cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An alternating direction implicit scheme for discrete ordinate transport equations

Abstract This paper concerns a finite difference approximation of the discrete ordinate equations for the time-dependent linear transport equation posed in a multi-dimensional rectangular parallelepiped with partially reflecting walls. We present an unconditionally stable alternating direction implicit finite difference scheme, show how to solve the difference equations, and establish the following properties of the scheme. If a sequence of difference approximations is considered in which the time and space increments approach zero, then the corresponding sequence of solutions has a subsequence which converges continuously to a strong solution of the discrete ordinate equations. Provided that the time increment is sufficiently small, independently of the space and velocity increment sizes: the solution of the difference equations is bounded by an exponential function of time; in the subcritical case the coefficient of t in this exponential bound is zero or negative; and if the constituent functions are all nonnegative, then the solution of the difference equations will also be nonnegative. This last result implies a monotonicity principle for solutions of related difference problems.
Workflow Reuse in Practice: A Study of Neuroimaging Pipeline Users

Workflow reuse is a major benefit of workflow systems and shared workflow repositories, but there are barely any studies that quantify the degree of reuse of workflows or the practical barriers that may stand in the way of successful reuse. In our own work, we hypothesize that defining workflow fragments improves reuse, since end-to-end workflows may be very specific and only partially reusable by others. This paper reports on a study of the current use of workflows and workflow fragments in labs that use the LONI Pipeline, a popular workflow system used mainly for neuroimaging research that enables users to define and reuse workflow fragments. We present an overview of the benefits of workflows and workflow fragments reported by users in informal discussions. We also report on a survey of researchers in a lab that has the LONI Pipeline installed, asking them about their experiences with reuse of workflow fragments and the actual benefits they perceive. This leads to quantifiable indicators of the reuse of workflows and workflow fragments in practice. Finally, we discuss barriers to further adoption of workflow fragments and workflow reuse that motivate further work.
Identification of proteins crosslinked to RNA in 40S ribosomal subunits of Saccharomyces cerevisiae

RNA-protein crosslinks were introduced into the 40S ribosomal subunits from Saccharomyces cerevisiae by mild UV treatment. Proteins crosslinked to the 18S rRNA molecule were separated from free proteins by repeated extraction of the treated subunits and centrifugation in glycerol gradients. After digestion with RNase to remove the RNA molecules, proteins were radio-labeled with 125I and identified by electrophoresis on two-dimensional polyacrylamide gels with carrier total 40S ribosomal proteins and autoradiography. Proteins S2, S7, S13, S14, S17/22/27, and S18 were linked to the 18S rRNA. A shorter period of irradiation resulted in crosslinking of S2 and S17/22/27 only. Several of these proteins were previously demonstrated to be present in ribosomal core particles or early assembled proteins.
Mechanisms responsible for the hyperglycemia produced by the dibutyryl derivative of cyclic 3',5'-adenosine monophosphate.

Abstract Glucose release by the liver and glucose uptake from the blood were measured in intact unanesthetized dogs in the postabsorptive state by the use of 14 C-glucose. Plasma insulin concentrations were monitored by radioimmunoassay. It was found that the hyperglycemia resulting from the infusion (at 5 mg/kg/hr, i.v.) of N 6 -2′- O -dibutyryl cyclic 3′,5′-adenosine monophosphate (dibutyryl cAMP) was due for the most part to increased glucose release. Plasma insulin concentration rose to the same level during dibutyryl cAMP infusion as during a comparable hyperglycemia produced by intravenous infusion of glucose. It is concluded that dibutyryl cAMP, at a concentration sufficient for a pronounced hepatic response, exerts no direct action on the β cells in vivo to enhance or inhibit glucose-stimulated insulin release. At the same elevated plasma insulin level, glucose uptake was increased less during dibutyryl cAMP hyperglycemia than during the comparable hyperglycemia caused by glucose infusion. It is concluded that a small part of the hyperglycemia maintained by dibutyryl cAMP is due to resistance on the part of the tissues to insulin-stimulated glucose uptake. When epinephrine was infused to yield a comparable hyperglycemia, glucose release from the liver increased but the plasma insulin concentration and the uptake of glucose by the tissues did not increase.
Location and motion of free cholesterol molecules in high density lipoprotein.

Abstract Human high density lipoprotein (HDL 3 ) was reconstituted with the free cholesterol molecules replaced with 4-[ 13 C]-cholesterol. 90 MHz [ 13 C]-NMR spectra were obtained and two cholesterol resonances at chemical shifts of 41.73 and 42.20 ppm could be resolved. The former signal arises from the C-4 atom of cholesterol molecules associated with phospholipids and located in the surface of the HDL 3 particle while the latter resonance is due to cholesterol molecules associated with cholesterol ester and triglyceride molecules in the core. HDL 3 reconstituted without any cholesterol ester or triglyceride gave a single resonance at 41.73 ppm indicating that all the free cholesterol molecules are in the surface. 60% of the free cholesterol molecules present in normal HDL 3 are in the phospholipid monolayer around the surface where they undergo relatively restricted motion compared to the remaining 40% situated in the liquid core. The free cholesterol molecules can equilibrate between the two pools in the timescale 10ms–700s.
Glial cell lines: an overview

