cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Androgen biosynthesis in castration-resistant prostate cancer

Prostate cancer is the second leading cause of death in adult males in the USA. Recent advances have revealed that the fatal form of this cancer, known as castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), remains hormonally driven despite castrate levels of circulating androgens. CRPC arises as the tumor undergoes adaptation to low levels of androgens by either synthesizing its own androgens (intratumoral androgens) or altering the androgen receptor (AR). This article reviews the major routes to testosterone and dihydrotestosterone synthesis in CRPC cells and examines the enzyme targets and progress in the development of isoform-specific inhibitors that could block intratumoral androgen biosynthesis. Because redundancy exists in these pathways, it is likely that inhibition of a single pathway will lead to upregulation of another so that drug resistance would be anticipated. Drugs that target multiple pathways or bifunctional agents that block intratumoral androgen biosynthesis and antagonize the AR offer the most promise. Optimal use of enzyme inhibitors or AR antagonists to ensure maximal benefits to CRPC patients will also require application of precision molecular medicine to determine whether a tumor in a particular patient will be responsive to these treatments either alone or in combination.
Experimental observation of a phase transition in the filament generation process in Kerr media

This work presents phase transition observation in the filament generation process in Kerr media. This study presents experimental and numerical results on the dependence of the beam filamentation on input power and propagation length.
INSULIN‐LIKE GROWTH FACTOR AND ITS CARRIER PROTEIN IN HYPOPITUITARY AND HYPOTHYROID CHILDREN AND ADULTS

SUMMARY Utilizing radioligand assays for the somatomedin, insulin-like growth factor (IGF), and its carrier protein (CP), we have compared their serum levels in normal subjects with those in patients with hypopituitarism and hypothyroidism. The mean (±SEM) serum IGF concentration in children (n= 32, 2–13 yr, 929 ± 46 μU/ml) was virtually identical to that in adults (n= 20, 18–50 yr, 916·29 μU/ml), while CP levels in the former (1·8 ± 0·1 mg/ml) were significantly lower (P < 0·01) than in the latter (2·9 ± 0·1 mg/ml). Both serum IGF and CP were significantly decreased (P < 0·001) in hypopituitary children (n= 5, 6–8 yr, 377 ± 52 μU/ml and 0·9 ± 0·1 mg/ml respectively). Likewise, serum IGF and CP were significantly reduced (P < 0·05) in hypothyroid children (n= 10, 1–15 yr, 497 ± 24 μU/ml and 0·8 ± 0·1 mg/ml respectively) and adults (n= 12, 25–55 yr, 723 ± 40 μU/ml and 1·8 ± 0·2 mg/ml respectively). Growth hormone therapy (4 days) significantly increased (P < 0·05) serum IGF in hypopituitary children (336 ± 80 to 559 ± 59 μU/ml) but did not change the CP level (0·7 ± 0·2 to 0·7 ± 0·1 mg/ml). Thyroxine therapy (4–8 months) significantly increased (P < 0·05) both serum IGF and CP levels in hypothyroid children (497 ± 24 to 666 ± 38 μU/ml, and 0·8 ± 0·1 to 1·0 ± 0·1 mg/ml respectively) but had no effect in adults (723 ± 40 to 937 ± 132 μU/ml, and 1·8 ± 0·2 to 2·1 ± 0·2 mg/ml respectively). These studies indicate that growth retardation in children with hypopituitarism and hypothyroidism is associated with significant reductions in serum IGF and CP levels that are corrected, at least in part, by adequate hormone replacement therapy.
N‐Methoxy‐N‐methylacetamide

[78191-00-1] C4H9NO2 (MW 103.14) InChI = 1S/C4H9NO2/c1-4(6)5(2)7-3/h1-3H3 InChIKey = OYVXVLSZQHSNDK-UHFFFAOYSA-N (acetylation of carbon nucleophiles; formation and transient protection of ketones; C-nucleophile in enolate anion condensations; preparation of aldehydes) Physical Data: bp 40–44 °C/20 mmHg.2 Solubility: sol ether and other organic solvents. Analysis of Reagent Purity: 1H NMR δ 2.12, 3.18, 3.70; 13C NMR δ 19.58, 31.98, 60.86, 171.59; IR (neat) 2950, 1670, 1410, 1380 cm−1.2 Preparative Method: reaction of Acetyl Chloride with commercially available N,O-Dimethylhydroxylamine hydrochloride in pyridine, followed by distillation at reduced pressure (65%).2 Handling, Storage, and Precautions: the compound is stable but should be protected from moisture; use in a fume hood.
Gene Model Annotations for Drosophila melanogaster: Impact of High-Throughput Data

