cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Survival of Bull and Ram Spermatozoa in Preparations from Skimmilk

Abstract Media containing the nondialyzable components of skimmilk were prepared in dialysis sacks by placing the sacks filled with skimmilk in buffered saline and storing at 5C for 48 hours. Similarly, media containing the dialyzable components of milk were prepared by placing dialysis sacks of buffered saline in skimmilk. When these preparations (alone and in combination) were mixed 1:1 with a solution of 185mM lactose and electrolytes, bull and ram spermatozoa survived at 37C better in the nondialyzable than in the dialyzable preparations, and either of these preparations was better than a 1:1 mixture of both. Heating the dialyzable preparation or mixtures of both preparations before use increased survival rates, but heating rendered the lactose solution harmful to bull and ram spermatozoa. When the concentration of sodium chloride was varied in buffered saline diluents containing heated dialyzable and unheated and heated nondialyzable milk preparations, it was found that media containing the nondialyzable preparations had a higher tonicity (measured by the survival of bull spermatozoa) than the dialyzable preparations. Heating the nondialyzable preparations improved the survival of spermatozoa. Both preparations, either heated or unheated, were lyophilized and used in a factorial experiment at concentrations of 0.5 and 1.0% w/v in media of relative tonicities 0.8 and 1.0. Scores of survival of spermatozoa made after incubation at 30C for eight hours were lowered by increasing the concentration of the lyophilized preparations and increasing the tonicity of the diluents. However, mean scores of per cent motile spermatozoa in samples from media containing unheated dialyzable and nondialyzable preparations were 25.4 and 24.6, respectively; for media containing preparations heated before lyophilization, the means were 18.8 and 33.8.
Surface-emitting distributed feedback terahertz quantum-cascade lasers in metal-metal waveguides.

Single-mode surface-emitting distributed feedback terahertz quantumcascade lasers operating around 2.9 THz are developed in metal-metal waveguides. A combination of techniques including precise control of phase of reflection at the facets, and u e of metal on the sidewalls to eliminate higher-order lateral modes allow robust single-mode operation over a range of approximately 0.35 THz. Single-lobed far-field radiation pattern is obtained using a pi phase-shift in center of the second-order Bragg grating. A grating device operating at 2.93 THz lased up to 149 K in pulsed mode and a temperature tuning of 19 .7 GHz was observed from 5 K to 147 K. The same device lased up to 78 K in continuous-wave (cw) mode emitting more than 6 m W of cw power at 5 K. ln general, maximum temperature of pulsed operation for grating devices was within a few Kelvin of that of multi-mode Fabry-Perot ridge lasers
Wetting and interfacial reactions in Al-Li-SiCp metal matrix composites processed by spray atomization and deposition

The present study addresses the wetting and interfacial behaviour in a SiCp reinforced aluminium-lithium alloy processed by spray atomization and deposition. The microstructural characteristics of the spray atomized and deposited Al-Li-SiCp metal matrix composites were investigated as a function of processing history and thermal exposure. The present results show that there was sufficient interfacial activity at the Al-Li/SiC interface during deposition to establish a stable bond. Furthermore, the absence of interfacial reaction products suggests that the temperature during deposition remained relatively low. When the spray deposited material was exposed to temperatures in excess of 600 °C, severe interfacial reactions and the formation of oxide phases were noted. The microstructural studies were accomplished using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy), transmission electron microscopy, and X-ray diffractometry.
Design optimization of structures subject to static and dynamic constraints

Abstract This paper presents a finite element based optimization technique in which the designer interactively chooses penalty functions which lead to the desired optimum. Sensitivities computed using MSC/NASTRAN are the basis for approximate relationships between the response variables and the design changes. New software was developed to perform the optimizations. The technique is illustrated with two examples.
A non-residually solvable hyperlinear one-relator group

In this short paper, we prove that the group 〈a, b|a = [a, a b ]〉 is hyperlinear. Unlike the nonresidually finite Baumslag-Solitar groups, this group is not residually solvable.
Sex Differences in Achievement and Affiliation Motivation among Undergraduates Majoring in Different Academic Fields

The NachNaff scale, a 30-item questionnaire that requires subjects to choose between self-descriptions consistent with either need for achievement (n Ach) or need for affiliation (n Aff) was administered to 165 male and 274 female university undergraduates. Male marketing majors scored higher in n Ach (and lower in n Aff) than subjects in other majors. Female education and nursing majors scored lower in n Ach (and higher in n Aff) than other subjects. Males scored generally higher in n Ach if they were business majors, but lower if they were psychology majors, whereas females scored higher in n Ach if they were psychology majors, but lower if they were business majors.
Detection of high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia with the five-region biopsy technique.