The importance and essential functions of glial cells in the nervous system are now beginning to be understood and appreciated. Glial cell lines have been instrumental in the elucidation of many of these properties. In this Overview, the origin and properties of most of the existing cell lines for the major glial types: oligodendroglia, astroglia, microglia and Schwann cells, are documented. Particular emphasis is given to the culture conditions for each cell line and the degree to which the line can differentiate in vitro and in vivo. The major molecular markers for each glial cell lines are indicated. Finally, methods by which the glial cell lines have been developed are noted and the future directions of glial cell line research are discussed.
Attachment- and family systems-based intervention in developmental psychopathology

A brief treatment protocol for pediatric psychogenic pain conditions is presented, based on attachment and family systems theories and on the following principles of developmental psychopathology: commonality of developmental principles, developmental pathways, continuity and change in disorders of development, and disorders of development as reflecting competence-based strategies. Some principles of intervention based on this integrated model are presented, followed by an outline of the treatment protocol. Of 19 families who participated in the 4-day program, 17 had children who remained symptom-free on 6-month follow-up. Alternative family developmental pathways for pediatric psychogenic pain conditions are proposed as well as some directions for future research.
Longitudinal assessment of coherence in an adult with fluent aphasia: A follow-up study

Background: It has been suggested that individuals with fluent aphasia demonstrate microlinguistic impairments and relatively preserved macrolinguistic abilities (Glosser & Deser, 1990). However, results of a previous study in which measures of sentence production, intersentential cohesion, and story grammar were assessed longitudinally over a period of 12 months did not support this contention (Coelho, Liles, Duffy, Clarkson, & Elia, 1994). In that investigation, as the individual with fluent aphasia recovered severity of aphasia decreased and microlinguistic abilities improved, but macrolinguistic skills remained quite limited. Aims: The present study sought to clarify the discrepancy between these two studies by re-analysing the narrative samples collected by Coelho et al. for adequacy of coherence in order for similar macrolinguistic measures to be compared across studies. Methods & Procedures: Two types of story narratives were elicited from a 55-year-old male with mild-moderate anomic aphasia on a m...
Suspension losses in the pendula of laser interferometer gravitational-wave detectors

Abstract We have experimentally tested models currently in use to estimate the mechanical losses and thermal noise of the test mass suspensions of laser interferometer gravitational-wave detectors. Observed losses are approximately independent of frequency from 1 Hz to 2 kHz, resulting in lower thermal noise estimates than with some previous models.
Phase-space solution of the linear mode-conversion problem

Abstract The problem of linear mode conversion in a weakly inhomogeneous medium is posed and solved by phase-space methods. The PDEs for the two coupled modes are transformed to a simple first-order ordinary differential equation by a canonical transformation, wherein the two dispersion functions become essentially a locally conjugate pair of coordinates.
Negative effects of progesterone receptor isoform-A on human placental activity of the noncanonical NF-κB signaling.

Context: Progesterone (P4)contributes to the maintenance of human pregnancy, in part by inhibiting activity of the human pro-labor genes CRH and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the action of P4 remain poorly defined. We have shown that in human placenta, the constitutively activated noncanonical nuclear factor (NF)-κB pathway positively regulates CRH and COX-2, which is further stimulated by glucocorticoid receptor signaling. Objective: We investigated the role of P4 receptor (PR) in the regulation of nuclear activity of v-rel avian reticuloendotheliosis viral oncogene homolog B (RelB)/NF-κB2 and, in turn, expression of placental CRH and COX-2. Methods: We used a variety of techniques including gene silencing, ectopic expression, chromatin immunoprecipitation, Western blot, quantitative RT-PCR, and immunohistochemical staining assays in human placental tissues and primary culture of human cytotrophoblast. Results: We identified PR isoform-A (PR-A) as the only isoform...
A Possible Novel Anti-Inflammatory Mechanism for the Pharmacological Prolyl Hydroxylase Inhibitor 3,4-Dihydroxybenzoate: Implications for Use as a Therapeutic for Parkinson’s Disease

Parkinson's disease (PD) is an age-related neurodegenerative disorder characterized in part by the preferential loss of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons. Although the precise etiology of PD is unknown, accumulating evidence suggests that PD involves microglial activation that exerts neurotoxic effects through production of proinflammatory cytokines and increased oxidative and nitrosative stress. Thus, controlling microglial activation has been suggested as a therapeutic target for combating PD. Previously we demonstrated that pharmacological inhibition of a class of enzymes known as prolyl hydroxylases via 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate administration protected against MPTP-induced neurotoxicity, however the exact mechanisms involved were not elucidated. Here we show that this may be due to DHB's ability to inhibit microglial activation. DHB significantly attenuated LPS-mediated induction of nitric oxide synthase and pro-inflammatory cytokines in murine BV2 microglial cells in vitro in conjunction with reduced ROS production and activation of NFκB and MAPK pathways possibly due to up-regulation of HO-1 levels. HO-1 inhibition partially abrogates LPS-mediated NFκB activity and subsequent NO induction. In vivo, DHB pre-treatment suppresses microglial activation elicited by MPTP treatment. Our results suggest that DHB's neuroprotective properties could be due to its ability to dampen induction of microglial activation via induction of HO-1.
BTBR T+tf/J MICE: AUTISM-RELEVANT BEHAVIORS AND REDUCED FRACTONE-ASSOCIATED HEPARAN SULFATE

