cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Peroxynitrite-induced mutation spectra of pSP189 following replication in bacteria and in human cells

Peroxynitrite is a powerful oxidant formed through reaction of nitric oxide with superoxide. Because activated macrophages can produce both nitric oxide and superoxide, it has been proposed that peroxynitrite may contribute to cytotoxicity and increased cancer risks associated with the inflammatory response during chronic infections. We therefore investigated mutagenicity of peroxynitrite in the supF gene of the pSP189 shuttle vector as a mutation target. The plasmid was exposed to 2.5 mM peroxynitrite in vitro, then replicated in Eschericia coli MBL50 and in human AD293 cells. Mutation frequency increased 21-fold in pSP189 replicated in E. coli and 9-fold in plasmid replicated in human cells. Mutations were clustered within the 5' region of the supF gene in plasmids replicated in bacteria. The hot spots were located at positions 108, 113, 116, 124, 126 and 141; more than 25% of all mutations occurred at position 124. Following replication in human cells, mutations were more widely distributed over the gene, with hot spots at positions 113, 124, 133, 156 and 164; 15% occurred at position 124. In both systems, the majority of mutations occurred at G:C base pairs, predominantly involving G:C-->T:A transversions (65% when replication was in bacteria and 63% when in human cells). G:C-->C:G transversions were observed at lower frequency (28% in MBL50 and 11% in AD293 cells), and 11% of mutations found in vectors replicated in AD293 cells were G:C-->A:T transitions. A greater number of large deletions, insertions, tandem and multiple mutations occurred in plasmid replicated in AD293 cells. Differences in mutation spectra following replication in the two systems may be attributable to differences in recognition and repair of the lesions and/or properties of the replication apparatus.
Extension of an orographic-drag parametrization scheme to incorporate orographic anisotropy and flow blocking

The Kim–Arakawa orographic gravity-wave drag parametrization scheme, which is a component of the US Navy's NOGAPS ALPHA (Navy Operational Global Atmospheric Prediction System, Advanced-Level Physics and High Altitude), is extended to include the effects of orographic anisotropy and low-level flow blocking. The algorithms to calculate the orographic statistics needed for the parametrization are also revised. The extended scheme is evaluated against mountain waves explicitly simulated with COAMPS®† (Coupled Ocean/Atmosphere Mesoscale Prediction System) of NRL (Naval Research Laboratory). Mountain-wave simulations over Boulder, Colorado, USA, are used for representing realistic situations of different wave activity including severe downslope windstorms. The simulations are area-averaged and interpolated to the vertical grid of NOGAPS, and are used as the input to the extended Kim–Arakawa scheme. The scheme is calibrated by comparing the parametrized vertical distribution of the momentum fluxes with the counterpart obtained from the explicit mesoscale simulations. Overall, the calibrated scheme successfully represents the simulated magnitudes and vertical divergences of the momentum fluxes. A flow regime diagram is constructed utilizing a time series of the simulations to further evaluate the parametrization. The robustness of the orographic statistics, together with an approximate method to improve it, are also addressed. Copyright © 2005 Royal Meteorological Society.
Modeling and Simulation in the Design of a Lunar Rover Suspension with Extensibility to Martian Applications

In this paper, we present a simulation-based study of the design of the suspension system for a manned lunar rover based on utility theory. The study includes the use of both analysis and decision models. The design objectives are modeled using a fundamental objectives hierarchy and a means objectives network. Our fundamental objective is to maximize the research value of the rover via the suspension system by maximizing the safety of passengers and equipment. The means objectives which contribute to maximizing the safety of equipment are the focus of this study and include maximizing energy dissipation, minimizing vibrations caused by the terrain, and minimizing the vertical travel of the payload. The scope of this study is limited to the suspension parameters and does not include the design of the geometric configuration of the system. The measures of effectiveness for these means objectives include the vertical displacement, the upward and downward acceleration, and the settling time of the rover body. An influence diagram is developed to organize the decisions, chance events, and computational outcomes that influence the achievement of the design objective. In this design study, the primary decision is to identify the preferred values of the effective spring rate and damping coefficient for each wheel. An energy-based model of the suspension system is developed using the software package Dymola and the modeling language Modelica. The energy-based model is then used to simulate the dynamic response of the suspension to obtain values of the measures of effectiveness. The suspension system is designed for extensibility to Martian applications by modeling the environment (moon or Mars) of the rover as an uncertain chance event that influences the design decision. Additional chance events include the mass (of the rover, occupants, and payload), the terrain, the flexibility of the rover body, and the length and width of the rover. The chance
Longitudinal study of sleep patterns of United States Military Academy cadets