Objectives. To assess the ability of the five-region biopsy technique compared with the traditional sextant biopsy technique to detect high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) in patients with an abnormal digital rectal examination or elevated prostate-specific antigen, or both, by a retrospective study. Methods. We conducted a retrospective review of 50 consecutive patients diagnosed with PIN at our institution from January 1990 to May 1998. Of the 50 patients, 26 patients were diagnosed with high-grade PIN. The reasons for the initial prostate biopsy were elevated prostate-specific antigen in 15 patients, abnormal digital rectal examination in 1 patient, and combined abnormalities in 10 patients. These patients underwent transrectal ultrasound-guided needle biopsy of the prostate using the five-region biopsy technique. Biopsy findings from regions 1, 3, and 5 (additional five-region biopsies) were compared with those of regions 2 and 4 (traditional sextant biopsies). Results. Of the 26 patients, PIN was detected in the sextant regions in only 14 patients (53%). However, by using the five-region biopsy technique, an additional 12 patients (47%) were diagnosed with PIN (P <0.05). Twenty-four patients underwent repeated five-region biopsies. Eight (33%) of the 24 patients were found to have prostate cancer. Of the eight patients with cancer, 5 of the cancers were found with the five-region biopsy technique. Conclusions. In this study, the five-region method of prostate biopsy significantly increased the diagnosis of PIN compared with the traditional sextant method of biopsy. Furthermore, 33% of patients diagnosed with high-grade PIN on the initial biopsies were found to have prostate cancer on subsequent five-region biopsies.
Optimal Scheduling of Multiple Feedstock Batch Biogas Production Systems

Abstract Biomass to methane production systems have the potential of supplying 25% of the yearly national natural gas demand. The production systems associated with this conversion process are anaerobic digestion facilities. The optimal operation of a batch biomass digester system requires the scheduling of all batches from multiple feedstocks during a fixed time horizon. A significant characteristic of these systems is that the feedstock decays in storage before use in the digester system. The optimal batch residence times in the digester must account for the production rate as well as the decay rate of stored biomass. The availability times, biomass quantities, biogas production rates and storage decay rates must all be taken into account for maximal biogas production to be achieved during the planning horizon. This paper addresses the scheduling of both single and multiple feedstocks in a single digester system. The single feedstock batch scheduling time problem is solved by a dynamic programming algor...
Varying cost and free nicotinic acid content in over-the-counter niacin preparations for dyslipidemia.

No-flush niacin preparations that do not require a prescription for purchase do not contain any free nicotinic acid and are without value for treating dyslipidemia. Sustained-release niacin availab...
The effects of age, sex, body temperature, heart rate, and time of day on the perception of time in life:

The present article reports on the relationship between various, physiological and sociological factors on a person’s individual perception of time in life. Specifically, 200 participants (100 male...
AZT Causes Tissue-Specific Inhibition of Mitochondrial Bioenergetic Function

The mitochondrial myopathy associated with long-term AZT therapy is a factor that limits the clinical efficacy of this compound in the treatment of AIDS. The biochemical basis for this tissue-specific pathology was investigated by measuring the effect of AZT on various aspects of bioenergetic function in mitochondria isolated from rat skeletal muscle, brain, and liver. AZT induced a dose-dependent inhibition of both NADH-linked respiration in intact mitochondria and NADH-cytochrome c reductase activity (but not succinate-cytochrome c reductase activity) in freeze-thawed mitochondrial preparations isolated from all three tissue types (1/2 maximal inhibition was obtained at 2 mg/ml and between 0.3 and 0.8 mg/ml AZT, respectively). These data demonstrate that high concentrations of AZT inhibit electron transfer through respiratory enzyme complex I. Moreover, AZT was shown to induce a tissue-specific inhibition of succinate-linked respiration in intact mitochondria isolated from rat skeletal muscle (1/2 maximal inhibition at 0.5 mg/ml AZT) and possibly brain, but not liver. The data suggest that this inhibition possibly occurs at the level of succinate transport. These results may help to explain the tissue-specific mitochondrial effects that are induced by long-term zidovudine treatment of AIDS patients and suggest that the anti-retroviral activity exhibited by AZT may be distinct from its mechanism of mitochondrial toxicity.
Optimal technique for the removal of chest tubes after pulmonary resection.

Objective The objective is to determine the optimal manner to remove a chest tube after pulmonary resection. Method This was a prospective, randomized single-institution study. Patients who underwent elective thoracotomy for pulmonary resection by 1 or 2 general thoracic surgeons were randomized to have their chest tube removed on either full inspiration or full expiration. Both patient groups performed a Valsalva maneuver during tube removal. Outcomes included the incidence of clinically nonsignificant pneumothorax (defined as a new or increased pneumothorax on the post-chest tube removal chest roentgenogram in asymptomatic patients), symptoms, delayed discharge, and the need for a new chest tube. Results Between November 2008 and June 2011, 1189 patients underwent pulmonary resection, and of these 342 met the criteria for the study. Of the 179 patients randomized to have their chest tube removed on full inspiration, 58 (32%) had a larger or new pneumothorax after chest tube removal and 5 (3%) required intervention or delayed discharge. Of the 163 patients randomized to have their chest tube removed on full expiration, 32 (19%; P = .007) had a larger or new pneumothorax after chest tube removal, and only 2 (1%) required intervention or delayed discharge ( P = .78). Conclusions Removal of chest tubes at the end of expiration leads to a lower incidence of non–clinically significant pneumothorax than at the end of inspiration. Because of these findings, this study was closed early and was thus underpowered for finding a statistically significant difference in the rare (1%-3%) clinically significant pneumothoraces.
Compact design of the high-resolution projector using reflective LCD panel

