cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Passage from the Savannah Grasslands of Africa to America

With these opening statements, Saadiaa and Hawa capture the essence and presence of the growing West African women immigrant communities across the United States. A common theme in the stories of West African migratory journeys is economic strife, the driving force compelling their migration to the United States. The personal discourses and immigrant journeys of each of the West African women who are profiled here speak to one central issue and theme: that individually and collectively, the women bring a diverse portfolio of tapestries to the United States. In each of their immigrant accounts, these women express a collective desire to renew themselves and work toward the fulfillment of predetermined economic goals. Their voices and intonations reveal an unshaken belief in the American dream and the promises, real or perceived, that it offers. The reasons and motivations behind their journeys to the United States are as diverse as the various forms, ways, and mechanisms that they employ to reach the shores of the United States. Whether they come to America via conventional migration or engage in sequential, chain migration or come as displaced refugees fleeing from war torn and failed states, a prevailing view among the immigrant women is that they will achieve a way of life that is relatively better than what they were accustomed to in West Africa.
A Modification of the Periodic Acid-Schiff Technique Using Dimedone as an Aldehyde Blocking Reagent for Plastic-Embedded Sections

The periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) technique can be combined with Weigert's iron hematoxylin and either picroaniline blue or picro-amido black 10B, to produce an excellent, reliable stain for nearly any plastic-embedded tissue. When this stain is used with the aldehyde blocking reagent dimedone, an extremely accurate determination of glycogen within the tissue section is obtained.
Femininity and Dominance Across the Lifespan: Longitudinal Findings from Two Cohorts of Women

The Intergenerational Studies (IGS) began in 1929 designed with the overarching goal of describing and predicting normal human development. Here we focus on original IGS participant women and daughters of original participants, with respect to development in femininity and dominance, as measured by the CPI. Three-level HLM indicates older cohort women are higher in femininity than younger cohort women in early adulthood; both cohorts show an equivalent linear decrease with age. In contrast, the two cohorts show equivalent levels of dominance in early adulthood, but the younger cohort women show a greater increase with age than the older cohort women. Results illustrate both cohort and developmental movement toward less femininity and more dominance in women.
Domestic Minor Sex Trafficking Patients: A Retrospective Analysis of Medical Presentation

Abstract Study Objective To describe the clinical characteristics of patients referred for domestic minor sex trafficking (DMST) to improve identification and intervention. Design Retrospective cohort study. Setting The Lawrence A. Aubin, Sr Child Protection Center at Hasbro Children's Hospital where patients are evaluated by child abuse pediatricians in outpatient, emergency department, and inpatient settings. Participants A total of 41 patients younger than the age of 18 years referred for the evaluation of DMST involvement between August 1, 2013 and March 30, 2015. Interventions and Main Outcome Measures We collected demographic, social-environmental, medical, and psychiatric variables from the medical records of patients referred for evaluation who have self-disclosed, been reported with evidence, and/or have histories that place them at high risk for DMST involvement. Results Children had frequent contact with medical providers, with 81% seen in the year before referral for DMST. Childhood maltreatment and family dysfunction were identified (sexual abuse, 21/37 or 57%; parental substance abuse, 22/37 or 60%) in the 41 patients. Children had medical problems (eg, sexually transmitted infection, 13/41 or 32%), psychiatric needs (eg, acute suicidality, 8/41 or 20%; at least 1 previous psychiatric admission, 19/41 or 46%), and substance use (36/41 or 88%). Although 26/41 (63%) had runaway and 17/41 (42%) lived in a group home placement, 28/41 (68%) currently lived at home and 29/41 (71%) presented with a parent/guardian or relative. Conclusion Children referred for DMST present frequently to physicians and have complex medical and psychiatric needs. Medical providers' increased awareness of this health issue would inform victim identification and intervention.
Downsizing Nature: Anthropogenic Dwarfing of Species and Ecosystems

Few if any serious scientists question that we are witnessing an acceleration of extinction rates. The ongoing loss in biological diversity far exceeds what paleontologists consider background levels and may well, if projections are accurate, rival some of the mass extinctions of the geological record (Temple, 1986; Wilson, 1988 and 1992; World Conservation Monitoring Centre, 1992; Vitousek et al., 1997). In this case, of course, the extinctions result from the actions of one species, our own. Yet the ongoing surge in extinctions is just the most recent in a long series of anthropogenic pulses of extinctions - each following a new wave of human colonization (Figure 1), or the spread of some technical advance in our ability to dominate native landscapes (e.g., through the use of fire, water diversion, domestication of animals, mechanized agriculture, timber harvest and fisheries; see Howells, 1973; Clark, 1992; Flannery, 1994; Gamble, 1994).
Cost analysis and cost-driven IP reuse methodology for SoC design based on 2.5D/3D integration

