cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nephrotic Syndrome Due to Primary Nephropathies

The nephrotic syndrome is characterized by massive proteinuria, hypoproteinemia, and usually hyperlipemia and generalized edema, with or without varying degrees of hematuria, hypertension, and azotemia. Normally, children excrete less than 60 mg of protein in an overnight 12-hour collection of urine, and less than 150 mg in a 24-hour sample. In the nephrotic child, the magnitude of proteinuria exceeds 200 mg in an overnight sample and 1.5 gm in a 24-hour collection. Recognition that the underlying renal histopathology in a nephrotic child has significant implications for response to treatment and for prognosis has led to attempts to predict the type of lesion using various criteria. The associated presence of hematuria, hypertension, or azotemia in individual nephrotic children is remarkedly inconsistent and does not correlate accurately with the underlying histopathology. However, consideration of these plus additional readily obtained data frequently will permit a more reliable prediction of the probable histopathology and potential response to therapy. Such information will include the age of the patient, ancillary physical findings, and selected laboratory studies. From that perspective, the purpose of this review is to discuss the implications of the composite clinical and laboratory findings for diagnosis and management in the child with the nephrotic syndrome. These will include indications for renal biopsy, which is the definitive test in these conditions.
The reduction and parameterization of chemical mechanisms for inclusion in atmospheric reaction-transport models

Abstract A new approach is described for simplifying and parameterizing a photochemical mechanism so that the effects of nonlinear reactions can be simulated with less computational effort in complex models. The concentrations at the end of a fixed time interval Δt are expanded as functions of the initial concentrations. A number of such expansions are made to cover the concentration ranges of interest. The coefficients in the expansions are calculated by solving the sensitivity equations and then tabulated for later use. Given arbitrary initial concentrations, one extracts the appropriate coefficients from the table and evaluates the expansion to determine the concentrations a time Δt later. The procedure has been applied to a photochemical mechanism for oxidant formation in urban areas. An examination of sensitivity coefficients showed that less than half the number of species in the mechanism need be considered in the parameterization. Results obtained from the parameterization for 15-h simulations of the chemistry alone have been compared to results obtained by solving the rate equations with a standard technique. The concentrations above 1 ppb are generally accurate to 10% and the computational effort is reduced by over two orders of magnitude.
Cleaning the Air and Improving Health with Hydrogen Fuel-Cell Vehicles

Converting all U.S. onroad vehicles to hydrogen fuel-cell vehicles (HFCVs) may improve air quality, health, and climate significantly, whether the hydrogen is produced by steam reforming of natural gas, wind electrolysis, or coal gasification. Most benefits would result from eliminating current vehicle exhaust. Wind and natural gas HFCVs offer the greatest potential health benefits and could save 3700 to 6400 U.S. lives annually. Wind HFCVs should benefit climate most. An all-HFCV fleet would hardly affect tropospheric water vapor concentrations. Conversion to coal HFCVs may improve health but would damage climate more than fossil/electric hybrids. The real cost of hydrogen from wind electrolysis may be below that of U.S. gasoline.
Residual Flow Signals Predict Complete Recanalization in Stroke Patients Treated With TPA

Background Residual blood flow around thrombus prior to treatment predicts success of coronary thrombolysis. The authors aimed to correlate the presence of residual flow signals in the middle cerebral artery (MCA) with completeness of recanalization after intravenous tissue plasminogen activator (TPA). Methods The authors studied consecutive patients treated with intravenous TPA therapy who had a proximal MCA occlusion on pretreatment transcranial Doppler (TCD). Patients were continuously monitored for 2 hours after TPA bolus. Absent residual flow signals correspond to the thrombolysis in brain ischemia (TIBI) 0 grade, and the presence of residual flow signals was determined as TIBI 1-3 flow grades. Complete recanalization was defined as flow improvement to TIBI grades 4-5. Results Seventy-five patients with a proximal MCA occlusion had median pre-bolus NIHSS 16 (85% with > or = 10 points). TPA bolus was given at 141 +/- 56 minutes (median 120 minutes). Complete recanalization was observed in 25 (33%), partial in 23 (31%), and no early recanalization was seen in 27 (36%) patients within 2 hours after TPA bolus. Only 19% with absent residual flow signals (TIBI grade 0, n = 26) on pretreatment TCD had complete early recanalization. If pretreatment TCD showed the presence of any residual flow (TIBI 1-3, n = 49), 41% had complete recanalization within 2 hours of TPA bolus (P = .03). Conclusions Patients with detectable residual flow signals before IV TPA bolus are twice as likely to have early complete recanalization. Those with no detectable residual flow signals have less than 20% chance for complete early recanalization with intravenous TPA and may be candidates for intra-arterial therapies.
Tuning time-frequency methods for the detection of metered HF speech