A new compact front UXGA projector is introduced with three one inch reflective LCD panels; It delivers 1000 lumens with the advantages of the compactness and high resolution. Three PBS cubes and one recombination cube are employed for separation and recombination of the three primary colors. A newly developed PBS cube is used not only as a polarization selector but also as a dichroic mirror, and a parallelogram prism array is plugged in front of the polarization converter to make the green light and the blue light orthogonally polarized each others. Compared to the old design, this new one gets the advantage of the space savings. The telecentric projection F/2.5 lens is characterized as a zoom range from 45 mm to 55 mm. Lateral colors are eliminated to be under 0.8 pixels. MTF is estimated as 60% on axis and 40% at 0.7 field. Distortion is around -1.7%.
Contribution of extracellular polymeric substances from Shewanella sp. HRCR-1 biofilms to U(VI) immobilization

The goal of this study was to quantify the contribution of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) to U(VI) immobilization by Shewanella sp. HRCR-1. Through comparison of U(VI) immobilization using cells with bound EPS (bEPS) and cells with minimal EPS, we show that (i) bEPS from Shewanella sp. HRCR-1 biofilms contribute significantly to U(VI) immobilization, especially at low initial U(VI) concentrations, through both sorption and reduction; (ii) bEPS can be considered a functional extension of the cells for U(VI) immobilization and they likely play more important roles at lower initial U(VI) concentrations; and (iii) the U(VI) reduction efficiency is dependent upon the initial U(VI) concentration and decreases at lower concentrations. To quantify the relative contributions of sorption and reduction to U(VI) immobilization by EPS fractions, we isolated loosely associated EPS (laEPS) and bEPS from Shewanella sp. HRCR-1 biofilms grown in a hollow fiber membrane biofilm reactor and tested their reactivity with U(VI). We found that, when reduced, the isolated cell-free EPS fractions could reduce U(VI). Polysaccharides in the EPS likely contributed to U(VI) sorption and dominated the reactivity of laEPS, while redox active components (e.g., outer membrane c-type cytochromes), especially in bEPS, possibly facilitated U(VI) reduction.
The privilege of perversities: race, class and education among polyamorists and kinksters

This article focuses on kinksters – people involved in ‘kinky’ or ‘perverted’ sexual acts and relationships frequently involving bondage/discipline, dominance/submission and/or sadism/masochism (also referred to as sadomasochism), and polyamorists – people who engage in openly conducted, multiple partner, romantic and/or sexual relationships. Being accused of being a pervert can have detrimental consequences, and although everyone involved in ‘perverted’ sex risks social censure, people unprotected by social advantages are more vulnerable to the discriminatory impacts of this sexual stigma than are those shielded by racial and/or class privileges. Our objectives in this article are multi-fold, and we document the affiliation between polyamory and bondage/discipline, dominance/submission and/or sadism/masochism; demonstrate through a meta-analysis of extant literature the ways in which research on alternative sexual communities has often (unwittingly) reinforced and (re)constituted a homogenous image of th...
Role of Toll-like Receptors in Spontaneous Commensal-Dependent Colitis

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is thought to result from a dysregulated interaction between the host immune system and its commensal microflora. Heterogeneity of disease susceptibility in humans and rodents suggest that multiple mechanisms are responsible for the etiology of IBD. In particular, deficiencies in anti-inflammatory and immune-suppressive mechanisms play an important role in the development of IBD. However, it is unknown how the indigenous microflora stimulates the immune system and how this response is regulated. To address these questions, we investigated the role of Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling in the development of spontaneous, commensal-dependent colitis in interleukin (IL)-2- and IL-10-deficient mice. We report that colitis was dependent on TLR signaling in Il10(-/-) mice. In contrast, Il2(-/-) mice developed intestinal inflammation in the absence of TLR signaling pathways. These results demonstrate a differential role of innate immune recognition by TLRs in the development of commensal-dependent colitis.
Re-Examining Isomorphic Pressure For MNCs: Evidence from Germany

Although “isomorphism” has been one of the key tenets of theory, its applicability to the MNC setting has been challenged recently. The challenges are based on the assumption that there is limited ...
First report of Puccinia emaculata infection on switchgrass in Virginia.