Due to the increasing fabrication and design complexity with new process nodes, the cost per transistor trend originally identified in Moore's Law is slowing when using traditional integration methods. However, emerging die-level integration technologies may be viable alternatives that can scale the number of transistors per integrated device while reducing the cost per transistor through yield improvements across multiple smaller dies. Additionally, the escalating overheads of non-recurring engineering costs like masks and verification can be curtailed through die integration-enabled reuse of intellectual property across heterogeneous process technologies. In this paper, we present an analytical cost model for 3D and interposer-based 2.5D die integration and employ it to demonstrate the potential cost reductions across semiconductor markets. We also propose a methodology and platform for IP reuse based on these integration technologies and explore the available reductions in overall product cost through reduction in non-recurring engineering effort.
High-Performance Low-Cost DFE using IFIR Filters

In many communication applications, the feedback section in decision feedback equalizers (DFE) must be implemented with a long FIR filter. To reduce computational complexity, we propose to use a cost-effective class of FIR filters termed interpolated FIR (IFIR) filters. In specific, we study three scenarios, namely, i) the approximation of a long FIR filter by an IFIR one using the minimax criterion, ii) the statistical optimization of the IFIR filter assuming a stationary environment, and iii) the adaptive optimization of the IFIR filter assuming a non-stationary environment. Our simulation results show that the IFIR implementation can provide a significant reduction in complexity with a minimal sacrifice in BER performance.
Revisiting Neuronal Cell Type Classification in Caenorhabditis elegans

We revisit the classification of neuronal cell types in the nervous system of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Based on anatomy and synaptic connectivity patterns, the 302 neurons of the nervous system of the hermaphrodite were categorized into 118 neuron classes more than 30 years ago. Analysis of all presently available neuronal gene expression patterns reveals a remarkable congruence of anatomical and molecular classification and further suggests subclassification schemes. Transcription factor expression profiles alone are sufficient to uniquely classify more than 90% of all neuron classes in the C. elegans nervous system. Neuron classification in C. elegans may be paradigmatic for neuron classification schemes in vertebrate nervous systems.
Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs): Point mutations matter in management, a review

The therapeutic implications of the genomic alterations seen within the drivers of gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) are among the best understood in all of solid tumors. Sequencing of cKIT and PDGFRα should be considered standard practice for the treatment of GIST patients. In this article, we will review the common mutations and how they are utilized in clinical management. In addition, we will review the rare D842V PDGFRα mutation and the diverse molecular group that lacks a mutation in either cKIT or PDGFRα (wild-type GIST) which are best treated on clinical trial. Finally, we will look forward at the future therapies that are ever evolving for management of GIST. Taken together, the scientific advances in understanding the molecular basis of GIST validates the importance of knowing and understanding the mutations that are present in any one patient.
The US Minimalist Movement: Radical Political Practice?:

The US minimalist movement represents an increasingly popular critical reflection on the ills of consumerism and an effort to forge new ways of living amidst consumer capitalism. In the face of esc...
SAFE‐HEaRt: Rationale and Design of a Pilot Study Investigating Cardiac Safety of HER2 Targeted Therapy in Patients with HER2‐Positive Breast Cancer and Reduced Left Ventricular Function

Background Human epidermal growth receptor 2 (HER2) targeted therapies have survival benefit in adjuvant and metastatic HER2 positive breast cancer but are associated with cardiac dysfunction. Current U.S. Food and Drug Administration recommendations limit the use of HER2 targeted agents to patients with normal left ventricular (LV) systolic function. Methods The objective of the SAFE-HEaRt study is to evaluate the cardiac safety of HER2 targeted therapy in patients with HER2 positive breast cancer and mildly reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) with optimized cardiac therapy. Thirty patients with histologically confirmed HER2 positive breast cancer (stage I-IV) and reduced LVEF (40% to 49%) who plan to receive HER2 targeted therapy for ≥3 months will be enrolled. Prior to initiation on study, optimization of heart function with beta-blockers and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors will be initiated. Patients will be followed by serial echocardiograms and cardiac visits during and 6 months after completion of HER2 targeted therapy. Myocardial strain and blood biomarkers, including cardiac troponin I and high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T, will be examined at baseline and during the study. Discussion LV dysfunction in patients with breast cancer poses cardiac and oncological challenges and limits the use of HER2 targeted therapies and its oncological benefits. Strategies to prevent cardiac dysfunction associated with HER2 targeted therapy have been limited to patients with normal LVEF, thus excluding patients who may receive the highest benefit from those strategies. SAFE-HEaRt is the first prospective pilot study of HER2 targeted therapies in patients with reduced LV function while on optimized cardiac treatment that can provide the basis for clinical practice changes. The Oncologist 2017;22:518-525 IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: Human epidermal growth receptor 2 (HER2) targeted therapies have survival benefit in adjuvant and metastatic HER2 positive breast cancer but are associated with cardiac dysfunction. To our knowledge, SAFE-HEaRt is the first clinical trial that prospectively tests the hypothesis that HER2 targeted therapies may be safely administered in patients with mildly reduced cardiac function in the setting of ongoing cardiac treatment and monitoring. The results of this study will provide cardiac safety data and inform consideration of clinical practice changes in patients with HER2 positive breast cancer and reduced cardiac function, as well as provide information regarding cardiovascular monitoring and treatment in this population.
Supporting children to construct evidence-based claims in science: Individual learning trajectories in a practice-based program

