cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Elimination of Abuse and Dependence in DSM-5 Substance Use Disorders: What Does This Mean for Treatment?

The recently released Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition (DSM-5) marks the beginning of a new chapter in the diagnosis and treatment of substance use disorders. This article provides a brief overview of the changes to the criteria and how they will be used to formulate the new diagnostic index. Recent research, although limited given the timeliness of the revision, has demonstrated consistent findings with regard to the compatibility between DSM-IV and DSM-5 criteria, predominantly related to the most serious cases of substance use. There is much more variation in how milder cases will be addressed with the DSM-5 relative to the prior version. These diagnoses have significant implications for treatment, but it is imperative to acknowledge prognoses are based on the assumption that DSM-5 substance use disorders are qualitatively similar but range in severity from mild to severe. This may be a controversial approach, given that some preliminary research and lively discussion suggests the new diagnostic scheme may encompass qualitatively unique disorders ranked on a continuum. Treatment goals must take these underlying issues into account if substance use disorders are to be addressed successfully. The DSM-5 represents advancement in the diagnosis of substance use disorders, but many questions related to how it will inform treatment remain unanswered. Implications for future research are also discussed in this review.
Significant pulmonary valve incompetence following oversize balloon pulmonary valveplasty in small infants: A long-term follow-up study.

Oversized dilatation balloons are recommended for relief of valvar pulmonic stenosis in infants and children during cardiac catheterization. Little information exists about the long-term outcome of this practice. Six of 107 consecutive patients undergoing balloon pulmonary valveplasty developed increasing pulmonary valve incompetence during follow-up periods of 0.5-10 years (mean, 7.2 years). Secondary right ventricular dilatation prompted insertion of a bioprosthetic pulmonary valve in one patient 6.8 years after intervention; valve replacement is pending in two additional patients, 4.3 and 10 years after intervention, respectively; and the three remaining subjects are thought likely to require valve replacement during childhood. The six reported subjects differ from the pulmonary valveplasty group as a whole in that they are younger (median age, 3 days vs. 11 months), had a higher degree of obstruction (right/left ventricular systolic pressure ratio prior to valveplasty 1.28 vs. 0.92), and underwent dilatation with relatively oversized balloons (balloon diameter to pulmonary valve annulus ratio 1.44 vs. 1.08). The balloon diameter to valve annulus ratio did not exceed 1.5 in any subject. Caution is advised in the use of oversized dilatation balloons in neonates or young infants with severe or critical pulmonic stenosis. Long-term consequences of substantial pulmonary valve incompetence outweigh, in our opinion, the limited gradient relief achieved with smaller balloons, sometimes requiring a second dilatation of the valve at an older age and larger size. Cathet. Cardiovasc. Intervent. 48:61-65, 1999.
Accuracy of the Superconductivity Approximation for Pairing Forces in Nuclei

The accuracy of the superconductivity approximation for pairing forces in nuclei is studied. To this end we have exactly diagonalized the pairing force for certain nuclei and compared the results with those obtained from the approximate calculation of Kisslinger and Sorensen. When the energy is computed by use of the approximate-wave function, which is not an eigenfunction of the number operator, it is found that the excitation energies of the low-lying states with seniority one and two are correct to within 200 kev, whereas the ground-state energies are usually not given to better than 500 kev. The wave function obtained by projecting out and normalizing that part of the variational trial function that corresponds to the correct number of particles is found to agree closely with the exact energy eigenfunction. Overlap integrals greater than 98% are found in all cases considered. The expectation values of the pairing Hamiltonian with respect to these projected wave functions are therefore in excellent agreement with the exact energy eigenvalues. The variational aspects of the superconductivity approximation are also discussed briefly.
The effect of rock content on nutrients in a Sierra Nevada forest soil

Abstract The effects of rock content on nutrient concentrations and contents (kg ha − 1 ) in a skeletal soil derived from andesite were investigated. Rock content to a 60 cm depth ranged from 8 to 69% among 20 quantitative soil pits within a 10 ha area. On average, rocks contained 9% of total soil C, 19% of total soil N, 3% of total ecosystem C, and 12% of total ecosystem N. Percent rock content also appeared to cause increases in organic matter concentrations: rock content was significantly, positively correlated with total C and total N concentrations in the fine earth (> 2 mm) fraction. Soil C was organic; no carbonates were present. Percent rock content was also significantly, positively correlated with fine earth C:N ratio, suggesting that organic matter in rockier soils was in an earlier stage of decomposition at any given depth. Other consistent correlations with rock content included Bray P (positive) and exchangeable Mg 2 + (negative). The decrease in fine earth mass with increasing percent rock content offsets the increase in C concentration such that there was no correlation between percent rock content and either fine earth or total soil (fine earth plus rock) C content (kg ha − 1 ). Percent rock content was significantly negatively correlated with total N, Bray P, inorganic N, exchangeable K + , Ca 2 + , and Mg 2 + contents, however. The results of this study show that high rock content can affect soil C and nutrient pools not only because of the contributions of the rocks themselves, but also because high rock content appears to cause higher concentrations in the fine earth fraction.
Disruption of the Proton Relay Network in the Class 2 Dihydroorotate Dehydrogenase from Escherichia coli

