cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Age-related declines in a two-day reference memory task are associated with changes in NMDA receptor subunits in mice.

C57BL/6 mice show a relationship during aging between NMDA receptor expression and spatial reference memory performance in a 12-day task. The present study was designed to determine if age-related deficits could be detected with a shorter testing protocol and whether these deficits showed a relationship with NMDA receptors. Mice were trained in a reference memory task for two days in a Morris water maze. Cued testing was performed either after or prior to reference memory testing. Crude synaptosomes were prepared from prefrontal/frontal cortex and hippocampus of the mice that underwent reference memory testing first. NMDA receptor subunit and syntaxin proteins were analyzed with Western blotting. Young mice showed significant improvement in probe and place learning when reference memory testing was done prior to cued testing. A significant decrease in performance was seen between 3 and 26 months of age with the two-day reference task, regardless of whether cued testing was performed before or after reference memory testing. There was a significant decline in the protein expression of the e2 and ζ1 subunits of the NMDA receptor and syntaxin in prefrontal/frontal cortex. The subunit changes showed a significant correlation with both place and probe trial performance. The presence of an age-related decline in performance of the reference memory task regardless of when the cued trials were performed suggests that the deficits were due to factors that were unique to the spatial reference memory task. These results also suggest that declines in specific NMDA receptor subunits in the synaptic pool of prefrontal/frontal brain regions contributed to these age-related problems with performing a spatial reference memory task.
Microbiologic factors in endodontology

The role of microorganisms in the cause of endodontic lesions has been intensively investigated. Bacterial components such as endotoxin and other cell wall components are implicated in the development of pulpal and periapical inflammation. Newer anaerobic microbiologic techniques have facilitated accurate and reproducible identification of endodontic pathogens, some of which have been reclassified. This article reviews and correlates newer microbiologic findings with clinical symptoms.
A variable stiffness strut using strain induced bending for vibration suppression in the evolutionary model

A new piezoceramic strut has been developed. This strut utilizes strain induced bending as a means of actuation. The significance of this design is that the displacement of the strut's motion arm is independent of the expansion of the piezoceramic material. Design criteria was developed using continuous and finite element modeling techniques. Experimental and analytical results were compared. Finally, a numerical analysis was conducted that demonstrated the benefits of the piezoceramic strut configuration.
Bayesian Statistics in Radiocarbon Calibration

Critics of Bayesianism often assert that scientists are not Bayesians. The widespread use of Bayesian statistics in the field of radiocarbon calibration is discussed in relation to this charge. This case study illustrates the willingness of scientists to use Bayesian statistics when the approach offers some advantage, while continuing to use orthodox methods in other contexts. The case of radiocarbon calibration, therefore, suggests a picture of statistical practice in science as eclectic and pragmatic rather than rigidly adhering to any one theoretical position.
Waglerin-1 inhibits GABAA current of neurons in the nucleus accumbens of neonatal rats

Abstract The effect of Waglerin-1, a 22-amino acid peptide purified from the venom of Wagler's pit viper on the whole cell current response (IGABA) to γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) was examined for neurons freshly isolated from the nucleus accumbens of 3- to 7-day-old rats. Waglerin-1 depressed IGABA induced by subsaturating concentrations of GABA; the IC50 for IGABA induced by 10 μM GABA was 2.5 μM Waglerin-1. This concentration of Waglerin-1 shifted the GABA concentration–response curve to the right in a parallel manner, increasing the GABA EC50 from 12±3 to 27±5 μM. The depressant effect of Waglerin-1 was greater at negative holding potentials. Zn2+ also inhibited IGABA with an IC50 of 0.3 μM. Phosphorylation state appeared to modulate GABAA receptor sensitivity to the inhibitory effect of Waglerin-1 since dialysis of neurons with N-[2-((p-bromocinnamyl)amino)ethyl]-5-isoquinolinesulfonamide HCl (H-89), an inhibitor of protein kinase A, prevented inhibition. The data are discussed in terms of developmental influences on the subunit composition of GABAA receptors in neurons of the nucleus accumbens.
Attitudes of diplomats at the United Nations: the effects of organizational participation on the evaluation of the organization

In the literature which focuses on the participation of individuals in an international organization, two hypotheses are stated. The first rs that the longer a person serves an organization, the more favorable his attitude toward the organization becomes. It is hypothesized that the duration of the diplomatic assignment constitutes a factor influencing the evaluation of the organization.
A theoretical study of the elastic properties of dysprosium antimonide

The author develops an expression for the softening of an elastic constant of dysprosium antimonide. This softening is due to a Jahn-Teller coupling between magnetic ions whose ground manifolds are split into several levels by a crystalline field. This expression is evaluated in the molecular-field approximation and further approximated by considering only quadrupolar interactions. A good fit to the thermal variation of the elastic constant of dysprosium antimonide Ctheta =1/2(C11-C12) is obtained by suitably choosing the background elastic constant, the Jahn-Teller strain coupling gtheta and the biquadratic coupling Itheta . Several physical mechanisms are discussed which give rise to the fitted values of the parameters and to the structural and magnetic phase transition at 9.5K. It is concluded that the phase transition is driven by approximately equal amounts of strain coupling gtheta and exchange interactions.
Evaluating the clinical benefit of interleukin-2 plus antiretroviral therapy: is raising CD4+ cell counts sufficient?