Abstract New reforms envision ambitious teaching, requiring knowledge and abilities beginning teachers may not have. To support learning to teach, a practice-based approach has been suggested. This study examines four preservice teachers' learning pathways for one science teaching practice, supporting students to construct evidence-based claims, during a two-year practice-based teacher education program. Analyses uncovered variation and similarities across and within the teachers’ pathways. For example, one teacher provided inconsistent support for elementary students to analyze data, whereas another developed sophisticated support. The findings suggest that elements of the program, such as coherence, facilitated the learning, having implications for teacher educators.
Algorithm and Tool for Automated Ontology Merging and Alignment

Researchers in the ontology-design field have developed the content for ontologies in many domain areas. Recently, ontologies have become increasingly common on the WorldWide Web where they provide semantics for annotations in Web pages. This distributed nature of ontology development has led to a large number of ontologies covering overlapping domains. In order for these ontologies to be reused, they first need to be merged or aligned to one another. The processes of ontology alignment and merging are usually handled manually and often constitute a large and tedious portion of the sharing process. We have developed and implemented PROMPT, an algorithm that provides a semi-automatic approach to ontology merging and alignment. PROMPT performs some tasks automatically and guides the user in performing other tasks for which his intervention is required. PROMPT also determines possible inconsistencies in the state of the ontology, which result from the user’s actions, and suggests ways to remedy these inconsistencies. PROMPT is based on an extremely general knowledge model and therefore can be applied across various platforms. Our formative evaluation showed that a human expert followed 90% of the suggestions that PROMPT generated and that 74% of the total knowledge-base operations invoked by the user were suggested by PROMPT.
Interdisciplinary Communication in Postacute Care: The Perspective of Rehabilitation Providers

Date Presented 3/30/2017Care coordination is a national priority of health care reform. Effective communication is essential for coordinated care. This session will present the results of a qualitative study examining rehabilitation providers' interdisciplinary communication practices in SNF for hip
Concurrent adaptive control and parameter estimation through composite adaptation using model reference adaptive control/Kalman Filter methods

Given their intrinsic characteristics, space missions' objectives such as on-orbit inspection, robotic servicing and assembly, autonomous reconfiguration maneuvers, and the disposal of orbital debris need to deal with unknown system and model parameters (e.g., dealing with uncooperative/unfamiliar targets, modified mass properties due to tugging/docking, etc). If an accurate value of the unknown quantities is warranted, system identification techniques are employed to characterize the system using parameter estimation algorithms, whereas if the characteristics are of no particular interest, adaptation methods are utilized to perform on-the-fly learning on a need to know basis. A common framework in which to implement parameter estimation algorithms is the Kalman Filter (KF), while Model Reference Adaptive Controllers (MRAC) can be used to accomplish parameter adaptation. The purpose of this work is to leverage the two frameworks to simultaneously exert control actions and perform inference on unknown parameter values using both sources of information, and assess the obtained performance. A simulation of a simple free floating mass example will be shown to demonstrate the approach.
A tale of two algal blooms: Negative and predictable effects of two common bloom-forming macroalgae on seagrass and epiphytes

Abstract Recent evidence suggests macroalgal blooms may play a role in the worldwide decline in seagrass, but the shape of the functional relationship between seagrass health and dominant bloom-forming macroalgae is poorly characterized. We tested whether the impact of varying abundances of two cosmopolitan bloom-forming macroalgal genera caused linear/quasi-linear or sudden threshold changes in measures of eelgrass, Zostera marina, meadow health. We conducted two caging experiments in a shallow Z. marina bed (∼1 m depth) in Bodega Harbor, California, USA where we maintained six densities within the range of natural abundances of macroalgae, Ulva (0–4.0 kg m−2) and Gracilariopsis (0–2.0 kg m−2), as well as uncaged controls over a 10-week period. Shoot density, blade growth, and epiphyte load were measured every two weeks and algal treatments reset. We did not find support for threshold transitions between algal abundance and measures of seagrass bed health using sigmoidal and broken-stick regression analyses for each data set; these models are commonly used to identify threshold patterns in ecological shifts. Instead, final measurements of shoot density and epiphyte load were best modelled as linear or slightly non-linear declines with increasing Ulva abundance. A negative linear relationship also existed between shoot density and Gracilariopsis abundance and a trend towards linear negative effects on epiphyte load. The similar shape of these functional relationships across different types of algae suggests the relationship may be generalizable. At algal abundances that are commonly observed, we found smooth and predictable negative impacts to Z. marina by decline in shoot density and potential impacts to food webs by loss of epiphytes rather than sudden threshold shifts or “ecological surprises”. Our work contrasts with the growing body of literature suggesting highly non-linear shifts in response to human impact; thus, it is important to broaden understanding of shifts to more than just pattern but to the processes that drive different patterns of shifts.
Evaluating the Vaccine Potential of a Tetravalent Fusion Protein (rBmHAXT) Vaccine Antigen Against Lymphatic Filariasis in a Mouse Model.