Speech is metered if the stresses occur at a nearly regular rate. Metered speech is common in poetry, and it can occur naturally in speech, if the speaker is spelling a word or reciting words or numbers from a list. In radio communications, the CQ request, call sign and other codes are frequently metered. In tactical communications and air traffic control, location, heading and identification codes may be metered. Moreover metering may be expected to survive even in HF communications, which are corrupted by noise, interference and mistuning. For this environment, speech recognition and conventional machine-based methods are not effective. We describe Time-Frequency methods which have been adapted successfully to the problem of mitigation of HF signal conditions and detection of metered speech. These methods are based on modeled time and frequency correlation properties of nearly harmonic functions. We derive these properties and demonstrate a performance gain over conventional correlation and spectral methods. Finally, in addressing the problem of HF single sideband (SSB) communications, the problems of carrier mistuning, interfering signals, such as manual Morse, and fast automatic gain control (AGC) must be addressed. We demonstrate simple methods which may be used to blindly mitigate mistuning and narrowband interference, and effectively invert the fast automatic gain function.
A Discovery Chemistry Experiment on Buffers

The Holy Cross Chemistry Department has designed and implemented an experiment on buffers as part of our Discovery Chemistry curriculum. The pedagogical philosophy of Discovery Chemistry is to make the laboratory the focal point of learning for students in their first two years of undergraduate instruction. We first pose questions in prelaboratory sessions that serve as the focus for discussion and that guide inquiry in the lab. We then use the experimental results to guide the lecture-hall discussion and discovery of chemical principles. In this experiment, students first discover the Henderson–Hasselbalch equation using pooled student data for three buffers. Students also discover the qualitative effects of buffers by examining the influence of the addition of a strong acid, a strong base, or water on the pH of a buffered solution versus that of nonbuffered solutions. Using their pooled results and knowledge of titration curves discovered in the previous lab, students gain a qualitative and quantitative...
Nutritional Value of Expeller Extracted Rape and Safflower Oilseed Meals for Poultry

Abstract The objective of these studies was to evaluate the nutritional value of on-the-farm expeller-extracted rape (RSM) and safflower (SM) oilseed meals for chicks. The RSM and SM contained 30.7 and 25.8% crude protein (CP) and 21.7 and 8.7% fat on a dry matter basis, respectively. The RSM contained a total glucosinolate concentration of 78.3 μmoles/g. True metabolizable energy values for RSM, SM, and soybean meal (SBM) with adult New Hampshire roosters were 3483, 2402, and 2928 kcal/kg. A 22-day trial was conducted with 6-day-old chicks. The RSM and SM replaced 25 or 50% of the SBM protein in isonitrogenous (23% CP), isocaloric (3250 kcal ME/kg) diets. Birds fed SBM and 25 or 50% SM consumed more (P
Food patches and foraging group size in granivorous birds

Abstract The effect of the size of food patches on the size of foraging groups was examined in field and aviary experiments. In the field, reducing the area of a high-quality patch significantly reduced the size of heterospecific foraging groups. Outdoor aviary expriments with three patch sizes measured aggression and inter-bird distance in monospecific groups. Group size in white-throated sparrows, Zonotrichia albicollis, was reduced on smaller patches. Group size in field sparrows, Spizella pusilla, was not affected by patch size, as it had been in the field where field sparrows were exposed to aggresssive attacks by heterospecifics. Individual aggression rates did not increase with decreasing patch size in white-throated sparrows, but the overall incidence of aggression in white-throated sparrow groups did increase. Aggression in field sparrows was infrequent and unaffected by patch size. Individuals of both species fed closer together when monospecific flocks were larger. Additionally, field sparrows fed closer together on smaller patches. However, patch size did not significantly affect inter-bird distance in white-throated sparrows. Aggression may regulate group size even though aggression levels may not change relative to group size.
Triacontanol: A New Naturally Occurring Plant Growth Regulator

Alfalfa meal and chloroform extracts of the meal have increased the growth and yield of several plant species. A crystalline substance isolated from the active fraction of alfalfa meal increased the dry weight and water uptake of rice seedlings when sprayed on the foliage or applied in nutrient culture. The substance was identified as triacontanol by mass spectrometry. Sprays containing this compound also increased the growth of corn, and barley grown in soil. Authentic triacontanol produced a similar response over a wide range of concentrations on rice grown in nutrient cultures and tomatoes grown in soil.
The synthesis of (2R,3R)‐3‐(L‐Aspartylamino)‐1‐[(2S,3R)‐3‐methyl‐2‐norbornyl]‐2‐butanol, An excellent sweetener

Some L-aspartylnorbornylamino alcohol derivatives were synthesized as potential peptide sweeteners. Of these compounds, 3-(L-aspartylamino)-1-(3-methyl-2-norbornyl)-2-butanol displays an excellent sweetness potency. By further synthesis of one diastereoisomer, (2R,3R).3-(L-aspartylamino)-1-[(2S,3R)-3-methyl-2-norbomyl]-2-butanol, we obtained an excellent and potent sweetener.
Neuromodulation independently determines correlated channel expression and conductance levels in motor neurons of the stomatogastric ganglion