STUDY OBJECTIVES: The study provided an opportunity to observe sleep patterns in a college-age population attending the United States Military Academy. DESIGN: This 4-year longitudinal study investigated sleep patterns of cadets. A stratified sample of 80 cadets had sleep patterns monitored using actigraphy for 8 months: one month in both fall and spring academic semesters over a 4-year period. SETTING: Data were collected at the United States Military Academy, West Point, NY. PARTICIPANTS: Participants were members of the class of 2007 (n˜1300) ranging in age from 17 to 22 when entering USMA. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: A sample of the class (n = 80) wore wrist activity monitors and completed activity logs for one month in fall and spring academic semesters for the 4-year period. On average over the 4 years, cadets slept Language: en
THE COHOMOLOGIES OF THE SYLOW 2-SUBGROUPS OF A SYMPLECTIC GROUP OF DEGREE SIX AND OF THE THIRD CONWAY GROUP

The third Conway group Co 3 is one of the 26 sporadic finite simple groups. The cohomology of its Sylow 2-subgroup S is computed, an important step in calculating the mod 2 cohomology of Co 3. The spectral sequence for the central extension of S is described; it collapses at the sixth page. Generators are described in terms of the Evens norm or transfers from subgroups. The central quotient S′ = S/2 is the Sylow 2-subgroup of the symplectic group Sp 6(&#x1d53d;2) of six-by-six matrices over the field of two elements. The cohomology of S′ is computed and is detected by restriction to elementary abelian 2-subgroups.
A Petri net simulator for self-organizing systems

Self-organizing systems have the general property that the primitive elements that comprise the system interact in order to achieve emergent global properties. We describe an extended Petri net simulation architecture for such systems that is based on interacting agents that carry out autonomous actions, yet collaborate with each other in structured ways. There is no central controlling entity. The approach was motivated by an application to mission planning for unmanned air vehicles (UAVs), but is applicable to more general agent-oriented systems.
Within-event learning contributes to value transfer in simultaneous instrumental discriminations by pigeons

Following simultaneous discrimination training with pigeons, in which responding to the S−was reinforced on half of the trials and responding to the S− was never reinforced, we examined the effect on the S− of presenting the S− by itself and the effect on the S+ of presenting the S− by itself (relative to an S− or an S− for which there had been no single-stimulus presentations). For Group A−, responding to the S− presented by itself was always reinforced, whereas for Group A−, such responding was extinguished. For Group B−, responding to the S− presented by itself was always reinforced, whereas for Group B+, responding was extinguished. Although both Group A+ and Group A−tended to avoid their associated S− (relative to a control S−), Group A+ avoided its associated S− less than did Group A−. In contrast, although for Group B−, presentation of the S− alone increased the pigeons’ preference for its associated S−(relative to a control S+), for Group B−, presentation of the S−alone had little effect on its preference for its associated S+. These results suggest that presentation of one stimulus from a simultaneous discrimination has two independent and sometimes opposite effects on the other discriminative stimulus. First, it reduces the strength of within-event conditioning between the S+ and the S−, and second, if the value of the singly presented stimulus has increased, some of its newly acquired value will transfer retroactively to the stimulus with which it was originally paired.
Challenging conventions for geovisualization interface design: implications for exploratory data analysis

The use of interface metaphors and cartographic guidelines for facilitating communication between cartographer and user may serve to limit the power of the system or the representation for a diverse set of users or a diverse set of uses. For example, the data exploration tasks typical of geovisualization systems may be hindered by strict adherence to conventional and/or traditional interface metaphors or cartographic symbolization. Successful design of geovisualization systems, therefore, should take into account factors that are socially and culturally determined and adjust design accordingly dependent on the targeted users or, more importantly, the targeted task (i.e. exploratory data analysis). This paper explores this possibility and presents the results of a pair of human-subjects experiments where some subgroups among the participants were shown non-traditional representations. Results indicate that, for data exploration tasks, designers and users should embrace unconventional designs in order to encourage creative problem solving and hypothesis generation.
Ecumenical Stirrings: Catholic-Protestant Relations during the Episcopacy of John Carroll

In 1790, the year John Carroll was consecrated as the first Roman Catholic Bishop of Baltimore, the Catholic population numbered less than 40,000—a very distinct minority in a country of nearly 4,000,000 people. As a small group living in a society overwhelmingly composed of Protestants, Catholics could not avoid mixing with those of different faiths in their everyday life. 1 Carroll viewed such contacts with mixed feelings. As a native American he understood that so many of his countrymen considered his church, however wrongly, an “alien” institution. He resented most the accusation that the allegiance that Catholics owed to Rome detracted from their attachment to the United States.
1,3,2-Dioxaphosphorinane 2-Oxides I. Preparation of Some 2-Alkoxy, 2-Acyl, and 2-Hydroxy-5-Alkyl-5-nitro-1,3,2-Dioxaphosphorinane 2-Oxides as Potential Antitumor Agents

