cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Impaired mTORC2 signaling in catecholaminergic neurons exaggerates high fat diet-induced hyperphagia

Abstract Objective Food intake is highly regulated by central homeostatic and hedonic mechanisms in response to peripheral and environmental cues. Neutral energy balance stems from proper integration of homeostatic signals with those "sensing" the rewarding properties of food. Impairments in brain insulin signaling causes dysregulation of feeding behaviors and, as a consequence, hyperphagia. Here, we sought to determine how the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 2 (mTORC2), a complex involved in insulin signaling, influences high fat feeding. Methods Rictor is a subunit of mTORC2, and its genetic deletion impairs mTORC2 activity. We used Cre-LoxP technology to delete Rictorin tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) expressing neurons (TH Rictor KO). We assessed food intake, body weight, body composition and DA dependent behaviors. Results TH Rictor KO mice display a high-fat diet specific hyperphagia, yet, when on low-fat diet, their food intake is indistinguishable from controls. Consistently, TH Rictor KO become obese only while consuming high-fat diet. This is paralleled by reduced brain DA content, and disruption of DA dependent behaviors including increased novelty-induced hyperactivity and exaggerated response to the psycho stimulant amphetamine (AMPH). Conclusions Our data support a model in which mTORC2 signaling within catecholaminergic neurons constrains consumption of a high-fat diet, while disruption causes high-fat diet-specific exaggerated hyperphagia. In parallel, impaired mTORC2 signaling leads to aberrant striatal DA neurotransmission, which has been associated with obesity in human and animal models, as well as with escalating substance abuse. These data suggest that defects localized to the catecholaminergic pathways are capable of overriding homeostatic circuits, leading to obesity, metabolic impairment, and aberrant DA-dependent behaviors.
Transfer of learning across compositions of sequentail tasks

Most “weak― learning algorithms, including reinforcement learning methods, have been applied on tasks with single goals. The effort to build more sophisticated learning systems that operate in complex environments will require the ability to handle multiple goals. Methods that allow transfer of learning will play a crucial role in learning systems that support multiple goals. In this paper I describe a class of multiple tasks that represents a subset of routine animal activity. I present a new learning algorithm and an architecture that allows transfer of learning by the “sharing― of solutions to the common parts of multiple tasks. A proof of the algorithm is also provided.
Probabilistic Sensitivity Analysis in Engineering Design Using Uniform Sampling and Saddlepoint Approximation

Sensitivity analysis plays an important role to help engineers gain knowledge of complex model behaviors and make informed decisions regarding where to spend engineering effort. In design under uncertainty, probabilistic sensitivity analysis (PSA) is performed to quantify the impact of uncertainties in random variables on the uncertainty in model outputs. One of the most challenging issues for PSA is the intensive computational demand for assessing the impact of probabilistic variations. An efficient approach to PSA is presented in this article. Our approach employs the Kolmogorov-Smirnov (KS) distance to quantify the importance of input variables. The saddlepoint approximation approach is introduced to improve the efficiency of generating cumulative distribution functions (CDFs) required for the evaluation of the KS distance. To further improve efficiency, optimized uniform samples are used to replace the direct Monte Carlo simulations for determining the cumulant generating function (CGF) in saddlepoint approximation. Efficient construction of a uniform design necessary to generate the "best" samples in a multidimensional space is presented. Our approach is illustrated with a structural design problem. It has the potential to be the most beneficial for high dimensional engineering design problems that involve expensive computer simulations.
Compiling Source Descriptions for Efficient and Flexible Information Integration

Integrating data from heterogeneous data sources is a critical problem that has received a great deal of attention in recent years. There are two competing approaches to address this problem. The traditional approach, which first appeared in Multibase and more recently in HERMES and TSIMMIS, often called global-as-view, defines the global model as a view on the sources. A more recent approach, sometimes referred to as local-as-view or view rewriting, defines the sources as views on the global model. The disadvantage of the first approach is that a person must re-engineer the definitions of the global model whenever any of the sources change or when new sources are added. The view rewriting approach does not suffer from this drawback, but the problem of rewriting queries into equivalent plans using views is computationally hard and must be performed for each query at run-time. In this paper we propose a hybrid approach that amortizes the cost of query processing over all queries by pre-compiling the source descriptions into a minimal set of integration axioms. Using this approach, the sources are defined in terms of the global model and then compiled into axioms that define the global model in terms of the sources. These axioms can be efficiently instantiated at run-time to determine the most appropriate rewriting to answer a query and facilitate traditional cost-based query optimization. Our approach combines the flexibility of the local-as-view approach with the run-time efficiency of the query processing in global-as-view systems. We have implemented this approach for the SIMS and Ariadne information mediators and provide empirical results that demonstrate that in practice the approach scales to large numbers of sources and that the approach can compile the axioms for a variety of real-world domains in a matter of seconds.
TFTR basement radiation fluence calculations and comparisons with measurements