During the spring of 2007, approximately 2,000 switchgrass plants, representing 168 core switchgrass germplasm, were established in a field nursery at the Virginia Tech Kentland Farm Research Cente...
Alternative Forms of the Score Test for Heterogeneity in a Censored Exponential Model

Different versions of the score test for neglected heterogeneity for a right censored exponential model are analyzed. These tests depend on how the information matrix is estimated. A test based on the theoretical information matrix is derived that is shown to outperform all the other tests. Further, the noncentrality parameter of the test is examined to show how the power of the test is reduced when data are censored.
Cyclopolycondensation. XIII. New synthetic route to fully aromatic poly(heterocyclic imides) with alternating repeating units

Fully aromatic poly(heterocyclic imides) of high molecular weight were prepared by the cyclopolycondensation reactions of aromatic diamines with new monomer adducts prepared by condensing orthodisubstituted aromatic diamines with chloroformyl phthalic anhydrides. The low-temperature solution polymerization techniques yielded tractable poly(amic acid), which was converted to poly(heterocyclic imides) by heat treatment to effect cyclodehydration at 250–400°C under reduced pressure. In this way, the polyaromatic imideheterocycles such as poly(benzoxazinone imides), poly(benzoxazole imides), poly(benzimidazole imides) and poly(benzothiazole imides) were prepared, which have excellent processability and thermal stability both in nitrogen and in air. The poly(amic acids) are soluble in such organic polar solvents as N,N-dimethyl-acetamide, N-methylpyrrolidone, and dimethyl sulfoxide, and the films can be cast from the polymer solution of poly(amic acids) (ηinh = 0.8–1.8). The film is made tough by being heated in nitrogen or under reduced pressure to effect cyclodehydration at 300–400°C. The polymerization was carried out by first isolating the monomer adducts, followed by polymerization with aromatic diamines. On subsequently being heated, the open-chain precursor, poly(amic acid), undergoes cyclodehydration along the polymer chain, giving the thermally stable ordered copolymers of the corresponding heterocyclic imide structure.
Phylogenetic Analysis Reveals the Global Migration of Seasonal Influenza A Viruses

The winter seasonality of influenza A virus in temperate climates is one of the most widely recognized, yet least understood, epidemiological patterns in infectious disease. Central to understanding what drives the seasonal emergence of this important human pathogen is determining what becomes of the virus during the non-epidemic summer months. Herein, we take a step towards elucidating the seasonal emergence of influenza virus by determining the evolutionary relationship between populations of influenza A virus sampled from opposite hemispheres. We conducted a phylogenetic analysis of 487 complete genomes of human influenza A/H3N2 viruses collected between 1999 and 2005 from Australia and New Zealand in the southern hemisphere, and a representative sub-sample of viral genome sequences from 413 isolates collected in New York state, United States, representing the northern hemisphere. We show that even in areas as relatively geographically isolated as New Zealand's South Island and Western Australia, global viral migration contributes significantly to the seasonal emergence of influenza A epidemics, and that this migration has no clear directional pattern. These observations run counter to suggestions that local epidemics are triggered by the climate-driven reactivation of influenza viruses that remain latent within hosts between seasons or transmit at low efficiency between seasons. However, a complete understanding of the seasonal movements of influenza A virus will require greatly expanded global surveillance, particularly of tropical regions where the virus circulates year-round, and during non-epidemic periods in temperate climate areas.
Polymicrobial Interactions: Impact on Pathogenesis and Human Disease

Summary: Microorganisms coexist in a complex milieu of bacteria, fungi, archaea, and viruses on or within the human body, often as multifaceted polymicrobial biofilm communities at mucosal sites and on abiotic surfaces. Only recently have we begun to appreciate the complicated biofilm phenotype during infection; moreover, even less is known about the interactions that occur between microorganisms during polymicrobial growth and their implications in human disease. Therefore, this review focuses on polymicrobial biofilm-mediated infections and examines the contribution of bacterial-bacterial, bacterial-fungal, and bacterial-viral interactions during human infection and potential strategies for protection against such diseases.
Adenosine is crucial for deep brain stimulation-mediated attenuation of tremor.

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a widely used neurosurgical approach to treating tremor and other movement disorders1,2,3. In addition, the use of DBS in a number of psychiatric diseases, including obsessive-compulsive disorders and depression, is currently being tested4,5,6. Despite the rapid increase in the number of individuals with surgically implanted stimulation electrodes, the cellular pathways involved in mediating the effects of DBS remain unknown1. Here we show that DBS is associated with a marked increase in the release of ATP, resulting in accumulation of its catabolic product, adenosine. Adenosine A1 receptor activation depresses excitatory transmission in the thalamus and reduces both tremor- and DBS-induced side effects. Intrathalamic infusion of A1 receptor agonists directly reduces tremor, whereas adenosine A1 receptor–null mice show involuntary movements and seizure at stimulation intensities below the therapeutic level. Furthermore, our data indicate that endogenous adenosine mechanisms are active in tremor, thus supporting the clinical notion that caffeine, a nonselective adenosine receptor antagonist, can trigger or exacerbate essential tremor7. Our findings suggest that nonsynaptic mechanisms involving the activation of A1 receptors suppress tremor activity and limit stimulation-induced side effects, thereby providing a new pharmacological target to replace or improve the efficacy of DBS.
Theory of gain spectra for quantum cascade lasers in the limit of low carrier concentration