Neuronal identity depends on the regulated expression of numerous molecular components, especially ionic channels, which determine the electrical signature of a neuron. Such regulation depends on at least two key factors, activity itself and neuromodulatory input. Neuronal electrical activity can modify the expression of ionic currents in homeostatic or nonhomeostatic fashion. Neuromodulators typically modify activity by regulating the properties or expression levels of subsets of ionic channels. In the stomatogastric system of crustaceans, both types of regulation have been demonstrated. Furthermore, the regulation of the coordinated expression of ionic currents and the channels that carry these currents has been recently reported in diverse neuronal systems, with neuromodulators not only controlling the absolute levels of ionic current expression but also, over long periods of time, appearing to modify their correlated expression. We hypothesize that neuromodulators may regulate the correlated expression of ion channels at multiple levels and in a cell-type-dependent fashion. We report that in two identified neuronal types, three ionic currents are linearly correlated in a pairwise manner, suggesting their coexpression or direct interactions, under normal neuromodulatory conditions. In each cell, some currents remain correlated after neuromodulatory input is removed, whereas the correlations between the other pairs are either lost or altered. Interestingly, in each cell, a different suite of currents change their correlation. At the transcript level we observe distinct alterations in correlations between channel mRNA amounts, including one of the cell types lacking a correlation under normal neuromodulatory conditions and then gaining the correlation when neuromodulators are removed. Synaptic activity does not appear to contribute, with one possible exception, to the correlated expression of either ionic currents or of the transcripts that code for the respective channels. We conclude that neuromodulators regulate the correlated expression of ion channels at both the transcript and the protein levels.
Redox functions of carotenoids in photosynthesis.

Carotenoids are well-known as light-harvesting pigments. They also play important roles in protecting the photosynthetic apparatus from damaging reactions of chlorophyll triplet states and singlet oxygen in both plant and bacterial photosynthesis. Recently, it has been found that β-carotene functions as a redox intermediate in the secondary pathways of electron transfer within photosystem II and that carotenoid cation radicals are transiently formed after photoexcitation of bacterial light-harvesting complexes. The redox role of β-carotene in photosystem II is unique among photosynthetic reaction centers and stems from the very strongly oxidizing intermediates that form in the process of water oxidation. Because of the extended π-electron-conjugated system of carotenoid molecules, the cation radical is delocalized. This enables β-carotene to function as a “molecular wire”, whereby the centrally located oxidizing species is shuttled to peripheral redox centers of photosystem II where it can be dissipated w...
Diffusion-weighted imaging: basic concepts and application in cerebral stroke and head trauma

Diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) of the brain represents a new imaging technique that extends imaging from depiction of neuroanatomy to the level of function and physiology. DWI measures a fundamentally different physiological parameter compared with conventional MRI. Image contrast is related to differences in the diffusion rate of water molecules rather than to changes in total tissue water. DWI can reveal pathology in cases where conventional MRI remains unremarkable. DWI has proven to be highly sensitive in the early detection of acute cerebral ischemia and seems promising in the evaluation of traumatic brain injury. DWI can differentiate between lesions with decreased and increased diffusion. In addition, full-tensor DWI can evaluate the microscopic architecture of the brain, in particular white matter tracts, by measuring the degree and spatial distribution of anisotropic diffusion within the brain. This article reviews the basic concepts of DWI and its application in cerebral ischemia and traumatic brain injury.
Photomixing with photoconductors and pyroelectric detectors at 10.6μm

Abstract The theory of photomixing with photoconductors and pyroelectric detectors is developed and compared with experiment. For the Au-doped Ge-photoconductor mixer the signal to noise power ratio was measured at 10.6μm wavelength, and a noise-equivalent power of 3.5 × 10 −19 W/Hz was obtained from these data, corresponding to a quantum efficiency η = 0.12. In the pyroelectric mixer the limiting noise is the noise of the load resistor R of the detector circuit. We found P eq = 2 × 10 −14 W/Hz for an SBN detector at 10.6 μm at a pump power of 1 2 W.
Gastric Erosions in the Rat: Effects of Immobilization at Different Points in the Activity Cycle

Predictable, cyclic patterns of activity were obtained from 30 male rats. Seventeen of these were subjected to physical immobilization just as they were approaching their period of peak activity and thirteen animals were restrained during the inactive phase of their cycle. Eight animals were found to have gastric erosions following the immobilization. All of these came from the group immobilized during the time they would have been in the active phase of their particular cycle.
Biological and environmental specimen banking at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