Lymphatic filariasis (LF) is a tropical parasitic infection of human transmitted by mosquitoes. Chronic infection results in severe physical disability in the infected patients. Although several potential vaccine antigens were identified several groups, there are no licensed prophylactic vaccine to date against this infection in the human. Previous attempts from our laboratory to develop a trivalent prophylactic vaccine against LF showed that >90% protection could be achieved in rodent models. However, this trivalent vaccine gave only 35% protection in non-human primates. The major focus of this study was to develop a tetravalent prophylactic vaccine (rBmHAXT) and test the vaccine potential in a mouse model. We evaluated three different adjuvant formulations; alum, glucopyranosyl lipid adjuvant in stable emulsion (GLA/SE) alum (AL019) and mannosylated chitosan (MCA) to determine the optimum adjuvant formulation for rBmHAXT. Results presented in this study show that rBmHAXT + AL019 gave the highest rate of protection (>88%) against challenge infection, compared to rBmHAXT+AL007 (79%) and rBmHAXT+MCA (79%) compared to controls. Analysis of the immune correlates of protection showed that all three adjuvants elicited high titer of antigen specific IgG1, IgG2a and IgG2b antibodies. High number of IFN-γ producing antigen-specific memory cells were generated in the vaccinated animals irrespective of the adjuvants used. Similarly, spleen cells from rBmHAXT vaccinated animals secreted IL-4, IL-10 and IFN-γ in response to rBmHAXT suggesting the generation of a balanced Th1/Th2 response. There was also an increase in IL-17 secreting cells in rBmHAXT vaccinated animals. These finds thus suggest that that rBmHAXT + AL019 is a better prophylactic formulation for LF.
A Diffusion Disc Susceptibility Test for 5-Fluorocytosine

A diffusion disc test for testing with 5-Fluorocytosine (5-FC) was described. A commercial 1 ug and an experimental 10 ug disc were evaluated using Yeast Morphology Agar supplemented with 2.5 ug/ml of thiamine at pH 5.0. Zones of inhibition were correlated with MIC values obtained with a modification of the ICS agar dilution procedure using the same agar.
Lengths of developments in K((G))

Mourgues and Ressayre (J Symb Logic 58:641–647, 1993) showed that every real closed field F has an integer part, where this is an ordered subring with the properties appropriate for the range of a floor function. The Mourgues and Ressayre construction is canonical once we fix a residue field section K and a well ordering $$\prec $$ of F. The construction produces a section of the value group G of F, and a development function d mapping F isomorphically onto a truncation closed subfield R of the Hahn field K((G)). In Knight and Lange (Proc Lond Math Soc 107:177–197, 2013), the authors conjectured that if $$\prec $$ has order type $$\omega $$ , then all elements of R have length less than $$\omega ^{\omega ^\omega }$$ , and they gave examples showing that the conjectured bound would be sharp. The current paper has two theorems bounding the lengths of elements of a truncation closed subfield R of a Hahn field K((G)) in terms of the length of a “tc-basis”. Here K is a field that is either real closed or algebraically closed of characteristic 0, and G is a divisible ordered Abelian group. One theorem says that if R has a tc-basis of length at most $$\omega $$ , then the elements have length less than $$\omega ^{\omega ^\omega }$$ . This theorem yields the conjecture from Knight and Lange (2013). The other theorem says that if the group G is Archimedean, and R has a tc-basis of length $$\gamma $$ , where $$\omega \le \gamma < \omega _1$$ , then the elements of R have length at most $$\omega ^{\omega ^\gamma }$$ .
108 IS MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS A PARANEOPLASTIC DISORDER