BTBR T+tf/J (BTBR) mice have emerged as strong candidates to serve as models of a range of autism-relevant behaviors, showing deficiencies in social behaviors; reduced or unusual ultrasonic vocalizations in conspecific situations; and enhanced, repetitive self-grooming. Recent studies have described their behaviors in a seminatural visible burrow system (VBS); a Social Proximity Test in which avoidance of a conspecific is impossible; and in an object approach and investigation test evaluating attention to specific objects and potential stereotypies in the order of approaching/investigating objects. VBS results confirmed strong BTBR avoidance of conspecifics and in the Social Proximity Test, BTBR showed dramatic differences in several close-in behaviors, including specific avoidance of a nose-to-nose contact that may potentially be related to gaze-avoidance. Diazepam normalized social avoidance by BTBRs in a Three-Chamber Test, and some additional behaviors - but not nose to nose avoidance - in the Social Proximity Test. BTBR also showed higher levels of preference for particular objects, and higher levels of sequences investigating 3- or 4-objects in the same order. Heparan sulfate (HS) associated with fractal structures in the subventricular zone of the lateral ventricles was severely reduced in BTBR. HS may modulate the functions of a range of growth and guidance factors during development, and HS abnormalities are associated with relevant brain (callosal agenesis) and behavioral (reductions in sociality) changes; suggesting the value of examination of the dynamics of the HS system in the context of autism.
Presenting Controversial Issues in Applied Psychology through Debate-Style Peer Teaching

This article describes a simple method for presenting controversial issues in applied psychology that can be used in many liberal arts courses that introduce complex, and often contradictory, resea...
Effect of pressure on sulfate ion association and ultrasonic absorption in sea water

Abstract Recent studies on sea water indicated that an increase in pressure of 1000 atm produces a small increase in the concentration of MgSO 4 ion-pairs; this is opposite to the effect observed in aqueous solutions of MgSO 4 alone. This increase has been assumed to imply a corresponding increase with pressure of ultrasonic absorption due to MgSO 4 in sea water, in contrast to the large decrease observed in aqueous solutions. A detailed calculation based on the Eigen and Tamm multistate dissociation model shows, however, that a decrease in ultrasonic absorption with pressure still occurs even though the concentration of ion-pairs increases
Neuroendocrine function in adult female transgenic mice expressing the human growth hormone gene.

Adult female transgenic mice expressing the human GH (hGH) gene with mouse metallothionein-I promoter are sterile. To evaluate the hypothalamic-pituitary function in these animals, adult female transgenic mice and nontransgenic normal littermates were ovariectomized. On days 7 and 8 after ovariectomy, mice were injected with either oil or primed with 0.5 micrograms estradiol benzoate (EB) in oil, 24 h later treated with 10 micrograms EB/100 g body wt and a day later bled for measurements of FSH, LH, and PRL levels. Plasma gonadotropin and PRL levels were also measured in ovary-intact transgenic and normal siblings at estrus. Additional ovariectomized EB-treated transgenic mice and normal siblings were injected with either saline or GnRH in saline (1 ng/g body wt) and were bled 15 min later for determination of circulating hormone levels. At estrus, in transgenic mice, circulating FSH and PRL levels were significantly lower (FSH:P less than 0.001; PRL:P less than 0.025), but plasma LH concentrations were h...
An economic model of the market for negotiable certificates of deposit

Abstract The model developed in this paper explains both the quantity of CDs and the rate of interest on this instrument. We demonstrate that the behavior of the market for this financial asset is characterized by a dichotomy which has been induced by the Federal Reserve's administration of Regulation Q ceilings on offering rates on CDs. During several time spans since 1961, Regulation Q had no impact on the CD market and we hypothesize that the behavior of the CD market reflected market forces of both demand and supply. However during several periods, the Regulation Q ceiling effectively bound offering rates on CDs which induced a runoff in the quantity of CDs while the secondary CD rate was bid up to the level of market interest rates. In modeling the behavior of the CD market, equations are developed for both the outstanding quantity of CDs and the interest rate on CDs, each of which consists of different sets of variables for normal and runoff periods in order to explain this dichotomy.
An Inverse Finite Element Method for the Determination of Unsteady Temperatures and Heat Fluxes on Surfaces of 3-D Objects

