cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Augmentation Devices for Rotator Cuff Repair

Rotator cuff tears affect 40% or more of those over age 60 and are a common cause of pain and disability. Surgical repairs have high failure rates that range from 20 to 90%. Currently, scaffolds derived from various natural and synthetic biomaterials are being marketed as augmentation devices for rotator cuff repairs at the time of surgery 1–3. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has cleared these devices “to support soft tissues where weakness exists” but not “to provide the full mechanical strength for the tendon repair”. Based on the mechanical connotation of their intended use, it is commonly believed that when applied appropriately, these devices may provide some degree of load sharing of forces across the tendon repair site and thus decrease the likelihood of tendon re-tear.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
A study of the intertransplantation of alveolar mucosa.

Abstract With dogs serving as the experimental animals, alveolar mucosa was transplanted by means of a sliding flap into an area previously occupied by gingiva. These grafts were studied by gross and histologic methods over a period of 1 year in an effort to determine whether the tissues underwent any type of metaplasia to a gingiva-like form. When special connective tissue stains were used, no change could be demonstrated in the transplanted tissue, although a cervical collar formed in each animal immediately adjacent to the tooth. This collar resembled gingiva but appeared to develop as a result of healing of the transplanted flap to the periodontal membrane of the tooth. Wounds created in transplanted mucosa were repaired by tissue resembling alveolar mucosa, regardless of whether alveolar bone was exposed or whether periosteum was left covering the bone. The small cervical collar was re-established to almost the same dimensions that existed before the wounds were created. This study suggests that bone exposure, per se, has little to do with regeneration of a gingiva-like tissue around the tooth but, rather, that the type and influence of surrounding soft tissues are determinants of regenerating wounds in this area.
The Trouble with the Multiethnic Placement Act: An Empirical Look at Transracial Adoption:

In this study, the author brings an empirical lens to bear on the transracial adoption debate. She observes infertility support group meetings and conducts face-to-face interviews with a group of White, economically privileged, infertile women. She explores how race relations shape women's responses to infertility. She asks if women view transracial adoption as a viable way to meet their parenting needs, and she explores how women negotiate and renegotiate their understanding of race as treatment options fail and as they encounter a shortage of healthy White infants. The author's findings complicate several of the assumptions that underscored the dominant discourse surrounding the 1994 passage of the Multi Ethnic Placement Act (MEPA) and its 1996 amendment the Inter-ethnic Adoption Provision (IEP). Advocates of transracial adoption argue that the race-matching policies established by the National Association of Black Social Workers create placement delays. Grounded in a “best interest of the child” standa...
Formation and evolution of a subsurface layer in a metalworking process

Abstract The effect of metalworking on the structure and composition of the near-surface workpiece region was studied using, as an example, the hot rolling of an aluminum alloy. In this work, it was found that hot rolling resulted in the formation of a subsurface layer 1.5–8 μm thick with structure and properties different from those of the underlying bulk metal. Electron microprobe analysis, transmission electron microscopy, and electron diffraction studies showed this layer to be composed of magnesium and aluminum oxides mixed with the metal, and to be non-uniform in thickness and composition. The thickness of the subsurface layer gradually decreased in the sequential stages of hot rolling. The metal grain size ranged from 0.04 to 0.2 μm, which was at least 25 times smaller than the grain size of the underlying bulk material. The oxides in the subsurface layer were found to contain, in addition to amorphous Al2O3, a mixture of crystalline oxides. The particle size of the crystalline oxides in the subsurface layer was found to be in the range from 28 to 300 A, with almost half of the particles in the range 28–33 A. After the first passes the oxide mixture was composed of MgO, γ-Al2O3, and MgAl2O4 spinel, later of MgO and γ-Al2O3, and after the last pass only of MgO. The subsurface mixed layer was covered with a continuous surface oxide layer 250–1600 A thick containing MgO and Al2O3. A hypothesis that the subsurface grain growth was retarded by Zener pinning by the small oxide particles was suggested and tested. Image analysis of transmission electron micrographs was used to obtain the size distribution and volume fraction of small oxide particles used to test this hypothesis. The experimental metal grain size was found to be in good agreement with the results of three-dimensional computer simulation studies of grain growth inhibition reported by Anderson et al., in literature which supported the Zener pinning hypothesis.
The mechanism of action of diphenylhydantoin on invertebrate neurons. I. Effects on basic membrane properties

Abstract The effect of diphenylhydantoin (DPH) has been studied on certain membrane properties of the crayfish stretch receptor neuron (SRN) and of neurons in the abdominal and buccal ganglia ofAplysia. DPH decreases the amplitude of post-tetanic hyperpolarization of the SRN, which is thought to be an expression of the electrogenic pump, and does not antagonize the effect of ouabain on this activity. DPH decreases the membrane resistance of all the different types of neurons studied, with little or no change in the resting membrane potential. It decreases the overshoot of the action potential in some of the neurons studied and prolongs the falling phase and the undershoot in other neurons. DPH also decreases repetitive firing. These effects have also been observed at different external concentrations of potassium. It is concluded that DPH, in the different preparations studied, does not have any effect on or decreases the electrogenic pump, but produces changes in other membrane properties which are consistent with its anticonvulsant action.
Reference Accuracy in the General Surgery Literature