Several articles in the literature have reported concomitant demyelination with cancer. There have been four cases of CNS lymphoma and three cases of seminoma associated with central demyelination. Hairy cell leukemia and breast cancer have also been reported in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). A paraneoplastic etiology for these cases of demyelination has been suggested by several authors, with proposed theories of viral-mediated, autoimmune, and lymphocytic infiltrates that transform into malignancy. A retrospective chart review of adult patients with MS from the VA Medical Center in Jackson, MS, during January 1, 1999, to August 26, 2005, was conducted. For inclusion, the diagnosis of MS was made by MRI of the brain and/or cerebrospinal fluid studies. The records were further examined to see if patients had a diagnosis of cancer. In patients who had cancer and MS, a family history was obtained. The patients were further analyzed by age, race, and gender. A retrospective chart review of 581 adult patients seen in a neurology clinic during the same time frame was conducted to serve as the control group. The records were examined to see if patients had a diagnosis of MS and/or cancer. The patients were further analyzed based on age, race, and gender. Fifty-eight patients with MS met the inclusion criteria (17 females, 41 males). Four of those patients were found to have cancer. In each case, the diagnosis of MS preceded the cancer diagnosis by at least 5 years. Of 581 adult patients in the control group, 8 had MS and 79 had cancer. No patients had concomitant MS and cancer. The group was composed of 35 females and 546 males. There was no increased risk of developing cancer in patients with MS. The p value was .1478; the power was 5%. The odds ratio was 0.47 with a 95% confidence interval of 0.1659 to 1.3357. MS does not appear to be a paraneoplastic process in our patient population. Patients in our hospital are no more likely than the general population to have cancer. Based on the odds ratio, patients with MS are actually twice as likely to not have cancer. Unfortunately, the power of this study is low due to the small number of patients with MS. Even with a high p value, the evidence suggests that the findings of this study are significant. This is the first study of patients in the United States with MS to assess for an association with cancer. It is also the first evidence-based study in the United States to show a decreased rate of cancer in patients with MS.
Well‐Being, Deprivation, and the Great Recession in the U.S.: A Study in A Multidimensional Framework

We study changes in social well‐being and deprivation in the U.S. during the Great Recession and the subsequent recovery. We outline an analytical framework for measuring well‐being and deprivation in a multidimensional fashion when data on achievement in each dimension is assumed to be ordinal and binary in nature. We use data from the American Community Survey between 2008 and 2015 and find that there was a decline in social well‐being and a rise in social deprivation in the U.S. during the recession followed by a reversal of trends during the recovery. Despite low deprivation levels among the White population, this population experienced the largest increase in deprivation during the recession and the least decline in deprivation in the recovery period. These results underscore the fact that the impact of recession and the subsequent recovery varied significantly across population groups.
Reducing unpleasant side effects of topical 5-Fluorouracil treatment for actinic keratosis: a randomized controlled trial.

Introduction: 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) for prophylactic treatment of diffuse actinic keratosis results in an exuberant inflammatory reaction, contributing to patient noncompliance and dissatisfaction....
Convergent set-based design for complex resilient systems

The Department of Defense Engineered Resilient Systems (ERS) goes beyond the concept of resilience as a response to a disruption. The ERS project focuses on improving design agility and cost-effectiveness leading to improvements in systems analysis, development, testing, manufacturing, and fielding of mission-effective and adaptable systems. Point-Based Design (PBD) seeks to select a point as a design baseline and proceed into development. Our research uses Set-Based Design (SBD) for early concept evaluation of engineered systems as an alternative to PBD. SBD seeks to eliminate less cost-effective sets (in the value vs. cost tradespace) and focus on one or more remaining sets during early design. Our research develops a technique called Convergent Set-Based Design (SBD), a procedure for mathematical elimination and improvement of sets of designs. We developed Convergent SBD for the ERS program. Our research includes the capability to measure and quantify mission resilience using probability trees for all system performance measures. Convergent SBD uses dominance identification equations to compare statistical means for value and cost. The demonstration illustrates the effect of adding mission resilience in the design tradespace. Convergent SBD provides a foundational mathematical technique for eliminating less promising design sets and identifying the most promising design sets.
Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression in small cell carcinoma of bladder.

e16019Background: Small cell carcinoma of bladder (SCCB) is a rare but aggressive variant of bladder neoplasm. There is limited insight for risk prognostication and treatment guidance in this entit...
Reporting unsafe conditions discovered during in situ simulation in the paediatric emergency department: a pilot integration into an existing event reporting system

Event reporting systems (ERSs) have been widespread since the release of the 2000 Institute of Medicine report To Err is Human .1 These systems serve as a means to systematically address adverse events in an effort to improve patient safety. Unfortunately, many organisations are still challenged by underreporting of near misses and unsafe conditions that can predict more serious events.2 Latent safety threats (LSTs), also referred to as unsafe conditions, are defined as ‘system-based threats to patient safety that can materialise at any time and are previously unrecognised’.3 An identified LST represents an opportunity to mitigate a system-based threat prior to it manifesting as a near-miss or adverse event. However, LSTs often go unnoticed and unreported. In situ simulation, where teams practice scenarios in the clinical space in which they work, has been shown to provide a critical opportunity to identify problems in environments, processes and systems.4 Stressing systems by deliberately simulating rare, high stakes scenarios helps to uncover LSTs encountered in clinical care. Unfortunately, LSTs identified during in situ simulation are not routinely addressed by hospital systems in the same manner as actual patient safety events.5 We aimed to create a system in which LSTs uncovered during in situ simulation would be entered into the hospital’s existing ERS in order …
Time Waits for No One: Discussion of “Psychoanalysis in Real Time: Temporal Troubles in the Clinical Dyad”