Scientific programs at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention encompass diverse public health interests. These programs include investigations of newly emerging infectious diseases, assessments of chronic disease risk factors, and evaluations of environmental health hazards. Since the early 1960s, CDC has maintained a specimen bank to retain aliquots of biological specimens collected from a variety of epidemiologic investigations as well as from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES). CDC's National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) also maintains a repository of environmental materials from its investigations. To extend its repository capabilities more effectively, CDC has begun developing a new facility that, when finished, will meet CDC's storage needs for both biological and environmental specimens. A highly complex but very flexible information management system for this project, enabling the storage of data related to studies for which these specimens were originally collected, has already been completed. Proper specimen collection, archiving, and short- or long-term storage of specimens for environmental health-related analyses is critical for the work of the staff of the Division of Environmental Health Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, who perform a variety of biochemical analyses on biological specimens, including quantitation of dioxins, furans, coplanar PCBs, pesticides, volatile organic compounds, metabolites, essential and toxic trace elements, vitamins, and lipids, and also conduct genetic screening. Information regarding these analytes is an essential part of the CDC Repository Database.
Optical Changes in Oxide Films on Iron prior to Breakdown

A RECENT investigation1 using the optical technique of ellip-sometry2 to study the localized breakdown of a passive oxide film on iron by chloride ions revealed the existence of an induction period. During this induction period prior to breakdown, no changes in the film's properties were found using a wavelength of 5461.0 A. Those results indicate that the processes leading to breakdown occur only at the moment of breakdown. This could mean that chloride has no effect on the passive film until the completion of a process at the surface which instantaneously initiates breakdown. An example of this would be the formation of the chloride-metal ion complex suggested by Hoar3 for the breakdown of a passive film on stainless steel. Or, conversely, it would indicate that although subtle changes are taking place in the film prior to breakdown (the slow penetration of the chloride ion through the film's lattice, for example), these changes are not detected with ellipsometry when using the single wavelength of 5461.0 A.
Quantitative evidence concerning the stabilization of sediments by marine benthic diatoms

Six species of benthic diatoms and a natural benthic diatom community were cultured in flasks on a variety of sediments. Diatom species which secreted large quantities of mucilage were effective sediment stabilizers. These mucilage-secreting species significantly reduced resuspension and retarded laminar flow of the sediments when the culture flasks were agitated. Diatom species which secreted little or no mucilage were not effective sediment stabilizers. These non-mucilage-secreting species did not significantly effect resuspension or laminar flow of the sediments when the culture flasks were agitated. A sediment stabilizing mechanism based on the secretion of mucilage by pennate benthic diatoms is proposed. The effect such a process may have on distributional patterns of benthic invertebrates in areas where extensive diatom or other microalgal films occur is discussed.
Topography and tectonics of the Taconic outer trench slope as revealed through gradient analysis of fossil assemblages

Similarities in stratigraphic sequence, syndepositional topography and tectonics, and regional tectonic setting between the Mohawk Valley, New York, in the Middle Ordovician and the Australian flank of the Timor Trough today support the idea that the Taconic Foreland Basin orginated in an arc-continent collision. The Trenton Group strata studied - a roughly four million year long sequence correlated by bentonite beds along an 83 km downslope transect in the central Mohawk Valley - represent the continental shelf and outer trench slope. Bank limestones pass upward and downslope into deep water black shales in a manner reminiscent of the lateral and vertical sedimentary sequence on the Sahul Shelf and Australian flank of the Timor Trough. In studying topography, relative depth was measured through reciprocal averaging ordination of benthic macroinvertebrate fossil assemblages. Downslope bathymetric profiles show the development of a horst and graben topography coincident with regional tilting and transgression - a pattern associated with downward flexure of the Australian Plate approaching Timor. The net rate of transgression corresponds to an arc-continent convergence rate on the order of 2 cm per year.
Stability of Friction-Induced Vibrations in Multi-Degree-of-Freedom Systems

Abstract A stability analysis of friction-induced vibrations is presented considering a multi-degree-of-freedom system. Stability analysis based on the linearized model of the system was used to predict the system response, qualitatively describing bifurcations associated with the crossover of the system poles. Solutions to the non-linear equations of motion were obtained numerically to obtain the actual system response, which demonstrates the existence of limit cycles, and of quasi-periodic and even chaotic behavior. Conditions leading to synchronous and asynchronous spectra are discussed.
Main monolithic memory

The 128-bit NDRO random-access memory chip used in the IBM System 370, model 145, and System 7 is described. Consideration is given to packaging power dissipation and systems environment.
The Banach-Tarski theorem

It is theoretically possible, believe it or not, to cut an orange into a finite number of pieces that can then be reassembled to produce two oranges, each having exactly the same size and volume as the first one. That’s right: With sufficient diligence and dexterity, from any three-dimensional solid we can produce two new objects exactly the same as the first one!
Preparation of a Lactobacillus plantarum starter culture for cucumber fermentations that can meet kosher guidelines.

