cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Deep Brain Stimulation Safety: MRI and Other Electromagnetic Interactions

The potential for interaction between medical implants and electromagnetic (EM) energy generated by devices in the patient’s environment has long been a safety concern for health care professionals. The magnitude and subsequent effect of such an interaction will depend on the strength of the EM field as well as the susceptibility and location of the device. For most implants, particularly those that are passive in nature (e.g., aneurysm clips, stents), newer materials and manufacturing techniques have led to dramatic improvements in the susceptibility of implants. The situation is more complex, however, for active implants like those used in cardiac or neurostimulation therapy, where the electronic, conductive, and typically elongated nature of the implant increases its overall susceptibility to EM fields. To date, reported interactions for patients with implanted deep brain stimulation (DBS) systems have ranged from inadvertent switching of the pulse generators between the on and off state to the induction of permanent, neurological deficit. While the total number of documented adverse events over the past decade is relatively small in comparison to the 30,000 plus patient implants performed to date, patients and physicians need to be aware of the potential sources and effects of EM interactions. This chapter presents an overview of those sources and their potential impact on the DBS hardware and subsequently the patient, with particular emphasis on the MRI environment and recent data on MRI-related heating.
Depression symptoms and antidepressant medicine use in Diabetes Prevention Program participants.

OBJECTIVE To assess depression markers (symptoms and antidepressant medicine use) in Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP) participants and to determine whether changes in depression markers during the course of the study were associated with treatment arm, weight change, physical activity level, or participant demographic characteristics. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS DPP participants (n = 3,187) in three treatment arms (intensive lifestyle, metformin, and placebo) completed the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and reported on use of antidepressant medicines at randomization and subsequently at each annual visit (average duration in study 3.2 years). RESULTS On study entry, 10.3% of participants had BDI scores > or =11, which was used as a threshold for mild depression, 5.7% took antidepressant medicines, and 0.9% had both depression markers. During the DPP, the proportion of participants with elevated BDI scores declined (from 10.3% at baseline to 8.4% at year 3), while the proportion taking antidepressant medicines increased (from 5.7% at baseline to 8.7% at year 3), leaving the proportion with either marker unchanged. These time trends were not significantly associated with the DPP treatment arm. Depression markers throughout the study were associated with some participant demographic factors, adjusted for other factors. Men were less likely to have elevated depression scores and less likely to use antidepressant medicine at baseline (9.0% of men and 17.9% of women had at least one marker of depression) and throughout the study (P or =11 (P = 0.03), but white participants were more likely to be taking antidepressant medicine than any other racial/ethnic group (P <0.0001). CONCLUSIONS DPP participation was not associated with changes in levels of depression. Countervailing trends in the proportion of DPP participants with elevated depression symptoms and the proportion taking antidepressant medicine resulted in no significant change in the proportion with either marker. The finding that those taking antidepressant medicine often do not have elevated depression symptoms indicates the value of assessing both markers when estimating overall depression rates.
Practical multiplexing for third generation quantum repeaters

We restrict quantum error correcting code sizes in third-generation quantum repeaters to explore qubit channel multiplexing. We find that the single link optimization is not necessarily the optimal configuration for improving the practical encoded-qubit throughput.
Chapter 18 – Solar Energy: Photovoltaics

Solar electric photovoltaic (PV) energy is a direct translation of the solar illumination into electricity. PV energy is one of the fastest growing energy industries. New technologies are being developed annually while older technologies have already reached grid parity with fossil fuels in some markets. Still, improvements must be made to system technologies and ease of permitting in order to drive down costs even further. PV relies on a variable energy source and thus provides similarly varied and low-quality energy to the utility grids. As such, advancements in grid integration must be made to increase the reliability of solar PV electricity. This chapter provides an overview of the solar resource, differing PV technologies, device physics, field performance of operating systems and barriers to growth in the energy market.
PARALLEL SPLIT-LEVEL RELAXATION

The goal of high level vision is to identify a set of regions in a given image. This has been called by various names: the scene labeling problem’, the consistent labeling problem2, the constraint satisfaction problem3, Waltz filtering4, the satisfying assignment problem5, etc. There are several approaches to solve this problem, including backtracking, graph matching and relaxation. A new method called split-level relaxation, which is based on discrete relaxation was proposed in Ref. 6. It takes care of multiple semantic constraints by considering each of them independently. The problem is known to be NP-complete, so it takes a long time to solve. With the advent of multiprocessors, it is now imperative to see if the problem can be solved faster in the average case. In this paper we give a framework for solving the scene analysis problem in a parallel processing environment, using split-level relaxation. Experiments done on a multiprocessor show that it is indeed advantageous to use multiprocessors to solve this problem.
Abstract 319: Overexpression of microRNA-429 into the Renal Medulla Attenuated Salt-sensitive Hypertension in Dahl S Rats

