the history of science. Historical and literary studies of science have become increasingly attentive to various “literary technologies” in scientific practice, the metaphorical features of scientific discourse, and the impact of popular science writing on the social development of scientific knowledge. But the function of science fiction and even literature as such in the history of scientific and technological innovation has often been obscured, misconstrued, or repudiated owing to conventional notions of authorship, influence, and the organic unity of texts. The better to address those close encounters where scientific practice makes use of speculative fiction, this essay proposes that we instead analyze such exchanges as processes of appropriation, remixing, and modification.
Target Thickness Dependence of K X-Ray Production for 55 MeV BR Ions in GE

A large target thickness variation is observed in K x-ray cross sections for 55 MeV Br ions on thin solid Ge targets. An excellent description of the data is obtained using a two component model for the beam traveling through the target. The excited beam component (presumably a 2p vacancy) created in a previous collision has an enhanced cross section for K x-ray production compared to the normal beam with no inner shell vacancies. The enhancement factor is determined to be 5.4. At equilibrium the yield of K x-rays from the two collision process is 4.0 times as large as the yield from the single collision process.
Long-range regressions to previously read words are guided by spatial and verbal memory.

To examine the nature of the information that guides eye movements to previously read text during reading (regressions), we used a relatively novel technique to request a regression to a particular target word when the eyes reached a predefined location during sentence reading. A regression was to be directed to a close or a distant target when either the first or the second line of a complex two-line sentence was read. In addition, conditions were created that pitted effects of spatial and linguistic distance against each other. Initial regressions were more accurate when the target was spatially near, and effects of spatial distance dominated effects of verbal distance. Initial regressions rarely moved the eyes onto the target, however, and subsequent “corrective” regressions that homed in on the target were subject to general linguistic processing demands, being more accurate during firstline reading than during second-line reading. The results suggest that spatial and verbal memory guide regressions in reading. Initial regressions are primarily guided by fixation-centered spatial memory, and corrective regressions are primarily guided by linguistic knowledge.
Individualized Instruction in Problem Solving in Elementary School Mathematics.

Research on problem solving in mathematics is at best only suggestive of ways to teach students how to solve problems. Researchers, such as Olton (1969), Crutchfield (1966), and others, have argued for the existence of a general problem-solving ability and for the transferability of the general problem-solving skills developed through systematic instruction to specific disciplines such as arithmetic. The results of several studies confirm their position that students who receive instruction in The Productive Thinking Program (Covington, Crutchfield, & Davies, 1966) apparently do become better problem solvers, while results from other studies fail to show any significant differences. Failure to find significantly greater achievement levels in mathematics as transfer from training in The Productive Thinking Program, in studies to date, may be due to the fact that the mathematical tasks used in some of these studies were
Noise caused by a finite extinction ratio of the light modulator in CW cavity ring-down spectroscopy

A model is presented for the effect of a finite extinction ratio of the light modulator used in continuous wave cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CW-CRDS) experiments. We present a simple analytical expression for the minimum isolation required to prevent a significant increase in the fluctuations of the cavity decay rate, which determine the sensitivity of the method. We also present systematic measurements of the signal to noise in CW-CRDS as a function of the effective isolation of the light modulator, and excellent agreement with the model is found.
New jobs regeneration methods for computer intragrated manufacturing environment

Abstract Computer integrated manufacturing (CIM) has been introduced to maintain the integrity of all phases of an automated manufacturing system. Implementing a CIM system needs the environment of Just-In-Time (JIT) production to avoid the overproduction. The most important requirement of JIT is valid scheduling to have the parts available on time. An integrated scheduling procedure was considered by the selected dispatching rules for job performance criteria using the regeneration methods which releases the new jobs from the job pool to the shop floor when predetermined conditions are met. The experimental design and analysis is performed as a single-factor complete-random two-way ANOVA (analysis of variance). As a result of experimental design, the new jobs regeneration methods would play a major role to control the performance criteria.
Predicted transport properties of liquid plutonium

The fluid-phase transport properties, diffusivity and viscosity, are calculated by equilibrium and nonequilibrium techniques for plutonium, whose interatomic interactions are described by the modified embedded-atom method. The transport coefficients are evaluated at zero pressure, for temperatures between 950 K and 1300 K. We find the calculated viscosity to be noticeably higher than experiment, while the structure of liquid Pu appears to be similar to other liquid metals.
Influence of length of aortic occlusion with cold potassium cardioplegia on early and late mortality in cardiac valve replacement.