UNLABELLED A method is described for growth of a Lactobacillus plantarum starter culture in jars of commercially available pasteurized fresh-pack kosher dill cucumbers so that jars can be used to inoculate commercial scale cucumber fermentation tanks. A procedure is also described to transfer lactic acid bacteria from frozen storage in MRS broth into cucumber juice and commercial jars of kosher dill cucumbers so that a selected strain of lactic acid bacteria can be kosher certified for commercial fermentations in processing plants that operate under kosher certification. The strain of L. plantarum used in these experiments grew to maximum cell numbers in 4 d at 20 to 25 °C and then maintained viable cell numbers for 2 wk at >10(8) CFU/mL so the culture was suitable for inoculation of fermentation tanks. Refrigeration of jars of culture after they grow to maximum numbers minimizes die-off of cells sufficiently so that a pure culture can be maintained by aseptically transferring brine containing viable bacteria to a new pH-adjusted jar only once every 4 mo. PRACTICAL APPLICATION This report describes a method to prepare a lactic acid bacteria starter culture suitable for kosher vegetable fermentations.
The resolution of faulty identification process in a borderline adolescent girl

This paper discusses problems of identification which interfere with a borderline adolescent girl's completion of her adolescent developmental tasks. Therapeutic work entails the provision of a protective environment to assist processes of identification, separation and completion of structural restoration.
Problems and solutions in manual materials handling: the state of the art

For several decades manual materials handling has been a topic of interest in many fields of research. The reason for this interest is the devastating cost of and human suffering caused by injuries associated with MMH. Prevention and control of these injuries has been a concern shared by many researchers. In order to control the nature and extent of these injuries, limits must be established for MMH, especially lifting. This paper summarizes the variables affecting the ability to handle materials and the three basic approaches to determining capacities and limits for MMH: the biomechanical, the physiological, and the psychophysical approaches. The paper presents the various models developed in each of these approaches, together with a discussion of progress made and difficulties encountered in deriving capacity recommendations from each. Finally, the paper presents the latest recommendation on how these approaches can be integrated into a single comprehensive model for establishing lifting limits.
Heat shock protein induction in rat hearts. A role for improved myocardial salvage after ischemia and reperfusion

BACKGROUND To test the hypothesis that the heat shock response is associated with improved myocardial salvage after myocardial ischemia and reperfusion, rats treated with prior whole-body hyperthermia and 24 hours of recovery (n = 26) or 20 minutes of ischemic pretreatment and 8 hours of recovery (n = 24) and control rats (n = 27, n = 24, for hyperthermic and ischemic pretreatment, respectively) were subjected to 35 minutes of left coronary artery (LCA) occlusion and 120 minutes of reperfusion. METHODS AND RESULTS Although ventricular samples from rats subjected to either hyperthermia (n = 7) or ischemic pretreatment (n = 6) all showed induction of HSP72 (heat shock protein), Western blot analysis revealed significantly greater amounts of HSP72 in samples obtained from rats subjected to hyperthermia compared with those from rats subjected to ischemic pretreatment. Control rats (n = 7) showed no significant presence of myocardial HSP72. After 35 minutes of LCA occlusion and 2 hours of reperfusion, infarct size was significantly reduced in heat-shocked rats compared with controls (8.4 +/- 1.7%, n = 26 versus 15.5 +/- 1.9%, n = 27; p = 0.007; mean +/- SEM; infarct mass/left ventricular mass x 100). There were no significant differences in left ventricular (LV) systolic pressure, heart rate, LV dP/dt, or rate-pressure product between heat-shocked (n = 11) and control (n = 14) rats during the ischemic period. There were no differences in infarct size between ischemically pretreated and control rats subjected to 35 minutes of ischemia and reperfusion (9.7 +/- 2.1%, n = 23 versus 10.0 +/- 2.1, n = 24; p = NS). CONCLUSIONS In this model of ischemia and reperfusion, prior heat shock was associated with significantly improved myocardial salvage after 35 minutes of LCA occlusion and reperfusion. This improved salvage was correlated with marked HSP72 induction and was independent of the hemodynamic determinants of myocardial oxygen supply and myocardial oxygen demand during the ischemic period. In contrast, mild HSP72 induction by ischemic pretreatment was not associated with improved myocardial salvage after myocardial ischemia and reperfusion. Thus, the absolute levels of HSP72 may be important in conferring protection from ischemic injury in this animal model.
Exercise-induced changes in blood ammonia levels in humans.

Five male and two female subjects each performed a maximal aerobic capacity (\(\dot V{\text{O}}_{{\text{2 max}}}\)) test, and two to four submaximal aerobic exercise bouts (requiring approximately 50 and 80% of the individual's measured \(\dot V{\text{O}}_{{\text{2 max}}}\)) on a motor-driven treadmill. Pre-exercise resting oxygen uptakes (\(\dot V{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}\)) and heart rates were determined and a venous blood sample drawn prior to each work session. These same measurements were repeated at 4, 15, 30, and 45 min of the resting recovery period that followed each exercise experiment. Additionally, at the 30th min of each 45-min submaximal exercise, another peripheral venous blood sample was drawn following determination of \(\dot V{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}\) and heart rate. In all blood samples, the hematocrit and concentrations of ammonia, lactate, pyruvate, glucose, hemoglobin, and total plasma proteins were measured.
Cryptosporidium parvum oocyst inactivation in three soil types at various temperatures and water potentials

