cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Spacing judgments as an index of integration from context-induced relational processing: implications for the free recall of ambiguous prose passages.

The effect of information integration on the recall of ambiguous prose passages was investigated. In Experiment 1, subjects read ambiguous passages that were difficult to comprehend without titles. In judging the relative positions in the passages of pairs of test sentences, subjects performed better when they read passages headed by a suitable title than when they read untitled passages or received a title at the time of testing. In Experiment 2, subjects provided with a title at encoding also better discriminated complete old sentences from foils composed of fragments of two different old sentences than did subjects provided with. no titles or with-titles at the time of testing. These two tests index the degree of inter- and intrasentence information integration, respectively. Two findings indicated that integration affected free recall of an ambiguous passage. First,when the degree of integration of the passage’s propositions was controlled, free recall of the passage was no different for subjects who did or did not know the passage’s title at encoding. Second, inducing subjects to comprehend the passage’s sentences individually, without relating them to one another, reduced free recall of the passage.
The analysis of 4-chloro-5-sulfamoylanthranilic acid in the bulk material and pharmaceutical preparations of furosemide by a high-performance liquid chromatographic method

Abstract The current USP procedure for the limit tests for 4-chloro-5-sulfamoyanthranilic acid (CSA) in furosemide preparations is a tedious and non-specific method. A simple, sensitive and specific method for the quantitative analysis of CSA from bulk materials and pharmaceutical preparations is described. The procedure consists of extraction into 0.1 N sodium hydroxide solution, dilution, addition of internal standard and injection onto a high-performance liquid Chromatograph. The eluate is monitored by ultraviolet absorption at 280 nm. Utilizing this procedure, CSA was quantitatively analyzed from furosemide tablets, furosemide injection and furosemide bulk powder.
Four-port integrated polarizing beam splitter.

In this Letter, we report on the first integrated four-port polarizing beam splitter. The device operates on the principle of mode evolution and was implemented in a silicon-on-insulator silicon photonics platform and fabricated on a 300 mm CMOS line using 193 nm optical immersion lithography. The adiabatic transition forming of the structure enabled over a 150 nm bandwidth from λ∼1350 to λ∼1500 nm, achieving a cross-talk level below −10 dB over the entire band.
Influence of Percent Egg Yolk during Cooling and Freezing on Survival of Bovine Spermatozoa

Abstract The influence of percent egg yolk during cooling from 37 to 5 C on ability of sperm to withstand subsequent freezing was studied with semen from each of eight bulls. Treatments were arranged factorially and included .5, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, and 32% egg yolk, cooling times of .5, 1, 2, and 4 h, and freezing in ampules and straws. Percent egg yolk did not influence motility or percent intact acrosomes when semen was frozen in ampules. For sperm in straws, both post-thaw percentages of motile sperm and intact acrosomes were similar for sperm cooled with .5, 1, 2, 4, or 8% egg yolk and greater than with 16 or 32% egg yolk. Optimal egg yolk during cooling was not dependent upon rate of cooling, regardless of how semen was packaged for freezing. The influence of percent egg yolk during freezing was investigated in a second study. Treatments included eight bulls; 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, and 32% egg yolk; freezing times from +5 to −130 C of 3.5, 20, and 40 min; and freezing in ampules or straws. Optimal egg yolk during freezing in either ampules or straws was independent of the rate of freezing. For sperm frozen in ampules, differences in motility or the percent intact acrosomes due to egg yolk were small. However, the use of only 1 or 2% egg yolk depressed motility whereas 16 or 32% egg yolk decreased the percentage of intact acrosomes. Thus, extremely high or low egg yolk should be avoided. For sperm in straws, survival was optimal when the extended semen contained 4 to 32% egg yolk during freezing.
Detection of experimental brain tumors using time-resolved laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy

Time-Resolved Laser-Induced Fluorescence Spectroscopy (TR-LIFS) has the potential to provide a non- invasive characterization and detection of tumors. We utilized TR-LIFS to detect gliomas in-vivo in the rat C6 glioma model. Time-resolved emission spectra of both normal brain and tumor were analyzed to determine if unique fluorescence signatures could be used to distinguish the two. Fluorescence parameters derived from both spectral and time domain were used for tissue characterization. Our results show that in the rat C6 glioma model, TR-LIFS can be used to differentiate brain tumors from normal tissue (gray and white mater) based upon time- resolved fluorescence signatures seen in brain tumors.
Cyclic strain resistance and cyclic fracture behaviour of 2124 aluminium alloy

Abstract In this paper, the cyclic strain resistance and cyclic fracture behaviour of aluminium alloy 2124 are examined. Test specimens of the alloy were cycled using tension-compression loading, under total strain control, over a range of plastic strains giving less than 10 4 cycles to failure. The alloy displayed hardening in both the longitudinal and transverse directions of the wrought plate. The observed hardening behaviour is ascribed to contributions from synergistic influences of dislocation multiplication and dislocation-dislocation interactions. The alloy followed the Coffin-Manson relation and exhibited a single slope for the variation of cyclic plastic strain amplitude with reversals to failure. Fracture of the alloy samples was predominantly transgranular for both orientations, with microscopic crack propagation along the grain boundaries. The low-cycle fatigue characteristics and fracture behaviour of the alloy are discussed in terms of competing and synergistic influences of cyclic plastic strain amplitude, response stress, intrinsic microstructural effects and dislocation-microstructure interactions during cyclic straining.
Glucose utilization by the working rat heart.

