cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Gamma-ray studies of C 12 + Ne 20 reactions

Excitation functions for the yields of ten residual nuclides from the /sup 12/C+/sup 20/Ne reaction have been measured over the range E/sub c.m./ = 11--33 MeV in steps of 150 keV, using ..gamma..-ray techniques. The magnitude and energy dependence of the excitation functions for most partial yields, as well as for the total fusion yield, closely resemble those from the /sup 16/o+/sup 16/O system when compared at the same compound-nuclear excitation energy. The total fusion yield exhibits strong anomalies at E/sub c.m./ = 22.7 and 24.1 MeV, while the 'u2/sup 0/Ne inelastic scattering yield exhibits a strong uncorrelated structure at E/sub c.m./ = 21.1 MeV. In addition weaker structure is seen at E/sub c.m./ = 13.6, 16.6, 18.6, and 26.3 MeV in the total fusion yield. The 24.1 meV resonance corresponds to a characteristic structure in the /sup 16/O+/sup 16/O reaction yields. Both structures appear at the same /sup 3/'u2S excitation energy and are found to be correlated with the transition to regime of limited fusion.
Quantitative image cytometry measurements of lipids, DNA, CD45 and cytokeratin for circulating tumor cell identification in a model system

Circulating tumor cell (CTC) identification has applications in both early detection and monitoring of solid cancers. The rarity of CTCs, expected at ~1-50 CTCs per million nucleated blood cells (WBCs), requires identifying methods based on biomarkers with high sensitivity and specificity for accurate identification. Discovery of biomarkers with ever higher sensitivity and specificity to CTCs is always desirable to potentially find more CTCs in cancer patients thus increasing their clinical utility. Here, we investigate quantitative image cytometry measurements of lipids with the biomarker panel of DNA, Cytokeratin (CK), and CD45 commonly used to identify CTCs. We engineered a device for labeling suspended cell samples with fluorescent antibodies and dyes. We used it to prepare samples for 4 channel confocal laser scanning microscopy. The total data acquired at high resolution from one sample is ~ 1.3 GB. We developed software to perform the automated segmentation of these images into regions of interest (ROIs) containing individual cells. We quantified image features of total signal, spatial second moment, spatial frequency second moment, and their product for each ROI. We performed measurements on pure WBCs, cancer cell line MCF7 and mixed samples. Multivariable regressions and feature selection were used to determine combination features that are more sensitive and specific than any individual feature separately. We also demonstrate that computation of spatial characteristics provides higher sensitivity and specificity than intensity alone. Statistical models allowed quantification of the required sensitivity and specificity for detecting small levels of CTCs in a human blood sample.
Law as Microagression

Drawing on the work of psychiatrist Chester Pierce, Professor Davis defines the concept of microaggression and analyzes the effects of microaggressions in legal settings.
The relationship between mitochondrial DNA and DNA methylation

Mitochondrion is the only organelle that carries DNA besides nucleus.It holds a central position between energy uptake and energy production.Mitochondrial dysfunction is a common cause of human diseases.Recently,a low level of DNA methylation was observed in mitochondrial DNA(mtDNA).Because DNA methylation is an important epigenetic mechanism involved in gene regulation,it is proposed that expression of mitochondrial genes is regulated by methylation of mtDNA.This paper reviewed the recent progresses on DNA methylation in the mtDNA.
Refinement Driven Processing of Aggregation Constrained Queries

Although existing database systems provide users an efficient means to select tuples based on attribute criteria, they however provide little means to select tuples based on whether they meet aggregate requirements. For instance, a requirement may be that the cardinality of the query result must be 1000 or the sum of a particular attribute must be < $5000. In this work, we term such queries as “Aggregation Constrained Queries” (ACQs). Aggregation constrained queries are crucial in many decision support applications to maintain a product’s competitive edge in this fast moving field of data processing. The challenge in processing ACQs is the unfamiliarity of the underlying data that results in queries being either too strict or too broad. Due to the lack of support of ACQs, users have to resort to a frustrating trial-and-error query refinement process. In this paper, we introduce and define the semantics of ACQs. We propose a refinement-based approach, called ACQUIRE, to efficiently process a range of ACQs. Lastly, in our experimental analysis we demonstrate the superiority of our technique over extensions of existing algorithms. More specifically, ACQUIRE runs up to 2 orders of magnitude faster than compared techniques while producing a 2X reduction in the amount of refinement made to the input queries.
Mitral valve prolapse.

The most common valvular disorder in the United States was identified only 20 years ago. Characterized by nonexertional chest pain, dyspnea, fatigue, and psychiatric disturbances, it can often be diagnosed by stethoscope. In some cases, various cardiographic and visualization techniques may be necessary. Beta blockers and reassurance are the cornerstones of management.
Methods for the qualitative and quantitative determination of aflatoxins.