Since early in the AIDS epidemic, CD4 counts were recognized as the single best indicator of immunologic status in patients with HIV disease and are still used to define a patient’s risk of AIDS-related and other serious diseases. Thus, treatments that help boost CD4 counts beyond levels achieved by antiretroviral therapy (ART) alone may lead to improved health outcomes in patients with HIV disease. This could be of particular benefit in patients who fail to achieve significant increases in CD4 counts on ART despite achieving appropriate virologic control with low or undetectable HIV viral loads. Interleukin (IL)-2 is a potent inducer of CD4 cells, and subcutaneous recombinant IL-2 combined with ART results in significant sustained increases in CD4 counts in HIVinfected patients compared with ART alone. However, it is unclear if these increases in CD4 counts would translate into observed clinical benefit in HIV-infected individuals. In addition, there are many toxicities, some potentially fatal, associated with IL-2 use, which may outweigh any clinical benefit of this treatment. The Subcutaneous Recombinant, Human Interleukin-2 in HIV-Infected Patients With Low CD4 Cell Counts Under Active Antiretroviral Therapy (SILCAAT) and the Evaluation of Subcutaneous Proleukin in a Randomized International Trial (ESPRIT) were international multicenter studies designed to address whether there was any clinical benefit from the use of IL-2 with ART beyond the known increases in CD4 counts.
Stability and deposition phenomena of monodispersed hematite sols

Abstract The stability of a hematite (α-Fe2O3) sol consisting of spherical particles of narrow size distribution was studied as a function of pH and the presence of NaNO3, Na2SO4, MgSO4, Co(dipy)3(ClO4)3, 12-tungstosilicic acid (H4SiW12O40), and 12-tungstophosphoric acid (H7PW12O42). The heteropoly acids could reverse the charge of hematite particles in acidic solution from positive to negative. The critical coagulation concentrations and the critical stabilization concentrations of these acids were found to depend on the particle number concentration of the sol. Using the packed column technique, the effect of heteropoly acids on the deposition of hematite particles on stainless steel was investigated. The treatment of either the suspended particles or of the substrate by these acids in low concentrations drastically increased particle deposition (at pH 3.8). The calculated double layer interaction energies based on the two-dimensional solution of the Poisson-Boltzmann equation agreed well with the observed deposition phenomena.
The distribution of 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucose residues in mammalian heparins

Abstract Highly purified, beef-mucosa heparin, shown to be free of contaminating glycosaminoglycans and having relatively high proportions of linkage-region components, was found to contain approximately three residues of 2-acetamido-2-deoxy- D -glucose per chain. The results of the examination of the fragments that were formed by treatment of this heparin with nitrites indicate that the 2-acetamido-2-deoxy- D -glucose residues are divided approximately equally between the linkage region and interior sections. Similar results were obtained with heparins from other sources, which suggests that approximately one-half of the non-reactive hexosamine residues may be distributed throughout the heparin molecule rather than be bound entirely to the linkage section. The results add further support to the proposal of a chemical relationship between heparins and heparan sulfates.
Contamination formed around a very narrow electron beam

Specimen contamination in the electron microscope is studied in an attempt to clarify the processes involved in contamination deposition. A very narrow electron beam has been used to make small peaks of contamination on the surface of a thin carbon film. These peaks have been imaged and the rates of growth of the height, diameter and volume determined. It is concluded that a portion of the contamination can be related to the interaction of the electron beam with the adsorbed surface layer. Surface migration of adsorbed material is indicated as the supply mechanism. Significant deposition of material in regions not exposed to the beam is reported for the first time. A method for determining the thickness of thin amorphous carbon film in the range of a hundred to a few thousand Angstroms is described.
Coping styles and self-regulation predict complementary and alternative medicine and herbal supplement use among college students.