Background Reference inaccuracy in scientific articles brings the scientific validity of the research into question and may create difficulty when accessing the cited background data. The objective of this study was to examine the reference accuracy in the general surgery literature and its correlation with the journal impact factor.
Spectacle, spectatorship, and gender anxiety in television news coverage of the 1970 women's strike for equality

This essay examines television news coverage of the August 2 6, 19 70 Women's Strike for Equality, the first major media event of the second wave offeminism in the U.S. It explores three levels on which the news reports on the three broadcast networks (ABC, CBS, and NBC), rely on notions of women and visual pleasure: first, in their positioning of the Strike as sheer spectacle; second, in their verbal and visual framing of the Strike as absurdist entertainment rather than reasoned protest, and third, in their emphasis on the issue of femininity under attack, an emphasis in which femininity is largely represented by women's bodies. I conclude with a discussion of the ways in which the framing of the events functions both to assert and to assuage a profound sense of gender anxiety on the part of the assumed male spectator for the coverage.
Emission strengths for primary pollutants as estimated from an aircraft study of Hong Kong air quality

An aircraft study of air quality in the Hong Kong region during the fall of 1994 has allowed for an estimation of the daytime source strengths for CO and NOy from the Hong Kong metropolitan center. Emission rate estimates for the Hong Kong urban plume for NOy and CO were 5.4×10e(25) molecules s-1 and 1.8×10e(26) molecules s-1 as determined for the case study of 18 October. All emission rate estimates have uncertainties of a factor of 2. On one occasion a distinct plume emanating from Shenzhen in the People’s Republic of China was encountered. While plume delimitation was insufficient for source strength calculations, transect integrals did allow for a CO/NOy ratio of about 16 to be determined. The CO/NOy ratio for the Hong Kong urban plume was about 3.3. The difference in these ratios indicates differences in the overall combustion processes and efficiencies taking place within Hong Kong and the PRC.
Delayed rupture following subintimal contrast injection: case report.

We report aortic rupture secondary to pseudoaneurysm formation following a subintimal injection of contrast.
Determination of Arsine in Coal-Derived Gas at Parts-Per-Billion Levels

Determination par chromatographie en phase gazeuse de concentrations faibles (en parties par milliard) de AsH 3 dans un gaz derive du charbon causant des degats dans les piles a combustible a carbonate fondu
Role of Endoscopic Ultrasound in the Treatment of Pancreatic Neoplasms

Experience with EUS guided fine-needle-aspiration of pancreatic tumors has demonstrated that regardless of size and location, most lesions in the pancreas are readily accessible by this technique. This has lead to the development of EUS guided placement of fiducials into pancreatic tumors to facilitate radiotherapy as well as injection of antitumor agents into cystic and solid pancreatic lesions. We review the technique for placing fiducials under EUS guidance into solid pancreatic neoplasms. To reduce risk of postprocedure pancreatitis, we recommend that no more than 3 fiducials be placed at a time, and that this procedure not be combined with fine-needle-aspiration for acquisition of tissue. We describe initial experience with TNFerade™, a replication deficient adenovirus vector that contains cDNA encoding for tumor necrosis factor, for treatment of adenocarcinoma of the pancreas. Finally, we review the current status of ethanol and a combination of ethanol and paclitaxel for ablation of pancreatic cysts.
Antioxidants N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME) affect the survival and differentiative potential of cholinergic precursors from the embryonic septal nuclei and basal forebrain: involvement of ras signaling.

Abstract We investigated the effects of antioxidants N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME) on the expression of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) in cultured cholinergic precursors from the embryonic rat septal nuclei and basal forebrain. Carboxy-dichlorofluorescein fluorescence confirmed that 2-ME inhibited intracellular oxidation. Low micromolar concentrations of 2-ME produce as much as a 12-fold increase in ChAT; this is enhanced further by inclusion of nerve growth factor (NGF). NAC effects are biphasic: 0.15 mM produces profound increases in ChAT while 1.5 mM has no effect. Immature (E16) cultures respond with increases in ChAT while more highly differentiated cultures (E18) do not. Labeling of single precursors with a lacZ-expressing retrovirus reveals that the increase in ChAT is due primarily to an increased number and size of clones, not an increase in cholinergic neurons per clone, suggesting an effect on precursor survival. Inhibition of ras farnesylation inhibits both 2-ME and NAC induction of ChAT suggesting a ras-mediated pathway. Inclusion of the MEK inhibitor PD98059 does not affect low doses of NAC, but at doses of NAC that fail to increase ChAT activity, inhibition of the pathway actually raises ChAT. Immunocytochemical investigation of the cultures indicates that cells exposed to low doses of NAC develop healthy neuronal arbors in the apparent absence of glial support. At higher concentrations of NAC, neurons were found in association with astrocytes, making contact via elaborate varicose fibers. Treatment of the cultures with PD98059 to inhibit MEK returned cultures to a ‘low-dose’ phenotype. These data suggest that redox status of basal forebrain precursors affect both their survival and differentiative potential.
Flutter Analysis of a Transonic Fan