Abstract This study determines if prolonged aortic crossclamp time (ACC) with the use of cold potassium cardioplegia during elective cardiac valve replacement contributed to the risk of operative mortality in 225 patients. In Group I (143 patients), the ACC was 120 minutes (mean 146). The preoperative variables showed that Group II contained more severely ill patients who were undergoing more complex operations than in Group I. The operative mortality rate was 7% in Group I and 10% in Group II (p = not significant). Postoperative inotropic support was required in 13% of Group I and 30% of Group II patients (p 0.1). Thus, the preexisting severity of disease (for example, NYHA class), rather than the length of ACC, influences the early mortality and the late survival. However, ACC > 120 minutes may contribute to cardiogenic depression in the early postoperative period.
Effects of downsizing policies on IS survivors’ attitude and career management

The effects of downsizing strategies on surviving system personnel have received scant attention in the IS literature. This paper reports a study of IS survivors, the employment practices of the organizations, the attitudes of the survivors toward downsizing, and the career management practices of the survivors. The results indicate that the downsizing practice has a strong relationship with survivor attitudes and the practices survivors use in managing their careers. Specifically, indirect downsizing methods tend to avoid negative attitudes and promote career management strategies more beneficial to the organization.
Electronic spectra of adsorbed chalcogen atoms: Surface cluster approach

Abstract We consider a surface cluster approach to the electronic spectra of single atoms adsorbed on a transition metal surface, in which the spectrum of an isolated surface cluster is determined via the self-consistent field X-α scattered wave molecular orbital method. Uncertainties associated with the effects on the spectra of rebinding the surface cluster to the remainder of the solid are seriously considered. The coordination and the positions of the surface atoms were taken from surface structure results based on LEED-intensity calculations. We apply this approach to chalcogen atoms (X = O, S, Se and Te) adsorbed atop a surface atom of a Ni(100) surface, using diatomic NiX as a surface cluster. The resulting spectra feature surface cluster levels which lie within the energy range of the dominant peak seen experimentally by UPS and INS spectroscopy as well as a decrease in the density-of-states of the Ni d-band, also seen experimentally.
THE EFFECTS OF MATERNAL ULTRAVIOLET-B IRRADIATION ON VITAMIN D CONTENT OF HUMAN MILK

We studied the effects of a known amount of total-body ultra-violet-B light irradiation (1.5 M.E.D. equivalent to 30′ of sunshine at noon on a clear summer day in fair-skinned women) on both serum and breast milk concentrations of vit D3, vit D2, 25-OH vit D3, 25-OH vit D2 and 1,25(OH)2 vit D in 5 lactating Caucasian women. By 48 hrs post UV-E exposure, serum vit D3 increased from 1.0±0.2 (SEM) ng/ml to 22.9±5.4 ng/ml (p<0.01, paired t test), remaining increased up to 14 days (2.30±0.12 ng/ml, p<0.01). Simultaneously, breast milk vit D3 rose from 6 to 71 IU/L (p<0.02, range 34-148 IU/L) within 48 hr. of irradiation, remaining elevated up to 14 days (12 IU/L, p<0.05). Breast milk vit D3 correlated with serum vit D3 (r=0.91). 48 hrs post irradiation serum 25-OH vit D3 increased from 13.9±2.7 to 17.6±3.3 ng/ml (p< 0.05), peaking at 7 days (20.5±3.0 ng/ml, p<0.02) and remaining elevated at 14 days (20.3±3.2 ng/ml, p<0.05). There was no change in 25-OH vit D3 in breast milk post irradiation. There was no change in serum or milk vit D2, 25-OH vit D2, or 1,25(OH)2 vit D following irradiation. There was no correlation between breast milk fat (mean 3.4±2.4 [SD] g/dl) and milk vit D3 or its metabolites. We conclude that maternal UVB irradiation (and thus sunshine exposure) significantly increases vit D3 in human milk. Despite a rise in serum 25-OH vit D3, vit D3 is the only vitamin form which is readily transferred into human milk from maternal serum following maternal irradiation.
Taking a bite out of biodiversity.

In the Review “Status and ecological effects of the world's largest carnivores” (10 January, DOI: 10.1126/science.1241484), W. J. Ripple et al. claim that meat consumption by humans is one of many threats to carnivores and biodiversity. We argue that human carnivory is in fact the single
Darstellung und Eigenschaften von Tris‐(β‐chloräthyl) phosphinoxid und Bis‐(β‐chloräthyl)‐(chlormethyl)‐phosphinoxid. 43. Mitteilung über organische Phosphorverbindungen [1]

The oxidative degradation of [(HOCH2CH2)3PCH2OH]+Cl− (1) with Cl2 yields, dependent on the pH used, either (HOCH2CH2)3PO (2) or (HOCH2CH2)2 (HOCH2) PO (3). Chlorination of 2 and 3 with PCl5 produces the corresponding chlorides (ClCH2CH2)3PO (4) and (ClCH2CH2)2 (ClCH2)PO (5), respectively. Acetylation of 2 and 3 gives the corresponding esters (CH3CO2CH2CH2)3PO (6), and (CH3CO2CH2CH2)2 (CH3CO2CH2)PO (7), respectively. Reaction of 7 with HBr results in the formation of (BrCH2CH2)2 (BrCH2)PO. Nucleophilic substitution of the chlorine atoms in 4 and 5 with alkoxide or mercaptide gives e.g., 9, 10, 11 or 11a, while treatment with tertiary amines yields the vinyl compounds (CH2CH)3PO (12) and (CH2CH)2 (CH2Cl)PO (13). 4 and 5 also undergo an Arbuzov type reaction with tertiary phosphites to give 14 and 15, respectively, which on hydrolysis with conc. HCl give the corresponding acids 16 and 17, respectively.
Decay of Affleck–Dine condensates with application to Q-balls

