cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Microglia Participate in Neurogenic Regulation of Hypertension

Hypertension is associated with neuroinflammation and increased sympathetic tone. Interference with neuroinflammation by an anti-inflammatory reagent or overexpression of interleukin-10 in the brain was found to attenuate hypertension. However, the cellular mechanism of neuroinflammation, as well as its impact on neurogenic regulation of blood pressure, is unclear. Here, we found that hypertension, induced by either angiotensin II or l-N(G)-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester, is accompanied by microglial activation as manifested by microgliosis and proinflammatory cytokine upregulation. Targeted depletion of microglia significantly attenuated neuroinflammation, glutamate receptor expression in the paraventricular nucleus, plasma vasopressin level, kidney norepinephrine concentration, and blood pressure. Furthermore, when microglia were preactivated and transferred into the brains of normotensive mice, there was a significantly prolonged pressor response to intracerebroventricular injection of angiotensin II, and inactivation of microglia eliminated these effects. These data demonstrate that microglia, the resident immune cells in the brain, are the major cellular factors in mediating neuroinflammation and modulating neuronal excitation, which contributes to the elevated blood pressure.
Rationalizing Judicial Regulation of Lawyers

This Article addresses a range of problems arising from the failure of state courts to analyze the relationship among different forms of judge-made law governing lawyers. Ordinarily, state supreme courts promulgate disciplinary codes and local court rules governing lawyers practicing in their jurisdictions. Trial courts supplement these standards when, in the exercise of supervisory authority over lawyers and litigation, they disqualify or sanction lawyers in cases before them. In exercising equitable authority and presiding over civil-liability cases brought against lawyers, trial and appellate courts develop common-law standards governing lawyer conduct - sometimes drawing on the relevant ethics rules, sometimes not. Finally, designated courts, usually the states supreme courts, interpret and apply ethics rules in the context of overseeing disciplinary proceedings brought against lawyers for alleged misconduct. Although lawyers ordinarily look first to the prevailing legal ethics codes for guidance, courts have implemented doctrinal understandings outside the disciplinary setting that are not always consistent with the codes. In equitable, civil liability, and supervisory contexts, courts may tolerate professional conduct that appears to be forbidden by a disciplinary rule or proscribe conduct that appears to be permitted. As a consequence, the overall standards of professional behavior seem inherently indeterminate or unpredictable. This Article attempts to make sense of the divergent norms of professional conduct by examining the various contexts in which courts implement professional regulation and considering why the different courts' views of appropriate behavior often diverge. The Article explores the legitimacy of the possible explanations for inconsistent decision making and the costs of such inconsistency, concluding that although there sometimes are valid reasons for courts to depart from disciplinary standards, divergence should be minimized. Toward that end, the Article offers an analytic framework for deciding questions of professional conduct that focuses on the functions that each court serves in the different decision-making contexts. The functional approach to judicial regulation of lawyers developed in this Article would limit divergent standards to situations in which they can be justified and, ultimately, would help rationalize the law governing lawyers.
Effect of prior visual experience with a paradise fish (Macropodus opercularis) or a mirror image on strength of aggressive display in Siamese fighting fish (Betta splendens) toward a conspecific, an alien species (Macropodus opercularis), and a mirror image

Betta splendens (Siamese fighting fish) were given 10 days of visual preexposure to either Macropodus opercularis (paradise fish) or their own mirror images. Separate groups of bettas were then allowed to display aggressively toward one of the following stimuli: a conspecific, an alien species (Macropodus opercularis), or a mirror image. Bettas displayed more frequently, and for a longer duration, when tested with either another betta or their own image than when tested with a macropodus. Bettas required more time to reach a criterion of no displays when tested with their own mirror image than when tested with the macropodus fish; this measure did not differ between the betta test condition and the macropodus test condition. Strength of aggressive displays in bettas is dependent of previous exposure conditions (Miley & Burack, 1977), the particular stimuli used in behavioral testing, and measures used in recording the aggressive response.
Rectal fistulas after prostate brachytherapy.