Studies have suggested that complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) and herbal supplement use may be high on college campuses. This study investigated the relationship between CAM and herbal supplement utilization and coping, self-regulatory, cognitive styles, and healthcare satisfaction among college students (n = 370). Indeed, overall CAM and herbal supplement use during the past year appeared high; however, users of these practices appeared somewhat heterogeneous. Dispositional factors were predictive of utilization with active coping style associated with both practices, whereas support-seeking and intrinsic self-regulation were only associated with CAM use and avoidant coping was only related to use of herbal supplements. Notably, dissatisfaction with healthcare services was not associated with either CAM or herbal supplement use among students. The findings from this study offer insight regarding motives for usage that may assist in more openly dialoguing with students regarding their health-en...
Development of an Instrument to Measure Health Professionals' Beliefs and Opinions About the Elderly (HPBOE)

Abstract The purpose of the study was to explore with elders how they would prefer to be viewed by health professionals, as an initial step in developing an instrument to measure attitudes of health professionals about the elderly. Twenty-five community-dwelling elders (divided into groups of 9, 9, and 7) and 13 elders residing in nursing homes participated in focus groups designed to explore how these elders themselves were to be viewed by medical staff of various kinds. The data were analyzed using grounded theory. Lists of beliefs and opinions emerged and were constructed into 17 items. By beginning with a qualitative approach, we have clearly identified how young elders, older elders, and elders residing in nursing homes would like health professionals to view them. When fully validated, this instrument should be able to discern health professionals' positive and negative views toward their elderly clients.
Risk, uncertainty, and complexity

Abstract Complexity theory provides formal procedures for analyzing problem difficulty. Frank H. Knight in Risk, Uncertainty and Profit assumed intelligence is finite and stressed the difficulty of solving problems involving uncertainty. In this paper, a risk decision is a stochastic optimization problem where the parameters and the functional forms required to determine the optimal decision are known. An uncertain decision is a stochastic optimization problem where at least one parameter or functional form must be estimated. Using complexity theory, a valid distinction can be made between risk and uncertainty which is consistent with Bayesian statistics. From the perspective of bounded rationality Knight's concepts of consolidation and specilization can be reconciled with the Bayesians.
The Multiple Heritage Couple Questionnaire

The Multiple Heritage Couple Questionnaire (MHCQ) is a revision and extension of the Interracial Couple Questionnaire (ICQ). It is designed to help counseling professionals attend to crucial inform...
The effects of desalivation on periodontal tissues of the Syrian hamster.

Abstract Sixty hamsters were used to study the effects of desalivation on the incidence of periodontal lesions under three different dietary regimens. The desalivated animals consistently showed a greater number and extent of periodontal lesions in the soft and calcified tissues than their controls. Highly statistically significant differences were observed between the lesions of the control animals and those of the desalivated animals. The consistency and composition of diet seemed to play a role in the production of periodontal lesions in the hamster. High-carbohydrate, finely powdered, cariogenic ration 4 produced a greater number and extent of soft-and calcified-tissue lesions than either the laboratory chow or the ground laboratory chow. Ground laboratory chow produced a greater number and extent of lesions than laboratory chow in pellet form. The effects of the diets on the soft tissues appeared to be more severe than on the calicified tissues. The microscopic findings substantiated the gross observations. The desalivated animals showed histologic changes of greater severity than the intact controls. The pronounced changes in the desalivated animals were apical migration of the epithelial attachment and the presence of epithelium at the interradicular area. The control and desalivated animals fed ration 4 showed severe osteoporosis, possibly due to the nutritional inadequacy of the diet.
Chemiluminescent analysis of Borrelia burgdorferi penicillin-binding proteins using ampicillin conjugated to digoxigenin

Knowledge of the penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) of Borrelia burgdorferi is important for understanding both the targets of beta-lactams used therapeutically for Lyme borreliosis and the complex membrane biology of the distinctive spirochetal pathogen which causes Lyme disease. In this study, the PBPs of a number of B. burgdorferi strains and variants were examined using a rapid and sensitive chemiluminescent assay which employs ampicillin conjugated to digoxigenin (dig-amp). The minimum inhibitory concentration of dig-amp for B. burgdorferi high-passage strain B31 (0.012 micrograms/ml) was essentially no different from that of free ampicillin (0.025 micrograms/ml). Dig-amp bound specifically to B. burgdorferi B31 PBPs with molecular masses of 92, 80, 65, 46, 40, 34, 31, 29, 22, 20 and 13 kDa; the 31 kDa and 34 kDa PBPs were proven to be OspA and OspB, respectively. All of the borrelial PBPs were present in the cytoplasmic membrane fraction of B. burgdorferi, findings consistent with their activities as PBPs but inconsistent with OspA and OspB as surface-exposed outer membrane lipoproteins. Furthermore, among the PBP profiles of other high- and low-passage variants of B. burgdorferi strains Sh-2-82, HB19, and N40, which differed somewhat from one another, OspD (28 kDa) but not OspC (22-25 kDa) also was strongly implicated as a PBP; however, OspC possessed a gel mobility easily misconstrued as that of a 26 kDa PBP often expressed reciprocally with OspB. The ramifications of classifying OspA, OspB, and OspD as PBPs are discussed. While the current inability to genetically manipulate B. burgdorferi hinders determining which of the borrelial PBPs are essential for spirochetal viability (i.e., are the lethal targets of beta-lactams), a priori knowledge of the borrelial PBPs will facilitate the production and purification of recombinant derivatives whose activities can be assessed further in vitro.
Should We Test for CYP2C9 Before Initiating Anticoagulant Therapy in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation

Background Genetic variants of the warfarin sensitivity gene CYP2C9 have been associated with increased bleeding risk during warfarin initiation. Studies also suggest that such patients remain at risk throughout treatment.
The Tsunamite Problem

The genetic term tsunamite is used for a potpourri of deposits formed from a wide range of processes (overwash surges, backwash flows, oscillatory flows, combined flows, soft-sediment deformation, slides, slumps, debris flows, and turbidity currents) related to tsunamis in lacustrine, coastal, shallow-marine, and deep-marine environments. Tsunamites exhibit enormous variability of features (e.g., normally graded sand, floating mudstone clasts, hummocky cross stratification, etc.). These sedimentary features may also be interpreted as deposits of turbidity currents (turbidites), debris flows (debrites), or storms (tempestites). However, sedimentary features play a passive role when these same deposits are reinterpreted as tsunamites on the basis of historical evidence for tsunamis and their triggering mechanisms (e.g., earthquakes, volcanic explosions, landslides, and meteorite impacts). This bipartite (sedimentological vs. historical) approach, which allows here classification of the same deposit as both turbidite and tsunamite, has blurred the distinction between shallow-marine and deep- marine facies. A solution to this problem is to classify deposits solely by a descriptive sedimentological approach. The notion that tsunami waves can directly deposit sediment in the deep sea is unrealistic because tsunami waves represent transfer of energy and they are sediment starved. During tsunamis and major storms, submarine canyons serve as the physical link between shallow-water and deep-water environments for sediment transport. Tsunami-related deposition involves four progressive steps: (1) triggering stage (offshore), (2) tsunami stage (incoming waves), (3) transformation stage (near the coast), and (4) depositional stage (outgoing sediment flows). In this progression, deep-water deposition can commence only after the demise of incoming tsunami waves due to their transformation into outgoing sediment flows. Deposits of these sediment flows already have established names (e.g., debrite and turbidite). Therefore, the term tsunamite for these deposits is obsolete.
Semiconductor lasers for WDM systems

Summary form only given. This tutorial will provide an introduction to the wide range of laser devices used in current and future commercial WDM transmission systems. The talk will start with a high level description of WDM systems (Metro and long-haul), and point out the various classes of lasers used for each application. This will be followed by a more in-depth description of the different devices, and their important performance parameters. The talk will try to cover all types of lasers.
A simulation study on a PET detector using continuous LSO and large-area APDs

Improving the resolution and sensitivity of PET detectors has always been an area of major focus, and most recent attempts towards improving resolution tend to make use of smaller crystals that sacrifice sensitivity. Previously, a novel detector comprising of a single continuous slab of scintillator coupled with arrays of large area APDs onto both sides had been conceived, and a first prototype built. The first characterization of the prototype detector provided a spatial resolution of ~2.5 mm, somewhat worse than what was predicted by a previously developed analytical model. The limited electronic noise achievable was one of the main factors limiting detector performance. Hence, inorder to reduce the total electronic noise an evaluation of the various noise sources at the front-end was performed. Additionally, to better predict the performance of the detector a detailed Monte Carlo accounting for the light output and intrinsic resolution of the scintillator, the optical-photon transport mechanism, the quantum efficiency and gain of the APD, excess noise, and electronic noise contributions was developed. For interactions occurring at a fixed depth in the scintillator, the simulation predicts a FWHM spatial resolution of ~lmm.
Matrix algorithm for structural modification based upon the parallelelement concept

This paper deals with the reduction of the computer time needed to perform arithmetical operations for the structural analysis consisting of an original solution of a complex redundant structure, followed by a number of consecutive modifications. A matrix algorithm is derived in the paper for this purpose from the so-called parallel element method and discussed in connection with the Force or Displacement methods used for the original solution. This algorithm is compared with the so-called "initial strain" method of modification. Computer time for all the algorithms is evaluated showing the parallel element algorithm as much more economic than the initial strain approach for a larger number of consecutive modifications. Computer accuracy tests are reported and two numerical examples are provided. Applications are pointed out for structural optimization, nonlinear analysis and computeraided design.
A comparison of three estimators of the Weibull parameters

Using mean square error as the criterion, we compare two least squares estimates of the Weibull parameters based on non-parametric estimates of the unreliability with the maximum likelihood estimates (MLEs). The two non-parametric estimators are that of Herd–Johnson and one recently proposed by Zimmer. Data was generated using computer simulation with three small sample sizes (5, 10 and 15) with three multiply-censored patterns for each sample size. Our results indicate that the MLE is a better estimator of the Weibull characteristic value, θ, than the least squares estimators considered. No firm conclusions may be made regarding the best estimate of the Weibull shape parameter, although the use of maximum likelihood is not recommended for small sample sizes. Whenever least squares estimation of both Weibull parameters is appropriate, we recommend the use of the Zimmer estimator of reliability. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Highly active and stable MgAl2O4-supported Rh and Ir catalysts for methane steam reforming: A combined experimental and theoretical study