We report the current status of the FlyBase annotated gene set for Drosophila melanogaster and highlight improvements based on high-throughput data. The FlyBase annotated gene set consists entirely of manually annotated gene models, with the exception of some classes of small non-coding RNAs. All gene models have been reviewed using evidence from high-throughput datasets, primarily from the modENCODE project. These datasets include RNA-Seq coverage data, RNA-Seq junction data, transcription start site profiles, and translation stop-codon read-through predictions. New annotation guidelines were developed to take into account the use of the high-throughput data. We describe how this flood of new data was incorporated into thousands of new and revised annotations. FlyBase has adopted a philosophy of excluding low-confidence and low-frequency data from gene model annotations; we also do not attempt to represent all possible permutations for complex and modularly organized genes. This has allowed us to produce a high-confidence, manageable gene annotation dataset that is available at FlyBase (http://flybase.org). Interesting aspects of new annotations include new genes (coding, non-coding, and antisense), many genes with alternative transcripts with very long 3′ UTRs (up to 15–18 kb), and a stunning mismatch in the number of male-specific genes (approximately 13% of all annotated gene models) vs. female-specific genes (less than 1%). The number of identified pseudogenes and mutations in the sequenced strain also increased significantly. We discuss remaining challenges, for instance, identification of functional small polypeptides and detection of alternative translation starts.
The Oxidative Stressor Arsenite Activates Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor mRNA Transcription by an ATF4-dependent Mechanism

Aberrant retinal expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) leading to neovascularization is a central feature of age-related macular degeneration and diabetic retinopathy, two leading causes of vision loss. Oxidative stress is suggested to occur in retinal tissue during age-related macular degeneration and diabetic retinopathy and is suspected in the mechanism of VEGF expression in these diseases. Arsenite, a thiol-reactive oxidative stressor, induces VEGF expression by a HIF-1alpha-independent mechanism. Previously, we demonstrated that homocysteine, an endoplasmic reticulum stressor, increases VEGF transcription by a mechanism dependent upon activating transcription factor ATF4. Because ATF4 is expressed in response to oxidative stress, we hypothesized that ATF4 was also responsible for increased VEGF transcription in response to arsenite. We now show that arsenite increased steady state levels of VEGF mRNA and activated transcription from a VEGF promoter construct. Arsenite induced eIF2alpha phosphorylation, resulting in increased ATF4 protein levels. Inactivation or loss of ATF4 greatly diminished the VEGF response to arsenite treatment. Overexpression of ATF4 was sufficient to activate the VEGF promoter, and arsenite cooperated with exogenous ATF4 to further activate the promoter. A complex containing ATF4 binds a DNA element at +1767 bp relative to the VEGF transcription start site, and DNA binding activity is increased by arsenite treatment. In addition, the ability of a thiol antioxidant, N-acetylcysteine, to inhibit the effect of arsenite on VEGF expression coincided with its ability to inhibit phosphorylation of eIF2alpha and ATF4 protein expression. Thus, arsenite-induced up-regulation of VEGF gene transcription occurs by an ATF4-dependent mechanism.
Benefits of Liraglutide Treatment in Overweight and Obese Older Individuals With Prediabetes

OBJECTIVE The aim was to evaluate the ability of liraglutide to augment weight loss and improve insulin resistance, cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors, and inflammation in a high-risk population for type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and CVD. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We randomized 68 older individuals (mean age, 58 ± 8 years) with overweight/obesity and prediabetes to this double-blind study of liraglutide 1.8 mg versus placebo for 14 weeks. All subjects were advised to decrease calorie intake by 500 kcal/day. Peripheral insulin resistance was quantified by measuring the steady-state plasma glucose (SSPG) concentration during the insulin suppression test. Traditional CVD risk factors and inflammatory markers also were assessed. RESULTS Eleven out of 35 individuals (31%) assigned to liraglutide discontinued the study compared with 6 out of 33 (18%) assigned to placebo ( P = 0.26). Subjects who continued to use liraglutide ( n = 24) lost twice as much weight as those using placebo ( n = 27; 6.8 vs. 3.3 kg; P < 0.001). Liraglutide-treated subjects also had a significant improvement in SSPG concentration (−3.2 vs. 0.2 mmol/L; P < 0.001) and significantly ( P ≤ 0.04) greater lowering of systolic blood pressure (−8.1 vs. −2.6 mmHg), fasting glucose (−0.5 vs. 0 mmol/L), and triglyceride (−0.4 vs. −0.1 mmol/L) concentration. Inflammatory markers did not differ between the two groups, but pulse increased after liraglutide treatment (6.4 vs. −0.9 bpm; P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS The addition of liraglutide to calorie restriction significantly augmented weight loss and improved insulin resistance, systolic blood pressure, glucose, and triglyceride concentration in this population at high risk for development of T2DM and CVD.
METRIC ENTROPY, WIDTHS, AND SUPERPOSITIONS OF FUNCTIONS

Abstract : An introduction is given to some recent developments connected with properties of compact sets of continuous functions. Complete proofs are not given, but their main ideas are explained. (Author)
Spectra and energy levels of sodiumlike ions from Y 28+ to Sn 39+

Spectra of ten sodiumlike ions from Y28+ to Sn39+ were observed with laser-produced plasmas and grazing-mcidence spectrographs. Wavelengths, energy levels, and ionization energies were determined for all ions of the isoelectronic sequence from Y to Sn. Revised ab initio and fitted values are given for the 3d–4f wavelengths of the sodiumlike ions K8+ and Rh34+.
Technology diversity and development: Evidence from China's industrial enterprises