Summary form only given. The output characteristics of recently discovered quantum cascade lasers (QCL) are rapidly improving. The pace of progress suggests an enormous potential for improvement of QCL performance, based on the very physics of these lasers. Here we estimate the limitations of QCL for high-temperature operation. Our calculations are based on the recent theory of the lineshape and the gain spectra in intersubband lasers.
AUTOMATED HIGHWAY SYSTEM FIELD OPERATIONAL TESTS: POTENTIAL SITES, CONFIGURATIONS, AND CHARACTERISTICS

In 2002 the National Automated Highway System Consortium (NAHSC) is scheduled to complete its work on development of an automated highway system prototype. Upon completion of its mission, NAHSC is likely to be followed by one or more field operational tests (FOTs) in which ordinary drivers will use automated vehicles on a real roadway under test conditions. Described are objectives for such a test, potential test sites in California, and the merits of these sites for conducting different types of tests. The evaluation is based on interviews with local officials, visits to 14 sites around the state, and collection of detailed data on these highways. It is concluded that there exist many potential FOT sites provided that the federal government pays for a large portion of infrastructure costs and that the new infrastructure is turned over to local agencies upon completion of the test.
State-of-the-art pediatric interventional electrophysiology: transvenous cryoablation establishes its niche.

t i In this issue of Heart Rhythm, the electrophysiology roup from Children’s Hospital Boston present their early xperience with the use of cryoablation for elimination of ccessory pathway (AP) tachycardia substrates close to the trioventricular (AV) conduction axis or in the coronary inus. Their group has been a leader in the field of pediatric nd congenital electrophysiology and, working in an instiution where clinical pediatric electrophysiology research as been supported strongly, they have performed admiraly in this leadership role. The current study examines 35 oung patients (with 37 APs) in whom cryoablation catheter echniques were used for ablation of anteroseptal and mideptal pathways and APs within the coronary venous sysem. The group noted no statistical difference in acute blation success rates compared with their own historical esults with radiofrequency ablation, with a 78% (29/37) ate of successful AP elimination directly attributable to ryoablation. However, the authors report a high recurrence ate of 45%, with the majority evident within the first day fter ablation. Recurrence rates were 4 of 15 for anteroseptal Ps, 7 of 9 for midseptal APs, and 2 of 5 for APs in the oronary venous system. Patients younger than 15 years had igher recurrence rates compared with older patients. Interstingly, although the numbers were small, there were no ecurrences in the three patients in whom a 6-mm cryocathter tip catheter was used. Approximately one third of paients had some degree of change in AV nodal conduction uring cryoablation applications, with only one patient acuiring a permanent AV nodal conduction change (firstegree AV block). Inadvertent AV block in particular is the main focus of oncern for those performing radiofrequency catheter ablaions in younger patients. Serious but rare cases of coroary artery damage as a result of radiofrequency energy pplications along the AV valve annulus have been re-
Roles and Responsibilities of Secondary Special Education Teachers in an Age of Reform

Special education teachers in today's workplace must show “competence at teaching everything” (Mastropieri, 2001). They work in different settings, teaching and adapting content across all levels. Added to this complexity are reform efforts that are driving major changes in the entire special education system, including service delivery models and teacher roles. However, without an understanding of teachers' current roles and responsibilities, we cannot know if such recommendations are feasible or how they would change the world of practice. This study surveyed high school special education teachers to investigate their daily work lives. In general, participants taught courses in several different content areas, primarily in self-contained settings. They also held numerous nonteaching roles. All roles and responsibilities were independent of the number of years taught and of teachers' educational backgrounds. Implications for transforming teachers' work lives in an effort to increase student outcomes are ...
Using covert channels to evaluate the effectiveness of flow confidentiality measures

With an increasing amount of Internet traffic becoming encrypted, traffic analysis attacks have become a more important topic lately. One of the most common and effective ways to prevent traffic analysis is link padding, where dummy traffic is added to hide the real traffic pattern. In principle, link padding can perfectly hide the underlying traffic. In practice however, it has been shown to be very difficult to implement correctly and has also been shown to be ineffective if not correctly implemented. In this paper we provide an information theoretic analysis of the effectiveness of a link padding implementation. We represent the imperfections of a padding implementation as a covert channel and determine the capacity of the information leakage. We show experimental results and present models that describe how practical aspects, such as cross-traffic and network congestion affect the information leakage of link padding.
Correlated studies of interstitial pulmonary disease.