The direct measurement of temperatures and heat fluxes may be difficult or impossible on boundaries that are obstructed, such as internal cavities, or exposed to harsh environmental conditions that would destroy the thermal sensors. In such circumstances, one may inversely determine the temperature and heat fluxes on these unknown boundaries by using over-specified conditions on boundaries where such information can be readily collected. This assumes the geometry and material properties of the domain are known. Algorithms for solving these problems, such those based on finite difference, finite element, and boundary element, are well known for the case where measured boundary conditions are not a function of time. In this work, I demonstrate an inverse finite element method that effectively solves this inverse heat conduction problem using over-specified temperatures and heat fluxes that are time varying. The material properties may highly heterogeneous and non-linear. A boundary regularization method in space and time is used to stabilize the method for cases involving errors in temperature and heat flux measurements. Several three dimensional examples are given using simulated measurements with and without measurement errors, to demonstrate the accuracy of the method.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Molecular Mechanisms of Chromosome Pairing, Folding and Function

Allosteric proteins are proposed which, on binding to specific DNA sites, undergo conformational changes that enable them to bind to each other and to control pairing, condensation, and genetic function of chromosomes.
Determination of aluminium in thorium oxide and a separation scheme for interfering ions

Abstract A method is presented for the separation and subsequent estimation of 0.5 to 150μg of aluminium in thorium oxide which contains corrosion products of steel and other impurities. The aluminium is separated from thorium, iron, zirconium and some other elements by extraction of these elements with a hexone solution of thenoyltrifluoroacetone (TTA). Aluminium is then extracted with 8-quinolinol and chloroform in the presence of hydrogen peroxide, sodium cyanide, and nitrilotriacetic acid, which mask interfering ions that are not removed by the TTA extraction. In view of the effectiveness of the separation scheme in eliminating interferences, the aluminium can be measured either fluorometrically or spectrophotometrically, depending on the quantity to be determined. When the thorium oxide also contains manganese and cobalt, a double extraction, using TTA and sodium diethyldithiocarbamate, is required to remove the interfering ions before the aluminium can be successfully determined as the quinolinate.
Organochlorine pesticides and the dairy industry.

Abstract Production and use of organochlorine pesticides has been declining in recent years. This suggests that residue problems will decrease, but the persistence of these materials in the environment means that some residues will be encountered for many years. The residue levels in the general food supply are low enough to pose no demonstrable adverse effect on human health. The situation in the general environment may pose serious problems for some species of wildlife. Milk pesticide residue concentrations above the FDA tolerances are generally the result of misuse of the pesticide or inadvertent indirect contamination through the environment. There are generally no satisfactory preventive measures other than good management. Drugs which induce liver microsomal enzymes show promise for dieldrin or DDD decontamination of cows producing milk contaminated above the FDA tolerance. The role of these drugs in other pesticides or the use of activated charcoal for decontamination of cows requires further work for appropriate evaluation.
CD4 T cell control of acute and latent murine gammaherpesvirus infection requires IFNγ

Murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (gammaHV68, MHV-68)-specific CD4 T cells control gammaHV68 infection by reducing the frequency of latently infected cells and by inhibiting viral replication. We have previously demonstrated that CD4 T cells do not require CD8 T or B cells to control gammaHV68 replication, demonstrating a helper-independent activity of CD4 T cells during gammaHV68 infection. The effector mechanism(s) required for this helper-independent function of CD4 T cells and for the inhibition of the establishment of latency by CD4 T cells are not known. Since IFNgamma has been previously shown to be important for control of acute, latent, and persistent gammaHV68 infection, we tested the hypothesis that CD4 T cells require IFNgamma to limit gammaHV68 latency and replication. We utilized a previously described system in which T cell receptor (TCR) transgenic T cells (DO.11.10) and a recombinant virus (gammaHV68.OVA) allow for evaluation of high numbers of virus-specific CD4 T cells during both acute and latent infection. We show here that virus-specific CD4 T cells require IFNgamma for their anti-viral function in both acute and latent gammaHV68 infection. We additionally show that an in vitro derived T helper type 1 (TH1) CD4 T cell clone, which produces IFNgamma, inhibits gammaHV68 replication after adoptive transfer into RAG mice. Together, data presented here demonstrate that both CD4 T cell-mediated helper-independent control of gammaHV68 replication and inhibition of the establishment of gammaHV68 latency require IFNgamma.
Histone Transition During Spermiogenesis Is Absent in Segregation Distorter Males of Drosophila melanogaster

Males homozygous for the segregation distorter chromosome are often sterile or nearly sterile as a result of the dysfunction of virtually all their sperm. Spermatid bundles from such males do not exhibit the normal transition from lysine-rich to arginine-rich histones.
Practical aspects of quantitative CIDNP using FT NMR