Dihydroorotate dehydrogenases (DHODs) are FMN-containing enzymes that catalyze the conversion of dihydroorotate (DHO) to orotate in the de novo synthesis of pyrimidines. During the reaction, a proton is transferred from C5 of DHO to an active site base and the hydrogen at C6 of DHO is transferred to N5 of the isoalloxazine ring of the flavin as a hydride. In class 2 DHODs, a hydrogen bond network observed in crystal structures has been proposed to deprotonate the C5 atom of DHO. The active site base (Ser175 in the Escherichia coli enzyme) hydrogen bonds to a crystallographic water molecule that sits on a phenylalanine (Phe115 in the E. coli enzyme) and hydrogen bonds to a threonine (Thr178 in the E. coli enzyme), residues that are conserved in class 2 enzymes. The importance of these residues in the oxidation of DHO was investigated using site-directed mutagenesis. Mutating Ser175 to alanine had severe effects on the rate of flavin reduction, slowing it by more than 3 orders of magnitude. Changing the size and/or hydrophobicity of the residues of the hydrogen bond network, Thr178 and Phe115, slowed flavin reduction as much as 2 orders of magnitude, indicating that the active site base and the hydrogen bond network work together for efficient deprotonation of DHO.
The bounded interval generalized assignment model

The bounded interval generalized assignment model is a “many-for-one” assignment model. Each task must be assigned to exactly one agent; however, each agent can be assigned multiple tasks as long as the agent resource consumed by performing the assigned tasks falls within a specified interval. The bounded interval generalized assignment model is formulated, and an algorithm for its solution is developed. Algorithms for the bounded interval versions of the semiassignment model and sources-to-uses transportation model are also discussed.
Local structure determination in strained-layer semiconductors

Abstract The theory of elasticity accurately describes the deformations of macroscopic bodies under the action of applied stress [1] . In this review, we examine the internal mechanisms of elasticity for strained-layer semiconductor heterostructures. In particular, we present extended x-ray-absorption fine structure (EXAFS) and x-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements to show how the bond lengths and bond angles in semiconductor thin-alloy films change with strain when they are grown coherently on substrates with different lattice constants. The structural distortions measured by experiment are compared to valence-force field (VFF) calculations and other theoretical models. Atomic switching and interfacial strain at buried interfaces are also discussed.
A heuristic model for the variation with rigidity of the cosmic-ray charge spectrum

An idealized model based on the supernova origin of cosmic radiation is proposed to account for the variation with rigidity of the cosmic-ray charge spectrum. It is assumed that a supernova explosion results in the injection of a pure power-law spectrum and a composition relatively rich in heavy nuclei. Particles are confined within a volume local to the source region by a magnetic boundary resulting in a rigiditydependent coefficient of reflectivity; this yields a source-region path length varying inversely with rigidity. As a result, the differential spectra of particles escaping from the boundary into the galaxy are determined by the reflectivity ; and as a result of the nuclear interactions in the source region, the composition varies with rigidity. The additional effect of intragalactic motion is taken into account and the differential rigidity spectra, as a function of composition at the earth, are calculated. Predictions for the H/M, L/M and3He/4H ratios as a function of rigidity as well as the differential rigidity spectra are compared with experiment and are not in disgreement with the available data. The limitations and plausibility of the model are summarized and discussed.
Spectroscopic imaging for characterization of metal-enhanced upconversion

We use a custom built spectrally-resolved confocal microscopy system to investigate the enhanced near infrared to visible upconversion produced in NaYF 4 :Er .03 :Yb .17 nano-crystals. We examine the spatial variations in the intensity and spectral variations in the near infrared to visible upconversion due to thin films of NaYF 4 :Er .03 :Yb .17 nano-particles embedded in PMMA, supported on Au and Ag metallic nano-structured substrates, including randomly distributed Ag nanowire monolayers and Au nano-pillar arrays fabricated by electron beam lithography. Spectrally-resolved imaging provides a massively parallel means of assessing the range of achievable enhancement and its relation to the specific configuration of the substrate / upconverting nano-particle system. A statistical analysis of the images obtained provides the average and extremes of the enhancement, and can be used as a guide to engineer coatings and / or substrates with optimal properties.
Evolutionary learning through replicator dynamics in continuous space games

Many situations involving strategic interaction between agents involve a continuos set of choices. Therefore it is natural to model these problems using continuous space games. Consequently the population of agents playing the game will be represented with a density function defined over the continuous set of strategy choices. Simulating evolution of this population is a challenging problem. We present a method for simulating replicator dynamics in continuos space games using sequential Monte Carlo methods. The particle approach to density estimation provides a computationally efficient way of modeling the evolution of probability density functions. Finally a resampling step and smoothing methods are used to prevent particle degeneration problem associated with particle estimates. Finally we compare and contrast the resulting algorithm for simulation with genetic programming techniques.
Dust particles charging in non-Maxwellian plasmas