Summary Qualitative and quantitative measurements of aflatoxins are most often routinely made by means of thin-layer chromatography. The accuracy of the quantitative determination by this procedure can be improved by substituting a densitometric “reading” of the thin-layer plates for visual examination. Examination of small samples (down to 0.3 mg) can be accomplished by a modified thin-layer chromatography procedure which employs an acetone-water extraction technique. Confirmation of toxicity is most often done with the duckling bioassay although embryonated chicken eggs have been used successfully for this purpose. Other methods which, under certain circumstances, may find application in the measurement of aflatoxins include: paper chromatography, microbiological assay, spectrophotometry, and a tissue culture assay.
Amide I Frequency as a Probe of Tertiary Structure: FTIR Studies of Helix Bundle Peptides

Infrared spectroscopy is extensively used to determine secondary structure content of peptides and proteins. The frequency, intensity, and line width of the amide I band of a peptide are commonly used to distinguish between alpha helix, beta sheet, and random coil [1]. However, tertiary structure also plays a role in determining IR spectral features. The amide I band is dependent on solvent environment; amide I frequencies of peptides which are exposed to water (and hydrogen bonded with solvent) can be distinguished from those in nonpolar environments [2]. However, there have been no systematic studies of the effects of tertiary structure changes on the amide I’ band of a polypeptide.
Learning for decentralized control of multiagent systems in large, partially-observable stochastic environments

Decentralized partially observable Markov decision processes (Dec-POMDPs) provide a general framework for multiagent sequential decision-making under uncertainty. Although Dec-POMDPs are typically intractable to solve for real-world problems, recent research on macro-actions (i.e., temporally-extended actions) has significantly increased the size of problems that can be solved. However, current methods assume the underlying Dec-POMDP model is known a priori or a full simulator is available during planning time. To accommodate more realistic scenarios, when such information is not available, this paper presents a policy-based reinforcement learning approach, which learns the agent policies based solely on trajectories generated by previous interaction with the environment (e.g., demonstrations). We show that our approach is able to generate valid macro-action controllers and develop an expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm (called Policy-based EM or PoEM), which has convergence guarantees for batch learning. Our experiments show PoEM is a scalable learning method that can learn optimal policies and improve upon hand-coded "expert" solutions.
A person-centric investigation of personality types, job performance, and attrition

Abstract This study utilized a person-centered approach and latent profile analysis to investigate relationships among personality, attrition, and performance. Personality data from 4763 Army recruits were used to create personality profiles or classes, which were then linked with supervisor's job performance ratings of discipline and effort as well as 24- and 48-month attrition. The latent profile analyses identified 5 personality profiles/classes, 3 of which (i.e., Resilient, Overcontrolled, Undercontrolled) have been commonly found in previous person-centered studies of personality. The results indicated that the Resilient class had significantly higher discipline ratings and significantly lower attrition than the Overcontrolled and Undercontrolled classes. Using the person-centered approach, the results showed that the classes developed using a relatively new personality measure and latent profile analysis predicted significant differences on important work outcomes such as performance ratings and attrition. Applied implications and future research directions are discussed.
A study of the application of the CMAC artificial neural network to the problem of gas sensor array calibration

This paper explores the application of the Cerebeller Model Arithmetic Computer (CMAC) artificial neural network to the analysis of multicomponent gas mixtures using an array of eight nonselective, nonlinear and noisy Taguchi gas sensors. Various network parameters that affect the performance of the CMAC are discussed. Results of the analysis of three gas component mixtures are presented.
Liver sinusoidal endothelial cells as iron sensors.

The continuous turnover of erythrocyte iron requires intercommunication between multiple cell types for homeostasis, including cells participating in iron uptake (enterocytes), utilization (erythroid precursors), recycling (reticuloendothelial macrophages), and storage (hepatocytes). Coordination of iron flux between these cell types is determined by the regulated expression of the hepatocellular hormone hepcidin. In this issue of Blood, 2 research teams, Canali et al and Koch et al, independently demonstrate a key role in iron homeostasis by a cell type that might otherwise seem a bystander. Their studies provide convincing evidence that the source of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) essential to basal and iron-regulated hepcidin expression is liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs).1,2
A Comprehensive Review of Stress Testing in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: Assessment of Functional Capacity, Identification of Prognostic Indicators, and Detection of Coronary Artery Disease

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is a heterogeneous condition that may present with functional limitation due to dyspnea on exertion, angina, or symptoms of heart failure. Although angina is a common symptom, it is thought to be multifactorial, including abnormal microvasculature and epicardial coronary artery disease. The role of stress testing in the detection of coronary artery disease and its limitations are discussed in this review. Stress testing yields additional information beyond the detection of ischemia, which is prognostic independent of the presence of coronary artery disease and can be beneficial in defining the presence of provocable left ventricular outflow tract obstruction, symptoms, response of heart rate and blood pressure to exercise, and functional capacity. Additional noninvasive imaging techniques, including speckle-tracking echocardiography and coronary flow velocity reserve, positron emission tomographic myocardial blood flow, delayed enhancement on cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, and computed tomographic angiography, are also discussed.
Soy-enriched bread.