Purpose: To compare the rectal and prostatic radiation doses for a prospective series of 503 patients, 44 of whom developed persistent rectal bleeding, and 2 of whom developed rectal-prostatic fistulas. Methods and Materials: The 503 patients were randomized and treated by implantation with 125 I vs. 103 Pd alone ( n = 290) or to 103 Pd with 20 Gy vs. 44 Gy supplemental external beam radiotherapy ( n = 213) and treated at the Puget Sound Veterans Affairs Medical Center ( n = 227), Schiffler Cancer Center ( n = 242) or University of Washington ( n = 34). Patients were treated between September 1998 and October 2001 and had a minimum of 24 months of follow-up. The patient groups were treated concurrently. Treatment-related morbidity was monitored by mailed questionnaires, using standard American Urological Association and Radiation Therapy Oncology Group criteria, at 1, 3, 6, 12, 18, and 24 months. Patients who reported Grade 1 or greater Radiation Therapy Oncology Group rectal morbidity were interviewed by telephone to clarify details regarding their rectal bleeding. Those who reported persistent bleeding, lasting for >1 month were included as having Grade 2 toxicity. Three of the patients with rectal bleeding required a colostomy, two of whom developed a fistula. No patient was lost to follow-up. The rectal doses were defined as the rectal volume in cubic centimeters that received >50%, 100%, 200%, or 300% of the prescription dose. The rectum was considered as a solid structure defined by the outer wall, without attempting to differentiate the inner wall or contents. Results: Persistent rectal bleeding occurred in 44 of the 502 patients, 32 of whom (73%) underwent confirmatory endoscopy. In univariate analysis, multiple parameters were associated with late rectal bleeding, including all rectal brachytherapy indexes. In multivariate analysis, however, only the rectal volume that received >100% of the dose was significantly predictive of bleeding. Rectal fistulas occurred in 2 patients (0.4%), both of whom had received moderate rectal radiation doses and extensive intervention for rectal bleeding. Conclusion: Partly on the basis of data from others and data presented here, we believe that the incidence of rectal fistulas can be much lower than in our series. High rectal radiation doses should be avoided a priori , to minimize the likelihood of rectal bleeding, and hence the likelihood that invasive procedures will be performed.
Identification of observed dynamic bifurcations and development of qualitative models

Abstract A systematic study of dynamical systems requires finding a series of bifurcation diagrams instead of just cases with different phase plane behaviour. A scheme is developed for identifying experimentally observed bifurcations (transitions) in the dynamic features of a system characterized by two state variables. Maps of experimentally found bifurcation points in a two parameter (operating conditions) plane may be used to estimate the location of singular points and their nature (defining conditions). This information may be used to predict new types of dynamic behaviour and corresponding operating conditions. Moreover, it can be used to develop a simple (qualitative) mathematical model which predicts all the observed dynamic features and transitions.
The heart in polyarteritis nodosa: a clinicopathologic study.

Abstract The clinical and pathologic findings in 36 autopsied patients with polyarteritis nodosa were studied to characterize cardiac involvement in this disease. Of these, 18 (50%) had evidence of coronary arteritis; the arteritis was classified as healed in six cases, mild or subacute in five cases, and active in seven cases. The active cases were characterized by a short survival (3.2 months) and frequent concomitant diffuse interstitial myocarditis (43%). The healed cases had longest mean survival (36 months) and heaviest mean heart weight at autopsy (616 gm). Cases were also analyzed according to their chronology (pre or post 1952) and the post 1952 cases (22) were subgrouped into those who had received steroids (13) and those who had not (nine). The incidence of active arteritis was highest in the pre 1952 group (29%) and lowest in the steroid treated group (8%). There were no differences in the frequency of hypertension, congestive failure, renal involvement, or cardiomegaly between the pre 1952 and the steroid group. Mean survival more than doubled in the group after 1952 but was only slightly increased in the steroid versus nonsteroid groups. These data suggest that the heart's involvement in polyarteritis may be largely due to the secondary effects of hypertension, renal failure, and steroid therapy. The arteritic component is present in one half of these patients and is healed or trivial in most.
Catalysis science of the solid acidity of model supported tungsten oxide catalysts

Abstract A series of supported WO 3 catalysts were synthesized by incipient wetness impregnation of ammonium metatungstate aqueous solutions onto Al 2 O 3 , TiO 2 , Nb 2 O 5 , and ZrO 2 supports as a function of tungsten oxide loading. The resulting solid acid catalysts were physically characterized with in situ Raman and UV–vis spectroscopy and chemically probed by methanol dehydration to dimethyl ether (CH 3 OH-TPSR and steady-state CH 3 OH dehydration). The molecular structures of the dehydrated supported tungsten oxide phase were determined to be monotungstate and polytungstate surface WO x species below monolayer surface coverage ( 2 ), crystalline WO 3 nanoparticles (4.5–9 W/nm 2 ) and large bulk-like WO 3 crystals (>9 W/nm 2 ). The electronic structure for the different tungsten oxide species, E g , was independent of the specific support and decreased monotonically with increasing tungsten oxide domain size (W/nm 2 ). The solid acid catalytic activity, however, did not correlate with either the molecular or electronic structures because of the dominant contribution by the surface WO x species to the overall catalytic performance of the supported WO 3 catalysts and its reactivity dependence on the specific support. For supported WO 3 /Al 2 O 3 , the surface WO x monolayer was more active than the crystalline WO 3 phases and, consequently, the TOF decreased with increasing surface W/nm 2 density. For tungsten oxide supported on Nb 2 O 5 , TiO 2 and ZrO 2 , the surface WO x monolayer is less active than the crystalline WO 3 phases and, consequently, the TOF increases with surface W/nm 2 density. These reactivity trends reflect the influence of the specific support cation electronegativity on the acid character of the bridging W–O-Support bond.
Fertility, income distribution and economic growth: theory and cross-country evidence: comments.