Dust contaminants play an important role in many industrial applications of plasma sciences and in space plasmas. The behaviour of dust particles immersed in plasmas is well understood in many physical situations. The charging of a dust particle under the bombardment of electrons and ions from a Maxwellian plasma has been studied in many papers. The net charge deposited on a dust particle can show fluctuations in time, but a steady state is reached. Theoretical, numerical and experimental work has shown the main features of the interactions between dust particles and Maxwellian plasmas. Recently, a number of papers have investigated with particle-in-cell (PIC) methods the details of the process of dust charging. The theoretical results have been confirmed. However, the studies, theoretical or numerical, have been limited to Maxwellian plasmas. In many physical situations this assumption is not acceptable. As an example, in many plasma-processing devices the dust particles have been shown to collect at the edge of the cathode sheath, where the ion and electron velocity distributions clearly have deviations from a Maxwellian equilibrium. In the present work we have investigated the effect of non-Maxwellian distributions and drift velocities, using simulation methods based on the PIC approach.
Are neutron stars Q-stars?

We show that certain classical solutions of hadronic effective field theories can model neutron stars. Within the uncertainties of what is known from laboratory measurements of nuclear physics, these solutions, called Q-stars, may have masses much larger (⪢ 3 M ⊙) or may be able to rotate faster (Prot < 0.5 ms) than previously believed possible. Stable chunks of nuclear density baryonic matter varying in size from 10−12 cm to several kilometers may also exist. Cygnus X-1, LMC X-3, and the SN1987A remnant are candidates for Q-stars.
Fatal Work-Related Injuries in the Agricultural Production and Services Sectors Among Youth in the United States, 1992-96

ABSTRACT We used data from the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics' Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries to describe fatal agricultural work injuries among youth less than 20 years of age from 1992-1996. There were 188 deaths, 23− of which were tractor-related. Eighty-three deaths were reported among individuals engaged in family businesses. The fatality rate for 15- to 19-year-olds was 12.2 deaths per 100,000 full-time equivalents. Youth fatality rates were comparable to those of adult workers up until the age group of 45-54 years. Non-regulatory approaches to preventing injuries, especially in family businesses, are important given the current form of U.S. child labor laws.
The parentage of a classic wine grape, Cabernet Sauvignon

The world's great wines are produced from a relatively small number of classic European cultivars of Vitis vinifera L Most are thought to be centuries old and their origins have long been the subject of speculation1,2. Among the most prominent of these cultivars is Cabernet Sauvignon, described as “the world's most renowned grape variety for the production of fine red wine”3. Although now grown in many countries, Cabernet Sauvignon derives its fame from its long association with the Bordeaux region of France, where it has been grown at least since the 17th century4. We present microsatellite DNA evidence for the hypothesis that Cabernet Sauvignon is the progeny of two other Bordeaux cultivars, Cabernet franc and Sauvignon blanc. Likelihood ratios support this hypothesis to a very high degree of probability. A close relationship between Cabernet Sauvignon and Cabernet franc has been suspected but the genetic contribution of Sauvignon blanc, despite its similar name, is a surprise.
T-Cell Receptor Vα Spectratype Analysis of a CD4-Mediated T-Cell Response against Minor Histocompatibility Antigens Involved in Severe Graft-versus-Host Disease

Abstract Although CD4+ T cells can have an important role in mediating lethal graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) directed to multiple minor histocompatibility antigens (miHA) after bone marrow transplantation, their precise characterization and effector function remains elusive. In this regard, T cell receptor (TCR) Vβ spectratype analysis has been a powerful tool for identifying donor CD4+ T cell populations expanding to host miHA after bone marrow transplantation in the major histocompatibility complex–matched C57BL/6 (B6) → C.B10-H2b (BALB.B) model of lethal GVHD. Removal of all of the Vβ+ T cell families containing these responding cells from the donor inoculum has proven to be an effective means of preventing the development of GVHD. Previous studies have also found that of the 11 miHA-responsive B6 CD4+ Vβ+ T cell families, transplantation of Vβ2+ and Vβ11+ T cells together into lethally irradiated BALB.B mice appeared to be primarily responsible for the severity of resultant GVHD. Further focusing on these critical CD4 responses, in this study we demonstrate that B6 CD4+Vβ11+ T cells alone can induce lethal GVHD in BALB.B recipients. In addition, immunohistochemical staining of host lingual and intestinal epithelial tissues supported the capacity of Vβ11+ T cells to infiltrate typical GVHD-associated target areas. To further characterize the specific CD4+Vβ11+ T cells involved in this anti-miHA response, TCR Vα spectratype analysis was performed and indicated that 6 Vα chains were used by this reactive population. These results provide further evidence that a restricted repertoire of T cell specificities, presumably recognizing a correspondingly low number of miHA, is sufficient for the induction of severe GVHD.
Seasonality of coastal upwelling off central and northern California: New insights, including temporal and spatial variability