SummaryRat hearts were perfused in an apparatus in which coronary flow, cardiac output, left ventricular pressure, rate of rise of left ventricular pressure (dp/dt) and external cardiac work could be measured. The effects of the presence and absence of exogenous glucose were compared. In the presence of glucose stable performance lasted longer than without substrate. When the heart failed cardiac output, left ventricular pressure, maximal dp/dt and cardiac work declined simultaneously. At the time of failure endogenous cardiac glycogen stores had declined to the same level whether or not exogenous glucose had been furnished. The hexose cost of cardiac work was greater when glucose was furnished, suggesting whatever hexose was available was more completely metabolized in the absence of exogenous substrate.
Neural networks surrogate models for simulating payment risk in pavement construction

A common provision in quality control/quality assurance (QC/QA) highway pavement construction contracts is the adjustment of the pay that a contractor receives on the basis of the quality of the construction. It is important to both the contractor and the contracting agency to examine the amount of pay that the contractor can expect to receive for a given level of construction quality. Previous studies have shown that computer simulations can provide a better, more de- tailed examination of the pay schedule than is possible by simply determining the expected pay. In particular, the simula- tion process can provide an indication of the variability of pay at various quality levels and can identify the factors most responsible for pay adjustments. Stochastic simulation models are very useful in estimating and analyzing payment risk in highway pavement construction. However, such models are constrained by their computational requirements, and it is of- ten necessary to couple them with simpler models to speed up the process of decision-making. This paper investigates the use of Neural Networks (NN) to build surrogate models for a pavement construction payment-risk prediction model. The results show that although the average error associated with the NN predictions are acceptable; in some particular cases the errors may be unacceptably high.
Influence of lattice parameter and electronic structure on the spin fluctuations in doped UAl2

Abstract UAl 2 is known as a typical spin fluctuation compound. We studied samples of U 1− x M x Al 2 (M = Zr, Ti, Hf, Sc) in order to learn more about the parameters important for the spin fluctuations. Results of X-ray diffraction, magnetic susceptibility and specific heat measurements are presented. The specific heat data are analyzed on the basis of the paramagnon theory. We find that a smaller lattice parameter a n weakens the spin fluctuations in the case of 4-valent M = Zr, Ti, Hf, visible in a lowered spin fluctuation temperature T SF and a lower γ(=lim r −0 C/T), while for 3-valent M  Sc we observe an enhancement. We conclude that this is due to a change in the electronic structure.
Self-Regulatory Driving Behaviors: Gender and Transportation Support Effects

This study examined the relationship between transportation support and self-regulatory driving behaviors of 566 community-dwelling older adults living in retirement communities, with a focus on gender differences. The results of logistic regression analysis showed that older women were more likely to avoid driving at night or on the highway than their male counterparts. Transportation support from peer friends was found to increase the likelihood of self-regulatory driving behaviors. The findings of this study imply that transportation policy and driving safety programs for older adults need to be developed, considering available transportation alternatives and gender differences in driving behaviors.
Who conceived the "complex viscosity"?

In small amplitude oscillatory shear flow, we now universally represent the response of a viscoelastic fluid as a complex quantity, which we call “complex viscosity.” This short piece deepens our understanding of the origins of the complex viscosity and of the man who coined this term, now widely used in rheology.
Rapid onset of malaria-induced mortality by immunizations with lipo-peptides: an experimental model to study deleterious immune responses and immunopathology in malaria.

We have recently shown that circumsporozoite (CS) protein-based cytotoxic T-cell epitope of Plasmodium berghei coupled to monopalmitic and tripalmitic acid was able to induce cytotoxic T-cell responses. In the present study, we investigated whether lipopeptide derivatized CS protein B and T helper epitopes in different combinations will be able to induce protective immune responses against sporozoite challenge. Several P. berghei CS peptides with monopalmitic fatty acid tails were prepared, suspended in an oil-in-water emulsion, and used to immunize and boost female AJ mice. The mice were challenged iv. with viable sporozoites of P. berghei (ANKA) two weeks after the last immunization. While immunization with some of these vaccine formulations induced protective immune responses, others shifted the typical bimodal pattern of P. berghei sporozoite induced death toward a rapid onset of death in a peptide specific manner. Therefore, demonstration that immunization with formulations of malarial peptides can cause enhanced malaria-related death provides an experimental model to delineate characteristics of deleterious immune responses.
Intercorrelations among the Slosson Intelligence Test, the Shipley-Institute of Living Scale, and the Intellectual Efficiency Scale of the California Psychological Inventory