HIF prolyl-hydroxylase 2 (PHD2) is an enzyme to promote the degradation of transcription factor hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)-1α. We have previously shown that high salt intake stimulates the expression of microRNA (miR)-429, which promotes the decay of HIF prolyl-hydroxylase 2 (PHD2) mRNA, and that reduction of PHD2 mRNA level leads to the accumulation of HIF-1α and activation of many HIF-1α-regulated antihypertensive genes such as nitric oxide synthase (NOS) 2 and heme oxygenase 1 in the renal medulla. This miR-429-mediated regulation of PHD2/HIF-1α pathway is an important molecular adaptation to promote extra sodium excretion and maintain blood pressure. However the high salt-induced increase in the renal medullary miR-429 level was impaired in Dahl S rat, a salt-sensitive hypertension model. The present study determined whether overexpression of miR-429 would reduce the levels of PHD2 mRNA, increase the expression of HIF-1α target genes in the renal medulla, and consequently attenuate salt-sensitive hypertension in Dahl S rats. Renal medullary miR-429 levels were increased by 2-fold via transfection of miR-429-expressing plasmid into the renal medulla in Dahl S rats, which was accompanied by 40% (0.4 of 1) decrease in PHD2 mRNA levels and 2-fold increase in NOS2 mRNA expression compared with scramble-miR-treated rats. Functionally, chronic high salt-induced sodium retention was remarkably reduced from 28.6 ± 2.4 mmole/kg in control rats to 18.5 ± 1.6 mmole/kg in miR-429-treated rats. Furthermore, hypertension induced by 2-week high salt intake was significantly attenuated in miR-429-treated rats. The mean arterial pressure in these Dahl S rats was 111.8 ± 1.7 mmHg on a low salt diet, 143.7 ± 4.1 on a high salt diet, and 128.6 ± 2.2 on a high salt diet treated with miR-429 plasmids, respectively. These results suggest that the impaired miR-429-mediated PHD2 inhibition in response to high salt intake in the renal medulla may represent a novel mechanism for hypertension in Dahl S rats and that correction of this impairment in miR-429 could be a therapeutic approach for salt-sensitive hypertension.
Avelumab: another active immune checkpoint inhibitor in non-small cell lung cancer.

Inhibitors of the immune checkpoints PD-1 and PD-L1 have changed the standard of care and clinical outcome of patients with many cancer types. For example, patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) were traditionally treated with chemotherapy with or without anti-angiogenic agents if their tumors did not carry actionable driver mutations. The use of immune checkpoint inhibitors provided additional options, in both the first-line and second-line settings, for these patients with clinically significant, often durable responses and prolonged survival. Nivolumab, an anti-PD-1 antibody, has been approved for both advanced non-squamous and squamous NSCLC in the second-line setting, after it demonstrated superior overall survival to docetaxel in large randomized phase 3 trials (1,2). Pembrolizumab, another anti-PD-1 antibody, has been approved for previously treated, PD-L1 positive, advanced NSCLC (3). The same applies to atezolizumab, an anti-PD-L1 monoclonal antibody (4). In addition, pembrolizumab also received regulatory approval as first-line therapy for PD-L1 positive NSCLC (5). The combination of pembrolizumab and carboplatin/pemetrexed as first-line therapy for non-squamous NSCLC has also demonstrated superior response rate and progression-free survival to chemotherapy alone, and is approved for use in the US (6).
Paradoxical Distraction with Upright Position After Halo Fixation in 2 Patients with Atlanto-Occipital Dislocation.

Background Atlanto-occipital dislocation (AOD) is the most uncommon form of traumatic cervical spine injury. The majority of patients die before reaching higher-level care, and only a small percentage of patients with AOD survive the initial injury after receiving tertiary care. As such, there is a paucity of evidence-based management guidelines for treating this condition. Halo vest fixation has been a proposed method for interim stability while these patients undergo medical optimization for surgical intervention. There have been several reports of worsening AOD after halo placement. Reverse Trendelenburg position after halo fixation has been previously described to aid in the reduction of AOD, as well as concomitant atlantoaxial dislocation by gravitational downward force. Case Description In this series we present 2 cases of obese patients (body mass index >30) with AOD treated by halo fixation that had increased distraction after head of bed elevation. Conclusion Our theorized mechanism for this phenomenon is due to the downward pull of subaxial forces secondary to a large body habitus.
Optimizing therapy for mantle cell lymphoma

Most people with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) present with diffuse adenopathy and benefit from early initiation of rituximab and high-dose cytarabine- or bendamustine-based therapies. Some patients, however, present with primarily nonnodal disease that can follow either an indolent or a rapidly progressive, treatment-resistant clinical course. Rarely, patients present with explosive disease that can be challenging to manage and often involves the central nervous system. New agents with improved therapeutic indices facilitate treatment while maintaining quality of life, but also present new complications at the time of treatment failure. Although uncommon presentations are not new to clinicians who treat MCL, the increasing clarity of underlying biology and prognostic implications may help us develop more specialized treatment strategies.
Influence of polyacrylamide conformation on fabric of “tunable” kaolin–polymer composite