This paper describes the calculation of flutter stability characteristics for a transonic forward swept fan configuration using a viscous aeroelastic analysis program. Unsteady Navier-Stokes equations are solved on a dynamically deforming, body fitted, grid to obtain the aeroelastic characteristics using the energy exchange method. The non-zero inter-blade phase angle is modeled using phase-lagged boundary conditions. Results obtained show good correlation with measurements. It is found that the location of shock and variation of shock strength strongly influenced stability. Also, outboard stations primarily contributed to stability characteristics. Results demonstrate that changes in blade shape impact the calculated aerodynamic damping, indicating importance of using accurate blade operating shape under centrifugal and steady aerodynamic loading for flutter prediction. It was found that the calculated aerodynamic damping was relatively insensitive to variation in natural frequency.
Buoyant density gradient fractionation and flow cytometric analysis of embryonic rat cortical neurons and progenitor cells.

We have used the property of natural cell buoyant density to selectively fractionate embryonic rat neocortical cells into 20 subpopulations ranging in phenotype from proliferatively active progenitors to terminally postmitotic neurons. Immunocytochemical and cell cycle analysis of the cellular fractions with flow cytometry revealed an inverse relationship between cell buoyant density and neuronal differentiation. The most buoyant fractions contained predominantly terminally postmitotic, tubulin βIII-positive, tetanus toxin-positive, and nestin-negative differentiating neurons, while immature, bromodeoxyuridine-positive and nestin-positive proliferating cells were more prevalent in less buoyant fractions. Double loading of isolated cells with voltage- and Ca2+-sensitive fluorescent indicator dyes followed by simultaneous recordings of membrane potential and cytoplasmic [Ca2+] ([Ca2+]c]) using flow cytometry revealed that >50% of the least buoyant cells produced functional responses to veratridine, a Na+channel agonist, and muscimol, a GABAAreceptor agonist, but <10% responded to kainic acid, an agonist of a subset of glutamate receptors. As cells became more buoyant the percentage of cells that depolarized and produced a rise in [Ca2+]cto each ligand increased, particularly in response to kainic acid. Short-term culture of select fractions revealed a marked enrichment for cells with morphologies and epitopes characteristic of neuronal and progenitor cell subpopulations. The results show that embryonic cortical cells exhibit a range of naturally occurring buoyant densities that can be used to expeditiously fractionate cortical cells according to their pre- or postmitotic status, thus providing ready access for cellular and molecular studies of proliferation and differentiation.
OSTEONECROSIS OF THE JAW: Author's response

398 JADA, Vol. 139 http://jada.ada.org April 2008 available data and develop and promote guidelines for oral health care providers in the best interests of our patients. Our survey and Dr. Huber’s letter point to the need for continuing research and development of guidelines in detection, diagnosis, intervention and follow-up of oral premalignant lesions that falls within the scope of dentistry. Joel Epstein Professor and Head Department of Oral Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences College of Dentistry and Director, Interdisciplinary Program in Oral Cancer Prevention, Detection and Treatment Chicago Cancer Center University of Illinois at Chicago
The Research of Vehicle Seat Dynamic Comfort Characteristic

Increasing consumption of the automobile make vehicle seat comfort characteristic paid more attention to. Damping performance as the third important factors is not allowed to ignore. A three freedom "human - seat" system model has been created for simulation. The result show that as the natural frequency f0 improved, the two resonance peak frequency of the system also improved, the growth of the first order resonance frequency is quite obvious, the second is less growth. And the higher the f0 the less change is. With the improvement of f0, the first order resonance peak to peak value obviously reduced, and the second order resonance peak to peak value increased. So, it is said that the higher the f0 the poor damping effect in high frequency area. The influence of ξ for the damping ratio of work frequency is not big, but the influence for the amplitude value is significant. Increase the natural frequency can make phase angle decreased when resonance, but the change of damping ratio, do not have obviously changes.
Stereotactic body radiation therapy for stage I small cell lung cancer: a single institutional case series and review of the literature