A stylized fact of technical change in developing economies is that of Harrod-neutral labor augmenting technical change arising from capital deepening. While in the aggregate this pattern of technical change is widely observed, at the firm level a variety of channels of technical change and factor biases are possible. Using a large set of firm-level panel data for China’s industrial enterprises, this paper identifies three channels of technical change, each associated with a different pattern of factor bias and underlying firm objective. Autonomous, time-dependent capital-using technical change drives the neoclassical growth process. Robustly labor-using and capital- and energy-savings in-house R&D capitalizes on China’s comparative advantage, and the purchase of imported technologies, which are comparatively capital using, focuses on new product development. As part of its task, internal R&D adapts imported technology to make it more "appropriate" (i.e. less capital using). These diversified channels of technical change reveal a pattern of developing country technical change that is far more diversified than that suggested by the conventional growth literature.
Maximal adherence and invasion of INT 407 cells by Campylobacter jejuni requires the CadF outer-membrane protein and microfilament reorganization

The binding of Campylobacter jejuni to fibronectin (Fn), a component of the extracellular matrix, is mediated by a 37 kDa outer-membrane protein termed CadF for Campylobacter adhesion to fibronectin. The specificity of C. jejuni binding to Fn, via CadF, was demonstrated using antibodies reactive against Fn and CadF. More specifically, the anti-CadF antibody reduced the binding of two C. jejuni clinical isolates to immobilized Fn by greater than 50 %. Furthermore, a C. jejuni wild-type isolate, in contrast to the isogenic CadF mutant, was found to compete with another C. jejuni wild-type isolate for host cell receptors. Given the relationship between the pericellular Fn matrix and the cytoskeleton, the involvement of host cell cytoskeletal components in C. jejuni internalization was also examined. Cytochalasin D and mycalolide B microfilament depolymerizing agents resulted in a significant reduction in C. jejuni invasion. Studies targeting paxillin, a focal adhesion signalling molecule, identified an increased level of tyrosine phosphorylation upon C. jejuni infection of INT 407 cells. Collectively, these data suggest CadF promotes the binding of C. jejuni to Fn, which in turn stimulates a signal transduction pathway involving paxillin.
Time series and neural networks comparison on gold, oil and the euro

Gold, oil, and the euro are three very important economic markets that have been studied individually by numerous authors. But certain basic questions about their inter-relationships since the year 2000 remain unaddressed. Gold has been an important commodity for several centuries. Oil's importance grew during the 20th century, and the euro has become important during the 21st. Standard economic analysis allows us to hypothesize about a specific relationship and test for it, and a neural network gives us the ability to identify important variables in a forecast without forming a prior hypothesis about the relationship of each variable to the target. This paper analyzes the inter-relationships among the price behavior of gold, oil and the euro using a standard time series methodology then employs neural networks to build a forecast for each of the three variables. We then compare the results of the neural network to those implied by the time series tests. The statistical evidence of time series analysis demonstrates that both short-term and long-term relationships exist between the three variables. Both the time series and neural network results indicate that the series move together though they identify slightly different relationships. The time series results imply that oil adjusts to gold, the euro and oil have equal affects on each other, and the weakest relationship is between gold and the euro. The neural network indicates that oil impacts gold more than gold impacts oil, oil's affect on the euro is greater than the euro's effect on oil and last, gold's impact on the euro is greater and faster than the euro's impact on gold.
Electrochemically Stable Rechargeable Lithium–Sulfur Batteries with a Microporous Carbon Nanofiber Filter for Polysulfide

As a primary component in lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries, the separator may require a custom design in order to facilitate electrochemical stability and reversibility. Here, a custom separator with an activated carbon nanofiber (ACNF)-filter coated onto a polypropylene membrane is presented. The entire configuration is comprised of the ACNF filter arranged adjacent to the sulfur cathode so that it can filter out the freely migrating polysulfides and suppress the severe polysulfide diffusion. Four differently optimized ACNF-filter-coated separators have been developed with tunable micropores as an investigation into the electrochemical and engineering design parameters of functionalized separators. The optimized parameters that are verified by electrochemical and microstructural analyses require the coated ACNF filter to possess the following: (i) a porous architecture with abundant micropores, (ii) small micropore sizes, and (iii) high electrical conductivity and effective electrolyte immersion. It is found that the ACNF20-filter-coated separator demonstrates an overall superior boost in the electrochemical utilization (discharge capacity: 1270 mA h g−1) and polysulfide retention (capacity fade rate: 0.13% cycle−1 after 200 cycles). These results show that the modified thin-film-coating technique is a viable approach to designing ultratough ACNF-filter-coated separators with outstanding mechanical strength and flexibility as an advanced component in Li–S cells.
States With More Physicians Have Better-Quality Health Care

As efforts begin to expand the physician workforce in response to deepening shortages of physicians, attention has focused on the value of what physicians do. There is a widely held belief that states with more specialists have poorer-quality health care, while quality is better in states with more family physicians. This is myth. Quality is better in states with more physicians, both specialists and family physicians. Access depends on total physician supply, irrespective of specialty. Population density, per capita income, and regional factors all influence this relationship, but the data are unequivocal.
Stachybotrys chartarum-Induced Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis Is TLR9 Dependent

Hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP), an inflammatory lung disease, develops after repeated exposure to inhaled particulate antigen and is characterized by a vigorous T helper type 1-mediated immune response, resulting in the release of IL-12 and interferon (IFN)-γ. These T helper type 1 cytokines may participate in the pathogenesis of HP. Stachybotrys chartarum (SC) is a dimorphic fungus implicated in a number of respiratory illnesses, including HP. Here, we have developed a murine model of SC-induced HP that reproduces pathology observed in human HP and hypothesized that toll receptor-like 9 (TLR9)-mediated dendritic cell responses are required for the generation of granulomatous inflammation induced by inhaled SC. Mice sensitized and challenged with 106 SC spores develop granulomatous inflammation with multinucleate giant cells, accompanied by increased accumulation of neutrophils and CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. SC sensitization and challenge resulted in robust pulmonary expression of tumor necrosis factor-α, IL-12, and IFN-γ. SC-mediated granulomatous inflammation required IFN-γ and was TLR9 dependent, because TLR9−/− mice displayed reduced peribronchial inflammation, decreased accumulation and/or activation of polymorphonuclear (PMN) and CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, and reduced lung expression of type 1 cytokines and chemokines. T-cell production of IFN-γ was IL-12 dependent. Our studies suggest that TLR9 is critical for dendritic cell-mediated development of a type 1 granulomatous inflammation in the lung in response to SC.
The Influence of Terrain-Induced Circulations on Wintertime Temperature and Snow Level in the Washington Cascades

Abstract This paper describes the mesoscale distribution of temperature and snow level in the Washington Cascades. During the winter months, when the Cascades separate relatively cold continental air to the east from warmer marine air to the west, easterly gap flows draw cold air into the major mountain passes, producing snow levels that are several hundred meters lower than over nongap locations west of the Cascade crest. Rapid warming episodes occur in these passes when winds shift from easterly to westerly, resulting in dangerous avalanche conditions. Synoptic composites indicate that such warming episodes are usually associated with the passage of a frontal system and associated pressure trough. An observational and numerical modeling case study details the mesoscale aspects of one such rapid warming event that occurred during the landfall of the January 1993 Inauguration Day cyclone. Ahead of the landfalling cyclone, synoptic-scale warm advection increased temperatures west of the Cascade crest while...
Real Time Graphical Techniques for Analyzing Multivariate Data

The Orion I workstation is an experimental computer graphics system, built at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center in 1980–81. It is used to study applications of recent developments in computer graphics technology to statistics. Orion I is the newest of several descendants of an earlier system built at SLAC called Prim 9. The principal common feature of “Prim” systems is the use of real-time motion graphics to display three-dimensional scatter plots. We demonstrate some of the more basic methods for data analysis in our film “Exploring Data with Orion I”.
DISTRIBUTION OF THE RADIMELLA CONFRAGOSA GROUP (OSTRACODA, HEMICYTHERINAE) IN THE LATE NEOGENE OF THE CARIBBEAN

Five different forms are recognized within the shallow marine, subtropical Radimella confragosa group, four are carried in open nomenclature. Radimella con- fragosa (Edwards), Radimella confragosa form A, and Radimella sp. 1 first appear at about the Miocene-Pliocene boundary (base N 18 or uppermost N 17). Radimella confragosa is the only species of this group occurring over the whole area, disappearing during the Pleistocene. Fossil and Holocene distribution of Radimella confragosa form A appears to be confined to the Greater Antilles (except western Cuba), part of the Bahamas and the northern Lesser Antilles. Radimella sp. 1 appears to be confined to early Pliocene sediments of the Caribbean south shores. Radimella sp. 2 makes its ap- pearance in the latest Pliocene or Pleistocene; it has not been found in northern South America and its recent distribution is in a belt from Panama, along Central America, following the Antilles arc to St. Lucia. Radimella sp. 3 is only known from Holocene deposits in a belt from Panama along the coast of South America, the Antillean arc and the Florida peninsula. Some of these restricted distributions are thought to be the result of differential temperature tolerance of the different forms. H shifted from one genus of the Hemi- cytherinae to another (Aurila, Mutilus) until Pokorn' (1969) described the new genus Radimella, in which he specifically included this species. It has also been noticed that probably more than one species was included in this particular group, which has widespread distribution in the Caribbean; hence the use of the name Radimella ex gr. confragosa (Edwards) for species from Pliocene to Recent in this area. Up to the present not sufficient material had been studied from different areas to allow a reliable separation into different species, but it was suspected that some of them might have a more restricted geographic or stratigraphic range and that these restric- tions may be the result of differences in temperature tolerance of the various forms. Representative material has been deposited in the H. V. Howe Collection at the Museum of Geoscience, Louisiana State University, Baton
State-Owned Enterprise Reform in Latin America: Issues and Possible Solutions

This paper examines the challenges governments in Latin America face to control their state-owned enterprises (SOEs). It argues that, absent privatization, governments can rely on a variety of reforms to address some of the main problems affecting SOEs. These problems are divided into corporate governance problems, which include agency and multiple-principals problems, and the fiscal governance problem, which has to do with the discretionary nature of the fiscal relationship between the government and its enterprises. Then the paper discusses a variety of solutions for each of these problems. Rather than providing a single recipe, it argues that governments can design governance mechanisms that rely on the market (e.g., by partially privatizing a firm and listing it on a stock exchange), on ex-ante administrative controls, or on hybrid solutions that combine both. Thus, the paper argues that the mechanisms to deal with the problems of SOEs have to be designed on a case-by-case basis, taking into account the specific problems of the public enterprise in question and the economic (and political) environment affecting it.
Quantized Space-Time

It is usually assumed that space-time is a continuum. This assumption is not required by Lorentz invariance. In this paper we give an example of a Lorentz invariant discrete space-time.
TeachScheme, ReachJava!: tutorial presentation

Attract participants to our series of NSF-sponsored week-long workshops Free Week-Long Faculty Development Workshops Summer 2008 (will repeat in 2009) http://www.teach-scheme.org/
The Cobata colossal head: an unfinished Olmec monument?