“Tunable” clay–polymer composites have the potential to improve the engineering properties of clay materials. The importance of these materials derives from the ability of the responsive polymer to...
Somatic Sovereignty: Body as Territory in Colombia's Legión del Afecto

Responding to decades of conflict in Colombia, a social initiative known as the Legion del Afecto began in Medellin as a peacebuilding effort among academics, community leaders, and young activists...
African Diasporas and Postcolonial Africa

In recent decades, research on a narrowly constituted ‘African diaspora’ has given way to an increasingly expanded focus on multifarious diasporic communities in Africa, Eurasia, and the Americas. In this chapter, Konadu argues such communities must be understood within the historiography of African diasporas and within the specific contexts that help explain departures and arrivals, sources and destinations. This chapter focuses on two of the more significant trends in diasporic approaches to African history (‘Atlantic creoles’ and ‘Black Atlantic’ frameworks) and makes a case for addressing methodological and other shortcomings inherent in those trends, in terms of approaches in the field of African history that might engender an African world perspective and practice.
The decomposition of formic acid vapor on evaporated nickel films

Static measurements of the decomposition of formic acid vapor at 10-50-mm. pressure on randomly oriented evaporated nickel films sintered at 190° show the decomposition to be a simultaneous dehydrogenation and dehydration in the ratio 3:1 and to be zero order in initial rate. The activation energy in the range 125-189° is 15.8 ± 1.3 kcal.
Order-Disorder Transition in N H 4 Cl. II. Thermal Expansion

The thermal expansion of ammonium chloride has been measured in the neighborhood of the order-disorder transition near 242 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. At 1 atm, the transition is found to be first order with a hysteresis of 0.21 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. The measured thermal expansion shows sample dependence. The volume-versus-temperature data are fitted using the theory presented in the first paper of this series. These fits show qualitative agreement between theory and experiment, but systematic deviations outside the experimental scatter are found, especially near the transition. Values of the critical exponents ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{+}$ and ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{\ensuremath{-}}$ of 0.97 and 0.75, respectively, were found to give the best fit to the data, in striking disagreement with theoretical calculations using the Ising Model.
Regulation of Reproductive Behaviors

Behavioral endocrinology is an emerging discipline dedicated to understanding hormone-behavior interactions. Because nonmammalian vertebrates have proven to be excellent research models for these studies, the comparative approach to behavioral endocrinology is a fast-growing subdiscipline.
Effect of transforming growth factor beta-1 in endotoxin-induced uveitis.

Purpose Transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF beta-1) can modulate inflammation. Endotoxin-induced uveitis (EIU) is characterized by acute ocular inflammation related to the release of cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-6. The authors investigated the effect of TGF beta-1 on EIU in mice. Methods Three independent experiments were performed. Endotoxin-induced uveitis was induced in C3H/HeN mice by an injection of 200 micrograms of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Two micrograms of TGF beta-1 in 0.1 ml phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) or 0.1 ml PBS alone was administered intraperitoneally at 8 hours after LPS injection. Twenty-four hours after LPS injection, the aqueous humor of the right eyes was collected for leukocyte count, protein concentration, and IL-6 assay. Left eyes were processed for routine histology. Results TGF beta-1-treated mice showed less ocular inflammation histologically than to the animals that were given PBS. This was confirmed by decreases in leukocyte count, protein concentration, and IL-6 level in the aqueous humor. Conclusions TGF beta-1 inhibits the development of EIU. TGF beta-1 may be useful for the modulation of uveitis in humans.
Cohabiting with the Accused: The Formal Limits of Spousal Privilege Affirmed in Van der Heijden v. Netherlands

In the wake of Europe’s evolving social landscape of family life, the European Court of Human Rights’ (ECtHR) decision in Van der Heijden v. Netherlands sheds light on the scope of spousal privilege. The ECtHR found that the Netherlands’ interference in Van der Heijden’s nontraditional family life did not violate her Article 8 right guaranteed by the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms . In its decision, the ECtHR upheld the formal limits of Dutch spousal privilege even though it did not protect Van der Heijden in her de facto relationship with the accused. Despite the contentious split on the court, the ECtHR reached the correct result and properly embraced family form over function in this clash between criminal procedural law and informal Dutch family lifestyle. The ECtHR adopted a formalistic approach that departs from prior Article 8 case law, although, in this case it was justified because a criminal prosecution was at stake. This Comment asserts that the court’s reasoning was appropriate in light of the margin of appreciation doctrine, the criminal context, and the letter and spirit of
Neuroimaging and Neurobiology of Schizophrenia