The TFTR diagnostic basement, because of the existence of hundreds of penetrations through the roof and of various highly irregular structures in the area, is a typical environment where accurate modeling is particularly difficult. The detailed three-dimensional Monte Carlo calculations of the basement radiation fluences and comparisons with measurements that we have undertaken represent a severe test on the capabilities of some of the widely used radiation transport codes. The albedo version of the MORSE Monte Carlo code was employed to calculate the total neutron fluence above cadmium cutoff, which could be compared with the Bonner sphere measurements. Calculations of the detailed neutron and gamma-ray spectra, which could be compared with the NE-213 measurements were carried out with the MCNP Monte Carlo code. Results obtained with the albedo MORSE model are plotted as a function of the detector location along with some of the results of measurements using cadmium-covered Bonner spheres. The calculated results are seen to be 20 to 40% higher. This is consistent with the assumption of an empty basement. The agreement in this case is excellent in view of the rather crude approximations used in the calculations. Results of neutron fluences calculated with the quarter geometry MCNPmore » models are also well within the overall experimental uncertainties of the NE-213 measurements. The comparisons indicate that even for the extremely complicated geometry of the TFTR basement, realistic evaluations of the radiation fluences can be carried out with commonly used neutronic codes to accuracies that are comparable with measurements. These are achieved through proper choice of computational tools and appropriate approximations used in modeling the complicated geometry.« less
Repeated Naloxone Administration for Morphine Overdose in a 1-Month-Old Infant

Repeated injections of naloxone by hydrochloride, a pure narcotic antagonist, were administered to a 3,320-gm 4-week-old boy for treatment of an accidental morphine overdose. The infant received frequent naloxone hydrochloride injections (0.2 mg per injection) during the first 12 hours of therapy to reverse morphine-induced apnea, hypothermia, and flaccidity. A cumulative dose of 2.73 mg of naloxone hydrochloride (0.822 mg/kg) was administered over 27 hours without apparent adverse effect or evidence of toxicity.
Locus of failure and its implications for adhesion measurements

The extreme importance of correctly establishing the locus of separation in an adhering system, such as a film on a solid, is pointed out. Two theories as to the level of possibility that true interfacial separation will occur are described and both are criticized. A logically rigorous formulation which draws upon both these theories is given.
Structural enzymology of polyketide synthases.

This chapter describes structural and associated enzymological studies of polyketide synthases, including isolated single domains and multidomain fragments. The sequence–structure–function relationship of polyketide biosynthesis, compared with homologous fatty acid synthesis, is discussed in detail. Structural enzymology sheds light on sequence and structural motifs that are important for the precise timing, substrate recognition, enzyme catalysis, and protein–protein interactions leading to the extraordinary structural diversity of naturally occurring polyketides.
The game studies practicum: applying situated learning to teach professional practices

The inclusion of a practicum is one of the main challenges in the game studies curriculum, especially when it comes to teaching professional practices to students. This paper presents how professional management methodologies (Scrum, in this case) can be related to models of Situated Learning, as we demonstrate through our case study, the Singapore-MIT GAMBIT Game Lab. Being aware of the connections and the pedagogical potential of professional practices can improve both how we teach and how our students learn how game development works. In our case study we also propose ways in which the practicum can be related to research in videogames.
Thymic stromal cell specialization and the T-cell receptor repertoire

Ten years ago, we proposed a model for thymus function in which thymic epithelial cells are primarily responsible for imprinting major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-restricted specificity, and bone marrow-derived macrophages or dendritic cells are responsible for the induction of self-tolerance. Since then, transgenic and knockout models have allowed for a dissection of thymic stromal components in vivo, leading to a new understanding of their specialized functions. We have determined that with regard to class II-restricted CD4 T-cell development, two distinct subsets of thymic epithelium help shape the repertoire: Cortical epithelium appears solely responsible for positive selection, whereas a fucose-bearing subset of medullary epithelium is specialized for negative selection. This absolute separation of positive and negative selection into two distinct spatial and temporal compartments leads to a much simpler view of the process of repertoire selection. Finally, a novel view of the function of the thymic medulla is discussed.
DNA sequence of the rat growth hormone gene: location of the 5' terminus of the growth hormone mRNA and identification of an internal transposon-like element.