Cet article est consacre a l'etude de la tete d'un colosse Cobata mise au jour a Cerro El Vigia. La comparaison du style et du dessin de cette statue olmeque avec d'autres de la meme region amene l'A a la conclusion de son inachevement.
Michigan hockey, meteoric precipitation, and rhythmicity of accumulation on peritidal carbonate platforms

On Saturday afternoon March 30, 1996, the University of Michigan hockey team won the 1996 National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I national championship. Durations between Wolverine goals, between opponent goals, and between all goals during the preceding 40-game regular season each describe an exponential distribution in which duration frequency depends only on number of shots on goal and probability of success. Compared to opponent scores, University of Michigan between-goal duration frequencies describe a trend having a steeper slope (University of Michigan shot better) and a higher intercept (University of Michigan took more shots). Over much of the past 100 yr, meteoric precipitation on Ann Arbor occurred during 11 949 days. Time durations of the 6401 precipitation episodes that occurred over this interval, as well as durations of contiguous days of precipitation and contiguous days of drought, each define an exponential distribution in which duration frequency is largely defined by total interval length (35 101 days) and probability of precipitation (34%). Roadcuts near Wytheville, Virginia, provide spectacular exposures of a 303.7-m-thick section of peritidal carbonate in the Middle to Upper Cambrian Elbrook and Conococheague Formations. Stratigraphic durations (thicknesses) of the 527 lithologic units within this sequence, of the 265 “cyclic” upward-shallowing lithofacies associations that can be designated over this interval, and of stratigraphic intervals between recurrences of like lithofacies, also define exponential distributions wherein frequency of stratigraphic recurrence is only dependent on the total thickness and net abundance of designated stratal elements. Frequency of goal scoring, and frequency and/or magnitude of meteoric precipitation can be described in terms of random, independent processes at short time scales. Similarly, exponential distributions of lithologic and “cyclic” thickness frequencies at Wytheville, Virginia (as well as in most other epicratonic peritidal sequences), indicate that meter-scale variation in carbonate deposition was predominantly controlled by stochastic (Poisson) processes that were largely unrelated to recurrent intrabasinal or extrabasinal forcing and/or to periodic (rhythmic) sediment accumulation.
Pediatric Ankle and Foot Injuries

An understanding of the pediatric bony anatomy is necessary to guide the evaluation and treatment of children who present with injuries of the ankle and foot. All bones can be involved in a fracture, including Salter-Harris fractures of the distal tibia and fibula and a variety of foot fractures. Of special consideration are the Tillaux, Triplane, Lisfranc, Jones, and avulsion of the fifth metatarsal fractures. Treatment of each patient must be individualized and determined by fracture type, severity and displacement, and patient age. The goal of treatment is satisfactory reduction with avoidance of complications, specifically physeal damage or arrest. Follow-up with an orthopedic surgeon after the acute visit is necessary for long-term monitoring. Instructions for patients after evaluation include cast care and reasons to return to the emergency department.
How to enhance the immunity of LTE systems against RF spoofing

Long Term Evolution (LTE) networks offer high-speed wireless access to meet the increasing demand in user traffic. LTE technology is also considered for mission-critical networks. Hence, it is critical to ensure that the LTE system performs effectively even in harsh signaling environments. This paper analyzes the effect of different levels of radio frequency (RF) spoofing applied to LTE. The simplest form of spoofing is LTE synchronization signal spoofing, where standard-compliant primary and secondary synchronization sequences are transmitted by a fake cell. More sophisticated RF spoofing attacks include transmitting some of the LTE control messages, without the ability to exchange the authentication keys. The experimental results show that LTE control channel spoofing can cause permanent denial of service for user equipment during the cell selection process. We provide the technical explanation for this using the LTE specifications. Mitigation techniques are proposed to effectively enhance the immunity of LTE systems against targeted interference and ensure that it is secure and available when and where needed.
Abstract 51: Sortilin 1 Promotes Matrix Vesicle-Mediated Vascular Microcalcification via Rab11 Trafficking and C-Terminal Phosphorylation