[1] The coastal ocean environment off California is largely determined by wind-driven coastal upwelling, with an ecosystem that is tightly coupled to seasonality in this upwelling. Three decades of data measured over the California shelf at NOAA buoys are used to describe the seasonal variability of the winds that force upwelling and the response of the coastal ocean in terms of sea temperature. Moreover, seasonal patterns in surface chlorophyll and alongshore currents are determined from one decade of data. In addition to clear seasonality, all these data exhibit distinct spatial and non-seasonal temporal variability in upwelling. Based on alongshore wind stress characteristics in central and north California, three seasons are defined: Upwelling Season (April-June) with strong upwelling-favorable winds and large standard deviation due to frequent reversals; Relaxation Season (July-September) with weak equatorward winds and low variability; and Storm Season (December-February) characterized by weak mean wind stress but large variability. The remaining months are transitional, falling into one or other season in different years. In addition to large-scale latitudinal differences in wind stress, spatial differences are associated with coastal topography - specifically the acceleration of wind downstream of capes. Latitudinal differences in sea surface temperature depend on wind stress, both local and large-scale, but also on surface heating and offshore influences. Intra-annual and inter-annual anomalies in wind and sea surface temperature are associated with variability in coastal winds, large-scale winds, and offshore basin-scale ocean conditions. Satellite chlorophyll concentration shows an optimal window relation with upwelling forcing, allowing maximum concentrations during moderate winds and minimal during poor or strong winds.
Angular velocity discrimination.

Three experiments designed to investigate the ability of naive observers to discriminate rotational velocities of two simultaneously viewed objects are described. Rotations are constrained to occur about the x and y axes, resulting in linear two-dimensional image trajectories. The results indicate that observers can discriminate angular velocities with a competence near that for linear velocities. However, perceived angular rate is influenced by structural aspects of the stimuli.
The Lawn‐Chemical Economy and Its Discontents

The daily geographies of consumption represent some of the most ecologically important and economically complex frontiers for critical research. Among these, the turfgrass lawn is perhaps the most overlooked, owing to its very ordinariness. Despite the serious risks posed to human health and ecosystem viability by high-input lawn systems, little critical scholarship has engaged the lawn, especially as a structured economic phenomenon. This paper explores the forces and political economic conditions under which the lawn is produced, promulgated, and resisted in North America. In the process, we draw attention to the deeply structured economic impetus behind the direct sale of potentially toxic chemicals to urban dwellers. Based on survey research and a review of the industry, we argue (1) that chemical demand is driven by urban growth and classed aesthetics, (2) that direct and aggressive sales of chemicals to consumers are spurred by crises in the chemical-formulator industry, (3) that the search for consumer-lawn markets is driven by declining margins in the worldwide chemical trade, and (4) that counterinstitutional struggles against high-input lawns represent a salvo against otherwise abstract and daunting cultural-economic hegemony.
Calibration of Watermark soil moisture sensors for soil matric potential and temperature

Rapid, accurate, and automated measurement of soil matric potential is desirable. Evidence suggested that the Watermark resistance block might be an appropriate and inexpensive tool, so we conducted an evaluation of its relevant characteristics. A number of these blocks were calibrated under laboratory conditions to determine their individual and aggregate responses to soil matric potential, soil type, and temperature. We found that the temperature response could be expressed as a single equation, valid for all tested blocks, but comparison against matric potential revealed that each block had a characteristic response. Furthermore, block responses were different in two soils and, for a given soil, not necessarily reproducible. Given these limitations, these sensors are probably useful only as relative indicators of soil water status.
The determination by an independent method of P k electron capture probabilities in 133 Ba and 139 Ce decays gamma decay of 133 Ba

The electron capture decays of133Ba (10.4 y) and139Ce (140 d) were investigated with high resolution Ge(Li) detectors. By x-ray — γ-ray coincidences values of the quantityPkωkɛk for various transitions in the decay of133Ba and139Ce are obtained. The factor ωkɛk was measured independently by means ofK-conversion electron-K x-ray coincidences and was then used to determinePk, theK-capture probability. The independent measurement of the product ωkɛk, together with recent accurate values of ωk, provides a new method for the accurate calibration of semiconductor x-ray detectors. In the decay of139Ce, a value ofPk=0.78±0.03 is found (where the error represents twice the standard deviation) from whichQec=326−30+70 keV to the139La ground-state is found by use of theory. In133Ba decay, values are found ofPk1=0.72±0.04 for theEC transition to the 437 keV level in133Cs,Pk2=0.80±0.07 to the 384 keV level, and from an independent measurement, the ratioPk1/Pk2=0.87±0.07. From these results the ground-state value ofQec=522−10+20 keV is derived from theory for133Ba decay. The gamma spectrum of133Ba also was remeasured. From the present gamma intensities and previous conversion electron intensities, new values forK-shell conversion coefficients are obtained. Previously reported γ-rays at 35 and 391 keV are not confirmed.
The Effects of Sex of Subject, Sex of Approaching Person, and Angle of Approach upon Personal Space

(1972). The Effects of Sex of Subject, Sex of Approaching Person, and Angle of Approach upon Personal Space. The Journal of Psychology: Vol. 82, No. 2, pp. 277-286.
Normative adjustments to the D-KEFS trail making test: corrections for education and vocabulary level

The Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System (D-KEFS) Trail Making Test (TMT), a modification of the original TMT, was created to isolate set-shifting (Letter-Number Switching) from other component skills. This was accomplished by including four baseline conditions (Visual Scanning, Number Sequencing, Letter Sequencing, and Motor Speed) and by placing equal numbers of stimuli in the three sequencing conditions. Given that some studies with the original TMT demonstrated a significant effect of education and intellectual functioning on performance, we utilized the D-KEFS national standardization sample to examine the effects of education and vocabulary level-i.e., Vocabulary subtest from the Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence (WASI)-on the D-KEFS TMT. The results indicate a significant effect of these variables on each D-KEFS TMT condition. Normative tables for education- and vocabulary-adjusted scaled scores based on the database from the D-KEFS national normative study were generated.
Long-Term Postoperative Follow-Up in Surgery for Congenital Aortic Valvular Stenosis

Twenty-three children with congenital aortic valvular stenosis have undergone operation prior to November 1964, without a hospital mortality. A 4-week-old infant who died at the induction of anesthesia is not included. There was one late death due to uncontrolled aortic regurgitation. The late death occurred at the time of the second operation for placement of aortic valve prosthesis in another institution. Thirteen of the 23 patients have an audible postoperative diastolic murmur. In two this murmur was present preoperatively. Eight of the 13 are considered to have mild aortic regurgitation, four moderate, and one severe. Of the 18 patients with competent valves or mild regurgitation, all have normal electrocardiograms. Ten of these 18 patients had electrocardiographic evidence of left ventricular hypertrophy before surgery. Four of the five patients with moderate or severe regurgitation have electrocardiographic evidence of left ventricular hypertrophy. These patients have all been followed from 3 to 5½...
Production and use of 6He, 7Be, 8Li, 12B and metastable nuclear beams

Abstract A low energy (few MeV/nucleon), modest flux ( 10 4 −10 7 s ) radioactive nuclear beam (RNB) facility has been in operation for approximately three years at the University of Notre Dame Van de Graaff accelerator. This facility utilizes a compact superconducting solenoid lens, designed at the University of Michigan, with adjustable apertures to produce momentum-analyzed secondary beams via the direct transfer and other methods. Useable beams of 6He, 7Be, 8Li, 12B, 18F and to our knowledge the first isomeric beam, 18mF, have been produced and a first generation of RNB experiments has been successfully completed.
Heat transfer from an immersed vertical tube to a gas fluidized bed

Abstract Fluidization and heat transfer experiments have been conducted in gas fluidized beds of two different sizes, viz., 305 × 305 mm 2 and 305 × 152.5 mm 2 and with particles of silica sands ( d p = 167, 488, 504, and 745 μ m ), glass beads ( d p = 427 μ m) and millet seeds ( d p = 2064 μ m) with immersed smooth vertical heated tubes of diameter 12.7, 28.6, and 50.8 mm. Important conclusions are drawn concerning the dependence of heat transfer coefficient on fluidization velocity, bed particle diameter, tube diameter and nature of bed fluidization. The heat transfer data are employed to assess the available literature correlations for heat transfer coefficient and for its maximum value.
Westward Thrust Faulting in the South-Central Klamath Mountains, California

Structural studies in the Cecilville quadrangle of the Klamath Mountains, northwestern California, indicate a tectonic imbrication of three of the four Klamath geologic subprovinces. The structural sequence is interpreted as follows (bottom to top): (l) rocks of the western Paleozoic and Triassic subprovince; (2) the Siskiyou thrust zone; (3) the Siskiyou thrust plate composed of rocks of the central metamorphic subprovince; (4) the Trinity thrust zone and the sheetlike Trinity ultramafic pluton present along it; and (5) the Trinity thrust plate composed of rocks of the eastern Klamath subprovince. Minimum westward displacements of the Siskiyou and Trinity thrust plates are estimated at 15 to 20 miles and 20 miles, respectively, based on the positions of fensters and klippen. All rocks previously assigned to the Stuart Fork Formation are now recognized as parts of the western Paleozoic and Triassic subprovince, some exposed within fensters in the Siskiyou thrust plate. The relationship of the Trinity ultramafic pluton to the Trinity thrust zone has not been resolved. The peridotitic pluton may have been injected along the thrust contact, presumably during Mesozoic:(?) thrusting. An alternative is that the pluton was intruded into the Grouse Ridge Formation of the central metamorphic subprovince during Paleozoic regional metamorphism, and that later thrust faulting was localized across it. Regional relationships favor the first alternative; whereas, field relationships of the pluton with rocks of the Grouse Ridge Formation favor the second. The problem can be resolved if there has been more than one episode of ultramafic emplacement in the south-central Klamath region. Regional metamorphism of moderate grade of the central metamorphic subprovince has been isotopically dated by Lanphere and Irwin (1967) as Early to Middle Devonian. Thrust faulting of probable Jurassic age was accompanied in some areas by low-grade regional metamorphism, responsible for partial retrogressive metamorphism of central subprovince rocks. It is unlikely that any Paleozoic formation now exposed in the Klamath Mountains can be considered as the parental unit for the Salmon Hornblende Schist of the central metamorphic subprovince, and the same may be true for the overlying Grouse Ridge Formation. The two formations possibly represent basaltic oceanic crust (sima) and Ordovician or pre-Ordovician eugeosynclinal rocks deposited on it. The presence of westward-directed thrust plates in the Klamath Mountains is in keeping with recent discoveries of westward thrusting elsewhere in Cordilleran eugeosynclinal areas. Apparent westward migration in northern California of tectonic episodes characterized by thrust faulting and accompanying injection of mantle peridotites along the faults can best be explained by periodic underthrusting of the continental margin by an active oceanic block.
Ambiguity of the “Galilean-invariant” operator for pion absorption by nuclei☆