Abstract The present communication describes the molecular cloning and DNA sequence determination of the rat growth hormone (rGH) gene. The rGH gene was cloned on an 11 kilobase EcoRI fragment of total rat DNA; it has four intervening sequences which correspond in position to those of the human growth hormone (hGH) gene. One of the intervening sequences in the rGH gene contains a possible transposable element: a 200 base pair direct repeat that is itself flanked by an exact 15 base pair direct repeat. The DNA sequence was used to estimate the location of the 5' end of the mature growth hormone mRNA. By S1 nuclease mapping it was located approximately 25 bases "downstream" from a TATAAA sequence presumed to play a role in initiation of transcription of the rGH gene.
Ankle Angles During Step Turn and Straight Walk: Implications for the Design of a Steerable Ankle-Foot Prosthetic Robot

This article compares the three-dimensional angles of the ankle during step turn and straight walking. We used an infrared camera system (Qualisys Oqus ®) to track the trajectories and angles of the foot and leg at different stages of the gait. The range of motion (ROM) of the ankle during stance periods was estimated for both straight step and step turn. The duration of combined phases of heel strike and loading response, mid stance, and terminal stance and pre-swing were determined and used to measure the average angles at each combined phase. The ROM in Inversion/Eversion (IE) increased during turning while Medial/Lateral (ML) rotation decreased and Dorsiflexion/Plantarflexion (DP) changed the least. During the turning step, ankle displacement in DP started with similar angles to straight walk (−9.68° of dorsiflexion) and progressively showed less plantarflexion (1.37° at toe off). In IE, the ankle showed increased inversion leaning the body toward the inside of the turn (angles from 5.90° to 13.61°). ML rotation initiated with an increased medial rotation of 5.68° relative to the straight walk transitioning to 12.06° of increased lateral rotation at the toe off. A novel tendon driven transtibial ankle-foot prosthetic robot with active controls in DP and IE directions was fabricated. It is shown that the robot was capable of mimicking the recorded angles of the human ankle in both straight walk and step turn.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
The matrix minimum principle

Extension of Pontryagin maximum principle and application of matrix minimum principle in solving simple optimal linear regulator problem
Oxygen depletion in Long Island Sound : a historical perspective

A retrospective analysis of available data was conducted to characterize the spatial distribution and temporal trends in dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations in Long Island Sound (LIS) over the past four decades. A general east-to-west gradient of decreasing bottom DO was evident in all historical data examined. In our review of data from the 1950s, collected by Gordon Riley and colleagues, and from contemporary surveys, we found no evidence of hypoxia (DO≤0.3, mg 1−1) in the Eastern Basin; however, in the deeper waters of the Central Basin, there is some evidence for a recent (1986) emergence of moderate hypoxia. The Western Basin experienced episodes of hypoxia during the 1970s which became more recurrent and possibly more severe in the late 1980s. The most severe, persistent and chronically recurrent hypoxia occurred throughout the water column of the East River and in bottom waters of the Western Narrows. An unprecedented episode of anoxia was observed in both the Western and Eastern Narrows regions of LIS in 1987. Previously, anoxia occurred rarely, was short-lived, and was confined to the East River. Statistical trend analyses revealed a significant increase in the summer minimum bottom DO in the lower and middle reaches of the East River over the past 20 years. Beginning in 1981, however, DO declined markedly in the adjacent Narrows bordering the Nassau County nearshore. The improvements in East River water quality over the previous 15–20 years appear to have been gained at the, expense of poorer water quality in the western sound. Mechanisms potentially responsible for the recent decline in bottom DO in western LIS are suggested.
Sleep Loss and the Inflammatory Response in Mice Under Chronic Environmental Circadian Disruption

Shift work and trans-time zone travel lead to insufficient sleep and numerous pathologies. Here, we examined sleep/wake dynamics during chronic exposure to environmental circadian disruption (ECD), and if chronic partial sleep loss associated with ECD influences the induction of shift-related inflammatory disorder. Sleep and wakefulness were telemetrically recorded across three months of ECD, in which the dark-phase of a light-dark cycle was advanced weekly by 6 h. A three month regimen of ECD caused a temporary reorganization of sleep (NREM and REM) and wake processes across each week, resulting in an approximately 10% net loss of sleep each week relative to baseline levels. A separate group of mice were subjected to ECD or a regimen of imposed wakefulness (IW) aimed to mimic sleep amounts under ECD for one month. Fos-immunoreactivity (IR) was quantified in sleep-wake regulatory areas: the nucleus accumbens (NAc), basal forebrain (BF), and medial preoptic area (MnPO). To assess the inflammatory response, trunk blood was treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and subsequent release of IL-6 was measured. Fos-IR was greatest in the NAc, BF, and MnPO of mice subjected to IW. The inflammatory response to LPS was elevated in mice subjected to ECD, but not mice subjected to IW. Thus, the net sleep loss that occurs under ECD is not associated with a pathological immune response.
Study on modification of Cu-based oxygen carrier for chemical looping combustion