Abstract The interaction between soil types, temperature, and soil water potential may have differential effects on the survival of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in the terrestrial environment. We examined the effects of three soil types (a silty clay loam, silt loam, and loamy sand), three temperatures (4, 20, and 30 °C), and three soil water potentials (−0.033, −0.5 and −1.5 MPa) on the inactivation kinetics of oocysts. Sentinel chambers were filled with air-dried and sieved soil, brought to the appropriate soil water potential, and inoculated with 2×106 freshly purified oocysts. The inoculated chambers were buried in the same bulk soil at the appropriate water potentials and incubated at one of the three temperatures. Triplicate chambers were removed from the bulk soil on days 0, 22, 43, 84 and 156. Sentinel oocysts were extracted, and assayed for potential infectivity by the dye permeability method. Oocysts suspended in sterile distilled water and incubated with the sentinel chambers were used as controls for the effect of temperature. The soil water potentials investigated did not affect oocyst inactivation at any temperature or with any of the three soil types. Rates of oocyst inactivation increased significantly between 4 and 20 °C, but not between 20 and 30 °C with the exception of oocysts incubated in the silty clay loam. Oocyst survival appeared to be significantly greater in the silt loam soil than in the two other soil types when incubated at 20 °C; and at 30 °C oocyst survival was significantly less in the silt clay loam than in the other two soil types. Rates of sentinel oocyst inactivation at all three soil water potentials were significantly lower than the control oocysts in water at the three test temperatures. Thus oocyst survival in soil was not affected by the water potentials between −0.033 and −1.5 MPa; it was affected by soil texture; but temperature appeared to be the factor most affecting oocyst survival. In the critical ambient range of temperature in temperate climates oocysts may survive for months in agricultural soil, and pose a threat to surface waters.
Tributes to cardiac surgical pioneers.

In this issue, you will notice an interesting article that should have been printed 24 years ago: the presidential address of Norman E. Shumway, Jr, the 67th president of the American Association for Thoracic Surgery. His address titled, ‘‘Some thoughts from the other side of the table, or the last presidential address’’ is one of great insight, humor, and education. This address has been lying fallow for some time because it was never really completed and had some interesting sections that required carefully editing. His daughter, Dr Sara Shumway, a cardiac surgeon at the University of Minnesota, did a great job editing her father’s manuscript and was in favor of us publishing this article similar to every presidential address in the past. Also accompanying the address is a career summary of Dr Shumway by Dr James Fann, presently a staff member of the Stanford University Medical Center Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, as part of our monthly Presidential Perspectives series. Dr Shumway developed the heart transplantation operation and performed the first heart-lung transplant in the world with Bruce Reitz at Stanford Medical Center. I hope that our readership will enjoy this memorial to one of
Life on Board Gold Rush Ships

This paper contains a description of how passengers lived during their five to eight months voyages from the East Coast around Cape Horn to the California gold fields in 1849. Topics discussed include food and drink, observance of Sunday and holidays, sleeping and eating arrangements, amusement and entertainment, effect of the weather upon passengers, duties of the passengers, and initial reactions to San Francisco. Living conditions varied depending upon the season of the year during which the voyage commenced, the character and ability of the captain and crew of the ship, the leadership of the joint stock company which organized the venture, and the character of the passengers themselves. Sufficient similarities in the voyages existed to make general conclusions possible.
Property evaluation in The Expert System for Thermodynamics (“TEST”) web application

Abstract Ever since its release, TEST has found use as thermodynamic courseware in many universities around the world. TEST offers web-based analysis tools–java applets called daemons–for property evaluation of working substances, energy, entropy, and exergy analysis of generic open and closed systems, IC engines, gas and vapor power cycles, refrigeration, HVAC, combustion, chemical equilibrium, and gas dynamics. Other modules of TEST include animations, problems, examples, and system navigations that are closely integrated with the daemon module to create a comprehensive analysis tool for engineering thermodynamics. In this paper the methodology of thermodynamic state evaluation by TEST is discussed with several examples.
The Tucker opening-closing micronekton net and its performance in a study of the deep scattering layer

An opening-closing, single-sample net system designed to capture micronektonic organisms is described. The net is opened and closed at the mouth by mechanical time-release devices, and can be hauled from small ships on hydrographic wire. Data are presented from a series of 4 hauls made with this system during a study of sonic scattering layers. The population maxima of euphausiids, sergestid prawns and physonect siphonophores corresponded to the level of the main scattering layer. Fishes were concentrated below the layer, and amphipods above it.
Role of Phosphorylation in Ethanol-Induced Aggregation of Keratin Intermediate Filaments