The California Psychological Inventory (CPI), the Slosson Intelligence Test (SIT), and the Shipley-Institute of Living Scale (SILS) were administered to 43 undergraduates enrolled in psychology classes at Austin Peay State University, Clarksville, Tennessee. The Intellectual Efficiency (Ie) scale scores were correlated .52 with the SIT scores and .39 with the SILS scores. The coefficients were significant at the .01 and .05 levels, respectively. The correlation of .49 between SIT and SILS scores was significant at the .01 level. No significance was obtained when the SILS Abstraction scores were correlated with the CPI- Ie or with the SIT scores.
Prerequisites for chiral charge order

Abstract The chiral charge density wave state which was recently discovered in TiSe 2 can be understood as a combination of orbital and charge order. Here, we discuss the prerequisite material properties for this type of chiral charge order to emerge. We find that although both the lattice and orbital structure constrain the set of candidate materials, there remains a class of materials in which chiral charge order is expected to emerge.
Effect of correlations on the low-frequency behavior of random one-dimensional systems

We study the motion of a particle or elementary excitation that hops between nearest neighbors in a one-dimensional array of traps. The trap depths and transition probabilities are random, but they may show correlations over short distances. When certain averages of the inverse transition rates exist, the low-lying eigenvalues of the master equation for the system are distributed like those of some equivalent regular chain. However, the nature of this equivalent regular chain depends on the degree of correlation of the random transition rates. Moreover, for a chain with periodic boundary conditions the degeneracy of the eigenvalues in the regular chain is lifted. The amount of this splitting depends on the degree of randomness and on the chain length. The density of low-lying eigenvalues is closely related to the asymptotic form of the probability for finding the particle at some large time at the same place where it started its random walk. Our results are obtained by studying the moments of the reciprocals of the eigenvalues, in which the distribution of low-lying eigenvalues leaves a characteristic "fingerprint."
Cefepime Dosing in the Morbidly Obese Patient Population

Proper dosing of specific antibiotics in morbidly obese patients has been studied inadequately. However, these data are beneficial as this patient population is at an increased risk to develop postoperative infections. Cefepime is an antibiotic used for the treatment of both gram-positive and especially gram-negative infections; administration of the appropriate dose in the morbidly obese population is crucial. We therefore examined the pharmacokinetics of cefepime in patients with body mass index >40 kg/m2. Ten morbidly obese patients, with a mean [±SD] estimated glomerular filtration rate of 108.4 ± 34.6 mL/min, undergoing elective weight loss surgical procedures were administered cefepime in addition to standard prophylactic cefazolin and studied. Serial serum cefepime concentrations were analyzed after dosing using a validated high performance liquid chromatography method. Pharmacokinetics and duration above the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) were determined using a protein binding value of 15% and a MIC threshold of 8 μg/mL. Mean free cefepime concentrations for t = 30, 120, and 360 min were 69.6, 31.6, and 9.2 μg/mL, respectively. The dosing interval was calculated to maintain the free concentration above the MIC (fT > MIC) for 60% of the interval. This was determined to be 10.12 h, including time for infusion. There was no toxicity. Based on this analysis, an increased dose of 2 g every 8 h is necessary to maintain an adequate fT > MIC throughout the dosing interval. Further studies are necessary to determine the efficacy of this regimen in the settings of active infections and critical illness.
Increased germinal vesicle breakdown in oocytes of the sea cucumber Parastichopus californicus induced by starfish radial nerve extract.

Abstract Starfish radial nerve factor (RNF) increased the percent of germinal vesicle breakdown in oocytes of the sea cucumber Parastichopus californicus . Sea cucumbers can now be used in studies requiring over 90% germinal vesicle breakdown or development. Oocytes of P. californicus treated with RNF are excellent material for the experimental cytology of spindles.
Theory testing: Combining psychometric meta-analysis and structural equations modeling

This paper presents an overview of a useful approach for theory testing in the social sciences that combines the principles of psychometric meta-analysis and structural equations modeling. In this approach to theory testing, the estimated true score correlations between the constructs of interest are established through the application of meta-analysis (Hunter & Schmidt, 1990), and structural equations modeling is then applied to the matrix of estimated true score correlations. The potential advantages and limitations of this approach are presented. The approach enables researchers to test complex theories involving several constructs that cannot all be measured in a single study. Decision points are identified, the options available to a researcher are enumerated, and the potential problems as well as the prospects of each are discussed.
Third party peace making

(1990). Third party peace making. Interdisciplinary Peace Research: Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 62-73.
PGE2-induced metalloproteinase-9 is essential for dendritic cell migration

Following antigen acquisition and maturation, dendritic cells (DCs) disengage from the extracellular matrix, cross basement membranes, and travel to draining lymph nodes to activate T cells. CCR7 expression is necessary but not sufficient for the directional migration of DCs. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), present in inflammatory sites, induces DC migration, presumably by enacting a migration-permissive gene expression program. Since regulation of DC migration is highly important for their use in vaccination and therapy, we examined the PGE2-induced changes in the expression of metalloproteinases (MMPs). Our results indicate that PGE2 significantly up-regulates MMP-9 expression, induces both secreted and membrane-bound MMP-9, and that in turn, DC-derived MMP-9 is essential for DC chemotaxis in response to the CCR7 ligand CCL19, Matrigel migration, and in vivo migration in both wild-type and MMP-9–deficient hosts. We conclude that DCs matured within inflammatory sites require both CCR7 and PGE2-induced MMP-9 for their directional migration to draining lymph nodes.
Risk-based Quality by Design (QbD): A Taguchi Perspective on the Assessment of Product Quality, and the Quantitative Linkage of Drug Product Parameters and Clinical Performance