A series of compounds consisting of 2-alkoxy, 2-acyl, and 2-hydroxy-5-alkyl-5-nitro-1,3,2-dioxaphosphorinane 2-oxides has been prepared. Several amine salts of the 2-hydroxy compounds have been isolated. All of the compounds prepared were submitted for antitumor evaluation.
SOME PRACTICAL PHONETIC SUGGESTIONS FOR THE TEACHERS OF ROMANCE LANGUAGES

Author's summary.— An “intelligible pronunciation” of either Spanish or French can be achieved by the average American student provided he be taught the vast phonetic differences existing between the native and the foreign tongue. Such physiological dissimilarities as muscular tension, movement between consonants and vowels, and vowel distortion cannot help but influence his pronunciation of the new language. This can be obviated, however, by careful analysis of the variations that occur.
Prospects for Importation Biological Control of the Soybean Aphid: Anticipating Potential Costs and Benefits

We discuss the potential pros and cons of using importation biological control against the soybean aphid, Aphis glycines Matsumura (Homoptera: Aphididae). Importation of exotic organisms for biological control is never completely risk-free, but the potential negative impacts of not achieving biological control of invasive pests may exceed the risks associated with a biological control introduction. The potential benefits of biological control include reduced insecticide use and a reduced ability of the invasive pest to impact native flora and fauna, and we outline what the scope of these benefits may be for the soybean aphid. The benefits are only accrued, however, if biological control is successful, so the likelihood of successful biological must also be assessed. Accordingly, we outline some issues relevant to predicting the success of importation biological control of the soybean aphid. We also outline the potential risks to nontarget organisms that would be associated with importation biological control of the soybean aphid. Currently, two parasitoid species, Aphelinus albipodus Hayat and Fatima (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) and Lipolexis gracilis Forster (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) have been imported from Asia and have passed through quarantine. We briefly review the biology and host range of these two species. A different strain of A. albipodus that was released against the Russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko) (Homoptera: Aphididae), in the early 1990s was also found to attack the soybean aphid in the laboratory and has been redistributed from Wyoming to Minnesota and Wisconsin in field releases against the soybean aphid. We discuss our rationale for going forward with this redistribution.
Social Protests, History of

Social protests have been integral to collective life since the first complex communities were formed. Social protest is defined here as contentious action undertaken collectively in response to perceived injustice or unfair action on the part of those who hold legitimate political and economic power. It seeks to achieve social (as opposed to political and economic) ends, or alternatively to restore or return to earlier ways of life. Examples of such aims are a more equitable distribution of privilege or wealth, reducing inequality among persons or groups, changing or restoring religious beliefs or other cultural practices, and reversing cultural change. Early forms of social protest, in the West and elsewhere, included the grain riot, protesting the limited supply or high price of bread, tax revolts, and religious protests. Such protests often called for a return to traditional rights. Beginning in the nineteenth century, social protests shifted to more modern forms, such as demonstrations, strikes, and boycotts, which over time became routinized.
Individual Variation in Perception, Adaptation, and Consequent Crowding

A predictive model of response to differential density is devel­oped. It is suggested that individual variation in the magnitude of density — consequent social behavior relationships must be researched. The model incorporates individual variation in: the perception of crowding, the stress that perception creates, and adaptation. Crowding results when the density of an environment deviates from appropriate levels. Stress is influenced by situational control and cognitive style. Further, stress increases in proportion to the extent that crowding is perceived as a status rather than a state. Adaptation to status is imperative.
Effect of nonworking heterotopic transplantation on rat heart glycogen metabolism

To determine whether the contractile work history of cardiac muscle influences its responsiveness to insulin, we examined the effect of insulin infusion on glycogen metabolism in the rat heart 1 wk after transplantation into a nonworking heterotopic infrarenal position. Nonworking heterografts had higher basal glycogen concentrations than did in situ working hearts of the same animals (29.9 +/- 2.7 vs. 23.3 +/- 0.8 mumol/g; P < 0.05), and a smaller fraction of their glycogen synthase enzyme activity was in the physiologically active glycogen synthase I form (8 +/- 2 vs. 22 +/- 3%; P < 0.02). During a 25-min infusion of insulin (1 U/min) and glucose (30 mg.kg-1.min-1), the fractional glycogen synthase I activity of heterografts remained lower than that of in situ hearts (29 +/- 5 vs. 56 +/- 7%; P < 0.02) and heterografts synthesized glycogen more slowly (0.126 +/- 0.07 vs. 0.352 +/- 0.06 mumol.g-1.min-1; P < 0.02). These effects could be duplicated by a 24-h fast, which similarly increased myocardial glycogen concentration (to 32.9 +/- 5.6 mumol/g). These observations suggest that the performance of repetitive contractile work is necessary to maintain the myocardium maximally responsive to insulin. Mechanical unloading increases myocardial glycogen concentration, thereby reducing the magnitude of insulin's stimulation of glycogen synthase and consequently the rate of incorporation of circulating glucose into glycogen.
Dynamic Hybrid Life Cycle Assessment of Energy and Carbon of Multicrystalline Silicon Photovoltaic Systems