In a recent paper Galor and Zang attempt to explain the large observed cross-country disparities in the levels and growth rates of per capita output. Cross-country variation in family size and income distribution patterns are an important element of such an explanation. Galor and Zang support the arguments put forth in their paper by using a simple variation of the model published by Galor and Zeira in 1993 and 70 cross-sectional growth regressions in the style of Barros 1991 work. Some points in Galor and Zangs recent work require clarification. The author therefore reviews their work with the goal of clarifying some of Galor and Zangs underlying assumptions which are not that clear in their paper. The aim is to give the reader an idea of what Galor and Zangs paper does and does not do.
Endothelin releasing activity in calf serum and porcine follicular fluid.

Bovine calf serum (CS) and porcine follicular fluid (PFF) added to bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAEC) in culture stimulate endothelin (ET) release. Sorbent extraction of acidified calf serum and PFF using Bond Elut C18 yields a product with an activity 30% that of the starting material. Fractionation of Bond Elut C18 extracted CS or PFF using HPLC yields peaks of activity with retention times similar to those of TGFβ and activin A, respectively. TGFβ is 10-fold more potent than activin A to stimulate ET release from BAECs. The observation that TGFβ and activin A are dose-additive but not effect-additive to stimulate ET release is compatible with the conclusion that these two substances act through a similar mechanism. Thus, TGFβ and/or activin A-related peptides may contribute to the ET releasing activity observed in acidified Bond Elut C18 extracted CS and PFF. The identity of ET-releasing activity in native CS and PFF remains to be established.
Different neuroligands and signal transduction pathways stimulate CREB phosphorylation at specific developmental stages along oligodendrocyte differentiation

Abstract : We have shown previously that the pattern of expression of the transcription factor CREB (cyclic AMP-response element binding protein) in developing oligodendrocytes (OLGs) suggests a role during a period that precedes the peak of myelination in rat brain. We have now investigated the signaling pathways that could be responsible for activating CREB by phosphorylation at different stages along OLG maturation. CREB phosphorylation was studied in short-term cultures of immature OLG precursor cells and young OLGs isolated from 4- and 11-day-old rat cerebrum, respectively. The results indicated that at both developmental stages, CREB phosphorylation could be stimulated by either increased concentrations of cyclic AMP and cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase activation or increased Ca2+ levels and a protein kinase C activity. The results also showed that CREB phosphorylation in immature OLG precursor cells could be up-regulated by treatment with histamine, carbachol, glutamate, and ATP (neuroligands known to increase Ca2+ levels in these cells), by signaling cascade(s) that involve a protein kinase C activity, as well as the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. In contrast, in cells isolated from 11-day-old rats, at a developmental stage that immediately precedes the beginning of the active period of myelin synthesis, CREB phosphorylation was only stimulated by treatment with the β-adrenergic agonist isoproterenol in a process that appears to be mediated by a cyclic AMP/cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase-dependent pathway. These results support the idea that CREB could be a mediator of neuronal signals that, coupled to specific signal transduction cascades, may play different regulatory roles at specific stages along OLG differentiation.
Whatever Floats (or Sinks) Your Can

In this activity, based on a popular chemical demonstration, groups of students test whether several cans of carbonated sodas will float or sink when placed in water. The purpose of this activity is to determine which property of the sodas (caffeine content, soda color, or sugar content) is responsible for whether the soda cans float or sink. This activity is intended to introduce students to the concept of density in an inquiry-based manner, and is also useful in teaching students the importance of controlling variables and making meaningful comparisons.
The Activation Dynamics of Class C Gpcrs Revealed by Single Molecule FRET

G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the largest and most diverse family of membrane signaling proteins. Binding of an extracellular signal to a GPCR activates G protein, which in turn modulates the activity of different downstream cellular effectors. Recent biochemical, pharmacological and biophysical studies suggest that GPCRs do not simply act as on-off switches but instead exist in multiple conformational and functional states where they may signal to distinct G proteins and other partners. However, despite recent advances, many aspects of signal transduction through GPCRs is still not well understood. Here we report a novel functional assay based on single molecule FRET to probe real-time conformational dynamics of isolated receptors. Using our assay, we studied metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs), dimeric members of class C GPCR family, which are involved in modulation of synaptic transmission and excitability of nerve cells. Experiments on mGluR2 and mGluR3 homodimers reveal multiple stable conformational states. Strikingly, in spite of more than 70% sequence identity between mGluR2 and mGluR3, we observe substantial differences in their inherent dynamics and basal activity in absence of ligand. Our approach should make it possible to directly quantify how drugs stabilize conformational states of receptors and provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms of GPCR signaling.
Secondary prevention and lipid lowering: Results and implications