In this work, we present a combined experimental and theoretical investigation of stable MgAl2O4- supported Rh and Ir catalysts for the steam methane reforming (SMR) reaction. Catalytic SMR performance for a series of noble metal catalysts supported on MgAl2O4 spinel has been evaluated at 873-1123 K. The turnover rate at 873 K follows the order: Pd > Ir > PtRh > Ru > Ni. However, Rh and Ir are found to have the best combination of activity and stability for SMR in the presence of simulated biomass-derived syngas where highly dispersed � 2 nm Rh and � 1 nm Ir clusters are identified on the MgAl2O4 spinel support. Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy (STEM) images show that this excel- lent dispersion is maintained even under high-temperature conditions (e.g., at 1123 K in the presence of steam), while larger particle sizes of Rh and particularly Ir are observed when supported on Al2O3. These observations are further confirmed by ab initio molecular dynamic (AIMD) simulations, which find that � 1 nm Rh and Ir particles (50-atom cluster) bind strongly to the MgAl2O4 surface via a redox process. The strong metal-support interaction between the spinel support and Rh or Ir helps anchor the metal clusters and reduce the tendency to form larger particle sizes. Density functional theory (DFT) calcula- tions suggest that these supported smaller Rh and Ir particles have a lower work function than larger more bulk-like ones, which enables them to activate both water and methane more effectively than larger particles, yet have a minimal influence on the relative stability of coke precursors. In addition, theoretical mechanistic studies are used to probe the relationship between structure and reactivity. Consistent with the experimental observations, our theoretical modeling results also suggest that the small spinel-supported Ir catalyst is more active than the counterpart Rh catalyst for SMR.
Green destiny + mpiBLAST = Bioinformagic

Publisher Summary This chapter describes how highly efficient, power-aware supercomputer called green destiny and open-source parallelization of BLAST called mpiBLAST combine to create a bit of “bioinfomagic.” Green destiny is a 240-processor supercomputer that operates at a peak rate of 240 billion floating-point operations per second (or 240 gigaflops) but fits in six square feet and sips as little as 3.2 kilowatts of power. The mpiBLAST is an MPI-based implementation of database segmentation for parallel BLAST searches. Its primary contributions are that, it is open source, that it routinely produces superlinear speed-up, and that it directly interfaces with the NCBI development library to provide BLAST users with an interface and output formats identical to the ubiquitous NCBI-BLAST. The chapter describes three approaches towards parallelizing BLAST: (1) hardware acceleration that parallelizes the comparison of a single query to a single database entry, (2) query segmentation, and (3) database segmentation. The mpiBLAST algorithm consists of three steps: (1) segmenting and distributing the database, (2) running mpiBLAST queries on each node, and (3) merging the results from each node into a single output file.
A comparative study of the behavioral deficits following lesions of various parts of the zebra finch song system: implications for vocal learning.

Song production in song birds is controlled by an efferent pathway. Appended to this pathway is a “recursive loop” that is necessary for song acquisition but not for the production of learned song. Since zebra finches learn their song by imitating external models, we speculated that the importance of the recursive loop for learning might derive from its processing of auditory feedback during song acquisition. This hypothesis was tested by comparing the effects on song in birds deafened early in life and birds with early lesions in either of two nuclei--Area X and the lateral magnocellular nucleus of the anterior neostriatum (LMAN). These nuclei are part of the recursive loop. The three treatments affected song development differently, as reflected by various parameters of the adult song of these birds. Whereas LMAN lesions resulted in songs with monotonous repetitions of a single note complex, songs of Area X-lesioned birds consisted of rambling series of unusually long and variable notes. Furthermore, whereas song of LMAN lesioned birds stabilized early, song stability as seen in intact birds was never achieved in Area X-lesioned birds. Early deafness also resulted in poorly structured and unstable song. We conclude that Area X and LMAN contribute differently to song acquisition: the song variability that is typical of vocal development persists following early deafness or lesions of Area X but ends abruptly following removal of LMAN. Apparently, LMAN plays a crucial role in fostering the kinds of circuit plasticity necessary for learning.
Tau confers drug stability but not cold stability to microtubules in living cells.

We previously defined two classes of microtubule polymer in the axons of cultured sympathetic neurons that differ in their sensitivity to nocodazole by roughly 35-fold (Baas and Black (1990) J. Cell Biol. 111, 495–509). Here we demonstrate that virtually all of the microtubule polymer in these axons, including the drug-labile polymer, is stable to cold. What factors account for the unique stability properties of axonal microtubules? In the present study, we have focused on the role of tau, a microtubule-associated protein that is highly enriched in the axon, in determining the stability of microtubules to nocodazole and/or cold in living cells. We used a baculovirus vector to express very high levels of tau in insect ovarian Sf9 cells. The cells respond by extending processes that contain dense bundles of microtubules (Knops et al. (1991) J. Cell Biol. 114, 725–734). Cells induced to express tau were treated with either cold or 2 micrograms/ml nocodazole for times ranging from 5 minutes to 6 hours. The results with each treatment were very different from one another. Virtually all of the polymer was depolymerized within the first 30 minutes in cold, while little or no microtubule depolymerization was detected even after 6 hours in nocodazole. Based on these results, we conclude that tau is almost certainly a factor in conferring drug stability to axonal microtubules, but that factors other than or in addition to tau are required to confer cold stability.
Particle-size determination by low-angle light scattering: effect of refractive index.