This paper advances the life cycle assessment (LCA) of photovoltaic systems by expanding the boundary of the included processes using hybrid LCA and accounting for the technology-driven dynamics of embodied energy and carbon emissions. Hybrid LCA is an extended method that combines bottom-up process-sum and top-down economic input-output (EIO) methods. In 2007, the embodied energy was 4354 MJ/m(2) and the energy payback time (EPBT) was 2.2 years for a multicrystalline silicon PV system under 1700 kWh/m(2)/yr of solar radiation. These results are higher than those of process-sum LCA by approximately 60%, indicating that processes excluded in process-sum LCA, such as transportation, are significant. Even though PV is a low-carbon technology, the difference between hybrid and process-sum results for 10% penetration of PV in the U.S. electrical grid is 0.13% of total current grid emissions. Extending LCA from the process-sum to hybrid analysis makes a significant difference. Dynamics are characterized through a retrospective analysis and future outlook for PV manufacturing from 2001 to 2011. During this decade, the embodied carbon fell substantially, from 60 g CO(2)/kWh in 2001 to 21 g/kWh in 2011, indicating that technological progress is realizing reductions in embodied environmental impacts as well as lower module price.
Blood Respiratory Properties in Some Antarctic Birds

There exists a surprising shortage of information on the respiratory properties of avian blood. Although birds share homeothermy with mammals and require efficiency in 02 transport matching or exceeding that of mammals, avian blood differs from that of mammals in important respects. The present study compares blood respiratory properties in three species of penguins: the Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae); the Gentoo Penguin (P. papua); and the Chinstrap Penguin (P. antarctica). Blood was obtained at various stages of development. The measurements and calculations included hematocrit (Hct), hemoglobin content (Hb), and mean corpuscular hemoglobin content (MCHC). The HbO2 dissociation curves and their pH dependence (Bohr effect) were also determined. Less comprehensive information was obtained from the Giant Fulmar (Macronectes giganteus) and the antarctic Skua (Catharacta skua).
STUDY ON GERMICIDAL EFFICACY AND TOXICITY OF A GERMICIDAL AEROSOL

Objective To study the germicidal efficacy and toxicity of a germicidal aerosol.Methods Spraying carrier quantitative germicidal test and animal test were carried out in the laboratory.Results Sprayed the germicidal aerosol containing 0.927 g/L chlorhexidine acetate and 66.2% ethanol on the bacterial carriers(pure cotton carrier) and exposed for 1.5 min,the killing logarithm values of Staphlococcus aureus,Escherichia coli,Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans are all above 3.00.Spraying disinfection for 3 min,the killing logarithm values of the natural bacteria on the skin and wooden table surface both are above 1.00.The mouse acute oral LD50 of the germicidal aerosol is over 5 000 mg/kg(bw).The result of cumulative dermal irritation shows that it has non-irritating to rabbit skin.And the germicidal aerosol does not cause micronucleus formation in polychromatic erythrocytes of mouse bone marrow.In sub acute toxicity test,the animal blood routine examination items,various blood biochemical parameters and the pathological examination of various organs show no change obviously.Conclusions The germicidal aerosol has good efficacy in killing both vegetative forms of bacteria and fungi,low toxicity and non-irritating effect.
Database Design for Smart Hydropower Plant Integration Platform

Data features of various business treated by smart integration platform are analyzed.The ideas of database design for smart hydropower plant integration platform are described.Compared with various database design of traditional hydropower plant automation system,the differences of the integration platform are explained.At the same time,some design examples are given,such as the model database tables and the operation database tables.
PREPARATION OF SLUDGE-BASED AND Mn-DOPED ACTIVATED CARBON USING MICROWAVE RADIATION PHOSPHORIC ACID

The sewage sludge-based activated carbons added manganese dioxide were prepared by microwave radiation and chemical activating by phosphoric acidchloride(H3PO4) as activating agent.And the affecting factors of sewage sludge-based activated carbons are also discussed.The effect of affecting factors such as activator concentration,microwave power,radiation time and manganese dioxide mass were studied systematically.When iodine adsorption capacity was regarded as evaluating index,the optimum preparation parameters were obtained as follows: activator concentration 40%,microwave power 320 W,radiation time 4 min,manganese dioxide mass 0.3%.The effects of various factors on properties of activated carbon are in the following descending order: microwave power activator concentration radiation time manganese dioxide mass.Sewage sludge-based activated carbons were studied by SEM and TG.
Analysis of 44 Cases of Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia/21-Hydroxylase Deficiency