Publisher Summary Consumption of soybean products may have a significant impact upon health. The biological activity in soy has been associated, in part, with the presence of proteins and isoflavones. In 1999, the Food and Drug Administration declared that 6.25 g of soy protein per serving included in a diet low in saturated fat and cholesterol may reduce the risk of coronary heart disease by lowering blood cholesterol levels and allowed product labeling to that effect. Increased recognition of the link between soy and health has resulted in the development of a series of soy-containing functional foods. However, consumer acceptability of such foods remains low due to off-flavors and undesirable textures of many of these products as well as the need to incorporate a non-traditional food (bars, shakes, Asian foods) into the diet. Bread made partially with soy may represent a viable delivery system for isoflavones, as well as other phytochemicals and soy proteins, since bread is a traditional and well-accepted food of widespread consumption. This chapter outlines the various physico-chemical changes occurring in bread upon addition of significant amounts of soy, the changes in phytochemicals both during manufacturing and storage of soy bread, consumer attitudes toward the bread and some possible future trends for the bakery industry regarding soy.
Protein and Amino Acid Needs of the Strength Athlete

The debate regarding optimal protein/amino acid needs of strength athletes is an old one. Recent evidence indicates that actual requirements are higher than those of more sedentary individuals, although this is not widely recognized. Some data even suggest that high protein/amino acid diets can enhance the development of muscle mass and strength when combined with heavy resistance exercise training. Novices may have higher needs than experienced strength athletes, and substantial interindividual variability exists. Perhaps the most important single factor determining absolute protein/amino acid need is the adequacy of energy intake. Present data indicate that strength athletes should consume approximately 12-15% of their daily total energy intake as protein, or about 1.5-2.0 g protein/kg.d-1 (approximately 188-250% of the U.S. recommended dietary allowance). Although routinely consumed by many strength athletes, higher protein intakes have not been shown to be consistently effective and may even be associated with some health risks.
Thoracic Trauma: a Combat and Military Perspective

This article reviews the finer points of thoracic trauma seen during combat and provides parallels to the civilian sector for potential implementation. Lessons learned during recent conflicts in Iraq (Operation Iraqi Freedom), Afghanistan (Operation Enduring Freedom) as well as the ongoing military actions targeting the Islamic State (ISIS) have equipped combat surgeons with a breadth of knowledge concerning the management of complex thoracic trauma. The unique environment provided by war inherently fosters the development of innovation. Management of combat injuries has become more crucial to all trauma surgeons, as high-velocity weaponry and global terrorism can produce similar injury patterns in the civilian trauma setting. This review focuses on unique injuries seen in austere war-time environments with focus on thoracic trauma. Applications to civilian trauma are highlighted throughout the article with the hope that the experience gained by combat surgeons may aide in the advancement of trauma care.
Intrinsic metabolic regulation of blood flow, O2 extraction and tissue O2 delivery in dog skeletal muscle.

In a recent systems analysis of intrinsic microvascular control of tissue oxygen deliveryl, we proposed that O2 delivery to skeletal muscle cells was autoregulated in accordance with their metabolic requirements through local metabolic control of blood flow and O2 extraction. We also suggested that blood flow is regulated through feedback regulation of arteriolar tone, and O2 extraction is modulated through precapillary sphincter control of capillary surface area and capillary-to-cell diffusion distance. Our analysis, which includes as a major feature the assumption that precapillary sphincter sensitivity to metabolic control is greater than that of the arterioles, suggests that: 1) When the venous oxygen reserve is large, increased extraction is the major mechanism by which tissue oxygen delivery is maintained in accordance with cellular requirements, whenever the O2 availability-to-demand ratio is reduced. Under these conditions, the contribution of local flow regulation is minimal. 2) As the prevailing venous oxygen reserve decreases, the contribution of the arteriolar flow control system increases and the importance of the precapillary sphincter control of O2 extraction diminishes. Indeed, at a venous oxygen saturation of 25 per cent, blood flow responses account for over 90 per cent of the total compensation. 3) Thus, as metabolic stresses become greater, the major locus of intrinsic microvascular control of tissue oxygen delivery moves from the normally more sensitive sphincters to the upstream arterioles. In this manner, adequate tissue oxygenation is maintained over a wide range of metabolic stresses, the relative contribution of blood flow and O2 extraction to the regulation of tissue oxygen delivery being determined by the prevailing venous oxygen level. The data presented in this paper represent the experimental basis of our analysis.
Interstitial Laser Therapy (ILT) of Breast Tumors

The widespread practice of screening mammography in the USA and Europe has resulted in detection of smaller breast cancers and reduction in mortality [Nelson et al., Ann Intern Med 151:727–737, W737–742, 2009]. However, the surgical management of the primary cancer has not kept pace with the diagnostic advances. The concept of in situ ablation of breast cancer with a non-cutting technique appeals to patients, provided it is safe and efficacious. Several in situ techniques, either by heat (laser, radiofrequency, focused ultrasound, and microwave) or by cold (cryotherapy), are emerging as alternatives to lumpectomy [Huston, Simmons, Am J Surg 189:694–701, 2005].
On Fundamentals of the Scientific Theory of Gearing