The intensity of scattering I(θ) by transparent and absorbing spheres has been calculated from exact Mie theory for values of radius from 0.1 μm to 100 μm, wavelength 5461 A, and the following values of refractive index m − im′: (1) m = 1.01, 1.05, 1.1 (0.1) 2.0, m′ = 0; (2) m = 2, m′ = 0.002, 0.02, 0.2, and 2. The calculations have been made for a range of scattering angle θ large enough to indicate the first maximum in I(θ)θ2. According to the Sloan method for determining particle radius, the location of this maximum is inversely proportional to radius, independent of refractive index. The exact calculations show that this is accurate for radii above 10 μm, but for smaller particles the value of the refractive index affects the location to some extent.
Performance Metrics for Intelligent Systems (PerMIS) 2006Workshop: Summary and Review

The Performance Metrics for Intelligent Systems (Per- MIS 2006) workshop was held during August 21-23, 2006 at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) in Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA. The PerMIS series (the current workshop is the sixth) is targeted at defining measures and methodologies of evaluating performance of intelligent systems. PerMIS 2006 focused on applications of performance measures to practical problems in commercial, industrial, homeland security, and military applications. An important element of overall performance evaluation is that of assessing the technical maturity of a given technology or system. One approach for accomplishing this is known as Technology Readiness Level (TRL) assesment. TRL evaluations have been the focus of past PerMIS workshops and continue to be a foundational theme. This paper will provide an overview of the workshop and various topics that are closely related to the theme of the AIPR workshop.
Macroethical and social issues in emerging technologies and the military

Throughout history, technological evolution and military activity have been linked to each other. The existential challenge to a particular society represented by warfare, combined with the immediate advantage that technology can deliver, tends to accelerate technological innovation and diffusion. The relationship between them, and the social and ethical issues that arise from that relationship, are quite complex, however, and it is useful to try to understand them to inform current technological development.
The Relation Between Family Factors and Metabolic Control: The Role of Diabetes Adherence

Objectives To examine family factors as predictors of metabolic control in children with type 1 diabetes and determine whether adherence behaviors mediate this relationship. Method Participants were 109 children (ages 8-18) and a parent. Measures of diabetes-specific family functioning and an adherence interview were completed. Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) was the index of metabolic control. Results Family functioning and adherence were strongly associated with metabolic control. Combined with demographic information, these constructs accounted for 49% of the variance in metabolic control. Age moderated the relation between aspects of family functioning and HbA1c. Path analyses suggest that adherence mediates the relationship between family functioning and metabolic control. Conclusions Family functioning and adherence behaviors are strongly related to a child's health status. Assessment of diabetes-specific family functioning, in addition to adherence, is an important factor in understanding metabolic control.
Mining a digital library for influential authors

When browsing a digital library of research papers, it is natural to ask which authors are most influential in a particular topic. We present a probabilistic model that ranks authors based on their influence in particular areas of scientific research. This model combines several sources of information: citation information between documents as represented by PageRank scores, authorship data gathered through automatic information extraction, and the words in paper abstracts. We compare the performance of a topic model versus a smoothed language model by assessing the number of major award winners in the resulting ranked list of researchers.
Multiple cuts, input repetition, and VLSI complexity

Revue des methodes de coupures multiples appliquees a la determination de la complexite des circuits VLSI, basees sur une definition generalisee du «contenu d'information». Les techniques presentees conviennent aux problemes autorisant ou non la repetition des entrees. On demontre que la complexite des «codages redondants» dans le calcul n'est pas reduite par la repetition des entrees. On deduit une borne de complexite. Les deux parametres principaux du calcul des circuits VLSI sont la superficie et le temps
The City as a Home

We should create a citizens' task force to develop and carry our comprehensive and innovative approaches to the worsening blight of homelessness. Call it Home in New York.
Archival Security and Insecurity