Objective To discuss the pathogenic,clinical characteristics,diagnosis and treatment progress of congenital adrenal hyperplasia(CAH)/21-hydroxylase deficiency.Methods The retrospective research was based on the analysis on gender,age,family history,clinical characteristics,laboratory tests,treatment and prognosis of 44 cases of CAH/21-hydroxylase deficiency in children treated in Children′s Hospital Affiliated to Capital Institute of Pediatrics from May 2000 to Dec.2009.Results Total 44 patients(23 male and 21 female) aged from 7 days to 14 years were included.Five cases of the patients had family history.All of the patients were showing hyperpigmentation and virilisation when diagnosed.The females were found to have enlarged clitoris.Some of the enlarged clitoris looked like penis,some also had inferior vigina fissure.Some patients had no vaginal orifice.Also some of the females had merged labium major with the appearance of scrotum.Meanwhile,the males were found to have enlarged penis and even to be associated with erection or spermatorrhea.The change of voice happened even at 3-5 years of age.The growth rate was sped up and therefore they were usually taller than their peers.According to the symptoms and whether being accompanied by hyponatremia,hyperkalemia and(or) acidosis,the included children were diagnosed as follows:17 simple-virilising cases,26 virilising and salt-wasting cases and a non-classical case.In addition,17-OH progesterone(17-OHP) and testosterone were increased in 40 cases and the rest of 4 cases were not tested.Forty-one cases were given corticosteroid treatment and developed normally.Nine serious salt-wasting cases were further treated with 9-α-fludrocortisone as replacement.There were 3 cases that the patients quitted the treatment and died after discharged from the hospital.After hormone replacement therapy,hyperpigmentation and virilisation were improved obviously.The children′s sodium and kalium were recovered to the normal levels along with corrected acidosis.In addition,their growth rate almost turned back to normal.Conclusions The onset of CAH is usually in neonatal and infancy period,so neonatal screening is crucial for early diagnosis.The diagnosis of CAH cases usually is not difficult if combining biochemical findings and clinical characteristics.Biochemical findings include very high 17-OHP and testosterone values.Early quantum satis and long-term corticosteroid replacement therapy may improve the quality of life for CAH patients and ensure their normal growth.It suggests to start to treat CAH children with corticosteroid first.
Mapping the interaction footprint of Viral Immunoevasins on a “platform” MHC-I molecule using solution NMR spectroscopy (APP2P.102)

Mouse cytomegalovirus encodes immunoevasin proteins that interfere with MHC-I antigen presentation to CD8+ T cells and natural killer (NK) cells. Members of the m02-m16 family contribute to viral survival and infectivity. One member of this family (m04) binds MHC-I molecules in the endoplasmic reticulum and accompanies them to the cell surface, while the related m06 binds and directs MHC-I to endosomes. Despite many genetic and functional studies, the structural basis of the specificities and functions of these immunoevasins is poorly understood due largely to difficulty in co-crystallization with their MHC-I ligands. To bypass this bottleneck we have previously determined the structure of the m04 core domain, using a hybrid methodology that combines sparse datasets recorded from Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy with sophisticated Rosetta macromolecular modeling. The structure revealed a divergent Ig-like fold that is unique to this family of imunoevasins, with long loops that provide flexible scaffolds for MHC binding. Here, we employ solution NMR to map he interaction footprint of m06 on MHCI-I. We make use of a previously engineered α1α2 molecule based on H2-Ld that shows improved NMR spectral features and binding properties. This study provides insight into a key site on MHC-I “discovered” by the virus and helps us to understand the function of this important viral family with respect to T and NK cell MHC recognition.
Talc Granulomatosis: Case Report

A case of biopsy proven talc granulomatosis in an user who habitually injected cocaine over a period of eight years with symptomatic and variable improvement occuring during corticosteroid therapy
Tissue enrichment analysis for C. elegans genomics

Background Over the last ten years, there has been explosive development in methods for measuring gene expression. These methods can identify thousands of genes altered between conditions, but understanding these datasets and forming hypotheses based on them remains challenging. One way to analyze these datasets is to associate ontologies (hierarchical, descriptive vocabularies with controlled relations between terms) with genes and to look for enrichment of specific terms. Although Gene Ontology (GO) is available for Caenorhabditis elegans, it does not include anatomical information.
Amphetamine Abuse and Intracranial Hemorrhage

Eight young adults presenting with intracranial hemorrhage at the Department of Neurosurgery, Queen’s Medical Center and University Hospital, Nottingham, UK, in a 3 and 1/2 year period, were diagnosed with amphetamine abuse.
The current world status of bluetongue