Identifying the neural substrates of the symptoms of schizophrenia has been substantially facilitated through the use of in vivo neuroimaging techniques. Magnetic resonance (MR) and positron emission tomography (PET) studies have permitted us to identify distributed nodes on neural networks that implicate an abnormality in neural circuitry in schizophrenia. Evidence is converging to suggest that this neural circuitry may consist of distributed cortical regions that may be functionally abnormal in a task-specific way, with more consistent and persistent abnormalities in the thalamus and cerebellum. We have proposed that abnormalities in this circuit lead to a “cognitive dysmetria;” or poor coordination of mental activity, that arises from a dysfunctional cortical-cerebellar-thalamic-cortical-circuit (CCTCC) and is expressed symptomatically in the diverse clinical presentation of schizophrenia.
Influence of temperature on soil–pile interface shear strength

Abstract Geothermal piles are subjected to daily and seasonal cyclic temperature changes during their life spans. These temperature changes (heat cycles) induce cyclic expansion/contraction along the soil–pile interface that may affect interface properties such as shear strength. A series of direct shear tests was conducted using a temperature controlled direct shear test apparatus to evaluate the effects of heat cycles on soil–pile interface strength. The interface temperature was cycled between 24 ° C and 34 ° C to simulate the real thermal conditions that an energy pile may experience. Non-cyclic and cyclic thermal loading were applied under different stress states and histories. It was found that the shearing behavior of interface under thermal loading is described through thermally induced changes in Mohr–Coulomb’s parameters of the interface. Moreover, the thermally induced changes in interface strength are mainly controlled by the soil stress state and the soil stress history.
Pathology: A Diffractive Encounter of Machine/Body

I’ve been thinking about poems and about college as rhizomes (Deleuze and Guattari 1987), and as diffractive techniques (Barad 2007; Gullion 2018) for thinking about the social world. This project emerged as a way for me to understand my embodied experience of abdominal surgery. I began with the creation of an art journal, and then wrote a poem to accompany the images. I created the images and the text while thinking about my experience of undergoing surgery and diffracting that through Haraway’s (2016) ideas about cybernetics and machine bodies.
The incremental cost of infections associated with multidrug-resistant organisms in the inpatient hospital setting—A national estimate

Objective To estimate the cost of infections associated with multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs) during inpatient hospitalization in the United States. Data sources/study setting 2014 National Inpatient Sample. Study design Multivariable regression models assessed the incremental effect of MDROs on the cost of hospitalization and hospital length of stay among patients with bacterial infections. Data collection/extraction methods We retrospectively identified 6 385 258 inpatient stays for patients with bacterial infection. Principal findings The national incidence rate of inpatient stays with bacterial infection is 20.1 percent. At least 10.8 percent of such stays-and as many as 16.9 percent if we account for undercoded infections-show evidence of one or more MDROs. MRSA, C. difficile, infection with another MDRO, and the presence of more than one MDRO are associated with $1718 (95% CI, $1609-$1826), $4617 (95% CI, $4407-$4827), $2302 (95% CI, $2044-$2560), and $3570 (95% CI, $3019-$4122) in additional costs per stay, respectively. The national cost of infections associated with MDROs is at least $2.39 billion (95% CI, $2.25-$2.52 billion) and as high as $3.38 billion (95% CI, $3.13-$3.62 billion) if we account for undercoded infections. Conclusions Infections associated with MDROs result in a substantial cost burden to the US health care system.
Review of Weinberg's Consciousness in Locke

A review of Shelley Weinberg's recent book Consciousness in Locke (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016).
Electrophysiology devices and the regulatory approval process within the U.S. FDA and abroad

Almost all electrophysiology (EP) devices need to obtain premarket approval before they can be commercially sold and available for use in the community. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has different paths to market approval depending on the intended use and the associated risks of the device. The European Union and Japan have device approval processes that have many similarities as well as differences to the US regulatory system. This paper describes some of the history and background of the US device approval process with an emphasis on EP devices. It provides an overview of the different regulatory pathways in the USA that are currently being utilized and contrasts them to the procedures often used in the European Union and in Japan. It also touches on the impact of the twenty-first Century Cures Act and how the balance between premarket and postmarket regulatory oversight is continually being examined and refined.
Sex-Specific Muscular Mediation of the Relationship Between Physical Activity and Cortical Bone in Young Adults.