Aseries of 90 cases presenting over a four-year period with a differential diagnosis of interstitial inflammatory disease was characterized by clinical, physiologic, serologic and radiologic features. Twenty-five had open lung biopsy and extensive multidisciplinary study of the lung specimen, including studies of collagen biochemistry and microbiology (Table 1). In addition, 12 patients with progressive diffuse interstitial lung disease had concurrent studies of cells obtained by bronchopulmonary lavage. The histologic sections were described with semiquantitative ratings of the degrees of mononuclear cell interstitial cell infiltration, intimal hyperplasia and muscular hypertrophy of small blood vessels, and extent of fibrosis. A total of 17 functional and four pathologic variables have been studied to date with mean and variance values determined for each variable. Kendall or Pearson correlation coefficients, as appropriate to the variable pairs, were calculated. The best single predictor of pulmonary pathology was the resting PaOz. The degree of fibrosis appeared more closely related to functional changes than either interstitial mononuclear cell infiltration or vessel wall enlargement; the fibrosis grade showed coefficients of correlation of 0.50 with resting PaO,, 0.45 with vital capacity, 0.39 with the rest and exercise A-aO, difference, 0.38 with the exercise PaO,, 0.37 with the maximal expiratory flow rate, and 0.36 with the total lung capacity (P < 0.04 in all cases). 'From the Departments of Medicine, Pathology and Epidemi
Adaptive Identification and Control of Linear Periodic Systems

This is the first of a series of papers in which a detailed investigation of the adaptive identification and control of linear dynamical systems with periodic coefficients is undertaken. In this paper the identification of stable linear periodic systems is investigated when all the state variables of the system are accessible. Error models similar to those known for LTI systems are derived and used to demonstrate the stability of the identification algorithms. The same concepts are applied to the adaptive control of a special class of plants with all state variables accessible. Towards the end of the paper results are also derived related to Floquet theory which will be useful for formulating more general adaptive control problems.
Law enforcement officers' involvement level in Hurricane Katrina and alcohol use

The purpose of this work is to examine the relationship between alcohol use and level of involvement during Hurricane Katrina among law enforcement officers, and to investigate whether marital status or previous military training offer resilience against negative outcomes. Officers in the immediate New Orleans geographic area completed surveys that assessed their involvement in Hurricane Katrina and alcohol use (Alcohol Use and Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) score). Negative binomial regression models were used to analyze level of hazardous alcohol use; interactions were tested to examine protective influences of marriage and prior military training (controlling for age and gender). There was a significant association between heavy involvement in Hurricane Katrina and having a greater AUDIT score (exp(β)[EB]=1.81; 95% CI: 1.03, 3.17; p 0.05). These results illustrate an association between law enforcement officers’ heavy involvement during Hurricane Katrina and greater levels of hazardous alcohol use when compared to officers with low or moderate involvement. This has important treatment implications for those with high involvement in disasters as they may require targeted interventions to overcome the stress of such experiences.
An Application of Two Tropical Parameterization Schemes of Convective Latent Heat Release in Middle Latitudes

Abstract Models developed by Krishnamurti et al. (1973) and Kuo (1974) for parameterizing the convective latent heat release in synoptic–scale tropical systems are slightly modified and applied to a case study in which Tropical Storm Candy (1968) interacts with a developing extratropical baroclinic frontal system over the United States. Stable latent heat release is also computed, although much of the reported weather activity is unstable. The convective and stable components of latent heat are converted to precipitation rates and compared to the observed precipitation rate. The results show that Krishnamurti's scheme does not produce reliable patterns. Reasons for this failure are discussed. Kuo's scheme, on the other hand, shows better agreement with observed precipitation rates, although discrepancies still exist.
"EOSINOPHILIC OR SOLITARY GRANULOMA" OF BONE

1. Ten cases of benign destructive lesions of bone, either single or multiple, which appear to be identical with what has been described in the recent literature as "eosinophilic or solitary granuloma of bone", are presented. All were in children under twelve years of age. 2. Roentgenographically, single lesions simulated bone cyst, osteomyelitis, or malignancy. Multiple lesions suggested multiple myeloma or malignancy, but in the roentgenograms were indistinguishable from Hand-Schuller-Christian disease. 3. There was little general illness associated with the disease in most instances. The symptoms were attributable mainly to the local process. 4. The histopathology presented variations from "eosinophilic granuloma" to "lipogranuloma", which is interpreted as identical with certain stages of Hand-Schuller-Christian disease. 5. Ordinarily, the lesions have healed quite promptly after roentgen radiation, and, on occasion, after curettage. 6. Nine of the ten patients were well on a follow-up examination three to ten years after they were first observed. One had died, the details of which case are unknown. 7. As suggested by one of the authors in a previous communication, eosinophilic or solitary granuloma is not a distinct new entity, but a variant of the basic process of which the clinical pictures known as Hand-Schuller-Christian and Letterer-Siwe diseases are other examples. 8. Despite the excellent prognosis in nine of the ten patients in this group, in which the recognized lesions were restricted to bone, if the suggested relationship to Hand-Schuller-Christian disease exists, the prognosis given in an individual case should be guarded, and the possibility of visceral lesions should be kept in mind.
Arsenic poisoning. Ongoing diagnostic and social problem