Background: Arterial microcalcification predicts cardiovascular events and contributes to plaque rupture. We recently demonstrated that matrix vesicles (MVs) participate in the formation of microcalcifications. Yet, the precise mechanisms by which MVs regulate calcification in atheroma remain unknown. We hypothesized that sortilin 1, a protein associated with arterial calcification in GWAS, promotes calcification via its phosphorylation and recruitment to MVs. Results: We detected sortilin 1 in calcified MVs of human plaques using transmission electron microscopy-based immunogold labeling. Sortilin 1 loading into MVs increased in sortilin 1-overexpressing smooth muscle cells (SMCs), and rose further in MVs derived from calcifying SMCs. Nanoparticle tracking analysis indicated no alteration in MV release. Silencing sortilin 1 reduced tissue non-specific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP) activity within MVs (-45%; p<0.01), whereas sortilin 1 overexpression promoted TNAP activity within MVs twofold (p<0.05). Silencing Rab11 reduced sortilin 1 protein (-44%, p<0.01) as well as TNAP activity (-34%, p<0.01) and mineralization (-36%, p<0.01). Further, silencing Rab11 abolished the induction of TNAP activity by sortilin 1 overexpression. We used a mass spectrometry-based strategy to monitor sortilin 1 post-translational modifications in calcifying SMCs and identified a calcification-dependent phosphorylation within the C-terminal domain. Mutations on Ser825 and Ser819, which prevented sortilin 1 phosphorylation, 1) abolished SMC TNAP activity (-43%; p<0.05) and calcification (-72%; p<0.05), 2) mitigated TNAP activity (-36%; p<0.05) and hydroxyapatite content (-34%; p<0.05) in MVs, and 3) prevented loading of sortilin 1 into MVs. In contrast, mutations on Ser825 and Ser819 that mimic a constitutive active phosphorylation enhanced TNAP activity without affecting sortilin 1 expression. Conclusion: Sortilin 1 promotes MV-mediated vascular microcalcification via Rab11 trafficking and C-terminal phosphorylation. Our data provide mechanistic insight into the correlation between sortilin 1 and calcification and identifies sortilin 1 as a potential therapeutic target to modulate the formation of microcalcifications.
Built-in piezoelectrics for processing and health monitoring of composite structures

This paper presents on-going research for developing advanced composite structures with built-in piezoelectrics which will be capable of self-monitoring of the manufacturing process and self-diagnosing of service-induced damage. For manufacturing monitoring, diagnostic waves generated by a built-in piezoactuator were monitored by a nearby built-in piezo-electric during a cure. Experiments have demonstrated that the changes in the diagnostic waves monitored during a cure could be utilized to evaluate the quality of the finished components. For in-service damage detection, the current work was focused on diagnosing service-induced impact damage. Based on distributed piezo-sensor measurements, a model and a computer code, IDIMPACT, were developed which can estimate both the impact force and location in a composite plate. It is shown that impact damage in composites can be detected by selecting appropriate Lamb waves generated from built-in piezoceramics. (Author)
CLINICAL PRACTICE. Diabetic Sensory and Motor Neuropathy.

Key Clinical PointsDiabetic Sensory and Motor Neuropathy Symptoms of distal symmetric motor and sensory polyneuropathy may be “positive” (manifested as sensations of tingling, burning, or stabbing pain) or “negative” (manifested as sensory loss, weakness, or numbness). These symptoms occur in one third of patients with type 1 or 2 diabetes. Decreased sensation confers a predisposition to painless foot ulcers and to amputations. Proprioceptive impairment leads to imbalance and unsteadiness in gait and to an increased likelihood of falls and serious traumatic injury. Laboratory testing should be used to rule out other causes of neuropathy, including vitamin B12 deficiency, which may occur with metformin use. Lifestyle interventions (diet and exercise) may restore nerve fibers, and exercises that improve strength and balance may reduce the risk of falls. Medications most commonly used in pain management include anticonvulsants (particularly gabapentin and pregabalin), tricyclic antidepressants, and serotonin...
The Emotional Significance of Punishment

The article explains the emotional significance of punishment in the law and in common life.
H. J. Muller's role in evolutionary biology

It is customary, in discussions of modern theories of evolution, to pay tribute to the three giants — R. A. Fisher, J. B. S. Haldane, and Sewall Wright. It is more than customary, it is de rigueur. Some of their contemporaries who also had a large influence through research or writing were G. G. Simpson, Th. Dobzhansky, S. S. Tschetverikoff, E. Mayr, J. S. Huxley, N. W. Timofeeff-Ressovsky, A. H. Sturtevant, and G. L. Stebbins. And of course a subject so central to biology has had many other contributors. Yet, I have omitted one important name.
Investigation of a large school-based outbreak of tuberculosis infection in Eastern China

Abstract Background School-based tuberculosis (TB) happens frequently in Eastern China. This study aims to identify the risk factors of a school-based TB outbreak in Eastern China and actions that could be taken to prevent future similar school TB outbreaks. Methods A retrospective cohort study was conducted to quantify the risk of developing TB, while a retrospective review was conducted to identify the contributing factors of the outbreak. Results A total of 411 students were in the same school year as the index case; 25 students with TB were detected. The index case was a 19 year-old male student diagnosed with cavitary smear-positive TB 40 days after complaining of TB symptoms. Being in the same class as the index case resulted in a significantly higher risk of having active TB (OR = 35.2, 95% CI = 11.7–105.9). Contacts with the same sex as index case were at a 3.5-times higher risk of having TB than were female contacts. Participants with a Mantoux testing result ≥10 mm induration were at a 7.2-times higher risk of having TB than those with testing result Conclusions TB contacts with the same sex as index case had a higher risk of having TB. Delayed diagnosis, lack of preventive treatment, and no follow-ups were the typical contributing factors of the outbreak. The capacity of the health authorities should be enhanced to guarantee a proper response to school-based TB outbreaks in Eastern China.
Tracing Transatlantic Circles: Manufacturing Cosmopolitanism in Music and Literature during the Late Nineteenth Century.