For good reason, quality by design (QbD) has become a topic of significant interest within the pharmaceutical industry. Whereas regulatory agencies and standard-setting organizations are moving swiftly to establish QbD guidance relevant to the needs of pharmaceutical manufacturing, much of the core science of QbD was established long ago by Dr. Genichi Taguchi and other leaders in the field of quality management. In order for the pharmaceutical industry to fully capitalize on QbD, new methods for quantitatively assessing product quality need to be established. This perspective article presents a risk-based strategy for quality assessment which uses model-based simulation to link variation in drug product parameters and clinical performance. This work is intended to provide background and introduction for a series of manuscripts dealing with QbD based on probabilistic risk assessment.
Tobacco: coopting our public health

Communication is a tool that can be used to promote public health. The case of tobacco illustrates, however, that behavior change can only be advocated, not ensured. The tobacco industry has focused on individual- and societal-level actions that effectively sabotage antismoking campaigns. Health communication researchers should pay special attention to how politics is subverted, the principle of freedom of speech is abused, message framing encourages the continued marketing of cigarettes, and tobacco advertising swamps public health messages in both quantity and style. The field of health communication should do two things to help counter this campaign. First, we should make a concerted effort to refute the arguments offered by the tobacco companies. Second, we should continue to take action on four levels--as individuals, as responsible citizens, in support of organizations, and to create societal changes that will reduce the use of tobacco.
Pair bond maintenance in the ring dove (Streptopelia risoria)

Abstract Two experiments were carried out as follows: in the first males and females previously paired in the laboratory and isolated for periods up to 7 months were released into large outdoor cages in groups of three pairs each. In all cases the original pairs were re-established. In the second experiment females were offered a choice of former mates or strange males confined behind glass partitions in separate compartments. Twelve of fifteen females laid eggs near the former mate and performed more reproductive behaviour in his presence. These studies suggest that ring doves are capable of recognizing other individuals. Moreover, the pairing relationship is retained when physical contact is prevented, when individuals are isolated for extended periods, and when the original pairing relationship is experimenter-determined.
EQUITY VALUATION EFFECTS OF WARRANT‐DEBT FINANCING

Stock price reactions to warrant-debt unit financing announcements are examined and a significant two-day average abnormal return of −1.32 percent is found. The negative average abnormal return is similar to that observed for convertible debt financing announcements in previous research. Warrant-debt financing decisions result in large increases in capitalization; on average, issuers' long-term debt increases by 84 percent, and common shares outstanding increase by 18 percent assuming full exercise of the warrants.
Tumor suppressor miR-375 regulates MYC expression via repression of CIP2A coding sequence through multiple miRNA-mRNA interactions

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, noncoding RNAs involved in posttranscriptional regulation of protein-coding genes in various biological processes. In our preliminary miRNA microarray analysis, miR-375 was identified as the most underexpressed in human oral tumor versus controls. The purpose of the present study is to examine the function of miR-375 as a candidate tumor suppressor miRNA in oral cancer. Cancerous inhibitor of PP2A (CIP2A), a guardian of oncoprotein MYC, is identified as a candidate miR-375 target based on bioinformatics. Luciferase assay accompanied by target sequence mutagenesis elucidates five functional miR-375-binding sites clustered in the CIP2A coding sequence close to the C-terminal domain. Overexpression of CIP2A is clearly demonstrated in oral cancers, and inverse correlation between miR-375 and CIP2A is observed in the tumors, as well as in NCI-60 cell lines, indicating the potential generalized involvement of the miR-375-CIP2A relationship in many other cancers. Transient transfection of miR-375 in oral cancer cells reduces the expression of CIP2A, resulting in decrease of MYC protein levels and leading to reduced proliferation, colony formation, migration, and invasion. Therefore this study shows that underexpression of tumor suppressor miR-375 could lead to uncontrolled CIP2A expression and extended stability of MYC, which contributes to promoting cancerous phenotypes.
Addressing the cognitive difficulties of expressing n-ary relations in semantic web data

We present results from an empirical study in which everyday users attempted to generate formal knowledge representations for use in the Semantic Web. In particular, we focus on one especially difficult aspect of knowledge creation: statements that embody n-ary relations and therefore require reification of the verb in order to be expressible in standard RDF. In a cognitive experiment performed on over 80 novices, participants were asked to author statements containing n-ary relations corresponding to textual passages they were given. Our study compares the results between visual and text-based representations, illustrates the extent of the problem, and offers an alternative syntax for such relations that relieves several difficulties users face in properly formulating these statements. Our results soundly demonstrate that by allowing the use of this alternate syntax in place of traditional approaches, non-initiates can achieve much greater accuracy and coverage in the knowledge they generate. Further, knowledge modeled with the syntax can be trivially converted to standard RDF triples "behind" the user interface, so that the knowledge a user generates constitutes valid Linked Data.
Computer-controlled scanning electron microscopy (CCSEM) investigation of quartz in coal fly ash

Abstract Computer-controlled scanning electron microscopy (CCSEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were used to investigate Si-rich phases in several coal fly ash (CFA) samples. The CCSEM measurements utilized both particle size distributions and a particle shape parameter, circularity, to classify the Si-rich phases in these ashes. The results indicated that the amount of free, respirable, crystalline quartz in these CFA samples was very small (
Cellular phenotype recognition for high-content RNA interference genome-wide screening.