Muscle mass is a commonly cited mediator of the relationship between physical activity (PA) and bone, representing the mechanical forces generated during PA. However, neuromuscular properties (eg, peak force) also account for unique portions of variance in skeletal outcomes. We used serial multiple mediation to explore the intermediary role of muscle mass and force in the relationships between cortical bone and moderate-to-vigorous intensity PA (MVPA). In a cross-sectional sample of young adults (n = 147, 19.7 ± 0.7 years old, 52.4% female) cortical diaphyseal bone was assessed via peripheral quantitative computed tomography at the mid-tibia. Peak isokinetic torque in knee extension was assessed via Biodex dynamometer. Thigh fat-free soft tissue (FFST) mass, assessed via dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, represented the muscular aspect of tibial mechanical forces. Habitual MVPA was assessed objectively over 7 days using Actigraph GT3X+ accelerometers. Participants exceeded MVPA guidelines (89.14 ± 27.29 min/day), with males performing 44.5% more vigorous-intensity activity relative to females (p < 0.05). Males had greater knee extension torque and thigh FFST mass compared to females (55.3%, and 34.2%, respectively, all p < 0.05). In combined-sex models, controlling for tibia length and age, MVPA was associated with strength strain index (pSSI) through two indirect pathways: (i) thigh FFST mass (b = 1.11 ± 0.37; 95% CI, 0.47 to 1.93), and (i) thigh FFST mass and knee extensor torque in sequence (b = 0.30 ± 0.16; 95% CI, 0.09 to 0.73). However, in sex-specific models MVPA was associated with pSSI indirectly through its relationship with knee extensor torque in males (b = 0.78 ± 0.48; 95% CI, 0.04 to 2.02) and thigh FFST mass in females (b = 1.12 ± 0.50; 95% CI, 0.37 to 2.46). Bootstrapped CIs confirmed these mediation pathways. The relationship between MVPA and cortical structure appears to be mediated by muscle in young adults, with potential sex-differences in the muscular pathway. If confirmed, these findings may highlight novel avenues for the promotion of bone strength in young adults. © 2019 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Effect of modified atmosphere packaging on overall appearance and nutraceutical quality of pot marigold held at 5 °C.

Abstract The effectiveness of passive modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) on chemical and quality properties of calendula flowers was studied during ten days of storage at 5 °C. Weight loss of flowers wrapped with continuous and micro-perforated-films (2–3%), was significantly lower than control (unwrapped flowers) (about 30%) and those wrapped with macro-perforated film (about 7%). At the end of storage unwrapped flowers were judged unmarketable being severely wilted and shriveled, while all packaged ones were still fresh and marketable. On day 10, the fructose concentration of control flowers decreased by 74%. Continuous and micro-perforated films delayed the decline of fructose concentration over storage. Sucrose concentration decreased with storage in control flowers, while in continuous film wrapped flowers it increased. After 10 d of storage, the total phenols’ concentration of all packaged flowers was significantly higher than control and similar to the initial value (2.58 ± 0.02 g 100 g−1 d.w.). Thirteen carotenoids were identified by HPLC-MS. The initial β carotene concentration (65.72 ± 0.09 mg 100 g−1 d.w.) did not change in flowers wrapped with macro- and micro-perforated films, in contrast to the other treatments. Lycopene concentration strongly decreased in control flowers, while minor losses occurred in packaged ones. Laser micro-perforated film, being a good compromise between humidity retention inside the packages and the permeability of the film, seems to be the best choice to extend the storage life of calendula flowers.
Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Insect Cytochrome P450

Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450) are a diverse and ubiquitous group of enzymes encoded by genes from a superfamily comprising at least 17 families, and probably many more (Nebert and Gonzalez, 1987; Nebert et al., 1989). Our present understanding of P450 enzymes comes mainly from studies of P450 in vertebrates, where they are involved in steroid biosynthesis and in the metabolism of drugs and chemical carcinogens, and in bacteria, with P450 cam from Pseudomonas putida being the only P450 enzyme for which a crystal structure is presently available (Poulos et al., 1987).
Acquired Brain Injuries and Intimate Partner Violence: A Situational Analysis of Help Seeking Barriers in Rural Northern New England

Nurses care for women experiencing non-fatal strangulation and acquired brain injuries whether or not it is disclosed. Situational analysis was used to analyze 23 interviews from Northern New England with survivors, healthcare workers, and violence/legal advocates to explore overlapping relationships between violence, acquired brain injuries, non-fatal strangulation, and seeking care. Findings included the concepts of paying social consequences and the normalization of violence. Non-fatal strangulation was described as increasingly related to violence and other areas. Repetitive acquired brain injuries can impair functioning needed to address violence and healthcare providers and advocates are generally unaware of the impact of acquired brain injuries. A lack of resources, training, and tools for acquired brain injury screening were barriers in recognizing and responding to it, causing hidden symptoms. This study adds to the literature examining intimate partner violence in rural areas; specifically intimate partner violence-related acquired brain injuries in rural areas.
Building Organizational Capability in Public Institutions of Higher Education: Preparing for Black Swans

The Covid-19 pandemic exposes the vulnerability of public institutions of higher education to large unexpected disastrous events - Black Swans. Anecdotal evidence shows they were unprepared to respond effectively because they had not built the organizational capability designed to cope with these types of events. The core competencies required in these situations are best developed through dynamic planning processes.
Entropy Rigidity, Pressure Metric, and Immersed Surfaces in Hyperbolic 3-Manifolds