Stage I small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is rare, and current treatment approach supports surgical resection with adjuvant platinum chemotherapy. Stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) is an excellent alternative to surgery in inoperable non-small cell lung cancer, but its role in the management of stage I SCLC is not well-defined. Eight patients with stage I SCLC who received SBRT due to surgical contraindications and three patients who received SBRT as salvage for recurrent stage I SCLC originally treated with fractionated radiation and chemotherapy were identified. Patients were treated with 50 Gy in four fractions. Adjuvant chemotherapy was given as the discretion of the treating oncologists. Data was analyzed using Kaplan-Meier survival estimates. Five of the eight primary patients were treated with SBRT and adjuvant chemotherapy. The local recurrence-free survival, recurrence-free survival, and overall survival were 100, 50, and 88 % for all eight patients at 1 year. Overall survival and recurrence-free survival of all primary treated patients at 3 years was 37 and 38 %. However, patients who received chemotherapy after SBRT gave a 3-year overall and recurrence-free survival of 60 and 60 %. The three patients who received SBRT salvage therapy for recurrent stage I SCLC had mixed results. Results from two similar studies that evaluated the use of SBRT for stage I SCLC were reviewed. SBRT is a reasonable approach for stage I SCLC patients who are unfit for surgery followed by adjuvant platinum-based chemotherapy +/− prophylactic cranial irradiation.
Stereotaxic localization of amygdaloid nuclei in rats from weaning to adulthood.

Stereotaxische Koordinaten werden fur die Setzung von Lasionen in den Amygdalen von Ratten (54–236 g Korpergewicht) ermittelt. Die Daten ermoglichen auch die Extrapolation von Strukturen, die in dieser Mitteilung nicht erwahnt wurden.
Rotational analysis of the near ultraviolet absorption spectrum of pyrazine

Abstract The absorption spectrum of pyrazine in the region 3200 a has been photographed in the fourth order of a 150,000-line, plane grating. Consistent with the identification of the main transition with a nonbonding nitrogen electron the bands have the symmetrical appearance of infrared bands, indicating that the inertial constant is changed only slightly by the transition. Rotational analysis of the fine structure shows the bands to be of the parallel type, that is the electronic transition moment is parallel to the axis of largest moment of inertia and perpendicular to the plane of the molecule. Strictly the bands are type-C bands of an asymmetric top. The inertial constant determined from the spectrum is therefore the average of the two largest constants and the lack of other precise data prevents the determination of the geometrical structure. The result for the ground state is B0 = 0.2048 cm−1 which is consistent with dimensions interpolated between those of pyridine and those of s-triazine, namely r0(CN) = 1·341 A, r0(CC) = 1·395 A, r0(CH) = 1·085 A, ∠CNC = 116° and ∠CCN = 122°. The 0-0 transition is shown to be at 30,875·80 cm−1. The analysis also gives precise values for a number of the fundamental vibrational frequencies and supports identification of the bands with an allowed 1B1u-1Ag transition.
Preprocedure Warming Maintains Normothermia Throughout the Perioperative Period: A Quality Improvement Project

Research supports the practice of preprocedure warming as a method to prevent the development of unplanned perioperative hypothermia. ASPAN defines hypothermia as a core temperature lower than 36°C. The purpose of this quality improvement project was to explore the idea that preprocedure warming maintains perioperative normothermia. Information was obtained through retrospective chart reviews (n = 148). Temperatures were compared for patients who received standard preprocedure care versus patients who were warmed with a warming gown for one hour preprocedure. Before the institution of warming, about 50% of the patients received in the PACU were hypothermic. After the warming was instituted, only 12% of patients were received in a hypothermic state in the PACU. Concepts discussed in this paper include preprocedure warming, postprocedure hypothermia, and complications associated with hypothermia.
Ultrasonic Second Harmonics in a Nematic Liquid Crystal

Abstract The amplitude of an ultrasonic second harmonic as a function of temperature has been measured in the nematic liquid crystal MBBA. Measurements were made in the absence of a magnetic field as well as with fields parallel and perpendicular to the direction of ultrasonic propagation. The results indicate a temperature dependent change in the nonlinear coupling coefficient, in the nematic phase, on approaching the nematic-isotropic transition.
Regularized channel inversion dirty-paper coding (RCI-DPC): Narrowing the power offset in MIMO X channels

The multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) X channel consists of two transmitting nodes each sending independent data to two receiving nodes - all nodes equipped with multiple antennas. The MIMO X channel is a more general case of the well-studied broadcast (BC), multiple-access (MAC), and interference (IC) channels. A signaling technique called interference alignment (IA) has been shown to achieve certain multiplexing gains available to the X channel; however, interference alignment maintains a power offset from optimal cooperative signaling in the equivalent single-user channel. Cooperation or sharing of data between transmit and/or receive nodes provides significant increase in the achievable multiplexing and power offset gains. In this current work an adaptation of a common beamforming technique is used to decrease the power offset seen with interference alignment while maintaining the multiplexing gains of X channels guaranteed with interference alignment. Akin to zero-forcing dirty-paper coding (ZF-DPC) and interference alignment, the proposed technique uses regularized channel inversion with dirty-paper coding (RCI-DPC) to maximize the sum-rate of theMIMO X channel and hence attempts to minimize the associated power offset in the same channels.
Potential for use of 1,5-anhydroglucitol when initiating insulin therapy in people with type 2 diabetes and suboptimal control with oral antidiabetic drugs