Bluetongue (BT) is an infectious disease of ruminants caused by viruses of the genus orbivirus. Currently there are 24 known serotypes of bluetongue virus worldwide. These viruses have been recognized on six continents, Africa, North America, South America, Australia, Asia and Europe, and currently five continents (all but Europe) have infection. South Africa has the greatest number of serotypes, followed by Australia and the United States. BTV is a double stranded RNA virus. There are 10 strands of RNA which code for the 7 structural and 3 nonstructural proteins. Gene segments 2 and 5 code for viral proteins 2 and 5. These proteins make up the outer coat and VP2 is responsible for neutralizing antigens. VP3 and 7 are the major proteins that make up the core. The core proteins, particularly VP7, is important for bluetongue group specificity.
Shooting the Shooter: The Image of Professional Photographers in Contemporary Documentary Film

While scholars have reviewed characterizations of photographers in feature films, they have neglected the image of real-world photographers in the documentary genre. This study incorporates visual representation theory to engage with several of the ways in which documentary filmmakers use the visual aspects of motion pictures to glamorize the lives and careers of photographers. As witnessed in four case study films, the analysis of this research highlights film's ability to generate representative character types. Specific aesthetic conventions of filmmaking are found to affect the on-screen projections of the photographer-subjects. The mostly positive depictions of “celebrity” or noteworthy real-world photographers also suggest that the documentaries under study primarily exist as marketing or publicity materials for the professional and his or her body of work.
Characteristic symptoms and associated features of exploding head syndrome in undergraduates.

BackgroundExploding head syndrome (EHS) is characterized by loud noises or a sense of explosion in the head during sleep transitions. Though relatively common, little is known about its characteris...
PD-L1 expression and immune infiltrates in sarcoma.

10522 Background: Programmed death-1 (PD-1) is a member of the CD28 family of T-cell costimulatory receptors that attenuates immune responses by negatively regulating T-cell proliferation and function. The prognostic and predictive implications of programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) has been described in multiple malignancies but are unknown in sarcoma. We previously demonstrated PD-L1 expression by western blot and flow cytometry in 65% of sarcoma cell lines. We now examined PD-L1 expression by IHC in sarcoma specimens and tumor-associated immune cells and correlated expression with clinical parameters and outcomes. Methods: 50 sarcoma patients treated at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center who were consented to our IRB approved tissue procurement protocol were selected. Correlative clinical information was collected.Using the DAKO PD-L1 IHC assay and archival formalin-fixed paraffin embedded tissue specimens; PD-L1 expression was examined. Positive was defined as >1% of tumor cells (minimum of 100 eval...
Dendrimers — Nanoscopic Supermolecules According to Dendritic Rules and Principles

Chemistry is not just a science that involves the study of electron movement to rearrange and connect atoms. It is a philosophy, a way of thinking about the world. It is a way of thinking about die architecture, complexity and function of matter throughout the dimensional hierarchy of the universe, from the simplest atoms to the most complex phenomena-namely life itself. The ideas described here evolved from such a scientific and a philosophical perspective. They deal to a large extent with the analysis and mimicry of simple but pervasive patterns observed in Nature. Furthermore, they focus on the organization of monomer or branch cell units around atomic or molecular reference cores according to dendritic rules and principles. These synthetic constructions have allowed molecular level mimicry of pervasive architectural and mathematical patterns observed at either the macroscopic or at the atomic levels of matter.
Strontium-90 in Alaska: Alaskan Eskimos for whom the caribou is a dietary staple have a high strontium-90 concentration

Strontium-90 concentrations have been determined in a variety of foods used by the native population. Caribou from the tundra carry 10 to 20 times the level of domestic cattle. Eskimos for whom caribou is a staple in the diet are found to have four times the strontium-90 content of the average for the world population of the North Temperate Zone.
Representing Politico-Economic Knowledge

In order to understand an editorial, it is necessary to have knowledge of the domain underlying the issues addressed in that editorial. During editorial comprehension, domain-specific knowledge must be used to recognize and represent the beliefs, belief relationships, and argument units that compose the editorial’s argument graph. In the case of editorials such as ED-JOBS and ED-RESTRICTIONS (chapter 1, pages 3 and 15), the comprehension process involves dealing with one-sided arguments about protectionism.
18 – Integrating Dissolved Organic Matter Metabolism and Microbial Diversity: An Overview of Conceptual Models

Publisher Summary This chapter provides an overview of the principal conceptual models associated with various perspectives on microbial community organization and Dissolved Organic Matter (DOM) processing. The dynamics of heterotrophic microbial communities is a subject long hampered by technological limitations. The complexity and diversity associated with the microbial processing of dissolved organic nutrients has become a large template for research. Two types of models are included in this chapter: “pattern” models and “process” models. These models are classified into three research domains: (1) the community structure domain, (2) the biogeochemical domain, and (3) the trophic domain. The community structure approach has led to the establishment of the biofilm concept and to the realization that DOM structures the whole aqueous environment on a micrometer scale. The biogeochemical approach began with analyses of DOM characteristics, which led to the development of the size-reactivity model and to a steadily improving picture of the mechanics of bacterial nutrient transformation. The trophic approach can be traced to realization of the importance of bacteria in marine food webs—a finding that led to the microbial loop concept, then to a variety of higher resolution models that elucidate the way DOM source dynamics, competition for nutrients, and grazing control bacterial diversity and metabolism. Present models, taken collectively, provide a general picture of the structural and functional organization of bacteria in relation to DOM processing.
Structural basis for activation of SAGA histone acetyltransferase Gcn5 by partner subunit Ada2.