Genome-wide, cell-based screens using high-content screening (HCS) techniques and automated fluorescence microscopy generate thousands of high-content images that contain an enormous wealth of cell biological information. Such screens are key to the analysis of basic cell biological principles, such as control of cell cycle and cell morphology. However, these screens will ultimately only shed light on human disease mechanisms and potential cures if the analysis can keep up with the generation of data. A fundamental step toward automated analysis of high-content screening is to construct a robust platform for automatic cellular phenotype identification. The authors present a framework, consisting of microscopic image segmentation and analysis components, for automatic recognition of cellular phenotypes in the context of the Rho family of small GTPases. To implicate genes involved in Rac signaling, RNA interference (RNAi) was used to perturb gene functions, and the corresponding cellular phenotypes were ana...
Postoperative vitreous hemorrhage after diabetic 23-gauge pars plana vitrectomy.

Purpose To report the frequency of postoperative vitreous hemorrhage (VH) in eyes that underwent primary 23-gauge pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) for nonclearing VH resulting from proliferative diabetic retinopathy, as well as associated risk factors. Design Retrospective, consecutive, interventional case series. Methods setting: Institutional (Retina Service of Wills Eye Institute). study population: One hundred seventy-three eyes of 157 patients. intervention: Twenty-three–gauge PPV for nonclearing diabetic VH. main outcome measures: Percentage of eyes in which postoperative VH developed, categorized as early, delayed, or severe persistent, as well as percentage requiring reoperation. Results During a mean follow-up of 32 weeks, 56 (32%) of 173 eyes demonstrated postoperative VH, categorized as early (8 eyes; 5%), delayed (13 eyes; 8%), or severe persistent (35 eyes; 20%). Twenty-two (13%) of 173 eyes required reoperation: 4 (50%) of 8 in the early group, 8 (62%) of 13 in the delayed group, and 10 (29%) of 35 in the severe persistent group. Mean preoperative logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution visual acuity was 1.5 (Snellen equivalent, approximately 20/600); mean postoperative VA was 0.65 (Snellen equivalent, approximately 20/90), a gain of 0.85 ( P P = .002). Other factors associated with postoperative VH included younger age ( P = .022) and phakia ( P = .036). Conclusions Postoperative VH was not uncommon after initial 23-gauge PPV for diabetic VH and was associated with incomplete scatter photocoagulation, younger age, and phakia before PPV. However, only a minority of patients required reoperation.
Heat Dissipation in GaN Power Semiconductor Devices

In this work, a numerical study is presented of the impact of growth substrates on thermal dissipation in GaN devices. Substrates included in this study are sapphire, SiC, GaN, ZnO, and LiGaO2 . Based on a model high power HFET device with the rear side held at a fixed temperature, the maximum junction temperature in the devices were calculated using finite element analysis and compared. Both interface resistance and the effects of dislocations in the GaN layer were accounted for. Results show that state of the art devices dissipating 10 W/mm of power must be fabricated on high thermal conductivity substrates like GaN or SiC when rear side heat dissipation is utilized. In contrast, an analysis of high heat flux removal convective cooling was investigated for the application of front side heat dissipation. These results show that junction temperatures below 150°C are readily obtainable using this method and are substrate independent. The implications of the substrate independent cooling scheme are discussed.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Dynamics of biomass partitioning in field-grown radish varieties, treated with ethylenediurea

Abstract During the growing season of 1990, five staggered crops of radish (Raphanus sativus L.) were grown in the field, using the cultivars ‘Cherry Belle’, ‘Red Prince’, and ‘Red Devil B’. Half of the plants received a soil drench (100 ml plant−1; 100 mg litre−1 of ethylenediurea (EDU) once, early in plant development. Destructive harvests were carried out at 2-day intervals during vegetative development. Non-linear growth kinetics, derived from Richards' function, were fitted to the dry weight data of the total plant, main organs (shoot and hypocotyl) and to the dry weight ratio between below-ground and above-ground organs. Estimating the parameters of these non-linear functions and testing their differences between EDU-treated and untreated plants unveiled biologically meaningful information on the impact of different levels of ambient ozone (O3) during the growth periods. The modified function which was applied to the data of biomass partitioning between the major plant parts was more powerful in detecting transient alterations in assimilate allocation compared to the growth dynamics of individual plant organs. At low levels of O3, biomass partitioning towards the below-ground sink organs was slightly delayed and finally restricted in EDU-treated plants. When ambient O3 reached moderate levels, which did not cause visible foliar injury, assimilate partitioning between organs was only insignificantly altered during early growth when EDU-treatments were compared. As growth progressed, however, less assimilates were allocated towards the hypocotyl and roots in the plants not protected by EDU. This pattern was similar in all cultivars tested, but was smallest in ‘Cherry Belle’, which is known to be sensitive to O3 with respect to foliar injury. During the 15- to 19-day periods of rapid growth, the O3-exposure >80 nl litre−1 ranged from 0·015 to 0·209 μl litre−1 O3 h, which corresponds to 7 h d−1 mean values between 40 and 50 nl litre−1 O3, confirming that ambient ozone did not exceed a moderate level in this study.
Three Measures of Death Anxiety: Birth Order Effects and Concurrent Validity.