Abstract Two procedures have been devised for minimizing the distorting effects of relaxation on NMR spectra obtained from continuously reacting samples which exhibit CIDNP. The techniques employ (90- τ ) N or ( P sat - τ - P obs - t obs ) N pulse sequences. These record the chemically driven component of the spectrum which develops a short time after the signal has been saturated by one or more rf pulses. The theory of the method is developed for several models of reaction kinetics and illustrated with experimental determinations of the absolute and relative CIDNP enhancement factors for 1 H and 13 C spectra obtained from two thermally decomposing organic peroxides. It is found that the enhancement factors obtained from relaxation-free CIDNP spectra are in excellent agreement with predictions of the high-field radical pair theory. Errors arising from incomplete saturation are estimated and the compromise between signal/noise and removal of relaxation effects is discussed.
Physiological levels of normal tRNA(CAGGln) can effect partial suppression of amber mutations in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Abstract A number of ciliated protozoa are known to read the stop codons UAA and UAG as sense codons that specify glutamine during protein synthesis. In considering evolutionary mechanisms for this curious divergence from the standard genetic code, we propose the existence of progenitor tRNAs for glutamine that can weakly suppress UAA and UAG codons. It has been previously shown that multicopy plasmids that overexpress normal tRNA(CAAGln) and tRNA(CAGGln) genes from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae can partially suppress a number of yeast ochre and amber mutations, respectively. In the present study we show that the tRNA(CAGGln) gene can also function as a weak amber suppressor when expressed in cells at physiological levels. This observation is consistent with a role of tRNA(CAGGln) as an evolutionary progenitor of tRNAs that strongly decode UAG codons.
Iron gathering by zoopathogenic fungi

Iron is a metal required by most microorganisms and is prominently used in the transfer of electrons during metabolism. The gathering of iron is, then, an essential process and its fulfilment becomes a crucial pathogenetic event for zoopathogenic fungi. Iron is rather unavailable because it occurs on the earth's surface in its insoluble ferric form in oxides and hydroxides. In the infected host iron is bound to proteins such as transferrin and ferritin. Solubilization of ferric iron is the major problem confronting microorganisms. This process is achieved by two major mechanisms: ferric reduction and siderophore utilization. Ferric reductase is frequently accompanied by a copper oxidase transport system. There is one example of direct ferric iron transport apparently without prior reduction. Ferric reduction may also be accomplished by low molecular mass compounds. Some fungi have evolved a process of iron acquisition involving the synthesis of iron-gathering compounds called siderophores. Even those fungi that do not synthesize siderophores have developed permeases for transport of such compounds formed by other organisms. Fungi can also reductively release iron from siderophores and transport the ferrous iron often by the copper oxidase transport system. There is a great diversity of iron-gathering mechanisms expressed by pathogenic fungi and such diversity may be found even in a single species.
What Are Students being Taught about the Ethics of Technical Communication?: An Analysis of the Ethical Discussions Presented in Four Textbooks

This article analyzes the ethical perspectives of four technical communication textbooks. It argues that the authors do not engage in ethical inquiry as it is defined traditionally. Instead, they engage in the ethics-related activities known as moral casuistry, which deduces moral judgements, and moralism, which prescribes moral principles. The authors deduce and prescribe, but they do not justify or critically examine the underlying principles of morality. The analysis also suggests that at least two of the textbooks introduce ideas that are either inconsistent with traditional ethical theories or are subject to the objections that philosophers have raised against them in previous ethical inquiries. Finally, the article recommends that authors avoid approaches that are either strictly rhetorical or provide no ethical guidelines for students. They should avoid resorting to cursory accounts of traditional ethical theories because briefly mentioning philosophers' ethical approaches has very little practical value. They should also treat moral principles, not as objective and self-evident statements of fact, but as evaluative assumptions whose truth-values and meaning are both tentative and lacking universal agreement.
Ex‐post rational price approximations and the empirical reliability of the present‐value relation

Excess volatility and regression tests have resulted in apparent rejections of the present-value relation when ex-post price approximations are employed. These approximations are based upon a sample terminal condition for prices, are not ergodic time-series, and do not result in statistics with readily calculable standard errors. Kleidon (1986a) has demonstrated that ex-post price approximations can subtly affect the reliability of certain volatility tests. We use a bootstrapped cointegration model to demonstrate some of these same effects in Mankiw, Romer and Shapiro's (1985) volatility statistics. The volatility statistics rarely have positive expected value in finite samples and still do not reject the presentvalue relation. Approximations based upon a ‘rolling’ terminal condition result in volatility statistics which have calculable large-sample errors, but even these standard errors greatly overstate the accuracy of volatility statisics in small samples. Regression tests of the present value relation are also affected by the price approximations.
Beyond the workplace metaphor: The classroom as a learning setting

(1990). Beyond the workplace metaphor: The classroom as a learning setting. Theory Into Practice: Vol. 29, Metaphors We Learn By, pp. 94-101.
D-branes on T4/ℤ2 and T-Duality

In this note we discuss D-branes on T4/2 using the boundary states formalism. Explicit formulas for the untwisted boundary states inherited from the underlying T4 and twisted states corresponding to branes wrapping collapsed 2-cycles at the orbifold singularities are given. The exact CFT description of the orbifold makes it possible to study how the boundary states transform under Ri1/Ri transformation on all directions of the underlying T4. We compare their transformation law with results obtained from world volume considerations.
SPACE AND TIME FROM A NEO-WHITEHEADIAN PERSPECTIVE