ABSTRACTContemporaries Edvard Grieg (1843–1907) and Edward MacDowell (1860–1908) shared a similar goal of dismantling the label of “national artist” in favor of constructing a broader cosmopolitan identity. Although they never met, their mutual appreciation was symptomatic of a deeper affinity: an aesthetic style marked by ambivalence and detachment rather than national pandering. This struggle did not occur in isolation, as their correspondence candidly acknowledges. Each composer fostered a multi-layered worldview based upon the values concurrently advanced by their literary colleagues, including Hamlin Garland (1860–1940), Arne Garborg (1851–1924), and Knut Hamsun (1859–1952). An intertextual analysis of the cosmopolitan conditions that simultaneously emerged across disciplinary boundaries offers an examination of the role played by the composers’ cosmopolitan imagination in manufacturing new modes of heterogeneity amidst the dynamic interaction of cultural borders.
Molecularly imprinted polymers labeled with amino-functionalized carbon dots for fluorescent determination of 2,4-dinitrotoluene

The authors have prepared amino-functionalized carbon dots (AC-dots) and applied them to fluorescently label a molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) prepared by using 2,4-dinitrotoluene (DNT) as a template. Since DNT can retard vinyl polymerization, poly(methyl acrylate-co-acrylic acid) was used as a monomer. Non-imprinted polymers (NIPs) were also synthesized in order to compare data. As expected, MIPs exhibit higher adsorption than NIPs, with imprinting efficiencies ranging from 2 to 2.5. DNT is specifically captured by the cavities in the MIP and interact with AC-dots on the surface, resulting in quenching of the fluorescence of the AC-dots. Response to DNT reaches equilibrium within ~30 min. The method has a dynamic range that extends from 1 to 15 ppm, and allows for quantitation of DNT in aqueous solutions, with a detection limit of 0.28 ppm. Selectivity tests conducted in presence of DNT analogs demonstrated the selective recognition of DNT.
ART and Its Impact on Male Infertility Management

Approximately 12–15% of sexually active couples are infertile. The etiology of infertility is likely multifactorial. Previous work has estimated that 50% of infertility is attributed to the female, 30% to the male, and 20% to both the male and female. Recent advances, mainly in the assisted reproductive technologies, have allowed some couples with severe male factor infertility to establish a pregnancy. The most significant advance is in vitro fertilization (IVF) with intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). Previously, these couples had at best only a remote chance of establishing a pregnancy due to severely reduced sperm concentration, compromised sperm function, or uncorrectable obstruction. As a result of the high success of IVF/ICSI, and as a by-product of the fact that fertility visits are often initiated by the female partner, the practice of modern assisted reproductive technology (ART) can often times proceed without a complete evaluation of the male partner. Instead, almost any couple even those with a severe male factor, after being evaluated by only a reproductive endocrinologist, can theoretically become pregnant using IVF/ICSI.
Discounted Drugs for Needy Patients and Hospitals — Understanding the 340B Debate

Discounted Drugs for Needy Patients and Hospitals In the latest chapter in a long-playing drama, Medicare is reducing payments to hospital outpatient departments for prescription drugs in the 340B Drug Pricing Program. The cuts have been lauded by patient advocacy groups and the drug industry but not by hospitals.
The Place for Dewey’s Constructivism of Intelligent Action in the American Meritocracy of Thorndike

American educators have been pulled in different directions by two twentieth-century legacies: E. L. Thorndike is often portrayed as a proto-behaviorist who created a top-down technocratic view of modern educational administration. In contrast, John Dewey is seen to be promoting a fundamentally social, discovery-based, hands-on construction of knowledge. Dewey was prescient about the ways in which the hierarchical, corporate nature of educational bureaucracies can deaden the excitement of self-directed growth. Thorndike wanted to reform education in the Progressive era by promoting accountability through science; in so doing, he left a positive modern legacy of educational research. This historical chapter aims to unearth the subtleties in both men’s work that have often been overlooked by casting them in opposition to one another.
Application of an empowerment perspective among military-connected adolescents in public school settings

Minimal work has applied the perspective of empowerment on the subset of those military-connected adolescents that are thriving in public school settings. Military-connected adolescents are at a cr...
A cooperative problem solving system for user interface design

Designing a user interface is an ill-defined problem making cooperative problem solving systems a promising approach to support user interface designers. Cooperative problem solving systems are modular systems that support the human designer with multiple, independent system components. We present a system architecture and an implemented system, FRAMER, that demonstrate the cooperative problem solving approach. FRAMER represents design knowledge in formal, machine-interpretable knowledge sources such as critics and dynamic specification sheets, and in semi-formal knowledge sources such as a palette of user interface building blocks and a checklist. Each of these components contributes significantly to the overall usefulness of the system while requiring only limited resources to be designed and implemented.
5.37 – Visceral Pain

Relative to skin, muscle, and joint pain, pain arising from internal organs commonly generates greater autonomic and emotional responses. Additionally, visceral pain is typically diffuse in character, poorly localized, and referred (or transferred) to nonvisceral, somatic structures. In further distinction from cutaneous, muscle, or joint pain, tissue-damaging stimuli do not reliably produce pain when applied to the viscera. Rather, adequate, pain-producing visceral stimuli include stretch of smooth muscle layers of hollow organs (e.g., by distension), traction on the mesentery, ischemia, and inflammation. Finally, the viscera are unique among all tissues in the body. Each internal organ is innervated by two nerves, which share some functions, but principally are functionally distinct. The bases of the above attributes of visceral pain and unique features that distinguish visceral from nonvisceral pain are reviewed in this chapter.
The motivation to behaviorally thermoregulate during passive heat exposure in humans is dependent on the magnitude of increases in skin temperature.