Fundamentals of scientific theory of gearing are briefly disclosed in the paper. The undertaken research is based on an extensive application of the DG/K-based method of surface generation. Criteria a scientific theory of gearing must meet with are formulated in the paper. It is postulated that the given kinematics of a gear pair (namely, a given configuration of the rotation vectors of the driving and of the driven members) along with the power being transmitting is the principal start point, which the scientific theory of gearing can be derived from. Starting from that, analytical expressions for the gear and for the pinion teeth flanks are derived. Spatial gearing of this kind is geometrically accurate. It is featuring line contact of the interacting teeth flanks. All known kinds of gearing are covered by the developed theory of gearing. Moreover, the proposed theory is a powerful tool for the development of gearing of novel kinds with a prescribed performance.
Rhabdomyosarcoma mimicking acute leukemia in an adult : Report of a case with histologic, flow cytometric, cytogenetic, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural studies

A case of a 25-year-old man who presented with low back, knee, and hip pain with bruising, leukocytosis, and thrombocytopenia is reported. Histopathologic and flow cytometric studies revealed a malignant neoplasm, which was thought to be consistent with an unusual type of acute leukemia. Subsequent immunohistochemical studies revealed diffuse bone marrow involvement by rhabdomyosarcoma, demonstrated by positivity for desmin and muscle-specific actin. In addition, the diagnosis of metastatic rhabdomyosarcoma was confirmed with cytogenetic and ultrastructural studies. The incidence of rhabdomyosarcoma, a disease usually seen in childhood, presenting with extensive bone marrow involvement and mimicking acute leukemia in an adult is extremely rare. This case highlights the need to consider rhabdomyosarcoma in the differential diagnosis in patients who present with a leukemic picture and atypical blasts that lack the usual hematopoietic markers.
Interpersonal comparisons with preferences and desires

Most moral and political theories require us to make interpersonal comparisons of welfare. This poses a challenge to the popular view that welfare consists in the satisfaction of preferences or des...
Freedom, Commodification, and the Alienation of Labor in Adam Smith’s Wealth of Nations

Despite the fact that even Karl Marx acknowledges a large debt to Smith for Smith’s introduction of the concept of free enterprise as an economic antidote to feudalism, Smith has nonetheless stood accused of being antilabor. For Marx, a worker is defined by and identified with her work and productivity. It is Marx who initiates the idea that workers are often treated as just that – workers – not persons. Interestingly, as Werhane demonstrates, Smith recognizes this alienation in Book V of The Wealth of Nations where he points to the torpor of assembly lines and the negative effect of repetitive work. What is important for Smith, in counter-distinction to Marx, is that free enterprise itself – the ability to choose jobs, to get paid rather than be chattel or slave, to have one’s productivity measured and valued, and to have the ability to quit, albeit easier said than done in a less-than-full-employment market – divides the worker as a person from her labor and gives her a sense of freedom rather than alienation.
Poor Glycemic Control Is Associated With Impaired Bone Accrual in the Year Following a Diagnosis of Type 1 Diabetes.

CONTEXT Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is associated with an increased fracture risk across the life course. The effects on bone accrual early in the disease are unknown. OBJECTIVE To characterize changes in bone density and structure over the year following diagnosis of T1D and to identify contributors to impaired bone accrual. DESIGN Prospective cohort study. SETTING Academic children's hospital. PARTICIPANTS Thirty-six children, ages 7 to 17 years, enrolled at diagnosis of T1D. OUTCOMES Whole body and regional dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and tibia peripheral quantitative computed tomography obtained at baseline and 12 months. The primary outcome was bone accrual assessed by bone mineral content (BMC) and areal bone mineral density (aBMD) velocity z score. RESULTS Participants had low total body less head (TBLH) BMC (z = -0.46 ± 0.76), femoral neck aBMD (z = -0.57 ± 0.99), and tibia cortical volumetric BMD (z = -0.44 ± 1.11) at diagnosis, compared with reference data, P < 0.05. TBLH BMC velocity in the year following diagnosis was lower in participants with poor (hemoglobin A1c ≥7.5%) vs good (hemoglobin A1c <7.5%) glycemic control at 12 months, z = -0.36 ± 0.84 vs 0.58 ± 0.71, P = 0.003. TBLH BMC velocity was correlated with gains in tibia cortical area (R = 0.71, P = 0.003) and periosteal circumference (R = 0.67, P = 0.007) z scores in participants with good, but not poor control. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that the adverse effects of T1D on BMD develop early in the disease. Bone accrual following diagnosis was impaired in participants with poor glycemic control and appeared to be mediated by diminished bone formation on the periosteal surface.
The Philosophy of Friendship and Its Place in Constructing Interreligious Encounters

This chapter will explore the role of friendship can play in making sure that relationships built on hospitality can endure the tensions that originate from creedal differences. I will focus on concrete ways friendship can be used to construct a healthy relationship among religions, particularly in Christianity, Islam, and Ihievbe Traditional Religion. To do this, I intentionally appropriate the definition of friendship by Reformed theologian Jurgen Moltmann. According to Moltmann, friendship “is therefore a deep human relation that arises out of freedom, consists in mutual freedom, and preserves this freedom” (Moltmann in The Changing Face of Friendship. University of Notre Dame Press, Notre Dame, IN, p. 31, 1994). I would add that, in the context of interreligious encounters, friendship affirms the role of God as a witness to the friendship as well as the source for its possibility.
Ecology of age-0 arrowtooth flounder (Atheresthes stomias) inhabiting the Gulf of Alaska.