. Russell Stannard distinguishes between objective time as measured in theoretical physics and subjective time, or time as experienced by human beings in normal consciousness. Because objective time, or four-dimensional space-time for the physicist, does not change but exists all at once, Stannard argues that this is presumably how God views time from eternity which is beyond time. We human beings are limited to experiencing the moments of time successively and thus cannot know the future as already existing in the same way that God does. I argue that Stannard is basically correct in his theological assumptions about God's understanding of time but that his explanation would be more persuasive within the context of a neo-Whiteheadian metaphysics. The key points in that metaphysics are (1) that creation is contained within the structured field of activity proper to the three divine persons of the Christian doctrine of the Trinity and (2) that the spontaneous decisions of creatures are continually ordered and reordered into an ever-expanding totality already known in its fullness by the divine persons.
Differences in brain area concentrations of dopamine and serotonin in Myers' High Ethanol Preferring (mHEP) and outbred rats.

Both male and female mHEP rats consume excessive amounts of ethanol and thus offer a rational model for examining biochemical and behavioral differences with non-drinking rat lines. Differences in basal concentrations of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and dopamine (DA) correlate with the consumption of ethanol in some ethanol-preferring rat lines. The concentrations of 5-HT and DA were examined by HPLC in five brain areas (prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, nucleus accumbens, striatum and hypothalamus) of ethanol-naive rats and after the oral administration of 0.25 or 1.0 g ethanol/kg in the male and female mHEP rat, the male Wistar rat, and the female Sprague-Dawley rat. The mHEP and control rats that received ethanol were screened for drinking in a 10-day "step-up" 3% to 30% ethanol solutions beginning at postnatal days 40 and 80, and then tested at 150 days of age. The levels of DOPAC in females were lower in the hippocampus of both naive mHEP and ethanol-treated Sprague-Dawley rats. In striatum, the concentrations of 5-HT and DA were elevated in both mHEP and ethanol-treated Sprague-Dawley female rats. The concentrations of 5-HT and its metabolite, 5-HIAA, were lower in the nucleus accumbens of the ethanol-naive female mHEP rat relative to the female outbred control. In the male rats, the levels of DA, HVA and DOPAC, as well as 5-HT and 5-HIAA were reduced in the hypothalamus of both ethanol-naive mHEP rats and Wistar rats receiving ethanol by gavage. These data demonstrate differences in neurotransmitter activity between the selectively bred mHEP rat and the outbred rat strains. There are few common features found in both the male and the female mHEP rat when compared to their respective controls. Differences in neurotransmitter function in these brain areas may account for some of the behavioral differences previously demonstrated between the two sexes of the mHEP rat.
Enhanced cyclosporine–itraconazole interaction with cola in lung transplant recipients

Background: Invasive aspergillosis is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in lung transplant recipients (LTR), occurring in up to 15% of patients post-transplant. The 14% aspergillus incidence at the Cleveland Clinic Foundation prompted institution of universal prophylaxis with oral itraconazole (ICZ) in 1997. We report our experience with two protocols of IC'Z administration in non-cystic fibrosis LTR and the interaction with cyclosporine (CSA). Methods: Group 1 patients (n = 12) were administered ICZ capsules in a fasting or fed state, with or without a histamine-2 (H-2) receptor antagonist or proton pump inhibitor. Group 2 patients (n = 12) received the same protocol as group I, but in a fed state with a carbonated beverage (cola) to increase acidity in the stomach to enhance absorption of ICZ. The ICZ dose was 200 mg/d, given as one daily dose. A historical control group (n = 10) did not receive chemoprophy-laxis with ICZ. CSA daily doses, dose intervals, concentration, cost, and random ICZ levels were documented over a 4-month period of time and compared using generalized estimating equations. Results: The daily CSA mg/kg/d dose decreased over time in all three groups, but no differences were found between the three groups. The CSA dosing interval over time was significantly prolonged in group 2 compared to group 1 or the control group (p < 0.003). Over time, there was no difference in CSA concentration between all groups. There was no difference in cost over time between the three groups; however, the mean cost of CSA therapy was significantly lower in group 2 compared to the control group (p = 0.025). Group 2 administered ICZ with cola had greater random blood concentrations of ICZ (p = 0.019). Conclusions: ICZ capsules administered in a fed state with a cola resulted in greater random levels of ICZ, a decrease in cost/d of CSA, and a prolongation of CSA dosing interval. Although daily CSA dosage trended lower in group 2, it did not reach statistical significance. We believe these changes in CSA dosing over time reflect increased absorption of ICZ and recommend verifying ICZ absorption with an itraconazole level, especially when CSA intervals are not prolonged.
Resistance may be an important mechanism by which marine microbes respond to environmental toxicants