The Gcn5 histone acetyltransferase (HAT) subunit of the SAGA transcriptional coactivator complex catalyzes acetylation of histone H3 and H2B N-terminal tails, posttranslational modifications associated with gene activation. Binding of the SAGA subunit partner Ada2 to Gcn5 activates Gcn5’s intrinsically weak HAT activity on histone proteins, but the mechanism for this activation by the Ada2 SANT domain has remained elusive. We have employed Fab antibody fragments as crystallization chaperones to determine crystal structures of a yeast Ada2/Gcn5 complex. Our structural and biochemical results indicate that the Ada2 SANT domain does not activate Gcn5’s activity by directly affecting histone peptide binding as previously proposed. Instead, the Ada2 SANT domain enhances Gcn5 binding of the enzymatic cosubstrate acetyl-CoA. This finding suggests a mechanism for regulating chromatin modification enzyme activity: controlling binding of the modification cosubstrate instead of the histone substrate.
Evaluating the prognostic significance of visceral pleural invasion in stage IB non-small cell lung cancer that is less than or equal to 3 cm.

e18519 Background: Stage IB non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with visceral pleural invasion (VPI) is felt to be a high risk cancer that may benefit from adjuvant chemotherapy. We hypothesize that...
A statistical approach to identifying significant transgenerational methylation changes

Epigenetic aberrations have profound effects on phenotypic output. Genome-wide methylation alterations are inheritable to pass down the aberrations through multiple generations. We developed a statistical method, Genome-wide Identification of Significant Aberration in Methylation, GISAIM, to study the significant transgenerational methylation changes. GISAIM finds the significant methylation aberrations that are inherited through multiple generations. In a concrete biological study, we investigated whether exposing pregnant rats (F0) to a high fat (HF) diet throughout pregnancy or ethinyl-estradiol (EE2)-supplemented diet during gestation days 14–20 affects carcinogen-induced mammary cancer risk in daughters (Fl), granddaughters (F2) and great-granddaughters (F3). Mammary tumorigenesis was higher in daughters and granddaughters of HF rat dams, and in daughters, granddaughters and great-granddaughters of EE2 rat dams. Outcross experiments showed that increased mammary cancer risk was transmitted to HF granddaughters equally through the female or male germlines, but is only transmitted to EE2 granddaughters through the female germline. Transgenerational effect on mammary cancer risk was associated with increased expression of DNA methyltransferases, and across all three EE2 generations hypo-or hyper-methylation of the same 375 gene promoter regions in their mammary glands. Our study shows that maternal dietary estrogenic exposures during pregnancy can increase breast cancer risk in multiple generations of offspring, and the increase in risk may be inherited through non-genetic means, possibly involving DNA methylation.
Sample Mining and Data Mining: Combined Real-Time and Retrospective Approaches for the Identification of Emerging Novel Psychoactive Substances

Novel psychoactive substances (NPS) are synthetic drugs that pose serious public health and safety concerns. A multitude of NPS have been identified in the United States, often implicated in forensic investigations. The most common and effective manner for identifying NPS is by use of mass spectrometry and the true utility lies within nontargeted acquisition techniques. During this study, a liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF-MS) assay was developed, validated, and implemented for forensic toxicology testing. A SCIEX TripleTOF™ 5600 + with SWATH® acquisition was used. Resulting data were compared against an extensive library database containing more than 800 compounds. The LC-QTOF-MS assay was applied to the reanalysis of biological sample extracts to discover emergent NPS. More than 3,000 sample extracts were analyzed, and more than 20 emerging NPS were detected for the first time. Among these were isopropyl-U-47700, 3,4-methylenedioxy-U-47700, fluorofuranylfentanyl, N-methyl norfentanyl, 2F-deschloroketamine, 3,4-methylenedioxy-alpha-PHP, eutylone, and N-ethyl hexedrone.
Mandated greenhouse gas emissions and required SEC climate change disclosures