Abstract Age-0 arrowtooth flounder (Atheresthes stomias) were collected from surface waters, throughout the summer months in the Gulf of Alaska. As the most abundant groundfish species in the Gulf of Alaska, arrowtooth flounder are an important ecological component of this ecosystem. While information is available for juvenile and adult arrowtooth flounder, and to some extent the ichthyoplankton life stage and spawning processes, the late-pelagic, post-larval stage of arrowtooth flounder has been the subject of fewer inquiries. This study examined the effects of environmental parameters on age-0 arrowtooth flounder in the pelagic environment. Based on data collected from 2010 to 2013, this study provided information on the abundance, distribution, pelagic duration, size, growth, diet and energy content of age-0 arrowtooth flounder in the Gulf of Alaska. Mean settlement to the benthos occurred at approximately 41 mm standard length, which corresponded to early August. Average energy density was 20.42 ± 0.07 kJ g−1 dry mass and showed no change with size, although there were some interannual differences that were attributed to changes in temperature and diet composition. This study helps fill critical gaps in the knowledge of the early life history of arrowtooth flounder and how they respond to the biophysical parameters in the Gulf of Alaska.
Size, species and audience type influence heterospecific female–female competition

Female–female competition for mates can be as intense as male–male competition, but it has received little attention until recently. Typically, such competition is expressed as context-dependent aggressive encounters between individuals of the same species within a complex social environment. Unlike male competition, in cases of sexual parasitism, female competition includes important heterospecific interactions. We explore how competitor body size and species influence female–female aggression in a sexual–unisexual mating system where heterospecific females compete for males of the sexual species. Specifically, we examined whether (1) the size and species of female competitors and (2) the sex and species of an audience influence female–female aggression in sailfin mollies, Poecilia latipinna. We found that competitor body size had a secondary effect on the amount of aggression a female performed when compared to the species of her female competitor. Female sailfin mollies were more aggressive towards conspecifics than they were towards Amazon mollies, Poecilia formosa, especially in front of a sailfin molly male and female audience. These results demonstrate that the social environment greatly influences how females regulate their aggressive behaviours, and they highlight not only the role of female competition for males, but also the importance of understanding the impact of the social environment on female competition.
Fidgetin-like 2 is a novel negative regulator of axonal growth and can be targeted to promote functional nerve regeneration after injury.

Abstract The microtubule (MT) cytoskeleton plays a critical role in axon growth and guidance. Here, we identify the MT severing enzyme fidgetin-like 2 (FL2) as a negative regulator of axonal regeneration and a potential therapeutic target for promoting neural regeneration after injury. Genetic knockout of FL2 in cultured adult dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons resulted in longer axons and attenuated growth cone retraction in response to inhibitory molecules. Given the axonal growth-promoting effects of FL2 depletion in vitro, we tested whether the enzyme could be targeted to promote regeneration in a rodent model of peripheral nerve injury. In the model used in our experiments, the cavernous nerves (CN) are either crushed or transected, mimicking nerve injury caused by radical prostatectomy (RP). As with patients, CN injury results in erectile dysfunction, for which there are presently poor treatment options. At the time of injury, FL2-siRNA or control-siRNA was applied to the site using nanoparticles or chondroitin sulfate microgels as delivery agents. Treatment significantly enhanced functional nerve recovery, as determined by cavernosometry (measurements of corporal blood pressure in response to electrostimulation of the nerve). Remarkably, following complete bilateral nerve transection, visible and functional nerve regeneration was observed in 7 out of 8 animals treated with FL2-siRNA. In contrast, no control-siRNA treated animals showed regeneration. These observations suggest a novel therapeutic approach to treat peripheral nerve injury, particularly injuries resulting from surgical procedures such as RP, where treatments depleting FL2 could be applied locally at the time of injury.
SOIL*EXSM— An Innovative Process for Treatment of Hazardous and Radioactive Mixed Waste

An unprecedented challenge exists within the U. S. Departments of Energy and Defense to remediate large volumes of soil and debris contaminated with radioactive and hazardous constituents. To meet this challenge, Chemical Waste Management (CWM) has developed the SOIL*EXSM (named after SOIL Extraction) process, an innovative mixed waste treatment scheme for separating and removing radionuclides and metals while destroying volatile organic compounds often associated with soil and debris.
161 Collegiate coaches’ knowledge of and attitudes towards concussions