The hypothesis, that at least certain marine microbial organisms respond to toxic stress by the development of resistance, was tested using the hypotric marine ciliate Euplotes vannus Muller as the test organism. Resistance to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB, Aroclor 1254) was developed in E. vannus by exposing the animals to progressively higher PCB concentrations during a period of several months. The resistance to PCB persisted for at least 80 days (greater than 40 generations) after final exposure. This suggests either that genetic selection or persistent (lasting over many cell division cycles) phenotypic trait modification, possibly in the form of Dauermodification, had occurred. If resistance were widespread among marine microbial organisms in polluted environments it would be an important consideration in evaluating the long-term biological impact of both natural and man-induced chemical stress.
Analysis of Control Structures for Reaction/Separation/Recycle Processes with Second-Order Reactions

This work analyzes the effect of the process design on control structure for a system with a reactor, two distillation columns, and two recycle streams. The reaction A + B → C occurs in a reactor, and since component C is assumed to be the intermediate boiler, the two distillation columns recycle components A and B back to the reactor. A previous paper presented two workable control structures for this process. One fixed the flow rates of the two recycle streams and brought in makeup fresh feeds of components A and B on level control. The other control structure fixed the reactor effluent flow rate, controlled the composition of one reactant in the reactor by manipulating one fresh feed, and brought in the other fresh feed on reactor level control. These two structures have the undesirable feature of not being able to set directly the production rate and, in the second structure, requiring a reactor composition measurement, which can be difficult due to the hostile environment and can require expensive in...
Wound healing in the mouse lens.

Abstract The healing mechanism following a small would produced by pricking the anterior center of a Swiss Webster mouse lens with a glass needle was studied histologically. The first response of the injury was the escape of cell debris and a protrusion of portions of lens fibers. The surviving anterior ends of the wounded lens fibers formed numerous villous projections within 12 hr. The epithelial cells began to proliferate by 18 hr and the injured area was covered with many cells by the fifth day. Whole mount preparations of the epithelium revealed active mitotic activity for about a week. Proliferation of the epithelial cells proceeded even in wounded lenses that were incubated in a tissue culture medium for 24 hr, irrespective of addition of serum to the medium. The proliferated cells overlying the wound were spindle shaped and contained abundant filamentous materials and rough endoplasmic reticulum. Epithelial cells formed a continous sheet over the wounded area by the seventh day. The proliferating cells formed a tissue meshwork consisting of basal lamina, filamentous materials and collagen fibrils by day 30. The cells in this region were gradually removed by cellular elimination and autolysis, and the wound was covered with irregularly arranged epithelial cells by the fourth month. It was not until this period that a thin capsule was formed on the anterior surface of these epithelial cells. Thus the mouse lens showed a relatively slow wound healing.
The resolution of internal conflict through performing poetry

Abstract This study investigates how performing competitive poetry aids in the resolution of internal conflict in poetry slam participants. Grounded theory methodology was chosen for this research; the results are further grounded by comparison to the creative arts therapy literature. Eight participants were asked how writing and practicing poems affected their feelings of internal conflict, how performing for an audience, receiving scores, and performing their most honest work affected them, and why they continue to slam. A total of 45 noteworthy codes emerged (at least 63% endorsed). Slam poets must have the goal of eliciting emotions in the audience, write and revise with the audience in mind, and experience a mutuality with the audience. This study concludes that in order to be successful in slam, a recreational poetry competition seen as entertainment, poets must present themselves as sympathetic heroes, which directs their narratives towards a selfview of health.
Is magnetic resonance cholangiography of clinical value in the diagnosis and treatment of gallstone pancreatitis

Is magnetic resonance cholangiography of clinical value in the diagnosis and treatment of gallstone pancreatitis?
Cut-free formulations for a quantified logic of here and there

A predicate extension SQHT= of the logic of here-and-there was introduced by V. Lifschitz, D. Pearce, and A. Valverde to characterize strong equivalence of logic programs with variables and equality with respect to stable models. The semantics for this logic is determined by intuitionistic Kripke models with two worlds (here and there) with constant individual domain and decidable equality. Our sequent formulation has special rules for implication and for pushing negation inside formulas. The soundness proof allows us to establish that SQHT= is a conservative extension of the logic of weak excluded middle with respect to sequents without positive occurrences of implication. The completeness proof uses a non-closed branch of a proof search tree. The interplay between rules for pushing negation inside and truth in the “there” (non-root) world of the resulting Kripke model can be of independent interest. We prove that existence is definable in terms of remaining connectives.
Evaluation of the Apical Seal in Root Canals Prepared with a New Rotary System and Obturated with a Methacrylate Based Endodontic Sealer: An In Vitro Study