Sarah Schoen demonstrates how one’s capacity to experience a moment in the context of a lifetime is linked to subjective and objective self-awareness, developmental capacities elaborated upon by Ba...
Lewis Fry Richardson: A Personal Narrative

This chapter is the personal story of how the author, just out of graduate school, encountered Richardson’s two posthumous volumes, Arms and Insecurity and Statistics of Deadly Quarrels, and how these volumes helped her resolve key issues that had troubled her. What is theory and how does it differ from a model? The first volume pushed her to learn mathematics and, through various twists and turns, eventually to an understanding of the power of a mathematically written story. The second volume provided insights into data collection and measurement as well as a deeper understanding of the mechanics of mathematical modeling. Thus, the two volumes together gave her the basis for finally answering the questions from her graduate school days.
Practicing privacy on other networks: network structures, economic arrangements, and identity strategies before cookies

Building on recent work revealing pre-web and alternative-internet networks, as well as legal research in comparative privacy, this article analyzes and compares identification protocols and practi...
A Model for Collaboration to Ensure Feasibility and Effectiveness of Fitness Testing in a PK-12 Physical Education Setting.

Valid and reliable assessments are difficult to administer in PK–12 physical education due to a lack of resources. In this article, we discuss a collaborative model that may mutually benefit studen...
Generating Realistic Reroutes to Assess Air Traffic Impact of Blocked Airspaces

Demand for airspace access has been on the rise due to an increasing number of new entrants such as Space Operators, Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS), and Balloon Operators. To accommodate operations such as space launches in the National Airspace System (NAS), the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) may strategically route traffic around airspaces to ensure operational safety. As the frequency of these activities increases, there is a need to deepen collaboration and transparency between stakeholders regarding airspace usage. A primary need to support this collaboration is the ability to quickly assess traffic impacts due to flights rerouting around airspaces closed due to upcoming operations. Using such a capability, a space operator may be able to adjust their launch and reentry operations plan to have minimal airspace system impact, and a traffic manager may be able to quickly assess the impact of last-minute launch time changes. This paper presents a rapid reroute generation algorithm that models the path that flights are likely to take around blocked airspaces, that reflects the strategic air traffic flow management strategies used to accommodate such a constraint. The model systematically considers several rerouting strategies, starting with the routes available in the National Playbook and Coded Departure Routes (CDR) to find flight paths clear of the closed airspaces. Since many of the routes in the playbook definitions do not originate or terminate at airports, an algorithm to detect historical tracks with a high conformance to such routes is developed to select flight tracks which act as proxy for such routes. Additionally, five years of historical track data is analyzed to generate dominant clusters of flows between all city pairs, which provide alternate paths options around blocked airspaces. Finally, a Dijkstra's k-shortest path algorithm-based method is used to model tactical deviations of flights around blocked airspaces. The paper describes the model, data sources used, validation methodology, the accuracy of the results as well as the model's limitations. The research presented in the paper may be used to develop capabilities to assist airspace users to make more informed decisions concerning the timing and location of their operations within the NAS and promote cooperation and collaboration between the increasing number of new entrants and traditional NAS users.
Predicting liver cytosol stability of small molecules

Over the last few decades, chemists have become skilled at designing compounds that avoid cytochrome P (CYP) 450 mediated metabolism. Typical screening assays are performed in liver microsomal fractions and it is possible to overlook the contribution of cytosolic enzymes until much later in the drug discovery process. Few data exist on cytosolic enzyme-mediated metabolism and no reliable tools are available to chemists to help design away from such liabilities. In this study, we screened 1450 compounds for liver cytosol-mediated metabolic stability and extracted transformation rules that might help medicinal chemists in optimizing compounds with these liabilities. In vitro half-life data were collected by performing in-house experiments in mouse (CD-1 male) and human (mixed gender) cytosol fractions. Matched molecular pairs analysis was performed in conjunction with qualitative-structure activity relationship modeling to identify chemical structure transformations affecting cytosolic stability. The transformation rules were prospectively validated on the test set. In addition, selected rules were validated on a diverse chemical library and the resulting pairs were experimentally tested to confirm whether the identified transformations could be generalized. The validation results, comprising nearly 250 library compounds and corresponding half-life data, are made publicly available. The datasets were also used to generate in silico classification models, based on different molecular descriptors and machine learning methods, to predict cytosol-mediated liabilities. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first systematic in silico effort to address cytosolic enzyme-mediated liabilities.
Nasal Resistance (NR) Technique: A Novel Approach to Improve Glottal Adduction.