Abstract The U.S. federal government in 2010 required firms with industrial plants that emit carbon above a threshold amount to report these emissions to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) annually. Commencing in February 2010, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) requires all of its registrants that are impacted by climate change to disclose the nature of this impact in filings with the SEC. These two actions stand in sharp contrast to a government that failed to ratify the Kyoto Protocol despite being the largest producer of greenhouse gases (GHG) at the time the Protocol was being ratified by most of the nations of the world. Ironically, by requiring both disclosures of GHG emissions by plants and climate change impacts by companies the U.S. government may be creating a system that actually mitigates any impact that disclosure of GHG emissions may have on the company. A company that emits a disproportionate amount of GHG may, through climate change disclosures, provide information that seems to lessen the impact of that disclosure. It is the intent of this study to determine if there is any relationship between the amount of GHG emissions and the extent of climate change disclosures. We found empirical evidence of a direct relationship between the amount of GHG emissions and the extensiveness of climate change disclosure. Firms maybe using the SEC climate change disclosures to obscure their climate change performance rather than to appropriately inform stakeholders of the impacts of climate change on their company then that would render these disclosures as being mere propaganda. This type of misinformation is termed “green-washing’ in the business ethics and environmental literature.
To File or Not to File? How EEOC Claims Change with the Economy:

Discrimination and sexual harassment are pervasive problems in today’s organizations. Traditionally, individual variables such as justice and power are used to study an employee’s response to discr...
Time Domain Robust Control Design for Linear Quadratic Regulators by Perturbation Bound Analysis

Abstract This paper addresses the aspect of designing robust controllers for Linear Quadratic (LQ) Regulators in time domain. Upper bounds, available in the literature, on the linear perturbation of an asymptotically stable optimal linear regulator for robust stability and robust regulation are unified into a single framework, both for ‘structured’ and ‘unstructured’ perturbations. Introducing a quantitative measure called ‘Performance (Regulation) Robustness Index’, a design algorithm in the standard optimal linear regulator format is presented by which one can achieve a trade off between nominal performance and regulation robustness. The proposed design using this ‘Perturbation Bound Analysis’ is illustrated with the help of a simple example and results are discussed. The extensions of this methodology to dynamic compensator design and Linear Quadratic Gaussian (LQG) regulators are explored.
Equity and diversity in health, physical activity, and education: connecting the past, mapping the present, and exploring the future

The purpose of this paper is to introduce the special issue on equity and diversity in health, physical activity, and education. We (Dillon and Sara) start the introduction by explaining our relati...
Telehealth Interprofessional Education: Benefits, Desires, and Concerns of Counselor Trainees

Telehealth involves health services using technology to provide care remotely. Growth in use, 53% from 2016-to-2017, increases the need for related training. Consensual qualitative research with 11...
A class of generalized linear mixed models adjusted for marginal interpretability

Two popular approaches for relating correlated measurements of a non-Gaussian response variable to a set of predictors are to fit a marginal model using generalized estimating equations and to fit a generalized linear mixed model (GLMM) by introducing latent random variables. The first approach is effective for parameter estimation, but leaves one without a formal model for the data with which to assess quality of fit or make individual-level predictions for future observations. The second approach overcomes these deficiencies, but leads to parameter estimates that must be interpreted conditional on the latent variables. To obtain marginal summaries, one needs to evaluate an analytically intractable integral or use attenuation factors as an approximation. Further, we note an unpalatable implication of the standard GLMM. To resolve these issues, we turn to a class of marginally interpretable GLMMs that lead to parameter estimates with a marginal interpretation while maintaining the desirable statistical properties of a conditionally specified model and avoiding problematic implications. We establish the form of these models under the most commonly used link functions and address computational issues. For logistic mixed effects models, we introduce an accurate and efficient method for evaluating the logistic-normal integral.
The Relationship Between Stimulation Current and Functional Site Localization During Brain Mapping.

Background Gliomas are often in close proximity to functional regions of the brain; therefore, electrocortical stimulation (ECS) mapping is a common technique utilized during glioma resection to identify functional areas. Stimulation-induced seizure (SIS) remains the most common reason for aborted procedures. Few studies have focused on oncological factors impacting cortical stimulation thresholds. Objective To examine oncological factors thought to impact stimulation threshold in order to understand whether a linear relationship exists between stimulation current and number of functional cortical sites identified. Methods We retrospectively reviewed single-institution prospectively collected brain mapping data of patients with dominant hemisphere gliomas. Comparisons of stimulation threshold were made using t-tests and ANOVAs. Associations between oncologic factors and stimulation threshold were made using multivariate regressions. The association between stimulation current and number of positive sites was made using a Poisson model. Results Of the 586 patients included in the study, SIS occurred in 3.92% and the rate of SIS events differed by cortical location (frontal 8.5%, insular 1.6%, parietal 1.3%, and temporal 2.8%; P = .009). Stimulation current was lower when mapping frontal cortex (P = .002). Stimulation current was not associated with tumor plus peritumor edema volume, world health organization) (WHO grade, histology, or isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) mutation status but was associated with tumor volume within the frontal lobe (P = .018). Stimulation current was not associated with number of positive sites identified during ECS mapping (P = .118). Conclusion SISs are rare but serious events during ECS mapping. SISs are most common when mapping the frontal lobe. Greater stimulation current is not associated with the identification of more cortical functional sites during glioma surgery.