Arsenic, commonly found in insecticides, herbicides, and industrial materials, is involved in the majority of heavy metal poisonings reported in the United States. Accidental poisoning appears to be most common in the pediatric age-group, whereas intentional and covert poisonings predominate in adults. Diagnosis is often difficult. The clinical presentations of arsenic poisoning, both acute and chronic types, represent a wide spectrum, largely dependent on route of exposure, chemical form, and dose. Because the patient or others providing the history may suppress information on exposure and because toxic levels of arsenic in the system drop rapidly in the first 24 hours, swift administration of diagnostic tests is important. Physician follow-up is determined by the route of exposure to arsenic and may involve referral to a social service network or a mental health facility.
Biosynthesis and Function of Unconjugated Pterins in Mammalian Tissues

Sometime, somewhere in the very distant biological past, possibly at the time of the primordial “ooze” with the arrival of purine nucleotides, other condensed pyrimidine rings might have also appeared. Of the condensed pyrimidines, the bicyclic nitrogen-containing ring termed pyrimido-(4,5-b)-pyrazine is the central cast of our story. This story is as old as modern science itself.
Absolute Alpha by Beta Manipulations

This paper describes a method of achieving an absolute positive alpha by manipulating beta. Instead of creating a new portfolio, an investor can directly invest in market with leverage and he is able to maintain a positive alpha by adjusting beta according to market moving averages. To evaluate this method, the paper presents empirical evidences of the change of average daily alpha in regard of the change of leverage and different time units of moving average. The results show that high average daily alphas come with high leverage and more days of moving average adjusted when controlling beta.
Stochastic Multi-Scale Reconstruction of 3D Microstructure Consisting of Polycrystalline Grains and Second-Phase Particles from 2D Micrographs

An accurate knowledge of the 3D polycrystalline microstructure of a material is crucial to its property prediction, performance optimization, and design. Here, we present a multi-scale computational scheme that allows one to stochastically reconstruct the 3D microstructure of a highly heterogeneous polycrystalline material with large variation in grain size, morphology, and spatial distribution, as well as the distribution of second-phase particles, from single-2D electron back-scattered diffraction (EBSD) micrograph. Specifically, the two-point correlation functions S 2 are employed to statistically characterize grain morphology, orientation, and spatial distribution and are incorporated into the simulated annealing procedure for microstructure reconstruction. During the reconstruction, the original polycrystalline microstructure is coarsened such that the large grains are reconstructed first and the smaller ones are generated later. The second-phase particles are then inserted into the reconstructed polycrystalline material based on the pair-correlation function g 2 sampled from the 2D back-scattered electron micrograph. The utility of our multi-scale scheme is demonstrated by successfully reconstructing a highly heterogeneous polycrystalline Sn-rich solder joint with Cu6Sn5 intermetallic particles. The accuracy of our reconstruction is ascertained by comparing the virtual microstructure with the actual 3D structure of the joint obtained via serial sectioning techniques.
Federal Gun Industry Immunity Legislation

This afterword to the paperback edition of Suing the Gun Industry discusses questions of statutory interpretation and constitutional challenges to the federal gun industry immunity bill - the Protection of Lawful Commerce in Arms Act. It argues that the immunity law is likely to produce outcomes unintended by its drafters if it survives constitutional challenges.
Developing Marketing Strategy through Multiple Regression

Multiple regression in the cross section is explored as a means of identifying those attitudinal, economic, and sociological variables that are most closely associated with purchases at a selected ...
Genetic Analysis of Laboratory and Wild Strains of the Melon Fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) Using Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA–Polymerase Chain Reaction

The technique of random amplified polymorphic DNA–polymerase chain reaction (RAPD–PCR) has been to used identify genetic markers in a collection of strains of the melon fly, Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillet), having known histories. These strains originated from 2 different geographic localities (Hawaii and Okinawa) and have been in laboratory culture anywhere from zero (wild caught) up to several hundred generations. Levels of genetic variability have been documented and quantified using RAPD–PCR and a similarity index to compare individuals within and between strains. In general, strains subjected to laboratory culture for many generations have higher levels of within-strain similarity because of a loss of genetic variability, as might be expected from selection, inbreeding, or drift effects. One longterm laboratory strain of Hawaiian origin had more than twice the level of genetic similarity than a wild caught sample of similar origin. Levels of genetic similarity between strains also are effected by differential fixation of markers, again even for strains of similar geographic origin.
A Survey of the Development and Demonstration Application of Large-Scale Energy Storage

This paper introduces the classification of energy storage technologies and its application in the electric power system,and expounds the application research status and the main demonstration plants of the mechanical energy storage,chemical energy storage,magnetic energy storage and phase change energy storage in power system. Finally, the future development trend of energy storage technology are presented.
To Improve Patent Quality, Let's Use Fees to Weed Out Weak Patents

This Essay is based on comments I submitted May 6, 2015 in response to the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office’s Request for Comments on Enhancing Patent Quality. It proceeds in two parts. First, I share two general observations about the PTO’s current slate of New Quality Proposals: specifically, it fails to include any reforms that apply post-issue or any reforms that exercise the PTO’s fee-setting authority. Second, building on these observations and two recent empirical studies of mine, I outline two proposals that I urge the PTO to consider: specifically, an increase in maintenance fees and a decrease in fees for post-issue administrative challenges.
Can RAPID3, an index without formal joint counts or laboratory tests, serve to guide rheumatologists in tight control of rheumatoid arthritis in usual clinical care?