In this paper, we show an entropy rigidity result for immersed surfaces in hyperbolic 3-manifolds that relates dynamic and geometric quantities including entropy, critical exponent, and geodesic stretch. We then apply this result to \({\mathcal H}\) the minimal hyperbolic germs (a deformation space corresponding to the quasifuchsian space \(\mathcal {Q}\mathcal {F}\) proposed by Taubes). As a consequence, we recover the famous Bowen rigidity theorem for quasifuchsian representations. Moreover, we construct a Riemannian metric, i.e., the pressure metric, on the Fuchsian space \({\mathcal F}\subset \mathcal {H}\). We also discuss relations between the pressure metric, Sander’s metric, and Weil-Petersson metric on \({\mathcal F}\).
Mechanically Pumped Fluid Loop (MPFL) Technologies for Thermal Control of Future Mars Rovers

Mechanically pumped fluid loop has been the basis of thermal control architecture for the last two Mars lander and rover missions and is the key part of the MSL thermal architecture. Several MPFL technologies are being developed for the MSL rover include long-life pumps, thermal control valves, mechanical fittings for use with CFC-11 at elevated temperatures of approx.100 C. Over three years of life tests and chemical compatibility tests on these MPFL components show that MPFL technology is mature for use on MSL. The advances in MPFL technologies for MSL Rover will benefit any future MPFL applications on NASA s Moon, Mars and Beyond Program.
Visualizing modeling heuristics: an exploratory study

Rapidly advancing modeling technologies, such as data mining algorithms and new modeling languages, are making modeling accessible to an ever-broadening cross-section of knowledge workers. Advances in computer display technologies are also being incorporated into modeling software. Both research and anecdotal evidence suggest that visuals are important in the process of modeling. However, in order for potential modelers to make the most efficient and effective use of these new technologies, the software must incorporate visualization in such a way as to facilitate the process of modeling. In order to accomplish this, software designers and developers, who have tended to focus more on perceptual than cognitive issues, need to better understand the cognitive role of visualization in modeling. The goals of this research include 1) exploring the cognitive role of visualization in modeling, 2) gaining a better understanding of the process of modeling and moving it toward being a science, and 3) providing a more theoretical basis for the use of visualization in modeling tools. This paper will cover background on the process of modeling and visualization, mental models theory, our visualization-incorporating extension of mental models theory, the design of a Modeler’s Assistant tool, and an experiment in modeling and visualization using the Modeler’s Assistant.
Minimizing Thermal Variation Across System Components

Thermal overheating is a serious concern in modern supercomputing systems. Elevated temperature levels reduce the reliability and the lifetime of the underlying hardware and increase their power consumption. Previous studies on mitigating thermal hotspots at the hardware and run-time system levels have typically used approaches that trade off performance for reduced operating temperatures. In this paper, we first show that in a large-scale system, physical attributes cause an uneven temperature distribution. We then develop a model to characterize the thermal behaviour of a complex system using various machine learning methods. We propose to improve application placement by incorporating thermal awareness into the decision-making process. Specifically, our system predicts the thermal condition of the system based on application mapping and uses these predictions to mitigate thermal hotspots without any performance loss. We provide two versions of our prediction mechanism. On a two-node configuration, these models achieve 72.5% and 78.8% success rates in their predictions, respectively. In other words, the scheduling decisions of our models result in a task placement that has a lower maximum average temperature. Overall, the more aggressive scheme reduces the average peak temperature by up to 11.9°C (2.3°C on average) without any performance degradation.
Timescales of migmatization, melt crystallization, and cooling in a Cordilleran gneiss dome: Valhalla complex, southeastern British Columbia

[1] Integration of in situ and conventional ion microprobe U-Th-Pb zircon and monazite geochronology with 40Ar/39Ar hornblende, biotite, and muscovite thermochronology provides a temporal record of metamorphism, partial melting, fluids, and cooling of exhumed midcrustal to lower crustal rocks. The Valhalla complex, southeastern British Columbia, is one of a series of elongate gneiss domes within the Omineca belt of the Canadian Cordillera. We have performed U-Th-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar age measurements on migmatitic gneisses from a range of structural levels and settings within the Valhalla complex in an effort to better document the timing of migmatization and exhumation. Stromatic migmatites and leucosomes crystallized in boudin necks yield concordant U-Pb zircon ages that cluster near 60 Ma and Th-Pb monazite ages of circa 60–50 Ma. In situ analyses of monazite in samples that contain 60–50 Ma). However, the combined data also suggest that melt crystallization (circa 60 Ma) in the Valhalla complex occurred rapidly and before the other domes within the Omineca belt. Cooling at 49 Ma throughout the Omineca is associated with regional extension and exhumation of migmatites in the domes. The presence of abundant migmatites and the similarity in timing of melt crystallization and cooling in domes along the 400-km-long Omineca belt is consistent with localization of exhumation at the boundary between the flowing crust of the hinterland and the rigid, colder crust of the Rocky Mountain foreland.
SELF-MANAGED WORK TEAMS : Who Uses Them? What Makes Them Successful?