Chemical looping combustion (CLC) is a promising technology for segregation of carbon dioxide. CLC uses a metal oxide as an oxygen carrier, which transfers oxygen from the air to the fuel avoiding direct contact between them, thus separating the carbon dioxide and nitrogen. Cu-based oxygen carriers are excellent mediums due to high reactivity, environmental friendliness, and favorable thermodynamics. However, there are agglomeration issues due to low melting point of Cu. To solve this issue, a new preparation method as well as a dispersion reagent and a thermal durability-enhanced reagent were applied simultaneously to the oxygen carrier. The carriers were synthesized using both wet and dry impregnation methods. Based on the initial oxygen loading capability tests, the dry impregnation method received additional investigation. The characterizations of the oxygen carriers were evaluated using thermogravimetric analyzer (TG), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and surface area analyzer. TG results demonstrate that the enhanced dry impregnation was an effective preparation method, where the mass loss of the oxygen carrier was typically 3.4 %, correlating to almost 17 % loaded CuO. XRD results indicate a new phase, CuAl2O4 spinel, formed after the first few redox cycles, which is responsible for promoting the thermal stability of the oxygen carriers. SEM results show that the addition of the dispersants decreased the agglomeration and the enhanced reagent chemicals greatly improved the strength of the carriers. However, the surface area of the oxygen carriers decreased with the addition of the additives. In addition, with the increasing redox cycles, the surface area also decreased while the pore size increased, indicating that small pores were crushed, but the reactivity of the oxygen carriers did not decrease. In conclusion, the oxygen carriers produced in this manner are suitable for multi-cycle tests, and a major hurdle toward reducing greenhouse gases has been achieved.
METHACRYLOYL DERIVITIZED HYPERBRANCHED POLYESTER. 1. SYNTHESIS, CHARACTERIZATION, AND COPOLYMERIZATION

Three hyperbranched multi-methacrylates (H20-MMA, H30-MMA and H40-MMA) have been synthesized by reacting Boltorn dendritic polyols with methacrylic anhydride and methacryloyl chloride. Their struct...
Understanding Ethnic Violence: Fear, Hatred, and Resentment in Twentieth-Century Eastern Europe

This 2002 book seeks to identify the motivations of individual perpetrators of ethnic violence. The work develops four models, labeled Fear, Hatred, Resentment, and Rage, gleaned from existing social science literatures. The empirical chapters apply these four models to important events of ethnic conflict in Eastern Europe, from the 1905 Russian Revolution to the collapse of Yugoslavia in the 1990s. Each historical chapter generates questions about the timing and target of ethnic violence. The four models are then applied to the case, to learn which does the best job in explaining the observed patterns of ethnic conflict. The findings challenge conventional wisdom, in that the Resentment narrative, centered on a sense of unjust group status, provides the best fit for a variety of cases. While Fear, Hatred, and Rage do motivate hostile actions, Resentment pervasively appears to inflame ethnic animosity and drive outcomes in the timing and pattern of action.
Higher-Multipole Contributions to the Retarded van der Waals Potential

We calculate the two-photon exchange (retarded van der Waals) potential between neutral spinless systems, including the effects of higher partial waves in the atom-photon scattering amplitude. This is equivalent to including higher multipoles in the interaction of the charges in the atoms. We show that this potential can be expressed as an infinite series of terms, with coefficients that can, in principle, be measured in atom-photon scattering. The behavior of the various terms, at small separation and large separation of the system, is discussed. We show that the leading term in the contribution of each multipole has the property that it has one more power of ${R}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ in its large-$R$ behavior than in its small-$R$ behavior.
Excellent long-term survival and absence of vaginal recurrences in 332 patients with low-risk stage I endometrial adenocarcinoma treated with hysterectomy and vaginal brachytherapy without formal staging lymph node sampling: report of a prospective trial.

Abstract Purpose: The value of adjuvant radiation therapy and staging pelvic lymphadenectomy in patients with low-risk, early-stage endometrial cancer is controversial. The aim of this study was to report the long-term survival, rate of recurrences, and complications in patients with Stage I endometrial cancer, Grade 1–2, with Methods and Materials: A total of 303 patients with pathologic Stage I endometrial cancer, Grade 1–2, with Results: Six patients had recurrences and died secondary to disease. There were no vaginal recurrences. The 5-, 10-, 20-, and 30-year disease-free survivals of the 303 patients with nonmalignant peritoneal cytology were 98.9%, 97.8%, 96.7%, and 96.7%, respectively. Patients with malignant peritoneal cytology had a 5- and 10-year disease-free survival of 100%. Significant radiation complications occurred in 2.1% of the patients. Conclusion: In patients with low-risk, Stage I endometrial cancer, hysterectomy and adjuvant postoperative vaginal brachytherapy provide excellent long-term survival, eliminate vaginal recurrences, and are not associated with significant complications. The addition of 1 year of progesterone therapy to patients with malignant cytology provides 100% long-term survival. Based on these results, patients with low-risk, Stage I endometrial adenocarcinoma do not need formal staging pelvic and periaortic lymphadenectomy.
Development of Scaling Model for a MEMS-Based Micro Heat Engine

In this work we investigate issues related to scaling of a MEMS-based resonant heat engine. The engine is an external combustion engine made of a cavity encapsulated between two thin membranes. The cavity is filled with saturated liquid-vapor mixture working fluid. We use both model and experiment to investigate scaling of the MEMS-based resonant heat engine. The results suggest that the performance of the engine is determined by three major factors: geometry of the engine, speed of operation, and thermal physical properties of engine components. Larger engine volumes, working fluids with higher latent heat of evaporation, slower engine speeds, and compliant expander structures are shown to be desirable.© 2010 ASME
The simple pendulum: a relativistic revisit