Investigated the concurrent validity of three measures of death anxiety and the effect of birth order on death anxiety as measured by each of the scales. Ss were 100 undergraduate students at a large, private, midwestern university. Results showed significant intercorrelations (p less than .001) among the three scales; only one scale (Templer) differentiated first-born and only children from later-born children. The former had higher death anxiety scores (p less than .05).
Pretreatment effect studies with a precipitated iron Fischer-Tropsch catalyst

A doubly promoted precipitated iron catalyst (100 Fe/0.3 Cu/0.8 K by mass) was characterized after different pretreatment conditions and after Fischer-Tropsch (FT) synthesis in a fixed bed reactor. The BET surface area of the catalyst decreased markedly after pretreatments with hydrogen, carbon monoxide and synthesis gas (HCO 0.67 and 2). Calcined catalyst was in the form of α-Fe2O3, which was converted to either metallic iron (α-Fe) or a mixture of α-Fe and Fe3O4 after hydrogen reductions. During FT synthesis the α-Fe was carburized to iron carbides (χ-carbide or ϵ′-carbide) or oxidized to Fe3O4. After carbon monoxide or syngas pretreatments, the χ-carbide was the most dominant phase. During FT synthesis this carbide was partially or completely converted to ϵ′-carbide, Fe3O4, and/or FeCO3. Hydrogen reductions resulted in stable or increasing catalyst activity with time on stream and the reduction conditions had a strong effect on the subsequent catalyst activity. The carbon monoxide and syngas pretreated catalysts deactivated with time. The hydrogen reduced catalysts produced more methane and gaseous hydrocarbons than the carbon monoxide or the syngas pretreated catalysts, and favored secondary hydrogenation and isomerization reactions.
The games people play: How the entertainment value of online ads helps or harms persuasion

This research examines consumer reactions to online ads varying in levels of entertainment value. Results show that more favorable brand attitudes and more positive purchase intentions are formed when consumers are exposed to an ad that generates a high (game ad), rather than a low (banner ad) level of entertainment value. However, such effects are qualified by consumers' shopping goals. When consumers have access to their goals to seek specific product information, affect transfer is impaired, such that the advantage of entertaining ads dissipates. This research also documents moderating roles of individual differences in need for cognitive closure and Internet usage versatility. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Quantization of gauge fields, classical gauge invariance and gluon confinement

Abstract A globally correct gauge fixing is introduced with the feature that the Waard identities express classical gauge invariance instead of BRS invariance. An expansion for a confined gluon phase is obtained.
High performance size exclusion chromatography in environmental method development. 2. An automated procedure for determination of dioxins and furans

Abstract An automated two-step sample preparation procedure was developed and evaluated for determining the target analytes in fat, motor oil, and sediment extracts. Quantitative recoveries were obtained using a combination of high performance size exclusion chromatography and solid sorbent extraction. Each collected fraction could be analyzed directly without interferences by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry after concentration and solvent exchange. The procedure is readily automated and free of the labor intensive aspects of existing methods.
Stereochemical factors in carcinogenesis

Starting from the theory that the carcinogenic polycyclic hydrocarbons are bound in the cell as inclusion compounds in protein molecules, some restrictive steric factors are discussed: 1 The relative carcinogenic indexes of the polycyclic hydrocarbons show selective distribution when plotted against the respective incumbrance areas (surface of the minimum rectangular envelope). The selectivity of the curve delimiting the ensemble of these points gives a stereochemical explanation for the change in activity by methylsubstitution. 2 The carcinogenic activity of the polycyclic hydrocarbons does not vary appreciably by hydrogenation, unless the molecular thickness of the so obtained compounds does not exceed about 6 A. This corresponds approximately to the space between two protein layers, linked together by a cystine bridge.—The relative activities of the higher alkylsubstituted hydrocarbons and of the three natural oestrogenic hormones can be explained in this outline. 3 The limiting effect of the molecular size on the carcinogenic activity shows up not only by steric hindrance but also by influencing the adsorbability of the hydrocarbons by secondary valence forces. Thus it was found that the ratio: sum of free valence indexes/molecular area decreases for large molecules. The observable carcinogenic activity is interpreted as a result of the competition between the causative forces (interactions with a protein site) and the restrictive factors (steric hindrance, solubility, etc.). 4 A steric model of the chemical carcinogenesis was elaborated. Co-carcinogenesis and anti-carcinogenesis are interpreted as promotion and hindrance of the entry of the polycyclic molecule inside a three-dimensional protein network.—A relationship is suggested between the promoting effect of X-rays on refractory animals and the molecular incumbrance area of the used carcinogenic hydrocarbons. The irreversible change in the cell, during chemical carcinogenesis, is interpreted as a definite configurational change in the protein network of a key enzyme or enzyme system, due to the weak “denaturing” action of these compounds.
Size and composition distribution of airborne particulate matter in northern California: I--particulate mass, carbon, and water-soluble ions.