Tight control of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) may be guided by RAPID3 (routine assessment of patient index data), an index without formal joint counts or laboratory tests, which can be scored on a multidimensional health assessment questionnaire (MDHAQ) in 5 seconds, compared to 42 seconds to score a standard HAQ, 90 seconds to perform a 28-joint count, 114 seconds to score a disease activity score 28 (DAS28), and 106 seconds to score a clinical disease activity index (CDAI). RAPID3 scores are correlated significantly with DAS28 and CDAI (rho > 0.65, p 12), moderate (6.1-12), low (3.1-6), and remission (<or= 3), analogous to activity categories of DAS28 and CDAI. In clinical care settings, 78% to 84% of patients who met the criteria for moderate-high activity status of greater than 3.2 for DAS28 and greater than 10 for CDAI had RAPID3 scores greater than 6, while 68% to 77% who met low activity-remission criteria of a DAS less than or equal to 3.2 and a CDAI of less than or equal to 10 also had RAPID3 scores that were less than or equal to 6. The most effective strategy to collect MDHAQ-RAPID3 data is for the receptionist to ask each patient to complete a questionnaire upon registration at each visit, prior to seeing the physician in the infrastructure of clinical care. Clinical judgment ultimately enters into all clinical decisions, but judgment is enhanced considerably by quantitative data provided by the MDHAQ and RAPID3 to supplement nonquantitative impressions. RAPID3 provides a feasible, informative quantitative index for busy clinical settings.
Image Distortion in Optical-Beam-Deflection Imaging

Images obtained using mirage (or optical-beam-deflection (OBD)) detection are frequently interpreted using a simplified theory which assumes that the probe beam has an infinitesimal cross-section, and that its path just grazes the sample surface. Under these assumptions, the probe beam deflection component, Sn, normal to the sample surface is nearly proportional to the average temperature along the probe beam path (normal mode) and the deflection component, St, parallel to the sample surface is proportional to the average transverse temperature gradient along the probe beam path (transverse mode).
Recommended Practice for Use of Faraday Probes in Electric Propulsion Testing

Faraday probes are a common plasma diagnostic used to determine the local ion charge flux of electric propulsion plumes. Standard practices, guidelines, and recommendations are provided for experimental methods and analysis techniques that aim to standardize community practices, to mitigate test environment effects, and to reduce systematic measurement error in order to improve plume predictions in the space environment. The approaches are applicable to time-averaged plasma properties in the near-field and far-field of electric propulsion plumes, with emphasis on Hall effect thrusters and gridded ion thrusters. Considerations for other electric propulsion technologies are provided, including electrosprays, arcjets, and electromagnetic thruster concepts. These test strategies are expected to increase the quality of comparisons between different thrusters and vacuum environments, thereby broadening the applicability of ground-based measurements and enhancing the fidelity for on-orbit predictions and modelin...
Consideration of Personal Adverse Childhood Experiences during Implementation of Trauma-Informed Care Curriculum in Graduate Health Programs.

CONTEXT Scientific findings of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and their lifelong graded relationship with leading causes of death are well established. Many health care practitioners, however, have yet to implement ACEs screening in clinical practice. Furthermore, ACEs screening and trauma-informed care (TIC) are not part of standard graduate-level training. OBJECTIVE To 1) implement trauma-informed curriculum for multiple graduate health programs, 2) determine student understanding of and willingness to address ACEs, and 3) assess the relationship between students voluntarily evaluating their individual ACE Score and their attitude toward ACEs and TIC. DESIGN Prospective study with pre- and postcurricular surveys (12-question digital survey administered before and after the curriculum) for 967 graduate students from 9 health professions programs at 2 campuses who received curriculum focused on ACEs and TIC. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Students' understanding of ACEs and TIC, their awareness of personal ACEs, and their willingness to incorporate TIC in practice. RESULTS Among students who voluntarily completed an ACE questionnaire, there was statistical significance in familiarity with clinical and scientific findings of the ACE Study (p < 0.001) and familiarity with TIC (p < 0.02). A significant intercampus difference in the students' familiarity with the scientific and clinical findings of the ACE Study (p < 0.05) was found. CONCLUSION Students and future health care practitioners who voluntarily assess their ACE Score are significantly more likely to understand scientific and clinical findings of the ACE Study as well as TIC.
Realism, Idealism, and General Terms

Bencivenga (1990) pointed out that classical and free quantification theories are naturally associated with the frameworks of the transcendental realist and the transcendental idealist, respectively.2
Type specimens of amphibians in the National Museum of Natural History, Leiden, The Netherlands

The amphibian type specimens held in the National Museum of Natural History in Leiden are listed. A total of 775 type specimens representing 143 taxon names were encountered. The list provides the original name, the original publication date, pagination and illustrations, current name, type locality and notes on the type status.