Self-managed work teams (SMWT) are promoted as a means for improving worker participation, decreasing hierarchy, and increasing productivity. This paper discusses SMWT in terms of concept, theory, and benefits. We then report a survey of city managers conducted to learn how extensively and how satisfactorily they have been adopted in American cities. Findings reveal that they are more likely to be adopted under council-manager forms of governance, larger cities are more likely to adopt than smaller cities, and cities in the South and West are more likely to adopt than are cities in the Northeast and Midwest. When adopted, managers report satisfaction. Finally, we offer implications for practice and suggestions for further research.
“I Desire Sanctity”: Sanctity and Separateness among Jewish Religious Zionists in Israel/Palestine

This article expands on anthropological understandings of affect and emotion to include certain theological and religious concepts that structure and give meaning to the daily lives of religious nationalists in areas of ethnic and political conflict. In doing so, it will ethnographically explore the relationship between theological notions of sanctity and the way those notions manifest themselves in the context of contemporary Jewish religious Zionism in both Israel and the Occupied West Bank. I will argue that analyzing mystical conceptions of sanctity as a distinct affect opens new areas of human experience, which anthropologists may use to better grapple with the dilemmas posed by nationalism and religious extremism in an increasingly politically fraught world.
Time-frequency representations based on compressive samples

A recent rise of compressive sensing (CS) algorithms has prompted many questions about the analysis of such sensed signals. Specifically, calculating a time-frequency representation (TFR) of these signals is an open question. In this paper, we propose an approach for calculating TFRs of compressed sensed signals based on recently proposed CS algorithm using modulated discrete prolate spheroidal sequences (MDPSS). The results of our numerical analysis show that a visually reliable TFR of compressed sensed signals can be obtained using the proposed approach. Furthermore, these compressed sensed signals can also be used for accurate estimation of signal parameters such as the instantaneous frequency.
Phase-Contrast Images

We see phase contrast any time we have more than one beam contributing to the image. In fact, whenever we say “fringes,” we are essentially referring to a phase-contrast phenomenon. Although we often distinguish phase and diffraction contrast, this distinction is generally artificial. For example, in Chapters 24 and 25, we will examine thickness fringes and stackingfault fringes; both types of contrast result from interference of waves so both are phasecontrast images although we usually think of them as two-beam, diffraction-contrast images.
Structural Deflection Monitoring Using an Embedded ETDR Distributed Strain Sensor

Feasible application of the electrical time domain reflectometry (ETDR) technique for distributed strain measurement is investigated in this study. A prototype coaxial ETDR distributed strain sensor is embedded into a laboratory-scale reinforced concrete beam specimen, and three-point bending tests are conducted. The ETDR signal waveforms of the embedded sensor are used to determine the deflection profiles of the beam under various bending loads. The resulting deflection profiles are validated by their good agreements with the deflection measurements by LVDT displacement sensors at four discrete locations. It is shown that the ETDR distributed sensing technique has the capability to capture the variation of the load-induced axial strain along the sensing line. In addition, the ETDR distributed sensor could also clearly capture the location of localized high strain points.
Oxidized Iodine in Sea Water

TAKEN together, Sugawara and Terada's experiment A and Johannesson's evidence form more cogent reasons for believing iodate to be the oxidized form of iodine in the sea than the reasons we presented for believing hypoiodous acid to be the oxidized form. However, as we indicated, the volatility of iodine from sea water seems to demand that a large part of the iodine should be in the form of hypoiodite. Unless the volatility can be explained quantitatively in terms of an iodate–iodide mixture, the state of iodine in the sea cannot be considered as satisfactorily settled.
Dietary protein is beneficial to bone health under conditions of adequate calcium intake: an update on clinical research.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW To underscore recent clinical studies, which evaluate the association between dietary protein and bone health. RECENT FINDINGS Epidemiologic studies show greater protein intake to be beneficial to bone health in adults. In addition, randomized controlled trials show that protein's positive effect on bone health is augmented by increased calcium intake. The relation between dietary protein and fracture risk is unclear. Dietary protein may positively impact bone health by increasing muscle mass, increasing calcium absorption, suppressing parathyroid hormone, and augmenting insulin-like growth factor 1 production; but the effects of other factors that contribute to this association, such as dietary protein dose and timing response, require further research. SUMMARY The positive effects of protein intake on bone health may only be beneficial under conditions of adequate calcium intake. Dietary protein's relation with fracture risk requires further investigation.
Application of irreversible thermodynamics to the kinetics of polymer crystallization from seeded nuclei

Abstract The kinetics of crystallization of polymers from a melt containing seeded nuclei is treated theoretically by applying irreversible thermodynamics to a model for semi-crystalline polymers. The latter model was previously shown to be useful in predicting the equilibrium degree of crystallinity and the initial Young's modulus of such materials. Comparison of the theoretical result with experimental crystallization kinetics data obtained with fractionated linear polyethylene, containing a small amount of seed crystallinity due to partial melting, shows that the overall course of the crystallization, and the fractional value of the Avrami constant, can be explained successfully. The slight disagreement between theory and the experimental data arising during the very early stages, and that observed during the last part of the crystallization process, is discussed in terms of the assumptions involved in applying irreversible thermodynamics in the linear approximation to the present system.
American Pediatric Society/Society for Pediatric Research code of responsible conduct of research.