In a secondary prevention trial conducted by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, the effect of lipid lowering by drug intervention on the progression of existing coronary artery disease (CAD) was evaluated in type II hyperlipidemic patients. This first randomized, secondary prevention trial compared the effect of cholestyramine and diet with that of placebo and diet in 143 patients over a 5-year period. End points evaluated were progression or regression of CAD, as demonstrated by angiographic changes compared with baseline angiograms. The cholestyramine-treated group demonstrated a significant reduction in total cholesterol and in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL) levels as compared with placebo, and an 8% increase in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL). A statistically significant result supporting the use of cholestyramine treatment was found in one category of CAD progression.
Congenital Nasolacrimal Duct Obstruction: Delineation of Anatomic Abnormalities With 3-Dimensional Reconstruction

Objective To characterize anatomical abnormalities of the distal nasolacrimal duct (NLD) in children with congenital obstruction using high-resolution computed tomographic imaging. Methods The anatomy of the bone and soft tissue of the NLD and the postductal anatomy of the inferior meatus in 6 children with a wide spectrum of NLD obstructions were imaged by computed tomographic scans and then reconstructed in a 3-dimensional viewer. Images were taken from prior axial (5 children) or coronal (1 child) computed tomographic facial scans at 0.625- or 1.25-mm mm resolution, respectively. Results The axial computed tomographic images and 3-dimensional reconstructions showed bony obstructions of the distal NLD in 3 children, membranous obstructions of the distal NLD in 1 child, and a postductal obstruction in the inferior meatus in 1 child. One child had a combined soft tissue obstruction of the NLD and post-NLD obstruction. Conclusions This study provides anatomic evidence of a bony or membranous obstruction at the distal portion of the NLD or of a postductal obstruction at the inferior meatus in children with congenital NLD obstruction.
Analytical first derivatives of the energy in MNDO

Abstract Analytical expressions are derived for first derivatives of the total energy with respect to Cartesian coordinates for the MNDO version of the NDDO semiempirical SCF MO method. Use of these in place of derivatives found by finite difference reduces the computing time required for geometry optimization and the calculation of force constants.
Radioimmunoassays for aldosterone and deoxycorticosterone in plasma and urine.

Abstract Radio immunoassays for aldosterone and deoxycorticosterone (DOC)are described in which a simple separation procedure using ammonium sulfate stabilization of bound steroid and extraction of free steroid into toluene scintillant allows an “in vial” assay without mechanical separation of the two phase system. Extraction and thin layer Chromatographic methods for purification of aldosterone and DOC are free of solvent and plate blank effects. Normal values are given for unconjugated aldosterone and DOC in urine, for aldosterone and DOC in plasma and for aldosterone 18-glucuronide in urine.
Interaction of task and technology to support large groups

Abstract There are multiple, and occasionally conflicting, prespectives regarding what Group Support Systems are, what they should be, and what directions research related to them should take. The purpose of this paper is to focus on the factors involved in Group Support Systems, with particular attention to the ways in which these factors interact. A University of Arizona implementation of automated group decision support is described as an example of an established Group Support System, based upon a philosophy that recognizes the critical importance of environment, hardware and software to the successful operation of the system. Research conducted at University of Arizona facilities has involved experience with many groups brought together to address real problems. This research has resulted in identification of three interacting factors deemed to be essential to a successful Group Support System: user profile, task domain, and technology. Each of these is defined and its relationships with the others are described. Aspects of benefits to larger groups, task dynamics, interaction among group tasks and technology, multiple session benefits, integration of information technology and impacts upon group process also are explored. Multiple-methodological research approaches and opportunities for future research are addressed.
Oral application of cytokines

A number of different laboratories reported on studies with orally administered interferons and cytokines. Their observations extend previous observations which showed that orally administered interferons and cytokines can exert both local and systemic effects. As difficult as it may be to understand how orally administered interferons and cytokines may exert both effects, the increasing number of laboratories that demonstrate biological effects with orally administered cytokines suggests that serious consideration be given to the possibility that orally administered interferons and cytokines can indeed exert effects. They also raise the possibility that these effects may have biological relevance for the treatment of human disease. Moreover, they may indicate that the nasal/oral region is a window on the environment. It is most important, however, to assure that these experiments are performed with special care to avoid presenting preliminary data that is not properly controlled. It is essential to carry out these studies with sufficient animals or patients to ascertain their significance; and to plan the studies as double-blind evaluations to avoid misinterpretations when subjective tests are used. Nevertheless, the overall data presented give one the impression of an area that should be pursued.
The Spectacular City, Mexico, and Colonial Hispanic Literary Culture

The Spectacular City, Mexico, and Colonial Hispanic Literary Culture Stephanie Merrim Austin: University of Texas Press, 2010 367 pp. (ISBN 9780292723078) In her monumental new study, Stephanie Mer...
Deformable registration of histological sections to brain MR images using a hybrid boundary-based slice-to-volume approach

Registration of histology to three-dimensional (3D) magnetic resonance (MR) images is often required for the analysis of brain structure and investigation of brain pathologies. A novel algorithm for deformable registration of an individual histological section to a brain MR image is described. The cost function uses a novel hybrid intensity- and boundary surface-based measure that reflects the contrast of histological slice intensities across the boundary of the pial and inner cortical surface. The algorithm relies on implicit representation of cortical surfaces reconstructed from an anatomical MR image, and computes the cost function in a level set framework. The algorithm is evaluated on cross-modality registration of myelin-stained histological sections to a high-resolution MR image of the human brain.
The dif resolvase locus of the Escherichia coli chromosome can be replaced by a 33-bp sequence, but function depends on location.