Abstract The San Joaquin Valley (SJV) in California has one of the most severe particulate air quality problems in the United States during the winter season. In the current study, measurements of particulate matter (PM) smaller than 10 [H9262]m in aerodynamic diameter (PM10), fine particles (PM1.8), and ultrafine particles (PM0.1) made during the period December 16, 2000–February 3, 2001, at six locations near or within the SJV are discussed: Bodega Bay, Davis, Sacramento, Modesto, Bakersfield, and Sequoia National Park. Airborne PM1.8 concentrations at the most heavily polluted site (Bakersfield) increased from 20 to 172 [H9262]g/m3 during the period December 16, 2000–January 7, 2001. The majority of the fine particle mass was ammonium nitrate driven by an excess of gas-phase ammonia. Peak PM0.1 concentrations (8–12 hr average) were [H11011]2.4 [H9262]g/m3 measured at night in Sacramento and Bakers-field. Ultrafine particle concentrations were distinctly diurnal, with daytime concentrations [H11011]50% ...
Evidence-based Treatment of Chronic Rhinosinusitis with Nasal Polyps:

Background Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNPs) is the most challenging form of CRS to treat. Clinical practices vary widely among physicians around the world, often with little evidence to support current therapies. Methods This study evaluates various medical and surgical treatments with a focus on the highest levels of evidence. Recommendations for various therapies are provided based on consensus panels and evidence-based reviews. Results Therapies with the strongest evidence and recommendations for CRSwNPs include oral steroids and topical nasal steroid sprays. There is also reasonable evidence for surgery, to include perioperative oral steroids and postoperative oral antibiotics for at least 2 weeks. There is little evidence to support other therapies, including commonly used modalities such as oral antibiotics, antihistamines, and immunotherapy. Conclusion CRSwNPs is a heterogenous disorder that currently has very few therapies supported by strong evidence. It is likely that in the near future, a more refined understanding of CRSwNPs will permit clinicians to tailor therapies using high-level evidence with improved outcomes.
REGIONALIZATION OF FREEZE-THAW ACTIVITY

THE process of alternate freezing and thawing has long been recognized as a subject of interest. In most periglacial and many extraglacial landscapes the direct effects of the activity are in ample evidence.' Even though the effects may not be directly apparent, it is generally accepted that alternate freezing and thawing contribute to the evolvement of the landscape wherever the process occurs with some frequency. Whereas studies have been made of the frequency of freeze-thaw, seemingly little attention has been focused on the inferences which might be drawn from an analysis of the activity on a regional basis. The freeze-thaw process is unique and critical within the complex of the natural environment. The characteristic of increased volume in the change from liquid to solid state provides nature with a very powerful tool. Even to depress the freezing point of water by 5 or 6 F. degrees requires several hundred atmospheres of pressure. Under the most favorable conditions, pressures of over
Left ventricular function depends on previous beat ejection but not previous beat pressure load.

Previous beat contraction history, in which the performance of the left ventricle on any one beat is influenced by the mechanical events of the previous beat, may be important in the beat-to-beat regulation of left ventricular performance in the intact cardiovascular system. Prior studies of this phenomenon have established that mechanical events of the previous beat influence the function of the current beat, but it is not known whether the important mechanical influence is exerted by previous beat ejection or previous beat pressure. In addition, the magnitude of the effect of previous beat contraction history on left ventricular performance is unknown. To make these determinations, we performed experiments in six isolated rabbit left ventricle preparations buffer perfused at 30 degrees C. Left ventricular pressure and volume were controlled precisely with a servo-controlled linear motor system. After steady-state ejecting conditions were established by clamping left ventricular ejection pressure at 60% of peak isovolumic pressure, single test beats, which were pressure clamped at 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100% of peak isovolumic pressure, were introduced and followed by an isovolumic reference beat. As the level of pressure clamp decreased from 100% to 40%, developed pressure on the isovolumic beat following the single test beats increased from 139 +/- 15 (mean +/- SD) to 151 +/- 13 mm Hg. Similarly, peak positive left ventricular dP/dt increased from 1,718 +/- 209 to 1,864 +/- 181 mm Hg.sec-1 (both p less than 0.01). Multiple regression analysis showed that this increase in left ventricular function was related to previous beat ejection but not to previous beat pressure load or relaxation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Medicare’s Future: Cancer Care