Statement of Purpose The purpose of this study was to determine concussion knowledge and attitudes of NCAA coaches across Divisions I, II, & III. Methods/Approach Colleges from all three divisions of the NCAA were randomly selected based on the proportions of divisions represented (31% DI, 27% DII, 41% DIII). Coach and assistant coach of contact/collision or limited contact sports emails from selected colleges were obtained and sent a link to a survey which contained a concussion knowledge checklist (CK) (high scores indicate more knowledge of correct symptom identification), the Concussion Attitude Index (CAI) which measures attitudes about concussion reporting and management, and demographic questions. Results On average, coaches had CK scores of M= 16.7 (sd 5.3, range 0–25) and CAI scores of M= 168.5 (sd=13.4, range 121–190). There was a significant gender difference in CK, F(1,212) = 10.7, p=0.001, η2=0.048 with females indicating higher levels of knowledge (M=18.3, se=0.58) compared to males (M=15.9, se=0.46), but no gender difference in CAI. There were no significant differences in CAI or CK based on number of years collegiate coaching. Number of years collegiate coaching significantly predicted both CK F(1,198) = 3.98, p=0.048, R2=0.015 and CAI, F(1,182) = 8.85, p=0.003, R2=0.046 with more years coaching positively correlated with CAI (r(n=259)=0.19, p=0.01) and negatively correlated with CK, r(n=259)= -.18, p=0.01. Conclusion Coaches had relatively good knowledge of symptoms of concussion with some room for improvement. Female coaches had slightly higher knowledge scores. Years of coaching predicated attitudes and knowledge of symptoms, but contributed very little to the overall predictive model. Significance and Contributions to Injury and Violence Prevention Science Understanding of coaches’ knowledge and attitudes towards concussion provides awareness of what coaches know and how they approach concussion which can inform policies, training, and educational programs.
Fast Real-time Counterfactual Explanations.

Counterfactual explanations are considered, which is to answer {\it why the prediction is class A but not B.} Different from previous optimization based methods, an optimization-free Fast ReAl-time Counterfactual Explanation (FRACE) algorithm is proposed benefiting from the development of multi-domain image to image translation algorithms. Built from starGAN, a transformer is trained as a residual generator conditional on a classifier constrained under a proposal perturbation loss which maintains the content information of the query image, but just the class-specific semantic information is changed. The transformer can transfer the query image to any counterfactual class, and during inference, our explanation can be generated by it only within a forward time. It is fast and can satisfy the real-time practical application. Because of the adversarial training of GAN, our explanation is also more realistic compared to other counterparts. The experimental results demonstrate that our proposal is better than the existing state of the art in terms of quality and speed.
Performance of the interpersonal needs questionnaire in adolescent clinical samples: Confirmatory factor analyses and evaluation of measurement invariance.

Objective This study evaluated the factor structure, internal consistency reliability, construct and criterion validity, and measurement invariance of the Interpersonal Needs Questionnaire (INQ) among adolescents. Method Participants (N = 539) included three distinct samples of youth drawn from two outpatient psychology clinics and an inpatient psychiatric unit. The combined sample was 63.3% female and had a mean age of 14.95 years (SD = 1.31 years). All participants completed the INQ as well as measures of depressive symptoms and suicide ideation. Results Confirmatory factor analyses indicated that the removal of three items from the thwarted belongingness subscale of the INQ was needed to achieve acceptable model fit. The resulting combined 12-item scale demonstrated good factor structure, internal consistency reliability, construct validity, and criterion validity. The modified 12-item INQ also demonstrated scalar invariance across subgroups defined by sex, race, and age. Conclusions Findings support the use of this reduced 12-item version of the INQ among adolescents. Youth may have difficulty accurately responding to changes in item valence; thus, future research with youth should consider using a 12-item version of the INQ that avoids valence changes within subscales.
High Power Density 1700-V/ 300-A Si-IGBT and SiC-MOSFET Hybrid Switch-based Half-bridge Power Module

The design and fabrication of a 1.7-kV and 300-A rated half-bridge multi-chip power module with a Si-IGBT and SiC-MOSFET hybrid switch is presented. The proposed module consists of two Si-IGBT dies in parallel with one SiC-MOSFET die to achieve a 6-over-1 current ratio at each switch position. This high current ratio yields significant cost savings compared to an all-SiC power module. The overall power loop inductance is 12.38 nH. The presented module has two key attributes: First, it is wire bond-less, by employing high-reliability silver clips for topside interconnection. Second, a novel metal-encapsulated thermal pyrolytic graphite baseplate is used to reduces thermal coupling among the Si and SiC die enabling higher junction temperature for SiC die relative to the Si die. The evaluation of the module in switching tests is presented.
Submerged prehistory in the Americas: Methods, approaches and results

Archaeology underwater has experienced a renaissance in both popular and professional interest as witnessed in numerous movies, television specials, academic papers, conference symposia, and a spat...
Congenital HLH Masquerading as Breast Feeding Jaundice In A Neonate

Introduction Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a severe congenital or acquired disease of immune dysregulation characterized by overactivation of lymphocytes and macrophages with resulting cytokine storm and multi-organ dysfunction. We present a case of a neonate admitted for hyperbilirubinemia who developed progressive multi-organ failure and death due to congenital HLH. Case A 4-day-old male presented to our community pediatric hospital from his pediatrician’s office for hyperbilirubinemia. He was born at 39 weeks gestation via vaginal delivery after an uncomplicated pregnancy. Discharge bilirubin at 48 HOL was 10.2mg/dL and transcutaneous bilirubin …
A 3-Decade, Single-Center Experience of Liver Transplantation for Cholangiocarcinoma: Impact of Era, Tumor Size, Location, and Neoadjuvant Therapy.