Abstract The dif locus (deletion-induced filamentation) of Escherichia coli is a resolvase site, located in the terminus region of the chromosome, that reduces chromosome multimers to monomers. In strains in which this site has been deleted, a fraction of the cells is filamentous, has abnormal nucleoid structure, and exhibits elevated levels of the SOS repair system. We have demonstrated that a 33-bp sequence, which is sufficient for RecA-independent recombination and which shows similarity to the cer site of pColE1, suppresses the Dif phenotype when inserted in the terminus region. Flanking sequences were not required, since suppression occurred in strains in which dif as well as 12 kb or 173 kb of DNA had been deleted. However, location was important, and insertions at a site 118 kb away from the normal site did not suppress the Dif phenotype. These sites were otherwise still functional, and they exhibited wild-type levels of RecA-independent recombination with dif-containing plasmids and recombined with other chromosomal dif sites to cause deletions and inversions. It is proposed that the functions expressed by a dif site depend on chromosome location and structure, and analysis of these functions provides a way to examine the structure of the terminus region.
Optimal M/G/1 server location on a tree network with continuous link demands

Abstract This paper represents two major extensions of Hakimi's one-median problem specialized on a tree network T :(i) queueing delay is explicitly included in the objective function, and (ii) probabilistic demands for service can originate continuously along a link as well as discretely at a node. Calls for service occur as a time-homogeneous Poisson process. A single mobile server resides at a facility located on T . The server, when available, is dispatched immediately to any demand that occurs. When a customer finds the server busy with previous demand, it is entered into a first-come first-served queue. One desires to locate a facility on T so as to minimize the average response time, which is the sum of mean queueing delay and mean travel time. Convexity properties of the average response time and related functions allow us to develop an efficient two-stage algorithm for finding the optimal location. We also analytically trace the trajectory of the optimal location when the Poisson arrival rate is varied. A numerical example is constructed to demonstrate the algorithm as well as the trajectory results.
Long time due: reducing tuberculosis mortality in the 21st century.

The beginning and the end of the 20 th century were marked by great pandemics: influenza and AIDS. Medical journals do not describe any major tuberculosis (TB) pandemics in the 20 th century. Yet TB likely was responsible for more deaths in the last 100 years than influenza and HIV combined. Steadily, insidiously, millions of people die from TB every year. Even under optimal TB control conditions, it is estimated that more than 50 million people will die from TB between 1998 and 2020. Under current TB control conditions, the number is closer to 70 million. It is long past time that the global community committed to a serious program to eliminate tuberculosis mortality. Such a program would require making treatment universally available, making prevention accessible to those in poor countries as well as affluent, addressing the interaction between HIV and TB, and setting serious verifiable goals. A global 5 × 7 initiative that calls for treating an additional 5 million active TB cases per year, and for screening up to five contacts of every TB case, by 2007 would offer an important beginning. With the sustained effort that comes from public commitment, TB can be changed from one of the most important causes of preventable death worldwide to a historical cause of death. Without this effort, TB will remain the silent, steady killer it has been for centuries. The rationale for action, potential and need for success are detailed in this article.
Correlates of the Generation Gap.

(1972). Correlates of the Generation Gap. The Journal of Psychology: Vol. 81, No. 2, pp. 253-262.
SSI Eligibility and Participation among Elderly Naturalized Citizens and Noncitizens

Abstract This article compares patterns and determinants of welfare eligibility and participation among naturalized citizens and noncitizens. Using the 1990 Public Use Microdata Sample, the research applies mutlilevel modeling and decomposition techniques to determine whether differences between naturalized and noncitizens in socioeconomic and demographic characteristics and the community-level structural environment can explain the naturalized/noncitizen welfare differential or whether the differences in welfare recipiency are a result of patterns of behavior or attitudes on the part of noncitizens that promote or lead to welfare recipiency. One quarter of elderly noncitizens versus 9% of naturalized citizens reported receiving SSI benefits in 1989. The primary reason for this difference is that noncitizens are more likely to be poor enough to qualify for benefits, but some of the explanation arises from the fact that eligible noncitizens are more likely to participate in SSI. In turn, elderly noncitizens are more likely to be poor and more likely to participate because of their disadvantaged economic and human capital profiles and poor returns to whatever human capital assets they do possess. The pattern of results provides scant evidence that elderly noncitizens exhibit tendencies, behaviors, or adjustment strategies that lead to high levels of welfare dependency, although some noncitizen subgroups may exhibit such tendencies.
Endogenous opiates: 1996.