Abstract The pseudoscalar-pseudoscalar pion-nucleon interaction is reduced to terms of order (1/ M ) 3 by a Foldy-Wouthuysen reduction, in order to derive the form of an appropriate non-relativistic Hamiltonian for pion absorption by nuclei. It is pointed out that the reduction is not unique and that the various possible reductions correspond to the application of various canonical transformations to any one of the reduced Hamiltonians. The conventional “Galilean-invariant” interaction is obtained from one of these reductions; however, the coefficient of a term that makes a significant contribution to actual calculations of pion absorption in light and medium nuclei is not well defined by the reduction procedure alone.
Handling nonignorable nonresponse with respondent modeling and the SIR algorithm

Abstract Handling missing data based on parametric models typically involves computing the conditional expectation of missing data given observed data for nonrespondents. Under a nonignorable missing data mechanism, the conditional distribution requires joint modeling of the study and response variables. A natural way of factoring the model is to use models for the distribution of variables under complete response and for the probability of response. Sensitivity to model specification is a serious scientific problem. Models cannot be validated, however, from missing data, because, by definition, the information needed for validation is missing. In many cases, under assumed models, a Monte Carlo (MC) method can be used to compute the conditional expectation of missing given observed variables. The issue of model specification translates into the questions, how should one generate values from the conditional distribution for nonrespondents? One way to interpret this issue is as the need to specify an imputation method for the missing data. In this paper, we consider a simulation method based on the model for the distribution of respondents together with the Sampling Importance Resampling (SIR) algorithm. The proposed method is shown to be more robust than some current approaches in the sense that assumed models can be verified from respondents. A linearized variance estimation method is also studied. Results from a limited simulation study are presented.
Enzymatic Synthesis of a 21-Nucleotide Coat Protein Binding Fragment of R17 Ribonucleic Acid

An oligoribonucleotide with a sequence identical with the bacteriophage R17 replicase initiator region has been synthesized. The sequence also encompasses the binding domain of R17 coat protein, which is known to act as a translational repressor at this site. The 21-nucleotide fragment was synthesized entirely by enzymatic methods, T4 RNA ligase being used to join shorter oligomers. The resulting fragment has a secondary structure with the expected thermal stability. Since the synthetic fragment binds R17 coat protein with the same affinity as a 59-nucleotide fragment isolated from R17 RNA, we conclude that it has full biological activity.
Timaeus' Explanation of Sense-Perceptual Pleasure

Much has been written about Plato’s accounts of pleasure in Republic 9 and Philebus, almost nothing about his account in Timaeus. But with respect to sense-perceptual pleasure specifically, the account in Timaeus is unique and extremely informative. This paper examines, in turn, the physiology and the psychology of sense-perceptual pleasure, focusing on the text at 64a2–65b3, but drawing on a wide range of passages from elsewhere in the dialogue. The paper concludes with a further suggestion: that Timaeus is committed to an implicit distinction between two kinds of perceptual pleasure, sense-perceptual pleasure and ‘brute’ pleasure.
A Perspective on Benzene Leukemogenesis

Although benzene is best known as a compound that causes bone marrow depression leading to aplastic anemia in animals and humans, it also induces acute myelogenous leukemia in humans. The epidemiological evidence for leukemogenesis in humans is contrasted with the results of animal bioassays. This review focuses on several of the problems that face those investigators attempting to unravel the mechanism of benzene-induced leukemogenesis. Benzene metabolism is reviewed with the aim of suggesting metabolites that may play a role in the etiology of the disease. The data relating to the formation of DNA adducts and their potential significance are analyzed. The clastogenic activity of benzene is discussed both in terms of biomarkers of exposure and as a potential indication of leukemogenesis. In addition to chromosome aberrations, sister chromatid exchange, and micronucleus formation, the significance of chromosomal translocations is discussed. The mutagenic activity of benzene metabolites is reviewed and benzene is placed in perspective as a leukemogen with other carcinogens and the lack of leukemogenic activity by compounds of related structure is noted. Finally, a pathway from exposure to benzene to eventual leukemia is discussed in terms of biochemical mechanisms, the role of cytokines and related factors, latency, and expression of leukemia.
Investigation of a low-cost optical-CT system with minimal refractive index-matching fluid