The equation of motion of the simple pendulum is derived in the framework of special relativity. The relativistic effect on the motion of the simple pendulum is investigated through numerical simulation. We present a discussion of the relativistic effects on the pendulum's period and on the dynamics of the phase space. We find that, although negligibly small, there exist calculable differences between the periods of the relativistic and non-relativistic pendulum if one implements a high-order precision during the evaluation. Furthermore, the discrepancy increases, first nonlinearly and then linearly, with the amplitude. The period for the non-relativistic case is always shorter than that for the relativistic case. While the general characteristics of the relativistic phase space remain the same as for the non-relativistic case, constant-energy-level curves conform to the relativistic limit.
Recent advances in the development of specific antidotes for target-specific oral anticoagulants.

Warfarin, a vitamin K antagonist, has been the only orally available anticoagulant for > 60 years. During the past decade, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration has approved several target-specific oral anticoagulants (TSOACs) for the prophylaxis and treatment of arterial and venous thromboembolism and stroke prevention in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. These new agents have several advantages over warfarin including more predictable pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, fewer food and drug interactions, and lack of need for routine coagulation monitoring. However, unlike warfarin, currently no antidotes are available to reverse the anticoagulant effect of TSOACs. Specific antidotes for TSOACs may not be needed in most situations due to their short half-life, yet the absence of antidotes for these agents is a concern, especially in emergent situations such as life-threatening major bleeding or nonelective major surgery. Several specific antidotes for TSOACs including idarucizumab, andexanet alfa, and aripazine have been developed and have shown promise in early clinical trials evaluating their efficacy and safety. In this narrative review, the progress made in developing specific antidotes for TSOACs is summarized based on the latest available preclinical and clinical data.
Buffet loads prediction for a launch vehicle and comparison to flight data

A comparison of preflight predictions of the Atlas I launch vehicle dynamic response to the values measured in flight indicates that the current prediction methods are very conservative. An overview of the wind-tunnel tests performed during the development of the large payload fairing for Atlas I is presented. The results of buffet analysis with forcing functions based on the wind-tunnel-measured fluctuating pressures are compared to previous configuration flight data. Buffet forcing functions based on flight data are also developed. The exceedence of the flight data at about 10 Hz relative to buffet analysis results is attributed to gust excitation. The deviation of the transonics flight data-derived buffet forcing functions above 20 Hz relative to the wind-tunneland flight-measured external oscillatory buffet pressures can be attributed to the fact that, in the analysis, the acoustic excitation was not being applied directly on the spacecraft. Some areas of future research are proposed to improve the accuracy of prediction of the atmospheric environment and space vehicle response, and, therefore, provide important opportunities for improving the performance and increasing the reliability of space vehicles.
The structure and content of the male gender role stereotype: An exploration of subtypes

Stereotypic categorization schemas pertaining to the male gender role are examined in two related studies. Study I provides preliminary evidence for four stereotypic categories and their attributes: Businessman, Athlete, Family Man, and Loser. When compared to a similar study on female stereotypes, male stereotypes appear more weakly held. Study II expanded the populations sampled, employing a hierarchical cluster analysis to analyze responses to a card sorting task using attributes from Study I. Differences were found between the three, primarily Caucasian, subject groups. Results support a social cognitive orientation to understanding stereotypes, which suggests that broad categories, such as “men” or “women,” do not capture the commonly made distinctions within these groups, which are more accurately conceptualized as subtypes.
Dense, Fine-Grain Mo-Si-B Alloys from Nitride-Based Reactions

Mo-Si-B intermetallic alloys have the potential to possess the oxidation resistance and mechanical properties required for the next generation of jet turbine engine blades. In a novel approach, three-phase alloys of α-Mo, Mo3Si (A15), and Mo5SiB2 (T2) have been produced through the reaction of molybdenum, Si3N4, and BN powders. Formation of the intermetallics was examined by thermo-gravimetric and x-ray diffraction analysis. Densities of 94% of theoretical were achieved from pressureless sintering at 1,600°C. Microstructure examination using scanning electron microscopy and electron backscatter diffraction analysis shows that this powder metallurgy approach yields a fine dispersion of intermetallics in a molybdenum matrix with grain sizes on the order of 1–4 µm. The formation of Mo-Si-B alloys from the nitride-based reactions uses standard powder processing methods and provides a method for creating these materials in a much less complex and expensive manner than has been previously demonstrated.
Extensions of the small-signal theory of negative resistance in gallium arsenide

The small-signal model for the Gunn effect proposed by Englemann and Quate is revised to include the effects of average mobility of the two-valley system in the expressions for carrier velocity as a function of electric field. The dispersion relation is then rederived, and computed results consistent with experimental observations are shown.
Comparison Between Gravimetric and Reduction Methods for Determination of Pregnandiol Glucuronidate.