Abstract Olson, G. A., R. D. Olson and A. J. Kastin. Endogenous opiates: 1996. Peptides 18(10) 1651–1688, 1997.—This paper is the nineteenth installment of our annual review of research concerning the opiate system. It summarizes papers published during 1996 reporting the behavioral effects of the opiate peptides and antagonists, excluding the purely analgesic effects, although stress-induced analgesia is included. The specific topics covered this year include stress, tolerance and dependence; eating; drinking; gastrointestinal, renal, and hepatic function; mental illness and mood; learning, memory, and reward; cardiovascular responses; respiration and thermoregulation; seizures and other neurological disorders; electrical-related activity; general activity and locomotion; sex, pregnancy, and development; immunological responses; and other behaviors.
The King James Bible at 401

The King James Bible has now entered its fifth century. Prepared by some 50 committed scholars of Hebrew and Greek, its text depended heavily on the work of the martyred scholar William Tyndale. Like the Septuagint, its Greek precedent, begun in the 3rd century B.C.E., the KJV was a team effort, and it was in fact, as the Septuagint was in legend, undertaken at royal command. Like Shakespeare's works, the King James Version both reflected and helped create the modern English language. But its phrases were not always called majestic. Indeed they were frowned upon by many an 18th century writer. But its robust language, hewing closely to the concrete diction of the Hebrew and koine Greek originals, kept to a vocabulary less than a third the size of Shakespeare's, allowing it to fulfill Tyndale's dream, that one day the Bible's message would be open to the humblest speaker of English. Idealized, even idolized in some quarters, this redoubtable text continues to strike fire today, where its many rivals often only sputter.
Evaluation of Reporting Bias in Postmarketing Risk Assessment Based on Spontaneous Reporting Systems

Databases of spontaneously reported cases of adverse drug reactions play a significant role in the safety monitoring of marketed medicinal products. However, the inherent limitations of such data render the interpretation of results fairly difficult. One major issue is the bias introduced by under-reporting or differential reporting of events. Despite considerable progress in the development of analytical tools for spontaneously reported data, the issue of reporting bias has not been effectively addressed in the literature. This article discusses the problem of handling reporting bias, considers the plausibility of adapting techniques from other areas of application and suggests directions for future research. While the problems associated with spontaneous reporting data are complex and multifaceted, it is concluded that judicious and careful use of rigorous statistical techniques to assess bias can help enhance the reliability of research on the relative toxicity of marketed products.
Employment and the Use of Birth Control by Sexually Active Single Hispanic, Black, and White Women

Previous studies of the use of birth control by sexually active single women tend to emphasize family background and aspirations, and restrict their attention to teenagers. We elaborate this framework by considering how labor market experiences might shape the birth control practices of women in their late teens and twenties. Data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Labor Force Experiences — Youth Cohort provide evidence that employment histories and wages influence birth control practices, net of the effects of family background, aspirations, and educational attainment. Several pronounced racial and ethnic differences are found.
OBSTRUCTIVE AZOOSPERMIA AS A DIAGNOSTIC CRITERION FOR THE CYSTIC FIBROSIS SYNDROME

In some male patients with findings characteristic of cystic fibrosis, but normal sweat chloride concentrations, the demonstration of obstruction azoospermia has been pivotal in diagnosis. It is proposed that cystic fibrosis be diagnosed if the patient has at least two of three major criteria (marked rise in sweat chloride concentration, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and pseudomonas infection, and unexplained obstructive azoospermia) or has one major criterion together with one of several minor criteria--including positive family history and childhood onset of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency. Inclusion of unusual variants within the cystic fibrosis syndrome has major theoretical implications for pathogenesis and practical importance for genetic counselling and patient care.
Technique for the Direct Observation of Residual Defect Structures in Explosive Loaded Metal Cylinders

A new technique has been devised to examine deformation microstructures of thin walled metal cylinders subjected to internal impulsive loading. The cylinders are strained finite amounts but are not carried to fracture. The stressing device uses a rigid stainless steel cell as a container and an explosively driven Lucite core to produce specimens of metals and alloys that have undergone a high strain rate expansion and are in a form amenable to direct observation by transmission electron microscopy. The total strain in the specimen is controlled and loading conditions may be reproduced for comparison of different materials. This approach is particularly well suited to the detailed investigation of explosive forming processes and shock hardening phenomena in cylindrical bodies.
The Harlem boycott of 1934: Black Nationalism and the rise of labor‐union consciousness

(1972). The Harlem boycott of 1934: Black Nationalism and the rise of labor‐union consciousness. Labor History: Vol. 13, No. 3, pp. 361-373.
Isolated versus common envelope dynamos in planetary nebula progenitors