American Pediatric Society/Society for Pediatric Research Code of Responsible Conduct of Research
Wavelength dependence of cell cloning efficiency after optical trapping

A study on clonal growth in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells was conducted after exposure to optical trapping wavelengths using Nd:YAG (1064 nm) and tunable titanium-sapphire (700–990 nm) laser microbeam optical traps. The nuclei of cells were exposed to optical trapping forces at various wavelengths, power densities, and durations of exposure. Clonal growth generally decreased as the power density and the duration of laser exposure increased. A wavelength dependence of clonal growth was observed, with maximum clonability at 950–990 nm and least clonability at 740–760 nm and 900 nm. Moreover, the most commonly used trapping wavelength, 1064 nm from the Nd:YAG laser, strongly reduced clonability, depending upon the power density and exposure time. The present study demonstrates that a variety of optical parameters must be considered when applying optical traps to the study of biological problems, especially when survival and viability are important factors. The ability of the optical trap to alter either the structure or biochemistry of the process being probed with the trapping beam must be seriously considered when interpreting experimental results.
CD8 and CD4 T Cells in West Nile Virus Immunity and Pathogenesis

CD4 and CD8 T lymphocytes are adaptive immune cells that play a key role in the immune response to pathogens. They have been extensively studied in a variety of model systems and the mechanisms by which they function are well described. However, the responses by these cell types vary widely from pathogen to pathogen. In this review, we will discuss the role of CD8 and CD4 T cells in the immune response to West Nile virus infection.
Coming of Age in the Era of AIDS: Puberty, Sexuality, and Contraception

The existing discrepancies between adolescent and societal constructions of teenage sexuality in America are further exacerbated by AIDS. Male and female teenagers receive different and often conflicting messages about sexuality from diverse sources; their parents' lack of frankness about sexual intercourse contrasts sharply with the media's emphasis on sex and with highly rationalistic discussions about sexuality in schools, complicating adolescents' decisions about entering and continuing sexual relationships. Survey research indicates that not all teenagers engaging in sexual intercourse reduce risks of HIV infection as much as they might. While AIDS has prompted many teenagers to change their sexual behavior, serious questions remain about adolescents' conceptions of the dangers of unprotected sex.
Cultural health capital and the interactional dynamics of patient-centered care

As intuitive and inviting as it may appear, the concept of patient-centered care has been difficult to conceptualize, institutionalize and operationalize. Informed by Bourdieu's concepts of cultural capital and habitus, we employ the framework of cultural health capital to uncover the ways in which both patients' and providers' cultural resources, assets, and interactional styles influence their abilities to mutually achieve patient-centered care. Cultural health capital is defined as a specialized collection of cultural skills, attitudes, behaviors and interactional styles that are valued, leveraged, and exchanged by both patients and providers during clinical interactions. In this paper, we report the findings of a qualitative study conducted from 2010 to 2011 in the Western United States. We investigated the various elements of cultural health capital, how patients and providers used cultural health capital to engage with each other, and how this process shaped the patient-centeredness of interactions. We find that the accomplishment of patient-centered care is highly dependent upon habitus and the cultural health capital that both patients and providers bring to health care interactions. Not only are some cultural resources more highly valued than others, their differential mobilization can facilitate or impede engagement and communication between patients and their providers. The focus of cultural health capital on the ways fundamental social inequalities are manifest in clinical interactions enables providers, patients, and health care organizations to consider how such inequalities can confound patient-centered care.
An interesting case of peripheral vascular disease, vascular reperfusion, and subsequent development of pain due to Paget's disease of bone.

Objective: To present a case of Paget's disease of bone that was unmasked after vascular reperfusion.Methods: In this case study, we review the presentation, evaluation, diagnosis, and management o...
A Comparative Test of Magnitude Estimation and Pair-Comparison Treatment of Complete Ranks for Scaling a Small Number of Equalinterval Frequency Response Anchors

This study investigated whether previously-found differences in two sets of recommended five-point equal-interval response anchors could have been caused by scaling too many stimuli at one time. One set of recommended anchors, produced by magnitude estimation, was compared with a set produced by Thurstone Case III pair-comparison treatment of complete ranks. Subjects (N =110) completed magnitude estimations and rankings of 8 frequency expressions. Few of the scale values produced by magnitude estimation differed significantly from the means obtained in previous studies or from the "ideal" values expected of exactly equal-interval anchors. However, this outcome was not true of the Case III results (they were seriously discrepant). Implications for future research are discussed.