This paper proposes a national initiative for Medicare patients with cancer. It would include (1) a rapid-learning system for comparative effectiveness; (2) a quality measurement system; and (3) payment reforms to reward high-quality care. In implementing this strategy, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) would make extensive use of new computerized databases for clinical research and quality measurement. Legislation will be needed for full national implementation. Similar initiatives could be started for other priority areas in Medicare. Medicare could become a national leader in advancing high-quality, effective care.
A review of the literature on the epidemiology of parasuicide in the general population

OBJECTIVE: The author reviewed recent literature on the epidemiology of parasuicide in the general population. Major risk factors are also discussed. METHODS: Parasuicide was defined as suicide attempts and deliberate self-harm inflicted with no intent to die. Articles in English on rates of parasuicide in the general population from 1970 through June 2000 were identified by keyword searches of the PsycINFO and MEDLINE databases. Studies that provided data from a representative population sample and provided incidence or prevalence rates were included in the review. Articles focusing on subsamples such as adolescents or psychiatric patients were excluded. Results and conclusions: Twenty studies were analyzed. Although methodological problems constitute a major limitation in interpretation of the results, the literature indicates that parasuicide is a serious public health problem. Reported annual rates of parasuicide in recent decades range from 2.6 to 1,100 per 100,000, and lifetime prevalence rates rang...
Factors affecting the distribution and productivity of emergent vegetation at Loch Leven, Kinross.

The extent of emergent vegetation at Loch Leven has declined considerably within historical times. In 1972 only 5 per cent of the shoreline and less than 0·01 per cent of the area of the loch was occupied by emergent vegetation, the principal species being Phragmites communis Trin. and Polygonum amphibium L. The production of Phragmites communis was estimated from standing crop measurements and is low for a eutrophic lake. The maximum aerial shoot biomass varies from 1148 to 513 g dry wt/m 2 in the different beds. The total production of all species of emergent vegetation is insignificant when compared to other sources of primary production. Possible factors causing the low production and decline in emergent vegetation are discussed. These include water level changes, soil types, exposure to wind and wave action and grazing by wildfowl and domestic stock.
Distinct high-affinity binding sites for benzomorphan drugs and enkephalin in a neuroblastoma - brain hybrid cell line.

Abstract The high-affinity binding of benzomorphan drugs (ethylketocyclazocine and N-allylnorcyclazocine) and [DAla2,DLeu5] enkephalin was examined in a mouse neuroblastoma--Chinese hamster brain clonal hybrid cell line (NCB-20). Scatchard analysis of saturation binding isotherms indicated the presence of a single binding site for 3H-labeled [DAla2,DLeu5]enkephalin (Kd = 3 nM) and multiple binding sites for [3H]ethylketocyclazocine (Kd = 4 and 20 nM) and N-[3H]allylnorcyclazocine (Kd = 0.5 and 15 nM). Both ethylketocyclazocine and N-allylnorcyclazocine competed (Ki = 10 and 30 nM, respectively) with [3H][DAla2,DLeu5]enkephalin binding in NCB-20 cells but neither [DAla2,DLeu5]enkephalin nor morphine could completely inhibit the specific binding of [3H]ethylketocyclazocine (7 nM) or N-[3H]allylnorcyclazocine (3 nM). Furthermore, not all benzomorphan drugs (e.g., ethylketocyclazocine) were totally efficacious in displacing 3 nM N-[3H]allylnorcyclazocine binding in the presence or absence of high concentrations of [DAla2,DLeu5]enkephalin. The data presented suggest that benzomorphan drugs interact with three distinct high-affinity binding sites: (i) a site that binds enkephalin and morphine in addition to ethylketocyclazocine and N-allylnorcyclazocine; (ii) a site that binds both ethylketocyclazocine and N-allylnorcyclazocine but not enkephalin and morphine; and (iii) a site that binds N-allylnorcyclazocine but not enkephalin, morphine, or ethylketocyclazocine. The first of these sites was comparable to the delta opiate receptor expressed in NG108-15 and N4TG1 cell lines based on the potency series obtained for various opiates and benzomorphan drugs in competition studies with [3H][DAla2,DLeu5]-enkephalin. However, the specific high-affinity benzomorphan binding sites thus far are unique and may represent biochemical correlates of kappa and sigma opiate receptors which have been proposed to exist on the basis of physiological studies.
Quadratic B-mode (QB-Mode) Ultrasonic Imaging with Coded Transmit Waveforms

In this paper, the use of coded transmit waveforms with post-beamforming nonlinear filtering of echo data in diagnostic ultrasound is presented. The nonlinear filter based on the second-order Volterra filter (SoVF) model separates the linear and quadratic echo components. The grayscale representation of the latter results in a new mode of imaging we refer to as quadratic B-mode (QB-mode). The use of chirp transmit waveforms in imaging contrast agents allows for nonlinear excitation of microbubble contrast agents (UCA) at a range of frequencies throughout the bandwidth of the transducer. The QB-mode image is shown to produce significant increase in UCA contrast over standard B-mode images from conventional and chirp excitation with and without compression. This contrast enhancement is achieved without loss in spatial resolution