The origin, evolution and role of magnetic fields in the production and shaping of protoplanetary nebulae (PPNe) and planetary nebulae (PNe) are a subject of active research. Most PNe and PPNe are axisymmetric with many exhibiting highly collimated outflows; however, it is important to understand whether such structures can be generated by isolated stars or require the presence of a binary companion. Towards this end, we study a dynamical, large-scale a -Ω interface dynamo operating in a 3.0 M ⊙ Asymptotic Giant Branch (AGB) star in both an isolated setting and a setting in which a low-mass companion is embedded inside the envelope. The back reaction of the fields on the shear is included and differential rotation and rotation deplete via turbulent dissipation and Poynting flux. For the isolated star, the shear must be resupplied in order to sufficiently sustain the dynamo. Furthermore, we investigate the energy requirements that convection must satisfy to accomplish this by analogy to the Sun. For the common envelope case, a robust dynamo results, unbinding the envelope under a range of conditions. Two qualitatively different types of explosion may arise: (i) magnetically induced, possibly resulting in collimated bipolar outflows and (ii) thermally induced from turbulent dissipation, possibly resulting in quasi-spherical outflows. A range of models is presented for a variety of companion masses.
Thinking telescopes and the future astronomical Meta-Network

In 2002, the RAPid Telescopes for Optical Response (RAPTOR) project pushed the envelope of automated astronomy by becoming the first fully autonomous closedloop robotic telescope. Deployment required a fast, efficient, and reliable network technology to perform the collaborative, synchronized observations and the Telescope ALert Operation Network System (TALONS) was engineered to meet this goal. It was soon realized that the telescope systems mandate could be expanded to include monitoring the sky for anomalous and interesting behaviors in persistent sources rather than focusing on only optical transients and GRB follow-ups. But to achieve this goal we would need to make this system think and that would require the merging of the robotic telescopes assets with new technologies. The binding thread between the new technologies and RAPTOR would be an enhanced TALONS astronomical network. We have now seen that any isolated telescope system can deliver good science, but if it could cooperatively operate with a network of other telescope assets it could increase the likelihood of great science. While using the internet for communicating between distributed astronomical systems is still in its infancy, it already shows great potential (White et al. 2004) and the varied architectural techniques available offer operators great flexibility to meet their local needs and to meet a goal of greater interconnectivity. In this paper we will present the evolution of RAPTOR and TALONS into a thinking telescope system and how that effort highlights the process of designing and engineering a meta-network to meet the goal of greater interconnectivity in the astronomical community. (© 2006 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
METABOLISM OF 11β-HYDROXY-Δ4-ANDROSTENE-3,17-DIONE IN CONGENITAL ADRENAL HYPERPLASIA*

ABSTRACT The metabolism of llβ-hydroxy-Δ4-androstene-3,17-dione was examined in a patient with congenital adrenal hyperplasia and compared with a prior study of that hormone in subjects without that disorder. In 2 experiments, 79 and 87 per cent of the neutral steroids were identified as 3 of the major metabolites of the hormone. There was no evident difference in the metabolic pattern with congenital adrenal hyperplasia. This disorder is discussed with reference to steroid production and the metabolites found in urine.
Direct delayed human adenoviral BMP-2 or BMP-6 gene therapy for bone and cartilage regeneration in a pony osteochondral model.

Summary Objective To evaluate healing of surgically created large osteochondral defects in a weight-bearing femoral condyle in response to delayed percutaneous direct injection of adenoviral (Ad) vectors containing coding regions for either human bone morphogenetic proteins 2 (BMP-2) or -6. Methods Four 13mm diameter and 7mm depth circular osteochondral defects were drilled, 1/femoral condyle ( n =20 defects in five ponies). At 2 weeks, Ad-BMP-2, Ad-BMP-6, Ad-green fluorescent protein (GFP), or saline was percutaneously injected into the central drill hole of the defect. Quantitative magnetic resonance imaging (qMRI) and computed tomography (CT) were serially performed at 12, 24, and 52 weeks. At 12 (one pony) or 52 weeks, histomorphometry and microtomographic analyses were performed to assess subchondral bone and cartilage repair tissue quality. Results Direct delivery of Ad-BMP-6 demonstrated delayed gadolinium-enhanced MRI of cartilage ( dGEMRIC ) and histologic evidence of greater Glycosaminoglycan (GAG) content in repair tissue at 12 weeks, while Ad-BMP-2 had greater non-mineral cartilage at the surface at 52 weeks ( p p p Conclusions Delivery of Ad-BMP-2 or Ad-BMP-6 via direct injection supported cartilage and subchondral bone regeneration but was insufficient to provide long-term quality osteochondral repair.
Friend: A cyber-physical system for traffic flow related information aggregation and dissemination