The biggest archival security problem is that of convincing archivists, and their staffs, that there is a problem! Most archivists and librarians are incredibly naive about the honesty of some of their patrons. Patrons do steal, they steal frequently, they steal in quantity, and they steal with great knowledge. So the first thing that must be done is to recognize that there is a problem, that archival thefts are common and widespread. Since most institutions do not publicize their losses, the thefts usually heard about are those which have been thwarted. Indeed, sometimes the institution itself does not know that a theft has occurred. Some years ago an Ivy League university suffered a $10,000 loss from one of its prized collections and was unaware of the loss until the thief, posing as a salesman, wrote the librarian and offered to install a theft-proof system an opportunity which would have given the thief access to another valuable collection. In his letter the thief pointed out that the institution had already sustained considerable loss, which was news to the librarian. In 1970 an organized theft ring in Texas, which had been systematically looting courthouses, libraries, and archives, was broken up. The following are excerpts taken from notes found on one of the thieves at the time of his arrest:
Estimating Certain Non-Zero Littlewood-Richardson Coefficients

Littlewood Richardson coefficients are structure constants appearing in the representation theory of the general linear groups ($GL_n$). The main results of this paper are: 1. A strongly polynomial randomized approximation scheme for certain Littlewood-Richardson coefficients. 2. A proof of approximate log-concavity of certain Littlewood-Richardson coefficients.
Reproductive Potential of Bisexual Pycnoscelus indicus and Clones of Its Parthenogenetic Relative, Pycnoscelus surinamensis

Five reproductive characters of bisexual Pycnoscelus indicus (F.) and 12 parthenogenetic clones of Pycnoscelus surinamensis (L.) (5 chromosomal forms) were compared. In both species maturation of basal oocytes and development and hatching of the eggs in the ootheca is less than 100 percent. P. indicus is a better reproducer than any of the P. surinamensis clones. Reproductive potential varies between different clones of P. surinamensis but this is not necessarily correlated with changes in chromosome number, i.e., clones with similar numbers of chromosomes may differ in their reproductive potential.
Kinetic Studies of Nanoscale Crystallization in Electronic Materials

We report a kinetic analysis of low-temperature NiSi 2 -mediated crystallization of amorphous Si by in situ transmission electron microscopy. The initiation of crystallization by formation of crystalline Si on buried NiSi 2 precipitates is shown to have an activation energy of 2.8±0.7eV. Crystallization of the amorphous Si via migrating precipitates of NiSi 2 occurs with an activation energy of 2.0±0.2eV. The significance of these activation energies is discussed in terms of possible atomistic mechanisms of crystalline Si initiation and subsequent growth. Amorphous Si is reported to crystallize at temperatures as low as 450°C.
THE INFLUENCE OF DRILLING FLUID ADDITIVES ON THE FORMATION OF GAS HYDRATE

Gas hydrate will be formed in the course of drilling shallow layer gas sand at offshore deepwater.In case of natural gas hydrate formed in drilling fluid,it would block the well bore,annular and blowout preventer(BOP),and endanger drilling operation seriously.With the selfdeveloped tetrahydrofuran(THF) circumvolved curette testing flat,the influence of the common offshore drilling additives on the formation of gas hydrate,including inorganic salt,organic salt and macromolecule polymer has been studied.Results show that inorganic salt and organic salt can efficiently inhibit the formation of natural gas hydrate,and macromolecule polymer is effective only in high concentration.When the concentration of macromolecule polymer is low,it would accelerate the formation of natural gas hydrate.
Abstract P1-07-27: Systematic review of brain metastases in breast cancer in the United States, European Union, and Japan

Background: Prevalence of brain metastases (BRM) in breast cancer is increasing due to better detection methods and improved patient survival, presenting an unmet need. The exact prevalence is unknown due to a lack of national cancer registries that track BRM cases. Additionally, preceding research presents inconsistent results on survival outcomes, treatment regimens are not well-defined, and there is very limited data on the cost of treating breast cancer BRM. This study was designed to better understand the epidemiology, treatment patterns, cost, and overall survival (OS) of breast cancer patients with BRM in the US, EU, and Japan. Methods: A systematic review following PRISMA guidelines was conducted by searching PubMed, Ovid, and Embase from January 2003 to December 2013. Keywords, MeSH, and Emtree terms were used to define the search strategy. Studies of patients with breast cancer and BRM met eligibility criteria if peer-reviewed, observational, and published in English. Demographic, clinical, and outcomes data were extracted from the publications and entered into Excel. Descriptive statistics were generated with SAS version 9.2. Demographics were summarized, and treatment patterns and median OS were assessed by country. Results: The literature search identified 8,257 articles, of which 245 (n=105,871 breast cancer patients) met eligibility criteria. In these studies, 18,690 breast cancer patients from the US (58.9%), EU (29.5%), and Japan (11.6%) were reported with BRM. Median age of breast cancer patients with BRM was 51.5 years. Patient characteristics are summarized in Table 1. Median OS of breast cancer patients from the time of BRM diagnosis are presented in Table 2. The rate, by country, of radiation therapy among breast cancer patients with BRM ranged from 38.2% to 90.2%, systemic therapy ranged from 5.3% to 46.8%, and surgery was used in 0.8% to 16.2% of studies. Conclusions: Reported median OS and treatment patterns were highly variable across countries. Exposure to risk factors associated with BRM may help explain some of the geographic variability in survival. The lack of published cost data underscores the need to quantify the economic burden of BRM on patients and society. Citation Format: Fenske DC, Price GL, Nyhuis AW, Hess LM. Systematic review of brain metastases in breast cancer in the United States, European Union, and Japan. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Thirty-Eighth Annual CTRC-AACR San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium: 2015 Dec 8-12; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P1-07-27.
Pragmatic Aspects of Content Determination