Optical computed tomography (optical-CT) is a method for visualizing 3dimensional dose distributions in radiochromic dosimeters. Projection images are acquired by collimating a visible light point source into parallel-beam geometry and imaging differential absorption through the sample dosimeter. Practical challenges involved in optical-CT imaging were addressed through the investigation of an in-house Fresnel-based optical-CT system with considerably less refractive index-matching fluid. The "DFOS" (Duke Fresnel-based Optical- CT System) system differed from current optical-CT systems by replacing cumbersome convex telecentric lenses with a lighter and much less expensive Fresnel system. A second major modification was the replacement of the refractive index-matching fluid bath with a solid polyurethane tank. PRESAGE radiochromic dosimeters were irradiated with orthogonal parallel-opposed treatments and dose distributions were readout by the DFOS system and compared to both treatment planning software prediction and two other in-house optical-CT systems. Gamma index passing rate at the 3%/3mm threshold in relation to Eclipse treatment planning software for the treatment was 92.2%%, compared to 96.8% and 95.6% for two other systems featuring a traditional setup. The DFOS system showed promise for 3D dosimetry, but the performance is still substantially inferior at present to the gold-standard systems.
Quantitative immunochemical search for single stranded DNA in chromatin.

SEVERAL observations concerning the structure of DNA in chromatin could be explained if a significant fraction of the nucleic acid existed in the single stranded form in the nucleoprotein. complex. Thus, the altered hypochromicity1 and circular dichroism spectrum2 might arise from a nearly equal mixture of single and double stranded DNA. Furthermore, the finding that DNA in chromatin can be cross-linked to proteins by formaldehyde3, while double stranded DNA is not affected, could be attributed to the presence of single stranded nucleic acid in the complex. Razavi has demonstrated single stranded DNA in cultured lymphocyte chromatin by immunofluorescence4, but could not quantify the amount present. Crick5 postulated that the control regions of the eukaryotic chromosome might exist as single stranded DNA and has cited characteristics of the active sites of enzymes and the type of interactions likely to occur in protein-DNA recognition. We tried to measure quantitatively the single stranded DNA in native chromatin by its immune reactivity.
Thapsigargin shifts the CA set point of parathyroid cells to lower extracellular [CA]

The hypothesis that cytosolic calcium concentration ([Ca2+cyt]) is the primary regulator of parathyroid hormone (PTH) secretion is supported by a number of studies that show an inverse relationship between them. One agent shown to inhibit PTH secretion is thapsigargin, a sesquiterpene lactone that raises [Ca2+cyt] by inhibiting the Ca-ATPase that pumps Ca2+ from the cytosol into the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum. Thapsigargin may act on the parathyroid cell other than to inhibit the Ca-ATPase, however, in ways that might also affect PTH secretion. We have tested its effects on functional parameters, such as protein synthesis, the exocytic machinery, and the ability of parathyroid cells to respond to different concentrations of extracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+ex]). In particular, we have determined whether the inhibition of PTH secretion by thapsigargin is independent of or is modulated by changes in [Ca2+ex]. The results revealed no effects of thapsigargin on protein synthesis or the exocytic mechanisms within 2 h of treatment, and showed that [Ca2+ex] can modulate PTH secretion in the presence of thapsigargin. Its inhibition of PTH secretion, therefore, appears to rest on its ability to shift [Ca2+cyt] to higher levels, but the possibility that it interacts with the Ca receptor has not been eliminated. The results support the hypothesis that the primary regulator of steady-state PTH secretion is [Ca2+cyt].
DEMONSTRATION OF A NONESTROGENIC GONADAL INHIBITOR PRODUCED BY THE OVARY OF THE BROWN LEGHORN.

Abstract In the brown Leghorn female, as in most birds, the right gonad is rudimentary. Removal of the left functional ovary results in the growth and differentiation of the rudimentary gonad into a testicular organ or, less frequently, into an ovotestis or ovary. Two experiments were designed to test the hypothesis that the ovary produces a substance (or substances), other than estrogen, which inhibits the development of the right gonad: 1. (1) An extract of pullet ovaries, free from significant amounts of estrogen and androgen (i.e., amounts capable of inhibiting the development of the right gonad in ovariectomized birds or capable of causing feminization of the plumage and stimulation of comb growth, respectively), significantly depressed the growth and differentiation of the right gonad in ovariectomized birds. 2. (2) Autotransplants of the ovary into the portal field (gizzard) resulted in hepatic inactivation of estrogen and complete or partial inhibition of the right gonad. The results of these experiments demonstrate that the ovary of the brown Leghorn produces a substance, other than estrogen, which can inhibit the growth and differentiation of the right rudimentary gonad. It seems probable that this inhibitory substance, or substances, may be another example of organ-specific inhibition, originally postulated by Rose (1952) and Weiss (1952) and subsequently demonstrated by several investigators.
Does a Nutrition Handout cause Behavior Changes on the Dietary Intake of Older Adults