Abstract Endpoint HbA 1c p =0.027) with baseline 1,5 anhydroglucitol (1,5AG) below median and 75 (70.8%) LM25-treated patients and 72 (63.7%) glargine-treated patients ( p =0.238) with 1,5AG≥median, suggesting, 1,5AG may offer therapeutic insight when starting insulin therapy.
Oxygen transport in composite mediated biocathodes

Abstract A numerical simulation of an enzyme-catalyzed oxygen cathode is presented and applied to the analysis of transport limitations in operating electrodes, with the goal of predicting the limits of obtainable cathode current density. Based on macrohomogeneous and thin-film theories, and accounting for dual-substrate enzyme kinetics, the one-dimensional model predicts a maximum current density of about 9.2 mA cm −2 at 0.6 V (SHE) for a 300 μm thick electrode operating oxygen-saturated pH 5 buffer at 37 °C and relying on diffusion of dissolved oxygen alone. However, by introducing gas-phase diffusive transport, or alternatively a convective, flow-through approach, the model predicts that electrodes of identical thickness may provide current densities up to 60 mA cm −2 in air and exceeding 100 mA cm −2 in pure O 2 . Such performance would move enzyme electrodes closer to practical implementation in implantable power devices and other low-temperature fuel cells such as direct methanol fuel cells.
Solid phase in helium 4 based on the hard-sphere model☆

Abstract In this letter we extended our numerical computations of a hard-sphere Boson system to the solid phase density. These computations are based on a former paper [1] devoted to the superfluid phase. The core diameter was taken as 2.1 A and the trial wave function used was a simple pair-wise form as used in the liquid phase. The crystal structure thus obtained is face center cubic.
Robust scheduling on a single machine using time buffers

This article studies the scheduling of buffer times in a single-machine environment. A buffer time is a machine idle time in between two consecutive jobs and is a common tool to protect a schedule against disruptions such as machine failures. This article introduces new classes of robust machine scheduling problems. For an arbitrary non-preemptive scheduling problem 1|β|γ, three corresponding robustness problems are obtained: (i) maximize overall (weighted) buffer time while ensuring a given schedule's performance (with regard to the objective function γ); (ii) optimize the schedule's performance (with regard to γ) while ensuring a given minimum overall (weighted) buffer time; and (iii) find the trade-off curve regarding both objectives. The relationships between the different classes of problems and the corresponding underlying problems are outlined. Furthermore, the robust counterparts of three very basic single-machine scheduling problems are analyzed.
Recommendation Systems for Markets with Two Sided Preferences

In recent times we have witnessed the emergence of large online markets with two-sided preferences that are responsible for businesses worth billions of dollars. Recommendation systems are critical components of such markets. It is to be noted that the matching in such a market depends on the preferences of both sides, consequently, the construction of a recommendation system for such a market calls for consideration of preferences of both sides. The online dating market, and the online freelancer market are examples of markets with two-sided preferences. Recommendation systems for such markets are fundamentally different from typical rating based product recommendations. We pose this problem as a bipartite ranking problem. There has been extensive research on bipartite ranking algorithms. Typically, generalized linear regression models are popular methods of constructing such ranking on account of their ability to be learned easily from big data, and their computational simplicity on engineering platforms. However, we show that for markets with two sided preferences, one can improve the AUC (Area Under the receiver operator Curve) score by considering separate models for preferences of both the sides and constructing a two layer architecture for ranking. We call this a two-level model algorithm. For both synthetic and real data we show that the two-level model algorithm has a better AUC performance than the direct application of a generalized linear model such as L 1 logistic regression or an ensemble method such as random forest algorithm. We provide a theoretical justification of AUC optimality of two-level model and pose a theoretical problem for a more general result.
Liquid–solid helium interface: some conceptual questions

I raise, and discuss qualitatively, some conceptual issues concerning the interface between the crystalline solid and superfluid liquid phases of 4He emphasizing, in particular, the fact that the ground-state wave functions of the two phases are prima facie qualitatively quite different, in that the superfluid liquid phase possesses off-diagonal long-range order (ODLRO), while the crystalline solid does not. The fact that the statics and dynamics of the interface do not appear to be particularly sensitive to the presence of ODLRO in the liquid is tentatively explained by the fact that because of a subtlety associated with the Bose statistics obeyed by the atoms, the solid and liquid wave functions are not locally very different.
A proposed model for predicting trace metal composition of fly-ash leachates

A mathematical model is proposed that is designed to predict trace metal composition of leachates produced by coal fly ashes. This model is based on the assumption that the mobilization of trace metals from fly ash is primarily a surface desorption phenomenon. The validity of this model is tested using data from published sources. Good correlation is found between predicted trace metal concentrations and measured trace metal concentrations in experimentally produced leachates.
Stiff-person syndrome presenting as eating disorder: a case report.