“Naturalistic” semantic theories attempt to specify sufficient conditions, in a non-intentional and non-semantic vocabulary, for a mental representation’s having a particular meaning. Information-basedtheories, for example, identify the meaning of a mental representation with the cause of its tokening in certain specifiable circumstances.1 Teleological theories hold that the meaning of a mental representation is determined by its biological function, what it was selected for.2
Shoulder Instability: Traumatic and Atraumatic

Glenohumeral instability has been described by Matsen et al. [1] as “a clinical condition in which unwanted translation of the head on the glenoid compromises the comfort and function of the shoulder.” It can be the result of traumatic events causing structural damage to a previously intact and stable shoulder, called “traumatic instability,” or it can be due to an inherent deficiency of passive and active shoulder stabilizers, thus occurring in the absence of relevant traumas, called “atraumatic instability.”
Microscale transprot in the thermal processing of new and emerging advanced materials

This paper discusses microscale transport processes that arise in the fabrication of advanced materials. In many cases, the dimensions of the device being fabricated is in the microscale range and, in others, underlying transformations that determine product quality and characteristics are at micro or nanoscale levels. The basic considerations in these transport phenomena are outlined. Three important materials processing circumstances are considered in detail. These include the fabrication of multilayer and hollow optical fibers, as well as those where microscale dopants are added to achieve desired optical characteristics, thin film fabrication by chemical vapor deposition and microscale coating of fibers and devices. It is shown that major challenges are posed by the simulation as well as experimentation over microscale dimensions. These include accurate simulation to capture large gradients and variations over relatively small dimensions, simulating high pressures and viscious dissipation effects in microchannels, modeling effects such as surface tension that become dominant at microscale dimensions, and coupling micro and nanoscale mechanisms with boundary conditions imposed at the macroscale. Similarly, measurements over microscale dimensions are much more involved that those over macro or industrial scales because of access to the regions of interest, small tension effects and other mechanisms that are difficult to measure and that can make the process infeasible, and difficulty in achieving desired accuracy for validating the mathematical and numerical models. The paper presents some of the approaches that may be adopted to overcome these difficulties. Comparisons between experimental and numerical results are included to show fairly good agreement, indicating the validity of the modeling of transport.
Lightweight Architectures for Reliable and Fault Detection Simon and Speck Cryptographic Algorithms on FPGA

The widespread use of sensitive and constrained applications necessitates lightweight (low-power and low-area) algorithms developed for constrained nano-devices. However, nearly all of such algorithms are optimized for platform-based performance and may not be useful for diverse and flexible applications. The National Security Agency (NSA) has proposed two relatively recent families of lightweight ciphers, that is, Simon and Speck, designed as efficient ciphers on both hardware and software platforms. This article proposes concurrent error detection schemes to provide reliable architectures for these two families of lightweight block ciphers. The research work on analyzing the reliability of these algorithms and providing fault diagnosis approaches has not been undertaken to date to the best of our knowledge. The main aim of the proposed reliable architectures is to provide high error coverage while maintaining acceptable area and power consumption overheads. To achieve this, we propose a variant of recomputing with encoded operands. These low-complexity schemes are suited for low-resource applications such as sensitive, constrained implantable and wearable medical devices. We perform fault simulations for the proposed architectures by developing a fault model framework. The architectures are simulated and analyzed on recent field-programmable grate array (FPGA) platforms, and it is shown that the proposed schemes provide high error coverage. The proposed low-complexity concurrent error detection schemes are a step forward toward more reliable architectures for Simon and Speck algorithms in lightweight, secure applications.
Emotional intensity in episodic autobiographical memory and counterfactual thinking

Episodic counterfactual thoughts-imagined alternative ways in which personal past events might have occurred-are frequently accompanied by intense emotions. Here, participants recollected positive and negative autobiographical memories and then generated better and worse episodic counterfactual events from those memories. Our results suggest that the projected emotional intensity during the simulated remembered/imagined event is significantly higher than but typically positively related to the emotional intensity while remembering/imagining the event. Furthermore, repeatedly simulating counterfactual events heightened the emotional intensity felt while simulating the counterfactual event. Finally, for both the emotional intensity accompanying the experience of remembering/imagining and the projected emotional intensity during the simulated remembered/imagined event, the emotional intensity of negative memories was greater than the emotional intensity of upward counterfactuals generated from them but lower than the emotional intensity of downward counterfactuals generated from them. These findings are discussed in relation to clinical work and functional theories of counterfactual thinking.