In this paper, we introduce the theoretical foundations of FRIEND: A cyber-physical system for traffic Flow-Related Information aggrEgatioN and Dissemination. By integrating resources and capabilities at the nexus between the cyber and physical worlds, FRIEND will contribute to aggregating traffic flow data collected by the huge fleet of vehicles on our roads into a comprehensive, near real-time synopsis of traffic flow conditions. We anticipate providing the drivers with a meaningful, color-coded, at-a-glance view of flow conditions ahead, alerting them to congested traffic. FRIEND can be used to provide accurate information about traffic flow and can be used to propagate this information. The workhorses of FRIEND are the ubiquitous lane delimiters (a.k.a. cat-eyes) on our roadways that, at the moment, are used simply as dumb reflectors. Our main vision is that by endowing cat's eyes with a modest power source, detection and communication capabilities they will play an important role in collecting, aggregating and disseminating traffic flow conditions to the driving public. We envision the cat-eye system to be supplemented by road-side units (RSU) deployed at regular intervals (e.g. every km or so). The RSUs placed on opposite sides of the roadway constitute a logical unit and are connected. The physical components of FRIEND collect traffic flow-related data from passing vehicles. The collected data is used by an inference engine in the RSU's cyber component to build beliefs about the state of the traffic, to detect traffic trends, and to disseminate relevant traffic flow-related information along the roadway.
Silicon nanoparticles supported on graphitic carbon paper as a hybrid anode for Li-ion batteries

Abstract Graphite anode is widely used in current lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries due its high capacity and excellent cycling stability. A conventional graphite composite anode consists of graphite powder, carbon additive, and a polymer binder. To further increase the energy density of Li-ion batteries, alternative high capacity anode materials such as silicon are needed. Here, we report a hybrid anode consisting of silicon nanoparticles supported on a woven graphitic carbon paper. The structural carbon paper itself exhibits a specific capacity of 167 mAh g−1 at a rate of C/40, while the silicon nanoparticles further increase the overall capacity of the electrode by ~10% with a silicon loading of only 0.2 mg. The silicon in the hybrid electrode exhibits a specific capacity of ~1300 mAh g−1 which decreases as the loading increases to 0.6 mg, but still showing good cyclability. The structural and morphological changes of graphite and silicon within the hybrid electrode during charge and discharge are also presented.
The Tableau Économique as a Simple Leontief Model

I. Introduction, 137. — II. Quesnay's Tableau, 138. — III. The Tableau Economique as an input-output system, 140. — IV. Suggested interpretations of the Tableau Economique, 142. — V. Conclusions, 144.
Facts and models applied to tumor radiotherapy.

The therapeutic effectiveness of radiation, i.e. the preferential elimination of tumor cells relative to normal cells, lies in the ability of radiation to alter tumor physiology during the course of treatment, not in inherent radiosensitivity differences between normal and tumor cells. The 5Rs, reoxygenation, repair, repopulation, redistribution, and recruitment are all initiated by irradiation, but only reoxygenation is tumor-specific. Comprehensive models of the response of tumors to irradiation must therefore take account of all these factors, but much more information is required before realistic and accurate models can be formulated.
Theory and method as tools: reflections on research on the pedagogical uses of ICT in education

The present set of papers is reviewed in light of their commonalities and their relative homogeneity. Design forms of research are contrasted with traditional variable-based or theory-based inquiry. The disruptive role of research on ICT in education is considered, in contrast to its role in incrementally contributing to a knowledge base. Researchers and practitioners alike are encouraged to question and examine their own tools, including ICT but also including the theories, models, and methods used in inquiry and instruction. As researchers include practitioners' voices and perspectives, a process of dialogue can heighten awareness of problems and stimulate change.
IN-SITU MULTI-MODE SENSING WITH EMBEDDED PIEZOELECTRIC WAFER ACTIVE SENSORS FOR CRITICAL PIPELINE HEALTH MONITORING.

Pipelines are important infrastructures in petroleum and gas industries which are vital to the national economy. They are typically subjected to corrosion inside of the pipe and there is an urgent need for the development of a cost-effective, nonexcavating, in-service, permanent critical pipeline damage detection and prediction system. In this paper, we proposed an in-situ multiple mode pipeline monitoring system by utilizing permanently installed piezoelectric wafer active sensors (PWAS). As an active sensing device, PWAS can be bonded to the structure or inserted into a composite structure, operated in propagating wave mode or electromechanical impedance mode. The small size and low cost (about ~$10 each) make it a potential and unique technology for in-situ application. Additionally, PWAS transducers can operate at a temperature as high as 260oC which is sufficient for most critical pipeline systems used in gas/petroleum industry. This system can be used during in-service period, recording and monitoring the changes, such as cracks, impedance, wall thickness, etc., of the pipelines over time. Having the real-time data available, maintenance strategies based on these data can then be developed to ensure a safe and less expensive operation of the pipeline systems. The paper will first give an intensive literature review of current pipeline corrosion detection. Then, the basic principles of applying PWAS to in-situ SHM using in-plane propagation waves and impedance measurement for damage detection are studied and developed. Next, experiments were conducted to verify the corrosion detection and thickness measurement ability of PWAS sensor network in a laboratory setting and in water pipe with flowing fluid inside as well. In addition, the potential of PWAS application for high temperature pipeline thickness monitoring was also investigated.