Background: Keratins are members of a diverse group of tissue-specific cytoskeletal components known as intermediate filaments. Regulation of the structure and intracellular distribution of intermediate filaments is known to be related to the phosphorylation state of their structural subunits. It also is known that disruption of the keratin filaments of hepatocytes in response to chronic ethanol ingestion is characteristic of alcoholic liver disease. Methods: To characterize the mechanism of ethanol-induced keratin filament reorganization and dephosphorylation, cells were grown in culture with and without ethanol, and then were treated at the end of the incubation period for 1 hr with either 8-bromo-adenosine 3′:5′-cyclic monophosphate (8Br), water-soluble forskolin (ws-forskolin), H-89 diHCL, or okadaic acid. Morphology of the cells was examined by immunofluorescence microscopy, and keratin phosphorylation levels were determined by analysis of 32P labeling. Results: We found that treatment of hepatoma cells with 300 mM ethanol results in disruption and aggregation of the keratin network in the vicinity of the nucleus as well as a hypophosphorylation of keratin subunits from ethanol-treated cells compared with non-ethanol-treated controls. 8Br and ws-forskolin treatment of ethanol groups restored keratin phosphorylation to control levels and reversed the ethanol-induced aggregation of keratin filaments. When H-89, an inhibitor of A-kinase, was added to control cells, keratin filament disorganization and dephosphorylation was observed. H-89 produced only a slight additional decrease in keratin phosphorylation in ethanol-treated cells, with no change in keratin distribution. Okadaic acid treatment of control cells produced hyperphosphorylation and filament network disruption, whereas in ethanol groups a reversal of the ethanol-mediated hypophosphorylation was observed but without reversal of the keratin filament aggregation. Conclusions: These results suggest that site-specific phosphorylation of keratin filaments is important in maintaining their integrity and that activation of the A-kinase system can antagonize the effects of ethanol, whereas its inhibition results in filament dephosphorylation and reorganization, mimicking effects of ethanol treatment.
PHOTOCONTROL OF ORGANELLE BIOGENESIS IN Euglena

The purpose of this review is to summarize recent work on the photocontrol of chloroplast, mitochondrial and microbody biogenesis in Euglena in the context of light being one of a number of potential sources of carbon and energy for growth
Water levels shape fishing participation in flood-control reservoirs

Abstract We examined the relationship between fishing effort (hours fished) and average March–May water level in 3 flood control reservoirs in Mississippi. Fishing effort increased as water level rose, peaked at intermediate water levels, and decreased at high water levels. We suggest that the observed arched-shaped relationship is driven by the shifting influence of fishability (adequacy of the fishing circumstances from an angler's perspective) and catch rate along a water level continuum. Fishability reduces fishing effort during low water, despite the potential for higher catch rates. Conversely, reduced catch rates and fishability at high water also curtail effort. Thus, both high and low water levels seem to discourage fishing effort, whereas anglers seem to favor intermediate water levels. Our results have implications for water level management in reservoirs with large water level fluctuations.
Construction and analysis of vector space models for use in aspect mining

A software system is designed so that its concerns are as independent as possible. Concerns upon which other concerns depend are called crosscutting concerns, examples of which are logging, authentication, and session management. Crosscutting concerns in a software system have the potential to increase the number of defects over time as the system is evolved. Aspect-oriented programming provides an additional layer of abstraction to the object-oriented programming paradigm for the purpose of separating concerns. The search for crosscutting concerns is referred to as aspect mining.Previous aspect mining algorithms used aggregated metric values as components in the vector space model. In this paper a new method for constructing vector space models is proposed that attempts to retain the detail present in the relationships between the elements of a software application. This is done through the use of pattern matrices derived from the non-aggregated metrics. The non-aggregated vector space models are then used in a clustering-based aspect mining algorithm and their performance is evaluated. The results show that this new approach to constructing vector space models is a viable one but needs further investigation. Issues with current measures for evaluating clustering-based aspect mining algorithms are highlighted and directions for further research are given.
Evaluation of four chemical extractants for metal determinations in wetland soils

Abstract Wetland soils (hydric soils) are unique in their chemical characteristics compared to upland soils. It is known that they are capable of removing a variety of wastes from polluted water entering the wetland including metals and potentially toxic heavy metals. When these metals are determined in wetland soils, it is necessary to use the proper chemical extractant(s). Four commonly used chemical extractants (Mehlich 1, Mehlich 3, 0.1M HCl, and DTPA) for soil fertility evaluation were selected to measure metal concentrations of three different wetland soils/spoils. Soil samples were collected from the constructed wetland cells which were lined with Abernathy silt loam topsoil and two different mine spoil materials [collected from active coal strip‐mined sites in Alabama (pH 5.9) and Tennessee (pH 3.2)]. Mehlich 3 extracted the most zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), potassium (K), sodiumm (Na), and aluminum (Al), while 0.1M HC1 extracted more cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu...
Media Roughness and Head-Media Spacing in Heat-Assisted Magnetic Recording