SummaryThe results presented indicate the necessity for determination of the purity of the P.G. isolated from non-pregnant urine. It has been clearly shown that the modifications reported by Venning1 do not necessarily remove all impurities from the final product. The implications of these findings, for much of the data in the literature, are clear. In the light of our results, the finding (first reported by Hamblen, et al.,2 that P.G. may be present in the absence of a secretory endometrium, particularly warrants critical reexamination.
The Businessman as Social Innovator: Nelson O. Nelson as Promoter of Garden Cities and the Consumer Cooperative Movement

EARLY IN HIS reform career, Nelson O. Nelson distinguished himself as a profit-sharing employer in St. Louis, and as a Bellamy Nationalist, Single Taxer, communitarian and non-Marxian socialist (1). At the dawn of the 20th century, Nelson was faced with choosing practical goals for his reformist efforts. Nelson devoted his later career to promoting "garden cities" and the consumer cooperative movement. The Garden City movement's impact transformed many a city and suburb in America. Consumer co-ops became an established American institution re-exported to other parts of the world. Nelson O. Nelson and reformers like him brought this about. By the time that Nelson's friends, Samuel Jones and Henry Demarest Lloyd died, the world of reform had changed considerably from what it had been a decade before. Depression, Marxism, emergent craft unionism, and urbanization had all taken their toll of the universalistic reformisms of communitarians, Social Gospellers, and non-Marxian Socialists. Jones died as he had lived-an individualistic believer in the Golden Rule who agreed with Washington Gladden that "the true Socialist is one who always considers well the effect of what he is doing, not merely on his own fortunes, but also upon the common weal." Lloyd's earlier antimonopolism had succeeded better in broadening its scope. When Lloyd died in 1903, his reform approaches were characterized by a non-Marxian avowal of a cooperative commonweal based on a 'mixed economy' model provided by Switzerland and New Zealand. Though both reformers appealed to a more active State to preserve the 'Rights of All' by controlling natural monopolies, neither man considered 'Socialism' as primarily a movement for the economic betterment of any single class. Instead, the reforms they advocated aimed at a regeneration of "the whole people" on individual and spiritual, as well as economic, levels. Nelson lived on into the new century. In the last two decades of his life, the Leclaire community he had founded and consumer's cooperation came increasingly to structure his reformist thinking. As continuing patterns of industrialization and response undermined the universalistic re-
R & D management practices:* chemical industry in Europe

The paper summarizes the results of interviews with R & D managers in forty-three chemical companies in France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland and the U.K. covering questions concerned with: R & D planning, size and distribution of R & D efforts, organization of R & D and project management. The results are presented in quantitative and qualitative terms, and the differences between various categories of chemical industry and between various national practices are discussed.
Detection of DNA adducts derived from the reactive metabolite of furan, cis-2-butene-1,4-dial

Furan is a toxic and carcinogenic compound used in industry and commonly found in the environment. The mechanism of furan's carcinogenesis is not well-understood and may involve both genotoxic and nongenotoxic pathways. Furan undergoes oxidation by cytochrome P450 to cis-2-butene-1,4-dial, which is thought to mediate furan's toxic effects. Consistently, cis-2-butene-1,4-dial readily reacts with glutathione, amino acids, and nucleosides. To determine the importance of DNA alkylation in furan-induced carcinogenesis, we developed an assay for the detection of cis-2-butene-1,4-dial-derived DNA adducts. DNA samples were treated with O-benzyl-hydroxylamine, which reacts with the aldehyde functionality of the DNA adducts. Enzyme hydrolysates of these samples were then analyzed by capillary electrospray tandem mass spectrometry with selected reaction monitoring. The dCyd and dAdo adducts were detected in digests of DNA treated with nanomolar concentrations of cis-2-butene-1,4-dial. In addition, these adducts were present in DNA isolated from Ames assay strain TA104 treated with mutagenic concentrations of cis-2-butene-1,4-dial. These data support the hypothesis that cis-butene-1,4-dial is a genotoxic metabolite of furan. This method will allow us to explore the role of these adducts in furan-induced carcinogenesis.
The Diary of a Merchant: Insights into Eighteenth‐Century Plebeian Life