Summary Objective Several techniques have been practiced in the field of voice therapy to balance glottal pressures and improve glottal adduction. As such, Semioccluded Vocal Tract Exercises using narrow diameter straws have shown promise as a technique to increase glottal contact as reflected by Closed Quotients (CQ) measured from electroglottograph (EGG). This study explored the effect of nasal resistance (NR) technique, a manually induced NR approach, on glottal adduction in phononormal subjects as a possible new therapeutic technique to assist in glottal closure. Subjects Thirty-four vocally healthy adult females qualified for this study. All subjects were reportedly and perceptually normal. Methods Subjects were instructed to perform tasks including (a) steady modal phonation, (b) straw phonation, (c) humming, and (d) NR technique in a random order. EGG measures included calculation of the CQ and jitter during the mid-section of each stimuli for a minimum of 10 EGG cycles. One-way repeated measures ANOVAs and Bonferroni post-hoc comparisons were calculated to determine differences between each phonatory task for the outcome measures of CQ and jitter. Results Analyses revealed that the mean CQ was significantly different in all the tasks performed with humming (33.99%) at the lowest and NR technique at highest (43.88%). Though the CQ of straw phonation (40.53%) was higher than modal steady phonation (36.65%), jitter was found to be significantly lower for NR technique (0.23%). Jitter during straw phonation (0.43%) did not differ significantly from modal phonation (0.44%). Conclusion These results provide preliminary evidence that NR technique can increase CQ with lower levels of jitter compared to straw phonation using a narrow diameter of 2 mm. Future studies should expand enrollment to men, larger age ranges, and patients with hypofunctional symptoms (eg, Parkinson disease) to evaluate the potential benefits of NR as a therapeutic technique.
Learning while Respecting Privacy and Robustness to Distributional Uncertainties and Adversarial Data.

Data used to train machine learning models can be adversarial--maliciously constructed by adversaries to fool the model. Challenge also arises by privacy, confidentiality, or due to legal constraints when data are geographically gathered and stored across multiple learners, some of which may hold even an "anonymized" or unreliable dataset. In this context, the distributionally robust optimization framework is considered for training a parametric model, both in centralized and federated learning settings. The objective is to endow the trained model with robustness against adversarially manipulated input data, or, distributional uncertainties, such as mismatches between training and testing data distributions, or among datasets stored at different workers. To this aim, the data distribution is assumed unknown, and lies within a Wasserstein ball centered around the empirical data distribution. This robust learning task entails an infinite-dimensional optimization problem, which is challenging. Leveraging a strong duality result, a surrogate is obtained, for which three stochastic primal-dual algorithms are developed: i) stochastic proximal gradient descent with an $\epsilon$-accurate oracle, which invokes an oracle to solve the convex sub-problems; ii) stochastic proximal gradient descent-ascent, which approximates the solution of the convex sub-problems via a single gradient ascent step; and, iii) a distributionally robust federated learning algorithm, which solves the sub-problems locally at different workers where data are stored. Compared to the empirical risk minimization and federated learning methods, the proposed algorithms offer robustness with little computation overhead. Numerical tests using image datasets showcase the merits of the proposed algorithms under several existing adversarial attacks and distributional uncertainties.
Friend or Foe: Interbacterial Competition in the Nasal Cavity

ABSTRACT Like other microbes that live on or in the human body, the bacteria that inhabit the upper respiratory tract, in particular the nasal cavity, have evolved to survive in an environment that presents a number of physical and chemical challenges; these microbes are constantly bombarded with nutritional fluctuations, changes in humidity, the presence of inhaled particulate matter (odorants and allergens), and competition with other microbes. Indeed, only a specialized set of species is able to colonize this niche and successfully contend with the host’s immune system and the constant threat from competitors. To this end, bacteria that live in the nasal cavity have evolved a variety of approaches to outcompete contenders for the limited nutrients and space; broadly speaking, these strategies may be considered a type of “bacterial warfare.” A greater molecular understanding of bacterial warfare has the potential to reveal new approaches or molecules that can be developed as novel therapeutics. As such, there are many studies within the last decade that have sought to understand the complex polymicrobial interactions that occur in various environments. Here, we review what is currently known about the age-dependent structure and interbacterial relationships within the nasal microbiota and summarize the molecular mechanisms that are predicted to dictate bacterial warfare in this niche. Although the currently described interactions are complex, in reality, we have likely only scratched the surface in terms of a true understanding of the types of interbacterial competition and cooperation that are thought to take place in and on the human body.
Skills-Approximate Occupations: Using Networks to Guide Jobs Retraining

An issue often confronting economic development agencies is how to minimize unemployment due to disruptions like technological change, trade wars, recessions, or other economic shocks. Decision makers are left to craft policies that can absorb surplus labor with as little pain to workers as possible. The key question, in terms of skills and occupations, is: how can we fill labor gaps with labor surplus efficiently? To address this question, we develop a policy-oriented method to measure the skills proximity of occupations. Using network analysis, we identify key missing skills and determine what occupations are “skills proximate” to one another. Inspired by techniques from ecology, our skills proximities are derived from occupational patterns of geographical co-occurrence. To demonstrate the potential of this method as a policy tool, we provide a case study of a possible worker retraining pathway for Northern Virginia, which was simultaneously impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic and the arrival of a second headquarters for Amazon.
Language Use and Professional Discourse as an Important Component of Forensic Anthropology