Objective: To report a case of a 35-year-old female initially treated for anorexia nervosa who was found to have Stiff-Person Syndrome (SPS). Method: Case report. Results: The patient reported panic attacks at meal times that were found to consist of tetanic contractions of the axial musculature. Swallowing initiated reflexive painful muscle spasms that consequently resulted in cibophobia and significant weight loss. Her serum tested positive for anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies, and she subsequently improved with appropriate treatment for SPS. Discussion: SPS has not been previously reported in the context of eating disorders, although it has been linked to other psychiatric disorders. Often the psychiatrist may be the first physician to diagnose SPS. We present this case to alert practitioners to the potential co-morbidity and symptom overlap between SPS and eating disorders, to aid in early recognition and appropriate treatment of this rare illness. © 2010 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2011; 44:284–286)
Ethical decision-making

Even though nurses engage in ethical decision-making on a daily basis, few practical resources are available and little is known about how nurses resolve ethical dilemmas in the clinical setting. A descriptive clinical ethical decision-making model has been presented and factors influencing current ethical decision-making skills have been identified. What is known suggests that some nurses do not consider multiple options during ethical deliberations. This may be due to the fact that there is limited time available for ethical deliberations in the clinical setting. In addition, the nurse may be prevented from implementing the chosen option by a variety of yet unidentified and uncontrolled variables. Recommendations In order to increase the amount of time available for ethical deliberation, a pro-active approach must be developed toward ethical issues. Ethics rounds need to be integrated into traditional medical and nursing rounds as a means for identifying ethical issues. Research is needed to describe (1) the process nurses use to resolve ethical situations, (2) the variables influencing decision-making in the clinical setting, and (3) the problems nurses experience during ethical decision-making. The nurse's ability to identify several options may increase as more time is available for ethical decision-making. Traditionally, nurses have identified ethical dilemmas that imply two options. Nurses need to consider ethical issues, concerns, and situations in order to identify multiple options. Ethics discussions, inservice education, and consultations with ethicists would provide the opportunity to critique previously experienced ethical situations and enhance the nurses's decision-making skills for future situations.
Heart rate power spectrum analysis of autonomic dysfunction in adolescents with anorexia nervosa.

We studied autonomic modulation of heart rate in 8 females with anorexia nervosa (AN) using power spectral analysis (PSA) of heart rate variability in the supine and standing positions at baseline and after 2 weeks of intensive nutritional rehabilitation, and compared findings with healthy female control subjects. The results indicate that there is a decrease in sympathetic modulation of heart rate, evident by a deficit of low frequency (0.01–0.15 Hz) heart rate power in the supine position in AN compared with control subjects. In addition, parasympathetic modulation of heart rate failed to decrease with standing. A trend toward improvement in autonomic control of heart rate in adolescents with AN occurs in the supine position relatively early in weight rehabilitation. PSA is a sensitive, quantitative, and noninvasive means of determining autonomic control of heart rate and could be a useful tool in monitoring the health of patients with AN. © 1994 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Activation of group II mGlu receptors inhibits voltage-gated Ca2+ currents in myenteric neurons

The enteric nervous system (ENS) contains functional ionotropic and group I metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors. In this study, we determined whether enteric neurons express group II mGlu recep...
Water soluble polymers. 75. Responsive microdomains in labeled N-octylamide-substituted poly(sodium maleate-alt-ethyl vinyl ether) : Transient fluorescence and time-resolved fluorescence anisotropy studies

Dansyl fluorescent labels with two different spacer lengths (D2 and D8) were pendently attached to unmodified and 30 mol % n-octyl-modified copoly(sodium maleate-alt-ethyl vinyl ether). The time-resolved fluorescence anisotropy (TRFA) measurements of these labels were obtained in aqueous media as a function of pH and analyzed using impulse reconvolution analysis (IRA). At pH values below 6.7, the hydrophobically modified copolymers exist as compact globules, as evidenced by the long fluorescence emission lifetimes of the labels. At these pH values, two rotational correlation times (RCTs) corresponding to two distinct molecular motions within associating hydrophobic microdomains are seen: one associated with the motion of the chromophore coupled to the copolymer backbone and the other associated with the rotational motion of the chromophore. Above pH 6.7, the copolymer is progressively extended with increasing pH, as indicated by the short emission lifetime of the labels and the observation of only one rotational correlation time corresponding to the rotational motion of the labels in an aqueous environment. Local rotational diffusion coefficients and local viscosities for the dansyl labels have also been estimated as a function of pH. The observed fluorescence data are consistent with the classic model proposed for pH-induced transition from a polysoap to an extended polyelectrolyte in dilute aqueous solution.
Renovascular hypertension with unilateral atherosclerotic renal artery occlusion: diagnostic use of renal vein renins.