The diary of I. A. Tolchenov, an eighteenth-century Russian provincial merchant, is a rare source. Because its author did not belong to that minuscule elite of Russian aristocrats and intellectuals who had recently learned to keep diaries or write memoirs, it opens a window on the daily lives and concerns of an important social stratum about which we know very little. The structure of social life described in it-the frequent hosting and visiting-and the sentimentalist voice in which personal concerns are expressed have points in common with the life of a later, more articulate social group, sketched in John Randolph's contribution to this issue. In the case of the eighteenth-century merchant family, however, we usually get no more than a glimpse of local societal and family concerns and have to tease out the fuller meaning of the diaries entries by learning about and sketching in the context.' Historians are dependent on preserved records, and what tends to get preserved are the papers of and about political and military leaders, government officials, wealthy and influential private persons, and prominent intellectuals. The common people of the past left only faint traces in the preserved records. The principal means of learning about them has been through analysis of serial or institutional records. The advent of the computer as a research tool in the 1960s and 1970s made this type of work feasible. Analyses of serial records allowed historians to see the economic and demographic impact of ordinary people, but it was usually possible to speak only in terms of cohorts, regions, and structures, not about individuals. Instances of the actions of individuals, not to mention the voice of ordinary people, rarely appear in serial records. The records of government agencies, even the famous Tenishev private archive now at the Ethnographic Museum in St. Petersburg, contain at best heavily mediated echoes of the voices of ordinary Russians. In the records of foundling homes, for example, certain reports describe the condition of ordinary women and families. On rare occasions, the officials reported briefly on the laments or feelings of the people they were observing. But it is impossible to assess whether the reports were conveying direct speech or simply telling stories designed to claim resources or advance a particular policy.2 For studies of periods close to the present, oral interviews permit the subjects of historical inquiry to become not only visible but "audible," bringing their voices directly
Microbial surface thermodynamics and interactions in aqueous media.

Abstract Microbial surface thermodynamics and interactions in aqueous media were investigated for seven typical rod-shaped bacterial strains of Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonadaceas, and Bacillaceae, which included Echerichia coli HB101, Echerichia coli JM109, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Pseudomonas putida, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pseudomonas sp., and Bacillus subtilis. All the microorganisms studied exhibited a monopolar and predominant hydrophilic surface and a negative Δ G 132 tot , total free energy of interactions between microbes (1) and silica gel or Canadian River Alluvium (CRA) (2) immersed in water (3) at the equilibrium distance, which accounted for their attachment on the medium surface. The microbial attachment was proportional to the corresponding Δ G 132 tot values. Among the microorganisms studied, B. subtilis had the most attachment on both silica gel and CRA because it had the smallest Δ G 132 tot values ( −17.14kT for silica gel and −21.84kT for CRA). The origins of Lifshitz–van der Waals, Lewis acid/base, and electrostatic interactions were discussed and related to experimental observations.
Localization and tracking of underwater physical systems

In this paper, we investigate the problem of localizing an underwater sensor node based on message broadcasting from multiple surface nodes. With the time-of-arrival measurements from a DSP-based multicarrier modem, each sensor node localizes itself based on the travel time differences among multiple senders to the receiver. Using one-way message passing, such a solution can scale to accommodate a large number of nodes in a network. Continuing on our preliminary work in [1], we in this paper focus on the tracking solutions at the node processing layer. We present simulation results as well as testing results in a swimming pool with both stationary and moving receivers.
Changes in the Stilling cells of frog interrenals after hypophysectomy and exposure to hypertonic saline solution.

The acidophilic Stilling cells of the interrenal bodies of Rana pipiens respond to hypophysectomy (10 days) and exposure to 150 mM NaCl (7 days) by a decrease in cytoplasmic volume, and in the ratio of cell diameter to nuclear diameter. Interrenal cells decrease in volume in response to either treatment, bu the nucleus shrinks as well after exposure to 150 mM NaCl. Kidney cells show no change in cell diameter. The results suggest a functional significance for the Stilling cells in relation to salt and water balance.
Polymorphism of Oligomers of a Peptide from β-Amyloid

This contribution reports solution-phase structural studies of oligomers of a family of peptides derived from the β-amyloid peptide (Aβ). We had previously reported the X-ray crystallographic structures of the oligomers and oligomer assemblies formed in the solid state by a macrocyclic β-sheet peptide containing the Aβ15–23 nonapeptide. In the current study, we set out to determine its assembly in aqueous solution. In the solid state, macrocyclic β-sheet peptide 1 assembles to form hydrogen-bonded dimers that further assemble in a sandwich-like fashion to form tetramers through hydrophobic interactions between the faces bearing V18 and F20. In aqueous solution, macrocyclic β-sheet peptide 1 and homologue 2a form hydrogen-bonded dimers that assemble to form tetramers through hydrophobic interactions between the faces bearing L17, F19, and A21. In the solid state, the hydrogen-bonded dimers are antiparallel, and the β-strands are fully aligned, with residues 17–23 of one of the macrocycles aligned with resi...
Fluorescence spectra of homogeneous and mixed europium complexes.