Communication plays a vital role in the perception of forensic anthropology as a necessary and beneficial component ofsociety, and, as anthropologists, we are responsible for communicating in a way that is considered appropriate by the communities weserve. Consequently, understanding what constitutes “appropriate” and “inappropriate” language is an important component of forensicanthropology. Despite the importance of communication, classroom learning and professional training in forensic anthropology do notalways directly address language use. Using concepts from linguistic anthropology, the aim of this study is to determine what registersexist within forensic anthropology; how they are learned, understood, and communicated; the ways in which they compare to language usein other forensic disciplines; and why it is important to address professional language use in forensic anthropology. The term registerrefers to linguistic repertoire associated with particular persons and social settings, varying culturally with individuals and their socialpractices (Agha 1999). Data collected from an online questionnaire distributed to members of the American Academy of Forensic Sciences(AAFS) were used to analyze individual perceptions of language use in professional settings. Results show that register is affected bydemographic variation among professionals, audience, location, and professional experience. Registers that commonly appear includetechnical jargon, professional, respectful, and humorous language. This study concludes that language competency is vital in maintainingan ethical relationship with both public and professional communities, and that students and early professionals would benefit from a moredirect approach to learning the significance and use of language in forensic settings.
Broken Games and the Perpetual Update Culture: Revising Failure With Ubisoft’s Assassin’s Creed Unity:

This article explores tensions between producers and audiences over the growing trend of broken games as developers rush error-ridden titles to market and update them after their release. Through t...
Prevalence and clinical implications of persistent or exertional cardiopulmonary symptoms following SARS-CoV-2 infection in 3597 collegiate athletes: a study from the Outcomes Registry for Cardiac Conditions in Athletes (ORCCA).

Objective To assess the prevalence and clinical implications of persistent or exertional cardiopulmonary symptoms in young competitive athletes following SARS-CoV-2 infection. Methods This observational cohort study from the Outcomes Registry for Cardiac Conditions in Athletes included 3597 US collegiate athletes after SARS-CoV-2 infection. Clinical characteristics, advanced diagnostic testing and SARS-CoV-2-associated sequelae were compared between athletes with persistent symptoms >3 weeks, exertional symptoms on return to exercise and those without persistent or exertional symptoms. Results Among 3597 athletes (mean age 20 years (SD, 1 year), 34% female), data on persistent and exertional symptoms were reported in 3529 and 3393 athletes, respectively. Persistent symptoms >3 weeks were present in 44/3529 (1.2%) athletes with 2/3529 (0.06%) reporting symptoms >12 weeks. Exertional cardiopulmonary symptoms were present in 137/3393 (4.0%) athletes. Clinical evaluation and diagnostic testing led to the diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2-associated sequelae in 12/137 (8.8%) athletes with exertional symptoms (five cardiac involvement, two pneumonia, two inappropriate sinus tachycardia, two postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome and one pleural effusion). No SARS-CoV-2-associated sequelae were identified in athletes with isolated persistent symptoms. Of athletes with chest pain on return to exercise who underwent cardiac MRI (CMR), 5/24 (20.8%) had probable or definite cardiac involvement. In contrast, no athlete with exertional symptoms without chest pain who underwent CMR (0/20) was diagnosed with probable or definite SARS-CoV-2 cardiac involvement. Conclusion Collegiate athletes with SARS-CoV-2 infection have a low prevalence of persistent or exertional symptoms on return to exercise. Exertional cardiopulmonary symptoms, specifically chest pain, warrant a comprehensive evaluation.
Matrix Groups for Undergraduates

* Why study matrix groups?* Matrices* All matrix groups are real matrix groups* The orthogonal groups* The topology of matrix groups* Lie algebras* Matrix exponentiation* Matrix groups are manifolds* The Lie bracket* Maximal tori* Homogeneous manifolds* Roots* Bibliography* Index
Compound Drops and Bubbles

The term compound drops generally refers to fluid particles which consist of at least two phases in yet another distinct continuous phase. Therefore, there are at least three well-defined phases is such a system. Compound drops and bubbles exist in three fundamental forms: a fluid particle entirely within another drop, a fluid particle attached to drop, or two separate fluid particles. The distinction whether a particle is a compound drop or a compound bubble may not be obvious in some cases, especially if the dispersed phase is partially liquid and partially gas. This situation occurs when there is direct-contact heat exchange between two immiscible liquids and the resulting dispersed phase consists of the liquid and the vapor together in the form of compound drops. The fluid dynamics and the heat transfer processes associated with a compound fluid-particle systems are, in general, very complicated and most of the analytical developments are relatively recent. Although the pioneering experimental studies of Sideman & Taitel [90] go back some 30 years, much of the subsequent experimental work has been carried during in the past 15 years.