Background Liver transplantation (LT) for cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) remains limited to a small number of centers. While the role of neoadjuvant therapy (NAT) has been explored over time, an in-depth analysis of NAT strategies remains limited. Furthermore, controversy exists regarding acceptable tumor size during patient selection for LT. This study explores the impact of Era, tumor size and NAT strategy on LT outcomes for CCA. Methods We conducted a retrospective review of 53 patients with CCA treated with LT from 1985 to 2019, 19 hilar CCA (hCCA) and 30 intrahepatic CCA (iCCA) were included. The relative contributions of varying neoadjuvent therapy (NAT) (chemotherapy: NAC, local therapy: NALT, and combined therapy, NAC+NALT: NACLT) as well as the implication of tumor size, and Era were analyzed. The primary endpoint was overall survival (OS). Results Compared to the old Era (1985-2007), 5-year OS in patients who underwent LT in the recent Era (2008-2019) showed a superior trend. 5-year OS from initial treatment in patients receiving NACLT for hilar CCA (hCCA) and intrahepatic CCA (iCCA) respectively were 88% and 100% vs 9% and 41% in patients without it (p=0.01 for hCCA, p=0.02 for iCCA), while NAC or NALT alone did not show significant differences in OS vs no NAT(p>0.05). Although thirty three patients had large size tumors (hCCA≥30mm n=12 or iCCA ≥50mm n=21), tumor size had no impact on survival outcomes. Conclusions Outcomes of LT for CCA seem to have improved over time. Multimodal NAT is associated with improved survival in LT for both intrahepatic and hilar cholangiocarcinoma regardless of tumor size.
Aortic dilation in pediatric patients

Aortic dilation at the level of the aortic root can be caused by a variety of congenital or acquired conditions that lead to weakening of the aortic wall. In this retrospective study, we sought to determine the frequency of different associated diagnoses from children with aortic dilation seen at a single institution. A total of 377 children (68 % male) met study inclusion criteria. Patients were classified based on the suspected or confirmed associated diagnosis in one of the following categories: congenital heart disease (241/377, 64 %), chromosomal (34/377, 9 %), Marfan syndrome (26/377, 7 %), other genetic and non-genetic (22/377, 6 %), Loeys-Dietz syndrome (6/377, 2 %), and unknown (48/377, 13 %). Bicuspid aortic valve was by far the most prevalent congenital heart defect (206/241, 85 %), while Turner syndrome was the most frequent chromosomal abnormality (12/34, 35 %). Patients with Marfan syndrome were more likely to have severe dilation of the ascending aorta (p = 0.002) and to require aortic root replacement surgery (p < 0.001) compared to those in other diagnosis categories. Conclusion: The differential diagnosis of aortic dilation is broad and requires a careful assessment of cardiac anatomy. Evaluation by a clinical geneticist in this setting should be strongly considered given the high frequency of associated genetic conditions.
DISCUSSION OF CYCLIC STRESS-STRAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF CLAY

THE AUTHORS HAVE SHED A GREAT DEAL OF LIGHT INTO THE DYNAMIC BEHAVIOR OF SENSITIVE SAN FRANCISCO BAY MUD CLAY UNDER PREASSIGNED CYCLIC-STRAIN APPLICATION. THE AUTHORS' CONCLUSION, THAT WHEN THE SAMPLES ARE SUBJECTED TO CYCLIC STRAINS OF CONSTANT AMPLITUDES PRODUCING SHEARING STRAINS OF LESS THAN 1.5 PERCENT, THE UNDISTURBED STATIC STRENGTH OF THE SOIL IS VIRTUALLY UNAFFECTED BY 200 CYCLES OF STRAINING IS PUZZLING TO MR SHERIF, IN VIEW OF THE FACT THAT BOTH DY- NAMIC MODULI APPEAR TO BE AFFECTED BY THE INCREASING NUMBER OF CYCLES AT PRACTICALLY ALL STRAIN LEVELS. IT MUST BE REMEMBERED THAT THESE EXPERIMENTS WERE OBTAINED UNDER ONE FREQUENCY LEVEL. FOR OTHER FREQUENCIES, THE CONCLUSIONS MAY BE DIFFERENT. REFERENCES: CYCLIC STRESS-STRAIN REFERENCES: CYCLIC STRESS STRAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF CLAY, GERALD R. THIERS, H. BOLTON SEED, ASCE PROC. PAPER 5871, MARCH 1968.
Determinants of Host Specificity in the Bradyrhizobium Japonicum -Soybean Symbiosis