Selective renal vein renin studies were performed in seven male patients with severe hypertension and atherosclerotic occlusion of a main renal artery. In five patients, peripheral plasma renin activity was increased, and there was evidence for hypersecretion of renin from the affected kidney and suppression of renin release from the opposite kidney. In one patient, who had occlusion of one renal artery and a high-degree stenosis of the contralateral renal artery, the two kidneys appeared to contribute equally to the high circulating plasma renin activity. Removal of the atrophic, ischemic kidney from these patients, plus bypass of the contralateral renal artery in one patient, resulted in cure or improvement of their hypertension. In one patient, despite hypersecretion of renin from the atrophic kidney, surgery was not recommended because his systemic blood plasma renin activity was not elevated. Histologic examination of the excised kidneys revealed moderate glomerular scarring and tubular atrophy. The ...
An evaluation of the written selection test: effectiveness and alternatives

Abstract Police officer selection is a key personnel function that has received substantial consideration and discussion over the years. A primary component in most police agencies’ selection procedures is the written test. The written test serves as the first and primary selection hurdle in many police departments. There is little research examining the efficacy of the written test, although it is used extensively. This article reviews the literature regarding the use of written tests and examines a particular application of a written test to a group of applicants in a police department. A number of statistical tests are computed to determine the effectiveness or content validity of the written test, as well as its impact on affirmative action.
Encapsulation of parasitoid eggs in phenoloxidase-deficient mutants of Drosophila melanogaster

Abstract Eggs of the parasitoid Leptopilina boulardi , strain L104, are routinely encapsulated by haemocytes in Drosophila melanogaster larvae, and the capsules subsequently melanize. In D. melanogaster mutant strains deficient for phenoloxidase activity, L104 eggs are encapsulated by host haemocytes but the cellular capsules do not melanize and harden. These observations suggest that phenoloxidases are not essential for recognition of nonself and encapsulation of foreign objects in D. melanogaster , but they are required for blackening and hardening of haemocytic capsules.
Recent results in optimal reactor synthesis via attainable region theory

Abstract In consideration of (isothermal) reactor designs involving only chemical reaction and mixing, Feinberg and Hildebrandt (1997, Chem. Engng Sci. 52 , 1637–1665) showed that the set of all attainable composition vectors (the attainable region) has a certain universal character. In particular, manifolds of extreme points (protrusions) on the attainable region’s boundary are invariably made up of plug-flow reactor trajectories. These trajectories therefore form a system of PFR “highways” that provide access to the attainable region’s extreme points. They also showed that, in a certain sense, CFSTRs and differential sidestream reactors (DSRs) provide means to navigate along the attainable region’s boundary to a PFR trajectory of choice. Here we consider the special character of DSR trajectories that reside on the attainable region’s boundary. Ideas from geometric control theory indicate that critical DSRs of this kind must conform to a very special sidestream addition rate policy. Indeed, highly detailed equations that govern such a policy can be written in terms of the sidestream composition and the reaction kinetics.
Media Coverage of Public Health Epidemics: Linking Framing and Issue Attention Cycle Toward an Integrated Theory of Print News Coverage of Epidemics

Using framing and issue attention cycle as theoretical frameworks, this study examined how print media frame public health epidemics, such as mad cow disease, West Nile virus, and avian flu. We found that “action” and “consequence” were the two frames journalists employed consistently to construct stories about epidemics in the New York Times, the newspaper used for this case study. The prominence of other frames varied with diseases. We also found different attention cycle patterns for each disease. Coverage of public health epidemics was highly event based, with increased news coverage corresponding to important events such as newly identified cases and governmental actions. We found that media concerns and journalists' narrative considerations regarding epidemics did change across different phases of development and across diseases. This suggests that journalists emphasize different narrative considerations at different stages of the issue development cycle, based on the specificity of each disease.
A systematic approach to the planning, implementation, monitoring, and evaluation of integrated health services

Because of the current emphasis and enthusiasm focused on integration of health systems, there is a risk of piling resources into integrated strategies without the necessary systems in place to monitor their progress adequately or to measure impact, and to learn from these efforts. The rush to intervene without adequate monitoring and evaluation will continue to result in a weak evidence base for decision making and resource allocation. Program planning and implementation are inextricability linked to monitoring and evaluation. Country level guidance is needed to identify country-specific integrated strategies, thereby increasing country ownership. This paper focuses on integrated health services but takes into account how health services are influenced by the health system, managed by programs, and made up of interventions. We apply the principles in existing comprehensive monitoring and evaluation (ME similarly, more emphasis is needed on documenting the process of designing and implemented integrated interventions at the national level.
Effects of age and viral determinants on chronicity as an outcome of experimental woodchuck hepatitis virus infection