Abstract The purpose of this study was to evaluate in vitro the apical seal of root canals prepared with a new rotary system, Anatomic Endodontic Technology (AET) and filled with a methacrylate based endodontic sealer and a single gutta-percha cone and a lateral condensation technique, using the methacrylate based endodontic sealer/filler or Grossman’s cement. The root canals of 45 freshly extracted human maxillary anterior teeth were prepared and then randomly assigned to three groups of 15 teeth each. After cleaning and shaping the teeth were obturated as follows: in group 1 the canals were filled with a methacrylate based sealer and a single gutta-percha cone; in group 2 the canals were filled using a lateral condensation technique with gutta-percha and the methacrylate based sealer; and in group 3, the canals were filled by means of lateral condensation of gutta-percha and Grossman’s cement (control group). The specimens were stored in 100% relative humidity at 37°C for 72 h, after which the coronal portion and the root surface of each tooth was covered with three layers of nail varnish and a final layer of sticky wax. After immersion in 2% methylene blue dye for 7 days, the specimens were imbedded in clear orthodontic resin and sectioned. Dye penetration was evaluated by an independent investigator using a stereo microscope. The results demonstrated that more pronounced leakage occurred in root canals obturated with the lateral condensation technique and Grossman’s cement (p
Criminal Theory in the Twentieth Century

The theoretical inquiry into the foundations of criminal law in the twentieth century, in both civil and common law traditions, is assayed by the consideration of seven main currents or trends. First, the structure of offenses is examined in light of the bipartite, tripartite, and quadripartite modes of analysis. Second, competing theories of culpability - normative and descriptive - are weighed in connection with their important ramifications for the presumption of proof and the allocation of the burden of persuasion on defenses. Third, the struggle with alternatives to punishment for the control and commitment of dangerous but non-criminal persons is compared in civil and common law approaches. Fourth, the ascendancy of feminism, as the most successful interdisciplinary school of thought applied to criminal law since the early 1970s, and its contributions in the areas of rape, self-defense, provocation, and capital punishment are charted and weighed. Fifth, one of the most distinctive facets of criminal theory in the last century has been the emergence of the victims' rights movement; its success is compared in civil and common law jurisdictions. Sixth, while it is commonplace in the civil law tradition to embed issues of criminal law within the principles of constitutional law, common law jurisdictions vary; the increasing constitutionalization of criminal law in Canada is contrasted with its decrease in the U.S. Seventh, against the backdrop of a particularly intense period of codification of the criminal law in the last half of the twentieth century, the celebrated American Model Penal Code is criticized. Finally, four predictions for the direction of criminal theory in the next century are ventured.
Comparison of two dose regimens of intravenous tissue plasminogen activator for acute myocardial infarction

Abstract Two dosing schedules of intravenous tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) for acute myocardial infarction were compared in a multicenter trial. At 2.95 ± 1.1 hours from onset of chest pain, 386 patients received 150 mg of intravenous t-PA. For the first 178 patients (group A), 60 mg were given in the first-hour dose and the remaining 90 mg were infused over 7 hours. In the subsequent 208 patients (group B), the first-hour dose was 1.0 mg/kg and the remaining 150 mg were given over 5 hours. At initial angiography 94 ± 30 minutes into therapy, the infarct vessel patency was 64% in group A versus 75% in group B (p = 0.02). By final angiography with up to 4 selective contrast injections, patency was 68% versus 77%, respectively (p = 0.06). Repeat angiography at 7 to 10 days demonstrated reocclusion in 17% of group A and 13% of group B patients (p = 0.35). There was no difference in fibrinogen nadir or mean hematocrit drop between the 2 groups: 120 mg/dl and 11 points, respectively, in group A compared with 120 mg/dl and 10 points in group B. However, bleeding was reduced in group B patients as evident by a decrease in requirement for ≥2 units of packed red blood cell transfusion (group A 36%, group B 27%, p = 0.05) and lower incidence of gastrointestinal bleeding (group A 12%, group B 4%, p = 0.002). To further study the importance of weight adjustment, patients were divided into 2 groups according to weight (≤90 kg versus ≥90 kg). According to the results, lighter weight patients had greater transfusion requirements (35% versus 20%, p = 0.006) and more frequent major bleeding episodes (16% versus 7%, p = 0.025). Thus, a higher, weight-adjusted first-hour dose of intravenous t-PA, with a shorter duration of maintenance infusion, is associated with: (1) improved infarct vessel patency; (2) more rapid recanalization; and (3) less bleeding complications without more fibrinogenolysis.
Calibration of Stewart platforms using neural networks

This paper proposes a novel technique for pose error calibration of Stewart platforms. Traditional calibration techniques use parametric models of the platform, which typically involve either forward or inverse kinematics. The proposed approach divides the entire workspace of a robot into small subspaces. A neural network is utilized to model the pose error within each subspace. There are two major differences between the proposed method and traditional approaches. First, it does not use a parametric model of the platform for error compensation. Instead, it uses a neural network model to approximate the behavior of pose error. The neural network model is then used for error compensation. Second, it does not seek to obtain one set of parameters that works for the entire workspace of the robot. Rather, each subspace of the platform's workspace uses its own set of parameters. The proposed method simplifies the calibration process, and improves pose accuracy. More importantly, the proposed method has the ability to learn and adapt. As a Stewart platform may work in noisy environment and experience shift in its parameters, the adaptive nature of the proposed method makes it more attractive in many applications.