Abstract Analytical and numerical estimates show that a charged Affleck–Dine condensate will fracture into Q-balls only when the Hubble time is significantly larger than the inverse soft-breaking mass of the field in question. This would generally imply that the decay of the field into light fermions will compete with Q-ball formation. We will show that for typical flat directions the large field value will significantly suppress decays of the condensate to fermions even if no baryon charge asymmetry exists. We will consider the details of the decay process for a condensate that does carry charge, and show that it is qualitatively different from that of an uncharged condensate. Finally, we will consider the possibility of resonant production of heavy bosons. We will show that this can have a strong effect on the condensate. Contrary to intuition, however, our results indicate that boson production would actually assist Q-ball formation in condensates with significant charge.
Geomagnetically trapped heavy ions resulting from the anomalous cosmic rays

Abstract Blake and Freisen painted out that if the anomalous cosmic rays are only singly charged they can penetrate deeply into the Earth's magnetosphere well below the cutoff for stripped ions. Ions which reach low altitude can be stripped by the residual atmosphere and become stably trapped. An experiment has been developed which will be able to detect the intensities of such stably trapped heavy ions as a function of magnetospheric position. In anticipation of the flight of this experiment, the fluxes and spectra of the trapped heavy ions have been calculated based upon the anomalous component observed in the IPM.
Fluoride Does Not Inhibit Enamel Protease Activity

Fluorosed enamel can be porous, mottled, discolored, hypomineralized, and protein-rich if the enamel matrix is not completely removed. Proteolytic processing by matrix metalloproteinase-20 (MMP20) and kallikrein-4 (KLK4) is critical for enamel formation, and homozygous mutation of either protease results in hypomineralized, protein-rich enamel. Herein, we demonstrate that the lysosomal proteinase cathepsin K is expressed in the enamel organ in a developmentally defined manner that suggests a role for cathepsin K in degrading re-absorbed enamel matrix proteins. We therefore asked if fluoride directly inhibits the activity of MMP20, KLK4, dipeptidyl peptidase I (DPPI) (an in vitro activator of KLK4), or cathepsin K. Enzyme kinetics were studied with quenched fluorescent peptides with purified enzyme in the presence of 0-10 mM NaF, and data were fit to Michaelis-Menten curves. Increasing concentrations of known inhibitors showed decreases in enzyme activity. However, concentrations of up to 10 mM NaF had no effect on KLK4, MMP20, DPPI, or cathepsin K activity. Our results show that fluoride does not directly inhibit enamel proteolytic activity.
Electrochemistry at modified electrodes: Electronically conductive metallophthalocyanine coatings

Abstract The electrochemical oxidations of hydroquinone aand catechol have been studied by cyclic voltammetry at glassy carbon electrodes coated with electropolymerized films of metal phthalocyanines. Under all conditions employed, the voltammetric response seen at the polymer-modified electrode is considerably more Nernstian than that observed at a bare glassy carbon surface. For these systems, it can be estimated that the presence of the polymer coating leads to an enhancement of the heterogeneous electron transfer rate constant of two to three orders of magnitude. Similar improvement of the electrode kinetics is observed in the electrochemical reduction of Mn 2 (CO) 10 in acetonitrile, demonstrating that the use of these metallophthalocyanine films is not restricted to aqueous electrolytes. Perhaps more importantly, it also suggests that such materials can be utilized for the electrocatalysis of cathodic as well as anodic processes. In view of the extremely wide range of applied potential over which these polymers remain conductive (>2.5 V), a wide variety of applications can be envisioned.
Perceiving Professional Risk in Five Stories

Using a split page structure as a physical delineation between story and analysis, the author examines teachers’ stories of perceived professional risks involved in teaching social studies as a first-year teacher. Collectively, these stories from young teachers tell a larger story, full of concrete, visceral, and textural details of the challenges of induction and the adaptation to varied school contexts. The author finds that young teachers have contextually based and emotionally charged stories of perceived and actual professional risk in the early years of teaching. This knowledge is lived, understood, and re-storied through the stories they share in safe, trusted, and reciprocated knowledge communities, and offers tremendous insight into school contexts, the static nature of instruction and pedagogy, and teacher attrition. Their stories can teach multiple audiences what it means to enter the pressure cooker environments of today’s schools as a young teacher.