High-resolution emission spectra of several europium complexes with β-diketones, dipyridyl, and phenanthroline have been examined at 77°K in microcrystals. The Stark splitting of the 7F levels in the ground multiplet and the relative intensities of the individual 5D0→7F transitions can be used for theoretical correlation with the ligand field parameters, transition probabilities, molecular structure, and Eu-ligand bonding. The fluorescence spectra of the bis-aqua, tris, tris-aqua, tetrakis, and mixed chelates with the bidentate ligands are discussed in relation to molecular configuration.
Generically Trivial Azumaya Algebras on a Rational Surface with a Non Rational Singularity

Elementary examples are presented of normal algebraic surfaces X with singular points x such that at the local ring &#x1d4aa; X, x there exist Azumaya algebras of all orders in the Brauer group that are split by the field of rational functions on X. These algebra classes correspond to elements of torsion in the class group of the henselian local ring . The surfaces X are affine normal rational and the singularities x are nonrational.
Network event recognition

Network protocols can be tested by capturing communication packets, assembling them into the high-level events, and comparing these to a finite state machine that describes the protocol standard. This process, which we call Network Event Recognition (NER), faces a number of challenges only partially addressed by existing systems. These include the ability to provide precise conformance with specifications, achieve adequate performance, admit analysis of the correctness of recognizers, provide useful diagnostics to enable the analysis of errors, and provide reasonable fidelity by distinguishing application errors from network errors. We introduce a special-purpose Network Event Recognition Language (NERL) and associated tools to address these issues. We validate the design using case studies on protocols at application and transport layers. These studies show that our system can efficiently find errors in recognizers and implementations of widely deployed protocols; they also demonstrate how improved diagnostics and transformations can substantially improve understanding of information generated by packet traces.
Analysis of a Linear Multihop Underwater Acoustic Network

In this paper, a multihop underwater acoustic line network, which consists of a series of equal-distance hops connected by relay transceivers in a tandem, is considered. Messages are originated as coded packets from a source node at one end, relayed sequentially hop by hop (decoded and re-encoded), and finally received by a destination node at the other end of the network. Several key characteristics of underwater acoustic channels, namely, frequency-dependent signal attenuation and noise, interhop interference, half-duplex modem constraint, and large propagation delay, are taken into account in the analysis. Simple transmission protocols with spatial reuse and periodic transmit/receive schedule are considered. Performance bounds and scheduling design are developed to satisfy the half-duplex constraint on relay transceivers in the presence of long propagation delay. To efficiently cope with frequency-dependent channel characteristic and interhop interference, the power spectral density (PSD) of the signaling is analytically optimized in a way analogous to water filling. Furthermore, the problem of determining the minimum number of hops to support a prespecified rate and reliability with and without a maximum coded packet length constraint is examined. Finally, numerical results are presented to illustrate the analysis.
Developmental and behavioral disorders grown up: Tourette's disorder.

CASE VIGNETTES On assassination of the delusional and perverse Caligula in 41 CE, his uncle, Claudius I, ascended as the emperor of ancient Rome. Claudius was an unlikely heir, marked as a twitching and stammering buffoon, absentminded with embarrassing “habits,” and an odd and socially indecent laugh, symptoms that only worsened in times of anger or stress. However, ultimately, he proved a respected, although controversial, politician. Peter the Great became the Russian Emperor in 1721, and he brought the Russian Empire to its status as a leading eastern European state. He was impulsive and exhibited face and arm twitches, often given to severe and sudden fits of rage. A visitor to Peter’s court observed the emperor as having his head “tug to the right by convulsions.” Samuel Johnson (1709–1784) is second only to William Shakespeare as the most quoted of English writers. He opined “’tis better to remain silent and be thought a fool than to open one’s mouth and remove all doubt,” but his tics and noises did not oblige his advice, and they rendered him an object of great ridicule. Given to significant anxiety and depression so severe that he “at one time strongly entertained thoughts of Suicide,” Johnson was seen “shaking his head and rolling himself about in a ridiculous manner,” and making sounds like “a half whistle” or “as if clucking like a hen,” performing compulsive rituals when entering doorways, described thus as an “ideot,” and later astonishing observers with his “power of eloquence.” Encompassing the great and the unsung alike, Tourette’s disorder today also captures our attention for its place among the most common—and commonly misconceived—neurodevelopmental disorders.
The catalytic mechanism of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenases: assignment and 1H NMR spectroscopy pH titration of the catalytic histidine residue in the 109 kDa Leuconostoc mesenteroides enzyme.

The chemical shifts of the Ce1 and Cδ2 protons of His-240 from the 109 kDa Leuconostoc mesenteroides glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) were assigned by comparing 1H and 13C spectra of the wild-type and mutant G6PDs containing the His-240 to asparagine mutation (H240N). Unambiguous assignment of the His-240 1He1 resonance was obtained from comparing 13C-1H heteronuclear multiple quantum coherence NMR spectra of wild-type and H240N G6PDs that were selectively labeled with 13Ce1 histidine. The results from NOESY experiments with wild-type and H240N variants were consistent with these assignments and the three-dimensional structure of G6PD. pH titrations show that His-240 has a pKa of 6.4. This value is, within experimental error, identical to the value of 6.3 derived from the pH dependence of kcat [Viola, R. E. (1984) Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 228, 415−424], suggesting that the pKa of His-240 is unperturbed in the apoenzyme despite being part of a His-Asp catalytic dyad. The results obtained for this 10...