Abstract LEARNING OUTCOME: To understand that a nutrition handout, with no accompanying dietary counseling, produced no behavior changes in the dietary habits of healthy older adults. The effects of a nutrition handout (with no dietary counseling provided) on dietary intake in older adults was studied. The research subjects included 18 older adults (14 females and 4 males) from rural western Pennsylvania, with a mean age of 74.1±6.4 years. Data collection included two 3-day food records and a questionnaire about personal information. Intervention included a written nutrition handout provided between food records, that was relevant to the subject's specific dietary concerns. No nutrition counseling was offered. The pre- and post-dietary records were analyzed using the Nutritionist IV computer program. Data analysis methods included descriptive statistics and use of the dependent t-test. In terms of health-related habits, 55.6% of older adults used multivitamin/mineral supplements and 22.2% used individual supplements, 61.1% exercised at least 3 times per week on a regular basis and used prescription drugs, 38.9% lived alone, 27.8% participated in congregate nutrition programs, 11.1% consumed alcohol, and none smoked. In comparing pre- and post-records, there was no statistically significant difference found (p
Oceanic Subarctic Fronts of the Central Pacific: Structure of and Response to Atmospheric Forcing

Abstract The oceanic fronts in the subarctic region of the central North Pacific are investigated and related to atmospheric forcing. The thermohaline structure indicates a near balance between horizontal temperature and salinity gradients, resulting in weak density gradients and the absence of baroclinic jets. Large temperature inversions are found inside the permanent subarctic halocline and pycnocline, which are attributed to overrunning of cool, low-salinity water from the north over warmer, more saline water from the west. During summer, a shallow SOFAR channel is found between the bottom of the seasonal pycnocline and the top of the permanent pycnocline. The frontal structure in the latitude belt between 39° and 47°N is complicated and is characterized by multiple thermohaline and sound velocity fronts. Frontogenesis in the mid-Pacific depends strongly upon differential advection of the Ekman type. During fan, characteristic magnitudes of temperature frontogenesis due to this cause are 1°C (100 km)−...
Preparing Aluminum Foam Sandwich Panels by the Pack-Rolling-Powder Metallurgy Foaming Technique

Billets of AFS with the thickness of 4.9 millimeters were manufactured by pack rolling process. SEM analysis for interfacial bonding and cell structures of AFS were carried out in detail. The results show that surface quality of the panel after pack rolling is obviously improved as compared to powder composite rolling using Al sheets. Macro-cracks of face sheets also completely disappear. The interfacial bonding in between Al tube and foamable precursor material have no micro-cracks and the existence of gap. Metallurgical bonding between Al face sheets and the core Al foams and uniform cell structures of AFS are achieved as the foaming temperature and foaming time are 700°C and 2 minutes, respectively.
Anillin is a substrate of anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) that controls spatial contractility of myosin during late cytokinesis.

Anillin, an actin-binding protein localized at the cleavage furrow, is required for cytokinesis. Through an in vitro expression screen, we identified anillin as a substrate of the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C), a ubiquitin ligase that controls mitotic progression. We found that the levels of anillin fluctuate in the cell cycle, peaking in mitosis and dropping drastically during mitotic exit. Ubiquitination of anillin required a destruction-box and was mediated by Cdh1, an activator of APC/C. Overexpression of Cdh1 reduced the levels of anillin, whereas inactivation of APC/CCdh1 increased the half-life of anillin. Functionally, anillin was required for the completion of cytokinesis. In anillin knockdown cells, the cleavage furrow ingressed but failed to complete the ingression. At late cytokinesis, the cytosol and DNA in knockdown cells underwent rapid myosin-based oscillatory movement across the furrow. During this movement, RhoA and active myosin were absent from the cleavage furrow, and myosin was redistributed to cortical patches, which powers the random oscillatory movement. We concluded that anillin functions to maintain the localization of active myosin, thereby ensuring the spatial control of concerted contraction during cytokinesis.
In vivo visualization of metastatic prostate cancer and quantitation of disease progression in immunocompromised mice

While survival periods for patients with localized prostate cancer have increased, there is still no curative therapy for metastatic disease. Using non-invasive bioluminescent imaging, we designed a comprehensive murine model to monitor tumor location and expansion. We detected micrometastases after one week that correlated by gross necropsy, autoradiography, and histopathology with organ and skeletal lesions seen clinically. We calculated in vivo kinetics for tumor growth based on biophoton emissions and observed significantly faster growth of bone lesions and of overall tumor burden in young mice compared to old mice. This model provides a controllable biological system for further investigation into the pathogenesis of metastatic prostate cancer and evaluation of new therapies.
Searching Chemical Space with the Bayesian Idea Generator

The Pfizer Global Virtual Library (PGVL) is defined as a set compounds that could be synthesized using validated protocols and monomers. However, it is too large (1012 compounds) to search by brute-force methods for close analogues of a given input structure. In this paper the Bayesian Idea Generator is described which is based on a novel application of Bayesian statistics to narrow down the search space to a prioritized set of existing library arrays (the default is 16). For each of these libraries the 6 closest neighbors are retrieved from the existing compound file, resulting in a screenable hypothesis of 96 compounds. Using the Bayesian models for library space, the Pfizer file of singleton compounds has been mapped to library space and is optionally searched as well. The method is >99% accurate in retrieving known library provenance from an independent test set. The compounds retrieved strike a balance between similarity and diversity resulting in frequent scaffold hops. Four examples of how the Baye...