We tested the hypothesis that the motivation to behaviorally thermoregulate in humans is dependent on the magnitude of changes in mean skin temperature. Ten healthy subjects (22 ± 3 y, 5 females) underwent 60 min of seated rest in a 32±1 °C or 42±1 °C environment (20% relative humidity). Trials were completed in a counterbalanced order. The motivation to behaviorally thermoregulate was measured using an operant behavior task on a fixed ratio schedule, in which subjects received thermal reinforcement after clicking a button 100 times. The reinforcer was 30 s of cooling on the dorsal aspect of the neck. The motivation to behave was defined as the cumulative number of button clicks over time and behavioral thermoregulation was defined as the change in neck skin temperature. Mean skin temperature was higher throughout the 42 °C versus the 32 °C trial (at 60 min: 36.3±0.5 °C vs. 34.5±0.5 °C, P < .01) and core temperature became higher in this trial 40 min into heat exposure (at 60 min: 37.2±0.2 °C vs. 37.1±0.1 °C, P ≤ .04), but did not differ from pre- heat exposure (P = .81). Neck skin temperature was lower in the 42 °C compared to the 32 °C trial starting at 30 min (33.7±0.8 °C vs. 35.3±0.5°C, P < .01), which was maintained thereafter (P ≤ .04). Cumulative responding for thermal reinforcement was greater in the 42 °C trial compared to the 32 °C trial at 20 min (180±155 clicks vs. 0±0 clicks, P < .01), which persisted thereafter (P < .01). These data indicate that the motivation to behaviorally thermoregulate during passive heat exposure in humans is dependent on the magnitude of increases in skin temperature.
Clinical Factors Affecting Bevacizumab Efficacy With and Without Conventional Chemotherapy in Metastatic Colon Cancer.

Purpose Bevacizumab (BZ) combined with first line chemotherapy (CC) has shown good clinical outcomes in metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). Overall survival (OS) and/or progression free survival in mCRC patients receiving BZ with or without 5FU-based CC is thought to be affected by clinical and morphological factor(s). Patients and methods We reviewed retrospective medical records of all consecutive mCRC patients treated with BZ with or without CC at tertiary care center between 2003 and 2009 out of which149 patients (m = 77, f = 72) were eligible. Results Our study population had a mean age at diagnosis of 63.5 years (SD = 11) with median follow-up period of 19.4 months. On initial radiological evaluation following BZ therapy, 56 patients (m = 31, f = 25) had complete or partial response categorized as "early responders." Remaining patients (m = 46, f = 47) who were either stable or showed progressive disease were categorized as "non-responders." Fifty percent among early responders and 60% among non-responders [relative risk (RR) 0.67 (95% confidence interval (CI), 0.43-1.06)] demonstrated disease progression on follow up. There was a slightly better OS among early responders compared to non-responders (median 21.5 months days versus 16.8 months, P = 0.07). Cox regression analysis suggested male sex (RR 0.65, 95% CI, 0.43-0.98), hematochezia (RR 0.63, 95% CI, 0.4-0.98), resectable primary tumor (RR 0.42, 95% CI, 0.24-0.72) and resectable metastatic mass (RR 0.32, 95% CI, 0.14-0.74) were found to be associated with longer OS. Abdominal pain (RR 1.76, 95% CI, 1.1-2.8), accompanying diabetes (RR 1.76, 95% CI, 1.09-2.85), and unexplained weight loss (RR 2.73, 95% CI, 1.73-4.29) were associated with poor OS. Conclusions Better OS among mCRC patients with resectable primary and metastatic tumors was seen. This is the first study to demonstrate slightly better outcome in males and negative influence of diabetes on outcome in mCRC treated with BZ.
Damping Torque Analysis Based on Extended C1 ~ C15 Model with Consideration of Under Excitation Limiter and Damping Windings

Under-excited limiter (UEL) is one of the important auxiliary functions in generator excitation system. It has significant influence on the small signal stability of power system. However, the conventional analysis method based on Heffron-Phillips model does not consider the dynamic action of damping windings effectively. Based on the one machine infinite bus $C_{1}\sim C_{12}$ model including the damping windings, the extended $C_{1}\sim C_{15}$ model with consideration of UEL is derived. The mechanism of the system damping weaken by superimposed type of UEL is proposed based on the principle of superposition and electromagnetic torque analysis method. The results show that the electromagnetic torque provided by UEL through the main excitation channel weakens the system damping and the electromagnetic torque generated by UEL through q-axis damper winding enhances system damping. The damping torque provided by UEL reduces as the boundary line slope of UEL increases until the positive to negative. The total damping torque of the system is greatly reduced as the UEL boundary line slope increases.
Lessons From an Administrative Closure: The Curious Case of Black Space at an MSI

The Illescas Center at Esmeraldas College was considered by some students, faculty, and administrators as a “Black space”, “radical space”, and “community center”. While the perception of MSIs elicits a more welcoming image to communities of color because they serve more students of color, my research shows that Black spaces are still necessary for MSIs to consider in their quest to better serve students of color. Respondents were aware however, that this particular Black space, while a source of support for Black students and other stakeholders, caused conflicting feelings for others, and more specifically, administrators. While this conflict ultimately ended in the demise of the Illescas Center, it is a contradiction that must be explored to ensure that MSIs are held to the “serving” part of their designation.