One of the most fascinating, and still largely unexplained, aspects of Rhizobium/Bradyrhizobium- legume interaction is the host specificity exhibited. Investigations of Rhizobium meliloti and R. leguminosarum bv. viciae and trifolii have shown that host specificity is determined by the respective nodD gene as well as unique host specificity genes (reviewed in Long 1989). Against this background of work with various Rhizobium species, comparatively little is known about the determinants of host specificity in Bradyrhizobium species. Clearly, the specificity of the nodD gene product for specific isoflavone inducers from the plant plays an important role in legume infection by Bradyrhizobium (Kosslak et a1 1988; Banfalvi et al 1988). In addition, a few loci have been identified by mutagenesis in Bradyrhizobium that appear to affect nodulation on only particular host species (Bender et al 1987; Nieuwkoop et al 1987; Hahn and Hennecke 1988).
The I-SIT Isocon Photon Counting TV System

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the general problems in trying to make a “photon counting” TV system. The chapter gives the details and performance of one system employing an intensified I-SIT Isocon, which was especially developed for the application by RCA. All approaches to detecting individual photons are based on detecting individual photoelectrons following some acceleration multiplication process. The I-SIT Isocon consists of a two stage magnetically focused image intensifier in which the second stage electron image is focused on a silicon diode array target. The image stored in the silicon target is read out with a scanning electron beam, which can be operated in the Isocon or conventional image orthicon type beam read out mode. The results obtained in this study show that the intensified SIT Isocon has adequate gain to allow unambiguous detection of single photoelectrons. It is also found that the problem of splitting is a general problem of any readout of the photoelectron events, but it can be accommodated by some form of pattern processing. In this chapter, some astronomical observational results are presented. The chapter also discusses possible improvements and alternative approaches for digital photon counting television systems.
Not Junk After All

Repetitive elements called Alu elements constitute more than 10% of the human genome yet do not appear to code for proteins. In his Perspective, Makalowski discusses new work ( Lev-Maor et al.) that sheds light on how Alu elements become inserted into the coding regions of genes resulting in the formation of new proteins and thus contributing to evolution.
Education for Mobility or Status Reproduction

Everyone is familiar with the popular phrase, “education levels the playing field.” However, does public schooling really provide opportunities for everyone who is willing to work hard to succeed? This essay examines the scholarly debate that has emerged around this long-standing maxim. At one end of the continuum, scholars draw on the experiences of white ethnic immigrants to make the claim that education is the ticket to upward mobility for students from poor families. However, critics point to the experiences of marginalized blacks, and increasingly, Latinos, to reject this claim. At the other end of the continuum, scholars depart from traditional debates about racial disparities per se, shifting their focus to an understudied disparity—the growing gap in achievement between middle-class students and poor students. These scholars point to an important new trend in class inequality, one that has gained momentum in recent years, namely, the rising significance of the acquisition of cultural capital as a necessary prerequisite for upward mobility. Analysis of this trend is a promising step in the right direction for scholars concerned with helping disadvantaged students to climb out of poverty. Keywords: mobility; education; racial minorities; immigrants; inequality; status reproduction; academic performance; social class
Engaging bodies in the public imagination: bioarchaeology as social science, science, and humanities.

Bioarchaeology is the contextual analysis of biological remains from past societies. It is a young and growing discipline born during the latter half of the twentieth century from its roots in physical anthropology and archaeology. Although often associated with the study of ancient diet and disease, bioarchaeology leverages variable temporal scales and its global scope to provide a uniquely comparative perspective on human life that transcends traditional boundaries of the natural sciences, social sciences, and humanities. Here, we explore the public face of bioarchaeology and consider the trends in publication practices that reflect diversifying research strategies. Bioarchaeology is a popular topic on web-based science news aggregators. However, we identify a disconnect between bioarchaeology's traditional research emphases, emerging research foci, and findings that actually spark the public imagination. A majority of popular news articles emphasize basic discovery or “natural curiosities.” Publication data indicate the field also remains regionally focused with relatively little emphasis on nomothetic goals. Nevertheless, bioarchaeology can do more to leverage its historical perspective and corporeal emphasis to engage a number of topics with importance across traditional academic boundaries. Big data, comparative, multi-investigator, interdisciplinary projects on violence, colonialism, and health offer the most obvious potential for driving research narratives in the biological and social sciences. Humanistic approaches that explore emotional connections to the past can also have merit. The diversity of research outlets and products indicates the field must embrace the importance of nontraditional activities in its value structure to maximize our potential in public arenas. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 27:51–60, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Shapes and orientations of raindrops from 2D-video disdrometer, polarimetric radar and a wind-tunnel study

Measurements of shapes and orientations of raindrops using 2D video disdrometer have been compared with those derived from a recent wind-tunnel study as well as those inferred from an advanced polarimetric weather radar at S-band, respectively. Results are consistent with each other. This paper presents the quantitative comparisons.
Unified approach to prenylated indole alkaloids: total syntheses of (−)-17-hydroxy-citrinalin B, (+)-stephacidin A, and (+)-notoamide I

A unified strategy for the synthesis of congeners of the prenylated indole alkaloids is presented. This strategy has yielded the first synthesis of the natural product (-)-17-hydroxy-citrinalin B as well as syntheses of (+)-stephacidin A and (+)-notoamide I. An enolate addition to an in situ generated isocyanate was utilized in forging a key bicyclo[2.2.2]diazaoctane moiety, and in this way connected the two structural classes of the prenylated indole alkaloids through synthesis.