Heat-assisted magnetic recording involves the transfer of energy to the recording medium via optical means. To enable high areal density, the recorded track must be smaller than the diffraction limit of focused light, which is accomplished by using a near-field transducer (NFT) with a corner or peg with small dimension. Energy transfer using such a transducer is a near-field effect, and therefore is highly sensitive to the spacing between the NFT and the medium. Since the recording medium has some surface roughness, there will be a variation in the NFT-to-medium spacing and this will impact the amount of energy transferred from the NFT. We model the effect of Gaussian surface roughness on NFT energy transfer and predict surface temperature variations for a rough surface. In addition, we illustrate how changing the head-medium spacing changes the impact that roughness has on surface temperature variation. We combine these modeled predictions with spinstand measurements of recorded data and conclude that the effect of media roughness results in only limited temperature excursions above the nominal recording medium temperature.
A kinetic comparison of cardiac glycoside interactions with Na+,K+-ATPases from skeletal and cardiac muscle and from kidney

Abstract The rates of association of [3H]ouabain to Na+,K+-ATPase and the rates of dissociation of the enzyme-ouabain complexes were determined for enzymes isolated from dog skeletal muscle, beef heart muscle, and lamb kidney medulla. The rates of association were strongly influenced by the presence of ligands such as magnesium, sodium, potassium, ATP, and inorganic phosphate. For a particular set of binding ligands, the rates of association did not vary much amongst the three enzymes studied, although enzyme from skeletal muscle was the fastest. In contrast, the rates of dissociation were relatively independent of the ligand conditions. The rates of dissociation also varied greatly amongst the enzyme sources, with skeletal muscle Na+,K+-ATPase being the fastest. Although the major determinant of the affinity of the Na+,K+-ATPase for ouabain is the rate of dissociation, the rate of association also plays a role. Since the binding of ouabain to the Na+,K+-ATPase in the presence of magnesium, ATP, sodium, and potassium is very slow, it is difficult to obtain an I50 (equilibrium) value for the inhibition of hydrolytic activity by ouabain. If measurements of activity are made after a long period of time (3 h), the affinity of the enzyme for ouabain, estimated from inhibition of Na+,K+-ATPase activity, approached the value calculated from [3H]ouabain binding. The ratio of the I50 value for ouabagenin to that for ouabain for the skeletal muscle enzyme was the same as that for cardiac muscle enzyme, indicating that the sugar moiety of ouabain was interacting with the receptor of both enzymes. It is apparent, therefore, that the absence of a sugar binding site in skeletal Na+,K+-ATPase is not the reason for the faster dissociation rate of this enzyme.
A new effect of the rex gene of phage λ: Premature lysis after infection by phage T1

Abstract When phage T1 infects bacteria lysogenic for lambda, lysis is premature and burst sizes are small. This has been shown to be an effect of the lambda rex gene.
Inverse Scattering Theory: Renormalization of the Lippmann−Schwinger Equation for Quantum Elastic Scattering with Spherical Symmetry†

We present a new inverse scattering series for quantum elastic scattering in three spherical dimensions. The new series, which converges absolutely, independent of the strength of the scattering interaction, results from a renormalization transformation of the Lippmann−Schwinger Fredholm integral equation to a Volterra form. A new feature of the formulation is that it does not require the determination of phase shifts and it can be applied even to integral cross-section measurements. The approach is illustrated by application to a simple example problem.
The physiology, genetics and molecular biology of plant aluminum resistance and toxicity.

Aluminum (Al) toxicity is the primary factor limiting crop production on acidic soils (pH values of 5 or below), and because 50% of the world’s potentially arable lands are acidic, Al toxicity is a very important limitation to worldwide crop production. This review examines our current understanding of mechanisms of Al toxicity, as well as the physiological, genetic and molecular basis for Al resistance. Al resistance can be achieved by mechanisms that facilitate Al exclusion from the root apex (Al exclusion) and/or by mechanisms that confer the ability of plants to tolerate Al in the plant symplasm (Al tolerance). Compelling evidence has been presented in the literature for a resistance mechanism based on exclusion of Al due to Al-activated carboxylate release from the growing root tip. More recently, researchers have provided support for an additional Al-resistance mechanism involving internal detoxification of Al with carboxylate ligands (deprotonated organic acids) and the sequestration of the Al-carboxylate complexes in the vacuole. This is a field that is entering a phase of new discovery, as researchers are on the verge of identifying some of the genes that contribute to Al resistance in plants. The identification and characterization of Al resistance genes will not only greatly advance our understanding of Al-resistance mechanisms, but more importantly, will be the source of new molecular resources that researchers will use to develop improved crops better suited for cultivation on acid soils.
Use of Channel Electron Multipliers as Secondary Standard Detectors at EUV Wavelengths

The procedures available for photometric calibration at extreme ultraviolet (EUV) wavelengths are outlined and the requirements for a secondary standard EUV photomultiplier defined. The performance of a number of commercially available channel electron multipliers over the 304-1350-A wavelength range is described, and their suitability for use as secondary standards is discussed in detail. Although none of the multipliers evaluated fully met the requirements for a secondary standard, it proved possible to calibrate absolutely a Mullard cone channel over the required wavelength range to an accuracy of plus or minus 9% and to employ it as a secondary standard in the calibration of a series of sounding rocket spectrometers.