Acute hepadnavirus infections either resolve or progress to chronicity. Factors that influence chronicity as an outcome of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in humans can be studied experimentally in the woodchuck model. Accordingly, several woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) inocula were characterized. Representative inocula had high titers of infectious virus (approximately 10(7.7)-10(9.5) woodchuck 50% infectious doses per milliliter [WID(50%)/mL] by subcutaneous inoculation), with 1 WID(50%) ranging between 21 and 357 physical virion particles. WHV7P1 (standard high dose, 5 x 10(6) WID(50%)) produced a 72% chronicity rate (i.e., percent chronic of total infected) in neonatal woodchucks (1-3 days old). Comparable doses of WHV8P1 resulted in a lower chronicity rate in neonates (34% chronic) indicating that it represented a strain different from WHV7P1. Neonatal woodchucks were more susceptible to chronic infection by high doses of WHV7P1 (range, 65%-75% chronic) compared with 8-week-old weanlings (33% chronic) and adult woodchucks (0% chronic; i.e., all resolved). High doses of cloned wild-type viruses also induced high rates of chronicity in neonates (70%-80% chronic). Chronicity rates in neonates were decreased for low doses of WHV7P1 (500 WID(50%), 9% chronic) and for high doses of a precore WHeAg-minus mutant WHV8 clone (17% chronic). Thus, both age and viral determinants can influence chronicity as an outcome of experimental WHV infection. Standardized inocula will enable the study of mechanisms that initiate and maintain chronic hepadnavirus infection and also provide a means for developing WHV carriers for therapeutic studies.
Curriculum-Based Measurement and Standards-Based Mathematics: Monitoring the Arithmetic Word Problem-Solving Performance of Third-Grade Students at Risk for Mathematics Difficulties

This purpose of this study was to examine the reliability and validity of a curriculum-based measure of word problem solving (CBM-WPS) as an indicator of performance and progress in a sample of 136...
Generation-V dual-Purkinje-image eyetracker

Major advances characterize the Generation-V dual-Purkinje-image eyetracker compared with the Generation-III version previously described. These advances include a large reduction in size, major improvements in frequency response and noise level, automatic alignment to a subject, and automatic adjustment for different separation between the visual and optic axes, which can vary considerably from subject to subject. In a number of applications described in the paper, the eyetracker is coupled with other highly specialized optical devices. These applications include accurately stabilizing an image on a subject's retina; accurately simulating a visually dead retinal region (i.e., a scotoma) of arbitrary shape, size, and position; and, for clinical purposes, stabilizing the position of a laser coagulator beam on a patient's retina so that the point of contact is unaffected by the patient's own eye movements.
EMERGENCY DEPARTMENT EVALUATION OF HEADACHE

Headache is an extremely common complaint in the Emergency Department, accounting for up to 16% of all visits. Although there are more than 300 medical conditions which can produce headache, the vast majority of headache disorders are benign. This article outlines an orderly approach for evaluating patients who present with headaches; in addition, the authors discuss the emergency treatment of the more common types of headache.
Enterotoxin preconditioning restores calcium-sensing receptor-mediated cytostasis in colon cancer cells

Guanylyl cyclase C (GCC), the receptor for diarrheagenic bacterial heat-stable enterotoxins (STs), inhibits colorectal cancer cell proliferation by co-opting Ca 2+ as the intracellular messenger. Similarly, extracellular Ca 2+ (Ca 2+ o ) opposes proliferation and induces terminal differentiation in intestinal epithelial cells. In that context, human colon cancer cells develop a phenotype characterized by insensitivity to cytostasis imposed by Ca 2+ o . Here, preconditioning with ST, mediated by GCC signaling through cyclic nucleotide-gated channels, restored Ca 2+ o -dependent cytostasis, reflecting posttranscriptional regulation of calcium-sensing receptors (CaRs). ST-induced GCC signaling deployed CaRs to the surface of human colon cancer cells, whereas elimination of GCC signaling in mice nearly abolished CaR expression in enterocytes. Moreover, ST-induced Ca 2+ o -dependent cytostasis was abrogated by CaR-specific antisense oligonucleotides. Importantly, following ST preconditioning, newly expressed CaRs at the cell surface represented tumor cell receptor targets for antiproliferative signaling by CaR agonists. Since expression of the endogenous paracrine hormones for GCC is uniformly lost early in carcinogenesis, these observations offer a mechanistic explanation for the Ca 2+ o -resistant phenotype of colon cancer cells. Restoration of antitumorigenic CaR signaling by GCC ligand replacement therapy represents a previously unrecognized paradigm for the prevention and treatment of human colorectal cancer employing dietary Ca 2+ supplementation.
Altered Caveolar Mediated Purinergic Signaling in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats with Detrusor Overactivity

Purpose: Loss of bladder smooth muscle caveolae, which are membrane invaginations involved in signaling regulation, is associated with detrusor dysfunction. We investigated whether caveolar loss in bladder smooth muscle from SHR rats contributes to detrusor overactivity by dysregulating caveolar mediated signaling.Materials and Methods: Caveolar density and caveolin-1 protein expression were compared between SHR and WKY rats by ultrastructural and molecular analysis. The functional effects of caveolar depletion achieved by methyl-β-cyclodextrin on neurogenic and agonist induced contractions, and spontaneous activity in isolated bladder tissue were also compared between the strains. P2X1 receptor and caveolin-1 interaction was investigated by confocal microscopy, co-immunoprecipitation and proximity ligation assay.Results: Bladder smooth muscle caveolar density and caveolin-1 expression were decreased in SHR vs WKY rats. Responses to α-β-methylene adenosine triphosphate at baseline were lower in SHR than i...